,,elem5ts ,,( ,,plumb+ ,,by ,,samuel ,,edw>d ,,dibble ,,head ,,( ,,sanit>y ,,equipm5t ,,& ,,in/allation ,,dept4 ,,c>negie ,,in/itute ,,( ,,te*nology ,,fir/ ,,edition ,,mcgraw-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,,inc4 #bci ,,we/ #ci,,? ,,/reet4 ,,new ,,york ,,london3 ,,hill ,,publi%+ ,,co41 ,,ltd4 #f #h ,,b\v]ie ,,/41 ,e4 ,c4 #aiah ,,copyright1 #aiah1 ,,by ,,! ,,mcgraw-,,hill ,,book ,,company1 ,,inc4 ,,! ,,maple ,,press ,,york ,,pa ,,preface ,9 prep>+ ?is manuscript ! au?or has _h 9 m9d ! ne$s ( "y m5 hav+ no te*nical in/ruction :o are anxi\s to become pr(ici5t 9 ! art ( ,plumb+4 ,z a consequ5ce ea* ex]cise is m9utely describ$ & illu/rat$2 s mu* s1 p]haps1 t an exp]i5c$ me*anic may f9d x too simple = skill$ h&s & a mature m9d4 ,b ! beg9n] w n f9d ! ex]cises too elaborately describ$ & w pr(it by c>eful /udy4 ,ye>s ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation h %[n ! au?or t ! me?ods h]e9 describ$ are entirely practical & are 9 common use today4 ,! v>i\s ex]cises 9 lead "w w acqua9t ! beg9n] ) ! correct use ( tools & metals4 ,! ex]cises 9 iron pipe "w h also be5 detail$ to %[ ! correct in/allation ( jobs4 ,toge!r ) ! /udy ( ?is book ! subjects ( ,ma!matics1 ,physics1 ,*emi/ry1 ,draw+ & ,engli% %\ld be tak54 ,^! subjects z !y be> on ,plumb+ are invaluable to ! me*anic 9 8 future connection ) ! trade4 ,! au?or is indebt$ = ! illu/rations ( fixtures 9 ! *apt] cov]+ ! developm5t ( plumb+ fixtures1 to ! ,?omas ,maddock's ,sons ,co41 ,/&>d ,sanit>y ,mfg4 ,co41 & ,! ,tr5ton ,pott]ies ,co4 ,,samuel ,,edw>d ,,dibble4 ,,pittsburgh1 ,decemb]1 #aiag4 ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,preface v ,,*apt] ,i4 ,plumb+ ,fixtures & ,trade #a ,,ii4 ,! ,use & ,c>e ( ! ,sold]+ ,iron--,fluxes--,mak+ ,diff]5t ,sold]+ ,jo9ts #aa ,,iii4 ,mixtures ( ,sold]s = ,sold]+ ,iron & ,wip+--,c>e ( ,sold]s--,melt+ ,po9ts ( ,metals & ,alloys #ba ,,iv4 ,mak+ & ,c>+ ( ,wip+ ,clo?s #bd ,v4 ,prep>+ & ,wip+ ,jo9ts #bg ,,vi4 ,prep>+ & ,wip+ ,jo9ts 7,cont9u$7 #cg ,,vii4 ,lay+ ,t]ra-cotta & ,mak+ ,connections to ,public ,sew]s--,wat] ,connections to ,ma9s 9 ,/reets #fi ,,viii4 ,in/all+ ( ,fr5* or ,sub-soil ,dra9s #hb ,,ix4 ,/orm & ,sanit>y ,dra9age ) ,sewage ,disposal 9 ,view #hf ,x4 ,soil & ,wa/e ,pipes & ,v5ts--,te/s #ie ,,xi4 ,h\se ,traps1 ,fre%-air ,connections1 ,drum ,traps1 & ,non-syphon+ ,traps #ajd ,,xii4 ,pipe ,?read+ #aaj ,,xiii4 ,cold-wat] ,supply--,te/ #aah ,,xiv4 ,hot-wat] ,heat]s--,in/antane\s ,coil & ,/orage ,tanks--,return ,circulation1 ,hot-wat] ,l9es & ,expansion #abd ,,xv4 ,insulation ( ,pip+ to ,elim9ate ,conduction1 ,radiation1 ,freez+ & ,noise #aca ,,xvi4 ,durham or ,screw ,pipe ,"w--,pipe & ,fitt+s #acd ,,xvii4 ,gas ,fitt+s1 ,pipe & ,fitt+s1 ,?read+1 ,measur+ & ,te/+ #ada ,,xviii4 ,plumb+ ,codes #aec ,,index #afg ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,plumb+ ,,*apt] ,i ,,plumb+ ,,fixtures ,,& ,,trade ,mod]n plumb+ z a trade is ! arrang+ & runn+ ( pipes to supply pure wat] to build+s1 ! erect+ ( fixtures = ! use ( ?is supply1 & ! in/all+ ( o!r pipes = ! result+ wa/e wat]4 ,! "w ( ! trade divides itself !re=e into two p>ts3 fir/ ! provid+ an adequate supply ( wat]2 & second1 ! dispos+ ( ?is wat] aft] use4 ,! fir/ division (f]s few problems to ! plumb]1 little v>iety 9 ! lay\t be+ possible1 & ! result dep5d+ mo/ly ^u ! arrangem5t ( ! pipes & fitt+s2 b ! second division calls = c>eful /udy 9 ! arrangem5t1 good workman%ip 9 ! in/all+1 & individual att5tion to ea* fixture4 ,! trade _h its beg9n+s 9 m]ely supply+ fre% wat] to a community4 ,?is 0 done by means ( tr5*+1 or convey+ wat] f lakes1 riv]s1 or spr+s ?r\gh wood5 pipes or op5 tr\ghs4 ,by easy /ages ! trade improv$ & enl>g$ its scope1 until at ! pres5t "t x is able to provide = ! adequate di/ribution ( tons ( wat] "u high pressure furni%$ by ! city wat] works4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! trade ! "q ( ! disposal ( ! wa/e wat] 0 easily answ]$1 = x 0 all[$ to be dis*>g$ onto ! gr\nd to seek its own c\rse4 ,b ) ! increas$ am\nt ( wat] available1 ! wa/e-wat] problem has enl>g$ until today x plays ! mo/ important "p ( plumb+1 & ! trade has _h to *ange to meet ?is wa/e-wat] problem4 ,! fir/ simple sy/em ( a pipe runn+ f ! s9k to a po9t outside ! build+ 0 suffici5t4 ,z l>g] build+s came into use & communities 7 m ?ickly populat$1 ! plumb+ problem dem&$ ?\ght & int5se /udy4 ,! wa/e pipes f fixtures _h to be s arrang$ t x w\ld be impossible = f\l odors & g]m-lad5 air to ent] ! build+ ?r\gh a plumb+ fixture4 ,! importance ( ?is is evid5c$ by ! plumb+ laws n[ 9 use ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry4 ,"o ( ! fir/ plumb+ fixtures put into common use 0 a holl[$-out /one :i* s]v$ z a s9k4 ,x 0 ) consid]able int]e/ t ! writ] saw a s9k ( ?is k9d 9 actual use 9 ! summ] ( #aiae1 at a h\se 9 a ,new ,engl& village4 ,?is s9k _h be5 9 s]vice = ab\t #ajj ye>s4 ,f ?is beg9n+ ! well-kn[n fixtures ( today h develop$4 ,! dem& = mod]ate pric$1 sanit>y closets1 lavatories1 & ba?s has l$ to ! rapid improvem5t se5 9 plumb+ fixtures4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ^! fixtures1 z soon z a bad feature 0 recogniz$ ! fixture 0 at once disc>d$1 until n[ ! m>ket (f]s fixtures z me*anically f9e z c be produc$4 ,plumb+ fixtures 7 at fir/ manufactur$ s t x 0 necess>y to support !m on a wood5 frame1 & ?is frame 0 enclos$ 9 wood4 ,! enclosure made by ?is framework soon became f\l & fil?y & a bre$+ place = all k9ds ( disease g]ms & v]m94 ,?is bad feature 0 ov]come by ! introduction ( op5 plumb+1 t is1 fixtures s made t ! enclosure ( wood c\ld be done away )4 ,! op5 plumb+ all[$ a free circulation ( air ar\nd ! fixture & expos$ pipes1 !reby mak+ ! outside ( ! fixture & its imm$iate surr\nd+s free f all ! bad features ( ! clos$ plumb+4 ,pl5ty ( fre% air & pl5ty ( light are necess>y = good sanit>y plumb+4 ,! mat]ials ( :i* ! fir/ op5-plumb+ fixtures 7 made consi/$ ( m>ble1 copp]1 z9c1 slate1 iron1 & clay4 ,"t soon prov$ t m>ble & slate 7 absorb5t1 copp] & z9c soon leak$ f we>1 iron ru/$1 & clay crack$ & lack$ /r5g?2 !re=e ^! mat]ials soon became insanit>y1 & f\l odors 7 easily detect$ ris+ f ! fixture4 ,besides ^! mat]ials be+ insanit>y1 ! fact t a fixture 0 con/ruct$ us+ a numb] ( sections prov$ t jo9ts & seams 7 insanit>y features on a fixture4 ,= in/ance1 9 a m>ble lavatory con/ruct$ by us+ "o piece = ! top1 ano!r = ! b[l1 & /ill ano!r = ! back1 fil? accumulat$ at e jo9t & seam4 ,foll[+ ?is condition1 develop$ ! iron enamel$ & e>!nw>e fixtures1 con/ruct$ )\t seams & ) a smoo?1 ev51 glossy :ite f9i%4 ,! fact t ^! fixtures are made ( mat]ial t is non-absorb5t adds to _! value z sanit>y plumb+ fixtures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,pan closet 7,engli%74 ,ano!r problem :i* is z important z ! =ego+ is ! prop] flu%+1 t is1 ! supply+ ( suffici5t wat] 9 a mann] design$ to cleanse ! fixture prop]ly4 ,! developm5t ( sanit>y e>!nw>e illu/rates h[ ! above problems 7 satisfactorily solv$4 ,9 ! city ( ,london a law compell+ ! use ( dra9s 0 en=c$1 & 9 ! e>ly #gj's ! effect ( ?is law 0 felt 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,! introduction at ?is "t ( ! me*anical wat] closet1 kn[n z ! pan closet1 & ! ,engli% plumb+ mat]ial :i* 0 br\ght to ?is c\ntry 0 ! beg9n+ ( ,am]ican plumb+1 :i* today out/rips t ( any o!r c\ntry 9 ! _w4 ,! pan closet cont9u$ 9 use = "s "t until ! valve closet 0 introduc$ z a m sanit>y fixture4 ,closely foll[+ ^! closets1 9 #ahhj1 ! plung] closet became popul> z a /ill m sanit>y fixture4 ,! plung] closet cont9u$ 9 use until ! pres5t all-e>!nw>e closet b[l drove all o!r makes f ! m>ket4 ,! ,am]ican developm5t ( ! e>!nw>e closet b[l put ! ,am]ican sanit>y fixture f> ahead ( ! ,engli% improvem5ts1 z ! ,am]ican e>!nw>e is sup]ior & ! sanit>y features ( ! b[ls are ne>] p]fection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,pan closet 7,am]ican74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,plung] closet4 ,:5 ! wa%\t b[l 0 introduc$ x 0 consid]$ p]fection4 ,! hopp] closet b[l1 :i* 0 no?+ m ?an a funnel-%ap$ b[l plac$ on top ( a trap1 0 plac$ 9 competition ) ! wa%\t b[l4 ,!re are a numb] ( ^! b[ls n[ 9 use & also be+ manufactur$4 ,h[ev]1 l>ge cities prohibit _! use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,plung] closet4 ,to quote ,?omas ,maddock's ,sons ,co43 ,9 #ahgf ,wm4 ,smi? ( ,san ,francisco pat5t$ a wat] closet :i* employ$ a jet to assi/ 9 empty+ ! b[l & ! developm5t ( ?is pr9ciple is due entirely to ! pott]1 :o _h gradually & by co/ly exp]im5t become ! det]m9+ factor 9 ! evolution ( ! wat] closet4 ,) ?is improvem5t x became possible to d away ) ! box+-9 ( ! b[l :i* up to ?is "t _h be5 necess>y4 ,closet b[ls ( today are made ( vitre\s body :i* does n p]mit craz+ or discolor+ ( ! w>e4 ,a /udy ( ! illu/rations :i* %[ ! evolution ( ! closet b[l %\ld be ( int]e/ to ! /ud5t z well z to ! appr5tice & j\rneyman4 ,! ba? tub develop$ f a g\g$-out /one1 9 :i* wat] c\ld be /or$ & us$ = ba?+ purposes1 to our pres5t-day enamel$ iron & e>!nw>e tubs4 ,! developm5t did n progress v rapidly until ab\t #be ye>s ago4 ,s9ce !n e feature ( ! tub has be5 improv$1 & f a sanit>y /&po9t ! tubs ( today _c be improv$4 ,! ba? tub has become an ,am]ican cu/om1 z ! p 9 ?is c\ntry h dem&$ t !y h sanit>y equipm5t 9 _! homes1 :ile 9 ! ,european c\ntries ?is dem& has n develop$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,mod]n l[-tank closet4 ,! fir/ tubs us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 7 ( wood l9$ ) copp] or z9c1 & 7 built 9 or box$ 9 ) wood panell+4 ,! plumb+ ord9ances ( today prohibit ?is box+ z x prov$ to be a bre$+ place = v]m91 etc4 ,z ! illu/ration %[s1 ! woodwork encas+ ! tub 0 9 a great _m cases beautifully c>v$ & f9i%$4 ,! plac+ on ! m>ket ( a /eel-clad tub1 a /eel tub ) a copp] l9+1 :i* did away ) ! box+1 0 a big improvem5t z f> z sanit>y reasons 7 conc]n$ z well z a r$uction 9 co/ ( tubs4 ,^! tubs 7 set up on legs :i* p]mitt$ clean+ & provid$ good v5tilation all ar\nd4 ,) ^! features !y drove all o!r tubs f ! m>ket4 ,! copp] & z9c 7 f\nd to be h>d to keep clean & !y 7 soon replac$ by ! iron enamell$ & e>!nw>e tubs4 ,! f9i% on ^! tubs be+ :ite & non-absorb5t makes !m highly acceptable z sanit>y fixtures4 ,a /udy ( ! illu/rations w %[ h[ progress has be5 made 9 design z well z 9 sanit>y features4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,encas$ ba? tub4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,/eel tub on legs4 ,,! ,,wa% ,,b[l4--,succe$+ ! h& bas9 ! fir/ wa% bas9s us$ 9 ?is c\ntry 7 made ( m>ble or slate1 ) a r\nd b[l ( crock]y4 ,! b[l 0 #ad in*es 9 diamet] orig9ally1 b lat] 0 *ang$ to an oval b[l4 ,l ! ba? tub ^! wa% /&s 7 encas$ 9 wood1 ! encas+ be+ us$ to support ! m>ble top4 ,ornam5tal brackets 7 introduc$ & ! wood encasem5t done away )4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,mod]n built-9 tub4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--;,encas$ wa% b[l4 ,ab\t #aijb ! iron-enamell$ lavatory appe>$ on ! m>ket & drove all o!r k9ds f ! m>ket at once4 ,! reason = ?is is cle>4 ,! m>ble /&s 7 absorb5t & 7 made ) ?ree p>ts1 top1 back1 & b[l2 ! enamell$ iron lavatory is made all 9 "o piece ( mat]ial non-absorb5t4 ,a /udy ( ! illu/rations w %[ cle>ly h[ ! lavatory has be5 improv$4 ,/range to say1 9 all plumb+ fixtures1 & especially ! lavatory1 z improvem5ts 7 made to make !m m sanit>y a r$uction has be5 made 9 ! price ( an individual fixture4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--;,ba? room ( e>ly #hj's4 ,all fixtures are enclos$4 ,! developm5t ( ! ur9al1 %[]s1 wa% trays1 dr9k+ f\nta9s & o!r fixtures ,i w n attempt to cov]4 ,z ! dem& has be5 evid5t = fixtures ( c]ta9 types1 ! plumb] has be5 al]t to anticipate & supply x4 ,!re is ne$1 h[ev]1 = improvem5t 9 all our fixtures1 especially t "p :i* connects ) ! wa/e pipes1 also ! hang+1 t is ! arrangem5t or lack ( arrangem5t = hang+ fixtures to ! wall4 ,! wa/e & ov]fl[ ( all fixtures ne$ consid]able *ange to make !m sanit>y4 ,! opportunity is1 !re=e1 be=e anyone :o w apply himself to ?is developm5t4 ,mu* money1 ?\ght1 & "t h be5 sp5t by ! manufactur]s ( iron enamell$ w>e & by ! pott]ies to ga!r sugge/ions made by ! plumb] 9 reg>d to fixtures1 & !n to p]fect !m4 ,to ^! manufactur]s is due ! beautiful design1 /ability1 & p]fect sanit>y mat]ial :i* make up our plumb+ fixtures ( today4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,use ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,sold]+ ,,iron4 ,,fluxes4 ,,mak+ ,,diff]5t ,,sold]+ ,,jo9ts ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,copp]4 ,,! ,,sold]+ ,,iron4--,! sold]+ iron is "o ( ! fir/ tools a plumb] has to ma/]4 ,?is tool is sometimes call$ a copp] bit z x is made ( copp]2 & s ?r\gh\t ?is book ! words sold]+ iron1 copp] bit1 iron1 & bit are us$ synonym\sly4 ,!re are sev]al diff]5t-%ap$ irons 9 common use today1 b an iron %ap$ l ! "o 9 ,fig4 #ac is ! "o = use 9 ! foll[+ "w4 ,take ! iron z x is pur*as$1 hav+ a wood5 h&le & ! copp] expos$ on po9t$ end4 ,be=e x c be us$ ! po9t mu/ be fac$ & t9n$4 ,to d ?is1 proce$ z foll[s3 ,fir/1 heat ! iron on ! furnace4 ,second1 place 9 vise & file ! f\r surfaces ( ! po9t4 ,?ird1 run a file ov] edges & po9t4 ,f\r?1 heat ! iron until x w melt sold]4 ,fif?1 put #f or #h drops ( sold] & a piece ( ros9 ! size ( a *e/nut on an ord9>y r$ brick4 7,?is ros9 is call$ a flux47 ,six?1 take ! hot iron & melt ! sold] & ros9 on ! brick4 ,sev5?1 rub ! f\r surfaces ( ! po9t ( ! iron on ! brick keep+ ! po9t 9 ! melt$ sold]4 ,! sold] w soon /ick to ! copp] surfaces & !n ! iron is ready = use4 ,ano!r way to t9 ! iron t is 9 common use is to rub ! po9t ( a hot iron on a piece ( sal-ammoniac1 or dip ! hot iron 9 r$uc$ muriatic acid1 !n rub ! /ick ( sold] on ! iron4 ,! use ( muriatic acid 9 t9n+ ! iron is n recomm5d$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is n always possible to c>ry x1 & 9 ! second place x eats holes 9 ! surface ( iron1 :i* makes x necess>y to file & smoo? ! surfaces aga94 ,! con/ant use ( muriatic acid on ! copp] soon we>s x away & makes x unfit = use4 ,ros9 is easily c>ri$ & appli$ & is by f> ! be/ to use 9 regul> "w4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb] ,,9 ,,! ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,sold]+ ,,iron4-- ,fir/1 prop] t9n+ is absolutely necess>y = rapid & good "w4 ,second1 d n all[ ! iron to heat r$ hot4 ,?ird1 keep ! po9t ( ! iron prop]ly %ap$4 ,f\r?1 use ! same flux 9 t9n+ z is to be us$ 9 sold]+4 ,fif?1 :5 fil+ iron1 file z little z possible4 ,six?1 keep 9 use two irons ( ! same size4 ,,flux ,a flux is us$ to clean ! surfaces ( jo9ts & seams to be sold]$1 also to keep !m f oxidiz+ & to help ! metals to fuse4 ,! foll[+ li/ gives ! names ( v>i\s fluxes 9 common use1 h[ !y are appli$1 & on :at mat]ial !y are mo/ commonly us$3 ,flux ,h[ appli$ ,us$ on ,ros9 ,spr9kl$ on ,lead1 t91 & brass ,tall[ ,melt$ ,lead & brass ,muriatic acid 7r$uc$7 ,) swab ,copp]1 galvaniz$ iron & brass ,muriatic acid 7raw7 ,) swab ,dirty galvaniz$ iron ,,ros94--,ros9 is pur*as$ by ! p\nd & comes 9 *unks4 ,x is v brittle & p[d]s easily4 ,plumb]s g5]ally take a piece ( #a-a_/d ,n4 ,p4 brass tub+1 sold] a trap screw 9 "o end & a cone-%ap$ piece ( copp] on ! o!r4 ,! po9t ( ! cone is left op54 ,ros9 is put into ?is tube & is easily spr9kl$ on "w :5 ne$$4 ,,tall[4--,a plumb]'s tall[ c&le answ]s ! purpose = tall[ flux4 ,"s plumb]s c>ry a c = ! tall[1 mak+ x clean] to h&le4 ,,muriatic ,,acid4--,muriatic acid or hydro*loric acid is us$ bo? raw & r$uc$4 ,raw acid is n dilut$ or r$uc$4 ,r$uc$ acid is made z foll[s3 ,put "s z9c *ips 9 a lead receptacle & !n p\r 9 ! muriatic acid4 ,! acid w at once act on ! z9c4 ,! fumes %\ld be all[$ to escape into ! out] air4 ,:5 *emical action ceases1 ! liquid rema9+ is call$ r$uc$ acid4 ,,plumb]s' ,,soils ,,& ,,pa/e ,x is necess>y :5 sold]+ or wip+ a jo9t to cov] ! p>ts ( pipe adjo9+ ! portion t is to be sold]$ or wip$ s t ! sold] w n /ick to x4 ,!re are a numb] ( prep>ations = ?is4 ,! "o us$ by ! be/ me*anics today is pa/e1 made z foll[s3 #h teaspoons ( fl\r4 #a teaspoon ( salt4 #a teaspoon ( sug>4 ,mix ) wat] & boil d[n to a ?ick pa/e4 ,! advantages ( pa/e z a soil are _m3 ,fir/1 x is made ( mat]ials easily obta9$4 ,second1 sold] w n /ick to x4 ,?ird1 if pipe is ?or\ghly clean$1 ! pa/e w n rub (f easily4 ,f\r?1 poor workman%ip _c be cov]$ up4 ,fif?1 :5 ! "w is complet$1 a wet clo? w wipe x (f & leave ! "w clean4 ,ano!r soil us$ is lampblack & glue4 ,a quantity ( glue is melt$ & !n lampblack is add$4 ,?is ne$s to be heat$ & wat] add$ ea* "t x is us$4 ,?is soil is put on pipes ) a %ort /ubby bru%4 ,! "w :5 complet$ ) ! silv]y jo9t & jet black bord]s appe>s to ! un9itiat$ v arti/ic & neat1 b :5 ! black soil is worn away ! unev5 edges ( ! jo9t appe>1 disclos+ ! reason = us+ a black soil t cov]s all defects4 ,! me*anic ( today :o takes pride 9 8 ability = good workman%ip w n cov] 8 "w ) black soil4 ,x c readily be se5 t ! use ( lampblack soil enc\rages poor workman%ip1 :ile ! use ( pa/e =ces1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 good workman%ip on ! "p ( ! me*anic4 ,be=e soil or pa/e is appli$1 ! pipe ne$s to be cleans$4 ,grease & dirt accumulate on ! pipe4 ,! me?ods employ$ to remove all =eign matt] are simply to scrape ! surface ) f9e s& or em]y pap]2 s& & wat] w also answ] = ?is purpose4 ,?is cleans ! surface & all[s ! soil or pa/e to /ick to ! pipe4 ,,mak+ ,,diff]5t ,,sold] ,,jo9ts ,! tools us$ 9 mak+ ! diff]5t sold] jo9ts z describ$ & illu/rat$ 9 ?is *apt] are %[n 9 ,fig4 #ad4 ,,cup ,,jo9t4--,! mat]ials necess>y = ! "w 7,fig4 #ae73 #ab in*es ( #a_/b-;in* ,,aa lead pipe1 pa/e1 ros91 #a_/b & #a_/b sold]4 ,if a gas furnace is n on ! b5* to heat ! iron1 !n a gasol9e furnace is necess>y4 ,ea* ( ! foll[+ op]ations mu/ be done ?or\ghly to insure a p]fect job3 ,fir/1 ) ! ,,saw cut (f #ab in*es ( #a_/b-;in* ,,aa lead pipe f ! coil4 ,:5 cutt+ (f a piece ( lead pipe f a coil or reel1 always /raight5 out #a foot m ?an is ne$$4 ,?is leaves #a foot ( /raight pipe always on ! coil4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,tools us$ = mak+ sold] jo9ts4 ,second1 ) ! flat side ( ! ,,rasp1 squ>e ! ends ( ! #ab-;in* piece ( pipe4 7,a good way to d ?is is to hold ! pipe at "r angles ) ! edge ( ! b5*1 run ! rasp across ! end ( ! pipe1 keep+ ! rasp p>allel ) ! edge ( ! b5*4 ,apply ?is to all "w :5 necess>y to squ>e ! ends ( pipe47 ,?ird1 cut ! pipe ) ! saw1 mak+ two pieces ea* #f in*es 9 l5g?4 ,f\r?1 squ>e ! ends j cut4 ,fif?1 rasp ! edges ( "o end z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,hold ! "w 9 su* a way t ! /roke ( ! rasp c be se5 )\t mov+ ! pipe4 ,six?1 take ! o!r #f-;in* piece ( pipe & ) ! ,,turn ,,p9 spread "o end ( x4 ,! turn p9 mu/ be /ruck squ>ely 9 ! c5t] ) ! ,,hamm]1 ! po9t ( ! turn p9 be+ kept 9 ! c5t] ( ! pipe4 ,! pipe %\ld be turn$ aft] ea* bl[ ( ! hamm]4 ,! pipe mu/ n re/ on ! b5* b %\ld be held 9 ! h& :ile us+ ! turn p94 ,if ! pipe b5ds1 x c be /raight5$ ) ,,b5d+ ,,irons4 ,if ! pipe is spread m on "o side ?an ! o!r1 ! turn p9 %\ld be hit on ! opposite side s z to ev5 ! spread4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4 ,sev5?1 :5 ! pipes are prop]ly fitt$1 moi/5 ! tips ( ! f+]s ) pa/e & rub ! pa/e on p>ts ( pipe m>k$ pa/e4 ,put ! pipe aside to all[ ! pa/e to dry4 ,eigh?1 put ! sold]+ iron on to heat4 ,n9?1 ) ! ,,%ave ,,hook scrape (f ! pa/e & surface dirt z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! inside ( ! cup w look bright1 b mu/ be scrap$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,cup jo9t4 ,t5?1 place ! two pieces into position z %[n 9 ,fig4 #af1 spr9kle ros9 on ! jo9t1 melt a few drops ( sold] on ! jo9t & ) ! iron melt ! sold] on ! jo9t1 draw+ ! iron ar\nd ! pipe keep+ ! sold] melt$ ar\nd ! iron all ! "t4 ,elev5?1 fill ! jo9t ) sold] & cont9ue to draw ! hot iron ar\nd ! jo9t until a smoo? & bright surface is obta9$4 ,to ma/] ! correct use ( ! sold]+ iron 9 ?is "w1 consid]able practice w be necess>y4 ,,ov]ca/ ,,jo9ts4--7,fig4 #ag47 ,,note4--,ea* op]ation mu/ be p]=m$ ?or\ghly4 ,fir/1 saw (f f a coil ( #a-a_/b-;in* ,d lead pipe a #aj-;in* piece ( pipe4 ,second1 squ>e ! ends ) ! rasp1 z previ\sly expla9$4 ,?ird1 take a #a-a_/b-;in* ,,drift ,,plug & drive ?r\gh ! pipe 7,fig4 #ah74 ,f\r?1 saw ! pipe into two pieces ( #e in*es ea*4 ,fif?1 squ>e ! ends ( ! pipe ) ! rasp4 ,six?1 rasp (f ! outside edge ( "o end ( ! pipe z %[n4 ,sev5?1 rasp (f ! inside edge ( "o end ( ! pipe4 ,eigh?1 f9i% rasp$ surfaces ) a file4 ,bo? surfaces %\ld h ! same angle4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,ov]ca/ jo9t4 ,n9?1 ) a %ave hook scrape ! outside surface ( ea* pipe = ab\t #a in* f ! end4 ,t5?1 put ! sold]+ iron on to heat4 ,elev5?1 pa/e pap] on ! jo9t z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,twelf?1 fit ! pieces toge!r & lay on ! b5*4 ,drop "s melt$ sold] on ! jo9t & ) ! hot iron proce$ to fl[ ! sold] ar\nd ! jo9t by turn+ ! pipe4 ,use pl5ty ( flux 7ros974 ,! pipes mu/ be tack$ 9 ?ree or f\r places at fir/ or !y w h a t5d5cy to spread4 ,?irte5?1 to f9i% ! jo9t1 lift ! iron /raight up4 ,?is jo9t :5 f9i%$ w h a bright smoo? f9i%4 ,! two =ego+ jo9ts ne$ consid]able practice & %\ld be p]fectly ma/]$ be=e go+ on to ! next job4 ,,seams ,a description ( ! mak+ ( wip$ seams = lead-l9$ tanks w n be attempt$ z v few are made n[4 ,! plumb]1 h[ev]1 is (t5 call$ ^u to make a seam jo9+ two pieces ( %eet lead4 ,! beg9n] w d well to g ov] ! foll[+ ex]cise c>efully & practice x ?or\ghly4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--;,flat seam4 ,,mat]ials4--,two pieces ( #h-p\nd %eet lead1 #f by #aj in*es ea*2 "o b> ( #a_/b & #a_/b sold]2 pa/e1 pap]1 & ros94 ,,tools4--,rasp1 %ave hook1 & sold]+ iron4 ,! #aj-;in* side ( ea* piece is rasp$ & fitt$ toge!r4 ,! edges are clean$ & pap] is pa/$ on leav+ #a_/d in* = sold]4 ,pa/e )\t ! pap] c be put on4 ,?is w make a jo9t #a_/b in* wide4 ,apply ! ros9 to ! jo9t1 !n ) ! heat$ iron & "s sold] tack ! seam on ! top1 !n on ! bottom & middle4 ,?is w prev5t ! seam f spread+ :5 ! lead is heat$4 ,sold] & ros9 c n[ be put on ! full l5g? ( ! jo9t4 ,) a hot iron proce$ to float ! sold] d[n ! seam4 ,! sold]+ iron mu/ n re/ at full l5g? on ! pieces ( lead or x w melt ! lead & r5d] ! "w useless4 ,! sold] w fl[ & =m a clean neat seam1 if ! iron is at ! "r heat & ! "r am\nt ( sold] is put on4 ,if ! iron is too hot1 ! sold] w fl[ in/antly :5 ! iron is laid on x & ! sold] w disappe> z x runs ?r\gh ! seam4 ,if ! iron is too cold ! sold] w n melt en\gh to fl[4 ,too mu* sold] on ! seam w cause x to ov]fl[1 t is1 ! sold] w spread beyond ! pap]$ edges4 ,aft] a little practice ?is surplus sold] c be drawn 9 on ! seam ) ! iron & c>ri$ along ! seam to "s po9t t has n en\gh sold]4 ,:5 ! seam is complet$ ! edges %\ld be p]fectly /raight & ev54 ,! iron is c>ri$ along ! seam ) "o /roke :i* makes ! seam appe> smoo? & bright4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,mixtures ,,( ,,sold]s ,,= ,,sold]+ ,,iron ,,& ,,wip+4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,sold]s4 ,,melt+ ,,po9ts ,,( ,,metals ,,& ,,alloys ,! importance ( good sold]1 t is1 sold] correctly mix$ & ?or\ghly clean$1 %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,"w is m quickly & neatly done & ! job pres5ts a m f9i%$ appe>ance :5 sold] t is correctly made is us$4 ,! sold] us$ 9 ! foll[+ "w ) ! sold]+ iron is call$ #a_/b & #a_/b4 ,?is means #a_/b 7#ej p] c5t47 lead & #a_/b 7#ej p] c5t47 t94 ,9 ! mixture ( sold]1 only pure metals %\ld be us$4 ,! lead %\ld be melt$ fir/ & all ! dross clean$ (f4 ,! t9 %\ld !n be add$ & mix$4 ,! sold] to be us$ 9 wip+ ! jo9ts 9 ! foll[+ *apt] is a mixture ( #cg p] c5t4 t9 & #fc p] c5t4 lead4 ,?is is call$ wip+ sold]4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! melt+ po9ts1 etc43 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,melt+ ,metal po9t ,mixture ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,sulphur #bbh ,pure ,t9 #ddf ,pure ,lead #fbf ,pure ,z9c #fhj ,pure ,f9e sold] #djj #ej p] c5t4 t91 #ej p] c5t4 lead 7wt47 ,wip+ sold] #cgj #cg p] c5t4 t91 #fc p] c5t4 lead 7wt47 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,to recognize f9e sold]1 run (f a b> into a mold & let x cool4 ,if !re is a fro/$ /reak 9 ! c5t]1 ! metal has n en\gh t94 ,! surface %\ld be bright4 ,to recognize wip+ sold]1 p\r "s on a brick4 ,:5 ?is is cool1 ! top %\ld be fro/y & ! "u side %\ld h f\r or five bright spots4 ,! am\nt p\r$ on ! brick %\ld be ab\t ! size ( a half doll>4 ,if p\r$ on iron1 ! metal w cool too quickly & %[ bright all ov] ! "u side4 ,,to ,,make #a_/b ,,& #a_/b ,,sold] ,,or ,,plumb]',s ,,f9e ,,sold]4--,! possibility ( gett+ pure clean metals to mix sold] is v remote4 ,old pieces ( lead pipe1 lead trap1 old block t9 pipe are us$ to make sold] :5 pure metals are n at h&4 ,fir/1 9 a ca/-iron pot melt ! lead to ab\t #hjj deg41 or a dull r$4 ,second1 clean (f ! dross4 ,?ird1 add 7to a #ae-p\nd pot7 #a_/b p\nd ( sulphur 9 ?ree applications4 ,ea* "t mix ! sulphur ?or\ghly ) ! metal ) a long /ick4 ,f\r?1 add t9 be=e ! la/ application ( sulphur4 ,mix ?or\ghly4 ,fif?1 p\r (f two b>s & look = ! fro/y /reak 9 ! c5t]4 ,add a little m t91 if necess>y4 ,,to ,,mix ,,wip+ ,,sold]4-- ,fir/1 proce$ z describ$ 9 #a_/b & #a_/b1 melt+ ! metals & burn+ out ) sulphur1 add+ ! p]c5tage ( t9 accord+ to ! prec$+ table4 ,!n te/ ! sold] = bright spots on ! "u side4 ,second1 keep ! metal ?or\ghly mix$ :5 burn+ & keep all dross clean$ (f ! surface4 ,! work+ heat ( wip+ sold] is #ejj deg4,f4 ,sulphur is us$ to collect all z9c & dross4 ,! sulphur %\ld come 9 contact ) all p>ts ( ! metal4 ,?is is :y ! metal %\ld be /irr$ :5 ! sulphur is put 94 ,a few good po9ts 9 ! economical c>e ( sold] are li/$ bel[4 ,,c>e ,,( #a_/b ,,& #a_/b ,,sold]4-- ,fir/1 d n drop melt$ sold] on ! floor or dirty b5*4 ,second1 use all small ends by melt+ on a new b>4 ,?ird1 put clean pap] "u "w & use dropp+s4 ,f\r?1 h ! mold free f dirt :5 p\r+4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,wip+ ,,sold]4-- ,fir/1 d n heat r$ hot4 ,second1 d n file brass :]e ! fil+s w get into ! sold]4 ,?ird1 d n all[ lead *ips to get into ! sold]4 ,f\r?1 clean ! sold] occasionally4 ,fif?1 le>n to di/+ui% sold] f lead by its h>dness4 ,six?1 h diff]5t-%ap$ pot = lead & sold]4 ,sev5?1 d n t9 brass by dipp+ into sold]4 ,eigh?1 d n put cold or wet ladle into hot sold]4 ,a pot hold+ ab\t #ae p\nds ( sold] is ! size commonly 9 use4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,mak+ ,,& ,,c>e ,,( ,,wip+ ,,clo?s ,a good wip+ clo? is ess5tial = wip+ jo9ts4 ,! exact size & ! flexibility ( ! clo? dep5d a great deal ^u ! me*anic :o h&les ! clo?4 ,"s me*anics l a /iff clo?1 b ! writ] has always us$ a flexible clo?4 ,! sizes1 %ape1 & me?ods ( fold+ & break+ 9 z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ba bel[ h prov$ successful4 ,clo?s made ( :alebone tick+ are inexp5sive & make ! be/ = ord9>y use4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--;,fold+ a wip+ clo?4 ,size ( clo? op5 ,size ( clo? fold$ #ad-a_/b by #ad-a_/b in*es equals #c-a_/d by #c-a_/d in*es #ac-a_/b by #ac-a_/b in*es equals #c by #c in*es #h-a_/b by #ab-a_/b in*es equals #b by #c in*es ,= ! jo9t-wip+ jobs to foll[1 ! above sizes are ! be/4 ,! l>ge/ size1 #ad-a_/b by #ad-a_/b in*es is us$ = cat* clo?4 ,! #ac-a_/b by #ac-a_/b in*es is ! wip+ clo?4 ,! #h-a_/b by #ab-a_/b in*es is ! bran* clo?4 ,proce$ z foll[s to cut & complete a clo?3 ,fir/1 lay ! tick+ on ! flat b5* & squ>e ! sides #ad-a_/b by #ad-a_/b in*es4 ,second1 ! tick+ %\ld be cut (f ) %e>s & n torn or cut ) a knife4 ,?ird1 fold z %[n 9 ! cut4 ,ea* fold %\ld be moi/5$ ) a little wat] & press$ ) a hot iron4 ,! clo? %\ld n be pull$ or /ret*$1 b %\ld be kept z squ>e z possible4 ,! fir/ & second folds require a little c>e2 ! corn]s :5 fold$ to ! c5t] %\ld be kept 9 a little1 ?us mak+ ! outside edge slightly r\nd$4 ,if ?is is done1 ! corn]s w n /ick out :5 ! clo? is f9i%$4 ,aft] ! clo? is c>efully fold$1 press$1 & dri$1 take a ne$le & ?read & sew ! op5 corn]s ab\t #a_/b in* 9 f ! edge ( ! clo?4 ,by c>efully /udy+ ! cut1 "o c readily see ea* op]ation &1 by foll[+ directions1 make a p]fect clo?4 ,:5 ! clo? is done1 an am\nt ( oil suffici5t to soak ?r\gh ab\t ?ree lay]s ( clo? %\ld be appli$ & !n rubb$ on a smoo? surface4 ,! oil %\ld be rubb$ 9 well ab\t ! edges4 ,x w n be necess>y to apply any?+ else to ! clo? to prep>e x = wip+4 ,pa/e1 soil1 *alk1 etc41 are n ne$$ & d n b5efit ! clo?4 ,:5 us+ oil on ! clo?1 x mu/ n be us$ too freely1 t is1 ! clo? mu/ n be soak$ 9 oil1 z oil is a rapid conductor ( heat & ! clo? w\ld soon become too hot to h&le4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,wip+ ,,clo?s4--,! tick+ w burn if all[$ to become too hot4 ,if hot sold] is p\r$ directly on ! clo?1 x w soon burn & be de/roy$4 ,keep ! surface on bo? sides ( ! clo? well oil$4 ,use bo? sides ( ! clo?4 ,use bo? wip+ edges ( ! clo?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,wip+ clo? fold$ has #af ?icknesses ( tick+4 ,:5 ! clo? is n 9 use1 x %\ld n be ?r[n 9 ) ! o!r tools & all[$ to curl up into all sorts ( %apes1 b %\ld be kept 9 "s flat place4 ,a good way to keep ! clo?s is to h two pieces ( wood betwe5 :i* ! clo?s may be kept & held !re by means ( a /rap4 ,! l5g? ( "t :i* a wip+ clo? c be us$ dep5ds a great deal ^u its mak+ & ^u ! c>e :i* is giv5 x4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,prep>+ ,,& ,,wip+ ,,jo9ts ,:5 ! writ] fir/ />t$ to c>ry ! tools = a plumb] & to prep>e jo9ts = wip+1 ! rem>k 0 (t5 he>d t jo9t wip+ w\ld soon be a ?+ ( ! pa/4 ,i h he>d ?is _m times s9ce f _m diff]5t s\rces4 ,p]sonally1 ,i fail to see ! pass+ ( ! wip$ jo9t4 ,m lead pipe is be+ made today ?an ev] be=e1 :i* goes to %[ t lead pipe is be+ us$ & ! only successful way ( jo9+ is ) ! wip$ jo9t4 ,"s plumb]s' help]s ( today seem to ?9k t jo9t wip+ is ( no acc\nt4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t1 ,i c sympa?ize ) !m4 ,mo/ ( ^! boys are le>n+ a trade 9 l>ge cities & work+ = conc]ns t d no?+ b a l>ge contract+ bus9ess4 ,?is l>ge "w is c>ri$ on diff]5tly f ! small "w4 ,wr\ght-iron or /eel pipes are us$ to a great ext5t 9 ?is "w & a v small am\nt ( lead is us$4 ,sometimes ! job w be complet$ )\t ! use ( lead4 ,! boy :o works cont9ually on ?is k9d ( "w soon comes to ?9k t lead pipes are no long] 9 use4 ,! writ] has f\nd t a boy :o has le>n$ to d no?+ b screw-pipe "w is absolutely lo/ & _c p]=m ! duties ( a plumb]1 o!r ?an screw-pipe "w4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t lead pipe & ca/-iron pipe "w are be+ us$ today 9 all p>ts ( ! c\ntry & 9 "s p>ts m ?an 9 o!rs4 ,!re=e1 ! boy mu/ grasp all bran*es ( ! trade t he has *os5 to foll[ & n be a "o-sid$ man4 ,jo9t wip+ belongs to ! plumb] alone4 ,! plumb+ trade diff]s f all o!r trades 9 t x has jo9t wip+ = its di/9ctive feature4 ,a few attempts at jo9t wip+ w conv9ce ! beg9n] t x is n ! easie/ ?+ 9 ! _w to le>n4 ,let me caution ! beg9n] n to get disc\rag$4 ,he mu/ h pati5ce & a firm resolve to ma/] ! art ( jo9t wip+ & n let x ma/] him & keep him back4 ,s1 z we n[ />t on ex]cises ( jo9t wip+1 let ! beg9n] con/antly keep 9 m9d t all boys mu/ become p]fectly skill$ 9 ! art ( jo9t wip+ be=e !y c be consid]$ plumb]s4 ,keep 9 m9d also t ! exam9ation t "o mu/ take to get a plumb]'s lic5se conta9s an actual ex]cise 9 jo9t wip+4 ,! "o ^w ( advice is n to get disc\rag$4 ,cont9u$ practice is ! only way to success4 ,! sold]+ iron is1 or %\ld be1 conqu]$ by ?is "t4 ,z jo9t wip+ is ! next ex]cise1 ,i %all g ov] a few g5]al po9ts t exp]i5ce has taught me & _c fail to be ( assi/ance to ! beg9n] if !y are he$$4 ,9 fact1 to become pr(ici5t1 ! beg9n] %\ld rememb] all ! po9ts sugge/$ "u ?is head+4 ,x is necess>y 9 wip+ to h good sold]4 ,9 ! *apt] on sold]1 ,i h giv5 ! correct mixtures & h[ to recognize ! prop] mixtures4 ,! place :]e wip+ is to be done %\ld be consid]$4 ,no draught %\ld be all[$ to bl[ across ! "w z x t5ds to *ill ! sold] & pipe4 ,prop] support = ! "w %\ld be procur$4 ,if gasol9e is to be us$ = fuel to heat ! sold]1 make sure t ! tank is full be=e />t+1 o!rwise ! fire may g out j :5 ! heat is ne$$ mo/ & ! sold] 9 ! pot has become too cool to wipe )4 ,h a cat* pan & keep all ! sold] dropp+s to put back into ! pot1 o!rwise ! sold] w pile up & ! f+]s are likely to be pu%$ into ! pile & badly burn$4 ,hold ! ladle ab\t #b in*es above ! "w1 ! cat* clo? ab\t #a in*es bel[4 ,d n drop ! sold] 9 ! same place4 ,keep mov+ ! ladle4 ,d n p\r ! sold] on ! pipe 9 a /eady /ream1 b drop x on4 ,x is n a l>ge am\nt ( sold] t is want$ on ! jo9t at fir/1 x is heat t is ne$$4 ,?is c be secur$ bett] by dropp+ ! sold] on ?an by p\r+ a l>ge quantity on ! pipe4 ,! edges ( ! jo9t cool v quickly2 !re=e heat ! edges well & keep !m cov]$ ) molt5 sold] until ! jo9t is ready to wipe4 ,:5 prep>+ jo9ts = wip+1 always d ! "w ?or\ghly & fit ! pieces toge!r tightly s t no sold] c get ?r\gh4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb]4-- ,fir/1 good sold]4 ,second1 place ( wip+4 ,?ird1 support4 ,f\r?1 full tank ( gasol9e4 ,fif?1 drip pan4 ,six?1 ladle #b in*es above ! "w4 ,sev5?1 clo? #a in*es bel[ ! "w4 ,eigh?1 move ! ladle cont9ually4 ,n9?1 drop ! sold]4 ,t5?1 heat1 n sold] want$ at fir/4 ,elev5?1 heat ! edges4 ,twelf?1 c>eful prep>ation4 ,?irte5?1 clean grease f ! pipe4 ,f\rte5?1 cut clean /raight edges on pap]4 ,,half-,,in* ,,r\nd ,,wip$ ,,jo9t ,,prep>ation4--,take #ab in*es ( #a_/b-;in* /rong lead pipe & squ>e (f ! ends ) a rasp4 ,take ! %ave hook & scrape ! c5t] ( ! pipe p]fectly bright2 a space #c in*es ea* side ( ! c5t] is correct4 ,! size ( ! jo9t :5 complet$ %\ld be #b-a_/b in*es long4 ,if we %\ld und]take to wipe ! jo9t ) ! pipe 9 ! pres5t condition1 ! sold] w\ld adh]e to all ! pipe t 0 %av$ bright4 ,!re=e1 we take a piece ( pap] suffici5t to encircle ! pipe twice & aft] putt+ pa/e on "o side ( ! pap] wrap x ar\nd ! pipe s t ! edge t is cut /raight & ev5 is #a-a_/d in*es f ! c5t] ( ! pipe4 ,ano!r piece ( pap] is pa/$ on ! o!r side ( ! c5t] leav+ a clean1 bright space ( #b-a_/b in*es4 ,all ! pipe %\ld be cov]$ ) pap] except ! #b-a_/b in*es 9 ! c5t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4 ,,to ,,put ,,! ,,pipe ,,9 ,,position ,,= ,,wip+4--,! mo/ practical way is to take two common r$ bricks ) ! #b by #h face d[n & place !m #i in*es ap>t4 ,lay ! pipe on ! bricks & place a weight on ea* end4 ,! sold] w drop on to ! b5*1 s x is be/ to place a piece ( pap] or a pan ( black iron "u ! pipe to cat* ! sold] t drops4 ,! pan or pap] c !n be tak5 up & ! sold] put back into ! pot )\t wa/e4 ,a ca/-iron pot hold+ #ae p\nds ( sold] is !n plac$ on ! furnace4 ,:5 ! sold] has melt$ & has rea*$ #ejj deg4 x is ready = use4 ,?is c be/ be det]m9$ by putt+ a piece ( pap] 9 ! sold]4 ,if ! pap] scor*es1 ! sold] is at ! "r heat2 if ! pap] cat*es fire1 x is too hot4 ,n[ take a #c-;in* ladle & heat x ov] ! fire & !n dip x into ! sold] & skim (f any dross t may h collect$4 ,,wip+4--,) ! ladle full ( sold] 9 ! "r h& & ! l>ge clo? or ! cat* clo? 9 ! left h&1 beg9 to drop ! sold] on ! jo9t4 ,! clo? %\ld cat* all ! sold] z x falls (f ! pipe4 ,if hot sold] is held aga9/ ! bottom ( ! pipe1 x is heat$ to ! prop] heat4 ,always beg9 to drop ! sold] on ! pap] edges1 !n drop ! sold] on ! jo9t itself4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! sold] %\ld n be p\r$ on1 b dropp$ on sl[ly4 ,aft] ! fir/ few drops d n drop ! sold] directly on to ! lead pipe b on to ! sold] previ\sly put on ! pipe4 ,?is w save ! pipe f burn+ ?r\gh4 ,! pipe mu/ be ! same heat z ! sold] be=e ! prop] heat is obta9$ = good wip+4 ,! beg9n] %\ld practice dropp+ ! sold] on ! jo9t1 cat*+ ! sold] & work+ x ar\nd ! pipe4 ,by do+ ?is1 "o becomes famili> ) ! feel+ ( hot sold]1 :i* is ! secret ( successful wip+4 ,:5 ! sold] works easily ar\nd ! pipe1 drop ! ladle & take ! small] wip+ clo? 9 ! "r h& & ) bo? clo?s draw all ! sold] on top ( ! pipe4 ,) f+]s on ! corn]s ( bo? clo?s1 clean (f ! left-h& edge & ) ! "r h& draw ! surplus sold] across to ! "r-h& edge4 ,next1 clean ! "r-h& edge ( ! jo9t pu%+ ! surplus sold] onto ! clo? 9 ! "r h&4 ,"w ?is sold] on to ! bottom ( ! jo9t4 ,n[ disc>d ! cat* clo?4 ,hold+ ! wip+ clo? ) ! index f+]s on l[] opposite corn]s1 %ape ! "u & front side ( ! jo9t4 ,) ! middle f+]s on opposite l[] corn]s ( ! clo? %ape ! back & top4 ,keep ! index & middle f+]s on ! edge ( ! clo? & ! edge ( ! clo? on ! edge ( ! jo9t4 ,?is position toge!r ) ! size & %ape ( ! clo? w give ! jo9t ! desir$ =m & appe>ance4 ,p>ticul> att5tion is call$ to ! position ( ! f+]s z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,! la/ wipe %\ld be a quick /roke com+ (f ( jo9t on a tang5t4 ,if ! sold] is at "r heat1 ! clo? w n leave a noticeable m>k4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! sold] is too cold1 a ragg$ edge w result4 ,sometimes a cross wipe is made = ! la/ /roke & a good f9i% obta9$4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb]4-- ,fir/1 wid? ( ! jo9t1 #b-a_/b in*es4 ,second1 all[ no soil or pa/e to get on ! jo9t4 ,?ird1 a #c-;in* ladle %\ld be us$4 ,f\r?1 #ejj deg4 is ! work+ heat ( sold]4 ,fif?1 pap] te/ = sold] heat4 ,six?1 position ( wip+ clo?s4 ,sev5?1 d n drop sold] on ! lead pipe4 ,eigh?1 hold ! ladle #b in*es above ! pipe4 ,n9?1 wipe ! edges ( ! jo9t fir/4 ,t5?1 wipe & %ape ! jo9t quickly4 ,! above proc$ure ( wip+ w be f\nd to "w out v easily if foll[$ closely4 ,d n p\r ! hot sold] onto ! clo? z ! clo? w burn ?r\gh & soon be useless4 ,a little m oil %\ld be put on ! clo? aft] us+ x = a:ile4 ,! clo? %\ld be turn$ ar\nd & ! opposite side also us$4 ,! clo? w la/ consid]ably long] if sides are *ang$ frequ5tly4 ,! sold] %\ld n accumulate on ! pan1 b %\ld be cont9ually put back into ! pot4 ,! metal1 z sold] is sometimes call$1 %\ld nev] be all[$ to become r$ hot4 ,! above me?od ( prep>+ pipe is sugge/$ = beg9n]s only & w be f\nd to be a great help to !m4 ,9 actual practice ! jo9t mu/ be prep>$ diff]5tly4 ,! me?od us$ 9 trade is z foll[s3 ,! jo9t is us$ to jo9 two pieces ( lead pipe4 ,take two pieces & rasp ! f\r ends squ>e4 ,) ! tap bor] clean out ! end ( "o pipe a trifle1 !n ) ! turn p9 enl>ge ?is end j a little z %[n 9 ! figure4 ,!n rasp ! edge (f ab\t #a_/h in* z %[n4 ,take ! o!r piece ( pipe & rasp "o end z 0 done 9 ! cup jo9t1 mak+ x fit into ! fir/ piece4 ,!n place ! two ends toge!r & ) ! b5d+ iron beat ! pipe1 mak+ ! jo9t z tight z possible4 ,,r\nd ,,jo9t--#de deg4 ,,to ,,"r ,! next position 9 :i* ! beg9n] is to wipe a jo9t is on an angle ( #de deg4 to ! "r4 ,,prep>ation4--,to prep>e ?is jo9t1 proce$ z 9 ! horizontal r\nd jo9t4 ,i w enum]ate a few ( ^! po9ts4 ,a piece #ab in*es long ( #a_/b-;in* pipe is cut (f & ! ends squ>$4 ,a /rip 9 ! c5t]1 #f in*es long1 is %av$ clean4 ,pap] & pa/e are put ov] ! pipe except #b-a_/b in*es 9 ! c5t]4 ,grease c be put on ! pipe 9 betwe5 ! pieces ( pap] & w keep ! lead f oxidiz+4 ,,plac+ ,,pipe ,,9 ,,position4--,!re is no ne$ ( an elaborate sy/em ( hold+ ! pipe 9 position4 ,take a r$ brick & place ! #d by #h face d[n4 ,?is w d = ! bottom pipe4 ,= ! top ( pipe to re/ on1 place two bricks "o above ! o!r2 ?is w give ! correct position4 ,place ! pipe on ! brick & ) a ladle full ( half molt5 sold] p\r a clamp ( sold] ov] ! end ( ! pipe4 ,?is w hold ! pipe firm = wip+4 ,place a cat* pan "u ! jo9t = sold] to fall 94 ,,wip+4--,! me?od ( wip+ ?is jo9t is practically ! same z wip+ ! horizontal jo9t4 ,! cat* clo? %\ld be held p>allel ) ! b5* tilt+ a little f front t[>d ! back4 ,! ladle is held ! same & sold] is dropp$ on z be=e4 ,! ladle %\ld be cont9ually mov+ :ile dropp+ sold]1 n all[+ ! sold] to drop twice 9 ! same place4 ,:5 ! sold] has be5 work$ ar\nd ! pipe & is at work+ heat1 ! sold] is drawn up ) bo? clo?s & ! top edge wip$ fir/1 !n ! bottom edge2 ! surplus sold] is put on ! und]side ( ! jo9t1 & !n ) ?ree or f\r wipes ! jo9t is made symmetrical & f9i%$4 ,,?+s ,,to ,,rememb]4-- ,fir/1 prep>e l ! horizontal jo9t4 ,second1 use brick to place 9 position4 ,?ird1 hold tools z 9 horizontal jo9t4 ,f\r?1 top edge cools fir/1 !re=e1 wipe x fir/4 ,fif?1 hold ! wip+ clo? at an angle ( #de deg4 :5 wip+1 ) f+]s plac$ z not$ 9 previ\s jo9t4 ,six?1 make sold] clamp = hold+ ! pipe4 ,,r\nd ,,jo9t #de deg4--,,left ,:5 ! prec$+ jo9t is well ma/]$ & a numb] ( good jo9ts h be5 wip$1 turn ! pipe on an angle ( #de deg4 to ! left4 ,,prep>ation4--,! prep>ation = ?is jo9t is exactly ! same z = ! horizontal jo9t4 ,! beg9n] %\ld turn back & read c>efully conc]n+ ! p]fection ( ! jo9t4 ,be> 9 m9d t ! pipe mu/ be correctly prep>$ or a good jo9t _c be made4 ,! edge ( ! pap] mu/ be cut n torn4 ,,plac+ ,,pipe ,,9 ,,position4--,?is pipe c be plac$ 9 position ! same z ! prec$+ "o4 ,if heavy weights are plac$ on ! ends ( ! pipe1 a bad habit may be =m$ by ! "o le>n+ to wipe4 ,t is1 ! habit ( press+ h>d on ! jo9t :5 wip+4 ,9 ! prec$+ jo9t1 if ! beg9n] presses too h>d1 ! pipe w fall (f ! bricks4 ,,wip+4--,proce$ z describ$ = previ\s jo9ts4 ,! top edge mu/ be favor$ a little4 ,! hot sold] w run d[n to ! bottom edge2 !re=e less sold] %\ld be dropp$ on x ?an on ! top edge4 ,:5 ! sold] is at ! prop] heat = wip+ x requires only a light t\* to wipe ! jo9t4 ,if x appe>s necess>y to press h>d on ! jo9t to wipe (f surplus sold]1 x %[s t ! sold] is n at ! correct wip+ heat4 ,,r\nd ,,jo9t--,,v]tical ,,prep>ation4--,?is jo9t c be prep>$ exactly l ! prec$+ "o4 ,9 fact1 ! same piece ( pipe c be us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,:5 prep>+ ?is jo9t ! end t is to be on ! bottom %\ld be well cov]$ ) pap]4 ,,plac+ ,,9 ,,position4--,! be/ way to hold ?is jo9t 9 position = wip+ is to /& ! pipe upright on "o end ) ! pan und]nea?4 ,a piece ( furr+ /rip %\ld be run f ! top ( ! pipe to ! wall4 ,secure ! /rip to ! wall & drive a nail ?r\gh ! /rip into ! bore ( ! pipe4 ,place a weight on top ( ! /rip & ! pipe is ready4 ,,wip+4--,! proc$ure ( wip+ ?is jo9t is entirely diff]5t f t 9 ! o!r positions4 ,! sold] is ?r[n onto ! jo9t f ! ladle4 ,! cat* clo? is held up to ! pipe & z mu* sold] z possible is held on to ! pipe4 ,move ! ladle ar\nd ! jo9t1 ?r[+ a little sold] on z ! ladle is mov$4 ,notice n[ t all ! sold] runs to ! bottom edge1 leav+ ! top edge cold4 ,! sold] t accumulates on ! bottom edge %\ld be drawn up to ! top edge ) ! clo?4 ,!n spla% m sold] on to ! top edge & z ! sold] runs d[n ! pipe cat* x ) ! clo? & draw x up aga94 ,! sold] c be work$ ar\nd & up & d[n ! jo9t1 b always keep ! top edge cov]$ ) hot sold]4 ,! sold] is likely to drop (f ! jo9t entirely unless wat*$ closely4 ,:5 ! correct heat is obta9$1 drop ! ladle4 ,take ! wip+ clo? 9 ! "r h& & ) ! f+]s spread1 clean (f ! top edge quickly1 !n %ape ! jo9t ) ! "o clo?4 ,) a little practice y w ga9 ?is knack4 ,! jo9t c !n be wip$4 ,! left h& c /eady ! pipe4 ,spread ! index f+] & ?ird f+] to opposite sides ( ! clo? & wipe ar\nd ! jo9t4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,prep>+ ,,& ,,wip+ ,,jo9ts 7,cont9u$7 ,,two-,,in* ,,brass ,,f]rule ,,mat]ials4--,! beg9n] %\ld cont9ue wip+ ! v]tical r\nd jo9t until he is able to obta9 a symmetrical bulb4 ,a jo9t %\ld be wip$ 9 ea* ( ! =ego+ positions = exhibition purposes1 s t ! beg9n] c h be=e him ! be/ "w & /rive to make ! next jo9t bett]4 ,?is next jo9t1 ! #b-;in* brass f]rule1 is wip$ 9 an upright position4 ,! mat]ials necess>y are ! #b-;in* brass f]rule1 #f in*es ( #b-;in* light lead pipe1 pa/e & pap]1 #a_/b & #a_/b sold]1 ros91 wip+ sold]1 cat* pan1 & supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4 ,,tools ,,requir$4--,! tools necess>y = ?is "w are z foll[s3 ! saw1 rasp1 drift plug1 dress]1 file1 sold]+ iron1 b5d+ irons1 wip+ clo?s1 %ave hook1 & ladle4 ,,prep>ation4--,! lead pipe mu/ be fitt$ into ! brass f]rule4 ,! brass f]rule has to be t9n$ fir/4 ,to d ?is1 proce$ z foll[s3 file ! f]rule = ab\t #b in*es on ! tap]$ end4 ,d n file too deep1 b j en\gh to expose ! pure bright metal4 ,n[ measure f ! small end #a-a_/d in*es d[n t[>d ! bead$ end4 ,f ?is po9t to ! bead1 cov] ! brass ) pa/e & pap]4 ,no pa/e mu/ get on ! #a-a_/d-;94 fil$ end4 ,?is end %\ld n be t\*$ ) ! f+]s4 ,if pa/e gets on x1 ! process ( fil+ mu/ be done ov] aga9 z ! sold] w n /ick :]e !re is pa/e4 ,if ! brass f]rule is fil$ :ile ! pap] is on ! brass1 ! fil+ w de/roy ! /raight edge ( ! pap] & an ev5 jo9t _c be made4 ,x w\ld !re=e be necess>y to re-pap] ! brass4 ,take "s p[d]$ ros9 & cov] ! fil$ end ( ! f]rule ) molt5 sold] us+ ! ros9 z a flux4 ,d n dip ! end ( ! f]rule into ! hot wip+ sold] to t9 x or p\r wip+ sold] on ! brass f]rule4 ,?is me?od ( t9n+ ! f]rule w spoil ! wip+ sold]4 ,always use ! sold]+ iron to t9 ! f]rule z expla9$ above4 ,a little practice w develop ! use ( ! iron 9 ! h&s ( ! beg9n] s t ?is t9n+ process w be done v rapidly4 ,! iron %\ld be put on to heat :5 ! pap] is be+ pa/$ on ! brass2 ! iron w !n be ready = use :5 ne$$4 ,,prep>+ ,,! ,,lead4--,! ends ( ! lead pipe mu/ be squ>$ ) ! rasp4 ,all k9ks & d5ts are tak5 out by us+ ! drift plug & driv+ x ?r\gh ! pipe4 ,take a piece ( smoo? p9e /ick & />t to beat 9 ! end ( ! lead pipe to fit ! brass f]rule4 ,! pipe %\ld be beat5 9 />t+ ab\t #c_/d in*es f ! end4 ,x %\ld be beat5 9 v sl[ly until x fits ! f]rule4 ,! pipe is held 9 ! h& all ! "t & consid]able "t %\ld be sp5t on ?is z x is ! fir/ "t ! beat+ 9 ( lead pipe has be5 call$ =4 ,! knack ( do+ ?is comes only by sl[ & cont9u$ practice4 ,! lead mu/ be humor$ into %ape & n driv5 into %ape4 ,! end ( ! pipe is tap]$ /ill m by rasp+ (f ! end4 ,ab\t #c_/d in* %\ld ext5d into ! brass f]rule4 ,) ! b5d+ irons1 ! lead ext5d+ into ! brass f]rule is beat5 aga9/ ! inside wall ( ! f]rule4 ,a good way to d ?is is to w$ge ! lead pipe 9 z mu* z possible at fir/1 !n lay ! "w flat on ! b5*1 9 :i* position x is m easily work$4 ,! sket* %\ld be ?or\ghly /udi$ & ea* notation be p]fectly und]/ood1 be=e proce$+ ) ! "w4 ,n[ t ! lead pipe is p]fectly fitt$ into place1 x is prep>$ = wip+4 ,! jo9t ov]all w be #b-a_/b in*es4 ,z we h already all[$ #a-a_/d in*es on ! brass f]rule = ! jo9t1 ! lead w h to be clean$ t mu* m4 ,) ! %ave hook1 %ave ! end ( ! pipe t has be5 fitt$ into ! brass f]rule4 ,a space ab\t #d in*es %\ld be clean$4 ,?is w give a clean$ surface free f dirt & grease = ! pa/e & pap] to adh]e to4 ,next pa/e ! pap] 9 place4 ,! lead pipe c be entirely cov]$1 or #c or #d in*es only1 above ! #a-a_/d in*es all[$ = ! jo9t4 ,! space betwe5 ! pap] on ! brass & ! pap] on ! lead %\ld n[ be #b-a_/b in*es4 ,! pa/e & pap] %\ld n[ be all[$ to dry4 ,,support+ ,,! ,,pipe4--,?is jo9t is wip$ ) ! f]rule d[n on ! b5*4 ,a flat pan is laid on ! b5* & ! f]rule /ood ^u x4 ,a weight on top ( ! lead pipe is all t is necess>y4 ,if ?is does n make ! pipe rigid en\gh = ! beg9n]1 !n a support simil> to ! r\nd v]tical jo9t support c be us$4 ,! beg9n] is advis$1 h[ev]1 to practice ! wip+ ( ?is jo9t ) only ! weight to hold x 9 position4 ,! beg9n] w !n be requir$ to wipe ! jo9t :ile ! sold] is hot1 :5 x does n require a heavy pressure aga9/ ! sold] to wipe x 9 %ape4 ,^! wip$ jo9ts %\ld be support$ 9 place ne> ! furnace t heats ! sold] s t ! sold] w be h&y = wip+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,two-in* brass f]rule4 ,,wip+4--,wip+ ?is jo9t br+s 9 "s ( ! me?ods ( ! r\nd v]tical jo9t4 ,if t jo9t 0 ?or\ghly ma/]$1 ?is jo9t w be wip$ consid]ably m easily4 ,! ladle is held 9 ! "r h& & ! sold] spla%$ on ! jo9t4 ,! cat* clo? is held 9 ! left h& & "s ( ! sold] is caught & br\ght up on ! top edge4 ,! top edge cools quickly z all ! hot sold] runs d[n to ! bottom edge & into ! pan4 ,z ! sold] accumulates on ! bottom edge1 x is drawn up on ! top edge1 & 9 ?is mann] ! top edge is kept hot4 ,:5 ! sold] c be work$ freely ar\nd ! pipe & ! edges are hot1 ! jo9t is ready to wipe4 ,! ladle is laid d[n & ! wip+ clo? is tak5 9 ! "r h& & ! top edge ( ! jo9t clean$ on "o side4 ,!n ! wip+ clo? is *ang$ to ! left h& & ! o!r side ( ! top edge is clean$4 ,hold+ ! clo? 9 "o h& ) ! index & ! ?ird f+]s spread to ! outside corn]s ( ! clo?1 ! clo? is pass$ ar\nd ! jo9t quickly4 ,to get an ev5 & symmetrical jo9t1 x is necess>y to make two or ?ree passes ar\nd ! jo9t hold+ ! clo? fir/ 9 ! "r & !n 9 ! left h&4 ,! free h& is us$ to /eady ! "w4 ,?is jo9t %\ld be wip$ v slim to all[ room = ! caulk+ irons to pass by x & get into ! hub ( ! pipe4 ,con/ant wip+ on ! brass f]rule w result 9 ! t9n+ on ! brass f]rule com+ (f4 ,! f]rule w look black :5 ?is happ5s & w ?us be recogniz$4 ,! wip+ %\ld !n be /opp$ & ! f]rule fil$ & t9n$ 9 ! same mann] z x 0 done at fir/4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb]4-- ,fir/1 mat]ial--#f in*es ( #b-;in* light lead pipe & "o #b-;in* brass f]rule4 ,second1 t9 f]rule1 us+ sold]+ iron4 ,?ird1 use a s(t p9e /ick = a dress]4 ,f\r?1 fit ! lead into ! f]rule4 ,fif?1 clean & pap] ! lead4 ,six?1 secure ! pipe into position4 ,sev5?1 us+ ! cat* clo? & ladle1 spla% sold] on ! jo9t4 ,eigh?1 keep ! top edge cov]$ ) sold]4 ,n9?1 wipe ! top edge fir/4 ,t5?1 %ape & f9i% wip+ ) a few /rokes4 ,elev5?1 tools us$4 ,twelf?1 wipe a slim jo9t4 ,?irte5?1 /eady ! "w ) ! free h&4 ,f\rte5?1 re-t9 ! f]rule1 if necess>y4 ,,f\r-,,in* ,,brass ,,f]rule ,! #d-;in* brass f]rule jo9t is ! same z ! #b-;in*1 except = size4 ,! mat]ials ne$$ = ?is jo9t are #f in*es ( #d-;in*1 #h-p\nd lead pipe1 & "o #d-;in* brass f]rule1 "o full pot ( sold]1 "s pa/e & pap]1 ros91 & #a_/b & #a_/b sold]4 ,,tools ,,necess>y4--,! tools requir$ = ?is jo9t are z foll[s3 saw1 rasp1 file1 ladle1 sold]+ iron1 dress]1 b5d+ irons1 %ave hook1 & wip+ clo?s4 ,,prep>ation4--,lead ,pipe4--,) ! saw cut (f #f in*es ( #d-;in* lead pipe4 ,?is pipe comes 9 l5g?s & %\ld be = ?is "w ab\t #h p\nds to ! foot 9 weight4 ,! pipe may be d5t$ badly1 b ^! d5ts c be tak5 out z foll[s3 ,take a piece ( #b-;in* iron pipe & put x 9 a vise4 ,! lead pipe c be slipp$ ov] ?is iron pipe & any d5ts tak5 out easily by beat+ ) ! dress]4 ,"o end ( ! lead pipe is beat5 ) ! dress] until x fits into ! f]rule4 ,! end is !n rasp$ a little4 ,!n1 aft] ! brass f]rule has be5 t9n$1 ! pipe is fitt$ into x & beat5 out aga9/ ! inside wall ( ! brass f]rule & a tight jo9t is made4 ,! lead is next clean$ ) ! %ave hook & pap] is pa/$ on z expla9$ "u ! #b-;in* brass f]rule1 ! description ( :i* %\ld n[ be read ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--;,f\r-in* brass f]rule4 ,brass ,f]rule4--,! fir/ ?+ to d ) ! brass f]rule is to file ! end t is to be wip$4 ,:5 ! brass f]rule is fil$1 x %\ld be done away f any "p ( ! room :]e ! fil+s are likely to get into ! sold]4 ,aft] ! fil+ has be5 done1 pap] is pa/$ on all ( x except ! "p t is to be t9n$ & no pa/e mu/ get on to ?is "p ( ! f]rule4 ,if any pa/e does get on to x1 ! fil+ w h to be done ov] aga94 ,:5 us+ pa/e & pap]1 neatness mu/ be cultivat$1 or pa/e w be spread ov] p>ts ( ! pipe t are suppos$ n to h any pa/e on !m4 ,next1 take ! sold]+ iron & heat x4 ,take "s ros9 & put x on ! expos$ "p ( ! f]rule4 ,) ! hot sold]+ iron proce$ to t9 ! brass f]rule1 z expla9$ be=e1 ) #a_/b & #a_/b sold]1 us+ ros9 z a flux4 ,n[ ! lead pipe t has previ\sly be5 prep>$ is fitt$ into ! f]rule4 ,,support+4--,set ! brass f]rule on a cat* pan4 ,! lead pipe is upright4 ,a weight plac$ on top ( ! lead pipe w /eady ! pipe = wip+4 ,:5 ! jo9t is wip$ ! free h& c hold ! pipe if ! weight is n suffici5t to support x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--;,f\r-in* brass f]rule4 ,,wip+4--,spla% ! sold] on ! jo9t f ! ladle1 9 ! same mann] z 0 employ$ 9 ! two prec$+ jo9ts4 ,to get ! prop] heat on ! #d-;in* jo9t a little m spe$ is necess>y1 also ! con/ant work+ ( ! sold] ar\nd ! pipe4 ,! ladle is con/antly mov$ ar\nd ! pipe s t all p>ts ( ! pipe w be ev5ly heat$ & come into contact ) ! hot sold] direct f ! ladle4 ,:5 ! sold] works freely ar\nd ! pipe & ! top edge is hot1 ! jo9t is %ap$ by hold+ ! wip+ clo? 9 ! "r h&1 ) ! index & ! middle f+]s spread to ! opposite corn]s ( ! clo?4 ,! f+]s are plac$ "o on ! top edge & "o on ! bottom edge4 ,! clo? is !n pass$ ar\nd ! jo9t z f> z possible4 ,!n ! clo? is tak5 9 ! left h&1 ) ! f+]s spread1 & pass$ ar\nd ! re/ ( ! jo9t4 ,if ! sold] does n take ! %ape ( ! clo? readily1 !n ! sold] is n at ! "r heat4 ,?is jo9t %\ld be wip$ v slim to all[ room = ! caulk+ tools4 ,:5 ?is jo9t is once />t$1 x %\ld n be left until x has be5 wip$1 o!rwise a l>ge am\nt ( sold] w accumulate on ! jo9t & w be h>d to get (f4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb]4-- ,fir/1 mat]ial4 ,second1 tools4 ,?ird1 t9 f]rule4 ,f\r?1 use ! dress] to fit ! lead into ! f]rule4 ,fif?1 clean ! lead ) ! %ave hook1 & pap]4 ,six?1 use ! cat* clo? & ladle4 ,sev5?1 keep ! top edge cov]$ ) hot sold]4 ,eigh?1 wipe ! top edge fir/4 ,n9?1 make a slim jo9t4 ,t5?1 /eady ! "w ) ! free h&4 ,,/op ,,cock ,,mat]ials ,,requir$4--,! mat]ials us$ = ?is jo9t are z foll[s3 two pieces ( #e_/h-;in* extra /rong lead pipe #i in*es long1 ea*2 "o #a_/b-;in* plug /op cock = lead pipe2 pa/e & pap]2 sold]2 #a_/b & #a_/b sold]2 ros92 cat* pan & supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4 ,,tools ,,necess>y4--,! tools necess>y = ?is job are z foll[s3 saw1 rasp1 file1 turn plug1 %ave hook1 b5d+ irons1 hamm]1 ladle1 sold]+ iron1 & wip+ clo?s4 ,,prep>ation4--,!re are two jo9ts to be wip$ on ?is job & ! /op cock is support$ only by ! rigid fitt+ ( ! lead pipe4 ,!re=e ! prep>ation mu/ be ?or\ghly done4 ,! brass /op w be prep>$ fir/4 ,brass4--,! two ends ( ! /op cock are fil$ bright1 !n pap]$ & t9n$4 ,?is op]ation is ! same1 only on a small] scale1 z ! t9n+ ( ! #b-;in* & ! #d-;in* brass f]rule4 ,! pap] is pa/$ ov] ! entire /op cock1 except ! two ends1 :i* are t9n$ = ab\t #a-a_/d in*es4 ,lead ,pipe4--,aft] ! lead pipe has be5 cut (f f ! coil1 ! ends are squ>$ ) ! rasp4 ,"o end ( ea* piece is ream$ out a little ) ! tap bor] & spread a trifle ) ! turn p94 ,) ! rasp1 take (f ! outside edge ( ! end t has be5 spread4 ,! sket* w %[ ?is & give ! angle at :i* ! edge is to be rasp$4 ,! /op cock is n[ fitt$ into ! lead pipe4 ,! brass %\ld ent] at lea/ #a_/d in*1 !n ! lead is beat5 aga9/ ! brass until a tight jo9t is made4 ,! o!r end ( ! brass /op is fitt$ into ! o!r piece ( ! lead pipe & a p]fect fit is made4 ,! fitt+ ( ^! two jo9ts mu/ be rigid z ^u !m dep5ds ! /ability ( ! jo9t support4 ,:5 ^! ends ( ! lead pipe h be5 fitt$1 ! pipe is clean$ ) ! %ave hook & pap] is pa/$ on1 all[+ #a-a_/b in*es = ! jo9t4 ,bo? pieces ( pipe are prep>$ at ! same "t z bo? ends are wip$ at ! same "t4 ,,support+4--,! ?ree pieces ( pipe %\ld be s w$g$ toge!r t !y w n fall ap>t :5 put 9 position = wip+4 ,! bricks = support+ ! pipe are plac$ ! same z 9 ! support ( ! horizontal r\nd jo9t4 ,! lead pipe ends are laid on ! bricks4 ,?is br+s ! /op cock 9 ! c5t] )\t any support4 ,if x 7 n = ! sub/antial fit betwe5 x & ! lead pipe1 x w\ld n /ay 9 place4 ,sold] /raps c be put ov] ea* end ( ! lead pipe4 ,weights c be us$ to advantage4 ,,wip+4--,:5 gett+ ! heat up = ^! jo9ts1 p\r ! sold] ov] ! two jo9ts & ov] ! /op cock4 ,?is gets ! heat prop]ly di/ribut$1 s t bo? jo9ts c be wip$ :ile ! brass /op is heat$4 ,get ! prop] heat up on "o jo9t & !n ! o!r4 ,come back to ! fir/ jo9t & wipe x & !n ! second "o4 ,bo? jo9ts %\ld be wip$ s z to h ! same %ape4 ,! novice w exp]i5ce "s tr\ble :5 wip+ ?is jo9t 9 gett+ ! brass edge hot4 ,heat+ up ! two jo9ts toge!r w 9 a l>ge degree (fset ?is tr\ble4 ,"s me*anics take out ! lev] h&le /op to less5 ! am\nt ( brass to heat4 ,?is is nev] done by a good me*anic z ! two pieces w nev] fit toge!r aga9 & make a tight jo9t4 ,if ! plug is left 9 place1 bo? ! plug & body w exp& equally & ! pieces w fit p]fectly4 ,:5 wip+ is />t$ on ^! jo9ts1 ! beg9n] mu/ /ay at x cont9ually4 ,:5 ! brass is heat$1 ! f9i%$ wip+ c be tri$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,if ?is way is n foll[$1 ! beg9n] w f9d t mo/ ( 8 "t w be sp5t try+ to get a heat on ! brass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,/op cock4 ,,bran* ,,jo9t ,,mat]ials ,,ne$$4--,! mat]ials necess>y to complete ?is job are z foll[s3 #ab in*es ( #e_/h-;in* extra /rong lead pipe = ! run2 #f in*es ( #a_/b-;in* extra /rong lead pipe = ! bran*2 pa/e & pap]1 & sold]4 ,,tools ,,necess>y4--,! tools necess>y = ?is job are ! saw1 b5d+ irons1 rasp1 tap bor]1 ladle1 wip+ clo?s1 & ! %ave hook4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,bran* jo9t4 ,,prep>ation4--,! prep>ation ( ?is jo9t requires ! skill ( ! beg9n] m ?an any ( ! prec$+ jo9ts4 ,! tapp+ ( ! #e_/h pipe = ! bran* connection1 pa/+ & cutt+ ! pap]1 require ! utmo/ c>e & precision4 ,! #e_/h-;in* pipe is tapp$ ) ! tap bor] 9 ! c5t]4 ,! tap bor] is us$ by grasp+ ! h&le firmly & putt+ ! cutt+ po9t on ! m>k & !n press+ d[n on ! h&le4 ,?is =ces ! po9t into ! lead4 ,n[ turn ! tool & a piece ( lead w be bor$ out4 ,cont9ue ?is op]ation & a hole w v soon appe> 9 ! lead4 ,a hole j l>ge en\gh to all[ ! b5d+ irons to ent] is made4 ,! op5+ ( ! hole is complet$ ) ! b5d+ iron1 work+ ! lead back sl[ly into place4 ,d n attempt to drive ! lead back ar\nd ! hole ) a few /rokes4 ,"o b5d+ iron is ins]t$ & ?is iron is /ruck ) ano!r iron or hamm]4 ,aft] a numb] ( /rokes ! op5+ w be ( suffici5t size4 ,! b5t end ( iron is ins]t$ into ! hole & ! b5t "p ent]s ! bore ( ! pipe4 ,?is iron is /ruck 9 su* a way z to =ce ! lead ar\nd ! hole up1 r ?an back4 ,n[ ) ! /raight end ( irons op5 ! sides4 ,:5 ! wall ( pipe has be5 driv5 up a little ! hole c be enl>g$ by driv+ back ! lead4 ,?is proc$ure w =m a coll> ar\nd ! hole to /eady ! bran* pipe4 ,good workman%ip w result 9 hav+ a good sub/antial coll> ar\nd ! op5+4 ,! bran* %\ld n[ be fitt$4 ,clean ! pipe ) ! %ave hook = ab\t #b in*es on ea* side ( ! op5+4 ,) compasses set at #a-a_/h in*es1 m>k (f a space on ea* side ( ! bran* on ! run1 or on ! #e_/h-;in* pipe4 ,on ! sides ( ! pipe ! two l9es %\ld be jo9$ ) an ev5 & symmetrical curve4 ,a good way to make ?is curve is ) ! %ave hook4 ,n[ take a fold$ piece ( pap] & cut out ! %ape ( "o-half ( ! jo9t1 !n op5 ! fold & ! entire ellipse w be made4 ,:5 ?is pap] is cut1 a %>p knife is us$1 o!rwise a ragg$ edge w be made & a good f9i% ( jo9t is impossible4 ,! pap] is n[ pa/$ & put on ! pipe4 ,! surplus pa/e on ! edge ( ! pap] %\ld be wip$ (f ) ! f+]s be=e ! pap] is put on ! pipe4 ,?is prev5ts any pa/e squeez+ out on ! jo9t4 ,! bran* is n[ tak5 & p]fectly fitt$ into ! run4 ,! end is clean$ ) ! %ave hook & pap] is pa/$ on ! pipe1 leav+ #a-a_/h in*es ( clean$ surface = wip+4 ,! pa/e & ! pap] %\ld n[ be all[$ to dry4 ,! position = wip+ ?is jo9t is to h ! run horizontal & ! bran* on an angle ( #de deg4 po9t+ away f ! wip]4 ,figure #cj w br+ out ! above explanation v vividly4 ,,support+4--,! run ( ?is jo9t is laid flat on ! table & ! bran* ins]t$ 9 its prop] place4 ,) "o h& hold x 9 place1 ) ! o!r1 use ! b5d+ iron1 tap ! coll> on ! run aga9/ ! bran*1 w$g+ x 9 place good & /rong s t no sold] c leak ?r\gh4 ,if ! bran* is tap]$ ) ! rasp z %[n ! jo9t c be made v tight4 ,! run ( ! pipe is n[ laid on two bricks z 0 done ) ! horizontal jo9t4 ,! bran* is laid ov] on a pile ( bricks or wood at an angle ( #de deg4 ,! be/ way to secure ?is jo9t is to p\r "s half-molt5 sold] on ! ends ( pipe & brick1 mak+ a sold] clamp4 ,?is bran* does n ne$ any clamp or weight if x is prop]ly ent]$ into ! run4 ,a /rap ( sold] c be run ov] ! end ( pipe if f\nd necess>y4 ,place ! cat* pan "u ! jo9t & !n ! pipe w be ready to wipe4 ,,wip+4--,9 wip+ ?is jo9t1 ! cat* clo? is us$ n only to cat* ! sold] z x drops (f f ! pipe1 b also to hold ! hot sold] aga9/ ! pipe to heat ! "u side ( ! jo9t4 ,te/ ! sold] & see if x is ! correct heat = wip+4 ,if s1 prep>e = wip+4 ,aft] heat+ ! ladle1 take "s sold] 9 x & proce$ to drop ! molt5 sold] on ! jo9t4 ,! ladle is mov$ con/antly z ! sold] is dropp$ on ! run & !n on ! bran* to get ! entire jo9t to ! prop] heat4 ,z ! sold] drops (f f ! jo9t1 x is caught on ! cat* clo? & br\ght up on ! top ( ! jo9t :]e x is re-melt$ by dropp+ hot sold] on x4 ,!n ! hot sold] is held 9 ! clo? aga9/ ! "u side ( ! jo9t to get ! "u side prop]ly heat$4 ,! sold] is work$ ar\nd all p>ts ( ! jo9t4 ,:5 ! heat is got up suffici5tly & ! sold] works freely ar\nd ! jo9t1 ! bran* clo? is tak5 & ea* edge ( ! jo9t is wip$ clean4 ,any surplus sold] is br\ght up on top ( ! jo9t & !n wip$ on ! cat* clo?4 ,?is sold] is !n put on ! "u side ( ! jo9t4 ,) ! bran* clo? rea* way ar\nd ! jo9t & wipe ea* side1 br++ ! clo? ea* "t to ! top & !n (f ! jo9t4 ,! la/ wipe is directly across ! top1 wip+ (f any surplus sold] t may h accumulat$ f wip+ ! sides4 ,! difficulty ) ?is jo9t is 9 gett+ ! top & bottom to h an equal am\nt ( sold]4 ,) a little practice & by wat*+ ea* motion y\r faults c be not$ & rem$i$4 ,if ! pap] />ts to come (f1 x %\ld be re-pap]$ at once4 ,:5 ! jo9t is f9i%$1 x %\ld be left 9 position until ! sold] has _h "t to set & cool1 o!rwise ! bran* w break (f & consid]able "t w be lo/ 9 correct+ ! tr\ble4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb]4-- ,fir/1 ! use ( ! tap bor]4 ,second1 ! use ( ! b5d+ irons4 ,?ird1 d n all[ ! b5d+ irons to t\* ! inside walls ( ! pipe :5 /ret*+ ! op5+4 ,f\r?1 secure ! bran* into ! run4 ,fif?1 secure ! pipes into position = wip+4 ,six?1 spread ! heat on ! edges & ! bottom ( ! jo9t4 ,sev5?1 wipe ) ! bran* clo?4 ,eigh?1 cut ! pap]4 ,n9?1 m>k ! outl9e ( ! jo9t4 ,,bran* ,,jo9t ,,plac$ ,,flat ,:5 ! wip] has ma/]$ ! bran* jo9t plac$ at an angle ( #de deg41 he c proce$ to wipe ! jo9t plac$ 9 ! next position1 :i* is flat4 ,,prep>ation4--,! prep>ation ( ?is jo9t is id5tical ) ! prec$+ "o plac$ at an angle ( #de deg4 ,if a new jo9t is to be prep>$1 x w\ld be well to pay /rict att5tion to ! details1 su* z keep+ ! pa/e on ! pap] only & hav+ ! edge ( ! pap] cut p]fectly smoo? & ev54 ,be=e putt+ on ! pap] see t ! pipe is free f all grease & dirt4 ,! pa/e & pap] w /ick bett] if all ! dirt is remov$4 ,! bran* %\ld be well fitt$ into ! run ( ! pipe s t no sold] w get into ! bore ( ! pipe4 ,! bran* %\ld n ext5d into ! run ( pipe en\gh to ob/ruct ! bore ( x4 ,if ! in/ructions = prep>+ ! pipe are n c>ri$ out z detail$1 ! wip] w exp]i5ce "s tr\ble t he may f9d h>d to ov]come4 ,,support+4--,! run c be support$ on bricks4 ,! bran* c be support$ on a brick plac$ at its end ! same height z ! run4 ,?is w br+ ! jo9t 9 ! correct flat position4 ,! bran* %\ld po9t away f ! wip]4 ,sold] /raps c n[ be p\r$ ov] ! ends ( ea* pipe4 ,if weights are us$ to hold ! pipe firm in/ead ( sold] /raps1 !y %\ld be s plac$ t !y w n int]f]e ) ! h&s :5 wip+4 ,,wip+4--,! wip+ ( ?is jo9t is m difficult z ! beg9n] w exp]i5ce tr\ble 9 heat+ ! bottom & keep+ ! sold] on ! bottom4 ,sold] is dropp$ on ! jo9t & along ! pipe s z to br+ ! pipe to ! prop] wip+ heat4 ,"s sold] w accumulate on top ( ! jo9t4 ,?is is melt$ (f on ! cat* clo? & ?is hot sold] held aga9/ ! bottom ( ! jo9t4 ,?is op]ation is repeat$ until ! bottom z well z ! top ( ! jo9t is heat$ prop]ly4 ,:5 ! sold] c be work$ freely ar\nd ! pipe1 ! bran* clo? is tak5 & ea* side is wip$ f ! bottom t[>d ! top4 ,sold] is accumulat$ on ! top :]e x is wip$ (f on ! cat* clo? & put on ! bottom ( ! jo9t4 ,n[ rea* way ar\nd ea* side & wipe ! edge & body ( ! jo9t1 a wipe across ! top complet+ ! jo9t4 ,! bottom c be wip$ ) a cross wipe also if desir$4 ,! top & ! bottom %\ld be id5tical4 ,notice c>efully ! draw+ ( ?is jo9t & endeavor to h ! same l9es4 ,! p]fect+ ( ^! jo9ts comes only ) pati5t practice4 ,! beg9n] mu/ n get disc\rag$ because ( a burn or two4 ,z soon z confid5ce 9 oneself has be5 ga9$1 ! possibility ( burn+ ! f+]s is entirely elim9at$4 ,,bran* ,,v]tical ,! mat]ials1 tools1 & prep>ation = ?is jo9t plac$ 9 a v]tical position are j ! same1 practically1 z ^? 9 ! prec$+ bran* jo9ts4 ,"o or two po9ts :]e9 !y diff] are m5tion$ bel[4 ,to rigidly support ! jo9t = wip+1 all[ ! run ( ! pipe to re/ on "s bricks z be=e m5tion$1 ) ! bran* look+ up4 ,n[ take a piece ( wood & drive a nail ?r\gh "o end ( x ab\t #a in* f ! edge4 ,let ?is nail ent] ! bore ( ! v]tical bran*4 ,! wood is all[$ to re/ on ! back ( ! b5* or is brac$ aga9/ ! wall4 ,support+ ! pipes 9 ?is way w all[ ! wip] p]fect fre$om4 ,:5 wip+ ?is jo9t1 spla% ! sold] on f ! ladle z on ! upright jo9t4 ,z all ! sides ( ?is jo9t c be se51 x is n a difficult matt] to make a p]fectly symmetrical sold] bulb4 ,:5 ! prop] heat is ga9$1 ! top edge ( ! jo9t is wip$ fir/1 !n ! l[] curv$ edge1 us+ ! bran* clo?4 ,! body ( ! jo9t is !n wip$ & ! jo9t f9i%$ ) a cross wipe1 if necess>y4 ,,bran* ,,horizontal ,! next position = ?is jo9t is to h ! bran* pipe horizontal & ! run v]tical4 ,! mat]ials1 tools & prep>ation = ?is jo9t are ! same z = ! prec$+ ones4 ,! support+ & wip+ diff] a little4 ,,support+4--,"o end ( ! run is plac$ on ! cat* pan4 ,! o!r end is held 9 place ! same way z ! bran* 0 held 9 ! prec$+ jo9t4 ,if ! pictures ( ?is jo9t are c>efully look$ ov]1 ! me?ods employ$ to hold ! pipe w be readily not$4 ,! bran* is be/ held by ins]t+ "o end ( a b5d+ iron 9 ! bore ( ! pipe & plac+ ! o!r end ( ! iron on a brick built up to ! "r height4 ,! iron %\ld be weight$ to keep ! jo9t f sway+4 ,,wip+4--,! sold] is n[ dropp$ on ! bran* z 9 ! r\nd jo9t1 & spla%$ on ! v]tical run z 9 ! upright jo9t4 ,suffici5t sold] is put on ! jo9t to keep ! edges cov]$ ) hot sold]4 ,sold] is work$ ar\nd ! jo9t until all p>ts ( x are ?or\ghly heat$ & ! sold] works easily1 !n all ! edges are wip$ clean4 ,! top half is !n wip$ ev5ly & ! bottom half wip$ to mat* ! top half4 ,a cross wipe 9 front completes ! jo9t4 ,:5 ?is cross wipe is made on any jo9t1 a ?ick edge ( sold] mu/ n be left4 ,! edge mu/ be wip$ clean4 ,?is jo9t %\ld be wip$ fir/ ) ! bran* po9t+ to ! "r & !n ) ! bran* po9t+ to ! left4 ,x w take ! beg9n] "s "t to ma/] ^! bran* jo9ts1 = n only mu/ !y be wip$ symmetrically = ! sake ( appe>ances1 b !y mu/ be wip$ :ile ! sold] is hot to secure a tight jo9t4 ,a jo9t t is wip$ ) sold] t is too cold w be por\s & w leak :5 put "u pressure4 ,) c>e ! same pipe c be us$ ?r\gh\t = all ! positions ( ?is bran* jo9t4 ,,"o ,,& ,,"o-,,half-,,in* ,,bran* ,,jo9t ,^u ! completion ( ! small siz$ bran* jo9t 9 its v>i\s angles1 ! #a-a_/b-;in* bran* jo9t is to be wip$4 ,?is bran* jo9t is wip$ 9 ! same positions z ! #e_/h bran* 0 wip$4 ,! pipe be+ l>g]1 !re is m sold] = ! wip] to h&le1 & ! edges to keep clean & to wipe are long]4 ,,mat]ials ,,ne$$4--,! mat]ials ne$$ = ?is job are #ab in*es ( #a-a_/b-;in* light lead pipe = ! run1 & #f in*es ( #a-a_/b-;in* pipe = ! bran*1 pa/e1 pap]1 sold]1 & cat* pan4 ,,tools ,,ne$$4--,! tools necess>y = ?is job are ! saw1 rasp1 %ave hook1 b5d+ irons1 drift plug1 hamm]1 ladle1 wip+ clo?s1 & tap bor]4 ,,prep>ation4--,to an exp]i5c$ wip]1 ! proc$ure ( prep>+ ?is jo9t & wip+ x are s ne> l ! #e_/h-;bran* jo9t t a detail$ description w\ld be unnecess>y2 b = ! b5efit ( ! beg9n]1 ,i w repeat ! details z !y apply to ?is p>ticul> jo9t & !reby avoid any error4 ,we w take ! prep>ation ( ! run fir/4 ,squ>e ! two ends ( ! pipe ) ! rasp4 ,m>k (f ! c5t] ( ! pipe4 ,) ! r\nd "p ( ! rasp1 held at "r angles ) ! pipe1 proce$ to rasp d[n ! cr[n ( pipe :]e ! c5t] m>k 0 made4 ,d n rasp ?r\gh ! wall ( ! pipe1 b j en\gh s t ! tap bor] w ent] ! pipe ) only a slight pressure4 ,) ! tap bor]1 tap a hole l>ge en\gh = ! b5d+ irons to ent]4 ,n[ proce$ to enl>ge ! hole1 fir/ =c+ ! edges up & !n =c+ !m back1 mak+ ! hole l>g] & mak+ a coll> ar\nd ! hole at ! same "t4 ,cont9ue to op5 ! pipe until ! ap]ture is l>ge en\gh = ! bran* pipe to ent]4 ,! b5d+ irons mu/ n come into contact ) ! inside wall ( ! pipe1 = if !y d ! inside bore w be m>r$ & be v ragg$4 ,z ^! jo9ts are usually us$ on wa/e l9es1 ^! ragg$ places make an ideal place = l9t & grease to collect & cause a /oppage4 ,to make ! inside ( ! hole ev51 a piece ( #a_/b-;in* pipe c be us$ 9 place ( ! b5d+ irons4 ,to cut out ! oval f a piece ( pap] to fit ! jo9t1 fold ! pap] & cut out "o-half ( ! oval4 ,n[ unfold ! pap] & ! complete oval is obta9$4 ,! measurem5ts ( ! oval are tak5 f ,fig4 #cj1 #a-a_/h in*es ea* side ( ! bran* l5g?wise ( ! run4 ,^! two l9es are connect$ ) a curv$ l9e z %[n4 ,?is curv$ l9e c be made ) ! %ave hook4 ,take ! l>ge edge ( ! %ave hook & roll x along betwe5 ! l9es to be jo9$4 ,a little practice w p]fect "o 9 do+ ?is quickly4 ,! beg9n] %\ld make a numb] ( ^! ovals s t he c get !m p]fect4 ,! graceful appe>ance ( ?is jo9t dep5ds ^u ! neatness ) :i* x is prep>$4 ,i d n want ! beg9n] to ?9k t a graceful %ape ( ! jo9t is all t is to be desir$ or t x is ! mo/ ess5tial po9t4 ,fur!r along1 p]haps1 m vital requirem5ts w be br\ght out & ! beg9n] w be made acqua9t$ ) !m4 ,! ends ( ! #f-;in* piece are n[ squ>$ ) ! rasp4 ,! edges ( "o end are rasp$ (f z %[n 9 ! sket*1 mak+ a w$g$ fit into ! run4 ,?is end is !n clean$ ) ! %ave hook4 ,pap] is !n pa/$ on to cov] ! pipe except ! #a-a_/h in*es clean$ on ! end4 ,?is clean$ "p =ms "p ( ! jo9t1 !re=e no pa/e or pap] mu/ be put on x4 ,! pipe is n[ fitt$ into ! run & ! coll> beat5 aga9/ x ) ! b5d+ irons4 ,! run is n[ clean$ ) ! %ave hook = ab\t #c in*es ea* side ( ! c5t]4 ,! pap] oval cut out is n[ pa/$ on ! jo9t4 ,! pa/e & pap] are !n all[$ to dry be=e !y are h&l$ fur!r4 ,,support+4--,! support+ ( ?is jo9t1 :i* is plac$ ) ! bran* on an angle ( #de deg4 po9t+ away f ! wip]1 is n a difficult matt]4 ,! beg9n] c use 8 own +5uity = support+ ! pipe if conditions d n w>rant ! us+ ( ! me?ods previ\sly describ$4 ,,wip+4--,! sold] %\ld n[ be te/$ = heat4 ,if ! sold] is at ! prop] heat1 ! ladle is tak5 & heat$4 ,take a ladle full ( sold] & drop ! sold] on ! jo9t4 ,! lead ( :i* ?is bran* jo9t is made is consid]ably light] ?an any lead t has be5 us$ be=e4 ,!re=e1 ! beg9n] mu/ drop ! sold] on c>efully1 mak+ sure t ! sold] is n dropp$ on ! same spot1 = a hole c be burn$ ?r\gh ! pipe v quickly4 ,! ladle mu/ be kept mov+1 !n ! sold] w n burn ?r\gh ! pipe4 ,! heat is got up on ! pipe by dropp+ ! sold] on ! run & on ! bran*1 cat*+ ! surplus sold] on ! cat* clo? & heat+ ! "u side ( ! jo9t ) x4 ,to =m ! jo9t1 di/ribute ! sold] & !n wipe x into %ape4 ,notice t ,i said wipe x into %ape4 ,a beg9n] is v apt to try to pu% or poke x into %ape4 ,?is mu/ n be done z x has a t5d5cy to make ! jo9t lumpy4 ,all ! edges are wip$ (f clean fir/1 !n ! body ( ! jo9t is %ap$ & wip$4 ,:5 =m+ ! jo9t1 be sure t ! bottom & ! top are symmetrical4 ,d n h "o-half l>g] ?an ! o!r4 ,! la/ wip+ /rokes are made swiftly & rapidly4 ,if ! wip] w wat* 8 movem5ts & note ! results & !n try to improve !m1 keep+ 9 m9d t a symmetrical jo9t is want$ ) ?9 edges1 p]fection 9 wip+ w come mu* m quickly ?an if no att5tion is paid to ! /rokes made :5 wip+4 ,,bran* ,,jo9t ,,wip$ ,,flat ,! mat]ials requir$ = ?is jo9t d n diff] f ! prec$+ "o4 ,if ! pipe us$ = ! bran* jo9t at a #de deg4 angle is 9 good %ape1 x c be us$ = ?is jo9t by simply *ang+ positions4 ,! tools ne$$ w n be any diff]5t4 ,! ladle & ! wip+ clo?s1 ( c\rse w be requir$4 ,a pair ( pli]s c be us$ to advantage 9 pick+ up ! hot sold]4 ,! wip+ clo?s %\ld receive a little m oil to keep !m s(t & pliable4 ,oil ! edges ( ! clo?s well4 ,,support+4--,to support ?is pipe = wip+ h ea* end re/ on a brick4 ,ea* end c be weight$ to hold x 9 place4 ,,wip+4--,to wipe ?is jo9t1 proce$ to drop ! sold] on ! jo9t4 ,:5 ! pipe is ?or\ghly heat$ & ! sold] works freely ar\nd ! pipe ! jo9t c be wip$4 ,! proc$ure is l ! prec$+ "o4 ,! wip] is caution$ to move ! ladle con/antly :ile dropp+ ! sold]4 ,,bran* ,,held ,,v]tical ,aft] a numb] ( ! previ\s jo9ts h be5 wip$ successfully1 ! pipe is plac$ 9 su* a position t ! bran* w be v]tical4 ,! support+ ( ! pipe to hold ! jo9t 9 ?is position = wip+ is v easily done aft] h&l+ ! #e_/h-;94 jo9t 9 ?is position4 ,! foll[+ po9ts may be f\nd helpful3 ,! sold] is spla%$ on ! jo9t f ! ladle4 ,! top edge ( ! jo9t is kept hot by keep+ ! sold] cov]+ x4 ,:5 ! prop] heat has be5 got up1 ! top edge is wip$ fir/1 !n ! bottom edges bo? front & back4 ,! body ( ! jo9t is wip$ la/ & a cross wipe f9i%es ! jo9t4 ,i h f\nd t ! beg9n] 9 _m cases1 :5 ?is jo9t is rea*$1 tries to wipe x ) _m %ort /rokes4 ,! habit is a bad "o & %\ld be /opp$ z soon z notic$4 ,le>n to wipe ! top edge ) only two /rokes1 ! bottom edge ) n m ?an f\r1 ! body ( ! jo9t ) f\r1 & "o cross wipe to f9i%4 ,?is jo9t %\ld be f9i%$ z symmetrically z possible & wip$ :ile ! sold] is hot4 ,,run ,,held ,,v]tically ,:5 ! v]tical bran* has be5 conqu]$ & ! wip] c get a good jo9t e "t x is tri$1 ! pipe c be *ang$ to a diff]5t position4 ,! run is plac$ 9 a v]tical position & ! bran* horizontally to ! left4 ,! cat* pan is put "u ! end ( ! pipe4 ,foll[ ! same directions = support+ ?is jo9t z 7 giv5 "u ! #e_/h-;94 bran* plac$ 9 a simil> position4 ,! wip+ ( ?is jo9t is s ne>ly l ! prec$+ bran* jo9ts t ,i w n give any in/ructions at all4 ,?is jo9t is f9i%$ at ! same po9t t ! o!r bran* jo9ts are f9i%$4 ,h[ev]1 !re are "o or two matt]s t %\ld be kept 9 m9d4 ,"s ( ! small matt]s are (t5 ov]look$ & %\ld be call$ to m9d occasionally4 ,d n all[ ! sold] to accumulate 9 ! pan4 ,if ! clo?s are burn$1 !y %\ld be turn$1 or new ones made4 ,if ! pap] has />t$ to come (f f ! pipe1 new pap] %\ld be put on at once4 ,te/ ! sold] occasionally & see t x does n get too hot4 ,^u completion ( ! jo9t 9 ?is position1 ! bran* jo9t 9 its v>i\s positions is f9i%$4 ,! beg9n] has f\nd out :ile wip+ ^! v>i\s jo9ts a numb] ( po9ts t 7 n m5tion$ 9 my description4 ,no am\nt ( detail$ description w make a good jo9t wip]4 ,pati5ce & practice are z important 9 jo9t wip+ z good prep>ation & good sold]4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb]4-- ,fir/1 mat]ials--#ah in*es ( #a-a_/b-;94 lead pipe4 ,second1 use ( tools4 ,?ird1 keep b5d+ irons away f ! wall ( ! pipe4 ,f\r?1 make a good coll> ar\nd ! op5+4 ,fif?1 make a tight fit ) bran* & run4 ,six?1 hot sold] w quickly burn ?r\gh ! lead4 ,sev5?1 use bran* clo? = wip+4 ,eigh?1 cut out pap] = jo9t ev5 & symmetrical4 ,,bib ,?is jo9t is ano!r brass to lead1 & is ! la/ s+le jo9t to be wip$ 9 ?is c\rse ( jo9t wip+4 ,,mat]ials ,,ne$$4--,! mat]ials requir$ = ?is jo9t are z foll[s3 #aj in*es ( #e_/h-;in* extra /rong lead pipe2 "o #a_/b-;in* brass s9k bib = lead pipe2 "o pot ( sold]1 pa/e & pap]1 #a_/b & #a_/b sold]1 cat* pan1 & supports4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4 ,,tools ,,requir$4--,! tools requir$ = ?is job are ! saw1 rasp1 tap bor]1 b5d+ irons1 file1 ladle1 wip+ clo?s1 %ave hook1 knife & rule1 sold]+ iron4 ,,prep>ation4--,to prep>e ! lead pipe aft] cutt+ f ! coil & squ>+ ! ends ) ! rasp is v simil> to ! #e_/h-;in* bran* jo9t4 ,! c5t] ( ! pipe is m>k$ & a hole is made 9 x ) ! tap bor] l>ge en\gh to admit ! b5d+ irons4 ,! hole is enl>g$ ) ! irons4 ,a good sub/antial coll> is made ar\nd ! hole to hold ! bib 9 place4 ,"o & "o-eigh? in*es are m>k$ (f on ea* side ( ! bran* & an easy curve connects ! two4 ,! pap] is !n cut out & pa/$ on ! pipe aft] x has be5 scrap$ ) ! %ave hook4 ,! end ( ! brass bib is fil$ bright & t9n$ ) ! sold]+ iron & #a_/b & #a_/b sold]4 ,be=e ! t9n+ is done1 pap] is put on ! brass1 leav+ only #a-a_/h in*es expos$4 ,! t9n+ mu/ be ?or\ghly done1 or x w come (f & h to be re-t9n$4 ,,support+4--,! bib is fitt$ into ! lead op5+ & ! coll> is =c$ aga9/ ! bib to hold x 9 place & prev5t any sold] f leak+ ?r\gh into ! bore ( ! pipe4 ,! bib mu/ n ext5d too f> into ! lead pipe or x w ob/ruct ! fl[ ( wat]4 ,! lead pipe is laid on two bricks ! same z ! r\nd jo9t4 ,! bib is laid on an angle ( #de deg4 po9t+ away f ! wip]4 ,"s bricks c be pil$ up to ! "r height to hold ! bib 9 place & a sold] /rap c be made to hold x /eady4 ,! lead pipe c be held /eady by weight+ ea* end4 ,! cat* pan is n[ plac$ "u ! jo9t & ev]y?+ is ready = wip+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,bib4 ,,wip+4--,:5 ! sold] is hot1 gett+ ! heat on ! pipe is />t$4 ,sold] %\ld be dropp$ (t5] on ! brass bib ?an on ! lead pipe4 ,x takes m heat to heat ! brass ?or\ghly ?an x does ! lead4 ,if ?is is foll[$ out1 little difficulty w be _h 9 gett+ up ! heat & 9 wip+4 ,use ! bran* clo? = wip+ & make sure t all edges are p]fectly clean$ be=e mak+ ! f9al /rokes4 ,z ?is is ! only position t ! jo9t w be wip$ 91 practice %\ld be cont9u$ until p]fect jo9ts c be obta9$4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb]4-- ,fir/1 mat]ials ne$$4 ,second1 tools ne$$4 ,?ird1 use tap bor]4 ,f\r?1 enl>ge hole ) b5d+ irons4 ,fif?1 make sub/antial coll> ar\nd ! op5+4 ,six?1 pap] ! lead4 ,sev5?1 file ! bib1 !n pap]4 ,eigh?1 t9 ! bib4 ,n9?1 place 9 position & wipe4 ,,drum ,,trap ,! mak+ ( ! drum trap w br+ out ! skill ( ! beg9n]4 ,! entire trap is made ( lead pipe4 ,! lead w require a great deal ( h&l+4 ,!re=e1 c>e mu/ be ex]cis$ 9 all op]ations to turn ! trap out 9 a workmanlike mann]4 ,,mat]ials ,,ne$$4--,! mat]ials ne$$ to complete ?is job are3 #aj in*es ( #d-;in* #h-p\nd lead pipe2 #ah in*es ( #a-a_/b-;in* light lead pipe2 pa/e & pap]1 support1 sold]1 & cat* pan4 ,,tools ,,ne$$4--,! tools requir$ = ?is job are3 saw1 rasp1 b5d+ irons1 %ave hook1 b5d+ spr+1 tap bor]1 dress]1 ladle1 drift plug1 & wip+ clo?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,drum trap4 ,,prep>+4--,take ! #aj-;in* piece ( lead pipe & hold x 9 "o h&1 9 ! o!r h& take a p9e dress]4 ,/rike ! lead pipe ) ! dress]4 ,! pipe is /ruck ab\t #b in*es f ! end & is beat5 ev5ly all ar\nd4 ,! pipe is !n /ruck ne>] ! end until f9ally ! bore ( ! pipe is almo/ clos$4 ,?is clos$ end %\ld be r\nd+ & symmetrical4 ,to get ?is %ape ! pipe mu/ be cont9ually mov$ & turn$4 ,"o side mu/ n be =c$ 9 m ?an ! o!r4 ,if !re are any d5ts 9 ! pipe or "p ( ! pipe is =c$ 9 too mu* x may be driv5 out z foll[s3 ,take an old piece ( #a_/b-;in* lead pipe & r\nd "o end ( x ) a hamm]2 ?is c be us$ by hitt+ ! inside ( ! clos$ end ( ! drum & =c+ out ! d5ts4 ,! r\nd$ end ( ! trap is n q clos$ & a hole ab\t #c_/d in* is left4 ,?is op5+ is clos$ by %ap+ ! edges ( x ) ! knife1 mak+ !m smoo? & bevel$4 ,!n a piece ( lead is cut out ( "s scrap1 ! same %ape z ! hole & fitt$ into x4 ,! top surface ( ?is fitt$ piece %\ld be a little l[] ?an ! surface ( ! pipe4 ,/rike a circle1 us+ ! compasses1 ! c5t] ( ! circle be+ ! c5t] ( ! ins]t$ piece ( lead4 ,! lead inside ( ?is circle is %av$ clean ) ! %ave hook1 includ+ ! ins]t$ piece4 ,pap] is !n pa/$ outside ( ! circle & %\ld cov] entirely ! re/ ( ! pipe4 ,! ins]t$ piece is wip$ on ! pipe z foll[s3 ,,wip+ ,,end4--,/& ! #d-;94 pipe 9 a pan ) ! r\nd$ end ( ! pipe up4 ,be sure t ! ins]t$ piece is fitt$ securely4 ,! sold] is n[ dropp$ on ! pap] & %av$ portion ( ! pipe4 ,ex]cise consid]able c>e n to burn a hole 9 ! pipe4 ,z ! hot sold] runs (f1 cat* "s ( x & draw x back on ! jo9t4 ,:5 ! sold] c be manipulat$ freely & ! pipe is hot1 ! jo9t c be wip$4 ,! clo? is drawn across ! jo9t1 clean+ all ! edges ) "o /roke4 ,! jo9t %\ld be %ap$ to complete ! r\nd+ surface ( ! pipe4 ,! jo9t is comp>atively easy & w n occupy mu* "t4 ,z soon z x is wip$1 cov] ! sold] ) pap]4 ,?is w pres]ve ! fre%ness ( ! jo9t until all wip+ is complet$4 ,,prep>+ ,,inlet ,,pipe ,aft] ! above jo9t is complet$1 ! #a-a_/b-;94 bran* inlet pipe is prep>$ & wip$ 9 place4 ,! c5t] ( ?is bran* is m>k$ on ! #d-;in* pipe & a hole is tapp$ 9 ! pipe1 us+ ! tap bor]4 ,a hole l>ge en\gh to admit ! b5d+ irons is made4 ,! hole is enl>g$ ) ! b5d+ irons1 b5d+ ! lead fir/ up1 !n back4 ,a piece ( #a_/b-;in* iron pipe c be us$ z a tool to f9i% ! op5+4 ,! iron pipe is l>g] 9 diamet] ?an ! b5d+ irons & leaves a m f9i%$ surface4 ,! op5+ is made ( suffici5t size to admit ! rasp$ end ( ! #a-a_/b-;in* pipe4 ,:5 us+ ! irons to enl>ge ! op5+ 9 ! pipe1 be sure n to bruise any "p ( ! trap4 ,! #a-a_/b-;in* pipe is n[ tak54 ,! ends ( ?is pipe are squ>$ ) ! rasp4 ,! drift plug is !n driv5 ?r\gh ! pipe to take out any bruises or flatt5$ places4 ,! edge ( "o end is rasp$ (f to fit ! op5+ made 9 ! #d-;in* pipe4 ,! beg9n] mu/ /rive to make a p]fect fit4 ,! accuracy ) :i* ^! prep>ations are made is :at helps 9 a l>ge degree to br+ ab\t a successful job4 ,! next op]ation is to pap] ! p>ts n to be wip$4 ,! sizes ( ! jo9t %\ld be foll[$ z %[n on ! sket*4 ,! pipe is fir/ %av$ ) ! %ave hook1 aft] :i* ! pap] is pa/$ on4 ,no pa/e is all[$ to get on ! jo9t prop]4 ,! beg9n] %\ld by ?is "t h =m$ ! habit ( be+ neat ) 8 "w4 ,!re=e ! gett+ ( pa/e on ! jo9t surface %[s t he is n z neat or z f> advanc$ z he %\ld be4 ,,support+4--,! drum is laid l5g?wise on ! b5* & blocks are put on ea* side to keep x f roll+1 ! bran* upp]mo/4 ,! #a-a_/b-;in* pipe is held 9 position ! same way z ! v]tical bran* 0 held4 ,! cat* pan is put "u ! drum to cat* ! surplus sold]4 ,,wip+4--,spla% ! sold] on ! bran* pipe1 also on ! drum4 ,! burn+ ?r\gh ( ! drum is an easy matt]4 ,!re=e d n keep dropp+ ! sold] on "o place1 b keep ! ladle mov+ cont9ually4 ,) ! cat* clo? draw ! sold] up on ! bran* cov]+ ! top edge ( ! prep>$ surface4 ,spla%+ ! sold] on ?is top edge melts ! sold] already on & all[s x to run d[n on ! #d-;in* pipe :]e x is caught ) ! clo? & aga9 br\ght up on ! top edge ( ! bran*4 ,:5 ! sold] works freely all ar\nd ! jo9t1 ! top edge is wip$ clean & ev54 ,!n any surplus sold] is wip$ (f4 ,! bottom edge is next wip$ clean1 aft] :i* ! body ( ! jo9t is wip$ into %ape1 toge!r ) bo? edges4 ,! edges are wip$ v ?9 s t :5 ! pap] is remov$ ! outl9e ( ! jo9t /&s out v di/9ctly4 ,a ?ick edge on a jo9t gives an unworkmanlike appe>ance to ! "w4 ,! jo9t is f9i%$ ) a cross wipe4 ,! o!r jo9ts are prep>$ & wip$ ! same z ! "o j complet$4 ,! #a-a_/b-;in* bran* connection tak5 out ( ! bottom ( ! trap is b5t4 ,z ?is is ! fir/ "t x has be5 necess>y to b5d lead pipe 9 ^! jobs1 ,i w cov] ?is op]ation 9 detail4 ,! pipe is fir/ /raight5$ & ! drift plug driv5 ?r\gh x4 ,! pipe is m>k$ :]e ! b5d is to be made4 ,! b5d+ spr+1 size #a-a_/b in*es1 is put into ! pipe1 ! c5t] ( ! spr+ com+ ab\t :]e ! b5d is to be made4 ,! pipe is !n heat$ :]e x 0 m>k$ to be b5t4 ,! prop] heat = ?is pipe is j s t ! h& _c /& be+ laid aga9/ x4 ,! pipe is held 9 ! h&s & on ! end ne>e/ ! heat is hit aga9/ ! floor at an angle4 ,! pipe1 ) ! fir/ bl[1 w />t to b5d4 ,) a few m /rokes ! desir$ b5d w be obta9$4 ,! b5d+ spr+ c n[ be pull$ out4 ,put a little wat] 9 ! pipe1 !n put "o end ( ! spr+ 9 ! vise1 twi/ ! pipe1 & ! spr+ w come out :5 ! pipe is pull$ away f x4 ,! b5d+ spr+ holds ! pipe cyl9drical :ile x is be+ b5t4 ,)\t ! spr+1 ! pipe w\ld be badly cru%$ at ! b5d & r5d]$ almo/ unfit = s]vice4 ,ano!r good way to b5d pipe is to plug "o end & fill ! pipe full ( s&1 !n plug ! op5 end4 ,! pipe is !n heat$ :]e ! b5d is to be made4 ,! pipe c !n be b5t ov] ! knee4 ,:5 all ! jo9ts are wip$1 ! pap] %\ld be tak5 (f & ! lead clean$ ) s& & wat]4 ,! trap is n[ complete except ! brass clean-out to be sold]$ on ! top4 ,! inside ( ! trap %\ld n h any r\gh edges or drops ( sold] 9 x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--;,drum trap4 ,!re are two o!r drum traps to be made4 ,! mat]ials ne$$ are ! same z = ! above trap except = #ah in*es m ( #a-a_/b-;in* lead pipe4 ,! support1 prep>ation1 & wip+ are ! same4 ,! beg9n] by ?is "t %\ld feel v well acqua9t$ ) lead & sold]4 ,!re=e1 ! details ( ^! two drum traps c be left = ! beg9n] to "w out = himself4 ,! sket*es are v di/9ct & readable & w be ( consid]able assi/ance4 ,! beg9n] %\ld make ^! traps4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,be ,,rememb]$4-- ,fir/1 use #d-;in* lead pipe1 #h p\nds to ! foot4 ,second1 dress] & spr+ are new tools4 ,/udy _! use4 ,?ird1 gradually "w ! trap into %ape ) ! dress]4 ,f\r?1 plug ! hole ) a piece ( lead pipe4 ,fif?1 prep>e & wipe ! plugg$ hole fir/4 ,six?1 prep>e & wipe ! #a-a_/b-;in* bran*es4 ,sev5?1 special c>e %\ld be tak5 to keep ! "w neat4 ,eigh?1 two ways ( us+ ! b5d+ spr+4 ,n9?1 wipe ?9 edges on jo9ts4 ,t5?1 d n h&le f9i%$ "w4 ,elev5?1 clean & f9i% ! "w neatly4 ,,! ,,practical ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,prec$+ ,,ex]cises ,9 ! =ego+ ex]cises1 ,i h conf9$ myself to ! actual "w ( mak+ ! v>i\s jo9ts4 ,n[ ,i w expla9 ! practical use ( !m4 ,,sold]+ ,,iron4--,! sold]+ iron is a tool t is us$ 9 "w t requires heat to fuse sold] & ! p>ts to be unit$4 ,e plumb] %\ld h at lea/ two irons 9 8 kit4 ,,! ,,cup ,,jo9t4--,:ile ! cup jo9t is n employ$ to any great ext5t 9 mod]n plumb+1 yet x has its use 9 ! in/allation ( "s fixtures4 ,lavatories1 ba? & toilets are sometimes connect$ ) a %ort piece ( lead on ! supply4 ,! tail pieces on ! faucets c be sold]$ on ! lead by means ( a cup jo9t4 ,a cup jo9t well made ) a deep cup & ! sold] well fus$ is z /rong z a wip$ jo9t 9 a place ( ?is k9d4 ,! evil ( ! cup jo9t is t "s me*anics w only fuse ! surface & leave ! deep cup only fill$ ) sold] & n fus$4 ,?is makes a tight jo9t1 b extremely weak4 ,on t9-l9$ pipe & block-t9 pipe ! cup jo9t is commonly us$4 ,:5 mak+ a cup jo9t on block-t9 pipe ! sold]+ iron mu/ n t\* ! pipe & f9e sold] %\ld be us$4 ,:5 t9-l9$ pipe is be+ sold]$1 ! t9 l9+ mu/ n be melt$4 ,,ov]ca/ ,,jo9t4--,! ov]ca/ jo9t is n commonly us$1 b :5 !re is consid]able lead "w to d ! plumb] f9ds x v h&y 9 places :]e a wip$ jo9t w\ld take up too mu* room4 ,we use x = an ex]cise = ! reason t x tea*es ! beg9n] v rapidly ! use & control ( ! sold]+ iron4 ,,flat ,,seams4--,^! seams are us$ 9 ! con/ruction ( ro( fla%]s1 tanks 7,sec4 #cc1 ,*apt] ,,xviii7 & lead safe wa/es 7,sec4 #bg1 plumb+ code74 ,a hat*et iron is sometimes us$ on ^! seams4 ,,wip+ ,,clo?s4--,! wip+ clo?s made ( :alebone tick+ make good1 s]viceable1 & la/+ clo?s4 ,oil only %\ld be us$ to break ! clo? 94 ,molesk9 clo?s are v good1 b !y are v h>d to get & co/ consid]ably m4 ,a plumb] %\ld always keep a good supply ( tick+ clo?s on h&4 ,! clo?s are us$ only = wip+4 #a_/b-;,,in* ,,r\nd ,,jo9t4--,?is jo9t is ! "o mo/ (t5 requir$ 9 actual practice4 ,x s]ves to connect two pieces ( lead pipe ( ! same or diff]5t diamet]s4 ,x is also us$ to connect lead & o!r mat]ials ( :i* pipe is made4 ,! workman1 :5 he gets out on ! job1 f9ds t 8 "w _c be support$ = wip+ 9 su* an easy & conv5i5t position z illu/rat$ 9 ! ex]cises4 ,x w be necess>y to wipe ! jo9t at almo/ e conceivable angle & position4 ,! workman mu/ employ 8 +5uity to ov]come any difficulties t may arise4 ,any draught ( air %\ld be avoid$ z x w make ! sold] cool quickly4 #b-;,,in* ,,brass ,,f]rule4--,:5 x is f\nd necess>y to connect ca/-iron & lead pipe1 x is done by means ( a brass f]rule wip$ on ! lead pipe4 ,?is jo9t is a v common jo9t & is f\nd on s9k1 tray1 & ba? connections1 z well z 9 _m o!r connections t h lead & ca/-iron pipes = wa/es4 #d-;,,in* ,,brass ,,f]rule4--,! #d-;in* brass f]rule wip$ on lead pipe is f\nd "u almo/ e closet4 ,!re is g5]ally a piece ( lead connect+ ! toilet ) ! soil pipe4 ,!re=e1 a brass f]rule is wip$ on ! lead & ! f]rule connect$ ) ! soil pipe4 ,?is jo9t is also f\nd on ra9 lead] connections ne> ! ro(1 connect+ ! gutt] ) ! ra9 lead] /ack4 ,,/op ,,cock4--,:5 a %ut-(f is requir$ 9 a l9e ( lead wat] pipe1 ^! jo9ts are us$4 ,:]e x is necess>y to jo9t lead & brass1 ?is jo9t is requir$4 ,! art ( heat control ov] ! lead & ! brass is ! ess5tial po9t 9 ^! jo9ts4 ,,bran* ,,jo9ts #e_/h ,,& #a_/b ,,in*es4--,:]e x is f\nd necess>y to take a bran* f a wat] pipe1 ?is jo9t is us$ at ! connection4 ,9 practice1 ?is jo9t may h to be wip$ 9 positions t are r difficult to rea*1 s ! wip+ ( jo9ts 9 ! positions call$ = 9 ! ex]cises is exce$+ly good practice4 ,,bran* ,,jo9ts #a-a_/b ,,in*es4--,^! jo9ts are v common & are f\nd on wa/e & v5t pipes4 ,!y are also f\nd on ur9al flu%-pipe connections :]e ! bran* (t5 is brass & ! run lead4 ,,bib4--,:5 lead supplies are run directly to ! bib on a s9k1 ?is jo9t is necess>y4 ,x becomes necess>y to wipe 9 a piece ( brass = a brass-pipe connection f a lead pipe1 9 :i* case ?is jo9t is call$ =4 ,,! ,,drum ,,trap4--,! drum trap is us$ "u s9ks1 ba?s1 %[]s1 & trays4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,lay+ ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,& ,,mak+ ,,connections ,,to ,,public ,,sew]s4 ,,wat] ,,connections ,,to ,,ma9s ,,9 ,,/reets ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,pipe ,"o ( ! fir/ pieces ( "w :i* a plumb] is call$ ^u to d1 :5 build+ op]ations comm5ce1 is to run 9 ! t]ra-cotta sew] f ! /reet sew] into ! f\ndation wall4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--;,connection ( h\se sew] to ma9 sew]4 ,:5 ! /reet sew] is laid1 ,y-bran*es are left e few feet4 ,a record ( ! bran*es & _! di/ance f ! manhole is kept g5]ally 9 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,sew]s or ,public ,works4 ,!re=e1 ! exact measurem5t ( any bran* c be obta9$ & ! bran* f\nd by digg+ d[n to ! dep? ( ! sew]4 ,a bran* %\ld be *os5 s t ! pipe c be laid ) a pit*1 ! same way z ! ma9 sew] pit*es4 ,?is c be done by gett+ ! measurem5ts ( two ( ^! bran*es & *oos+ ! "o t w s]ve be/4 ,:5 !re is a brick sew] 9 ! /reet & no bran*es left out1 ! sew] mu/ be tapp$ :]ev] ! h\se sew] requires x 7see ,fig4 #ce74 ,,digg+ ,,tr5*es4--,aft] ! measurem5ts & location ( ! h\se sew] & sew] bran*es are prop]ly locat$1 ! digg+ ( ! tr5* is />t$4 ,! me?ods employ$ to dig ! tr5* v>y accord+ to ! nature ( ! gr\nd1 t is1 :e!r x is s&1 rock1 or wet gr\nd4 ,a l9e %\ld be /ruck f sew] to f\ndation wall to insure a /raight tr5*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,lay+ ( plank = tr5* dug 9 s&y gr\nd4 ,,s&y ,,gr\nd4--,if ! gr\nd is s&y1 ! sides ( ! tr5* w h to be %ea!d or plank$ & ! planks brac$ s z to prev5t ! bank cav+ 94 ,z ! tr5* is dug deep]1 ! planks are driv5 d[n4 ,:5 ! tr5* is v deep1 a second r[ ( plank+ is necess>y4 ,! planks mu/ be kept well d[n to ! bottom ( ! tr5* & close toge!r1 o!rwise ! s& w run 94 ,x is well to te/ ! plank+ z progress is made by tamp+ ! s& on ! bank side ( ! planks4 ,,gravel4--,:]e ! gr\nd is mo/ly gravel & well pack$1 ! above me?od ( plank+ is unnecess>y4 ,! bank %\ld h a few /r+]s & braces to support x4 ,:5 only a few planks are us$ ! t]m corduroy ! bank is us$ 7see ,fig4 #cg74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--;,arrangem5t ( plank = gravel4 ,,rock4--,:]e rock is enc\nt]$1 bla/+ is resort$ to4 ,! plumb] %\ld n attempt to h&le a job requir+ ! use ( p[d]4 ,x is dang]\s 9 ! h&s ( a p]son n us$ to h&l+ x & ! "w %\ld be sublet4 ,a sket* ( ! two me?ods above = plank+ tr5*es is giv5 & a little /udy w make !m cle>4 ,,lay+ ,,( ,,pipe ,! pipe %\ld be laid on ! bottom ( ! tr5* to a pit* ( at lea/ #a_/d in* p] foot fall4 ,9 lay+1 ! />t %\ld be made at ! /reet sew] ) hubs ( pipe t[>d ! build+4 ,! tr5* %\ld be dug )9 a few in*es ( ! bottom ( ! pipe1 !n z ! pipe is laid ! exact dep? is dug out1 ! surplus dirt be+ ?r[n on ! pipe already laid4 ,! body l5g? ( pipe %\ld be on solid f\ndation4 ,a space dug out = ea* hub z %[n 9 ,fig4 #ch all[s = ?is1 also all[s = ! prop] cem5t+ ( jo9ts4 ,to get ! prop] pit* ( pipe1 take = example #a_/d in* p] foot1 a level #b feet long ) a piece ( wood or metal on "o end #a_/b in* ?ick w answ]4 ,! end ) ! #a_/b-;in* piece on %\ld be on ! l[] hub & ! o!r end re/+ on ! hub ( ! pipe ab\t to be put 9 place4 ,:5 ! bubble %[s level1 !n ! pipe has ! #a_/d-;in* fall p] foot4 ,if a tile trap is us$1 x %\ld be laid level1 o!rwise ! seal w be weak5$ or entirely brok54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,lay+ t]ra-cotta pipe4 ,,cutt+4--,! cutt+ ( tile is n difficult1 b mu/ be done c>efully or ! pipe w crack or a piece w be brok5 out1 ?us mak+ ! pipe wor?less4 ,to cut tile or t]ra-cotta pipe1 /& ! pipe on end ) ! hub d[n1 fill ! pipe ) s& to ! po9t ( cutt+4 ,) a %>p *isel & hamm] cut ar\nd ! pipe two or ?ree times & ! pipe w crack ar\nd practically /raight4 ,,cem5t+4--,if ! pipe is free f cracks1 ! only possible way roots c get into ! inside ( t]ra-cotta pipe is ?r\gh ! cem5t jo9t4 ,!re are two ways ( mak+ ^! jo9ts4 ,bo? ways are expla9$ bel[ & are us$ today on t]ra-cotta "w4 ,fir/4--,! bottom ( ! hub ( pipe 9 place is fill$ ) cem5t & ! /raight end ( ! next piece ( pipe is laid 9 place1 !n m cem5t is plac$ into ! hub until ! space betwe5 ! hub & ! pipe is fill$4 ,9 a tr5*1 a tr[el is r unh&y to "w )1 :ile ! h&s c be us$ to bett] advantage4 ,! cem5t c be =c$ into place ) ! h&s & !n surfac$ ) a tr[el4 ,! re/ ( ! op]ation is to swab out ! inside jo9t to remove any cem5t t p]*ance 0 =c$ ?r\gh ! jo9t 7see ,fig4 #ci74 ,! cem5t us$ %\ld be #a_/b cem5t & #a_/b clean %>p s&4 ,second4--,half ( ! space betwe5 ! hub & ! pipe is fir/ pack$ ) oakum & !n ! o!r half fill$ ) cem5t ( ! same proportions z t us$ above4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,%[+ use ( ! swab4 ,,lay+ ,,pipe ,,9 ,,tunnels ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,pu%+ pipe ?r\gh tunnel4 ,if ! pipe mu/ be run ?r\gh a tunnel & !re are p]haps ?ree or f\r jo9ts t _c be rea*$1 !y %\ld be put into place z foll[s3 ,! pipe %\ld be laid 9 ! tr5* f ! sew] 9 ! /reet z f> z ! tunnel1 !n />t at ! o!r end ( ! tunnel4 ,lay ! fir/ piece ( pipe on a bo>d1 l5g?wise ) ! bo>d1 nail two cleats 9 ! %ape ( a 7,fig4 #dj7 = ! pipe to re/ 92 pu% ?is pipe & bo>d into ! tunnel & !n cem5t into its hub a second piece2 pu% ! two pieces 9 #b feet1 cem5t a ?ird l5g? into ! second piece & pu% ! ?ree pieces along #b feet4 ,a workman c be on ! sew] side ( ! tunnel & receive ! end ( ! pipe z x is pu%$ ?r\gh ! tunnel1 & /e] ! pipe into ! hub4 ,! jo9ts 9 ! tunnel w n be z secure z ^? outside4 ,?is expla9s h[ pipe is run ?r\gh a tunnel4 ,,connect+4--,! prop] me?od ( connect+ ! h\se sew] ) ! /reet sew] is %[n 9 ,fig4 #ce4 ,! connection %\ld be made above ! spr+ ( ! ar*4 ,! pipe %\ld ext5d well into ! sew] s ! sewage w dis*>ge into wat] & n drop on sides4 ,,ins]t+4--,to ins]t a tee 9 a l9e ( pipe already laid1 pursue ! foll[+ me?od 7see ,fig4 #da73 ,cut or break out "o jo9t1 pres]ve ! bottom ( ! hub ( pipe t is 94 ,cut away ! top ( ! hub on ! pipe to be ins]t$1 !n place ! pipe 9 position & turn ar\nd until ! "p ( ! hub on ! piece ins]t$ is on ! bottom4 ,! bottom "p ( ! pipes n[ w h a hub to receive ! cem5t4 ,! top "p w h to be cem5t$ c>efully1 z x is )9 easy access4 ,?is c be done )\t difficulty4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--;,ins]t+ l5g? ( pipe4 ,:ile lay+ ! pipe a /opp] is us$ to prev5t ! sew] gases & f\l odors f escap+4 ,?is /opp] sometimes is ( tile1 sometimes a plug ( pap] or burlap4 ,?is /opp] is sometimes cem5t$ 9 by inexp]i5c$ m5 & ! tr\ble creat$ c only be guess$ at4 ,if a /opp] is us$1 ! workman mu/ see t x is tak5 out4 ,,refill+4--,aft] ! pipe is laid & cem5t$1 x %\ld be cov]$ & all[$ to /& #bd h\rs to give ! cem5t "t to h>d54 ,! dirt %\ld !n be ?r[n 9 & settl$ by means ( a tamp] or by flood+ ) wat]4 ,! planks %\ld n be tak5 out until ! tr5* is well fill$4 ,to pull ! plank1 a *a9 or %oe & lev] w h to be us$4 ,:]e ! tunnels are1 dirt w h to be ramm$ 9 ) a long ramm]1 c>e be+ tak5 n to di/urb ! pipe4 ,if ! refill is n well ramm$ & tamp$1 ! tr5* w settle & cause a bad depression 9 ! /reet surface4 ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,pipe4--,t]ra-cotta pipe %\ld be /raight1 free f fire cracks1 & salt-glaz$4 ,! inside ( ! hub & outside ( ! pla9 end %\ld n be glaz$4 ,?is all[s ! cem5t to take hold4 ,,table ,,( ,,/&>d ,,t]ra-,,cotta ,,pipe ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,size ,?ickness1 ,weight p] ft41 ,dep? ( ,annul> space in*es p\nds socket ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c #a_/b #g #a-a_/b #a_/d #d #a_/b #i #a-e_/h #c_/h #e #e_/h #ab #a-c_/d #c_/h #f #e_/h #ae #a-g_/h #c_/h #h #c_/d #bc #b #c_/h #i #ac_/af #bc #b #c_/h #aj #g_/h #ce #b-a_/h #c_/h #ab #a #de #b-a_/d #a_/b #ae #a-a_/h #fj #b-a_/b #a_/b #ah #a-a_/d #he #b-c_/d #a_/b #bj #a-c_/h #ajj #c #a_/b ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,t]ra-cotta pipe %\ld n be p]mitt$ 9 fill$-9 gr\nd4 ,roots ( trees f9d _! way into ! pipe ?r\gh cracks or cem5t jo9ts4 ,:5 ! roots get inside ( ! pipe !y gr[ until ! pipe is /opp$ up4 ,z ! roots _c be =c$ or wir$ out1 ! sew] mu/ be relaid4 ,! writ] has se5 a solid mass ( roots #aj feet long tak5 out ( a tile sew]4 ,9 case t]ra-cotta is laid 9 fill$-9 gr\nd1 !re is only "o way to insure ! pipe f break+4 ,! pipe %\ld be laid on planks4 ,!n1 if ! gr\nd settles1 ! pipe w n be brok54 ,,wat] ,,connection ,,& ,,s]vice ,,tapp+ ,,ma94--,! wat] s]vice = a build+ is put 9 at ! same "t z ! sew] is connect$ & run into ! h\se4 ,= a #a-a_/d-s]vice pipe a #a_/b-;in* tap is furni%$4 ,! wat] company taps ! ma91 at ! exp5se ( ! plumb]1 & ins]ts a corporation cock4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,%[+ wat] ma9 & sew] 9 same dit*4 ,,digg+ ,,tr5*4--,! tr5* = ! wat] ma9 %\ld be dug at lea/ #d-a_/b feet deep or bel[ fro/ level & ! tr5* %\ld be kept /raight4 ,:5 ! sew] is put 9 at ! same "t1 "o side ( ! sew] tr5* c be cut out aft] x is fill$ up to ! level ( ! wat] ma94 ,! wat] pipe c !n be laid on ?is %elf at lea/ #b feet away f ! orig9al tr5* ( sew]4 ,sometimes ! surface ( ! gr\nd mu/ n be di/urb$4 ,9 ?is case small holes are dug & ! pipe is pu%$ ?r\gh or driv5 ?r\gh "u t portion n dug4 ,^! places are (t5 tunnell$ 7see ,fig4 #db74 ,9 digg+ 9 city /reets1 c>e %\ld be tak5 n to de/roy any ( ! num]\s pipes enc\nt]$4 ,,lay+ ,,pipe ,! tr5* %\ld be dug /raight out f ! h\se s ! pipe c be laid & ! ma9 tapp$ /raight out f ! build+4 ,! wat] companies keep a record ( ^! taps s t 9 case ( tr\ble ! /reet c be op5$ & ! wat] %ut (f4 ,9 lay+ ! wat] s]vice1 ! pipe f ! curb to ! ma9 %\ld be laid fir/4 ,?is takes 9 all ! pipe 9 ! /reet4 ,at ! ma9 !re is a %ut-(f 9 ! tap4 ,ano!r /op ) ,t or :eel h&le mu/ be plac$ j inside ! curb l9e4 ,?is is call$ a curb cock 7see ,fig4 #dc74 ,"o tr5* ei!r outside or inside ( ! curb %\ld be at lea/ #ae feet long s t a full l5g? ( pipe c be laid 9 ! tr5*4 ,x is g5]ally impossible to op5 a tr5* ! full l5g? ! pipe is to be run4 ,a tr5* #aj feet long is dug1 !n #h feet left1 & ano!r #aj- or #h-;foot tr5* is dug & ! two are connect$ ) a small tunnel & pipe pu%$ ?r\gh4 ,:5 ! pipe has be5 put 9 place betwe5 ! curb & ma91 ! wat] is turn$ on & ! pipe flu%$ out4 ,! valve at ! curb %\ld n[ be %ut (f1 & if !re are any leaks !y w %[4 ,! /reet "p is n[ ready to fill 94 ,at ?is po9t ,fig4 #dc %\ld be /udi$4 ,note ! piece ( lead atta*$ to ! pipe & corporation cock4 ,?is piece ( lead %\ld be extra heavy & always laid 9 place ! %ape ( ! lett] ,s or goose neck4 ,9 case ! /reet %\ld settle1 ?is piece ( lead w all[ = x4 ,^! lead connections or goose necks are made z foll[s3 #c ft4 ( #e_/h lead pipe2 #a-;in* brass sold] nipple 7wip$ on72 "o brass corporation cock c\pl+ 7wip$ on74 ,,lay+ ,,pipe4--,?is lead connection c be screw$ on ! pipe aft] ! pipe is laid1 !n b5t & c\pl$ on ! ma9 ) ! c\pl+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,wat] ma9 f /reet to f\ndation wall4 ,aft] ! pipe has be5 te/$ z f> z ! curb1 ! tr5* 9 ! /reet c be fill$ z describ$ lat]4 ,! pipe f ! curb to ! build+ c n[ be laid4 ,if necess>y to pu% ! pipe ?r\gh a tunnel1 ! end ( ! pipe %\ld fir/ be capp$4 ,/>t by screw+ a l5g? 9 ! curb cock4 ,if ! o!r end ( ! pipe comes 9 a tunnel an additional l5g? mu/ be put on be=e putt+ 9 place s t an end w come 9 ! op5 tr5*4 ,:5 ! build+ is rea*$ & be=e ! /op cock is put on1 ! valve at ! curb %\ld be op5$ full & ! pipe flu%$ out4 ,! valve c !n be put on & wat] turn$ on to te/ ! pipe4 ,,sett+ ,,curb ,,box4--,a ca/-iron box1 adju/able l5g?1 ) cov] %\ld ext5d f ! curb cock to ! surface4 ,?is makes x possible ) a long rod to control ! wat] s]vice into ! build+4 ,to set a curb box "s flat /ones %\ld be laid ar\nd ! curb cock & ! box set on ^! /ones4 ,!n ! space ar\nd ! box & pipe %\ld be clos$ 9 ) brick or o!r cov]+ to keep ! s& f wa%+ 9 on ! curb cock4 ,! box %\ld be adju/$ = height & !n held 9 place by plac+ ! curb key rod 9 place & hold+ ! rod & box :ile ! tr5* is fill$4 ,! refill %\ld be tamp$ ev5ly on all sides ( ! box4 ,,refill4--,9 refill+ ! tr5* ar\nd ! corporation cock & goose neck1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be tak54 ,! writ] has se5 cases :5 indiff]5t workm5 h toss$ heavy /ones 9 ! dit* & brok5 (f ! corporation cock or de/roy$ ! goose neck4 ,aft] ! pipe is cov]$ ) #ah in*es ( refill & tunnels h be5 fill$1 wat] c be run 9 ! tr5* & w settle ! refill4 ,!re are a numb] ( special po9ts conc]n+ wat] s]vices & taps at ma9s t %\ld n be ov]look$4 ,take = example a wat] s]vice pipe :i* mu/ be run ?r\gh gr\nd :]e electricity is escap+ "u trolley tracks1 ar\nd p[] h\ses1 etc4 ,! electricity w ent] ! pipe & :]ev] x leaves ! pipe a hole is burn$4 ,! surface ( ! pipe 9 a %ort "t w be full ( small pi? m>ks & w soon leak4 ,a good way to add to ! life ( ! pipe "u ^! conditions is to make a /> ( copp] & sold] x on to ! pipe 9 ! /reet4 ,ano!r piece ( copp] %\ld be put on ! pipe ne> ! build+4 ,! electricity w leave ! pipe by way ( ! po9ts on ! />4 ,?is me?od may n be a cure = electrolysis1 b w add to ! life ( ! pipe4 ,ano!r me?od employ$ is to put ! pipe 9 ! c5t] ( a squ>e box1 !n fill ! box ) hot pit*4 ,:5 ?is is h>d5$ ! pipe w h a cov]+ t w keep out any moi/ure & b> electricity to a m>k$ degree4 ,,mat]ials ,,us$4--,galvaniz$ /eel pipe does n la/ "u gr\nd4 ,galvaniz$ iron1 heavy lead1 & brass are us$4 ,wood5 pipes 7 once us$ & /ood ye>s ( s]vice4 ,no s]vice small] ?an #a-a_/d %\ld be us$4 ,:5 ! wat] s]vice pipe passes ?r\gh ! f\ndation wall1 ! pipe %\ld n be built 91 b a small ar* %\ld be built ov] ! pipe or a piece ( ,,xx ca/-iron pipe c be us$ z a sleeve 7,fig4 #dd74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--;,free space ar\nd pipe pass+ ?r\gh wall4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb]4-- ,,sew] ,,in/allation ,fir/1 select good s\nd pipe & fitt+s4 ,second1 locate bran* connection 9 /reet sew]4 ,?ird1 lay out run ( h\se sew]4 ,f\r?1 take out necess>y p]mits f dep>tm5ts ( sew]4 ,fif?1 dig tr5* 9 ! /reet1 !n into ! h\se4 ,six?1 lay pipe & cem5t jo9ts4 ,sev5?1 refill tr5*1 tamp+ e foot4 ,eigh?1 ca/-iron pipe = sew] is f\nd "u ano!r head+4 ,,wat] ,,s]vice ,fir/1 take out necess>y p]mits4 ,second1 li/ mat]ial & deliv] to job4 ,?ird1 lay out & dig tr5*4 ,f\r?1 h ma9 tapp$4 ,fif?1 lay pipe to curb & te/4 ,six?1 fill 9 /reet tr5*4 ,sev5?1 lay pipe into build+ & te/4 ,eigh?1 set curb box4 ,n9?1 refill tr5*4 ,t5?1 ?or\ghly consid] any special conditions4 ,/reet ,sew]4--,l>ge pipe 9 /reets to receive all soil & wa/e f build+s4 ,h\se ,sew]4--,conveys sewage f build+ to /reet sew]1 ext5ds f f\ndation wall to sew]4 ,/reet ,ma94--,wat] pipe runn+ p>allel ) ! /reet1 belong+ to ! wat] company4 ,s]vice ,pipe4--,runs f ! /reet ma9 into ! build+4 ,corporation ,cock4--,brass /op tapp$ into /reet ma94 ,goose ,neck4--,lead pipe :i* connects ! /reet ma9 & s]vice pipe4 ,tr5*4--,hole dug to receive pipe4 ,ma9 ,tapp$4--,hole drill$ ?r\gh wall ( ma9 & a ?read made on x :ile pressure is on4 ,curb ,cock4--,brass %ut-(f plac$ at curb4 ,sold] ,nipple4--,piece ( brass pipe ) ?read on "o end & pla9 on ! o!r end :i* connects lead & iron4 ,c\pl+4--,fitt+ :i* connects two pieces ( pipe4 ,/op ,cock4--,brass fitt+ = /opp+ fl[ ( wat]4 ,curb ,box4--,iron box ext5d+ f curb cock to surface4 ,curb ,key4--,a long key to fit 9 side ( curb box to op]ate curb cock4 ,swab4--,/ick ) ball ( rags or pap] on "o end4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,in/all+ ,,( ,,fr5* ,,or ,,sub-,,soil ,,dra9s ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,sub-soil dra94 ,:5 a build+ is erect$ on a site t is wet or spr+y1 "s means ( c>ry+ (f ! surplus wat] 9 ! gr\nd mu/ be provid$ =1 or ! basem5t ( ! build+ w be flood$ ) wat]4 ,= ! ?or\gh und]/&+ ( ! me?ods employ$ 9 lay+ a dra9 ( ?is k9d1 ,i w g ov] x c>efully & ! beg9n] c read x & !n /udy x1 & und]/& j h[ x is done4 ,a site may appe> to be dry on ! surface ( ! gr\nd & yet be v wet "u ! surface4 ,if no in=mation c be _h reg>d+ ! site1 x is always well to dra9 ! site if x is on a slope or ne> a body ( wat] & on ! wat] %$ ( a riv] or lake4 ,if a build+ is a l>ge "o & ! f\ndation goes d[n v deep1 ! site %\ld always be dra9$4 ,! dra9 is laid "u ! basem5t floor & ar\nd ! outside ( ! f\ndation wall on a level ) or l[] ?an ! basem5t floor4 ,! value ( dra9+ a build+ site :5 ! build+ is fir/ />t$ is v (t5 ov]look$4 ,! co/ ( ! dra9 w be sav$ 9 a few ye>s z ! basem5t w be free f all excessive dampness4 ,! exp5se ( in/all+ a sub-soil aft] ! build+ is up & 9 use is great z well z inconv5i5t4 ,! dra9 is call$ sub-soil dra9 on acc\nt ( its location "u ! gr\nd & on acc\nt ( its duty ( tak+ (f all surplus wat] t is und]gr\nd4 ,) ! surface wat] tak5 (f by ! surface dra9s & ! sub-soil dra9$ by ! sub-soil dra9s1 a wet build+ site c be made practically dry 7see ,fig4 #de74 ,,mat]ials ,,us$ ,,9 ,,sub-,,soil ,,con/ruction4--,! object ( ! dra9 is to collect wat] & c>ry x away f ! build+ by means ( pipes4 ,t]ra-cotta pipes1 ) or )\t hubs1 are us$4 ,p]=at$ tile pipe is sometimes us$4 ,?is pipe is unglaz$ t]ra-cotta pipe ) #a-;in* holes 9 ! sides ab\t #c or #d in*es f ! c5t]4 ,^! holes all[ ! surplus wat] to ent] ! bore ( ! pipe & ?us be c>ri$ (f beyond ! build+ site4 ,:5 ! sub-soil ( a small build+ ne$s dra9+1 ! tr5*es made = ! h\se dra9 & its bran*es are us$ z a dra9 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,! tr5*es are dug deep] ?an is requir$ = ! h\se dra94 ,! tr5*es are !n fill$ to ! correct level ) brok5 /ones4 ,!re is space betwe5 ^! /ones = ! wat] to f9d passage to a po9t away f ! build+4 ,:5 ?is me?od is employ$1 "s provision mu/ be made to prev5t ! h\se dra9 f settl+4 ,:5 locat+ ! dra91 we mu/ consid] approximately ! am\nt ( wat] t is likely to be 9 ! soil & requir$ to be c>ri$ (f4 ,if !re is consid]able wat]1 ! pipes %\ld ext5d all ar\nd ! outside ( ! build+ f\ndation wall1 also a ma9 pipe runn+ "u ! cell> bottom ) six bran*es1 ?ree bran*es on ea* side4 ,if !re is n a great deal ( surplus wat] 9 ! soil1 ! dra9 ar\nd ! outside ( ! f\ndation wall %\ld be put 9 & "o dra9 l9e runn+ ?r\gh ! basem5t w be suffici5t4 ,,lay+ ,,! ,,pipe4--,! dra9 pipe %\ld be h&l$ ) c>e1 = x is easily brok54 ,! tr5* %\ld be laid out & dug1 !n ! pipe c be laid 9 x ) a grade t[>d ! outlet or dis*>ge4 ,if pipes ) a hub on "o end are us$1 ! hub %\ld n be cem5t$4 ,a little oakum is pack$ 9 ! hub to /eady ! pipe & keep s& out1 ! bottom ( jo9t is cem5t$1 a piece ( t> pap] c be laid ov] ! top ( ! jo9t to keep ! s& out4 ,) jo9ts made ?is way1 ! wat] c f9d its way to ! bore ( ! pipe & yet ! s& w be kept out ( ! pipe4 ,z soon z ! wat] gets into ! bore ( ! pipe x has a cle> passageway to "s dis*>ge po9t away f ! build+4 ,if tile pipes )\t any hubs are us$1 "s cov]+ %\ld be put ar\nd ! jo9t to keep out ! s& & /ill all[ ! wat] to f9d its way into ! pipes4 ,,dis*>ge ,,( ,,sub-,,soil ,,dra94--,! wat] t accumulates 9 a sub-soil dra9 mu/ be c>ri$ (f to "s po9t away f ! build+4 ,z ! pipes are g5]ally "u ! cell> bottom & "u ! h\se dra91 x is v evid5t t ?is dra9 _c dis*>ge into ! h\se dra9 sew]1 directly4 ,if ! build+ site is on a hill1 ! dra9 c be c>ri$ out & dis*>g$ on ! surface at a po9t t is some:at l[] ?an ! level ( ! pipe "u ! build+4 ,:]e ?is _c be done1 x w be necess>y to h ! diff]5t l9es ( pipes dis*>ge into a pit4 ,! wat] is accumulat$ 9 ?is pit until x is fill$1 !n x w automatically empty itself z lat] expla9$4 ,,pit ,,con/ruction4--,! pit = ! sub-soil wat] is con/ruct$ ( cem5t4 ,a pit #b feet squ>e or #b feet 9 diamet] & #c feet deep w answ] all requirem5ts4 ,a pit ( ?is dep? w all[ a pit* = all l9es ( pipe1 & is l>ge en\gh = ord9>y in/allations4 ,! pit is built up to ! surface ( ! cem5t$ floor ( ! basem5t & cov]$ ) a removable iron cov]4 ,,cell> ,,dra9] ,,or ,,pump4--,a cell> dra9] is employ$ to empty ! above-m5tion$ pit4 ,! cell> dra9] works automatically4 ,:5 ! pit is fill$ ) wat]1 ! dra9] op]ates & empties ! pit & dis*>ges ! wat] into a s9k or op5 sew] connection4 ,:5 ! pit is empti$1 ! dra9] %uts (f4 ,! cell> dra9] is op]at$ by wat] pressure4 ,:5 ! valve is op5$1 a small jet ( wat] is dis*>g$ into a l>g] pipe4 ,! velocity ( ?is small jet ( wat] creates a suction & c>ries along ) x "s ( ! wat] 9 ! pit4 ,?is suction cont9ues until ! tank is empty4 ,!re %\ld always be a /ra9] on ! suction pipe1 also on ! supply pipe1 to prev5t any p>ticles ( dirt gett+ into ! valve4 ,! pipes lead+ to & f ! dra9] %\ld empty into an op5 s9k :]e x c be se54 ,!re is a possibility ( ! dra9] valve leak+ & !n ! wat] pressure w leak ?r\gh x1 caus+ a wa/e ( wat]4 ,if ?is leakage c be se5 :]e x dis*>ges1 !n ! tr\ble c be rectifi$4 ,! cell> dra9] is connect$ directly ) ! wat] pressure & %\ld h a valve close to ! connection to control ! supply4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,/orm ,,& ,,sanit>y ,,dra9age ,,) ,,sewage ,,disposal ,,9 ,,view ,! accompany+ draw+ ( /orm & sanit>y dra9s %\ld be /udi$ 9 detail by ! read]4 ,! location ( ea* trap & fitt+ %\ld be /udi$ c>efully & ! reason t x is put 9 t p>ticul> place %\ld be ?or\ghly und]/ood4 ,bel[1 ea* plan has be5 tak5 & gone ov] 9 detail1 br++ out ! reasons = fitt+s & traps1 also ! arrangem5t ( ! pip+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4 ,! fir/ ?+ to note 9 ,fig4 #df is ! numb] & k9ds ( fixtures to be dra9$4 ,!re is 9 ! basem5t a set ( ?ree-"p wa% trays4 ,?is w require a #b-;in* wa/e & a #a-a_/b-;in* v5t4 ,!re is 9 ! draw+ a #b-;in* wa/e ext5d+ to ! fixtures above4 ,on ! same l9e is a ra9 lead] ) a trap %[+ also a #d-;in* floor dra94 ,!re are two #d-;in* ra9 lead]s on ! opposite corn]s ( ! plan1 9 ! re> ( ! build+4 ,!re is a #d-;in* soil /ack = fixtures above & a #d-;in* soil /ack 9 ! basem5t on ! same l9e = a basem5t toilet4 ,on ! front !re are ra9 lead]s 9 ea* corn]4 ,^! w be connect$ outside ( ! h\se trap 7?is feature %\ld be not$74 ,! outlets t are to dis*>ge into ! h\se dra9 are z foll[s3 ,two #d-;in* ra9 lead]s4 ,"o #b-;in* s9k wa/e4 ,"o #b-;in* wa% tray wa/e4 ,"o #d-;in* floor dra94 ,"o #d-;in* soil pipe4 ,"o #d-;in* closet connection4 ,two #d-;in* front ra9 lead]s to dis*>ge into h\se sew]4 ,if we 7 to in/all ?is job1 we w\ld fir/ locate ea* pipe t ent]s ! h\se dra94 ,! l[e/ outlet w\ld be p>ticul>ly not$1 9 ?is case ! #d-;in* floor dra94 ,f ?is dra9 we mu/ make sure t at lea/ #a_/d in* to ! foot fall is secur$4 ,we mu/ !n locate ! h\se sew] :]e x ent]s ! f\ndation wall1 !n ! "w c be />t$4 ,i w n attempt to li/ ! mat]ial t is necess>y = ?is "w1 at ?is "t4 ,) all ! mat]ial at h& ! h\se dra9 is />t$4 ,all ( ?is "w is in/all$ "u ! gr\nd1 !re=e tr5*es mu/ be dug = all ! pip+4 ,! plumb] mu/ lay ^! tr5*es out & 9 do+ s he mu/ h 9 m9d all connections & ! fitt+s he c use s t ! tr5*es c be dug at ! "r angle4 ,! tr5*es mu/ be dug all[+ a pit* = ! pipe4 ,! height ( ! cell> is #h feet bel[ ! joi/s4 ,a /ick is cut #h feet long :i* c be us$ to get ! tr5*es bel[ ! cem5t floor at ! "r dep?4 ,aft] ! digg+ is complet$1 ! h\se trap1 :i* is a #f-;in* runn+ trap1 is caulk$ into a l5g? ( #f-;in* ca/-iron pipe4 ,?is piece ( pipe is pu%$ out t[>d ! sew] br++ ! trap ne> ! f\ndation wall1 on ! inside4 ,! fitt+s & traps & pipe are caulk$ 9 place z fa/ z possible4 ,:5 possible1 ! jo9ts are caulk$ outside ( ! tr5* 9 an upright position4 ,!re are a numb] ( diff]5t ways to caulk ?is pipe toge!r1 & to make x cle> to ! beg9n] j h[ x is done ! foll[+ ex]cise is sugge/$4 ,?is job br+s 9 ! caulk+ ( pipes1 traps1 & fitt+s 9 v>i\s positions4 ,two or ?ree c "w on ?is job toge!r4 ,fig4 #dg %[s h[ ! pipe & fitt+s are put toge!r1 :i* ne$s no fur!r explanation4 ,!re=e1 we w g ov] 9 detail only ! caulk+ ( ! jo9ts 9 ! v>i\s positions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4 ,,mat]ial ,,ne$$4--,"o l5g? ( #d-;in* extra heavy ca/-iron pipe1 s+le hub2 two l5g?s ( #d-;in* extra heavy ca/-iron pipe1 d\ble hub2 "o runn+ trap1 "o full ,y1 "o #d-;in* #a_/d b5d2 two #d-;in* clean-out screws ) iron body2 "o #d-;in* v5t cap2 "o #d-;in* #a_/h b5d2 #cj p\nds ( block lead2 #b p\nds ( oakum4 ,,tools ,,requir$4--,ladle1 asbe/os p\r]1 hamm]1 cold *isel1 y>n+ iron1 two caulk+ irons1 furnace & pot4 ,! beg9n] %\ld />t at ! trap & caulk ! jo9ts ) ! trap held 9 place4 ,! cold *isel %\ld be %>p z x is us$ to cut ! ca/-iron pipe4 ,to caulk ! /raight end ( ca/-iron pipe into ! hub end & make a wat]-tight jo9t :5 ! pipe is 9 a v]tical position1 ! spigot end ( ! pipe is ent]$ into ! hub end ( ano!r piece4 ,a wad ( oakum is tak5 & =c$ into ! hub ) ! y>n+ iron4 ,?is piece ( oakum is =c$ to ! bottom ( ! hub1 !n ano!r piece is put 94 ,! oakum is set & pack$ by us+ ! y>n+ iron & hamm]4 ,! hub is half fill$ ) oakum4 ,! oakum is =c$ tight en\gh to make a wat]-tight jo9t4 ,if ! oakum us$ comes 9 a bale1 pieces ( x w h to be tak5 & roll$ into long ropes ab\t #ah in*es long1 ! ?ickness ( ! rope correspond+ ) ! space betwe5 ! hub & ! pipe4 ,if rope oakum is us$1 ! /r&s ( ! rope c be us$4 ,aft] ! oakum is well pack$ into place & ! pipe is l9$ up & made /raight1 molt5 lead is p\r$ 9 & ! hub fill$4 ,:5 ! lead has cool$1 set ! lead ) ! caulk+ tool & hamm]1 mak+ "o bl[ on ea* side ( ! jo9t4 ,?is sets ! lead ev5ly on e side4 ,if !re is any surplus lead1 x c n[ be cut (f1 us+ ! hamm] & cold *isel4 ,! caulk+ iron is aga9 tak5 & ! lead next to ! pipe is tamp$1 /rik+ ! iron ) ! hamm] at an angle to drive ! lead aga9/ ! pipe4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done all ar\nd1 ! caulk+ iron is held 9 su* a position t ! lead ar\nd ! hub w receive ! =ce ( ! bl[4 ,aft] ?is has be5 done1 ! c5t] ( ! lead is caulk$ & ! jo9t %\ld be tight4 ,) a little practice1 ?is c be done v rapidly4 ,! lead %\ld be p\r$ 9 :ile x is v hot4 ,! caulk+ mu/ n be done by hitt+ heavy bl[s z !re is a possibility ( splitt+ ! hub & !reby r5d]+ ! jo9t unfit = use4 ,,caulk+ ,,jo9t ,,9 ,,horizontal ,,position4--,x is necess>y 9 a great _m cases to caulk a jo9t 9 a position :]e ! lead w\ld run out ( ! jo9t unless provision 7 made to hold x 94 ,to caulk a jo9t 9 a position ( ?is k9d1 ! pipe is l9$ up & secur$1 !n ! oakum is put 9 & =c$ to ! bottom ( ! hub4 ,!n a jo9t runn]1 :i* is an asbe/os rope ab\t #b feet long & ab\t #a in* 9 diamet]1 is fitt$ ar\nd ! pipe & =c$ aga9/ ! hub :]e x is clamp$ by means ( an atta*$ clamp4 ,! clamp is put on ! top ( ! pipe & s arrang$ t a *annel w be left 9 a ,v %ape4 ,?is *annel all[s ! hot lead to run betwe5 ! asbe/os runn] & ! hub4 ,:5 ! lead has _h a *ance to cool1 ! asbe/os runn] is tak5 (f4 ,:]e ! clamp 01 !re w be a triangul> piece ( lead /ick+ out beyond ! face ( ! hub4 ,?is piece has to be cut (f1 b no attempt %\ld be made to d s until x has be5 caulk$ 9 place & well set2 also ! re/ ( ! lead %\ld be set4 ,!n ! cold *isel c be us$ & ?is extra piece ( lead tak5 (f4 ,! caulk+ ( ! lead 9 ?is position is ! same z 9 ! previ\s position & %\ld be c>ri$ out closely4 ,! beg9n] %\ld und]/& t x is necess>y to h n only ! jo9ts tight s t runn+ wat] w n leak out ( !m1 b t ! jo9ts mu/ /& a wat] te/4 ,! te/+ ( soil /acks is expla9$ "u ano!r head+4 ,! l9es ( ca/-iron pipe dep5d to a consid]able ext5t ^u ^! jo9ts to make ! :ole l9e rigid4 ,,caulk+ ,,( ,,fitt+s4--,! caulk+ ( fitt+s1 :ile done ! same z a /raight pipe1 is f> m difficult4 ,! improp] mak+ ( ^! jo9ts is ! cause ( _m leaks4 ,a long sweep fitt+ is caulk$ )\t a great deal ( difficulty4 ,if a %ort b5d fitt+ is us$1 ! matt] ( caulk+ is difficult4 ,! fitt+ is s %ort t x is almo/ impossible to get a caulk+ iron into ! ?roat4 ,! me*anics w h to "w at ! ?roat f ea* side until ?is "p has be5 suffici5tly caulk$4 ,i call att5tion to ?is po9t1 = ,i "k x to be a failure 9 a l>ge numb] ( jobs :5 x comes to put ! te/ on4 ,9 ord] to caulk ! fitt+s1 !y mu/ be put 9 _! exact location & positions be=e ! lead is p\r$ 91 = aft] ! lead is once 9 ! fitt+ _c be mov$4 ,:5 !re is a s]ies ( fitt+s on a l9e1 _! positions 9 relation to ea* o!r mu/ be consid]$ be=e ! lead is p\r$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4 ,fig4 #dh %[s ! same fixture & /ack connections z ,fig4 #df4 ,two #d-;in* l9es run ?r\gh ! cell>1 "o a sanit>y dra91 ! o!r a /orm dra94 ,ea* #d-;in* l9e has an int]cept+ trap4 ,on ! sew] side ( ^! traps ! two l9es are br\ght toge!r1 beyond :i* po9t ! two front ra9 lead]s connect2 ea* ( ! two front lead]s is trapp$ sep>ately4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4 ,fig4 #di diff]s f ! prec$+ "o 9 only two po9ts4 ,fir/1 ! two front lead]s are br\ght into ! cell> & connect$ into ! /orm dra9 on ! h\se side ( ! int]cept+ trap4 ,second1 ! /orm & sanit>y dra9s are connect$ on ! outside ( ! build+4 ,fig4 #ej %[s ! same fixtures collect$ into a #d-;in* h\se dra91 & ! ra9 lead]s run entirely on ! outside ( ! build+4 ,?is plan is a good "o z all ! /orm wat] is kept entirely outside ! build+4 ,if ! /orm dra9s are kept #e feet away f ! cell> walls 7see ,plumb+ ,code7 ! pipes c be ( tile4 ,ano!r good feature ( ?is plan is t all ! pipes "u ! cell> are #d-;in*4 ,fig4 #ea is simil> to ,fig4 #df1 ! diff]5ce be+ 9 ! location ( ! floor dra9 & ! connection ( ! two re> ra9 lead]s1 into ! h\se dra94 ,9 ,fig4 #eb ! dra9s %[n take ! wa/e & /orm wat] f ! ap>tm5t build+1 also a build+ set 9 ! re>4 ,! lead] pipes 9 ?is case are trapp$ on ! outside ( ! wall4 ,! build+ 9 ! re> y w note has a sep>ate fre% air inlet & h\se trap1 & ! h\se sew] is cont9u$ ?r\gh ! front h\se & connect$ into ! h\se dra9 ( ! front build+1 on ! sew] side ( ! int]cept+ trap4 ,^! draw+s %\ld be /udi$ c>efully & ! /ud5t %\ld 9 ea* case li/ correctly all ( ! mat]ial requir$ = ! in/allation ( ^! jobs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--;,cutt+ ca/-iron pipe4 ,,cutt+ ,,ca/-,,iron ,,pipe4--,to cut ca/-iron pipe1 a %>p cold *isel & hamm] are ne$$4 ,! pipe is m>k$ all ar\nd1 j :]e x is to be cut4 ,!n x is laid ) ! "p ( ! pipe t is to be cut re/+ on a block ( wood4 ,a groove is cut ) ! hamm] & *isel ar\nd ! pipe4 ,"o p]son c turn ! pipe :ile ! o!r does ! cutt+4 ,aft] a little exp]i5ce "o man c cut & roll ! pipe alone4 ,?is groove is cut deep] & deep] until ! pipe breaks ap>t4 ,if /&>d pipe is be+ cut1 a file is g5]ally resort$ to = cutt+ ! groove4 ,on acc\nt ( ! lightness ( ! pipe1 a hamm] & *isel w crack ! pipe l5g?wise4 ,:5 cutt+ extra heavy ca/-iron pipe1 a good heavy bl[ mu/ be /ruck to cause ! *isel to cut into ! iron4 ,aft] a few cuts1 ! beg9n] w und]/& ! weight ( bl[ t mu/ be /ruck to cut ! pipe quickly4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,soil ,,& ,,wa/e ,,pipes ,,& ,,v5ts4 ,,te/s ,,soil ,,pipes ,! t]m soil pipes means pipe t receives ! dis*>ge f wat] closets4 ,! size ( a soil pipe = ord9>y dwell+s %\ld be #d in*es4 ,,size ,,( ,,soil ,,pipes ,"o to ?ree closets--#d-;in* ,,xx ca/-iron4 ,f\r to eight closets--#e-;in* ,,xx ca/-iron4 ,eight to twelve closets--#f-;in* ,,xx ca/-iron4 ,!re are cases :5 #c-;in* ,,xx ca/-iron pipe is us$1 b ! practice is n recomm5d$4 ,! soil pipe %\ld be well support$ & held 9 place4 ,! connection betwe5 soil pipe & closet %\ld be ( lead to all[ = any expansion ( settl+ t might take place4 ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,soil ,,pipes4--,soil pipe 9 common use today is made ( light ca/ iron1 t>-coat$1 extra heavy ca/ iron uncoat$ & coat$1 galvaniz$ wr\ght-iron pipe1 & /eel pipe4 ,! be/ k9d to use dep5ds ^u ! job & place :]e x is to be us$4 ,all k9ds ( b5ds & fitt+s c be _h 9 any ( ! above-m5tion$ mat]ials4 ,9 *oos+ ! mat]ial ( ! pipe t is be/ to use1 ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be c>efully consid]$4 ,fir/1 new "w or ov]haul+4 ,second1 tempor>y or p]man5t job4 ,?ird1 con/ruction ( build+4 ,f\r?1 am\nt all[$ = co/ ( mat]ials on job4 ,fif?1 size ( job1 t is1 ! numb] ( toilets4 ,six?1 size ( *ases & pipe p>titions4 ,,location ,,( ,,soil ,,pipe4--,! location ( ! soil pipe dep5ds to a great ext5t ^u ! location ( ! toilets4 ,! soil /ack %\ld be locat$ on an inside p>tition4 ,! horizontal pipe %\ld n run ov] exp5sively decorat$ ceil+s unless run inside ( a tr\gh made ( copp] or %eet lead4 ,z f> z possible1 ! pipes %\ld be conf9$1 to runs %ort1 & ! numb] ( b5ds r$uc$4 ,,soil-,,pipe ,,fitt+s ,soil-pipe fitt+s c be _h f /ock almo/ to suit ! conditions4 ,i w enum]ate a few4 ,! names ( ^! fitt+s %\ld be famili> to ! me*anic s t :5 ord]+ he c give ! correct "n4 #a_/af1 #a_/h1 #a_/f1 #a_/d b5d1 sanit>y tee1 tapp$ tee1 side outlet fitt+1 return b5d1 cross bran*es1 d\ble ,y1 d\ble ,,ty1 traps4 ,! uses ( ^! ca/-iron fitt+s p]haps are obvi\s1 b a ^w ab\t ! use ( ea* "o w be ( s]vice4 ,! #a_/d b5d is us$ to *ange ! direction ( run ( pipe #ij deg4 ,a long-sweep #a_/d b5d is us$ on "w requir+ ! be/ practice4 #a_/h1 #a_/af1 & #a_/f b5ds are us$ to *ange ! direction ( pipe #de deg41 #bb-a_/b deg41 & #af-b_/c deg4 ,two #a_/h b5ds %\ld be us$ 9 pref]5ce to "o #a_/d b5d :]e !re is suffici5t room4 ,side outlet #a_/d b5d is us$ = wa/e connection4 ,!y c be _h ) an outlet on ei!r side ( ! heel4 ,_! use is n recomm5d$4 ,return b5ds are us$ on fre%-air inlets4 ,tees are us$ = v5ts only4 ,ys are us$ :]ev] possible4 ,! use ( a ,y-bran* toge!r ) an #a_/h b5d = a #ij deg4 connection ) ! ma9 l9e is always pref]able to a ,,ty or1 z !y are commonly call$1 sanit>y ,t4 ,a tapp$ fitt+ gets its "n because x is tapp$ = iron pipe ?read4 ,tapp$ fitt+s are us$ = v5t+ & %\ld n be us$ = wa/e unless ! tap ent]s ! fitt+ at an angle ( #de deg4 ,^! fitt+s & pipe are jo9$ by fir/ caulk+ ) oakum & p\r+1 ) "o cont9u\s p\r1 ! hub full ( molt5 metal4 ,:5 cool1 ! lead %\ld be set & !n caulk$ ar\nd ! pipe & ar\nd ! hub4 ,! am\nt ( lead & oakum requir$ = v>i\s-siz$ jo9ts is z foll[s3 ,pipe size #b #c #d #e #f #h #aj #ab #ae ,p\nds ( lead #a-a_/b #b-a_/d #c #c-c_/d #d-a_/b #f #g-a_/b #i #aa-a_/d ,oakum 7ounce7 #d #f #h #aj #ab #af #bj #bd #cj ,,ru/ ,,jo9ts4--,! plumb] is call$ ^u to run ca/-iron pipe 9 places :]e lead & oakum w n be ( s]vice = ! jo9ts4 ,9 cases ( ?is k9d1 a ru/ jo9t is made4 ,?is ru/ is made accord+ to ! foll[+ =mula3 #a "p fl\r ( sulphur4 #a "p sal-ammoniac4 #ih p>ts iron bor+s 7free f grease74 ,?is mixture is made ! consi/5cy ( cem5t1 us+ wat] to mix ?or\ghly & br+ all p>ts into contact ) ea* o!r4 ,:5 x h>d5s1 x becomes v h>d & makes a tight jo9t :i* ov]comes ! objections to lead & oakum jo9ts4 ,,wr\ght-,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,pipe ,?is pipe comes 9 ab\t #ah-;foot l5g?s & fitt+s ( ! foll[+ makes & %apes1 & _! use is fully expla9$4 ,! l5g?s ( pipe come ) a ?read on ea* end & a c\pl+ screw$ on "o end4 ,! l5g?s come 9 bundles up to #a-a_/b-;in*es & 9 s+le l5g?s ov] t size4 ,screw pipe fitt+s1 x w be not$1 are call$ by a diff]5t "n ?an ca/-iron ones4 ,! fitt+s 9 common use today are ! #ij degree ell1 #de1 #bb1 & #af-b_/c4 ,! ,y & ,,ty1 tuck] fitt+s1 & inv]t$ ,ys are us$ 9 practically ! same way z ! ca/-iron fitt+s4 ,! #ij degree ell1 #de1 #bb1 & #af-b_/c are us$ to *ange ! run ( pipe t _m degrees4 ,all #ij degree fitt+s1 ells1 & ,ts are tapp$ to give ! pipe a pit* ( #a_/d in* to ! foot4 ,x is bett] to use two #de ells to make a #ij b5d :5 x is possible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,ca/-,,iron ,,screw ,,fitt+s ,,fig4 #ed4 ,,inv]t$ ,y4--,! inv]t$ ,y is us$ 9 v5t+ to good advantage4 ,! use ( ^! fitt+s is illu/rat$ 9 ! sket*es4 ,,wa/e ,,pipes4--,wa/e pipes are ! pipes t run to or convey ! dis*>ge ( wa/e matt] to ! h\se dra91 f wa% trays1 ba?s1 lavatories1 s9ks1 & %[]s4 ,! usual size ( wa/e pipes is #b in*es4 ,wa/e pipes are made ( ! same mat]ial z soil pipe4 ,lead & brass pipe are also 9 common use4 ,all expos$ wa/e pipes 9 ba? & toilet rooms are brass1 nickel-plat$4 ,! wa/e pipes "u kit*5 s9ks & wa% trays are ei!r lead or pla9 heavy brass4 ,all wa/e pipes are run ) a pit* t[>ds ! h\se trap & %\ld be prop]ly v5t$ z expla9$ "u v5t+4 ,! pipes %\ld be easy ( access1 ) clean-outs 9 conv5i5t places4 ,! wa/e pipes "u a tile or cem5t floor %\ld be cov]$ ) wat]pro( pap] & a metal ,v-%ap$ %ield ov] ! entire l5g?4 ,if ! wa/e pipes are ov] a decorat$ ceil+ !y %\ld be 9 a copp]-l9$ or lead-l9$ box4 ,?is box %\ld h a tell-tale pipe runn+ to ! op5 cell> ) ! end ( ! tell-tale pipe left op54 ,if wa/e pipes are to take ! dis*>ge f s9ks 9 :i* *emicals are ?r[n1 ei!r *emical lead or t]ra-cotta pipe %\ld be us$4 ,if t]ra-cotta is us$1 x %\ld h at lea/ #f in*es re9=c$ concrete ar\nd x & ! jo9ts ( pipe made ( keisilg>4 ,,size ,,( ,,wa/e ,,pipes ,ur9als #b in*es ,kit*5 s9k #b in*es ,slop s9k #c in*es ,receptacles #a-a_/b in*es ,ba? tubs #a-a_/b in*es ,lavatories #a-a_/b or #a-a_/d in*es ,wa% trays #b in*es ,,tell-,,tale ,,pipe4--,! tell-tale pipe is a small pipe t ext5ds f ! tr\gh1 pan1 or box t is "u a l9e ( pipe or fixtures to ! op5 cell>4 ,:5 wat] is se5 runn+ out ( ?is pipe1 x %[s t a leak exi/s some:]e 9 ! l9e ( pipe t is 9 ! box or tr\gh4 ,! use ( ?is pipe saves ! de/ruction ( walls & ceil+s4 ,,v5ts ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--;,circuit v5t4 ,v5ts are ! mo/ important pipes 9 ! plumb+ sy/em4 ,mod]n plumb+ successfully attempts to make liv+ 9 cr[d$ & ?ickly populat$ di/ricts1 z well z 9 isolat$ build+s1 free f all unpleasant odors & annoyances4 ,?is c\ld n be accompli%$ )\t ! use ( v5ts4 ,v5ts relieve all pressure 9 ! sy/em by furni%+ an outlet = ! air t is displac$ by ! wa/e dis*>g$ f ! fixtures4 ,ano!r ( its functions is to supply air :5 syphonic action />ts1 !reby /opp+ ! action t w\ld break ! seal ( ! trap "u fixtures4 ,! pipe ext5d+ f top fixture connection1 up to & ?r\gh ! ro(1 is call$ ! v5tilation pipe4 ,all v5ts t d n pass directly ?r\gh ! ro( t]m9ate 9 ?is v5tilation pipe4 ,to expla9 ! use ( v5ts1 we might well />t 9 ! basem5t ( a dwell+ h\se4 ,suppose !re is a set ( wa% trays 9 ! laundry2 ! #b-;in* trap ( ^! trays %\ld h a #a-a_/d-;in* v5t pipe lead+ f ! cr[n ( ! trap up along side ( ! /ack4 ,on ! fir/ floor a #a-a_/d-;in* pipe f ! cr[n ( ! kit*5 s9k trap w lead into x4 ,"h ! pipe %\ld be increas$ to #b in*es4 ,on ! second floor ! #a-a_/d-;in* pipes lead+ f ! lavatory & ba? traps come into x4 ,! v5t /ack n[ ext5ds up into ! attic & connects ) ! v5tilation pipe4 ,9 a g5]al way1 ! above is an example ( v5t+4 ,! old me?od ( v5t+ 0 v complicat$ & is almo/ beyond describ+ ) ! p54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,loop v5t4 ,9 common use today1 !re are sev]al k9ds ( v5t+1 namely3 circuit & loop v5t+1 cr[n v5t+1 & cont9u\s v5t+4 ,! circuit v5t+1 ,fig4 #ee1 is us$ 9 connection ) ! in/allation ( closets4 ,take a r[ ( toilets 9 :i* ! wa/e connection ( ea* closet dis*>ges into a ,y-bran*1 & !re w be a s]ies ( ,y-bran*es4 ,"o end ( ?is s]ies ( bran*es dis*>ges into ! ma9 /ack :ile ! o!r end cont9ues & turns up at lea/ to ! height ( ! top ( ! closet & !n ent]s ! ma9 v5t /ack4 ,:5 ?is ma9 v5t runs up along side ( ! ma9 /ack & =ces ! v5t pipe connect$ to ! s]ies ( ,y-bran*es to travel back1 x is call$ a loop v5t4 ,?is type ( v5t supplies air to ! complete l9e ( toilets & is v effici5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,cont9u\s v5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4 ,,cont9u\s ,,v5t+1 ,figs4 #eg & #eh1 applies m to fixtures o!r ?an toilets4 ,a ,p-trap is us$ & ent]s a ,t 9 ! /ack4 ,! l[] "p ( ! ,t acts z & connects ) ! wa/e pipe :ile ! upp] half is & connects ) ! v5t pipe4 ,a /udy ( ! figures w aid ! read] to und]/& ?or\ghly ! above explanations4 ,9 cont9u\s v5t+ ! wa/e ( ! l[e/ fixture is dis*>g$ into ! v5t pipe & ext5d$ to ! ma9 wa/e /ack :]e x is connect$4 ,?is is done to all[ any ru/ scales t occasionally drop d[n ! v5t pipe1 & r5d] x unfit to p]=m its duty1 to be wa%$ away into ! sew]4 ,,cr[n ,,v5t+1 ,fig4 #ei1 is z its "n implies1 a v5t t is tak5 f ! cr[n ( ! trap1 !nce into ! ma9 v5t4 ,ea* "o ( ^! me?ods ( v5t+ is us$ & consid]$ good practice1 provid$ x is prop]ly in/all$ & correctly connect$ ) ! use ( prop] fitt+s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,cr[n v5t+4 ,,?+s ,,to ,,rememb]4-- ,fir/1 v5t+ is to prev5t traps f syphon+4 ,second1 also to all[ free passage ( air4 ,?ird1 circuit v5t--loop v5t4 ,f\r?1 cont9u\s v5t+4 ,fif?1 cr[n v5t+4 ,six?1 v5tilation pipe ext5ds f ! top ( fixture ?r\gh ro(4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,h\se ,,traps1 ,,fre%-,,air ,,connections1 ,,drum ,,traps1 ,,& ,,non-,,syphon+ ,,traps ,! h\se trap is a deep seal trap plac$ inside ! f\ndation wall1 & int]sects ! h\se dra9 & h\se sew]4 ,! trap is plac$ at ?is po9t = a numb] ( reasons3 fir/1 to keep sew] gases f ent]+ ! pipes 9 ! h\se2 second1 ?is location is :]e ! h\se dra9 ends4 ,?is trap %\ld h two clean-outs1 "o on ea* side ( ! seal4 ,! clean-outs %\ld be ( extra heavy ca/-iron body ) a heavy brass screw cap4 ,! cap %\ld h a squ>e nut = a wr5* to tight5 or unscrew ! cap4 ,?is cap %\ld be br\ght up flu% ) ! floor4 ,:5 a h\se trap is be+ set1 x is necess>y to set x p]fectly level1 o!rwise ! seal ( ! trap is weak5$ & sew] gases c ent]4 ,sometimes ! trap is locat$ on ! h\se sew] j outside ( ! f\ndation wall4 ,9 ?is case1 a pit %\ld be built l>ge en\gh = a workman to get d[n to x to clean x out :5 necess>y4 ,a mason's trap 0 =m]ly us$ to a consid]able ext5t1 b is v poor practice to use today on mod]n "w4 ,?is trap 0 built squ>e ( brick ) a c5t] p>tition4 ,! brick soon became f\l & ! trap w\ld be bett] t]m$ a small cesspool ?an a trap4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb] ,,ab\t ,,h\se ,,traps4-- ,fir/1 %\ld be a runn+ trap4 ,second1 two clean-outs4 ,?ird1 deep seal1 at lea/ #b in*es4 ,f\r?1 set level4 ,fif?1 set inside f\ndation wall4 ,six?1 accessible at all times4 ,sev5?1 same size z h\se dra94 ,eigh?1 fre% air %\ld connect ) x4 ,,fre%-,,air ,,connections ,! t]m fre%-air inlet is1 z its "n implies1 an inlet = fre% air4 ,x is plac$ directly on ! h\se side ( ! ma9 trap4 ,! connections made v>y consid]ably4 ,a few good connections 9 common use are expla9$ bel[4 ,:5 ! trap is 9 place1 "o ( ! clean-outs c be us$ = ! fre% air4 ,if ?is is done1 a ,y-bran* %\ld be plac$ 9 ! hub ( ! clean-out4 ,! ,y-bran* %\ld be us$ = ! fre% air & ! run %\ld be us$ = a clean-out4 ,a ,y-fitt+ c be ins]t$ directly back ( ! trap & ! bran* us$ = ! fre% air4 ,an inv]t$ ,y makes a good fitt+ to use directly back ( ! trap4 ,^! bran*es %\ld be tak5 (f ! top ( ! pipe4 ,! bran* tak5 (f = ! fre%-air inlet %\ld n h any wa/e dis*>ge into x & %\ld n be us$ = a dra9 pipe ( any description4 ,! fre%-air inlet %\ld run z directly z possible into ! out] air1 at lea/ #ae feet f any w9d[4 ,! pipes t]m9ate 9 a numb] ( diff]5t ways1 "s ) a return b5d1 above ! gr\nd1 "s ) a c[l cap1 "s ) a /ra9]4 ,:5 necess>y to run pipe ?r\gh ! sidewalk1 a box ( brick is made ) a heavy brass /ra9] fitt$ level ) ! sidewalk into :i* ! pipe runs4 ,if ! pipe is run into ! box on ! side a little up f ! bottom1 ! possibility ( becom+ /opp$ up or fill$ up is n great4 ,! fre%-air inlet sometimes t]m9ates above ! ro( ( ! build+4 ,special c>e %\ld be giv5 ?is fre%-air inlet z x supplies fre% air to ! entire sy/em & ?us keeps ! pipes 9 a mu* bett] sanit>y condition4 ,sometimes :5 ! h\se dra9 is full ( sewage1 air is pu%$ out ( ! fre%-air inlet & disagreeable odors are evid5t4 ,?is is :y x %\ld be locat$ z f> z possible f any w9d[4 ,special c>e %\ld be tak5 on ! "p ( ! plumb] n to locate ! fre%-air inlet ne>] ?an #ae feet to ! fre%-air intake ( ! heat+ sy/em4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,fre%-air inlet4 ,:5 ! pipe passes ?r\gh ! f\ndation wall1 ! same c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ z ) o!r pipes4 ,t is1 if ! pipe is #d in*es1 a sleeve #f in*es %\ld be cut 9 ! wall = ! #d-;in* pipe to pass ?r\gh4 ,,po9ts ,,to ,,rememb] ,,ab\t ,,fre% ,,air4-- ,fir/1 nev] %\ld be small] ?an #d in*es4 ,second1 "o size small] ?an trap4 ,?ird1 location1 directly back ( trap4 ,f\r?1 leads to out] air4 ,fif?1 keep away f w9d[s & intake ( heat+ sy/em4 ,six?1 always h end ( pipe cov]$ ) /ra9]1 c[l1 or return b5d4 ,sev5?1 make z few b5ds z possible4 ,eigh?1 supplies fre% air to sy/em4 ,,drum ,,trap ,! use ( ! drum trap is v h&y to ! plumb] z well z effici5t & practicable :5 in/all$4 ,! trap c be pur*as$ )\t any outlets or inlets1 s ! plumb] c put !m 9 accord+ to ! necess>y measurem5ts4 ,! mak+ ( ^! traps ) lead is expla9$ 9 ! *apt] on ,wip+ ,jo9ts4 ,! op5 end has a brass clean-out screw on x4 ,:5 ?is clean-out screw comes bel[ ! floor1 ano!r brass screw cap & flange is screw$ on ! floor above ! trap s t ! clean-out screw 9 ! trap is easily accessible4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,drum trap4 ,^! drum traps are call$ ba? traps z !y are us$ mo/ly on ba? wa/es4 ,!y %\ld nev] be in/all$ ) ! clean-out expos$ to ! sew] side ( ! trap4 ,9 ! be/ practice1 heavy brass drum traps are us$4 ,,non-,,syphon+ ,,trap ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,flask trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--;,clean-sweep trap4 ,aft] ye>s ( exp]im5t+ to produce a trap t w\ld n syphon )\t v5t+1 we f9d 9 use today a l>ge v>iety ( non-syphon+ traps4 ,traps t w hold _! seal aga9/ all practical =ms ( syphonic action1 or o!r ?reat5+ features1 h be5 made & us$ & s]ve ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,v>i\s means to prev5t ! break+ ( ! seal ( ^! traps are employ$4 ,:ile "s dep5d on a ball or o!r k9d ( valve1 o!rs rely on p>titions & deflections ( v>i\s k9ds4 ,all ( ^! p]=m ! functions = :i* !y are design$1 yet ! devices employ$ (f] an excell5t ob/ruction = ! free passage ( wa/e2 !re=e1 9 "t1 ^! traps become inop]ative4 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t any traps ) a me*anical seal or an inside p>tition are n consid]$ sanit>y4 ,! inside p>tition might we> out or be de/roy$ & ?us break ! seal )\t ! k ( anyone & all[ sew] gas to ent] ! room4 ,! me*anical device may also be displac$ or de/roy$1 leav+ ! trap )\t a seal4 ,if ! trap 7 clean$ out (t5 or exam9$ occasionally1 ^! traps c\ld be us$ ) a great] degree ( safety4 ,"s ( ! =ms ( non-syphon traps 9 common use are3 ,! ,flask ,trap1 ,fig4 #fb4 ,?is trap gets its "n f its %ape4 ,!re is an inside wall ^u :i* ! seal dep5ds4 ,?is trap is l ! bag trap1 only ! two inside walls ( ! pipe are comb9$ into "o4 ,?is wall %\ld be ( heavy ca/ brass1 free f s& holes4 ,clean ,sweep ,trap1 ,fig4 #fc4 ,"s clean sweep traps are dep5d5t ^u an inside wall = _! seals4 ,!y are made ( #a_/b-,s1 #c_/d-,s1 & full ,s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,me*anical-seal trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,/&>d ,s trap4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--;,bag trap4 ,sure ,seal ,trap4 ,! sure seal trap is design$ to be non-syphon+4 ,?is trap also has an int]ior wat]way4 ,if ?is wat]way leaks1 ! trap is unfit = use4 ,if ^! traps are made z %[n 9 ! second sket* ) ! way inside ( a l>g] pipe1 x c be detect$ if ! int]ior wall leaks4 ,c5trifugal ,trap4 ,! c5trifugal trap is made simil> to ! clean sweep1 except t ! wall ( ! inlet pipe is entirely sep>ate f ! body ( ! trap4 ,! inlet ent]s ! body ( ! trap on a tang5t1 ?us mak+ ! trap self-sc\r+ :i* is a good feature4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,pipe ,,?read+ ,! prop] cutt+ ( ?reads on pipe is ov]look$ by "s me*anics4 ,!re are _m diff]5t k9ds ( dies & diff]5t k9ds ( pipe to cont5d )4 ,/eel pipe ?reads v h>d & ! adju/able dies %\ld be us$ on x4 ,^! dies cut m easily & leave a clean] ?read ?an o!r dies :5 us$ on /eel pipe4 ,:5 ?reads are cut on wr\ght-iron pipe ! adju/able dies %\ld be us$ z !y cut a bett] & clean] ?read ?an o!r dies4 ,to pres]ve ! life ( ! dies & ! quality ( ! ?read1 oil is us$ freely :ile ! dies are cutt+4 ,,?reads4--,! /&>d ?read on pipe & fitt+s is a "r-h&$ ?read4 ,left ?reads c be cut on ! pipe & ! fitt+ c be tapp$ ) a left ?read4 ,:5 a fitt+ is tapp$ ) a left ?read x is m>k$ s4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! /&>d numb] ( ?reads t a die w or %\ld be all[$ to cut on ! pipe3 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,size ,l5g?1 in*es ,?reads p] in* ,?reads p] end ---------------------------------------- ------------------- #c_/h #i_/af #ah #aj4hbe #a_/b #c_/d #ad #aj4ejj #c_/d #c_/d #ad #aj4ejj #a #ae_/af #aa-a_/b #aj4hjj #a-a_/d #a #aa-a_/b #aa4ejj #a-a_/b #a #aa-a_/b #aa4ejj #b #a-a_/h #aa-a_/b #ab4icj ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,to acqua9t ! beg9n] ) iron pipe "w1 ! foll[+ ex]cise is giv54 ,9 x !re are a great _m ( ! actual problems t come up :5 ! pipe is put 9 on a job4 ,?is is ! la/ ex]cise t is requir$ 9 ?is book4 ,! sket* %[s cle>ly j :at ! job is & bel[ ,i h gone ov] ea* op]ation t is necess>y to complete ! job4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4 ,,mat]ials ,,necess>y4--,six feet ( #a-;in* black pipe2 f\r #a-;in* black ells2 two #a-;in* tee2 "o #a-;in* "r & left c\pl+2 oil4 ,,tools ,,necess>y4--,two #ad-;in* pipe wr5*es1 vise1 pipe cutt]s1 /ock & #a-;in* foll[] "r & left die & ream]4 ,! vise is made secure on a b5* or po/1 c>e be+ tak5 be=e x is put 9 place to provide room en\gh to sw+ ! /ocks4 ,a l5g? ( #a-;in* pipe is put into ! vise & ! vise clamp$ ar\nd x4 ,! end ( ! pipe t is to be ?read$ %\ld /ick out ?r\gh ! vise ab\t #i in*es4 ,if !re is a ?read on ?is end1 ! dies %\ld be run ov] x to make sure t x is a /&>d ?read & to clean ! ?reads4 ,be=e proce$+ fur!r ) ?is ex]cise ! dies & /ocks w be describ$ & _! use %[n4 ,,dies4--,a full set ( dies is tak54 ,! full set ( /ocks & dies is compos$ ( "r & left dies f #a_/h in* up to #a in*1 ) a guide = ea* size1 also a small wr5* ) :i* to turn ! set screws4 ,! dies come 9 sets1 two 9 a set4 ,^! are ! ,arm/rong pat5t t ,i am describ+4 ,take ! /ock & ! h&les1 & a set ( #a-;in* "r dies ) ! guides out ( ! box4 ,! dies w h m>k$ on !m #a ,r 7if #a-;in* left 7 want$1 ! m>k w\ld be #a ,l74 ,! set screws are tak5 out ( ! /ock & ! dies ins]t$ 9 _! prop] place4 ,!re is a deep m>k on ! edge ( ea* die & "u x a lett] ,s4 ,?is lett] means /&>d4 ,?is m>k on ! die is set ev5 ) a simil> m>k on ! /ock & :5 ! set screws are 9 place & tight5$1 a /&>d ?read w be cut4 ,!re is an adju/+ screw on ! /ock to make ! prop] adju/m5t on ! dies4 ,,/ock4--,! /ock is tak5 & ! h&les are put into x4 ,!re are two sets ( set screws on ! /ock1 "o set = hold+ ! dies 9 place & ! o!r set = adju/+ ! dies4 ,on ! /ock !re is a deep m>k to correspond ) ! /&>d ?read m>k on ! dies4 ,on ! opposite side ( ! /ock !re is a place = ! foll[] & a set screw to hold x 9 place4 ,aft] ! /ocks h be5 look$ ov] & exam9$ ?or\ghly1 ! #a-;in* "r dies are tak5 & ins]t$4 ,!n ! #a-;in* foll[] is put 9 place4 ,! tool is n[ ready to cut a #a-;in* ?read4 ,n[ take a piece ( #a-;in* pipe at lea/ #ae in*es long & put x 9 ! vise1 lett+ x ext5d out f ! vise ab\t #i in*es4 ,! /ock is n[ tak5 & ! foll[] end is put on ! pipe fir/ & ! dies br\ght up 9 place to cut4 ,! end ( ! pipe is all[$ to ent] 9 betwe5 ! two dies s t ! tee? ( ea* die re/ on ! pipe4 ,n[1 hold+ ! h&les ( ! /ock ab\t #f in*es f ! body ( ! /ock & /&+ directly 9 front ( ! pipe1 pu% & turn to ! "r at ! same "t & ! dies w be />t$4 ,n[ put "s oil on ! dies & turn ! /ock1 tak+ hold ( ! ends ( ! h&les & /&+ at "o side4 ,! dies are run up on ! pipe until ! pipe ext5ds ?r\gh ! face ( ! dies "o ?read4 ,oil is put on ! pipe & ! dies at lea/ twice dur+ ! cutt+4 ,:5 ! ?read is long en\gh ! /ock is turn$ back a little & !n =w>d a little & ! loose *ips are bl[n out f betwe5 ! dies & pipe4 ,if ! dies are set "r1 a good clean /&>d ?read w h be5 cut4 ,?is ?read c n[ be cut (f ) ! pipe cutt]s4 ,,pipe ,,cutt]s4--,to cut pipe ) a "o-:eel pipe cutt] is a simple matt]4 ,i w n dwell at l5g? on ! cutt] itself4 ,!re are "o-:eel & ?ree-:eel cutt]s4 ,we w use a "o-:eel cutt] tool4 ,?is cutt] is =c$ into ! surface ( ! pipe ) a set screw hav+ a long tee h&le4 ,! pressure t is br\ght to be> on ! pipe :ile be+ cut is suffici5t to cause a l>ge burr to =m on ! inside ( ! pipe4 ,sometimes ! pipe is completely cru%$ & r5d]$ unfit = use4 ,!re=e ! us] ( ^! cutt]s %\ld ex]cise c>e :5 cutt+ pipe4 ,! pipe is put 9 ! vise & ! cutt]s are s put on ! pipe t ! pipe w be betwe5 ! two roll]s & ! cutt] :eel1 ! cutt] re/+ on ! m>k t indicates ! po9t at :i* ! pipe is to be cut4 ,! h&le is screw$ d[n & ! cutt]s turn$ ar\nd ! pipe2 ea* "t ! cutt]s make a complete turn ! h&le is screw$ d[n m4 ,?is proc$ure is cont9u$ until ! furr[ has be5 cut cle> ?r\gh ! pipe4 ,,cutt+ ,,& ,,?read+ ,,nipples4--,nipples are %ort pieces ( pipe ?read$ on ea* end4 ,pieces ( pipe long] ?an #f in*es are n call$ nipples4 ,:5 a nipple is s %ort t ! ?reads cut on ea* end meet 9 ! c5t] ( ! piece1 ! nipple is call$ a close nipple4 ,:5 !re is a space ( ab\t #a_/d in* betwe5 ! ?reads1 x is call$ a space or %\ld] nipple4 ,to cut & ?read ^! nipples a nipple *uck or nipple hold] is necess>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,nipple *uck & nipples4 ,,nipple ,,hold]s4--,take a piece ( #a-;in* pipe ab\t #ab in*es long & on "o end cut a ?read t is #b in*es long4 ,take a #a-;in* c\pl+ & screw x on ?is end until ! end ( ! pipe is almo/ ?r\gh ! end ( ! c\pl+4 ,at lea/ f\r ?reads %\ld be all[$ at ?is end ( ! c\pl+4 ,n[ we h a piece ( pipe #ab in*es long hav+ a ?read #b in*es long on "o end ) a c\pl+ on ! ?read4 ,?is is call$ a nipple hold]4 ,n[1 to cut a nipple1 cut a ?read on a piece ( pipe & cut ! pipe (f at any desir$ l5g?1 say #b in*es4 ,put ! nipple hold] 9 ! vise ) ! c\pl+ out f ! vise ab\t #h in*es4 ,take ! #b-;in* piece ( pipe ) a ?read on "o end1 screw ?is ?read into ! c\pl+ until x t\*es ! pipe t has be5 screw$ ?r\gh f ! o!r end4 ,n[ ! /ocks hav+ ! #a dies & ! foll[] 9 are put on ! pipe4 ,! foll[] w n g ov] ! c\pl+1 !re=e take ! foll[] out ( ! /ock4 ,n[ ! /ock w slip ov] ! c\pl+ & ! ?read c be cut4 ,) ?is proc$ure a nipple ( any l5g? c be cut4 ,!re are a numb] ( pat5t$ nipple *ucks on ! m>ket1 b z !y are n always at h& ! above me?od is resort$ to & s]ves e purpose4 ,,long ,,screws4--,to cut a long screw :i* comes 9 use frequ5tly on v5t pipe "w1 a piece ( pipe #ab in*es long is tak5 & a regul> l5g? ?read is cut on "o end1 & a ?read #d in*es long is cut on ! o!r end4 ,!n a c\pl+ is cut :ile screw$ on a pipe1 s t a lock nut ab\t #a_/b in* wide is made4 ,! description & use ( ^! long screws w come "u screw pipe v5t+4 ,n[ t ! prop] use ( ! tools has be5 expla9$1 we w proce$ ) ! ex]cise accord+ to ! sket*4 ,) a l5g? ( pipe 9 ! vise & ! #a-;in* dies 9 ! /ock1 run ov] ! ?read on ! pipe4 ,note t all ! measurem5ts are c5t] to c5t]4 ,screw an elb[ on ! pipe & measure (f ! fir/ l5g?1 :i* we w take z #ab in*es c5t] to c5t]4 ,place ! rule on ! pipe ) "o end ( x at ! c5t] ( ! op5+ ( ! elb[ j screw$ on4 ,m>k #ab in*es (f on ! pipe4 ,?is m>k repres5ts ! c5t] ( ano!r ell4 ,n[ take ano!r ell & hold ! c5t] ( "o outlet on ?is m>k4 ,x w readily be se5 t to h ! measurem5t come "r1 ! pipe mu/ be cut (f at a po9t :]e x w make up tight :5 screw$ into ! ell4 ,!re=e1 ab\t #a in* w h to be cut (f1 mak+ ! pipe #a in* %ort] ?an :]e x 0 fir/ m>k$4 ,cut ! pipe1 & be=e tak+ x out ( ! vise make a ?read on ! pipe /ill 9 ! vise4 ,aft] ! ?read is cut1 take ! ream] & ream out ! burr t is on ! inside ( ! pipe caus$ by ! pipe cutt]4 ,an elb[ c be screw$ on ?is pipe4 ,! next measurem5t is m>k$ (f z expla9$1 ! pipe cut1 !n ! piece 9 ! vise ?read$ & ream$4 ,! measurem5ts mu/ be accurate & ! dies %\ld be adju/$ to cut all ?reads ! same dep?4 ,:5 ! measurem5ts are all out1 !re %\ld be sev5 pieces ( pipe1 ea* piece hav+ "o ?read4 ,n[ ! ?reads on ! o!r end c be cut except ! #ab in* piece t screws into ! "r & left c\pl+4 ,?is ?read is a left-h&$ ?read & mu/ be cut ) ! left dies4 ,*ange ! dies n[ to ! #a-;in* left dies2 turn ! /ock 9 ! opposite direction ( ! "r-h& ?read1 & ! dies w cut ! left ?read4 ,! pipe & ! fitt+s c easily be put toge!r z %[n 9 ! sket* by foll[+ ! c5t] to c5t] measurem5ts4 ,! "r & left c\pl+ is ! only fitt+ t w cause ! beg9n] tr\ble4 ,a "r & left c\pl+ c be us$ only :5 !re is suffici5t give to ! pipe1 t is1 ! two ends ( ! pipe to be c\pl$ toge!r are only #a_/b in* ap>t4 ,to get ! c\pl+ 9 place to />t ! ?reads1 ! pipe mu/ spread ap>t at lea/ #b in*es4 ,if ! pipe _c be spread t mu*1 a "r & left c\pl+ _c be us$4 ,! prop] way to make up a "r & left c\pl+ is z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,f reads c5t] ( ell to end1 ,c reads c5t] ( ell to c5t] ( valve1 ,d reads c5t] ( valve to c5t] ( ,t1 ,e reads c5t] ( ,t to c5t] ( ell4 ,screw home ! c\pl+ on ! "r ?read4 ,m>k ) a piece ( *alk on ! c\pl+ & ! pipe %[+ a po9t on ea* :]e ! c\pl+ makes tight4 ,take (f ! c\pl+ & c\nt ! turns & make note ( ! numb]4 ,n[ d ! same on ! left ?read & make a note ( ! numb] ( ?reads4 ,if ! left ?read has six turns & ! "r has f\r & "o-half1 !n to insure t ! left ?read w be tight :5 ! "r ?read is1 ! c\pl+ mu/ be put on ! left ?read "o & "o-half turns be=e x is />t$ on ! "r ?read4 ,n[ ) f\r & "o-half turns1 ! "r & ! left ?reads w bo? be tight4 ,a little ?\ght & practice w make ?is connection cle>4 ,if all ! measurem5ts 9 ?is ex]cise are n cut accurately1 ! "r & left c\pl+ w n g toge!r4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,cold-,,wat] ,,supply4 ,,te/ ,! supply+ ( cold wat] to build+s & !n pip+ x to ! v>i\s fixtures makes a v int]e/+ /udy4 ,we h gone ov] ! me?ods ( lay+ & pip+ = ! h\se s]vice pipe4 ,we w g ov] ! diff]5t sy/ems n[ employ$ to supply ! wat]1 quickly4 ,,und]gr\nd ,,wat]4--,9 ?9ly populat$ di/ricts ! well is /ill employ$ to supply wat] to ! build+4 ,! wat] is br\ght to ! surface by means ( a l>ge bucket or by means ( a pump4 ,a well po9t c be driv5 into ! gr\nd until wat] is rea*$ & !n ! wat] c be br\ght to ! surface by means ( a pump op]at$ by h& or by p[]4 ,! wat] c be =c$ to a tank t is op5 & elevat$1 or =c$ into a tank t is clos$ & put "u pressure4 ,f ei!r tank ! wat] w fl[ to any desir$ outlets4 ,a w9dmill c be employ$ to furni% p[] to op]ate ! pump4 ,wat] supply t is receiv$ directly f und]gr\nd is by f> ! be/ to use4 ,a cesspool or ou?\se mu/ n be all[$ on ! premises ) a well1 o!rwise ! well w be contam9at$ & unfit = dome/ic use4 ,an op5 well is n z sanit>y z a driv5 well1 z ! surface wat] & leaves1 etc41 get into x & decay & pollute ! wat]1 & soon make x unfit = dome/ic use4 ,,/reams ,,& ,,brooks4--,! brooks & /reams furni% a good s\rce ( supply = wat] to a build+ or community ( build+s4 ,! writ] rec5tly work$ on a sy/em ( pip+ t suppli$ #ae or #bj build+s4 ,! wat] supply came f a brook t 0 high] ?an ! h\ses4 ,ea* h\se _h a sep>ate pipe lead+ d[n f ! brook into a tank f :i* ! h\se 0 pip$4 ,! own] ( ! brook appli$ bus9ess e?ics to ! privileges ( tak+ wat] f x4 ,he _h a scale ( prices1 & ! highe/-pric$ location 0 an in* or s bel[ ! b$ ( ! brook1 ! next price 0 level ) ! bottom1 ! next *eap] #b in*es above ! bottom4 ,z ! surface 0 rea*$1 ! privilege co/ less4 ,9 ! dry "t ( ! ye> ^? at ! bottom ( ! brook always _h wat] :ile ^? at ! top location _h to wait = ! wat] to rise1 & _h to d )\t wat] dur+ ! dry "t4 ,:]e ! /ream is on a l[] level ?an ! build+ a hydraulic ram c be us$4 ,,riv]s ,,& ,,lakes4--,riv]s & lakes make an abundant supply = wat] sy/ems4 ,a sluggi%-mov+ riv] is bad1 also a riv] t is us$ = c>ry+ (f ! sewage ( a t[n4 ,special provision is n[ made = ! us+ ( wat] t is pollut$4 ,a lake t is suppli$ by spr+s is by f> ! be/ s\rce ( supply4 ,! wat] is pump$ f ! riv] or lake into a res]voir & !n fl[s by gravity into ma9s & f ! ma9s into ! build+s4 ,! wat] %\ld always be filt]$ be=e x is all[$ to ent] ! di/ribut+ ma9s4 ,,wat] ,,pressure4--,pressure at a fixture or outlet s t ! wat] w fl[ is g5]ally obta9$ by ! =ce ( gravity4 ,:5 ?is me?od is n suffici5t1 a pneumatic sy/em is employ$4 ,?is me?od is employ$ to =ce ! wat] to ! top floors or to supply ! :ole build+ 9 high /ructures4 ,! pneumatic sy/em requires a pump1 an air-tight tank1 & pipes to ! v>i\s outlets4 ,! wat] pump$ into ! air-tight tank w occupy "p ( ! space g5]ally occupi$ by ! air4 ,! air _c escape & is1 !re=e1 compress$4 ,cont9u$ pump+ w compress ! air until ! limit ( ! app>atus is rea*$4 ,if a valve or faucet t is connect$ ) ! tank is op5$1 ! air w exp& & =ce ! wat] out ( ! op5+4 ,?is expla9s 9 a g5]al way ! op]ation ( a pneumatic wat]-supply sy/em4 ,wat] c be pump$ into ?is air-tight tank f a well1 ci/]n1 riv]1 lake1 or f ! city supply ma9s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--;,banjo4 ,,pip+4--,f ! s]vice pipe on :i* !re has be5 plac$ a %ut-(f1 a l9e ( pip+1 full size1 is run ?r\gh ! basem5t1 ov]head to a conv5i5t place1 p]haps to a p>tition 9 ! c5t] ( ! cell>4 ,! pipe is br\ght d[n & connect$ into ! end ( a head]4 ,?is head] or banjo is made ( ,ts plac$ #d in*es c5t] to c5t]4 ,f ea* ,t a l9e ( pipe is run to ea* isolat$ fixture or set ( fixtures 7see ,fig4 #gj74 ,a /op & wa/e cock is plac$ on ea* l9e at su* a po9t t all /op cocks w come 9 a r[ ne> ! head]4 ,a small pipe is run f ! wa/e ( ea* /op & dis*>g$ into a l>g] pipe :i* connects ) a s9k4 ,?is way ( runn+ pipes :ile x is exp5sive makes a v neat & good job4 ,ea* /op cock has a tag on x /at+ explicitly :at x controls4 ,if ! build+ is a l>ge "o a numb] ( ^! panell$ head]s are us$4 ,a less exp5sive way to run ?is pipe is to bran* (f f ! ma9 at po9ts :]e ! bran* pipe w be z %ort z possible & use z few fitt+s z possible4 ,/op & wa/e cocks are !n plac$ on ea* bran* ne> ! ma94 ,all pipe mu/ foll[ ! direct l9e ( fitt+ ) :i* x is connect$4 ,! l9e ( pipe %\ld be p]fectly /raight4 ,if x seems necess>y to b5d ! pipe to get ar\nd an ob/acle1 !n good judgm5t has n be5 us$ 9 plac+ ! fitt+ into :i* ! pipe is screw$4 ,! fitt+ %\ld be re-locat$ s t ! pipe c be run )\t b5d+4 ,to h true alignm5t ( pipes ! :ole job or section ( ! job mu/ be drawn out on pap] fir/ & any ob/acles not$ & avoid$ be=e ! pip+ is cut4 ,?is n only saves "t b x is also ! =]unn] ( a good job4 ,:5 gett+ measurem5ts = pip+ ! same rule or tape %\ld be us$ to get out ! pipe z 0 us$ to get ! measurem5ts4 ,! wat] ma9 & bran*es t run ?r\gh ! basem5t ( a build+ are g5]ally hung on ! ceil+4 ,r\gh hang]s ( wood1 rope1 or wire are usually us$ to hold ! pipe 9 place at fir/1 !n neat & /rong adju/able hang]s are plac$ e #h feet ap>t4 ,!re are 9 use too _m k9ds ( hang]s to expla9 or describe !m "h4 ,! ess5tial po9t ( all good hang]s is to h !m /rong1 neat1 & s made t p]fect alignm5t ( ! pipe c be _h4 ,! hang]s %\ld be s plac$ t no /ra9 w come on ! fitt+ or ! valves4 ,a hang] %\ld be plac$ ne> ea* side ( unions s t :5 ! union is tak5 ap>t nei!r side ( ! pipe w drop & b5d4 ,hooks & /raps %\ld be us$ to hold v]tical pipes rigid & 9 position4 ,a v]tical pipe %\ld be s held 9 place t its weight w come on ! hooks & /raps t hold x r ?an on ! horizontal pipe into :i* x connects4 ,:]e !re are six or eight horizontal l9es ( pipes close toge!r1 a sep>ate hang] = ea* pipe makes a r cumb]some job & x consumes consid]able "t to in/all !m prop]ly4 ,a hang] hav+ "o support run "u all ! pipes w all[ space = prop] alignm5t & adju/m5t = dra9age4 ,all[ance mu/ be made on all l9es ( pipe = dra9age4 ,:5 a build+ is vacant dur+ cold wea!r1 ! wat] is drawn (f2 !re=e1 ! pipes %\ld h a pit* to c]ta9 po9ts :]e ! pipes c be op5$ & ! entire sy/em dra9$ ( wat]4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,pipe4--,! k9d ( pipe t is us$ = cold-wat] supply dep5ds on & v>ies accord+ to ! k9d ( wat]1 ! k9d ( e>? ?r\gh :i* x runs1 & ! con/ruction ( ! build+4 ,wr\ght iron1 /eel1 lead1 brass1 t9-l9$ brass1 are 9 use4 ,! supply pipe to e fixture %\ld h a /op on x directly "u ! fixture4 ,?is w all[ ! wat] to be %ut (f = repairs to ! faucet )\t /opp+ ! supply ( o!r fixtures4 ,! mak+ ( p]fect ?reads on pipe is an important matt]1 especially on wat] pipes4 ,if ! pipe & ! dies 7 p]fect1 & ! me*anic us$ suffici5t oil 9 cutt+1 & ! fitt+s 7 p]fectly tapp$ to correspond to ! dies us$ on ! pipe1 ( c\rse a p]fect union betwe5 pipe & fitt+ w\ld result & ! jo9t w\ld be f\nd to be p]fect on screw+ ! pipe home4 ,z all ! above conditions are n f\nd on ! job1 ?reads are made tight by ! use ( r$ or :ite lead & oil4 ,! lead is put on ! ?read & :5 ! ?read is made up ! lead w h be5 =c$ into any imp]fection t may be 9 ! ?reads & ! jo9t w !n be wat]-tight4 ,:ite lead & oil %\ld be us$ on nickel-plat$ pipe z o!r pipe comp\nds are too conspicu\s & look badly4 ,a pipe comp\nd %\ld be us$ ) discretion1 = if too mu* is put on a burr ( x w collect 9 ! bore ( ! pipe & r$uce x consid]ably4 ,?is is n tol]at$1 s only a small am\nt is us$4 ,wat] pipes %\ld be run 9 accessible places1 mak+ x possible to get at !m 9 case ( tr\ble4 ,9 climates t h freez+ wea!r wat] pipes %\ld n be run 9 outside p>titions4 ,if x is f\nd absolutely necess>y to d s1 z 9 ! case ( build+s :i* h no inside p>titions on ! fir/ floor1 ! pipe %\ld be prop]ly cov]$ & protect$4 ,! diff]5t me?ods ( cov]+ pipes are describ$ 9 ,*apt] ,,xv4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,hot-,,wat] ,,heat]s4 ,,in/antane\s ,,coil ,,& ,,/orage ,,tanks4 ,,return ,,circulation1 ,,hot-,,wat] ,,l9es ,,& ,,expansion ,! problem ( supply+ hot wat] to plumb+ fixtures is "o t has requir$ ye>s ( /udy4 ,ea* job today dem&s consid]able ?\ght to make x a p]fect & satisfactory hot-wat] sy/em4 ,we w f9d in/allations today :]e ! wat] is r$ f ru/1 :]e !re is wat] p\nd+ & crack+4 ,!re are also jobs :]e ! fixtures get practically no hot wat]4 ,z ea* job or individual build+ has its own peculi> conditions1 !y mu/ be solv$ by ! design] or ! me*anic1 us+ ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( hot-wat] circulation4 ,we mu/ fir/ "k h[ mu* hot wat] is to be us$1 also ! location ( ! outlets & ! con/ruction ( ! build+2 !n ! size ( ! pipes & ! size ( ! tanks & _! locations c be settl$4 ,if ! job is a l>ge "o1 a pump may be employ$ to insure ! prop] circulation4 ,aft] ?is ! pipe sizes & connections c be work$ out4 ,! "o great enemy ( hot-wat] circulation is air4 ,!re=e1 no traps or air pockets %\ld ev] appe> 9 ! pip+ sy/em4 ,! boil]1 z x is (t5 ref]r$ to1 is ! hot-wat] /orage tank4 ,a copp] or iron tank hold+ suffici5t wat] to supply all fixtures1 ev5 :5 e fixture dem&s a supply at ! same "t1 is in/all$ 9 a conv5i5t place & ! heat+ arrangem5t connect$ ) x4 ,a !rmo/at c be plac$ on ! sy/em & ! temp]ature ( ! wat] controll$4 ,accord+ to ! size ( ! build+ ! problem ( furni%+ ! plumb+ fixtures ) hot wat] increases4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,heat+ ,,hot ,,wat]4--,!re are a numb] ( ways ( furni%+ hot wat]4 ,"s ( ! in/allations are li/$ bel[4 ,a ca/-iron or brass wat] back is plac$ on ! fire pot ( a /ove or furnace4 ,a sep>ate /ove ) ! fire pot & wat] jacket is us$4 ,a coil ( /eam pipe is plac$ inside a hot-wat] boil] or tank4 ,gas coil heat]s are connect$ ) hot wat] /orage tank1 also gas coil in/antane\s heat]s are connect$ ) ! pip+ direct4 ,comb9ations ( ! above sy/ems are 9 use & s]ve ! purpose = :i* !y are int5d$4 ,= in/ance1 ! tank c be connect$ ) a coal range & a gas coil heat]1 heat be+ furni%$ by ! range alone or ! coil heat] alone1 or bo? c be us$ at ! same "t4 ,?is comb9ation c be connect$ ) ! furnace 9 ! cell>1 & dur+ ! w9t] mon?s1 :5 ! furnace is 9 use1 ! wat] c be heat$ by ! furnace coil4 ,9 w>m wea!r1 :5 ! furnace is out1 ! range c supply ! necess>y heat4 ,9 hot wea!r ! coil gas heat] c supply ! heat4 ,,connections ,,( ,,tank ,,& ,,heat+ ,,app>atus4--,! ord9>y h\se boil] or hot-wat] /orage tank has f\r connections1 two on top1 "o on ! side1 & "o on ! bottom4 ,! top connections are us$ = ! entrance ( cold wat] into ! tank & = ! supply ( hot wat] to ! fixtures 7see ,fig4 #ga74 ,! cold-wat] inlet has a tube ext5d+ into ! tank bel[ ! side connection4 ,?is tube has a small hole fil$ 9 x ab\t #f in*es f ! top4 ,?is hole is to break any syphonic action t may occur at any "t4 ,! side connection is = ! connection ( ! pipe com+ f ! top ( ! wat] back4 ,! bottom op5+ 9 ! tank is = ! connection ( ! pipe com+ f ! l[] wat] back connection1 also = dra9+ ! boil]4 ,! circulation ( ! wat] c be foll[$ ?us3 cold wat] ent]s ! boil] 9 ! tube & dis*>ges into ! boil] bel[ ! side connection4 ,f "h x fl[s out ( ! bottom connection into ! wat] back1 ?r\gh ! upp] connection into ! boil]1 ?r\gh ! side op5+1 !n to ! top ( ! boil] & out to ! fixtures ?r\gh ! fixture supply op5+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,/orage tank1 & coil heat] ) !rmo/atic control valve4 ,fig4 #fi %[s a !rmo/atic control valve atta*$ to ! bottom ( a heat] coil1 & at ! side ( /orage tank4 ,! be/ arrangem5t is at ! bottom1 = x does n %ut (f ! gas supply until ! boil] is full ( hot wat]4 ,,connect+ ,,tank ,,& ,,coil ,,gas ,,heat]4--,! boil] & ! coil gas heat] h a diff]5t connection4 ,! bottom ( ! tank & ! bottom ( ! heat] are connect$4 ,! top ( ! heat] & ! top ( ! boil] are connect$4 ,! accompany+ sket* %[s h[ ?is connection is made4 ,if ! tee on ! top ( ! boil] into :i* ! gas-heat] connection is made is n ! fir/ fitt+ & plac$ z close to ! outlet z possible1 ! wat] w n circulate freely into ! boil]4 ,?is connection accord+ to ! draw+ %\ld be /udi$ & memoriz$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--;,in/antane\s gas heat]4 ,%[+ circulation heat] or boo/]4 ,,in/antane\s ,,gas-,,heat] ,,connections4--,an in/antane\s gas heat] is plac$ 9 ! basem5t4 ,! copp] coil 9 x is connect$ at ! bottom ) ! cold-wat] supply & ! top outlet ( ! coil is connect$ ) ! hot-wat] sy/em ( pip+4 ,!re is no ne$ ( a /orage tank ) ?is heat]4 ,:5 a faucet is op5$ 9 any "p ( ! hot-wat] pip+ sy/em1 ! wat] pass+ ?r\gh ! wat] valve at ! heat] causes ! gas valve to op5 s t ! :ole set ( burn]s 9 ! heat] is suppli$ ) gas1 & ! burn]s are light$ f a pilot light4 ,:5 ! faucet is clos$1 ! gas supply is %ut (f & ! burn]s are put out4 ,! pilot is light$ all ! "t4 ,space w n p]mit go+ ov] ^! connections 9 detail4 ,x is a l>ge field & requires consid]able ?\ght4 ,,safety ,,& ,,*eck ,,valves4--,:5 a met] is us$ on a wat] sy/em1 ! wat] company dem&s t a *eck valve be plac$ on ! hot-wat] sy/em to prev5t ! hot wat] f be+ =c$ back into ! met] 9 case ! pressure got /rong en\gh 9 ! boil]4 ,if a *eck valve is us$ = ?is purpose1 or = any o!r purpose1 a safety valve mu/ be plac$ on ! boil] pip+ sy/em to relieve any excessive pressure t may be caus$ by hav+ ! *eck valve 9 use4 ,!re is today1 ) met]s ( mod]n type1 no reason to use a *eck valve or a safety valve4 ,if an excessive pressure is obta9$ 9 ! boil]1 x is reliev$ 9 ! wat] ma94 ,:5 wat] is heat$1 x exp&s4 ,if ! heat becomes m int5se & /eam is =m$1 ! expansion is mu* great]1 & "s means mu/ be provid$ to all[ = x4 ,?is expansion c be all[$ to relieve itself 9 ! wat] ma9 z expla9$ above4 ,:5 a *eck valve is plac$ on ! pip+1 ?is means ( escape is %ut (f & a safety valve mu/ be employ$4 ,)\t ^! reliefs1 ! pressure w\ld be s great t an explosion w\ld result4 ,:5 /eel pipe & /eel boil]s are us$ = /orage tanks & connections1 ! pipe & tank w %ortly />t to ru/ & p>ts ( ! pip+ are /opp$ up ) ru/ scales4 ,! wat] also becomes r$ ) ru/ :5 ! wat] becomes hot en\gh to circulate4 ,:5 ! pipes are /opp$ up1 /eam is =m$ & a snapp+ & crack+ s\nd is he>d4 ,to avoid ^! conditions1 ! pip+ %\ld be ( brass or lead & ! /orage tank %\ld be ( copp]4 ,! in/allation co/ ( brass & copp] is great] ?an /eel1 b !y w n h to be replac$ 9 two or ?ree ye>s1 z is ! case ) o!r mat]ial4 ,a valve %\ld be plac$ on ! cold-wat] supply to control ! entire hot-wat] pip+ sy/em4 ,a pipe ) a /op cock %\ld be plac$ und]nea? ! boil] & %\ld ext5d into a s9k 9 ! basem5t s t ! boil] c be dra9$ at any "t = clean+ or repairs4 ,,connect+ ,,) ,,fixtures4--,to h all fixtures prop]ly suppli$ ) hot wat] x is necess>y to run :at is t]m$ a circulat+ pipe4 ,?is circulat+ pipe is a circuit ( pipe ext5d+ f ! top ( ! boil] to ! vic9ity ( ! fixtures & !n return+ to ! boil] & connect+ into ! pipe lead+ out ( ! bottom ( ! boil]4 ,f ?is circuit all bran*es are tak5 to supply all fixtures requir+ hot wat]4 ,?is circulat+ pipe has hot wat] circulat+ ?r\gh x all ! "t4 ,!re=e ! fixtures are suppli$ ) hot wat] v quickly4 ,! circulat+ pipe & its bran*es are run )\t any traps or air pockets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,expansion loop4 ,f\r #ij deg4 ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--;,expansion loop4 ,five #ij deg4 ells4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,expansion loop4 ,six #ij deg4 ells4 ,:5 runn+ ! pip+1 x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t n only does ! wat] exp& :5 heat$1 b ! pipe exp&s also4 ,!re=e due all[ance mu/ be made = ?is expansion4 ,! long ris]s %\ld h an expansion loop z %[n 9 ,figs4 #gc1 #gd & #ge4 ,!re are in/all$ on "s jobs :at is kn[n z an expansion jo9t4 ,?is w all[ = ! expansion & contraction ( ! pipe4 ,! writ]'s exp]i5ce ) ^! jo9ts has n be5 v satisfactory4 ,aft] a :ile ^! jo9ts beg9 to leak & !y mu/ h att5tion :i* 9 "s cases is r exp5sive4 ,an expansion loop z %[n 9 ! sket*1 made ) elb[s1 w prove satisfactory4 ,if ! ?reads on ! fitt+s & pipe are good1 no leak w appe> on ?is jo9t4 ,all gas heat]s mu/ be connect$ ) a flue to c>ry (f ! products ( combu/ion4 ,,*apt] ,,xv ,,insulation ,,( ,,pip+ ,,to ,,elim9ate ,,conduction1 ,,radiation1 ,,freez+1 ,,& ,,noise ,,pipe ,,cov]+4--,pipe cov]+ is ano!r important bran* ( plumb+4 ,a few ye>s ago heat+ pipes 7 ! only pipes t x 0 ?\ght necess>y to cov]4 ,! ev]-increas+ dem&s made by ! public keep ! wideawake plumb] cont9ually solv+ problems4 ,! wat] runn+ d[n a wa/e pipe1 = in/ance1 w annoy "s p1 & provision mu/ be made to avoid ?is noise or to sil5ce x4 ,?is is "o ( ! _m problems t ! plumb] mu/ solve by ! use ( pipe cov]+4 ,,pipes ,,t ,,ne$ ,,cov]+4--,fir/ ( all1 ! cov]+ mu/ be put on prop]ly to be ( high s]vice4 ,hot-wat] circulat+ pipes ne$ cov]+ to r$uce ! am\nt ( heat loss4 ,if ! pipes & ! tank are n cov]$1 consid]able m fuel w be ne$$ to supply ! necess>y am\nt ( hot wat] ?an if ! pipes & tank 7 cov]$ ) a good cov]+4 ,cold-wat] pipes ne$ cov]+ 9 places to keep !m f freez+4 ,!y also ne$ cov]+ "u "s conditions to keep !m f sweat+4 ,!y are cov]$ also to prev5t ! mat]ial :i* surr\nds !m f com+ into direct contact ) ! pipe4 ,wa/e pipes ne$ cov]+ to prev5t !m f freez+ & to sil5ce ! noise caus$ by ! ru% ( wat] ?r\gh !m4 ,ice-wat] pipes are cov]$ to prev5t ! wat] f ris+ 9 temp]ature & to prev5t any cond5sation =m+ on ! pipe4 ,!re is ne$ = su* a v>iety ( cov]+ t ,i h li/$ bel[ "s ( !m & ! me?ods employ$ = putt+ !m on ! pipe4 ,magnesia1 asbe/os air cell1 mold$ asbe/os1 wool felt1 wat]pro( pap] & wool felt1 cork1 hair felt4 ,^! cov]+s come 9 ! =m ( pipe cov]+ ) a clo? jacket4 ,!y also come 9 ! %ape ( fitt+s z well z 9 blocks & rolls ( pap]1 & 9 p[d]$ =m4 ,any ?ickness t is desir$ may be _h4 ,! pipe cov]+ is readily put on ! pipe4 ,! clo? jacket is pull$ back a %ort di/ance & ! cov]+ w op5 l a book4 ,x c !n be clamp$ on ! pipe & ! jacket pull$ back & pa/$ into place4 ,brass b&s1 #a in* wide1 come ) ! pipe cov]+4 ,^! are put on & ! pipe cov]+ is !n held securely 9 place4 ,practically all ! cov]+s are appli$ 9 ?is mann] & are made up 9 #c-;foot l5g?s to fit any size pipe4 ,to cov] ! fitt+s & valves1 ! same k9d ( sectional cov]+ c be obta9$ & appli$ 9 ! same mann] z ! pipe cov]+4 ,pla/ic cov]+ is (t5 appli$ to ! fitt+s & mold$ into ! %ape ( ! fitt+4 ,! pla/ic cov]+ comes 9 bags & is dry4 ,x is mix$ ) w>m wat] to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick cem5t & appli$ ) a tr[el4 ,:5 ! cov]+ is put on ! pipes & fitt+s1 x %\ld be done ?or\ghly to get satisfactory results4 ,ea* section ( ! cov]+ has on "o end an extra l5g? ( ! jacket4 ,?is is to all[ a lap ov] on ! next section to make a tight jo9t4 ,if ! sections ne$ fitt+1 a saw c be us$ & ! cov]+ cut to any desir$ l5g?4 ,magnesia cov]+ is employ$ mo/ly on /eam pipes1 especially high-pressure4 ,?is mat]ial c be _h 9 ! %ape ( pipe cov]+1 9 blocks1 or cem5t4 ,asbe/os air cell cov]+ is employ$ to cov] hot-wat] circulat+ pipes4 ,x is con/ruct$ ( corrugat$ asbe/os pap]4 ,?is mat]ial is manufactur$ 9 ! sectional pipe cov]+ or 9 corrugat$ pap] =m4 ,mold$ asbe/os cov]+ is also us$ on hot-wat] pipes1 & is manufactur$ 9 pipe cov]+ or 9 blocks4 ,wool felt cov]+ is us$ mo/ly on hot-wat] pipes & makes "o ( ! be/ cov]+s4 ,x is l9$ ) asbe/os pap] & cov]$ ) a clo? jacket4 ,wat]pro( pap] & wool felt is us$ on cold-wat] pipes & is made 9 #c-;foot l5g?s4 ,! cov]+ is l9$ ) wat]pro( pap] & cov]$ ) a clo? jacket4 ,cork4--,a heavy cork cov]+ is "o ( ! be/ cov]+s = ice-wat] pipes1 & a light cork cov]+ is us$ = cold-wat] pipes4 ,?is cov]+ comes 9 sections z o!r cov]+s1 also 9 blocks & %eets4 ,hair felt is us$ to prev5t pipes f freez+4 ,x comes 9 bales conta9+ #aej to #cjj squ>e feet ( v>i\s ?icknesses4 ,,*apt] ,,xvi ,,durham ,,or ,,screw ,,pipe ,,"w4 ,,pipe ,,& ,,fitt+s ,durham or screw pipe "w is ! "n us$ to d5ote t ! job is in/all$ by ! use ( wr\ght-iron or /eel screw pipe4 ,we speak ( a ca/-iron job mean+ t ca/-iron pipe 0 us$ = ! pip+4 ,a completely diff]5t me?od ( "w is us$ :5 screw pipe is employ$ = ! wa/es & v5ts4 ,:5 screw pipe is to be us$ or consid]$ = use1 x is well to "k some?+ conc]n+ ! v>i\s makes ( screw pipe4 ,no?+ b galvaniz$ pipe is ev] us$4 ,! value ( /eel screw pipe & wr\ght-iron screw pipe %\ld be /udi$1 & e p]son int]e/$ %\ld1 if possible1 und]/& h[ ^! diff]5t pipes are made & h[ ! mat]ial ( :i* !y are compos$ is made4 ,9 "s places "o pipe is bett] ?an ano!r & a /udy ( _! make-up w\ld enlight5 ! us] & all[ him to use ! be/ = 8 peculi> conditions4 ,! mak]'s "n %\ld always be on ! pipe4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! sizes1 weights1 & ?icknesses ( screw pipe3 ------------------------------- ,size ,?ickness ,no4 ?reads p] in* ------------------------------- #a-a_/d #j4adj #aa-a_/b #a-a_/b #j4ade #aa-a_/b #b #j4aed #aa-a_/b #b-a_/b #j4bjd #h #c #j4bag #h #c-a_/b #j4bbf #h #d #j4bcg #h #e #j4bei #h #f #j4bhj #h ------------------------------- ,screw pipe "w came into common use ) ! advance ( mod]n /eel /ructures4 ,"s difficulty _h be5 exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ ! ca/-iron pipe jo9ts tight & to keep ! pipe s an*or$ t x w\ld n crack4 ,! screw pipe 0 f\nd to answ] all ( ! requirem5ts ( mod]n /ructures & !re=e has be5 us$ ext5sively4 ,! life ( screw pipe is n z long z extra heavy ca/-iron pipe4 ,?is is ! only s]i\s objection to screw pipe1 :i* mu/ be r5ew$ aft] a t]m ( ye>s1 :ile extra heavy ca/ iron la/s indef9itely4 ,screw pipe is nev] us$ und]gr\nd4 ,:5 pip+ is requir$ und]gr\nd1 extra heavy ca/-iron pipe is us$4 ,,pip+ ,! pipe us$ 9 ,durham "w is galvaniz$ extra heavy1 or /&>d wr\ght-iron1 or /eel pipe4 ,x is almo/ impossible to recognize wr\ght-iron f /eel pipe )\t ! aid ( a *emical or a magnify+ glass4 ,to te/ ! pipe to di/+ui% its base1 take a %>p file & file ?r\gh ! surface ( ! pipe t is to be te/$4 ,if ! pipe is /eel1 "u a magnify+ glass ! texture ( ! fil$ surface w appe> to be smoo? & h small irregul>-%ap$ gra9s1 & !re w also be an appe>ance ( compactness4 ,if ! pipe is iron1 ! texture w h ! appe>ance ( be+ ragg$ & w %[ /reaks ( slag or black4 ,:5 screw pipe is cut !re is always left a l>ge burr on ! inside ( ! pipe4 ,?is burr greatly r$uces ! bore ( ! pipe & is a s\rce ( /oppage 9 wa/e pipes4 ,aft] ! pipe is cut ?is burr %\ld be ream$ out ?or\ghly4 ,"o ( ! /rong po9ts ( screw pipe is ! /r5g? ( ea* jo9t4 ,c>e %\ld !re=e be tak5 to see t p]fect ?reads are cut on ! pipe & t ! ?reads ( ! fitt+s are p]fect4 ,! dies %\ld be set "r & n v>i$ on ea* jo9t4 ,!re %\ld be pl5ty ( oil us$ :5 ?reads are cut s t ! ?read w be clean & %>p4 ,! foll[] or guide on /ocks %\ld be ! same size z ! pipe t is be+ ?read$1 o!rwise a crook$ ?read w result4 ,if a pipe-?read+ ma*9e is us$1 ! pipe is set squ>ely betwe5 ! jaws ( ! vise t holds ! pipe 9 place4 ,:5 cutt+ a ?read on a long l5g? ( pipe1 ! end /ick+ out f ! ma*9e mu/ be support$ firmly s t no /ra9 w come on ! ma*9e z ! pipe turns4 ,x is necess>y to cut crook$ ?reads sometimes on ! pipe to all[ ! pipe pit* = dra9age or to br+ ! pipe into alignm5t :]e fitt+ w\ld take up too mu* room4 ,to cut a crook$ ?read on a piece ( pipe1 simply leave ! foll[] out ( ! /ock or put 9 ! size l>g]4 ,! dies n hav+ a guide w cut a crook$ ?read4 ,pip+ %\ld be run ) z few ?reads z possible4 ,) a ?or\gh k ( & ! intellig5t use ( fitt+s1 a m9imum numb] ( ?reads w result4 ,! pipes 9 a build+ are run 9 compact p>allel l9es 9 *ases design$ especially = !m4 ,! t5d5cy is to conf9e ! pipes to c]ta9 localities z mu* z possible4 ,?is makes a v neat job & 9 case repairs are ne$$1 ! "w & tr\ble incurr$ w be conf9$ to "o section4 ,,fitt+s ,! fitt+s us$ 9 screw pipe "w are ca/-iron recess type 7see ,fig4 #ed74 ,! fitt+s are s made t ! inside bores ( ! pipe & ! fitt+s come 9 direct l9e ) ea* o!r1 ?us mak+ a smoo? inside surface at all b5ds4 ,! fitt+s are all heavily galvaniz$4 ,all fitt+s %\ld be exam9$ on ! inside = any lumps ( metal ( suffici5t size to cat* solid wa/e matt]1 & ^! mu/ be remov$ or ! fitt+ disc>d$4 ,all #ij deg4 b5ds1 :e!r ,ts or elb[s1 are tapp$ to give ! pipe t connects ) !m a pit* ( at lea/ #a_/d in* to ! foot4 ,except :]e obligatory1 #ij deg4 fitt+s %\ld n be us$4 ,to make a b5d ( #ij deg4 a ,y-bran*1 a nipple & a #de deg4 b5d %\ld be us$1 or two #de deg4 b5ds w make a long easy sweep ( ! dra9age pipes & r$uce ! possibility ( /oppage4 ,y-bran*es are ins]t$ e #cj feet at lea/ to all[ = a clean-out :i* c be plac$ 9 ! bran* ( ! fitt+4 ,:5 a clean-out is plac$ an iron plug %\ld n be us$4 ,^! plugs are n remov$ v (t5 & an iron plug w ru/ 9 & be almo/ impossible to get out4 ,brass clean-out plugs are us$ & are easily tak5 out4 ,at times x is necess>y to connect ca/ iron & wr\ght iron1 or 9 a l9e :]e a union c\ld be us$ if ! pipe 7 n a wa/e pipe1 a tuck] fitt+ is us$4 ,?is fitt+ is ?read$ on "o end & has a socket on ! o!r to all[ = caulk+4 ,to get a good idea ( all ! fitt+s 9 g5]al use1 ! read] %\ld get a catalogue f "o ( ! fitt+ manufactur]s & a survey ( x w give ! names & sizes ( ! fitt+s4 ,h[ev]1 ,i %[ a few common ones4 ,9 ! writ]'s op9ion1 ! /udy+ ( ! catalogue w\ld be ( m b5efit ?an a description ( fitt+s at ?is po9t4 ,! sizes us$ & ! me?ods employ$ to v5t ! wa/e-pipe sy/ems are ! same z 9 ca/-iron "w4 ,,hang]s ,,& ,,supports ,! hang+ ( screw pipe is a v ess5tial po9t4 ,! tak+ ( ! /ra9 (f f a fitt+ or l9e ( pipe by ! use ( a hang] is ! means ( avoid+ s]i\s tr\ble aft] a job is complet$4 ,on horizontal runs hang]s are plac$ n m ?an #h feet ap>t4 ,9 a build+ con/ruct$ ( wood1 ! hang]s are secur$ to ! joi/s4 ,9 a build+ con/ruct$ ( /eel beams & concrete ! hang]s are secur$ to ! /eel beams by means ( ,i-beam hang]s t clamp on ! beams2 also 9 ! case ( concrete ! hang]s are ext5d$ ?r\gh ! floor & a ,t is put on ! hang] on top ( ! cem5t floor2 an iron b> or a %ort piece ( small] pipe run ?r\gh ! ,t holds ! hang] 9 place & secures x rigidly4 ,! f9i%$ floor is laid ov] ! hang] s t x does n %[ f ! top4 ,hang]s on ! v]tical l9es %\ld be plac$ at e jo9t & "u ea* fitt+4 ,to h ! pipe 9 true alignm5t1 ! hang]s mu/ be hung & plac$ 9 l9e4 ,e ris] l9e mu/ h an extra support at ! base to avoid any settl+ ( ! /ack :i* w crack ! fitt+s & break fixture connections4 ,,measurem5ts ,! prop] in/allation ( screw pipe "w requires gett+ correct & accurate measurem5ts4 ,e plumb] is or %\ld be able to get correct c5t] to c5t]1 c5t] to end1 end to end1 c5t] to back1 & end to back measurem5ts4 ,9 ,durham "w #de deg4 angles are cont9ually occurr+4 ,to get ^! measurem5ts correctly1 ! foll[+ table has be5 compil$ z us$ by ! au?or & f\nd to be correct4 ,! read] %\ld memorize x s t x may be us$ )\t ref]r+ to ! book4 ,,measurem5ts ------------------------------------- ,soil pipe ,screw pipe ,multipli] ------------------------------------- #a_/f b5d #fj #a4ae #a_/h #de #a4da #a_/ab #cj #b4 #a_/af #bb-a_/b #b4fa #a_/cb #aa-a_/d #e4ab #a_/fd #e-e_/h #aj4bb ------------------------------------- ,be=e any measurem5ts are tak51 ! l9es ( pipe are laid out & ! position ( ea* fitt+ kn[n4 ,z ,i h /at$ be=e1 ! plumb] mu/ look ahead ) 8 "w4 ,he mu/ h ! ability ( practically see+ ! pipe 9 place be=e ! "w is />t$4 ,?is requires exp]i5ce & judgm5t4 ,be=e ! measurem5ts are tak5 & ! pipe cut consid]ation mu/ be giv5 to ! fact t ! fitt+s & pipes mu/ be screw$ into position4 ,!re=e1 c ! fitt+ on ! pipe be plac$ :]e x is laid out :5 ?is is consid]$8 mu/ be "o ( ! _m que/ions a plumb] %\ld ask himself4 ,all[ance mu/ be made = ! *a9 tongs to sw+4 ,:5ev] possible1 a fitt+ is made up on ! pipe :ile ! pipe is 9 ! vise4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,! (fset is ,b or #ab in*es c5t] to c5t]4 ,! (fset is made us+ #de degree fitt+s4 ,!re=e ! l5g? ( ,a f ! c5t] ( "o fitt+ to ! c5t] ( ! o!r is ,b x #a4da #ab x #a4da #af4ib in*es4 ,,fixture ,,connections ,! fixture connections :5 screw pipe is us$ are necess>ily diff]5t ?an :5 ca/-iron pipe is us$4 ,a brass nipple is wip$ on a piece ( lead pipe & !n screw$ into ! fitt+ left = ! closet connection4 ,! lead is flang$ ov] above ! floor & ! closet set on x4 ,! lead is sold]$ to a brass flange4 ,! brass flange is secur$ to ! floor & !n ! closet b[l secur$ to ! brass flange4 ,ano!r me?od employ$ is to screw a brass flange into ! fitt+ s t :5 x is made up ! flange w come level ) ! floor2 ! closet b[l is !n secur$ to ?is flange4 ,!re are a numb] ( pat5t$ floor flanges = closet b[l connections t c be us$ to advantage4 ,slop s9ks h practically ! same connections z ! closets4 ,o!r fixtures su* z ! ur9al1 lavatory1 & ba?1 c be connect$ ) a %ort piece ( lead wip$ on a sold] nipple1 or ! trimm+s = ! fixture c be _h ) brass hav+ iron pipe size ?reads1 & ! connection c !n be made directly ) ! outlet on ! wa/e l9e4 ,?is is a v g5]al way to describe ! connections1 b space w n all[ a detail$ description ( ^! connections4 ,x is always well to all[ = %ort lead connections = fixtures s t ! lead w give if ! /ack settles4 ,,*apt] ,,xvii ,,gas ,,fitt+1 ,,pipe ,,& ,,fitt+s1 ,,?read+1 ,,measur+1 ,,& ,,te/+ ,,gas ,,& ,,its ,,use ,,9 ,,build+s ,gas is 9 common use 9 all classes ( build+s today4 ,dwell+s use x = cook+ & illum9at+1 factories1 (fice build+s1 & public build+s = p[]4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! c\ntry natural gas is f\nd4 ,9 ^! places x is us$ freely = heat+ fuel4 ,! actual mak+ ( gas is some?+ t e plumb] %\ld und]/&4 ,if space p]mitt$ ,i w\ld describe a gas plant ) all ( its by-products4 ,h[ev]1 we %all deal only ) ! actual in/allation ( gas pip+ 9 build+s4 ,gas ma9s are run ?r\gh ! /reets ! same z wat] ma9s are run4 ,bran*es are tak5 (f ^! ma9s & ext5d$ into ! build+s requir+ gas4 ,! gas company g5]ally in/alls ! gas s]vice pipe inside ( ! basem5t wall & places a /op cock on x free ( *>ge4 ,?is /op t is plac$ on ! pipe is a plug core type1 ! h&le = turn+ x (f is squ>e1 & a wr5* is requir$ to turn x4 ,! squ>e top has a lug on x4 ,!re is also a lug correspond+ to x on ! body ( ! valve4 ,:5 ! valve is %ut (f1 ^! two lugs are toge!r4 ,ea* lug has a hole 9 x l>ge en\gh = a padlock r+ to pass ?r\gh4 ,?is gives ! gas company absolute control ( ! gas 9 ! build+4 ,,sett+ ,,( ,,! ,,met]4--,e build+ t is suppli$ ) gas has a met] t regi/]s ! am\nt ( gas consum$4 ,?is met] is plac$ on ! s]vice pipe on ! h\se side ( ! above-m5tion$ /op cock4 ,?is met] is furni%$ free ( *>ge ) a trivial *>ge made = sett+ up4 ,! actual sett+ ( ?is met] is n made until ! pip+ ?r\gh\t ! build+ has _h a ?or\gh & satisfactory te/ & is f\nd free f all leaks4 ,! met] mu/ be set level on a sub/antial bracket & 9 a place1 if possible1 :]e x w n require an artificial light to read its dial4 ,! dry met] is usually us$ 9 dwell+s4 ,! int]e/+ con/ruction & me*anism ( ?is met] _c be discuss$ "h4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--;,gas-met] dials4 ,! read+ ( ! dials on a gas met] comes 9 ! prov9ce ( ! plumb] & he %\ld be able to read !m4 ,! sket* %[s ! dial plate ( a met]4 ,! ord9>y h\se met] has only ?ree record+ dials4 ,l>ge met]s h five or m4 ,to read ! am\nt ( gas consum$ accord+ to ! met] we w read ! dials z !y are indicat$ on ,fig4 #gg4 ,we w call ! f\r dials ,no4 #a1 ,no4 #b1 ,no4 #c & ,no4 #d4 ,9 ea* ( ^! dials a complete revolution ( ! index h& d5otes #a1jjj1 #aj1jjj1 #ajj1jjj & #a1jjj1jjj1 cubic feet respectively4 ,! index h&s on ,no4 #a & ,no4 #c revolve 9 ! same direction1 :ile ,no4 #b & ,no4 #d revolve 9 ! opposite direction4 ,two ciph]s are add$ to ! figures t are indicat$ on ! dials & ! /atem5t ( ! met] w be _h4 ,to tell j h[ mu* gas has be5 consum$ 9 a giv5 "t1 ! /atem5t ( ! met] is tak5 at ! beg9n+ ( ?is giv5 "t & at ! end ( ! "t4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! figures indicates ! numb] ( cubic feet ( gas t h be5 consum$4 ,a gas cock %\ld be plac$ on ! h\se side ( ! met]4 ,! dials ( met] read #feh1hjj cubic feet4 ,! dial hav+ ! highe/ numb] is read fir/ ,no4 #d dial po9ts to #f1 ?is indicates t ,no4 #c dial has revolv$ #f times4 ,dial ,no4 #c reads #e1 !re=e ! read+ ( dial ,no4 #c & ,no4 #d is #fe4 ,dial ,no4 #b reads #h mak+ ! read+s ( ! ?ree dials #feh4 ,dial ,no4 #a reads #h mak+ ! read+s ( ! f\r dials #fehh add two ciph]s to ?is figure & #feh1hjj is ! correct read+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4 ,,pipe ,,& ,,fitt+s4--,! pipe us$ 9 gas fitt+ is wr\ght iron or /eel4 ,9 special places1 rubb] hose is us$4 ,brass pipe is occasionally us$ to advantage4 ,! fitt+s us$ 9 iron pipe gas "w %\ld be galvaniz$4 ,no pla9 fitt+s %\ld be all[$4 ,! pla9 fitt+s v (t5 h s& holes 9 !m & a leak w result4 ,sometimes ?is leak does n appe> until aft] ! pip+ has be5 9 use "s "t & ! exp5se ( replac+ ! fitt+ c only be guess$ at4 ,by us+ galvaniz$ fitt+s1 ?is tr\ble w be elim9at$4 ,all fitt+s us$ %\ld be ( ! bead$ type4 ,! fitt+ & measurem5t ( ?is "w is practically ! same z describ$ "u iron pipe "w4 ,to h ! beg9n] get a cle>] idea ( gas-pip+ a build+1 ! pip+ ( ! small build+ sket*$ w be gone ov] 9 detail & /udi$4 ,"o ( ! fir/ important /eps t a gas fitt] is confront$ ) is ! locat+ ( ! v>i\s lights & op5+s4 ,) ^! locat$ z %[n on ! plan1 ,figs4 #gh1 #gi & #hj1 we w proce$ to "w out ! pip+4 ,! fir/ floor rise w be #a-;in*1 ! second floor w be #a-;in*4 ,! horizontal pipe supply+ ! fir/ floor outlets w be #c_/d-;in* pipe4 ,! horizontal pipe on ! second floor w be #c_/d-;in*4 ,! balance ( ! pipe w be #c_/h- or #a_/b-;in*4 ,at ?is po9t y\r att5tion is call$ to ! sket* ( pip+1 sizes1 & measurem5ts4 ,?is sket* %\ld be /udi$ & und]/ood 9 detail4 ,! good me*anic w employ a sket* ( ?is k9d :5 in/all+ any pip+4 ,! poor me*anic w take two or ?ree measurem5ts & get !m out1 put !m 91 & !n get "s m4 ,?is me?od is extremely co/ly & unworkmanlike4 ,!re is no reason1 except ! ability ( ! workman1 :y he _c take a build+ l ! sket* & get all ! pip+ measurem5ts = ! job1 !n get !m out1 g to ! job & put !m 94 ,! am\nt ( "t sav$ 9 ?is way is s great t a workman %\ld n consid] himself a full-fl$g$ me*anic until he c get ! measurem5ts ?is way1 & get !m accurately4 ,) a tape l9e1 gimlet1 & plumb-bob1 a me*anic is fully equipp$ ) tools to get 8 measurem5ts4 ,if ! measurem5ts are tak5 ) a tape l9e1 ! same tape l9e %\ld be us$ :5 measur+ ! pipe & cutt+ x4 ,:5 lay+ out ! pip+1 nev] all[ a joi/ to be cut except )9 #f in*es ( its be>+4 ,x is good policy nev] to cut timb] unless absolutely necess>y & !n only aft] consult+ ) ! c>p5t]4 ,:5 joi/s h to be not*$ !y %\ld be cut only on ! top side4 ,! pipe z x is put 9 place %\ld be brac$ rigidly4 ,:]ev] !re is an outlet pipe ext5d+ ?r\gh ! wall1 ! pipe %\ld be brac$ f all sides s t :5 ! fixture is screw$ 9 x w be p]fectly rigid4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--,pipe sket*4 ,! measurem5ts on ! pip+ sket*1 ,fig4 #ha1 are tak5 f ! accompany+ sket* ( a dwell+1 & if !y 7 to be actually put 91 !y w\ld fit4 ,! read] w\ld d well to copy ?is sket* & foll[ ! pip+ & *eck ! measurem5ts accord+ to ! plan1 & note h[ ! diff]5t ris]s1 drops1 etc41 are drawn4 ,x is n necess>y 9 a sket* ( ?is k9d to draw to a scale4 ,aft] ! diff]5t measurem5ts are ! lett]s ,c4,c41 ,e4,c41 ,e4,e41 ,c4,b4 & ,e4,b41 mean+ c5t] to c5t]1 end to c5t]1 end to end1 c5t] to back1 & end to back1 respectively4 ,(fsett+ pipe is a v conv5i5t way ( gett+ ! pipe or fitt+s back to ! wall = support4 ,to (fset pipe prop]ly & ) little tr\ble1 take a piece ( scantl+ #b by #d & brace x betwe5 ! floor & ceil+4 ,bore a few diff]5t-siz$ holes ?r\gh x & y w h a v h&y device = (fsett+ pipe4 ,!re is a little trick 9 (fsett+ pipe t "o w h to practice to obta94 ,! pipe mu/ be held firmly 9 ! place :]e ! pipe is to be b5t4 ,l>ge (fsets & b5ds %\ld n be made2 #b to #d in*es is z l>ge z %\ld be us$4 ,l>g] (fsets t are requir$ %\ld be made ) fitt+s4 ,always make ! (fsets true & h ! ends p]fectly /raight4 ,be=e putt+ a piece ( pipe p]man5tly 9 place1 always look or bl[ ?r\gh x1 to asc]ta9 if its bore is ob/ruct$ or n4 ,sometimes dirt or slag w collect & cause /oppage4 ,,read+ ,,! ,,pipe ,,sket*4--,v]tical l9es repres5t v]tical pipes 7see ,fig4 #ha74 ,horizontal l9es repres5t horizontal pipes runn+ p>allel to ! front4 ,diagonal l9es repres5t horizontal pipes runn+ f back to front4 ,any l9e t is drawn p]p5dicul> to any o!r l9e /&s = a horizontal pipe4 ,a diagonal l9e sep>at+ a v]tical l9e or horizontal l9e or set ( l9es repres5ts a diff]5t horizontal plane4 ,) ?is explanation ! sket* w be made cle> to "o aft] draw+ x4 ,! read] %\ld n[ take ea* measurem5t & *eck x on ! plan4 ,?is is easily done by us+ a scale rule4 ,! height ( ! ceil+ is #h-a_/b feet on ! fir/ floor1 ! second floor is #h feet4 ,! fir/ floor joi/s are #aj in*es1 ! second floor joi/s are #i in*es4 ,an outlet is indicat$ by a small circle4 ,9 ! pip+ sket*1 ?is circle is connect$ ) ! ris] or drop by a horizontal l9e4 ,at ! junction ( ^! two l9es a %ort p]p5dicul> l9e is drawn1 & indicates ! direction ( ! outlet4 ,let me aga9 emphasize ! ne$ to und]/& ?or\ghly ?is pip+ sket*1 & to become s famili> ) x t x c readily be put to use4 ,! value ( a me*anic is det]m9$ by ! quality & ! quantity ( "w t he c turn out2 & a me*anic :o c lay out 8 "w & see x complet$ be=e he />ts1 & !n proce$s to in/all 8 "w1 is by f> ( m value to 8 employ] ?an ! man :o c see only f> en\gh ahead to cut out two or ?ree measurem5ts & sp5ds mo/ ( 8 "t walk+ betwe5 ! vise & place ( in/all+ ! pipe4 ,,te/+4--,! sy/em ( gas pip+ mu/ be te/$ be=e ! pipes h be5 cov]$ by ! advance ( build+ op]ations4 ,if ! job is ( consid]able size1 ! job c be te/$ 9 sections1 & if f\nd tight ! sections c be cov]$4 ,! necessity ( hav+ ! pip+ rigidily secur$ c be appropriately expla9$ "h4 ,if ! te/ has be5 made & ! sy/em f\nd tight & "s pipe t is n securely an*or$ is accid5tally or o!rwise pu%$ out ( place & b5t by "s ( ! me*anics work+ ab\t ! build+1 a leak may be caus$ & yet n discov]$ until ! f9al te/ is made aft] ! pla/]+ is f9i%$4 ,! exp5se & tr\ble ?us caus$ is consid]able & c\ld h be5 avoid$ by simply putt+ 9 ! prop] supports = ! pipe4 ,to te/ ! pip+1 an air pump & a gage connect$ ) ! pipes are plac$ 9 a conv5i5t position4 ,! job %\ld n[ be ?or\ghly gone ov]1 mak+ sure t all plugs & caps are on & t no outlet is op51 also t all pipe t is to be put 9 has be5 in/all$4 ,aft] ?is has be5 att5d$ to1 ! pump is op]at$ until #aj p\nds is regi/]$ on ! gage4 ,! connection lead+ to ! pump & ! pip+ is n[ %ut (f4 ,if ! gage drops rapidly1 !re is a bad leak 9 ! sy/em4 ,?is leak %\ld be f\nd )\t difficulty & repair$4 ,if ! gage drops sl[ly1 x d5otes a v small leak1 su* z a s& hole or a bad ?read4 ,?is k9d ( leak is m tr\blesome to f9d4 ,:5 x has be5 f\nd1 ! pipe or fitt+ caus+ ! leak %\ld be tak5 out & replac$4 ,if black caps h be5 us$ to cap ! outlets1 ! *ances are t a s& hole w be f\nd 9 "o ( !m4 ,no?+ b galvaniz$ fitt+s %\ld be us$4 ,9 case ! small leak m5tion$ above _c be f\nd by go+ ov] ! pipe once1 !re are o!r means ( locat+ ! leak4 ,two ( ! me?ods us$1 ,i w expla94 ,if ! job is small1 ea* fitt+ is pa9t$ ) soap suds until ! fitt+ is f\nd t causes ! leak4 ,if ! leak is n 9 ! fitt+s1 !n ! pipe c be gone ov] 9 ! same way4 ,z soon z ! soap suds /rikes ! leak1 a l>ge bubble is made & ! leak discov]$4 ,x is possible t !re are m leaks1 s ! gage is not$ & if x /ill drops1 ! se>* %\ld be cont9u$4 ,! pump %\ld be op]at$ to keep ! pressure up to #aj p\nds :ile ! se>* is be+ made = ! leak4 ,:5 ! gage /&s at #aj p\nds )\t dropp+1 ! job is !n tight4 ,! pump & gage fitt+ %\ld be gone ov] fir/ to asc]ta9 if !y leak4 ,! o!r me?od employ$ to discov] leaks is to =ce a little e!r or oil ( pepp]m9t 7n ess5ce7 into ! sy/em by means ( ! pump4 ,a leak c readily be not$ by ! odor4 ,to make ?is me?od successful1 ! e!r or pepp]m9t %\ld n be h&l$ by ! m5 :o are to hunt = ! leak4 ,! bottle conta9+ ! fluid %\ld n be op5$ 9 ! build+ except to p\r "s into ! pip+1 o!rwise ! odor w get into ! build+ & z ! odor comes out ( ! leak x w n be not$4 ,= ! b5efit ( ! gas fitt]1 ! pip+ %\ld be te/$ aga9 aft] ! pla/]+ is complet$4 ,! next te/ is made :5 ! fixtures are put on1 & z ! pip+ is tight any leak t develops 9 ?is te/ indicates t ! fixtures leak4 ,!re are 9 common use v>i\s me?ods to /op leaks 9 gas pipe :5 !y are f\nd4 ,if a piece ( pip+ or a fitt+ is defective1 x %\ld be tak5 out & replac$4 ,?is %\ld be rememb]$ s t :ile ! pip+ is be+ in/all$ any defects %\ld be not$ & ! defective fitt+ or pipe ?r[n out4 ,be=e ! gas job is accept$1 ! gas company w inspect x & look = traps & sags 9 ! pipe4 ,!re=e1 ! pip+ %\ld be in/all$ )\t any traps & x %\ld be arrang$ to pit* t[>d ! met]1 or t[>d a conv5i5t place f :i* any cond5sation c be tak5 out4 ,if provision is n made = ?is cond5sation1 x w accumulate & /op ! fl[ ( gas4 ,,%[]-,,ba? ,,connections ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,%[] /all ) lead pan ext5d+ outside ( /all4 ,! sket*es %[ cle>ly ! me?ods employ$ to make a %[]-ba? wa/e & /all wat]-tight4 ,! %[] ba?1 z a sep>ate fixture1 is 9 use & ! dem& = x z a sep>ate fixture is increas+ rapidly4 ,?is dem& comes f ! own]s ( private h\ses4 ,! plumb] mu/ !re=e devise "s way to make ^! connections tight & prev5t any leak f %[+ 9 ! room bel[4 ,?is fixture is s con/ruct$ t all wa/e pipes & trap come "u ! floor level ) no way ( gett+ to !m f bel[4 ,!re=e ! pip+ = ?is fixture mu/ be ( a p]man5t nature4 ,no pipe or trap made ( mat]ial t is liable to give out 9 a %ort "t %\ld be all[$ "u a %[]-ba? fixture or /all4 ,! two sket*es1 ,figs4 #hb & #hc illu/rate two me?ods ( connect+ & mak+ tight a %[] /all4 ,a plumb] %\ld always consid] x 8 special duty to make 8 "w complete & free f all objections4 ,he %\ld always prep>e = any em]g5cy t may occur 9 ! future4 ,?is is r a big task1 yet ! plumb] :5 accept+ all ( 8 responsibilities has a big task4 ,i /ate ?is to ! beg9n] & emphasize ! all-important fact t he mu/ le>n to p]=m & ?9k deeply ( ! elem5ts ( plumb+ to be able lat] on to h&le successfully ! problems t pres5t !mselves 9 ! plumb+ trade4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,%[] /all ) lead pan ext5d+ six in*es beyond /ra9]4 ,! heavy brass trap %[n 9 ! sket* has prov$ itself v satisfactory & c be made to fit almo/ any condition ( pip+ or build+ con/ruction4 ,a fla%+ ( %eet lead is sold]$ on ! trap & c>ri$ out to ! outside edge ( ! /all :]e x is turn$ up #a in*1 or to ! floor level4 ,:5 ! fla%+ is c>ri$ out = only a foot on ea* side ( ! trap1 ! possibilities ( a leak are great]4 ,,*apt] ,,xviii ,,plumb+ ,,codes ,! "w ( plumb+ has a direct result on ! heal? ( ! occupants ( build+s2 !re=e 9 ord] t ! plumb+ may n be in/all$ improp]ly & impair ! heal? ( ! occupants1 x is necess>y to provide a code gov]n+ ! in/allation ( plumb+4 ,naturally ^! laws at fir/ 7 "u ! control ( ! heal? dep>tm5t ( cities1 b ( late ye>s ! build+ dep>tm5ts h assum$ control ( ! codes ) ! result t coop]ation ) ! build+ codes is n[ ! practice r ?an ! exception4 ,to make c]ta9 ! c>ry+ out ( ! plumb+ codes1 x is requir$ t a plan indicat+ ! run1 size1 & l5g? ( pipes1 location & numb] ( fixtures ( ! prospective job be fil$ 9 ! build+ dep>tm5t ( ! city1 be=e ! "w is />t$4 ,if ! plan is approv$ by ! plumb+ inspector & acceptance is s5t1 !n ! "w c be />t$4 ,aft] a job is complet$ a te/ is made & ! job is inspect$ by ! plumb+ inspector1 & if f\nd to meet requirem5ts a writt5 acceptance ( ! "w is giv5 by ! build+ dep>tm5t4 ,an ef=t is be+ made ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry to h ! plumb+ codes "u ,/ate control r ?an h a numb] ( diff]5t codes 9 z _m diff]5t cities & t[ns4 ,! ,/ate code c be s arrang$ t x w apply to ei!r city or t[n4 ,! in/allation ( plumb+ v>ies 9 diff]5t ,/ates4 ,9 ! nor!rn "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates all pipes :i* pass ?r\gh ! ro(1 if less ?an #d-;in* mu/ be increas$ to #d-;in*4 ,a pipe small] ?an #d-;in* w be fill$ ) ho> fro/ dur+ ! w9t] & r5d] ! pipe useless to p]=m its function z a v5t pipe4 ,pipes laid "u gr\nd 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates mu/ be at lea/ #d feet bel[ ! surface to protect !m f freez+4 ,9 ! ,s\!rn ,/ates ! fro/ does n p5etrate ! gr\nd to su* a di/ance & ! pipes c be laid on ! surface4 ,foll[+ is a ,/ate or ,city plumb+ code ins(> z x relates to ! actual in/allation ( plumb+4 ,,sec4 #a4 ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4--,!re %all be a sep>ate plan = ea* build+1 public or private1 or any addition !reto1 or alt]ations !re(1 accompani$ by specifications %[+ ! location1 size & k9d ( pipe1 traps1 closets & fixtures to be us$1 :i* plans & specifications %all be fil$ ) ! bo>d or bureau ( build+s4 ,! said plans & specifications %all be furni%$ by ! ar*itect1 plumb] or own]1 & fil$ by ! plumb]4 ,all applications = *ange 9 plans mu/ be made 9 writ+4 ,,sec4 #b4 ,,fil+ ,,plans ,,& ,,specifications4--,plumb]s be=e comm5c+ ! con/ruction ( plumb+ "w 9 any build+ 7except 9 case ( repairs1 :i* are "h def9$ to relate to ! m5d+ ( leaks 9 soil1 v5t1 or wa/e pipes1 faucets1 valves & wat]-supply pipes1 & %all n be con/ru$ to admit ( ! replac+ ( any fixture1 su* z wat] closets1 ba? tubs1 lavatories1 s9ks1 etc41 or ! respective traps = su* fixtures7 %all submit to ! bureau plans & specifications1 legibly drawn 9 ink1 on blanks to be furni%$ by said bo>d or bureau4 ,:]e two or m build+s are locat$ toge!r & on ! same /reet1 & ! plumb+ "w is id5tical 9 ea*1 "o plan w be suffici5t4 ,plans w be approv$ or reject$ )9 #bd h\rs aft] _! receipt4 ,,sec4 #c4 ,,mat]ial ,,( ,,h\se ,,dra9 ,,& ,,sew]4--,h\se dra9s or soil pipes laid b5ea? floor mu/ be extra heavy ca/-iron pipe1 ) lead$ & caulk$ jo9ts1 & c>ri$ #e feet outside cell> wall4 ,all dra9s & soil pipes connect$ ) ma9 dra9 :]e x is above ! cell> floor %all be extra heavy ca/-iron pipe ) lead$ jo9ts prop]ly secur$ or ( heavy wr\ght-iron pipe ) screw jo9ts prop]ly secur$ & c>ri$ #e feet outside cell> wall & all arrangem5ts = soil & wa/e pipes %all be run z direct z possible4 ,*anges ( direction on pipes %all be made ) ,y-bran*es1 bo? above & bel[ ! gr\nd1 & :]e su* pipes pass ?r\gh a new f\ndation-wall a reliev+ ar* %all be built ov] x1 ) a #b-;in* space on ei!r side ( ! pipe4 ,,sec4 #d4--,! size ( ma9 h\se dra9 %all be det]m9$ by ! total area ( ! build+s & pav$ surfaces to be dra9$1 accord+ to ! foll[+ table1 if iron pipe is us$4 ,if ! pipe is t]ra-cotta ! pipe %all be "o size l>g] ?an = ! same am\nt ( area dra9age4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,diamet] ,fall #a_/d in* p] foot ,fall #a_/b in* p] foot ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- #d in*es #a1hjj squ>e feet dra9age #b1ejj squ>e feet dra9age area #e in*es #c1jjj squ>e feet dra9age #d1ejj squ>e feet dra9age area #f in*es #e1jjj squ>e feet dra9age #g1ejj squ>e feet dra9age area #h in*es #i1ajj squ>e feet dra9age #ac1fjj squ>e feet dra9age area #aj in*es #ad1jjj squ>e feet dra9age #bj1jjj squ>e feet dra9age area ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! ma9 h\se dra9s may be decreas$ 9 diamet] beyond ! ra9-wat] conductor or surface inlet by p]mission ( ! bureau1 :5 ! plans %[ t ! conditions are su* z to w>rant su* decrease1 b 9 no case %all ! ma9 h\se dra9 be less ?an #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,,sec4 #e4 ,,ma9 ,,trap4--,an iron runn+ trap ) two clean-outs mu/ be plac$ 9 ! h\se dra9 ne> ! front wall ( ! h\se1 & on ! sew] side ( all connections4 ,if plac$ outside ! h\se or bel[ ! cell> floor ! clean-outs mu/ ext5d to surface ) brass screw cap f]rules caulk$ 94 ,if outside ! h\se1 x mu/ nev] be plac$ less ?an #d feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,,sec4 #f4 ,,fre%-,,air ,,inlet4--,a fre%-air inlet pipe mu/ be connect$ ) ! h\se dra9 j inside ( ! h\se trap & ext5d$ to ! out] air1 t]m9at+ ) a return b5d1 or a v5t cap or a grat+ ) an op5 end #a foot above grade at ! mo/ available po9t to be det]m9$ by ! build+ dep>tm5t4 ,! fre%-air inlet pipe mu/ be #d in*es 9 diamet] = h\se dra9s ( #f in*es or less & z mu* l>g] z ! build+ dep>tm5t may direct = h\se dra9s m ?an #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,,sec4 #g4 ,,lay+ ,,( ,,h\se ,,sew]s ,,& ,,dra9s4--,h\se sew]s & h\se dra9s mu/1 :]e possible1 be giv5 an ev5 grade to ! ma9 sew] ( n less ?an #a_/d in* to ! foot4 ,full-siz$ ,y- & ,t-bran* fitt+s = h&hole clean-outs mu/ be provid$ :]e requir$ on h\se dra9 & its bran*es4 ,no clean-out ne$ be l>g] ?an #f in*es4 ,,sec4 #h4 ,,floor ,,dra9s4--,floor or o!r dra9s w only be p]mitt$ :5 x c be %[n to ! satisfaction ( ! dep>tm5t ( build+ t _! use is absolutely necess>y1 & arrangem5ts made to ma9ta9 a p]man5t wat] seal1 & be provid$ ) *eck or back-wat] valves4 ,,sec4 #i4 ,,weight ,,& ,,?ickness ,,( ,,ca/-,,iron ,,pipe4--,all ca/-iron pipes mu/ be uncoat$ except+ all laid "u gr\nd1 :i* %all be ?or\ghly t>r$1 s\nd1 cyl9drical & smoo?1 free f cracks1 s& holes & o!r defects1 & ( uni=m ?ickness & ( grade kn[n to comm]ce z extra heavy4 ,ca/-iron pipe includ+ ! hub %all weigh n less ?an ! foll[+ weights p] l9e> foot3 #b-;in* pipe #e-a_/b p\nds p] foot4 #c-;in* pipe #i-a_/b p\nds p] foot4 #d-;in* pipe #ac p\nds p] foot4 #e-;in* pipe #ag p\nds p] foot4 #f-;in* pipe #bj p\nds p] foot4 #g-;in* pipe #bg p\nds p] foot4 #h-;in* pipe #cc-a_/b p\nds p] foot4 #aj-;in* pipe #de p\nds p] foot4 #ab-;in* pipe #ed p\nds p] foot4 ,all ca/-iron pipe mu/ be te/$ to #ej p\nds & m>k$ ) ! mak]'s "n4 ,all jo9ts 9 ca/-iron pipe mu/ be made ) pick$ oakum & molt5 lead & caulk$ gas-tight4 ,twelve ounces ( s(t pig lead mu/ be us$ at ea* jo9t = ea* in* 9 ! diamet] ( ! pipe4 ,,sec4 #aj4 ,,wr\ght-,,iron ,,& ,,/eel ,,pipe4--,all wr\ght-iron & /eel pipe %all be galvaniz$4 ,fitt+s us$ = dra9age mu/ be galvaniz$ & ( recess type kn[n z dra9age fitt+s4 ,all fitt+s us$ = v5t+ %all be galvaniz$ & ( ! /yle kn[n z /eam patt]n4 ,no pla9 black pipe or fitt+s w be p]mitt$4 ,,sec4 #aa4 ,,sub-,,soil ,,dra9s4--,sub-soil dra9s mu/ be dis*>g$ into a sump or receiv+ tank1 ! cont5ts ( :i* mu/ be lift$ & dis*>g$ into ! dra9age sy/em above ! cell> floor by "s approv$ me?od4 ,:]e directly sew]-connect$1 !y mu/ be cut (f f ! re/ ( ! build+ & plumb+ sy/em by a brass flap valve on ! inlet to ! cat* bas9 & ! trap on ! dra9 f ! cat* bas9 mu/ be wat]-suppli$4 ,,sec4 #ab4 ,,y>d ,,& ,,area ,,dra9s4--,all y>d1 area & c\rt dra9s :5 sew]-connect$ mu/ h connection n less ?an #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y %\ld be controll$ by "o trap--! lead] trap if possible4 ,all y>ds1 areas & c\rts mu/ be dra9$4 ,t5em5t h\ses & lodg+ h\ses mu/ h y>ds1 areas & c\rts dra9$ into sew]4 ,,sec4 #ac4 ,,use ,,( ,,old ,,dra9s ,,& ,,sew]s4--,old h\se dra9s & sew]s may be us$ 9 connection ) new build+s or new plumb+1 only :5 !y are f\nd1 on exam9ation by ! dep>tm5t ( build+1 to con=m 9 all respects to ! requirem5ts gov]n+ new sew]s & dra9s4 ,all ext5sions to old h\se dra9s mu/ be ( extra heavy ca/-iron pipe4 ,,sec4 #ad4 ,,lead] ,,pipes4--,all build+ %all be provid$ ) prop] metallic lead]s = conduct+ wat] f ! ro(s 9 su* mann] z %all protect ! walls & f\ndations ( su* build+s f injury4 ,9 no case %all ! wat] f su* lead]s be all[$ to fl[ ^u ! sidewalk b ! same %all be conduct$ by a pipe or pipes to ! sew]4 ,if !re is no sew] 9 ! /reet ^u :i* su* build+ fronts1 !n ! wat] f said lead] %all be conduct$1 by prop] pipes bel[ ! surface ( ! sidewalk1 to ! /reet gutt]4 ,inside lead]s %all be con/ruct$ ( ca/ iron1 wr\ght iron or /eel1 ) ro( connections made gas-& wat]-tight by means ( heavy copp] drawn tub+ slipp$ into ! pipe4 ,! tub+ mu/ slip at lea/ #g in*es into ! pipe4 ,outside lead]s may be ( %eet metal1 b !y mu/ connect ) ! h\se dra9 by means ( ca/-iron pipe ext5d+ v]tically #e feet above grade level1 :]e ! build+ is locat$ along public driveways or sidewalks4 ,:]e ! build+ is locat$ (f build+ l9e1 & n liable to be damag$ ! connection %all be made ) iron pipe ext5d+ #a foot above ! grade level4 ,all lead]s mu/ be trapp$ ) runn+ traps ( ca/ iron1 s plac$ z to prev5t freez+4 ,ra9 lead]s mu/ n be us$ z soil1 wa/e or v5t pipes1 nor %all su* pipes be us$ z ra9 lead]s4 ,,sec4 #ae4--;,,exhau/ ,,f ,,/eam ,,pipes1 ,,etc4--,no /eam dis*>ge or exhau/1 bl[-(f or drip pipe %all connect ) ! sew] or ! h\se dra91 lead]1 soil pipe1 wa/e or v5t pipe4 ,su* pipes %all dis*>ge into a tank or cond5s]1 f :i* suitable outlet to ! sew] %all be made4 ,su* cond5s] %all be suppli$ ) wat]1 to help cond5sation & help protect ! sew]1 & %all also be suppli$ ) relief v5t to c>ry (f dry /eam4 ,,sec4 #af4 ,,diamet] ,,( ,,soil ,,pipe4--,! smalle/ diamet] ( soil pipe p]mitt$ to be us$ %all be #d in*es4 ,! size ( soil pipes mu/ n be less ?an ^? set =? 9 ! foll[+ tables4 ,maximum numb] ( fixtures connect$ to3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,size ( pipe ,wa/e & soil comb9$ ,soil pipe alone ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,bran* ,ma9 ,bran* ,ma9 fixtures fixtures wat] closets wat] closets ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #d-;in* #dh #if #h #af #d4e-;in* #if #aib #af #cb #f-;in* #bfh #ccf #cd #fh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,if ! build+ is six 7#f7 & less ?an twelve 7#ab7 /ories 9 height1 ! diamet] %all n be less ?an #e in*es4 ,if m ?an twelve 7#ab7 x %all be #f in*es1 9 diamet]4 ,a build+ six 7#f7 or m /ories 9 height1 ) fixtures locat$ bel[ ! six? floor1 soil pipe #d in*es 9 diamet] w be all[$ to ext5d ?r\gh ! ro( provid$ ! numb] ( fixtures does n exce$ ! numb] giv5 9 ! table4 ,all soil pipes mu/ ext5d at lea/ #b feet above ! highe/ w9d[1 & mu/ n be r$uc$ 9 size4 ,traps w n be p]mitt$ on ma91 v]tical1 soil or wa/e-pipe l9es4 ,ea* h\se mu/ h a sep>ate l9e ( soil & v5t pipes4 ,no soil or wa/e l9e %all be con/ruct$ on ! outside ( a build+4 ,fixtures )3 #a to #a-a_/d-;in* traps c\nt z "o fixture4 #a to #a-a_/b traps c\nt z "o fixture4 #a to #b traps c\nt z two fixtures4 #a to #b-a_/b traps c\nt z ?ree fixtures4 #a to #c traps 7wat] closets7 c\nt z f\r fixtures4 #a to #d traps c\nt z five fixtures4 ,,sec4 #ag4 ,,*ange ,,9 ,,direction4--,all sew]1 soil1 & wa/e pipes mu/ be z direct z possible4 ,*anges 9 direction mu/ be made ) ,y- or half ,y-bran*es or "o-eigh? b5ds4 ,(fsets 9 soil or wa/e pipes w n be p]mitt$ :5 !y c be avoid$1 nor1 9 any case unless suitable provision is made to prev5t ! accumulation ( ru/ or o!r ob/ruction4 ,(fsets mu/ be made ) f\r? degree b5ds or simil> fitt+s4 ,! use ( ,t ,ys 7sanit>y ,ts7 w be p]mitt$ on upright l9es only4 ,,sec4 #ah4 ,,jo9ts ,,on ,,soil ,,& ,,wa/e ,,pipes4--,connection on lead & ca/-iron pipe %all be made ) brass sleeve or f]rule1 ( ! same size z ! lead pipe ins]t$ 9 ! hub ( ! iron pipe1 & caulk$ ) lead4 ,! lead mu/ be atta*$ to ! f]rule by means ( a wip$ jo9t4 ,jo9ts betwe5 lead & wr\ght-iron pipes mu/ be made ) brass nipple1 ( same size z lead pipe4 ,! lead pipe mu/ be atta*$ to ! brass nipple by means ( a wip$ jo9t4 ,all connections ( lead wa/e pipes mu/ be made by means ( wip$ jo9ts4 ,%ort nipples on wr\ght-iron & /eel pipes mu/ be ( ?ickness & weight kn[n z extra heavy or extra /rong4 ,brass f]rules mu/ be be/ quality1 extra heavy ca/ brass1 n less ?an #d in*es long & #b-a_/d1 #c-a_/b & #d-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] & n less ?an ! foll[+ weights3 ,diamet]s ,weights #b-a_/d in*es #a p\nd #j ounce4 #c-a_/b in*es #a p\nd #ab ounces4 #d-a_/b in*es #b p\nds #h ounces4 ,,sec4 #ai4 ,,sold] ,,nipples4--,sold] nipples mu/ be heavy ca/ brass or ( brass pipe1 iron pipe size4 ,:5 ca/ !y mu/ be n less ?an ! foll[+ weights3 ,diamet]s ,weights #a-a_/b in*es #j p\nd #h ounces4 #b in*es #j p\nd #ad ounces4 #b-a_/b in*es #a p\nd #f ounces4 #c in*es #b p\nds #j ounce4 #d in*es #c p\nds #h ounces4 ,,sec4 #bj4 ,,brass ,,clean-,,outs4--,brass screw caps = clean-outs mu/ be extra heavy1 n less ?an #a_/h in* ?ick4 ,! screw cap mu/ h a solid squ>e or hexagonal nut n less ?an #a in* high & a lea/ diamet] ( #a-a_/b in*es4 ,! body ( ! clean-out f]rule mu/ be at lea/ equal 9 weight & ?ickness to ! caulk+ f]rule = ! same size pipe4 ,,sec4 #ba4 ,,lead ,,wa/e ,,pipe4--,all lead wa/e1 soil v5t & flu% pipes mu/ be ( ! be/ quality1 kn[n 9 comm]ce z ,d1 & ( n less ?an ! foll[+ weights p] l9e> foot3 ,diamet]s ,weights #a-a_/d in*es #b-a_/b p\nds4 #a-a_/b in*es #c p\nds4 #b in*es #d p\nds4 #c in*es #f p\nds4 #d in*es #h p\nds4 ,all lead traps & b5ds mu/ be ( ! same weight & ?icknesses z _! correspond+ pipe bran*es4 ,,sec4 #bb4 ,,ro( ,,fla%]s4--,%eet lead = ro( fla%+s mu/ be #f-p\nd lead & mu/ ext5d n less ?an #f in*es f ! pipe & ! jo9t made wat]-tight4 ,,sec4 #bc4 ,,traps ,,= ,,ba? ,,tubs1 ,,wat] ,,closets1 ,,etc4--,e s9k1 ba? tub1 bas91 wat] closet1 slop hopp]1 or fixtures hav+ a wa/e pipe1 mu/ be furni%$ ) a trap1 :i* %all be plac$ z close z practicable to ! fixture t x s]ves & 9 no case %all x be m ?an #a foot4 ,! wa/e pipe f ! ba? tub or o!r fixtures mu/ n be connect$ ) a wat]-closet trap4 ,,sec4 #bd4 ,,size ,,( ,,horizontal ,,& ,,v]tical ,,wa/e ,,pipes1 ,,traps ,,& ,,bran*es4-- ,horizontal & v]tical ,numb] ( small fixtures #a-a_/d-;in* #a #a-a_/b-;in* #b #b -in* #c to #h #b-a_/b-;in* #i to #bj #c -in* #ba to #dd ,if build+ is t5 7#aj7 or m /ories 9 height1 ! v]tical wa/e pipe %all n be less ?an #c in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! use ( wr\ght-iron pipe = wa/e pipe #b in*es or less 9 diamet] is prohibit$4 ,! size ( traps & wa/e bran*es1 = a giv5 fixture1 %all be z foll[s3 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,size 9 in*es ,k9d ( fixtures ----------------- ,trap ,bran* ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,wat] closet #c #d ,slop s9k ) trap comb9$ #c #c ,slop s9k ord9>y #b #b ,p$e/al ur9al #c #c ,floor dra9 or wa% #d #d ,y>d dra9 or cat* bas9 #d #d ,ur9al tr\gh #b #b ,laundry trays1 two or five #b #b ,comb9ation s9k & tray 7= ea* fixture7 #a-a_/b #b ,kit*5 s9ks1 small #a-a_/b #a-a_/b ,kit*5 s9ks1 l>ge hotel1 etc4 ,kit*5 s9ks1 grease trap #b ,pantry s9ks #a-a_/b #a-a_/b ,wa% bas91 "o only #a-a_/d #a-a_/d ,ba? tub #b #b ,%[] ba?s #a-a_/b #a-a_/b ,%[] ba?s1 floor #b #b ,sitz ba? #a-a_/b #a-a_/b ,dr9k+ f\nta9s #a-a_/d #a-a_/d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,,sec4 #be4 ,,ov]fl[ ,,pipes4--,ov]fl[ pipes f fixtures mu/ 9 all cases be connect$ on ! inlet side ( ! traps4 ,,sec4 #bf4 ,,sett+ ,,( ,,traps ,,)\t ,,re-,,v5t4--,all traps mu/ be sub/antially support$ & set true ) respect to _! wat] levels4 ,no pot1 bottle or ,d trap w be p]mitt$ nor any =m ( trap t is n self-clean+1 nor t has int]ior *amb]s or me*anism nor any trap except e>!nw>e ones t dep5d ^u int]ior p>titions = a seal4 ,9 case !re is an additional fixture requir$ 9 build+ & x is impossible to re-v5t pipe = ! trap1 ! build+ dep>tm5t may designate ! k9d ( trap to be us$4 ,?is %all n be con/ru$ to all[ traps )\t re-v5ts 9 new build+s4 ,,sec4 #bg4 ,,safe ,,& ,,refrig]ator ,,pipes4--,safe-wa/e pipes mu/ n connect directly ) any "p ( ! plumb+ sy/em4 ,safe-wa/e pipes mu/ dis*>ge ov] an op51 wat]-suppli$1 publicly-plac$1 ord9>y-us$ s9k1 plac$ n m ?an #c-a_/b feet above ! cell> floor4 ,! safe wa/e f a refrig]ator mu/ be trapp$ at ! bottom ( ! l9e only & mu/ n dis*>ge ^u ! gr\nd floor1 b ov] an ord9>y op5 pan1 or "s prop]ly-trapp$1 wat]-suppli$ s9k1 z above4 ,9 no case %all ! refrig]ator wa/e pipe dis*>ge into a s9k locat$ 9 a liv+ room4 ,! bran*es on v]tical l9es mu/ be made by means ( ,y fitt+s & be c>ri$ to ! safe ) z mu* pit* z possible4 ,:]e !re is an (fset on ! refrig]ator wa/e pipe 9 ! cell>1 !re mu/ be clean-outs plac$4 ,^! clean-outs mu/ be ( brass4 ,9 t5em5t & lodg+ h\ses ! refrig]ator wa/e pipe mu/ ext5d above ! ro(1 & n be l>g] ?an #a-a_/b in*es & ! bran*es n small] ?an #a-a_/d in*es4 ,refrig]ator wa/e pipes1 except 9 t5em5t h\ses1 & all safe-wa/e pipes1 mu/ h brass flap valve on ! l[] ends4 ,lead safes mu/ be grad$ & neatly turn$ ov] bevel$ /rips at _! edges4 ,,sec4 #bh4 ,,v5t-,,pipe ,,mat]ial4--,mat]ial = v5t pipes %all be ( lead1 brass1 enamel$ iron or galvaniz$ iron4 ,,sec4 #bi4 ,,v5tilation ,,( ,,traps ,,& ,,soil ,,l9es4--,traps %all be protect$ f siphonage or air pressure by special v5t pipes ( a size ( n less ?an ! foll[+ tables3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,maximum ,numb] ( traps v5t$ l5g? 9 feet ,size ( pipe ---------------------------------------- ---- ,ma9s ,bran* ,ma9 v]tical ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a-a_/d-;in* v5t #bj feet #a #a-a_/b-;in* v5t #dj feet #b or less #b-;in* v5t #fe feet #aj or less #bj or less #b-a_/b-;in* v5t #ajj feet #bj or less #dj or less #c-;in* v5t #aj or m #fj or less #ajj or less /ories ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,! bran* v5t %all n be less ?an ! foll[+ sizes3 #a-a_/d in*es 9 diamet] = #a-a_/d in* trap4 #a-a_/b in*es 9 diamet] = #a-a_/b in* to #b-a_/b in* trap4 #b in*es 9 diamet] = #c in* to #d in* trap4 ,"o-half _! diamet]1 = traps #c in*es & ov]4 ,:]e two or m closets are plac$ side by side1 on a horizontal bran*1 ! bran* l9e %all h a relief ext5d$ z a loop4 ,a pipe #b in*es 9 diamet] %all be suffici5t z a loop v5t = two closets4 ,a pipe #c in*es 9 diamet] %all be suffici5t z a relief = ?ree or f\r closets2 & :]e m ?an f\r closets are locat$ on ! same bran* ! relief %all n be less ?an #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,all h\se dra9s & soil l9es on :i* a wat] closet is locat$ mu/ h a #d-;in* ma9 v5t l9e4 ,:]e an additional closet is locat$ 9 ! cell> or basem5t1 & )9 #aj feet ( ma9 soil or v5t l9e1 no relief v5t w be requir$ = said closet2 b :]e x is m ?an #aj feet1 a #b-;in* v5t l9e w be requir$4 ,relief v5t pipes = wat] closets mu/ n be less ?an #b in*es 9 diamet]1 = a l5g? ( #dj feet1 & n less ?an #c in*es 9 diamet]1 = m ?an #dj feet4 ,no re-v5t f traps "u bell traps w be requir$4 ,9 any build+ hav+ a sew] connection ) a private or public sew] us$ = bell-trap connections or floor dra9age only1 a #b-;in* relief l9e mu/ be ext5d$ to ! ro( ( ! build+ f re> end ( ma94 ,h\se dra9s1 con/ruct$ = ro( dra9age only1 w n require a relief v5t4 ,a floor trap = a %[] %all be v5t$1 unless locat$ 9 ! cell> or gr\nd floor ! pav+ ( :i* r5d]s ! trap inaccessible4 ,,sec4 #cj4 ,,horizontal ,,v5t ,,pipes4--,:]e r[s ( fixtures are plac$ 9 a l9e1 fitt+ ( n less ?an #de deg4 to ! horizontal mu/ be us$ on v5t l9es to prev5t fill+ ) ru/ or cond5sation2 except on brick or tile walls1 :]e x is necess>y to *annel same = pipes1 #ij deg4 fitt+s w be all[$4 ,trapp$ v5t pipes are /rictly prohibit$4 ,no v5t pipe f ! h\se side ( any trap %all connect ) ! v5tilation pipe or ) sew]1 soil or wa/e pipe4 ,,sec4 #ca4 ,,(fset ,,on ,,v5t ,,l9es4--,all (fsets on v5t l9es mu/ be made at an angle ( n less ?an #de deg4 to ! horizontal1 & all l9es mu/ be connect$ at ! bottom ) a soil or wa/e pipe1 or ! dra91 9 su* mann] z to prev5t ! accumulation ( ru/1 scale or cond5sation4 ,no %eet metal1 brick1 or o!r flue %all be us$ z a v5t pipe4 ,,sec4 #cb4 ,,sett+ ,,( ,,fixtures4--,all fixtures mu/ be set op5 & free f all enclos+ woodwork4 ,wat] closets & ur9als mu/ n be connect$ directly or flu%$ f ! wat]-supply pipes except :5 flu%omet] valves are us$4 ,ea* wat] closet mu/ be flu%$ f a sep>ate ci/]n1 ! wat] f :i* is us$ = no o!r purpose1 or may be flu%$ ?r\gh flu%omet] valves4 ,rubb] connection & elb[s are n p]mitt$4 ,pan1 plung]1 or hopp] closets w n be p]mitt$ 9 any build+4 ,no range closet ei!r wet or dry1 nor any evaporat+ sy/em ( closets %all be con/ruct$ or all[$ inside ( any build+4 ,a sep>ate build+ con/ruct$ especially = ! purpose1 mu/ be provid$ 9 :i* su* range closets %all be set4 ,all e>!nw>e traps mu/ h heavy brass floor flange plates1 sold]$ to ! lead b5ds & bolt$ to ! trap flange1 & ! jo9t made p]man5tly secure & gas-tight4 ,9 all build+s sew]-connect$ !re mu/ be at lea/ "o wat] closet 9 ea* build+4 ,!re mu/ be a suffici5t numb] ( wat] closets s t !re w nev] be m ?an #ae p to ea* wat] closet4 ,sep>ate wat] closets & toilet rooms mu/ be provid$ = ea* sex 9 build+s us$ z work%ops1 (fice build+s1 factories1 hotels & all places ( public assembly4 ,9 all build+s ! wat] closet & ur9al ap>tm5ts mu/ be v5tilat$ into ! out] air by w9d[s op5+ on ! same lot z ! build+ is situat$ on or by a v5tilat+ skylight plac$ ov] ea* room or ap>tm5t :]e su* fixtures are locat$4 ,9 all build+s ! outside p>tition ( any wat] closet or ur9al ap>tm5t mu/ be air-tight & ext5d to ! ceil+ or be indep5d5tly ceil$ ov]4 ,:5 necess>y to light su* ap>tm5ts prop]ly ! upp] "p ( ! p>tition mu/ be provid$ ) transluc5t glass4 ,! int]ior p>titions ( su* ap>tm5ts mu/ be dw>f$ p>titions4 ,9 alt]ation "w :]e x is n practicable to v5tilate a closet or ur9al ap>tm5t by w9d[s or skylight to ! out] air1 !re mu/ be provid$ a %eet-iron duct ext5d+ to ! out] air1 ! area ( ! duct mu/ be at lea/ #add squ>e in*es = "o wat] closet or ur9al1 & an additional #gb squ>e in*es = ea* addition closet or ur9al add$ !re94 ,,sec4 #cc4 ,,ur9als4--,all ur9als mu/ be con/ruct$ ( mat]ials imp]vi\s to moi/ure & t w n corrode "u ! action ( ur9e4 ,! floors & walls ( ur9al ap>tm5ts mu/ be l9$ ) simil> non-absorb5t & non-corrosive mat]ial4 ,! plat=ms & treads ( ur9al /alls mu/ be connect$ indep5d5tly ( ! plumb+ sy/em1 nor c !y be connect$ ) any safe-wa/e pipe4 ,! copp] l9+ ( wat] closet & ur9al ci/]ns mu/ n be light] ?an #ab ounces copp]1 & mu/ be /amp$ on l9+ ) mak]'s "n4 ,:]e lead is us$ x mu/ n weigh less ?an #d p\nds to ! squ>e foot4 ,all o!r mat]ials are prohibit$4 ,,sec4 #cd4 ,,fixtures ,,prohibit$4--,wood5 wa% trays1 s9ks1 or ba? tubs are prohibit$ inside build+s4 ,su* fixtures mu/ be con/ruct$ ( non-absorb5t mat]ials4 ,cem5t or artificial /one tubs w n be p]mitt$1 unless approv$ by ! plumb+ inspector & build+ dep>tm5t4 ,y>d wat] closets w n be p]mitt$ except z approv$ by ! plumb+ inspector & !n pass$ by ! build+ dep>tm5t4 ,,sec4 #ce4 ,,privy ,,vaults ,,& ,,cesspools4--,no privy vault or cesspool = sewage1 %all be con/ruct$ 9 any "p ( ! city :]e a sew] is at all accessible4 ,9 p>ts ( ! city :]e no sew] exi/s privy vaults & cesspools %all n be locat$ )9 #b feet ( p>ty or /reet l9e nor )9 #bj feet ( any build+4 ,be=e ^! are con/ruct$ application = p]mission !re=e %all be made to ! build+ dep>tm5t4 ,,sec4 #cf4 ,,mat]ial ,,& ,,workman%ip4--,all mat]ial us$ 9 ! "w ( plumb+ & dra9age mu/ be ( good quality & free f defects4 ,! "w mu/ be execut$ 9 a ?or\gh & workmanlike mann]4 ,,index ,a ,acid1 muriatic1 #ab ,b ,banjo1 #abj ,ba?-tub1 #e-f-g size wa/e1 #ii ,b5d+ irons1 #ae1 #dh1 #ei ,bib1 wip+1 #ei1 #fh ,b[ls1 closet1 #d1 #e ,c ,caulk+ jo9ts1 #hi1 #ij ,cell> dra9]1 #hd ,cem5t1 pipe jo9t1 #abb ,cem5t+1 #gb1 #gc ,circulation1 hot wat]1 #abd1 #abi ,closets1 #c1 #d1 #e ,cocks1 /op & wa/e1 #abj ,code-plumb+1 #aec brass clean-outs1 #afj *ange 9 direction1 #aei diamet] ( soil pipes1 #aeh exhau/ f /eam pipes1 #aeh fil+ plans1 #aed floor dra9s1 #aef fre%-air inlet1 #aee jo9ts1 #aei lay+ ( dra9s1 #aef lead wa/e pipe1 #afj lead] pipes1 #aeg ma9 trap1 #aee mat]ials ( dra9s1 #aed old dra9s & sew]s1 #aeg ov]-fl[ pipes1 #afb plans & specification1 #aed ro( fla%]s1 #afj safe & refrig]ator pipes1 #afb size ( dra9s1 #aee ( wa/e pipes1 #afa sold] nipples1 #afj traps1 #afj )\t v5ts1 #afb y>d & area dra9s1 #aeg ,code1 fixtures prohibit$1 #afe horizontal v5ts1 #afd mat]ial & workman%ip1 #aff (fsets1 #afd privy vaults & cesspools1 #aff sett+ ( fixtures1 #afd ur9als1 #afe v5t1 pipe mat]ial1 #afb v5tilation ( traps1 #afb ,connect+1 sew]s1 #gd ,connections1 ( fixtures1 #aci ,corporation cock & tap1 #gf-gg ,c\pl+1 "r & left1 #aaf ,cov]+1 pipe1 #aca ,cup jo9t1 #ad-ff ,curb cock1 #gg-ha box1 #gh-ha ,cutt]s1 pipe1 #aac ,cutt+1 t]ra-cotta pipe1 #gb ca/-iron pipe1 #ic ,d ,dies1 #aab ,dra9age1 #b ,dra9s1 #hb1 #hc1 #hd1 #hg1 #ib ,drift plugs1 #ah ,drum trap1 #fa1 #fe1 #fh1 #ajg ,durham "w1 #acd ,e ,e>!nw>e1 #c-e ,expansion jo9ts1 #abi ,f ,f]rule1 brass1 #cg-dc ,file1 #ae ,fitt+s1 dra9age1 #acf gas1 #adc screw pipe1 #ih soil pipe1 #if ,fixtures1 #c ,flu%+1 #c ,flux1 #ab ,fre%-air inlet1 #aje ,g ,gas pipe & fitt+s1 #adc pip+1 #ada1 #add ,goose neck1 #ha ,h ,half & half sold]1 #ba ,hamm]1 #ae ,hang]s1 #aba1 #acg ,heat]s1 flue connection1 #acj gas coil1 #abf in/antane\s1 #abg ,hot wat] supply1 #abd ,h\se dra9s1 #hf traps1 #hg1 #ajd ,i ,ins]t+1 t]ra-cotta pipe1 #gd ,int]cept+ trap1 #ib1 #ic ,iron enamell$ w>e1 #c ,j ,jo9ts1 am\nt ( lead & oakum1 #ig caulk1 #hg1 #hi cup1 #ad expansion1 #abi ( sub-soil1 #hd ov]ca/1 #ag runn]1 #ij ru/1 #ig seams1 #ai sold]1 #ad ,k ,kit*5 s9ks1 #ii ,l ,lavatories1 #h1 #ii ,lead connection1 #gh us$ 9 caulk$ jo9ts1 #hi1 #ig ,lead pipe1 = wat] ma9s1 #hj prep>+ = wip+1 #de use (1 #bg ,lead]s1 pipes & traps1 #ic ,long screws1 #aae ,m ,ma9 sew]1 #ha ,mason trap1 #ajd ,measurem5ts ( pip+1 #adf ,melt+ po9t ( metals1 #ba ,metal1 wip+1 #ca ,met]1 read+ gas1 #adb ,n ,nipples1 cutt+ & ?read+1 #aad hold]s1 #aad ,o ,oakum1 use (1 #hi1 #ig ,ov]ca/ jo9t1 #ag1 #fg ,p ,pa/e1 #ac ,pipe1 brass1 #hj cov]+1 #aca cutt+1 #ic k9ds (1 #abb s]vice1 #ha soil1 location1 #ie /eel1 #ig tell-tale1 #ajj t]ra-cotta1 #fi ?read+1 #aaj wr\ght iron1 #ig ,pipe lay+1 sew]1 #ga wat]1 #gh 9 tunnel1 #gc ,pip+1 wat]1 #abj dra9age1 #ace ,plank+1 #gj1 #ga ,pressure1 wat]1 #aai ,r ,ra9 lead]s1 #hf ,ream+1 #ace ,receptors1 %[]s1 #ii ,refill1 tr5*1 #ge1 #gi tunnels1 #gi ,"r & left c\pl+s1 #aaf ,s ,sanit>y dra9s1 #ia1 #ib ,screw-pipe "w1 #acd ,seams1 #ai1 #fg ,sew]age1 sy/em (1 #hf ,sew]s1 #fi1 #ha ,%oe1 use (1 #ge ,%[] /all1 #aej ,s9ks1 #b ,soil pipe1 #ie1 #if ,soils1 #ac ,sold]+ iron1 #aa1 #ae1 #ff ,sold]s1 #ba ,/opcock1 #de1 #fh1 #ha1 #abj ,sulphur1 #ig ,swab1 #gc1 #ha ,t ,tables1 angle measurem5ts1 #ach1 #aci brass f]rules1 #afj fixtures & traps1 #afa lead wa/e pipe1 #afj measurem5ts1 #aaf ro( dra9age1 #aee screw-pipe1 #acd size ( v5t pipes1 #afc ( wa/e pipe1 #ii soil & wa/e pipe1 #aeh /&>d1 ?reads1 #aaj t]ra-cotta pipe1 #ge wa/e pipe1 #afa weight ( ca/-iron pipe1 #aef ( sold] nipples1 #afj ,tall[1 #ac ,tank1 /orage connections (1 #abe ,tell-tale pipe1 #ajj ,t]ra-cotta pipe1 #fi1 #ge1 #hc cutt+1 #gb ,te/+1 gas pipe1 #adh ,!rmo/at1 #abd1 #abf ,t9n+1 brass1 #ch1 #db1 #de bib1 #ei ,tools1 b5d+ iron1 #ae caulk+ iron1 #hi cold *isel1 #hi1 #ic file1 #ae hamm]1 #ae jo9t runn]1 #ij ladle1 #bi pipe cutt]s1 #aac rasp1 #ae saw1 #ae %ave hook1 #ae sold]+ iron1 #ae tap-bor]1 #ae1 #dg1 #ei turn p91 #ae vise1 #aaa y>n+ iron1 #hi ,traps1 bag1 #aji c5trifugal1 #aji cleansweep1 #ajh drum1 #ajg flask1 #ajh h\se1 #ajd int]cept+1 #ib me*anical1 #aji non-syphon+1 #ajg ,s1 #aji sure-seal1 #aji ,tr5*es1 digg+1 #gj1 #ha1 #hg refill+1 #ge wat] s]vice1 #gf ,tubs1 ba?1 #f ,tunnels1 #gc ,u ,ur9als1 #ii ,v ,valves1 *eck1 #abh closet1 #d safety1 #abh ,v5tilation pipe1 #aja ,v5ts1 #ajj-ajc ,w ,wa% trays1 #hf1 #ii ,wat] connection1 #gf supply1 #aah riv]s & lakes1 #aai /reams & brooks1 #aah "u pressure1 #aai und]gr\nd1 #aah ,wip+1 #bi bib1 #ei bran* jo9ts1 #di clo?s1 #fg drum trap1 #fa #b-;in* brass f]rule1 #dj #d-;in* brass f]rule1 #dc r\nd jo9t1 #ca sold]1 #ba /opcock1 #de ,,transcrib]',s ,,notes ,inconsi/5cies 9 hyph5ation & spell+ h be5 reta9$4 ,mid-p>agraph illu/rations h be5 mov$ = easi] read+4