,illu/ration3 ,paul ,r5aud4 ,,contemplation ,,a/ronomy ,,= ,,amateurs ,,by ,,camille ,,flamm>ion ,,au?or ,,( ,,popul> ,,a/ronomy ,,au?oriz$ ,,translation ,,by ,,frances ,a4 ,,welby ,,illu/rat$ ,illu/ration ,,new ,,york ,,& ,,london ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company #aiaj ,,copyright1 #aijd1 ,,by ,d4 ,,appleton ,,& ,,company ,publi%$ ,octob]1 #aijd ,,to ,,madame ,c4,r4 ,,cav>e ,,orig9al ,,memb] ,,( ,,! ,,a/ronomical ,,society ,,( ,,france ,,*ateau ,,de ,,maup]?uis ,,madame3 ,i h d$icat$ none ( my works1 save ,/ella--(f]$ to ! lib]al-m9d$1 ! free & g5]\s fri5d ( progress1 & patron ( ! sci5ces1 ,james ,gordon ,b5nett1 editor ( ! ,new ,york ,h]ald4 ,9 ?is volume1 ,madame1 ,i make ano!r exception1 & ask y\r p]mission to (f] x to ! fir/ woman :o cons5t$ to be enroll$ 9 ! li/ ( memb]s ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society ( ,france1 z f\ndress ( ?is spl5did "w1 f ! v beg9n+ ( our va/ association 7#ahhg72 & :o also desir$ to take "p 9 ! p]man5t organization ( ! ,obs]vatory at ,juvisy1 a task ( private ent]prise1 emancipat$ f adm9i/rative r\t9e4 ,an ,a/ronomy = ,wom5#a c n be bett] plac$ ?an ^u ! table ( a lady ^: erudition is equal to h] virtues1 & :o has consecrat$ h] long c>e] to ! pursuit & s]vice ( ! ,beautiful1 ! ,good1 & ! ,true4 ,,camille ,,flamm>ion4 ,,obs]vatory ,,( ,,juvisy1 ,novemb]1 #aijc4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,,page ,,introduction #a ,i4 ,,! ,,contemplation ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s #aj ,,ii4 ,,! ,,con/ellations #bh ,,iii4 ,,! ,,/>s1 ,,suns ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite4 ,a ,,j\rney ,,?r\gh ,,space #ef ,,iv4 ,,our ,,/> ,,! ,,sun #hh ,v4 ,,! ,,planets4 ,a4 ,,m]cury1 ,,v5us1 ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,m>s #aac ,,vi4 ,,! ,,planets4 ,b4 ,,jupit]1 ,,saturn1 ,,uranus1 ,,neptune #adf ,,vii4 ,,! ,,comets #agb ,,viii4 ,,! ,,e>? #bje ,,ix4 ,,! ,,moon #bcb ,x4 ,,! ,,eclipses #bei ,,xi4 ,,on ,,me?ods4 ,,h[ ,,cele/ial ,,di/ances ,,are ,,det]m9$1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,! ,,sun ,,is ,,weigh$ #bhg ,,xii4 ,,life1 ,,univ]sal ,,& ,,et]nal #cag ,,index #cda ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,contemplation ,frontispiece ,f a pa9t+ by ,paul ,r5aud ,,fig4 ,,page #a4 ,! great ,book ( ! ,heav5s is op5 to all eyes #ae #b4 ,! e>? 9 space4 ,june sol/ice1 midday #bj #c4 ,! ,great ,be> 7or ,dipp]7 & ! ,pole ,/> #cd #d4 ,to f9d ! ,pole ,/> #ce #e4 ,to f9d ,cassiopeia #cg #f4 ,to f9d ,pegasus & ,&rom$a #cg #g4 ,p]seus1 ! ,pleiades1 ,capella #ch #h4 ,to f9d ,arcturus1 ! ,h]dsman1 & ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n #dj #i4 ,! ,swan1 ,vega1 ! ,eagle #da #aj4 ,! ,con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac3 summ] & autumn2 ,capricorn1 ,ar*]1 ,scorpion1 ,balance1 ,virg91 ,lion #df #aa4 ,! ,con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac3 w9t] & spr+2 ,crab1 ,tw9s1 ,bull1 ,ram1 ,fi%es1 ,wat]-,c>ri] #dg #ab4 ,orion & 8 cele/ial companions #dh #ac4 ,w9t] ,con/ellations #ea #ad4 ,spr+ ,con/ellations #eb #ae4 ,summ] ,con/ellations #ec #af4 ,autumn ,con/ellations #ed #ag4 ,! d\ble /> ,miz> #fi #ah4 ,triple /> xi 9 ,canc] #gb #ai4 ,quadruple /> epsilon ( ! ,lyre #gc #bj4 ,sextuple /> !ta 9 ! ,nebula ( ,orion #gd #ba4 ,! ,/>-,clu/] 9 ,h]cules #gi #bb4 ,! ,/>-,clu/] 9 ! ,c5taur #hj #bc4 ,! ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a #ha #bd4 ,nebula 9 ! ,greyh\nds #hb #be4 ,! ,pleiades #hc #bf4 ,occultation ( ! ,pleiades by ! ,moon #he #bg4 ,/ell> dial ( ! d\ble /> gamma ( ! ,virg9 #hf #bh4 ,comp>ative sizes ( ! ,sun & ,e>? #ic #bi4 ,direct photograph ( ! ,sun #if #cj4 ,telescopic aspect ( a ,sun-,spot #ig #ca4 ,rose-color$ sol> flames #bbh1jjj kilomet]s 7#ada1ejj miles7 9 height1 i4e41 #ah times ! diamet] ( ! ,e>? #ajc #cb4 ,orbits ( ! f\r ,planets ne>e/ to ! ,sun #aae #cc4 ,orbits ( ! f\r ,planets f>!/ f ! ,sun #aaf #cd4 ,m]cury ne> quadrature #aag #ce4 ,! ,e>? view$ f ,m]cury #aai #cf4 ,! ,ev5+ ,/> #abc #cg4 ,successive phases ( ,v5us #abd #ch4 ,v5us at greate/ brilliancy #abf #ci4 ,! ,e>? view$ f ,v5us #acj #dj4 ,dim9ution ( ! pol> sn[s ( ,m>s dur+ ! summ] #acf #da4 ,telescopic aspect ( ! planet ,m>s 7,feb41 #aija7 #acg #db4 ,telescopic aspect ( ! planet ,m>s 7,feb41 #aija7 #ach #dc4 ,*>t ( ,m>s #adj #dd4 ,! ,e>? view$ f ,m>s #add #de4 ,telescopic aspect ( ,jupit] #aej #df4 ,jupit] & 8 f\r pr9cipal satellites #aee #dg4 ,saturn #aei #dh4 ,v>y+ p]spective ( ,saturn's ,r+s1 z se5 f ! ,e>? #afa #di4 ,! ,great ,comet ( #aheh #agd #ej4 ,:at our ,ance/ors saw 9 a ,comet #agg ,aft] ,ambroise ,p>e 7#aheh7 #ea4 ,prodigies se5 9 ! ,heav5s by our ,=efa!rs #agh #eb4 ,! orbit ( a ,p]iodic ,comet #ahb #ec4 ,! tails ( ,comets are oppos$ to ! ,sun #ahe #ed4 ,a ,meteor #aia #ee4 ,%oot+ ,/>s ( ,novemb] #ab1 #agii #aif ,f a contempor>y draw+ #ef4 ,fire-,ball se5 f ! ,obs]vatory at ,juvisy1 ,augu/ #aj1 #ahii #aii #eg4 ,explosion ( a ,fire-,ball above ,madrid1 ,febru>y #aj1 #ahif #bjj #eh4 ,raphael's ,fire-,ball 7,! ,madonna ( ,foligno7 #bjb #ei4 ,a ,uranoli? #bjc #fj4 ,motion ( ! ,e>? r\nd ! ,sun #bbb #fa4 ,incl9ation ( ! ,e>? #bbd #fb4 ,! divisions ( ! globe4 ,longitudes & latitudes #bbf #fc4 ,to f9d ! long & %ort mon?s #bcj #fd4 ,! ,full ,moon sl[ly rises #bcd #fe4 ,! ,moon view$ ) ! unaid$ eye #bcf #ff4 ,! ,man's head 9 ! ,moon #bcg #fg4 ,woman's head 9 ! ,moon #bch #fh4 ,! kiss 9 ! ,moon #bci #fi4 ,photograph ( ! ,moon #bdj #gj4 ,! ,moon's ,phases #bda #ga4 ,map ( ! ,moon #bdg #gb4 ,! ,lun> ,ap5n9es #bea #gc4 ,flamm>ion's ,lun> ,r+ #bec #gd4 ,lun> l&scape ) ! ,e>? 9 ! sky #bed #ge4 ,battle betwe5 ! ,m$es & ,lydians arre/$ by an ,eclipse ( ! ,sun #bff #gf4 ,eclipse ( ! ,moon at ,laos 7,febru>y #bg1 #ahgg7 #bfi #gg4 ,! pa? ( ! ,eclipse ( ,may #bh1 #aijj #bgc #gh4 ,total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 ,may #bh1 #aijj1 z obs]v$ f ,el*e 7,spa97 #bha #gi4 ,! ,eclipse ( ,may #bh1 #aijj1 z photograph$ by ,k+ ,alfonso ,,xiii1 at ,madrid #bhe #hj4 ,measurem5t ( ,angles #bhi #ha4 ,division ( ! ,circumf]5ce into #cfj degrees #bia #hb4 ,measurem5t ( ! di/ance ( ! ,moon #bib #hc4 ,measurem5t ( ! di/ance ( ! ,sun #big #hd4 ,small app>5t ellipses describ$ by ! />s z a result ( ! annual displacem5t ( ! ,e>? #cjf ,,introduction ,! ,sci5ce ( ,a/ronomy is sublime & beautiful4 ,noble1 elevat+1 consol+1 div9e1 x gives u w+s1 & be>s u ?r\gh ,inf9itude4 ,9 ^! e!real regions all is pure1 lum9\s1 & spl5did4 ,dreams ( ! ,ideal1 ev5 ( ! ,inaccessible1 weave _! subtle spells ^u u4 ,! imag9ation so>s al(t1 & aspires to ! s\rces ( ,et]nal ,beauty4 ,:at great] delight c be conceiv$1 on a f9e spr+ ev5+1 at ! h\r :5 ! cresc5t moon is %9+ 9 ! ,we/ amid ! la/ glimm] ( twilight1 ?an ! contemplation ( t gr& & sil5t spectacle ( ! />s /epp+ =? 9 sequ5ce 9 ! va/ ,heav5s8 ,all s\nds ( life die out ^u ! e>?1 ! la/ notes ( ! sleepy birds h sunk away1 ! ,angelus ( ! *ur* h>d by has rung ! close ( day4 ,b if life is arre/$ ar\nd u1 we may seek x 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,^! inc&esc+ orbs are s _m po9ts ( int]rogation susp5d$ above our heads 9 ! inaccessible dep?s ( space4444 ,gradually !y multiply4 ,!re is ,v5us1 ! :ite /> ( ! %eph]d4 ,!re ,m>s1 ! little cele/ial _w s ne> our own4 ,!re ! giant ,jupit]4 ,! sev5 />s ( ! ,great ,be> seem to po9t out ! pole1 :ile !y sl[ly revolve ar\nd x4444 ,:at is ?is nebul\s light t blan*es ! d>kness ( ! heav5s1 & trav]ses ! con/ellations l a cele/ial pa?8 ,x is ! ,galaxy1 ! ,milky ,way1 compos$ ( millions on millions ( suns6444 ,! d>kness is pr(\nd1 ! abyss imm5se4444 ,see6 ,yond] a %oot+ /> glides sil5tly across ! sky1 & disappe>s6444 ,:o c rema9 ins5sible to ?is magic spectacle ( ! />ry ,heav5s8 ,:]e is ! m9d t is n attract$ to ^! enigmas8 ,! intellig5ce ( ! amateur1 ! fem99e1 no less ?an ! m mat]ial & prosaic mascul9e m9d1 is well adapt$ to ! consid]ation ( a/ronomical problems4 ,wom51 inde$1 are naturally pr$ispos$ to ^! contemplative /udies4 ,& ! "p !y are call$ to play 9 ! education ( our *ildr5 is s va/1 & s important1 t ! elem5ts ( ,a/ronomy might well be taught by ! "y "m h]self to ! budd+ m9ds t are curi\s ab\t e issue--^: fir/ impressions are s ke5 & s endur+4 ,?r\gh\t ! ages wom5 h occupi$ !mselves successfully ) ,a/ronomy1 n m]ely 9 its contemplative & descriptive1 b also 9 its ma!matical aspects4 ,( su*1 ! mo/ illu/ri\s 0 ! beautiful & le>n$ ,hypatia ( ,alex&ria1 born 9 ! ye> #cge ( our era1 public lectur] on geometry1 algebra1 & a/ronomy1 & au?or ( ?ree works ( great importance4 ,!n1 9 t age ( ignorance & fanaticism1 %e fell a victim to human /upidity & malice1 0 dragg$ f h] *>iot :ile cross+ ! ,ca!dral ,squ>e1 9 ,m>*1 #dae1 /ripp$ ( h] g>m5ts1 /on$ to dea?1 & burn$ z a di%onor$ wit*6 ,among ! wom5 inspir$ ) a passion = ! ,heav5s may be cit$ ,/4 ,ca!r9e ( ,alex&ria1 admir$ = h] le>n+1 h] beauty & h] virtue4 ,%e 0 m>tyr$ 9 ! reign ( ,maxim9us ,daza1 ab\t ! ye> #cab1 & has giv5 h] "n to "o ( ! lun> r+s4 ,ano!r celebrat$ female ma!matician 0 ,madame ,hort5se ,lepaute1 born 9 #agbc1 :o collaborat$ ) ,clairaut 9 ! imm5se calculations by :i* he pr$ict$ ! return ( ,halley's ,comet4 ,madame ,lepaute1 wrote ,lal&e1 gave u su* imm5se assi/ance t1 )\t h]1 we %\ld nev] h v5tur$ to und]take ?is enorm\s labor1 9 :i* x 0 necess>y to calculate = e degree1 & = a hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 ! di/ances & =ces ( ! planets act+ by _! attraction on ! comet4 ,dur+ m ?an six mon?s1 we calculat$ f morn+ to night1 sometimes ev5 at table1 & z ! result ( ?is =c$ labor ,i contract$ an illness t has *ang$ my con/itution = life2 b x 0 important to publi% ! result be=e ! arrival ( ! comet4 ,?is extract w suffice = ! appreciation ( ! sci5tific ardor ( ,madame ,lepaute4 ,we are indebt$ to h] = "s consid]able works4 ,h] husb& 0 clock-mak] to ! ,k+4 ,to h] intellectual tal5ts1 says "o ( h] biograph]s1 7 jo9$ all ! qualities ( ! he>t4 ,%e 0 *>m+ to a degree1 ) an elegant figure1 a da9ty foot1 & su* a beautiful h& t ,voiriot1 ! ,k+'s pa9t]1 :o _h made a portrait ( h]1 ask$ p]mission to copy x1 9 ord] to pres]ve a model ( ! be/ 9 ,nature4 ,& !n we are told t le>n$ wom5 c n be good-look+6444 ,! ,m>quise du ,*atelet 0 no less r5[n$4 ,%e 0 pr$e/9$ to h] c>e]1 if ! foll[+ anecdote be cr$ible4 ,gabrielle-,emilie de ,breteuil1 born 9 #agjf 7:o1 9 #agbe1 0 to m>ry ! ,m>quis du ,*atelet1 becom+1 9 #agcc1 ! mo/ celebrat$ fri5d ( ,voltaire71 0 f\r or five ye>s old :5 %e 0 giv5 an old compass1 dress$ up z a doll1 = a play?+4 ,aft] exam9+ ?is object = "s "t1 ! *ild began angrily & impati5tly to /rip (f ! silly drap]ies ! toy 0 wrapp$ 91 & aft] turn+ x ov] sev]al times 9 h] little h&s1 %e div9$ its uses1 & trac$ a circle ) x on a %eet ( pap]4 ,to h]1 among o!r ?+s1 we owe a preci\s1 & inde$ ! only ,fr5*1 translation ( ,newton's great "w on univ]sal gravitation1 ! fam\s ,pr9cipia1 & %e 01 ) ,voltaire1 an eloqu5t propagator ( ! !ory ( attraction1 reject$ at t "t by ! ,academie des ,sci5ces4 ,numb]s ( o!r wom5 a/ronom]s might be cit$1 all %[+ h[ accessible ?is highly ab/ract sci5ce is to ! fem99e intellect4 ,presid5t des ,brosses1 9 8 *>m+ ,voyage en ,italie1 tells ( ! visit he paid 9 ,milan to ! "y ,italian1 ,m>ie ,agnesi1 :o deliv]$ h>angues 9 ,lat91 & 0 acqua9t$ ) sev5 languages1 & = :om ma!matics held no secrets4 ,%e 0 devot$ to algebra & geometry1 :i*1 %e said1 are ! only prov9ces ( ?\ght :]e9 peace reigns4 ,madame de ,*>ri]e express$ h]self 9 an aphorism ( ! same ord]3 ,an h\r or two ( ma!matics sets my m9d at lib]ty1 & puts me 9 good spirits2 ,i feel t ,i c eat & sleep bett] :5 ,i h se5 obvi\s & indisputable tru?s4 ,?is consoles me = ! obscurities ( religion & metaphysics1 or r makes me =get !m2 ,i am ?ankful !re is some?+ positive 9 ?is _w4 ,& did n ,madame de ,blocqueville1 la/ surviv+ daught] ( ,m>%al ,dav\t1 :o di$ 9 #ahib1 exclaim 9 h] turn3 ,a/ronomy1 sci5ce ( sci5ces6 by :i* ,i am attract$1 & t]rifi$1 & :i* ,i adore6 ,by x my s\l is deta*$ f ! ?+s ( ?is _w1 = x draws me to ^? unkn[n sph]es t evok$ f ,newton ! triumphant cry3 ',coeli en>rant gloriam ,dei6' ,nor mu/ we omit ,miss ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 si/] ( ! greate/ obs]v] ( ! ,heav5s1 ! gr&e/ discov]] ( ! />s1 t has ev] liv$4 ,a/ronomy gave h] a long c>e]2 %e discov]$ no less ?an sev5 comets h]self1 & h] pati5t labors pres]v$ h] to ! age ( n9ety-eight4--,& ,mrs4 ,som]ville1 to :om we owe ! ,engli% translation ( ,laplace's ,mecanique cele/e1 ( :om ,humboldt said1 ,9 pure ma!matics1 ,mrs4 ,som]ville is absolutely sup]ior4 ,l ,c>ol9e ,h]s*el1 %e 0 almo/ a c5t5>ian1 appe>+ always mu* y\ng] ?an h] ye>s3 %e di$ at ,naples1 9 #ahgb1 at ! age ( n9ety-two4--,s1 too1 ! ,russian ,sophie ,kovalevsky1 desc5dant ( ,ma?ias ,corv9us1 ,k+ ( ,hung>y1 :o1 an accompli%$ ma!matician at sixte51 m>ri$ at eighte51 9 ord] to foll[ ! curriculum at ! ,univ]sity 7!n =bidd5 to unm>ri$ wom572 arrang+ ) h] "y husb& to live z bro!r & si/] until _! /udies %\ld be complet$4 ,9 #ahhh ! ,prix ,bord9 ( ! ,in/itut 0 conf]r$ on h]4--,& ,m>ia ,mit*ell ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 = :om ,le ,v]ri] gave a fete at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,p>is1 & :o 0 exceptionally au?oriz$ by ,pope ,pius ,,ix to visit ! ,obs]vatory ( ! ,roman ,college1 at t "t an ecclesia/ical e/abli%m5t1 clos$ to wom54--,& ,madame ,sc>pell9i1 ! ,roman a/ronom]1 r5[n$ = h] works on %oot+ />s1 :om ! au?or _h ! honor ( visit+1 9 company ) ,fa!r ,sec*i1 ,director ( ! ,obs]vatory m5tion$ above4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ,a/ronomy is pr\d to reckon among its mo/ fam\s work]s ,miss ,agnes ,cl]ke1 ! le>n$ ,iri%woman1 to :om we owe1 int] alia1 an excell5t ,hi/ory ( ,a/ronomy 9 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury2--,mrs4 ,isaac ,rob]ts1 :o1 "u ! famili> "n ( ,miss ,klumpke1 sat on ! ,c\ncil ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society ( ,france1 & is ,d4 ,sc4 ( ! ,faculty ( ,p>is & head ( ! ,bureau = measur+ /> photographs at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,p>is 7an ,am]ican :o became ,engli% by h] m>riage ) ! a/ronom] ,rob]ts1 b is n =gott5 9 ,france72--,mrs4 ,flem+1 "o ( ! a/ronom]s ( ! ,obs]vatory at ,h>v>d ,college1 ,u4,s4,a41 to :om we owe ! discov]y ( a great numb] ( v>iable />s by ! exam9ation ( photographic records1 & by spectral photography2--,lady ,hugg9s1 :o 9 ,engl& is ! le>n$ collaborator ( h] illu/ri\s husb&2--& _m o!rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ *apt]s1 :i* aim at summ+ up ! ess5tials ( ,a/ronomy 9 twelve lessons = amateurs1 w n make a/ronom]s or ma!maticians ( my read]s--mu* less prigs or p$ants4 ,!y are design$ to %[ ! con/itution ( ! ,univ]se1 9 its gr&eur & its beauty1 s t1 inhabit+ ?is _w1 we may "k :]e we are liv+1 may realize our position 9 ! ,cosmos1 appreciate ,creation z x is1 & enjoy x to bett] advantage4 ,?is sun by :i* we live1 ?is succession ( mon?s & ye>s1 ( days & nights1 ! app>5t motions ( ! heav5s1 ^! />ry skies1 ! div9e rays ( ! moon1 ! :ole totality ( ?+s1 con/itutes 9 "s sort ! tissue ( our exi/5ce1 & x is inde$ extraord9>y t ! inhabitants ( our planet %\ld almo/ all h liv$ till n[ )\t kn[+ :]e !y are1 )\t suspect+ ! m>vels ( ! ,univ]se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,= ! re/1 my little book is d$icat$ to a woman1 muse & goddess--! *>m+ en*antress ,urania1 fit companion ( ,v5us1 rank+ ev5 above h] 9 ! *oir ( cele/ial beauties1 z pur] & m noble1 dom9at+ ) h] cle> glance ! imm5sities ( ! univ]se4 ,urania1 be x not$1 is fem99e1 & nev] w\ld ! poetry ( ! anci5ts h imag9$ a mascul9e symbol to p]sonify ! pageant ( ! heav5s4 ,n ,uranus1 nor ,saturn1 nor ,jupit] c comp>e ) ! ideal beauty ( ,urania4 ,moreov]1 ,i h be=e me two delightful books1 9 brevi>y b9d+1 dat$ ! "o f ! ye> #afhf1 ! o!r f a c5tury lat]1 #aghf4 ,! fir/ 0 writt5 by ,font5elle = a ,m>quise1 & is entitl$ ,entreti5s sur la ,pluralite des ,mondes4 ,9 ?is1 bant] is pleasantly m>ri$ ) sci5ce1 ! au?or decl>+ t he only dem&s f 8 fair read]s ! am\nt ( application !y w\ld conc$e to a novel4 ,! second is writt5 by ,lal&e1 & is call$ ,a/ronomie des ,dames4 ,9 address+ myself to bo? sexes1 ,i am 9 honorable company ) ^! two sponsors & e/eem myself ! bett] = x4 ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,contemplation ,,( ,,! ,,heav5s ,! crimson disk ( ! ,sun has plung$ b5ea? ! ,ocean4 ,! sea has deck$ itself ) ! burn+ colors ( ! orb1 reflect$ f ! ,heav5s 9 a mirror ( turquoise & em]ald4 ,! roll+ waves are gold & silv]1 & break noisily on a %ore already d>k5$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! cele/ial lum9>y4 ,we gaze regretfully aft] ! /> ( day1 t p\r$ its *e]ful rays anon s g5]\sly ov] _m :o 7 intoxicat$ ) gaiety & happ9ess4 ,we dream1 contemplat+ ! magnific5t spectacle1 & 9 dream+ =get ! mom5ts t are rapidly fly+ by4 ,yet ! d>kness gradually increases1 & twilight gives way to night4 ,! mo/ indiff]5t spectator ( ! sett+ ,sun z x desc5ds b5ea? ! waves at ! f> horizon1 c\ld h>dly be unmov$ by ! pageant ( ,nature at su* an impressive mom5t4 ,! light ( ! ,cresc5t ,moon1 l "s fairy boat susp5d$ 9 ! sky1 is bright en\gh to ca/ *ang+ & danc+ sp>kles ( silv] ^u ! ocean4 ,! ,ev5+ ,/> decl9es sl[ly 9 its turn t[>d ! we/]n horizon4 ,our gaze is held by a %9+ _w t dom9ates ! :ole ( ! occid5tal heav5s4 ,?is is ! ,%eph]d's ,/>1 ,v5us ( rays transluc5t4 ,little by little1 "o by "o1 ! m brilliant />s %9e out4 ,"h are ! :ite ,vega ( ! ,lyre1 ! burn+ ,arcturus1 ! sev5 />s ( ! ,great ,be>1 a :ole sid]eal population cat*+ fire1 l innum]able eyes t op5 on ! ,inf9ite4 ,x is a new life t is reveal$ to our imag9ation1 invit+ u to so> into ^! my/]i\s regions4 ,o ,night1 diap]$ ) fires innum]able6 ha/ ?\ n writt5 9 flam+ lett]s on ^! ,con/ellations ! syllables ( ! great enigma ( ,et]nity8 ,! contemplation ( !e is a wond] & a *>m4 ,h[ rapidly can/ ?\ efface ! regrets we suff]$ on ! dep>ture ( our belov$ ,sun6 ,:at weal?1 :at beauty ha/ ?\ n res]v$ = our enraptur$ s\ls6 ,:]e is ! man t c rema9 bl9d to su* a pageant & deaf to its language6 ,to :atev] qu>t] ( ! ,heav5s we look1 ! spl5dors ( ! night are reveal$ to our a/oni%$ gaze4 ,^! cele/ial eyes seem 9 _! turn to gaze at1 & to "q u4 ,?us inde$ h !y que/ion$ e ?9k+ s\l1 s long z ,humanity has exi/$ on our ,e>?4 ,hom] saw & sung ^! self-same />s4 ,!y %one ^u ! sl[ succession ( civilizations t h disappe>$1 f ,egypt ( ! p]iod ( ! ,pyramids1 ,greece at ! "t ( ! ,trojan ,w>1 ,rome & ,c>?age1 ,con/ant9e & ,*>lemagne1 d[n to ! ,tw5tie? ,c5tury4 ,! g5]ations are buri$ ) ! du/ ( _! anci5t temples4 ,! ,/>s are /ill !re1 symbols ( ,et]nity4 ,! sil5ce ( ! va/ & />ry ,heav5s may t]rify u2 its imm5sity may seem to ov]:elm u4 ,b our inquir+ ?\ght flies curi\sly on ! w+s ( dream1 t[>d ! remote/ regions ( ! visible4 ,x re/s on "o /> & ano!r1 l ! butt]fly on ! fl[]4 ,x seeks :at w be/ respond to its aspirations3 & ?us a k9d ( communication is e/abli%$1 &1 z x 71 protect$ by all ,nature 9 ^! sil5t appeals4 ,our s5se ( solitude has disappe>$4 ,we feel t1 if only z inf9itesimal atoms1 we =m "p ( t imm5se univ]se1 & ?is dumb language ( ! />ry night is m eloqu5t ?an any spee*4 ,ea* /> becomes a fri5d1 a discreet confidant1 (t5 inde$ a preci\s c\nsellor1 = all ! ?\ghts x sugge/s to u are pure & holy4 ,is any poem f9] ?an ! book writt5 9 lett]s ( fire ^u ! tablets ( ! firmam5t8 ,no?+ c\ld be m ideal4 ,& yet1 ! poetic s5tim5t t ! beauty ( ,heav5 awak5s 9 our s\l ought n to veil its reality f u4 ,t is no less m>vel\s ?an ! my/]y by :i* we 7 en*ant$4 ,& "h we may ask ourselves h[ _m !re are1 ev5 among ?9k+ human be+s1 :o ev] raise _! eyes to ! />ry heav5s8 ,h[ _m m5 & wom5 are s9c]ely1 & ) unfeign$ curiosity1 int]e/$ 9 ^! %9+ specks1 & inaccessible lum9>ies1 & really desir\s ( a bett] acqua9tance ) !m8 ,seek1 talk1 ask 9 ! int]c\rse ( daily life4 ,y1 :o read ^! pages1 :o already love ! ,heav5s1 & compreh5d !m1 :o desire to acc\nt = our exi/5ce 9 ?is _w1 :o seek to "k :at ! ,e>? is1 & :at ,heav5--y %all witness t ! numb] ( ^? inquir+ aft] tru? is s limit$ t no "o d>es to speak ( x1 s disgraceful is x to ! s-call$ intellig5ce ( our race4 ,& yet6 ! great ,book ( ! ,heav5s is op5 to all eyes4 ,:at pleasures await u 9 ! /udy ( ! ,univ]se6 ,no?+ c\ld speak m eloqu5tly to our he>t & intellect6 ,a/ronomy is ! sci5ce p> excell5ce4 ,x is ! mo/ beautiful & mo/ anci5t ( all1 inasmu* z x dates back to ! indet]m9ate times ( highe/ antiquity4 ,its mission is n only to make u acqua9t$ ) ! innum]able orbs by :i* our nights are illum9at$1 b x is1 moreov]1 ?anks to x t we "k :]e & :at we are4 ,)\t x we %\ld live z ! bl9d1 9 et]nal ignorance ( ! v conditions ( our t]re/rial exi/5ce4 ,)\t x we %\ld /ill be p5etrat$ ) ! naive error t r$uc$ ! entire ,univ]se to our m9ute globule1 mak+ our ,humanity ! goal ( ! ,creation1 & %\ld h no exact notion ( ! imm5se reality4 ,to-day1 ?anks to ! intellectual labor ( s _m c5turies1 ?anks also to ! immortal g5ius ( ! m5 ( sci5ce :o h devot$ _! lives to se>*+ aft] ,tru?--m5 su* z ,cop]nicus1 ,galileo1 ,kepl]1 ,newton--! veil ( ignorance has be5 r5t1 & glimpses ( ! m>vels ( creation are p]ceptible 9 _! spl5did tru? to ! dazzl$ eye ( ! ?9k]4 ,! /udy ( ,a/ronomy is n1 z _m suppose1 ! sacrifice ( oneself 9 a c]ebral torture t oblit]ates all ! beauty1 ! fasc9ation1 & ! gr&eur ( ! pageant ( ,nature4 ,figures1 & naught b figures1 w\ld n be ent]ta9+1 ev5 to ^? mo/ desir\s ( in/ruction4 ,let ! read] take c\rage6 ,we d n propose t he %all deciph] ! hi]oglyphics ( algebra & geometry4 ,p]i% ! ?\ght6 ,= ! re/1 figures are b ! scaffold+1 ! me?od1 & d n exi/ 9 ,nature4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--,! great ,book ( ! ,heav5s is op5 to all eyes4 ,we simply beg ( y to op5 y\r eyes1 to see :]e y are1 s t y may n /ray f ! pa? ( tru?1 :i* is also ! pa? ( happ9ess4 ,once y h ent]$ ^u x1 no p]suasion w be ne$$ to make y p]sev]e4 ,& y w h ! pr(\nd satisfaction ( kn[+ t y are ?9k+ correctly1 & t x is inf9itely bett] to be educat$ ?an to be ignorant4 ,! reality is f> beyond all dreams1 beyond ! mo/ fanta/ic imag9ation4 ,! mo/ fairy-l trans=mations ( our !at]s1 ! mo/ respl5d5t pageants ( our milit>y reviews1 ! mo/ sumptu\s m>vels on :i* ! human race c pride itself--all t we admire1 all t we envy on ! ,e>?--is z no?+ comp>$ ) ! unhe>d-( wond]s scatt]$ ?r\gh ,inf9itude4 ,!re are s _m t "o does n "k h[ to see !m4 ,! fasc9at$ eye w\ld fa9 grasp all at once4 ,if y w yield y\rselves to ! pleasure ( gaz+ ^u ! sp>kl+ fires ( ,space1 y w nev] regret ! mom5ts pass$ all too rapidly 9 ! contemplation ( ! ,heav5s4 ,diamonds1 turquoises1 rubies1 em]alds1 all ! preci\s /ones ) :i* wom5 love to deck !mselves1 are to be f\nd 9 great] p]fection1 m beautiful1 & m spl5did1 set 9 ! imm5sity ( ,heav56 ,9 ! telescopic field1 we may wat* ! progress ( armies ( maje/ic & p[]ful suns1 f ^: attacks !re is naught to fe>4 ,& ^! vagabond comets & %oot+ />s & /ell> nebulae1 d !y n make up a prodigi\s panorama8 ,:at are our romances 9 comp>ison ) ! ,hi/ory ( ,nature8 ,so>+ t[>d ! ,inf9ite1 we purify our s\ls f all ! bas5ess ( ?is _w1 we /rive to become bett] & m intellig5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b 9 ! fir/ place1 y ask1 :at are ! ,heav5s8 ,?is vault oppresses u4 ,we c n v5ture to inve/igate x4 ,heav51 we reply1 is no vault1 x is a limitless imm5sity1 inconceivable1 unfa?omable1 t surr\nds u on all sides1 & 9 ! mid/ ( :i* our globe is float+4 ,,! ,,heav5s ,,are ,,all ,,t ,,exi/s1 all t we see1 & all t we d n see3 ! ,e>? on :i* we are1 t be>s u onw>d 9 h] rapid flight2 ! ,moon t accompanies u1 & %$s h] s(t beams ^u our sil5t nights2 ! good ,sun to :i* we owe our exi/5ce2 ! ,/>s1 suns ( ,inf9itude2 9 a ^w--! :ole ( ,creation4 ,yes1 our ,e>? is an orb ( ! ,heav5s3 ! sky is h] doma91 & our ,sun1 %9+ above our heads1 & f]tiliz+ our seasons1 is z mu* a /> z ! pretty sp>kl+ po9ts t sc9tillate up !re1 9 ! f> di/ance1 & embelli% ! calm ( our nights ) _! brilliancy4 ,all are 9 ! ,heav5s1 y z well z ,i1 = ! ,e>?1 9 h] c\rse ?r\gh ,space1 be>s u ) h]self into ! dep?s ( ,inf9itude4 ,9 ! ,heav5s !re is nei!r above nor bel[4 ,^! words d n exi/ 9 cele/ial spee*1 because _! significance is relative to ! surface ( ?is planet only4 ,9 reality1 = ! inhabitants ( ! ,e>?1 l[ is ! inside1 ! c5t] ( ! globe1 & high is :at is above our heads1 all r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,! ,heav5s are :at surr\nd u on all sides1 to ,inf9ity4 ,! ,e>? is1 l h] fell[s1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 ,neptune1 "o ( ! planets ( ! great sol> family4 ,! ,sun1 h] fa!r1 protects h]1 & directs all h] actions4 ,%e1 z ! grateful daught]1 obeys him bl9dly4 ,all float 9 p]fect h>mony ov] ! cele/ial ocean4 ,b1 y may say1 on :at does ! ,e>? re/ 9 h] e!real navigation8 ,on no?+4 ,! ,e>? turns r\nd ! colossal ,sun1 a little globe ( relatively light weight1 isolat$ on all sides 9 ,space1 l a soap-bubble bl[n by "s c>eless *ild4 ,above1 bel[1 on all sides1 millions ( simil> globes are gr\p$ into families1 & =m o!r sy/ems ( worlds revolv+ r\nd ! num]\s & di/ant />s t p ,inf9itude2 suns m or less analog\s to t by :i* we are illum9at$1 & g5]ally speak+ ( l>g] bulk1 al?\gh our ,sun is a million times l>g] ?an our planet4 ,among ! anci5ts1 be=e ! isolation ( our globe 9 ,space & ! motions t incessantly alt] its position 7 recogniz$1 ! ,e>? 0 suppos$ to be ! immobile l[] half ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! sky 0 reg>d$ z ! upp] half4 ,! anci5ts suppli$ our _w ) fanta/ic supports t p5etrat$ to ! ,inf]nal ,regions4 ,!y c\ld n admit ! notion ( ! ,e>?'s isolation1 because !y _h a false idea ( its weight4 ,to-day1 h[ev]1 we "k positively t ! ,e>? is bas$ on no?+4 ,! innum]able j\rneys accompli%$ r\nd x 9 all directions give def9ite pro( ( ?is4 ,x is atta*$ to no?+4 ,z we said be=e1 !re is nei!r above nor bel[ 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,:at we call bel[ is ! c5t] ( ! ,e>?4 ,= ! re/ ! ,e>? turns ^u its own axis 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,night is only a p>tial ph5om5on1 due to ! rot>y motion ( ! planet1 a motion t c\ld n exi/ "u conditions o!r ?an t ( ! absolute isolation ( our globe 9 space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,! e>? 9 space4 ,june sol/ice1 midday4 ,s9ce ! ,sun c only illum9ate "o side ( our globe at "o mom5t1 t is to say "o hemisph]e1 x foll[s t ,night is no?+ b ! /ate ( ! "p t is n illum9at$4 ,z ! ,e>? revolves ^u itself1 all ! p>ts successively expos$ to ! ,sun are 9 ! day1 :ile ! p>ts situat$ opposite to ! ,sun1 9 ! cone ( %ad[ produc$ by ! ,e>? itself1 are 9 night4 ,b :e!r x be noon or midnight1 ! />s always occupy ! same position 9 ! ,heav5s1 ev5 :51 dazzl$ by ! ard5t light ( ! orb ( day1 we c no long] see !m2 & :5 we are plung$ into ! d>kness ( ! night1 ! god ,phoebus /ill cont9ues to p\r 8 b5efic5t rays ^u ! c\ntries turn$ t[>d him4 ,! sequ5ce ( day & night is a ph5om5on belong+1 prop]ly speak+1 to ! ,e>?1 9 :i* ! re/ ( ! ,univ]se does n p>ticipate4 ,! same occurs = e _w t is illum9at$ by a sun1 & end[$ ) a rot>y movem5t4 ,9 absolute space1 !re is no succession ( nights & days4 ,upheld 9 space by =ces t w be expla9$ at a lat] po9t1 our planet glides 9 ! op5 heav5s r\nd our ,sun4 ,imag9e a magnific5t a]o/at1 lightly & rapidly cleav+ space4 ,surr\nd x ) eight little balloons ( diff]5t sizes1 ! smalle/ l ^? sold on ! /reets = *ildr5 to play )1 ! l>g]1 su* z are di/ribut$ = a bonus 9 l>ge /ores4 ,imag9e ?is gr\p sail+ ?r\gh ! air1 & y h ! sy/em ( our worlds 9 m9iature4 ,/ill1 ?is is only an image1 a comp>ison4 ,! balloons are held up by ! atmosph]e1 9 :i* !y float at equilibrium4 ,! ,e>? is su/a9$ by no?+ mat]ial4 ,:at ma9ta9s h] 9 equilibrium is ! e!real void2 an immat]ial =ce2 gravitation4 ,! ,sun attracts h]1 & if %e did n revolve1 %e w\ld drop into him2 b rotat+ r\nd him1 at a spe$ ( #ajg1jjj kilomet]s#b 7ab\t #ff1jjj miles7 p] h\r1 %e produces a c5trifugal =ce1 l t ( a /one 9 a sl+1 t is precisely equival5t1 & ( contr>y sign1 to its gravitation t[>d ! c5tral orb1 & ^! two equilibrat$ =ces keep h] at ! same m$ium di/ance4 ,?is sol> & planet>y gr\p does n exi/ solit>y 9 ! imm5se void t ext5ds indef9itely ar\nd u4 ,z we said above1 ea* /> t we admire 9 ! dep?s ( ! sky1 & to :i* we lift up our eyes & ?\ghts dur+ ! *>m$ h\rs ( ! night1 is ano!r sun burn+ ) its own light1 ! *ief ( a m or less num]\s family1 su* z are multipli$ ?r\gh all space to inf9ity4 ,not)/&+ ! imm5se di/ances betwe5 ! sun-/>s1 ,space is s va/1 & ! numb] ( ^! s great1 t by an effect ( p]spective due solely to ! di/ance1 appe>ances w\ld lead u to believe t ! />s 7 t\*+4 ,& "u c]ta9 telescopic aspects1 & 9 "s ( ! a/ral photographs1 !y really d appe> to be contigu\s4 ,! ,univ]se is inf9ite4 ,space is limitless4 ,if our love = ! ,heav5s %\ld incite 9 u ! impulse1 & provide u ) ! means ( und]tak+ a j\rney direct$ to ! ends ( ,heav5 z its goal1 we %\ld be a/oni%$1 on arriv+ at ! conf9es ( ! ,milky ,way1 to see ! gr&iose & ph5om5al spectacle ( a new ,univ]se unfold be=e our dazzl$ eyes2 & if 9 our mad c>e] we cross$ ?is new ar*ipelago ( worlds to seek ! b>ri]s ( ,heav5 beyond !m1 we %\ld /ill f9d univ]se et]nally succe$+ to univ]se be=e u4 ,millions ( suns roll on 9 ! imm5sities ( ,space4 ,ev]y:]e1 on all sides1 ,creation r5ews itself 9 an inf9ite v>iety4 ,accord+ to all ! probabilities1 univ]sal life is di/ribut$ !re z well z "h1 & has s[n ! g]m ( intellig5ce ^u ^? di/ant worlds t we div9e 9 ! vic9ity ( ! innum]able suns t pl[ ! e!r1 = ev]y?+ ^u ! ,e>? t5ds to %[ t ,life is ! goal ( ,nature4 ,burn+ foci1 inext+ui%able s\rces ( w>m? & light1 ^! v>i\s1 multi-color$ suns %$ _! rays ^u ! worlds t belong to !m & :i* !y f]tilize4 ,our globe is no exception 9 ! ,univ]se4 ,z we h se51 x is "o ( ! cele/ial orbs1 n\ri%$1 w>m$1 light$1 quick5$ by ! ,sun1 :i* 9 its turn aga9 is b a />4 ,innum]able ,worlds6 ,we dream ( !m4 ,:o c say t _! unkn[n inhabitants d n ?9k ( u 9 _! turn1 & t ,space may n be trav]s$ by waves ( ?\ght1 z x is by ! vibrations ( light & univ]sal gravitation8 ,may n an imm5se solid>ity1 h>dly guess$ at by our imp]fect s5ses1 exi/ betwe5 ! ,cele/ial ,humanities1 our ,e>? be+ only a mode/ planet4 ,let u m$itate on ?is ,inf9ity6 ,let u lose no opportunity ( employ+ ! be/ ( our h\rs1 ^? ( ! sil5ce & peace ( ! bewit*+ nights1 9 contemplat+1 admir+1 spell+ out ! words ( ! ,great ,book ( ! ,heav5s4 ,let our fre$ s\ls fly swift & rapt t[>d ^? m>vel\s c\ntries :]e indescribable joys are prep>$ = u1 & let u d homage to ! fir/ & mo/ spl5did ( ! sci5ces1 to ,a/ronomy1 :i* diffuses ! light ( ,tru? )9 u4 ,to poetical s\ls1 ! contemplation ( ! ,heav5s c>ries ?\ght away to high] regions ?an x atta9s 9 any o!r m$itation4 ,:o does n rememb] ! beautiful l9es ( ,victor ,hugo 9 ! ,ori5tales8 ,:o has n he>d or read !m8 ,! poem is call$ ,ec/asy1 & x is a fitt+ title4 ,! words are sometimes set to music1 & ! melody seems to complete _! pure beauty3 ,j'etais seul pres des flots p> une nuit d'etoiles4 ,pas un nuage aux cieux1 sur les m]s pas de voiles2 ,mes yeux plongeai5t plus lo9 que le monde reel1 ,et les bois et les monts et t\te la nature ,semblai5t int]rog]1 dans un confus murmure1 ,les flots des m]s1 les feux du ciel4 ,et les etoiles d'or1 legions inf9ies1 ,a voix haute1 a voix basse1 avec mille h>monies ,disai5t1 en incl9ant leurs c\ronnes de feu2 ,et les flots bleus1 que ri5 ne g\v]ne et n'arrete1 ,disai5t en rec\rbant l'ecume de leur crete3 444 ,c'e/ le ,seigneur1 le ,seigneur ,dieu6 ,note3 ,free ,translation ,i 0 alone on ! waves1 on a />ry night1 ,n a cl\d 9 ! sky1 n a sail 9 sight1 ,my eyes pi]c$ beyond ! natural _w444 ,& ! woods1 & ! hills1 & ! voice ( ,nature ,seem$ to "q 9 a confus$ murmur1 ,! waves ( ! ,sea1 & ,heav5's fires4 ,& ! gold5 />s 9 inf9ite legion1 ,sang l\dly1 & s(tly1 9 glad recognition1 ,incl9+ _! cr[ns ( fire2444 ,& ! waves t naught c *eck nor arre/ ,sang1 b[+ ! foam ( _! haughty cre/444 ,behold ! ,"l ,god--,jehovah6 ,! immortal poet ( ,france 0 an a/ronom]4 ,! au?or m ?an once _h ! honor ( conv]s+ ) him on ! problems ( ! />ry sky--& reflect$ t a/ronom]s might well be poets4 ,x is inde$ difficult to resi/ a s5se ( pr(\nd emotion be=e ! abysses ( inf9ite ,space1 :5 we behold ! innum]able multitude ( worlds susp5d$ above our heads4 ,we feel 9 ?is solit>y contemplation ( ! ,heav5s t !re is m 9 ! ,univ]se ?an tangible & visible matt]3 t !re are =ces1 laws1 de/9ies4 ,our ants' bra9s may "k !mselves microscopic1 & yet recognize t !re is some?+ great] ?an ! ,e>?1 ! ,heav5s2--m absolute ?an ! ,visible1 ! ,invisible2--beyond ! m or less vulg> affairs ( life1 ! s5se ( ! ,true1 ! ,good1 ! ,beautiful4 ,we feel t an imm5se my/]y broods ov] ,nature1--ov] ,be+1 ov] creat$ ?+s4 ,& x is "h aga9 t ,a/ronomy surpasses all ! o!r sci5ces1 t x becomes our sov]eign tea*]1 t x is ! ph>os ( mod]n philosophy4 ,o ,night1 my/]i\s1 sublime1 & inf9ite6 )draw+ f our eyes ! veil spread above u by ! light ( day1 giv+ back transp>5cy to ! ,heav5s1 %[+ u ! prodigi\s reality1 ! %9+ casket ( ! cele/ial diamonds1 ! innum]able />s t succe$ ea* o!r int]m9ably 9 immeasurable space6 ,)\t ,night we %\ld "k no?+4 ,)\t x our eyes w\ld nev] h div9$ ! sid]eal population1 our intellects w\ld nev] h pi]c$ ! h>mony ( ! ,heav5s1 & we %\ld h rema9$ ! bl9d1 deaf p>asites ( a _w isolat$ f ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,o ,sacr$ ,night6 ,if on ! "o h& x re/s ^u ! heights ( ,tru? beyond ! day's illusions1 on ! o!r its invisible urns p\r d[n a sil5t & tranquil peace1 a p5etrat+ calm1 ^u our s\ls t we>y ( ,life's fev]4 ,x makes u =get ! /ruggles1 p]fidies1 intrigues1 ! mis]ies ( ! h\rs ( toil & noisy activity1 all ! conv5tionalities ( civilization4 ,its doma9 is t ( re/ & dreams4 ,we love x = its peace & calm tranquillity4 ,we love x because x is true4 ,we love x because x places u 9 communication ) ! o!r worlds1 because x gives u ! presage ( ,life1 ,univ]sal & ,et]nal1 because x br+s u ,hope1 because x proclaims u citiz5s ( ,heav54 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,con/ellations ,9 ,*apt] ,i we saw ! ,e>? hang+ 9 space1 l a globe isolat$ on all sides1 & surr\nd$ at va/ di/ances by a multitude ( />s4 ,^! fi]y orbs are suns l t :i* illum9ates ourselves4 ,!y %9e by _! own light4 ,we "k ?is = a fact1 because !y are s f> (f t !y c\ld nei!r be illum9at$ by ! ,sun1 nor1 /ill m1 reflect 8 rays back ^u u3 & because1 on ! o!r h&1 we h be5 able to measure & analyze _! light4 ,_m ( ^! di/ant suns are simple & isolat$2 o!rs are d\ble1 triple1 or multiple2 o!rs appe> to be ! c5t]s ( sy/ems analog\s to t :i* gravitates r\nd our own ,sun1 & ( :i* we =m "p4 ,b ^! cele/ial tribes are situat$ at su* remote di/ances f u t x is impossible to di/+ui% all ! individuals ( ea* p>ticul> family4 ,! mo/ delicate obs]vations h only reveal$ a few ( !m4 ,we mu/ cont5t ourselves "h ) admir+ ! pr9cipals1--! sun-/>s1--prodigi\s globes1 flam+ tor*es1 scatt]$ pr(usely ?r\gh ! firmam5t4 ,h[1 !n1 is "o to di/+ui% !m8 ,h[ c !y be readily f\nd & nam$8 ,!re are s _m ( !m6 ,d n fe>2 x is q a simple matt]4 ,9 /udy+ ! surface ( ! ,e>? we make use ( geographical maps on :i* ! cont95ts & seas ( :i* x consi/s are drawn ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,ea* c\ntry ( our planet is subdivid$ into /ates1 ea* ( :i* has its prop] "n4 ,we %all pursue ! same plan 9 reg>d to ! ,heav5s1 & x w be all ! easi] s9ce ! ,great ,book ( ! ,firmam5t is con/antly op5 to our gaze4 ,our globe1 moreov]1 actually revolves ^u itself s t we read ! :ole 9 due sequ5ce4 ,giv5 a cle> atmosph]e1 & a little /imulus to ! w f our love ( tru? & sci5ce1 & ! geography ( ! ,heav5s1 or uranography1 w soon be z famili> to u z ! geography ( our t]re/rial atom4 ,on a beautiful summ]'s night1 :5 we look t[>d ! />ry sky1 we are at fir/ aw>e only ( a numb] ( %9+ specks4 ,! />s seem to be scatt]$ almo/ accid5tally ?r\gh ,space2 !y are s num]\s & s close to "o ano!r t x w\ld appe> ra% to attempt to "n !m sep>ately4 ,yet "s ( ! bright] ones p>ticul>ly attract & excite our att5tion4 ,aft] a little obs]vation we notice a c]ta9 regul>ity 9 ! arrangem5t ( ^! di/ant suns1 & take pleasure 9 draw+ imag9>y figures r\nd ! cele/ial gr\ps4 ,t is :at ! anci5ts did f a practical po9t ( view4 ,9 ord] to guide !mselves across ! trackless ocean1 ! e>lie/ ,ph5ician navigators not$ c]ta9 fix$ be>+s 9 ! sky1 by :i* !y mapp$ out _! r\tes4 ,9 ?is way !y discov]$ ! position ( ! immovable ,pole1 & acquir$ empire ov] ! sea4 ,! ,*aldean pa/ors1 too1 ! nomad p ( ! ,ea/1 invok$ ! ,heav5s to assi/ 9 _! migrations4 ,!y gr\p$ ! m brilliant ( ! />s into ,con/ellations ) simple outl9es1 & gave to ea* ( ^! cele/ial prov9ces a "n d]iv$ f my?ology1 hi/ory1 or f ! natural k+doms4 ,x is impossible to det]m9e ! exact epo* ( ?is primitive cele/ial geography4 ,! ,c5taur ,*iron1 ,jason's tutor1 0 reput$ ! fir/ to divide ! ,heav5s ^u ! sph]e ( ! ,argonauts4 ,b ?is orig9 is a little my?ical6 ,9 ! ,bible we h ! ,prophet ,job1 :o names ,orion1 ! ,pleiades1 & ! ,hyades1 #c1cjj ye>s ago4 ,! ,babylonian ,tables1 & ! hi]oglyphs ( ,egypt1 witness to an a/ronomy t _h made consid]able advance ev5 9 ^? remote epo*s4 ,our actual con/ellations1 :i* are d\btless ( ,babylonian orig91 appe> to h be5 arrang$ 9 _! pres5t =m by ! le>n$ philosoph] ,eudoxus ( ,cnidus1 ab\t ! ye> #cfj ,b4,c4 ,aratus sang ( !m 9 a didactic poem t[>d #bgj4 ,hipp>*us ( ,rhodes 0 ! fir/ to note ! a/ronomical positions ) any precision1 "o hundr$ & ?irty ye>s be=e our era4 ,he classifi$ ! />s 9 ord] ( magnitude1 accord+ to _! app>5t brightness2 & 8 catalogue1 pres]v$ 9 ! ,almage/ ( ,ptolemy1 conta9s #a1abb />s di/ribut$ into =ty-eight ,con/ellations4 ,! figures ( ! con/ellations1 tak5 almo/ entirely f fable1 are visible only to ! eyes ( ! imag9ation1 & :]e ! anci5ts plac$ su* & su* a p]son or animal1 we may see1 ) a little good-w1 any?+ we *oose to fancy4 ,!re is no?+ real ab\t ^! figures4 ,& yet x is indisp5sable to be able to recognize ! con/ellations 9 ord] to f9d our way among ! innum]able army ( ! />s1 & we %all comm5ce ?is /udy ) ! description ( ! mo/ popul> & be/ kn[n ( !m all1 ! "o t circles e night ?r\gh our ,nor!rn ,heav5s4 ,ne$less to "n x2 x is famili> to e "o4 ,y h already exclaim$--! ,great ,be>6 ,?is va/ & spl5did association ( suns1 :i* is also kn[n z ! ,*>iot ( ,david1 ! ,pl[ or ,*>les's ,wa91 & ! ,dipp]1 is "o ( ! f9e/ con/ellations 9 ! ,heav5s1 & "o ( ! olde/--see+ t ! ,*9ese hail$ x z ! div9ity ( ! ,nor?1 ov] ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago4 ,if any ( my read]s %\ld happ5 to =get its position 9 ! sky1 ! foll[+ is a v simple exp$i5t = f9d+ x4 ,turn to ! ,nor?--t is1 opposite to ! po9t :]e ! sun is to be f\nd at midday4 ,:atev] ! season ( ! ye>1 day ( ! mon?1 or h\r ( ! night1 y w always see1 high up 9 ! firmam5t1 sev5 magnific5t />s1 arrang$ 9 a quadrilat]al1 foll[$ by a tail1 or h&le1 ( ?ree />s4 ,?is magnific5t con/ellation nev] s9ks bel[ our horizon4 ,night & day x wat*es above u1 turn+ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs r\nd a v fam\s /> t we %all %ortly become acqua9t$ )4 ,9 ! figure ( ! ,great ,be>1 ! f\r />s ( ! quadrilat]al are f\nd 9 ! body1 & ! ?ree at ! extremity make ! tail4 ,z ,david's ,*>iot1 ! f\r />s repres5t ! :eels1 & ! ?ree o!rs ! horses4 ,sometimes our ance/ors call$ !m ! ,sev5 ,ox51 ! ox5 ( ! cele/ial pa/ures1 f :i* ! ^w sept5trion 7septem triones1 sev5 ox5 ( labor7 is d]iv$4 ,"s see a ,pl[%>e2 o!rs m famili>ly call ?is figure ! ,dipp]4 ,z x rotates r\nd ! pole1 its outl9e v>ies ) ! diff]5t positions4 ,x is n easy to guess :y ?is con/ellation %\ld h be5 call$ ! ,be>4 ,yet ! "n has _h a c]ta9 influ5ce4 ,f ! ,greek ^w arctos 7be>7 has come arctic1 & = its anti!sis1 ant>ctic4 ,f ! ,lat9 ^w trio 7ox ( labor7 has come sept5trion1 ! sev5 ox54 ,etymology is n always logical4 ,is n ! ^w v5]ate d]iv$ f ,v5us8 ,9 ord] to di/+ui% "o /> f ano!r1 ! conv5tion ( d5ot+ !m by ! lett]s ( ! ,greek ,alphabet has be5 adopt$1 = x w\ld be impossible to give a "n to ea*1 s consid]able is _! numb]4#c alpha & beta d5ote ! front :eels ( ! ,*>iot g5]ally kn[n z ! po9t]s2 gamma & delta ! h9d :eels2 epsilon1 zeta1 eta ! ?ree horses4 ,all ^! />s are ( ! second ord] ( magnitude 7! specific mean+ ( ?is expression w be expla9$ 9 ! next *apt]71 except ! la/ 7delta7 ( ! quadrilat]al1 :i* is ( ! ?ird ord]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--,! ,great ,be> 7or ,dipp]71 & ! ,pole-,/>4 ,figure #c gives ! outl9e ( ?is primitive con/ellation4 ,9 revolv+ 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs r\nd ! ,pole1 :i* is situat$ at ! prolongation ( a l9e drawn f beta to alpha1 x occupies e conceivable position1--z if ?is page 7 turn$ 9 all directions4 ,b ! relative arrangem5t ( ! sev5 />s rema9s unalt]$4 ,9 contemplat+ ^! sev5 />s x mu/ nev] be =gott5 t ea* is a dazzl+ sun1 a c5t] ( =ce & life4 ,"o ( !m is especially rem>kable3 zeta1 kn[n z ,miz> to ! ,arabs4 ,^? :o h good sight w di/+ui% ne> x a m9ute />1 ,alcor1 or ! ,cavali]1 also call$ ,saidak by ! ,arabs--t is1 ! ,te/1 because x c be us$ z a te/ ( vision4 ,b fur!r1 if y h a small telescope at y\r disposal1 direct x ^u ! f9e /> ,miz>3 y w be a/oni%$ at discov]+ two ( ! f9e/ diamonds y c\ld wi% to see1 ) :i* no brilliant is comp>able4 ,!re are sev]al d\ble />s2 ^! we %all become acqua9t$ ) lat] on4 ,meantime1 we mu/ n =get our cele/ial geography4 ,! ,great ,be> w help u to f9d all ! adjac5t con/ellations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,to f9d ! ,pole-,/>4 ,if a /raight l9e is drawn 7,fig4 #d7 f beta ?r\gh alpha1 :i* =ms ! extremity ( ! squ>e1 & is prolong$ by a quantity equal to ! di/ance ( alpha f ! tip ( ! h&le1 we come on a /> ( second magnitude1 :i* m>ks ! extremity ( a figure p]fectly comp>able ) ! ,great ,be>1 b small]1 less brilliant1 & po9t+ 9 ! contr>y direction4 ,?is is ! ,little ,be>1 compos$1 l its big bro!r1 ( sev5 />s2 ! "o situat$ at ! end ( ! l9e by :i* we h f\nd x is ! ,pole-,/>4 ,immovable 9 ! region ( ! ,nor? ,pole1 ! ,pole-,/> has captivat$ all eyes by its position 9 ! firmam5t4 ,x is ! provid5ce ( m>9]s :o h gone a/ray on ! ocean1 = x po9ts !m to ! ,nor?1 :ile x is ! pivot ( ! imm5se rotation accompli%$ r\nd x by all ! />s 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,h5ce x is a v important factor1 & we mu/ ha/5 to f9d x1 & r5d] x due homage4 ,x %\ld be add$ t its special immobility1 9 ! prolongation ( ! ,e>?'s axis1 is m]ely an effect caus$ by ! diurnal movem5ts ( our planet4 ,our read]s are ( c\rse aw>e t x is ! e>? t turns & n ! sky4 ,b evid5ce ( ?is w be giv5 lat] on4 ,9 look+ at ! ,pole-,/>1 ! ,s\? is beh9d "o1 ! ,ea/ to ! "r1 & ! ,we/ to ! left4 ,betwe5 ! ,great & ! ,little ,be>1 we c di/+ui% a w9d+ procession ( small] />s4 ,^! con/itute ! ,dragon4 ,we w cont9ue our j\rney by way ( ,cassiopeia1 a f9e con/ellation plac$ on ! opposite side ( ! ,pole-,/> 9 relation to ! ,great ,be>1 & %ap$ some:at l ! op5 limbs ( ! lett] ,w4 ,x is also call$ ! ,*air4 ,&1 9 fact1 :5 ! figure is repres5t$ ) ! l9e alpha beta bel[1 ! l9e *i gamma =ms ! seat1 & gamma delta epsilon its back4 ,if a /raight l9e is drawn f delta ( ! ,great ,be>1 & prolong$ beyond ! ,pole-,/> 9 a quantity equal to ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ^! two />s1 x is easy to f9d ?is con/ellation 7,fig4 #e74 ,?is gr\p1 l ! prec$+1 nev] sets1 & is always visible1 opposite to ! ,great ,be>4 ,x revolves 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs r\nd ! ,pole-,/>1 & is to be se51 n[ above1 n[ bel[1 n[ to ! "r1 n[ to ! left4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--,to f9d ,cassiopeia4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--,to ,f9d ,pegasus & ,&rom$a4 ,if 9 ! next place1 />t+ f ! />s alpha & delta 9 ! ,great ,be>1 we draw two l9es :i* jo9 at ,pol>is & are prolong$ beyond ,cassiopeia1 we arrive at ! ,squ>e ( ,pegasus 7,fig4 #f71 a va/ con/ellation t t]m9ates on "o side 9 a prolongation =m$ ( ?ree />s4 ,^! ?ree la/ />s belong to ,&rom$a1 & !mselves abut on ,p]seus4 ,! la/ /> 9 ! ,squ>e ( ,pegasus is also ! fir/ 9 ,&rom$a4 gamma ( ,&rom$a is a magnific5t d\ble orb1 to :i* we %all return 9 ! next *apt]1 i4e41 ! telescope resolves x into two m>vel\s suns1 "o ( :i* is topaz-yell[1 & ! o!r em]ald-gre54 ,?ree />s1 inde$1 are visible ) m p[]ful in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,p]seus1 ! ,pleiades1 ,capella4 ,above beta & ne> a small />1 is visible a fa9t1 :iti%1 lum9\s trail3 ?is is ! oblong nebula ( ,&rom$a1 ! fir/ m5tion$ 9 ! hi/ory ( a/ronomy1 & "o ( ! mo/ beautiful 9 ! ,heav5s1 p]ceptible to ! unaid$ eye on v cle> nights4 ,! />s alpha1 beta & gamma ( ,p]seus =m a concave b[ :i* w s]ve 9 a new ori5tation4 ,if x is prolong$ 9 ! direction ( delta1 we f9d a v brilliant /> ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,?is is ,capella1 ! ,goat1 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,*>iote] 7,fig4 #g74 ,if com+ back to delta 9 ,p]seus1 a l9e is drawn t[>d ! ,s\?1 we rea* ! ,pleiades1 a gorge\s clu/] ( />s1 sc9tillat+ l ! f9e/ du/ ( diamonds1 on ! %\ld] ( ! ,bull1 to :i* we %all come %ortly1 9 /udy+ ! ,con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac4 ,n f> (f is a v curi\s />1 beta ( ,p]seus1 or ,algol1 :i* =ms a little triangle ) two o!rs small] ?an itself4 ,?is /> is peculi> 9 t1 in/ead ( %9+ ) a fix$ light1 x v>ies 9 int5sity1 & is sometimes pale1 sometimes brilliant4 ,x belongs to ! category ( v>iable />s :i* we %all /udy lat] on4 ,all ! obs]vations made on x = m ?an two hundr$ ye>s g to prove t a d>k /> revolves r\nd ?is sun1 almo/ 9 ! plane ( our l9e ( sight1 produc+ z x passes 9 front ( x a p>tial eclipse t r$uces x f ! second to ! f\r? magnitude1 e o!r two days1 tw5ty h\rs1 & =ty-n9e m9utes4 ,& n[1 let u return to ! ,great ,be>1 :i* aid$ u s b5efic5tly to />t = ^! di/ant %ores1 & :5ce we %all set out afre% 9 se>* ( o!r con/ellations4 ,if we produce ! curv$ l9e ( ! tail1 or h&le1 we enc\nt] a magnific5t gold5-yell[ />1 a spl5did sun ( dazzl+ brilliancy3 let u make our b[ to ,arcturus1 alpha ( ! ,h]dsman1 :i* is at ! extremity ( ?is p5tagonal con/ellation4 ,! pr9cipal />s ( ?is a/]ism are ( ! ?ird magnitude1 ) ! exception ( alpha1 :i* is ( ! fir/4 ,alongside ( ! ,h]dsman is a circle consi/+ ( five />s ( ! ?ird & f\r? magnitude1 save ! ?ird1 alpha1 or ! ,pe>l1 :i* is ( ! second magnitude4 ,?is is ! ,corona ,borealis4 ,x is v easily recogniz$ 7,fig4 #h74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,to f9d ,arcturus1 ! ,h]dsman1 & ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n4 ,a l9e drawn f ! ,pole-,/> to ,arcturus =ms ! base ( an equilat]al triangle1 ! apex ( :i*1 situat$ opposite ! ,great ,be>1 is occupi$ by ,vega1 or alpha ( ! ,lyre1 a spl5did diamond ( ideal purity sc9tillat+ ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,?is magnific5t />1 ( fir/ magnitude1 is1 ) ,arcturus1 ! mo/ lum9\s 9 our ,heav5s4 ,x burns ) a :ite light1 9 ! proximity ( ! ,milky ,way1 n f> f a con/ellation t is v easily recogniz$ by ! arrangem5t ( its pr9cipal />s 9 ! =m ( a cross4 ,x is nam$ ,cygnus1 ! ,bird1 or ! ,swan 7,fig4 #i71 & is easy to f9d by ! ,squ>e ( ,pegasus1 & ! ,milky ,way4 ,?is figure1 ! brilliancy ( ^: con/itu5ts 7( ! ?ird & f\r? magnitudes7 contra/s /rongly ) ! pallor ( ! ,milky ,way1 includes at its extremity at ! foot ( ! ,cross1 a sup]b d\ble />1 beta or ,albirio3 alpha ( ,cygnus is also call$ ,d5eb4 ,! fir/ /> ( :i* ! di/ance 0 calculat$ is 9 ?is con/ellation4 ,?is little orb ( fif? magnitude1 :i* hangs #fi1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#db1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles7 above our ,e>?1 is ! ne>e/ ( all ! />s to ! skies ( ,europe4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,! ,swan1 ,vega1 ! ,eagle4 ,n f> (f is ! f9e ,eagle1 :i* spreads its w+s 9 ! ,milky ,way1 & 9 :i* ! /> ,altair1 alpha1 ( fir/ magnitude1 is situat$ betwe5 its two satellites1 beta & gamma4 ,! ,con/ellation ( ,h]cules1 t[>d :i* ! motions ( ! ,sun are impell+ u1 ) all ! planets ( its sy/em1 is ne> ! ,lyre4 ,its pr9cipal />s c be recogniz$ inside ! triangle =m$ by ! ,pole-,/>1 ,arcturus1 & ,vega4 ,all ! ,con/ellations describ$ above belong to ! ,nor!rn ,hemisph]e4 ,^? ne>e/ ! pole are call$ circumpol>4 ,!y revolve r\nd ! pole 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,hav+ n[ le>n$ ! ,nor!rn ,heav5s1 we mu/ come back to ! ,sun1 :i* we h left beh9d u4 ,! ,e>? revolves r\nd him 9 a ye>1 & 9 consequ5ce he seems to revolve r\nd u1 sweep+ ?r\gh a va/ circle ( ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,9 ea* ye>1 at ! same p]iod1 he passes ! same po9ts ( ! ,heav5s1 9 front ( ! same con/ellations1 :i* are r5d]$ invisible by 8 light4 ,we "k t ! />s are at a fix$ position f ! ,e>?1 :atev] _! di/ance1 & t if we d n see !m at noon z at midnight1 x is simply because !y are ext+ui%$ by ! dazzl+ light ( ! orb ( day4 ,) ! aid ( a telescope x is always possible to see ! m brilliant ( !m4 ,! ,zodiac is ! zone ( />s trav]s$ by ! ,sun 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>4 ,?is ^w is d]iv$ f ! ,greek ,zodiakos1 :i* signifies animal1 & ?is etymology arose because mo/ ( ! figures trac$ on ?is belt ( />s repres5t animals4 ,! belt is divid$ into twelve p>ts t are call$ ! twelve ,signs ( ! ,zodiac1 also nam$ by ! anci5ts ! ,h\ses ( ! ,sun1 s9ce ! ,sun visits "o ( !m 9 ea* mon?4 ,^! are ! signs1 ) ! primitive *>act]s t di/+ui% !m3 ! ,ram ,aries1 ! ,bull ,taurus1 ! ,tw9s ,gem9i1 ! ,crab ,canc]1 ! ,lion ,leo1 ! ,virg9 ,virgo1 ! ,balance ,libra1 ! ,scorpion ,scorpio1 ! ,ar*] ,sagitt>ius1 ! ,goat ,capricorn1 ! ,wat]-,c>ri] ,aqu>ius1 ! ,fi%es ,pisces4 ,! sign ,aries repres5ts ! horns ( ! ,ram1 ,taurus ! head ( ! ,bull1 & s on4 ,if y w n[ foll[ me into ! ,h\ses ( ! ,sun y w readily recognize !m aga91 provid$ y h a cle> picture ( ! pr9cipal />s ( ! ,nor!rn ,heav5s4 ,fir/1 y see ! ,ram1 ! initial sign ( ! ,zodiac2 because at ! epo* at :i* ! actual ,zodiac 0 fix$1 ! ,sun ent]$ ?is sign at ! v]nal equ9ox1 & ! equator cross$ ! ecliptic at ?is po9t4 ,?is con/ellation1 9 :i* ! horns ( ! ,ram 7?ird magnitude7 are ! brighte/1 is situat$ betwe5 ,&rom$a & ! ,pleiades4 ,two ?\s& ye>s ago1 ! ,ram 0 reg>d$ z ! symbol ( spr+2 b ow+ to ! secul> movem5t ( ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ! ,sun is no long] !re on ,m>* #ba3 he is 9 ! ,fi%es4 ,to ! left1 or ea/ ( ! ,ram1 we f9d ! ,bull1 ! head ( :i* =ms a triangle 9 :i* burns ,aldeb>an1 ( fir/ magnitude1 a magnific5t r$ /> t m>ks ! "r eye2 & ! ,hyades1 sc9tillat+ pale & trembl+1 on its =ehead4 ,! timid ,pleiades1 z we h se51 veil !mselves on ! %\ld] ( ! ,bull--a captivat+ clu/]1 ( :i* six />s c be c\nt$ ) ! unaid$ eye1 :ile sev]al hundr$ are discov]$ ) ! telescope4 ,next ! ,tw9s4 ,!y are easily recogniz$ by ! two f9e />s1 alpha & beta1 ( fir/ magnitude1 :i* m>k _! heads1 & immortalize ,ca/or & ,pollux1 ! sons ( ,jupit]1 celebrat$ = _! indissoluble fri5d%ip4 ,canc]1 ! ,crab1 is ! lea/ important sign ( ! ,zodiac4 ,x is di/+ui%$ only by five />s ( f\r? & fif? magnitudes1 situat$ bel[ ! l9e ( ,ca/or & ,pollux1 & by a pale clu/] call$ ,praesepe1 ! ,beehive4 ,! ,lion next approa*es1 sup]b 9 8 maje/y4 ,at 8 he>t is a gorge\s /> ( fir/ magnitude1 alpha or ,regulus4 ,?is figure =ms a gr& trapezium ( f\r />s on ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,! ,virg9 exhibits a spl5did /> ( fir/ magnitude2 ?is is ,spica1 :i* ) ,regulus & ,arcturus1 =m a triangle by :i* ?is con/ellation c be recogniz$4 ,! ,balance foll[s ! ,virg94 ,its scales1 m>k$ by two />s ( second magnitude1 are situat$ a little to ! ,ea/ ( ,spica4 ,we next come to ! eigh? con/ellation ( ! ,zodiac1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ beautiful ( ?is belt ( />s4 ,ant>es1 a r$ /> ( fir/ magnitude1 occupies ! he>t ( ! v5om\s & accurs$ ,scorpion4 ,x is situat$ on ! prolongation ( a l9e jo9+ ,regulus to ,spica1 & =ms ) ,vega ( ! ,lyre1 & ,arcturus ( ! ,h]dsman1 a great isosceles triangle1 ( :i* ?is latt] /> is ! apex4 ,! ,scorpion1 held to be a sign ( ill luck1 has be5 prejudicial to ! ,ar*]1 :i* foll[s x1 & traces an oblique trapezium 9 ! sky1 a little to ! ea/ ( ,ant>es4 ,^! two s\!rnmo/ con/ellations nev] rise mu* above ! horizon = ,france & ,engl&4 ,9 fable1 ! ,ar*] is ,*iron1 ! preceptor ( ,jason1 ,a*illes & ,a,esculapius4 ,capricorn lies to ! s\? ( ,altair1 on ! prolongation ( a l9e f ! ,lyre to ! ,eagle4 ,x is h>dly noticeable save = ! />s alpha & beta ( ?ird magnitude1 :i* sc9tillate on its =ehead4 ,! ,wat]-,c>ri] p\rs 8 /reams t[>d ! horizon4 ,he is n ri* 9 />s1 exhibit+ only ?ree ( ?ird magnitude t =m a v flatt5$ triangle4 ,la/ly ! ,fi%es1 conclud+ sign ( ! ,zodiac1 are f\nd to ! s\? ( ,&rom$a & ,pegasus4 ,save = alpha1 ( ?ird magnitude1 ?is con/ellation consi/s ( small />s t are h>dly visible4 ,^! twelve zodiacal con/ellations w be recogniz$ on exam9+ ! *>t 7,figs4 #aj-aa74 ,we mu/ n[ visit ! />s ( ! ,s\!rn ,heav5s1 "s ( :i* are equally des]v+ ( admiration4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--,! ,con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac3 summ] & autumn2 ,capricorn1 ,ar*]1 ,scorpion1 ,balance1 ,virg91 ,lion4 ,x %\ld 9 ! fir/ place be not$ t ! signs ( ! ,zodiac & ! ,s\!rn ,con/ellations are n1 l ^? :i* are circumpol>1 p]petually visible at all p]iods ( ! ye>4 ,_! visibility dep5ds on ! "t ( ye> & ! h\r ( ! night4#d ,9 ord] to admire ! f9e con/ellations ( ! ,nor?1 z describ$ above1 we h only to op5 our w9d[s on a cle> summ]'s ev5+1 or walk r\nd ! g>d5 9 ! my/]i\s light ( ^! inaccessible suns1 :ile we look up at ! imm5se fields 9 :i* ea* /> is l ! head ( a cele/ial spe>4 ,b ! summ] is ov]1 autumn is ^u u1 & !n1 too soon1 comes w9t] clo!d 9 ho>-fro/4 ,! days are %ort & cold1 d>k & dre>y2 b z a comp5sation ! night is mu* long]1 & adorns h]self ) h] mo/ beautiful jewels1 (f]+ u ! contemplation ( h] inexhau/ible treasures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,! ,con/ellations ( ! ,zodiac3 w9t] & spr+2 ,crab1 ,tw9s1 ,bull1 ,ram1 ,fi%es1 ,wat]-,c>ri]4 ,fir/1 let u d homage to ! magnific5t ,orion1 mo/ spl5did ( all ! con/ellations3 he advances l a colossal giant1 & confronts ! ,bull4 ,?is con/ellation appe>s ab\t midnight 9 ,novemb]1 9 ! s\?-ea/]n ,heav5s2 t[>d elev5 o'clock 9 ,decemb] & ,janu>y1 due s\?2 ab\t t5 9 ,febru>y1 9 ! s\?-ea/2 ab\t n9e 9 ,m>*1 & ab\t eight 9 ,april1 9 ! we/2 & !n sets bel[ our horizon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,orion & 8 cele/ial companions4 ,x is indisputably ! mo/ /rik+ figure 9 ! sky1 & ) ! ,great ,be>1 ! mo/ anci5t 9 hi/ory1 ! fir/ t 0 notic$3 bo? are ref]r$ to 9 ! anci5t texts ( ,*9a1 ,*aldea1 & ,egypt4 ,eight pr9cipal />s del9eate its outl9e2 two are ( ! fir/ magnitude1 five ( ! second1 & "o ( ! ?ird 7,fig4 #ab74 ,! mo/ brilliant are ,betelgeuse 7alpha7 & ,rigel 7beta73 ! =m] m>k+ ! "r %\ld] ( ! ,colossus z x faces u2 ! second ! left foot4 ,! /> on ! left %\ld] is gamma or ,bellatrix1 ( second magnitude2 t ( ! "r foot1 *i1 is almo/ ( ! ?ird4 ,?ree />s ( second magnitude plac$ obliquely at equal di/ances f ea* o!r1 ! fir/ or highe/ ( :i* m>ks ! position ( ! equatorial l9e1 indicate ! ,belt or ,girdle4 ,^! />s1 kn[n z ! ,?ree ,k+s1 & by c\ntry p z ! ,rake1 assi/ greatly 9 ! recognition ( ?is f9e con/ellation4 ,a little bel[ ! second /> ( ! ,belt1 a l>ge :ite pat*1 l a b& ( fog1 ! app>5t dim5sions ( :i* are equal to t ( ! lun> disk1 is visible to ! unaid$ eye3 ?is is ! ,nebula ( ,orion1 "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t 9 ! entire ,heav5s4 ,x 0 discov]$ 9 #afef by ,huygh5s1 :o c\nt$ twelve />s 9 ! pale cl\d4 ,s9ce t date x has be5 con/antly /udi$ & photograph$ by its _m admir]s1 :ile ! giant eye ( ! telescope discov]s 9 x to-day an innum]able multitude ( little />s :i* reveal ! exi/5ce ( an entire univ]se 9 ?is region4 ,orion is n m]ely ! mo/ impos+ ( ! cele/ial figures2 x is also ! ri*e/ 9 sid]eal wond]s4 ,among ^!1 x exhibits ! mo/ complex ( all ! multiple sy/ems kn[n to u3 t ( ! /> !ta situat$ 9 ! celebrat$ nebula j m5tion$4 ,?is m>vel\s />1 view$ ?r\gh a p[]ful telescope1 breaks up into six suns1 =m+ a mo/ rem>kable /ell> gr\p4 ,?is region is altoge!r "o ( ! mo/ brilliant 9 ! entire firmam5t4 ,we mu/ no long] po/pone our homage to ! brighte/ /> 9 ! sky1 ! magnific5t ,sirius1 :i* %9es on ! left bel[ ,orion3 x returns e ye> t[>d ! end ( ,novemb]4 ,?is m>vel\s />1 ( dazzl+ brilliancy1 is ! fir/1 alpha1 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,great ,dog1 :i* =ms a quadrilat]al1 ! base ( :i* is adjac5t to a triangle erect$ f ! horizon4 ,:5 a/ronom]s fir/ endeavor$ to det]m9e ! di/ance ( ! />s1 ,sirius1 :i* attract$ all eyes to its burn+ fires1 0 ! p>ticul> object ( att5tion4 ,aft] long obs]vation1 !y succe$$ 9 det]m9+ its di/ance z #ib trillion kilomet]s 7#eg trillion miles74 ,light1 t radiates ?r\gh space at a velocity ( #cjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ahf1jjj miles7 p] second1 takes no less ?an t5 ye>s to rea* u f ?is sun1 :i*1 nev]!less1 is "o ( our neighbors4 ,! ,little ,dog1 9 :i* ,procyon 7alpha1 ( fir/ magnitude7 %9es out1 is above its big bro!r4 ,) ! exception ( alpha1 x has no bright />s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--,w9t] ,con/ellations4 ,la/ly1 t[>d ! s\!rn horizon1 we mu/ notice ! ,hydra1 ,eridanus1 ! ,:ale1 ! ,s\!rn ,fi%1 ! ,%ip1 & ! ,c5taur4 ,?is la/ con/ellation1 :ile invisible to our latitudes1 conta9s ! /> t is ne>e/ to ! ,e>?1 alpha1 ( fir/ magnitude1 ! di/ance ( :i* is #dj trillion kilomet]s 7#be trillion miles74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,spr+ ,con/ellations4 ,! feet ( ! ,c5taur t\* ! ,s\!rn ,cross1 :i* is always invisible to u1 & a little f>!r d[n ! ,s\!rn ,pole reigns ov] ! icy des]t ( ! ant>ctic regions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,summ] ,con/ellations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--;,autumn ,con/ellations4 ,9 ord] to complete ! prec$+ descriptions1 we subjo9 f\r *>ts repres5t+ ! aspect ( ! />ry heav5s dur+ ! ev5+s ( w9t]1 spr+1 summ]1 & autumn4 ,to make use ( ^!1 we mu/ suppose !m to be plac$ above our heads1 ! c5t] m>k+ ! z5i?1 & ! sky desc5d+ all r\nd to ! horizon4 ,! horizon1 !re=e1 b\nds ^! panoramas4 ,turn+ ! *>t 9 any direction1 & look+ at x f nor?1 s\?1 ea/1 or we/1 we f9d all ! pr9cipal />s4 ,! fir/ map 7,fig4 #ac7 repres5ts ! sky 9 w9t] 7,janu>y7 at #h ,p4,m42 ! second1 9 spr+ 7,april7 at #i ,p4,m42 ! ?ird1 9 summ] 7,july7 at ! same h\r2 ! f\r?1 ! sky 9 autumn 7,octob]7 at ! same "t4 ,& s1 at little co/1 we h made "o ( ! gr&e/ & mo/ beautiful j\rneys conceivable4 ,we n[ h a new c\ntry1 or1 bett]1 h le>n$ to see & "k our own c\ntry1 = s9ce ! ,e>? is a planet we mu/ all be citiz5s ( ! ,heav5s be=e we c belong to su* or su* a nation ( our lilliputian _w4 ,we mu/ n[ /udy ?is sublime spectacle ( ! ,heav5s 9 detail4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,/>s1 ,,suns ,,( ,,! ,,inf9ite ,a ,,j\rney ,,?r\gh ,,space ,we h se5 f ! =ego+ summ>y ( ! pr9cipal ,con/ellations t !re is great div]sity 9 ! brightness ( ! />s1 & t :ile our eyes are dazzl$ ) ! brilliancy ( c]ta9 orbs1 o!rs1 on ! contr>y1 sp>kle mode/ly 9 ! azure dep?s ( ! night1 & are h>dly p]ceptible to ! eye t seeks to plumb ! abysses ( ,imm5sity4 ,we h app5d$ ! ^w magnitude to ! names ( c]ta9 />s1 & ! read] might imag9e ?is to be> "s relation to ! volume ( ! orb4 ,b ?is is n ! case4 ,to facilitate ! obs]vation ( />s ( v>y+ brilliancy1 !y h be5 classifi$ 9 ord] ( magnitude1 accord+ to _! app>5t brightness1 & s9ce ! dim5sions ( ^! di/ant suns are almo/ :olly unkn[n to u1 ! mo/ lum9\s />s 7 naturally d5ot$ z ( fir/ magnitude1 ^? :i* 7 a little less bright ( ! second1 & s on4 ,b 9 reality ?is ^w magnitude is q errone\s1 = x be>s no relation to ! mass ( ! />s1 divid$ ?us at an epo* :5 x 0 suppos$ t ! mo/ brilliant mu/ be ! l>ge/4 ,x simply indicates ! app>5t brightness ( a />1 ! real brilliancy dep5d+ on its dim5sions1 its intr9sic light1 & its di/ance f our planet4 ,& n[ to make "s comp>ison betwe5 ! diff]5t ord]s4 ,?r\gh\t ! entire firmam5t1 only n9ete5 />s ( fir/ magnitude are discov]able4 ,&1 /rictly speak+1 ! la/ ( ?is s]ies might j z well be not$ ( second magnitude1 :ile ! fir/ ( ! second s]ies might be add$ to ! li/ ( />s ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,b 9 ord] to =m classes di/9ct f "o ano!r1 "s limit has to be adopt$1 & x 0 det]m9$ t ! fir/ s]ies %\ld include only ! foll[+ />s1 ! mo/ lum9\s 9 ! ,heav5s1 :i* are subjo9$ 9 ord] ( decreas+ brilliancy4 ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,fir/ ,,magnitude #a4 ,sirius1 or alpha ( ! ,great ,dog4 #b4 ,canopus1 or alpha ( ! ,%ip4 #c4 ,capella1 or alpha ( ! ,*>iote]4 #d4 ,arcturus1 or alpha ( ! ,h]dsman4 #e4 ,vega1 or alpha ( ! ,lyre4 #f4 ,proxima1 or alpha ( ! ,c5taur4 #g4 ,rigel1 or beta ( ,orion4 #h4 ,a*]n>1 or alpha ( ,eridanus4 #i4 ,procyon1 or alpha ( ! ,little ,dog4 #aj4 beta ( ! ,c5taur4 #aa4 ,betelgeuse1 or alpha ( ,orion4 #ab4 ,altair1 or alpha ( ! ,eagle4 #ac4 alpha ( ! ,s\!rn ,cross4 #ad4 ,aldeb>an1 or alpha ( ! ,bull4 #ae4 ,spica1 or alpha ( ! ,virg94 #af4 ,ant>es1 or alpha ( ! ,scorpion4 #ag4 ,pollux1 or beta ( ! ,tw9s4 #ah4 ,regulus1 or alpha ( ! ,lion4 #ai4 ,fomalhaut1 or alpha ( ! ,s\!rn ,fi%4 ,,! ,,/>s ,,( ,,! ,,second ,,magnitude ,!n come ! />s ( ! second magnitude1 ( :i* !re are fifty-n9e4 ,! />s ( ! ,great ,be> 7) ! exception ( delta1 :i* is ( ?ird magnitude71 ! ,pole-,/>1 ! *ief />s 9 ,orion 7aft] ,rigel & ,betelgeuse71 ( ! ,lion1 ( ,pegasus1 ( ,&rom$a1 ( ,cassiopeia1 are ( ?is ord]4 ,^!1 ) ! =m]1 con/itute ! pr9cipal outl9es ( ! con/ellations visible to u4 ,!n foll[ ! ?ird & f\r? magnitudes1 & s on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ table gives a summ>y ( ! s]ies1 d[n to ! six? magnitude1 :i* is ! limit ( visibility = ! unaid$ human eye3 #ai />s ( fir/ magnitude4 #ei ( second magnitude4 #ahb ( ?ird magnitude4 #ecj ( f\r? magnitude4 #a1fjj ( fif? magnitude4 #d1hjj ( six? magnitude4 ,?is makes a total ( "s sev5 ?\s& />s visible to ! unaid$ eye4 ,x w be se5 t ea* s]ies is1 r\ghly speak+1 ?ree times z populat$ z t prec$+ x2 consequ5tly1 if we multiply ! numb] ( any class by ?ree1 we obta9 ! approximate numb] ( />s t make up ! class succe$+ x4 ,sev5 ?\s& />s6 ,x is an impos+ figure1 :5 "o reflects t all ^! lucid po9ts are suns1 z enorm\s z !y are pot5t1 z inc&esc5t z our own 7:i* exce$s ! volume ( ! ,e>? by m ?an a million times71 di/ant c5t]s ( light & heat1 ex]t+ _! attraction on unkn[n sy/ems4 ,& yet x is g5]ally imag9$ t millions ( />s are visible 9 ! firmam5t4 ,?is is an illusion2 ev5 ! be/ vision is unable to di/+ui% />s bel[ ! six? magnitude1 & ord9>y sight is f> f discov]+ all ( ^!4 ,aga91 sev5 ?\s& />s = ! :ole ,heav5s makes only ?ree ?\s& five hundr$ = half ! sky4 ,& we c only see "o cele/ial hemisph]e at a "t4 ,moreov]1 t[>d ! horizon1 ! vapor ( ! atmosph]e veils ! little />s ( six? magnitude4 ,9 reality1 we nev] see at a giv5 mom5t m ?an ?ree ?\s& />s4 ,?is numb] is bel[ t ( ! population ( a small t[n4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b cele/ial space is unlimit$1 & we mu/ n suppose t ^! sev5 ?\s& />s t fasc9ate our eyes & enri* our ,heav5s1 )\t :i* our nights w\ld be black1 d>k1 & empty1#e comprise ! :ole ( ,creation4 ,!y only repres5t ! ve/ibule ( ! temple4 ,:]e our vision is arre/$1 a l>g]1 m p[]ful eye1 t is develop+ f c5tury to c5tury1 plunges its analyz+ gaze into ! abysses1 & reflects back to ! insatiable curiosity ( sci5ce ! light ( ! innum]able suns t x discov]s4 ,?is eye is ! l5s ( ! optical in/rum5ts4 ,ev5 op]a-glasses disclose />s ( ! sev5? magnitude4 ,a small a/ronomical objective p5etrates to ! eigh? & n9? ord]s4 ,m p[]ful in/rum5ts atta9 ! t5?4 ,! ,heav5s are progressively trans=m$ to ! eye ( ! a/ronom]1 & soon he is able to reckon hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( orbs 9 ! night4 ,! evolution cont9ues1 ! p[] ( ! in/rum5t is develop$2 & ! />s ( ! elev5? & twelf? magnitudes are discov]$ successively1 & toge!r numb] f\r millions4 ,!n foll[ ! ?irte5?1 f\rte5?1 & fifte5? magnitudes4 ,?is is ! sequ5ce3 #g? magnitude #ac1jjj4 #h? #dj1jjj4 #i? #abj1jjj4 #aj? #chj1jjj4 #aa? #a1jjj1jjj4 #ab? #c1jjj1jjj4 #ac? #i1jjj1jjj4 #ad? #bg1jjj1jjj4 #ae? #hj1jjj1jjj4 ,accord+ly1 ! mo/ p[]ful telescopes ( ! day1 re5=c$ by cele/ial photography1 c br+ a /ream ( m ?an #abj millions ( />s into ! scope ( our vision4 ,! photographic map ( ! ,heav5s n[ be+ execut$ comprises ! fir/ f\rte5 magnitudes1 & w give ! precise position ( "s #dj1jjj1jjj />s1 di/ribut$ ov] #bb1jed %eets1 =m+ a sph]e #c met]s #dd c5timet]s 9 diamet]4 ,! bolde/ imag9ation is ov]:elm$ by ^! figures1 & fails to picture su* millions ( suns--=midable & burn+ globes t roll ?r\gh space1 sweep+ _! sy/ems along ) !m4 ,:at furnaces are !re6 :at unkn[n lives6 :at va/ imm5sities6 ,& aga91 :at enorm\s di/ances mu/ sep>ate ! />s1 to admit ( _! free revolution 9 ! e!r6 ,9 :at abysses1 at :at a di/ance f our t]re/rial atom1 mu/ ^! magnific5t & dazzl+ ,suns pursue ! pa?s trac$ = !m by ,de/9y6 99 99 99 99 99 ,if all ! />s radiat$ an equal light1 _! di/ances might be calculat$ on ! pr9ciple t an object appe>s small] 9 proportion to its di/ance4 ,b ?is equality does n exi/4 ,! suns 7 n all ca/ 9 ! same mold4 ,inde$1 ! />s diff] widely 9 size & brightness1 & ! di/ances t h be5 measur$ %[ t ! mo/ brilliant are n ! ne>e/4 ,!y are scatt]$ ?r\gh ,space at all di/ances4 ,among ! ne>] />s ( :i* x has be5 f\nd possible to calculate ! di/ance1 "s are f\nd to be ( ! f\r?1 fif?1 six?1 sev5?1 eigh?1 & ev5 n9? magnitudes1 prov+ t ! mo/ brilliant are n always ! lea/ di/ant4 ,= ! re/1 among ! beautiful & %9+ />s ) :i* we made acqua9tance 9 ! la/ *apt] may be cit$ ,sirius1 :i* at a di/ance ( #ib trillion kilomet]s 7#eg trillion miles7 f "h /ill dazzles u ) its burn+ fires2 ,procyon or alpha ( ! ,little ,dog1 z remote z #aab trillion kilomet]s 7#fi-a_/b trillion miles72 ,altair ( ! ,eagle1 at #afj trillion kilomet]s 7#ii trillion miles72 ! :ite ,vega1 at #bjd trillion kilomet]s 7#abf-a_/b trillion miles72 ,capella1 at #bgf trillion kilomet]s 7#aga trillion miles72 & ! ,pole-,/> at #cdd trillion kilomet]s 7#bac-a_/b trillion miles74 ,! light t flies ?r\gh ,space at a velocity ( #cjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ahf1jjj miles7 p] second1 takes ?irty-six ye>s & a half to rea* u f ?is di/ant sun3 i4e41 ! lum9\s ray we are n[ receiv+ f ,pol>is has be5 travel+ = m ?an ! ?ird ( a c5tury4 ,:5 y1 g5tle read]1 7 born1 ! ray t arrives to-day f ! ,pole-,/> 0 already spe$+ on its way4 ,9 ! fir/ second aft] x _h />t$ x travel$ #cjj1jjj kilomet]s2 9 ! second x add$ ano!r #cjj1jjj :i* at once makes #fjj1jjj kilomet]s2 add ano!r #cjj1jjj kilomet]s = ! ?ird second1 & s on dur+ ! ?irty-six ye>s & a half4 ,if we tri$ to arrange ! numb] #cjj1jjj 7:i* repres5ts ! di/ance accompli%$ 9 "o second7 9 sup]pos$ r[s1 z if = an addition sum1 z _m times z is necess>y to obta9 ! di/ance t sep>ates ! ,pole-,/> f our ,e>?1 ! necess>y op]ation w\ld comprise #a1aea1jfd1jjj r[s1 & ! %eet ( pap] requir$ = ! sett+ out ( su* a sum w\ld measure approximately #aa1eaj kilomet]s 7ab\t #g1jjj miles71 i4e41 almo/ ! diamet] ( our t]re/rial globe1 or ab\t f\r times ! di/ance f ,p>is to ,mosc[6 ,is x n impossible to realize t our ,sun1 ) its entire sy/em1 is lo/ 9 ! ,heav5s at su* a di/ance f 8 pe]s 9 ,space8 ,at ! di/ance ( ! lea/ remote ( ! />s he w\ld appe> z "o ( ! smalle/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ne>e/ /> to u is alpha ( ! ,c5taur1 ( fir/ magnitude1 a neighbor ( ! ,s\? ,pole1 invisible 9 our latitudes4 ,its di/ance is #bge1jjj radii ( ! t]re/rial orbit1 i4e41 #bge1jjj times #adi million kilomet]s1 :i* gives #da trillions1 or #da1jjj milli>ds ( kilomet]s 7 #be-a_/b trillion miles74 ,a milli>d #a1jjj millions1 ! ,fr5* billion4 ,a trillion #a1jjj milli>ds1 or a million millions1 ! ,engli% billion4 ,! ,fr5* nom5clature has be5 reta9$ by ! translator4 ,at a spe$ ( #cjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ahf1jjj miles7 p] second ! light takes f\r ye>s to come f !nce4 ,x is a f9e d\ble />4 ,! next ne>e/ /> aft] ?is is a little orb invisible to ! unaid$ eye4 ,x has no "n1 & /&s z ,no4 #ba1ahe 9 ! ,catalogue ( ,lal&e4 ,x almo/ atta9s ! sev5? magnitude 7#f4h74 ,its di/ance is #fd trillion kilomet]s 7#ci-a_/b trillion miles74 ,! ?ird ( :i* ! di/ance has be5 measur$ is ! small /> 9 ,cygnus1 already ref]r$ to 9 ,*apt] ,,ii1 9 describ+ ! ,con/ellations4 ,its di/ance is #fi trillion kilomet]s 7#db-a_/b trillion miles74 ,?is1 too1 is a d\ble />4 ,! light takes sev5 ye>s to rea* u4 ,z we h se51 ! f9e />s ,sirius1 ,procyon1 ,aldeb>an1 ,altair1 ,vega1 & ,capella are m remote4 ,our sol> sy/em is ?us v isolat$ 9 ! va/ness ( ,inf9itude4 ,! late/ kn[n planet ( our sy/em1 ,neptune1 p]=ms its revolutions 9 space at #d milli>ds1 #dgj million kilomet]s 7#b1gga1djj1jjj miles7 f our ,sun4 ,ev5 ?is is a respectable di/ance6 ,b beyond ?is _w1 an imm5se gulf1 almo/ a void abyss1 ext5ds to ! ne>e/ />1 alpha ( ! ,c5taur4 ,betwe5 ,neptune & ,c5tauris !re is no /> to *e] ! black & cold solitude ( ! imm5se vacuum4 ,"o or two unkn[n planets1 "s w&]+ comets1 & sw>ms ( meteors1 d\btless trav]se ^? unkn[n spaces1 b all invisible to u4 ,lat] on we w discuss ! me?ods t h be5 employ$ 9 measur+ ^! di/ances4 ,let u n[ cont9ue our description4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ t we h "s notion ( ! di/ance ( ! />s we mu/ approa* !m ) ! telescope1 & comp>e !m "o ) ano!r4 ,let u1 = example1 get close to ,sirius3 9 ?is /> we admire a sun t is sev]al times heavi] ?an our own1 & ( mu* great] mass1 accompani$ by a second sun t revolves r\nd x 9 fifty ye>s4 ,its light is exce$+ly :ite1 & x notably burns ) hydrog5 flames1 l ,vega & ,altair4 ,n[ let u approa* ,arcturus1 ,capella1 ,aldeb>an3 ^! are yell[ />s ) gold5 rays1 l our ,sun1 & ! vapor ( iron1 ( sodium1 & ( _m o!r metals c be id5tifi$ 9 _! spectrum4 ,^! />s are old] ?an ! fir/1 & ! ruddy ones1 su* z ,ant>es1 ,betelgeuse1 alpha ( ,h]cules1 are /ill old]2 sev]al ( !m are v>iable1 & are on _! way to f9al ext9ction4 ,! ,heav5s af=d u a p]5nial /ore ( treasure1 :]e9 ! ?9k]1 poet or arti/ c f9d inexhau/ible subjects ( contemplation4 ,y h he>d ( ! cele/ial jewels1 ! diamonds1 rubies1 em]alds1 sapphires1 topazes1 & o!r preci\s /ones ( ! sid]eal casket4 ,^! m>vels are met ) especially among ! d\ble />s4 ,our ,sun1 :ite & solit>y1 gives no idea ( ! real aspect ( "s ( its bro!rs 9 ,inf9itude4 ,!re are z _m diff]5t types z !re are suns6 ,/>s1 y w ?9k1 are l individuals3 ea* has its di/9ct *>act]i/ics3 no two are comp>able4 ,& inde$ ?is reflection is ju/ifi$4 ,:ile human vanity does homage to ,phoebus1 div9e ,k+ ( ! ,heav5s1 o!r suns ( /ill great] magnific5ce =m gr\ps ( two or ?ree spl5did orbs1 :i* roll ! prodigi\s comb9ations ( _! d\ble1 triple1 or multiple sy/ems ?r\gh space1 p\r+ on to ! worlds t accompany !m a flood ( *ang+ light1 n[ blue1 n[ r$1 n[ violet1 etc4 ,9 ! inexhau/ible v>iety ( ,creation !re exi/ ,suns t are unit$ 9 pairs1 b\nd by a common de/9y1 cradl$ 9 ! same attraction1 & (t5 color$ 9 ! mo/ delicate & entranc+ %ades conceivable4 ,"h w be a dazzl+ ruby1 its gl[+ color %$d+ joy2 !re a deep blue sapphire ( t5d] tone2 beyond1 ! f9e/ em]alds1 hue ( hope4 ,diamonds ( transluc5t purity & :it5ess sp>kle f ! abyss1 & %$ _! p5etrat+ light into ! va/ space4 ,:at spl5dors are scatt]$ broadca/ ov] ! sky6 :at pr(usion6 ,to ! nak$ eye1 ! gr\ps appe> l ord9>y />s1 m]e lum9\s po9ts ( great] or less brilliancy2 b ! telescope soon discov]s ! beauty ( ^! sy/ems2 ! /> is duplicat$ into two di/9ct suns1 9 close proximity4 ,^! gr\ps ( two or sev]al suns are n m]ely due to an effect ( p]spective--i4e41 ! pres5ce ( two or m />s 9 our l9e ( sight2 z a rule !y con/itute real physical sy/ems1 & ^! suns1 associat$ 9 a common lot1 rotate r\nd "o ano!r 9 a m or less rapid p]iod1 t v>ies = ea* sy/em4 ,"o ( ! mo/ spl5did ( ^! d\ble />s1 & at ! same "t "o ( ! easie/ to p]ceive1 is zeta 9 ! ,great ,be>1 or ,miz>1 m5tion$ above 9 describ+ ?is con/ellation4 ,x has no contra/+ colors1 b exactly resembles tw9 diamonds ( ! f9e/ wat]1 :i* fasc9ate ! gaze1 ev5 ?r\gh a small objective4 ,its compon5ts are ( ! second & f\r? magnitudes1 _! di/ance #adf4 ,"s idea ( _! appe>ance 9 a small telescope may be obta9$ f ! subjo9$ figure 7,fig4 #ag74 ,ano!r v brilliant pair is ,ca/or4 ,magnitudes second & ?ird4 ,di/ance #e4f4 ,v easy to obs]ve4 gamma 9 ! ,virg9 resolves into two spl5did diamonds ( ?ird magnitude4 ,di/ance1 #e4j4 ,ano!r d\ble /> is gamma ( ! ,ram1 ( f\r? magnitude4 ,di/ance1 #h4i4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,! d\ble /> ,miz>4 ,& "h are two t are ev5 m curi\s by reason ( _! color+3 gamma 9 ,&rom$a1 compos$ ( a f9e orange />1 & "o em]ald-gre51 :i* aga9 is accompani$ by a t9y comrade ( ! deepe/ blue4 ,?is gr\p 9 a good telescope is mo/ attractive4 ,magnitudes1 second & fif?4 ,di/ance1 #aj4 beta ( ! ,swan1 or ,albireo1 ref]r$ to 9 ! la/ *apt]1 has be5 analyz$ into two />s3 "o gold5-yell[1 ! o!r sapphire4 ,magnitudes1 ?ird & fif?4 ,di/ance1 #cd4 alpha ( ! ,greyh\nds1 kn[n also z ! ,he>t ( ,*>les ,,ii1 is gold5-yell[ & lilac4 ,magnitudes1 ?ird & fif?4 ,di/ance #bj4g alpha ( ,h]cules revolves a spl5did em]ald & a ruby 9 ! skies2 zeta ( ! ,lyre exhibits a yell[ & a gre5 />2 ,rigel1 an electric sun1 & a small sapphire2 ,ant>es is ruddy & em]ald-gre52 eta ( ,p]seus resolves into a burn+ r$ />1 & "o small] t is deep blue1 & s on4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! exquisite d\ble />s revolve 9 graci\s & spl5did c\ples ar\nd "o ano!r1 z 9 "s maje/ic valse1 m>ry+ _! multi-color$ fires 9 ! mid/ ( ! />ry firmam5t4 ,"h1 we con/antly receive a pure & dazzl+ :ite light f our burn+ lum9>y4 ,its ray1 inde$1 conta9s ! pot5tiality ( e conceivable color1 b picture ! fanta/ic illum9ation ( ! worlds t gravitate r\nd ^! multiple & color$ suns z !y %$ floods ( blue & roseate1 r$1 or orange light ar\nd !m6 ,:at a fairy spectacle mu/ life pres5t ^u ^! di/ant univ]ses6 ,let u suppose t we inhabit a planet illum9at$ by two suns1 "o blue1 ! o!r r$4 ,x is morn+4 ,! sapphire sun climbs sl[ly up ! ,heav5s1 color+ ! atmosph]e ) a somb] & almo/ melan*oly hue4 ,! blue disk atta9s ! z5i?1 & is beg9n+ its desc5t t[>d ! ,we/1 :5 ! ,ea/ lights up ) ! flames ( a sc>let sun1 :i* 9 its turn asc5ds ! heights ( ! firmam5t4 ,! ,we/ is plung$ 9 ! p5umbra ( ! rays ( ! blue sun1 :ile ! ,ea/ is illum9at$ ) ! purple & burn+ rays ( ! ruby orb4 ,! fir/ sun is sett+ :5 ! second noon %9es = ! inhabitants ( ?is /range _w4 ,b ! r$ sun1 too1 accompli%es ! law ( its de/9y4 ,h>dly has x disappe>$ 9 ! conflagration ( its la/ rays1 ) :i* ! ,we/ is flu%$1 :5 ! blue orb reappe>s on ! opposite side1 %$d+ a pale azure light ^u ! _w x illum9ates1 :i* kn[s no night4 ,& ?us ^! two suns frat]nize 9 ! ,heav5s ov] ! common task ( r5ew+ a ?\s& effects ( extra-t]re/rial light = ! globes t are subject to _! v>iations4 ,sc>let1 indigo1 gre51 & gold5 suns2 pe>ly & multi-color$ ,moons2 are ^! n fairy visions1 dazzl+ to our poor sight1 condemn$ :ile "h bel[ to see & "k b "o :ite ,sun8 ,z we h le>n$1 !re are n only d\ble1 b triple1 & also multiple />s4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ t]n>y sy/ems is t ( gamma 9 ,&rom$a1 above m5tion$4 ,its l>ge /> is orange1 its second gre51 its ?ird blue1 b ! two la/ are 9 close juxtaposition1 & a p[]ful telescope is ne$$ to sep>ate !m4 ,a triple /> m easy to obs]ve is zeta ( ,canc]1 compos$ ( ?ree orbs ( fif? magnitude1 at a di/ance ( #a & #e2 ! fir/ two revolve r\nd _! common c5t] ( gravity 9 fifty-n9e ye>s1 ! ?ird takes ov] ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,! prec$+ figure %[s ?is sy/em 9 a fairly p[]ful objective 7,fig4 #ah74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--,triple /> zeta 9 ,canc]4 ,9 ! ,lyre1 a little above ! dazzl+ ,vega1 epsilon is ( f\r? magnitude1 :i* seems a little elongat$ to ! unaid$ eye1 & c ev5 be analyz$ into two contigu\s />s by v %>p sight4 ,b on exam9+ ?is attractive pair ) a small glass1 x is fur!r obvi\s t ea* ( ^! />s is d\ble2 s t !y =m a spl5did quadruple sy/em ( two c\ples 7,fig4 #ai73 "o ( fif? & a half & six? magnitudes1 at a di/ance ( #b4d1 ! o!r ( six? & sev5?1 #c4b di/ant4 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! two pairs is #bjg4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--,quadruple /> epsilon ( ! ,lyre4 ,9 speak+ ( ,orion1 we ref]r$ to ! m>vel\s /> !ta situat$ 9 ! no less fam\s ,nebula1 bel[ ! ,belt2 ?is /> =ms a dazzl+ sextuple sy/em1 9 ! v he>t ( ! nebula 7,fig4 #bj74 ,h[ diff]5t to our ,sun1 sail+ ?r\gh ,space 9 mode/ isolation6 ,be x not$ t all ^! />s are animat$ by prodigi\s motions t impel !m 9 e direction4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,sextuple /> !ta 9 ! ,nebula ( ,orion4 ,!re are no fix$ />s4 ,on e side ?r\gh\t ,inf9ity1 ! burn+ suns--enorm\s globes1 blaz+ c5t]s ( light & heat--are fly+ at giddy spe$ t[>d an unkn[n goal1 trav]s+ millions ( miles ea* day1 cross+ c5tury by c5tury su* va/ spaces z are inconceivable to ! human intellect4 ,if ! />s appe> motionless to u1 x is because !y are s remote1 _! secul> movem5ts be+ only manife/$ on ! cele/ial sph]e by imp]ceptible displacem5ts4 ,b 9 reality ^! suns are 9 p]petual commotion 9 ! abysses ( ! ,heav5s1 :i* !y quick5 ) an extraord9>y animation4 ,^! p]petual & cumulative motions mu/ ev5tually modify ! aspect ( ! ,con/ellations3 b ^! *anges w only take effect v sl[ly2 & = ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( ye>s long] ! h]oes & h]o9es ( my?ology w keep _! respective places 9 ! ,heav5s1 & reign undi/urb$ b5ea? ! />ry vault4 ,exam9ation ( ^! /> motions reveals ! fact t our ,sun is plung+ ) all 8 sy/em 7! ,e>? includ$7 t[>d ! ,con/ellation ( ,h]cules4 ,we are *ang+ our position e mom5t3 9 an h\r we %all be #gj1jjj kilomet]s 7#dc1ejj miles7 f>!r ?an we are at pres5t4 ,! ,sun & ! ,e>? w nev] aga9 trav]se ! space !y h j left1 & :i* !y h des]t$ =ev]4 ,& "h let u pause = an in/ant to consid] ! v>iable />s4 ,our ,sun1 :i* is con/ant & uni=m 9 its light1 does n set ! type ( all ! />s4 ,a great numb] ( !m are v>iable--ei!r p]iodically1 9 regul> cycles--or irregul>ly4 ,we are already acqua9t$ ) ! v>iations ( ,algol1 9 ,p]seus1 due to its p>tial eclipse by a d>k globe gravitat+ 9 ! l9e ( our vision4 ,!re are sev]al o!rs ( ! same type3 ^! are n1 prop]ly speak+1 v>iable />s4 ,b !re are _m o!rs ! intr9sic light ( :i* und]goes actual v>iations4 ,9 ord] to realize ?is1 let u imag9e t our ,e>? belongs to su* a sun1 = example1 to a /> 9 ! s\!rn con/ellation ( ! ,:ale1 indicat$ by ! lett] omicron1 :i* has be5 nam$ ! wond]ful 7,mira ,ceti74 ,our new sun is %9+ to-day ) a dazzl+ light1 %$d+ ! gladness ( 8 joy\s beams ^u nature & 9 our he>ts4 ,= two mon?s we admire ! sup]b orb1 sp>kl+ 9 ! azure illum9at$ ) its radiance4 ,!n ( a sudd51 its light fades1 & dim9i%es 9 int5sity1 ?\gh ! sky rema9s cle>4 ,imp]ceptibly1 our f9e sun d>k5s2 ! atmosph]e becomes sad & dull1 !re is an anticipation ( univ]sal dea?4 ,= five long mon?s our _w is plung$ 9 a k9d ( p5umbra2 all nature is sadd5$ 9 ! g5]al woe4 ,b :ile we are bewail+ ! cruelty ( our lot1 our *]i%$ lum9>y revives4 ,! int5sity ( its light increases sl[ly4 ,its brilliancy augm5ts1 & f9ally1 at ! end ( ?ree mon?s1 x has recov]$ its =m] spl5dors1 & %[]s its bright beams ^u our _w1 flood+ x ) joy4 ,b--we mu/ n rejoice too quickly6 ,?is spl5did blaze w n endure4 ,! flam+ /> w pale once m2 fade back to its m9imum2 & !n aga9 revive4 ,su* is ! nature ( ?is caprici\s sun4 ,x v>ies 9 ?ree hundr$ & ?irty-"o days1 & f yell[ at ! maximum1 turns r$ at ! m9imum4 ,?is />1 ,mira ,ceti1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ curi\s ( its type1 v>ies f ! second to ! n9? magnitudes3 we cite x z "o example2 hundr$s ( o!rs might be in/anc$4 ,?us ! sky is no black curta9 dott$ ) brilliant po9ts1 no empty des]t1 sil5t & monoton\s4 ,x is a prodigi\s !at] on :i* ! mo/ fanta/ic plays are cont9ually be+ act$4 ,only--!re are no spectators4 ,aga91 we mu/ note ! tempor>y />s1 :i* %9e = a c]ta9 "t1 & !n die out rapidly4 ,su* 0 ! /> 9 ,cassiopeia1 9 #aegb1 ! light ( :i* exce$$ ,sirius 9 its visibility 9 full daylight1 burn+ = five mon?s ) unp>allel$ spl5dor1 dom9at+ all o!r />s ( fir/ magnitude2 aft] :i* x di$ out gradually1 disappe>+ at ! end ( sev5te5 mon?s1 to ! t]ror ( ! peoples1 :o saw 9 x ! h>b+] ( ! _w's end3 t ( #afjd1 9 ! ,con/ellation ( ! ,s]p5t1 :i* %one = a ye>2 ( #ahff1 ( second magnitude1 9 ! ,nor!rn ,cr[n1 :i* appe>$ = a few weeks only2 ( #ahgf1 9 ! ,swan2 ( #ahhe1 9 ! ,nebula ( ,&rom$a2 ( #ahia1 9 ! ,*>iote]2 & q rec5tly1 ( #aija1 9 ,p]seus4 ,^! tempor>y />s1 :i* appe> spontane\sly to ! obs]v]s on ! ,e>?1 & quickly vani% aga91 are d\btless due to collisions1 conflagrations1 or cele/ial cataclysms4 ,b we only see !m long aft] ! epo* at :i* ! ph5om5a occurr$1 ye>s ^u ye>s1 & c5turies ago4 ,= in/ance1 ! conflagration photograph$ by ! au?or 9 #aija1 9 ,p]seus1 mu/ h occurr$ 9 ! "t ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 ,x has tak5 all ?is "t = ! rays ( light to rea* u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,heav5s are full ( surprises1 on :i* we c be/[ b a fleet+ glance )9 ^! limits4 ,!y pres5t a field ( inf9ite v>iety4 ,:o has n notic$ ! ,milky ,way1 ! pale belt t trav]ses ! entire firmam5t & is s lum9\s on cle> ev5+s 9 ! ,con/ellations ( ! ,swan & ! ,lyre8 ,x is inde$ a sw>m ( />s4 ,ea* is individually too small to excite our ret9a1 b z a :ole1 curi\sly en\gh1 !y are p]fectly visible4 ,) op]a-glasses we div9e ! />ry con/itution3 a small telescope %[s u m>vels4 ,eighte5 millions ( />s 7 c\nt$ !re ) ! gauges ( ,william ,h]s*el4 ,n[ ?is ,milky ,way is a symbol1 n ( ! ,univ]se1 b ( ! ,univ]ses t succe$ ea* o!r ?r\gh ! va/ spaces to ,inf9ity4 ,our ,sun is a /> ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,x surr\nds u l a great circle1 & if ! ,e>? 7 transp>5t1 we %\ld see x pass b5ea? our feet z well z ov] our heads4 ,x consi/s ( a v consid]able mass ( />-clu/]s1 v>y+ greatly 9 ext5t & numb]1 "s project$ 9 front ( o!rs1 :ile ! :ole =ms an agglom]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,! ,/>-,clu/] 9 ,h]cules4 ,among ?is mass ( />-gr\ps1 sev]al ?\s&s ( :i* are already kn[n to u1 we w select "o ( ! mo/ curi\s1 ! ,clu/] 9 ,h]cules1 :i* c be di/+ui%$ ) ! unaid$ eye1 betwe5 ! />s eta & zeta ( t con/ellation4 ,_m photographs ( x h be5 tak5 9 ! au?or's obs]vatory at ,juvisy1 %[+ "s ?\s&s ( />s2 & "o ( ^! is reproduc$ 9 ! accompany+ figure 7,fig4 #ba74 ,is x n a v]itable univ]se8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,! ,/>-,clu/] 9 ! ,c5taur4 ,ano!r ( ! mo/ beautiful1 on acc\nt ( its regul>ity1 is t ( ! ,c5taur 7,fig4 #bb74 ,^! gr\ps (t5 assume ! mo/ extraord9>y %apes 9 ! telescope1 su* z cr[ns1 fi%es1 crabs1 op5 m\?s1 birds ) outspread w+s1 etc4 ,we mu/ also note ! gase\s nebulae1 univ]ses 9 ! mak+1 e4g41 ! fam\s ,nebula 9 ,orion1 ( :i* we obta9$ "s notion a :ile ago 9 connection ) its sextuple />3 & also t 9 ,&rom$a 7,fig4 #bc74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--,! ,nebula 9 ,&rom$a4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--,nebula 9 ! ,greyh\nds4 ,p]haps ! mo/ m>vel\s ( all is t ( ! ,greyh\nds1 :i* evolves 9 gigantic spirals r\nd a dazzl+ focus1 & !n loses itself f> (f 9 ! recesses ( space4 ,fig4 #bd gives a picture ( x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,! ,pleiades4 ,)\t go+ ?us f>1 & p5etrat+ into telescopic dep?s1 my read]s c get "s notion ( ^! />-clu/]s ) ! help ( a small telescope or op]a-glasses1 or ev5 ) ! unaid$ eye1 by look+ at ! beautiful gr\p ( ! ,pleiades1 already famili> to u on ano!r page1 & us+ x z a te/ ( vision4 ,! little map subjo9$ 7,fig4 #be7 w be an assi/ance 9 recogniz+ !m1 & 9 e/imat+ _! magnitudes1 :i* are 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,alcyone #c4j4 ,electra #d4e4 ,atlas #d4f4 ,maia #e4j4 ,m]ope #e4e4 ,taygeta #e4h4 ,pleione #f4c4 ,cela5o #f4e4 ,a/]ope #f4h4 ,good eyes di/+ui% ! fir/ six1 %>p sight detects ! ?ree o!rs4 ,9 ! times ( ! anci5t ,greeks1 sev5 7 acc\nt$ ( equal brilliancy1 & ! poets relat$ t ! sev5? /> _h fl$ at ! "t ( ! ,trojan ,w>4 ,ovid adds t %e 0 mortifi$ at n be+ embrac$ by a god1 z 7 h] six si/]s4 ,x is probable t only ! be/ sight c\ld !n di/+ui% ,pleione1 z 9 our own day4 ,! angul> di/ance f ,atlas to ,pleione is #e'4 ,! l5g? ( ?is republic1 f ,atlas & ,pleione to ,cela5o1 is #d'_/bc ( "t1 or #a deg4 #f' ( arc2 ! bread?1 f ,m]ope to ,a/]ope1 is #cf'4h ,9 ! quadrilat]al1 ! l5g? f ,alcyone to ,electra is #cf'1 & ! bread? f ,m]ope to ,maia #be'4 ,to u x appe>s z ?\gh1 if ! ,full ,moon 7 plac$ 9 front ( ?is gr\p ( n9e />s1 %e w\ld cov] x entirely1 = to ! nak$ eye %e appe>s mu* l>g] ?an all ! ,pleiades toge!r4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,%e only measures #ca'1 less ?an half ! di/ance f ,atlas to ,cela5o2 %e is h>dly broad] ?an ! di/ance f ,alcyone to ,atlas1 & c\ld pass betwe5 ,m]ope & ,taygeta )\t t\*+ ei!r ( ^! />s4 ,?is is a p]5nial & v curi\s optical illusion4 ,:5 ! ,moon passes 9 front ( ! ,pleiades1 & occults !m successively1 x is h>d to believe "o's eyes4 ,! fact occurr$1 e4g41 on ,july #bc1 #ahig1 dur+ a f9e occultation obs]v$ at ! au?or's laboratory ( ,juvisy 7,fig4 #bf74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,occultation ( ! ,pleiades by ! ,moon4 ,photography "h discov]s to u1 n #f1 #i1 #ab1 #ae1 or #bj />s1 b hundr$s & millions4 ,^! are ! mo/ brilliant fl[]s ( ! cele/ial g>d54 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,/ell> dial ( ! d\ble /> gamma ( ! ,virg94 ,we1 alas1 c b glance at !m rapidly4 ,9 contemplat+ !m we are transport$ into imm5sities bo? ( space & "t1 = ! /ell> p]iods measur$ by ^! di/ant univ]ses (t5 ov]p[] 9 _! magnitude ! rapid ye>s 9 :i* our t]re/rial days are e/imat$4 ,= in/ance1 "o ( ! d\ble />s we spoke ( above1 gamma ( ! ,virg91 sees its two compon5ts1 transluc5t diamonds1 revolve ar\nd _! common c5t] ( gravity1 9 "o hundr$ & eighty ye>s4 ,h[ _m ev5ts took place 9 ,france1 let u say1 9 a s+le ye> ( ?is />6--,! ,reg5cy1 ,l\is ,,xv1 ,l\is ,,xvi1 ! ,revolution1 ,napoleon1 ,l\is ,,xviii1 ,l\is ,philippe1 ! ,second ,republic1 ,napoleon ,,iii1 ! ,franco-,g]man ,w>1 ! ,?ird ,republic4444 ,:at revolutions "h1 dur+ a s+le ye> ( ?is radiant pair6 7,fig4 #bg47 ,b ! pageant ( ! ,heav5s is too va/1 too ov]:elm+4 ,we mu/ end our survey4 ,our ,milky ,way1 ) its millions ( />s1 repres5ts = u only a portion ( ! ,creation4 ,! illimitable abysses ( ,inf9itude are peopl$ by o!r univ]ses z va/1 z impos+1 z our own1 :i* are r5ew$ 9 all directions ?r\gh ! dep?s ( ,space to endless di/ance4 ,:]e is our little ,e>?8 ,:]e our ,sol> ,sy/em8 ,we are fa9 to fold our w+s1 & return f ! ,imm5se & ,inf9ite to our float+ isl&4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,our ,,/> ,,! ,,sun ,9 ! incessant agitation ( daily life 9 :i* we are involv$ by ! ?\s& sup]flu\s wants ( mod]n civilization1 "o is prone to assume t exi/5ce is complete only :5 x reckons to ! good an incalculable numb] ( petty incid5ts1 ea* m insignificant ?an ! la/4 ,:y lose "t 9 ?9k+ or dream+8 ,we mu/ live at fev] heat1 mu/ agitate1 & be infatuat$ = inanities1 mu/ create imag9>y desires & torm5ts4 ,! ?\ghtful m9d1 prone to contemplation & admiration ( ! beauties ( ,nature1 is ill at ease 9 ?is p]petual vortex t swall[s ev]y?+--satisfaction1 9 a life t "o has n "t to reli%2 love ( ! beautiful1 t "o views ) indiff]5ce2 x is a :irlpool t p]petually hides ,tru? f u1 =gott5 =ev] at ! bottom ( h] well4 ,& :y are our lives ?us absorb$ 9 m]ely mat]ial int]e/s8 ,to satisfy our pride & vanity6 ,to make ourselves slaves to *im]as6 ,if ! ,moon 7 inhabit$1 & if h] d5iz5s c\ld see u pla9ly en\gh to note & analyze ! details ( human exi/5ce on ! surface ( our planet1 x w\ld be curi\s & p]haps a little humiliat+ = u1 to see _! /ati/ics4 ,:at6 we %\ld say1 is ?is ! sum ( our lives8 ,is x = ?is t we /ruggle1 & suff]1 & die8 ,truly x is futile to give ourselves su* tr\ble4 ,& yet ! rem$y is simple1 )9 ! p[] ( e "o2 b "o does n ?9k ( x j because x is too easy1 al?\gh x has ! imm5se advantage ( lift+ u out ( ! mis]ies ( ?is we>y _w t[>d ! inexpressible happ9ess t mu/ always awak5 9 u ) ! k ( ! ,tru?3 we ne$ only op5 our eyes to see1 & to look out4 ,only--"o h>dly ev] ?9ks ( x1 & x is easi] to let "o's self be bl9d$ by ! illusion & false glamor ( appe>ances4 ,?9k :at x w\ld be to consecrate an h\r ea* day to volunt>y p>ticipation 9 ! h>moni\s ,*oir ( ,nature1 to raise "o's eyes t[>d ! ,heav5s1 to %>e ! lessons taught by ! ,pageant ( ! ,univ]se6 ,b1 no3 !re is no "t1 no "t = ! intellectual life1 no "t to become atta*$ to real int]e/s1 no "t to pursue !m4 ,among ! objects m>%al$ = u 9 ! imm5se spectacle ( ,nature1 no?+ )\t exception has /ruck ! admiration & att5tion ( man z mu* z ! ,sun1 ! ,god ( ,light1 ! fecundat+ orb1 )\t :i* our planet & its life w\ld nev] h issu$ f non5tity1 ! visible image ( ! invisible god1 z said ,cic]o1 & ! poets ( antiquity4 ,& yet h[ _m beyond ! circle ( ^? likely to read ^! pages "k t ?is ,sun is a /> 9 ! ,milky ,way1 & t e /> is a sun8 ,h[ _m take any acc\nt ( ! reality & gr&eur ( ! ,univ]se8 ,inquire1 & y w f9d t ! numb] ( p :o h any notion1 h[ev] rudim5t>y1 ( its con/ruction1 is s+ul>ly re/rict$4 ,humanity is cont5t to vegetate1 mu* aft] ! fa%ion ( a race ( moles4 ,h5ce=w>d1 y w "k t y are liv+ 9 ! rays ( a />1 :i*1 f its proximity1 we t]m a sun4 ,to ! inhabitants ( o!r sy/ems ( worlds1 our spl5did ,sun is only a m or less brilliant1 lum9\s po9t1 accord+ z ! spot f :i* x is obs]v$ is ne>] or f>!r (f4 ,b to u its t]re/rial importance r5d]s x p>ticul>ly preci\s2 we =get all ! si/] />s on its acc\nt1 & ev5 ! mo/ ignorant hail x ) en?usiasm )\t exactly kn[+ :at its role 9 ! univ]se may be1 simply because !y feel t !y dep5d on x1 & t )\t x life w\ld become ext9ct on ?is globe4 ,yes1 x is ! b5efic5t rays ( ! ,sun t %$ ^u our ,e>? ! floods ( light & heat to :i* ,life owes its exi/5ce & its p]petual propagation4 ,hail1 va/ ,sun6 a little /> 9 ,inf9itude1 b = u a colossal & port5t\s lum9>y4 ,hail1 div9e ,b5efactor6 ,h[ %\ld we n adore1 :5 we owe him ! gl[ ( ! w>m & *e]y days ( summ]1 ! g5tle c>esses by :i* 8 rays t\* ! undulat+ e>s1 & gild !m ) ! t\*8 ,! ,sun su/a9s our globe 9 ,space1 & keeps x )9 8 rays by ! my/]i\sly p[]ful & delicate cords ( attraction4 ,x is ! ,sun t we inhale f ! embalm$ corollas ( ! fl[]s t uplift _! graci\s heads t[>d 8 light1 & reflect 8 spl5dors back to u4 ,x is ! ,sun t sp>kles 9 ! foam ( ! m]ry w9e2 t *>ms our gaze 9 ^? fir/ days ( spr+1 :5 ! home ( ! human race is adorn$ ) all ! *>ms ( v]dant & fl[]+ y\?4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d ! ,sun2 ev]y:]e we recognize 8 "w1 ext5d+ f ! inf9itely great to ! inf9itely little4 ,we b[ to 8 might1 & admire 8 p[]4 ,:5 9 ! sad w9t] day he disappe>s beh9d ! sn[y eaves1 we ?9k 8 fi]y globe w nev] rise to mitigate ! %ort ,decemb] days :i* are alleviat$ ) 8 languid beams4 ,april re/ores him to sup]b maje/y1 & our he>ts are fill$ ) hope 9 ! illum9ation ( ^? beaute\s1 sunny h\rs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,our cele/ial j\rney c>ri$ u f> inde$ f our own ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,guid$ by ! p5etrat+ eye ( ! telescope1 we rea*$ su* di/ant creations t we lo/ sight ( our *]i%$ lum9>y4 ,b we rememb] t he burns yond]1 9 ! mid/ ( ! pale cosmic cl\d we t]m ! ,milky ,way4 ,let u approa* him1 n[ t we h visit$ ! ,isles ( ,light 9 ! ,cele/ial ,ocean2 let u trav]se ! va/ pla9s /rewn ) ! burn+ gold ( ! ,suns ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,we emb>k ^u a ray ( light1 & glide rapidly to ! portals ( our ,univ]se4 ,soon we p]ceive a t9y speck1 sc9tillat+ feebly 9 ! dep?s ( ,space1 & recognize x z our own cele/ial qu>t]s4 ,?is little /> %9es l ! head ( a gold p91 & increases 9 size z we advance t[>d x4 ,we trav]se a few m trillion miles 9 our rapid c\rse1 & x %9es out l a f9e /> ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,x gr[s l>g] & l>g]4 ,soon we div9e t x is our humble ,e>? t is %9+ be=e u1 & gladly alight ^u h]4 ,9 future we %all n quit our own prov9ce ( ! ,cele/ial ,k+dom1 b w ent] into relations ) ?is sol> family1 :i* int]e/s u ! m 9 t x affects u s closely4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--;,comp>ative sizes ( ! ,sun & ,e>?4 ,! ,sun1 :i* is manife/$ to u z a f9e :ite disk at noon1 :ile x is fi]y r$ 9 ! ev5+1 at its sett+1 is an imm5se globe1 ^: colossal dim5sions surpass ^? ( our t]re/rial atom beyond all conceivable proportion4 ,9 diamet]1 x is1 9 effect1 #ajh-a_/b times z l>ge z ! ,e>?2 t is to say1 if our planet be repres5t$ by a globe #a met] 9 diamet]1 ! ,sun w\ld figure z a sph]e #ajh-a_/b met]s across4 ,?is is %[n on ! accompany+ figure 7,fig4 #bh71 :i* is 9 exact proportion4 ,if our _w 7 set d[n ^u ! ,sun1 ) all its magnific5ce1 all its weal?1 its m\nta9s1 its seas1 its monum5ts1 & its inhabitants1 x w\ld only be an imp]ceptible speck4 ,x w\ld occupy less space 9 ! c5tral orb ?an "o gra9 9 a gr5ade4 ,if ! ,e>? 7 plac$ 9 ! c5t] ( ! ,sun1 ) ! ,moon /ill revolv+ r\nd x at h] prop] di/ance ( #chd1jjj kilomet]s 7#bch1ejj miles71 only half ! sol> surface w\ld be cov]$4 ,9 volume ! ,sun is #a1bhj1jjj times va/] ?an our abode1 & #cbd1jjj times heavi] 9 mass4 ,t ! giant only appe>s to u z a small ?\gh v brilliant disk1 is solely on acc\nt ( its di/ance4 ,its app>5t dim5sions by no means reveal its maje/ic proportions to u4 ,:5 obs]v$ ) a/ronomical in/rum5ts1 or photograph$1 we discov] t its surface is n smoo?1 z might be suppos$1 b granulat$1 pres5t+ a numb] ( lum9\s po9ts disp]s$ ov] a m somb] backgr\nd4 ,^! granulations are some:at l ! pores ( a fruit1 e4g41 a f9e orange1 ! color ( :i* recalls ! hue ( ! ,sun :5 x s9ks 9 ! ev5+1 & prep>es to plunge u into d>kness4 ,at times ^! pores op5 "u ! influ5ce ( di/urbances t arise ^u ! sol> surface1 & give bir? to a ,sun-,spot4 ,= c5turies sci5ti/s & lay p alike refus$ to admit ! exi/5ce ( ^! spots1 reg>d+ !m z s _m blemi%es ^u ! ,k+ ( ! ,heav5s4 ,0 n ! ,sun ! emblem ( inviolable purity8 ,to f9d any defect 9 him 7 to d him griev\s injury4 ,s9ce ! orb ( day 0 incorruptible1 ^? :o ?rew d\bt on 8 immaculate spl5dor 7 fools & idiots4 ,& s :5 ,s*e9]1 "o ( ! fir/ :o /udi$ ! sol> spots ) ! telescope1 publi%$ ! result ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 #afaj1 no "o w\ld believe 8 /atem5ts4 ,yet1 f ! obs]vations ( ,galileo & o!r a/ronom]s1 x became necess>y to accept ! evid5ce1 & /rang] /ill to recognize t x is by ^! v spots t we are enabl$ to /udy ! physical con/itution ( ! ,sun4 ,!y are g5]ally r\nd$ or oval 9 %ape1 & exhibit two di/9ct p>ts2 fir/1 ! c5tral portion1 :i* is black1 & is call$ ! nucleus1 or umbra2 second1 a cle>] region1 half %ad$1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( p5umbra4 ,^! p>ts are %>ply def9$ 9 outl9e2 ! p5umbra is gray1 ! nucleus looks black 9 relation to ! dazzl+ brilliancy ( ! sol> surface2 b z a matt] ( fact x radiates a light #b1jjj times sup]ior 9 int5sity to t ( ! full moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--;,direct photograph ( ! ,sun4 ,"s idea ( ! aspect ( ^! spots may be obta9$ f ! accompany+ reproduction ( a photograph ( ! ,sun 7tak5 ,septemb] #h1 #ahih1 at ! au?or's obs]vatory at ,juvisy71 & f ! detail$ draw+ ( ! l>ge spot t broke out "s days lat] 7,septemb] #ac71 cross$ by a bridge1 & furr[$ ) flames4 ,z a rule1 ! spots und]go rapid trans=mations4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--,telescopic aspect ( a ,sun-,spot4 ,^! spots1 :i* appe> ( insignificant dim5sions to ! obs]v]s on ! ,e>?1 are 9 reality absolutely gigantic4 ,"s t h be5 measur$ are t5 times z l>ge z ! ,e>?'s diamet]1 i4e41 #abj1jjj kilomet]s 7#gd1ejj miles74 ,sometimes ! spots are s l>ge t !y c be se5 ) ! unaid$ eye 7protect$ ) black or d>k-blue glasses74 ,!y are n =m$ in/antane\sly1 b are h]ald$ by a va/ commotion on ! sol> surface1 exhibit+1 z x 71 lum9\s waves or faculae4 ,out ( ?is agitation arises a little spot1 t is usually r\nd1 & enl>ges progressively to rea* a maximum1 aft] :i* x dim9i%es1 ) frequ5t segm5tation & %r9kage4 ,"s are visible only = a few days2 o!rs la/ = mon?s4 ,"s appe>1 only to be in/antly swall[$ 9 ! boil+ turmoil ( ! flam+ orb4 ,sometimes1 aga91 :ite inc&esc5t waves em]ge1 & seem to ?r[ lum9\s bridges across ! c5tral umbra4 ,z a rule ! spots are n v pr(\nd4 ,!y are funnel-%ap$ depressions1 inf]ior 9 dep? to ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?1 :i*1 z we h se51 is #ajh times small] ?an t ( ! ,sun4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ,sun-,spots are n devoid ( motion1 & f _! movem5ts we le>n t ! radiant orb revolves ^u itself 9 ab\t tw5ty-five days4 ,?is rotation 0 det]m9$ 9 #afaa1 by ,galileo1 :o1 :ile obs]v+ ! spots1 saw t !y trav]s$ ! sol> disk f ea/ to we/1 foll[+ l9es t are oblique to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 & t !y disappe> at ! we/]n bord] f\rte5 days aft] _! arrival at ! ea/]n edge4 ,sometimes ! same spot1 aft] be+ invisible = f\rte5 days1 reappe>s ^u ! ea/]n edge1 :]e x 0 obs]v$ tw5ty-eight days previ\sly4 ,x progresses t[>d ! c5t] ( ! ,sun1 :i* is rea*$ 9 sev5 days1 disappe>s anew 9 ! we/1 & cont9ues its j\rney on ! hemisph]e oppos$ to u1 to reappe> "u obs]vation two weeks lat]1 if x has n meantime be5 ext+ui%$4 ,?is obs]vation proves t ! ,sun revolves ^u itself4 ,! reappe>ance ( ! spots occurs 9 ab\t tw5ty-sev5 days1 because ! ,e>? is n /ation>y1 & 9 its movem5t r\nd ! burn+ focus1 a motion effect$ 9 ! same direction z ! sol> rotation1 ! spots are /ill visible two & a half days aft] !y disappe>$ f ! po9t at :i* !y _h be5 tw5ty-five days previ\sly4 ,9 reality1 ! rotation ( ! ,sun occupies tw5ty-five & a half days1 b /rangely en\gh ?is globe does n rotate 9 "o uni=m p]iod1 l ! ,e>?2 ! rotation p]iods1 or movem5ts ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! sol> surface1 dim9i% f ! ,sun's equator t[>d its poles4 ,! p]iod is tw5ty-five days at ! equator1 tw5ty-six at ! tw5ty-f\r? degree ( latitude1 nor? or s\?1 tw5ty-sev5 at ! ?irty-sev5? degree1 tw5ty-eight at ! =ty-eigh?4 ,! spots are usually =m$ betwe5 ! equator & ?is latitude1 m especially betwe5 ! t5? & ?irtie? degrees4 ,!y h nev] be5 se5 r\nd ! poles4 ,t[>d ! edges ( ! ,sun1 aga91 are v brilliant & highly lum9\s regions1 :i* g5]ally surr\nd ! spots1 & h be5 t]m$ faculae 7facula1 a little tor*74 ,^! faculae1 :i* frequ5tly occupy a v ext5sive surface1 seem to be ! seat ( =midable commotions t incessantly revolutionize ! face ( our mon>*1 (t51 z we said1 prec$+ ! spots4 ,!y c be detect$ "r up to ! poles4 ,our ,sun1 t appe>s s calm & maje/ic1 is 9 reality ! seat ( fi]ce conflagrations4 ,volcanic eruptions1 ! mo/ appall+ /orms1 ! wor/ cataclysms t sometimes di/urb our little _w1 are g5tle zephyrs comp>$ ) ! sol> tempe/s t eng5d] cl\ds ( fire capable at "o bur/ ( engulf+ globes ( ! dim5sions ( our planet4 ,to comp>e t]re/rial volcanoes ) sol> eruptions is l comp>+ ! mode/ night-light t consumes a midge ) ! flames ( ! fire t de/roys a t[n4 ,! sol> spots v>y 9 a fairly regul> p]iod ( elev5 to twelve ye>s4 ,9 c]ta9 ye>s1 e4g41 #ahic1 !y are va/1 num]\s & frequ5t2 9 o!r ye>s1 e4g41 #aija1 !y are few & insignificant4 ,! /ati/ics are v c>efully pres]v$4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is ! surface %[+ sun-spots express$ 9 million?s ( ! ext5t ( ! visible sol> surface3 #ahhi #gh #ahij #ii #ahia #efi #ahib #a1bad #ahic #a1dfd #ahie #igd #ahif #edc #ahig #ead #ahih #cge #ahii #aaa #aijj #ge #aija #bi #aijb #fb ,! ye>s #ahhi & #aija 7 m9ima2 ! ye> #ahic a maximum4 ,x is a curi\s fact t t]re/rial magnetism & ! boreal auroras exhibit an oscillation p>allel to t ( ! sol> spots1 & app>5tly ! same occurs ) reg>d to temp]ature4 ,we mu/ reg>d our sun z a globe ( gas 9 a /ate ( combu/ion1 burn+ at high temp]ature1 & giv+ (f a prodigi\s am\nt ( heat & light4 ,! dazzl+ surface ( ?is globe is call$ a photosph]e 7light sph]e74 ,x is 9 p]petual motion1 l ! waves ( an ocean ( fire1 ^: roseate & transp>5t flames measure "s #ae1jjj kilomet]s 7#i1cjj miles7 9 height4 ,?is /ratum ( rose-color$ flames has receiv$ ! "n ( *romosph]e 7color sph]e74 ,x is transp>5t2 x is n directly visible1 b is se5 only dur+ ! total eclipses ( ! ,sun1 :5 ! dazzl+ disk ( t lum9>y is entirely conceal$ by ! ,moon2 or ) ! aid ( ! spectroscope4 ,! "p ( ! ,sun t we see is its lum9\s surface1 or photosph]e4 ,f ?is agitat$ surface !re is a con/ant ejection ( gigantic eruptions1 imm5se jets ( flame1 geys]s ( fire1 project$ at a t]rific spe$ to prodigi\s heights4 ,= ye>s a/ronom]s 7 greatly p]plex$ z to ! nature ( ^! inc&esc5t masses1 kn[n z prom95ces1 :i* %ot out l fireworks1 & 7 only visible dur+ ! total eclipses ( ! ,sun4 ,b n[1 ?anks to an +5i\s inv5tion ( ,janss5 & ,locky]1 ^! eruptions c be obs]v$ e day 9 ! spectroscope1 & h be5 regi/]$ s9ce #ahfh1 m p>ticul>ly 9 ,rome & 9 ,catania1 :]e ! ,society ( ,spectroscopi/s 0 f\nd$ ) ?is especial object1 & publi%es mon?ly bullet9s 9 /ati/ics ( ! heal? ( ! ,sun4 ,^! prom95ces assume all imag9able =ms1 & (t5 resemble our own /orm-cl\ds2 !y rise above ! *romosph]e ) incr$ible velocity1 (t5 exce$+ #bjj kilomet]s 7#abd miles7 p] second1 & are c>ri$ up to ! amaz+ height ( #cjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ahf1jjj miles74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--,rose-color$ sol> flames #bbh1jjj kilomet]s 7#ada1ejj miles7 9 height1 i4e41 #ah times ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?4 ,! ,sun is surr\nd$ ) ^! enorm\s flames on e side2 sometimes !y %oot out into space l spl5did curv+ roseate plumes2 at o!rs !y re> _! lum9\s heads 9 ! ,heav5s1 l ! cleft & wav+ leaves ( giant palm-trees4 ,hav+ illu/rat$ a rem>kable type ( sol> spot1 x is int]e/+ to submit to ! read] a precise obs]vation ( ^! curi\s sol> flames4 ,t reproduc$ "h 0 obs]v$ 9 ,rome1 ,janu>y #cj1 #ahhe4 ,x measur$ #bbh1jjj kilomet]s 7#ada1ejj miles7 9 height1 eighte5 times ! diamet] ( ! e>? 7repres5t$ alongside 9 its relative magnitude74 7,fig4 #ca47 ,sol> eruptions h be5 se5 to rea*1 9 a few m9utes1 a height ( m ?an #ajj1jjj kilomet]s 7#fb1jjj miles71 & !n to fall back 9 a flam+ torr5t into t burn+ & inext+ui%able ocean4 ,obs]vation1 9 conjunction ) spectral analysis1 %[s ^! prom95ces to be due to =midable explosions produc$ )9 ! actual sub/ance ( ! ,sun1 & project+ masses ( inc&esc5t hydrog5 into space ) consid]able =ce4 ,nor is ?is all4 ,dur+ an eclipse "o sees ar\nd ! black disk ( ! ,moon z x passes 9 front ( ! ,sun & int]cepts its light1 a brilliant & rosy aureole ) long1 lum9\s1 bran*+ fea!rs /ream+ out1 l aigrettes1 :i* ext5d a v consid]able di/ance f ! sol> surface4 ,?is aureole1 ! nature ( :i* is /ill unkn[n to u1 has receiv$ ! "n ( corona4 ,x is a sort ( imm5se atmosph]e1 extremely r>efi$4 ,our sup]b tor*1 accord+ly1 is a brazi] ( unp>allel$ activity--a globe ( gas1 agitat$ by ph5om5al tempe/s ^: flam+ /ream]s ext5d af>4 ,! smalle/ ( ^! flames is s pot5t t x w\ld swall[ up our _w at a s+le brea?1 l ! bombs %ot out by ,vesuvius1 t fall back )9 ! crat]4 ,:at n[ is ! real heat ( ?is inc&esc5t focus8 ,! mo/ accurate rese>*es e/imate ! temp]ature ( ! surface ( ! ,sun at #g1jjj deg4,c4 ,! int]nal temp]ature mu/ be consid]ably high]4 ,a crucible ( molt5 iron p\r$ out ^u ! ,sun w\ld be z a /ream ( ice & sn[4 ,we c =m "s idea ( ?is calorific =ce by mak+ c]ta9 comp>isons4 ,?us1 ! heat giv5 out appe>s to be equal to t :i* w\ld be emitt$ by a colossal globe ( ! same dim5sions 7t is1 z volum9\s z twelve hundr$ & eighty ?\s& t]re/rial globes71 entirely cov]$ ) a lay] ( inc&esc5t coal #bh kilomet]s 7#ah miles7 9 dep?1 all burn+ at equal combu/ion4 ,! heat emitt$ by ! ,sun1 at ea* second1 is equal to t :i* w\ld result f ! combu/ion ( elev5 quadrillions six hundr$ ?\s& milli>ds ( tons ( coal1 all burn+ toge!r4 ,?is same heat w\ld br+ to ! boil 9 an h\r1 two trillions n9e hundr$ milli>ds ( cubic kilomet]s ( wat] at freez+-po9t4 ,our little planet1 gravitat+ at #adi1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles7 f ! ,sun1 arre/s on ! way1 & utilizes1 only ! half ( a milli>d "p ( ?is total radiation4 ,h[ is ?is heat ma9ta9$8 ,"o ( ! pr9cipal causes ( ! heat ( ! ,sun is its cond5sation4 ,accord+ to all probabilities1 ! sol> globe repres5ts = u ! nucleus ( a va/ nebula1 t ext5d$ 9 primitive times beyond ! orbit ( ,neptune1 & :i* 9 its contraction has f9ally produc$ ?is c5tral focus4 ,9 virtue ( ! law ( trans=mation ( motion into heat1 ?is cond5sation1 :i* has n yet rea*$ its limit1 suffices to raise ?is colossal globe to its level ( temp]ature1 & to ma9ta9 x !re = millions ( ye>s4 ,9 addition1 a sub/antial numb] ( meteors is =ev] fall+ into x4 ,?is furnace is a true p&emonium4 ,! ,sun weighs ?ree hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r ?\s& times m ?an ! ,e>?--t is to say1 eighte5 hundr$ & sev5ty octillions ( kilograms3 #a1hgj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1j jj 7#a1hdb1cfd1ecb1jai1gjd1dcc1dig1ecf1ide tons74 ,9 ,*apt] ,,xi we %all expla9 ! me?ods by :i* x has be5 f\nd possible to weigh ! ,sun & det]m9e its exact di/ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i tru/ ^! figures w convey "s notion ( ! importance & nature ( ! ,sun1 ! /up5d\s orb on ^: rays our v exi/5ce dep5ds4 ,its app>5t dim5sion 7:i* is only half a degree1 #cb'1 & w\ld be hidd5 f sight1 l t ( ! full moon1 :i* is ab\t ! same1 by ! tip ( ! little f+] held out at arm's l5g?71 repres5ts1 z we h se51 a real dim5sion t is colossal1 i4e41 #a1chc1jjj kilomet]s 7m ?an #heg1jjj miles71 & ?is is ow+ to ! enorm\s di/ance t sep>ates u f x4 ,?is di/ance ( #adi1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles7 is suffici5tly h>d to appreciate4 ,let u say t #aa1fdj t]re/rial globes w\ld be requir$ to ?r[ a bridge f "h to ! ,sun1 :ile #cj w\ld suffice f ! ,e>? to ! ,moon4 ,! ,moon is #chh times ne>] to u ?an ! ,sun4 ,we may p]haps conceive ( ?is di/ance by calculat+ t a tra91 mov+ at con/ant spe$ ( #a kilomet] 7#j4fbad mile7 a m9ute1 w\ld take #adi1jjj1jjj m9utes1 t is to say #ajc1dgb days1 or #bhc ye>s1 to cross ! di/ance t sep>ates u f ?is orb4 ,giv5 ! normal duration ( life1 nei!r ! travel]s :o set out = ! ,sun1 nor _! *ildr51 nor _! gr&*ildr51 w\ld arrive !re3 only ! sev5? g5]ation w\ld rea* ! goal1 & only ! f\rte5? c\ld br+ u back news ( x4 ,*ildr5 (t5 cry = ! ,moon4 ,if "o ( ^! inquisitive little be+s c\ld /ret* out its arms to t\* ! ,sun1 & burn its f+]s !re1 x w\ld n feel ! burn = "o hundr$ & sixty-sev5 ye>s 7:5 x w\ld no long] be an infant71 = ! n]v\s impulse ( s5sation c only be transmitt$ f ! ends ( ! f+]s to ! bra9 at a velocity ( #bh met]s p] second4 ',tis long4 ,a cannon-ball w\ld rea* ! ,sun 9 t5 ye>s4 ,light1 t rapid arr[ t flies ?r\gh space at a velocity ( #cjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ahf1jjj miles p] second71 takes only eight m9utes sev5te5 seconds to trav]se ?is di/ance4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is brilliant ,sun is n only sov]eign ( ! ,e>?2 he is also ! head ( a va/ planet>y sy/em4 ,! orbs t circle r\nd ! ,sun are opaque bodies1 sph]ical 9 %ape1 receiv+ _! light & heat f ! c5tral />1 on :i* !y absolutely dep5d4 ,! "n ( planets giv5 to !m signifies w&]+ />s4 ,if y obs]ve ! ,heav5s on a f9e />ry night1 & are suffici5tly acqua9t$ ) ! pr9cipal />s ( ! ,zodiac z describ$ 9 a prec$+ *apt]1 y may be surpris$ on c]ta9 ev5+s to see ! figure ( "s zodiacal con/ellation slightly modifi$ by ! tempor>y pres5ce ( a brilliant orb p]haps surpass+ 9 its lum9osity ! f9e/ />s ( ! fir/ magnitude4 ,if y wat* ?is app>ition = "s weeks1 & exam9e its position c>efully 9 reg>d to ! adjac5t />s1 y w obs]ve t x *anges its position m or less sl[ly 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,^! w&]+ orbs1 or planets1 d n %9e ) intr9sic light2 !y are illum9at$ by ! ,sun4 ,! planets1 9 effect1 are bodies z opaque z ! ,e>?1 travel+ r\nd ! ,god ( ,day at a spe$ proportional to _! di/ance4 ,!y numb] eight pr9cipal orbs1 & may be divid$ into two q di/9ct gr\ps by :i* we may recognize !m3 ! fir/ comprises f\r planets1 ( relatively small dim5sions 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! second gr\p1 :i* are s volum9\s t ! lea/ important ( !m is l>g] ?an ! o!r f\r put toge!r4 ,9 ord] ( di/ance f ! ,sun1 we fir/ enc\nt]3 ,,m]cury1 ,,v5us1 ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,& ,,m>s ,^! are ! worlds t are ne>e/ to ! orb ( day4 ,! f\r foll[+1 & mu* m remote1 are1 /ill 9 ord] ( di/ance3 ,,jupit]1 ,,saturn1 ,,uranus1 ,,& ,,neptune ,?is second gr\p is sep>at$ f ! fir/ by a va/ space occupi$ by q a little army ( m9ute planets1 t9y cosmic bodies1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* measures little m ?an #ajj kilomet]s 7#fb miles7 9 diamet]1 & ! smalle/ "s few miles only4 ,! planets :i* =m ^! ?ree gr\ps repres5t ! pr9cipal memb]s ( ! sol> family4 ,b ! ,sun is a patri>*1 & ea* ( 8 daught]s has h] own *ildr5 :o1 :ile obey+ ! pat]nal influ5ce ( ! fi]y orb1 are also ob$i5t to ! _w t gov]ns !m4 ,^! second>y a/]s1 or satellites1 foll[ ! planets 9 _! c\rse1 & revolve r\nd !m 9 an ellipse1 j z ! o!rs rotate r\nd ! ,sun4 ,e "o kn[s ! satellite ( ! ,e>?1 ! ,moon4 ,all ! o!r planets ( our sy/em h _! own moons1 "s be+ ev5 m favor$ ?an ourselves 9 ?is respect1 & hav+ sev]al4 ,m>s has two2 ,jupit]1 five2 ,saturn1 eight2 ,uranus1 f\r2 & ,neptune1 "o 7at lea/ z yet discov]$74 ,9 ord] to realize ! relations betwe5 ^! worlds1 we mu/ appreciate _! di/ances by arrang+ !m 9 a little table3 ,di/ance 9 ,di/ance 9 ,millions ( ,millions ( ,kilomet]s4 ,miles4 ,m]cury #eg #ce ,v5us #ajh #fg ,! ,e>? #adi #ic ,m>s #bbf #adj ,jupit] #gge #dha ,saturn #a1dba #hhb ,uranus #b1hca #a1gee ,neptune #d1dgj #b1gga ,! ,sun is at ! c5t] 7or1 m prop]ly speak+1 at ! focus1 = ! planets describe an ellipse7 ( ?is sy/em1 & controls !m4 ,neptune is ?irty times f>!r f ! ,sun ?an ! ,e>?4 ,^! disp>ities ( di/ance produce a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! p]iods ( ! planet>y revolutions2 = :ile ! ,e>? revolves r\nd ! ,sun 9 a ye>1 ,v5us 9 #bbd days1 & ,m]cury 9 #hh1 ,m>s takes ne>ly #b ye>s to accompli% 8 j\rney1 ,jupit] #ab ye>s1 ,saturn #bi1 ,uranus #hd1 & ,neptune #afe4 ,ev5 ! planets & _! moons d n repres5t ! ,sun's complete pat]nity4 ,!re are fur!r1 9 ! sol> republic1 c]ta9 vagabond & irregul> orbs t travel at a spe$ t is (t5 mo/ immod]ate1 occasionally approa*+ ! ,sun1 n to be consum$ !re91 b1 z x appe>s1 to draw f its radiant s\rce ! provision ( =ces necess>y = _! p]igr9ations ?r\gh space4 ,^! are ! ,comets1 :i* pursue an extremely elongat$ orbit r\nd ! ,sun1 to :i* at times !y approximate v closely1 at o!r times be+ excessively di/ant4 ,& n[ to recapitulate our k ( ! ,sol> ,empire4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 we see a colossal globe ( fire dom9at+ & gov]n+ ! worlds t belong to him4 ,ar\nd him are gr\p$ planets1 9 numb] eight pr9cipal1 =m$ ( solid & obscure matt]1 gravitat+ r\nd ! c5tral orb4 ,o!r second>y orbs1 ! satellites1 revolve r\nd ! planets1 :i* keep !m )9 ! sph]e ( _! attraction4 ,& la/ly1 ! comets1 irregul> cele/ial bodies1 track ! :ole ext5t ( ! great sol> prov9ce4 ,to ^! might be add$ ! :irlw9ds ( meteors1 z x 7 disaggregat$ comets1 :i* also circle r\nd ! ,sun1 & give orig9 to %oot+ />s1 :5 !y come into collision ) ! ,e>?4 ,hav+ n[ a g5]al idea ( our cele/ial family1 & an appreciation ( ! pot5t focus t controls x1 let u make direct acqua9tance ) ! sev]al memb]s ( :i* x is compos$4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,! ,,planets ,a4--,,m]cury1 ,,v5us1 ,,! ,,e>?1 ,,m>s ,& n[ we are 9 ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 at ! c5t]1 or1 bett]1 at ! focus ( :i* burns ! imm5se & dazzl+ orb4 ,we h appreciat$ ! gr&eur & pot5cy ( ! sol> globe1 ^: rays spread out 9 active waves t be> a fecundat+ illum9ation to ! worlds t gravitate r\nd him2 we h appreciat$ ! di/ance t sep>ates ! ,sun f ! ,e>?1 ! ?ird ( ! planets reta9$ )9 8 doma91 or at lea/ ,i tru/ t ! comp>isons ( ! times requir$ by c]ta9 mov+ objects to trav]se ?is di/ance h enabl$ u to conceive x4 ,we said t ! f\r planets ne>e/ to ! ,sun are ,m]cury1 at a di/ance ( #eg million kilomet]s 7#ce1jjj1jjj miles72 ,v5us1 at #ajh million 7#fg1jjj1jjj miles72 ! ,e>?1 at #adi million 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles72 & ,m>s at #bbf million 7#adj1jjj1jjj miles74 ,let u beg9 our planet>y j\rney ) ^! f\r /ations4 ,,m]cury ,a little above ! ,sun "o sometimes sees1 n[ 9 ! ,we/1 9 ! l+]+ %imm] ( ! twilight1 n[ 9 ! ,ea/1 :5 ! t5d] roseate dawn ann\nces ! adv5t ( a cle> day1 a small /> ( ! fir/ magnitude :i* rema9s b a v %ort "t above ! horizon1 & !n plunges back into ! flam+ sun4 ,?is is ,m]cury1 ! agile & active mess5g] ( ,olympus1 ! god ( eloqu5ce1 ( m$ic9e1 ( comm]ce1 & ( ?ieves4 ,"o only sees him furtively1 f "t to "t1 at ! p]iods ( 8 greate/ elongations1 ei!r aft] ! sett+ or be=e ! ris+ ( ! radiant orb1 :5 he pres5ts ! aspect ( a some:at r$di% />4 ,?is planet1 l ! o!rs1 %9es only by ! reflection ( ! ,sun ^: illum9ation he receives1 & z he is 9 close juxtaposition ) x1 8 light is bright en\gh1 ?\gh 8 volume is inconsid]able4 ,he is small] ?an ! ,e>?4 ,8 revolution r\nd ! ,sun be+ accompli%$ 9 ab\t ?ree mon?s1 he passes rapidly1 9 a mon? & a half1 f "o side to ! o!r ( ! orb ( day1 & is alt]nately a morn+ & an ev5+ />4 ,! anci5ts orig9ally reg>d$ x z two sep>ate planets2 b ) att5tive obs]vation1 !y soon p]ceiv$ its id5tity4 ,9 our some:at foggy climates1 x c only be discov]$ once or twice a ye>1 & !n only by look+ = x accord+ to ! indications giv5 9 ! a/ronomic almanacs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--,orbits ( ! f\r ,planets ne>e/ to ! ,sun4 ,m]cury c\rses r\nd ! ,sun at a di/ance ( #eg1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ce1jjj1jjj miles71 & accompli%es 8 revolution 9 #hg days1 #bc h\rs1 #ae m9utes2 i4e41 #b mon?s1 #bg days1 #bc h\rs1 or a little less ?an ?ree ( our mon?s4 ,if ! conditions ( life are ! same !re z "h1 ! exi/5ce ( ! ,m]curians mu/ be f\r times z %ort z our own4 ,a y\? ( tw5ty1 awak+ to ! promise ( ! life he is j beg9n+ 9 ?is _w1 is an octog5>ian 9 ,m]cury4 ,!re ! fair sex w\ld inde$ be ju/ifi$ 9 bewail+ ! transitory nature ( life1 & might regret ! ye>s t pass too quickly away4 ,p]haps1 h[ev]1 !y are m philosophic ?an ) u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--,orbits ( ! f\r ,planets f>!/ f ! ,sun4 ,! orbit ( ,m]cury1 :i* ( c\rse is )9 t ( ! ,e>?1 is n circul>1 b elliptical1 & v ecc5tric1 s elongat$ t at c]ta9 times ( ! ye> ?is planet is extremely remote f ! sol> focus1 & receives only half z mu* heat & light z at ! opposite p]iod2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 8 di/ance f ! ,e>? v>ies consid]ably4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,m]cury ne> quadrature4 ,?is globe exhibits phases1 discov]$ 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury by ,galileo1 :i* recall ^? ( ! ,moon4 ,!y are due to ! motions ( ! planet r\nd ! ,sun1 & are invisible to ! unaid$ eye1 b ) ev5 a small in/rum5t1 "o c foll[ ! gradations & /udy ,m]cury "u e aspect4 ,sometimes1 aga91 he passes exactly 9 front ( ! ,sun1 & 8 disk is project$ l a black po9t ^u ! lum9\s surface ( ! flam+ orb4 ,?is occurr$1 notably1 on ,may #aj1 #ahia1 & ,novemb] #aj1 #ahid2 & ! ph5om5on w recur on ,novemb] #ab1 #aijg1 & ,novemb] #f1 #aiad4 ,m]cury is ! lea/ ( all ! worlds 9 our sy/em 7) ! exception ( ! cosmic fragm5ts t circulate betwe5 ! orbit ( ,m>s & t ( ,jupit]74 ,8 volume equals only #e_/ajj t ( ! ,e>?4 ,8 diamet]1 9 comp>ison ) t ( our planet1 is 9 ! ratio ( #cgc to #a1jjj 7a little m ?an #a_/c7 & measures #d1gej kilomet]s 7#b1idf miles74 ,8 d5sity is ! highe/ ( all ! worlds 9 ! great sol> family1 & exce$s t ( our ,e>? by ab\t #a_/c2 b weight !re is less by almo/ #a_/b4 ,m]cury is envelop$ 9 a v d5se1 ?ick atmosph]e1 :i* d\btless s5sibly temp]s ! sol> heat1 = ! ,sun exhibits to ! ,m]curians a lum9\s disk ab\t sev5 times m ext5sive ?an t ) :i* we are famili> on ! ,e>?1 & :5 ,m]cury is at p]ihelion 7t is1 ne>e/ to ! ,sun71 8 inhabitants receive t5 times m light & heat ?an we obta9 at midsumm]4 ,9 all probability1 x w\ld be impossible = u to set foot on ?is planet )\t be+ %att]$ by a sun/roke4 ,yet we may well imag9e t ,nature's fecundity c h eng5d]$ be+s !re ( an organization diff]5t f our own1 adapt$ to an exi/5ce 9 ! proximity ( fire4 ,:at magnific5t l&scapes may !re be adorn$ ) ! luxuriant vegetation t develops rapidly "u an ard5t & g5]\s sun8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,! ,e>? view$ f ,m]cury4 ,obs]vations ( ,m]cury are tak5 "u great difficulties1 j because ( ! imm$iate proximity ( ! sol> furnace2 yet "s h detect$ pat*es t might be seas4 ,9 any case1 ^! obs]vations are contradictory & unc]ta94 ,up to ! pres5t x has be5 impossible to det]m9e ! duration ( ! rotation4 ,"s a/ronom]s ev5 ?9k t ! ,sun's close proximity mu/ h produc$ /rong tides1 t w\ld1 z x 71 h immobiliz$ ! globe ( ,m]cury1 j z ! ,e>? has immobiliz$ ! ,moon1 =c+ x p]petually to pres5t ! same side to ! ,sun4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( habitation1 ?is situation w\ld be some:at peculi>2 p]petual day ^u ! illum9$ half1 p]petual night ^u ! o!r hemisph]e1 & a fairly l>ge zone ( twilight betwe5 ! two4 ,su* a condition w\ld inde$ be diff]5t f ! succession ( t]re/rial days & nights4 ,z se5 f ,m]cury1 ! ,e>? we inhabit w\ld %9e out 9 ! />ry sky#i z a magnific5t orb ( fir/ magnitude1 ) ! ,moon alongside1 a fai?ful little companion4 ,!y %\ld =m a f9e d\ble />1 ! ,e>? be+ a brilliant orb ( fir/ magnitude1 & ! ,moon ( ?ird1 a *>m+ c\ple1 & admir$ d\btless z an en*ant$ & privileg$ abode4 ,x is at midnight dur+ ! oppositions ( ! ,e>? ) ! ,sun t our planet is ! mo/ beautiful & brilliant1 z is ,jupit] = ourselves4 ,! con/ellations are ! same1 view$ f ,m]cury or f ! ,e>?4 ,b is ?is little sol> planet inhabit$8 ,we d n yet "k4 ,we c only reply3 :y n8 ,,v5us ,:5 ! sunset atmosph]e is crimson ) ! glori\s rays ( ! ,k+ ( ,orbs1 & all ,nature assumes ! brood+ veil ( twilight1 ! mo/ indiff]5t eyes are (t5 attract$ & captivat$ by ! pres5ce ( a /> t is almo/ dazzl+1 & illum9ates ) its :ite & limpid light ! heav5s d>k5$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! ,god ( ,day4 ,hail1 ,v5us1 ,que5 ( ! ,heav5s6 ! ,%eph]d's ,/>1 g5tle "m ( ! loves1 goddess ( beauty1 et]nally ador$ & *]i%$1 sung & immortaliz$ ^u ,e>?1 by poets & arti/s4 ,h] spl5did brilliancy attract$ notice f e>lie/ antiquity1 & we f9d h]1 radiant & *>m+1 9 ! works ( ! anci5ts1 :o erect$ alt>s to h] & adorn$ _! poetry ) h] grace & beauty4 ,hom] calls h] ,calli/o ! ,beautiful2 ,cic]o names h] ,vesp]1 ! ev5+ />1 & ,lucif]1 ! /> ( ! morn+--= x 0 ) ?is div9ity z ) ,m]cury4 ,= a long :ile %e 0 reg>d$ z two sep>ate planets1 & x 0 only :5 x came to be obs]v$ t ! ev5+ & ! morn+ /> 7 always 9 p]iodic succession1 t ! id5tity ( ! orb 0 recogniz$4 ,h] radiant spl5dor creat$ h] my?ological p]sonality1 j z ! agility ( ,m]cury creat$ t ( ! mess5g] ( ! gods4 ,we d n see h] a]ial *>iot 9 ! ,heav5s drawn by a flight ( doves ) :ite & flutt]+ w+s1 b we foll[ ! lu/r\s orb l$ on ?r\gh space by sol> attraction4 ,& 9 ! beautiful ev5+s :5 %e is at h] greate/ di/ance f our ,sun1 ! :ole _w admires ?is :ite & dazzl+ ,v5us reign+ z sov]eign ov] our twilight#aj = h\rs aft] sunset1 & 9 addition to ! savants :o are practically occupi$ ) a/ronomy1 millions ( eyes are rais$ to ?is cele/ial spl5dor1 & = a mom5t millions ( human be+s feel "s curiosity ab\t ! my/]ies ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,! brutalities ( daily life w\ld fa9 petrify our dreams1 b ?\ght is n yet /ifl$ to ! po9t ( *eck+ all aspirations aft] et]nal tru?1 & :5 we gaze at ! />ry sky x is h>d n to ask ourselves ! nature ( ^? o!r worlds1 & ! place occupi$ by our own planet 9 ! va/ conc]t ( sid]eal h>mony4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,! ,ev5+ ,/>4 ,ev5 ?r\gh a small telescope1 ,v5us (f]s rem>kable phases4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,successive phases ( ,v5us4 ,fig4 #cg gives "s notion ( ! succession ( ^!1 & ( ! planet's v>iations 9 magnitude dur+ its j\rney r\nd ! ,sun4 ,imag9e x to be rotat+ 9 a ye> ( #bbd days1 #af h\rs1 #di m9utes1 #h seconds at a di/ance ( #ajh million kilomet]s 7#fg1jjj1jjj miles71 ! ,e>? be+ at #adi million kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles74 ,l ,m]cury1 at c]ta9 p]iods x passes betwe5 ! ,sun & ourselves1 & z its illum9at$ hemisph]e is ( c\rse turn$ t[>d ! orb ( day1 we at ^? times p]ceive only a %>p & v lum9\s cresc5t4 ,at su* p]iods ,v5us is entirely1 s to say1 aga9/ ! ,sun1 & pres5ts to u h] greate/ app>5t dim5sion 7,fig4 #ch74 ,sometimes1 aga91 l ,m]cury1 %e passes imm$iately 9 front ( ! ,sun1 =m+ a p]fectly r\nd black spot2 ?is happ5$ on ,decemb] #h1 #ahgd1 & ,decemb] #f1 #ahhb2 & w recur on ,june #g1 #bjjd1 & ,june #e1 #bjab4 ,^! transits h be5 utiliz$ 9 cele/ial geometry 9 measur+ ! di/ance ( ! ,sun4 ,y w readily div9e t ! di/ance ( ,v5us v>ies consid]ably accord+ to h] position 9 relation to ! ,e>?3 :5 %e is betwe5 ! ,sun & ourselves %e is ne>e/ to our _w2 b x is j at ^? times t we see lea/ ( h] surface1 because %e exhibits to u only a sl5d] cresc5t4 ,t]re/rial a/ronom]s are accord+ly v badly plac$ = ! /udy ( h] physical con/itution4 ,! be/ obs]vations c be made :5 %e is situat$ to "r or left ( ! ,sun1 & %[s u ab\t half h] illum9at$ disk--dur+ ! day = *oice1 because at night !re is too mu* irradiation f h] dazzl+ light4 ,^! phases 7 discov]$ by ,galileo1 9 #afaj4 ,8 obs]vations 7 among ! fir/ t confirm$ ! v]acity ( ! sy/em ( ,cop]nicus1 af=d+ an evid5t example ( ! movem5t ( ! planets r\nd ! sun4 ,!y are (t5 visible to ! unaid$ eye ) good sight1 ei!r at dusk1 or ?r\gh light cl\ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,v5us at greate/ brilliancy4 ,v5us1 surr\nd$ by a highly d5se & r>efi$ atmosph]e1 :i* increases ! difficulties ( obs]v+ h] surface1 might be call$ ! tw9 si/] ( ! ,e>?1 s simil> are ! dim5sions ( ! two worlds4 ,b1 /range z x may seem to ! _m admir]s1 :o are ready to hail 9 h] an abode ( joy & happ9ess1 x is mo/ probable t ?is planet1 attractive z %e is at a di/ance1 w\ld be a less desirable habitation ?an our float+ isl&4 ,9 fact1 ! atmosph]e ( ,v5us is p]petually cov]$ ) cl\d1 s t ! wea!r !re mu/ be always foggy4 ,no def9ite geographical configuration c be discov]$ on h]1 despite ! hopes ( ! eighte5?-c5tury a/ronom]s4 ,we are n ev5 sure t %e rotates ^u h]self1 s contradictory are ! obs]vations1 & s h>d is x to di/+ui% any?+ cle>ly ^u h] surface4 ,a s+le night ( obs]vation suffices to %[ ! rotation ( ,m>s or ( ,jupit]2 b ! beautiful ,ev5+ ,/> rema9s ob/9ately veil$ f our curiosity4 ,sev]al a/ronom]s1 & n ! lea/ consid]able1 ?9k t ! tides produc$ by ! ,sun ^u h] seas1 or globe 9 its /ate ( pri/9e fluidity1 mu/ h be5 /rong en\gh to seize & fix h]1 z ! ,e>? did = ! ,moon1 ?us oblig+ h] to pres5t always ! same face to ! ,sun4 ,c]ta9 telescopic obs]vations w\ld ev5 seem to confirm ?is !oretical d$uction f ! calculations ( cele/ial me*anics4 ,! au?or v5tures to disagree ) ?is op9ion1 its app>5t probability not)/&+1 because he has inv>iably receiv$ a contr>y impression f all 8 telescopic obs]vations4 ,he has q rec5tly 7spr+ ( #aijc7 repeat$ ^! obs]vations4 ,*oos+ a rem>kably cle> & p]fectly calm atmosph]e1 he exam9$ ! spl5did planet sev]al times ) great att5tion 9 ! field ( ! telescope4 ,! "r or ea/]n bord] 7rev]s$ image7 0 dull$ by ! atmosph]e ( ,v5us2 ?is is ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 day & night4 ,b5ea?1 at ! extreme nor!rn edge1 he 0 attract$ on ea* occasion by a small :ite pat*1 a little :it] ?an ! re/ ( ! surface ( ! planet1 surr\nd$ by a light-gray p5umbra1 giv+ ! exact effect ( a pol> sn[1 v analog\s to t obs]v$ at ! poles ( ,m>s4 ,to ! au?or ?is :ite spot on ! boreal horn ( ,v5us does n appe> to be due to an effect ( contra/1 z has sometimes be5 suppos$4 ,n[1 if ! globe ( ,v5us has poles1 x mu/ turn ^u itself4 ,un=tunately x has prov$ impossible to di/+ui% any sign ^u ! disk1 indicative ( ! direction & spe$ ( its rot>y movem5t1 al?\gh ^! obs]vations 7 made1 ) o!rs1 "u excell5t conditions4--,?ree o'clock 9 ! aft]noon1 brilliant sun1 sky cle> blue1 ! planet b little remov$ f ! m]idian--at :i* "t x is less dazzl+ ?an 9 ! ev5+4 ,!re is m]ely ! impression2 b x is s def9ite z to prev5t ! au?or f adopt+ ! new hypo!sis1 9 virtue ( :i* ! planet1 z x gravitates r\nd ! ,sun1 pres5ts always ! same hemisph]e4 ,if ?is hypo!sis 7 a reality1 ,v5us w\ld c]ta9ly be a v peculi> _w4 ,et]nal day on ! "o side2 et]nal night on ! o!r4 ,maximum light & heat at ! c5t] ( ! hemisph]e p]petually turn$ to ! ,sun2 maximum cold & c5t] ( night at ! antipodes4 ,?is icy hemisph]e w\ld possibly be un9habitable1 b ! res\rces ( ,nature are s prodigi\s1 & ! law ( ,life is s imp]i\s1 s p]si/5t1 "u ! mo/ disadvantage\s & deplorable t]re/rial conditions1 t x w\ld be transc5d+ our rights to decl>e an impossibility ( exi/5ce1 ev5 9 ?is et]nal night4 ,! curr5ts ( ! atmosph]e w\ld no d\bt suffice to set up p]petual *anges ( temp]ature betwe5 ! two hemisph]es1 9 comp>ison ) :i* our trade-w9ds w\ld be ! lighte/ ( breezes4 ,yes1 my/]y /ill reigns ^u ?is adjac5t e>?1 & ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts ( ! obs]vatories ( ! :ole _w h be5 unable to solve x4 ,all we "k is t ! diamet]1 surface1 volume & mass ( ?is planet1 & its weight at ! surface1 d n diff] s5sibly f ^? t *>act]ize our own globe3 t ?is planet is si/] to our own1 & ( ! same ord]1 h5ce probably =m$ ( ! same elem5ts4 ,we fur!r "k t1 z se5 f ,v5us 7,fig4 #ci71 ! ,e>? on :i* we live is a magnific5t />1 a d\ble orb m brilliant ev5 ?an :5 view$ f ,m]cury4 ,x is a dazzl+ orb ( fir/ magnitude1 accompani$ by its moon1 a /> ( ! second & a half magnitude4 ,& ?us ! worlds float on 9 space1 di/ant symbols ( hopes n realiz$ on any "o ( !m1 all at diff]5t /ages ( _! degree ( evolution1 repres5t+ an ev]-gr[+ progress 9 ! sequ5ce ( ! ages4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,! ,e>? view$ f ,v5us4 ,:5 we contemplate ?is radiant ,v5us1 x is difficult1 ev5 if we c n =m any def9ite idea z to h] actual /ate z reg>ds habitation1 to assume t %e mu/ be a dre>y des]t1 & n1 on ! contr>y1 to hail 9 h] a cele/ial l&1 diff]+ m or less f our own dwell+-place1 travail+ ) h] si/]s 9 ! accompli%m5t ( ! g5]al plan ( ,nature4 ,su* are ! *>act]i/ic features ( our cele/ial neighbor4 ,9 quitt+ h]1 we rea* ! ,e>?1 :i* comes imm$iately next h] 9 ord] ( di/ance1 #adi million kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles7 f ! ,sun1 b z we %all devote an entire *apt] to our own planet1 we w n halt at ?is po9t1 b cross 9 "o /ep ! di/ance t sep>ates ,m>s f ,v5us4 ,let u only rem>k 9 pass+1 t our planet is ! l>ge/ ( ! f\r sph]es adjac5t to ! ,sun4 ,"h are _! comp>ative diamet]s3 ,! ,e>? #a4 ,9 ,kilomet]s4 ,9 ,miles4 ,m]cury #j4cgc #d1gej #b1idf ,v5us #j4iii #ab1gcj #g1hid ,e>? #a4jjj #ab1gdb #g1ibf ,m>s #j4ebh #f1gbh #d1agb ,x w be se5 t ,v5us is almo/ id5tical ) ! ,e>?4 ,,m>s ,two hundr$ & tw5ty-six millions ( kilomet]s 7#adj1jjj1jjj miles7 f ! ,sun is ! planet ,m>s1 gravitat+ 9 an orbit ext]ior to t :i* ! ,e>? takes annually r\nd ! same c5t]4 ,un=tunate ,m>s6 ,:at evil fairy presid$ at 8 bir?8 ,f antiquity1 all curses seem to h fall5 ^u him4 ,he is ! god ( w> & ( c>nage1 ! protector ( armies1 ! inspir] ( hatr$ among ! peoples1 x is he :o p\rs out ! blood ( ,humanity 9 int]national hecatombs4 ,"h1 aga91 z 9 ! case ( ,m]cury & ,v5us1 ! appe>ance has orig9at$ ! idea4 ,m>s1 9 fact1 burns l a drop ( blood 9 ! dep?s ( ! firmam5t1 & x is ?is ruddy color t inspir$ its "n & attributes1 j z ! dazzl+ :it5ess ( ,v5us made h] ! goddess ( love & beauty4 ,:y1 inde$1 %\ld ! orig9s ( my?ology be s\ght else:]e ?an 9 a/ronomy8 ,:ile ,humanity 0 attribut+ to ! presumptive influ5ce ( ,m>s ! defects inh]5t 9 its own t]re/rial nature1 ?is _w1 unwitt+ ( our sorr[s1 pursu$ ! cele/ial pa? m>k$ out = x 9 space by de/9y4 ,?is planet is1 z we h said1 ! fir/ enc\nt]$ aft] ! ,e>?4 ,its orbit is v elongat$1 v ecc5tric4 ,m>s accompli%es x 9 a p]iod ( #a ye>1 #cba days1 #bb h\rs1 i4e41 #a ye>1 #aj mon?s1 #ba days1 or #fhg days4 ,! velocity ( its transit is #bc kilomet]s 7#ad4e miles7 p] second2 t ( ! ,e>? is #cj 7#ai miles74 ,our planet1 travel+ ?r\gh space at an av]age di/ance ( #adi million kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles7 f ! c5tral focus1 is sep>at$ f ,m>s by an av]age di/ance ( #gf million kilomet]s 7#dg1jjj1jjj miles72 b z its orbit is equally elliptic & elongat$ x foll[s t at c]ta9 epo*s ! two planets approa* "o ano!r by some?+ less ?an #fj million kilomet]s 7#cg1jjj1jjj miles74 ,^! are ! p]iods select$ = mak+ ! be/ obs]vations ^u our neighbor ( ! ruddy rays4 ,! oppositions ( ,m>s arrive ab\t e tw5ty-six mon?s1 b ! p]iods ( its greate/ proximity1 :5 ?is planet approa*es to )9 #ef million kilomet]s 7#cd1gjj1jjj miles7 ( ! ,e>?1 occur only e fifte5 ye>s4 ,m>s is !n pass+ p]ihelion1 :ile our _w is at aphelion 7or greate/ di/ance f ! ,sun74 ,at su* epo*s ?is globe pres5ts to u an app>5t diamet] #fc times small] ?an t ( ! ,moon1 i4e41 a telescope t magnifies #fc times w\ld %[ him to u ( ! same magnitude z our satellite view$ ) ! unaid$ eye1 & an in/rum5t t magnifi$ #fcj times w\ld %[ him t5 times l>g] 9 diamet]4 ,9 dim5sions he diff]s consid]ably f our _w1 be+ almo/ half ! size ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 diamet] he measures only #f1gbh kilomet]s 7#d1agb miles71 & 8 circumf]5ce is #ba1abe kilomet]s 7#ac1jjj miles74 ,8 surface is only #bi_/ajj ( ! t]re/rial surface1 & 8 volume only #ae_/ajj ( our own4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 volume causes ,m>s to be an e>? 9 m9iature4 ,:5 we /udy 8 aspects1 8 geography1 8 meteorology1 we seem to see 9 space a r$uction ( our own abode1 ) c]ta9 dissimil>ities t excite our curiosity1 & make him ev5 m int]e/+ to u4 ,! ,m>tian _w weighs n9e times & a half less ?an our own4 ,if we repres5t ! weight ( ! ,e>? by #a1jjj1 t ( ,m>s w\ld be repres5t$ by #aje4 ,8 d5sity is mu* less ?an our own2 x is only #g_/aj t ( ! ,e>?4 ,a man weigh+ #gj kilograms1 transport$ to ! adjac5t globe1 w\ld weigh only #bf kilograms4 ,! e>lie/ telescopic obs]vations reveal$ ! exi/5ce ( m or less acc5tuat$ m>k+s ^u ! surface ( ,m>s4 ,! progress ( optics1 admitt+ ( great] magnifications1 exhibit$ ! =m ( ^! pat*es m cle>ly1 :ile ! /udy ( _! motions enabl$ ! a/ronom]s to det]m9e ) rem>kable precision ! diurnal rotation ( ?is planet4 ,x occurs 9 #bd h\rs1 #cg m9utes1 #bc4fe seconds4 ,day & night are accord+ly a little long] on ,m>s ?an on ! ,e>?1 b ! diff]5ce is obvi\sly inconsid]able4 ,! ye> ( ,m>s consi/s ( #ffh ,m>tian days4 ,! incl9ation ( ! axis ( rotation ( ?is globe ^u ! plane ( its orbit is mu* ! same z our own4 ,9 consequ5ce1 its seasons are analog\s to ours 9 int5sity1 :ile twice ! l5g?1 ! ,m>tian ye> be+ almo/ equal to two ( our ye>s4 ,! int5sity ( ! seasons is inde$ m acc5tuat$ ?an ^u ! ,e>?1 s9ce ! orbit ( ,m>s is v elongat$4 ,b !re1 z "h1 are ?ree q di/9ct zones3 ! torrid1 ! temp]ate1 & ! glacial4 ,by means ( ! telescope we c foll[ ! v>iations ( ! ,m>tian seasons1 especially 9 :at conc]ns ! pol> sn[s1 :i* regul>ly aggregate dur+ ! w9t]1 & melt no less regul>ly dur+ ! heat ( ! summ]4 ,^! sn[s are v easily obs]v$1 & /& out cle>ly ) dazzl+ :it5ess4 ,! read] c judge ( !m by ! accompany+ figure1 :i* sums up ! au?or's obs]vations dur+ "o ( ! rec5t oppositions ( ,m>s 7#aijj-aija74 ,! size ( ! pol> cap dim9i%$ f #d1fhj kilomet]s to #hdj4 ,! sol/ice ( ! ,m>tian summ] 0 on ,april #aa?4 ,! sn[s 7 /ill melt+ on ,july #f?4 ,sometimes !y disappe> almo/ entirely dur+ ! ,m>tian mon? t corresponds to our mon? ( ,augu/1 z nev] happ5s ) our pol> ice4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ?is planet is f>!r away f ! ,sun ?an ourselves1 x does n appe> to be cold]1 or1 at any rate1 x is c]ta9 t ! pol> sn[s are mu* less ?ick4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are h>dly ev] cl\ds on ,m>s2 ! ,m>tian atmosph]e is almo/ always limpid1 & "o c say t f9e wea!r is ! *ronic /ate ( ! planet4 ,at times1 light fogs or a little vapor w appe> 9 c]ta9 regions1 b !y are soon dissipat$1 & ! sky cle>s up aga94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--;,dim9ution ( ! pol> sn[s ( ,m>s dur+ ! summ]4 ,s9ce ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 a consid]able numb] ( draw+s h be5 made1 depict+ ,m>s "u e aspect1 & ! agreem5t betwe5 ^! num]\s obs]vations gives u a suffici5t acqua9tance ) ! planet to admit ( our indicat+ ! *>act]i/ic features ( its geography1 & ( draw+ out areographic maps 7,ares1 ,m>s74 ,its appe>ance c be judg$ ( f ! two draw+s "h reproduc$1 z made 7,febru>y1 #aija7 at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,juvisy1 & f ! g5]al *>t drawn f ! total sum ( obs]vations 7,figs4 #da1 #db & #dc74 ,x w be se5 at ! fir/ glance t ! geography ( ,m>s is v diff]5t f t ( our own globe3 :ile ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! ,e>? are cov]$ ) ! liquid elem5t1 ,m>s seems to be m ev5ly divid$1 & mu/ inde$ h r m l& ?an wat]4 ,we f9d no imm5se oceans surr\nd+ ! cont95ts1 & sep>at+ !m l isl&s2 on ! contr>y1 ! seas are r$uc$ to long gulfs compress$ betwe5 ! %ores1 l ! ,m$it]ranean = example1 nor is x ev5 c]ta9 t ^! gray spots d all repres5t true seas4 ,x has be5 agre$ to t]m sea ! p>ts t are lightly t+$ ) gre51 & to give ! "n ( cont95t to ! spots color$ yell[4 ,t is ! hue ( ! ,m>tian soil1 due ei!r to ! soil itself1 :i* w\ld resemble t ( ! ,sah>a1 or1 to take a less arid region1 t se5 on ! l9e betwe5 ,m>seilles & ,nice1 9 ! vic9ity ( ! ,e/]els2 or p]haps to "s peculi> vegetation4 ,dur+ asc5ts 9 a balloon1 ! au?or has (t5 rem>k$ t ! hue ( ! ripe corn1 ) ! ,sun %9+ on x1 is precisely t pres5t$ to u by ! cont95ts ( ,m>s 9 ! be/ h\rs = obs]vation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,telescopic aspect ( ! planet ,m>s 7,feb41 #aija74 ,z to ! seas1 x is pretty c]ta9 t !re mu/ be wat]1 or "s k9d ( liquid1 d]iv+ above all f ! melt+ ( ! pol> sn[s 9 spr+ & summ]2 b x may possibly be 9 conjunction ) "s vegetation1 aquatic plants1 or p]haps va/ mead[s1 :i* appe> to u f "h to be ! m consid]able 9 proportion z ! wat] t n\ri%es !m has be5 m abundant4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,telescopic aspect ( ! planet ,m>s 7,feb41 #aija74 ,m>s1 l our globe1 is surr\nd$ ) a protective atmosph]e1 :i* reta9s ! rays ( ! ,sun1 & mu/ pres]ve a m$ium temp]ature favorable to ! cons]vation ( life ^u ! surface ( ! planet4 ,b ! circulation ( ! wat]1 s important to t]re/rial life1 :e!r animal or vegetable1 :i* is effect$ ^u our planet by ! evaporation ( ! seas1 cl\ds1 w9ds1 ra9s1 wells1 riv]s & /reams1 comes ab\t q diff]5tly on ,m>s2 =1 z 0 rem>k$ above1 x is r>ely t any cl\ds are obs]v$ !re4 ,in/ead ( be+ v]tical1 z "h1 ?is circulation is horizontal3 ! wat] com+ f ! s\rce ( ! pol> sn[s f9ds its way into ! canals & seas1 & returns to be cond5s$ at ! poles by a light drift ( invisible vapors direct$ f ! equator to ! poles4 ,!re is nev] any ra94 ,we h spok5 ( canals4 ,"o ( ! great puzzles ( ! ,m>tian _w is inconte/ably ! appe>ance ( /raight l9es t furr[ its surface 9 all directions1 & seem to connect ! seas4 ,m4 ,s*iap>elli1 ! di/+ui%$ ,director ( ! ,obs]vatory ( ,milan1 :o discov]$ !m 9 #ahgg1 call$ !m canals1 )\t1 h[ev]1 po/ulat+ any?+ z to _! real nature4 ,are !y inde$ canals8 ,^! /raight l9es1 measur+ sometimes #fjj kilomet]s 7#cgb miles7 9 l5g?1 & m ?an #ajj kilomet]s 7#fb miles7 9 bread?1 h mu* ! same hue z ! seas on :i* !y op54 ,= a qu>t] ( a c5tury !y h be5 survey$ by ! great] numb] ( our obs]v]s4 ,b x mu/ be confess$ t1 ev5 ) ! be/ in/rum5ts1 we only approa* ,m>s at a di/ance ( #fj1jjj kilomet]s 7#cg1bjj miles71 :i* is /ill a little f> (f1 & we may be sure t we d n di/+ui% ! true details ( ! surface4#aa ,^! details at ! limits ( visibility produce ! appe>ance ( canals to our eyes4 ,!y may possibly be l9es ( lakes1 or oases4 ,! future w no d\bt cle> up ?is my/]y = u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--;,*>t ( ,m>s4 ,z to ! inhabitants ( ,m>s1 ?is _w is 9 a situation z favorable z our ,e>? = habitation1 & x w\ld be difficult to discov] any reason = p]petual /]ility !re4 ,x appe>s to u1 on ! contr>y1 by its rapid & frequ5t v>iations ( aspect1 to be a v liv+ _w4 ,its atmosph]e1 :i* is always cle>1 has n ! d5sity ( our own1 & resembles t ( ! highe/ m\nta9s4 ,! conditions ( exi/5ce !re v>y f ours1 & appe> to be m delicate1 m e!real4 ,!re z "h1 day succe$s to night1 spr+ s(t5s ! rigors ( w9t]2 ! seasons unfold1 less disp>ate ?an our own1 ( :i* we h su* frequ5t reason to compla94 ,! sky is p]petually cle>4 ,!re are nev] tempe/s1 hurricanes1 nor cyclones1 ! w9d nev] gets up any =ce !re1 on acc\nt ( ! r>ity ( ! atmosph]e1 & ! l[ int5sity ( weight4 ,diff]+ f ours1 ?is _w may well be a m cong5ial habitation4 ,x is m anci5t ?an ! ,e>?1 small]1 less massive4 ,x has run m quickly ?r\gh ! phases ( its evolution4 ,its a/ral life is m advanc$1 & its ,humanity %\ld be sup]ior to our own1 j z our successors a million ye>s h5ce1 = example1 w be less co>se & b>b>\s ?an we are at pres5t3 ! law ( progress gov]ns all ! worlds1 &1 moreov]1 ! physical con/itution ( ! planet ,m>s is less d5se ?an our own4 ,!re is no ne$ to despair ( ent]+ "s day into communication ) ^! unkn[n be+s4 ,! lum9\s po9ts t h be5 obs]v$ are no signals1 b high summits or light cl\ds illum9at$ by ! ris+ or sett+ sun4 ,b ! idea ( communication ) !m 9 ! future is no m audaci\s & no less sci5tific ?an ! inv5tion ( spectral analysis1 ,x-rays1 or wireless telegraphy4 ,we may suppose t ! /udy ( a/ronomy is fur!r advanc$ 9 ,m>s ?an on ! ,e>?1 because humanity itself has advanc$ fur!r1 & because ! />ry sky is f> f9] !re1 f> easi] to /udy1 ow+ to ! limpidity ( its pure1 cle> atmosph]e4 ,two small moons 7h>dly l>g] ?an ! city ( ,p>is7 revolve rapidly r\nd ,m>s2 !y are call$ ,phobos & ,deimos4 ,! =m]1 at a di/ance ( #f1jjj kilomet]s 7#c1gcj miles7 f ! surface1 accompli%es its revolution rapidly1 9 sev5 h\rs1 ?irty-n9e m9utes1 & ?us makes ! entire circle ( ! ,heav5s ?ree times a day4 ,! second gravitates at #bj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ab1djj miles71 & turns r\nd its c5t] ( attraction 9 ?irty h\rs & eighte5 m9utes4 ,^! two satellites 7 discov]$ by ,mr4 ,hall1 at ! ,univ]sity ( ,wa%+ton1 9 ! mon? ( ,augu/1 #ahgg4 99 99 99 99 99 ,among ! f9e/ & mo/ int]e/+ ( ! cele/ial ph5om5a admir$ by ! ,m>tians1 at c]ta9 epo*s ( ! ye>1--n[ at night :5 ! ,sun has plung$ into 8 fi]y b$1 n[ 9 ! morn+1 a little be=e ! aurora1--is a magnific5t /> ( fir/ magnitude1 nev] f> remov$ f ! orb ( day1 :i* pres5ts to !m ! same aspects z does ,v5us to ourselves4 ,?is spl5did orb1 :i* has d\btless receiv$ ! mo/ flatt]+ names f ^? :o contemplate x1 ?is radiant /> ( a beautiful gre5i% blue1 c\rses 9 space accompani$ by a little satellite1 sp>kl+ l "s spl5did diamond1 aft] sunset1 9 ! cle> sky ( ,m>s4 ,?is sup]b orb is ! ,e>?1 & ! little /> accompany+ x is ! ,moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,! ,e>? view$ f ,m>s4 ,yes1 to ! ,m>tians our ,e>? is a /> ( ! morn+ & ev5+2 d\btless !y h det]m9$ h] phases4 ,_m a v[1 & _m a hope mu/ h be5 waft$ t[>d h]1 m ?an "o brok5 he>t mu/ h p]mitt$ its unrealiz$ dreams to w&] =? to our planet z to an abode ( happ9ess :]e all :o h suff]$ 9 _! native _w might f9d a hav54 ,b our planet1 alas6 is n z p]fect z !y imag9e4 ,we mu/ n dally ^u ,m>s1 b ha/5 our cele/ial excursion t[>d ,jupit]4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,! ,,planets ,b4--,,jupit]1 ,,saturn1 ,,uranus1 ,,neptune4 ,be=e we attack ! giant _w ( our sy/em1 we mu/ halt = a few mom5ts ^u ! m9or planets :i* circulate betwe5 ! orbit ( ,m>s & t ( ,jupit]4 ,^! m9ute a/]s1 little worlds1 ! l>ge/ ( :i* measures sc>cely m ?an #ajj kilomet]s 7#fb miles7 9 diamet]1 are fragm5ts ( cosmic matt] t once belong$ to a va/ r+1 =m$ at ! "t :5 ! sol> sy/em 0 only an imm5se nebula2 & :i*1 in/ead ( cond5s+ into a s+le globe c\rs+ betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 split up into a consid]able quantity ( p>ticles con/itut+ at ! pres5t "t ! curi\s & highly int]e/+ ,republic ( ! ,a/]oids4 ,^! lilliputian worlds at fir/ receiv$ ! names ( ! m celebrat$ ( ! m9or my?ological div9ities--,c]es1 ,pallas1 ,juno1 ,ve/a1 etc41 b z !y rapidly increas$ 9 numb]1 x 0 f\nd necess>y to call !m by mod]n1 t]re/rial names1 & m ?an "o daught] ( ,eve1 ! ,eg]ia ( "s a/ronom]1 n[ has h] "n inscrib$ 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,! fir/ m9or planet 0 discov]$ on ! fir/ day ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ,janu>y #a1 #ahja1 by ,piazzi1 a/ronom] at ,pal]mo4 ,:ile he 0 obs]v+ ! small />s 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,bull b5ea? ! cle> ,sicilian skies1 ?is fam\s a/ronom] notic$ "o t he _h nev] se5 be=e4 ,! next night1 direct+ 8 telescope to ! same "p ( ! ,heav5s1 he p]ceiv$ t ! fair unkn[n _h mov$ h] /ation1 & ! obs]vations ( ! foll[+ days left him no d\bt z to ! nature ( ! visitor3 %e 0 a planet1 a w&]+ /> among ! con/ellations1 revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun4 ,?is newcom] 0 regi/]$ "u ! "n ( ,c]es4 ,s9ce t epo* sev]al hundr$s ( !m h be5 discov]$1 occupy+ a zone t ext5ds ov] a space ( m ?an #djj million kilomet]s 7#bdi1jjj1jjj miles74 ,^! cele/ial globules are invisible to ! nak$ eye1 b no ye> passes )\t new & num]\s recruits be+ add$ to ! already important catalogue ( ^! m9ute a/]s by ! pati5t obs]v]s ( ! ,heav5s4 ,to-day1 !y are mo/ frequ5tly discov]$ by ! photographic me?od ( foll[+ ! displacem5t ( ! t9y mov+ po9ts ^u an expos$ s5sitive plate4 ,,jupit] ,& n[ let u b[ respectfully be=e ,jupit]1 ! giant ( ! worlds4 ,?is glori\s planet is inde$ ,k+ ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,:ile ,m]cury measures only #d1gej kilomet]s 7#b1idf miles7 9 diamet]1 & ,m>s #f1gbh kilomet]s 7#d1agb71 ,jupit] is no less ?an #adj1ibj kilomet]s 7#hg1djj miles7 9 bread?2 t is to say1 elev5 times l>g] ?an ! ,e>?4 ,he is #ddb1ejj kilomet]s 7#bgd1ceg miles7 9 circumf]5ce4 ,9 volume he is equival5t to #a1bgi t]re/rial globes2 h5ce he is only a million times small] ?an ! ,sun4 ,! previ\sly describ$ planets ( our sy/em1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 & ,m>s comb9$1 w\ld =m only an insignificant mass 9 comp>ison ) ?is colossus4 ,a hundr$ & tw5ty-six ,e>?s jo9$ into "o gr\p w\ld pres5t a surface ^: ext5t w\ld /ill n be q z va/ z ! sup]ficies ( ?is titanic _w4 ,?is imm5se globe weighs #caj times m ?an t :i* we inhabit4 ,its d5sity is only ! qu>t] ( our own2 b weight is twice & a half times z great !re z "h4 ,! con/itu5ts ( ?+s & be+s are ?us compos$ ( mat]ials light] ?an ^? ^u ! ,e>?2 b1 z ! planet ex]ts a =ce ( attraction twice & a half times z p[]ful1 !y are 9 reality heavi] & weigh m4 ,a graceful maid5 weigh+ fifty kilograms w\ld if transport$ to ,jupit] imm$iately be includ$ 9 ! impos+ society ( ! ,hundr$ ,kilos4 ,jupit] rotates ^u himself ) prodigi\s rapidity4 ,he accompli%es 8 diurnal revolution 9 less ?an t5 h\rs6 ,!re ! day la/s half z long z "h1 & :ile we reckon$ fifte5 days ^u our cal5d>1 ! ,jovian w\ld c\nt ?irty-six4 ,z ,jupit]'s ye> equals ne>ly twelve ( ours1 ! almanac ( t planet w\ld conta9 #aj1dee days6 ,obvi\sly1 our pretty little pocket cal5d>s w\ld nev] s]ve to enum]ate all ! dates 9 ?is va/ _w4 ,?is spl5did globe c\rses 9 space at a di/ance ( #gge1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#dhj1ejj1jjj miles7 f ! ,sun4 ,h5ce x is five times 7#e4b7 z remote f ! orb ( day z our ,e>?1 & its orbit is five times va/] ?an our own4 ,at t di/ance ! ,sun subt5ds a diamet] five times small] ?an t :i* we see1 & its surface is tw5ty-sev5 times less ext5sive2 accord+ly ?is planet>y abode receives on an av]age tw5ty-sev5 times less light & heat ?an we obta94 ,9 ! telescope ,jupit] pres5ts an aspect analog\s to t likely to be exhibit$ by a _w cov]$ ) cl\ds1 & envelop$ 9 d5se vapors 7,fig4 #de74 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! seat ( =midable p]turbations1 ( /range revolutions by :i* x is p]petually convuls$1 = al?\gh ( m anci5t =mation ?an ! ,e>?1 ?is cele/ial giant has n yet arriv$ at ! /able condition ( our dwell+-place4 ,ow+ to its consid]able volume1 ?is globe has probably pres]v$ its orig9al heat1 revolv+ 9 space z an obscure ,sun1 b p]haps /ill burn+4 ,9 x we see :at our own planet mu/ h be5 9 its primordial epo*1 9 ! pri/9e times ( t]re/rial g5esis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,telescopic aspect ( ,jupit]4 ,s9ce its orbital revolution occupies ne>ly twelve ye>s1 ,jupit] comes back into opposition ) ! ,sun e #cii days1 i4e41 #a ye>1 #cd days1 t is ) "o mon? & f\r days' delay ea* ye>4 ,at ^! p]iods x is locat$ at ! extremity ( a /raight l9e :i*1 pass+ by ! ,e>?1 is prolong$ to ! ,sun4 ,^! are ! epo*s to be select$ = obs]vation4 ,x %9es !n1 all night1 l "s dazzl+ /> ( ! fir/ magnitude1 ( excessive :it5ess3 nor c x be conf\nd$ ei!r ) ,v5us1 m lum9\s /ill 7= %e is nev] visible at midnight1 9 ! full ,s\?1 b is ,s\?-we/ 9 ! ev5+1 or ,s\?-ea/ 9 ! morn+71 nor ) ,m>s1 ^: fires are ruddy4 ,9 ! telescope1 ! imm5se planet pres5ts a sup]b disk t an enl>gem5t ( =ty times %[s u to be ! same size to all appe>ance z t ( ! ,moon se5 ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,its %ape is n absolutely sph]ical1 b sph]oid--t is1 flatt5$ at ! poles4 ,! flatt5+ is #a_/ag4 ,we "k t ! ,e>?'s axis dips a c]ta9 quantity on ! plane ( h] orbit1 & t x is ?is incl9ation t produces ! seasons4 ,n[ x is n ! same = ,jupit]4 ,8 axis ( rotation rema9s almo/ v]tical ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( 8 ye>1 & results 9 ! complete abs5ce ( climates & seasons4 ,!re is nei!r glacial zone1 nor tropic zone2 ! position ( ,jupit] is et]nally t ( ! ,e>? at ! season ( ! equ9ox1 & ! va/ _w enjoys1 z x 71 p]petual spr+4 ,x kn[s nei!r ! ho>-fro/ nor ! sn[s ( w9t]4 ,! heat receiv$ f ! ,sun dim9i%es gradually f ! equator to ! poles )\t abrupt transitions1 & ! duration ( day & night is equal !re ?r\gh\t ! entire ye>1 "u e latitude4 ,a privileg$ _w1 inde$6 ,x is surr\nd$ by a v d5se1 ?ick atmosph]e1 :i* und]goes m ext5sive v>iations ?an c\ld be produc$ by ! ,sun at su* a di/ance4 ,spectral analysis detects a l>ge am\nt ( wat]-vapor1 %[+ t ?is planet /ill possesses a v consid]able quantity ( intr9sic heat4 ,mo/ conspicu\s ^u ?is globe are ! l>g] or small] b&s or m>k+s 7gray & :ite1 sometimes t9t$ yell[1 or ( a m>oon or *ocolate hue7 by :i* its surface is /reak$1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! vic9ity ( ! equator4 ,^! diff]5t belts v>y1 & are con/antly modifi$1 ei!r 9 =m or color4 ,sometimes1 !y are irregul>1 & cut up2 at o!rs !y are int]sp]s$ ) m or less brilliant pat*es4 ,^! pat*es are n affix$ to ! surface ( ! globe1 l ! seas & cont95ts ( ! ,e>?2 nor d !y circulate r\nd ! planet l ! satellites1 9 m or less elongat$ & regul> revolutions1 b are relatively mobile1 l our cl\ds 9 ! atmosph]e1 :ile obs]vation ( _! motion does n give ! exact p]iod ( ! rotation ( ,jupit]4 ,"s only appe> ^u ! agitat$ disk to vani% v quickly2 o!rs subsi/ = a consid]able p]iod4 ,"o has be5 obs]v$ = ov] a qu>t] ( a c5tury1 & appe>s to be almo/ immobile ^u ?is colossal globe4 ,?is spot1 :i* 0 r$ at its fir/ appe>ance1 is n[ pale & gho/ly4 ,x is oval 7vide ,fig4 #de7 & measures #db1jjj kilomet]s 7#bf1jdj miles7 9 l5g? by #ae1jjj kilomet]s 7#i1cjj miles7 9 wid?4 ,h5ce x is ab\t f\r times z long z ! diamet] ( our ,e>?2 t is1 relatively to ! size ( ,jupit]1 z are ! dim5sions ( ,au/ralia 9 proportion to our globe4 ,! discussion ( a l>g] numb] ( obs]vations leads u to see 9 x a sort ( cont95t 9 ! mak+1 a scoria rec5tly eject$ f ! mobile & /ill liquid & heat$ surface ( ! giant ,jupit]4 ,! pat*1 h[ev]1 oscillates p]ceptibly1 & appe>s to be a float+ isl&4 ,we mu/ add t ?is va/ _w1 l ! ,sun1 does n rotate all 9 "o p]iod4 ,eight diff]5t curr5ts c be p]ceiv$ ^u its surface4 ,! mo/ rapid is t ( ! equatorial zone1 :i* accompli%es its revolution 9 #i h\rs1 #ej m9utes1 #bi seconds4 ,a po9t situat$ on ! equator is !re=e c>ri$ =w>d at a spe$ ( #ab1ejj met]s 7#g miles7 p] second1 & x is ?is giddy velocity ( ,jupit] t has produc$ ! flatt5+ ( ! poles4 ,f ! equator to ! poles1 ! swiftness ( ! curr5ts dim9i%es irregul>ly1 & ! diff]5ce am\nts to ab\t five m9utes betwe5 ! movem5t ( ! equatorial /ream1 & t ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn curr5ts4 ,b :at is m curi\s /ill is t ! velocity ( "o & ! same /ream is subject to c]ta9 fluctuations2 ?us1 9 ! la/ qu>t] ( a c5tury1 ! spe$ ( ! equatorial curr5t has progressively dim9i%$4 ,9 #ahgi1 ! velocity 0 #i h\rs1 #di m9utes1 #ei seconds1 & n[ x is1 z we h already se51 #i h\rs1 #ej m9utes1 #bi seconds1 :i* repres5ts a sub/antial r$uction4 ,! rotation ( ! r$ pat*1 at #be degrees ( ! s\!rn latitude1 is effect$ 9 #i h\rs1 #ee m9utes1 #dj seconds4 ,we are confront$ ) a /range & my/]i\s _w4 ,x is ! _w ( ! future4 ,?is giant gravitates 9 space accompani$ by a suite ( five satellites4 ,^! are3 ,names4 ,di/ance f surface ( ,jupit]4 ,"t ( revolution4 ,kilomet]s4 ,miles4 ,days4 ,h\rs4 #e4 #bjj1jjj #abd1jjj #aa #a4 ,io #dcj1jjj #bff1jjj #a #ah #b4 ,europa #fhb1jjj #dbb1hdj #c #ac #c4 ,ganym$e #a1jhh1jjj #fgd1efj #g #d #d4 ,calli/o #a1iad1jjj #a1ahf1fhj #af #af ,! f\r pr9cipal satellites ( ,jupit] 7 discov]$ at ! same "t1 on ! same ev5+s 7,janu>y #g & #h1 #afaj71 by ! two a/ronom]s :o 7 po9t+ _! telescopes at ,jupit]3 ,galileo 9 ,italy1 & ,simon ,m>ius 9 ,g]many4 ,on ,septemb] #i1 #ahib1 ,mr4 ,b>n>d1 a/ronom] ( ! ,lick ,obs]vatory1 ,cali=nia1 discov]$ a new satellite1 extremely m9ute1 & v ne> ! enorm\s planet4 ,x has s f> receiv$ no "n1 & is kn[n z ! fif?1 al?\gh ! f\r pr9cipal are numb]$ 9 ! ord] ( _! di/ances4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--;,jupit] & 8 f\r pr9cipal satellites4 ,! f\r classical satellites are visible 9 ! smalle/ in/rum5ts 7,fig4 #df73 ! ?ird is ! mo/ volum9\s4 ,su* is ! spl5did sy/em ( ! mighty ,jupit]4 ,once1 d\btless1 ?is f9e planet illum9at$ ! troop ( worlds t d]iv$ _! treasure ( vitality f him ) 8 intr9sic light3 to-day1 h[ev]1 ^! moons 9 _! turn %$ ^u ! ext9ct c5tral globe ! pale s(t light :i* !y receive f our sol> focus1 illum9at+ ! brief ,jovian nights 7:i* la/ less ?an five h\rs1 on acc\nt ( ! twilight7 ) _! v>iable brilliancy4 ,at ! di/ance ( ! fir/ satellite1 ,jupit] exhibits a disk f\rte5 hundr$ times va/] ?an t ( ! ,full ,moon6 ,:at a dazzl+ spectacle1 :at a fairy sc5e mu/ ! enorm\s /> af=d to ! inhabitants ( t t9y _w6 ,& :at a %abby figure mu/ our ,e>? & ,moon pres5t 9 ! face ( su* a body1 a real m9iature ( ! great sol> sy/em6 ,our ance/ors 7 well inspir$ :5 !y attribut$ ! sov]eignty ( ,olympus to ?is maje/ic planet4 ,8 brilliancy corresponds ) 8 real gr&eur4 ,8 dom9ion 9 ! midnight ,heav5s is unique4 ,"h aga91 z = ,v5us1 ,m>s1 & ,m]cury1 a/ronomy has creat$ ! leg5d ( ! fables ( my?ology4 ,let u repeat 9 conclusion t our ,e>? becomes practically invisible = ! inhabitants ( ! o!r worlds beyond ! di/ance ( ,jupit]4 ,,saturn ,turn back n[ = a mom5t to ! plan ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em4 ,we _h to cross #gge million kilomet]s 7#dhj1jjj1jjj miles7 :5 we left ! ,sun1 9 ord] to rea* ! imm5se orb ( ,jupit]1 :i* c\rses 9 space at #fbf million kilomet]s 7#chh1jjj1jjj miles7 f ! t]re/rial orbit4 ,f ,jupit] we _h to trav]se a di/ance ( #fdf million kilomet]s 7#djj1jjj1jjj miles7 9 ord] to rea* ! m>vel\s sy/em ( ,saturn1 :]e our eyes & ?\ghts mu/ next alight4 ,son ( ,uranus & ,ve/a1 ,saturn 0 ! ,god ( ,"t & ,fate4 ,he is g5]ally repres5t$ z an ag$ man be>+ a scy!4 ,8 my?ological "* is only ! expression ( 8 cele/ial aspect1 z we h se5 = ! brilliant ,jupit]1 = ! pale ,v5us1 ! ruddy ,m>s1 & ! agile ,m]cury4 ,! revolution ( ,saturn is ! sl[e/ ( any among ! planets kn[n to ! anci5ts4 ,x takes almo/ ?irty ye>s = its accompli%m5t1 & at t di/ance ! ,saturnian _w1 ?\gh x /ill %9es ) ! brilliancy ( a /> ( ! fir/ magnitude1 exhibits to our eyes a pale & lead5 hue4 ,"h is1 inde$1 ! god ( ,"t1 ) sl[ & almo/ fun]eal gait4 ,poor ,saturn won no favor ) ! poets & a/rolog]s4 ,he bore ! horrid reputation ( be+ ! inexhau/ible s\rce ( mis=tune & evil fates1--:]e( he is :olly innoc5t1 tr\bl+ himself n at all ) our _w nor its inhabitants4 ,?is _w travels 9 ! va/ness ( ! ,heav5s at a di/ance ( #a1dba million kilomet]s 7#hha1jjj1jjj miles7 f ! ,sun4 ,h5ce x is t5 times f>!r f ! orb ( day ?an ! ,e>?1 ?\gh /ill illum9at$ & gov]n$ by ! ,sun-,god4 ,its gigantic orbit is t5 times l>g] ?an our own4 ,its revolution r\nd ! ,sun is accompli%$ 9 #aj1gei days1 i4e41 #bi ye>s1 #afg days1 & z ?is /range planet rotates ^u itself ) great rapidity 9 #aj h\rs1 #ae m9utes1 its ye> comprises no less ?an #be1bag days4 ,:at a cal5d>6 ,! ,saturnians mu/ ne$s h a prodigi\s memory n to get hopelessly involv$ 9 ?is int]m9able numb] ( days4 ,a curi\s _w1 :]e ea* ye> /&s = almo/ ?irty ( our own1 & :]e ! day is m ?an half z %ort aga9 z ours4 ,b we %all pres5tly f9d o!r & m extraord9>y diff]5ces on ?is planet4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is ne>ly n9e & a half times l>g] ?an our _w4 ,x is a globe1 n sph]ical1 b sph]oidal1 & ! flatt5+ ( its poles1 :i* is "o-t5?1 exce$s t ( all ! o!r planets1 ev5 ,jupit]4 ,x foll[s t its equatorial diamet] is #aab1ejj kilomet]s 7#fi1gej miles71 :ile its pol> diamet] measures only #aaj1jjj kilomet]s 7#fh1bjj74 ,9 volume1 ,saturn is #gai times l>g] ?an ! ,e>?1 b its d5sity is only #abh_/ajjj ( our own2 i4e41 ! mat]ials ( :i* x is compos$ are mu* less heavy1 s t x weighs only #ib times m ?an our ,e>?4 ,its surface is #he times va/] ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 no insignificant proportion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,saturn4 ,! dipp+ ( ,saturn's axis ( rotation is mu* ! same z our own4 ,h5ce we conclude t ! seasons ( ?is planet are analog\s to ours 9 relative int5sity4 ,only ^u ?is f>-(f _w ea* season la/s = sev5 ye>s4 ,at ! di/ance at :i* x gravitates 9 space1 ! heat & light :i* x receives f ! ,sun are #ij times less active ?an su* z rea* our selves2 b x app>5tly possesses an atmosph]e ( great d5sity1 :i* may be con/itut$ s t ! heat is pres]v$1 & ! planet ma9ta9$ 9 a calorific condition b little inf]ior to our own4 ,9 ! telescope1 ! disk ( ,saturn exhibits l>ge belts t recall ^? ( ,jupit]1 ?\gh !y are broad] & less acc5tuat$ 7,fig4 #dg74 ,!re are d\btless zones ( cl\ds or rapid curr5ts circulat+ 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,spots are also visible ^: displacem5t assi/s 9 calculat+ ! diurnal motions ( ?is globe4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y *>act]i/ic ( ?is /range _w is1 h[ev]1 ! exi/5ce ( a va/ r+1 :i* is almo/ flat & v l>ge1 & entirely envelops ! body ( ! planet4 ,x is susp5d$ 9 ! ,saturnian sky1 l a gigantic triumphal ar*1 at a height ( "s #bj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ab1djj miles7 above ! equator4 ,?is spl5did ar* is circul>1 l an imm5se cr[n illum9at$ by ! ,sun4 ,f "h we only see x obliquely1 & x appe>s to u elliptical2 a "p ( ! r+ seems to pass 9 front ( ,saturn1 & its %ad[ is visible on ! planet1 :ile ! opposite "p passes beh9d4 ,?is r+1 :i* measures #bhd1jjj kilomet]s 7#agf1jhj miles7 9 diamet]1 & less ?an #ajj kilomet]s 7#fb miles7 9 bread?1 is divid$ into ?ree di/9ct zones3 ! ext]ior is less lum9\s ?an ! c5t]1 :i* is always bright] ?an ! planet itself2 ! int]ior is v d>k1 & spreads out l a dusky & fa9tly transp>5t veil1 ?r\gh :i* ,saturn c be di/+ui%$4 ,:at is ! nature ( ^! va/ conc5tric circles t surr\nd ! planet ) a lum9\s halo8 ,!y are compos$ ( an innum]able numb] ( p>ticles1 ( a quantity ( cosmic fragm5ts1 :i* are swept (f 9 a rapid revolution1 & gravitate r\nd ! planet at v>iable spe$ & di/ance4 ,! ne>] p>ticles mu/ accompli% _! revolution 9 #e h\rs1 #ej m9utes1 & ! mo/ di/ant 9 ab\t #ab h\rs1 #e m9utes1 to prev5t !m f be+ m]g$ 9 ! surface ( ,saturn3 _! own c5trifugal =ce su/a9s !m 9 space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4 ,v>y+ p]spective ( ,saturn's ,r+s1 z se5 f ! ,e>?4 ,) a good glass ! effect ( ^! r+s is mo/ /rik+1 & "o c n refra9 f emotion on contemplat+ ?is m>vel1 :]eby "o ( ! bro!rs ( our t]re/rial c\ntry is cr[n$ ) a gold5 diadem4 ,its aspects v>y ) its p]spective relative to ! ,e>?1 z may be se5 f ! subjo9$ figure 7,fig4 #dh74 ,we mu/ n quit ! ,saturnian prov9ce )\t m5tion+ ! eight satellites t =m 8 spl5did suite3 ,names4 ,di/ance f ! planet4 ,"t ( revolution4 ,kilomet]s4 ,miles4 ,days4 ,h\rs4 ,m9utes4 #a4 ,mimas #bjg1jjj #abh1cdj #bb #cg #b4 ,enceladus #beg1fjj #aei1gab #a #h #ec #c4 ,te?ys #cbh1hjj #bjc1hef #a #ba #ah #d4 ,dione #dba1bjj #bfa1add #b #ag #da #e4 ,rhea #ehh1djj #cfd1hjh #d #ab #be #f4 ,titan #a1cfd1jjj #hde1fhj #ae #bb #da #g4 ,hyp]ion #a1fej1jjj #a1jbc1jjj #ba #f #ci #h4 ,japhet #c1ifd1jjj #b1deg1fhj #gi #g #ed ,"h is a m>vel\s sy/em1 )1 :at is m1 eight diff]5t k9ds ( mon?s = ! inhabitants ( ,saturn2 eight moons ) con/antly v>y+ phases juggl+ above ! r+s6 ,n[ we %all cross at a b\nd ! #a1djj million kilomet]s 7#hfh1jjj1jjj miles7 t sep>ate u f ! la/ /ation b "o ( ! imm5se sol> sy/em4 ,,uranus ,on ,m>* #ac1 #agha1 ,william ,h]s*el1 a ,hanov]ian a/ronom] :o _h emigrat$ to ,engl&1 hav+ ab&on$ ! /udy ( music to devote himself to ! sublime sci5ce ( ! ,heav5s1 0 obs]v+ ! va/ fields ) _! con/ellations ( gold5 />s1 :5 he p]ceiv$ a lum9\s po9t t appe>$ to him to exce$ t ( ! o!r cele/ial lum9>ies 9 diamet]4 ,he replac$ ! magnification ( 8 telescope by m p[]ful eye-pieces1 & f\nd t ! app>5t diamet] ( ! orb increas$ proportionately ) ! amplification ( ! p[]1 :i* does n happ5 9 ! case ( />s at inf9ite di/ance4 ,8 obs]vations on ! foll[+ ev5+s enabl$ him to note ! sl[ & imp]ceptible movem5t ( ?is /> ^u ! cele/ial sph]e1 & left him 9 no fur!r d\bt3 !re 0 no />1 b "s mu* ne>] orb1 9 all probability a comet1 = ! great a/ronom] d>$ n pr$ict ! discov]y ( a new planet4 ,& x 0 ?us1 "u ! "n ( comet>y orb1 t ! sev5? *ild ( ! ,sun 0 ann\nc$4 ,! a/ronom]s s\ght to det]m9e ! motions ( ! new arrival1 to discov] = x an elliptical orbit su* z mo/ comets h4 ,b _! ef=ts 7 va91 & aft] sev]al mon?s' /udy ! conclusion 0 rea*$ t "h 0 a new planet1 ?r[+ back ! limits ( ! sol> sy/em to a po9t f> beyond t ( ! ,saturnian fronti]1 z admitt$ f antiquity4 ,?is new _w receiv$ ! "n ( ,uranus1 fa!r ( ,saturn1 8 ne>e/ neighbor 9 ! sol> empire4 ,uranus %9es 9 ! firmam5t z a small /> ( six? magnitude1 invisible to ! unaid$ eye = normal sight1 at a di/ance ( #b1hca1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#a1gee1jjj1jjj miles7 f ! ,sun4 ,small] ?an ,jupit] & ,saturn1 ?is planet is yet l>g] ?an ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 & ! ,e>? toge!r1 ?us pres5t+ proportions t claim our respect & admiration4 ,8 diamet] may be tak5 at ab\t #ee1jjj kilomet]s 7#cd1bjj miles71 t is1 r m ?an f\r times ! bread? ( ! t]re/rial diamet]4 ,sixty-n9e times m volum9\s ?an ! ,e>?1 & sev5te5 times m ext5sive 9 surface1 ?is new _w is mu* less ?an our own 9 d5sity4 ,! matt] ( :i* x is compos$ is ne>ly five times light] ?an t ( our globe4 ,spectral analysis %[s t ?is di/ant planet is surr\nd$ ) an atmosph]e v diff]5t f t :i* we brea!1 enclos+ gases t d n exi/ 9 ours4 ,! ,uranian globe c\rses ov] ! fields ( inf9ity 9 a va/ orbit sev5te5 times l>g] ?an our own1 & its revolution la/s #cf1fhh days1 i4e41 #hd ye>s1 #h days4 ,x travels sl[ly & sadly "u ! pale & langui%+ rays ( ! ,sun1 :i* s5ds x ne>ly ?ree hundr$ times less ( light & heat ?an we receive4 ,at ?is di/ance ! sol> disk w\ld pres5t a diamet] sev5te5 times small] ?an t :i* we admire1 & a surface ?ree hundr$ times less va/4 ,a dull _w inde$6 ,& :at an int]m9able ye>6 ,! idle p :o are 9 ! habit ( be+ bor$ mu/ f9d "t ev5 long] ^u ,uranus ?an ^u our little ,e>?1 :]e ! days pass s rapidly4 ,& if matt]s are arrang$ !re z "h1 a babe ( a ye> old1 beg9n+ to babble 9 its nurse's arms1 w\ld already h liv$ z long z an old man ( eighty-f\r 9 ?is _w4 ,b :at mo/ s]i\sly complicates ! ,cal5d> ( ! ,uranians is ! fact t ! f\r moons :i* accompany ! planet accompli% _! revolution 9 f\r diff]5t k9ds ( mon?s1 9 two1 f\r1 eight1 & ?irte5 days1 z is %[n 9 ! foll[+ table3 ,di/ance f ! planet4 ,"t ( revolution4 ,kilomet]s4 ,miles4 ,days4 ,h\rs4 ,m9utes4 #a4 ,ariel #aif1jjj #aba1ebj #b #ab #bi #b4 ,umbriel #bgf1jjj #aga1abj #d #c #bg #c4 ,titania #dej1jjj #bgi1jjj #h #af #ef #d4 ,ob]on #fjj1jjj #cgb1jjj #ac #aa #g ,! mo/ curi\s fact is t ^! satellites d n rotate l ^? ( ! o!r planets4 ,:ile ! moons ( ! ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 & ,saturn accompli% _! revolution f ea/ to we/1 ! satellites ( ,uranus rotate 9 a plane almo/ p]p5dicul> to ! ecliptic1 & x is d\btless ! same = ! rotation ( ! planet4 ,if we _h to quit ! ,e>?1 & fixate ourselves ^u ano!r _w1 we %\ld pref] ,m>s to ,uranus1 :]e ev]y?+ mu/ be s diff]5t f t]re/rial arrangem5ts8 ,b :o kn[s8 ,p]haps1 aft] all1 ?is planet might af=d u "s agreeable surprises4 ,il ne faut jur] de ri54 ,,neptune ,& "h we rea* ! fronti] ( ! ,sol> ,sy/em1 z actually kn[n to u4 ,9 l&+ on ! _w ( ,neptune1 :i* circles ?r\gh ! ,heav5s 9 et]nal twilight at a di/ance ( m ?an f\r milli>d kilomet]s 7#b1dhj1jjj1jjj miles7 f ! common c5t] ( attraction ( ! planet>y orbs1 we once aga9 admire ! prodigies ( sci5ce4 ,uranus 0 discov]$ ) ! telescope1 ,neptune by calculation4 ,9 addition to ! sol> influ5ce1 ! worlds ex]t a mutual attraction ^u ea* o!r t slightly d]anges ! h>mony ord]$ by ! ,sun4 ,! /rong] act ^u ! weak]1 & ! colossal ,jupit] alone causes _m ( ! p]turbations 9 our great sol> family4 ,n[ dur+ regul> obs]vations ( ! position ( ,uranus 9 space1 "s inexplicable irregul>ities 7 soon p]ceiv$4 ,! a/ronom]s hav+ full fai? 9 ! univ]sality ( ! law ( attraction1 c\ld n d o!rwise ?an attribute ^! irregul>ities to ! influ5ce ( "s unkn[n planet situat$ ev5 f>!r (f4 ,b at :at di/ance8 ,a v simple proportion1 kn[n z ,bode's law1 has be5 obs]v$1 :i* indicates approximately ! relative di/ances ( ! planets f ! ,sun4 ,x is z foll[s3 ,/>t+ f #j1 write ! numb] #c1 & d\ble successively1 #j #c #f #ab #bd #dh #if #aib #chd4 ,!n1 add ! numb] #d to ea* ( ! prec$+ figures1 :i* gives ! foll[+ s]ies3 #d #g #aj #af #bh #eb #ajj #aif #chh4 ,n[ x is a v curi\s fact t if ! di/ance betwe5 ! ,e>? & ! ,sun be repres5t$ by #aj1 ! figure #d repres5ts ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 #g t ( ,v5us1 #af ( ,m>s2 ! figure #bh /&s = ! m$ium di/ance ( ! m9or planets2 ! di/ances ( ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 & ,uranus agree ) #eb1 #ajj1 & #aif4 ,! immortal ,fr5* ma!matician ,le ,v]ri]1 :o pursu$ ! solution ( ! ,uranian problem1 suppos$ naturally t ! di/urb+ planet mu/ be at ! di/ance ( #chh1 & made 8 calculations accord+ly4 ,its direction 9 ! ,heav5s 0 indicat$ by ! =m ( ! di/urbances2 ! orbit ( ,uranus bulg+1 z x 71 on ! side ( ! di/urb+ factor4 ,on ,augu/ #ca1 #ahdf1 ,le ,v]ri] ann\nc$ ! position ( ! ultra-,uranian planet1 & on ,septemb] #bc;d foll[+1 a ,g]man a/ronom]1 ,galle1 at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,b]l91 :o _h j receiv$ ?is intellig5ce1 po9t$ 8 telescope t[>d ! qu>t] ( ! ,heav5s designat$1 &1 9 fact1 atte/$ ! pres5ce ( ! new orb4 ,)\t quitt+ 8 /udy table1 ,le ,v]ri]1 by ! sole use ( ma!matics1 _h detect$1 &1 z x 71 t\*$ at p5's po9t ! my/]i\s /rang]4 ,only1 x is prov$ by obs]vation & calculation t x is less remote ?an 0 expect$ f ! prec$+ law1 = x gravitates at a di/ance ( #cjj1 giv5 t f ! ,e>? to ! ,sun z #aj4 ,?is planet 0 call$ ,neptune1 god ( ! seas1 son ( ,saturn1 bro!r ( ,jupit]4 ,! "n is well *os51 s9ce ! ,k+ ( ! ,ocean lives 9 d>kness 9 ! dep?s ( ! sea1 & ,le ,v]ri]'s orb is also plung$ 9 ! semi-obscurity ( ! dep?s ( ! cele/ial elem5t4 ,b x 0 prim>ily select$ to d ju/ice to an ,engli% a/ronom]1 ,adams1 :o _h simultane\sly made ! same calculations z ,le ,v]ri]1 & obta9$ ! same results--)\t publi%+ !m4 ,8 "w rema9$ 9 ! records ( ! ,gre5wi* ,obs]vatory4 ,! ,engli% comm& ! seas1 & :]ev] !y dip _! f+] into ! wat] & f9d x salt1 !y feel !mselves at home1 & "k t ,neptune's trid5t is ! scept] ( ! _w1 h5ce ?is complim5t>y nom5clature4 ,neptune is sep>at$ by a di/ance ( f\r milli>ds1 f\r hundr$ million kilomet]s f ! sol> c5t]4 ,at su* a di/ance1 ?irty times great] ?an t :i* exi/s betwe5 ! ,sun & our _w1 ,neptune receives n9e hundr$ times less light & heat ?an ourselves2 i4e41 ,spitzb]g5 & ! pol> regions ( our globe are furnaces comp>$ ) :at mu/ be ! ,neptunian temp]ature4 ,absolutely invisible to ! unaid$ eye1 ?is _w pres5ts 9 ! telescope ! aspect ( a /> ( ! eigh? magnitude4 ,) p[]ful magnifications x is possible to measure its disk1 :i* appe>s to be slightly t+$ ) blue4 ,its diamet] is f\r times l>g] ?an our own1 & measures ab\t #dh1jjj kilomet]s 7#bi1ijj miles71 its surface is sixte5 times va/] ?an t ( ! ,e>?1 & to atta9 its volume we %\ld h to put toge!r fifty-five globes simil> to our own4 ,weight at its surface mu/ be ab\t ! same z "h1 b its m$ium d5sity is only #a_/c t ( ! ,e>?4 ,x gravitates sl[ly1 dragg+ itself along an orbit ?irty times va/] ?an t ( our globe1 & its revolution takes #afd ye>s1 #bha days1 i4e41 #afd ye>s1 #i mon?s4 ,a s+le ye> ( ,neptune ?us cov]s sev]al g5]ations ( t]re/rial life4 ,exi/5ce mu/1 inde$1 be /range 9 t tortoise-foot$ _w6 ,:ile 9 _! rotation p]iod1 ,m]cury accompli%es #dg kilomet]s 7#bi-c_/h miles7 p] second1 & ! ,e>? #bi-a_/b 7#ah-a_/h miles71 ,neptune rolls along 8 imm5se orbit at a rate ( only #e-a_/b kilomet]s 7ab\t #c-a_/d miles7 p] second4 ,! va/ di/ance t sep>ates u prev5ts our di/+ui%+ any details ( 8 surface1 b spectral analysis reveals ! pres5ce ( an absorb5t atmosph]e 9 :i* are gases unkn[n to ! air ( our planet1 & ( :i* ! *emical composition resembles t ( ! atmosph]e ( ,uranus4 ,"o satellite has be5 discov]$ = ,neptune4 ,x has a consid]able incl9ation1 & rotates f ea/ to we/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& "h we h rea*$ ! goal ( our int]planet>y j\rney4 ,aft] visit+ ! va/ prov9ces ( ! sol> republic1 we feel yet great] admiration & gratitude t[>d ! lum9>y t gov]ns1 w>ms1 & illum9ates ! worlds ( 8 sy/em4 ,9 conclusion1 let u aga9 insi/ t ! ,e>?1--a spl5did orb z view$ f ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & ,m>s1--beg9s to disappe> f ,jupit]1 :]e %e becomes no m ?an a t9y sp>k oscillat+ f side to side ( ! ,sun1 & occasionally pass+ 9 front ( him z a small black dot4 ,f ,saturn ! visibility ( our planet is ev5 m r$uc$4 ,z to ,uranus & ,neptune1 we are invisible !re1 at lea/ to eyes con/ruct$ l our own4 ,we d n possess 9 ! ,univ]se ! importance ) :i* we w\ld end[ ourselves4 ,neptune up to ! pres5t gu>ds ! portals ( our cele/ial sy/em2 we w leave him to wat* ov] ! di/ant fronti]2 b be=e return+ to ! ,e>?1 we mu/ glance at c]ta9 ecc5tric orbs1 at ! mad1 caprici\s comets1 :i* impr9t _! airy flight ^u ! realms ( space4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,comets ,,%oot+ ,,/>s1 ,,bolides1 ,,uranoli?s ,,or ,,meteoric ,,/ones ,:at m>vels h be5 review$ by our dazzl$ eyes s9ce ! outset ( ^! discussions6 ,we fir/ survey$ ! magnific5t ho/ ( />s t p ! va/ firmam5t ( ,heav52 next we admir$ & wond]$ at suns v diff]5tly con/itut$ f our own2 !n return+ f ! dep?s ( space1 cross+ at a b\nd ! abyss t sep>ates u f ^! my/]i\s lum9>ies1 ! di/ant tor*es ( our somb] night1 t]rible suns ( inf9ity1 we l&$ on our own belov$ orb1 ! sup]b & brilliant day-/>4 ,!nce we visit$ 8 cele/ial family1 8 sy/em1 9 :i* our ,e>? is a float+ isl&4 ,b ! j\rney w\ld be incomplete if we omitt$ c]ta9 m or less vagabond orbs1 t occasionally approa* ! ,sun & ,e>?1 "s ( :i* may ev5 collide ) u ^u _! cele/ial pa?4 ,^! are 9 ! fir/ place ! comets1 !n ! %oot+ />s1 ! fire-balls1 & meteorites4 ,glitt]+1 swift-foot$ h]alds ( ,imm5sity1 ^! comets ) gold5 w+s glide lightly ?r\gh ,space1 %$d+ a mom5t>y illum9ation by _! pres5ce4 ,:5ce come !y8 ,:i!r are !y b\nd8 ,:at problems !y prop\nd to u1 :51 z 9 "s beautiful display ( pyrote*nics1 ! ar* ( ,heav5 is illum9at$ ) _! fanta/ic light6 ,b fir/ ( all--:at is a ,comet8 ,if in/ead ( liv+ 9 ^! days ( ! telescope1 ( spectrum analysis1 & ( a/ral photography1 we 7 ant]ior to ,galileo1 & to ! lib]ation ( ! human _s by ,a/ronomy1 we %\ld reply t ! comet is an object ( t]ror1 a dang]\s m5ace t appe>s to mortals 9 ! purity ( ! immaculate ,heav5s1 to ann\nce ! mo/ fatal mis=tunes to ! inhabitants ( our planet4 ,is a comet visible 9 ! ,heav5s8 ,! reign+ pr9ce may make 8 te/am5t & prep>e to die4 ,ano!r app>ition 9 ! firmam5t bodes w>1 fam9e1 ! adv5t ( griev\s pe/il5ce4 ,! a/rolog]s _h an op5 field1 & _! f]tile imag9ation might haz>d e possible conjecture1 see+ t mis=tunes1 great or small1 are n altoge!r r>e 9 ?is sublun> _w4 ,h[ _m intellects1 & ^? n ! mo/ vulg>1 f antiquity to ! middle ( ! la/ c5tury curs$ ! app>ition ( ^! hirsute />s1 :i* br\ght desolation to ! he>t ( man1 & p\r$ _! fatal effluvia ^u ! head ( poor ,humanity4 ,! hi/ory ( ! sup]/itions & fe>s t !y inspir$ ( old w\ld furni% matt] = ! mo/ ?rill+ ( romances4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! volume w\ld be little flatt]+ to ! common-s5se ( our ance/ors4 ,despite ! respect we owe our =efa!rs1 let u recall = a mom5t ! prejudices atta*+ to ! mo/ fam\s comets ^: passage1 z obs]v$ f ! ,e>?1 has be5 pres]v$ to u 9 hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--;,great ,comet ( #aheh4 99 99 99 99 99 ,)\t go+ back to ! ,deluge1 we note t ! ,romans e/abli%$ a relation betwe5 ! ,great ,comet ( #dc ,b4,c4 & ! dea? ( ,caes>1 :o _h be5 assass9at$ a few mon?s previ\sly4 ,x 01 !y ass]t$1 ! s\l ( _! great ,capta91 transport$ to ,heav5 to reign 9 ! empyrean aft] rul+ "h bel[4 ,7 n ! ,emp]ors ,lords ( bo? ,e>? & ,heav58 ,we mu/ 9 ju/ice recognize t c]ta9 m indep5d5t spirits emancipat$ !mselves f ^! sup]/itions1 & we may cite ! reply ( ,vespasian to 8 fri5ds1 :o 7 al>m$ at ! evil presage ( a flam+ comet3 ,fe> no?+1 he said1 ?is be>d$ /> conc]ns me n2 r %\ld x ?reat5 my neighbor ! ,k+ ( ! ,p>?ians1 s9ce he is hairy & ,i am bald4 ,9 ! ye> #hcg "o ( ^! my/]i\s visitants appe>$ 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,x 0 9 ! reign ( ,lewis ! ,debonair4 ,directly ! ,k+ p]ceiv$ ! comet1 he s5t = an a/rolog]1 & ask$ :at he 0 to conclude f ! app>ition4 ,z ! answ]s 7 unsatisfactory he tri$ to av]t ! augury by pray]s to ,heav51 by orda9+ a g5]al fa/ to all 8 ,c\rt1 & by build+ *ur*es4 ,not)/&+1 he di$ ?ree ye>s lat]1 & ! hi/orians pr(it$ by ?is sl5d] co9cid5ce to set up a correlation betwe5 ! fatal /> & ! dea? ( ! ,sov]eign4 ,?is comet1 fam\s 9 hi/ory1 is no o!r ?an t ( ,halley1 9 "o ( its appe>ances4 ,?is comet return$ to explore ! realms ne> ! ,sun 9 #ajff1 at ! mom5t :5 ,william ( ,norm&y 0 und]tak+ ! ,conque/ ( ,engl&1 & 0 misguid$ en\gh to g across & reign 9 ,london1 in/ead ( /ay+ at home & annex+ ,engl&1 ?us by 8 action f\nd+ ! ev]la/+ rivalry betwe5 ,france & ?is isl&4 ,a b5eficial influ5ce 0 attribut$ to ! comet 9 ! ,battle ( ,ha/+s4 ,a few c5turies lat] x aga9 came into sight f ! ,e>?1 9 #adef1 ?ree ye>s aft] ! capture ( ,con/ant9ople by ! ,turks4 ,feel+ ran high 9 ,europe1 & ?is cele/ial om5 0 tak5 = a pro( ( ! ang] ( ! ,almighty4 ,! mom5t 0 decisive2 ! ,*ri/ians _h to be rescu$ f a /ruggle 9 :i* !y 7 be+ wor/$4 ,at ?is conjuncture1 ,pope ,calixtus resuscitat$ a pray] t _h fall5 into disuse1 ! ,angelus2 & ord]$ t ! bells ( ! *ur*es %\ld be rung ea* day at noon1 t ! ,fai?ful might jo9 at ! same h\r 9 pray] aga9/ ! ,turks & ! ,comet4 ,?is cu/om has la/$ d[n to our own day4 ,aga91 to ! comet ( #aejj 0 attribut$ ! tempe/ t caus$ ! dea? ( ,b>?olomew ,diaz1 a celebrat$ ,portuguese navigator1 :o discov]$ ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,9 #aebh a be>d$ /> ( t]rific aspect al>m$ ! _w1 & ! m s]i\s spirits 7 influ5c$ by ?is m5ac+ comet1 :i* burn$ 9 ! ,heav5s l a great & gory sword4 ,9 a *apt] on ,cele/ial ,mon/]s ! celebrat$ surgeon ,ambroise ,p>e describes ?is awful ph5om5on 9 t]ms any?+ b s$uctive1 or reassur+1 %[+ u ! m5ac+ sword surr\nd$ by ! heads x _h cut (f 7,fig4 #ej74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--,:at our ,ance/ors saw 9 a ,comet4 ,aft] ,ambroise ,p>e 7#aebh74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--,prodigies se5 9 ! ,heav5s by our ,=efa!rs4 ,om5s ( battle1 #aedg4 ,de] & w>riors1 ,july #ai1 #aeej4 ,cavalry1 & a bloody bran* cross+ ! sun1 ,june #aa1 #aeed4 ,our fa!rs saw _m o!r prodigies 9 ! skies2 _! desc5dants1 less cr$ul\s1 c /udy ! facsimile reproduc$ 9 ,fig4 #ea1 ( ! draw+s publi%$ 9 ! ye> #aeeg by ,conrad ,lyco/h5es 9 8 curi\s ,book ( ,prodigies4 ,s1 too1 x is ass]t$ t ,*>les ,v r5\nc$ ! jurisdiction ( 8 ,e/ates1 :i* 7 s va/ t ! ,sun nev] slept ^u !m1 because he 0 t]rifi$ by ! comet ( #aeef :i* burn$ 9 ! skies ) an al>m+ brilliancy1 into pass+ ! re/ ( 8 days 9 pray] & devotion4 ,x is c]ta9 t comets (t5 exhibit v /range *>act]i/ics1 b ! imag9ation t sees 9 !m su* dramatic figures mu/ inde$ be lively4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages & ! ,r5aissance ^! 7 swords ( fire1 bloody crosses1 flam+ dagg]s1 etc41 all horrible objects ready to de/roy our poor human race6 ,at ! "t ( ! ,romans1 ,pl9y made "s curi\s di/9ctions betwe5 !m3 ,! ,be>d$ ,ones let loose _! hair l a maje/ic be>d2 ! ,javel9 d>ts =? l an arr[2 if ! tail is %ort] & ends 9 a po9t1 x is call$ ! ,sword2 ?is is ! pale/ ( all ! ,comets2 x %9es l a sword1 )\t rays2 ! ,plate or ,disk is nam$ 9 con=mity ) its figure2 its color is amb]1 ! ,b>rel is actually %ap$ l a b>rel1 z x might be 9 smoke1 ) light /ream+ ?r\gh x2 ! ,horn imitates ! figure ( a horn erect$ 9 ! sky1 & ! ,lamp t ( a burn+ flame2 ! ,equ9e repres5ts a horse's mane1 %ak5 viol5tly ) a circul> motion4 ,!re are bri/l$ comets2 ^! resemble ! sk9s ( bea/s ) ! fur on !m1 & are surr\nd$ by a nebulosity4 ,la/ly1 ! tails ( c]ta9 comets h be5 se5 to m5ace ! sky 9 ! =m ( a lance4 ,^! hairy orbs t appe> 9 all directions1 & ^: trajectories are sometimes actually p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 appe> to obey no regul> law4 ,ev5 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ! p]spicaci\s ,kepl] _h n div9$ _! true "*1 see+ 9 !m1 l mo/ ( 8 contempor>ies1 emanations f ! e>?1 a sort ( vapor1 los+ itself 9 space4 ,^! erratic orbs c\ld n be assimilat$ ) ! o!r memb]s ( our gr& sol> family :]e1 g5]ally speak+1 ev]y?+ goes on 9 regul> ord]4 ,& ev5 9 our own times1 h we n se5 ! p t]rifi$ at ! sight ( a flam+ comet8 ,has n ! end ( ! _w by ! ag5cy ( comets be5 (t5 en\gh pr$ict$8 ,^! pr$ictions are s to speak p]iodic2 !y crop up ea* "t t ! return ( ^! cosmical =mations is ann\nc$ by ! a/ronom]s1 & always meet ) a c]ta9 numb] ( timid s\ls :o are tr\bl$ z to our de/9ies4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to-day we "k t ^! w&]]s are subject to ! g5]al laws t gov]n ! univ]se4 ,! great ,newton ann\nc$ t1 l ! planets1 !y 7 ob$i5t to univ]sal attraction2 t !y mu/ foll[ an extremely elongat$ curve1 & return p]iodically to ! focus ( ! ellipse4 ,f ! basis ( ^! data ,halley calculat$ ! progress ( ! comet ( #afhb1 & asc]ta9$ t its motions pres5t$ su* simil>ity ) ! app>itions ( #aeca & #afjg1 t he believ$ himself ju/ifi$ 9 id5tify+ !m & 9 ann\nc+ its return ab\t ! ye> #agei4 ,fai?ful to ! call made ^u x1 irresi/ibly attract$ by ! ,orb ( ,day1 ! comet1 at fir/ pale1 !n ard5t & inc&esc5t1 return$ at ! date assign$ to x by calculation1 ?ree ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ! illu/ri\s a/ronom]4 ,%9+ ^u 8 grave x bore witness to ! might ( human ?\ght1 able to snat* ! pr(\nde/ secrets f ! ,heav5s6 ,?is f9e comet returns e sev5ty-six ye>s1 to be visible f ! ,e>?1 & has already be5 se5 tw5ty-f\r times by ! a/oni%$ eyes ( man4 ,x appe>s1 h[ev]1 to be dim9i%+ 9 magnitude4 ,its la/ appe>ance 0 9 #ahce1 & we %all see x aga9 9 #aiaj1 a little soon] ?an its av]age p]iod1 ! attraction ( ,jupit] hav+ ?is "t slightly accel]at$ its c\rse1 :ile 9 #agei x ret>d$ x4 ,! comets ?us foll[ a v elongat$ orbit1 ei!r elliptic1 turn+ r\nd ! ,sun1 or p>abolic1 da%+ out into space4 ,9 ! fir/ case1 !y are p]iodic 7,fig4 #eb71 & _! return c be calculat$4 ,9 ! second !y surprise u unann\nc$1 & return to ! abysses ( et]nity to reappe> no m4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--,! orbit ( a ,p]iodic ,comet4 ,_! spe$ is ev5 great] ?an t ( ! planets1 x is equival5t to ?is1 multipli$ by ! squ>e root ( #b1 t is to say by #a4dad4 ,?us at ! di/ance ( ! ,e>? f ! ,sun ?is velocity #bi1ejj met]s 7#ah miles7 p] second1 multipli$ by ! above numb]1 t is1 #da1gjj met]s 7ov] #be miles74 ,at ! di/ance ( ,m]cury x #dg x #a4dad or #ff1djj met]s 7ov] #dj miles7 p] second4 ,among ! num]\s comets obs]v$1 we d n z yet "k m ?an "s tw5ty ( :i* ! orbit has be5 det]m9$4 ,p]iodicity 9 ^! be>d$ orbs is ?us exceptional1 if we ?9k ( ! innum]able multitude ( comets t circle ?r\gh ! ,heav5s4 ,kepl] did n exagg]ate :5 he said !re are z _m comets 9 ! skies z !re are fi%es 9 ! sea4 ,^! sc\ts ( ! sid]eal _w con/itute a regul> army1 & if we are only acqua9t$ ) ! dazzl+ g5]als clad 9 gold1 x is because ! m mode/ privates c only be detect$ 9 ! telescope4 ,long be=e ! inv5tion ( ! latt]1 ^! w&]]s 9 ! firmam5t roam$ ?r\gh space z 9 our own day1 b !y defi$ ! human eye1 too weak to detect !m4 ,!n !y 7 reg>d$ z r>e & t]rible objects t no "o d>$ to contemplate4 ,to-day !y may be c\nt$ by hundr$s4 ,!y h lo/ 9 pre/ige & 9 orig9ality2 b sci5ce is ! ga9]1 s9ce %e has ?us end[$ ! sol> sy/em ) new memb]s4 ,no ye> passes )\t ! ann\ncem5t ( ?ree or f\r new arrivals4 ,b ! f9e app>itions t attract g5]al att5tion by _! spl5dor are r>e en\gh4 ,^! ecc5tric visitors d n resemble ! planets1 = !y h no opaque body l ! ,e>?1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 or any ( ! re/4 ,!y are transp>5t nebulosities1 ( extreme lightness1 )\t mass nor d5sity4 ,we h j photograph$ ! comet ( ! mom5t1 ,july1 #aijc3 ! smalle/ />s are visible ?r\gh its tail1 & ev5 ?r\gh ! nucleus4 ,!y arrive 9 e direction f ! dep?s ( space1 z ?\gh to reanimate !mselves 9 ! burn+1 lum9\s1 electric sol> c5t]4 ,attract$ by "s pot5t *>m t[>d ?is dazzl+ focus1 !y come inquisitive & ard5t1 to w>m !mselves at its furnace4 ,at fir/ pale & feeble1 !y are born aga9 :5 ! ,sun c>esses !m ) 8 f]vid heat4 ,_! motions accel]ate1 !y ha/e to plunge :olly into ! radiant light4 ,at l5g? !y bur/ out lum9\s & sup]b1 :5 ! day-/> p5etrates !m ) 8 burn+ spl5dor1 illum9ates !m ) a m>vel\s radiance1 & cr[ns !m ) glory4 ,b ! ,sun is g5]\s4 ,hav+ %[]$ b5efits ^u ^! gorge\s cele/ial butt]flies t flutt] r\nd him z r\nd "s alt> ( ! gods1 he grants !m lib]ty to visit o!r heav5s1 to seek fre% univ]ses4444 ,! orig9al p>abola is conv]t$ into an ellipse1 if ! imprud5t adv5tur] 9 return+ to ! ,sun passes ne> "s great planet1 su* z ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 or ,neptune1 & suff]s its attraction4 ,x is !n imprison$ by our sy/em1 & c no long] escape f x4 ,aft] re5=cem5t at ! sol> focus1 x mu/ return to ! id5tical po9t at :i* x felt ! fir/ pangs ( a new de/9y4 ,h5ce=w>d1 x belongs to our cele/ial family1 & circles 9 a clos$ curve4 ,o!rwise1 x is free to cont9ue its rapid c\rse t[>d o!r suns & o!r sy/ems4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z a rule1 ! telescope %[s ?ree di/9ct p>ts 9 a comet4 ,!re is fir/ ! m brilliant c5tral po9t1 or nucleus1 surr\nd$ by a nebulosity call$ ! hair1 or bru%1 & prolong$ 9 a lum9\s app5dix /ret*+ out into ! tail4 ,! head ( ! comet is ! bru% & ! nucleus comb9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,! tails ( ,comets are oppos$ to ! ,sun4 ,x is usually suppos$ t ! tail ( a comet foll[s x ?r\gh\t ! c\rse ( its p]egr9ations4 ,no?+ ( ! k9d4 ,! app5dix may ev5 prec$e ! nucleus2 x is always opposite ! ,sun1--t is to say1 x is situat$ on ! prolongation ( a /raight l9e1 />t+ f ! ,sun1 & pass+ ?r\gh ! nucleus 7,fig4 #ec74 ,! tail does n exi/1 s long z ! comet is at a di/ance f ! orb ( day2 b 9 approa*+ ! ,sun1 ! nebulosity is heat$ & dilates1 giv+ bir? to ^? my/]i\s tails & fanta/ic /ream]s ^: dim5sions v>y consid]ably = ea* comet4 ,! dilations & trans=mations und]gone by ! tail sugge/ t !y may be due to a repulsive =ce emanat+ f ! ,sun1 an electric *>ge transmitt$ d\btless ?r\gh ! e!r4 ,x is z ?\gh ,phoebus blew ^u !m ) unprec$5t$ =ce4 ,telescopic comets are usually devoid ( tail1 ev5 :5 !y rea* ! vic9ity ( ! ,sun4 ,!y appe> z pale nebulosities1 r\nd$ or oval1 m cond5s$ t[>d ! c5t]1 )\t1 h[ev]1 %[+ any di/9ct nucleus4 ,^! />s are only visible = a m9ute fraction ( _! c\rse1 :5 !y rea* a po9t n f> f ! ,sun & ! t]re/rial orbit4 ,! f9e/ comets ( ! la/ c5tury 7 ^? ( #ahaa1 #ahdc1 #aheh1 #ahfa1 #ahgd1 #ahhj1 #ahha1 & #ahhb4 ,! ,great ,comet ( #ahaa1 aft] spread+ t]ror ov] c]ta9 peoples1 notably 9 ,russia1 became ! provid5ce ( ! v9e-gr[]s4 ,z ! w9e 0 p>ticul>ly good & abundant t ye>1 ! peasants attribut$ ?is happy result to ! influ5ce ( ! cele/ial visitant4 ,9 #ahdc "o ( ^! /range mess5g]s f ! ,inf9ite appe>$ 9 our ,heav5s4 ,x 0 s brilliant t x 0 visible 9 full daylight on ,febru>y #bh?1 alongside ( ! ,sun4 ,?is spl5did comet 0 accompani$ by a m>vel\s rectil9e> tail measur+ #cjj1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ahf1jjj1jjj miles7 9 l5g?1 & its flight 0 s rapid t x turn$ ! sol> hemisph]e at p]ihelion 9 two h\rs1 repres5t+ a spe$ ( #eej kilomet]s 7#cdb miles7 a second4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s fact is t ?is radiant app>ition pass$ s ne> ! ,sun t x mu/ h trav]s$ its flames1 & yet em]g$ f !m safe & s\nd4 ,notewor?y also 0 ! comet ( #aheh 7,fig4 #di71 discov]$ at ,flor5ce by ,donati4 ,its tail ext5d$ to a l5g? ( #ij1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ee1ijj1jjj miles71 & its nucleus _h a diamet] ( at lea/ #ijj kilomet]s 7#eei miles74 ,x is a curi\s co9cid5ce t ! w9e 0 rem>kably excell5t & abundant 9 t ye> also4 ,! comet ( #ahfa almo/ rival$ ! prec$+4 ,coggia's ,comet1 9 #ahgd1 0 also rem>kable = its brilliancy1 b 0 v inf]ior to ! la/ two4 ,f9ally1 ! late/ wor?y ( m5tion appe>$ 9 #ahhb4 ,?is magnific5t comet also t\*$ ! ,sun1 travel+ at a spe$ ( #dhj kilomet]s 7#bii miles7 p] second4 ,x cross$ ! gase\s atmosph]e ( ! orb ( day1 & !n cont9u$ its c\rse ?r\gh inf9ity4 ,on ! day (1 & t foll[+1 its p]ihelion1 x c\ld be detect$ ) ! unaid$ eye 9 full daylight1 en?ron$ 9 ! ,heav5s beside ! dazzl+ sol> lum9>y4 ,= ! re/1 x 0 nei!r t ( #aheh nor ( #ahfa4 ,s9ce #ahhb we h n be5 favor$ ) a visit f any f9e comet2 b we are prep>$ to give any su* a reception wor?y ( _! magnific5ce3 fir/1 because n[ t we h fa?om$ !m we are no long] awe/ruck2 second1 because we w\ld gladly /udy !m m closely4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 %ort1 ^! hirsute />s1 ^: fanta/ic appe>ance impress$ ! imag9ation ( our ance/ors s vividly1 are no long] =midable4 ,_! mass is inconsid]able2 !y seem to consi/ ma9ly ( ! lighte/ ( gases4 ,analysis ( _! inc&esc5ce reveals a spectrum closely resembl+ t ( _m nebulae2 ! pres5ce ( c>bon is m p>ticul>ly obvi\s4 ,ev5 ! nucleus is n solid1 & is (t5 transp>5t4 ,x is fair to say t ! action ( a comet might be delet]i\s if "o ( ^! orbs 7 to arrive directly ^u u4 ,! trans=mation ( motion into heat1 & ! comb9ation ( ! comet>y gases ) ! oxyg5 ( our atmosph]e might produce a conflagration1 or a g5]al poison+ ( ! atmosph]e4 ,b ! collision ( a comet ) a planet is almo/ an impossibility4 ,?is ph5om5on c\ld only occur if ! comet cross$ ! planet>y orbit at ! exact mom5t at :i* ! planet 0 pass+4 ,:5 we ?9k ( ! imm5sity ( space1 ( ! extraord9>y l5g? ( way trav]s$ by a _w 9 its annual j\rney r\nd ! ,sun1 & ! spe$ ( its rotation1 we see :y ?is co9cid5ce is h>dly likely to occur4 ,?us1 among ! hundr$s ( comets catalogu$1 a few only cut ! t]re/rial orbit4 ,"o ( !m1 t ( #ahcb1 trav]s$ ! pa? ( our globe 9 ! nights ( ,octob] #bi & #cj 9 t ye>2 b ! ,e>? only pass$ ! same po9t ?irty days lat]1 & at ! critical p]iod 0 m ?an #hj1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ej1jjj1jjj miles7 away f ! comet4 ,on ,june #cj1 #ahfa1 h[ev]1 ! ,e>? pass$ ?r\gh ! extremity ( ! tail ( ! ,great ,comet ( t ye>4 ,no "o ev5 notic$ x4 ,! effects 7 d\btless q immat]ial4 ,9 #ahgb we 7 to collide ) ,biela's ,comet1 lo/ s9ce #aheb2 n[1 z we %all pres5tly see1 we came ) fly+ colors out ( t disagreeable situation1 because ! comet _h dis9tegrat$1 & 0 r$uc$ to p[d]4 ,s we may sleep 9 peace z reg>ds future dang] likely to come to u f comets4 ,!re is little fe> ( ! de/ruction ( humanity by ^! w9dy bags4 ,^! e!real beauties ^: blond locks float c>elessly ^u ! azure night are n conc]n$ ) u2 !y seem to h no o!r preoccupation ?an to race f sun to sun1 visit+ new ,heav5s1 indiff]5t to ! a/oni%m5t !y produce 9 u4 ,!y spe$ re/lessly & tirelessly ?r\gh inf9ity2 !y are ! ,amazons ( space4 ,:at suns1 :at worlds mu/ !y h visit$ s9ce ! mom5t ( _! bir?6 ,if ^! spl5did fugitives c\ld relate ! /ory ( _! w&]+s1 h[ gladly %\ld we li/5 to ! en*ant+ descriptions ( ! v>i\s abodes !y h j\rney$ to6 ,b alas6 ^! my/]i\s explor]s are dumb2 !y tell none ( _! secrets1 & we mu/ ne$s respect _! enigmatic sil5ce4 ,yet1 "s ( !m h left u a mode/ tok5 ( remembrance1 an almo/ impalpable no?+1 suffici5t1 h[ev]1 to enable u to address our ?anks to ! consid]ate mess5g]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,c !re be any "o ^u ! ,e>? :o has n be5 /ruck by ! phosphoresc5t lights t glide ?r\gh ! somb] night1 leav+ a brilliant silv] or gold5 track--! lum9\s1 ephem]al trail ( a meteor8 ,sometimes1 :5 ,night has sil5tly spread ! imm5sity ( h] w+s above ! we>y ,e>?1 a %9+ speck is se5 to deta* itself 9 ! %ades ( ev5+ f ! />ry vault1 %oot+ lightly ?r\gh ! con/ellations to lose itself 9 ! inf9itude ( space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--;,a ,meteor4 ,^! bewit*+ sp>ks attract our eyes & *a9 our s5ses4 ,fasc9at+ cele/ial fireflies1 _! da9ty flames d>t 9 e direction ?r\gh space1 s[+ ! f9e du/ ( _! gild$ w+s ^u ! fields ( ,heav54 ,!y are born to die2 _! life is only a brea?2 yet ! impression :i* !y make ^u ! imag9ation ( mortals is ( ! pr(\nde/4 ,! "y girl dream+ 9 ! delici\s tranquillity ( ! transp>5t night smiles at ?is *>m+ si/] 9 ! ,heav5s 7,fig4 #ed74 ,:at c n ?is adorable /> ann\nce to ! t5d] & lov+ he>t8 ,is x ! %y mess5g] ( ! happ9ess s long desir$8 ,its unprem$itat$ appe>ance fills ! s\l ) a ray ( hope & makes x tremble4 ,x is a gold5 beam t glides into ! he>t1 exp&+ x 9 ! ?rills ( a sudd5 & ephem]al pleasure4444 ,! radiant meteor seems to quit ! velvet ( ! deep blue sky to respond to ! appeal ( ! implor+ voice t seeks its succor4 ,:at secrets has x n surpris$6 ,& :o be>s malice aga9/ x8 ,x is ! fri5d ( ! betro!d :o invoke its passage to confide _! wi%es1 & associate x ) _! dreams4 ,tradition holds t if a wi% be =mulat$ dur+ ! visible passage ( a meteor x w c]ta9ly be fulfill$ be=e ! ye> is out4 ,betwe5 ourselves1 h[ev]1 ?is is b a surviv+ figm5t ( ! ance/ral imag9ation1 = ?is cele/ial jewel takes no su* active "p 9 ! do+s ( ,humanity4444 ,besides1 try to express a wi% di/9ctly 9 a second6 ,x is a curi\s fact t :ile comets h s (t5 spread t]ror on ! ,e>?1 %oot+ />s %\ld on ! contr>y h be5 reg>d$ ) b5evol5t feel+s at all times4 ,& :at is a %oot+ />8 ,^! da9ty excursioni/s f ! cele/ial %ores are n1 z is suppos$1 true />s4 ,!y are atoms1 no?+s1 m9ute fragm5ts d]iv+ 9 g5]al f ! dis9tegration ( comets4 ,!y come to u f a va/ di/ance1 f millions on millions ( miles1 & circle 9 sw>ms ar\nd ! ,sun1 foll[+ a v elongat$ ellipse :i* closely resembles t ( ! comet>y orbit4 ,_! flight is extremely rapid1 rea*+ sometimes m ?an #dj kilomet]s 7#be miles7 p] second1 a comet>y spe$ t is1 z we h se51 greatly above t ( our t]re/rial vehicle1 :i* am\nts to #bi to #cj kilomet]s 7ab\t #ai miles74 ,^! little corpuscles are n intr9sically lum9\s2 b :5 ! orbit ( a sw>m ( meteors crosses our planet1 a viol5t %ock arises1 ! spe$ ( :i* may be z great z #gb kilomet]s 7#de miles7 9 ! fir/ second if we meet ! /> %[] directly2 ! av]age rate1 h[ev]1 does n exce$ #cj to #dj kilomet]s 7#ai to #be miles71 = ^! meteors ne>ly always cross our pa? obliquely4 ,! height at :i* !y arrive is usually #aaj kilomet]s 7#fh miles71 & #hj kilomet]s 7#ej miles7 at ! mom5t ( disappe>ance ( ! meteor2 b %oot+ />s h be5 obs]v$ at #cjj kilomet]s 7#ahf miles74 ,! friction caus$ by ?is collision high up 9 ! atmosph]e trans=ms ! motion into heat4 ,! molecules inc&esce1 & burn l true />s ) a brilliancy t is (t5 magnific5t4 ,b _! glory is ( %ort duration4 ,! excessive heat result+ f ! %ock consumes ! poor firefly2 its rema9s evaporate1 & drop sl[ly to ! ,e>?1 :]e !y are deposit$ on ! surface ( ! soil 9 a sort ( f]rug9\s du/ mix$ ) c>bon & nickel4 ,"s "o hundr$ & =ty-six milli>ds ( !m rea* u annually1 z se5 by ! unaid$ eye1 & _m m 9 ! telescope2 ! effect ( ^! %[]s ( meteoric matt] is an ins5sible increase 9 ! mass ( our globe1 a slight less5+ ( its rot>y motion1 & ! accel]ation ( ! lun> movem5ts ( revolution4 ,al?\gh ! appe>ance ( %oot+ />s is a common en\gh ph5om5on1 visible e night ( ! ye>1 !re are c]ta9 times :5 !y arrive 9 sw>ms1 f diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! sky4 ,! mo/ rem>kable dates 9 ?is connection are ! night ( ,augu/ #aj? & ! morn+ ( ,novemb] #ad?4 ,e "o kn[s ! %oot+ />s ( ,augu/ #aj?1 because !y arrive 9 ! f9e w>m summ] ev5+s s favorable to g5]al contemplation ( ! ,heav5s4 ,! ph5om5on la/s till ! #ab?1 & ev5 beyond1 b ! maximum is on ! #aj?4 ,:5 ! sky is v cle>1 & !re is no moon1 hundr$s ( %oot+ />s c be c\nt$ on ^? ?ree nights1 sometimes ?\s&s4 ,!y all seem to come f ! same qu>t] ( ! ,heav5s1 :i* is call$ ! radiant1 & is situat$ = ! ,augu/ sw>m 9 ! con/ellation ( ,p]seus1 :5ce !y h receiv$ ! "n ( ,p]seids4 ,our =efa!rs also call$ !m ! te>s ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 because ! fea/ ( t sa9t is on ! same date4 ,^! %oot+ />s describe a v elongat$ ellipse1 & _! orbit has be5 id5tifi$ ) t ( ! ,great ,comet ( #ahfb4 ,! %[] ( inc&esc5t a/]oids on ,novemb] #ad? is (t5 mu* m abundant ?an ! prec$+4 ,9 #agii1 #ahcc1 & #ahff1 ! meteors 7 s num]\s t !y 7 describ$ z %[]s ( ra91 especially on ! fir/ two dates4 ,= sev]al h\rs ! sky 0 furr[$ ) fall+ />s4 ,an ,engli% m>9]1 ,&rew ,ellicot1 :o made ! draw+ we reproduce 7,fig4 #ee71 describ$ ! ph5om5on z /up5d\s & al>m+ 7,novemb] #ab1 #agii1 #c ,a4,m474 ,! same occurr$ on ,novemb] #ac1 #ahcc4 ,! meteors t sc>r$ ! ,heav5s on t night 7 reckon$ at #bdj1jjj4 ,^! %oot+ />s receiv$ ! "n ( ,leonids1 because _! radiant is situat$ 9 ! con/ellation ( ! ,lion4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,%oot+ ,/>s ( ,novemb] #ab1 #agii4 ,f a contempor>y draw+4 ,?is sw>m foll[s ! same orbit z ! comet ( #ahff1 :i* travels z f> z ,uranus1 & comes back to ! vic9ity ( ! ,sun e ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,h5ce we 7 entitl$ to expect ano!r spl5did app>ition 9 #ahii1 b ! expectations ( ! a/ronom]s 7 disappo9t$4 ,all ! prep>ations = ! appropriate reception ( ^! cele/ial visitors fail$ to br+ ab\t ! desir$ result4 ,! notes made 9 obs]vatories1 or 9 balloons1 admitt$ ( ! regi/ration ( only a v small numb] ( meteors4 ,! maximum 0 ?irte54 ,dur+ t night1 "s #bjj %oot+ />s 7 c\nt$4 ,!re 7 m 9 #aijj1 #aija1 &1 above all1 9 #aijb4 ,?is sw>m has become displac$4 ,! night ( ,novemb] #bg? aga9 is visit$ by a numb] ( %oot+ />s t are ! disaggregat$ rema9s ( ! ,comet ( ,biela4 ,?is comet1 discov]$ by ,biela 9 #ahbg1 accompli%$ its revolution 9 six & a half ye>s1 & d[n to #ahdf x respond$ punctually to ! a/ronom]s :o expect$ its return z fix$ by calculation4 ,b on ,janu>y #ac1 #ahdf1 ! cele/ial w&]] broke 9 half3 ea* fragm5t w5t its own way1 side by side1 to return )9 sight f ! ,e>? 9 #aheb4 ,x 0 _! la/ appe>ance4 ,t ye> ! tw9 comets c\ld /ill be se51 ?\gh pale & insignificant4 ,soon !y vani%$ into ! dep?s ( night1 & nev] appe>$ aga94 ,!y 7 look$ = 9 va91 & 7 despair$ (1 :5 on ,novemb] #bg1 #ahgb1 in/ead ( ! %att]$ comet1 came a magnific5t ra9 ( %oot+ />s4 ,!y fell ?r\gh ! ,heav5s1 num]\s z ! flakes ( a %[] ( sn[4 ,! same ph5om5on recurr$ on ,novemb] #bg1 #ahhe1 & confirm$ ! hypo!sis ( ! demolition & disaggregation ( ,biela's ,comet into %oot+ />s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re is an imm5se v>iety 9 ! brilliancy ( ! %oot+ />s1 f ! weak telescopic sp>ks t vani% l a fla% ( lightn+1 to ! inc&esc5t bolides or fire-balls t explode 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,fig4 #ef %[s an example ( ^!1 & x repres5ts a fire-ball obs]v$ at ! ,obs]vatory ( ,juvisy on ! night ( ,augu/ #aj1 #ahii4 ,x arriv$ f ,cassiopeia1 & bur/ 9 ,cepheus4 ,?is ph5om5on may occur by day z well z by night4 ,x is (t5 accompani$ by "o or sev]al explosions1 ! report ( :i* is sometimes p]ceptible to a consid]able di/ance1 & by a %[] ( meteorites4 ,! globe ( fire bur/s1 & splits up into lum9\s fragm5ts1 scatt]$ 9 all directions4 ,! diff]5t p>ts ( ! fire-ball fall to ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 "u ! "n ( a]olites1 or r ( uranoli?s1 s9ce !y arrive f ! dep?s ( space1 & n f our atmosph]e4 ,f ! mo/ anci5t times we he> ( %[]s ( uranoli?s to :i* popul> sup]/itions 7 atta*$2 & ! ,greeks ev5 gave ! "n ( ,sid]os to iron1 ! fir/ iron us$ hav+ be5 sid]eal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--;,fire-,ball se5 f ! ,obs]vatory at ,juvisy1 ,augu/ #aj1 #ahii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--;,explosion ( a ,fire-,ball above ,madrid1 ,febru>y #aj1 #ahif4 ,no ye> passes )\t ! ann\ncem5t ( sev]al %[]s ( uranoli?s1 & ! ph5om5on sometimes causes great al>m to ^? :o witness x4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable explosions is t :i* occurr$ above ,madrid1 ,febru>y #aj1 #ahif1 a fragm5t f :i*1 s5t me by ,m4 ,arcimis1 ,director ( ! ,meteorological ,in/itute1 fell imm$iately 9 front ( ! ,national ,museum 7,fig4 #eg74 ,! ph5om5on occurr$ at #i4cj ,a4,m41 9 brilliant sun%9e4 ,! fla% ( ! explosion 0 s dazzl+ t x ev5 illum9at$ ! int]ior ( ! h\ses2 an al>m+ clap ( ?und] 0 he>d sev5ty seconds aft]1 & x 0 believ$ t an explosion ( dynamite _h occurr$4 ,! fire-ball bur/ at a height ( f\rte5 miles1 & 0 se5 z f> z #dce miles f ,madrid6 ,9 "o ( ,raphael's f9e/ pictures 7,! ,madonna ( ,foligno7 a fire-ball may be se5 b5ea? a ra9b[ 7,fig4 #eh71 ! pa9t] wi%+ to pres]ve ! remembrance ( x1 z x fell ne> ,milan1 on ,septemb] #d1 #aeaa4 ,?is picture dates f #aeab4 ,! dim5sions ( ^! meteorites v>y consid]ably2 !y are ( all sizes1 f ! impalpable du/ t floats 9 ! air1 to ! enorm\s blocks expos$ 9 ! ,museum ( ,natural ,hi/ory 9 ,p>is4 ,_m ( !m weigh sev]al million p\nds4 ,t repres5t$ bel[ fell 9 ,mexico dur+ ! %[] ( meteors ( ,novemb] #bg1 #ahhe4 ,x weigh$ ab\t f\r p\nds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,raphael's ,fire-,ball 7,! ,madonna ( ,foligno74 ,^! bolides & uranoli?s come to u f ! dep?s ( space2 b !y d n appe> to h ! same orig9 z ! %oot+ />s4 ,!y may arise f worlds de/roy$ by explosion or %ock1 or ev5 f planet>y volcanoes4 ,! lighte/ ( !m may h be5 expell$ f ! volcanoes ( ! ,moon4 ,"s ( ! mo/ massive1 9 :i* iron pr$om9ates1 may ev5 h issu$ f ! b[els ( ! ,e>?1 project$ into space by "s volcanic explosion1 at an epo* :5 our globe 0 p]petually convuls$ by cataclysms ( extraord9>y viol5ce4 ,!y return to u to-day aft] be+ remov$ f ! ,e>? to di/ances proportional to ! initial spe$ imp>t$ to !m4 ,?is orig9 seems ! m admissible z ! /ones t fall f ! skies exhibit a m9]al composition id5tical ) t ( ! t]re/rial mat]ials4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--;,a ,uranoli?4 ,9 any case1 ^! uranoli?s br+ u back at lea/ by _! fall to our ,e>?1 & f h5ce=w>d we w rema9 ^u x1 to /udy its position 9 space1 & to take acc\nt ( ! place x fills 9 ! ,univ]se1 & ( ! a/ronomical laws t gov]n our de/9y4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,! ,,e>? ,our gr& cele/ial j\rney l&s u ^u our own little planet1 on ?is globe t gravitates betwe5 ,m>s & ,v5us 7betwe5 ,w> & ,love71 circulat+ l h] bro!rs ( ! sol> sy/em1 ar\nd ! colossal ,sun4 ,! ,e>?6 ,! "n evokes 9 u ! image ( ,life1 & calls up ! !at] ( our activities1 our ambitions1 our joys & sorr[s4 ,does x n1 9 fact1 to ignorant eyes1 repres5t ! :ole ( ! univ]se8 ,& yet1 :at is ! ,e>?8 ,! ,e>? is a /> 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,we le>n$ ?is mu* 9 our fir/ lesson4 ,x is a globe ( opaque mat]ial1 simil> to ! planets ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 etc41 z previ\sly describ$4 ,isolat$ on all sides 9 space1 x revolves r\nd ! ,sun1 along a va/ orbit t x accompli%es 9 a ye>4 ,& :ile x ?us glides along ! l9es ( sol> attraction1 ! t]re/rial ball rotates rapidly ^u itself 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,^! /atem5ts may appe> dubi\s at fir/ sight1 & contradictory to ! evid5ce ( our s5ses4 ,n[ t ! surface ( ! ,e>? has be5 explor$ 9 all directions1 !re is no long] room to d\bt t x is a globe1 a sort ( ball t we adh]e to4 ,a j\rney r\nd ! _w is common en\gh to-day1 & always yields ! mo/ complete evid5ce ( ! sph]ical nature ( ! ,e>?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! curvature ( ! seas is a no less c]ta9 pro(4 ,:5 a %ip rea*es ! d>k-blue l9e t appe>s to sep>ate ! sky f ! ocean1 x seems to be hang+ on ! horizon4 ,little by little1 h[ev]1 z x rec$es1 x drops bel[ ! horizon l9e2 ! tops ( ! ma/s be+ ! la/ to disappe>4 ,! obs]v] on bo>d %ip witnesses ! same ph5om5on4 ,! l[ %ores are fir/ to disappe>1 :ile ! high coa/s & m\nta9s are mu* long] visible4 ,! aspect ( ! ,heav5s gives ano!r pro( ( ! ,e>?'s rotundity4 ,z "o travels ,nor? or ,s\?1 new />s rise high] & high] above ! horizon 9 ! "o direction or ! o!r1 & ^? :i* %9e 9 ! latitude "o is leav+1 gradually disappe>4 ,if ! surface ( ! ,e>? 7 flat1 ! %ips on ! sea w\ld be visible z long z our sight c\ld pi]ce ! di/ance1 & all ! />s ( ! ,heav5s w\ld be equally visible f ! diff]5t qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,la/ly1 dur+ ! eclipses ( ! ,moon1 ! %ad[ project$ by ! ,e>? ^u our satellite is always r\nd4 ,?is is ano!r pro( ( ! sph]ical nature ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,we describ$ ! ,e>? z an orb 9 ! ,heav5s1 simil> to all ! o!r planets ( ! great sol> family4 ,we see ^! si/] planets ( our _w circulat+ "u ! />ry vault1 l lum9\s po9ts ^: brilliancy is sometimes dazzl+4 ,= u !y are m>vel\s cele/ial birds hov]+ 9 ! e!r1 upheld by invisible w+s4 ,! ,e>? is j ! same4 ,x is support$ by no?+4 ,l ! soap-bubble t assumes a lovely iridesc5ce 9 ! rays ( ! ,sun1 or1 bett]1 l ! balloon rapidly cleav+ ! air1 x is isolat$ f e k9d ( support4 ,"s m9ds h difficulty 9 conceiv+ ?is isolation1 because !y =m a false notion ( weight4 ,! a/ronom]s ( antiquity1 :o div9$ x1 knew n h[ to prev5t ! ,e>? f fall+4 ,!y ask$ anxi\sly :at ! /rong b&s capable ( hold+ up ?is block ( no inconsid]able weight c\ld be4 ,at fir/ !y ?\ght x float$ on ! wat]s l an isl&4 ,!n !y po/ulat$ solid pill>s1 or ev5 suppos$ x might turn on pivots plac$ at ! poles4 ,b on :at w\ld all ^! imag9>y supports h re/$8 ,all ^! fanciful f\ndations ( ! ,e>? _h to be giv5 up1 & x 0 recogniz$ z a globe1 isolat$ 9 e "p4 ,?is illusion ( ! anci5ts1 :i* /ill obta9s = a great _m citiz5s ( our globule1 arises1 z we said1 f a false conception ( weight4 ,weight & attraction are "o & ! same =ce4 ,a body c only fall :5 x is attract$1 drawn by a m important body4 ,n[1 9 :atev] direction we may w&] ^u ! globe1 our feet are always d[nw>d4 ,d[n is !re=e ! c5t] ( ! ,e>?4 ,! t]re/rial globe may be reg>d$ z an imm5se ball ( magnet1 & its attraction holds u at its surface4 ,we weigh t[>d ! c5t]4 ,we may travel ov] ?is surface 9 all directions2 our feet w always be bel[1 :atev] ! direction ( our /eps4 ,= u1 bel[ is ! inside ( our planet1 & above is ! imm5sity ( ! ,heav5s t ext5d above our heads1 "r r\nd ! globe4 ,?is once und]/ood1 :]e c\ld ! ,e>? fall to8 ,! "q is an absurdity4 ,bel[ be+ t[>d ! c5t]1 x w\ld h to fall out ( itself4 ,let u !n picture ! ,e>? z a va/ sph]e1 deta*$ f all t exi/s ar\nd x1 9 ! inf9ity ( ! ,heav5s4 ,a po9t diametrically oppos$ to ano!r is call$ its antipodes4 ,new ,zeal& is approximately ! antipodes to ,france4 ,well1 = ! inhabitants ( ,new ,zeal& & ( ,france ! top is reciprocally oppos$1 & ! bottom1 or ! feet1 are diametrically 9 opposition4 ,& yet1 = "o z = ! o!r1 ! bottom is ! soil !y are held to1 & ! top is space above _! heads4 ,! ,e>? turns on itself 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,:atev] is above u1 e4g41 at midday1 we call high2 twelve h\rs lat]1 at midnight1 we give ! same qualification to ! "p ( space t 0 "u our feet at noon4 ,:at is 9 ! sky1 & ov] our heads1 at a giv5 h\r1 is "u our feet1 & yet always 9 ! sky1 twelve h\rs lat]4 ,our position1 9 relation to ! space t surr\nds u1 *anges f h\r to h\r1 & top & bottom v>y also1 relatively to our position4 ,our planet is ?us a ball1 slightly flatt5$ at ! poles 7by ab\t #a_/bib74 ,its diamet]1 at ! equator1 is #ab1gdb kilomet]s 7#g1ibf miles72 f "o pole to ! o!r is a little less1 ow+ to ! flatt5+ ( ! pol> caps4 ,! diff]5ce is "s #dc kilomet]s 7ab\t #bg miles74 ,its circumf]5ce is #dj1jjj kilomet]s 7#bd1ijj miles74 ,?is ball is surr\nd$ by an a]ial envelope1 ! atmosph]e1 ! height ( :i* c n be less ?an #cjj kilomet]s 7#ahf miles71 accord+ to ! obs]vations made on c]ta9 %oot+ />s4 ,we all "k t ?is lay] ( air1 at ! bottom ( :i* we live1 is a beautiful azure blue t seems to sep>ate u f ! sid]eal abyss1 spread+ ov] our heads 9 a k9d ( vault t is (t5 fill$ ) cl\ds1 & giv+ ! illusion ( re/+ f> (f on ! circle ( ! horizon4 ,b ?is is only an illusion4 ,9 reality1 !re is nei!r vault nor horizon2 space is op5 9 all directions4 ,if ! atmosph]e did n exi/1 or if x 7 completely transp>5t1 we %\ld see ! />s by day z by night1 = !y are cont9ually r\nd u1 at noon z at midnight1 & we c see !m 9 ! full daylight1 ) ! help ( a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 ,9 fact1 c]ta9 />s 7! radiant ,v5us & ! dazzl+ ,jupit]7 pi]ce ! veil ( ! atmosph]e1 & are visible ) ! unaid$ eye 9 full daylight4 ,! t]re/rial surface is #eaj1jjj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s 7#bjj1jjj1jjj squ>e miles74 ,! wat]s ( ! ocean cov] ?ree-qu>t]s ( ?is surface1 i4e41 #chc1bjj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s 7#aej1jjj1jjj squ>e miles71 & ! cont95ts only occupy #acf1fjj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s 7#ee1jjj squ>e miles74 ,france repres5ts ab\t ! ?\s&? "p ( ! total sup]ficies ( ! globe4 ,despite ! asp]ities ( m\nta9 ranges1 & ! abysses holl[$ out by ! wat]s1 ! t]re/rial globe is fairly regul>1 & 9 relation to its volume its surface is smoo!r ?an t ( an orange4 ,! highe/ summits ( ! ,himalaya1 ! pr(\nde/ dep?s ( ! somb] ocean1 d n atta9 to ! million? "p ( its diamet]4 ,9 weight1 ! ,e>? is five & a half times heavi] ?an w\ld be a globe ( wat] ( ! same dim5sions4 ,t is to say3 #f1ieg1icj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj kilograms 7#f1hcc1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons74 ,! atmosph]ic atmosph]e ) :i* x is surr\nd$ repres5ts4 #f1bfc1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj kilograms 7#f1aea1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons74 ,ea* ( u c>ries an av]age weight ( "s #ag1jjj kilograms 7#af tons7 ^u 8 %\ld]s4 ,p]haps "s "o w ask h[ x is t we are n cru%$ by ?is weight1 :i* is out ( all proportion ) our /r5g?1 b to :i*1 nev]!less1 we appe> ins5sible4 ,x is because ! a]ial fluid enclos$ )9 our bodies ex]ts a pressure equal & opposite to ! ext]nal atmosph]ic pressure1 & ^! pressures are at equilibrium4 ,! ,e>? is *>act]iz$ by no ess5tial or p>ticul> diff]5ces relatively to ! o!r worlds ( our sy/em4 ,l ,v5us ( ! limpid rays1 l ! dazzl+ ,jupit]1 l all ! planets1 %e c\rses ?r\gh space1 c>ry+ into ,inf9itude our hopes & de/9ies4 ,bigg] ?an ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & ,m>s1 %e pres5ts a v mode/ figure 9 comp>ison ) ! enorm\s ,jupit]1 ! /range sy/em ( ,saturn1 ( ,uranus1 & ev5 ( ,neptune4 ,= u h] greate/ int]e/ is t %e s]ves z our resid5ce1 & if %e 7 n our habitation we %\ld sc>cely notice h]4 ,d>k 9 h]self1 %e burns at a di/ance l a />1 return+ to space ! light %e receives f ! ,sun4 ,at ! di/ance ( our satellite1 %e %9es l an enorm\s moon1 f\rte5 times l>g] & m lum9\s ?an our g5tle ,phoebe4 ,obs]v$ f ,m]cury or ,v5us1 %e embelli%es ! midnight sky ) h] sp>kl+ purity z ,jupit] does = u4 ,se5 f ,m>s1 %e is a brilliant morn+ & ev5+ />1 pres5t+ phases simil> to ^? :i* ,m>s & ,v5us %[ f "h4 ,f ,jupit]1 ! t]re/rial globe is little m ?an an insignificant po9t1 ne>ly always swall[$ up 9 ! sol> rays4 ,z to ! ,saturnians1 ,uranians1 & ,neptunians1 if su* p exi/1 !y probably ignore our exi/5ce altoge!r4 ,& 9 all likelihood x is ! same = ! re/ ( ! univ]se4 ,we mu/ *]i% no illusions z to ! importance ( our natal _w4 ,x is true t ! ,e>? is n want+ 9 *>m1 ) its v]dant pla9s enamel$ 9 ! delici\s tones ( a robu/ & v>i$ vegetation1 its plants & fl[]s1 its spr+-"t & its birds1 its limpid riv]s w9d+ ?r\gh ! mead[s1 its m\nta9s cov]$ ) =e/s1 its va/ & pr(\nd seas animat$ ) an inf9ite v>iety ( liv+ creatures4 ,! spectacle ( ,nature is magnific5t1 sup]b1 admirable & m>vel\s1 & we imag9e t ?is ,e>? fills ! univ]se1 & suffices = x4 ,! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 ! />s1 ! b\ndless ,heav5s1 seem to h be5 creat$ = u1 to *>m our eyes & ?\ghts1 to illum9e our days1 & %$ a g5tle radiance ^u our nights4 ,?is is an agreeable illusion ( our s5ses4 ,if our ,humanity 7 ext+ui%$1 ! o!r worlds ( ! ,heav5s1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 etc41 w\ld none ! less cont9ue to gravitate 9 ! ,heav5s along ) our defunct planet1 & ! close ( human life 7= :i* ev]y?+ seems to u to h be5 creat$7 w\ld n ev5 be p]ceiv$ by ^? o!r worlds1 t nev]!less are our neighbors4 ,!re w\ld be no revolution1 no cataclysm4 ,! />s w\ld g on %9+ 9 ! firmam5t1 j z !y d to-day1 %$d+ _! div9e light ov] ! imm5sity ( ! ,heav5s4 ,no?+ w\ld be *ang$ 9 ! g5]al aspect ( ! ,univ]se4 ,! ,e>? is only a mode/ atom1 lo/ 9 ! innum]able army ( ! worlds & suns t p ! univ]se4 99 99 99 99 99 ,e morn+ ! ,sun rises 9 ! ,ea/1 sett+ fire ) 8 ard5t rays to ! sky1 :i* is dazzl+ ) 8 spl5dor4 ,he asc5ds ?r\gh space1 rea*es a culm9at+ po9t at noon1 & !n desc5ds t[>d ! ,we/1 to s9k at night into ! purple ( ! sunset4 ,& !n ! />s1 gr& ligh?\ses ( ! ,heav5s1 9 _! turn inc&esce4 ,!y too rise 9 ! ,ea/1 asc5d ! vault ( ,heav51 & !n desc5d to ! ,we/1 & vani%4 ,all ! orbs1 ,sun1 ,moon1 planets1 />s1 appe> to revolve r\nd u 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is j\rney ( ! orbs ar\nd u is only an illusion ( ! s5ses4 ,:e!r ! ,e>? be at re/1 & ! sky animat$ ) a rot>y movem5t r\nd h]1 or :e!r1 on ! contr>y1 ! />s are fix$1 & ! ,e>? 9 motion1 9 ei!r case1 = u appe>ances are ! same4 ,if ! ,e>? turns1 c>ry+ all t p]ta9s to x 9 its motion--! seas1 ! atmosph]e1 ! cl\ds1 & ourselves1--we are unable to p]ceive x1 because all ! objects t surr\nd u keep _! respective positions among !mselves4 ,h5ce we mu/ resort to logic1 & reason out ! two hypo!ses4 ,= ! accompli%m5t ( ?is rapid j\rney ( ! ,sun & />s ar\nd ! ,e>?1 x w\ld be necess>y t all ! orbs ( ! sky %\ld be 9 "s way atta*$ to a vault1 or to circles1 z 0 =m]ly suppos$4 ,?is conception is *ildi%4 ,! peoples ( antiquity _h no notion ( ! size ( ! univ]se1 & _! error is almo/ excusable4 ,! di/ance sep>at+ ,heav5 f ! ,inf]nal ,regions has be5 measur$1 accord+ to ,hesiod1 by ,vulcan's anvil1 :i* fell f ! skies to ! ,e>? 9 n9e days & n9e nights1 & x w\ld h tak5 z long aga9 to cont9ue its j\rney f ! surface ( ! ,e>? to ! b[els ( ,hades4 ,to-day we h a m exact notion ( ! gr&eur ( ! ,univ]se4 ,we "k t millions & trillions ( miles sep>ate ! />s f "o ano!r4 ,& by repres5t+ ^! di/ances1 we c =m "s idea ( ! difficulty !re w\ld be 9 admitt+ ! rotation ( ! univ]se r\nd ! ,e>?4 ,! di/ance f "h to ! ,sun is #adi1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles74 ,9 ord] to turn 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs r\nd ! ,e>?1 t orb w\ld h to fly ?r\gh ,space at a velocity ( m ?an #aj1jjj kilomet]s 7#f1bjj miles7 a second4 ,yes6 ! ,sun1 spl5did orb1 s\rce ( our exi/5ce & ( t ( all ! planets1 a colossal globe1 ov] a million times m volum9\s ?an ! ,e>?1 & #cbd ?\s& times heavi]1 w\ld h to accompli% ?is imm5se revolution 9 ord] to turn r\nd ! m9ute po9t t is our lilliputian _w6 ,?is 9 itself w\ld suffice to conv9ce u ( ! want ( logic 9 su* an argum5t4 ,b ! ,sun is n alone 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,we %\ld h to suppose t all ! planets & all ! />s 7 engag$ 9 ! same fanta/ic motions4 ,jupit] is ab\t five times z f> (f z ! ,sun2 8 velocity w\ld h to be #ec1jjj kilomet]s 7#cb1hfj miles7 p] second4 ,neptune1 ?irty times f>!r (f1 w\ld h to execute #cbj1jjj kilomet]s 7#aih1jjj miles7 p] second4 ,! ne>e/ />1 alpha ( ! ,c5taur1 situat$ at a di/ance #bge1jjj times t ( ! ,sun1 w\ld h to run1 to fly ?r\gh space1 at a rate ( #b1ida1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#a1hbc1dbj1jjj miles7 p] second4 ,all ! o!r />s are incomp>ably f>!r (f1 at inf9ity4 ,& ?is fanta/ic rotation w\ld all be accompli%$ r\nd a m9ute po9t6 ,to put ! problem 9 ?is way is to solve x4 ,unless we d5y ! a/ronomic measures1 & ! mo/ conv9c+ geometric op]ations1 ! ,e>?'s diurnal motion ( rotation is a c]ta9ty4 ,to suppose t ! />s revolve r\nd ! ,e>? is to suppose1 z "o au?or humor\sly sugge/s1 t 9 ord] to roa/ a pheasant ! *imney1 ! kit*51 ! h\se1 & all ! c\ntryside mu/ ne$s turn r\nd x4 ,if ! ,e>? turns 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ^u itself1 a po9t ^u ! equator w\ld simply travel at a rate ( #dfe met]s 7#a1ebe feet7 p] second4 ,?is spe$1 :ile consid]able 9 comp>ison ) ! movem5ts obs]v$ ^u ! surface ( our planet1 is z no?+ comp>$ ) ! fanta/ic rapidity at :i* ! ,sun & />s w\ld h to move1 9 ord] to rotate r\nd our globe4 ,?us we h to *oose betwe5 ^! two hypo!ses3 ei!r to make ! entire ,heav5s turn r\nd u 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 or to suppose our globe to be animat$ by a motion ( rotation ^u itself4 ,= u1 ! impression is ! same1 & z we are ins5sible to ! motion ( ! ,e>?1 its immobility w\ld seem almo/ natural to u4 ,s t1 9 la/ resort1 "h z 9 _m o!r in/ances1 ! decision mu/ be made by simple common s5se4 ,sci5ce long ago made its *oice4 ,moreov]1 all ! progress ( ,a/ronomy has confirm$ ! rot>y movem5t ( ! ,e>? 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & its movem5t ( revolution r\nd ! ,sun 9 a ye>2 :ile at ! same "t a great numb] ( o!r motions h be5 discov]$ = our w&]+ planet4 ,! le>n$ philosoph]s ( antiquity div9$ ! d\ble movem5t ( our planet4 ,! disciples ( ,py?agoras taught x m ?an two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & ! anci5t au?ors quote among o!rs ,nicetas ( ,syracuse1 & ,ari/>*us ( ,samos1 z be+ among ! fir/ to promote ! doctr9e ( ! ,e>?'s movem5t4 ,b at t remote p]iod no "o _h any idea ( ! real di/ances ( ! />s1 & ! argum5t did n seem to be bas$ on any adequate evid5ce4 ,ptolemy1 aft] a long discussion ( ! diurnal motion ( our planet1 refutes x1 giv+ z 8 pr9cipal reason t if ! ,e>? turn$1 ! objects t 7 n fix$ to its surface w\ld appe> to move 9 a contr>y direction1 & t a body %ot into ! air w\ld fall back to ! ,we/ ( its />t+-po9t1 ! ,e>? hav+ turn$ meantime f ,we/ to ,ea/4 ,?is objection has no weight1 because ! ,e>? controls n only all ! objects fix$ to ! soil1 b also ! atmosph]e1 & ! cl\ds t surr\nd x l a light veil1 & all t exi/s ^u its surface4 ,! atmosph]e1 ! cl\ds1 ! wat]s ( ! ocean1 ?+s & be+s1 all are adh]5t to x & make "o body ) x1 p>ticipat+ 9 its movem5t1 z sometimes happ5s to ourselves 9 ! comp>tm5t ( a tra91 or ! c> ( an a]o/at4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we drop an object out ( su* a c>1 ?is object1 animat$ ) ! acquir$ velocity1 does n fall to a po9t bel[ ! a]o/at1 b foll[s ! balloon1 z ?\gh x 7 glid+ along a ?read4 ,! au?or has made ?is exp]im5t m ?an once 9 a]ial j\rneys4 ,?us1 ! hypo!sis ( ! ,e>?'s motion has become a c]ta9ty4 ,b 9 addition to reason+1 direct pro( is n want+4 #a4 ,! sph]oidal %ape ( ! ,e>?1 slightly flatt5$ at ! poles & swoll5 at ! equator1 has be5 produc$ by ! rot>y motion1 by ! c5trifugal =ce t x eng5d]s4 #b4 ,9 virtue ( ?is c5trifugal =ce1 :i* is at its maximum at ! equator1 objects lose a little ( _! weight 9 proportion z !y are f>!r remov$ f ! pol> regions :]e c5trifugal =ce is almo/ nil4 #c4 ,9 virtue ( ?is same c5trifugal =ce1 ! l5g? ( ! p5dulum 9 seconds is %ort] at ! equator ?an 9 ,p>is1 & ! diff]5ce is "o ( #c millimet]s4 #d4 ,a weight ab&on$ to itself & fall+ f a c]ta9 height1 %\ld foll[ ! v]tical if ! ,e>? 7 motionless4 ,exp]im5t1 frequ5tly repeat$1 %[s a slight deviation to ! ,ea/1 ( ! plumb-l9e t m>ks ! v]tical4 ,we m especially obs]v$ ?is at ! ,pan!on dur+ ! rec5t exp]im5ts4 #e4 ,! magnific5t exp]im5t ( ,f\cault at ! ,pan!on1 j r5ew$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society ( ,france1 demon/rates ! rot>y motion ( ! ,e>? to all behold]s4 ,a suffici5tly heavy ball 7#bh kilograms1 ab\t #fj p\nds7 is susp5d$ f ! dome ( ! edifice by an excessively f9e /eel ?read4 ,:5 ! p5dulum is 9 motion1 a po9t atta*$ to ! bottom ( ! ball m>ks its passage ^u two little heaps ( s& arrang$ "s y>ds away f ! c5t]4 ,at ea* oscillation ?is po9t cuts ! s&1 & ! furr[ gets gradually long] to ! "r h& ( an obs]v] plac$ at ! c5t] ( ! p5dulum4 ,! plane ( ! oscillations rema9s fix$1 b ! ,e>? revolves b5ea?1 f ,we/ to ,ea/4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ?is exp]im5t is t ! plane 9 :i* any p5dulum is made to oscillate rema9s inv>iable ev5 :5 ! po9t ( susp5sion is turn$4 ,?is demon/ration enables u 9 "s measure to see ! ,e>? turn+ "u our feet4 ,! annual displacem5ts ( ! />s are aga9 confirmatory ( ! ,e>?'s motion r\nd ! ,sun4 ,dur+ ! c\rse ( ! ye>1 ! />s t are lea/ remote f our sol> prov9ce appe> to describe m9ute ellipses1 9 p]spective1 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,^! small app>5t v>iations 9 ! position ( ! ne>e/ />s reproduce ! annual rotation ( ! ,e>? r\nd ! ,sun1 9 p]spective4 ,we c\ld adduce fur!r obs]vations 9 favor ( ?is d\ble movem5t1 b ! pro(s j giv5 are suffici5tly conv9c+ to leave no d\bt 9 ! m9d ( ! read]4 ,nor are ^! two ! only motions by :i* our globe is rock$ 9 space4 ,to its diurnal rotation & its annual rotation we may add ano!r s]ies ( t5 m motions3 "s v sl[1 fulfill+ !mselves 9 ?\s&s ( ye>s1 o!rs1 m rapid1 be+ con/antly r5ew$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 impossible 9 ^! re/rict$ pages to ent] into ! detail res]v$ = m complete works4 ,we mu/ n =get t our pres5t aim is to sum up ! ess5tials ( a/ronomical k z simply z possible1 & to (f] our read]s only ! be/ ( ! pick+4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! two pr9cipal motions ( :i* we h j spok5 give u ! measure ( "t1 ! day ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 & ! ye> ( #cfe-a_/d days4 ,! ,e>? turn+ ^u itself 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs f ,we/ to ,ea/1 pres5ts all its p>ts 9 succession to ! ,sun fix$ 9 space4 ,illum9at$ c\ntries h ! day1 ^? opposite1 9 ! %ad[ ( ! ,e>?1 are plung$ into night4 ,! c\ntries c>ri$ by ! ,e>? t[>d ! ,sun h morn+1 ^? borne t[>d 8 %ad[1 ev5+4 ,^? :i* receive ! rays ( ! day-/> directly h noon2 ^? :i* are j opposite h midnight4 ,! rotation ( our planet 9 ?is way gives u ! measure ( "t2 x has be5 divid$ arbitr>ily into tw5ty-f\r p]iods call$ h\rs2 ea* h\r into sixty m9utes2 ea* m9ute into sixty seconds4 ,9 consequ5ce1 ea* c\ntry turns 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs r\nd ! axis ( ! ,e>?4 ,! diff]5ce 9 h\rs betwe5 ! diff]5t regions ( ! globe is !re=e regulat$ by ! diff]5ce ( geographical position4 ,! c\ntries situat$ to ! ,we/ are beh9d u2 ! ,sun only gets !re aft] x has %one ^u our m]idian4 ,:5 x is midday 9 ,p>is1 x is only #aa4ea ,a4,m4 9 ,london2 #aa4cf ,a4,m4 9 ,madrid2 #aa4ad ,a4,m4 at ,lisbon2 #aa4ab ,a4,m4 at ,mogador2 #g4jf ,a4,m4 at ,quebec2 #f4ee ,a4,m4 at ,new ,york2 #e4ad ,a4,m4 9 ,mexico2 & s on4 ,! c\ntries situat$ to ! ,ea/ are1 on ! contr>y1 ahead ( u4 ,:5 x is noon 9 ,p>is1 x is already #ef m9utes aft] midday at ,vi5na2 #a4be ,p4,m4 at ,a!ns2 #b4ba ,p4,m4 at ,mosc[2 #c4af ,p4,m4 at ,teh]an2 #d4db ,p4,m4 at ,bombay2 & s on4 ,we are "h speak+ ( real times1 & n ( ! conv5tional times4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--,motion ( ! ,e>? r\nd ! ,sun4 ,if we c\ld make ! t\r ( ! _w 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 />t+ at midday f "s place to g r\nd ! globe1 & travel+ we/w>d ) ! ,sun1 we %\ld h him always ov] our heads4 ,9 travel+ r\nd ! _w f ,we/ to ,ea/1 "o goes 9 front ( ! ,sun1 & ga9s by "o day2 9 tak+ ! opposite direction1 f ,ea/ to ,we/1 "o loses a day4 ,9 reality1 ! exact duration ( ! ,e>?'s diurnal rotation is tw5ty-?ree h\rs1 fifty-six m9utes1 f\r seconds4 ,t is ! sid]eal day4 ,b1 :ile turn+ ^u itself1 ! ,e>? circulates ^u its orbit1 & at ! end ( a diurnal rotation x is /ill oblig$ to turn dur+ ?ree m9utes1 fifty-six seconds 9 ord] to pres5t exactly ! same m]idian to ! fix$ ,sun :i*1 9 consequ5ce ( ! rot>y p]iod ( our planet1 is a little beh9d4 ,! sol> day is ?us "o ( tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,!re are #cff rotations 9 ! ye>4 ,& n[ let u come back to ! consequ5ces ( ! ,e>?'s motion4 ,9 ! fir/ place our planet does n turn v]tically nor on its side1 b is tipp$ or incl9$ a c]ta9 quantity3 #bc deg4 #bg'4 ,n[1 ?r\gh\t its annual j\rney r\nd ! ,sun1 ! incl9ation rema9s ! same4 ,t is :at produces ! seasons & climates4 ,! c\ntries :i* h a l>g] circle to travel ov] 9 ! hemisph]e ( ! sol> illum9ation h ! long] days1 ^? :i* h a small] circle1 %ort] days4 ,at ! equator !re is con/antly1 & all ?r\gh ! ye>1 a twelve-h\r day1 & a night ( twelve h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,incl9ation ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 summ]1 ! pole dips t[>d ! ,sun1 & ! rays ( ! orb ( day cov] ! correspond+ hemisph]e ) _! light4 ,six mon?s lat] ?is same hemisph]e is 9 w9t]1 & ! opposite hemisph]e is 9 its turn pres5t$ to ! ,sun4 ,june #ba is ! summ] sol/ice = ! nor!rn hemisph]e1 & is at ! same "t w9t] = ! s\!rn pole4 ,six mon?s lat]1 on ,decemb] #ba1 we h w9t]1 :ile ! s\!rn hemisph]e is completely expos$ to ! ,sun4 ,betwe5 ^! two epo*s1 :5 ! radiant orb %9es exactly ^u ! equator1 t is on ,m>* #ba1 we h ! spr+ equ9ox1 t delici\s fl[]+ season :5 all nature is en*ant+ & en*ant$2 on ,septemb] #ba we h ! autumn equ9ox1 melan*oly1 b n devoid ( *>m4 ,! t]re/rial sph]e has be5 divid$ into diff]5t zones1 ) :i* ! diff]5t climates are 9 relation3 #a4 ,! tropical zone1 :i* ext5ds #bc deg4 #bg' f "o "p to ! o!r ( ! equator4 ,?is is ! hotte/ region4 ,x is limit$ by ! circle ( ! tropics4 #b4 ,! temp]ate zones1 :i* ext5d f #bc deg4 #bg' to #ff deg4 #bc' ( latitude1 & :]e ! ,sun sets e day4 #c4 ,! glacial zones1 drawn r\nd ! poles1 at #ff deg4 #cc' latitude1 :]e ! ,sun rema9s con/antly above or bel[ ! horizon = sev]al days1 or ev5 sev]al mon?s4 ,^! glacial zones are limit$ by ! pol> circles4 ,we mu/ add t ! axis ( ! ,e>? is a /raight l9e t is suppos$ to pass ?r\gh ! c5t] ( ! globe & come out at two diametrically opposite po9ts call$ ! poles4 ,! diurnal rotation ( ! ,e>? is effect$ r\nd ?is axis4 ,! "n equator is giv5 to a great circle situat$ betwe5 ! two poles1 at equal di/ance1 :i* divides ! globe into two hemisph]es4 ,! equator is divid$ into #cfj p>ts or degrees1 by o!r circles t g f "o pole to ! o!r4 ,^! are ! longitudes or m]idians 7see ,fig4 #fb74 ,! di/ance betwe5 ! equator & ! pole is divid$ into l>g] or small] circles1 :i* h receiv$ ! "n ( latitudes1 #ij degrees are reckon$ on ! "o side & ! o!r ( ! equator1 9 ! direction ( ! ,nor? & ,s\? poles1 respectively4 ,! longitudes are reckon$ f "s po9t ei!r to ,ea/ or ,we/3 ! latitudes are reckon$ ,nor? & ,s\?1 f ! equator4 ,9 go+ f ,ea/ to ,we/1 or inv]sely1 ! longitude *anges1 b 9 pass+ f ,nor? to ,s\? ( any spot1 x is ! latitude t alt]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--,! divisions ( ! globe4 ,longitudes & latitudes4 ,! circles ( latitude are small] 9 proportion z "o approa*es ! poles4 ,! circumf]5ce ( ! _w is #dj1jgf1fjj met]s at ! equator4 ,at ! latitude ( ,p>is 7#dh deg4 #ej'7 x is only #bf1dca1ijj met]s4 ,a po9t situat$ at ! equator has m gr\nd to travel ov] 9 ord] to accompli% its rotation 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs ?an a po9t ne>] ! pole4 ,we h already /at$ t ?is velocity ( rotation is #dfe met]s p] second at ! equator4 ,at ! latitude ( ,p>is x is n m ?an #cje met]s4 ,at ! poles x is nil4 ,! longitudes1 or m]idians1 are great circles ( equal l5g?1 divid+ ! ,e>? into qu>t]s1 l ! p>ts ( an orange or a melon4 ,^! circumv5t ! globe1 & measure "s #dj1jjj1jjj 7#dj1jjh1jcb7 met]s4 ,we may rememb] 9 pass+ t ! l5g? ( ! met] has be5 det]m9$ z1 by def9ition1 ! t5-million? "p ( ! qu>t] ( a cele/ial m]idian4 ,?us1 :ile rotat+ ^u itself1 ! ,e>? sp9s r\nd ! ,sun1 along a va/ orbit trac$ at #adi1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles7 f ! c5tral focus1 a s5sibly elliptical orbit1 z we h already po9t$ out4 ,x is a little ne>] ! ,sun on ,janu>y #a/ ?an on ,july #a/1 at its p]ihelion 7p]i1 ne>1 helios1 ,sun71 ?an at its aphelion 7apo1 f>1 helios1 ,sun74 ,! diff]5ce #f1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#c1gbj1jjj miles71 & its velocity is a little great] at p]ihelion ?an at aphelion4 ,?is second motion produces ! ye>4 ,x is accompli%$ 9 ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days1 six h\rs1 n9e m9utes1 n9e seconds4 ,su* is ! complete revolution ( our planet r\nd ! orb ( day4 ,x has receiv$ ! "n ( sid]eal ye>4 ,b ?is is n h[ we calculate ! ye> 9 practical life4 ,! civil ye>1 kn[n also z ! tropical ye>1 is n equival5t to ! ,e>?'s revolution1 because a v sl[ gyratory motion1 call$ ! precession ( ! equ9oxes1 ! cycle ( :i* occupies #be1gfe ye>s1 drags ! spr+ equ9ox back "s tw5ty m9utes 9 ea* ye>4 ,! civil ye> is1 accord+ly1 ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five days1 five h\rs1 =ty-eight m9utes1 =ty-six seconds4 ,9 ord] to simplify ! cal5d>1 ?is accumulat+ fraction ( five h\rs1 =ty-eight m9utes1 =ty-six seconds 7ab\t a qu>t] day7 is add$ e f\r ye>s to a bissextile ye> 7leap-ye>71 & ?us we h unev5 ye>s ( ?ree hundr$ & sixty-five1 & ?ree hundr$ & sixty-six days4 ,e ye> ( :i* ! figure is divisible by f\r is a leap-ye>4 ,by add+ a qu>t] day to ea* ye>1 !re is a surplus ( elev5 m9utes1 f\rte5 seconds4 ,^! are subtract$ e hundr$ ye>s by n tak+ z bissextile ^? secul> ye>s ( :i* ! radical is n divisible by f\r4 ,! ye> #afjj 0 leap-ye>3 #agjj1 #ahjj1 & #aijj 7 n2 #bjjj w be4 ,! agreem5t betwe5 ! cal5d> & nature has ?us be5 fairly p]fect1 s9ce ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,gregorian ,cal5d> 9 #aehb4 ,s9ce ! t]re/rial orbit measures n less ?an #icj1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#egf1fjj1jjj miles71 :i* mu/ be trav]s$ 9 a ye>1 ! ,e>? flies ?r\gh ,space at #b1edd1jjj kilomet]s 7#a1egg1bhj miles7 a day1 or #ajf1jjj kilomet]s 7#fe1gbj miles7 an h\r1 or #bi1ejj met]s 7#ah miles7 p] second on an av]age1 a little fa/] at p]ihelion1 a little sl[] at aphelion4 ,?is giddy c\rse1 a ?\s& times m rapid ?an ! spe$ ( an express-tra91 is effect$ )\t commotion1 %ock1 or noise4 ,reason+ alone enables u to div9e ! prodigi\s movem5t t c>ries u along 9 ! va/ fields ( ! ,inf9ite1 9 mid-heav54 ,return+ to ! cal5d>1 x mu/ be rem>k$ 9 conclusion1 t ! human race has n exhibit$ great s5se 9 fix+ ! ,new ,ye> on ,janu>y #a4 ,no m disagreeable season c\ld h be5 select$4 ,& fur!r1 z ! anci5t ,roman names ( ! mon?s h be5 pres]v$1 :i* 9 ! "t ( ,romulus began ) ,m>*1 ! sev5? mon?1 ,septemb]1 is our n9? mon?2 ,octob] 7! eigh?7 is ! t5?2 ,novemb] 7! n9?7 has become ! elev5?2 & ,decemb] 7! t5?7 has tak5 ! place ( ! twelf?4 ,v]ily1 we are n h>d to please6 ,^! mon?s1 aga91 are unequal1 z e "o kn[s4 ,witness ! simple exp$i5t ( rememb]+ ! long & %ort mon?s1 by clos+ ! left h& & c\nt+ ! knobs & holl[s ( ! fi/1 ! =m] correspond+ to ! long mon?s1 ! latt] to ! %ort3 fir/ knob ,janu>y2 fir/ holl[1 ,febru>y2 second knob1 ,m>*2 & s on4#ab ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,to f9d ! long & %ort mon?s4 ,%\ld n ! real r5ewal ( ! ye> co9cide ) ! awak5+ ( ,nature1 ) ! spr+ on ! t]re/rial hemisph]e occupi$ by ! great] portion ( ,humanity1 ) ! date ( ,m>* #ba/8 ,%\ld n ! mon?s be equaliz$1 & _! names modifi$8 ,:y %\ld we n foll[ ! beautiful evolution dictat$ by ! ,sun & by ! movem5t ( our planet8 ,b our poor ,e>? may roll on a long "t yet be=e its inhabitants w become reasonable4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,! ,,moon ,x is ! delightful h\r :5 all ,nature pauses 9 ! tranquil calm ( ! sil5t night4 ,! ,sun has ca/ 8 f>ewell gleams ^u ! we>y ,e>?4 ,all s\nd is hu%$4 ,& soon ! />s w %9e out "o by "o 9 ! bosom ( ! somb] firmam5t4 ,opposite to ! sunset1 9 ! ea/1 ! ,full ,moon rises sl[ly1 z x 7 call+ our ?\ghts t[>d ! my/]ies ( et]nity1 :ile h] limpid night spreads ov] space l a dew f ,heav54 ,9 ! odor\s woods1 ! trees are silh\ett$ /rangely ^u ! sky1 seem+ to /ret* _! knott$ arms t[>d ?is cele/ial beauty4 ,on ! riv]1 smoo? z a mirror1 :]e9 ! pale ,phoebe reflects h] spl5dor1 ! maid5s g to seek ! float+ image ( _! future sp\se4 ,& 9 response to _! pray]s1 %e r5ds ! veil ( cl\d t hides h] f _! eyes1 & p\rs ! reflection ( h] g5tle beams ^u ! sleep+ wat]s4 ,f all "t ! ,moon has _h ! privilege ( *>m+ ! gaze1 & attract+ ! p>ticul> att5tion ( mortals4 ,:at ?\ghts h n be5 waft$ to h] pale1 yet lum9\s disk8 ,orb ( my/]y & ( solitude1 brood+ ov] our sil5t nights1 ?is cele/ial lum9>y is at once sad & spl5did 9 h] glacial purity1 & h] limpid rays provoke a rev]ie full ( *>m & melan*oly4 ,mute witness ( t]re/rial de/9ies1 h] nocturnal flame wat*es ov] our planet1 foll[+ x 9 its c\rse z a fai?ful satellite4 ,! human eye fir/ uplift$ to ! ,heav5s 0 /ruck1 above all1 ) ! brilliancy ( ?is solit>y globe1 /ray+ among ! />s4 ,! ,moon fir/ sugge/$ an easy division ( "t into mon?s & weeks1 & ! fir/ a/ronomical obs]vations 7 limit$ to ! /udy ( h] phases4 ,daught] ( ! ,e>?1 ! ,moon 0 born at ! limits ( ! t]re/rial nebula1 :5 our _w 0 /ill no m ?an a va/ gase\s sph]e1 & 0 deta*$ f h] at "s critical p]iod ( colossal sol> tide4 ,sep>at+ ) regret f h] cradle1 b atta*$ to ! ,e>? by indissoluble ties ( attraction1 %e rotates r\nd u 9 a mon?1 f we/ to ea/1 & ?is movem5t keeps h] back a little ea* day 9 relation to ! />s4 ,if we wat*1 ev5+ by ev5+1 beg9n+ f ! new moon1 we %all obs]ve t %e is ea* night a little f>!r to ! left1 or ea/1 ?an on ! prec$+ ev5+4 ,?is revolution ( ! ,moon ar\nd our planet produces ! phases1 & gives ! measure ( our mon?s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,! ,full ,moon sl[ly rises4 ,dur+ h] mon?ly j\rney %e always pres5ts ! same face to u4 ,"o might ?9k t ! fe> ( los+ u _h immobiliz$ h] globe1 & prev5t$ h] f turn+4 ,& s we only "k ( h] ! vague sket* ( a human face t has be5 obs]v$ ?r\gh all ! ages4 ,x seems1 9 fact1 z ?\gh %e 7 look+ d[n ^u u f ! ,heav5s1 ! m s z ! pr9cipal spots ( h] disk vaguely recall ! aspect ( a face4 ,if we try to draw x )\t ! aid ( in/rum5ts we obs]ve d>k regions & cle> regions t ea* int]prets 9 8 own fa%ion4 ,to ! au?or1 = in/ance1 ! full ,moon has ! appe>ance repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ figure4 ,! spots resemble two eyes & ! sket* ( a nose2 result+ 9 a vague human figure1 z indicat$ on ! l[] disk4 ,o!rs see a man c>ry+ a bundle ( wood1 a h>e1 a lion1 a dog1 a kang>oo1 a sickle1 two heads embrac+1 etc4#ac ,b g5]ally speak+1 !re is a t5d5cy to see a human figure 9 x4 ,if ?is appe>ance is help$ a little by draw+1 x gives ! pr(ile ( a man's head fairly well sket*$1 & furni%$ ) an abundant crop ( hair 7,fig4 #ff74 ,o!rs g mu* m into detail1 & draw a woman's head t is c]ta9ly too def9ite1 l ?is ( ,m4 ,jean ,s>d\ 7,fig4 #fg74 ,o!rs1 aga91 l ,m4 ,zamboni1 see beh9d ! man's pr(ile ! lik5ess ( a "y girl be+ embrac$ by him 7,fig4 #fh74 ,!re is c]ta9ly "s imag9ation ab\t ^!4 ,& yet1 on ! fir/ suitable occasion1 look at ! ,moon ?r\gh an op]a-glass1 a few days aft] ! fir/ qu>t]1 & y w n fail to see ! mascul9e pr(ile j describ$1 & ev5 to imag9e ! kiss 9 ! ,moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,! ,moon view$ ) ! unaid$ eye4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,! ,man's head 9 ! ,moon4 ,^! vague aspects disappe> z soon z ! ,moon is exam9$ ) ev5 ! lea/ p[]ful in/rum5ts3 ! spots are bett] def9$1 & ! illusions ( indi/9ct vision vani%4 ,comp>e ?is direct photograph ( ! ,moon1 tak5 by ! au?or "s ye>s ago 7,fig4 #fi73 "h is nei!r a human figure1 man1 dog1 h>e1 nor faggot2 simply deep geographical configurations1 & 9 ! l[] region1 a lum9\s po9t :5ce c]ta9 light b&s spread out1 "s be+ prolong$ to a consid]able di/ance4 ,& yet1 f a little way (f1 does x n =m ! man's face above indicat$8 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--,woman's head 9 ! ,moon4 ,f ! e>lie/ a/ronomical obs]vations made ) ! aid ( in/rum5ts by ,galileo1 9 #afji1 p tri$ to f9d out :at ! d>k spots c\ld repres5t1 & !y 7 call$ seas1 because wat] absorbs light1 & reflects x less ?an t]ra firma4 ,! ,moon ( itself possesses no intr9sic light1 any m ?an our planet1 & only %9es by ! light ( ! ,sun t illum9ates x4 ,z x rotates r\nd ! ,e>?1 & con/antly *anges its position ) respect to ! ,sun1 we see m or less ( its illum9at$ hemisph]e1 & ! result is ! phases t e "o kn[s s well4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,! kiss 9 ! ,moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--,photograph ( ! ,moon4 ,at ! comm5cem5t ( ea* lunation1 ! ,moon is betwe5 ! ,sun & ! ,e>?1 & its non-illum9at$ hemisph]e is turn$ t[>d u4 ,?is is ! ,new ,moon1 invisible to u2 b two days lat]1 ! slim cresc5t ( ,diana %$s a g5tle radiance ^u ! ,e>?4 ,gradually ! cresc5t enl>ges4 ,:5 ! ,moon arrives at "r angles ) ourselves & ) ! ,sun1 half ! illum9at$ hemisph]e is pres5t$ to u4 ,?is is ! fir/ qu>t]4 ,at ! "t ( ,full ,moon1 x is opposite ! ,sun1 & we see ! :ole ( ! hemisph]e illum9at$4 ,!n comes ! decl9e3 ! brilliant disk is slightly corrod$ at fir/2 x dim9i%es f day to day1 & ab\t a week be=e ! ,new ,moon our fair fri5d only %[s h] pr(ile be=e %e once m passes 9 front ( ! ,sun3 ?is is ! la/ qu>t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,! ,moon's ,phases4 ,:5 ! ,moon is cresc5t1 9 ! fir/ ev5+s ( ! lunation1 & aft] ! la/ qu>t]1 ! re/ ( ! disk is visible1 illum9at$ feebly by a pale lum9osity4 ,?is is kn[n z ! a%y light4 ,x is due to ! %9e ( ! ,e>?1 reflect+ ! light receiv$ f ! ,sun into space4 ,accord+ly ! a%y light is ! reflection ( our own s5t back to u by ! ,moon4 ,x is ! reflection ( a reflection4 ,?is rotation ( ! ,moon r\nd ! ,e>? is accompli%$ 9 tw5ty-sev5 days1 sev5 h\rs1 =ty-?ree m9utes1 elev5 seconds2 b z ! ,e>? is simultane\sly revolv+ r\nd ! ,sun1 :5 ! ,moon returns to ! same po9t 7! ,e>? hav+ become displac$ relatively to ! ,sun71 ! ,moon has to travel two days long] to recov] its position betwe5 ! ,sun & ! ,e>?1 s t ! lun> mon? is long] ?an ! sid]eal revolution ( ! ,moon1 & takes tw5ty-n9e days1 twelve h\rs1 =ty-f\r m9utes1 ?ree seconds4 ,?is is ! duration ( ! sequ5ce ( phases4 ,?is revolution is accompli%$ at a di/ance ( #chd1jjj kilomet]s 7#bch1jjj miles74 ,! velocity ( ! ,moon 9 its orbit is m ?an #a kilomet] 7#j4fbad mile7 p] second4 ,b our planet sweeps x ?r\gh space at a velocity almo/ ?irty times great]4 ,! diamet] ( ! ,moon repres5ts #bgc_/ajjj t ( ! ,e>?1 i4e41 #c1dhj kilomet]s 7#b1aeg miles74 ,its surface #ch1jjj1jjj squ>e kilomet]s 7#ae1jjj1jjj squ>e miles71 a little m ?an ! ?irte5? "p ( ! t]re/rial surface1 :i* #eaj1jjj1jjj 7#bjj1jjj1jjj squ>e miles74 ,9 volume1 ! ,moon is fifty times less ?an ! ,e>?4 ,its mass or weight is only #a_/ha t ( ! t]re/rial globe4 ,its d5sity #j4fae1 relatively to t ( ! ,e>?1 i4e41 a little m ?an ?ree times t ( wat]4 ,weight at its surface is v little3 #j4agd4 ,a kilogram transport$ ?i!r w\ld only weigh #agd grams4 99 99 99 99 99 ,at ! meag] di/ance ( #chd1jjj kilomet]s 7#bch1jjj miles7 t sep>ates u f x 7ab\t ?irty times ! diamet] ( ! ,e>?71 ! ,moon is a suburb ( our t]re/rial habitation4 ,:at does ?is small di/ance am\nt to8 ,x is a m]e /ep 9 ! univ]se4 ,a telegraphic message w\ld get !re 9 "o & a half second2 a projectile fir$ f a gun w\ld arrive 9 eight days1 five h\rs2 an express-tra9 w\ld be due 9 eight mon?s1 tw5ty-two days4 ,x is only ! #a_/chh "p ( ! di/ance t sep>ates u f ! ,sun1 & only ! #ajj_/a1jjj1jjj "p ( ! di/ance ( ! />s ne>e/ to u4 ,_m m5 h tramp$ ! di/ance t sep>ates u f ! ,moon4 ,a bridge ( ?irty t]re/rial globes w\ld suffice to unite ! two worlds4 ,ow+ to ?is great proximity1 ! ,moon is ! be/ kn[n ( all ! cele/ial sph]es4 ,its geographical 7or m correctly1 sel5ographical1 ,sel5e1 moon7 map 0 drawn out m ?an two c5turies ago1 at fir/ 9 a vague sket*1 & aft]w>d ) m details1 until to-day x is z precise & accurate z any ( our t]re/rial maps ( geography4 ,be=e ! inv5tion ( ! telescope1 f antiquity to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 p lo/ !mselves 9 conjectures z to ! nature ( ?is /range lun> figure4 ,x 0 held to be a my/]i\s _w1 ! m extraord9>y 9 t x always pres5t$ ! same face to u4 ,"s comp>$ x to an imm5se mirror reflect+ ! image ( ! ,e>?4 ,o!rs pictur$ x z a silv] />1 an en*ant$ abode :]e all 0 weal? & happ9ess4 ,= _m a long day x 0 ! fa%ion to ?9k1 q irrationally1 t ! inhabitants ( ! ,moon 7 fifte5 times bigg] ?an ourselves4 ,! inv5tion ( telescopes1 h[ev]1 br\ght a little ord] & a gra9 ( tru? into ^! fanta/ic assumptions4 ,! fir/ obs]vations ( ,galileo revolutioniz$ sci5ce1 & 8 discov]ies fill$ ! be/-ord]$ m9ds ) en?usiasm4 ,!nce=w>d1 ! ,moon became our prop]ty1 a t]re/rial suburb1 :]e ! :ole _w w\ld gladly h in/all$ itself1 _h ! means ( gett+ !re be5 z swift z ! w+s ( ! imag9ation4 ,x became easy en\gh to inv5t a ?\s& en*ant+ descriptions ( ! *>ms ( our fair si/]1 & no "o scrupl$ to d s4 ,soon1 x 0 obs]v$ t ! ,moon closely resembl$ ! ,e>? 9 its geological features2 its surface bri/les ) %>p m\nta9 peaks t light up 9 s _m lum9\s po9ts b5ea? ! rays ( ! ,sun4 ,alongside1 d>k & %ad$ p>ts indicate ! pla9s2 moreov]1 !re are l>ge gray pat*es t 7 suppos$ to be seas because !y reflect ! sol> light less p]fectly ?an ! adjac5t c\ntries4 ,at t epo* h>dly any?+ 0 kn[n ( ! physical con/itution ( ! ,moon1 & x 0 figur$ z envelop$ ) an atmosph]ic lay]1 analog\s to t at ! bottom ( :i* we c>ry on our respiration4 ,to-day we "k t ^! seas are de/itute ( wat]1 & t if ! lun> globe possesses an atmosph]e1 x mu/ be excessively light4 ,! ,moon became ! favorite object ( a/ronom]s1 & ! num]\s obs]vations made ( x au?oriz$ ! del9eation ( v int]e/+ sel5ographic *>ts4 ,9 ord] to f9d "o's way among ! seas1 pla9s1 & m\nta9s t make up ! lun> t]ritory1 x 0 necess>y to "n !m4 ,! seas 7 ! fir/ to be baptiz$1 9 accordance ) _! reput$ a/rological influ5ces4 ,accord+ly1 we f9d on ! ,moon1 ! ,sea ( ,fecundity1 ! ,lake ( ,dea?1 ! ,sea ( ,humors1 ! ,ocean ( ,tempe/s1 ! ,sea ( ,tranquillity1 ! ,m>% ( ,mi/s1 ! ,lake ( ,dreams1 ! ,sea ( ,putrefaction1 ! ,p59sula ( ,rev]ie1 ! ,sea ( ,ra9s1 etc4 ,) reg>d to ! lum9\s p>ts & ! m\nta9s1 x 0 at fir/ propos$ to call !m aft] ! mo/ illu/ri\s a/ronom]s1 b ! fe> ( giv+ (f5se act$ z a *eck on ,hevelius & ,riccioli1 au?ors ( ! fir/ lun> maps 7#afdg1 #afea71 & !y judg$ x m prud5t to transf] ! names ( ! t]re/rial m\nta9s to ! ,moon4 ,! ,alps1 ! ,ap5n9es1 ! ,pyr5ees1 ! ,c>pa?ians1 are all to be f\nd up !re2 !n1 z ! vocabul>y ( ! m\nta9s 0 n adequate1 ! sci5ti/s reass]t$ _! rights1 & we meet 9 ! ,moon1 ,ari/otle1 ,plato1 ,hipp>*us1 ,ptolemy1 ,cop]nicus1 ,kepl]1 ,newton1 z well z o!r m mod]n & ev5 contemporane\s celebrities4 ,we h n space to reproduce ! g5]al *>t ( ! ,moon 7t publi%$ by ! au?or measures n less ?an a met]1 ) ! nom5clature72 b ! figure subjo9$ gives a summ>y suffici5t = ! limits ( ?is little book4 ,"h are ! names ( ! pr9cipal lun> m\nta9s1 ) ! numb]s correspond+ to !m ^u ! map4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,map ( ! ,moon4 7,f ,f[l]'s ,telescopic ,a/ronomy47 #a ,furn]ius #b ,petavius #c ,langr5us #d ,macrobius #e ,cleom$es #f ,endymion #g ,altas #h ,h]cules #i ,rom] #aj ,posidonius #aa ,fraca/orius #ab ,!ophilus #ac ,piccolom9i #ad ,albategnius #ae ,hipp>*us #af ,manilius #ag ,eudoxus #ah ,ari/otle #ai ,cass9i #bj ,ari/illus #ba ,plato #bb ,ar*im$es #bc ,erato/h5es #bd ,cop]nicus #be ,ptolemy #bf ,alphonsus #bg ,arza*el #bh ,walt] #bi ,clavius #cj ,ty*o #ca ,bullialdus #cb ,s*ill] #cc ,s*ick>d #cd ,gass5di #ce ,kepl] #cf ,grimaldi #cg ,ari/>*us ,a ,m>e ,crisum ,b ,m>e ,f]cunditatis ,c ,m>e ,nect>is ,d ,m>e ,tranquilitatis ,e ,m>e ,s]5itatis ,f ,m>e ,imbrium ,g ,s9us ,iridum ,h ,oceanus ,procell>um ,i ,m>e ,humorum ,k ,m>e ,nubium ,v ,altai ,m\nta9s ,w ,m>e ,vaporum ,x ,ap5n9e ,m\nta9s ,y ,caucasus ,m\nta9s ,z ,alps ,! con/antly gr[+ progress ( optics leads to p]petual new discov]ies 9 sci5ce1 & at ! pres5t "t we c say t we "k ! geography ( ! ,moon z well z1 & ev5 bett] ?an1 t ( our own planet4 ,! heights ( all ! m\nta9s ( ! ,moon are measur$ to )9 a few feet4 7,"o _c say z mu* = ! m\nta9s ( ! ,e>?47 ,! highe/ are ov] #g1jjj met]s 7ne>ly #be1jjj feet74 ,relatively to its proportions1 ! satellite is mu* m m\nta9\s ?an ! planet1 & ! plutonian giants are mu* m num]\s !re ?an "h4 ,if we h peaks1 l ! ,gaorisank>1 ! highe/ ( ! ,himalayas & ( ! :ole ,e>?1 ^: elevation ( #h1hdj met]s 7#bi1jjj feet7 is equival5t to #a_/aadj ! diamet] ( our globe1 !re are peaks on ! ,moon ( #g1gjj met]s 7#be1bfd feet71 e4g41 ^? ( ,do]fel & ,leibniz1 ! height ( :i* is equival5t to #a_/dgj ! lun> diamet]4 ,ty*o's ,m\nta9 is "o ( ! f9e/ ^u our satellite4 ,x is visible ) ! nak$ eye 7& p]fectly ) op]a-glasses7 z a :ite po9t %9+ l a k9d ( /> ^u ! l[] portion ( ! disk4 ,at ! "t ( full moon x is dazzl+1 & projects long rays f af> ^u ! lun> globe4 ,s1 too1 ,m\nt ,cop]nicus1 ^: brilliant :it5ess sp>kles 9 space4 ,b ! /range/ ?+ ab\t ^! lun> m\nta9s is t !y are all holl[1 & c be measur$ z well 9 dep? z 9 height4 ,a type ( m\nta9 z /range to u z are ! seas )\t wat]6 ,9 effect1 ^! m\nta9s ( ! moon are anci5t volcanic crat]s1 ) no summits1 nor cov]s4 ,at ! top ( ! highe/ peaks1 !re is a l>ge circul> depression1 prolong$ into ! he>t ( ! m\nta91 sometimes f> bel[ ! level ( ! surr\nd+ pla9s1 & z ^! crat]s (t5 measure sev]al hundr$ kilomet]s1 "o is oblig$1 if "o does n want to g all r\nd !m 9 cross+ ! m\nta91 to desc5d almo/ p]p5dicul>ly into ! dep?s & cross !re1 to reasc5d ! opposite side1 & return to ! pla94 ,^! alp9e excursions inconte/ably des]ve ! "n ( p]il\s asc5ts6 ,no c\ntry on ! ,e>? c give u any notion ( ! /ate ( ! lun> soil3 nev] 0 gr\nd s torm5t$2 nev] globe s pr(\ndly %att]$ to its v b[els4 ,! m\nta9s are accumulations ( enorm\s rocks tumbl$ "o ^u ! o!r1 & r\nd ! awful labyr9? ( crat]s "o sees no?+ b dismantl$ ramp>ts1 or columns ( po9t$ rocks l ca!dral spires issu+ f ! *aos4 ,z we said1 !re is no atmosph]e1 or at lea/ s little at ! bottom ( ! valleys t x is imp]ceptible4 ,no cl\ds1 no fog1 no ra9 nor sn[4 ,! sky is an et]nally black space1 vaultless1 jewel$ ) />s by day z by night4 ,let u suppose t we arrive among ^! savage /eppes at daybreak3 ! lun> day is fifte5 times long] ?an our own1 because ! ,sun takes a mon? to illum9ate ! entire circuit ( ! ,moon2 !re are no less ?an #ced h\rs f ! ris+ to ! sett+ ( ! ,sun4 ,if we arrive be=e ! sunrise1 !re is no aurora to h]ald x1 = 9 ! abs5ce ( atmosph]e !re c be no sort ( twilight4 ,( a sudd5 on ! d>k horizon come fla%es ( ! sol> light1 /rik+ ! summits ( ! m\nta9s1 :ile ! pla9s & valleys are /ill 9 d>kness4 ,! light spreads sl[ly1 = :ile on ! ,e>? 9 c5tral latitudes ! ,sun takes only two m9utes & a qu>t] to rise1 on ! ,moon x takes ne>ly an h\r1 & 9 consequ5ce ! light x s5ds out is v weak = "s m9utes1 & increases excessively sl[ly4 ,x is a k9d ( aurora1 b la/s a v %ort "t1 = :5 at ! end ( half an h\r1 ! sol> disk has half ris51 ! light appe>s z int5se to ! eye z :5 x is entirely above ! horizon2 ! radiant orb is se5 ) its protub]ances & its burn+ atmosph]e4 ,x rises sl[ly1 l a lum9\s god1 9 ! dep?s ( ! black sky1 a pr(\nd & =mless sky 9 :i* ! />s %9e all day1 s9ce !y are n hidd5 by any atmosph]ic veil su* z conceals !m f u dur+ ! daylight4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,! ,lun> ,ap5n9es4 ,! abs5ce ( s5sible atmosph]e mu/ produce an effect on ! temp]ature ( ! ,moon analog\s to t p]ceiv$ on ! high m\nta9s ( our globe1 :]e ! r>efaction ( ! air does n p]mit ! sol> heat to conc5trate itself ^u ! surface ( ! soil1 z x does bel[ ! atmosph]e1 :i* acts z a =c+-h\se3 ! ,sun's heat is n kept 9 by any?+1 & incessantly radiates out t[>d space4 ,9 all probability ! cold is extremely & con/antly rigor\s1 n only dur+ ! nights1 :i* are fifte5 times long] ?an our own1 b ev5 dur+ ! long days ( sun%9e4 ,we give two diff]5t draw+s to repres5t ^! curi\s aspects ( lun> topography4 ,! fir/ 7,fig4 #gb7 is tak5 9 ! neighborhood ( ! ,ap5n9es1 & %[s a long *a9 ( m\nta9s b5ea? :i* are ?ree deep r+s1 ,ar*im$es1 ,ari/illus1 & ,autolycus3 ! second 7,fig4 #gc7 depicts ! lun> r+ ( ,flamm>ion1#ad ^: outl9e is con/ruct$ ( dismantl$ ramp>ts1 & ^: dep?s are spr9kl$ ) little crat]s4 ,! fir/ ( ^! two draw+s 0 made 9 ,engl& by ,nasmy?1 ! second 9 ,g]many by ,krieg]3 !y bo? give an exact idea ( :at "o sees 9 ! telescope ) diff]5t modes ( sol> illum9ation4 ,9 ! ,moon's always black & />ry sky a maje/ic /> t is n visible f ! ,e>?1 & exhibits ?is peculi>ity t x is /ation>y 9 ! ,heav5s1 :ile all ! o!rs pass beh9d x1 may con/antly be admir$1 by day z well z by night2 & x is also ( consid]able app>5t magnitude4 ,?is orb1 "s f\r times z l>ge z ! ,moon 9 diamet]1 & ?irte5 to f\rte5 times m ext5sive 9 surface1 is our ,e>?1 :i* pres5ts to ! ,moon a sequ5ce ( phases simil> to ^? :i* our satellite pres5ts to u1 b 9 ! inv]se direction4 ,at ! mom5t ( ,new ,moon1 ! ,sun fully illum9ates ! t]re/rial hemisph]e turn$ t[>d our satellite1 & we get ,full ,e>?2 at ! "t ( ,full ,moon1 on ! contr>y1 ! non-illum9at$ hemisph]e ( ! ,e>? is turn$ t[>d ! satellite1 & we get ,new ,e>?3 :5 ! ,moon %[s u fir/ qu>t]1 ! ,e>? is 9 la/ qu>t]1 & s on4 ,! draw+ subjo9$ gives an idea ( ^! aspects4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--;,flamm>ion's ,lun> ,r+4 ,:at a curi\s sight our globe mu/ be dur+ ?is long night ( f\rte5 times tw5ty-f\r h\rs6 ,indep5d5t ( its phases1 :i* br+ x f fir/ qu>t] to full e>? = ! middle ( ! night1 & f full e>? to la/ qu>t] = sunrise1 h[ int]e/$ we %\ld be to see x ?us /ation>y 9 ! sky1 & turn+ on itself 9 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,lun> l&scape ) ! ,e>? 9 ! sky4 ,yes1 ?anks to u1 ! inhabitants ( ! lun> hemisph]e turn$ t[>d u are gratifi$ by ! sight ( a spl5did nocturnal tor*1 d\btless less :ite ?an our own despite ! cl\ds ) :i* ! t]re/rial globe is /udd$1 & %ad$ 9 a t5d] tone ( blui% em]ald-gre54 ,! royal orb ( _! long nights1 ! ,e>?1 gives !m moonlight ( unp>allel$ beauty1 & we may say )\t false mode/y t our pres5ce 9 ! lun> sky mu/ produce m>vel\s & absolutely fairy-l effects4 ,maybe1 !y envy u our globe1 a dazzl+ dwell+-place ^: spl5dor radiates ?r\gh space2 !y see its gre5i% cl>ity v>y+ ) ! ext5t ( cl\d t veils its seas & cont95ts1 & !y obs]ve its motion ( rotation1 by :i* all ! c\ntries ( our planet are reveal$ 9 succession to its admir]s4 ,we are talk+ ( ^! pageants se5 f ! ,moon1 & ( ! inhabitants ( our satellite z if !y really exi/$4 ,! /]ile & desolate aspect ( ! lun> _w1 h[ev]1 r br+s u to ! conclusion t su* inhabitants are non-exi/5t1 al?\gh we h no au?orization = affirm+ ?is4 ,t !y h exi/$ seems to me beyond d\bt4 ,! lun> volcanoes _h a consid]able activity1 9 an atmosph]e t all[$ ! :ite volcanic a%es to be c>ri$ a long way by ! w9ds1 figur+ r\nd ! crat]s ! /ell> rays t are /ill s /rik+4 ,^! c9d]s 7 spread ov] ! soil1 pres]v+ all its asp]ities ( outl9e1 a little heap$ up on ! side to :i* !y 7 impell$4 ,! magnific5t photographs rec5tly made at ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory by ,,mm4 ,loewy & ,puiseux are spl5did evid5ce ( ^! projections4 ,9 ?is era ( planet>y activity !re 7 liquids & gases on ! surface ( ! lun> globe1 :i* appe> subsequ5tly to h be5 entirely absorb$4 ,n[ ! tea*+ ( our own planet is t ,nature n[h]e rema9s inf]tile1 & t ! production ( ,life is a law s g5]al & s imp]i\s t life develops at its own exp5se1 soon] ?an ab/a9 f develop+4 ,accord+ly1 x is difficult to suppose t ! lun> elem5ts c h rema9$ inactive1 :5 only next door !y exhibit$ su* fecundity ^u our globe4 ,yes1 ! ,moon has be5 inhabit$ by be+s d\btless v diff]5t f ourselves1 & p]haps may /ill be1 al?\gh ?is globe has run ?r\gh ! phases ( its a/ral life m rapidly ?an our own1 & ! daught] is relatively old] ?an ! "m4 ,! duration ( ! life ( ! worlds appe>s to h be5 9 proportion ) _! masses4 ,! ,moon cool$ & m9]aliz$ m quickly ?an ! ,e>?4 ,jupit] is /ill fluid4 ,! progress ( optics br+s u already v close to ?is neighbor+ prov9ce4 ',tis a pity we c n get a little ne>]6 ,a telescopic magnification ( #b1jjj puts ! ,moon at #chd1jjj_/bjjj or #aib kilomet]s 7"s #abj miles7 f our eye4 ,practically we c obta9 no m1 ei!r f ! mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts1 or f photographic enl>gem5ts4 ,sometimes1 exceptionally1 enl>gem5ts ( #c1jjj c be us$4 ,?is #chdjjj_/cjjj or #abh kilomet]s 7"s #hj miles74 ,und\bt$ly1 ?is is an admirable result1 :i* does ! greate/ honor to human intellig5ce4 ,b x is /ill too f> to enable u to det]m9e any?+ 9 reg>d to lun> life4 ,any "o :o likes to be impress$ by gr& & magnific5t sights may turn ev5 a mode/ field-glass ^u our lum9\s satellite1 at ab\t fir/ qu>t]1 :5 ! relief ( its surface1 illum9at$ obliquely by ! ,sun1 is at its greate/ value4 ,if y exam9e our neighbor _w at ?is p]iod1 = *oice at ! h\r ( sunset1 y w be a/oni%$ at its brilliancy & beauty4 ,its outl9es1 its laces1 & embroid]ies1 give ! image ( a jewel ( %9+ silv]1 transluc5t1 fluid1 palpitat+ 9 ! e!r4 ,no?+ c\ld be m beautiful1 no?+ pur]1 & m cele/ial1 ?an ?is lun> globe float+ 9 ! sil5ce ( space1 & s5d+ back to u z 9 "s fairy dream ! sol> illum9ation t floods x4 ,b ye/]day ,i receiv$ ! same impression1 wat*+ a great r+ half /&+ out1 & foll[+ ! progress ( ! ,sun z x m\nt$ ! lun> horizon to t\* ^! silv]$ peaks4 ,& ,i reflect$ t x is inde$ inconceivable t #iii1iii_/a1jjj1jjj ( ! inhabitants ( our planet %\ld pass _! lives )\t ev] hav+ att5d$ to ?is pageant1 nor to any ( ^? o!rs :i* ! div9e ,urania scatt]s s pr(usely b5ea? ! wond]+ gaze ( ! obs]v]s ( ! ,heav5s4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,! ,,eclipses ,among all ! cele/ial ph5om5a at :i* x may be our lot to assi/ dur+ our contemplation ( ! univ]se1 "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t & impos+ is und\bt$ly t :i* we are n[ go+ to consid]4 ,! hirsute comets1 & %oot+ />s ) _! graceful flight1 captivate u ) a my/]i\s & sometimes fanta/ic attraction4 ,we gladly all[ our ?\ghts1 mute que/ion]s ( ! my/]ies ( ! firmam5t1 to re/ ^u ! brilliant1 gold5 trail !y leave beh9d !m4 ,^! unkn[n travel]s br+ a message f et]nity2 !y tell u ! tale ( _! di/ant j\rneys4 ,*ildr5 ( space1 _! e!real beauty speaks ( ! imm5sity ( ! univ]se4 ,! eclipses1 on ! o!r h&1 are ph5om5a t t\* u m ne>ly1 & take place 9 our vic9ity4 ,9 treat+ ( !m1 we rema9 betwe5 ! ,e>? & ! ,moon1 9 our little prov9ce1 & witness ! picturesque effects ( ! comb9$ movem5ts ( our satellite ar\nd u4 ,h y ev] se5 a total eclipse ( ! ,sun8 ,! sky is absolutely cle>3 no fraction ( cl\d %ad[s ! sol> rays4 ,! azure vault ( ! firmam5t cr[ns ! ,e>? ) a dome ( dazzl+ light4 ,! fires ( ! orb ( day %$ _! b5efic5t influ5ce g5]ally ^u ! _w4 ,yet1 see6 ,! radiance dim9i%es4 ,! lum9\s disk ( ! ,sun is gradually corrod$4 ,ano!r disk1 z black z ink1 creeps 9 front ( x1 & little by little invades x entirely4 ,! atmosph]e takes on a wan1 sepul*ral hue2 a/oni%$ nature is hu%$ 9 pr(\nd sil5ce2 an imm5se veil ( sadness spreads ov] ! _w4 ,night comes on sudd5ly1 & ! />s %9e out 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,x seems z ?\gh by "s my/]i\s cataclysm ! ,sun _h disappe>$ =ev]4 ,b ?is tribulation is soon ov]4 ,! div9e orb is n ext9ct4 ,a flam+ jet em]ges f ! %ad[1 ann\nc+ 8 return1 & :5 he reappe>s we see t he has lo/ no?+ 9 spl5dor or beauty4 ,he is /ill ! radiant ,apollo1 ,k+ ( ,day1 wat*+ ov] ! life ( ! planet>y worlds4 ,?is sudd5 night1 d>k5+ ! ,heav5s 9 ! mid/ ( a f9e day1 c n fail to produce a vivid impression ^u ! spectators ( ! sup]b ph5om5on4 ,! eclipse la/s only = a few mom5ts1 b long en\gh to make a deep impression ^u our m9ds1 & inde$ to inspire anxi\s spirits ) t]ror & agitation--ev5 at ?is epo*1 :5 we "k t !re is no?+ sup]natural or =midable ab\t x4 ,9 =m] days1 ,humanity w\ld h trembl$1 9 uneasy con/]nation4 ,0 x a judgm5t f ,heav58 ,mu/ x n be ! "w ( "s invisible h& ?r[+ ! somb] veil ( night ov] ! cele/ial tor*8 ,_h n ! ,e>? /ray$ (f h] appo9t$ pa?1 & 7 we n all to be depriv$ et]nally ( ! light ( our good ,sun8 ,0 "s mon/r\s dragon p]haps prep>+ to dev\r ! orb ( day8 ,! fable ( ! dragon dev\r+ ! ,sun or ,moon dur+ ! eclipses is univ]sal 9 ,asia z 9 ,africa1 & /ill f9ds acceptance "u m ?an "o latitude4 ,b our read]s already "k t we may id5tify ! t]rible cele/ial dragon ) our g5tle fri5d ! ,moon1 :o w\ld n be greatly flatt]$ by ! comp>ison4 ,we saw 9 ! prec$+ lesson t ! ,moon revolves r\nd u1 describ+ an almo/ circul> orbit t %e travels ov] 9 ab\t a mon?4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is motion1 ! nocturnal orb is sometimes betwe5 ! ,sun & ! ,e>?1 sometimes beh9d u1 sometimes at a "r angle 9 relation to ! ,sun & ! ,e>?4 ,n[1 ! eclipses ( ! ,sun occur inv>iably at ! "t ( ,new ,moon1 :5 our satellite passes betwe5 ! ,sun & ourselves1 & ! eclipses ( ! ,moon1 at ! mom5t ( ,full ,moon1 :5 ! latt] is opposite to ! ,sun1 & beh9d u4 ,?is fact soon enabl$ ! a/ronom]s ( antiquity to discov] ! causes to :i* eclipses are due4 ,! ,moon1 pass+ at ! beg9n+ ( its revolution betwe5 ! ,sun & ! ,e>?1 may conceal a great] or less] portion ( ! orb ( day4 ,9 ?is case !re is an eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 x is on ! o!r side ( ! ,e>? 9 relation to ! ,sun1 at ! mom5t ( ,full ,moon1 our planet may int]cept ! sol> rays1 & prev5t !m f rea*+ our satellite4 ,! ,moon is plung$ into ! %ad[ ( ! ,e>?1 & is !n eclips$4 ,su* is ! v simple explanation ( ! ph5om5on4 ,b :y is !re n an eclipse ( ! ,sun at ea* ,new ,moon1 & an eclipse ( ! ,moon at ea* ,full ,moon8 ,if ! ,moon revolv$ r\nd u 9 ! same plane z ! ,e>? r\nd ! ,sun1 x w\ld eclipse ! ,sun at ea* ,new ,moon1 & w\ld be itself eclips$ 9 our %ad[ at ea* ,full ,moon4 ,b ! plane ( ! lun> orbit dips a little ^u ! plane ( ! t]re/rial orbit1 & ! eclipses c only be produc$ :5 ! ,new ,moon or ! ,full ,moon occur at ! l9e ( int]section ( ^! two planes1 i4e41 :5 ! ,sun1 ! ,moon1 & ! ,e>? are ^u ! same /raight l9e4 ,9 ! majority ( cases1 in/ead ( int]pos+ itself directly 9 front ( ! sov]eign ( our sy/em1 our satellite passes a little above or a little bel[ him1 j z its passage beh9d u is ne>ly always effect$ a little above or bel[ ! cone ( %ad[ t accompanies our planet1 opposite ! ,sun4 ,:5 ! ,moon int]v5es directly 9 front ( ! ,sun1 %e arre/s ! light ( ! radiant orb1 & conceals a great] or less portion ( ! sol> disk4 ,! eclipse is p>tial if ! ,moon cov]s only a portion ( ! ,sun2 total if %e cov]s x entirely2 annul>1 if ! sol> disk is visible all r\nd ! lun> disk1 z appe>s :5 ! ,moon1 9 h] elliptical orbit1 is beyond m$ium di/ance1 t[>d ! apogee4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! ,moon arrives imm$iately )9 ! cone ( %ad[ t ! ,e>? projects beh9d x1 x is h] turn to be eclips$4 ,%e no long] receives ! rays ( ! ,sun1 & ?is deprivation is ! m m>k$ 9 t %e owes all h] brilliancy to ! light ( ! orb ( day4 ,! ,moon's obscurity is complete if %e is entirely plung$ into ! cone ( %ad[4 ,9 ?is case1 ! eclipse is total4 ,b if a portion ( h] disk em]ges f ! cone1 t "p rema9s illum9at$ :ile ! light ( ! o!r dies out4 ,9 t case !re is a p>tial eclipse1 & ! r\nd$ =m ( ! ,e>?'s %ad[ c be se5 project$ ^u our satellite1 a cele/ial witness to ! sph]ical nature ( our globe4 ,"u c]ta9 conditions1 !n1 ! ,moon c deprive u ( ! lum9\s rays ( ! ,sun1 by conceal+ ! orb ( day1 & 9 o!r cases is h]self effac$ 9 cross+ our %ad[4 ,despite ! fables1 fe>s1 & anxieties x has eng5d]$1 ?is ph5om5on is p]fectly natural3 ! ,moon is only play+ hide-&-seek ) u--a v h>mless amusem5t1 z reg>ds ! safety ( our planet4 ,b z we said j n[1 ^! ph5om5a =m]ly _h ! p[] ( t]rify+ ignorant mortals1 ei!r :5 ! orb ( light & life seem$ on ! v]ge ( ext9ction1 or :5 ! beautiful ,phoebus 0 cov]$ ) a veil ( crape & woe1 or took on a deep copp]y hue4 ,x w\ld take a volume to describe all ! notable ev5ts :i* h be5 influ5c$ by eclipses1 sometimes = good1 m (t5 ) disa/r\s consequ5ces4 ,! recital ( ^! tragic /ories w\ld n be devoid ( int]e/2 x w\ld illu/rate ! possibilities ( ignorance & sup]/ition1 & ! p[] man ga9s f intellectual culture & sci5tific /udy4 ,h]odotus records t ! ,scy?ians1 hav+ "s grievance aga9/ ,cyax>us1 ,k+ ( ! ,m$es1 rev5g$ !mselves by s]v+ up ! limbs ( "o ( 8 *ildr51 :om !y _h murd]$1 at a banquet z r>e game4 ,! sc\ndrels :o committ$ ?is atroci\s crime took refuge at ! ,c\rt ( ! ,k+ ( ,lydia1 :o 0 ill judg$ en\gh to protect !m4 ,w> 0 accord+ly decl>$ betwe5 ! ,m$es & ,lydians1 b a total eclipse ( ! ,sun occurr+ j :5 ! battle 0 imm95t1 _h ! happy effect ( dis>m+ ! combatants1 :o prud5tly retir$ ea* to _! own c\ntry4 ,?is eclipse1 :i* seems to h occurr$ on ,may #bh1 #ehd ,b4,c41 _h be5 pr$ict$ by ,?ales4 ,! ,fr5* pa9t] ,ro*egrosse has pa9t$ a /rik+ picture ( ! sc5e 7,fig4 #ge74 ,9 ! ye> #dac ,b4,c4 ! ,a!nian ,g5]al ,nicias prep>$ to return to ,greece aft] an exp$ition to ,sicily4 ,b1 t]rifi$ by an eclipse ( ! ,moon1 & fe>+ ! malign influ5ce ( ! ph5om5on1 he put (f 8 dep>ture1 & lo/ ! *ance ( retreat4 ,?is sup]/ition co/ him 8 life4 ,! ,greek army 0 de/roy$1 & ?is ev5t m>ks ! comm5cem5t ( ! decad5ce ( ,a!ns4 ,9 #cca ,b4,c4 an eclipse ( ! ,moon disorganiz$ ! troops ( ,alex&]1 ne> ,arbela1 & ! great ,mac$onian ,capta9 _h ne$ ( all 8 address to reassure 8 panic-/rick5 soldi]s4 ,aga?ocles1 ,k+ ( ,syracuse1 block$ by ! ,c>?ag9ians 9 ! port ( ?is city1 _h ! good =tune to escape1 b 0 di/urb$ on ! second day ( 8 flight by ! arrival ( a total eclipse ( ! ,sun :i* al>m$ 8 companions4 ,:at are y afraid (8 said he1 spread+ 8 cloak 9 front ( ! ,sun4 ,are y al>m$ at a %ad[8 7,?is eclipse seems to be t ( ,augu/ #ae1 #cji1 r ?an t ( ,m>* #b1 #caj47 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,battle betwe5 ! ,m$es & ,lydians arre/$ by an ,eclipse ( ! ,sun4 ,on ,june #bi1 #ajcc1 an epo* at :i* ! approa*+ end ( ! _w /ruck t]ror into all he>ts1 an annul> eclipse ( ! ,sun occurr+ ab\t midday fru/rat$ ! designs ( a b& ( conspirators :o int5d$ to /rangle ! ,pope at ! alt>4 ,?is ,pope 0 ,b5$ict ,,ix1 a y\? ( less ?an tw5ty1 ^: conduct is said to h be5 any?+ b exempl>y4 ,! assass9s1 t]rifi$ at ! d>k5+ ( ! ,sun1 d>$ n t\* ! ,pontiff1 & he reign$ till #ajdd4ae ,on ,m>* #a1 #aejd1 a lun> eclipse sav$ ! life ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus4 ,he 0 ?reat5$ ) dea? by />vation 9 ,jamaica1 :]e ! contumaci\s savages refus$ to give him provisions4 ,=ew>n$ ( ! arrival ( ?is eclipse by ! a/ronomical almanacs1 he ?reat5$ to deprive ! ,c>ibs ( ! light ( ! ,moon--& kept 8 ^w4 ,! eclipse _h h>dly begun :5 ! t]rifi$ ,indians flung !mselves at 8 feet1 & br\ght him all t he requir$4 ,9 all times & among all p we f9d traces ( popul> sup]/itions connect$ ) eclipses4 ,"h1 ! abnormal abs5ce ( ! ,moon's light is reg>d$ z a sign ( div9e ang]3 ! humble p5it5ts betake !mselves to pray] to w>d (f ! div9e ang]4 ,!re1 ! cruelty ( ! dread dragon is to be av]t$3 he mu/ be *as$ away by cries & ?reats1 & ! sky is bomb>d$ ) %ots to deliv] ! victim f 8 mon/r\s oppressor4 ,9 ,france ! ann\ncem5t ( a sol> eclipse = ,augu/ #ba1 #aefj1 s greatly di/urb$ our ance/ors' peace ( m9d z to make !m idiotic4 ,prep>ations 7 made = assi/+ at an al>m+ ph5om5on t ?reat5$ ,humanity ) deadly consequ5ces6 ,! unhappy eclipse _h be5 prec$$ by a multitude ( ill om5s6 ,"s expect$ a great revolution 9 ! prov9ces & 9 ,rome1 o!rs pr$ict$ a new univ]sal deluge1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 ! conflagration ( ! _w2 ! mo/ optimi/ic ?\ght ! air w\ld be contam9at$4 ,to pres]ve !mselves f s _m dang]s1 & 9 accordance ) ! physicians' ord]s1 numb]s ( fright5$ p %ut !mselves up 9 tightly clos$ & p]fum$ cell>s1 :]e !y await$ ! decrees ( ,fate4 ,! approa* ( ! ph5om5on increas$ ! panic1 & x is said t "o village cure1 be+ unable to he> ! confessions ( all 8 flock1 :o want$ to dis*>ge _! s\ls ( s9 be=e tak+ flight = a bett] _w1 0 fa9 to tell !m !re 0 no hurry1 because ! eclipse _h be5 put (f a =tnight on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( p5it5ts6 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--;,eclipse ( ! ,moon at ,laos 7,febru>y #bg1 #ahgg74 ,^! fe>s & t]rors are /ill extant among ignorant peoples4 ,9 ! night ( ,febru>y #bg1 #ahgg1 an eclipse ( ! ,moon produc$ an indescribable panic among ! inhabitants ( ,laos 7,indo-,*9a74 ,9 ord] to fright5 (f ! ,black ,dragon1 ! natives fir$ %ots at ! half-dev\r$ orb1 accompany+ _! volley ) ! mo/ appall+ yells4 ,dr4 ,h>m& has memorializ$ ! sc5e 9 ! lively sket* giv5 on p4 #bfi4 ,dur+ ! sol> eclipse ( ,m>* #ae1 #ahgg1 an analog\s sc5e occurr$ among ! ,turks1 :o = ! mom5t =got _! prep>ations = w> ) ,russia1 9 ord] to %oot at ! ,sun1 & deliv] him f ! toils ( ! ,dragon4 ,! lun> eclipse ( ,decemb] #af1 #ahhj1 0 n unnotic$ at ,tackh5t 7,russian ,turke/an71 :]e x 0 receiv$ ) a t]rific d9 ( saucepans1 samov>s & v>i\s implem5ts /ruck toge!r aga9 & aga9 by will+ h&s t s\ght to deliv] ! ,moon f ! demon ,t*aitan :o 0 dev\r+ h]4 ,9 ,*9a1 eclipses are ! object ( impos+ c]emonies1 ^: object is to ree/abli% ! regul>ity ( ! cele/ial motions4 ,s9ce ! ,emp]or is reg>d$ z ! ,son ( ,heav51 8 gov]nm5t mu/ 9 "s sort be a reflection ( ! immutable ord] ( ! sid]eal h>monies4 ,z eclipses 7 reg>d$ by a/rolog]s z di/urbances ( ! div9e ord]1 _! appe>ance indicates "s irregul>ity 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,cele/ial ,empire4 ,accord+ly1 !y are receiv$ ) all k9ds ( expiatory c]emonies prescrib$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 & /ill 9 =ce to-day4 ,9 ! tw5tie? c5tury1 z 9 ! n9ete5?1 ! eighte5?1 or 9 anci5t epo*s1 ! same awe & t]ror op]ates ^u ! ignorant populations :o ab\nd ^u ! surface ( our planet4 ,to return to a/ronomical realities4 ,we said above t ^! ph5om5a 7 produc$ :5 ! ,full ,moon & ! ,new ,moon rea*$ ! l9e ( int]section1 kn[n z ! l9e ( nodes1 :5 ! plane ( ! lun> orbit cuts ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,z ?is l9e turns & comes back 9 ! same direction relatively to ! ,sun at ! end ( eighte5 ye>s1 elev5 days1 we h only to regi/] ! eclipses obs]v$ dur+ ?is p]iod 9 ord] to "k all t w occur 9 ! future1 & to f9d su* z happ5$ 9 ! pa/4 ,?is p]iod 0 kn[n to ! ,greeks "u ! "n ( ! ,metonic ,cycle1 & ! ,*aldeans employ$ x ?ree ?\s& ye>s ago "u ! "n ( ,s>os4 ,on exam9+ ?is cycle1 compos$ ( #bbc lunations1 we see t !re c n be m ?an sev5 eclipses 9 "o ye>1 nor less ?an two4 ,:5 !re are only two1 !y are eclipses ( ! ,sun4 ,! totality ( a sol> eclipse c n la/ m ?an sev5 m9utes1 fifty-eight seconds at ! equator1 & six m9utes1 t5 seconds 9 ! latitude ( ,p>is4 ,! ,moon1 on ! contr>y1 may be entirely eclips$ = ne>ly two h\rs4 ,eclipses ( ! ,sun are v r>e = a def9ite spot4 ,?us n "o occurr$ = ,p>is dur+ ! :ole ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ! la/ :i* happ5$ exactly above ! capital ( ,france hav+ be5 on ,may #bb1 #agbd4 ,i h calculat$ all ^? = ! tw5tie? c5tury1 & f9d t two w take place close to ,p>is1 on ,april #ag1 #aiab1 at eighte5 m9utes pa/ noon 7total = ,*oisy-le-,roi1 ,longjumeau1 & ,d\rdan1 b v brief3 sev5 seconds71 & ,augu/ #aa1 #aiii1 at #aj4bh ,a4,m4 7total = ,beauvais1 ,compiegne1 ,ami5s1 ,/4 ,qu5t91 fairly long3 two m9utes1 sev5te5 seconds74 ,p>is itself w n be favor$ be=e ,augu/ #ab1 #bjbf4 ,9 ord] to witness ! ph5om5on1 "o mu/ g & look = x4 ,?is ! au?or did on ,may #bh1 #aijj1 9 ,spa94 ,! progress ( ! lun> %ad[ ^u ! surface ( ! ,e>? is trac$ be=eh& on maps t s]ve to %[ ! favor$ c\ntries = :i* our satellite w disp5se h] ephem]al night4 ,! above figure %[s ! trajectory ( ! total phase ( ! #aijj eclipse 9 ,portugal1 ,spa91 ,alg]ia1 & ,tunis4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,! pa? ( ! ,eclipse ( ,may #bh1 #aijj4 ,! immutable spl5dor ( ! cele/ial motions _h nev] /ruck ! au?or s impressively z dur+ ! obs]vation ( ?is gr&iose ph5om5on4 ,) ! absolute precision ( a/ronomical calculations1 our satellite1 gravitat+ r\nd ! ,e>?1 arriv$ ^u ! !oretical l9e drawn f ! orb ( day to our planet1 & int]pos$ itself gradually1 sl[ly1 & exactly1 9 front ( x4 ,! eclipse 0 total1 & occurr$ at ! mom5t pr$ict$ by calculation4 ,!n ! obscure globe ( ! ,moon pursu$ its regul> c\rse1 discov]$ ! radiant orb beh9d1 & gradually & sl[ly complet$ its transit 9 front ( him4 ,"h1 to all obs]v]s1 0 a d\ble philosophical lesson1 a tw(old impression3 t ( ! greatness1 ! omnipot5ce ( ! inexorable =ces t gov]n ! univ]se1 & t ( ! inexorable valor ( man1 ( ?is ?9k+ atom /ray+ ^u ano!r atom1 :o by ! travail ( 8 feeble intellig5ce has arriv$ at ! k ( ! laws by :i* he1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 is borne away ?r\gh space1 ?r\gh "t1 & ?r\gh et]nity4 ,! l9e ( c5trality pass$ ?r\gh ,el*e1 a picturesque city ( #cj1jjj inhabitants1 n f> f ,alicante1 & we _h *os5 ?is = our /ation on acc\nt ( ! probability ( f9e wea!r4 ,f ! t]race ( ! c\ntry h\se ( ! hospitable ,mayor1 a f>m trans=m$ into an obs]vatory by our le>n$ fri5d1 ,c\nt de la ,baume ,pluv9el1 !re 7 no ob/acles betwe5 ourselves & any "p ( ! sky or l&scape4 ,! :ole horizon lay be=e u4 ,9 front 0 a t[n ( ,arab aspect fram$ 9 a lovely oasis ( palm-trees2 a little f>!r (f1 ! blue sea beyond ! %ores ( ,alicante & ,murcia3 on ! o!r side a belt ( l[ m\nta9s1 & ne> u fields & g>d5s4 ,a ,company ( ! ,civic ,gu>d kept ord]1 & prev5t$ ! entrance ( too _m curi\s visitors1 ( :om ov] t5 ?\s& _h arriv$4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! fir/ contact ( ! lun> disk ) ! sol> disk 0 obs]v$ 9 ! telescope1 we fir$ a gun1 9 ord] to ann\nce ! precise comm5cem5t ( ! occultation to ! #dj1jjj p]sons :o 7 await+ ! ph5om5on1 & to discov] :at diff]5ce w\ld exi/ betwe5 ?is telescopic obs]vation & ^? made ) ! unaid$ eyes 7protect$ simply by a bit ( smok$ glass7 ( s _m improvis$ spectators4 ,?is _h already be5 done by ,arago at ,p]pignan 9 #ahdb4 ,! v]ification 0 almo/ imm$iate = ! majority ( eyes1 & may be e/imat$ at eight or t5 seconds4 ,s t ! comm5cem5t ( ! eclipse 0 confirm$ almo/ z promptly = ! eye z ) ! a/ronomical in/rum5ts4 ,! sky 0 spl5didly cle>2 no cl\d1 no mi/1 deep blue2 blaz+ ,sun4 ,! fir/ p]iod ( ! eclipse %[$ no?+ p>ticul>4 ,x is only f ! mom5t :5 m ?an half ! sol> disk is cov]$ by ! lun> disk t ! ph5om5on is impos+ 9 its gr&eur4 ,at ?is phase1 ,i call$ ! att5tion ( ! p /&+ 9 ! c\rt to ! visibility ( ! />s1 & indicat+ ! place ( ,v5us 9 ! sky ask$ if any ) long sight c\ld p]ceive h]4 ,eight at once respond$ 9 ! affirmative4 ,x %\ld be said t ! planet 0 at t "t at its p]iod ( maximum brilliancy1 :5 = obs]v]s bless$ ) good sight1 x is always visible to ! unaid$ eye4 ,:5 "s ?ree-qu>t]s ( ! ,sun 7 eclips$1 ! pigeons :i* _h fl[n back to ! f>m huddl$ into a corn]1 & made no fur!r movem5t4 ,!y told me t ev5+ t ! f[ls _h done ! same a little lat]1 return+ to ! h5-h\se z ?\gh x _h be5 night1 & t ! small *ildr5 7:o 7 v num]\s at ,el*e1 :]e ! population is c]ta9ly n dim9i%+7 left (f _! games1 & came back to _! mo!rs' skirts4 ,! birds flew anxi\sly to _! ne/s4 ,! ants 9 "o g>d5 7 excessively agitat$1 no d\bt disconc]t$ 9 _! /rategics4 ,! bats came out4 ,a few days be=e ! eclipse ,i _h prep>$ ! inhabitants ( ?is "p ( ,spa9 = ! obs]vation ( ! ph5om5on by ! foll[+ description1 :i* sums up ! previ\s acc\nts ( ! a/ronom]s3 ,! spectacle ( a total eclipse ( ! ,sun is "o ( ! mo/ magnific5t & impos+ t x is possible to see 9 nature4 ,at ! exact mom5t indicat$ by calculation1 ! ,moon arrives 9 front ( ! ,sun1 eats into x gradually1 & at la/ entirely cov]s x4 ,! light ( ! day less5s & is trans=m$4 ,a s5se ( oppression is felt by all nature1 ! birds are hu%$1 ! dog takes refuge ) 8 ma/]1 ! *ick5s hide b5ea? _! "m's w+1 ! w9d drops1 ! temp]ature falls1 an appall+ /illness is ev]y:]e p]ceptible1 z ?\gh ! univ]se 7 on ! v]ge ( "s imm95t cata/rophe4 ,m5's faces assume a cadav]\s hue simil> to t giv5 at night by ! flame ( spirits ( w9e & salt1 a livid fun]eal light1 ! s9i/] illum9ation ( ! _w's la/ h\r4 ,at ! mom5t :5 ! la/ l9e ( ! sol> cresc5t disappe>s1 we see1 in/ead ( ! ,sun1 a black disk surr\nd$ ) a spl5did lum9\s aureole %oot+ imm5se jets into space1 ) roseate flames burn+ at ! base4 ,a sudd5 night has fall5 on u1 a weird1 wan night 9 :i* ! brighte/ ( ! />s are visible 9 ! ,heav5s4 ,! spectacle is spl5did1 gr&iose1 solemn1 & sublime4 ,?is impression 0 actually felt by u all1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ notes1 writt5 9 my s*$ule ( obs]vation dur+ ! ev5t1 or imm$iately aft]3 #c4ej ,p4,m4 ,light v weak1 sky lead5 gray1 m\nta9s /&+ out ) rem>kable cle>ness f ! horizon1 & seem+ to approa* u4 #c4ee ,p4,m4 ,fall ( temp]ature v app>5t4 ,cold w9d bl[+ ?r\gh ! atmosph]e4 #c4ef ,p4,m4 ,pr(\nd sil5ce ?r\gh nature1 :i* seems to p>ticipate 9 ! cele/ial ph5om5on4 ,sil5ce 9 all ! gr\ps4 #c4eg ,p4,m4 ,light consid]ably dim9i%$1 becom+ wan1 /range1 & s9i/]4 ,l&scape lead5 gray1 sea looks black4 ,?is dim9ution ( light is n t ( e day aft] ! sunset4 ,!re is1 z x 71 a t9t ( sadness spread ov] ! :ole ( nature4 ,"o becomes accu/om$ to x1 & yet :ile we "k t ! occultation ( ! ,sun by ! ,moon is a natural ph5om5on1 we c n escape a c]ta9 s5se ( uneas9ess4 ,! approa* ( "s extraord9>y spectacle is imm95t4 ,at ?is po9t we exam9$ ! effects ( ! sol> light ^u ! sev5 colors ( ! spectrum4 ,9 ord] to det]m9e z accurately z possible ! tonality ( ! light ( ! eclipse1 ,i _h prep>$ sev5 great %eets1 ea* pa9t$ boldly 9 ! colors ( ! spectrum1 violet1 indigo1 blue1 gre51 yell[1 orange1 r$2 & a simil> s]ies 9 pieces ( silk4 ,^! colors 7 laid at our feet ^u ! t]race :]e my wife1 z well z ,c\ntess de la ,baume1 7 wat*+ ) me4 ,we !n saw ! fir/ f\r disappe> successively & entirely & turn black 9 a few seconds1 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 violet1 indigo1 blue1 gre54 ,! ?ree o!r colors 7 consid]ably att5uat$ by ! d>kness1 b rema9$ visible4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 ! normal ord] ( ?+s--t is1 e ev5+--! contr>y appe>s2 violet rema9s visible aft] ! r$4 ,?is exp]im5t %[s t ! la/ light emitt$ by ! eclips$ ,sun belongs to ! lea/ refrangible rays1 to ! greate/ wave-l5g?s1 to ! sl[e/ vibrations1 to ! yell[ & r$ rays4 ,su* !re=e is ! pr$om9at+ color ( ! sol> atmosph]e4 ,?is exp]im5t complet$1 we turn back to ! ,sun4 ,magical & spl5did spectacle6 ,totality has comm5c$1 ! ,sun has disappe>$1 ! black disk ( ! ,moon cov]s x entirely1 leav+ all r\nd x a magnific5t corona ( dazzl+ light4 ,"o w\ld suppose x to be an annul> eclipse1 ) ! diff]5ce t ?is c be obs]v$ ) ! nak$ eye1 )\t fatigue to ! ret9a1 & drawn quietly4 ,?is lum9\s coronal atmosph]e entirely surr\nds ! sol> disk1 at a pretty equal dep?1 equival5t to ab\t ! ?ird ( half ! sol> diamet]4 ,x may be reg>d$ z ! ,sun's atmosph]e4 ,beyond ?is corona is an aureole1 ( va/] glory b less lum9\s1 :i* s5ds out long plumes1 pr9cipally 9 ! direction ( ! equatorial zone ( ! ,sun1 & ( ! belt ( activity ( ! spots & prom95ces4 ,at ! summit ( ! disk x is conical 9 %ape4 ,bel[ x is d\ble1 & its "r-h& portion ends 9 a po9t1 n f> f ,m]cury1 :i* %9es l a dazzl+ /> ( fir/ magnitude1 & seems plac$ !re expressly to give u ! ext5t & direction ( ! sol> aureole4 ,i draw ^! v>i\s aspects 7:i*1 moreov]1 *ange ) ! movem5t ( ! ,moon71 & :at /rikes me mo/ is ! di/9ction 9 light betwe5 ?is aureole & ! coronal atmosph]e2 ! latt] appe>s to be a brilliant silv]y :ite1 ! =m] is gray] & c]ta9ly less d5se4 ,my impression is t !re are two sol> envelopes ( entirely diff]5t nature1 ! corona belong+ to ! globe ( ! ,sun1 & =m+ its atmosph]e prop]ly s-call$1 v lum9\s2 ! aureole =m$ ( p>ticles t circulate indep5d5tly r\nd x1 probably aris+ f eruptions1 _! =m z a :ole be+ possibly due to electric or magnetic =ces1 c\nt]balanc$ by resi/ances ( v>i\s natures4 ,9 our own atmosph]e ! volcanic eruptions are di/9ct f ! a]ial envelope4 ,! g5]al configuration ( ?is ext]nal halo1 spread+ m p>ticul>ly 9 ! equatorial zone1 is suffici5tly l t ( ! eclipse ( #ahhi1 publi%$ 9 my ,popul> ,a/ronomy1 :i* also correspond$ ) a m9imum ( sol> en]gy4 ,! ye> #aijj is 9 fact close ^u ! m9imum ( ! elev5-ye> p]iod4 ,?is equatorial =m is1 moreov]1 :at all ! a/ronom]s 7 expect+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gh4--,total eclipse ( ! ,sun1 ,may #bh1 #aijj1 z obs]v$ f ,el*e 7,spa974 ,!re c no long] be ! slighte/ d\bt t ! sol> envelope v>ies ) ! activity ( ! ,sun4444 ,b ! total eclipse la/$ a mu* %ort] "t ?an ,i h tak5 to write ^! l9es4 ,! sev5ty-n9e seconds ( totality are ov]4 ,a dazzl+ light bur/s f ! ,sun1 & tells t ! ,moon pursu+ its orbit has left x4 ,! spl5did sight is ov]4 ,x has gone l a %ad[4 ,already ov]6 ,x is almo/ a disillusion4 ,no?+ beautiful la/s 9 ?is _w4 ,too sad6 ,if only ! cele/ial spectacle c\ld h la/$ two1 ?ree1 or f\r m9utes6 ,x 0 too %ort4444 ,alas6 we are =c$ to take ?+s z !y are4 ,! surprise1 ! oppression1 ! t]ror ( "s1 ! univ]sal sil5ce are ov]4 ,! ,sun reappe>s 9 8 spl5dor1 & ! life ( nature resumes its mom5t>ily susp5d$ c\rse4 ,:ile ,i 0 mak+ my draw+1 ,m4 l',abbe ,moreux1 my colleague f ! ,a/ronomical ,society ( ,france1 :o accompani$ me to ,spa9 = ?is obs]vation1 0 tak+ "o ( 8 own1 )\t any reciprocal communication4 ,^! two sket*es are alike1 & confirmatory4 ,! diff]5tial !rmomet]s t ,i expos$ to ! ,sun1 hang+ freely1 & protect$ f reflection f ! gr\nd1 7 read e five m9utes4 ,! black !rmomet] w5t d[n f #cc4a deg4 to #bj4g deg41 t is #ab4d deg42 ! :ite f #bi deg4 to #bj4b deg4--t is1 #h4h deg4 ,! temp]ature 9 ! %ade only v>i$ ?ree degrees4 ,! light receiv$ dur+ totality 0 due3 fir/1 to ! lum9\s envelope ( ! ,sun2 second1 to t ( ! t]re/rial atmosph]e1 illum9at$ at =ty kilomet]s 7tw5ty-five miles7 on ! "o side & ! o!r ( ! l9e ( c5trality4 ,x appe>$ to be inf]ior to t ( ! ,full ,moon1 on acc\nt ( ! almo/ sudd5 transition4 ,b1 9 reality1 x 0 m int5se1 = only fir/-magnitude />s 7 visible 9 ! sky1 :]eas on a night ( full moon1 />s ( second1 & ev5 ( ?ird magnitude are visible4 ,we recogniz$1 among o!rs1 ,v5us1 ,m]cury1 ,sirius1 ,procyon1 ,capella1 ,rigel1 ,betelgeuse4 99 99 99 99 99 ,f ^! notes1 tak5 on ! spot1 x is evid5t t ! contemplation ( a total eclipse ( ! ,sun is "o ( ! mo/ m>vel\s spectacles t c be admir$ ^u our planet4 ,"s p]sons assur$ me t !y saw ! %ad[ ( ! ,moon fly+ rapidly ov] ! l&scape4 ,my att5tion 0 o!rwise occupi$1 & ,i 0 unable to v]ify ?is int]e/+ obs]vation4 ,! %ad[ ( ! ,moon 9 effect took only elev5 m9utes 7#c4dg ,p4,m4 to #c4eh ,p4,m47 to trav]se ! ,ib]ian ,p59sula f ,porto to ,alicante1 i4e41 a di/ance ( #gff kilomet]s 7#dge miles74 ,x mu/ !re=e h pass$ ov] ! gr\nd at a velocity ( sixty-n9e kilomet]s p] m9ute1 or #a1aej met]s p] second1 a spe$ high] ?an t ( a bullet4 ,x c easily be wat*$ f af>1 on ! m\nta9s4 ,"s weeks previ\s to ?is f9e eclipse1 :5 ,i in=m$ ! ,spani>ds ( ! belt along :i* x c\ld be obs]v$1 ,i _h invit$ !m to note all ! int]e/+ ph5om5a !y might witness1 includ+ ! effects produc$ by ! eclipse ^u animals4 ,birds return$ hurri$ly to _! ne/s1 swall[s lo/ !mselves1 %eep huddl$ into compact packs1 p>tridges 7 hypnotiz$1 frogs croak$ z if x 7 night1 f[ls took refuge 9 ! h5-h\se1 & cocks cr[$1 bats came out1 & 7 surpris$ by ! sun1 *icks ga!r$ "u _! mo!rs' w+1 cage-birds ceas$ _! songs1 "s dogs h[l$1 o!rs crept %iv]+ to _! ma/]s' feet1 ants return$ to ! an!ap1 gras%opp]s *irp$ z at sunset1 pigeons sank to ! gr\nd1 a sw>m ( bees w5t sil5tly back to _! hive1 & s on4 ,^! creatures behav$ z ?\gh ! night _h come1 b !re 7 also signs ( fe>1 surprise1 ev5 ( t]ror1 diff]+ only 9 degree f ^? manife/$ dur+ ! gr&iose ph5om5on ( a total eclipse by human be+s un5light5$ by a sci5tific education4 ,at ,madrid ! eclipse 0 only p>tial4 ,! "y ,k+ ( ,spa91 ,alfonso ,,xiii1 took c>e to photograph x1 & ,i (f] ! photograph to my read]s 7,fig4 #gi71 z ?is amiable sov]eign did me ! honor to give x me a few days aft] ! eclipse4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gi4--,! ,eclipse ( ,may #bh1 #aijj1 z photograph$ by ,k+ ,alfonso ,,xiii1 at ,madrid4 ,! te*nical results ( ^! obs]vations ( sol> eclipses relate m especially to ! elucidation ( ! gr& problem ( ! physical con/itution ( ! ,sun4 ,we allud$ to !m 9 ! *apt] devot$ to ?is orb4 ,! la/ great total eclipses h be5 ( imm5se value to sci5ce4 ,! eclipses ( ! ,moon are less important1 less int]e/+1 ?an ! eclipses ( ! ,sun4 ,yet _! aspect mu/ n be neglect$ on ?is acc\nt1 & x may be said to v>y = ea* eclipse4 ,g5]ally speak+1 our satellite does n disappe> entirely 9 ! ,e>?'s cone ( %ad[2 ! sol> rays are refract$ r\nd our globe by our atmosph]e1 & curv+ inw>d1 illum9e ! lun> globe ) a rosy t9t t rem9ds "o ( ! sunset4 ,sometimes1 inde$1 ?is refraction does n occur1 ow+ d\btless to lack ( transp>5cy 9 ! atmosph]e1 & ! ,moon becomes invisible4 ,?is happ5$ rec5tly1 on ,april #aa1 #aijc4 ,= any spot1 eclipses ( ! ,moon are incomp>ably m frequ5t ?an eclipses ( ! ,sun1 because ! cone ( lun> %ad[ t produces ! sol> eclipses is n v broad at its contact ) ! surface ( ! globe 7#aj1 #bj1 #cj1 #ej1 #ajj kilomet]s1 accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! ,moon71 :]eas all ! c\ntries ( ! ,e>? = :i* ! ,moon is above ! horizon at ! h\r ( ! lun> eclipse are able to see x4 ,x is at all times a rem>kable spectacle t uplifts our ?\ghts to ! ,heav5s1 & ,i /rongly advise my read]s on no acc\nt to =ego x4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,on ,,me?ods ,,h[ ,,cele/ial ,,di/ances ,,are ,,det]m9$1 ,,& ,,h[ ,,! ,,sun ,,is ,,weigh$ ,i w n d my read]s ! inju/ice to suppose t !y w be al>m$ at ! title ( ?is ,lesson1 & t !y d n employ "s me?od 9 _! own lives4 ,i ev5 assume t if !y h be5 good en\gh to take me on fai? :5 ,i h spok5 ( ! di/ances ( ! ,sun & ,moon1 & ,/>s1 or ( ! weight ( bodies at ! surface ( ,m>s1 !y reta9 "s curiosity z to h[ ! a/ronom]s solve ^! problems4 ,h5ce x w be z int]e/+ z x is useful to complete ! prec$+ /atem5ts by a brief summ>y ( ! me?ods employ$ = acquir+ ^! bold conclusions4 ,! ,sun seems to t\* ! ,e>? :5 x disappe>s 9 ! purple mi/s ( twilight3 an imm5se abyss sep>ates u f x4 ,! />s g h& 9 h& d[n ! con/ellat$ sky2 & yet "o c n ?9k ( _! inconceivable di/ance )\t a %iv]4 ,our neighbor1 ,moon1 floats 9 space1 a /one's ?r[ f u3 b )\t calculation we %\ld nev] "k ! di/ance1 :i* rema9s an impassable des]t to u4 ,! be/ educat$ p]sons sometimes f9d x difficult to admit t ^! di/ances ( ,sun & ,moon are bett] det]m9$ & m precise ?an ^? ( c]ta9 po9ts on our m9ute planet4 ,h5ce1 x is ( p>ticul> mom5t = u to give an exact acc\nt ( ! means employ$ 9 det]m9+ !m4 ,! calculation ( ^! di/ances is made by triangulation4 ,?is process is ! same t surveyors use 9 ! measurem5t ( t]re/rial di/ances4 ,!re is no?+ v al>m+ ab\t x4 ,if ! ^w repels u a little at fir/1 x is f its appe>ance only4 ,:5 ! di/ance ( an object is unkn[n1 ! only means ( express+ its app>5t size is by measurem5t ( ! angle :i* x subt5ds be=e our eyes4 ,we all "k t an object appe>s small]1 9 proposition ) its di/ance f u4 ,?is dim9ution is n a matt] ( *ance4 ,x is geometric1 & proportional to ! di/ance4 ,e object remov$ to a di/ance ( #eg times its diamet] measures an angle ( #a degree1 :atev] its real dim5sions4 ,?us a sph]e #a met] 9 diamet] measures exactly #a degree1 if we see x at a di/ance ( #eg met]s4 ,a /atue measur+ #a4hj met]s 7ab\t #e ft4 #h 947 w be equal to an angle ( #a degree1 if di/ant #eg times its height1 t is to say1 at #ajb4fj met]s4 ,a %eet ( pap]1 size #a decimet]1 se5 at #e4gj met]s1 repres5ts ! same magnitude4 ,9 l5g?1 a degree is ! #eg? "p ( ! radius ( a circle1 i4e41 f ! circumf]5ce to ! c5t]4 ,! measurem5t ( an angle is express$ 9 p>ts ( ! circumf]5ce4 ,n[1 :at is an angle ( a degree8 ,x is ! #cfj? "p ( any circumf]5ce4 ,on a table #c4fj met]s r\nd1 an angle ( "o degree is a c5timet]1 se5 f ! c5t] ( ! table4 ,trace on a %eet ( pap] a circle #j4cfj met]s r\nd--an angle ( #a degree is a millimet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hj4--,measurem5t ( ,angles4 ,if ! circumf]5ce ( a circus measur+ #ahj met]s be divid$ into #cfj places1 ea* measur+ #j4ej met]s 9 wid?1 !n :5 ! circus is full a p]son plac$ at ! c5t] w see ea* spectator occupy+ an angle ( #a degree4 ,! angle does n alt] ) ! di/ance1 & :e!r x be measur$ at #a met]1 #aj met]s1 #ajj kilomet]s1 or 9 ! inf9ite spaces ( ,heav51 x is always ! same angle4 ,:e!r a degree be repres5t$ by a met] or a kilomet]1 x always rema9s a degree4 ,z angles measur+ less ?an a degree (t5 h to be calculat$1 ?is angle has be5 subdivid$ into #fj p>ts1 to :i* ! "n ( m9utes has be5 giv51 & ea* m9ute into #fj p>ts or seconds4 ,writt5 %ort1 ! degree is indicat$ by a little z]o 7deg47 plac$ above ! figure2 ! m9ute by an apo/rophe 7'71 & ! second by two 774 ,^! m9utes & seconds ( arc h no relation ) ! same t]ms z employ$ = ! division ( ! duration ( "t4 ,^! latt] ought nev] to be writt5 ) ! signs ( abbreviation j indicat$1 ?\gh j\rnali/s n[adays set a some:at p$antic example1 by writ+1 e4g41 = an automobile race1 #d;h4 #ah' #cj1 in/ead ( #d;h4 #ahm4 #cjs4 ,?is makes cle> ! di/9ction betwe5 ! relative measure ( an angle & ! absolute measures1 su*1 = in/ance1 z ! met]4 ,?us1 a degree may be measur$ on ?is page1 :ile a second 7! #c1fjj? "p ( a degree7 measur$ 9 ! sky may correspond to millions ( kilomet]s4 ,n[ ! measure ( ! ,moon's diamet] gives u an angle ( a little m ?an half a degree4 ,if x 7 exactly half a degree1 we %\ld "k by t t x 0 #aad times ! bread? ( its disk away f u4 ,b x is a little less1 s9ce we h m ?an half a degree 7#ca'71 & ! geometric ratio tells u t ! di/ance ( our satellite is #aaj times its diamet]4 ,h5ce we h v simply obta9$ a fir/ idea ( ! di/ance ( ! ,moon by ! measure ( its diamet]4 ,no?+ c\ld be simpl] ?an ?is me?od4 ,! fir/ /ep is made4 ,let u cont9ue4 ,?is approximation tells u no?+ z yet ( ! real di/ance ( ! orb ( night4 ,9 ord] to "k ?is di/ance 9 miles1 we ne$ to "k ! wid? 9 miles ( ! lun> disk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ha4--;,division ( ! ,circumf]5ce into #cfj degrees4 ,?is problem has be5 solv$1 z foll[s3 ,two obs]v]s g z f> z possible f ea* o!r1 & obs]ve ! ,moon simultane\sly1 f two /ations situat$ on ! same m]idian1 b hav+ a wide diff]5ce ( latitude4 ,! di/ance t sep>ates ! two po9ts ( obs]vation =ms ! base ( a triangle1 ( :i* ! two long sides come toge!r on ! ,moon4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hb4--,measurem5t ( ! di/ance ( ! ,moon4 ,x is by ?is proce$+ t ! di/ance ( our satellite 0 f9ally e/abli%$1 9 #agea & #ageb1 by two ,fr5* a/ronom]s1 ,lal&e & ,lacaille2 ! =m] obs]v+ at ,b]l91 ! latt] at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! result ( _! comb9$ obs]vations %[$ t ! angle =m$ at ! c5t] ( ! lun> disk by ! half-diamet] ( ! ,e>? is #eg m9utes ( arc 7a little less ?an a degree74 ,?is is kn[n z ! p>allax ( ! ,moon4 ,"h is a m or less al>m+ ^w2 yet x is "o t we c n disp5se ) 9 discuss+ ! di/ance ( ! />s4 ,?is a/ronomical t]m w soon become famili> 9 ! c\rse ( ! pres5t lesson1 :]e x w frequ5tly recur1 & always 9 connection ) ! measurem5t ( cele/ial di/ances4 ,d n let u fe>1 wrote ,lal&e 9 8 ,a/ronomie des ,dames1 d n let u fe> to use ! t]m p>allax1 despite its sci5tific aspect2 x is conv5i5t1 & ?is t]m expla9s a v simple & v famili> effect4 ,if "o is at ! play1 he cont9ues1 beh9d a woman ^: hat is too l>ge1 & prev5ts "o f see+ ! /age writt5 a hundr$ ye>s ago61 "o leans to ! left or "r1 "o rises or /oops3 all ?is is a p>allax1 a div]sity ( aspect1 9 virtue ( :i* ! hat appe>s to correspond ) ano!r "p ( ! !at] f t 9 :i* are ! actors4 ,x is ?us1 he adds1 t !re may be an eclipse ( ! ,sun 9 ,africa & none = u1 & t we see ! ,sun p]fectly1 because we are high en\gh to prev5t ! ,moon's hid+ x f u4 ,see h[ simple x is4 ,?is p>allax ( #eg m9utes proves t ! ,e>? is remov$ f ! ,moon at a di/ance ( ab\t #fj times its half-diamet] 7precisely1 #fj4bg74 ,f ?is to ! di/ance ( ! ,moon 9 kilomet]s is only a /ep1 because x suffices to multiply ! half-diamet] ( ! ,e>?1 :i* is #f1cga kilomet]s 7#c1iej miles7 by ?is numb]4 ,! di/ance ( our satellite1 accord+ly1 is #f1cga kilomet]s1 multipli$ by #fj4bg--t is1 #chd1jjj kilomet]s 7#bch1jjj miles74 ,! p>allax ( ! ,moon n only tells u def9itely ! di/ance ( our planet1 b also p]mits u to calculate its real volume by ! measure ( its app>5t volume4 ,z ! diamet] ( ! ,moon se5 f ! ,e>? subt5ds an angle ( #ca'1 :ile t ( ! ,e>? se5 f ! ,moon is #aad'1 ! real diamet] ( ! orb ( night mu/ be to t ( ! t]re/rial globe 9 ! relation ( #bgc to #a1jjj4 ,t is a little m ?an a qu>t]1 or #c1dhj kilomet]s 7#b1aeg miles71 ! diamet] ( our planet be+ #ab1gdb kilomet]s 7#g1ijj miles74 ,?is di/ance1 calculat$ ?us by geometry1 is positively det]m9$ ) great] precision ?an t employ$ 9 ! ord9>y measurem5ts ( t]re/rial di/ances1 su* z ! l5g? ( a road1 or ( a railway4 ,?is /atem5t may seem to be a romance to _m1 b x is und5iable t ! di/ance sep>at+ ! ,e>? f ! ,moon is measur$ ) great] c>e ?an1 = in/ance1 ! l5g? ( ! road f ,p>is to ,m>seilles1 or ! weight ( a p\nd ( sug> at ! groc]'s4 7,& we may add )\t comm5t1 t ! a/ronom]s are incomp>ably m consci5ti\s 9 _! measurem5ts ?an ! mo/ scrupul\s %op-keep]s47 ,_h we convey$ ourselves to ! ,moon 9 ord] to det]m9e its di/ance & its diamet] directly1 we %\ld h arriv$ at no great] precision1 & we %\ld1 moreov]1 h _h to plan out a j\rney :i* 9 itself is ! mo/ insurm\ntable ( all ! problems4 ,! ,moon is at ! fronti] ( our little t]re/rial prov9ce3 "o might say t x traces ! limits ( our doma9 9 space4 ,& yet1 a di/ance ( #chd1jjj kilomet]s 7#bch1jjj miles7 sep>ates ! planet f ! satellite4 ,?is space is insignificant 9 ! immeasurable di/ances ( ,heav53 = ! ,saturnians 7if su* exi/67 ! ,e>? & ! ,moon are conf\nd$ 9 "o t9y />2 b = ! inhabitants ( our globe1 ! di/ance is beyond all to :i* we are accu/om$4 ,let u try1 h[ev]1 to span x 9 ?\ght4 ,a cannon-ball at con/ant spe$ ( #ejj met]s 7#edg y>ds7 p] second w\ld travel #h days1 #e h\rs to rea* ! ,moon4 ,a tra9 />t$ at a spe$ ( "o kilomet] p] m9ute1 w\ld arrive at ! end ( an un9t]rupt$ j\rney 9 #chd1jjj m9utes1 or #f1djj h\rs1 or #bff days1 #af h\rs4 ,& 9 less ?an ! "t x takes to write ! "n ( ! ,que5 ( ,night1 a telegraphic message w\ld convey our news to ! ,moon 9 "o & a qu>t] seconds4 ,long-di/ance travel]s :o h be5 r\nd ! _w "s doz5 times h j\rney$ a great] di/ance4 ,! o!r />s 7beg9n+ ) ! ,sun7 are incomp>ably f>!r f u4 ,yet x has be5 f\nd possible to det]m9e _! di/ances1 & ! same me?od has be5 employ$4 ,b x w at once be se5 t diff]5t measures are requir$ 9 calculat+ ! di/ance ( ! ,sun1 #chh times f>!r f u ?an ! ,moon1 = f "h to ! orb ( day is #ab1jjj times ! bread? ( our planet4 ,"h we mu/ n ?9k ( erect+ a triangle ) ! diamet] ( ! ,e>? = its base3 ! two ideal l9es drawn f ! extremities ( ?is diamet] w\ld come toge!r betwe5 ! ,e>? & ! ,sun2 !re w\ld be no triangle1 & ! measurem5t w\ld be absurd4 ,9 ord] to measure ! di/ance :i* sep>ates ! ,e>? f ! ,sun1 we h rec\rse to ! f9e planet ,v5us1 ^: orbit is situat$ inside ! t]re/rial orbit4 ,ow+ to ! comb9ation ( ! ,e>?'s motion ) t ( ! ,/> ( ! ,morn+ & ,ev5+1 ! caprici\s ,v5us passes 9 front ( ! ,sun at ! curi\s int]vals ( #h ye>s1 #aac-a_/b ye>s less #h ye>s1 #h ye>s1 #aac-a_/b ye>s plus #h ye>s4 ,?us !re 0 a transit 9 ,june1 #agfa1 !n ano!r #h ye>s aft]1 9 ,june1 #agfi4 ,! next occurr$ #aac-a_/b ye>s less #h ye>s1 i4e41 #aje-a_/b ye>s aft] ! prec$+1 9 ,decemb]1 #ahgd2 ! next 9 ,decemb]1 #ahhb4 ,! next w be 9 ,june1 #bjjd1 & ,june1 #bjab4 ,at ^! eag]ly anticipat$ epo*s1 a/ronom]s wat* ! transit ( ,v5us across ! ,sun at two t]re/rial /ations z f> z possible remov$ f ea* o!r1 m>k+ ! two po9ts at :i* ! planet1 se5 f _! respective /ations1 appe>s to be project$ at ! same mom5t on ! sol> disk4 ,?is measure gives ! wid? ( an angle =m$ by two l9es1 :i* />t+ f two diametrically opposite po9ts ( ! ,e>?1 cross ^u ,v5us1 & =m an id5tical angle ^u ! ,sun4 ,v5us is ?us at ! apex ( two equal triangles1 ! bases ( :i* re/1 respectively1 ^u ! ,e>? & on ! ,sun4 ,! measurem5t ( ?is angle gives :at is call$ ! p>allax ( ! ,sun--t is1 ! angul> dim5sion at :i* ! ,e>? w\ld be se5 at ! di/ance ( ! ,sun4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hc4--,measurem5t ( ! di/ance ( ! ,sun4 ,?us1 x has be5 f\nd t ! half-diamet] ( ! ,e>? view$ f ! ,sun measures #h4hb4 ,n[1 we "k t an object pres5t+ an angle ( "o degree is at a di/ance ( #eg times its l5g?4 ,! same object1 if x subt5ds an angle ( a m9ute1 or ! sixtie? "p ( a degree1 indicates by ! measurem5t ( its angle t x is #fj times m di/ant1 i4e41 #c1dch times4 ,f9ally1 an object t measures "o second1 or ! sixtie? "p ( a m9ute1 is at a di/ance ( #bjf1bfe times its l5g?4 ,h5ce we f9d t ! ,e>? is at a di/ance f ! ,sun ( #bjf1bfe_/h4hb--t is1 #bc1chf times its half-diamet]1 t is1 #adi1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles74 ,?is measurem5t aga9 is z precise & c]ta9 z t ( ! ,moon4 ,i hope my read]s w easily grasp ?is simple me?od ( triangulation1 ! result ( :i* indicates to u ) absolute c]ta9ty ! di/ance ( ! two great cele/ial tor*es to :i* we owe ! radiant light ( day & ! g5tle illum9ation ( our nights4 ,! di/ance ( ! ,sun has1 moreov]1 be5 confirm$ by o!r means1 ^: results agree p]fectly ) ! prec$+4 ,! two pr9cipal are bas$ on ! velocity ( light4 ,! propagation ( light is n in/antane\s1 & not)/&+ ! extreme rapidity ( its movem5ts1 a c]ta9 "t is requir$ = its transmission f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,on ! ,e>?1 ?is velocity has be5 measur$ z #cjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ahf1jjj miles7 p] second4 ,to come f ,jupit] to ! ,e>?1 x requires ?irty to =ty m9utes1 accord+ to ! di/ance ( ! planet4 ,n[1 9 exam9+ ! eclipses ( ,jupit]'s satellites1 x has be5 discov]$ t !re is a diff]5ce ( #af m9utes1 #cd seconds 9 ! mom5t ( _! occurr5ce1 accord+ z ,jupit] is on "o side or on ! o!r ( ! ,sun1 relatively to ! ,e>?1 at ! m9imum & maximum di/ance4 ,if ! light takes #af m9utes1 #cd seconds to trav]se ! t]re/rial orbit1 x mu/ take less ?an t "t1 or #h m9utes1 #ag seconds1 to come to u f ! ,sun1 :i* is situat$ at ! c5t]4 ,kn[+ ! velocity ( light1 ! di/ance ( ! ,sun is easily f\nd by multiply+ #cjj1jjj by #h m9utes1 #ag seconds1 or #dig seconds1 :i* gives ab\t #adi1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles74 ,ano!r me?od f\nd$ ^u ! velocity ( light aga9 gives a confirmatory result4 ,a famili> example w expla9 x3 ,let u imag9e ourselves expos$ to a v]tical ra92 ! degree ( incl9ation ( our umbrella w dep5d on ! relation betwe5 our spe$ & t ( ! drops ( ra94 ,! m quickly we run1 ! m we ne$ to dip our umbrella 9 ord] n to meet ! drops ( wat]4 ,n[ ! same ?+ occurs = light4 ,! />s1 dissem9at$ 9 space1 %$ floods ( light ^u ! ,heav5s4 ,if ! ,e>? 7 motionless1 ! lum9\s rays w\ld rea* u directly4 ,b our planet is sp9n+1 rac+1 ) ! utmo/ spe$1 & 9 our a/ronomical obs]vations we are =c$ to foll[ its movem5ts1 & to incl9e our telescopes 9 ! direction ( its advance4 ,?is ph5om5on1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ab]ration ( light1 is ! result ( ! comb9$ effects ( ! velocity ( light & ( ! ,e>?'s motion4 ,x %[s t ! spe$ ( our globe is equival5t to #a_/ajjjj t ( light1 i4e41 ab\t #cj kilomet]s 7#ai miles7 p] second4 ,our planet accord+ly accompli%es h] revolution r\nd ! ,sun along an orbit :i* %e trav]ses at a spe$ ( #cj kilomet]s 7bett] #bi-a_/b7 p] second1 or #a1ggj kilomet]s p] m9ute1 or #ajf1jjj kilomet]s p] h\r1 or #b1eib1jjj kilomet]s p] day1 or #idf1jhj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ehf1efi1fjj miles7 9 ! ye>4 ,?is is ! l5g? ( ! elliptical pa? describ$ by ! ,e>? 9 h] annual translation4 ,! l5g? ( orbit be+ ?us discov]$1 "o c calculate its diamet]1 ! half ( :i* is exactly ! di/ance ( ! ,sun4 ,we may cite "o la/ me?od1 ^: data1 bas$ ^u attraction1 are provid$ by ! motions ( our satellite4 ,! ,moon is a little di/urb$ 9 ! regul>ity ( h] c\rse r\nd ! ,e>? by ! influ5ce ( ! p[]ful ,sun4 ,z ! attraction v>ies inv]sely ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 ! di/ance may be det]m9$ by analyz+ ! effect x has ^u ! ,moon4 ,o!r means1 on :i* we w n enl>ge 9 ?is summ>y ( ! me?ods employ$ = det]m9ations1 confirm ! precisions ( ^! measurem5ts ) c]ta9ty4 ,our read]s mu/ =give u = dwell+ at "s l5g? ^u ! di/ance ( ! orb ( day1 s9ce ?is measurem5t is ( ! highe/ importance2 x s]ves z ! base = ! valuation ( all /ell> di/ances1 & may be consid]$ z ! met] ( ! univ]se4 ,?is radiant ,sun to :i* we owe s mu* is !re=e en?ron$ 9 space at a di/ance ( #adi1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles7 f "h4 ,its va/ brazi] mu/ inde$ be p[]ful = its influ5ce to be ex]t$ ^u u to su* a manife/ ext5t1 x be+ ! v condition ( our exi/5ce1 & rea*+ out z f> z ,neptune1 ?irty times m remote ?an ourselves f ! sol> focus4 ,x is on acc\nt ( its great di/ance t ! ,sun appe>s to u no l>g] ?an ! ,moon1 :i* is only #chd1jjj kilomet]s 7#bch1jjj miles7 f "h1 & is itself illum9at$ by ! brilliancy ( ?is spl5did orb4 ,no t]re/rial di/ance admits ( our conceiv+ ( ?is di/ance4 ,yet1 if we associate ! idea ( space ) ! idea ( "t1 z we h already done = ! ,moon1 we may attempt to picture ?is abyss4 ,! tra9 cit$ j n[ w\ld1 if />t$ at a spe$ ( a kilomet] a m9ute1 arrive at ! ,sun aft] an un9t]rupt$ c\rse ( #bhc ye>s1 & tak+ z long to return to ! ,e>? ! total w\ld be #eff ye>s4 ,f\rte5 g5]ations ( /ok]s w\ld be employ$ on ?is cele/ial excursion be=e ! bold travel]s c\ld br+ back news ( ! exp$ition to u4 ,s\nd is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! air at a velocity ( #cdj met]s 7#a1aae feet7 p] second4 ,if our atmosph]e rea*$ to ! ,sun1 ! noise ( an explosion suffici5tly =midable to be he>d "h w\ld only rea* u at ! end ( #ac ye>s1 #i mon?s4 ,b ! m rapid c>ri]s1 su* z ! telegraph1 w\ld leap across to ! orb ( day 9 #h m9utes1 #ag seconds4 ,our imag9ation is conf\nd$ be=e ?is gulf ( #ic1jjj1jjj miles1 across :i* we see our dazzl+ ,sun1 ^: burn+ rays fly rapidly ?r\gh space 9 ord] to rea* u4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[ let u see h[ ! di/ances ( ! planets 7 det]m9$4 ,we w leave aside ! me?od ( :i* we h be5 speak+2 t n[ to be employ$ is q diff]5t1 b equally precise 9 its results4 ,x is obvi\s t ! revolution ( a planet r\nd ! ,sun w be long] 9 proportion z ! di/ance is great]1 & ! orbit t has to be travel$ va/]4 ,?is is simple4 ,b ! mo/ curi\s ?+ is t !re is a geometric proportion 9 ! relations betwe5 ! duration ( ! revolutions ( ! planets & _! di/ances4 ,?is proportion 0 discov]$ by ,kepl]1 aft] ?irty ye>s ( rese>*1 & embodi$ 9 ! foll[+ =mula3 ,! squ>es ( ! times ( revolution ( ! planets r\nd ! ,sun 7! p]iodic times7 are proportional to ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances f ! ,sun4 ,?is is en\gh to al>m ! bolde/ read]4 ,& yet1 if we unravel ?is some:at incompreh5sible phrase1 we are /ruck ) its simplicity4 ,:at is a squ>e8 ,we all "k ?is mu*2 x is taught to *ildr5 ( t5 ye>s old4 ,b le/ x has slipp$ y\r memory3 a squ>e is simply a numb] multipli$ by itself4 ,?us3 #b x #b #d2 #d is ! squ>e ( #b4 ,f\r times #d is #af2 #af is ! squ>e ( #d4 ,& s on1 indef9itely4 ,n[1 :at is a cube8 ,x is no m difficult4 ,x is a numb] multipli$ twice by itself4 ,= in/ance3 #b multipli$ by #b & aga9 by #b equals #h4 ,s #h is ! cube ( #b4 #c x #c x #c #bg2 #bg is ! cube ( #c1 & s on4 ,n[ let u take an example t w %[ ! simplicity & precision ( ! =mula enunciat$ above4 ,let u *oose a planet1 no matt] :i*4 ,say1 ,jupit]1 ! giant ( ! worlds4 ,he is ! ,"l ( our planet>y gr\p4 ,?is colossal /> is five times 7precisely1 #e4b7 z f> f u z ! ,sun4 ,multiply ?is numb] twice by itself #e4b x #e4b x #e4b #adj4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! revolution ( ,jupit] takes almo/ twelve ye>s 7#aa4he74 ,?is numb] multipli$ by itself also equals #adj4 ,! squ>e ( ! numb] #aa4he is equal to ! cube ( ! numb] #e4b4 ,?is v simple law regulates all ! heav5ly bodies4 ,?us1 to f9d ! di/ance ( a planet1 x is suffici5t to obs]ve ! "t ( its revolution1 !n to discov] ! squ>e ( ! giv5 numb] by multiply+ x into itself4 ,! result ( ! op]ation gives simultane\sly ! cube ( ! numb] t repres5ts ! di/ance4 ,to express ?is di/ance 9 kilomet]s 7or miles71 x is suffici5t to multiply x by #adi1jjj1jjj 79 miles #ic1jjj1jjj71 ! key to ! sy/em ( ! _w4 ,no?+1 !n1 c\ld be less complicat$ ?an ! def9ition ( ^! me?ods4 ,a few mom5ts ( att5tion reveal to u 9 _! maje/ic simplicity ! immutable laws t preside ov] ! imm5se h>mony ( ! ,heav5s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b we mu/ n conf9e ourselves to our own sol> prov9ce4 ,we h yet to speak ( ! />s t reign 9 inf9ite space f> beyond our radiant ,sun4 ,/range & audaci\s z x may appe>1 ! human m9d is able to cross ^! heights1 to rise on ! w+s ( g5ius to ^! di/ant suns1 & to plumb ! dep?s ( ! abyss t sep>ates u f ^! cele/ial k+doms4 ,"h1 we return to our fir/ me?od1 t ( triangulation4 ,& ! di/ance t sep>ates u f ! ,sun mu/ s]ve 9 calculat+ ! di/ances ( ! />s4 ,! ,e>?1 sp9n+ r\nd ! ,sun at a di/ance ( #adi1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles71 describes a circumf]5ce1 or r an ellipse1 ( #icf1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ehj1cbj1jjj miles71 :i* x travels ov] 9 a ye>4 ,! di/ance ( any po9t ( ! t]re/rial orbit f ! diametrically opposite po9t :i* x passes six mon?s lat] is #bih1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ahd1gfj1jjj miles71 i4e41 ! diamet] ( ?is orbit4 ,?is imm5se di/ance 79 comp>ison ) ^? ) :i* we are famili>7 s]ves z ! base ( a triangle ( :i* ! apex is a />4 ,! difficulty 9 exact measurem5ts ( ! di/ance ( a /> consi/s 9 obs]v+ ! little lum9\s po9t p]si/5tly = a :ole ye>1 to see if ?is /> is /ation>y1 or if x describes a m9ute ellipse reproduc+ 9 p]spective ! annual revolution ( ! ,e>?4 ,if x rema9s fix$1 x is lo/ 9 su* dep?s ( space t x is impossible to gage ! di/ance1 & our #bih1jjj1jjj kilomet]s h no mean+ 9 view ( su* an abyss4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 x is displac$1 x w 9 ! ye> describe a m9ute ellipse1 :i* is only ! reflection1 ! p]spective 9 m9iature1 ( ! revolution ( our planet r\nd ! ,sun4 ,! annual p>allax ( a /> is ! angle "u :i* "o w\ld see ! radius1 or half-diamet]1 ( ! t]re/rial orbit f x4 ,?is radius ( #adi1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles7 is inde$1 z previ\sly obs]v$1 ! unit1 ! met] ( cele/ial measures4 ,! angle is ( c\rse small] 9 proportion z ! /> is m di/ant1 & ! app>5t motion ( ! /> dim9i%es 9 ! same proportion4 ,b ! />s are all s di/ant t _! annual displacem5t ( p]spective is almo/ imp]ceptible1 & v exact in/rum5ts are requir$ = its detection4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #hd4--,small app>5t ellipses describ$ by ! />s z a result ( ! annual displacem5t ( ! ,e>?4 ,! rese>*es ( ! a/ronom]s h prov$ t !re is n "o /> = :i* ! p>allax is equal to t ( ano!r4 ,! m9ut5ess ( ?is angle1 & ! extraord9>y difficulties exp]i5c$ 9 measur+ ! di/ance ( ! />s1 w be appreciat$ f ! fact t ! value ( a second is s small t ! displacem5t ( any /> correspond+ ) x c\ld be cov]$ by a spid]'s ?read4 ,a second ( arc corresponds to ! size ( an object at a di/ance ( #bjf1bfe times its diamet]2 to a millimet] se5 at #bjf met]s' di/ance2 to a hair1 #a_/aj ( a millimet] 9 ?ickness1 at #bj met]s' di/ance 7m invisible to ! nak$ eye74 ,& yet ?is value is 9 excess ( ^? actually obta9$4 ,9 fact3--! app>5t displacem5t ( ! ne>e/ /> is calculat$ at #ge_/ajj ( a second 7#j4ge71 i4e41 f ?is />1 alpha ( ,c5taur1 ! half-diamet] ( ! t]re/rial orbit is r$uc$ to ?is inf9itesimal dim5sion4 ,n[ 9 ord] t ! l5g? ( any /raight l9e se5 f ! front be r$uc$ until x appe> to subt5d no m ?an an angle ( #j4ge1 x mu/ be remov$ to a di/ance #bge1jjj times its l5g?4 ,z ! radius ( ! t]re/rial orbit is #adi1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ic1jjj1jjj miles71 ! di/ance :i* sep>ates alpha ( ,c5taur f our _w mu/ !re=e #da1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#be1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles74 ,& t is ! ne>e/ />4 ,we saw 9 ,*apt] ,,ii t x %9es 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,! next1 & "o t c be se5 9 our latitudes1 is #fa ( ,cygnus1 :i* floats 9 ! ,heav5s #fh1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#db1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles7 f "h4 ,?is little />1 ( fif? magnitude1 0 ! fir/ ( :i* ! di/ance 0 det]m9$ 7by ,bessel1 #ahcg-ahdj74 ,all ! re/ are mu* m remote1 & ! procession is ext5d$ to inf9ity4 ,we c n conceive directly ( su* di/ances1 & 9 ord] to imag9e !m we mu/ aga9 measure space by "t4 ,9 ord] to cov] ! di/ance t sep>ates u f our neighbor1 alpha ( ,c5taur1 light1 ! mo/ rapid ( all c\ri]s1 takes #d ye>s1 #abh days4 ,if we w\ld foll[ x1 we mu/ n jump f />t to f9i%1 = t w\ld n give u ! fa9te/ idea ( ! di/ance3 we mu/ take ! tr\ble to ?9k out ! direct advance ( ! ray ( light1 & associate ourselves ) its progress4 ,we mu/ see x trav]se #cjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#ahf1jjj miles7 dur+ ! fir/ second ( ! j\rney2 !n #cjj1jjj m 9 ! second1 :i* makes #fjj1jjj kilomet]s2 !n once m #cjj1jjj kilomet]s dur+ ! ?ird1 & s on )\t /opp+ = f\r ye>s & f\r mon?s4 ,if we take ?is tr\ble we may realize ! value ( ! figure2 o!rwise1 z ?is numb] surpasses all t we are 9 ! habit ( realiz+1 x w h no significance = u1 & w be a dead lett]4 ,if "s appall+ explosion occurr$ 9 ?is />1 & ! s\nd 9 its flight ( #cdj met]s 7#a1aae feet7 p] second 7 able to cross ! void t sep>ates u f x1 ! noise ( ?is explosion w\ld only rea* u 9 #c1jjj1jjj ye>s4 ,a tra9 />t$ at a spe$ ( #ajf kilomet]s 7#fe miles7 p] h\r w\ld h to run = #df1jjj1jjj ye>s1 9 ord] to rea* ?is />1 our neighbor 9 ! cele/ial k+dom4 ,! di/ance ( "s ?irty ( ! />s has be5 det]m9$1 b ! results are dubi\s4 ,! dazzl+ ,sirius reigns #ib1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj kilomet]s 7#eg1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles71 ! pale ,vega at #bjd1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj4 ,ea* ( ^! magnific5t />s mu/ be a huge sun to burn at su* a di/ance ) su* lum9osity4 ,"s are millions ( times l>g] ?an ! ,e>?4 ,mo/ ( !m are m volum9\s ?an our ,sun4 ,on all sides !y sc9tillate at inaccessible di/ances1 & _! light /rays a long :ile 9 space be=e x enc\nt]s ! ,e>?4 ,! lum9\s ray t we receive to-day f "s pale /> h>dly p]ceptible to our eyes--s enorm\s is its di/ance--may p]haps br+ u ! la/ emanation ( a sun t expir$ ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ^! me?ods h be5 cle> to my read]s1 !y may also be int]e/$ p]haps 9 kn[+ ! means employ$ 9 weigh+ ! worlds4 ,! process is z simple & z cle> z ^? ( :i* we h be5 speak+4 ,weigh+ ! />s6 ,su* a pret5sion seems ,utopian1 & "o asks oneself curi\sly :at sort ( balance ! a/ronom]s mu/ h adopt$ 9 ord] to calculate ! weight ( ,sun1 ,moon1 planets or />s4 ,"h1 figures replace weights4 ,ladies prov]bially dislike figures3 yet x w\ld be easi] = "s society dame to weigh ! ,sun at ! po9t ( h] p51 by writ+ d[n a few columns ( figures ) a little c>e1 ?an to weigh a #ab kilogram case ( fruit1 or a dress-basket ( #ce kilos1 by direct me?ods4 ,weigh+ ! ,sun is an amusem5t l any o!r1 & a *ange ( occupation4 ,if ! ,moon 7 n attract$ by ! ,e>?1 %e w\ld glide ?r\gh ! ,heav5s along an indef9ite /raight l9e1 escap+ at ! tang5t4 ,b 9 virtue ( ! attraction t gov]ns ! movem5ts ( all ! ,heav5ly bodies1 our satellite at a di/ance ( #fj times ! t]re/rial half-diamet] revolves r\nd u 9 #bg days1 #g h\rs1 #dc m9utes1 #aa-a_/b seconds1 cont9ually leav+ ! /raight l9e to approa* ! ,e>?1 & describ+ an almo/ circul> orbit 9 space4 ,if at any mom5t we trace an arc ( ! lun> orbit1 & if a tang5t is tak5 to ?is arc1 ! deviation f ! /raight l9e caus$ by ! attraction ( our planet is f\nd to be #a-a_/c millimet] p] second4 ,?is is ! quantity by :i* ! ,moon drops t[>d u 9 ea* second1 dur+ :i* %e accompli%es #a1jag met]s ( h] orbit4 ,on ! o!r h&1 no body c fall unless x be attract$1 drawn by ano!r body ( a m p[]ful mass4 ,be+s1 animals1 objects1 adh]e to ! soil1 & weigh ^u ! ,e>?1 because !y are con/antly attract$ to x by an irresi/ible =ce4 ,weight & univ]sal attraction are "o & ! same =ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x c be det]m9$ t if an object is left to itself ^u ! surface ( ! ,e>?1 x drops #d4ij met]s dur+ ! fir/ second ( its fall4 ,we also "k t attraction dim9i%es ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & t if we c\ld raise a /one to ! height ( ! ,moon1 & !n ab&on x to ! attraction ( our planet1 x w\ld 9 ! fir/ second fall #d4ij met]s divid$ by ! squ>e ( #fj1 or #c1fjj--t is1 ( #a-a_/c millimet]s1 exactly ! quantity by :i* ! ,moon deviates f ! /raight l9e %e w\ld pursue if ! ,e>? 7 n influ5c+ h]4 ,! reason+ j /at$ = ! ,moon is equally applicable to ! ,sun4 ,! di/ance ( ! ,sun is #bc1chf times ! radius ( ! ,e>?4 ,9 ord] to "k h[ mu* ! int5sity ( t]re/rial weight w\ld be dim9i%$ at su* a di/ance1 we %\ld look1 9 ! fir/ place1 = ! squ>e ( ! numb] repres5t+ ! di/ance--t is1 #bc1chf multipli$ by itself1 #edf1ije1jjj4 ,if we divide #d4ij met]s1 :i* repres5ts ! attractive =ce ( our planet1 by ?is numb]1 we get #i_/ajjjjjj ( a millimet]1 & we see t at ! di/ance ( ! ,sun1 ! ,e>?'s attraction w\ld really be almo/ nil4 ,n[ let u d = our planet :at we did = its satellite4 ,let u trace ! annual orbit ( ! t]re/rial globe r\nd ! c5tral orb1 & we %all f9d t ! ,e>? falls 9 ea* second #b4i millimet]s t[>d ! ,sun4 ,?is proportion gives ! attractive =ce ( ! ,sun 9 relation to t ( ! ,e>?1 & proves t ! ,sun is #cbd1jjj times m p[]ful ?an our _w1 = #b4i millimet]s divid$ by #j4jjj1jji equals #cbd1jjj1 if work$ out into ! ultimate fractions neglect$ "h = ! sake ( simplicity4 ,a great numb] ( />s h be5 weigh$ by ! same me?od4 ,_! mass is e/imat$ by ! movem5t ( a satellite r\nd !m1 & x is by ?is me?od t we are able to affirm t ,jupit] is #caj times heavi] ?an ! ,e>?1 ,saturn #ib times1 ,neptune #af times1 ,uranus #ad times1 :ile ,m>s is mu* less heavy1 its weight be+ only two-?irds t ( our own4 ,! planets :i* h no satellites h be5 weigh$ by ! p]turbations :i* !y cause 9 o!r />s1 or 9 ! imprud5t comets t sometimes t>ry 9 _! vic9ity4 ,m]cury weighs v mu* less ?an ! ,e>? 7only #f_/ajj7 & ,v5us ab\t #h_/aj4 ,s ! beautiful /> ( ! ev5+ & morn+ is n s light z h] "n might imply1 & !re is no great diff]5ce betwe5 h] weight & our own4 ,z ! ,moon has no second>y body submitt$ to h] influ5ce1 h] weight has be5 calculat$ by reckon+ ! am\nt ( wat] %e attracts at ea* tide 9 ! ocean1 or by obs]v+ ! effects ( h] attraction on ! t]re/rial globe4 ,:5 ! ,moon is be=e u1 9 ! la/ qu>t]1 %e makes u travel fa/]1 :]eas 9 ! fir/ qu>t]1 :5 %e is beh9d1 %e delays u4 ,all ! calculations agree 9 %[+ u t ! orb ( night is #ha times less heavy ?an our planet4 ,!re is ne>ly z mu* diff]5ce 9 weight betwe5 ! ,e>? & ! ,moon z betwe5 an orange & a grape4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n cont5t ) weigh+ ! planets ( our sy/em1 a/ronom]s h inve/igat$ ! weight ( ! />s4 ,h[ h !y be5 enabl$ to asc]ta9 ! quantity ( matt] :i* con/itutes ^! di/ant ,suns--inc&esc5t globes ( fire scatt]$ 9 ! dep?s ( space8 ,!y h resort$ to ! same me?od1 & x is by ! /udy ( ! attractive influ5ce ( a sun ^u "s o!r contigu\s neighbor+ />1 t ! weight ( a few ( ^! has be5 calculat$4 ,( c\rse ?is me?od c only be appli$ to ^? d\ble />s ( :i* ! di/ance is kn[n4 ,x has be5 discov]$ t "s ( ! t9y />s t we c h>dly see tw9kl+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! azure sky are enorm\s suns1 l>g] & heavi] ?an our own1 & millions ( times m volum9\s ?an ! ,e>?4 ,our planet is only a gra9 ( du/ float+ 9 ! imm5sity ( ,heav54 ,yet ?is atom ( inf9ity is ! cradle ( an imm5se creation incessantly r5ew$1 & p]petually trans=m$ by ! accumulat$ c5turies4 ,& :at div]sity exi/s 9 ?is army ( worlds & suns1 ^: regul> h>moni\s m>* obeys a mute ord]4444 ,b we h z yet said no?+ ab\t weight on ! surface ( ! worlds1 & ,i see signs ( impati5ce 9 my read]s1 = aft] s mu* simple if unpoetical demon/ration1 !y w c]ta9ly ask me = ! explanation t w prove to !m t a kilogram transport$ to ,jupit] or ,m>s w\ld weigh m or less ?an "h4 ,give me y\r att5tion five m9utes long]1 & ,i w re/ore y\r fai? 9 ! a/ronom]s4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t objects at ! surface ( a _w l ,jupit]1 #caj times heavi] ?an our own1 weigh #caj times m4 ,t w\ld be a s]i\s error4 ,9 t case we %\ld h to assume t a kilogram transport$ to ! surface ( ! ,sun w\ld !re weigh #cbd1jjj times m1 or #cbd1jjj kilograms4 ,t w\ld be correct if ^! orbs 7 ( ! same dim5sions z ! ,e>?4 ,b to speak1 = in/ance1 only ( ! div9e ,sun1 we "k t he is #ajh times l>g] ?an our little planet4 ,n[1 weight at ! surface ( a cele/ial body dep5ds n only on its mass1 b also on its diamet]4 ,9 ord] to "k ! weight ( any body ^u ! surface ( ! ,sun1 we mu/ argue z foll[s3 ,s9ce a body plac$ ^u ! surface ( ! ,sun is #ajh times f>!r f its c5t] ?an x is ^u a globe ( ! dim5sions ( ! ,e>?1 & s9ce1 on ! o!r h&1 attraction dim9i%es ) ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 ! int5sity ( ! weight w\ld !re be #ajh multipli$ by #ajh1 or #aa1gjj times weak]4 ,n[ divide ! numb] repres5t+ ! mass1 i4e41 #cbd1jjj1 by ?is numb] #aa1gjj1 & x results t bodies at ! surface ( ! ,sun are #bh times heavi] ?an "h4 ,a woman ^: weight 0 #fj kilos w\ld weigh #a1fhj kilograms !re if organiz$ 9 ! same way z on ! ,e>?1 & w\ld f9d walk+ v difficult1 = at ea* /ep %e w\ld lift up a %oe t weigh$ at lea/ t5 kilograms4 ,?is reason+ z j /at$ = ! ,sun may be appli$ to ! o!r />s4 ,we "k t on ! surface ( ,jupit] ! int5sity ( weight is twice & a ?ird times z great z "h1 :ile on ,m>s x only equals #cg_/ajj4 ,on ! surface ( ,m]cury1 weight is ne>ly twice z small aga9 z "h4 ,on ,neptune x is approximately equal to our own4 ,) def]5ce to ! ,sel5ites1 ev]y?+ is at its lighte/ on ! ,moon3 a man weigh+ #gj kilograms on ! ,e>? w\ld n weigh m ?an #ab kilos !re4 ,s all ta/es c be provid$ =3 ! only ?+ to be regrett$ is t "o c n *oose "o's planet ) ! same facility z "o's resid5ce ^u ! ,e>?4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,life1 ,,univ]sal ,,& ,,et]nal ,& n[1 :ile ?ank+ my read]s = hav+ foll[$ me s f> 9 ?is descriptive acc\nt ( ! m>vels ( ! ,cosmos1 ,i mu/ inquire :at philosophical impression has be5 produc$ on _! m9ds by ^! cele/ial excursions to ! o!r worlds8 ,are y left indiff]5t to ! pageant ( ! ,heav5s8 ,:5 y\r imag9ation 0 borne away to ^! di/ant />s1 suns ( ! inf9ite1 ^! innum]able /ell> sy/ems dissem9at$ ?r\gh a b\ndless et]nity1 did y ask :at exi/$ !re1 :at purpose 0 s]v$ by ^? dazzl+ sph]es1 :at effects result$ f ^! =ces1 radiations1 en]gies8 ,did y reflect t ! elem5ts :i* ^u our little ,e>? det]m9$ a vital activity s prodigi\s & s v>i$ mu/ ne$s h spread ! waves ( an incomp>ably va/] & m div]sifi$ exi/5ce ?r\gh\t ! imm5sities ( ! ,univ]se8 ,h y felt t all c n be dead & des]t$1 z we are tempt$ by ! illusions ( our t]re/rial s5ses & ( our isolation to believe 9 ! sil5ce ( ! night3 t on ! contr>y1 ! real aim ( ,a/ronomy1 in/ead ( end+ ) /atem5ts ( ! positions & movem5ts ( ! />s1 is to enable u to p5etrate to !m1 to make u div9e1 & "k1 & appreciate _! physical con/itution1 _! degree ( life & intellectuality 9 ! univ]sal ord]8 ,on ! ,e>?1 x is ,life & ,?\ght t fl\ri%2 & x is ,life & ,?\ght t we seek aga9 9 ^! />ry con/ellations /rewn to ,inf9itude amid ! immeasurable fields ( ,heav54 ,! humble little planet t we inhabit pres5ts itself to u z a brimm+ cup1 ov]fl[+ at e outlet4 ,life is ev]y:]e4 ,f ! bottom ( ! seas1 f ! valleys to ! m\nta9s1 f ! vegetation t c>pets ! soil1 f ! mold 9 ! fields & woods1 f ! air we brea!1 arises an imm5se1 prodigi\s1 & p]petual murmur4 ,li/56 x is ! great voice ( ,nature1 ! sum ( all ! unkn[n & my/]i\s voices t are =ev] call+ to u1 f ! ocean waves1 f ! =e/ w9ds1 f ! #cjj1jjj k9ds ( insects t are r$undant ev]y:]e1 & make a lively community on ! surface ( our globe4 ,a drop ( wat] conta9s ?\s&s ( curi\s & agile creatures4 ,a gra9 ( du/ f ! /reets ( ,p>is is ! home ( #acj1jjj bact]ia4 ,if we turn ov] ! soil ( a g>d51 field1 or mead[1 we f9d ! e>?worms work+ to produce assimilable slime4 ,if we lift a /one 9 ! pa?1 we discov] a crawl+ population4 ,if we ga!r a fl[]1 deta* a leaf1 we ev]y:]e f9d little insects liv+ a p>asitic exi/5ce4 ,sw>ms ( midges fly 9 ! sun1 ! trees ( ! wood are peopl$ ) ne/s1 ! birds s+1 & *ase ea* o!r at play1 ! liz>ds d>t away at our approa*1 we trample d[n ! an!aps & ! molehills4 ,life enwraps u 9 an inexorable encroa*m5t ( :i* we are at once ! h]oes & ! victims1 p]petuat+ itself to its own detrim5t1 z impos$ ^u x by an et]nal reproduction4 ,& ?is f all "t1 = ! v /ones ( :i* we build our h\ses are full ( fossils s prodigi\sly multipli$ t "o gram ( su* /one w (t5 conta9 millions ( %ells1 m>vels ( geometrical p]fection4 ,! inf9itely little is equal to ! inf9itely great4 ,life appe>s to u z a fatal law1 an imp]i\s =ce :i* all obey1 z ! result & ! aim ( ! association ( atoms4 ,?is is illu/rat$ = u ^u ! ,e>?1 our only field ( direct obs]vation4 ,we mu/ be bl9d n to see ?is spectacle1 deaf n to he> its rea*+4 ,on :at pretext c\ld "o suppose t our little globe :i*1 z we h se51 has receiv$ no privileges f ,nature1 is ! exception2 & t ! entire ,univ]se1 save = "o insignificant isle1 is devot$ to vacancy1 solitude1 & dea?8 ,we h a t5d5cy to imag9e t ,life c n exi/ "u conditions o!r ?an t]re/rial1 & t ! o!r worlds c only be inhabit$ on ! condition ( be+ simil> to our own4 ,b t]re/rial nature itself demon/rates to u ! error ( ?is way ( ?9k+4 ,we die 9 ! wat]3 fi%es die out ( ! wat]4 ,aga91 %ort-sight$ naturali/s affirm categorically t ,life is impossible at ! bottom ( ! sea3 #a1 because x is 9 complete d>kness2 #b1 because ! t]rible pressure w\ld bur/ any organism2 #c1 because all motion w\ld be impossible !re1 & s on4 ,"s inquisitive p]son s5ds d[n a dr$ge1 & br+s up lovely creatures1 s delicate 9 /ructure t ! da9tie/ t\* mu/ proce$ ) circumspection4 ,!re is no light 9 ^! dep?s3 !y make x ) _! own phosphoresc5ce4 ,o!r inquir]s visit subt]ranean cav]ns1 & discov] animals & plants ^: organs h be5 trans=m$ by adaptation to _! gloomy environm5t4 ,:at "r h we to say to ! vital en]gy t radiates r\nd e ,sun ( ! ,univ]se3 ,?us f> %alt ?\ come1 & no fur!r8 ,9 ! "n ( ,sci5ce8 ,an absolute mi/ake4 ,! ,kn[n is an inf9itesimal isl& 9 ! mid/ ( ! va/ ocean ( ! ,unkn[n4 ,! deep seas :i* seem$ to be a b>ri] are1 z we h se51 peopl$ ) special life4 ,"s "o objects3 ,b aft] all1 !re is air !re1 !re is oxyg53 oxyg5 is indisp5sable3 a _w )\t oxyg5 w\ld be a _w ( dea?1 an et]nally /]ile des]t4 ,:y8 ,because we h n yet come across be+s t c brea! )\t air1 & live )\t oxyg58 ,ano!r mi/ake4 ,ev5 if we did n "k ( any1 x w\ld n prove t !y d n exi/4 ,b z x happ5s1 we d "k ( su*3 ! ana]obia4 ,^! be+s live )\t air1 )\t oxyg54 ,bett] /ill3 oxyg5 kills !m6 ,all ! evid5ce goes to %[ t 9 int]pret+ z we ought ! spectacle ( t]re/rial life1 & ! positive facts acquir$ by ,sci5ce1 we %\ld enl>ge ! circle ( our conceptions & our judgm5ts1 & n limit extra-t]re/rial exi/5ce to ! s]vile image ( :at is 9 exi/5ce "h bel[4 ,t]re/rial organic =ms are due to local causes ^u our planet4 ,! *emical con/itution ( wat] & ( ! atmosph]e1 temp]ature1 light1 d5sity1 weight1 are s _m elem5ts t h gone to =m our bodies4 ,our fle% is compos$ ( c>bon1 nitrog51 hydrog51 & oxyg5 comb9$ 9 ! /ate ( wat]1 & ( "s o!r elem5ts1 among :i* we may in/ance sodium *loride 7salt74 ,! fle% ( animals is n *emically diff]5t f our own4 ,all ?is comes f ! wat] & ! air1 & returns to !m aga94 ,! same elem5ts1 9 v m9ute quantities1 make up all liv+ bodies4 ,! ox t br[ses on ! grass is =m$ ( ! same fle% z ! man :o eats ! beef4 ,all organiz$ t]re/rial matt] is only c>bon comb9$ 9 v>iable proportions ) hydrog51 nitrog51 oxyg51 etc4 ,b we h no "r to =bid ,nature to act diff]5tly 9 worlds f :i* c>bon is abs5t4 ,a _w1 = example1 9 :i* silica replaces c>bon1 silicic acid c>bonic acid1 might be inhabit$ by organisms absolutely diff]5t f ^? :i* exi/ on ! ,e>?1 diff]5t n only 9 =m1 b also 9 sub/ance4 ,we already "k />s & suns = :i* spectral analysis reveals a pr$om9ance ( silica1 e4g41 ,rigel & ,d5eb4 ,9 a _w :]e *lor9e pr$om9at$1 we might expect to f9d hydro*loric acid1 & all ! fecund family ( *lorides1 play+ an important "p 9 ! ph5om5a ( life4 ,might n brom9e be associat$ 9 o!r =mations8 ,:y1 inde$1 %\ld we draw ! l9e at t]re/rial *emi/ry8 ,:at is to prove t ^! elem5ts are really simple8 ,may n hydrog51 c>bon1 oxyg51 nitrog51 & sulphur all be comp\nds8 ,_! equival5ts are multiples ( ! fir/3 #a1 #f1 #h1 #ad1 #af4 ,& is ev5 hydrog5 ! mo/ simple ( ! elem5ts8 ,is n its molecule compos$ ( atoms1 & may !re n exi/ a s+le species ( primitive atom1 ^: geometric arrangem5t & v>i\s associations might con/itute ! molecules ( ! s-call$ simple elem5ts8 ,9 our own sol> sy/em we discov] ! ess5tial diff]5ces betwe5 c]ta9 planets4 ,9 ! spectrum ( ,jupit]1 = in/ance1 we are aw>e ( ! action ( an unkn[n sub/ance t manife/s itself by a m>k$ absorption ( c]ta9 r$ rays4 ,?is gas1 :i* does n exi/ ^u ! ,e>?1 is se5 /ill m obvi\sly 9 ! atmosph]es ( ,saturn & ,uranus4 ,inde$1 ^u ?is la/ planet ! atmosph]e appe>s1 ap>t f its wat] vapor1 to h no sort ( analogy ) our own4 ,& 9 ! sol> spectrum itself1 _m ( ! l9es h n yet be5 id5tifi$ ) t]re/rial sub/ances4 ,! int]relation ( ! planets is ( c\rse incontrov]tible1 s9ce !y are all *ildr5 ( ! same p>5t4 ,b !y diff] among !mselves1 n m]ely 9 respect ( situation1 position1 volume1 mass1 d5sity1 temp]ature1 atmosph]e1 b aga9 9 physical & *emical con/itution4 ,& ! po9t we w\ld n[ acc5t is t ?is div]sity %\ld n be reg>d$ z an ob/acle to ! manife/ations ( life1 b1 on ! contr>y1 z a new field op5 to ! inf9ite fecundity ( ! univ]sal "m4 ,:5 our ?\ghts take w+1 n only to our neighbors1 ,moon1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 or ,saturn1 b /ill m t[>d ! myriads ( unkn[n worlds t gravitate r\nd ! suns dissem9at$ 9 space1 we h no plausible reason = imag9+ t ! inhabitants ( ^! o!r worlds ( ,heav5 resemble u 9 any way1 :e!r 9 =m1 or ev5 9 organic sub/ance4 ,! sub/ance ( ! t]re/rial human body is due to ! elem5ts ( our planet1 & notably to c>bon4 ,! t]re/rial human =m d]ives f ! ance/ral animal =ms to :i* x has gradually rais$ itself by ! cont9u\s progress ( ! trans=mation ( species4 ,to u x seems obvi\s t we are man or woman1 because we h a head1 a he>t1 lungs1 two legs1 two arms1 & s on4 ,no?+ is less a matt] ( c\rse4 ,t we are con/itut$ z we are1 is simply ! result ( our pro-simian ance/ors hav+ also _h a head1 a he>t1 lungs1 legs1 & arms--less elegant ?an y\r own1 x is true1 ,madam1 b /ill ( ! same anatomy4 ,& m & m1 by ! progress ( paleontology1 we are delv+ d[n to ! orig9 ( be+s4 ,z c]ta9 z x is t ! bird d]ives f ! reptile by a process ( organic evolution1 s c]ta9 is x t t]re/rial ,humanity repres5ts ! topmo/ bran*es ( ! huge g5ealogical tree1 :]e( all ! limbs are bro!rs1 & ! roots ( :i* are plung$ into ! v rudim5ts ( ! mo/ elem5t>y & primitive organisms4 ,! multitude ( worlds is surely peopl$ by e imag9able & unimag9able =m4 ,t]re/rial man is end[$ ) five s5ses1 or p]haps x is bett] to say six4 ,:y %\ld ,nature /op at ?is po9t8 ,:y1 = in/ance1 may %e n h giv5 to c]ta9 be+s an electrical s5se1 a magnetic s5se1 a s5se ( ori5tation1 an organ able to p]ceive ! e!real vibrations ( ! infra-r$ or ultra-violet1 or p]mitt$ !m to he> at a di/ance1 or to see ?r\gh walls8 ,we eat & dige/ l co>se animals1 we are slaves to our dige/ive tube3 may !re n be worlds 9 :i* a nutritive atmosph]e enables its =tunate inhabitants to disp5se ) ?is absurd process8 ,! lea/ sp>r[1 ev5 ! dusky bat1 has an advantage ov] u 9 t x c fly ?r\gh ! air4 ,?9k h[ inf]ior are our conditions1 s9ce ! man ( greate/ g5ius1 ! mo/ exquisite woman1 are nail$ to ! soil l any vulg> cat]pill> be=e its metamorphosis6 ,w\ld x be a disadvantage to inhabit a _w 9 :i* we might fly :i!r we w\ld2 a _w ( sc5t$ luxury1 full ( animat$ fl[]s2 a _w :]e ! w9ds w\ld be incapable ( excit+ a tempe/1 :]e sev]al suns ( diff]5t colors--! diamond gl[+ ) ! ruby1 or ! em]ald ) ! sapphire--w\ld burn night & day 7azure nights & sc>let days7 9 ! glory ( an et]nal spr+2 ) multi-color$ moons sleep+ 9 ! mirror ( ! wat]s1 phosphoresc5t m\nta9s1 a]ial inhabitants1--m51 wom51 or p]haps ( o!r sexes1--p]fect 9 _! =ms1 gift$ ) multiple s5sibilities1 lum9\s at w1 incombu/ible z asbe/os1 p]haps immortal1 unless !y commit suicide out ( curiosity8 ,lilliputian atoms z we are1 let u once = all be conv9c$ t our imag9ation is b /]ility1 9 ! mid/ ( an inf9itude h>dly glimps$ by ! telescope4 ,"o important po9t seems always to be ignor$ expressly by ^? :o bl9dly d5y ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( worlds4 ,x is t ?is doctr9e does n apply m p>ticul>ly to ! pres5t epo* ?an to any o!r4 ,our "t is ( no importance1 no absolute value4 ,et]nity is ! field ( ! ,et]nal ,s[]4 ,!re is no reason :y ! o!r worlds %\ld be inhabit$ n[ m ?an at any o!r epo*4 ,:at1 inde$1 is ! ,pres5t ,mom5t8 ,x is an op5 trap ?r\gh :i* ! ,future falls incessantly into ! gulf ( ! ,pa/4 ,! imm5sity ( ,heav5 be>s 9 its bosom cradles z well z tombs1 worlds to come & p]i%$ worlds4 ,x ab\nds 9 ext9ct suns1 & cemet]ies4 ,9 all probability ,jupit] is n yet inhabit$4 ,:at does ?is prove8 ,! ,e>? 0 n inhabit$ dur+ its primordial p]iod3 :at did t prove to ! inhabitants ( ,m>s or ( ! ,moon1 :o 7 p]haps obs]v+ x at t epo*1 a few million ye>s ago8 ,to pret5d t our globe mu/ be ! only inhabit$ _w because ! o!rs d n resemble x1 is to reason1 n l a philosoph]1 b1 z we rem>k$ be=e1 l a fi%4 ,e rational fi% ought to assume t x is impossible to live out ( wat]1 s9ce its outlook & its philosophy d n ext5d beyond its daily life4 ,!re is no answ] to ?is ord] ( reason+1 except to advise a little wid] p]ception1 & ext5sion ( ! too n>r[ horizon ( habitual ideas4 ,= u ! res\rces ( ,nature may be consid]$ inf9ite1 & positive sci5ce1 f\nd$ ^u our s5ses only1 is altoge!r inadequate1 al?\gh x is ! only possible basis ( our reason+4 ,we mu/ le>n to see ) ! eyes ( our _s4 ,z to ! planet>y sy/ems o!r ?an our own1 we are no long] r$uc$ to hypo!ses4 ,we already "k ) c]ta9ty t our ,sun is no exception1 z 0 sugge/$1 & is /ill ma9ta9$1 by "s !ori/s4 ,! discov]y 9 itself is curi\s en\gh4 ,x is surely an exceptional situation t1 giv5 a sid]eal sy/em compos$ ( a c5tral sun1 & ( "o or m />s gravitat+ r\nd him1 ! plane ( su* a sy/em %\ld fall j )9 our l9e ( vision1 & t x %\ld revolve 9 su* a way t ! globes ( :i* x is compos$ pass exactly betwe5 ?is sun & ourselves 9 turn+ r\nd him1 eclips+ him m or less dur+ ?is transit4 ,z1 on ! o!r h&1 ! eclipses w\ld be our only means ( det]m9+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! unkn[n planets 7save inde$ f p]turbation1 z 9 ! case ( ,sirius & ,procyon71 x might h seem$ quixotic to hope = l conditions 9 ord] to discov] sol> sy/ems o!r ?an our own4 ,b ^! exceptional circum/ances h reproduc$ !mselves at diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,heav5s4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 we h se5 t ! v>iable /> ,algol owes its v>iations 9 brilliancy1 :i* r$uce x f second to f\r? magnitude e sixty-n9e h\rs1 to ! int]position ( a body betwe5 itself & ! ,e>?1 & cele/ial me*anics has already be5 able to det]m9e accurately ! orbit ( ?is body1 its dim5sions & its mass1 & ev5 ! flatt5+ ( ! sun ,algol4 ,"h1 !n1 is a sy/em 9 :i* we "k ! sun & an enorm\s planet1 ^: revolution is effect$ 9 sixty-n9e h\rs ) extreme rapidity1 z measur$ by ! spectroscope4 ,! /> delta ( ,cepheus is 9 ! same case3 x is an orb eclips$ 9 a p]iod ( #abi h\rs1 & its eclips+ planet also revolves 9 ! plane ( our vision4 ,! v>iable /> 9 ,ophiu*us has an analog\s sy/em1 & obs]vation has already reveal$ a great numb] ( o!rs4 ,s9ce1 !n1 a c]ta9 numb] ( sol> sy/ems diff]+ f our own h be5 reveal$1 z x 7 9 section1 to t]re/rial obs]vation1 ?is af=ds u suffici5t evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( an innum]able quantity ( sol> sy/ems scatt]$ ?r\gh ! imm5sities ( space1 & we are no long] r$uc$ to conjecture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 analysis ( ! motions ( sev]al />s1 su* z ,sirius1 ,procyon1 ,altair1 proves t ^! di/ant orbs h companions1--planets n yet discov]$ by ! telescope1 & t p]haps nev] w be discov]$1 because !y are obscure1 & lo/ 9 ! radiation ( ! />4 99 99 99 99 99 ,"s savants h ass]t$ t ,life c n g]m9ate if ! conditions ( ! environm5t diff] too mu* f t]re/rial conditions4 ,?is hypo!sis is purely gratuit\s1 & we w n[ discuss x4 ,9 ord] to exam9e :at is happ5+ on ! ,e>?1 let u m\nt ! ladd] ( "t = a mom5t1 to foll[ ! evolutions ( ,nature4 ,!re 0 an epo* :5 ! ,e>? did n exi/4 ,our planet1 ! future _w ( our habitation1 slept 9 ! bosom ( ! sol> nebula4 ,at la/ x came to bir?1 ?is *]i%$ ,e>?1 a gase\s1 lum9\s ball1 poor reflection ( ! ,k+ ( ,orbs1 its p>5t4 ,millions ( ye>s roll$ by be=e ! cond5sation & cool+ ( ?is new globe 7 suffici5tly trans=m$ to p]mit life to manife/ itself 9 its mo/ rudim5t>y aspects4 ,! fir/ organic =ms ( ! protoplasm1 ! fir/ aggregations ( cells1 ! protozoons1 ! zoophytes or plant-animals1 ! gelat9\s mussels ( ! /ill w>m seas1 7 succe$$ by ! fi%es1 !n by ! reptiles1 ! birds1 ! mammals1 & la/ly man1 :o at pres5t occupies ! top ( ! g5ealogical tree1 & cr[ns ! animal k+dom4 ,humanity is comp>atively "y ^u ! ,e>?4 ,we may attribute "s ?\s&s ( c5turies ( exi/5ce to x 444 & "s five ye>s ( reason6 ,! t]re/rial organisms1 f ! l[e/ up to man1 are ! resultant ( ! =ces 9 action at ! surface ( our planet4 ,! e>lie/ seem to h be5 produc$ by ! comb9ations ( c>bon ) hydrog5 & nitrog52 !y 71 s to speak1 )\t animation1 save = "s v rudim5t>y s5sibility2 ! sponges1 corals1 polyps1 & m$usae1 give u a notion ( ^! primitive be+s4 ,!y 7 =m$ 9 ! tepid wat]s ( ! prim>y epo*4 ,z long z !re 7 no cont95ts1 no isl&s em]g+ f ! level ( ! univ]sal ocean1 !re 7 no be+s brea?+ 9 ! air4 ,! fir/ aquatic creatures 7 succe$$ by ! amphibia1 ! reptiles4 ,lat] on 7 develop$ ! mammals & ! birds4 ,:at1 aga91 d we n owe to ! plant-_w ( ! prim>y epo*1 ( ! second>y epo*1 ( ! t]ti>y epo*1 :i* sl[ly prep>$ ! good nutriti\s soil ( to-day1 9 :i* ! roses fl\ri%1 & ! pea* & /rawb]ry rip58 ,be=e x gave bir? to a ,hel5 or a ,cleopatra1 life manife/$ itself "u ! r\ghe/ =ms1 & 9 ! mo/ v>i$ conditions4 ,a long-p]iod comet pass+ 9 sight ( ! ,e>? f "t to "t w\ld h se5 modifications ( exi/5ce 9 ea* ( its transits1 9 accordance ) a sl[ evolution1 correspond+ to ! v>iation ( ! conditions ( exi/5ce1 & progress+ incessantly1 = if ,life is ! goal ( nature1 ,progress is ! supreme law4 ,! hi/ory ( our planet is ! hi/ory ( life1 ) all its metamorphoses4 ,x is ! same = all ! worlds1 ) "s exceptions ( orbs arre/$ 9 _! developm5t4 ,! con/itution ( liv+ be+s is 9 absolute relation ) ! sub/ances ( :i* !y are compos$1 ! environm5t 9 :i* !y move1 temp]ature1 light1 weight1 d5sity1 ! l5g? ( day & night1 ! seasons1 etc4--9 a ^w1 ) all ! cosmographic elem5ts ( a _w4 ,if1 = example1 we comp>e betwe5 !mselves two worlds su* z ! ,e>? & ,neptune1 utt]ly diff]5t f ! po9t ( view ( di/ance f ! ,sun1 we c\ld n = an in/ant suppose t organic /ructures c\ld h foll[$ a p>allel developm5t on ^! planets4 ,! av]age temp]ature mu/ be mu* l[] on ,neptune ?an on ! ,e>?1 & ! same holds = int5sity ( light4 ,! ye>s & seasons !re are #afe times long] ?an ) u1 ! d5sity ( matt] is ?ree times z weak1 & weight is1 on ! contr>y1 a little great]4 ,"u conditions s diff]5t f our own1 ! activities ( ,nature w\ld h to translate !mselves "u o!r =ms4 ,& d\btless ! elem5t>y bodies w\ld n be f\nd !re 9 ! same proportions4 ,consequ5tly we h to conclude t organs & s5ses w\ld n be ! same !re z "h4 ,! optic n]ve1 = in/ance1 :i* has =m$ & develop$ "h f ! rudim5t>y organ ( ! trilobite to ! m>vels ( ! human eye1 mu/ be incomp>ably m s5sitive ^u ,neptune ?an 9 our dazzl+ sol> lum9osity1 9 ord] to p]ceive radiations t we d n p]ceive "h4 ,9 all probability1 x is replac$ !re by "s o!r organ4 ,! lungs1 function+ !re 9 ano!r atmosph]e1 are diff]5t f our own4 ,s1 too1 = ! /oma* & dige/ive organs4 ,corporeal =ms1 animal & human1 c n resemble ^? :i* exi/ ^u ! ,e>?4 ,c]ta9 savants cont5d t if ! conditions diff]$ too mu* f t]re/rial conditions1 life c\ld n be produc$ !re at all4 ,yet we h no "r to limit ! p[]s ( ,nature to ! n>r[ b\nds ( our sph]e ( obs]vation1 & to pret5d t our planet & our ,humanity are ! type ( all ! worlds4 ,t is a hypo!sis z ridicul\s z x is *ildi%4 ,d n let u be p]sonal1 l *ildr51 & old p :o nev] see beyond _! room4 ,let u le>n to live 9 ! ,inf9ite & ! ,et]nal4 ,f ?is l>g] po9t ( view1 ! doctr9e ( ! plurality ( worlds is ! complem5t & ! natural cr[n ( ,a/ronomy4 ,:at int]e/s u mo/ 9 ! /udy ( ! ,univ]se is surely to "k :at goes on !re4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! consid]ations %[ t1 9 all ! ages1 :at really con/itutes a planet is n its skeleton b ! life t vibrates ^u its surface4 ,& aga91 if we analyze ?+s1 we see t = ! ,procession ( ,nature1 life is all1 & matt] no?+4 ,:at has become ( our ance/ors1 ! millions ( human be+s :o prec$$ u ^u ?is globe8 ,:]e are _! bodies8 ,:at is left ( !m8 ,se>* ev]y:]e4 ,no?+ is left b ! molecules ( air1 wat]1 du/1 atoms ( hydrog51 nitrog51 oxyg51 c>bon1 etc41 :i* are incorporat$ 9 turn 9 ! organism ( e liv+ be+4 ,! :ole ,e>? is a va/ cemet]y1 & its f9e/ cities are root$ 9 ! catacombs4 ,b n[1 9 cross+ ,p>is1 ,i pass$ = at lea/ ! ?\s&? "t ne> ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,g]ma9-l',aux]rois1 & 0 oblig$ to turn out ( ! direct way1 on acc\nt ( excavations4 ,i look$ d[n1 & saw t imm$iately bel[ ! pavem5t1 !y _h j uncov]$ "s /one c(f9s /ill conta9+ ! skeletons t _h repos$ !re = t5 c5turies4 ,f "t immemorial ! pass]s-by _h trampl$ !m unwitt+ly "u foot4 ,& ,i reflect$ t x is mu* ! same 9 e qu>t] ( ,p>is4 ,only ye/]day1 "s ,roman tombs & a co9 ) ! effigy ( ,n]o 7 f\nd 9 a g>d5 ne> ! ,obs]vatory4 ,& f ! mo/ g5]al /&po9t ( ,life1 ! :ole _w is 9 ! same case1 & ev5 m s1 see+ t all t exi/s1 all t lives1 is =m$ ( elem5ts t h already be5 incorporat$ 9 o!r be+s1 no long] liv+4 ,! roses t adorn ! bosom ( ! fair 444 b ,i w n enl>ge ^u ?is topic4 ,& y1 s /rong & virile1 ( :at elem5ts is y\r spl5did body =m$8 ,:]e h ! elem5ts y absorb to-day 9 respiration & assimilation be5 drawn f1 :at lugubri\s adv5tures h !y be5 subject to8 ,?9k away f x3 d n insi/ on ?is po9t3 on no acc\nt consid] x4444 ,& yet1 let u dwell on x1 s9ce ?is reality is ! mo/ evid5t demon/ration ( ! ideal2 s9ce :at exi/s is y1 is all ( u1 is ,life2 & matt] is only its sub/ance1 l ! mat]ials ( a h\se1 & ev5 less s1 s9ce its p>ticles only pass rapidly ?r\gh ! framework ( our bodies4 ,a heap ( /ones does n make a h\se4 ,qu9tillions ( tons ( mat]ials w\ld n repres5t ! ,e>? or any o!r _w4 ,yes1 :at really exi/s1 :at con/itutes a complete orb1 is ! city ( ,life4 ,let u recognize t ! fl[] ( life fl\ri%es on ! surface ( our planet1 embelli%+ x ) its p]fume2 t x is j ?is life t we see & admire1--( :i* we =m "p1--& :i* is ! raison d'etre ( ?+s2 t matt] floats1 & crosses1 & crosses back aga91 9 ! web ( liv+ be+s1--& ! reality1 ! goal1 is n matt]--x is ! life matt] is employ$ ^u4 ,yes1 matt] passes1 & be+ also1 aft] %>+ 9 ! conc]t$ symphony ( life4 ,& inde$ ev]y?+ passes rapidly6 ,:at irrepressible grief1 :at deep melan*oly1 :at ineffaceable regrets we feel1 :5 z age comes on we look back1 :5 we see our fri5ds fall5 ^u ! road "o aft] ! o!r1 above all :5 we visit ! belov$ sc5es ( our *ildhood1 ^? homes ( o!r ye>s1 t witness$ our fir/ />t 9 t]re/rial exi/5ce1 our fir/ games1 our fir/ affections--^? affections ( *ildhood t seem$ et]nal--:5 we w&] ov] ^? fields & valleys & hills1 :5 we see aga9 ! l&scape ^: aspect has h>dly *ang$1 & ^: image is s intimately l9k$ ) our fir/ impressions4 ,!re ne> ?is fireside ! gr&fa!r danc$ u on 8 knee1 & told u blood-curdl+ /ories2 "h ! k9d gr&mo!r came to see if we 7 com=tably tuck$ 91 & n likely to fall out ( ! big b$2 9 ?is little wood1 along ^! alleys t seem$ endless1 we spread our nets = birds2 9 ?is /ream we fi%$ = crayfi%2 !re on ! pa? we play$ at soldi]s ) our eld]s1 :o 7 always capta9s2 on ^! slopes we f\nd r>e /ones & fossils1 & my/]i\s petrifactions2 on ?is hill we admir$ ! f9e sunsets1 ! appe>ance ( ! />s1 ! =m ( ! con/ellations4 ,!re we began to live1 to ?9k1 to love1 to =m atta*m5ts1 to dream1 to "q e problem1 to brea! intellectually & physically4 ,& n[1 :]e is ?is belov$ gr&fa!r8 ! good gr&mo!r8 :]e are all :om we knew 9 infancy8 :]e are our dreams ( *ildhood8 ,w+$ ?\ghts /ill seem to flutt] 9 ! air1 & t is all4 ,p1 c>esses1 voices1 all h gone & vani%$4 ,! cemet]y has clos$ ov] !m all4 ,!re is a sil5t void4 ,7 all ^? f9e & sunny h\rs an illusion8 ,0 x only to weep "o day ov] ?is negation t our *ildi% he>ts 7 s t5d]ly atta*$ to ^! fleet+ %ad[s8 ,is !re no?+1 d[n ! long l5g? ( human hi/ory1 b et]nal delusion8 ,x is "h1 above all1 t we f9d ourselves 9 pres5ce ( ! greate/ problems4 ,life is ! goal1 x is ,life t produces ! conditions ( ,?\ght4 ,)\t ,?\ght1 :]e w\ld be ! ,univ]se8 ,we feel t )\t life & ?\ght1 ! ,univ]se w\ld be an empty !at]1 & ,a/ronomy itself1 sublime sci5ce1 a va9 rese>*4 ,we feel t ?is is ! tru?1 veil$ z yet to actual sci5ce1 & t human races k9dr$ ) our own exi/ !re 9 ! imm5sities ( space4 ,yes1 we feel t ?is is tru?4 ,b we w\ld fa9 g a little fur!r 9 our k ( ! univ]se1 & p5etrate 9 "s measure ! secret ( our de/9ies4 ,we w\ld "k if ^! di/ant & unkn[n ,humanities are n atta*$ to u by my/]i\s cords1 if our life1 :i* w assur$ly be ext+ui%$ at "s def9ite mom5t "h bel[1 w n be prolong$ into ! regions ( ,et]nity4 ,a mom5t ago we said t no?+ is left ( ! body4 ,millions ( organisms h liv$1 !re are no rema9s ( !m4 ,air1 wat]1 smoke1 du/4 ,mem5to1 homo1 quia pulvis es et 9 pulv]em rev]tebis4 ,rememb] oh man6 t du/ ?\ art1 & unto du/ ?\ %alt return1 says ! prie/ to ! fai?ful1 :5 he scatt]s ! a%es on ! day aft] ! c>nival4 ,! body disappe>s entirely4 ,x goes :]e ! corpse ( ,caes> w5t an h\r aft] ! ext9ction ( 8 pyre4 ,nor w !re be m rema9s ( any ( u4 ,& ! :ole ( ,humanity1 & ! ,e>? itself1 w also disappe> "o day4 ,let no "o talk ( ! ,progress ( ,humanity z an end6 ,t w\ld be too gross a decoy4 ,if ! s\l 7 also to disappe> 9 smoke1 :at w\ld be left ( ! vital & intellectual organization ( ! _w8 ,no?+4 ,on ?is hypo!sis1 all w\ld be r$uc$ to no?+4 ,our reason is n imm5se1 our t]re/rial faculties are suffici5tly limit$1 b ?is reason & ^! faculties suffice none ! less to make u feel ! improbability1 ! absurdity1 ( ?is hypo!sis1 & we reject x z incompatible ) ! sublime gr&eur ( ! spectacle ( ! univ]se4 ,und\bt$ly1 ,creation does n seem to conc]n itself ) u4 ,x proce$s on its inexorable c\rse )\t consult+ our s5sations4 ,) ! poet we regret ! implacable s]5ity ( ,nature1 oppos+ ! irony ( its smil+ spl5dor to our m\rn+1 our revolts1 & our despair4 ,que peu de temps suffit p\r *ang] t\tes *oses6 ,nature au front s]e91 comme v\s oubliez6 ,et comme v\s brisez dans vos metamorphoses ,les fils my/]ieux ou nos coeurs sont lies4 ,d'autres vont ma9t5ant pass] ou n\s passames2 ,n\s y sommes v5us1 d'autres vont y v5ir1 ,et le songe qu'avai5t ebau*e nos deux ames1 ,ils le cont9u]ont sans p\voir le f9ir4 ,c> p]sonne ici-bas ne t]m9e et n'a*eve2 ,les pires des huma9s sont comme les meilleurs2 ,n\s n\s eveillons t\s au meme endroit du reve3 ,t\t comm5ce en ce monde et t\t f9it ailleurs4 ,repondez1 vallon pur1 repondez1 solitude6 ,o ,nature1 abritee en ce des]t si beau1 ,qu& n\s s]ons c\*es t\s deux1 dans l'attitude ,que donne aux morts p5sifs la =me du tombeau1 ,e/-ce que v\s s]ez a ce po9t ins5sible1 ,de n\s savoir p]dus1 morts avec nos am\rs1 ,et de cont9u] votre fete paisible ,et de t\j\rs s\rire et de *ant] t\j\rs8#af ,note4--,free ,translation4 ,h[ brief a "t suffices = all ?+s to *ange6 ,s]5e-front$ ,nature1 too soon y w =get6444 9 y\r metamorphoses ru?lessly snapp+ ! cords t b9d our he>ts toge!r6 ,o!rs w pass :]e we pass2 we h arriv$1 & o!rs w arrive aft] u3 ! ?\ght sket*$ out by our s\ls w be pursu$ by !irs 444 & !y w n f9d ! solution ( x4 ,= no "o "h beg9s or f9i%es3 ! wor/ are z ! be/ ( humans2 we all awake at ! same mom5t ( ! dream3 we all beg9 9 ?is _w1 & end o!r:]e4 ,reply1 sweet valley1 reply1 solitude2 ,o ,nature1 %elt]+ 9 ?is spl5did des]t1 :5 we are bo? asleep1 & ca/ by ! tomb into ! attitude ( p5sive dea?4 ,w y to ! la/ v]ge be s ins5sible1 t1 kn[+ u lo/1 & dead ) our loves1 y w pursue y\r *e]ful fea/1 & smile1 & s+ always8 ,yes1 mortals may say t :5 !y are sleep+ 9 ! grave1 spr+ & summ] w /ill smile & s+2 husb& & wife may ask !mselves if !y w meet aga9 "s day1 9 ano!r sph]e2 b d we n feel t our de/9ies c n be t]m9at$ "h1 & t %ort ( absolute & f9al non5tity = ev]y?+1 !y mu/ be r5ew$ beyond1 9 t />ry ,heav5 to :i* e dream has fl[n in/9ctively s9ce ! fir/ orig9s ( ,humanity8 ,z our planet is only a prov9ce ( ! ,inf9ite ,heav5s1 s our actual exi/5ce is only a /age 9 ,et]nal ,life4 ,a/ronomy1 by giv+ u w+s1 conducts u to ! sanctu>y ( tru?4 ,! spect] ( dea? has dep>t$ f our ,heav54 ,! beams ( e /> %$ a ray ( hope into our he>ts4 ,on ea* sph]e ,nature *ants ! paean ( ,life ,et]nal4 ,,! ,,end ,,index ,a ,ab]ration1 #cjj ,adams1 #afh ,agnesi1 ,m>ie1 #e ,alc>1 #cd ,aldeb>an1 #dd1 #ff ,alex&ria1 #c ,algol1 #ci ,anci5ts1 views (1 #cj ,&rew ,ellicot1 #aie ,&rom$a1 #cg1 #ch ,angles1 #bhi ,ant>es1 #de1 #ff1 #gj ,antipodes1 #bjh ,arago1 #bge ,arcturus1 #ci1 #ff ,a/]oids1 #adf1 #aie ,a/ronomie des ,dames1 #i ,attraction1 #bjh ,aureole1 #bgi ,autumn ,con/ellations1 #ed ,axis1 #bbe ,b ,babylonian ,tables1 #cj ,b>?olomew ,diaz1 #agf ,be>1 ,little1 #ce ,great1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce ,betelgeuse1 #di1 #ff ,biela's ,comet1 #ahi1 #aih ,bode's law1 #afg ,bolides1 #bja ,c ,canc]1 #gb ,capella1 #ch1 #ff ,cassiopeia1 #cf ,ca/or1 #dd1 #fh ,catalogue ( ,lal&e1 #fe ,ca?>9e ( ,alex&ria1 #c ,c5taur1 #eb1 #fd1 #fe1 #hj ,c]es1 #adg ,*aldean pa/ors1 #cj ,*aldeans1 #bga ,*>iot ( ,david1 #cb ,*>iote]1 #ch ,*>t ( ,m>s1 #adj ,*atelet1 ,m>quise du1 #d ,*iron1 ,! ,c5taur1 #cj1 #ea ,*romosph]e1 #ajb ,clairaut1 #c ,cl]ke1 ,agnes1 #g ,cnidus1 #ca ,coggia's ,comet1 #ahg ,comet ( ,biela1 #aig ( #ahaa1 #ahf ( #aheh1 #agd ,comets1 #aaa1 #ahe ,con/ellations1 #bh figures (1 #ca ,autumn1 #ed ,con/ellations1 ,spr+1 #eb ,summ]1 #ec ,w9t]1 #ea ,cop]nicus1 #abe ,corona ,borealis1 #dj ,corona ( ! ,sun1 #ajd ,cygnus1 #dj ,d de ,blocqueville1 ,madame1 #e de ,breteuil1 ,gabrielle-,emilie1 #d de ,*>ri]e1 ,madame1 #e ,d5eb1 #da des ,brosses1 #e ,diaz1 ,b>?olomew1 #agf ,dipp]1 #cb1 #cd ,donati1 #ahg ,d\ble />1 /ell> dial (1 #hf ,d\ble />s1 #fh1 #gj ,dragon1 #cf du ,*atelet1 ,m>quise1 #d ,e ,eagle1 #da ,e>?1 #bje anci5t notions (1 #ai di/ance f ! sun1 #bae h[ su/a9$1 #ba incl9ation1 #bbd 9 space1 #bj motion (1 r\nd ! ,sun1 #bbb movem5t (1 #bag rotundity (1 #bjf view$ f ,m>s1 #add view$ f ,m]cury1 #aai view$ f ,v5us1 #acj weight1 #baj ,eclipse ( ,sun1 ,may1 #aijj1 #bgc ,eclipses1 #bei ,ellicot1 ,&rew1 #aie ,entreti5s sur la ,pluralite des mondes1 #i ,equator1 #bbe ,eudoxus1 #ca ,ev5+ ,/>1 #abc ,f ,faculae1 #ih1 #ajj ,fire-balls1 #aih ,flamm>ion's ,lun> ,r+1 #bec ,flem+1 ,mrs41 #g ,font5elle1 #i ,f\cault1 #bai ,g ,galileo1 #ie1 #ih1 #abe1 #bdd ,galle1 #afh ,globe1 divisions (1 #bbf ,great ,be>1 #cb1 #cd1 #ce ,great ,dog1 #ej ,grecian ,cal5d>1 #bbi ,greek alphabet1 #cc ,h ,hall1 ,mr41 #adc ,halley1 #aha ,halley's ,comet1 #c1 #age ,heav5s1 map (1 #fa ,h]cules1 #da1 #ff1 #gi ,h]dsman1 #ci ,h]s*el1 ,c>ol9e1 #f ,hevelius1 #bdf ,hipp>*us1 #ca ,h\ses ( ! ,sun1 #dc ,hugg9s1 ,lady1 #h ,huygh5s1 #di ,hyades1 #dd ,hypatia1 #c ,j ,janss51 #ajb ,jupit]1 #adh satellites1 #aee telescopic aspect (1 #aej ,k ,klumpke1 ,miss1 #g ,kovalevsky1 ,sophie1 #f ,l ,lacaille1 #bib ,lal&e1 #c1 #i1 #fe1 #bib ,latitudes1 #bbf ,leonids1 #aie ,lepaute1 ,madame ,hort5se1 #c1 #d ,le ,v]ri]1 #afg ,little ,be>1 #ce ,little ,dog1 #ej ,locky]1 #ajb ,longitudes1 #bbf ,lucif]1 #abb ,lun> ,ap5n9es1 #bea l&scape1 #bed topography1 #beb ,lyre1 #dj ,m ,m>s1 #aca *>t (1 #adj ,measurem5t1 #bhi ,m$es & ,lydians1 #bff ,m]cury1 #aad ,meteorites1 #bja ,meteors1 #aij1 #aia ,metonic ,cycle1 #bga ,milky ,way1 #gh1 #hg ,mira ,ceti1 #gg ,mit*ell1 ,m>ia1 #g ,miz>1 #cd1 #fi ,moon1 #bcb diamet] (1 #bdb di/ance (1 #bib geological features (1 #bde map (1 #bdg m\nta9s (1 #bdf phases (1 #bda photograph (1 #bdj revolution (1 #bcd rotation (1 #bdb size (1 #bdb temp]ature (1 #bej total eclipse (1 #bfc ,n ,nebula1 9 ,&rom$a1 #ha 9 ,orion1 #ha 9 ! ,greyh\nds1 #hb ,neptune1 #fe1 #aff revolution (1 #afi ,newton1 #aha ,nucleus1 #ie1 #ahe ,o ,orion1 #dh1 #di1 #ha ,p ,p>allax1 #bib1 #bic annual1 #cjf ,pe>l1 #dj ,pegasus1 #ch ,p5umbra1 #if ,p]iodic ,comet1 orbit (1 #ahb ,p]seids1 #aie ,p]seus1 #ch1 #gj1 #gh ,ph5ician navigators1 #cj ,phoebus1 #fg ,photosph]e1 #aja ,piazzi1 #adg ,planets1 #aji1 #aac1 #adf di/ances1 #aaj1 #cjb orbits (1 #aae orbits (1 #aaf ,pleiades1 #ch1 #ci1 #dd1 #hc occultation (1 #he ,pleione1 #hd ,pol>is1 #fc ,pole-/>1 #cd1 #fc ,poles1 #bbe ,pollux1 #dd ,pope ,calixtus1 #agf ,prodigies 9 ! heav5s1 #agh ,ptolemy1 #ca1 #bag ,r ,radiant1 #aie ,riccioli1 #bdf ,rigel1 #di1 #gj ,rob]ts1 ,mrs4 ,isaac1 #g ,s ,saidak1 #cd ,s>os1 #bga ,satellites1 #aaj ,saturn1 #aef revolution (1 #aeg satellites1 #afb1 #afe volume1 #aeh ,saturn's r+s1 #afa ,sc>pell9i1 ,madame1 #g ,s*e9]1 #ie ,s*iap>elli1 #aci ,sec*i1 ,fa!r1 #g ,sev5 ,ox51 #cb ,sextuple />1 #gd ,%eph]d's ,/>1 #aa ,%oot+ />s1 #aic1 #aid1 #aif ,sirius1 #ff1 #cji ,sol> /orms1 #ajj flames1 #aje sy/em1 #fe ,som]ville1 ,mrs41 #f ,spr+ con/ellations1 #eb ,/>s1 di/ances1 #fb d\ble1 #fh1 #gj fir/ magnitude1 #eg numb] (1 #fj quadruple1 #gc second magnitude1 #eh %oot+1 #aic1 #aid tempor>y1 #gg ,/>s1 triple1 #gb v>iable1 #ge weight (1 #cac ,/> clu/] 9 ,h]cules1 #gi 9 ! ,c5taur1 #hj ,/4 ,ca!r9e1 #c ,summ] con/ellations1 #ec ,sun1 #hh h\ses ( !1 #dc measurem5t ( di/ance1 #big photograph (1 #if rotation1 #ii temp]ature (1 #aje total eclipse (1 #bgf weight1 #ajf ,sun & ,e>?1 comp>ative sizes (1 #ic ,sun-spots1 #ie1 #aja telescopic aspect (1 #ig ,t ,tempor>y />s1 #gg1 #gh ,?ree ,k+s1 #di ,total eclipse ( ! moon1 #bfc ( sun1 #bgf ,triangulation1 #bhh ,triple ,/>1 #gb ,u ,umbra1 #ie ,univ]se1 #bb1 #bc1 #ij ,urania1 #h1 #i ,uranoli?s1 #bja1 #bjd ,uranus1 #afb ,v ,v>iable />s1 #ge ,vega1 #dj ,v5us1 #aba1 #bif phases (1 #abd ,vesp]1 #abb ,victor ,hugo1 #bd ,w ,weigh+ worlds1 #cji ,w9t] con/ellations1 #ea ,z ,zodiac1 con/ellations (1 #df1 #dg ,zones1 #bbe ,,footnotes3 #a ,! ,fr5* edition ( ?is book is entitl$ ,a/ronomy = ,wom54--,,translator4 #b #a kilomet] #j4fbad mile2 #ajj kilomet]s may be tak5 z #fb miles4 #a kilogram is ab\t #b4b lb42 #e kilograms #aa lb4--,,translator4 #c ,x is useful to "k ! lett]s ( ! ,greek ,alphabet4 ,!y are easily le>n$1 z foll[s3 alpha ,alpha beta ,beta gamma ,gamma delta ,delta epsilon ,epsilon zeta ,zeta eta ,eta !ta ,!ta iota ,iota kappa ,kappa lambda ,lambda mu ,mu nu ,nu xi ,xi omicron ,omicron pi ,pi rho ,rho sigma or sigma ,sigma tau ,tau upsilon ,upsilon phi ,phi *i ,*i psi ,psi omega ,omega #d ,all ! />s visible at any h\r dur+ ! ye> c easily be f\nd ) ! help ( ! au?or's ,planisph]e mobile4 #e ,let x be rem>k$ 9 pass+ t ! />s might be mu* f>!r (f ?an !y are1 & invisible to our eyes2 ! ,heav5s w\ld !n assume ! aspect ( an absolutely empty space1 ! moon & planets alone rema9+4 #f #ad #ad seconds ( arc4 ,"o second ( ! circle is an exce$+ly m9ute quantity4 ,x is #a millimet] se5 at a di/ance ( #bjf met]s4 ,"o millimet] se5 at a di/ance ( #bj m4 #fb #aj secs4 ,^! values are invisible to ! unaid$ eye4 #g ,^! f9e d\ble />s c be obs]v$ ) ! help ( ! smalle/ telescope4 #h ,= ! explanation ( ! angul> di/ances ( degrees1 m9utes1 & seconds1 see ,*apt] ,,xi1 on ,me?ods ( ,measurem5t4 #i ,! au?or has endeavor$ on ! plates to repres5t ! aspect ( ! ,e>? 9 ! />ry sky ( ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 & ,m>s2 b 9 all repres5tations ( ?is k9d ! />s are necess>ily made too l>ge4 ,by calculation ! diamet]s ( ! ,e>? & ,moon z se5 f ! planets1 & _! di/ances1 are z foll[s3 ,diamet] ( ,diamet] ( ,di/ance ! ,e>?4 ! ,moon4 ,e>?-,moon4 ,( ,m]cury 7opposition7 #bj #h #hga ,( ,v5us 7opposition7 #fd #ag #a1ibh ,( ,m>s 7quadrature7 #ae #d #dfd ,( ,jupit] 7quadrature7 #c4e #j4a #aje ,^! aspects w be appreciat$ if we rememb] t ! di/ance ( ! compon5ts ( epsilon ,lyre #bjg1 t ( ,atlas 9 ,pleione #cja1 & t ( ! />s ,miz> & ,alcor #gjh4 #aj ,a few ev5+s ago1 aft] obs]v+ ,v5us 9 ! calm & sil5t ,heav5s at ! close ( day1 my eyes fell ^u a draw+ s5t me by my fri5d ,gu/ave ,dore1 :i* is includ$ 9 ! illu/rations ( 8 wond]ful edition ( ,dante's ,div9a ,comm$ia4 ,?is draw+ seems to be 9 place "h1 & ,i (f] my read]s a poor reproduction ( x1 tak5 f ! f9e engrav+ 9 ! book4 ,dante & ,virgil1 9 ! peaceful ev5+1 are contemplat+ lo bel pianeta *'ad am> con=ta 7! beautiful planet t incites to love74 #aa ,/rictly speak+1 #a kilomet] #j4fbad mile4 ,"h1 z ?r\gh\t1 ! equival5ts are only giv5 9 r\nd numb]s4--,,translator4 #ab ,translator3 ,comp>e ! well-kn[n ,engli% rhyme3 ,?irty days ha? ,septemb]1 ,april1 ,june1 & ,novemb]4 ,:ile all ! re/ h ?irty-"o1 ,except+ ,febru>y alone1 ,9 :i* b tw5ty-eight appe> ,& tw5ty-n9e :5 comes ,leap ,ye>4 #ac ,fifty-eight diff]5t pictures ( ! aspect ( ! ,moon to ! unaid$ eye w be f\nd 9 ! ,mon?ly ,bullet9s ( ! ,a/ronomical ,society ( ,france1 = ! ye> #aijj1 9 pursuance ( an inve/igation made by ! au?or among ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! ,society4 #ad ,my read]s are *>g$ n to speak ( ?is prop]ty 7:i* is fairly ext5sive71 le/ ! ,budget ,commission1 at ! end ( its res\rces1 %\ld be tempt$ to put on an unexpect$ tax4 ,?is r+1 :i* ! a/ronom]s pres5t$ to me 9 ! ye> #ahhg1 is almo/ 9 ! c5t] ( ! lun> disk1 to ! nor? ( ,ptolemy & ,h]s*el4 #ae ,la f9 du ,monde4 ,flamm>ion1 p4 #ahf4 #af ,victor ,hugo4 ,tri/esse d',olympia4