,,l9e ,,=m ,,by ,,walt] ,,crane ,illu/ration ,,london3 ,g4 ,,bell ,,sons1 ,,ltd4 ,fir/ publi%$1 m$ium #hvo1 #aijj4 ,repr9t$1 cr[n #hvo1 #aijb1 #aijd1 #aijh1 #aiab1 #aiad4 ,,*iswick ,,press3 ,,*>les ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,co4 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane1 ,,london ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,9 ! orig9al ( ?is "w1 mo/ pages are head$ by a topic phrase s t a topic c be locat$ quickly by riffl+ ! pages ( ! book4 ,9 ?is etext1 ! same topic phrases c be f\nd "r-align$ above ! p>agraph t beg9s t topic4 ,?us a topic c be f\nd by scroll+ ! text & scann+ ! "r m>g94 ,! orig9al ( ?is "w is copi\sly illu/rat$4 ,al?\gh ?is etext _c include ! figures1 x does include _! caption z l9es l ! foll[+3 ,illu/ration 7f#jjb73 ,! ,orig9 ( ,outl9e ,"h f#jjb is a num]ic label = ! figure4 ,because an etext ( ?is type does n h page numb]s1 9 ref]5ces to a figure 9 ! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations & 9 ! ,index ^! figure labels are us$ in/ead ( page numb]4 ,9 ! body text1 ref]5ces to figures by page numb] h be5 supplem5t$ ) ! figure labels4 ,! illu/rations f#jjf1 f#jjg1 f#jjh & f#jaf d n h captions 9 ! orig9al & descriptive captions h be5 add$4 ,! c>et is us$ to indicate sup]scripts1 = example ,,edwd indicates ,,ed foll[$ by a small sup]script wd4 ,two m9or typographical errors 7 correct$3 ?+ to ?9k on page #aj & intregal to integral on page #aig4 ,,preface ,z 9 ! case ( ,! ,bases ( ,design1 to :i* ?is is int5d$ to =m a companion volume1 ! sub/ance ( ! foll[+ *apt]s on ,l9e & ,=m orig9ally =m$ a s]ies ( lectures deliv]$ to ! /ud5ts ( ! ,man*e/] ,municipal ,s*ool ( ,art4 ,!re is no pret5sion to an exhau/ive treatm5t ( a subject x w\ld be difficult en\gh to exhau/1 & x is dealt ) 9 a way int5d$ to be> r ^u ! practical "w ( an art s*ool1 & to be sugge/ive & helpful to ^? face to face ) ! curr5t problems ( draw+ & design4 ,^! h be5 approa*$ f a p]sonal po9t ( view1 z ! results ( conclusions arriv$ at 9 ! c\rse ( a busy work+ life :i* has left b few int]vals = ! elaboration ( !ories ap>t f practice1 & su* z !y are1 ^! pap]s are n[ (f]$ to ! wid] circle ( /ud5ts & work]s 9 ! arts ( design z f "o ( !mselves4 ,!y 7 illu/rat$ l>gely by means ( r\gh sket*+ 9 l9e be=e my /ud5t audi5ce1 z well z by photographs & draw+s4 ,! r\gh diagrams h be5 re-drawn1 & ! o!r illu/rations reproduc$1 s t bo? l9e & tone blocks are us$1 uni=mity be+ sacrific$ to fidelity4 ,,walt] ,,crane4 ,k5s+ton1 ,july1 #aijj4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,orig9 & ,function ( ,outl9e--,silh\ette--,def9ition ( ,b\nd>ies by--,p[] ( ,*>act]ization by--,=mation ( ,lett]s--,me?ods ( ,draw+ 9 ,l9e--,! ,progressive ,me?od--,! ,calligraphic ,me?od--,! ,t5tative ,me?od--,! ,japanese ,direct ,bru% ,me?od--,! ,oval ,me?od-- ,! ,rectangul> ,me?od--,quality ( ,l9e--,l9e> ,expression ( ,movem5t--,textures--,emotion--,scale ( ,l9e> ,expression #a ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,language ( ,l9e--,dialects--,comp>ison ( ! ,/yle ( ,v>i\s ,arti/s 9 ,l9e--,scale ( ,degrees 9 ,l9e--,picture ,writ+--,relation ( ,l9e to ,=m--,two ,pa?s--,! ,graphic ,purpose--,aspect--,! ,ornam5tal ,purpose--,typical ,treatm5t or ,conv5tion--,rhy?m--,l9e> ,plans 9 ,patt]n ,design+--,wall-pap] ,design--,controll+ ,=ms--,memory--,evolution 9 ,design--,v>iety 9 ,unity-- ,c\nt]balance--,l9e> ,logic--,recurr+ ,l9e & ,=m--,pr9ciple ( ,radiation--,range & ,use ( ,l9e #bc ,,*apt] ,,iii ,( ! ,*oice & ,use ( ,l9e--,degree & ,emphasis--,influ5ce ( ! ,photograph--,! ,value ( ,emphasis--,! ,te*nical ,influ5ce--,! ,arti/ic ,purpose--,influ5ce ( ,mat]ial & ,tools--,bru%work-- ,*>coal--,p5cil--,p5 #ea ,,*apt] ,,iv ,( ! ,*oice ( ,=m--,elem5t>y ,=ms--,space-fill+--,gr\p+-- ,analogies ( ,=m--,typical ,=ms ( ,ornam5t--,ornam5tal ,units-- ,equival5ts 9 ,=m--,quantities 9 ,design--,contra/--,value ( ,v>iations ( ,simil> or ,alli$ ,=ms--,use ( ! ,human ,figure & ,animal ,=ms 9 ,ornam5tal ,design #gc ,,*apt] ,v ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,controll+ ,l9es1 ,b\nd>ies ,spaces1 & ,plans 9 ,design+--,orig9 ( ,geometric ,decorative ,spaces & ,panels 9 ,ar*itecture--,value ( ,recurr+ ,l9e--,tradition--,ext5sion-- ,adaptability--,geometric ,/ructural ,plans--,frieze & ,field-- ,ceil+ ,decoration--,co-op]ative ,relation #ajh ,,*apt] ,,vi ,( ! ,fundam5tal ,ess5tials ( ,design3 ,l9e1 ,=m1 ,space--,pr9ciples ( ,/ructural & ,ornam5tal ,l9e 9 ,organic ,=ms--,=m & ,mass 9 ,foliage--,ro(s--,! ,m$iaeval ,city--,organic & ,accid5tal ,beauty--,composition3 ,=mal & ,in=mal--,p[] ( ,l9e> ,expression--,relation ( ,masses & ,l9es--,pr9ciples ( ,h>moni\s ,composition #ach ,,*apt] ,,vii ,( ! ,relief ( ,=m--,?ree ,me?ods--,contra/--,light & ,%ade1 & ,modell+--,! ,use ( ,contra/ & ,planes 9 ,patt]n ,design+--,decorative ,relief--,simple ,l9e> ,contra/--,relief by ,l9e> ,%ad+--,diff]5t ,emphasis 9 reliev+ ,=m by ,%ad+ ,l9es--,relief by means ( ,light & ,%ade alone )\t ,outl9e--,photographic ,projection--,relief by diff]5t ,planes & ,contra/s ( ,concave & ,convex ,surfaces 9 ,ar*itectural ,m\ld+s--,modell$ ,relief-- ,decorative ,use ( ,light & ,%ade1 & diff]5t ,planes 9 ,modell+ & ,c>v+--,egyptian ,sy/em ( ,relief ,sculpture--,greek & ,go?ic ,ar*itectural ,sculpture1 influ5c$ by ,/ructural & ,ornam5tal ,feel+--,sculptural ,tombs1 ,m$als1 ,co9s1 ,gems--,flor5t9e ,fifte5?-c5tury ,reliefs--,desid]io di ,settignano #afe ,,*apt] ,,viii ,( ! ,expression ( ,relief 9 ,l9e-draw+--,graphic ,aim & ,ornam5tal ,aim--,sup]ficial ,appe>ance & ,con/ructive ,reality--,accid5ts & ,ess5tials--,repres5tation & ,sugge/ion ( ,natural ,=m 9 ,design--,! ,outw>d ,vision & ! ,inn] ,vision #bjd ,,*apt] ,,ix ,( ! ,adaptation ( ,l9e & ,=m 9 ,design1 9 v>i\s mat]ials & me?ods--,mural ,decoration--,fresco-"w ( ! ,italian ,pa9t]s-- ,mod]n ,mural ,"w--,mural ,spac+ & ,patt]n ,plans--,scale--,! ,skirt+--,! ,dado--,field ( ! ,wall--,! ,frieze--,panell+-- ,tape/ry--,textile ,design--,p]sian ,c>pets--,effect ( ,texture on ,col\r--,pr9ts--,wall-pap]--,/a9$ ,glass #bbd ,,*apt] ,x ,( ! ,expression & ,relief ( ,l9e & ,=m by ,col\r--,effect ( same ,col\r ^u diff]5t ,gr\nds--,radiation ( ,col\r--,:ite ,outl9e to cle> ,col\rs--,quality ( ,t9ts reliev$ ^u o!r ,t9ts-- ,complem5t>ies--,h>mony--,! ,col\r ,s5se--,col\r ,proportions-- ,importance ( ,pure ,t9ts--,tones & ,planes--,! ,tone ( ,"t-- ,patt]n & ,picture--,a ,patt]n n necess>ily a ,picture1 b a ,picture 9 pr9ciple a ,patt]n--,*i>oscuro--,examples ( ,patt]n-"w & ,picture-"w--,picture-patt]ns & ,patt]n-pictures #bef ,,index #bhc ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,! ,orig9 ( ,outl9e f#jjb ,silh\ettes f#jjc ,coa/ & ,m\nta9 ,l9es--,gulf ( ,nauplia f#jjd ,proportions ( ,roman ,capital ,lett]s & ( l[]-case f#jje;a ,g]man text4 ,f ,dur]'s ,geometrica ,! ,progressive ,me?od ( ,draw+ 9 ,l9e f#jjf;a ,! ,calligraphic ,me?od f#jjg;a ,! ,t5tative ,me?od f#jjg;b ,! ,oval & ,rectangul> ,me?ods f#jjh ,l9es ( ,*>act]ization 9 ! ,=m & ,feature ( f#jji ,fl[]s3 ,lily & ,poppy ,silh\ette ( ,bee* ,leaves & ,l9e ,r5d]+ ( ! same f#jaj;a ,l9es ( ,movem5t f#jaj;b ,effect ( ,w9d ^u ,trees f#jaa ,l9e ,arrangem5t 9 ribb$ ,sea-s& f#jab ,l9es ( diff]5t ,textures1 ,/ructures1 & ,s]vices f#jac ,l9es ( ,exaltation & ,rejoic+ 9 ,unison4 ,! ,morn+ f#jad ,/>s1 aft] ,william ,blake ,l9es ( ,grief & ,dejection3 ,designs f ,flaxman's ,hom] f#jae ,l&scape f#jaf ,scale ( v>i\s ,degrees ( ,l9e> ,weight & ,emphasis f#jag ,curvil9e> ,scale ( ,direction f#jah ,rectangul> ,scale ( ,direction f#jah ,picture ,writ+ f#jai ,olive ,bran*1 f ,nature f#jbj ,olive ,bran*1 simplifi$ 9 ,decorative ,treatm5t f#jba ,/udy ( ,horn$ ,poppy f#jbb ,adaptation ( ,horn$ ,poppy 9 ,design3 ,v]tical ,panel = f#jbc ,ne$lework ,"q & ,answ] 9 ,l9e f#jbd1 f#jbe ,diagram %[+ ! ,use ( a ,geometric ,basis 9 ,design+ a f#jbf ,repeat+ ,patt]n ,use ( ,controll+ ,b\nd>ies 9 ,design+ ,sprays f#jbg ,me?od ( ,te/+ a ,repeat+ ,patt]n f#jbh ,sket* to %[ h[ a ,patt]n ( ,div]se ,elem5ts may be f#jbi h>moniz$ by ,unity ( ,inclos+ & ,int]m$i>y ,l9es ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,c\nt]balance 9 diff]5t ,sy/ems ( f#jcj ,design ,bord] ,units & ,bord] ,motive f#jca ,recurr+ ,l9e & ,=m 9 ,bord] ,motives f#jcb ,radiat+ ,pr9ciple ( ,l9e 9 ,natural ,=m f#jcc ,radiat+ ,l9es ( ! ,pectoral ,muscles & ,ribs f#jcd ,vault+ ( ,*apt] ,h\se1 ,we/m9/] f#jce ,l9es ( ,*>act]ization ( ,fea!rs & ,%ells f#jcf ,p5 ,draw+ ( ,fruit f#jcg ,effect ( diff]5t ,emphasis 9 ,treatm5t ( ! same f#jch1 f#jci ,designs ,effect ( diff]5t ,emphasis 9 ! ,draw+ ( ,l&scape f#jdj ,example ( ,page ,treatm5t to %[ ,ornam5tal ,relation f#jda;a betwe5 ,text & ,pictures ,sugge/ion = a ,c>pet ,patt]n & ,ab/ract ,treatm5t ( f#jda;b ! same on ,po9t ,pap] z detail ( ,brussels ,c>pet ,bru% ,=ms f#jdb ,direct ,bru% ,expression ( ,animal ,=m f#jdc ,japanese ,draw+ ( a ,bird4 ,f ,! ,hundr$ ,birds ( ,b>i f#jdd ,elem5t>y ,geometrical ,=ms f#jde;a ,use ( ! same ,=ms 9 ,ar*itecture f#jde;b ,poppy-heads f#jdf ,apple cut to %[ ,position ( ,se$s f#jdg ,cube & ,sph]e 9 ,ar*itectural ,ornam5t f#jdh;a ,fill+ ( ,squ>e ,space f#jdi;a ,fill+ ( ,circul> ,space f#jdi;b ,inlay ,design3 ,patt]n ,units & ,motives f#jej ,gr\p+ ( ,alli$ ,=ms3 ,composition ( ,curves f#jea;a ,gr\p+ ( ,alli$ ,=ms3 ,composition ( ,angles f#jea;b ,/ill-life ,gr\p illu/rative ( ,wood-engrav+ f#jeb ,japanese ,diagonal ,patt]n f#jec ,treatm5t ( ,fruit & ,leaf ,=ms3 ,correspond+ ,curvature f#jed ,correspond5ce 9 ,g5]al ,cont\r betwe5 ,leaf & ,tree f#jee;a ,"s ,analogies 9 ,=m f#jee;b ,tree ( ,typical ,patt]n ,=ms1 ,units & ,sy/ems f#jef ,sket*es to %[ ,use ( ,c\nt]balance1 ,quantity1 & f#jeg ,equival5ts 9 ,design+ ,quantities & ,c\nt]*ange ( ,bord] & ,field 9 ,c>pet f#jeh ,motives ,sket*es to illu/rate ,value ( diff]5t ,quantities 9 f#jeh-;f#jfa ,p]sian ,rugs ,recurr5ce & ,contra/ 9 ,bord] ,motives f#jfb ,use ( inclos+ ,b\nd>ies 9 ,design+ ,animal ,=ms 9 f#jfc;a ,decorative ,patt]n ,decorative ,spac+ ( ,figures )9 ,geometric ,b\nd>ies f#jfc;b ,simple ,l9e> ,motives & ,patt]n ,bases f#jfd ,use ( ,int]vals 9 ,repeat+ ! same ,ornam5tal ,units f#jfe ,designs ( ,floral1 ,human1 & ,animal ,=ms1 gov]n$ by f#jff ,%ape ( inclos+ ,b\nd>y ,! ,p>!non3 ,sket* to %[ ,spaces us$ = ,decorative f#jfg ,sculpture 9 ,greek ,ar*itecture ,! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds1 ,a!ns f#jfh ,sket* ( "p ( ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e to %[ spaces = f#jfi ,decorative ,sculpture 9 ,roman ,ar*itecture ,byzant9e 7,mosaic7 ,treatm5t ( ,ar*itectural ,/ructural f#jgj ,features3 ,apse1 ,s4 ,vitale1 ,rav5na ,detail ( ,canopy ( ,tomb ( ,g]vaise-,al>d1 ,w9*elsea f#jga ,walb]swick ,*ur*3 ,we/ ,door f#jgb ,mis]]e 9 ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral f#jgc ,recess$ ,panel f ! ,tomb ( ,bi%op ,john ,morgan1 ,/4 f#jgd ,david's ,ca!dral ,corbel f ,bi%op ,vaughan's ,*apel1 ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral f#jge ,go?ic ,tile ,patt]n1 ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral f#jgf ,surface ,patt]n ,motives d]iv$ f ,l9es ( ,/ructure f#jgg;a ,repeat+ ,patt]ns built ^u ,squ>e & ,circul> ,bases f#jgg;b ,plan ( a ,drop ,repeat f#jgh ,sket* ,designs to %[ ,relation betwe5 ,frieze & ,field 9 f#jgi ,wall-pap] ,pr9ciples ( ,/ructural & ,ornam5tal ,l9e 9 ,natural f#jhj ,=ms ,radiat+1 ,recurr+ & ,c\nt]balanc+ ,l9es 9 ! f#jha;a ,/ructure ( ! ,skeleton & ! ,muscles ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,l9e & ,=m 9 ! ,bran*+ & f#jha;b ,foliage ,masses ( ,trees ,pr9ciples ( ,/ructure 9 ,foliage ,masses f#jhb ,alb]t ,dur]3 ,detail f ,! ,prodigal ,son f#jhc ,alb]t ,dur]3 ,/4 ,an?ony f#jhd ,ro(-l9es3 ,ro!nburg f#jhe ,/4 ,m>g>et ,/reet1 ,cant]bury f#jhf ,figure ,designs controll$ by ,geometric ,b\nd>ies f#jhg1 f#jhh ,expression ( ,/orm & ,calm 9 ,l&scape f#jhi ,expression ( ,repose & ,action f#jij ,controll+ ,l9es ( ,movem5t3 ,movem5t 9 a ,procession f#jia;a ,l9es left by a ,wat]c\rse--,l9es gov]n+ fall5 ,debris f#jia;b f a ,qu>ry ,relief ( ,=m1 7#a7 by ,outl9e1 7#b7 by ,contra/1 7#c7 by f#jib ,light & ,%ade ,relief ( ,=m & ,l9e 9 ,patt]n ,design by means ( f#jic ,contra/ & ! ,use ( ,planes ,treatm5t ( ,mantl+ 7#ad?-#af? c5turies7 f#jid;a1 f#jid;b ,brass ( ,m>t9 de ,vis*1 ,bruges1 #adeb f#jie ,relief 9 ,patt]n ,design by means ( ,simple ,l9e> ,contra/s f#jif;a ,relief by add+ ,%ad+ ,l9es to ,outl9e f#jig;a ,relief by ,diagonal ,%ad+ f#jig;b ,diff]5t ,me?od & diff]5t ,emphasis 9 ,reliev+ ,=m by f#jih ,%ad+ ,l9es ,alb]t ,dur]'s ,pr9ciple 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,drap]y3 ,f f#jii ! ,woodcut 9 ! ,life ( ! ,virg9 ,s]ies ,alb]t ,dur]3 ,p5-draw+ f#ajj ,filipp9o ,lippi3 ,/udy ( ,drap]y f#aja ,raphael3 ,/udies ( ,drap]y f#ajb ,relief by means ( ,light & ,%ade alone1 9 ,p5-draw+ f#ajc;a )\t ,outl9e ,relief by means ( ,:ite ,l9e on a ,d>k ,gr\nd & vice f#ajc;b v]sa ,relief 9 ,ar*itectural ,m\ld+s f#ajd ,roman ,treatm5t ( ,cor9?ian ,ord]1 ,=um ( ,n]va1 ,rome f#aje ,egyptian ,relief ,sculpture3 ,!bes f#ajf ,greek ,relief3 ,eleusis f#ajg ,egyptian ,relief3 ,d5d]ah f#ajg ,*>tres ,ca!dral3 ,c>v+ on ,we/ ,front f#ajh ,*>tres ,ca!dral3 ,tympanum ( ,c5tral ,door ( ,we/ ,front f#aji ,m$als ( ! ,lords ( ,mantua1 ,ces5a1 & ,f]r>a1 by f#aaj ,vittore ,pisano ,treatm5t ( ,drap$ ,figure 9 ,black on ,:ite ,gr\nd & f#aaa;a vice v]sa ,treatm5t ( ! same ,figure 9 ,light & ,%ade f#aaa;b ,! ,graphic ,pr9ciple ( ! ,expression ( ,=m by ,light & f#aab ,%ade2 ) & )\t ,outl9e ,l9e> ,expression ( ,features1 ,fea!rs & ,fur3 ,notes f f#aac ,nature ,sket*es to illu/rate ! ,graphic & ! ,decorative f#aad ,treatm5t ( ,drap$ ,figures ,decorative ,treatm5t ( ,birds f#aae ,floral ,designs ^u ,typical ,inclos+ ,%apes ( ,indian & f#aaf ,p]sian ,ornam5t ,danc+ ,figure ) ! ,gov]n+ ,l9es ( ! ,movem5t f#aag;a ,l9es ( ,floral ,gr[? & ,/ructure3 ,lily & ,rose f#aag;b ,coa/-l9es1 ,gulf ( ,nauplia f#aah;a ,l9es ( ,movem5t 9 ,wat]1 ,%all[ ,/ream ov] ,s& f#aah;b ,giotto3 ,*a/ity 7,l[] ,*ur*1 ,assisi7 f#aai ,p9turic*io3 ,mural ,pa9t+ 7,piccolom9i ,*apel1 ,si5a7 f#abj ,diagram %[+ ! ,pr9cipal ,fundam5tal ,plans or ,sy/ems f#aba ( ,l9e gov]n+ ,mural ,spac+ & ,decorative ,di/ribution ,diagram to %[ h[ ! app>5t ,dep? ( a ,space is f#abb increas$ by ! ,use ( ,v]tical ,l9es1 & its app>5t ,wid? by ! ,use ( ,horizontal ,l9es ,decorative ,spac+ ( ! ,wall3 ,sket*es 7to half-in* f#abc scale7 to %[ diff]5t ,treatm5t & ,proportions ,figure ( ,laura1 f ! ,burgundian ,tape/ries3 ,! f#abd ,triumphs ( ,petr>*1 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum ,p9turic*io3 ,fresco 9 ! ,app>tim5ti ,borgia f#abe ,portion ( ,detail ( ! ,holy ,c>pet ( ! ,mosque ( f#abf ,ardebil3 ,p]sian1 sixte5? c5tury ,sket* to illu/rate ,treatm5t ( ,bord]s 9 a ,p]sian ,rug f#abg ,arras ,tape/ry3 ,diagrams to %[ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,work+ f#abh & ,surface ,effect ,contra/+ ,surfaces 9 ,w>p & ,weft 9 ,wov5 ,silk ,hang+ f#abi ,indian pr9t$ ,cotton ,cov]3 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum f#acj ,/a9$ ,glass ,treatm5t3 ,inclosure ( ,=m & ,col\r by f#aca ,lead ,l9es ,sket* to %[ ,effect ( ! same ,col\r & ,=m ^u f#acb diff]5t ,col\r$ ,gr\nds ,pr9ciple ( ! ,effect ( ! ,bl5d+ or ,blurr+ ( f#acc ,col\rs at _! ,edges ,use ( ,black & ,:ite ,outl9e to cle> ! ,edges ( f#acc ,col\r$ ,=ms ^u diff]5t ,col\r$ ,gr\nds ,j4 ,van ,eyck3 ,portrait ( ,j4 ,arnolf9i & 8 ,wife f#acd ,v] ,me] ( ,delft3 ,lady at a ,sp9et f#ace ,botticelli3 ,! ,nativity f#acf ,holbe93 ,! ,ambassadors f#acg ,botticelli3 ,madonna & ,*ild f#ach ,crivelli3 ,! ,annunciation f#aci ,p]ug9o3 ,! ,virg9 9 ,adoration ) ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,/4 f#adj ,raphael1 & ,tobias ,titian3 ,bac*us & ,ariadne f#ada ,madox ,br[n3 ,*ri/ ,wa%+ ,/4 ,pet]'s ,feet f#adb ,illu/ration 7f#jjb73 ,! ,orig9 ( ,outl9e4 ,,( ,,l9e ,,& ,,=m ,,*apt] ,i ,orig9 & ,function ( ,outl9e--,silh\ette--,def9ition ( ,b\nd>ies by--,p[] ( ,*>act]ization by--,=mation ( ,lett]s--,me?ods ( ,draw+ 9 ,l9e--,! ,progressive ,me?od--,! ,calligraphic ,me?od--,! ,t5tative ,me?od--,! ,japanese ,direct ,bru% ,me?od--,! ,oval ,me?od--,! ,rectangul> ,me?od--,quality ( ,l9e--,l9e> ,expression ( ,movem5t--,textures--,emotion--,scale ( ,l9e> ,expression4 ,outl9e1 "o might say1 is ! ,alpha & ,omega ( ,art4 ,x is ! e>lie/ mode ( expression among primitive peoples1 z x is ) ! individual *ild1 & x has be5 cultivat$ = its p[] ( *>act]ization & expression1 & z an ultimate te/ ( draughtsman%ip1 by ! mo/ accompli%$ arti/s ( all "t4 ,! old fanciful /ory ( its orig9 9 ! "w ( a lov] :o trac$ 9 *>coal ! b\nd>y ( ! %ad[ ( ! head ( 8 swee!>t z ca/ ^u ! wall by ! sun1 & ?us obta9$ ! fir/ pr(ile portrait1 is probably m true 9 sub/ance ?an 9 fact1 b x c]ta9ly illu/rates ! function ( outl9e z ! def9ition ( ! b\nd>ies ( =m4 ,silh\ette ,z *ildr5 we probably p]ceive =ms 9 nature def9$ z flat %apes ( col\r reliev$ ^u o!r col\rs1 or flat fields ( light on d>k1 z a :ite horse is def9$ ^u ! gre5 grass ( a field1 or a black figure ^u a backgr\nd ( sn[4 ,illu/ration 7f#jjc;a73 ,silh\ette ,illu/ration 7f#jjc;b73 ,silh\ette ,def9ition ( ,b\nd>ies ,to def9e ! b\nd>ies ( su* =ms becomes ! ma9 object 9 e>ly attempts at arti/ic expression4 ,! att5tion is caught by ! edges--! %ape ( ! silh\ette :i* rema9s ! p>am\nt means ( di/9ction ( =m :5 details & second>y *>act]i/ics are lo/2 z ! outl9es ( m\nta9s rema91 or are ev5 m cle>ly se51 :5 di/ance subdues ! details ( _! /ructure1 & ev5+ mi/s ?r[ !m into flat planes "o beh9d ! o!r1 & leave no?+ b ! delicate l9es ( _! edges to tell _! "*4 ,we feel ! beauty & simplicity ( su* effects 9 nature4 ,we feel t ! m9d1 ?r\gh ! eye re/+ ^u ^! quiet planes & delicate l9es1 receives a s5se ( repose & poetic sugge/ion :i* is lo/ 9 ! bright noontide1 ) all its weal? ( glitt]+ detail1 %>p cut 9 light & %ade4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is typical p[] ( outl9e & ! value ( simplicity ( mass 7 p]ceiv$ by ! anci5ts1 notably ! ,anci5t ,egyptians & ! ,greeks1 :o bo?1 9 _! own ways1 9 _! art %[ a wond]ful p[] ( *>act]ization by means ( l9e & mass1 & a delicate s5se ( ! ornam5tal value & quality ( l9e4 ,illu/ration 7f#jjd73 ,coa/ & ,m\nta9 ,l9es--,gulf ( ,nauplia ,=mation ( ,lett]s ,reg>d+ l9e--! use ( outl9e f ! po9t ( view ( its value z a means ( def9ition ( =m & fact--its p[] is really only limit$ by ! p[] ( draughtsman%ip at ! comm& ( ! arti/4 ,f ! ar*aic pott]s' primitive figures or ! rudim5t>y attempts ( *ildr5 at human or animal =ms up to ! mo/ ref9$ outl9es ( a ,greek vase-pa9t]1 or say ! arti/ ( ! ,dream ( ,poliphilus1 ! diff]5ce is "o ( degree4 ,! tyro ) ! p51 le>n+ to write1 splot*es & scrat*es1 & pa9fully =ms trembl+1 limp+ ,o's & ,a's1 till ) practice & habitude1 almo/ unconsci\sly1 ! p[] to =m firm lett]s is acquir$4 ,writ+1 aft] all1 is b a simpl] =m ( draw+1 & we "k t ! lett]s ( our alphabet 7 orig9ally pictures or symbols4 ,! ma9 diff]5ce is t writ+ /ops %ort ) ! acquisition ( ! purely useful p[] ( =m+ lett]s & words1 & is seldom pursu$ = ! sake ( its beauty or arti/ic qualities z =m]ly2 :ile draw+ cont9ually leads on to new difficulties to be conqu]$1 to new subtleties ( l9e1 & fre% fasc9ations 9 ! pursuit ( di/9ction & /yle4 ,illu/ration 7f#jje;a73 ,proportions ( ,roman ,capital ,lett]s & ,me?od ( ,draw+ ,!m 7,f ,alb]t ,dur]'s ,geometrica74 ,illu/ration 7f#jje;b73 ,proportions ( ,l[]-,case ,g]man ,text & ,me?od ( ,draw+ ! ,lett]s 7,f ,alb]t ,dur]'s ,geometrica74 ,! practice ( =m+ lett]s ) ! p5 or bru%1 f good types1 ,roman & ,go?ic1 h[ev]1 w\ld af=d v good prelim9>y practice to a /ud5t ( l9e & =m4 ,! h& w\ld acquire directness ( /roke & t\*1 :ile ! eye w\ld gr[ accu/om$ to good l9es ( composition & simple con/ructive =ms4 ,! progressive nature ( writ+--! gradual build+ up ( ! =ms ( ! lett]s--& ! necessity ( deal+ ) recurr+ =ms & l9es1 also1 w\ld be> usefully ^u aft] "w 9 actual design4 ,alb]t ,dur] 9 8 ,geometrica gives me?ods on :i* to draw ! ,roman capitals1 & also ! black lett]s1 build+ ! =m] ^u ! squ>e & its proportions1 ! ?ickness ( ! d[n /rokes be+ "o-eigh? ( squ>e1 ! ?9 /rokes be+ "o-sixte5?1 & ! s]ifs be+ turn$ by circles ( "o-f\r? & "o-eigh? diamet]4 ,! capital ,o1 x w be not$1 is =m$ ( two circles /ruck diagonally4 ,me?ods ( ,draw+ 9 ,l9e ,lett]s may be tak5 z ! simple/ =m ( def9ition by means ( l9e4 ,!y h be5 r$uc$ ?r\gh c5turies ( use f _! primitive hi]oglyphic =ms to _! pres5t arbitr>y & fix$ types1 ?\gh ev5 ^! fix$ types are subject to ! v>iation produc$ by *anges ( ta/e & fancy4 ,b :5 we come to un=mulat$ nature--to ! va/ _w ( complex =ms1 ev] *ang+ _! aspect1 full ( life & movem5t1 trees1 fl[]s1 woods & wat]s1 birds1 bea/s1 fi%es1 ! human =m--! problem h[ to repres5t any ( ^! =ms1 to express & *>act]ize !m by means ( s ab/ract a me?od z l9e-draw+1 seems at fir/ difficult en\gh4 ,b s9ce ! gr[? ( p]ception1 l ! p[] ( graphic repres5tation1 is gradual & p>tial1 ?\gh progressive1 ! eye & ! m9d are g5]ally fir/ impress$ ) ! sali5t features & lead+ *>act]i/ics ( natural =ms1 j z ! *ild's fir/ idea ( a human =m is t ( a body ) f\r /raight limbs1 ) a prepond]at+ head4 ,t is ! fir/ impression1 & x is unhesitat+ly record$ 9 infant9e outl9e4 ,! fir/ aim1 !n1 9 draw+ any?+ 9 l9e is to grasp ! g5]al tru?s ( =m1 "*1 & expression4 ,! ,progressive ,me?od ,!re are v>i\s me?ods ( proce$+ 9 gett+ an outl9e ( any object or figure4 ,to beg9 )1 ! /ud5t might beg9 progressively def9+ ! =m by a s]ies ( /ages 9 ?is way4 ,take ! pr(ile ( a bird1 = in/ance2 ! =m might be gradually built up by ! comb9ation ( a s]ies ( l9es3 ,illu/ration 7f#jjf;a73 7bird =ms7 or take ! simpl] =m ( a flask bottle3 ,illu/ration 7f#jjf;b73 7bottle =ms7 or a j> on ! same pr9ciple3 ,illu/ration 7f#jjf;c73 7j> =ms7 or1 simpl] /ill1 a leaf =m1 putt+ 9 ! /em fir/ ) "o /roke 7#a73 ,illu/ration 7f#jjf;d73 7leaf =ms7 & build+ ! =m ar\nd x 7#b1 #c74 ,! ,calligraphic ,me?od ,illu/ration 7f#jjg;a73 7calligraphic =ms7 ,?is might be t]m$ ! calligraphic me?od ( draw+2 & 9 ?is me?od facility ( h& might be fur!r practis$ by attempt+ ! def9ition ( =ms by cont9u\s /rokes1 or build+ x up by z few /rokes z possible4 ,! simpl] types ( ornam5t consi/+ ( me&]+ & fl[+ l9es c all be produc$ 9 ?is way1 i4e41 by cont9u\s l9e1 z well z natural =ms treat$ 9 a c]ta9 ab/ract or conv5tional way1 :i* adapts !m to decoration4 ,! ,t5tative ,me?od ,illu/ration 7f#jjg;b73 7j> =ms7 ,ano!r me?od is to sket* 9 lightly guide l9es = ma9 masses1 build+ a sort ( scaffold+ ( light l9es to assi/ ! eye 9 gett+ ! correct outl9e 9 its place1 us+ v]tical c5tre l9es = symmetrical =ms to get ! poise "r4 ,?is is ! me?od v g5]ally 9 use1 b ,i ?9k x v desirable to practise direct draw+ z well1 to acquire c]ta9ty ( eye & facility ( h&2 & "o mu/ n m9d failure at fir/1 z ?is k9d ( p[] & facility is s mu* a matt] ( practice4 ,illu/ration 7f#jjg;c73 7birdba? sket*7 ,! ,japanese ,direct ,bru% ,me?od ,! ,japanese1 :o draw ) ! bru%1 h accu/om$ !mselves to draw 9 a direct mann] )\t any prelim9>y sket*+1 & ! *>m ( _! "w is l>gely ow+ to t crisp fre%ness ( t\* only possible to _! direct me?od4 ,! great object is to e/abli% a p]fectly intimate correspond5ce betwe5 eye & h&1 s t ! latt] w record :at ! =m] p]ceives4 ,abundant specim5s ( ! fre$om & naturalism ( ! mod]n s*ool ( ,japanese arti/s 9 ?is direct bru% me?od may be f\nd 9 ! "w ( ,b>i1 ,hiro%igi1 & ,hokusai1 & 9 ! num]\s pr9ts & books ( designs f _! h&s4 ,to all draughtsm5 & design]s !y are mo/ valuable to /udy = _! direct me?od & simple means ( expression ( =m & fact4 ,accid5tal z !y frequ5tly seem 9 composition1 ! plac+ ( ! draw+ ^u ! pap] is c>efully consid]$ be=e />t+1 & ?is1 ( c\rse1 is always a v important po9t4 ,yet ano!r me?od ( draw+1 m especially 9 relation to ! draw+ ( ! human figure & animal =ms1 ,i may m5tion z a help to ^? :o d n feel /rong en\gh = ! direct me?od4 ,at ! same "t x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t we c accu/om ourselves to any me?od2 & ! m dep5d5t we become ^u a s+le me?od1 ! less facility we %all h = work+ 9 any o!r4 ,b = all t x is desirable to ma/] "o me?od--t is1 to be able to draw 9 l9e freely 9 "o way or ano!r--& exp]i5ce & practice alone w enable u to f9d ! me?od mo/ satisfactory4 ,! ,oval & ,rectangul> ,me?ods ,illu/ration 7f#jjh73 7human & horse =ms7 ,! ,rectangul> ,me?od ,?is o!r me?od is to block 9 ! pr9cipal masses ( ! =ms we desire to repres5t by means ( a s]ies ( ovals1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 & :5 we h got ! masses 9 _! prop] relations1 to proce$ to draw 9 ! c>eful outl9e ( ! figure1 or :atev] x may be1 ^u ?is sub/ructure ( guid+ l9es1 correct+ z we g along4 ,x w\ld be q possible to "w on ! same pr9ciple1 b ^u a /ructure ( m or less rectangul> masses4 ,! real use ( ! me?od is to assi/ ! /ud5t to get a grasp ( ! relation ( ! masses ( a figure & a s5se ( /ructure 9 draw+2 :e!r squ>e or oval block+ 9 is us$ may be a matt] ( *oice4 ,x may be said = ! oval =ms t !y resemble ! cont\rs ( ! /ructure 9 human & animal =ms4 ,if "o _h a t5d5cy to r\nd "o's =ms too mu*1 x w\ld be well to try ! rectangul> me?od to correct ?is1 & vice v]sa4 ,aft] a c]ta9 facility has be5 acquir$ 9 r5d]+ =m by means ( l9e1 we %all p]ceive fur!r capacities ( expression 9 its use1 & beg9 to note h[ diff]5t *>act]i/ics ( =m & natural fact may be express$ by v>y+ ! quality ( our outl9e4 ,if we are draw+ a plant or a fl[]1 = in/ance1 we %\ld endeav\r to %[ by ! quality ( our l9e ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! f9e spr++ curves 9 ! /ructure ( ! lily1 ! solid se$-c5tre & /iff radiation ( ! petals ( ! daisy1 & ! delicate silky folds ( ! poppy4 ,quality ( ,l9e ,illu/ration 7f#jji73 ,l9es ( ,*>act]ization 9 ! ,=m & ,feature ( ,fl[]s3 ,lily & ,poppy4 ,b1 z leaves come be=e fl[]s1 x w\ld be be/ to beg9 ) leaf =ms & try to express ! "* ( oak & bee*1 lime & *e/nut leaves1 = in/ance1 by means ( outl9e4 ,probably at fir/ we %all feel dissatisfi$ ) our outl9e z n be+ full en\gh3 x may look meagre 9 quality & small 9 def9ition ( =m4 ,?is probably arises f n all[+ en\gh space--f sett+ ! outl9e too mu* )9 ! b\nd>y ( ! =m4 ,to correct ?is "o _c d bett] ?an block 9 ! =m ( ! object we are draw+ 7leaf1 fl[]1 or figure7 ) a full bru% 9 black silh\ette1 plac+ ! object aga9/ ! light or :ite pap]1 s t its true b\nd>y may be se5 un9t]f]$ ) by surface m>k+s or %ad[s1 &1 conc5trat+ our att5tion ^u ! edge1 foll[ x z c>efully z possible ) ! solid black4 ,!n1 if we comp>e ! result ) our outl9e1 x w help to %[ :]e x has fail$2 & ! practice ( ?us block+ 9 ) ! bru% 9 solid silh\ette w t5d to enc\rage a l>g] /yle ( draw+1 s9ce good outl9e means good p]ception ( mass2 & z a g5]al pr9ciple 9 draw+1 x may be recomm5d$ to place "o's outl9e outside ! silh\ette b\nd>y ( ! =m r ?an )9 x2 t is to say1 :5 ! figure or object is reliev$ 9 light aga9/ d>k1 z ! l9e 9 t case def9es ! edge aga9/ ! backgr\nd4 ,:5 ! figure or object appe>s z d>k ^u a light gr\nd1 h[ev]1 ! outl9e %\ld be )9 ! silh\ette1 obvi\sly1 or its delicate b\nd>y is lo/4 ,illu/ration 7f#jaj;a73 ,silh\ette ( ,bee* ,leaves & ,l9e ,r5d]+ ( ! ,same4 ,l9e> ,expression ( ,movem5t ,ano!r important attribute ( l9e is its p[] ( express+ or sugge/+ movem5t4 ,by a law ( insep>able association1 undulat+ l9es approa*+ ! horizontal1 or lead+ d[n to x1 are connect$ ) ! s5se ( repose2 :]eas brok5 curves & rectangul> l9es always sugge/ action & unre/1 or ! resi/ance to =ce ( "s k9d4 ,illu/ration 7f#jaj;b73 ,l9es ( ,movem5t ,! recurr5ce ( a s]ies ( l9es 9 ! same direction 9 a k9d ( cresc5do or wave-l movem5t sugge/s cont9u\s pressure ( =ce 9 ! same direction1 z 9 ?is s]ies ( in/antane\s actions ( a man b[l+1 :]e ! l9e drawn ?r\gh or t\*+ ! highe/ po9ts 9 ea* figure takes ! l9e ( ! curve ( a wave4 ,! wave-l9e1 inde$1 may be said n only to sugge/ movem5t1 b also to describe its direction & =ce4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! l9e ( movem5t4 ,! pr9ciple may be se5 9 a simpl] way1 z ,hog>? po9ts out 9 8 ,analysis ( ,beauty1 by obs]v+ ! l9e describ$ along a wall by ! head ( a man walk+ along ! /reet4 ,or1 z we may see sometimes ne> ! coa/1 trees expos$ to ! con/ant pressure ( ! w9d illu/rate ?is recurr5ce ( l9es 9 ! same direction gov]n+ _! g5]al %ape2 & z ea* tree is =c$ to spread 9 ! direction away f ! w9d1 ! effect is t ( _! be+ always /ruggl+ aga9/ its pressure ev5 9 ! calme/ wea!r2 & ?is is entirely due to our association ( w9d-movem5t ) ?is peculi> l9e> expression4 ,illu/ration 7f#jaa73 ,l9es ,expressive ( ,movem5t3 ,effect ( ,w9d ,^u ,trees ,fl[+ wat]1 aga91 is express$ by c]ta9 recurr+ wave-l9es1 :i* rem9d u ( ! anci5t l9e> symbols ( ! zigzag & me&] us$ f ! e>lie/ times to express wat]4 ,9 ! /reams t *annel ! s&s ( ! sea-%ore :5 ! tide rec$es we may see beautiful fl[+ l9es1 sometimes cross+ l a network1 & sometimes runn+ into a s]ies ( %ell-l waves2 :ile ! s&s !mselves are ribb$ & *annell$ & modell$ by ! recurr+ movem5t ( ! waves1 :i* leave ^u !m ! impress & ! expression ( _! motion 7mu* z 9 a m delicate m$ium ! air-curr5ts impress ! fields ( cl\d1 & give !m _! *>act]i/ic =ms74 ,illu/ration 7f#jab73 ,l9e ,arrangem5t 9 ,ribb$ ,sea ,s& ,l9e> ,expression ( ,textures ,textures & surfaces1 too1 fall )9 ! range ( l9e> expression4 ,"o w\ld naturally use l9es ( totally diff]5t consi/5cy & "* to express r\gh or smoo? surfaces3 to express ! diff]5ce ( value1 = in/ance1 betwe5 ! ivory-l smoo?ness ( an egg & ! scaly surface ( a p9e-cone1 entirely diff]5t qualities ( l9e are obvi\sly want$4 ,! firm-set yet s(t fea!rs ( ! plumage ( a bird mu/ be r5d]$ by a v diff]5t t\* f ! %9+ scales ( a fi%4 ,! hair & horns ( animals1 delicate human features1 fl[]s1 ! s9u\s l9es ( ?9 drap]y1 or ! broad massive folds ( heavy robes1 all dem& f ! design] & draughtsman 9 l9e diff]5t k9ds ( sugge/ive expression1 a translation or r5d]+ ( natural fact subord9ate to ! arti/ic purpose ( 8 "w1 & 9 relation to ! mat]ial & purpose = :i* he works4 ,l9e> ,expression ( ,emotion ,illu/ration 7f#jac73 ,l9es ( ,diff]5t ,textures1 ,/ructures1 & ,surfaces4 ,!n1 aga91 :5 we come to ! expression ( ideas--( ?\ght & s5tim5t--we f9d 9 l9e an ab/ract b direct m$ium = _! illu/ration2 & ?is aga91 too1 by means ( t law ( insep>able association :i* connects ! idea ( praise or aspiration & asc5sion1 = in/ance1 ) long l9es incl9+ t[>ds ! sev]e v]tical1 z :5 we draw a figure ) uprais$ h&s2 :ile ! feel+ might be increas$ if l$ up to or re-e*o$ by o!r gr\ps & objects 9 ! composition1 =m+ a k9d ( v]tical cresc5do on ! same pr9ciple :i* we 7 consid]+ 9 reg>d to ! expression ( lat]al movem5t4 ,few ?+s 9 design are f9] or m elevat$ 9 feel+ ?an ,william ,blake's design ( ! ,morn+ ,/>s s++ toge!r1 9 ! s]ies ( ! ,book ( ,job1 yet x is little m ?an a v]tical arrangem5t ( figures ) uplift$ & int]cross+ arms4 ,! l9e> plan gives ! ma9 impetus to ! expressiv5ess ( ! design1 & is ! basis ( ! beauty1 :i* culm9ates 9 ! rapture ( ! fre% y\?ful faces4 ,illu/ration 7f#jad73 ,expression ( ,emotion3 ,l9es ( ,exaltation & ,rejoic+ 9 ,unison4 ,! ,morn+ ,/>s1 ,aft] ,william ,blake4 7,f ! ,book ( ,job47 ,scale ( ,l9e> ,expression ,b[$ & b5t l9es t5d+ d[nw>ds1 on ! o!r h&1 convey ! opposite ideas ( dejection & despair4 ,?is is illu/rat$ 9 ^! figures ( ,flaxman's1 :o 0 a great ma/] ( /yle 9 outl9e4 ,illu/ration 7f#jae73 ,l9es ( ,grief & ,dejection4 ,flaxman3 ,designs to ,hom]4 ,capacity ( ,l9e ,we seem "h to discov] a k9d ( scale ( l9e> expression--! two extremes at ei!r end3 ! horizontal & ! v]tical1 ) e degree & modulation betwe5 !m2 ! undulat+ curve giv+ way to ! spr++ en]getic spiral1 ! me&]+1 fl[+ l9e s9k+ to ! horizontal3 or ! %>p opposition & ?ru/ ( rectangul>1 ! n]v\s resi/ance ( brok5 curves1 ! flame-l1 triumphant1 asc5d+ v]ticals4 ,truly ! design] may f9d a great range ( expression )9 ! dom9ion ( pure l9e4 ,l9e is1 inde$1 z ,i h be=e t]m$ x1 a language1 a mo/ s5sitive & vigor\s spee* ( _m dialects2 :i* c adapt itself to all purposes1 & is1 inde$1 indisp5sable to all ! prov9ces ( design 9 l9e4 ,l9e may be reg>d$ simply z a means ( record1 a me?od ( regi/]+ ! facts ( nature1 ( graphically portray+ ! *>act]i/ics ( plants & animals1 or ! features ( humanity3 ! smoo? features ( y\?1 ! rugg$ l9es ( age4 ,x is capable ( ?is1 & m also1 s9ce x c appeal to our emotions & evoke our passionate & poetic sympa?ies ) bo? ! life ( humanity & wild nature1 z 9 ! h&s ( ! great ma/]s x lifts u to ! heav5s or b[s u d[n to e>?3 we may /& on ! sea-%ore & see ! movem5t ( ! fall+ waves1 ! fi]ce en]gy ( ! /orm & its roll+ armam5t ( cl\ds1 glitt]+ ) ! sudd5 zigzag ( ! lightn+2 or we may s9k into ! pr(\nd calm ( a summ] day1 :5 ! m\nta9s1 def9$ only by _! edges1 wrapp$ 9 s(t planes ( mi/1 seem to recl9e ^u ! level mead[s l ,titans & dream ( ! gold5 age4 ,illu/ration 7f#jaf73 7l&scape7 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,! ,language ( ,l9e--,dialects--,comp>ison ( ! ,/yle ( v>i\s ,arti/s 9 ,l9e--,scale ( ,degrees 9 ,l9e--,picture ,writ+--,relation ( ,l9e to ,=m--,two ,pa?s--,! ,graphic ,purpose--,aspect--,! ,ornam5tal ,purpose--,typical ,treatm5t or ,conv5tion--,rhy?m--,l9e> ,plans 9 ,patt]n ,design+--,wall-pap] ,design--,controll+ ,=ms--,memory--,evolution 9 ,design--,v>iety 9 ,unity--,c\nt]balance--,l9e> ,logic--,recurr+ ,l9e & ,=m--,pr9ciple ( ,radiation--,range & ,use ( ,l9e4 ,i spoke ( ,l9e z a ,language1 & gave "s illu/rations ( its p[] & range ( expression1 %[+ t l9e is capable n only ( record+ natural fact & def9+ "*1 b also ( convey+ ! idea ( movem5t & =ce1 ( action & repose2 &1 fur!r1 ( appeal+ to our emotions & ?\ghts by v>iations & *anges 9 its direction1 ! degree ( its emphasis1 & o!r qualities4 ,dialects ,yet e design] & draughtsman uses l9e 9 a diff]5t way1 & ( a diff]5t quality1 accord+ to 8 pref]5ce1 habit1 tra9+1 or p]sonality4 ,! endless v>iations :i* result ,i %\ld--to pursue ! analogy ( spee* fur!r--t]m dialects4 ,we might collect abundant examples ( ^! f ! "w ( l9e-design]s s9ce ! _w began1 or comp>e ! me?ods ( any ( ! popul> illu/rators ( to-day to f9d con/ant v>iations & individual diff]5ces occurr+ ev5 among ^? :i* might be said1 "u ! influ5ce ( a prevail+ mode1 to be v>iations ( "o type4 ,comp>e a ,greek vase-pa9t]'s delicate bru% l9e-draw+ ) ! bold p5-l9e ( ,alb]t ,dur] 7to get a contra/ 9 hi/oric /yle74 ,comp>e 7to take two ma/]s ( diff]5t s*ools1 b ( ! same c\ntry7 ! l9e-treatm5t ( ,mantegna ) ! l9e-treatm5t ( ,raphael2 or1 to take ano!r jump1 comp>e ! l9e-"w ( ,blake & ,flaxman2 or1 to take a mod]n in/ance1 & to come to our own contempor>y arti/s1 comp>e a draw+ by ,burne-,jones & "o by ,phil ,may4 ,we might con/ruct a sort ( scale ( ! degrees & qualities ( l9e4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 outl9e ( e degree ( boldness or f95ess1 f ! /rong black half-in* outl9e & upw>ds us$ 9 mosaic-"w & /a9$-glass lead+2 ! outl9e ( ! patt]n design] = block-pr9t+2 ! outl9e ( ! p5 draughtsman = process-"w or woodcut2 & s on1 d[n to ! hair-l9e ( ! drypo9t et*]4 ,scale ( ,degrees 9 ,l9e ,!re are ! qualities ( l9e 9 diff]5t degrees ( firmness1 r\ghness1 ragg$ness1 or smoo? & fl[+4 ,!re are ! degrees ( direction ( l9e1 curvil9e> or angul>4 ,on ! angul> side all v>iations f ! p]p5dicul> & horizontal1 or rectangle1 )9 :i* we may f9d all ^! degrees1 & on ! curvil9e> side1 all ! v>iations f spiral to circle3 s t we might say t ! rectangle 0 ! cradle ( all angul> v>iations ( l9e1 :ile ! semicircle 0 ! cradle ( all curvil9e> v>iations4 7,see ! diagrams on p4 #bf4;f#jah7 ,illu/ration 7f#jag73 ,scale ( ,v>i\s ,degrees ( ,l9e> ,weight & ,emphasis4 ,e arti/1 soon] or lat]1 by means ( 8 selective adaptive s5se1 f9ds a me?od 9 ! use ( l9e to suit 8 own p]sonality--to suit 8 own individual aim 9 arti/ic expression--& 9 c\rse ( "t x becomes a *>act]i/ic mann]1 by :i* 8 "w is in/antly kn[n1 l a fri5d's h&writ+4 ,illu/ration 7f#jah73 ,curvil9e> & ,rectangul> ,scales ( ,direction4 ,n[ :at det]m9es ?is *oice1 ?is p]sonal selection1 ov] & above necessities ( me?od & mat]ial1 x w\ld be difficult to say1 unless we _h m m9ute k ( ! natural hi/ory ( a human be+ ?an we are likely to possess4 ,we c only say t f practice are evolv$ c]ta9 me?ods or pr9ciples1 consci\sly or unconsci\sly2 & x is only ^! g5]al me?ods or pr9ciples t c be expla9$ & te/$ = ! b5efit ( ^? essay+ to foll[ ! ardu\s & difficult pa? ( art4 ,relation ( ,l9e to ,=m ,at ! outset we see t we ne$ a means ( def9ition 9 draw+1 j z a *ild ne$s a ^w to express a ?+ x wants4 ,l9e1 at ! po9t ( ! p5cil1 p51 or bru%1 places ?is possibility ( def9ition )9 our rea*2 b be=e we c grasp x we ne$ "s k1 h[ev] rudim5t>y1 ( its insep>able companion1 ,=m4 ,i recall two innoc5t & ent]ta9+ me?ods f ! traditions ( ! nurs]y1 :i* appeal at once 9 a curi\s way to bo? ! oral & graphic s5ses1 & unite /ory & picture 9 "o4 ,^! are illu/rat$ on p4 #bh4;f#jai ,by su* devices a *ild le>ns to associate l9e & =m1 unconsci\sly & /ep by /ep def9+ =m 9 ! use (1 or pursuit (1 l9e4 ,illu/ration 7f#jai73 ,mod]n ,picture-writ+ ,accord+ to ,nurs]y ,tradition ,x w\ld be v ent]ta9+ & agreeable if we c\ld c>ry ! pr9ciple fur!r1 & get a passable /udy f ! antique1 = in/ance1 by a simil> process4 ,9 l9e-draw+ we may1 h[ev]1 always tell "s /ory or fact1 or "*1 phase1 or idea4 ,! ,graphic ,purpose ,b suppos+ we h m\nt$ our /e$ ,=m1 & tak5 our bridle ,l9e 9 h&1 & h />t$ rid+ at l>ge 9 ! va/ doma9 ( nature1 ) ! prim>y object ( f9d+ & hunt+ d[n tru? at la/2 we soon p]ceive t !re are s _m tru?s1 or r t tru?1 ev5 ( natural fact1 has s _m sides1 t x is difficult to make up our m9d :i* "o to pursue4 ,?\ght1 h[ev]1 w soon discov] t 9 ?is pursuit ( tru? we /rike a road t naturally divides itself1 or bran*es out1 into two ma9 pa?s di/9ct 9 aim4 ,^! two pa?s 9 art h be5 call$ by _m names2 !y occasionally cross ea* o!r1 or ov]lap1 & are sometimes bl5d$1 or ev5 confus$2 b x w be useful = our pres5t purpose to keep !m v di/9ct4 ,i w t]m !m1 = conv5i5ce3 #a4 ,! ,graphic ,purpose4 7,accid5tal =m47 #b4 ,! ,ornam5tal ,purpose4 7,typical =m47 ,our use ( l9e w l>gely dep5d ^u :i* ( ^! two x is our object to pursue4 ,n[ :5 we look at any?+ ) int5t to draw--say a leafy b\gh z x gr[s 9 ! sun%9e--we see great complexity ( =m & surface-light+4 ,! leaves1 p]haps1 take all mann] ( v>iations ( ! typical =m1 & are set at all sorts ( angles4 ,9 mak+ a rapid sket* ) ! object ( gett+ ! appe>ance ( ! b\gh1 we naturally dwell ^u ^! accid5ts & sup]ficial facts4 ,at ! same "t1 ) no?+ b l9e to express !m1 we are compell$ to use a k9d ( conv5tion1 ?\gh our aim be purely naturali/ic1 to get a fai?ful portrait ( ! b\gh4 ,we mu/ make our l9e z descriptive z possible1 def9+ ! ma9 =ms boldly1 & block+ 9 broadly ! ma9 masses ( =m & light & %ade4 ,we are n[ aim+ at ! g5]al look ( ! ?+4 ,we are /riv+ to grasp ! facts ( ,aspect4 ,we are conc]n$ ) ! purely graphic purpose1 to make a picture ^u pap]4 ,illu/ration 7f#jbj73 ,olive ,bran* ,f ,nature ,we _c1 h[ev]1 ev5 "u ^! simple conditions1 altoge!r leave out ( acc\nt consid]ations :i*1 /rictly speak+1 mu/ be t]m$ decorative4 ,= in/ance1 !re is ! "q ( plac+ ! /udy well ^u ! pap]1 a v important po9t to />t )2 & !n ! "q ( beauty mu/ arise1 n only 9 ! selection ( our po9t ( view1 b 9 ! *oice ( me?od1 9 ! treatm5t ( l9e we adopt2 & x does n foll[ t ! mo/ app>5tly =cible way ( gett+ bold projection by means ( black %ad[s1 at ! co/ ( ! m delicate *>act]i/ics ( our subject1 is ! be/4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! f9e/ draughtsman%ip is always ! mo/ subtle & delicate1 & "o _c get subtle & delicate draughtsman%ip )\t fai?ful /udy & c>eful con/ant practice--k ( =m1 9 %ort--& ,i am afraid !re is no %ort cut to x4 ,! ,ornam5tal ,purpose ,illu/ration 7f#jba73 ,olive ,bran* ,simplifi$ 9 ,decorative ,treatm5t ,n[ suppos+ we make our /udy ( leaves1 n z an end 9 itself1 & = its simple pictorial values or qualities only1 b ) an ornam5tal or decorative purpose 9 view1 int5d+ to make use ( its =m & "* 9 "s m or less sy/ematic design or patt]n-"w--adapt$ to special me?ods & mat]ials--int5d$ to decorate a wall-surface or a textile1 = in/ance2 we might c]ta9ly />t ) a g5]al sket* ( its appe>ance z be=e1 b we %\ld f9d t we %\ld want to und]/& x 9 its detail2 ! law ( its gr[? & con/ruction2 we %\ld want to dwell ^u its typical "* & =m1 ! controll+ l9es ( its masses1 r ?an on its accid5tal aspects1 because x w\ld really be only ) ^! t we c\ld successfully deal 9 adapt+ any?+ 9 nature to ! conditions & limitations ( a design4 ,to d ?is requires z mu* art z to make a clev] graphic sket*1 p]haps m2 b x is c]ta9ly n s easily und]/ood & appreciat$1 z a rule4 ,patt]n-"w is tak5 s mu* = grant$1 except by ^? te*nically int]e/$1 :]eas a graphic sket* may br+ ! drama ( nature1 & ( human "* & incid5t1 be=e our eyes4 ,x does n require u to /op & ?9k out ! less obvi\s mean+1 or trace ! inv5tion or grace ( l9e1 to appreciate ! rhy?mic1 sil5t music :i* ! m =maliz$ & ab/ract decorative design may conta91 q ap>t f ! =ms x actually repres5ts4 ,illu/ration 7f#jbb73 ,/udy ( ,horn$ ,poppy ,illu/ration 7f#jbc73 ,adaptation ( ! ,horn$ ,poppy 9 ,design3 ,v]tical ,panel ,= ,ne$lework4 ,"q & ,answ] 9 ,l9e ,"h we discov] ano!r function ( l9e4 ,=1 directly we endeav\r to con/ruct a decorative design--t is1 a design int5d$ to adorn or to express an object or surface--we f9d t we mu/ build x ^u "s sort ( a plan1 or geometric controll+ network or scaffold+1 s z to give x unity1 rhy?m1 & coh]5ce--especially s 9 ! case ( repeat+ designs4 ,ev5 9 an isolat$ panel or picture ! necessity ( ?is l9e> basis w be felt1 s9ce "o _c draw a l9e or def9e a =m )\t dem&+ an answ]--t is1 a correspond+1 re-e*o+ l9e or mass4 ,illu/ration 7f#jbd73 ,curves #a4,q & #b4;,a ,! curve 7#a4 ,q7 is a proposition or "q4 ,x is answ]$ or balanc$ by ! correspond+ curve 7#b4 ,a71 & =ms ! basis = a scroll design4 ,illu/ration 7f#jbe73 ,curves #a & #b ,! five radiat+ l9es 7#a7 are obvi\sly incomplete by !mselves1 b if we add ano!r f\r1 9 rev]se ord]1 7#b7 we get a c5tr$ & symmetric motive ( an an!mion "*4 ,wall-,pap] ,design ,take1 h[ev]1 a wall-pap]4 ,! problem is to con/ruct a design pleasant to ! eye 9 l9e1 =m1 col\r1 & sugge/ion2 :i* w be int]e/+ 9 detail1 & yet repeat ^u a wall-surface )\t flaw1 & )\t becom+ we>isome4 ,moreov]1 "o :i* w l5d itself to be+ cut ^u wood1 if = block-pr9t+1 & :i* may be reproduc$ ) a due reg>d to economy ( means4 ,! design] may h a squ>e ( tw5ty-"o in*es 9 :i* to make 8 design4 ,illu/ration 7f#jbf73 ,diagram ,%[+ ! ,use ( a ,geometric ,basis 9 ,design+ ,repeat+ ,patt]n4 ,a useful way to beg9 ) is to rule out a %eet ( pap] into squ>es1 say on ! scale ( #a-a_/b in* to ! foot1 & ^u ?is jot d[n y\r fir/ ideas ( l9e> arrangem5t & col\r motive1 & get ! g5]al effect1 & te/ ! plan ( repeats4 ,:5 y are satisfi$ ) "o1 enl>ge x to full size1 correct & amplify x1 & improve x 9 =m & detail4 ,*anges w probably be f\nd necess>y 9 draw+ x ^u ! l>g] scale1 sometimes additions1 sometimes omissions4 ,n[ 9 sket*+ out ! g5]al plan1 "o builds1 z be=e said1 ^u "s basis or plan1 h[ev] simple1 s9ce "o _c put a simple spot1 sprig1 or spray ^u pap] int5d+ to repeat1 )\t "s sy/em ( connection to put !m into relation4 ,controll+ ,=ms ,9 design+ "o's sprig1 too1 ! be/ plan to secure good decorative effect is to see t its g5]al =m is inclos$ or b\nd$ by an agreeable l9e> %ape1 al?\gh itself n actually visible4 ,simple leaf & fl[] =ms are g5]ally ! be/ to use = ^! controll+ b\nd>ies4 ,sprays design$ on ?is pr9ciple may be reli$ ^u = repeat+ pleasantly & safely :5 !y are plac$ ^u1 & connect$ by1 ! controll+ geometric plan4 ,a good practical te/ ( ! tru? & complet5ess ( y\r squ>e repeat is1 :5 ! design is done1 or ev5 9 progress1 to cut x into f\r equal p>ts 7suppos+ x to be a tw5ty-"o in* squ>e74 ,?is w enable y to get ! jo9ts true1 & also1 by alt]+ ! position ( ! squ>es1 to give y a v good idea ( ! effect ( ! repeat full size4 7,see ! diagrams on p4 #da4;f#jbh7 ,^! ?+s mu/ be consid]$1 ( c\rse1 m]ely z practical aids to inv5tion3 n by any means z sub/itutes = x4 ,"o _c give any recipe = design+1 & no rules1 pr9ciples1 or me?ods c supply ! place ( imag9ation & fancy4 ,he :o w\ld br+ back heal? f ! ,indies1 says an old prov]b1 mu/ take x out ) him4 ,at ! same "t ! imag9ation c be enfeebl$ by />vation & neglect4 ,x c be depress$ by dull & sordid surr\nd+s4 ,x is apt to gr[1 l o!r liv+ ?+s1 by :at x fe$s on1 & is /rong] = ex]cise & developm5t4 ,illu/ration 7f#jbg73 ,use ( ,controll+ ,b\nd>ies 9 ,design+ ,sprays ,memory ,memory1 too1 is an important & s]viceable ?+ 9 design+1 & ?is1 aga91 c be cultivat$ to an almo/ unlimit$ ext5t4 ,i mean t selective k9d ( memory :i*1 by con/ant & close obs]vation1 extracts & /ores up ! ess5tial s]viceable k9d ( facts = ! design]3 facts ( =m1 ( /ructure1 ( movem5t ( figures1 expressive l9es1 mom5t>y or transitory effects ( col\r--all ^? r>e & preci\s visual mom5ts :i* w n wait1 & :i* happ5 unexpect$ly4 ,!y %\ld be captur$ l r>e butt]flies & c>efully /or$ 9 ! m9d's museum ( sugge/ions1 z well z1 z f> z is possible1 p9n$ d[n 9 ! hi]oglyphics ( ! note-book4 ,evolution 9 ,design ,z reg>ds proc$ure 9 work+ out a design1 "o g5]ally ?9ks ( "s lead+ feature1 "s c5tral mass or =m or curve--( a figure or a fl[]1 say--& "o ?9ks ( its capacity 9 repeat2 &1 s9ce "o =m or l9e %\ld inevitably sugge/ or necessitate--z by a k9d ( logic--ano!r1 "o adds o!r =ms until ! design is complete4 ,= x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t design is a gr[? :i* has its own /ages ( evolution 9 ! m9d1 answ]+ to ! evolution ( ! liv+ =ms ( nature--fir/ ! blade1 !n ! e>1 aft] t ! full corn 9 ! e>4 ,exp]i5ce tea*es u t ! mo/ h>moni\s arrangem5ts ( =m & l9e are ^? 9 :i* ! lead+ l9es & =ms ?r\gh all sorts ( v>iations1 cont9ually recur4 ,we _c place a numb] ( %>ply contra/+ & contradictory =ms toge!r 9 design satisfactorily-- at lea/ we _c d s )\t rec\rse to o!r elem5ts to h>monize & to br+ !m into relation4 ,= in/ance1 we might get a great deal ( ornam5tal v>iety by means ( a numb] ( h]aldic devices ^u %ields1 full 9 !mselves ( qua9tness & contra/s1 b br\ght into h>mony by ! b\nd>y l9es ( ! %ields & ! divisions2 or1 /ill fur!r1 by ?r[+ !m ^u a backgr\nd ( leaves & /ems1 ! me&]+ l9es & recurr+ =ms ( :i* w\ld answ] z a k9d ( w>p ^u :i* to weave ! h]aldic spots into a connect$ & h>moni\s patt]n4 ,illu/ration 7f#jbh73 ,me?od ( ,te/+ a ,repeat+ ,patt]n4 ,v>iety 9 ,unity ,b ev5 9 ! ornam5tal treatm5t ( div]se =ms1 z ! m$iaeval h]aldic design]s 7 well aw>e1 !y c be br\ght into decorative h>mony by foll[+ a simil> pr9ciple to ! "o already laid d[n 9 reg>d to ! design+ ( sprigs & sprays3 t is to say1 t 9 design+ an animal or figure = h]aldry or introduction into a patt]n1 "o %\ld arrange x s t x %\ld fall )9 ! b\nd>y ( "s geometric or foliat$ =m1 squ>e1 circul>1 elliptical or o!rwise1 z might be desirable4 ,to ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i hope to return 9 a future *apt]4 ,illu/ration 7f#jbi73 ,sket* to ,%[ ,h[ a ,patt]n ( ,div]se ,elem5ts ,may ,be ,h>moniz$ by ,unity ( ,inclos+ & ,int]m$i>y ,l9es4 ,c\nt]balance ,we may "h consid] ano!r important pr9ciple 9 design+ ) l9e & mass1 t ( c\nt]balance4 ,illu/ration 7f#jcj73 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,c\nt]balance 9 ,diff]5t ,sy/ems ( ,design4 ,take any def9$ space z a panel1 tile1 or bord] to be fill$ ) design3 y place y\r pr9cipal mass1 & in/antly feel t x mu/ be balanc$ by a correspond+ mass1 or "s equival5t4 ,its place w be det]m9$ by ! pr9ciple ^u :i* ! design is built4 ,if on a symmetrical arrangem5t1 y f9d y\r c5tre 7say ( a panel71 & y may ei!r ?r[ ! *ief weight & mass ( ! design ^u ! c5tral feature 7z a tree71 & balance x by small] =ms or w+s ea* side1 or vice v]sa2 or1 adopt+ a diagonal plan1 y place y\r pr9cipal mass 7say x is a tile7 ne> ! top left-h& corn] 7suppose x is a pomegranate71 connect+ x ) a spiral diagonal l9e 7! /em72 ! place ( ! c\nt]balanc+ mass 7! second pomegranate7 is obvi\sly ne> ! bottom "r-h& corn] ( ! squ>e4 ,y may !n feel ! necessity = additional small] =ms1 & s add to x 7! leaves71 complet+ ! design4 7,see prec$+ page47 ,l9e> ,logic ,on ! same pr9ciple "o may design ^u v>i\s o!r plans4 ,! exact *oice ( ! di/ribution ( ! c\nt]balanc+ masses mu/ always be a matt] ( p]sonal feel+1 judgm5t1 & ta/e1 controll$ by ! p]ception ( c]ta9 logical necessities3 z x seems to me t design+ is a species ( l9e> reason+199 & might almo/ be work$ 9 its elem5t>y /ages on ! pr9ciple ( ! syllogism1 consi/+ ( two propositions & a conclusion4 ,a spiral curve is a h>moni\s l9e1 says ! design]3 repeat x1 rev]s$1 & y prolong ! h>mony2 repeat x aga91 ) v>iations1 & y complete ! h>mony4 ,or1 h>moni\s effect is produc$ by recurr+ =m & l9e4 ,"h is a circul> =m2 "h is a me&]+ l9e3 comb9e & repeat !m1 & y get a logical & h>moni\s bord] motive4 99 ,i recall "h a say+ ( ,sir ,e4 ,burne-,jones1 t a bad l9e c only be answ]$ by a good l9e4 ,illu/ration 7f#jca73 ,bord] ,units & ,bord] ,motive4 ,recurr+ ,l9e & ,=m ,! ev]la/+ly recurr+ egg & d>t m\ld+ & ! volute are in/ances ( ! h>moni\s effect ( v simple arrangem5ts ( recurr+ l9e & =m4 ,we also get illu/rat$ 9 ^! ano!r l9e> quality 9 design--t up-&-d[n movem5t :i* gives a pleasant rhy?m to ! simple/ bord]1 & is ( especial consequ5ce 9 all repeat+ bord] & frieze designs4 ,! bord]s ( e>ly1 anci5t1 & classical art might be said to be little besides rhy?mical & logical arrangem5ts ( l9e4 ,! same rhy?mical pr9ciple is f\nd 9 ! designs ( ! classical frieze 9 all its v>ieties1 culm9at+ 9 ! rhy?mic movem5t ( ! great ,pan-,a!naic procession 9 t ma/]-frieze ( ! ,p>!non1 :i*1 ?\gh full ( inf9ite v>iety & delicate sculptur$ detail1 is yet controll$ by a /rictly ornam5tal motive1 & con/ruct$ ^u ! rhy?mic recurr5ce ( pure l9e4 ,illu/ration 7f#jcb73 ,recurr+ ,l9e & ,=m 9 ,bord] ,motives4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,radiation ,ano!r great l9e> pr9ciple 9 design is :at is kn[n z ! radiat+ pr9ciple1 :i* gives vitality & vig\r alike to bo? arrangem5ts ( l9e & del9eations ( =m4 ,x is emphatically & abundantly illu/rat$ 9 natural =ms1 f ! scallop %ell ^u ! sea-%ore to ! sun himself t radiates 8 light ^u x4 ,! palm-leaf 9 all its graceful v>ieties demon/rates its beauty1 its con/ructive /r5g? comb9$ ) extraord9>y lightness1 :i* becomes dome/icat$ 9 t fragile sceptre ( social influ5ce & fe/ivity1 ! fan1 & :i* aga9 spreads its silk51 or gossam]1 w+ z a sugge/ive field = ! design]4 ,we f9d ! pr9ciple spr++ to life aga9 9 ! f\nta9 jet1 & symbolical ( life z x has ev] be52 by means ( ! same pr9ciple appli$ to con/ruction ! ,go?ic ar*itects rais$ _! beautiful vaults1 & emphasiz$ ! /ructural pr9ciple & ! beauty ( recurr+ l9e by m\ld+ ! edges ( _! ribs2 :ile we h b to look at ! /ructure ( ! human frame to f9d ! same pr9ciple !re also1 9 ! fibres ( ! muscles1 = in/ance1 ! radiation ( ! ribs1 & ( ! f+]s & toes4 ,illu/ration 7f#jcc73 ,radiat+ ,pr9ciple ( ,l9e 9 ,natural ,=m4 ,9 tru?1 z ,i h said1 if !re c be said to be "o pr9ciple m ?an ano!r1 ! p]ception & expression ( :i* gives to an arti/'s "w 9 design peculi> vitality1 x is ?is pr9ciple ( radiat+ l9e4 ,"o may foll[ x ?r\gh all /ages & =ms ( draw+ & design1 & x is equally important 9 ! design ( ! figure1 9 ! /ructure ( a fl[]1 9 ! folds ( drap]y1 & alike 9 ! controll+ l9es ( pictorial composition & decorative plan1 :e!r ! l9es radiate f se5 or f hidd5 c5tres1 :i* 9 all k9ds ( in=mal design are p]haps ! mo/ important4 ,illu/ration 7f#jcd73 ,radiat+ ,l9es ( ! ,pectoral ,muscles ,ribs ,range & ,use ( ,l9e ,we see1 !re=e1 t l9e possesses a con/ructive & controll+ function1 9 addition to its p[] ( graphic expression & decorative def9ition4 ,x is ! beg9n+ & ! end ( art4 ,by means ( its help we guide our fir/ tott]+ /eps 9 ! wide _w ( design2 &1 z we ga9 facility ( h& & travel fur!r afield1 we discov] t we h a key to unlock ! wond]s ( art & nature1 a me?od ( conjur+ up all =ms at w3 a s5sitive language capable ( record+ & reveal+ impressions & beauties ( =m & /ructure hidd5 f ! c>eless eye3 a delicate in/rum5t :i* may cat* & p]petuate 9 imp]i%able notation unhe>d h>monies3 a /aff to lean ^u ?r\gh ! j\rney ( life3 a c&id fri5d :o nev] deceives u3 p]*ance a div9+ rod1 :i* may ultimately reveal to u t ,beauty & ,tru? are "o--z !y c]ta9ly are1 or ought to be1 9 ! _w ( art4 ,illu/ration 7f#jce73 ,radiat+ ,l9e 9 ,ar*itectural ,con/ruction3 ,vault+ ( ,*apt] ,h\se1 ,we/m9/]4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,( ! ,*oice & ,use ( ,l9e--,degree & ,emphasis--,influ5ce ( ! ,photograph--,! ,value ( ,emphasis--,! ,te*nical ,influ5ce--,! ,arti/ic ,purpose--,influ5ce ( ,mat]ial & ,tools--,bru%-"w--,*>coal--,p5cil--,p54 ,recogniz+ ! great range & capacity ( l9e z a means ( expression1 & also ! range ( *oice x pres5ts to ! design] & draughtsman1 ! actual ex]cise ( ?is *oice ( l9e1 ) a view to ! mo/ expressive & effective use 9 practice1 becomes1 ( c\rse1 ( ! fir/ consequ5ce4 ,9 ?is matt] ( *oice we are help$ by natural bias1 by p]sonal "* & pref]5ces1 = :i* x w\ld1 z ,i h said1 be difficult fully to acc\nt2 b beyond ?is a k9d ( evolution goes on1 aris+ out ( actual practice1 :i* controls & is controll$ by x4 ,draw simply a succession ( /rokes ) any po9t ^u pap]1 & we f9d t we are gradually l$ to repeat a p>ticul> k9d ( /roke1 a p>ticul> degree ( l9e1 p>tly p]haps because x seems to be produc$ ) m ease1 & p>tly because x appe>s to h ! pleasante/ effect4 ,*oice ( ,l9e ,by a k9d ( natural selection1 !re=e1 influ5c$ no d\bt by _m small second>y causes1 su* z ! relation ( ! p>ticul> angle ( ! h& & p5cil-po9t to ! surface--! nature ( ! po9t itself & ! nature ( ! surface--we f9ally arrive at a *oice ( l9e4 ,?is *oice1 aga91 w be liable to con/ant v>iation1 ow+ to ! nature ( ! object we are ab\t to draw1 or ! k9d ( design we want to make4 ,use ( ,l9e ,! k9d ( l9e :i* seems appropriate to repres5t+ ! delicate edges ( a piece ( l[-relief sculpture1 = in/ance1 w\ld require great] =ce & firmness if we want$ to draw an antique ca/ 9 ! r\nd1 & 9 /rong light & %ade4 ,! "* ( our l9e %\ld be sympa!tic ) ! "* ( our subject z f> z possible1 & s5sitive to its diff]5ces ( "* & surface1 s9ce x is 9 ?is s5sitiv5ess t ! expressive p[] & peculi> virtue ( l9e-draw+ consi/s4 ,illu/ration 7f#jcf73 ,l9es ( ,*>act]ization4 ,a fea!r1 a lily1 a scallop %ell1 all %[ z an ess5tial pr9ciple ( _! =m & con/ruction ! radiat+ l9e2 b :at a diff]5t quality ( l9e w\ld be necess>y to express ! diff]5ces ( ea*3 = ! s(t1 yet firm1 smoo? fl[+ curves ( ! fea!r fibres no l9e w\ld be too delicate2 & ! lily w\ld dem& no less delicacy1 & ev5 great] precision & firmness ( curve1 :ile a slight wav9ess1 or quiv]1 9 ! l9es might express ! silk5 or waxy surface ( ! petals2 :ile a cru/i]1 m rugg$1 ?\gh equally firm l9e w\ld be want$ to foll[ ! rigid furr[s & s]rat$ surface ( ! %ell4 ,! leaves ( trees & plants ( all k9ds1 :i* p]haps af=d ! be/ sort ( practice 9 l9e-draw+ at fir/1 pres5t 9 _! v>ieties ( /ructure1 "*1 & surfaces cont9ual opportunities = ! ex]cise ( arti/ic judgm5t 9 ! *oice & use ( l9e4 ,! =ms & surfaces ( fruits1 aga91 are excell5t te/s ( l9e draughtsman%ip1 & _! /udy is a good prep>ation = ! m subtle & delicate cont\rs ( ! human =m--! greate/ te/ ( all4 ,"h we see firmness ( fundam5tal /ructure 79 ! bones7 & surface curve 7( s9ew & muscle71 ) a mobile & con/antly *ang+ surface 7( fle% & s5sitive sk974 ,to r5d] su* *>act]i/ics )\t t5d+ to ov]do ei!r ! firmness or ! mobility1 & s to become too rigid on ! "o h&1 or too loose & indef9ite on ! o!r1 requires extraord9>y skill1 k1 & practice 9 ! use ( l9e4 ,i d n suppose ! greate/ ma/] ev] satisfi$ himself yet 9 ?is direction4 ,illu/ration 7f#jcg73 ,p5 ,draw+ ( ,fruit4 ,degree & ,emphasis ,:5 we h settl$ ^u our quality ( l9e & its degree--?ick or ?91 bold or f9e--we %all be met ) ! "q ( emphasis1 = ^u ?is ! ultimate effect & expression ( our draw+ or design mu/ l>gely dep5d4 ,9 ! selection ( any subject we %\ld naturally be influ5c$ by ! attractiv5ess ( p>ticul> p>ts1 *>act]s1 or qualities x might possess1 & we %\ld direct our ef=ts t[>ds br++ ^! out1 z ! ?+s :i* impress u mo/4 ,t is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! m9d & h& work+ toge!r h>moni\sly & ! s5sitiz$ plate 9 ! photographic cam]a1 :i*1 uncontroll$ 9 any way by human *oice 7& ev5 "u t control z x always is to "s ext5t71 me*anically regi/]s ! action ( ! light rays :i* def9e ! impress ( natural =ms & sc5es ?r\gh ! l5s focuss$ ^u ! plate4 ,s t1 z we (t5 see 9 a photograph1 "s unimportant or insignificant detail is reproduc$ ) z mu* di/9ctness 7or m7 z are ! lead+ figures or :atev] =m ! int]e/+ features or ! motive ( ! subject4 ,! picture suff]s f want ( emphasis1 or f emphasis 9 ! wrong place4 ,x is1 ( c\rse1 "h t ! art ( ! photograph] comes 92 &1 al?\gh he c by c>eful selection1 arrangem5t1 & ! regulation ( exposure1 l>gely c\nt]act ! me*anical t5d5cy1 a photograph by its v nature c nev] take ! place ( a "w ( art--! fir/-h& expression1 m or less ab/ract1 ( a human m9d1 or ! creative inn] vision record$ by a human h&4 ,influ5ce ( ! ,photograph ,photography does wond]s1 & = c]ta9 qualities ( light & %ade1 & =m & effect )\t col\r1 no pa9t+ or draw+ c approa* x2 b x has ! value & int]e/ ( sci5ce r ?an ( art4 ,x is invaluable to ! /ud5t ( natural fact1 surface effect1 & mom5t>y action1 & is (t5 9 its v failures mo/ int]e/+ & sugge/ive to arti/s--:o inde$ h n be5 sl[ to avail !mselves ( ! help ( photography 9 all sorts ( ways4 ,inde$ ! wond] is1 consid]+ its s]vices to art 9 all directions1 h[ ! _w c\ld ev] h done )\t x4 ,b a photograph _c d ev]y?+4 ,x _c make orig9al designs1 & x _c draw 9 l9e4 ,y c design 9 ! solid1 & make y\r gr\ps 9 ! /udio or ! op5 air2 y c select y\r po9t ( view1 & ! photograph w reproduce4 ,y c make y\r draw+ 9 l9e1 & x w copy x2 & we "k its sph]e ( usefulness 9 ?is direction is enorm\s1 s9ce x c br+ be=e our eyes ! :ole range ( anci5t art4 ,9 %ort1 photography is an excell5t s]vant & fri5d1 b a dang]\s ma/]4 ,x may easily beguile u by its s$uctive reproductions ( surface relief & light+ to ?9k m ( ^! qualities ?an any o!r1 & to endeav\r to put !m 9 ! wrong places--9 places :]e we want col\r planes r ?an %ad[ planes1 flatness & repose r ?an relief1 = in/ance1 z mo/ly 9 surface decoration4 ,b "o way ( le>n+ ! value ( emphasis is to draw f a photograph1 & x w soon be discov]$ :at a diff]5ce 9 expression is produc$ by dwell+ a little m "h1 or a little less !re4 ,! ,value ( ,emphasis ,9 design+1 ! use ( emphasis is v important2 & x may be said t draw+ or design+ )\t emphasis is l read+ )\t /ops1 :ile awkw>d emphasis is l putt+ y\r /ops 9 ! wrong place4 ,by a diff]5ce 9 emphasis ! same design may be giv5 q a diff]5t effect & expression4 ,illu/ration 7f#jch73 ,effect ( ,diff]5t ,emphasis 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ! ,same ,design4 ,suppose1 = in/ance1 we 7 design+ a v]tical patt]n ( /em1 leaves1 & fruit 9 "o col\r4 ,by ?r[+ ! emphasis ^u ! leaves1 z 9 ,no4 #a1 we %\ld ga9 "o k9d ( effect or decorative expression4 ,by ?r[+ ! emphasis ^u ! fruit1 & leav+ ! leaves 9 outl9e1 we %\ld get q a diff]5t effect out ( ! same elem5ts1 z 9 ,no4 #b4 ,:ile by leav+ /em1 leaves1 & fruit all 9 outl9e1 & ?r[+ ! emphasis ^u ! gr\nd1 we %\ld get1 aga91 a totally di/9ct k9d ( effect & expression4 ,simil> diff]5ces ( effect & expression1 ow+ to diff]5ces ( emphasis1 might be /udi$ 9 ! draw+ & treatm5t ( a head 7z 9 ,a1 ,b1 & ,c74 ,! possibilities ( su* v>iations ( emphasis 9 draw+ are practically unlimit$ & co-ext5sive ) ! v>iations ( expression we see 9 nature h]self4 ,! pictorial arti/ is free to translate or repres5t !m 9 8 "w1 controll$ solely by ! conditions & purpose ( 8 "w4 ,illu/ration 7f#jci73 ,diff]5t ,emphasis 9 ! ,treatm5t ( a ,head examples ,a1 ,b1 ,c4 ,x is ^! conditions & purposes :i* really control bo? *oice & treatm5t1 & det]m9e ! emphasis1 & !re=e ! expression ( ! "w4 ,no k9d ( art c be said to be uncondition$1 & ! simple/ & free/ ( all1 ! art ( ! po9t & ! surface1 :i* cov]s all ! graphic art & flat design+1 is /ill subject to c]ta9 te*nical influ5ces1 & x may be said t x is v mu* 9 s f> z ^! te*nical influ5ces or conditions are ackn[l$g$ & utiliz$ t ! "w ga9s 9 arti/ic "*4 ,! ,te*nical ,influ5ce ,! draughtsman 9 l9e :o draws = surface pr9t+1 = ! book or newspap]1 %\ld be able to /& ! te/ ( ! peculi> conditions2 &1 s f> f attempt+ to escape !m1 & seek+ some?+ m ?an !y w be>1 %\ld welcome !m z inc5tives to a di/9ct arti/ic treatm5t ) a value & "* ( its own1 :i* inde$ all ! be/ "w has4 ,x is1 = in/ance1 important 9 all design associat$ ) type = surface pr9t+1 t !re %\ld be a c]ta9 h>moni\s relation betwe5 lett]+ or type & pr9t]'s ornam5t or picture4 ,illu/ration 7f#jdj73 ,sket*es to ,illu/rate ,effect ( ,diff]5t ,emphasis 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ! ,same ,elem5ts 9 ,l&scape4 ,illu/ration 7f#jda;a73 ,example ( ,page ,treatm5t to ,%[ ,ornam5tal ,relation ,betwe5 ,text & ,pictures4 ,illu/ration 7f#jda;b73 ,i4 ,textile ,motive3 ,sugge/ion = a ,c>pet ,patt]n4 ,illu/ration 7f#jda;c73 ,,ii4 ,an ,ab/ract ,treatm5t ( ! ,same on ,po9t ,pap]1 z ,detail ( ,brussels ,c>pet4 ,a firm & op5 quality ( l9e1 ) bright black & :ite effects1 n only has ! mo/ attractive decorative effect ) type1 b l5ds itself to ! processes ( reproduction = surface pr9t+ be/1 :e!r woodcut or "o ( ! num]\s =ms ( s-call$ automatic photo-engrav+1 z well z to ! conditions ( ! pr9t+ press4 ,9 all design-"w :i* has to be subject$ to processes ( engrav+ & pr9t+1 cle>ness & def9it5ess ( l9e is v necess>y4 ,designs = textile pr9t+ ( all k9ds1 = wall-pap]s1 especially1 require good firm draw+ & def9ite col\r planes4 ,?is does n1 h[ev]1 mean h>dness ( effect4 ,a design %\ld be cle> & intelligible )\t be+ h>d4 ,= weav+1 aga91 def9it5ess 9 patt]n design+ is v necess>y1 s9ce ! design mu/ be capable ( be+ r5d]$ ^u ! sev]e conditions ( ! po9t pap]1 by :i* x is only possible to produce curves by small successive angles 7:i* s\nds l a contradiction 9 t]ms74 ,! size ( ^! angles or po9ts1 ( c\rse1 v>ies v mu* 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( textile ) :i* patt]n is incorporat$1 f ! f9e silk fabric1 9 :i* !y are almo/ inappreciable1 to c>pets ( all k9ds1 :]e !y are emphatic2 s t a c]ta9 squ>5ess ( mass becomes a desirable & *>act]i/ic feature 9 designs = ^! purposes1 &1 inde$1 ,i ?9k x %\ld be m or less ackn[l$g$ 9 all textile design1 9 ord] to pres]ve its di/9ctive beauty & "*4 ,! ,arti/ic ,purpose ,beauty & "*4--,9 ^! lies ! gi/ ( all design4 ,:ile ! te*nical conditions1 if fully und]/ood1 fairly met1 & frankly ackn[l$g$1 are sure to give "* to a design1 = :atev] purpose1 beauty is n s easy to comm&4 ,x is s delicate a quality1 s complex 9 its elem5ts1 a "q (t5 ( su* nice balance & judgm5t--dep5d+ p]haps ^u a hair's-bread? diff]5ce 9 ! poise ( a mass "h1 or ! sweep ( a curve !re--t we _c weave te*nical nets f9e en\gh to cat* s s5sitive a butt]fly4 ,%e is inde$ a ,psy*e 9 art1 bo? seek+ & s\ght1 to be f9ally won only by devotion & love4 ,?is se>* = beauty--?is ,psy*e ( art--is ! purely inspir+ arti/ic purpose1 z di/9ct f ! te*nical & useful "o1 :i* %\ld1 p]fectly reconcil$ & unit$ ) x1 det]m9e ! =m ( our "w4 ,9 draw+ or design we may seek p>ticul> qualities 9 l9e & =m ei!r ( repres5tation or ( ornam5t4 ,we may desire to dwell ^u p>ticul> beauties ei!r ( object or subject4 ,say1 9 draw+ f a ca/ or f natural =m ( any k9d1 we desire to dwell ^u beauty ( l9e or quality ( surface4 ,well1 s9ce x is mo/ difficult1 if n impossible1 to get ev]y?+ at once1 & no?+ )\t "s k9d ( sacrifice1 we %all f9d t to give prom95ce to--to br+ out--! p>ticul> quality 9 our subject 7say beauty ( l9e71 x becomes necess>y to subord9ate o!r qualities to ?is4 ,a draw+ 9 pure outl9e ( a figure may be a p]fect ?+ 9 itself4 ,! mom5t we beg9 to sup]add %ad+1 or l9es expressive ( relief ( any k9d1 we introduce ano!r elem5t2 we are aim+ at ano!r k9d ( tru? or beauty2 & unless we h also a di/9ctly ideal aim 9 ?is1 we %all m> ! simplicity ( ! outl9e )\t ga9+ any comp5sat+ advantage1 or really add+ to ! tru? or beauty ( ! draw+4 ,9 design+1 too1 unless we c s contrive ! ess5tial *>act]i/ics ( our patt]n t !y %all be adaptable to ! me?od & mat]ial ( its production1 & make its reproduction q practicable1 x is sure to reappe> m or less m>r$ & incomplete4 ,! ?+ is to discov] :at k9d ( "* & beauty ! me?od w all[ (--:e!r beauty or quality ( l9e1 or surface1 or col\r1 or mat]ial2 & if to be reproduc$ 9 a p>ticul> me?od or mat]ial1 ! design %\ld be ?\ght out 9 ! me?od or mat]ial = :i* x is de/9$1 r ?an z a draw+ on pap]1 & work$ out accord+ly1 us+ e opportunity to secure ! p>ticul> k9d ( beauty naturally belong+ to su* "w 9 its complet$ =m4 ,?us we %\ld naturally ?9k ( planes ( surface 9 modell$ "w1 & ! delicate play ( light & %ade1 gett+ our equival5t = col\r 9 ! design & contra/ ( v>i$ surfaces4 ,9 /a9$ glass we %\ld ?9k ( a patt]n 9 lead l9es inclos+ "o ( transluc5t col\r1 ea* be+ int]dep5d5t & unit$ to =m a h>moni\s :ole4 ,9 textile design we %\ld be influ5c$ by ! ?\ght ( ! diff]5ce ( use1 plan1 & purpose ( ! f9i%$ mat]ial2 z ! diff]5ce betwe5 a ri* v]tical patt]n 9 silk1 velvet1 or tape/ry1 to be brok5 by folds z 9 curta9s or hang+s1 & a ri* c>pet patt]n1 to be spread ^u ! unbrok5 level surface ( a floor4 ,! idea ( ! wall & floor %\ld "h influ5ce u z well z ! actual te*nical necessities ( ! loom4 ,x w\ld be "p ( ! arti/ic purpose affect+ ! imag9ation & arti/ic motive1 & work+ ) ! /rictly te*nical conditions4 ,! m9d mu/ project itself1 & see ) ! inn] eye ! effect ( ! design z x w\ld appe> 9 actual use1 z f> z possible4 ,inv5tion1 k1 & exp]i5ce w d ! re/4 ,bru%-,"w ,keep+1 h[ev]1 to /rictly pictorial or graphic conditions--to ! art ( ! po9t & ! surface--) :i*1 z design]s & draughtsm51 we are m imm$iately conc]n$1 we _c =get c]ta9 te*nical consid]ations /rictly belong+ to ! v>ieties ( po9t & ( surface1 & _! relations "o to ano!r4 ,! flexible po9t ( ! bru%1 = in/ance1 dipp$ 9 ink1 or col\r1 has its own peculi> capacity1 its own range ( treatm5t1 "o might say1 its own =ms4 ,! managem5t admits ( imm5se v>iation ( use & t\*1 & its range ( depict+ & ornam5tal p[] are v great3 f ! simpl] leaf =ms1 :i* seem to be almo/ a reflection or %ad[ ( ! moi/ po9t$ bru% itself1 to ! elaborate graphic draw+ 9 l9e or light & %ade4 ,illu/ration 7f#jdb73 ,bru% ,=ms4 ,9 =m+ ! leaf %ape "o beg9s ) a light pressure1 if at ! po9t1 & proce$s to increase x = ! middle & broad] end4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ( regulation ( pressure any bru% =ms may be built up4 ,x is ess5tial = fre$om 9 work+ ) ! bru% n to />ve or /9t x 9 moi/ure or col\r4 ,= ornam5tal =ms a full bru% %\ld be us$3 o!rwise !y are apt to look dragg$ & meagre4 ,= a ri* & fl[+ l9e also a full bru%1 h[ev] f9e1 is necess>y4 ,x is q possible1 h[ev]1 to use x ) a diff]5t aim1 & to produce a sort ( crumbl+ l9e :5 half dry1 & also 9 col\r-"w = :at is call$ dragg+1 by :i* tone1 texture1 or quality may be giv5 to p>ts ( a draw+4 ,"o %\ld nev] lose sight1 9 us+ ! bru% z a draw+ tool1 ( its di/9ctive quality & "*1 & imp>t x to all "w done by its means4 ,illu/ration 7f#jdc73 ,direct ,bru% ,expression ( ,animal ,=m4 ,! direct t\* ) ! full bru%--to cultivate ?is is ( enorm\s advantage to all arti/s1 :atev] p>ticul> l9e ( art !y may foll[1 s9ce x may be said to be ( no less value 9 design ?an x is 9 pa9t+ pure & simple4 ,we c all feel ! *>m ( ! broad bru% wa%es & emphatic bru% t\*es ( a ma/] ( wat]-col\r l&scape su* z ,de ,w9t4 ,?is is ma/]y ( bru% & col\r 9 "o direction--tone & effect4 ,a ,japanese draw+ ( a bird or a fi% may %[ x equally 9 ano!r--"* & =m4 ,a bit ( ,ori5tal porcela9 or ,p]sian tile may %[ ! same dext]\s *>m & full-bru% feel+ ex]cis$ 9 a /rictly decorative direction4 ,illu/ration 7f#jdd73 ,japanese ,draw+ ( a ,bird4 ,f ,! ,hundr$ ,birds ( ,b>i4 ,! empire ( ! bru%1 if we ?9k ( x 9 all its v>i\s =ms & directions1 is v l>ge2 & x comm&s1 9 skill$ h&s1 bo? l9e & =m1 9 all _! v>ieties1 & leaves its impress 9 all ! dep>tm5ts ( art1 f ! humble b dext]\s craftsman :o puts ! l9e ( gold or col\r r\nd ! edges ( our cups & sauc]s1 to ! highly skill$ & specializ$ pa9t] ( easel pictures--say ! academician :o writes *eques ) 8 pa9t-bru%6 ,*>coal & ,p5cil ,!n we h ! ord9>y v>ieties ( ! firm po9t3 *>coal1 p5cil1 p54 ,*>coal1 be+ halfway betwe5 h>d & s(t--a sort ( halfway h\se or bridge = "o pass+ f ! flexible bru% to ! firm & h>d po9ts ( p5cil & p5--is fir/ fav\rite ) pa9t]s :5 !y take to draw+4 ,its s(tness & removability adapts x z a tool = prelim9>y & prep>atory sket*+ 9 = all purposes1 & bo? = design] & pa9t]2 b x l5ds itself to bo? l9e & tone draw+1 or to a mixture ( bo?4 ,x is !re=e a v good mat]ial = rapid /udies 7say f ! life7 & ! seiz+ ( any effect ( light & %ade rapidly1 s9ce ! masses c be laid 9 readily1 & great] ri*ness & dep? c be obta9$ 9 %ort] "t1 p]haps1 ?an by any o!r k9d ( p5cil4 ,*>coal is also v s]viceable = l>ge c>toon-"w1 s9ce x is capable ( bo? delicacy & =ce1 & be>s work+ up to any ext5t4 ,a slight rubb+ ( ! f+] gives half tones :5 want$1 & is (t5 s]viceable 9 giv+ great] solidity & f9i% to ! "w4 ,!n !re is ! lead p5cil--! po9t-(-all-"w1 z x might be call$--m g5]ally s]viceable ?an any o!r1 :e!r = rapid sket*es & jott+s 9 ! note-book1 or c>eful & detail$ draw+s1 or sket*+ 9 = ! small] k9ds ( design-"w4 ,x is also1 ( c\rse1 us$ = draw+s :i* are aft]w>ds ink$ 94 ,i d n ?9k1 h[ev]1 t p5-"w done 9 ?is way is s free or *>act]i/ic z :5 done direct1 or at any rate q freely1 ^u a m]e scaffold+ ( prelim9>y l9es1 us$ only to make ! plans = ! *ief masses & =ms4 ,p5cil draw+ is capable ( be+ c>ri$ to a great] pit* ( delicacy & f9i%1 & has a silv]y quality all its own4 ,x has n ! =ce or range ( *>coal1 b 9 its own te*nical range x possesses _m advantages4 ,its gray & s(t l9e1 h[ev] *>m+ 9 itself1 does n fit x = "w :]e %>pness & precision ( l9e & t\* are requir$1 z may be said to be ! case ) all "w int5d$ to be reproduc$ by "s process ( h&icraft or manufacture1 except "s sorts ( photo-engrav+ or li?ography4 ,we mu/ !re=e look to ano!r implem5t to enable u to obta9 ^! qualities1 namely1 ! bru%1 ! use & qualities ( :i* ,i h already t\*$ ^u4 ,! ,p5 ,!re rema9s yet ano!r po9t ( ! firm & decisive ord]1 ! p51 :i* enables u to get firmness & %>pness ( l9e & precise def9ition1 z well z consid]able range ( treatm5t & fre$om ( t\*4 ,! p5 seems to be> mu* ! same relation to ! bru% z ! lead p5cil does to *>coal--n capable ( su* full & ri* effects or su* fl[+ fre$om ( l9e1 b yet possess+ its own beauty & *>act]i/ic k9ds ( expression4 ,its true prov9ce is 9 comp>atively small scale "w1 & its natural association is ) its si/]-p5 ( lit]ature 9 ! doma9 ( book-design & decoration1 & black & :ite draw+ = ! press4 ,its v>ieties are endless1 & ! +5uity ( manufactur]s cont9ually places be=e u fre% *oice ( p5-po9ts to "w )2 b ?\gh "o occasionally meets ) a good /eel p51 ,i h f\nd x too (t5 fails "o j :5 x is suffici5tly worn to ! "r degree ( flexibility4 ,"o returns to ! quill1 :i* c be cut to suit ! p>ticul> requirem5ts ( "o's "w4 ,= l>ge bold draw+ ! re$-p5 has advantages1 & a pleasant ri* quality ( l9e4 ,b ) :atev] po9t we may "w1 ! great object is to be p]fectly at ease ) x 9 draw+--to ?or\ghly ma/] its use & capacities1 s t 9 our se>* = t o!r comm&1 ( l9e & =m1 we may feel t we h 9 our h&s a tool ^u :i* we c rely1 a tru/y spe> to be> d[n ! _m difficulties & disc\ragem5ts t beset1 l ?reat5+ dragons1 ! pa? ( ! art-/ud5t4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,( ! ,*oice ( ,=m--,elem5t>y ,=ms--,space-fill+--,gr\p+-- ,analogies ( ,=m--,typical ,=ms ( ,ornam5t--,ornam5tal ,units-- ,equival5ts 9 ,=m--,quantities 9 ,design--,contra/--,value ( ,v>iations ( ,simil> or ,alli$ ,=ms--,use ( ! ,human ,figure & ,animal ,=ms 9 ,ornam5tal ,design4 ,we 7 consid]+ ! *oice & use ( ,l9e 9 ! la/ *apt]3 its expressive *>act]s & v>i\s me?ods4 ,we n[ come to ! no less important "q to ! design] & draughtsman--,! ,*oice ( ,=m4 ,if ,l9e may be said to be ! bone & s9ew ( design1 ,=m is ! sub/ance & ! fle%1 & bo? are obvi\sly ess5tial to its free life & developm5t4 ,elem5t>y ,=ms ,! cube & ! sph]e give u ! fundam5tal elem5ts1 or primal types f :i* are d]iv$ ! multif>i\s1 ev] v>y+1 & complex =ms1 ! products ( ! =ces & conditions ( nature1 or ! necessit\s inv5tiv5ess ( art1 j z we may take ! squ>e & ! circle to be ! p>5ts ( l9e> & geometric design4 ,illu/ration 7f#jde;a73 ,elem5t>y ,=ms3 ,pyramid1 ,sph]e1 ,cube1 ,hexagon1 ,cone4 ,! cube & ! sph]e1 ! ellipse1 ! cone1 & ! pyramid1 ) o!r comp>atively simple =ms ( solid geometry1 pres5t !mselves to ! /ud5t z elem5t>y te/s ( draughtsman%ip--( ! p[]1 t is1 ( repres5t+ solid bodies ^u a plane surface4 ,su* =ms be+ m simple & regul> ?an any natural =ms1 !y are suppos$ to r$uce ! problem ( draw+ to its simple/ conditions4 ,!y c]ta9ly af=d v close te/s ( correctness ( eye1 mak+ any fault 9 p]spective or projection at once app>5t4 ,illu/ration 7f#jde;b73 ,use ( ,elem5t>y ,=ms 9 ,ar*itecture4 ,to avoid1 h[ev]1 fall+ into me*anical ways1 & to ma9ta9 ! int]e/ & give vitality to su* /udies1 ! relation ( su* =ms to =ms 9 nature & art %\ld be borne 9 m9d1 & no opportunity miss$ ( comp>+ !m1 or ( seek+ out _! c\nt]p>ts1 correspond+ pr9ciples1 & v>iations1 z well z _! practical be>+1 bo? functional & con/ructive2 z 9 ! case ( ! typical =ms ( fl[]s1 buds1 & se$-vessels1 = in/ance1 :]e ! cone & ! funnel1 & ! sph]ical1 cyl9drical1 & tubul> pr9ciples are con/antly met )1 z ess5tial p>ts ( ! *>act]s & organic necessities ( ! plant3 ! cone & ! funnel mo/ly 9 buds & fl[]-petals = protection & inclosure ( ! poll5 & se$ g]ms1 ! tube = conduct+ ! juices2 ! sph]ical =m to resi/ moi/ure ext]nally1 or to hold x int]nally1 or to avoid friction1 & facilitate close /orage1 z 9 ! case ( se$s 9 pods4 ,! se$-vessel ( ! poppy1 = in/ance1 has a curi\s little p5t-h\se ro( to %ield ! int]/ices 7l w9d[s 9 a t[]7 till ! se$ is ripe & ! "t comes = x to be %ak5 out ( ! %ell or pod4 ,a fur!r practical reason = ! preval5ce ( sph]ical =m 9 se$s is t !y may1 :5 ! out] cov]+ or husk p]i%es1 m readily roll out & fall into ! int]/ices ( ! gr\nd2 or :51 z 9 ! case ( v>i\s fruits1 su* z ! apple & orange1 ! envelope itself is sph]ical & int5d$ to c>ry _! flat or po9t$ se$s to ! gr\nd1 :]e x falls & rolls :5 ripe4 ,illu/ration 7f#jdf73 ,poppyheads4 ,! cube & ! v>i\s multiple =ms may be f\nd 9 cry/als & basaltic rocks1 z well z 9 organic nature1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! honeycomb ( bees1 :]e *oice ( =m is a con/ructive necessity3 ! cube is 9 e s5se ( ! ^w ! corn]-/one 9 ar*itecture1 & )\t squ>+ & plumb+ no build+ c\ld be con/ruct$1 :ile ! cyl9drical & conical pr9ciples ( =m are illu/rat$ 9 t[]s & ro(s1 spires & p9nacles4 ,9 ar*itectural ornam5t & c>v$ decoration ! cube & sph]e aga9 =m ! basis1 bo? =m+ ornam5ts !mselves by m]e recurr5ce & repetition1 & also =m+ con/ructional bases ( ornam5t4 ,illu/ration 7f#jdg73 ,apple ,cut to ,%[ ,position ( ,se$s4 ,dog-,too? ,ornam5t ,illu/ration 7f#jdh;b73 ,dog-too? ,=m$ ,f ,cube4 ,a v simple b effective =m ( c>v$ ornam5t *>act]i/ic ( e>ly ,go?ic "w is :at is kn[n z ! dog-too?4 ,?is is =m$ simply by cutt+ a cube ( /one into a pyramid1 depress+ ! sides1 & cutt+ !m into geometric leaves1 leav+ ! %>p angles ( ! pyramid f ! base to ! apex /&+ out 9 bold relief4 ,9 gr\nd-plan ?is is simply compos$ geometrically ( a rectangle divid$ diagonally into f\r equal p>ts1 & by /rik+ f\r semicircles f ! c5tres ( ! f\r sides ( ! rectangle4 ,"h we get a =m ( ornam5t 9 ! flat :i* appe>s to h be5 v widely us$1 & reappe>s 9 ! e>ly art ( ne>ly all races s f> z ,i am aw>e4 ,we f9d x1 = in/ance1 9 ,assyrian c>v+ & 9 e>ly ,greek decoration1 9 ,*9a & ,japan1 & 9 ,european m$iaeval "w ( all k9ds4 ,its *>m p]haps lies 9 its simplicity ( con/ruction yet ri* ornam5tal effect1 ei!r z c>v$ "w or z a flat pa9t$ diap]4 ,x might also be us$ z ! geometric basis ( an elaborate repeat+ wall-patt]n ov] a l>ge surface4 ,illu/ration 7f#jdh;a73 ,cube & ,sph]e 9 ,ar*itectural ,ornam5t3 ,brick ,d5tal1 ,ball ,fl[] ,m\ld+1 & ,dog-too? ,m\ld+4 ,fill+ ( ,spaces ,:5 x comes to ! *oice ( =m1 :5 we are face to face ) a p>ticul> problem 9 design1 ornam5t1 or decoration 7say1 z mo/ frequ5tly happ5s1 x is to fill a panel ( a giv5 %ape & size71 we are b\nd to consid] =m 9 relation to t p>ticul> panel1 to ! subject we propose to treat1 & ! me?od by :i* ! design is to be produc$1 or ! object & position = :i* x is int5d$4 ,?is g5]ally n>r[s ! range ( possible *oice4 ,fir/ly1 !re is ! %ape ( ! panel itself4 ,a well-kn[n ex]cise = ! ,tea*]'s ,c]tificate "u ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sci5ce & ,art is to give a draw+ ( a plant adapt$ to design 9 a squ>e & a circle4 ,n[ 9 ! ab/ract "o w\ld be incl9$ to select = a circul> fitt+ diff]5t =ms f ^? "o might select = a squ>e fill+1 s9ce ,i always consid] t ! %ape ( ! space mu/ influ5ce ! "* ( ! fill+ 9 l9e & =m4 ,/ill1 if ! problem is to fill a squ>e & a circle by ! same =ms1 or an adaptation ( !m1 we mu/ rely m & m ^u diff]5ce ( treatm5t ( ^! =ms1 & n try to squeeze r\nd =ms into rectangul> space1 or rectangul> =ms into circul> space4 ,9 a rose1 = in/ance1 x w\ld be possible to dwell on its angul> side = ! squ>e1 & on its curvil9e> side = ! circle4 ,anyway1 we %\ld seek 9 ! fir/ place a good & appropriate motive4 ,illu/ration 7f#jdi;a73 ,fill+ ( ,squ>e ,space4 ,suppos+ ! design is = wood inlay1 we %\ld h to select =ms t w\ld n cause unnecess>y difficulty 9 cutt+1 s9ce e =m 9 ! design w\ld h to be cut out 9 ?9 wood & ins]t$ 9 ! correspond+ holl[ cut 9 ! panel or plank to receive x4 ,complex or complicat$ =ms w\ld !re=e be rul$ out1 z be+ n only difficult or impossible to reproduce 9 ! mat]ial1 b ineffective4 ,illu/ration 7f#jdi;b73 ,fill+ ( ,circul> ,space4 ,inlay ,design ,a true feel+ = ! p>ticul> effect & decorative *>m ( inlaid "w %\ld lead u to limit ourselves to comp>atively few & simple =ms1 treat+ ^? =ms 9 an emphatic b ab/ract way1 & mak+ use ( recurr+ l9e & =m z f> z possible4 ,we might make an effective panel1 say1 = a casket1 or a clock-case1 or a floor1 by /rictly limit+ ourselves to v few & simple =ms--say1 = in/ance1 a /em1 a leaf1 a b]ry1 or disc1 & a bird =m1 or fruit & leaf =ms4 ,x w\ld be possible to build up a design ) su* elem5ts bo? pleasant 9 effect & well adapt$ to ! "w4 ,an excell5t plan w\ld be to cut out all "o's =ms ) knife or scissors 9 /iff pap]1 z a te/ ( ! practicability ( an inlay design4 ,?is is actually done ) ! work+ draw+ by ! inlay cutt]4 ,illu/ration 7f#jej73 #a4 ,units ( ,simple ,inlay ,patt]n2 #b4 ,motive = ,inlaid ,patt]n ,built ( ! ,same ,units2 #c4 ,treatm5t ( ,=m z ,patt]n ,units = ,inlaid ,"w2 #d4 ,patt]n ,motive = ,inlaid ,"w ,i once design$ an inlaid floor = ! c5tre ( a picture gall]y4 ,! scale 0 r l>ge1 & ! "w 0 bold4 ,"o kept to l>ge1 bold1 & simple =ms--wat]-lilies & broad leaves1 swans1 scallop %ells1 & zigzag bord]s4 ,=ms :i* c be readily produc$ by ! bru% w\ld g5]ally answ] well = inlay1 s9ce !y w\ld h simple & sweep+ b\nd>ies & flat silh\ette4 ,& = inlay "o is practically design+ 9 black1 :ite1 or t9t$ silh\ette4 ,?is makes x v good practice = all design]s1 bo? = ! inv5tion x t5ds to call out1 ow+ to ! limit$ res\rces & re/riction z to =ms1 & also z giv+ facility & read9ess 9 block+ 9 ! masses ( patt]n4 ,! wat]-col\r pa9t]1 too1 w\ld f9d t block+ 9 9 flat local col\r all 8 =ms & ! col\rs ( 8 backgr\nd 0 an excell5t me?od ( prep>atory "w1 & af=d$ good practice 9 direct pa9t+1 s9ce he c\ld add 8 second>y %ades & t9ts 9 ! same mann] until ! "w 0 br\ght to completion1 :ile pres]v+ t fre% effect ( ! undi/urb$ wa%es :i* is ! great *>m ( wat]-col\r4 ,gr\p+ ( ,alli$ ,=ms ,9 seek+ =ms to gr\p toge!r h>moni\sly--:i* is ! :ole object ( composition--we %all f9d t mu* ! same k9d ( pr9ciple holds good :e!r we are arrang+ a /ill-life gr\p or design+ a wall-pap] or textile4 ,x is only a diff]5ce ( degree & scale4 ,9 ! "o case we are design+ 9 ! solid ) ! actual objects1 be=e draw+ or pa9t+ !m z a h>moni\s pictorial composition2 9 ! o!r we are arrang+ =ms ^u ! flat ) a view to h>moni\s composition ) a /rictly decorative purpose 9 view4 ,9 ! fir/ we are deal+ ) concrete =m 9 ! r\nd2 9 ! second1 g5]ally speak+1 ) ab/ract =m 9 ! flat4 ,illu/ration 7f#jea;a73 ,gr\p+ ( ,alli$ ,=ms3 ,composition ( ,curves4 ,b 9 ei!r case we want h>mony4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 ?r[ toge!r a numb] ( =ms unrelat$ to ea* 9 l9e1 cont\r1 or mean+4 ,we seek 9 compos+ or design+ n contradictions1 b correspond5ces ( =m1 ) j an elem5t ( contra/ to give flav\r & po9t4 ,9 gr\p+ pott]y1 = in/ance1 we %\ld n place big & little or squat & sl5d] =ms close toge!r )\t connect+ l9ks ( "s k9d4 ,we want a s]ies ( good l9es t help "o ano!r & lead up to "o ano!r 9 a k9d ( fri5dly co-op]ation4 ,broad smoo? =ms & r\nd$ surfaces1 aga91 require relief & a c]ta9 am\nt ( contra/4 ,we feel ! ne$ ( crisp leaves or fl[]s1 p]haps1 ) our pott]y =m4 ,we may safely g f>1 h[ev]1 on ! pr9ciple ( gr\p+ simil> or alli$ =ms1 giv+ our composition z a :ole ei!r a curvil9e> or angul> "* 9 its g5]al l9es1 masses1 & =ms1 on ! pr9ciple ( l to l4 ,?is w entirely dep5d ^u our *oice ( gr\p+ ( =m2 b ! m by our selection we make our composition t5d di/9ctly 9 ! "o direction or ! o!r1 ! m "* x w be likely to possess4 ,illu/ration 7f#jea;b73 ,gr\p+ ( ,alli$ ,=ms3 ,composition ( ,angles4 ,gr\p+ ,illu/ration 7f#jeb73 ,/ill-life ,gr\p ,illu/rative ( ,wood-,engrav+4 ,9 select+ =ms = /ill-life gr\p+ & pa9t+1 ,i ?9k increas$ int]e/ might be ga9$ by arrang+ significant objects1 accessories be>+ ^u p>ticul> pursuits1 = in/ance1 9 natural relation%ip & surr\nd+4 ,gr\ps sugge/+ c]ta9 h&icrafts1 = in/ance1 su* z ! cle> glass globe ( ! wood-engrav]1 ! s&-bag1 ! block ^u x1 ! tools1 grav]s ly+ ar\nd1 ! eye-glass1 an old book ( woodcuts1 & s =?4 ,o!r gr\ps sugge/ive ( v>i\s arts & indu/ries c\ld be arrang$--su* motives z metal-"w1 pott]y1 lit]ature1 pa9t+1 music1 embroid]y1 spr+1 summ]1 autumn1 & w9t]1 might all be sugge/ively illu/rat$ by well-select$ gr\ps ( /ill life4 ,ev5 diff]5t hi/oric p]iods might be emblematically sugge/$--,i %\ld l to see m done 9 ?is way4 ,illu/ration 7f#jec73 ,japanese ,diagonal ,patt]n4 ,to return to design 9 ! flat4 ,if we />t ) a motive ( circul> masses1 we _c sudd5ly associate !m ) %>p angles--,i mean 9 our lead+ =ms4 ,( c\rse we c make a network or trellis or diap] ( ! angles1 to =m a mat1 gr\nd1 or a framework on :i* to place our broad masses1 z we may see effectively done by ! ,*9ese & ,japanese4 ,correspond+ ,=ms ,illu/ration 7f#jed73 ,treatm5t ( ,fruit & ,leaf ,=ms3 ,correspond+ ,curvature ,if ! pr9cipal gr\p ( =ms 9 our patt]n1 say1 are fruit =ms--apples1 pomegranates1 or oranges--we mu/ re-e*o or c>ry out ! curves 9 a less] degree 9 ! connect+ /ems & leaves4 ,*ange ! =m ( ! fruit1 say1 to lemons1 & a fur!r v>iation ( connect+ or subsidi>y curve 9 /ems & leaves w naturally sugge/ itself1 & at ! same "t 9 foll[+ su* pr9ciples we %all be express+ 9 an ab/ract way m ( ! "* ( ! tree or plant itself4 ,9 look+ at ! leaf ( a tree "o may (t5 see a sugge/ion ( ! g5]al "* & cont\r ( ! tree itself1 & we "k ! l9e3 ,j z ! twig is b5t ! tree's incl9$4 ,9 deal+ ) angul> motives ! same pr9ciple w\ld be foll[$1 b correspond+ to ! diff]5ce ( motive4 ,let ! =m ( y\r detail be reflect$ 9 ! "* ( y\r mass4 ,i h spok5 ( ! necessity 9 design+ ( seek+ correspond5ces 9 =m1 & al?\gh1 c\ld we place e =m 9 prop] sequ5ce & supply all ! int]m$i>y l9ks to unite !m h>moni\sly1 =ms ( extreme div]sity might ?us be associat$1 giv5 great ext5sion ( space 7z 9 wall decoration1 = in/ance71 ev5 !n we %\ld want ^! =ms to correspond & recur4 ,yet1 z a rule1 hav+ to deal 9 design ) :at are really p>ts r ?an :oles1 we c only endeav\r by mak+ ! design ( ^! p>ts simple & h>moni\s 9 l9e & =m1 & true to _! special conditions1 to r5d] _! association decoratively possible4 ,illu/ration 7f#jee;a73 ,correspond5ce 9 ,g5]al ,cont\r ,betwe5 ,leaf & ,tree4 ,illu/ration 7f#jee;b73 ,"s ,analogies 9 ,=m4 ,c]ta9 =ms seem to l5d !mselves to design 9 ornam5t bett] ?an o!rs1 because !y give ! design] c]ta9 l9es & masses :i* c be h>moni\sly repeat$ or comb9$ ) o!r alli$ =ms or l9es4 ,design f ?is po9t ( view becomes a se>* = analogies ( =m4 ,analogies ( ,=m ,i m5tion$ c]ta9 simple geometric =ms common to nature & art4 ,e>ly ornam5t consi/s 9 ! repetition ( su* =ms4 ,! next /ep 0 to connect !m by l9es3 & s =m & l9e1 ?r\gh endless vicissitudes & complexities1 became unit$1 to live happily 9 ! _w ( decorative motive ev] aft]4 ,b long aft] ! primitive unadorn$ geometric =ms !mselves h ceas$ to be ! *ief =ms 9 ornam5t1 _! controll+ influ5ce is ass]t$ ov] ! b\nd>ies ( ! m complicat$ masses introduc$4 ,typical ,=ms ( ,ornam5t ,! simple rectangle is disguis$ "u ! fret1 ! circle & spiral ass]t _! sway ov] ! b\nd>ies ( ! palmette1 or circle & semicircle unite to =m ! oval s frequ5tly us$ bo? z a unit 9 ,greek ornam5t & z a controll+ b\nd>y4 ,^! are typical bord] =ms3 = ext5sion & repetition 9 fields ( patt]n we f9d ! same geometric plans at "w 9 comb9ation & subdivision1 =m+ at fir/ ! ornam5t itself1 & aft]w>ds furni%+ ! plan & controll+ b\nd>ies only4 ,ev5 9 lat] /ages 9 ! evolution ( surface decoration1 9 :at are call$ naturali/ic floral patt]ns1 amid app>5t c>elessness & fre$om1 by ! exig5cies ( repetition ! gho/ ( buri$ geometric connection reappe>s1 & compels ! mo/ naturali/ic roses on a wall-pap] to ackn[l$ge !mselves artificial aft] all1 z !y nod to _! c\nt]p>ts f ! mask$ angles ( ! inevitable diap] repeat4 ,illu/ration 7f#jef73 ,tree ( ,typical ,patt]n ,=ms1 ,units1 & ,sy/ems4 ,we f9d 9 ! hi/orical =ms ( decorative art con/antly recurr+ types ( =m & l9e1 su* z ! lotus ( ! ,egyptians1 ! an!mia ( ! ,greeks1 ! p9eapple-l fl[] & palmette ( ! ,p]sians1 ! peony ( ! ,*9ese4 ,^! =ms1 at fir/ valu$ solely = _! symbolical & h]aldic significance1 & cont9ually dem&$1 became to ! design] important elem5ts or units 9 ornam5t4 ,!y gave him f9e sweep+ curves1 radiat+ l9es1 & bold masses1 )\t :i* a design] _c live1 any m ?an a poet )\t words4 ,!y 7 capable1 too1 ( inf9ite v>iation 9 treatm5t1 a v>iation :i* has be5 cont9u$ ev] s9ce1 z by importation to diff]5t c\ntries 7! movem5t go+ on f ea/ to we/7 ! same =ms 7 treat$ by design]s ( diff]5t races1 & became mix$ ) o!r native elem5ts1 or consci\sly imitat$ z !y are n[ by ,man*e/] design]s & manufactur]s1 to be sold aga9 9 textile =m to _! orig9al own]s1 z x 71 9 ! f> ,ea/4 ,truly1 a /range turn ( ! :eel4 ,ornam5tal ,units ,! range ( *oice 9 ornam5tal units is1 inde$1 emb>rass+ly l>ge = ! mod]n design]1 & a c>eful & ta/eful selection becomes ( m & m importance4 ,x is n ! numb] ( =ms y c comb9e1 or because !y are ( ,p]sian or ,*9ese orig91 t y\r "w w be arti/ic1 b ! judici\s & inv5tive use made ( ! elem5ts ( y\r design4 ,ready-made units1 su* z ! ,ori5tal =ms ,i h m5tion$1 are no d\bt easi] to comb9e1 to make an effect )1 because a c]ta9 am\nt ( selection has already be5 done4 ,9 fact1 ) su* =ms z ! ,p]sian or ,indian palmette1 we are deal+ ) ! results ( c5turies ( ornam5tal evolution1 & ) emblems immemorially treasur$ by anci5t races4 ,x behoves u1 if we are call$ ^u to recomb9e !m1 to treat !m ) sympa?y1 ref9em5t1 & respect1 & to let !m det]iorate z little z possible1 = ! _s ( an important ornam5tal =m is l a ga!r$ fl[]--x soon )]s & becomes limp4 ,illu/ration 7f#jeg73 ,sket*es to ,%[ ,use ( ,c\nt]balance1 ,quantity1 & ,equival5ts 9 ,design+4 ,equival5ts 9 ,=m ,x is ! _s1 aft] all1 t is ! important ?+ to pres]ve1 9 decorative design1 h[ev] widely we may dep>t f ! lett] sometimes4 ,?is is a difficult quality to def9e1 b ,i %\ld say x *iefly consi/s 9 a nice att5tion to ! "* ( =m1 ! ela/ic spr+ ( curves1 an und]/&+ ( ! con/ruction & proportions1 & grasp ( ! effect4 ,9 design+ we con/antly feel ! ne$ ( repeat+ c]ta9 masses ) v>iations or balanc+ !m by equival5ts1 or ! necessity ( lead+ up to c]ta9 ma9 =ms by subsidi>y =ms1 & to c>ry out _! l9es 9 o!r p>ts ( ! composition4 ,9 design+ figures or emblems1 = in/ance1 )9 inclos$ spaces1 su* z %ields or c>t\*e %apes1 =m+ lead+ elem5ts 9 a design1 x requires mu* inv5tion & ornam5tal feel+ s to arrange !m t1 :ile diff]5t 9 subject or mean+1 & diff]5tly spac$1 !y %all yet prop]ly c\nt]balance ea* o!r1 &1 ?\gh v>i$ 9 detail1 %all yet be equival5t 9 quantity4 ,! same sort ( feel+ w\ld gov]n ! case ( design+ two masses ( fruit & foliage1 say1 =m+ two halves ( an oblong panel1 :i*1 ?\gh />t+ on ! symmetric plan f ! c5tre1 are n int5d$ to be alike 9 detail2 or 9 a frieze compos$ ( a s]ies ( =maliz$ trees1 :]e x 0 desir$ to h ea* diff]5t1 say1 to express ! progression ( ! seasons1 x w\ld be ! s5se ( ! necessity ( equival5ts :i* w\ld gov]n ! decorative effect4 ,illu/ration 7f#jeh73 ,quantities & ,c\nt]*ange ( ,bord] & ,field 9 ,c>pet ,motives4 ,quantities 9 ,design ,illu/ration 7f#jei73 ,sket* to ,illu/rate ,value ( ,diff]5t ,quantities 9 ,p]sian ,rugs4 ,su* consid]ations naturally lead u to ! "q ( ! use ( quantities 9 design--! ornam5tal proportions ( ornam5t1 or ! contra/+ di/ribution ( =m & l9e4 ,= ! m]e repetition ( ornam5tal =ms ov] surfaces & objects )\t ref]5ce to proportion or /ructure is n decoration4 ,! p]ception ( appropriate quantities 9 design is really ! decorative gauge or measure ( effect4 ,illu/ration 7f#jfj73 ,sket* to ,illu/rate ,value ( ,diff]5t ,quantities 9 ,p]sian ,rugs4 ,9 design+ a bord]$ panel--or say a c>pet--we might decide to ?r[ ! weight ( patt]n1 col\r1 or emphasis ^u ei!r ! field or bord]4 ,suppos+ ! field _h a d>k gr\nd ^u :i* ! arabesque or floral design 0 reliev$1 9 ! bord] x w\ld be mo/ effective to transpose ?is arrangem5t1 mak+ ! gr\nd light1 & br++ out ! bord] design d>k ^u x4 ,or1 if ! motive 7 rev]s$1 giv+ a light gr\nd to ! c5tre1 ) ! patt]n d>k1 ! bord] might be br\ght out on a d>k field4 ,or1 aga91 = a less emphatic treatm5t ! quantities ( ! patt]n itself might be almo/ inf9itely v>i$1 massive =ms & close fill+s contra/+ ) op5 bord]s & unit$ ) int]m$i>y b&s4 ,illu/ration 7f#jfa73 ,sket* to ,illu/rate ,value ( ,diff]5t ,quantities 9 ,p]sian ,rugs4 ,^! int]m$i>y b&s or subsidi>y bord]s are v important 9 ,ea/]n rugs & c>pets1 & _! quantities v c>efully consid]$4 ,a ,p]sian design]1 = in/ance1 w\ld nev] leave a blank unbrok5 /rip ( col\r to surr\nd 8 field2 8 object is n to isolate ! quantities ( 8 patt]n1 b to di/+ui% & unite !m3 s he makes use ( ! subsidi>y bord]s z additional quantities4 ,a usual arrangem5t :i* always looks well is to h ! bord] prop] inclos$ 9 two b&s ( ab\t ! same wid? & quantity 9 patt]n--or !y might be a repeat ( ea* o!r--& to inclose ! field or c5tre )9 ano!r n>r[ subsidi>y bord]4 ,b ! v>iations to be obs]v$ 9 any *ance selection ( ,p]sian rugs or c>pets are con/ant1 & ! am\nt ( subtle v>iety & inv5tion 9 ^! subsidi>y bord]s is endless4 ,v excell5t examples ( ! treatm5t & di/ribution ( quantities may also be /udi$ 9 ! old] ,indian pr9t$ cottons1 su* z maybe se5 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton4 ,contra/ ,! consid]ation ( quantities 9 =m & design involves ! "q ( contra/1 :i*1 inde$1 c h>dly be sep>at$ f x4 ,!re is ! contra/ ( =m & l9e1 & ! contra/ ( col\r & plane4 ,x is ) ! fir/ k9d we are deal+ n[4 ,take ! simple/ l9e> bord]1 su* z ! type common 9 ,greek "w4 ,we %\ld easily we>y ( ! cont9ual repetition ( su* a =m alone & unassi/$1 b add a v]tical ) an alt]native d>k fill+1 & we get a c]ta9 ri*ness & solidity :i* is a relief at once4 ,add ano!r quantity1 & we get ! ri* effect ( ! egg & tongue or egg & d>t m\ld+4 ,a /ill simpl] in/ance ( ! use ( contra/1 h[ev]1 is ! *equ]1 or ! pr9ciple ( equal alt]nation ( d>k & light masses2 b ?is t\*es col\r contra/ r ?an =m4 ,illu/ration 7f#jfb73 ,recurr5ce & ,contra/ 9 ,bord] ,motives4 ,! love ( contra/ makes ! ,*9ese porcela9-pa9t] break ! blue bord]s ( 8 plates ) small c>t\*e-l =ms inclos+ ! light gr\nd1 v>i$ ) a spray or device ( "s light k9d2 or ! diagonal1 closely-fill$ field ( 8 wov5 silk by broad discs or c>t\*es ( ano!r plane ( ornam5t4 ,b ! love ( %>p or v viol5t contra/s1 m especially ( =m1 may easily lead "o a/ray & be de/ructive ( ornam5tal effect4 ,l all decorative consid]ations1 ! arti/ic use ( contra/ dep5ds mu* ^u ! p>ticul> case & ! conditions ( ! "w1 & "o _c lay d[n any unv>y+ rules4 ,!re are agreeable & disagreeable contra/s1 & _! *oice & use mu/ dep5d ^u ! individual arti/4 ,v>iation ( ,alli$ ,=ms ,! mo/ beautiful k9ds ( design r seem to dep5d ^u ! h>moni\s v>iation 9 association ( simil> or alli$ =ms ?an on %>p contra/s4 ,9 compositions ( figures ! association ( ! delicate curves & angles ( ! human =m1 & ! l9es ( drap]y1 ) ! emphatic v]ticals & horizontals1 ! semicircles & rectangles ( ar*itectural =m1 = in/ance1 are always delightful 9 compet5t h&s2 z also compositions ( figure & l&scape1 ) its possibilities ( undulat+ l9e correct$ by ! sev]e horizon1 or sea-l9e1 & contra/$ ) ! v]tical l9es ( trees1 /ems1 & ! ri* =ms ( foliage masses4 ,= ! same reasons bo? ( correspond5ce & contra/1 masses ( type or lett]+ ( good =m are admirable z foils to figure designs1 9 :i* commemorative monum5ts ( all k9ds & book designs af=d abundant opportunities to ! design]4 ,use ,( ,human ,figure & ,animal ,=ms ,9 surface or textile decoration ( all k9ds no?+ gives s mu* relief & vitality z ! judici\s use ( animal =ms & ! human figure1 al?\gh !y are n mu* fav\r$ at pres5t4 ,! =ms ( birds & animals1 if design$ 9 relation to ! re/ ( ! patt]n1 w give a pleasant v>iety ( =m & l9e1 & 9 _! =ms & l9es we f9d j ^? elem5ts bo? ( correspond5ce & contra/1 9 _! relation to geometric or to floral design1 :i* are s valuable4 ,illu/ration 7f#jfc;a73 ,use ( ,inclos+ ,b\nd>ies 9 ,design+ ,animal ,=ms 9 ,decorative ,patt]n4 ,9 ord] to comb9e su* =ms successfully1 h[ev]1 great c>e 9 design+ is necess>y2 & a good s\nd pr9ciple to foll[ z a g5]al guide is to make ! b\nd>ies ( ! bird or animal t\* ! limits ( an imag9>y inclos+ =m ( "s simple geometric or floral or leaf %ape 7see p4 #ajd;f#jfc;a74 ,?is w\ld at once control ! =m & r5d] x available 9 a patt]n z a decorative mass or unit4 ,! p>ticul> %ape ( ! controll+ =m mu/1 ( c\rse1 dep5d ^u ! g5]al "* ( ! design1 :e!r free & fl[+ or squ>e & re/rict$1 ! nature ( ! repeat1 ! ultimate position ( ! "w1 & s on4 ,a /udy ( ,go?ic h]aldry & ! e>ly ,sicilian silk patt]ns w\ld be v in/ructive 9 ?is connection1 s9ce x is r ! h]aldic ideal ?an t ( ! natural hi/ory book :i* is decoratively appropriate4 ,at ! same "t x is q possible to comb9e ornam5tal treatm5t ) a great deal ( natural tru? 9 /ructure & "*4 ,illu/ration 7f#jfc;b73 ,decorative ,spac+ ( ,figures ,)9 ,geometric ,b\nd>ies4 ,mu* ! same pr9ciples apply to ! treatm5t ( ! human figure z an elem5t 9 ornam5t2 !y %\ld be design$1 :e!r s+ly or 9 gr\ps1 "u ! control ( imag9>y b\nd>ies1 & c>e mu/ be tak5 t 9 l9e & mass !y re-e*o 7or are re-e*o$ by7 o!r l9es :i* connect !m ) ! re/ ( ! design1 if !y occur z incid5ts 9 repeat+ wall-pap] or hang+ design1 = in/ance4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 q possible to imag9e a decorative effect produc$ by ! use ( figures alone 7see p4 #aje;f#jfc;b71 ) some?+ v subsidi>y 9 ! way ( connect+ l9ks ( l9e> or floral patt]n1 mu* z figures 7 us$ by ! anci5t ,greek vase-pa9t]s1 beautifully di/ribut$ z ornam5t ov] ! concave or convex surfaces ( ! vases & vessels ( ! pott]1 ! =ms ( :i*1 z all good decoration %\ld d1 !y help$ to express z well z to adorn4 ,,*apt] ,v ,( ! ,influ5ce ( ,controll+ ,l9es1 ,b\nd>ies1 ,spaces1 & ,plans 9 ,design+--,orig9 ( ,geometric ,decorative ,spaces & ,panels 9 ,ar*itecture--,value ( ,recurr+ ,l9e--,tradition-- ,ext5sion--,adaptability--,geometric ,/ructural ,plans--,frieze & ,field--,ceil+ ,decoration--,co-op]ative ,relation4 ,! function ( l9e consid]$ f ! po9t ( view ( its controll+ influ5ce z a b\nd>y1 or inclosure1 ( design1 ^u :i* ,i t\*$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 is a v important "o1 & des]ves mo/ att5tive /udy4 ,! usual problem a design] 9 ! flat has to solve is to fill h>moni\sly a giv5 space or panel def9$ by a l9e--"s simple geometric =m--su* z a squ>e or a circle1 a p>allelogram1 a diamond1 a lunette4 ,influ5ce ( ,controll+ ,l9es1 etc4 ,n[ x is possible to reg>d su* spaces or panels z m or less unrelat$1 & simply z ! b\nd>ies ( an individual composition or picture ( "s k9d4 ,yet ev5 s consid]$ a c]ta9 s5se ( geometric control w\ld come 9 9 ! selection ( our l9es & masses1 bo? 9 reg>d to ea* o!r & 9 reg>d to ! %ape ( ! inclos+ b\nd>y4 ,we seem to feel ! ne$ ( "s answ]+ l9e or re-e*o 9 ! "* ( ! composition to ! %ape ( its b\nd>y1 to give x its di/9ctive reason = exi/5ce 9 t p>ticul> =m--j z we %\ld expect a %ell-fi% to con=m to ! %ape ( its %ell4 ,su* a re-e*o or ackn[l$gm5t might be ev] s slight1 or might be q emphatic & dom9ate z ! lead+ motive1 b = p]fectly h>moni\s effect x mu/ be !re4 ,illu/ration 7f#jfd73 ,relation ( ,design to ,b\nd>y3 ,simple ,l9e> ,motives & ,patt]n ,bases4 ,a /rictly simple & logical l9e> fill+ ( su* spaces might be express$ 9 ! mo/ primitive way1 z 9 ! illu/ration on p4 #aji;f#jfd4 ,by ^! means c]ta9 primitive types ( ornam5t are evolv$1 su* z ! ,greek volute & ! ,greek key or fret1 ! logical ornam5t ( a logical p4 ,su* arrangem5ts ( l9e =m simple l9e> patt]ns1 & a decorative effect ( surface is produc$ simply by _! repetition1 especially if ! pr9ciple ( alt]nation be obs]v$4 ,?is pr9ciple may be express$ by tak+1 say1 a s]ies ( squ>es or circles1 & plac+ !m ei!r 9 a l9e z = a bord] arrangem5t1 or = ext5sion v]tically & lat]ally ov] a surface1 & fill+ only ! alt]nate squ>e or circle1 leav+ ! alt]nate ones1 or dropp+ !m out altoge!r 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aaa;f#jfe74 ,illu/ration 7f#jfe73 ,use ( ,int]vals 9 ,repeat+ ! ,same ,ornam5tal ,units4 ,:5 we desire to g beyond su* primitive l9e> ornam5ts1 h[ev]1 & introduce natural =m1 we %\ld /ill be guid$ by ! same pr9ciples1 if we desire to produce a /rictly decorative effect1 :ile v>y+ !m 9 application to any ext5t4 ,x matt]s n :at =ms we deal )1 floral1 animal1 human2 directly we come to comb9e !m 9 a design1 to control !m by a b\nd>y1 to inclose !m 9 a space1 we %all feel ?is necessity ( controll+ l9e1 :i*1 h[ev] conceal$1 is yet ess5tial to br+ !m into t h>moni\s relation :i* is ! ess5ce ( all design 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aab;f#jff74 ,illu/ration 7f#jff73 ,designs ( ,floral1 ,human1 & ,animal ,=ms1 ,gov]n$ by ,%ape ( ,inclos+ ,b\nd>y4 ,we may take x z a g5]al rule t ! m purely ornam5tal ! purpose ( our design1 & ! m ab/ract 9 =m x is1 ! m emphatically we may c>ry out ! pr9ciple ( correspond5ce ( l9e betwe5 t ( ! inclos+ b\nd>y & t ( ! design itself2 &1 vice v]sa1 z ! design becomes m pictorial 9 its appeal & m complex & v>i$ 9 its elem5ts1 ! m we may comb9e ! lead+ motive or pr9ciple ( l9e ) second>y ones1 or ) v>iations1 s9ce e fre% elem5t1 e new direction ( l9e1 e new =m introduc$1 dem&s "s k9d ( re-e*o to br+ x into relation ) ! o!r elem5ts ( ! design1 or p>ts ( ! composition1 :atev] may be its nature & purpose4 ,n[1 if we seek fur!r ! mean+ & orig9 ( ?is necessity ( ! control ( geometric l9es & spaces 9 design1 ,i ?9k we %all f9d x 9 ! con/ructive necessities ( ar*itecture3 = x is c]ta9ly f ar*itecture t we d]ive ^? typical spaces & panels ! design] is s (t5 call$ ^u to fill4 ,illu/ration 7f#jfg73 ,! ,p>!non3 ,sket* to ,%[ ,spaces ,us$ = ,decorative ,sculpture 9 ,greek ,ar*itecture4 ,orig9 ( ,geometric ,decorative ,spaces ,l9tel ar*itecture--! ,egyptian & ! ,greek--gave u ! frieze1 bo? cont9u\s1 z 9 t ( ! ,cella ( ! ,p>!non1 or divid$ by triglyphs1 :i* repres5t$ ! ends ( ! beams ( ! primitive timb] con/ruction2 & ! int]/ices left betwe5 ^! det]m9$ ! %ape ( ! sculptur$ panel or slab ins]t$1 & influ5c$ ! "* ( its masses & ! l9es ( its design1 :i* 0 "u ! necessity ( h>moniz+ ) ! :ole build+ 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aad;f#jfg74 ,illu/ration 7f#jfh73 ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds ,a!ns ,,bc #ej ,! same may be said ( ! p$im5ts4 ,! angle ( ! l[-pit*$ ro( left ano!r int]/ice = ! sculptor at ea* end ( ! build+2 & ,i h else:]e99 po9t$ out ! influ5ce ( ! inclos+ space & ! angles ( ! p$im5t ( ! ,p>!non ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! gr\ps )9 x1 & ev5 ^u ! l9es tak5 by "s ( ! figures1 especially ! recl9+ figures ne> ! acute angles4 99 ,see ,bases ( ,design4 ,c]ta9 l9es become insep>ably associat$ ) con/ructive expression1 & are us$ to emphasize x1 z ! v]tical flut+s ( ! ,doric column1 by repeat+ ! l9es ( ! column itself1 emphasize its con/ructive expression ( support+ ! weight ( ! horizontal l9tels1 ! l9es ( :i*1 repeat$ 9 ! m\ld+s ( ! frieze & cornice1 are associat$ ) level re/fulness & secure repose4 ,z examples ( design :i*1 :ile meet+ ! /ructural necessities & ackn[l$g+ ! control ( space & g5]al conditions1 z ! =m ( ! slabs ^u :i* !y are sculptur$1 yet expresses indep5d5t movem5t1 ! figures ( ! octagonal t[] ( ! w9ds at ,a!ns are int]e/+ 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aae;f#jfh74 ,q a diff]5t feel+1 correspond+ to diff]5ces 9 conception & _s 9 design1 comes 9 ) ! ,roman r\nd ar* its alli$ =ms ( sp&ril & vault1 lunette & m$allion1 pres5t+ new spaces = ! surface design]1 & new sugge/ions ( ornam5tal l9e 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aag;f#jfi74 ,x is noticeable h[1 ) ! r\nd-ar*$ ar*itecture "u ,roman1 ,byzant9e 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aah;f#jgj71 & ,r5aissance =ms1 ! scroll =m ( ornam5t develop$1 ! reason be+1 ,i ?9k1 t x gave ! necess>y elem5t ( recurr+ l9e1 :e!r us$ 9 ! horizontal frieze 9 association ) r\nd ar*es1 or 9 sp&rils ( vaults & arcades1 & on m>ble mosaic pavem5ts4 ,illu/ration 7f#jfi73 ,sket* ( ,"p ( ! ,ar* ( ,con/ant9e to ,%[ ,spaces = ,decorative ,sculpture 9 ,roman ,ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration 7f#jgj73 ,byzant9e 7,mosaic7 ,treatm5t ( ,ar*itectural ,/ructural ,features3 ,apse1 ,s4 ,vitale ,rav5na4 ,value ( ! ,recurr+ ,l9e ,! developm5t ( ,go?ic ar*itecture1 ) its new con/ructive features & ! great] v>iety ( geometric spaces1 =ms1 & int]/ices :i*1 z a consequ5ce1 7 available = ! design] ( associat$ ornam5t1 :e!r c>v$ "w1 mosaic1 /a9$ glass1 or pa9t+1 naturally l$ to a correspond+ v>iety 9 inv5tion & decorative adaptation2 & we may trace ! same pr9ciple at "w 9 o!r =ms--,i mean ! pr9ciple ( correspond+1 c\nt]balanc+1 & recurr+ l9e--,go?ic ornam5t be+ inde$ g5]ally an ess5tial "p ( ! /ructure1 & ar*itectural features be+ con/antly repeat$ & utiliz$ = _! ornam5tal value1 z 9 ! case ( canopies & tab]nacle "w4 ,we see1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,decorat$ p]iod ! acute gable m\ld+ ov] ! ar*$ recess1 ni*e1 doorway1 or tomb1 light5$ & vivifi$ by a floriat$ f9ial spr++ into vigor\s curves f a v]tical /em1 =m+ an emphatic ogee outl9e :i* re-e*oes ! ogee l9e ( ! ar* bel[1 & is tak5 up 9 v>iations by ! crockets c>v$ ^u ! sides ( ! gable2 & _! spiral asc5d+ l9es lead ! eye up to ! f9ial :i* completes ! composition4 ,we may trace ! same pr9ciple 9 ! c>v$ fill+s ( ! subsidi>y p>ts1 su* z ! trefoil$ panels1 ! second>y m\ld+s1 & ! cusps ( ! ar*es1 :i* cont9ue ! l9e-motive or decorative h>mony to ! la/ po9t 7see illu/ration1 p4 #abj;f#jga74 ,! elegance & lightness ( ! p9nacles is increas$ 9 ! same way1 & fur!r emphasiz$ by ! long v]tical l9es ( ! sunk panels ^u _! sides4 ,illu/ration 7f#jga73 ,f ,canopy ( ,tomb ( ,g]vaise-,al>d #acjc4 ,temp ,,edwd ,i/ ,w9*elsea ,9 *ur* doorways we may see c]ta9 v\ssoirs ( ! ar* all[$ to project f ! holl[ ( ! concave m\ld+1 & _! surfaces c>v$ into bosses ( ornam5t2 :ile1 aga91 ! doorway is emphasiz$ by ! recurr+ l9es ( ! m\ld+s1 ) _! contra/+ planes ( light & %ad[1 & ! po9t ( _! spr+ is m>k$ by a c>v$ lion1 controll$ 9 ! design ( its cont\r by ! squ>5ess ( ! block ( /one ^u :i* x is c>v$ 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aba;f#jgb74 ,illu/ration 7f#jgb73 ,/ructural ,control ( ,l9e 9 ,ar*itectural ,enri*m5ts ,we/ ,door ,walb]swick ,*4 ,suffolk ,! c>v+s ( mis]]e seats 9 our ca!dral *oirs (t5 af=d in/ances ( +5i\s design & arrangem5t ( elem5ts difficult to comb9e1 yet always %[+ ! in/9ct ( foll[+ ! control ( ! dom9at+ =m & peculi> l9es ( ! seat itself4 ,!re is an in/ance ( "o f ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral--app>5tly a humor\s satire--a goose-head$ woman (f]+ a cake to a man-head$ gull 7871 or p]haps !y are bo? geese6 ,i won't pret5d to say1 b x evid5tly is int5d$ to sugge/ cupbo>d love1 & !re is a port5t\sly l>ge pit*] ( ale 9 res]ve on ! b5*4 ,b note ! clev] arrangem5t ( ! masses & l9es1 & h[ ! l9es ( ! seat & ! curves ( ! t]m9at+ scroll are re-e*o$ 9 ! l9es ( ! figures & accessories4 ,illu/ration 7f#jgc73 ,c4 #adfj-adhj ,wood ,c>v+ ,mis]]e ,seat ,*oir ,/alls ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral4 ,controll+ ,l9e 9 ,design ( ,subsidi>y ,ar*itectural ,decoration4 ,a /one-c>v+ f ! end ( a tomb 9 ! same ca!dral--t ( ,bi%op ,john ,morgan1 #aejd--( a griff9 ) a %ield %[s an emphatic repetition ( ! inclos+ l9e ( ! ar*$ recess 9 ! curves ( ! w+s :i* foll[ x4 ,illu/ration 7f#jgd73 ,recess$ ,panel ,c>v$ ,/one ,f ! ,tomb ( ,bi%op ,john ,morgan ,d4 #aejd1 ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral4 ,!re is also a *>m+ corbel ( a half-figure ( an angel1 :i*1 ?\gh some:at defac$1 %[s ! ar*itectural s5se v /rongly 9 its design--! v]tical droop ( ! w+-fea!rs inclos+ ! figure repeat+ & cont9u+ ! v]tical l9es ( ! %afts & ! subsidi>y m\ld+s ( ! arrangem5t ( ! drap]y1 & its t]m9ation 9 crisp foliat$ =ms1 :i* pleasantly c\nt]balance ! set ( ! scale fea!rs ( ! w+s & break ! semicircul> m\ld+s ( ! base ( ! corbel1 repeat+ ^? ( ! %afts above4 ,illu/ration 7f#jge73 ,con/ructive ,l9e ,ree*o$ 9 ,ar*itectural ,ornam5t4 ,corbel1 ,bi%op ,vaughan's ,*apel1 ,/4 ,david's #aeji- ,adaptability 9 ,design ,illu/ration 7f#jgf73 ,go?ic ,tile ,patt]n ,s4 ,david's ,ca?l4 ,adaptation to spaces ^u a flat surface is also illu/rat$ 9 "s tile patt]ns f ! same place4 ,!y are simple & rude b v effective bits ( spac+1 & %[ a ?or\gh grasp ( ! pr9ciples we h be5 consid]+--if1 inde$1 x is s f> consci\s "w at all4 ,b :e!r or n ! outcome ( a tradition :i* seem$ to be almo/ in/9ctive ) m$iaeval workm5--a tradition :i* yet left ! individual free1 & "u :i* design 0 a ?+ ( life & gr[?1 ev] adapt+ itself to new conditions1 & graft+ freely new inv5tions to fl[] 9 fre% phantasy ^u ! anci5t /ock--! movem5t 9 art 9 ! ,middle ,ages1 exhibit+ z x does a gradual gr[? & a con/ant vitality1 always accompany+ & adapt+ itself to /ructural *anges1 to life & habit1 0 really m analog\s to ! developm5t ( me*anical sci5ce 9 our own day1 :]e ea* new ma*9e is alli$ to its pr$ecessors1 ?\gh x supplants !m4 ,! "o law be+ adaptability1 ! "o aim to apply means to ends1 & m & m p]fectly1 iness5tials & sup]fluities are %$1 & inv5tion triumphs4 ,x is1 too1 a collective advance1 s9ce ea* eng9e]1 ea* inv5tor1 builds ^u ! exp]i5ce ( bo? 8 =]unn]s & 8 fell[-work]s1 & ev]y?+ is br\ght to an imm$iately practical te/4 ,we are n yet 9 ! same heal?y condition z reg>ds art1 & art c nev] be on ! same plane z sci5ce1 ?\gh art may le>n mu* f sci5ce1 *iefly p]haps 9 ! direction ( ! inv5tive adaptation ( analog\s pr9ciples4 ,b 9 art ! "q is complicat$ by human feel+ & association1 & h] /ronge/ appeal is to ^!1 & by ^!1 & z yet we d n seem to h any t]ms or equival5ts precise en\gh to describe1 or any analysis f9e en\gh to discov] !m4 ,ext5sion ,! next consid]ation 9 spac+ we may t]m ext5sion4 ,?is be>s ^u all surface design1 b m especially ^u ! design ( patt]ns int5d$ to repeat ov] a l>ge surface1 & n specially design$ = p>ticul> spaces4 ,x is a great "q :e!r any design c be entirely satisfactory unless x has be5 ?\ght out 9 relation to "s p>ticul> ext5t ( surface or z adapt$ to "s p>ticul> wall or room4 ,mod]n indu/rial conditions preclude ?is possibility z a rule1 & s ! only sure gr\nd1 beyond individual ta/e & pref]5ce1 is te*nical adaptability to process or mat]ial4 ,we %\ld naturally want to give a diff]5t "* to a textile patt]n1 :e!r pr9t$ or wov51 & int5d$ to hang 9 folds1 f "o = flat ext5sion z a wall-pap]2 & a diff]5t "* aga9 to su* designs int5d$ = ext5sion horizontally f ^? int5d$ = v]tical space alone4 ,floor patt]ns1 p>quets & c>pets1 = in/ance1 naturally dem& diff]5t treatm5t f wall patt]ns1 z ^? ord]s ( plants 9 nature :i* cl+ & spread on ! flat gr\nd diff] f ^? :i* gr[ high & ma9ta9 !mselves 9 ! air1 or climb ^u trees4 ,! rule ( life--adaptability--obta9s 9 art z 9 nature1 &1 b5ea? individual pref]5ce & pass+ fa%ion1 works ! sil5t b real law ( relation to conditions4 ,?is aga9 be>s ^u ! *oice ( scale1 & diff]5tiates ! design ( dress textiles f furniture textiles1 & ! design ( v>i$ surfaces & objects1 :i*1 :ile dem&+ _! own p>ticul> treatm5t1 are br\ght into g5]al relation by _! association ) use & ! wants ( humanity4 ,illu/ration 7f#jgg;a73 ,ext5sion3 ,surface ,patt]n ,motives ,d]iv$ f ,l9es ( ,/ructure4 ,geometric ,/ructural ,plans1 etc4 ,! law gov]n+ ext5sion ( design ov] surface is aga9 geometric1 & our primal circle & squ>e are aga9 ! factors & prog5itors ( ! lead+ sy/ems :i* h gov]n$ ! design ( diap]s & wall patt]ns & hang+s ( all k9ds4 ,nay1 ! fir/ weav] ( ! wattl$ f5ce discov]$ ! pr9ciple ( ext5sion 9 design1 & %[$ its insep>able association ) con/ruction2 & ! build] ) brick or /one emphasizes x1 produc+ ! elem5ts ( l9e> surface patt]n1 f ! me*anical necessity ( ! position ( ! jo9ts ( 8 /ructure4 ,at a ,g]man railway /ation wait+-room ,i notic$ an effective adaptation ( ?is pr9ciple z a wall decoration 9 two blues ^u a /one col\r 7see illu/ration1 p4 #abh;fig#jgg;a74 ,we may build ^u su* emphatic /ructural l9es1 ei!r incorporat+ !m ) ! design motive1 z 9 all rectangul> wall diap]s1 or we may suppress or conceal ! actual con/ructive l9es by plac+ ! pr9cipal p>ts or connections ( our patt]n ov] !m1 b "o _c con/ruct a satisfactory patt]n to repeat & ext5d )\t !m2 = ^! con/ructive l9es or plans give ! necess>y organic life & vig\r to su* designs1 & are z ne$ful to !m z ! trellis to ! t5drils ( ! v9e 7see illu/ration1 p4 #abi;f#jgg;b74 ,illu/ration 7f#jgg;b73 ,surface ,ext5sion3 ,repeat+ ,patt]ns ,built ,^u 7#a7 ,squ>e & 7#b7 ,circul> ,basis4 ,! same pr9ciple is true ( designs ^u ! curvil9e> plan4 ,! m]e repetition ( ! circle by itself gives u a simple geometric patt]n1 & we are at lib]ty to emphasize ?is circul> plan z ! ma9 motive2 or1 z 9 ! case ( ! rectangul> plans1 to treat x m]ely z a basis1 & develop free scroll motives ^u x2 or foll[ x ?r\gh its pr9cipal v>iations1 z 9 ! ogee1 =m$ by dropp+ out two int]m$iate semicircles2 or ! v>i\s =ms ( ! scale arrangem5t4 ,^! simple geometric plans are ! mo/ g5]ally useful z plans ( designs int5d$ = repetition & ext5sion ov] space1 & !y are always safe & s\nd sy/ems to build ^u1 s9ce a geometric plan is c]ta9 to jo9 com=tably if our measurem5ts are "r4 ,illu/ration 7f#jgh73 ,surface ,ext5sion3 ,plan ( a ,drop ,repeat4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 (t5 feel t we want some?+ bold] & fre]1 & />t ) a motive ( sweep+-curves1 non-geometric1 b ev5 !n a c]ta9 geometric relation w be necess>y1 or an equival5t = x1 s9ce ea* curve mu/ be c\nt]balanc$ 9 "s way1 ?\gh n necess>ily symmetrically1 ( c\rse2 & ev5 :]e a squ>e ( patt]n--say to a wall-pap] repeat ( tw5ty-"o in*es--has be5 design$1 n consci\sly ^u a geometric base1 b simply z a composition ( l9es & masses to repeat1 ! me*anical conditions ( ! "w :5 x comes to be pr9t$ w supply a c]ta9 geometric control1 s9ce x necess>ily beg9s 9 ! process ( repetition a s]ies ( squ>es ( patt]n 9 :i* ! curves are b\nd to recur 9 correspond+ places4 ,)\t a geometric plan ( "s sort1 h[ev]1 we may easily get into difficulties ) awkw>d lead+ l9es1 gaps1 or masses1 t tumble d[n1 & are only p]ceiv$ :5 ! pap] is pr9t$ & hung4 ,! design] %\ld n feel at all re/rict$ or cramp$ by 8 geometric plan1 b treat x z an aid & a scaffold+1 work+ 9 z mu* v>iety & ri*ness ( detail z he likes1 b\nd only by ! necessity ( repeat+ or c\nt]balanc+ 8 =ms & l9es4 ,9 ! diagram 7p4 #aca;f#jgh7 ! plan ( mak+ a repeat less obvi\s by means ( :at is t]m$ a drop is giv51 & ?is sy/em also increases ! app>5t wid? ( a patt]n4 ,frieze & ,field ,! feel+ :i* dem&s "s k9d ( contra/ or relief to a field ( repeat+ patt]n1 h[ev] int]e/+ 9 itself1 seems n[ almo/ in/9ctive4 ,x is felt1 too1 9 ! case ( pla9 surfaces1 :]e ! eye seeks a m\ld+ to give a little v>iety or patt]n-equival5t 9 play ( light & %ad[ ^u diff]5t planes1 l9es1 or concavities & convexities4 ,! common pla/] cornice plac$ to unite walls & ceil+1 9 our ord9>y h\ses1 is a concession 7on ! "p ev5 ( ! j]rie/ ( build]s7 to ! ae/hetic s5se4 ,we get ! decorat$ frieze 9 ar*itecture 9 ob$i5ce to ! same dem&1 ?\gh orig9ally a necess>y feature ( l9tel con/ruction1 z we h se51 f ! days ( ! fe/al g>l& hung ar\nd ! eaves ( ! classic h\se1 to its p]petuation 9 /one 9 s _m v>ieties499 ,! c>v$ g>l& dep5d+ 9 a s]ies ( graceful curves1 or contra/$ ) p5dants1 or _! rhy?m punctuat$1 z x 71 by ox-heads1 z on ! temple ( ! ,sibyls1 ,tivoli1 =m$ ! ne$$ contra/ to ! plane masonry ( ! wall bel[4 ,sculptur$ figures1 ) ! add$ int]e/ ( /ory1 z on ! *oragic monum5t ( ,lysicrates1 fulfill$ ! same decorative function 9 a m complex & elaborate way4 99 ,bases ( ,design4 ,to satisfy ! same feel+ we place a frieze above ! patt]n$ field ( our mod]n wall-pap]s4 ,su* a frieze may be consid]$ z a contra/+ bord] to ! patt]n ( ! field1 mu* z ! bord] ( a c>pet1 all[+ = diff]5ce ( mat]ial & position2 or ! frieze may ass]t itself z ! dom9ant decoration ( ! room4 ,9 ?is case x w\ld be great] 9 dep? ?an ! simpl] bord]+ type4 ,! int]e/ ( ! field fill+ w\ld !n be subsidi>y1 & lead up to ! frieze4 ,9 wall-pap] friezes ! difficulty 9 design+ is to ?9k ( a motive :i* w n tire ! eye 9 ! necess>ily frequ5t repeats ( tw5ty-"o in*es4 ,long] ones h occasionally be5 produc$1 ! limit be+ sixty in*es4 ,x is (t5 a good plan to recur 9 ! ma9 l9es or =ms ( ! frieze to "s v>iation ( ! l9es or =ms ( ! field4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! ma9 motive 9 ! field 0 a v]tical scroll design1 a horizontal scroll design ^u a l>ge scale us$ = ! frieze w\ld answ]1 ! field be+ kept flat & quiet2 or ! fan1 or radiat+ %ell =m1 us$ z a frieze1 above a patt]n on ! scale plan1 w\ld be q h>moni\s4 ,relation & balance ( l9e & mass1 & arrangem5t ( quantities 9 su* designs1 are ! *ief consid]ations4 ,) pa9t+ or modell+ an arti/ is fre]1 z he is at lib]ty to design a cont9u\s frieze ( figures1 & introduce z mu* v>iety z he *ooses4 ,a pa9t$ frieze ( figures above pla9 oak-panell+ has a good effect 9 a l>ge & well-proportion$ room1 & is p]haps "o ( ! pleasante/ ways ( treat+ int]ior walls4 ,illu/ration 7f#jgi73 ,sket* ,designs to ,%[ ,relation ,betwe5 ,frieze & ,field 9 ,wall-pap]4 ,ceil+ ,decoration ,ceil+ decoration1 aga91 pres5ts problems ( ext5sion 9 design+1 & ! l>ge flat pla/] ceil+s ( mod]n rooms are by no means easy to deal ) satisfactorily4 ,! simple/ way is to resort to wall-pap]1 & "h1 re/rict$ 9 size ( repeat & ! usual te*nical requirem5ts ( ! "w1 ! design] mu/ fur!r consid] appropriat5ess ( scale1 & position 9 reg>d to eye1 relation to ! wall1 & s =?4 ,! natural dem& is = some?+ simpl] 9 treatm5t ?an ! walls--a re-e*o1 9 "s sort1 ( plans agreeable to ! floor1 yet ) a sugge/ion ( some?+ light] & fre]3 "h we may safely come back to rectangul> & circul> plans aga9 = our lead+ l9es & =ms4 ,pa9t+ & modell+1 aga91 (f] m elaborate treatm5t & possibilities1 & we "k t beautiful works h be5 done 9 bo? ways2 b art ( ?is k9d seems m appropriate to l(ty vault$ *amb]s & *ur*es1 su* z "o sees 9 ! palaces ( ,italy1 at ,g5oa & ,v5ice1 at ,flor5ce & ,rome4 ,i rememb] a v /rik+ & bold treatm5t ( a flat-beam$ ceil+ 9 ! ,ca/le ( ,nuremb]g1 :]e a huge black ,g]man eagle 0 pa9t$ s z to occupy ne>ly ! :ole field ( ! ceil+1 b treat$ 9 an extremely flat & h]aldic way1 ! long fea!rs ( ! w+s foll[+ ! l9es ( ! beams & fall+ p>allel ^u !m & betwe5 !m2 & ^u ! black w+s & body ( ! eagle diff]5t %ields ( arms 7 display$ 9 gold & col\rs1 ! eagle itself be+ pa9t$ ^u ! natural unpa9t$ wood--oak1 ,i ?9k4 ,! "w belong$ to ! ?irte5? or f\rte5? c5tury1 ,i believe4 ,x seem$ ! v anti!sis ( ,italian f9esse & fancy1 b ! fitness ( su* decoration entirely dep5ds ^u its relation to its surr\nd+s1 :i* 9 ?is case 7 p]fectly appropriate4 ,co-op]ative ,relation ,t is ! great po9t to be> 9 m9d 9 all design--! s5se ( relation2 no?+ /&s alone 9 art4 ,l9es & =ms mu/ h>monize ) o!r =ms & l9es3 ! elem5ts ( any design mu/ meet 9 fri5dly co-op]ation2 x is n a bl9d /ruggle = exi/5ce1 a fi]ce competition1 or a /rife = asc5d5cy betwe5 "o motive & ano!r1 "o =m & ano!r1 or a w> ( conflict+ ef=ts4 ,!re may be a /ruggle outside ! design1 9 ! m9d ( ! design]4 ,he may h tri$ h>d aga9/ difficulties to express :at he felt1 & h only rea*$ h>mony ?r\gh discord & /rife1 b ! "w itself %\ld be s]5e2 we %\ld feel t1 h[ev] v>i\s its elem5ts1 !y are n )\t _! purpose & relation "o to ano!r1 t all is ord]$ & organiz$ 9 h>moni\s l9es1 t ev]y?+ has its use & place1 t1 9 %ort1 x illu/rates t excell5t motto1 :e!r = art or life3 ,ea* = all1 & all = ea*4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,( ! ,fundam5tal ,ess5tials ( ,design3 ,l9e1 ,=m1 ,space--,pr9ciples ( ,/ructural & ,ornam5tal ,l9e 9 ,organic ,=ms--,=m & ,mass 9 ,foliage--,ro(s--,! ,m$iaeval ,city--,organic & ,accid5tal ,beauty--,composition3 ,=mal & ,in=mal--,p[] ( ,l9e> ,expression--,relation ( ,masses & ,l9es--,pr9ciples ( ,h>moni\s ,composition4 ,we may take x1 !n1 f ! pr9ciples & examples ,i h endeav\r$ to put be=e y 9 ! previ\s *apt]s1 t !re are ?ree fundam5tal elem5ts or ess5tials ( ,design--,l9e1 ,=m1 ,space4 ,fundam5tal ,ess5tials ( ,design ,l9e we ne$1 n only = our gr\nd-plan & framework1 b also to def9e or express our =ms4 ,=m we ne$ to give sub/ance & mass1 int]e/ & v>iety2 & x is obvi\s t ,space is requir$ to conta9 all ^! elem5ts1 :ile ,space ass]ts its influ5ce1 z we h se51 ^u bo? ,l9e & ,=m 9 comb9ation ^u x1 :e!r object or surface1 by ! %ape ( its b\nd>y1 ! ext5sion ( its plane1 & ! angle & position ( its plane 9 reg>d to ! eye1 z well z f ! po9t ( view ( mat]ial & use4 ,que/ions ( ! "* ( l9e & =m1 & _! comb9ation & disposition 9 or ov] spaces1 are que/ions ( composition4 ,!y dem& ! mo/ c>eful solution1 :atev] our subject & purpose may be1 f ! simple/ l9e> bord] up to ! mo/ elaborate figure design4 ,b al?\gh ! ?ree ess5tials to composition mu/ be always pres5t1 x is always possible to rely m ^u ! qualities ( "o ( !m = our ma9 motive & int]e/1 keep+ ! o!r two subsidi>y4 ,we might c5tralize ! *ief int]e/ ( our composition ^u ,l9e1 = in/ance1 & make h>moni\s relation or comb9ation ( l9es our pr9cipal object 7z 9 l9e-design & ornam5t71 or we might r dwell ^u ! cont\rs1 masses1 & contra/s & relation%ips ( ,=m3 z 9 pictorial design1 figure compositions ( all k9ds1 & modell+ & sculpture3 or1 aga91 we might *oose t ! peculi> "* giv5 by ! control ( c]ta9 inclos+ spaces %\ld det]m9e ! int]e/ ( our design1 z ! due fill+ ( p>ticul> panels & geometric %apes2 or seek ! int]e/ ( a]ial p]spective 9 ! pictorial & atmosph]ic expression ( space4 ,tak+ comb9ations ( ,l9e fir/1 & be>+ 9 m9d :at has be5 said reg>d+ its capacities = expression1 :e!r ( emotion1 direction ( =ce1 movem5t1 re/1 z well z ( facts ( /ructure & surface1 let u see if we c trace ! pr9ciple ( h>moni\s composition1 ( :i* ^! ?+s may be consid]$ z p>ts4 ,l9e 9 ,organic ,=ms ,look at any ( ! sy/ems ( l9e 9 ! organic /ructures ( nature3 ! radiat+ ribs ( ! scallop %ell1 or ! spiral ( _m o!r v>ieties2 ! set ( ! fea!rs ^u ! exp&$ w+ ( a bird2 ! radiation ( ! sun's rays2 ! fl[+ l9e ( ! wave movem5t2 ! l9es ( /ructure 9 fl[]s & leaves2 ! scales ( a fi%2 ! scales ( a p9e-cone or an arti*oke4 ,we feel t any ( ^! comb9ations ( l9es are h>moni\s & beautiful1 & we "k t !y are ess5tial to ! "* & /ructure4 ,!y are organic l9es1 9 %ort4 ,!y mean life & gr[?4 ,9 pr9ciple !y are radiat+ & recurr+ l9es2 9 ea* =m !y repeat ea* o!r 9 v>y+ degrees ( direction & decl5sion ( curve4 ,no two l9es are alike1 yet !re is no contradiction & no unnecess>y l9e1 & v>iety is comb9$ ) unity4 ,ea* af=ds a p]fect in/ance ( h>moni\s composition ( l9e1 & gives u def9ite pr9ciples ^u :i* to "w 7see illu/ration1 p4 #adj;f#jhj74 ,illu/ration 7f#jhj73 ,pr9ciples ( ,/ructural & ,ornam5tal ,l9e 9 ,natural ,=ms4 ,^! sy/ems ( l9e 9 organic nature h be5 adopt$ & adapt$ by art1 & are f\nd ?r\gh\t ! hi/orical =ms ( ornam5t :i*1 z we h good reason to believe1 7 (t5 d]iv$ f me*anical /ructures1 illu/rat+ ! same pr9ciples2 :i*1 aga91 ! logic ( geometry en=ces 9 draw+ on plane surfaces4 ,all organic /ructures tea* u ! same lesson ( relation & recurr5ce ( l9e4 ,! bones ( all v]tebrate animals1 f fi% to man1 illu/rate ! con/ant repetition 9 diff]5t degrees ( ! same "* & direction ( l9e4 ,! v]tebral column itself is an in/ance1 & ! recurr+ spr+ ( ! ribs f x1 l ! bran*es f ! /em ( a tree1 fur!r express$ 9 ! ramification ( ! jo9t$ bones ( ! limbs & extremities4 ,! pr9ciple may be foll[$ out 9 ! /ructure ( ! muscles 9 _! radiat+ fibres1 :i* ! delicate cont\rs & fl[+ l9es ( ! surface ( ! body only comb9e 9 a great] degree ( subtlety 7see illu/ration1 p4 #adb;f#jha;a74 ,illu/ration 7f#jha;a73 ,radiat+1 ,recurr+ & ,c\nt]balanc+ ,l9es 9 ! ,/ructure ( ! ,skeleton & ! ,muscles4 ,look at ! anatomy ( any tree1 z x is disclos$ to u 9 its w9try leaflessness1 a beautiful composition ( l9e r ?an ( =m 7see illu/ration1 p4 #adc;f#jha;b74 ,illu/ration 7f#jha;b73 ,g5]al ,pr9ciples ( ,l9e & ,=m 9 ! ,bran*+ & ,foliage ,masses ( ,trees4 ,"h we see organic life & /ructure express$ 9 ! vigor\s spr+ ( int]-dep5d5t & correspond+ curves1 f ! rigid s9u\s column ( ! ma9 /em spr++ f ! gr\nd1 pres5tly divid$ into ! ma9 =ks ( ! bran*es1 :i* aga9 subdivide & subdivide into small] =ks1 s t ! tree may su/a9 & spread its life 9 ! air & ! sun1 bo? support+ & cont9u+ its exi/5ce by ?is wond]ful economic sy/em ( co-op]ative1 subdivid$1 & graduat$ helpfulness4 ,! massive gre5 pavilion ( summ]1 :i* ?is delicate vault+ ( bran*-"w su/a9s1 gives u ano!r1 m sumptu\s1 b p]haps n a great] beauty 9 ! comb9ation or sub/itution ( =m & mass = l9e composition4 ,=m & ,mass 9 ,foliage ,we might express1 9 an ab/ract way1 ! pr9ciple ( ! l9e-/ructure ( ! ramify+ tree by sup]-impos+ v]tically =k ^u =k 9 gradually dim9i%+ scale1 ei!r curvil9e> or rectangul>2 & ! pr9ciple ( ! mass-/ructure 9 ! =mation ( ! foliage might be express$ by a s]ies ( ov]lapp+ curves1 sugge/ive ( scales or cl\d masses3 to bo? ( :i* inde$ !y correspond 9 pr9ciple1 illu/rat+ ! scale pr9ciple 9 detail & ! cl\d pr9ciple 9 ! mass2 ?us repeat+ ! same g5]al law ( natural ro(+1 or cov]+1 9 diff]5t mat]ials 7see illu/ration1 p4 #ade;f#jhb74 ,illu/ration 7f#jhb73 ,pr9ciples ( ,/ructure 9 ,foliage ,masses4 ,9 a mass ( foliage ea* leaf falls p>tly ov] ! "o bel[ x1 z by ! sy/em ( _! gr[? & susp5sion ^u ! /em !y are ( c\rse b\nd to d1 :e!r symmetric or alt]nate 9 _! arrangem5t1 ! gaps caus$ by decay or accid5t be+ g5]ally fill$ by new %oots4 ,ea* %oot1 eag] to exp& its leaves 9 ! light1 ev] spread+1 =ms mass aft] mass ( ! beautiful gre5 panoply--! coat arm\r ( ! =e/1 arboreal man's fir/ =m ( dome/ic ar*itecture4 ,illu/ration 7f#jhc73 ,alb]t ,dur]3 ,detail f ',! ,prodigal ,son4' ,! pr9ciple ( /ructure "h is j ! same z ! ov]lapp+ pr9ciple ( ! tiles & slates ^u our ord9>y h\se-ro(s2 b ea* leafy tile is diff]5t1 be+ alive1 & 9 ! mass inf9itely v>i$ & beautiful 9 =m & col\r1 in/ead ( be+ me*anical & uni=m1 z we try to make our artificial ro(s4 ,g]man ,ro(s ,v pretty & v>i$ effects are produc$ 9 ! old ro(s ( s\!rn ,g]many by ! use ( diff]5t col\r$ glaz$ tiles--r$1 gre51 & yell[--arrang$ 9 simple patt]ns4 ,"o ( ! old t[]s at ,l9dau has su* a ro(1 & ! col\r effect is v ri* & /rik+4 ,b ,i mu/ n be l$ into a disquisition ^u ro(s fur!r ?an 9 s f> z !y illu/rate ! subject ( composition ( l9e & =m1 & f ! pa9t]'s po9t ( view !y frequ5tly d 9 a v delightful & in/ructive way4 ,illu/ration 7f#jhd73 ,alb]t ,dur]3 ,/4 ,an?ony4 ,:at1 = in/ance1 c be m v>i$ & *>m+ ?an ! compositions we con/antly meet ) 9 ! ri* backgr\nds ( ,alb]t ,dur]8 ,^? /eep b>n ro(s1 & ^? qua9t ,g]man t[ns inclos$ 9 walls ) protect+ t[]s--ne/s ( /eep til$ gables ( e imag9able degree--:i* give s mu* "* & int]e/ to 8 designs1 z 9 ! backgr\nd ( 8 copp]-plates ,! ,prodigal ,son & ,/4 ,an?ony "h giv54 ,_! prototypes /ill exi/ "h & !re 9 ,g]many1 9 su* t[ns z ,ro!nburg1 practically un*ang$ s9ce ! sixte5? c5tury1 & give "o an excell5t idea ( :at su* h\ses 7 l4 ,a visit !re is l a leap back into ! ,middle ,ages4 ,e /reet is a v>i$ & int]e/+ composition4 ,no two h\ses are alike4 ,!y 7 built by ! citiz5s to really pass _! lives 94 ,! t[n is /rongly plac$ ^u ! cre/ ( a hill1 ) a riv] at its foot1 & well =tifi$ & protect$ by massive encircl+ walls & t[]s & deep gates1 :i* give x s /rong & picturesque a "*1 :ile ! timb] & tile-ro($ gall]y = ! w>d]s /ill exi/s along ! inside ( ! walls4 ,su* cities arose by ! /r5g? ( ! social bond among m5--! necessity = mutual help 9 ! ma9t5ance ( a high] /&>d ( life1 & mutual protection aga9/ ! ravages ( s9i/] p[]s4 ,! ,m$iaeval ,city ,/rong ext]nally1 int]nally !y 7 made z home-l & full ( ! v>i$ delight ( ! eyes1 z if ! p _h reason$1 ,s9ce we mu/ live close toge!r 9 a small place1 let u make x z delightful & romantic z we c4 ,we "k t ! idea ( ,p>adise & ! ,new ,j]usalem to ! imag9ation ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 always ! fair wall$ g>d5 & ! f5c$ city4 ,! pa9t]s embodi$ ! idea ( security & protection f ! savage & de/ructive =ces ( nature & man--a sanctu>y ( peace1 a g>d5 ( delight4 ,illu/ration 7f#jhe73 ,ro(-l9es3 ,ro!nburg4 ,we h 9 mod]n times turn$ r f ! city z a complete & beautiful ?+1 to ! individual home1 & to ! int]ior ( t1 &1 9 ! mod]n competitive se>* = ! necess>y /raws & /icks to make our individuali/-dome/ic composition ( com=t & arti/ic complet5ess1 b[]s are too (t5 built ^u ! ru9s ( o!rs1 or are fair by reason ( surr\nd+ degradation4 ,! common collective com=t & delight ( ! eyes is too (t5 ignor$1 s t x comes ab\t t1 if our mod]n cities possess any elem5ts ( beauty or picturesqu5ess1 x is r ow+ to accid5ts & to ! transfigur+ effects ( atmosph]e ?an to ! beauty or v>iety ( ar*itectural =m & col\r4 ,we h to seek inspiration among ! fragm5ts ( ! dead pa/ 9 monum5ts & art s*ools4 ,organic & ,accid5tal ,beauty ,! mod]n developm5t ( ! municipality & ext5sion ( its functions may1 inde$1 d some?+1 z x has done1 & is do+1 some?+ to protect public heal? & fur!r public education2 b we h yet to wait = ! full results1 & ev]y?+ mu/ f9ally dep5d ^u ! public _s & dis9t]e/$ness ( ! citiz5s1 & 9 matt]s ( art ^u a v decid$ b some:at r>e & peculi> sympa?y & ta/e1 z well z en?usiasm4 ,! abs5ce ( beauty ( l9e1 =m1 & proportion f ! ext]nal aspects ( daily life 9 t[ns has probably a great] effect ?an we are apt to realize 9 dead5+ ! imag9ation1 & x c]ta9ly seems to produce a c]ta9 ins5sibility to beauty ( l9e & composition1 s9ce ! p]ception mu/ necess>ily be blunt$ by be+ inur$ to ! commonplace & sordid4 ,! in/9ct = h>mony ( l9e & =m becomes weak5$1 & c only be sl[ly reviv$ by long & c>eful /udy 9 art1 in/ead ( f9d+ its con/ant & mo/ vital /imulus 9 e /reet4 ,= all t1 h[ev]1 an eye tra9$ to obs]ve & select may1 ev5 9 ! dulle/ & d+ie/ /reet1 f9d arti/ic sugge/ions1 if n 9 ! build+s1 !n 9 ! life4 ,& :]e !re is life1 movem5t1 humanity1 !re is sure to be "* & int]e/4 ,gr\ps ( *ildr5 play+ w give u pl5ty ( sugge/ions = figure composition4 ,workpeople go+ to & f _! "w1 ! common works go+ on 9 ! /reet1 ! waggons & horses1 ! %oal ( faces1 ! ceaseless /ream ( life--all ^! ?+s1 :e!r we are able to reproduce !m z direct illu/rations ( ! life ( our "t1 or are mov$ only to select f !m vivid sugge/ions to give =ce to ideal conceptions1 %\ld all be not$--photograph$1 z x 71 in/antane\sly ^u ! s5sitive plate ( ! m9d's vision4 ,we c only le>n ! laws ( movem5t by obs]v+ movem5t--! sw+ & poise ( ! figure1 ! relation ( ! l9es ( limbs & drap]y to ! direction ( =ce & c5tre ( gravity1 s important 9 composition4 ,we mu/ con/antly supplem5t our s*ool & /udio "w by ^! direct impressions ( vivid life & movem5t1 & neglect no opportunity or despise no s\rce or sugge/ion4 ,!re are /ill 9 ,engl& to be f\nd su* old-_w corn]s z ! qua9t /reet ( ,cant]bury 7p4 #aec;f#jhf71 :i* =ms an excell5t /udy 9 ! composition ( angul> & v]tical l9es4 ,illu/ration 7f#jhf73 ,/4 ,m>g>et ,/ ,cant]bury ,aug3 #bg #ahid ,=mal ,composition ,we may p]ceive t !re are at lea/ two k9ds ( composition1 :i* may be di/+ui%$ z3 ,i4 ,=mal4 ,,ii4 ,in=mal4 ,i4 ,"u ! head ( ,=mal may be class$ all ^? sy/ems ( /ructural l9e ) :i* ,i />t$1 & :i* are f\nd ei!r z lead+ motives or fundam5tal plans & bases ?r\gh\t ornam5tal design4 ,yet ev5 ^! may be us$ 9 composition ( figures & o!r =ms :]e ! object is m or less =mal & decorative1 z gov]n+ plans or controll+ l9es4 ,! radiat+ ribs ( a fan1 = in/ance1 might be utiliz$ z ! natural b\nd>ies & inclos+ l9es ( a s]ies ( v]tical figures foll[+ ! radiat+ l9es4 ,a /rictly logical design ( ! k9d w\ld be a s]ies ( figures ) uplift$ arms1 =m+ radiat+ l9es f ! %\ld]s1 some:at 9 ! position ( ,blake's well-kn[n & beautiful composition ( ! ,morn+ ,/>s 9 ! ,book ( ,job1 already illu/rat$4 ,us+ ! ov]lapp+ v]tical scale plan we %\ld get relative positions = a =mal composition ( ?ree figures1 al?\gh !y ne$ n necess>ily be =mal 9 detail4 ,a typical design ( ?ree associat$ ideas treat$ emblematically w\ld be ! mo/ natural use ( su* an arrangem5t--z ,fai?1 ,hope1 & ,*>ity2 ,lib]ty1 ,equality1 ,frat]nity2 ,sci5ce1 ,art1 & ,indu/ry2 or ! ?ree goddesses ,"h1 ,pallas1 & ,aphrodite1 z *oice & purpose might decide4 ,a semicircul> scale plan w\ld n only repeat 9 a safe & s\nd mann]1 b w\ld af=d sugge/ive %apes 9 :i* to ?r[ designs ( figures1 & c\ld be effectively utiliz$ ei!r = a wall or ceil+ repeat4 ,! inclosure =m$ by two spiral l9es gives a graceful ornam5tal %ape = a half-recl9+ figure2 :ile a s]ies ( float+ or fly+ figures l9k+ _! h&s w\ld be appropriately gov]n$ by simil> spiral l9es1 unit+ !m ) ! me&]+ wave l9e 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aee;f#jhg74 ,illu/ration 7f#jhg73 ,=mal ,composition3 ,figure ,designs ,controll$ by ,geometric ,b\nd>ies4 ,^u a s]ies ( semicircles or ellipses1 alt]nat+ horizontally1 might be arrang$ a little frieze ( *ildr5 ) skipp+ ropes1 or ,amor9i ) p5d5t g>l&s2 ! up-&-d[n movem5t 9 ! =m] case be+ convey$ by a v>iation1 ea* alt]nate semicircle be+ /ruck upw>ds4 ,?is w\ld re/ore ! emphatic wave or spiral l9e1 :i* always conveys ! s5se ( rhy?mic movem5t 9 a design4 ,su* a l9e1 v]tically employ$1 w give aga9 a good plan = a s]ies ( seat$ figures1 say emblematic ( ! ,h\rs1 :]e simil>ity ( attitude & type w\ld be appropriate1 :ile ! emblems & accessories might be v>i$4 ,a sev]] treatm5t w\ld be sugge/$ by mak+ ! controll+ l9e angul> 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aef;f#jhh74 ,illu/ration 7f#jhh73 ,=mal ,composition3 ,figure ,designs ,controll$ by ,geometric ,b\nd>ies4 ,su* are a few illu/rations ( :at ,i h t]m$ =mal composition1 9 :i* ! geometric & /ructural plans ( pure ornam5t or ornam5tal l9e maybe utiliz$ to comb9e1 control1 or ev5 sugge/ figure designs4 ,in=mal ,composition ,,ii4 ,:ile =mal compositions1 ?\gh naturally fall+ into classes & types1 may be v>i$ to a v great ext5t1 :5 we come to in=mal compositions ! v>iations are unlimit$1 & a vi/a ( extraord9>y & app>5tly endless *oice1 inv5tion1 & selection op5s out be=e ! design]1 co-ext5sive ) ! v>iety ( nature h]self4 ,9 seek+ h>moni\s & expressive composition 9 ! pictorial direction ! guides are mu* less def9ite & secure4 ,individual feel+ & in/9ct1 :i* mu/ h an important influ5ce 9 all k9ds ( design+1 are 9 ?is direction p>am\nt4 ,yet ev5 "h1 if we look b5ea? ! app>5t fre$om & in=mality1 we f9d c]ta9 laws at "w :i* seem to diff] only 9 degree f ! m def9ite & con/ructive control ( l9e :i* we h be5 consid]+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re are our direct impressions f nature2 &1 secondly1 our consci\s aims & ef=ts to express an idea 9 our m9ds4 ,we h ! same re/rict$ & def9ite =ms ( language & mat]ials 9 ea* case--l9e1 =m1 space1 bru%es1 p5cil1 col\r1 pap]1 canvas1 or clay4 ,we are tak5 by "s p>ticul> sc5e3 ! composition ( l9e & =m at a p>ticul> spot attracts u m ?an ano!r4 ,we d n /op z a rule to ask :y1 s9ce x usually takes all our "t & our be/ skill to get into %ape :at we are seek+--& c>ry away ) u an arti/ic record ( ! place4 ,we h se5 t 9 ! case ( c]ta9 natural /ructures1 %ells1 leaves1 fl[]s1 ! fundam5tal /ructural l9es are s beautiful t !y n only =m ornam5t 9 !mselves1 b furni% ! basis = :ole types & families ( ornam5t4 ,:5 we look at a l&scape1 putt+ aside = ! mom5t all ! surface *>ms ( col\r & effect1 & conc5trat+ our att5tion ^u its l9es ( /ructures1 we %all f9d t x owes a great "p ( its beauty to ! h>moni\s relation ( its lead+ l9es1 or to c]ta9 pleasant contra/s1 or a c]ta9 impressiv5ess ( =m & mass1 & at ! same "t we %all p]ceive t ?is l9e> expression is insep>able f ! s5tim5t or emotion sugge/$ by t p>ticul> sc5e4 ,a g5tle s\!rn l&scape--undulat+ d[ns1 & w&]+ %eep-walks2 ! s(t r\nd$ masses ( ! %eep ^u smoo? cropp$ turf--all ^! are s _m notes or words 9 ! language ( l9e & =m :i* g to express ! idea ( pa/oral life4 ,!y are inextricably b\nd up ) insep>able associations convey$ by su* l9es & =ms4 ,! undulat+ l9es ( re/+ or danc+ figures w\ld only give po9t1 true emphasis1 & v>iety1 & a note ( contra/ 9 ! =ms w\ld s]ve to br+ out ! g5]al s5tim5t m /rongly4 ,sub/itute rugg$ rocks1 swoll5 torr5ts1 w9d-toss$ trees & /ormy skies1 & all is *ang$4 ,su* ?+s _c be express$ )\t mu* m emphatic l9es & masses1 & ! use ( oppos+ angles & en]getic curves ( movem5t :i* w\ld be de/ructive ( ! s5tim5t ( peace1 9 o!r cases4 ,yet ev5 !n to convey ! expression ( en]gy & rapid movem5t1 conc]t$ gr\ps ( l9es are none ! less necess>y 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aei;f#jhi74 ,illu/ration 7f#jhi73 ,in=mal ,composition3 ,expression ( 7#a7 ,/orm & 7#b7 ,calm ,9 ,l&scape4 ,su* comp>isons indicate n only t !re is a necess>y association ( ideas ) c]ta9 l9es & =ms1 b also t c]ta9 relations & associations ( l9e ( a simil> "* are necess>y to produce a h>moni\s composition1 & "o :i* conveys a def9ite & p]vad+ s5tim5t or emotion1 j z we saw t ! controll+ l9es ( /ructural curves1 spirals1 & angles require to be 9 relation1 & to be re-e*o$ by ! "* ( ! design !y inclose or :i* is built ^u !m4 ,! same law holds true 9 figure composition4 ,! s5se ( repose & re/fulness necess>y to sitt+ or recl9+ gr\ps dep5ds ^u ! g5tle declivities ( ! curves & _! gradual desc5t to ! horizontal4 ,illu/ration 7f#jij73 ,in=mal ,composition3 ,expression ( ,repose & ,action4 ,draw a figure sitt+ rigid1 t5se1 & al]t1 & y de/roy ! s5se ( repose at once1 & y are oblig$ also to resort to angles1 /ill m emphatic :]e /rong action is to be express$2 :ile to express cont9ual or progressive movem5t1 a *oice ( associat$ l9es ( action 9 diff]5t /ages ( progress lead+ up to ! cresc5do ( ! f9al "o 7z 9 a gr\p ( m[]s7 w\ld be necess>y 7see illu/rations1 p4 #afa;f#jij74 ,we _c1 !n1 9 any composition h too def9ite a conception4 ,we mu/1 at any sacrifice ( detail1 br+ out ! ma9 expression & mean+4 ,e gr\p ( figures mu/ be 9 ! /ricte/ relation to ea* o!r & to ! c5tral int]e/ or expression ( ! design4 ,y _c1 = in/ance1 9 a procession ( figures1 make y\r faces turn all sorts ( ways )\t /opp+ ! onw>d movem5t :i* is ess5tial to ! idea ( a procession4 ,?is w\ld n preclude v>iety1 b ! g5]al t5d5cy mu/ be 9 "o direction4 ,e l9e 9 a composition mu/ lead up to ! c5tral idea1 & be subord9at$ or contributory to x 7see illu/ration1 ,nos4 #a & #b1 p4 #afc;f#jia;a74 ,illu/ration 7f#jia;a73 7#a7 & 7#b7 ,movem5t 9 a ,procession ,! same ) masses3 y _c put a numb] ( =ms toge!r )\t "s sort ( relation1 ei!r ( g5]al "* & cont\r or "s unit+ l9e4 ,we may le>n ?is pr9ciple f nature also4 ,look at a heap ( brok5 /ones & debris1 :i* 9 detail may conta9 all sorts ( v>ieties ( =m1 z we f9d !m tumbl$ d[n a /eep place1 z ! rocky b$ ( a m\nta9 /ream1 a heap ( b\ld]s ^u a hillside1 or ! debris f a qu>ry or m9e2 9 ea* case ! law ( gravity & ! p]si/5ce ( =ce work+ toge!r arrange ! div]se =ms 9 masses controll$ by ! l9es1 :i* express ! direction & degree ( desc5t1 & ! pressure ( =ce4 ,! same ?+ may be se5 on any hilly gr\nd aft] heavy ra92 ! scatt]$ pebbles are arrang$ 9 relat$ gr\ps1 comb9$ & compos$ by ! fl[ ( m9iature /reams1 :i* *annel ! face ( ! gr\nd & =m holl[s = _! reception 7see ,nos4 #c & #d1 p4 #afc;f#jia;b74 ,! =ce ( ! tides & curr5ts ^u ! sea-%ore illu/rates ! same pr9ciple & af=ds u magnific5t lessons 9 composition1 n only 9 ! delicate l9es tak5 by ! sculptur$ s&1 b 9 ! h>moni\s gr\p+ ( masses ( %+le & %ells1 we$s & drift1 arrang$ by ! movem5t ( ! waves4 ,illu/ration 7f#jia;b73 7#c7 ,l9es ,left by a ,wat]c\rse1 7#d7 ,l9es ,gov]n+ ,fall5 ,debris f a ,qu>ry4 ,pr9ciples ( ,h>moni\s ,composition ,s t we may see t ! pr9ciples ( h>moni\s composition are n ! outcome ( m]ely caprici\s fancy or p$antic rule1 b are illu/rat$ ?r\gh\t ! visible _w by ! laws & =ces ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,x is = ! arti/ to obs]ve & apply !m 9 8 own "w ( re-creation4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,( ! ,relief ( ,=m--,?ree ,me?ods--,contra/--,light & ,%ade1 & ,modell+--,! ,use ( ,contra/ & ,planes 9 ,patt]n ,design+--,decorative ,relief--,simple ,l9e> ,contra/--,relief by ,l9e> ,%ad+--,diff]5t ,emphasis 9 reliev+ ,=m by ,%ad+ ,l9es--,relief by means ( ,light & ,%ade alone )\t ,outl9e--,photographic ,projection--,relief by diff]5t ,planes & ,contra/s ( ,concave & ,convex ,surfaces 9 ,ar*itectural ,m\ld+s--,modell$ ,relief--,decorative ,use ( ,light & ,%ade1 & diff]5t ,planes 9 ,modell+ & ,c>v+--,egyptian ,sy/em ( ,relief ,sculpture--,greek & ,go?ic ,ar*itectural ,sculpture1 influ5c$ by ,/ructural & ,ornam5tal ,feel+--,sculptural ,tombs1 ,m$als1 ,co9s1 ,gems--,flor5t9e ,fifte5?-c5tury ,reliefs--,desid]iodi ,settignano4 ,we come n[ to ! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s means & me?ods ( express+ relief 9 l9e & =m4 ,we may def9e a =m 9 outl9e & give x diff]5t qualities ( expression by alt]+ ! quality & consi/5cy ( our outl9e1 & we may obta9 v diff]5t k9ds ( decorative effect by ! use ( l9es ( v>i\s degrees ( ?ickness or ?9ness2 b if we want to give x =ce & col\r1 & to di/+ui% x f its backgr\nd m emphatically1 we mu/ add to our outl9e4 ,?ree ,me?ods ( ,express+ ,relief ,!re are ?ree pr9cipal me?ods or sy/ems ( giv+ relief by add+ to our outl9e4 ,"o is ! me?od ( giv+ relief to =m by contra/s ( tone1 col\r1 or t9t4 ,ano!r by means ( ! expression ( light & %ade3 & ! ?ird by means ( modell+ 9 relief4 ,n[1 /ill keep+ to expression by means ( l9e1 ! ?ree arms ,i h sket*$ 7p4 #afg;f#jib7 illu/rate3 7#a7 ! =m 9 outl9e alone2 7#b7 ! contra/ me?od2 & 7#c7 ! light & %ade me?od4 ,! ?ree pots und]nea? illu/rate ! same ?ree /ages 9 a simpl] mann]4 ,9 numb] "o we see ! outl9e def9+ ! =m pure & simple3 9 numb] two ! =m is reliev$ by a half-tone =m$ ( diagonal l9es1 =m+ a plane or backgr\nd beh9d x4 ,! arm is /ill fur!r reliev$ by ! d>k drap]y4 ,numb] ?ree %[s ! relief c>ri$ fur!r by l9es expressive ( ! modell+ ( ! arm & ! r\nd+ ( ! pot1 & also by ca/ %ad[s f ! =ms4 ,illu/ration 7f#jib73 ,! ,relief ( ,=m3 7#a7 ,by ,outl9e1 7#b7 ,by ,contra/1 7#c7 ,by ,light & ,%ade4 ,! sy/em ( express+ relief ,i h t]m$ relief by contra/ includes two k9ds ( contra/3 !re are ! contra/s ( l9e & =m1 & !re are ! contra/s ( planes ( tone or t9t & local col\r4 ,we may consid] t ! contra/ me?od cov]s g5]ally all =ms ( patt]n & c]ta9 k9ds ( pictorial design4 ,! me?od ( express+ relief by means ( l9e cov]s g5]ally all =ms ( design 9 black & :ite1 graphic sket*+1 p5-draw+1 & "w ) ! po9t ( all k9ds4 ,( ! ,use ( ,contra/ & ,planes ,tak+ ! pr9ciple ( contra/ z appli$ to patt]n design1 we c1 ev5 )9 ! limit$ range ( black & :ite & half-t9t 7z express$ by l9es71 get a consid]able am\nt ( decorative effect4 ,9 ! fir/ place by br++ out our patt]n1 previ\sly outl9$1 ^u a black gr\nd 7z 9 ,nos4 #a & #b1 p4 #afi;f#jic71 increas+ ! ri*ness ( effect1 & gett+ a second plane by treat+ ! l[] "p 9 an op5 t9t ( l9e4 ,simple contra/s ( d>k ^u light or light ^u d>k are effective1 & suffici5t = _m purposes1 su* z bord]s 7z 9 ,nos4 #b & #c1 p4 #afi;f#jic74 ,:5 a light] k9d ( relief & effect is requir$1 ! recurr+ =ms 9 a bord] are (t5 suffici5tly emphasiz$ by a t9t ( op5 l9es3 movem5t & v>iety be+ giv5 by mak+ !m foll[ ! m9or curves ( ! successive =ms1 z 9 ?is in/ance 7,no #d1 p4 #afi;f#jic7 ! movem5t ( ! wat] is sugge/$ beh9d ! fi%4 ,! relation ( ! pla9 gr\nd-"w to ! figure ( ! patt]n is also an important po9t2 inde$ ! pla9 p>ts ( ! patt]n1 or ! int]/ices & int]vals ( ! patt]n1 are z ess5tial to ! patt]n z ! figur$ p>ts4 ,9 designs int5d$ = v>i\s processes ( manufacture1 su* z pr9t$ or wov5 textiles1 wall-pap]s1 etc41 :]e blocks or roll]s are us$ to repeat ! patt]n1 ! ext5t ( pla9 9 proportion to figur$ p>ts mu/ be gov]n$ 9 "s measure by ! practicable size ( ! repeat3 b )9 c]ta9 limits great v>iety ( proportion is possible4 ,a simple b ess5tially decorative pr9ciple is to pres]ve a c]ta9 equality betwe5 ! figur$ masses & ! gr\nd masses4 ,! leaf patt]ns 7,nos4 #f & #g1 p4 #afi;f#jic7 consi/ simply ( ! repetition & rev]sal ( a s+le elem5t4 ,an emphatic effect is obta9$ by br++ ! leaves out black ^u a :ite gr\nd 7z 9 ,no4 #f71 :ile a flatt] & s(t] effect is ! result ( ?r[+ !m ^u a plane ( half-t9t express$ by horizontal l9es1 ) a simil> effect ( relief to t :i* w\ld be giv5 by ! w>p1 if ! patt]n 7 wov54 ,= l>g] surfaces1 great] repose & dignity 9 patt]n may be obta9$ by a great] proportion ( ! repeat be+ occupi$ by ! gr\nd 7z 9 ,no4 #e1 p4 #afi;f#jic74 ,illu/ration 7f#jic73 ,relief ( ,=m & ,l9e 9 ,patt]n ,design by ,means ( ,contra/ & ! ,use ( ,planes4 ,inde$ we may consid] z a g5]al pr9ciple t ! l>g] ! int]spaces ( ! gr\nd1 plane1 or field ( ! patt]n1 ! light] 9 t9t !y %\ld be1 or ! necess>y flatness is apt to be lo/4 ,relief 9 patt]n design may be said to be add+ int]e/ & ri*ness )\t los+ ! flatness & repose ( ! design z a :ole4 ,:5 patt]n & gr\nd are fairly equally balanc$ 9 quantity ! gr\nd may be ri* & d>k1 & d>ke/ z ! int]/ices1 :]e ! gr\nd is %[n1 become less4 ,! figure ( a patt]n reliev$ z light ^u a d>k plane1 z a rule1 requires to be full] 9 =m ?an d>k-figur+ ^u a light gr\nd4 ,decorative ,relief ,9 decorative "w ! use ( contra/ 9 ! relief ( p>ts ( a design is (t5 useful & effective1 z1 = in/ance1 ! d>k %ad+ or treatm5t 9 black or flat tone ( ! alt]nat+ "u side ( a turn-ov] leaf bord]4 ,! decorative value ( ?is pr9ciple is recogniz$ by h]aldic design]s 9 ! treatm5t ( ! mantl+ ( ! helmet1 :i* 9 e>li] times is treat$ simply z a hang+ or fly+ /rip ( drap]y ) a l9+ ( a diff]5t col\r1 by :i* x is reliev$ z x hangs 9 simple spiral folds4 ,?is ornam5tal elem5t became develop$ by ! design]s ( ! fifte5? & sixte5? c5turies into elaborate scroll designs spr++ f ! circlet ( ! helmet & surr\nd+ ! %ield3 b ! pr9ciple ( ! turn$-up l9+ rema9$1 (t5 v>iegat$ & enri*$ ) h]aldic patt]ns 7see illu/rations1 pp4 #agb;f#jid;a1 #agc;f#jid;b7499 99 ,! increas$ importance giv5 to ! mantl+ 9 lat] times may h be5 due to ! disappe>ance ( ! h\s+s ( ! knight's horse & 8 surcoat1 :i* orig9ally display$ 8 arms & col\rs4 ,! mantl+ ( lat] times display$ ! h]aldic col\rs ( ! knight1 :51 be+ clad 9 plate arm\r1 !re 0 no o!r means ( display+ !m except on ! %ield4 ,decoratively1 ( c\rse1 ! mantl+ is ( great value to ! h]aldic design]1 enabl+ him to =m mu* m graceful compositions1 to comb9e div]se & rigid elem5ts ) free & fl[+ l9es & masses1 & to fill panels ) great] ri*ness & effect1 :e!r c>v$ or pa9t$1 or bo?4 ,illu/ration 7f#jid;a73 ,decorative ,relief3 ,c\nt]*ange1 ,treatm5t ( ,mantl+1 ,f\rte5? & ,sixte5? ,c5turies4 ,illu/ration 7f#jid;b73 ,decorative ,relief3 ,treatm5t ( ,mantl+4 ,use ( ,diap]$ ,backgr\nds ,! pr9ciple1 too1 ( c\nt]*ange 9 h]aldry answ]s to our pr9ciple ( relief by contra/1 & ?\gh its *ief *>m lies 9 its ornam5tal range ( =m & col\r comb9ations1 x c be express$ 9 black & :ite1 & x rema9s a univ]sal pr9ciple ?r\gh\t decorative art4 ,! decorative effect & *>m ( ! relief ( l>ge & bold =ms ^u ri* & delicate diap]s is also an important res\rce ( ! design]4 ,! monum5tal art ( ! ,middle ,ages af=ds multitudes ( examples ( ?is pr9ciple 9 ornam5tal treatm5t4 ,! m9iaturi/ ( ! twelf? & ?irte5? c5turies con/antly reliev$ 8 gr\ps ( figures ^u a diap]$ gr\nd4 ,! ar*itectural sculptor reliev$ ! broad masses ( fl[+ drap]y & ! bold projection ( 8 effigies & recumb5t figures by delicately *isell$ diap]s ^u ! surface ( ! wall beh9d !m4 ,?is treatm5t may frequ5tly be se5 9 ! recess$ tombs ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,! incisor ( memorial brasses1 aga91 m especially 9 cont95tal examples1 %[s a fondness = ! same pr9ciple4 ,! long v]tical l9es ( drap]y ( ladies & ecclesia/ics1 ! broad masses ( ! h]aldic surcoat1 or arm\r ( ! knights1 ! ri* & heavy furr$ g[ns ( ! burgh]s1 are (t5 reliev$ ^u beautiful diap]$ or arabesque gr\nds1 g5]ally embody+ "s h]aldic device1 motto1 or emblem ( ! p]son or family ^: tomb x ornam5ts4 ,su* decoration is /rictly l9e>1 yet )9 its own limits1 & p]haps because ( !m1 we f9d 9 ?is prov9ce ( design extremely admirable "w1 no less = del9eation ( "* & decorative treatm5t ?an = ornam5tal inv5tion controll$ by /rict economy ( l9e4 ,illu/ration 7f#jie73 ,relief ,^u a ,diap]$ ,gr\nd3 ,brass ( ,m>t9 ,de ,vis*1 ,bruges1 #adeb4 ,relief ( ,=m by ,l9e> ,%ad+ ,?is br+s u to ! consid]ation ( our second me?od ( relief by means ( l9e4 ,take any simple alli$ elem5ts to =m a repeat+ patt]n1 say spiral %ells1 place !m at c]ta9 rhy?mic int]vals1 & we c unite & at ! same "t give !m relief by fill+ 9 ! gr\nd by a s]ies ( wav$ l9es to sugge/ ! ribb$ s&4 ,add a few dots to s(t5 & v>y ! effect1 & we get a patt]n ( a c]ta9 balance & consi/5cy 7,no4 #a1 p4 #agg;f#jif;a74 ,illu/ration 7f#jif;a73 ,relief 9 ,patt]n ,design by ,means ( ,simple ,l9e> ,contra/s 7#a7 ,) ! m v>i$ & complex floral =m1 b treat$ 9 a v ab/ract way1 plac+ ! daisies 9 a l9e1 horizontally1 & rev]s+ ! sprig = ! alt]nate r[1 we h ano!r motive1 :i* is connect$ & /eadi$ z well z reliev$ by ! sugge/ion ( grass blades 9 gr\ps ( ?ree slightly radiat$ v]tical /rokes 7,no4 #b1 p4 #agg;f#jif;b74 ,a patt]n ( two elem5ts1 aga91 may be =m$ 9 a /ill m simple way by l9e> contra/1 z 9 ,no4 #c1 :]e ! pyramidal trees are =m$ by a cont9u\s s]p5t9e /roke ( ! p5 t]m9at+ 9 a spiral /em4 ,! diagonal arrangem5t ( ! trees produces a *equ]1 ! int]vals ( :i* c be v>i$ by ! contra/+ black masses ( ! birds4 ,illu/ration 7f#jif;b73 ,relief 9 ,patt]n ,design by ,means ( ,simple ,l9e> ,contra/s 7#b71 7#c7 ,9 graphic draw+1 l9es to express =ms 9 ! relief ( light & %ade are (t5 ne$$ to give additional =ce ev5 :]e no great degree ( realism is desir$4 ,a t9t =m$ by horizontal l9es is suffici5t to relieve a face f ! backgr\nd & give x solidity1 :ile local col\r may be giv5 to ! hair1 & at ! same "t s]ve to relieve ! leaves ( a wrea? encircl+ ! head 7see illu/ration1 p4 #agh;f#jig;a74 ,illu/ration 7f#jig;a73 ,relief by ,add+ ,%ad+ ,l9es to ,outl9e4 ,! ri* effect ( clu/]$ apples gr[+ among _! leaves c\ld h>dly be sugge/$ )\t ! use ( l9es expressive ( light & %ade1 ! int]/ices ( ! deepe/ %ade runn+ into solid black 7p4 #agh;f#jig;a74 ,9 add+ l9es 9 ?is k9d ( way to give relief or extra ri*ness or =ce1 ! draughtsman is really design+ a sy/em ( l9es ^u 8 outl9e basis1 :i* may h q z decorative a quality z ! outl9e itself4 ,at ! same "t no?+ is m *>act]i/ic ( ! arti/ ?an ! way 9 :i* su* l9es are us$1 & ( c\rse ! *oice ( direction & arrangem5t ( su* l9es w make all ! diff]5ce 9 ! effect ( ! draw+4 ,diagonal ,%ad+ ,:]e ! object is to express ! figure 9 broad masses ( light & %ade1 ! use ( a s]ies ( diagonal l9es is an effective1 & probably ! mo/ ready & rapid1 me?od :5 work+ ) ! p5 7see p4 #agi;f#jig;b74 ,?is sy/em ( express+ ! broad surfaces ( %ade 0 mu* us$ by ! ,italian ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance 9 _! rapid p5 sket*es & /udies ( figures1 & a c]ta9 bread? & /yle is giv5 to _! draw+s ow+ 9 "p to ! simplicity ( ?is l9e> treatm5t4 ,illu/ration 7f#jig;b73 ,relief ( ,=m by ,diagonal ,%ad+4 ,emphasis ,no d\bt ! simpl] ! sy/em ( l9e adopt$ 9 giv+ relief to figures ! bett]1 if ! p>ticul> expression aim$ at is accompli%$1 &1 z a g5]al rule1 we %\ld endeav\r to get ! necess>y =ce & dep? )\t ! use ( cross-l9e1 or _m diff]5t directions ( l9e 9 %ad+ a figure3 b1 giv5 any p[] ( draughtsman%ip1 ! individuality ( ! arti/ is b\nd to come 91 & x is n likely1 nor is x to be desir$1 t any two arti/s 9 l9e %\ld give exactly ! same acc\nt ( natural fact1 or reproduce ! images 9 _! m9ds 9 ! same =ms1 any m ?an we %\ld expect two writ]s to express _! ideas 9 ! same t]ms4 ,! k9d & degree ( emphasis ^u diff]5t p>ts1 ! selection ( mom5t or fact1 w\ld all naturally make consid]able diff]5ces 9 ! treatm5t4 ,! ?ree sket*es ( ! skirt danc] are giv5 z in/ances ( ! diff]5t effects & expression to be obta9$ 9 r5d]+ ! same subject 7p4 #aha;f#jih74 ,illu/ration 7f#jih73 ,diff]5t ,me?od & ,diff]5t ,emphasis 9 ,reliev+ ,=m by ,%ad+ ,l9es4,a1 ,b1 ,c ,9 ,a ! broad relief ( ! :ite dress aga9/ ! tones ( ! floor & backgr\nd1 & ! d>k] note ( ! hair1 are ! facts *iefly dwelt ^u4 ,9 ,b ! =m ( ! figure is br\ght out 9 broad light & %ade & ca/ %ad[1 & ! dress reliev$ by radiat+ folds4 ,9 ,c quick] movem5t is giv51 ! l9es ( ! successive wave-%ap$ folds radiat+ spirally f ! %\ld]s be+ ! *ief means ( convey+ ?is1 :ile ! head & arms are ?r[n into /rong relief aga9/ a d>k backgr\nd1 ! ca/ %ad[ be+ ( a light] tone4 ,! direction ( l9e us$ 9 reliev+ =ms1 & express+ modell+ & details1 mu/ dep5d mu* ^u individual ta/e & feel+ z well z k ( =m4 ,! elem5t ( beauty ( design also comes 91 & ! "q betwe5 ?is & =ce or lit]alness--! diff]5ce betwe5 a /udy or direct transcript f nature1 & a design ) a purely ornam5tal aim1 or a composition direct$ ma9ly to ! expression ( a p>ticul> idea or emotion4 ,su* consid]ations w ultimately det]m9e ! *oice & use ( l9e1 ! degree ( relief & emphasis1 = ^! & ! direction ( ! l9e itself are ! syllables & ! words :i* w convey ! purport ( ! "w to ! m9d ( ! behold]4 ,/udy ( ! ma/]s ( l9e--,dur]1 ,titian1 ,mantegna1 ,holbe9--w in=m u z to its capacities & limitations4 ,! limitations1 too1 ( me?od & mat]ial w be a p[]ful factor 9 ! det]m9ation ( /yle 9 ! use ( l9e & 9 ! economy ( its use4 ,! bold firm l9e suitable to ! facsimile woodcut1 ! broad & simple treatm5t ( l9e ) solid black useful 9 ! plank-cut l9e block to be us$ ) col\r blocks1 ! comp>atively free & uncondition$ p5-draw+ = ! surface-pr9t$ process block--all ^! w f9ally give a c]ta9 "* to our "w beyond our own idiosyncrasies 9 ! use ( ! p5 or ! bru%4 ,illu/ration 7f#jii73 ,alb]t ,dur]'s ,pr9ciple 9 ! ,treatm5t ( ,drap]y3 ,f ! ,woodcut 9 ! ,life ( ! ,virg9 ,s]ies4 ,useful ?+s may be le>n$ by ! way1 su* z ,alb]t ,dur]'s pr9ciple ( giv+ sub/ance to 8 figures & details1 m especially se5 9 8 treatm5t ( drap]y1 :5 ! l9es run into solid black & express ! deep] folds & give emphasis & solidity to ! figure 7p4 #ahc;f#jii74 ,! reproductions "h giv5 ( sket*es ( drap]y by ,filipp9o ,lippi & ,raphael also %[ ! same pr9ciple4 ,illu/ration 7f#ajj73 ,alb]t ,dur]3 ,p5-,draw+4 ,a figure or object ( any k9d1 se5 9 full light & %ade1 is reliev$ at any ( its edges ei!r z d>k aga9/ light1 or z light aga9/ d>k1 & we recognize x z a solid =m 9 ?is way2 ! b\nd>ies ( natural light & %ade def9+ x1 & project+ x f ! backgr\nd ^u ! vision4 ,!re may be inf9ite modulations1 ( c\rse1 betwe5 ! light "p1 ! half-tones1 & ! d>ke/ p>ts2 b ?is broad pr9ciple gov]ns all "w repres5t+ light & %ade4 ,illu/ration 7f#aja73 ,filipp9o ,lippi3 ,/udy ( ,drap]y4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! pr9ciple ( ! relief ( =m repres5t$ ^u a plane surface4 ,illu/ration 7f#ajb73 ,raphael3 ,/udies ( ,drap]y4 ,relief by ,light & ,%ade ,alone ,if ! draughtsman's object be to repres5t ! appe>ance ( a figure or any object 9 full natural light & %ade ) ! p5 or o!r po9t1 he c\ld d s )\t us+ outl9e at all1 b by simply obs]v+ ?is pr9ciple & def9+ ! b\nd>ies ( light on d>k or half-tone 9 _! prop] masses & relations4 ,! p5 sket* ( ! man ) ! hoe 7p4 #ahh;f#ajc;a7 is int5d$ to illu/rate ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration 7f#ajc;a73 ,relief by ,means ( ,light & ,%ade ,alone1 9 ,p5-draw+ ,)\t ,outl9e4 ,!re is also ! me?od ( repres5t+ =m 9 relief by means ( work+ ) :ite l9e only ^u a d>k gr\nd1 ! modell+ & planes ( surface be+ entirely express$ 9 ?is way 7z 9 ,a1 p4 #ahi;f#ajc;b74 ,?is may be t]m$ draw+ by means ( light1 & may be contra/$ ) ! opposite me?od ( work+ by means ( black l9e only on a light gr\nd1 or draw+ by means ( %ade 7z 9 ,b1 p4 #ahi;f#ajc;b74 ,illu/ration 7f#ajc;b73 ,relief ( ,=m3 7,a7 ,by ,:ite ,l9e ,only on ,d>k ,gr\nd1 & 7,b7 ,by ,black ,l9e ,only on ,light ,gr\nd4 ,yet ano!r me?od1 & "o 9 :i* ! effect ( relief c be obta9$ m readily & rapidly1 p]haps1 is by work+ on a half-ton$ pap]1 draw+ 9 ! =m ) p5cil1 *alk1 or bru%1 block+ 9 ! d>k] %ad[s & height5+ ! highe/ lights ) t\*es ( :ite4 ,^! :ite t\*es1 h[ev]1 %\ld be /rictly limit$ to ! highe/ lights4 ,?is me?od is repres5t$ by ! half-tone blocks us$ 9 ?is book1 ^? :i* 7 tak5 f draw+s made on br[n pap] & t\*$ ) :ite4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ! ,photograph ,! def9ition ( =m by means ( light is /rictly ! pr9ciple ( ! photograph1 :i* compreh5ds & illu/rates its complem5t>y ( relief by means ( %ade1 & ,i ?9k x is due to ! influ5ce ( ! photograph t mod]n black-&-:ite arti/s h s (t5 work$ on ^! pr9ciples4 ,! draw+s ( ,fr$]ick ,walk] & ,*>les ,ke5e may be ref]r$ to z examples4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 hope to return to ?is bran* ( ! subject lat]4 ,relief 9 ,ar*itectural ,m\ld+s ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ! relief ( =m by means ( l9e4 ,we n[ come to :at may be t]m$ ! relief ( =m by actual =m & plane1 or modell+ 9 actual light & %ade1 z 9 ar*itecture & sculptors' & c>v]s' "w4 ,!n relief is ga9$ by ! contra/ ( actually diff]5t planes1 =ms1 surfaces1 & textures4 ,! simple/ illu/rations ( ! pr9ciples ( modell$ relief are to be f\nd 9 ar*itectural m\ld+s1 by means ( :i* build+s are reliev$ & enri*$1 & important /ructural or functional p>ts are emphasiz$1 z 9 cornices & ribs ( vaults1 ar*es1 & op5+s4 ,place a concave m\ld+ side by side ) a convex "o ei!r horizontally or v]tically1 & a c]ta9 pleasant effect ( contra/+ light & %ade is ! result1 rem9d+ "o ( ! recurr+ concave & convex ( ! roll+ waves ( ! sea 7,a1 p4 #aia;f#ajd74 ,a s]ies ( flat planes ( diff]5t wid?s & at diff]5t levels also produces a pleasant k9d ( relief useful 9 a picture frame or ! jamb ( a door 7,b74 ,all ar*itectural m\ld+s might be said to be modifications or comb9ations ( ! pr9ciples illu/rat$ by ^! two4 ,v diff]5t feel+ may be express$ 9 m\ld+s1 & if we comp>e ! two types1 ! classical & ! ,go?ic1 ! comp>atively broad & simple effect ( ! =m] 7,c1 ,d1 ,e1 ,f1 ,g7 contra/s ) ! ri*ness & v>iety & ! /rong] effect ( light & %ade1 produc$ by deep und]cutt+1 9 ! latt] 7,h1 ,i1 ,j1 ,k74 ,illu/ration 7f#ajd73 ,relief 9 ,ar*itectural ,m\ld+s4 ,! ,romans1 h[ev]1 produc$ ri* & highly ornate effects 9 ! use ( ^! types ( m\ld+s1 z !y reappe>$ 9 ! ,cor9?ian ord]1 ! ovolo cut into ! egg & d>t1 ) ! ,a/ralagus b5ea?1 ! ,cyma recta above ! brackets ( ! cornice ca/+ a bold %ad[1 & bo? 9 ! cornice & ! holl[ b5ea? ! d5tils enri*$ ) c>v+1 z se5 9 ! spl5did fragm5t ( ! ,=um ( ,n]va4 ,illu/ration 7f#aje73 ,roman ,treatm5t ( ,cor9?ian ,ord]1 ,=um ( ,n]va1 ,rome4 ,:5 we pass to ! m complex problems ( figure modell+ & sculpture1 x is b c>ry+ on & develop+ ! same pr9ciple ( ! contra/ ( planes1 ( ! relief ( plane ^u plane1 ( =ms ^u "o plane1 to =ms ^u =ms 9 _m planes4 ,f ! contra/ ( bead & holl[ we come to consid] ! contra/ betwe5 ! r\nd$ limb & ! s9u\s folds ( drap]y2 f ! rhy?m ( ! acan?us scroll we turn to ! less obvi\s b none ! less exi/+ rhy?m ( ! sculptural frieze4 ,l9e1 we may say1 controls ! modell]'s & sculptor's composition1 b =m & its treatm5t 9 light & %ade give him 8 means ( ornam5t4 ,! delicate cont\rs ( faces & limbs contra/$ ) ! spiral & radiat+ folds ( drap]y1 or ri* clu/]s ( leaves & fruits1 ! =ms ( animals & ! w+s ( birds--^! are 8 decorative res\rces4 ,egyptian ,reliefs ,! e>ly /ages ( sculpture 9 relief may be se5 9 ! monum5tal "w ( anci5t ,egypt4 ,simple incis$ "w appe>s to h be5 ! fir/ /age1 & ! =ms aft]w>ds slightly modell$ or r\nd$ at ! edges into ! holl[ ( ! sunk outl9e4 ,l>ge figures & tables ( hi]oglyphic inscription 7 ?us cut ^u va/ mural surfaces1 & c>ri$ across ! jo9ts ( ! masonry1 )\t di/urb+ ! flatness & repose ( ! wall surface 7p4 #aie;f#ajf74 ,! ,egyptians1 inde$1 seem to h treat$ _! walls m z if !y 7 books = record & /atem5t1 symbol & hi]oglyphic4 ,illu/ration 7f#ajf73 ,egyptian ,sy/em ( ,sculptur$ ,relief3 ,!bes4 ,messrs4 ,p]rot & ,*ipiez1 9 _! ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,art 9 ,egypt1 speak ( ?ree processes 9 ! treatm5t ( ,egyptian reliefs 7vol4 ii41 p4 #bhd73 #a4 ,t foll[$ by ! ,greeks1 9 :i* ! figures are left /&+ out f a smoo? b$1 sometimes slightly holl[$ ne> ! cont\rs 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aif;fig#ajf74 #b4 ,:]e ! figures are modell$ 9 relief 9 a sunk holl[1 f an in* to "o & a half in* deep4 #c4 ,:]e ! surface ( ! figures & ! b$ or field ( relief are kept on "o level 7see illu/ration1 p4 #aif;f#ajg71 ! cont\rs indicat$ by holl[ l9es cut into ! /one2 v little modell+1 little m ?an silh\ette1 9 :i* ! outl9e is %[n by a holl[ in/ead ( by ! /roke ( a p5cil or bru%4 ,"o w\ld be incl9$ to rev]se ! ord] ( ^! ?ree processes1 on ! supposition t ,no4 #c 0 ! e>lie/ process1 & t x arose1 z ,i h conjectur$1 f ! practice ( repres5t+ =ms by incis$ l9es only4 ,!re is c]ta9ly a /rong family lik5ess z to me?od betwe5 ! ,egyptian reliefs & ! ,assyrian1 ! ,p]sian1 & ! ar*aic ,greek2 & !re is a f> great] diff]5ce 9 treatm5t betwe5 ar*aic ,greek relief sculpture & ! "w ( ! ,phidian p]iod ?an betwe5 ! ar*aic "w ( ! ?ree races nam$4 ,! /rictly mural & decorative conditions :i* gov]n$ anci5t sculpture no d\bt gave to ,greek sculpture 9 its p]fection a c]ta9 dignity1 simplicity1 & re/ra9t1 & also acc\nt$ 9 a great measure = t rhy?mic control ( invisible /ructural & ornam5tal l9e :i* ass]ts itself 9 su* works z ! ,pan-,a!naic frieze4 ,x 0 /rictly slab sculpture1 & became "p ( ! surface ( ! wall4 ,illu/ration 7f#ajg73 ,greek ,relief4 ,eleusis4 ,egyptian ,relief4 ,d5d]ah4 ,go?ic ,sculpture ,! /ructural & ornam5tal feel+ also ass]ts itself /rongly 9 ,go?ic sculpture1 ow+ to its close association ) ar*itecture1 z1 :5 x 0 n an integral "p ( ! /ructure1 x 0 always an ess5tial "p ( ! expression ( ! build+1 & x 0 ?is :i* controll$ its treatm5t decoratively1 9 its scale & its sy/em & degree ( relief4 ,9 ! por*es ( ! ,gallo-,roman *ur*es ( ,france ( ! twelf? c5tury1 ! figures occupy+ ! place ( %afts became column> 9 treatm5t1 ! s9u\s =maliz$ drap]ies wrapp$ ar\nd ! elongat$ figures1 or fall+ 9 v]tical folds1 z 9 ! figures 9 ! we/]n door ( ,*>tres ,ca!dral 7p4 #aii;f#ajh74 ,! l9es ( ! design ( ! sculptur$ tympanum 7 /rictly relat$ to ! space1 & ! degree & treatm5t ( ! relief cle>ly felt 9 reg>d to ! ar*itectural effect 7p4 #bja;f#aji74 ,illu/ration 7f#ajh73 ,*>tres ,ca!dral3 ,c>v+ on ! ,we/ ,front4 ,illu/ration 7f#aji73 ,*>tres ,ca!dral3 ,tympanum ( ! ,c5tral ,door ( ! ,we/ ,front4 ,ar*itectural ,influ5ce ,9 ! sculptur$ tombs ( ! ,middle ,ages1 ) _! recumb5t figures & h]aldic enri*m5ts1 aga91 we see ?is ar*itectonic s5se influ5c+ ! treatm5t ( =m & relief1 z ^! monum5ts 7 /rictly ar*itectural decorations1 (t5 incorporat+ its =ms & details1 & (t5 built into ! /ructure ( ! *ur* or ca!dral itself1 z 9 ! case ( ! recess$ & canopi$ tombs ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? c5turies4 ,z sculptures became deta*$ f ! build+ & wall1 & appe>$ 9 full relief 9 ! r\nd1 ?\gh /ill1 z x 71 c>ry+ a rem9isc5ce ( _! orig9 ) !m 9 ! %ape ( ! m\ld$ p$e/al1 ar*itectural control became less & less felt1 /atues 9 consequ5ce be+ less & less relat$ to _! surr\nd+s4 ,! individual feel+ ( ! sculptor or ! traditions ( 8 s*ool & tra9+ alone influ5c$ 8 treatm5t1 until we get ! incid5tal & dramatic or s5tim5tal isolat$ figure or gr\p ( mod]n days4 ,m$als & ,co9s ,x is notewor?y1 h[ev]1 t ev5 9 ! small] works ( ! modell]1 c>v]1 or sculptor ( ! ,middle ,ages or ! e>ly ,r5aissance1 a s5se ( decorative fitness & /ructural s5se is always pres5t4 ,we see x 9 ! c>v$ ornam5ts ( seats & furniture1 9 ! design & treatm5t ( co9s & seals & gems & m$als4 ,^! latt] f ! "t ( ! anci5t ,greeks af=d beautiful examples ( ! decorative treatm5t ( relief 9 /rict relation to ! object & purpose4 ,! skill & ta/e ( ! ,greeks seem$ to h be5 l>gely inh]it$ by ! arti/s ( ! e>li] ,italian ,r5aissance1 su* z ,pisano1 ^: fam\s m$al ( ! ,malate/a ( ,rim9i af=ds a spl5did in/ance n only ( ! treatm5t ( ! portrait & subject on ! rev]se p]fectly adapt$ to its me?od & purpose1 b also ( ! arti/ic use ( lett]+ z a decorative feature 7see p4 #bjc;f#aaj74 ,illu/ration 7f#aaj73 ,m$als ( ! ,lords ( ,mantua1 ,ces5a1 & ,f]r>a1 by ,vittore ,pisano ( ,v]ona 7,middle ( ! ,fifte5? ,c5tury74 ,! treatm5t & relief ( figures & heads ^u ! plane surfaces ( metals & co9s1 ! composition controll$ by ! circul> =m1 h always be5 a f9e te/ ( bo? modell+ & decorative skill & ta/e4 ,bread? is giv5 by a flatness 9 ! treatm5t ( successive planes ( l[ relief1 :i* rise to _! highe/ projection f ! gr\nd1 9 ! case ( a head 9 pr(ile1 ab\t its c5tre4 ,! delicate p]ception ( ! relation ( ! planes ( surface is important1 z well z ! decorative effect to be obta9$ by arrangem5t ( ! light & %ade masses & ! contra/ ( textures1 su* z hair & ! folds ( drap]y1 to ! smoo? cont\rs ( faces & figures1 & ! rectangul> =ms ( lett]+4 ,9 gems we see ! use made ( ! concave gr\nd1 :i* gives an effective relief to ! figure design 9 convex ^u x4 ,bold] projection ( prom95t p>ts are "h necess>y 9 contra/ to ! retir+ planes1 ! "w be+ on s small a scale1 & also 9 view ( its seal-l "*2 =1 ( c\rse1 x is ! me?od ( produc+ =m by incision1 & modell+ by cutt+ & holl[+ out1 t gives ! peculi> "* to gems & seals2 & x is 9 =m+ human figures t ! build+ up ( ! =m by a s]ies ( ovals1 spok5 ( 9 a previ\s *apt]1 becomes really ( practical value3 ! me?od ( holl[+ ! /one or metal 9 cutt+ ! gem or mak+ a die & ! "* ( ! tool lead+ naturally 9 t direction4 ,desid]io di ,settignano ,p]haps ! mo/ delicate & beautiful k9d ( sculptur$ or modell$ relief is to be f\nd 9 ! "w ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 m especially t ( ,donatello & ,desid]io di ,settignano1 :o seem inde$ to h caught ! feel+ & _s ( ! be/ ,greek p]iod1 ) fre% inspiration & sugge/ion f nature & ! life ar\nd !m1 z well z an add$ *>m ( grace & sweetness4 ,x is difficult to imag9e t m>ble c>v+ 9 l[ relief c be c>ri$ to great] p]fection ?an x is 9 ! well-kn[n small relief by ,desid]io di ,settignano ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild1 n[ 9 ! ,italian ,c\rt ( ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,! delicate yet firmly *isell$ faces & h&s1 ! smoo? surfaces ( ! fle%1 & ! folds ( drap]y1 em]g+ f1 or s9k+ into1 ! v>i$ planes ( ! gr\nd1 = ref9em5t ( feel+ & treatm5t seem almo/ ak9 to ! art ( ! pa9t] 9 ! t5d]ness ( _! expression4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,( ! ,expression ( ,relief 9 ,l9e-draw+--,graphic ,aim & ,ornam5tal ,aim--,sup]ficial ,appe>ance & ,con/ructive ,reality--,accid5ts & ,ess5tials--,repres5tation & ,sugge/ion ( ,natural ,=m 9 ,design--,! ,outw>d ,vision & ! ,inn] ,vision4 ,i h already said t :5 we add l9es or t9ts ( %ad[1 local col\r or surface1 to an outl9e draw+1 we are seek+ to express =m 9 a m complete way ?an c be done 9 outl9e alone4 ,^! add$ l9es or t9ts give :at we call relief4 ,t is _! purpose & function1 :e!r by t add$ relief we wi% to produce an ornam5tal effect or simply to approa* ne>] to ! full relief ( nature1 = ( c\rse ! degrees ( relief are _m4 ,relief 9 ,l9e-,draw+ ,:at may be call$ ! natural pr9ciple ( relief--t sy/em ( light & %ade by :i* a figure or any solid object is p]ceiv$ z su* by ! eye--consi/s 9 ea* "p ( ! =m be+ ?r[n into m or less contra/ by appe>+ z d>k on light ^u its backgr\nd1 m especially at its edges4 ,a figure :olly d>k1 say 9 black drap]y1 appe>+ aga9/ a light gr\nd1 might be suppos$ to be flat if no ca/ %ad[ 0 se52 ! same ) ! rev]se--a light figure ^u a d>k gr\nd--except t 9 ?is latt] case1 unless ! light 0 v level & flat1 a c]ta9 conc5tration ( light ^u ! highe/ p>ts1 or indicat+ a modulation ( %ad[ 9 int]/ices1 might betray its solidity 7see p4 #bjf;f#aaa;a74 ,illu/ration 7f#aaa;a73 ,! ,two ,pr9ciples ( ,contra/ 9 ,black & ,:ite4 ,b if we place a figure s t ! light falls f "o side1 we p]ceive t x at once /&s out 9 bold relief 9 broad planes ( light & %ade1 fur!r emphasiz$ by ca/ %ad[s 7p4 #bjg;f#aaa;b74 ,illu/ration 7f#aaa;b73 ,treatm5t ( ! ,same ,figure 9 ,light & ,%ade4 ,x w\ld be possible to repres5t or to express a figure or object s light$ by means ( lay+ 9 ! modulations & planes ( %ad[ only1 or by means ( add+ ! light only on a ton$ gr\nd4 ,9 sket*+ 9 black & :ite1 x is a good plan to accu/om oneself to complete z "o goes along1 z f> z may be1 putt+ 9 outl9e & %ad[ toge!r2 b ?is ne$s a p[] ( direct draw+ & a correctness ( eye only to be ga9$ by cont9ual practice4 ,a slight prelim9>y basis ( light l9es to indicate ! position & proportions1 & yet n /rong en\gh to ne$ rubb+ out1 is also a good me?od = ^? :o d n feel c]ta9 en\gh = ! absolutely direct me?od ( draw+4 ,illu/ration 7f#aab73 ,expression ( ,=m by ,light & ,%ade3 7#a7 ,light & ,%ade ,)\t ,outl9e2 7#b7 ,light & ,%ade ,en=c$ by ,outl9e4 ,n[ 9 draw+1 z ,i ?9k ,i h po9t$ out be=e1 no less ?an 9 all art1 !re are two ma9 gov]n+ pr9ciples ( work+ :i* may be di/+ui%$4 ,i4 ,! graphic aim4 ,,ii4 ,! ornam5tal or decorative aim4 ,! ,graphic ,aim ,! graphic aim--! endeav\r to repres5t a =m exactly z x appe>s--a p[] always valuable to acquire :atev] may be our ultimate purpose1 leaves ! draughtsman great fre$om 9 ! *oice & use ( l9e1 or o!r means ( obta9+ relief1 local t9t1 & tone4 ,9 l9e-"w ! broad relief ( ! flat tones ( %ad[ may be express$ 9 l9es approa*+ ! /raight1 diagonally slop+ f "r to left1 or f left to "r1 z seems mo/ natural to ! action ( ! h&4 ,! quality ( our l9es w dep5d ^u ! quality we are seek+ to express4 ,we %all be l$ to v>y !m 9 seek+ to express o!r *>act]i/ics1 su* z textures & surfaces4 ,9 draw+ fur or fea!rs1 = in/ance1 we %\ld naturally v>y ! quality & direction ( l9e1 us+ brok5 l9es & dots = ! =m]1 & fl[+ smoo? f9e l9es = ! latt]1 :ile extra =ce & relief w\ld be ga9$ by ?r[+ !m up ^u solid black gr\nds4 ,solid black1 also1 to repres5t local col\r1 or mat]ial su* z velvet1 is (t5 valuable z a contra/ 9 black & :ite l9e-draw+1 giv+ a ri*ness ( effect n to be obta9$ 9 any o!r way 7see ,no4 #b1 p4 #bac;f#aad74 ,its value 0 appreciat$ by ! e>ly ,g]man & ,italian book-illu/rators1 & 9 our own "t has be5 us$ almo/ to excess by "s ( our y\ng] design]s1 :o h be5 l>gely influ5c$ by ,hokusai & o!r ,japanese arti/s1 :o are always skilful 9 ! use ( solid blacks4 ,illu/ration 7f#aac73 ,l9e> ,expression ( ,features1 ,fea!rs & ,fur3 ,notes f ,nature4 ,9 l9e-draw+ a v useful pr9ciple to obs]ve1 to give solidity to figures & objects1 is to let "o's l9es--say ( drap]y or %ad[--run into solid blacks 9 ! deepe/ int]/ices ( ! =ms1 z :5 folds ( drap]y are wrapp$ ab\t a figure1 or 9 ! deep] folds !mselves 7,no4 #a1 p4 #bac;f#aad74 ,illu/ration 7f#aad73 ,sket*es to ,illu/rate 7#a7 ,! ,graphic & 7#b7 ,! ,decorative ,treatm5t ( ,drap$ ,figures4 ,! ,ornam5tal ,aim ,i h spok5 ( ! graphic & ! ornam5tal aims z di/9ct1 & s !y may = practical purposes be reg>d$2 al?\gh 9 "s cases x is possible to comb9e a consid]able am\nt ( graphic =ce ) decorative effect1 & ev5 9 purely graphic art !re %\ld always be ! controll+ influ5ce ( ! s5se ( composition :i* mu/ be felt ?r\gh\t all =ms ( art4 ,= ! simple/ ornam5tal function1 h[ev]1 v little graphic draw+ is ne$$1 ov] & above ! v ess5tial p[] ( def9ition by pure outl9e1 & feel+ = silh\ette2 b a s5se = ! relief ( masses ^u a gr\nd or field1 & ( ! proportions & relations ( l9es & masses or di/ribution ( quantities1 is ess5tial4 ,n[ an ornam5tal effect may be produc$ by ! simple repetition ( "s =m def9$ 9 outl9e arrang$ s z to fall into a rhy?mic s]ies ( l9es4 ,a s]ies ( birds ^u a plan ( ?is k9d1 = in/ance1 w\ld =m a frieze on simple bord]+ 9 ab/ract l9e alone1 & might be q suffici5t = "s purposes4 ,! same ?+ w\ld be capable ( m elaborate treatm5t & diff]5t effect by reliev+ ! birds ^u a d>k] gr\nd1 by def9+ ! details ( _! =ms m1 or by alt]nat+ !m 9 black or :ite1 or by adopt+ ! simple pr9ciple ( c\nt]*ange 7see p4 #bae;f#aae74 ,illu/ration 7f#aae73 ,decorative ,treatm5t ( ,birds4 ,fl[]s or figures w\ld be capable ( ! same simple & ab/ract treatm5t2 & almo/ any =m 9 nature1 r$uc$ to its simple/ elem5ts ( recurr+ l9e & mass1 & rhy?mically dispos$1 w\ld give u di/9ct decorative motives4 ,! ,ornam5tal ,aim ,x is q op5 to ! design] to select 8 l9es & =ms /raight f nature1 &1 be>+ 9 m9d ! necessity = selection ( ! be/ ornam5tal elem5ts1 = a c]ta9 simplification1 & ! rhy?mical treatm5t be=e m5tion$1 x is good to d s1 z ! "w is m likely to h a c]ta9 fre%ness ?an if "s ( ! well-kn[n hi/oric =ms ( ornam5t are us$ aga94 ,we may1 h[ev]1 le>n mu* f ! ornam5tal use ( ^! =ms1 & use simil> =ms z ! b\nd>ies ( ! %ape ( our patt]n units & masses4 ,x is good practice to take a typical %ape su* z ! ,p]sian radiat+ fl[] or p9e-apple1 & use x z ! plan = q a diff]5t /ructure 9 detail1 tak+ "s famili> ,engli% fl[] z our motive4 ,! same ) ! ,indian & ,p]sian palmette type4 ,x is also desirable1 z be=e po9t$ out1 to draw sprays )9 =mal b\nd>ies = ornam5tal use4 ,by su* me?ods we may n only le>n to appreciate ! ornam5tal value ( su* =ms1 b by su* adaptation & re-comb9ation produce new v>ieties ( ornam5t 7see p4 #bag;f#aaf74 ,illu/ration 7f#aaf73 ,floral ,designs ,^u ,typical ,inclos+ ,%apes ( ,indian & ,p]sian ,ornam5t4 ,we may p]ceive h[ di/9ct are ! two aims z betwe5 simple graphic draw+1 or del9eation1 & :at we call design1 or consci\s arrangem5ts ( l9e or =m4 ,:ile planes ( relief1 v>i$ =m & surface1 values ( light & %ade1 & accid5tal *>act]i/ics are r ! object ) ! graphic draughtsman1 typical =m & /ructure1 & recurr+ l9e & mass1 are s\ght = by ! ornam5ti/4 ,bo? s]ies ( facts1 or qualities1 or *>act]i/ics1 are 9 nature4 ,selection ,judici\s selection1 h[ev]1 is ! te/ ( arti/ic treatm5t2 selection1 t is1 ) a view to ! aim & scope ( ! "w4 ,! tru? ( sup]ficial appe>ance or accid5tal aspect is "o sort ( tru?3 ! tru? ( ! actual con/ructive *>act]i/ics--be !y ( figure1 fl[]1 or l&scape--is ano!r4 ,bo? belong to ! ?+ we see--to ! object we are draw+2 b we %all dwell ^u "o tru? or set ( tru?s r ?an ! o!r1 9 accordance ) our p>ticul> arti/ic aim1 ?\gh1 :atev] ?is may be1 & 9 :atev] direction x may lead u1 we %all f9d t selection ( "s sort w be necess>y4 ,9 mak+ /udies1 h[ev] pure & simple1 ! object ( :i* is to discov] facts & to le>n ma/]y ( =m1 our aim %\ld be to get z mu* tru? z we c1 tru? ( /ructure z well z ( aspect4 ,b ^! 7z f> z we c make !m7 exhau/ive /udies %\ld be accompani$ or foll[$ by analytical /udies made f diff]5t po9ts ( view & = diff]5t purposes4 ,/udies1 = in/ance1 made ) a view to arrangem5ts ( l9e only--to get ! *>act]i/ic & beautiful l9es ( a figure1 a mom5t>y attitude1 ! l9es ( a fl[]1 or a l&scape3 /udies ) a view1 solely1 to ! und]/&+ ( /ructure & =m1 or aga91 ) ! object ( seiz+ ! broad relations ( light & %ade1 or tone & col\r--all are necess>y to a complete arti/ic education ( ! eye4 ,accid5ts & ,ess5tials ,if we are drawn z /ud5ts r t[>ds ! picturesque & graphic side ( art1 we %all probably look = accid5ts ( l9e & =m m ?an :at ,i %\ld call ! ess5tials1 or typical l9e & =m1 :i* are ! mo/ valuable to ! decorative design]4 ,9 bo? directions "s compact or compromise ) nature is necess>y 9 any really arti/ic re-pres5tation4 ,! pa9t] & ! sculptor (t5 seek z complete repres5tation z possible1 & :at may be call$ complete repres5tation is )9 ! range ( _! res\rces4 ,yet unless "s individual *oice or feel+ impresses ! "w ( ei!r k9d x is n a re-pres5tation1 b becomes an imitation1 & !re=e in>ti/ic4 ,! decorative design] & ornam5ti/ seek to sugge/ r ?an to re-pres5t1 ?\gh ! decorator's sugge/ion ( natural =m1 tak+ only en\gh to suit or express ! p>ticul> ornam5tal purpose1 mu/ be consid]$ also z a re-pres5tation4 ,h[ mu*1 or h[ little1 he w take ( actual nature mu/ dep5d l>gely ^u 8 res\rces1 8 object1 & ! limitations ( 8 mat]ial--! conditions ( 8 "w 9 %ort2 b 8 range may be z wide z f ! flat silh\ett$ =ms ( /5cils or simple inlays to ! highly-wr\ght mural pa9t+4 ,design motive1 individual conception & s5tim5t1 ap>t f mat]ial1 mu/1 ( c\rse1 always affect ! "q ( ! *oice & degree ( repres5tation ( nature4 ,! pa9t] w sometimes feel t he only wants to sugge/ =ms1 su* z figures or build+s1 half veil$ 9 light & atmosph]e1 col\rs & =ms 9 twilight1 or half lo/ 9 lum9\s dep?s ( %ad[4 ,illu/ration 7f#aag;a73 ,danc+ ,figure ) ! ,gov]n+ ,l9es ( ! ,movem5t4 ,illu/ration 7f#aag;b73 ,l9es ( ,floral ,gr[? & ,/ructure3 ,lily & ,rose4 ,! ,outw>d ,vision & ,inn] ,vision ,! decorative design] w sometimes want to emphasize =ms ) ! utmo/ =ce & realism at 8 comm&1 z 9 "s crisp bit ( c>v+ or emphatic patt]n1 to give po9t & relief 9 8 s*eme ( quantities4 ,!re is no h>d-&-fa/ rule 9 art1 only g5]al pr9ciples1 con/antly v>i$ 9 practice1 f :i* all pr9ciples spr+1 & into :i*1 if vital1 !y ought to be capable ( be+ aga9 resolv$4 ,b a design once />t$ ^u "s pr9ciple--"s p>ticul> motive ( l9e or =m--!n1 9 foll[+ ?is out1 x w seem to develop almo/ a life or law ( gr[? ( its own1 :i* z a matt] ( logical necessity w dem& a p>ticul> treatm5t--a c]ta9 natural consi/5cy or h>mony--f its ma9 features d[n to ! smalle/ detail z a necessity ( its exi/5ce4 ,we might fur!r diff]5tiate art z1 on ! "o h&1 ! image ( ! outw>d vision1 &1 on ! o!r1 z ! outcome or image ( ! inn] vision4 ,! fir/ k9d w\ld include all portraiture1 by :i* ,i mean fai?ful portrayal or transcript :e!r ( animate or inanimate nature2 :ile ! second w\ld include all imag9ative conceptions1 decorative designs1 & patt]n inv5tions4 ,! outw>d vision obvi\sly relies ^u :at ! eye p]ceives 9 nature4 ,its virtue consi/s 9 ! fai?fulness & tru? ( its graphic record1 9 ! p5etrat+ =ce ( obs]vation ( fact1 & ! repres5tative p[] by :i* !y are reproduc$ on pap] or canvas1 clay or m>ble4 ,illu/ration 7f#aah;a73 #a & #b1 ,m\nta9 & ,crag ,sculpture3 ,coa/ ,l9es1 ,gulf ( ,nauplia4 ,illu/ration 7f#aah;b73 ,l9es ( ,movem5t 9 ,wat]3 ,%all[ ,/ream ,ov] ,s&4 ,! image ( ! inn] vision is also a record1 b ( a diff]5t ord] ( fact4 ,x may be (t5 ( unconsci\s impressions & memories :i* are reta9$ & recur ) all or m ?an ! vividness ( actuality--! tangible =ms ( ext]nal nature call+ up answ]+1 b n id5tical1 images 9 ! m9d1 l reflections 9 a mirror or 9 /ill wat]1 :i* are simil> b nev] ! same z ! objects !y reflect4 ,b ! inn] vision is n b\nd by ! appe>ances ( ! p>ticul> mom5t4 ,x is ! record ( ! sum ( _m mom5ts1 & reta9s ! typical impress ( multitud9\s & successive impressions--l ! composite photograph1 :]e faces may be pr9t$ "o ov] ano!r until ! result is a m typical image ?an any individual "o tak5 sep>ately4 ,! inn] vision sees ! results ( "t r ?an ! impressions ( ! mom5t4 ,x sees space r ?an l&scape3 race r ?an m53 spirits r ?an mortals3 types r ?an individuals4 ,! inn] vision hangs ! m9d's h\se ) a my/]i\s tape/ry ( figurative ?\ghts1 a ri* & fanta/ic imag]y1 a _w :]e ! elem5ts are p]sonifi$1 :]e e tree has its dryad1 & :]e ! w+s ( ! w9ds actually bru% ! *eek4 ,! inn] vision re-creates r ?an repres5ts1 & its virtue consi/s 9 ! vividness & beauty ) :i*1 9 ! language ( l9e1 =m1 & col\r1 ^! visions ( ! m9d are record$ & pres5t$ to ! outw>d eye4 ,!re is (t5 fusion "h aga9 betwe5 two diff]5t t5d5cies1 habits ( m9d1 or ways ( reg>d+ ?+s4 ,9 all art ! m9d mu/ "w ?r\gh ! eye1 :e!r its =ce appe>s 9 clos5ess ( obs]vation or 9 vivid imag9+s4 ,! v vividness ( realization ev5 ( ! mo/ fai?ful portraiture is a te/imony to m5tal p[]s4 ,! diff]5ce lies really 9 ! focus ( ! m5tal =ce2 &1 9 any case1 ! language ( l9e & =m we use w nei!r be =cible or conv9c+1 nei!r fai?ful to natural fact nor true to ! imag9ation1 )\t close & con/ant /udy ( ext]nal =m & ( its /ructure z well z its aspect4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,( ! ,adaptation ( ,l9e & ,=m 9 ,design1 9 v>i\s mat]ials & me?ods--,mural ,decoration--,fresco-"w ( ! ,italian ,pa9t]s--,mod]n ,mural ,"w--,mural ,spac+ & patt]n ,plans--,scale--,! ,skirt+--,! ,dado--,field ( ! ,wall--,! ,frieze--,panell+--,tape/ry--,textile ,design--,p]sian ,c>pets-- ,effect ( ,texture on ,col\r--,pr9ts--,wall-pap]--,/a9$ ,glass4 ,we h be5 consid]+ hi!rto ! *oice & use ( l9e & =m1 & v>i\s me?ods ( _! repres5tation 9 draw+1 bo? f ! po9t ( view ( ! graphic draughtsman & t ( ! ornam5tal design]4 ,we n[ come to consid] ! subject solely f ! latt] /&po9t 7! po9t ( view ( ornam5tal design72 & x w be useful to endeav\r to trace ! pr9ciples gov]n+ ! selection ( =m & use ( l9e z influ5c$ by "s ( ! diff]5t me?ods & conditions ( craftsman%ip1 & z adapt$ to v>i\s decorative purposes4 ,mural ,decoration ,! mo/ important bran* ( decorative art may be said to be mural decoration1 alli$ z x is ) ! fundam5tal con/ructive art ( all--ar*itecture1 f :i* x obta9s its det]m9+ conditions & natural limitations4 ,its hi/ory 9 ! pa/ is "o ( spl5d\r & dignity1 & its record includes "s ( ! f9e/ art ev] produc$4 ,! anci5t ,asiatic nations 7 well aw>e ( its value n only z decoration b z a record4 ,illu/ration 7f#aai73 ,giotto3 ,*a/ity 7,l[] ,*ur*1 ,assisi74 ,! palace & temple & tomb-walls ( anci5t ,egypt1 ,p]sia1 & ,assyria vividly illu/rate ! life & ideas ( ^? peoples1 :ile !y con=m to mural conditions4 ,! pa9t$ c\ncil halls & *ur*es ( ! ,middle ,ages fulfil ! same purpose 9 a diff]5t _s2 b mural decoration 9 its ri*e/1 mo/ imag9ative & complete =m 0 develop$ 9 ,italy1 f ! "t ( ,giotto1 ^: fam\s works at ! ,ar5a ,*apel at ,padua & ,assisi are well kn[n1 to ! "t ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 :o 9 ! sublime ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel seem$ to t\* ! extreme limits ( mural "w1 & 9 fact might be said to h almo/ defi$ !m1 pa9t+ m\ld+s 9 relief & 9 p]spective to =m ! framework ( pictures :]e figures on diff]5t scales are us$4 ,9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel ! s]ies ( e>li] frescoes on ! l[] wall by ,botticelli1 ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,p9turic*io1 & o!r ,flor5t9e pa9t]s ( ! fifte5? c5tury are really m /rictly mural 9 feel+1 & saf] z guides 9 g5]al treatm5t1 ?an ! "w ( ! great ma/] himself4 ,!y h mu* ( ! repose & ri*ness z well z ! quiet decorative effect ( tape/ry4 ,fresco-,"w ( ,italian ,pa9t]s ,! frescoes 9 ! ,palazzo ,publico at ,si5a1 ,p9turic*io's "w 9 ! ,piccolom9i ,*apel & ! ,app>tim5ti ,borgia1 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa & ! ,ricc>di ,*apel ( ,b5ozzo ,gozzoli at ,flor5ce1 may be m5tion$ z among ! gems ( mural pa9t+4 ,mod]n ,mural ,"w ,we h b little important mural pa9t+ 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,d\btless1 f v>i\s traces discov]$ "u ,puritan :itewa%1 ! walls ( our m$iaeval *ur*es 7 pa9t$ z frequ5tly z 9 cont95tal c\ntries1 b s completely did arti/ic tradition & religi\s s5tim5t *ange aft] ! ,re=mation t ! opportunities h be5 few & ! enc\ragem5t less = mural pa9t+4 ,an attempt to revive fresco-pa9t+ 0 made 9 our ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t1 & v>i\s sc5es f our national hi/ory h be5 r5d]$ ) v>y+ degrees ( m]it2 b !y h *iefly demon/rat$ ! ne$ ( cont9u\s practice 9 su* "w on ! "p ( our pa9t]s & ! abs5ce ( a true decorative in/9ct4 ,illu/ration 7f#abj73 ,p9turic*io3 ,mural ,pa9t+ 7,piccolom9i ,*apel1 ,si5a74 ,x is to ! hon\r ( ,man*e/] t h] ,t[n ,hall conta9s "o ( ! mo/ important & int]e/+ pieces ( mural pa9t+ by "o ( ! mo/ orig9al ( mod]n ,engli% arti/s--,=d ,madox ,br[n--a "w conceiv$ 9 ! true _s ( mural "w1 be+ a record ( local hi/ory1 z well z a decoration1 :ile di/9ctly mod]n 9 s5tim5t & %[+ /rong dramatic feel+1 z well z hi/orical k4 ,! *apel on :i* ,mr4 ,f4 ,j4 ,%ields is engag$ 9 ,london w probably be unique 9 its way z a complete piece ( mural decoration by an ,engli% arti/ ( s+ul> individuality1 s9c]ity1 & p[]1 z well z decorative ability4 ,b un=tunately opportunities = important mural decoration ( ?is k9d are v r>e 9 ,engl&4 ,! art is n popul>iz$3 we h no s*ool ( tra9$ mural design]s1 & we h no public really int]e/$4 ,our comm]cial sy/em & sy/em ( h\se t5ure are aga9/ x4 ,our only *ance is 9 public build+s1 :i* inde$ h always be5 its be/ field4 ,yet we neglect1 ,i ?9k1 a mo/ important educational influ5ce4 ,! pa9t$ *ur*es & public halls ( ! ,middle ,ages fill$ 9 a great measure ! place ( public libr>ies4 ,a pa9t$ hi/ory1 a portrait1 a dramatic or romantic incid5t told 9 ! vivid language ( l9e1 =m1 & col\r1 is /amp$ ^u ! memory nev] to be =gott54 ,x w\ld be possible1 ,i ?9k1 to imp>t a tol]ably exact k ( ! sequ5ce ( hi/ory1 ( ! conditions ( life at diff]5t epo*s1 ( great m5 & _! "w1 f a well-imag9$ s]ies ( mural pa9t+s1 )\t ! aid ( books2 & 9 ?is direction1 p]haps1 our s*ool walls w\ld pres5t an appropriate field4 ,mod]n opportunities ( mural decoration are *iefly dome/ic4 ,! c\ntry mansion1 or ! mode/ home ( ! suburban citiz51 af=ds ! pr9cipal field 9 our "t = ! ex]cise ( ! ta/e or +5uity ( ! wall-decorator4 ,9 ?is comp>atively re/rict$ field1 ta/e is p]haps ( m consequ5ce ?an any o!r quality4 ,a s5se ( appropriat5ess1 a h>moniz+ faculty1 a p[] ( arrangem5t ( simple mat]ials--^! are invaluable1 =1 m ?an any o!rs1 !y g to ! mak+ ( a livable int]ior4 ,mural ,spac+ & ,patt]n ,plans ,on fir/ ?\ght x w\ld almo/ seem z if ! design] 0 less te*nically re/rict$ 9 ?is direction ( mural "w ?an any o!r2 yet he w soon feel t he _c produce an arti/ic & ?\ghtful s*eme )\t tak+ _m ?+s into consid]ation :i* really belong to ! conditions or natural limitations ( 8 "w4 ,!re is1 fir/ly1 ! idea ( ! wall itself--"p ( ! h\se-/ructure--a %elt] & protection or b\nd>y4 ,x is no "p ( a design]'s bus9ess to put any?+ ^u ! wall 9 ! way ( decoration :i* w induce anyone to =get t x is a wall--no?+ to di/urb ! flatness & repose4 ,! f\r walls ( a room inclose a space to dwell 91 9 com=t & security4 ,! w9d[s %[ u outw>d real life & nature4 ,! walls %\ld n compete ) ! w9d[s4 ,nature mu/ be translat$ into ! t]ms ( l9e & =m & col\r1 & inv5tion & fancy may be pleasantly sugge/ive 9 ! h>moni\s metre & rhy?m ( patt]n4 ,a wall surface ext5ds horizontally & v]tically1 b ! v]tical ext5sion seems to ass]t itself mo/ to ! eye4 ,any arrangem5t ( l9es ( ! trellis or diap] ord] logically cov]s a wall surface1 & may be appropriately us$ z a basis = a wall patt]n1 :e!r m]ely to m>k ! positions ( a simple spray or =mal sprig patt]n1 or z a gr\nd-plan = a completely fill$ field ( repeat+ ornam5t1 :e!r pa9t$1 /5cill$1 or 9 ! =m ( wall-pap] or textile hang+4 ,9 ! simple geometric net ( squ>es or diamonds or circles1 h[ev]1 !re is no?+ t emphatically m>ks adaptability to a v]tical position4 ,su* plans 9 !mselves are equally appropriate to ! floor 9 ! =m ( pav+ & p>quet4 ,! ogee plan1 h[ev]1 & its v>iant1 ! v]tical s]p5t9e or spiral plan1 at once sugge/ v]tical ext5sion1 ! =m] p]haps by its leaf-l po9ts arrang+ !mselves scale-wise1 & ! latt] by its sugge/ion ( asc5d+ movem5t4 ,x is notewor?y t 9 ! c\rse ( ! hi/oric evolution ( mural decoration1 designs bas$ ^u ^! sy/ems con/antly recur4 ,!y are "p ( ! patt]n-design]'s vocabul>y ( l9e1 & among ! pr9cipal1 ?\gh simple/1 t]ms by :i* he is able to express v]tical ext5sion4 ,! "q ( scale 9 design+ mural decoration ( any sort is v important4 ,?is dem&s a c]ta9 p[] ( realiz+ ! effect ( c]ta9 l9es & masses if c>ri$ out1 & ! relation ( "o "p to ano!r z well z to ! dim5sions ( ! walls & ! room itself4 ,"h1 z inde$ ?r\gh\t art1 a ref]5ce to ! human figure w give u our key1 s9ce aft] all decoration goes to =m a backgr\nd = humanity4 ,) natural fl[]s & leaves x is always "r to design = mural purposes on ! same scale z nature4 ,illu/ration 7f#aba73 ,diagram ,%[+ ! ,pr9cipal ,fundam5tal ,plans or ,sy/ems ( ,l9e ,gov]n+ ,mural ,spac+ & ,decorative ,di/ribution4 ,scale ,scale 9 design %\ld be also consid]$ 9 relation to ! g5]al "* ( a build+ & its purpose1 ! use & light+ ( a liv+ room3 its dim5sions & proportions1 & relation to o!r rooms4 ,!re is great range = individual ta/e & fancy4 ,! arti/ w\ld naturally look to ! capacity ( ! space :i* he _h to decorate1 & :at x sugge/$ to 8 m9d4 ,he might want to emphasize a long1 l[ room by horizontal l9es1 or to acc5tuate a l(ty "o by v]ticals4 ,illu/ration 7f#abb73 ,diagram to ,%[ 7#a7 ,h[ ! ,app>5t ,dep? ( a ,space ,is ,increas$ by ! ,use ( ,v]tical ,l9es1 & 7#b7 ,h[ ! ,app>5t ,wid? ,is ,increas$ by ! ,use ( ,horizontal ,l9es4 ,by ! judici\s use ( l9e & scale 9 design1 ! design] holds a c]ta9 p[] ( trans=mation 9 8 h&s1 n to speak ( ! trans=m+ effect ( col\r ( diff]5t keys & tones1 ! app>5t contraction or expansion ( surfaces by patt]ns ( diff]5t "* & scale4 ,x w\ld obvi\sly n d to reg>d any wall m]ely z s mu* expanse ( surface available = sket*+ unrelat$ gr\ps & figures ^u1 z !y might be jott$ d[n 9 a sket*-book1 & to (f] x z decoration4 ,9 an int]ior ?us treat$1 we %\ld lose all s5se ( repose1 dignity1 & proportion4 ,use & cu/om1 :i* fix & det]m9e s _m ?+s 9 social life )\t writt5 laws1 h also prescrib$ c]ta9 divisions ( ! wall1 :i*1 9 reg>d to ! exig5cies ( life & habit & mod]n conditions g5]ally1 seem natural en\gh4 ,! ,skirt+ ,! l[] p>ts ( ! walls ( mo/ mod]n dwell+s be+ g5]ally occupi$ by furniture plac$ aga9/ !m1 & liable to be soil$ or injur$1 x w\ld be out ( place to put important & elaborate ornam5t or figure designs ext5d+ to ! skirt+4 ,! wood5 skirt+1 ( ab\t n9e in*es or a foot 9 dep?1 :i* is plac$ along ! foot ( ! wall 9 our mod]n rooms1 is ! arm\r-plat+ to protect ! pla/]1 :i* o!rwise might be *ipp$ & litt] ! floor4 ,x is p]haps ! la/ relic ( ! m sub/antial & ext5sive wood panell+ & wa9scott+ :i*1 up to ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury1 cov]$ ! l[] walls ( ! m com=table h\ses1 & has be5 reviv$ 9 our own day4 ,! decorator may use panell+1 or wa9scott+1 or a simple *air-rail above pla9 pa9t+1 wall-pap]1 dado1 or /5cill+1 or a dado ( matt+1 z me?ods ( cov]+1 & at ! same "t decorat+1 ! l[] walls ( rooms4 ,! use ( ! dado ( a d>k] col\r & ( wa9scot is1 no d\bt1 due to consid]ations ( we> & te>1 & s1 l ! orig9 ( mu* ornam5tal art1 may be trac$ to actual use & con/ructive necessity4 ,:5 ! wood-"w ( a room--! doors & w9d[ frames--is ( ! same col\r & "* z ! dado1 a c]ta9 agreeable unity is pres]v$1 & x =ms a useful pla9 fram+ to set (f ! patt]n$ p>ts ( ! wall4 ,?is wa9scot or dado fram+ ) ! wood-"w %\ld be z to col\r arrang$ to suit ! g5]al s*eme adopt$4 ,:]e pa9t is us$1 :ite = ! wood-"w usually has ! be/ effect4 ,field ( ! ,wall ,! l>ge/ space ( wall occurs above ! *air-rail1 or dado1 &1 accord+ to mod]n habits & usage1 portable prop]ty 9 ! %ape ( fram$ pictures1 etc41 is usually plac$ "h along ! eye-l9e1 s t any decoration on ?is--! ma9 field ( ! wall--is reg>d$ z subsidi>y to :at is plac$ ^u x2 b1 ( c\rse1 pictures c be us$ z ! c5tral po9ts ( a decorative s*eme4 ,on ! upp] "p ( a wall1 bel[ ! pla/] cornice1 ! mural design] has ! *ance ( putt+ a frieze1 & a frieze usually gives ! effect ( additional height to a room1 besides enri*+ ! wall4 ,illu/ration 7f#abc73 ,decorative ,spac+ ( ! ,wall3 ,sket*es 7to #a_/b-;94 ,scale7 to ,%[ ,diff]5t ,treatm5t & ,proportions4 ,an effective treatm5t ( a l>ge room1 & "o :i* is m reposeful ?an cutt+ up ! wall into ^! portions1 z 9 dado1 field1 & frieze1 is to c>ry up wood panell+ to ! frieze1 & let ?is 7! frieze7 be ! important decorative feature4 ,suppos+ ! room 0 twelve feet high1 "o c\ld af=d to h eight feet ( panell+1 & !n a frieze ( f\r feet deep4 ,9 ?is case "o w\ld look = an int]e/+ pa9t$ frieze ( figures--"s leg5d or /ory to run along ! f\r sides ( ! room1 & 9 su* a case x might be m>k$ ) consid]able pictorial fre$om4 ,m =mal figure design or ornam5tal "w 9 col\r$ pla/]-"w1 /ucco1 & gesso c\ld also be appropriately us$ 9 su* a position1 z also on ! ceil+4 ,n[ z reg>ds *oice ( l9e & =m 9 _! relation to ! decoration ( su* mural spaces4 ,tak+ ! l[] wall1 dado1 or panell+1 "o reason :y panell+ has s agreeable an effect is1 ,i ?9k1 t ! s]ies ( v]tical & horizontal l9es seem to express ! proportions1 :ile !y emphasize ! flatness & repose ( ! wall1 & :5 us$ b5ea? a pa9t$ frieze !y lead ! eye upw>ds1 =m+ a quiet fram+ ( rectangul> l9es bel[ to ! ornate & v>i$ design ( ! frieze4 ,:]e we are limit$ to decorat+ a wall by means ( pla9 pa9t+1 /5cils1 or wall-pap]1 ?is idea ( reposeful con/ructive l9es & =ms on ! l[] wall %\ld /ill dom9ate ^u ! field4 ,subject to our repeat+ plan we may be fre] bo? 9 l9e & =m1 us+ free scrolls1 bran*-"w1 fruit1 & fl[] masses at pleasure1 because ! space is m ext5d$1 & we %all feel ! necessity 9 a repeat+ patt]n ( spread+ adequately ov] x2 b su* designs1 h[ev] f9e 9 detail1 %\ld be con/ruct$ ^u a m or less geometric base or plan4 ,we are1 z reg>ds ! ma9 field ( ! wall1 /ill unavoidably1 ?\gh n disadvantage\sly1 influ5c$ by ! tradition ( ! textile hang+ or arras tape/ry1 no d\bt2 & c]ta9ly !re is no m ri* & com=table l9+ = liv+ rooms ?an tape/ry1 or1 at ! same "t1 m reposeful & decoratively satisfy+4 ,b1 ( c\rse1 :]e we c af=d arras tape/ry 7su* z ! sup]b "w ( ,william ,morris & 8 weav]s71 we ought n to all[ any?+ to compete ) x ^u ! same wall4 ,x is suffici5t 9 itself4 ,illu/ration 7f#abh73 ,arras ,tape/ry3 ,diagrams to ,%[ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,work+ & ,surface ,effect3 7#a7 ,v]tical ,position ( ,w>p z ,work$ 9 ! ,loom & ,relief ,effect ( ! ,wefts2 7#b7 ,enl>g$ ,section ( ,w>p z ,hung 7,horizontal72 7#c7 ,s+le ,?reads ( ,w>p & ,weft2 7#d7 ,w>p & ,weft z 9 ! ,loom 7,v]tical74 ,tape/ry ,( :at spl5d\r ( col\r & weal? ( decorative & symbolical inv5tion tape/ry 0 capable 9 ! pa/ may be se5 9 magnific5t ,burgundian specim5s ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 n[ 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,tape/ry hang+s ( a repeat+ patt]n & quiet col\r c\ld be us$ appropriately b5ea? pa9t$ upp] walls1 or a frieze1 z no d\bt frequ5tly 0 ! cu/om 9 great h\ses 9 ! ,middle ,ages4 ,app>tim5ti ,borgia ,9 ! ,app>tim5ti ,borgia 9 ! ,vatican1 = in/ance1 :i* consi/s ( l(ty vault$ rooms ) frescoes by ,p9turic*io ^u ! upp] walls betwe5 ! spans ( ! vault+1 & ^u ! vault+ itself1 we may see1 ab\t elev5 feet f ! floor1 along ! m\ld+1 ! hooks left = ! tape/ry hang+s1 :i* complet$ ! decoration ( ! room4 ,! l[] walls are n[ l>gely occupi$ by book-%elves2 b books !mselves may =m a pleasant backgr\nd1 z "o may (t5 obs]ve 9 libr>ies1 especially :5 ! b9d+s are ri* & good 9 tone3 & "h1 too1 we get our v]ticals & horizontals aga94 ,illu/ration 7f#abe73 ,p9turic*io3 ,fresco 9 ! ,app>tim5ti ,borgia4 ,s long z ! feel+ = ! repose & flatness ( ! wall surface is pres]v$1 !re are no special limitations 9 ! *oice ( =m4 ,x becomes f> m a matt] ( treatm5t ( =m & subject 9 p]fectly appropriate mural design4 ,!re is "o pr9ciple1 h[ev]1 :i* seems to hold good 9 ! treatm5t ( important figure subjects to occupy ! ma9 wall surfaces z panels3 :ile pictorial realization ( a k9d may be c>ri$ q f>1 x is desirable to avoid l>ge masses ( light sky1 or to attempt mu* 9 ! way ( atmosph]ic effect4 ,x is well to keep ! horizon high1 &1 if sky is %[n1 to break x ) ar*itecture & trees4 ,/ill m important is x to obs]ve ?is 9 tape/ry4 ,x is v noticeable h[ tape/ry design decl9$ aft] ! fifte5? c5tury or e>ly ye>s ( ! sixte5?1 :5 p]spective & pictorial planes 7 introduc$1 & sky effects to emulate pa9t+1 & ?us ! peculi>ly mural feel+ 0 lo/1 ) its peculi> beauty1 ri*ness1 & repose4 ,illu/ration 7f#abd73 ,figure ( ,laura1 f ! ,burgundian ,tape/ries3 ,! ,triumphs ( ,petr>* 7,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum74 ,9 ! translation into tape/ry ev5 ( s tape/ry-l a picture z t ( ,botticelli's ,primav]a1 x is notewor?y h[ ,mr4 ,morris has felt ! necessity ( r$uc+ ! diff]5t planes1 & ! *i>oscuro ( ! pa9t+1 by m leafy & floral detail2 mak+ x1 9 %ort1 m ( a patt]n ?an a picture4 ,! ,frieze ,a frieze is susceptible ( a mu* m op51 light]1 & fre] treatm5t ?an a field4 ,a frieze is "o ( ! mural decorator's pr9cipal means ( giv+ lightness & relief to 8 wall4 ,9 purely floral & ornam5tal design ! field ( close patt]n1 =mal diap]1 or sprigs at regul> int]vals may be appropriately reliev$ by bold] l9es & masses1 & a m op5 treatm5t 9 ! frieze4 ,! frieze1 too1 af=ds a means ( contra/ 9 l9e to ! l9e sy/em ( ! field ( ! wall1 its horizontal expression usefully oppos+ ! v]ticals or diagonals ( ! wall patt]n bel[4 ,! frieze may be reg>d$ z a horizontal bord]1 & 9 bord] designs ! pr9ciple ( transposition ( ! relation ( patt]n to gr\nd is a useful "o to be> 9 m9d1 z lead+ always to an effective result4 ,i mean1 suppos+ our field %[s a patt]n ma9ly ( light ^u d>k1 ! frieze might be on ! rev]se plan1 a d>k patt]n on a light gr\nd4 ,& :]eas1 z ,i h said1 "o w\ld exclude wide light spaces f our mural field1 9 ! frieze "o might effectively %[ a light sky gr\nd ?r\gh\t1 & arrange a figure or floral design ^u t4 ,! pr9ciple gov]n+ ! treatm5t ( ma9 & l[] wall spaces or fields1 :i* tea*es ! design] to pres]ve ! repose ( ! surface1 may be said to rule also 9 all textile design1 & textile design has1 z we h se5 9 ! =m ( tape/ry1 & hang+s ( all k9ds1 a v close association ) mural decoration4 ,textile ,design ,any textile may be consid]$1 f ! design]'s po9t ( view1 z pres5t+ s mu* surface = patt]n1 :e!r t surface is hung ^u a wall1 or curta9s a door or a w9d[1 or is spread 9 ! =m ( c>pets or rugs ^u floors1 or ov] ! cu%ions ( furniture1 or adapts itself to ! v>iety ( curve surface & movem5t ( ! human =m 9 dress mat]ials & co/ume4 ,textile beauty is beauty ( mat]ial & surface1 & unless ! patt]n or design ^u x or wov5 ) x enhances t beauty ( mat]ial & surface1 & becomes a "p ( ! expression ( t mat]ial & surface1 x is bett] )\t patt]n4 ,illu/ration 7f#abf73 ,portion ( ,detail ( ! ,holy ,c>pet ( ! ,mosque ( ,ardebil3 ,p]sian1 ,sixte5? ,c5tury4 ,to place in=mal %ad$ fl[]s & leaves ^u a c>pet1 = in/ance1 :]e ! w>p is v emphatic1 & ! process ( weav+ necessitates a /epp$ or rectangul>ly brok5 outl9e1 is to mi/ake appropriate decorative effect1 capacity ( mat]ial1 & position 9 reg>d to ! eye4 ,we _c get away1 9 a c>pet1 f ! idea ( a flat field />r$ ) m or less =mal fl[]s1 & col\r arrangem5ts :i* owe _! ri*ness & beauty1 n to ! relief ( %ad+1 b to ! h]aldic pr9ciple ( reliev+ "o t9t or col\r ^u ano!r4 ,! ri* inlay ( col\r :i* a ,p]sian or any ,ea/]n c>pet pres5ts is ow+ to its be+ design$ ^u ?is pr9ciple2 & 9 ,p]sian "w t peculi>ly ri* effect ( col\r1 ap>t f f9e mat]ial1 is ow+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! use ( outl9es ( diff]5t col\rs def9+ & reliev+ ! diff]5t =ms 9 ! patt]n ^u diff]5t gr\nds4 ,! rectangul> influ5ce aris+ f ! te*nical conditions ( ! "w gives a def9ite textile "* to ! design :i* is v agreeable2 besides1 z a "q ( l9e & =m1 9 a c>pet or rug :i* is rectangul> 9 %ape & laid usually ^u rectangul> floors1 ! squ>5ess ( =m h>monizes ) ! conditions & surr\nd+s ( ! "w 9 use4 ,! ,p]sian design]1 inde$1 appe>s to be s impress$ ) ?is feel+1 t he uses a succession ( bord]s ar\nd ! c5tral field ( 8 c>pet or rug1 /ill fur!r emphasiz+ ! rectangul>ity2 :ile he avoids ! too rigid effect ( a s]ies ( /raight l9es :i* ! cross+ ( ! ?reads ( ! weft at "r angles to ! w>p might cause1 by *ang+ ! wid?s ( 8 subsidi>y bord]s & break+ !m ) a con/ant v>iety ( small patt]ns1 & ins]t+ n>r[ :ite l9es betwe5 ! black l9es ( ! bord]4 ,illu/ration 7f#abg73 ,sket* to ,illu/rate ,treatm5t ( ,bord]s 9 a ,p]sian ,rug4 ,effect ( ,texture on ,col\r ,9 tape/ry ! effect ( ! emphatic w>p work$ v]tically 9 ! loom1 b hung horizontally1 has a v important influ5ce ^u ! effect4 ,if we took a piece ( pap] col\r$ ) a flat ev5 t9t1 & fold$ x 9 ridges1 ! quality ( ! t9t w\ld be at once *ang$1 & s 9 tape/ry ! pass+ ( ! wool ( ! wefts1 :i* =m ! patt]n or picture1 ov] ! /rong l9es ( ! w>p--:i* are broad en\gh to take ! outl9es ( ! c>toon ^u !m--produces t s(t & v>i$ play ( col\r--really col\r 9 light & %ade--:i*1 ov] & above ! actual dyes & arti/ic selection ( t9ts1 gives ! peculi> *>m & effect 9 tape/ry4 ,?is %e5 & v>iety are m or less evid5t 9 all textiles1 & a good textile patt]n only adds to ! v>iety & ri*ness ( ! surface4 ,! diff]5t ?icknesses or planes ( surface & ! diff]5ce ( _! texture caus$ by ! diff]5t wefts be+ br\ght to ! surface ( ! clo? or silk 7f ! simple/ contra/ ( l9e pres5t$ by ! simple/ arrangem5ts ( w>p & weft1 to ! complexities ( _m-col\r$ silk /uffs & brocade7 alone give a value to ! surface patt]n4 ,9 cut velvet ! same pr9ciple ( contra/ ( surface is emphasiz$ /ill fur!r1 ! ri* deep nap ( ! less rais$ p>ts contra/+ pleasantly ) ! mat effect ( ! gr\nd4 ,9 designs = su* mat]ial "o %\ld aim at boldly block$-out patt]ns 9 silh\ette--bold leaf & fruit =ms say--design$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! /5cil4 ,pr9ts ,) pr9ts ! range is ( c\rse fre]1 ! mat]ial itself sugge/+ some?+ light] & m tempor>y4 ,x seems highly probable t pr9t$ cotton 0 orig9ally a sub/itute = embroid]$ l95 or m sumptu\s mat]ials4 ,!re are c]ta9ly in/ances ( v simil> patt]ns 9 ,indian & ,p]sian "w 9 silk embroid]y1 & also 9 pr9t$ cotton4 ,9 "s cases ! pr9t is p>tly embroid]$1 :i* seems to m>k a transitional /age1 & recalls ! l+]+ use ( illum9ation 9 ! e>ly days ( ! pr9t+ press1 9 ano!r dep>tm5t ( art4 ,any?+ t w repeat z a patt]n 9 :at c be produc$ by l9e1 dot1 & t9ts ( col\r1 & engrav$ ^u wood-blocks or copp] roll]s1 c be pr9t$ ( c\rse2 &1 z is g5]ally ! case ) an art :i* has no v obvi\s te*nical limitations1 x is liable to be caught by ! imitative _s1 & *eap & rapid production & dem& = novelties 7s-call$7 g5]ally end 9 loss ( ta/e & det]ioration ( quality1 especially 9 design4 ,f ! arti/ic po9t ( view we c only correct ?is by be>+ 9 m9d simil> consid]ations to ^? :i* hold good z g5]al pr9ciples & guides 9 design+ = textiles g5]ally1 hav+ reg>d to ! object1 purpose1 & position--to ! ultimate use ( ! mat]ial1 & diff]5tiat+ our designs1 z 9 ! case ( o!r textile design accord+ly4 ,?us 9 ! matt] ( plan & direction ( l9e & "* ( =m we %all at once f9d natural di/9ctions & divisions1 z our design is = hang+1 or spread+ horizontally1 or we>+2 & ^! diff]5t functions w also det]m9e scale & *oice & treatm5t ( =m & col\r4 ,!re is no d\bt t ) patt]ns pr9t$ m range may be all[$ ?an ) patt]ns to be wov51 :]e l9e & =m are bo? controll$ by ! necessities ( be+ reproduc$ by s _m po9ts to ! in*4 ,at ! same "t ! object ( all design & patt]n "w be+ ! greate/ beauty compatible ) ! mat]ial & conditions1 "o %\ld seek1 n su* effects z m]ely te/ ! capacity or +5uity ( ! ma*9e1 b r su* z appe> to be mo/ decoratively appropriate & effective4 ,!re appe>s to be no me*anical reason :y cotton %\ld n be pr9t$ all ov] ) l&scapes & graphic sket*es1 & p clo! !mselves ) !m z ) ,*ri/mas numb]s1 or turn _! c\*es1 *airs1 & curta9s into scrap albums1 b !re is e reason on ! score ( ta/e :y ^! ?+s %\ld n be done4 ,illu/ration 7f#abi73 7#a7 ,contra/+ ,surfaces ( ,w>p & ,weft 9 ,wov5 ,silk ,hang+2 7#b7 ,/5cil ,pr9ciple4 ,) any textile1 z ,i h said1 we are z design]s deal+ ) surface4 ,x is surface ornam5t t is want$ also 9 pr9t$ cotton4 ,n[ good l9e & =m & pure t9ts h ! be/ effect1 because !y d n break ! surface into holes1 & give a ragg$ or tumbl$ appe>ance1 :i* accid5tal bun*es ( d>kly-%ad$ fl[]s 9 high relief und\bt$ly d4 ,if small ri* detail & v>iety are want$1 we %\ld seek x 9 ! inv5tive _s ( ! ,p]sian & ,indian1 & break our solid col\rs ) mordants or arabesques 9 col\r ( delicate subsidi>y patt]n in/ead ( us+ co>se planes ( light & %ad[1 or %[+ up ragg$ & unrelat$ =ms ^u viol5t gr\nds4 ,illu/ration 7f#acj73 ,indian ,pr9t$ ,cotton ,cov]3 ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum4 ,! true idea ( a pr9t patt]n is ( some?+ gay & fanciful3 bright & fre% 9 col\r1 & cle> 9 l9e & =m3 a c]ta9 qua9tness is all[able1 & 9 purely floral designs !re is room = a consid]able degree ( :at might be call$ naturalism1 s f> z good l9e-draw+ & und]/&+ ( fl[] =m goes1 emphasis ( col\r be+ s\ght by means ( planes ( col\r1 r ?an by planes ( %ad[4 ,i _h int5d$ to t\* ^u o!r prov9ces ( design1 b ,i h tak5 up s mu* space ) ^? ,i h be5 discuss+ already t ,i c only n[ briefly allude to ^!4 ,wall-,pap] ,( wall-pap]1 :i* may be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( m or less ( a sub/itute = mural pa9t+1 & also textile wall-hang+s1 mu* ! same g5]al pr9ciples & _m ( ! same rem>ks apply z h be5 already us$ 9 reg>d to mural decoration4 ,! design] has mu* fre$om z to motive1 & 8 +5uity is only b\nd$ by or conc5trat$ 9 a squ>e ( tw5ty-"o in*es4 ,if he has succe$$ 9 mak+ an agreeable patt]n :i* w repeat n too obvi\sly ov] an indef9ite space1 to =m a n obtrusive backgr\nd1 & :i* c be pr9t$ & sold to ! ord9>y citiz51 he is suppos$ to h satisfi$ ! conditions4 ,b he may be induc$ to g fur!r & attempt ! design ( a complete decoration z f> z dado1 field1 frieze1 & ceil+ g2 & ?is w\ld involve all ! ?\ght necess>y to ! mural pa9t]1 n>r[$ d[n to ! exig5cies ( me*anical repeat4 ,alli$ to ! wall is ! w9d[1 & 9 glaz+ & ! art ( ! glass-pa9t] we h ano!r v di/9ct & beautiful sph]e ( l9e design4 ,9 pla9 lead+ ! same law ( cov]+ v]tical surface holds good z to selection ( plan & sy/em ( l9e3 almo/ any simple geometric net is appropriate1 if n too complex or small 9 =m to hold glass or to p]mit lead to foll[ its l9es4 ,lead$ panels ( r\ndels 7or bull's eyes7 ( pla9 glass h a good effect 9 casem5ts :]e a sp>kle ( light r ?an outw>d view is s\ght =4 ,/a9$ ,glass ,:5 we come to design+ = /a9$ glass we %\ld /ill be> 9 m9d ! fundam5tal net ( lead l9es :i* =ms ! basis ( our patt]n1 or glass picture1 z x 73 & ! design]'s object %\ld be to make x good z an arrangem5t ( l9e indep5d5tly ( ! col\r1 :ile practical to ! glazi]4 ,illu/ration 7f#aca73 7#a7 ,/a9$ ,glass ,treatm5t3 ,inclosure ( ,=m & ,col\r by ,lead ,l9es2 7#b7 ,sections4 ,al?\gh lead is v pliable1 too mu* mu/ n be expect$ ( x 9 ! way ( small depressions & angles3 ! b\nd>y l9es ( ! figures1 :i* %\ld be ! bolde/ ( all1 %\ld be kept z simple z possible1 n only on ?is acc\nt1 b because complex outl9es _c well be cut 9 glass4 ,a head1 = in/ance1 is inclos$ 9 sweep+ l9e1 & ! pr(ile def9$ )9 ! lead l9e by means ( pa9t+4 ,a h& w\ld be def9$ on ! same pr9ciple4 ,ea* diff]5t col\r dem&s a diff]5t inclosure ( lead1 al?\gh 9 ! *oice ( glass mu* v>iation ( t9t c be obta9$1 z 9 ! case ( pot metal runn+ f ?9 to ?ick glass1 :i* int5sifies ! col\r1 & _m k9ds ( :at is call$ fla%$4 ,yet to ! design]1 f ! po9t ( view ( l9e1 glass design is a k9d ( transluc5t mosaic1 9 :i* ! primal te*nical necessity ( ! lead+ :i* holds ! glory ( ! col\r$ light toge!r1 really enhances its spl5d\r1 & 9 af=d+ opportunities = decoration & expressive l9e> composition imp>ts to ! :ole "w its p>ticul> "* & beauty4 ,?is aft] all is ! pr9ciple to cl+ to 9 all design+1 to adapt our designs to ! p>ticul> di/9ctive "* & beauty ( ! mat]ial = :i* !y are de/9$1 to endeav\r to ?9k !m out 9 ^? mat]ials1 & n only on pap]4 ,:atev] ! "w may be--c>v+1 inlays1 modell+1 mosaic1 textiles--?r\gh ! :ole range ( surface decoration1 we %\ld ?9k out our designs1 n only 9 relation to ! limitations ( _! mat]ial1 b also 9 _! relation to ea* o!r1 to _! effect 9 actual use1 & ev5 to _! possible use 9 association toge!r1 :i*1 ( c\rse1 is ( p>am\nt importance 9 design+ a complete room or any compreh5sive piece ( decoration4 ,& :5 we leave plane surfaces & seek to inv5t appropriate1 t is to say1 expressive ornam5t alli$ to concave & convex surfaces1 to ! v>i$ =ms ( pott]y = in/ance1 metal-"w1 & glass vessels1 furniture1 & accessories ( all k9ds1 we %all f9d ! same laws & pr9ciples hold good :i* %\ld guide u 9 all design--to adapt design to ! *>act]i/ics & conditions ( ! mat]ial1 to its /ructural capacity1 its use & purpose1 z well z to use or inv5tion 9 l9e1 bo? z a controll+ plan or base ( ornam5t1 z well z a means ( ! association & expression ( =m4 ,,*apt] ,x ,( ! ,expression & ,relief ( ,l9e & ,=m by ,col\r--,effect ( same ,col\r ^u diff]5t ,gr\nds--,radiation ( ,col\r--,:ite ,outl9e to cle> ,col\rs--,quality ( ,t9ts reliev$ ^u o!r ,t9ts--,complem5t>ies--,h>mony--,! ,col\r ,s5se--,col\r ,proportions--,importance ( ,pure ,t9ts--,tones & ,planes--,! ,tone ( ,"t--,patt]n & ,picture--,a ,patt]n n necess>ily a ,picture1 b a ,picture 9 pr9ciple a ,patt]n--,*i>oscuro--,examples ( ,patt]n-"w & ,picture-"w--,picture-patt]ns & ,patt]n-pictures4 ,p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ means ( ! expression ( relief ( l9e & =m1 c]ta9ly ! mo/ attractive1 is by col\r4 ,by col\r we obta9 ! mo/ complete & beautiful means ( expression 9 art4 ,relief ( ,l9e & ,=m by ,col\r ,our e>lie/ ideas ( =m are probably d]iv$ ?r\gh ! diff]5t col\rs ( objects ar\nd u1 by :i* !y are ?r[n into relief ^u ! backgr\nd1 or aga9/ o!r objects2 &1 z ,i m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ *apt]1 we rea* outl9e by obs]v+ ! edges ( diff]5t masses reliev$ z d>k or light ^u light or d>k gr\nds1 s n[1 9 my la/1 we come aga9 to ! consid]ation ( ! def9ition ( l9e & =m by col\r1 & _! relief & expression ^u diff]5t planes or fields ( col\r4 ,!re is fir/ ! col\r ( ! object itself--! local col\r--& !n ! col\r ( ! gr\nd ^u :i* x is reliev$1 bo? ( :i* 9 _! action & reaction ^u ea* o!r w greatly affect ! value ( ! local col\r & ! degree ( relief ( ! =m ^u x4 ,"o ( ! be/ & simple/ ways to asc]ta9 ! real value ( a col\r & its effect ^u diff]5t gr\nds or fields is to take a fl[]--say a r$ poppy1 & place x aga9/ a :ite pap] gr\nd1 block+ 9 ! local col\r z reliev$ ^u :ite1 z ne> z may be to its full /r5g?1 ) a bru%1 & def9+ ! =m z we g along4 ,!n try ! same fl[] ^u gr\nds ( diff]5t t9ts--gre51 blue1 yell[--& x w be at once p]ceiv$ :at a diff]5t value & expression ! same =m 9 ! same col\r has ^u diff]5t t9t$ gr\nds4 ,a sc>let poppy w\ld appe> cle>e/ & d>ke/ ^u :ite2 x w\ld %[ a t5d5cy ^u a blue gr\nd to bl5d or blur at its edges1 & also on yell[ & gre5 to a less ext5t4 ,illu/ration 7f#acb73 ,sket* to ,%[ ,effect ( ! ,same ,col\r & ,=m ^u ,diff]5t ,col\r$ ,gr\nds4 ,x is ?is t5d5cy to lose ! edges ( =ms ow+ to ! radiation ( col\rs1 & to m+le ) ! col\r ( ! backgr\nd1 :i* makes a /rong outl9e s con/antly a necessity 9 decorative "w4 ,"o may use a black on a :ite1 a br[n1 or a gold outl9e 7z 9 cloisonne71 ! nature ( ! outl9e be+ g5]ally det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! "w4 ,9 /a9$ glass ! outl9e mu/ be black1 & ?is black is ( ! greate/ value 9 enhanc+ by opposition ! brilliance ( ! col\rs ( ! glass x incloses1 /opp+ out ! light ar\nd x z x does 9 solid lead :5 plac$ 9 ! w9d[4 ,illu/ration 7f#acc73 7#a7 ,pr9ciple ( ! ,effect ( ! ,bl5d+ or ,blurr+ ( ,col\rs at ,_! ,edges2 7#b7 ,use ( ,black & ,:ite ,outl9e to ,cle> ! ,edges ( ,col\r$ ,=ms ^u ,diff]5t ,col\r$ ,gr\nds4 ,cle>+ ,col\r$ ,=ms ,a :ite outl9e produc$ by a resi/ or a mordant 9 a pr9t$ textile1 :]e ! col\rs us$ are full & ri*1 (t5 has a good effect1 light5+ ! effect :ile giv+ po9t & def9ition to c]ta9 lead+ =ms4 ,in/ances ( ! use ( :ite outl9es may be f\nd 9 ,ea/]n c>pets1 :]e ! ma9 col\rs1 be+ d>k blue & yell[s on ri* r$1 are reliev$ 9 p>ts by a dull :ite outl9e4 ,also 9 ,p]sian c>pets ( ! sixte5? or sev5te5? c5tury1 ! scrollwork 9 r$ is (t5 reliev$ by an ivory :ite outl9e on blue4 ,x is always a good practice 9 block+ 9 fl[]s1 ei!r f nature or z p>ts ( a design1 to leave a :ite outl9e at ! junctions--t is to say1 :]e "o petal ov]laps ano!r1 or :]e !re is a jo9t 9 ! /em1 or a fold 9 ! leaf--& to %[ ! ribb+s1 m>k+s1 & divisions ( fl[] & leaf4 ,by judici\sly *ang+ ! quality ( our t9ts x is possible to make diff]5t col\rs 9 a patt]n tell cle>ly4 ,to relieve r$ ^u blue1 = in/ance1 "o w\ld use an orange r$ ^u gre5i% blue1 or sc>let ^u a gray blue--! g5]al pr9ciple be+ app>5tly a k9d ( comp5sat+ balance betwe5 col\rs1 s t 9 tak+ f "o y give to ano!r4 ,a full r$ & blue us$ toge!r1 z we h se51 w\ld %[ a t5d5cy to purple1 unless sep>at$ by outl9es2 s t if ! blue 0 full & ri*1 ! r$ w\ld h to approa* br[n or russet2 or if ! r$ 0 a full "o--a crimson r$--! blue w\ld h to approa* gre54 ,h>mony ,?is may be because ( ! necess>y complem5ts 9 col\rs1 :i* we see 9 nature1 & :i* prepossess ! eye1 & make x dem& ^! modifications to satisfy ! s5se ( h>mony4 ,:5 daylight /ruggles ) c&le- or lamp-light1 "o may notice t ^u ! :ite clo? ( a d9n]-table ! light is blue & ! %ad[s yell[ or orange--! orange deep5+ z ) ! fad+ daylight ! blue gr[s deep]1 until ! col\r ( ! light & ! %ad[ *ange places4 ,! same pr9ciple may be notic$ 9 firelight1 b ! r$d] ! flame ! gre5] w be ! %ad[s4 ,h>mony 9 col\r may be said to consi/--ap>t f ! g5]al ackn[l$gm5t ( ! law ( complem5t>ies1 9 giv+ quality to ! raw pigm5ts by gradation1 by a c]ta9 admixture or infusion ( o!r col\rs4 ,to beg9 ) ! negatives--:ite & black--:ite may be creamy or silv]y2 black may be ( a gre5i% or a blui% or br[ni% tone2 !n ! prim>ies--r$1 blue1 yell[1 or r$1 gre51 violet--r$ may range f crimson to orange & russet2 yell[ may approa* gre5 or gold2 gre5 may be fir/ c\s9 to blue2 blue may be turquoise on ! "o h&1 & t\* purple ^u ! o!r2 & s on ?r\gh inf9ite v>iations ( half t9ts & tones4 ,no d\bt x is an easi] matt] to h>monize half t9ts ?an full bright col\rs1 :i* may acc\nt = ! preval5ce ( ! =m] 9 decorative "w4 ,nature's patt]n-book1 too1 is full ( half tones & mix$ t9ts4 ,! ,col\r ,s5se ,we may n all see col\r precisely 9 ! same way1 & ! same col\r may appe> to be ( a diff]5t t9t to diff]5t eyes2 & x seems c]ta9 t climate & surr\nd+s affect ! col\r s5se3 light & col\r w /imulate ! delight 9 col\r2 :ile1 :]e grayness & dullness *>act]ize ! surr\nd+s ( life1 ! col\r s5se w gr[ weak1 or1 if x is manife/$ at all1 x w %[ a t5d5cy to grayness & heav9ess ( t9t4 ,! art ( ! diff]5t peoples ( ! _w illu/rates ?is1 &1 z we may see by turn+ f ea/ to we/1 or f nor? to s\?1 or ev5 f w9t] to summ]1 9 ! ma9 ! love ( col\r foll[s ! sun1 l ! ra9b[4 ,we c all d some?+ to cultivate our s5se ( col\r1 h[ev]1 & !re is no bett] way ?an /udy+ ! h>monies & v>ieties ( nature4 ,ev5 ! t[n-dwell] is n altoge!r depriv$ ( ! sight ( ! sky1 :i* con/antly unfolds ! mo/ beautiful compositions bo? ( =m & col\r4 ,z to ! *oice ( col\rs 9 decorative design1 s f> z t is n n>r[$ by ! p>ticul> conditions ( ! "w1 we mu/ be guid$ by mu* ! same consid]ations z w\ld s]ve u 9 design+ g5]ally1 & mu/1 ( c\rse1 ?9k ( appropriat5ess to position & purpose4 ,mu* dep5ds1 too1 ^u proportions ( col\r1 & a beautiful & h>moni\s effect may be produc$ 9 a room by keep+ ! col\r 9 a p>ticul> key1 or ev5 delicately v>y+ ! designs & t9ts ( "o or two col\rs4 ,! same might be said 9 arrang+ a s*eme ( col\r+ = any p>ticul> piece ( design--say1 a pa9t$ panel or a textile patt]n2 al?\gh su* ?+s mu/ ultimately be gov]n$ by _! relation to o!r p>ts 9 any g5]al s*eme--circum/ances necessitate _! be+ (t5 design$ ap>t4 ,/ill1 if ! col\r ( a patt]n has be5 c>efully ?\ght out1 or r h>moni\sly felt1 z a real organic ?+1 x is sure to fit into its place :5 its "t comes4 ,9 arrang+ our design ( col\r we c h no bett] guide1 z to proportions & quality1 ?an nature1 & %\ld d well1 z a matt] ( practice1 to take a fl[]1 or ! plumage ( a bird1 or ! col\rs ( a l&scape1 & adapt !m to "s p>ticul> patt]n or s*eme ( decoration1 foll[+ ! relative degrees ( t9t & _! quantities z ne>ly z possible4 ,to d ?is successfully requires "s inv5tion & ta/e2 b successful1 or unsuccessful1 "o c\ld h>dly fail to le>n some?+ positive & valuable ab\t col\r1 if ! attempt 0 consci5ti\sly made2 & fre%] motives & sweet] col\r w\ld be m likely to result f su* /udy4 ,importance ( ,pure ,t9ts ,i ?9k x is a v important ?+ 9 all decorative "w to keep "o's col\rs pure 9 quality1 & to avoid muddy or heavy t9ts4 ,br[n is an especially difficult col\r to use1 because ( its g5]ally heavy effect z a pigm5t1 & ! difficulty ( h>moniz+ x ) o!r col\rs except z an outl9e2 & ev5 "h x makes all ! diff]5ce :e!r x is a cool or a hot %ade4 ,a hot br[n is mo/ de/ructive ( h>mony 9 col\rs4 ,x is safe1 z a rule1 to make x lean to gre51 or bronze1 or gold4 ,z a g5]al rule x is well to "w ei!r 9 a range ( cool t9ts--a cool key ( col\r1 or ! rev]se--a w>m & ri* "o4 ,few cool h>monies c be bett] ?an ultram>9e & turquoise on gre5i% :ite1 ( :i* ! ,p]sians & ,indians are s fond 9 tile-"w4 ,!y are delightful to ! eye1 :ile peculi>ly adapt$ to ! "w1 ow+ _! quality to ! oxide ( copp]1 :i* ! fir+ br+s out s well4 ,blues & gre5s & grays1 reliev$ ) :ite & yell[ & orange3 or1 r$s & yell[s1 reliev$ ) :ite & oppos$ by blacks1 g5]ally answ]3 or a range ( r$s toge!r1 or range ( blues1 or ( yell[s1 ) black & :ite = contra/ & acc5t4 ,blue & :ite1 too1 c be modifi$ 9 quality2 black may be gre5i% 9 tone1 or br[ni%1 blui%1 or purpli% accord+ to ! h>mony aim$ at4 ,:ite may be pure or ivory-ton$1 cream-col\r$ or influ5c$ by o!r col\rs1 & %\ld v>y 9 degree accord+ to ! /r5g? ( ! h>mony4 ,?is br+s u to ! "q ( tone4 ,tones & ,planes ,n[ ! ornam5ti/1 ! design] ( patt]ns1 relies = 8 effect ^u ! use ( c]ta9 planes & oppositions ( t9ts to relieve & express 8 design1 to emphasize its ma9 motive1 to br+ out or to subdue its l9es & =ms4 ,he kn[s t cool flat t9ts--blues1 gre5s1 grays--w make =ms & surfaces retire1 & he makes use ( !m = flat & reposeful effects1 su* z wall & ceil+ surfaces1 adopt+ ! natural pr9ciple ( col\r 9 l&scape & sky4 ,he uses ri*] & m v>i$ col\r 9 textile hang+s & c>pets1 furniture1 & accessories--r$s1 yell[s1 gre5s1 crimson1 russets1 orange1 gold--:i* answ] to ! bright] fl[]s & p>t]res ( our g>d5s1 z ?+s to be ne> ! eye & t\*1 & to occur z less] quantities 9 a s*eme ( int]ior col\r design4 ,9 ! col\r design ( patt]ns1 h>moni\s & ri* effects c be produc$ by ! use ( pure col\r alone1 no d\bt1 if c>efully proportion$1 & sep>at$ by outl9e2 ?\gh h>mony is m difficult to atta9 9 pure col\rs us$ 9 _! full /r5g?2 & = _! due effect1 & to avoid h>%ness1 su* a treatm5t really requires out-door light or special conditions ( light+1 or ! /rong light ( ea/]n or s\!rn c\ntries1 to s(t5 ! effect4 ,& s9ce we h to adapt our designs to _! probable surr\nd+s1 we usually consci\sly select c]ta9 tones or %ades ( a col\r1 r ?an use x absolutely pure or 9 its full /r5g?4 ,! beautiful tone :i* "t gives to all col\r-"w is difficult to rival1 b no consci\s imitation ( x is tol]able4 ,b s long z our aim is /rictly to make a col\r s*eme ( any k9d 9 relation to itself1 or 9 h>mony ) its conditions1 we are on a safe & s\nd pa?4 ,x is ?is relativity :i* is ! important ?+ 9 all decorative art1 & :i*1 m di/9ctly ?an any o!r quality1 di/+ui%es x f pictorial art2 al?\gh pictorial art is "u ! necessity ( ! same law 9 reg>d to itself2 & 9 its highe/ =ms1 z 9 mural "w1 is c]ta9ly subject to relativity 9 its wide/ s5se4 ,patt]n & ,picture ,at fir/ sight x might appe> z if !re 7 an ess5tial fundam5tal natural diff]5ce betwe5 a patt]n & a picture1 b :5 we come to consid] x1 x appe>s to be r a di/9ction ?an a diff]5ce4 ,a patt]n may be an arrangem5t ( l9es1 =ms1 & a h>mony ( planes & tones ( col\r4 ,b ^! words w\ld describe 9 g5]al t]ms a picture also4 ,c]ta9 recurr5ces ( l9e & =m2 c]ta9 re-e*o+ notes ( ! same1 or alli$ col\r1 are necess>y to bo? patt]n & picture4 ,! ab/ract +r$i5ts appe> to be ! same 9 bo? cases4 ,a picture inde$ may be consid]$ z a patt]n ( ano!r sort1 & ! real diff]5ce is t :]eas a patt]n is n necess>ily a picture1 a picture is b\nd to be a patt]n--a patt]n hav+ its quantities1 its balance ( masses1 its connect+ l9es1 its v>i\s planes1 its key ( col\r1 its play ( contra/s1 its h>mony ( tones4 ,te*nically1 a picture may be consid]$ z an in=mal patt]n1 ma9ly ( tone & values2 :ile a patt]n may be consid]$ z a =mal patt]n1 ma9ly ( planes ( col\r4 ,! anci5t art ( ! ,ea/ 0 all frankly patt]n-"w1 :atev] ! subject pictur$4 ,egyptian1 ,p]sian1 ,indian1 ,*9ese1 ,moori% & ,arabian art1 9 all _! v>ieties1 %[ ! dom9at+ s5se ( patt]n1 & ! inv5tion ( ! in/9ctive decorators 9 ! use ( col\r4 ,! ,japanese1 also1 are in/9ctive decorators1 ?\gh 9 a less =mal & m impressioni/ic way1 & ) mu* m naturali/ic feel+4 ,_! pictures pr9t$ f col\r blocks1 z well z _! kakimonos1 pa9t$ on silk1 are frankly patt]n-pictures1 ! patt]n motive be+ q z /rong or /rong] ?an ! graphic or repres5tative motive4 ,m$iaeval & e>ly ,r5aissance pa9t+ 9 ,europe 0 frankly m or less =mal & ( ! nature ( ornam5t1 & ev5 9 its free/ & fulle/ developm5t1 9 ! works ( ! great ma/]s ( ! sixte5? c5tury ( ,v5ice & ,flor5ce1 a c]ta9 decorative or ar*itectural feel+ 0 nev] =gott54 ,pa9t+ 0 /ill 9 close association ) ar*itecture1 & 0 ! *ief adornm5t ( *ur*es & palaces2 ?us x pres]v$ a peculi> di/9ction & dignity ( /yle4 ,! ,dut* s*ool did m p]haps to break ^! old decorative & ar*itectural traditions ?an any o!r1 ) _! dome/ic & purely naturali/ic motives1 _! pursuit ( realism1 atmosph]ic effect1 & *i>oscuro--t fasc9at+ goal ( pa9t+4 ,*i>oscuro ,yet !re 7 "s ( ! sev5te5?-c5tury ma/]s1 & ( ! be/1 su* z ,de ,hooghe & ,v] ,me] ( ,delft1 :o %[$ !mselves v mu* alive to decorative effect1 :i* _! p[] ( *i>oscuro--! p[] ( pa9t+ ?+s 9 _! prop] atmosph]e1 z lo/ 9 transp>5t dep?s ( %ad[1 or f\nd 9 lum9\s my/]y--only seem$ to enhance4 ,z a wond]ful in/ance ( ornam5tal & dignifi$ design c>ri$ into e detail ) mo/ c>eful draughtsman%ip1 & yet beautiful 9 *i>oscuro & grave col\r1 !re is no f9] example ?an ,j4 ,van ,eyck's portrait-picture ( ,jan ,arnolf9i & 8 ,wife 9 our ,national ,gall]y4 ,su* pictures z ^! w\ld tell z ri* & preci\s gems ^u ! wall1 & w\ld =m ! c5tres to :i* ! surr\nd+ col\r patt]ns & decoration w\ld lead up1 z 9 ! picture ! little mirror reflect+ ! figures %9es ^u ! wall1 a picture )9 a picture4 ,illu/ration 7f#acd73 ,j4 van ,eyck3 ,portrait ( ,jan ,arnolf9i & ,8 ,wife4 7,national ,gall]y47 ,x is in/ructive f any po9t ( view to /udy ! quantities & relations ( col\r1 & _! tones & values1 9 su* works4 ,v] ,me] ( ,delft ,take ,v] ,me]'s ,lady at a ,sp9et 9 our ,national ,gall]y4 ,illu/ration 7f#ace73 ,v] ,me] ( ,delft3 ,lady at a ,sp9et4 7,national ,gall]y47 ,we h a pla9 :ite wall1 exquisite 9 tone1 ^u :i* ! crisp gold ( ! small picture inclos+ a br[ni% l&scape ) a blue & :ite sky1 & ! broad black frame ( ! picture ( ,cupid tell /rongly1 yet fall into plane beh9d ! figure 9 :ite sat9--q a diff]5t quality ( :ite1 & w>m] & bright] ?an ! wall4 ,! bodice is a /eely blue silk1 :i* is repeat$ 9 ! velvet seat ( ! *air2 :ile ! blue & :ite l&scape ^u ! op5 lid ( ! sp9et repeats ! blue & :ite l&scape on ! wall1 & ! blue & :ite motive is subtly re-e*o$ 9 a subdu$ key 9 ! little tiles l9+ ! base ( ! wall4 ,! floor is a *equ] ( black & :ite 7mottl$7 m>ble1 :i* gives a f9e relief to ! dress & repeats ! emphatic black ( ! picture frame2 ! /& ( ! sp9et is also black /riat$ m>ble4 ,quiet daylight falls ?r\gh ! gre5i% :ite ( ! lead$ panes4 ,! p9k-br[n woodwork ( ! sp9et & *air prev5t ! col\r s*eme f be+ cold4 ,! fle% is v pale & ivory-l 9 tone1 b ! dress is enliv5$ by little crisp sc>let & gold t\*es 9 ! n>r[ laces :i* tie ! sleeves4 ,! little picture is a gem ( pa9t+ & tru? ( tone1 & at ! same "t might well sugge/ a *>m+ s*eme ( col\r to an ornam5ti/4 ,van ,eyck ,exam9e ! ,van ,eyck 9 ! same way1 & we %all f9d a v ri* b quiet s*eme ( col\r 9 a l[] key1 highly decorative1 yet pres5t$ ) extraord9>y reali/ic =ce1 unit$ ) extreme ref9em5t & exquisite *i>oscuro1 & tru? ( tone & value1 z a portrait-picture1 & piece ( int]ior light+4 ,x is l tak+ an actual peep into ! inn] life ( a ,flemi% burgh] ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,"o seems to brea! ! /ill air ( ! quiet room1 ! gray daylight fall+ ?r\gh ! lead$ casem5ts1 "o ( :i* /&s op51 & %[s a n>r[ /rip ( lum9\s sky & sugge/ion ( a g>d5 ) sc>let blossoms 9 gre5 leaves4 ,! man is clad 9 a long mantle ( cl>et-br[n velvet edg$ ) fur1 ov] black tunic & hose4 ,he we>s a qua9t black hat ^u 8 head1 :i* almo/ =e%ad[s ! tall hat ( ! mod]n citiz54 ,! pale /range face looks pal] & /rang] b5ea? x1 b is 9 "* ) ! long ?9 h&s4 ,! figure gives "o ! impression ( legal precision & dryness1 & a t\* ( cl]ical =mality4 ,! wife is ( a buxom & *>act]i/ic ,flemi% type1 9 a grass-gre5 robe edg$ ) :ite fur1 ov] peacock blue2 a crisp silv]y :ite head-dress2 a d>k r$ lea!r belt ) silv] /it*+4 ,h] figure is reliev$ ^u ! subdu$ r$ ( ! b$ hang+s1 cont9u$ 9 ! cov] ( ! settle & ! r$ clogs4 ,! wall ( ! room1 mu* lo/ 9 transp>5t %ade1 is ( a gre5i% gray tone1 & 9 ! c5tre1 betwe5 ! figures1 a circul> convex mirror sp>kles on ! wall reflect+ ! backs ( ! figures4 ,?9 l9es delicately repeat ! r$ 9 ! mirror frame1 :i* has a black & r$ inn] m\ld+4 ,a /r+ ( amb] beads hangs on ! wall1 & repeats ! %imm] ( ! bright brass c&elabra :i* hangs al(t1 & :i* is drawn c>efully en\gh = a craftsman to reproduce4 ,patt]n-,pictures ,bo? design] & pa9t] may f9d abundant sugge/ion 9 ?is picture1 :i*1 ) ,v] ,me]'s ,lady at ! ,sp9et1 ,i %\ld describe z patt]n-pictures--t is to say1 :ile !y are ?or\ghly pa9t]'s pictures1 & give all ! peculi> qualities ( oil-pa9t+ 9 ! r5d]+ ( tone & values1 !y yet %[ 9 _! col\r s*eme ! decorative quality1 & might be translat$ into patt]ns ( ! same proportions & keys ( col\rs4 ,z examples ( :at might be t]m$ picture-patt]ns we might recur to ! wall pa9t+s1 z ,i h said1 ( anci5t ,egypt & e>ly art g5]ally1 = _! simple/ =ms2 b to take a mu* lat] in/ance1 & f ! art ( ,flor5ce 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 look at ,botticelli's *>m+ little picture ( ,! ,nativity1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,x has all ! int5tional1 or p]haps in/9ctive1 ornam5tal aim ( ,italian art1 & its col\r s*eme %[s a mo/ da9ty & delicate inv5tion 9 ! /ricte/ relation to ! subject & s5tim5t1 & is arrang$ ) ! utmo/ subtlety & ! nice/ art4 ,botticelli ,! r+ ( angels above1 = in/ance1 is p>tly reliev$ ^u a gild$ gr\nd--to repres5t ! dome ( heav54 ,!y be> olive bran*es1 & ! col\r ( _! robes alt]nates 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 rose1 olive 7%ot ) gold71 & :ite4 ,! rose-col\r$ angels h olive & :ite w+s2 ! :ite angels1 rose & olive w+s2 & ! olive angels1 :ite & rose w+s4 ,?is "p ( ! picture by itself =ms a mo/ beautiful patt]n motive1 :ile x expresses ! idea ( peace & goodwill4 ,!n on ! br[n & gold ?at* ( ! /able occur ?ree m angels 9 :ite1 rose1 & gre51 respectively4 ,aga9/ a pale sky rise ri* olive-gre5 trees1 =m+ ! backgr\nd4 ,illu/ration 7f#acf73 ,botticelli3 ,! ,nativity 7,national ,gall]y74 ,! ,virg9 /rikes ! brighte/ ray ( col\r 9 r$ "u-robe & sky-blue mantle4 ,!re is a gray :ite ass & a pale br[n c[ beh9d h]4 ,/4 ,joseph is 9 /eel gray ) a gold5 orange mantle ov]4 ,! brighte/ :ite occurs 9 ! drap]y ^u :i* ! infant ,*ri/ lies4 ,an angel ) a gr\p ( m5 appe>s1 kneel+ on ! left reliev$ aga9/ :ite rocks2 _! col\rs are--! angel's w+s--peacock blue & gre51 & a pale rose robe4 ,! next figure is 9 sc>let2 ! next yell[2 & ! ?ird man we>s pale rose ov] ri* grass-gre54 ,( ! %eph]ds on ! "r ! fir/ "o is 9 russet & :ite1 ! next /eely gray1 & ! angel is 9 :ite ) rose & pale gre5 w+s4 ,! gr\nd is g5]ally w>m :ite & br[n1 ) d>k olive-col\r$ grass & foliage1 s t ! patt]n ( ! picture is ma9ly a gr\nd ( olive1 gold1 & :ite1 reliev$ by spots ( rose1 :ite1 blue1 yell[1 & rose-r$ & sc>let--! col\r 9 ! gr\ps ( angels embrac+ m5 9 front be+ ! deepe/ 9 tone4 ,! fir/ angel 9 ?is gr\p 7on ! left7 we>s gre5 %ot ) gold1 ) %ot gre5 & gold w+s1 ! human be+ 9 d>k olive & ri* crimson r$4 ,next is a :ite angel ) pale rose w+s2 ! man 9 gray ) a r$ mantle ov]4 ,la/ is an angel 9 rose1 ) rose & r$ w+s1 ! man be+ 9 sc>let ) gray mantle ov]4 ,all ! m5 hold olive bran*es1 & ! gr\p emphatically illu/rates ! idea ( on e>? peace & goodwill t[>ds m51 ?us end+ on ! keynote bo? ( col\r & idea giv5 9 ! r+ ( angels above4 ,?us x is n only a lovely picture1 b an exquisite patt]n4 ,holbe9 ,ano!r in/ance ( a picture-patt]n extremely /rong & brilliant 9 its realization ( ! full =ce & value ( bright col\r oppos$ by ! /ronge/ black & :ite1 may be f\nd 9 ,holbe9's spl5did ,ambassadors1 also 9 our ,national ,collection4 ,illu/ration 7f#acg73 ,holbe93 ,! ,ambassadors 7,national ,gall]y74 ,botticelli ,! circul> picture ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild1 ) ,/4 ,john & an angel1 by ,botticelli1 is also ano!r beautiful in/ance ( pictorial patt]n1 & ( design well adapt$ & adequately fill+ its space1 :ile full ( delicate draughtsman%ip1 poetic s5tim5t1 & extremely ornate 9 its col\r4 ,illu/ration 7f#ach73 ,botticelli3 ,madonna & ,*ild 7,national ,gall]y74 ,c>lo ,crivelli ,/ill m /rictly ornam5tal 9 "* & aim is ,c>lo ,crivelli's ,annunciation4 ,amaz+ly ri* 9 inv5tion1 & beautifully design$ detail1 & magnific5tly decorative 9 its col\r s*eme ( brick r$s & :ites1 & pale p9ks & /eel grays1 & yell[s1 v>i$ ) sc>let & black1 gre51 blue & gold1 9 ! co/umes & drap]ies1 sp>kl+ ) jewels1 & bright5$ ) rays & patt]ns ( gold4 ,illu/ration 7f#aci73 ,c>lo ,crivelli3 ,! ,annunciation 7,national ,gall]y74 ,p]ug9o ,h>dly less ornam5tal 9 its m consci\s grace & ,r5aissance feel+ is ,p]ug9o's tripty* ( ! ,virg9 ador+1 ) ,/4 ,mi*ael on "o w+ & ,/4 ,raphael & ,tobias on ! o!r4 ,x is a spl5did deep-ton$ h>mony ( blues1 & w>m fle% tones & gold5 hair1 v>i$ by opals1 rose r$1 bronze1 gre51 :ite1 & purple & orange4 ,illu/ration 7f#adj73 ,p]ug9o3 ,! ,virg9 9 ,adoration1 ) ,/4 ,mi*ael & ,/4 ,raphael & ,tobias 7,national ,gall]y74 ,titian ,titian's ,bac*us & ,ariadne is1 p]haps1 m :at ,i h describ$ z a patt]n-picture1 & is ( a mu* lat] type4 ,! full flu% ( col\r & pagan joy ( ! ,r5aissance is "h p>am\nt1 express$ ) ! ma/]ly fre$om ( draw+ & magnific5t col\r s5se ( ! great ,v5etian ma/]4 ,yet1 look+ ?r\gh ! life1 ! movem5t1 ! sw+ & vitality ( ! figures1 & ! p[] & poetry by :i* ! /ory is convey$1 we %all f9d a f9e ornate design1 su/a9+ an extremely ri* & sumptu\s patt]n ( col\r4 ,we h a spread ( deep-ton$ blue sky b>r$ ) silv]y :ite & gray cl\ds1 great masses ( br[n & gre5 foliage sway+ aga9/ x1 above a b& ( deep blue sea1 & a field ( ri* gold5 br[n e>?4 ,w>m fle% tones1 deep & pale1 break ^u ?is ) a gorge\s patt]n ( fly+ rose1 blue1 sc>let1 orange1 & :ite drap]ies1 v>i$ ) ! spott$ coats ( ! leop>ds1 ! black ( ! dog1 & ! copp] vessel & w>m :ite ( tumbl$ drap]y4 ,illu/ration 7f#ada73 ,titian3 ,bac*us & ,ariadne 7,national ,gall]y74 ,keats might h _h ?is picture 9 8 m9d :5 he wrote ! song 9 ,endymion3 ,& z ,i sat1 ov] ! light blue hills ,!re came a noise ( revell]s3 ! rills ,into ! wide /ream came ( purple hue4 ',twas ,bac*us & 8 crew6 ,! e>ne/ trumpet speaks1 & silv] ?rills ,f kiss+ cymbals made a m]ry d9-- ',twas ,bac*us & 8 k96 ,l to a mov+ v9tage d[n !y came1 ,cr[n$ ) gre5 leaves1 & faces all on flame2 ,all madly danc+ ?r\gh ! pleasant valley1 ,to sc>e !e1 ,melan*oly6 ,! ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love ( ! same pa9t]1 9 ! ,borghese ,gall]y at ,rome1 is an ev5 m spl5did example ( col\r & tone1 & is probably ! f9e/ ( all ,titian's works4 ,paul ,v]onese ,9 ,paul ,v]onese we f9d a cool] key ( col\r g5]ally1 ) a fondness = compositions ( figures ) classical ar*itecture1 ! ri* patt]n$ robes & v>i$ heads contra/+ pleasantly ) ! sev]e v]ticals & smoo? surfaces ( ! m>ble columns--a sumptu\s & dignifi$ k9d ( picture-patt]n1 & fully adapt$ to ! decoration ( ,v5etian *ur*es & palaces ( ! ,r5aissance4 ,f4 ,madox ,br[n ,madox ,br[n's ,*ri/ wa%+ ,/4 ,pet]'s ,feet1 n[ 9 ! ,tate ,gall]y1 is a mod]n picture-patt]n1 & an extremely f9e "o4 ,^! are b a few in/ances out ( _m1 & ! subject ( col\r & patt]n1 l ! expression ( l9e & =m1 ( :i* x is a "p1 is s l>ge & its sides s multitud9\s t to deal ) ! subject fully & illu/rate x adequately w\ld ne$1 n t5 *apt]s1 b t5 hundr$1 & c\ld only be compass$ by ! hi/ory ( art itself4 ,illu/ration 7f#adb73 ,madox ,br[n3 ,*ri/ ,wa%+ ,/4 ,pet]'s ,feet 7,tate ,gall]y74 ,conclusion ,if any?+ ,i h said on ! subject1 or h be5 able to %[ by way ( illu/ration1 has s]v$ 9 any way to cle> away obscurities1 or to light5 ! lab\rs ( /ud5ts1 or to sugge/ fre% ideas to ! m9ds ( any ( my read]s 9 ! !ory1 hi/ory1 or practice ( art1 ,i %all feel t my "w has n be5 9 va91 &1 at all ev5ts1 ,i c only say t ,i h endeav\r$ to give "h ! results ( my own ?\ghts & exp]i5ce 9 art4 ,"s may look ^u art z a means ( livelihood only1 a h&maid ( comm]ce1 or z a bran* ( k1 to be acquir$ only s f> z to enable "o to imp>t x to o!rs2 o!rs may reg>d x z a polite amusem5t2 o!rs1 aga91 z an absorb+ pursuit & passion1 dem&+ ! close/ devotion3 b f :atev] po9t ( view we may reg>d x1 d n let u =get t ! pursuit ( beauty 9 art (f]s ! be/ ( educations = ! faculties1 t its int]e/ cont9ually increases1 & its pleasures & successes are ! mo/ ref9$ & satisfy+4 ,,index ,adaptability 9 design1 #abd-abf4 ,animal =ms1 use ( 9 design1 #ajf2 gov]n$ by inclos+ b\nd>ies1 #ajd-ajf1 #aaj-aab4 ,ar*itectural m\ld+s1 relief 91 #aij4 ,ar*itecture1 spaces = sculpture 91 #aac-aaf4 ,ardebil1 holy c>pet ( ! mosque (1 f#abf4 ,a!ns1 ! ,t[] ( ! ,w9ds1 #aae-aaf4 ,b>i1 #aj2 ! ,hundr$ ,birds (1 f#jdd4 ,birds1 ,japanese draw+ (1 #fh1 f#jdd2 decorative treatm5t (1 f#aae4 ,blake's ,book ( ,job1 ,! ,morn+ ,/>s1 #ai1 f#jad1 #aeb4 ,bord] motives1 recurr5ce 91 f#jca1 f#jcb1 f#jfb4 ,book decoration1 #eh1 #ei1 #fb2 example ( page treatm5t1 f#jda4 ,botticelli1 frescoes 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 #bbf2 r5d]+ ( ! ,primav]a 9 tape/ry1 #bdj2 8 ,nativity1 #bgb-bge2 ,madonna & ,*ild1 #bge-bgf4 ,b\nd>ies1 def9ition (1 #b1 #c2 use ( 9 design+ sprays1 #ch1 f#jbg2 9 design+ animal =ms1 f#jfc;a2 influ5ce (1 #ajh2 relation ( design to1 f#jfd2 decorative spac+ ( figures 9 geometric1 f#jfc;b1 #aeb-aef4 ,bru%-"w1 #fe-fh4 ,cant]bury1 ,/4 ,m>g>et ,/reet1 f#jhf4 ,ceil+ decoration1 #acf4 ,*>coal draw+1 #fh1 #gj4 ,*>tres1 c>v+ on ! ,ca!dral1 #aig1 f#ajh1 f#aji4 ,*i>oscuro1 #bfg-bfi4 ,*9ese porcela91 #aja4 ,col\r1 effect ( texture on1 #bdd2 9 /a9$ glass1 #beb2 expression ( relief 9 l9e & =m by1 #bef1 #beh2 radiation (1 #beh2 complem5ts 91 #bfj2 h>mony 91 #bfa2 col\r s5se1 #bfa1 #bfb2 col\r proportions1 #bfb2 importance ( pure col\r1 #bfc4 ,composition1 =mal1 #aeb-aef2 in=mal1 #aeg-afd4 ,con/ant9e1 ,ar* (1 sket* (1 f#jfi4 ,contra/ 9 design1 #aja2 use (1 9 patt]n design1 #aff1 et seq42 pr9ciples (1 9 black & :ite1 f#aaa;a4 ,cor9?ian ord]1 ,roman treatm5t (1 #aib1 f#aje4 ,c\nt]balance1 #dc1 #dd1 #ie1 f#jeg1 f#jeh1 #acj4 ,c\nt]*ange1 9 h]aldry1 #aga-agd4 ,crivelli1 ,! ,annunciation1 #bgf-bgh4 ,cube1 !1 #gc2 use ( 9 ar*itecture1 f#jde;b1 #gg1 f#jdh;a2 9 nature1 #gf4 ,dado1 use ( !1 #bcd4 ,de ,hooghe1 ,pet]1 #bfg4 ,desid]io di ,settignano1 relief "w (1 #bjb2 ,madonna & ,*ild1 at ,s\? ,k5s+ton1 by1 #bjb4 ,design1 l9e> basis (1 #ce2 te*nical influ5ce on1 #eh1 #ei1 #fb2 beauty 91 #fb1 #fc2 influ5ce ( mat]ial on1 #fd2 quantities 91 #if-aja2 contra/ 91 #aja2 liv+ tradition 91 #abf2 adaptability 91 #abd-abf2 ext5sion 91 #abf-aca2 geometric /ructural plans 91 #acj2 ess5tials (1 #ach-aci4 ,de ,w9t1 bru%-"w (1 #fh4 ,diap]1 use ( 9 ,middle ,ages1 #aga1 #agd-age4 ,donatello1 relief "w (1 #bjb4 ,drap]y1 treatm5t ( by ! old ma/]s1 f#jii-ahf4 ,draw+ 9 l9e1 me?ods (1 #f1 #g2 calligraphic me?od1 #h2 t5tative me?od1 #i2 ,japanese me?od1 #aj2 oval & rectangul> me?ods1 f#jjh1 #ab4 ,dur]1 ,alb]t1 8 ,geometrica1 #e2 ro(s 9 8 engrav+s1 #adh2 ,! ,prodigal ,son1 f#jhc2 ,/4 ,an?ony1 f#jhd2 pr9ciple 9 ! treatm5t ( drap]y1 f#jii1 f#ajj4 ,egyptian sculpture1 #aib1 #aid-aif4 ,emotion1 l9e> expression (1 #ah-ba4 ,emphasis1 #ed2 value (1 #ef2 effects ( diff]5t emphasis1 f#jch1 f#jci1 f#jdj2 9 relief ( =m1 #ahj4 ,equival5ts 9 =m1 value (1 #ie1 f#jeg4 ,ext5sion 9 design1 #abf-aca4 ,figure composition1 #afj2 expression ( repose & action 91 f#jij4 ,figure design1 relief 91 #bjd-bjg2 graphic & decorative treatm5t (1 f#aad4 ,figure designs1 controll$ by geometric b\nd>ies1 #aeb-aef4 ,flaxman's ,hom]1 designs f1 f#jae4 ,fl[]s1 l9es ( *>act]ization 9 design (1 #ab1 #ac2 =ms controll$ by inclos+ b\nd>ies1 #aaj-aab4 ,foliage1 pr9ciples ( /ructure 91 #adc-adf4 ,=m1 its relation to l9e1 #bg2 importance ( k (1 #ca2 *oice (1 #gc1 #gi2 elem5t>y =ms & _! relation to =ms 9 nature & art1 #gc-gg2 gr\p+ (1 #hc-hg2 analogies (1 #hi-ia2 typical =ms ( ornam5t1 #ib-ie2 equival5ts 91 #ie1 f#jeg2 v>iation ( alli$ =ms1 #ajc2 gov]n$ by %ape ( inclos+ b\nd>y1 f#jfc;b1 #ajf1 f#jff2 relief (1 #afe1 et seq42 expression (1 by light & %ade1 #bje1 f#aab4 ,frieze1 orig9 ( !1 #aac1 #acc2 & field1 #acc-ace2 use ( !1 #bcf2 treatm5t (1 #bdj4 ,fruit =ms1 treatm5t (1 f#jed1 #hi4 ,gems1 engrav$1 #bjj4 ,geometric =ms1 elem5t>y1 #gc2 /ructural plans 9 surface design1 #abh-acc4 ,ghirl&ajo1 #bbf4 ,giotto1 ,*a/ity1 f#aai4 ,gozzoli1 ,b5ozzo1 #bbf4 ,graphic aim1 !1 9 draw+1 #bi-ca1 #bje1 #bjh-baa4 ,gr\p+ ( =ms1 #hc-hg4 ,holbe91 ,! ,ambassadors1 f#acg4 ,human figure1 use ( !1 9 design1 #ajd-ajg2 decorative spac+ ( )9 geometric b\nd>ies1 #aje-ajf1 #ajg2 gov]n$ by inclos+ b\nd>ies1 #aaj1 f#jff2 pr9ciples ( l9e 91 f#jha;a4 ,indian ornam5t1 typical1 #bab1 #baf2 pr9t$ cotton designs1 #bdf1 f#acj4 ,inlay "w1 *oice ( =ms =1 #ha-hc4 ,japanese me?od ( draw+ ) ! bru%1 #aj1 #fh2 diagonal patt]n1 f#jec2 col\r pr9ts1 #bff4 ,ke5e1 ,*>les1 #aij4 ,l&scape1 expression ( /orm & calm 91 #aeh1 f#jhi4 ,lead p5cil1 #gj4 ,lett]s1 =mation (1 #d2 ,dur]'s me?od1 f#jje;a4 ,l9e1 me?ods ( draw+ 91 #f-ab2 quality (1 #ab-ad2 ! language (1 #bc2 comp>ison ( /yle 91 #bd2 scale ( degrees & qualities (1 #bd1 #be2 its relation to =m1 #bg2 "q & answ] 91 #ce1 f#jbe2 recurr+1 f#jca1 f#jcb2 radiat+ pr9ciple (1 #df-ej2 range & use (1 #dg-di2 *oice (1 #ea2 degree & emphasis (1 #ed2 influ5ce ( te*nical conditions on1 #eh-fb2 controll+ influ5ce (1 z a b\nd>y ( design1 #ajf1 #ajh-aac2 value ( recurr+1 #aai-abd2 comb9ations (1 #aci2 pr9ciples ( /ructural & ornam5tal l9e1 #adj-ade2 selection (1 f#aag;a1 f#aag;b4 ,l9e> expression1 ( movem5t1 #ae1 #af1 #ag2 ( textures & surfaces1 #ah1 #ai2 ( emotion1 #ai1 #bj1 f#jae2 scale (1 #ba2 p[] (1 #aeh1 #afj2 ( fur & fea!rs1 #bjh1 f#aac4 ,l9e> motives & patt]n bases1 simple1 #aji-aaa4 ,lippi1 ,filipp9o1 /udy ( drap]y by1 f#aja4 ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 #bbf4 ,lysicrates1 monum5t (1 #acc4 ,madox ,br[n1 ,=d1 mural pa9t+ at ,man*e/]1 #bbf1 #bbg2 ,*ri/ wa%+ ,pet]'s feet1 #bhj1 f#adb4 ,mantl+1 treatm5t (1 #agj-agc4 ,m$als1 #bjj1 f#aaj4 ,memory1 importance (1 9 design1 #ci4 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 #bbe4 ,modell+1 pr9ciple ( relief 91 #aib4 ,montague1 mantl+ f ,g>t] plate (1 f#jid;b4 ,morris1 ,william1 tape/ry (1 #bcf1 #bdj4 ,movem5t1 l9e> expression (1 #ae-ag2 l9es (1 9 a procession1 f#jia;a2 9 a danc+ figure1 f#aag;a2 9 wat]1 f#aah;b4 ,mural decoration1 #bbd1 #bbe2 diagram ( sy/ems ( l9e gov]n+1 f#aba2 scale 91 #bcj2 *oice ( l9e & =m 91 #bcf4 ,nauplia1 ,gulf (1 coa/ & m\nta9 l9es1 f#jjd1 f#aah;a4 ,n]va1 ,=um (1 #aib1 f#aje4 ,nuremb]g1 ceil+ 9 ! ,ca/le (1 #acf1 #acg4 ,olive bran*1 /udy ( f nature1 f#jbj2 decorative treatm5t (1 f#jba4 ,ornam5t1 typical =ms (1 #ib-id4 ,ornam5tal purpose1 !1 9 draw+1 #bi1 #ca-cc1 #baj1 et seq4 ,ornam5tal units1 #id2 use ( int]vals 9 repeat+1 f#jfe4 ,outl9e1 orig9 & function (1 #a4 ,p>!non1 ! frieze ( !1 #df2 sket* (1 f#jfg4 ,patt]n & picture1 diff]5ce betwe51 #bfe2 patt]n-pictures1 #bgb4 ,p51 !1 comp>$ ) bru% & p5cil1 #ga4 ,p5cil draw+1 #gj1 #ga4 ,p]sian c>pets1 pr9ciple ( design 91 #bdb2 treatm5t ( bord]s 91 f#abg2 :ite outl9e 91 #bfj4 ,p]sian ornam5t1 typical1 #bab1 f#aaf4 ,p]sian rugs1 value ( diff]5t quantities 91 #ih-aja4 ,p]ug9o1 ,national ,gall]y tripty*1 f#adj4 ,photograph1 influ5ce ( !1 #ee1 #ef2 pr9ciple ( !1 #ahg1 #aij4 ,picture writ+1 #bg1 f#jai4 ,p9turic*io1 frescoes 9 ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 #bbf2 mural pa9t+ at ,si5a1 #bbf1 f#abj2 frescoes 9 ! ,app>tim5ti ,borgia1 #bch1 f#abe4 ,pisano1 ,vittore1 m$als (1 #aih1 f#aaj4 ,poppy1 horn$ /udy (1 f#jbb2 adaptation ( = ne$lework1 f#jbc2 sket* ( on diff]5t col\r$ gr\nds1 f#acb1 #beh4 ,pr9ts1 pr9ciples ( design =1 #bdf-bea4 ,procession1 l9es ( movem5t 9 a1 #afj1 #afb-afc4 ,pyramid1 !1 #gc2 use ( 9 ar*itecture1 f#jde;b1 f#jdh;a4 ,radiat+ pr9ciple ( l9e1 !1 #df-ej4 ,raphael1 /udy ( drap]y by1 f#ajb4 ,rav5na1 ,s4 ,vitale1 sket* ( apse1 f#jgj4 ,recurr+ l9e & =m1 f#jca1 f#jcb2 value ( 9 ar*itecture1 #aai1 #abd4 ,relief1 me?ods ( express+1 #afe2 use ( contra/1 #aff2 decorative relief1 #aga2 on diap]$ gr\nd1 #agd-age2 by simple l9e> contra/s1 #agd1 #agf-agh2 by l9e> %ad+1 #agf1 #agh2 by diagonal %ad+1 #agf1 #agh-ahj2 value ( emphasis 91 #ahj2 by light & %ade alone1 #ahg-aij2 pr9ciple ( 9 ar*itectural m\ld+s1 #aij2 modell$1 #aib2 9 sculpture1 #aib-aii1 f#aji2 ,flor5t9e fifte5?-c5tury "w1 #bjb2 natural pr9ciple (1 #bjd1 f#aaa;b2 by col\r1 #bef1 #beh4 ,repeat+ patt]ns1 #cf1 f#jbf1 f#jgg;b1 f#jgh2 me?od ( te/+1 #ch1 f#jbh4 ,rhy?m ( design1 !1 #cb4 ,ro(s1 ,g]man1 #adf-adh4 ,ro!nburg1 ro(-l9es 91 f#jhe4 ,/4 ,david's ,ca!dral1 c>v+s 91 #abb-abd2 ,go?ic tile patt]n 91 f#jgd1 f#jgf4 ,scale1 importance ( 9 mural decoration1 #bcj1 #bcb4 ,sculpture1 relief 91 #aib2 ,egyptian1 #aib1 #aid2 ,grecian1 #aid1 f#ajg1 #aig2 ,go?ics1 #aig2 on m$iaeval tombs1 #aih4 ,selection1 ! te/ ( arti/ic treatm5t1 #bad4 ,%ields1 ,f4 ,j41 mural decoration1 #bbh4 ,silh\ette1 #b1 f#jaj;a4 ,skirt+1 !1 #bcd4 ,spaces1 decorative1 9 design1 #aac2 app>5t dep? or wid? increas$ by use ( v]tical or horizontal l9es1 #bcb1 f#abb4 ,spac+1 mural1 #bcj1 f#aba1 f#abc4 ,sph]e1 !1 #gc2 use ( 9 ar*itecture1 f#jde;b1 f#jdh;a2 9 nature1 #gf4 ,/a9$ glass1 pr9ciples ( design =1 #beb1 #bee4 ,surfaces1 l9e> expression (1 #ah4 ,tape/ry1 #bcg2 ,burgundian1 #bcg1 f#abd2 effect ( texture on col\r 91 #bdd1 f#abh4 ,te*nical influ5ce1 !1 #eh-fb4 ,textile design+1 #fb2 examples (1 f#jda;b2 value ( diff]5t qualities 91 #ig-aja2 pr9ciples (1 #bda1 #bdb2 col\r 91 #bdd4 ,textures1 l9e> expression (1 #ah4 ,!bes1 sculptur$ relief at1 f#ajf4 ,titian1 ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 #bgh-bhj2 ,sacr$ & ,pr(ane ,love1 #bhj4 ,tivoli1 ,temple ( ! ,sibyls at1 #acc4 ,trees1 effect ( w9d ^u1 f#jaa2 g5]al pr9ciples ( l9e & =m 9 foliage1 etc41 #adc-ade4 ,typical treatm5t1 #ca2 ornam5t1 #ib-ie4 ,val5ce1 ,aym] de1 tomb (1 f#jid;a4 ,van ,eyck1 ,jan ,arnolf9i & 8 ,wife1 #bfg1 f#acd1 #bgj1 #bga4 ,v>iation ( alli$ =ms1 #ajc4 ,v>iety 9 design1 #dj4 ,v] ,me]1 ,lady at ,sp9et1 f#ace1 #bgj1 #bgb4 ,v]onese1 ,paul1 #bhj4 ,vis*1 ,m>t9 de1 brass (1 f#jid;b1 f#jie4 ,walb]swick ,*ur*1 f#jgb4 ,walk]1 ,fr$]ick1 #aij4 ,wall1 decorative spac+ ( !1 #bcd1 f#abc4 ,wall-pap]1 pr9ciples ( design =1 #cf1 f#jbf1 #bdf2 relation betwe5 frieze & field 91 #acc1 #acd4 ,wat]1 l9es ( movem5t 91 f#aah;b4 ,wat]c\rse1 l9es left by a1 f#jia;b4 ,wave l9es1 f#jaa1 f#jab4 ,we/m9/]1 vault+ ( *apt] h\se1 f#jce4 ,w9*elsea1 tomb ( ,g]vaise-,al>d1 f#jga4 ,,*iswick ,,press3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,*>les ,,:itt+ham ,,& ,,co4 ,,tooks ,,c\rt1 ,,*anc]y ,,lane1 ,,london4