,riv]side ,educational ,monographs      
,,edit$ ,,by ,,h5ry ,,suzzallo          
,,sometime ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,!           
,,philosophy ,,( ,,education ,,tea*]s   
,,college1 ,,columbia ,,univ]sity1 ,,&  
,,presid5t ,,( ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,(      
,,wa%+ton     ,,moral ,,pr9ciples ,,9   
,,education  ,,by  ,,john ,,dewey       
,,pr(essor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9         
,,columbia ,,univ]sity   ,,h\ghton      
,,miffl9 ,,company  ,,bo/on 4 ,,new     
,,york 4 ,,*icago 4 ,,dallas 4 ,,san    
,,francisco  ,! ,riv]side ,press        
,cambridge     ,,copyright1 #aiji1 ,,by 
,,john ,,dewey  ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ 
,! au?or has drawn freely ^u 8 essay on 
,e?ical ,pr9ciples ,und]ly+ ,education1 
publi%$ 9 ! ,?ird ,ye>-,book ( ,!       
,national ,h]b>t ,society = ! ,/udy (   
,education4 ,he is indebt$ to ! ,society
 = p]mission to use ?is mat]ial4  ,!    
,riv]side ,press ,,cambridge1           
,,massa*usetts ,,pr9t$ ,,9 ,,! ,u4,s4,a4
     ,,cont5ts          ,,introduction  
,i4 ,,! ,,moral ,,purpose ,,( ,,!       

,,s*ool    ,,ii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,tra9+    
,,giv5 ,,by ,,! ,,s*ool ,,community     
,,iii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,tra9+ ,,f ,,me?ods 
,,( ,,in/ruction    ,,iv4 ,,! ,,social  
,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy     
,v4 ,,! ,,psy*ological ,,aspect ,,(     
,,moral ,,education        ,,outl9e     
,,introduction   ,education z a public  
bus9ess  ,x is "o ( ! compla9ts ( !     
s*oolma/] t ! public does n def] to 8   
pr(essional op9ion z completely z x does
 to t ( practition]s 9 o!r pr(essions4  
,at fir/ sight x might seem z ?\gh ?is  
indicat$ a defect ei!r 9 ! public or 9 !
 pr(ession2 & yet a wid] view ( !       
situation w\ld sugge/ t su* a conclusion
 is n a necess>y "o4 ,! relations (     
education to ! public are diff]5t f ^? (
 any o!r pr(essional "w4 ,education is a
 public bus9ess ) u1 9 a s5se t !       
protection & re/oration ( p]sonal heal? 
or legal rights are n4 ,to an ext5t     
*>act]i/ic ( no o!r in/itution1 save t (
 ! /ate itself1 ! s*ool has p[] to      
modify ! social ord]4 ,& "u our         

political sy/em1 x is ! "r ( ea*        
individual to h a voice 9 ! mak+ (      
social policies z1 inde$1 he has a vote 
9 ! det]m9ation ( political affairs4 ,if
 ?is be true1 education is prim>ily a   
public bus9ess1 & only second>ily a     
specializ$ vocation4 ,! layman1 !n1 w   
always h 8 "r to "s utt]ance on !       
op]ation ( ! public s*ools4   ,education
 z exp]t s]vice  ,i h said "s utt]ance1 
b n all2 = s*ool-ma/]+ has its own      
special my/]ies1 its own k & skill into 
:i* ! untra9$ layman _c p5etrate4 ,we   
are j beg9n+ to recognize t ! s*ool & ! 
gov]nm5t h a common problem 9 ?is       
respect4 ,education & politics are two  
functions fundam5tally controll$ by     
public op9ion4 ,yet ! conspicu\s lack ( 
effici5cy & economy 9 ! s*ool & 9 ! /ate
 has quick5$ our recognition ( a l>g]   
ne$ = exp]t s]vice4 ,b j :]e %all public
 op9ion ju/ly express itself1 & :at %all
 prop]ly be left to exp]t judgm5t8   ,! 
relations ( exp]t op9ion & public op9ion
  ,9 s f> z broad policies & ultimate   

ends affect+ ! welf>e ( all are to be   
det]m9$1 ! public may well claim its "r 
to settle issues by ! vote or voice (   
majorities4 ,b ! selection & prosecution
 ( ! detail$ ways & means by :i* !      
public w is to be execut$ effici5tly mu/
 rema9 l>gely a matt] ( specializ$ &    
exp]t s]vice4 ,to ! sup]ior k & te*nique
 requir$ "h1 ! public may well def]4  ,9
 ! conduct ( ! s*ools1 x is well = !    
citiz5s to det]m9e ! ends prop] to !m1 &
 x is _! privilege to judge ( ! efficacy
 ( results4 ,^u que/ions t conc]n all ! 
manifold details by :i* *ildr5 are to be
 conv]t$ into desirable types ( m5 &    
wom51 ! exp]t s*oolma/] %\ld be         
au?oritative1 at lea/ to a degree       
comm5surate ) 8 sup]ior k ( ?is v       
complex problem4 ,! adm9i/ration ( !    
s*ools1 ! mak+ ( ! c\rse ( /udy1 !      
selection ( texts1 ! prescription (     
me?ods ( tea*+1 ^! are matt]s ) :i* ! p1
 or _! repres5tatives ^u bo>ds (        
education1 _c deal save ) dang] ( becom+
 m]e m$dl]s4   ,! discussion ( moral    

education an illu/ration ( mi/ak5 views 
( laym5  ,n[h]e is ! validity ( ?is     
di/9ction betwe5 education z a public   
bus9ess & education z an exp]t          
pr(essional s]vice br\ght out m cle>ly  
?an 9 an analysis ( ! public discussion 
( ! moral "w ( ! s*ool4 ,h[ frequ5tly ( 
late h ^? unacqua9t$ ) ! special nature 
( ! s*ool proclaim$ ! moral ends (      
education & at ! same "t dem&$ direct   
e?ical in/ruction z ! p>ticul> me?od by 
:i* !y 7 to be realiz$6 ,?is1 too1 9    
spite ( ! fact t ^? :o "k be/ ! p[]s &  
limitations ( in/ruction z an in/rum5t h
 repeat$ly po9t$ out ! futility ( assum+
 t k ( "r con/itutes a gu>antee ( "r    
do+4 ,h[ common x is = ^? :o ass]t t    
education is = social effici5cy to      
assume t ! s*ool %\ld return to ! b>r5  
discipl9e ( ! traditional =mal subjects1
 read+1 writ+1 & ! re/6 ,?is1 too1      
reg>dless ( ! fact t x has tak5 a c5tury
 ( educational evolution to make ! c\rse
 ( /udy v>i$ & ri* en\gh to call = ^?   
impulses & activities ( social life :i* 

ne$ tra9+ 9 ! *ild4 ,& h[ _m :o speak   
gl[+ly ( ! l>ge s]vices ( ! public      
s*ools to a democracy ( free &          
self-reliant m5 affect a cynical & ev5  
vehem5t opposition to ! self-gov]nm5t ( 
s*ools6 ,^! w\ld n h ! *ildr5 le>n to   
gov]n !mselves & "o ano!r1 b w\ld h !   
ma/]s rule !m1 ignor+ ! fact t ?is      
common practice 9 *ildhood may be a     
f\ndation = t evil condition 9 adult    
society :]e ! citiz5s are arbitr>ily    
rul$ by political bosses4  ,"o ne$ n    
cite fur!r cases ( ! incompet5ce ( ! lay
 public to deal ) te*nical que/ions (   
s*ool me?ods4 ,in/ances are pl5tiful to 
%[ t well-mean+ p1 compet5t en\gh to    
judge ( ! aims & results ( s*ool "w1    
make a mi/ake 9 insi/+ ^u ! pr]ogative (
 direct+ ! te*nical aspects ( education 
) a dogmatism t w\ld n *>act]ize _!     
/atem5ts reg>d+ any o!r special field ( 
k or action4   ,a fundam5tal und]/&+ (  
moral pr9ciples 9 education  ,no?+ c be 
m useful ?an = ! public & ! tea*+       
pr(ession to und]/& _! respective       

functions4 ,! tea*] ne$s to und]/&      
public op9ion & ! social ord]1 z mu* z !
 public ne$s to compreh5d ! nature (    
exp]t educational s]vice4 ,x w take "t  
to draw ! b\nd>y l9es t w be conducive  
to respect1 re/ra9t1 & effici5cy 9 ^?   
conc]n$2 b a beg9n+ c be made ^u        
fundam5tal matt]s1 & no?+ s t\*es !     
f\ndations ( our educational ?\ght z a  
discussion ( ! moral pr9ciples 9        
education4  ,x is our pleasure to pres5t
 a treatm5t ( !m by a ?9k] ^: vital     
influ5ce ^u ! re=m ( s*ool me?ods is    
great] ?an t ( any ( 8 contempor>ies4 ,9
 8 discussion ( ! social & psy*ological 
factors 9 moral education1 !re is mu* t 
w sugge/ :at social op9ion %\ld det]m9e1
 & mu* t w indicate :at mu/ be left to !
 tra9$ tea*] & s*ool (ficial4     ,,!   
,,moral ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool     ,i
  ,,! ,,moral ,,purpose ,,( ,,! ,,s*ool 
,an ,engli% contempor>y philosoph] has  
call$ att5tion to ! diff]5ce betwe5     
moral ideas & ideas ab\t morality4      
,moral ideas are ideas ( any sort       

:atsoev] :i* take effect 9 conduct &    
improve x1 make x bett] ?an x o!rwise   
w\ld be4 ,simil>ly1 "o may say1 immoral 
ideas are ideas ( :atev] sort 7:e!r     
ari?metical or geographical or          
physiological7 :i* %[ !mselves 9 mak+   
behavior worse ?an x w\ld o!rwise be2 & 
non-moral ideas1 "o may say1 are su*    
ideas & pieces ( in=mation z leave      
conduct un9flu5c$ = ei!r ! bett] or !   
worse4 ,n[ ideas ab\t morality may be   
morally indiff]5t or immoral or moral4  
,!re is no?+ 9 ! nature ( ideas ab\t    
morality1 ( in=mation ab\t hone/y or    
purity or k9dness :i* automatically     
transmutes su* ideas into good "* or    
good conduct4  ,?is di/9ction betwe5    
moral ideas1 ideas ( any sort :atsoev] t
 h become a "p ( "* & h5ce a "p ( !     
work+ motives ( behavior1 & ideas ab\t  
moral action t may rema9 z in]t &       
ineffective z if !y 7 s mu* k ab\t      
,egyptian ar*aeology1 is fundam5tal to !
 discussion ( moral education4 ,!       
bus9ess ( ! educator--:e!r p>5t or      

tea*]--is to see to x t ! greate/       
possible numb] ( ideas acquir$ by *ildr5
 & y\? are acquir$ 9 su* a vital way t  
!y become mov+ ideas1 motive-=ces 9 !   
guidance ( conduct4 ,?is dem& & ?is     
opportunity make ! moral purpose        
univ]sal & dom9ant 9 all                
in/ruction--:atsoev] ! topic4 ,7 x n =  
?is possibility1 ! famili> /atem5t t !  
ultimate purpose ( all education is     
"*-=m+ w\ld be hypocritical pret5se2 = z
 e "o kn[s1 ! direct & imm$iate att5tion
 ( tea*]s & pupils mu/ be1 = ! great] "p
 ( ! "t1 ^u intellectual matt]s4 ,x is  
out ( ! "q to keep direct moral         
consid]ations con/antly upp]mo/4 ,b x is
 n out ( ! "q to aim at mak+ ! me?ods ( 
le>n+1 ( acquir+ intellectual p[]1 & (  
assimilat+ subject-matt]1 su* t !y w    
r5d] behavior m enlight5$1 m consi/5t1 m
 vigor\s ?an x o!rwise w\ld be4  ,! same
 di/9ction betwe5 moral ideas & ideas   
ab\t morality expla9s = u a s\rce (     
cont9ual misund]/&+ betwe5 tea*]s 9 !   
s*ools & critics ( education outside ( !

 s*ools4 ,! latt] look ?r\gh ! s*ool    
programmes1 ! s*ool c\rses ( /udy1 & d n
 f9d any place set ap>t = in/ruction 9  
e?ics or = moral tea*+4 ,!n !y ass]t t !
 s*ools are do+ no?+1 or next to no?+1 =
 "*-tra9+2 !y become emphatic1 ev5      
vehem5t1 ab\t ! moral defici5cies (     
public education4 ,! s*ooltea*]s1 on !  
o!r h&1 res5t ^! criticisms z an        
inju/ice1 & hold n only t !y d tea*     
morals1 b t !y tea* !m e mom5t ( ! day1 
five days 9 ! week4 ,9 ?is cont5tion !  
tea*]s 9 pr9ciple are 9 ! "r2 if !y are 
9 ! wrong1 x is n because special p]iods
 are n set aside = :at aft] all c only  
be tea*+ ab\t morals1 b because _! own  
*>act]s1 or _! s*ool atmosph]e & ideals1
 or _! me?ods ( tea*+1 or !             
subject-matt] :i* !y tea*1 are n su* 9  
detail z to br+ intellectual results    
into vital union ) "* s t !y become     
work+ =ces 9 behavior4 ,)\t discuss+1   
!re=e1 ! limits or ! value ( s-call$    
direct moral in/ruction 7or1 bett]1     
in/ruction ab\t morals71 x may be laid  

d[n z fundam5tal t ! influ5ce ( direct  
moral in/ruction1 ev5 at its v be/1 is  
comp>atively small 9 am\nt & slight 9   
influ5ce1 :5 ! :ole field ( moral gr[?  
?r\gh education is tak5 into acc\nt4    
,?is l>g] field ( indirect & vital moral
 education1 ! developm5t ( "* ?r\gh all 
! ag5cies1 in/rum5talities1 & mat]ials (
 s*ool life is1 !re=e1 ! subject ( our  
pres5t discussion4     ,,! ,,moral      
,,tra9+ ,,giv5 ,,by ,,! ,,s*ool         
,,community     ,,ii  ,,! ,,moral       
,,tra9+ ,,giv5 ,,by ,,! ,,s*ool         
,,community   ,!re _c be two sets (     
e?ical pr9ciples1 "o = life 9 ! s*ool1 &
 ! o!r = life outside ( ! s*ool4 ,z     
conduct is "o1 s also ! pr9ciples (     
conduct are "o4 ,! t5d5cy to discuss !  
morals ( ! s*ool z if ! s*ool 7 an      
in/itution by itself is highly          
un=tunate4 ,! moral responsibility ( !  
s*ool1 & ( ^? :o conduct x1 is to       
society4 ,! s*ool is fundam5tally an    
in/itution erect$ by society to d a     
c]ta9 specific "w1--to ex]cise a c]ta9  

specific function 9 ma9ta9+ ! life &    
advanc+ ! welf>e ( society4 ,!          
educational sy/em :i* does n recognize t
 ?is fact entails ^u x an e?ical        
responsibility is d]elict & a default]4 
,x is n do+ :at x 0 call$ into exi/5ce  
to d1 & :at x pret5ds to d4 ,h5ce !     
entire /ructure ( ! s*ool 9 g5]al & its 
concrete work+s 9 p>ticul> ne$ to be    
consid]$ f "t to "t ) ref]5ce to !      
social position & function ( ! s*ool4   
,! idea t ! moral "w & wor? ( ! public  
s*ool sy/em z a :ole are to be measur$  
by its social value is1 inde$1 a famili>
 notion4 ,h[ev]1 x is frequ5tly tak5 9  
too limit$ & rigid a way4 ,! social "w (
 ! s*ool is (t5 limit$ to tra9+ =       
citiz5%ip1 & citiz5%ip is !n int]pret$ 9
 a n>r[ s5se z mean+ capacity to vote   
intellig5tly1 disposition to obey laws1 
etc4 ,b x is futile to contract & cramp 
! e?ical responsibility ( ! s*ool 9 ?is 
way4 ,! *ild is "o1 & he mu/ ei!r live 8
 social life z an integral unifi$ be+1  
or suff] loss & create friction4 ,to    

pick out "o ( ! _m social relations :i* 
! *ild be>s1 & to def9e ! "w ( ! s*ool  
by t alone1 is l in/itut+ a va/ &       
complicat$ sy/em ( physical ex]cise :i* 
w\ld h = its object simply ! developm5t 
( ! lungs & ! p[] ( brea?+1 indep5d5t ( 
o!r organs & functions4 ,! *ild is an   
organic :ole1 intellectually1 socially1 
& morally1 z well z physically4 ,we mu/ 
take ! *ild z a memb] ( society 9 !     
broade/ s5se1 & dem& = & f ! s*ools     
:atev] is necess>y to enable ! *ild     
intellig5tly to recognize all 8 social  
relations & take 8 "p 9 su/a9+ !m4  ,to 
isolate ! =mal relation%ip ( citiz5%ip f
 ! :ole sy/em ( relations ) :i* x is    
actually int]wov52 to suppose t !re is  
"s "o p>ticul> /udy or mode ( treatm5t  
:i* c make ! *ild a good citiz52 to     
suppose1 9 o!r words1 t a good citiz5 is
 any?+ m ?an a ?or\ghly effici5t &      
s]viceable memb] ( society1 "o ) all 8  
p[]s ( body & m9d "u control1 is a      
hamp]+ sup]/ition :i* x is hop$ may soon
 disappe> f educational discussion4  ,! 

*ild is to be n only a vot] & a subject 
( law2 he is also to be a memb] ( a     
family1 himself 9 turn responsible1 9   
all probability1 = re>+ & tra9+ ( future
 *ildr51 !reby ma9ta9+ ! cont9uity (    
society4 ,he is to be a work]1 engag$ 9 
"s occupation :i* w be ( use to society1
 & :i* w ma9ta9 8 own indep5d5ce &      
self-respect4 ,he is to be a memb] ( "s 
p>ticul> neighborhood & community1 & mu/
 contribute to ! values ( life1 add to !
 dec5cies & graces ( civilization :]ev] 
he is4 ,^! are b>e & =mal /atem5ts1 b if
 we let our imag9ation translate !m into
 _! concrete details1 we h a wide & v>i$
 sc5e4 ,= ! *ild prop]ly to take 8 place
 9 ref]5ce to ^! v>i\s functions means  
tra9+ 9 sci5ce1 9 art1 9 hi/ory2 means  
comm& ( ! fundam5tal me?ods ( inquiry & 
! fundam5tal tools ( int]c\rse &        
communication2 means a tra9$ & s\nd     
body1 skillful eye & h&2 means habits ( 
indu/ry1 p]sev]ance2 9 %ort1 habits (   
s]viceabl5ess4  ,moreov]1 ! society (   
:i* ! *ild is to be a memb] is1 9 !     

,unit$ ,/ates1 a democratic &           
progressive society4 ,! *ild mu/ be     
educat$ = lead]%ip z well z = ob$i5ce4  
,he mu/ h p[] ( self-direction & p[] (  
direct+ o!rs1 p[] ( adm9i/ration1       
ability to assume positions (           
responsibility4 ,?is necessity ( educat+
 = lead]%ip is z great on ! indu/rial z 
on ! political side4  ,new inv5tions1   
new ma*9es1 new me?ods ( transportation 
& int]c\rse are mak+ ov] ! :ole sc5e (  
action ye> by ye>4 ,x is an absolute    
impossibility to educate ! *ild = any   
fix$ /ation 9 life4 ,s f> z education is
 conduct$ unconsci\sly or consci\sly on 
?is basis1 x results 9 fitt+ ! future   
citiz5 = no /ation 9 life1 b makes him a
 drone1 a hang]-on1 or an actual ret>d+ 
influ5ce 9 ! onw>d movem5t4 ,in/ead (   
c>+ = himself & = o!rs1 he becomes "o :o
 has himself to be c>$ =4 ,"h1 too1 !   
e?ical responsibility ( ! s*ool on !    
social side mu/ be int]pret$ 9 ! broade/
 & free/ _s2 x is equival5t to t tra9+ (
 ! *ild :i* w give him su* possession ( 

himself t he may take *>ge ( himself2   
may n only adapt himself to ! *anges t  
are go+ on1 b h p[] to %ape & direct !m4
  ,ap>t f p>ticipation 9 social life1 ! 
s*ool has no moral end nor aim4 ,z long 
z we conf9e ourselves to ! s*ool z an   
isolat$ in/itution1 we h no direct+     
pr9ciples1 because we h no object4 ,=   
example1 ! end ( education is said to be
 ! h>moni\s developm5t ( all ! p[]s ( ! 
individual4 ,"h no ref]5ce to social    
life or memb]%ip is app>5t1 & yet _m ?9k
 we h 9 x an adequate & ?or\ghgo+       
def9ition ( ! goal ( education4 ,b if   
?is def9ition be tak5 indep5d5tly (     
social relation%ip we h no way ( tell+  
:at is meant by any "o ( ! t]ms employ$4
 ,we d n "k :at a p[] is2 we d n "k :at 
developm5t is2 we d n "k :at h>mony is4 
,a p[] is a p[] only ) ref]5ce to ! use 
to :i* x is put1 ! function x has to    
s]ve4 ,if we leave out ! uses suppli$ by
 social life we h no?+ b ! old faculty  
psy*ology to tell :at is meant by p[] & 
:at ! specific p[]s are4 ,! pr9ciple    

r$uces itself to enum]at+ a lot (       
faculties l p]ception1 memory1 reason+1 
etc41 & !n /at+ t ea* "o ( ^! p[]s ne$s 
to be develop$4  ,education !n becomes a
 gymna/ic ex]cise4 ,acute p[]s (        
obs]vation & memory might be develop$ by
 /udy+ ,*9ese *>act]s2 acut5ess 9       
reason+ might be got by discuss+ !      
s*ola/ic subtleties ( ! ,middle ,ages4  
,! simple fact is t !re is no isolat$   
faculty ( obs]vation1 or memory1 or     
reason+ any m ?an !re is an orig9al     
faculty ( blacksmi?+1 c>p5t]+1 or /eam  
eng9e]+4 ,faculties mean simply t       
p>ticul> impulses & habits h be5        
coord9at$ or fram$ ) ref]5ce to         
accompli%+ c]ta9 def9ite k9ds ( "w4 ,we 
ne$ to "k ! social situations 9 :i* !   
individual w h to use ability to obs]ve1
 recollect1 imag9e1 & reason1 9 ord] to 
h any way ( tell+ :at a tra9+ ( m5tal   
p[]s actually means4  ,:at holds 9 !    
illu/ration ( ?is p>ticul> def9ition (  
education holds good f :atev] po9t (    
view we approa* ! matt]4 ,only z we     

int]pret s*ool activities ) ref]5ce to !
 l>g] circle ( social activities to :i* 
!y relate d we f9d any /&>d = judg+ _!  
moral significance4  ,! s*ool itself mu/
 be a vital social in/itution to a mu*  
great] ext5t ?an obta9s at pres5t4 ,i am
 told t !re is a swimm+ s*ool 9 a c]ta9 
city :]e y\? are taught to swim )\t go+ 
into ! wat]1 be+ repeat$ly drill$ 9 !   
v>i\s movem5ts :i* are necess>y =       
swimm+4 ,:5 "o ( ! "y m5 s tra9$ 0 ask$ 
:at he did :5 he got into ! wat]1 he    
laconically repli$1 ,sunk4 ,! /ory      
happ5s to be true2 7 x n1 x w\ld seem to
 be a fable made expressly = ! purpose (
 typify+ ! e?ical relation%ip ( s*ool to
 society4 ,! s*ool _c be a prep>ation = 
social life except+ z x reproduces1 )9  
itself1 typical conditions ( social     
life4 ,at pres5t x is l>gely engag$ 9 ! 
futile task ( ,sisyphus4 ,x is endeavor+
 to =m habits 9 *ildr5 = use 9 a social 
life :i*1 x w\ld almo/ seem1 is c>efully
 & purposely kept away f vital contact )
 ! *ild und]go+ tra9+4 ,! only way to   

prep>e = social life is to engage 9     
social life4 ,to =m habits ( social     
usefulness & s]viceabl5ess ap>t f any   
direct social ne$ & motive1 ap>t f any  
exi/+ social situation1 is1 to ! lett]1 
tea*+ ! *ild to swim by go+ ?r\gh       
motions outside ( ! wat]4 ,! mo/        
indisp5sable condition is left out (    
acc\nt1 & ! results are correspond+ly   
p>tial4  ,! mu* lam5t$ sep>ation 9 !    
s*ools ( intellectual & moral tra9+1 (  
acquir+ in=mation & gr[+ 9 "*1 is simply
 "o expression ( ! failure to conceive &
 con/ruct ! s*ool z a social in/itution1
 hav+ social life & value )9 itself4    
,except s f> z ! s*ool is an embryonic  
typical community life1 moral tra9+ mu/ 
be p>tly pa?ological & p>tly =mal4      
,tra9+ is pa?ological :5 /ress is laid  
^u correct+ wrong-do+ in/ead ( ^u =m+   
habits ( positive s]vice4 ,too (t5 !    
tea*]'s conc]n ) ! moral life ( pupils  
takes ! =m ( al]tness = failures to     
con=m to s*ool rules & r\t9e4 ,^!       
regulations1 judg$ f ! /&po9t ( !       

developm5t ( ! *ild at ! "t1 are m or   
less conv5tional & arbitr>y4 ,!y are    
rules :i* h to be made 9 ord] t ! exi/+ 
modes ( s*ool "w may g on2 b ! lack (   
inh]5t necessity 9 ^! s*ool modes       
reflects itself 9 a feel+1 on ! "p ( !  
*ild1 t ! moral discipl9e ( ! s*ool is  
arbitr>y4 ,any conditions t compel !    
tea*] to take note ( failures r ?an (   
heal?y gr[? give false /&>ds & result 9 
di/ortion & p]v]sion4 ,att5d+ to        
wrong-do+ ought to be an incid5t r ?an a
 pr9ciple4 ,! *ild ought to h a positive
 consci\sness ( :at he is ab\t1 s z to  
judge 8 acts f ! /&po9t ( ref]5ce to !  
"w :i* he has to d4 ,only 9 ?is way does
 he h a vital /&>d1 "o t enables him to 
turn failures to acc\nt = ! future4  ,by
 say+ t ! moral tra9+ ( ! s*ool is =mal1
 ,i mean t ! moral habits curr5tly      
emphasiz$ by ! s*ool are habits :i* are 
creat$1 z x 71 ad hoc4 ,ev5 ! habits (  
promptness1 regul>ity1 indu/ry1         
non-int]f]5ce ) ! "w ( o!rs1 fai?fulness
 to tasks impos$1 :i* are specially     

inculcat$ 9 ! s*ool1 are habits t are   
necess>y simply because ! s*ool sy/em is
 :at x is1 & mu/ be pres]v$ intact4 ,if 
we grant ! inviolability ( ! s*ool sy/em
 z x is1 ^! habits repres5t p]man5t &   
necess>y moral ideas2 b j 9 s f> z !    
s*ool sy/em is itself isolat$ &         
me*anical1 insi/5ce ^u ^! moral habits  
is m or less unreal1 because ! ideal to 
:i* !y relate is n itself necess>y4 ,!  
duties1 9 o!r words1 are di/9ctly s*ool 
duties1 n life duties4 ,if we comp>e ?is
 condition ) t ( ! well-ord]$ home1 we  
f9d t ! duties & responsibilities t !   
*ild has !re to recognize d n belong to 
! family z a specializ$ & isolat$       
in/itution1 b fl[ f ! v nature ( !      
social life 9 :i* ! family p>ticipates &
 to :i* x contributes4 ,! *ild ought to 
h ! same motives = "r do+ & to be judg$ 
by ! same /&>ds 9 ! s*ool1 z ! adult 9 !
 wid] social life to :i* he belongs4    
,int]e/ 9 community welf>e1 an int]e/ t 
is intellectual & practical1 z well z   
emotional--an int]e/1 t is to say1 9    

p]ceiv+ :atev] makes = social ord] &    
progress1 & 9 c>ry+ ^! pr9ciples into   
execution--is ! moral habit to :i* all !
 special s*ool habits mu/ be relat$ if  
!y are to be animat$ by ! brea? ( life4 
,,! ,,moral ,,tra9+ ,,f ,,me?ods ,,(    
,,in/ruction     ,,iii  ,,! ,,moral     
,,tra9+ ,,f ,,me?ods ,,( ,,in/ruction   
,! pr9ciple ( ! social "* ( ! s*ool z ! 
basic factor 9 ! moral education giv5   
may be also appli$ to ! "q ( me?ods (   
in/ruction1--n 9 _! details1 b _! g5]al 
_s4 ,! emphasis !n falls ^u con/ruction 
& giv+ out1 r ?an ^u absorption & m]e   
le>n+4 ,we fail to recognize h[         
ess5tially individuali/ic ! latt] me?ods
 are1 & h[ unconsci\sly1 yet c]ta9ly &  
effectively1 !y react into ! *ild's ways
 ( judg+ & ( act+4 ,imag9e =ty *ildr5   
all engag$ 9 read+ ! same books1 & 9    
prep>+ & recit+ ! same lessons day aft] 
day4 ,suppose ?is process con/itutes by 
f> ! l>g] "p ( _! "w1 & t !y are        
cont9ually judg$ f ! /&po9t ( :at !y are
 able to take 9 9 a /udy h\r & reproduce

 9 a recitation h\r4 ,!re is next to no 
opportunity = any social division (     
labor4 ,!re is no opportunity = ea* *ild
 to "w out some?+ specifically 8 own1   
:i* he may contribute to ! common /ock1 
:ile he1 9 turn1 p>ticipates 9 !        
productions ( o!rs4 ,all are set to d   
exactly ! same "w & turn out ! same     
products4 ,! social _s is n             
cultivat$1--9 fact1 9 s f> z ! purely   
individuali/ic me?od gets 9 its "w1 x   
atrophies = lack ( use4 ,"o reason :y   
read+ al\d 9 s*ool is poor is t ! real  
motive = ! use ( language--! desire to  
communicate & to le>n--is n utiliz$4 ,! 
*ild kn[s p]fectly well t ! tea*] & all 
8 fell[ pupils h exactly ! same facts & 
ideas be=e !m t he has2 he is n giv+ !m 
any?+ at all4 ,& x may be que/ion$ :e!r 
! moral lack is n z great z !           
intellectual4 ,! *ild is born ) a       
natural desire to give out1 to d1 to    
s]ve4 ,:5 ?is t5d5cy is n us$1 :5       
conditions are su* t o!r motives are    
sub/itut$1 ! accumulation ( an influ5ce 

work+ aga9/ ! social _s is mu* l>g] ?an 
we h any idea (1--especially :5 ! burd5 
( "w1 week aft] week1 & ye> aft] ye>1   
falls ^u ?is side4  ,b lack (           
cultivation ( ! social _s is n all4     
,positively individuali/ic motives &    
/&>ds are inculcat$4 ,"s /imulus mu/ be 
f\nd to keep ! *ild at 8 /udies4 ,at !  
be/ ?is w be 8 affection = 8 tea*]1     
toge!r ) a feel+ t he is n violat+ s*ool
 rules1 & ?us negatively1 if n          
positively1 is contribut+ to ! good ( ! 
s*ool4 ,i h no?+ to say aga9/ ^! motives
 s f> z !y g1 b !y are inadequate4 ,!   
relation betwe5 ! piece ( "w to be done 
& affection = a ?ird p]son is ext]nal1 n
 intr9sic4 ,x is !re=e liable to break  
d[n :5ev] ! ext]nal conditions are      
*ang$4 ,moreov]1 ?is atta*m5t to a      
p>ticul> p]son1 :ile 9 a way social1 may
 become s isolat$ & exclusive z to be   
selfi% 9 quality4 ,9 any case1 ! *ild   
%\ld gradually gr[ out ( ?is relatively 
ext]nal motive into an appreciation1 =  
its own sake1 ( ! social value ( :at he 

has to d1 because ( its l>g] relations  
to life1 n p9n$ d[n to two or ?ree      
p]sons4  ,b1 un=tunately1 ! motive is n 
always at ?is relative be/1 b mix$ ) l[]
 motives :i* are di/9ctly egoi/ic4 ,fe> 
is a motive :i* is almo/ sure to ent]   
91--n necess>ily physical fe>1 or fe> ( 
puni%m5t1 b fe> ( los+ ! approbation (  
o!rs2 or fe> ( failure1 s extreme z to  
be morbid & p>alyz+4 ,on ! o!r side1    
emulation & rivalry ent] 94 ,j because  
all are do+ ! same "w1 & are judg$ 7ei!r
 9 recitation or exam9ation ) ref]5ce to
 grad+ & to promotion7 n f ! /&po9t ( _!
 p]sonal contribution1 b f t (          
comp>ative success1 ! feel+ ( sup]iority
 ov] o!rs is unduly appeal$ to1 :ile    
timid *ildr5 are depress$4 ,*ildr5 are  
judg$ ) ref]5ce to _! capacity to       
realize ! same ext]nal /&>d4 ,! weak]   
gradually lose _! s5se ( p[]1 & accept a
 position ( cont9u\s & p]si/5t          
inf]iority4 ,! effect ^u bo?            
self-respect & respect = "w ne$ n be    
dwelt ^u4 ,! /rong le>n to glory1 n 9 _!

 /r5g?1 b 9 ! fact t !y are /rong]4 ,!  
*ild is prematurely laun*$ into ! region
 ( individuali/ic competition1 & ?is 9 a
 direction :]e competition is lea/      
applicable1 namely1 9 intellectual &    
arti/ic matt]s1 ^: law is coop]ation &  
p>ticipation4  ,next1 p]haps1 to ! evils
 ( passive absorption & ( competition = 
ext]nal /&+ come1 p]haps1 ^? :i* result 
f ! et]nal emphasis ^u prep>ation = a   
remote future4 ,i d n ref] "h to ! wa/e 
( en]gy & vitality t accrues :5 *ildr51 
:o live s l>gely 9 ! imm$iate pres5t1   
are appeal$ to 9 ! "n ( a dim & unc]ta9 
future :i* means little or no?+ to !m4  
,i h 9 m9d r ! habitual procra/9ation t 
develops :5 ! motive = "w is future1 n  
pres5t2 & ! false /&>ds ( judgm5t t are 
creat$ :5 "w is e/imat$1 n on ! basis ( 
pres5t ne$ & pres5t responsibility1 b by
 ref]5ce to an ext]nal result1 l pass+  
an exam9ation1 gett+ promot$1 ent]+ high
 s*ool1 gett+ into college1 etc4 ,:o c  
reckon up ! loss ( moral p[] t arises f 
! con/ant impression t no?+ is wor? do+ 

9 itself1 b only z a prep>ation = some?+
 else1 :i* 9 turn is only a gett+ ready 
= "s g5u9ely s]i\s end beyond8 ,moreov]1
 z a rule1 x w be f\nd t remote success 
is an end :i* appeals mo/ to ^? 9 :om   
egoi/ic desire to get ahead--to get     
ahead ( o!rs--is already only too /rong 
a motive4 ,^? 9 :om p]sonal ambition is 
already s /rong t x pa9ts gl[+ pictures 
( future victories may be t\*$2 o!rs ( a
 m g5]\s nature d n respond4  ,i _c /op 
to pa9t ! o!r side4 ,i c only say t !   
introduction ( e me?od t appeals to !   
*ild's active p[]s1 to 8 capacities 9   
con/ruction1 production1 & creation1    
m>ks an opportunity to %ift ! c5tre (   
e?ical gravity f an absorption :i* is   
selfi% to a s]vice :i* is social4       
,manual tra9+ is m ?an manual2 x is m   
?an intellectual2 9 ! h&s ( any good    
tea*] x l5ds itself easily1 & almo/ z a 
matt] ( c\rse1 to developm5t ( social   
habits4 ,ev] s9ce ! philosophy ( ,kant1 
x has be5 a commonplace ( ae/hetic !ory1
 t art is univ]sal2 t x is n ! product (

 purely p]sonal desire or appetite1 or  
capable ( m]ely individual              
appropriation1 b has a value p>ticipat$ 
9 by all :o p]ceive x4 ,ev5 9 ! s*ools  
:]e mo/ consci\s att5tion is paid to    
moral consid]ations1 ! me?ods ( /udy &  
recitation may be su* z to emphasize    
appreciation r ?an p[]1 an emotional    
read9ess to assimilate ! exp]i5ces (    
o!rs1 r ?an enlight5$ & tra9$ capacity  
to c>ry =w>d ^? values :i* 9 o!r        
conditions & pa/ times made ^? exp]i5ces
 wor? hav+4 ,at all ev5ts1 sep>ation    
betwe5 in/ruction & "* cont9ues 9 our   
s*ools 79 spite ( ! ef=ts ( individual  
tea*]s7 z a result ( divorce betwe5     
le>n+ & do+4 ,! attempt to atta* g5u9e  
moral effectiv5ess to ! m]e processes ( 
le>n+1 & to ! habits :i* g along )      
le>n+1 c result only 9 a tra9+ infect$ )
 =mality1 arbitr>9ess1 & an undue       
emphasis ^u failure to con=m4 ,t !re is 
z mu* accompli%$ z !re is %[s !         
possibilities involv$ 9 me?ods ( s*ool  
activity :i* af=d opportunity =         

reciprocity1 coop]ation1 & positive     
p]sonal a*ievem5t4     ,,! ,,social     
,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy     
,,iv  ,,! ,,social ,,nature ,,( ,,!     
,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy   ,9 _m respects1 x  
is ! subject-matt] us$ 9 s*ool life :i* 
decides bo? ! g5]al atmosph]e ( ! s*ool 
& ! me?ods ( in/ruction & discipl9e :i* 
rule4 ,a b>r5 c\rse ( /udy1 t is to say1
 a meagre & n>r[ field ( s*ool          
activities1 _c possibly l5d itself to ! 
developm5t ( a vital social _s or to    
me?ods t appeal to sympa?y & coop]ation 
in/ead ( to absorption1 exclusiv5ess1 & 
competition4 ,h5ce x becomes an all     
important matt] to "k h[ we %all apply  
our social /&>d ( moral value to !      
subject-matt] ( s*ool "w1 to :at we     
call1 traditionally1 ! /udies t occupy  
pupils4  ,a /udy is to be consid]$ z a  
means ( br++ ! *ild to realize ! social 
sc5e ( action4 ,?us consid]$ x gives a  
crit]ion = selection ( mat]ial & =      
judgm5t ( values4 ,we h at pres5t ?ree  
indep5d5t values set up3 "o ( culture1  

ano!r ( in=mation1 & ano!r ( discipl9e4 
,9 reality1 ^! ref] only to ?ree phases 
( social int]pretation4 ,in=mation is   
g5u9e or educative only 9 s f> z x      
pres5ts def9ite images & conceptions (  
mat]ials plac$ 9 a context ( social     
life4 ,discipl9e is g5u9ely educative   
only z x repres5ts a reaction (         
in=mation into ! individual's own p[]s s
 t he br+s !m "u control = social ends4 
,culture1 if x is to be g5u9ely         
educative & n an ext]nal poli% or       
factiti\s v>ni%1 repres5ts ! vital union
 ( in=mation & discipl9e4 ,x m>ks !     
socialization ( ! individual 9 8 outlook
 ^u life4  ,?is po9t may be illu/rat$ by
 brief ref]5ce to a few ( ! s*ool       
/udies4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is no l9e (
 dem>kation )9 facts !mselves :i*       
classifies !m z belong+ to sci5ce1      
hi/ory1 or geography1 respectively4 ,!  
pigeon-hole classification :i* is s     
preval5t at pres5t 7fo/]$ by introduc+ !
 pupil at ! outset into a numb] (       
diff]5t /udies conta9$ 9 diff]5t        

text-books7 gives an utt]ly errone\s    
idea ( ! relations ( /udies to "o ano!r 
& to ! intellectual :ole to :i* all     
belong4 ,9 fact1 ^! subjects h to d ) ! 
same ultimate reality1 namely1 !        
consci\s exp]i5ce ( man4 ,x is only     
because we h diff]5t int]e/s1 or diff]5t
 ends1 t we sort out ! mat]ial & label  
"p ( x sci5ce1 "p ( x hi/ory1 "p        
geography1 & s on4 ,ea* sort+ repres5ts 
mat]ials arrang$ ) ref]5ce to "s "o     
dom9ant typical aim or process ( !      
social life4  ,?is social crit]ion is   
necess>y1 n only to m>k (f /udies f "o  
ano!r1 b also to grasp ! reasons = ea*  
/udy1--! motives 9 connection ) :i* x   
%all be pres5t$4 ,h[1 = example1 %\ld we
 def9e geography8 ,:at is ! unity 9 !   
diff]5t s-call$ divisions (             
geography1--ma!matical geography1       
physical geography1 political geography1
 comm]cial geography8 ,are !y purely    
empirical classifications dep5d5t ^u !  
brute fact t we run across a lot (      
diff]5t facts8 ,or is !re "s intr9sic   

pr9ciple ?r\gh :i* ! mat]ial is         
di/ribut$ "u ^! v>i\s heads1--some?+ 9 !
 int]e/ & attitude ( ! human m9d t[>ds  
!m8 ,i %\ld say t geography has to d )  
all ^? aspects ( social life :i* are    
conc]n$ ) ! int]action ( ! life ( man & 
nature2 or1 t x has to d ) ! _w consid]$
 z ! sc5e ( social int]action4 ,any     
fact1 !n1 w be geographical 9 s f> z x  
has to d ) ! dep5d5ce ( man ^u 8 natural
 environm5t1 or ) *anges introduc$ 9 ?is
 environm5t ?r\gh ! life ( man4  ,! f\r 
=ms ( geography ref]r$ to above         
repres5t1 !n1 f\r increas+ /ages (      
ab/raction 9 discuss+ ! mutual relation 
( human life & nature4 ,! beg9n+ mu/ be 
social geography1 ! frank recognition ( 
! e>? z ! home ( m5 act+ 9 relations to 
"o ano!r4 ,i mean by ?is t ! ess5ce (   
any geographical fact is ! consci\sness 
( two p]sons1 or two gr\ps ( p]sons1 :o 
are at once sep>at$ & connect$ by _!    
physical environm5t1 & t ! int]e/ is 9  
see+ h[ ^! p are at once kept ap>t &    
br\ght toge!r 9 _! actions by !         

in/rum5tality ( ! physical environm5t4  
,! ultimate significance ( lake1 riv]1  
m\nta91 & pla9 is n physical b social2 x
 is ! "p :i* x plays 9 modify+ & direct+
 human relation%ips4 ,?is evid5tly      
involves an ext5sion ( ! t]m comm]cial4 
,x has to d n simply ) bus9ess1 9 ! n>r[
 s5se1 b ) :atev] relates to human      
int]c\rse & int]communication z affect$ 
by natural =ms & prop]ties4 ,political  
geography repres5ts ?is same social     
int]action tak5 9 a /atic in/ead ( 9 a  
dynamic way2 tak51 t is1 z tempor>ily   
cry/alliz$ & fix$ 9 c]ta9 =ms4 ,physical
 geography 7includ+ "u ?is n simply     
physiography1 b also ! /udy ( flora &   
fauna7 repres5ts a fur!r analysis or    
ab/raction4 ,x /udies ! conditions :i*  
det]m9e human action1 leav+ out (       
acc\nt1 tempor>ily1 ! ways 9 :i* !y     
concretely d ?is4 ,ma!matical geography 
c>ries ! analysis back to m ultimate &  
remote conditions1 %[+ t ! physical     
conditions ( ! e>? are n ultimate1 b    
dep5d ^u ! place :i* ! _w occupies 9 a  

l>g] sy/em4 ,"h1 9 o!r words1 are trac$1
 /ep by /ep1 ! l9ks :i* connect !       
imm$iate social occupations & gr\p+s (  
m5 ) ! :ole natural sy/em :i* ultimately
 conditions !m4 ,/ep by /ep ! sc5e is   
enl>g$ & ! image ( :at ent]s into !     
make-up ( social action is wid5$ &      
broad5$2 at no "t is ! *a9 ( connection 
to be brok54  ,x is out ( ! "q to take  
up ! /udies "o by "o & %[ t _! mean+ is 
simil>ly controll$ by social            
consid]ations4 ,b ,i _c =be> say+ a ^w  
or two ^u hi/ory4 ,hi/ory is vital or   
dead to ! *ild accord+ z x is1 or is n1 
pres5t$ f ! sociological /&po9t4 ,:5    
treat$ simply z a record ( :at has pass$
 & gone1 x mu/ be me*anical1 because !  
pa/1 z ! pa/1 is remote4 ,simply z ! pa/
 !re is no motive = att5d+ to x4 ,!     
e?ical value ( hi/ory tea*+ w be measur$
 by ! ext5t to :i* pa/ ev5ts are made ! 
means ( und]/&+ ! pres5t1--af=d+ insight
 into :at makes up ! /ructure & work+ ( 
society to-day4 ,exi/+ social /ructure  
is exce$+ly complex4 ,x is practically  

impossible = ! *ild to attack x en masse
 & get any def9ite m5tal image ( x4 ,b  
type phases ( hi/orical developm5t may  
be select$ :i* w exhibit1 z ?r\gh a     
telescope1 ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( !    
exi/+ ord]4 ,greece1 = example1         
repres5ts :at art & gr[+ p[] (          
individual expression /& =2 ,rome       
exhibits ! elem5ts & =ces ( political   
life on a trem5d\s scale4 ,or1 z ^!     
civilizations are !mselves relatively   
complex1 a /udy ( /ill simpl] =ms (     
hunt+1 nomadic1 & agricultural life 9 ! 
beg9n+s ( civilization1 a /udy ( !      
effects ( ! introduction ( iron1 & iron 
tools1 r$uces ! complexity to simpl]    
elem5ts4  ,"o reason hi/orical tea*+ is 
usually n m effective is t ! /ud5t is   
set to acquire in=mation 9 su* a way t  
no epo*s or factors /& out 9 8 m9d z    
typical2 ev]y?+ is r$uc$ to ! same dead 
level4 ,! way to secure ! necess>y      
p]spective is to treat ! pa/ z if x 7 a 
project$ pres5t ) "s ( its elem5ts      
enl>g$4  ,! pr9ciple ( contra/ is z     

important z t ( simil>ity4 ,because !   
pres5t life is s close to u1 t\*+ u at e
 po9t1 we _c get away f x to see x z x  
really is4 ,no?+ /&s out cle>ly or %>ply
 z *>act]i/ic4 ,9 ! /udy ( pa/ p]iods1  
att5tion necess>ily atta*es itself to   
/rik+ diff]5ces4 ,?us ! *ild gets a     
locus ( imag9ation1 ?r\gh :i* he c      
remove himself f ! pressure ( pres5t    
surr\nd+ circum/ances & def9e !m4       
,hi/ory is equally available 9 tea*+ !  
me?ods ( social progress4 ,x is commonly
 /at$ t hi/ory mu/ be /udi$ f ! /&po9t (
 cause & effect4 ,! tru? ( ?is /atem5t  
dep5ds ^u its int]pretation4 ,social    
life is s complex & ! v>i\s p>ts ( x are
 s organically relat$ to "o ano!r & to !
 natural environm5t1 t x is impossible  
to say t ?is or t ?+ is ! cause ( "s o!r
 p>ticul> ?+4 ,b ! /udy ( hi/ory c      
reveal ! ma9 in/rum5ts 9 ! discov]ies1  
inv5tions1 new modes ( life1 etc41 :i* h
 initiat$ ! great epo*s ( social        
advance2 & x c pres5t to ! *ild types ( 
! ma9 l9es ( social progress1 & c set   

be=e him :at h be5 ! *ief difficulties &
 ob/ructions 9 ! way ( progress4 ,once m
 ?is c be done only 9 s f> z x is       
recogniz$ t social =ces 9 !mselves are  
always ! same1--t ! same k9d ( influ5ces
 7 at "w "o hundr$ & "o ?\s& ye>s ago t 
are n[ work+1--& t p>ticul> hi/orical   
epo*s af=d illu/ration ( ! way 9 :i* !  
fundam5tal =ces "w4  ,ev]y?+ dep5ds1 !n1
 ^u hi/ory be+ treat$ f a social /&po9t2
 z manife/+ ! ag5cies :i* h influ5c$    
social developm5t & z pres5t+ ! typical 
in/itutions 9 :i* social life has       
express$ itself4 ,! culture-epo* !ory1  
:ile work+ 9 ! "r direction1 has fail$  
to recognize ! importance ( treat+ pa/  
p]iods ) relation to ! pres5t1--z af=d+ 
insight into ! repres5tative factors (  
its /ructure2 x has treat$ ^! p]iods too
 mu* z if !y _h "s mean+ or value 9     
!mselves4 ,! way 9 :i* ! biographical   
me?od is h&l$ illu/rates ! same po9t4 ,x
 is (t5 treat$ 9 su* a way z to exclude 
f ! *ild's consci\sness 7or at lea/ n   
suffici5tly to emphasize7 ! social =ces 

& pr9ciples involv$ 9 ! association ( ! 
masses ( m54 ,x is q true t ! *ild is   
easily int]e/$ 9 hi/ory f ! biographical
 /&po9t2 b unless ! h]o is treat$ 9     
relation to ! community life beh9d him t
 he sums up & directs1 !re is dang] t   
hi/ory w r$uce itself to a m]e excit+   
/ory4 ,!n moral in/ruction r$uces itself
 to draw+ c]ta9 lessons f ! life ( !    
p>ticul> p]sonalities conc]n$1 in/ead ( 
wid5+ & deep5+ ! *ild's imag9ation (    
social relations1 ideals1 & means4  ,x w
 be rememb]$ t ,i am n mak+ ^! po9ts =  
_! own sake1 b ) ref]5ce to ! g5]al     
pr9ciple t :5 a /udy is taught z a mode 
( und]/&+ social life x has positive    
e?ical import4 ,:at ! normal *ild       
cont9u\sly ne$s is n s mu* isolat$ moral
 lessons ^u ! importance ( tru?fulness &
 hone/y1 or ! b5efic5t results t foll[ f
 a p>ticul> act ( patriotism1 z !       
=mation ( habits ( social imag9ation &  
conception4  ,i take "o m illu/ration1  
namely1 ma!matics4 ,?is does1 or does n1
 accompli% its full purpose accord+ z x 

is1 or is n1 pres5t$ z a social tool4 ,!
 prevail+ divorce betwe5 in=mation & "*1
 betwe5 k & social action1 /alks ^u !   
sc5e "h4 ,! mom5t ma!matical /udy is    
sev]$ f ! place :i* x occupies ) ref]5ce
 to use 9 social life1 x becomes unduly 
ab/ract1 ev5 ^u ! purely intellectual   
side4 ,x is pres5t$ z a matt] ( te*nical
 relations & =mulae ap>t f any end or   
use4 ,:at ! /udy ( numb] suff]s f 9     
elem5t>y education is lack ( motivation4
 ,back ( ?is & t & ! o!r p>ticul> bad   
me?od is ! radical mi/ake ( treat+ numb]
 z if x 7 an end 9 itself1 in/ead ( !   
means ( accompli%+ "s end4 ,let ! *ild  
get a consci\sness ( :at is ! use (     
numb]1 ( :at x really is =1 & half !    
battle is won4 ,n[ ?is consci\sness ( ! 
use ( reason implies "s end :i* is      
implicitly social4  ,"o ( ! absurd ?+s 9
 ! m advanc$ /udy ( ari?metic is ! ext5t
 to :i* ! *ild is introduc$ to num]ical 
op]ations :i* h no di/9ctive ma!matical 
pr9ciples *>act]iz+ !m1 b :i* repres5t  
c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples f\nd 9 bus9ess    

relation%ips4 ,to tra9 ! *ild 9 ^!      
op]ations1 :ile pay+ no att5tion to !   
bus9ess realities 9 :i* !y are ( use1 or
 to ! conditions ( social life :i* make 
^! bus9ess activities necess>y1 is nei!r
 ari?metic nor common s5se4 ,! *ild is  
call$ ^u to d examples 9 int]e/1        
p>tn]%ip1 bank+1 brok]age1 & s on ?r\gh 
a long /r+1 & no pa9s are tak5 to see t1
 9 connection ) ! ari?metic1 he has any 
s5se ( ! social realities involv$4 ,?is 
"p ( ari?metic is ess5tially            
sociological 9 its nature4 ,x ought ei!r
 to be omitt$ entirely1 or else be      
taught 9 connection ) a /udy ( !        
relevant social realities4 ,z we n[     
manage ! /udy1 x is ! old case ( le>n+  
to swim ap>t f ! wat] ov] aga91 )       
correspond+ly bad results on ! practical
 side4  ,9 conclud+ ?is portion ( !     
discussion1 we may say t our conceptions
 ( moral education h be5 too n>r[1 too  
=mal1 & too pa?ological4 ,we h associat$
 ! t]m e?ical ) c]ta9 special acts :i*  
are label$ virtues & are set (f f ! mass

 ( o!r acts1 & are /ill m divorc$ f !   
habitual images & motives ( ! *ildr5    
p]=m+ !m4 ,moral in/ruction is ?us      
associat$ ) tea*+ ab\t ^! p>ticul>      
virtues1 or ) in/ill+ c]ta9 s5tim5ts 9  
reg>d to !m4 ,! moral has be5 conceiv$ 9
 too goody-goody a way4 ,ultimate moral 
motives & =ces are no?+ m or less ?an   
social intellig5ce--! p[] ( obs]v+ &    
compreh5d+ social situations1--& social 
p[]--tra9$ capacities ( control--at "w 9
 ! s]vice ( social int]e/ & aims4 ,!re  
is no fact :i* ?r[s light ^u !          
con/itution ( society1 !re is no p[] ^: 
tra9+ adds to social res\rcefulness t is
 n moral4  ,i sum up1 !n1 ?is "p ( !    
discussion by ask+ y\r att5tion to !    
moral tr9ity ( ! s*ool4 ,! dem& is =    
social intellig5ce1 social p[]1 & social
 int]e/s4 ,our res\rces are 7#a7 ! life 
( ! s*ool z a social in/itution 9       
itself2 7#b7 me?ods ( le>n+ & ( do+ "w2 
& 7#c7 ! s*ool /udies or curriculum4 ,9 
s f> z ! s*ool repres5ts1 9 its own _s1 
a g5u9e community life2 9 s f> z :at are

 call$ s*ool discipl9e1 gov]nm5t1 ord]1 
etc41 are ! expressions ( ?is inh]5t    
social _s2 9 s f> z ! me?ods us$ are ^? 
t appeal to ! active & con/ructive p[]s1
 p]mitt+ ! *ild to give out & ?us to    
s]ve2 9 s f> z ! curriculum is s select$
 & organiz$ z to provide ! mat]ial =    
af=d+ ! *ild a consci\sness ( ! _w 9 :i*
 he has to play a "p1 & ! dem&s he has  
to meet2 s f> z ^! ends are met1 ! s*ool
 is organiz$ on an e?ical basis4 ,s f> z
 g5]al pr9ciples are conc]n$1 all !     
basic e?ical requirem5ts are met4 ,! re/
 rema9s betwe5 ! individual tea*] & !   
individual *ild4     ,,! ,,psy*ological 
,,aspect ,,( ,,moral ,,education     ,v 
,,! ,,psy*ological ,,aspect ,,( ,,moral 
,,education   ,s f> we h be5 consid]+ ! 
make-up ( purposes & results t con/itute
 conduct--its :at4 ,b conduct has a     
c]ta9 me?od & _s also--its h[4 ,conduct 
may be look$ ^u z express+ ! attitudes &
 dispositions ( an individual1 z well z 
realiz+ social results & ma9ta9+ !      
social fabric4 ,a consid]ation ( conduct

 z a mode ( individual p]=mance1 p]sonal
 do+1 takes u f ! social to !           
psy*ological side ( morals4 ,9 ! fir/   
place1 all conduct spr+s ultimately &   
radically out ( native in/9cts &        
impulses4 ,we mu/ "k :at ^! in/9cts &   
impulses are1 & :at !y are at ea*       
p>ticul> /age ( ! *ild's developm5t1 9  
ord] to "k :at to appeal to & :at to    
build ^u4 ,neglect ( ?is pr9ciple may   
give a me*anical imitation ( moral      
conduct1 b ! imitation w be e?ically    
dead1 because x is ext]nal & has its    
c5tre )\t1 n )91 ! individual4 ,we mu/  
/udy ! *ild1 9 o!r words1 to get our    
indications1 our symptoms1 our          
sugge/ions4 ,! m or less spontane\s acts
 ( ! *ild are n to be ?\ght ( z sett+   
moral =ms to :i* ! ef=ts ( ! educator   
mu/ con=m--?is w\ld result simply 9     
spoil+ ! *ild2 b !y are symptoms :i*    
require to be int]pret$3 /imuli :i* ne$ 
to be respond$ to 9 direct$ ways2       
mat]ial :i*1 9 h[ev] trans=m$ a %ape1 is
 ! only ultimate con/itu5t ( future     

moral conduct & "*4  ,!n1 secondly1 our 
e?ical pr9ciples ne$ to be /at$ 9       
psy*ological t]ms because ! *ild        
supplies u ) ! only means or in/rum5ts  
by :i* to realize moral ideals4 ,!      
subject-matt] ( ! curriculum1 h[ev]     
important1 h[ev] judici\sly select$1 is 
empty ( conclusive moral cont5t until x 
is made ov] into t]ms ( ! individual's  
own activities1 habits1 & desires4 ,we  
mu/ "k :at hi/ory1 geography1 &         
ma!matics mean 9 psy*ological t]ms1 t   
is1 z modes ( p]sonal exp]i5c+1 be=e we 
c get out ( !m _! moral pot5tialities4  
,! psy*ological side ( education sums   
itself up1 ( c\rse1 9 a consid]ation (  
"*4 ,x is a commonplace to say t !      
developm5t ( "* is ! end ( all s*ool "w4
 ,! difficulty lies 9 ! execution ( !   
idea4 ,& an und]ly+ difficulty 9 ?is    
execution is ! lack ( a cle> conception 
( :at "* means4 ,?is may seem an extreme
 /atem5t4 ,if s1 ! idea may be convey$  
by say+ t we g5]ally conceive ( "*      
simply 9 t]ms ( results2 we h no cle>   

conception ( x 9 psy*ological t]ms--t   
is1 z a process1 z work+ or dynamic4 ,we
 "k :at "* means 9 t]ms ( ! actions :i* 
proce$ f x1 b we h n a def9ite          
conception ( x on its inn] side1 z a    
sy/em ( work+ =ces4  7#a7 ,=ce1         
effici5cy 9 execution1 or ov]t action1  
is "o necess>y con/itu5t ( "*4 ,9 our   
moral books & lectures we may lay !     
/ress ^u good int5tions1 etc4 ,b we "k  
practically t ! k9d ( "* we hope to     
build up ?r\gh our education is "o t n  
only has good int5tions1 b t insi/s ^u  
c>ry+ !m out4 ,any o!r "* is wi%y-wa%y2 
x is goody1 n good4 ,! individual mu/ h 
! p[] to /& up & c\nt = some?+ 9 !      
actual conflicts ( life4 ,he mu/ h      
initiative1 insi/5ce1 p]si/5ce1 c\rage1 
& indu/ry4 ,he mu/1 9 a ^w1 h all t goes
 "u ! "n =ce ( "*4 ,und\bt$ly1          
individuals diff] greatly 9 _! native   
end[m5t 9 ?is respect4 ,none ! less1 ea*
 has a c]ta9 prim>y equipm5t ( impulse1 
( t5d5cy =w>d1 ( innate urg5cy to d4 ,! 
problem ( education on ?is side is t (  

discov]+ :at ?is native fund ( p[] is1 &
 !n ( utiliz+ x 9 su* a way 7af=d+      
conditions :i* bo? /imulate & control7 z
 to organize x into def9ite cons]v$     
modes ( action--habits4  7#b7 ,b some?+ 
m is requir$ ?an %e] =ce4 ,%e] =ce may  
be brutal2 x may ov]ride ! int]e/s (    
o!rs4 ,ev5 :5 aim+ at "r ends x may g at
 !m 9 su* a way z to violate ! rights ( 
o!rs4 ,m ?an ?is1 9 %e] =ce !re is no   
gu>antee = ! "r end4 ,effici5cy may be  
direct$ t[>ds mi/ak5 ends & result 9    
positive mis*ief & de/ruction4 ,p[]1 z  
already sugge/$1 mu/ be direct$4 ,x mu/ 
be organiz$ along social *annels2 x mu/ 
be atta*$ to valuable ends4  ,?is       
involves tra9+ on bo? ! intellectual &  
emotional side4 ,on ! intellectual side 
we mu/ h judgm5t--:at is ord9>ily call$ 
good s5se4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 m]e k1 or 
in=mation1 & judgm5t is t ! =m] is      
simply held1 n us$2 judgm5t is k direct$
 ) ref]5ce to ! accompli%m5t ( ends4    
,good judgm5t is a s5se ( respective or 
proportionate values4 ,! "o :o has      

judgm5t is ! "o :o has ability to size  
up a situation4 ,he is ! "o :o c grasp !
 sc5e or situation be=e him1 ignor+ :at 
is irrelevant1 or :at = ! "t be+ is     
unimportant1 :o c seize ^u ! factors :i*
 dem& att5tion1 & grade !m accord+ to _!
 respective claims4 ,m]e k ( :at ! "r   
is1 9 ! ab/ract1 m]e int5tions ( foll[+ 
! "r 9 g5]al1 h[ev] praisewor?y 9       
!mselves1 are nev] a sub/itute = ?is p[]
 ( tra9$ judgm5t4 ,action is always 9 ! 
concrete4 ,x is def9ite & individualiz$4
 ,except1 !re=e1 z x is back$ &         
controll$ by a k ( ! actual concrete    
factors 9 ! situation 9 :i* x occurs1 x 
mu/ be relatively futile & wa/e4  7#c7  
,b ! consci\sness ( ends mu/ be m ?an   
m]ely intellectual4 ,we c imag9e a p]son
 ) mo/ excell5t judgm5t1 :o yet does n  
act ^u 8 judgm5t4 ,!re mu/ n only be =ce
 to ensure ef=t 9 execution aga9/       
ob/acles1 b !re mu/ also be a delicate  
p]sonal responsiv5ess1--!re mu/ be an   
emotional reaction4 ,inde$1 good judgm5t
 is impossible )\t ?is susceptibility4  

,unless !re is a prompt & almo/         
in/9ctive s5sitiv5ess to conditions1 to 
! ends & int]e/s ( o!rs1 ! intellectual 
side ( judgm5t w n h prop] mat]ial to "w
 ^u4 ,j z ! mat]ial ( k is suppli$ ?r\gh
 ! s5ses1 s ! mat]ial ( e?ical k is     
suppli$ by emotional responsiv5ess4 ,x  
is difficult to put ?is quality into    
words1 b we all "k ! diff]5ce betwe5 !  
"* :i* is h>d & =mal1 & "o :i* is       
sympa!tic1 flexible1 & op54 ,9 ! ab/ract
 ! =m] may be z s9c]ely devot$ to moral 
ideas z is ! latt]1 b z a practical     
matt] we pref] to live ) ! latt]4 ,we   
c\nt ^u x to accompli% m by tact1 by    
in/9ctive recognition ( ! claims ( o!rs1
 by skill 9 adju/+1 ?an ! =m] c         
accompli% by m]e atta*m5t to rules4     
,"h1 !n1 is ! moral /&>d1 by :i* to te/ 
! "w ( ! s*ool ^u ! side ( :at x does   
directly = individuals4 7a7 ,does !     
s*ool z a sy/em1 at pres5t1 atta*       
suffici5t importance to ! spontane\s    
in/9cts & impulses8 ,does x af=d        
suffici5t opportunity = ^! to ass]t     

!mselves & "w out _! own results8 ,c we 
ev5 say t ! s*ool 9 pr9ciple atta*es    
itself1 at pres5t1 to ! active          
con/ructive p[]s r ?an to processes (   
absorption & le>n+8 ,does n our talk    
ab\t self-activity l>gely r5d] itself   
mean+less because ! self-activity we h 9
 m9d is purely intellectual1 out (      
relation to ^? impulses :i* "w ?r\gh h& 
& eye8  ,j 9 s f> z ! pres5t s*ool      
me?ods fail to meet ! te/ ( su* que/ions
 moral results mu/ be unsatisfactory4   
,we _c secure ! developm5t ( positive   
=ce ( "* unless we are will+ to pay its 
price4 ,we _c smo!r & repress ! *ild's  
p[]s1 or gradually abort !m 7f failure (
 opportunity = ex]cise71 & !n expect a  
"* ) initiative & consecutive indu/ry4  
,i am aw>e ( ! importance atta*+ to     
inhibition1 b m]e inhibition is         
valueless4 ,! only re/ra9t1 ! only      
hold+-91 t is ( any wor? is t :i* comes 
?r\gh hold+ p[]s conc5trat$ ^u a        
positive end4 ,an end _c be atta9$      
except+ z in/9cts & impulses are kept f 

dis*>g+ at r&om & f runn+ (f on side    
tracks4 ,9 keep+ p[]s at "w ^u _!       
relevant ends1 !re is suffici5t         
opportunity = g5u9e inhibition4 ,to say 
t inhibition is high] ?an p[]1 is l say+
 t dea? is m ?an life1 negation m ?an   
affirmation1 sacrifice m ?an s]vice4    
7b7 ,we mu/ also te/ our s*ool "w by    
f9d+ :e!r x af=ds ! conditions necess>y 
= ! =mation ( good judgm5t4 ,judgm5t z !
 s5se ( relative values involves ability
 to select1 to discrim9ate4 ,acquir+    
in=mation c nev] develop ! p[] (        
judgm5t4 ,developm5t ( judgm5t is 9     
spite (1 n because (1 me?ods (          
in/ruction t emphasize simple le>n+4 ,! 
te/ comes only :5 ! in=mation acquir$   
has to be put to use4 ,w x d :at we     
expect ( x8 ,i h he>d an educator ( l>ge
 exp]i5ce say t 9 h] judgm5t ! greate/  
defect ( in/ruction to-day1 on !        
intellectual side1 is f\nd 9 ! fact t   
*ildr5 leave s*ool )\t a m5tal          
p]spective4 ,facts seem to !m all ( !   
same importance4 ,!re is no =egr\nd or  

backgr\nd4 ,!re is no in/9ctive habit ( 
sort+ out facts ^u a scale ( wor? & (   
grad+ !m4  ,! *ild _c get p[] ( judgm5t 
except+ z he is cont9ually ex]cis$ 9 =m+
 & te/+ judgm5ts4 ,he mu/ h an          
opportunity to select = himself1 & to   
attempt to put 8 selections into        
execution1 t he may submit !m to ! f9al 
te/1 t ( action4 ,only ?us c he le>n to 
discrim9ate t :i* promises success f t  
:i* promises failure2 only ?us c he =m !
 habit ( relat+ 8 purposes & notions to 
! conditions t det]m9e _! value4 ,does !
 s*ool1 z a sy/em1 af=d at pres5t       
suffici5t opportunity = ?is sort (      
exp]im5tation8 ,except s f> z ! emphasis
 ( ! s*ool "w is ^u intellig5t do+1 ^u  
active inve/igation1 x does n furni% !  
conditions necess>y = t ex]cise (       
judgm5t :i* is an integral factor 9 good
 "*4  7c7 ,i %all be brief ) respect to 
! o!r po9t1 ! ne$ ( susceptibility &    
responsiv5ess4 ,! in=mally social side (
 education1 ! ae/hetic environm5t &     
influ5ces1 are all-important4 ,9 s f> z 

! "w is laid out 9 regul> & =mulat$     
ways1 s f> z !re are lack+ opportunities
 = casual & free social int]c\rse betwe5
 pupils & betwe5 ! pupils & ! tea*]1 ?is
 side ( ! *ild's nature is ei!r />v$1 or
 else left to f9d haphaz>d expression   
along m or less secret *annels4 ,:5 !   
s*ool sy/em1 "u plea ( ! practical      
7mean+ by ! practical ! n>r[ly          
utilit>ian71 conf9es ! *ild to ! ?ree   
,r's & ! =mal /udies connect$ ) !m1 %uts
 him out f ! vital 9 lit]ature & hi/ory1
 & deprives him ( 8 "r to contact ) :at 
is be/ 9 ar*itecture1 music1 sculpture1 
& picture1 x is hopeless to expect      
def9ite results 9 ! tra9+ ( sympa!tic   
op5ness & responsiv5ess4         99     
99       99       99       99  ,:at we  
ne$ 9 education is a g5u9e fai? 9 !     
exi/5ce ( moral pr9ciples :i* are       
capable ( effective application4 ,we    
believe1 s f> z ! mass ( *ildr5 are     
conc]n$1 t if we keep at !m long en\gh  
we c tea* read+ & writ+ & figur+4 ,we   
are practically1 ev5 if unconsci\sly1   

skeptical z to ! possibility ( any?+ l !
 same assurance 9 morals4 ,we believe 9 
moral laws & rules1 to be sure1 b !y are
 9 ! air4 ,!y are some?+ set (f by      
!mselves4 ,!y are s v moral t !y h no   
work+ contact ) ! av]age affairs ( e-day
 life4 ,^! moral pr9ciples ne$ to be    
br\ght d[n to ! gr\nd ?r\gh _! /atem5t 9
 social & 9 psy*ological t]ms4 ,we ne$  
to see t moral pr9ciples are n arbitr>y1
 t !y are n transc5d5tal2 t ! t]m moral 
does n designate a special region or    
portion ( life4 ,we ne$ to translate !  
moral into ! conditions & =ces ( our    
community life1 & into ! impulses &     
habits ( ! individual4  ,all ! re/ is   
m9t1 anise1 & cumm94 ,! "o ?+ ne$ful is 
t we recognize t moral pr9ciples are    
real 9 ! same s5se 9 :i* o!r =ces are   
real2 t !y are inh]5t 9 community life1 
& 9 ! work+ /ructure ( ! individual4 ,if
 we c secure a g5u9e fai? 9 ?is fact1 we
 %all h secur$ ! condition :i* alone is 
necess>y to get f our educational sy/em 
all ! effectiv5ess !re is 9 x4 ,! tea*] 

:o op]ates 9 ?is fai? w f9d e subject1 e
 me?od ( in/ruction1 e incid5t ( s*ool  
life pregnant ) moral possibility4      
,,outl9e     ,i4 ,,! ,,moral ,,purpose  
,,( ,,! ,,s*ool     #a4 ,moral ideas &  
ideas ab\t morality     #b4 ,moral      
education & direct moral in/ruction     
,,ii4 ,,! ,,moral ,,tra9+ ,,giv5 ,,by   
,,! ,,s*ool ,,community     #a4 ,! unity
 ( social e?ics & s*ool e?ics     #b4 ,a
 n>r[ & =mal tra9+ = citiz5%ip     #c4  
,s*ool life %\ld tra9 = _m social       
relations     #d4 ,x %\ld tra9 =        
self-direction & lead]%ip     #e4 ,!re  
is no h>moni\s developm5t ( p[]s ap>t f 
social        situations     #f4 ,s*ool 
activities %\ld be typical ( social life
     #g4 ,moral tra9+ 9 ! s*ools t5ds to
 be pa?ological & =mal    ,,iii4 ,,!    
,,moral ,,tra9+ ,,f ,,me?ods ,,(        
,,in/ruction     #a4 ,active social     
s]vice z oppos$ to passive individual   
absorption     #b4 ,! positive          
inculcation ( individuali/ic motives &  
/&>ds     #c4 ,! evils ( competition =  

ext]nal /&+     #d4 ,! moral wa/e (     
remote success z an end     #e4 ,! wor? 
( active & social modes ( le>n+    ,,iv4
 ,,! ,,social ,,nature ,,( ,,! ,,c\rse  
,,( ,,/udy     #a4 ,! nature ( ! c\rse (
 /udy influ5ces ! conduct ( !           
s*ool     #b4 ,s*ool /udies z means (   
realiz+ social situations     #c4 ,s*ool
 subjects are m]ely phases ( a unifi$   
social life     #d4 ,! mean+ ( subjects 
is controll$ by social consid]ations    
#e4 ,geography deals ) ! sc5es ( social 
int]action     #f4 ,its v>i\s =ms       
repres5t increas+ /ages ( ab/raction    
#g4 ,hi/ory is a means = int]pret+ exi/+
 social relations     #h4 ,x pres5ts    
type phases ( social developm5t     #i4 
,x (f]s contra/s1 & consequ5tly         
p]spective    #aj4 ,x tea*es ! me?ods ( 
social progress    #aa4 ,! failure (    
c]ta9 me?ods ( tea*+ hi/ory    #ab4     
,ma!matics is a means to social ends    
#ac4 ,! sociological nature ( bus9ess   
ari?metic    #ad4 ,summ>y3 ,! moral     
tr9ity ( ! s*ool    ,v4 ,,!             

,,psy*ological ,,aspect ,,( ,,moral     
,,education     #a4 ,conduct z a mode ( 
individual p]=mance     #b4 ,native     
in/9cts & impulses are ! s\rces (       
conduct     #c4 ,moral ideals mu/ be    
realiz$ 9 p]sons     #d4 ,"* z a sy/em (
 work+ =ces     #e4 ,=ce z a necess>y   
con/itu5t ( "*     #f4 ,! importance (  
intellectual judgm5t or good s5se       
#g4 ,! capacity = delicate emotional    
responsiv5ess     #h4 ,summ>y3 ,! e?ical
 /&>ds = te/+ ! s*ool     #i4           
,conclusion3 ,! practicality ( moral    
pr9ciples     ,,riv]side ,,educational  
,,monographs   ,g5]al ,educational ,!ory
    ,,coolidge',s ,am]ica's ,ne$ =      
,education4   ,,dewey',s ,int]e/ & ,ef=t
 9 ,education4   ,,dewey',s ,moral      
,pr9ciples 9 ,education4   ,,eliot',s   
,education = ,effici5cy4   ,,eliot',s ,!
 ,t5d5cy to ! ,concrete & ,practical 9  
,mod]n ,education4   ,,em]son',s        
,education & o!r ,selections4           
,,fiske',s ,! ,mean+ ( ,infancy4        
,,horne',s ,! ,tea*] z ,arti/4          

,,hyde',s ,! ,tea*]'s ,philosophy 9 &   
out ( ,s*ool4   ,,judd',s ,! ,evolution 
( a ,democratic ,s*ool ,sy/em4          
,,m]$i?',s ,! ,educational ,be>+s (     
,mod]n ,psy*ology4   ,,palm]',s ,!      
,ideal ,tea*]4   ,,palm]',s ,trades &   
,pr(essions4   ,,palm]',s ,e?ical &     
,moral ,in/ruction 9 ,s*ools4           
,,pross]',s ,! ,tea*] & ,old ,age4      
,,/ockton',s ,project ,"w 9 ,education4 
,,/ratton',s ,develop+ ,m5tal ,p[]4     
,,t]man',s ,! ,tea*]'s ,heal?4          
,,?orndike',s ,individuality4   ,,tr[',s
 ,sci5tific ,me?od 9 ,education4        
,adm9i/ration & ,sup]vision    ,,bett',s
 ,new ,ideals 9 ,rural ,s*ools4         
,,bloomfield',s ,! ,vocational ,guidance
 ( ,y\?4   ,,cabot',s ,volunte] ,help to
 ! ,s*ools4   ,,cole',s ,indu/rial      
,education 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool4        
,,cubb]ley',s ,*ang+ ,conceptions (     
,education4   ,,cubb]ley',s ,!          
,improvem5t ( ,rural ,s*ools4           
,,dooley',s ,! ,education ( !           
,ne'er-,d-,well4   ,,gates',s ,!        

,managem5t ( ,small] ,s*ools4           
,,h9es',s ,measur+ ,intellig5ce4        
,,koos',s ,! ,high-,s*ool ,pr9cipal4    
,,lewis',s ,democracy's ,high ,s*ool4   
,,maxwell',s ,! ,obs]vation ( ,tea*+4   
,,maxwell',s ,! ,selection ( ,textbooks4
   ,,mill] & ,,*>les',s ,publicity & !  
,public ,s*ool4   ,,p]ry',s ,! ,/atus ( 
! ,tea*]4   ,,russell',s ,economy 9     
,second>y ,education4   ,,smi?',s       
,e/abli%+ ,indu/rial ,s*ools4           
,,sn$d5',s ,! ,problem ( ,vocational    
,guidance4   ,,weeks',s ,! ,p's ,s*ool4 
,me?od   ,,&ress',s ,! ,tea*+ ( ,hygi5e 
9 ! ,grades4  ,,atwood',s ,! ,!ory &    
,practice ( ! ,k9d]g>t54  ,,bailey',s   
,art ,education4  ,,betts',s ,!         
,recitation4  ,,cooley',s ,language     
,tea*+ 9 ! ,grades4  ,,d\gh]ty',s ,h[ to
 ,tea* ,phonics4  ,,e>h>t',s ,tea*+     
,*ildr5 to ,/udy4  ,,evans',s ,! ,tea*+ 
( ,high ,s*ool ,ma!matics4              
,,fair*ild',s ,! ,tea*+ ( ,poetry 9 !   
,high ,s*ool4  ,,freeman',s ,! ,tea*+ ( 
,h&writ+4  ,,haliburton & ,,smi?',s     

,tea*+ ,poetry 9 ! ,grades4             
,,h>twell',s ,! ,tea*+ ( ,hi/ory4       
,,hawley',s ,tea*+ ,engli% 9 ,junior    
,high ,s*ools4  ,,haynes',s ,economics 9
 ! ,second>y ,s*ool4  ,,hill',s ,!      
,tea*+ ( ,civics4  ,,j5k9s',s ,read+ 9 !
 ,prim>y ,grades4  ,,k5dall & ,,/ryk]',s
 ,hi/ory 9 ! ,elem5t>y ,s*ool4          
,,kilpatrick',s ,! ,montessori ,sy/em   
,exam9$4  ,,leon>d',s ,engli%           
,composition z a ,social ,problem4      
,,lo% & ,,weeks',s ,prim>y ,numb]       
,projects4  ,,palm]',s                  
,self-,cultivation 9 ,engli%4           
,,ridgley',s ,geographic ,pr9ciples4    
,,ru$ig]',s ,vitaliz$ ,tea*+4  ,,%>p',s 
,tea*+ ,engli% 9 ,high ,s*ools4         
,,/ockton',s ,project ,"w 9 ,education4 
,,suzzallo',s ,! ,tea*+ ( ,prim>y       
,ari?metic4  ,,suzzallo',s ,! ,tea*+ (  
,spell+4  ,,swift',s ,spee* ,defects 9  
,s*ool ,*ildr54  ,,tuell',s ,! ,/udy (  
,nations4  ,,wilson's ,:at ,ari?metic   
,%all ,we ,tea*8   ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9   
,,company