99       99       99       99       99  
----------------------------------------
-------------------      ,transcriber's 
,note3                                  
,inconsistent hyphenation and spelling  
in the original           document have 
been preserved4                         
,obvious typographical errors have been 
corrected4 ,for           a complete    
list1 please see the end of this        
document4                               
----------------------------------------
-------------------         99       99 
99       99       99     ,,the ,,jewish 
,,state  ,theodor ,herzl     ,,the      
,,jewish ,,state   by ,theodor ,herzl   
,dover ,publications1 ,inc41 ,new ,york 
,this ,dover edition1 first published in
 #aihh1 is an unabridged1     unaltered 
republication of the work originally    
published in #aidf     by the ,american 
,zionist ,emergency ,council1 ,new      
,york1 based on a     revised           
translation published by the ,scopus    
,publishing ,company1     ,new ,york1   

#aidc1 which was1 in turn1 based on the 
first     ,english-language edition1 ,a 
,jewish ,state1 translated by ,sylvie   
d',avigdor1 and published by ,nutt1     
,london1 ,england1 #ahif4 ,the          
,herzl text was originally published    
under the title ,der     ,judenstaat in 
,vienna1 #ahif4 ,please see the note on 
the facing     page for further details4
     ,,the ,,jewish ,,state is published
 by the ,american ,zionist ,emergency   
,council for its constituent            
organizations on the occasion of the    
#ejth ,anniversary of the publication of
 ,,der ,,judenstaat in ,vienna1         
,february #ad1 #ahif4  ,the translation 
of ,,the ,,jewish ,,state based on a    
revised translation published by the    
,scopus ,publishing ,company was further
 revised by ,jacob ,m4 ,alkow1 editor of
 this book4 ,the biography was condensed
 from ,alex ,bein's ,theodor ,herzl1    
published by the ,jewish ,publication   
,society of ,america4 ,the bibliography 
and the chronology were prepared by the 

,zionist ,archives and ,library4 ,to    
,mr4 ,louis ,lipsky and to all of the   
above mentioned contributors1 the       
,american ,zionist ,emergency ,council  
is deeply indebted4     ,contents       
,introduction--,louis ,lipsky           
#i  ,biography--,alex ,bein             
#ba  ,the ,jewish ,state--,theodor      
,herzl                                  
#fg    ,preface                         
#fi     ,i4 ,introduction               
#gc    ,,ii4 ,the ,jewish ,question     
#he   ,,iii4 ,the ,jewish ,company      
#ih    ,,iv4 ,local ,groups             
#abc     ,v4 ,society of ,jews and      
,jewish ,state                          
#acf    ,,vi4 ,conclusion               
#aec  ,bibliography                     
#aeh  ,chronology                       
#aei     ,,introduction  by  ,louis     
,lipsky     ,introduction   ,theodore   
,herzl was the first ,jew who projected 
the ,jewish question as an international
 problem4 ,the ,jewish ,state1 written  
fifty years ago1 was the first public   

expression1 in a modern language1 by a  
modern ,jew1 of a dynamic conception of 
how the solution of the problem could be
 accelerated and the ancient ,jewish    
hope1 slumbering in ,jewish memory for  
two thousand years1 could be fulfilled4 
,in #ahhb1 ,leo ,pinsker1 a ,jewish     
physician of ,odessa1 disturbed by the  
pogroms of #ahha1 made a keen analysis  
of the position of the ,jews1 declared  
that anti-,semitism was a psychosis and 
incurable1 that the cause of it was the 
abnormal condition of ,jewish life1 and 
that the only remedy for it was the     
removal of the cause through self-help  
and self-liberation4 ,the ,jewish people
 must become an independent nation1     
settled on the soil of their own land   
and leading the life of a normal people4
 ,moses ,hess in his ,rome and          
,jerusalem classified the ,jewish       
question as one of the nationalist      
struggles inspired by the ,french       
,revolution4 ,perez ,smolenskin and ,e4 
,ben-,yehuda urged the revival of       

,hebrew and the resettlement of         
,palestine as the foundation for the    
rebirth of the ,jewish people4 ,herzl   
was unaware of the existence of these   
works4 ,his eyes were not directed to   
the problem in the same manner4 ,when he
 wrote ,the ,jewish ,state he was a     
journalist1 living in ,paris1 sending   
his letters to the leading newspaper of 
,vienna1 the ,neue ,freie ,presse1 and  
writing on a great variety of subjects4 
,he was led to see ,jewish life as a    
phenomenon in a changing world4 ,he had 
adapted himself to a worldly outlook on 
all life4 ,through his efforts1 the     
,jewish problem was raised to the higher
 level of an international question     
which1 in his judgment1 should be given 
consideration by enlightened            
statesmanship4 ,he was inspired to give 
his pamphlet a title that arrested      
attention4         99       99       99 
99       99  ,he wrote ,the ,jewish     
,state in a mood of restless agitation4 
,his ideas were thrown pell-mell into   

the white heat of a spontaneous         
revelation4 ,what was revealed dazzled  
and blinded him4 ,alex ,bein1 in his    
excellent biography1 gives an intriguing
 description1 drawn from ,herzl's       
,diaries1 of how ,the ,jewish ,state was
 born4 ,it was the revelation of a      
mystic vision with flashes and overtones
 of prophecy4 ,this is what ,bein says3 
,then suddenly the storm breaks upon    
him4 ,the clouds open4 ,the     thunder 
rolls4 ,the lightning flashes about him4
 ,a thousand     impressions beat upon  
him at the same time--a gigantic vision4
     ,he cannot think2 he is unable to  
move2 he can only write2     breathless1
 unreflecting1 unable to control himself
 or to     exercise his critical        
faculties lest he dam the eruption1 he  
dashes down his thoughts on scraps of   
paper--walking1 standing1     lying     
down1 on the street1 at the table1 in   
the night--as if     under unceasing    
command4 ,so furiously did the cataract 
of his     thoughts rush through him1   

that he thought he was going out of     
his mind4 ,he was not working out the   
idea4 ,the idea was working     him out4
 ,it would have been an hallucination   
had it not been so     informed by      
reason from first to last4  ,not only   
did the ,magic ,title evoke a widespread
 interest among the intellectuals of the
 day1 but it brought ,jews out of the   
ghettos and made them conscious of their
 origin and destiny4 ,it made them feel 
that there was a world that might be won
 for their cause1 hitherto never        
communicated to strangers4 ,through     
,herzl1 ,jews were taught not to fear   
the consequences of an international    
movement to demand their national       
freedom4 ,thereafter1 with freedom1 they
 were to speak of a ,zionist ,congress1 
of national funds1 of national schools1 
of a flag and a national anthem1 and the
 redemption of their land4 ,their       
spirits were liberated and in thought   
they no longer lived in ghettos4 ,herzl 
taught them not to hide in corners4 ,at 

the ,first ,congress he said1 ,we have  
nothing to do with conspiracy1 secret   
intervention or indirect methods4 ,we   
wish to put the question in the arena   
and under the control of free public    
opinion4 ,the ,jews were to be active   
factors in their emancipation and1 if   
they wished it1 what was described in   
,the ,jewish ,state would not be a dream
 but a reality4         99       99     
99       99       99  ,the beginnings of
 the ,jewish renaissance preceded the   
appearance of ,the ,jewish ,state by    
several decades4 ,in every section of   
,russian ,jewry and extending to        
wherever the ,jews clung to their       
,hebraic heritage1 there was an active  
,zionist life4 ,the reborn ,hebrew was  
becoming an all-pervading influence4    
,there were scores of ,hebrew schools   
and academies4 ,hebrew journals of      
superior quality had a wide circulation4
 ,ever since the pogroms of #ahha1 the  
ideas of ,pinsker and ,smolenskin and   
,gordon were discussed with great       

interest and deep understanding4 ,there 
were many ,zionist societies in ,russia1
 in ,poland1 in ,rumania1 in ,galicia   
and even in the ,united ,states4 ,in    
,the ,jewish ,state ,herzl alludes to   
the language of ,the ,jewish ,state and 
passes ,hebrew by as a manifestation of 
no great significance4 ,he has a poorer 
opinion of ,yiddish1 the common language
 of ,jews1 which he regards as the      
furtive language of prisoners4 ,this was
 obviously an oversight4 ,with the      
advent of ,herzl1 however1 ,zionism was 
no more a matter of domestic concern    
only4 ,it was no longer internal ,jewish
 problem only1 not a theme for          
discussion only at ,zionist meetings1   
not a problem to heat the spirits of    
,jewish writers4 ,the problem of ,jewish
 exile now occupied a place on the      
agenda of international affairs4        
99       99       99       99       99  
,herzl was not so distant from his      
people as many of the ,russian ,zionists
 at first surmised4 ,he was familiar    

with the social anti-,semitism of       
,austria and ,germany4 ,he knew of the  
disabilities of the ,jews in ,russia4   
,there are many references in his       
feuilletons to matters of ,jewish       
interest4 ,he had read an anti-,semitic 
book written by ,eugen ,duehring called 
,the ,jewish ,problem as a ,problem of  
,race1 ,morals and ,culture4 ,one of his
 closest friends had gone to ,brazil for
 a ,jewish committee to investigate the 
possibility of settling ,jews in that   
part of ,south ,america4 ,in #ahib he   
wrote an article on ,french             
anti-,semitism in which he considered   
the solution of a return to ,zion and   
seemed to reject it4 ,he wrote ,the ,new
 ,ghetto two years before ,the ,jewish  
,state appeared4 ,he was present at the 
trial of ,alfred ,dreyfus in ,december1 
#ahid4 ,he witnessed the degradation of 
,dreyfus and heard the cries of ,down   
with the ,jews in the streets of ,paris4
 ,he read ,edouard ,drumont's           
anti-,semitic journal ,la ,france ,juive

 and said1 ,i have to thank ,drumont for
 much of the freedom of my present      
conception of the ,jewish problem4      
,while he was in ,paris he was stirred  
as never before by the feeling that the 
plight of the ,jews was a problem which 
would have to have the cooperation of   
enlightened statesmanship4 ,what excited
 him in the strangest way was the       
unaccountable indifference of ,jews     
themselves to what seemed to him the    
menace of the existing situation4 ,he   
saw the ,jews in every land encircled by
 enemies1 hostility to them growing with
 the increase of their numbers4 ,in his 
excitement he thought first of ,jewish  
philanthropists4 ,he sought an interview
 with ,baron ,maurice de ,hirsch in     
,may1 #ahie4 ,he planned an address to  
the ,rothschilds4 ,he talked of his     
ideas to friends in literary circles4   
,his mind was obsessed by a gigantic    
problem which gave him no rest4 ,he was 
struggling to pierce the veils of       
revelation4 ,he saw a world in which the

 ,jewish people lacked a fulcrum for    
national action and therefore had to    
seek to create it through beneficence4  
,he had a remarkably resourceful and    
agile imagination4 ,he weighed ideas1   
balanced them1 discarded them1          
reflected1 reconsidered1 tried to       
reconcile contradictions1 and finally   
came to what seemed to him at the moment
 the synthesis of the issue which seemed
 acceptable to reason and sentiment4    
99       99       99       99       99  
,obviously1 ,the ,jewish ,state was not 
a dogmatic finality4 ,most of the plans 
for settlement and migration are        
improvisations4 ,the pamphlet was not a 
rigid plan or a blueprint4 ,it was not a
 description of a ,utopia1 although some
 parts of it give that impression4 ,it  
had an indicated destiny but was not    
bound by a rigid line4 ,it was the      
illumination of a dynamic thought and   
followed the light with the hope that it
 might lead to fulfillment4 ,there was  
room for detours and variations4 ,it was

 to be rewritten1 as he knew1 not by its
 author but by the ,jewish people on    
their way to freedom4         99        
99       99       99       99  ,in fact1
 it was revised from the moment the     
,zionist movement was organized on an   
international basis4 ,the ,society of   
,jews became the ,zionist ,organization1
 with its statutes1 its procedures1 its 
public excitement and controversies4    
,the ,jewish ,company became the ,bank2 
then more specifically1 the ,jewish     
,colonial ,trust and later the          
,anglo-,palestine ,bank4 ,the           
description of the ,gestor1 which       
appears in the final chapter of the     
pamphlet1 was never referred to again1  
but in effect it was incorporated in the
 idea of a state                        
in-the-process-of-becoming4 ,its        
legitimate successor is the ,jewish     
,agency referred to in the ,mandate for 
,palestine4 ,he was first led by the    
idea that the way to the charter was    
through the ,sultan and that the ,sultan

 would be influenced by ,kaiser         
,wilhelm4 ,but both princes failing him1
 he turned to ,england and ,joseph      
,chamberlain1 and came to the ,uganda   
proposal4 ,this was ,herzl's one        
political success although the project  
was1 in effect1 rejected by the ,zionist
 ,congress4 ,but this encounter with    
,england was a precedent which led to   
much speculation in ,zionist circles and
 gave a turn to ,zionist thought away   
from ,germany and ,turkey4 ,it served to
 inspire ,dr4 ,chaim ,weizman to make   
his home in ,england with the express   
purpose of seeking ,english sympathy for
 the ,zionist ideal4 ,the successor of  
,joseph ,chamberlain was ,arthur ,james 
,balfour4 ,when ,herzl opened           
,chamberlain's door1 ,zionism had an    
easier access to the ,england of        
,balfour4  ,when ,herzl first appeared  
on the political scene1 he thought of   
courtiers and statesmen1 of princes and 
kings4 ,he found that they could not be 
relied upon for truth or stability4     

,they were encircled by favorites and   
mercenaries4 ,enormous responsibilities 
rested upon their shoulders but they    
seemed to behave with regard to these   
responsibilities as if they were        
gamblers or amateurs4 ,herzl soon       
realized that these were frail reeds    
that would break under the slightest    
pressure4 ,he came to put his trust in  
the ,jewish people1 the only real source
 of strength for the purpose of         
redemption4 ,confidence in themselves   
would give them power to breach their   
prison walls4 ,his aristocratic republic
 had to become a movement of democracy4 
,only in ,the ,jewish ,state will you   
find reference to a movement based upon 
,jews who endorse a fixed program1 and  
then become members under the discipline
 of leadership4 ,when ,herzl faced the  
,first ,congress1 he saw that this      
conception of ,zionism was foreign to   
the nature and character of the ,jewish 
people4 ,the shekel was the registry of 
a name4 ,it led the way to the elevation

 of the individual in ,zionist affairs1 
first as a member of a democratic army  
willing the fulfillment1 and then       
settling in ,palestine to become the    
hands that built the ,homeland4         
,arrayed in the armor of democracy1 the 
,zionist movement made the              
self-emancipation ideal of ,pinsker live
 in the soul of ,herzl4 ,at a number of 
,congresses1 in his articles in ,die    
,welt1 ,herzl showed how that idea had  
become an integral part of his life1    
although his first thoughts ran in quite
 another direction4  ,but his analysis  
of anti-,semitism and how to approach   
the problem remains true today after    
,hitler1 as it was true then after      
,dreyfus4 ,this was the authentic       
revelation that in his last days was    
fixed in his mind4 ,the homelessness of 
the ,jewish people must come to an end4 
,that tragedy is a world problem4 ,it is
 to be solved by world statesmanship in 
cooperation with the reawakened ,jewish 
people4 ,it is to be solved by the      

establishment of a free ,jewish ,state  
in their historic ,homeland4 ,herzl     
manifested his utter identification with
 the destiny of his own people at the   
,uganda ,congress when he faced the     
rebellious ,russian ,zionists1 spoke    
words of consolation to them and gave   
them assurances of his fealty to ,zion4 
,he died a few months later4  ,the      
,jewish ,state was not regarded by      
,herzl as a piece of literature4 ,it was
 a political document4 ,it was to serve 
as the introduction to political action4
 ,it was to lead to the conversion of   
leaders in political life4 ,it was to   
win converts to the idea of a ,jewish   
,state4 ,although a shy man at first1 he
 did not hesitate to make his way       
through the corridors of the great and  
suffer the humiliations of the          
suppliant4 ,through that remarkable     
friend and ,christian1 the ,reverend    
,william ,h4 ,hechler1 he met the ,grand
 ,duke of ,baden2 he made the rounds of 
,german statesmen1 ,count zu ,eulenburg1

 ,foreign ,minister1 ,von ,buelow and   
,reichschancellor ,hohenlohe2 then he   
met the favorites who encircled ,sultan 
,abdul ,hamid and the ,sultan himself4  
,he placed the dramatic personae of his 
drama on the stage4 ,the plan involved  
the ,turkish debt1 the ,german interest 
in the ,orient4 ,it involved stimulating
 the ,russians and visiting the ,pope4  
,at first his political activities were 
conducted as the author of a startling  
pamphlet1 then as the leader of his     
people4 ,he became conscious of his     
leadership1 and played his part with    
superb dignity4 ,he had ease of manner  
and correct form4 ,he created the       
impression of a regal personality2 his  
noble appearance hid his hesitations and
 fears4 ,with the ,sultan he played the 
most remarkable game of diplomacy4 ,he  
believed that once a mutual interest    
could be arrived at1 he would be able to
 secure the funds1 although at the time 
of speaking he had no funds at all4     
,adjusting himself to the wily ,turk1 he

 had to change and diminish his demands 
and finally1 when he was dangerously    
near a disclosure1 he was saved by the  
,sultan's transferring his interest to  
the ,french and obtaining his funds from
 them4 ,with ,kaiser ,wilhelm1 he soon  
appreciated the fact that he had to deal
 with a great theatrical personality who
 spoke of plans and purpose with great  
fire1 but had no courage and whose      
convictions melted away in the face of  
obstacles4  ,the world ,herzl dealt with
 has passed away4 ,the ,turkish ,empire 
now occupies a small part of the ,near  
,east4 ,its former provinces have now   
become sovereign states struggling to   
establish harmony between themselves and
 feeding on their animus towards the    
,jewish people returning home4 ,the     
methods of diplomacy have changed4      
,loudness of speech is no longer out of 
order4 ,frankness and brutality may be  
expected at any international gathering4
 ,it is now felt as never before that   
behind political leaders1 rulers1       

princes1 statesmen1 the people are      
advancing and soon will be able to push 
aside those who make of the relations of
 peoples a game and a gamble1 a struggle
 for power1 which1 when achieved1       
dissolves into the nothingness of       
vanity4         99       99       99    
99       99  ,the ,jewish ,state should 
be regarded as one of a series of books1
 variations on the same theme1 composed 
by the same author4 ,the first was ,the 
,new ,ghetto 7#ahid74 ,that was a play  
which dealt with the social life of the 
upper class of ,jews in ,vienna4 ,then  
came the ,address to the ,rothschilds4  
,that was a memorandum which contained a
 proposal to ,jewish philanthropists4   
,the ,jewish ,state was the third effort
 of an agitated mind1 wavering between  
the projection of a ,utopia or a thesis1
 and containing the political solution  
of the ,jewish problem4 ,the final      
variant of the original theme was the   
novel ,altneuland4 ,here he pictured the
 ,promised ,land as it might become     

twenty years after the beginning of the 
,zionist movement4 ,in the interims1 he 
played on the exciting stage of the     
,zionist ,congresses4 ,he paid court to 
princes and their satellites4 ,he led in
 the organization of the ,jewish        
,colonial ,trust and the ,jewish        
,national ,fund4 ,he delivered political
 addresses and engaged in political     
controversy4 ,he began the writing of   
his ,diaries after he had written ,the  
,jewish ,state4 ,his whole personality  
is reflected in that remarkable book4   
,there you see his ideas in the process 
of becoming clear4 ,there you see his   
sharp reactions2 the reflection of his  
hopes1 his disappointments1 his shifts  
from untenable positions to positions   
possible after defeat4 ,there you read  
his penetrating analysis of the figures 
on the ,zionist stage upon whom he had  
to rely4 ,there you are made to feel his
 doubts1 his dread of death4 ,in the    
midst of life he felt himself encircled 
by the ,shadow of ,death4 ,there you    

found the explanation of his great      
haste1 why he was so anxious to bring a 
measure of practical reality to the     
,jewish people even if it necessitated a
 detour from the land which was becoming
 more and more a part of his hopes and  
desires4 ,the ,diaries are unrestrained 
and unstudied4 ,they were written       
hurriedly in the heat of the moment4    
,they reveal the making of the great    
personality who gave only a glimpse of  
himself in ,the ,jewish ,state4 ,they   
show the writer evolving as the hero of 
a great and lasting legend4 ,the        
pamphlet is one of the chapters in the  
story of his struggle to achieve in     
eight years what his people had not been
 able to achieve in two thousand years4 
,he gave his life to write it4          
,theodor ,herzl  ,a ,,biography based on
 the work of  ,alex ,bein   ,theodor    
,herzl was born on ,wednesday1 ,may #b1 
#ahfj1 in the city of ,budapest4        
,almost next door to his father's house 
was the liberal-reform temple4 ,to this 

house of worship the little boy went    
regularly with his father on ,sabbaths  
and ,holy ,days4 ,at home1 too1 the     
essentials of the ritual were observed4 
,one ceremony which ,theodor learned in 
childhood remained with him2 before     
every important event and decision he   
sought the blessing of his parents4     
,even stronger than these impressions1  
however1 was the influence of his       
mother4 ,her education had been ,german 
through and through2 there was not a day
 on which she did not slip into ,german 
literature1 especially the classics4    
,the ,jewish world1 not alien to her1   
did not find expression through her2 her
 conscious efforts were all directed    
toward implanting the ,german cultural  
heritage in her children4 ,of even      
deeper significance was her sympathetic 
attitude toward the pride which showed  
early in her son1 and her skill in      
transferring to him her sense of form1  
of bearing1 of tactfulness and of simple
 grace4  ,at about the age of twelve he 

read in a ,german book about the        
,messiah-,king whom many ,jews still    
awaited and who would come riding1 like 
the poorest of the poor on an ass4 ,the 
history of the ,exodus and the legend of
 the liberation by the ,king-,messiah   
ran together in the boy's mind1         
inspiring in him the theme of a         
wonderful story which he sought in vain 
to put into literary form4  ,a little   
while thereafter ,herzl had the         
following dream3 ,the ,king-,messiah    
came1 a glorious and majestic old man1  
took me in his arms1 and swept off with 
me on the wings of the wind4 ,on one of 
the iridescent clouds we encountered the
 figure of ,moses4 ,the features were   
those familiar to me out of my childhood
 in the statue by ,michelangelo4 ,the   
,messiah called to ,moses3 ,it is for   
this child that ,i have prayed4 ,but to 
me he said3 ,go1 declare to the ,jews   
that ,i shall come soon and perform     
great wonders and great deeds for my    
people and for the whole world4  ,it may

 be to this period 7of his ,bar         
,mitzvah7 of reawakened ,jewish         
sensitivity1 of heightened              
responsiveness to the expectations of   
his elders1 of resurgent interest in    
,jewish historical studies--it may be to
 this period that the dream of a        
dedicated life belonged4 ,it is almost  
certain1 too1 that for the great event  
of the ,bar ,mitzvah the old grandfather
 of ,semlin came to ,pest4 ,about this  
time1 again1 ,alkalai1 that early1      
all-but-forgotten ,zionist1 passed      
through ,vienna and ,budapest on his    
final journey to ,palestine4 ,whether or
 not each one of these circumstances had
 a direct effect on the boy1 the whole  
complex surrounds his ,bar ,mitzvah with
 the suggestion of the mission of his   
life1 and1 certainly1 occasion was given
 for the awakening in him of the feeling
 of dedication to a great enterprise4   
,the attention1 energy and time which   
,herzl devoted to literature1 at        
fifteen1 his absorption in himself1 his 

activity in the school literary society 
meant of course so much less given to   
his school work4 ,he found no time at   
all for science2 ,jewish questions      
likewise disappeared from his interests2
 he was completely absorbed by ,german  
literary culture4 ,this is all the more 
astonishing when we reflect that        
anti-,semitism continued to increase    
steadily4 ,as a grown man ,herzl could  
recall that one of his teachers1 in     
defining the word heathen1 had said1    
such as idolators1 ,mohammedans and     
,jews4 ,whether it was this             
incident1--as the memory of the grown   
man always insisted--which enraged him  
beyond endurance1 or the increasingly   
bad school reports1 or both             
circumstances together1 the fact remains
 that on ,february #d1 #ahge ,herzl left
 the ,technical ,school4  ,at sixteen to
 eighteen in ,high ,school1 he struggled
 to define the basic principles of      
various literary art forms in order that
 he might see more clearly what he      

himself wanted to say4 ,he took an      
active and eager part in the work of the
 ,german ,self-,education ,society      
created by the students of his school4  
,the ,jewish world1 whose inferior      
position always wounded his pride1 and  
whose obstinate separatism seemed to him
 utterly meaningless1 drifted further   
and further out of his mind4  ,at       
eighteen1 after the sudden death of his 
only sister1 the family moved to ,vienna
 where ,herzl entered the ,university as
 a law student4 ,herzl1 who accounted   
himself a liberal and an ,austrian      
patriot1 plunged eagerly into the       
activities of a large student ,cultural 
,association1 attended its discussions  
and directed its literary evenings4 ,he 
had occasion1 there1 to deride certain  
,jewish fellow members who1 in his view1
 displayed an excessive eagerness in    
their loyalty to various movements4     
,this was the extent to which1 in these 
days1 he occupied himself with the      
,jewish question--at least externally4  

,he concerned himself little or not at  
all with the official ,jewish world     
which was seeking to submerge itself in 
the surrounding world4 ,he seldom       
visited the synagogue4  ,he was an      
omnivorous reader4 ,his extraordinary   
knowledge of books was evident in his   
conversation1 for he liked to adorn his 
speech with quotations1 which came      
readily to his memory4 ,herzl read      
,eugen ,duehring's book ,the            
,jewish-,problem as a ,problem of ,race1
 ,morals and ,culture--the first and    
most important effort to find a         
scientific1 philosophic1 biologic and   
historical basis for the anti-,semitism 
which was sweeping through ,europe in   
those days 7#ahha74 ,duehring saw the   
,jewish question as a purely racial     
question1 and for him the ,jewish race  
was without any worth whatsoever4 ,those
 peoples which1 out of a false sentiment
 of humanity1 had permitted the ,jews to
 live among them with equal and         
sometimes even with superior rights1 had

 to be liberated from the harmful       
intruder1 had to be de-,judaized4  ,the 
reading of this book had the effect upon
 him of a blow between the eyes4 ,the   
observations set down in his diary burn 
with indignation3 ,an infamous book4444 
,if ,duehring1 who unites so much       
undeniable intelligence with so much    
universality of knowledge1 can write    
like this1 what are we to expect from   
the ignorant masses8  ,this passionate  
reaction to ,duehring's book shows us   
how deeply he had been moved1 and how   
fearfully he had been shaken in his     
belief that the ,jewish question was on 
the point of disappearing4 ,we shall    
find echoes of this experience in the   
pages of the ,judenstaat4 ,for the time 
being1 however1 he shrank from the      
logical consequences of his reactions4  
,his inner pride began to build itself  
up4  ,the more immediate reaction was   
undoubtedly a sharpened perception and  
evaluation of his fellow-members in the 
,fraternity4 ,herzl had joined and been 

active in a duelling ,fraternity4 ,here1
 too1 anti-,semitism was breaking       
through2 student after student expressed
 himself favorably toward the           
,jew-baiting speeches of ,schoenerer1   
who was making a special effort to win  
over the universities4 ,in the          
,fraternity debates ,herzl expressed    
himself sharply against any open or     
covert manifestation of such sympathy4  
,but he was already known for the       
sharpness of his tongue and the         
individuality of his views4 ,thus he won
 to himself neither the few             
co-religionists who belonged to the     
,fraternity nor the mass of the         
,germanic students4  ,he had learned    
from newspaper reports that the ,wagner 
,memorial meeting1 in which his         
,fraternity had taken a part1 had been  
transformed into an anti-,semitic       
demonstration4 ,his ,fraternity had1    
therefore1 identified itself with a     
movement which he1 as a believer in     
liberty1 was bound to condemn1 even if  

he had not been a ,jew4 ,it is pretty   
clear that1 handicapped as ,i am by my  
,semitism 7the word was not yet known at
 the time of my entry71 ,i would today  
refrain from seeking a membership which 
would1 indeed1 probably be refused me2  
it must also be clear to every decent   
person that under these circumstances ,i
 cannot wish to retain my membership4   
,herzl withdrew from the organization4  
,on ,july #cj1 #ahhd1 ,herzl was        
admitted to the bar in ,vienna4 ,his    
student days were over4 ,a new era      
opened for him1 with its challenge to   
prove whether or not there was something
 in him to establish and proclaim to the
 world4  ,in ,august1 he entered on his 
law practice in the service of the state
 and was soon transferred to the court  
of ,salzburg4 ,though he may at that    
time have been so far from ,judaism that
 only pride and a decent respect for the
 feelings of his parents stood between  
him and baptism1 he could not help      
perceiving that as a ,jew he would find 

the higher levels of the civil service  
hierarchy closed to him4 ,on ,august #e1
 #ahhe1 he withdrew from the service1   
determined to seek fame and fortune as a
 writer4  ,brimming with hope1 he set   
out on a journey which was to be the    
introduction to his literary life4 ,he  
visited ,belgium and ,holland and in    
,berlin made valuable connections and   
became a regular contributor to several 
important newspapers4 ,thus the range of
 his connections and relationships      
widened from year to year1 and when he  
travelled again it was an ever-widening 
audience that waited for his impressions
 and observations4  ,in a book of       
reprinted feuilletons of ,herzl which   
appeared in the first years of his      
success as a journalist a total of seven
 or eight lines is devoted to ,jews4    
,his impressions of the ,ghetto in      
,rome4 ,what a steaming in the air1 what
 a street6 ,countless open doors and    
windows thronged with innumerable pallid
 and worn-out faces4 ,the ghetto6 ,with 

what base and persistent hatred these   
unfortunates have been persecuted for   
the sole crime of faithfulness to their 
religion4 ,we've travelled a long way   
since those times3 nowadays the ,jew is 
despised only for having a crooked nose1
 or for being a plutocrat even when he  
happens to be a pauper4 ,pity and       
bitterness abound in these lines1 but   
they are written by a detached          
spectator4 ,he did not know how much of 
the ,jew there was in him even in this  
feeling of remoteness from a world which
 offered him not living reality but     
folly4  ,by #ahib1 ,herzl had achieved  
great success as a dramatist and as a   
journalist2 his plays had been performed
 on the stage of the leading theatre of 
,vienna and1 to cap the climax1 came an 
appointment to the staff of the ,neue   
,freie ,presse1 one of the most         
distinguished papers on the continent4  
,early in ,october he received a        
telegram from the ,neue ,freie ,presse  
asking whether he would accept the post 

of ,paris correspondent4 ,he replied at 
once in the affirmative1 and proceeded  
to the ,french capital at the end of the
 same month4 ,he wrote to his parents3  
,the position of ,paris correspondent is
 the springboard to great things1 and ,i
 shall achieve them1 to your great joy1 
my dear beloved parents4  ,herzl        
sustained successfully the comparison   
with his great models and predecessors4 
,in style as well as in substance his   
reports and articles were masterpieces  
of their kind4 ,he came to his task with
 the equipment of a perfect             
feuilletonist2 his style was polished   
and musical2 he possessed in an         
exceptional degree the capacity to      
describe natural scenery in a few fine  
clear strokes and of hinting at1 rather 
than of reproducing1 a mood with a      
minimum of language4 ,everything was    
there1 background1 mood and development 
of action in plastic balance4 ,it was   
only now1 when a great opportunity      
provoked him to the highest effort1 that

 all the lessons of the years of his    
apprenticeship built up a many-sided    
perfection4  ,he threw himself seriously
 and diligently into the journalistic   
craft4 ,he observed with close attention
 all that went on about him1 and        
listened with sharpened ears4 ,but the  
moment had not yet come for the         
unveiling of a mission within him4 ,he  
was on the way2 the process of          
preparation had begun4  ,how1 in this   
mood of his1 could he possibly have     
avoided clashing with the ,jewish       
question8 ,as far back as the time of   
his ,spanish journey1 when he had sought
 healing from his domestic and spiritual
 torments1 the question had presented   
itself to him and had cried for artistic
 expression4 ,his call to ,paris had    
been a welcome pretext1 perhaps1 putting
 off the writing of his ,jewish         
novel--the more so as he probably was   
not ripe enough for such an undertaking4
 ,now that he was in ,paris1 where his  
eyes were opened to the full range of   

the social process1 he began to draw    
nearer in spirit to his fellow-,jews1   
and to look upon them more warmly and   
with less inhibition4 ,he found them as 
difficult aesthetically as before1 but  
he tried hard to grasp the essence of   
their character and substance1 and to   
judge them without prejudice4  ,when    
,herzl arrived in ,paris anti-,semitism1
 had not--in spite of ,drumont's        
exertions1 and in spite of his paper1 la
 ,libre ,parole1 founded in             
#ahib--;achieved the dimensions of a    
genuine movement1 nor was it destined to
 become one in the ,german sense4 ,but  
it served as the focus for all kinds of 
discontents and resentments2 it         
attracted certain serious critical      
spirits1 too2 its influence grew from   
day to day1 and the position of the     
,jews became increasingly uncomfortable4
  ,herzl's contact with anti-,semitism  
dated back to his student days1 when it 
had first taken on the form of a social 
political movement4 ,he had been aware  

of it as a writer1 though the contact   
had never ripened into a serious inner  
struggle or compelled him to give       
utterance to it4  ,now he read ,drumont1
 as he had read ,duehring4 ,the         
impression was again a profound one4    
,what moved him most in the work was the
 totality of a world picture based on a 
considered hostility to the ,jews4  ,a  
ritual-murder trial was in progress in  
the town of ,xanten1 in the ,rhineland4 
,on ,august #ca1 #ahib1 ,herzl1 dealing 
with this subject as with all other     
subjects of public interest1 summed up  
the general situation in a long report  
entitled ,french anti-,semitism4  ,by   
now ,herzl was no longer content with a 
simple acceptance of the facts2 he was  
looking for the deeper significance of  
the universal enmity directed against   
the ,jews4 ,for the world it is a       
lightning conductor4 ,but so far it was 
only a flash of insight which ended in  
nothing more than a literary paradox4   
,however1 from now on it gave him no    

peace4  ,at the turn of the year        
#ahib-ic there came a sharp             
clarification in his ideas4 ,he had     
followed closely the evasive debates in 
the ,austrian ,reichstag--debates which 
forever dodged the reality by turning   
the question into one of religion4 ,it  
is no longer--and it has not been for a 
long time--a theological matter4 ,it has
 nothing whatsoever to do with religion 
and conscience1 declared ,herzl4 ,what  
is more1 everyone knows it4 ,the ,jewish
 question is neither nationalistic nor  
religious4 ,it is a social question4    
,then came the summer1 #ahid1 and at its
 close ,herzl took a much needed        
vacation4 ,he spent the month of        
,september in ,baden1 near ,vienna1 in  
the company of his fellow-feuilletonist 
on the ,neue ,freie ,presse1 ,ludwig    
,speidel4 ,herzl has left a record of   
their conversation4 ,what he gave       
,speidel was more or less what he had   
felt1 many years before1 after his      
reading of ,duehring4 ,he admitted the  

substance of the anti-,semitic          
accusation which linked the ,jew with   
money2 he defended the ,jew as the      
victim of a long historic process for   
which the ,jew was not responsible4 ,it 
is not our fault1 not the fault of the  
,jews1 that we find ourselves forced    
into the role of alien bodies in the    
midst of various nations4 ,the ghetto1  
which was not of our making1 bred in us 
certain anti-social qualities4444 ,our  
original character cannot have been     
other than magnificent and proud2 we    
were men who knew how to face war and   
how to defend the state2 had we not     
started out with such gifts1 how could  
we have survived two thousand years of  
unrelenting persecution8  ,at that time 
,herzl came across the ,zionist         
solution1 and definitely rejected it4   
,discussing the novel ,femme de ,claude1
 by ,dumas the younger1 he says of one  
of its characters3 ,the good ,jew       
,daniel wants to rediscover the homeland
 of his race and gather his scattered   

brothers into it4 ,but a man like       
,daniel would surely know that the      
historic homeland of the ,jews no longer
 has any value for them4 ,it is childish
 to go in search of the geographic      
location of this homeland4 ,and if the  
,jews really 'returned home' one day1   
they would discover on the next day that
 they do not belong together4 ,for      
centuries they have been rooted in      
diverse nationalisms2 they differ from  
each other1 group by group2 the only    
thing they have in common is the        
pressure which holds them together4 ,all
 humiliated peoples have ,jewish        
characteristics1 and as soon as the     
pressure is removed they react like     
liberated men4  ,the inner apotheosis   
was drawing nearer and nearer for       
,herzl4 ,in ,october1 #ahid1 ,herzl was 
in the studio of the sculptor1 ,samuel  
,friedrich ,beer1 who was making a bust 
of him4 ,the conversation turned to the 
,jewish question and to the growth of   
the anti-,semitic movement in ,vienna1  

the hometown of both ,herzl and ,beer4  
,it was useless for the ,jew to turn    
artist and to dissociate himself from   
money1 said ,herzl4 ,the blot sticks4   
,we can't break away from the ghetto4 ,a
 great excitement seized ,herzl1 and he 
left the atelier1 and on the way home   
the inspiration came on him like a      
hammerblow4 ,what was it8 ,the complete 
outline of a play1 like a block of      
basalt4  ,with this play ,herzl         
completed his inner return to his       
people4 ,until then1 with all his       
emotional involvement in the question1  
he had stood outside it as the observer1
 the student1 the clarifier1 or even the
 defender4 ,he had provided the         
world-historic background for the       
problem1 he had diagnosed it and given  
the prognosis for the future4 ,now he   
was immersed in it and identified with  
it4  ,he had become its spokesman and   
attorney1 as he was spokesman and       
attorney for other victims of injustice4
 ,it was no accident that the hero of   

the play was a lawyer by vocation and   
avocation4 ,for the hero was ,herzl     
himself1 and the transformation which   
unfolded in ,dr4 ,jacob ,samuel was the 
transformation which was unfolding in   
,theodore ,herzl4  ,he belongs utterly  
to the ,jews2 it is for them that he    
fights1 and1 dying1 he still sees       
himself as the fighter for their future4
 ,what future ,jacob ,samuel foresaw for
 the ,jews in his dying moments remained
 unclear4 ,it would appear that ,herzl  
himself still believed that a deepening 
of mutual understanding between ,jews   
and non-,jews might bring the solution4 
,but ,herzl had travelled so much       
further by this time that he could not  
have in mind the reconciliation which   
would come by the capitulation of       
baptism4 ,indeed1 the play emphasizes as
 a first prerequisite in human relations
 the element of self-respect4 ,if you   
become untrue to yourself1 says the     
clever mother to the son1 in the play1  
you musn't complain if others become    

untrue to you4 ,it was like a fresh wind
 blowing suddenly through the choking   
atmosphere of a lightless room4 ,it was 
a new attitude3 decent pride6  ,it      
called for a frightful effort to descend
 from the intoxicating heights of       
creativity to the ordinary round of     
work4 ,for weeks now his regular        
employment had filled ,herzl with       
revulsion4 ,the first reports of the    
,dreyfus trial1 which appeared while he 
was working on his ,new ,ghetto1        
therefore made no particular impression 
on him4 ,it looked like a sordid        
espionage affair in which a foreign     
power--before long it was revealed that 
the foreign power was ,germany1 acting  
through ,major von ,schwartzkoppen--had 
been buying up through its agent secret 
documents of the ,french general staff4 
,an officer by the name of ,alfred      
,dreyfus was named as the culprit1 and  
no one had reason to doubt that he was  
guilty1 even though ,drumont's ,libre   
,parole was exploiting the fact that the

 man was a ,jew4  ,but1 after the       
degradation of ,dreyfus1 ,herzl became  
more and more convinced of his          
innocence4 ,a ,jew who1 as an officer on
 the general staff1 has before him an   
honorable career1 cannot commit such a  
crime4444 ,the ,jews1 who have so long  
been condemned to a state of civic      
dishonor1 have1 as a result1 developed  
an almost pathological hunger for honor1
 and a ,jewish officer is in this       
respect specifically ,jewish4  ,the     
,dreyfus case1 he wrote in #ahii1       
embodies more than a judicial error2 it 
embodies the desire of the vast majority
 of the ,french to condemn a ,jew1 and  
to condemn all ,jews in this one ,jew4  
,death to the ,jews6 howled the mob1 as 
the decorations were being ripped from  
the captain's coat4444 ,where8 ,in      
,france4 ,in republican1 modern1        
civilized ,france1 a hundred years after
 the ,declaration of the ,rights of     
,man4 ,the ,french people1 or at any    
rate the greater part of the ,french    

people1 does not want to extend the     
rights of man to ,jews4 ,the edict of   
the great ,revolution had been revoked4 
,illumined thus in retrospect1 the      
curious excitement which gripped ,herzl 
on that occasion takes on a special     
significance4 ,until that time most of  
us believed that the solution of the    
,jewish question was to be patiently    
waited for as part of the general       
development of mankind4 ,but when a     
people which in every other respect is  
so progressive and so highly civilized  
can take such a turn1 what are we to    
expect from other peoples1 which have   
not even attained the level which       
,france attained a hundred years ago8   
,in that fateful moment1 when he heard  
the howling of the mob outside the gates
 of the ,ecole ,militaire1 the          
realization flashed upon ,herzl that    
anti-,semitism was deep-rooted in the   
heart of the people--so deep1 indeed1   
that it was impossible to hope for its  
disappearance within a measurable period

 of time4 ,precisely because he was so  
sensitive to his honor as a ,jew1       
precisely because he had proclaimed1 in 
the ,new ,ghetto1 the ideal of human    
reconciliation1 and had taken the       
ultimate decision to stand by his       
,jewishness1 the ghastly spectacle of   
that winter morning must have shaken him
 to the depths of his being4 ,it was as 
if the ground had been cut away from    
under his feet4 ,in this sense ,herzl   
could say later that the ,dreyfus affair
 had made him a ,zionist4  ,he saw all  
about him the ever fiercer light of a   
blazing anti-,semitism4 ,in the ,french 
,chamber of ,deputies the deputy ,denis 
made an interpellation on the influence 
of the ,jews in the political           
administration of the country4 ,in      
,vienna a ,jewish member of the         
,reichstag rose to speak and was howled 
down4 ,on ,april #b1 #ahie1 were held   
the municipal elections of ,vienna1 and 
there was an enormous increase in the   
number of anti-,semitic aldermen4       

,changing plans passed tumultuously     
through his mind4 ,he wanted to write a 
book on ,the ,condition of the ,jews1   
consisting of reports on all the        
important ,jewish colonization          
enterprises in ,russia1 ,galicia1       
,hungary1 ,bohemia1 the ,orient1 and    
those more recently founded in          
,palestine1 about which he had heard    
from a relative4 ,alphonse ,daudet1 the 
famous ,french author with whom he had  
discussed the whole matter1 felt that   
,herzl ought to write a novel2 it would 
carry further than a play4 ,look at     
,uncle ,tom's ,cabin4  ,he returned to  
his former plan of a ,jewish novel which
 he had abandoned when he was called to 
his assignment on the ,neue ,freie      
,presse in ,paris4 ,his friend ,kana1   
the suicide1 was no longer to be the    
central figure4 ,he was instead to be   
the weaker one1 the beloved friend of   
the hero1 and would take his own life   
after a series of misfortunes1 while the
 ,promised ,land was being discovered or

 rather founded4 ,when the hero aboard  
the ship which was taking him to the    
,promised ,land would receive the moving
 farewell letter of his friend1 his     
first reaction after his horror would be
 one of rage3 ,idiot6 ,fool6 ,miserable 
hopeless weakling6 ,a life lost which   
belonged to us6  ,we can see the        
,zionist idea arising4 ,its outlines are
 still indefinite1 but the decisive idea
 is clearly visible2 only by migration  
can this upright human type be given its
 chance to emerge4 ,in ,the ,new ,ghetto
 ,jacob ,samuel is a hero because he    
knows how to choose an honorable death4 
,now the death of a useful man is       
criminally wasteful4 ,for there are     
great tasks to be undertaken4  ,in      
essence it is the ,act and not the ,word
 that confronts us4 ,what last impulse  
it was that actually carried ,herzl from
 the ,word to the ,act it will be       
difficult to tell--he himself could not 
have given the answer4 ,little things   
may play a dramatic role not less       

effectively than great ones when a man  
is so charged with purpose as ,herzl    
then was4  ,in the early days of ,may1  
,herzl addressed to ,baron de ,hirsch   
7the sponsor of ,jewish colonization in 
,argentina71 the letter which opens his 
,jewish political career4 ,his request  
for an interview was granted4 ,herzl    
prepared an outline of his position in  
notes1 lest he omit something important 
during their conversation4  ,in these   
notes he writes3 ,if the ,jews are to be
 transformed into men of character in a 
reasonable period of time1 say ten or   
twenty years1 or even forty--the        
interval needed by ,moses--it cannot be 
done without migration4 ,who is going to
 decide whether conditions are bad      
enough today to warrant our migration8  
,and whether the situation is hopeless8 
,and the ,congress which you 7i4e4      
,hirsch7 have convened for the first of 
,august in a hotel in ,switzerland8 ,you
 will preside over this ,congress of    
notables4 ,your call will be heard and  

answered in every part of the world4    
,and what will be the message given to  
the men assembled ',you are pariahs6    
,you must forever tremble at the thought
 that you are about to be deprived of   
your rights and stripped of your        
possessions4 ,you will be insulted when 
you walk in the street4 ,if you are     
poor1 you suffer doubly4 ,if you are    
rich1 you must conceal the fact4 ,you   
are not admitted to any honorable       
calling1 and if you deal in money you   
are made the special focus of           
contempt4444 ,the situation will not    
change for the better1 but rather for   
the worse4444 ,there is only way out3   
into the ,promised ,land4'  ,where the  
,promised ,land was to be located1 how  
it was to be acquired1 is not yet       
mentioned4 ,herzl does not seem to have 
thought this question of decisive       
significance2 it was a scientific       
matter4 ,it was the organization of the 
migration which held his attention1 the 
political preparations among the        

,powers1 the preliminary changes to be  
brought about among the masses by       
training1 by tremendous propaganda1 the 
popularization of the idea through      
newspapers1 books1 pamphlets1 lectures1 
pictures1 songs4  ,on the day of his    
conversation with ,baron de ,hirsch1    
,herzl wrote him a long letter in which 
he sought to supplement the information 
and impressions which had been the      
result of the meeting4 ,please believe  
me1 the political life of an entire     
people--particularly when that people is
 scattered throughout the entire        
world--can be set in motion only with   
imponderables floating high in the air4 
,do you know what the ,german ,reich    
sprang from8 ,from dreams1 songs1       
fantasies1 and gold-black bands worn by 
students4 ,and that in a brief period of
 time4 ,what8 ,you do not understand    
imponderables8 ,and what is religion8   
,bethink yourself what the ,jews have   
endured for two thousand years for the  
sake of this fantasy4444  ,the exodus to

 the ,promised ,land presents itself as 
a tremendous enterprise in              
transportation1 unparalleled in the     
modern world4 ,what transportation8 ,it 
is a complex of all human enterprises   
which we shall fit ,into each other like
 cog-wheels4 ,and in the very first     
stages of the enterprise we shall find  
employment for the ambitious younger    
masses of our people3 all the engineers1
 architects1 technologists1 chemists1   
doctors1 and lawyers1 those who have    
emerged in the last thirty years from   
the ghetto and who have been moved by   
the faith that they can win their bread 
and a little honor outside the framework
 of our ,jewish business futilities4    
,today they must be filled with despair1
 they constitute the foundation of a    
frightful over-educated proletariat4    
,but it is to these that all my love    
belongs1 and ,i am just as set on       
increasing their number as you are set  
on diminishing it4 ,it is in them that  
,i perceive the latent power of the     

,jewish people4 ,in brief1 my kind4  ,in
 this letter of ,june #c1 #ahie1 ,herzl 
for the first time imparted his new     
,jewish policy to a stranger4 ,the      
writing down of his views1 as well as   
his conversation on the subject1 had had
 a stronger effect on himself than on   
,hirsch4 ,he had obtained a clear vision
 of the new and revolutionary character 
of his proposals4 ,on the same day or   
shortly thereafter he began a diary     
under the title of ,the ,jewish         
,question4  ,for some time now1 ,i have 
been engaged upon a work of             
indescribable greatness4 ,i do not know 
yet whether ,i shall carry it through4  
,it has assumed the aspect of some      
mighty dream4 ,but days and weeks have  
passed since it has filled me utterly1  
it has overflown into my unconscious    
self1 it accompanies me wherever ,i go1 
it broods above all my commonplace      
conversation1 it peeps over my shoulder 
at the comical little journalistic work 
which ,i must carry out4 ,it disturbs   

and intoxicates me4  ,then suddenly the 
storm breaks upon him4 ,the clouds open1
 the thunder rolls and the lightning    
flashes about him4 ,a thousand          
impressions beat upon him               
simultaneously1 a gigantic vision4 ,he  
cannot think1 he cannot act1 he can only
 write2 breathless1 unreflecting1 unable
 to control himself1 unable to exercise 
the critical faculty lest he dam the    
eruption1 he dashes down his thoughts on
 scraps of paper--,walking1 standing1   
lying down1 in the street1 at table1 in 
the night1 as if under unceasing        
command4  ,and then doubts rise up from 
the depths4 ,he dines with well-to-do1  
educated1 oppressed people who confront 
the question of anti-,semitism in a     
state of complete helplessness3 ,they do
 not suspect it1 but they are           
ghetto-natures1 quiet1 decent1 timid4   
,that is what most of us are4 ,will they
 understand the call to freedom and to  
manhood8 ,when ,i left them my spirits  
were very low4 ,again1 my plan appeared 

to me to be crazy4 ,then at once he     
comes to ,today ,i am again as firm as  
steel4 ,he notes the next morning4 ,the 
flabbiness of the people ,i met         
yesterday gives me all the more grounds 
for action4  ,clearer and clearer       
becomes the picture which he has of     
himself and of his task in the history  
of his people4 ,i picked up once again  
the torn thread of the tradition of our 
people4 ,i lead it into the ,promised   
,land4  ,the ,promised ,land1 where we  
can have hooked noses1 black or red     
beards1 and bow legs1 without being     
despised for it2 where we can live at   
last as free men on our own soil1 and   
where we can die peacefully in our own  
fatherland4 ,there we can expect the    
award of honor for great deeds1 so that 
the offensive cry of ',jew6' may become 
an honorable appellation1 like ,german1 
,englishman1 ,frenchman--in brief1 like 
all civilized peoples2 so that we may be
 able to form our state to educate our  
people for the tasks which at present   

still lie beyond our vision4 ,for surely
 ,god would not have kept us alive so   
long if there were not assigned to us a 
specific role in the history of mankind4
 ,he adds3 ,the ,jewish state is a world
 need4 ,he draws the logical consequence
 for himself3 ,i believe that for me    
life has ended and world history begun4 
,he let the first storm pass over him1  
yielding to its imperious will1 making  
no effort to stem its fury lest he      
interrupt the inspiration4 ,when it had 
had its way with him1 he took hold of   
himself again1 and gathered up his      
energies for the effort to reconstruct  
everything logically and in ordered     
fashion4 ,he was afraid that death might
 come upon him before he had succeeded  
in reducing to transferable form his    
historic vision4 ,thus1 in the course of
 five days1 he added to his diary a     
sixty-five page pamphlet--in effect the 
outline of ,der ,judenstaat--which he   
called3 ,address to the ,rothschilds4   
,in the address he writes1 ,i have the  

solution to the ,jewish question4 ,i    
know it sounds mad2 and at the beginning
 ,i shall be called mad more than       
once--until the truth of what ,i am     
saying is recognized in all its         
shattering force4  ,he wrote to         
,bismarck asking for an interview in    
order to submit his plan for a solution 
to the ,jewish problem but he received  
no reply4  ,he wrote to ,rabbi          
,gudemann1 ,chief ,rabbi of ,vienna1 the
 occasion being the anti-,jewish        
excesses which had occurred in ,vienna4 
,this plan 444 is a reserve against more
 evil days4  ,herzl1 in his first visit 
to ,england1 met and talked with ,israel
 ,zangwill1 the novelist1 whom he       
impressed without quite winning him     
over4 ,but ,zangwill made it possible   
for him to meet more than a few         
prominent1 influential ,jews of whom he 
made immediate converts4 ,none of them  
wanted to know anything about the       
,argentine1 and on this point the       
practical men were united with the      

dreamers3 ,palestine alone came into the
 picture for a national concentration of
 the ,jews4  ,after his experiences in  
,england1 ,herzl resolved to present his
 plan to the public at large4 ,the      
,address to the ,rothschilds which was  
the first complete writing of his plan1 
forged in the heat of inspiration was   
thoroughly reworked and emerged as his  
great book ,der ,judenstaat4 ,its title 
was3 ,the ,jewish ,state3 ,an ,attempt  
at a ,modern ,solution of the ,jewish   
,problem4 ,der ,judenstaat may properly 
be called ,herzl's life work2 his       
philosophy of the world1 his views on   
the state1 on the ,jewish people1 on    
science and technology1 as we have seen 
them developing to this1 his            
thirty-fifth year are concentrated in   
the book4  ,the ,jewish ,state was      
published in an edition of three        
thousand4 ,it was read by small circles 
in various ,european capitals4 ,it was  
sent to leading personalities in the    
press and political circles4 ,it was    

soon translated into several languages4 
,herzl received many letters from       
authors and statesmen in which the work 
was praised4 ,but the general ,german   
press1 especially the ,jewish-controlled
 press1 took a negative attitude4 ,a    
number of journalists alluded to the    
adventurer who would like to become     
,prime ,minister or ,king of the ,jews4 
,no mention of the ,jewish ,state       
appeared in the ,neue ,freie ,presse1   
then or ever4 ,the ,algemeine ,zeitung  
of ,vienna said that ,zionism was a     
madness born of despair1 ,the ,algemeine
 ,zeitung of ,munich described it as a  
fantastic dream of a feuilletonist whose
 mind had been unhinged by ,jewish      
enthusiasm4  ,it was upon the ,jewish   
masses that ,herzl made a tremendous    
impression4 ,he dawned upon ,jews of    
,eastern ,europe as a mystic figure     
rising out of the past4 ,little was     
known of his pamphlet1 for it was kept  
out of the country by censorship in     
,russia4 ,only its title got their      

attention and the stories told of       
,herzl--the ,western ,jew returning to  
his people--gripped their hearts and    
stirred their imagination4 ,he was      
greeted by one of the ,galician ,zionist
 societies as the leader who1 like      
,moses1 had returned from ,midian to    
liberate the ,jews4 ,max ,nordau1 that  
devastating critic of art and           
literature1 was swept off his feet and  
described the pamphlet as a revelation1 
,richard ,beer ,hoffman1 the poet1 wrote
 to ,herzl saying ,at last there comes  
again a man1 who does not carry his     
,judaism with resignation as if it were 
a burden or a misfortune1 but is proud  
to be the legal heir of an immemorial   
culture4  ,it became clear to ,herzl    
that he would have to take an active    
part in the task he had set forth in    
,the ,jewish ,state4 ,he no longer felt 
that he stood alone4 ,he was not        
inclined to appear on a public platform4
 ,he had the shyness of the man who had 
always written what he had to say4 ,he  

also felt that it would do more harm    
than good if his ideas were to be       
obscured by his personal presence4      
,through correspondence he set in motion
 ,zionist activities--in ,london1 in    
,paris1 in ,berlin1 in the ,united      
,states4 ,the amount of letter-writing  
he developed was enormous4  ,he decided 
that there were three tasks to be       
undertaken at once4 ,the first was the  
organization of the ,society of ,jews4  
,the second was to continue diplomatic  
work in ,constantinople and among       
interested ,powers4 ,the third was the  
creation of a press to influence public 
opinion and to prepare the ,jewish      
masses for the great migration4         
,through the ,rev4 ,hechler1 a chaplain 
of the ,british ,embassy in ,vienna1 who
 believed in the ,jewish return to the  
,holy ,land1 ,herzl was introduced to   
the ,grand ,duke of ,baden1 a ,christian
 of great piety and influence in        
political circles4  ,herzl intended to  
use the influence of the ,germans to    

affect the ,sultan and make him more    
sympathetic to ,zionist proposals4      
,herzl told the ,grand ,duke that he    
would like to have ,zionism included    
within the cultural sphere of ,german   
interests4 ,the ,grand ,duke said that  
the ,kaiser seemed inclined to take     
,jewish migration under ,german         
protection4 ,the great powers were      
interested in maintaining certain extra 
territorial rights within the ,turkish  
,empire4 ,if they had nationals in any  
part of the ,empire1 they claimed the   
right to protect them over and above    
,turkish law4 ,it was1 therefore1 not   
the ,kaiser's interest in the ,jews1 but
 in extending ,german jurisdiction      
within the ,turkish ,empire that        
persuaded him to suggest the adoption of
 ,jews in ,palestine for that purpose4  
,germany had a special relationship to  
,turkey4 ,most of the western powers    
were openly discussing the impending    
partition of the ,turkish ,empire1 but  
,germany was opposed to it4  ,herzl was 

told that the ,kaiser was prepared to   
see him at the head of a delegation when
 he visited ,palestine1 but ,herzl was  
anxious to see the ,kaiser without      
delay4 ,he suggested an audience before 
the trip to ,palestine in order that the
 ,kaiser might be in a position to      
discuss the ,jewish question with the   
,sultan4 ,the ,grand ,duke advised      
,herzl to see ,count ,philip ,zu        
,eulenberg1 the ,german ,ambassador at  
,vienna4 ,herzl was given an opportunity
 to see ,count ,eulenberg in ,vienna4   
,herzl told him that he wanted ,his     
,imperial ,majesty to persuade the      
,sultan to open negotiations with the   
,jews4  ,the ,count passed ,herzl over  
to the ,german ,minister of ,foreign    
,affairs1 ,von ,buelow1 who happened to 
be in ,vienna at the same time4 ,van    
,buelow knew a great deal about the     
,zionist movement4 ,he said that the    
difficulty lay in persuading the ,sultan
 to deal with the ,jews4 ,he felt       
certain that the ,sultan could be       

impressed if he was properly advised by 
the ,kaiser4 ,a week later ,herzl was   
informed of the ,kaiser's inclination to
 take the ,jews of ,palestine under his 
protection1 and repeated that he would  
like to see ,herzl at the head of a     
delegation in ,jerusalem1 later on4     
,herzl was afraid of going further in   
this direction without having in        
existence the financial instrument      
without which neither negotiations nor  
colonization could be carried on4 ,herzl
 urged ,david ,wolffsohn and ,jacobus   
,kahn to proceed with the utmost speed  
to incorporate the ,jewish ,colonial    
,trust4 ,he foresaw the possibility that
 a demand might be made at any time to  
show the color of his money4 ,although  
the affairs of the ,bank were in the    
hands of ,wolffsohn and ,kahn1 ,herzl   
himself worried over every detail1      
urging and driving and complaining about
 the slowness of the action4 ,on ,march 
#bh1 #ahii the subscription lists were  
opened4 ,herzl's expectations were not  

fulfilled4 ,only about #bjj1jjj shares  
had been sold1 three-quarters of them in
 ,russia4 ,the ,bank could not be opened
 until it had at least #bej1jjj paid-up 
shares4 ,after a great deal of effort1  
the minimum was finally obtained and the
 ,trust was officially opened in time   
for the opening of the third ,congress  
in ,august1 #ahii4  ,herzl addressed a  
mass meeting in ,london in ,october1    
#ahii1 under ,dr4 ,gastner's            
chairmanship4 ,in his address at this   
meeting1 ,herzl said that he believed   
the time was not far off when the       
,jewish people would be set in motion4  
,he asked the audience to accept his    
word even if he could not speak more    
definitely4 ,when ,i return to you      
again1 he said1 we shall1 ,i hope1 be   
still further on our path4 ,at this     
meeting ,father ,ignatius1 a ,catholic  
believer in ,zionism1 referred to ,herzl
 as a new ,joshua who had come to       
fulfill the words of the ,prophet       
,ezekiel4 ,the effect produced upon the 

audience was not useful to ,herzl's     
purposes at that time4 ,he had always   
tried to discourage the impression of   
himself as a ,messianic figure4 ,the    
meeting in ,london was the only occasion
 where he lost his self-mastery in      
public4  ,when ,herzl met the ,foreign  
,minister1 ,von ,buelow1 again1 it was  
in the presence of the ,reich           
,chancellor1 ,hohenlohe4 ,at once he    
perceived a different nuance in the     
conversation and a dissonance in        
comparison with the conversation he had 
had with ,count ,eulenberg4 ,he thought 
that the ,chancellor and the ,foreign   
,minister were not in agreement with the
 ,kaiser and did not dare to say it     
openly2 or1 on the other hand1 they     
might be favorably inclined but would   
not be willing to say it to him4        
,finally1 ,herzl saw the ,kaiser in     
,constantinople4 ,after ,herzl had      
introduced the subject of his visit1 the
 ,kaiser broke in and explained why the 
,zionist movement attracted him4  ,there

 are among your people1 said the        
,kaiser1 certain elements whom it would 
be a good thing to move to ,palestine4  
,he asked ,herzl to submit1 in advance1 
the address he intended to present to   
him in ,jerusalem4 ,when he was asked   
what the ,kaiser should place before the
 ,sultan as the gist of the ,jewish     
proposals1 ,herzl replied a chartered   
company under ,german protection4       
,herzl met the ,kaiser1 as arranged1 in 
,palestine4 ,herzl arrived in ,jaffa on 
,october #f1 #ahih4 ,on a ,friday       
morning1 he awaited the coming of the   
,kaiser and his entourage on the road   
that ran by the ,colony of ,mikveh      
,israel4 ,the ,kaiser recognized him    
from a distance4 ,he said a few words   
about the weather1 about the lack of    
water in ,palestine1 and that it was a  
land that had a future4  ,in the        
petition ,herzl later submitted to the  
,kaiser1 many of the pregnant passages  
were deleted by the ,kaiser's advisers4 
,all passages that referred specifically

 to the aims of the ,zionist movement1  
to the desperate need of the ,jewish    
people and asking for the ,kaiser's     
protection of a projected ,jewish land  
company for ,syria and ,palestine1 had  
been removed4 ,the audience with the    
,kaiser took place on ,monday1 ,november
 #bnd4 ,the ,kaiser thanked ,herzl for  
the address which1 he said1 had         
interested him extremely4 ,it was the   
,kaiser's opinion that the soil was     
cultivable4 ,what the land lacked was   
water and shade4  ,that we can supply1  
said ,herzl4 ,it would cost billions1   
but it will bring in billions too4      
,well1 you certainly have enough money1 
more than all of us1 said the ,kaiser4  
,it was a brief interview4 ,it was vague
 and seemed to lead nowhere4 ,herzl was 
under the impression that certain       
influences had been exerted between the 
interview in ,constantinople and the    
audience in ,jerusalem4  ,when the      
official ,german communique was issued1 
the encounter with ,herzl was hid in a  

closing paragraph and deprived of all   
significance4 ,this is how it read3     
,later the ,kaiser received the ,french 
,consul1 also a ,jewish deputation which
 presented him with an album of pictures
 of the ,jewish colonies in ,palestine4 
,in reply to an address by the leader of
 the deputation1 ,his ,majesty remarked 
he viewed with benevolent interest all  
efforts directed to the improvement of  
agriculture in ,palestine as long as    
these accorded with the welfare of the  
,turkish ,empire and were conducted in a
 spirit of complete respect for the     
sovereignty of the ,sultan4  ,it was a  
sudden descent from hope into a closed  
road4 ,herzl refused to be discouraged4 
,it was hard for him to realize that the
 ,kaiser's enthusiasm in ,constantinople
 could have cooled off so quickly in    
,jerusalem1 but it seemed that there was
 no way to continue contact with the    
people he had interested in ,germany4   
,he tried to pick up the broken threads1
 but1 once broken1 they could not be    

revived4 ,the ,grand ,duke of ,baden    
remained ever constant and loyal1 but he
 could do nothing4 ,herzl never saw the 
,kaiser again4 ,in a letter to the      
,grand ,duke1 closing this chapter of   
,zionist history1 ,herzl said3  ,i can  
only assume that a hope especially dear 
to me has faded away and that we shall  
not achieve our ,zionist goal under a   
,german protectorate4  ,at about the    
same time1 ,herzl met ,philip ,michael  
,von ,nevlinski1 a descendant of a long 
line of ,polish noblemen who had entered
 the diplomatic service and became a    
diplomatic agent-at-large and a ,french 
journalist4 ,in the first stages1       
,nevlinski guided ,herzl in all the work
 he did in ,constantinople4 ,when ,herzl
 came to ,constantinople in ,june1 #ahif
 he was under the impression that       
,nevlinski had already arranged an      
audience with the ,sultan4 ,it was not  
so easy1 however4 ,but whether such an  
audience had been arranged or not1      
,herzl was able to meet1 a number of    

highly-placed ,turkish officials1       
including the ,grand ,vizier4 ,at first1
 the line of action was not clear1 but  
by now ,herzl had formulated his        
proposals to the ,sultan4  ,ever since  
the middle of the nineteenth century1   
,turkish finances had been in a shocking
 condition4 ,the ,empire was being badly
 managed4 ,the ,sultan was regarded as  
the sick man of ,europe4 ,in #ahia the  
total external debt1 including unpaid   
interest1 reached the figure of two     
hundred and fifty-three million pounds  
sterling4 ,in #ahha there was a         
consolidation of the debt4 ,it was      
reduced to one hundred and six million  
pounds1 but the finances of ,turkey were
 placed under the control of a committee
 representing the creditors1 to whom was
 transferred certain domestic ,turkish  
monopolies and the collection of several
 categories of taxes4 ,this enabled the 
,european powers to intervene in the    
affairs of ,turkey4 ,only by the removal
 of this foreign tutelage could ,turkey 

hope to regain its independence4 ,it was
 to achieve this end1 ,herzl thought1   
that the ,jews1 and the ,jews alone1    
could be useful4 ,for this service1 he  
intended to ask for a ,jewish ,state in 
,palestine4 ,herzl followed this line   
until finally the need for refunding the
 ,turkish debt disappeared4  ,but at    
this time ,herzl was not able to obtain 
an audience with the ,sultan4 ,nevlinski
 reported that such an audience had been
 refused because the ,sultan declined to
 discuss sovereignty over ,palestine4   
,doubt was expressed as to the accuracy 
of the report4 ,whatever the fact may   
be1 the first venture of ,herzl in      
,constantinople was not successful4     
,herzl moved along the lines that led to
 ,constantinople and ,berlin1 but he did
 not overlook the importance of         
maintaining contact with ,jewish        
philanthropies4 ,a letter sent to the   
,baron de ,hirsch came a day after his  
death4  ,herzl went to ,london where    
matters had been arranged for him to    

meet the leaders of ,british ,jewry4 ,he
 met ,claude ,montefiore and ,frederick 
,mocatte1 representatives of the        
,anglo-,jewish ,association4 ,they were 
not sympathetic4 ,herzl fared no better 
at a banquet given to him by the        
,maccabbeans4 ,the personal impression  
,herzl made was profound4 ,but there was
 no practical issue nor did he make any 
progress during the time he spent in    
,england4 ,he got ,sir ,samuel ,montagu 
and ,colonel ,goldsmith to agree to     
cooperate with him in an endeavor to    
establish a vassal ,jewish ,state under 
the sovereignty of ,turkey if the       
,powers would agree2 provided1 the      
,baron de ,hirsch ,fund placed          
,l#aj1jjj1jjj at his disposal for the   
plan2 and ,baron ,edmund de ,rothschild 
became a member of the ,executive       
,committee of the proposed ,society of  
,jews4 ,these conditions were fantastic 
at that time and ,herzl could not meet  
them4  ,he went to ,paris and had a talk
 with ,baron ,edmund4 ,baron ,edmund was

 older than ,herzl and felt ill at ease 
in the presence of a calm critic of all 
he had done for ,jewish colonization in 
,palestine4 ,herzl made the impression  
on him of an undisciplined enthusiast4  
,baron ,edmund did not believe it       
possible to create political conditions 
favorable for a mass immigration of     
,jews4 ,even if that could be done1 an  
uncontrolled mass immigration into      
,palestine would have the effect of     
landing tens of thousands of ,jews to be
 fed and looked after by the small      
,jewish community in ,palestine4 ,he    
clung to his idea of slow colonization  
attracting no attention and careful not 
to provoke hostility4 ,every reply of   
,herzl fell upon a closed mind4 ,baron  
,edmund's refusal to cooperate was      
decisive4  ,this was a decision of      
historic significance4 ,it turned ,herzl
 away from the thought that the ,zionist
 movement should be built upon the      
support of ,jewish philanthropy4 ,all   
his hopes in this connection were       

dissolved by the contacts he had made in
 ,london and in ,paris4 ,baron ,edmund's
 refusal to cooperate carried with it   
the refusal of the ,baron de ,hirsch    
,fund and of the circle of leading ,jews
 in ,london4  ,reluctantly1 ,herzl came 
to the conclusion that there was only   
one reply to this situation4 ,the       
,jewish masses must be organized for the
 support of the ,zionist movement4  ,the
 organization he had in mind was not a  
popular democratic organization4 ,what  
he meant was to assemble the upper      
cadres to take charge of the            
organization of the masses for the great
 migration4 ,at the same time1 he wanted
 to prove to the philanthropists that a 
popular organization was possible4 ,he  
felt that they would be greatly         
influenced by the development of a      
widespread popular movement4 ,whatever  
his thoughts were at that time1 his     
decision to turn to the ,jewish masses1 
to abandon reliance upon the wealthy led
 to the organization of the modern      

,zionist movement4  ,he organized his   
followers in ,vienna4 ,he was the center
 of a circle in which were included the 
men who later became the members of the 
first ,zionist ,actions ,committee4 ,in 
,november #ahif he1 for the first time1 
addressed a public meeting in ,vienna4  
,in this address he did not use the term
 ,the ,jewish ,state1 nor did he use it 
in most of his public utterances at that
 time4 ,he had become cautious4 ,he did 
not want to prejudice his political work
 in ,constantinople4  ,he was still     
thinking of issuing a newspaper1 but    
there were no funds for that purpose4   
,the report that he intended to issue a 
newspaper drew the attention of a number
 of personalities and groups in ,berlin4
 ,there were the ,russian ,jewish       
students1 led by ,leo ,motzkin1 and a   
group called ,young ,israel1 headed by  
,reinrich ,loewe4 ,a conference was held
 on ,march #f and #g1 #ahig1 called by  
,dr4 ,osias ,thon ,willy ,bambus and    
,nathan ,birnbaum4 ,they had come       

together to talk about a newspaper but  
the ,first ,zionist ,congress was       
launched at this meeting ,herzl's       
proposal for the calling of a ,general  
,zionist ,conference in ,munich was     
agreed to4 ,in the preliminary          
announcement of the calling of this     
,conference or ,congress1 ,herzl said3  
,the ,jewish question must be removed   
from the control of the benevolent      
individual4 ,there must be created a    
forum before which everyone acting for  
the ,jewish people should appear and to 
which he should be responsible4  ,every 
one of ,herzl's ideas was met by        
protests and public excitement4 ,the    
protests were usually launched by ,jews4
 ,the calling of the ,congress aroused a
 great deal of indignation in           
conservative circles4 ,the ,rabbis of   
,germany protested not only to the      
holding of the ,congress but also the   
choice of ,munich4  ,the ,congress      
controversy persuaded ,herzl to begin   
the publication of the weekly ,die      

,welt4 ,the first issue appeared on     
,june #d1 #ahig1 ,herzl provided the    
funds4 ,the journal was something new in
 ,jewish life4 ,it was1 in fact1 the    
organ of the ,congress4 ,throughout     
,herzl's life1 ,die ,welt served as the 
exponent of his ideas4 ,at first1 ,herzl
 contributed numerous articles4 ,he sent
 in a regular weekly review of all      
activities connected with the movement4 
,he was responsible for many unsigned   
articles and notices4 ,he directed the  
paper in all its details1 although he   
refused to figure as its official editor
 and publisher4 ,the amount of work he  
did during the months preceding the     
,congress was amazing4 ,he was          
completely absorbed in every aspect of  
the ,congress4 ,the man of the pen      
revealed himself as a first-class man of
 action4  ,on ,august #bi1 #ahig1 the   
,first ,zionist ,congress was assembled1
 not in ,munich but in ,basle1          
,switzerland4 ,the majority of the      
delegates to the ,first ,zionist        

,congress1 drawn to ,basle from all     
parts of the world1 saw ,herzl for the  
first time4 ,the total number of        
delegates at the first session was #aig4
  ,the first act of the ,congress was   
the adoption of a resolution of thanks  
to the ,sultan of ,turkey4 ,then ,herzl 
rose and walked over to the pulpit4 ,it 
was no longer the elegant ,dr4 ,herzl of
 ,vienna1 it was no longer the          
easy-going literary man1 the critic1 the
 feuilletonist4 ,as one reporter said3  
,it was a scion of the ,house of ,david1
 risen from among the dead1 clothed in  
legend and fantasy and beauty4 ,the     
first words uttered by ,herzl were3 ,we 
are here to lay the foundation stone of 
the house which is to shelter the       
,jewish nation4 ,we ,zionists1 he       
stressed1 seek for the solution of the  
,jewish question1 not an international  
society1 but an international           
discussion4444 ,we have nothing to do   
with conspiracy1 secret intervention or 
indirect methods4 ,we wish to place the 

question under the control of free      
public opinion4  ,his ,first ,congress  
address contained the ideas which he had
 already expressed in previous speeches 
and articles1 but there was a great     
difference between the views in ,the    
,jewish ,state and the address delivered
 at the first session of the ,zionist   
,congress4 ,the latter is the carefully 
considered public statement of one who  
knew he represented tens of thousands1  
perhaps hundreds of thousands1 of       
followers4 ,his words were not those of 
a seer1 but of a statesman4 ,almost as  
profound was the effect produced4 ,it   
was at this ,congress that the ,basle   
,program was adopted4444 ,zionism seeks 
to secure for the ,jewish people a      
publicly recognized1 legally secured    
home 7or homeland7 in ,palestine4  ,the 
second important task of the ,first     
,congress was the creation of an        
organization4 ,the ,congress was        
declared to be the chief organ of the   
,zionist movement4 ,the basis of        

electoral right was to be the payment of
 a shekel1 which at that time was       
equivalent to twenty-five cents4 ,there 
was to be an ,executive ,committee with 
its permanent seat in ,vienna4          
,everything which was to unfold later in
 ,zionism1 both in the way of           
affirmative forces and inner            
contradictions1 was already visible or  
latent in the first ,congress4 ,there   
was discussion of a bank1 of a land     
redemption fund to be called ,the       
,national ,fund1 the creation of a      
,hebrew ,university1 and the clashes    
between practical and political         
,zionism4  ,on his return to ,vienna1   
,herzl made the following entry in his  
diary3 ,if ,i were to sum up the ,basle 
,congress in a single phrase ,i would   
say3 ,in ,basle ,i created the ,jewish  
,state4 ,were ,i to say this aloud ,i   
would be greeted by universal laughter4 
,but perhaps five years hence1 in any   
case1 certainly fifty years hence1      
everyone will perceive it4 ,the state   

exists as essence in the                
will-to-the-state of a people1 yes1 even
 in that will in a single powerful      
person4444 ,the territory is only the   
concrete basis1 and the state itself1   
with a territory beneath it1 is still in
 the nature of an abstract thing 444 ,in
 ,basle ,i created the abstraction      
which1 as such1 is invisible to the     
great majority4  ,all that ,herzl did in
 the political field--his conversations 
in ,constantinople1 his interview with  
the ,grand ,duke of ,baden in advance of
 the holding of the ,first ,congress1   
was undertaken as author of a political 
pamphlet4 ,he was now aware of the fact 
that he was called upon to act as       
,president of the ,world ,zionist       
,organization4 ,it was difficult to draw
 a line between the movement and its    
leader4 ,herzl insisted that his        
leadership in the movement was          
impersonal and that now its direction   
was vested in its instruments--the      
,congress and the ,actions ,committee4  

,but he had all the authority of an     
accepted leader4  ,the evolution of     
,herzl's conception of the ,jewish      
problem since he saw the degradation of 
,dreyfus can be measured by a study of  
the articles he wrote after the ,first  
,congress4 ,he himself was quite aware  
of the transformation4 ,he had seen the 
,jewish people face to face4 ,brothers  
have found each other again1 he said4   
,he wrote with great appreciation of the
 quality of the ,russian delegates4 ,he 
said1 ,they possess that inner unity    
which has disappeared from among the    
westerners4 ,they are steeped in ,jewish
 national sentiment without betraying   
any national narrowness and intolerance4
 ,they are not tortured by the idea of  
assimilation4 ,they do not assimilate   
into other nations1 but exert themselves
 to learn the best in other peoples4 ,in
 this way they manage to remain erect   
and genuine4 ,looking on them1 we       
understood where our forefathers got the
 strength to endure through the         

bitterest times4  ,immediately after the
 ,first ,congress1 ,herzl grappled with 
his second task1 the creation of the    
,jewish ,colonial ,bank4 ,he wrote of   
the bank in ,die ,welt in ,november1    
#ahih1 ,the task of the ,colonial ,bank 
is to eliminate philanthropy4 ,the      
settler on the land who increases its   
value by his labor merits more than a   
gift4 ,he is entitled to credit4 ,the   
prospective bank could therefore begin  
by extending the needed credits to the  
colonists2 later it would expand into   
the instrument for the bringing in of   
,jews and would supply credits for      
transportation1 agriculture1 commerce   
and construction4  ,the seat of the bank
 was to be ,london4 ,there were to be   
two billion shares at ,l#a each4 ,the   
bank was to be directed by men          
acquainted with banking affairs1 but the
 movement would be placed in a position 
to control its policy4 ,the hopes of    
,herzl grew from week to week4 ,as he   
approached the practical situation he   

became less and less confident of the   
cooperation of men of wealth4           
,differences arose in the preliminary   
discussions as to the scope of the bank4
 ,in the first draft of the ,articles of
 ,incorporation the ,orient alone was   
named as the area of work for the bank4 
,menachem ,ussishkin insisted that the  
words ,syria and ,palestine should be   
substituted4 ,after a great deal of     
discussion1 the proposals for the       
formation of the bank were brought to   
the second ,zionist ,congress and the   
,articles of ,incorporation1 as amended1
 were adopted by acclamation4  ,herzl   
clung to the idea which had come to him 
when he was thinking of the ,jewish     
,state as a pamphlet1 that it might be  
better for him to write a novel4 ,the   
impulse to write such a novel became    
irresistible after his visit to         
,palestine4 ,it was to be called        
,altneuland4 ,he began to write it in   
#ahii4 ,it was completed in ,april      
#aijb1 and published six months later4  

,it is remarkable that he could write   
such a novel while engaged in varied    
political activities in ,constantinople1
 in ,london and in ,berlin2 and while he
 had to deal with the many troublesome  
internal ,zionist problems4  ,altneuland
 was a novel with a purpose4 ,it        
described the ,palestine of the near    
future as it would develop through the  
,zionist ,movement4 ,it had the         
weaknesses of every propaganda novel4   
,the entire work has something of the   
state about it and proceeds in the form 
of scenes rather than by way of         
narrative4 ,each type has a specific    
outlook4 ,most of the characters are    
portraits of living personalities4 ,it  
was his purpose to memorialize his      
friends and his opponents4  ,altneuland 
tells of a ,jew who visits ,palestine in
 #ahih and then comes again in #aibc    
when he finds the ,promised ,land       
developed under ,jewish influence4 ,its 
territory lies ,east and ,west of the   
,jordan4 ,the dead land of #ahih is now 

thoroughly alive4 ,its real creators    
were the irrigation engineers4          
,technology had given a new form to     
labor1 a new social and economic system 
had been created which is described as  
mutualistic1 a huge cooperative1 a      
mediate form between individualism and  
collectivism4 ,haifa had become a world 
city4 ,around the ,holy ,city of        
,jerusalem1 modern suburbs had arisen1  
shaded boulevards and parks1 institutes 
of learning1 places of amusement1       
markets--a world city in the spirit of  
the twentieth century4 ,in this new     
land1 the ,arabs live side by side in   
friendship with the ,jews4  ,altneuland 
did not produce the effect ,herzl had   
expected4 ,within the ,zionist ,movement
 it did more harm than good4 ,many of   
,herzl's friends were disappointed that 
the novel should have so little of the  
,jewish spirit4 ,it ignored the ,hebraic
 renaissance4 ,the novel evoked the     
sharpest criticism from ,achad ,haam4   
99       99       99       99       99  

,while ,herzl was immersed in political 
action1 visiting ,european capitals1    
carrying on correspondence with leading 
persons whose interest in ,zionism he   
had engaged1 and submitting reports to  
the ,zionist ,congress or to the        
,actions ,committee1 often facing       
critical situations in his struggle with
 growing ,zionist parties1 the ,zionist 
,organization was gradually becoming an 
accepted institution in ,jewish life4   
,it was the international sounding board
 for the discussion of the ,jewish      
question4 ,the ,jewish ,national ,fund  
was founded at the ,fourth ,congress    
held in ,london in #aijj4 ,the ,jewish  
,colonial ,trust was finally established
 with headquarters in ,london4  ,the    
first ,zionist party in the ,congress   
was the ,democratic faction led by ,leo 
,motzkin1 but soon there were added the 
,mizrachi party and the beginnings of a 
labor party4 ,not only ,dr4 ,nordau's   
stirring addresses1 but many            
controversies made ,congresses4 ,the    

cultural issue was a ,congress          
perennial4 ,many discussions also took  
place around what was called the issue  
of practical and political ,zionism4    
,the ,russians1 under the leadership of 
,ussishkin1 were all heartily against   
the charter emphasis and drove with     
maddening persistence for immediate work
 in ,palestine4 ,in the course of these 
debates1 continued over the years1 the  
,congress became a forum for the        
discussion of international ,jewish     
problems and developed speakers and     
theorists of varying degrees of talent4 
,it also produced men with hobbies4 ,the
 ,jewish ,national ,fund and the ,hebrew
 ,university was the hobby of ,dr4      
,herman ,schapiro4 ,colonization in     
,cyprus was the hobby of ,davis         
,trietsch1 who created many scenes on   
the floor of the ,congress4 ,dr4 ,chaim 
,weizmann was not only a leader of the  
,democratic faction1 crossing swords    
time and again with ,herzl1 but devoted 
much time and thought to the idea of a  

,hebrew ,university4 ,the procedure of  
the ,congress1 based on ,continental    
models1 was gradually worked out and    
became fixed1 and many of the delegates 
were adepts in the art of procedural    
sparring4 ,the language in ,congresses  
used during ,herzl's life was ,german1  
but gradually the imperfect use of      
,german by ,east ,european ,zionists led
 to the development of what was called  
,congress ,german4 ,this was a form of  
,german that was easy to use1 because   
respect for grammar and pronunciation   
was not required4  ,during the          
,congresses ,herzl maintained throughout
 the role of leader and moderator4 ,his 
manner was gracious and he never lost   
his sense of dignity4 ,he was capable of
 sharp retort1 but always bore in mind  
that it was high duty to hold a balance 
and to seek compromise rather than sharp
 division4 ,he developed it in a most   
remarkable way on the platform4 ,his    
appearances were dramatic4 ,his         
interventions were arresting4 ,the man  

of the writing desk developed as one of 
the ablest in the parliamentary arts4   
,after some of the ,congresses he had to
 retire to a health resort1 having      
exhausted his strength and bringing on a
 recurrence of his heart trouble4 ,on a 
number of occasions his close friends   
feared for his life4 ,but after a few   
weeks of rest he usually returned       
stronger than before and with greater   
determination to pursue his course1     
regardless of the consequences to       
himself4         99       99       99   
99       99  ,at this point it is       
important to refer to his family life4  
,he had married ,julie ,naschauer on    
,july #be1 #ahhi4 ,she was the daughter 
of wealthy parents and grew up in a     
conventional social circle4 ,when she   
married ,herzl he was already a rising  
young author who was highly regarded    
among those with whom she associated4   
,he was attractive1 aristocratic in     
bearing1 a keen conversationalist and   
had all the qualities of being a        

conventional partner of a conventional  
wife4 ,but ,herzl threw himself into    
,zionist affairs with such tremendous   
dynamic activity and was so completely  
absorbed in the idea which his thinking 
had given birth to1 that except for     
occasional interim periods1 his family  
played a secondary part in his life ever
 after he had taken up the ,jewish      
problems his special task in life4      
,julie ,herzl also suffered by reason of
 ,herzl's devotion to his own mother4   
,herzl never rid himself of his filial  
dependence which made it very hard for  
his wife to understand4 ,they had three 
children4 ,in #ahij a daughter was born 
and named ,paula or ,pauline4 ,in #ahia 
his son1 ,hans1 was born1 whose life    
after his father's death became a       
serious problem4 ,there was a third     
child1 a daughter ,margaret1 known as   
,trude1 who was born in ,may #ahic4     
,during this period there were many     
separations from his family4 ,there were
 disagreements and reconciliations1 but 

the cup of unhappiness for ,julie ,herzl
 overflowed when ,herzl became the      
official leader of a public movement4   
,from that time on her home was         
constantly overrun with unwelcome       
visitors4 ,not only did ,herzl give his 
life to the movement in the literal     
sense1 but he gave his reserve of funds 
and sacrificed the welfare of his family
 for the sake of the movement he had    
brought to life4 ,his domestic affairs  
as well as his failing heart1 made all  
the years of ,herzl's brief ,zionist    
life pain and struggle4  ,the tragic    
position of ,jews in various parts of   
,europe1 greatly agitated ,herzl during 
the time he was carrying on negotiations
 with the ,kaiser and the ,sultan4 ,he  
was constantly being led to the thought 
that it would become necessary to find a
 temporary haven of refuge for ,jews4   
,in #ahii a series of pogroms broke out 
in ,galicia4 ,in his diary at the time1 
he had references to ,england and       
,cyprus1 we may even have to consider   

,south ,africa or ,america4 ,but he     
banished these thoughts from his mind   
because he knew that the ,zionists would
 place serious obstacles in the way of  
considering any project other than      
,palestine4 ,when his hopes with regard 
to ,germany had collapsed1 however1 he  
thought of these alternative proposals  
again4         99       99       99     
99       99  ,on ,october #bb1 #aijb a  
,conference between ,joseph             
,chamberlain1 the ,colonial ,secretary1 
and ,herzl took place4 ,chamberlain had 
been in the ,colonial ,office since     
#ahie4 ,he held an influential position 
in the councils of the ,british         
,government4 ,he was a man of strong    
will and political integrity4 ,herzl    
submitted his plan for the colonization 
of ,cyprus and the ,sinai ,peninsula1   
which included ,el ,arish--,jewish      
settlers under a ,jewish administration4
  ,chamberlain said that he could speak 
definitely only about ,cyprus4 ,the     
,sinai ,peninsula came under the        

jurisdiction of the ,foreign ,office4   
,as far as ,cyprus was concerned1 he    
believed that it was not promising      
because the ,greeks and ,moslems would  
object1 and it would be his official    
duty to side with them4 ,he took a more 
favorable view1 however1 of ,el ,arish4 
,in that connection1 it was necessary   
for ,herzl to talk to ,lord ,lansdowne  
of the ,foreign ,office4 ,a great deal  
would depend upon the good-will of ,lord
 ,cromer1 the ,british ,consul ,general 
in ,egypt1 and actually the ,vice       
,regent of that country4 ,through the   
good offices of ,chamberlain1 it became 
possible for ,herzl to meet ,lord       
,lansdowne a few days later4 ,he was    
well received and was listened to with a
 great deal of attention4  ,herzl was   
asked to submit a written expose4 ,then 
he asked for permission to have ,leopold
 ,j4 ,greenberg go to ,egypt and confer 
with ,lord ,cromer4 ,lord ,lansdowne    
said that he would arrange for such a   
meeting4 ,greenberg discussed the matter

 with ,lord ,cromer in ,cairo4 ,there   
were objections raised by both ,lord    
,cromer and the ,egyptian ,prime        
,minister on the ground that an         
attempted ,jewish economy1 undertaken in
 #ahia-b in the region of ancient       
,midian1 had been a pitiful failure4    
,there had been political complications 
and border disputes with ,turkey4  ,a   
definitive reply was received by ,herzl 
on ,december #ah1 #aijb written on      
behalf of ,lord ,lansdowne by ,sir      
,t4,h4 ,sanderson1 permanent            
,undersecretary4 ,lord ,lansdowne had   
heard from ,lord ,cromer1 who favored   
the sending of a small commission to the
 ,sinai ,peninsula to report on         
conditions and prospects1 but ,lord     
,cromer feared that no sanguine hopes of
 success should be entertained1 but if  
the report of the ,commission turned out
 favorable1 the ,egyptian ,government   
would certainly offer liberal terms for 
,jewish colonization4  ,on the other    
hand1 however1 the ,zionists should     

understand that they would be expected  
to meet the cost of a defense corps and 
to guarantee the administration4 ,in    
,lord ,cromer's opinion1 the most       
important question was that of the      
rights which ,herzl expected for the    
projected settlement4 ,he wrote3 ,in    
your letter of the #abth ult4 you remark
 that you will become great and         
promising by the granting of this right 
of colonization4 ,your letter does not  
make clear what is to be understood by  
these words1 and what kind of rights the
 colonists will expect4  ,lord          
,lansdowne also touched on the question 
of the new citizenship of the settlers4 
,herzl had believed that he would have  
only ,englishmen to deal with1 since    
,england had become more and more the   
master of ,egypt4 ,it was apparent1     
however1 that the ,egyptian ,government 
also played an important part in the    
discussions4  ,lord ,cromer confirmed   
that the ,egyptian ,government would    
make it an essential condition that the 

new settlers become ,turkish subjects   
bound by ,egyptian law1 but while the   
,british occupation continued the       
settlers would always be certain of fair
 treatment4  ,herzl was satisfied with  
this letter and described it as a       
historic document4 ,the ,british        
,government had recognized ,herzl as the
 ,zionist leader1 and the movement      
represented by him as a negotiating     
party4 ,he already saw the ,egyptian    
province of ,judea under a ,jewish      
,governor1 with its own defense corps   
under ,anglo-,egyptian officers4  ,as a 
result of the ,english negotiations1    
,lord ,rothschild seemed to be won over 
by ,herzl4 ,the old banker1 who had     
refused two years before to meet the    
,zionist leader1 now visited him in his 
hotel4 ,the next task before ,herzl was 
the organization of the ,commission4    
,the ,commission was composed of the    
,south ,african engineer1 ,kessler2 the 
,chief ,inspector of the ,egyptian      
,survey ,department1 ,humphreys2 ,col4  

,goldsmith was to report on the land2   
and ,dr4 ,soskin was to study           
agricultural possibilities4 ,oscar      
,marmorek was to investigate building   
and housing problems and act as ,general
 ,secretary4 ,dr4 ,hillel ,jaffe of the 
,jaffe ,hospital was to deal with the   
problems of climate and hygiene4  ,the  
,commission met with great difficulties4
 ,there was opposition by the ,turks4   
,there was misunderstandings between    
,herzl and ,greenberg4 ,herzl himself   
went to ,egypt in order to bring the    
negotiations to a conclusion and to     
straighten out difficulties4 ,his       
intervention in no way improved the     
situation4 ,lord ,cromer had become very
 cool toward him4 ,he received the      
general report of the ,commission1 which
 observed that under existing conditions
 the land is quite unsuitable for       
settlers from ,european countries1 but  
if sufficient irrigation were           
introduced1 the agricultural1 hygienic  
and climatic conditions are such that   

part of the land1 which is at present   
wilderness1 could support a considerable
 population4  ,an application for the   
concession was made by ,herzl on the    
advice of ,lord ,cromer1 having as his  
legal representative a ,belgian lawyer  
of high standing4 ,the ,egyptian        
,government did not receive with favor  
the outline of the concession4 ,herzl   
was received on ,april #bcrd by         
,chamberlain1 who had just returned from
 his ,african journey4 ,chamberlain     
listened to the report given by ,herzl  
on the work of the ,commission4 ,both   
regarded the report as unfavorable4     
,then ,chamberlain made this remark3    
,on my travels ,i saw a country for you1
 ,uganda4 ,on the coast it is hot1 but  
in the interior the climate is excellent
 for ,europeans4 ,you can plant cotton  
and sugar4 ,i thought to myself1 that is
 just the country for ,dr4 ,herzl4 ,but 
he must have ,palestine1 and will move  
only into its vicinity4  ,this was the  
first reference to ,uganda which became 

the center of attention in ,zionist     
circles4  ,herzl was told that the      
,egyptian ,government would reject the  
plan4 ,it was found that the area would 
require five times as much water as had 
been first estimated4 ,the ,egyptian    
,government could not permit the        
diversion of such a quantity of water   
from the ,nile4  ,an attempt to have    
,chamberlain intervene with ,egypt was  
not successful4 ,that being the case1   
said ,chamberlain1 ,what about ,uganda8 
,self-administration would be accorded4 
,the ,governor could definitely be a    
,jew4 ,although the matter belonged to  
the ,foreign ,office1 he would have it  
transferred under his jurisdiction in   
the colonial office4 ,the territory     
would be the permanent property of a    
colonization company created for the    
purpose4 ,after five years1 the settlers
 would be given complete autonomy4 ,the 
name of the settlement was to be ,new   
,palestine4  ,herzl pressed for a reply 
from the government in order that the   

project might be presented to the       
,zionist ,congress on ,august #ad1      
#aijc4 ,the official proposal came from 
,sir ,clement ,hill1 permanent head of  
the ,foreign ,office4 ,in this letter it
 was stated that ,lord ,landsdowne had  
studied the question with the interest  
which ,his ,majesty's ,government always
 felt bound to take in every serious    
plan destined to better the condition of
 the ,jewish race4 ,the time had been   
too short for a closer examination of   
the plan and for its submission to the  
,british representative for the ,east   
,african 7,uganda7 ,protectorate4 ,lord 
,landsdowne assumes1 the letter         
continues1 that the ,bank desires to    
send a number of gentlemen to the ,east 
,african ,protectorate to establish     
whether there is in that territory land 
suitable for the purpose in view2 should
 this prove to be the case1 he will be  
happy to give them every assistance in  
bringing them together with ,his        
,majesty's ,congress1 the conditions    

under which the settlement could be     
carried out4 ,should an area be found   
which the bank and ,his ,majesty's      
representative consider suitable1 and   
,his ,majesty's government consider     
desirable1 ,lord ,lansdowne will be glad
 to consider favorably proposals for the
 creation of a ,jewish colony or        
settlement under such conditions as will
 seem to the members to guarantee the   
retention of their national customs4444 
,the document went on with an           
offer--subject to the consent of the    
relevant officials--of a ,jewish        
governorship and internal autonomy4     
,this was the first official proposal in
 connection with the ,zionist movement  
which ,herzl was able to submit to a    
,zionist ,congress4 ,when the letter of 
,sir ,clement ,hill was submitted to the
 ,sixth ,zionist ,congress in #aijc1 it 
split the ,zionist movement wide open4  
,it arrayed the overwhelming majority of
 ,zionists in ,russia against ,herzl and
 he was called upon to defend himself   

against a general attack which preceded 
the convening of the ,congress4 ,when   
the ,congress was convened in an        
atmosphere of great excitement and      
partisan controversy1 the ,uganda       
project was submitted in the form of an 
official resolution calling for the     
appointment of a commission of nine to  
be sent to investigate conditions in    
,east ,africa4 ,the final decision on   
the report of the investigating         
committee was to be left to a special   
,congress4 ,although the vote showed a  
majority in favor of the official       
resolution--the tally was #bie for1 #agg
 against1 and #ajj absentees--the debate
 on the resolution revealed an          
overwhelming opposition to the project4 
,it was regarded as an abandonment of   
,palestine in favor of a diversion4     
,after the vote1 the ,russian delegates 
left the ,congress in a body4 ,all the  
opposition delegates left with them and 
met in conference to discuss the        
situation4 ,when ,herzl heard of the    

deep feeling that prevailed in the      
conference1 he asked for the privilege  
of speaking to the opposition4 ,he gave 
them his solemn assurance that the      
,basle ,program would be unaffected by  
the resolution4 ,he swore fealty to the 
,basle ,program1 to ,zion and           
,jerusalem4 ,his speech revealed the    
great transformation that had taken     
place in ,herzl's organic relation to   
the ,zionist movement4 ,the opposition  
delegates felt that in spite of ,herzl's
 seeking alternately one or another     
substitute for ,palestine1 his heart    
responded without reserve to the appeal 
of ,zion4 ,the opposition reappeared in 
the ,congress the following day4 ,they  
exacted assurances that the funds of the
 ,jewish ,colonial ,trust1 of the       
,jewish ,national ,fund and the ,shekel 
,income1 should not be used for the     
commission investigating ,east ,africa1 
and that the commission should report to
 the ,greater ,actions ,committee before
 it appeared to submit its report to the

 ,congress4  ,herzl's experience at what
 is called the ,uganda ,congress drew   
him nearer to the older ,zionists4 ,he  
realized now that the ultimate goal     
could not be reached within the near    
future1 that ,uganda was merely a       
compromise achievement1 providing the   
field of preparation for a second       
attempt to reach ,zion4 ,the ,congress  
of #aijc was the climax of ,herzl's     
career4 ,it was1 in effect1 the end of  
his quest4  ,later1 the ,east ,african  
project became a matter of lesser       
importance in the eyes of the ,english4 
,the ,english colonists in ,east ,africa
 declared their opposition to a ,jewish 
settlement4 ,a ,zionist opposition was  
organized1 led by ,menahem ,ussishkin1  
who was not present at the ,uganda      
,congress4 ,the ,charkov ,conference of 
,russian ,zionists was called4 ,herzl   
was charged with having violated the    
,basle ,program4 ,the ,charkov          
,conference disclaimed responsibility   
for all actions in the direction of     

,east ,africa4 ,it appointed a committee
 of three to communicate their demands  
to ,herzl4 ,they asked that he promise  
that he would not place before the      
,congress any territorial projects other
 than those connected with ,palestine or
 ,syria1 and that he would take ,east   
,africa off the agenda4 ,by now ,herzl  
would have been pleased to let the ,east
 ,african project disappear from the    
agenda2 it was clear that the ,english  
government was not greatly interested   
and was seeking a way out2 but the      
devious route of political action1 once 
started1 could not so easily be halted2 
,herzl found himself chained to a       
political reality4  ,throughout his     
,zionist life1 ,herzl suffered from a   
heart ailment which became more and more
 acute as he was taken up by the        
excitements and activities of the       
,movement4 ,he became aware of his      
illness soon after he had written ,the  
,jewish ,state4 ,he had premonitions of 
the fatal consequences but persisted in 

carrying the burden of the ,movement    
himself1 consuming all his strength in  
the process4 ,at intervals he was forced
 to take rest cures4 ,on a number of    
occasions it was thought that he had    
reached the end of his strength4 ,when  
he was grappling with the ,uganda       
project1 ,york-,steiner1 an intimate    
friend1 wrote of his appearance3 ,the   
imposing figure is now stooped1 the face
 sallow1 the eyes--the mirrors of a fine
 soul--were darkened1 the mouth was     
drawn in pain and marked by passion4    
,he was almost at the brink of the      
grave4 ,in ,may1 an alarming change for 
the worse occurred in the condition of  
his heart muscles4 ,he was ordered to   
,franzienbad for six weeks1 but the rest
 did him no good4 ,on ,june #c1 he left 
with his wife and several friends for   
,edlach in ,semmering4 ,he knew that    
this was his last journey4 ,then there  
was a slight improvement and he returned
 to his desk4 ,but he rapidly grew      
worse4 ,to the faithful ,hechler he     

said1 ,give them all my greetings and   
tell them that ,i have given my heart's 
blood for my people4 ,on ,july #c1      
pneumonia set in and there were signs of
 approaching exhaustion4 ,his mother    
arrived1 then his two younger children1 
,hans and ,trude4 ,at five in the       
afternoon1 his physician who had taken  
his eyes off the patient for a moment1  
heard a deep sigh4 ,when he turned1 he  
saw ,herzl's head sunk on his breast4   
,in his will ,herzl asked that his body 
be buried next to his father1 to remain 
there until the ,jewish people will     
carry my remains to ,palestine4 ,when   
the ,russians entered ,vienna in #aide  
the remains of ,herzl were still there4 
,the ,jewish ,state  by  ,theodor ,herzl
     ,preface   ,the idea which ,i have 
developed in this pamphlet is a very old
 one3 it is the restoration of the      
,jewish ,state4  ,the world resounds    
with outcries against the ,jews1 and    
these outcries have awakened the        
slumbering idea4  ,i wish it to be      

clearly understood from the outset that 
no portion of my argument is based on a 
new discovery4 ,i have discovered       
neither the historic condition of the   
,jews nor the means to improve it4 ,in  
fact1 every man will see for himself    
that the materials of the structure ,i  
am designing are not only in existence1 
but actually already in hand4 ,if1      
therefore1 this attempt to solve the    
,jewish ,question is to be designated by
 a single word1 let it be said to be the
 result of an inescapable conclusion    
rather than that of a flighty           
imagination4  ,i must1 in the first     
place1 guard my scheme from being       
treated as ,utopian by superficial      
critics who might commit this error of  
judgment if ,i did not warn them4 ,i    
should obviously have done nothing to be
 ashamed of if ,i had described a       
,utopia on philanthropic lines2 and ,i  
should also1 in all probability1 have   
obtained literary success more easily if
 ,i had set forth my plan in the        

irresponsible guise of a romantic tale4 
,but this ,utopia is far less attractive
 than any one of those portrayed by ,sir
 ,thomas ,more and his numerous         
forerunners and successors4 ,and ,i     
believe that the situation of the ,jews 
in many countries is grave enough to    
make such preliminary trifling          
superfluous4  ,an interesting book1     
,freiland1 by ,dr4 ,theodor ,hertzka1   
which appeared a few years ago1 may     
serve to mark the distinction ,i draw   
between my conception and a ,utopia4    
,his is the ingenious invention of a    
modern mind thoroughly schooled in the  
principles of political economy1 it is  
as remote from actuality as the         
,equatorial mountain on which his dream 
,state lies4 ,freiland is a complicated 
piece of mechanism with numerous cogged 
wheels fitting into each other2 but     
there is nothing to prove that they can 
be set in motion4 ,even supposing       
,freiland societies were to come into   
existence1 ,i should look on the whole  

thing as a joke4  ,the present scheme1  
on the other hand1 includes the         
employment of an existent propelling    
force4 ,in consideration of my own      
inadequacy1 ,i shall content myself with
 indicating the cogs and wheels of the  
machine to be constructed1 and ,i shall 
rely on more skilled mechanicians than  
myself to put them together4            
,everything depends on our propelling   
force4 ,and what is that force8 ,the    
misery of the ,jews4  ,who would venture
 to deny its existence8 ,we shall       
discuss it fully in the chapter on the  
causes of ,anti-,semitism4  ,everybody  
is familiar with the phenomenon of      
steam-power1 generated by boiling water1
 which lifts the kettle-lid4 ,such      
tea-kettle phenomena are the attempts of
 ,zionist and kindred associations to   
check ,anti-,semitism4  ,i believe that 
this power1 if rightly employed1 is     
powerful enough to propel a large engine
 and to move passengers and goods3 the  
engine having whatever form men may     

choose to give it4  ,i am absolutely    
convinced that ,i am right1 though ,i   
doubt whether ,i shall live to see      
myself proved to be so4 ,those who are  
the first to inaugurate this movement   
will scarcely live to see its glorious  
close4 ,but the inauguration of it is   
enough to give them a feeling of pride  
and the joy of spiritual freedom4  ,i   
shall not be lavish in artistically     
elaborated descriptions of my project1  
for fear of incurring the suspicion of  
painting a ,utopia4 ,i anticipate1 in   
any case1 that thoughtless scoffers will
 caricature my sketch and thus try to   
weaken its effect4 ,a ,jew1 intelligent 
in other respects1 to whom ,i explained 
my plan1 was of the opinion that a      
,utopia was a project whose future      
details were represented as already     
extant4 ,this is a fallacy4 ,every      
,chancellor of the ,exchequer calculates
 in his ,budget estimates with assumed  
figures1 and not only with such as are  
based on the average returns of past    

years1 or on previous revenues in other 
,states1 but sometimes with figures for 
which there is no precedent whatever2 as
 for example1 in instituting a new tax4 
,everybody who studies a ,budget knows  
that this is the case4 ,but even if it  
were known that the estimates would not 
be rigidly adhered to1 would such a     
financial draft be considered ,utopian8 
,but ,i am expecting more of my readers4
 ,i ask the cultivated men whom ,i am   
addressing to set many preconceived     
ideas entirely aside4 ,i shall even go  
so far as to ask those ,jews who have   
most earnestly tried to solve the       
,jewish ,question to look upon their    
previous attempts as mistaken and       
futile4  ,i must guard against a danger 
in setting forth my idea4 ,if ,i        
describe future circumstances with too  
much caution ,i shall appear to doubt   
their possibility4 ,if1 on the other    
hand1 ,i announce their realization with
 too much assurance ,i shall appear to  
be describing a chimera4  ,i shall      

therefore clearly and emphatically state
 that ,i believe in the practical       
outcome of my scheme1 though without    
professing to have discovered the shape 
it may ultimately take4 ,the ,jewish    
,state is essential to the world2 it    
will therefore be created4  ,the plan   
would1 of course1 seem absurd if a      
single individual attempted to do it2   
but if worked by a number of ,jews in   
co-operation it would appear perfectly  
rational1 and its accomplishment would  
present no difficulties worth           
mentioning4 ,the idea depends only on   
the number of its supporters4 ,perhaps  
our ambitious young men1 to whom every  
road of progress is now closed1 seeing  
in this ,jewish ,state a bright prospect
 of freedom1 happiness and honors       
opening to them1 will ensure the        
propagation of the idea4  ,i feel that  
with the publication of this pamphlet my
 task is done4 ,i shall not again take  
up the pen1 unless the attacks of       
noteworthy antagonists drive me to do   

so1 or it becomes necessary to meet     
unforeseen objections and to remove     
errors4  ,am ,i stating what is not yet 
the case8 ,am ,i before my time8 ,are   
the sufferings of the ,jews not yet     
grave enough8 ,we shall see4  ,it       
depends on the ,jews themselves whether 
this political pamphlet remains for the 
present a political romance4 ,if the    
present generation is too dull to       
understand it rightly1 a future1 finer  
and a better generation will arise to   
understand it4 ,the ,jews who wish for a
 ,state shall have it1 and they will    
deserve to have it4     ,chapter ,i4    
,introduction   ,it is astonishing how  
little insight into the science of      
economics many of the men who move in   
the midst of active life possess4 ,hence
 it is that even ,jews faithfully repeat
 the cry of the ,anti-,semites3 ,we     
depend for sustenance on the nations who
 are our hosts1 and if we had no hosts  
to support us we should die of          
starvation4 ,this is a point that shows 

how unjust accusations may weaken our   
self-knowledge4 ,but what are the true  
grounds for this statement concerning   
the nations that act as hosts8 ,where it
 is not based on limited physiocratic   
views it is founded on the childish     
error that commodities pass from hand to
 hand in continuous rotation4 ,we need  
not wake from long slumber1 like ,rip   
van ,winkle1 to realize that the world  
is considerably altered by the          
production of new commodities4 ,the     
technical progress made during this     
wonderful era enables even a man of most
 limited intelligence to note with his  
short-sighted eyes the appearance of new
 commodities all around him4 ,the spirit
 of enterprise has created them4  ,labor
 without enterprise is the stationary   
labor of ancient days2 and typical of it
 is the work of the husbandman1 who     
stands now just where his progenitors   
stood a thousand years ago4 ,all our    
material welfare has been brought about 
by men of enterprise4 ,i feel almost    

ashamed of writing down so trite a      
remark4 ,even if we were a nation of    
entrepreneurs--such as absurdly         
exaggerated accounts make us out to     
be--we should not require another nation
 to live on4 ,we do not depend on the   
circulation of old commodities1 because 
we produce new ones4  ,the world        
possesses slaves of extraordinary       
capacity for work1 whose appearance has 
been fatal to the production of handmade
 goods3 these slaves are the machines4  
,it is true that workmen are required to
 set machinery in motion2 but for this  
we have men in plenty1 in               
super-abundance4 ,only those who are    
ignorant of the conditions of ,jews in  
many countries of ,eastern ,europe would
 venture to assert that ,jews are either
 unfit or unwilling to perform manual   
labor4  ,but ,i do not wish to take up  
the cudgels for the ,jews in this       
pamphlet4 ,it would be useless4         
,everything rational and everything     
sentimental that can possibly be said in

 their defence has been said already4   
,if one's hearers are incapable of      
comprehending them1 one is a preacher in
 a desert4 ,and if one's hearers are    
broad and high-minded enough to have    
grasped them already1 then the sermon is
 superfluous4 ,i believe in the ascent  
of man to higher and yet higher grades  
of civilization2 but ,i consider this   
ascent to be desperately slow4 ,were we 
to wait till average humanity had become
 as charitably inclined as was ,lessing 
when he wrote ,nathan the ,wise1 we     
should wait beyond our day1 beyond the  
days of our children1 of our            
grandchildren1 and of our               
great-grandchildren4 ,but the world's   
spirit comes to our aid in another way4 
,this century has given the world a     
wonderful renaissance by means of its   
technical achievements2 but at the same 
time its miraculous improvements have   
not been employed in the service of     
humanity4 ,distance has ceased to be an 
obstacle1 yet we complain of            

insufficient space4 ,our great          
steamships carry us swiftly and surely  
over hitherto unvisited seas4 ,our      
railways carry us safely into a         
mountain-world hitherto tremblingly     
scaled on foot4 ,events occurring in    
countries undiscovered when ,europe     
confined the ,jews in ,ghettos are known
 to us in the course of an hour4 ,hence 
the misery of the ,jews is an           
anachronism--not because there was a    
period of enlightenment one hundred     
years ago1 for that enlightenment       
reached in reality only the choicest    
spirits4  ,i believe that electric light
 was not invented for the purpose of    
illuminating the drawing-rooms of a few 
snobs1 but rather for the purpose of    
throwing light on some of the dark      
problems of humanity4 ,one of these     
problems1 and not the least of them1 is 
the ,jewish question4 ,in solving it we 
are working not only for ourselves1 but 
also for many other over-burdened and   
oppressed beings4  ,the ,jewish question

 still exists4 ,it would be foolish to  
deny it4 ,it is a remnant of the ,middle
 ,ages1 which civilized nations do not  
even yet seem able to shake off1 try as 
they will4 ,they certainly showed a     
generous desire to do so when they      
emancipated us4 ,the ,jewish question   
exists wherever ,jews live in           
perceptible numbers4 ,where it does not 
exist1 it is carried by ,jews in the    
course of their migrations4 ,we         
naturally move to those places where we 
are not persecuted1 and there our       
presence produces persecution4 ,this is 
the case in every country1 and will     
remain so1 even in those highly         
civilized--for instance1 ,france--until 
the ,jewish question finds a solution on
 a political basis4 ,the unfortunate    
,jews are now carrying the seeds of     
,anti-,semitism into ,england2 they have
 already introduced it into ,america4   
,i believe that ,i understand           
,anti-,semitism1 which is really a      
highly complex movement4 ,i consider it 

from a ,jewish standpoint1 yet without  
fear or hatred4 ,i believe that ,i can  
see what elements there are in it of    
vulgar sport1 of common trade jealousy1 
of inherited prejudice1 of religious    
intolerance1 and also of pretended      
self-defence4 ,i think the ,jewish      
question is no more a social than a     
religious one1 notwithstanding that it  
sometimes takes these and other forms4  
,it is a national question1 which can   
only be solved by making it a political 
world-question to be discussed and      
settled by the civilized nations of the 
world in council4  ,we are a people--one
 people4  ,we have honestly endeavored  
everywhere to merge ourselves in the    
social life of surrounding communities  
and to preserve the faith of our        
fathers4 ,we are not permitted to do so4
 ,in vain are we loyal patriots1 our    
loyalty in some places running to       
extremes2 in vain do we make the same   
sacrifices of life and property as our  
fellow-citizens2 in vain do we strive to

 increase the fame of our native land in
 science and art1 or her wealth by trade
 and commerce4 ,in countries where we   
have lived for centuries we are still   
cried down as strangers1 and often by   
those whose ancestors were not yet      
domiciled in the land where ,jews had   
already had experience of suffering4    
,the majority may decide which are the  
strangers2 for this1 as indeed every    
point which arises in the relations     
between nations1 is a question of might4
 ,i do not here surrender any portion of
 our prescriptive right1 when ,i make   
this statement merely in my own name as 
an individual4 ,in the world as it now  
is and for an indefinite period will    
probably remain1 might precedes right4  
,it is useless1 therefore1 for us to be 
loyal patriots1 as were the ,huguenots  
who were forced to emigrate4 ,if we     
could only be left in peace4444  ,but ,i
 think we shall not be left in peace4   
,oppression and persecution cannot      
exterminate us4 ,no nation on earth has 

survived such struggles and sufferings  
as we have gone through4 ,jew-baiting   
has merely stripped off our weaklings2  
the strong among us were invariably true
 to their race when persecution broke   
out against them4 ,this attitude was    
most clearly apparent in the period     
immediately following the emancipation  
of the ,jews4 ,those ,jews who were     
advanced intellectually and materially  
entirely lost the feeling of belonging  
to their race4 ,wherever our political  
well-being has lasted for any length of 
time1 we have assimilated with our      
surroundings4 ,i think this is not      
discreditable4 ,hence1 the statesman who
 would wish to see a ,jewish strain in  
his nation would have to provide for the
 duration of our political well-being2  
and even a ,bismarck could not do that4 
,for old prejudices against us still lie
 deep in the hearts of the people4 ,he  
who would have proofs of this need only 
listen to the people where they speak   
with frankness and simplicity3 proverb  

and fairy-tale are both ,anti-,semitic4 
,a nation is everywhere a great child1  
which can certainly be educated2 but its
 education would1 even in most favorable
 circumstances1 occupy such a vast      
amount of time that we could1 as already
 mentioned1 remove our own difficulties 
by other means long before the process  
was accomplished4  ,assimilation1 by    
which ,i understood not only external   
conformity in dress1 habits1 customs1   
and language1 but also identity of      
feeling and manner--assimilation of     
,jews could be effected only by         
intermarriage4 ,but the need for mixed  
marriages would have to be felt by the  
majority2 their mere recognition by law 
would certainly not suffice4  ,the      
,hungarian ,liberals1 who have just     
given legal sanction to mixed marriages1
 have made a remarkable mistake which   
one of the earliest cases clearly       
illustrates2 a baptized ,jew married a  
,jewess4 ,at the same time the struggle 
to obtain the present form of marriage  

accentuated distinctions between ,jews  
and ,christians1 thus hindering rather  
than aiding the fusion of races4  ,those
 who really wished to see the ,jews     
disappear through intermixture with     
other nations1 can only hope to see it  
come about in one way4 ,the ,jews must  
previously acquire economic power       
sufficiently great to overcome the old  
social prejudice against them4 ,the     
aristocracy may serve as an example of  
this1 for in its ranks occur the        
proportionately largest numbers of mixed
 marriages4 ,the ,jewish families which 
regild the old nobility with their money
 become gradually absorbed4 ,but what   
form would this phenomenon assume in the
 middle classes1 where 7the ,jews being 
a bourgeois people7 the ,jewish question
 is mainly concentrated8 ,a previous    
acquisition of power could be synonymous
 with that economic supremacy which     
,jews are already erroneously declared  
to possess4 ,and if the power they now  
possess creates rage and indignation    

among the ,anti-,semites1 what outbreaks
 would such an increase of power create8
 ,hence the first step towards          
absorption will never be taken1 because 
this step would involve the subjection  
of the majority to a hitherto scorned   
minority1 possessing neither military   
nor administrative power of its own4 ,i 
think1 therefore1 that the absorption of
 ,jews by means of their prosperity is  
unlikely to occur4 ,in countries which  
now are ,anti-,semitic my view will be  
approved4 ,in others1 where ,jews now   
feel comfortable1 it will probably be   
violently disputed by them4 ,my happier 
co-religionists will not believe me till
 ,jew-baiting teaches them the truth2   
for the longer ,anti-,semitism lies in  
abeyance the more fiercely will it break
 out4 ,the infiltration of immigrating  
,jews1 attracted to a land by apparent  
security1 and the ascent in the social  
scale of native ,jews1 combine          
powerfully to bring about a revolution4 
,nothing is plainer than this rational  

conclusion4  ,because ,i have drawn this
 conclusion with complete indifference  
to everything but the quest of truth1 ,i
 shall probably be contradicted and     
opposed by ,jews who are in easy        
circumstances4 ,insofar as private      
interests alone are held by their       
anxious or timid possessors to be in    
danger1 they can safely be ignored1 for 
the concerns of the poor and oppressed  
are of greater importance than theirs4  
,but ,i wish from the outset to prevent 
any misconception from arising1         
particularly the mistaken notion that my
 project1 if realized1 would in the     
least degree injure property now held by
 ,jews4 ,i shall therefore explain      
everything connected with rights of     
property very fully4 ,whereas1 if my    
plan never becomes anything more than a 
piece of literature1 things will merely 
remain as they are4 ,it might more      
reasonably be objected that ,i am giving
 a handle to ,anti-,semitism when ,i say
 we are a people--one people2 that ,i am

 hindering the assimilation of ,jews    
where it is about to be consummated1 and
 endangering it where it is an          
accomplished fact1 insofar as it is     
possible for a solitary writer to hinder
 or endanger anything4  ,this objection 
will be especially brought forward in   
,france4 ,it will probably also be made 
in other countries1 but ,i shall answer 
only the ,french ,jews beforehand1      
because these afford the most striking  
example of my point4  ,however much ,i  
may worship personality--powerful       
individual personality in statesmen1    
inventors1 artists1 philosophers1 or    
leaders1 as well as the collective      
personality of a historic group of human
 beings1 which we call a nation--however
 much ,i may worship personality1 ,i do 
not regret its disappearance4 ,whoever  
can1 will1 and must perish1 let him     
perish4 ,but the distinctive nationality
 of ,jews neither can1 will1 nor must be
 destroyed4 ,it cannot be destroyed1    
because external enemies consolidate it4

 ,it will not be destroyed2 this is     
shown during two thousand years of      
appalling suffering4 ,it must not be    
destroyed1 and that1 as a descendant of 
numberless ,jews who refused to despair1
 ,i am trying once more to prove in this
 pamphlet4 ,whole branches of ,judaism  
may wither and fall1 but the trunk will 
remain4  ,hence1 if all or any of the   
,french ,jews protest against this      
scheme on account of their own          
assimilation1 my answer is simple3 ,the 
whole thing does not concern them at    
all4 ,they are ,jewish ,frenchmen1 well 
and good6 ,this is a private affair for 
the ,jews alone4  ,the movement towards 
the organization of the ,state ,i am    
proposing would1 of course1 harm ,jewish
 ,frenchmen no more than it would harm  
the assimilated of other countries4 ,it 
would1 on the contrary1 be distinctly to
 their advantage4 ,for they would no    
longer be disturbed in their chromatic  
function1 as ,darwin puts it1 but would 
be able to assimilate in peace1 because 

the present ,anti-,semitism would have  
been stopped for ever4 ,they would      
certainly be credited with being        
assimilated to the very depths of their 
souls1 if they stayed where they were   
after the new ,jewish ,state1 with its  
superior institutions1 had become a     
reality4  ,the assimilated would profit 
even more than ,christian citizens by   
the departure of faithful ,jews2 for    
they would be rid of the disquieting1   
incalculable1 and unavoidable rivalry of
 a ,jewish proletariat1 driven by       
poverty and political pressure from     
place to place1 from land to land4 ,this
 floating proletariat would become      
stationary4 ,many ,christian            
citizens--whom we call                  
,anti-,semites--can now offer determined
 resistance to the immigration of       
foreign ,jews4 ,jewish citizens cannot  
do this1 although it affects them far   
more directly2 for on them they feel    
first of all the keen competition of    
individuals carrying on similar branches

 of industry1 who1 in addition1 either  
introduce ,anti-,semitism where it does 
not exist1 or intensify it where it     
does4 ,the assimilated give expression  
to this secret grievance in             
philanthropic undertakings4 ,they       
organize emigration societies for       
wandering ,jews4 ,there is a reverse to 
the picture which would be comic1 if it 
did not deal with human beings4 ,for    
some of these charitable institutions   
are created not for1 but against1       
persecuted ,jews2 they are created to   
despatch these poor creatures just as   
fast and far as possible4 ,and thus1    
many an apparent friend of the ,jews    
turns out1 on careful inspection1 to be 
nothing more than an ,anti-,semite of   
,jewish origin1 disguised as a          
philanthropist4  ,but the attempts at   
colonization made even by really        
benevolent men1 interesting attempts    
though they were1 have so far been      
unsuccessful4 ,i do not think that this 
or that man took up the matter merely as

 an amusement1 that they engaged in the 
emigration of poor ,jews as one indulges
 in the racing of horses4 ,the matter   
was too grave and tragic for such       
treatment4 ,these attempts were         
interesting1 in that they represented on
 a small scale the practical            
fore-runners of the idea of a ,jewish   
,state4 ,they were even useful1 for out 
of their mistakes may be gathered       
experience for carrying the idea out    
successfully on a larger scale4 ,they   
have1 of course1 done harm also4 ,the   
transportation of ,anti-,semitism to new
 districts1 which is the inevitable     
consequence of such artificial          
infiltration1 seems to me to be the     
least of these evils4 ,far worse is the 
circumstance that unsatisfactory results
 tend to cast doubts on intelligent men4
 ,what is impractical or impossible to  
simple argument will remove this doubt  
from the minds of intelligent men4 ,what
 is unpractical or impossible to        
accomplish on a small scale1 need not   

necessarily be so on a larger one4 ,a   
small enterprise may result in loss     
under the same conditions which would   
make a large one pay4 ,a rivulet cannot 
even be navigated by boats1 the river   
into which it flows carries stately iron
 vessels4  ,no human being is wealthy or
 powerful enough to transplant a nation 
from one habitation to another4 ,an idea
 alone can achieve that and this idea of
 a ,state may have the requisite power  
to do so4 ,the ,jews have dreamt this   
kingly dream all through the long nights
 of their history4 ,next year in        
,jerusalem is our old phrase4 ,it is now
 a question of showing that the dream   
can be converted into a living reality4 
,for this1 many old1 outgrown1 confused 
and limited notions must first be       
entirely erased from the minds of men4  
,dull brains might1 for instance1       
imagine that this exodus would be from  
civilized regions into the desert4 ,that
 is not the case4 ,it will be carried   
out in the midst of civilization4 ,we   

shall not revert to a lower stage1 we   
shall rise to a higher one4 ,we shall   
not dwell in mud huts2 we shall build   
new more beautiful and more modern      
houses1 and possess them in safety4 ,we 
shall not lose our acquired possessions2
 we shall realize them4 ,we shall       
surrender our well earned rights only   
for better ones4 ,we shall not sacrifice
 our beloved customs2 we shall find them
 again4 ,we shall not leave our old home
 before the new one is prepared for us4 
,those only will depart who are sure    
thereby to improve their position2 those
 who are now desperate will go first1   
after them the poor2 next the           
prosperous1 and1 last of all1 the       
wealthy4 ,those who go in advance will  
raise themselves to a higher grade1     
equal to those whose representatives    
will shortly follow4 ,thus the exodus   
will be at the same time an ascent of   
the class4  ,the departure of the ,jews 
will involve no economic disturbances1  
no crises1 no persecutions2 in fact1 the

 countries they abandon will revive to a
 new period of prosperity4 ,there will  
be an inner migration of ,christian     
citizens into the positions evacuated by
 ,jews4 ,the outgoing current will be   
gradual1 without any disturbance1 and   
its initial movement will put an end to 
,anti-,semitism4 ,the ,jews will leave  
as honored friends1 and if some of them 
return1 they will receive the same      
favorable welcome and treatment at the  
hands of civilized nations as is        
accorded to all foreign visitors4 ,their
 exodus will have no resemblance to a   
flight1 for it will be a well-regulated 
movement under control of public        
opinion4 ,the movement will not only be 
inaugurated with absolute conformity to 
law1 but it cannot even be carried out  
without the friendly cooperation of     
interested ,governments1 who would      
derive considerable benefits from it4   
,security for the integrity of the idea 
and the vigor of its execution will be  
found in the creation of a body         

corporate1 or corporation4 ,this        
corporation will be called ,the ,society
 of ,jews4 ,in addition to it there will
 be a ,jewish company1 an economically  
productive body4  ,an individual who    
attempted even to undertake this huge   
task alone would be either an impostor  
or a madman4 ,the personal character of 
the members of the corporation will     
guarantee its integrity1 and the        
adequate capital of the ,company will   
prove its stability4  ,these prefatory  
remarks are merely intended as a hasty  
reply to the mass of objections which   
the very words ,jewish ,state are       
certain to arouse4 ,henceforth we shall 
proceed more slowly to meet further     
objections and to explain in detail what
 has been as yet only indicated2 and we 
shall try in the interests of this      
pamphlet to avoid making it a dull      
exposition4 ,short aphoristic chapters  
will therefore best answer the purpose4 
,if ,i wish to substitute a new building
 for an old one1 ,i must demolish before

 ,i construct4 ,i shall therefore keep  
to this natural sequence4 ,in the first 
and general part ,i shall explain my    
ideas1 remove all prejudices1 determine 
essential political and economic        
conditions1 and develop the plan4  ,in  
the special part1 which is divided into 
three principal sections1 ,i shall      
describe its execution4 ,these three    
sections are3 ,the ,jewish ,company1    
,local ,groups1 and the ,society of     
,jews4 ,the ,society is to be created   
first1 the ,company last2 but in this   
exposition the reverse order is         
preferable1 because it is the financial 
soundness of the enterprise which will  
chiefly be called into question1 and    
doubts on this score must be removed    
first4  ,in the conclusion1 ,i shall try
 to meet every further objection that   
could possibly be made4 ,my ,jewish     
readers will1 ,i hope1 follow me        
patiently to the end4 ,some will        
naturally make their objections in an   
order of succession other than that     

chosen for their refutation4 ,but       
whoever finds his doubts dispelled      
should give allegiance to the cause4    
,although ,i speak of reason1 ,i am     
fully aware that reason alone will not  
suffice4 ,old prisoners do not willingly
 leave their cells4 ,we shall see       
whether the youth whom we need are at   
our command--the youth1 who irresistibly
 draw on the old1 carry them forward on 
strong arms1 and transform rational     
motives into enthusiasm4     ,,ii4 ,the 
,jewish ,question   ,no one can deny the
 gravity of the situation of the ,jews4 
,wherever they live in perceptible      
numbers1 they are more or less          
persecuted4 ,their equality before the  
law1 granted by statute1 has become     
practically a dead letter4 ,they are    
debarred from filling even moderately   
high positions1 either in the army1 or  
in any public or private capacity4 ,and 
attempts are made to thrust them out of 
business also3 ,don't buy from ,jews6   
,attacks in ,parliaments1 in assemblies1

 in the press1 in the pulpit1 in the    
street1 on journeys--for example1 their 
exclusion from certain hotels--even in  
places of recreation1 become daily more 
numerous4 ,the forms of persecutions    
varying according to the countries and  
social circles in which they occur4 ,in 
,russia1 imposts are levied on ,jewish  
villages2 in ,rumania1 a few persons are
 put to death2 in ,germany1 they get a  
good beating occasionally2 in ,austria1 
,anti-,semites exercise terrorism over  
all public life2 in ,algeria1 there are 
travelling agitators2 in ,paris1 the    
,jews are shut out of the so-called best
 social circles and excluded from clubs4
 ,shades of anti-,jewish feeling are    
innumerable4 ,but this is not to be an  
attempt to make out a doleful category  
of ,jewish hardships4  ,i do not intend 
to arouse sympathetic emotions on our   
behalf4 ,that would be foolish1 futile1 
and undignified proceeding4 ,i shall    
content myself with putting the         
following questions to the ,jews3 ,is it

 not true that1 in countries where we   
live in perceptible numbers1 the        
position of ,jewish lawyers1 doctors1   
technicians1 teachers1 and employees of 
all descriptions becomes daily more     
intolerable8 ,is it not true1 that the  
,jewish middle classes are seriously    
threatened8 ,is it not true1 that the   
passions of the mob are incited against 
our wealthy people8 ,is it not true1    
that our poor endure greater sufferings 
than any other proletariat8 ,i think    
that this external pressure makes itself
 felt everywhere4 ,in our economically  
upper classes it causes discomfort1 in  
our middle classes continual and grave  
anxieties1 in our lower classes absolute
 despair4  ,everything tends1 in fact1  
to one and the same conclusion1 which is
 clearly enunciated in that classic     
,berlin phrase3 ,juden ,raus6 7,out with
 the ,jews67  ,i shall now put the      
,question in the briefest possible form3
 ,are we to get out now and where to8   
,or1 may we yet remain8 ,and1 how long8 

,let us first settle the point of       
staying where we are4 ,can we hope for  
better days1 can we possess our souls in
 patience1 can we wait in pious         
resignation till the princes and peoples
 of this earth are more mercifully      
disposed towards us8 ,i say that we     
cannot hope for a change in the current 
of feeling4 ,and why not8 ,even if we   
were as near to the hearts of princes as
 are their other subjects1 they could   
not protect us4 ,they would only feel   
popular hatred by showing us too much   
favor4 ,by too much1 ,i really mean less
 than is claimed as a right by every    
ordinary citizen1 or by every race4 ,the
 nations in whose midst ,jews live are  
all either covertly or openly           
,anti-,semitic4  ,the common people have
 not1 and indeed cannot have1 any       
historic comprehension4 ,they do not    
know that the sins of the ,middle ,ages 
are now being visited on the nations of 
,europe4 ,we are what the ,ghetto made  
us4 ,we have attained pre-eminence in   

finance1 because mediaeval conditions   
drove us to it4 ,the same process is now
 being repeated4 ,we are again being    
forced into finance1 now it is the stock
 exchange1 by being kept out of other   
branches of economic activity4 ,being on
 the stock exchange1 we are consequently
 exposed afresh to contempt4 ,at the    
same time we continue to produce an     
abundance of mediocre intellects who    
find no outlet1 and this endangers our  
social position as much as does our     
increasing wealth4 ,educated ,jews      
without means are now rapidly becoming  
,socialists4 ,hence we are certain to   
suffer very severely in the struggle    
between classes1 because we stand in the
 most exposed position in the camps of  
both ,socialists and capitalists4       
,,previous ,,attempts ,,at ,a ,,solution
  ,the artificial means heretofore      
employed to overcome the troubles of    
,jews have been either too petty--such  
as attempts at colonization--or attempts
 to convert the ,jews into peasants in  

their present homes4  ,what is achieved 
by transporting a few thousand ,jews to 
another country8 ,either they come to   
grief at once1 or prosper1 and then     
their prosperity creates                
,anti-,semitism4 ,we have already       
discussed these attempts to divert poor 
,jews to fresh districts4 ,this         
diversion is clearly inadequate and     
futile1 if it does not actually defeat  
its own ends2 for it merely protracts   
and postpones a solution1 and perhaps   
even aggravates difficulties4  ,whoever 
would attempt to convert the ,jew into a
 husbandman would be making an          
extraordinary mistake4 ,for a peasant is
 in a historical category1 as proved by 
his costume which in some countries he  
has worn for centuries2 and by his      
tools1 which are identical with those   
used by his earliest forefathers4 ,his  
plough is unchanged2 he carries the seed
 in his apron2 mows with the historical 
scythe1 and threshes with the           
time-honored flail4 ,but we know that   

all this can be done by machinery4 ,the 
agrarian question is only a question of 
machinery4 ,america must conquer        
,europe1 in the same way as large landed
 possessions absorb small ones4 ,the    
peasant is consequently a type which is 
in course of extinction4 ,whenever he is
 artificially preserved1 it is done on  
account of the political interests which
 he is intended to serve4 ,it is absurd1
 and indeed impossible1 to make modern  
peasants on the old pattern4 ,no one is 
wealthy or powerful enough to make      
civilization take a single retrograde   
step4 ,the mere preservation of obsolete
 institutions is a task severe enough to
 require the enforcement of all the     
despotic measures of an autocratically  
governed ,state4  ,are we1 therefore1 to
 credit ,jews who are intelligent with a
 desire to become peasants of the old   
type8 ,one might just as well say to    
them3 ,here is a cross-bow3 now go to   
war6 ,what8 ,with a cross-bow1 while the
 others have rifles and long range guns8

 ,under these circumstances the ,jews   
are perfectly justified in refusing to  
stir when people try to make peasants of
 them4 ,a cross-bow is a beautiful      
weapon1 which inspires me with mournful 
feelings when ,i have time to devote to 
them4 ,but it belongs by rights to a    
museum4  ,now1 there certainly are      
districts to which desperate ,jews go   
out1 or at any rate1 are willing to go  
out and till the soil4 ,and a little    
observation shows that these            
districts--such as the enclave of ,hesse
 in ,germany1 and some provinces in     
,russia--these very districts are the   
principal seats of ,anti-,semitism4     
,for the world's reformers1 who send the
 ,jews to the plough1 forget a very     
important person1 who has a great deal  
to say on the matter4 ,this person is   
the agriculturist1 and the agriculturist
 is also perfectly justified4 ,for the  
tax on land1 the risks attached to      
crops1 the pressure of large proprietors
 who cheapen labor1 and ,american       

competition in particular1 combine to   
make his life hard enough4 ,besides1 the
 duties on corn cannot go on increasing 
indefinitely4 ,nor can the manufacturer 
be allowed to starve2 his political     
influence is1 in fact1 in the ascendant1
 and he must therefore be treated with  
additional consideration4  ,all these   
difficulties are well known1 therefore  
,i refer to them only cursorily4 ,i     
merely wanted to indicate clearly how   
futile had been past attempts--most of  
them well intentioned--to solve the     
,jewish ,question4 ,neither a diversion 
of the stream1 nor an artificial        
depression of the intellectual level of 
our proletariat1 will overcome the      
difficulty4 ,the supposed infallible    
expedient of assimilation has already   
been dealt with4  ,we cannot get the    
better of ,anti-,semitism by any of     
these methods4 ,it cannot die out so    
long as its causes are not removed4 ,are
 they removable8   ,,causes ,,of        
,,anti-,,semitism  ,we shall not again  

touch on those causes which are a result
 of temperament1 prejudice and narrow   
views1 but shall here restrict ourselves
 to political and economical causes     
alone4 ,modern ,anti-,semitism is not to
 be confounded with the religious       
persecution of the ,jews of former      
times4 ,it does occasionally take a     
religious bias in some countries1 but   
the main current of the aggressive      
movement has now changed4 ,in the       
principal countries where               
,anti-,semitism prevails1 it does so as 
a result of the emancipation of the     
,jews4 ,when civilized nations awoke to 
the inhumanity of discriminatory        
legislation and enfranchised us1 our    
enfranchisement came too late4 ,it was  
no longer possible to remove our        
disabilities in our old homes4 ,for we  
had1 curiously enough1 developed while  
in the ,ghetto into a bourgeois people1 
and we stepped out of it only to enter  
into fierce competition with the middle 
classes4 ,hence1 our emancipation set us

 suddenly within this middle-class      
circle1 where we have a double pressure 
to sustain1 from within and from        
without4 ,the ,christian bourgeoisie    
would not be unwilling to cast us as a  
sacrifice to ,socialism1 though that    
would not greatly improve matters4  ,at 
the same time1 the equal rights of ,jews
 before the law cannot be withdrawn     
where they have once been conceded4 ,not
 only because their withdrawal would be 
opposed to the spirit of our age1 but   
also because it would immediately drive 
all ,jews1 rich and poor alike1 into the
 ranks of subversive parties4 ,nothing  
effectual can really be done to our     
injury4 ,in olden days our jewels were  
seized4 ,how is our movable property to 
be got hold of now8 ,it consists of     
printed papers which are locked up      
somewhere or other in the world1 perhaps
 in the coffers of ,christians4 ,it is1 
of course1 possible to get at shares and
 debentures in railways1 banks and      
industrial undertakings of all          

descriptions by taxation1 and where the 
progressive income-tax is in force all  
our movable property can eventually be  
laid hold of4 ,but all these efforts    
cannot be directed against ,jews alone1 
and wherever they might nevertheless be 
made1 severe economic crises would be   
their immediate consequences1 which     
would be by no means confined to the    
,jews who would be the first affected4  
,the very impossibility of getting at   
the ,jews nourishes and embitters hatred
 of them4 ,anti-,semitism increases day 
by day and hour by hour among the       
nations2 indeed1 it is bound to         
increase1 because the causes of its     
growth continue to exist and cannot be  
removed4 ,its remote cause is our loss  
of the power of assimilation during the 
,middle ,ages2 its immediate cause is   
our excessive production of mediocre    
intellects1 who cannot find an outlet   
downwards or upwards--that is to say1 no
 wholesome outlet in either direction4  
,when we sink1 we become a revolutionary

 proletariat1 the subordinate officers  
of all revolutionary parties2 and at the
 same time1 when we rise1 there rises   
also our terrible power of the purse4   
,,effects ,,of ,,anti-,,semitism  ,the  
oppression we endure does not improve   
us1 for we are not a whit better than   
ordinary people4 ,it is true that we do 
not love our enemies2 but he alone who  
can conquer himself dare reproach us    
with that fault4 ,oppression naturally  
creates hostility against oppressors1   
and our hostility aggravates the        
pressure4 ,it is impossible to escape   
from this eternal circle4  ,no6 ,some   
soft-hearted visionaries will say3 ,no1 
it is possible6 ,possible by means of   
the ultimate perfection of humanity4    
,is it necessary to point to the        
sentimental folly of this view8 ,he who 
would found his hope for improved       
conditions on the ultimate perfection of
 humanity would indeed be relying upon a
 ,utopia6  ,i referred previously to our
 assimilation4 ,i do not for a moment   

wish to imply that ,i desire such an    
end4 ,our national character is too     
historically famous1 and1 in spite of   
every degradation1 too fine to make its 
annihilation desirable4 ,we might       
perhaps be able to merge ourselves      
entirely into surrounding races1 if     
these were to leave us in peace for a   
period of two generations4 ,but they    
will not leave us in peace4 ,for a      
little period they manage to tolerate   
us1 and then their hostility breaks out 
again and again4 ,the world is provoked 
somehow by our prosperity1 because it   
has for many centuries been accustomed  
to consider us as the most contemptible 
among the poverty-stricken4 ,in its     
ignorance and narrowness of heart1 it   
fails to observe that prosperity weakens
 our ,judaism and extinguishes our      
peculiarities4 ,it is only pressure that
 forces us back to the parent stem2 it  
is only hatred encompassing us that     
makes us strangers once more4  ,thus1   
whether we like it or not1 we are now1  

and shall henceforth remain1 a historic 
group with unmistakable characteristics 
common to us all4  ,we are one          
people--our enemies have made us one    
without our consent1 as repeatedly      
happens in history4 ,distress binds us  
together1 and1 thus united1 we suddenly 
discover our strength4 ,yes1 we are     
strong enough to form a ,state1 and1    
indeed1 a model ,state4 ,we possess all 
human and material resources necessary  
for the purpose4  ,this is therefore the
 appropriate place to give an account of
 what has been somewhat roughly termed  
our human material4 ,but it would not be
 appreciated till the broad lines of the
 plan1 on which everything depends1 has 
first been marked out4   ,,the ,,plan   
,the whole plan is in its essence       
perfectly simple1 as it must necessarily
 be if it is to come within the         
comprehension of all4  ,let the         
sovereignty be granted us over a portion
 of the globe large enough to satisfy   
the rightful requirements of a nation2  

the rest we shall manage for ourselves4 
,the creation of a new ,state is neither
 ridiculous nor impossible4 ,we have in 
our day witnessed the process in        
connection with nations which were not  
largely members of the middle class1 but
 poorer1 less educated1 and consequently
 weaker than ourselves4 ,the            
,governments of all countries scourged  
by ,anti-,semitism will be keenly       
interested in assisting us to obtain the
 sovereignty we want4  ,the plan1 simple
 in design1 but complicated in          
execution1 will be carried out by two   
agencies3 ,the ,society of ,jews and the
 ,jewish ,company4  ,the ,society of    
,jews will do the preparatory work in   
the domains of science and politics1    
which the ,jewish ,company will         
afterwards apply practically4  ,the     
,jewish ,company will be the liquidating
 agent of the business interests of     
departing ,jews1 and will organize      
commerce and trade in the new country4  
,we must not imagine the departure of   

the ,jews to be a sudden one4 ,it will  
be gradual1 continuous1 and will cover  
many decades4 ,the poorest will go first
 to cultivate the soil4 ,in accordance  
with a preconceived plan1 they will     
construct roads1 bridges1 railways and  
telegraph installations2 regulate       
rivers2 and build their own dwellings2  
their labor will create trade1 trade    
will create markets and markets will    
attract new settlers1 for every man will
 go voluntarily1 at his own expense and 
his own risk4 ,the labor expended on the
 land will enhance its value1 and the   
,jews will soon perceive that a new and 
permanent sphere of operation is opening
 here for that spirit of enterprise     
which has heretofore met only with      
hatred and obloquy4  ,if we wish to     
found a ,state today1 we shall not do it
 in the way which would have been the   
only possible one a thousand years ago4 
,it is foolish to revert to old stages  
of civilization1 as many ,zionists would
 like to do4 ,supposing1 for example1 we

 were obliged to clear a country of wild
 beasts1 we should not set about the    
task in the fashion of ,europeans of the
 fifth century4 ,we should not take     
spear and lance and go out singly in    
pursuit of bears2 we would organize a   
large and active hunting party1 drive   
the animals together1 and throw a       
melinite bomb into their midst4  ,if we 
wish to conduct building operations1 we 
shall not plant a mass of stakes and    
piles on the shore of a lake1 but we    
shall build as men build now4 ,indeed1  
we shall build in a bolder and more     
stately style than was ever adopted     
before1 for we now possess means which  
men never yet possessed4  ,the emigrants
 standing lowest in the economic scale  
will be slowly followed by those of a   
higher grade4 ,those who at this moment 
are living in despair will go first4    
,they will be led by the mediocre       
intellects which we produce so          
superabundantly and which are persecuted
 everywhere4  ,this pamphlet will open a

 general discussion on the ,jewish      
,question1 but that does not mean that  
there will be any voting on it4 ,such a 
result would ruin the cause from the    
outset1 and dissidents must remember    
that allegiance or opposition is        
entirely voluntary4 ,he who will not    
come with us should remain behind4  ,let
 all who are willing to join us1 fall in
 behind our banner and fight for our    
cause with voice and pen and deed4      
,those ,jews who agree with our idea of 
a ,state will attach themselves to the  
,society1 which will thereby be         
authorized to confer and treat with     
,governments in the name of our people4 
,the ,society will thus be acknowledged 
in its relations with ,governments as a 
,state-creating power4 ,this            
acknowledgment will practically create  
the ,state4  ,should the ,powers declare
 themselves willing to admit our        
sovereignty over a neutral piece of     
land1 then the ,society will enter into 
negotiations for the possession of this 

land4 ,here two territories come under  
consideration1 ,palestine and           
,argentine4 ,in both countries important
 experiments in colonization have been  
made1 though on the mistaken principle  
of a gradual infiltration of ,jews4 ,an 
infiltration is bound to end badly4 ,it 
continues till the inevitable moment    
when the native population feels itself 
threatened1 and forces the ,government  
to stop a further influx of ,jews4      
,immigration is consequently futile     
unless we have the sovereign right to   
continue such immigration4  ,the        
,society of ,jews will treat with the   
present masters of the land1 putting    
itself under the protectorate of the    
,european ,powers1 if they prove        
friendly to the plan4 ,we could offer   
the present possessors of the land      
enormous advantages1 assume part of the 
public debt1 build new roads for        
traffic1 which our presence in the      
country would render necessary1 and do  
many other things4 ,the creation of our 

,state would be beneficial to adjacent  
countries1 because the cultivation of a 
strip of land increases the value of its
 surrounding districts in innumerable   
ways4   ,,palestine ,,or ,,argentine8   
,shall we choose ,palestine or          
,argentine8 ,we shall take what is given
 us1 and what is selected by ,jewish    
public opinion4 ,the ,society will      
determine both these points4  ,argentine
 is one of the most fertile countries in
 the world1 extends over a vast area1   
has a sparse population and a mild      
climate4 ,the ,argentine ,republic would
 derive considerable profit from the    
cession of a portion of its territory to
 us4 ,the present infiltration of ,jews 
has certainly produced some discontent1 
and it would be necessary to enlighten  
the ,republic on the intrinsic          
difference of our new movement4         
,palestine is our ever-memorable        
historic home4 ,the very name of        
,palestine would attract our people with
 a force of marvellous potency4 ,if ,his

 ,majesty the ,sultan were to give us   
,palestine1 we could in return undertake
 to regulate the whole finances of      
,turkey4 ,we should there form a portion
 of a rampart of ,europe against ,asia1 
an outpost of civilization as opposed to
 barbarism4 ,we should as a neutral     
,state remain in contact with all       
,europe1 which would have to guarantee  
our existence4 ,the sanctuaries of      
,christendom would be safeguarded by    
assigning to them an extra-territorial  
status such as is well-known to the law 
of nations4 ,we should form a guard of  
honor about these sanctuaries1 answering
 for the fulfilment of this duty with   
our existence4 ,this guard of honor     
would be the great symbol of the        
solution of the ,jewish ,question after 
eighteen centuries of ,jewish suffering4
   ,,demand1 ,,medium1 ,,trade  ,i said 
in the last chapter1 ,the ,jewish       
,company will organize trade and        
commerce in the new country4 ,i shall   
here insert a few remarks on that point4

  ,a scheme such as mine is gravely     
imperilled if it is opposed by practical
 people4 ,now practical people are as a 
rule nothing more than men sunk into the
 groove of daily routine1 unable to     
emerge from a narrow circle of          
antiquated ideas4 ,at the same time1    
their adverse opinion carries great     
weight1 and can do considerable harm to 
a new project1 at any rate until this   
new thing is sufficiently strong to     
throw the practical people and their    
mouldy notions to the winds4  ,in the   
earliest period of ,european railway    
construction some practical people were 
of the opinion that it was foolish to   
build certain lines because there were  
not even sufficient passengers to fill  
the mail-coaches4 ,they did not realize 
the truth--which now seems obvious to   
us--that travellers do not produce      
railways1 but1 conversely1 railways     
produce travellers1 the latent demand1  
of course1 is taken for granted4  ,the  
impossibility of comprehending how trade

 and commerce are to be created in a new
 country which has yet to be acquired   
and cultivated1 may be classed with     
those doubts of practical persons       
concerning the need of railways4 ,a     
practical person would express himself  
somewhat in this fashion3  ,granted that
 the present situation of the ,jews is  
in many places unendurable1 and         
aggravated day by day2 granted that     
there exists a desire to emigrate2      
granted even that the ,jews do emigrate 
to the new country2 how will they earn  
their living there1 and what will they  
earn8 ,what are they to live on when    
there8 ,the business of many people     
cannot be artificially organized in a   
day4  ,to this ,i should reply3 ,we have
 not the slightest intention of         
organizing trade artificially1 and we   
should certainly not attempt to do it in
 a day4 ,but1 though the organization of
 it may be impossible1 the promotion of 
it is not4 ,and how is commerce to be   
encouraged8 ,through the medium of a    

demand4 ,the demand recognized1 the     
medium created1 it will establish       
itself4  ,if there is a real earnest    
demand among ,jews for an improvement of
 their status2 if the medium to be      
created--the ,jewish ,company--is       
sufficiently powerful1 then commerce    
will extend itself freely in the new    
country4     ,,iii4 ,the ,jewish        
,company  ,,outlines   ,the ,jewish     
,company is partly modelled on the lines
 of a great land-acquisition company4   
,it might be called a ,jewish ,chartered
 ,company1 though it cannot exercise    
sovereign power1 and has other than     
purely colonial tasks4  ,the ,jewish    
,company will be founded as a joint     
stock company subject to ,english       
jurisdiction1 framed according to       
,english laws1 and under the protection 
of ,england4 ,its principal center will 
be ,london4 ,i cannot tell yet how large
 the ,company's capital should be2 ,i   
shall leave that calculation to our     
numerous financiers4 ,but to avoid      

ambiguity1 ,i shall put it at a thousand
 million marks 7about ,l#ej1jjj1jjj or  
#bjj1jjj1jjj72 it may be either more or 
less than that sum4 ,the form of        
subscription1 which will be further     
elucidated1 will determine what fraction
 of the whole amount must be paid in at 
once4  ,the ,jewish ,company is an      
organization with a transitional        
character4 ,it is strictly a business   
undertaking1 and must be carefully      
distinguished from the ,society of      
,jews4  ,the ,jewish ,company will first
 of all convert into cash all vested    
interests left by departing ,jews4 ,the 
method adopted will prevent the         
occurrences of crises1 secure every     
man's property1 and facilitate that     
inner migration of ,christian citizens  
which has already been indicated4       
,,non-,,transferable ,,goods  ,the      
non-transferable goods which come under 
consideration are buildings1 land1 and  
local business connections4 ,the ,jewish
 ,company will at first take upon itself

 no more than the necessary negotiations
 for effecting the sale of these goods4 
,these ,jewish sales will take place    
freely and without any serious fall in  
prices4 ,the ,company's branch          
establishments in various towns will    
become the central offices for the sale 
of ,jewish estates1 and will charge only
 so much commission on transactions as  
will ensure their financial stability4  
,the development of this movement may   
cause a considerable fall in the prices 
of landed property1 and may eventually  
make it impossible to find a market for 
it4 ,at this juncture the ,company will 
enter upon another branch of its        
functions4 ,it will take over the       
management of abandoned estates till    
such time as it can dispose of them to  
the greatest advantage4 ,it will collect
 house rents1 let out land on lease1 and
 install business managers--these1 on   
account of the required supervision1    
being1 if possible1 tenants also4 ,the  
,company will endeavor everywhere to    

facilitate the acquisition of land by   
its tenants1 who are ,christians4 ,it   
will1 indeed1 gradually replace its own 
officials in the ,european branches by  
,christian substitutes 7lawyers1 etc472 
and these are not by any means to become
 servants of the ,jews2 they are        
intended to be free agents to the       
,christian population1 so that          
everything may be carried through in    
equity1 fairness and justice1 and       
without imperilling the internal welfare
 of the people4  ,at the same time the  
,company will sell estates1 or1 rather1 
exchange them4 ,for a house it will     
offer a house in the new country2 and   
for land1 land in the new country2      
everything being1 if possible1          
transferred to the new soil in the same 
state as it was in the old4 ,and this   
transfer will be a great and recognized 
source of profit to the ,company4 ,over 
there the houses offered in exchange    
will be newer1 more beautiful1 and more 
comfortably fitted1 and the landed      

estates of greater value than those     
abandoned2 but they will cost the       
,company comparatively little1 because  
it will have bought the ground very     
cheaply4   ,,purchase ,,of ,,land  ,the 
land which the ,society of ,jews will   
have secured by international law must1 
of course1 be privately acquired4       
,provisions made by individuals for     
their own settlement do not come within 
the province of this general account4   
,but the ,company will require large    
areas for its own needs and ours1 and   
these it must secure by centralized     
purchase4 ,it will negotiate principally
 for the acquisition of fiscal domains1 
with the great object of taking         
possession of this land over there      
without paying a price too high1 in the 
same way as it sells here without       
accepting one too low4 ,a forcing of    
prices is not to be considered1 because 
the value of the land will be created by
 the ,company through its organizing the
 settlement in conjunction with the     

supervising ,society of ,jews4 ,the     
latter will see to it that the          
enterprise does not become a ,panama1   
but a ,suez4  ,the ,company will sell   
building sites at reasonable rates to   
its officials1 and will allow them to   
mortgage these for the building of their
 homes1 deducting the amount due from   
their salaries1 or putting it down to   
their account as increased emolument4   
,this will1 in addition to the honors   
they expect1 will be additional pay for 
their services4  ,all the immense       
profits of this speculation in land will
 go to the ,company1 which is bound to  
receive this indefinite premium in      
return for having borne the risk of the 
undertaking4 ,when the undertaking      
involves any risk1 the profits must be  
freely given to those who have borne it4
 ,but under no other circumstances will 
profits be permitted4 ,financial        
morality consists in the correlation of 
risk and profit4   ,,buildings  ,the    
,company will thus barter houses and    

estates4 ,it must be plain to any one   
who has observed the rise in the value  
of land through its cultivation that the
 ,company will be bound to gain on its  
landed property4 ,this can best be seen 
in the case of enclosed pieces of land  
in town and country4 ,areas not built   
over increase in value through          
surrounding cultivation4 ,the men who   
carried out the extension of ,paris made
 a successful speculation in land which 
was ingenious in its simplicity2 instead
 of erecting new buildings in the       
immediate vicinity of the last houses of
 the town1 they bought up adjacent      
pieces of land1 and began to build on   
the outskirts of these4 ,this inverse   
order of construction raised the value  
of building sites with extraordinary    
rapidity1 and1 after having completed   
the outer ring1 they built in the middle
 of the town on these highly valuable   
sites1 instead of continually erecting  
houses at the extremity4  ,will the     
,company do its own building1 or employ 

independent architects8 ,it can1 and    
will1 do both4 ,it has1 as will be shown
 shortly1 an immense reserve of working 
power1 which will not be sweated by the 
,company1 but1 transported into brighter
 and happier conditions of life1 will   
nevertheless not be expensive4 ,our     
geologists will have looked to the      
provision of building materials when    
they selected the sites of the towns4   
,what is to be the principle of         
construction8   ,,workmen',s ,,dwellings
  ,the workmen's dwellings 7which       
include the dwellings of all operatives7
 will be erected at the ,company's own  
risk and expense4 ,they will resemble   
neither those melancholy workmen's      
barracks of ,european towns1 not those  
miserable rows of shanties which        
surround factories2 they will certainly 
present a uniform appearance1 because   
the ,company must build cheaply where it
 provides the building materials to a   
great extent2 but the detached houses in
 little gardens will be united into     

attractive groups in each locality4 ,the
 natural conformation of the land will  
rouse the ingenuity of our young        
architects1 whose ideas have not yet    
been cramped by routine2 and even if the
 people do not grasp the whole import of
 the plan1 they will at any rate feel at
 ease in their loose clusters4 ,the     
,temple will be visible from long       
distances1 for it is only our ancient   
faith that has kept us together4 ,there 
will be light1 attractive1 healthy      
schools for children1 conducted on the  
most approved modern systems4 ,there    
will be continuation-schools for        
workmen1 which will educate them in     
greater technical knowledge and enable  
them to become intimate with the working
 of machinery4 ,there will be places of 
amusement for the proper conduct of     
which the ,society of ,jews will be     
responsible4  ,we are1 however1 speaking
 merely of the buildings at present1 and
 not of what may take place inside of   
them4  ,i said that the ,company would  

build workmen's dwellings cheaply4 ,and 
cheaply1 not only because of the        
proximity of abundant building          
materials1 not only because of the      
,company's proprietorship of the sites1 
but also because of the non-payment of  
workmen4  ,american farmers work on the 
system of mutual assistance in the      
construction of houses4 ,this childishly
 amicable system1 which is as clumsy as 
the block-houses erected1 can be        
developed on much finer lines4          
,,unskilled ,,laborers  ,our unskilled  
laborers1 who will come at first from   
the great reservoirs of ,russia and     
,rumania1 must1 of course1 render each  
other assistance1 in the construction of
 houses4 ,they will be obliged to build 
with wood in the beginning1 because iron
 will not be immediately available4     
,later on the original1 inadequate1     
makeshift buildings will be replaced by 
superior dwellings4  ,our unskilled     
laborers will first mutually erect these
 shelters2 and then they will earn their

 houses as permanent possessions by     
means of their work--not immediately1   
but after three years of good conduct4  
,in this way we shall secure energetic  
and able men1 and these men will be     
practically trained for life by three   
years of labor under good discipline4   
,i said before that the ,company would  
not have to pay these unskilled         
laborers4 ,what will they live on8  ,on 
the whole1 ,i am opposed to the ,truck  
system1,a but it will have to be applied
 in the case of these first settlers4   
,the ,company provides for them in so   
many ways1 that it may take charge of   
their maintenance4 ,in any case the     
,truck system will be enforced only     
during the first few years1 and it will 
benefit the workmen by preventing their 
being exploited by small traders1       
landlords1 etc4 ,the ,company will thus 
make it impossible from the outset for  
those of our people1 who are perforce   
hawkers and peddlers here1 to           
reestablish themselves in the same      

trades over there4 ,and the ,company    
will also keep back drunkards and       
dissolute men4 ,then will there be no   
payment of wages at all during the first
 period of settlement4 ,certainly1 there
 will be wages for overtime4   ,,the    
,,seven-,,hour ,,day  ,the seven-hour   
day is the regular working day4  ,this  
does not imply that wood-cutting1       
digging1 stone-breaking1 and a hundred  
other daily tasks should only be        
performed during seven hours4 ,indeed   
not4 ,there will be fourteen hours of   
labor1 work being done in shifts of     
three and a half hours4 ,the            
organization of all this will be        
military in character2 there will be    
commands1 promotions and pensions1 the  
means by which these pensions are       
provided being explained further on4  ,a
 sound man can do a great deal of       
concentrated work in three and a half   
hours4 ,after an interval of the same   
length of time--which he will devote to 
rest1 to his family1 and to his         

education under guidance--he will be    
quite fresh for work again4 ,such labor 
can do wonders4  ,the seven-hour day    
thus implies fourteen hours of joint    
labor--more than that cannot be put into
 a day4  ,i am convinced that it is     
quite possible to introduce this        
seven-hour day with success4 ,the       
attempts to do so in ,belgium and       
,england are well known4 ,some advanced 
political economists who have studied   
the subject1 declare that a five-hour   
day would suffice4 ,the ,society of     
,jews and the ,jewish ,company will1 in 
any case1 make new and extensive        
experiments which will benefit the other
 nations of the world2 and if the       
seven-hour day proves itself            
practicable1 it will be introduced in   
our future ,state as the legal and      
regular working day4  ,meantime1 the    
,company will always allow its employees
 the seven-hour day2 and it will always 
be in a position to do so4  ,the        
seven-hour day will be the call to      

summon our people in every part of the  
world4 ,all must come voluntarily1 for  
ours must indeed be the ,promised       
,land4444  ,whoever works longer than   
seven hours receives his additional pay 
for overtime in cash4 ,seeing that all  
his needs are supplied1 and that those  
members of his family who are unable to 
work are provided for by transplanted   
and centralized philanthropic           
institutions1 he can save a little      
money4 ,thrift1 which is already a      
characteristic of our people1 should be 
greatly encouraged1 because it will1 in 
the first place1 facilitate the rise of 
individuals to higher grades2 and       
secondly1 the money saved will provide  
an immense reserve fund for future      
loans4 ,overtime will only be permitted 
on a doctor's certificate1 and must not 
exceed three hours4 ,for our men will   
crowd to work in the new country1 and   
the world will see then what an         
industrious people we are4  ,i shall not
 describe the mode of carrying out the  

,truck system1 nor1 in fact1 the        
innumerable details of any process1 for 
fear of confusing my readers4 ,women    
will not be allowed to perform any      
arduous labor1 nor to work overtime4    
,pregnant women will be relieved of all 
work1 and will be supplied with         
nourishing food by the ,truck4 ,we want 
our future generations to be strong men 
and women4  ,we shall educate children  
as we wish from the commencement2 but   
this ,i shall not elaborate either4  ,my
 remarks on workmen's dwellings1 and on 
unskilled laborers and their mode of    
life1 are no more ,utopian than the rest
 of my scheme4 ,everything ,i have      
spoken of is already being put into     
practice1 only on an utterly small      
scale1 neither noticed nor understood4  
,the ,assistance par le ,travail1 which 
,i learned to know and understand in    
,paris1 was of great service to me in   
the solution of the ,jewish question4   
,,relief ,,by ,,labor  ,the system of   
relief by labor which1 is now applied in

 ,paris1 in many other ,french towns1 in
 ,england1 in ,switzerland1 and in      
,america1 is a very small thing1 but    
capable of the greatest expansion4      
,what is the principle of relief by     
labor8  ,the principle is3 to furnish   
every needy man with easy1 unskilled    
work1 such as chopping wood1 or cutting 
faggots used for lighting stoves in     
,paris households4 ,this is a kind of   
prison-work before the crime1 done      
without loss of character4 ,it is meant 
to prevent men from taking to crime out 
of want1 by providing them with work and
 testing their willingness to do it4    
,starvation must never be allowed to    
drive men to suicide2 for such suicides 
are the deepest disgrace to a           
civilization which allows rich men to   
throw tid-bits to their dogs4  ,relief  
by labor thus provides every one with   
work4 ,but the system has a great       
defect2 there is not a sufficiently     
large demand for the production of the  
unskilled workers employed1 hence there 

is a loss to those who employ them2     
though it is true that the organization 
is philanthropic1 and therefore prepared
 for loss4 ,but here the benefaction    
lies only in the difference between the 
price paid for the work and its actual  
value4 ,instead of giving the beggar two
 sous1 the institution supplies him with
 work on which it loses two sous4 ,but  
at the same time it converts the        
good-for-nothing beggar into an honest  
breadwinner1 who has earned perhaps #a  
franc #ej centimes4 #aej centimes for   
#aj6 ,that is to say1 the receiver of a 
benefaction in which there is nothing   
humiliating has increased it            
fifteenfold6 ,that is to say1 fifteen   
thousand millions for one thousand      
millions6  ,the institution certainly   
loses #aj centimes4 ,but the ,jewish    
,company will not lose one thousand     
millions2 it will draw enormous profits 
from this expenditure4  ,there is a     
moral side also4 ,the small system of   
relief by labor which exists now        

preserves rectitude through industry    
till such time as the man who is out of 
work finds a post suitable to his       
capacities1 either in his old calling or
 in a new one4 ,he is allowed a few     
hours daily for the purpose of looking  
for a place1 in which task the          
institutions assist him4  ,the defect of
 these small organizations1 so far1 has 
been that they have been prohibited from
 entering into competition with timber  
merchants1 etc4 ,timber merchants are   
electors2 they would protest1 and would 
be justified in protesting4 ,competition
 with ,state prison-labor has also been 
forbidden1 for the ,state must occupy   
and feed its criminals4  ,in fact1 there
 is very little room in an              
old-established society for the         
successful application of the system of 
,assistance par le ,travail4  ,but there
 is room in a new society4  ,for1 above 
all1 we require enormous numbers of     
unskilled laborers to do the first rough
 work of settlement1 to lay down roads1 

plant trees1 level the ground1 construct
 railroads1 telegraph installations1    
etc4 ,all this will be carried out in   
accordance with a large and previously  
settled plan4   ,,commerce  ,the labor  
carried to the new country will         
naturally create trade4 ,the first      
markets will supply only the absolute   
necessities of life2 cattle1 grain1     
working clothes1 tools1 arms--to mention
 just a few things4 ,these we shall be  
obliged at first to procure from        
neighboring ,states1 or from ,europe2   
but we shall make ourselves independent 
as soon as possible4 ,the ,jewish       
entrepreneurs will soon realize the     
business prospects that the new country 
offers4  ,the army of the ,company's    
officials will gradually introduce more 
refined requirements of life4           
7,officials include officers of our     
defensive forces1 who will always form  
about a tenth part of our male          
colonists4 ,they will be sufficiently   
numerous to quell mutinies1 for the     

majority of our colonists will be       
peaceably inclined47  ,the refined      
requirements of life introduced by our  
officials in good positions will create 
a correspondingly improved market1 which
 will continue to better itself4 ,the   
married man will send for wife and      
children1 and the single for parents and
 relatives1 as soon as a new home is    
established over there4 ,the ,jews who  
emigrate to the ,united ,states always  
proceed in this fashion4 ,as soon as one
 of them has daily bread and a roof over
 his head1 he sends for his people2 for 
family ties are strong among us4 ,the   
,society of ,jews and the ,jewish       
,company will unite in caring for and   
strengthening the family still more1 not
 only morally1 but materially also4 ,the
 officials will receive additional pay  
on marriage and on the birth of         
children1 for we need all who are there1
 and all who will follow4   ,,other     
,,classes ,,of ,,dwellings  ,i described
 before only workmen's dwellings built  

by themselves1 and omitted all mention  
of other classes of dwellings4 ,these ,i
 shall now touch upon4 ,the ,company's  
architects will build for the poorer    
classes of citizens also1 being paid in 
kind or cash2 about a hundred different 
types of houses will be erected1 and1 of
 course1 repeated4 ,these beautiful     
types will form part of our propaganda4 
,the soundness of their construction    
will be guaranteed by the ,company1     
which will1 indeed1 gain nothing by     
selling them to settlers at a fixed sum4
 ,and where will these houses be        
situated8 ,that will be shown in the    
section dealing with ,local ,groups4    
,seeing that the ,company does not wish 
to earn anything on the building works  
but only on the land1 it will desire as 
many architects as possible to build by 
private contract4 ,this system will     
increase the value of landed property1  
and it will introduce luxury1 which     
serves many purposes4 ,luxury encourages
 arts and industries1 paving the way to 

a future subdivision of large           
properties4  ,rich ,jews who are now    
obliged carefully to secrete their      
valuables1 and to hold their dreary     
banquets behind lowered curtains1 will  
be able to enjoy their possessions in   
peace1 over there4 ,if they cooperate in
 carrying out this emigration scheme1   
their capital will be rehabilitated and 
will have served to promote an          
unexampled undertaking4 ,if in the new  
settlement rich ,jews begin to rebuild  
their mansions which are stared at in   
,europe with such envious eyes1 it will 
soon become fashionable to live over    
there in beautiful modern houses4       
,,some ,,forms ,,of ,,liquidation  ,the 
,jewish ,company is intended to be the  
receiver and administrator of the       
non-transferable goods of the ,jews4    
,its methods of procedure can be easily 
imagined in the case of houses and      
estates1 but what methods will it adopt 
in the transfer of businesses8  ,here   
numberless processes may be found       

practicable1 which cannot all be        
enlarged on in this outline4 ,but none  
of them will present any great          
difficulties1 for in each case the      
business proprietor1 when he voluntarily
 decides to emigrate1 will settle with  
the ,company's officers in his district 
on the most advantageous form of        
liquidation4  ,this will most easily be 
arranged in the case of small employers1
 in whose trades the personal activity  
of the proprietor is of chief           
importance1 while goods and organization
 are a secondary consideration4 ,the    
,company will provide a certain field of
 operation for the emigrant's personal  
activity1 and will substitute a piece of
 ground1 with loan of machinery1 for his
 goods4 ,jews are known to adapt        
themselves with remarkable ease to any  
form of earning a livelihood1 and they  
will quickly learn to carry on a new    
industry4 ,in this way a number of small
 traders will become small landholders4 
,the ,company will1 in fact1 be prepared

 to sustain what appears to be a loss in
 taking over the non-transferable       
property of the poorest emigrants2 for  
it will thereby induce the free         
cultivation of tracts of land1 which    
raises the value of adjacent tracts4    
,in medium-sized businesses1 where goods
 and organization equal1 or even exceed1
 in importance1 the personal activity of
 the manager1 whose larger connection is
 also non-transferable1 various forms of
 liquidation are possible4 ,here comes  
an opportunity for that inner migration 
of ,christian citizens into positions   
evacuated by ,jews4 ,the departing ,jew 
will not lose his personal business     
credit1 but will carry it with him1 and 
make good use of it in a new country to 
establish himself4 ,the ,jewish ,company
 will open a current bank account for   
him4 ,and he can sell the goodwill of   
his original business1 or hand it over  
to the control of managers under        
supervision of the ,company's officials4
 ,the managers may rent the business or 

buy it1 paying for it by instalments4   
,but the ,company acts temporarily as   
curator for the emigrants1 in           
superintending1 through its officers and
 lawyers1 the administration of their   
affairs1 and seeing to the proper       
collection of all payments4  ,if a ,jew 
cannot sell his business1 or entrust it 
to a proxy or wish to give up its       
personal management1 he may stay where  
he is4 ,the ,jews who stay will be none 
the worse off1 for they will be relieved
 of the competition of those who leave1 
and will no longer hear the             
,anti-,semitic cry3 ,don't buy from     
,jews6  ,if the emigrating business     
proprietor wishes to carry on his old   
business in the new country1 he can make
 his arrangements for it from the very  
commencement4 ,an example will best     
illustrate my meaning4 ,the firm ,x     
carries on a large business in dry      
goods4 ,the head of the firm wishes to  
emigrate4 ,he begins by setting up a    
branch establishment in his future place

 of residence1 and sending out samples  
of his stock4 ,the first poor settlers  
will be his first customers2 these will 
be followed by emigrants of a higher    
class1 who require superior goods4 ,x   
then sends out newer goods1 and         
eventually ships his newest4 ,the branch
 establishment begins to pay while the  
principal one is still in existence1 so 
that ,x ends by having two paying       
business-houses4 ,he sells his original 
business or hands it over to his        
,christian representative to manage1 and
 goes off to take charge of the new one4
  ,another and greater example3 ,y and  
,son are large coal-traders1 with mines 
and factories of their own4 ,how is so  
huge and complex a property to be       
liquidated8 ,the mines and everything   
connected with them might1 in the first 
place1 be bought up by the ,state1 in   
which they are situated4 ,in the second 
place1 the ,jewish ,company might take  
them over1 paying for them partly in    
land1 partly in cash4 ,a third method   

might be the conversion of ,y and ,son  
into a limited company4 ,a fourth method
 might be the continued working of the  
business under the original proprietors1
 who would return at intervals to       
inspect their property1 as foreigners1  
and as such1 under the protection of law
 in every civilized ,state4 ,all these  
suggestions are carried out daily4 ,a   
fifth and excellent method1 and one     
which might be particularly profitable1 
,i shall merely indicate1 because the   
existing examples of its working are at 
present few1 however ready the modern   
consciousness may be to adopt them4 ,y  
and ,son might sell their enterprise to 
the collective body of their employees1 
who would form a cooperative society1   
with limited liability1 and might       
perhaps pay the requisite sum with the  
help of the ,state ,treasury1 which does
 not charge high interest4  ,the        
employees would then gradually pay off  
the loan1 which either the ,government  
or the ,jewish ,company1 or even ,y and 

,son1 would have advanced to them4  ,the
 ,jewish ,company will be prepared to   
conduct the transfer of the smallest    
affairs equally with the largest4 ,and  
whilst the ,jews quietly emigrate and   
establish their new homes1 the ,company 
acts as the great controlling body1     
which organizes the departure1 takes    
charge of deserted possessions1         
guarantees the proper conduct of the    
movement with its own visible and       
tangible property1 and provides         
permanent security for those who have   
already settled4   ,,securities ,,of    
,,the ,,company  ,what assurance will   
the ,company offer that the abandonment 
of countries will not cause their       
impoverishment and produce economic     
crises8  ,i have already mentioned that 
honest ,anti-,semites1 whilst preserving
 their independence1 will combine with  
our officials in controlling the        
transfer of our estates4  ,but the      
,state revenues might suffer by the loss
 of a body of taxpayers1 who1 though    

little appreciated as citizens1 are     
highly valued in finance4 ,the ,state   
should1 therefore1 receive compensation 
for this loss4 ,this we offer indirectly
 by leaving in the country businesses   
which we have built up by means of      
,jewish acumen and ,jewish industry1 by 
letting our ,christian fellow-citizens  
move into our evacuated positions1 and  
by this facilitating the rise of numbers
 of people to greater prosperity so     
peaceably and in so unparallelled a     
manner4 ,the ,french ,revolution had a  
somewhat similar result1 on a small     
scale1 but it was brought about by      
bloodshed on the guillotine in every    
province of ,france1 and on the         
battlefields of ,europe4 ,moreover1     
inherited and acquired rights were      
destroyed1 and only cunning buyers      
enriched themselves by the purchase of  
,state properties4  ,the ,jewish        
,company will offer to the ,states that 
come within its sphere of activity      
direct as well as indirect advantages4  

,it will give ,governments the first    
offer of abandoned ,jewish property1 and
 allow buyers most favorable conditions4
 ,governments1 again1 will be able to   
make use of this friendly appropriation 
of land for the purpose of certain      
social improvements4  ,the ,jewish      
,company will give every assistance to  
,governments and ,parliaments in their  
efforts to direct the inner migration of
 ,christian citizens4  ,the ,jewish     
,company will also pay heavy taxes4 ,its
 central office will be in ,london1 so  
as to be under the legal protection of a
 power which is not at present          
,anti-,semitic4 ,but the ,company1 if it
 is supported officially and            
semi-officially1 will everywhere provide
 a broad basis of taxation4 ,to this    
end1 it will establish taxable branch   
offices everywhere4 ,further1 it will   
pay double duties on the two-fold       
transfer of goods which it accomplishes4
 ,even in transactions where the        
,company is really nothing more than a  

real estate agency1 it will temporarily 
appear as a purchaser1 and will be set  
down as the momentary possessor in the  
register of landed property4  ,these    
are1 of course1 purely calculable       
matters4 ,it will have to be considered 
and decided in each place how far the   
,company can go without running any     
risks of failure4 ,and the ,company     
itself will confer freely with ,finance 
,ministers on the various points at     
issue4 ,ministers will recognize the    
friendly spirit of our enterprise1 and  
will consequently offer every facility  
in their power necessary for the        
successful achievement of the great     
undertaking4  ,further and direct profit
 will accrue to ,governments from the   
transport of passengers and goods1 and  
where railways are ,state property the  
returns will be immediately             
recognizable4 ,where they are held by   
private companies1 the ,jewish ,company 
will receive favorable terms for        
transport1 in the same way as does every

 transmitter of goods on a large scale4 
,freight and carriage must be made as   
cheap as possible for our people1       
because every traveller will pay his own
 expenses4 ,the middle classes will     
travel with ,cook's tickets1 the poorer 
classes in emigrant trains4 ,the        
,company might make a good deal by      
reductions on passengers and goods2 but 
here1 as elsewhere1 it must adhere to   
its principle of not trying to raise its
 receipts to a greater sum than will    
cover its working expenses4  ,in many   
places ,jews have control of the        
transport2 and the transport businesses 
will be the first needed by the ,company
 and the first to be liquidated by it4  
,the original owners of these concerns  
will either enter the ,company's        
service1 or establish themselves        
independently over there4 ,the new      
arrivals will certainly require their   
assistance1 and theirs being a paying   
profession1 which they may and indeed   
must exercise there to earn a living1   

numbers of these enterprising spirits   
will depart4 ,it is unnecessary to      
describe all the business details of    
this monster expedition4 ,they must be  
judiciously evolved out of the original 
plan by many able men1 who must apply   
their minds to achieving the best       
system4   ,,some ,,of ,,the ,,company',s
 ,,activities  ,many activities will be 
interconnected4 ,for example3 the       
,company will gradually introduce the   
manufacture of goods into the           
settlements which will1 of course1 be   
extremely primitive at their inception4 
,clothing1 linens1 and shoes will first 
of all be manufactured for our own poor 
emigrants1 who will be provided with new
 suits of clothing at the various       
,european emigration centers4 ,they will
 not receive these clothes as alms1     
which might hurt their pride1 but in    
exchange for old garments3 any loss the 
,company sustains by this transaction   
will be booked as a business loss4      
,those who are absolutely without means 

will pay off their debt to the ,company 
by working overtime at a fair rate of   
wage4  ,existing emigration societies   
will be able to give valuable assistance
 here1 for they will do for the         
,company's colonists what they did      
before for departing ,jews4 ,the forms  
of such cooperation will easily be      
found4  ,even the new clothing of the   
poor settlers will have the symbolic    
meaning4 ,you are now entering on a new 
life4 ,the ,society of ,jews will see to
 it that long before the departure and  
also during the journey a serious yet   
festive spirit is fostered by means of  
prayers1 popular lectures1 instruction  
on the object of the expedition1        
instruction on hygienic matters for     
their new places of residence1 and      
guidance in regard to their future work4
 ,for the ,promised ,land is the land of
 work4 ,on their arrival1 the emigrants 
will be welcomed by our chief officials 
with due solemnity1 but without foolish 
exultation1 for the ,promised ,land will

 not yet have been conquered4 ,but these
 poor people should already see that    
they are at home4  ,the clothing        
industries of the ,company will1 of     
course1 not produce their goods without 
proper organization4 ,the ,society of   
,jews will obtain from the local        
branches information about the number1  
requirements and date of arrival of the 
settlers1 and will communicate all such 
information in good time to the ,jewish 
,company4 ,in this way it will be       
possible to provide for them with every 
precaution4   ,,promotion ,,of          
,,industries  ,the duties of the ,jewish
 ,company and the ,society of ,jews     
cannot be kept strictly apart in this   
outline4 ,these two great bodies will   
have to work constantly in unison1 the  
,company depending on the moral         
authority and support of the ,society1  
just as the ,society cannot dispense    
with the material assistance of the     
,company4 ,for example1 in the          
organizing of the clothing industry1 the

 quantity produced will at first be kept
 down so as to preserve an equilibrium  
between supply and demand2 and wherever 
the ,company undertakes the organization
 of new industries the same precaution  
must be exercised4  ,but individual     
enterprise must never be checked by the 
,company with its superior force4 ,we   
shall only work collectively when the   
immense difficulties of the task demand 
common action2 we shall1 wherever       
possible1 scrupulously respect the      
rights of the individual4 ,private      
property1 which is the economic basis of
 independence1 shall be developed freely
 and be respected by us4 ,our first     
unskilled laborers will at once have the
 opportunity to work their way up to    
private proprietorship4  ,the spirit of 
enterprise must1 indeed1 be encouraged  
in every possible way4 ,organization of 
industries will be promoted by a        
judicious system of duties1 by the      
employment of cheap raw material1 and by
 the institution of a board to collect  

and publish industrial statistics4  ,but
 this spirit of enterprise must be      
wisely encouraged1 and risky speculation
 must be avoided4 ,every new industry   
must be advertised for a long period    
before establishment1 so as to prevent  
failure on the part of those who might  
wish to start a similar business six    
months later4 ,whenever a new industrial
 establishment is founded1 the ,company 
should be informed1 so that all those   
interested may obtain information from  
it4  ,industrialists will be able to    
make use of centralized labor agencies1 
which will only receive a commission    
large enough to ensure their            
continuance4 ,the industrialists might1 
for example1 telegraph for #ejj         
unskilled laborers for three days1 three
 weeks1 or three months4 ,the labor     
agency would then collect these #ejj    
unskilled laborers from every possible  
source1 and despatch them at once to    
carry out the agricultural or industrial
 enterprise4 ,parties of workmen will   

thus be systematically drafted from     
place to place like a body of troops4   
,these men will1 of course1 not be      
sweated1 but will work only a seven-hour
 day2 and1 in spite of their change of  
locality1 they will preserve their      
organization1 work out their term of    
service1 and receive commands1          
promotions1 and pensions4 ,some         
establishments may1 of course1 be able  
to obtain their workmen from other      
sources1 if they wish1 but they will not
 find it easy to do so4 ,the ,society   
will be able to prevent the introduction
 of non-,jewish work-slaves by          
boycotting obstinate employers1 by      
obstructing traffic1 and by various     
other methods4 ,the seven-hour workers  
will therefore have to be taken1 and we 
shall thus bring our people gradually1  
and without coercion1 to adopt the      
normal seven-hour day4   ,,settlement   
,,of ,,skilled ,,laborers  ,it is clear 
that what can be done for unskilled     
workers can be even more easily done for

 skilled laborers4 ,these will work     
under similar regulations in the        
factories1 and the central labor agency 
will provide them when required4        
,independent operatives and small       
employers1 must be carefully taught on  
account of the rapid progress of        
scientific improvements1 must acquire   
technical knowledge even if no longer   
very young men1 must study the power of 
water1 and appreciate the forces of     
electricity4 ,independent workers must  
also be discovered and supplied by the  
,society's agency4 ,the local branch    
will apply1 for example1 to the central 
office3 ,we want so many carpenters1    
locksmiths1 glaziers1 etc4 ,the central 
office will publish this demand1 and the
 proper men will apply there for the    
work4 ,these would then travel with     
their families to the place where they  
were wanted1 and would remain there     
without feeling the pressure of undue   
competition4 ,a permanent and           
comfortable home would thus be provided 

for them4   ,,method ,,of ,,raising     
,,capital  ,the capital required for    
establishing the ,company was previously
 put at what seemed an absurdly high    
figure4 ,the amount actually necessary  
will be fixed by financiers1 and will in
 any case be a very considerable sum4   
,there are three ways of raising this   
sum1 all of which the ,society will take
 under consideration4 ,this ,society1   
the great ,gestor of the ,jews1 will be 
formed by our best and most upright men1
 who must not derive any material       
advantage from their membership4        
,although the ,society cannot at the    
outset possess any but moral authority1 
this authority will suffice to establish
 the credit of the ,jewish ,company in  
the nation's eyes4 ,the ,jewish ,company
 will be unable to succeed in its       
enterprise unless it has received the   
,society's sanction2 it will thus not be
 formed of any mere indiscriminate group
 of financiers4 ,for the ,society will  
weigh1 select and decide1 and will not  

give its approbation till it is sure of 
the existence of a sound basis for the  
conscientious carrying out of the       
scheme4 ,it will not permit experiments 
with insufficient means1 for this       
undertaking must succeed at the first   
attempt4 ,any initial failure would     
compromise the whole idea for many      
decades to come1 or might even make its 
realization permanently impossible4     
,the three methods of raising capital   
are3 7#a7 ,through big banks2 7#b7      
,through small and private banks2 7#c7  
,through public subscription4  ,the     
first method of raising capital is3     
,through big banks4 ,the required sum   
could then be raised in the shortest    
possible time among the large financial 
groups1 after they had discussed the    
advisability of the course4 ,the great  
advantage of this method would be that  
it would avoid the necessity of paying  
in the thousand millions 7to keep to the
 original figure71 immediately in its   
entirety4 ,a further advantage would be 

that the credit of these powerful       
financiers would also be of service to  
the enterprise4 ,many latent political  
forces lie in our financial power1 that 
power which our enemies assert to be so 
effective4 ,it might be so1 but actually
 it is not4 ,poor ,jews feel only the   
hatred which this financial power       
provokes2 its use in alleviating their  
lot as a body1 they have not yet felt4  
,the credit of our great ,jewish        
financiers would have to be placed at   
the service of the ,national ,idea4 ,but
 should these gentlemen1 who are quite  
satisfied with their lot1 feel          
indisposed to do anything for their     
fellow-,jews who are unjustly held      
responsible for the large possessions of
 certain individuals1 then the          
realization of this plan will afford an 
opportunity for drawing a clear line of 
distinction between them and the rest of
 ,jewry4  ,the great financiers1        
moreover1 will certainly not be asked to
 raise an amount so enormous out of pure

 philanthropic motives2 that would be   
expecting too much4 ,the promoters and  
stock holders of the ,jewish ,company   
are1 on the contrary1 expected to do a  
good piece of business1 and they will be
 able to calculate beforehand what their
 chances of success are likely to be4   
,for the ,society of ,jews will be in   
possession of all documents and         
references which may serve to define the
 prospects of the ,jewish ,company4 ,the
 ,society will in particular have       
investigated with exactitude the extent 
of the new ,jewish movement1 so as to   
provide the ,company promoters with     
thoroughly reliable information on the  
amount of support they may expect4 ,the 
,society will also supply the ,jewish   
,company with comprehensive modern      
,jewish statistics1 thus doing the work 
of what is called in ,france a societe  
d'etudes1 which undertakes all          
preliminary research previous to the    
financing of a great undertaking4 ,even 
so1 the enterprise may not receive the  

valuable assistance of our moneyed      
magnates4 ,these might1 perhaps1 even   
try to oppose the ,jewish movement by   
means of their secret agents4 ,such     
opposition we shall meet with relentless
 determination4  ,supposing that these  
magnates are content simply to turn this
 scheme down with a smile3  ,is it1     
therefore1 done for8  ,no4  ,for then   
the money will be raised in another     
way--by an appeal to moderately rich    
,jews4 ,the smaller ,jewish banks would 
have to be united in the name of the    
,national ,idea against the big banks   
till they were gathered into a second   
and formidable financial force4 ,but1   
unfortunately1 this would require a     
great deal of financing at first--for   
the ,l#ej1jjj1jjj would have to be      
subscribed in full before starting work2
 and1 as this sum could only be raised  
very slowly1 all sorts of banking       
business would have to be done and loans
 made during the first few years4 ,it   
might even occur that1 in the course of 

all these transactions1 their original  
object would be forgotten2 the          
moderately rich ,jews would have created
 a new and large business1 and ,jewish  
emigration would be forgotten4  ,the    
notion of raising money in this way is  
not by any means impracticable4 ,the    
experiment of collecting ,christian     
money to form an opposing force to the  
big banks has already been tried2 that  
one could also oppose them with ,jewish 
money has not been thought of until now4
  ,but these financial conflicts would  
bring about all sorts of crises2 the    
countries in which they occurred would  
suffer1 and ,anti-,semitism would become
 rampant4  ,this method is therefore not
 to be recommended4 ,i have merely      
suggested it1 because it comes up in the
 course of the logical development of   
the idea4  ,i also do not know whether  
smaller private banks would be willing  
to adopt it4  ,in any case1 even the    
refusal of moderately rich ,jews would  
not put an end to the scheme4 ,on the   

contrary1 it would then have to be taken
 up in real earnest4  ,the ,society of  
,jews1 whose members are not business   
men1 might try to found the ,company on 
a national subscription4  ,the          
,company's capital might be raised1     
without the intermediary of a syndicate1
 by means of direct subscription on the 
part of the public4 ,not only poor      
,jews1 but also ,christians who wanted  
to get rid of them1 would subscribe a   
small amount to this fund4 ,a new and   
peculiar form of the plebiscite would   
thus be established1 whereby each man   
who voted for this solution of the      
,jewish ,question would express his     
opinion by subscribing a stipulated     
amount4 ,this stipulation would produce 
security4 ,the funds subscribed would   
only be paid in if their sum total      
reached the required amount1 otherwise  
the initial payments would be returned4 
,but if the whole of the required sum is
 raised by popular subscription1 then   
each little amount would be secured by  

the great numbers of other small        
amounts4  ,all this would1 of course1   
need the express and definite assistance
 of interested ,governments4            
,,footnotes3  ,a ,the practice of paying
 the workman's wages in goods instead of
 money4     ,,iv4 ,local ,groups  ,,our 
,,transmigration   ,previous chapters   
explained only how the emigration scheme
 might be carried out without creating  
any economic disturbance4 ,but so great 
a movement cannot take place without    
inevitably rousing many deep and        
powerful feelings4 ,there are old       
customs1 old memories that attach us to 
our homes4 ,we have cradles1 we have    
graves1 and we alone know how ,jewish   
hearts cling to the graves4 ,our cradles
 we shall carry with us--they hold our  
future1 rosy and smiling4 ,our beloved  
graves we must abandon--and ,i think    
this abandonment will cost us more than 
any other sacrifice4 ,but it must be so4
  ,economic distress1 political         
pressure1 and social obloquy have       

already driven us from our homes and    
from our graves4 ,we ,jews are even now 
constantly shifting from place to place1
 a strong current actually carrying us  
westward over the sea to the ,united    
,states1 where our presence is also not 
desired4 ,and where will our presence be
 desired1 so long as we are a homeless  
nation8  ,but we shall give a home to   
our people4 ,and we shall give it1 not  
by dragging them ruthlessly out of their
 sustaining soil1 but rather by         
transplanting them carefully to a better
 ground4 ,just as we wish to create new 
political and economic relations1 so we 
shall preserve as sacred all of the past
 that is dear to our people's hearts4   
,hence a few suggestions must suffice1  
as this part of my scheme will most     
probably be condemned as visionary4 ,yet
 even this is possible and real1 though 
it now appears to be something vague and
 aimless4 ,organization will make of it 
something rational4   ,,emigration ,,in 
,,groups  ,our people should emigrate in

 groups of families and friends4 ,but no
 man will be forced to join the         
particular group belonging to his former
 place of residence4 ,each will be able 
to journey in his chosen fashion as soon
 as he has settled his affairs4 ,seeing 
that each man will pay his own expenses 
by rail and boat1 he will naturally     
travel by whatever class suits him best4
 ,possibly there will even be no        
subdivision for classes on board train  
and boat1 so as to avoid making the poor
 feel their position too keenly during  
their long journey4 ,though we are not  
exactly organizing a pleasure trip1 it  
is as well to keep them in good humor on
 the way4  ,none will travel in penury2 
on the other hand1 all who desire to    
travel in luxurious ease will be able to
 follow their bent4 ,even under         
favorable circumstances1 the movement   
may not touch certain classes of ,jews  
for several years to come2 the          
intervening period can therefore be     
employed in selecting the best modes of 

organizing the journeys4 ,those who are 
well off can travel in parties if they  
wish1 taking their personal friends and 
connections with them4 ,jews1 with the  
exception of the richest1 have1 after   
all1 very little intercourse with       
,christians4 ,in some countries their   
acquaintance with them is confined to a 
few spongers1 borrowers1 and dependents2
 of a better class of ,christian they   
know nothing4 ,the ,ghetto continues    
though its walls are broken down4  ,the 
middle classes will therefore make      
elaborate and careful preparations for  
departure4 ,a group of travellers will  
be formed in each locality1 large towns 
being divided into districts with a     
group in each district1 who will        
communicate by means of representatives 
elected for the purpose4 ,this division 
into districts need not be strictly     
adhered to2 it is merely intended to    
alleviate the discomfort and            
home-sickness of the poor during their  
journey outwards4 ,everybody is free to 

travel either alone or attached to any  
local group he prefers4 ,the conditions 
of travel--regulated according to       
classes--will apply to all alike4 ,any  
sufficiently numerous travelling party  
can charter a special train and special 
boat from the ,company4  ,the ,company's
 housing agency will provide quarters   
for the poorest on their arrival4 ,later
 on1 when more prosperous emigrants     
follow1 their obvious need for lodgings 
on first landing will have to be        
supplied by hotels built by private     
enterprise4 ,some of these more         
prosperous colonists will1 indeed1 have 
built their houses before becoming      
permanent settlers1 so that they will   
merely move from an old home into a new 
one4  ,it would be an affront to our    
intelligent elements to point out       
everything that they have to do4 ,every 
man who attaches himself to the         
,national ,idea will know how to spread 
it1 and how to make it real within his  
sphere of influence4 ,we shall first of 

all ask for the cooperation of our      
,rabbis4   ,,our ,,rabbis  ,every group 
will have its ,rabbi1 travelling with   
his congregation4 ,local groups will    
afterwards form voluntarily about their 
,rabbi1 and each locality will have its 
spiritual leader4 ,our ,rabbis1 on whom 
we especially call1 will devote their   
energies to the service of our idea1 and
 will inspire their congregations by    
preaching it from the pulpit4 ,they will
 not need to address special meetings   
for the purpose2 an appeal such as this 
may be uttered in the synagogue4 ,and   
thus it must be done4 ,for we feel our  
historic affinity only through the faith
 of our fathers as we have long ago     
absorbed the languages of different     
nations to an ineradicable degree4  ,the
 ,rabbis will receive communications    
regularly from both ,society and        
,company1 and will announce and explain 
these to their congregations4 ,israel   
will pray for us and for itself4        
,,representatives ,,of ,,the ,,local    

,,groups  ,the local groups will appoint
 small committees of representative men 
under the ,rabbi's presidency1 for      
discussion and settlement of local      
affairs4  ,philanthropic institutions   
will be transferred by their local      
groups1 each institution remaining over 
there the property of the same set of   
people for whom it was originally       
founded4 ,i think the old buildings     
should not be sold1 but rather devoted  
to the assistance of indigent           
,christians in the forsaken towns4 ,the 
local groups will receive compensation  
by obtaining free building sites and    
every facility for reconstruction in the
 new country4  ,this transfer of        
philanthropic institutions will give    
another of those opportunities1 which   
occur at different points of my scheme1 
for making an experiment in the service 
of humanity4 ,our present unsystematic  
private philanthropy does little good in
 proportion to the great expenditure it 
involves4 ,but these institutions can   

and must form part of a system by which 
they will eventually supplement one     
another4 ,in a new society these        
organizations can be evolved out of our 
modern consciousness1 and may be based  
on all previous social experiments4     
,this matter is of great importance to  
us1 on account of our large number of   
paupers4 ,the weaker characters among   
us1 discouraged by external pressure1   
spoilt by the soft-hearted charity of   
our rich men1 easily sink until they    
take to begging4  ,the ,society1        
supported by the local groups1 will give
 greatest attention to popular education
 with regard to this particular4 ,it    
will create a fruitful soil for many    
powers which now wither uselessly away4 
,whoever shows a genuine desire to work 
will be suitably employed4 ,beggars will
 not be endured4 ,whoever refuses to do 
anything as a free man will be sent to  
the workhouse4  ,on the other hand1 we  
shall not relegate the old to an        
almshouse4 ,an almshouse is one of the  

cruelest charities which our stupid good
 nature ever invented4 ,there our old   
people die out of pure shame and        
mortification4 ,there they are already  
buried4 ,but we will leave even to those
 who stand on the lowest grade of       
intelligence the consoling illusion of  
their utility in the world4 ,we will    
provide easy tasks for those who are    
incapable of physical labor2 for we must
 allow for diminished vitality in the   
poor of an already enfeebled generation4
 ,but future generations shall be dealt 
with otherwise2 they shall be brought up
 in liberty for a life of liberty4  ,we 
will seek to bestow the moral salvation 
of work on men of every age and of every
 class2 and thus our people will find   
their strength again in the land of the 
seven-hour day4   ,,plans ,,of ,,the    
,,towns  ,the local groups will delegate
 their authorized representatives to    
select sites for towns4 ,in the         
distribution of land every precaution   
will be taken to effect a careful       

transfer with due consideration for     
acquired rights4  ,the local groups will
 have plans of the towns1 so that our   
people may know beforehand where they   
are to go1 in which towns and in which  
houses they are to live4 ,comprehensive 
drafts of the building plans previously 
referred to will be distributed among   
the local groups4  ,the principle of our
 administration will be strict          
centralization of our local groups'     
autonomy4 ,in this way the transfer will
 be accomplished with the minimum of    
pain4  ,i do not imagine all this to be 
easier than it actually is2 on the other
 hand1 people must not imagine it to be 
more difficult than it is in reality4   
,,the ,,departure ,,of ,,the ,,middle   
,,classes  ,the middle classes will     
involuntarily be drawn into the outgoing
 current1 for their sons will be        
officials of the ,society or employees  
of the ,company over there4 ,lawyers1   
doctors1 technicians of every           
description1 young business people--in  

fact1 all ,jews who are in search of    
opportunities1 who now escape from      
oppression in their native country to   
earn a living in foreign lands--will    
assemble on a soil so full of fair      
promise4 ,the daughters of the middle   
classes will marry these ambitious men4 
,one of them will send for his wife or  
fiancee to come out to him1 another for 
his parents1 brothers and sisters4      
,members of a new civilization marry    
young4 ,this will promote general       
morality and ensure sturdiness in the   
new generation2 and thus we shall have  
no delicate offspring of late marriages1
 children of fathers who spent their    
strength in the struggle for life4      
,every middle-class emigrant will draw  
more of his kind after him4  ,the       
bravest will naturally get the best out 
of the new world4  ,but there we seem   
undoubtedly to have touched on the      
crucial difficulty of my plan4  ,even if
 we succeeded in opening a world        
discussion on the ,jewish ,question in a

 serious manner--  ,even if this debate 
led us to a positive conclusion that the
 ,jewish ,state were necessary to the   
world--  ,even if the ,powers assisted  
us in acquiring the sovereignty over a  
strip of territory--  ,how are we to    
transport masses of ,jews without undue 
compulsion from their present homes to  
this new country8  ,their emigration is 
surely intended to be voluntary4   ,,the
 ,,phenomenon ,,of ,,multitudes  ,great 
exertions will hardly be necessary to   
spur on the movement4 ,anti-,semites    
provide the requisite impetus4 ,they    
need only do what they did before1 and  
then they will create a desire to       
emigrate where it did not previously    
exist1 and strengthen it where it       
existed before4 ,jews who now remain in 
,anti-,semitic countries do so chiefly  
because even those among them who are   
most ignorant of history know that      
numerous changes of residence in bygone 
centuries never brought them any        
permanent good4 ,any land which welcomed

 the ,jews today1 and offered them even 
fewer advantages than that which the    
,jewish ,state would guarantee them1    
would immediately attract a great influx
 of our people4 ,the poorest1 who have  
nothing to lose would drag themselves   
there4 ,but ,i maintain1 and every man  
may ask himself whether ,i am not right1
 that the pressure weighing on us       
arouses a desire to emigrate even among 
prosperous strata of society4 ,now our  
poorest strata alone would suffice to   
found a ,state2 these form the strongest
 human material for acquiring a land1   
because a little despair is             
indispensable to the formation of a     
great undertaking4  ,but when our       
desperados increase the value of the    
land by their presence and by the labor 
they expend on it1 they make it at the  
same time increasingly attractive as a  
place of settlement to people who are   
better off4  ,higher and yet higher     
strata will feel tempted to go over4    
,the expedition of the first and poorest

 settlers will be conducted by ,company 
and ,society conjointly1 and will       
probably be additionally supported by   
existing emigration and ,zionist        
societies4  ,how may a number of people 
be directed to a particular spot without
 being given express orders to go there8
 ,there are certain ,jewish benefactors 
on a large scale who try to alleviate   
the sufferings of the ,jews by ,zionist 
experiments4 ,to them this problem also 
presented itself1 and they thought to   
solve it by giving the emigrants money  
or means of employment4 ,thus the       
philanthropists said3 ,we pay these     
people to go there4  ,such a procedure  
is utterly wrong1 and all the money in  
the world will not achieve its purpose4 
,on the other hand1 the ,company will   
say3 ,we shall not pay them1 we shall   
let them pay us4 ,we shall merely offer 
them some inducements to go4  ,a        
fanciful illustration will make my      
meaning more explicit3 ,one of those    
philanthropists 7whom we will call ,the 

,baron7 and myself both wish to get a   
crowd of people on to the plain of      
,longchamps near ,paris1 on a hot       
,sunday afternoon4 ,the ,baron1 by      
promising them #aj francs each1 will1   
for #bjj1jjj francs1 bring out #bj1jjj  
perspiring and miserable people1 who    
will curse him for having given them so 
much annoyance4 ,whereas ,i will offer  
these #bjj1jjj francs as a prize for the
 swiftest racehorse--and then ,i shall  
have to put up barriers to keep the     
people off ,longchamps4 ,they will pay  
to go in3 #a franc1 #e francs1 #bj      
francs4  ,the consequence will be that  
,i shall get the half-a-million of      
people out there2 the ,president of the 
,republic will drive up a la ,daumont2  
and the crowds will enjoy and amuse     
themselves4 ,most of them will think it 
an agreeable walk in the open air in    
spite of heat and dust2 and ,i shall    
have made by my #bjj1jjj francs about a 
million in entrance money and taxes on  
gaming4 ,i shall get the same people out

 there whenever ,i like but the ,baron  
will not--not on any account4  ,i will  
give a more serious illustration of the 
phenomenon of multitudes where they are 
earning a livelihood4 ,let any man      
attempt to cry through the streets of a 
town3 ,whoever is willing to stand all  
day long through a winter's terrible    
cold1 through a summer's tormenting     
heat1 in an iron hall exposed on all    
sides1 there to address every passer-by1
 and to offer him fancy wares1 or fish1 
or fruit1 will receive two florins1 or  
four francs or something similar4  ,how 
many people would go to the hall8 ,how  
many days would they hold out when      
hunger drove them there8 ,and if they   
held out1 what energy would they display
 in trying to persuade passers-by to buy
 fish1 fruit and fancy wares8  ,we shall
 set about it in a different way4 ,in   
places where trade is active1 and these 
places we shall the more easily         
discover1 since we ourselves direct     
trade withersoever we wish1 in these    

places we shall build large halls1 and  
call them markets4 ,these halls might be
 worse built and more unwholesome than  
those above mentioned1 and yet people   
would stream towards them4 ,but we shall
 use our best efforts1 and we shall     
build them better1 and make them more   
beautiful than the first4 ,and the      
people1 to whom we had promised nothing1
 because we cannot promise anything     
without deceiving them1 these excellent1
 keen business men will gaily create    
most active commercial intercourse4     
,they will harangue the buyers          
unweariedly2 they will stand on their   
feet1 and scarcely think of fatigue4    
,they will hurry off at dawn1 so as to  
be first on the spot2 they will form    
unions1 cartels1 anything to continue   
bread-winning undisturbed4 ,and if they 
find at the end of the day that all     
their hard work has produced only #a    
florin1 #ej kreutzer1 or #c francs1 or  
something similar1 they will yet look   
forward hopefully to the next day1 which

 may1 perhaps1 bring them better luck4  
,we have given them hope4  ,would any   
one ask whence the demand comes which   
creates the market8 ,is it really       
necessary to tell them again8  ,i       
pointed out that by means of the system 
,assistance par le ,travail the return  
could be increased fifteenfold4 ,one    
million would produce fifteen millions2 
and one thousand millions1 fifteen      
thousand millions4  ,this may be the    
case on a small scale2 is it so on a    
large one8 ,capital surely yields a     
return diminishing in inverse ratio to  
its own growth4 ,inactive and inert     
capital yields this diminishing return1 
but active capital brings in a          
marvellously increasing return4 ,herein 
lies the social question4  ,am ,i       
stating a fact8 ,i call on the richest  
,jews as witnesses of my veracity4 ,why 
do they carry on so many different      
industries8 ,why do they send men to    
work underground and to raise coal amid 
terrible dangers for meagre pay8 ,i     

cannot imagine this to be pleasant1 even
 for the owners of the mines4 ,for ,i do
 not believe that capitalists are       
heartless1 and ,i do not pretend that ,i
 believe it4 ,my desire is not to       
accentuate1 but to smooth differences4  
,is it necessary to illustrate the      
phenomenon of multitudes1 and their     
concentration on a particular spot by   
references to pious pilgrimages8  ,i do 
not want to hurt anyone's religious     
sensibility by words which might be     
wrongly interpreted4  ,i shall merely   
refer quite briefly to the ,mohammedan  
pilgrimages to ,mecca1 the ,catholic    
pilgrimages to ,lourdes1 and to many    
other spots whence men return comforted 
by their faith1 and to the holy ,hock at
 ,trier4 ,thus we shall also create a   
center for the deep religious needs of  
our people4 ,our ministers will         
understand us first1 and will be with us
 in this4  ,we shall let every man find 
salvation over there in his own         
particular way4 ,above and before all we

 shall make room for the immortal band  
of our ,freethinkers1 who are           
continually making new conquests for    
humanity4  ,no more force will be       
exercised on any one than is necessary  
for the preservation of the ,state and  
order2 and the requisite force will not 
be arbitrarily defined by one or more   
shifting authorities2 it will be fixed  
by iron laws4  ,now1 if the             
illustrations ,i gave make people draw  
the inference that a multitude can be   
only temporarily attracted to centers of
 faith1 of business1 or of amusement1   
the reply to their objection is simple4 
,whereas one of these objects by itself 
would certainly only attract the masses1
 all these centers of attraction        
combined would be calculated permanently
 to hold and satisfy them4 ,for all     
these centers together form a single1   
great1 long-sought object1 which our    
people has always longed to attain1 for 
which it has kept itself alive1 for     
which it has been kept alive by external

 pressure--a free home6 ,when the       
movement commences1 we shall draw some  
men after us and let others follow2     
others again will be swept into the     
current1 and the last will be thrust    
after us4  ,these last hesitating       
settlers will be the worst off1 both    
here and there4  ,but the first1 who go 
over with faith1 enthusiasm1 and courage
 will have the best positions4   ,,our  
,,human ,,material  ,there are more     
mistaken notions abroad concerning ,jews
 than concerning any other people4 ,and 
we have become so depressed and         
discouraged by our historic sufferings  
that we ourselves repeat and believe    
these mistakes4 ,one of these is that we
 have an immoderate love of business4   
,now it is well known that wherever we  
are permitted to take part in the rising
 of classes1 we give up our business as 
soon as possible4 ,the great majority of
 ,jewish business men give their sons a 
superior education4 ,hence1 the         
so-called ,judaizing of all intellectual

 professions4 ,but even in economically 
feebler grades of society1 our love of  
trade is not so predominant as is       
generally supposed4 ,in the ,eastern    
countries of ,europe there are great    
numbers of ,jews who are not traders1   
and who are not afraid of hard work     
either4 ,the ,society of ,jews will be  
in a position to prepare scientifically 
accurate statistics of our human forces4
 ,the new tasks and prospects that await
 our people in the new country will     
satisfy our present handicraftsmen1 and 
will transform many present small       
traders into manual workers4  ,a peddler
 who travels about the country with a   
heavy pack on his back is not so        
contented as his persecutors imagine4   
,the seven-hour day will convert all of 
his kind into workmen4 ,they are good1  
misunderstood people1 who now suffer    
perhaps more severely than any others4  
,the ,society of ,jews will1 moreover1  
busy itself from the outset with their  
training as artisans4 ,their love of    

gain will be encouraged in a healthy    
manner4 ,jews are of a thrifty and      
adaptable disposition1 and are qualified
 for any means of earning a living1 and 
it will therefore suffice to make small 
trading unremunerative1 to cause even   
present peddlers to give it up          
altogether4 ,this could be brought      
about1 for example1 by encouraging large
 department stores which provide all    
necessaries of life4 ,these general     
stores are already crushing small       
trading in large cities4 ,in a land of  
new civilization they will absolutely   
prevent its existence4 ,the             
establishment of these stores is further
 advantageous1 because it makes the     
country immediately habitable for people
 who require more refined necessaries of
 life4   ,,habits  ,is a reference to   
the little habits and comforts of the   
ordinary man in keeping with the serious
 nature of this pamphlet8  ,i think it  
is in keeping1 and1 moreover1 very      
important4 ,for these little habits are 

the thousand and one fine delicate      
threads which together go to make up an 
unbreakable rope4  ,here certain limited
 notions must be set aside4 ,whoever has
 seen anything of the world knows that  
just these little daily customs can     
easily be transplanted everywhere4 ,the 
technical contrivances of our day1 which
 this scheme intends to employ in the   
service of humanity1 have heretofore    
been principally used for our little    
habits4 ,there are ,english hotels in   
,egypt and on the mountain-crest in     
,switzerland1 ,vienna cafes in ,south   
,africa1 ,french theatres in ,russia1   
,german operas in ,america1 and best    
,bavarian beer in ,paris4  ,when we     
journey out of ,egypt again we shall not
 leave the fleshpots behind4  ,every man
 will find his customs again in the     
local groups1 but they will be better1  
more beautiful1 and more agreeable than 
before4     ,v4 ,society of ,jews and   
,jewish ,state  ,,negotiorum ,,gestio   
,this pamphlet is not intended for      

lawyers4 ,i can therefore touch only    
cursorily1 as on so many other things1  
upon my theory of the legal basis of a  
,state4  ,i must1 nevertheless1 lay some
 stress on my new theory1 which could be
 maintained1 ,i believe1 even in        
discussion with men well versed in      
jurisprudence4  ,according to           
,rousseau's now antiquated view1 a      
,state is formed by a social contract4  
,rousseau held that3 ,the conditions of 
this contract are so precisely defined  
by the nature of the agreement that the 
slightest alteration would make them    
null and void4 ,the consequence is that1
 even where they are not expressly      
stated1 they are everywhere identical1  
and everywhere tacitly accepted and     
recognized1 etc4  ,a logical and        
historic refutation of ,rousseau's      
theory was never1 nor is now1 difficult1
 however terrible and far-reaching its  
effects may have been4 ,the question    
whether a social contract with          
conditions not expressly stated1 yet    

unalterable1 existed before the framing 
of a constitution1 is of no practical   
interest to ,states under modern forms  
of government4 ,the legal relationship  
between government and citizen is in any
 case clearly established now4  ,but    
previous to the framing of a            
constitution1 and during the creation of
 a new ,state1 these principles assume  
great practical importance4 ,we know and
 see for ourselves that ,states still   
continue to be created4 ,colonies secede
 from the mother country4 ,vassals fall 
away from their suzerain2 newly opened  
territories are immediately formed into 
free ,states4 ,it is true that the      
,jewish ,state is conceived as a        
peculiarly modern structure on          
unspecified territory4 ,but a ,state is 
formed1 not by pieces of land1 but      
rather by a number of men united under  
sovereign rule4  ,the people is the     
subjective1 land the objective          
foundation of a ,state1 and the         
subjective basis is the more important  

of the two4 ,one sovereignty1 for       
example1 which has no objective basis at
 all1 is perhaps the most respected one 
in the world4 ,i refer to the           
sovereignty of the ,pope4  ,the theory  
of rationality is the one at present    
accepted in political science4 ,this    
theory suffices to justify the creation 
of a ,state1 and cannot be historically 
refuted in the same way as the theory of
 a contract4 ,insofar as ,i am concerned
 only with the creation of a ,jewish    
,state1 ,i am well within the limits of 
the theory of rationality4 ,but when ,i 
touch upon the legal basis of the       
,state1 ,i have exceeded them4 ,the     
theories of a divine institution1 or of 
superior power1 or of a contract1 and   
the patriarchal and patrimonial theories
 do not accord with modern views4 ,the  
legal basis of a ,state is sought either
 too much within men 7patriarchal       
theory1 and theories of superior force  
and contract71 or too far above them    
7divine institution71 or too far below  

them 7objective patrimonial theory74    
,the theory of rationality leaves this  
question conveniently and carefully     
unanswered4 ,but a question which has   
seriously occupied doctors of           
jurisprudence in every age cannot be an 
absolutely idle one4 ,as a matter of    
fact1 a mixture of human and superhuman 
goes to the making of a ,state4 ,some   
legal basis is indispensable to explain 
the somewhat oppressive relationship in 
which subjects occasionally stand to    
rulers4 ,i believe it is to be found in 
the negotiorum gestio1 wherein the body 
of citizens represents the dominus      
negotiorum1 and the government          
represents the gestor4  ,the ,romans1   
with their marvellous sense of justice1 
produced that noble masterpiece1 the    
negotiorum gestio4 ,when the property of
 an oppressed person is in danger1 any  
man may step forward to save it4 ,this  
man is the gestor1 the director of      
affairs not strictly his own4 ,he has   
received no warrant--that is1 no human  

warrant2 higher obligations authorize   
him to act4 ,the higher obligations may 
be formulated in different ways for the 
,state1 and so as to respond to         
individual degrees of culture attained  
by a growing general power of           
comprehension4 ,the gestio is intended  
to work for the good of the dominus--the
 people1 to whom the gestor himself     
belongs4  ,the gestor administers       
property of which he is joint-owner4    
,his joint proprietorship teaches him   
what urgency would warrant his          
intervention1 and would demand his      
leadership in peace or war2 but under no
 circumstances is his authority valid   
qua joint proprietorship4 ,the consent  
of the numerous joint-owners is even    
under most favorable conditions a matter
 of conjecture4  ,a ,state is created by
 a nation's struggle for existence4 ,in 
any such struggle it is impossible to   
obtain proper authority in              
circumstantial fashion beforehand4 ,in  
fact1 any previous attempt to obtain a  

regular decision from the majority would
 probably ruin the undertaking from the 
outset4 ,for internal schisms would make
 the people defenceless against external
 dangers4 ,we cannot all be of one mind2
 the gestor will therefore simply take  
the leadership into his hands and march 
in the van4  ,the action of the gestor  
of the ,state is sufficiently warranted 
if the common cause is in danger1 and   
the dominus is prevented1 either by want
 of will or by some other reason1 from  
helping itself4  ,but the gestor becomes
 similar to the dominus by his          
intervention1 and is bound by the       
agreement quasi ex contractu4 ,this is  
the legal relationship existing before1 
or1 more correctly1 created             
simultaneously with the ,state4  ,the   
gestor thus becomes answerable for every
 form of negligence1 even for the       
failure of business undertakings1 and   
the neglect of such affairs as are      
intimately connected with them1 etc4 ,i 
shall not further enlarge on the        

negotiorum gestio1 but rather leave it  
to the ,state1 else it would take us too
 far from the main subject4 ,one remark 
only3 ,business management1 if it is    
approved by the owner1 is just as       
effectual as if it had originally been  
carried on by his authority4  ,and how  
does all this affect our case8  ,the    
,jewish people are at present prevented 
by the ,diaspora from conducting their  
political affairs themselves4 ,besides1 
they are in a condition of more or less 
severe distress in many parts of the    
world4 ,they need1 above all things a   
gestor4 ,this gestor cannot1 of course1 
be a single individual4 ,such a one     
would either make himself ridiculous1   
or--seeing that he would appear to be   
working for his own                     
interests--contemptible4  ,the gestor of
 the ,jews must therefore be a body     
corporate4  ,and that is the ,society of
 ,jews4   ,,the ,,gestor ,,of ,,the     
,,jews  ,this organ of the national     
movement1 the nature and functions of   

which we are at last dealing with1 will1
 in fact1 be created before everything  
else4 ,its formation is perfectly       
simple4 ,it will take shape among those 
energetic ,jews to whom ,i imparted my  
scheme in ,london4,b  ,the ,society will
 have scientific and political tasks1   
for the founding of a ,jewish ,state1 as
 ,i conceive it1 presupposes the        
application of scientific methods4 ,we  
cannot journey out of ,egypt today in   
the primitive fashion of ancient times4 
,we shall previously obtain an accurate 
account of our number and strength4 ,the
 undertaking of that great and ancient  
gestor of the ,jews in primitive days   
bears much the same relation to ours    
that some wonderful melody bears to a   
modern opera4 ,we are playing the same  
melody with many more violins1 flutes1  
harps1 violoncellos1 and bass viols2    
with electric light1 decorations1       
choirs1 beautiful costumes1 and with the
 first singers of their day4  ,this     
pamphlet is intended to open a general  

discussion on the ,jewish ,question4    
,friends and foes will take part in it2 
but it will no longer1 ,i hope1 take the
 form of violent abuse or of sentimental
 vindication1 but of a debate1          
practical1 large1 earnest1 and          
political4  ,the ,society of ,jews will 
gather all available declarations of    
statesmen1 parliaments1 ,jewish         
communities1 societies1 whether         
expressed in speeches or writings1 in   
meetings1 newspapers or books4  ,thus   
the ,society will find out for the first
 time whether the ,jews really wish to  
go to the ,promised ,land1 and whether  
they must go there4 ,every ,jewish      
community in the world will send        
contributions to the ,society towards a 
comprehensive collection of ,jewish     
statistics4  ,further tasks1 such as    
investigation by experts of the new     
country and its natural resources1 the  
uniform planning of migration and       
settlement1 preliminary work for        
legislation and administration1 etc41   

must be rationally evolved out of the   
original scheme4  ,externally1 the      
,society will attempt1 as ,i explained  
before in the general part1 to be       
acknowledged as a ,state-forming power4 
,the free assent of many ,jews will     
confer on it the requisite authority in 
its relations with ,governments4        
,internally1 that is to say1 in its     
relation with the ,jewish people1 the   
,society will create all the first      
indispensable institutions2 it will be  
the nucleus out of which the public     
institutions of the ,jewish ,state will 
later on be developed4  ,our first      
object is1 as ,i said before1 supremacy1
 assured to us by international law1    
over a portion of the globe sufficiently
 large to satisfy our just requirements4
  ,what is the next step8   ,,the       
,,occupation ,,of ,,the ,,land  ,when   
nations wandered in historic times1 they
 let chance carry them1 draw them1 fling
 them hither and thither1 and like      
swarms of locusts they settled down     

indifferently anywhere4 ,for in historic
 times the earth was not known to man4  
,but this modern ,jewish migration must 
proceed in accordance with scientific   
principles4  ,not more than forty years 
ago gold-digging was carried on in an   
extraordinarily primitive fashion4 ,what
 adventurous days were those in         
,california6 ,a report brought          
desperados together from every quarter  
of the earth2 they stole pieces of land1
 robbed each other of gold1 and finally 
gambled it away1 as robbers do4  ,but   
today6 ,what is gold-digging like in the
 ,transvaal today8 ,adventurous         
vagabonds are not there2 sedate         
geologists and engineers alone are on   
the spot to regulate its gold industry1 
and to employ ingenious machinery in    
separating the ore from surrounding     
rock4 ,little is left to chance now4    
,thus we must investigate and take      
possession of the new ,jewish country by
 means of every modern expedient4  ,as  
soon as we have secured the land1 we    

shall send over a ship1 having on board 
the representatives of the ,society1 of 
the ,company1 and of the local groups1  
who will enter into possession at once4 
,these men will have three tasks to     
perform3 7#a7 ,an accurate1 scientific  
investigation of all natural resources  
of the country2 7#b7 the organization of
 a strictly centralized administration2 
7#c7 the distribution of land4 ,these   
tasks intersect one another1 and will   
all be carried out in conformity with   
the now familiar object in view4  ,one  
thing remains to be explained--namely1  
how the occupation of land according to 
local groups is to take place4  ,in     
,america the occupation of newly opened 
territory is set about in naive fashion4
 ,the settlers assemble on the frontier1
 and at the appointed time make a       
simultaneous and violent rush for their 
portions4  ,we shall not proceed thus to
 the new land of the ,jews4 ,the lots in
 provinces and towns will be sold by    
auction1 and paid for1 not in money1 but

 in work4 ,the general plan will have   
settled on streets1 bridges1 waterworks1
 etc41 necessary for traffic4 ,these    
will be united into provinces4 ,within  
these provinces sites for towns will be 
similarly sold by auction4 ,the local   
groups will pledge themselves to carry  
the business property through1 and will 
cover the cost by means of self-imposed 
assessments4 ,the ,society will be in a 
position to judge whether the local     
groups are not venturing on sacrifices  
too great for their means4 ,the large   
communities will receive large sites for
 their activity4 ,great sacrifices will 
thus be rewarded by the establishment of
 universities1 technical schools1       
academies1 research institutes1 etc41   
and these ,government institutes1 which 
do not have to be concentrated in the   
capital1 will be distributed over the   
country4  ,the personal interest of the 
buyers1 and1 if necessary1 the local    
assessment1 will guarantee the proper   
working of what has been taken over4 ,in

 the same way1 as we cannot1 and indeed 
do not wish to obliterate distinctions  
between single individuals1 so the      
differences between local groups will   
also continue4 ,everything will shape   
itself quite naturally4 ,all acquired   
rights will be protected1 and every new 
development will be given sufficient    
scope4  ,our people will be made        
thoroughly acquainted with all these    
matters4  ,we shall not take others     
unawares or mislead them1 any more than 
we shall deceive ourselves4  ,everything
 must be systematically settled         
beforehand4 ,i merely indicate this     
scheme3 our keenest thinkers will       
combine in elaborating it4 ,every social
 and technical achievement of our age   
and of the more advanced age which will 
be reached before the slow execution of 
my plan is accomplished must be employed
 for this object4 ,every valuable       
invention which exists now1 or lies in  
the future1 must be used4 ,by these     
means a country can be occupied and a   

,state founded in a manner as yet       
unknown to history1 and with            
possibilities of success such1 as never 
occurred before4   ,,constitution  ,one 
of the great commissions which the      
,society will have to appoint will be   
the council of ,state jurists4 ,these   
must formulate the best1 that is1 the   
best modern constitution possible4 ,i   
believe that a good constitution should 
be of moderately elastic nature4 ,in    
another work ,i have explained in detail
 what forms of government ,i hold to be 
the best4 ,i think a democratic monarchy
 and an aristocratic republic are the   
finest forms of a ,state1 because in    
them the form of ,state and the         
principle of government are opposed to  
each other1 and thus preserve a true    
balance of power4 ,i am a staunch       
supporter of monarchial institutions1   
because these allow of a continuous     
policy1 and represent the interests of a
 historically famous family born and    
educated to rule1 whose desires are     

bound up with the preservation of the   
,state4 ,but our history has been too   
long interrupted for us to attempt      
direct continuity of ancient            
constitutional forms1 without exposing  
ourselves to the charge of absurdity4   
,a democracy without a sovereign's      
useful counterpoise is extreme in       
appreciation and condemnation1 tends to 
idle discussion in ,parliaments1 and    
produces that objectionable class of    
men--professional politicians4 ,nations 
are also really not fit for unlimited   
democracy at present1 and will become   
less and less fitted for it in the      
future4 ,for a pure democracy           
presupposes a predominance of simple    
customs1 and our customs become daily   
more complex with the growth of commerce
 and increase of culture4 ,le ressort   
d'une democratic est la vertu1 said wise
 ,montesquieu4 ,and where is this       
virtue1 that is to say1 this political  
virtue1 to be met with8 ,i do not       
believe in our political virtue2 first1 

because we are no better than the rest  
of modern humanity2 and1 secondly1      
because freedom will make us show our   
fighting qualities at first4 ,i also    
hold a settling of questions by the     
referendum to be an unsatisfactory      
procedure1 because there are no simple  
political questions which can be        
answered merely by ,yes and ,no4 ,the   
masses are also more prone even than    
,parliaments to be led away by heterodox
 opinions1 and to be swayed by vigorous 
ranting4 ,it is impossible to formulate 
a wise internal or external policy in a 
popular assembly4  ,politics must take  
shape in the upper strata and work      
downwards4 ,but no member of the ,jewish
 ,state will be oppressed1 every man    
will be able and will wish to rise in   
it4 ,thus a great upward tendency will  
pass through our people2 every          
individual by trying to raise himself1  
raising also the whole body of citizens4
 ,the ascent will take a normal form1   
useful to the ,state and serviceable to 

the ,national ,idea4  ,hence ,i incline 
to an aristocratic republic4 ,this would
 satisfy the ambitious spirit in our    
people1 which has now degenerated into  
petty vanity4 ,many of the institutions 
of ,venice pass through my mind2 but all
 that which caused the ruin of ,venice  
must be carefully avoided4 ,we shall    
learn from the historic mistakes of     
others1 in the same way as we learn from
 our own2 for we are a modern nation1   
and wish to be the most modern in the   
world4 ,our people1 who are receiving   
the new country from the ,society1 will 
also thankfully accept the new          
constitution it offers them4 ,should any
 opposition manifest itself1 the        
,society will suppress it4 ,the ,society
 cannot permit the exercise of its      
functions to be interpreted by          
short-sighted or ill-disposed           
individuals4   ,,language  ,it might be 
suggested that our want of a common     
current language would present          
difficulties4 ,we cannot converse with  

one another in ,hebrew4 ,who amongst us 
has a sufficient acquaintance with      
,hebrew to ask for a railway ticket in  
that language8 ,such a thing cannot be  
done4 ,yet the difficulty is very easily
 circumvented4 ,every man can preserve  
the language in which his thoughts are  
at home4 ,switzerland affords a         
conclusive proof of the possibility of a
 federation of tongues4 ,we shall remain
 in the new country what we now are     
here1 and we shall never cease to       
cherish with sadness the memory of the  
native land out of which we have been   
driven4  ,we shall give up using those  
miserable stunted jargons1 those ,ghetto
 languages which we still employ1 for   
these were the stealthy tongues of      
prisoners4 ,our national teachers will  
give due attention to this matter2 and  
the language which proves itself to be  
of greatest utility for general         
intercourse will be adopted without     
compulsion as our national tongue4 ,our 
community of race is peculiar and       

unique1 for we are bound together only  
by the faith of our fathers4            
,,theocracy  ,shall we end by having a  
theocracy8 ,no1 indeed4 ,faith unites   
us1 knowledge gives us freedom4 ,we     
shall therefore prevent any theocratic  
tendencies from coming to the fore on   
the part of our priesthood4 ,we shall   
keep our priests within the confines of 
their temples in the same way as we     
shall keep our professional army within 
the confines of their barracks4 ,army   
and priesthood shall receive honors high
 as their valuable functions deserve4   
,but they must not interfere in the     
administration of the ,state which      
confers distinction upon them1 else they
 will conjure up difficulties without   
and within4  ,every man will be as free 
and undisturbed in his faith or his     
disbelief as he is in his nationality4  
,and if it should occur that men of     
other creeds and different nationalities
 come to live amongst us1 we should     
accord them honorable protection and    

equality before the law4 ,we have learnt
 toleration in ,europe4 ,this is not    
sarcastically said2 for the             
,anti-,semitism of today could only in a
 very few places be taken for old       
religious intolerance4 ,it is for the   
most part a movement among civilized    
nations by which they try to chase away 
the spectres of their own past4   ,,laws
  ,when the idea of a ,state begins to  
approach realization1 the ,society of   
,jews will appoint a council of jurists 
to do the preparatory work of           
legislation4 ,during the transition     
period these must act on the principle  
that every emigrant ,jew is to be judged
 according to the laws of the country   
which he has left4 ,but they must try to
 bring about a unification of these     
various laws to form a modern system of 
legislation based on the best portions  
of previous systems4 ,this might become 
a typical codification1 embodying all   
the just social claims of the present   
day4   ,,the ,,army  ,the ,jewish ,state

 is conceived as a neutral one4 ,it will
 therefore require only a professional  
army1 equipped1 of course1 with every   
requisite of modern warfare1 to preserve
 order internally and externally4       
,,the ,,flag  ,we have no flag1 and we  
need one4 ,if we desire to lead many    
men1 we must raise a symbol above their 
heads4  ,i would suggest a white flag1  
with seven golden stars4 ,the white     
field symbolizes our pure new life2 the 
stars are the seven golden hours of our 
working-day4 ,for we shall march into   
the ,promised ,land carrying the badge  
of honor4   ,,reciprocity ,,and         
,,extradition ,,treaties  ,the new      
,jewish ,state must be properly founded1
 with due regard to our future honorable
 position in the world4 ,therefore every
 obligation in the old country must be  
scrupulously fulfilled before leaving4  
,the ,society of ,jews and the ,jewish  
,company will grant cheap passage and   
certain advantages in settlement to     
those only who can present an official  

testimonial from the local authorities1 
certifying that they have left their    
affairs in good order4  ,every just     
private claim originating in the        
abandoned countries will be heard more  
readily in the ,jewish ,state than      
anywhere else4 ,we shall not wait for   
reciprocity2 we shall act purely for the
 sake of our own honor4 ,we shall thus  
perhaps find1 later on1 that law courts 
will be more willing to hear our claims 
than now seems to be the case in some   
places4  ,it will be inferred1 as a     
matter of course1 from previous remarks1
 that we shall deliver up ,jewish       
criminals more readily than any other   
,state would do1 till the time comes    
when we can enforce our penal code on   
the same principles as every other      
civilized nation does4 ,there will      
therefore be a period of transition1    
during which we shall receive our       
criminals only after they have suffered 
due penalties4 ,but1 having made amends1
 they will be received without any      

restrictions whatever1 for our criminals
 also must enter upon a new life4  ,thus
 emigration may become to many ,jews a  
crisis with a happy issue4 ,bad external
 circumstances1 which ruin many a       
character1 will be removed1 and this    
change may mean salvation to many who   
are lost4  ,here ,i should like briefly 
to relate a story ,i came across in an  
account of the gold mines of            
,witwatersrand4 ,one day a man came to  
the ,rand1 settled there1 tried his hand
 at various things1 with the exception  
of gold mining1 till he founded an ice  
factory1 which did well4 ,he soon won   
universal esteem by his respectability1 
but after some years he was suddenly    
arrested4 ,he had committed some        
defalcations as banker in ,frankfort1   
had fled from there1 and had begun a new
 life under an assumed name4 ,but when  
he was led away as prisoner1 the most   
respected people in the place appeared  
at the station1 bade him a cordial      
farewell and au revoir--for he was      

certain to return4  ,how much this story
 reveals6 ,a new life can regenerate    
even criminals1 and we have a           
proportionately small number of these4  
,some interesting statistics on this    
point are worth reading1 entitled ,the  
,criminality of ,jews in ,germany1 by   
,dr4 ,p4 ,nathan1 of ,berlin1 who was   
commissioned by the ,society for        
,defense against ,anti-,semitism to make
 a collection of statistics based on    
official returns4 ,it is true that this 
pamphlet1 which teems with figures1 has 
been prompted1 as many another defence1 
by the error that ,anti-,semitism can be
 refuted by reasonable arguments4 ,we   
are probably disliked as much for our   
gifts as we are for our faults4         
,,benefits ,,of ,,the ,,emigration ,,of 
,,the ,,jews  ,i imagine that           
,governments will1 either voluntarily or
 under pressure from the ,anti-,semites1
 pay certain attention to this scheme1  
and they may perhaps actually receive it
 here and there with a sympathy which   

they will also show to the ,society of  
,jews4  ,for the emigration which ,i    
suggest will not create any economic    
crises4 ,such crises as would follow    
everywhere in consequence of            
,jew-baiting would rather be prevented  
by the carrying out of my plan4 ,a great
 period of prosperity would commence in 
countries which are now ,anti-,semitic4 
,for there will be1 as ,i have          
repeatedly said1 an internal migration  
of ,christian citizens into the         
positions slowly and systematically     
evacuated by the ,jews4 ,if we are not  
merely suffered1 but actually assisted  
to do this1 the movement will have a    
generally beneficial effect4 ,that is a 
narrow view1 from which one should free 
oneself1 which sees in the departure of 
many ,jews a consequent impoverishment  
of countries4 ,it is different from a   
departure which is a result of          
persecution1 for then property is indeed
 destroyed1 as it is ruined in the      
confusion of war4 ,different again is   

the peaceable voluntary departure of    
colonists1 wherein everything is carried
 out with due consideration for acquired
 rights1 and with absolute conformity to
 law1 openly and by light of day1 under 
the eyes of the authorities and the     
control of public opinion4 ,the         
emigration of ,christian proletarians to
 different parts of the world would be  
brought to a standstill by the ,jewish  
movement4  ,the ,states would have a    
further advantage in the enormous       
increase of their export trade2 for1    
since the emigrant ,jews over there     
would depend for a long time to come on 
,european productions1 they would       
necessarily have to import them4 ,the   
local groups would keep up a just       
balance1 and the customary needs would  
have to be supplied for a long time at  
the accustomed places4  ,another1 and   
perhaps one of the greatest advantages1 
would be the ensuing social relief4     
,social dissatisfaction would be        
appeased during the twenty or more years

 which the emigration of the ,jews would
 occupy1 and would in any case be set at
 rest during the whole transition       
period4  ,the shape which the social    
question may take depends entirely on   
the development of our technical        
resources4 ,steampower concentrated men 
in factories about machinery where they 
were overcrowded1 and where they made   
one another miserable by overcrowding4  
,our present enormous1 injudicious1 and 
unsystematic rate of production is the  
cause of continual severe crises which  
ruin both employers and employees4      
,steam crowded men together2 electricity
 will probably scatter them again1 and  
may perhaps bring about a more          
prosperous condition of the labor       
market4 ,in any case our technical      
inventors1 who are the true benefactors 
of humanity1 will continue their labors 
after the commencement of the emigration
 of the ,jews1 and they will discover   
things as marvellous as those we have   
already seen1 or indeed more wonderful  

even than these4  ,the word impossible  
has ceased to exist in the vocabulary of
 technical science4 ,were a man who     
lived in the last century to return to  
the earth1 he would find the life of    
today full of incomprehensible magic4   
,wherever the moderns appear with our   
inventions1 we transform the desert into
 a garden4 ,to build a city takes in our
 time as many years as it formerly      
required centuries2 ,america offers     
endless examples of this4 ,distance has 
ceased to be an obstacle4 ,the spirit of
 our age has gathered fabulous treasures
 into its storehouse4 ,every day this   
wealth increases4 ,a hundred thousand   
heads are occupied with speculations and
 research at every point of the globe1  
and what any one discovers belongs the  
next moment to the whole world4 ,we     
ourselves will use and carry on every   
new attempt in our ,jewish land2 and    
just as we shall introduce the          
seven-hour day as an experiment for the 
good of humanity1 so we shall proceed in

 everything else in the same humane     
spirit1 making of the new land a land of
 experiments and a model ,state4  ,after
 the departure of the ,jews the         
undertakings which they have created    
will remain where they originally were  
found4 ,and the ,jewish spirit of       
enterprise will not even fail where     
people welcome it4 ,for ,jewish         
capitalists will be glad to invest their
 funds where they are familiar with     
surrounding conditions4 ,and whereas    
,jewish money is now sent out of        
countries on account of existing        
persecutions1 and is sunk in most       
distant foreign undertakings1 it will   
flow back again in consequence of this  
peaceable solution1 and will contribute 
to the further progress of the countries
 which the ,jews have left4             
,,footnotes3  ,b ,dr4 ,herzl addressed a
 meeting of the ,maccabean ,club1 at    
which ,israel ,zangwill presided1 on    
,november #bdth1 #ahie4     ,,vi4       
,conclusion   ,how much has been left   

unexplained1 how many defects1 how many 
harmful superficialities1 and how many  
useless repetitions in this pamphlet1   
which ,i have thought over so long and  
so often revised6  ,but a fair-minded   
reader1 who has sufficient understanding
 to grasp the spirit of my words1 will  
not be repelled by these defects4 ,he   
will rather be roused thereby to        
cooperate with his intelligence and     
energy in a work which is not one man's 
task alone1 and to improve it4  ,have ,i
 not explained obvious things and       
overlooked important objections8  ,i    
have tried to meet certain objections2  
but ,i know that many more will be made1
 based on high grounds and low4  ,to the
 first class of objections belongs the  
remark that the ,jews are not the only  
people in the world who are in a        
condition of distress4 ,here ,i would   
reply that we may as well begin by      
removing a little of this misery1 even  
if it should at first be no more than   
our own4  ,it might further be said that

 we ought not to create new distinctions
 between people2 we ought not to raise  
fresh barriers1 we should rather make   
the old disappear4 ,but men who think in
 this way are amiable visionaries2 and  
the idea of a native land will still    
flourish when the dust of their bones   
will have vanished tracelessly in the   
winds4 ,universal brotherhood is not    
even a beautiful dream4 ,antagonism is  
essential to man's greatest efforts4    
,but the ,jews1 once settled in their   
own ,state1 would probably have no more 
enemies4 ,as for those who remain       
behind1 since prosperity enfeebles and  
causes them to diminish1 they would soon
 disappear altogether4 ,i think the     
,jews will always have sufficient       
enemies1 such as every nation has4 ,but 
once fixed in their own land1 it will no
 longer be possible for them to scatter 
all over the world4 ,the diaspora cannot
 be reborn1 unless the civilization of  
the whole earth should collapse2 and    
such a consummation could be feared by  

none but foolish men4 ,our present      
civilization possesses weapons powerful 
enough for its self-defence4            
,innumerable objections will be based on
 low grounds1 for there are more low men
 than noble in this world4 ,i have tried
 to remove some of these narrow-minded  
notions2 and whoever is willing to fall 
in behind our white flag with its seven 
stars1 must assist in this campaign of  
enlightenment4 ,perhaps we shall have to
 fight first of all against many an     
evil-disposed1 narrow-hearted1          
short-sighted member of our own race4   
,again1 people will say that ,i am      
furnishing the ,anti-,semites with      
weapons4 ,why so8 ,because ,i admit the 
truth8 ,because ,i do not maintain that 
there are none but excellent men against
 us8  ,will not people say that ,i am   
showing our enemies the way to injure   
us8 ,this ,i absolutely dispute4 ,my    
proposal could only be carried out with 
the free consent of a majority of ,jews4
 ,action may be taken against           

individuals or even against groups of   
the most powerful ,jews1 but            
,governments will never take action     
against all ,jews4 ,the equal rights of 
the ,jew before the law cannot be       
withdrawn where they have once been     
conceded2 for the first attempt at      
withdrawal would immediately drive all  
,jews1 rich and poor alike1 into the    
ranks of revolutionary parties4 ,the    
beginning of any official acts of       
injustice against the ,jews invariably  
brings about economic crises4           
,therefore1 no weapons can be           
effectually used against us1 because    
these injure the hands that wield them4 
,meantime hatred grows apace4 ,the rich 
do not feel it much1 but our poor do4   
,let us ask our poor1 who have been more
 severely proletarized since the last   
removal of ,anti-,semitism than ever    
before4  ,some of our prosperous men may
 say that the pressure is not yet severe
 enough to justify emigration1 and that 
every forcible expulsion shows how      

unwilling our people are to depart4     
,true1 because they do not know where to
 go2 because they only pass from one    
trouble into another4 ,but we are       
showing them the way to the ,promised   
,land2 and the splendid force of        
enthusiasm must fight against the       
terrible force of habit4  ,persecutions 
are no longer so malignant as they were 
in the ,middle ,ages8 ,true1 but our    
sensitiveness has increased1 so that we 
feel no diminution in our sufferings2   
prolonged persecution has overstrained  
our nerves4  ,will people say1 again1   
that our enterprise is hopeless1 because
 even if we obtained the land with      
supremacy over it1 the poor only would  
go with us8 ,it is precisely the poorest
 whom we need at first4 ,only the       
desperate make good conquerors4  ,will  
some one say3 ,were it feasible it would
 have been done long ago8  ,it has never
 yet been possible2 now it is possible4 
,a hundred--or even fifty years ago it  
would have been nothing more than a     

dream4 ,today it may become a reality4  
,our rich1 who have a pleasurable       
acquaintance with all our technical     
achievements1 know full well how much   
money can do4 ,and thus it will be2 just
 the poor and simple1 who do not know   
what power man already exercises over   
the forces of ,nature1 just these will  
have the firmest faith in the new       
message4 ,for these have never lost     
their hope of the ,promised ,land4      
,here it is1 fellow ,jews6 ,neither     
fable nor deception6 ,every man may test
 its reality for himself1 for every man 
will carry over with him a portion of   
the ,promised ,land--one in his head1   
another in his arms1 another in his     
acquired possessions4  ,now1 all this   
may appear to be an interminably long   
affair4 ,even in the most favorable     
circumstances1 many years might elapse  
before the commencement of the          
foundation of the ,state4 ,in the       
meantime1 ,jews in a thousand different 
places would suffer insults1            

mortifications1 abuse1 blows1           
depredation1 and death4 ,no2 if we only 
begin to carry out the plans1           
,anti-,semitism would stop at once and  
for ever4 ,for it is the conclusion of  
peace4  ,the news of the formation of   
our ,jewish ,company will be carried in 
a single day to the remotest ends of the
 earth by the lightning speed of our    
telegraph wires4  ,and immediate relief 
will ensue4 ,the intellects which we    
produce so superabundantly in our middle
 classes will find an outlet in our     
first organizations1 as our first       
technicians1 officers1 professors1      
officials1 lawyers1 and doctors2 and    
thus the movement will continue in swift
 but smooth progression4  ,prayers will 
be offered up for the success of our    
work in temples and in churches also2   
for it will bring relief from an old    
burden1 which all have suffered4  ,but  
we must first bring enlightenment to    
men's minds4 ,the idea must make its way
 into the most distant1 miserable holes 

where our people dwell4 ,they will      
awaken from gloomy brooding1 for into   
their lives will come a new             
significance4 ,every man need think only
 of himself1 and the movement will      
assume vast proportions4  ,and what     
glory awaits those who fight unselfishly
 for the cause6  ,therefore ,i believe  
that a wondrous generation of ,jews will
 spring into existence4 ,the ,maccabeans
 will rise again4  ,let me repeat once  
more my opening words3 ,the ,jews who   
wish for a ,state will have it4  ,we    
shall live at last as free men on our   
own soil1 and die peacefully in our own 
homes4  ,the world will be freed by our 
liberty1 enriched by our wealth1        
magnified by our greatness4  ,and       
whatever we attempt there to accomplish 
for our own welfare1 will react         
powerfully and beneficially for the good
 of humanity4     ,,bibliography   ,,the
 ,,congress ,,addresses4 ,new ,york1    
,federation of ,american ,zionists1     
#aiag4 #djp4  ,,excerpts ,,from         

,,herzl',s ,,diaries4 ,new ,york1       
,scopus pub4 co4 #aida4 #abbp4          
,,gesamelte ,,shriften 7,in ,yiddish74  
,new ,york1 ,literarishe ,verlag1 #aibj4
 #b   vols4  ,,gesammelte ,,zionistische
 ,,werke4 #crd ed4 ,berlin4 ,juedisher  
,verlag 7#aicd7   #e vols4 ,contents3   
vol4 ,i ,zionistische shriften2 vol4 #b1
 #c1 #d1   ,taegebuecher1 vol4 #e ,das  
neue ,ghetto2 ,altneuland1 ,aus dem     
,nachlass4  ,,das ,,judenstaat2 ,versuch
 einer modernen ,loesung der            
,judenfrage4 ,neue   ,auflage mit einem 
,vorwort von ,otto ,warburg4 ,berlin1   
,juedischer   ,verlag1 #aiah4 #hhp4     
,various editions4  ,,old-,,new ,,land  
tr4 by ,lotta ,levensohn with a preface 
by ,stephen ,s4 ,wise4   ,new ,york1    
,bloch pub4 co4 #aida4 #bifp4  ,,the    
,,tragedy ,,of ,,jewish ,,immigration4  
#bnd ed4 ,new ,york1 ,zionist           
organization of ,america1 #aibj4 #dgp4  
,,about ,,theodor ,,herzl  ,bein1 ,alex4
 ,theodore ,herzl tr4 by ,maurice       
,samuel4 ,phil4 ,jewish4 pub4   society1

 #aidj4 #edep4  ,brainin1 ,ruben4 ,a    
,life of ,herzl4 ,vol4 ,i1 ,new ,york1  
#aiai4 7,hebrew7  ,buber1 ,martin and   
,weltsch1 ,robert4 ,theodor ,herzl and  
we4 ,new ,york1   ,hitachduth of        
,america1 #aibi4 #bhp4  ,de ,haas1      
,jacob4 ,theodor ,herzl1 a biographical 
study4 ,new ,york1 #aibg4 #b   vols4    
,hoffman1 ,martha4 ,the young ,herzl    
7,in ,hebrew7 ,jerusalem1 #aida4 #ajcp4 
,neumann1 ,emanuel4 ,the birth of       
statesmanship2 a story of ,theodor      
,herzl's life1 ,new ,york1 ,youth dept4 
,jewish ,national ,fund of ,america4    
#dhp4  ,new ,palestine4 ,theodor ,herzl1
 a memorial2 ed4 by ,meyer ,w4 ,weisgal4
 ,new   ,york1 #aibi4 #cbjp4  ,zionist  
,organization ,executive4 ,theodor      
,herzl1 ein ,gedenkbuch4 ,berlin1       
,juedischer ,verlag1 #aibi4 #gip4       
,,chronology  #ahfj-,may #b        ,wolf
 ,theodor 7,benjamin ,zev7 ,herzl is    
born in                   the           
,tabakgasse1 ,budapest1 the son of      
,jakob and                   ,jeanette  

7,diamant7 ,herzl4  #ahhe-,may #bg      
,first feuilleton published in ,wiener  
,allgemeine                   ,zeitung4 
#ahid-,oct4 #ba      ,arrest of         
,dreyfus4  ,oct4 #ba-,nov4 #h    ,writes
 ,das ,neue ,ghetto4 ,this is an attempt
 to                   express himself on
 the ,jewish question4  #ahie-;,june #b 
,interviews ,baron de ,hirsch1 submits  
plan for                   political    
action4 ,not favorably received4        
,immediately after this interview1 which
 he later                   designates  
the beginning of his ,zionist work1     
,herzl                   begins his     
,diaries4  ,june-,july         ,composes
 first draft of ,der ,judenstaat4       
,november #ag       ,explains idea of   
,jewish ,state to ,dr4 ,nordau in       
,paris4 ,meets with instant             
understanding4 ,nordau                  
gives ,herzl introduction to ,zangwill  
and ,london                   ,maccabean
 ,club4  ,november #ba       ,london4   
,first meeting with ,zangwill4          

#ahie-,nov4 #bd      ,london4 ,first    
address before ,maccabean ,club4        
#ahif-;,feb4 #ad      ,der ,judenstaat  
published in ,vienna4  ,may             
,herzl recognized as leader by ,zionist 
students of                   ,vienna4  
,july #ac           ,london4 ,proclaimed
 leader of ,jewry at meeting            
of ,whitechapel ,jews4 ,conflict with   
,chovevei ,zion4  ,july #ah             
,paris4 ,meeting with ,baron ,edmond    
,rothschild1                   who      
considers plan impracticable4  ,november
 #h        ,writes to ,british ,zionists
 suggesting collection                  
of a national fund4  #ahig-,march #f    
,zionsverein decides upon ,zionist      
,congress in                   ,munich  
on ,august #be4  ,june #d               
,publication of first issue of ,die     
,welt4  ,june #ag           ,zionist    
,actions ,committee decides to hold     
,congress                   in ,basle4  
,aug4 #bi-ca        ,first ,zionist     
,congress convenes in ,basle4           

#ahih-;,aug4 #bh-cj   ,second ,zionist  
,congress meets at ,basle4  ,october #bf
        ,herzl party lands at ,jaffa2   
tours ,jewish colonies                  
of ,palestine4  ,november #b            
,formal audience with ,german ,emperor  
at his                   headquarters   
outside ,jerusalem4 ,problems of        
colonization                            
discussed4  #ahii-,march #bj            
,registration of name of ,jewish        
,colonial ,trust1                       
,ltd4  ,august #ae-ag      ,third       
,zionist ,congress held at ,basle4      
#aijj-;,aug4 #b       ,fourth ,zionist  
,congress opens in ,london4 ,herzl      
attends though he has barely recovered  
from serious                   illness4 
#aija-,may #ah       ,formal audience   
with ,abdul ,hamid ,,ii at ,yildiz      
,kiosk4 ,herzl is promised pro-,jewish  
proclamation4                           
,receives ,grand ,cordon of the ,order  
of ,medjidje1                   ,first  
,class4  ,dec4 #bi-ca        ,fifth     

,congress convenes at ,basle4 ,zangwill 
attacks                   ,,ica4        
,conflict between ,herzl and ,russian   
cultural ,zionists4 ,discussion of      
,national ,fund4  #aijb-;,feb4 #ag      
,constantinople4 ,sultan offers ,herzl  
charter1 but                   not for  
,palestine4  ,july #e                   
,london4 ,conference with ,lord         
,rothschild4  ,july #g                  
,london4 ,herzl appears before ,royal   
,commission                   on ,alien 
,immigration4  ,october                 
,publication of ,altneuland4            
#aijc-;,jan4         ,el ,arish         
expedition organized4  ,may #aa         
,permission for ,el ,arish colonization 
refused by                   ,egypt4    
,august #af         ,vilna4 ,great      
ovations4 ,there receives letter from   
,sir ,clement ,hill of ,british ,foreign
 ,office offering                       
,uganda4  ,aug4 #bb-bh        ,sixth    
,zionist ,congress held at ,basle4      
,uganda                   conflict4     

#aijd-,may #af       ,last entry in     
,diaries--letter to ,schiff4  ,july #c  
,death of ,theodor ,herzl4            99
       99       99       99       99    
----------------------------------------
-------------------      ,typographical 
errors corrected in text3               
,page #ad3 ,duhring replaced with       
,duehring                          ,page
 #gc3 exaggerted replaced with          
exaggerated                   ,page #dh3
 ,maccabbeans replaced with ,maccabeans 
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