,,notes ,,on ,,islam ,,by ,,sir ,,ahm$ ,,hussa91 ,k4,c4,i4,e41 ,c4,s4,i4 7,,nawab ,,am9 ,,jung ,,bahadur7 ,collect$ & ,edit$ by ,khan ,bahadur ,hajee ,khaja ,muhammad ,hussa9 ,! fe> ( ! ,"l is ! beg9n+ ( k4--,prov]b ,,hyd]abad1 ,,deccan ,,gov]nm5t ,,c5tral ,,press #aibb ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,,to ,,! ,,memory ,,( ,k4 ,,amjud ,,hussa94 ,"o ( ! f\r = :om ^! ,notes 7 fir/ writt51 9 #aiag4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,bold *>act]s are %[n ) signs4 ,arabic names are kept z 9 ! orig9al text4 ,arabic translit]ations are accord+ to ,,iso #bcc sy/em 9 mo/ cases & f ! v]sion by ! ,,canadian ,,society ,,( ,,muslims ) _! k9d p]mission4 ---------------------------------------- ----- ,pr9t]'s m>k ,,=eword ,! foll[+ ,notes 7 enclos$ by ! au?or 9 8 weekly lett]s to 8 bro!r & sons :o 7 /ud5ts 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,cambridge1 ,ed9burgh & ,birm+ham4 ,i p]suad$ him to all[ me to h !m pr9t$1 z ,i ?\ght !y 7 sugge/ive & useful4 ,he has h[ev] desir$ me to say t !y %\ld n be reg>d$ z any?+ b concise memor&a jott$ d[n 7at %ort int]vals betwe5 ! busy h\rs ( 8 (ficial life7 z g5]al answ]s to que/ions put to him4 ,!y conta9 "s passages :i* are too concise or ab/ract1 if n vague or enigmatic4 ,b1 ! au?or says1 he left !m design$ly s 9 ord] to induce 8 read]s to try to und]/& !m or at lea/ to seek explanation & illu/ration4 ,num]\s foot-notes h be5 add$ = ! same purpose4 ,he frankly admits t 8 view ( ,islam is nei!r q or?odox nor q het]odox b some?+ midway betwe5 ! two4 ,x 0 put =w>d 9 ord] to make 8 boys ?9k = !mselves & argue ) him4 ,! fir/ ?ree ,notes may be 'skipp$' at ! fir/ read+4 ,s9c]e ackn[l$gm5ts are due to ,nawab ,imad-ul-,mulk ,bahadur ,bilgrami1 ,c4,s4,i41 ,mr4 ,j4,c4 ,molony1 ,i4,c4,s41 ,khan ,bahadur ,abdur ,rahim1 ,b4,a41 ,b4,l41 ,mr4 ,sy$ ,ross ,masood1 ,m4,a41 & o!rs :o v k9dly read ! pro(s & fav\r$ ! au?or ) valuable sugge/ions4 ,banganapalle1 #aa? ,augu/ #aibb4 ,k4,m4,h4 ,duty is ,deity ,"w is ,wor%ip4--,sanskrit ,prov]b ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,=eword #g ,,muslim ,,pray] #i ,,note #a4 ,,introduction #aa #b4 ,,! ,,fir/ ,,*apt] ,,( ,,! ,,qur',,an #ae #c4 ,,:at ,,is ,,religion8 #bj #d4 ,,:at ,,is ,,true ,,islam8 #be #e4 ,,:at ,,is ,,n ,,islam #bi #f4 ,,islam ,,& ,,n-,,islam #ce #g4 ,,:y ,,is ,,islam ,,! ,,be/ ,,religion8 #dc #h4 ,,unity ,,union #di #i4 ,,p]fection ,,self-,,help #eg #aj4 ,,mod]ation ,,via ,,m$ia #fc #aa4 ,,evolution ,,survival #gc #ab4 ,,religion ,,beg9s ,,) ,,! ,,fe> ,,( ,,! ,,"l ,,& ,,ends ,,9 ,,! ,,love ,,( ,,man #gi ,,app5dix3 ,,muslim ,,re=mation #hg ,,our ,,pray] #ig ,wor%ip ,tru? ,love ,humanity4--,islamic ,maxim ,,! ,,muslim ,,pray]4#a ,surai ,fatiha ,praise be to ,!e my ,god1 ,"l ( ! ,worlds6 ,o ,m]ciful1 ,compassionate art ,?\6 ,! ,k+ ( all on ,day ( ,reckon+1 ,!e only d we wor%ip & adore1 ,to ,!e1 mo/ m]ciful1 we cry = help2 ,o guide u ev] m on ! /raight pa?1 ,! pa? ( ^? to :om ,?\ graci\s art ,on :om ,?9e ang] falls n !n nor n[1 ,! pa? ( !m t f ,!e g n /ray4 ,am54 ,grant t ! k ,i get may be ! k wor? hav+4--,?omas a ,kempis4 ,,notes ,,on ,,islam ,note #a4 ,introduction4 ,two ( y--,lateef & ,altaf--w recollect t m ?an a ye> ago y wrote to me say+ t y 7 puzzl$ by c]ta9 que/ions :i* a ,mission>y _h put to y4 ,i rememb] t ,amjud or ,mahmood ev5 w5t s f> z to ask :at 0 ! good ( ,islam1 :5 c\ntries & p pr(ess+ t fai? _h weak gov]nm5ts & 7 crumbl+ to pieces "u ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian ,p[]s4#b ,i answ]$ y\r qu]ies only 9 a g5]al way z y\r ,univ]sity education _h n !n advanc$ f> en\gh4 ,b ,i ?9k ! "t has n[ come :5 ,i %\ld try to expla9 to y :at ,i conceive to be ! true _s ( ! religion ( our =e-fa!rs4 ,i firmly believe t ,islam is ! be/#c religion 9 ! _w--,i mean1 ,islam rightly und]/ood & int]pret$ & n ! ,muhammadanism#d ( "s ( our =mul>i/ ,maulavies1#e :o say t a man goes to ,hell or ,heav5 accord+ z he we>s 8 tr\s]s l[] or high] ?an 8 ankles6 ,!y h degrad$ our religion by pay+ undue att5tion to =mulas & =ms to ! exclusion & neglect ( its liv+ _s & reality#f4 ,! poet ,hafiz rightly /igmatis$ _! va9 controv]sies :5 he said t ,p]sian3 ,*on nadid5 haghighat afsaneh zad5d s9ce !y did n see ! fact1 !y ran aft] fiction4 ,i am m ?an ev] conv9c$ ( two *>act]i/ics ( ,islam3-- #a/4--,x is n inconsi/5t ) true ,*ri/ianity1 or ) any o!r true religion#g ( :i* ! fundam5tal pr9ciple is ,arabic3 ,ta:id ,"o ,god ,arabic3 wadah la arka lah ! ,pe]less ,"o4#h #bnd4--,x con=ms to mod]n sci5tific ideas bett] ?an any o!r religion4 ,i h already expla9$1 9 "s ( my lett]s#i to y1 :y ,i believe t ,islam is b a cont9uation & consummation ( ,*ri/ianity z taught by ,jesus himself 9 8 own spee*es :i* are report$ 9 ! ,synoptic ,gospels ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,we h no?+ to d ) ! int]pretation ( 8 words by 8 ,apo/les & o!rs aft] !m4 ,if we take ! pla9 words & ! pla9 mean+ ( ^? words report$ to h proce$$ f 8 own bless$ m\?1#aj we cle>ly see t !y tea* ! same sublime tru?s z our ,prophet himself inculcat$4 ,jesus did n live long to complete 8 mission1 ,muhammad complet$ x4 ,bo? 7 ,god's holy mess5g]s ,arabic3 ,rusul-u-llah4 ,says ! ,qur'an3 ,?is day ,i h complet$ y\r religion = y4 ,arabic3 l-yawma akmaltu lakum dnakum ,i ne$ n n[ g into details1 or ref] to o!r religions1 to %ew t ! _s ( ,islam is n inconsi/5t ) _! true _s1 if rightly conceiv$ & int]pret$ 9 ! light ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,i hope ,i %all be able "s day to write d[n ! result ( my own ?\ght & inve/igation 9 ! matt]4 ,i cont5t myself at pres5t ) draw+ y\r att5tion to ! fir/ *>act]i/ic ( ,islam1 & ,i propose to write a few ,notes to draw y\r special att5tion to its second *>act]i/ic :i* is ! m rem>kable--! *>act]i/ic t x is q consi/5t ) mod]n ideas ( sci5ce4 ,no sci5tific idea influ5c$ ! ?\ght ( ! la/ c5tury m pr(\ndly ?an ! idea ( progress or developm5t embodi$ 9 :at is call$ ! ,law ( ,evolution4 ,x is n[ widely accept$4 ,y w be surpris$ to "k t _m an ,islamic t5et is entirely 9 accord ) x4 ,inde$ ,maulana ,rumi outl9$ x poetically 9 8 fam\s ,masnavi 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury1 9 ! same mann] z ,"l ,t5nyson did 9 8 ,pr9cess 9 ! n9ete5?4 ,i desire t y %\ld try to und]/& x 9 its mod]n =m4 ,i /rongly recomm5d t y %\ld read an admirable book by ,edw>d ,clodd call$ ,! ,/ory ( ,creation#aa4 ,:5 ,i fir/ read x1 "s ye>s ago1 ,i felt x 0 z pleasant & int]e/+ z a novel4 ,its introduction & ,"p ,,ii are q easy to read4 ,!y w give y a v good idea ( ! great revolution :i* ,d>w9 & ,wallace1 ,huxley & ,sp5c] h wr\ght 9 ! ?\ght ( our own times4 ,note #b4 ,! ,fir/ ,*apt] ( ! ,qur'an4 ,! foll[+ is a translation ( ! ,op5+ ,*apt] ( our ,holy ,qur'an4 ,i h analys$ x by plac+ ,roman & ,arabic num]als1 ! fir/ indicat+ v]ses ,arabic3 ayyat & ! second indicat+ sub-divisions ( v]ses4 ,op5+ ,*apt]4 ,arabic3 ,sura al-ftia ,9 ! ,"n ( ,god ! ,arabic3 bi-smi llhi r-ramni r-ram ,compassionate1 ! ,m]ciful4 ,i4 ,praise be to ,god1 ,arabic3 al-amdu li-llhi 4,i 7#a7 ,"l 7,n\ri%]7 ,arabic3 rabbi l-lamn 7#a7 ( ! ,worlds1 7#b7 ! ,compassionate1 ,arabic3 ar-ramni r-ram 7#b7 ! ,m]ciful 7#c7 ,k+ ( ! ,day ,arabic3 mliki yawmi d-dn 7#c7 ( ,reckon+ 7 day ( judgm5t47 ,,ii4 4,,ii 7#a7 ,!e only d we ,arabic3 iyyka nabudu 7#a7 wor%ip1 7#b7 & ,!e only d ,arabic3 wa-iyyka na/an 7#b7 we ask = aid4 7#c7 ,guide u 9 ! ,arabic3 ihd9 -ira l-mu/aqm 7#c7 "r ,pa? 7t is7 ,,iii4 ! ,pa? ( ^? ,arabic3 ira llana 4,,iii 7#a7 to :om ,?\ ,arabic3 anamta alayhim 7#a7 art graci\s1 7#b7 :o are n objects ,arabic3 ayri l-mabi alayhim 7#b7 ( wra?1 7#c7 & :o g n ,arabic3 wa-l -lln 7#c7 a/ray4 ,am5#ab ,arabic3 mn ,! :ole ,sura divides itself into ?ree p>ts & ea* "p into ?ree divisions ?us3-- ,"p ,i4--,nature ( ,god4 ,?ree pr9cipal attributes ( ,god3-- 7#a7 ,creator or ,n\ri%] ,arabic3 ,rab 7#b7 ,protector ,arabic3 ramni wa r-ram 7#c7 ,adju/] ,arabic3 mliki yawmi d-dn ,"p ,,ii4--,man's duty to ,god lies 91 7#a7 ,wor%ip ,arabic3 ibdat 7#b7 ,seek+ ,8 ,protection ,arabic3 ,i/i'ant 7#c7 ,seek+ ,8 ,guidance ,arabic3 ,i/ihd ,"p ,,iii4--,! ,/raight ,pa? ,arabic3 islm madhab = ,man be+3-- 7#a7 ! pa? ( ,grace 7 pa? ( ^? :o obta9 ,grace7 7#b7 n ! ,pa? ( ,s9 7pa? ( ^? :o delib]ately g wrong74 7#c7 nor ! ,pa? ( ,error 7pa? ( ^? :o by mi/ake g a/ray74 ,obs]ve3-- 7a7 ,ea* ( ! ?ree duties 9 ! second "p corresponds ) ! ?ree attributes m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ "p4 7b7 ,! ?ird "p1 ! ,pa? ( ,grace1 i4e41 ! /raight pa?1 is ! mean betwe5 two extremes--! pa? ( delib]ate s9n]s on ! "o h& & ! pa? ( unwitt+ /raggl]s on ! o!r4 7c7 ,! ,islamic pray] is simpl] ?an ! ,*ri/ian pray]4 ,i d n say ! "o is good & ! o!r is bad4 ,no2 bo? are v good inde$1 b ! "o seems simpl] ?an ! o!r4 ,comp>e !m4 ,! ,*ri/ian ,pray]4 ,! ,muslim ,pray]4 ,,! ,,"l',s ,,pray]4 ,,! ,,fatiha4 ,adoration4 ,adoration4 7a7 ,our ,fa!r :i* art 9 7a7 ,praise be to ,god1 ,"l heav51 ,hall[$ be ?y ( ! worlds1 ! compassionate1 "n4 ,?y ,k+dom ! m]ciful1 ,k+ ( ! day come4 ( reckon+4 ,submission4 ,submission4 7b7 ,?y w be done 9 e>? 7b7 ,!e only d we wor%ip & z x is 9 heav54 ( ,!e only d we ask aid4 ,supplication4 ,supplication4 7c7 ,give u ?is day our daily 7c7 ,guide u into ! "r bread4 ,& =give u our pa?--! pa? ( ^? debts z we =give our to :om ,?\ ha/ debtors4 be5 graci\s1 ,& lead u n into n ! pa? ( ^? temptation1 b deliv] :o are ! objects u f evil3 = ,?9e ( wra? nor ( ^? is ! ,k+dom1 & ! :o h gone a/ray4 p[]1 & ! glory = ,am54 ev]4 ,am54 ,/4 ,mat!w1 vi #i-ac4 ,! ,qur'an1 i4 ,if y w c>efully comp>e ! p>ts ( ea* ,pray] :i* ,i h writt5 z sep>ate p>agraphs m>k$ 7a71 7b7 & 7c71 y w obs]ve t !re is diff]5ce only 9 ! language1 b no diff]5ce :atev] 9 ! real mean+4 ,!re is 9 bo? ,pray]s absolutely ! same _s ( 7a7 ,adoration1 7b7 ,submission1 & 7c7 ,supplication4 ,bo? beg9 ) ! praise ( ! ,"l to :om all praise is due4 ,?is is foll[$ 9 bo? by an expression ( our entire dep5d5ce on ,him & submission to ,8 w4 ,la/ly1 !re is solicitation = guidance1 positive & negative1 viz41 guidance t[>ds "r action & guidance = avoid+ temptation4 ,! ?ree p>ts 7a71 7b7 & 7c7 ( ! ,*ri/ian z well z ( ! ,muslim ,pray] are 9 p]fect accord ) ! results ( a comp>ative /udy ( ! religi\s sy/ems ( ! _w4 ,!y correspond to ?ree ess5tial elem5ts 9 all religions1 viz41 7a7 ,belief 9 ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,p[] :i* is ,inf9ite & ,absolute1 7b7 ,feel+ ( man's entire dep5d5ce on t ,p[]1 & 7c7 ,desire to seek or solicit guidance ( t ,p[] 9 ! daily life ( man4 ,y w ?us see t bo? ! ,"l's ,pray] 9 ! ,bible & ! ,op5+ ,*apt] ( ! ,qur'an g to ! roots ( all religions ev] pr(ess$ by man4 ,!y are truly ,univ]sal ,pray]s4 ,no man ne$ hesitate to jo9 9 ! solemn recitation ( ei!r4 ,we ought to view all mono!i/ic religions--religions :i* enjo9 belief 9 "o ,god--9 ! _s 9 :i* ,/4 ,pet] view$ !m :5 he said 7,acts x4 #cd-e73 ,( a tru? ,i p]ceive t ,god is no respect] ( p]sons1 b 9 e nation he t fe>e? ,him & worke? righte\sness is accept$ ) ,him4 ,! same is ! _s ( ! (t-repeat$ def9ition ( ',muslims' 9 ! ,qur'an3 ,arabic3 llana man m9kum wa-amil -lit ^? :o believe & "w righte\sness4 ,tru/ 9 ! ,"l & d good1 z ! psalm says4 ,note #c4 ,i4--,:at is ,religion8 ,i h said t true ,islam is ! be/ religion 9 ! _w4 ,i mu/ prove my ass]tion4 ,9 ord] to d s ,i h to expla93-- ,i4 ,:at d ,i mean by religion8 ,,ii4 ,:at is true ,islam8 ,,iii4 ,:y is x ! be/ religion8 ,i4--,religion1 ,god & ,nature4 ,religion4--,no ?9k+ man c help ask+ himself ! que/ions3 ,:5ce has ?is _w come8 ,:i!r is x b\nd to g8 9 o!r words1 ,:at 0 ! orig9 7,arabic3 mabd7 & :at w be ! end 7,arabic3 ma'd7 ( ! _w ( m51 animals1 plants & ?+s t ,i p]ceive8 ,! answ]s :i* ea* man gives to ^! que/ions con/itute 8 religion4 ,a few e>ne/ p]sons 7poets1 philosoph]s & !ologians7 try to answ] ^! que/ions = !mselves by pati5t /udy & e>ne/ ?\ght#ac4 ,b a l>ge majority ( m5 & wom5 m]ely take ! answ]s taught !m by _! p>5ts1 tea*]s or prie/s4 ,!re may possibly be a small numb] ( m5 :o d n tr\ble !mselves ab\t ^! que/ions4 ,^! are n ?9k+ m5 & may !re=e be left out ( acc\nt4 ,religion is a sil5t & subtle p[] t works 9 ! he>t ( man & makes = righte\sness4 ,x is g5]at$ by 8 conviction z to ! beg9n+ & end ( himself & ! _w 9 :i* he lives & moves#ad4 ,god4--,no intellig5t & intelligible answ]s c be giv5 to que/ions z to ! orig9 & ! end or ! gov]nm5t ( ,nature#ae )\t assum+ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,"o & only "o ,god :o is ,inf9ite & ,absolute1 i4e41 ,"o :o ha? nei!r beg9n+ nor end & :o is n condition$ or limit$ by any?+ :atev]#af4 ,! ,inf9ite & ,absolute ,"o has be5 call$ by diff]5t names by diff]5t p at diff]5t times#ag4 ,yezdan1 ,i%w>a1 ,jehovah1 ,god1 & ,allah are ! names1 9 diff]5t languages1 ( ! same ,inf9ite & ,absolute ,god4 ,god ( ! ,granite & ! ,rose ,s\l ( ! ,sp>r[ & ! ,bee6 ,! mighty tide ( be+ fl[s ,?r\gh c\ntless *annels1 ,"l1 f ,!e4 99,conceptions ( ,god1 ,8 attributes1 & ,8 relation to ,nature4--,^! h be5 & w ev] be _m & v>i\s4 ,b ,i summ>ise ?ree pr9cipal conceptions "u ea* head1 = ,i believe t o!r ideas1 notions or conceptions are b comb9ations ( two or m ( ^!3-- ,i4 ,conceptions ( ,god3-- #a4 ,god z ! ,ultimate ,law4 #b4 ,god z ! ,omnipot5t ,en]gy or ,p[]4 #c4 ,god z ! ,supreme ,be+ or ,p]son#ah4 ,,ii4 ,notions ( ,god's pr9cipal attributes3-- #a4 ,god z ,creator or ,n\ri%]4 #b4 ,god z ,pres]v] or ,protector4 #c4 ,god z ,adju/] or ,judge#ah4 99 ,p>agraphs m>k$ ) a/]isks & _! footnotes may be omitt$ at ! fir/ read+4 ,,iii4 ,ideas ( ,god's relation ) ,nature#bj 7i4e41 ) ! _w ( m51 animals1 plants & o!r objects1 & _! int]-relations1 ( :i* m5 are aw>e73-- #a4 ,all is f ,god ,god is above ,nature :i* ,he creat$ & gov]ns 7,!ism74 #b4 ,god is 9 ,all ,god is 9 ,nature al?\gh ,nature is n ,god 7,pan5!ism74 #c4 ,god is ,all ,god is ,nature & ,nature is ,god 7,pan!ism7#ba4 99 ,! above is b a r\gh summ>y4 ,i h nei!r "t nor space to expla9 & illu/rate x4 ,i h v5tur$ to give "s h9ts--imp]fect h9ts1 ,i fe>--9 ! footnotes4 ,i may h[ev] /ate "h t1 ( ! above ?ree conceptions1 notions or ideas ,islam accepts ! m$ium or ! middle "o :i*1 z a little ?\ght w %[1 includes ! o!r two conceptions also4 ,y ne$ n at pres5t try to und]/& ! summ>y or ! words giv5 9 brackets4 ,my subsequ5t ,notes w expla9 x to "s ext5t4 ,please rememb] t !re are _m m5 & _m m9ds1 & t !re are likely to be z _m religions1 z _m conceptions ( ,god1 z _m notions ( ,8 attributes1 & z _m ideas ( ! beg9n+ or end ( ?+s1 7,arabic3 mabd' wa ma'd7 z !re are ?9k+ m9ds#bb4 ,let me conclude ?is ,note ) a %ort answ] to ! "q :y religion is necess>y to ,man#bc4 ,no society is possible )\t religion1 because ( ! dual nature ( ,man4 ,z our poet says1 ,p]sian3 ba bahaa'm bahra d>i ba malaa'ik neez ham & z all mod]n m5 ( sci5ce 7su* z ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge & o!rs7 admit1 !re is a high] & a l[] 9 e man's nature1 ! "o lifts him up & ! o!r pulls him d[n 9 ! scale ( animal & social exi/5ce4 ,religion is necess>y 9 ord] t e man's high] nature may conqu] 8 l[] nature 9 ord] t he may become a social be+ :o is virtu\s & does good ( 8 own accord1 & may n rema9 a m]e bea/ :om ! :ip alone prev5ts f do+ mis*ief4 ,x is religion t fo/]s high-?9k+ & holy-liv+1 s necess>y = ! advancem5t ( ! human race4 ,note #d4 ,,ii4--,:at is true ,islam8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is conta9$ )9 ! f\r corn]s1 z x 71 ( ! ,op5+ ,sura#bd ,arabic3 ,sura al-ftia :i* is a g5]al summ>y ( ! :ole ,qur'an4 ,i h already analys$ x & ask$ y to comp>e x ) ! ,*ri/ian pray] call$ ! ,"l's pray]4 ,i am sure y h not$ & admir$ its simplicity & cle>ness & its almo/ sci5tific precision & compreh5siv5ess4 ,i am only amplify+ :at ,i h already said :5 ,i say t ! ,sura tea*es ?ree c>d9al & et]nal tru?s3-- #a/4--,!re is b ,"o ,god :o has creat$ ! worlds1 ma9ta9s !m1 & rules !m4 ,9 ! inimitable words ( ! ,sura ( ,purity4 ,arabic3 ,sura al-il ,arabic3 qul huwa llhu aad ,say1 ,god is "o4 ,"o4 ,arabic3 allhu -amad ,god is ,et]nal4 ,inf9ite4 ,arabic3 lam yalid ,he does n beget ,arabic3 wa-lam ylad nor is ,he begott54 ,absolute4#be ,arabic3 wa-lam yakun lah kufuwan aad & ,he ha? no ki? or k94 #bndly4--7a7 ,god be+ our ,creator1 we h to wor%ip1 adore & love ,him & ,him alone4 ,?is is ! duty we owe to ,god4 7b7 ,aga91 ,god be+ our m]ciful ,pres]v]1 we h to seek ! protection ( ,him & ,him alone4 ,?is is ! duty we owe to ourselves4 7c7 ,f9ally1 ,god be+ our ,judge or ,rul]1 we h to solicit guidance ( ,him & ,him alone4 ,?is is ! duty we owe to our fell[-creatures 7includ+ l[] animals7 9 ! _w we live 94 ,y mu/ n fall into ! error ( believ+ t ,god is ,creator at "o "t or place1 t ,he is ,ma9ta9] or ,pres]v] at ano!r "t or place1 & t ,he is ,judge or ,rul] at a ?ird "t or place4 ,no1 no2 ,he1 be+ ! ,"o & only ,god1 is all ! ?ree toge!r1 ,creator1 ,pres]v] & ,rul]1 at all times & 9 all places4 ,x is we :o1 9 ord] to und]/& ,him prop]ly & adore ,him rightly1 sep>ate 9 our m9ds ,8 ?ree pr9cipal attributes1 & ?9k ( ,him z our ,creator :5 we wor%ip ,him1 ?9k ( ,him z our ,pres]v] :5 we seek ,8 protection1 & ?9k ( ,him z our ,rul] or ,judge :5 we solicit ,8 guidance4 ,x is only we1 f9ite & condition$ creatures1 t are ti$ d[n to & limit$ by "t1 place & circum/ances4 ,to ,god !re are none su*4 ,he is ! ,"o ,inf9ite & ,absolute1 ! ,"o :o ha? nei!r beg9n+ nor end--! ,"o :o is absolutely unlimit$ & uncondition$ by "t1 place1 circum/ances1 or any?+ else4 ,?is is ! ,islamic conception or idea ( ,god4 #crdly4--,:at does ! ,sura tea* u z to ! guidance :i* we h to ask ( ,god 9 our deal+s ) our fell[-creatures8 ,x is guidance into ! /raight pa?4 ,:at is ! /raight pa?8 ,x is ! pa? ( righte\sness or ! pa? ( ,grace :i* is betwe5 two extremes1 ! pa? ( ,s9 & ! pa? ( ,error4 ,a ,muslim's "r pa?1 i4e41 8 "r c\rse ( conduct1 lies betwe5 two extreme pa?s or c\rses ( conduct1 viz41 on ! "o h&1 ! pa? ( ^? :o s91 :o kn[+ly & delib]ately g aga9/ ! w ( ,god1 :i* is manife/ 9 ,nature1 & on ! o!r h&1 ! pa? ( ^? :o unwitt+ly1 ?r\gh ignorance1 g aga9/ ,8 w4 ,! "r pa? lies ?us3-- ,pa? ( ,s9 ,pa? ( ,grace ,pa? ( ,error :i* leads :i* leads to :i* leads to to ru9 or et]nal bliss4 confusion worse de/ruction4 conf\nd$4 ,y ?us see t true ,islam consi/s 9 a ?reefold duty to ,god1 to oneself1 & to o!rs1 & ?is duty is to be dis*>g$ by simply adopt+1 "u ,god's guidance1 ! mean betwe5 two extremes4 ,z our ,prophet has pi?ily express$ x ,arabic3 khair ul umoor-e ausatiha1 ! be/ ( ?+s is ! m$ium ?+4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple :i* und]lies ev]y?+ :i* is ,islamic or ,muslim4#bf ,please rememb] x1 z also ! ?ree-fold ,islamic ,duty3-- 7a7 ,duty to ,god1 :i* is ,wor%ip or ,adoration imply+1 z x does1 complete submission to ,8 w ,arabic3 islm 7b7 ,duty to y\rself1 :i* is self-pres]vation or self-p]fection ,arabic3 ,aslm 7c7 ,duty to o!rs1 :i* is peace & good w t[>ds !m ,arabic3 islm ,islam#bg z a religion means no?+ m nor less ?an ^? ?ree duties4 ,islam is n ,philosophy1 mu* less is x ,sci5ce4 ,x is b a ,religion1 an attitude ( man's m9d t[>ds 8 environm5t--! attitude ( self t[>ds o!rs & ,god4 ,bo? ,philosophy & ,sci5ce influ5ce "o's attitude ( m9d4 ,to t ext5t ,islam has to reckon ) bo?4 ,x is !re=e t ,sufis & o!r philosophic sects h ris5 9 ,islam f "t to "t4 ,! sph]e ( ,islam is ,fai? manife/+ itself 9 good works2 & ! sph]es ( ,sci5ce & ,philosophy are ,k & ,reason4 ,! latt] (t5 come into contact ) ! =m]1 b c nev] be id5tifi$ ) x4 ,note #e4 ,:at is n ,islam4 ,9 my previ\s ,note ,i tri$ to sket* briefly :at is true ,islam4 ,i n[ (f] a few obs]vations on1 or illu/rations (1 :at is n ,islam4 ,9 ord] to "k any?+ q well1 x is desirable n only to "k :at x is b also to "k :at x is n4 #a4 ,! religion taught by ! ,qur'an & ! ,traditions ,arabic3 ahdi? ( our ,prophet is ,islam & n ,muhammadanism1 z x is (t5 nam$4 ,^? :o pr(ess ,islam are ,muslims & n ,muhammadans1 z !y are call$4 ,! ^w ,musalman is b a corruption ( ! ,arabic plural ,arabic3 muslimn_/muslimn ( ! s+ul> ,arabic3 ,muslim4 ,we & our religion h be5 call$#bh aft] ! "n ( ,muhammad j z ! t]ms ,*ri/ians & ,*ri/ianity h be5 d]iv$ f ! "n ,*ri/4 ,b ,muhammadanism & ,muhammadans are n at all ! correct names ( ,islam & ,muslims z y w pres5tly see4#bi #b4 ,f ! po9t ( view ( ,islam1 all religions may be divid$ ?us3 ,religions are ei!r1 ------------------------------ ,false3 be+ beliefs ,true3 be+ beliefs 9 m gods ?an or 9 "o & only ,god2 "o1 & ,true ,religions 7,pa?s ( ,s97 are ei!r1 -------------------- ,pure1 su* z ,mix$1 su* z true ,islam religions :i* unmix$ ) any mix up inconsi/5t inconsi/5t or ideas ) ideas4 ! idea ( "o ,god4 7,pa?s ( ,grace7 7,pa?s ( ,error7 ,obs]ve t a pure ,religion1 su* z true ,islam1 comes 9 betwe5 false ,religions & mi/ak5 or mix$ ,religions1 j z ! ,quranic ,pa? ( ,grace lies betwe5 ! ,pa? ( ,s9 & ! ,pa? ( ,error4 ,x is ! mean betwe5 two extremes4 #c4 ,x is n ,islam to believe t !re has be5 no true religion besides ,islam4#cj ,su* an errone\s belief leads to intol]ance1 !reby begett+ bigotry & fanaticism ,arabic3 taa'ssub4 ,x is contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ! ,qur'an & ! ,prophet4 ,! fir/ v]se ( ! second ,sura ,arabic3 ,baqrah -l-m comm&s u to believe 9 n only :at 0 reveal$ to ,muhammad b also 9 :at 0 reveal$ to ^? :o w5t be=e him4 ,x cle>ly indicates t !re are1 & w ev] be1 _m true religions ( :i* ,islam is "o4 ,almo/ ! fir/ say+ ( our ,prophet report$ 9 collections ( 8 traditions ,arabic3 ahaadi? is :oev] says '!re is no god b ,god1' w atta9 ,salvation i4e41 w obta9 et]nal bliss4 ,?is %ews cle>ly t all religions :i* inculcate belief 9 "o ,god are true religions--are "r ,pa?s ( ,grace :i* lead to et]nal bliss4 ,obs]ve t mo/ ,muhammadans 7n ,muslims7 ( to-day h =gott5 ?is pr9ciple & h !re=e become intol]ant fanatics1#ca :i* acc\nts l>gely = ! loss ( political p[] ( mo/ ,muhammadan ,gov]nm5ts ( mod]n times4 #d4 ,nei!r is x ,islam to believe t all religions are true4 ,su* an errone\s belief leads to indiff]5ce1 !reby begett+ caprice & impiety4 ,x is obvi\sly contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ! ,qur'an & ! ,prophet1 = !y bo? d5\nce _m a false religion4 ,if ev]ybody ?9ks t e religion is true1 !re w be no two m5 pr(ess+ ! same religion1 & !re w be no real agreem5t betwe5 _! ?\ghts & actions4 ,co-op]ation#cb ,arabic3 ittifq wa ittihd among m5 7:i* is ! root ( ,family1 ,society & ,/ate7 w\ld t5d to become impossible4 ,note t x is ! indiff]5ce to religion & ! consequ5t impiety ( "s ( ! ,muhammadans ( to-day t acc\nts mo/ly = _! lack ( co-op]ation1 & = _! loss ( political p[] 9 mod]n times4 ,degradation is ! lot ( fai?less ,muslims1 = z ! ,qur'an says1 ,ye w be exalt$ only if ye be fai?ful ,muslims4 ,f :at has be5 said y c easily inf] t we %\ld adopt ! mean betwe5 two extremes & mu/ !re=e believe t nei!r are all religions true nor are !y all false1 b t "s religions are true & t ,islam is "o ( !m4 ,! *>act]i/ic m>k ( true religions is belief 9 "o ,god2 & ?is inde$ is ! reason :y ,muslims are p]mitt$ to eat & live )1 & ev5 m>ry1 ,jewesses1 ,*ri/ians & o!rs :o believe 9 "o ,god & possess sacr$ ,scriptures4 #e4 ,i1 = "o1 w\ld n hesitate to call all ,mono!i/s 7,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 & o!r ,unit>ians ,arabic3 muwahidd97 ,muslims1 because !y believe 9 "o ,god3 b ,i w\ld n call !m ,mom9s ,arabic3 ,mom9s11 because !y d n believe 9 "o ,god 9 accordance ) ! tea*+ ( our ,prophet4 ,y "k t our ,cre$ ,arabic3 kalimah consi/s ( two p>ts3-- 7i7 ,!re is no god b ,god1 7ii7 ,& ,muhammad is ,8 ,mess5g]4 ,^? :o believe 9 ! fir/ "p are ,muslims 7,arabic3 ,muslim ! peaceful7#cc & ^? :o believe 9 ! fir/ z well z ! second "p ( ! ,cre$ are ,mom9s 7,arabic3 ,mum9s ! fai?ful74 ,bo? ,muslims & ,mom9s are believ]s 9 "o ,god2 ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m is t ,muslims may n 7l ,mom9s7 accept ,muhammad z _! guide 9 ! belief4 ,! ,qur'an 7iii4 #hc7 def9es ,islam ?us3-- ,say ye2 ,we believe 9 ,god1 & t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n 7reveal$7 to u1 & t :i* ha? be5 s5t d[n to ,abraham & ,ismail & ,issac & ,jacob & ! tribes2 & t :i* ha? be5 giv5 to ,moses & to ,jesus & t :i* 0 giv5 to ! ,prophets f _! ,"l4 ,no diff]5ce d we make betwe5 !m--& to ,god we are resign$ 7,muslims74 #f4 ,!re is no deity b ,god4 ,s9ce ,god is ,"o1 ,8 ,revelation to ,man _c be o!r ?an "o & ! same = all "t4 ,!re has !re=e be5 & w ev] be b "o true religion4 ,t religion is ,islam4 ,arabic3 inna d-dna inda llhi l-islm ,v]ily ! 7only7 religion ) ,god is ,islam 7,q4 iii #ai74 ,all ! prophets f ,adam to ,muhammad receiv$ b "o & ! same ,revelation & !re=e prea*$ ,islam & ,islam only4 ,arabic3 lika d-dnu l-qayyim ,x 0 7& is7 ! /&>d religion--,q4 xii4 #dj4cd ,:5ev] any p w5t a/ray & des]t$ ,islam = idolatry a prophet arose among !m to prea* ,islam & br+ !m back to righte\sness4#ce ,ea* prophet or mess5g] ( ,god did no?+ b try to re/ore ! univ]sal religion to its pri/9e simplicity & purity4 ,x 0 only 9 int]pret+ ! ,revelation & apply+ x to ! practical ne$s ( _! age1 t successive prophets & _! foll[]s diff]$2 & ! diff]5ces gave rise to ! s-call$ religions & religi\s sy/ems ( ! _w4 ,note #f4 ,islam & n-,islam4 ,i mu/ devote ?is ,note also to my obs]vations on ,islam & n-,islam 9 ord] to prep>e y = a j appreciation ( my cont5tion t !re are _m good religions 9 ! _w b ,islam is ! be/ ( !m#cf4 #a4 ,! ,prophet ,muhammad liv$ & di$ m ?an ?irte5 hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,!re are n[ on ! face ( ! e>? no less ?an #bej millions 7 #be crores7 ( human be+s :o pr(ess 8 religion1 & :o love & respect him j z 8 own imm$iate foll[]s lov$ & respect$ him4 ,^! two simple facts are en\gh to prove-- 7#a7 t !re mu/ be some?+ real & true 9 ! religion pr(ess$ by s _m p1 & 7#b7 t ! man :o prea*$ & e/abli%$ x mu/ h be5 bo? great & good to an extraord9>y degree2 = common exp]i5ce leads u to conclude 7a7 t no?+ :i* is false or unreal c survive c5turies ( *ange & 7b7 t none :o is n good & great c be lov$ & respect$ by millions ( m54 ,no ,muslim or ,mom9 ne$ !re=e believe 9 any ?+ m ?an3-- 7i7 t ,islam is a real & true religion1 & 7ii7 t ,muhammad 0 a v great & good man4#cg ,?us1 y\r belief 9 "o ,god ,arabic3 l ilha illlh makes y a ,muslim#ch 7 peaceful71 no matt] by :at o!r "n y call y\rself2 & y\r belief 9 ! goodness & greatness#ci ( ,muhammad ,arabic3 ,muhammad raslullah makes y a ,mum9 7 fai?ful71 no matt] by :at "n o!rs may call y4 ,let me quote "h a passage f ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold's ,preface to 8 beautiful poem ,! ,pe>ls ( ,fai?3 ! ,n9ety-,n9e ,names ( ,allah3 ,arabic3 asmu l-usn ,! s\l ( ,islam is its decl>ation ( ! unity ( ,god3 its he>t is ! inculcation ( an absolute resignation to ,8 w4 ,n m sublime1 9 religi\s hi/ory appe>s ! figure ( ,paul ! t5t-mak]1 proclaim+ '! ,unkn[n ,god' at ,a!ns1 ?an t ( ! camel-driv] ,muhammad1 son ( ,abdullah & ,am9a1 aboli%+ all ! idols ( ! ,arabian ,pan!on1 except _! *ief--,allahu ta ',ala1 ,god ! ,mo/ ,high--& "u t anci5t & well-receiv$ appellation e/abli%+ ! "o-ness ( ! orig91 gov]nm5t1 & life ( ! ,univ]se4 ,!reby t m>vell\s & gift$ ,tea*] creat$ a va/ empire ( new belief & new civilization1 & prep>$ a six? "p ( humanity = ! developm5ts & reconciliations :i* lat] times w br+4 ,= ,islam mu/ be conciliat$2 x _c be ?ru/ scornfully aside or root$ out4 ,x %>es ! task ( ! education ( ! _w ) its si/] religions1 & x w contribute its ev5tual portion to --t f>-(f div9e ev5t ,t[>ds :i* ! :ole creation moves4 ,! italics are m9e4 ,i %all h to ref] to !m 9 my subsequ5t ,notes4 ,obs]ve1 ! cosmopolitan poet uses only ! ^w ,islam & n ,muhammadanism4 #b4 ,x is n ,islam or ,eman ,arabic3 mn to deify ,muhammad or to repres5t him to be ak9 to ,god1 z sometimes "s ,m\lvies repres5t him & call him ! ,"o 7,ahad7 9 ! guise ( ,ahmad#dj4 ,our ,prophet himself nev] claim$ t he 0 any?+ m ?an a m]e man4 ,inde$1 he taught u all to say ,arabic3 ,a%-hadu all ilha illallh1 wa ,a%-hadu anna ,muhammadan raslullh t he 0 b a s]vant & mess5g] ( ,god4 ,! only ?+ he ev] claim$ = himself 0 t ,god _h *os5 him to be a mess5g] ,arabic3 rasl payghamb> to convey ,8 messages to m54 ,t an imm5se mass ( fable & silly leg5d1 says ,rodwell1 has be5 built up ^u ! basis ( ! ,qur'an1 is beyond a d\bt2 b = ?is ,muhammad is n answ]able1#da any m ?an he is = ! wild & blood?ir/y excesses ( 8 foll[]s 9 aft] ages4 #c4 ,god's messages :i* ,muhammad deliv]$ to m5 7 all collect$ soon aft] 8 dea? & are pres]v$ intact 9 a rem>kable book call$ ! ,,qur',,an--a book :i* has liv$ ?r\gh no less ?an ?irte5 c5turies )\t und]go+ ! lea/ alt]ation 9 a s+le ^w or ev5 a dot6 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! messages conta9$ 9 ! ,qur'an & ! ord9>y say+s ( ! ,prophet report$ 9 books on ,hadis ,arabic3 hadi? is simply ?is3--t :5 deliv]+ ,god's messages ,muhammad himself felt1 & ^? :o 7 9 8 company witness$1 t he 0 inspir$ by "s div9e en]gy or p[] :i* impell$ him to say :at he said2 :]eas at o!r times1 :5 he 0 talk+ l an ord9>y man1 no signs ( div9e en]gy or inspiration 7 visible4 ,x w c>ry me too f> if ,i endeav\r to expla9 "h ! real nature ( ! div9e inspiration "u :i* he deliv]$ :at he & o!rs believ$ to be div9e messages4 ,y w und]/& x if y read su* books z ,pr(essor ,james's ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4 ,let u1 l good ,mom9s1 take x z a fact1 :at our ,prophet's intimate companions ,arabic3 bah v\*$1 t he appe>$ to be q a diff]5t man :5 he utt]$ su* messages4 ,_! /yle or matt] itself ev5 to ?is day proves to all unbiass$ m9ds t !y are no ord9>y say+s ( an ord9>y man4 ,!re is some?+ unique 9 !m :i* we c only feel b _c def9e or express 9 words4 ,ev5 hi/orians & biograph]s l ,gibbon & ,muir & translators l ,rodwell1 ,palm] & ,lane-,poole are oblig$1 9 spite ( !mselves1 to admit & admire1 :at "s ( !m call1 ! rugg$ gr&eur & eloqu5ce ( ! ,qur'an4 ,ev5 ,sale says t "s passages are really sublime4 #d4 ,we call ! ,qur'an ! ^w ( ,god1 *iefly because x conta9s messages ( high spiritual value deliv]$ by an illit]ate man l ,muhammad4 ,x is nei!r a hi/ory l "s ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 nor a biography l ! f\r ,gospels ( ! ,bible4 ,x is only a collection ( s]mons1 comm&s1 & in/ructions deliv]$ & issu$ f "t to "t z occasions requir$4 ,x conta9s1 inde$1 ref]5ces to /ories ( old] ,prophets & previ\s ev5ts well kn[n to ! p ( ,arabia4 ,b !y are less by way ( n>ration ?an by way ( illu/ration4 ,!y are p>ables m or less 7,arabic3 tilka l-amlu naribuh li-n-ns7#db4 ,comm5tators l ,zamakh-%>i 7,arabic3 tafsr-e-ka%%f7 & ,imam ,razi 7,arabic3 tafsr-e-kabr7 ^: le>n+ & au?ority _c be que/ion$1 h cle>ly prov$ t !re is no?+ 9 ! ,qur'an :i* is improbable or _c be rationally expla9$ to be q 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ,nature ,arabic3 qanun-u qadat4 ,if y read ,sir ,sy$ ,ahmad's ,comm5t>y ,arabic3 tafsir ahmadi or 8 ,essays ,arabic3 khutbt y w f9d rational explanations ( ! ideas ( ,p>adise & ,hell1 ! ,day ( ,judgm5t1#dc etc4 ,i ne$ n dwell on !m "h4 ,i w\ld h[ev] draw y\r att5tion to :at is call$ ! rule ( ,p>simony 9 ,?\ght :i* is 9 vogue among m5 ( ,sci5ce4 ,x is t if & :5 y c expla9 any?+ by :at is well-kn[n & und]/ood by e "o1 y %\ld n believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( sup]m5 or assume ! occurr5ce ( sup]natural ev5ts4 ,:51 = example1 we c expla9 any action ( ,muhammad z an ord9>y action ( a reasonable man1 we %\ld n assume or believe t he p]=m$ a miracle4 ,if we c expla9 ! defeat & discomfiture ( ,abraham's ,army by natural causes1 su* z an epidemic1 we ought n to assume ! occurr5ce ( any sup]natural ev5t#dd4 #e4 ,! ,qur'an does n fav\r any p>ticul> sy/em ( ,philosophy4 ,x leaves ,muslims free to adopt any sy/em ( ?\ght t comm5ds itself to !m1 provid$ t x is n inconsi/5t ) ! 7,arabic3 ta:d7 idea ( ! "o et]nal & absolute ,god4 ,?us ! ,qur'an conf9es itself to ! sph]e ( religion--! sph]e :]e man is br\ght face to face ) 8 ,god4 7a7 ,:at1 !n1 is ! object or aim ( ! ,qur'an8 ,to reveal a man unto himself4 ,arabic3 mun arafa nafsa hu arafa rabba hu 7,he :o has und]/ood himself has und]/ood 8 ,god47 7b7 ,:y %\ld a man be reveal$ unto himself8 ,9 ord] t he might "k 8 true relation ) ! re/ ( ! _w s t he might %ape 8 conduct accord+ly i4e41 be true to himself1 true to o!rs1 & true to 8 ,god 9 ?\ghts1 words1 & de$s4 7c7 ,h[ does ! ,qur'an reveal a man unto himself8 ,by %[+ him3-- 7#a7 ,god 9 ,hi/ory#de 7,arabic3 huwa l-awwalu wa-l-ir ,he is ! ,fir/ & ! ,la/47 7#b7 ,god 9 ,nature#df 7,arabic3 wa--hir ,he is ! ,manife/47 7#c7 ,god 9 ,man's ,consci5ce#dg 7,arabic3 wa-l-b9 & ,he is ! ,hidd5--,qur'an lvii4 #c47 ,9 ?is s5se ! ,qur'an is truly a revelation6 ,8 sign is 9 all ?+s1 99 ,arabic3 fa fi kulli ay9 lah ,indicat+ t ,he is ,"o4 99 ,arabic3 aayah n>al anna hu wid ,note #g4 ,,iii4--,:y is ,islam ! be/ religion8 ,my real task beg9s ) ?is ,note4 ,i h to expla9 to y :y ,i consid] ,islam#dh ! be/ ( ! religions t are n[ pr(ess$ by m5 all ov] ! _w4 ,m>k1 ,i d n say t o!r religions are n good1 b ,i only say t ,islam is ! be/ religion ( all ^? ,i "k4 ,:y d ,i say s8 ,because no o!r religion accords s well z ,islam ) ! mod]n ideas ( ,sci5ce4 ,by apply+ ! adjectives good1 bett] & be/ to religions1 ,i indicate ! degree to :i* ea* religion1 by its t5ets & tea*+1 induces m5 to seek _! welf>e ,arabic3 falh3 & by ! ^w ,sci5ce ,arabic3 ilm ,i mean simply ! sy/ematis$ k ( ?+s kn[n & kn[able4 ,sci5ce discov]s ?+s t are necess>y or desirable = human welf>e4 ,arts g5]ally %[ ! way 9 :i* ^? ?+s c be obta9$ or manufactur$4 ,gov]nm5ts provide1 or ought to provide1 facilities = sci5tific inve/igation & = improvem5t 9 arts4 ,& x is ,religion t %\ld move m5 to take ! fulle/ advantage ( ! sci5ce & arts ( ! "t4 ,y may take a horse to a riv] b y _c make him dr9k unless he is ?ir/y4 ,if he is ?ir/y he w dr9k ( 8 own accord2 b if he is n1 nei!r ! appe>ance ( cle> wat]1 nor ! easy way to get at x1 nor inde$ y\r :ip or coax+ c ev] induce him to dr9k4 ,9 ! same way ,sci5ce may %[ y wat] or any?+ t is useful1 ,arts may %[ y diff]5t ways ( gett+ x1 ! ,gov]nm5t ( y\r ,/ate may (f] rew>ds or ev5 ?reat5 puni%m5t2 b y w n dr9k1 t is to say1 y w n take advantage ( ! good ?+s %[n y & plac$ at y\r disposal1 unless y are ?ir/y1 unless !re is some?+ 9 y :i* impels y to x4 ,?is ?ir/1 ?is some?+ t is ! mov+ =ce or motive1 is creat$ or furni%$ by ,religion4 ,! *ief use ( religion lies 9 ! desire t x fo/]s 9 m5 to live well1 & virtu\sly4#di ,x is true t = mo/ m5 ! fe> ( puni%m5t & ! hope ( rew>d1 ei!r "h or h]eaft]1 are motives = "r conduct3 & "s religions 7& ev5 ,islam z taught by "s ,m\lvies7 give gl[+ pictures ( ,heav5 & ,hell await+ good & bad p aft] dea?4#ej ,b ^! motives are unwor?y ( ! high] nature ,arabic3 qu wa ye malakti ( man4 ,!y are l ! crack ( a :ip or ! %[ ( gre5 grass to a horse t w n run4 ,!y are n s effective & la/+ z ! high spiritual motive = a virtu\s life furni%$ by true religion4 ,i _c dwell fur!r on ?is po9t )\t ent]+ ^u a philosophical or metaphysical discussion :i* is =eign to ! purpose ( ^! ,notes4 ,suffice x to say t ! spiritual or religi\s motive = virtu\s conduct is ! be/ ( all motives1 z x con=ms to ! high] or angelic ,arabic3 malakti nature ( man & assi/s him 9 subdu+ 8 l[] or animal ,arabic3 ba ha'i mi nature4#ea ,! son ( man is a unique & complex product 7( ,evolution7 :i* has comb9$ 9 him ! natures ( ,p]sian3 ,aadmi zada turfah m'a bo? ! angel & ! bea/4 joo ne a/ za fa-ri%-ta sa-ri%-ta ,if he leans t[>ds ! latt]1 hay wan g> kunad mayl e5 %uwad 8 animal nature1 he wa kum aze5 d> kunad qasn falls l[] ?an ! bea/ aan%uwad beh azaan4 itself1 b if he turns 8 att5tion to ! =m]1 8 angelic nature1 he rises high] ?an ! angel himself4 ,x is b religion1 true ,religion1 t enables ! son ( man i4e41 mank9d to surpass angels 9 godl9ess4 ,note1 ?is is exactly :at ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge says 9 8 book1 ,! ,sub/ance ( ,fai? alli$ ) ,sci5ce4 ,!re is ano!r use ( ,religion to :i* ,i %\ld ref] briefly be=e ,i pass on to ! ma9 argum5t4 ,y always int5d do+ _m ?+s b nev] succe$ 9 do+ !m all1 ei!r because y *ange y\r m9d or because somebody or some?+ prev5ts y f c>ry+ !m out4 ,x is nev]!less important to y\rself & society t y\r wi%es1 :i* are naturally m num]\s ?an y\r actions1 %\ld be z good z ! actions !mselves4 ,laws & social conv5tions _c adequately control !m1 = !y take acc\nt ( only outw>d manife/ations1 t is1 actions :i* fl[ or result f y\r inw>d desires1 passions & prejudices4 ,^! are controll$ by su* religions z true ,*ri/ianity & true ,islam :i* take t z done :i* 0 m]ely int5d$ to be done1 & inhibit bad int5tions ev5 be=e !y appe> 9 action4 ,n[1 :atev] religion supplies ! be/ motives = virtu\s conduct & mo/ effectively prev5ts mis*iev\s int5tions1 mu/ necess>ily be "o :i* con=ms be/ ) ! mo/ approv$ ideas ( ! sci5ce & arts ( ! "t4 ,i hold t ,islam is su* a religion4#eb ,let me beg9 by %[+ a con=mity ( ,islam to a mod]n idea1 t !re are m worlds ?an "o4#ec ,!re are /ill "s religions :i* assume t !re is no o!r _w ?an ! _w we live 91 & t ,god creat$ & ma9ta9s x = m5 only4 ,sci5ce has prov$ t su* assumptions are unw>rant$1 & has ev5 sugge/$ gr\nds = believ+ t !re are be+s 9 ! innum]able worlds ( />s4 ,?is _w ( ours ) its inhabitants has !re=e no "r to monopolise ,god to itself4 ,nor inde$ h we1 human be+s1 any "r to consid] ourselves z its sup]ior inhabitants4 ,sci5ce is n[-a-days on ! track ( f9d+ out be+s :o are or :o may be sup]ior to man4 ,note t all ?is is impli$ 9 ! expression ,arabic3 rabbi l-lamn ! ,"l ( ! worlds conta9$ 9 ! ,sura & o!r p>ts ( ! ,qur'an4 ,x does n say ! k+ ( ! _w 7,arabic3 rabbi l- lam7 or ( m5 ,arabic3 rabbi l- insn b says g5]ally & truly t ,god is ! ,k+ or ,"l ( great or gr& worlds3 ,arabic3 rabbi l-lamn1 ! def9ite article ,arabic3 al 9 ,arabic is (t5 us$ to express greatness or gr&eur z 9 ! ^w ,arabic3 ,allah :i* means ! ,mo/ ,high ,god4 ,accord+ to ,islam !re are two s\rces ( k1 ,sci5ce & ,revelation3 ! "o repres5ts man's ef=t to le>n ,god's ways1 & ! o!r repres5ts ,god's grace to discov] ,8 ways to man4#ed ,i = "o believe t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two s\rces ( k corresponds to ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,exp]i5ce & ,intuition1 betwe5 ,acquir$ ,ideas & ,innate ,ideas--a diff]5ce :i* mod]n philosoph]s 7,sp5c] & ,b]gson7 consid] to be "o ( degree only & n ( k9d4 ,note #h4 ,unity#ee & ,union4 ,i _c g ov] ! :ole field ( ,muslim !ology to %[ h[ its ideas are 9 accord ) ! sci5tific ?\ght ( our days4 ,i w conf9e myself to ?ree pr9ciples & ?ree maxims impli$ 9 ! analysis ( ! ,op5+ ,sura ,arabic3 ,sura al-ftia giv5 9 "o ( my previ\s ,notes#ef4 ,i4 ,! v]se ,arabic3 al-amdu li-llhi rabbi l-lamn2 ar-ramni r-ram po9ts to ! ,pr9ciple ( ,unity3 ,!re is b "o ,god :o creat$ ! worlds1 ma9ta9s & rules !m4 ,f ?is results ! ,maxim ( ,union ,loyalty3 ,union is /r5g? ,be loyal to y\r ,k+4 ,,ii4 ,! v]se ,arabic3 iyyka nabudu wa-iyyka na/an po9ts to ! ,pr9ciple ( ,p]fection3 ,wor%ip ( ,god1 ,8 protection1 & guidance are necess>y = ! p]fection ( our m9d & body4 ,f ?is results ! ,maxim ( ,self-help3 ,god helps ^? :o help !mselves ,be true to y\rself4 ,,iii4 ,! v]se ,arabic3 ira llana anamta alayhim ayri l-mabi alayhim wa-l -lln po9ts to ! ,pr9ciple ( ,mod]ation3 ,x is ! /raight pa? ( righte\sness t enables y to avoid crook$ pa?s ( s9 & error & leads y to happ9ess4 ,f ?is results ! ,maxim ( ! ,av]age3 ,adopt ! mean ( two extremes ,be mod]ate 9 ev]y?+4 ,i w n[ endeav\r to %ew1 z briefly & z simply z possible1 h[ ! pr9ciples & maxims ,i h /at$ correspond ) ! be/ sci5tific ideas ( ! pres5t age4 ,by ! be/ sci5tific ideas1 ,i mean no?+ m ?an conclusions arriv$ at by em95t m5 ( sci5ce aft] sev]e /udy & prolong$ inve/igation4 ,i c only ref] to ! conclusions z su* )\t attempt+ to summ>ise ! reason+1 etc4 by :i* !y h be5 rea*$4 ,y may read ! works ( au?ors ,i %all "n1 if y wi% to le>n m ( _! ?\ghts4 ,i4 ,pr9ciple ( ,unity4 #a4 ,! fir/ ,pr9ciple ( ,unity ,arabic3 ta:d implies t !re is b "o ,en]gy or ,=ce ^: diff]5t trans=mations we call =ces1 b "o ,life ^: appe>ance 9 diff]5t %apes we call lives1 & b "o ,m9d ^: diff]5t manife/ations we call m9ds4 ,b ! univ]sal ,en]gy1 ! ,sid5ote3 #a4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 #b4 ,dr4 ,a4,r4 ,wallace4 #c4 ,pr(4 ,james4 #d4 ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge4 #e4 ,dr4 ,!odore ,m]z4 univ]sal ,life1 & ! univ]sal ,m9d#eg ,arabic3 rabbi l-lamn1 ar-ramni r-ram1 mliki yawmi d-dn are !mselves b s _m =ms1 appe>ances or manife/ations ( ! "o ,be+ ,arabic3 ,allah :o is ,inf9ite ,arabic3 -amad & ,absolute ,arabic3 lam yalid1 wa-lam ylad4 ,?is is exactly :at sci5tific m5 & philosoph]s h said & are say+ to-day4 ,read ! works ( any ( ! em95t m5 m5tion$ 9 ! m>g91 & y w f9d t ! conclusion !y h rea*$ aft] life-long inve/igations1 tallies rem>kably ) ! conception ( ,god :i* ,islam =mulat$ c5turies ago4 ,e *ild beg9s ) ! exp]i5ce ( ',?is is m9e' & ',t is n m9e4' ,?is exp]i5ce matures 9 ! adult into ,i & n-,i--! subject t kn[s & ! object t is kn[n4 ,we call ! kn[] or subject1 ,m9d2 & ! kn[n or object1 ,matt]4 ,mo/ mod]n ,philosoph]s agree 9 believ+ t ,m9d & ,matt] are b two aspects ( ,"o ,reality und]ly+ ,all4 ,j z a big build+ l ! ,falaknuma ,palace pres5ts diff]5t aspects :5 view$ f diff]5t directions1 & yet is "o & ! same build+2 s ! ,reality ( ,exi/5ce appe>s to u 9 diff]5t aspects z ,m9d & ,matt]1 & yet is "o & ! same ,reality#eh4 ,dr4 ,!odore ,m]z ( ! ,durham ,univ]sity1 at ! end ( 8 gr& survey ( ! ,sci5tific ,?\ght ( ,europe 9 ! #ai? ,c5tury1#ei says3 ,! sci5tific m9d advances f ! idea ( ,ord] or arrangem5t to t ( ,unity ?r\gh ! idea ( ,cont9uity4 ,! process adopt$ by ,sci5ce ( arriv+ at ,unity is only ! rev]se ( :at ,islam adopt$3 ! =m] beg9s a po/]iori ) ,ord] f9ds ,cont9uity & arrives at ,unity1 b ! latt] />t$ a priori ) ,unity1 pass$ ov] ,cont9uity1 & f\nd ,ord]1 ?us3-- ,sci5ce4 ,islam4 #a4 ,ord] #a4 ,unity ,arabic3 rabbi l-lamn ,arabic3 ,allah ,! ,reality#ej ( :i* bo? ,m9d & ,matt] are diff]5t aspects4 #b4 ,cont9uity #b4 ,cont9uity ,arabic3 ramni wa r-ram ,=ce or ,en]gy4 #c4 ,unity #c4 ,ord]#fj ,arabic3 mliki yawmi d-dn ,ord] or ,process4 ,:at ,sir ,edw9 ,arnold calls ! s\l ( ,islam1 i4e41 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,unity1 s pat5tly corresponds ) ! ultimate results ( mod]n ,sci5ce & ,philosophy1 t ,i ne$ n dwell on x at any great l5g?4 ,x is suffici5t to po9t out t ,sci5ce has n[ prov$ ?ree ,unities1 ! ,unity ( ,sub/ance1 ! ,unity ( ,=ce1 & ! ,unity ( ,process2 & ,philosophy has %[n t ! ?ree ,unities resolve !mselves into ,"o ,inf9ite ,p[]4#fa ,!re is no /r5g? 7to avoid evil7 nor ability 7to d good7 ,arabic3 ,la hawla wa la quwwata great & supreme4 ill bi-llhi alee-eil am4 ,maxim ( ,union & ,loyalty4 #b4 ,h[ is ! ,maxim ( ,union & ,loyalty inf]r$ f ! pr9ciple ( ,unity8 ,man1 be+ a creature ( ,god1 %\ld try to be godly & godlike1 try to imitate ,god 9 actions1 try to co-op]ate ) 8 fell[ creatures = ! good ( all1 & %\ld ?us atta9 ! ideal3 ,union is ,/r5g?4 ,?is is ! ,islamic doctr9e ( ,atonem5t#fb 7 at-"o-m5t ,arabic3 fana fil-lah73 to be at "o ) ,god by union & co-op]ation ) ,god's creatures s f> z y\r & _! con/itutions & environm5ts all[4 ,b y ne$ n bo!r y\rself ) !ories at pres5t4 ,x w be en\gh if y rememb] t ! ultimate aim or ! sole object ( ! ,prophet's mission 0 to e/abli% ! univ]sal union & bro!rhood ( mank9d by means ( a firm belief 9 ! et]nal tru? ( ,god's unity4 ,he prea*$ ! ,unity ( ,god & work$ all 8 life = ! union ( m5 into a univ]sal ,bro!rhood4 ,9 ord] t y %\ld co-op]ate1 i4e41 "w toge!r ) y\r fell[-m5 = ! good ( all1 y\r "w mu/ ne$s be co-ord9at$4 ,x mu/ be guid$ & direct$ s t x tallies ) ! "w ( o!rs4 ,?is guidance & direction comes f y\r lead]1 :om y & y\r fell[-work]s mu/ obey1 9 ord] to atta9 ! be/ results4 ,co-op]ation ?us implies ,co-ord9ation :i* requires a lead]--,caliph or ,k+--:om y ought to foll[ loyally4 ,loyalty to y\r lead] is !re=e ! gi/ ( co-op]ation4 ,! ,qur'an & ! ,traditions are full ( injunctions = ob$i5ce to ^? 9 au?ority among y ,arabic3 ul l-amri m9kum#fc ,! sure/ way ( pleas+ ,god is to obey ! ,k+4 ,mod]n ,sci5ce tea*es exactly ! same ?+4 ,i h a s]ies ( little books 9 my ,libr>y call$ ,p's ,books publi%$ at #f;d4 ea* by ,messrs4 ,jack1 ,london4 ,"o ( !m on ,zoology is writt5 by ,pr(essor ,mac,bride1 ,f4,r4,s4 ,he traces ! developm5t ( ,man f ,protozoa1--little specks ( animalcul--& po9ts out h[ ea* species ( animals has ris5 high] ?an ano!r by 7i7 great] inv5tive capacity1 ! capacity ( adopt+ new means to an old end & old means to a new end3 & 7ii7 high] tribal morality impli$ 9 co-op]ation & loyalty to lead]s4 ,he says3 ,mank9d progresses by ! appe>ance ( individuals 9 :om 7besides ! inv5tive g5ius7 ! in/9cts ( co-op]ation & loyalty are m /rongly develop$4 ,x is precisely ^? in/9cts t ,islam fo/]s by its doctr9e ( ! univ]sal bro!rhood ( ,muslims--a doctr9e :i* implies prim>ily loyalty to y\r ,k+4 ,j z ! affairs ( a family l y\rs1 consi/+ ( a doz5 memb]s1 _c prosp] unless ea* foll[s loyally ! lead ( ! elde/1 or ! wise/ among y2 s ! affairs ( a nation c nev] be 9 a satisfactory condition unless ea* individual is loyal to 8 ,k+ & c\ntry1 & co-op]ates ) 8 ,gov]nm5t by will+ly do+ :at is requir$ ( him4 ,muhammad enjo9$ ,arabic3 utlibul ilm wa lov kaana bis se5 ,seek k ev5 if ?\ ha/ to g = x to ,*9a--7! f>!/ c\ntry kn[n 9 8 days74 ,delve gems ( ,sci5ce div9e ,ev'n unto ,ca?ay's m9e4 ,he said t wisdom 0 ! bir?right ( e ,muslim :o %\ld seize x :]ev] he f\nd x4 ,he ?us enc\rag$ ! le>n+ ( ,sci5ce & ! consequ5t acquirem5t ( inv5tive capacity :i* is biologically z ess5tial = human progress z co-op]ation & loyalty4 ,a /udy ( animal life f ! l[e/ animalcule to ! highly civiliz$ man1 tea*es u to "k1 feel & act1 9 a p>ticul> mann]1 viz41 7a7 to "k our environm5t1 i4e41 to "k ! ,laws ( ,nature 9 ord] to improve our g5]al capacity = inv5tion1 manufacture & comm]ce1 7,k7 7b7 to feel = our fell[-m5 9 ord] to increase mutual good-w s necess>y = co-op]ation1 7,sympa?y7 7c7 & to act = ! g5]al good ( our race "u ! guidance ( our political & social lead]s1 7,loyalty74 ,k1 ,sympa?y & ,loyalty are ?us ! wat*words ( ! ,sci5ce ( to-day no less ?an ( ! ,islam ( our ance/ors4#fd ,note #i4 ,p]fection & ,self-help4 ,all[ me to expla9 "h t my object is n to p]suade y to believe :at ,i say b only to make y ?9k = y\rself4 ,i w !re=e avoid argum5ts & discussions z mu* z possible & cont5t myself ) b>e outl9es ( c]ta9 ,islamic doctr9es & brief ref]5ces to ! correspond+ ideas ( mod]n ,sci5ce4 ,i %all be v pleas$ if !y s]ve to excite y\r curiosity & /imulate y\r ?\ght4 ,,ii4 ,pr9ciple ( ,p]fection4 #a4 ,! second ,muslim doctr9e :i* ,i h call$ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,p]fection may be inf]r$ f ! second "p ( ! ,sura3--,x is ess5tial = our p]fect developm5t t we %\ld wor%ip ,god & implore ,him = help & guidance 9 ! dis*>ge ( ! ?ree-fold duty ( our life4 ,no sane man ?9ks t he is p]fect z he is4 ,!re is always a feel+ ( "s sort 9 our m9d t someh[1 & 9 "s respect or o!r1 we are n z p]fect z we %\ld be4 ,x is to remove ?is feel+ ( imp]fection inh]5t 9 u t we h to wor%ip ,god & supplicate ,8 help & guidance4 ,if y ask3 ,:y %\ld ,i wor%ip ,god8 ,islam answ]s y\r "q by ask+ ano!r3 ,:y %\ld y admire beauty 9 ,nature & ,art8 ,y c answ] only3 ,because x is beautiful4 ,i am s con/itut$ t ,i _c d o!rwise ?an admire a beautiful object :5 ,i see x4 ,y are unable to give any o!r reason satisfactorily acc\nt+ = y\r admiration ( ! beautiful4 ,islam returns a simil> answ] to y\r "q3 ,y %\ld wor%ip ,god because ,he is ,god4 ,y1 z "o ( ,8 creatures1 _c help wor%ipp+ or rev]5tly ador+ ,him :5 y see1 at e in/ant ( y\r life1 manifold manife/ations ( ,8 div9e ,goodness & ,beauty4 ,"s ,sufis#ee ev5 g to ! ext5t ( id5tify+ ,god ) ,inf9ite ,beauty ,arabic3 husn-e azlee :i* is ! object ( _! love ,arabic3 i%q & ec/asy ,arabic3 wajd4 ,y rememb] ! v]se :i* e dev\t ,muslim recites :5 he he>s ! news ( ! dea? ( any "o3 ,arabic3 inna lil lahi wa inna ilaihi raji-n ,v]ily we are ,god's & to ,him we %all return4 ,?is z well z "s o!r v]ses support ! ,islamic belief 9 ! re-union ( a man's s\l ) ,god4 ,z ,i h m5tion$ 9 my previ\s ,note1 ,islam conceives t !re is b "o ,univ]sal ,s\l4 ,small p>ts--inf9itesimal fractions--( ! ,univ]sal ,s\l are conf9$ 9 m5's bodies & break free at dea? to re-jo9 ! ,:ole#ef4 ,?is belief is 9 entire accord ) ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge's !ory 7or speculation1 z he calls x7 put =w>d 9 8 book1 ,fai? alli$ to ,sci5ce4 ,)\t /opp+ to enquire h[ f> ! belief indicat$ by ,qur'anic v]ses1 or ! !ory advanc$ by a man ( sci5ce1 is support$ by sci5tific facts1 ,i w\ld only po9t out t x gives a cle> & intelligible mean+ to ! ^w wor%ip ,arabic3 ibadt4 ,x is ! communion ( ! fractional s\l1 :i* is someh[ conf9$ 9 a man's liv+ body1 ) ! ,:ole ,s\l1 ! ,s\l ( ! ,univ]se1 to :i* x--! fractional s\l--%all return "s day fre$ f ! trammels ( ! fle%4 ,?is communion ,arabic3 ibadt includes ,adoration ,arabic3 tasbh wa tahll & ,pray] ,arabic3 du'4 ,i _c d bett] ?an quote ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge's admirable description ( ! mean+ & object ( ,pray]3-- ,9 pray] we come into close communion ) a ,high] ?an we "k1 & seek to contemplate ,div9e p]fection4 ,its climax & consummation is atta9$ :5 we realize ! univ]sal ,p]meance1 ! entire ,goodness & ! ,fa!rly ,love ( ! ,div9e ,be+4 ,arabic3 al-amdu li-llhi rabbi l-lamn1 ar-ramni r-ram4 ,praise be to ,god1 ,"l ( ! worlds1 compassionate & m]ciful1 ,k+ ( ! day ( ,reckon+4 ,?r\gh pray] we admit our dep5d5ce on a ,high] ,p[]1 = exi/5ce & heal? & ev]y?+ we possess2 we are enc\rag$ to ask = :atev] we ne$ z *ildr5 ask p>5ts2 ,arabic3 adnee i/ajib lakum ,call ^u me--,i w he>k5 unto y & we inevitably cry = m]cy & com=t 9 times ( tribulation & angui%4 ,! _s ( simple supplication may desire *iefly3-- #a4 ,insight & receptiv5ess to tru? & k4 ,arabic3 iyyaka na'budu ,we wor%ip ,!e alone4 #b4 ,help & guidance 9 ! practical managem5t ( life4 ,arabic3 iyyaka na/a'e5 ,we seek help f ,!e alone4 #c4 ,ability & will+ness to foll[ ! light )]soev] x leads4 ,arabic3 ihd9as sirtal mu/a-qm ,guide u into ! "r pa? ,comp>e ! v]ses ,i h plac$ 9 brackets ) :at ,sir ,oliv] says1 & y w obs]ve h[ well he has int]pret$ ! ,qur'an4 ,x looks z if he _h ! ,op5+ ,sura ,arabic3 ,sura al-ftia be=e him :5 he wrote4 ,ev5 ! sequ5ce ( 8 ideas corresponds practically ) ! ord] ( ! v]ses4 ,b y may be q sure t he nev] ?\ght ( ! ,qur'an at all4 ,he evolv$ x all f 8 own inn] consci\sness well tra9$ by sci5tific /udies4 ,maxim ( ,self-help4 #b4 ,!re are num]\s v]ses 9 ! ,qur'an :i* enjo9 purification ,arabic3 tazkm ( "o's self & prohibit cruelty ,arabic3 ,tazkya to "o's own m9d4 ,!y obvi\sly imply ! rule ( conduct :i* ,i h call$ ! ,maxim ( ,self-help4 ,no "o has express$ x m beautifully & tru?fully ?an ,%akespe>e 9 ! well-kn[n spee* ( ,polonius4 ,?is above all3 to ?9e own self be true1 ,& x mu/ foll[1 z ! night ! day1 ,?\ can/ n !n be false to any man4 ,sid5ote3 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ,pr(4 ,t4,h4 ,gre51 ,lecky 7,hi/orian71 ,pr(s4 ,muirhead1 ,mack5zie1 & ,s54 ,x is ! basis ( ! e?ical sy/em advocat$ by au?ors m5tion$ 9 ! m>g94 ,!re are at pres5t two cont5d+ s*ools ( ,morality4 ,ea* tries to det]m9e :at is 'good' or 'bad'1 & sets up a '/&>d' or te/ by :i* m5's actions %\ld be judg$ z '"r' or 'wrong'4 ,! /&>d accord+ to ! "o s*ool is ,happ9ess 7! surplus ( pleasure ov] pa972 accord+ to ! o!r x is ,p]fection 7! fulle/ developm5t ( m5 z social be+s74 ,i ?9k ! latt] s*ool is m 9 fav\r n[ ?an x 0 at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,m5 ( sci5ce n[-a-days realize ) ,h]b]t ,sp5c] t e "o ought to develop himself by freely ex]cis+ all ! p[]s ( 8 m9d & body to ! fulle/ ext5t consi/5t )1 & limit$ by1 ! l ex]cise by 8 fell[ m54#eg ,i _c expatiate on ?is subject )\t ent]+ into ! realms ( philosophy & metaphysics4 ,i h only to say t ! tea*+ ( ,islam z reg>ds self-developm5t is 9 entire accord ) ! views ( latt]-day morali/s4 ,if y are a /ud5t ( ,e?ics y w obs]ve t ! doctr9e ( mak+ ! mo/ ( oneself 7,p]fection7 is1 9 accordance ) ! ,islamic pr9ciple ( ,mod]ation1 ! mean ( two extreme doctr9es3--! doctr9e ( duty = duty's sake 7,rig\rism7 on ! "o h&1 & ! doctr9e ( ! greate/ happ9ess ( ! greate/ numb] 7,utilit>ianism7 on ! o!r4 ,duty--,p]fection--,utility4 ,i h to add t self-p]fection really means self-help1 due ex]cise ( "o's faculties ) pati5ce & p]sev]ance4 ,if y h n read ,dr4 ,smiles' book on ,self-help1 y _h bett] read x at y\r e>lie/ conv5i5ce4 ,i c recomm5d no bett] comm5t>y on ! say+3 ,god helps ^? :o help !mselves4#eh ,note #aj4 ,mod]ation & ,via ,m$ia4 ,islam#ei is1 s to speak1 ! y\nge/ ( all ! great religions t are n[ pr(ess$ by millions ( p4 ,l a *ild :o is heir to all ! m5tal & physical t5d5cies inh]it$ & acquir$ by 8 ance/ors1 ,islam inh]it$ all ! revelations :i* "o hundr$ & eighty ?\s& 7i4e4 innum]able7 prophets _h communicat$ to ! _w be=e ! adv5t ( ,muhammad4 ,i h already ref]r$ to ! injunction1 conta9$ 9 ! ,qur'an1 t we %\ld believe n only :at 0 reveal$ to ,muhammad himself1 b also :at 0 reveal$ to all ,mess5g]s ( ,god :o _h come be=e him2 provid$ always t we h au!ntic records ( ^? revelations4#fj 7,?is proviso is v important47 ,x is !re=e no detraction f ! m]its ( ,islam t "s ( its doctr9es resemble ^? ( o!r reveal$ religions4 ,p>sis say t ,islam borr[$3 ,arabic3 bi-smi llhi r-ramni r-ram ,9 ! "n ( ,god ! mo/ m]ciful & mo/ compassionate#fa f _! holy scripture1 ,z5dave/a1 :i* beg9s ) ! words ,p]sian3 ba nam eezad ba bakh %a-inda bakhs ha bikasr meh] ban g>4 ,"s ,*ri/ian writ]s on ,islam seem to take delight 9 po9t+ out t ! ,prophet ( ,arabia borr[$ ?is1 t1 & ! o!r doctr9e f c]ta9 ,*ri/ians & ,jews :om he _h met 9 8 e>li] life4 ,x is v d\btful :e!r he _h ev] met su* p4 ,b x is c]ta9 t he 0 too illit]ate ,arabic3 umm to und]/& _! recondite doctr9es if !y _h condesc5d$ to tea* him4 ,ev5 if we admit t he borr[$ doctr9es f o!r religions1 8 own religion is n !reby r5d]$ ! less valuable2 = !re is no religion :i* is absolutely orig9al4 ,he nev] d5\nc$ =m] religions b only claim$ to h confirm$ & supplem5t$ !m by ! religion reveal$ to him4 ,he always ref]r$ to =m] revelations ) great respect4 ,muslims picture ! ,supreme ,tru? z a beautiful citadel built on ! top ( a /eep m\nta94 ,diff]5t religions are b s _m pa?s ,arabic3 madhhib lead+ to x f diff]5t directions4 ,9 _! e/imation ,islam is ! be/ & ! easie/ pa? ( all4 ,?is fanciful idea implies t "s ( ! pa?s might cross ea* o!r at diff]5t p>ts ( _! c\rse1 & o!rs might run p>allel to "o ano!r or ev5 run toge!r = a consid]able di/ance4 ,_m religions may !re=e h c]ta9 doctr9es be>+ close resemblance to ea* o!r l p>allel pa?s4 ,"s religions may ev5 h c]ta9 doctr9es 9 common1 l pa?s runn+ toge!r4 ,all religions are1 & purport to be1 pa?s lead+ to "o & ! same citadel ( ,tru?4#gb ,none ! less has ea* ( !m an individuality ( its own & a claim t x is bett] & easi] ?an all o!rs4#gc ,,iii4 ,pr9ciple ( ,mod]ation4 ,i h prefac$ ?is ,note ) ! above rem>ks because ! ,pr9ciple ( ,mod]ation & ! connect$ ,maxim ( ! ,mean1 :i* are indicat$ 9 ! ?ird & la/ "p ( ! ,sura1 7 enunciat$ by ,plato ,arabic3 ,flatun & 8 disciple ,ari/otle ,arabic3 ,ari/o :o liv$ m ?an #a1jjj ye>s be=e ,muhammad4 ,"s ,muslims c\nt ^? great sages ( anci5t ,greece among ! innum]able 7#ahj1jjj7 ,mess5g]s ( ,god :o prec$$ our ,prophet4#gd ,! records#ge ,arabic3 sahaif ( _! say+s possess an au?ority second only to t ( ! ,qur'an itself1 be+ 9 fact revelations :i* ,god v\*saf$ f "t to "t = ! b5efit & guidance ( mank9d4 #a4 ,i ne$ n repeat :at ,i h already said z to '! ,pa? ( ,grace' ,arabic3 ihd9 -ira l-mu/aqma be+ ! mean betwe5 two extremes1 '! ,pa? ( ,s9' ,arabic3 ayri l-mabi alayhim & '! ,pa? ( ,error' ,arabic3 wa-l -lln4 ,i may h[ev] expla9 t ! pursuit ( ! ,pa? ( ,grace implies ! ,pr9ciple ( ,mod]ation 9 ! s5se t we %\ld fully & freely ex]cise all our m5tal & physical p[]s ) due reg>d to _! respective limitations4 ,= all practical purposes1 y may take ,reason1 ,passion & ,action z ! pr9cipal repres5tatives ( a man's p[]s1 & view ,reason z ! guid+ =ce 9 8 con/itution1 ,passion z ! mov+ =ce1 & ,action 7volunt>y acts & omissions7 z ! resultant ( ! guid+ & mov+ =ces ?us3-- ,y ------------------------------------ ,p _/ 4-' _/ 4 _/ ary7 4-' _/ n _/ unt 4-' _/ o _/ 7,guide7 7,vol 4-' _/ s _/ _/ ion 4-' _/ a _/ _/ ,act 4-' _/ e _/ _/ 4-' ant7 _/ ,r _/ _/ 4-' ult _/ _/ 4-' 7,res _/ _/ 4-' _/ _/4-' --- ,passion4 _/ ,o------------------------------------ ,x 7,mov]7 ,n[1 ! ,pr9ciple ( ,mod]ation means simply t y %\ld n all[ y\r passions to influ5ce y\r actions unduly1 nor %\ld y all[ y\r reason to control y\r passions unduly2 b y %\ld ev] try to hold ! balance ev5 betwe5 !m 9 ord] t ! resultant action might be q "r--might dis*>ge ! ?ree-fold duty ( man1--& might !reby t5d 7be x 9 ev] s small a degree7 to ! p]fection ( ! individual & ! race4 ,if at any "t y\r passion ov]-rides y\r reason1 y commit ,s92 & on ! contr>y1 if y ex]cise y\r reason s mu* z to /ifle y\r passion altoge!r1 y fall into ,error4 ,if y p]mit nei!r reason1 nor passion to dis*>ge _! respective functions1 y lapse into ,inaction :i* is aga9 an ,error4 ,undue suppression ( ,passion1 & ov]-ex]cise ( ,reason1 z well z non-ex]cise ( bo?--militate aga9/ ! ,pr9ciple ( ,mod]ation1 ! ess5ce ( :i* is 7z ,ari/otle po9t$ out7 t no p[] %\ld tyrannize ov] any o!r 9 our con/itution4 ,:at is due or undue ex]cise ( a p[]1 is a "q :i* y\r common s5se %\ld decide 9 ea* case ) ref]5ce to ! p]son act+ & ! circum/ances "u :i* he acts4 ,! only g5]al rule t c be laid d[n is impli$ 9 ! ideal ( p]fection expla9$ 9 ! previ\s ,notes4 ,e ex]cise ( any ( y\r m5tal or bodily p[] is "r or wrong accord+ z x does1 or does n1 t5d to ! p]fection ( y\rselves or y\r (fspr+1 & y\r community or race4 ,i h only to add t ! ,pr9ciple ( ,mod]ation1 9 ! =m 9 :i* ,i h r\ghly describ$ x1 is fully recogniz$ by su* up-to-date writ]s on ! ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics z ,sir ,leslie ,/eph51 "o ( ! two tal5t$ ,editors ( ! ,diction>y ( ,national ,biography4 ,maxim ( ! ,mean or ,av]age4 #b4 ,address+ ,muslims ! ,qur'an says3-- ,arabic3 wa-ka-lika aalnkum ummatan wasaan li-takn uhada al n-ns ,we h ?us made y a middle nation 7 a mod]ate p7 9 ord] t y %\ld be an example to mank9d4--i4 #acg4 ,"o ( ! ways 9 :i* ,god has made ,muslims a mod]ate p is by enjo9+ !m to avoid extreme c\rses ( action & to adopt ! middle or ! mean c\rse :5ev] & :]ev] x is possible#gf4 ,! ,maxim ( ! ,mean is ! objective c\nt]-"p ( ! subjective ,pr9ciple ( ,mod]ation4 ,! latt] says3 ,don't ov]--1 or "u-ex]cise any ( y\r faculties2 & ! =m] says3 ,don't h too mu* or too little ( any ?+4 ,too mu* ( any ?+ is good = no?+4 ,too little ( x is worse ?an no?+4 ,too mu* & too little are relative t]ms & signify no?+ by !mselves4 ,x is only ) ref]5ce to oneself & "o's environm5t at any p>ticul> "t & place t !y acquire a mean+ z excess & defect respectively4 ,i _c expla9 x bett] ?an give a few in/ances 9 a tabul> =m :]e ! mean comes betwe5 ! excess & ! defect ( a quality ( ! head or he>t1 or a c\rse ( action4 7#a7 ,qualities ( ! ,head 7,reason73-- ,excess4 ,mean4 ,defect4 ,caution ,prud5ce ,neglect ,d\bt ,conviction ,unc]ta9ty ,conceit ,mode/y ,diffid5ce ,s5sitive ,att5tive ,indiff]5t 7#b7 ,qualities ( ! ,he>t 7,passions73-- ,c[>dice ,c\rage ,ra%ness ,s5suality ,temp]ance ,ab/95ce ,bigot ,en?usia/ic ,lukew>m 7#c7 ,c\rses ( ,action3-- ,re/riction ,lib]ty ,lic5ce ,flatt]y ,c\rtesy ,rud5ess ,fav\ritism ,ju/ice ,inju/ice ,prodigal ,g5]\s ,mis]ly ,y w f9d out = y\rself :at are ! appropriate qualities or c\rses ( conduct1 ( :i* ! excess1 mean & defect are express$ by ! words giv5 above4 ,fe>1 = example1 is ! feel+ ( :i* excess is ,c[>dice & defect is ,ra%ness1 :ile ! mean is ,c\rage4 ,simil>ly z reg>ds "o's own op9ion ( "o's p[]s1 excess is ,conceit & defect is ,diffid5ce1 :ile ! mean is ,mode/y4 ,aga9 too mu* or too little re/ra9t on action is ,re/riction or ,lic5ce :ile ! mean is ,lib]ty4 ,x w be a useful ex]cise to make a long li/ ( su* words z express ! diff]5ce ( degrees ( ! v>i\s qualities or functions ( ,reason1 ,passion & ,action 7 ,k1 ,feel+ & ,w47 ,b x w n always be possible to f9d ?ree contra/$ words1 l ^? 9 ! table1 = e quality or action2 because no language is s p]fect z to h sep>ate & s+le words to express ! imm5se numb] & manifold %ades ( ideas :i* our m9d is capable ( ent]ta9+4 ,/ill ! fact is duly recogniz$ by mod]n ,sci5ce t !re are diff]5ces n only ( k9d b also ( degree 9 ev]y?+--ideas1 feel+s1 desires1 actions1 objects & attributes ( objects--) :i* we are conc]n$4 ,al?\gh y may n h a ^w expressive ( degree 9 e case1 yet y c practically asc]ta9 ! extremes & ! mean 9 all cases )\t exception1 & c s ord] y\r conduct z to avoid ! "o & adopt ! o!r 9 all cases4 ,i may po9t out "h t ! ,mean is n ! ari?metical mean 7l #f :i* is ! ari?metical mean ( #e & #h7 b only an approximately m$ium or middle c\rse ( conduct--via m$ia4#gg ,arabic3 khair ul umr ausatuha ,y may object t1 s9ce ! asc]ta9m5t ( ! mean 9 ea* case requires calm ?\ght ) ref]5ce to y\rself & y\r environm5t1 ! rule is too difficult to foll[ 9 ^! days ( quick communication1 spe$y locomotion1 & urg5t action4 ,i answ] t x is b an ideal rule ( conduct4 ,l all rules ( ,logic 7,?\ght71 /hetics 7,beauty71 or ,e?ics 7,conduct71 x sets be=e y an ideal :i* y %\ld ev] /rive to atta9 ?\gh y may n atta9 x fully at any "t4 ,no ?9k] may h be5 absolutely logical1 no ,arti/ may h wr\ght a p]fect "w ( beauty1 & no man may h ev] be5 q moral4 ,b t is no reason :y ?9k]s1 arti/s1 & m5 g5]ally1 %\ld n endeav\r to atta9 p]fection 9 _! respective sph]es ( ?\ght & action4 ,!re is a fur!r & great] objection to ! rule ( ! middle c\rse1 viz41 t1 if foll[$ /rictly1 x w r$uce all m5 to a dead level ( m$iocrity1 & w n fo/] ! developm5t ( m5 ( g5ius4 ,i h to admit regretfully t su* w be ! case1 &1 z my next ,note w %[1 x w be 9 accordance ) a ,law ( ,nature rec5tly discov]$4 ,"s writ]s h ev5 attempt$ to prove t g5ius or excessive intellig5ce is a =m ( madness z bad z its opposite =m1 imbecility or defective intellig5ce4 ,!y seem to believe t only ! m5 ( av]age intellig5ce are q sane4 ,great wits are sure to madness ne> alli$ ,& ?9 p>titions d _! b\nds divide4--,dryd54 ,! late ,sir ,john ,gor/ creat$ a s5sation :5 he decl>$ 9 ! ,h\se ( ,commons t great c\ntries 7 gov]n$ by m$iocrities only4 ,! _w kn[s no?+ ( its greate/ m54--,sir ,h4 ,taylor4 ,note #aa4 ,evolution & ,survival4 ,x 0 ,adolphe ,quetelet1 ,a/ronom]-,royal ( ,belgium1 :o 9 ! sev5ties ( ! la/ c5tury attempt$ to prove t ! av]age man is to a nation :at ! c5tre ( gravity is to a body4 ,a simil>1 if n q ! same1 conclusion has s9ce be5 rea*$ by ,sir ,francis ,galton & ,pr(essor ,k>l ,pe>son 9 _! rese>*es into m5's physical & intellectual qualities 9 ! light ( ,d>w9's !ory ( ,natural ,selection or ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,?is !ory :i*1 9 its m ext5d$ =m1 is call$ ! ,law ( ,evolution1 has pr(\ndly influ5c$1 if n entirely revolutioniz$1 ! ,sci5ce & ,philosophy ( our own times4 ,x has n h[ev] succe$$1 z 0 at fir/ fe>$1 9 de/roy+ m5's belief 9 ,god1 ! ,creator & ,rul] ( ! ,univ]se4 ,= x has done no m ?an disclose b a few ( ! num]\s ways 9 :i* ,he creates & rules4 ,i h be5 a /ud5t ( ,evolution ,lit]ature ev] s9ce ,i left ,college4 ,speak+ = myself ,i c say t my /udy ( x has n 9 ! lea/ %ak5 my belief 9 ,god1 b has r /r5g!n$ x4 ,i entirely agree ) a popul> writ]#gh on ! ,sci5tific ,ideas ( ,to-day1 :o says3 ,true ,sci5ce does n seek to deprive man ( 8 ,s\l or to drive ! ,creator f 8 ,univ]se1 b x hone/ly endeav\rs to /udy ,8 m>vell\s works 444 to see ! mann] 9 :i* ,he has caus$ ,nature to "w out ,8 design4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution or ! ,developm5t ,hypo!sis1 z x has be5 call$1 is 9 fact a clev] guess at tru?--v valuable z a =mula :i* enables u n only to rememb] ! result ( num]\s obs]vations & exp]im5ts1 b also to pr$ict c]ta9 ev5ts to be v]ifi$ by subsequ5t obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,x is impossible to convey a cle> idea ( x 9 a few s5t5ces4 ,a great man l ,h]b]t ,sp5c] sp5t #ej ye>s ( 8 life 9 expla9+ & illu/rat+ x 9 no less ?an t5 /\t volumes ( 8 ,syn!tic ,philosophy4 ,! c5tral idea may h[ev] be express$ 9 ! foll[+ propositions1 us+ ! ^w ?+ 9 its wide/ s5se z any object ( p]ception1 or kn[able objects#gi4 #a4 ,no?+ exi/s absolutely by itself2 ev]y?+ exi/s 9 relation ) some?+ else :i* is its environm5t4 #b4 ,a ?+ & its environm5t _c exi/ side by side = any consid]able "t )\t ea* affect+ or influ5c+ ! o!r 9 "s respects at lea/3 a ?+ ,a & its environm5t ,b1 :i* _c b exi/ toge!r1 mu/ ne$s act & re-act on ea* o!r4 ,illu/ration #c4 ,! action & re-action ( ! ?+ ,a & its environm5t ,b on ea* o!r1 br+s ab\t mutual adju/m5t1 ! fitt+ ( ea* into ! o!r4 #d4 ,accord+ z ?is mutual adju/m5t or fitt+ is relatively complete or incomplete1 !re is ,evolution or ,dissolution1 survival or ext9ction1 ( ! ?+ 7,a7 itself4#hj #e4 ,! process ( ,evolution or ,survival is *>act]iz$ by3-- 7a7 ,integration3 gr\p+ toge!r ( c]ta9 l units 7su* z atoms or molecules1 liv+ cells or individuals7 into a :ole1 7b7 ,diff]5tiation3 c]ta9 p>ts 7or functions7 ( ! aggregat$ :ole becom+ unlike ea* o!r or specializ$1 & 7c7 ,adju/m5t3 fitt+ ( ! aggregat$ & diff]5tiat$ :ole into its environm5t4 #f4 ,9 ! opposite process ( ,dissolution or ,ext9ction ! ?+ und]goes ! same *anges 9 ! rev]se ord] be=e x disappe>s z su*4 ,9 o!r words1 giv5 a ?+ & its environm5t1 ! "o has to adapt & adju/ itself to ! o!r1 or cease to exi/4 ,no?+ survives1 z an individual1 :i* does n *ange4 ,l a picture 9 its sett+1 a ?+ has to fit itself to its environm5t 9 ord] t x might survive = ! be/ advantage ( itself & its k9d4 ,?us1 ! fit lives & ! unfit dies#ha4 ,z ! ,qur'an expresses x ,arabic3 anna l-ara y>iuh ibdiya -lihn ! ,e>? is inh]it$ by only ! fit among ,my creatures4#hb ,?is applies n only to plants & animals1 man & society1 b also to inanimate or inorganic ?+s1 z ! ,presid5t ( ! ,briti% ,association ann\nc$ "s ye>s ago4 ,a man1 = example1 has = 8 environm5t1 ! atmosph]e ( ! place he inhabits1 ! society he lives 91 ! occupation he foll[s1 ! laws he obeys1 etc4 ,he c live long & happily only :5 ! qualities ( 8 body & m9d befit him to t environm5t1 i4e41 :5 !y enable him 7to become ,arabic3 salih7 to adapt himself cont9u\sly to ! circum/ances ( 8 position4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! g5]al nature ( su* qualities8 ,y "k t "o ( ! be/ me?ods ( ,sci5ce is ,measurem5t4 ,no sci5tific k is exact unless x enables y n only to di/+ui% "o quality f ano!r1 b also to measure ea* quality or det]m9e its degrees 9 "s way or o!r4 ,x is n suffici5t to "k hot f cold b ! degrees ( temp]ature mu/ be measur$ by a !rmomet]4 ,! new me?ods ( ,/ati/ics & graphic repres5tation h be5 appli$ to a l>ge numb] ( m5 & wom5 = ! purpose ( f9d+ ! fitte/ qualities or *>act]s z !y are te*nically call$4 ,pr(essor ,k>l ,pe>son#hc & o!rs h ?us f\nd t among a l>ge numb] ( m5 & wom5 9 a giv5 community any physical or m5tal "* :i* deviates l>gely1 by excess or defect1 f ! mean or av]age1 r5d]s !m ! less fit to survive ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,individuals possess+ any "* :i* deviates extremely f ! mean t5d to disappe>4 ,= example1 ! av]age height ( m5 has be5 f\nd by measurem5t ( a l>ge numb] ( p to be 7say7 #e;ft4 #f;94 & x has also be5 f\nd by /ati/ical me?ods t m5 :o are #g;ft4 or m5 :o are only #c;ft4 are v r>e4 ,x is !re=e conclud$ t m5 :o are too tall or too %ort i4e41 :o deviate extremely f ! mean1 t5d to disappe> & are !re=e unfit to survive4 ,?is is only a r\gh & ready example ( :at is call$ ! ,law ( ,p]iodic ,selection :i* has n[ sup]s$$ ! ,belgian philosoph]'s ,law ( ! ,av]age 7or ! ,mean74 ,x applies to human conduct z well z to human qualities4 ,t conduct alone 7i4e41 only t p>ticul> c\rse ( delib]ate action7 befits a man to 8 environm5t1 :i* deviates ! lea/ f a /&>d or av]age ( su* conduct4 ,x is ! indisp5sable condition ( 8 happ9ess & longevity4 ,y ?us see t ! ,islamic ,maxim ( ! ,mean is ju/ifi$ by ,sci5ce4 ,note #ab4 ,religion beg9s ) ! fe> ( ! ,"l & ends 9 ! love ( ,man4#hd ,let me devote ?is conclud+ ,note to a few g5]al rem>ks4 ,! mean+s & def9itions ( c]ta9 words giv5 bel[ are some:at arbitr>y1 b ,i tru/ !y w enable y to und]/& & rememb] c]ta9 ab/ruse matt]s4 ,i4 7a7 ,take ! ^w ?+ to mean any object ( ?\ght1 su* z1 = example1 a h\se1 a lab\r]1 r$ness1 di/ance1 home1 *>ity1 eloqu5ce1 or ! ,briti% ,con/itution4 ,all ^! are ?+s :i* y c ?9k (4 7b7 ,y may !n def9e a fact z a kn[n or kn[able ?+ or relation betwe5 ?+s2 9 o!r words1 a fact is any ?+ or relation1 :i* y "k or c "k if y take ! necess>y tr\ble4 7c7 ,! ^w ,nature1 ) a capital ,n1 is b a "n = ! sum-total ( all facts kn[n & kn[able4 ,poets1 philosoph]s1 & ev5 "s m5 ( ,sci5ce1 p]sonify ?is sum-total ( facts kn[n & kn[able1 i4e41 ,nature & ref] to x z %e or h]4 ,x is b a conv5i5t way ( say+1 by implication1 t !re is ! same uni=mity1 cont9uity & unity 9 ,nature z 9 our idea ( a p]son4 ,n[1 all ?9k+ m5 ( all ages ( hi/ory h ev] tri$ to und]/& ,nature z a :ole & to answ] reg>d+ h] ?ree important que/ions repres5t$ by ?ree int]rogatives1 :at8 h[8 & :y8 7#a7 ,:at is ,nature8 ,:at are ! facts :i* con/itute ,nature4 7,k ( ,nature74 7#b7 ,h[ has ,nature come to be :at %e is8 ,h[ is x t facts con/itut+ ,nature h become z we p]ceive !m8 7,explanation ( ,nature74 7#c7 ,:y is ,nature z %e is & n o!rwise8 ,:y is x t facts con/itut+ ,nature h a c]ta9 uni=mity 7ord]7 cont9uity & unity 9 spite ( *anges t take place cont9u\sly8 7,reason ( ,nature74 ,broadly speak+1 ,i may say t ,sci5ce 7) its v>i\s dep>tm5ts call$ ,sci5ces7 tries to answ] ! fir/ "q :at1 ! "q z to facts ( ,nature4 ,philosophy tries to answ] ! second "q h[1 ! "q z to ! explanation ( ,nature4 ,religion or ,!ology 7:i* includes highe/ ,poetry7 tries to answ] ! ?ird & la/ "q :y1 ! "q z to ! reason ( ,nature4 ,y may ?us cle>ly rememb] ! respective prov9ces ( ,sci5ce1 ,philosophy & ,religion by rememb]+ ?ree words ,:at1 ,h[ & ,:y4 ,:5 y read a book :i* treats ( facts or ! :at ( ,nature2 or ( ! explanation or ! h[ ( h]2 or ( ! reason or ! :y ( h]2 y may be sure x is ,sci5ce1 ,philosophy or ,religion respectively t y are read+1 :atev] be ! "n ( ! book itself4 ,i h said t ,sci5ce1 ,philosophy or ,religion tries to answ] & n answ]s1 because ! answ] ( any ( !m c nev] be f9al or immutable4 ,none ( !m c ev] rea* f9ality4 ,z ! exp]i5ce ( mank9d gr[s cont9u\sly1 new facts or new phases ( old facts are discov]$ 9 ! c\rse ( "t4 ,j z m5 h to adapt or adju/ !mselves to new facts 7or to *anges 9 old facts7 or else die2 s m5's ,sci5ce1 ,philosophy & ,!ology h to adju/ !mselves to new facts or else become empty no?+s4#he ,,ii4 ,i h (t5 said t ,i believe ,islam to be ! be/ religion because 7s f> z ,i "k7 x accords be/ ) ! curr5t ideas ( ,sci5ce4 ,if y accept my view ( ! respective prov9ces ( ,sci5ce1 ,philosophy1 & ,religion1 y c easily compreh5d t a ,religion l ,islam :i* purports to exp\nd ! reason :y ( ,nature mu/ ne$s correspond ) ! :at 7,sci5ce7 z well z ) ! h[ 7,philosophy7 ( ,nature4 ,! ?ree great divisions ( ,human ,?\ght--,i mean1 ,sci5ce1 ,philosophy & ,religion--are necess>ily connect$ ) "o ano!r1 z o!rwise !y _c make up ! :ole ,univ]se ( ,human ,?\ght & _c satisfy m5's crav+ = complete & consi/5t k4 ,,iii4 ,! ,law ( ,evolution :i* ,i m5tion$ 9 ! previ\s ,note is b a ,!ory ( ,creation1 an explanation ( h[ ,nature has come to be :at %e is4 ,new facts :i* future ages may discov] may prove ! !ory to be ei!r "r or wrong4 ,at pres5t x is ! be/ hypo!sis--! be/ guess--because x accords be/ ) kn[n facts4 ,x acts z a guide to kn[able facts z well4 ,x has %[n t m5 _c progress1 inde$ _c long survive1 if !y fail to adapt !mselves to ! circum/ances ( _! position1 if !y fail to fit into _! environm5t :i* surr\nds !m l an envelope4 ,ceaseless *ange is ! ord] ( ,nature4 ,cont9u\s adaptation is ! law ( life4 ,adaptability is !re=e ! s9e qua non ( m5's life & exi/5ce4 ,! religion :i* suits !m mu/ also h ! quality ( adaptability4 ,i hold ,islam has ?is quality 9 an em95t degree & is !re=e ! mo/ suitable religion4 ,please rememb] t ,i speak ( ,islam z taught by ! ,qur'an itself & n ,muhammadanism z pr(ess$ by "s s-call$ foll[]s ( ! ,prophet4 ,y h to int]pret ! ,qur'an#hf q naturally z any o!r book or hi/oric docum5t1 b n 9 ! way 9 :i* "s ,muhammadans d x ) ! aid ( m>vell\s fictions & miracul\s traditions4 ,islam has to resi/ 7to use a big ^w7 ! an?ropomorphic t5d5cy ( ! human m9d1 viz41 ! t5d5cy to view ab/ract qualities or ag5cies z p]sons hav+ a sep>ate exi/5ce z individual be+s4 ,,iv4 ,i h said t !re is no inh]5t antagonism betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,islam if & :5 ! say+s & do+s ( ! f\nd]s ( ea* are rightly view$ & und]/ood 9 a simple & natural mann]4 ,muhammad nev] ceas$ say+ t he _h come to atte/ & complete ! mission ( ,jesus & 8 pr$ecessors1 :o 7 ,god's mess5g]s l himself4#hg ,! greate/ & ! be/ rule ( human conduct :i* ,jesus laid d[n 03 ,love ?y neighb\r z ?yself4 ,y rememb] ! well-kn[n l9es ( ,burns3 ,o wad "s p[] ! giftie gie u ,to see oursels z o!rs see u4 ,! gift :i* ! poet prays = is v\*saf$ to v few mortals4 ,almo/ all ( u h naturally1 & (t5 unconsci\sly1 su* a high op9ion ( ourselves t1 ev5 if we w\ld1 we c\ld n see ourselves z o!rs see u4 ,! next be/ ?+ t we c d is1 !re=e1 to see o!rs z we see ourselves1 to *]i% ! same reg>d = o!rs z we in/9ctively *]i% = ourselves4 ,if 7to take an extreme case = example7 we _c dete/ ourselves z o!rs sometimes dete/ or hate u1 we c at lea/ try to love o!rs z we love ourselves1 try to d unto o!rs z we wi% t o!rs %\ld d unto u4 ,?us ! rule3 ,love ?y neighb\r z ?yself1 is q consi/5t ) human nature & is ! mo/ compreh5sive rule ( conduct :i* has ev] be5 laid d[n = ! guidance ( mank9d4 ,to my m9d !re is no bett] pro( ( ! id5tity 9 _s ( ,*ri/ianity & ,islam ?an ! confirmation ( ,*ri/'s comm& by ,muhammad himself4 ,no-"o w be a fai?ful ,muslim until he loves 8 ,arabic3 ,la yu'm9u ahdakum hatta neighb\r z he loves himself4 yuhibbu li ma yajib nafsahu ,= ?is reason1 ,i believe t !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! two religions if ! metaphysical doctr9es engraft$ on bo? be elim9at$4 ,true ,islam is b true ,*ri/ianity writ %ort4#hh ,bo? recognize t ! s\rce ( virtue is love1 ,= love is ,heav5 & ,heav5 is love4 ,,app5dix4 ,we are indebt$ to ,mr4 ,j4,c4 ,molony = ! foll[+ illum9at+ criticism :i* af=ds food = s]i\s ?\ght--,editor4 ,if we assume ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 int]e/$ 9 ! gov]nance ( ?is _w1 x becomes impossible to d5y t ,muhammad 0 ,god's mess5g]1 or1 at lea/1 ,god's prophet4 ,x seems to me unlikely t a man c\ld *ange ! belief ( nations by *ance1 incr$ible t he %\ld d s 7 he an impo/or4 ,muhammad 0 c]ta9ly hone/2 ! p]si/5ce ( ! fai? call$ aft] him leads me to consid] him z inspir$4 ,or1 if inspir$ be object$ to z a g5]al religi\s t]m ( v indef9ite mean+1 let u say t he saw into ! he>t & reality ( life fur!r & m cle>ly ?an any man has done s9ce 8 day4 ,h[ !n comes ! fact1 not$ by ,amjad & ,mahmood & admitt$ by y1 t ,islamic c\ntries 9 ! ma9 h wret*$ gov]nm5ts1 & are crumbl+ away be=e ,*ri/ian ,p[]s8 ,i d n ?9k t y h answ]$ ?is "q#hi4 ,y h m]ely po9t$ out t ,islam1 if rightly und]/ood1 is an excell5t religion4 ,! boys1 ,i ?9k1 h /at$ _! dilemma too %>ply2 ! contra/ is n entirely betwe5 ,islam & ,*ri/ianity4 ,india is = all practical purposes a ,h9du c\ntry1 & ! p[] ( ! old ,indian ,k+doms has fad$ be=e ,*ri/ian invad]s4 ,9 t section ( ! _w 9 :i* ,*ri/ianity is ! prevail+ & accept$ =m ( religi\s belief1 ! temporal might ( ^? nations pr(ess+ "o great =m ( ! ,*ri/ian cre$1 ! ,roman ,ca?olic1 has und\bt$ly wan$ 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! nations pr(ess+ :at is g5]ally call$ ! ,prote/ant fai?4 ,!re are _m v>ieties ( non-,roman ,ca?olic ,*ri/ianity1 b ,prote/antism is a label suffici5tly compreh5sive & suffici5tly well und]/ood = our purposes4 ,i speak )\t sect>ian bitt]ness2 ,i am n1 ,i fe>1 a conv9c$ adh]5t ( any p>ticul> =m ( religi\s fai?4 ,i h met _m good m51 & h _m fri5ds1 among ,muhammadans1 ,h9dus1 & ,roman ,ca?olics4 ,b ,i ?9k t ! objective tru? ( :at ,i say1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,*ri/ian sph]e1 is indubitable4 ,comp>e = in/ance ! decay ( ,spa9 ) ! gr&eur ( ,engl&1 ! feebl5ess ( ,au/ria ) ! /r5g? & ord] 7turn$ to ill uses ?\gh !y may be7 ( ,g]many4#ij ,! "q at once arises :e!r religion has any?+ to say to ! matt]4 ,i ?9k t x has4 ,muhammadanism1 ,h9duism1 & ,ca?olicism 7,i omit ! prefix ,roman7 h conc]n$ !mselves too mu* ) ,heav5 & ,hell1 ) ! avoidance ( future damnation & ! obta9+ ( future bliss4 ,^! religions h af=d$ "s ju/ification = ! gibe t ,augu/e ,comte levell$ at ,*ri/ianity2 he said t x sprang f a s]vile t]ror & an imm5se cupidity4 ,religion %\ld be r a guide ( life "h ?an a guide to a life to come4 ,kant w\ld h curtail$ ! beatitude bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t = !y %all see ,god into bless$ are ! pure 9 he>t4 ,x is good to be good2 x is n good to be good 9 ! hope ( "s ultimate ga9 !reby4#ia ,! great ,ca?olic ,bi%op ( ,pondi*]ry1 ,monseigneur ,bonn&1 wrote to "o ( 8 despond+ prie/s3 ,cont9ue a mission>y to ! end1 & y w assur$ly be sav$4 ,9 my op9ion he 0 wrong2 ,i %\ld ?9k little ( a mission>y1 :e!r ,*ri/ian or ,muhammadan1 :o endur$ ! trials ( a mission>y life 7& "s ( ^? old ,fr5* prie/s did endure abundantly7 solely 9 ! hope ( mak+ a p]sonal1 albeit spiritual & et]nal1 pr(it at ! end ( x all4 ,n[1 ,bi%op ,bl\gram1 a "* creat$ by ! poet ,br[n+1 ?\gh suppos$ly inspir$ by ! p]sonality ( ,c>d9al ,wiseman1 says 9 8 ,apology3 ,!re's "o great =m ( ,*ri/ian fai? ,i happ5$ to be born 9--:i* to tea* ,0 giv5 me z ,i grew up1 on all h&s ,z be/ & readie/ means ( liv+ by4 ,! same1 ,i fe>1 might n[ be said ( ,muhammadanism4 ,b to my m9d !re is no fixity1 no absolute tru? 9 any =m ( religi\s dogma4 ,religion is a ?+ t mu/ gr[ ) man's intellig5ce2 x is n a box ( spiritual tru?s pack$ once & = ev]1 & unpack$ = ! gaze ( successive g5]ations4 ,x is n en\gh to believe 9 c]ta9 facts t happ5$ long ago1 or to obey c]ta9 injunctions giv5 long ago 9 a p>ticul> c\ntry2 we mu/ apply ! _s ( a religion to ! circum/ances 9 :i* we live4 ,we %all nev] atta9 to f9al absolute tru?1 ! end is n yet1 & ! purposes ( ,god to man are b half reveal$ 7,j[ett74 ,un=tunately :5 any religion has tak5 itself z f9al x has develop$ a prie/hood1 & t prie/hood has be5 apt to lay d[n a code ( fix$ rules :]e) alone compliance is requir$4 ,x is a fatally easy ?+ to live 9 con=mity ) any def9ite code ( rules4 ,muhammad himself1 ,i imag9e1 0 a s+ul>ly lib]al !ologian4 ,he laid d[n c]ta9 regulations = ! conduct ( life1 excell5t consid]+ 8 place & "t2 ! mod]n ,muhammadan has accept$ ^! z a maximum spiritual dem&1 ignor+ ! fact t !y probably repres5t$ ! m9imum dem&s ( common s5se 9 ,muhammad's "t & c\ntry4 ,muhammad direct$ t a ,muhammadan %\ld n dr9k alcohol4 ,?is is a maxim ( excell5t s5se 9 ,arabia2 ,haji ,burton1 :o mu* appreciat$ good w9e1 has told u t 9 ! ,arabian des]ts w9e is positively di/a/eful z well z un:olesome4 ,i h n ! lea/ desire t ,muhammadans %\ld dr9k w9e4 ,i m]ely say t !re is no m]it1 o!r ?an t ( common s5se1 9 obey+ ?is excell5t in/ruction 9 c\ntries :]e9 circum/ances r5d] x excell5t4 ,i d n believe t ,muhammad w\ld f9d ! lea/ fault ) disreg>d ( 8 maxim 9 c\ntries :]e ! climate makes ! mod]ate dr9k+ ( w9e bo? pleasant & b5eficial4 ,muhammad in/itut$ ! ,ramzan fa/1 ma9ly1 ,i am told1 to h>d5 8 soldi]s4 ,b ! ,muhammadan ( to-day f9ds a positive m]it 9 fa/+4 ,!re is none2 else ! jockey's pr(ession comprises ! mo/ virtu\s m5 9 ! _w4 ,muhammad p]mitt$ polygamy1 & enjo9$ ! practical seclusion ( wom54 ,?is1 z ,sir ,sy$ ,ahmad has po9t$ out1 0 ! c\nsel ( common s5se 9 ,arabia at ! "t ( ! ,prophet4 ,app>5tly !re 7 m wom5 ?an m51 & if a woman 0 n "u ! protection ( "s man1 & 0 n "u gu>d1 %e 0 v likely to come to h>m4 ,b ,i d n ?9k t ?is c\nsel holds good = all "t4 ,polygamy among ,indian ,muhammadans is dy+ out1 b ! g5]al ,muhammadan "h /ill imprisons 8 womank9d 9 ! com=table assurance t he is !reby pav+ 8 own way to salvation4 ,i d n see mu* hope = ! physical & m5tal developm5t ( ,muhammadans s long z "o half ( ! p rema9s 9 seclusion & ignorance1 9 a habit ( life necess>ily unheal?y4 ,if y obs]ve t y !reby escape ! evils t are publi%$ to ! _w 9 ,european divorce c\rts1 ,i w\ld answ] t 9 ! fir/ place ,i d\bt ! complet5ess ( y\r escape1 7x is a matt] on :i* ,i h he>d mu* s>donic comm5t f ,muslim fri5ds71 & t 9 ! second place1 ev5 grant+ :at y say1 #hj ( wom5 free1 educat$1 virtu\s & heal?y1 is a f> bett] result ?an #ajj m]ely virtu\s1 & t by con/ra9t4 ,muhammad laid d[n t a man %\ld pray five times a day4 ,to my m9d ?is 0 m]ely ! ,prophet's way ( say+ t man's :ole life %\ld be a pray]3 ! mod]n ,muhammadan too (t5 repeats pray]s five times a day & is satisfi$4 ,he might z well repeat ! multiplication table five times a day4 ,words )\t ?\ghts to ,heav5 nev] g said ! k+ 9 ,hamlet4 ,i d n "k if our fri5d ,d4,b4 prays t5 times a day1 or five times1 or n at all1 & 7c&idly7 ,i d n c>e4 ,all ,i "k is t 9 8 responsible position he w\ld die r ?an take a bribe1 tell a lie1 intrigue aga9/ 8 ma/]4 ,& ,i fancy t ! ,prophet1 c\ld he return to e>?1 w\ld f9d ?is abundantly suffici5t4 ,y m5tion a few o!r po9ts ( or?odoxy2 ! cut ( "o's hair1 ! l5g? ( "o's tr\s]s4 ,dr4 ,khaja ,hussa9 told me t he once saw a ,muhammadan ,/reet ar\s$ to fr5zy & riot by ! appe>ance ( a true believ] 9 ,f]+hi 7or ,kafir7 boots4 ,x is all ( a piece4 ,muhammadans h conc5trat$ _! att5tion on ^! ready-made rules = gett+ to heav52 _! prophet f\nd no su* easy road to bliss4 ,i d n imag9e t x w\ld ev] h occurr$ to 8 great s\l to claim any p>ticul> m]it 9 t he did n dr9k w9e1 9 t he repeat$ pray]s 7he at lea/ und]/ood ^! pray]s7 five times a day1 9 t he did n let 8 wives roam ! c\ntry a prey to any m>aud] ( ^? wild times4 ,aft] all any "o c obey ^! regulations ) v little tr\ble to himself2 x is n q s easy to adopt ! _s t guid$ ,muhammad's life4 ,sir ,afsur1 ,i d n d\bt1 w tell y t x is an advisable ?+ = a soldi] to drill sm>tly1 to keep 8 arms & acc\trem5ts clean1 & t ) a little tr\ble x is n difficult = a soldi] to d all ?is4 ,b he w tell y1 ,i feel sure1 t ?is is f> f be+ all2 ! supreme duty ( a soldi] is to be brave 9 battle--an affair ( mu* m difficulty4 ,a soldi] may be sm>t & clean1 b if he fails 9 battle 8 sm>tness & cleanness are wor? no?+--he is a bad soldi]4 ,muhammadanism has lo/ t\* ) life2 x cont5ts itself ) ! lett] ( ! ,prophet's tea*+ & %uts its eyes to1 does n se>* =1 ! indwell+ _s4 ,x is a small k]nel rattl+ 9 a v big %ell1 z ,*>les ,k+sley said 9 ,yea/ ( ! ,*ur* s]vice at ,/4 ,paul's 9 ! fifties ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,religion has be5 divorc$ f life1 & s ! foll[]s ( ,islam z nations h decay$4 ,x is ! same ) ! o!r religions t ,i h m5tion$4 ,! old "t ,brahm9 call$ himself su* because he 0 educat$1 intellig5t1 sanit>y 9 8 habits1 upright2 he did n claim to be all ?is simply because he 0 ! son ( 8 fa!r4 ,! great ob/acle to progress d[n "h is ! fact t p imag9e x is suffici5t to foll[ 9 a me*anical un9tellig5t way ! lett]1 :ile totally disreg>d+ ! _s1 ( "s old & aft] all n v important rules4 ,irel& is said to h be5 an ,isle ( ,sa9ts1 ,i h my d\bts on ! subject1 b suppose x s4 ,x is n[ full ( f9e *ur*es & religi\s e/abli%m5ts2 no p 9 ! _w g to *ur* ) great] regul>ity1 ab/a9 m ?or\ghly f meat on ,fridays1 etc4 etc4 ,b ) ! me*anical obs]vances !y are1 ,i fe>1 too well satisfi$4 ,drunk5ness1 idl5ess1 utt] disreg>d = tru?1 are rampant 9 ,s\!rn ,irel&1 & !re=e ,s\!rn ,irel& is :at x is4 ,=mal devotion is no sub/itute :e!r 9 ! daily battle ( ! _w1 or 7,i believe7 9 ! ultimate judgm5t ( ,god1 = ! prop] ord]+ ( "o's e day actions4 ,if ,muhammadans brea! ! brea? ( life on ! dry bones ( _! religion ,i see no reason :y ! temporal p[] ( ,islamic c\ntries & ! spiritual /r5g? ( ! ,muhammadan ,*ur* %\ld n revive4 ,some?+ ( ! k9d has happ5$ 9 ,france4 ,zola cri$ out aga9/ ! nightm>e ( ,ca?olicism2 antagonism to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* _h be5 gr[+ up long be=e ,m4 ,combes />t$ to /rafe ! religi\s e/abli%m5ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,! or?odox imag9$ t ,france 0 los+ all religion3 ,augu/e ,comte1 an unbeliev]1 proclaim$ t ,france 0 daily becom+ m religi\s4 ,rn ,baz91 a ,ca?olic writ]1 implicitly admits t ,comte 0 "r4 ,! p 7 sick ( ! dry1 lifeless1 =mal rules t 7 (f]$ to !m2 ! prie/hood h _h ?is tru? hamm]$ into !m1 & !y are quick5+ _! =mul ) life to fit ! life ( ! p1 n /riv+ to dessicate ! p's life to fit _! =mul4 ,j4,c4,m4 ,z a socio-political in/itution ,islam is1 9 ! middle ( its f\rte5? c5tury 7#acdj ,a4,h471 9 ! same vicissitudes ( developm5t1 z ,*ri/ianity 0 9 ! middle ( its f\rte5? c5tury 7#acej ,a4,d47--an in/itution weak5$ by cont5d+ sects & r5d]$ /agnant by rigid =malism4 ,x is a disp5sation ( provid5ce1 says ,sy$ ,ame] ,ali1 t :5ev] a religion becomes r$uc$ to =malism cross-curr5ts set 9 to re/ore spiritual vitality4 ,z 9 ,*ri/ianity 9 its f\rte5? c5tury1 s 9 ,islam ( our own times1 ! vitalis+ cross-curr5ts h set 9 & we are n[ witness+ a ,muslim ,r5aissance all ov] ! _w4 ,its pione]s 9 ,india 7 ,sir ,sy$ ,ahmad1 ,m[lana ,%ibli1 & ! poet ,hali4 ,! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,ame] ,ali1 ,dr4 ,iqbal & a ho/ ( o!rs be> al(t ! ,new ,light4 ,! ,muslim ,re=mation is com+ on z surely z ! ,*ri/ian ,re=mation came 9 ! wake ( ,patri/icism & ,=malism4 ,x ne$ n necess>ily mean ,political ,revolutions z 9 ,europe4 ,a4,h4 ,,our ,,pray]4 #a4 ,all praise is due to ,!e1 ,o ,god6 ,none o!r ?an ,!e we adore4 ,?\ art ! ,ma/] ( ! ,worlds1 ,?9e aid alone d we implore4 #b4 ,?\ art ,compassion2 lead ,?\ on ,to ,?y "r pa? our human race4 ,?y ,m]cy fl[e? ev]more1 ,d guide u to ! pa? ( ,grace4 #c4 ,?\ art ! ,"l ( ,judgm5t-day1 ,= sure %all all be judg$ by ,!e1 ,o keep u (f ! pa? ( ,s9 ,& ,error's way4 ,s mote x be6 ,abdur ,rahim4 ,,footnotes #a ,translat$ by ,mu%t>i ,begum ( ,bejnor & publi%$ 9 ! ,islamic ,review ,april #aiaf4 #b ,?is 0 writt5 9 #aiag4 #c ,by ! ^w be/ ,i mean ! mo/ suitable = bo? ! spiritual & mat]ial ne$s ( man4 ,i d n wi% to ca/ any reflection on any o!r religion4 ,see ,note #g4 #d ,i make a diff]5ce betwe5 ,islam & ,muhammadanism4 ,! latt] is n pure ,islam4 ,x has =gott5 ! _s ( ,islam & rememb]s only ! lett] ( its law4 ,! dry bones ( a religion are no?+2 ! _s t quick5s ! bones is all4 ,see ,note #e4 #e ,!re is no place 9 ,islam = ei!r prie/s or monks4 ,yet ! ,muhammadanism ( to-day has bo?4 ,!re are ,t>tuffes & ,pecksniffs 9 ?is religion z well z 9 any o!r religion4 #f ,?is is ! real reason ( ! political & social weakness ( mo/ ,islamic c\ntries ( our own times4 #g ,! tea*+ ( ,muhammad has be5 admirably summ>is$ by a ,*ri/ian writ] z foll[s3-- ,!re is no deity b ,god4 ,he creat$ ! ,univ]se & rules x ) love & m]cy4 ,he alone is to be wor%ipp$2 9 ,him confid5ce is to be plac$ 9 "t ( adv]sity4 ,!re mu/ be no murmur+s at ,8 decrees2 life--y\r own & o!rs de>] ?an y\r own--mu/ be plac$ 9 ,8 h&s 9 tru/ & love4 ,i d n believe t !re is any mono!i/ic religion 9 ! _w :i* w diss5t f ?is tea*+4 ,! writ] 79 ! ,h>mswor? ,encyclop$ia7 goes on to say3-- ,! fatalism :i* has come to be reg>d$ z "p ( ! ,moslem cre$ _h no place 9 ! sy/em e/abli%$ by ,muhammad :o aga9 & aga9 di/9ctly & emphatically repudiat$ ! idea4 ,muhammad taught re=m1 n revolution4 ,9 ^! days ( political unre/ ,i _c impress on y too /rongly ! mean+ ( ! la/ s5t5ce 9 :i* ,i h italicis$ two words4 #h ,see p4 #cc p>a4 #f4 #i ,! ,au?or has n kept copies ( ^! lett]s4--,ed4 #aj ,! ,qur'an speaks v highly ( ,jesus3-- ,arabic3 smuhu lmasu s bnu m>yama wahan f d-duny wa-l-irati wa-m9a l-muq>rabn ,8 "n is ,messiah1 ,jesus ! son ( ,m>y1 illu/ri\s bo? 9 ?is & 9 ! next _w4 ,he is "o ( ^? :o h ne> access to ,god4--iii4 #dj4 #aa ,publi%$ & sold by ! ,rationali/ic ,press1 ,london = #f;d4 #ab ,! translation ( ! ,sura 9 ?is analysis is slightly diff]5t f t giv5 9 ! succe$+ page4--,ed4 #ac ,x is /range3 says ,havelock ,ellis1 m5 seek to be1 or to seem1 a!i/s1 agno/ics1 cynics1 pessimi/s2 at ! core ( all ^! ?+s lurks religion4444 ,! m5 :o h mo/ f9ely felt ! pulse ( ! _w & h1 9 _! turn1 mo/ effectively /irr$ its pulse1 are religi\s m54--,new ,_s1 #bbh4 #ad ,! ^w religion also means a sy/em ( beliefs & rites p]ta9+ to !m4 ,i d n use ! ^w 9 t s5se "h4 #ae i4e41 ! _w su* z we p]ceive & conceive x4 #af ,i "k t ev5 ! unaid$ reason1 :5 correctly ex]cis$1 leads to a belief 9 ,god1 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 & 9 a future retribution--,c>d9al ,newman4 #ag ,pr(4 ,scott ,elliot at ! end ( 8 book1 ,prehi/oric ,man 7p4 #cha7 writes ?us3 ,x seems true t almo/ e race ( man is n only capable ( believ+ 9 a ,supreme ,god b1 s f> z ! evid5ce goes1 did rev]5ce "o ,god :o 0 (t5 also ?\ght ( z ! ,creator ( ! ,sky or ( ! ,_w4444 ,!re is a v /rong body ( evid5ce %[+ t e race ( mank9d possess$ q e>ly 9 its developm5t a feel+ ( awe & rev]5ce t[>ds an ,unkn[n ,god4 #ah ,!re are at pres5t ?ree mission>y religions 9 ! _w--religions :i* 7 int5d$ & design$ by _! respective f\nd]s to unite all m5 )\t any di/9ction into a ,univ]sal ,bro!rhood4 7#a7 ,buddhism ass]ts t ,god is ,law or ,wisdom4 7#b7 ,islam tea*es t ,god is ,en]gy or ,p[]4 7#c7 ,*ri/ianity says t ,god is ,fa!r or ,love4 ,b all ^! religions inculcate 9 fact "o & ! same ,tru? 9 its ?ree aspects1 z ,muslim ,sufis w\ld say4 ,i believe ! gi/ ( doctr9es held by !m is t ,god is ,omnipot5t ,en]gy manife/+ itself uni=mly z ,law & op]at+ b5evol5tly z ,love4 ,wisdom ,p[] ,love4 ,y %\ld try to solve ! equation = y\rself4 ,y w n fail to und]/& x if y ?9k h>d4 #ai ,"h aga9 tak+ ! ?ree mission>y religions m5tion$ above1 ! ,id5tity is3-- ,creator ,pres]v] ,adju/]4 ,god said unto ,moses1 ,i am t ,i am--,exodus1 iii1 #ad4 #bj ,"s ,sufis def9e ,nature z ,individual plus 8 ,environm5t4 ,by individual !y mean any "o capable ( ?9k+ ( himself z ,i or ,me & e ?+ else z n ,i or n me :i* is 8 environm5t4 #ba ,x may be said t all ! ?ree ideas ( ,god's relation ) ,nature 7! ?ree isms ,i h m5tion$ 9 brackets7 are b diff]5t degrees ( a man's desire = communion ) 8 ,god4 ,says ,rumi 9 8 celebrat$ ,masnavi3 ,all religions are 9 sub/ance "o & ! same--,bk4 iii1 /ory #ab 7,/4 ,daqqi74 #bb ,see la/ p>a4 ( ,note #d & also ,note #aj4 ,arabic3 at uruq li-llah-i bi is-bil anfus ,!re are z _m ways lead+ to ,god z !re are m9ds4 #bc ,religion places ! human s\l 9 ! pres5ce ( its highe/ ideal 7,god71 x lifts x above ! level ( ord9>y goodness1 & produces at lea/ a ye>n+ aft] a high] & bett] life 9 ! light ( ,god4--,max ,mull]4 #bd ,sura ,*apt]4 #be ,absolute n condition$ by place "t measure or circum/ances4 ,inf9ite )\t beg9n+ or end4 #bf ,! prop] "n ( ! religion prea*$ by ,muhammad is ,islam4--,sale #bg ,! ^w ,islam means lit]ally 7#a7 resignation 7#b7 pres]vation & 7#c7 peace4 ,"l ,t5nyson has mo/ admirably express$ ! ,islamic ideal ( self-surr5d] to ! w ( ,god & has incid5tally decid$ ! vex$ "q ( free-w 9 a s+le l9e3-- ,our wills are ours to make !m ,?9e4 #bh ,by ,*ri/ians 9 ,european c\ntries4 #bi ,! prop] "n ( ! religion prea*$ by ,muhammad is ,islam--,sale4 ,see p4 #cg4 #cj ,i use ! ^w 9 ! re/rict$ s5se ( ,islam z taught by ,muhammad4 ,if y take ,islam to mean belief 9 "o ,god & virtu\s conduct 9 life1 y may say t !re has n be5 & w nev] be any true religion besides ,islam4 ,9 ?is s5se ,islam is ! only true religion4 ,see p4 #bg1 la/ p>a4 ( ,note #b p4 #ai1 & ( ?is ,note pp4 #cc1 #cd4 #ca ,a man mu/ n d rev]5ce to 8 own sect or disp>age t ( ano!r man )\t reason4 ,deprecation %\ld be = specific reasons only1 because ! sects ( o!r p all des]ve rev]5ce = "o reason or o!r4 ,by ?us act+1 a man exalts 8 own sect1 & at ! same "t does s]vice to ! sects ( o!r p4 ,by act+ contr>iwise1 a man hurts 8 own sect & does diss]vice to ! sects ( o!r p4--,k+ ,asoka's ,edict ,,xii4 ,e sect fav\rably reg>ds him :o is fai?ful to its precepts1 &1 9 tru?1 he is to be comm5d$4--,akb>1 7,a9 ,akb>i ,,iii74 #cb ,see p4 #ee4 #cc ,muslim resign$ & submissive1 !re=e1 peaceful4 #cd ,see ,foot note #cj4 #ce ,comp>e ! ,bhagvat ,gita1 iv4 #g-h3-- ,:5ev] !re is decay ( righte\sness1 ,o ,bh>ata1 & !re is exaltation ( unrighte\sness1 !n ,i myself come =?2 ,= ! protection ( ! good1 = ! de/ruction ( evil-do]s1 = ! sake ( firmly e/abli%+ righte\sness1 ,i am born f age to age4 ,! words italicis$ sugge/ ! ,h9du doctr9e ( ,inc>nation & ,metempsy*osis4 ,or?odox ,muslims d n believe 9 any su* doctr9e 7,arabic3 hulool wa x-ti-_h7 b w\ld sub/itute = ! italics ! words3 ,i s5d a mess5g] or re=m]4 ,see1 e4g41 ,quran1 xvi4 #cf4 #cf ,to /ud5ts ( ,islam & its hi/ory ,i _c recomm5d bett] & m useful books ?an ! ,rt4 ,hon4 ,dr4 ,sy$ ,ame] ,ali's ,_s ( ,islam & ,hi/ory ( ! ,s>ac5s4 ,new & revis$ editions h be5 rec5tly publi%$4 ,!y pres5t ! v>i\s aspects ( ,islam 9 _! prop] p]spective4 ,!y are classics = ,engli% read]s4 #cg ,grant ! exi/5ce ( ,god & x is impossible to d5y t ,muhammad 0 ,8 ,mess5g]4 ,a man does n *ange ! belief ( half ! _w by *ance4 ,s wrote a ,*ri/ian fri5d ( m9e4 #ch ,muslim resign$ or submissive1 !re=e1 peaceful4 #ci ,i mean goodness & greatness z a human be+1 = ,muhammad nev] said or did any?+ to %[ t he 0 n a human be+4 ,! ,qur'an comm&$ him1 ,say ,i am a man l y\rself4 ,arabic3 qul ana baarun milukum ,he !re=e insi/$ t m5 %\ld atta* great] importance to ! nature ( ! message ?an to ! "* ( ! mess5g] himself4 ,i am1 said he no m ?an a man3 :5 ,i ord] y any?+ ) respect to religion1 receive x1 & :5 ,i ord] y ab\t ! affairs ( ! _w !n ,i am no?+ m ?an a man4 #dj ,ahmad is ano!r "n ( ,muhammad4 ,i h no?+ to say to ^? my/ics1 :o1 by a reason+ peculi> to _! doctr9es1 id5tify ! ,mess5g] 7,prophet7 ) ! ,ma/] 7,god74 #da ,nor inde$ is ,jesus answ]able = ! ,inquisition & autos-da-fe4 #db ,^! are p>ables :i* we h set =? = m5--,q4 xxix4 #dc4 #dc ,arabic3 y[-mud-dn ! day ( ! ,fai? ! "t ( ,dissolution pr$ict$ by ,islam z well z by ,sci5ce4 ,sir ,sy$ ,ahmad fully expla9s ! mean+ ( ,arabic3 qiya mat-e-kubr ,univ]sal ,de/ruction & ( ,arabic3 qiya mat-e-sughr individual de/ruction1 7i4e41 dea?7 f ! viewpo9t ( mod]n ,sci5ce4 #dd ,z reg>ds miracles1 ! beliefs t are held d n matt] s mu* z ! _s 9 :i* !y are held4 ,if ! _s is "r & leads to virtu\s conduct 9 life1 any reasonable belief w q d4 ,"h comes 9 ! ,pragmatism ( ,islam4 ,x does n object to any?+ :i* has a practical value unless x is unreasonable1 immoral1 or inconsi/5t ) ! ,islamic ideas ( ! unity ( ,god & ! bro!rhood ( man4 #de ,we w soon %[ !m our sign 9 all horizons 7 regions7 & 9 _! own s\ls1 until x %all become q cle> to !m t x is ! ,tru?--,qur'an xli #ec4 ,arabic3 sa-nurhim yt9 f l-fqi wa-f anfusihim att yatabayyana lahum annahu l-aqqu #df ,god's is ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/1 !re=e :i*ev] side y turn1 y w see ! face 7 pres5ce7 ( ,god--,qur'an i4 #aae4 ,arabic3 wa-li-llhi l-mariqu wa-l-maribu fa-aynam tuwall fa-amma wahu llhi #dg ,& ,he is )9 y 7 9 y\r m9d71 :y don't y see ,him8--,qur'an li4 #ba4 ,arabic3 wa-f anfusikum a-fa-l tubirna #dh ,islam mu/ n be conf\nd$ ) :at is call$ ,muhammadanism :i* is b an ossifi$ =m ( ,islam1 clo!d 9 ,m$ival beliefs & disfigur$ by pagan practices4 ,see ,mr4 ,j4,c4 ,molony's admirable report ( ! ,c5sus ( ! ,madras ,presid5cy = #aiaa1 :]e1 quot+ f ! poet ,hali's fam\s ,musaddas1 he describes h[ f> ,muhammadanism 9 ,s\!rn ,india has be5 influ5c$ by ,h9duism4 ,read also ,hali's excell5t pamphlet call$ ,arabic3 al-dnu s>ih ! ,simple/ ,religion :i* describes h[ ,islam has be5 ossifi$1 i4e41 r5d]$ rigid & unprogressive4 #di ,i "k ( no religion :i* does n say1 ,d good & avoid evil & ,i consid] x no religion :i* does n say1 ,live well & happily4 #ej ,ghalib3 ,urdu3 99 ,hum ko ma'loom hai jannat ki haqiqat laik9 99 dil kay khoo% rakhnay ko ghalib ye khiyal a**a4 #ea ,see p4 #bd above4 #eb ,x supplies ! be/ motive = ov]com+ ! p]v]sity ( human nature to :i* ,/4 ,paul directs our att5tion 9 ^! beautiful words3 ,! good t ,i w\ld1 ,i d n3 & ! evil :i* ,i w\ld n1 ,i d4--,rom4 vii4 #ai4 #ec ,read ,drap]'s ,conflict betwe5 ,sci5ce & ,religion :i* is a hi/orical acc\nt ( h[ "s sci5tific ideas _h to cont5d ) religi\s prejudices--a book :i*1 by ! way1 disproves ! *>ge t ,caliph ,om> de/roy$ ! great ,libr>y at ,alex&ria4 #ed ,god reveals ,himself to ev]ybody at e in/ant ( 8 life4 ,x dep5ds entirely on ! spirituality or spiritual capacity ( ea* individual to :at ext5t he kn[s ,god & ,god's ways4 ,! spiritual capacity is p>tly inh]it$ f "o's ance/ors & p>tly acquir$ by fai? & devotion1 z well z by "r conduct & good works4 #ee ,p]sian3 ,nee/ b> lohe delam joz alefe ghamat y> 99 *e konam h>f deg> yaad nadad o/adam ,! ,alif ( ! ,lov$ ,"o's =m is engrav5 on my he>t1 ,no o!r lett] did my ,%aikh ev] to me imp>t--,hafiz4 #ef ,see ,note #b4 #eg ,i h nei!r "t nor space to expla9 ! full significance ( ! ,qur'anic v]ses ,i h quot$ "h4 #eh ,"s w\ld call ?is ,reality1 ,god2 b o!rs w\ld say t ,god is great] & high] ?an ! ,reality :i* manife/s itself 9 diff]5t =ms4 ,he is above all t any man c ?9k ( or imag9e4 ,arabic3 ,au b> t>az khiyal wa qiyas guman wo waham4 #ei ,vol4 ii4 #gdh4 ,y h to read ! book itself to und]/& ?is4 ,i _c expla9 x 9 a %ort note4 #fj ,i h nei!r "t nor space to expla9 ! full significance ( ! ,qur'anic phrases ,i h m5tion$ "h4 #fa ,9 ! _w !re is no?+ s great z man4 ,9 man !re is no?+ s great z m9d--,sir ,william ,hamilton4 ,9 ! m9d ( man !re is no?+ s great z ! idea ( ,god--,islam4 #fb ,?is is q diff]5t f ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,atonem5t4 #fc ,x 0 ! _s ( co-op]ation :i* ,islam eng5d]$ among wild & unruly ,arabs1 t enabl$ !m to put aside _! tribal feuds1 to unite & conqu] m ?an half ! kn[n _w 9 ! fir/ c5tury ( ! ,hijri era 7 ! #g? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era74 ,x 0 ! lack ( t _s 9 ! next two c5turies t dismemb]$ ! ,muslim ,empire4 #fd ,i say ! ,islam ( our ance/ors1 because ! ,islam ( "s ( our contempor>ies1 call$ ,muhammadanism1 is n q ! same4 ,read ,pr(4 ,gregory's ,discov]y or ! ,_s & ,s]vice ( ,sci5ce4 #fe ,sufis are ^? ,muslims :o claim ) ,m[lana ,rumi ,p]sian3 maazey quraan ra bada%taim i/ekhwan bei% sagaan &akhtum ,we h tak5 ! m>r[ out ( ! ,qur'an & ?r[n ! bones to dogs1 mean+ by dogs ^? :o qu>rel ov] words 7,arabic3 mutakallim97 ( ! sacr$ texts4 #ff ,man says ,c>lyle1 is a symbol ( ,et]nity imprison$ into ,"t4 #fg ,?is proviso def9es also ! ,lib]ty ( ,subjects 9 a ,/ate4 ,e man %\ld be free to d :atev] he wi%es provid$ t he does n !reby prev5t o!rs f enjoy+ ! l lib]ty ( action4 ,x is ! basis ( all good ,laws :i* %\ld provide equal opportunities to all subjects )\t di/9ction4 #fh ,muhammadans g5]ally misund]/& & misapply ! doctr9e ( ,qismat or ,fate4 ,! ,prophet di/9ctly taught t we %\ld fir/ ( all d :atev] lies 9 our p[] & !n leave ! re/ to ,god4 ,we are apt to =get ! fir/ "p ( 8 precept & cl+ to its second "p only :i* accords ) our tropical laz9ess4 ,see footnote 7#g7 on page #ab4 #fi ,arabic3 lika d-dnu l-qayyim ,x 7,islam7 is ! /&>d religion4--,q4 xii4 #da4 #gj ,islam rejects "s previ\s revelations n because !y are untrue b because _! records t h come d[n to u are n q g5u9e & tru/wor?y4 #ga ,! head+ ( all *apt]s except "o ( ! ,qur'an4 #gb ,mank9d comes to ,me along _m roads2 & on :atev] road a man approa*es ,me on t road d ,i welcome him1 = all roads are ,m9e4--,bhagawat ,gita4 al turuk ila-allah bihasbi anf ,see p4 #bd4 #gc ,see ,note #b 7conclud+ "p7 :i* m5tions ?ree common factors 9 all religi\s sy/ems ( ! _w4 ,! city ( ! ,h9du ,god is ,b5>es & ! city ( ! ,muslim ,god is ,mecca4 ,b se>* y\r he>ts & !re y w f9d ! ,god bo? ( ,h9dus & ,muslims4 ,if ! ,creator dwells 9 tab]nacles only1 ^: dwell+ is ! ,univ]se8--,kabir4 #gd ,"s ,muslims believe t ,zora/]1 ,kri%na1 ,buddha1 & ,confucius 7 also prophets or mess5g]s ( ,god b t !y 7 no m ?an good & great m54 ,!y d n attribute any div9ity to !m4 ,religion1 said ,hit*cock1 implies ,revelation4 ,by ,revelation is meant a set ( sublime 7& !re=e1 div9e7 tru?s reveal$1 i4e4 communicat$ f "t to "t to *os5 m5 7 ,prophets7 :o _h ! necess>y spirituality to compreh5d !m & to convey !m1 z ,god's messages1 to _! fell[-m5 9 ! human language ( !mselves4 ,! defects 7if any7 f\nd 9 ! au?oritative records 7 ,scriptures ,arabic3 aif7 are ! defects 9 ! human language & n c]ta9ly 9 ! sacr$ & sublime tru?s reveal$ to ! *os5 m51 ! ,mess5g]s ( ,god4 ,x is ! defect ( human und]/&+1 no less ?an ! pov]ty ( human language1 t has (t5 prev5t$ ! full compreh5sion ( ! div9e disp5sation & ! sublime tru?s 9 ! messages ( ,prophets4 ,x is our compreh5sion ( ! tru? itself t has giv5 rise to div]sity 9 religi\s beliefs & practices4 #ge ,provid$ !y are au!ntic & g5u9e & n alt]$ by int]polations & omissions4 #gf ,nei!r ! ,bible nor ! ,qur'an is responsible = ! cruel excesses committ$ by ,*ri/ians or ,muhammadans 9 ! "n ( ,religion4 #gg ,! be/ ( ?+s is ! m$ium ?+--,muhammad4 #gh ,*>les ,r4 ,gibson4 #gi ,vide ,note #ab p>a4 m>k$ 7a7 p4 #gi4 #hj ,= ! purpose ( ?is ,note x w be en\gh if y und]/& ! fir/ f\r propositions4 ,i am afraid y w f9d "s difficulty 9 und]/&+ ! rema9+ two propositions )\t illu/rative examples1 = :i* ,i h no space "h4 #ha ,= su* z be bless$ ( him %all inh]it ! e>?1 & !y t be curs$ ( him %all be cut (f4--,psalm #cg?1 #bb4 #hb ,qur'an1 xxi4 #aje4 ,foll[+ ! late ,mr4 ,ju/ice ,k>amat ,hussa9 ( ,allahabad1 ,i take ! ^w ,arabic3 saleh to mean fit 9 ! evolution>y s5se4 ,see 8 book ,arabic3 ilm-ul-akhlakh4 #hc ,he edits a j\rnal call$ ,biometrika :i* is devot$ to ! /ati/ical /udy ( biological problems4 #hd ,pr(4 ,muirhead ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,burm+ham1 9 8 k9d lett] to ! au?or on ^! ,notes4 #he ,h5ce ,=malism creeps into e ,religion & r5d]s x lifeless :5 its doctr9es fail to adju/ !mselves to new facts or to *anges 9 old facts4 ,see ,app5dix4 #hf ,x %\ld be con/ru$ & appli$ to new ideas & *ang$ circum/ances ( ea* age 9 q ! same mann] z ,judges 9 a ,c\rt ( ,law con/rue & apply old ,/atutes to facts ( cases t come be=e !m4 ,see ,hali's ,arabic3 al-d9 yass9 #hg ,see ! v]se ( ! ,qur'an quot$ on p4 #cc4 #hh ,or say3 ,true ,*ri/ianity is b true ,islam writ l>ge4 ,on ! :ole ?is religion ( ,mahomet's is a k9d ( ,*ri/ianity4--,?omas ,c>lyle4 #hi ,see h9ts3--,p>a #c ( ,note #e pp4 #ca1 #cb2 ,footnote 7#dh7 p4 #dc2 ,footnotes 7#d7 & 7#e7 page #ab2 ,footnote 7#he7 p4 #ha4 #ij ,writt5 9 #aiag4 #ia ,cp4 ,note #g4