( ,mi*igan's ,mak+ ( ,am]ica            
collection47      ,transcrib]'s ,note3  
,e ef=t has be5 made to replicate ?is   
text z fai?fully z possible1 includ+    
obsolete & v>iant spell+s & o!r         
inconsi/5cies4 ,text t has be5 *ang$ to 
correct an obvi\s error is not$ at ! end
 ( ?is ebook4       ,,!    ,,"r    ,,(  
,,am]ican ,,slav]y4    ,,by    ,t4 ,w4  
,,hoit1    ,,( ,,! ,,/4 ,,l\is ,,lit]>y 
,,& ,,philosophical ,,association4      
,,s\!rn ,,& ,,we/]n ,,edition4          
,,fir/ ,,& ,,second ,,editions1 #ejj1jjj
 ,,copies4     ,,= ,,sale ,,by ,,!      
,,pr9cipal ,,publi%]s ,,?r\gh\t ,,!     
,,union4     ,,/4 ,,l\is1 ,,mo43        
,,publi%$ ,,by ,l4 ,,bu%nell4   #ahfj4  
,ent]$ accord+ to ,act ( ,congress1 9 ! 
ye> #ahfj1    ,by ,t4 ,w4 ,,hoit1    ,9 
! ,cl]k's ,(fice ( ! ,di/rict ,c\rt ( ! 
,unit$ ,/ates   9 & = ! ,di/rict (      
,miss\ri4     ,,bak]  ,,godw91 ,,pr9t]s1
   ,pr9t+-,h\se ,squ>e1 opposite ,city  
,hall1   ,,new ,,york4     ,,preface4   
,,to ,,! ,,am]ican ,,p4  ,my ,fell[     

,c\ntrym53--,^u :at mann] ( times h we  
fall58 ,is our suppos$ exp]im5t (       
self-gov]nm5t ab\t to prove a failure8  
,are we s bl9d z n to see ! abyss into  
:i* we are ab\t to plunge8 ,section     
ho/ile aga9/ section2 ,/ates array$     
aga9/ ! ,con/itution2 ,*ur*es sund]$2 ! 
spr+s ( intellig5ce poison$ at _! s\rce2
 treason /alk+ at noonday2 insurrection 
rife2 ! equality ( ,/ates & citiz5s     
d5i$1 & d]id$2 ju/ice rebuk$2 trea*]y   
applaud$2 traitors canoniz$2 an>*y      
inaugurat$2 mon>*y calculat+ ! end (    
republicanism2 & ! :eels ( gov]nm5t     
clogg$ by ! m9ions ( despotism6 ,all    
?is1 my ,c\ntrym51 & y passive1 sil5t1  
sightless2 reckless ( y\r own & y\r     
*ildr5's doom8 ,& :ile all ?is is true1 
y g ab\t y\r usual avocations1 z ?\gh ! 
eyes ( ! civiliz$ _w 7 n ^u y2 z ?\gh ! 
great1 ! good1 ! magnanim\s ( all l&s 7 
n brea?less1 & spell-b\nd1 & appall$ at 
! spectacle2 z ?\gh ! prophetic         
admonitions ( ! ,fa!r ( our ,c\ntry 7   
=gott51 & nature1 ) an om9\s sil5ce1    

conspir$ to lull y into =getfulness1 ! m
 to a/\nd y ) ! wond]s & ! woes ( an    
approa*+ cata/rophe6  ,:at fatal error  
is !re 9 our ,republican pr9ciple8 ,:at 
virus sick5s our body politic8 ,:at     
fasc9ation lures u f ! %r9e ( fre$om8   
,:at infatuation ha? seiz$ ! ,am]ican p1
 t !y %\ld put to haz>d ?is priceless   
inh]itance1--! home1 & refuge1 & hope1 (
 ! d[n-trodd5 nations8  ,i av] !re is a 
fatal fallacy adopt$ by a l>ge numb] ( !
 ,am]ican p1 :i*1 if n reject$1 w lead u
 d[n to national oblivion4 ,t fallacy is
 expos$ 9 ! foll[+ pages1 by %[+ :at is 
"r1 & :at is wrong1 & expla9+ !         
fundam5tal error by :i* our public      
op9ion is divid$1 & ! way ( a reunion   
po9t$ out4 ,no "o c desire to rema9 9   
error4 ,x is ! desire to d "r :i*       
animates ! great mass ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,x
 01 p]haps1 ! desire to d "r1 t made    
,john ,br[n a rebel & a traitor1 & :i*  
consign$ him to a traitor's doom4 ,!re  
is no safety1 !n1 9 desir+ to d "r2 b to
 ,,"k :at is "r1 & to ,,d x4 ,! "t has  

n[ arriv$ :5 ! ,am]ican p mu/ d "r1 or  
suff] ! p5alty ( do+ wrong4  ,good      
int5tions w n d4 ,good ,,de$s are       
dem&$1--actions f\nd$ ^u tru? & ju/ice1 
& 9 accordance ) nature's irrevocable   
laws4 ,we boa/ ( our greatness1 & p[]1 &
 intellig5ce4 ,( :at avail are all ^!1  
if !y w n save u f national ru98 ,:at   
boots x t a slumb]+ giant dreams ( 8    
/r5g? :ile he is fall+ ^u ! bosom ( a   
burn+ lake8 ,! mightie/ empires h sunk  
to oblivion4 ,are we soon to foll[ !m8  
,our mat]ial greatness & vigor seem to  
=bid ! idea ( premature decay2 b let u n
 be bl9d to ! delusive dream ( an       
immortality spr++ f m5tal imbecility1   
nor ! *im]a ( a political f9ality 9     
gov]nm5tal sy/em :i* e/abli%es &        
tol]ates ,,inju/ice1 nor ! p]man5ce ( a 
,/ate 9 ! mid/ ( prepond]at+ elem5ts (  
fluctuat+ popul> delusion4  ,ei!r !     
in/itutions "u :i* we live are f\nd$ 9  
tru?1 or !y are f\nd$ 9 error4 ,our     
con/itution is ! "w ( wisdom1 or (      
folly4 ,x is f\nd$ 9 ju/ice1 or         

inju/ice2 9 ,,"r1 or wrong4 ,%all we    
honor ! a/ut5ess ( its f\nd]s1 &        
p]petuate ^! in/itutions to remote/     
ages8 or %all we prove recreant to ?is  
tru/1 unwor?y ( ^! manifold bless+s1 & 9
 our m5tal bl9dness & moral imbecility  
invoke ! scorn ( future ages1 & ! j     
execrations ( all mank9d8  ,! mat]ial   
elem5ts ( greatness ( ! ,great ,am]ican 
,republic1 mu/ be vivifi$ & enliv5$ by a
 correspond+ degree ( ,,intellect2 !y   
mu/ be p]meat$ by an adequate elem5t (  
illum9at+ s\l1 or !y w fall1 a lifeless 
mass1 into *aotic ru94 ,let u rememb]   
,t trade's pr\d empire ha/es to swift   
decay1     ,z ocean sweeps ! labor$ mote
 away2     ,:il/ self-dep5d5t p[] c "t  
defy1     ,z rocks resi/ ! bill[s & !   
sky4     ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,slav]y4         
,,introduction4  ,,african ,,slav]y is1 
at pres5t1 ! subject ( all-absorb+      
int]e/ to ! ,am]ican m9d2 =1 our p1     
almo/ intoxicat$ ) _! own fre$om1 seem  
unsatisfi$ ) ^? manifold bless+s acquir$
 by ! labors ( _! sires2 & :ile !y are  

consci\s ( n excell+ !m 9 wisdom1       
virtue1 or valor1 !y are becom+ ideal1 &
 seem will+ to sacrifice ! practical1   
safe rules ( republican action1 = m]e   
idealisms1 born 9 ! dizzy sph]e ( _! own
 ov]-wr\ght imag9ations4 ,!y tremble at 
! "n ( ,wa%+ton1 ^: purity & moral p[]  
%$ lu/re ^u ! "n ( man1 & !y wor%ip him 
z a god2 b :ile ! ,,real ,,wa%+ton      
comm&s ! homage ( mank9d1 & /&s !       
int]m$iate betwe5 ! race ( m5 & !       
,inf9ite1 we f9d ! imag9ations ( m5     
ignor+ reason1 & emb>k$ ^u a voyage     
a]ial1 amid ! cl\ds4 ,!re !y revel high 
above ! m\nta9 tops ( ,wa%+ton1         
,jeff]son1 & ,frankl91 :]e ! atmosph]e  
is pure1 :]e ! light is cle>1 & :]e !   
lightn+s play2 b1 alas = human weakness 
& frailty6 !y are !re only 9 imag9ation1
 ?\gh ! spl5did illusion is to !m a     
reality1 & ! pleas+ dream ( ideal       
beauty1 :i*1 by ! magic p[] (           
transmutation1 annihilates or oblit]ates
 ! reason & memory1 de/roys ^?          
di/9ctions ( great & little1 "r & wrong1

 weakness & p[]1 :i* nature has         
arbitr>ily made1 & ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d  
recogniz$ z fundam5tal2 ^u :i* all law  
is bas$1 & all ord] & civilization      
su/a9$ & advanc$1 = ! security &        
elevation ( nations & ( m54   ,,!       
,,ideal ,,& ,,! ,,real  ,?is ideal      
elem5t s pr$om9ates1 9 consequ5ce ( ov] 
or false culture2 by ! read+ ( a spuri\s
 lit]ature1 :i* dwells 9 ! regions (    
fiction & romance1 to ! proportionate   
neglect ( ! /irr+ incid5ts ( our "t1 :i*
 actually g to make up true hi/ory--:i* 
seem m>vell\s en\gh ( !mselves1 )\t !   
necessity ( inv5tion1 or ! aid (        
artificial novelties1 except = m]e      
embelli%m5t4  ,x w\ld seem t ! rise &   
progress ( ?is ,republic2 ! spread ( our
 ocean comm]ce2 ! build+ ( a ?\s&       
cities2 ! ru% ( ! _w to our %ores2 !    
peopl+ ( our b\ndless pla9s2 ! rapid    
bir? ( new ,/ates into our ,union2 !    
triumph ( our arms2 our repeat$         
accessions ( t]ritory2 our m>itime &    
comm]cial sup]iority2 our =eign         

discov]ies2 our inv5tions 9 me*anism2   
our discov]ies 9 sci5ce2 ! use ( /eam1 &
 electricity2 our /atesman%ip1 & =eign  
diplomacy2 a ?\s& miracul\s incid5ts (  
individual ent]prise & success2 !       
discov]y ( gold1 ( silv]1 & iron2 our   
int]nal improvem5ts & meliorations2 our 
national pre/ige2 & f9ally1 our         
greatness & glory z a nation1--ought to 
suffice = any reasonable conception ( ! 
m>vell\s1 z !y out/rip ! m ignoble      
creations ( fancy1 & absolutely invade !
 =m] doma9 ( fiction & romance4 ,h5ce ! 
seem+ pu]ility ( fiction :5 contra/$ )  
^! m wondr\s ph5om5a ( fact4 ,!         
sub/itution ( fiction = fact is1 !re=e1 
unnecess>y & absurd1 z x defeats ! v    
purpose int5d$1 by its own inf]iority4  
,its *ief effect1 !n1 is b to mislead ! 
m9d4  ,let u1 !n1 control ! imag9ation2 
disc>d ! ideal 9 practical affairs1 hold
 x 9 its sph]e1 & adopt ! ,,real1 9 ord]
 t by ! ex]cise ( "r reason we may be   
enabl$ to consid] ! pres5t subject z x  
is1 & n z x w\ld be :5 weigh$ 9 ! scale 

( ! ideal2 = 9 ?is way1 & ?is alone1 c  
we come to j conclusions1 & our labors  
result 9 practical b5efit to ^? mo/     
conc]n$ 9 ! premises4 ,9 ! _s ( tru?1 ( 
c&or1 ( sob] reality1 let u1 !re=e1     
approa* ! subject ( ,am]ican ,slav]y4   
,,! ,,negro ,,ev] ,a ,,slave4  ,! ,negro
 has be5 a slave f "t immemorial4 ,?is  
is %[n f ! e>lie/ ,egyptian monum5ts1   
pa9t+s1 & traditions4 ,h]odotus1 ! fa!r 
( ,grecian ,hi/ory1 tells u ( negro     
slav]y 9 ,anci5t ,greece4 ,x exi/$ 9    
,rome also4 ,dur+ ! t5? c5tury ( !      
,*ri/ian era1 ! ,moors1 f ,b>b>y1       
e/abli%$ an ext5sive traffic 9 ! cities 
( ,nigritia1 :]e !y b\ght l>ge numb]s ( 
slaves2 & ! m]*ants ( ,seville br\ght   
slaves f ! we/]n coa/ ( ,africa1 &      
e/abli%$ slav]y 9 t city1 & 9 ,&alusia1 
long be=e ! "t ( ,columbus4#a ,x is also
 a curi\s fact 9 hi/ory1 t ,hanno1 !    
great ,c>?ag5ian comm&] & discov]]1 hav+
 explor$ ,africa f ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt>
 to ! b\nds ( ,arabia1 br\ght back to   
,c>?age a c>go ( ourang-outangs1 :i* he 

suppos$ to be ,negro m5 & wom52 %[+ m   
hi/orically 8 e/imate ( ,african "*1 ?an
 8 famili>ity ) ,natural ,hi/ory4 ,!    
,negro has ev] be5 a slave2#b & x is to 
be consid]$ :e!r 8 quick & sudd5        
transition f slav]y to fre$om1 by       
emancipation1 is probable or possible1  
or is sanction$ by ! hi/ory ( human     
developm5t & progress4   ,,two ,,phases 
,,( ,,slav]y4  ,slav]y has two phases2 !
 moral1 :i* involves ! ,,"r1 & !        
prud5tial1 :i* is ! exp$i5t4 ,b /rictly1
 ! moral is ! pr9cipal & controll+ view 
( ! subject1 & t :i* has made & w       
cont9ually con/itute ! crit]ion ( action
 f :i* ! exp$i5cy is d$uc$1 & ! anomaly 
( slav]y 9 our ,republic und]/ood1 !    
p>adox ( a slavehold+ democracy expla9$1
 & ! in/itution ( slav]y ju/ifi$ ) human
 equality1 by ju/ly discrim9at+ betwe5  
b>b>ism & humanity1 civilization &      
savagism1 ju/ice & inju/ice1 "r & wrong4
   ,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,slav]y4  ,i ass]t ! "r
 & ju/ice ( slav]y1 & f\nd my argum5ts  
on ! subject 9 "r alone4 ,if x c be %[n 

to be "r1 !n x is exp$i5t2 if wrong1 !n 
x _c be %[n to be exp$i5t1 &1 if        
possible1 x ought to be aboli%$4 ,x is !
 idea ( ! wrong ( slav]y :i* has misl$1 
& is cont9u+ to mislead1 ! ,am]ican m9d4
  ,by :at process ( reason+1 !n1 c      
slav]y be %[n to be j8 ,i answ]1 because
 ,,"r holds a j & h]$it>y control ov]   
wrong4 ,i answ]1 t x is "r t b>b>ism    
%\ld subs]ve civilization4 ,i ass]t t   
b>b>ism is wrong1 & civilization is     
,,"r2 t ! =m] conduces to ! mis]y & !   
latt] to ! happ9ess ( mank9d4           
,b>b>ism--) its pagan idolatries1 its   
mon/r\s sup]/itions1 its devil-wor%ip1  
its false religi\s rites1 its hea!n     
orgies1 its cruelties1 its              
cannibalism--is wrong4 ,:o w d5y ?is8   
,:o are its apologi/s & advocates8 ,let 
!m /& =? & %[ ! "r ( b>b>ism6 ,let u h a
 homily on its beauties6 let !m picture 
to u ! meliorations ( cannibalism6 ,w   
any "o d x8 ,no2 x is a self-evid5t     
wrong4 ,to attempt1 ev51 to prove x     
wrong1 w\ld seem to be a "w (           

sup]]ogation4 ,b>b>ism x repugnant to ! 
common s5se ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race2 a   
violation ( ! consci5ce ( civilization4 
,cannibalism is an almo/ inconceivable  
outrage aga9/ all "r1 9 moral1 social1  
or ev5 sup]ior animal exi/5ce4 ,few     
animals or ev5 reptiles dev\r _! k9d4 ,x
 is1 !re=e1 an act repugnant to human   
nature1 & 9 violation ( ! am5ities ev5 (
 a nobl] animal exi/5ce4 ,9 a ^w1 x is  
unmitigat$ wrong1 %[+ its subjects &    
vot>ies to be inc>nate devils4          
,,b>b>ism ,,( ,,! ,,african ,,race4  ,! 
,african race is a race ( b>b>ians1 &   
civilization to t race w\ld be an       
artificial /ate ( exi/5ce4#c ,! ve/iges 
( b>b>ism *>act]ize ! ,african1 9 8     
normal /ate4 ,! lat5t pr9ciple (        
cannibalism1 lurks1 9 dormant en]gy1 )9 
! v core ( 8 be+1 & con/itutes a prom95t
 *>act]i/ic ( 8 animal exi/5ce4 ,!      
economy & ord] ( nature is no less m>k$ 
9 ! c>nivor\s ?an 9 ! h]bivor\s mammalia
 & quadrumana2 & al?\gh _! physical     
di/9ctions are n always s m>k$ z to r5d]

 app>5t1 to sup]ficial obs]vation1 !    
uses & functions ( _! entire organism1  
yet sci5ce has be5 a tol]ably fai?ful   
int]pret] ( cause & effect1 & has n     
fail$ to recognize ^? organic qualities1
 & ! /ructural adaptability ( ! ,african
 race1 :i* qualify x = its mission z !  
repres5tative ( b>b>ic fury &           
degradation1 & ! type1 9 human =m1 ( t  
*aotic elem5t ( self-annihilation1 :i*  
nature has k9dly re/rict$ to ! fewe/    
numb] ( ! l[e/ ord]s ( animat$ be+4#d ,!
 inhabitants ( ,s\!rn & ,c5tral ,africa1
 f :5ce our slaves are drawn1 !         
,feejeean1 ! ,caffr>ian1 ! ,new-,zeal&]1
 & ! ,hott5tot1 are /amp$ by nature ) ! 
unmi/akable "* ( unmitigat$ b>b>ism1 &  
absolute antagonism to civilization2 &  
_! improvem5t :5 br\ght 9 contact )     
civilization is s sl[ z almo/ to escape 
detection4 ,inde$ x is d\btful :e!r !   
arts ( ,european & ,am]ican civilization
 h succe$$ 9 s fasc9at+ ! ,african race 
among u z to w>rant ! expectation (     
p]man5cy to ! colony ( ,lib]ia1 except f

 ! light reflect$ by con/ant & cont9u$  
emigration2 & x is believ$1 by _m %rewd 
philan?ropi/s ^: ef=ts h be5 long devot$
 to ! cause ( ,african colonization1 t  
%\ld emigration to ! colony cease1 !    
,negroes !re w\ld imm$iately relapse    
into _! =m] habits & cu/oms1 &          
ultimately resume _! orig9al "* (       
cannibals4   ,,! ,,african ,,n ,,int5d$ 
,,= ,,fre$om4  ,no race w rema9 slaves  
:i* ! ,god ( nature int5d$1 or :i* is   
fit1 to be free2 & x is ! hi/ory ( !    
,african 9 ?is c\ntry1 t ! m fit to be  
free ! m he is incl9$ to rema9 a slave4 
,t portion ( ! ,african race "h :i* h   
be5 mo/ b5efit$ by our civilization1    
scorn ! false philan?ropy :i* w\ld      
re/ore !m to b>b>ism1 & beg ! immunity (
 p]petual ?ralldom4 ,?is is a cle> pro( 
t ! ,african is n int5d$ = fre$om1 & at 
! same "t %[s t in/9ct tea*es him1 z x  
tea*es all our dome/ic animals1 to "k ! 
pa? ( safety bett] ?an x c be le>n$ 9 ! 
s*ool ( fanaticism1 or f ! dialect (    
fools4  ,x is1 !re=e1 9 ! philosophical 

aspect ( ! subject1 9 :i* x %\ld be     
view$1 s9ce philosophy se>*es d[n into !
 deep recesses ( nature1 & drags to     
light ^? hide\s de=mities ( a race (    
b>b>ians1 ^: inh]5t passions revel 9 a  
sph]e inf9itely b5ea? ! dignity ( our   
dome/ic animals1 & f ^: fr5zi$ rage =   
self-annihilation1 enk9dl$ by a morbid  
desire to dev\r _! k9d1 ! g5tl] bea/s ( 
! =e/ turn away 9 disgu/1 & humanity    
%r9ks back ) unmitigat$ horror6         
,,b>b>ism ,,%\ld ,,subs]ve              
,,civilization4  ,to say1 !n1 t x is ,,j
 t b>b>ism %\ld subs]ve civilization is 
a laconical axiom1 :i* decides a pla9 "q
 ( "r & wrong4 ,! wrong is1 t ! ,african
 is a b>b>ian1 & dev\rs 8 k9d2 ! "r is1 
t 9 8 s]vice due & r5d]$ to             
civilization1 he receives its           
protection1 & is compell$ to =ego !1 to 
him1 exquisite pleasure ( dev\r+ 8 k9d4 
,x w be obs]v$ t ?is view ( ! subject   
ju/ifies1 n only ! p]petuation1 b !     
inception ( slav]y1 & r5d]s emancipation
 absurd & cruel1 & ! inception ( slav]y 

j2 leav+ ! cont9u$ transf] ( b>b>ians to
 ! mid/ ( civiliz$ communities1 a "r1 ! 
ex]cise ( :i* c\ld n involve or         
sacrifice any "r ( ! b>b>ian1 b mu/     
dep5d ^u ! enlight5$ decision (         
civilization1 z to ! reciprocal b5efits 
to be d]iv$ !refrom4 ,! consci5ce (     
civilization is ! tribunal at :i* to try
 b>b>ism1 z well z e o!r grade ( inf]ior
 subjective exi/5ce4 ,x /&s above &     
controls all bel[ x4 ,! consci5ce (     
civilization decides bo? ! "r to summon 
! b>b>ian1 & to hold him subject to its 
dictates2 to weigh ! b5efits to         
civilization aga9/ ! evils result+ f !  
adoption ( ! elem5t ( ?is sup]-animal   
=ce z an aid to civilization4           
,civilization decid+ to take & hold !   
b>b>ian1 x becomes "r by ! decision ( ! 
highe/ arbit]4 ,! tak+ ( ! b>b>ian1 & 8 
employm5t z an adjunct ( civilization1  
be+ 9 consequ5ce ( 8 moral del9qu5cy1 & 
8 consequ5t m5tal imbecility1 is no     
arrogation ( "r1 because x is j2 x is no
 assumption ( "r1 because ! empire ( "r 

is univ]sal2 x is no violation ( "r1    
because ! act 9 itself is ! ex]cise ( ! 
pr]ogative ( "r1 ( ju/ice1 9            
civilization1 to suppress wrong & compel
 x to subs]ve "r4 ,9 ?is view           
emancipation is no less unju/ to !      
,african ?an oppos$ to ! law ( "r4 ,to  
seize him & drag him away to b>b>ism1   
aga9/ 8 w1 is an act 9 favor ( b>b>ism &
 9 violation ( "r4 ,x re/ores to b>b>ism
 its victim1 & robs ! ,african ( 8      
suppos$ natural pr]ogative & *oice1 (   
s]vice to civilization4 ,! act1 (       
itself1 is ! abnegation ( t same "r :i* 
x is design$ or int5d$ to ass]t4   ,,!  
,,african',s ,,av]sion ,,to             
,,colonization4  ,g ask ! ,african 8    
op9ion ( ,lib]ia6 ,consult him z to !   
*oice ( 8 future home4 ,he looks ^u ?is 
l& z a p>adise1 & ^u t ) in/9ctive dread
 & appreh5sion4 ,g ask ! v slaves ( !   
inv5tor ( ,c5tral ,am]ican ,colonization
 7t dev\t apo/le ( political            
philan?ropy1 & mo/ zeal\s advocate (    
emancipation71 g ask 8 slaves _! op9ion 

( ! m]its ( _! ma/]'s inv5tion1 & _!    
faces w k9dle ) ! half +5u\s blu% (     
consci\s degradation1 z !y d5\nce 8     
project1 z ! la/ device ( insol5ce to   
degrade & oppress !m4                   
,,impracticability ,,( ,,colonization4  
,! impracticability ( ,african          
colonization#e _h long s9ce become a    
=egone conclusion1 s f> z x c\ld be made
 applicable to ! pres5t or prospective  
transf] ( #d1jjj1jjj ( negroes f ?is    
republic to ,lib]ia4 ,a ma!matical      
solution ( t problem %[s ! co/ ( pur*ase
 & transportation to be no less a sum   
?an #b1djj1jjj1jjj1 or t5 times ! am\nt 
( all ! gold & silv] co9 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates4 ,! pur*ase ( ^! ,negroes1 alone1
 w\ld co/ #b1jjj1jjj1jjj1 or eight times
 ! am\nt ( all our co92 & if we add to  
?is ! co/ ( transportation to ,c5tral   
,am]ica1 ! entire co/ w\ld n be less ?an
 #b1bjj1jjj1jjj4 ,x w be se5 t "o s*eme 
is z practicable z ! o!r2 & ! alt]native
 rema9s1 ( ei!r robb+ ! p ( ne>ly half !
 ,/ates ( ! ,union ( _! prop]ty1 or !   

,negro mu/ rema9 a slave4 ,no sane man w
 say t ! pur*ase ( ?is prop]ty is       
practicable or possible4 ,fancy1 if y   
please1 ! ,negroes b\ght & paid =2 !    
e/ates ( all ! p ( ?is c\ntry involv$ 9 
! va9 *im]a ( transf]r+ to our ,s\!rn   
,/ates1 9 remun]ation1 all ! co9 9      
,europe & ,am]ica1 & all t w be add$    
!reto 9 a hundr$ ye>s to come1 & y h a  
picture n v sugge/ive ( practicability  
or exp$i5cy4  ,b1 ev5 if ! citiz5s ( our
 ,s\!rn ,/ates %\ld magnanim\sly propose
 ! totally improbable act ( volunt>y &  
gratuit\s manumission ( _! slaves1 = !  
purpose ( elevat+ !m to political       
equality1 :at w\ld be ! effect ^u our   
c\ntry8 ,?ree millions & a half (       
,negroes let loose ^u our community1 9  
competition1 9 ! ma9 dep>tm5ts (        
indu/ry1 ) free :ite labor4 ,or w\ld y1 
9 accordance ) ! legislation ( _m ( !   
,/ates1 exclude ! negro f ! ,nor!rn1    
,middle1 & ,we/]n ,/ates1 & !           
,t]ritories1 & ?us1 by conf9+ him to !  
,s\?1 give him political prepond]ance   

ov] ! :ite man 9 _m ( ! ,/ates ( !      
,union8 ,imag9e ! pure cry/al pill>s (  
?is temple ( fre$om turn$ to ebony2 !   
radiant eyes ( ,fre$om's ,goddess %ock$ 
at ! gloomy spectacle ( symbolic night1 
& suffus$ ) te>s at su* a desecration ( 
h] %r9e6   ,,gradual ,,or ,,prospective 
,,emancipation4  ,!re is ano!r popul>   
idea ( emancipation1 :i* is unju/1      
fallaci\s1 & impossible ( application4  
,x is kn[n by ! speci\s ?\gh plausible  
appellation ( gradual or prospective    
emancipation2 by :i* x is propos$ to    
de/roy1 by legislation1 ! productiv5ess 
& ! value ( ?is species ( prop]ty1 aft] 
a limit$ p]iod1 by decl>+ ! confiscation
 ( its increase4 ,?is has be5 tri$ by   
mi/ak5 philan?ropy1 or by organiz$      
duplicity1 ) no o!r effect b to transf] 
! slaves f ,/ate to ,/ate1 & f ! ,nor?  
to ! ,s\?2 b :ile ?is process has be5   
go+ on1 ! numb] ( slaves 9 ! ,unit$     
,/ates has increas$ m ?an f\r-fold1--f  
less ?an "o to m ?an f\r millions4 ,?is 
is emancipation ) a v5geance4 ,9 ?is    

ratio1 prospective or gradual           
emancipation w\ld give u1 9 sev5ty ye>s 
m1 #af1jjj1jjj slaves4 ,x w be se5 t ?is
 process is n emancipation1 b m]ely     
transposition1 or *ange ( locality4 ,! v
 "n ( emancipation1 ?us appli$1 is a    
misnom]4   ,,( ,,p>tial ,,legislation4  
,b ( ! inju/ice ( t p>tial legislation  
:i* w\ld discrim9ate aga9/ ! prop]ty (  
"o class ( citiz5s1 to de/roy its value1
 by propos+ ! confiscation ( its        
increase1 or exclud+ x f ! ,/ate1--?is  
is oppression4 ,x may be submitt$ to1 b 
x is unju/1 p>tial legislation1 & an    
arbitr>y act ( tyranny1 & if p]si/$ 9 w1
 "s day1 lead to w>4 ,besides1 x does n 
effect ! purpose int5d$4 ,x does n      
dim9i% slav]y1 b only *anges its        
locality4 ,:at w\ld be said if x 7      
attempt$ to invalidate any o!r species (
 prop]ty1 by ! confiscation ( its       
increase1 or an attempt to legislate x  
out ( ! ,/ate8 ,to decl>e by legislation
 a =feiture ( r5ts ( h\ses or l&s1 aft] 
a specifi$ p]iod1 or ! increase ( any   

species ( /ocks1 or o!r prop]ty8 ,:at is
 ?is b agr>ianism8 :at b ! fir/ bl[ ( ! 
level]s8 ,& if ?is is done ) impunity1  
h[ long be=e "s o!r species ( prop]ty1 9
 ! %ape ( fanci$ sup]flu\s individual   
weal?1 w also be confiscat$8 ,!re is no 
safety 9 e/abli%+ su* a prec$5t4        
,,purposes ,,( ,,briti% ,,emancipation4 
,emancipation contemplates ! social &   
political equality ( ! races4 ,x        
proposes to mix ! pure ,anglo-,saxon    
blood ) ! d>k blood ( ,e?iopia6 ,x      
proposes ! amalgamation ( civilization )
 b>b>ism4 ,x proposes ! debasem5t &     
d[nfall ( ?is ,republic1 & ! erection ^u
 its ru9s ( a mighty milit>y despotism4 
,! ali5ation ( t fri5dly s5tim5t &      
bro!rly affection :i* exi/$ among our p 
9 ! days ( ! ,revolution1 is prophetic (
 ?is2 & unless reason resume h] seat1 & 
! convuls$ sea ( ,am]ican m9d1 n[ la%$  
to fury by bl9d zealots & ,european     
emiss>ies among u1 be calm$1 & ! angry  
wave ( fanaticism be /ay$1 su* w mo/    
c]ta9ly be ! sad & />tl+ consummation4  

,,( ,,! ,,"r ,,to ,,enslave ,,!         
,,b>b>ian4  ,x is pret5d$ by c]ta9      
sophi/s & vision>y !ori/s1 t ! ,,"r does
 n exi/ to enslave ! b>b>ian2 t to ass]t
 su* "r is fatal to ! pr9ciple ( human  
equality4 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t b>b>ity is
 n humanity1 b its opposite1 & ! "r ( ! 
"o to control ! o!r is support$ by law1 
f\nd$ ^u ! immutable pr9ciples ( ju/ice4
 ,! exp]i5ce ( mank9d has demon/rat$1 & 
! judgm5t ( mank9d has decid$1 t c]ta9  
acts are wrong 9 !mselves2 t to kill is 
an act abhorr5t to ! s\l ( man1 & z x is
 also a violation ( natural "r1 ! murd]]
 %all die--t 9 8 dea? an elem5t ( *aos &
 de/ruction1 9 him1 is annihilat$--& !  
pr9ciple or elem5t ( murd] 9 ! wick$ be 
!reby repress$4 ,"h is an in/ance :]e9 !
 "r is ass]t$1 to take1 n only ! lib]ty1
 b ! life ( an individual4 ,"s d5y ?is  
"r1 b !y d n d5y ! "r to deprive !      
murd]] ( 8 lib]ty4 ,all w agree t !     
murd]] %all1 at lea/1 be depriv$ ( 8    
lib]ty4 ,s ) o!r crimes4 ,!re is a      
tol]able agreem5t 9 civiliz$            

communities1 t = c]ta9 crimes m5 %all be
 depriv$ ( _! natural "r to fre$om4 ,s1 
! pr9ciple is e/abli%$1 t communities h 
! "r to deprive m5 ( _! lib]ties4 ,laws 
are e/abli%$ & execut$ by ?is pr9ciple4 
,e ,/ate1 & almo/ e small community1    
endorses ?is pr9ciple1 & con/antly      
illu/rates x by ! puni%m5t ( (f5d]s     
aga9/ law1 :o are conf9$ 9 jails &      
prisons4 ,& x is folly to d5y a "r f\nd$
 ^u ! univ]sal usage & exp]i5ce (       
mank9d4 ,s ) nations4 ,did we n repress 
! wrong ex]cis$ aga9/ u by ,mexico &    
,alg]ia8 ,did we n ev5 d5y ! "r (       
m>itime isolation to ,japan1 on ! score 
( cruelty or neglect$ hospitality to our
 %ipwreck$ m>9]s8 ,suppose %e slay our  
ambassador1 or our resid5t m9i/]2 w\ld  
we n /ill fur!r =ce ^u h]1 9 a summ>y   
mann]1 ^? well-kn[n rules ( law1 &      
am5ities ( civilization1 & pr9ciples (  
ju/ice1 :i* are proclaim$ to be "r by ! 
unit$ voice ( nations8  ,we are consid]+
 ! subject ( ! enslavem5t ( ! ,african  
race 9 ?is ,republic4 ,we are inquir+   

into ! ,,"r ( ,african ,slav]y4 ,we h   
ass]t$ ! "r ( slav]y1 z f\nd$ ^u !      
pr9ciple t univ]sal "r holds a j &      
h]$it>y control ov] wrong2 & z !        
,african is a race ( b>b>ians1 & b>b>ism
 is wrong1 x foll[s t x is ! "r (       
civilization to hold ! ,african subject 
to ^? rules ( ju/ice :i* p]ta9 to       
civilization1 & to protect him f !      
inju/ice1 viol5ce1 & degradation1 :i*   
are ! concomitants ( b>b>ism4 ,to d5y   
?is is to d5y ! sup]iority ( ,,"r ov]   
wrong4 ,he :o d5ies ?is1 becomes !      
advocate ( b>b>ism2 =1 b>b>ism be+ bel[ 
civilization1 he ass]ts its equality )  
civilization1 & ?us becomes its apologi/
 & advocate4   ,,violation ,,( ,,natural
 ,,"r4  ,su* an "o w claim t involunt>y 
labor p]=m$ by ! ,african1 9 behalf (   
civilization2 or ! production1 by 8     
labor1 ( mat]ial or fabrics to hide 8   
nak$ness1 or adorn ! human race1 or     
protect !m f ! cold1 degrades ! b>b>ian1
 because x encroa*es ^u 8 natural "r to 
g nak$ & h\seless1 & p]i% ) ! cold4 ,he 

is q primitive 9 8 ideas ( dress1 &     
ought to emigrate to a w>m climate1 l   
,s\? ,africa or ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e !     
elem5ts ( nature d n conspire )         
civilization to degrade & oppress him4  
,he p]ceives t our unju/ & oppressive   
laws actually puni%1 z an (f5se1 !      
exposure to view ( man's natural ext]nal
 beauties6 ,?is is ab\t z f> z x is safe
 to g on ! subject ( natural "r1 bo? f  
consid]ations ( propriety & mode/y1 &   
also1 z x almo/ am\nts to a digression f
 ! subject imm$iately "u consid]ation2 b
 we are m]ely foll[+ ! advocate (       
emancipation1 on ! score ( equality &   
natural "r1 j :]e 8 pr9ciples lead him2 
& z x =cibly sugge/s ! inexp$i5cy (     
emancipation1 & consequ5t b>b>ism1 on ! 
score ( morality & dec5cy1 x seems      
entirely apposite to ! subject4  ,b x is
 claim$ by "s1 t ! ,african slave "h has
 ceas$ to be a b>b>ian1 :i* ,i d5y4 ,8  
nature is n ess5tially *ang$2 8 habits  
are =c$2 & he w\ld at once fall1 z he   
has fall51 & is fall+1 9 ,san ,dom+o1   

,jamaica1 & ,canada1 b = co]cion4 ,x is1
 !re=e1 an ext]nal p[] :i* holds him up1
 & no innate pr9ciple )9 him4   ,,!     
,,debt ,,( ,,! ,,b>b>ian4  ,b ev5 =     
argum5t1 admitt+ ! ,african 7 civiliz$1 
/ill he is n legally entitl$ to 8       
fre$om4 ,:y8 ,because on acc\nt ( 8     
b>b>ism he became ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 :o 
has a ve/$ "r 9 him4 ,8 transition f    
b>b>ism to civilization 0 at ! exp5se ( 
civilization1 & he owes a j equival5t   
!re=4 ,8 debt is ! diff]5ce betwe5      
b>b>ism & civilization1 & w be e/imat$  
accord+ z ! "o 9 held high] ?an ! o!r4  
,,! ,,"r ,,( ,,! ,,african ,,to ,,rema9 
,a ,,slave4  ,if ! ,african is entitl$  
to 8 fre$om1 he is also entitl$ to !    
privilege ( rema9+ 9 s]vitude2 a        
privilege :i* n9e t5?s ( ! ,negroes 9   
?is c\ntry are well kn[n to crave4 ,b we
 d5y 8 "r ( *oice 9 ! premises4 ,8      
b>b>ism 0 ! oblivion ( 8 "r to *oose 8  
own prop] position2 & ! abs5ce ( inh]5t 
"r 9 him subjects him at once to !      
dom9ion ( univ]sal or ext]nal "r 9      

civilization4 ,8 "r ( *oice1 !re=e1 has 
no real validity1 & %\ld n ev5 be       
tol]at$ to d5\nce ! he9\s wrong ( 8     
emancipation1 & consequ5t re/oration to 
b>b>ism4 ,8 "r to rema9 a slave is n 8  
own1 b ! "r ( civilization2 & ev5 8     
will+ness to rema9 9 s]vitude1 ?\gh a   
d\ble evid5ce ( 8 b>b>ism & ( 8         
appreciation ( 8 p>tially ameliorat$    
condition z an accessory ( civilization1
 is n available 9 decid+ z to 8 pres5t  
or future condition2 because ! "r       
ex]cis$ 9 8 subjection to ! rules (     
civilization is primordial1 & sov]eign1 
& all-controll+1 z ,univ]sal ,"r1 & is 9
 no case subject to ! w ( b>b>ism4   ,,!
 ,,melioration ,,( ,,! ,,african4  ,)   
reg>d to ! degradation ( ! ,african     
slave1 t is admitt$2 b at ! same "t 8   
position z an accessory to civilization 
is f> high] ?an t :]e9 he 0 :olly !     
subject ( b>b>ism4 ,n[1 he is dignifi$  
to ! useful avocations ( ! civiliz$     
race2 le>ns _! rudim5tal arts & cu/oms1 
& me?ods ( subsi/5ce2 is subject to1 &  

protect$ by law2 becomes semi-civiliz$1 
& 9 r>e1 individual in/ances1 z a lusus 
natur1 ev5 aspires to ! nobl]           
pr]ogatives ( m9d4 ,! meane/ slave t    
we>s ! %ackle or feels ! :ip (          
civilization1 9 ! reluctant p]=mance (  
co]c$ labor1 is a f> nobl] be+ ?an !    
,african b>b>ian 9 8 native wilds4   ,,(
 ,,! ,,degradation ,,( ,,labor4  ,labor 
degrades no man4 ,labor is honorable1   
because ! products ( labor fe$ & clo! ! 
_w1 & ?us conduce to ! welf>e & happ9ess
 ( mank9d4 ,co]c$ labor is bett] ?an no 
labor4 ,co]cion itself does n necess>ily
 degrade man2 r may x ennoble & elevate1
 :5 x is ex]cis$ to summon ! b>b>ian to 
! lessons ( civilization4 ,co]cion      
degrades n ! man :om x compels to d "r2 
x only exposes t degradation :i* is !   
result ( do+ wrong4 ,! man only is      
degrad$ :o1 volunt>ily or by co]cion1   
does wrong1 or neglects to d "r4 ,to    
talk ( ! degradation ( labor1 :e!r co]c$
 or free1 is1 !re=e1 prepo/]\s4         
,,human ,,equality4  ,b ! "q (          

emancipation is />t$ & agitat$ on !     
gr\nd ( human equality4 ,x is ! suppos$ 
equality ( ! ,african ) ! :ite race1 t  
is ! pretext = emancipation1 & !        
f\ndation ( ! assum$ "r & exp$i5cy (    
emancipation4 ,x has be5 suppos$ by "s1 
t ! enunciation ( human equality 9 !    
,am]ican ,decl>ation ( ,indep5d5ce 0    
int5d$ = all ! races ( m5 9 ! _w4 ,su* a
 supposition is totally unf\nd$1 &      
unw>rantable 9 ! v nature ( ?+s4 ,9 !   
fir/ place1 x is n true2 & 9 ! next     
place1 ! writ] ( t ,decl>ation meant no 
su* ?+1 = he held slaves1 & knew _!     
inf]iority4 ,:at a mon/r\s act (        
hypocrisy & folly x w\ld h be5 9 ! au?or
 ( t in/rum5t1 & 8 cotempor>ies1 to     
decl>e t all m5 are creat$ free :5 !y   
knew millions are born slaves1 or :5 !y 
knew no equality exi/$1 ev5 ( "r1 betwe5
 ! b>b>ian & ! man ^: s5se ( ju/ice &   
p]ception ( ,,"r secur$ to him !        
approbation ( ,heav5 & 8 own consci5ce1 
by a recognition ( & ob$i5ce to ! laws (
 morality1 & con=mity to ! j rules (    

civilization4 ,!y wrote t ,decl>ation = 
:ite m51--mean+ :ite m51--because x did 
n & c\ld n apply to ! b>b>\s & savage   
nations4 ,!y saw ! _w 9 *a9s1 & knew !  
bondage ( mank9d to be ! result ( _!    
violation ( moral "r1 & _! incapacity = 
self-gov]nm5t4 ,!y e/imat$ rightly :5 !y
 ann\nc$ fre$om to ! :ite race 9 ^!     
colonies2 =1 up to ?is "t1 ! fact (     
self-gov]nm5t by our p has v]ifi$ _!    
prophetic annunciation2 b ! sages :o    
f\nd$ ?is ,republic1 exclud$1 by        
legislation1 ! ,african & ! ,indian f   
?is boon ( fre$om1 & !y & _! desc5dants 
h held ! ,african 9 ! condition (       
s]vitude4   ,,incapacity ,,( ,,! ,,m+l$ 
,,races ,,= ,,self-,,gov]nm5t4  ,! "q ( 
! enfran*isem5t ( ! ,african1 !re=e1    
involves ! "q ( ! capacity ( ! m+l$     
races = self-gov]nm5t2 a problem :i* is 
already solv$ 9 ,mexico1 9 ,jamaica1 9  
,san ,dom+o1 & sev]al ( ! ,spani%       
,am]ican ,/ates4 ,!re1 ! mix$ races h no
 common bond ( union4 ,! pr$om9ance ( "o
 petty ,/ate1 or milit>y *iefta91 is !  

signal = ! semi-b>b>\s hordes ( m+l$    
races to comb9e = ! purpose (           
de/ruction4 ,urg$ on by ! emiss>ies ( t 
colossal sup]/ition :i* ca/s its %ad[   
ov] ?is ,republic 7^: home is a =eign   
k+dom1 & ^: head is a =eign pr9ce71 !   
semi-b>b>\s hordes ( m+l$ races 9 ! ,s\?
 ,am]ican ,/ates1 are a prey to         
successive bloody revolutions1 ?r\gh t  
imbecility :i* is ! sure result ( !     
amalgamation ( civilization ) b>b>ism4  
,,wrong ,,%\ld ,,subs]ve ,,"r4  ,9      
consid]+ ! subject ( slav]y1 !re is "o  
pr9ciple :i* mu/ n1 & _c be lo/ sight (1
 z x und]lies all else1 & is ! root f   
:i* spr+s ! tree ( all k on ?is subject1
 z well z all o!rs2 to wit3 ,t ,,"r     
holds a j & h]$it>y control ov] wrong4  
,n because "r is ! /ronge/1 b because x 
is ! ,,be/4 ,x is v common :5 "r ass]ts 
its pr]ogative1 t we he> ! subjects &   
vot>ies ( wrong d5\nce ,,"r z m]e might4
 ,?is is a common foible ( vice1 to     
conceal its own de=mity2 a m]e          
subt]fuge1 :i*1 :5 pu%$ to ! wall1 vice 

adopts1 & meets ! execution] ( ju/ice ) 
! accusation t he is ! m]e in/rum5t (   
might2 ! s]vile tool ( arbitr>y p[]4    
,?is gloz+ ( vice avails n4 ,ju/ice /&s 
erect 9 ! dignity ( its own moral       
beauty1 & comm5ds itself to ! intellect 
& consci5ce ( mank9d4 ,all ! affections1
 all ! wisdom1 & all ! exp]i5ce ( m51 d 
homage at ! %r9e ( ju/ice1 z ! arbit] ( 
"r4 ,?is great moral tribunal1 e/abli%$ 
at ! dawn ( creation1 has exi/$ ?r\gh   
all "t1 & /ill exi/s2 & at ?is tribunal 
we try b>b>ism1 & f9d x to be wrong1    
because x conduces to ! mis]y &         
degradation ( m54 ,at ?is tribunal1 we  
f9d civilization to be "r1 because x    
conduces to ! happ9ess & welf>e (       
mank9d4 ,?is be+ s 7& ! man :o d5ies x1 
is a b>b>ian71 x foll[s1 t civilization1
 c>ry+ ) x ! prepond]at+ elem5ts ( "r & 
ju/ice1 holds a j & h]$it>y control ov] 
b>b>ism1 :i* is wrong4 ,:5 we ass]t1    
!re=e1 ! "r ( slav]y1 because x is j t  
b>b>ism %all subs]ve civilization1 we   
only say x is j t wrong %\ld subs]ve    

"r2--a proposition1 :i*1 c]ta9ly1 ought 
to comm5d itself to ! common s5se1 !    
intellect1 & ! consci5ce ( e good man4  
,"s ass]t t civilization %\ld subs]ve   
b>b>ism2 b :5 tri$ by our rule1 !y at   
once see t x is prepo/]\s to assume t "r
 %\ld subs]ve wrong4   ,,=feiture ,,(   
,,natural ,,"r4  ,"s propose1 t !       
advantages ( ! great & little1 ! s]v$ & 
! s]vant1 ! good & ! bad1 %\ld be       
reciprocal2 t t :i* is us$ is1 or %\ld  
be1 z mu* advantag$ 9 ! us+ z is ! us]4 
,i w\ld ask !m--:at p>ticul> advantage x
 is to ! oy/] to be dev\r$8 or :at      
return c ! e>? make to ! sun = 8 rays1  
con/antly p\r$ ^u x8 ,"s ass]t t e human
 be+ is unqualifi$ly end[$ by nature ) !
 "r ( individual fre$om4 ,?is we d5y4   
,we ass]t t b>b>ism is n humanity1 & _c 
claim to ex]cise ! pr]ogative (         
civilization1 :i* x has ignor$1 or :i* x
 nev] knew4 ,we ass]t t ! murd]] has    
=feit$ t "r2 & m ?an ?is1 ) ! elem5t (  
murd] develop$ 9 him1 orig9ally1 he nev]
 0 entitl$ to fre$om4 ,prisons1 & ev5   

dungeons1 are z necess>y & prop] z      
s*ools & colleges1 b n m s ?an s]vitude 
to ! b>b>ian4 ,!y are all appliances (  
"r & ju/ice & civilization1 n to make ! 
good subs]ve ! bad1 b to make ! bad     
subs]ve ! good4   ,,tak+ ,,! ,,exception
 ,,= ,,! ,,rule4  ,x w n d = m5 to      
pret5d t !y d n "k :i* is "r & :i* is   
wrong2 :at is civilization & :at is     
b>b>ism4 ,! exception = ! rule is z     
prop] to adopt 9 ! "o case z 9 ! o!r4   
,we _c condemn civilization = ! incid5ts
 ( bad gov]nm5t 9 "s cases1 false       
religion 9 o!rs1 & crime 9 o!rs1 :5 !   
g5]al t5or ( civilization is to protect 
! weak aga9/ ! /rong1 give security to  
life & prop]ty1 & by develop+ !         
intellect & cultivat+ ! moral faculties1
 elevate & ennoble ! race4 ,nei!r c we  
acquit b>b>ism if x af=ds occasional    
in/ances ( immod]ate in/9ct1 closely    
approximat+ to intellect1 or ev5        
intellect itself1 & moral wor?1 or !    
abs5ce ( f]ocity1 or ! pres5ce (        
positive amiability1 r5d] x possible t !

 b>b>ian is n a fi5d1 or t he may be    
s*ool$ to tol]able docility1 :ile !     
g5]al t5or ( b>b>ism is to wrong1       
cruelty1 viol5ce1 & self-annihilation4  
,,passion2 ,,sympa?y ,,misappli$4  ,nor 
w x d to ignore reason1 & adopt passion 
:5 we consid] ! subject ( slav]y4       
,passions h _! uses1 b h[ (t5 !y are    
p]v]t$6 ,reason is sometimes p]v]t$ too1
 & nev] m ?an :5 ex]cis$ aga9/ tru?1    
ju/ice1 & civilization1 & 9 favor (     
b>b>ism4 ,!re is false sympa?y1 am\nt+  
to passion1 t is bl9dly lavi%$ ^u       
objects :i* nei!r ne$ nor appreciate x4 
,we (t5 see x ex]cis$ 9 behalf ( ! brute
 animals1 ^: prop] natures are totally  
unconsci\s ( x2 :ile _! g5tl5ess &      
quietness seem to rebuke ?is %all[1     
human s5tim5tality1 z some?+ w&]+ f its 
sph]e1 or z se$ wa/$ ^u ! s&4 ,y\r      
sympa?y has its legitimate uses1 & x is 
aga9/ ! economy ( nature to misuse x1 or
 be/[ x ^u natures =eign to its own4 ,if
 we pity ! slave because he is n l      
ourselves1 we %all probably receive 8   

pity1 9 return1 = "s weakness or p[] 9  
u1 t cov]s an abyss :i* he _c fa?om1 & f
 :i* he turns away 9 t]ror4 ,he is      
adapt$ to 8 place1 & s are we1 if we are
 cont5t4   ,,p]fection ,,( ,,nature',s  
,,"w4  ,x has be5 said1 ) h[ mu* tru?   
let u consid]1      ,:]e ignorance is   
bliss1 'tis folly to be wise2  ! rev]se 
( :i* is1 ,:]e k is bliss1 'tis folly to
 be ignorant4 ,! fir/ proposition 0     
evid5tly int5d$ = ! ,negro1 & ! la/ = ! 
:ite man2 z intellectual pleasures & k  
are e/eem$ highe/ by ! latt]1 & animal  
pleasures by ! =m]4 ,happ9ess is ! aim (
 bo?2 ! diff]5ce is 9 ! mode ( atta9+ x1
 & ! degree ( x :5 atta9$4 ,! negro is  
p]fect 9 8 k9d4 ,sympa?y w n make him a 
:ite man4 ,w\ld y int]rogate nature on !
 wisdom ( h] works8 ,w\ld y d5\nce !m z 
imp]fect8 ,c y improve ^u ! ar*itecture 
( ! honey-bee1 or ! me?od ( 8           
di/illation8 or on nature's processes ( 
g]m9ation & vegetation8 ,y\r cup (      
liquid poison is b a mean equival5t = 8 
treasur$ nect>2 y\r hot-h\se culture    

yields n\ght = ! beauties ( ,flora1 nor 
! sweetness ( h] priceless p]fumes4 ,!  
spid] w\ld n be a butt]fly ev5 if y c\ld
 give him w+s4 ,! p[] to fly w\ld only  
enable him to sp9 8 web 9 air1 & obscure
 ! sunlight4 ,8 own way is be/1 bo? =   
him & man4   ,,! ,,negro ,,satisfi$ ,,) 
,,8 ,,condition4  ,reason w br+ all ?+s 
"r4 ,we mu/ take ?+s z !y ,,are1 n z    
fancy w\ld pa9t !m4 ,x is ( no use to   
get exasp]at$ because ! ,negro is d>k ( 
sk91 & because 8 inf]iority &           
degradation adapt him to ! r\gh]1 or    
rudim5tal dep>tm5ts & pursuits (        
civilization4 ,pity = him on acc\nt ( ! 
labor :i* makes 8 sleep sweet1 & 8      
dige/ion p]fect1 is ?r[n away4 ,he kn[s 
no?+ ( ! ennui ( slo?1 nor ! misan?ropy 
( idle declaim]s4 ,he has 8 rude        
affections1 & does n hate wrongs :i* he 
does n "k nor feel1 nor is he %ock$ at  
manacles :i* he _c see1 & :i* hold him f
 fall+ into ! abyss ( b>b>ism1 :5ce !y h
 lift$ him4 ,he loves 8 condition z a   
slave to civilization1 because 8 in/9ct 

tells him x is bett] ?an subjection to !
 usages & wrongs ( ! condition f :5ce he
 has ris54 ,if he is satisfi$ ) 8 pres5t
 condition1 x is f an intuitive in/9ct1 
tea*+ him 8 fitness = x1 & %[s1 by !    
sl[ness ( ! transition f b>b>ism to     
civilization1 h[ wide & deep is ! gulf  
:i* divides ! "o f ! o!r4   ,,unity ,,( 
,,! ,,african ,,races4  ,i use ! t]m    
b>b>ism 9 contradi/9ction to            
civilization1 & v respectfully ref] to  
au?orities ( repute 9 ju/ification ( ?is
 use ( ! ^w1 bo? to designate ! quality 
( ! ?+1 & ! precise locality ( its      
fitte/ application2 = al?\gh ,h]odotus  
tells u t ! ,egyptians & ,greeks appli$ 
! t]m b>b>i to all :o spoke a language  
diff]5t f _! own2 & ev5 ! ,h9doos us$   
almo/ ! same ^w to express ! quality    
indicat$1 diff]+ only by ! accid5tal    
dissimil>ity ( ! ,sanskrit or?ography1  
:i* makes x v>vv>ah or v>vv>as1 we h !  
au?ority ( ,pr(essor ,wilson1 :o says x 
means an outca/1 & 9 ano!r s5se1 woolly 
or curly hair$1 z ! hair ( ! ,african4  

,& = au?orities %[+ ! unity ( ! ,negro  
races1 dialects1 & languages1 9 ,we/]n1 
,s\!rn1 & ,c5tral ,africa1 ,i ref] to ! 
writ+s ( ,prog>t1 ,ritt]1 ,old5dorf1    
,m>sd51 ,bruseiotti1 ,h>ves1 ,gr&pre1   
,vat]1 ,salt1 ,ludolf1 & ,oldfield2 :o1 
f o!r motives ?an ^? :i* h prompt$ !    
p>tial acc\nts ( m rec5t travel]s &     
writ]s on ! subject1 h %[n conclusively1
 t ! degrees ( b>b>ism exi/+ 9 ! tribes 
inhabit+ ! ,we/]n & ,s\!rn coa/s (      
,africa1 & ! int]ior1 are1 9 fact1 m]e  
modifications ( t same b>b>ism1 produc$ 
by local causes1 & mitigat$ only by !   
=ce ( nature f )\t1 r ?an by any inh]5t 
quality belong+ to any portion ( !      
,negro race4 ,i speak ( language z !    
connect+ *a9 :i* l9ks toge!r ! v>i\s    
,african tribes1 %[+1 if n _! id5tity1  
_! imm$iate connection1 & hold+ to !    
acc\nt ( b>b>ism ^? exceptions to ! rule
 ( b>b>ism :i* sugge/ ! pretext = break+
 d[n ! b>ri]s :i* divide b>b>ism f      
civilization1 & =m ! basis ( all ! false
 philan?ropy & ef=ts ( political        

emancipation :i* are ! curse ( ! age &  
c\ntry 9 :i* we live4  ,accord+ to      
,prit*>d1 & o!rs famili> ) ! subject1 ! 
slaves export$ f ,congo1 :i* 0 long !   
pr9cipal resort ( ! ,portuguese trad]s 9
 black m51 h always be5 reg>d$ by       
slave-deal]s & plant]s z g5u9e ,negroes4
 ,if ! physical traits ( ! ,mapoota     
tribe1 :o w1 z ,i suppose1 be admitt$ to
 be und\bt$ly ( ! ,kafir race1 s fairly 
repres5t ! ,negro "*1 x w be less       
difficult to admit t ! natives (        
,mozambique & ,congo belong to ! same   
/ock4 ,all ! inhabitants ( ! great      
empire ( ,congo speak "o language1 ?\gh 
x is divid$ into a numb] ( dialects1    
includ+ ! dialect ( ,loango 9 ! nor?1 t 
( ,congo 9 ! s\?1 & ,b&a1 or idiom (    
,cassanga1 9 ! int]ior1 =m+1            
collectively1 "o ne>ly alli$ family (   
languages1 or1 9 fact1 "o language4     
,,travel]s ,,9 ,,africa4  ,s9ce         
emancipation contemplates ! transf] ( ! 
slaves to ,africa1 z ! means ( mitigat+ 
^? suppos$ evils to :i* !y are subject$1

 hav+ already e/abli%$ by way ( d]ision 
a republic !re1 ,i deem x legitimate to 
make "s inquiry into ! nature &         
condition ( ! inhabitants ( ,africa1 9  
ord] to asc]ta9 if su* a *ange w\ld be  
exp$i5t or prop]1 ) a view to !         
amelioration ( ! condition ( ! slaves4  
,( c\rse1 to d ?is1 we mu/ take ! g5]al 
au?orities ( hi/ory1 & n conf9e         
ourselves to ^? individual au?orities ( 
rec5t date1 :i* may be influ5c$ by !    
popul> delusion ( ,negro equality1 or1 =
 purposes ( ga9 or f political motives1 
h writt5 books to sell1 or be5 employ$ =
 pay to belie ! ,,kn[n ,,tru?s ,,(      
,,hi/ory4   ,,cannibalism4  ,) reg>d to 
cannibalism1 ,i dem& t ! advocates (    
emancipation ei!r adopt x z "r & prop]1 
or d5\nce x1 z ,i d1 z b5ea? ! dignity (
 ord9>y animal exi/5ce1 & z ! mo/       
disgu/+ pr]ogative ( b>b>ism4 ,probably 
!y w adopt x on ! v antique au?ority (  
,z5o1 ,diog5es1 ,*rysippius1 & ! ,/oics1
 :o e/eem$ x p]fectly reasonable = m5 to
 dev\r "o ano!r2 or because1 9 ,*9a 7&  

o!r c\ntries7 x is practic$1 :]e1       
accord+ to ,h]r]a1 "o great m>ket is    
suppli$ ) human fle% alone1 = ! bett]   
sort ( p2 or because cannibalism 0      
univ]sal be=e ! days ( ,orpheus4 ,i     
almo/ fe> le/ ! emancipationi/s1 by     
adopt+ cannibalism z "r1 ) su* high     
au?orities & prec$5ts to support _!     
position1 may endeavor to palliate      
,african cannibalism on ! gr\nd t x is n
 a monopoly1 & claim exemption f ! great
 v]dict ( mod]n civilization :i*        
d5\nces1 z =feit$ & condemn$1 ?is       
disgu/+ & lead+ cu/om ( b>b>ism4 ,b if !
 common s5se ( ! ,anglo-,saxon race did 
n almo/ univ]sally d5\nce ?is hide\s    
cu/om1 ,i w\ld br+ ,sextus ,empiricus to
 %[ t ! fir/ laws ev] enact$ 7 to prev5t
 m5 f dev\r+ ea* o!r2 & ev5 ?is may be  
decl>$1 by our sophi/ical               
emancipationi/s1 to be "o ( ! fir/      
violations ( natural "r4 ,if ! "r (     
cannibalism is claim$1 !n w nature ass]t
 its wrong1 & v9dicate civilization4 ,b 
if cannibalism is reject$ by !          

emancipationi/s1 !n let u see to :at    
dang]s & degradation he w\ld expose ! n[
 happy & cont5t$ slave4   ,,cannibalism 
,,9 ,,africa4  ,9 ! ,,univ]sal          
,,vocabul>y1 :i* is compil$ f ! v highe/
 au?ority 7p4 #bah71 we le>n t ! ,jagas1
 ( ! k+dom ( ,congo1 take pleasure 9    
eat+ "y wom56 ,& a pr9cess 0 s fond ( h]
 gallants1 t %e ate !m successively6 ,_!
 *oice/ food is w>m human blood6 ,!     
,jaga *iefta91 ,cassangi1 us$ to h a "y 
woman kill$ e day = 8 table6 ,five or   
six /rong m5 w at once de/roy & %>e !   
fle% ( a captive4 ,! wom5 are equally z 
f]oci\s z ! m51 delight+ to cleave !    
skull1 & suck ! w>m bra9 ( ! sla96 ,?is 
is solemn hi/ory1 ?\gh almo/ horribly   
incr$ible4  ,f ! same au?ority1 & o!rs1 
we le>n t sev5-eigh?s ( ,africa is at   
pres5t ei!r savage or b>b>\s4 ,?is is ! 
pres5t condition ( ,africa1 by ne>ly !  
unanim\s voice ( enlight5$ travel]s1 &  
sci5tific explor]s4  ,accord+ to        
,prit*>d1 ! ,mumbas1 a num]\s & savage p
 :o live at ! ea/ & nor!a/ ( ,te-te1 &  

at ,*icorango1 are cannibals4  ,dos     
,sanctas says1 ,!y h 9 _! pr9cipal t[n a
 slaught]-h\se1 :]e !y but*] m5 e day4  
,we le>n f ,prit*>d1 t ! ,zimbas1 or    
,mazimbas1 are a man-eat+ tribe ne>     
,s5na4 ,also1 t ! ,mla tribe slaught]   
fifte5 or tw5ty m5 e day4  ,x is a      
well-au!nticat$ fact1 t ! subjects ( !  
,great ,macaco are an?ropophagi1 or     
cannibals4 ,?is pr9ce has a c\rt s      
num]\s1 z to require two hundr$ m5 to be
 but*]$ e day to supply 8 table2 a "p ( 
!m crim9als1 & a "p slaves furni%$ 9 !  
way ( tribute4 ,x is a "p ( hi/ory1 bo? 
anci5t & mod]n1 t 9 ! m>ket-places 9 !  
pr9cipal t[ns & l>ge villages ?r\gh\t   
s\!rn1 & 9 portions ( c5tral ,africa1   
,negro fle% is sold by ! p\nd1 z        
commonly z beef or mutton is sold       
?r\gh\t ^! ,unit$ ,/ates2 & :at is      
worse1 x 9 only ! weal?y or m intellig5t
 classes :o are able to indulge 9 s     
great a luxury2 :ile ! poor] classes1 ! 
mass ( ! p1 are envi\s spectators ( !   
traffic 9 ?is s great a luxury1 z to    

tempt !m to e viol5ce & crime to enable 
!m to indulge 9 x4   ,,supremacy ,,(    
,,paganism ,,9 ,,africa4  ,?is is ! fate
 to :i* emancipation w\ld consign !     
,negro4 ,^! are a few ( ! select$       
examples ( ! horrors ( b>b>ism1 furni%$ 
by hi/orians1 sci5tific travel]s1 &     
,*ri/ian mission>ies1 ^: te/imony1 z    
eye-witnesses1 has become hi/ory dur+ ! 
la/ few hundr$ ye>s4 ,mean:ile1 ! light 
( civilization has blaz$ ^u ,africa f   
?ree qu>t]s ( ! globe1 ev5 z ! rays ( ! 
sun h envelop$ ! globe itself4          
,mission>ies f ,europe & ,am]ica1 f     
,rome1 & ,london1 & ,new ,york1 h /riv5 
) a zeal & fidelity kn[n only to        
religi\s en?usiasm1 incit$ by mutual    
emulation1 & arm$ ) ^? t]rors :i* awe ! 
s\l1 ^? allurem5ts :i* beguile !        
affections1 & ^? fasc9ations :i* enk9dle
 hope2 b !y h /riv5 9 va9 aga9/ !       
colossal p[] ( b>b>ism2 & to-day1 ^?    
hea!n orgies :i* h d>k5$ ! annals ( ! _w
 = f\r ?\s& ye>s1 are z sacr$1 to       
paganism 9 ,africa1 z are ! rites &     

c]emonies ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ,london or 9  
,rome4  ,is ?is no evid5ce ( ! unfitness
 ( ! ,african = civilization8 ,& is x j1
 9 ! sight ( heav51 to =ce him f 8      
pres5t will+ position ( s]vice to       
civilization1 & consign him to a fate m 
t]rible ?an ev5 dea? itself6   ,,!      
,,african ,,race ,,on ,,?is ,,cont95t4  
,look at ! ,african race on ?is cont95t1
 9 ?is ,republic1 9 ,canada1 & 9 !      
,isl&s ( ,san ,dom+o & ,jamaica4 ,comp>e
 ! ,african 9 ?is ,republic1 "u !       
:olesome regim5 ( civilization1 ) 8     
emancipat$ bre?r5 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 or 8
 recusant1 fugitive bro!r 9 ! ,canadas4 
,has he n advanc$ "h1 & retrograd$ !re8 
,comp>e 8 condition 9 ^! ,/ates1 ,nor? &
 ,s\?4 ,:y d ! free ,/ates enact laws to
 prohibit ! ,african f com+ into !m to  
settle8 ,is x because he is a civiliz$  
man1 an equal1 & a good citiz58 ,is x n 
r1 because ! ,anglo-,saxon race %uns !  
suppos$ contam9ation ( b>b>ism8 ,!      
wisdom ( ^! prohibitory laws w be se5 9 
! future "t2 :5 ! idea ( ,negro equality

 has become explod$ & obsolete2 aft] !  
"q ( emancipation has s]v$ its purpose 9
 political comb9ation2 b alas6 n until !
 fallacy ( negro equality has result$ 9 
a mongrel race :i* w h spread itself l !
 %ad[ ( a cl\d ov] "s ( ! faire/        
portions ( fre$om's h]itage4   ,,!      
,,african ,,is ,,deem$ ,a ,,b>b>ian ,,9 
,,! ,,nor!rn ,,/ates4  ,x w be se5 t !  
argum5ts "h advanc$ are pr$icat$1 to "s 
ext5t1 ^u ! fact t ! ,african is a      
b>b>ian4 ,t he is s 9 8 native wilds1 we
 h %[n by high au?ority4 ,t he is s 9   
?is c\ntry1 is obvi\s1 f ! fact t 9 !   
,s\? he is held a slave1 & is satisfi$ )
 8 condition2 & because1 z a race1 !    
,african 9 ?is c\ntry1 & on ?is cont95t1
 %[s n ! lea/ capacity = self-control4  
,9 ! ,s\?1 ! ,african1 9 8 be/ e/ate1 is
 a slave4 ,9 ! ,nor?1 laws are wisely   
enact$ to prev5t him f go+ !re1 because 
( 8 b>b>ism1 & because t portion ( ! mo/
 advanc$ race on e>? %r9ks f contact )  
x4 ,! fact1 !n1 ( 8 b>b>ism is su/a9$1  
fully1--by 8 normal condition 9 ,africa2

 8 condition ( retrogradation 9 ,jamaica
 & ,san ,dom+o1 :]e ! exp]im5t (        
emancipation has prov$ a failure1 :]e ! 
relapse into b>b>ism is sure &          
irrevocable2 & 9 ?is c\ntry1 :]e common 
s5se & public op9ion & public law1 bo?  
,nor? & ,s\?1 hold him 9 ! condition (  
social1 moral1 & physical vassalage &   
s]vitude1 & conf9e him effectually )9   
c]ta9 prescrib$ limits1 or hold him 9 t 
m>k$ e/imation ( inf]iority :i* makes   
him =ev] consci\s ( 8 own degradation4  
,i h felt ju/ifi$1 !re=e1 n by way (    
opprobrium1 nor 9 ! _s ( invidi\s or    
odi\s comp>ison1 to "n ! category 9 :i* 
he belongs1 & !n1 by fair moral &       
philosophical argum5t to d$uce ! ju/ice 
& "r ( civilization 9 hold+ dom9ion ov] 
him4   ,,emancipation ,,is ,,wrong4  ,x 
is n our purpose to blame ! ,african =  
be+ a b>b>ian2 b to insi/ t emancipation
 is wrong because x re/ores him to      
b>b>ism1 & t slav]y is "r because x     
holds him to ^? roles ( ju/ice :i* p]ta9
 to civilization1 & protects him f !    

inju/ice1 viol5ce1 & degradation :i* are
 ! concomitants ( b>b>ism4 ,z ! slave ( 
civilization1 he is rais$ inf9itely     
above 8 =m] condition z ! subject (     
b>b>ism4 ,he kn[s ?is1 & x satisfi$4 ,8 
in/9ct tea*es him to love 8 ma/]1       
because he is 8 protector1 & because1   
mi/ru/+ 8 own capacity = self-gov]nm5t1 
he kn[s ! necessity = a ma/]2 & in/ances
 are num]\s1 ( slaves1 hav+ misjudg$ _! 
own capacity = self-gov]nm5t1 hav+ fl$ f
 suppos$ wrongs1 !y f\nd !y 7 mi/ak5 z  
to ! means ( bett]+ _! condition1 &     
return$ to volunt>y s]vitude1 begg+1 )  
te>s1 to be aga9 admitt$ to ! sacr$     
prec9cts ( ! patri>*ial c>e4   ,,fitness
 ,,( ,,! ,,african ,,= ,,slav]y4  ,x is 
! fitness ( ?+s t makes ! ,african a    
slave4 ,8 brawny limbs1 second+ & aid+ !
 intellect ( ! sup]ior race1 con/itute !
 left h& & foot ( labor4 ,slav]y is !   
left h& ( our body politic4 ,free labor 
is ! "r h&4 ,intellect is ! head4 ,all  
comb9$1 con/itute a p[] :i* is felt &   
fe>$ by ! foes ( ?is ,republic4 ,h5ce _!

 endeavor to deta* "o portion f ! o!r1 &
 ?us weak5 ! :ole4 ,to *ange ! position 
( ! slave is to int]rupt or rev]se !    
ord] ( nature4      ,:at if ! foot1     
orda9$ ! du/ to tread1     ,or h& to    
toil1 aspir$ to be ! head8     ,:at if !
 head1 ! eye1 or e> rep9$     ,to s]ve1 
m]e eng9es ( ! rul+ m9d8     ,j z absurd
 = any "p to claim     ,to be ano!r 9   
?is g5]al frame2     ,j z absurd to m\rn
 ! tasks or pa9s     ,! great direct+   
,m9d ( ,all orda9s4   ,,absurdity ,,(   
,,negro ,,equality4  ,! tru? is1 slav]y 
is "r1 & is prov$ to be s1 not)/&+ all !
 noisy declamation we he> ab\t human    
equality4 ,! ,negro is a b>b>ian1 &     
b>b>ism is n humanity b inhumanity2 h5ce
 ! unfitness to ! case1 ( su* illogical 
reason+ z is adopt$ by ! advocates (    
,negro equality4 ,human equality1 z     
appli$ to ! ,negro1 is an idle fantasy1 
)\t ev5 ! %ad[ or semblance (           
plausibility4 ,:ite m5 are equals 9 few 
?+s2 c]ta9ly n 9 physical nor m5tal     
capacity1 nor p[]4 ,! equality decl>$ by

 our ,revolution>y ,sires 0 ! political 
equality ( :ite m54 ,let u arise f t    
le?>gy 9 :i* we h dream$ ( univ]sal     
equality1 & escape ! dang]s ( t moral & 
intellectual somnambulism 9 :i* we h be5
 grop+ to ! v]ge ( social & political   
de/ruction4   ,,am]ican ,,& ,,european  
,,radicalism4  ,?is re/less _s ( *ange1 
9 a portion ( our p1 ?is crav+ =        
univ]sal equality1 by ! bl9d victims (  
popul> fanaticism1 f9ds its p>allel 9 ! 
de/ructive elem5t ( ,european           
radicalism1 7t bane ( ,european         
democracy17 :i* mi/akes fre$om = ! "r ( 
plund]1 & ,democracy = ! "r ( popul>    
despotism4 ,x is t bl9d _s ( rage :i*   
adapts n ! means to ! end1 b ov]rea*es  
itself1 & falls a prey to its own       
cupidity1 duplicity1 & folly4           
,,inequality ,,( ,,races4  ,univ]sal    
equality1--! equality ( ! ,african ) !  
,caucasian1 or ! savage ) ! civiliz$    
races1 is no m possible ?an to bl5d "r )
 wrong4 ,! inequality exi/s 9 nature1 z 
indubitably z ! v>i$ magnitudes ( ! />s4

 ,& ! *>act]i/ics ( ! v>i\s savage races
 diff] z widely z _! v>i$ physiognomy4  
,!re is no equality among !m1 m5tal or  
physical1--n ev5 equality ( degradation4
 ,! gigantic ,patagonian1 & ! dw>fi%    
,lapl&]2 ! wild ,feejeeian1 & docile    
,gu9ea ,negro2 ! /olid ,indian1 & ant-l 
plodd] ( teem+ ,india1--are b ! outw>d  
symbols ( t contr>iety ( moral1 or r    
immoral exi/5ce :i* is ! fate ( b>b>ism4
 ,!y h no equality ( beauty nor ugl9ess1
 leanness nor obesity1 vice nor virtue1 
b v>y+ diff]5ces1 su* z ! spontane\s    
gr[? ( uncultur$ nature 9 diff]5t climes
 exhibits 9 ! vegetable & l[] ord]s ( ! 
animal creation4 ,:at a contra/ is ?is  
to t tra9$1 drill$ con=mation to ! ord] 
& prop] conv5tionalities ( civiliz$     
life1 :i* our free s*ools1 free press1  
social rites1 laws1 & cu/oms impose4    
,,quibble ,,( ,,! ,,sophi/4--,,tak+ ,,! 
,,exception ,,= ,,! ,,rule4  ,& "h comes
 ! quibble ( ! sophi/1 :o s+les out     
in/ances ( law violat$ 9 civiliz$       
communities1 & holds !m up z ! crit]ion 

by :i* to judge civilization1 &         
triumphantly exclaims1 ,lo6 ! fruits (  
civilization--( t civilization :i*      
arrogates to itself ! "r to enslave     
mank9d6 ,b ?is is m]ely a b>e p]v]sion (
 tru?4 ,he deceives no "o s mu* z       
himself1 :5 he imag9es ! _w w take !    
exception = ! ,,rule ( civilization1 or 
make x ! pretext to su/a9 b>b>ism4   ,,!
 ,,supremacy ,,( ,,m9d ,,ov] ,,matt]4   
,x is safe to ass]t t "r holds a j &    
h]$it>y control ov] wrong4 ,v]itas      
v9cit4 ,ju/ice & tru? g h& 9 h&4        
,b>b>ism mu/ b[ be=e ! g5ius (          
civilization4 ,& :at is n f\nd 9        
int]national law1 nor suppress$ by x1   
nor dictat$ by ! comm]cial rivalries (  
nations1 nor ! zeal\s diplomacy ( k+s1 w
 yet cont9ue z x ev] has1 to recognize !
 p[] ( m9d ov] matt]1 ( reason ov]      
passion1 ( intellect ov] animal exi/5ce2
 & ! dom9ion & supremacy ( writt5       
con/itutions ov] citiz5s1 communities1  
,/ates1 & empires4 ,! "r ( gov]nm5t 9   
civiliz$ ,/ates m ?an sugge/s ! "r &    

supremacy ( civilization ov] b>b>ism4 ,b
 ! "r ( m9d ov] matt]1 ( intellect ov]  
m]e animal life1 ( reason ov] passion1  
is ass]t$ ^u ! broade/ pr9ciples (      
philosophy 9 nature4 ,! ,inf9ite ,_s1   
unse51 moves ! visible mat]ial creation 
z ! creature ( 8 w4      ,he fram$ !    
univ]se1 & in/ant twirl$     ,^u its    
orbit1 ?is t]re/rial _w2     ,bid *aos  
flee1 & call$ ! glitt]+ tra9     ,(     
con/ellations to ! e!real pla92     ,he 
built ! fabric ( creation fair2     ,lit
 e sun t %9es 9 glory !re2     ,/rew$ ) 
8 h&1 to deck heav5's arg5t fields1     
,ea* />ry atom t refraction yields2     
,& holds 9 ord]1 z x moves along1       
,ea* s]aph bright1 ( ! cele/ial ?rong6  
,,%all ,,b>b>ism ,,control              
,,civilization8  ,behold ! ord] ( heav56
 ,does any passion be> sway !re8 ,!     
pond]\s globes obey ! m&ate ( spiritual 
sup]iority2 & %all ! ord] ( nature be   
rev]s$ "h1 & ! animal species "l x ov]  
m58 ,%all b>b>ism aga9 come on ! track (
 civilization1 ) fire & sword1 & ru?less

 annihilation8 ,%all civilization invoke
 ! demon ( de/ruction to its own        
d[nfall8 ,%all ! fr5zy & rage ( vision>y
 en?usia/s1 or ! d>k s*emes ( !         
emiss>ies ( despotism 9 ?is ,republic1  
lay 9 ru9s ?is fair temple ( fre$om1 !  
home1 & refuge1 & hope ( ! d[n-trodd5   
nations8   ,,! ,,rage ,,( ,,passion4    
,:at are ^! dreams ( sophi/s1 ^! vag>ies
 ( imag9ation1 ?is rage ( passion1 ?is  
p]v]sion ( reason1 & high-s\nd+         
declamation1 conf\nd+ "r ) wrong1       
civilization ) b>b>ism1 b ! p>aph]nalia 
( despotism array$ aga9/ ! lib]ties (   
mank9d8 ,emancipation is all a delusion1
 a foible1 a fantasy1 an idle dream6 ,! 
s\l & intellect ( man is heav5-d]iv$1 & 
kn[s its ord] & beauty1 & w hold 9      
abeyance ^! elem5ts ( *aos4 ,! b>b>ian  
is inde$ d>k ( sk91 & ! radiance ( a    
million con/ellations 9 a ?\s& ages w n 
*ange him1 nor ! light ( civilization   
fade to moral brightness 8 gloomy m9d6  
,,emancipation ,,( ,,! ,,:ite ,,races4  
,x w be obs]v$ t my argum5t on ! subject

 ( slav]y is new1 & is drawn f ! actual 
nature ( ! case4 ,i (f] no antique      
au?ority to su/a9 ! ,,"r ( slav]y4 ,!   
hi/ory ( ! ,african race = f\r ?\s& ye>s
 is suffici5t1 :i* is1 t 9 no c\ntry nor
 condition has t race %[n ! capacity =  
or enjoy$ self-gov]nm5t4 ,&1 inde$1     
self-gov]nm5t ) ! sup]ior :ite races is 
/ill deem$ b an exp]im5t4 ,! great mass 
( ! :ite races ev] h be51 & /ill are1   
gov]n$ by ! /rong h& ( despotism1 or by 
! m plausible1 b (ttimes n less         
diabolical p[] ( con/itutional          
sov]eignties1 or h]$it>y or revolution>y
 olig>*ies4 ,x is n1 !n1 s great a      
disp>agem5t to ! ,african t he is unfit 
= fre$om1 :5 n9e-t5?s ( ! =emo/ ( ! :ite
 races1 %[ n ! capacity to enjoy x4     
,c]ta9ly1 ! ,african is n _! sup]ior4   
,:y1 !n1 dem& = him m ?an is all[$ to ! 
sup]ior :ite races8 ,if emancipation is 
to be ?\ght (1 w\ld x n be well to      
emancipate ! :ite races fir/8   ,,!     
,,argum5t ,,invuln]able4  ,i h re/$ my  
argum5t on no antique au?ority to %[ !  

"r ( slav]y4 ,i h appeal$ to no religi\s
 dogmas to %[ ?is "r4 ,i h n ev5 avail$ 
myself ( ! :ole t5or ( sacr$ hi/ory to  
ju/ify x1 :i* has be5 done h]et(ore by  
o!rs1 & done 9 va94 ,i h n labor$ to    
produce a volum9\s collation ( o!r m5's 
op9ions to swell my pages4 ,sacr$ hi/ory
 is 9 ! h&s ( all1 & its tea*+s ne$ n my
 endorsem5t1 recomm5dation1 nor         
reit]ation4 ,inde$1 if ! "r ( slav]y "h 
ass]t$ is n bas$ ^u tru?1 & if x does n 
comm5d itself to ! unbias$ judgm5t ( my 
c\ntrym51 !n ,i dem& t !y disc>d x4 ,i  
ask if ! argum5t "h advanc$1 has be5 or 
c be refut$8 ,if x c be1 let x be done  
fairly1 op5ly1 & )\t circumv5tion4 ,let 
x be %[n t b>b>ism ought n to subs]ve   
civilization4 ,let x be %[n t           
civilization is wrong1 because x does n 
conduce to ! well-be+ & happ9ess (      
mank9d2 let x be %[n t b>b>ism is "r    
because x does ?is4 ,let ! apologi/s &  
advocates ( b>b>ism %[ its equality )   
civilization4 ,let x be d5i$1 & ! d5ial 
prov$1 t ! laws ( univ]sal "r & ju/ice  

hold true & heav5-d]iv$ supremacy ov]   
wrong4 ,let x be %[n t ! slave-own] has 
no legal "r ( prop]ty 9 8 slaves4 ,or1  
if x be admitt$ t he has su* "r1 let any
 possible process ( emancipation be     
po9t$ out4 ,w ! viol5t d5unciations (   
fanaticism induce him to free 8 slaves8 
,does ! divid$ s5tim5t & feel+ ev9c$ 9  
ev5 ! division ( ! *ur*es nor? & s\?1   
indicate ! will+ness ( ! own]s to free  
_! slaves8 ,if n1 !n by :at means are !y
 to be set free8 ,is x to be by pur*ase8
 & if s1 is x propos$ to pay ! value ( !
 slaves8 & h[8 ,let x be %[n t ! pur*ase
 & transportation ( #d1jjj1jjj (        
,negroes to ,africa w co/ less ?an      
#b1djj1jjj1jjj2 or to ,c5tral ,am]ica   
less ?an #b1bjj1jjj1jjj4 ,let x be %[n  
to be exp$i5t1 practicable1 or possible 
to d ?is2 & ev5 if done1 let x be %[n to
 be a b5efit to ! slave or ! ma/]2 a    
b5efit ei!r to civilization or b>b>ism4 
,if none ( ^! ?+s c be %[n1 & ,i av] !y 
_c1 !n h[ ab\t ! la/ />tl+ alt]native ( 
robb+ ! slave-own] ( 8 prop]ty8 ( !     

free+ ( ! ,negroes by s]vile            
insurrection & civil w>8 ,:at w\ld be ! 
co/ 9 blood & treasure to effect ?is8 & 
! probable result ( su* an ef=t at      
emancipation1 on ! fre$om & civilization
 ( ! _w8   ,,:y ,,engl& ,,aboli%$ ,,!   
,,slave ,,trade1--,,h] ,,dread ,,( ,,our
 ,,greatness ,,& ,,p[]4  ,! tru? is1 !  
slave trade 0 aboli%$ by ,briti% & ,tory
 influ5ce1 at ab\t ! "t ( ! ,am]ican    
,revolution1 :5 slav]y1 z an adjunct (  
colonial vassalage1 c\ld no long]       
subs]ve ! int]e/s ( ,briti% comm]ce4    
,?is 0 _! fir/ success 9 circumv5t+ u4  
,h] complicity 9 ! ,cooley trade is an  
evid5ce ( ?is4 ,%e is will+ to morally  
damn h]self = purposes ( mon>*ical      
intrigue1 9 ord] to supplant u4 ,our    
agriculture & comm]ce1 & rapidly        
accumulat+ weal? & p[]1 & republican    
glory1 are too mu* = h]4 ,our example ( 
success 9 fre$om tempts ! loyalty ( !   
mo/ enlight5$ subjects ( ! ,briti% cr[n4
 ,! fasc9ations ( fre$om beguile ! ard5t
 & noble aspirations ( ! ,engli%        

democracy1 & ,britannia1 ) h] antiquat$ 
& wr9kl$ visage1 %r9ks aba%$ f ! maje/ic
 pres5ce ( ,fre$om's immortal & fadeless
 bloom6  ,?is is ! true cause ( ! pres5t
 ,briti% ,negro philan?ropy1 & !        
occasion ( h] assum$ moral turpitude 9  
elevat+ ! hea!n b>b>ian ( ,africa to !  
prim>y plane ( civilization1 to !       
protection ( its laws1 & ! meliorations 
( its moral1 political1 social1 &       
religi\s in/itutions4 ,x is because     
mon>*y 0 beg9n+ to be odi\s 9 ! eyes ( !
 ,european democracy1 :5 contra/$ ) our 
antagoni/ical sy/em ( ! div9e "r ( ! p4 
,x is h] policy & h] purpose to r5d] our
 in/itutions un/able by means ( a       
suborn$ & v5al press1 & a b& ( m]c5>y1  
hirel+1 political & religi\s mon>*ical  
conspirators1 p>asites & traitors4 ,^!  
h] gold c furni%4 ,h] arms hav+         
repeat$ly fail$ to subjugate ! ,am]ican 
democracy1 %e n[ has rec\rse to h]      
diplomacy1 h] intrigues1 & h] gold4     
,tw5ty millions ( money exp5d$ 9 ?is way
 9 ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1 has _h its effect1 

& to h] emiss>ies1 & hirel+ presses &   
scribbl]s1 we are indebt$ = a da/>dly   
g5]ation ( traitors1 :o w\ld b>t] !     
lib]ties ( _! c\ntry = ! applause (     
faction1 & ! complac5cy ( k+s4          
,,engl&',s ,,self-,,impos$ ,,odium4  ,x 
is a mon/r\s absurdity1 nay x is an act 
( egregi\s hypocrisy1 = ,engl& n[ to    
assume = h]self an hypo!tical           
guilt1--aft] br++ ! ,african to h]      
,am]ican ,colonies = purposes ( ga91 &  
aft] ex]cis+ an intol]able tyranny ov] !
 :ite race 9 ^? colonies1 & ev5 invok+ !
 aid ( ! tomahawk & scalp+ knife ( !    
,am]ican savage 9 _! attempt$           
subjugation1--= ! purpose n[1 :5 h] arms
 & diplomacy h repeat$ly fail$1 ( seek+ 
to ov]?r[ ! fre$om ( a ,republic1 :i*   
has ris51 9 despite ( h]1 to su*        
colossal proportions1 z1 9 its v        
exi/5ce1 to m5ace ! comb9$ mon>*ies ( ! 
_w4 ,b we hold ^! #d1jjj1jjj ( b>b>ians 
subject to ! laws ( civilization2 & let 
,engl& rememb] t we1 ev5 n[1 h !        
magnanimity to relieve h] f !           

self-impos$ odium ( do+ "r6 ,we n[ tell 
h] mon>*i/s1 deg5]ate sons ( illu/ri\s  
sires1 t 9 _! m>itime decad5ce !y h also
 morally retrograd$1 = !y n[ seek to    
re/ore ^! ,africans to b>b>ism6         
,,slav]y ,,is ,,an ,,incid5t ,,(        
,,civilization4  ,let x n be claim$1 ev5
 z a sophi/ical subt]fuge1 t ! motive   
:i* br\ght ! ,african "h 0 m]c5>y1 & t1 
!re=e1 8 com+ "h 0 n ju/ifiable4        
,comm]ce is ! h&maid ( civilization1 &  
if 8 com+ 0 only incid5tally "r1 yet t  
incid5t belongs to civilization1 :i* is 
am5able to ! moral code1 & is also to be
 comm5d$1 ) all its incid5tal1 z well z 
m matur$ bless+s4 ,! in/itutions (      
civilization rescu$ ^! #d1jjj1jjj (     
b>b>ians f ! dang]s1 degradation1 &     
mis]ies ( b>b>ism1 & by caus+ !m to     
subs]ve civilization1 compell$ !m to d  
"r4 ,! ,engli% & ,am]ican false         
philan?ropi/s1 mon>*ical emiss>ies1     
ecclesia/ical p>asites1 &               
pseudo-republican traitors n[ dem& t ^! 
,africans %all be re/or$ to b>b>ism1 n  

because x is practicable or possible1 or
 "r1 b because ! proposition involves ! 
equality ( ^! ,/ates1 & consequ5tly !   
exi/5ce ( ! ,am]ican ,union4 ,! success 
( ^! conspirators dep5ds ^u an adequate 
num]ical proportion ( knaves &          
monomaniacs1 ! well-adju/$ me*anism (   
mon>*y = ! ov]?r[ ( ?is ,republic4 ,_!  
success w\ld =ev] settle ! long moot$ "q
 ( ! capacity ( ,anglo-,saxon race =    
self gov]nm5t4 ,h5ce ! lavi% employm5t (
 ,briti% gold to suborn ! ,am]ican      
press1 & s$uce ! ,am]ican m9d f ! safe  
precepts ( ,wa%+ton1 ^: "n is1 & ev] has
 be51 a t]ror to ! ,briti% olig>*y4     
,,solution ,,( ,,! ,,subject4  ,! only  
tribunal at :i* to try human actions1 is
 ! tribunal ( ju/ice4 ,t :i* is "r c /& 
! te/ ( ?is tribunal2 t :i* is wrong w  
%r9k 9 t]ror f x4 ,at ?is tribunal      
,am]ican ,negro slav]y has no?+ to fe>1 
because x is f\nd$ 9 moral "r4 ,its     
advocacy is ! advocacy ( "r1 & "r alone2
 unless1 =soo?1 we are to conf\nd "r )  
wrong1 & decl>e b>b>ism equal )         

civilization4 ,( c\rse1 our argum5t is  
bas$ ^u ! hypo!sis t civilization is "o 
?+1 & b>b>ism ano!r4 ,to ! m9d :i* is s 
m5tally & morally obtuse z n to discov] 
! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two conditions1 ?is
 appeal mu/ be 9 va94 ,b to ! "r-m9d$   
man1 :o is op5 to conviction ( tru?1 :o 
has ! m5tal fre$om to act & ?9k         
indep5d5t ( 8 prepossessions &          
prejudices1 :o is guid$ by 8 intellect1 
& reason1 & n by passion nor prejudice1 
?is solution ( ! slav]y "q1 ?\gh new1   
mu/ & w be satisfactory1 because x is ! 
logical result ( a trial ( ! "q at !    
tribunal ( ju/ice & ( rights1 because   
slav]y rescues ! ,african f wrong1 &    
subjects him to ! rule ( "r2 because x  
rescues him f ! wrongs & mis]ies (      
b>b>ism1 & raises him to ! prim>y       
elevation ( a progressive & ennobl+     
civilization4   ,,equality ,,( ,,!      
,,/ates ,,& ,,citiz5s4  ,! equality ( ! 
sov]eign ,/ates :i* compose ! ,am]ican  
,republic1 & ! equality ( ! citiz5s1 bo?
 9 ! ,/ates & ! ,t]ritories1 con/itute !

 true & only bond ( union = ! ,am]ican  
p4 ,?is equality is ! f\ndation /one ^u 
:i* our :ole social & political         
sup]/ructure re/s4 ,to call ?is 9 "q is 
to m5ace ! v exi/5ce ( ! ,union :i* is  
f\nd$ ^u x4 ,! sov]eignty ( ! ,union1   
ext5d+ ov] ! ,t]ritories1 :]e no o!r    
sov]eignty exi/s1 is ! panoply (        
protection to all ! inhabitants ( !     
,t]ritories4 ,!re !y are all equal 9    
p]son & prop]ty4 ,!re !y are n sov]eign1
 b subjects "u ! sov]eignty ( ! unit$   
conf$]acy ( ,/ates1 :i* h no individual 
sup]iority & "r 9 ! ,t]ritories1 nei!r =
 !mselves1 nor _! citiz5s4 ,= !         
inhabitants ( su* ,t]ritories to assume 
a sov]eignty !re91 n 9 accordance ) !   
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n 9     
con=mity to law1 & 9 violation ( !      
equality ( ! p ( ! ,/ates !re           
congregat$1 is ,,usurpation4 ,nor c !   
democracy ( numb]s1 nor ! w ( ! majority
 ( inhabitants congregat$ 9 su*         
,t]ritories be invok$ to decide ! rights
 ( ! p ( ! sev]al ,/ates congregat$ 9   

su* ,t]ritories1 ei!r z to p]sons or    
prop]ty2 because ! sov]eignty ( ! ,union
 holds1 until sup]s$$ by ! sov]eignty ( 
a ,/ate con/itutionally organiz$1 d]iv+ 
its sov]eignty f ! supreme au?ority ( ! 
conf$]at$ ,/ates1 by ^: ass5t alone !   
primordial sov]eignty ( ! ,union is s f>
 ab&on$ z to admit ! ex]cise ( ,/ate    
sov]eignty 9 su* ,t]ritories4 ,!re w\ld 
be no propriety nor ju/ice 9 all[+ an   
hypo!tical sov]eignty to a few ?\s&s (  
individuals congregat$ 9 a l>ge         
,t]ritory1 n "o fiftie? "p ( :i* !y     
occupi$2 all[+ !m to e/abli% a rule (   
exclusion ( ! p]sons or prop]ty ( ! p ( 
a portion ( ! ,/ates com+ to settle 9 ! 
,t]ritories4 ,su* p]sons h nei!r ! "r to
 decide = ! pres5t1 nor ! future2       
because at pres5t !y are n sov]eign1 &  
c]ta9ly !y %\ld n be all[$ to ex]cise a 
usurp$ au?ority ov] ! millions :o %all  
occupy ^? ,t]ritories 9 ! future4 ,x is 
a morbid desire to =e/all ! future1 9   
its judgm5t ( b>b>ism1 & ( its fitness  
to subs]ve civilization1 t creates !    

pres5t animosity betwe5 ! citiz5s ( !   
diff]5t sections ( ! ,union1 go+ into ! 
,t]ritories4 ,?is is all wrong4 ,!      
sov]eignty ( ! ,union is ! pres5t1 & !  
sov]eignty ( ,/ates ! future arbit] ( ! 
rights ( ! p 9 ! ,t]ritories2 all o!r   
p[] is assum$1 arbitr>y1 gratuit\s1 & 9 
violation ( legitimate1 delegat$        
con/itutional p[]4  ,! wisdom ( ! sages 
:o f\nd$ ! ,am]ican ,union left no?+ =  
exp]im5t to _! successors1 s f> z !     
absolute equality ( ,am]ican citiz5s is 
conc]n$2 & !re is no safety b 9 !       
recognition ( t p]fect equality :i* ! _s
 ( our race dem&s1 & :i* ! p[] ( !      
civiliz$ _w w be invok$ to ma9ta94   ,,!
 ,,necessity ,,( ,,our ,,onw>d          
,,progress ,,z ,a ,,nation4  ,! intimate
 comm]cial relations exi/+ betwe5 ?is   
,republic & ! pr9cipal m>itime & w>like 
nations ( ! globe1 ma9ly by means ( !   
products ( slave labor1 con/itute a     
necessity = our onw>d1 un9t]rupt$       
progress1 z ! great agricultural &      
comm]cial almon] ( civilization1 & _c be

 di/urb$1 except at ! p]il ( t          
civilization :i* !y h be5 s in/rum5tal &
 conspicu\s to promote4 ,! propos$      
annihilation ( ! h& ( labor ^: products 
am\nt to #bej1jjj1jjj p] annum1 & ^?    
products con/itut+ ! articles ( prime   
necessity to civilization1 is a matt]   
:i* involves o!r int]e/s ?an our own2 & 
h[ev] will+ mon>*i/s & _! m9ions may be 
to disrupt our political sy/em1 & de/roy
 ?is temple ( fre$om1 !y w f9d ! g5ius (
 comm]ce & ! g5ius ( lib]ty w cont9ue to
 g h& 9 h& to uphold ! pr9ciples ( "r & 
ju/ice1 :i* dem& t b>b>ism %all subs]ve 
civilization4   ,,am]ican ,,cotton4     
,am]ican cotton1 ! product ( slave      
labor1 clo!s1 to a l>ge ext5t1 "o-f\r?  
"p ( ! human race2 )\t x ! glory (      
civilization w\ld vani%4 ,x embelli%es !
 d5iz5 ( ! city1 & hides ! nak$ness (   
b>b>ism4 ,x is ! tablet on :i* is       
inscrib$ ! hi/ory ( ! pres5t1 & rescues 
f oblivion ! m\ld]+ records ( ! pa/4 ,x 
is ! talisman ( ?\ght1 & ! vehicle ( ^? 
electric curr5ts t blaze a?w>t ! sky (  

m9d1 ) :i* intellect b9ds toge!r1 )     
silv] ?read1 ! m9d's great empire1 :]e  
k+s d homage at ! %r9e ( g5ius1 & b[ 9  
awe1 & humble rev]5ce be=e ! maje/y (   
m9d4 ,x is ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* ! int]nal &
 ext]nal doma9s ( ?\ght are bl5d$1 &    
tru? made univ]sal1 & obvi\s to !       
appreh5sion ( a _w6   ,,wa%+ton ,,n     
,,oppos$ ,,to ,,slav]y ,,z ,,wrong4  ,x 
has be5 urg$1 t because ,wa%+ton        
regrett$ ! impossibility ( devis+ "s    
feasible means ( emancipation1 t1 !re=e1
 he 0 oppos$ to slav]y1 z wrong4 ,!     
precise opposite 0 ! case4 ,he 0 too    
wise to oppose t :i* he c\ld n ov]come4 
,8 :ole c>e] 0 success 9 ov]com+        
opposition4 ,he might1 ) u1 regret !    
b>b>ism ( ! ,african & !                
impracticability ( 8 release f s]vitude1
 on acc\nt ( 8 unfitness = fre$om2 b he 
nev] c\ld logically or reasonably       
oppose1 z wrong1 t :i* made ! ,african  
bett] & happi]1 & :i* protects him f !  
dang]s & mis]ies ( b>b>ism1 ?\gh x plac$
 him 9 ! position to le>n only !        

rudim5ts ( civilization4 ,to ass]t t    
,wa%+ton deem$ slav]y a wrong to !      
slave1 is to accuse him ( kn[+ly do+    
wrong1 = he held slaves to ! day ( 8    
dea?2 & if he emancipat$ !m !n1 x 0 m ) 
! hope ?an ! reasonable expectation1 t  
ev5 ,,8 slaves1 ) all ! =ce ( 8 example 
dur+ 8 :ole life1 _h become fitt$ =     
fre$om1 or t !y w\ld be b5efit$ by !    
exp]im5t ( _! own attempt$ self-control4
 ,wa%+ton c\ld n1 !re=e1 consi/5tly     
oppose slav]y z a wrong to ! slave1 nor 
consci5ti\sly believe x to be wrong2    
because he w\ld n oppose t :i* he c\ld n
 ov]come1 & because 8 :ole life 0       
occupi$ 9 do+ "r4 ,x is aga9/ !         
prophetic "* ( ,wa%+ton's mission1 ev]  
cr[n$ ) success2 aga9/ 8 wisdom1 :i* 0  
mo/ pr(\nd2 & aga9/ 8 judgm5t1 :i* 0    
un]r+1--to presume 8 ho/ility to slav]y 
z wrong1 or 8 opposition to x 9 a moral 
po9t ( view1 :5 he knew1 z we "k1 !     
emancipation ( ! slaves to be wrong 9   
itself1 & impossible1 ev5 if "r or      
desirable4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t if ,wa%+ton

 _h any real av]sion to ,negro slav]y1 x
 0 n because x 0 wrong s f> z any       
natural "r ( ! slave 0 involv$1 b       
because ( 8 ability to d )\t slaves2 &  
not)/&+ 8 =tune 0 ample1 he held 8      
slaves dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( 8 life2      
:]eas1 if he _h deem$ slav]y a wrong to 
! slaves1 he w\ld und\bt$ly h grant$ !m 
_! lib]ty4 ,:at "r w\ld he h _h1 z a j  
man1 to be/[ 8 g5]osity ^u ! public1 by 
refus+ ! emolum5ts ( (fice1 ju/ly due   
him1 & unju/ly appropriat+ ! proce$s or 
avails ( ! labor ( 8 slaves1 if he knew1
 or believ$ !y 7 ju/ly entitl$ to _!    
fre$om4 ,if our moral view ( slav]y is  
cle>1 he 0 j1 z well z g5]\s1 & wise z  
well z successful4   ,,wa%+ton          
,,reproa*es ,,! ,,emancipationi/s4  ,x  
is well kn[n h[ p[]ful ! secret influ5ce
 ( ! ,briti% & ,tory abolitioni/s 0 9   
?is c\ntry imm$iately aft] ! ,am]ican   
,revolution1 z well z be=e & s9ce t "t2 
& t at ab\t t "t1 or soon aft]1 ! "q 0  
s]i\sly ent]ta9$ ( aboli%+ slav]y 9     
,virg9ia by legislation1 z 0 done 9 o!r 

,/ates ( ! ,union2 & x 0 on acc\nt ( !  
annoy+ importunities ( ^! dis9t]e/$     
philan?ropi/s 7871 & ! app>5t incl9ation
 ( ! p ( ! ,/ate ( ,virg9ia to exp]im5t 
9 _! !ories1 t ,wa%+ton express$ 8      
will+ness to see slav]y aboli%$ by      
legislative enactm5t4 ,b 9 :at          
*>act]i/ic t]ms ( manly reproa* did he  
address ! ,emancipation ,society on !   
subject :5 he f\nd _! pr9ciples &       
practices to be t ! end ju/ifies !      
means4 ,he says3  ,b :5 slaves1 :o are  
happy & cont5t$ ) _! pres5t ma/]s1 are  
tamp]$ ) & s$uc$ to leave !m2 :5 ma/]s  
are tak5 unaw>es by ^! practices2 :5 a  
conduct ( ?is k9d begets discont5t on "o
 side1 & res5tm5t on ! o!r2 & :5 x      
happ5s to fall on a man ^: purse w n    
measure ) t ( ! ,society1 & he loses 8  
prop]ty = want ( means to def5d x1--x is
 oppression 9 su* a case1 99,,& ,,n     
,,humanity ,,9 ,,any991 because x       
introduces m evils ?an x c cure4#f      
,,our ,,fa!rs ,,on ,,! ,,"r ,,(         
,,slav]y4  ,x is n to be conceal$1      

h[ev]1 t "s ( ! sages :o fram$ ?is      
,republic1 9 _! zeal = fre$om1 ov]look$ 
! fact ( ,african b>b>ism1 or fail$ to  
be explicit 9 _! unprem$itat$           
enunciations ( human fre$om4 ,p]haps1   
h[ev]1 !y _h m a/ut5ess ?an has be5     
suppos$ by "s4 ,p]*ance !y consid]$     
b>b>ity n humanity1 b its opposite1 &   
w\ld h deem$ x a "w ( sup]]ogation to   
expla9 t :i* natural hi/ory1 ! hi/ory ( 
! ,african ram = f\r ?\s& ye>s1 & common
 s5se1 & common obs]vation1 _h e/abli%$ 
z a self-evid5t proposition2 to wit1 t  
equality 0 a political1 & n a social1   
nor moral1 nor ev5 physical condition2 &
 t1 especially1 nei!r equality nor      
fre$om 7 to be con/ru$ to be !          
pr]ogatives nor ! "r ( b>b>ism4 ,& !    
,con/itution ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 ! "w (  
_! own h&s1 sanctions ?is supposition1  
by recogniz+ ! exi/5ce1 & provid+ = ! "r
 ( ,negro slav]y1 & rescues ! ,fa!rs ( !
 ,republic f ! absurd & opprobri\s      
imputation ( advocat+ ,negro equality4  
,:atev] op9ions !y may h express$ "u !  

v>y+ aspects ( our ,revolution>y epo*1 !
 ,con/itution ( ^! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 !    
f9ality ( _! ardu\s toils1 h]oic        
a*ievem5ts1 & sublime wisdom2 & t       
,con/itution1 ! v sublimation &         
qu9tess5ce ( a hundr$ civilizations1    
exhibit+ ! onw>d progress ( ! human     
race1 recognizes ! ,"r ( ,slav]y1 f\nd$ 
^u ! immutable pr9ciples ( ju/ice4      
,,mon>*ical ,,s*emes ,,to ,,de/roy ,,?is
 ,,republic4  ,is x /range1 h[ev]1 t    
s9ce ?is ,republic is ! mighty          
antagonism ( mon>*y1 & s9ce x is        
inv9cible 9 arms1 is x /range1 t civil  
diss5sion1 & ! appropriate means to     
produce x1 %\ld be employ$ by despotism 
to subv]t ?is gov]nm5t8 ,:at else %\ld  
!y d2 ,:at is ! int]e/ ( mon>*y 9       
relation to ! exi/5ce & onw>d progress (
 ?is ,empire ( ,fre$om8 ,:at1 b its     
subv]sion1 its dissev]m5t1 by its own   
int]nal antagonism8 ,& :at o!r means    
c\ld mon>*y & its p>asites employ to    
accompli% ?is1 b precisely ! means &    
ag5cy :i* h be5 employ$1 at va/ exp5se1 

especially = ! la/ tw5ty-five ye>s1 fir/
 to divide1 & f9ally to de/roy t :i* no 
ext]nal =ce1 nor comb9ation ( ext]nal   
=ces c\ld subdue8 ,is x n already ! boa/
 ( ! m9ions ( despotism t !y h r5d]$ our
 gov]nm5t insecure8 ,) :at jubilation   
did !y cat* ! tid+s ( our rec5t         
rebellion1 z ! h>b+] ( _! own r$emption 
f ! fate ( political decad5ce & d[nfall1
 :i* our all-absorb+ greatness 0 beg9n+ 
to make s manife/ to ! will+ appreh5sion
 ( mank9d8 ,_! e>s 7 *>m$1 ev5 at !     
suppos$ triumphant voice ( b>b>ism ov] a
 civilization z /able z ! sun1 :i* is   
immortal 9 its e individual microcosm1 &
 to :i* !y are consci\s _! own unequal  
sy/ems ( gov]nm5t nev] c atta94   ,,our 
,,v9dication4  ,ne$ we inquire fur!r :at
 is ! int]e/ ( mon>*y8 ,c we any long]  
be bl9d to our own int]e/8 ,are we n    
arraign$ at ! tribunal ( civilization1  
by ! helots ( despotism8 ,are we n      
accus$ ( wrong8 ,are n we1 & our sa9t$ &
 godlike ance/ors1 held z am5able to    
moral law = a violation ( ,"r8 ,& %all  

we submit 9 sil5ce to all ?is clamor3   
?is false & sl&]\s accusation1 :5 all   
hi/ory1 all k1 all exp]i5ce1 all reason1
 & all nature1 are voluble 9 our def5se1
 & pron\nce our j & triumphant          
v9dication6  ,let u1 !n1 h5ce=?         
cultivate & enc\rage fri5d%ip & cordial 
co-op]ation betwe5 ! diff]5t sections ( 
! ,union1 & a patriotic emulation = its 
cont9uance2 n ^u any su* vision>y &     
deceptive hypo!sis z ! sup]iority &     
pr$om9ance ( sectional p>tiality1 b ^u !
 equable & fundam5tal pr9ciples (       
ju/ice1 & ( ! absolute equality ( ^!    
sov]eign ,/ates1 & ! equality ( !       
citiz5s ( a well-compact$ & glori\s     
conf$]acy4   ,,! ,,philosophical        
,,po/ulates ,,( ,,am]ican ,,slav]y4  #a4
 ,"r holds a j & heav5-d]iv$ supremacy  
ov] wrong4  #b4 ,b>b>ism is wrong4 ,x   
conduces to ! mis]y & degradation (     
mank9d4 ,africa is b>b>\s4 ,! ,african  
race is a race ( b>b>ians4  #c4         
,civilization is "r4 ,x conduces to !   
elevation & happ9ess ( mank9d4  #d4     

,civilization c>ries ) x ! "r (         
supremacy ov] b>b>ism4  #e4 ,x is "r to 
summon ! b>b>ian to ! lessons (         
civilization1 & to tea* him its prim>y  
lessons2 to elevate him to ! dignity (  
labor4  #f4 ,x is "r to ,,hold ! b>b>ian
 subject to ! rules ( civilization2 to  
protect him by its laws1 & rescue him f 
! wrongs & mis]ies ( b>b>ism4 ,9 ?is    
way1 only1 he c be made happi] & bett]4 
,he falls1 if unsupport$ by ext]nal p[]4
  #g4 ,am]ican ,slav]y promotes         
civilization by ! production ( mat]ials 
:]e) to clo! ! nak$ness ( mank9d1 & !   
useful m$ium or k & intellig5ce1 ?r\gh  
books1 & lit]ature1 pr9t$ ^u mat]ials   
:i* are ! product ( slave labor4  #h4 ,x
 is j t b>b>ism %\ld subs]ve            
civilization2 t ,wrong %\ld subs]ve ,"r4
  #i4 ,! ,african is n equal to ! :ite  
man1 b is a b>b>ian1 & z su* has no     
political rights4  #aj4 ,am]ican ,slav]y
 is ,"r4   ,,conclusion4  ,if1 !n1 x is 
n "r1 nor practicable1 nor possible1 to 
re/ore ^! #d1jjj1jjj ( ,africans to     

b>b>ism1 :y any long] agitate ! subject8
 ,:y keep ! negro 9 p]petual dread (    
*ange1 & ! own] dubi\s ( ! future8 ,:y1 
by ?is negro agitation1 create          
appreh5sion 9 ! m9ds ( our own p = !    
/ability & p]man5ce ( ?is gov]nm5t1 &   
hope 9 ! m9ds ( all ! mon>*i/s ( ! _w t 
?is agitation w divide & de/roy ?is la/ 
great bulw>k ( human fre$om8  ,:y %all  
we put to haz>d t fre$om :i* is already 
secure8 ,:y involve 9 exp]im5ts ^?      
tangible acquisitions :i* we h made to  
?is priceless inh]itance ( fre$om8      
,wa%+ton is gone1 b he has left u 8     
bright example1 & 8 solemn admonitions4 
,let ^? :o are great]1 & wis]1 & pur]   
?an ,wa%+ton1 impea* him4 ,let ^? ^:    
precepts or examples excel 81 "q !      
sup]iority ( 8 virtue & valor4 ,let ^?  
:o h done m = human fre$om1 d5\nce him z
 ! enemy ( mank9d1 & erect = !mselves a 
/&>d ( moral action1 :i* %all rise to ! 
/up5d\s height ( _! own b\ndless        
egotism6  ,b if x is f\nd to be         
inexp$i5t & wrong to agitate ! subject (

 slav]y1 :5 x is kn[n to be             
impracticable1 impossible1 & unju/ to   
emancipate ! slaves1 !n let u g on 9 our
 c>e] ( greatness1 ) success &          
tranquility4 ,let u wat* ) jeal\s c>e ! 
honor ( our c\ntry1 & scorn ! asp]sions 
( its vilifi]s4 ,let u honor & v9dicate 
our c\ntry 9 its attitude ( ju/ice1 & 9 
its mission ( civilization1 & m>k ) !   
imputation ( opprobrium e recreant      
defam] ( our gov]nm5t & its in/itutions4
 ,let ! emiss>ies ( despotism f9d "s o!r
 means ( subdu+ u ?an to divide &       
conqu]4 ,let ! "n ( ,wa%+ton be rev]$2  
let 8 admonitions be he$$3 let 8 comm&s 
be obey$1 & 8 example foll[$4 ,let      
b>b>ism /ill be bless$ ) ! light (      
civilization2 let ! glory & dom9ion (   
fre$om be e/abli%$1 & ! citiz5s ( ?is   
,republic re/ 9 security & peace )9 _!  
patri>*al b[]s6         99       99     
99       99       99  ,,footnotes3  #a  
,leo ,africanus says1 ,book vii41 ,! ,k+
 ( ,borno s5t = ! m]*ants ( ,b>b>y1 &   
will$ !m to br+ ! great /ore ( horses2 =

 9 ?is c\ntry !y us$ to ex*ange horses =
 slaves1 & to give fifte5 & sometimes   
tw5ty slaves = "o horse2 & by ?is means 
!re 7 abundance ( horses br\ght2 h[beit1
 ! m]*ants 7 con/ra9$ to /ay = _! slaves
 till ! k+ return$ home ) a great numb] 
( captives & satisfi$ 8 cr$itors = _!   
horses4 ,! k+ make? invasions b e ye>   
once1 & t at "o set & appo9t$ "t ( !    
ye>4--,geogr4 ,hi/4 ( ,africa1 trans4 by
 ,pory1 pp4 #bic1 #bid1 ,lon41 #afjj4   
#b ,f ,abyss9ia1 ! c>avans c>ry ye>ly to
 ,cairo ne>ly two ?\s& ,negroes1 ^? poor
 creatures hav+ un=tunately be5 captur$ 
9 w>4 ,mo/ ( ! *iefs & sov]eigns 9 !    
int]ior ( ,africa sell or put to dea?   
all _! prison]s4--,n>rative ( a ,t5     
,ye>s' ,resid5ce at ,tripoli1 p4 #ahe1  
,london1 #ahaf4  #c ,hegel1 ! di/+ui%$  
,g]man philosoph]1 9 8 ,philosophy (    
,hi/ory1 says1 pp4 #ajb1 #ajc3  ,an     
,engli% travel] /ates t :5 a w> is      
det]m9$ on 9 ,a%antee1 solemn c]emonies 
prec$e x4 ,among o!r ?+s1 ! bones ( !   
k+'s "m are lav$ ) human blood4 ,z a    

prelude to ! w>1 ! k+ orda9s an         
onslaught ^u 8 own metropolis1 z if to  
excite ! due degree ( fr5zy4  ,9        
,dahomey1 :5 ! k+ dies1 ! bonds (       
society are loos$2 9 8 palace beg9s     
indiscrim9ate havoc & disorganization4  
,all ! wives ( ! k+ 79 ,dahomey _! numb]
 is exactly #c1ccc7 are massacr$1 &     
?r\gh ! :ole t[n plund] & c>nage run    
riot4 ,! wives ( ! k+ reg>d _! dea?s z a
 necessity2 !y g ri*ly attir$ to meet x4
 ,! au?orities h to ha/5 to proclaim !  
new gov]nor1 simply to put a /op to     
massacre4  ,! only ess5tial connection t
 has exi/$ & cont9u$ betwe5 ! ,negroes &
 ,europeans is t ( slav]y4 ,9 ?is !     
,negroes see no?+ unbecom+ !m2 & !      
,engli%1 :o h done mo/ = aboli%+ ! slave
 trade & slav]y1 are treat$ by !        
,negroes !mselves z enemies4 ,= x is a  
po9t ( fir/ importance ) ! k+s to sell  
_! captur$ enemies1 or ev5 _! own       
subjects2 & view$ 9 ! light ( su* facts1
 we may conclude slav]y to h be5 !      
occasion ( ! increase ( human feel+     

among ,negroes4  ,tyranny is reg>d$ z no
 wrong1 & cannibalism is look$ ^u z q   
cu/om>y & prop]4 ,among u1 in/9ct det]s 
f x1 if we c speak ( in/9ct at all z    
app]ta9+ to man4 ,b ) ! ,negro ?is is n 
! case1 & ! dev\r+ ( human fle% is      
altoge!r consi/5t ) ! g5]al pr9ciples ( 
! ,african race2 to ! s5sual ,negro1    
human fle% is b an object ( s5se1--m]e  
fle%4 ,at ! dea? ( a k+1 hundr$s are    
kill$ & eat52 prison]s are but*]$1 & _! 
fle% is sold 9 ! m>kets4 ,! victor is   
accu/om$ to eat ! he>t ( 8 sla9 foe4 ,:5
 magical rites are p]=m$1 x frequ5tly   
happ5s t ! sorc]] kills ! fir/ t comes 9
 8 way1 & divides 8 body among ! by/&]s4
  #d ,says ,h]d]1--,b ! peculi> =mation 
( ! memb]s ( ! human body says m ?an all
 ^!2 & ?is appe>s to me applicable 9 !  
,african organization4 ,accord+ to v>i\s
 physiological obs]vations1 ! lips1     
brea/s1 & private p>ts1 are             
proportionate to ea* o!r2 & z nature1   
agreeably to ! simple pr9ciple ( h]     
pla/ic art1 mu/ h conf]r$ on ^! p1 to   

:om %e 0 oblig$ to d5y nobl] gifts1 an  
ampl] measure ( s5sual enjoym5t1 ?is    
c\ld n b h appe>$ to ! physiologi/4     
,accord+ to ! rules ( physiognomy1 ?ick 
lips are held to indicate a s5sual      
disposition2 z ?9 lips1 display+ a      
sl5d]1 rosy l9e1 are deem$ symptoms (   
*a/e & delicate ta/e2 n to m5tion o!r   
circum/ances4 ,:at wond]1 !n1 t 9 a     
nation = :om ! s5sual appetite is !     
height ( happ9ess1 ext]nal m>ks ( x %\ld
 appe>8 ,a ,negro *ild is born :ite2 !  
sk9 r\nd ! nails1 ! nipples1 & private  
p>ts1 fir/ become color$2 & ! same      
cons5t ( p>ts 9 ! disposition to color  
is obs]vable 9 o!r nations4 ,a hundr$   
*ildr5 are a trifle to a ,negro2 & an   
old man :o _h n above sev5ty1 lam5t$ 8  
fate ) te>s4  ,) ?is oleag9\s           
organization to s5sual pleasure1 !      
pr(ile & :ole frame ( ! body mu/ alt]4  
,! projection ( ! m\? w\ld r5d] ! nose  
%ort & small1 ! =ehead w\ld incl9e      
backw>ds1 & ! face w\ld h at a di/ance !
 resemblance ( t ( an ape4 ,con=mably to

 ?is w\ld be ! position ( ! neck1 !     
transition to ! occiput1 & ! ela/ic     
/ructure ( ! :ole body1 :i* is =m$1 ev5 
to ! nose & sk91 = s5sual1 animal       
enjoym5t4--,h]d]'s ,philosophy ( !      
,hi/ory ( ,man1 pp4 #aej1 #aea4         
,translat$ by ,*ur*ill1 ,london1 #ahjj4 
#e ,witness ! foll[+ extract f ! ,report
 ( ! ,committee ( ! ,m>yl& ,legislature 
9 #ahfj1 recomm5d+ ! discont9uance ( !  
annual appropriation ( #e1jjj to !      
,colonization ,society = ! purpose (    
s5d+ free ,negroes back to ,africa4 ,x w
 be se5 by ?is extract1 t ! exp5se (    
transport+ ,negroes to ,africa is mu*   
great] ?an ,i h /at$1 ow+1 p]haps1 to an
 extravagant use or wa/e ( ! money by ! 
,colonization ,society2 = if x co/s     
#ejj1jjj to transport #cjj ,negroes1 x  
w\ld c]ta9ly co/ #f1ffh1jjj1jjj to s5d  
away ! #d1jjj1jjj ( ,negroes 9 ! ,unit$ 
,/ates4 ,add to ?is ! value ( !         
,negroes1 to be paid 9 remun]ation to ! 
own]s = _! prop]ty1 #b1jjj1jjj1jjj1 & ! 
total co/ ( pur*ase & transportation1   

bas$ ^u ! exp]i5ce & ! /ati/ics ( !     
,/ate ( ,m>yl&1 w\ld be #h1ffh1jjj1jjj6 
or m ?an =ty times ! am\nt ( all ! gold 
& silv] 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates6 ,x w be se5 t
 my own is a l[ e/imate comp>$ ) ?is1 & 
ei!r ( ^? e/imates %[s ! utt] futility (
 ! advocacy ( emancipation4 ,t ,report  
says3--  ,! passage ( ! act ( #ahca1 *4 
#bha1 0 fram$ ) ! design ( remov+ our   
free ,negroes beyond ! limits ( ?is     
,/ate4 ,b exp]i5ce has %[n t !y w n     
will+ly leave u4 ,t act has be5 9       
op]ation = tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 at an exp5se
 to ! ,/ate ( ab\t #bhj1jjj1 rais$ by   
taxation ^u our citiz5 population4 ,x is
 safe to say t #ge1jjj m has be5 cle>$  
by ! pr(its 9 trade to ! coa/ ( ,africa 
9 t "t2 & t #ade1jjj has probably be5   
be/[$ by volunt>y contribution = ! same 
object--mak+ 9 all ! sum ( #ejj1jjj4 ,& 
yet1 ) all ?is va/ outlay ( money1 n ov]
 ?ree hundr$ free ,negroes h be5 remov$4
 ,slaves to a l>g] numb] h be5 set free 
& s5t to ,africa4 ,dur+ ! la/ ye> n "o  
s+le free ,negro 0 s5t to ,africa f ?is 

,/ate4 ,:5 ?is law w5t into effect1 we  
_h #eb1jjj free ,negroes 9 ! ,/ate2 &   
aft] a trial ( tw5ty-sev5 ye>s1 we n[ h 
#ij1jjj or #ajj1jjj4 ,! ineffici5cy (   
?is ent]prise be+ s obvi\s to e "o ( !  
lea/ reflection1 y\r committee propose !
 repeal ( all laws tax+ ! p =           
colonization purposes4  #f ,scro$]'s    
,max4 ( ,wa%+ton1 p4 #bef4         99   
99       99       99       99           
,transcrib]'s ,notes3  ,e ef=t has be5  
made to replicate ?is text z fai?fully z
 possible1 includ+ obsolete & v>iant    
spell+s & o!r inconsi/5cies4  ,!        
transcrib] not$ ! foll[+ issues & made  
*anges z indicat$ to ! text to correct  
obvi\s errors3    #a4 p4 #ad1 sieze     
*ang$ to seize   #b4 p4 #cj1 ,iagas     
*ang$ to ,jagas   #c4 p4 #cj1 ,iaga     
*ang$ to ,jaga   #d4 p4 #ca1 ,macoco    
p>tially illegible1 *ang$ to ,macaco    
#e4 p4 #da1 retrogad$ *ang$ to          
retrograd$   #f4 p4 #db1 psu$o- *ang$ to
 pseudo-   #g4 p4 #ea1 opprobium *ang$  
to opprobrium   #h4 v>i\s1 ,! s\rce     

docum5t = ?is ebook conta9s sev]al      
h&writt5 *anges4 ,!y h n be5 incorporat$
               into ?is ebook1 except z 
not$ above4   #i4 v>i\s1 text 9 bold is 
m>k$ z 99,,bold994  ,end ( ,transcrib]'s
 ,notes