,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,"s typographical errors h be5 correct$4 ,a complete li/ foll[s ! text4 ,words 9 ,greek 9 ! orig9al are translit]at$ & plac$ betwe5 plus signs4 ,9 ! translit]ations e3 & o3 repres5t ! v[el ) a circumflex4 ,words italiciz$ 9 ! orig9al are surr\nd$ by und]scores4 ,,! ,,approa* ,,to ,,philosophy ,,by ,,pr(4 ,,ralph ,,b>ton ,,p]ry ,,! ,,free ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,soldi] ,,! ,,moral ,,economy ,,! ,,approa* ,,to ,,philosophy ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,! ,,approa* ,,to ,,philosophy ,,by ,,ralph ,,b>ton ,,p]ry1 ,,ph4,d4 ,,assi/ant ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,philosophy ,,9 ,,h>v>d ,,univ]sity ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,bo/on ,,copyright1 #aije1 ,,by ,,*>les ,,scribn]',s ,,sons ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica ,f ,,?is ,,volume ,,is ,,d$icat$ ,,to ,,my ,,fa!r ,,z ,a ,,tok5 ,,( ,,my ,,love ,,& ,,e/eem ,,preface ,9 an essay on ,! ,problem ( ,philosophy at ! ,pres5t ,"t1 ,pr(essor ,edw>d ,caird says t philosophy is n a fir/ v5ture into a new field ( ?\ght1 b ! re?9k+ ( a secul> & religi\s consci\sness :i* has be5 develop$1 9 ! ma91 indep5d5tly ( philosophy4vii3,a ,if !re be any inspiration & orig9ality 9 ?is book1 !y are due to my great desire t philosophy %\ld appe> 9 its vital relations to m famili> exp]i5ces4 ,if philosophy is1 z is commonly assum$1 appropriate to a phase 9 ! developm5t ( e individual1 x %\ld gr[ out ( int]e/s to :i* he is already alive4 ,& if ! great philosoph]s are inde$ nev] dead1 ?is fact %\ld manife/ itself 9 _! classic or hi/orical repres5tation ( a p]5nial outlook ^u ! _w4 ,i am n seek+ to atta* to philosophy a fictiti\s livel9ess1 :]e) to ins9uate x into ! good graces ( ! /ud5t4 ,i hope r to be true to ! mean+ ( philosophy4 ,= !re is t 9 its /&-po9t & its problem :i* makes x univ]sally significant entirely ap>t f dialectic & erudition4 ,^! are d]iv$ int]e/s1 indisp5sable to ! s*ol>1 b q sep>able f t modicum ( philosophy :i* helps to make ! man4 ,! pres5t book is writt5 = ! sake ( elucidat+ ! inevitable philosophy4 ,x seeks to make ! read] m solicit\sly aw>e ( ! philosophy t is 9 him1 or to provoke him to philosophy 9 8 own int]e/s4 ,to ?is end ,i h sacrific$ all else to ! task ( m$iat+ betwe5 ! tradition & te*nicalities ( ! academic discipl9e & ! m common t]ms ( life4 ,! purpose ( ! book w 9 "p acc\nt = ^? %ortcom+s t imm$iately reveal !mselves to ! eye ( ! s*ol>4 ,9 ,"p ,i v>i\s great human int]e/s h be5 select$ z po9ts ( dep>ture4 ,i h s\ght to introduce ! g5]al /&-po9t & problem ( philosophy ?r\gh its implication 9 practical life1 poetry1 religion1 & sci5ce4 ,b 9 s do+ x has be5 necess>y = me to deal %ortly ) topics ( great indep5d5t importance1 & s risk ! disfavor ( ^? bett] skill$ 9 ^! sev]al matt]s4 ,?is is evid5tly true ( ! *apt] :i* deals ) natural sci5ce4 ,b ! problem :i* ,i !re fac$ diff]$ radically f ^? ( ! =ego+ *apt]s1 & ! me?od ( treatm5t is correspond+ly diff]5t4 ,9 ! case ( natural sci5ce "o has to deal ) a body ( k :i* is frequ5tly reg>d$ z ! only k4 ,to write a *apt] ab\t sci5ce f a philosophical /&-po9t is1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( op9ion1 to und]take a polemic aga9/ exclusive naturalism1 an attitude :i* is itself philosophical1 & z su* is well kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy z positivism or agno/icism4 ,i h avoid$ ! polemical _s & me?od s f> z possible1 b h1 nev]!less1 "h tak5 sides aga9/ a def9ite philosophical position4 ,?is *apt]1 toge!r ) ! ,conclusion1 is !re=e an exception to ! purely introductory & expository repres5tation :i* ,i h1 on ! :ole1 s\ght to give4 ,! relatively great space accord$ to ! discussion ( religion is1 9 my own belief1 fair to ! g5]al int]e/ 9 ?is topic1 & to ! intr9sic significance ( its relation to philosophy4 ,i h 9 ,"p ,,ii und]tak5 to furni% ! read] ) a map ( ! c\ntry to :i* he has be5 l$4 ,to ?is end ,i h attempt$ a brief survey ( ! entire programme ( philosophy4 ,an accurate & full acc\nt ( philosophical t]ms c be f\nd 9 su* books z ,kuelpe's ,introduction to ,philosophy & ,baldw9's ,diction>y ( ,philosophy1 & an attempt to emulate _! ?or\ghness w\ld be sup]flu\s1 ev5 if x 7 con=mable to ! g5]al _s ( ?is book4 ,! scope ( ,"p ,,ii is due 9 "p to a desire = brevity1 b *iefly to ! hope ( furni%+ an epitome t %all foll[ ! c\rse ( ! natural & hi/orical diff]5tiation ( ! g5]al philosophical problem4 ,f9ally1 ,i h 9 ,"p ,,iii s\ght to pres5t ! tradition ( philosophy 9 ! =m ( g5]al types4 ,my purpose 9 und]tak+ s difficult a task is to acqua9t ! read] ) philosophy 9 ! concrete2 to %[ h[ c]ta9 und]ly+ pr9ciples may det]m9e ! :ole circle ( philosophical ideas1 & give !m unity & di/9ctive flavor4 ,"p ,,ii (f]s a g5]al classification ( philosophical problems & conceptions indep5d5tly ( any special po9t ( view4 ,b ,i h 9 ,"p ,,iii s\ght to emphasize ! po9t ( view1 or ! int]nal consi/5cy t makes a sy/em ( philosophy out ( c]ta9 answ]s to ! special problems ( philosophy4 ,9 su* a division into types1 l9es are ( necessity drawn too %>ply4 ,!re w be _m hi/orical philosophies t refuse to fit1 & _m possibilities unprovid$ =4 ,i mu/ leave x to ! individual read] to ov]come ?is ab/ractness ?r\gh 8 own reflection ^u ! int]m$iate & v>iant /&-po9ts4 ,al?\gh ! ord] is on ! :ole t ( progressive complexity1 ,i h s\ght to treat ea* *apt] ) indep5d5ce en\gh to make x possible = x to be read sep>ately2 & ,i h provid$ a c>efully select$ bibliography 9 ! hope t ?is book may s]ve z a /imulus & guide to ! read+ ( o!r books4 ,! e>li] *apt]s h already appe>$ z articles3 ,*apt] ,i 9 ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 ,no4 #d2 ,*apt] ,,ii 9 ! ,philosophical ,review1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 ,no4 #f2 ,*apt] ,,iii 9 ! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,xiv1 ,no4 #e2 ,*apt] ,,iv 9 ! ,int]national ,j\rnal ( ,e?ics1 ,vol4 ,,xv1 ,no4 #a2 & "s p>agraphs ( ,*apt] ,v 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #g4 ,i am indebt$ to ! editors ( ^! p]iodicals = p]mission to repr9t ) m9or *anges4 ,9 ! writ+ ( ?is1 my fir/ book1 ,i h be5 (t5 rem9d$ t a high] critic1 skill$ 9 ! /udy ( int]nal evid5ce1 c\ld probably trace all ( its ideas to sugge/ions t h come to me f my tea*]s & colleagues ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,philosophy 9 ,h>v>d ,univ]sity4 ,i h unscrupul\sly =gott5 :at ( _! def9ite ideas ,i h adapt$ to my own use1 b n t ,i receiv$ f !m ! major portion ( my orig9al philosophical capital4 ,i am especially indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,william ,james = ! inspiration & res\rces :i* ,i h receiv$ f 8 in/ruction & p]sonal fri5d%ip4 ,,ralph ,,b>ton ,,p]ry4 ,,cambridge1 ,m>*1 #aije4 ,,footnotes3 vii3,a ,edw4 ,caird3 ,lit]ature & ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bjg4 ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,"p ,i ,,approa* ,,to ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,philosophy ,,page ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,practical ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,philosoph] #c ,sect4 #a4 ,is ,philosophy a ,m]ely ,academic ,int]e/8 #c ,sect4 #b4 ,life z a ,/>t+-po9t = ,?\ght #d ,sect4 #c4 ,! ,practical ,k ( ,means #h ,sect4 #d4 ,! ,practical ,k ( ! ,end or ,purpose #aj ,sect4 #e4 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,devotee1 ! ,man ( ,affairs1 & ! ,voluptu>y #ab ,sect4 #f4 ,! ,adoption ( ,purposes & ! ,philosophy ( ,life #ag ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,poetry ,,& ,,philosophy #bd ,sect4 #g4 ,:o is ! ,philosoph]-,poet8 #bd ,sect4 #h4 ,poetry z ,appreciation #be ,sect4 #i4 ,s9c]ity 9 ,poetry4 ,:itman #bg ,sect4 #aj4 ,con/ructive ,k 9 ,poetry4 ,%akespe>e #cj ,sect4 #aa4 ,philosophy 9 ,poetry4 ,! ,_w-view4 ,om> ,khayyam #cf ,sect4 #ab4 ,wordswor? #ch ,sect4 #ac4 ,dante #db ,sect4 #ad4 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,poetry & ,philosophy #dh ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce #ec ,sect4 #ae4 ,! ,possibility ( ,def9+ ,religion #ec ,sect4 #af4 ,! ,pr(itabl5ess ( ,def9+ ,religion #ed ,sect4 #ag4 ,! ,true ,me?od ( ,def9+ ,religion #ef ,sect4 #ah4 ,religion z ,belief #ei ,sect4 #ai4 ,religion z ,belief 9 a ,disposition or ,attitude #fb ,sect4 #bj4 ,religion z ,belief 9 ! ,disposition ( ! ,residual ,environm5t1 or ,univ]se #fd ,sect4 #ba4 ,examples ( ,religi\s ,belief #ff ,sect4 #bb4 ,typical ,religi\s ,ph5om5a4 ,conv]sion #fi ,sect4 #bc4 ,piety #gb ,sect4 #bd4 ,religi\s ,in/rum5ts1 ,symbolism1 & ,modes ( ,conveyance #gd ,sect4 #be4 ,hi/orical ,types ( ,religion4 ,primitive ,religions #gg ,sect4 #bf4 ,buddhism #gh ,sect4 #bg4 ,critical ,religion #gi ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,implications ,,( ,,religion #hb ,sect4 #bh4 ,resume ( ,psy*ology ( ,religion #hb ,sect4 #bi4 ,religion ,means to be ,true #hb ,sect4 #cj4 ,religion ,means to be ,practically ,true4 ,god is a ,disposition f :i* ,consequ5ces ,may ,rationally be ,expect$ #he ,sect4 #ca4 ,hi/orical ,examples ( ,religi\s ,tru? & ,error4 ,! ,religion ( ,baal #hh ,sect4 #cb4 ,greek ,religion #hi ,sect4 #cc4 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity #ib ,sect4 #cd4 ,! ,cognitive ,factor 9 ,religion #if ,sect4 #ce4 ,! ,place ( ,imag9ation 9 ,religion #ig ,sect4 #cf4 ,! ,special ,functions ( ! ,religi\s ,imag9ation #aja ,sect4 #cg4 ,! ,relation betwe5 ,imag9ation & ,tru? 9 ,religion #aje ,sect4 #ch4 ,! ,philosophy ,impli$ 9 ,religion & 9 ,religions #ajh ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,natural ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,philosophy #aad ,sect4 #ci4 ,! ,true ,relations ( ,philosophy & ,sci5ce4 ,misconceptions & ,antagonisms #aad ,sect4 #dj4 ,! ,sph]es ( ,philosophy & ,sci5ce #aag ,sect4 #da4 ,! ,proc$ure ( a ,philosophy ( ,sci5ce #abj ,sect4 #db4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,sci5tific ,int]e/ #abc ,sect4 #dc4 ,skill z ,free #abc ,sect4 #dd4 ,skill z ,social #abf ,sect4 #de4 ,sci5ce = ,accommodation & ,con/ruction #abg ,sect4 #df4 ,me?od & ,fundam5tal ,conceptions ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,! ,descriptive ,me?od #abh ,sect4 #dg4 ,space1 ,"t1 & ,pr$iction #acj ,sect4 #dh4 ,! ,quantitative ,me?od #acb ,sect4 #di4 ,! ,g5]al ,developm5t ( ,sci5ce #acd ,sect4 #ej4 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,limits ( ,natural ,sci5ce #ace ,sect4 #ea4 ,natural ,sci5ce is ,ab/ract #acf ,sect4 #eb4 ,! ,mean+ ( ,ab/ractness 9 ,tru? #aci ,sect4 #ec4 ,b ,sci5tific ,tru? is ,valid = ,reality #adb ,sect4 #ed4 ,relative ,practical ,value ( ,sci5ce & ,philosophy #adc ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,special ,,problems ,,( ,,philosophy ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,metaphysics ,,& ,,epi/emology #adi ,sect4 #ee4 ,! ,impossibility ( an ,absolute ,division ( ! ,problem ( ,philosophy #adi ,sect4 #ef4 ,! ,dep5d5ce ( ! ,ord] ( ,philosophical ,problems ^u ! ,initial ,int]e/ #aeb ,sect4 #eg4 ,philosophy z ! ,int]pretation ( ,life #aeb ,sect4 #eh4 ,philosophy z ! ,ext5sion ( ,sci5ce #aed ,sect4 #ei4 ,! ,hi/orical ,diff]5tiation ( ! ,philosophical ,problem #aee ,sect4 #fj4 ,metaphysics ,seeks a ,mo/ ,fundam5tal ,conception #aeg ,sect4 #fa4 ,monism & ,pluralism #aei ,sect4 #fb4 ,ontology & ,cosmology ,conc]n ,be+ & ,process #aei ,sect4 #fc4 ,me*anical & ,teleological ,cosmologies #afj ,sect4 #fd4 ,dualism #afb ,sect4 #fe4 ,! ,new ,mean+ ( ,monism & ,pluralism #afc ,sect4 #ff4 ,epi/emology ,seeks to ,und]/& ! ,possibility ( ,k #afd ,sect4 #fg4 ,scepticism1 ,dogmatism1 & ,agno/icism #aff ,sect4 #fh4 ,! ,s\rce & ,crit]ion ( ,k accord+ to ,empiricism & ,rationalism4 ,my/icism #afh ,sect4 #fi4 ,! ,relation ( ,k to its ,object accord+ to ,realism1 & ! ,repres5tative ,!ory #agb ,sect4 #gj4 ,! ,relation ( ,k to its ,object accord+ to ,idealism #age ,sect4 #ga4 ,ph5om5alism1 ,spiritualism1 & ,panpsy*ism #agf ,sect4 #gb4 ,transc5d5talism1 or ,absolute ,idealism #agg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,normative ,,sci5ces ,,& ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,religion #ahj ,sect4 #gc4 ,! ,normative ,sci5ces #ahj ,sect4 #gd4 ,! ,affiliations ( ,logic #ahb ,sect4 #ge4 ,logic ,deals ) ! ,mo/ ,g5]al ,conditions ( ,tru? 9 ,belief #ahc ,sect4 #gf4 ,! ,p>ts ( ,=mal ,logic4 ,def9ition1 ,self-evid5ce1 ,inf]5ce1 & ,obs]vation #ahd ,sect4 #gg4 ,pres5t ,t5d5cies4 ,!ory ( ! ,judgm5t #ahg ,sect4 #gh4 ,priority ( ,concepts #ahh ,sect4 #gi4 ,ae/hetics ,deals ) ! ,mo/ ,g5]al ,conditions ( ,beauty4 ,subjectivi/ic & ,=mali/ic ,t5d5cies #ahi ,sect4 #hj4 ,e?ics ,deals ) ! ,mo/ ,g5]al ,conditions ( ,moral ,goodness #aia ,sect4 #ha4 ,conceptions ( ! ,good4 ,h$onism #aia ,sect4 #hb4 ,rationalism #aic ,sect4 #hc4 ,eudaemonism & ,pietism4 ,rigorism & ,intuitionism #aid ,sect4 #hd4 ,duty & ,fre$om4 ,e?ics & ,metaphysics #aif ,sect4 #he4 ,! ,virtues1 ,cu/oms1 & ,in/itutions #aih ,sect4 #hf4 ,! ,problems ( ,religion4 ,! ,special ,int]e/s ( ,fai? #aii ,sect4 #hg4 ,!ology ,deals ) ! ,nature & ,pro( ( ,god #bjj ,sect4 #hh4 ,! ,ontological ,pro( ( ,god #bjj ,sect4 #hi4 ,! ,cosmological ,pro( ( ,god #bjc ,sect4 #ij4 ,! ,teleological ,pro( ( ,god #bjd ,sect4 #ia4 ,god & ! ,_w4 ,!ism & ,pan!ism #bje ,sect4 #ib4 ,deism #bjf ,sect4 #ic4 ,metaphysics & ,!ology #bjg ,sect4 #id4 ,psy*ology is ! ,!ory ( ! ,s\l #bjh ,sect4 #ie4 ,spiritual ,sub/ance #bji ,sect4 #if4 ,intellectualism & ,volunt>ism #baj ,sect4 #ig4 ,fre$om ( ! ,w4 ,necessit>ianism1 ,det]m9ism1 & ,indet]m9ism #baa ,sect4 #ih4 ,immortality4 ,survival & ,et]nalism #bab ,sect4 #ii4 ,! ,natural ,sci5ce ( ,psy*ology4 ,its ,problems & ,me?od #bac ,sect4 #ajj4 ,psy*ology & ,philosophy #baf ,sect4 #aja4 ,transition f ,classification by ,problems to ,classification by ,doctr9es4 ,naturalism4 ,subjectivism4 ,absolute ,idealism4 ,absolute ,realism #bag ,,"p ,,iii ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,philosophy ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,naturalism #bbc ,sect4 #ajb4 ,! ,g5]al ,mean+ ( ,mat]ialism #bbc ,sect4 #ajc4 ,corporeal ,be+ #bbd ,sect4 #ajd4 ,corporeal ,processes4 ,hylozoism & ,me*anism #bbe ,sect4 #aje4 ,mat]ialism & ,physical ,sci5ce #bbh ,sect4 #ajf4 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,conceptions ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,space & ,matt] #bbh ,sect4 #ajg4 ,motion & its ,cause4 ,developm5t & ,ext5sion ( ! ,conception ( ,=ce #bca ,sect4 #ajh4 ,! ,developm5t & ,ext5sion ( ! ,conception ( ,en]gy #bcf ,sect4 #aji4 ,! ,claims ( ,naturalism #bci ,sect4 #aaj4 ,! ,task ( ,naturalism #bda ,sect4 #aaa4 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,cosmos #bdb ,sect4 #aab4 ,life4 ,natural ,selection #bdd ,sect4 #aac4 ,me*anical ,physiology #bdf ,sect4 #aad4 ,m9d4 ,! ,r$uction to ,s5sation #bdg ,sect4 #aae4 ,automatism #bdh ,sect4 #aaf4 ,radical ,mat]ialism4 ,m9d z an ,epiph5om5on #bej ,sect4 #aag4 ,k4 ,positivism & ,agno/icism #beb ,sect4 #aah4 ,exp]im5talism #bee ,sect4 #aai4 ,naturali/ic ,epi/emology n ,sy/ematic #bef ,sect4 #abj4 ,g5]al ,e?ical ,/&-po9t #beh ,sect4 #aba4 ,cynicism & ,cyr5aicism #bei ,sect4 #abb4 ,developm5t ( ,utilit>ianism4 ,evolution>y ,conception ( ,social ,relations #bfj ,sect4 #abc4 ,naturali/ic ,e?ics n ,sy/ematic #bfb ,sect4 #abd4 ,naturalism z ,antagoni/ic to ,religion #bfc ,sect4 #abe4 ,naturalism z ! ,basis = a ,religion ( ,s]vice1 ,wond]1 & ,r5unciation #bfe ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,subjectivism #bfg ,sect4 #abf4 ,subjectivism ,orig9ally ,associat$ ) ,relativism & ,scepticism #bfg ,sect4 #abg4 ,ph5om5alism & ,spiritualism #bga ,sect4 #abh4 ,ph5om5alism z ,ma9ta9$ by ,b]keley4 ,! ,problem ,inh]it$ f ,desc>tes & ,locke #bgb ,sect4 #abi4 ,! ,refutation ( ,mat]ial ,sub/ance #bge ,sect4 #acj4 ,! ,application ( ! ,epi/emological ,pr9ciple #bgg ,sect4 #aca4 ,! ,refutation ( a ,conceiv$ ,corporeal ,_w #bgh ,sect4 #acb4 ,! ,transition to ,spiritualism #bhj ,sect4 #acc4 ,fur!r ,attempts to ,ma9ta9 ,ph5om5alism #bha ,sect4 #acd4 ,b]keley's ,spiritualism4 ,imm$iate ,k ( ! ,p]ceiv] #bhd ,sect4 #ace4 ,s*op5hau]'s ,spiritualism1 or ,volunt>ism4 ,imm$iate ,k ( ! ,w #bhe ,sect4 #acf4 ,panpsy*ism #bhg ,sect4 #acg4 ,! ,inh]5t ,difficulty 9 ,spiritualism4 ,no ,provision = ,objective ,k #bhh ,sect4 #ach4 ,s*op5hau]'s ,attempt to ,univ]salize ,subjectivism4 ,my/icism #bij ,sect4 #aci4 ,objective ,spiritualism #bib ,sect4 #adj4 ,b]keley's ,conception ( ,god z ,cause1 ,goodness1 & ,ord] #bic ,sect4 #ada4 ,! ,g5]al ,t5d5cy ( ,subjectivism to ,transc5d ,itself #big ,sect4 #adb4 ,e?ical ,!ories4 ,relativism #bih ,sect4 #adc4 ,pessimism & ,self-d5ial #bii ,sect4 #add4 ,! ,e?ics ( ,welf>e #cjj ,sect4 #ade4 ,! ,e?ical ,community #cjb ,sect4 #adf4 ,! ,religion ( ,my/icism #cjc ,sect4 #adg4 ,! ,religion ( ,individual ,coop]ation ) ,god #cjd ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,absolute ,,realism #cjf ,sect4 #adh4 ,! ,philosoph]'s ,task1 & ! ,philosoph]'s ,object1 or ! ,absolute #cjf ,sect4 #adi4 ,! ,eleatic ,conception ( ,be+ #cji ,sect4 #aej4 ,sp9oza's ,conception ( ,sub/ance #caa ,sect4 #aea4 ,sp9oza's ,pro( ( ,god1 ! ,inf9ite ,sub/ance4 ,! ,modes & ! ,attributes #cab ,sect4 #aeb4 ,! ,limits ( ,sp9oza's ,argum5t = ,god #cae ,sect4 #aec4 ,sp9oza's ,provision = ! ,f9ite #cag ,sect4 #aed4 ,transition to ,teleological ,conceptions #cag ,sect4 #aee4 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosoph]s n ,self-critical #cai ,sect4 #aef4 ,curtailm5t ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,age ( ! ,sophi/s #cai ,sect4 #aeg4 ,socrates & ! ,self-criticism ( ! ,philosoph] #cba ,sect4 #aeh4 ,socrates's ,self-criticism a ,prophecy ( ,tru? #cbc ,sect4 #aei4 ,! ,hi/orical ,prep>ation = ,plato #cbd ,sect4 #afj4 ,platonism3 ,reality z ! ,absolute ,ideal or ,good #cbf ,sect4 #afa4 ,! ,progression ( ,exp]i5ce t[>d ,god #cbi ,sect4 #afb4 ,ari/otle's ,hi]>*y ( ,sub/ances 9 ,relation to ,platonism #ccb ,sect4 #afc4 ,! ,ari/otelian ,philosophy z a ,reconciliation ( ,platonism & ,sp9ozism #cce ,sect4 #afd4 ,leibniz's ,application ( ! ,conception ( ,developm5t to ! ,problem ( ,imp]fection #ccf ,sect4 #afe4 ,! ,problem ( ,imp]fection ,rema9s ,unsolv$ #cch ,sect4 #aff4 ,absolute ,realism 9 ,epi/emology4 ,rationalism #cci ,sect4 #afg4 ,! ,relation ( ,?\ght & its ,object 9 ,absolute ,realism #cdj ,sect4 #afh4 ,! ,/oic & ,sp9ozi/ic ,e?ics ( ,necessity #cdb ,sect4 #afi4 ,! ,platonic ,e?ics ( ,p]fection #cdd ,sect4 #agj4 ,! ,religion ( ,fulfilm5t & ! ,religion ( ,r5unciation #cdf ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,absolute ,,idealism #cdi ,sect4 #aga4 ,g5]al ,con/ructive ,"* ( ,absolute ,idealism #cdi ,sect4 #agb4 ,! ,great ,out/&+ ,problems ( ,absolutism #cea ,sect4 #agc4 ,! ,greek ,philosoph]s & ! ,problem ( ,evil4 ,! ,task ( ! ,new ,absolutism #ceb ,sect4 #agd4 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,absolute ,idealism 9 ,kant's ,analysis ( ,exp]i5ce #ced ,sect4 #age4 ,kant's ,pr9ciples ,re/rict$ to ! ,exp]i5ces :i* !y ,set 9 ,ord] #cef ,sect4 #agf4 ,! ,po/-,kantian ,metaphysics is a ,g5]alization ( ! ,cognitive & ,moral ,consci\sness z ,analyz$ by ,kant4 ,! ,absolute ,_s #ceh ,sect4 #agg4 ,fi*teanism1 or ! ,absolute ,_s z ,moral ,activity #cfj ,sect4 #agh4 ,romanticism1 or ! ,absolute ,_s z ,s5tim5t #cfa ,sect4 #agi4 ,hegelianism1 or ! ,absolute ,_s z ,dialectic #cfa ,sect4 #ahj4 ,! ,hegelian ,philosophy ( ,nature & ,hi/ory #cfc ,sect4 #aha4 ,resume4 ,failure ( ,absolute ,idealism to ,solve ! ,problem ( ,evil #cfe ,sect4 #ahb4 ,! ,con/ructive ,argum5t = ,absolute ,idealism is ,bas$ ^u ! ,subjectivi/ic ,!ory ( ,k #cfh ,sect4 #ahc4 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,subjectivism ,ext5d$ to ,reason #cga ,sect4 #ahd4 ,emphasis on ,self-consci\sness 9 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,philosophy #cgb ,sect4 #ahe4 ,desc>tes's ,argum5t = ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,?9k+ ,self #cgd ,sect4 #ahf4 ,empirical ,reaction ( ! ,engli% ,philosoph]s #cgf ,sect4 #ahg4 ,to ,save ,exact ,sci5ce ,kant ,makes x ,dep5d5t on ,m9d #cgg ,sect4 #ahh4 ,! ,po/-,kantians ,trans=m ,kant's ,m9d-9-g5]al into an ,absolute ,m9d #chj ,sect4 #ahi4 ,! ,direct ,argum5t4 ,! ,inf]5ce f ! ,f9ite ,m9d to ! ,inf9ite ,m9d #chb ,sect4 #aij4 ,! ,reali/ic ,t5d5cy 9 ,absolute ,idealism #che ,sect4 #aia4 ,! ,conception ( ,self-consci\sness ,c5tral 9 ! ,e?ics ( ,absolute ,idealism4 ,kant #chf ,sect4 #aib4 ,kantian ,e?ics ,supplem5t$ ?r\gh ! ,conceptions ( ,univ]sal & ,objective ,_s #chh ,sect4 #aic4 ,! ,peculi> ,pan!ism & ,my/icism ( ,absolute ,idealism #cij ,sect4 #aid4 ,! ,religion ( ,exub]ant ,spirituality #cic ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,conclusion #cie ,sect4 #aie4 ,liability ( ,philosophy to ,revision ,due to its ,sy/ematic ,"* #cie ,sect4 #aif4 ,! ,"o ,sci5ce & ! ,_m ,philosophies #cif ,sect4 #aig4 ,progress 9 ,philosophy4 ,! ,sophi/ication or ,eclecticism ( ! ,pres5t ,age #cih ,sect4 #aih4 ,metaphysics4 ,! ,antagoni/ic ,doctr9es ( ,naturalism & ,absolutism #cii ,sect4 #aii4 ,concessions f ! ,side ( ,absolutism4 ,recognition ( ,nature4 ,! ,neo-,fi*teans #dja ,sect4 #bjj4 ,! ,neo-,kantians #djc ,sect4 #bja4 ,recognition ( ! ,individual4 ,p]sonal ,idealism #djd ,sect4 #bjb4 ,concessions f ! ,side ( ,naturalism4 ,recognition ( ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples #dje ,sect4 #bjc4 ,recognition ( ! ,w4 ,pragmatism #djg ,sect4 #bjd4 ,summ>y & ,transition to ,epi/emology #djh ,sect4 #bje4 ,! ,antagoni/ic ,doctr9es ( ,realism & ,idealism4 ,reali/ic ,t5d5cy 9 ,empirical ,idealism #dji ,sect4 #bjf4 ,reali/ic ,t5d5cy 9 ,absolute ,idealism4 ,! ,conception ( ,exp]i5ce #daj ,sect4 #bjg4 ,ideali/ic ,t5d5cies 9 ,realism4 ,! ,imman5ce ,philosophy #dab ,sect4 #bjh4 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,tradition z ! ,basis = a ,new ,con/ruction #dac ,sect4 #bji4 ,! ,tru? ( ! ,physical ,sy/em1 b ,failure ( ,attempt to ,r$uce all ,exp]i5ce to x #dad ,sect4 #baj4 ,tru? ( ,psy*ical ,relations b ,impossibility ( ,g5]al ,r$uction to !m #dae ,sect4 #baa4 ,tru? ( ,logical & ,e?ical ,pr9ciples4 ,validity ( ,ideal ( ,p]fection1 b ,impossibility ( ,d$uc+ ! ,:ole ( ,exp]i5ce f x #dae ,sect4 #bab4 ,error & ,evil _c be ,r$uc$ to ! ,ideal #dag ,sect4 #bac4 ,collective ,"* ( ! ,univ]se z a ,:ole #dai ,sect4 #bad4 ,moral ,implications ( ,su* ,plurali/ic ,philosophy4 ,purity ( ! ,good #dbj ,sect4 #bae4 ,! ,inc5tive to ,goodness #dbb ,sect4 #baf4 ,! ,ju/ification ( ,fai? #dbc ,sect4 #bag4 ,! ,wor%ip & ,s]vice ( ,god #dbe ,sect4 #bah4 ,! ,philosoph] & ! ,/&>ds ( ! ,m>ket-,place #dbe ,sect4 #bai4 ,! ,secul>ism ( ! ,pres5t ,age #dbg ,sect4 #bbj4 ,! ,value ( ,contemplation = ,life #dbh ,,bibliography #dca ,,index #dda ,,"p ,i ,,approa* ,,to ,,! ,,problem ,,( ,,philosophy ,,*apt] ,i ,,! ,,practical ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,philosoph] ,sid5ote3 ,is ,philosophy a ,m]ely ,academic ,int]e/8 ,sect4 #a4 ,philosophy suff]s ! di/9ction ( be+ reg>d$ z ess5tially an academic pursuit4 ,! t]m philosophy1 to be sure1 is us$ 9 common spee* to d5ote a /oical mann] ( accept+ ! vicissitudes ( life2 b ?is conception %$s little or no light ^u ! mean+ ( philosophy z a bran* ( s*ol>%ip4 ,! m5 :o write ! books on ,epi/emology or ,ontology1 are reg>d$ by ! av]age man ( affairs1 ev5 ?\gh he may h enjoy$ a high] education1 ) little sympa?y & less intellig5ce4 ,n ev5 philology seems less conc]n$ ) ! real bus9ess ( life4 ,! pursuit ( philosophy appe>s to be a ph5om5on ( extreme & some:at effete culture1 ) its own peculi> traditions1 problems1 & aims1 & ) little or no?+ to contribute to ! real ent]prises ( society4 ,x is easy to prove to ! satisfaction ( ! philosoph] t su* a view is radically mi/ak54 ,b x is ano!r & m s]i\s matt] to bridge ov] ! v real gap t sep>ates philosophy & common-s5se4 ,su* an aim is realiz$ only :5 philosophy is se5 to issue f "s special int]e/ t is humanly important2 or :51 aft] />t+ 9 ?\ght at a po9t :]e "o deals ) ideas & int]e/s common to all1 "o is l$ by ! inevitabl5ess ( consi/5t ?9k+ into ! sph]e ( philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,life z a ,/>t+-po9t = ,?\ght4 ,sect4 #b4 ,!re is b "o />t+-po9t = reflection :5 all m5 are invit$ to %>e 9 x4 ,?\gh !re be a great _m special plat=ms :]e special gr\ps ( m5 may take _! /& toge!r1 !re is only "o plat=m broad en\gh = all4 ,?is univ]sal /&-po9t1 or common plat=m1 is life4 ,x is our m def9ite !sis1 !n1 t philosophy1 ev5 to its mo/ ab/ruse te*nicality1 is root$ 9 life2 & t x is insep>ably b\nd up ) ! satisfaction ( practical ne$s1 & ! solution ( practical problems4 ,e man kn[s :at x is to live1 & 8 imm$iate exp]i5ce w v]ify ^? features ( ! adv5ture t /& out conspicu\sly4 ,to beg9 )1 life is our bir?right4 ,we did n ask = x1 b :5 we grew old en\gh to be self-consci\s we f\nd ourselves 9 possession ( x4 ,nor is x a gift to be neglect$1 ev5 if we _h ! w4 ,z is true ( no o!r gift ( nature1 we mu/ use x1 or cease to be4 ,!re is a unique urg5cy ab\t life4 ,b we h already impli$ m1 9 s f> z we h said t x mu/ be us$1 & h !reby ref]r$ to "s =m ( movem5t or activity z its insep>able attribute4 ,to live is to f9d "o's self compell$ to d some?+4 ,to d some?+--!re is ano!r implication ( life3 "s out] expression1 "s m$ium 9 :i* to regi/] ! degree & =m ( its activity4 ,su* we recognize z ! environm5t ( life1 ! real objects among :i* x is plac$2 :i* x may *ange1 or f :i* x may suff] *ange4 ,n only d we f9d our lives z unsolicit$ active p[]s1 b f9d1 z well1 an ar5a prescrib$ = _! ex]cise4 ,t we %all act1 & 9 a c]ta9 "t & place1 & ) ref]5ce to c]ta9 o!r realities1 ?is is ! g5]al condition ( ?+s t is enc\nt]$ :5 ea* "o ( u discov]s life4 ,9 %ort1 to live means to be compell$ to d some?+ "u c]ta9 circum/ances4 ,!re is ano!r v common aspect ( life t w\ld n at fir/ glance seem wor?y ( m5tion4 ,n only does life1 z we h j describ$ x1 mean opportunity1 b x means self-consci\s opportunity4 ,! facts are su* z we h f\nd !m to be1 & z ea* "o ( u has previ\sly f\nd !m = himself4 ,b :5 we discov] life = ourselves1 we :o make ! discov]y1 & we :o live1 are id5tical4 ,f t mom5t we bo? live1 & "k t we live4 ,moreov]1 su* is ! ess5tial unity ( our natures t our liv+ mu/ n[ express our kn[+1 & our kn[+ guide & illum9ate our liv+4 ,consid] ! allegory ( ! c5tip$e4 ,f ! beg9n+ ( "t he _h manipulat$ 8 c\ntless legs ) exquisite precision4 ,m5 _h reg>d$ him ) wond] & amazem5t4 ,b he 0 innoc5t ( 8 own art1 be+ a contrivance ( nature1 p]fectly con/ruct$ to d h] bidd+4 ,"o day ! c5tip$e discov]$ life4 ,he discov]$ himself z "o :o walks1 & ! newly awak5$ intellig5ce1 fir/ obs]v+1 !n =esee+1 at l5g? began to direct ! process4 ,& f t mom5t ! c5tip$e1 because he c\ld n rememb] ! prop] ord] ( 8 go+1 lo/ all 8 =m] skill1 & became ! poor clumsy victim ( 8 own self-consci\sness4 ,?is same self-consci\sness is ! inconv5i5ce & ! great glory ( human life4 ,we mu/ /umble along z be/ we c1 guid$ by ! feeble light ( our own little intellig5ce4 ,if nature />ts u on our way1 %e soon h&s ov] ! tor*1 & bids u f9d ! trail = ourselves4 ,mo/ m5 are brave en\gh to reg>d ?is z ! be/ ?+ ( all2 "s despair on acc\nt ( x4 ,9 ei!r case x is admitt$ly ! true /ory ( human life4 ,we mu/ live z sep>ate selves1 obs]v+1 =esee+1 & plann+4 ,!re are two ?+s t we c d ab\t x4 ,we c repudiate our natures1 decl9e ! responsibility1 & deg5]ate to ! level ( ^? animals t nev] _h our *ance2 or we c leap joy\sly to ! helm1 & ) all ! /r5g? & wisdom 9 u guide our lives to _! de/9ation4 ,b if we d ! =m]1 we %all be unable to =get :at might h be51 & %all be haunt$ by a s5se ( ignom9y2 & if we d ! second1 we %all exp]i5ce ! unique happ9ess ( fulfilm5t & self-realization4 ,life1 !n1 is a situation t appeals to intellig5t activity4 ,humanly speak+1 !re is no su* ?+ z a situation t is n at ! same "t a !ory4 ,z we live we are all !ori/s4 ,:oev] has any misgiv+s z to ! practical value ( !ory1 let him rememb] t1 speak+ g5]ally ( human life1 x is true to say t !re is no practice t does n issue at l5g? f reflection4 ,t :i* is ! commone/ exp]i5ce ( mank9d is ! conjunction ( ^! two1 ! ?\ght & ! de$4 ,& z surely z we are all practical !ori/s1 s surely is philosophy ! outcome ( ! broad5+ & deep5+ ( practical !ory4 ,b to und]/& h[ ! practical man becomes ! philosoph]1 we mu/ inquire some:at m c>efully into ! mann] ( 8 ?\ght ab\t life4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,practical ,k ( ,means4 ,sect4 #c4 ,let anyone inspect ! la/ mom5t 9 8 life1 & 9 all probability he w f9d t 8 m9d 0 employ$ to discov] ! means to "s end4 ,he 0 already b5t ^u "s def9ite a*ievem5t1 & 0 ?\ghtful = ! sake ( select+ ! economical & effectual way4 ,8 !ory made 8 practice skilful4 ,s ?r\gh life 8 k %[s him h[ to "w 8 w4 ,example1 exp]i5ce1 & books h taught him ! uses ( nature & society1 & 9 8 ?\ghtful liv+ he is enabl$ to rea* ! goal he has set = ! next h\r1 day1 or ye> ( 8 activity4 ,! long p]iods ( human life are sp5t 9 elaborat+ ! means to "s unque/ion$ end4 ,"h "o meets ! curi\s tru? t we wake up 9 ! middle ( life1 already mak+ headway1 & "u ! guidance ( "s invisible /e]sman4 ,:5 fir/ we take ! bus9ess ( life s]i\sly1 !re is a consid]able /ock 9 trade 9 ! %ape ( habits1 & incl9ations to all sorts ( ?+s t we nev] consci\sly elect$ to pursue4 ,s9ce we d n beg9 at ! beg9n+1 our fir/ problem is to accommodate ourselves to ourselves1 & our fir/ delib]ate acts are 9 fulfilm5t ( plans outl9$ by "s pr$ecessor t has already spok5 = u4 ,! same ?+ is true ( ! race ( m54 ,at a c]ta9 /age 9 _! developm5t m5 f\nd !mselves engag$ 9 all mann] ( ritual & cu/om1 & burd5$ ) conc]ns t 7 n ( _! own *oos+4 ,!y 7 burn+ inc5se1 keep+ fe/ivals1 & nam+ names1 all ( :i* !y mu/ n[ proce$ to ju/ify ) my? & leg5d1 9 ord] to r5d] intelligible to !mselves ! delib]ate & self-consci\s repetition ( !m4 ,ev5 s mu* ju/ification 0 left to ! few1 & ! great majority cont9u$ to seek t good :i* social usage c\nt5anc$ & individual pr$isposition confirm$4 ,s e man ( u acts f day to day = love's sake1 or weal?'s sake1 or p[]'s sake1 or = ! sake ( "s ne> & tangible object2 reflect+ only = ! great] effici5cy ( 8 endeavor4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,practical ,k ( ! ,end or ,purpose4 ,sect4 #d4 ,b if ?is be ! common mann] ( ?9k+ ab\t life1 x does n repres5t ! :ole ( su* ?\ght4 ,nor does x foll[ t because x occupies u s mu*1 x is !re=e correspond+ly fundam5tal4 ,l ! my? mak]s ( old1 we all want m or less to "k ! reason ( our ends4 ,"h1 !n1 we meet ) a some:at diff]5t type ( reflection ^u life1 ! reflection t und]lies ! adoption ( a life purpose4 ,x is obvi\s t mo/ ends are select$ = ! sake ( o!r ends1 & s are virtually means4 ,?us "o may /ruggle = ye>s to secure a college education4 ,?is def9ite end has be5 adopt$ = ! sake ( a some:at m indef9ite end ( self-advancem5t1 & f x !re issues a :ole s]ies ( m9or ends1 :i* =m a hi]>*y ( /eps asc5d+ to ! highe/ goal ( aspiration4 ,n[ ^u ! face ( ?+s we live v unsy/ematic lives1 & yet 7 we to exam9e ourselves 9 ?is fa%ion1 we %\ld all f9d our lives to be m>vels ( organization4 ,_! gr[?1 z we h se51 began be=e we 7 consci\s ( x2 & we are commonly s absorb$ 9 "s p>ticul> fl[] or fruit t we =get ! roots1 & ! design ( ! :ole4 ,b a little reflection reveals a rem>kable unit>y adju/m5t ( p>ts4 ,! unity is due to ! dom9ance ( a gr\p ( c5tral purposes4 ,judg$ f ! /&-po9t ( exp]i5ce1 x seems bitt] irony to say t ev]yone gets f life j :at he wi%es4 ,b a c&id se>*+ ( our own he>ts w incl9e u to admit t1 aft] all1 ! way we g & ! l5g? we g is det]m9$ pretty mu* by ! k9d & ! int5sity ( our secret long+4 ,t = :i* 9 ! "t ( *oice we are will+ to sacrifice all else1 is ! =mula t def9es ! law ( ea* individual life4 ,all ?is is n int5d$ to mean t we h ea* nam$ a cle> & def9ite ideal :i* is our *os5 goal4 ,on ! contr>y1 su* a conception may be almo/ mean+less to "s ( u4 ,9 g5]al ! high] ! ideal ! vagu] & less vivid is its pres5tation to our consci\sness4 ,b1 nam$ or unnam$1 %>p or blurr$1 vivid or half-=gott51 !re may be f\nd 9 ! he>t ( e man t :i* ( all ?+s he wants to be1 t :i* ( all de$s he wants to d4 ,if he has _h ! normal y\? ( dream+1 he has se5 x1 & w>m$ to ! picture ( 8 imag9ation2 if he has be5 some:at m ?\ghtful ?an ! ord9>y1 8 reason has def9$ x1 & adopt$ x = 8 vocation2 if nei!r1 x has be5 pres5t z an und]tone ?r\gh\t ! r5d]+ ( 8 m inevitable life4 ,he w recognize x :5 x is nam$ z ! desire to d ! w ( ,god1 or to h z good a "t z possible1 or to make o!r p z happy z possible1 or to be equal to 8 responsibilities1 or to fulfil ! expectation ( 8 "m1 or to be di/+ui%$1 weal?y1 or influ5tial4 ,?is li/ ( ideals is miscellane\s1 & e?ically r$ucible to m fundam5tal concepts1 b ^! are ! t]ms 9 :i* m5 are ord9>ily consci\s ( _! mo/ intimate purposes4 ,we mu/ n[ inquire respect+ ! nature ( ! ?\ght t det]m9es ! selection ( su* a purpose1 or ju/ifies x :5 x has be5 unconsci\sly accept$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,devotee1 ! ,man ( ,affairs1 & ! ,voluptu>y4 ,sect4 #e4 ,:at is mo/ wor? :ile8 ,s f> z human action is conc]n$ ?is obvi\sly dep5ds ^u :at is possible1 ^u :at is expect$ ( u by our own natures1 & ^u :at int]e/s & conc]ns are cons]v$ by ! tr5d ( ev5ts 9 our environm5t4 ,:at ,i _h be/ d1 presupposes :at ,i h ! /r5g? & ! skill to d1 :at ,i feel call$ ^u to d1 & :at are ! great causes t are entitl$ to promotion at my h&s4 ,x seems t practically we _c sep>ate ! ideal f ! real4 ,we may feel t ! highe/ ideal is an imm$iate utt]ance ( consci5ce1 z my/]i\s 9 orig9 z x is au?oritative 9 expression4 ,we may be will+ to defy ! univ]se1 & expatriate ourselves f our natural & social environm5t1 = ! sake ( ! holy law ( duty4 ,su* m5 z ,c\nt ,tol/oi h little to say ( ! possible1 or ! exp$i5t1 or ! actual1 & are satisfi$ to /& almo/ alone aga9/ ! brutal facts ( usage & economy4 ,we all h a secret s5se ( *ivalry1 t prompts1 h[ev] ineffectually1 to a l devotion4 ,b t :i* 9 su* moral purposes appe>s to indicate a sev]ance ( ! ideal & ! real1 is1 if we w b /op to consid]1 only a sev]ance ( ! ideal & ! app>5t4 ,! m>tyr is m sure ( reality ?an ! adv5tur]4 ,he is conv9c$ t ?\gh 8 contempor>ies & 8 environm5t be aga9/ him2 ! fundam5tal or ev5tual ord] ( ?+s is = him4 ,he believes 9 a spiritual _w m abid+1 albeit less obvi\s1 ?an ! mat]ial _w4 ,?\gh e temporal ev5t contradict him1 he lives 9 ! c]ta9ty t et]nity is 84 ,su* an "o may h f\nd 8 ideal 9 ! voice ( ,god & ,8 prophets1 or he may h be5 l$ to ,god z ! ju/ification ( 8 irresi/ible ideal2 b 9 ei!r case ! selection ( 8 ideal is reasonable to him 9 s f> z x is h>moni\s ) ! ultimate nature ( ?+s1 or /&s = ! promise ( reality4 ,9 ?is wise1 ?\ght ab\t life exp&s into "s conception ( ! deep] =ces ( ! _w1 & life itself1 9 respect ( its fundam5tal atta*m5t to an ideal1 implies "s belief conc]n+ ! fundam5tal nature ( its environm5t4 ,b le/ 9 ?is acc\nt life be cr$it$ ) too mu* gravity & import1 or x seem to be assum$ t life is all knight-errantry1 let u turn to our less quixotic1 & p]haps m effectual1 man ( affairs4 ,he works = 8 daily bread1 & = success 9 8 vocation4 ,he has select$ 8 vocation = its promise ( return 9 ! =m ( weal?1 com=t1 fame1 or influ5ce4 ,he likewise p]=ms su* additional s]vice to 8 family & 8 community z is dem&$ ( him by public op9ion & 8 own s5se ( responsibility4 ,he may h a c]ta9 contempt = ! man :o sees visions4 ,?is may be 8 mann] ( te/ify+ to 8 own pref]5ce = ! ideal ( usefulness & imm$iate effici5cy4 ,b ev5 s he w\ld nev] = an in/ant admit t he 0 pursu+ a m]ely conv5tional good4 ,he may be l>gely imitative 9 8 /&>ds ( value1 recogniz+ su* aims z are common to "s "t or race2 nev]!less none w\ld be m sure ?an he ( ! tru? ( 8 ideal4 ,"q him1 & he w ma9ta9 t 8 is ! reasonable life "u ! conditions ( human exi/5ce4 ,he may ma9ta9 t if !re be a ,god1 he c be/ s]ve ,him by promot+ ! tangible welf>e ( himself & ^? dep5d5t ^u him4 ,he may ma9ta9 t1 s9ce !re is no ,god1 he mu/ w9 su* rew>ds z ! _w c give4 ,if he h some?+ ( ! h]oic 9 him1 he may tell y t1 s9ce !re is no ,god1 he w labor to ! utt]mo/ = 8 fell[-m54 ,:]e he has n solv$ ! problem ( life = himself1 he may believe himself to be obey+ ! insight ( "s "o wis] ?an himself1 or ( society z express$ 9 its cu/oms & in/itutions4 ,b no man ev] admitt$ t 8 life 0 purely a matt] ( exp$i5cy1 or t 9 8 dom9ant ideal he 0 ! victim ( *ance4 ,9 ! backgr\nd ( ! busie/ & mo/ preoccupi$ life ( affairs1 !re dwells ! conviction t su* liv+ is appropriate to ! univ]se2 t x is call$ = by ! circum/ances ( its orig91 opportunities1 & de/9y4 ,f9ally1 ! man :o makes light ( life has ( all m5 ! mo/ transp>5t inn] consci\sness4 ,9 him may be cle>ly obs]v$ ! relation betwe5 ! ideal & ! reflection t is assum$ to ju/ify x4 ,a ,mom5t's ,halt--a mom5t>y ta/e ,( ,be+ f ! ,well amid ! ,wa/e-- ,& ,lo6--! phantom ,c>avan has rea*'d ,! ,no?+ x set out f-- 4 4 4 ,we are no o!r ?an a mov+ r[ ,( ,magic ,%ad[-%apes t come & g ,r\nd ) ! ,sun-illum9'd ,lant]n held ,9 ,midnight by ! ,ma/] ( ! ,%[4 ,:]e ! sett+ ( life is con/ru$ 9 ^! t]ms1 !re is b "o natural & appropriate mann] ( life4 ,once believ+ 9 ! isolation & insignificance ( life1 "o is sceptical ( all wor? save su* z may be ta/$ 9 ! mom5t ( its pur*ase4 ,if "o's ideas & exp]i5ces are no conc]n ( ! _w's1 b incid5ts ( a purely local & transi5t int]e/1 !y w realize mo/ :5 !y realize an imm$iate gratification4 ,:]e "o does n believe t he is a memb] ( ! univ]se1 & a contributor to its ends1 he does well to m9imize ! friction t arises f its accid5tal prop9quity1 & to k9dle "s little fire ( enjoym5t 9 8 own lonely he>t4 ,?is is ! life ( ab&onm5t to pleasure1 accompani$ by ! conviction t ! conditions ( life w>rant no m /r5u\s or h]oic plan4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,adoption ( ,purposes & ! ,philosophy ( ,life4 ,sect4 #f4 ,9 su* wise d we adopt ! life purpose1 or ju/ify x :5 unconsci\sly adopt$4 ,! pursuit ( an ideal implies a belief 9 its effectuality4 ,su* a belief w inv>iably appe> :5 ! gr\ndwork ( ! daily liv+ is laid b>e by a little reflection4 ,& if our analysis has n be5 9 error1 !re is some?+ m def9ite to be obta9$ f x4 ,we all believe 9 ! practical wisdom ( our fundam5tal ideals2 b we believe1 besides1 t su* wisdom involves ! sanction ( ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,! mom5t\sness ( an individual's life w be satisfi$ ) no?+ less f9al ?an an absolutely wise disposition ( x4 ,= e individual1 8 life is all 8 p[] & ri*es1 & is n to be sp5t save = ! greate/ good t he c reasonably pursue4 ,b ! solution ( su* a problem is n to be obta9$ %ort ( a se>*+ ( entire reality4 ,e life w repres5t m or less ( su* wisdom & enlight5m5t2 & 9 ! end ! be/ selection ( ideal w d5ote ! greate/ weal? ( exp]i5ce4 ,x is n always true t he :o has se5 m w live m wisely1 = 9 an individual case in/9ct or au?ority may be bett] s\rces ( aspiration ?an exp]i5ce4 ,b we tru/ in/9ct & au?ority because we believe !m to repres5t a compreh5sive exp]i5ce on ! "p ( ! race z a :ole1 or on ! "p ( ,god4 ,he ^: k is broade/ & true/ w\ld "k be/ :at is f9ally wor? liv+ =4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 mo/ m5 c see no m reasonable plan ( life ?an ob$i5ce to ,god's w1 = ,god 9 ! abundance ( 8 wisdom1 & s9ce all et]nity is pla9 be=e him1 mu/ see ) c]ta9ty t :i* is supremely wor?y4 ,we mean1 !n1 t ! selection ( our ideals %all be det]m9$ by ! l>ge/ possible k ( ! facts p]ta9+ to life4 ,we mean to select z "o w\ld select :o knew all ab\t ! antec$5ts & surr\nd+s & remote consequ5ces ( life4 ,9 our own weakness & f9itude we may g b a little way 9 ! direction ( su* an insight1 & may pref] to accept ! judgm5t ( tradition or au?ority1 b we recognize a di/9ct type ( k z alone wor?y to ju/ify an individual's adoption ( an ideal4 ,t type ( k is ! k t compreh5ds ! univ]se 9 its totality4 ,su* k does n involve complet5ess ( in=mation respect+ all p>ts ( reality4 ,?is1 humanly speak+1 is bo? unatta9able & inconceivable4 ,x involves r a conception ( ! k9d ( reality t is fundam5tal4 ,= a wise purpose x is unnecess>y t we %\ld "k _m matt]s ( fact1 or ev5 specific laws1 provid$ we are conv9c$ ( ! inn] & ess5tial "* ( ! univ]se4 ,"s ( ! alt]natives are matt]s ( e-day ?\ght & spee*4 ,"o _c tell ! simple/ /ory ( human life )\t disclos+ !m4 ,to live ! human life means to pursue ideals1 t is1 to h a ?+ 9 m9d1 & !n to try to accompli% x4 ,"h is "o k9d ( reality & p[]4 ,! planet>y sy/em1 on ! o!r h&1 does n pursue ideals1 b moves unconsci\s ( itself1 ) a me*anical precision t c be express$ 9 a ma!matical =mula2 & is repres5tative ( ano!r k9d ( reality & p[]4 ,h5ce a v common & a v practical "q3 ,is !re an und]ly+ law1 l ! law ( gravitation1 fundam5tally & p]man5tly gov]n+ life1 9 spite ( its app>5t direction by ideal & aspiration8 ,or is !re an und]ly+ p[]1 l purpose1 fundam5tally & p]man5tly gov]n+ ! planet>y sy/em & all cele/ial worlds1 9 spite ( ! app>5t control ( bl9d & irresi/ible =ces8 ,?is is a practical "q because no?+ c\ld be m p]t95t to our *oice ( ideals4 ,no?+ c\ld make m diff]5ce to life ?an a belief 9 ! life or lifelessness ( its environm5t4 ,! fai?s t g5]ate or confirm our ideals always ref] to ?is great issue4 ,& ?is is b "o1 albeit ! mo/ pr(\nd1 ( ! _m issues t arise f ! desire to obta9 "s conviction ( ! inn] & ess5tial "* ( life4 ,?\gh s intimately connect$ ) practical conc]ns1 ^! issues are prim>ily ! bus9ess ( ?\ght4 ,9 grappl+ ) !m1 ?\ght is call$ ^u = its greate/ compreh5siv5ess1 p5etration1 & self-consi/5cy4 ,by ! necessity ( conc5tration1 ?\ght is sometimes l$ to =get its orig9 & ! s\rce ( its problems4 ,b 9 nam+ itself philosophy1 ?\ght has only recogniz$ ! def9it5ess & e>ne/ness ( its l>ge/ task4 ,philosophy is /ill ?\ght ab\t life1 repres5t+ b ! deep5+ & broad5+ ( ! common practical ?\ghtfulness4 ,we :o began toge!r at ! />t+-po9t ( life1 h n[ ent]$ toge!r ! hav5 ( philosophy4 ,x is n a f9al hav51 b only ! po9t ( dep>ture = ! field ( philosophy prop]4 ,nev]!less t field is n[ 9 ! pla9 view ( ! man :o occupies ! practical /&-po9t4 ,he mu/ recognize 9 philosophy a k9d ( reflection t diff]s only 9 ext5t & p]si/5ce f ! reflection t guides & ju/ifies 8 life4 ,he may n consci\sly id5tify himself ) any "o ( ! ?ree g5]al gr\ps :i* h be5 *>act]iz$4 ,b if he is nei!r an ideali/1 nor a phili/9e1 nor a pleasure lov]1 surely he is comp\nd$ ( su* elem5ts1 & does n escape _! implications4 ,he desires some?+ mo/ ( all1 ev5 ?\gh 8 highe/ ideal be only an inf]5ce f ! gradation ( 8 imm$iate purposes4 ,?is highe/ ideal repres5ts :at he conceives to be ! greate/ wor? or value atta9able 9 ! univ]se1 & its adoption is bas$ ^u ! l>ge/ g5]alization t he c make or borr[4 ,! complete ju/ification ( 8 ideal w\ld involve a true k ( ! ess5tial "* ( ! univ]se4 ,= su* k he sub/itutes ei!r au?ority or 8 own imp]fect insight4 ,b 9 ei!r case 8 life is naturally & organically correlat$ ) a ?\ght ab\t ! univ]se 9 its totality1 or 9 its deepe/ & ess5tial "*4 ,su* ?\ght1 ! activity & its results1 is philosophy4 ,h5ce he :o lives is1 ipso facto1 a philosoph]4 ,he is n only a pot5tial philosoph]1 b a p>tial philosoph]4 ,he has already begun to be a philosoph]4 ,betwe5 ! fitful or prud5tial ?9k+ ( "s little man ( affairs1 & ! su/a9$ ?\ght ( ! devot$ lov] ( tru?1 !re is inde$ a long j\rney1 b x is a /raight j\rney along ! same road4 ,philosophy is nei!r accid5tal nor sup]natural1 b inevitable & normal4 ,philosophy is n prop]ly a vocation1 b ! gr\nd & inspiration ( all vocations4 ,9 ! h&s ( its devotees x gr[s te*nical & complex1 z d all ef=ts ( ?\ght1 & to pursue philosophy bravely & fai?fully is to enc\nt] ob/acles & labyr9?s innum]able4 ,! g5]al problem ( philosophy is "m ( a :ole brood ( problems1 little & great4 ,b :e!r we be numb]$ among its devotees1 or _! b5efici>ies1 an equal significance atta*es to ! tru? t philosophy is cont9u\s ) life4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,poetry ,,& ,,philosophy ,sid5ote3 ,:o is ! ,philosoph]-,poet8 ,sect4 #g4 ,z ! ultimate criticism ( all human int]e/s1 philosophy may be approa*$ by av5ues z v>i\s z ^! int]e/s4 ,only :5 philosophy is discov]$ z ! implication ( well-recogniz$ special int]e/s1 is ! significance ( its function fully appreciat$4 ,= ! sake ( su* a fur!r und]/&+ ( philosophy1 ^? :o f9d ei!r inspiration or ent]ta9m5t 9 poetry are invit$ 9 ! pres5t *apt] to consid] c]ta9 ( ! relations betwe5 poetry & philosophy4 ,we mu/ at ! v outset decl9e to accept unqualifi$ly ! poet's op9ion 9 ! matt]1 = he w\ld n ?9k x presumptu\s to incorporate philosophy 9 poetry4 ,no man1 said ,col]idge1 0 ev] yet a great poet )\t be+ at ! same "t a great philosoph]4 ,?is w\ld seem to mean t a great poet is a great philosoph]1 & m too4 ,we %all d bett] to beg9 ) ! prosaic & matt] ( fact m9imum ( tru?3 "s poetry is philosophical4 ,?is w enable u to se>* = ! portion ( philosophy t is 9 "s poetry1 )\t f9ally def9+ _! respective b\nd>ies4 ,x may be t all true poetry is philosophical1 z x may be t all true philosophy is poetical2 b x is mu* m c]ta9 t mu* actual poetry is f> f philosophical1 & t mo/ actual philosophy 0 n conceiv$ or writt5 by a poet4 ,! m]e poet & ! m]e philosoph] mu/ be tol]at$1 if x be only = ! purpose ( %$d+ light ^u ! philosoph]-poet & ! poet-philosoph]4 ,& x is to ! philosoph]-poet t we turn1 9 ! hope t "u ! g5ial spell ( poetry we may be br\ght ) und]/&+ to ! m =bidd+ l& ( philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,poetry z ,appreciation4 ,sect4 #h4 ,poetry is well *>act]iz$1 ?\gh n def9$1 z an int]pretation ( life4 ,! t]m life "h signifies ! human purposive consci\sness1 & active pursuit ( ends4 ,an int]pretation ( life is1 !n1 a selection & acc\nt ( su* values 9 human exp]i5ce z are actually s\ght or are wor? ! seek+4 ,= ! poet all ?+s are good or bad1 & nev] only matt]s ( fact4 ,he is nei!r an annali/ nor a /ati/ician1 & is ev5 an obs]v] only = ! sake ( a high] design4 ,he is "o :o appreciates1 & expresses 8 appreciation s fitt+ly t x becomes a k9d ( tru?1 & a p]man5tly communicable object4 ,t unbodi$ joy1 ! skyl>k's song & flight1 is ?r\gh ! g5ius ( ,%elley s fai?fully embodi$1 t x may ent] z a def9ite joy into ! lives ( c\ntless human be+s4 ,! s5su\s or sugge/ive values ( nature are caught by ! poet's quick feel+ = beauty1 & fix$ by 8 creative activity4 ,or ) 8 ready sympa?y he may p]ceive ! value ( "s human ideal or ma/]+ passion1 & make x a reality = our common feel+4 ,:]e ! poet has to d ) ! base & hateful1 8 attitude is /ill appreciative4 ,! evil is appreh5d$ z "p ( a dramatic :ole hav+ positive moral or ae/hetic value4 ,moral ideas may appe> 9 bo? poetry & life z ! inspiration & ju/ification ( /ruggle4 ,:]e !re is no conception ( its moral significance1 ! repulsive possesses = ! poet's consci\sness ! ae/hetic value ( div]sity & contra/4 ,ev5 :]e ! evil & ugly is isolat$1 z 9 c]ta9 ( ,br[n+'s dramatic monologues1 x =ms1 bo? = ! poet & ! read]1 b a "p ( "s l>g] p]ception ( life or "*1 :i* is sublime or beautiful or good4 ,poetry involves1 !n1 ! discov]y & pres5tation ( human exp]i5ces t are satisfy+ & appeal+4 ,x is a language = human pleasures & ideals4 ,poetry is )\t d\bt a great deal m ?an ?is1 & only aft] a c>eful analysis ( its peculi> language c\ld "o di/+ui% x f k9dr$ arts2 b x w suffice = our purposes to *>act]ize & n diff]5tiate4 ,/>t+ f ?is mo/ g5]al tru? respect+ poetry1 we may n[ look = t aspect ( x :]eby x may be a witness ( philosophical tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,s9c]ity 9 ,poetry4 ,:itman4 ,sect4 #i4 ,= ! answ] to our "q1 we mu/ turn to an exam9ation ( ! intellectual elem5ts ( poetry4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! common dem& t ! poet %all be accurate 9 8 repres5tations is sugge/ive ( an indisp5sable intellectual factor 9 8 g5ius4 ,z we h se51 he is n to reproduce nature1 b ! human appreciative exp]i5ce ( nature4 ,nev]!less1 he mu/ ev5 "h be true to 8 object4 ,8 art involves 8 ability to express g5u9ely & s9c]ely :at he himself exp]i5ces 9 ! pres5ce ( nature1 or :at he c cat* ( ! inn] lives ( o!rs by virtue ( 8 intellig5t sympa?y4 ,no am\nt ( emotion or ev5 ( imag9ation w pr(it a poet1 unless he c r5d] a true acc\nt ( !m4 ,to be sure1 he ne$ n def9e1 or ev5 expla92 = x is 8 function to transf] ! imm$iate qualities ( exp]i5ce3 b he mu/ be able to speak ! tru?1 &1 9 ord] to speak x1 he mu/ h kn[n x4 ,9 all ?is1 h[ev]1 we h made no dem& t ! poet %\ld see m ?an "o ?+ at a "t4 ,s9c]ity ( expression does n require :at is di/9ctly ano!r mode ( intellig5ce1 compreh5siv5ess ( view4 ,x is easi]1 & accord+ly m usual1 to r5d] an acc\nt ( ! mom5ts & casual units ( exp]i5ce1 ?an ( its totality4 ,!re are poets1 little & great1 :o possess ! intellectual virtue ( s9c]ity1 )\t ! intellectual p[] ( syn!sis & reconciliation4 ,?is di/9ction w enable u to sep>ate ! intellig5ce exhibit$ 9 all poetry1 f t di/9ct =m ( intellig5ce exhibit$ 9 su* poetry z is prop]ly to be call$ philosophical4 ,! b>b>ian 9 poetry has rec5tly be5 def9$ z ! man :o reg>ds 8 passions z _! own excuse = be+2 :o does n dome/icate !m ei!r by und]/&+ _! cause or by conceiv+ _! ideal goal4#bh3a ,"o w readily appreciate ! application ( ?is def9ition to ,walt ,:itman4 ,:at little unity !re is 9 ?is poet's _w1 is ! composition ( a purely s5su\s exp]i5ce1 ,! e>? exp5d+ "r h& & left h&1 ,! picture alive1 e "p 9 its be/ light1 ,! music fall+ 9 :]e x is want$1 & /opp+ :]e x is n want$4 ,9 _m passages ,:itman manife/s a m>vell\s ability to discov] & communicate a fre% gladness ab\t ! commone/ exp]i5ces4 ,we _c b rejoice ) him 9 all sights & s\nds4 ,b ?\gh we _c d5y him tru?1 8 tru? is hone/y & n und]/&+4 ,! exp]i5ces 9 :i* he discov]s s mu* wor?1 are r&om & caprici\s1 & d n con/itute a univ]se4 ,to ! solution ( ultimate que/ions he contributes a s5se ( my/]y1 & ! conviction ,t y are "h--t life exi/s & id5tity1 ,t ! p[]ful play goes on1 & y may contribute a v]se4 ,8 _w is ju/ly describ$ by ! writ] j quot$ z a phantasmagoria ( cont9u\s visions1 vivid1 impressive1 b monoton\s & h>d to di/+ui% 9 memory1 l ! waves ( ! sea or ! decorations ( "s b>b>\s temple1 sublime only by ! inf9ite aggregation ( p>ts4#cj3b ,z is ,walt ,:itman1 s are _m poets great] & less4 ,"s :o h se5 ! _w-view1 exhibit ! same p>ticul>ism 9 _! lyric moods2 al?\gh1 g5]ally speak+1 a poet :o once has compreh5d$ ! _w1 w see ! p>ts ( x 9 ! light ( t wisdom4 ,b ,walt ,:itman is peculi>ly repres5tative ( ! poetry t c be true1 )\t be+ wise 9 ! mann] t we %all come %ortly to und]/& z ! mann] ( philosophy4 ,he is z desultory 9 8 poet raptures z is ! common man :5 he lives 9 8 imm$iate exp]i5ces4 ,! tru? won by ea* is ! cle> vision ( "o ?+1 or ( a limit$ collection ( ?+s1 & n ! broad inclusive vision ( all ?+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,con/ructive ,k 9 ,poetry4 ,%akespe>e4 ,sect4 #aj4 ,! transition f ,:itman to ,%akespe>e may seem some:at abrupt1 b ! v diff]5ces betwe5 ^! poets s]ve to m>k out an int]e/+ aff9ity4 ,nei!r has put any unit>y con/ruction ^u human life & its environm5t4 ,nei!r1 z poet1 is ! witness ( any _w-view2 :i* w mean = u t nei!r is a philosoph]-poet4 ,z respects ,%akespe>e1 ?is is a h>d say+4 ,we are accu/om$ to ! critical judgm5t t f9ds 9 ! ,%akespe>ian dramas an appreh5sion ( ! univ]sal 9 human life4 ,b ?\gh ?is judgm5t is true1 x is by no means conclusive z respects ,%akespe>e's relation to ! philosophical type ( ?\ght4 ,= !re c be univ]sality )\t philosophy4 ,?us1 to "k ! gr\ps & ! m>ks ( ! v]tebrates is to "k a tru? :i* possesses g5]ality1 9 contradi/9ction to ! p>ticul>ism ( ,:itman's poetic consci\sness4 ,ev5 s to "k well ! gr\ps & m>ks ( human "*1 v]tebrate & inv]tebrate1 is to "k t ( :i* ! av]age man1 9 8 h& to h& /ruggle ) life1 is ignorant4 ,su* a wisdom ,%akespe>e possess$ to a unique degree1 & x enabl$ him to recon/ruct human life4 ,he did n m]ely p]ceive human /ates & motives1 b he und]/ood human nature s well t he c\ld create consi/5t m5 & wom54 ,moreov]1 ,%akespe>e's k 0 n only ?us univ]sal 9 be+ a k ( g5]al gr\ps & laws1 b also 9 respect ( its ext5sity4 ,8 und]/&+ 0 z ri* z x 0 acute4 ,x is true1 !n1 t ,%akespe>e read human life z an op5 book1 kn[+ c]ta9ly ! mann] ( human ?9k+ & feel+1 & ! p[] & int]play ( human motives4 ,b x is equally true1 on ! o!r h&1 t he possess$ no unit>y conception ( ! mean+ & l>g] relations ( human life4 ,su* a conception might h be5 express$ ei!r by means ( ! outlook ( "s dom9at+ & p]si/5t type ( p]sonality1 or by a p]vad+ sugge/ion ( "s con/ant _w-sett+ = ! v>iable ent]prise ( mank9d4 ,x c\ld appe> only provid$ ! poet's appreciation ( life 9 detail 7 det]m9$ by an int]pretation ( ! mean+ ( life z a :ole4 ,%akespe>e app>5tly possess$ no su* int]pretation4 ,ev5 :5 ,hamlet is grop+ aft] "s l>g] tru? t may be> ^u ! def9ite problems ( life1 he repres5ts b "o1 & t a /range & unusual1 type ( human nature4 ,& ,hamlet's reflections1 x %\ld be not$1 h no outcome4 ,!re is no ,%akespe>ian answ] to ! riddles t ,hamlet prop\nds4 ,! poet's g5ius is n less amaz+ = ?is fact2 inde$1 8 peculi> di/9ction c only be compreh5d$ ^u ?is basis4 ,%akespe>e put no con/ruction ^u life1 & by virtue ( ?is v res]ve accompli%$ an art ( surpass+ fidelity & vividness4 ,! abs5ce ( philosophy 9 ,%akespe>e1 & ! pres5ce ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic quality ( 8 g5ius1 may bo? be imput$ by ! "o affirmation1 t !re is no ,%akespe>ian po9t ( view4 ,?is tru? signifies bo? ga9 & loss4 ,! philosophical criticism ( life may v>y f ! ideal objectivity ( absolute tru?1 to ! subjectivity ( a p]sonal religion4 ,philosophy aims to correct ! p>tiality ( p>ticul> po9ts ( view by means ( a po9t ( view t %all compreh5d _! relations1 & effect su* reconciliations or trans=mations z %all enable !m to con/itute a univ]se4 ,philosophy always assumes ! hypo!tical view ( omnisci5ce4 ,! necessity ( su* a f9al criticism is implicit 9 e sci5tific item ( k1 & 9 e judgm5t t is pass$ ^u life4 ,philosophy makes a di/9ct & peculi> contribution to human k by its h]oic ef=t to measure all kn[l$ges & all ideals by ! /&>d ( totality4 ,nev]!less x is significant t no human individual c possibly possess ! range ( omnisci5ce4 ,! mo/ adequate k ( :i* any g5]ation ( m5 is capable1 w always be t :i* is conceiv$ by ! mo/ syn!tic & vigor\sly metaphysical m9ds2 b e individual philosophy w nev]!less be a premature syn!sis4 ,! ef=t to complete k is ! indisp5sable te/ ( ! adequacy ( prevail+ conceptions1 b ! complet$ k ( any individual m9d w %ortly become an hi/orical monum5t4 ,x w belong prim>ily to ! p]sonal life ( its creator1 z ! articulation ( 8 p]sonal cov5ant ) ! univ]se4 ,!re is a s\nd ju/ification = su* a conclusion ( ?+s 9 ! case ( ! individual1 = ! conditions ( human life make x inevitable2 b x w always possess a felt unity1 & _m di/9ct features1 t are private & subjective4 ,n[ su* a projection ( p]sonality1 ) its color+ & its selection1 ,%akespe>e has avoid$2 & v l>gely z a consequ5ce1 8 dramas are a /oreh\se ( g5u9e human nature4 ,ambition1 m]cy1 hate1 madness1 guilelessness1 conv5tionality1 mir?1 brav]y1 deceit1 purity--^!1 & all human /ates & attributes save piety1 are ^u 8 pages z real1 & z my/]i\s )al1 z !y are 9 ! great hi/orical society4 ,= an ord9>y read]1 ^! /ates & attributes are m real 9 ,hamlet or ,le> ?an 9 8 own direct exp]i5ce1 because 9 ,hamlet & ,le> he c see !m ) ! eye & intellig5ce ( g5ius4 ,b ,%akespe>e is ! _w all ov] aga91 & !re is loss z well z ga9 9 su* realism4 ,"h is human life1 no d\bt1 & a brilliant pageantry x is2 b human life z v>i$ & z problematic z x is 9 ! liv+4 ,%akespe>e's fundam5tal intellectual res\rce is ! hi/orical & psy*ological k ( su* pr9ciples z gov]n ! con/ruction ( human natures4 ,! goods = :i* m5 und]take1 & live or die1 are any goods1 ju/ifi$ only by ! actual human /riv+ = !m4 ,! virtues are ! old w9n+ virtues ( ! secul> life1 & ! h]oisms ( ! common consci5ce4 ,beyond its empirical g5]ality1 8 k is univ]sal only 9 ! s5se t space & "t are univ]sal4 ,8 consci\sness conta9s its repres5tative creations1 & expresses !m unspoil$ by any trans=m+ ?\ght4 ,8 poetic consci\sness is l ! v /age to :i* he lik5s all ! _w3 m5 & wom5 meet !re1 & ?+s happ5 !re4 ,! /age itself creates no unity save ! occasion & ! place4 ,%akespe>e's consci\sness is univ]sal because x is a fair field ) no favors4 ,b ev5 s x is p>ticul>1 because1 ?\gh ea* may ent] & dep>t 9 peace1 :5 all ent] toge!r !re is an>*y & a babel ( voices4 ,all ,%akespe>e is l all ! _w se5 ?r\gh ! eyes ( ea* ( its inhabitants4 ,human exp]i5ce 9 ,%akespe>e is human exp]i5ce z ev]yone feels x1 z compreh5sive z ! aggregate ( innum]able lives4 ,b human exp]i5ce 9 philosophy is ! exp]i5ce ( all z ?\ght by a syn!tic m9d4 ,h5ce ! weal? ( life depict$ by ,%akespe>e s]ves only to po9t out ! philosoph]'s problem1 & to *all5ge 8 p[]s4 ,"h he w f9d mat]ial1 & n results2 mu* to philosophize ab\t1 b no philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,philosophy 9 ,poetry4 ,! ,_w-,view4 ,om> ,khayyam4 ,sect4 #aa4 ,! discussion up to ?is po9t has attribut$ to poetry v def9ite intellectual factors t nev]!less d n con/itute philosophy4 ,walt ,:itman speaks 8 feel+ ) tru?1 b 9 g5]al manife/s no compreh5sive insight4 ,%akespe>e has n only s9c]ity ( expression b an und]/&+ m9d4 ,he has a k n only ( p>ticul> exp]i5ces1 b ( human nature2 & a consci\sness full & v>i$ l society itself4 ,b !re is a k9d ( k possess$ by nei!r1 ! k s\ght by coord9at+ all aspects ( human exp]i5ce1 bo? p>ticul> & g5]al4 ,n ev5 ,%akespe>e is wise z "o :o1 hav+ se5 ! :ole1 c fundam5tally int]pret a "p4 ,b ?\gh ! philosoph]-poet may n yet be f\nd1 we _c long] be ignorant ( 8 nature4 ,he w be1 l all poets1 "o :o appreciates exp]i5ces or f9ds ?+s good1 & he w fai?fully reproduce ! values :i* he discov]s4 ,b he mu/ ju/ify himself 9 view ( ! fundam5tal nature ( ! univ]se4 ,! values :i* he appreh5ds mu/ be h>moni\s1 & s f> above ! plurality ( goods z to transc5d & unify !m4 ,! philosoph]-poet w f9d reality z a :ole to be some?+ t accr$its ! ord] ( values 9 8 inn] life4 ,he w n only f9d c]ta9 ?+s to be mo/ wor?y objects ( action or contemplation1 b he w see :y !y are wor?y1 because he w h con/ru$ ! judgm5t ( ! univ]se 9 _! favor4 ,9 ?is g5]al s5se1 ,om> ,khayyam is a philosoph]-poet4 ,to be sure 8 univ]se is q ! opposite ( t :i* mo/ poets conceive1 & is p]haps pr(\ndly antagoni/ic to ! v _s ( poetry2 b x is none ! less true t ! joys to :i* ,om> invites u are su* z 8 univ]se prescribes = human life4 ,"s = ! ,glories ( ,?is ,_w2 & "s ,sigh = ! ,prophet's ,p>adise to come2 ,ah1 take ! ,ca%1 & let ! ,cr$it g1 ,nor he$ ! rumble ( a di/ant ,drum4 ,h]e9 is bo? poetry & philosophy1 albeit b a poor br& ( ea*4 ,we are invit$ to occupy ourselves only ) spiritual ca%1 because ! univ]se is spiritually insolv5t4 ,! imm$iately gratify+ feel+s are ! only feel+s t ! _w c gu>antee4 ,om> ,khayyam is a philosoph]-poet1 because 8 imm$iate delight 9 y\?'s sweet-sc5t$ manuscript is "p ( a consci\sness t vaguely sees1 ?\gh x _c grasp1 ?is sorry s*eme ( ?+s entire4 ,dr9k = y "k n :5ce y come1 nor :y2 ,dr9k = y "k n :y y g1 nor :]e4 ,sid5ote3 ,wordswor?4 ,sect4 #ab4 ,b ! poet 9 8 _w-view ord9>ily sees o!r ?an d>kness4 ,! same innate spiritual ent]prise t su/a9s religi\s fai? leads ! poet m (t5 to f9d ! univ]se positively cong5ial to 8 ideals1 & to ideals 9 g5]al4 ,he int]prets human exp]i5ce 9 ! light ( ! spirituality ( all ! _w4 ,x is to ,wordswor? t we ( ! pres5t age are *iefly indebt$ = su* imag]y1 & x w pr(it u to consid] some:at c>efully ! philosophical quality ( 8 poetry4 ,walt] ,pat]1 9 introduc+ 8 appreciation ( ,wordswor?1 writes t an intimate consci\sness ( ! expression ( natural ?+s1 :i* weighs1 li/5s1 p5etrates1 :]e ! e>li] m9d pass$ r\ghly by1 is a l>ge elem5t 9 ! complexion ( mod]n poetry4 ,we recognize at once ! tru? ( ?is *>act]ization z appli$ to ,wordswor?4 ,b !re is some?+ m di/+ui%$ ab\t ?is poet's s5sibility ev5 ?an its extreme f95ess & delicacy2 a quality t is sugge/$1 ?\gh n made explicit1 by ,%elley's allusion to ,wordswor?'s exp]i5ce z a sort ( ?\ght 9 s5se4 ,nature possess$ = him n m]ely enjoyable & describable *>act]s ( great v>iety & m9ut5ess1 b an imm$iately appreh5d$ unity & mean+4 ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake to con/rue ?is mean+ 9 s5se z analog\s to ! crude symbolism ( ! educator ,froebel1 to :om1 z he said1 ! _w ( cry/als proclaim$1 9 di/9ct & univocal t]ms1 ! laws ( human life4 ,wordswor? did n atta* ideas to s5se1 b reg>d$ s5se itself z a communication ( tru?4 ,we readily call to m9d 8 unique capacity = appreh5d+ ! *>act]i/ic flavor ( a c]ta9 place 9 a c]ta9 mom5t ( "t1 ! individuality ( a situation4 ,n[ 9 su* mom5ts he felt t he 0 receiv+ intellig5ces1 none ! less direct & significant = _! in>ticulate =m4 ,l ! boy on ,w9d]m]e1 :om he himself describes1 :ile he hung ,loit]+1 a g5tle %ock ( mild surprise ,has c>ri$ f> into 8 he>t ! voice ,( m\nta9 torr5ts2 or ! visible sc5e ,w\ld ent] unaw>es into 8 m9d1 ,) all its solemn imag]y1 its rocks1 ,its woods1 & t unc]ta9 heav5 receiv$ ,into ! bosom ( ! /eady lake4 ,= our purpose x is ess5tial t we %\ld recognize 9 ?is appreciation ( nature1 express$ 9 almo/ e poem t ,wordswor? wrote1 a consci\sness respect+ ! fundam5tal nature ( ! _w4 ,conv]sation1 z we "k1 d5otes an int]*ange ( comm5surable mean+s4 ,:atev] ! code may be1 :e!r words or ! mo/ subtle =m ( sugge/ion1 communication is impossible )\t community ( nature4 ,h5ce1 9 believ+ himself to be hold+ conv]se ) ! s-call$ physical _w1 ,wordswor? conceives t _w z fundam5tally l himself4 ,he f9ds ! mo/ pr(\nd ?+ 9 all ! _w to be ! univ]sal spiritual life4 ,9 nature ?is life manife/s itself mo/ directly1 clo!d 9 its own prop] dignity & peace4 ,b x may be discov]$ 9 ! humanity t is mo/ close to nature1 9 ! avocations ( pla9 & simple p1 & ! unsophi/icat$ delights ( *ildr52 &1 ) ! p]spective ( contemplation1 ev5 among ! multitudes ( t huge city4 ,s ,wordswor? is r5d]+ a true acc\nt ( 8 own exp]i5ce ( reality :51 z 9 ,! ,prelude1 he says unequivocally3 ,a graci\s _s o'er ?is e>? presides1 ,& 9 ! he>t ( man2 invisibly ,x comes to works ( unreprov$ delight1 ,& t5d5cy b5ign2 direct+ ^? ,:o c>e n1 "k n1 ?9k n1 :at !y d4 ,wordswor? is n a philosoph]-poet because by se>*+ 8 pages we c f9d an explicit philosophical cre$ su* z ?is1 b because all ! joys ( :i* 8 poet-s\l compels him to s+ h _! peculi> note1 & compose _! peculi> h>mony1 by virtue ( su* an indwell+ consci\sness4 ,"h is "o :o is a philosoph] 9 & ?r\gh 8 poetry4 ,he is a philosoph] 9 s f> z ! detail ( 8 appreciation f9ds fundam5tal ju/ification 9 a _w-view4 ,f ! imman5ce ( ! univ]sal he>t !re foll[s1 n ?r\gh any m$iate reason+1 b by ! imm$iate exp]i5ce ( its propriety1 a conception ( t :i* is ( supreme wor? 9 life4 ,! highe/ & be/ ( :i* life is capable is contemplation1 or ! consci\sness ( ! univ]sal indwell+ ( ,god4 ,( ^? :o fail to live ?us fitt+ly 9 ! mid/ ( ! div9e life1 ,walt] ,pat] speaks = ,wordswor? z foll[s3 ,to high] or l[] ends !y move too (t5 ) some?+ ( a sad c\nt5ance1 ) hurri$ & ignoble gait1 becom+1 unconsci\sly1 some?+ l ?orns1 9 _! anxiety to be> grapes2 x be+ possible = p1 9 ! pursuit ( ev5 great ends1 to become !mselves ?9 & impov]i%$ 9 _s & temp]1 ?us dim9i%+ ! sum ( p]fection 9 ! _w at its v s\rces4#db3c ,! quiet & wor%ipful _s1 won by ! cultivation ( ! emotions appropriate to ! pres5ce ( nature & society1 is ! m>k ( ! complete/ life & ! mo/ acceptable s]vice4 ,?us = ,wordswor? ! mean+ ( life is insep>able f ! mean+ ( ! univ]se4 ,9 appreh5d+ t :i* is good & beautiful 9 human exp]i5ce1 he 0 att5d$ by a vision ( ! totality ( ?+s4 ,h]e9 he has _h to d1 if n ) ! =m1 at any rate ) ! v sub/ance ( philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,dante4 ,sect4 #ac4 ,unque/ionably ! supreme philosoph]-poet is ,dante4 ,he is n only philosophical 9 ! temp] ( 8 m9d1 b 8 greate/ poem is ! inc>nation ( a def9ite sy/em ( philosophy1 ! mo/ def9ite t ! _w has se54 ,t conception ( ! _w :i* 9 ! ?irte5? c5tury f\nd argum5tative & ord]ly expression 9 ! ,summa ,!ologiae ( ,?omas ( ,aqu9o1 & con/itut$ ! fai? ( ! *ur*1 is visualiz$ by ,dante1 & made ! basis ( an int]pretation ( life4 ,! ,div9a ,comm$ia deals ) all ! heav5s to ! ,empyrean itself1 & ) all spiritual life to ! v pres5ce ( ,god4 ,x d]ives its imag]y f ! cosmology ( ! day1 its dramatic motive f ! ,*ri/ian & ,greek conceptions ( ,god & 8 deal+s ) ! _w4 ,s9 is puni%$ because ( ! ju/ice ( ,god2 k1 virtue1 & fai? lead1 ?r\gh ,god's grace & m]cy manife/$ 9 ,*ri/1 to a p]petual union ) ,him4 ,hell1 purgatory1 & p>adise give place & sett+ to ! ev5ts ( ! drama4 ,b ! deep] mean+ ( ! poem is allegorical4 ,9 a lett] quot$ by ,l[ell1 ,dante writes3 ,! lit]al subject ( ! :ole "w is ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] dea?1 simply consid]$4 ,b if ! "w be tak5 allegorically ! subject is man1 z by m]it or dem]it1 ?r\gh fre$om ( ! w1 he r5d]s himself liable to ! rew>d or puni%m5t ( ju/ice4#dc3d ,9 o!r words1 ! inn] & ess5tial mean+ ( ! poem has to d n ) ext]nal retribution1 b ) "*1 & ! laws :i* det]m9e its own prop] ru9 or p]fection4 ,! puni%m5ts describ$ 9 ! ,inf]no are acc\nts ( ! /ate ( guilt itself1 implications ( ! w t has *os5 ! "p ( bruti%ness4 ,s9 itself is damnable & dead5+1 b ! k t ! s\l t s9ne? %all die is ! fir/ way ( emancipation f s94 ,! guidance ( ,virgil ?r\gh hell & purgatory signifies ! k ( good & evil1 or moral insight1 z ! guide ( man ?r\gh ?is life ( /ruggle & progress4 ,! e>?ly p>adise1 at ! close ( ! ,purgatorio1 repres5ts ! highe/ /ate to :i* human "* c atta9 :5 *oice is det]m9$ by ord9>y exp]i5ce1 intellig5ce1 & und]/&+4 ,"h man /&s alone1 end[$ ) an enlight5$ consci5ce4 ,"h are utt]$ ! la/ words ( ,virgil to ,dante1 ! explor] ( ! spiritual c\ntry3 ,expect no m or ^w or sign f me4 ,free1 upright1 & sane is ?9e own free w1 & x w\ld be wrong n to act accord+ to its pleasure2 :]e=e !e ov] ?yself ,i cr[n & mitre4#dd3e ,b moral self-reliance is n ! la/ ^w4 ,z ,beatrice1 ! image ( t5d]ness & hol9ess1 comes to ,dante 9 ! e>?ly p>adise1 & leads him f ! summit ( purgatory into ! heav5 ( heav5s1 & ev5 to ! et]nal light2 s !re is add$ to ! m]e human1 intellectual1 & moral res\rces ( ! s\l1 ! su/a9+ p[] ( ! div9e grace1 ! illum9at+ p[] ( div9e tru?1 & ! trans=m+ p[] ( div9e love4 ,?r\gh ! aid ( ?is high] wisdom1 ! j\rney ( life becomes ! way to ,god4 ,?us ! allegorical tru? ( ! ,div9a ,comm$ia is n m]ely an analysis ( ! moral nature ( man1 b ! revelation ( a univ]sal spiritual ord]1 manife/+ itself 9 ! moral evolution ( ! individual1 & above all 9 8 ultimate community ) ! et]nal goodness4 ,?\ %\ld/ n1 if ,i deem aright1 wond] m at ?y asc5t1 ?an at a /ream if f a high m\nta9 x desc5ds to ! base4 ,a m>vel x w\ld be 9 !e1 if1 depriv$ ( h9drance1 ?\ had/ sat bel[1 ev5 z quiet by liv+ fire 9 e>? w\ld be4#de3f ,su*1 9 brief1 is ,dante's _w-view1 s sugge/ive ( ! fre] ideali/ic conceptions ( lat] ?\ght z to ju/ify a rec5t *>act]ization ( him z "o :o1 accept+ )\t a %ad[ ( a d\bt or hesitation all ! con/itutive ideas ( m$iaeval ?\ght & life1 grasp$ !m s firmly & gave !m su* lum9\s expression t ! _s 9 !m broke away f ! =m4#df3g ,b x mu/ be add$1 z 9 ! case ( ,wordswor?1 t ,dante is a philosoph]-poet n because ,/4 ,?omas ,aqu9as appe>s & speaks ) au?ority 9 ! ,?irte5? ,canto ( ! ,p>adiso1 nor ev5 because a philosophical doctr9e c be consi/5tly =mulat$ f 8 writ+s1 b because 8 consci\sness ( life is in=m$ ) a s5se ( its univ]sal be>+s4 ,!re is a fam\s passage 9 ! ,tw5ty-second ,canto ( ! ,p>adiso1 9 :i* ,dante describes himself z look+ d[n ^u ! e>? f ! />ry heav54 ',?\ art s ne> ! ultimate salvation1' began ,beatrice1 't ?\ oughte/ to h ?9e eyes cle> & %>p4 ,& !re=e ere ?\ fur!r ent]e/ x1 look back d[nw>d1 & see h[ great a _w ,i h already set b5ea? ?y feet1 9 ord] t ?y he>t1 s f> z x is able1 may pres5t itself joy\s to ! triumphant cr[d :i* comes glad ?r\gh ?is r\nd e!r4' ,) my sight ,i return$ ?r\gh ea* & all ! sev5 sph]es1 & saw ?is globe su* t ,i smil$ at its mean semblance2 & t c\nsel ,i approve z ! be/ :i* holds x ( lea/ acc\nt2 & he :o ?9ks ( o!r ?+s maybe call$ truly wor?y4 ,dante's scale ( values is t :i* appe>s f ! />ry heav54 ,8 au/]e piety1 8 inv9cible c\rage1 & 8 uncompromis+ hatr$ ( wrong1 are nei!r accid5ts ( temp]am5t nor bl9d reactions1 b compose ! prop] "* ( "o :o has bo? se5 ! _w f ,god1 & return$ to see ,god f ! _w4 ,he 01 z ,l[ell has said1 a man ( g5ius :o c\ld hold he>tbreak at bay = tw5ty ye>s1 & w\ld n let himself die till he _h done 8 task2 & 8 p[] 0 n ob/9acy1 b a vision ( ! ways ( ,god4 ,he knew a tru? t ju/ifi$ him 9 8 sacrifices1 & made a great glory ( 8 defeat & exile4 ,ev5 s 8 poetry or appreciation ( life is ! expression ( an inw>d contemplation ( ! _w 9 its unity or ess5ce4 ,x is b an elaboration ( ! piety :i* he attributes to ! less] sa9ts ( p>adise1 :5 he has !m say3 ,nay1 x is ess5tial to ?is bless$ exi/5ce to hold ourselves )9 ! div9e w1 :]eby our v wills are made "o4 ,s t z we are f /age to /age ?r\gh\t ?is realm1 to all ! realm is pleas+1 z to ! ,k+ :o inwills u ) ,8 w4 ,& ,8 w is our peace2 x is t sea :]eunto is mov+ all t :i* ,x creates & :i* nature makes4#dg3h ,sid5ote3 ,! ,diff]5ce betwe5 ,poetry & ,philosophy4 ,sect4 #ad4 ,!re n[ rema9s ! brief task ( di/+ui%+ ! philosoph]-poet f ! philosoph] himself4 ,! philosoph]-poet is "o :o1 hav+ made ! philosophical po9t ( view 8 own1 expresses himself 9 ! =m ( poetry4 ,! philosophical po9t ( view is t f :i* ! univ]se is compreh5d$ 9 its totality4 ,! wisdom ( ! philosoph] is ! k ( ea* ?r\gh ! k ( all4 ,:]e91 !n1 does ! poet1 :5 possess$ ( su* wisdom1 diff] f ! philosoph] prop]8 ,to ?is "q "o c give readily en\gh ! g5]al answ]1 t ! diff]5ce lies 9 ! mode ( utt]ance4 ,fur!rmore1 we h already giv5 "s acc\nt ( ! peculi> mann] ( ! poet4 ,he invites u to exp]i5ce ) him ! beautiful & mov+ 9 nature & life4 ,t :i* ! poet has to express1 & t :i* he aims to ar\se 9 o!rs1 is an appreciative exp]i5ce4 ,he requires :at ,wordswor? calls an atmosph]e ( s5sation 9 :i* to move 8 w+s4 ,!re=e if he is to be philosophical 9 intellig5ce1 & yet ess5tially a poet1 he mu/ f9d 8 univ]sal tru? 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,he mu/ be "o :o1 9 see+ ! _m1 sees ! "o4 ,! philosoph]-poet is he :o visualizes a fundam5tal int]pretation ( ! _w4 ,a poem1 says "o poet1 is ! v image ( life express$ 9 its et]nal tru?4 ,! philosoph] prop]1 on ! o!r h&1 has ! /]n] & less invit+ task ( r5d]+ su* an int]pretation articulate to ?\ght4 ,t :i* ! poet sees1 ! philosoph] mu/ def9e4 ,t :i* ! poet div9es1 ! philosoph] mu/ calculate4 ,! philosoph] mu/ dig = t :i* ! poet sees %9+ ?r\gh4 ,z ! poet transc5ds ?\ght = ! sake ( exp]i5ce1 ! philosoph] mu/ transc5d exp]i5ce = ! sake ( ?\ght4 ,z ! poet sees all1 & all 9 ea*1 s ! philosoph]1 kn[+ ea*1 mu/ ?9k all consi/5tly toge!r1 & !n "k ea* aga94 ,x is ! "p ( philosophy to collect & criticise evid5ce1 to =mulate & coord9ate conceptions1 & f9ally to def9e 9 exact t]ms4 ,! reanimation ( ! /ructure ( ?\ght is accompli%$ prim>ily 9 religion1 :i* is a g5]al conception ( ! _w made ! basis ( daily liv+4 ,= religion !re is no subjective correlative less ?an life itself4 ,poetry is ano!r & m circumscrib$ means ( re/or+ ?\ght to life4 ,by ! poet's imag9ation1 & ?r\gh ! art ( 8 expression1 ?\ght may be s5su\sly p]ceiv$4 ,if ! "t %\ld ev] come1 says ,wordswor?1 :5 :at is n[ call$ ,sci5ce1 ?us famili>iz$ to m51 %all be ready to put on1 z x 71 a =m ( fle%1 & blood1 ! ,poet w l5d 8 div9e _s to aid ! transfiguration1 & w welcome ! ,be+ ?us produc$1 z a de> & g5u9e inmate ( ! h\sehold ( man4#ej3i ,z respects tru?1 philosophy has an indubitable priority4 ,! v /]nness ( ! philosoph]'s task is due to 8 supreme d$ication to tru?4 ,b if validity be ! m]it ( philosophy1 x c well be supplem5t$ by imm$iacy1 :i* is ! m]it ( poetry4 ,presuppose 9 ! poet conviction ( a s\nd philosophy1 & we may say ) ,%elley1 ( 8 h&iwork1 t x is ! p]fect & consummate surface & bloom ( all ?+s2 x is z ! odor & ! color ( ! rose to ! texture ( ! elem5ts :i* compose x1 z ! =m & spl5dor ( unfad$ beauty to ! secrets ( anatomy & corruption4 ,inde$1 z he adds1 :at 7 our consolations on ?is side ( ! grave--& our aspirations beyond x--if poetry did n asc5d to br+ light & fire f ^? et]nal regions :]e ! owl-w+$ faculty ( calculation d>e n ev] so>8#ea3aj ,! unity 9 outlook1 att5d$ by diff]5ces ( me?od & =m1 :i* may exi/ betwe5 poet & philosoph]1 is signally illu/rat$ by ! relation betwe5 ,goe! & ,sp9oza4 ,:at ,goe! saw & felt1 ,sp9oza prov$ & def9$4 ,! univ]sal & et]nal sub/ance 0 to ,sp9oza1 z philosoph]1 a !orem1 & to ,goe!1 z poet1 a p]ception & an emotion4 ,goe! writes to ,jacobi t :5 philosophy lays itself out = division1 he _c get on ) x1 b :5 x confirms our orig9al feel+ z ?\gh we 7 "o ) nature1 x is welcome to him4 ,9 ! same lett] ,goe! expresses 8 appreciation ( ,sp9oza z ! complem5t ( 8 own nature3 ,8 all-reconcil+ peace contra/$ ) my all-agitat+ endeavor2 8 intellectual me?od 0 ! opposite c\nt]p>t ( my poetic way ( feel+ & express+ myself2 & ev5 ! inflexible regul>ity ( 8 logical proc$ure1 :i* might be consid]$ ill-adapt$ to moral subjects1 made me 8 mo/ passionate s*ol> & 8 devot$ adh]5t4 ,m9d & he>t1 und]/&+ & s5se1 7 drawn toge!r ) an inevitable elective aff9ity1 & ?is at ! same "t produc$ an intimate union betwe5 individuals ( ! mo/ diff]5t types4#ea3aa ,x appe>s1 !n1 t "s poets %>e ) all philosoph]s t po9t ( view f :i* ! horizon l9e is ! b\nd>y ( all ! _w4 ,poetry is n always or ess5tially philosophical1 b may be s2 & :5 ! poetic imag9ation re/ores philosophy to imm$iacy1 human exp]i5ce rea*es its mo/ exalt$ /ate1 except+ only religion itself1 :]e9 ,god is bo? se5 & also s]v$4 ,nor is ! "p ( philosophy 9 poetry & religion ei!r ignoble or presumptu\s1 =1 humanly speak+1 ! owl-w+$ faculty ( calculation is ! only safe & sure means ( access to t place on high1 ,:]e ! night+ale do? s+ ,n a s5seless1 tranc$ ?+1 ,b a div9e melodi\s tru?2 ,philosophic numb]s smoo?2 ,tales & gold5 hi/ories ,( heav5 & its my/]ies4 ,,footnotes3 #bh3a ,george ,santayana1 9 8 ,poetry & ,religion1 p4 #agf4 #cj3b ,santayana3 op4 cit41 p4 #ahj4 #db3c ,appreciations1 p4 #ei4 #dc3d ,lett] to ,c ,gr&e4 ,see ,l[ell's ,essay on ,dante1 p4 #cd4 #dd3e ,purgatorio1 ,canto ,,xxvii4 ,translation by ,norton4 #de3f ,p>adiso1 ,canto ,i4 #df3g ,edw>d ,caird1 9 8 ,lit]ature & ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bd4 #dg3h ,p>adiso1 ,canto ,,iii4 #ej3i ,obs]vations prefix$ to ! second edition ( ,lyrical ,ballads4 #ea3aj ,a ,def5ce ( ,poetry4 #ea3aa ,quot$ by ,caird 9 8 ,lit]ature & ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #fj4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,! ,,religi\s ,,exp]i5ce ,sid5ote3 ,! ,possibility ( ,def9+ ,religion4 ,sect4 #ae4 ,! lea/ religi\s exp]i5ce is s my/]i\s & s complex t a mod]ate degree ( reflection ^u x t5ds to a s5se ( intellectual impot5ce4 ,if ,i speak1 says ,em]son1 ,i def9e & conf9e1 & am less4 ,"o w\ld gladly set d[n religion among ! unspeakable ?+s & avoid ! imputation ( degrad+ x4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! ent]prise ( def9+ religion is at pres5t 9 disrepute4 ,x has be5 und]tak5 s (t5 & s unsuccessfully t contempor>y /ud5ts = ! mo/ "p pref] to supply a li/ ( hi/orical def9itions ( religion1 & let _! v>iety demon/rate _! futility4 ,metaphysicians & psy*ologi/s agree t 9 view ( ! diff]5ces ( cre$1 ritual1 organization1 conduct1 & temp]am5t t h be5 true ( diff]5t religions 9 diff]5t times & places1 "o may z well ab&on ! idea t !re is a con/ant elem5t4 ,b on ! o!r h& we h ! te/imony af=d$ by ! "n religion2 & ! ord9>y judgm5ts ( m5 to ! effect t x signifies some?+ to be religi\s1 & to be m or less religi\s4 ,!re is an elem5t>y logical pr9ciple to ! effect t a gr\p "n implies c]ta9 common gr\p *>act]s4 ,impati5ce ) ab/ract or euphemi/ic def9itions %\ld n bl9d u to ! tru?4 ,ev5 ! psy*ologi/ t5ds 9 8 description ( religi\s ph5om5a to s+le out & emphasize :at he calls a typical religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,& ! same applies to ! ideali/'s treatm5t ( ! matt]4#ed3a ,religion1 he reasons1 is ess5tially a developm5t ( :i* ! true mean+ c be se5 only 9 ! high] /ages4 ,! primitive religion is !re=e only implicit religion4 ,b l[] /ages _c be reg>d$ z belong+ to a s+le developm5t ) high] /ages1 if !re be n "s actual promise ( ! lat] 9 ! e>li]1 or "s elem5t :i* endures ?r\gh\t4 ,x is unavoidable1 !n1 to assume t 9 deal+ ) religion we are deal+ ) a specific & def9able exp]i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,pr(itabl5ess ( ,def9+ ,religion4 ,sect4 #af4 ,! pr(itabl5ess ( und]tak+ su* a def9ition is ano!r matt]4 ,x may well be t 9 s human & practical an affair z religion1 def9ition is peculi>ly inappropriate4 ,b is !re n a human & practical value 9 ! v def9+ ( religion8 ,is !re n a dem& = x 9 ! peculi> relation t exi/s betwe5 religion & ! progress ( enlight5m5t8 ,religion associates itself ) ! habits ( society4 ,! progress ( enlight5m5t means t m or less all ! "t1 & v pr(\ndly at c]ta9 critical times1 society mu/ *ange its habits4 ,! consequ5ce is t religion is likely to be ab&on$ ) ! old habits4 ,! ne$ ( a new religion is !re=e a *ronic "o4 ,! re=m] 9 religion1 or ! man :o wi%es to be bo? enlight5$ & religi\s1 is *iefly occupi$ ) ! problem ( dis5tangl+ religion pure & undefil$ f def9ite discr$it$ practices & op9ions4 ,& ! solution ( ! problem turns ^u "s appreh5sion ( ! ess5ce ( religion4 ,!re is a l>ge am\nt ( necess>y & unnecess>y trag$y due to ! extr9sic connection betwe5 ideas & c]ta9 modes ( _! expression4 ,!re c be no m s]i\s & urg5t duty ?an t ( express+ z directly1 & s z truly z possible1 ! great p]man5t human conc]ns4 ,! m5 to :om educational re=m has be5 l>gely due h be5 ! m5 :o h rememb]$ = _! fell[s :at ?is :ole bus9ess ( education is aft] all =4 ,com5ius & ,pe/alozzi s]v$ society by /ripp+ educational activity ( its hi/orical & in/itutional accessories1 & lay+ b>e ! g5u9e human ne$ t ^! are design$ to satisfy4 ,!re is a simil> virtue 9 ! insi/5t attempt to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ess5tial & ! accessory 9 religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,true ,me?od ( ,def9+ ,religion4 ,sect4 #ag4 ,al?\gh decl9+ to be disc\rag$ by ! conspicu\sness ( pa/ failures 9 ?is connection1 "o may well pr(it by !m4 ,! amaz+ complexity ( religi\s ph5om5a mu/ someh[ be se5 to be consi/5t ) _! common nature4 ,! religi\s exp]i5ce mu/ n only be f\nd1 b mu/ also be reconcil$ ) ! v>ieties ( religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! inadequacy ( ! well-kn[n def9itions ( religion may be attribut$ to sev]al causes4 ,! commone/ fallacy is to def9e religion 9 t]ms ( a religion4 ,my def9ition ( religion mu/ include my bro!r's religion1 ev5 ?\gh he live on ! o!r side ( ! globe1 & my ance/or's religion1 9 spite ( 8 prehi/oric remot5ess4 ,error may easily arise ?r\gh ! attempt to def9e religion 9 t]ms ( my own religion1 or :at ,i conceive to be ! true religion4 ,:atev] ! relation betwe5 ideal religion & actual religion1 ! field ( religion conta9s by common cons5t cults t mu/ on _! own gr\nds condemn "o ano!r2 religions t are bad religions1 & yet religions4 ,a m enlight5$ fallacy1 & a m dang]\s "o1 is due to ! supposition t religion c be def9$ exclusively 9 t]ms ( "s dep>tm5t ( human nature4 ,!re h be5 descriptions ( religion 9 t]ms ( feel+1 intellect1 & conduct respectively4 ,b x is always easy to ov]?r[ su* a description1 by rais+ ! "q ( its application to evid5tly religi\s exp]i5ces t belong to "s o!r aspect ( life4 ,religion is n feel+1 because !re are _m phlegmatic1 ,god-fe>+ m5 ^: religion consi/s 9 good works4 ,religion is n conduct1 = !re are _m my/ics ^: v religion is )drawal f ! field ( action4 ,religion is n intellection1 = no "o has ev] be5 able to =mulate a cre$ t is common to all religions4 ,yet )\t a d\bt "o mu/ look = ! ess5ce ( religion 9 human nature4 ,! pres5t psy*ological int]e/ 9 religion has emphasiz$ ?is tru?4 ,h[1 !n1 may we describe x 9 t]ms ( c]ta9 con/ant conditions ( human life1 & yet escape ! ab/ractness ( ! facultative me?od8 ,mod]n psy*ology sugge/s an answ] 9 demon/rat+ ! int]dep5d5ce ( k1 feel+1 & volition4#eh3b ,! p]fect case ( ?is unity is belief4 ,! believ+ exp]i5ce is cognitive 9 int5t1 b practical & emotional z well 9 cont5t4 ,i believe :at ,i take = grant$2 & ! object ( my belief is n m]ely kn[n1 b also felt & act$ ^u4 ,:at ,i believe expresses itself 9 my total exp]i5ce4 ,!re is "s hope1 !n1 ( an adequate def9ition ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce1 if x be reg>d$ z belong+ to ! psy*ological type ( belief4#eh3c ,belief1 h[ev]1 is a broad] category ?an religion4 ,!re mu/ be "s religi\s type ( believ+4 ,an acc\nt ( religion 9 t]ms ( believ+1 & ! p>ticul> type ( x "h 9 "q1 w\ld1 !n1 con/itute ! c5tral /em ( a psy*ology ( religion1 & af=ds ! prop] conceptions = a description ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,ev5 "h ! res]vation mu/ be made t belief is always m ?an ! believ+ /ate1 9 t x means to be true4#ei3d ,h5ce to complete an acc\nt ( religion "o %\ld consid] its object1 or its cognitive implications4 ,b ?is direct treatm5t ( ! relation betwe5 religion & philosophy mu/ be def]r$ until 9 ! pres5t *apt] we %all h come to appreciate ! inw>dness ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,to ?is end we mu/ p]mit ourselves to be enlight5$ by ! exp]i5ce ( religi\s p z view$ f )94 ,x is n our op9ion ( a man's religion t is "h 9 "q1 b ! cont5t & mean+ :i* x has = him4 ,i w\ld h y1 says ,field+1 9 8 ,he>ts ( ,m51 g & kneel beside ! ,mahomm$an z he prays at ! sunset h\r1 & put y\r he>t to 8 & wait = ! e*o t w surely come4 4 4 4 ,i w\ld h y g to ! hillman sme>+ ! /one ) butt] t 8 god may be pleas$1 to ! woman cry+ to ! =e/ god = h] sick *ild1 to ! boy be=e 8 monks le>n+ to be good4 ,no matt] :]e y g1 no matt] :at ! fai? is call$1 if y h ! he>+ e>1 if y\r he>t is 9 unison ) ! he>t ( ! _w1 y w he> always ! same song4#ei3e ,sid5ote3 ,religion z ,belief4 ,sect4 #ah4 ,! g5]al id5tification ( religion ) belief is made )\t s]i\s difficulty4 ,! ess5tial factor 9 belief1 is1 z we h se51 ! reaction ( ! :ole p]sonality to a fix$ object or accept$ situation4 ,a simil> pr9ciple und]lies common judgm5ts ab\t a man's religion4 ,he is acc\nt$ mo/ religi\s ^: religion p5etrates 8 life mo/ intimately4 ,9 ! man ^: religion consi/s 9 ! out] ex]cise ( att5dance ^u *ur*1 we recognize ! %am4 ,he appe>s to be religi\s4 ,he does "o ( ! ?+s :i* a religi\s man w\ld d2 b an object ( religi\s fai? is n ! con/ant environm5t ( 8 life4 ,he may or may n feel sure ( ,god f 8 pew1 b ,god is n among ! ?+s t c\nt 9 8 daily life4 ,god does n ent] into 8 calculations or det]m9e 8 scale ( values4 ,aga91 discursive ?9k+ is reg>d$ z an int]ruption ( religion4 ,:5 ,i am at pa9s to ju/ify my religion1 ,i am already d\bt+2 & = common op9ion d\bt is id5tical ) irreligion4 ,9 s f> z ,i am religi\s1 my religion /&s 9 no ne$ ( ju/ification1 ev5 ?\gh ,i reg>d x z ju/ifiable4 ,9 my religi\s exp]i5ce ,i am tak+ some?+ = grant$2 9 o!r words ,i act ab\t x & feel ab\t x 9 a mann] t is go+ to be det]m9$ by ! special conditions ( my mood & temp]am5t4 ,! me*anical & prosaic man ackn[l$ges ,god 9 8 me*anical & prosaic way4 ,he believes 9 div9e retribution z he believes 9 comm]cial or social retribution4 ,he is z c>eful to prep>e = ! next _w z he is to be respectable 9 ?is4 ,! poet1 on ! o!r h&1 believes 9 ,god aft] ! mann] ( 8 g5ius4 ,?\gh he wor%ip ,god 9 _s he may conduct 8 life 9 an irregul> mann] peculi> to himself4 ,diff]5ce ( mood 9 ! same individual may be judg$ by ! same measure4 ,:5 ,god is mo/ real to him1 br\ght home to him mo/ vividly1 or consci\sly obey$1 9 ^! mom5ts he is mo/ religi\s4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ,god is m]ely a "n to him1 & *ur* a r\t9e1 or :5 bo? are =gott5 9 ! daily occupations1 he is lea/ religi\s4 ,8 life on ! :ole is said to be religi\s 9 s f> z p]iods ( ! second type are subord9at$ to p]iods ( ! fir/ type4 ,fur!r well-kn[n elem5ts ( belief1 coroll>ies ( ! above1 are evid5tly pres5t 9 religion4 ,a c]ta9 imag]y rema9s con/ant ?r\gh\t an individual's exp]i5ce4 ,he comes back to x z to a physical object 9 space4 ,& al?\gh religion is sporadically an exclusive & isolat$ affair1 x t5ds /rongly to be social4 ,! religi\s object1 or ,god1 is a social object1 common to me & to my neighbor1 & presuppos$ 9 our collective und]tak+s4 ,?is r$uction ( religion to ! type ( ! believ+ /ate %\ld ?us provide u ) an answ] to t old & fundam5tal "q conc]n+ ! relative priority ( fai? & works4 ,! te/ ( ! fai? is 9 ! works1 & ! works are religi\s 9 s f> z !y are ! expression ( ! fai?4 ,religion is n ! do+ ( any?+ nor ! feel+ ( any?+ nor ! ?9k+ ( any?+1 b ! react+ z a :ole1 9 t]ms ( all possible activities ( human life1 to "s accept$ situation4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion z ,belief 9 a ,disposition or ,attitude4 ,sect4 #ai4 ,we may n[ face ! m int]e/+ b difficult "q ( ! special "* ( religi\s belief4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t 9 ^! days ! p]sonality ( ,god is (t5 reg>d$ z a transi5t feature ( religion1 t type ( belief :i* ?r[s mo/ light ^u ! religi\s exp]i5ce is ! belief 9 p]sons4 ,our belief 9 p]sons consi/s 9 ! practical recognition ( a m or less p]si/5t disposition t[>d ourselves4 ,! outw>d behavior ( our fell[-m5 is con/ru$ 9 t]ms ( ! practical be>+ ( ! attitude :i* x implies4 ,! extraord9>y feature ( su* belief is ! disproportion betwe5 its vividness & ! direct evid5ce = x4 ,( ?is we are mo/ aw>e 9 connection ) ^? p]sonalities :i* we reg>d z di/9ctly fri5dly or ho/ile to ourselves4 ,we are always m or less cle>ly 9 ! pres5ce ( our fri5ds & enemies4 ,_! well-wi%+ or _! ill-wi%+ haunts ! sc5e ( our liv+4 ,!re is no m important con/itu5t ( :at ! psy*ologi/s call our g5]al feel+ tone4 ,!re are times :5 we are entirely possess$ by a /ate t is ei!r exub]ance 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :o love u1 or awkw>dness & /upidity 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? :om we believe to suspect & dislike u4 ,! latt] /ate may easily become *ronic4 ,_m m5 live p]man5tly 9 ! pres5ce ( an accus+ audi5ce4 ,! inn] life :i* expresses itself 9 ! words1 ,ev]ybody hates me6 is p]haps ! mo/ common =m ( morbid self-consci\sness4 ,on ! o!r h&1 buoyancy ( spirits spr+s l>gely f a con/ant fai? 9 ! good-w ( "o's fell[s4 ,9 ?is case "o is fill$ ) a s5se ( security1 & is consci\s ( a sympa!tic re9=cem5t t adds to private joys & comp5sates = private sorr[s4 ,& ?is s5se ( attitude is wond]fully discrim9at+4 ,we c feel ! pres5ce ( a great man1 a =midable p]son1 a sup]ior or inf]ior1 "o :o is int]e/$ or indiff]5t to our talk1 & all ! subtle/ degrees ( approval & disapproval4 ,a simil> s5sibility may quick5 u ev5 9 situations :]e no direct individual attitude to ourselves is impli$4 ,we reg>d places & communities z cong5ial :5 we are 9 sympa?y ) ! prevail+ purposes or /&>ds ( value4 ,we may feel ill at ease or ?or\ghly at home 9 cities :]e we "k no s+le human s\l4 ,inde$1 9 a misan?rope l ,r\sseau 7& :o has n 8 ,r\sseau moods67 ! m]e abs5ce ( social repression ar\ses a mo/ intoxicat+ s5se ( tunefulness & security4 ,nature plays ! "p ( an indulg5t p>5t :o p]mits all sorts ( p]sonal lib]ties4 ,! view ( a f9e c\ntry1 a succession ( agreeable prospects1 a free air1 a good appetite1 & ! heal? ,i ga9 by walk+2 ! fre$om ( inns1 & ! di/ance f ev]y?+ t c make me recollect ! dep5d5ce ( my situation1 conspire to free my s\l1 & give boldness to my ?\ghts1 ?r[+ me1 9 a mann]1 into ! imm5sity ( ?+s1 :]e ,i comb9e1 *oose1 & appropriate !m to my fancy1 )\t re/ra9t or fe>4 ,i dispose ( all nature z ,i please4#fd3f ,sid5ote3 ,religion z ,belief 9 ! ,disposition ( ! ,residual ,environm5t1 or ,univ]se4 ,sect4 #bj4 ,9 su* confid5ce or di/ru/1 inspir$ orig9ally by ! social environm5t1 & simil>ly sugge/$ by o!r surr\nd+s ( life1 we h ! key to ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,b x is n[ "t to add t 9 ! case ( religion ^! attitudes are conc]n$ ) ! univ]sal or sup]natural r ?an ) pres5t & normal human relation%ips4 ,religi\s reactions are total reactions4 ,to get at !m1 says ,william ,james1 y mu/ g beh9d ! =egr\nd ( exi/5ce & rea* d[n to t curi\s s5se ( ! :ole residual cosmos z an ev]la/+ pres5ce1 intimate or ali51 t]rible or amus+1 lovable or odi\s1 :i* 9 "s degree ev]yone possesses4 ,?is s5se ( ! _w's pres5ce1 appeal+ z x does to our peculi> individual temp]am5t1 makes u ei!r /r5u\s or c>eless1 dev\t or blasphem\s1 gloomy or exultant ab\t life at l>ge2 & our reaction1 involunt>y & in>ticulate & (t5 half unconsci\s z x is1 is ! complete/ ( all our answ]s to ! "q1 ',:at is ! "* ( ?is univ]se 9 :i* we dwell8'#fe3g ,?is residual environm5t1 or pr(\nd] realm ( tradition & nature1 may h any degree ( unity f *aos to cosmos4 ,= religion its significance lies 9 ! idea ( orig9al & f>-rea*+ p[] r ?an 9 ! idea ( totality4 ,b t :i* is at fir/ only beyond1 is practically ! same object z t :i* comes 9 ! developm5t ( ?\ght to be conceiv$ z ! _w or ! univ]se4 ,we may !re=e use ^! latt] t]ms to indicate ! object ( religion1 until ! treatm5t ( special in/ances %all def9e x m precisely4 ,religion is1 !n1 man's s5se ( ! disposition ( ! univ]se to himself4 ,we %all expect to f9d1 z 9 ! social ph5om5a ) :i* we h j dealt1 t ! manife/ation ( ?is s5se consi/s 9 a g5]al reaction appropriate to ! disposition s attribut$4 ,he w be fundam5tally ill at ease1 pr(\ndly confid5t1 or w habitually take precautions to be safe4 ,! ultimate nature ( ! _w is "h no speculative problem4 ,! savage :o c\ld feel "s joy at liv+ 9 ! univ]se w\ld be m religi\s ?an ! sublime/ dialectician4 ,x is 9 ! vividness ( ! s5se ( ?is pres5ce t ! acut5ess ( religion consi/s4 ,i am religi\s 9 s f> z ! :ole tone & temp] ( my liv+ reflects a belief z to :at ! univ]se ?9ks ( su* z me4 ,sid5ote3 ,examples ( ,religi\s ,belief4 ,sect4 #ba4 ,! examples t foll[ are select$ because _! diff]5ces 9 p]sonal flavor s]ve to ?r[ into relief _! common religi\s "*4 ,!odore ,p>k]1 9 describ+ 8 own boyhood1 writes z foll[s3 ,i c h>dly ?9k )\t a %udd] ( ! t]rible effect ! doctr9e ( et]nal damnation _h on me4 ,h[ _m1 _m h\rs h ,i wept ) t]ror z ,i lay on my b$1 till1 betwe5 pray+ & weep+1 sleep gave me repose4 ,b be=e ,i 0 n9e ye>s old ?is fe> w5t away1 & ,i saw cle>] light 9 ! goodness ( ,god4 ,b = ye>s1 say f sev5 till t51 ,i said my pray]s ) mu* devotion1 ,i ?9k1 & !n cont9u$ to repeat1 ',"l1 =give my s9s1' till sleep came on me4#fg3h ,comp>e ) ?is ,/ev5son's ,*ri/mas lett] to 8 "m1 9 :i* he says3 ,! :ole necess>y morality is k9dness2 & x %\ld spr+1 ( itself1 f ! "o fundam5tal doctr9e1 ,fai?4 ,if y are sure t ,god1 9 ! long run1 means k9dness by y1 y %\ld be happy2 & if happy1 surely y %\ld be k9d4#fg3i ,"h is de/9y fr[n+ & de/9y smil+1 b 9 ea* case s real1 s pres5t1 z to be imm$iately respond$ to ) helpless t]ror & ) grateful w>m-he>t$ness4 ,! au?or ( ! ,imitatio ,*ri/i speaks ?us ( ! daily liv+ ( ! ,*ri/ian3 ,! life ( a ,*ri/ian :o has d$icat$ himself to ! s]vice ( ,god %\ld ab\nd ) em95t virtues ( all k9ds1 t he may be really ! same p]son :i* he is by outw>d appe>ance & pr(ession4 ,inde$1 he ought n only to be ! same1 b mu* m1 9 8 inw>d disposition ( s\l2 because he pr(esses to s]ve a ,god :o sees ! inw>d p>ts1 a se>*] ( ! he>t & re9s1 a ,god & ,fa!r ( spirits3 & !re=e1 s9ce we are always 9 ,8 sight1 we %\ld be exce$+ly c>eful to avoid all impurity1 all t may give (f5ce to ,him ^: eyes _c behold iniquity4 ,we %\ld1 9 a ^w1 s f> z mortal & frail nature c1 imitate ! bless$ angels 9 all mann] ( hol9ess1 s9ce we1 z well z !y1 are always 9 ,8 pres5ce4 4 4 4 ,& good m5 h always ?is notion ( ! ?+4 ,= !y dep5d ^u ,god = ! success ( all !y d1 ev5 ( _! be/ & wise/ und]tak+s4#fh3aj ,su* is to be ! practical ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god 9 ! r\t9e ( life4 ,! m direct response to ?is pres5ce appe>s abundantly 9 ,/4 ,augu/9e's conv]sation & rem9isc5ce ) ,god4 ,h[ evil h n my de$s be52 or if n my de$s my words2 or if n my words my w8 ,b ,?\1 ,o ,"l1 art good & m]ciful1 & ,?y "r h& _h respect unto ! pr(\ndness ( my dea?1 & remov$ f ! bottom ( my he>t t abyss ( corruption4 ,& ?is 0 ! result1 t ,i will$ n to d :at ,i will$1 & will$ to d :at ?\ will$/4 4 4 4 ,h[ sweet did x sudd5ly become to me to be )\t ! delights ( trifles6 ,& :at at "o "t ,i fe>$ to lose1 x 0 n[ a joy to me to put away4 ,= ,?\ did/ ca/ !m away f me1 ,?\ true & highe/ sweetness4 ,?\ did/ ca/ !m away1 & in/ead ( !m did/ ent] 9 ,?yself--sweet] ?an all pleasure1 ?\gh n to fle% & blood2 bright] ?an all light1 b m veil$ ?an all my/]ies2 m exalt$ ?an all honor1 b n to ! exalt$ 9 _! own conceits4 ,n[ 0 my s\l free f ! gnaw+ c>es ( seek+ & gett+4 4 4 4 ,& ,i babbl$ unto ,!e my brightness1 my ri*es1 & my heal?1 ! ,"l my ,god4#fi3aa ,9 ^! two passages we meet ) religi\s conduct & ) ! supreme religi\s exp]i5ce1 ! direct wor%ip ( ,god4 ,9 ea* case ! he>t ( ! matt] is an individual's indubitable conviction ( ! _w's favorable conc]n = him4 ,! deep] ord] ( ?+s con/itutes ! real & ! pr(\ndly cong5ial community 9 :i* he lives4 ,sid5ote3 ,typical ,religi\s ,ph5om5a3 ,conv]sion4 ,sect4 #bb4 ,let u n[ apply ?is g5]al acc\nt ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce to c]ta9 typical religi\s ph5om5a3 conv]sion2 piety2 & religi\s in/rum5ts1 symbolisms1 & modes ( conveyance4 ,al?\gh rec5t /udy ( ! ph5om5on ( conv]sion has br\ght to light a consid]able am\nt ( int]e/+ mat]ial1 !re is "s dang] ( misconceiv+ its importance4 ,! psy*ology ( conv]sion is prim>ily ! psy*ology ( crisis or radical alt]ation1 r ?an ! psy*ology ( religion4 ,= ! majority ( religi\s m5 & wom5 conv]sion is an insignificant ev5t1 & 9 v _m cases x nev] occurs at all4 ,religion is m purely pres5t :]e x is normal & monoton\s4 ,b ?is ph5om5on is nev]!less highly significant 9 t religion & irreligion are plac$ 9 close juxtaposition1 & ! contribution ( religion at its inception !reby emphasiz$4 ,9 g5]al x is f\nd t conv]sion takes place dur+ ! p]iod ( adolesc5ce4 ,b ?is is ! "t ( ! mo/ sudd5 expansion ( ! environm5t ( life2 a "t :5 !re is ! awak5+ consci\sness ( _m a new pres5ce4 ,?is is sometimes express$ by say+ t x is a p]iod ( acute self-consci\sness4 ,life is consci\s ( itself z ov] aga9/ its inh]itance2 ! :ole sett+ ( life sweeps into view4 ,"s solution ( ! life problem1 "s com+ to t]ms ) ! univ]se1 is ! normal issue ( x4 ,religi\s conv]sion signifies1 !n1 t 9 ?is fundam5tal adju/m5t a man def9es & accepts = 8 life a c]ta9 attitude on ! "p ( ! univ]se4 ,! examples cit$ by ! psy*ologi/s1 z well z ! g5]alizations :i* !y d]ive1 be> out ?is int]pretation4 ,g5]al ,boo?1 ! f\nd] ( ! ,salvation ,army1 consid]s t ! fir/ vital /ep 9 sav+ outca/s consi/s 9 mak+ !m feel t "s dec5t human be+ c>es en\gh = !m to take an int]e/ 9 ! "q :e!r !y are to rise or s9k4#ga3ab ,! new /ate is "h "o ( c\rage & hope /imulat$ by ! gl[ ( fri5dly int]e/4 ,! conv]t is no long] out 9 ! cold4 ,he is told t ! _w wi%es him well1 & ?is is br\ght home to him ?r\gh repres5tations ( ! t5d]ness ( ,*ri/1 & ?r\gh ! direct m9i/]+s ( ^? :o m$iate x4 ,b someh[ ! conv]t mu/ be p]suad$ to realize all ?is4 ,he mu/ believe x be=e x c mean any?+ to him4 ,he is !re=e urg$ to pray--a proce$+ t is at fir/ ridicul\s to him1 s9ce x involves tak+ = grant$ :at he disbelieves4 ,b !re9 lies ! critical po9t4 ,x is peculi> to ! object 9 ?is case t x c exi/ only = "o :o already believes 9 x4 ,! psy*ologi/s call ?is ! elem5t ( self-surr5d]4 ,to be conv]t$ a man mu/ someh[ suff] 8 surr\nd+s to put into him a new he>t1 :i* may !reupon confirm its object4 ,su* belief is trem5d\sly t5aci\s because x s l>gely creates its own evid5ce4 ,once believe t ,god1 9 ! long run1 means k9dness by y1 & y are likely to /& by x to ! end--! m s 9 ?is case because ! ext]nal evid5ce ei!r way is to ! av]age man s insuffici5t4 ,su* a belief z ?is is inspir$ 9 ! conv]t1 n by reason+1 b by all ! p[]s ( sugge/ion t p]sonality & social contagion c af=d4 ,sid5ote3 ,piety4 ,sect4 #bc4 ,! psy*ologi/s describe piety z a s5se ( unity4 ,"o feels aft] read+ _! acc\nts t !y are too ab/ract4 ,= !re are _m k9ds ( unity1 *>act]i/ic ( widely v>y+ moods & /ates4 ,any /ate ( rapt att5tion is a /ate ( unity1 & ?is occurs 9 ! mo/ secul> & humdrum mom5ts ( life4 ,nor does x help matt]s to say t 9 ! case ( religion ?is unity mu/ h be5 prec$$ by a /ate ( division2 = we _c prop]ly *>act]ize any /ate ( m9d 9 t]ms ( ano!r /ate unless ! latt] be reta9$ 9 ! =m]4 ,& t :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! religi\s s5se ( unity w\ld seem to be j su* an ov]com+ ( diff]5ce4 ,!re is a recognition ( two di/9ct attitudes1 :i* may be m or less 9 sympa?y ) "o ano!r1 b :i* are bo? pres5t ev5 9 _! fulle/ h>mony4 ,7 ,i to be tak5 out ( myself s completely z to =get myself1 ,i %\ld inevitably lose t s5se ( sympa?y f :i* arises ! peculi> exultation ( religi\s fai?1 a height5$ exp]i5ce ( ! same type ) ! fre$om & spontaneity t ,i exp]i5ce 9 ! pres5ce ( ^? ) :om ,i feel mo/ 9 accord4 ,! fur!r graces & p[]s ( religion readily submit to a simil> description4 ,my s5se ( positive sympa?y expresses itself 9 an attitude ( well-wi%+2 liv+ 9 an atmosph]e ( k9dness ,i in/9ctively endeavor to propagate x4 ,my buoyancy is di/9ctly ( t quality :i* to a less] degree is due to any s5se ( social security2 my p[] is t ( "o :o works 9 an environm5t t re5=ces him4 ,i exp]i5ce ! objective or ev5 cosmical "* ( my ent]prises4 ,!y h a mom5tum :i* makes me _! in/rum5t r ?an _! p]petrator4 ,a p>adoxical relation betwe5 religion & morality has always int]e/$ obs]v]s ( cu/om & hi/ory4 ,religion is app>5tly z capable ( ! mo/ fi5di% malevol5ce z ( ! mo/ sa9tly g5tl5ess4 ,field+ writes t1 ,:5 religion is br\ght out or into daily life & us$ z a guide or a weapon 9 ! _w x has no effect ei!r = good or evil4 ,its effect is simply 9 /r5g!n+ ! he>t1 9 bl9d+ ! eyes1 9 deaf5+ ! e>s4 ,x is an int5sive =ce1 an intoxicant4 ,x d\bles or trebles a man's p[]s4 ,x is an impulsive =ce s5d+ him headlong d[n ! pa? ( emotion1 :e!r t pa? lead to glory or to infamy4 ,x is a trem5d\s /imulant1 t is all4#gd3ac ,religion does n orig9ate life purposes or def9e _! mean+1 b /imulates !m by ! same means t works 9 all corporate & social activity4 ,to "w ) ! univ]se is ! mo/ trem5d\s inc5tive t c appeal to ! individual w4 ,h5ce 9 highly e?ical religions ! p[] = good exce$s t ( any o!r social & spiritual ag5cy4 ,su* religion makes pres5t1 actual1 & real1 t good on ! :ole :i* ! individual o!rwise t5ds to di/+ui% f t :i* is good = him4 ,9 daily life ! morally valid & ! practically urg5t are commonly array$ aga9/ "o ano!r2 b ! e?ical religion makes ! valid urg5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,religi\s ,in/rum5ts1 ,symbolism1 & ,modes ( ,conveyance4 ,sect4 #bd4 ,! in/rum5ts ( religion are legion1 & x is 9 ord] "h only to m5tion c]ta9 prom95t cases 9 :i* _! selection w\ld seem to h direct ref]5ce to ! provocation & p]petuation ( su* a s5se ( attitude z we h be5 describ+4 ,?is is true 9 a g5]al way ( all symbolism4 ,!re is no ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 ! religi\s symbol & su* symbols z s]ve to rem9d u ( human relation%ips4 ,9 bo? cases ! p]ceptual abs5ce ( w is comp5sat$ = by ! pres5ce ( "s object associat$ ) t w4 ,! function ( ?is object is due to its p[] to revive & p]petuate a c]ta9 special social atmosph]e4 ,b ! mo/ important vehicle ( religion has always be5 p]sonality4 ,x is1 aft] all1 to prie/s1 prophets1 & believ]s t religi\s cults h ow$ _! long life4 ,! traits t m>k ! prophet are bo? curi\s & sublime4 ,he is mo/ rem>kable = ! confid5ce ) :i* he speaks = ! univ]se4 ,:e!r x be due to lack ( a s5se ( humor or to a pr(\nd conviction ( tru?1 is indiff]5t to our purpose4 ,! p[] ( su* m5 is und\bt$ly 9 _! sugge/ion ( a =ce great] ?an !y1 ^: designs !y br+ directly & socially to ! att5tion ( m54 ,! prophet 9 8 prophesy+ is inde$ n altoge!r di/+ui%$ f ,god1 & x is ?r\gh ! m$iation ( a directly p]ceptible human attitude t a div9e attitude gets itself fix$ 9 ! imag9ation ( ! believ]4 ,:at is true ( ! prophet is equally true ( ! prea*] ^: function x is n to repres5t ,god 9 8 own p]son1 b to depict him ) 8 tongue4 ,x is g5]ally recogniz$ t ! prea*] is nei!r a moraliz] nor a !ologian4 ,b x is less p]fectly und]/ood t x is 8 function to sugge/ ! pres5ce ( ,god4 ,8 prop] language is t ( ! imag9ation1 & ! picture :i* he portrays is t ( a reciprocal social relation%ip betwe5 man & ! ,supreme ,ma/] ( ! situation ( life4 ,he w n def9e ,god or prove ,god1 b introduce ,him & talk ab\t ,him4 ,& at ! same "t ! association ( pray] & wor%ip ) 8 s]mon1 & ! atmosph]e creat$ by ! meet+ toge!r ( a body ( disciples1 w act z ! confirmation ( 8 sugge/ions ( su* a liv+ pres5ce4 ,! conveyance ( any s+le religi\s cult f g5]ation to g5]ation af=ds a signal illu/ration ( ! importance 9 religion ( ! recognition ( attitude4 ,religions manage someh[ to survive any am\nt ( trans=mation ( cre$ & ritual4 ,x is n :at is done1 or :at is ?\ght1 t id5tifies ! fai? ( ! fir/ ,*ri/ians ) t ( ! la/1 b a c]ta9 reckon+ ) ! disposition ( ,god4 ,! successive g5]ations ( ,*ri/ians are introduc$ into ! spiritual _w ( _! fa!rs1 ) its furni%+ ( hopes & fe>s rema9+ sub/antially ! same2 & _! ,*ri/ianity consi/s 9 _! cont9u+ to live 9 x ) only a slight & gradual r5ovation4 ,to any giv5 individual ,god is m or less completely repres5t$ by 8 eld]s 9 ! fai? 9 _! exhortations & m9i/]+s2 & ?r\gh !m he fixes z ! c5tre ( 8 sy/em an image ( ,god 8 accus] or r$eem]4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/orical ,types ( ,religion4 ,primitive ,religions4 ,sect4 #be4 ,! complete v]ification ( ?is int]pretation ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce w\ld require ! application ( x to ! diff]5t hi/orical cults4 ,9 g5]al ! exam9ation ( su* in/ances is entirely beyond ! scope ( ?is *apt]2 b a brief consid]ation may be giv5 to ^? :i* seem to af=d reasonable gr\nds = objection4 ,fir/1 x may be said t 9 primitive religions1 notably 9 feti*ism1 tabooism1 & totemism1 !re is no recognition ( a cosmical unity4 ,x is q evid5t t !re is no conception ( a univ]se4 ,b x is equally evid5t t ! natural & hi/orical environm5t 9 its g5]ality has a v specific practical significance = ! primitive believ]4 ,x is (t5 said ) tru? t ^! e>lie/ religions are m pr(\ndly pan!i/ic ?an poly!i/ic4 ,man recognizes an all-p]vad+ int]e/ t is capable ( be+ direct$ to himself4 ,! selection ( a deity is n due to any special qualification = deification possess$ by ! individual object itself1 b to ! tacit presumption t1 z ,?ales said1 all ?+s are full ( gods4 ,! disposition ( residual reality manife/s to ! believ] no consi/5cy or unity1 b x is nev]!less ! mo/ con/ant object ( 8 w4 ,he lives 9 ! mid/ ( a caprici\sness :i* he mu/ appease if he is to e/abli% himself at all4 ,sid5ote3 ,buddhism4 ,sect4 #bf4 ,secondly1 9 ! case ( ,buddhism we are said to meet ) a religion t is ess5tially a!i/ic4 ,:e!r ,buddhas arise1 ,o prie/s1 or :e!r ,buddhas d n arise1 x rema9s a fact & ! fix$ & necess>y con/itution ( be+1 t all its con/itu5ts are transitory4#gh3ad ,! secret ( life lies 9 ! application ( ?is tru?3 ,o build]6 ,i've discov]$ !e6 ,?is fabric ?\ %alt ne'er rebuild6 ,?y raft]s all are brok5 n[1 ,& po9t$ ro( demoli%$ lies6 ,?is m9d has demolition rea*$1 ,& se5 ! la/ ( all desire6#gh3ae ,! case ( ,buddha himself & ( ! expon5ts ( 8 purely esot]ic doctr9e1 belong to ! reflective type :i* w pres5tly be giv5 special consid]ation4 ,b ) ! ord9>y believ]1 ev5 :]e an extrane\s b almo/ inevitable poly!ism is lea/ 9 evid5ce1 ! religi\s exp]i5ce consi/s 9 sub/antially ! same elem5ts t appe> 9 !i/ic religions4 ,! individual is "h liv+ appropriately to ! ultimate nature ( ?+s1 ) ! ceaseless p]iods ( "t 9 full view4 ,t :i* is br\ght home to him is ! illusor9ess & holl[ness ( ?+s :5 tak5 9 ! _s ( active endeavor4 ,! only pr(\nd & abid+ good is no?+ness4 ,:ile nature & society conspire to mock him1 ,nirvana invites him to its peace4 ,! religi\s c\rse ( 8 life consi/s 9 ! use ( su* means z c w9 him ?is end4 ,f ! /&-po9t ( ! univ]se he has ! sympa?y only ( t wisdom ^: ess5ce is self-de/ruction4 ,& ?is tru? is m$iat$ by ! imag9ation ( div9e sympa?y1 = ! ,bless$ ,"o rema9s z ! p]petual inc>nation ( 8 own bless$ness4 ,sid5ote3 ,critical ,religion4 ,sect4 #bg4 ,f9ally !re rema9s ! consid]ation ( ! be>+ ( ?is int]pretation ^u ! m ref9$ & discipl9$ religions4 ,! religion ( ! critically enlight5$ man is less naive & cr$ul\s 9 its imag]y4 ,god t5ds to vani% into an ideal or a univ]sal1 into "s object ( !oretical def9ition4 ,"h we are on t bord]l& :]e an assignm5t ( individual cases c nev] be made ) any c]ta9ty ( correctness4 ,we c g5]alize only by describ+ ! conditions t su* cases mu/ fulfil if !y are prop]ly to be d5om9at$ religi\s4 ,& !re c be no "q ( ! ju/ice ( d]iv+ su* a description f ! reports ( hi/orical & in/itutional religions4 ,an ideali/ic philosophy w1 !n1 be a religion j 9 s f> z x is r5d]$ practically vivid by ! imag9ation4 ,su* imag9ation mu/ create & su/a9 a social relation%ip4 ,! "q ( ! legitimacy ( ?is imag9ation is ano!r matt]4 ,x raises ! issue conc]n+ ! judgm5t ( tru? impli$ 9 religion1 & ?is is ! topic ( ! next *apt]4 ,at any rate ! religi\s exp]i5ce may be realiz$ by virtue ( ! metaphorical or poetical repres5tation ( a situation z "o ( int]communication betwe5 p]sons1 :]e reflective def9ition at ! same "t d5ies x4 ,! human wor%ipp] may supply ! p]sonality ( ,god f himself1 view+ himself z f ! div9e /&-po9t4 ,b :atev] faculty supplies ?is indisp5sable social quality ( religion1 he :o def9es ,god z ! ultimate goodness or ! ultimate tru?1 has c]ta9ly n yet wor%ipp$ ,him4 ,he beg9s to be religi\s only :5 su* an ideal det]m9es ! atmosph]e ( 8 daily liv+2 :5 he reg>ds ! imman5ce ( su* an ideal 9 nature & hi/ory z ! object ( 8 w2 & :5 he responds to its pres5ce 9 ! _s ( 8 conduct & 8 contemplation4 ,,footnotes3 #ed3a ,cf4 ,caird3 ,! ,evolution ( ,religion1 ,lectures ,,ii1 ,,iii4 #eh3b ,cf4 ,leuba3 ,introduction to a ,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion1 ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #aie4 #eh3c ,cf4 ,leuba3 ,ibid4 #ei3d ,cf4 ,sect4 #bi4 #ei3e ,p4 #cbb4 #fd3f ,r\sseau3 ,confessions1 ,book ,,iv1 p4 #abe4 #fe3g ,william ,james3 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #ce4 ,! italics are m9e4 ,i am 9 ! pres5t *apt] "u con/ant obligation to ?is wond]fully sympa!tic & /imulat+ book4 #fg3h ,*adwick3 ,!odore ,p>k]1 p4 #ah4 #fg3i ,/ev5son3 ,lett]s1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bbi4 #fh3aj ,?omas a ,kempis3 ,imitation ( ,*ri/1 ,*ap4 ,,xix4 ,translation by ,/anhope1 p4 #dd4 #fi3aa ,/4 ,augu/9e3 ,confessions1 ,book ,i1 ,*ap4 ,i4 ,translation 9 ,s*aff3 ,nic5e & ,po/-,nic5e ,fa!rs1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #abi4 #ga3ab ,james3 ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce1 p4 #bjc4 #gd3ac ,field+3 op4 cit41 p4 #aeb4 #gh3ad ,w>r53 ,buddhism 9 ,translations1 p4 #ad4 #gh3ae ,ibid41 p4 #hc4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,philosophical ,,implications ,,( ,,religion ,sid5ote3 ,resume ( ,psy*ology ( ,religion4 ,sect4 #bh4 ,x has be5 ma9ta9$ t religion is closely analog\s to "o's belief 9 ! disposition t[>d "o's self ( m5 or communities4 ,9 ! case ( religion ?is disposition is attribut$ to ! m or less vaguely conceiv$ residual environm5t t is recogniz$ z ly+ outside ( ! m famili> natural & social relations4 ,aft] ! rise ( sci5ce ?is residual environm5t t5ds to be conceiv$ z a unity :i* is ultimate or fundam5tal1 b = ! religi\s consci\sness x is m commonly reg>d$ z a g5]al s\rce ( influ5ce practically wor?y ( consid]ation4 ,su* a belief1 l all belief1 is vitally manife/$1 ) su* emphasis ^u action1 feel+1 or intellection z temp]am5t & mood may det]m9e4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion ,means to be ,true4 ,sect4 #bi4 ,b if ! psy*ology ( belief is ! prop] />t+-po9t = a description ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce1 x is none ! less sugge/ive ( ! fact t religion1 j because x is belief1 is n :olly a matt] = psy*ology4 ,= religion means to be true1 & ?us submits itself to valuation z a case ( k4 ,! psy*ological /udy ( religion is mislead+ :5 accept$ z a sub/itute = philosophical criticism4 ,! religi\s man takes 8 religion n z a n>cotic1 b z an enlight5m5t4 ,its subjective wor? is due at any rate 9 "p to ! supposition ( its objective wor?4 ,z 9 any case ( insight1 t :i* w>ms ! he>t mu/ h satisfi$ ! m9d4 ,! religi\s exp]i5ce purports to be ! "p ( wisdom1 & to af=d only su* happ9ess z increas+ wisdom w\ld confirm4 ,& ! *>m ( tru? _c survive its tru?fulness4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh religion may be describ$1 x _c be ju/ifi$1 f ! /&-po9t ( !rapeutics4 ,7 su* ! case x w\ld be ! real problem ( religi\s lead]s to f9d a drug capable ( giv+ a con/antly pleasant tone to _! pati5t's exp]i5ce4#hc3a ,!re w\ld be no diff]5ce betwe5 prie/s & physicians :o make a specialty ( n]v\s diseases1 except t ! =m] w\ld aim at a m fundam5tal & p]petual sugge/ion ( s]5ity4 ,n[ no man wants to be ev5 a bless$ fool4 ,he does n want to dwell con/antly 9 a fictiti\s _w1 ev5 if x be aft] 8 own he>t4 ,he may f ! cynical po9t ( view actually d s1 b if he be religi\s he ?9ks x is reality1 & is satisfi$ only 9 s f> z he ?9ks s4 ,he reg>ds ! man :o has said 9 8 he>t t !re is no ,god z ! fool1 & n because he may h to suff] = x1 b because he is cognitively bl9d to ! real nature ( ?+s4 ,piety1 on ! o!r h&1 he reg>ds z ! /&>d exp]i5ce1 ! mo/ v]aci\s life4 ,h5ce1 x is n an accid5t t religion has _h its cre$s & its controv]sies1 its w>s ) sci5ce & its appeals to philosophy4 ,! hi/ory ( ^! affairs %[s t religion commonly fails to und]/& ! scope ( its own dem& = tru?2 b !y h issu$ f ! deep conviction t "o's religion is1 implicitly1 at lea/1 9 ! field ( tru?2 t !re are !oretical judgm5ts ^: tru? w\ld ju/ify or contradict x4 ,?is g5]al fact be+ admitt$1 !re rema9s ! task to :i* ! pres5t discussion addresses itself1 t ( def9+ ! k9d ( !oretical judgm5t impli$ 9 religion1 & ! relation to ?is c5tral cognitive /em ( its effloresc5ces ( my?1 !ology1 & ritual4 ,x is impossible to sep>ate ! /em & ! effloresc5ce1 or to det]m9e ! precise spot at :i* de/ruction ( ! tissue w\ld prove fatal to ! plant1 b x is possible to obta9 "s idea ( ! relative vitality ( ! p>ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,religion ,means to be ,practically ,true4 ,god is a ,disposition f :i* ,consequ5ces ,may ,rationally be ,expect$4 ,sect4 #cj4 ,! difficulty ( rea*+ a def9ite /atem5t 9 ?is matt] is due to ! fact t ! tru? 9 :i* any religi\s exp]i5ce c5tres is a practical & n a sci5tific tru?4 ,a practical tru? does n commit itself to any s+le sci5tific /atem5t1 & c (t5 survive ! ov]?r[ ( t sci5tific /atem5t 9 :i* at any giv5 "t x has f\nd expression4 ,9 o!r words1 an indef9ite numb] ( sci5tific tru?s are compatible ) a s+le practical tru?4 ,an in/ance ( ?is is ! consi/5cy ) my expectation ( ! alt]nation ( day & night1 ( ei!r ! ,ptolemaic or ,cop]nican =mulation ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,n[ expectation t ! sun w rise to-morr[ is an excell5t analogue ( my religi\s belief4 ,cele/ial me*anics is z relevant to ! "o z metaphysics to ! o!r4 ,nei!r is ov]?r[n until a c5tral practical judgm5t is discr$it$1 & ei!r c\ld rema9 true ?r\gh a v consid]able alt]ation ( logical def9ition2 b nei!r is on ?is acc\nt exempt f !oretical responsibility4 ,9 s f> z religion delib]ately ent]s ! field ( sci5ce1 & def9es its =mul>ies ) ! hi/orical or metaphysical me?od1 ?is difficulty does n1 ( c\rse1 exi/4 ,grant t ! ye>s ( ,me?uselah's life1 or ! precise place & mann] ( ! temptation ( ,jesus1 or ! def9ition ( ,*ri/ 9 ! t]ms ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$1 are con/itutive ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ! survival ( t religion w be det]m9$ by ! solution ( ord9>y problems ( hi/orical or metaphysical rese>*4 ,b ! ,*ri/ian w v prop]ly claim t 8 religion is only ext]nally & accid5tally relat$ to su* propositions1 s9ce !y are nev] or v r>ely int5d$ 9 8 exp]i5ce4 ,z religi\s he is occupi$ ) ,*ri/ z 8 savi\r or ) ,god z 8 protector & judge4 ,! hi/ory ( ,jesus or ! metaphysics ( ,god ess5tially conc]n him only 9 s f> z !y may or may n invalidate ?is relation%ip4 ,he c>es only = ! p[] & disposition ( ! div9e1 & ^! are affect$ by hi/ory & metaphysics only 9 s f> z he has def9itely put !m to su* pro(4 ,= my religion is my s5se ( a practical situation1 & only :5 t has be5 prov$ to be folly has my religion become untrue4 ,my ,god is my practical fai?1 my plan ( salvation4 ,my religion is ov]?r[n if ,i am conv9c$ t ,i h misconceiv$ ! situation & mi/ak5 :at ,i %\ld d to be sav$4 ,! conception ( ,god is v simple practically1 & v complex !oretically1 a fact t confirms its practical g5esis4 ,my conception ( ,god conta9s an idea ( my own int]e/s1 an idea ( ! disposition ( ! univ]se t[>d my int]e/s1 & "s work+ plan = ! reconciliation ( ^! two t]ms4 ,^! ?ree elem5ts =m a practical unity1 b ea* is capable ( emphasis1 & a religion may be trans=m$ ?r\gh ! modification ( any "o ( !m4 ,x appe>s1 !n1 z has always be5 some:at vaguely recogniz$1 t ! tru? ( religion is e?ical z well z metaphysical or sci5tific4 ,my religion w be alt]$ by a *ange 9 my conception ( :at con/itutes my real int]e/1 a *ange 9 my conception ( ! fundam5tal causes ( reality1 or a *ange 9 my conception ( ! mann] 9 :i* my w may or may n affect ^! causes4 ,god is nei!r an entity nor an ideal1 b always a relation ( entity to ideal3 reality reg>d$ f ! /&-po9t ( its favorabl5ess or unfavorabl5ess to human life1 & prescrib+ = ! latt] ! propriety ( a c]ta9 attitude4 ,sid5ote3 ,hi/orical ,examples ( ,religi\s ,tru? & ,error4 ,! ,religion ( ,baal4 ,sect4 #ca4 ,! range ( hi/orical examples is limitless1 b c]ta9 ( ^! are especially calculat$ to emphasize ! application ( a crit]ion to religion4 ,su* is ! case ) ,elijah's enc\nt] ) ! prophets ( ,baal1 z n>rat$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,& ,elijah came ne> unto all ! p1 & said1 ,h[ long halt ye betwe5 two op9ions8 ,if ,yahweh be ,god1 foll[ him3 b if ,baal1 !n foll[ him4 4 4 4 ,& call ye on ! "n ( y\r god1 & ,i w call on ! "n ( ,yahweh3 & ! ,god t answ]e? by fire1 let him be ,god4 4 4 4 ,& ,elijah said unto ! prophets ( ,baal1 ,*oose y "o bullock = y\rselves1 & dress x fir/2 = ye are _m2 & call on ! "n ( y\r god1 b put no fire "u4 ,& !y took ! bullock :i* 0 giv5 !m1 & !y dress$ x1 & call$ on ! "n ( ,baal f morn+ ev5 until noon1 say+1 ,o ,baal1 he> u4 ,b !re 0 no voice1 nor any t answ]$4 4 4 4 ,& x came to pass at noon1 t ,elijah mock$ !m1 & said1 ,cry al\d3 = he is a god2 ei!r he is mus+1 or he is gone aside1 or he is 9 a j\rney1 or p]adv5ture he sleepe?1 & mu/ be awak$4 ,& !y cri$ al\d1 & cut !mselves aft] _! mann] ) knives & lances1 till ! blood gu%$ out ^u !m4 4 4 4 ,b !re 0 nei!r voice1 nor any to answ]1 nor any t reg>d$4#hh3b ,! religion ( ! foll[]s ( ,baal "h consi/s 9 a belief 9 ! practical virtue ( a mode ( address & =m ( ritual associat$ ) ! traditions & cu/oms ( a c]ta9 social gr\p4 ,! prophets ( ?is cult agree to reg>d ! exp]im5t propos$ by ,elijah z a crucial te/1 & t :i* is disprov$ f its failure is a plan ( action4 ,^! prophets reli$ ^u ! pres5ce ( a c]ta9 motivity1 f :i* a def9ite response c\ld be evok$ by an appeal :i* !y 7 peculi>ly able to make2 b ?\gh !y prophesi$ until ! "t ( ! (f]+ ( ! ev5+ oblation1 !re 0 none t reg>d$4 ,sid5ote3 ,greek ,religion4 ,sect4 #cb4 ,an equally famili> & m in/ructive example is ! refutation ( ! ,greek national religion by ,lucretius4 ,! conception ( life :i* ,lucretius f9ds unw>rant$ is be/ depict$ 9 ,hom]4 ,!re we he> ( a society compos$ ( gods & m54 ,?\gh ! gods1 on ! "o h&1 h _! own hi/ory1 _! affairs are nev] %>ply sund]$ f ^? ( m51 :o1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ con/antly reckon ) !m1 gauge _! attitude1 & seek _! favor by pay+ tribute to _! individual humors & pref]5ces4 ,9 ! ,n9? ,book ( ! ,iliad1 ,pho5ix addresses himself to ! recalcitrant ,a*illes z foll[s3 ,x fits n "o t moves ,! he>ts ( all1 to live unmov'd1 & succor hates = loves4 ,! ,gods !mselves are flexible2 ^: virtues1 honors1 p['rs1 ,are m ?an ?9e1 yet !y w b5d _! brea/s z we b5d ours4 ,p]fumes1 b5ign devotions1 savors ( (f]+s burn'd1 ,& holy rites1 ! eng9es are ) :i* _! he>ts are turn'd1 ,by m5 t pray to !m4#ij3c ,"h is a g5]al recognition ( t :i* makes sacrifice rational4 ,x is because he conceives ?is presupposition to be mi/ak51 t ,lucretius decl>es ! practices & fe>s :i* are f\nd$ ^u x to be folly4 ,x is ! same ) all t is practically bas$ ^u ! expectation ( a life beyond ! grave4 ,! correction ( ! popul> religion is due 9 8 op9ion to t true view ( ! _w taught by ,epicurus1 ^: memory ,lucretius ?us invokes at ! op5+ ( ! ,?ird ,book ( ! ,de ,r]um ,natura3 ,!e1 :o fir/ wa/ able amid su* ?ick d>kness to raise on high s bright a beacon & %$ a light on ! true int]e/s ( life1 !e ,i foll[1 glory ( ! ,greek race1 & plant n[ my foot/eps firmly fix$ 9 ?y impr9t$ m>ks4 4 4 4 ,= soon z ?y philosophy issu+ f a godlike intellect has begun ) l\d voice1 to proclaim ! nature ( ?+s1 ! t]rors ( ! m9d are dispell$1 ! walls ( ! _w "p asund]1 ,i see ?+s 9 op]ation ?r\gh\t ! :ole void3 ! div9ity ( ! gods is reveal$ & _! tranquil abodes :i* nei!r w9ds d %ake nor cl\ds dr5* ) ra9s nor sn[ congeal$ by %>p fro/ h>ms ) ho>y fall3 an ev] cl\dless e!r o'ercanopies !m1 & !y laugh ) light %$ l>gely r\nd4 ,nature too supplies all _! wants & no?+ ev] impairs _! peace ( m9d4 ,b on ! o!r h& ! ,a*]usian qu>t]s#ia3d are n[h]e to be se51 ?\gh e>? is no b> to all ?+s be+ descri$1 :i* are 9 op]ation und]nea? our feet ?r\gh\t ! void4#ia3e ,9 ano!r passage1 aft] describ+ ! ,phrygian wor%ip ( ,cybele1 he comm5ts z foll[s3 ,all :i*1 well & beautifully z x is set =? & told1 is yet widely remov$ f true reason4 ,= ! nature ( gods mu/ ev] 9 itself ( necessity enjoy immortality toge!r ) supreme repose1 f> remov$ & )drawn f our conc]ns2 s9ce exempt f e pa91 exempt f all dang]s1 /rong 9 its own res\rces1 n want+ aught ( u1 x is nei!r ga9$ by favors nor mov$ by ang]4 4 4 4 ,! e>? h[ev] is at all "t )\t feel+1 & because x receives into x ! fir/-beg9n+s ( _m ?+s1 x br+s !m =? 9 _m ways into ! light ( ! sun4#ia3f ,if ! tea*+ ( ,epicurus be true x is evid5t t ^? :o (f]$ hecatombs ) ! idea t !y 7 !reby mitigat+ ang]1 or secur+ special disp5sation1 7 play+ ! fool4 ,!y 7 appeal+ to a fictiti\s motivity1 "o n gr\nd$ 9 ! nature ( ?+s4 ,to "o = :om ! walls ( ! _w _h p>t$ asund]1 su* a proc$ure 0 no long] possible2 ?\gh he might *oose to call ! sea ,neptune & rev]5ce ! e>? z "m ( ! gods4#ib3g ,sid5ote3 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity4 ,sect4 #cc4 ,! hi/ory ( religion conta9s no m impressive & dramatic *apt] ?an t :i* records ! developm5t ( ! religion ( ! ,jews4 ,pass+ ov] its obscure beg9n+s 9 ! primitive ,semitic cult1 we f9d ?is religion fir/ cle>ly def9$ z tribal self-int]e/ sanction$ by ,yahweh4#ib3h ,god's int]e/ 9 8 *os5 p det]m9es ! prosp]ity ( him :o practices ! social virtues4 ,! "n ( ,yahweh is a /rong t[]3 ! righte\s runne? into x1 & is safe4 ,he t is /eadfa/ 9 righte\sness %all atta9 unto life4 ,to d ju/ice & judgm5t is m acceptable to ,yahweh ?an sacrifice4#ic3i ,b 9 "t x is evid5t to ! believ] t 8 exp]i5ce does n be> out ?is expectation4 ,nei!r z a ,jew nor z a righte\s man does he prosp] m ?an 8 neighbor4 ,he comes1 !re=e1 to di/ru/ ! virtue ( 8 wisdom4 ,!n ,i saw t wisdom excelle? folly1 z f> z light excelle? d>kness4 ,! wise man's eyes are 9 8 head1 & ! fool walke? 9 d>kness3 & yet ,i p]ceiv$ t "o ev5t happ5e? to !m all4 ,!n said ,i 9 my he>t1 ,z x happ5e? to ! fool1 s w x happ5 ev5 to me2 & :y 0 ,i !n m wise8 ,!n ,i said 9 my he>t1 t ?is also 0 vanity4 ,= ( ! wise man1 ev5 z ( ! fool1 !re is no remembrance =ev]2 see+ t 9 ! days to come all w h be5 already =gott54 ,& h[ do? ! wise man die ev5 z ! fool6 ,s ,i hat$ life2 because ! "w t is wr\ght "u ! sun 0 griev\s unto me3 = all is vanity & a /riv+ aft] w9d4#ic3aj ,x is evid5t t he :o expects ! favor ( =tune 9 return = 8 obs]vance ( precept is mi/ak54 ,! "w t is wr\ght "u ! sun makes no special provision = him dur+ 8 lifetime4 ,unless ! cry ( vanity is to be ! la/ ^w !re mu/ be a re9t]pretation ( ! promise ( ,god4 ,?is appe>s 9 ! new ideal ( pati5t submission1 & ! *a/5$ fai? t expects only ! love ( ,god4 ,& ^? :om ,god loves ,he w n =sake4 ,!y w come to _! own1 if n "h1 !n beyond1 accord+ to ,8 inscrutable b unsw]v+ plan4 ,! sacrifices ( ,god are a brok5 _s3 a brok5 & a contrite he>t1 ,o ,god1 ?\ wilt n despise4 ,= ?us sai? ! high & l(ty ,"o t inhabite? et]nity1 ^: "n is ,holy3 ,i dwell 9 ! high & holy place1 ) him also t is ( a contrite & humble _s1 to revive ! _s ( ! humble1 & to revive ! he>t ( ! contrite ones4#id3aa ,9 ?is fai? ,judaism m]ges into ,*ri/ianity4#id3ab ,9 ! :ole c\rse ( ?is evolution ,god is reg>d$ z ! fri5d ( 8 p1 b 8 p le>n to f9d a new significance 9 8 fri5d%ip4 ,t :i* is alt]$ is ! conduct :i* t fri5d%ip requires & ! expectation :i* x det]m9es4 ,! practical ideal :i* ! relation%ip sanctions1 *anges gradually f t ( prud5ce to t ( goodness = its own sake4 ,god1 once an in/rum5t relevant to human temporal welf>e1 has come to be an object ( dis9t]e/$ s]vice4 ,no su* trans=mation z ?is 0 absolutely realiz$ dur+ ! p]iod cov]$ by ! writ+s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 nor has x ev5 yet be5 realiz$ 9 ! developm5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b ! evolution ( bo? ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity has tak5 ?is direction4 ,! crit]ion ( ?is evolution is manife/ly bo? e?ical & metaphysical4 ,a ,*ri/ian av[s t he rates purity ( "* above worldly prosp]ity1 s t ! =m] _c prop]ly be priz$ = ! sake ( ! latt]4 ,fur!rmore1 he %>es m or less unconsci\sly su* philosophical & sci5tific op9ions z d5y tru? to ! conception ( special int]f]5ces & disp5sations f a sup]natural ag5cy4 ,!re=e he looks = no fire f heav5 to consume 8 sacrifice4 ,b 8 religion is nev]!less a practical expectation4 ,he believes t ,god is good1 & t ,god loves him & su/a9s him4 ,he believes t !re obta9s betwe5 himself1 9 s f> z good1 & ! univ]se sub specie et]nitatis1 a real sympa?y & reciprocal re5=cem5t4 ,he believes t he secures ?r\gh ! pr(\ndly pot5t =ces ( ! univ]se t :i* he reg>ds z ( mo/ wor?2 & t some:at is add$ to ^! =ces by virtue ( 8 consecration4 ,! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians _c be def9$ %ort ( "s su* acc\nt z ?is1 inclusive ( an ideal1 an attitude1 & an expectation4 ,9 o!r words ! ,god ( ! ,*ri/ians is to be kn[n only 9 t]ms ( ! ,*ri/like outlook ^u life1 9 :i* ! disciple is taught to emulate ! ma/]4 ,:5 moral & intellectual developm5t %all h discr$it$ ei!r its scale ( values1 or its conviction t cosmical ev5ts are 9 ! end det]m9$ 9 accordance ) t scale ( values1 !n ,*ri/ianity mu/ ei!r be trans=m$1 or be unt5able = ! wise man4 ,if we h conceiv$ ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity too broadly or vaguely1 x does n mu* matt] = our pres5t purposes4 ,its ess5ce is1 at any rate1 "s su* inw>dness ( life resolv+ ideality & reality into "o1 & draw+ ^u objective tru? only to ! ext5t requir$ = ! confirm+ ( t relation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,cognitive ,factor 9 ,religion4 ,sect4 #cd4 ,we conclude1 !n1 our attempt to emphasize ! cognitive factor 9 religion1 ) ! !sis t e religion c5tres 9 a practical secret ( ! univ]se4 ,to be religi\s is to believe t a c]ta9 correlation ( =ces1 moral & factual1 is 9 reality op]ative1 & t x det]m9es ! propriety & effectiv5ess ( a c]ta9 type ( liv+4 ,:atev] demon/rates ! futility1 vanity1 or self-deception ( ?is liv+1 discr$its ! religion4 ,&1 p] contra1 except z !y def9e or refute su* practical tru?1 religion is n ess5tially conc]n$ ) !oretical judgm5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,place ( ,imag9ation 9 ,religion4 ,sect4 #ce4 ,b nei!r religion nor any o!r human int]e/ consi/s 9 ess5tials4 ,su* a practical conviction z t :i* has be5 def9$ inevitably fl[]s into a m>vel\s complexity1 & taps = its n\ri%m5t e spontaneity ( human nature4 ,if x be said t only ! practical conviction is ess5tial1 ?is is n ! same z to say t all else is sup]flu\s4 ,!re may be no s+le utt]ance t my religion c\ld n h sp>$1 & yet 7 ,i to be altoge!r dumb my religion w\ld1 inde$1 be z no?+4 ,= if ,i believe1 ,i accept a pres5ce 9 my _w1 :i* z ,i live w figure 9 my dreams1 or 9 my ?\ghts1 or 9 my habits4 ,& ea* ( ^! expressions ( myself w h a tru? if x d b be> out my practical acceptance ( t pres5ce4 ,! language ( religion1 l t ( daily life1 is n ! language ( sci5ce except x take x ^u itself to be s4 ,!re is sc>cely a s5t5ce :i* ,i utt] 9 my daily int]c\rse ) m5 :i* is n guilty ( transgressions aga9/ ! canons ( accurate & def9ite ?9k+4 ,yet if ,i deceive nei!r myself nor ano!r1 ,i am held to be tru?ful1 ev5 ?\gh my language deal ) *ance & accid5t1 mat]ial purposes & spiritual causes1 & ?\gh ,i v[ t ! sun smiles or ! moon lets d[n h] hair into ! sea4 ,sci5ce is a special int]e/ 9 ! discov]y ( unequivocal & fix$ conceptions1 & employs its t]ms ) an unalt]able connotation4 ,b no su* algebra ( ?\ght is indisp5sable to life or conv]sation1 & its lack is no pro( ( error4 ,su* is ! case also ) t em95tly liv+ affair1 religion4 ,i may if ,i *oose1 & ,i w if my reason+ p[]s be at all awak5$1 be a !ologian4 ,b !ology1 l sci5ce1 is a special intellectual spontaneity4 ,/4 ,?omas1 ! ma/] !ologian1 did n glide unwitt+ly f pray] into ! quae/iones ( ! ,summa ,!ologiae1 b turn$ to !m z to a fre% adv5ture4 ,!ology is inevitable1 because humanly speak+ adv5ture is inevitable4 ,= man1 ) 8 intellectual spontaneity1 e object is a problem2 & did he n seek soon] or lat] to def9e salvation1 !re w\ld be good reason to believe t he did n practically reckon ) any4 ,b ?is is simil>ly & indep5d5tly true ( ! imag9ation1 ! mo/ famili> means ) :i* man clo!s & vivifies 8 convictions1 ! exub]ance ) :i* he plays ab\t !m & delights to confess !m4 ,! imag9ation ( religion1 contribut+ :at ,mat!w ,arnold call$ its poetry & eloqu5ce1 does n submit itself to su* canons z are b9d+ ^u !ology or sci5ce1 b exi/s & fl\ri%es 9 its own "r4 ,! indisp5sabl5ess to religion ( ! imag9ation is due to t faculty's p[] ( realiz+ :at is n p]ceptually pres5t4 ,religion is n int]e/$ 9 ! app>5t1 b 9 ! secret ess5ce or ! transc5d5t univ]sal4 ,& yet ?is int]e/ is a practical "o4 ,imag9ation may introduce "o into ! vivid pres5ce ( ! secret or ! transc5d5t4 ,x is evid5t t ! religi\s imag9ation "h co9cides ) poetry4 ,= x is at lea/ "o ( ! int]e/s ( poetry to cultivate & satisfy a s5se = ! univ]sal2 to obta9 an imm$iate exp]i5ce or appreciation t %all h ! vividness )\t ! p>ticul>ism ( ord9>y p]ception4 ,& :]e a poet elects s to view ! _w1 we all[ him z a poet ! privilege1 & judge him by ! /&>ds to :i* he submits himself4 ,t ^u :i* we pass judgm5t is ! fitness ( 8 expression4 ,?is expression is n1 except 9 ! case ( ! !oretical my/ic1 reg>d$ z con/itut+ ! mo/ valid =m ( ! idea1 b is appreciat$ expressly = its fulfilm5t ( ! condition ( imm$iacy4 ,! same sort ( critical attitude is 9 ord] ) ! fruits ( ! religi\s imag9ation4 ,^! may or may n fulfil en\gh ( ! requirem5ts ( t art to be prop]ly d5om9at$ poetry2 b l poetry !y are ! translation ( ideas into a specific language4 ,!y mu/ n1 !re=e1 be judg$ z ?\gh !y claim$ to excel 9 po9t ( validity1 b only 9 po9t ( consi/5cy ) ! context ( t language4 ,& ! language ( religion is ! language ( ! practical life4 ,su* translation is z ess5tial to an idea t is to ent] into ! religi\s exp]i5ce1 z translation into t]ms ( imm$iacy is ess5tial to an idea t is to ent] into ! appreciative consci\sness ( ! poet4 ,no object c f9d a place 9 my religion until x is conjo9$ ) my purposes & hopes2 until x is tak5 = grant$ & act$ ^u1 l ! love ( my fri5ds1 or ! c\rses ( ! />s1 or ! /ret*es ( ! sea4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,special ,functions ( ! ,religi\s ,imag9ation4 ,sect4 #cf4 ,! religi\s imag9ation1 !n1 is to be und]/ood & ju/ifi$ z t :i* br+s ! objects ( religion )9 ! range ( liv+4 ,! c5tral religi\s object1 z has be5 se51 is an attitude ( ! residuum or totality ( ?+s4 ,to be religi\s "o mu/ h a s5se = ! pres5ce ( an attitude1 l 8 s5se = ! pres5ce ( 8 human fell[s1 ) all ! add$ appreciation t is prop] 9 ! case ( an object t is unique 9 its my/]y or 9 its maje/y4 ,x foll[s t ! religi\s imag9ation fulfils its function 9 s f> z x provides ! object ( religion ) prop]ties simil> to ^? :i* l5d vividness & reality to ! normal social relations4 ,! pres5ce ( "o's fell[s is 9 "p ! p]ceptual exp]i5ce ( _! bodies4 ,to ?is !re corresponds 9 religion "s extraord9>y or subtle appe>ance4 ,! gods may 9 visions or dreams be met ) 9 _! own prop] embodim5ts2 or1 z is m common1 !y may be reg>d$ z pres5t = practical purposes3 9 "s inanimate object1 z 9 ! case ( ! feti%2 9 "s animal species1 z 9 ! case ( ! totem2 9 "s place1 z 9 ! case ( ! %r9e2 or ev5 9 "s human be+1 z 9 ! case ( ! inspir$ prophet & miracle work]4 ,9 m ref9$ & highly develop$ religions ! m$ium ( ,god's pres5ce is less specific4 ,he is p]ceiv$ ) --a s5se sublime ,( some?+ f> m deeply int]fus$1 ,^: dwell+ is ! light ( sett+ suns1 ,& ! r\nd ocean & ! liv+ air1 ,& ! blue sky1 & 9 ! m9d ( man4 ,god is "h f\nd 9 an int]pretation ( ! common & ! natural1 r ?an 9 any individual & peculi> embodim5t4 ,& "h ! poet's appreciation1 if n 8 art1 is peculi>ly indisp5sable4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 8 fell[s are inmates ( ! h\sehold ( man 9 t he kn[s _! hi/ory4 ,!y belong to ! temporal context ( actions & ev5ts4 ,simil>ly1 ! gods mu/ be hi/orical4 ,! sacr$ traditions or books ( religion are l>gely occupi$ ) ?is hi/ory4 ,! m individual & an?ropomorphic ! gods1 ! m local & episodic w be ! acc\nt ( _! affairs4 ,9 ! high] religions ! acts ( ,god are few & mom5t\s1 su* z creation or special provid5ce2 or !y are id5tical ) ! ev5ts ( nature & human hi/ory :5 ^! are con/ru$ z div9e4 ,to f9d ,god 9 ?is latt] way requires an int]pretation ( ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 t]ms ( "s moral consi/5cy1 a fai? t sees "s purpose 9 _! evid5t de/9ation4 ,!re is /ill ano!r & a m significant way 9 :i* m5 recognize "o ano!r3 ! way ( address & conv]sation4 ,& m5 h inv>iably held a simil> int]c\rse ) _! gods4 ,to ?is category belong communion & pray]1 ) all _! v>ieties ( expression4 ,i h no god until ,i address him4 ,?is w be ! mo/ direct evid5ce ( :at is at lea/ f my po9t ( view a social relation4 ,!re c be no g5]al def9ition ( ! =m :i* ?is address w take4 ,!re may be z _m special languages1 z _m attitudes1 & z mu* playfulness & subtlety ( symbolism z 9 human int]c\rse4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re are c]ta9 utt]ances t are peculi>ly appropriate to religion4 ,9 s f> z he reg>ds 8 object z end[$ ) bo? p[] & goodness ! wor%ipp] w use ! language ( adoration2 & ! s5se ( 8 dep5d5ce w speak 9 t]ms ( consecration & ?anksgiv+4 ,o ,god1 ?\ art my ,god2 e>ly w ,i seek !e3 ,my s\l ?ir/e? = !e1 my fle% longe? = !e1 ,9 a dry & we>y l&1 :]e no wat] is4 ,s h ,i look$ ^u !e 9 ! sanctu>y1 ,to see ?y p[] & ?y glory4 ,= ?y lov+-k9dness is bett] ?an life2 ,my lips %all praise !e4 ,^! are expressions ( a hopeful fai?2 b1 on ! o!r h&1 ,god may be address$ 9 t]ms ( hatr$ & di/ru/4 ,:o is mo/ wret*$ 9 ?is dolor\s place8 ,i ?9k myself2 yet ,i w\ld r be ,my mis]able self ?an ,he1 ?an ,he ,:o =m$ su* creatures to 8 own disgrace4 ,! vile/ ?+ mu/ be less vile ?an ,?\ ,f :om x _h its be+1 ,god & ,"l6 ,creator ( all woe & s96 abhorr$1 ,malignant & implacable4#ajd3ac ,9 ei!r case !re may be an indef9ite degree ( hyp]bole4 ,! language ( love & hate1 ( confid5ce & despair1 is n ! language ( description4 ,9 ?is tra9 ( ! religi\s consci\sness !re is occasion = :atev] eloqu5ce man c feel1 & :atev] rhetorical luxuriance he c utt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,relation betwe5 ,imag9ation & ,tru? 9 ,religion4 ,sect4 #cg4 ,su* consid]ations z ^! s]ve to acc\nt = ! ex]cise & c]ta9 ( ! fruits ( ! religi\s imag9ation1 & to designate ! g5]al crit]ion gov]n+ its propriety4 ,b h[ is "o to det]m9e ! b\nd>y betwe5 ! imag9ative & ! cognitive8 ,x is commonly agre$ t :at religion says & does is n all int5d$ lit]ally4 ,b :5 is expression ( religion only poetry & eloqu5ce1 & :5 is x matt] ( conviction8 ,if we rev]t aga9 to ! cognitive aspect ( religion1 x is evid5t t !re is b "o te/ to apply3 :atev] ei!r =tifies or misleads ! w is lit]al conviction4 ,?is te/ _c be appli$ absolutely1 because x c prop]ly be appli$ only to ! int5tion ( an individual exp]i5ce4 ,h[ev] ,i may express my religion1 t :i* ,i express1 is1 we h se51 an expectation4 ,! degree to :i* ,i lit]ally mean :at ,i say is !n ! degree to :i* x det]m9es my expectations4 ,:atev] adds no item to ^! expectations1 b only recognizes & vitalizes !m1 is pure imag9ation4 ,b x foll[s t x is entirely impossible f direct inspection to def9e any giv5 expression ( religi\s exp]i5ce z my?1 or to def9e ! degree to :i* x is my?4 ,x submits to su* di/9ctions only :5 view$ f ! /&-po9t ( ! concrete religi\s exp]i5ce :i* x expresses4 ,any su* giv5 expression c\ld easily be all imag9ation to "o1 & all conviction to ano!r4 ,consid] ! passage :i* foll[s3 ,& ,i saw ! heav5 op5$2 & behold1 a :ite horse1 & he t sat !reon1 call$ ,fai?ful & ,true2 & 9 righte\sness he do? judge & make w>4 ,& 8 eyes are a flame ( fire1 & ^u 8 head are _m diadems2 & he ha? a "n writt51 :i* no "o kn[e? b he himself4 ,& he is array$ 9 a g>m5t spr9kl$ ) blood3 & 8 "n is call$ ,! ,^w ( ,god4#ajf3ad ,is ?is all rhapsody1 or is x 9 "p true report8 ,!re is evid5tly no answ] to ! "q s conceiv$4 ,b if x 7 to express my own religi\s feel+ x w\ld h "s specific proportion ( lit]al & metaphorical significance1 accord+ to ! degree to :i* its detail contributes diff]5t practical values to me4 ,x might !n be my guide-book to ! heav5s1 or only my te/imony to ! dignity & my/]y ( ! function ( ,*ri/4 ,! developm5t ( religion be>s 9 a v important way ^u ?is la/ problem4 ,! factor ( imag9ation has und\bt$ly come to h a m cle>ly recogniz$ role 9 religion4 ,!re c be no d\bt t :at we n[ call my?s 7 once beliefs1 & t :at we n[ call poetry 0 once hi/ory4 ,if we g back suffici5tly f> we come to a "t :5 ! lit]al & ! metaphorical 7 sc>cely di/+ui%able1 & ?is because sci5ce _h n em]g$ f ! e>ly animi/ic ext5sion ( social relations4 ,m5 meant to address _! gods z !y address$ _! fell[s1 & expect$ !m to he> & respond1 z !y look$ = su* reactions )9 ! n>r[] circle ( ord9>y int]c\rse4 ,! advance ( sci5ce has br\ght into vogue a description ( nature t inhibits su* expectations4 ,! result has be5 t m51 cont9u+ to use ! same t]ms1 ess5tially expressive z !y are ( a practical relation%ip1 h come to reg>d !m z only a g5]al expression ( _! attitude4 ,! diff]5ces ( cont5t t are 9 excess ( factors ( expectation rema9 z poetry & my?4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is equally possible1 if n equally common1 = t :i* 0 once imag9$ to come to be believ$4 ,su* a trans=mation is1 p]haps1 normally ! case :5 ! inspir$ utt]ance passes f its au?or to ! cult4 ,! prophets & sweet s+]s are likely to possess an exub]ance ( imag9ation n appreciat$ by _! foll[]s2 & = ?is reason almo/ c]ta9ly misund]/ood4 ,= ^! reasons x is manife/ly absurd to fa/5 ! "n ( my? or ! "n ( cre$ ^u any religi\s utt]ance :atsoev]1 unless x be s reg>d$ f ! /&-po9t ( ! p]sonal religion :i* x orig9ally express$1 or unless "o means by s do+ to def9e x z an expression ( 8 own religion4 ,he :o def9es ! my? ( creation1 or ! poetical /ory ( ,samson1 z p>ts ( ! pre-,*ri/ian ,judaic religion1 exhibits a total loss ( hi/orical s5se4 ,! di/9ction betwe5 cognition & fancy does n exi/ among objects1 b only 9 ! int5d+ exp]i5ce2 h5ce1 = me to atta* my own di/9ction to any individual case ( belief1 view$ ap>t f ! believ]1 is an utt]ly confus+ projection ( my own p]sonality into ! field ( my /udy4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,philosophy ,impli$ 9 ,religion & 9 ,religions4 ,sect4 #ch4 ,only aft] su* consid]ations z ^! are we qualifi$ to attack t mu*-vex$ "q z to :e!r religion deals inv>iably ) a p]sonal god4 ,x is (t5 assum$ 9 discussion ( ?is "q t p]sonal god1 z well z god1 is a di/9ct & famili> k9d ( entity1 l a dragon or c5taur2 its exi/5ce alone be+ problematical4 ,?is is d\bly false to ! religi\s employm5t ( su* an object4 ,if x be true t 9 religion we mean by ,god a practical int]pretation ( ! _w1 :atsoev] be its nature1 !n ! p]sonality ( ,god mu/ be a d]ivative ( ! attitude1 & n ( ! nature ( ! _w4 ,giv5 ! practical outlook ^u life1 !re is no def9able _w t _c be con/ru$ "u ! =m ( ,god4 ,my god is my _w practically recogniz$ 9 respect ( its fundam5tal or ultimate attitude to my ideals4 ,9 ! s5se1 !n1 convey$ by ?is t]m attitude my god w inv>iably possess ! *>act]s ( p]sonality4 ,b ! degree to :i* ^! *>act]s w co9cide ) ! *>act]s :i* ,i assign to human p]sons1 or ! t]ms ( any logical conception ( p]sonality1 _c be absolutely def9$4 ,an?ropomorphisms may be imag9ation or !y may be lit]al conviction4 ,?is w dep5d1 z above ma9ta9$1 ^u ! degree to :i* !y det]m9e my expectations4 ,suppose ! _w to be !oretically conceiv$ z gov]n$ by laws t are indiff]5t to all human int]e/s4 ,! practical expression ( ?is conception appe>s 9 ! naturalism ( ,lucretius1 or ,diog5es1 or ,om> ,khayyam4 ,liv+ 9 ! vivid pres5ce ( an indiff]5t _w1 ,i may picture my gods z lead+ _! own lives 9 "s remote realm :i* is inaccessible to my petitions1 or z reg>d+ me ) s9i/] & contemptu\s cruelty4 ,9 ! latt] case ,i may %r9k & c[]1 or return !m contempt = contempt4 ,i mean ?is lit]ally only if ,i look = consequ5ces foll[+ directly f ! emotional color+ :i* ,i h be/[$ ^u !m4 ,x may well be t ,i mean m]ely to reg>d myself sub specie et]nitatis1 9 :i* case ,i am p]sonify+ 9 ! s5se ( free imag9ation4 ,9 ! religion ( enlight5m5t ! div9e attitude t5ds to belong to ! poetry & eloqu5ce ( religion r ?an to its cognitive int5t4 ,?is is true ev5 ( optimi/ic & ideali/ic religion4 ,! love & provid5ce ( ,god are less commonly suppos$ to w>rant an expectation ( special & arbitr>y favors1 & h come m & m to mean ! play ( my own feel+ ab\t ! g5]al c5tral conviction ( ! favorabl5ess ( ! cosmos to my deep] or moral conc]ns4 ,b ! factor ( p]sonality _c possibly be entirely elim9at$1 = ! religi\s consci\sness creates a social relation%ip betwe5 man & ! univ]se4 ,su* an int]pretation ( life is n a case ( ! pa!tic fallacy1 unless x incorrectly reckons ) ! inn] feel+ :i* x attributes to ! univ]se4 ,x is an obvi\s practical tru? t ! total or residual environm5t is significant = life4 ,grant ?is & y make rational a recognition ( t significance1 or a m or less con/ant s5se ( co9cid5ce or conflict ) cosmical =ces4 ,p]mit ?is consci\sness to /&1 & y make "s expression ( x inevitable4 ,su* an expression may1 fur!rmore1 ) p]fect propriety & 9 fulfilm5t ( human nature1 set =? & transfigure ?is c5tral belief until x may ent] into ! context ( imm$iacy4 ,?us any conception ( ! univ]se :atsoev] may af=d a basis = religion4 ,b !re is no religion t does n virtually make a m def9ite claim ^u ! nature ( ?+s1 & ?is entirely indep5d5tly ( its !ology1 or explicit attempt to def9e itself4 ,e religion1 ev5 9 ! v liv+ ( x1 is naturali/ic1 or duali/ic1 or plurali/ic1 or optimi/ic1 or ideali/ic1 or pessimi/ic4 ,& !re is 9 ! realm ( tru? t :i* ju/ifies or refutes ^! def9ite practical ways ( con/ru+ ! univ]se4 ,b no hi/orical religion is ev] s vague ev5 z ?is 9 its philosophical implications4 ,inde$1 we %all always be br\ght ev5tually to ! inn] mean+ ( "s individual religi\s exp]i5ce1 :]e no g5]al criticism c be c]ta9ly valid4 ,!re is1 !n1 a place 9 religion = t :i* is n directly answ]able to philosophical or sci5tific /&>ds4 ,b !re is always1 on ! o!r h&1 an elem5t ( hope :i* conceives ! nature ( ! _w1 & means to be gr\nd$ 9 reality4 ,9 respect ( t elem5t1 philosophy is indisp5sable to religion4 ,! mean+ ( religion is1 9 fact1 ! c5tral problem ( philosophy4 ,!re is a virtue 9 religion l t :i* ,em]son ascribes to poetry4 ,! poet is 9 ! "r attitude2 he is believ+2 ! philosoph]1 aft] "s /ruggle1 hav+ only reasons = believ+4 ,b :atev] may be said to ! disp>agem5t ( its dialectic1 philosophy is ! ju/ification ( religion1 & ! criticism ( religions4 ,to x mu/ be assign$ ! task ( s ref9+ positive religion z to contribute to ! p]petual e/abli%m5t ( true religion4 ,& to philosophy1 ) religion1 belongs ! task ( hold+ fa/ to ! idea ( ! univ]se4 ,!re is no religion except be=e y beg91 or aft] y h re/$ f1 y\r philosophical speculation4 ,b 9 ! univ]se ^! int]e/s h a common object4 ,z philosophy is ! articulation & v9dication ( religion1 s is religion ! realization ( philosophy4 ,9 philosophy ?\ght is br\ght up to ! elevation ( life1 & 9 religion philosophy1 z ! sum ( wisdom1 ent]s into life4 ,,footnotes3 #hc3a ,z ,plato int]prets ! scepticism ( ,protagoras to mean t "o /ate ( m9d _c be m true ?an ano!r1 b only bett] or worse4 ,cf4 ,!aetetus1 #afg4 #hh3b ,quot$ ) "s omissions f ,i ,k+s1 #ah3ba-bi4 ,! ,hebrew t]m ,yahweh1 ! "n ( ! national deity1 has be5 sub/itut$ = ! ,engli% translation1 ! ,"l4 #ij3c ,iliad1 ,book ,,ix1 l9es #dfg sq4 ,translation by ,*apman4 #ia3d ,! suppos$ abode ( dep>t$ spirits4 #ia3e ,lucretius3 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 ,book ,,iii1 l9es #a sq4 ,translat$ by ,munro4 #ia3f ,ibid41 ,book ,,ii1 l9es #fdd sq4 #ib3g ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to comp>e ! equally fam\s criticism ( ,greek religion 9 ,plato's ,republic1 ,book ,,ii1 #cgg sq4 #ib3h ,cf4 ,w4 ,rob]tson ,smi?'s admirable acc\nt ( ! ,semitic religions3 ,:at is requisite to religion is a practical acqua9tance ) ! rules on :i* ! deity acts & on :i* he expects 8 wor%ipp]s to frame _! conduct--:at 9 ,,ii ,k+s1 #ag3bf is call$ ! 'mann]1' or r ! 'cu/om>y law' 7mi%pat71 ( ! god ( ! l&4 ,?is is true ev5 ( ! religion ( ,israel4 ,:5 ! prophets speak ( ! k ( ,god1 !y always mean a practical k ( ! laws & pr9ciples ( ,8 gov]nm5t 9 ,israel1 & a summ>y expression = religion z a :ole is '! k & fe> ( ,jehovah1' i4 e41 ! k ( :at ,jehovah prescribes1 comb9$ ) a rev]5t ob$i5ce4 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites1 p4 #bc4 #ic3i ,prov]bs1 #ah3aj2 #aa3ai2 #ba3c4 #ic3aj ,ecclesia/es1 #b3ac sq4 #id3aa ,psalms1 #ea3ag2 ,isaiah1 #eg3ae4 #id3ab ,9 ?is discussion ( ,judaism ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,mat!w ,arnold's ,lit]ature & ,dogma1 especially ,*apt]s ,i & ,,ii4 #ajd3ac ,james ,?omson3 ,! ,city ( ,dreadful ,night4 ,quot$ by ,james1 9 ,! ,w to ,believe1 etc41 p4 #de4 #ajf3ad ,revelation1 #ai3aa-ac4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,natural ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,philosophy ,sid5ote3 ,! ,true ,relations ( ,philosophy & ,sci5ce4 ,misconceptions & ,antagonisms4 ,sect4 #ci4 ,9 ! case ( natural sci5ce we meet n only ) a special human int]e/1 b ) a !oretical discipl9e4 ,we are confront$1 !re=e1 ) a new "q3 t ( ! relation )9 ! body ( human k ( two ( its con/itu5t memb]s4 ,ow+ to ! militant temp] ( ! repres5tatives ( bo? sci5ce & philosophy1 ?is has long s9ce ceas$ to be an academic "q1 & has frequ5tly be5 met 9 ! _s ( rivalry & p>tisan%ip4 ,b ! true ord] ( k is only tempor>ily di/ort$ by ! brilliant success ( a special type ( inve/igation2 & ! conque/s ( sci5ce are n[ s old a /ory t critical ?\ght %[s a disposition to judge ( ! issue ) sobriety & logical highm9d$ness4 ,9 ! sev5te5? c5tury a newly emancipat$ & too sangu9e reason propos$ to "k ! :ole ( nature at once 9 t]ms ( ma!matics & me*anics4 ,?us ! sy/em ( ! ,engli%man ,hobbes 0 sci5ce swell$ to _w-proportions1 simple1 compact1 conclusive1 & all-compreh5sive4 ,philosophy propos$ to d ! "w ( sci5ce1 b 9 its own gr& mann]4 ,! la/ tw5ty ye>s ( ,hobbes's life1 sp5t 9 repeat$ discomfiture at ! h&s ( ,se? ,w>d1 ,wallis1 ,boyle1 & o!r sci5tific exp]ts ( ! new ,royal ,society1 c]tifi$ conclusively to ! failure ( ?is ent]prise1 & ! exp]im5tal speciali/ !reupon took exclusive possession ( ! field ( natural law4 ,b ! ideali/1 on ! o!r h&1 recon/ruct$ nature to meet ! dem&s ( philosophical k & religi\s fai?4 ,!re issu$1 toge!r ) little mutual und]/&+ & less sympa?y1 on ! "o h& positivism1 or exclusive exp]im5talism1 & on ! o!r h& a rabid & unsympa!tic transc5d5talism4 ,hume1 :o consign$ to ! flames all ?\ght save ab/ract reason+ conc]n+ quantity or numb]1 & exp]im5tal reason+ conc]n+ matt] ( fact & exi/5ce2 ,comte1 :o assign$ metaphysics to an immature /age 9 ! developm5t ( human intellig5ce2 & ,tyndall1 :o r$uc$ ! religi\s consci\sness to an emotional exp]i5ce ( my/]y1 are typical ( ! "o attitude4 ,! o!r is well exhibit$ 9 ,s*ell+'s ref]5ce to ! bl9d & ?\ghtless mode ( inve/igat+ nature :i* has become g5]ally e/abli%$ s9ce ! corruption ( philosophy by ,bacon1 & ( physics by ,boyle4 ,dogmatic exp]im5talism & dogmatic idealism signify m or less consi/5tly ! ab/ract isolation ( ! sci5tific & philosophical motives4 ,!re is already a t\* ( qua9tness 9 bo? ( ^! attitudes4 ,we ( ! pres5t are 9 ! habit ( ackn[l$g+ ! autonomy ( sci5ce1 & ! unimpea*able validity ( ! results ( exp]im5tal rese>* 9 s f> z !y are sanction$ by ! cons5sus ( exp]ts4 ,b at ! same "t we recognize ! def9it5ess ( ! task ( sci5ce1 & ! validity ( su* res]vations z may be made f a high] critical po9t ( view4 ,sci5ce is to be transc5d$ 9 s f> z x is und]/ood z a :ole4 ,philosophy is critically empirical2 empirical1 because x reg>ds all bona fide descriptions ( exp]i5ce z k2 critical1 because att5tive to ! conditions ( bo? g5]al & special k4 ,& 9 t]ms ( a critical empiricism s def9$1 x is "o ( ! problems ( philosophy to def9e & appraise ! g5]at+ problem ( sci5ce1 & s to det]m9e ! value assignable to natural laws 9 ! :ole sy/em ( k4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,sph]es ( ,philosophy & ,sci5ce4 ,sect4 #dj4 ,if ?is be ! true function ( philosophy ) ref]5ce to sci5ce1 sev]al curr5t notions ( ! relations ( ! sph]es ( ^! discipl9es may be disprov$4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 philosophy w n be all ! sci5ces reg>d$ z "o sci5ce4 ,sci5ce t5ds to unify )\t any high] criticism4 ,! v>i\s sci5ces already reg>d ! "o nature z _! common object1 & ! "o sy/em ( int]dep5d5t laws z _! common a*ievem5t4 ,! philosoph] :o tries to be all sci5ce at once fails ignom9i\sly because he tries to replace ! "w ( a speciali/ ) ! "w ( a dilettante2 & if philosophy be id5tical ) t body ( tru? accumulat$ & organiz$ by ! coop]ative activity ( sci5tific m51 !n philosophy is a "n & !re is no occasion = ! exi/5ce ( ! philosoph] z su*4 ,secondly1 philosophy w n be ! assembl+ ( ! sci5ces2 = su* w\ld be a m]ely cl]ical "w1 & ! philosoph] w\ld mu* bett] be reg>d$ z non-exi/5t ?an z a book-keep]4 ,nor1 ?irdly1 is philosophy an auxili>y discipl9e t may be call$ ^u 9 em]g5cies = ! solution ( "s baffl+ problem ( sci5ce4 ,a problem def9$ by sci5ce mu/ be solv$ 9 ! sci5tific mann]4 ,sci5ce w accept no aid f ! gods :5 engag$ 9 h] own campaign1 b w fight x out accord+ to h] own pr9ciples ( w>f>e4 ,& z long z sci5ce moves 9 h] own plane1 %e c ackn[l$ge no p]man5t b>ri]s4 ,!re is !n no ne$ ( any sup]sci5tific rese>* t %all replace1 or piece toge!r1 or ext5d ! "w ( sci5ce4 ,b ! savant is n on ?is acc\nt 9 possession ( ! entire field ( k4 ,x is true t he is n infrequ5tly mov$ to su* a conviction :5 he takes u ab\t to view 8 e/ates4 ,toge!r we asc5d up into heav51 or make our b$s 9 %eol1 or take ! w+s ( ! morn+ & dwell 9 ! utt]mo/ p>ts ( ! sea--& look 9 va9 = any?+ t is n "w done1 or "w project$1 by natural sci5ce4 ,p]suade him1 h[ev]1 to def9e 8 e/ates1 & he has circumscrib$ !m4 ,9 8 def9ition he mu/ employ conceptions m fundam5tal ?an ! work+ conceptions t he employs )9 8 field ( /udy4 ,inde$1 9 view+ 8 task z def9ite & specific he has und]tak5 ! solution ( ! problem ( philosophy4 ,! logical self-consci\sness has be5 awak5$1 & !re is no honorable way ( putt+ x to sleep aga94 ,?is is precisely :at takes place 9 any acc\nt ( ! g5]at+ problem ( sci5ce4 ,to def9e sci5ce is to def9e at lea/ "o realm t is o!r ?an sci5ce1 ! realm ( active intellectual endeavor ) its own prop] categories4 ,"o _c reflect ^u sci5ce & assign x an end1 & a me?od prop] to t end1 )\t br++ into ! field ( k a broad] field ( exp]i5ce ?an ! field prop] to sci5ce1 broad] at any rate by ! pres5ce 9 x ( ! sci5tific activity itself4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! field prop] to philosophy4 ,! sci5ti/ qua sci5ti/ is int5t ^u 8 own det]m9ate ent]prise4 ,! philosoph] comes into be+ z "o :o is int]e/$ 9 obs]v+ :at x is t ! sci5ti/ is s int5tly do+4 ,9 tak+ ?is int]e/ he has accept$ z a field = inve/igation t :i* he w\ld designate z ! totality ( int]e/s or ! inclusive exp]i5ce4 ,he c c>ry out 8 int5tion ( def9+ ! sci5tific attitude only by /&+ outside x1 & det]m9+ x by means ( no?+ less ?an an exhau/ive se>*+ out ( all attitudes4 ,philosophy is1 to be sure1 itself a def9ite activity & an attitude1 b an attitude requir$ by def9ition to be consci\s ( itself1 &1 if y please1 consci\s ( its own consci\sness1 until its attitude %all h embrac$ 9 its object ! v pr9ciple ( attitudes4 ,philosophy def9es itself & all o!r human tasks & int]e/s4 ,none h furni%$ a cle>] ju/ification ( philosophy ?an ^? m5 ( sci5tific pr$ilections :o h claim$ ! title ( agno/ics4 ,a good in/ance is furni%$ by a contempor>y physici/1 :o has *os5 to call 8 reflections antimetaphysical4 ,physical sci5ce does n pret5d to be a complete view ( ! _w2 x simply claims t x is work+ t[>d su* a complete view 9 ! future4 ,! highe/ philosophy ( ! sci5tific inve/igator is precisely ?is tol]ation ( an incomplete conception ( ! _w & ! pref]5ce = x1 r ?an an app>5tly p]fect1 b inadequate conception4#abj3a ,x is app>5t t if "o 7 to *all5ge su* a /atem5t1 ! issue rais$ w\ld at once be philosophical & n sci5tific4 ,! problem "h /at$ & answ]$1 requires = its solution ! wide/ inclusiv5ess ( view1 & a peculi> int]e/ 9 critical reflection & logical coord9ation4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,proc$ure ( a ,philosophy ( ,sci5ce4 ,sect4 #da4 ,"o may be prep>$ = a k ( ! economic & social significance ( ! railway ev5 if "o does n "k a ?rottle f a pi/on-rod1 provid$ "o has broad & well-balanc$ k ( ! int]play ( human social int]e/s4 ,"o's pr(ici5cy "h requires "o to /& (f f society1 & to obta9 a p]spective t %all be z little di/ort$ z possible4 ,! reflection ( ! philosoph] ( sci5ce requires a simil> quality ( p]spective4 ,all kn[l$ges1 toge!r ) ! kn[+ ( !m1 mu/ be 8 object yond]1 /&+ ap>t 9 its :ol5ess & symmetry4 ,philosophy is ! lea/ dogmatic1 ! mo/ empirical1 ( all discipl9es1 s9ce x is ! only inve/igation t c p]mit itself to be =getful ( no?+4 ,b ! mo/ compreh5sive view may be ! mo/ di/ort$ & false4 ,! true ord] ( k is ! difficult task ( logical analysis1 requir+ z its *ief ess5tial "s det]m9ation ( ! scope ( ! work+ conceptions ( ! diff]5t indep5d5t bran*es ( k4 ,9 ! case ( natural sci5ce ?is w\ld mean an exam9ation ( ! me?od & results *>act]i/ic ( ?is field1 = ! sake ( def9+ ! k9d ( tru? :i* atta*es to ! laws :i* are be+ gradually =mulat$4 ,b "o mu/ imm$iately rea* ei!r ! "o or ! o!r ( two v g5]al conclusions4 ,if ! laws ( natural sci5ce cov] all possible k ( reality1 !n !re is left to philosophy only ! logical function ( ju/ify+ ?is /atem5t4 ,logic & natural sci5ce w !n con/itute ! sum ( k4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x be f\nd t ! aim ( natural sci5ce is su* z to exclude c]ta9 aspects ( reality1 !n philosophy w n be re/rict$ to logical criticism1 b w h a cognitive field ( its own4 ,! great majority ( philosoph]s h assum$ ! latt] ( ^! alt]natives to be true1 :ile mo/ aggressive sci5ti/s h int5d$ ! =m] 9 _! some:at bl9d attacks ^u metaphysics4 ,al?\gh ! selection ( ei!r ( ^! alt]natives involves u 9 ! def5ce ( a specific answ] to a philosophical "q1 ! issue is inevitable 9 any introduction to philosophy because ( its be>+ ^u ! ext5t ( ! field ( t /udy4 ,fur!rmore !re c be no bett] exposition ( ! mean+ ( philosophy ( sci5ce ?an an illu/ration ( its ex]cise4 ,! foll[+1 !n1 is to be reg>d$ z on ! "o h& a t5tative refutation ( positivism1 or ! claim ( natural sci5ce to be coext5sive ) kn[able reality2 & on ! o!r h& a programme = ! proc$ure ( philosophy ) ref]5ce to natural sci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,sci5tific ,int]e/4 ,sect4 #db4 ,sci5ce issues ?r\gh imp]ceptible /ages f organic habits & in/9cts :i* signify ! possession by liv+ creatures ( a p[] to meet ! environm5t on its own t]ms4 ,e organism possesses su* a work+ k ( nature1 & among m5 ! fir/ sci5ce consi/s 9 ^? habitual adju/m5ts common to m5 & infra-human organisms4 ,man is already practis+ sci5ce be=e he recognizes x4 ,z skill x di/+ui%es itself e>ly 9 8 hi/ory f lore1 or unte/$ tradition4 ,skill is famili>ity ) g5]al k9ds ( ev5ts1 toge!r ) ability to id5tify an individual ) ref]5ce to a k9d1 & s be prep>$ = ! outcome4 ,?us man is inw>dly prep>$ = ! alt]nation ( day & night1 & ! p]iods ( ! seasons4 ,he practically anticipates ! procession ( natural ev5ts 9 ! c\ntless em]g5cies ( 8 daily life4 ,b sci5ce 9 ! /rict] s5se beg9s :5 skill becomes free & social4 ,sid5ote3 ,skill z ,free4 ,sect4 #dc4 ,skill may be said to be free :5 ! ess5tial t]ms ( ! action h be5 ab/ract$ f ! circum/ances att5d+ !m 9 individual exp]i5ces1 & are reta9$ z ideal plans applicable to any practical occasion4 ,! monkey :o sw+s ) a trapeze f 8 p]* on ! side ( ! cage1 c\nts ^u sw++ back aga9 )\t any fur!r ef=t on 8 own "p4 ,8 act & its successful issue signify 8 practical famili>ity ) ! natural motions ( bodies4 ,we c conceive su* a p]=mance to be accompani$ by an almo/ entire failure to grasp its ess5tials4 ,x w\ld !n be necess>y = ne>ly ! :ole situation to be repeat$ 9 ord] to induce 9 ! monkey ! same action & expectation4 ,he w\ld require a simil> =m1 color1 & di/ance4 ,b he might1 on ! o!r h&1 reg>d z practically id5tical all susp5d$ & freely sw++ bodies capable ( af=d+ him support1 & q indep5d5tly ( _! %ape1 size1 "t1 or place4 ,9 ?is latt] case 8 skill w\ld be applicable to ! wide/ possible numb] ( cases t c\ld pres5t !mselves4 ,hav+ a disc]n+ eye = ess5tials1 he w\ld lose no *ance ( a sw+ ?r\gh look+ = m ?an ! b>e necessities4 ,:5 ! physici/ describes ! p5dulum 9 t]ms ( a =mula su* z t #bpisqu>]oot7l_/g7 he exhibits a simil> disc]nm5t4 ,he has f\nd t ! "t occupi$ by an oscillation ( any p5dulum may be calculat$ exclusively 9 t]ms ( its l5g? & ! accel]ation due to gravity4 ,! monkey's high] pr(ici5cy & ! =mula alike repres5t a k t is free 9 ! s5se t x is conta9$ 9 t]ms t require no s+le fix$ context 9 imm$iacy4 ,! k is valid :]ev] ^! ess5tial t]ms are pres5t2 & calculations may be bas$ ^u ^! ess5tial t]ms1 :ile att5dant circum/ances v>y ad inf9itum4 ,su* k is said to be g5]al or univ]sal4 ,!re is ano!r elem5t ( fre$om1 h[ev]1 :i* s f> has n be5 attribut$ to ! monkey's k1 b :i* is evid5tly pres5t 9 t ( ! physici/4 ,! =m] has a practical ability to deal ) a p5dulum :5 he sees x4 ,! latt]1 on ! o!r h&1 kn[s ab\t a p5dulum :e!r "o be pres5t or n4 ,8 k is s reta9$ z always to be available1 ev5 ?\gh x be n always applicable4 ,8 k is n m]ely skill 9 treat+ a situation1 b ! possession ( res\rces :i* he may employ at :atev] "t1 & 9 :atev] mann]1 may suit 8 int]e/s4 ,kn[+ :at he does ab\t ! p5dulum1 he may act f ! idea ( su* a contrivance1 & ) ! aid ( x con/ruct "s m complex me*anism4 ,8 =mulas are 8 in/rum5ts1 :i* he may use on any occasion4 ,suppose t a situation ) factors a1 b1 & c requires factor d 9 ord] to become ,m1 z desir$4 ,su* a situation might easily be hopeless = an organism react+ directly to ! /imulus abc1 & yet be easily met by a free k ( d4 ,"o :o kn[s t l1 m1 & n w produce d1 may by ^! means provide ! miss+ factor1 complete ! sum ( requir$ conditions1 abcd1 & s obta9 ! end ,m4 ,su* indirection might be us$ to obta9 any requir$ factor ( ! end1 or ( any ne> or remote means to ! end4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no limit to ! complexity ( action made possible ^u ?is basis2 = s9ce x is available 9 idea1 ! :ole range ( su* k may be br\ght to be> ^u any individual problem4 ,sid5ote3 ,skill z ,social4 ,sect4 #dd4 ,b k ( ?is free type becomes at ! same "t social or in/itutional4 ,x consi/s no long] 9 a skilful adaptation ( ! individual organism1 b 9 a sy/em ( t]ms common to all intellig5ce1 & pres]v$ 9 ^? books & o!r monum5ts :i* s]ve z ! articulate memory ( ! race4 ,a k t is social mu/ be compos$ ( unequivocal conceptions & fix$ symbols4 ,! ma!matical laws ( ! exact sci5ces repres5t ! mo/ successful atta9m5t ( ?is end s f> z =m is conc]n$4 ,fur!rmore1 ! am\nt ( k may n[ be increas$ f g5]ation to g5]ation ?r\gh ! s]vice ( ^? :o make a vocation ( its pursuit4 ,natural sci5ce is ?us a cumulative racial pr(ici5cy1 :i* any individual may br+ to be> ^u any em]g5cy ( 8 life4 ,sid5ote3 ,sci5ce = ,accommodation & ,con/ruction4 ,sect4 #de4 ,su* pr(ici5cy z sci5ce af=ds is 9 e case ! anticipation ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is has a tw(old value = mank9d1 t ( accommodation1 & t ( con/ruction4 ,primitively1 :]e m]e survival is ! function ( ! organism z a :ole1 ! value ( accommodation is relatively fundam5tal4 ,! k ( :at may be expect$ enables ! organism to save itself by means ( its own c\nt]-arrangem5t ( natural processes4 ,con/ruction is "h = ! sake ( accommodation4 ,b ) ! gr[? ( civilization con/ruction becomes a positive int]e/1 & man t5ds to save himself = def9ite ends4 ,accommodation comes to take place = ! sake ( con/ruction4 ,sci5ce !n supplies ! individual ) ! ways & means :]e) to execute life purposes :i* !mselves t5d to assume an absolute value t _c be ju/ifi$ m]ely on ! gr\nd ( sci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,me?od & ,fundam5tal ,conceptions ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,! ,descriptive ,me?od4 ,sect4 #df4 ,if natural sci5ce be animat$ by any special cognitive int]e/1 ?is motive %\ld appe> 9 ! developm5t ( its me?od & fundam5tal conceptions4 ,if t int]e/ has be5 truly def9$1 x %\ld n[ enable u to und]/& ! progressive & p]man5t 9 sci5tific inve/igation z directly relat$ to x4 ,= ! aim ( any discipl9e ex]cises a gradual selection f among possible me?ods1 & gives to its laws _! det]m9ate & f9al =m4 ,! descriptive me?od is at ! pres5t day fully e/abli%$4 ,a lead+ moral ( ! hi/ory ( sci5ce is ! sup]ior usefulness ( an exact acc\nt ( ! work+s ( nature to an explanation 9 t]ms ( "s qualitative pot5cy4 ,explanation has be5 po/pon$ by enlight5$ sci5ce until aft] a m c>eful obs]vation ( actual processes %all h be5 made2 & at l5g? x has be5 admitt$ t !re is no ne$ ( any explanation b p]fect description4 ,n[ ! practical use ( sci5ce def9$ above1 requires no k beyond ! actual ord] ( ev5ts4 ,= su* a purpose suffici5t reason signifies only suffici5t conditions4 ,all o!r consid]ations are irrelevant1 & x is prop] to ignore !m4 ,su* has actually be5 ! fate ( ! s-call$ metaphysical solution ( special problems ( nature4 ,! case ( ,kepl] is ! classic in/ance4 ,?is great sci5ti/ supplem5t$ 8 laws ( planet>y motion ) ! foll[+ speculation conc]n+ ! ag5cies at "w3 ,we mu/ suppose "o ( two ?+s3 ei!r t ! mov+ spirits1 9 proportion z !y are m remov$ f ! sun1 are m feeble2 or t !re is "o mov+ _s 9 ! c5tre ( all ! orbits1 namely1 9 ! sun1 :i* urges ea* body ! m vehem5tly 9 proportion z x is ne>]2 b 9 m di/ant spaces langui%es 9 consequ5ce ( ! remot5ess & att5uation ( its virtue4#abi3b ,! foll[+ passage f ,hegel af=ds an int]e/+ analogy3 ,! moon is ! wat]less cry/al :i* seeks to complete itself by means ( our sea1 to qu5* ! ?ir/ ( its arid rigidity1 & !re=e produces ebb & fl[4#abi3c ,no sci5ti/ has ev] s\ght to refute ei!r ( ^! !ories4 ,!y h m]ely be5 neglect$4 ,!y 7 advanc$ 9 ob$i5ce to a dem& = ! ultimate explanation ( ! ph5om5a 9 "q1 & 7 obta9$ by apply+ su* g5]al conceptions z 7 mo/ satisfy+ to ! reasons ( _! respective au?ors4 ,b !y contribut$ no?+ :atsoev] to a practical famili>ity ) ! natural c\rse ( ev5ts1 9 ?is case ! times & places ( ! planets & ! tides4 ,h5ce !y h n be5 us$ 9 ! build+ ( sci5ce4 ,9 our own day inve/igators h become consci\s ( _! motive1 & d n wait = hi/orical selection to exclude p[]s & reasons f _! prov9ce4 ,!y delib]ately seek to =mulate exact descriptions4 ,to ?is end !y employ symbols t %all s]ve to id5tify ! t]ms ( nature1 & =mulas t %all def9e _! sy/ematic relation%ip4 ,^! sy/ems mu/ be exact1 or d$uctions _c be made f !m4 ,h5ce !y t5d ultimately to assume a ma!matical =m ( expression4 ,sid5ote3 ,space1 ,"t1 & ,pr$iction4 ,sect4 #dg4 ,b sci5ce t5ds to employ = ^! sy/ems only su* conceptions z relate to pr$iction2 & ( ^! ! mo/ fundam5tal are space & "t4 ,! fir/ sci5ce to e/abli% its me?od 0 ! sci5ce ( a/ronomy1 :]e measurem5t & computation 9 t]ms ( space & "t 7 ! mo/ obvi\s means ( description2 & ! g5]al application ( ! me?od ( a/ronomy by ,galileo & ,newton1 or ! developm5t ( me*anics1 is ! mo/ important factor 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( mod]n sci5ce ^u a p]man5t work+ basis4 ,! p]si/5ce ( ! t]m cause1 te/ifies to ! fact t sci5ce is prim>ily conc]n$ ) ! det]m9ation ( ev5ts4 ,its def9itions ( objects are means ( id5tification1 :ile its laws are dynamical1 i4 e41 h ref]5ce to ! conditions "u :i* ^! objects arise4 ,?us ! *emi/ may "k less ab\t ! prop]ties ( wat] ?an ! poet2 b he is pre-em95tly skill$ 9 its production f elem5ts1 & und]/&s simil>ly ! comp\nds into :i* x may ent]4 ,n[ ! g5]al conditions ( all anticipation1 :]eby x becomes exact & v]ifiable1 are spacial & temporal4 ,a pr$ictable ev5t mu/ be assign$ to :at is "h n[1 or !re n[2 or :at is "h !n1 or !re !n4 ,an exp]im5tally v]ifiable sy/em mu/ conta9 space-"t v>iables1 = :i* c be sub/itut$ ! "h & n[ ( ! exp]im5t]'s imm$iate exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce sci5ce deals prim>ily ) calculable places & mom5ts4 ,! me*anical !ory ( nature owes its success to a union ( space & "t ?r\gh its conceptions ( matt] & motion4#acb3d ,& ! project$ !ory ( en]getics mu/ satisfy ! same conditions4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,quantitative ,me?od4 ,sect4 #dh4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 sci5ce has1 z we h se51 an int]e/ 9 free+ its descriptions f ! peculi> angle & relativity ( an individual's exp]i5ce1 = ! sake ( af=d+ him k ( t ) :i* he mu/ meet4 ,sci5ce enlight5s ! w by acqua9t+ x ) t :i* takes place 9 spite ( x1 & = :i* x mu/ hold itself 9 read9ess4 ,to ?is end ! individual b5efits himself 9 s f> z he elim9ates himself f ! objects :i* he inve/igates4 ,8 k is useful 9 s f> z x is valid = 8 own indef9itely v>y+ /&-po9ts1 & ^? ( o!r wills recogniz$ by him 9 8 practical relations4 ,b 9 attempt+ to describe objects 9 t]ms o!r ?an ^? ( a specific exp]i5ce1 sci5ce is compell$ to describe !m 9 t]ms ( "o ano!r4 ,= ?is purpose ! quantitative me?od is peculi>ly s]viceable4 ,) its aid objects p]mit !mselves to be describ$ z multiples ( "o ano!r1 & z occupy+ positions 9 relation to "o ano!r4 ,:5 all objects are describ$ /rictly 9 t]ms ( "o ano!r1 !y are express$ 9 t]ms ( arbitr>y units1 & locat$ 9 t]ms ( arbitr>y spacial or temporal axes ( ref]5ce4 ,?us !re arises ! univ]se ( ! sci5tific imag9ation1 a va/ complexity ( mat]ial displacem5ts & trans=mations1 )\t color1 music1 pleasure1 or any ( all t ri* v>iety ( qualities t ! lea/ ( human exp]i5ces conta9s4 ,x does n completely rationalize or ev5 completely describe su* exp]i5ces1 b =mulates _! succession4 ,to ?is end !y are r$uc$ to t]ms t correspond to no specific exp]i5ce1 & = ?is v reason may be translat$ aga9 into all def9able hypo!tical exp]i5ces4 ,! sol> sy/em = a/ronomy is n a bird's-eye view ( elliptical orbits1 ) ! planets & satellites 9 def9ite phases4 ,nor is x ?is gr\p ( objects f any su* po9t ( view1 or f any numb] ( su* po9ts ( view2 b a =mulation ( _! motions t w s]ve z ! key to an inf9ite numb] ( _! appe>ances4 ,or1 consid] ! picture ( ! i*?ysauria romp+ 9 ! mesozoic sea1 t commonly accompanies a text-book ( geology4 ,any su* picture1 & all su* pictures1 ) _! color+ & _! temporal & spacial p]spective1 are imag9>y4 ,no su* special & exclusive manifolds c be def9$ z hav+ be5 !n & !re realiz$4 ,b we h a geological k ( ?is p]iod1 t fulfils ! =mal dem&s ( natural sci5ce1 9 s f> z we c con/ruct ?is & c\ntless o!r specific exp]i5ces ) ref]5ce to x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,g5]al ,developm5t ( ,sci5ce4 ,sect4 #di4 ,sci5ce1 !n1 is to be und]/ood z spr++ f ! practical necessity ( anticipat+ ! environm5t4 ,?is anticipation appe>s fir/ z cong5ital or acquir$ reactions on ! "p ( ! organism4 ,su* reactions imply a fix$ coord9ation or sy/em 9 ! environm5t :]eby a giv5 circum/ance det]m9es o!r circum/ances2 & sci5ce prop] arises z ! =mulation ( su* sy/ems4 ,! requirem5t t !y %all apply to ! ph5om5a t confront ! w1 det]m9es _! spacial1 temporal1 & quantitative =m4 ,! progress ( sci5ce is m>k$ by ! gr[? ( ^! conceptions 9 ! direction ( compreh5siv5ess on ! "o h&1 & ( ref9em5t & delicacy on ! o!r4 ,man lives 9 an environm5t t is gr[+ at ! same "t ri*] & m ext5d$1 b ) a comp5satory simplification 9 ! ev] clos] sy/ematization ( sci5tific conceptions "u ! =m ( ! ord] ( nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,det]m9ation ( ! ,limits ( ,natural ,sci5ce4 ,sect4 #ej4 ,at ! op5+ ( ?is *apt] x 0 ma9ta9$ t x is a function ( philosophy to criticise sci5ce ?r\gh its g5]at+ problem1 or its self-impos$ task view$ z det]m9+ its prov9ce & select+ its categories4 ,! above acc\nt ( ! orig9 & me?od ( sci5ce mu/ suffice z a def9ition ( its g5]at+ problem1 & af=d ! basis ( our answ] to ! "q ( its limits4 ,en\gh has be5 said to make x cle> t philosophy is n 9 ! field ( sci5ce1 & is !re=e n entitl$ to conte/ its result 9 detail or ev5 to take sides )9 ! prov9ce ( its special problems4 ,fur!rmore1 philosophy %\ld n aim to re/ra9 sci5ce by ! imposition ( ext]nal b>ri]s4 ,:atev] may be said ( ! suffici5cy ( its categories 9 any region ( ! _w1 t body ( tru? ( :i* ma!matics1 me*anics1 & physics are ! f\ndations1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a :ole t t5ds to be all-compreh5sive 9 its own t]ms4 ,!re rema9s = philosophy1 !n1 ! critical exam9ation ( ^! t]ms1 & ! appraisal z a :ole ( ! tru? t !y may express4 ,sid5ote3 ,natural ,sci5ce is ,ab/ract4 ,sect4 #ea4 ,! impossibility ( embrac+ ! :ole ( k )9 natural sci5ce is due to ! fact t ! latt] is ab/ract4 ,?is foll[s f ! fact t natural sci5ce is gov]n$ by a selective int]e/4 ,! =mulation ( def9itions & laws 9 exclusively me*anical t]ms is n due to ! exhau/ive or ev5 pre-em95t reality ( ^! prop]ties1 b to _! peculi> s]viceabl5ess 9 a v]ifiable description ( ev5ts4 ,natural sci5ce does n affirm t reality is ess5tially con/itut$ ( matt]1 or ess5tially *>act]iz$ by motion2 b is int]e/$ 9 ! me*anical aspect ( reality1 & describes x q reg>dless ( o!r evid5t aspects & )\t mean+ to prejudice !m4 ,x is un=tunately true t ! sci5ti/ has r>ely be5 cle> 9 8 own m9d on ?is po9t4 ,x is only rec5tly t he has p>tially fre$ himself f ! habit ( con/ru+ 8 t]ms z f9al & exhau/ive4#acg3e ,?is he 0 able to d ev5 to 8 own satisfaction1 only by all[+ loose re9 to ! imag9ation4 ,consid] ! example ( ! atomic !ory4 ,9 ord] to describe su* occurr5ces z *emical comb9ation1 or *anges 9 volume & d5sity1 ! sci5ti/ has employ$ z a unit ! lea/ p>ticle1 physically indivisible & qualitatively homog5e\s4 ,look = ! atom 9 ! body ( sci5ce1 & y w f9d x 9 physical laws gov]n+ expansion & contraction1 & 9 *emical =mulas4 ,!re ! real responsibility ( sci5ce ends4 ,b :e!r ?r\gh ! ne$ ( popul> exposition1 or ! undiscipl9$ imag9ation ( ! inve/igator himself1 atoms h figur$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght z r\nd corpuscles ( a grayi% hue scurry+ hi!r & ?i!r1 & arm$ ) special appliances :]e) to lock 9 molecul> embrace4 ,al?\gh ?is is nons5se1 we ne$ n on t acc\nt conclude t !re are no atoms4 ,!re are atoms 9 precisely ! s5se int5d$ by sci5tific law1 9 t ! =mulas comput$ ) ! aid ( ?is concept are true ( c]ta9 natural processes4 ,! conception ( e!r furni%es a simil> case4 ,sci5ce is n responsible = ! notion ( a quiv]+ gelat9\s sub/ance p]vad+ space1 b only = c]ta9 laws t1 e4 g41 describe ! velocity ( light 9 t]ms ( ! vibration4 ,x is true t !re is su* a ?+ z e!r1 n z gratuit\sly r\nd$ out by ! imag9ation1 ) v>i\s attributes ( imm$iate exp]i5ce1 b j 9 s f> z ?is concept is employ$ 9 v]ifi$ descriptions ( radiation1 magnetism1 or electricity4 ,/rictly speak+ sci5ce ass]ts no?+ ab\t ! exi/5ce ( e!r1 b only ab\t ! behavior1 e4 g41 ( light4 ,if true descriptions ( ?is & o!r ph5om5a are rea*$ by employ+ units ( wave propagation 9 an ela/ic m$ium1 !n e!r is prov$ to exi/ 9 precisely ! same s5se t l9e> feet are prov$ to exi/1 if x be admitt$ t !re are #ij1jjj1jjj x #e1bhj ( !m betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun4 ,& to imag9e 9 ! "o case a jelly ) all ! qualities ( texture1 color1 & ! l1 t an individual object ( s5se w\ld possess1 is mu* ! same z 9 ! o!r to imag9e ! heav5s fill$ ) foot-rules & tape-measures4 ,!re is b "o safe proc$ure 9 deal+ ) sci5tific concepts3 to reg>d !m z true s f> z !y describe1 & no :it fur!r4 ,to supplem5t ! /rict mean+ :i* has be5 v]ifi$ & is conta9$ 9 ! =mul>ies ( sci5ce1 ) su* vague pr$icates z w suffice to make entities ( !m1 is m]e ineptness & confusion ( ?\ght4 ,& x is only su* a supplem5tation t obscures _! ab/ractness4 ,= a me*anical description ( ?+s1 true z x d\btless is1 is ev5 m indubitably incomplete4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,mean+ ( ,ab/ractness 9 ,tru?4 ,sect4 #eb4 ,b ?\gh ! ab/ractness involv$ 9 sci5tific description is op5 & delib]ate1 we mu/ come to a m precise und]/&+ ( x1 if we are to draw any conclusion z to :at x involves4 ,9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 ! ,engli% philosoph] ,bi%op ,b]keley raises ! "q z to ! univ]sal validity ( ma!matical demon/rations4 ,if we prove f ! image or figure ( an isosceles "r triangle t ! sum ( its angles is equal to two "r angles1 h[ c we "k t ?is proposition holds ( all triangles8 ,to :i* ,i answ]1 t1 ?\gh ! idea ,i h 9 view :il/ ,i make ! demon/ration be1 = in/ance1 t ( an isosceles rectangul> triangle ^: sides are ( a det]m9ate l5g?1 ,i may nev]!less be c]ta9 x ext5ds to all o!r rectil9e> triangles1 ( :at sort or bigness soev]4 ,& t because nei!r ! "r angle1 nor ! equality1 nor det]m9ate l5g? ( ! sides are at all conc]n$ 9 ! demon/ration4 ,x is true ! diagram ,i h 9 view includes all ^! p>ticul>s2 b !n !re is n ! lea/ m5tion made ( !m 9 ! pro( ( ! proposition4#adj3f ,( ! total conditions pres5t 9 ! concrete picture ( a triangle1 "o may 9 "o's calculations neglect z _m z "o sees fit1 & "w ) ! rema9d]4 ,!n1 if "o has cle>ly di/+ui%$ ! conditions us$1 "o may confid5tly ass]t t :atev] has be5 f\nd true ( !m holds reg>dless ( ! neglect$ conditions4 ,^! may be miss+ or replac$ by o!rs1 provid$ ! select$ or 7= any giv5 inve/igation7 ess5tial conditions are n affect$4 ,t :i* is true once is true always1 provid$ "t is n "o ( its conditions2 t :i* is true 9 "o place is true ev]y:]e1 provid$ location is n "o ( its conditions4 ,b1 giv5 any concrete situation1 ! m num]\s ! conditions "o ignores 9 "o's calculations1 ! less adequate are "o's calculations to t situation4 ,! numb] ( its inhabitants1 & any ma!matical op]ation made ) t numb]1 is true1 b only v ab/ractly true ( a nation4 ,a simil> ?\gh less radical ab/ractness app]ta9s to natural sci5ce4 ,simple qualities ( s\nd or color1 & di/9ctions ( beauty or moral wor?1 toge!r ) _m o!r +r$i5ts ( actual exp]i5ce attribut$ !re9 to ! objects ( nature1 are ignor$ 9 ! me*anical s*eme4 ,!re is a sub/itution ( c]ta9 me*anical arrangem5ts 9 ! case ( ! fir/ gr\p ( prop]ties1 ! simple qualities ( s5se1 s t !y may be assimilat$ to ! g5]al s*eme ( ev5ts1 & _! occurr5ce pr$ict$4 ,b _! intr9sic qualitative "* is n reckon$ )1 ev5 9 psy*ology1 :]e ! physiological me?od f9ally replaces !m ) bra9 /ates4 ,ov] & above ^! neglect$ prop]ties ( ?+s !re rema9 ! purposive activities ( ?\ght4 ,x is equally prepo/]\s to d5y !m & to describe !m 9 me*anical t]ms4 ,x is pla91 !n1 t natural sci5ce calculates ^u ! basis ( only a fraction ( ! conditions t pres5t !mselves 9 actual exp]i5ce4 ,its conclusions1 !re=e1 ?\gh true s f> z !y g1 & !y may be ab/ractly true ( ev]y?+1 are completely true ( no?+4 ,sid5ote3 ,b ,sci5tific ,tru? is ,valid = ,reality4 ,sect4 #ec4 ,su*1 9 brief1 is ! g5]al *>ge ( inadequacy :i* may be urg$ aga9/ natural sci5ce1 n 9 ! _s ( detraction1 b = ! sake ( a m s\nd belief conc]n+ reality4 ,! philosoph] falls into error no less radical ?an t ( ! dogmatic sci5ti/1 :5 he *>ges ! sci5ti/ ) untru?1 & atta*es to 8 concepts ! pr$icate ( unreality4 ,! fact t ! concepts ( sci5ce are select$1 & only inadequately true ( reality1 %\ld n be tak5 to mean t !y are sportive or arbitr>y4 ,!y are n devices or abbreviations1 9 any s5se t does n atta* to su* symbolism z all ?\ght involves4 ,nor are !y m]ely hypo!tical1 ?\gh l all ?\ght !y are subject to correction4#adb3g ,! sci5ti/ does n m]ely ass]t t ! equation = en]gy is true if nature's capacity = "w be measurable1 b t su* is actually ! case4 ,! /ati/ician does n arrive at results cont+5t ^u ! supposition t m5 are num]able1 b decl>es 8 sums & av]ages to be categorically true4 ,simil>ly sci5tific laws are true2 only1 to be sure1 s f> z !y g1 b ) no condition save ! condition t atta*es to all k1 viz41 t x %all n ne$ correction4 ,! philosophy ( sci5ce1 !re=e1 is n ! adv]s>y ( sci5ce1 b sup]v5es ^u sci5ce 9 ! int]e/s ( ! ideal ( f9al tru?4 ,no philosophy ( sci5ce is s\nd :i* does n prim>ily seek by an analysis ( sci5tific concepts to und]/& sci5ce on its own gr\nds4 ,philosophy may und]/& sci5ce bett] ?an sci5ce und]/&s itself1 b only by hold+ fa/ to ! conviction ( its tru?1 & includ+ x )9 :atev] acc\nt ( reality x may be able to =mulate4 ,sid5ote3 ,relative ,practical ,value ( ,sci5ce & ,philosophy4 ,sect4 #ed4 ,?\gh philosophy be ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ exalt$ ( human discipl9es1 x is n infrequ5tly *>g$ ) be+ ! mo/ unpr(itable4 ,sci5ce has amass$ a =tune ( in=mation1 :i* has facilitat$ life & advanc$ civilization4 ,is n philosophy1 on ! o!r h&1 all programme & idle que/ion+8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 no que/ion+ is idle t is logically possible4 ,x is true t philosophy %[s h] skill r 9 ! ask+ ?an 9 ! answ]+ ( que/ions4 ,b ! =mal p]t95ce ( a "q is ( ! greate/ significance4 ,no valid ?\gh unansw]$ "q c h a purely negative value1 & especially z respects ! consi/5cy or complet5ess ( tru?4 ,b1 9 ! second place1 philosophy ) all its limitations s]ves mank9d z indisp5sably z sci5ce4 ,if sci5ce supplies ! individual ) means ( self-pres]vation1 & ! in/rum5ts ( a*ievem5t1 philosophy supplies ! ideals1 or ! objects ( delib]ate con/ruction4 ,su* reflection z ju/ifies ! adoption ( a fundam5tal life purpose is always philosophical4 ,= e judgm5t respect+ f9al wor? is a judgm5t sub specie et]nitatis4 ,& ! urg5cy ( life requires ! individual to pass su* judgm5ts4 ,x is true t h[ev] p]si/5tly reflective he may be 9 ! matt]1 8 conclusion w be premature 9 consid]ation ( ! am\nt ( evid5ce logically dem&$ = su* a judgm5t4 ,b he mu/ be z wise z he c1 or he w be z fooli% z conv5tionality & bl9d impulse may impel him to be4 ,philosophy det]m9es = society :at e individual mu/ practically det]m9e ^u = himself1 ! mo/ reasonable plan ( reality z a :ole :i* ! data & reflection ( an epo* c af=d4 ,x is philosophy's s]vice to mank9d to comp5sate = ! en?usiasm & conc5tration ( ! speciali/1 a s]vice ne$$ 9 e pres5t day4 ,ap>t f ! philosoph]1 public op9ion is ! victim ( s5sationalism1 & individual op9ion is fur!r w>p$ by accid5tal prop9quity4 ,x is ! function ( philosophy to int]pret k = ! sake ( a sob] & wise belief4 ,! philosoph] is ! true prophet1 appe>+ be=e m5 9 behalf ( t :i* is f9ally ! tru?4 ,he is ! spokesman ( ! mo/ consid]ate & compreh5sive reflection possible at any /age 9 ! developm5t ( human ?\ght4 ,ow+ to a radical misconception ( function1 ! man ( sci5ce has 9 ^! lat] days begun to reg>d himself z ! wise man1 & to tea* ! p4 ,popul> mat]ialism is ! logical outcome ( ?is det]m9ation ( belief by natural sci5ce4 ,x may be t ?is is due z mu* to ! indiff]5ce ( ! philosoph] z to ! =w>dness ( ! sci5ti/1 b 9 any case ! result is worse ?an cons]vative loyalty to religi\s tradition4 ,= religion is correct$ surely ?\gh sl[ly by ! :ole ord] ( advanc+ tru?4 ,its v inflexibility makes x pro( aga9/ an ov]-emphasis ^u new tru?4 ,x has g5]ally turn$ out 9 "t t ! ob/9ate man ( religion 0 m ne>ly "r ?an ! adaptable intellectual man ( fa%ion4 ,b philosophy1 z a critique ( sci5ce = ! sake ( fai?1 %\ld provide ! individual religi\s believ] ) intellectual enlight5m5t & g5tl5ess4 ,! quality1 ord]l9ess1 & inclusiv5ess ( k1 f9ally det]m9e its value2 & ! philosoph]1 premature z 8 syn!sis may "s day prove to be1 is ! wise/ man ( 8 own g5]ation4 ,f him ! man ( fai? %\ld obta9 su* discipl9e ( judgm5t z %all enable him to be fe>less ( advanc+ k1 because acqua9t$ ) its scope1 & s intellectually c&id ) all 8 visions & 8 inspirations4 ,,footnotes3 #abj3a ,ern/ ,ma*3 ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics4 ,translation by ,mc,cormack1 p4 #dfd4 ,no "o has made m important contributions ?an ,pr(essor ,ma* to a c]ta9 def9ite mod]n philosophical movem5t4 ,cf4 ,sect4 #bjg4 #abi3b ,:ewell3 ,hi/ory ( ! ,inductive ,sci5ces1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #bhi4 ,quot$ f ,kepl]3 ,my/]ium ,cosmographicum4 #abi3c ,quot$ by ,sidgwick 9 8 ,philosophy1 its ,scope & ,relations1 p4 #hi4 #acb3d ,! read] is ref]r$ to ,mr4 ,b]tr& ,russell's *apt]s on matt] & motion 9 8 ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,mat]ial p>ticles he def9es z _m-"o relations ( all times to "s places1 or ( all t]ms ( a cont9u\s "o-dim5sional s]ies t to "s t]ms ( a cont9u\s ?ree-dim5sional s]ies s4 ,simil>ly1 :5 diff]5t times1 ?r\gh\t any p]iod h[ev] %ort1 are correlat$ ) diff]5t places1 !re is motion2 :5 diff]5t times1 ?r\gh\t "s p]iod h[ev] %ort1 are all correlat$ ) ! same place1 !re is re/4 ,op4 cit41 p4 #dgc4 #acg3e ,t ! sci5ti/ /ill p]mits himself to tea* ! p a loose exot]ic !ory ( reality1 is prov5 by ,pr(essor ,w>d's citation ( in/ances 9 8 ,naturalism & ,agno/icism4 ,s em95t a physici/ z ,"l ,kelv9 is quot$ z foll[s3 ,y c imag9e p>ticles ( some?+1 ! ?+ ^: motion con/itutes light4 ,?is ?+ we call ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,t is ! only sub/ance we are confid5t ( 9 dynamics4 ,"o ?+ we are sure (1 & t is ! reality & sub/antiality ( ! lum9if]\s e!r4 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #aac4 #adj3f ,b]keley3 ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 ,introduction4 ,edition ( ,fras]1 p4 #bdh4 #adb3g ,! read] :o c>es to pursue ?is topic fur!r is ref]r$ to ! writ]'s discussion ( ,pr(essor ,w>d's ,philosophy ( ,sci5ce 9 ! ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,i1 ,no4 #ac4 ,,"p ,,ii ,,! ,,special ,,problems ,,( ,,philosophy ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,metaphysics ,,& ,,epi/emology ,sid5ote3 ,! ,impossibility ( an ,absolute ,division ( ! ,problem ( ,philosophy4 ,sect4 #ee4 ,! /&-po9t & purpose ( ! philosoph] def9e 8 task1 b !y d n necess>ily pre>range ! division ( x4 ,t ! task is a complex "o1 embrac+ _m subord9ate problems :i* mu/ be treat$ s]iatim1 is atte/$ bo? by ! bread? ( its scope & ! v>iety ( ! int]e/s f :i* x may be approa*$4 ,b ?is complexity is qualifi$ by ! peculi> importance :i* "h atta*es to unity4 ,t :i* l5ds philosophical quality to any reflection is a /eadfa/ adh]5ce to ! ideals ( inclusiv5ess & consi/5cy4 ,h5ce1 ?\gh ! philosoph] mu/ ( necessity occupy himself ) subord9ate problems1 ^! _c be completely isolat$ f "o ano!r1 & solv$ successively4 ,p]spective is 8 mo/ indisp5sable requisite1 & he has solv$ no problem f9ally until he has provid$ = ! solution ( all4 ,8 own peculi> conceptions are ^? :i* ord] exp]i5ce1 & reconcile su* aspects ( x z o!r int]e/s h di/+ui%$4 ,h5ce ! compatibility ( any idea ) all o!r ideas is ! prime te/ ( its philosophical suffici5cy4 ,on ^! gr\nds x may confid5tly be ass]t$ t ! "w ( philosophy _c be assign$ by ! piece to diff]5t speciali/s1 & !n assembl$4 ,!re are no special philosophical problems :i* c be f9ally solv$ ^u _! own m]its4 ,inde$1 su* problems c\ld nev] ev5 be nam$1 = 9 _! discret5ess !y w\ld cease to be philosophical4 ,! case ( metaphysics & epi/emology af=ds an excell5t illu/ration4 ,! =m] ( ^! is commonly def9$ z ! !ory ( reality or ( fir/ pr9ciples1 ! latt] z ! !ory ( k4 ,b ! mo/ di/9ctive philosophical movem5t ( ! n9ete5? c5tury issues f ! idea t kn[+ & be+ are id5tical4#aej3a ,! prime reality is def9$ z a kn[+ m9d1 & ! t]ms ( reality are int]pret$ z t]ms ( a cognitive process4 ,ideas & logical pr9ciples con/itute ! _w4 ,x is evid5t t 9 ?is ,hegelian philosophy epi/emology embraces metaphysics4 ,9 def9+ ! relations ( k to its object1 "o has already def9$ "o's fundam5tal philosophical conception1 :ile logic1 z ! sci5ce ( ! univ]sal necessities ( ?\ght1 w embrace ! fir/ pr9ciples ( reality4 ,n[1 7 "o to divide & arrange ! problems ( philosophy ^u ?is basis1 x is evid5t t "o w\ld n h d$uc$ ! arrangem5t f ! g5]al problem ( philosophy1 b f a s+le attempt$ solution ( t problem4 ,x might s]ve z an exposition ( ,hegel1 b n z a g5]al philosophical programme4 ,ano!r case 9 po9t is provid$ by ! pres5t-day int]e/ 9 :at is call$ pragmatism4#aea3b ,?is doctr9e is hi/orically connect$ ) ,kant's pr9ciple ( ! primacy ( ! practical reason1 9 :i* he ma9ta9$ t ! consci\sness ( duty is a pr(\nd] ?\gh less sci5tific insight ?an ! k ( objects4 ,! curr5t doctr9e ma9ta9s t ?\ght ) its fruits is an expression ( int]e/1 & t ! w :i* ev9ces & realizes su* an int]e/ is m orig9al & significant ?an t :i* ! ?9k+ def9es4 ,su* a view atta*es a peculi> importance to ! spr+s ( conduct1 & 9 its m sy/ematic developm5t#aeb3c has reg>d$ e?ics z ! true propa$eutic & pro( ( philosophy4 ,b to make e?ics ! key-/one ( ! ar*1 is to def9e a special philosophical sy/em2 = x is ! v problem ( philosophy to dispose ! p>ts ( k ) a view to sy/ematic con/ruction4 ,! relation ( ! prov9ces ( metaphysics1 epi/emology1 logic1 & e?ics _c1 !n1 be def9$ )\t ent]+ ^! prov9ces & answ]+ ! que/ions prop] to !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,dep5d5ce ( ! ,ord] ( ,philosophical ,problems ^u ! ,initial ,int]e/4 ,sect4 #ef4 ,s9ce ! above t]ms exi/1 h[ev]1 !re c be no d\bt b t important divisions )9 ! g5]al aim ( philosophy h actually be5 made4 ,! inevitabl5ess ( x appe>s 9 ! v>iety ( ! s\rces f :i* t aim may spr+4 ,! po9t ( dep>ture w always det]m9e ! emphasis & ! application :i* ! philosophy receives4 ,if philosophy be ne$$ to supplem5t m special int]e/s1 x w receive a p>ticul> "* f :atev] int]e/ x s supplem5ts4 ,he :o approa*es x f a def9ite /&-po9t w f9d 9 x prim>ily an int]pretation ( t /&-po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,philosophy z ! ,int]pretation ( ,life4 ,sect4 #eg4 ,!re are two s\rces ( ! philosophical aim1 :i* are p]5nial 9 _! human significance4 ,he1 fir/ly1 :o beg9s ) ! dem&s ( life & its ideals1 looks to philosophy = a reconciliation ( ^! ) ! ord]ly proc$ure ( nature4 ,8 philosophy w receive its =m f its illum9ation ( life1 & x w be an e?ical or religi\s philosophy4 ,sp9oza1 ! great sev5te5?-c5tury philosoph] :o ju/ifi$ my/icism aft] ! mann] ( ma!matics1#aec3d displays ?is temp] 9 8 philosophy3 ,aft] exp]i5ce _h taught me t all ! usual surr\nd+s ( social life are va9 & futile2 see+ t none ( ! objects ( my fe>s conta9$ 9 !mselves any?+ ei!r good or bad1 except 9 s f> z ! m9d is affect$ by !m1 ,i f9ally resolv$ to inquire :e!r !re might be "s real good hav+ p[] to communicate itself1 :i* w\ld affect ! m9d s+ly1 to ! exclusion ( all else3 :e!r1 9 fact1 !re might be any?+ ( :i* ! discov]y & atta9m5t w\ld enable me to enjoy cont9u\s1 supreme1 & un5d+ happ9ess4#aec3e ,9 pursuance ( ?is aim1 ?\gh he deals ) ! problem ( be+ 9 ! rigor\s logical fa%ion ( 8 day1 ! f9al words ( 8 great "w are1 ,( ,human ,fre$om3 ,:]eas ! wise man1 9 s f> z he is reg>d$ z su*1 is sc>cely at all di/urb$ 9 _s1 b1 be+ consci\s ( himself1 & ( ,god1 & ( ?+s1 by a c]ta9 et]nal necessity1 nev] ceases to be1 b always possesses true acquiesc5ce ( 8 _s4 ,if ! way :i* ,i h po9t$ out z lead+ to ?is result seems exce$+ly h>d1 x may nev]!less be discov]$4 ,ne$s mu/ x be h>d1 s9ce x is s seldom f\nd4 ,h[ w\ld x be possible if salvation 7 ready to our h&1 & c\ld )\t great labor be f\nd1 t x %\ld be by almo/ all m5 neglect$8 ,b all ?+s excell5t are z difficult z !y are r>e4#aed3f ,sid5ote3 ,philosophy z ! ,ext5sion ( ,sci5ce4 ,sect4 #eh4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o :o looks to philosophy = ! ext5sion & correction ( sci5tific k w be prim>ily int]e/$ 9 ! philosophical def9ition ( ultimate conceptions1 & 9 ! me?od :]e) su* a def9ition is obta9$4 ,?us ! philosophy ( ! sci5ti/ w t5d to be logical & metaphysical4 ,su* is ! case ) ,desc>tes & ,leibniz1 :o are nev]!less intimately relat$ to ,sp9oza 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( philosophy4 ,sev]al ye>s h n[ elaps$1 says ! =m]1 s9ce ,i fir/ became aw>e t ,i _h accept$1 ev5 f my y\?1 _m false op9ions = true1 & t consequ5tly :at ,i aft]w>d bas$ on su* pr9ciples 0 highly d\btful2 & f t "t ,i 0 conv9c$ ( ! necessity ( und]tak+ once 9 my life to rid myself ( all ! op9ions ,i _h adopt$1 & ( comm5c+ anew ! "w ( build+ f ! f\ndation1 if ,i desir$ to e/abli% a firm & abid+ sup]/ructure 9 ! sci5ces4#aee3g ,leibniz's m9d 0 m pr$om9antly logical ev5 ?an ,desc>tes's4 ,he s\ght 9 philosophy a supreme intellectual syn!sis1 a sci5ce ( ! univ]se4 ,al?\gh1 he says retrospectively1 ,i am "o ( ^? :o h work$ mu* at ma!matics1 ,i h none ! less m$itat$ ^u philosophy f my y\? up2 = x always seem$ to me t !re 0 a possibility ( e/abli%+ some?+ solid 9 philosophy by cle> demon/rations4 4 4 4 ,i p]ceiv$1 aft] mu* m$itation1 t x is impossible to f9d ! pr9ciples ( a real unity 9 matt] alone1 or 9 t :i* is only passive1 s9ce x is no?+ b a collection or aggregation ( p>ts ad inf9itum4#aee3h ,sid5ote3 ,! ,hi/orical ,diff]5tiation ( ! ,philosophical ,problem4 ,sect4 #ei4 ,?\gh ^! types are peculi>ly repres5tative1 !y are by no means exhau/ive4 ,!re are z _m possibilities ( emphasis z !re are inc5tives to philosophical reflection4 ,x is n possible to exhau/ ! aspects ( exp]i5ce :i* may s]ve z bases f :i* su* ?\ght may issue1 & to :i*1 aft] its syn!tic insight1 x may return4 ,b x is evid5t t su* divisions ( philosophy repres5t 9 _! ord]1 & 9 ! %>pness ) :i* !y are sund]$1 ! intellectual autobiography ( ! individual philosoph]4 ,!re is b "o me?od by :i* t :i* is peculi> ei!r to ! individual1 or to ! special position :i* he adopts1 may be elim9at$4 ,?\gh x is impossible to tabulate ! empty programme ( philosophy1 we may "n c]ta9 special problems t h appe>$ 9 its hi/ory4 ,s9ce ?is hi/ory compreh5ds ! activities ( _m individuals1 a g5]al validity atta*es to x4 ,!re has be51 moreov]1 a c]ta9 p]iodicity 9 ! em]g5ce ( ^! problems1 s t x may fairly be claim$ = !m t !y indicate inevitable phases 9 ! developm5t ( human reflection ^u exp]i5ce4 ,!y repres5t a normal diff]5tiation ( int]e/ :i* ! individual m9d1 9 ! c\rse ( its own ?9k+1 t5ds to foll[4 ,x is true t x c nev] be said ) assurance t any age is utt]ly bl9d to any aspect ( exp]i5ce4 ,?is is obvi\sly ! case ) ! practical & !oretical int]e/s :i* h j be5 di/+ui%$4 ,!re is no age t does n h "s practical consci\sness ( ! _w z a :ole1 nor any :i* does n seek m or less e>ne/ly to univ]salize its sci5ce4 ,b ?\gh x compel u to deal ab/ractly ) hi/orical epo*s1 !re is abundant comp5sation 9 ! possibility :i* ?is me?od af=ds ( f9d+ ! divisions ( philosophy 9 ! manife/ation ( ! liv+ philosophical _s4 ,sid5ote3 ,metaphysics ,seeks a ,mo/ ,fundam5tal ,conception4 ,sect4 #fj4 ,to ,?ales1 "o ( ! ,sev5 ,wise ,m5 ( ,greece1 is commonly aw>d$ ! honor ( be+ ! f\nd] ( ,european philosophy4 ,if he des]ve ?is di/9ction1 x is on acc\nt ( ! "q :i* he rais$1 & n on acc\nt ( ! answ] :i* he gave to x4 ,ari/otle in=ms u t ,?ales held wat] to be ! mat]ial cause ( all ?+s4#aeg3i ,?is crude !ory is evid5tly due to an int]e/ 9 ! totality ( ?+s1 an int]e/ :i* is !re=e philosophical4 ,b ! int]e/ ( ?is fir/ philosoph] has a m def9ite "*4 ,x looks t[>d ! def9ition 9 t]ms ( "s s+le conception1 ( ! con/itution ( ! _w4 ,z a *ild might conceivably ?9k ! moon to be made ( gre5 *eese1 s philosophy 9 its *ildhood ?9ks "h ( all ?+s z made ( wat]4 ,wat] 0 a well-kn[n sub/ance1 possess+ well-kn[n pr$icates4 ,to def9e all nature 9 t]ms ( x1 0 to ma9ta9 t 9 spite ( sup]ficial diff]5ces1 all ?+s h ^! pr$icates 9 common4 ,!y are ! pr$icates :i* qualify = reality1 & compose a community ( nature f :i* all ! individual objects & ev5ts ( nature arise4 ,! successors ( ,?ales 7 evid5tly dissatisfi$ ) 8 fundam5tal conception1 because ( its lack ( g5]ality4 ,!y seiz$ ^u vagu] sub/ances l air & fire1 = ! v def9it5ess ( ! nature ( wat] =bids ! id5tification ( o!r sub/ances ) x4 ,b :at is s obvi\sly true ( wat] is sc>cely less true ( air & fire2 & x appe>$ at l5g? t only a sub/ance possess+ ! mo/ g5]al *>act]s ( body1 su* z %ape1 size1 & mobility1 c\ld be ?\ght z truly primeval & univ]sal4 ,9 ?is wise a conception l our mod]n physical conception ( matt] came at l5g? into vogue4 ,n[ ! problem ( :i* ^! 7 all t5tative solutions is1 9 g5]al1 ! problem ( metaphysics2 al?\gh ?is t]m belongs to a lat] era1 aris+ only f ! accid5tal place ( ! discussion ( fir/ pr9ciples aft] physics 9 ! sy/em ( ,ari/otle4 ,! attempt to secure a mo/ fundam5tal conception :i* atta*es "s def9ite mean+ to ! reality includ+ & in=m+ e p>ticul> ?+1 is metaphysics4 ,sid5ote3 ,monism & ,pluralism4 ,sect4 #fa4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t metaphysics is dogmatically committ$ to ! r$uction ( all reality to a unity ( nature4 ,x is q consi/5t ) its purpose t ! p>ts ( reality %\ld be f\nd to compose a gr\p1 or an indef9ite multitude ( irr$ucibly diff]5t entities4 ,b x is cle> t ev5 su* an acc\nt ( ?+s deals ) :at is true ( all reality1 & ev5 9 ackn[l$g+ ! v>iety ( its con/itu5ts1 attributes to !m "s k9d ( relation%ip4 ,! degree to :i* su* a relation%ip is reg>d$ z intimate & ess5tial1 det]m9es ! degree to :i* any metaphysical sy/em is moni/ic1#aei3aj r ?an plurali/ic4 ,b ! significance ( ?is diff]5ce w be bett] appreciat$ aft] a fur!r diff]5tiation ( ! metaphysical problem has be5 not$4 ,sid5ote3 ,ontology & ,cosmology ,conc]n ,be+ & ,process4 ,sect4 #fb4 ,x has already be5 sugge/$ t ! te/ ( ,?ales's conception lay 9 ! possibility ( d]iv+ nature f x4 ,a _w pr9ciple mu/ be fruitful4 ,n[ an ab/ract di/9ction has prevail$ m or less p]si/5tly 9 metaphysics1 betwe5 ! g5]al def9ition ( be+1 call$ ontology1 & ! /udy ( ! processes :]e) be+ is divid$ into ?+s & ev5ts4 ,?is latt] /udy has to d prim>ily ) ! details ( exp]i5ce enum]at$ & sy/ematiz$ by ! natural sci5ces4 ,to reconcile ^!1 or ! c\rse ( nature1 ) ! fundam5tal def9ition ( be+1 is ! problem ( cosmology4 ,cosmology is ! con/ru+ ( ! prima facie reality 9 t]ms ( ! ess5tial reality4 ,x is ! pro( & ! explanation ( ontology4 ,s9ce ! mo/ famili> "p ( ! prima facie reality1 ! "p almo/ exclusively notic$ by ! naive m9d1 is embrac$ )9 ! field ( ! physical sci5ces1 ! t]m cosmology has come m def9itely to signify ! philosophy ( nature4 ,x embraces su* an exam9ation ( space1 "t1 matt]1 causality1 etc41 z seeks to answ] ! mo/ g5]al que/ions ab\t !m1 & provide = !m 9 ! _w ?\ght ( z mo/ pr(\ndly real4 ,su* a /udy receives its philosophical "* f its affiliation ) ontology1 z ! latt] w\ld f9d its application 9 cosmology4 ,sid5ote3 ,me*anical & ,teleological ,cosmologies4 ,sect4 #fc4 ,b 9 addition to ! consid]ation ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( nature1 cosmology has commonly dealt ) a radical & f>-rea*+ alt]native t appe>$ at ! v dawn ( metaphysics4 ,diff]5ces may arise )9 a _w con/itut$ ( a s+le sub/ance or a small gr\p ( ultimate sub/ances1 by *anges 9 ! relative position & gr\p+ ( ! p>ts4 ,h5ce ! virtue ( ! conception ( motion4 ,! !ory :i* expla9s all diff]5ces by motions ( ! p>ts ( a qualitatively simple _w1 is call$ me*anism4 ,ano!r s\rce ( *ange famili> to naive exp]i5ce is w1 or ! action ( liv+ creatures4 ,accord+ to ! me*anical !ory1 *anges occur on acc\nt ( ! natural motions ( ! p>ts ( matt]2 accord+ to ! latt] or teleological conception1 *anges are made by a =mative ag5cy direct$ to "s end4 ,among ! e>ly ,greek philosoph]s1 ,leucippus 0 an expon5t ( me*anism4 ,he says t ! worlds arise :5 _m bodies are collect$ toge!r into ! mighty void f ! surr\nd+ space & ru% toge!r4 ,!y come into collision1 & ^? :i* are ( simil> %ape & l =m become entangl$1 & f _! entanglem5t ! heav5ly bodies arise4#afa3aa ,anaxagoras1 on ! o!r h&1 0 fam$ = 8 doctr9e ( ! ,n\s1 or ,intellig5ce1 to ^: direction he attribut$ ! :ole process ( ! _w4 ,! foll[+ is translat$ f extant fragm5ts ( 8 book1 p]i physeo3s3 ,& ,n\s _h p[] ov] ! :ole revolution1 s t x began to revolve 9 ! beg9n+4 ,& x began to revolve fir/ f a small beg9n+2 b ! revolution n[ ext5ds ov] a l>g] space1 & w ext5d ov] a l>g] /ill4 ,& all ! ?+s t are m+l$ toge!r & sep>at$ (f & di/+ui%$ are all kn[n by ! ,n\s4 ,& ,n\s set 9 ord] all ?+s t 7 to be & t 71 & all ?+s t are n n[ & t are1 & ?is revolution 9 :i* n[ revolve ! />s & ! sun & ! moon1 & ! air & ! e!r t are sep>at$ (f4#afb3ab ,sid5ote3 ,dualism4 ,sect4 #fd4 ,x is cle>1 fur!rmore1 t ! doctr9e ( ,anaxagoras n only names a di/9ct k9d ( cause1 b also ascribes to x an indep5d5ce & intr9sic importance t d n belong to motion4 ,:]eas motion is a prop]ty ( matt]1 intellig5ce is an orig9ative p[] work+ out purposes ( its own *oos+4 ,h5ce we h "h to d ) a new ontology4 ,if we con/rue ultimate be+ 9 t]ms ( m9d1 we h a def9ite sub/itute = ! physical !ories outl9$ above4 ,su* a !ory is sc>cely to be attribut$ to any ,greek philosoph] ( ! e>ly p]iod2 x belongs to a m sophi/icat$ /age 9 ! developm5t ( ?\ght1 aft] ! rise ( ! problem ( epi/emology4 ,b ,anaxagoras's %>p di/9ction betwe5 ! mat]ial ( ! _w on ! "o h&1 & ! au?or ( its ord] & evolution on ! o!r1 is 9 itself wor?y ( notice4 ,x conta9s ! g]m ( a recurr5t philosophical dualism1 :i* diff]s f pluralism 9 t x f9ds two & only two fundam5tal divisions ( be+1 ! physical1 mat]ial1 or pot5tial on ! "o h&1 & ! m5tal1 =mal1 or ideal on ! o!r4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,new ,mean+ ( ,monism & ,pluralism4 ,sect4 #fe4 ,f9ally1 ! alt]native possibilities :i* ^! cosmological consid]ations introduce1 be> directly ^u ! g5]al "q ( ! int]dep5d5ce ( ! p>ts ( ! _w1 a "q :i* has already appe>$ z p]t95t 9 ontology4 ,monism & pluralism n[ obta9 a new mean+4 ,:]e ! _w process is in=m$ ) "s s+l5ess ( plan1 z teleology proposes1 ! p>ts are reciprocally necess>y1 & insep>able f ! unity4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 ! processes are r&om & reciprocally =tuit\s1 z ,leucippus proposes1 ! _w z a :ole is an aggregate r ?an a unity4 ,9 ?is way uni=mity 9 k9d ( be+ may prevail 9 a _w ! relations ( ^: p>ts are due to *ance1 :ile div]sity 9 k9d ( be+ may prevail 9 a _w knit toge!r by "s ?or\gh-go+ plan ( organization4 ,?us monism & pluralism are conceptions z prop] to cosmology z to ontology4 ,b en\gh has be5 said to demon/rate ! int]dep5d5ce ( ontology & cosmology1 ( ! !ory ( be+ & ! !ory ( diff]5tiation & process4 ,su* problems c be only ab/ractly sund]$1 & ! di/9ctive "* ( any metaphysical sy/em w usually consi/ 9 "s !ory det]m9+ _! relation4 ,philosophy returns to ^! metaphysical problems ) its ?\ght enri*$ & its me?od complicat$1 aft] becom+ ?or\ghly alive to ! problems ( epi/emology1 logic1 & e?ics4 ,sid5ote3 ,epi/emology ,seeks to ,und]/& ! ,possibility ( ,k4 ,sect4 #ff4 ,epi/emology is ! !ory ( ! possibility ( k1 & issues f criticism & scepticism4 ,if we rev]t aga9 to ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy1 we f9d a fir/ p]iod ( ent]pris+ speculation giv+ place to a second p]iod ( hesitancy & d\bt4 ,?is phase ( ?\ght occurs simultane\sly ) ! brilliantly humani/ic age ( ,p]icles1 & x is und\bt$ly true t en]gy is )drawn f speculation l>gely = ! sake ( exp5d+ x 9 ! m lively & engag+ pursuits ( politics & art4 ,b !re are pat5t reasons )9 ! sph]e ( philosophy itself = entailm5t ( activity & tak+ ( /ock4 ,= ?ree c5turies m5 h tak5 _! philosophical p[]s = grant$1 & us$ !m )\t que/ion+ !m4 ,repeat$ attacks ^u ! problem ( reality h result$ 9 no cons5sus ( op9ion1 b only 9 a disagreem5t among ! wise m5 !mselves4 ,a great v>iety ( m]e !ories has be5 sub/itut$ = ! old unanimity ( religi\s tradition & practical life4 ,x is natural "u ^! circum/ances to inf] t 9 philosophy man has ov]rea*$ himself4 ,he w\ld m pr(itably busy himself ) affairs t belong to 8 own sph]e1 & f9d a basis = life 9 8 imm$iate relations ) 8 fell[s4 ,! sophi/s1 le>n$ 9 tradition1 & skill$ 9 disputation1 b = ! mo/ "p entirely lack+ 9 orig9ality1 are ! new prophets4 ,z tea*]s ( rhetoric & morals1 !y repres5t ! practical & secul> _s ( _! age2 :ile 9 _! avoidance ( speculation1 & _! critical ju/ification ( t c\rse1 !y express its sceptical philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,scepticism1 ,dogmatism1 & ,agno/icism4 ,sect4 #fg4 ,9 _! self-ju/ification c]ta9 ( ! sophi/s atta*$ !mselves to a def9ite doctr9e ma9ta9$ by ^? ( _! pr$ecessors & contempor>ies :o 7 atomi/s1 or foll[]s ( t same ,leucippus :om we h quot$4 ,?is doctr9e 0 ! result ( an attempt to con/rue p]ception 9 t]ms ( ! motion ( atoms4 ,out] objects 7 said to give (f f9e p>ticles :i*1 ?r\gh ! m$iation ( ! s5se organs1 imp+$ ^u ! s\l-atom4 ,b x 0 evid5t ev5 to ! e>ly expon5ts ( ?is !ory t accord+ to su* an acc\nt1 ea* p]ceiv] is relegat$ to a _w peculi> to 8 own /&-po9t4 ,8 p]ception in=ms him conc]n+ 8 own /ates z affect$ by ?+s1 r ?an conc]n+ ! ?+s !mselves4 ,^u ?is gr\nd ! great sophi/ ,protagoras is said to h bas$ 8 dictum3 ,panto3n *re3mato3n metron an?ro3pos1--,man is ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,?is is ! classic /atem5t ( ! doctr9e ( relativity4 ,b we h n[ ent]$ into ! prov9ce ( epi/emology1 & v>i\s alt]natives confront u4 ,r$uce ?\ght to p]ception1 def9e p]ception z relative to ea* individual1 & y arrive at scepticism1 or ! d5ial ( ! possibility ( valid k4 ,plato exp\nds ?is consequ5ce 9 ! well-kn[n discussion ( ,protagoras t occurs 9 ! ,!aetetus4 ,i am *>m$ ) 8 doctr9e1 t :at appe>s is to ea* "o1 b ,i wond] t he did n beg9 8 book on ,tru? ) a decl>ation t a pig or a dog-fac$ baboon1 or "s o!r yet /rang] mon/] :i* has s5sation1 is ! measure ( all ?+s2 !n he might h %[n a magnific5t contempt = our op9ion ( him by in=m+ u at ! outset t :ile we 7 rev]5c+ him l a ,god = 8 wisdom1 he 0 no bett] ?an a tadpole1 n to speak ( 8 fell[-m5--w\ld n ?is h produc$ an ov]p[]+ effect8 ,= if tru? is only s5sation1 & no man c disc]n ano!r's feel+s bett] ?an he1 or has any sup]ior "r to det]m9e :e!r 8 op9ion is true or false1 b ea*1 z we h sev]al times repeat$1 is to himself ! sole judge1 & ev]y?+ t he judges is true & "r1 :y1 my fri5d1 %\ld ,protagoras be pref]r$ to ! place ( wisdom & in/ruction1 & des]ve to be well paid1 & we poor ignoramuses h to g to him1 if ea* "o is ! measure ( 8 own wisdom8 4 4 4 ,! attempt to sup]vise or refute ! notions or op9ions ( o!rs w\ld be a t$i\s & enorm\s piece ( folly1 if to ea* man 8 own are "r2 & ?is mu/ be ! case if ,protagoras's ,tru? is ! real tru?1 & ! philosoph] is n m]ely amus+ himself by giv+ oracles out ( ! %r9e ( 8 book4#afg3ac ,?is is ! full sw+ ( ! p5dulum f dogmatism1 or ! uncritical conviction ( tru?4 ,a modifi$ =m ( scepticism has be5 develop$ 9 ^! lat] days "u ! influ5ce ( natural sci5ce1 & is call$ agno/icism or positivism4 ,x accepts ! ,protagorean doctr9e only 9 ! s5se ( attribut+ to human k z a :ole an incapacity = exce$+ ! range ( p]ception4 ,beyond ?is realm ( natural sci5ce1 :]e !ories c be s5sibly v]ifi$1 lies ! unkn[able realm1 m real1 b =ev] inaccessible4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,s\rce & ,crit]ion ( ,k ,accord+ to ,empiricism & ,rationalism4 ,my/icism4 ,sect4 #fh4 ,x is important to note t bo? scepticism & agno/icism agree 9 reg>d+ p]ception z ! ess5tial factor 9 k4 ,s f> at any rate z our k is conc]n$1 ! c]tification ( be+ consi/s 9 p]ceivability4 ,k is coext5sive ) actual & possible human exp]i5ce4 ,?is acc\nt ( ! s\rce & crit]ion ( k is call$ empiricism1 9 di/9ction f ! c\nt]-!ory ( rationalism4 ,! rationali/ic motive 0 a quick5+ influ5ce 9 ,greek philosophy long be=e x became delib]ate & conspicu\s 9 ,socrates & ,plato4 ,p>m5ides1 f\nd] ( ! ,eleatic ,s*ool1 has left beh9d him a poem divid$ into two p>ts3 ,! ,way ( ,tru? & ,! ,way ( ,op9ion4#afh3ad ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! he exp\nds 8 esot]ic philosophy1 :i* is a def9ition ( be+ e/abli%$ by dialectical reason+4 ,he f9ds t be+ mu/ be s+le1 et]nal1 & *angeless1 because o!rwise x _c be ?\ght & def9$ )\t contradiction4 ,! me?od :i* ,p>m5ides "h employs presupposes t k consi/s 9 und]/&+ r ?an p]ception4 ,inde$1 he reg>ds ! fact t ! _w ( ! s5ses is manifold & mutable z ( little consequ5ce to ! wise man4 ,! _w ( s5se is ! prov9ce ( vulg> op9ion1 :ile t ( reason is ! absolute tru? reveal$ only to ! philosoph]4 ,! tru? has no conc]n ) appe>ance1 b is answ]able only to ! te/ ( rationality4 ,t _w is real :i* "o is able by ?9k+ to make intelligible4 ,! _w is :at a _w mu/ be 9 ord] to be possible at all1 & ! philosoph] c d$uce x directly f ! v conditions ( ?\ght :i* x mu/ satisfy4 ,he :o w\ld "k reality may disreg>d :at seems to be1 provid$ he c by reflective analysis discov] c]ta9 g5]al necessities to :i* be+ mu/ con=m4 ,?is is rationalism 9 its extreme =m4 ,! rationalism ( ,socrates 0 m mod]ate1 z x 0 m fruitful ?an t ( ,p>m5ides4 ,z is well kn[n1 ,socrates compos$ no philosophical books1 b s\ght to inculcate wisdom 9 8 tea*+ & conv]sation4 ,8 me?od ( inculcat+ wisdom 0 to evoke x 9 8 int]locutor by mak+ him consid]ate ( ! mean+ ( 8 spee*4 ,?r\gh 8 own que/ions he s\ght to ar\se ! que/ion+ _s1 :i* %\ld weigh ! import ( words1 & be satisfi$ ) no?+ %ort ( a def9ite & consi/5t judgm5t4 ,9 ! ,platonic dialogues ! ,socratic me?od obta9s a place 9 lit]ature4 ,9 ! ,!aetetus1 :i* is1 p]haps1 ! greate/ ( all epi/emological treatises1 ,socrates is repres5t$ z lik5+ 8 vocation to t ( ! midwife4 ,well1 my art ( midwif]y is 9 mo/ respects l !irs1 b diff]s 9 t ,i att5d m51 & n wom51 & ,i look aft] _! s\ls :5 !y are 9 labor1 & n aft] _! bodies3 & ! triumph ( my art is 9 ?or\ghly exam9+ :e!r ! ?\ght :i* ! m9d ( ! "y man br+s =? is a false idol or a noble & true bir?4 ,&1 l ! midwives1 ,i am b>r51 & ! reproa* :i* is (t5 made aga9/ me1 t ,i ask que/ions ( o!rs & h n ! wit to answ] !m myself1 is v j2 ! reason is t ! god compels me to be a midwife1 b does n all[ me to br+ =?4 ,& !re=e ,i am n myself at all wise1 nor h ,i any?+ to %[ :i* is ! inv5tion or bir? ( my own s\l1 b ^? :o conv]se ) me pr(it4 4 4 4 ,x is q cle> t !y nev] le>n$ any?+ f me2 ! _m f9e discov]ies to :i* !y cl+ are ( _! own mak+4#aga3ae ,! pr9ciple und]ly+ ?is me?od is ! insi/5ce t a proposition1 to be true ( reality1 mu/ at lea/ bespeak a m9d t is true to itself1 int]nally lum9\s1 & free f contradiction4 ,t :i* is to me no?+ t ,i c express 9 =m t w convey precise mean+ & be> analysis1 is s f> no?+ at all4 ,be+ is n1 z ! empirici/ w\ld h x1 ready at h&1 ours = ! look+1 b is ! fruit ( critical reflection4 ,only reason1 ov]com+ ! relativity ( p]ception1 & ! *aos ( popul> op9ion1 c lay hold on ! univ]sal tru?4 ,a v int]e/+ t5d5cy to clo! ! articulations ( ?\ght ) ! imm$iacy ( p]ception is exhibit$ 9 my/icism1 :i* attributes ! highe/ cognitive p[] to an exp]i5ce t transc5ds ?\ght1 an ineffable insight t is ! occasional rew>d ( ?\ght & virtu\s liv+4 ,?is !ory w\ld seem to owe its great vigor to ! fact t x promises to unite ! univ]sality ( ! rational object ) ! vivid pres5ce ( ! empirical object1 ?\gh x sacrifices ! def9ite cont5t ( bo?4 ,! my/ic1 empirici/1 & rationali/ are 9 ^! sev]al ways l$ to revise _! metaphysics ^u ! basis ( _! epi/emology1 or to def9e reality 9 t]ms dictat$ by ! means ( kn[+ x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,relation ( ,k to its ,object ,accord+ to ,realism1 & ! ,repres5tative ,!ory4 ,sect4 #fi4 ,b )9 ! g5]al field ( epi/emology !re has aris5 ano!r issue ( ev5 great] significance 9 its be>+ ^u metaphysics4 ,! fir/ issue1 z we h se51 has ref]5ce to ! crit]ion ( k1 to ! possibility ( arriv+ at c]ta9ty ab\t reality1 & ! *oice ( means to t end4 ,a second "q arises1 conc]n+ ! relation betwe5 ! k & its object or t :i* is kn[n4 ,?is problem does n at fir/ appe> z an epi/emological difficulty1 b is due to ! emphasis :i* ! moral & religi\s int]e/s ( m5 give to ! conception ( ! self4 ,my kn[+ is a "p ( me1 a function ( t s\l ^: welf>e & et]nal happ9ess ,i am seek+ to secure4 ,inde$1 my kn[+ is1 s ! wise m5 h always taught1 ! greate/ ( my pr]ogatives4 ,wisdom app]ta9s to ! philosoph]1 z folly to ! fool4 ,b ?\gh my k be a "p ( me1 & 9 me1 ! same _c1 lightly at any rate1 be said ( :at ,i "k4 ,x w\ld seem t ,i mu/ di/+ui% betwe5 ! k1 :i* is my act or /ate1 an ev5t 9 my life1 & ! kn[n1 :i* is object1 & belongs to ! context ( ! out] _w4 ,! object ( k w\ld !n be q indep5d5t ( ! circum/ance t ,i "k x4 ,?is !ory has acquir$ ! "n ( realism1#agc3af & is evid5tly z close to common s5se z any epi/emological doctr9e c be said to be4 ,if ! k consi/s 9 "s sign or symbol :i* 9 my m9d /&s = ! object1 b is q o!r ?an ! object1 realism is giv5 ! =m kn[n z ! repres5tative !ory4 ,?is !ory is due to a radical di/9ction betwe5 ! inn] _w ( consci\sness & ! out] _w ( ?+s1 :]eby 9 k ! out] object requires a sub/itute t is qualifi$ to belong to ! inn] _w4 ,:]e1 on ! o!r h&1 no specific & exclusive nature is attribut$ to ! inn] _w1 realism may fl\ri% )\t ! repres5tative !ory4 ,9 su* a case ! object w\ld be reg>d$ z itself capable ( ent]+ into any numb] ( individual exp]i5ces or ( rema9+ outside !m all1 & )\t on ei!r acc\nt =feit+ its id5tity4 ,?is view 0 tak5 = grant$ by ,plato1 b is elaborately def5d$ 9 our own day4 ,dur+ ! int]v5+ p]iod epi/emology has be5 l>gely occupi$ ) difficulties inh]5t 9 ! repres5tative !ory1 & f t discussion !re has em]g$ ! !ory ( idealism1#age3ag ! great rival !ory to t ( realism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,relation ( ,k to its ,object ,accord+ to ,idealism4 ,sect4 #gj4 ,! repres5tative !ory conta9s at lea/ "o obvi\s difficulty4 ,if ! ?9k] be conf9$ to 8 ideas1 & if ! reality be at ! same "t beyond ^! ideas1 h[ c he ev] v]ify _! report8 ,inde$1 :at c x mean t an idea %\ld be true ( t :i* belongs to a :olly diff]5t category8 ,h[ "u su* circum/ances c t :i* is a "p ( ! idea be attribut$ ) any c]ta9ty to ! object8 ,once grant t y "k only y\r ideas1 & ! object r$uces to an unkn[n x1 :i* y reta9 to acc\nt = ! outw>d po9t+ or ref]5ce ( ! ideas1 b :i* is n miss$ if neglect$4 ,! obvi\s ?\gh radical !ory ( idealism is almo/ inevitably ! next /ep4 ,:y assume t !re is any object o!r ?an ! /ate ( m9d1 s9ce all positive cont5t belongs to t realm8 ,! eighte5? c5tury ,engli% philosoph]1 ,bi%op ,b]keley1 0 accus$ by 8 contempor>ies ( wilful ecc5tricity1 & ev5 madness1 = 8 boldness 9 accept+ ?is argum5t & draw+ ?is conclusion3 ,! table ,i write on ,i say exi/s2 t is1 ,i see & feel x3 & if ,i 7 out ( my /udy ,i %\ld say x exi/$2 mean+ !reby t if ,i 0 9 my /udy ,i might p]ceive x1 or t "s o!r _s actually does p]ceive x4 ,!re 0 an odor--t is1 x 0 smelt2 !re 0 a s\nd--t is1 x 0 he>d2 a color or figure1 & x 0 p]ceiv$ by sight or t\*4 ,?is is all t ,i c und]/& by ^! & ! l expressions4 ,= z to :at is said ( ! absolute exi/5ce ( un?9k+ ?+s1 )\t any relation to _! be+ p]ceiv$1 t is to me p]fectly un9telligible4 ,_! esse is p]cipi2 nor is x possible t !y %\ld h any exi/5ce out ( ! m9ds or ?9k+ ?+ :i* p]ceives !m4#agf3ah ,sid5ote3 ,ph5om5alism1 ,spiritualism1 & ,panpsy*ism4 ,sect4 #ga4 ,9 ?is p>agraph ,b]keley ma9ta9s t x is ess5tial to ?+s1 or at any rate to _! qualities1 t !y be p]ceiv$4 ,?is pr9ciple :5 express$ z an epi/emological or metaphysical g5]alization1 is call$ ph5om5alism4 ,b 9 ano!r phase ( 8 ?\ght ,b]keley emphasizes ! p]ceiv]1 or _s4 ,! !ory :i* ma9ta9s t ! only real sub/ances are ^! active selves1 ) _! p[]s & _! /ates1 has be5 call$ some:at vaguely by ! "n ( spiritualism4#agf3ai ,philosophically x %[s a /rong t5d5cy to develop into ei!r panpsy*ism or transc5d5talism4 ,! =m] is radically empirical4 ,its classic repres5tative is ! ,g]man pessimi/ ,s*op5hau]1 :o def9$ reality 9 t]ms ( w because t t]m signifi$ to him mo/ eloqu5tly ! directly felt nature ( ! self4 ,?is imm$iate revelation ( ! true inw>dness ( be+ s]ves z ! key to an intuitive int]pretation ( ! gradations ( nature1 & w f9ally awak5 a s5se ( ! pres5ce ( ! univ]sal ,w4 ,sid5ote3 ,transc5d5talism1 or ,absolute ,idealism4 ,sect4 #gb4 ,transc5d5talism1 or absolute idealism1 on ! o!r h&1 emphasizes ! rational activity1 r ?an ! b>e subjectivity1 ( ! self4 ,! t]m transc5d5tal has become associat$ ) ?is type ( idealism ?r\gh ,kant1 ^: favorite =m ( argum5t1 ! transc5d5tal d$uction1 0 an analysis ( exp]i5ce ) a view to discov]+ ! categories1 or =mal pr9ciples ( ?\ght1 impli$ 9 its mean+4 ,f ! ,kantian me?od arose ! conception ( a /&>d or absolute m9d = ! /&>d exp]i5ce4 ,?is m9d is transc5d5tal n 9 ! s5se ( be+ ali51 b 9 ! s5se ( exce$+ ! human m9d 9 ! direction ( :at ?is means & /rives to be4 ,x is ! ideal or normal m9d1 9 :i* ! true reality is conta9$1 ) all ! *aos ( f9ite exp]i5ce comp\nd$ & r$eem$4 ,!re is no be+ b ! absolute1 ! "o all-inclusive spiritual life1 9 :om all ?+s are inh]5t1 & ^: p]fection is ! virtual implication ( all purposive activities4 ,god's life 4 4 4 sees ! "o plan fulfill$ ?r\gh all ! manifold lives1 ! s+le consci\sness w9n+ its purpose by virtue ( all ! ideas1 ( all ! individual selves1 & ( all ! lives4 ,no f9ite view is :olly illusory4 ,e f9ite int5t tak5 precisely 9 its :ol5ess is fulfill$ 9 ! ,absolute4 ,! lea/ life is n neglect$1 ! mo/ fleet+ act is a recogniz$ "p ( ! _w's mean+4 ,y are = ! div9e view all t y "k y\rself at ?is in/ant to be4 ,b y are also inf9itely m4 ,! preci\sness ( y\r pres5t purposes to y\rself is only a h9t ( t preci\sness :i* 9 ! end l9ks _! mean+ to ! entire realm ( ,be+4#agh3bj ,! fruitfulness ( ! philosoph]'s reflective d\bt conc]n+ 8 own p[]s is n[ evid5t4 ,problems are rais$ :i* are n m]ely urg5t 9 !mselves1 b :i* pres5t :olly new alt]natives to ! metaphysician4 ,rationalism & empiricism1 realism & idealism1 are doctr9es :i*1 ?\gh spr++ f ! epi/emological qu]y conc]n+ ! possibility ( k1 may det]m9e an entire philosophical sy/em4 ,!y be> ^u e "q ( metaphysics1 :e!r ! fundam5tal conception ( be+1 or ! problems ( ! _w's unity1 orig91 & significance = human life4 ,,footnotes3 #aej3a ,! po/-,kantian movem5t 9 ,g]many--especially 9 s f> z influ5c$ by ,hegel4 ,see ,*ap4 ,,xii4 #aea3b ,cf4 ,sect4 #bjc4 #aeb3c ,e4 g41 ! sy/em ( ,fi*te4 ,cf4 ,sect4 #agg4 #aec3d ,see ,*ap4 ,,xi4 #aec3e ,sp9oza3 ,on ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,translation by ,elwes1 p4 #c4 #aed3f ,sp9oza3 ,e?ics1 ,"p ,v1 ,proposition ,,xlii4 ,translation by ,elwes1 p4 #bgj4 #aee3g ,desc>tes3 ,m$itations1 ,i4 ,translation by ,veit*1 p4 #ig4 #aee3h ,leibniz3 ,new ,sy/em ( ! ,nature ( ,sub/ances4 ,translation by ,latta1 pp4 #bii1 #cjj4 #aeg3i ,burnet3 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 p4 #db4 #aei3aj ,no little ambiguity atta*es to ! t]m monism 9 curr5t usage1 because ( its appropriation by ^? :o ma9ta9 t ! univ]se is unit>y & homog5e\s 9 physical t]ms 7cf4 ,sect4 #ajh74 ,x %\ld prop]ly be us$ to emphasize ! unity ( ! _w 9 any t]ms4 #afa3aa ,burnet3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ceh4 #afb3ab ,burnet3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bhd4 #afg3ac ,plato3 ,!aetetus1 #afa4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 ,ref]5ces to ,plato are to ! m>g9al pag+4 #afh3ad ,burnet3 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 pp4 #ahd1 #ahg4 #aga3ae ,plato3 ,!aetetus1 #aej ,b4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #agc3af ,mu* ambiguity atta*es to ! t]ms realism & idealism 9 curr5t usage4 ,! fir/ _h at "o "t 9 ! hi/ory ( philosophy a mu* n>r[] mean+ ?an t :i* x n[ possesses4 ,x 0 us$ to apply to ^? :o1 aft] ,plato1 believ$ 9 ! indep5d5t reality ( ideas1 univ]sals1 or g5]al natures4 ,reali/s 9 ?is s5se 7 oppos$ to nom9ali/s & conceptuali/s4 ,nom9alism ma9ta9$ ! exclusive reality ( individual sub/ances1 & r$uc$ ideas to p>ticul> signs hav+1 l ! "n1 a purely symbolical or descriptive value4 ,conceptualism s\ght to unite realism & nom9alism ?r\gh ! conception ( m9d1 or an individual sub/ance ^: mean+s may possess univ]sal validity4 ,?\gh ?is dispute 0 ( fundam5tal importance ?r\gh\t ! m$iaeval p]iod1 ! issues involv$ h n[ be5 re/at$4 ,realism 9 ! old s5se w1 if held1 come )9 ! scope ( ! broad] epi/emological realism def9$ above4 ,nom9alism is cov]$ by empirical t5d5cies1 & conceptualism by mod]n idealism4 ,! t]m idealism is sometimes appli$ to ,plato on acc\nt ( 8 designation ( ideas z ! ultimate realities4 ,?is w\ld be a natural use ( ! t]m1 b 9 our own day x has become insep>ably associat$ ) ! doctr9e :i* attributes to be+ a dep5d5ce ^u ! activity ( m9d4 ,x is ( ! utmo/ importance to keep ^! two mean+s cle>4 ,9 ! pref]r$ s5se ,plato is a reali/1 & s oppos$ to idealism4 ,! t]m idealism is fur!r confus$ on acc\nt ( its employm5t 9 lit]ature & common spee* to d5ote ! control ( ideals4 ,al?\gh ?is is a k9dr$ mean+1 ! /ud5t ( philosophy w ga9 little or no help f x1 & w avoid confusion if he di/+ui%es ! t]m 9 its te*nical use & p]mits x 9 t capacity to acquire an indep5d5t mean+4 #age3ag ,see note1 p4 #agc4 #agf3ah ,b]keley3 ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k1 ,"p ,i1 ,fras]'s edition1 p4 #bei4 #agf3ai ,to be di/+ui%$ f ! religi\s sect :i* be>s ! same "n4 #agh3bj ,quot$ f ,pr(essor ,josiah ,royce's ,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 pp4 #dbf-dbg4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,normative ,,sci5ces ,,& ,,! ,,problems ,,( ,,religion ,sid5ote3 ,! ,normative ,sci5ces4 ,sect4 #gc4 ,!re are ?ree sets ( problems ^: g5]al philosophical importance dep5ds ^u ! place :i* metaphysics assigns to ! human critical faculties4 ,man passes judgm5t ^u t :i* claims to be true1 beautiful1 or good1 ?us ref]r+ to ideals & /&>ds t def9e ^! values4 ,attempts to make ^! ideals explicit1 & to =mulate pr9ciples :i* regulate _! atta9m5t1 h result$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! ?ree s-call$ normative sci5ces3 logic1 ae/hetics1 & e?ics4 ,^! sci5ces are said to owe _! orig9 to ! ,socratic me?od1 & x is inde$ c]ta9 t _! problem is closely relat$ to ! g5]al rationali/ic attitude4#ahj3a ,9 ,plato's dialogue1 ,protagoras1 "o may obs]ve ! mann] ( ! inception ( bo? e?ics & logic4 ,! "q at issue betwe5 ,socrates & ! ma/] sophi/ ,protagoras1 is conc]n+ ! possibility ( tea*+ virtue4 ,protagoras conducts 8 side ( ! discussion ) ! cu/om>y rhetorical fl\ri%1 exp\nd+ 9 set spee*es ! tradition & usage 9 :i* su* a possibility is accept$4 ,socrates1 on ! o!r h&1 conceives ! issue q diff]5tly4 ,"o c nei!r affirm nor d5y any?+ ( virtue unless "o kn[s :at is meant by x4 ,ev5 ! possession ( su* a mean+ 0 sc>cely recogniz$ by ,protagoras1 :o 0 l$ by ,socrates's que/ions to attribute to ! v>i\s virtues an ext]nal gr\p+ analog\s to t ( ! p>ts ( ! face4 ,b ,socrates %[s t s9ce ju/ice1 temp]ance1 c\rage1 & ! l1 are admitt$ly simil> 9 t !y are all virtues1 !y mu/ h 9 common "s ess5ce1 :i* is virtue 9 g5]al4 ,?is he seeks to def9e 9 ! t]ms1 virtue is k4 ,! int]e/ :i* ,socrates "h %[s 9 ! r$uction ( ! ord9>y moral judgm5ts to a sy/em c5t]+ 9 "s s+le fundam5tal pr9ciple1 is ! e?ical int]e/4 ,b ?is is at ! same "t a p>ticul> application ( ! g5]al rationali/ic me?od ( def9ition1 & ( ! g5]al rationali/ic po/ulate t "o kn[s no?+ until "o c =m unit>y & det]m9ate conceptions4 ,! recognition :i* ,socrates ?us gives to crit]ia ( k is an expression ( ! logical int]e/4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se1 inde$1 ! :ole labor ( ,socrates 0 9 ! cause ( ! logical int]e/4 ,= he s\ght to demon/rate t belief is n necess>ily k2 t belief may or may n be true4 ,9 ord] t x %all be true1 & con/itute k1 x mu/ be well-gr\nd$1 & accompani$ by an und]/&+ ( its object4 ,socrates ?us set ! problem ( logic1 ! discov]y1 namely1 ( ^? *>act]s by virtue ( ! possession ( :i* belief is k4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,affiliations ( ,logic4 ,sect4 #gd4 ,logic deals ) ! gr\nd ( belief1 & ?us di/+ui%es itself f ! psy*ological acc\nt ( ! elem5ts ( ! believ+ /ate4#ahb3b ,b x is n possible %>ply to sund] psy*ology & logic4 ,?is is due to ! fact t ! g5]al pr9ciples :i* make belief true1 may be reg>d$ q indep5d5tly ( ?is fact4 ,!y !n become ! mo/ g5]al tru?1 belong+ to ! absolute1 ar*etypal realm1 or to ! m9d ( ,god4#ahb3c ,:5 ! g5]al pr9ciples ( c]ta9ty are s reg>d$1 logic c be di/+ui%$ f metaphysics only by add+ to ! /udy ( ! g5]al pr9ciples !mselves1 ! /udy ( ! special conditions 7ma9ly psy*ological7 "u :i* !y may be realiz$ among m54 ,9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght ! "n ( logic belongs to ! /udy ( ?is atta9m5t ( tru?1 z ! t]ms ae/hetics & e?ics belong to ! /udies ( ! atta9m5t ( beauty & goodness4#ahc3d ,x is evid5t t logic w h a peculi> importance = ! rationali/4 ,= ! empirici/1 propos+ to report ^u ?+s z !y are giv51 w t5d on ! :ole to ma9ta9 t k has no prop]ties save ^? :i* are giv5 to x by its special subject-matt]4 ,"o _c1 9 %ort1 def9e any absolute relation%ip betwe5 ! normative sci5ces & ! o!r bran*es ( philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,logic ,deals ) ! ,mo/ ,g5]al ,conditions ( ,tru? 9 ,belief4 ,sect4 #ge4 ,logic is ! =mulation1 z indep5d5tly z possible ( special subject-matt]1 ( t :i* conditions tru? 9 belief4 ,s9ce logic is conc]n$ ) tru? only 9 s f> z x is pr$icat$ ( belief1 & s9ce belief 9 s f> z true is k1 logic c be def9$ z ! =mulation ( ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples ( k4 ,! pr9ciples s =mulat$ w\ld be ^? virtually us$ to ju/ify belief or to disprove ! imputation ( error4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,p>ts ( ,=mal ,logic4 ,def9ition1 ,self-evid5ce1 ,inf]5ce1 & ,obs]vation4 ,sect4 #gf4 ,:at is call$ =mal logic is animat$ ) ! hope ( extract+ ^! =mulations directly f an analysis ( ! proc$ure ( ?\ght4 ,! mo/ g5]al logical pr9ciples :i* h appe>$ 9 ! hi/orical developm5t ( =mal logic are def9ition1 self-evid5ce1 inf]5ce1 & obs]vation4 ,ea* ( ^! has be5 giv5 special /udy1 & ea* has giv5 rise to special issues4 ,def9ition has to d ) ! =mation ( concepts1 or det]m9ate & unequivocal mean+s4 ,! univ]sality ( su* concepts1 & _! consequ5t relation to p>ticul> ?+s1 01 z we h se51 inve/igat$ at a v e>ly date1 & gave rise to ! great reali/ic-nom9ali/ic controv]sy4#ahd3e ,a l>ge "p ( ! logical discussion 9 ! ,platonic dialogues is an outgr[? ( ! e>li] eri/ic1 a =m ( disputation 9 favor ) ! sophi/s1 & consi/+ 9 ! adroit use ( ambiguity4#ahd3f ,x is natural t 9 its fir/ consci\s self-criticism ?\ght %\ld discov] ! ne$ ( def9ite t]ms4 ,! p]petual importance ( def9ition has be5 l>gely due to ! great pre/ige 9 mod]n philosophy ( ! me?od ( geometry1 :i* 0 reg>d$ by ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza z ! model = sy/ems ( necess>y tru?4 ,self-evid5ce is ! pr9ciple accord+ to :i* conviction ( tru? foll[s directly f an und]/&+ ( mean+4 ,9 ! practice ( 8 intellectual midwif]y1 ,socrates presuppos$ t ?\ght is capable ( br++ =? its own c]ta9ties4 ,& rationalism has at all times reg>d$ tru? z ultimately accr$it$ by int]nal m>ks recognizable by reason4 ,su* tru? arriv$ at antec$5t to acqua9tance ) in/ances is call$ a priori1 z di/+ui%$ f a po/]iori k1 or obs]vation aft] ! fact4 ,!re c be no pr9ciples ( self-evid5ce1 b logicians h always be5 m or less conc]n$ ) ! enum]ation ( alleg$ self-evid5t pr9ciples1 notably ^? ( contradiction & id5tity4 ,a philosophical int]e/ 9 ! ma!matical me?od has l$ to a logical /udy ( axioms1 b ) a view r to _! fruitfulness ?an _! intr9sic tru?4 ,inde$1 ! int]e/ 9 self-evid5t tru? has always be5 subord9ate to ! int]e/ 9 sy/ematic tru?1 & ! discov]y ( fir/ pr9ciples mo/ commonly s]ves to det]m9e ! relative priority ( def9ite concepts1 or ! correct po9t ( dep>ture = a s]ies ( inf]5ces4 ,! great] "p ( ! fam\s ,ari/otelian logic consi/s 9 a /udy ( inf]5ce1 or ! d]ivation ( new k f old k4 ,ari/otle s\ght to set d[n & classify e me?od ( advanc+ f premises4 ,! mo/ important =m ( inf]5ce :i* he def9$ 0 ! syllogism1 a s*eme ( reason+ to a conclusion by means ( two premises hav+ "o t]m 9 common4 ,f ! premises all m5 are mortal & ,socrates is a man1 "o may conclude t ,socrates is mortal4 ,?is is an in/ance n only ( ! syllogism 9 g5]al1 b ( its mo/ important mood1 ! subsumption ( a p>ticul> case "u a g5]al rule4 ,s9ce ! decl9e ( ,ari/otle's influ5ce 9 philosophy !re has be5 a notable decrease ( int]e/ 9 ! diff]5t =ms ( inf]5ce2 ?\gh its fundam5tal importance z ! v bone & s9ew ( reason+ or d$uctive ?9k+ has nev] be5 *all5g$4 ,its loss ( pre-em95ce is 9 "p due to ! gr[? ( empiricism1 /imulat$ by ! writ+s ( ,"l ,bacon 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 & fo/]$ by ! subsequ5t developm5t ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,obs]vation is ! fundam5tal logical pr9ciple ( empiricism4 ,= a radical empiricism1 k w\ld consi/ ( descriptive g5]alizations bas$ ^u ! summation ( in/ances4 ,t bran* ( logic :i* deals ) ! advance f individual in/ances to g5]al pr9ciples1 is call$ inductive logic4 ,x has result$ 9 ! ann\ncem5t ( canons ( accuracy & fre$om f preconception1 & 9 ! me?odological /udy ( hypo!sis1 exp]im5t1 & v]ification4 ,rules = obs]vation direct$ to ! end ( discov]+ causes1 con/itute ! mo/ fam\s "p ( ! epo*-mak+ logic ( ,j4 ,s4 ,mills4#ahg3g ,sid5ote3 ,pres5t ,t5d5cies4 ,!ory ( ! ,judgm5t4 ,sect4 #gg4 ,!re are two significant t5d5cies 9 contempor>y logic4 ,!ories ( ! judgm5t h aris5 9 ! c\rse ( an attempt to def9e ! lea/ complexity t mu/ be pres5t 9 ord] t ?\ght %all come )9 ! range ( tru? & error4 ,x is evid5t t no "o ei!r kn[s or is 9 error until he takes "s attitude :i* lays claim to k4 ,d5ot+ by ! t]m judgm5t ?is m9imum ( complexity 9 k1 an important "q arises z to ! s5se 9 :i* ! judgm5t involves ! subject1 pr$icate1 & copula t are commonly pres5t 9 its propositional =m4 ,sid5ote3 ,priority ( ,concepts4 ,sect4 #gh4 ,b a m important logical developm5t has be5 due to ! rec5t analysis ( def9ite accr$it$ sy/ems ( k4 ,! /udy ( ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ma!matics & me*anics1 toge!r ) an exam9ation ( ! sy/ematic /ructure ( ^! sci5ces1 furni%es ! mo/ notable cases4 ,!re are two s5ses 9 :i* su* /udies may be reg>d$ z logical4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 9 s f> z !y br+ to light ! inn] coh]5ce ( any body ( tru?1 ! k9d ( evid5ce ^u :i* x re/s1 & ! type ( =mal p]fection :i* x seeks1 !y diff] f =mal logic only 9 t !y d]ive _! crit]ia f cases1 r ?an f ! direct analysis ( ! proc$ure ( ?\ght4 ,& s9ce =mal logic mu/ itself make exp]im5ts1 ?is diff]5ce is n a radical "o4 ,! /udy ( cases t5ds *iefly to enri* me?odology1 or ! k ( ! special crit]ia ( special sci5ces4 ,9 ! second place1 su* /udies s]ve to def9e ! relatively few simple tru?s :i* are common to ! relatively _m complex tru?s4 ,a /udy ( ! f\ndations ( ari?metic reveals m elem5t>y conceptions1 su* z class & ord]1 t mu/ be employ$ 9 ! v def9ition ( numb] itself1 & s are impli$ 9 e num]ical calculation4 ,x appe>s simil>ly t ! axioms ( geometry are special axioms :i* involve ! acceptance ( m g5]al axioms or indef9ables4#ahi3h ,logic 9 ?is s5se1 !n1 is ! enum]ation ( conceptions & pr9ciples 9 ! ord] ( _! indisp5sabl5ess to k4 ,& :ile x mu/ be obs]v$ t ! mo/ g5]al conceptions & pr9ciples ( k are n necess>ily ^? mo/ significant = ! exi/5t _w1 nev]!less ! c>eful analysis :i* su* an enum]ation involves is sc>cely less fruitful = metaphysics ?an = logic4 ,sid5ote3 ,ae/hetics ,deals ) ! ,mo/ ,g5]al ,conditions ( ,beauty4 ,subjectivi/ic & ,=mali/ic ,t5d5cies4 ,sect4 #gi4 ,ae/hetics is ! =mulation1 z indep5d5tly z possible ( special subject-matt]1 ( t :i* conditions beauty4 ,z logic commonly ref]s to a judgm5t ( tru?1 s ae/hetics at any rate ref]s to a judgm5t impli$ 9 appreciation4 ,b :ile x is g5]ally admitt$ t tru? itself is by no means limit$ to ! =m ( ! judgm5t1 ! contr>y is frequ5tly ma9ta9$ ) ref]5ce to beauty4 ,! aphorism1 ,de gu/ibus non e/ disput&um1 expresses a common op9ion to ! effect t beauty is n a prop]ty belong+ to ! object ( :i* x is pr$icat$1 b a prop]ty g5]at$ by ! appreciative consci\sness4 ,accord+ to ?is op9ion !re c be no beauty except 9 ! case ( an object's pres5ce 9 an individual exp]i5ce4 ,inve/igators mu/ ( necessity refuse to leave individual caprice 9 complete possession ( ! field1 b !y h 9 _m cases occupi$ !mselves entirely ) ! /ate ( ae/hetic enjoym5t 9 ! hope ( discov]+ its con/ant factors4 ,! oppos+ t5d5cy def9es c]ta9 =mal *>act]s :i* ! beautiful object mu/ possess4 ,evid5tly ! latt] s*ool w attribute a m pr(\nd philosophical importance to ! conception ( beauty1 s9ce = !m x is a pr9ciple t obta9s 9 ! _w ( be+4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ notable cont5tion1 t ( ,plato4 ,b ev5 ) ! emphasis laid ^u ! subjective aspect ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce1 great metaphysical importance may be atta*$ to x1 :]e1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,g]man ,romantici/s1 reality is delib]ately con/ru$ z a spiritual life :i* is to be appreciat$ r ?an und]/ood4 ,z 9 ! case ( logic1 a /rong impulse has manife/$ itself 9 ae/hetics to deal ) gr\ps ( objects t lie )9 its prov9ce1 r ?an directly ) its concepts & pr9ciples4 ,! fir/ special treatise on ae/hetics1 ! ,poetics ( ,ari/otle1 belongs to ?is type ( inquiry1 z does all criticism ( art 9 s f> z x aims at ! =mulation ( g5]al pr9ciples4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ics ,deals ) ! ,mo/ ,g5]al ,conditions ( ,moral ,goodness4 ,sect4 #hj4 ,e?ics1 ! olde/ & mo/ popul> ( ! normative sci5ces1 is ! =mulation1 z indep5d5tly z possible ( special subject-matt]1 ( t :i* conditions goodness ( conduct4 ,e?ics is commonly conc]n$ ) goodness only 9 s f> z x is pr$icat$ ( conduct1 or ( "*1 :i* is a m or less p]man5t disposition to conduct4 ,s9ce conduct1 9 s f> z good1 is said to con/itute moral goodness1 e?ics may be def9$ z ! =mulation ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( morality4 ,! pr9ciples s =mulat$ w\ld be ^? virtually employ$ to ju/ify conduct1 or to disprove ! imputation ( immorality4 ,sid5ote3 ,conceptions ( ! ,good4 ,h$onism4 ,sect4 #ha4 ,! /ud5t ( ?is sci5ce is confront$ ) a v consid]able div]sity ( me?od & diff]5tiation ( problems4 ,! e>lie/ & mo/ pr(\nd opposition ( doctr9e 9 e?ics arose f ! diff]5ces ( int]pretation ( :i* ! tea*+ ( ,socrates is capable4 ,8 doctr9e is1 z we h se51 v]bally express$ 9 ! proposition1 virtue is k4 ,socrates 0 prim>ily conc]n$ to %[ t !re is no real liv+ )\t an und]/&+ ( ! significance ( life4 ,to live well is to "k ! end ( life1 ! good ( x all1 & to gov]n action ) ref]5ce to t end4 ,virtue is !re=e ! practical wisdom t enables "o to live consi/5tly ) 8 real int5tion4 ,b :at is ! real int5tion1 ! end or good ( life8 ,9 ! ,protagoras1 :]e ,plato repres5ts ,socrates z exp\nd+ 8 position1 virtue is int]pret$ to mean prud5ce1 or =esight ( pleasurable & pa9ful consequ5ces4 ,he :o kn[s1 possesses all virtue 9 t he is qualifi$ to adapt himself to ! real situation & to ga9 ! end ( pleasure4 ,all m51 inde$1 seek pleasure1 b only virtu\s m5 seek x wisely & well4 ,& d y1 ,protagoras1 l ! re/ ( ! _w1 call "s pleasant ?+s evil & "s pa9ful ?+s good8--= ,i am r dispos$ to say t ?+s are good 9 z f> z !y are pleasant1 if !y h no consequ5ces ( ano!r sort1 & 9 z f> z !y are pa9ful !y are bad4#aib3i ,accord+ to ?is view pa9ful ?+s are good only :5 !y lead ev5tually to pleasure1 & pleasant ?+s evil only :5 _! pa9ful consequ5ces outweigh _! pleasantness4 ,h5ce moral diff]5ces r$uce to diff]5ces ( skill 9 ! univ]sal que/ = pleasure1 & s5sible gratification is ! ultimate /&>d ( moral value4 ,?is anci5t doctr9e1 kn[n z h$onism1 express+ z x does a "p ( life t w n suff] itself = long to be d5i$1 is "o ( ! great p]5nial t5d5cies ( e?ical ?\ght4 ,9 ! c\rse ( _m c5turies x has pass$ ?r\gh a numb] ( phases1 v>y+ its conception ( pleasure f ! tranquillity ( ! wise man to ! s5su\s titillations ( ! syb>ite1 & f ! individualism ( ! latt] to ! univ]salism ( ! humanit>ian4 ,b 9 e case x %[s a respect = ! natural man1 prais+ morality = its discipl9>y & in/rum5tal value 9 ! s]vice ( su* human wants z are ! outgr[? ( ! animal in/9ct ( self-pres]vation4 ,sid5ote3 ,rationalism4 ,sect4 #hb4 ,b if a man's life be reg>d$ z a tru] repres5tation ( 8 ideals ?an is 8 spok5 !ory1 !re is little to id5tify ,socrates ) ! h$oni/s4 ,at ! conclusion ( ! def5ce ( 8 own life1 :i* ,plato puts into 8 m\? 9 ! well-kn[n ,apology1 he speaks ?us3 ,:5 my sons are gr[n up1 ,i w\ld ask y1 ,o my fri5ds1 to puni% !m2 & ,i w\ld h y tr\ble !m1 z ,i h tr\bl$ y1 if !y seem to c>e ab\t ri*es1 or any?+1 m ?an ab\t virtue2 or if !y pret5d to be some?+ :5 !y are really no?+1--!n reprove !m1 z ,i h reprov$ y1 = n c>+ ab\t t = :i* !y ought to c>e1 & ?9k+ t !y are some?+ :5 !y are really no?+4#aid3aj ,x is pla9 t ! man ,socrates c>$ little = ! pleasurable or pa9ful consequ5ces ( 8 acts1 provid$ !y 7 wor?y ( ! high call+ ( human nature4 ,a man's virtue w\ld n[ seem to possess an intr9sic nobility4 ,if k be virtue1 !n on ?is basis x mu/ be because k is itself excell5t4 ,virtue z k contributes to ! good by con/itut+ x4 ,we meet "h ) ! rationali/ic /ra9 9 e?ics4 ,x praises conduct = ! inh]5t wor? :i* x may possess if x express t reason :i* ! ,/oics call$ ! rul+ "p4 ,! ri*es ( wisdom consi/ = ! h$oni/ 9 _! pur*ase ( pleasure4 ,= ! rationali/1 on ! o!r h&1 wisdom is n co91 b itself ! v sub/ance ( value4 ,sid5ote3 ,eudaemonism & ,pietism4 ,rigorism & ,intuitionism4 ,sect4 #hc4 ,rationalism has und]gone modifications ev5 m significant ?an ^? ( h$onism1 & involv+ at lea/ "o radically new gr\p ( conceptions4 ,among ! ,greeks rationalism & h$onism alike are eudaemoni/ic4 ,!y aim to portray ! fulness ( life t makes ! happy man4 ,9 ! e?ics ( ,ari/otle1 ^: syn!tic m9d weaves toge!r ^! diff]5t /r&s1 ! ,greek ideal f9ds its mo/ complete expression z ! high-m9d$ man1 ) all 8 p[]s & trapp+s4 ,b ! great spiritual trans=mation :i* accompani$ ! decl9e ( ,greek culture & ! rise ( ,*ri/ianity1 br\ght ) x a new moral s5sibility1 :i* f9ds 9 man no virtue ( himself1 b only ?r\gh ! grace ( ,god4 ,& ! virtues !mselves1 says ,/4 ,augu/9e1 if !y be> no relation to ,god1 are 9 tru? vices r ?an virtues2 = al?\gh !y are reg>d$ by _m z truly moral :5 !y are desir$ z ends 9 !mselves & n = ! sake ( some?+ else1 !y are1 nev]!less1 inflat$ & arrogant1 & !re=e n to be view$ z virtues b z vices4#aie3aa ,! new ideal is t ( r5unciation1 ob$i5ce1 & resignation4 ,e?ically ?is expresses itself 9 pietism4 ,virtue is good nei!r 9 itself nor on acc\nt ( its consequ5ces1 b because x is con=mable to ! w ( ,god4 ,! extreme inw>dness ( ?is ideal is *>act]i/ic ( an age t despair$ ( atta9m5t1 :e!r ( pleasure or k4 ,to all1 ev5 ! p]secut$1 x is p]mitt$ to obey1 & s ga9 entrance into ! k+dom ( ! *ildr5 ( ,god4 ,b z e special /udy t5ds to rely ^u its own conceptions1 pietism1 involv+ z x does a relation to ,god1 is replac$ by rigorism & intuitionism4 ,! =m] doctr9e def9es virtue 9 t]ms ( ! inn] attitude :i* x expresses4 ,x mu/ be done 9 ! _s ( dutifulness1 because "o ought1 & ?r\gh %e] respect = ! law :i* "o's moral nature affirms4 ,intuitionism has attempt$ to deal ) ! s\rce ( ! moral law by def9+ consci5ce z a special faculty or s5se1 qualifi$ to pass directly ^u moral que/ions1 & des]v+ ( implicit ob$i5ces4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( ?is :ole t5d5cy to look = ! spr+ ( virtu\s liv+1 n 9 a good :i* su* liv+ obta9s1 b 9 a law to :i* x owes ob$i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,duty & ,fre$om4 ,e?ics & ,metaphysics4 ,sect4 #hd4 ,?is ?ird g5]al e?ical t5d5cy has ?us be5 ( ! greate/ importance 9 emphasiz+ ! consci\sness ( duty1 & has br\ght bo? h$onism & rationalism to a recognition ( its fundam5tal importance4 ,e?ics mu/ deal n only ) ! moral ideal1 b also ) ! gr\nd ( its appeal to ! individual1 & 8 obligation to pursue x4 ,9 connection ) ?is recognition ( moral responsibility1 ! problem ( human fre$om has come to be reg>d$ 9 ! light ( an inevitable po9t ( contact betwe5 e?ics & metaphysics4 ,t :i* is absolutely b9d+ ^u ! human w c be det]m9$ only 9 view ( "s !ory ( its ultimate nature4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! rationali/ic & h$oni/ic motives are no long] ab/ractly sund]$1 z 9 ! days ( ! ,/oics & ,epicureans1 b t5d to be absorb$ 9 broad] philosophical t5d5cies4 ,h$onism appe>s z ! sequel to naturalism2 or1 m r>ely1 z "p ( a !i/ic sy/em ^: morality is div9e legislation en=c$ by an appeal to motives ( pleasure & pa94 ,rationalism1 on ! o!r h&1 t5ds to be absorb$ 9 rationali/ic or ideali/ic philosophies1 :]e man's rational nature is con/ru$ z 8 bond ( k9%ip ) ! univ]se4 ,e?ics has exhibit$ f ! beg9n+ a t5d5cy to univ]salize its conceptions & take ! c5tral place 9 metaphysics4 ,?us ) ,plato good conduct 0 b a special case ( goodness1 ! good be+ ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciple ( reality4#aih3ab ,9 mod]n times ,fi*te & 8 s*ool h f\nd$ an e?ical metaphysics ^u ! conception ( duty4#aih3ac ,9 ^! cases e?ics c be di/+ui%$ f metaphysics only by add+ to ! /udy ( ! good or ( duty1 a /udy ( ! special physical1 psy*ological1 & social conditions "u :i* goodness & dutifulness may obta9 9 human life4 ,x is possible to atta* ! "n ( e?ics1 & we h se5 ! same to be true ( logic1 ei!r to a realm ( ideal tru? or to t realm :]e9 ! ideal is realiz$ 9 humanity4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,virtues1 ,cu/oms1 & ,in/itutions4 ,sect4 #he4 ,a sy/ematic /udy ( e?ics requires t ! virtues1 or types ( moral practice1 %all be int]pret$ 9 ! light ( ! c5tral conception ( good1 or ( consci5ce4 ,ju/ice1 temp]ance1 wisdom1 & c\rage 7 prais$ by ! ,greeks4 ,*ri/ianity add$ self-sacrifice1 humility1 purity1 & b5evol5ce4 ,^! & o!r virtues h be5 def9$1 ju/ifi$1 & co-ord9at$ ) ! aid ( a /&>d ( moral value or a canon ( duty4 ,!re is 9 mod]n e?ics a pron\nc$ t5d5cy1 p>allel to ^? already not$ 9 logic & ae/hetics1 to /udy su* ph5om5a belong+ to its field z h become hi/orically e/abli%$4 ,a v consid]able inve/igation ( cu/om1 in/itutions1 & o!r social =ces has l$ to a contact ( e?ics ) an?ropology & sociology sc>cely less significant ?an t ) metaphysics4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,problems ( ,religion4 ,! ,special ,int]e/s ( ,fai?4 ,sect4 #hf4 ,9 t "p ( 8 philosophy 9 :i* he deals ) fai?1 ! great ,g]man philosoph] ,kant m5tions ,god1 ,fre$om1 & ,immortality z ! ?ree pre-em95t religi\s int]e/s4 ,religion1 z we h se51 sets up a social relation%ip betwe5 man & t massive drift ( ?+s :i* det]m9es 8 de/9y4 ,( ! two t]ms ( ?is relation1 ,god signifies ! latt]1 :ile fre$om & immortality are pr]ogatives :i* religion be/[s ^u ! =m]4 ,man1 view$ f ! /&-po9t ( religion z an object ( special int]e/ to ! univ]se1 is said to h a s\l2 & by virtue ( ?is s\l he is said to be free & immortal1 :5 ?\ght ( z hav+ a life 9 c]ta9 s5ses indep5d5t ( its imm$iate natural environm5t4 ,! attempt to make ?is fai? !oretically intelligible has l$ to ! philosophical discipl9es kn[n z !ology & psy*ology4#aii3ad ,sid5ote3 ,!ology ,deals ) ! ,nature & ,pro( ( ,god4 ,sect4 #hg4 ,!ology1 z a bran* ( philosophy1 deals ) ! pro( & ! nature ( ,god4 ,s9ce ,god is n prim>ily a !oretical conception1 ! pro( ( ,god is n prop]ly a philosophical problem4 ,hi/orically1 ?is task has be5 assum$ z a legacy f ,*ri/ian apologetics2 & x has involv$1 at any rate s f> z ,european philosophy is conc]n$1 ! def9ition ( ultimate be+ 9 su* spiritual t]ms z make possible ! relation ) man po/ulat$ 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,= ?is x has be5 reg>d$ z suffici5t to ascribe to ! _w an und]ly+ unity capable ( be>+ ! pr$icates ( p]fection1 omnipot5ce1 & omnisci5ce4 ,ea* pro( ( ,god has def9$ him pre-em95tly 9 t]ms ( "s "o ( ^! 8 attributes4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ontological ,pro( ( ,god4 ,sect4 #hh4 ,! ontological pro( ( ,god held ! =emo/ place 9 philosophy's contribution to ,*ri/ianity up to ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?is pro( inf]s ! exi/5ce f ! ideal ( ,god1 & s approa*es ! nature ( ,god ?r\gh ! attribute ( p]fection4 ,x owes ! =m 9 :i* x 0 accept$ 9 ! ,middle ,ages & ,r5aissance to ,/4 ,anselm1 ,ar*bi%op ( ,cant]bury at ! close ( ! elev5? c5tury4 ,he argu$ f ! idea ( a mo/ p]fect be+ to its exi/5ce1 on ! gr\nd t non-exi/5ce1 or exi/5ce only 9 idea1 w\ld contradict its p]fection4 ,x is evid5t t ! =ce ( ?is argum5t dep5ds ^u ! necessity ( ! idea ( ,god4 ,! argum5t 0 accept$ 9 ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy#bja3ae l>gely because ( ! virtual acceptance ( ?is necessity4 ,m$iaeval ?\ght 0 "u ! dom9ance ( ! philosophical ideas ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 & ?r\gh !m rationalism _h come to be ! unque/ion$ />t+-po9t = all ?\ght4 ,= ,plato reality & rationality meant "o & ! same ?+1 s t ! ultimate reality 0 ! highe/ pr9ciple ( rationality1 :i* he conceiv$ to be ! idea ( ! good4 ,9 ! case ( ,ari/otle ! ideal ( rationality 0 conceiv$ to det]m9e ! c\rse ( ! cosmical evolution z its imman5t f9al cause4 ,b 9 itself x 0 beyond ! _w1 or transc5d5t4 ,= ,plato p]fection itself is reality1 :]eas = ,ari/otle p]fection det]m9es ! hi]>*ical ord] ( natural sub/ances4 ,! latt] !ory1 m suitable to ! uses ( ,*ri/ianity1 because x di/+ui%$ betwe5 ,god & ! _w1 0 incorporat$ into ! great s*ool sy/ems4 ,b bo? !ories conta9 ! ess5ce ( ! ontological pro( ( ,god4 ,9 ?\ght "o seeks ! p]fect tru?1 & posits x z at once ! culm9ation ( insight & ! mean+ ( life4 ,! ideal ( ,god is !re=e a necess>y idea1 because impli$ 9 all ! ef=t ( ?\ght z ! object capable ( f9ally satisfy+ x4 ,/4 ,anselm adds little to ! =ce ( ?is argum5t1 & does mu* to obscure its real significance4 ,9 /at+ ! ontological argum5t ! t]m p]fection has be5 expressly emphasiz$1 because x may be tak5 to embrace bo? tru? & goodness4 ,ow+ to a habit ( ?\ght1 due 9 ! ma9 to ,plato1 x 0 long cu/om>y to reg>d degrees ( tru? & goodness z int]*angeable1 & z equival5t to degrees ( reality4 ,! ens realissimum 0 9 its complet5ess ! highe/ object bo? ( ! faculty ( cognition & ( ! moral w4 ,b ev5 9 ! s*ola/ic p]iod ^! two diff]5t aspects ( ! ideal 7 cle>ly recogniz$1 & l$ to %>ply div]g5t t5d5cies4 ,m rec5tly !y h be5 divid$ & embodi$ 9 sep>ate argum5ts4 ,! epi/emological argum5t def9es ,god 9 t]ms ( t absolute tru? :i* is ref]r$ to 9 e judgm5t4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( idealism ?is absolute tru? has tak5 ! =m ( a univ]sal m9d1 or all-embrac+ /&>d exp]i5ce1 call$ m briefly ! absolute4 ,! e?ical argum5t1 on ! o!r h&1 conceives ,god z ! p]fect goodness impli$ 9 ! moral /ruggle1 or ! p[] ?r\gh :i* goodness is made to triumph 9 ! univ]se to ! ju/ification ( moral fai?4 ,:ile ! =m] ( ^! argum5ts id5tifies ,god ) be+1 ! latt] def9es ,god 9 t]ms ( ! int5t or outcome ( be+4 ,?us1 :ile ! epi/emological argum5t does n di/+ui% ,god & ! _w1 ! latt] does s1 assum+ t indep5d5t reality c be attribut$ to ! /ages ( a process & to ! purpose t dom9ates x4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,cosmological ,pro( ( ,god4 ,sect4 #hi4 ,! cosmological pro( ( ,god approa*es him ?r\gh ! attribute ( creative omnipot5ce4 ,! common pr9ciple ( causal explanation ref]s ! orig9 ( natural ev5ts to simil> antec$5t ev5ts4 ,b !re mu/ be "s fir/ cause f :i* ! :ole s]ies is d]iv$1 a cause :i* is ultimate1 suffici5t to itself1 & ! responsible au?or ( ! _w4 ,because ,god's function z creator 0 a "p ( ! ,*ri/ian tea*+1 & because explanation by causes is habitual ) common s5se1 ?is argum5t has _h great vogue4 ,b 9 philosophy x has decl9$ 9 importance1 *iefly because x has be5 absorb$ 9 argum5ts :i* deal ) ! k9d ( causality prop] to a fir/ cause or _w-gr\nd4 ,! argum5t t foll[s is a case 9 po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,teleological ,pro( ( ,god4 ,sect4 #ij4 ,! teleological pro( argues t ! _w c owe its orig9 only to an intellig5t fir/ cause4 ,! evid5ce = ?is is furni%$ by ! cunn+ contrivances & b5efic5t adaptations ( nature4 ,^! c\ld n h come ab\t ?r\gh *ance or ! work+ ( me*anical =ces1 b only ?r\gh ! =esight ( a rational w4 ,?is argum5t orig9ally inf]s ,god f ! "* ( nature & hi/ory2 & ! ext5sion ( me*anical pr9ciples to organic & social ph5om5a1 especially z /imulat$ by ,d>w9's pr9ciple ( natural selection1 has t5d$ greatly to dim9i% its importance4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 = nature & hi/ory !re are sub/itut$ ! intellectual & moral activities !mselves1 & ! inf]5ce is made to ! ideal :i* !y imply1 ! teleological argum5t m]ges into ! ontological4 ,b ! old-fa%ion$ /atem5t ( x rema9s 9 ! =m ( religi\s fai?1 & 9 ?is capacity x has _h ! approval ev5 ( ,hume & ,kant1 ! philosoph]s :o h contribut$ mo/ =cibly to its ov]?r[ z a demon/ration ( ,god4 ,!y agree t ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ,god 9 nature & hi/ory is ! sequel to a !i/ic belief1 & an inevitable attitude on ! "p ( ! religi\s consci\sness4 ,sid5ote3 ,god & ! ,_w4 ,!ism & ,pan!ism4 ,sect4 #ia4 ,ano!r gr\p ( ideas belong+ to philosophical !ology consi/s ( ?ree g5]alizations respect+ ,god's relation to ! _w1 kn[n z !ism1 pan!ism1 & deism4 ,al?\gh1 !oretically1 ^! are coroll>ies ( ! diff]5t argum5ts = ,god1 two ( !m1 !ism & pan!ism1 owe _! importance to _! rivalry z religi\s t5d5cies4 ,!ism emphasizes t attitude to ,god :i* recognizes 9 him an hi/orical p]sonage1 9 "s s5se di/9ct f bo? ! _w & man1 :i* are 8 works & yet /& 9 an ext]nal relation%ip to him4 ,x expresses ! _s ( e?ical & mono!i/ic religion1 & is !re=e ! natural belief ( ! ,*ri/ian4 ,pan!ism appe>s 9 primitive religion z an animi/ic or poly!i/ic s5se ( ! pres5ce ( a div9e pr9ciple diffus$ ?r\gh\t nature4 ,b x figures mo/ notably 9 ! hi/ory ( religions1 9 ! highly reflective ,brahmanism ( ,india4 ,9 %>p opposition to ,*ri/ianity1 ?is religion prea*es ! indivisible unity ( ! _w & ! illusor9ess ( ! individual's s5se ( 8 own indep5d5t reality4 ,9 spite ( ! fact t su* a doctr9e is ali5 to ! _s ( ,*ri/ianity1 x ent]s into ,*ri/ian !ology ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( philosophy4 ,! !oretical idea ( ,god t5ds1 z we h se51 to ! id5tification ( him ) ! _w z its mo/ real pr9ciple4 ,or x be/[s ^u him a nature s logical & =mal1 & s f> remov$ f ! *>act]s ( humanity1 z to =bid 8 ent]+ into p]sonal or social relations4 ,su* reflections conc]n+ ,god f9d _! religi\s expression 9 a my/ical s5se ( unity1 :i* has 9 _m cases ei!r entirely replac$ or pr(\ndly modifi$ ! !i/ic /ra9 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 curr5t philosophy pan!ism appe>s 9 ! epi/emological argum5t :i* id5tifies ,god ) be+2 :ile ! *ief bulw>k ( !ism is ! e?ical argum5t1 ) its provision = a di/9ction betwe5 ! actual _w & ideal pr9ciple ( evolution4 ,sid5ote3 ,deism4 ,sect4 #ib4 ,:ile !ism & pan!ism appe> to be p]man5t phases 9 ! philosophy ( religion1 deism is ! peculi> product ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,x is bas$ ^u a repudiation ( sup]naturalism & en?usiasm1 on ! "o h&1 & a lit]al acceptance ( ! cosmological & teleological pro(s on ! o!r4 ,religions1 l all else1 7 requir$1 9 ?is epo* ( cle> ?9k+1 to submit to ! canons ( exp]im5tal obs]vation & practical common s5se4 ,^! au?orize only a natural religion1 ! ackn[l$gm5t 9 pi\s liv+ ( a ,god :o1 hav+ contriv$ ?is natural _w1 has giv5 x ov] to ! rule1 n ( prie/s & prophets1 b ( natural law4 ,! artificiality ( its conception ( ,god1 & ! calculat+ _s ( its piety1 make deism a mu* less g5u9e expression ( ! religi\s exp]i5ce ?an ei!r ! moral *ivalry ( !ism or ! intellectual & my/ical exaltation ( pan!ism4 ,sid5ote3 ,metaphysics & ,!ology4 ,sect4 #ic4 ,! sy/ematic developm5t ( philosophy leads to ! inclusion ( conceptions ( ,god )9 ! problem ( metaphysics1 & ! subord9ation ( ! pro( ( ,god to ! det]m9ation ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( reality4 ,!re w always rema91 h[ev]1 an out/&+ !ological discipl9e1 ^: function x is to int]pret wor%ip1 or ! liv+ religi\s attitude1 9 t]ms ( ! !oretical pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,psy*ology is ! ,!ory ( ! ,s\l4 ,sect4 #id4 ,psy*ology is ! !ory ( ! s\l4 ,z we h already se51 ! rise ( scepticism directs att5tion f ! object ( ?\ght to ! ?9k]1 & s emphasizes ! self z a field = !oretical inve/igation4 ,b ! orig9al & ! dom9at+ int]e/ 9 ! self is a practical "o4 ,! precept1 gno3?i seauton1 has its deepe/ ju/ification 9 ! conc]n = ! salvation ( "o's s\l4 ,9 primitive & half-in/9ctive belief ! self is recogniz$ 9 practical relations4 ,9 its animi/ic phase ?is belief admitt$ ( su* relations ) all liv+ creatures1 & ext5d$ ! conception ( life v g5]ally to natural processes4 ,?us 9 ! beg9n+ ! self 0 d\btless indi/+ui%able f ! vital pr9ciple4 ,9 ! fir/ treatise on psy*ology1 ! p]i ,psy*e3s ( ,ari/otle1 ?is int]pretation f9ds a place 9 !oretical philosophy4 ,= ,ari/otle ! s\l is ! entele*y ( ! body--t function or activity :i* makes a man ( x4 ,he recogniz$1 fur!rmore1 ?ree /ages 9 ?is activity3 ! nutritive1 s5sitive1 & rational s\ls1 or ! vegetable1 animal1 & di/9ctively human natures1 respectively4 ,! rational s\l1 9 its own prop] activity1 is man's highe/ pr]ogative1 ! s\l to be sav$4 ,by virtue ( x man rises above bodily conditions1 & lays hold on ! div9e & et]nal4 ,b ,plato1 :o1 z we h se51 0 ev] ready to grant reality to ! ideal ap>t f ! circum/ances ( its p>ticul> embodim5t1 _h already und]tak5 to demon/rate ! immortality ( ! s\l on ! gr\nd ( its di/9ctive nature4#bji3af ,accord+ to 8 way ( ?9k+1 ! s\l's ess5tially moral nature made x incapable ( de/ruction ?r\gh ! op]ation ( natural causes4 ,x is evid5t1 !n1 t !re 7 already ideas 9 vogue capable ( int]pret+ ! ,*ri/ian tea*+ conc]n+ ! exi/5ce ( a s\l1 or ( an inn] ess5ce ( man capable ( be+ made an object ( div9e int]e/4 ,sid5ote3 ,spiritual ,sub/ance ,sect4 #ie4 ,! imm$iate effect ( ,*ri/ianity 0 to introduce into philosophy z "o ( its c>d9al doctr9es ! !ory ( a spiritual be+1 con/itut+ ! true self ( ! individual1 & sep>able f ! body4 ,! diff]5ce recogniz$ 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle betwe5 ! div9e sp>k & ! appetitive & p]ceptual p>ts ( human nature 0 n[ emphasiz$4 ,! =m] 7frequ5tly call$ ! _s1 to di/+ui% x f ! l[] s\l7 0 def9$ z a sub/ance hav+ ! attributes ( ?\ght & w4 ,! fundam5tal argum5t = its exi/5ce 0 ! imm$iate appeal to self-consci\sness2 & x 0 fur!r def9$ z inde/ructible on ! gr\nd ( its be+ utt]ly discont9u\s & incomm5surable ) its mat]ial environm5t4 ,?is !ory survives at ! pres5t day 9 ! conception ( pure activity1 b on ! :ole ! attributes ( ! s\l h sup]s$$ its sub/ance4 ,sid5ote3 ,intellectualism & ,volunt>ism4 ,sect4 #if4 ,intellectualism & volunt>ism are ! two rival possibilities ( emphasis :5 ! s\l is def9$ 9 t]ms ( its kn[n activities4 ,:]ev] ! ess5ce ( p]sonality is 9 "q1 z also occurs 9 ! case ( !ology1 ?\ght & w pres5t _! respective claims to ! place ( fir/ importance4 ,intellectualism w\ld make w m]ely ! conclud+ phase ( ?\ght1 :ile volunt>ism w\ld r$uce ?\ght to "o ( ! int]e/s ( a g5]al appet5cy4 ,x is evid5t t ideali/ic !ories w be mu* conc]n$ ) ?is "q ( priority4 ,x is also true1 ?\gh less evid5t1 t intellectualism1 s9ce x emphasizes ! g5]al & objective features ( ! m9d1 t5ds to subord9ate ! individual to ! univ]sal2 :ile volunt>ism1 emphasiz+ desire & action1 is relatively individuali/ic1 & s1 s9ce !re are _m individuals1 also plurali/ic4#baa3ag ,sid5ote3 ,fre$om ( ! ,w4 ,necessit>ianism1 ,det]m9ism1 & ,indet]m9ism4 ,sect4 #ig4 ,! "q ( ! fre$om ( ! w furni%es a favorite controv]sial topic 9 philosophy4 ,= ! int]e/ at /ake is no less ?an ! individual's responsibility be=e man & ,god = 8 good or bad works4 ,x be>s alike ^u sci5ce1 religion1 & philosophy1 & is at ! same "t a "q ( mo/ fundam5tal practical importance4 ,b ?is diffusion ( ! problem has l$ to s consid]able a complication ( x t x becomes necess>y 9 outl9+ x to def9e two issues4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! concept ( fre$om is design$ to express g5]ally ! di/9ction betwe5 man & ! re/ ( nature4 ,to make man 9 all respects ! product & creature ( 8 natural environm5t w\ld be to d5y fre$om & accept ! radically necessit>ian doctr9e4 ,! "q /ill rema9s1 h[ev]1 z to ! causes :i* dom9ate man4 ,he may be free f nature1 & yet be rul$ by ,god1 or by di/9ctively spiritual causes1 su* z ideas or "*4 ,:]e 9 g5]al ! w is reg>d$ z submitt+ only to a spiritual causation prop] to its own realm1 ! conception is be/ nam$ det]m9ism2 ?\gh 9 ! tradition ( philosophy x is held to be a doctr9e ( fre$om1 because contra/$ ) ! necessit>ianism above def9$4 ,!re rema9s indet]m9ism1 :i* attributes to ! w a spontaneity t makes possible ! direct pres5ce to x ( g5u9e alt]natives4 ,! issue may "h co9cide ) t betwe5 intellectualism & volunt>ism4 ,if1 e4g41 9 ,god's act ( creation1 8 ideals & /&>ds are prior to 8 fiat1 8 conduct is det]m9$2 :]eas x is free 9 ! radical or indet]m9i/ic s5se if 8 ideals !mselves are due to 8 %e] w4 ,?is !ory involves at a c]ta9 po9t 9 action ! abs5ce ( cause4 ,on ?is acc\nt ! free w is (t5 id5tifi$ ) *ance1 9 :i* case x loses its di/9ction f nature1 & we h swung r\nd ! circle4 ,sid5ote3 ,immortality4 ,survival & ,et]nalism4 ,sect4 #ih4 ,!re is simil> complexity 9 ! problem conc]n+ immortality4 ,7 ! extreme claims ( naturalism to be e/abli%$1 !re w\ld be no gr\nd :atsoev] ^u :i* to ma9ta9 ! immortality ( man1 m]e du/ return+ unto du/4 ,! philosophical concept ( immortality is due to ! supposition t ! qu9tess5ce ( ! individual's nature is div9e4#bac3ah ,b sev]al possibilities are at ?is po9t op5 to u4 ,! fir/ w\ld ma9ta9 ! survival aft] dea? ( a recognizable & discrete p]sonality4 ,ano!r w\ld suppose a pres]vation aft] dea?1 ?r\gh be+ tak5 up into ! life ( ,god4 ,/ill ano!r1 ! !ory commonly ma9ta9$ on ! gr\nd ( rationali/ic & ideali/ic metaphysics1 w\ld d5y t immortality has to d ) life aft] dea?1 & affirm t x signifies ! p]petual memb]%ip ( ! human individual 9 a realm ( et]nity ?r\gh ! tru? or virtue t is 9 him4 ,b ?is int]pretation evid5tly leaves op5 ! "q ( ! immortality ( t :i* is di/9ctive & p]sonal 9 human nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,natural ,sci5ce ( ,psy*ology4 ,its ,problems & ,me?od4 ,sect4 #ii4 ,s f> we h foll[$ ! =tunes only ( ! _s ( man4 ,:at ( t l[] s\l ?r\gh :i* he is id5tifi$ ) ! =tunes ( 8 body8 ,:5 philosophy gradually ceas$1 9 ! sixte5? & sev5te5? c5turies1 to be ! h&maid ( religion1 !re arose a r5ew$ int]e/ 9 t "p ( human nature ly+ betwe5 ! /rictly physiological functions1 on ! "o h&1 & ?\ght & w on ! o!r4 ,desc>tes & ,sp9oza analyz$ :at !y call$ ! passions1 mean+ su* /ates ( m9d z are condition$ by a conc]n = ! int]e/s ( ! body4 ,at a lat] p]iod1 c]ta9 ,engli% philosoph]s1 foll[+ ,locke1 trac$ ! dep5d5ce ( ideas ^u ! s5ses4 ,_! me?od 0 t ( introspection1 or ! direct exam9ation by ! individual ( 8 own ideas1 & = ! sake ( not+ _! orig9 & composition f simple factors4 ,! l9eal desc5dants ( ^! same ,engli% philosoph]s def9$ m c>efully ! process ( association1 :]eby ! complexity & sequ5ce ( ideas are br\ght ab\t1 & made c]ta9 conjectures z to its dep5d5ce ^u prop]ties & transactions 9 ! physical bra94 ,^! are ! ?ree ma9 philosophical s\rces ( :at has n[ gr[n to be ! sep>ate natural sci5ce ( psy*ology4 ,x w be not$ t !re are two *>act]i/ics :i* all ( ^! /udies h 9 common4 ,!y deal ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! individual z compos+ 8 own private hi/ory1 & t5d to attribute ! specific c\rse :i* ?is private hi/ory takes to bodily conditions4 ,x is only rec5tly t ^! inve/igations h acquir$ suffici5t unity & exclusiv5ess ( aim to w>rant _! be+ reg>d$ z a special sci5ce4 ,b su* is n[ s f> ! case t ! psy*ologi/ ( ?is type pursues 8 way q indep5d5tly ( philosophy4 ,x is true 8 rese>* has advanc$ consid]ably beyond 8 und]/&+ ( its prov9ce4 ,b x is g5]ally recogniz$ t he mu/ exam9e ^? v factors ( subjectivity :i* ! natural sci5ti/ o!rwise seeks to evade1 &1 fur!rmore1 t he mu/ seek to provide = !m 9 nature4 ,he treats ! inn] life 9 :at ,locke call$ ! pla9 hi/orical me?od1 t is to say1 in/ead ( int]pret+ & def9+ its ideas1 he analyzes & reports ^u its cont5t4 ,he w\ld n seek to ju/ify a moral judgm5t1 z w\ld e?ics1 or to criticise ! cog5cy ( ?\ght1 z w\ld logic2 b only to describe ! actual /ate z he f\nd x4 ,9 ord] to make 8 data comm5surable ) ! ph5om5a ( nature1 he discov]s or def9es bodily conditions = ! subjective cont5t :i* he analyzes4 ,8 fundam5tal pr9ciple ( me?od is ! po/ulate ( psy*o-physical p>allelism1 accord+ to :i* he assumes a /ate ( bra9 or n]v\s sy/em = e /ate ( m9d4 ,b 9 adopt+ a prov9ce & a me?od ! psy*ologi/ =egoes f9ality ( tru? aft] ! mann] ( all natural sci5ce4 ,he deals admitt$ly ) an aspect ( exp]i5ce1 & 8 conclusions are no m adequate to ! nature ( ! self ?an !y are to ! nature ( out] objects4 ,an admirable ref]5ce to ?is ab/ract division ( exp]i5ce occurs 9 ,kuelpe's ,introduction to ,philosophy3 ,= ! develop$ consci\sness1 z = ! naive1 e exp]i5ce is an unit>y :ole2 & x is only ! habit ( ab/ract reflection ^u exp]i5ce t makes ! objective & subjective worlds seem to fall ap>t z orig9ally diff]5t =ms ( exi/5ce4 ,j z a plane curve c be repres5t$ 9 analytical geometry z ! function ( two v>iables1 ! abscissae & ! ord9ates1 )\t prejudice to ! unit>y c\rse ( ! curve itself1 s ! _w ( human exp]i5ce may be r$uc$ to a subjective & an objective factor1 )\t prejudice to its real coh]5ce4#bae3ai ,sid5ote3 ,psy*ology & ,philosophy4 ,sect4 #ajj4 ,! problems ( psy*ology1 l ^? ( !ology1 t5d to disappe> z indep5d5t philosophical topics4 ,! ultimate nature ( ! self w cont9ue to int]e/ philosoph]s--m deeply1 p]haps1 ?an any aspect ( exp]i5ce--b _! conception ( x w be a coroll>y ( _! metaphysics & epi/emology4 ,! rema9d] ( ! field ( ! old philosophical psy*ology1 ! introspective & exp]im5tal analysis ( special /ates ( m9d1 is already ! prov9ce ( a natural sci5ce :i* is becom+ m & m free f ! /&-po9t & me?od ( philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,transition f ,classification by ,problems to ,classification by ,doctr9es4 ,naturalism4 ,subjectivism4 ,absolute ,idealism4 ,absolute ,realism4 ,sect4 #aja4 ,rem9d+ ourselves anew t philosophical problems _c be treat$ 9 isolation f "o ano!r1 we %all h]e9aft] seek to become acqua9t$ ) g5]al /&-po9ts t give sy/ematic unity to ! issues :i* h be5 enum]at$4 ,su* /&-po9ts are n cle>ly def9$ by ^? :o occupy !m1 & !y af=d no cle>-cut classification ( all hi/orical philosophical philosophies4 ,b sy/em-mak+ 9 philosophy is commonly due to ! mov+ 9 an individual m9d ( "s mo/ significant idea2 & c]ta9 ( ^! ideas h reappe>$ s frequ5tly z to def9e m or less cle>ly m>k$ t5d5cies1 or cont9u\s /r&s1 out ( :i* ! hi/ory ( ?\ght is =ev] weav+ itself4 ,su* is cle>ly ! case ) naturalism4 ,f ! beg9n+ until n[ !re h be5 m5 ^: philosophy is a summation ( ! natural sci5ces1 ^: entire ?\ght is bas$ ^u an acceptance ( ! me?ods & ! fundam5tal conceptions ( ^! discipl9es4 ,?is t5d5cy /&s 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght = ! conviction t ! visible & tangible _w :i* int]acts ) ! body is v]itable reality4 ,?is philosophy is reali/ic & empirical to an ext5t entirely det]m9$ by its belief conc]n+ be+4 ,b :ile naturalism is only second>ily epi/emological1 subjectivism & absolute idealism h _! v s\rce 9 ! self-exam9ation & ! self-criticism ( ?\ght4 ,subjectivism signifies ! conviction t ! kn[] _c escape himself4 ,if reality is to be kept )9 ! range ( possible k1 x mu/ be def9$ 9 t]ms ( ! processes or /ates ( selves4 ,absolute idealism arises f a union ( ?is epi/emological motive ) a recognition ( :at are reg>d$ z ! logical necessities to :i* reality mu/ submit4 ,reality mu/ be bo? k & rational k2 ! object1 9 %ort1 ( an absolute m9d1 :i* %all be at once all-conta9+ & sy/ematic4 ,?is rationali/ic motive 01 h[ev]1 n orig9ally associat$ ) an ideali/ic epi/emology1 b ) ! common-s5se pr9ciple t be+ is discov]$ & n con/itut$ by ?\ght4 ,su* an absolute realism is1 l naturalism1 prim>ily metaphysical r ?an epi/emological2 b1 unlike naturalism1 x seeks to def9e reality z a logical or e?ical necessity4 ,"u ^! sev]al divisions1 !n1 we %all meet once m ) ! special problems ( philosophy1 b ?is "t !y w be rang$ 9 an ord] t is det]m9$ by "s c5tral doctr9e4 ,!y w appe> z p>ts n ( ! g5]al problem ( philosophy1 b ( "s def9ite sy/em ( philosophy4 ,,footnotes3 #ahj3a ,cf4 ,sect4 #fh4 #ahb3b ,! ,socratic di/9ction betwe5 ! logical & ! psy*ological treatm5t ( belief f9ds its be/ expression 9 ,plato's ,gorgias1 especially1 #ded1 #dee4 ,cf4 also ,sect4 #bi4 #ahb3c ,?us1 e4 g4 ,hegel4 ,see ,sect4 #agi4 ,cf4 also ,sects4 #aii1 #bjj4 #ahc3d ,cf4 ,sect4 #hd4 #ahd3e ,see ,sect4 #fi1 note4 #ahd3f ,! read] w f9d a good illu/ration ( eri/ic 9 ,plato's ,eu?ydemus1 #bge4 #ahg3g ,! read] c f9d ^! rules1 & ! detail ( ! traditional =mal logic1 9 any elem5t>y text-book1 su* z1 e4 g41 ,jevons3 ,elem5ts ( ,logic4 #ahi3h ,:at is call$ ! algebra ( logic seeks to obta9 an unequivocal symbolic expression = ^! tru?s4 #aib3i ,plato3 ,protagoras1 #cea4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #aid3aj ,plato3 ,apology1 #da4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #aie3aa ,quot$ by ,pauls5 9 8 ,sy/em ( ,e?ics4 ,translation by ,?illy1 p4 #fi4 #aih3ab ,cf4 ,sect4 #afj4 #aih3ac ,cf4 ,sect4 #agg4 #aii3ad ,conc]n+ ! duty ( philosophy to religion 9 ^! matt]s1 cf4 ,desc>tes3 ,m$itations1 ,d$ication4 ,translation by ,veit*1 p4 #ha4 #bja3ae ,! s*ool-philosophy t fl\ri%$ f ! elev5? to ! fifte5? c5tury1 "u ! au?ority ( ! *ur*4 #bji3af ,especially 9 ! ,pha$o4 #baa3ag ,s*op5hau] is a notable exception4 ,cf4 ,sects4 #ace1 #ach4 #bac3ah ,x is int]e/+1 h[ev]1 to obs]ve t curr5t spirituali/ic !ories ma9ta9 a naturali/ic !ory ( immortality1 v]ifiable1 x is alleg$1 9 c]ta9 extraord9>y empirical obs]vations4 #bae3ai ,translation by ,pillsbury & ,tit*5]1 p4 #ei4 ,,"p ,,iii ,,sy/ems ,,( ,,philosophy ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,naturalism#bbc3a ,sid5ote3 ,! ,g5]al ,mean+ ( ,mat]ialism4 ,sect4 #ajb4 ,! mean+ convey$ by any philosophical t]m consi/s l>gely ( ! di/9ctions :i* x sugge/s4 ,its peculi> quality1 l ! physiognomy ( ! battle-sc>r$ vet]an1 is a composite ( ! controv]sies :i* x has surviv$4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 an almo/ unavoidable confusion att5dant ^u ! d5om9ation ( any e>ly phase ( philosophy z mat]ialism4 ,b 9 ! hi/orical beg9n+s ( ?\ght1 z also 9 ! common-s5se ( all ages1 !re is at any rate pres5t a v ess5tial /r& ( ?is !ory4 ,! naive habit ( m9d :i*1 9 ! six? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 prompt$ successive ,greek ?9k]s to def9e reality 9 t]ms ( wat]1 air1 & fire1 is 9 ?is respect "o ) t exhibit$ 9 ,dr4 ,samuel ,johnson's smit+ ! gr\nd ) 8 /ick 9 curt refutation ( ,bi%op ,b]keley's idea-philosophy4 ,!re is a !oretical in/9ct1 n accid5tal or p]v]se1 b spr++ f ! v life-pres]v+ equipm5t ( ! organism1 :i* attributes reality to tangible space-fill+ ?+s enc\nt]$ by ! body4 ,= obvi\s reasons ( self-int]e/ ! organism is fir/ ( all end[$ ) a s5se ( contact1 & ! m delicate s5ses ent] into its practical economy z means ( anticipat+ or avoid+ contact4 ,f su* practical expectations conc]n+ ! proximity ( t :i* may press ^u1 injure1 or displace ! body1 arise ! fir/ crude judgm5ts ( reality4 ,& ^! are at ! same "t ! nucleus ( naive philosophy & ! g]m9al phase ( mat]ialism4 ,sid5ote3 ,corporeal ,be+4 ,sect4 #ajc4 ,! fir/ philosophical movem5t among ! ,greeks 0 a s]ies ( attempts to r$uce ! tangible _w to unity1 & ( ^! ! conception (f]$ by ,anaxim&] is ( m>k$ int]e/ 9 its be>+ ^u ! developm5t ( mat]ialism4 ,?is philosoph] is rem>kable = hav+ def9$ 8 fir/ pr9ciple1 in/ead ( hav+ *os5 x f among ! diff]5t elem5ts already di/+ui%$ by common-s5se4 ,he ?\ght ! unity ( nature to consi/ 9 its p]iodic evolution f & return into "o inf9ite sum ( mat]ial 7to apeiron71 :i*1 mu* 9 ! mann] ( ! nebula ( mod]n sci5ce1 is conceiv$ z bo? indet]m9ate 9 its actual /ate & inf9itely ri* 9 its pot5tiality4 ,! conception ( matt]1 ! mo/ famili> commonplace ( sci5ce1 beg9s to be recognizable4 ,x has "h rea*$ ! po9t ( signify+ a common sub/ance = all tangible ?+s1 a sub/ance t 9 its own g5]al & omnipres5t nature is )\t ! special m>ks t di/+ui% ^! tangible ?+s f "o ano!r4 ,& 9 s f> ! philosophy ( ,anaxim&] is mat]iali/ic4 ,sid5ote3 ,corporeal ,processes4 ,hylozoism & ,me*anism4 ,sect4 #ajd4 ,b ! e>lie/ ?9k]s are said to be hylozoi/s1 r ?an /rict mat]iali/s1 because ( _! failure to make c]ta9 di/9ctions 9 connection ) ! processes ( matt]4 ,! t]m hylozoism unites ) ! conception ( ! =mless mat]ial ( ! _w 7hyle371 t ( an animat+ p[] to :i* its =mations & trans=mations are due4 ,hylozoism itself 0 n a delib]ate syn!sis ( ^! two conceptions1 b a primitive practical t5d5cy to univ]salize ! conception1 ( life4 ,su* animism in/9ctively associates ) an object's bulk & h>dness a capacity = locomotion & g5]al initiative4 ,& ! mat]ial pr9ciples def9$ by ! philosoph]s reta9 ?is vague & compreh5sive attribute z a matt] ( c\rse1 until x is di/+ui%$ & sep>at$ ?r\gh attempts to und]/& x4 ,t aspect ( natural process :i* 0 mo/ impressive to ,greek m9ds ( ! reflective type 0 ! alt]nation ( g5]ation & decay4 ,9 full accord ) 8 m anci5t ma/]1 ,epicurus1 ! ,lat9 poet ,lucretius writes3 ,?us nei!r c dea?-deal+ motions keep ! ma/]y always1 nor entomb exi/5ce =ev]more2 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 c ! bir? & increase giv+ motions ( ?+s pres]ve !m always aft] !y are born4 ,?us ! w> ( fir/ beg9n+s wag$ f et]nity is c>ri$ on ) dubi\s issue3 n[ "h1 n[ !re1 ! life-br++ elem5ts ( ?+s get ! ma/]y & are o'erma/]$ 9 turn3 ) ! fun]al wail bl5ds ! cry :i* babies raise :5 !y ent] ! bord]s ( light2 & no night ev] foll[$ day1 nor morn+ night1 t he>d n1 m+l+ ) ! sickly infant's cries1 wail+s ( ! att5dants on dea? & black fun]al4#bbf3b ,9 a simil> ve91 ! e>lie/ conceptions ( natural evolution attribut$ x to ! c[ork+ ( two pr9ciples1 t ( ,love or union & t ( ,hate or dissolution4 ,! process is "h di/+ui%$ f ! mat]ial ( nature1 b is /ill describ$ 9 ! language ( practical life4 ,a di/9ction betwe5 two aspects ( vital ph5om5a is ! next /ep4 ,^! may be reg>d$ 9 respect ei!r ( ! motion & *ange :i* att5d !m1 or ! rationality :i* in=ms !m4 ,life is bo? effective & significant4 ,al?\gh nei!r ( ^! ideas ev] :olly ceases to be animi/ic1 !y may nev]!less be appli$ q indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,! "o r$uces ! primitive animi/ic _w to ! l[] end ( its scale1 ! o!r con/rues x 9 t]ms ( a purposive utility comm5surable ) t ( human action4 ,n[ x is ) me*anism1 ! =m] ( ^! div]g+ ways1 t ! developm5t ( mat]ialism is id5tifi$4 ,= ?is philosophy a ?+ ne$ h no value to ju/ify its exi/5ce1 nor any act+ intellig5ce to :i* x may owe its orig94 ,its bulk & position are suffici5t = its be+1 & ! op]ation ( =ces capable ( integrat+1 divid+1 or mov+ x is suffici5t = its d]ivation & hi/ory4 ,9 %ort1 !re is no rhyme or reason at ! he>t ( ?+s1 b only actual matt] di/ribut$ by %e] =ce4 ,) ?is elim9ation ( ! elem5t ( purposiv5ess f ! hylozoi/ic _w1 ! cont5t & process ( nature are fitt$ to "o ano!r4 ,matt] is t :i* is mov$ by =ce1 & =ce is ! det]m9+ pr9ciple ( ! motions ( matt]4 ,mat]ialism is n[ def9itely equipp$ ) its fundam5tal conceptions4 ,sid5ote3 ,mat]ialism & ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,sect4 #aje4 ,! c5tral conceptions ( mat]ialism z a philosophical !ory diff] f ^? employ$ 9 ! physical sci5ces only 9 :at is dem&$ ( !m4 ,! sci5ti/ reports ^u physical ph5om5a )\t accept+ any fur!r responsibility1 :ile ^? :o l ,lucretius ma9ta9 a physical metaphysics1 mu/1 l him1 prove t ! m9ute bodies ( matt] f ev]la/+ cont9ually uphold ! sum ( ?+s4 ,b1 ?\gh !y employ !m 9 _! own way1 mat]iali/s & all o!r expon5ts ( naturalism d]ive _! c5tral conceptions f ! physical sci5ces1 & s reflect ! hi/orical developm5t ?r\gh :i* ^! sci5ces h pass$4 ,to c]ta9 hi/orical phases ( physical sci5ce1 9 s f> z ^! be> directly ^u ! mean+ ( naturalism1 we n[ turn4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,developm5t ( ! ,conceptions ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,space & ,matt]4 ,sect4 #ajf4 ,f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t day ! gr\ndwork ( mat]ialism has mo/ commonly be5 ca/ 9 ! =m ( an atomic !ory4 ,democritus1 ! fir/ sy/em-build] ( ?is s*ool1 adopt$ ! conception ( indivisible p>ticles 7atomoi71 imp5etrable 9 _! occupancy ( space1 & v>y+ among !mselves only 9 =m1 ord]1 & position4 ,to provide = ! motion t di/ributes !m he conceiv$ !m z sep>at$ f "o ano!r by empty space4 ,f ?is x foll[s t ! void is z real z matt]1 or1 z ,democritus himself is reput$ to h said1 ?+ is n m real ?an no-?+4 ,b atomism has n be5 by any means univ]sally reg>d$ z ! mo/ satisfactory conception ( ! relation betwe5 space & matt]4 ,n only does x require two k9ds ( be+1 ) ! diff]5t attributes ( ext5sion & h>dness1 respectively1#bbi3c b x w\ld also seem to be exp]im5tally inadequate 9 ! case ( ! m subtle physical processes1 su* z light4 ,! =m] ( ^! is a speculative consid]ation1 & z su* _h no little weight ) ! ,fr5* philosoph] ,desc>tes1 ^: divisions & def9itions s pr(\ndly affect$ ! c\rse ( ?\ght 9 ^! matt]s aft] ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,hold+ also t a vacuum or space 9 :i* !re is absolutely no body is repugnant to reason1 & t an indivisible space-fill+ p>ticle is self-contradictory1 he 0 l$ to id5tify space & matt]2 t is1 to make matt] z indisp5sable to space z space to matt]4 ,!re is1 !n1 b "o k9d ( corporeal be+1 ^: attribute is ext5sion1 & ^: modes are motion & re/4 ,! mo/ fam\s application ( ! me*anical conceptions :i* he bases ^u ?is fir/ pr9ciple1 is 8 !ory ( ! planets1 :i* are conceiv$ to be emb$d$ 9 a transp>5t m$ium1 & to move ) x1 vortex fa%ion1 ab\t ! sun4#bcj3d ,b ! conception ( ! space-fill+ cont9uity ( mat]ial sub/ance owes its prom95ce at ! pres5t "t to ! exp]im5tal hypo!sis ( e!r4 ,?is sub/ance1 orig9ally conceiv$ to occupy ! int]molecul> spaces & to s]ve z a m$ium = ! propagation ( undulations1 is n[ reg>d$ by _m physici/s z replac+ matt]4 ,x is ! great hope ( sci5ce at ! pres5t day1 says a contempor>y expon5t ( naturalism1 t h>d & heavy matt] w be %[n to be e!r 9 motion4#bca3e ,su* a !ory w\ld r$uce bodies to ! relative displacem5ts ( p>ts ( a cont9u\s sub/ance1 :i* w\ld be fir/ ( all def9$ z spacial1 & w\ld possess su* fur!r prop]ties z special sci5tific hypo!ses might require4 ,two broadly contra/+ !ories ?us appe>3 t :i* def9es matt] z a cont9u\s sub/ance coext5sive ) space2 & t :i* def9es x z a discrete sub/ance divid$ by empty space4 ,b bo? !ories are s]i\sly affect$ by ! peculi>ly significant developm5t ( ! conception ( =ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,motion & its ,cause4 ,developm5t & ,ext5sion ( ! ,conception ( ,=ce4 ,sect4 #ajg4 ,9 ! ,c>tesian sy/em ! cause ( motion 0 pressure )9 a pl5um4 ,b 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury ?is notion enc\nt]$ ! sy/em ( ,newton1 a sy/em :i* seem$ to involve action at a di/ance4 ,9 ! ye> #agbh ,voltaire wrote f ,london3 ,:5 a ,fr5*man arrives 9 ,london1 he f9ds a v great *ange1 9 philosophy z well z 9 mo/ o!r ?+s4 ,9 ,p>is he left ! _w all full ( matt]2 "h he f9ds absolute vacua4 ,at ,p>is ! univ]se is se5 fill$ up ) e!real vortices1 :ile "h ! same space is occupi$ ) ! play ( ! invisible =ces ( gravitation4 ,9 ,p>is ! e>? is pa9t$ = u longi% l an egg1 & 9 ,london x is oblate l a melon4 ,at ,p>is ! pressure ( ! moon causes ! ebb & fl[ ( tides2 9 ,engl&1 on ! o!r h&1 ! sea gravitates t[>d ! moon1 s t at ! same "t :5 ! ,p>isians dem& high wat] ( ! moon1 ! g5tlem5 ( ,london require an ebb4#bcb3f ,b ^! diff]5ces are n matt]s ( ta/e1 nor ev5 rival hypo!ses ^u an equal foot+4 ,! ,newtonian sy/em ( me*anics1 ! consummation ( a developm5t initiat$ by ,galileo1 diff]$ f ! vortex !ory ( ,desc>tes z exact sci5ce diff]s f speculation & unv]ifi$ conjecture4 ,& ?is diff]5ce ( me?od c>ri$ ) x ev5tually c]ta9 pr(\nd diff]5ces ( cont5t1 di/+ui%+ ! ,newtonian !ory ev5 f t ( ,democritus1 ) :i* x _h s mu* 9 common4 ,al?\gh ,democritus _h s\ght to avoid ! elem5t ( purposiv5ess 9 ! old] hylozoism by ref]r+ ! motions ( bodies z f> z possible to ! impact ( o!r bodies1 he nev]!less attribut$ ^! motions ultimately to weight1 signify+ !reby a c]ta9 d[nw>d disposition4 ,n[ x is true t 9 8 g5]al belief ,newton himself is n free f hylozoism4 ,he ?\ght ( ! motions ( ! planets !mselves z initiat$ & quick5$ by a p[] emanat+ ultimately f ,god4 ,!y are impress$ by an intellig5t ,ag5t1 & c be ! effect ( no?+ else ?an ! wisdom & skill ( a p[]ful ev]-liv+ ,ag5t :o1 be+ 9 all places1 is m able by 8 w to move ! bodies )9 8 b\ndless uni=m s5sorium1 & !reby to =m & re=m ! p>ts ( ! univ]se1 ?an we are by our w to move ! p>ts ( our own bodies4#bcc3g ,b by ! side ( ^! /atem5ts mu/ be set 8 fam\s disclaim]1 hypo!ses non f+o4 ,9 8 capacity ( natural philosoph] he did n seek to expla9 motions1 b only to describe !m4 ,disbeliev+ z he did 9 action at a di/ance1 he saw no possibility ( explanation %ort ( a ref]5ce ( !m to ,god2 b su* hypo!ses he ?\ght to be no prop] conc]n ( sci5ce4 ,z a consequ5ce1 ! ma!matical =mulation ( motions came1 ?r\gh him1 to be reg>d$ z ! entire cont5t ( me*anics4 ,! notion ( an effici5t cause ( motion is /ill sugge/$ by ! t]m =ce1 b ev5 ?is t]m )9 ! sy/em ( me*anics ref]s always to a def9ite am\nt ( motion1 or measurem5t ( relative motion4 ,& ! same is true ( attraction1 action1 reaction1 & ! l4 ,! fur!r explanation ( motion1 ! def9ition ( a virtue or pot5cy t produces x1 fir/ a neglect$ problem1 !n an irrelevant problem1 is f9ally1 = a naturali/ic philosophy 9 :i* ?is progression is complet$1 an insoluble problem4 ,= ! sequel to ?is purely descriptive proc$ure on ! "p ( sci5ce is ! disav[al ( metaphysics by ^? :o w h no philosophy b sci5ce4 ,?us ! sci5tific cons]vatism ( ,newton has l$ to ! positivi/ic & agno/ic phase ( naturalism4 ,b a fur!r treatm5t ( ?is developm5t mu/ be res]v$ until ! issue ( epi/emology %all h be5 def9itely rais$4 ,a diff]5t emphasis )9 ! g5]al me*anical s*eme1 atta*+ especial importance to ! conceptions ( =ce & en]gy1 has l$ to a rival t5d5cy 9 sci5ce & a contra/+ type ( naturalism4 ,! me*anical hypo!ses hi!rto describ$ are all ( a simple & readily depict$ type4 ,!y sugge/ an imag]y q 9 accord ) common-s5se & ) obs]vation ( ! motions ( great masses l ! planets4 ,mat]ial p>ticles are conceiv$ to move )9 a conta9+ space2 ! motions ( corpuscles1 atoms1 or ! m9ute p>ts ( e!r1 diff]+ only 9 degree f ^? ( visible bodies4 ,! :ole physical univ]se may be repres5t$ 9 ! imag9ation z an aggregate ( bodies p>ticipat+ 9 motions ( extraord9>y complexity1 b ( "o type4 ,b n[ let ! emphasis be plac$ ^u ! det]m9+ causes r ?an ^u ! mov+ bodies !mselves4 ,9 o!r words1 let ! bodies be reg>d$ z attributive & ! =ces z sub/antive4 ,! result is a radical alt]ation ( ! me*anical s*eme & ! transc5d5ce ( common-s5se imag]y4 ,?is 0 "o direction ( outgr[? f ! "w ( ,newton4 ,8 =ce ( gravitation prevail$ betwe5 bodies sep>at$ by spaces ( great magnitude4 ,c]ta9 ( ! foll[]s ( ,newton1 notably ,cotes1 accept+ ! =mulas ( ! ma/] b neglect+ 8 allusions to ! ag5cy ( ,god1 accept$ ! pr9ciple ( action at a di/ance4 ,=ce1 9 %ort1 0 conceiv$ to p]vade space ( itself4 ,b if =ce be grant$ ?is sub/antial & self-dep5d5t "*1 :at fur!r ne$ is !re ( matt] z a sep>ate =m ( entity8 ,= does n ! pres5ce ( matt] consi/ ess5tially 9 resi/ance1 itself a case ( =ce8 ,su* reflections z ^! l$ ,boscovi* & o!rs to ! radical dep>ture ( def9+ mat]ial p>ticles z c5tres ( =ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,developm5t & ,ext5sion ( ! ,conception ( ,en]gy4 ,sect4 #ajh4 ,b a m fruitful hypo!sis ( ! same g5]al ord] is due to ! att5tion direct$ to ! conception ( en]gy1 or capacity = "w1 by exp]im5tal discov]ies ( ! possibility ( reciprocal trans=mations )\t loss1 ( motion1 heat1 electricity1 & o!r processes4 ,! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy affirms ! quantitative con/ancy ( t :i* is s trans=m$1 measur$1 = example1 9 t]ms ( capacity to move units ( mass aga9/ gravity4 ,! expon5ts ( :at is call$ en]getics h 9 _m cases come to reg>d t ! quantity ( :i* is s cons]v$1 z a sub/antial reality ^: =ms & di/ributions compose nature4 ,a contempor>y sci5ti/1 ^: syn!tic & dogmatic habit ( m9d has made him em95t 9 ! ranks ( popul> philosophy1 writes z foll[s3 ,me*anical & *emical en]gy1 s\nd & heat1 light & electricity1 are mutually conv]tible2 !y seem to be b diff]5t modes ( "o & ! same fundam5tal =ce or en]gy4 ,!nce foll[s ! important !sis ( ! unity ( all natural =ces1 or1 z x may also be express$1 ! 'monism ( en]gy4'#bcf3h ,! conception ( en]gy seems1 inde$1 to af=d an exceptional opportunity to naturalism4 ,we h se5 t ! matt]-motion !ory 0 satisfi$ to ignore1 or reg>d z insoluble1 problems conc]n+ ! ultimate causes ( ?+s4 ,fur!rmore1 z we %all pres5tly see to bett] advantage1 ! m /rictly mat]iali/ic type ( naturalism mu/ reg>d ?\ght z an anomaly1 & has no little difficulty ) life4 ,b ! conception ( en]gy is m adaptable1 & h5ce bett] qualifi$ to s]ve z a common d5om9ator = v>i\s aspects ( exp]i5ce4 ,! v read9ess ) :i* we c picture ! corpuscul> s*eme is a s\rce ( emb>rassm5t to ! seek] aft] unity4 ,t :i* is s di/9ct is bri/l+ ) incompatibilities4 ,! mo/ aggressive mat]iali/ hesitates to describe ?\ght z a motion ( bodies 9 space4 ,en]gy1 on ! o!r h&1 exacts little if any?+ beyond ! "* ( measurable p[]4 ,?\ght is at any rate 9 "s s5se a p[]1 & to "s degree measurable4 ,rec5t discov]ies ( ! dep5d5ce ( capacity = m5tal ex]tion ^u physical vitality & measurem5ts ( *emical en]gy receiv$ into ! sy/em z food1 & someh[ exhau/$ by ! activities ( ?\ght1 h l5t plausibility to ! hypo!sis ( a univ]sal en]gy ( :i* physical & psy*ical processes are alike manife/ations4 ,& ! conception ( en]gy seems capable n only ( unify+ nature1 b also ( satisfy+ ! metaphysical dem& = an effici5t & mov+ cause4 ,?is t]m1 l =ce & p[]1 is end[$ ) su* a significance by common s5se4 ,inde$1 naturalism w\ld seem "h to h swung r\nd t[>d its hylozoi/ic />t+-po9t4 ,! expon5t ( en]getics1 l ! naive animi/ic ?9k]1 attributes to nature a p[] l t :i* he feels well+ up )9 himself4 ,:5 he acts ^u ! environm5t1 l meets l4 ,en]getics1 x is true1 may obta9 a def9ite mean+ = its c5tral conception f ! measurable behavior ( ext]nal bodies1 & a mean+ t may be q free f vitalism or teleology4 ,b 9 8 ext5sion ( ! conception ! au?or ( a philosophical en]getics ab&ons ?is /rict mean+1 & bl5ds 8 ?\ght ev5 ) a phase ( subjectivism1 kn[n z panpsy*ism4#bch3i ,?is !ory reg>ds ! inw>d life ( all nature z homog5e\s ) an imm$iately felt activity or appet5cy1 z en]getics f9ds ! inn] life to be homog5e\s ) ! =ces ( nature4 ,bo? owe _! philosophical appeal to _! app>5t success 9 unify+ ! _w ^u a direct empirical basis1 & to _! provision = ! practical s5se ( reality4 ,su*1 9 brief1 are ! ma9 alt]natives available = a naturali/ic !ory ( be+1 9 consequ5ce ( ! hi/orical developm5t ( ! fundam5tal conceptions ( natural sci5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,claims ( ,naturalism4 ,sect4 #aji4 ,we turn n[ to an exam9ation ( ! mann] 9 :i* naturalism1 equipp$ ) work+ pr9ciples1 seeks to meet ! special requirem5ts ( philosophy4 ,! conception ( ! unity ( nature is directly 9 ! l9e ( a purely sci5tific developm5t1 b naturalism takes ! bold & radical /ep ( reg>d+ nature s unifi$ z coext5sive ) ! real1 or at any rate kn[able1 univ]se4 ,x w be rememb]$ t among ! e>ly ,greeks ,anaxagoras _h ref]r$ ! creative & =mative processes ( nature to a non-natural or rational ag5cy1 :i* he call$ ! ,n\s4 ,! adv5titi\s "* ( ?is pr9ciple1 ! ext]nal & almo/ purely nom9al "p :i* x play$ 9 ! actual cosmology ( ,anaxagoras1 betray$ x into ! h&s ( ! atomi/s1 ) _! m consi/5tly naturali/ic cre$4 ,bett]1 ^! ma9ta91 ! some:at dogmatic ext5sion ( conceptions prov$ to be successful 9 ! description ( nature1 ?an a vague dualism :i* c s]ve only to di/ract ! sci5tific att5tion & p ! _w ) obscurities4 ,!re is a rem>kable passage 9 ,lucretius 9 :i* atomism is ?us writt5 l>ge & inspir$ ) cosmical eloqu5ce3 ,= v]ily n by design did ! fir/-beg9n+s ( ?+s /ation !mselves ea* 9 its "r place guid$ by ke5 intellig5ce1 nor did !y b>ga9 soo? to say :at motions ea* %\ld assume1 b because _m 9 numb] & %ift+ ab\t 9 _m ways ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 !y are driv5 & torm5t$ by bl[s dur+ inf9ite "t pa/1 aft] try+ motions & unions ( e k9d at l5g? !y fall into arrangem5ts su* z ^? out ( :i* our sum ( ?+s has be5 =m$1 & by :i* too x is pres]v$ ?r\gh _m great ye>s1 :5 once x has be5 ?r[n into ! appropriate motions1 & causes ! /reams to repl5i% ! gre$y sea ) copi\s riv] wat]s1 & ! e>?1 fo/]$ by ! heat ( ! sun1 to r5ew its produce1 & ! race ( liv+ ?+s to come up & fl\ri%1 & ! glid+ fires ( e!r to live3 all :i* ^! sev]al ?+s c\ld 9 no wise br+ to pass1 unless a /ore ( matt] c\ld rise up f inf9ite space1 out ( :i* /ore !y are wont to make up 9 due season :atev] has be5 lo/4#bdj3aj ,! prophecy ( ,la ,place1 ! great ,fr5* ma!matician1 voices ! simil> fai? ( ! eighte5? c5tury 9 a me*anical und]/&+ ( ! univ]se3 ,! human m9d1 9 ! p]fection x has be5 able to give to a/ronomy1 af=ds a feeble outl9e ( su* an intellig5ce4 ,its discov]ies 9 me*anics & 9 geometry1 jo9$ to t ( univ]sal gravitation1 h br\ght x )9 rea* ( compreh5d+ 9 ! same analytical expressions ! pa/ & future /ates ( ! sy/em ( ! _w4#bda3aa ,z = ,god1 ! creative & presid+ intellig5ce1 ,la ,place _h no ne$ ( any su* hypo!sis4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,task ( ,naturalism4 ,sect4 #aaj4 ,b ^! are ! boa/s ( ,hom]ic h]oes be=e go+ into battle4 ,! mom5t su* a g5]al position is assum$ !re arise sundry difficulties 9 ! application ( naturali/ic pr9ciples to special int]e/s & gr\ps ( facts4 ,x is "o ?+ to project a me*anical s*eme 9 ! l>ge1 b q ano!r to make explicit provision )9 x = ! orig9 ( nature1 = life1 = ! human self ) its ideals1 & = society ) its in/itutions4 ,! naturali/ic me?od ( meet+ ^! problems involves a r$uction all along ! l9e 9 ! direction ( su* categories z are d]iv$ f ! infra-organic _w4 ,t :i* is n l ! planet>y sy/em mu/ be con/ru$ z me*anical by indirection & subtlety4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,orig9 ( ! ,cosmos4 ,sect4 #aaa4 ,! orig9 ( ! pres5t kn[n natural _w 0 ! fir/ philosophical "q to be def9itely met by sci5ce4 ,! g5]al =m ( solution :i* naturalism (f]s is anticipat$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t !ories ( nature4 ,^! already suppose t ! obs]v$ me*anical processes ( ! circul> or p]iodic type1 l ! revolutions & rotations ( ! />s1 are incid5ts 9 a hi/orical me*anical process ( a l>g] scale4 ,prior to ! pres5t fix$ motions ( ! cele/ial bodies1 ! :ole mass ( cosmic matt] p>ticipat$ 9 irregul> motions analog\s to pres5t t]re/rial r$i/ributions4 ,su* motions may be und]/ood to h result$ 9 ! integration ( sep>ate bodies1 to :i* !y at ! same "t imp>t$ a rot>y motion4 ,x is su* a hypo!sis t ,lucretius pa9ts 9 8 bold1 impressioni/ic colors4 ,b ! developm5t ( me*anics pav$ ! way = a def9ite sci5tific !ory1 ! s-call$ nebul> hypo!sis1 ann\nc$ by ,la ,place 9 #agif1 & by ! philosoph] ,kant at a /ill e>li] date4 ,l>gely ?r\gh ! ,newtonian pr9ciple ( ! p>allelogram ( =ces1 ! pres5t masses1 orbits1 & velocities 7 analyz$ into a m primitive process ( conc5tration )9 a nebul\s or highly diffus$ aggregate ( matt]4 ,& ) ! aid ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy ?is !ory appe>s to make possible ! d]ivation ( heat1 light1 & o!r app>5tly non-me*anical processes f ! same orig9al en]gy ( motion4 ,b a p]si/5tly philosophical m9d at once raises ! "q ( ! orig9 ( ?is primeval nebula itself1 ) a def9ite organization & a va/ pot5tial en]gy t mu/1 aft] all1 be reg>d$ z a "p ( nature r ?an its s\rce4 ,sev]al c\rses are "h op5 to naturalism4 ,x may ma9ta9 t ! "q ( ultimate orig9 is unansw]able2 x may reg>d su* a process ( conc5tration z ext5d+ back ?r\gh an inf9itely long pa/2#bdc3ab or1 & ?is is ! favorite alt]native = m con/ructive m9ds1 ! hi/orical cosmical process may be includ$ )9 a /ill high] type ( p]iodic process1 :i* is reg>d$ z et]nal4 ,?is la/ c\rse has be5 foll[$ 9 ! well-kn[n syn!tic naturalism ( ,h]b]t ,sp5c]4 ,evolution1 he says1 is ! progressive integration ( matt] & dissipation ( motion4 ,b su* a process ev5tually runs d[n1 & may be conceiv$ z giv+ place to a c\nt]-process ( devolution :i* scatt]s ! p>ts ( matt] & ga!rs ano!r /ore ( pot5tial motion4 ,! two processes 9 alt]nation w !n con/itute a cosmical sy/em )\t beg9n+ or end4 ,9 su* wise a sweep+ survey ( ! physical univ]se may be ?\ght 9 ! t]ms ( natural sci5ce4 ,! uni=mit>ian me?od 9 geology1 resolv+ ! hi/ory ( ! cru/ ( ! e>? into kn[n processes1 su* z erosion & igne\s fusion2#bdd3ac & spectral analysis1 ) its discov]ies conc]n+ ! *emical con/itu5ts ( di/ant bodies ?r\gh ! /udy ( _! light1 h p[]fully re5=c$ ?is ef=t ( ?\ght1 & app>5tly complet$ an outl9e sket* ( ! univ]se 9 t]ms ( infra-organic processes4 ,sid5ote3 ,life4 ,natural ,selection4 ,sect4 #aab4 ,b ! cosmos mu/ be made int]nally homog5e\s 9 ^! same t]ms4 ,!re awaits solution1 9 ! fir/ place1 ! s]i\s problem ( ! g5esis & ma9t5ance ( life )9 a nature t is orig9ally & ultimately inorganic4 ,! assimilation ( ! field ( biology & physiology to ! me*anical cosmos _h made little real progress prior to ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,me*anical !ories _h1 inde$1 be5 project$ 9 ! e>lie/ age ( philosophy1 & propos$ anew 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury4#bde3ad ,nev]!less1 ! /ructural & functional teleology ( ! organism rema9$ z app>5tly irrefutable te/imony to ! inwork+ ( "s pr9ciple o!r ?an t ( me*anical necessity4 ,inde$1 ! only fruitful me?od applicable to organic ph5om5a 0 t :i* expla9$ !m 9 t]ms ( purposive adaptation4 ,& x 0 its provision = a me*anical int]pretation ( ?is v pr9ciple t gave to ! ,d>w9ian law ( natural selection1 promulgat$ 9 #ahei 9 ! ,orig9 ( ,species1 s pr(\nd a significance = naturalism4 ,x ?reat5$ to r$uce ! la/ /ronghold ( teleology1 & completely to disp5se ) ! intellig5t ,au?or ( nature4 ,d>w9's hypo!sis s\ght to expla9 ! orig9 ( animal species by survival "u competitive conditions ( exi/5ce ?r\gh ! possession ( a /ructure suit$ to ! environm5t4 ,only ! mo/ elem5t>y organism ne$ be presuppos$1 toge!r ) slight v>iations 9 ! c\rse ( subsequ5t g5]ations1 & bo? may be conceiv$ to arise me*anically4 ,!re w !n result 9 surviv+ organisms a gradual accumulation ( su* v>iations z promote survival "u ! special conditions ( ! environm5t4 ,su* a pr9ciple _h be5 sugge/$ z e>ly z ! "t ( ,emp$ocles1 b x rema9$ = ,d>w9 to e/abli% x ) an unansw]able array ( obs]vation & exp]im5tation4 ,if any organism :atsoev] end[$ ) ! p[] ( g5]ation be all[$ to h someh[ come to be1 naturalism n[ promises to acc\nt = ! :ole subsequ5t hi/ory ( organic ph5om5a & ! orig9 ( any kn[n species4 ,sid5ote3 ,me*anical ,physiology4 ,sect4 #aac4 ,b :at ( life itself8 ,! "q ( ! d]ivation ( organic f inorganic matt] has prov$ insoluble by direct means1 & ! case ( naturalism mu/ "h re/ ^u su* facts z ! *emical homog5eity ( ^! two k9ds ( matt]1 & ! con=mity ( physiological processes to m g5]al physical laws4 ,organic matt] diff]s f inorganic only ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( proteid1 a peculi> product ( kn[n elem5ts1 :i* _c be artificially produc$1 b :i* is by natural means p]petually dissolv$ into ^! elem5ts )\t any discov]able residuum4 ,respiration may be /udi$ z a case ( a]odynamics1 ! circulation ( ! blood z a case ( hydrodynamics1 & ! heat giv5 (f 9 ! c\rse ( "w done by ! body z a case ( !rmodynamics4 ,& al?\gh vitali/ic !ories /ill reta9 a place 9 physiology1 z d teleological !ories 9 biology1 on ! :ole ! naturali/ic programme ( a r$uction ( organic processes to ! type ( ! inorganic t5ds to prevail4 ,sid5ote3 ,m9d4 ,! ,r$uction to ,s5sation4 ,sect4 #aad4 ,! hi/ory ( naturalism %[s t1 z 9 ! case ( life1 s also 9 ! case ( m9d1 its hypo!ses 7 project$ by ! ,greeks1 b precisely =mulat$ & v]ifi$ only 9 ! mod]n p]iod ( sci5ce4 ,9 ! philosophy ( ,democritus ! s\l 0 itself an atom1 f9]1 r\nd]1 & smoo!r ?an ! ord9>y1 b ?or\ghly a "p ( ! me*anism ( nature4 ,! processes ( ! s\l are con/ru$ z int]actions betwe5 ! s\l & surr\nd+ objects4 ,9 s5sation1 ! ?+ p]ceiv$ produces images by means ( effluxes :i* imp+e ^u ! s\l-atom4 ,^! images are n true reports ( ! out] _w1 b mu/ be revis$ by ?\ght be=e its real atomic /ructure em]ges4 ,= ?is high] critical ex]cise ( ?\ght ,democritus devis$ no special atomic g5esis4 ,! result may be express$ ei!r z ! invalidity ( su* op]ations ( m9d z he c\ld provide = 9 8 univ]se1 or ! irr$ucibility to 8 *os5 fir/ pr9ciples ( ! v ?\ght :i* def9$ !m4 ,lat] naturalism has g5]ally sacrific$ epi/emology to cosmology1 & r$uc$ ?\ght to s5sation4 ,simil>ly1 w has be5 reg>d$ z a highly develop$ case ( in/9ct4 ,k & w1 con/ru$ z s5sation & in/9ct1 may ?us be int]pret$ 9 ! naturali/ic mann] )9 ! field ( biology4 ,sid5ote3 ,automatism4 ,sect4 #aae4 ,b ! actual cont5t ( s5sation1 & ! actual feel+s :i* att5d ^u ! prompt+s ( in/9ct1 /ill /ubbornly te/ify to ! pres5ce 9 ! univ]se ( some?+ belong+ to a :olly diff]5t category f matt] & motion4 ,! attitude ( naturalism 9 ?is crucial issue has nev] be5 fix$ & unwav]+1 b !re has gradually come to pr$om9ate a me?od ( d5y+ to ! inn] life all efficacy & real significance 9 ! cosmos1 :ile admitt+ its pres5ce on ! sc5e4 ,x is a /range fact ( hi/ory t ,desc>tes1 ! ,fr5* philosoph] :o prid$ himself on hav+ rid ! s\l ( all dep5d5ce on nature1 %\ld h greatly contribut$ to ?is me?od4 ,b x is p]haps n s /range :5 we consid] t e dualism is1 aft] all1 symmetrical1 & t consequ5tly :atev] rids ! s\l ( nature at ! same "t rids nature ( ! s\l4 ,x 0 ,desc>tes :o fir/ conceiv$ ! body & s\l to be utt]ly di/9ct sub/ances4 ,! coroll>y to ?is doctr9e 0 8 automatism1 appli$ 9 8 own sy/em to animals o!r ?an man1 b :i* ^? less conc]n$ ) religi\s tradition & less firmly conv9c$ ( ! s\l's orig9at+ activity 7 n sl[ to apply univ]sally4 ,?is !ory conceiv$ ! vital processes to take place q reg>dless ( any inn] consci\sness1 or ev5 )\t its att5dance4 ,to ?is radical !ory ! ,fr5* mat]iali/s ( ! eighte5? c5tury 7 especially attract$4 ,) !m ! active s\l ( ,desc>tes1 ! di/9ct spiritual entity1 disappe>$4 ,?is latt] au?or _h himself admitt$ a dep>tm5t ( ! self1 :i* he call$ ! passions1 9 :i* ! c\rse & cont5t ( m9d is det]m9$ by bodily conditions4 ,ext5d+ ?is conception to ! :ole prov9ce ( m9d1 !y employ$ x to demon/rate ! ?or\gh-go+ subord9ation ( m9d to body4 ,la ,mettrie1 a physician & ! au?or ( a book entitl$ ,l',homme ,ma*9e1 0 fir/ int]e/$ 9 ?is !sis by a fev] delirium1 & aft]w>d adduc$ anatomical & pa?ological data 9 support ( x4 ,! angle f :i* he views human life is well illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+3 ,:at w\ld h suffic$ 9 ! case ( ,julius ,caes>1 ( ,s5eca1 ( ,petronius1 to turn _! fe>lessness into timidity or bragg>try8 ,an ob/ruction 9 ! sple51 ! liv]1 or ! v5a portae4 ,= ! imag9ation is intimately connect$ ) ^! visc]a1 & f !m arise all ! curi\s ph5om5a ( hypo*ondria & hy/]ia4 4 4 4 ',a m]e no?+1 a little fibre1 "s trifl+ ?+ t ! mo/ subtle anatomy _c discov]1 w\ld h made two idiots out ( ,erasmus & ,font5elle4'#bej3ae ,sid5ote3 ,radical ,mat]ialism4 ,m9d z an ,epiph5om5on4 ,sect4 #aaf4 ,! extreme claim t ! s\l is a physical organ ( ! body1 id5tical ) ! bra91 m>k$ ! culm9ation ( ?is militant mat]ialism1 s good an in/ance ( t ov]-simplification & :ole-he>t$ conviction *>act]i/ic ( ! doctr9aire propag&ism ( ,france4 ,locke1 ! ,engli%man1 _h admitt$ t possibly ! sub/ance :i* ?9ks is corporeal4 ,9 ! lett]s ( ,voltaire ?is ?\ght has already f\nd a m positive expression3 ,i am body1 & ,i ?9k2 m ,i d n "k4 ,%all ,i !n attribute to an unkn[n cause :at ,i c s easily attribute to ! only fruitful cause ,i am acqua9t$ )8 ,9 fact1 :]e is ! man :o1 )\t an absurd godlessness1 d>e ass]t t x is impossible = ! ,creator to end[ matt] ) ?\ght & feel+8#bea3af ,f9ally1 ,holba*1 ! great sy/ematiz] ( ?is movem5t1 takes ! affair out ( ! h&s ( ! ,creator & def9itively ann\nces t a s5sitive s\l is no?+ b a human bra9 s con/itut$ t x easily receives ! motions communicat$ to x4#bea3ag ,?is !ory has be5 consid]ably temp]$ s9ce ! age ( ,holba*4 ,naturalism has latt]ly be5 less int]e/$ 9 id5tify+ ! s\l ) ! body1 & m int]e/$ 9 demon/rat+ its dep5d5ce ^u specific bodily conditions1 aft] ! mann] ( ,la ,mettrie4 ,! s-call$ high] faculties1 su* z ?\ght & w1 h be5 relat$ to c5tral or cortical processes ( ! n]v\s sy/em1 processes ( connection & complication :i* )9 ! bra9 itself supplem5t ! impulses & s5sations cong5itally & ext]nally /imulat$4 ,! t]m epiph5om5on has be5 adopt$ to express ! di/9ctness b entire dep5d5ce ( ! m9d4 ,man is a consci\s automaton4 ,! real c\rse ( nature passes ?r\gh 8 n]v\s sy/em1 :ile consci\sness att5ds ^u its functions l a %ad[1 pres5t b n effici5t4#beb3ah ,sid5ote3 ,k1 ,positivism & ,agno/icism4 ,sect4 #aag4 ,holba*'s ,sy/eme de la ,nature1 publi%$ 9 #aggj1 m>ks ! culm9ation ( ! unequivocally mat]iali/ic =m ( naturalism4 ,its epi/emological difficulties1 always m or less 9 evid5ce1 h s9ce t day suffic$ to discr$it mat]ialism1 & to fo/] ! gr[? ( a critical & apologetic =m ( naturalism kn[n z positivism or agno/icism4 ,! mode/y ( ?is doctr9e does n1 x is true1 /rike v deep4 ,=1 al?\gh x disclaims k ( ultimate reality1 x also =bids anyone else to h any4 ,k1 x affirms1 c be ( b "o type1 t :i* comprises ! v]ifiable laws gov]n+ nature4 ,all que/ions conc]n+ fir/ causes are futile1 a /imulus only to excursions ( fancy popul>ly mi/ak5 = k4 ,! sup]ior c]ta9ty & /ability :i* atta*es to natural sci5ce is to be p]man5tly secur$ by ! savant's /eadfa/ refusal to be l$ away aft] ! false gods ( metaphysics4 ,b ?\gh ?is is suffici5t gr\nd = an agno/ic policy1 x does prove an agno/ic !ory4 ,! latt] has sprung f a clos] analysis ( k1 ?\gh x fails to make a v brave %[+ = ?or\ghness & consi/5cy4 ,! crucial po9t has already be5 br\ght )9 our view4 ,! g5]al pr9ciples ( naturalism require t k %all be r$uc$ to s5sations1 or impressions ( ! environm5t ^u ! organism4 ,b ! environm5t & ! s5sations d n correspond4 ,! environm5t is matt] & motion1 =ce & en]gy2 ! s5sations are ( motions1 to be sure1 b mu* m conspicu\sly ( colors1 s\nds1 odors1 pleasures1 & pa9s4 ,critically1 ?is may be express$ by say+ t s9ce ! l>g] "p ( s5se-p]ception is s unmi/akably subjective1 & s9ce all k alike mu/ be d]iv$ f ?is s\rce1 k z a :ole mu/ be reg>d$ z deal+ only ) appe>ances4 ,!re are at lea/ ?ree agno/ic me?ods progress+ f ?is po9t4 ,all agree t ! inn] or ess5tial reality is unfa?omable4 ,b1 9 ! fir/ place1 ^? mo/ close to ! tradition ( mat]ialism ma9ta9 t ! mo/ significant appe>ances1 ! prim>y qualities1 are ^? :i* compose a purely quantitative & corporeal _w4 ,! inn] ess5ce ( ?+s may at any rate be approa*$ by a monism ( matt] or ( en]gy4 ,?is !ory is epi/emological only to ! ext5t ( mod]at+ its claims 9 ! hope ( less5+ its responsibility4 ,ano!r agno/icism places all s5se qualities on a p>1 b w\ld reg>d physics & psy*ology z complem5t>y reports ^u ! two di/9ct s]ies ( ph5om5a 9 :i* ! und]ly+ reality expresses itself4 ,?is !ory is epi/emological to ! ext5t ( grant+ k1 view$ z p]ception1 z good a /&+ 9 ! univ]se z t :i* is accord$ to its object4 ,b su* a dualism t5ds almo/ irresi/ibly to relapse into mat]iali/ic monism1 because ( ! fundam5tal place ( physical conceptions 9 ! sy/em ( ! sci5ces4 ,f9ally1 9 ano!r & a m radical phase ( agno/icism1 we f9d an attempt to make full provision = ! legitimate problems ( epi/emology4 ,! only datum1 ! only exi/5t accessible to k1 is said to be ! s5sation1 or /ate ( consci\sness4 ,9 ! words ( ,huxley3 ,:at1 aft] all1 d we "k ( ?is t]rible 'matt]' except z a "n = ! unkn[n & hypo!tical cause ( /ates ( our own consci\sness8 ,& :at d we "k ( t '_s' ov] ^: ?reat5$ ext9ction by matt] a great lam5tation is aris+1 4 4 4 except t x is also a "n = an unkn[n & hypo!tical cause1 or condition1 ( /ates ( consci\sness8#bee3ai ,! physical _w is n[ to be reg>d$ z a con/ruction :i* does n assimilate to itself ! cont5t ( s5sations1 b enables "o to anticipate !m4 ,! s5sation signifies a contact to :i* sci5ce c provide a key = practical guidance4 ,sid5ote3 ,exp]im5talism4 ,sect4 #aah4 ,?is la/ phase ( naturalism is an attempt to /ate a pure & consi/5t exp]im5talism1 a workable !ory ( ! r\t9e ( s5sations4 ,b x commonly falls into ! error ( ! vici\s circle4 ,! hypo!tical cause ( s5sations is said to be matt]4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! s5sation is a complex1 compris+ elaborate physical & physiological processes4 ,b ^! processes !mselves1 on ! o!r h&1 are said to be analyzable into s5sations4 ,n[ two su* me?ods ( analysis _c be equally ultimate4 ,if all ( reality is f9ally r$ucible to s5sations1 !n ! t]m s5sation mu/ be us$ 9 a new s5se to connote a self-subsi/5t be+1 & c no long] ref] m]ely to a function ( c]ta9 physiological processes4 ,! issue ( ?is w\ld be "s =m ( idealism or ( ! exp]i5ce-philosophy t is n[ com+ s rapidly to ! front4#bef3bj ,b :ile x is true t idealism has sometimes be5 int5d$1 & t a radically new philosophy ( exp]i5ce has sometimes be5 closely approa*$1 ^?1 nev]!less1 :o h develop$ exp]im5talism f ! naturali/ic /&-po9t h 9 reality a*iev$ only a ?9ly disguis$ mat]ialism4 ,= ! v gr\nd ( _! agno/icism is mat]iali/ic4#bef3ba ,k ( reality itself is said to be unatta9able1 because k1 9 ord] to come )9 ! ord] ( nature1 mu/ be reg>d$ z r$ucible to s5sation2 & because s5sation itself1 :5 reg>d$ z a "p ( nature1 is only a physiological process1 a special ph5om5on1 9 no way qualifi$ to be k t is true ( reality4 ,sid5ote3 ,naturali/ic ,epi/emology n ,sy/ematic4 ,sect4 #aai4 ,p]haps1 aft] all1 x w\ld be z fair to ! _s ( naturalism to relieve x ( responsibility = an epi/emology4 ,x has nev] ?or\ghly reckon$ ) ?is problem4 ,x has delib]ately select$ f among ! elem5ts ( exp]i5ce1 & be5 s highly con/ructive 9 its me?od z to =feit its claim to pure empiricism2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 has1 9 ?is same selection ( categories & 9 its insi/5ce ^u ! te/ ( exp]im5t1 fall5 %ort ( a ?or\gh-go+ rationalism4 ,:ile1 on ! "o h&1 x def9es & con/ructs1 x does s1 on ! o!r h&1 )9 ! field ( p]ception & ) con/ant ref]5ce to ! te/ ( p]ception4 ,! explanation & ju/ification ( ?is proc$ure is to be f\nd 9 ! aim ( natural sci5ce r ?an 9 t ( philosophy4 ,x is ?is special int]e/1 r ?an ! g5]al problem ( be+1 t det]m9es ! ord] ( its categories4 ,naturalism z an acc\nt ( reality is acceptable only s f> z its success 9 satisfy+ specific dem&s obta9s = x a c]ta9 logical immunity4 ,^! dem&s are unque/ionably valid & fundam5tal1 b !y are n coext5sive ) ! dem& = tru?4 ,!y co9cide r ) ! imm$iate practical ne$ ( a =mulation ( ! spacial & temporal *anges t confront ! w4 ,h5ce naturalism is acceptable to common-s5se z an acc\nt ( :at ! e-day attitude to ! environm5t treats z its object4 ,naturalism is common-s5se ab\t ! out] _w1 revis$ & br\ght up to date ) ! aid ( ! results ( sci5ce4 ,its deepe/ spr+ is ! organic in/9ct = ! reality ( ! tangible1 ! vital recognition ( ! significance ( t :i* is on ! plane ( int]action ) ! body4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al ,e?ical ,/&-po9t4 ,sect4 #abj4 ,oddly en\gh1 al?\gh common-s5se is ready to intru/ to naturalism ! description ( ! situation ( life1 x pref]s to deal o!rwise ) its ideals4 ,inde$1 common-s5se is n )\t a c]ta9 suspicion t naturalism is ! advocate ( moral rev]sion4 ,x is recogniz$ z ! prophecy ( ! brute majority ( life1 ( ^? consid]ations ( exp$i5cy & pleasure t are ! w>rant = its secul> moods r ?an = its su/a9+ ideals4 ,& t /r& ( life is inde$ its special prov9ce4 ,= ! naturali/ic me?od ( r$uction mu/ f9d ! key to human action among ^? practical conditions t are common to man & 8 inf]iors 9 ! scale ( be+4 ,9 %ort1 human life1 l all life1 mu/ be con/ru$ z ! adju/m5t ( ! organism to its natural environm5t = ! sake ( pres]vation & economic advancem5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,cynicism & ,cyr5aicism4 ,sect4 #aba4 ,e>ly 9 ,greek philosophy ?is g5]al idea ( life 0 picturesquely int]pret$ 9 two contra/+ ways1 ^? ( ! ,cynic & ! ,cyr5aic4 ,bo? ( ^! wise m5 po/ulat$ ! spiritual indiff]5ce ( ! univ]se at l>ge1 & look$ only to ! contact ( life ) its imm$iate environm5t4 ,b :ile ! "o hop$ only to h$ge himself ab\t1 ! o!r s\ght confid5tly ! gratification ( 8 s5sibilities4 ,! figure ( ! ,cynic is ! m famili>4 ,diog5es ( ! tub practis$ self-mortification until 8 d]mal & spiritual call\sness 7 alike imp]vi\s4 ,f beh9d 8 protective %ea? he c\ld )\t affectation despise bo? nature & society4 ,he c\ld reckon himself m bless$ ?an ,alex&]1 because1 ) dem& r$uc$ to ! m9imum1 he c\ld be sure ( a surplus ( supply4 ,hav+ r5\nc$ all goods save ! b>e necessities ( life1 he c\ld neglect bo? promises & ?reats & be play$ ^u by no "o4 ,he 0 securely intr5*$ )9 himself1 an unfurni%$ habitation1 b ! citadel ( a k+4 ,! ,cyr5aic1 on ! o!r h&1 did n seek to make imp]vi\s ! surface ( contact ) nature & society1 b s\ght to height5 its s5sibility1 t x might become a m$ium ( pleasurable feel+4 ,= ! inspiration ) :i* x may be pursu$ ?is ideal has n[h]e be5 m eloqu5tly set =? ?an 9 ! pages ( ,walt] ,pat]1 :o /yles himself ! new ,cyr5aic4 ,n ! fruit ( exp]i5ce1 b exp]i5ce itself1 is ! end4 ,a c\nt$ numb] ( pulses only is giv5 to u ( a v>iegat$1 dramatic life4 ,h[ may we see 9 !m all t is to be se5 9 !m by ! f9e/ s5ses8 ,h[ %all we pass mo/ swiftly f po9t to po9t1 & be pres5t always at ! focus :]e ! greate/ numb] ( vital =ces unite 9 _! pure/ en]gy8 ,to burn always ) ?is h>d1 gemlike flame1 to ma9ta9 ?is ec/acy1 is success 9 life4 4 4 4 ,:ile all melts "u our feet1 we may well cat* at any exquisite passion1 or any contribution to k t seems by a lift$ horizon to set ! _s free = a mom5t1 or any /irr+ ( ! s5ses1 /range dyes1 /range colors1 & curi\s odors1 or "w ( ! arti/'s h&s1 or ! face ( "o's fri5d4 ,n to discrim9ate e mom5t "s passionate attitude 9 ^? ab\t u1 & 9 ! brilliancy ( _! gifts "s tragic divid+ ( =ces on _! ways1 is1 on ?is %ort day ( fro/ & sun1 to sleep be=e ev5+4#bfa3bb ,sid5ote3 ,developm5t ( ,utilit>ianism4 ,evolution>y ,conception ( ,social ,relations4 ,sect4 #abb4 ,9 ! c\rse ( mod]n philosophy ! e?ics ( naturalism has und]gone a trans=mation & developm5t t equip x mu* m =midably = its competition ) rival !ories4 ,if ! ,cynic & ,cyr5aic philosophies ( life seem too egoi/ic & n>r[ 9 outlook1 ?is inadequacy has be5 l>gely ov]come ?r\gh ! mod]n conception ( ! relation ( ! individual to society4 ,man is reg>d$ z s dep5d5t ^u social relations t x is bo? natural & rational = him to gov]n 8 actions ) a conc]n = ! community4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ?is relation ( dep5d5ce 0 view$ z ext]nal1 a b>t] ( goods betwe5 ! individual & society1 sanction$ by an impli$ contract4 ,?omas ,hobbes1 ^: unblu%+ mat]ialism & egoism /imulat$ by opposition ! :ole developm5t ( ,engli% e?ics1 conceiv$ morality to consi/ 9 rules ( action :i* condition ! /ability ( ! /ate1 & s secure = ! individual t peace :i* self-int]e/ tea*es him is ess5tial to 8 welf>e4 ,& !re=e s long a man is 9 ! condition ( m]e nature1 :i* is a condition ( w>1 z private appetite is ! measure ( good & evil3 & consequ5tly all m5 agree on ?is1 t peace is good1 & !re=e also ! ways or means ( peace1 :i*1 z ,i h %[$ be=e1 are 'ju/ice1' 'gratitude1' 'mode/y1' 'equity1' 'm]cy1' & ! re/ ( ! laws ( ,nature1 are good2 t is to say1 'moral virtues'2 & _! contr>y 'vices1' evil4#bfb3bc ,j]emy ,b5?am1 ! apo/le ( utilit>ianism 9 ! eighte5? c5tury1 def9$ political & social sanctions ?r\gh :i* ! individual c\ld pur*ase security & good repute ) action conducive to ! common welf>e4 ,b ! n9ete5? c5tury has und]/ood ! matt] bett]--& ! idea ( an evolution "u conditions t select & reject1 is "h aga9 ! illum9at+ ?\ght4 ,no individual1 evolution>y naturalism ma9ta9s1 has surviv$ ! p]ils ( life )\t possess+ z an inali5able "p ( 8 nature1 cong5ital l 8 egoism1 c]ta9 impulses & in/9ctive desires 9 ! int]e/ ( ! community z a :ole4 ,! late/ g5]ation ( a race ^: p]petuation has be5 condition$ by a capacity to su/a9 social relations & make common cause aga9/ a m ext]nal environm5t1 is moral1 & does n adopt morality 9 ! c\rse ( a calculat+ egoism4 ,consci5ce is ! racial in/9ct ( self-pres]vation utt]+ itself 9 ! individual memb]1 :o draws 8 v life-blood f ! great] organism4 ,sid5ote3 ,naturali/ic ,e?ics n ,sy/ematic4 ,sect4 #abc4 ,?is late/ ^w ( naturali/ic e?ics has n won acceptance z ! la/ ^w 9 e?ics1 & ?is 9 spite ( its indubitable tru? )9 its scope4 ,= ! deep] e?ical int]e/ seeks n s mu* to acc\nt = ! moral nature z to con/rue & ju/ify its prompt+s4 ,! evolution>y !ory reveals ! g5esis ( consci5ce1 & demon/rates its cont9uity ) nature1 b ?is falls z f> %ort ( realiz+ ! purpose ( e?ical /udy z a hi/ory ( ! natural g5esis ( ?\ght w\ld fall %ort ( logic4 ,inde$1 naturalism %[s "h1 z 9 ! realm ( epi/emology1 a p]si/5t failure to appreciate ! c5tral problem4 ,its acceptance z a philosophy1 we are aga9 rem9d$1 c be acc\nt$ = only on ! score ( its g5u9ely rudim5t>y "*4 ,z a rudim5t>y phase ( ?\ght x is bo? indisp5sable & inadequate4 ,x is ! philosophy ( in/9ct1 :i* %\ld 9 normal developm5t prec$e a philosophy ( reason1 9 :i* x is ev5tually assimilat$ & supplem5t$4 ,sid5ote3 ,naturalism z ,antagoni/ic to ,religion4 ,sect4 #abd4 ,!re is1 f9ally1 an inspiration = life :i* ?is philosophy ( naturalism may convey--a!ism1 its detractors w\ld call x1 b none ! less a fai? & a spiritual exaltation t spr+ f its summ+ up ( tru?4 ,x is well fir/ to realize t :i* is dispirit+ 9 x1 its failure to provide = ! fre$om1 immortality1 & moral provid5ce ( ! m sangu9e fai?4 ,= :at is man look$ at f ?is po9t ( view8 4 4 4 ,man1 s f> z natural sci5ce by itself is able to tea* u1 is no long] ! f9al cause ( ! univ]se1 ! ,heav5-desc5d$ heir ( all ! ages4 ,8 v exi/5ce is an accid5t1 8 /ory a brief & transitory episode 9 ! life ( "o ( ! meane/ ( ! planets4 ,( ! comb9ation ( causes :i* fir/ conv]t$ a dead organic comp\nd into ! liv+ prog5itors ( humanity1 sci5ce1 inde$1 z yet kn[s no?+4 ,x is en\gh t f su* beg9n+s fam9e1 disease1 & mutual slaught]1 fit nurses ( ! future lords ( creation1 h gradually evolv$1 aft] inf9ite travail1 a race ) consci5ce en\gh to feel t x is vile1 & intellig5ce en\gh to "k t x is insignificant4 4 4 4 ,we s\nd ! future1 & le>n t aft] a p]iod1 long comp>$ ) ! individual life1 b %ort inde$ comp>$ ) ! divisions ( "t op5 to our inve/igation1 ! en]gies ( our sy/em w decay1 ! glory ( ! sun w be dimm$1 & ! e>?1 tideless & in]t1 w no long] tol]ate ! race :i* has = a mom5t di/urb$ its solitude4 ,man w g d[n into ! pit1 & all 8 ?\ghts w p]i%4 ,! uneasy consci\sness1 :i* 9 ?is obscure corn] has = a brief space brok5 ! cont5t$ sil5ce ( ! univ]se1 w be at re/4 ,matt] w "k itself no long]4 ',imp]i%able monum5ts' & 'immortal de$s1' dea? itself1 & love /rong] ?an dea?1 w be z ?\gh !y _h nev] be54 ,nor w any?+ t is be bett] or be worse = all t ! labor1 g5ius1 devotion1 & suff]+ ( man h /riv5 ?r\gh c\ntless g5]ations to effect4#bfe3bd ,sid5ote3 ,naturalism z ! ,basis = a ,religion ( ,s]vice1 ,wond]1 & ,r5unciation4 ,sect4 #abe4 ,b ?\gh our philosoph] mu/ accept ! tru? ( ?is t]rible picture1 he is n left )\t spiritual res\rces4 ,! ab/ract religion provid$ = ! agno/ic fai?ful by ,h]b]t ,sp5c] does n1 x is true1 af=d any n\ri%m5t to ! religi\s nature4 ,he w\ld h m5 look = a deep spr+ ( life 9 ! negative idea ( my/]y1 ! apo!osis ( ignorance1 :ile religi\s fai? to live at all mu/ lay hold ^u reality4 ,b !re does spr+ f naturalism a positive religion1 ^: fundam5tal motives are ^? ( s]vice1 wond]1 & r5unciation3 s]vice ( humanity 9 ! pres5t1 wond] at ! natural tru?1 & r5unciation ( a univ]se key$ to vibrate ) human ideals4 ,h y1 writes ,*>les ,f]guson1 _h dreams ( ,nirvana & sickly visions & raptures8 ,h y imag9$ t ! end ( y\r life is to be absorb$ back into ! life ( ,god1 & to flee ! e>? & =get all8 ,or d y want to walk on air1 or fly on w+s1 or build a heav5ly city 9 ! cl\ds8 ,come1 let u take our kit on our %\ld]s1 & g out & build ! city "h4#bfe3be ,= ,haeckel natural religion is su* z ! a/oni%m5t ) :i* we gaze ^u ! />ry heav5s & ! microscopic life 9 a drop ( wat]1 ! awe ) :i* we trace ! m>vell\s work+ ( en]gy 9 ! motion ( matt]1 ! rev]5ce ) :i* we grasp ! univ]sal dom9ance ( ! law ( sub/ance ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4#bff3bf ,!re is a deep] & a s9c]] note 9 ! /\t1 =lorn humanism ( ,huxley3 ,t :i* lies be=e ! human race is a con/ant /ruggle to ma9ta9 & improve1 9 opposition to ! ,/ate ( ,nature1 ! ,/ate ( ,art ( an organiz$ polity2 9 :i*1 & by :i*1 man may develop a wor?y civilization1 capable ( ma9ta9+ & con/antly improv+ itself1 until ! evolution ( our globe %all h ent]$ s f> ^u its d[nw>d c\rse t ! cosmic process resumes its sway2 &1 once m1 ! ,/ate ( ,nature prevails ov] ! surface ( our planet4#bff3bg ,,footnotes3 #bbc3a ,,prelim9>y ,,note4--,by naturalism is meant t sy/em ( philosophy :i* def9es ! univ]se 9 ! t]ms ( natural sci5ce4 ,9 its dogmatic phase1 :]e9 x ma9ta9s t be+ is corporeal1 x is call$ mat]ialism4 ,9 its critical phase1 :]e9 x makes ! g5]al ass]tion t ! natural sci5ces con/itute ! only possible k1 :atev] be ! nature ( reality itself1 x is call$ positivism1 agno/icism1 or simply naturalism4 #bbf3b ,lucretius3 ,de ,r]um ,natura1 ,bk4 ,,ii1 l9es #efi-ehj4 ,translation by ,munro4 #bbi3c ,! read] w f9d an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ^! oppos+ views 9 ,locke's *apt] on ,space1 9 8 ,essay ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+4 #bcj3d ,desc>tes di/+ui%$ 8 !ory f t ( ,democritus 9 ! ,pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 ,"p ,,iv1 ,sect4 ccii4 #bca3e ,pe>son3 ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce1 pp4 #bei-bfj4 ,cf4 ibid41 ,*ap4 ,,vii1 entire4 #bcb3f ,quot$ 9 ,ueb]weg3 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy1 ,,ii1 p4 #abd4 #bcc3g ,quot$ f ! ,opticks ( ,newton by ,james ,w>d1 9 8 ,naturalism & ,agno/icism1 ,i1 p4 #dc4 #bcf3h ,haeckel3 ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se4 ,translation by ,mc,cabe1 p4 #bed4 ,! be/ sy/ematic pres5tation ( en]getics is to be f\nd 9 ,o/wald's ,vorlesung5 ueb] ,natur-,philosophie4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 9 8 well-kn[n ,fir/ ,pr9ciples1 makes philosophical use ( bo? =ce & en]gy4 #bch3i ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,,ix4 #bdj3aj ,lucretius3 ,op4 cit41 ,bk4 ,i1 l9es #ajba-abcg4 #bda3aa ,quot$ f ,la ,place's essay on ,probability by ,w>d3 ,op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #da4 #bdc3ab ,an int]e/+ acc\nt & criticism ( su* a !ory 7,clif=d's7 is to be f\nd 9 ,royce's ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 ,lecture ,x4 #bdd3ac ,?is me?od replac$ ! old !ory ( cata/rophes ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( ! ,engli% geologi/s1 ,hutton 7#agbf-agig7 & ,lyell 7#agfg-ahdi74 #bde3ad ,h>vey's discov]y ( ! circulation ( ! blood1 publi%$ 9 #afbh1 0 reg>d$ z a /ep 9 ?is direction4 #bej3ae ,f ! acc\nt ( ,la ,mettrie 9 ,lange3 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism4 ,translation by ,?omas1 ,,ii1 pp4 #fg-fh4 #bea3af ,quot$ f ,voltaire's ,london ,lett] on ! ,engli%1 by ,lange3 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #ah4 #bea3ag ,quot$ by ,lange3 ,op4 cit41 ,,ii1 p4 #aac4 #beb3ah ,! phrase psy*o-physical p>allelism1 curr5t 9 psy*ology1 may mean automatism ( ! k9d exp\nd$ above1 & may also mean dualism4 ,x is us$ commonly z a me?odological pr9ciple to signify t no causal relation%ip betwe5 m9d & body1 b "o ( correspond5ce1 is to be look$ = 9 empirical psy*ology4 ,cf4 ,sect4 #ii4 #bee3ai ,quot$ by ,w>d3 ,op4 cit41 ,i1 p4 #ah4 #bef3bj ,!re are times :5 ,huxley1 e4 g41 w\ld seem to be on ! v]ge ( ! ,b]keleyan idealism4 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,,ix4 #bef3ba ,= ! case ( ,k>l ,pe>son1 read 8 ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 #bfa3bb ,pat]3 ,! ,r5aissance1 pp4 #bdi-bej4 #bfb3bc ,hobbes3 ,levia?an1 ,*ap4 ,,xv4 #bfe3bd ,quot$ f ,balf\r3 ,f\ndations ( ,belief1 pp4 #bi-ca4 #bfe3be ,f]guson3 ,religion ( ,democracy1 p4 #aj4 #bff3bf ,haeckel3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #cdd4 #bff3bg ,huxley3 ,evolution & ,e?ics1 p4 #de4 ,collect$ ,essays1 ,vol4 ,,ix4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,subjectivism#bfg3a ,sid5ote3 ,subjectivism ,orig9ally ,associat$ ) ,relativism & ,scepticism4 ,sect4 #abf4 ,:51 9 ! ye> #agaj1 ,bi%op ,b]keley ma9ta9$ ! !sis ( empirical idealism1 hav+ r$iscov]$ x & ann\nc$ x ) a ju/ifiable s5se ( orig9ality1 he provok$ a k9d ( critical judgm5t t 0 ke5ly annoy+ if n entirely surpris+ to him4 ,9 refut+ ! conception ( mat]ial sub/ance & demon/rat+ ! dep5d5ce ( be+ ^u m9d1 he at once s\ght1 z he did repeat$ly 9 lat] ye>s1 to e/abli% ! _w ( practical belief1 & s to reconcile metaphysics & common-s5se4 ,yet he f\nd himself hail$ z a fool & a sceptic4 ,9 answ] to an inquiry conc]n+ ! reception ( 8 book 9 ,london1 8 fri5d ,sir ,john ,p]cival wrote z foll[s3 ,i did b "n ! subject matt] ( y\r book ( ,pr9ciples to "s +5i\s fri5ds ( m9e & !y imm$iately treat$ x ) ridicule1 at ! same "t refus+ to read x1 :i* ,i h n yet got "o to d4 ,a physician ( my acqua9tance und]took to discov] y\r p]son1 & argu$ y mu/ ne$s be mad1 & t y ought to take rem$ies4 ,a bi%op piti$ y1 t a desire ( />t+ some?+ new %\ld put y ^u su* an und]tak+4 ,ano!r told me t y are n gone s f> z ano!r g5tleman 9 t[n1 :o ass]ts n only t !re is no su* ?+ z ,matt]1 b t we ourselves h no be+ at all4#bfh3b ,!re c be no d\bt b t ! idea ( ! dep5d5ce ( real ?+s ^u _! appe>ance to ! individual is a p>adox to common-s5se4 ,x is a p>adox because x seems to rev]se ! !oretical in/9ct itself1 & to def9e ! real 9 ^? v t]ms :i* discipl9$ ?\ght le>ns to neglect4 ,9 ! e>ly hi/ory ( ?\ght ! nature ( ! ?9k] himself is recogniz$ z t :i* is likely to di/ort tru? r ?an t :i* conditions x4 ,:5 ! wise man1 ! devotee ( tru?1 fir/ makes 8 appe>ance1 8 au?ority is ackn[l$g$ because he has r5\nc$ himself4 ,z witness ( ! univ]sal be+ he purges himself ( :atev] is peculi> to 8 own individuality1 or ev5 to 8 human nature4 ,9 ! alo(ness ( 8 m$itation he escapes ! cl\d ( op9ion & prejudice t obscures ! vision ( ! common man4 ,9 %ort1 ! elem5t ( belief dep5d5t ^u ! ?9k] himself is ! dross :i* mu/ be ref9$ away 9 ord] to obta9 ! pure tru?4 ,:51 !n1 9 ! critical epo* ( ! ,greek sophi/s1 ,protagoras decl>es t !re is no belief t is n ( ?is "*1 8 philosophy is promptly recogniz$ z scepticism4 ,protagoras argues t s5se qualities are cle>ly dep5d5t ^u ! actual op]ations ( ! s5ses1 & t all k r$uces ultimately to ^! t]ms4 ,! s5ses are v>i\sly nam$ he>+1 see+1 smell+2 !re is ! s5se ( heat1 cold1 pleasure1 pa91 desire1 fe>1 & _m m :i* are nam$1 z well z innum]able o!rs :i* h no "n2 ) ea* ( !m !re is born an object ( s5se1--all sorts ( colors born ) all sorts ( sight & s\nds 9 l mann] ) he>+1 & o!r objects ) ! o!r s5ses4#bfi3c ,if ! objects are born ) ! s5ses1 x foll[s t !y are born ) & app]ta9 to ! individual p]ceiv]4 ,ei!r %[1 if y c1 t our s5sations are n relative & individual1 or1 if y admit t !y are individual1 prove t ?is does n involve ! consequ5ce t ! appe>ance becomes1 or1 if y l to say1 is to ! individual only4#bgj3d ,! same motif is ?us r5d]$ by ,walt] ,pat] 9 ! ,conclusion ( 8 ,r5aissance3 ,at fir/ sight exp]i5ce seems to bury u "u a flood ( ext]nal objects1 press+ ^u u ) a %>p & importunate reality1 call+ u out ( ourselves 9 a ?\s& =ms ( action4 ,b :5 reflexion beg9s to act ^u ^? objects !y are dissipat$ "u its influ5ce2 ! cohesive =ce seems susp5d$ l a trick ( magic2 ea* object is loos$ into a gr\p ( impressions--color1 odor1 texture--9 ! m9d ( ! obs]v]4 4 4 4 ,exp]i5ce1 already r$uc$ to a sw>m ( impressions1 is r+$ r\nd = ea* "o ( u by t ?ick wall ( p]sonality ?r\gh :i* no real voice has ev] pi]c$ on its way to u1 or f u to t :i* we c only conjecture to be )\t4 ,e "o ( ^! impressions is ! impression ( ! individual 9 8 isolation1 ea* m9d keep+ z a solit>y prison] its own dream ( a _w4 ,! ,protagorean g5]alization is due to ! reflection t all exp]i5ce is "s individual exp]i5ce1 t no subject ( disc\rse escapes ! imputation ( belong+ to "s individual's private hi/ory4 ,! individual mu/ />t ) 8 own exp]i5ces & ideas1 & he c nev] get beyond !m1 = he _c see outside 8 own vision1 or ev5 ?9k outside 8 own m9d4 ,! scepticism ( ?is !ory is explicit1 & ! =mulas ( ,protagoras--! fam\s ,man is ! measure ( all ?+s1 & ! m exact =mula1 ,! tru? is :at appe>s to ea* man at ea* "t#bga3e--;h be5 ! articles ( scepticism ?r\gh\t ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,ph5om5alism & ,spiritualism4 ,sect4 #abg4 ,!re is1 !re=e1 no?+ really surpris+ 9 ! reception accord$ ! new philosophy ( ,bi%op ,b]keley4 ,a sceptical relativism is ! e>lie/ phase ( subjectivism1 & its avoidance at once becomes ! mo/ urg5t problem ( any philosophy :i* proposes to proce$ =? f ?is pr9ciple4 ,& ?is problem ,b]keley meets ) great adroitness & a wise recognition ( difficulties4 ,b 8 sangu9e temp]am5t & speculative int]e/ impel him to :at he reg>ds z ! ext5sion ( 8 fir/ pr9ciple1 ! re9troduction ( ! conception ( sub/ance "u ! =m ( _s1 & ( ! objective ord] ( nature "u ! =m ( ! m9d ( ,god4 ,9 %ort1 !re are two motives at "w 9 him1 side by side3 ! epi/emological motive1 re/rict+ reality to p]ceptions & ?\ghts1 & ! metaphysical-religi\s motive1 lead+ him ev5tually to ! def9ition ( reality 9 t]ms ( p]ceiv+ & ?9k+ spirits4 ,& f ! "t ( ,b]keley ^! two pr9ciples1 ph5om5alism & spiritualism1 h rema9$ z di/9ct & alt]nat+ phases ( subjectivism4 ,! =m] is its critical & dialectical conception1 ! latt] its con/ructive & practical conception4 ,sid5ote3 ,ph5om5alism z ,ma9ta9$ by ,b]keley4 ,! ,problem ,inh]it$ f ,desc>tes & ,locke4 ,sect4 #abh4 ,z ph5om5alism has its classic /atem5t & pro( 9 ! writ+s ( ,b]keley1 we %all d well to return to ^!4 ,! fact t ?is philosoph] wi%$ to be reg>d$ z ! prophet ( common-s5se has already be5 m5tion$4 ,?is purpose reveals itself explicitly 9 ! s]ies ( ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s4 ,! =m 9 :i* ,b]keley "h advances 8 !sis is fur!r det]m9$ by ! mann] 9 :i* ! l9es 7 drawn 9 8 day ( ?\ght4 ,! _w ( enlight5$ public op9ion 0 !n ?reefold1 consi/+ ( ,god1 physical nature1 & ! s\l4 ,9 ! e>ly ye>s ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,desc>tes _h %>ply di/+ui%$ betwe5 ! two sub/ances--m9d1 ) its attribute ( ?\ght2 & body1 ) its attribute ( ext5sion--& divid$ ! f9ite _w betwe5 !m4 ,god 0 reg>d$ z ! inf9ite & su/a9+ cause ( bo?4 ,/at$ 9 ! t]ms ( epi/emology1 ! object ( cle> ?9k+ is ! physical cosmos1 ! subject ( cle> ?9k+ ! immortal s\l4 ,! realm ( p]ception1 :]e9 ! m9d is subject$ to ! body1 emb>rasses ! ,c>tesian sy/em1 & has no cle> title to any place 9 x4 ,& )\t atta*+ cognitive importance to ?is realm1 ! sy/em is utt]ly dogmatic 9 its epi/emology4#bgc3f ,= :at "o sub/ance ?9ks1 mu/ be assum$ to be someh[ true ( ano!r q indep5d5t sub/ance )\t any m$ium ( communication4 ,n[ betwe5 ,desc>tes & ,b]keley appe>$ ! sob] & que/ion+ ,essay ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+1 by ,john ,locke4 ,?is is an int]e/+ comb9ation 7!y _c be said to bl5d7 ( traditional metaphysics & revolution>y epi/emology4 ,! univ]se /ill consi/s ( ,god1 ! immortal ?9k+ s\l1 & a corporeal nature1 ! object ( its ?\ght4 ,b1 except = c]ta9 pro(s ( ,god & self1 k is entirely r$uc$ to ! p]ceptual type1 to s5sations1 or ideas directly imp>t$ to ! m9d by ! objects !mselves4 ,to escape dogmatism x is ma9ta9$ t ! real is :at is obs]v$ to be pres5t4 ,b ,locke ?9ks ! qualities s discov]$ belong 9 "p to ! p]ceiv] & 9 "p to ! sub/ance outside ! m9d4 ,color is a case ( ! =m]1 a second>y quality2 & ext5sion a case ( ! latt]1 a prim>y quality4 ,& evid5tly ! above empirical te/ ( k is n equally well met 9 ^! two cases4 ,:5 ,i see a r$ object ,i "k t r$ exi/s1 = x is obs]v$ to be pres5t1 & ,i make no claim = x beyond ! pres5t4 ,b :5 ,i note t ! r$ object is squ>e1 ,i am suppos$ to "k a prop]ty t w cont9ue to exi/ 9 ! object aft] ,i h clos$ my eyes or turn$ to some?+ else4 ,"h my claim exce$s my obs]vation1 & ! empirical pr9ciple adopt$ at ! outset w\ld seem to be violat$4 ,b]keley develops 8 philosophy f ?is criticism4 ,8 refutation ( mat]ial sub/ance is int5d$ z a full acceptance ( ! implications ( ! new empirical epi/emology4 ,k is to be all ( ! p]ceptual type1 :]e :at is kn[n is directly pres5t$2 &1 9 con=mity ) ?is pr9ciple1 be+ is to be re/rict$ to ! cont5t ( ! liv+ pulses ( exp]i5ce4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,refutation ( ,mat]ial ,sub/ance4 ,sect4 #abi4 ,b]keley1 !n1 beg9n+ ) ! ?reefold _w ( ,desc>tes & ( common-s5se1 proposes to apply ,locke's !ory ( k to ! discomfiture ( corporeal nature4 ,x 0 a radical doctr9e1 because x meant = him & = 8 contempor>ies ! d5ial ( all f9ite objects outside ! m9d4 ,b at ! same "t x meant a re/oration ( ! homog5eity ( exp]i5ce1 ! re-e/abli%m5t ( ! qualitative _w ( e-day liv+1 & s _h its basis ( appeal to common-s5se4 ,! enc\nt] betwe5 ,hylas1 ! advocate ( ! traditional philosophy1 & ,philon\s1 :o repres5ts ! au?or himself1 beg9s ) an ex*ange ( ! *>ge ( innovation4 ,hyl4 ,i am glad to f9d !re 0 no?+ 9 ! acc\nts ,i he>d ( y4 ,phil4 ,pray1 :at 7 ^?8 ,hyl4 ,y 7 repres5t$1 9 la/ night's conv]sation1 z "o :o ma9ta9$ ! mo/ extravagant op9ion t ev] ent]$ into ! m9d ( man1 to wit1 t !re is no su* ?+ z mat]ial sub/ance 9 ! _w4 ,phil4 ,t !re is no su* ?+ z :at philosoph]s call mat]ial sub/ance1 ,i am s]i\sly p]suad$3 b if ,i 7 made to see any?+ absurd or sceptical 9 ?is1 ,i %\ld !n h ! same reason to r5\nce ?is t ,i imag9e ,i h n[ to reject ! contr>y op9ion4 ,hyl4 ,:at6 c any?+ be m fanta/ical1 m repugnant to ,common-,s5se1 or a m manife/ piece ( ,scepticism1 ?an to believe !re is no su* ?+ z matt]8 ,phil4 ,s(tly1 good ,hylas4 ,:at if x %\ld prove t y1 :o hold !re is1 are1 by virtue ( t op9ion1 a great] sceptic1 & ma9ta9 m p>adoxes & repugnances to ,common-,s5se1 ?an ,i :o believe no su* ?+8#bgf3g ,philon\s n[ proce$s ) 8 case4 ,beg9n+ by obta9+ f ,hylas ! admission t pleasure & pa9 are ess5tially relative & subjective1 he argues t s5sations su* z heat1 s9ce !y are insep>able f ^! feel+s1 mu/ be simil>ly reg>d$4 ,& he is ab\t to annex o!r qualities 9 turn to ?is core ( subjectivity1 :5 ,hylas ent]s a g5]al demurr]3 ,hold1 ,philon\s1 ,i n[ see :at x 0 delud$ me all ?is "t4 ,y ask$ me :e!r heat & cold1 sweetness & bitt]ness1 7 n p>ticul> sorts ( pleasure & pa92 to :i* ,i answ]$ simply t !y 74 ,:]eas ,i %\ld h ?us di/+ui%$3--^? qualities z p]ceiv$ by u1 are pleasures or pa9s2 b n z exi/+ 9 ! ext]nal objects4 ,we mu/ n !re=e conclude absolutely1 t !re is no heat 9 ! fire1 or sweetness 9 ! sug>1 b only t heat or sweetness1 z p]ceiv$ by u1 are n 9 ! fire or sug>4#bgf3h ,sid5ote3 ,! ,application ( ! ,epi/emological ,pr9ciple4 ,sect4 #acj4 ,"h ! argum5t t\*es ^u pr(\nd issues4 ,philon\s n[ assumes ! extreme empirical cont5tion t k applies only to its own psy*ological mom5t1 t its object 9 no way ext5ds beyond t individual situation :i* we call ! /ate ( kn[+4 ,! full import ( su* an epi/emology ,b]keley nev] recogniz$1 b he is cle>ly employ+ x "h1 & ! ov]?r[ ( ,hylas is inevitable s long z he does n *all5ge x or turn x aga9/ 8 oppon5t4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 z a protagoni/ ( ,b]keley's own mak+1 he fails to d1 & he plays into ,philon\s's h&s by admitt+ t :at is kn[n only 9 p]ception mu/ = t reason consi/ 9 p]ception4 ,he frankly owns t x is va9 to /& out any long]1 t colors1 s\nds1 ta/es1 9 a ^w1 all ^? t]m$ second>y qualities1 h c]ta9ly no exi/5ce )\t ! m9d4#bgg3i ,hylas has n[ arriv$ at ! di/9ction betwe5 prim>y & second>y qualities4 ,ext5sion1 ,figure1 ,solidity1 ,gravity1 ,motion1 & ,re/ are ! attributes ( an ext]nal sub/ance :i* is ! cause ( s5sations4 ,b ! same epi/emological pr9ciple readily r$uces ^! also to dep5d5ce on m9d1 =1 l ! second>y qualities1 _! cont5t is giv5 only 9 p]ception4 ,hylas is !n driv5 to def5d a g5]al mat]ial sub/ratum1 :i* is ! cause ( ideas1 b to :i* none ( ! def9ite cont5t ( ^! ideas c be attribut$4 ,9 %ort1 he has put all ! cont5t ( k on ! "o side1 & admitt$ its insep>ability f ! p]ceiv+ _s1 & left ! be+ ( ?+s /&+ empty & =lorn on ! o!r4 ,?is am\nts1 z ,philon\s rem9ds him1 to ! d5ial ( ! reality ( ! kn[n _w4 ,y are !re=e1 by y\r pr9ciples1 =c$ to d5y ! reality ( s5sible ?+s2 s9ce y made x to consi/ 9 an absolute exi/5ce ext]ior to ! m9d4 ,t is to say1 y are a d[nright sceptic4 ,s ,i h ga9$ my po9t1 :i* 0 to %[ y\r pr9ciples l$ to ,scepticism4#bgh3aj ,sid5ote3 ,! ,refutation ( a ,conceiv$ ,corporeal ,_w4 ,sect4 #aca4 ,hav+ advanc$ ! direct empirici/ argum5t = ph5om5alism1 ,b]keley n[ gives ! rationali/ic motive an opportunity to express itself 9 ! qu]ies ( ,hylas z to :e!r !re be n an absolute ext5sion1 someh[ ab/ract$ by ?\ght f ! relativities ( p]ception4 ,is !re n at lea/ a conceivable _w indep5d5t ( p]ception8 ,! answ]s ( ,philon\s ?r[ mu* light ^u ! ,b]keleyan position4 ,he admits t ?\ght is capable ( sep>at+ ! prim>y f ! second>y qualities 9 c]ta9 op]ations1 b at ! same "t d5ies t ?is is =m+ an idea ( !m z sep>ate4 ,i ackn[l$ge1 ,hylas1 x is n difficult to =m g5]al propositions & reason+s ab\t ^? qualities1 )\t m5tion+ any o!r2 &1 9 ?is s5se1 to consid] or treat ( !m ab/ract$ly4 ,b1 h[ do? x foll[ t1 because ,i c pron\nce ! ^w motion by itself1 ,i c =m ! idea ( x 9 my m9d exclusive ( body8 or1 because !orems may be made ( ext5sion & figures1 )\t any m5tion ( great or small1 or any o!r s5sible mode or quality1 t !re=e x is possible su* an ab/ract idea ( ext5sion1 )\t any p>ticul> size or figure1 or s5sible quality1 %\ld be di/9ctly =m$1 & appreh5d$ by ! m9d8 ,ma!maticians treat ( quantity1 )\t reg>d+ :at o!r s5sible qualities x is att5d$ )1 z be+ altoge!r indiff]5t to _! demon/rations4 ,b1 :5 lay+ aside ! words1 !y contemplate ! b>e ideas1 ,i believe y w f9d1 !y are n ! pure ab/ract$ ideas ( ext5sion4#bgi3aa ,b]keley d5ies t we h ideas ( pure ext5sion or motion1 because1 al?\gh we d actually deal ) ^! & f9d !m intelligible1 we c nev] obta9 a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* !y appe> z ! cont5t4 ,he applies ?is psy*ological te/ because ( 8 adh]5ce to ! g5]al empirical po/ulate t k is limit$ to ! individual cont5t ( its own individual /ates4 ,x is a univ]sally receiv$ maxim1 he says1 t ev]y?+ :i* exi/s is p>ticul>4 ,n[ ! tru? ( ma!matical reckon+ is n p>ticul>1 b is valid :]ev] ! conditions to :i* x ref]s are fulfill$4 ,ma!matical reckon+1 if x is to be p>ticul>1 mu/ be reg>d$ z a p>ticul> act or /ate ( "s ?9k]4 ,its tru? mu/ !n be con/ru$ z relative to ! int]e/s ( ! ?9k]1 z a symbolism :i* has an in/rum5tal r ?an a purely cognitive value4 ,?is conclusion _c be disput$ %ort ( a radical /& aga9/ ! g5]al epi/emological pr9ciple to :i* ,b]keley is s f> true1 ! pr9ciple t ! reality :i* is kn[n 9 any /ate ( ?9k+ or p]ceiv+ is ! /ate itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,transition to ,spiritualism4 ,sect4 #acb4 ,?is concludes ! purely ph5om5ali/ic /ra9 ( ,b]keley's ?\ght4 ,he has tak5 ! imm$iate appreh5sion ( s5sible objects 9 a /ate ( m9d c5tr+ ab\t ! pleasure & pa9 ( an individual1 to be ! norm ( k4 ,he has fur!r ma9ta9$ t k _c escape ! p>ticul>ity ( its own /ates4 ,! result is t ! univ]se is compos$ ( private p]ceptions & ideas4 ,/rictly on ! basis ( :at has prec$$1 ,hylas is ju/ifi$ 9 reg>d+ ?is conclusion z no less sceptical ?an t to :i* 8 own position _h be5 r$uc$2 = :ile he _h be5 compell$ to admit t ! real is unkn[able1 ,philon\s has app>5tly def9$ ! kn[able z relative to ! individual4 ,b ! supplem5t>y metaphysics :i* _h hi!rto be5 kept 9 ! backgr\nd is n[ reveal$4 ,x is ma9ta9$ t ?\gh p]ceptions "k no ext]nal _w1 !y d nev]!less reveal a spiritual sub/ance ( :i* !y are ! /ates4 ,al?\gh x has hi!rto be5 argu$ t ! esse ( ?+s is 9 _! p]cipi1 ?is is n[ replac$ by ! m fundam5tal pr9ciple t ! esse ( ?+s is 9 _! p]cip]e or velle4 ,! real _w consi/s n 9 p]ceptions1 b 9 p]ceiv]s4 ,sid5ote3 ,fur!r ,attempts to ,ma9ta9 ,ph5om5alism4 ,sect4 #acc4 ,n[ x is at once evid5t t ! epi/emological !ory :i* has be5 ,b]keley's dialectical weapon 9 ! =ego+ argum5t is no long] available4 ,& ^? :o h c>$ m = ?is !ory ?an = metaphysical speculation h attempt$ to /op at ?is po9t1 & s to con/rue ph5om5alism z to make x self-suffici5t on its own gr\nds4 ,su* attempts are s in/ructive z to make x wor? our :ile to review !m be=e proce$+ ) ! developm5t ( ! spirituali/ic motive 9 subjectivism4 ,! _w is to be reg>d$ z made up ( s5se-p]ceptions1 ideas1 or ph5om5a4 ,:at is to be accept$ z ! fundam5tal category :i* gives to all ( ^! t]ms _! subjectivi/ic significance8 ,s f> !re seems to be no?+ 9 view save ! pr9ciple ( relativity4 ,! type to :i* ^! 7 r$uc$ 0 t ( ! peculi> or un%>able exp]i5ce be/ repres5t$ by an individual's pleasure & pa94 ,b relativity w n "w z a g5]al pr9ciple ( be+4 ,x consigns ! individual to 8 private m9d1 & _c provide = ! validity ( k en\gh ev5 to ma9ta9 itself4 ,"s o!r c\rse1 !n1 mu/ be foll[$4 ,p]ception may be giv5 a psy*o-physical def9ition1 :i* employs physical t]ms z fundam5tal2#bhb3ab b ?is flagrantly contradicts ! ph5om5ali/ic fir/ pr9ciple4 ,or1 reality may be reg>d$ z s /amp$ ) its m>ks z to insure ! proprietor%ip ( ?\ght4 ,b ?is def9ition ( c]ta9 objective entities ( m9d1 ( be+s attribut$ to intellig5ce because ( _! intr9sic intelligibility1 is inconsi/5t ) empiricism1 if inde$ x does n lead ev5tually to a realism ( ! ,platonic type4#bhc3ac ,f9ally1 & mo/ commonly1 ! t]ms ( ph5om5alism h be5 reta9$ aft] _! orig9al mean+ has be5 suff]$ to lapse4 ,! impressions ( ,hume1 e4 g41 are ! remnant ( ! ,b]keleyan _w ) ! _s /rick5 out4 ,!re is no long] any po9t 9 call+ !m impressions1 = !y n[ mean only elem5ts or qualities4 ,z a consequ5ce ?is outgr[? ( ! ,b]keleyanism epi/emology is at pres5t m]g+ into a reali/ic philosophy ( exp]i5ce4#bhc3ad ,any "o1 !n1 ( ^! ?ree may be ! la/ /ate ( "o :o und]takes to rema9 exclusively fai?ful to ! ph5om5ali/ic aspect ( ,b]keleyanism1 embodi$ 9 ! pr9ciple esse e/ p]cipi4 ,sid5ote3 ,b]keley's ,spiritualism4 ,imm$iate ,k ( ! ,p]ceiv]4 ,sect4 #acd4 ,let u n[ foll[ ! =tunes ( ! o!r phase ( subjectivism--t :i* develops ! conception ( ! p]ceiv] r ?an ! p]ceiv$4 ,:5 ,b]keley holds t all ! *oir ( heav5 & furniture ( ! ,e>?1 9 a ^w1 all ^? bodies :i* compose ! mighty frame ( ! _w1 h n any subsi/5ce )\t a ,m9d1 8 ?\ght has transc5d$ ! epi/emology ) :i* he ov]?rew ! conception ( mat]ial sub/ance1 9 two directions4 ,= nei!r m9d ( ! f9ite type nor m9d ( ! div9e type is p]ceiv$4 ,b ! fir/ ( ^! may yet be reg>d$ z a direct empirical datum1 ev5 ?\gh %>ply di/+ui%$ f an object ( p]ception4 ,9 ! ?ird dialogue1 ,philon\s ?us exp\nds ?is new k9d ( k3 ,i own ,i h prop]ly no idea1 ei!r ( ,god or any o!r _s2 = ^! be+ active1 _c be repres5t$ by ?+s p]fectly in]t1 z our ideas are4 ,i d nev]!less "k t ,i1 :o am a _s or ?9k+ sub/ance1 exi/ z c]ta9ly z ,i "k my ideas exi/4 ,f>!r1 ,i "k :at ,i mean by ! t]ms ,i & myself2 & ,i "k ?is imm$iately or intuitively1 ?\gh ,i d n p]ceive x z ,i p]ceive a triangle1 a color1 or a s\nd4#bhd3ae ,! k "h provid$ = may be reg>d$ z empirical because ! reality 9 "q is an individual pres5t 9 ! mom5t ( ! k4 ,p>ticul> acts ( p]ception are said directly to reveal n only p]ceptual objects1 b p]ceiv+ subjects4 ,& ! conception ( spiritual sub/ance1 once accr$it$1 may !n be ext5d$ to acc\nt = social relations & to fill 9 ! nature ( ,god4 ,! latt] ext5sion1 9 s f> z x attributes su* fur!r pr$icates z univ]sality & inf9ity1 implies /ill a ?ird epi/emology1 & ?reat5s to pass ov] into rationalism4 ,b ! k ( "o's fell[-m5 may1 x is claim$1 be reg>d$ z imm$iate1 l ! k ( "o's self4 ,p]ceptual & volitional activity has a s5se = itself & also a s5se = o!r l activity4 ,! self is bo? self-consci\s & socially consci\s 9 an imm$iate exp]i5ce ( ! same type4 ,sid5ote3 ,s*op5hau]'s ,spiritualism1 or ,volunt>ism4 ,imm$iate ,k ( ! ,w4 ,sect4 #ace4 ,b ?is g5]al spirituali/ic conception is develop$ ) less s+l5ess ( purpose 9 ,b]keley ?an among ! volunt>i/s & panpsy*i/s :o spr+ f ,s*op5hau]1 ! ori5tali/1 pessimi/1 & my/ic among ! ,g]man ,kantians ( ! e>ly n9ete5? c5tury4 ,8 great book1 ,die ,welt als ,wille und ,vor/ellung1 op5s ) ! ph5om5ali/ic cont5tion t ! _w is my idea4 ,x soon appe>s1 h[ev]1 t ! my is m pr(\ndly significant ?an ! idea4 ,nature is my creation1 due to ! work+ )9 me ( c]ta9 fix$ pr9ciples ( ?\ght1 su* z space1 "t1 & causality4 ,b nature1 j because x is my creation1 is less ?an me3 is b a manife/ation ( ! true be+ = :i* ,i mu/ look )9 myself4 ,b ?is inn] self _c be made an object ( ?\ght1 = t w\ld be only to create ano!r t]m ( nature4 ,! w itself1 f :i* su* creation spr+s1 is t :i* is mo/ imm$iate 9 "o's consci\sness1 & makes itself kn[n 9 a direct mann] 9 its p>ticul> acts4 ,! t]m w is us$ by ,s*op5hau] z a g5]al t]m cov]+ ! :ole dynamics ( life1 in/9ct & desire1 z well z volition4 ,x is t s5se ( life-pres]v+ & life-enhanc+ appet5cy :i* is ! consci\s accompanim5t ( /ruggle4 ,) its aid ! inw>dness ( ! :ole _w may n[ be appreh5d$4 ,:oev] has n[ ga9$ f all ^! expositions a k 9 ab/racto1 & !re=e cle> & c]ta91 ( :at ev]yone kn[s directly 9 concreto1 i4 e41 z feel+1 a k t 8 w is ! real inn] nature ( 8 ph5om5al be+1 4 4 4 & t 8 w is t :i* is mo/ imm$iate 9 8 consci\sness1 4 4 4 w f9d t ( itself x af=ds him ! key to ! k ( ! inmo/ be+ ( ! :ole ( nature2 = he n[ transf]s x to all ^? ph5om5a :i* are n giv5 to him1 l 8 own ph5om5al exi/5ce1 bo? 9 direct & indirect k1 b only 9 ! latt]1 ?us m]ely "o-sid$ly z idea alone4#bhg3af ,! he>t ( reality is ?us kn[n by an intuitive int]pretation1 :i* beg9s at home 9 ! individual's own he>t4 ,sid5ote3 ,panpsy*ism4 ,sect4 #acf4 ,! panpsy*i/ foll[s ! same c\rse ( reflection4 ,!re is an outw>dness & an inw>dness ( nature1 correspond+ to ! kn[]'s body on ! "o h&1 & 8 feel+ or w on ! o!r4 ,) ?is pr9ciple 9 h& "o may pass d[n ! :ole scale ( be+ & discov] no brea* ( cont9uity4 ,su* an int]pretation ( nature has be5 well set =? by a contempor>y writ]1 :o quotes ! foll[+ f ! botani/1 ,c4 v4 ,naegeli3 ,s5sation is cle>ly connect$ ) ! reflex actions ( high] animals4 ,we are oblig$ to conc$e x to ! o!r animals also1 & we h no gr\nds = d5y+ x to plants & inorganic bodies4 ,! s5sation ar\ses 9 u a condition ( com=t & discom=t4 ,9 g5]al1 ! feel+ ( pleasure arises :5 ! natural impulses are satisfi$1 ! feel+ ( pa9 :5 !y are n satisfi$4 ,s9ce all mat]ial processes are compos$ ( movem5ts ( molecules & elem5t>y atoms1 pleasure & pa9 mu/ h _! seat 9 ^! p>ticles4 4 4 4 ,?us ! same m5tal ?read runs ?r\gh all mat]ial ph5om5a4 ,! human m9d is no?+ b ! highe/ developm5t on our e>? ( ! m5tal processes :i* univ]sally animate & move nature4#bhh3ag ,accord+ to panpsy*ism1 !n1 physical nature is ! manife/ation ( an appet5cy or b>e consci\sness g5]aliz$ f ! ?9k]'s aw>5ess ( 8 mo/ intimate self4 ,su* appet5cy or b>e consci\sness is ! ess5tial or sub/antial /ate ( t :i* appe>s z physical nature4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,inh]5t ,difficulty 9 ,spiritualism4 ,no ,provision = ,objective ,k4 ,sect4 #acg4 ,we mu/ n[ turn to ! ef=ts :i* ?is doctr9e has made to ma9ta9 itself aga9/ ! sceptical tr5d ( its own epi/emology4 ,= precisely z 9 ! case ( ph5om5alism its dialectical pr9ciple ?reat5s to be self-de/ructive4 ,imm$iate pres5ce is /ill ! te/ ( k4 ,b does n imm$iate pres5ce connote relativity & inadequacy1 at be/2 an initial phase ( k t mu/ be supplem5t$ & correct$ be=e objective reality & valid tru? are appreh5d$8 ,does n ! individuality ( ! individual ?9k] connote ! v maximum ( error8 ,inde$1 spiritualism w\ld seem to h exce$$ ev5 ,protagoreanism itself1 & to h pass$ f scepticism to delib]ate nihilism4 ,! object ( k is no long] ev51 z ) ! ph5om5ali/1 ! ?9k]'s ?\ght1 b only 8 ?9k+4 ,& if ! ?9k]'s ?\ght is relative to him1 !n ! ?9k]'s act ( ?9k+ is ! v vani%+-po9t ( relativity1 ! negative t]m ( a negat+ relation4 ,h[ is a real1 a self-subsi/5t _w to be compos$ ( su*8 ,impell$ by a half-consci\s realization ( ! hopelessness ( ?is situation1 ! expon5t ( spiritualism has s\ght to univ]salize 8 conception2 to def9e an absolute or ultimate _s o!r ?an ! individual ?9k]1 ?\gh kn[n 9 & ?r\gh him4 ,b x is cle> t ?is developm5t ( spiritualism1 l all ( ! speculative proc$ure ( subjectivism1 ?reat5s to exce$ ! scope ( ! orig9al pr9ciple ( k4 ,!re is a /rong presumption aga9/ ! possibility ( introduc+ a k ( ,god by ! way ( ! p>ticul> pres5tations ( an individual consci\sness4 ,sid5ote3 ,s*op5hau]'s ,attempt to ,univ]salize ,subjectivism4 ,my/icism4 ,sect4 #ach4 ,s*op5hau] mu/ be cr$it$ ) a g5u9e ef=t to accept ! metaphysical consequ5ces ( 8 epi/emology4 ,8 epi/emology1 z we h se51 def9$ k z c5tripetal4 ,! object ( real k is id5tical ) ! subject ( k4 ,if ,i am to "k ! univ]sal w1 !re=e1 ,i mu/ 9 kn[+ become t w4 ,& ?is ,s*op5hau] ma9ta9s4 ,! inn]mo/ he>t ( ! individual into :i* he may retreat1 ev5 f 8 private w1 is--! univ]sal4 ,b !re is ano!r way ( arriv+ at ! same k4 ,9 contemplation ,i may become absorb$ 9 pr9ciples & laws1 r ?an be div]t$ by ! p>ticul> spacial & temporal objects1 until 7& ?is is peculi>ly true ( ! ae/hetic exp]i5ce7 my int]e/ no long] di/+ui%es itself1 b co9cides ) tru?4 ,9 o!r words1 ab/ract ?9k+ & pure will+ are n opposite extremes1 b adjac5t po9ts on ! deep] or transc5d5t circle ( exp]i5ce4 ,"o may rea* ?is "p ( ! circle by mov+ 9 ei!r ( two directions t at ! />t are directly opposite3 by turn+ 9 ^u ! subject or by utt]ly giv+ "o's self up to ! object4 ,reality obta9s no def9ition by ?is means4 ,philosophy1 = ,s*op5hau]1 is r a programme = realiz+ ! /ate 9 :i* ,i w ! univ]sal & "k ! univ]sal w4 ,! f9al !ory ( k1 !n1 is my/icism1 reality directly appreh5d$ 9 a supreme & incommunicable exp]i5ce1 direct & vivid1 l p]ception1 & at ! same "t univ]sal1 l ?\ght4 ,b ! empiricism ) :i* ,s*op5hau] began1 ! appeal to a famili> exp]i5ce ( self z w1 has mean:ile be5 =gott54 ,! idea z object ( my p]ception1 & ! w z its subject 7 9 ! beg9n+ reg>d$ z common & v]ifiable items ( exp]i5ce4 ,b :o1 save ! occasional philosoph]1 kn[s a univ]sal w8 ,nor h attempts to avoid my/icism1 :ile reta9+ ,s*op5hau]'s fir/ pr9ciple1 be5 successful4 ,c]ta9 volunt>i/s & panpsy*i/s h attempt$ to d )\t ! univ]sal w1 & def9e ! _w solely 9 t]ms ( ! _m individual wills4 ,b1 z ,s*op5hau] himself po9t$ out1 individual wills _c be di/+ui%$ except 9 t]ms ( some?+ o!r ?an w1 su* z space & "t4 ,! same is true if = w !re be sub/itut$ inn] feel+ or consci\sness4 ,)9 ?is category individuals c be di/+ui%$ only z po9ts ( view1 :i* to be comp>able at all mu/ conta9 common objects1 or be def9$ 9 t]ms ( a sy/em ( relations l t ( ! physical _w or t ( an e?ical community4 ,! conception ( pure w or pure feel+ inevitably atta*es to itself t ( an undivid$ unity1 if = no o!r reason because !re is no gr\nd = di/9ction4 ,& su* a unity1 a w or consci\sness t is no p>ticul> act or idea1 c be kn[n only 9 ! unique exp]i5ce :i* my/icism provides4 ,sid5ote3 ,objective ,spiritualism4 ,sect4 #aci4 ,! way ( ,s*op5hau] is ! way ( "o :o adh]es to ! belief t :at ! ?9k] kn[s mu/ always be a "p ( himself1 8 /ate or 8 activity4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! important elem5t ( be+1 its v ess5ce or sub/ance1 is n any def9able nature b an imm$iate relation to ! kn[]4 ,! consequ5ce is t ! univ]se 9 ! la/ analysis c only be def9$ z a supreme /ate or activity into :i* ! individual's consci\sness may develop4 ,spiritualism has1 h[ev]1 o!r int]e/s1 int]e/s :i* may be q indep5d5t ( epi/emology4 ,x is speculatively int]e/$ 9 a k9d ( be+ :i* x def9es z spiritual1 & 9 t]ms ( :i* x proposes to def9e ! univ]se4 ,su* proc$ure is radically diff]5t f ! epi/emological criticism :i* l$ ,b]keley to ma9ta9 t ! esse ( objects is 9 _! p]cipi1 or ,s*op5hau] to ma9ta9 t ! _w is my idea1 or t l$ bo? ( ^! philosoph]s to f9d a deep] reality 9 imm$iately intuit$ self-activity4 ,= n[ x is propos$ to und]/& _s1 discov] its prop]ties1 & to ackn[l$ge x only :]e ^! prop]ties appe>4 ,i may n[ "k _s z an object2 :i* 9 its prop]ties1 to be sure1 is q diff]5t f matt]1 b :i* l matt] is capable ( subsi/+ q indep5d5tly ( my k4 ,?is is a metaphysical spiritualism q di/9ct f epi/emological spiritualism1 & by no means easily made consi/5t !re)4 ,inde$1 x exhibits an almo/ irrepressible t5d5cy to ov]/ep ! b\nds bo? ( empiricism & subjectivism1 an hi/orical connection ) :i* alone ju/ifies its introduction 9 ! pres5t *apt]4 ,sid5ote3 ,b]keley's ,conception ( ,god z ,cause1 ,goodness & ,ord]4 ,sect4 #adj4 ,to return aga9 to ! in/ructive example ( ,bi%op ,b]keley1 we f9d him prov+ ,god f ! evid5ce ( him 9 exp]i5ce1 or ! ne$ ( him to support ! claims ( exp]i5ce4 ,b1 :atev] p[] ,i may h ov] my own ?\ghts1 ,i f9d ! ideas actually p]ceiv$ by ,s5se h n a l dep5d5ce on my w4 ,:5 9 broad daylight ,i op5 my eyes1 x is n 9 my p[] to *oose :e!r ,i %all see or no1 or to det]m9e :at p>ticul> objects %all pres5t !mselves to my view3 & s likewise z to ! he>+ & o!r s5ses2 ! ideas impr9t$ on !m are n creatures ( my w4 ,!re is !re=e "s o!r ,w or ,_s t produces !m4 ,! ideas ( ,s5se are m /rong1 lively1 & di/9ct ?an ^? ( ! ,imag9ation2 !y h likewise a /ead9ess1 ord]1 & coh]5ce1 & are n excit$ at r&om1 z ^? :i* are ! effects ( human wills (t5 are1 b 9 a regul> tra9 or s]ies--! admirable connection :]e( suffici5tly te/ifies ! wisdom & b5evol5ce ( its ,au?or4 ,n[ ! set rules1 or e/abli%$ me?ods1 :]e9 ! ,m9d we dep5d on excites 9 u ! ideas ( ,s5se1 are call$ ! laws ( nature4#bid3ah ,( ! attributes ( exp]i5ce "h 9 "q1 indep5d5ce or /ead9ess is n reg>d$ z prima facie evid5ce ( _s1 b r z an aspect ( exp]i5ce = :i* "s cause is necess>y4 ,b x is assum$ t ! p[] to produce1 ) :i* su* a cause mu/ be end[$1 is ! peculi> pr]ogative ( _s1 & t ?is cause gives fur!r evid5ce ( its spiritual nature1 ( its em95tly spiritual nature1 9 ! ord]l9ess & ! goodness ( its effects4 ,! =ce t produces1 ! intellect t ord]s1 ! goodness t p]fects all ?+s is ! ,supreme ,be+4#bid3ai ,t _s is possess$ ( causal efficacy1 ,b]keley has 9 an e>li] passage prov$ by a direct appeal to ! individual's s5se ( p[]4 ,i f9d ,i c excite ideas 9 my m9d at pleasure1 & v>y & %ift ! sc5e z (t z ,i ?9k fit4 ,x is no m ?an will+1 & /raightway ?is or t idea arises 9 my fancy2 & by ! same p[] x is oblit]at$ & makes way = ano!r4 ,?is mak+ & unmak+ ( ideas do? v prop]ly d5om9ate ! m9d active4 ,?us mu* is c]ta9 & gr\nd$ on exp]i5ce3 b :5 we talk ( un?9k+ ag5ts1 or ( excit+ ideas exclusive ( volition1 we only amuse ourselves ) words4#bie3bj ,al?\gh ,b]keley is "h 9 g5]al agreem5t ) a v consid]able v>iety ( philosophical views1 x w be readily obs]v$ t ?is doctr9e t5ds to lapse into my/icism :5ev] x is reta9$ 9 its purity4 ,b]keley himself admitt$ t !re 0 no idea ( su* p[]4 ,& philosoph]s w z a rule ei!r obta9 an idea correspond+ to a t]m or am5d ! t]m--always except+ ! my/ical appeal to an in>ticulate & indef9able exp]i5ce4 ,h5ce pure p[] reveal$ 9 an ineffable imm$iate exp]i5ce t5ds to give place to k9ds ( p[] to :i* "s def9ite mean+ may be atta*$4 ,! en]gy ( physics1 def9$ by measurable quantitative equival5ce1 is a case 9 po9t4 ,! ideali/ic tr5d is 9 ano!r direction1 p[] com+ to signify e?ical or logical connection4 ,simil>ly1 9 ! lat] philosophy ( ,b]keley himself1 ,god is kn[n by ! nature ( 8 activity r ?an by ! fact ( 8 activity2 & we are said to acc\nt = a ?+1 :5 we %[ t x is s be/4 ,god's p[]1 9 %ort1 becomes indi/+ui%able f 8 univ]sality att5d$ ) ! attributes ( goodness & ord]l9ess4 ,b ?is means t ! analogy ( ! human _s1 consci\s ( its own activity1 is no long] ! basis ( ! argum5t4 ,by ! div9e w is n[ meant e?ical pr9ciples1 r ?an ! "h am ,i will+ ( ! empirical consci\sness4 ,simil>ly ! div9e m9d is def9$ 9 t]ms ( logical pr9ciples1 su* z coh]5ce & ord]1 r ?an 9 t]ms ( ! "h am ,i ?9k+ ( ! f9ite kn[] himself4 ,b en\gh has be5 said to make x pla9 t ?is is no long] ! /&-po9t ( empirio-idealism4 ,inde$1 9 8 la/ philosophical writ+1 ! ,siris1 ,b]keley is s f> remov$ f ! pr9ciples ( k :i* made him at once ! disciple & ! critic ( ,locke1 z to pron\nce himself ! devotee ( ,platonism & ! prophet ( transc5d5talism4 ,! =m] /ra9 appe>s 9 8 conclusion t ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce are nei!r objects ( s5se nor imag9ation2 & t intellect & reason are alone ! sure guides to tru?4#big3ba ,8 transc5d5talism appe>s 9 8 belief t su* pr9ciples1 p>ticipat+ 9 ! vital unity ( ! ,individual ,purpose1 con/itute ! mean+ & s ! sub/antial ess5ce ( ! univ]se4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,g5]al ,t5d5cy ( ,subjectivism to ,transc5d ,itself4 ,sect4 #ada4 ,su* !n are ! v>i\s pa?s :i* lead f subjectivism to o!r types ( philosophy1 demon/rat+ ! peculi> aptitude ( ! =m] = dep>t+ f its fir/ pr9ciple4 ,beg9n+ ) ! relativity ( all kn[able reality to ! individual kn[]1 x und]takes to conceive reality 9 "o or ! o!r ( ! t]ms ( ?is relation1 z p>ticul> /ate ( k or z individual subject ( k4 ,b ^! t]ms develop an intr9sic nature ( _! own1 & become respectively empirical datum1 & logical or e?ical pr9ciple4 ,9 ei!r case ! subjectivi/ic pr9ciple ( k has be5 ab&on$4 ,^? ^: speculative int]e/ 9 a def9able objective _w has be5 less /rong ?an _! atta*m5t to ?is pr9ciple1 h ei!r accept$ ! imputation ( scepticism1 or _h rec\rse to ! radical epi/emological doctr9e ( my/icism4 ,sid5ote3 ,e?ical ,!ories4 ,relativism4 ,sect4 #adb4 ,s9ce ! ess5ce ( subjectivism is epi/emological r ?an metaphysical1 its practical & religi\s implications are v>i\s4 ,! e?ical !ories :i* are coroll>y to ! t5d5cies exp\nd$ above1 range f extreme egoism to a my/ical univ]salism4 ,! close connection betwe5 ! =m] & relativism is evid5t1 & ! =m ( egoism mo/ consi/5t ) epi/emological relativism is to be f\nd among ^? same ,sophi/s :o fir/ ma9ta9$ ?is latt] doctr9e4 ,if we may believe ,plato1 ! ,sophi/s s\ght to create = _! individual pupils an appe>ance ( good4 ,9 ! ,!aetetus1 ,socrates is repres5t$ z speak+ ?us on behalf ( ,protagoras3 ,& ,i am f> f say+ t wisdom & ! wise man h no exi/5ce2 b ,i say t ! wise man is he :o makes ! evils :i* are & appe> to a man1 into goods :i* are & appe> to him4 4 4 4 ,i say t !y 7! wise m57 are ! physicians ( ! human body1 & ! husb&m5 ( plants--= ! husb&m5 also take away ! evil & disord]$ s5sations ( plants1 & infuse into !m good & heal?y s5sations z well z true ones2 & ! wise & good rhetoricians make ! good in/ead ( ! evil seem j to /ates2 = :atev] appe>s to be j & fair to a /ate1 :ile sanction$ by a /ate1 is j & fair to x2 b ! tea*] ( wisdom causes ! good to take ! place ( ! evil1 bo? 9 appe>ance & 9 reality4#bii3bb ,z tru? is indi/+ui%able f ! appe>ance ( tru? to ! individual1 s good is indi/+ui%able f a p>ticul> seem+ good4 ,! supreme moral value accord+ to ?is plan ( life is ! agreeable feel+ tone ( t dream _w to :i* ! individual is =ev] consign$4 ,! possible p]fection ( an exp]i5ce :i* is r$uc$ to a sw>m ( impressions1 & r+$ r\nd = ea* "o ( u by a ?ick wall ( p]sonality has be5 brilliantly depict$ 9 ! passage already quot$ f ,walt] ,pat]1 9 :om ! naturali/ic & subjectivi/ic motives unite4#bii3bc ,if all my exp]i5ce is /rictly my own1 !n my good mu/ likewise be my own4 ,& if all ( my exp]i5ce is valid only 9 its in/ants ( imm$iacy1 !n my be/ good mu/ likewise consi/ 9 "s exquisite passion1 or /irr+ ( ! s5ses4 ,sid5ote3 ,pessimism & ,self-d5ial4 ,sect4 #adc4 ,b = ,s*op5hau] ! int]nal _w op5s out into ! b\ndless & unfa?omable sea ( ! univ]sal w4 ,if ,i retire f ! _w ^u my own private feel+s1 ,i am /ill %ort ( ! true life1 = ,i am ass]t+ myself aga9/ ! _w4 ,i %\ld seek a s5se ( unison ) a _w ^: deep] he>t-beats ,i may le>n to feel & adopt z ! rhy?m ( my own4 ,! folly ( will+ = "o's private self is ! gr\nd ( ,s*op5hau]'s pessimism4 ,all will+ arises f want1 !re=e f defici5cy1 & !re=e f suff]+4 ,! satisfaction ( a wi% ends x2 yet = "o wi% t is satisfi$ !re rema9 at lea/ t5 :i* are d5i$4 ,fur!r1 ! desire la/s long1 ! dem&s are inf9ite2 ! satisfaction is %ort & scantily measur$ out4 ,b ev5 ! f9al satisfaction is itself only app>5t2 e satisfi$ wi% at once makes room = a new "o1 bo? are illusions2 ! "o is kn[n to be s1 ! o!r n yet4 ,no atta9$ object ( desire c give la/+ satisfaction1 b m]ely a fleet+ gratification2 x is l ! alms ?r[n to ! begg>1 t keeps him alive to-day t 8 mis]y may be prolong$ till ! morr[4 4 4 4 ,! subject ( will+ is ?us con/antly /ret*$ on ! revolv+ :eel ( ,ixion1 p\rs wat] into ! sieve ( ! ,danaids1 is ! ev]-long+ ,tantalus4#cjj3bd ,! escape f ?is torture & self-deception is possible ?r\gh ! same my/ical exp]i5ce1 ! same bl5d+ ) ! univ]se t conditions k4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,e?ics ( ,welf>e4 ,sect4 #add4 ,b ?\gh pleasant dream+ be ! mo/ consi/5t practical sequel to a subjectivi/ic epi/emology1 its individualism pres5ts ano!r basis = life ) q diff]5t possibilities ( emphasis4 ,x may develop into an aggressive egoism ( ! type repres5t$ by ! sophi/ ,?rasyma*us1 9 8 proclamation t might is "r1 ju/ice ! int]e/ ( ! /rong]4#cja3be ,b m commonly x is temp]$ by a conception ( social int]e/1 & s]ves z ! *ampion ( action aga9/ contemplation4 ,! gospel ( action is always individuali/ic4 ,x requires ( ! individual a s5se ( 8 indep5d5ce1 & ( ! real virtue ( 8 initiative4 ,h5ce ^? volunt>i/s :o emphasize ! _m individual wills & decl9e to r$uce !m1 aft] ! mann] ( ,s*op5hau]1 to a univ]sal1 may be said to af=d a direct ju/ification ( x4 ,x is true t ?is practical realism ?reat5s ! t5ability ( an epi/emological idealism1 b ! two h be5 unit$1 & because ( _! common emphasis ^u ! individual su* proc$ure is n entirely inconsequ5tial4 ,fri$ri* ,pauls51 ^: panpsy*ism has already be5 cit$1 is an excell5t case 9 po9t4 ,! only good1 he ma9ta9s1 is welf>e1 ! fulfilm5t ( ^? natural desires :i* bo? di/+ui% ! individual & signify 8 cont9uity ) all grades ( be+4 ,! goal at :i* ! w aims does n consi/ 9 a maximum ( pleasurable feel+s1 b 9 ! normal ex]cise ( ! vital functions = :i* ! species is pr$ispos$4 ,9 ! case ( man ! mode ( life is on ! :ole det]m9$ by ! nature ( ! hi/orical unity f :i* ! individual evolves z a memb]4 ,"h ! objective cont5t ( life1 aft] :i* ! w /rives1 also ent]s into consci\sness ) ! progressive evolution ( pres5tation2 ! type ( life becomes a consci\s ideal ( life4#cjb3bf ,"h1 contr>y to ! tea*+ ( ,s*op5hau]1 ! good consi/s 9 individual atta9m5t1 ! ext5sion & fulfilm5t ( ! di/9ct int]e/s t arise f ! common fund ( nature4 ,to be & to d to ! utt]mo/1 to realize ! maximum f nature's inve/m5t 9 "o's special capacities & p[]s--?is is inde$ ! fir/ pr9ciple ( a morality ( action4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,e?ical ,community4 ,sect4 #ade4 ,b a type ( e?ics /ill fur!r remov$ f ! initial relativism has be5 adopt$ & m or less successfully assimilat$ by subjectivi/ic philosophies4 ,accept+ ,b]keley's spirits1 ) _! indef9ite capacities1 & likewise ! /ability ( ! ideal pr9ciples t und]lie a ,god-adm9i/]$ _w1 & morality becomes ! ob$i5ce :i* ! individual r5d]s to ! law4 ,! individual1 free to act 9 8 own "r1 coop]ates ) ! purposes ( ! g5]al spiritual community1 ^: laws are wor?y ( ob$i5ce ?\gh n co]cive4 ,! recognition ( su* a spiritual citiz5%ip1 entail+ opportunities1 duties1 & obligations1 r ?an ?raldom1 p>takes ( ! tru? z well z ! inadequacy ( common-s5se4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,religion ( ,my/icism4 ,sect4 #adf4 ,z = religion1 at lea/ two di/9ct practical appreciations ( ! univ]se h be5 hi/orically associat$ ) ?is *apt] 9 philosophy4 ,! "o ( ^! is ! my/icism ( ,s*op5hau]1 ! religi\s sequel to a univ]sali/ic volunt>ism4 ,s*op5hau]'s e?ics1 8 v philosophy1 is religion4 ,= ! good & ! true are alike atta9able only ?r\gh id5tification ) ! ,absolute ,w4 ,?is consummation ( life1 transc5d+ practical & !oretical diff]5ces1 engulf+ & effac+ all qualities & all values1 is l ! ,nirvana ( ! ,ori5t--a positive ideal only = "o :o has apprais$ ! app>5t _w at its real value4 ,r d we freely ackn[l$ge t :at rema9s aft] ! entire abolition ( w is = all ^? :o are /ill full ( w c]ta9ly no?+2 b1 conv]sely1 to ^? 9 :om ! w has turn$ & has d5i$ itself1 ?is our _w1 :i* is s real1 ) all x's suns & milky-ways--is no?+4#cjd3bg ,sid5ote3 ,! ,religion ( ,individual ,coop]ation ) ,god4 ,sect4 #adg4 ,f ! union ( ! two motives ( volunt>ism & individualism spr+s ano!r & a m famili> type ( religion1 t ( coop]ative spiritual endeavor4 ,9 ! religion ( ,s*op5hau] ! s\l mu/ utt]ly lose itself = ! sake ( peace2 "h ! s\l mu/ p]si/ 9 its own be+ & activity = ! sake ( ! progressive goodness ( ! _w4 ,= ,s*op5hau] ,god is ! univ]sal solution1 9 :i* all motions cease & all diff]5ces disappe>2 "h ,god is ! ,g5]al ( moral =ces4 ,! deep] & m significant univ]se is a society ( rational ag5ts1 act+ "u ! eye ( ,provid5ce1 concurr+ 9 "o design to promote ! common b5efit ( ! :ole1 & con=m+ _! actions to ! e/abli%$ laws & ord] ( ! ,div9e p>5tal wisdom3 :]e9 ea* p>ticul> ag5t %all n consid] himself ap>t1 b z ! memb] ( a great ,city1 ^: au?or & f\nd] is ,god3 9 :i* ! civil laws are no o!r ?an ! rules ( virtue & ! duties ( religion3 & :]e ev]yone's true int]e/ is comb9$ ) 8 duty4#cjd3bh ,b s uncompromis+ an optimism is n ess5tial to ?is religion4 ,its di/9ction lies r 9 its acceptance ( ! manife/ plurality ( s\ls1 & its appeal to ! fai? t is eng5d]$ by s]vice4#cje3bi ,z ,william ,james has said3 ,ev5 ,god's be+ is sacr$ f ours4 ,to coop]ate ) 8 creation by ! be/ & righte/ response seems all he wants ( u4 ,9 su* coop]ation ) 8 purposes1 n 9 any *im]ical speculative conque/ ( him1 n 9 any !oretical dr9k+ ( him up1 mu/ lie ! real mean+ ( our de/9y4#cje3cj ,,footnotes3 #bfg3a ,,prelim9>y ,,note4 ,by ,subjectivism is meant t sy/em ( philosophy :i* con/rues ! univ]se 9 accordance ) ! epi/emological pr9ciple t all k is ( its own /ates or activities4 ,9 s f> z subjectivism r$uces reality to /ates ( k1 su* z p]ceptions or ideas1 x is ph5om5alism4 ,9 s f> z x r$uces reality to a m int]nal active pr9ciple su* z _s or w1 x is spiritualism4 #bfh3b ,b]keley3 ,complete ,works1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ceb4 ,fras]'s edition4 #bfi3c ,plato3 ,!aetetus1 #aef4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 ,! italics are m9e4 #bgj3d ,plato3 ,op4 cit41 #aff4 #bga3e ale3!s ho heka/o3 heka/ote dokei4 #bgc3f ,= ano!r issue out ( ?is situation1 cf4 ,sects4 #ahe-ahg4 #bgf3g ,b]keley3 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #chj-cha4 #bgf3h ,ibid41 p4 #chi4 #bgg3i ,ibid41 p4 #cig4 #bgh3aj ,ibid41 p4 #dah4 #bgi3aa ,ibid41 pp4 #djc-djd4 #bhb3ab ,cf4 ,pe>son3 ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce1 ,*ap4 ,,ii4 ,see above1 ,sect4 #aah4 #bhc3ac ,see ,*ap4 ,,xi4 ,cf4 also ,sect4 #adj4 #bhc3ad ,! same may be said ( ! p]man5t possibilities ( s5sation1 propos$ by ,j4 ,s4 ,mill4 ,su* possibilities outside ( actual p]ception are ei!r no?+ or ?+s su* z !y are kn[n to be 9 p]ception4 ,9 ei!r case !y are n p]ceptions4 ,9 ,ern/ ,ma*'s ,analysis ( ,s5sations1 ! read] w f9d an int]e/+ transition f s5sationalism to realism ?r\gh ! sub/itution ( ! t]m ,be/&!il = ,empf9dung4 7,see ,translation by ,williams1 pp4 #ah-bj47 ,see bel[1 ,sect4 #bjg4 #bhd3ae ,b]keley3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #ddg4 #bhg3af ,s*op5hau]3 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea4 ,translation by ,haldane & ,kemp1 ,vol4 ,i1 p4 #ada4 #bhh3ag ,quot$ f ,naegeli3 ,die ,me*anis*-physiologis*e ,!orie d] ,ab/ammungslehre1 by ,fri$ri* ,pauls51 9 8 ,introduction to ,philosophy4 ,translation by ,?illy1 p4 #ajc4 #bid3ah ,b]keley3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #bgc4 #bid3ai ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bgb-bgc4 #bie3bj ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bgh4 #big3ba ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,iii1 p4 #bdi4 #bii3bb ,plato3 ,!aetetus1 #afg4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #bii3bc ,see ,sect4 #aba4 #cjj3bd ,s*op5hau]3 ,op4 cit4 ,translation by ,haldane & ,kemp1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bec-bed4 #cja3be ,see ,plato3 ,republic1 ,bk4 ,i1 #cch4 #cjb3bf ,pauls53 ,op4 cit41 p4 #dbc4 #cjd3bg ,s*op5hau]3 ,op4 cit4 ,translation by ,haldane & ,kemp1 p4 #ecb4 #cjd3bh ,b]keley3 ,op4 cit41 ,vol4 ,,ii1 p4 #ach4 #cje3bi ,= an int]e/+ *>act]ization ( ?is type ( religion1 cf4 ,royce3 ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 p4 #df4 #cje3cj ,james3 ,! ,w to ,believe1 p4 #ada4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,absolute ,,realism#cjf3a ,sid5ote3 ,! ,philosoph]'s ,task1 & ! ,philosoph]'s ,object1 or ! ,absolute4 ,sect4 #adh4 ,no "o has und]/ood bett] ?an ! philosoph] himself t he _c hope to be popul> ) m5 ( practical common-s5se4 ,inde$1 x has commonly be5 a matt] ( pride ) him4 ,! classic repres5tation ( ! philosoph]'s fai? 9 himself is to be f\nd 9 ,plato's ,republic4 ,! philosoph] is !re portray$ 9 ! fam\s cave simile z "o :o hav+ se5 ! light itself c no long] di/+ui% ! %ad[s :i* are app>5t to ^? :o sit p]petually 9 ! twilight4 ,)9 ! cave ( %ad[s he is inde$ less at 8 ease ?an ^? :o h nev] se5 ! sun4 ,b s9ce he kn[s ! s\rce ( ! %ad[s1 8 k surr\nds t ( ! %ad[ connoisseurs4 ,& 8 equanimity ne$ n suff] f ! contempt ( ^? :om he und]/&s bett] ?an !y und]/& !mselves4 ,! hi/ory ( philosophy is due to ! dogg$ p]si/5ce ) :i* ! philosoph] has tak5 himself s]i\sly & endur$ ! poor op9ion ( ! _w4 ,b ! pride ( ! philosoph] has done m ?an p]petuate ! philosophical outlook & problem2 x has l$ to ! =mulation ( a def9ite philosophical conception1 & ( two great philosophical doctr9es4 ,! conception is t ( ! absolute2 & ! doctr9es are t ( ! absolute be+1 & t ( ! absolute self or m9d4 ,! =m] ( ^! doctr9es is ! topic ( ! pres5t *apt]4 ,among ! e>ly ,greeks ! role ( ! philosoph] 0 "o ( sup]lative dignity4 ,9 po9t ( k he 0 less easily satisfi$ ?an o!r m54 ,he ?\ght beyond imm$iate practical problems1 devot+ himself to a pr(\nd] reflection1 t c\ld n b induce 9 him a s5se ( sup]ior intellectual wor?4 ,! famili> 0 n b9d+ ^u him1 = 8 ?\ght 0 emancipat$ f r\t9e & sup]ficiality4 ,fur!rmore 8 intellectual c\rage & resolution did n p]mit him to indulge 9 triviality1 d\bt1 or p>adox4 ,he s\ght 8 own ) a fai? t c\ld n be d5i$4 ,ev5 ,h]aclitus ! ,d>k1 :o 0 also call$ ! ,weep+ ,philosoph]1 because he f\nd at ! v he>t ( nature t transi5cy :i* ! philosophical m9d seeks to escape1 felt himself to be exalt$ z well z isolat$ by t insight4 ,b ?is s5tim5t ( p]sonal alo(ness l$ at once to a division ( exp]i5ce4 ,he :o kn[s truly belongs to ano!r & m abid+ _w4 ,z !re is a philosophical way ( ?\ght1 !re is a philosophical way ( life1 & a philosophical object4 ,s9ce ! philosoph] & ! common man d n see alike1 ! t]ms ( _! exp]i5ce are incomm5surable4 ,9 ,p>m5ides ! ,eleatic ?is motive is mo/ /rik+ly exhibit$4 ,!re is a ,way ( ,tru? :i* div]ges f ! ,way ( ,op9ion4 ,! philosoph] walks ! =m] way alone4 ,& !re is an object ( tru?1 accessible only to "o :o takes ?is way ( tru?4 ,p>m5ides f9ds ?is object to be ! cont5t ( pure affirmation4 ,"o pa? only is left = u to speak (1 namely1 t ,x is4 ,9 x are v _m tok5s t :at is1 is uncreat$ & inde/ructible1 alone1 complete1 immovable1 & )\t end4 ,nor 0 x ev]1 nor w x be2 = n[ x is1 all at once1 a cont9u\s "o4#cjh3b ,! philosophy ( ,p>m5ides1 commonly call$ ! ,eleatic ,philosophy1 is notable = ?is em]g5ce ( ! pure concept ( absolute be+ z ! f9al object ( k4 ,! philosoph] aims to discov] t :i* is1 & s turns away f t :i* is n or t :i* ceases to be4 ,! negative & transi5t aspects ( exp]i5ce only h9d] him 9 8 se>* = ! et]nal4 ,x 0 ! great ,eleatic insight to realize t ! outcome ( ?\ght is ?us pr$et]m9$2 t ! answ] to philosophy is conta9$ 9 ! "q ( philosophy4 ,! philosoph]1 9 t he resolutely avoids all p>tiality1 relativity1 & sup]ficiality1 mu/ affirm a complete1 univ]sal1 & ultimate be+ z ! v object ( t p]fect k :i* he means to possess4 ,?is object is kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! philosophies z ! inf9ite or absolute4#cji3c ,sid5ote3 ,! ,eleatic ,conception ( ,be+4 ,sect4 #adi4 ,! ,eleatic reasons some:at z foll[s4 ,! philosoph] seeks to "k :at is4 ,! object ( 8 k w !n conta9 z its prim>y & ess5tial pr$icate1 t ( be+4 ,x is a /ep fur!r to def9e be+ 9 t]ms ( ?is ess5tial pr$icate4 ,p>m5ides ?9ks ( be+ z a p[] or /r5g?1 a positive self-ma9t5ance to :i* all affirmations ref]4 ,! rema9d] ( ! ,eleatic philosophy is ! analysis ( ?is concept & ! pro( ( its implications4 ,be+ mu/ p]si/ ?r\gh all *ange1 & span all *asms4 ,be=e be+ !re c be only no?+1 :i* is ! same z to say t s f> z be+ is conc]n$ !re is no be=e4 ,simil>ly !re c be no aft] or beyond4 ,!re c be no motion1 *ange1 or division ( be+1 because be+ w be 9 all p>ts ( e division1 & 9 all /ages ( e process4 ,h5ce be+ is uncreat$ & inde/ructible1 alone1 complete1 immovable1 & )\t end4 ,! argum5t turns ^u ! application to be+ z a :ole ( ! mean+ & ! implications ( only be+4 ,be+ is ! affirmative or positive4 ,f t alone1 "o c d]ive only su* prop]ties z et]nity or unity4 ,= g5]ation & decay & plurality may belong to t :i* is also affirmative & positive1 b n to t :i* is affirmative & positive only4 ,! ,eleatic philosophy is due1 !n1 to ! det]m9ation to d]ive ! :ole ( reality f ! b>e necessity ( be+1 to cut d[n reality to :at fl[s entirely f ! ass]tion ( its only kn[n necess>y aspect1 t ( be+4 ,we meet "h 9 its simple/ =m a p]si/5t rationali/ic motive1 ! attempt to d]ive ! univ]se f ! isolation & analysis ( its mo/ univ]sal "*4 ,z 9 ! case ( e well-def9$ philosophy1 ?is motive is always att5d$ by a besett+ problem4 ,"h x is ! acc\nt+ = :at1 empirically at lea/1 is ali5 to t univ]sal "*4 ,& ?is difficulty is emphasiz$ r ?an resolv$ by ,p>m5ides 9 8 designation ( a limbo ( op9ion1 9 :i* is no true belief at all1 to :i* ! manifold ( common exp]i5ce ) all its irrelevancies c be relegat$4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp9oza's ,conception ( ,sub/ance4 ,sect4 #aej4 ,! ,eleatic philosophy1 enri*$ & supplem5t$1 appe>s _m c5turies lat] 9 ! rigor\s rationalism ( ,sp9oza4#caa3d ,) ,sp9oza philosophy is a demon/ration ( necessities aft] ! mann] ( geometry4 ,reality is to be set =? 9 !orems d]iv$ f fundam5tal axioms & def9itions4 ,z 9 ! case ( ,p>m5ides1 ^! necessities are ! implications ( ! v problem ( be+4 ,! philosoph]'s problem is made to solve itself4 ,b = ,sp9oza t problem is m def9ite & m pregnant4 ,! problematic be+ mu/ n only be1 b mu/ be suffici5t to itself4 ,:at ! philosoph] seeks to "k is prim>ily an intr9sic entity4 ,its nature mu/ be indep5d5t ( o!r natures1 & my k ( x indep5d5t ( my k ( any?+ else4 ,reality is some?+ :i* ne$ n be s\ght fur!r4 ,s con/ru$1 be+ is 9 ,sp9oza's philosophy t]m$ sub/ance4 ,x w be se5 t to def9e sub/ance is to affirm ! exi/5ce ( x1 = sub/ance is s def9$ z to embody ! v qualification = exi/5ce4 ,:atev] exi/s exi/s "u ! =m ( sub/ance1 z t :i* is 9 itself1 & is conceiv$ ?r\gh itself3 9 o!r words1 t ( :i* a conception c be =m$ indep5d5tly ( any o!r conception4#cab3e ,sid5ote3 ,sp9oza's ,pro( ( ,god1 ! ,inf9ite ,sub/ance4 ,! ,modes & ! ,attributes4 ,sect4 #aea4 ,!re rema9s b "o fur!r fundam5tal !sis = ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,sp9ozi/ic philosophy1 ! !sis :i* ma9ta9s ! exclusive exi/5ce ( ! "o absolutely inf9ite be+1 or ,god4 ,! exclusive exi/5ce ( ,god foll[s f 8 exi/5ce1 because ( ! exhau/iv5ess ( 8 nature4 ,8 is ! nature consi/+ 9 inf9ite attributes1 ( :i* ea* expresses et]nal & inf9ite ess5tiality4 ,he w conta9 all mean+1 & all possible mean+1 )9 8 fix$ & necess>y con/itution4 ,x is evid5t t if su* a ,god exi/1 no?+ c fall outside ( him4 ,"o su* sub/ance mu/ be ! only sub/ance4 ,b ^u :at gr\nds are we to ass]t ,god's exi/5ce8 ,to proce$ fur!r ) ,sp9oza's philosophy we mu/ introduce two t]ms :i* are sc>cely less fundam5tal 9 8 sy/em ?an t ( sub/ance4 ,! "o ( ^! is attribute1 by :i* he means k9d or g5]al prop]ty2 ! o!r is mode1 by :i* he means case or individual ?+4 ,sp9oza's pro( ( ,god consi/s 9 %[+ t no s+le mode1 s+le attribute1 or f9ite gr\p ( modes or attributes1 c be a sub/ance2 b only an inf9ite sy/em ( all modes ( all attributes4 ,translat$ into common spee* ?is means t nei!r k9ds nor cases1 nor special gr\ps ( ei!r1 c /& alone & be ( !mselves1 b only ! unity ( all possible cases ( all possible k9ds4 ,! argum5t conc]n+ ! possible sub/antiality ( ! case or individual ?+ is relatively simple4 ,suppose an attribute or k9d1 ,a1 ( :i* !re are cases am#a1 am#b1 am#c1 etc4 ,! numb] ( cases is nev] involv$ 9 ! nature ( ! k9d1 z is se5 = example 9 ! fact t ! def9ition ( triangle prescribes no special numb] ( individual triangles4 ,h5ce am#a1 am#b1 am#c1 etc41 mu/ be expla9$ by some?+ outside ( _! nature4 ,_! be+ cases ( ,a does n acc\nt = _! exi/+ sev]ally4 ,?is is ,sp9oza's /atem5t ( ! argum5t t individual ev5ts1 su* z motions or s5sations1 are n self-dep5d5t1 b belong to a context ( l ev5ts :i* are mutually dep5d5t4 ,! "q ( ! attribute is m difficult4 ,:y may n an attribute z a complete doma9 ( int]dep5d5t ev5ts1 itself be indep5d5t or sub/antial8 ,sp9oza's pr$ecessor1 ,desc>tes1 _h ma9ta9$ precisely t !sis 9 behalf ( ! doma9 ( ?\ght & ! doma9 ( space4 ,sp9oza's answ] re/s ^u ! fam\s ontological argum5t1 inh]it$ f s*ola/icism & g5]ally accept$ 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( mod]n philosophy4 ,! evid5ce ( exi/5ce1 he decl>es1 is cle> & di/9ct conceivability4 ,= a p]son to say t he has a cle> & di/9ct--t is1 a true--idea ( a sub/ance1 b t he is n sure :e!r su* sub/ance exi/s1 w\ld be ! same z if he said t he _h a true idea1 b 0 n sure :e!r or no x 0 false4#cad3f ,n[ we c =m a cle> & di/9ct idea ( an absolutely inf9ite be+ t %all h all possible attributes4 ,?is idea is a well-recogniz$ /&>d & object ( ref]5ce = ?\ght4 ,b x is a conception :i* is highly qualifi$1 n only ?r\gh its cle>ness & di/9ctness1 b also ?r\gh its abundance ( cont5t4 ,x affirms itself !re=e ) a c]ta9ty t surpasses any o!r c]ta9ty1 because x is support$ by ea* & e o!r c]ta9ty1 & ev5 by ! residuum ( possibility4 ,if any intelligible mean+ be p]mitt$ to affirm itself1 s mu* ! m irresi/ible is ! claim ( ?is inf9itely ri* mean+4 ,s9ce e attribute contributes to its validity1 ! be+ ) inf9ite attributes is inf9itely or absolutely valid4 ,! conclusion ( ! argum5t is n[ obvi\s4 ,if ! be+ con/itut$ by ! inf9ite attributes exi/s1 x swall[s up all possibilities & exi/s exclusively4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,limits ( ,sp9oza's ,argum5t = ,god4 ,sect4 #aeb4 ,! vuln]able po9t 9 ,sp9oza's argum5t c ?us be express$3 t :i* is important is que/ionable1 & t :i* is unque/ionable is ( d\btful importance4 ,h ,i inde$ a cle> & di/9ct idea ( an absolutely inf9ite be+8 ,! answ] turns ^u ! mean+ ( ! phrase idea (4 ,x is true ,i c add to su* mean+ z ,i appreh5d ! ?\ght ( possible o!r mean+1 & suppose ! :ole to h a def9it5ess & sy/ematic unity l t ( ! triangle4 ,b su* an idea is problematic4 ,i am compell$ to use ! t]m possible1 & s to confess ! failure ( def9ite cont5t to measure up to my idea4 ,my idea ( an absolutely inf9ite be+ is l my idea ( a univ]sal language3 ,i c ?9k ( x1 b ,i _c ?9k x out1 = lack ( data or because ( ! conflict+ te/imony ( o!r data4 ,if ,i mean ! inf9ity ( my be+ to be a t]m ( inclusiv5ess1 & to insi/ t ! all mu/ be1 & t !re c be no?+ n includ$ 9 ! all1 ,i c sc>cely be d5i$4 ,b x is reasonable to d\bt ! importance ( su* a tru?4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,i mean t my inf9ite be+ %all h ! compactness & organic unity ( a triangle1 ,i mu/ admit t su* a be+ is inde$ problematic4 ,! degree to :i* ! mean+ ( ! "p is dep5d5t ^u ! mean+ ( ! :ole1 or ! degree to :i* ! geometrical analogy is to be pref]r$ to ! analogy ( aggregates1 l ! ev5ts )9 a ye>1 is a problem t falls q outside ,sp9oza's fundam5tal argum5ts4 ,sid5ote3 ,sp9oza's ,provision = ! ,f9ite4 ,sect4 #aec4 ,b ! advance ( ,sp9oza ov] ! ,eleatics mu/ n be lo/ sight (4 ,! mod]n philosoph] has s conceiv$ be+ z to provide = p>ts )9 an individual unity4 ,! geometrical analogy is a mo/ illum9at+ "o1 = x enables u to und]/& h[ manyness may be indisp5sable to a be+ t is ess5tially unit>y4 ,! triangle z triangle is "o4 ,b x c\ld n be su* )\t sides & angles4 ,! unity is equally necess>y to ! p>ts1 = sides & angles ( a triangle c\ld n be su* )\t an arrangem5t gov]n$ by ! nature triangle4 ,! :ole ( nature may be simil>ly conceiv$3 z ! reciprocal necessity ( natura naturans1 or nature def9$ 9 respect ( its unity1 & natura naturata1 or nature specifi$ 9 detail4 ,!re is "s promise "h ( a reconciliation ( ! ,way ( ,op9ion ) ! ,way ( ,tru?4 ,op9ion w\ld be a ga!r+ ( detail1 tru? a compreh5sion ( ! intelligible unity4 ,bo? w\ld be provid$ = ?r\gh ! consid]ation t :atev] is complete & necess>y mu/ be made up ( incomplet5esses t are necess>y to x4 ,sid5ote3 ,transition to ,teleological ,conceptions4 ,sect4 #aed4 ,?is consid]ation1 h[ev]1 does n receive its mo/ effective =mulation 9 ,sp9oza4 ,! isolation ( ! p>ts1 ! actual sev]alty & irrelevance ( ! modes1 /ill pres5ts a grave problem4 ,is !re a k9d ( :ole to :i* n only p>ts b fragm5ts1 or p>ts 9 _! v incomplet5ess1 are indisp5sable8 ,?is w\ld seem to be true ( a progression or developm5t1 s9ce t w\ld require bo? p]fection z its end1 & degrees ( imp]fection z its /ages4 ,sp9oza 0 prev5t$ f mak+ mu* ( ?is idea by 8 rejection ( ! pr9ciple ( teleology4 ,he reg>d$ appreciation or valuation z a projection ( p]sonal bias4 ,nature has no p>ticul> goal 9 view1 & f9al causes are m]e human figm5ts4 ,! p]fection ( ?+s is to be reckon$ only f _! own nature & p[]4#cah3g ,! philosophical me?od :i* ,sp9oza "h repudiates1 ! int]pretation ( ! _w 9 moral t]ms1 is ,platonism1 an indep5d5t & pr(\ndly important movem5t1 belong+ to ! same g5]al reali/ic type ) ,eleaticism & ,sp9ozism4 ,absolute be+ is aga9 ! fundam5tal conception4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x is conceiv$ t be+ is prim>ily n affirmation or self-suffici5cy1 b ! good or ideal4 ,!re are few great metaphysical sy/ems t h n be5 deeply influ5c$ by ,platonism2 h5ce ! importance ( und]/&+ x 9 its purity4 ,to ?is end we mu/ return aga9 to ! e>ly ,greek conception ( ! philosoph]2 = ,platonism1 l ,eleaticism1 is a sequel to ! philosoph]'s self-consci\sness4 ,sid5ote3 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosoph]s n ,self-critical4 ,sect4 #aee4 ,al?\gh ! fir/ ,greek philosoph]s1 su* m5 z ,?ales1 ,h]aclitus1 ,p>m5ides1 & ,emp$ocles1 7 cle>ly aw>e ( _! di/9ction & high call+1 x by no means foll[s t !y 7 good judges ( !mselves4 ,_! s5se ( intellectual p[] 0 unsuspect+2 & !y prais$ philosophy )\t def9itely rais+ ! "q ( its mean+4 ,!y 7 l unskill$ play]s :o try all ! /ops & scales ( an organ1 & "k t someh[ !y c make a music t exce$s ! noises1 monotones or simple melodies ( ^? :o play ^u less] in/rum5ts4 ,!y knew _! p[] r ?an _! in/rum5t or _! art4 ,! fir/ philosoph]s1 9 %ort1 7 self-consci\s b n self-critical4 ,sid5ote3 ,curtailm5t ( ,philosophy 9 ! ,age ( ! ,sophi/s4 ,sect4 #aef4 ,! imm$iately succe$+ phase 9 ! hi/ory ( ,greek philosophy 0 a curtailm5t1 b only 9 ! mo/ sup]ficial s5se a criticism1 ( ! activity ( ! philosoph]4 ,9 ! ,p]iclean ,age philosophy suff]$ m f inatt5tion ?an f refutation4 ,! scepticism ( ! sophi/s1 :o 7 ! kn[+ m5 ( ?is age1 0 n s mu* conviction z indisposition4 ,!y fail$ to recognize ! old philosophical problem2 x did n appeal to !m z a g5u9e problem4 ,! sophi/s 7 ! intellectual m5 ( an age ( humanism1 individualism1 & secul>ism4 ,^! 7 ye>s 9 :i* ! circle ( human society1 ! /ate ) its in/itutions1 citiz5%ip ) its manifold activities & int]e/s1 b\nd$ ! horizon ( ?\ght4 ,:at ne$ to look beyond8 ,life 0 n a problem1 b an abundant opportunity & a s5se ( capacity4 ,! _w 0 n a my/]y1 b a place ( ent]ta9m5t & a sph]e ( action4 ,( ?is ! sophi/s 7 fai?ful witnesses4 ,9 _! love ( novelty1 irrev]5ce1 impressionism1 elegance ( spee*1 & above all 9 _! praise ( individual effici5cy1 !y prea*$ & p&]$ to _! age4 ,_! public1 ?\gh x lov$ to abuse !m1 0 ! greate/ sophi/ ( !m all--brilliant & caprici\s1 incomp>ably ri* 9 all b wisdom4 ,! majority belong$ to :at ,plato call$ ! sight-lov+1 art-lov+1 busy class4 ,?is is an age1 !n1 :5 ! man ( practical common-s5se is pre-em95t1 & ! philosoph] ) 8 d>k say+s has pass$ away4 ,! pride ( wisdom has giv5 way to ! pride ( p[] & ! pride ( clev]ness4 ,! _m m5 pursue ! _m goods ( life1 & !re is no _s among !m all :o1 sitt+ ap>t 9 contemplation1 wond]s at ! mean+ ( ! :ole4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates & ! ,self-criticism ( ! ,philosoph]4 ,sect4 #aeg4 ,b 9 _! mid/ !re mov$ a /range prophet1 :om !y mi/ook = "o ( !mselves4 ,socrates 0 n "o :o pray$ 9 ! wild]ness1 b a man ( ! /reets & ! m>ket-place1 :o talk$ r m incessantly ?an ! re/1 & app>5tly ) less "r4 ,he did n te/ify to ! tru?1 b plead$ ignorance 9 ext5uation ( an exasp]at+ habit ( ask+ que/ions4 ,!re 01 h[ev]1 a humor & a me?od 9 8 innoc5ce t arre/$ att5tion4 ,he 0 a =midable adv]s>y 9 discussion f 8 v irresponsibility2 & he 0 especially successful ) ! m rhetorical sophi/s because he *ose 8 own weapons1 & sub/itut$ critical analysis1 "q & answ]1 = ! long spee*es to :i* ^! tea*]s 7 habituat$ by _! pr(ession4 ,he appe>$ to be gov]n$ by an insatiable inquisitiv5ess1 & a some:at malici\s desire to discr$it ^? :o spoke ) au?ority4 ,b to ^? :o knew him bett]1 & especially to ,plato1 :o knew him be/1 ,socrates 0 at once ! sweete/ & mo/ compell+ _s ( 8 age4 ,!re 0 a k9d ( tru? 9 ! quality ( 8 "*4 ,he 0 p]haps ! fir/ ( all rev]5t m54 ,9 ! pres5ce ( conceit 8 self-depreciation 0 ironical1 b 9 ano!r pres5ce x 0 mo/ g5u9e1 & 8 deepe/ spr+ ( ?\ght & action4 ,?is o!r pres5ce 0 8 own ideal4 ,socrates 0 s9c]ely humble because1 expect+ s mu* ( philosophy1 he saw 8 own defici5cy4 ,unlike ! unskill$ play]1 he did n seek to make music2 b he lov$ music1 & knew t su* music z is inde$ music 0 beyond 8 p[]4 ,on ! o!r h& he 0 well aw>e ( 8 sup]iority to ^? 9 :om self-satisfaction 0 possible because !y _h no conception ( ! ideal4 ,( su* he c\ld say 9 tru? t !y did n "k en\gh ev5 to realize ! ext5t ( _! ignorance4 ,! _w has long be5 famili> ) ! vivid portrayal ( ! ,socratic consci\sness :i* is conta9$ 9 ,plato's ,apology4 ,socrates _h set out 9 life ) ! op9ion t 8 0 an age ( exceptional enlight5m5t4 ,b z he came to "k m5 he f\nd t aft] all no "o ( !m really knew :at he 0 ab\t4 ,ea* sight-lov+1 art-lov+1 busy man 0 q bl9d to ! mean+ ( life4 ,:ile he 0 capable ( practical a*ievem5t1 8 judgm5ts conc]n+ ! real virtue ( 8 a*ievem5ts 7 conv5tional & ungr\nd$1 a m]e reflection ( tradition & op9ion4 ,:5 ask$ conc]n+ ! mean+ ( life1 or ! gr\nd ( 8 op9ions1 he 0 ?r[n into confusion or aggravat$ to mean+less reit]ation4 ,su* m51 ,socrates reflect$1 7 bo? unwise & confirm$ 9 _! folly ?r\gh be+ unconsci\s ( x4 ,because he knew t vanity is vanity1 t op9ion is inde$ m]e op9ion1 ,socrates felt himself to be ! wise/ man 9 a g5]ation ( dogg$ unwisdom4 ,sid5ote3 ,socrates's ,self-criticism a ,prophecy ( ,tru?4 ,sect4 #aeh4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to po9t out t ?is insight1 h[ev] negatively x be us$1 is a revelation ( positive k4 ,h]aclitus & ,p>m5ides claim$ to "k2 ,socrates disclaim$ k = reasons4 ,l all real criticism ?is is at once a conf\nd+ ( error & a prophecy ( tru?4 ,! tru? s discov]$ is inde$ n ord9>y tru? conc]n+ hi/orical or physical ?+s1 b n on t acc\nt less significant & necess>y4 ,?is tru?1 x w also be admitt$1 is virtually r ?an actually set =? by ,socrates himself4 ,he knew t life has "s mean+ :i* ^? :o live ) conviction desire at he>t to realize1 & t k has pr9ciples ) :i* ^? :o speak ) conviction int5d to be consi/5t4 ,!re is1 9 %ort1 a rational life & a rational disc\rse4 ,fur!rmore1 a rational life w be a life wisely direct$ to ! end ( ! good2 & a rational disc\rse "o con/ruct$ ) ref]5ce to ! real natures ( ?+s1 & ! necessities :i* fl[ f ^! natures4 ,b ,socrates did n conclusively def9e ei!r ! mean+ ( life or ! =m ( p]fect k4 ,he te/ifi$ to ! necessity ( "s su* tru?s1 & 8 te/imony demon/rat$ bo? ! bl9dness ( 8 contempor>ies & also 8 own defici5cy4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,hi/orical ,prep>ation = ,plato4 ,sect4 #aei4 ,! "* & me?od ( ,socrates h _! be/ foil 9 ! sophi/s1 b _! be>+ on ! e>li] philosoph]s is = our purposes ev5 m in/ructive4 ,unlike ,socrates ^! philosoph]s _h n made a /udy ( ! task ( ! philosoph]4 ,!y 7 philosoph]s--spectators ( all "t & all exi/5ce2 b !y 7 precritical or dogmatic philosoph]s1 to :om x _h n occurr$ to def9e ! requirem5ts ( philosophy4 ,!y knew no p]fect k o!r ?an _! own actual k4 ,!y def9$ be+ & int]pret$ life )\t reflect+ ^u ! quality ( ! k ^: object is be+1 or ! quality ( insight t w\ld inde$ be practical wisdom4 ,b :5 ?r\gh ,socrates ! :ole philosophical prospect is aga9 reveal$ aft] ! p]iod ( humani/ic conc5tration1 x is z an ideal ^: possibilities1 ^: necessities1 are conceiv$ be=e !y are realiz$4 ,socrates celebrates ! role ( ! philosoph] )\t assign+ x to himself4 ,! new philosophical object is ! philosoph] himself2 & ! new insight a k ( k itself4 ,^! ?ree types ( intellectual proc$ure1 dogmatic speculation conc]n+ be+1 humani/ic int]e/ 9 life1 & ! self-criticism ( ?\ght1 =m ! hi/orical prep>ation = ,plato1 ! philosoph] :o def9$ be+ z ! ideal ( ?\ght1 & ^u ?is gr\nd int]pret$ life4 ,!re is no m /rik+ case 9 hi/ory ( ! subtle cont9uity ( ?\ght ?an ! relation betwe5 ,plato & 8 ma/] ,socrates4 ,! wond] ( x is due to ! abs5ce ( any =mulation ( doctr9e on ! "p ( ,socrates himself4 ,he only liv$ & talk$2 & yet ,plato creat$ a sy/em ( philosophy 9 :i* he is fai?fully embodi$4 ,! =m ( embodim5t is ! dialogue1 9 :i* ! talk+ ( ,socrates is p]petuat$ & conduct$ to pr(\nd] issues1 & 9 :i* 8 life is bo? r5d]$ & int]pret$4 ,b z ! vehicle ( ,plato's ?\ght pres]ves & makes p]fect ! ,socratic me?od1 s ! ?\ght itself beg9s ) ! ,socratic motive & rema9s to ! end an expression ( x4 ,! pres5tim5t ( p]fect k :i* di/+ui%$ ,socrates f 8 contempor>ies becomes 9 ,plato ! cle> vision ( a realm ( ideal tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,platonism3 ,reality z ! ,absolute ,ideal or ,good4 ,sect4 #afj4 ,plato beg9s 8 philosophy ) ! philosoph] & ! philosoph]'s int]e/4 ,! philosoph] is a lov]1 :o l all lov]s longs = ! beautiful4 ,b he is ! supreme lov]1 = he loves n ! individual beautiful object b ! ,absolute ,beauty itself4 ,he is a lov] too 9 t he does n possess1 b someh[ appreh5ds 8 object f af>4 ,?\gh imp]fect1 he seeks p]fection2 ?\gh /&+ l all 8 fell[s 9 ! twilight ( half-reality1 he faces t[>d ! sun4 ,n[ x is ! fundam5tal proposition ( ! ,platonic philosophy t reality is ! sun itself1 or ! p]fection ^: possession e wise ?9k] covets1 ^: pres5ce w\ld satisfy e long+ ( exp]i5ce4 ,! real is t belov$ object :i* is truly beautiful1 delicate1 p]fect1 & bless$4 ,!re is bo? a s]i\s gr\nd = su* an affirmation & an important tru? 9 its mean+4 ,! gr\nd is ! evid5t incomplet5ess ( e special judgm5t conc]n+ exp]i5ce4 ,we und]/& only 9 "p1 & we "k t we und]/& only 9 "p4 ,:at we discov] is real en\gh = practical purposes1 b ev5 common-s5se que/ions ! true reality ( its objects4 ,special judgm5ts seem to t]m9ate our ?\ght abruptly & arbitr>ily4 ,we give ! be/ answ] we c1 b su* answ]s d n come z ! completion ( our ?9k+4 ,our ?\ght is 9 "s s5se surely a seek+1 & x w\ld appe> t we are n p]mitt$ to re/ & be satisfi$ at any /age ( x4 ,if we d s we are l ! sophi/s--bl9d to our own ignorance4 ,b x is equally true t our ?\ght is /raight=w>d & progressive4 ,we are n p]mitt$ to return to e>li] /ages1 b mu/ pu% on to t :i* is n less1 b m1 ?an :at we h z yet f\nd4 ,!re is good hope1 !n1 ( und]/&+ :at ! ideal may be f our k ( ! direction :i* x impels u to foll[4 ,b to und]/& ,plato's conception ( ! progression ( exp]i5ce we mu/ aga9 cat* up ! ,socratic /ra9 :i* he weaves into e !me4 ,= ,socrates1 /ud5t ( life & mank9d1 all objects 7 objects ( int]e/1 & all int]e/s practical int]e/s4 ,"o is ignorant :5 "o does n "k ! good ( ?+s2 op9ionative :5 "o rates ?+s by conv5tional /&>ds2 wise :5 "o kn[s _! real good4 ,9 ,platonism ?is practical int]pretation ( exp]i5ce appe>s 9 ! pr9ciple t ! object ( p]fect k is ! good4 ,! nature ( ?+s :i* "o seeks to "k bett] is ! good ( ?+s1 ! absolute be+ :i* is ! goal ( all ?9k+ is ! v good itself4 ,plato does n use ! t]m good 9 any m]ely utilit>ian s5se4 ,inde$ x is v significant t = ,plato !re is no cleavage betwe5 !oretical & practical int]e/s4 ,to be morally good is to "k ! good1 to set "o's he>t on ! true object ( affection2 & to be !oretically s\nd is to und]/& p]fection4 ,! good itself is ! end ( e aim1 t 9 :i* all int]e/s conv]ge4 ,h5ce x _c be def9$1 z might a special good1 9 t]ms ( ! fulfilm5t ( a set ( concrete conditions1 b only 9 t]ms ( ! s5se or direction ( all purposes4 ,! foll[+ passage occurs 9 ! ,symposium3 ,! true ord] ( go+ or be+ l$ by o!rs to ! ?+s ( love1 is to use ! beauties ( e>? z /eps along :i* he m\nts upw>d = ! sake ( t o!r beauty1 go+ f "o to two1 & f two to all fair =ms1 & f fair =ms to fair actions1 & f fair actions to fair notions1 until f fair notions he arrives at ! notion ( absolute beauty1 & at la/ kn[s :at ! ess5ce ( beauty is4#cbi3h ,sid5ote3 ,! ,progression ( ,exp]i5ce t[>d ,god4 ,sect4 #afa4 ,!re is1 !n1 a true ord] ( go+1 & an ord] t leads f "o to _m1 f !nce to =ms1 f !nce to morality1 & f !nce to ! g5]al objects ( ?\ght or ! ideas4 ,9 ! ,republic1 :]e ! prop] education ( ! philosoph] is 9 "q1 x is propos$ t he %all /udy ari?metic1 geometry1 a/ronomy1 & dialectic4 ,?us 9 ea* case ma!matics is ! fir/ advance 9 k1 & dialectic ! ne>e/ to p]fection4 ,mo/ ( ,plato's examples are drawn f ma!matics4 ,?is sci5ce replaces ! v>iety & vagu5ess ( ! =ms ( exp]i5ce ) cle>1 unit>y1 def9ite1 & et]nal natures1 su* z ! numb] & ! geometrical figure4 ,?us c]ta9 individual ?+s are approximately triangul>1 b subject to alt]ation1 & indef9itely _m4 ,on ! o!r h& ! triangle z def9$ by geometry is ! fix$ & unequivocal nature or idea :i* su* exp]i5ces sugge/2 & ! philosophical m9d w at once pass to x f ^!4 ,b ! ma!matical objects are !mselves n ?or\ghly und]/ood :5 und]/ood only 9 ma!matical t]ms1 = ! f\ndations ( ma!matics are arbitr>y4 ,& ! same is true ( all ! s-call$ special sci5ces4 ,ev5 ! sci5ti/s !mselves1 says ,plato1 only dream ab\t be+1 b nev] c behold ! wak+ reality s long z !y leave ! hypo!ses !y use unexam9$1 & are unable to give an acc\nt ( !m4 ,= :5 a man kn[s n 8 own fir/ pr9ciple1 & :5 ! conclusion & int]m$iate /eps are also con/ruct$ out ( he kn[s n :at1 h[ c he imag9e t su* a conv5tional /atem5t w ev] become sci5ce8#ccj3i ,)9 ! sci5ce ( dialectics we are to und]/& ! connections & sequ5ces ( ideas !mselves1 9 ! hope ( elim9at+ e arbitr>9ess & conv5tionality )9 a sy/em ( tru? t is pure & self-lum9\s rationality4 ,to ?is sci5ce1 :i* is ! great int]e/ ( 8 lat] ye>s1 ,plato contributes only incomplete /udies & exp]im5ts4 ,we mu/ be satisfi$ ) ! playful answ] ) :i*1 9 ! ,republic1 he replies to ,glaucon's entreaty t he proce$ at once f ! prelude or preamble to ! *ief /ra91 & describe t 9 l mann]3 ,de> ,glaucon1 y w n be able to foll[ me "h1 ?\gh ,i w\ld d my be/4 ,b a philosophical sy/em has be5 project$4 ,! real is t p]fect significance or mean+ :i* ?\ght & e int]e/ sugge/s1 & t[>d :i* !re is 9 exp]i5ce an appreciable movem5t4 ,x is ?is significance :i* makes ?+s :at !y really are1 & :i* con/itutes our und]/&+ ( !m4 ,9 itself x transc5ds ! /eps :i* lead to x2 = ,god1 says ,plato1 m+les n ) m54 ,b x is nev]!less ! mean+ ( human life4 ,& ?is we c readily conceive4 ,! la/ ^w may trans=m ! s5t5ce f nons5se into s5se1 & x w\ld be true to say t its s5se m+les n ) nons5se4 ,simil>ly ! la/ t\* ( ! bru% may trans=m an in*oate mass ( color into a picture1 dis>ray into an object ( beauty2 & its beauty m+les n ) ugl9ess4 ,s life1 :5 x f9ally realizes itself1 obta9s a new & incomm5surable quality ( p]fection 9 :i* humanity is trans=m$ into deity4 ,!re is frankly no provision = imp]fection 9 su* a _w4 ,9 8 lat] writ+s ,plato s\nds 8 *>act]i/ic note less frequ5tly1 & p]mits ! ideal to create a cosmos ?r\gh ! admixture ( matt]4 ,b 9 8 mom5t ( inspiration1 ! ,platoni/ w h no s5se = ! imp]fect4 ,x is ! d>kness beh9d 8 back1 or ! twilight ?r\gh :i* he passes on 8 way to ! light4 ,he w use ev5 ! beauties ( e>? only z /eps along :i* he m\nts upw>d = ! sake ( t o!r beauty4 ,sid5ote3 ,ari/otle's ,hi]>*y ( ,sub/ances 9 ,relation to ,platonism4 ,sect4 #afb4 ,we h met1 !n1 ) two di/9ct philosophical doctr9es :i* arise f ! conception ( ! absolute1 or ! philosoph]'s peculi> object3 ! doctr9e ( ! absolute be+ or sub/ance1 & t ( ! absolute ideal or good4 ,bo? doctr9es are reali/ic 9 t !y assume reality to be demon/rat$ or reveal$1 r ?an creat$1 by k4 ,bo? are rationali/ic 9 t !y develop a sy/em ( philosophy f ! problem ( philosophy1 or d$uce a def9ition ( reality f ! conception1 ( reality4 ,!re rema9s a ?ird doctr9e ( ! same type--! philosophy ( ,ari/otle1 ! mo/ elaborately con/ruct$ sy/em ( ,greek antiquity1 & ! mo/ pot5t influ5ce ex]t$ ^u ! ,s*ola/ic ,philosophy ( ! long m$iaeval p]iod4 ,?is philosophy 0 rehabilitat$ 9 ! eighte5? c5tury by ,leibniz1 ! brilliant libr>ian ( ! c\rt ( ,hanov]4 ,! extraord9>y compreh5siv5ess ( ,ari/otle's philosophy makes x q impossible to r5d] "h ev5 a g5]al acc\nt ( x4 ,!re is sc>cely any human discipl9e t does n to "s ext5t draw ^u x4 ,we are conc]n$ only ) ! c5tral pr9ciples ( ! metaphysics4 ,^u ! common gr\nd ( rationalism & realism1 ,plato & ,ari/otle are complem5t>y 9 temp]1 me?od1 & pr9ciple4 ,plato's is ! g5ius ( inspiration & f]tility1 ,ari/otle's ! g5ius ( erudition1 ma/]y1 & syn!sis4 ,9 =m1 ,plato's is ! gift ( expression1 ,ari/otle's ! gift ( arrangem5t4 ,plato 0 born & br$ an ari/ocrat1 & became ! lov] ( ! be/--! uncompromis+ puri/2 ,ari/otle is middle-class1 & limitlessly wide1 hospitable1 & pati5t 9 8 int]e/s4 ,?us :ile bo? are speculative & acute1 ,plato's m9d is int5sive & pr(\nd1 ,ari/otle's ext5sive & ord]ly4 ,x 0 inevitable1 !n1 t ,ari/otle %\ld f9d ,plato "o-sid$4 ,! philosophy ( ! ideal is n worldly en\gh to be true4 ,x is a religion r ?an a !ory ( reality4 ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 w\ld n r5\nce x1 b con/rue x t x may bett] provide = nature & hi/ory4 ,?is is ! significance ( 8 new t]m9ology4 ,matt]1 to :i* ,plato reluctantly conc$es "s room z a pr9ciple ( degradation 9 ! univ]se1 is n[ admitt$ to good /&+4 ,matt] or mat]ial is indisp5sable to be+ z its pot5tiality or t out ( :i* x is con/itut$4 ,! ideal1 on ! o!r h&1 loses its exclusive title to ! pr$icate ( reality1 & becomes ! =m1 or ! det]m9ate nature :i* exi/s only 9 its p>ticul> embodim5ts4 ,! be+ or sub/ance is ! concrete individual1 ( :i* ^! are ! ab/ract$ aspects4 ,ari/otle's =m1 l ,plato's idea1 is a teleological pr9ciple4 ,! ess5tial nature ( ! object is its p]fection4 ,x is fur!rmore ess5tial to ! object t x %\ld /rive aft] a high] p]fection4 ,) ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 ! reality is n ! consummation ( ! process1 ! highe/ p]fection 9 & = itself1 b ! v hi]>*y ( objects t asc5ds t[>d x4 ,! highe/ p]fection1 or ,god1 is n itself coext5sive ) be+1 b ! f9al cause ( be+--t on acc\nt ( :i* ! :ole progression ( ev5ts takes place4 ,reality is ! developm5t ) all ( its asc5d+ /ages f ! maximum ( pot5tiality1 or matt]1 to ! maximum ( actuality1 or ,god ! pure =m4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ari/otelian ,philosophy z a ,reconciliation ( ,platonism & ,sp9ozism4 ,sect4 #afc4 ,to und]/& ! virtue ( ?is philosophy z a basis = ! reconciliation ( diff]5t int]e/s1 we mu/ recall ! relation betwe5 ,plato & ,sp9oza4 ,_! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce appe>s to ! be/ advantage 9 connection ) ma!matical tru?4 ,bo? reg>d$ geometry z ! be/ model = philosophical ?9k+1 b = diff]5t reasons4 ,sp9oza priz$ geometry = its necessity1 & propos$ to ext5d x4 ,8 philosophy is ! attempt to =mulate a geometry ( be+1 :i* %all set =? ! inevitable c]ta9ties ( ! univ]se4 ,plato1 on ! o!r h&1 priz$ geometry r = its def9ition ( types1 = its k ( pure or p]fect natures su* z ! circle & triangle1 :i* 9 imm$iate exp]i5ce are only approximat$4 ,8 philosophy def9es reality simil>ly z ! absolute p]fection4 ,appli$ to nature ,sp9ozism is me*anical1 & looks = necess>y laws1 :ile ,platonism is teleological1 & looks = adaptation & significance4 ,ari/otle's position is int]m$iate4 ,) ,plato he affirms t ! good is ! ultimate pr9ciple4 ,b ?is v pr9ciple is conceiv$ to gov]n a univ]se ( sub/ances1 ea* ( :i* ma9ta9s its own prop] be+1 & all ( :i* are reciprocally det]m9$ 9 _! *anges4 ,f9al causes dom9ate nature1 b "w ?r\gh effici5t causes4 ,reality is n pure p]fection1 z 9 ,platonism1 nor ! indiff]5t necessity1 z 9 ,sp9ozism1 b ! sy/em ( be+s necess>y to ! complete progression t[>d ! highe/ p]fection4 ,! ,ari/otelian philosophy promises1 !n1 to ov]come bo? ! h>d realism ( ,p>m5ides & ,sp9oza1 & also ! sup]naturalism ( ,plato4 ,sid5ote3 ,leibniz's ,application ( ! ,conception ( ,developm5t to ! ,problem ( ,imp]fection4 ,sect4 #afd4 ,b x promises1 fur!rmore1 to rem$y ! defect common to ^! two doctr9es1 ! v besett+ problem ( ?is :ole type ( philosophy4 ,t problem1 z has be5 se51 is to provide = ! imp]fect )9 ! p]fect1 = ! temporal incid5ts ( nature & hi/ory )9 ! et]nal be+4 ,_m absoluti/ philosoph]s h decl>$ ! explanation ( ?is realm to be impossible1 & h cont5t$ !mselves ) call+ x ! realm ( op9ion or appe>ance4 ,& ?is realm ( op9ion or appe>ance has be5 us$ z a pro( ( ! absolute4 ,z5o1 ! pupil ( ,p>m5ides1 0 ! fir/ to elaborate :at h s9ce come to be kn[n z ! p>adoxes ( ! empirical _w4 ,mo/ ( ^! p>adoxes turn ^u ! inf9ite ext5sion & divisibility ( space & "t4 ,z5o 0 especially int]e/$ 9 ! difficulty ( conceiv+ motion1 :i* involves bo? space & "t1 & ?\ght himself to h demon/rat$ its absurdity & impossibility4#ccg3aj ,8 argum5t is ?us ! complem5t ( ,p>m5ides's argum5t = ! indivisible & un*ang+ sub/ance4 ,n[ ! me?od :i* ,z5o "h adopts may be ext5d$ to cov] ! :ole realm ( nature & hi/ory4 ,we %\ld !n be dialectically driv5 f ?is realm to take refuge 9 absolute be+4 ,b ! empirical _w is n de/roy$ by disp>agem5t1 & _c long lack *ampions ev5 among ! absoluti/s !mselves4 ,! reconciliation ( nature & hi/ory ) ! absolute be+ became ! special int]e/ ( ,leibniz1 ! great mod]n ,ari/otelian4 ,z a sci5ti/ & man ( affairs1 he 0 pr(\ndly dissatisfi$ ) ,sp9oza's resolution ( nature1 ! human individual1 & ! human society into ! univ]sal be+4 ,he became an advocate ( individualism :ile reta9+ ! g5]al aim & me?od ( rationalism4 ,l ,ari/otle1 ,leibniz attributes reality to individual sub/ances1 :i* he calls monads2 & l ,ari/otle he conceives ^! monads to compose an asc5d+ ord]1 ) ,god1 ! monad ( monads1 z its dom9at+ goal4 ,fur!rmore1 e sub/ance is l an entire _w & l a mirror ( ,god1 or inde$ ( ! :ole _w :i* x portrays1 ea* "o 9 its own fa%ion2 almo/ z ! same city is v>i\sly repres5t$ accord+ to ! v>i\s situations ( him :o is reg>d+ x4 ,?us ! univ]se is multipli$ 9 "s sort z _m times z !re are sub/ances1 & ! glory ( ,god is multipli$ 9 ! same way by z _m :olly diff]5t repres5tations ( 8 works4#cch3aa ,! v glory ( ,god1 !n1 requires ! innum]able f9ite individuals ) all _! *>act]i/ic imp]fections1 t ! univ]se may lack no possible %ade or quality ( p]spective4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,problem ( ,imp]fection ,rema9s ,unsolv$4 ,sect4 #afe4 ,b ! besett+ problem is 9 fact n solv$1 & is "o ( ! *ief inc5tives to t o!r philosophy ( absolutism :i* def9es an absolute _s or m9d4 ,bo? ,ari/otle & ,leibniz und]take to make ! p]fection :i* det]m9es ! ord] ( ! hi]>*y ( sub/ances1 at ! same "t ! responsible au?or ( ! :ole hi]>*y4 ,9 ?is case ! dilemma is pla94 ,if ! div9e =m or ! div9e monad be o!r ?an ! /ages t lead up to x1 ^! latt] _c be ess5tial to x1 = ,god is by def9ition absolutely self-suffici5t4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,god is id5tical ) ! developm5t 9 its entirety1 !n two q incomm5surable /&>ds ( p]fection det]m9e ! supremacy ( ! div9e nature1 t ( ! :ole & t ( ! highe/ p>ts ( ! :ole4 ,! union ( ^! two & ! def9ition ( a p]fection :i* may be at once ! developm5t & its goal1 is ! task ( absolute idealism4 ,sid5ote3 ,absolute ,realism 9 ,epi/emology4 ,rationalism4 ,sect4 #aff4 ,( ! two fundam5tal que/ions ( epi/emology1 absolute realism answ]s ! "o explicitly1 ! o!r implicitly4 ,z respects ! s\rce ( ! mo/ valid k1 ,p>m5ides1 ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 ,sp9oza are all agre$3 true k is ! "w ( reason1 ( pure intellection4 ,plato is ! great expon5t ( dialectic1 or ! reciprocal aff9ities & necessities ( ideas4 ,ari/otle is ! f\nd] ( d$uctive logic4 ,sp9oza proposes to consid] ev5 human actions & desires z ?\gh he 7 conc]n$ ) l9es1 planes1 & solids4 ,empirical data may be ! occasion1 b _c be ! gr\nd ( ! highe/ k4 ,accord+ to ,leibniz1 x seems t necess>y tru?s1 su* z we f9d 9 pure ma!matics1 & especially 9 ari?metic & geometry1 mu/ h pr9ciples ^: pro( does n dep5d ^u in/ances1 nor1 consequ5tly1 ^u ! witness ( ! s5ses1 al?\gh )\t ! s5ses x w\ld nev] h come into our heads to ?9k ( !m4#cdj3ab ,sid5ote3 ,! ,relation ( ,?\ght & its ,object 9 ,absolute ,realism4 ,sect4 #afg4 ,! answ]s :i* ^! philosophies give to ! "q ( ! relation betwe5 ! /ate ( k & its object1 divide !m into two gr\ps4 ,among ! anci5ts reason is reg>d$ z ! means ( emancipation f ! limitations ( ! private m9d4 ,! sleep+ turn aside ea* into a _w ( 8 own1 b ! wak+--! wise m5--h "o & ! same _w4 ,:at ! individual kn[s belongs to himself only 9 s f> z x is inadequate4 ,h5ce = ,plato ! ideas are n ! attributes ( a m9d1 b t self-subsi/5t tru? to :i*1 9 its mom5ts ( insight1 a m9d may h access4 ,op9ion is my own1 ! tru? is be+4 ,! position ( ,ari/otle is equally cle>4 ,actual k1 he ma9ta9s1 is id5tical ) its object4 ,sp9oza & ,leibniz belong to ano!r age4 ,mod]n philosophy began ) a new emphasis ^u self-consci\sness4 ,9 8 celebrat$ argum5t--,i ?9k1 h5ce ,i am 7cogito ergo sum7--,desc>tes e/abli%$ ! indep5d5t & sub/antial reality ( ! ?9k+ activity4 ,! ,i ?9k is recogniz$ z 9 itself a fundam5tal be+1 kn[n intuitively to ! ?9k] himself4 ,n[ al?\gh ,sp9oza & ,leibniz are f9ally det]m9$ by ! same motives t obta9 9 ! cases ( ,plato & ,ari/otle1 !y mu/ reckon ) ?is new di/9ction betwe5 ! ?9k] & 8 object4 ,! result 9 ! case ( ,sp9oza is ! doctr9e ( p>allelism1 9 :i* m9d is def9$ z an inf9ite attribute ( sub/ance1 an aspect or phase coext5sive ) ! :ole ( be+4 ,! result 9 ! case ( ,leibniz is 8 doctr9e ( repres5tation & pre-e/abli%$ h>mony1 :]eby ea* monadic sub/ance is 9 itself an active spiritual entity1 & belongs to ! univ]se ?r\gh its k ( a specific /age ( ! developm5t ( ! univ]se4 ,b bo? ,sp9oza & ,leibniz subord9ate su* conceptions z ^! to ! fundam5tal id5tity t p]vades ! :ole4 ,) ,sp9oza ! attributes belong to ! same absolute sub/ance1 & ) ,leibniz ! monads repres5t ! "o univ]se4 ,& ) bo?1 f9ally1 ! p]fection ( k1 or ! k ( ,god1 is indi/+ui%able f its object1 ,god himself4 ,! epi/emological subtleties peculi> to ^! philosoph]s are n /able doctr9es1 b r5d] inevitable ei!r a return to ! simpl] & bold] realism ( ! ,greeks1 or a pass+ ov] into ! m radical & sy/ematic doctr9e ( absolute idealism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,/oic & ,sp9ozi/ic ,e?ics ( ,necessity4 ,sect4 #afh4 ,we h met ) two g5]al motives1 bo? ( :i* are subord9at$ to ! doctr9e ( an absolute be+ po/ulat$ & s\ght by philosophy4 ,! "o ( ^! motives leads to ! conception ( ! absolutely necess>y & immutable sub/ance1 ! o!r to ! conception ( a consummate p]fection4 ,!re is an int]pretation ( life appropriate to ea* ( ^! conceptions4 ,bo? agree 9 reg>d+ life s]i\sly1 9 def9+ reason or philosophy z ! highe/ human activity1 & 9 emphasiz+ ! id5tity ( ! individual's good ) ! good ( ! univ]se4 ,b !re are /rik+ diff]5ces ( tone & _s4 ,al?\gh ! metaphysics ( ! ,/oics h v>i\s affiliations1 ! ,/oic code ( morality is ! true practical sequel to ! ,eleatic-,sp9ozi/ic view ( ! _w4 ,! ,/oic is "o :o has set 8 affections on ! et]nal be+4 ,he asks no?+ ( x = himself1 b id5tifies himself ) x4 ,! sav+ grace is a s5se ( reality4 ,! virtu\s man is n "o :o remakes ! _w1 or draws ^u x = 8 private uses2 ev5 less "o :o rails aga9/ x1 or compla9s t x has us$ him ill4 ,he is r "o :o recognizes t !re is b "o really valid claim1 t ( ! univ]se itself4 ,b he n only submits to ?is claim on acc\nt ( its sup]iority2 he makes x 8 own4 ,! discipl9e ( ,/oicism is ! regulation ( ! individual w to ! end t x may co9cide ) ! univ]sal w4 ,!re is a "p ( man by virtue ( :i* he is satisfi$ ) :at ?+s are1 :atev] !y be4 ,t "p1 designat$ by ! ,/oics z ! rul+ "p1 is ! reason4 ,9 s f> z man seeks to und]/& ! laws & natures :i* actually prevail1 he _c be discont5t$ ) any?+ :atsoev] t may be kn[n to him4 ,=1 9 s f> z we are intellig5t be+s1 we _c desire any?+ save t :i* is necess>y1 nor yield absolute acquiesc5ce to any?+1 save to t :i* is true3 :]e=e1 9 s f> z we h a "r und]/&+ ( ^! ?+s1 ! endeavor ( ! bett] "p ( ourselves is 9 h>mony ) ! ord] ( nature z a :ole4#cdd3ac ,9 agreem5t ) ?is tea*+ ( ,sp9oza's is ! fam\s ,/oic =mula to ! effect t no?+ c happ5 contr>y to ! w ( ! wise man1 :o is free ?r\gh 8 v acquiesc5ce4 ,if reason be ! prop] rul+ "p1 ! fir/ /ep 9 ! moral life is ! subord9ation ( ! appetitive nature & ! en?ronem5t ( reason4 ,"o :o is himself rational w !n recognize ! fell[%ip ( all rational be+s1 & ! unit>y & b5efic5t rationality ( ! entire univ]se4 ,! highe/ morality is ?us already ^u ! plane ( religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,platonic ,e?ics ( ,p]fection4 ,sect4 #afi4 ,) ,sp9oza & ! ,/oics1 ! p]fection ( ! individual is r$uc$ to :at ! univ]se requires ( him4 ,! good man is will+ to be :atev] he mu/ be1 = ! sake ( ! :ole ) :i* ?r\gh reason he is enabl$ to id5tify himself4 ,) ,plato & ,ari/otle ! p]fection ( ! individual himself is comm5d$1 t ! univ]se may ab\nd 9 p]fection4 ,! good man is ! ideal man--! expression ( ! type4 ,& h[ diff]5t ! quality ( a morality 9 keep+ ) ?is pr9ciple6 ,! virtues :i* ,plato enum]ates--temp]ance1 c\rage1 wisdom1 & ju/ice--compose a consummate human nature4 ,he is ?9k+ n ( ! necessities b ( ! possibilities ( life4 ,k ( ! tru? w inde$ be ! be/ ( human liv+1 b k is n priz$ because x c reconcile man to 8 limitations2 x is ! v ov]fl[+ ( 8 cup ( life4 ,! y\? are to dwell 9 ! l& ( heal?1 amid fair sights & s\nds2 & beauty1 ! efflu5ce ( fair works1 w visit ! eye & e>1 l a heal?ful breeze f a pur] region1 & ins5sibly draw ! s\l ev5 9 *ildhood into h>mony ) ! beauty ( reason4#cde3ad ,ari/otle's acc\nt ( human p]fection is m circum/antial & m prosaic4 ,! function ( man is an activity ( s\l 9 accordance ) reason1 & 8 happ9ess or well-be+ w consi/ 9 ! fulness ( rational liv+4 ,b su* fulness requires a sph]e ( life t w call =? & ex]cise ! highe/ human capacities4 ,ari/otle frankly pron\nces ext]nal goods to be indisp5sable1 & happ9ess to be !re=e a gift ( ! gods4 ,! rational man w acquire a c]ta9 exquisit5ess or f9esse ( action1 a mean ( conduct2 & ?is virtue w be div]sifi$ ?r\gh ! v>i\s relations into :i* he mu/ ent]1 & ! diff]5t situations :i* he mu/ meet4 ,he w be n m]ely brave1 temp]ate1 & j1 z ,plato w\ld h him1 b lib]al1 magnific5t1 g5tle1 tru?ful1 witty1 fri5dly1 & 9 all self-respect+ or high-m9d$4 ,9 addition to ^! /rictly moral virtues1 he w possess ! intellectual virtues ( prud5ce & wisdom1 ! res\rces ( art & sci5ce2 & w f9ally possess ! gift ( insight1 or intuitive reason4 ,speculation w be 8 highe/ activity1 & ! m>k ( 8 k9%ip ) ! gods :o dwell 9 ! p]petual contemplation ( ! tru?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,religion ( ,fulfilm5t1 & ! ,religion ( ,r5unciation4 ,sect4 #agj4 ,ari/otle's e?ics expresses ! buoyancy ( ! anci5t _w1 :5 ! individual does n feel himself oppress$ by ! et]nal reality1 b rejoices 9 x4 ,he is n too consci\s ( 8 suff]+s to be dis9t]e/$ 9 8 admiration & wond]4 ,x is ?is :i* di/+ui%es ! religion ( ,plato & ,ari/otle f t ( ! ,/oics & ,sp9oza4 ,) bo? alike1 religion consi/s n 9 mak+ ! _w1 b 9 contemplat+ x2 n 9 coop]at+ ) ,god1 b 9 wor%ipp+ him4 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 h[ev]1 d n f9d any antagonism betwe5 ! ways ( ,god & ! natural int]e/s ( m54 ,god does n diff] f m5 save 9 8 exalt$ p]fection4 ,! contemplation & wor%ip ( him comes z ! f9al & highe/ /age ( a life :i* is organic & cont9u\s ?r\gh\t4 ,! love ( ,god is ! natural love :5 x has f\nd its true object4 ,= he :o has be5 in/ruct$ ?us f> 9 ! ?+s ( love1 & :o has le>n$ to see ! beautiful 9 due ord] & succession1 :5 he comes t[>d ! end w sudd5ly p]ceive a nature ( wondr\s beauty--& ?is1 ,socrates1 is t f9al cause ( all our =m] toils1 :i* 9 ! fir/ place is ev]la/+--n gr[+ & decay+1 or wax+ & wan+2 9 ! next place n fair 9 "o po9t ( view & f\l 9 ano!r1 4 4 4 or 9 ! lik5ess ( a face or h&s or any o!r "p ( ! bodily frame1 or 9 any =m ( spee* or k1 nor exi/+ 9 any o!r be+2 4 4 4 b beauty only1 absolute1 sep>ate1 simple1 & ev]la/+1 :i* )\t dim9ution & )\t increase1 or any *ange1 is imp>t$ to ! ev]-gr[+ & p]i%+ beauties ( all o!r ?+s4#cdg3ae ,! religion ( ,sp9oza is ! religion ( "o :o has r5\nc$ ! favor ( ! univ]se4 ,he 0 depriv$ e>ly 9 life ( e b5efit ( =tune1 & set out to f9d ! good :i* requir$ no special disp5sation b only ! common lot & ! common human end[m5t4 ,he f\nd t good to consi/ 9 ! conviction ( ! necessity1 made acceptable ?r\gh ! supremacy ( ! und]/&+4 ,! l fai? ( ! ,/oics makes ( no acc\nt ! diff]5ce ( =tune betwe5 ,m>cus ! emp]or & ,epictetus ! slave4 ,= two reasons1 !n1 x is "r to be cont5t ) t :i* happ5s to !e2 ! "o because x 0 done = !e & prescrib$ = !e1 & 9 a mann] _h ref]5ce to !e1 orig9ally f ! mo/ anci5t causes spun ) ?y de/9y2 & ! o!r because ev5 t :i* comes sev]ally to e man is to ! p[] :i* adm9i/]s ! univ]se a cause ( felicity & p]fection1 nay ev5 ( its v cont9uance4 ,= ! integrity ( ! :ole is mutilat$1 if ?\ cutte/ (f any?+ :atev] f ! conjunction & ! cont9uity ei!r ( ! p>ts or ( ! causes4 ,& ?\ do/ cut (f1 z f> z x is 9 ?y p[]1 :5 ?\ art dissatisfi$1 & 9 a mann] trie/ to put any?+ out ( ! way4#cdh3af ,,footnotes3 #cjf3a ,by ,absolute ,realism is meant t sy/em ( philosophy :i* def9es ! univ]se z ! absolute be+1 impli$ 9 k z its f9al object1 b assum$ to be indep5d5t ( k4 ,9 ! ,sp9ozi/ic sy/em ?is absolute be+ is conceiv$ "u ! =m ( sub/ance1 or self-suffici5cy2 9 ,platonism "u ! =m ( p]fection2 & 9 ! ,ari/otelian sy/em "u ! =m ( a hi]>*y ( sub/ances4 #cjh3b ,burnet3 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy1 p4 #ahe4 #cji3c ,:5 contra/$ ) ! temporal realm ( g5]ation & decay1 ?is ultimate object is (t5 call$ ! et]nal4 #caa3d ,holl&1 #afcb-afgg4 #cab3e ,sp9oza3 ,e?ics1 ,"p ,i4 ,translation by ,elwes1 p4 #de4 #cad3f ,ibid41 p4 #di4 #cah3g ,ibid41 pp4 #gg1 #ha4 #cbi3h ,plato3 ,symposium1 #baa4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #ccj3i ,plato3 ,republic1 #ecc4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #ccg3aj ,see ,burnet3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cbb-ccc4 #cch3aa ,leibniz3 ,disc\rse on ,metaphysics4 ,translation by ,montgom]y1 p4 #ae4 ,9 s f> z ! monads are spiritual ?is doctr9e t5ds to be subjectivi/ic4 ,cf4 ,*ap4 ,,ix4 #cdj3ab ,leibniz3 ,new ,essays on ! ,human ,und]/&+4 ,translation by ,latta1 p4 #cfc4 #cdd3ac ,sp9oza3 ,op4 cit41 ,"p ,,iv4 ,translation by ,elwes1 p4 #bdc4 #cde3ad ,plato3 ,op4 cit41 #dja4 #cdg3ae ,plato3 ,symposium1 #baj-baa4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #cdh3af ,m>cus ,aurelius ,anton9us3 ,?\ghts4 ,translation by ,long1 p4 #ada4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,absolute ,,idealism#cdi3a ,sid5ote3 ,g5]al ,con/ructive ,"* ( ,absolute ,idealism4 ,sect4 #aga4 ,absolute idealism is ! mo/ elaborately con/ructive ( all ! hi/orical types ( philosophy4 ,?\gh x may h ov]look$ elem5t>y tru?s1 & h s\ght to comb9e irreconcilable pr9ciples1 x _c be *>g$ ) lack ( sophi/ication or subtlety4 ,its great virtue is its recognition ( problems--its exce$+ circumspection2 :ile its great promise is due to its compreh5siv5ess--its g5]\s provision = all int]e/s & po9ts ( view4 ,b its v bread? & complexity r5d] ?is philosophy peculi>ly liable to ! equivocal use ( conceptions4 ,?is may be readily und]/ood f ! nature ( ! c5tral doctr9e ( absolute idealism4 ,accord+ to ?is doctr9e x is propos$ to def9e ! univ]se z an absolute _s2 or a be+ inf9ite1 ultimate1 et]nal1 & self-suffici5t1 l ! be+ ( ,plato & ,sp9oza1 b possess+ at ! same "t ! di/+ui%+ prop]ties ( _s4 ,su* conceptions z self-consci\sness1 w1 k1 & moral goodness are c>ri$ ov] f ! realm ( human endeavor & social relations to ! unit>y & all-inclusive reality4 ,n[ x has be5 object$ t ?is proc$ure is ei!r mean+less1 9 t x s applies ! t]m _s z to contradict its mean+2 or prejudicial to spiritual int]e/s1 9 t x neutralizes ! prop]ties ( _s ?r\gh s ext5d+ _! use4 ,?us "o may cont5d t to affirm t ! univ]se z a :ole is _s is mean+less1 s9ce moral goodness requires special conditions & relations t _c be attribut$ to ! univ]se z a :ole2 or "o may cont5d t su* doctr9e is prejudicial to moral int]e/s because by attribut+ spiritual p]fection to ! totality ( be+ x discr$its all moral loyalties & antagonisms4 ,! difficulties t lie 9 ! way ( absolute idealism are due1 !n1 to ! complexity ( its syn!sis1 to its complem5t>y recognition ( diff]5ces & resolution ( !m into unity4 ,b ?is syn!sis is due to ! urg5cy ( c]ta9 great problems :i* ! fir/ or reali/ic expression ( ! absoluti/ motive left undiscov]$ & unsolv$4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,great ,out/&+ ,problems ( ,absolutism4 ,sect4 #agb4 ,x is natural to approa* s delib]ate & calculat+ a philosophy f ! /&-po9t ( ! problems :i* x proposes to solve4 ,"o ( ^! is ! epi/emological problem ( ! relation betwe5 ! /ate ( k & its object4 ,naturalism & absolute realism side ) common-s5se 9 its assumption t al?\gh ! real object is ess5tial to ! valid /ate ( k1 its be+ kn[n is n ess5tial to ! real object4 ,subjectivism1 on ! o!r h&1 ma9ta9s t be+ is ess5tially ! cont5t ( a kn[+ /ate1 or an activity ( ! kn[] himself4 ,absolute idealism proposes to accept ! g5]al epi/emological pr9ciple ( subjectivism2 b to satisfy ! reali/ic dem& = a /&>d1 compell+ object1 by sett+ up an absolute kn[]1 ) :om all valid k mu/ be 9 agreem5t4 ,?is epi/emological /atem5t ( absolute idealism is its mo/ mature phase2 & ! culm9at+ phase1 9 :i* x %[s unmi/akable signs ( pass+ ov] into ano!r doctr9e4 ,we mu/ look = its pri/9e inspiration 9 its solution ( ano!r fundam5tal problem3 t ( ! relation betwe5 ! absolute & ! empirical4 ,l absolute realism1 ?is philosophy reg>ds ! univ]se z a unit>y & int]nally necess>y be+1 & und]takes to hold t be+ acc\ntable = e item ( exp]i5ce4 ,b we h f\nd t absolute realism is beset ) ! difficulty ( ?us acc\nt+ = ! fragm5t>9ess & isolation ( ! individual4 ,! cont5tion t ! univ]se mu/ really be a rational or p]fect unity is disput$ by ! evid5t multiplicity1 irrelevance1 & imp]fection 9 ! =egr\nd ( exp]i5ce4 ,! inf]5ce to p]fection & ! confession ( imp]fection seem equally unavoidable4 ,rational necessities & empirical facts are out ( jo9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,greek ,philosoph]s & ! ,problem ( ,evil4 ,! ,task ( ! ,new ,absolutism4 ,sect4 #agc4 ,ev5 ,plato _h be5 consci\s ( a c]ta9 responsibility = matt]s ( fact4 ,inasmu* z he atta*$ ! pr$icate ( reality to ! absolute p]fection1 he made t be+ ! only s\rce to :i* !y c\ld be ref]r$4 ,p]haps1 !n1 he sugge/s1 !y are due to ! v b\nte\sness ( ,god4 ,he 0 good1 & no goodness c ev] h any jeal\sy ( any?+4 ,& be+ free f jeal\sy1 he desir$ t all ?+s %\ld be z l himself z possible4#ceb3b ,plot9us1 9 :om ,platonism is leav5$ by ! _s ( an age :i* is conv9c$ ( s91 & :i* is !re=e m ke5ly aw>e ( ! positive exi/5ce ( ! imp]fect1 foll[s out ?is sugge/ion4 ,creation is emanation--! ov]fl[ ( ,god's excess ( goodness4 ,b "o does n readily und]/& h[ goodness1 desir+ all ?+s to be l itself1 %\ld !reupon create evil--ev5 to make x good4 ,! ,ari/otelian philosophy1 ) its conception ( ! gradation ( sub/ances1 w\ld seem to be bett] equipp$ to meet ! difficulty4 ,a developm5t requires /ages2 & e f9ite ?+ may ?us be p]fect 9 its way & p]fect 9 its place1 :ile 9 ! absolute tru? or ,god !re is realiz$ ! mean+ ( ! :ole ord]4 ,b if s1 !re is evid5tly some?+ t escapes ,god1 to wit1 ! mean+less & unfitness1 ! error & evil1 ( ! /ages 9 _! successive isolation4 ,nor is x ( any avail to insi/ 7z did ,plato1 ,ari/otle1 & ,sp9oza alike7 t ^! are only privation1 & !re=e n to be c\nt$ 9 ! sum ( reality4 ,= privation is itself an exp]i5ce1 ) a great v>iety ( implications1 moral & psy*ological2 & ^! _c be attribut$ to ,god or d$uc$ f him1 9 consid]ation ( 8 absolute p]fection4 ,! task ( ! new absolutism is n[ 9 cle> view4 ,! p]fect mu/ be am5d$ to admit ! imp]fect4 ,! absolute significance mu/ be s con/ru$ z to provide = ! evid5t facts2 = ! unmean+ ?+s & *anges ( ! natural ord]2 = ignorance1 s91 despair1 & e human defici5cy4 ,! new philosophy is to solve ?is problem by def9+ a spiritual absolute1 & by s con/ru+ ! life or dynamics ( _s1 z to demon/rate ! necessity ( ! v imp]fection & opposition :i* is s baffl+ to ! reali/4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,beg9n+ ( ,absolute ,idealism 9 ,kant's ,analysis ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,sect4 #agd4 ,absolute idealism1 :i* is ess5tially a mod]n doctr9e1 does n beg9 ) rhapsodies1 b ) a v sob] analysis ( famili> tru?s1 conduct$ by ! mo/ sob] ( all philosoph]s1 ,immanuel ,kant4 ,?is philosoph] liv$ 9 ,konigsb]g1 ,g]many1 at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he is relat$ to absolute idealism mu* z ,socrates is relat$ to ,platonism3 he 0 n himself speculative1 b employ$ a critical me?od :i* 0 trans=m$ by 8 foll[]s into a metaphysical con/ruction4 ,x is ess5tial to ! und]/&+ bo? ( ,kant & ( 8 m speculative successors1 to obs]ve t he beg9s ) ! recognition ( c]ta9 non-philosophical tru?s--^? ( natural sci5ce & ! moral consci\sness4 ,he accepts ! ord] ( nature =mulat$ 9 ! ,newtonian dynamics1 & ! moral ord] ackn[l$g$ 9 ! common human conviction ( duty4 ,& he is int]e/$ 9 discov]+ ! gr\nd ^u :i* ^! common affirmations re/1 ! /ructure :i* virtually supports !m z types ( k4 ,b a g5]al importance atta*es to ! analysis because ^! two types ( k 7toge!r ) ! ae/hetic judgm5t1 :i* is simil>ly analyz$7 are reg>d$ by ,kant z coext5sive ) exp]i5ce itself4 ,! v lea/ exp]i5ce t c be report$ ^u at all is an exp]i5ce ( nature or duty1 & z su* w be in=m$ ) _! *>act]i/ic pr9ciples4 ,let u consid] ! =m] type4 ,! simple/ in/ance ( nature is ! exp]i5ce ( ! s+le p]ceiv$ object4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* an object w be p]ceiv$ z 9 space & "t4 ,^! ,kant calls ! =ms ( intuition4 ,an object _c ev5 be pres5t$ or giv5 )\t !m4 ,b1 fur!rmore1 x w be reg>d$ z sub/ance1 t is1 z hav+ a sub/ratum t p]si/s ?r\gh *anges ( position or quality4 ,x w also be reg>d$ z causally dep5d5t ^u o!r objects l itself4 ,causality1 sub/ance1 & l pr9ciples to ! numb] ( twelve1 ,kant calls ! categories ( ! und]/&+4 ,bo? intuition & und]/&+ are indisp5sable to ! exp]i5ce ( any object :atsoev]4 ,!y may be said to condition ! object 9 g5]al4 ,_! pr9ciples condition ! process ( mak+ some?+ out ( ! manifold ( s5sation4 ,b simil>ly1 e moral exp]i5ce recognizes :at ,kant calls ! categorical imp]ative4 ,! categorical imp]ative is ! law ( reasonabl5ess or imp>tiality 9 conduct1 requir+ ! individual to act on a maxim :i* he c w to be law univ]sal4 ,no /ate ( desire or situation call+ = action means any?+ morally except 9 ! light ( ?is obligation4 ,?us c]ta9 pr9ciples ( ?\ght & action are said to be implicit 9 all exp]i5ce4 ,!y are univ]sal & necess>y 9 ! s5se t !y are discov]$ z ! conditions n ( any p>ticul> exp]i5ce1 b ( exp]i5ce 9 g5]al4 ,?is implicit or virtual pres5ce 9 exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 ,kant calls _! transc5d5tal "*1 & ! process ( explicat+ !m is 8 fam\s ,transc5d5tal ,d$uction4 ,sid5ote3 ,kant's ,pr9ciples ,re/rict$ to ! ,exp]i5ces :i* !y ,set 9 ,ord]4 ,sect4 #age4 ,! re/riction :i* ,kant puts ^u 8 me?od is q ess5tial to its mean+4 ,i d$uce ! categories1 = example1 j 9 s f> z ,i f9d !m to be necess>y to p]ception4 ,)\t !m my p]ception is bl9d1 ,i make no?+ ( x2 ) !m my exp]i5ce becomes sy/ematic & rational4 ,b categories :i* ,i s d$uce mu/ be =ev] limit$ to ! role = :i* !y are def9$4 ,categories )\t p]ceptions are empty2 !y h validity solely ) ref]5ce to ! exp]i5ce :i* !y set 9 ord]4 ,inde$1 ,i _c ev5 complete t ord]4 ,! ord]ly arrangem5t ( p>ts ( exp]i5ce sugge/s1 & sugge/s irresi/ibly1 a p]fect sy/em4 ,i c ev5 def9e ! ideas & ideals ?r\gh :i* su* a p]fect sy/em might be realiz$4 ,b ,i _c 9 ! ,kantian s5se atta* reality to x because x is n indisp5sable to exp]i5ce4 ,x mu/ rema9 an ideal :i* regulates my ?9k+ ( su* p>ts ( x z fall )9 ! range ( my p]ception2 or x may ?r\gh my moral nature become ! realm ( my liv+ & an object ( fai?4 ,9 %ort1 ,kant's is ess5tially a critical philosophy1 a logical & analytical /udy ( ! special t]ms & relations ( human k4 ,he d5ies ! validity ( ^! t]ms & relations beyond ?is realm4 ,8 critiques are an inv5tory ( ! conditions1 pr9ciples1 & prospects ( t cognition :i*1 al?\gh n alone ideally conceivable1 is alone possible4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,po/-,kantian ,metaphysics is a ,g5]alization ( ! ,cognitive & ,moral ,consci\sness z ,analyz$ by ,kant4 ,! ,absolute ,_s4 ,sect4 #agf4 ,) ! successors ( ,kant1 z ) ! successors ( ,socrates1 a criticism becomes a sy/em ( metaphysics4 ,?is trans=mation is effect$ 9 ! po/-,kantians by a g5]alization ( ! human cognitive consci\sness4 ,accord+ to ,kant's analysis x conta9s a manifold ( s5se :i* mu/ be organiz$ by categories 9 ob$i5ce to ! ideal ( a rational univ]se4 ,! :ole ent]prise1 ) its problems giv5 9 p]ception1 its in/rum5ts available 9 ! activities ( ! und]/&+1 & its ideals reveal$ 9 ! reason1 is an organic spiritual unity1 manife/+ itself 9 ! self-consci\sness ( ! ?9k]4 ,n[ 9 absolute idealism ?is v ent]prise ( k1 made univ]sal & call$ ! absolute _s or m9d1 is tak5 to be ! ultimate reality4 ,& "h at l5g? w\ld seem to be af=d$ ! conception ( a be+ to :i* ! problematic & ! rational1 ! data & ! pr9ciples1 ! natural & ! ideal1 are alike indisp5sable4 ,we are n[ to seek ! real n 9 ! ideal itself1 b 9 t spiritual unity 9 :i* appe>ance is ! inc5tive to tru?1 & natural imp]fection ! spr+ to goodness4 ,?is may be translat$ into ! language :i* ,plato uses 9 ! ,symposium1 :5 ,diotima is reveal+ to ,socrates ! mean+ ( love4 ,! new reality w be n ! lov$ "o1 b love itself4 ,:at !n is ,love8 ,is he mortal8 ,no4 ,:at !n8 ,z 9 ! =m] in/ance1 he is nei!r mortal nor immortal1 b is a mean betwe5 !m4 ,:at is he !n1 ,diotima8 ,he is a great _s1 & l all t is spiritual he is int]m$iate betwe5 ! div9e & ! mortal4#cei3c ,reality is no long] ! ,god :o m+les n ) m51 b t p[] :i*1 z ,diotima fur!r says1 int]prets & conveys to ! gods ! pray]s & sacrifices ( m51 & to m5 ! comm&s & rew>ds ( ! gods4 ,9 speak+ = su* an idealism1 ,em]son says3 ,ev]y?+ good is on ! highway4 ,! middle region ( our be+ is ! temp]ate zone4 ,we may climb into ! ?9 & cold realm ( pure geometry & lifeless sci5ce1 or s9k into t ( s5sation4 ,betwe5 ^! extremes is ! equator ( life1 ( ?\ght1 ( _s1 ( poetry4 4 4 4 ,! mid-_w is be/4#cei3d ,! new reality is ?is highway ( ! _s1 ! v c\rse & raceway ( self-consci\sness4 ,x is trav]s$ 9 ! movem5t & self-correction ( ?\ght1 9 ! int]e/ 9 ideals1 or 9 ! submission ( ! w to ! control ( ! moral law4 ,sid5ote3 ,fi*teanism1 or ! ,absolute ,_s z ,moral ,activity4 ,sect4 #agg4 ,x is ! la/ ( ^! phases ( self-consci\sness t ,fi*te1 :o 0 ,kant's imm$iate successor1 reg>ds z ( p>am\nt importance4 ,z ,platonism began ) ! ideal ( ! good or ! object ( life1 s ! new idealism beg9s ) ! conviction ( duty1 or ! /ory ( life4 ,be+ is ! liv+ moral nature compell$ to build itself a natural ord] :]e9 x may obey ! moral law1 & to divide itself into a community ( moral selves ?r\gh :i* ! moral virtues may be realiz$4 ,nature & society fl[ f ! conception ( an absolute moral activity1 or ego4 ,su* an ego c\ld n be pure & isolat$ & yet be moral4 ,! evid5ce ( ?is is ! common moral consci\sness4 ,my duty compels me to act ^u ! n-self or environm5t1 & to respect & coop]ate ) o!r selves4 ,fi*te's absolute is ?is moral consci\sness univ]saliz$ & made et]nal4 ,moral value be+ its fundam5tal pr9ciple ! univ]se mu/ on t v acc\nt embrace bo? nature1 or moral indiff]5ce1 & humanity1 or moral limitation4 ,sid5ote3 ,romanticism1 or ! ,absolute ,_s z ,s5tim5t4 ,sect4 #agh4 ,b ! ,romantici/s1 :o foll[$ close ^u ,fi*te1 7 dissatisfi$ ) s h>d & exclusive a conception ( spiritual be+4 ,life1 !y said1 is n all duty4 ,inde$1 ! true spiritual life is q o!r1 n h>% & con/ra9$1 b free & spontane\s--a weal? ( feel+ play+ ab\t a con/antly %ift+ c5tre4 ,_s is n consecutive & law-abid+1 b caprici\s & wanton1 seek+ ! beautiful 9 no ord]ly progression1 b 9 a ref9$ & v]satile s5sibility4 ,if ?is be ! nature ( _s1 & if _s be ! nature ( reality1 !n he is mo/ wise :o is mo/ ri* 9 s5tim5t4 ,! ,romantici/s 7 ! expon5ts ( an absolute s5tim5talism4 ,& !y did n prove x1 b l good s5tim5tali/s !y felt x4 ,sid5ote3 ,hegelianism1 or ! ,absolute ,_s z ,dialectic4 ,sect4 #agi4 ,hegel1 ! ma/] ( ! new idealism1 set himself ! task ( con/ru+ _s 9 t]ms z consecutive z ^? ( ,fi*te1 & z compreh5sive z ^? ( ! ,romantici/s4 ,l ,plato1 he f\nd 9 dialectic ! supreme manife/ation ( ! spiritual life4 ,!re is a c]ta9 fl[ ( ideas :i* det]m9es ! mean+ ( exp]i5ce1 & is ! tru? ( tru?s4 ,b ! m>k ( ! new prophet is ?is3 ! fl[ ( ideas itself is a process ( self-correction due to a s5se ( error4 ,?us b>e s5sation is ab/ract & b>e ?\ght is ab/ract4 ,! real1 h[ev]1 is n m]ely ! concrete 9 :i* !y are unit$1 b ! v process 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ?r\gh k ( ab/raction ?\ght arrives at ! concrete4 ,! pr9ciple ( negation is ! v life ( ?\ght1 & x is ! life ( ?\ght1 r ?an ! outcome ( ?\ght1 :i* is reality4 ,! mo/ g5]al =m ( ! dialectical process conta9s ?ree mom5ts3 ! mom5t ( !sis1 9 :i* affirmation is made2 ! mom5t ( anti!sis1 9 :i* ! opposite ass]ts itself2 & ! mom5t ( syn!sis1 9 :i* a reconciliation is effect$ 9 a new !sis4 ,?us ?\ght is ! progressive ov]com+ ( contradiction2 n ! /ate ( fre$om f contradiction1 b ! act ( escap+ x4 ,su* processes are m famili> 9 ! moral life4 ,morality consi/s1 s ev5 common-s5se ass]ts1 9 ! ov]com+ ( evil4 ,"* is ! resi/ance ( temptation2 goodness1 a gr[? 9 grace ?r\gh discipl9e4 ,( su*1 = ,hegel1 is ! v k+dom ( heav54 ,x is ! task ( ! philosoph]1 a task to :i* ,hegel applies himself mo/ assidu\sly1 to analyze ! battle & ! victory ^u :i* spiritual be+ n\ri%es itself4 ,& s9ce ! deep] processes are ^? ( ?\ght1 ! ,hegelian philosophy c5tres 9 an ord]+ ( notions1 a demon/ration ( t necess>y progression ( ?\ght :i*1 9 its :ole dynamical logical hi/ory1 con/itutes ! absolute idea4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,hegelian ,philosophy ( ,nature & ,hi/ory4 ,sect4 #ahj4 ,! ,hegelian philosophy1 ) its emphasis ^u diff]5ce1 antagonism1 & developm5t1 is peculi>ly qualifi$ to be a philosophy ( nature & hi/ory4 ,^? pr9ciples ( spiritual developm5t :i* logic def9es are conceiv$ z inc>nate 9 ! evolution ( ! _w4 ,nature1 z ! v anti!sis to _s1 is n[ und]/ood to be ! foil ( _s4 ,9 nature _s ali5ates itself 9 ord] to return enri*$4 ,! /ages ( nature are ! prep>ation = ! reviv+ ( a spirituality t has be5 delib]ately =feit$4 ,! ,romantici/s1 :e!r philosoph]s l ,s*ell+ or poets l ,goe! & ,wordswor?1 7 l$ by _! feel+ = ! beauty ( nature to attribute to x a mu* deep] & m direct spiritual significance4 ,b ,hegel & ! ,romantici/s alike are truly express$ 9 ,em]son's belief t ! spiritual int]pretation ( nature is ! true sci5ce4 ,! poet alone kn[s a/ronomy1 *emi/ry1 vegetation1 & animation1 = he does n /op at ^! facts1 b employs !m z signs4 ,he kn[s :y ! pla9 or mead[ ( space 0 /r[n ) ^! fl[]s we call suns & moons & />s2 :y ! great deep is adorn$ ) animals1 ) m51 & gods2 = 9 e ^w he speaks he rides on !m z ! horses ( ?\ght4#cfd3e ,! new awak5+ ( _s :i* is = ,hegel ! consummation ( ! natural evolution1 beg9s ) ! individual or subjective _s1 & develops into ! social or objective _s1 :i* is morality & hi/ory4 ,hi/ory is a v]itable dialectic ( nations1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* ! consci\sness ( individual lib]ty is develop$1 & coord9at$ ) ! unity ( ! /ate4 ,! highe/ /age ( _s inc>nate is t ( absolute _s1 embrac+ art1 religion1 & philosophy4 ,9 art ! absolute idea obta9s expression 9 s5su\s exi/5ce1 m p]fectly 9 classical ?an 9 ! symbolic art ( ! ,ori5t1 b mo/ p]fectly 9 ! romantic art ( ! mod]n p]iod4 ,9 religion ! absolute idea is express$ 9 ! imag9ation ?r\gh wor%ip4 ,9 ,ori5tal pan!ism1 ! individual is ov]:elm$ by 8 s5se ( ! univ]sal2 9 ,greek religion1 ,god is b a high] man2 :ile 9 ,*ri/ianity ,god & man are p]fectly unit$ 9 ,*ri/4 ,f9ally1 9 philosophy ! absolute idea rea*es its highe/ possible expression 9 articulate ?\ght4 ,sid5ote3 ,resume4 ,failure ( ,absolute ,idealism to ,solve ! ,problem ( ,evil4 ,sect4 #aha4 ,su* is absolute idealism approa*$ f ! /&-po9t ( antec$5t metaphysics4 ,x is ! mo/ elaborate & subtle provision = antagoni/ic diff]5ces )9 unity t ! speculative m9d ( man has z yet be5 able to make4 ,x is ! la/ & mo/ ?or\gh attempt to resolve individual & univ]sal1 temporal & et]nal1 natural & ideal1 good & evil1 into an absolute unity 9 :i* ! univ]sal1 et]nal1 ideal1 & good %all dom9ate1 & 9 :i* all t]ms %all be relat$ ) su* necessity z obta9s 9 ! def9itions & !orems ( geometry4 ,!re is to be "s absolute mean+ :i* is rational to ! utt]mo/ & ! necess>y gr\nd ( all ! incid5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,?\ght c\ld und]take no m ambiti\s & exact+ task4 ,nor is x evid5t aft] all t absolute idealism enjoys any bett] success 9 ?is task ?an absolute realism4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 !m becomes mu* less m>k$ :5 we reflect t ! =m]1 l ! latt]1 mu/ res]ve ! pr$icate ( be+ = ! unity ( ! :ole4 ,ev5 ?\gh evil & contradiction belong to ! ess5ce ( ?+s1 move 9 ! secret he>t ( a spiritual univ]se1 ! reality is n ^! 9 _! sev]alty1 b t life )9 :i* !y fall1 ! /ory )9 :i* !y e>n a place4 ,& if absolute idealism has def9$ a new p]fection1 x has at ! same "t def9$ a new imp]fection4 ,! p]fection is ri* 9 contra/1 & ?us inclusive ( bo? ! lights & %ades ( exp]i5ce2 b ! p]fection belongs only to ! composition ( ^! elem5ts )9 a s+le view4 ,x is n necess>y to su* p]fection t ! evil %\ld ev] be view$ 9 isolation4 ,! ideali/ employs ! analogy ( ! drama or ! picture ^: v significance requires ! balance ( oppos+ =ces2 or ! analogy ( ! symphony 9 :i* a high] musical quality is realiz$ ?r\gh ! resolution ( discord into h>mony4 ,b none ( ^! unities requires any elem5t :atsoev] t does n p>take ( its beauty4 ,x is q irrelevant to ! drama t ! h]o %\ld himself h 8 own view ( ev5ts ) no und]/&+ ( _! dramatic value1 z x is irrelevant to ! picture t an unbalanc$ fragm5t ( x %\ld dwell ap>t1 or to ! symphony t ! discord %\ld be he>d )\t ! h>mony4 ,"o may multiply )\t end ! int]nal diff]5ces & antagonisms t contribute to ! int]nal mean+1 & be z f> z ev] f und]/&+ ! ext]nal deta*m5t ( exp]i5ces t are n rational or good 9 !mselves4 ,& x is precisely ?is k9d ( fact t precipitates ! :ole problem4 ,we d n judge ( s9 & error f exp]i5ces 9 :i* !y conduct to goodness & tru?1 b f exp]i5ces 9 :i* !y are />k & unresolv$4 ,9 view ( su* consid]ations _m ideali/s h be5 will+ to confess _! inability to solve ?is problem4 ,to quote a rec5t expositor ( ,hegel1 ,we ne$ n1 aft] all1 be surpris$ at ! app>5tly insoluble problem :i* confronts u4 ,= ! "q has develop$ into ! old difficulty ( ! orig9 ( evil1 :i* has always baffl$ bo? !ologians & philosoph]s4 ,an idealism :i* decl>es t ! univ]se is 9 reality p]fect1 c f9d1 z mo/ =ms ( popul> idealism d1 an escape f ! difficulties ( ! exi/5ce ( evil1 by decl>+ t ! univ]se is z yet only gr[+ t[>ds its ideal p]fection4 ,b ?is refuge disappe>s ) ! reality ( "t1 & we are left ) an awkw>d diff]5ce betwe5 :at philosophy tells u mu/ be1 & :at our life tells u actually is4#cfh3f ,if ! philosophy ( et]nal p]fection p]si/s 9 its fundam5tal doctr9e 9 spite ( ?is irreconcilable conflict ) life1 x is because x is believ$ t t doctr9e mu/ be true4 ,let u turn1 !n1 to its m con/ructive & compell+ argum5t4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,con/ructive ,argum5t = ,absolute ,idealism is ,bas$ ^u ! ,subjectivi/ic ,!ory ( ,k4 ,sect4 #ahb4 ,! pro( ( absolute idealism is suppos$ by ! majority ( its expon5ts to foll[ f ! problem ( epi/emology1 & m p>ticul>ly f ! manife/ dep5d5ce ( tru? ^u ! kn[+ m9d4 ,9 its initial phase absolute idealism is indi/+ui%able f subjectivism4 ,l t philosophy x f9ds t ! object ( k is insep>able f ! /ate ( k ?r\gh\t ! :ole range ( exp]i5ce4 ,s9ce ! kn[] c nev] escape himself1 x may be set d[n z an elem5t>y fact t reality 7at any rate :atev] reality c be kn[n or ev5 talk$ ab\t7 owes its be+ to m9d4 ,?us ,gre51 ! ,engli% neo-,hegelian1 ma9ta9s t an object :i* no consci\sness pres5t$ to itself w\ld n be an object at all1 & wond]s t ?is pr9ciple is n g5]ally tak5 = grant$ & made ! />t+-po9t = philosophy4#cfi3g ,h[ev]1 unless ! v t]m object is int5d$ to imply pres5ce to a subject1 ?is pr9ciple is by no means self-evid5t1 & mu/ be trac$ to its s\rces4 ,we h already foll[$ ! =tunes ( t empirical subjectivism :i* issues f ! relativity ( p]ception4 ,at ! v dawn ( philosophy x 0 obs]v$ t :at is se51 he>d1 or o!rwise exp]i5c$ ?r\gh ! s5ses1 dep5ds n only ^u ! use ( s5se-organs1 b ^u ! special po9t ( view occupi$ by ea* individual s5ti5t be+4 ,x 0 !re=e conclud$ t ! p]ceptual _w belong$ to ! human kn[] ) 8 limitations & p]spective1 r ?an to be+ itself4 ,x 0 ?is epi/emological pr9ciple ^u :i* ,b]keley f\nd$ 8 empirical idealism4 ,believ+ k to consi/ ess5tially 9 p]ception1 & believ+ p]ception to be subjective1 he _h to *oose betwe5 ! relegation ( be+ to a region inaccessible to k1 & ! def9ition ( be+ 9 t]ms ( subjectivity4 ,to avoid scepticism he accept$ ! latt] alt]native4 ,b among ! ,greeks ) :om ?is !ory ( p]ception orig9at$1 x drew its mean+ 9 l>ge "p f ! di/9ction betwe5 p]ception & reason4 ,?us we read 9 ,plato's ,sophi/3 ,& y w\ld all[ t we p>ticipate 9 g5]ation ) ! body1 & by p]ception2 b we p>ticipate ) ! s\l by ?\ght 9 true ess5ce1 & ess5ce y w\ld affirm to be always ! same & immutable1 :]eas g5]ation v>ies4#cgj3h ,x is conceiv$ t al?\gh 9 p]ception man is condemn$ to a k condition$ by ! affections & /ation ( 8 body1 he may nev]!less escape himself & lay hold on ! true ess5ce ( ?+s1 by virtue ( ?\ght4 ,9 o!r words1 k1 9 contradi/9ction to op9ion1 is n made by ! subject1 b is ! s\l's p>ticipation 9 ! et]nal natures ( ?+s4 ,9 ! mom5t ( insight ! v>y+ c\rse ( ! individual ?9k] co9cides ) ! unv>y+ tru?2 b 9 t mom5t ! individual ?9k] is ennobl$ ?r\gh be+ assimilat$ to ! tru?1 :ile ! tru? is no m1 no less1 ! tru? ?an be=e4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,pr9ciple ( ,subjectivism ,ext5d$ to ,reason4 ,sect4 #ahc4 ,9 absolute idealism1 ! pr9ciple ( subjectivism is ext5d$ to reason itself4 ,?is ext5sion seems to h be5 orig9ally due to moral & religi\s int]e/s4 ,f ! moral /&-po9t ! contemplation ( ! tru? is a /ate1 & ! highe/ /ate ( ! individual life4 ,! religi\s int]e/ unifies ! individual life & directs att5tion to its spiritual developm5t4 ,among ! ,greeks ( ! middle p]iod life 0 z yet view$ objectively z ! fulfilm5t ( capacities1 & k 0 reg>d$ z p]fection ( function1 ! ex]cise ( ! highe/ ( human pr]ogatives4 ,b z moral & religi\s int]e/s became m absorb+1 ! individual liv$ m & m 9 8 own self-consci\sness4 ,ev5 be=e ! ,*ri/ian era ! ,greek philosoph]s !mselves 7 preoccupi$ ) ! task ( w9n+ a /ate ( inn] s]5ity4 ,?us ! ,/oics & ,epicureans came to look ^u k z a means to ! atta9m5t ( an inn] fre$om f di/ress & bondage to ! _w4 ,9 o!r words1 ! v reason 0 reg>d$ z an activity ( ! self1 & its fruits 7 valu$ = _! enhancem5t ( ! welf>e ( ! self4 ,& if ?is be true ( ! ,/oics & ! ,epicureans1 x is /ill m cle>ly true ( ! neo-,platoni/s ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 :o m$iate betwe5 ! anci5t & m$iaeval worlds4 ,sid5ote3 ,emphasis on ,self-consci\sness 9 ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,philosophy4 ,sect4 #ahd4 ,x is well kn[n t ! e>ly p]iod ( ,*ri/ianity 0 a p]iod ( ! mo/ vivid self-consci\sness4 ,! individual believ$ t 8 natural & social environm5t 0 ali5 to 8 deep] spiritual int]e/s4 ,he !re=e )drew into himself4 ,he believ$ himself to h b "o duty1 ! salvation ( 8 s\l2 & t duty requir$ him to se>* 8 inn]mo/ spr+s ( action 9 ord] to uproot any t might compromise him ) ! _w & turn him f ,god4 ,! drama ( life 0 enact$ )9 ! circle ( 8 own self-consci\sness4 ,citiz5%ip1 bodily heal?1 all =ms ( appreciation & k1 7 id5tifi$ 9 ! p>ts !y play$ "h4 ,9 %ort ! ,*ri/ian consci\sness1 al?\gh r5unciation 0 its deepe/ motive1 0 reflexive & c5tripetal to a degree hi!rto unkn[n among ! ,european peoples4 ,& :5 ) ,/4 ,augu/9e !oretical int]e/s once m vigor\sly ass]t$ !mselves1 ?is new emphasis 0 9 ! v =egr\nd4 ,/4 ,augu/9e wi%$ to beg9 8 sy/em ( ?\ght ) a fir/ indubitable c]ta9ty1 & select$ nei!r be+ nor ideas1 b self4 ,/4 ,augu/9e's g5ius 0 prim>ily religi\s1 & ! ,confessions1 9 :i* he records ! /ory ( 8 h>d w9n+ ( peace & "r relations ) ,god1 is 8 mo/ intimate book4 ,h[ fai?fully does he repres5t himself1 & ! bl5d ( paganism & ,*ri/ianity :i* 0 di/9ctive ( 8 age1 :5 9 8 sy/ematic writ+s he draws ^u religion = 8 k ( tru?6 ,9 all my liv+1 he argues1 :e!r ,i s9 or turn to ,god1 :e!r ,i d\bt or believe1 :e!r ,i "k or am ignorant1 9 all ,i "k t ,i am ,i4 ,ea* & e /ate ( my consci\sness is a /ate ( my self1 & z su*1 sure evid5ce ( my self's exi/5ce4 ,if "o 7 to foll[ ,/4 ,augu/9e's reflections fur!r1 "o w\ld f9d him reason+ f 8 own f9ite & evil self to an inf9ite & p]fect ,self1 :i* c5tres l 8 9 ! conviction t ,i am ,i1 b is end[$ ) all p[] & all wor?4 ,"o w\ld f9d him reflect+ ^u ! possible union ) ,god ?r\gh ! exaltation ( ! human self-consci\sness4 ,b ?is conception ( ,god z ! p]fect self is s mu* a prophecy ( ?+s to come1 t m ?an a doz5 c5turies elaps$ be=e x 0 explicitly =mulat$ by ! po/-,kantians4 ,we mu/ foll[ its m gradual developm5t 9 ! philosophies ( ,desc>tes & ,kant4 ,sid5ote3 ,desc>tes's ,argum5t = ! ,indep5d5ce ( ! ,?9k+ ,self4 ,sect4 #ahe4 ,:5 at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,fr5*man1 ,r5e ,desc>tes1 s\ght to con/ruct philosophy anew & ^u secure f\ndations1 he too select$ z ! initial c]ta9ty ( ?\ght ! ?9k]'s k ( himself4 ,?is pr9ciple n[ receiv$ its classic =mulation 9 ! proposition1 ,cogito ergo sum--,i ?9k1 h5ce ,i am4 ,! argum5t does n diff] ess5tially f t ( ,/4 ,augu/9e1 b x n[ f9ds a place 9 a sy/ematic & critical metaphysics4 ,9 t my ?9k+ is c]ta9 ( itself1 says ,desc>tes1 9 t ,i "k myself be=e ,i "k aught else1 my self c nev] be dep5d5t = its be+ ^u any?+ else t ,i may come to "k4 ,a ?9k+ self1 ) its k & its volition1 is q capable ( subsi/+ ( itself4 ,su* is1 inde$1 n ! case ) a f9ite self1 = all f9itude is significant ( limitation1 & 9 recogniz+ my limitations ,i po/ulate ! inf9ite be+ or ,god4 ,b ! relation ( my self to a physical _w is q )\t necessity4 ,human nature1 ) s\l & body conjo9$1 is a comb9ation ( two sub/ances1 nei!r ( :i* is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! o!r4 ,z a result ( ?is comb9ation ! s\l is to "s ext5t affect$ by ! body1 & ! body is to "s ext5t direct$ by ! s\l2 b ! body c\ld conceivably be an automaton1 z ! s\l c\ld conceivably be1 & w 9 ano!r life become1 a free _s4 ,! consequ5ces ( ?is dualism = epi/emology are v grave4 ,if k be ! activity ( a self-subsi/5t ?9k+ _s1 h[ c x reveal ! nature ( an ext]nal _w8 ,! natural ord] is n[ lit]ally ext]nal4 ,x is true t ! :ole body ( exact sci5ce1 t me*anical sy/em to :i* ,desc>tes atta*$ s mu* importance1 falls )9 ! range ( ! s\l's own ?9k+4 ,b :at assurance is !re t x ref]s to a prov9ce ( its own--a physical _w 9 space8 ,desc>tes c only suppose t cle> & di/9ct ideas mu/ be tru/$ z fai?ful repres5tations4 ,x is true ! ext]nal _w makes its pres5ce kn[n directly1 :5 x breaks 9 ^u ! s\l 9 s5se-p]ception4 ,b ,desc>tes's rationalism & love ( ma!matics =bade 8 atta*+ importance to ?is crit]ion4 ,real nature1 t exactly def9able & pr$ictable ord] ( mov+ bodies def9$ 9 physics1 is n kn[n ?r\gh s5se-p]ception1 b ?r\gh ?\ght4 ,its necessities are ! necessities ( reason4 ,desc>tes f9ds himself1 !n1 9 ! p]plex+ position ( seek+ an int]nal crit]ion = an ext]nal _w4 ,! problem ( k s /at$ sets go+ ! :ole epi/emological movem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 f ,locke ?r\gh ,b]keley & ,hume to ,kant4 ,& ! issue ( ?is developm5t is ! absolute idealism ( ,kant's successors4 ,sid5ote3 ,empirical ,reaction ( ! ,engli% ,philosoph]s4 ,sect4 #ahf4 ,( ! ,engli% philosoph]s :o prep>e ! way = ! epi/emology ( ,kant1 ,hume is ! mo/ radical & mom5t\s4 ,x 0 he :o r\s$ ,kant f 8 dogmatic slumb]s to ! task ( ! ,critical ,philosophy4 ,hume is "o ( ! two possible consequ5ces ( ,desc>tes4 ,"o :o atta*es great] importance to ! rational necessities ( sci5ce ?an to its ext]nal ref]5ce1 is n unwill+ t nature %\ld be swall[$ up 9 m9d4 ,) ,malebran*e1 ,desc>tes's imm$iate successor 9 ,france1 nature is ?us provid$ = )9 ! ar*etypal m9d ( ,god4 ,) ! ,engli% philosoph]s1 on ! o!r h&1 ext]nality is made ! v m>k ( nature1 & z a consequ5ce s5se-p]ception becomes ! crit]ion ( sci5tific tru?4 ,?is empirical !ory ( k1 inaugurat$ & develop$ by ,locke & ,b]keley1 culm9ates 9 ,hume's designation ( ! impression z ! di/+ui%+ elem5t ( nature1 at once mak+ up its cont5t & c]tify+ to its ext]nality4 ,! processes ( nature are successions ( impressions2 & ! laws ( nature are _! uni=mities1 or ! expectations ( uni=mity :i* _! repetitions eng5d]4 ,hume does n hesitate to draw ! logical conclusion4 ,if ! f9al m>k ( tru? is ! pres5ce to s5se ( ! individual elem5t1 !n sci5ce c consi/ only ( items ( in=mation & probable g5]alizations conc]n+ _! sequ5ces4 ,! effect is obs]v$ to foll[ ^u ! cause 9 fact1 b !re is no und]/&+ ( its necessity2 !re=e no absolute c]ta9ty atta*es to ! future effects ( any cause4 ,sid5ote3 ,to ,save ,exact ,sci5ce ,kant ,makes x ,dep5d5t on ,m9d4 ,sect4 #ahg4 ,b :at has become ( ! dream ( ! ma!matical physici/8 ,is ! :ole sy/em ( ,newton1 t brilliant triumph ( ! me*anical me?od1 unf\nd$ & dogmatic8 ,x is ! logical in/ability ( ?is body ( k1 made manife/ 9 ! well-f\nd$ scepticism ( ,hume1 t r\ses ,kant to a re-exam9ation ( ! :ole f\ndation ( natural sci5ce4 ,! g5]al outl9e ( 8 analysis has be5 develop$ above4 ,x is ( importance "h to und]/& its relations to ! problem ( ,desc>tes4 ,contr>y to ! view ( ! ,engli% philosoph]s1 natural sci5ce is1 says ,kant1 ! "w ( ! m9d4 ,! c]ta9ty ( ! causal relation is due to ! human inability to ?9k o!rwise4 ,hume is mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t m]e s5sation gives u any k ( nature4 ,! v lea/ exp]i5ce ( objects involves ! employm5t ( pr9ciples :i* are furni%$ by ! m9d4 ,)\t ! employm5t ( su* pr9ciples1 or 9 b>e s5sation1 !re is no intelligible mean+ :atsoev]4 ,b once admit ! employm5t ( su* pr9ciples & =mulate !m sy/ematically1 & ! :ole ,newtonian ord] ( nature is se5 to foll[ f !m4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce ^! pr9ciples or categories are ! conditions ( human exp]i5ce1 are ! v in/rum5ts ( k1 !y are valid :]ev] !re is any exp]i5ce or k4 ,!re is b "o way to make any?+ at all out ( nature1 & t is to conceive x z an ord] ( necess>y ev5ts 9 space & "t4 ,newtonian sci5ce is "p ( su* a g5]al conception1 & is !re=e necess>y if k is to be possible at all1 ev5 ! lea/4 ,?us ,kant turns ^u ,hume1 & %uts him up to ! *oice betwe5 ! utt] abnegation ( all k1 includ+ ! k ( 8 own scepticism1 & ! acceptance ( ! :ole body ( exact sci5ce4 ,b ) nature ?us condition$ by ! necessities ( ?\ght1 :at has become ( its ext]nality8 ,t1 ,kant admits1 has inde$ vani%$4 ,kant does n attempt1 z did ,desc>tes1 to hold t ! nature :i* m9d con/ructs & controls1 exi/s also outside ( m9d4 ,! nature t is kn[n is on t v acc\nt ph5om5al1 an?ropoc5tric--creat$ by its cognitive conditions4 ,desc>tes 0 "r 9 ma9ta9+ t s5se-p]ception c]tifies to ! exi/5ce ( a _w outside ! m9d1 b mi/ak5 9 call+ x nature & id5tify+ x ) ! realm ( sci5ce4 ,9 %ort1 ,kant ackn[l$ges ! ext]nal _w1 & names x ! ?+-9-itself2 b insi/s t because x is outside ( m9d x is outside ( k4 ,?us is ! c]ta9ty ( sci5ce sav$ at ! co/ ( its metaphysical validity4 ,x is necess>ily true1 b only ( a condition$ or dep5d5t _w4 ,& 9 sav+ sci5ce ,kant has at ! same "t prejudic$ metaphysics 9 g5]al4 ,= ! human or naturali/ic way ( kn[+ is left 9 sole possession ( ! field1 ) ! high] int]e/ ( reasons 9 ! ultimate nature ( be+1 degrad$ to ! rank ( practical fai?4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,po/-,kantians ,trans=m ,kant's ,m9d-9-g5]al into an ,absolute ,m9d4 ,sect4 #ahh4 ,! trans=mation ( ?is critical & agno/ic doctr9e into absolute idealism is inevitable4 ,! metaphysical int]e/ 0 b\nd to avail itself ( ! speculative sugge/iv5ess ) :i* ! ,kantian philosophy ab\nds4 ,! trans=mation turns ^u ,kant's assumption t :atev] is con/ruct$ by ! m9d is on t acc\nt ph5om5on or appe>ance4 ,kant has c>ri$ along ! presumption t :atev] is act or cont5t ( m9d is on t acc\nt n real object or ?+-9-itself4 ,we h se5 t ?is is g5]ally accept$ z true ( ! relativities ( s5se-p]ception4 ,b is x true ( ?\ght8 ,! po/-,kantian ideali/ ma9ta9s t t dep5ds ^u ! ?\ght4 ,! cont5t ( private individual ?9k+ is 9 s f> n real object2 b x does n foll[ t ?is is true ( su* ?9k+ z is univ]sally valid4 ,n[ ,kant has d$uc$ 8 categories = ?\ght 9 g5]al4 ,!re are no empirical cases ( ?9k+ except ! human ?9k]s2 b ! categories are n ! prop]ty ( any "o human individual or any gr\p ( su* individuals4 ,!y are ! conditions ( exp]i5ce 9 g5]al1 & ( e possibility ( exp]i5ce4 ,! transition to absolute idealism is n[ readily made4 ,?\ght 9 g5]al becomes ! absolute m9d1 & exp]i5ce 9 g5]al its cont5t4 ,! ?+-9-itself drops out z hav+ no mean+4 ,! objectivity to :i* x te/ifi$ is provid$ = 9 ! complet5ess & self-suffici5cy :i* is attribut$ to ! absolute exp]i5ce4 ,inde$1 an altoge!r new def9ition ( subjective & objective replaces ! old4 ,! subjective is t :i* is only insuffici5tly ?\ght1 z 9 ! case ( relativity & error2 ! objective is t :i* is completely ?\ght4 ,?us ! natural ord] is inde$ ph5om5al2 b only because ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce are n ! highe/ pr9ciples ( ?\ght1 & n because nature is ! fruit ( ?\ght4 ,?us ,hegel expresses 8 relation to ,kant z foll[s3 ,accord+ to ,kant1 ! ?+s t we "k ab\t are to u appe>ances only1 & we c nev] "k _! ess5tial nature1 :i* belongs to ano!r _w1 :i* we _c approa*4 4 4 4 ,! true /atem5t ( ! case is z foll[s4 ,! ?+s ( :i* we h direct consci\sness are m]e ph5om5a1 n = u only1 b 9 _! own nature2 & ! true & prop] case ( ^! ?+s1 f9ite z !y are1 is to h _! exi/5ce f\nd$ n 9 !mselves1 b 9 ! univ]sal div9e idea4 ,?is view ( ?+s1 x is true1 is z ideali/ z ,kant's1 b 9 contradi/9ction to ! subjective idealism ( ! ,critical ,philosophy %\ld be t]m$ ,absolute ,idealism4#chb3i ,sid5ote3 ,! ,direct ,argum5t4 ,! ,inf]5ce f ! ,f9ite ,m9d to ! ,inf9ite ,m9d4 ,sect4 #ahi4 ,absolute idealism is ?us rea*$ aft] a long & devi\s c\rse ( developm5t4 ,b ! argum5t may be /at$ mu* m briefly4 ,plato1 x w be rememb]$1 f\nd t exp]i5ce t5ds ev] to transc5d itself4 ,! ?9k] f9ds himself compell$ to pursue ! ideal ( immutable & univ]sal tru?1 & mu/ id5tify ! ultimate be+ ) t ideal4 ,simil>ly ,hegel says3 ,t upw>d spr+ ( ! m9d signifies t ! be+ :i* ! _w has is only a semblance1 no real be+1 no absolute tru?2 x signifies t beyond & above t appe>ance1 tru? abides 9 ,god1 s t true be+ is ano!r "n = ,god4#chb3aj ,! fur!r argum5t ( absolute idealism diff]s f t ( ,plato 9 t ! dep5d5ce ( tru? ^u ! m9d is accept$ z a fir/ pr9ciple4 ,! ideal ) :i* exp]i5ce is in=m$ is n[ ! /ate ( p]fect k1 r ?an ! sy/em ( absolute tru?4 ,! cont5t ( ! /ate ( p]fect k w inde$ be ! sy/em ( absolute tru?1 b none ! less cont5t1 precisely z f9ite k is ! cont5t ( a f9ite m9d4 ,9 pursu+ ! tru?1 ,i :o pursue1 aim to realize 9 myself a c]ta9 highe/ /ate ( k4 ,7 ,i to "k all tru? ,i %\ld inde$ h ceas$ to be ! f9ite individual :o began ! que/1 b ! evolution w\ld be cont9u\s & ! "* ( self-consci\sness w\ld nev] h be5 lo/4 ,i may say1 9 %ort1 t ,god or be+1 is my p]fect cognitive self4 ,! argum5t = absolute idealism is a con/ructive int]pretation ( ! subjectivi/ic cont5tion t k c nev] escape ! circle ( its own activity & /ates4 ,to meet ! dem& = a f9al & /&>d tru?1 a dem& :i* realism meets ) its doctr9e ( a be+ indep5d5t ( any m9d1 ?is philosophy def9es a /&>d m9d4 ,! impossibility ( def9+ objects 9 t]ms ( relativity to a f9ite self1 conducts dialectically to ! conception ( ! absolute self4 ,! sequel to my error or exclusiv5ess1 is tru? or inclusiv5ess4 ,! outcome ( ! dialectic is det]m9$ by ! symmetry ( ! anti!sis4 ,?us1 correct$ exp]i5ce implies a la/ correct+ exp]i5ce2 p>tial cognition1 complete cognition2 empirical subject1 transc5d5tal subject2 f9ite m9d1 an absolute m9d4 ,! foll[+ /atem5t is tak5 f a contempor>y expon5t ( ! philosophy3 ,:at y & ,i lack1 :5 we lam5t our human ignorance1 is simply a c]ta9 desirable & logically possible /ate ( m9d1 or type ( exp]i5ce2 to wit1 a /ate ( m9d 9 :i* we %\ld wisely be able to say t we _h fulfill$ 9 exp]i5ce :at we n[ h m]ely 9 idea1 namely1 ! k1 ! imm$iate & felt pres5ce1 ( :at we n[ call ! ,absolute ,reality4 4 4 4 ,!re is an ,absolute ,exp]i5ce = :i* ! conception ( an absolute reality1 i4 e41 ! conception ( a sy/em ( ideal tru?1 is fulfill$ by ! v cont5ts t get pres5t$ to ?is exp]i5ce4 ,?is ,absolute ,exp]i5ce is relat$ to our exp]i5ce z an organic :ole to its own fragm5ts4 ,x is an exp]i5ce :i* f9ds fulfill$ all t ! complete/ ?\ght c conceive z g5u9ely possible4 ,h]e9 lies its def9ition z an ,absolute4 ,= ! ,absolute ,exp]i5ce1 z = ours1 !re are data1 cont5ts1 facts4 ,b ^! data1 ^! cont5ts1 express1 = ! ,absolute ,exp]i5ce1 its own mean+1 its ?\ght1 its ideas4 ,cont5ts beyond ^! t x possesses1 ! ,absolute ,exp]i5ce kn[s to be1 9 g5u9e tru?1 impossible4 ,h5ce its cont5ts are inde$ p>ticul>1--a selection f ! _w ( b>e or m]ely conceptual possibilities1--b !y =m a self-det]m9$ :ole1 ?an :i* no?+ complet]1 m organic1 m fulfill$1 m transp>5t1 or m complete 9 mean+1 is concretely or g5u9ely possible4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ^! cont5ts are n =eign to ^? ( our f9ite exp]i5ce1 b are inclusive ( !m 9 ! unity ( "o life4#che3aa ,sid5ote3 ,! ,reali/ic ,t5d5cy 9 ,absolute ,idealism4 ,sect4 #aij4 ,z has be5 already intimat$1 at ! op5+ ( ?is *apt]1 ! inclusion ( ! :ole ( reality )9 a s+le self is cle>ly a que/ionable proce$+4 ,! ne$ ( avoid+ ! relativism ( empirical idealism is evid5t4 ,b if ! v mean+ ( ! self-consci\sness be due to a c]ta9 selection & exclusion )9 ! g5]al field ( exp]i5ce1 x is equally evid5t t ! relativity ( self-consci\sness c nev] be ov]come ?r\gh appeal+ to a high] self4 ,"o mu/ appeal f ! self to ! realm ( ?+s z !y are4 ,inde$1 al?\gh ! expon5ts ( ?is philosophy use ! language ( spiritualism1 & accept ! ideali/ic epi/emology1 _! absolute be+ t5ds ev] to escape ! special *>act]s ( ! self4 ,& inasmu* z ! absolute self is commonly set ov] aga9/ ! f9ite or empirical self1 z ! /&>d & te/ ( tru?1 x is ! less di/+ui%able f ! reali/'s ord] ( indep5d5t be+s4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,conception ( ,self-consci\sness ,c5tral 9 ! ,e?ics ( ,absolute ,idealism4 ,kant4 ,sect4 #aia4 ,b h[ev] mu* absolute idealism may t5d to ab&on its idealism = ! sake ( its absolutism )9 ! field ( metaphysics1 su* is n ! case )9 ! field ( e?ics & religion4 ,! conception ( ! self "h receives a new emphasis4 ,! same self-consci\sness :i* admits to ! highe/ tru? is ! evid5ce ( man's practical dignity4 ,9 virtue ( 8 imm$iate appreh5sion ( ! pr9ciples ( selfhood1 & 8 direct p>ticipation 9 ! life ( _s1 man may be said to possess ! inn]mo/ secret ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ord] to a*ieve goodness he mu/ !re=e recognize & express himself4 ,! ,kantian philosophy is "h aga9 ! />t+-po9t4 ,x 0 ,kant :o fir/ gave adequate expression to ! ,*ri/ian idea ( ! moral self-consci\sness4 ,duty6 ,?\ sublime & mighty "n t do/ embrace no?+ *>m+ or ins9uat+1 b require/ submission1 & yet seeke/ n to move ! w by ?reat5+ aught t w\ld ar\se natural av]sion or t]ror1 b m]ely holde/ =? a law :i* ( itself f9ds entrance into ! m9d1 4 4 4 a law be=e :i* all incl9ations are dumb1 ev5 ?\gh !y secretly c\nt]work x2 :at orig9 is !re wor?y ( !e1 & :]e is to be f\nd ! root ( ?y noble desc5t :i* pr\dly rejects all k9dr$ ) ! incl9ations 4 4 4 8 ,x c be no?+ less ?an a p[] :i* elevates man above himself1 4 4 4 a p[] :i* connects him ) an ord] ( ?+s t only ! und]/&+ c conceive1 ) a _w :i* at ! same "t comm&s ! :ole s5sible _w1 & ) x ! empirically det]m9able exi/5ce ( man 9 "t1 z well z ! sum total ( all ends4#chg3ab ,) ,kant !re c be no morality except conduct be att5d$ by ! consci\sness ( ?is duty impos$ by ! high] nature ^u ! l[]4 ,x is ?is v recognition ( a deep] self1 ( a p]sonality t belongs to ! s\rces & n to ! consequ5ces ( nature1 t con/itutes man z a moral be+1 & only su* action z is inspir$ ) a rev]5ce = x c be morally good4 ,kant does little m ?an to e/abli% ! uncompromis+ dignity ( ! moral w4 ,9 moral action man submits to a law t issues f himself 9 virtue ( 8 rational nature4 ,"h he yields no?+1 z he owes no?+1 to t appet5cy :i* b9ds him to ! natural _w4 ,z a rational be+ he himself affirms ! v pr9ciples :i* det]m9e ! organization ( nature4 ,?is is 8 fre$om1 at once ! gr\nd & ! implication ( 8 duty4 ,man is free f nature to s]ve ! high] law ( 8 p]sonality4 ,sid5ote3 ,kantian ,e?ics ,supplem5t$ ?r\gh ! ,conceptions ( ,univ]sal & ,objective ,_s4 ,sect4 #aib4 ,!re are two respects 9 :i* ,kant's e?ics has be5 reg>d$ z inadequate by ^? :o draw f x _! fundam5tal pr9ciples4 ,x is said t ,kant is too rigori/ic1 t he makes too /]n a bus9ess ( morality1 9 speak+ s mu* ( law & s little ( love & spontaneity4 ,!re are good reasons = ?is4 ,kant seeks to isolate ! moral consci\sness1 & dwell ^u x 9 its purity1 9 ord] t he may demon/rate its incomm5surability ) ! values ( incl9ation & s5sibility4 ,fur!rmore1 ,kant may speak ( ! pr9ciple ( ! absolute1 & recognize ! deep] et]nal ord] z a law1 b he may n1 if he is to be consi/5t ) 8 own critical pr9ciples1 affirm ! metaphysical be+ ( su* an ord]4 ,) 8 ideali/ic foll[]s x is possible to def9e ! spiritual sett+ ( ! moral life1 b ) ,kant x is only possible to def9e ! antagonism ( pr9ciples4 ,h5ce ! great] optimism ( ! po/-,kantians4 ,!y "k t ! high] law is ! reality1 & t he :o obeys x ?us unites himself ) ! absolute self4 ,t :i* = ,kant is only a resolute ob$i5ce to m valid pr9ciples1 to rationally sup]ior rules = action1 is = idealism man's appropriation ( 8 spiritual bir?right4 ,s9ce ! law is ! deep] nature1 man may respect & obey x z valid1 & at ! same "t act ^u x gladly 9 ! sure k t x w enhance 8 et]nal welf>e4 ,inde$1 ! k t ! v univ]se is f\nd$ ^u ?is law w make him less suspici\s ( nature & less exclusive 9 8 adh]5ce to any s+le law4 ,he w be m confid5t ( ! ess5tial goodness ( all manife/ations ( a univ]se :i* he kn[s to be fundam5tally spiritual4 ,b x has be5 urg$1 secondly1 t ! ,kantian e?ics is too =mal1 too little p]t95t to ! issues ( life4 ,kant's moral law imposes only ob$i5ce to ! law1 or conduct conceiv$ z suitable to a univ]sal moral community4 ,b :at is ! nature ( su* conduct 9 p>ticul>8 ,x may be answ]$ t to ma9ta9 ! moral self-consci\sness1 to act dutifully & dutifully only1 to be self-reliant & unsw]v+ 9 ! do+ ( :at "o ought to d1 is to obta9 a v specific "*4 ,b does ?is n leave ! individual's conduct to 8 own int]pretation ( 8 duty8 ,x 0 j ?is elem5t ( individualism :i* ,hegel s\ght to elim9ate ?r\gh ! application ( 8 l>g] philosophical conception4 ,if t :i* expresses itself )9 ! individual consci\sness z ! moral law be inde$ ! law ( t self 9 :i* ! univ]se is gr\nd$1 x w appe> z objective _s 9 ! evolution ( society4 ,= ,hegel1 !n1 ! mo/ valid /&>d ( goodness is to be f\nd 9 t cu/om>y morality :i* bespeaks ! moral lead+s ( ! g5]al humanity1 & 9 ^? in/itutions1 su* z ! family & ! /ate1 :i* are ! moral acts ( ! absolute idea itself4 ,f9ally1 9 ! realm ( absolute _s1 9 art1 9 reveal$ religion1 & 9 philosophy1 ! individual may approa* to ! self-consci\sness :i* is ! p]fect tru? & goodness 9 & = itself4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,peculi> ,pan!ism & ,my/icism ( ,absolute ,idealism4 ,sect4 #aic4 ,:]e ! law ( life is ! implication 9 ! f9ite self-consci\sness ( ! et]nal & div9e self-consci\sness1 !re c be no division betwe5 morality & religion1 z !re c be none betwe5 ?\ght & w4 ,:atev] man seeks is 9 ! end ,god4 ,z ! p]fect fulfilm5t ( ! ?9k+ self1 ,god is ! tru?2 z ! p]fect fulfilm5t ( ! will+ self1 ,god is ! good4 ,! f9ite self-consci\sness f9ds facts t are n und]/ood1 & s seeks to resolve itself into ! p]fect self :]e9 all t is giv5 has mean+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f9ite self-consci\sness f9ds ideals t are n realiz$1 & s seeks to resolve itself into t p]fect self :]e9 all t is significant is giv54 ,all int]e/s ?us conv]ge t[>d "s /ate ( consci\s _s 9 :i* ! opposition ( cognition & volition is ov]come--9 :i* we nei!r judge our ideas by ! _w1 nor ! _w by our ideas1 b are aw>e t inn] & out] are 9 su* close & necess>y h>mony t ev5 ! ?\ght ( possible discord has become impossible4 ,9 its unity n only cognition & volition1 b feel+ also1 mu/ be bl5d$ & unit$4 ,9 "s way or ano!r x mu/ h ov]come ! rift 9 discursive k1 & ! imm$iate mu/ = x be no long] ! ali54 ,x mu/ be z direct z art1 z c]ta9 & univ]sal z philosophy4#cia3ac ,! religi\s consci\sness prop] to absolute idealism is bo? pan!i/ic & my/ical1 b ) di/9ction4 ,platonism is pan!i/ic 9 t nature is resolv$ into ,god4 ,all t is n p]fect is e/eem$ only = its promise ( p]fection4 ,& ,platonism is my/ical 9 t ! purification & univ]salization ( ! affections br+s "o 9 ! end to a p]fection t exce$s all modes ( ?\ght & spee*4 ,) ,sp9oza1 on ! o!r h&1 ,god may be said to be resolv$ into nature4 ,nature is made div9e1 b is none ! less nature1 = its div9ity consi/s 9 its absolute necessity4 ,sp9oza's pan!ism passes ov] into my/icism because ! absolute necessity exce$s 9 bo? unity & ri*ness ! laws kn[n to ! human und]/&+4 ,9 absolute idealism1 f9ally1 bo? ,god & nature are resolv$ into ! self4 ,= t :i* is div9e 9 exp]i5ce is self-consci\sness1 & ?is is at ! same "t ! gr\nd ( nature4 ,?us 9 ! highe/ k ! self is exp&$ & enri*$ )\t be+ left beh9d4 ,! my/ical exp]i5ce prop] to ?is philosophy is ! consci\sness ( id5tity1 toge!r ) ! s5se ( univ]sal imman5ce4 ,! individual self may be directly s5sible ( ! absolute self1 = ^! are "o spiritual life4 ,?us ,em]son says3 ,x is a secret :i* e intellectual man quickly le>ns1 t beyond ! en]gy ( 8 possess$ & consci\s intellect he is capable ( a new en]gy 7z ( an intellect d\bl$ on itself71 by ab&onm5t to ! nature ( ?+s2 t beside 8 privacy ( p[] z an individual man1 !re is a great public p[] ^u :i* he c draw1 by unlock+1 at all risks1 8 human doors1 & suff]+ ! e!real tides to roll & circulate ?r\gh him2 !n he is caught up into ! life ( ! ,univ]se1 8 spee* is ?und]1 8 ?\ght is law1 & 8 words are univ]sally intelligible z ! plants & animals4 ,! poet kn[s t he speaks adequately !n only :5 he speaks some:at wildly1 or ') ! fl[] ( ! m9d'2 n ) ! intellect us$ z an organ1 b ) ! intellect releas$ f all s]vice & suff]$ to take its direction f its cele/ial life4#cic3ad ,sid5ote3 ,! ,religion ( ,exub]ant ,spirituality4 ,sect4 #aid4 ,b ! di/+ui%+ flavor & quality ( ?is religion arises f its spiritual hospitality4 ,x is n1 l ,platonism1 a contemplation ( ! be/2 nor1 l plurali/ic idealisms1 a moral knight-errantry4 ,x is nei!r a religion ( exclusion1 nor a religion ( recon/ruction1 b a pr(\nd will+ness t ?+s %\ld be z !y really are4 ,= ?is reason its devotees h recogniz$ 9 ,sp9oza _! true =]unn]4 ,b idealism is n ,sp9ozism1 ?\gh x may conta9 ?is z "o ( its /ra9s4 ,= x is n ! wor%ip ( necessity1 ,em]son's beautiful necessity1 :i* makes man brave 9 believ+ t he _c %un a dang] t is appo9t$1 nor incur "o t is n2 b ! wor%ip ( t :i* is necess>y4 ,n only mu/ "o und]/& t e ef=t1 h[ev] despair+1 is an elem5t ( s5se 9 ! univ]sal significance2 t ! :ole w\ld n be :at x is 7 n precisely ?is f9ite purpose left 9 its own uniqu5ess to speak precisely its own ^w--a ^w :i* no o!r purpose c speak 9 ! language ( ! div9e w2#cid3ae b "o mu/ h a ze/ = su* p>ticipation1 & a he>t = ! div9e w :i* x pr(its4 ,inde$1 s mu* is ?is religion a love ( life1 t x may1 z 9 ! case ( ! ,romantici/s1 be a love ( caprice4 ,battle & dea?1 pa9 & joy1 error & tru?--all t belongs to ! /ory ( ?is mortal _w1 are to be felt z ! ?rill ( heal?1 & reli%$ z ! ess5ces ( ,god4 ,religion is an exub]ant spirituality1 a fe>less s5sibility1 a k ( bo? good & evil1 & a w to s]ve ! good1 :ile exult+ t ! evil w n yield )\t a battle4 ,,footnotes3 #cdi3a ,by ,absolute ,idealism is meant t sy/em ( philosophy :i* def9es ! univ]se z ! absolute _s1 :i* is ! human moral1 cognitive1 or appreciative consci\sness univ]saliz$2 or z ! absolute1 transc5d5tal m9d1 ^: /ate ( complete k is impli$ 9 all f9ite ?9k+4 #ceb3b ,plato3 ,timaeus1 #bi4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #cei3c ,plato3 ,symposium1 #bjb4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #cei3d ,em]son3 ,essays1 ,second ,s]ies1 pp4 #fe-ff4 #cfd3e ,em]son3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #be4 ,! possibility ( conflict betwe5 ?is me?od ( nature /udy & ! empirical me?od ( sci5ce is significantly atte/$ by ! circum/ance t 9 ! ye> #ahja ,hegel publi%$ a pap] 9 :i* he ma9ta9$1 on ! gr\nd ( c]ta9 num]ical h>monies1 t !re c\ld be no planet betwe5 ,m>s & ,jupit]1 :ile at almo/ exactly ! same "t ,piazzi discov]$ ,c]es1 ! fir/ ( ! a/]oids4 #cfh3f ,mc,taggart3 ,/udies 9 ,hegelian ,dialectic1 p4 #aha4 #cfi3g ,gre53 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 p4 #ae4 #cgj3h ,plato3 ,! ,sophi/1 #bdh4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #chb3i ,hegel3 ,encyclopa$ie1 ,sect4 #de1 lecture note4 ,quot$ by ,mc,taggart3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #fi4 #chb3aj ,hegel3 ,encyclopa$ie1 ,sect4 #ej4 ,quot$ by ,mc,taggart3 ,op4 cit41 p4 #gj4 #che3aa ,royce3 ,conception ( ,god1 pp4 #ai1 #dc-dd4 ,?is argum5t is well summ>iz$ 9 ,gre5's /atem5t t ! exi/5ce ( "o connect$ _w1 :i* is ! presupposition ( k1 implies ! action ( "o self-condition+ & self-det]m9+ m9d4 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics1 p4 #aha4 #chg3ab ,kant3 ,critical ,exam9ation ( ,practical ,reason4 ,translat$ by ,abbott 9 ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics1 p4 #ahj4 #cia3ac ,quot$ f ,mc,taggart3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #bca-bcb4 #cic3ad ,em]son3 ,op4 cit41 pp4 #cj-ca4 #cid3ae ,royce3 ,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4 #dfe4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,conclusion ,sid5ote3 ,liability ( ,philosophy to ,revision1 ,due to its ,sy/ematic ,"*4 ,sect4 #aie4 ,"o :o consults a book ( philosophy 9 ! hope ( f9d+ !re a def9ite body ( tru?1 sanction$ by ! cons5sus ( exp]ts1 _c fail to be disappo9t$4 ,& x %\ld n[ be pla9 t ?is is due n to ! frailties ( philosoph]s1 b to ! mean+ ( philosophy4 ,philosophy is n additive1 b recon/ructive4 ,natural sci5ce may advance /ep by /ep )\t ev] los+ gr\nd2 its empirical discov]ies are 9 _! sev]alty z true z !y c ev] be4 ,?us ! />s & ! species ( animals may be record$ successively1 & ea* g5]ation ( a/ronom]s & zoologi/s may take up ! "w at ! po9t rea*$ by its =]unn]s4 ,! =mulation ( results does1 x is true1 require con/ant correction & revision--b !re is a c5tral body ( data :i* is little affect$1 & :i* accumulates f age to age4 ,n[ ! f9ality ( sci5tific tru? is proportional to ! mode/y ( its claims4 ,items ( tru? p]si/1 :ile ! int]pretation ( !m is subject to alt]ation ) ! g5]al advance ( k2 &1 relatively speak+1 sci5ce consi/s 9 items ( tru?1 & philosophy 9 _! int]pretation4 ,! liability to revision 9 sci5ce itself increases z t body ( k becomes m highly unifi$ & sy/ematic4 ,?us ! pres5t age1 ) its attempt to con/ruct a s+le compreh5sive sy/em ( me*anical sci5ce1 is peculi>ly an age :5 fundam5tal conceptions are subject$ to a ?or\gh re-exam9ation--:51 = example1 s anci5t a conception z t ( matt] is ?reat5$ ) displacem5t by t ( en]gy4 ,b philosophy is ess5tially unit>y & sy/ematic--& ?us sup]latively liable to revision4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,"o ,sci5ce & ! ,_m ,philosophies4 ,sect4 #aif4 ,x is notewor?y t x is only 9 ?is age ( a highly sy/ematic natural sci5ce t diff]5t sy/ems are project$1 z 9 ! case j not$ ( ! rivalry betwe5 ! /rictly me*anical1 or corpuscul>1 !ory & ! new] !ory ( en]getics4 ,x has h]et(ore be5 tak5 = grant$ t al?\gh !re may be _m philosophies1 !re is b "o body ( sci5ce4 ,& x is /ill tak5 = grant$ t ! exp]im5tal detail ( ! individual sci5ce is a common fund1 to ! progressive increase ( :i* ! individual sci5ti/ contributes ! results ( 8 special rese>*2 !re be+ rival s*ools ( me*anics1 physics1 or *emi/ry1 only 9 s f> z fundam5tal conceptions or pr9ciples ( ord]ly arrangem5t are 9 "q4 ,b philosophy deals exclusively ) ! mo/ fundam5tal conceptions & ! mo/ g5]al pr9ciples ( ord]ly arrangem5t4 ,h5ce x is significant ( ! v task ( philosophy t !re %\ld be _m t5tative sy/ems ( philosophy1 ev5 t ea* philosoph] %\ld project & con/ruct 8 own philosophy4 ,philosophy z ! tru? ( syn!sis & reconciliation1 ( compreh5siv5ess & coord9ation1 mu/ be a liv+ unity4 ,x is a ?9k+ ( entire exp]i5ce1 & c be suffici5t only ?r\gh be+ all-suffici5t4 ,! he>t ( e philosophy is a h>moniz+ insight1 an intellectual prospect )9 :i* all human int]e/s & /udies compose !mselves4 ,su* k _c be delegat$ to isolat$ co-labor]s1 b w be altoge!r miss$ if n lov$ & s\ght 9 its indivisible unity4 ,!re is no mode/ home-keep+ philosophy2 no safe & cons]vative philosophy1 t c make sure ( a "p ?r\gh r5\nc+ ! :ole4 ,!re is no philosophy )\t intellectual tem]ity1 z !re is no religion )\t moral tem]ity4 ,& ! "o is ! supreme int]e/ ( ?\ght1 z ! o!r is ! supreme int]e/ ( life4 ,sid5ote3 ,progress 9 ,philosophy4 ,! ,sophi/ication or ,eclecticism ( ! ,pres5t ,age4 ,sect4 #aig4 ,?\gh ! _m philosophies be inevitable1 x mu/ n be conclud$ t !re is !re=e no progress 9 philosophy4 ,! solution f :i* e great philosophy is precipitat$ is ! m+l$ wisdom ( "s late/ age1 ) all ( its inh]itance4 ,! positive k furni%$ by ! sci5ces1 ! ref9em5ts & di/9ctions ( ! philosoph]s1 ! ideals ( society--^! & ! :ole sum ( civilization are its +r$i5ts4 ,:]e !re is no s+le sy/em ( philosophy significant en\gh to express ! age1 z did ! sy/ems ( ,plato1 ,?omas ,aqu9as1 ,desc>tes1 ,locke1 ,kant1 ,hegel1 & ! o!rs :o belong to ! roll ( ! great philosoph]s1 !re exi/s a g5]al sophi/ication1 :i* is m elusive b n less significant4 ,! pres5t age--at any rate f its own /&-po9t--is n an age ( great philosophical sy/ems4 ,su* sy/ems may inde$ be liv+ 9 our mid/ unrecogniz$2 b hi/orical p]spective _c safely be anticipat$4 ,x is c]ta9 t no liv+ voice is kn[n to speak = ?is g5]ation z did ,hegel1 & ev5 ,sp5c]1 = ! la/4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 a significance 9 ?is v pass+ ( ,hegel & ,sp5c]1--an enlight5m5t peculi> to an age :i* kn[s !m1 b has philosophically outliv$ !m4 ,!re is a moral 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght :i* j n[ no philosophy1 :e!r naturalism1 or transc5d5talism1 realism or idealism1 c fail to draw4 ,! *>act]ization ( ?is contempor>y eclecticism or sophi/ication1 difficult & unc]ta9 z x mu/ ne$s be1 af=ds ! be/ summ>y & int]pretation ) :i* to conclude ?is brief survey ( ! =tunes ( philosophy4 ,sid5ote3 ,metaphysics4 ,! ,antagoni/ic ,doctr9es ( ,naturalism & ,absolutism4 ,sect4 #aih4 ,s9ce ! problem ( metaphysics is ! crucial problem ( philosophy1 ! "q ( its pres5t /atus is fundam5tal 9 any *>act]ization ( ! age4 ,x w appe> f ! =ego+ acc\nt ( ! c\rse ( metaphysical developm5t t two fundam5tal t5d5cies h exhibit$ !mselves f ! beg9n+4 ,! "o ( ^! is naturali/ic & empirical1 repres5t+ ! claims ( :at common s5se calls matt]s ( fact2 ! o!r is transc5d5tal & rational1 repres5t+ ! claims ( ! /&>ds & ideals :i* are imman5t 9 exp]i5ce1 & directly manife/$ 9 ! great human int]e/s ( ?\ght & action4 ,^! t5d5cies h on ! :ole be5 antagoni/ic2 & ! cle>-cut & mom5t\s sy/ems ( philosophy h be5 fundam5tally det]m9$ by ei!r ! "o or ! o!r4 ,?us mat]ialism is due to ! attempt to r$uce all ( exp]i5ce to ! elem5ts & pr9ciples ( connection :i* are employ$ by ! physical sci5ces to set 9 ord] ! actual motions1 or *anges ( place1 :i* ! p>ts ( exp]i5ce und]go4 ,mat]ialism ma9ta9s t ! motions ( bodies are indiff]5t to consid]ations ( wor?1 & d5ies t !y issue f a deep] cause ( ano!r ord]4 ,! v ideas ( su* non-me*anical elem5ts or pr9ciples are "h provid$ ) a me*anical orig94 ,simil>ly a ph5om5alism1 l t ( ,hume1 takes imm$iate pres5ce to s5se z ! norm ( be+ & k4 ,individual items1 directly v]ifi$ 9 ! mom5t ( _! occurr5ce1 are held to be at once ! cont5t ( all real tru?1 & ! s\rce ( ^? ab/ract ideas :i* ! misguid$ rationali/s mi/ake = real tru?4 ,b ! absoluti/1 on ! o!r h&1 cont5ds t ! ?9k] mu/ mean some?+ by ! reality :i* he seeks4 ,if he _h x = ! look+1 ?\ght w\ld n be1 z x s evid5tly is1 a purposive endeavor4 ,& t :i* is meant by reality c be no?+ %ort ( ! fulfilm5t or f9al realization ( ?is endeavor ( ?\ght4 ,to f9d out :at ?\ght seeks1 to anticipate ! consummation ( ?\ght & posit x z real1 is !re=e ! fir/ & fundam5tal proc$ure ( philosophy4 ,! me*anism ( nature1 & all matt]s ( fact1 mu/ come to t]ms ) ?is absolute reality1 or be condemn$ z m]e appe>ance4 ,?us ,plato di/+ui%es ! _w ( g5]ation 9 :i* we p>ticipate by p]ception1 f ! true ess5ce 9 :i* we p>ticipate by ?\ght2 & ,s*ell+ speaks ( ! mod]n exp]im5tal me?od z ! corruption ( philosophy & physics1 9 t x fails to con/rue nature 9 t]ms ( _s4 ,sid5ote3 ,concessions f ! ,side ( ,absolutism4 ,recognition ( ,nature4 ,! ,neo-,fi*teans4 ,sect4 #aii4 ,n[ x w\ld nev] occur to a sophi/icat$ philosoph] ( ! pres5t1 to "o :o has ?\ght out to ! end ! :ole tradition ( philosophy1 & felt ! gravity ( ! great hi/orical issues1 to suff] ei!r ( ^! motives to dom9ate him to ! exclusion ( ! o!r4 ,absolutism has long s9ce ceas$ to speak slight+ly ( physical sci5ce1 & ( ! _w ( p]ception4 ,x is conc$$ t motions mu/ be kn[n 9 ! me*anical way1 & matt]s ( fact 9 ! matt]-(-fact way4 ,fur!rmore1 ! pre/ige :i* sci5ce enjoy$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 & ! pre/ige :i* ! empirical & secul> _w ( action has enjoy$ to a degree t has /eadily increas$ s9ce ! ,r5aissance1 h conv9c$ ! absoluti/ ( ! intr9sic significance ( ^! p>ts ( exp]i5ce4 ,!y are no long] r$uc$1 b are p]mitt$ to fl\ri% 9 _! own "r4 ,f ! v c\ncils ( absolute idealism !re has issu$ a di/9ction :i* is fa/ becom+ curr5t1 betwe5 ! ,_w ( ,appreciation1 or ! realm ( moral & logical pr9ciples1 & ! ,_w ( ,description1 or ! realm ( empirical g5]alizations & me*anical causes4#djb3a ,x is inde$ ma9ta9$ t ! =m] ( ^! is metaphysically sup]ior2 b ! latt] is rank$ )\t ! disp>agem5t ( its own prop] categories4 ,) ! ,fi*teans ?is di/9ction corresponds to ! di/9ction 9 ! sy/em ( ,fi*te betwe5 ! active moral ego1 & ! nature :i* x posits to act ^u4 ,b ! neo-,fi*teans are conc]n$ to %[ t ! nature s posit$1 or ! ,_w ( ,description1 is ! realm ( me*anical sci5ce1 & t ! entire sy/em ( ma!matical & physical tru? is !re=e morally necess>y4#djc3b ,sid5ote3 ,! ,neo-,kantians4 ,sect4 #bjj4 ,a m pron\nc$ t5d5cy 9 ! same direction m>ks ! "w ( ! neo-,kantians4 ,^! philosoph]s repudiate ! spirituali/ic metaphysics ( ,s*op5hau]1 ,fi*te1 & ,hegel1 believ+ ! real significance ( ,kant to lie 9 8 critical me?od1 9 8 exam9ation ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( ! diff]5t sy/ems ( k1 & especially 9 8 analysis ( ! f\ndations ( ma!matics & physics4#djc3c ,9 approa*+ ma!matics & physics f a g5]al logical /&-po9t1 ^! neo-,kantians become sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 int]e/ & temp] f ^? sci5ti/s :o approa* logic f ! ma!matical & physical /&-po9t4 ,sid5ote3 ,recognition ( ! ,individual4 ,p]sonal ,idealism4 ,sect4 #bja4 ,! f9ite1 moral individual1 ) 8 peculi> spiritual p]spective1 has long s9ce be5 recogniz$ z ess5tial to ! mean+ ( ! univ]se rationally conceiv$4 ,b 9 its fir/ movem5t absolute idealism propos$ to absorb him 9 ! indivisible absolute self4 ,x is n[ po9t$ out t ,fi*te1 & ev5 ,hegel himself1 means ! absolute to be a plurality or society ( p]sons4#djd3d ,x is commonly conc$$ t ! w ( ! absolute mu/ co9cide ) ! wills ( all f9ite creatures 9 _! sev]alty1 t ,god wills 9 & ?r\gh m54#djd3e ,correspond+ to ?is individuali/ic t5d5cy on ! "p ( absolute idealism1 !re has be5 rec5tly project$ a p]sonal idealism1 or humanism1 :i* spr+s fre%ly & directly f ! same motive4 ,?is philosophy attributes ultimate importance to ! human p]son ) 8 fre$om1 8 int]e/s1 8 control ov] nature1 & 8 hope ( ! advancem5t ( ! spiritual k+dom ?r\gh coop]ation ) 8 fell[s4#dje3f ,sid5ote3 ,concessions f ! ,side ( ,naturalism4 ,recognition ( ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples4 ,sect4 #bjb4 ,naturalism exhibits a mod]ation & lib]ality t is n less /rik+ ?an t ( absolutism4 ,?is abatem5t ( its claims began 9 ! la/ c5tury ) agno/icism4 ,x 0 !n conc$$ t !re is an ord] o!r ?an t ( natural sci5ce2 b ?is ord] 0 held to be inaccessible to human k4 ,su* a !ory is ess5tially un/able because x employs pr9ciples :i* def9e a non-natural ord]1 b refuses to cr$it !m or call !m k4 ,! agno/ic is 9 ! p>adoxical position ( "o :o kn[s ( an unkn[able _w4 ,pres5t-day naturalism is m circumspect4 ,x has int]e/$ itself 9 br++ to light t 9 ! v proc$ure ( sci5ce :i*1 because x pr$et]m9es :at nature %all be1 _c be includ$ )9 nature4 ,to ?is int]e/ is due ! r$iscov]y ( ! rational f\ndations ( sci5ce4 ,x 0 already kn[n 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury t exact sci5ce does n diff] radically f ma!matics1 z ma!matics does n diff] radically f logic4 ,ma!matics & me*anics are n[ be+ submitt$ to a critical exam9ation :i* reveals ! def9itions & implications ^u :i* !y re/1 & ! g5]al relation ( ^! to ! fundam5tal elem5ts & necessities ( ?\ght4#djf3g ,sid5ote3 ,recognition ( ! ,w4 ,pragmatism4 ,sect4 #bjc4 ,?is rationali/ic t5d5cy 9 naturalism is balanc$ by a t5d5cy :i* is m empirical1 b equally subv]sive ( ! old ultra-naturalism4 ,goe! once wrote3 ,i h obs]v$ t ,i hold t ?\ght to be true :i* is fruitful = me4 4 4 4 ,:5 ,i "k my relation to myself & to ! out] _w1 ,i say t ,i possess ! tru?4 ,simil>ly1 x is n[ frequ5tly obs]v$ t all k is humanly fruitful1 & x is propos$ t ?is %all be reg>d$ z ! v crit]ion ( tru?4 ,accord+ to ?is pr9ciple sci5ce z a :ole1 ev5 k z a :ole1 is prim>ily a human utility4 ,! nature :i* sci5ce def9es is an artifact or con/ruct4 ,x is design$ to express briefly & conv5i5tly :at man may practically expect f 8 environm5t4 ,?is t5d5cy is kn[n z pragmatism4 ,x ranges f sy/ematic doctr9es1 rem9isc5t ( ,fi*te1 :i* seek to def9e practical ne$s & d$uce k f !m1 to ! m irresponsible utt]ances ( ^? :o lik5 sci5ce to %or?&1#djg3h & ma!matics to a game ( *ess4 ,9 any case pragmatism attributes to nature a c]ta9 dep5d5ce on w1 & !re=e implies1 ev5 :5 x does n av[1 t w ) its peculi> pr9ciples or values _c be r$uc$ to ! t]ms ( nature4 ,9 %ort1 x w\ld be m true to say t nature expresses w1 ?an t w expresses nature4#djh3i ,sid5ote3 ,summ>y1 & ,transition to ,epi/emology4 ,sect4 #bjd4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! contempor>y eclecticism z respects ! c5tral problem ( metaphysics4 ,!re are naturali/ic & individuali/ic t5d5cies 9 absolutism2 rationali/ic & e?ical t5d5cies 9 naturalism2 & f9ally ! indep5d5t & spontane\s movem5ts ( p]sonal idealism & pragmatism4 ,s9ce ! rise ( ! ,kantian & po/-,kantian philosophy1 metaphysics & epi/emology h ma9ta9$ relations s intimate t ! pres5t /ate ( ! =m] _c be *>act]iz$ )\t "s ref]5ce to ! pres5t /ate ( ! latt]4 ,inde$1 ! v issues ^u :i* metaphysicians divide are mo/ commonly ^? provok$ by ! problem ( k4 ,! c\nt]-t5d5cies ( naturalism & absolutism are always connect$1 & (t5 co9cide )1 ! epi/emological opposition betwe5 empiricism1 :i* proclaims p]ception1 & rationalism1 :i* proclaims reason1 to be ! prop] organ ( k4 ,! o!r great epi/emological controv]sy does n be> s direct & simple a relation to ! c5tral metaphysical issues1 & mu/ be exam9$ on its own acc\nt4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,antagoni/ic ,doctr9es ( ,realism & ,idealism4 ,reali/ic ,t5d5cy 9 ,empirical ,idealism4 ,sect4 #bje4 ,! po9t ( controv]sy is ! dep5d5ce or indep5d5ce ( ! object ( k on ! /ate ( k2 idealism ma9ta9+ t reality is ! kn[] or 8 cont5t ( m9d1 realism1 t be+ kn[n is a circum/ance :i* app]ta9s to "s reality1 )\t be+ ! indisp5sable condition ( reality z su*4 ,n[ ! sophi/icat$ ?\ght ( ! pres5t age exhibits a t5d5cy on ! "p ( ^! opposite doctr9es to approa* & conv]ge4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ t ! empirical idealism ( ! ,b]keleyan type c\ld n avoid transc5d+ itself4 ,hume1 :o omitt$ ,b]keley's active spirits1 no long] _h any subjective seat or locus = ! p]ceptions to :i* ,b]keley _h r$uc$ ! out] _w4 ,& p]ceptions :i* are n ! /ates ( any subject1 reta9 only _! intr9sic "* & become a s]ies ( elem5ts4 ,:5 !re is no?+ beyond1 :i* appe>s1 & no?+ )9 to :i* x appe>s1 !re ceases to be any s5se 9 us+ su* t]ms z appe>ance1 ph5om5on1 or impression4 ,! t]m s5sation is at pres5t employ$ 9 ! same ill-consid]$ mann]4 ,b empirical idealism has come gradually to insi/ ^u ! importance ( ! cont5t ( p]ception1 r ?an ! relation ( p]ception to a self z its /ate4 ,! t]ms elem5t & exp]i5ce1 :i* are replac+ ! subjectivi/ic t]ms1 are frankly reali/ic4#daj3aj ,sid5ote3 ,reali/ic ,t5d5cy 9 ,absolute ,idealism4 ,! ,conception ( ,exp]i5ce4 ,sect4 #bjf4 ,!re is a simil> reali/ic tr5d 9 ! developm5t ( absolute idealism4 ,! pure ,hegelian philosophy 0 notably objective4 ,! pr9ciples ( developm5t 9 :i* x c5tres 7 conceiv$ by ,hegel himself to manife/ !mselves mo/ cle>ly 9 ! progressions ( nature & hi/ory4 ,_m ( ,hegel's foll[]s h be5 l$ by moral & religi\s int]e/s to emphasize consci\sness1 &1 ^u epi/emological gr\nds1 to lay great /ress ^u ! necessity ( ! union ( ! p>ts ( exp]i5ce )9 an envelop+ self4 ,b absolute idealism has mu* at he>t ! ov]com+ ( relativism1 & ! absolute is def9$ 9 ord] to meet ! dem& = a be+ t %all n h ! cognitive defici5cies ( an object ( f9ite ?\ght4 ,s x is q possible = ?is philosophy1 :ile ma9ta9+ its traditions on ! :ole1 to ab&on ! t]m self to ! f9ite subject1 & reg>d its absolute z a sy/em ( rational & univ]sal pr9ciples--self-suffici5t because ext]nally indep5d5t & int]nally necess>y4 ,h5ce ! r5ew$ /udy ( categories z logical1 ma!matical1 or me*anical pr9ciples1 & entirely ap>t f _! be+ ! acts ( a ?9k+ self4 ,fur!rmore1 x has be5 recogniz$ t ! g5]al dem& ( idealism is met :5 reality is reg>d$ z n outside ( or o!r ?an k1 :atev] be true ( ! "q ( dep5d5ce4 ,?us ! conception ( exp]i5ce is equally conv5i5t "h1 9 t x signifies :at is imm$iately pres5t 9 k1 )\t affirm+ x to consi/ 9 be+ s pres5t$4#daa3aa ,sid5ote3 ,ideali/ic ,t5d5cies 9 ,realism4 ,! ,imman5ce ,philosophy4 ,sect4 #bjg4 ,& at ?is po9t idealism is met by a latt]-day realism4 ,! traditional mod]n realism spr++ f ,desc>tes 0 duali/ic4 ,x 0 suppos$ t reality 9 itself 0 ess5tially extra-m5tal1 & ?us "u ! necessity ( be+ ei!r repres5t$ or misrepres5t$ 9 ?\ght4 ,b ! "o ( ^! alt]natives is dogmatic1 9 t ?\ght c nev] te/ ! validity ( its relation to t :i* is p]petually outside ( x2 :ile ! o!r is agno/ic1 provid+ only = ! k ( a _w ( appe>ance1 an improp] k t is 9 fact n k at all4 ,b realism is n necess>ily duali/ic1 s9ce x requires only t be+ %all n be dep5d5t ^u be+ kn[n4 ,fur!rmore1 s9ce empiricism is cong5ial to naturalism1 x is an easy /ep to say t nature is directly kn[n 9 p]ception4 ,?is fir/ takes ! =m ( positivism1 or ! !ory t only su* nature z c be directly kn[n c be really kn[n4 ,b ?is agno/ic provision = an unkn[n _w beyond1 inevitably falls away & leaves reality z t :i* is directly kn[n1 b n condition$ by k4 ,aga9 ! t]m exp]i5ce is ! mo/ useful1 & provides a common gr\nd = ideali/ic realism ) reali/ic idealism4 ,a new epi/emological movem5t makes ?is conception ( exp]i5ce its />t+-po9t4 ,:at is kn[n z ! imman5ce philosophy def9es reality z exp]i5ce1 & means by exp]i5ce ! subject matt] ( all k--n def9$ z su*1 b reg>d$ z capable ( be+ su*4 ,exp]i5ce is conceiv$ to be bo? 9 & out ( selves1 cognition be+ b "o ( ! special sy/ems into :i* exp]i5ce may ent]4#dac3ab ,sid5ote3 ,! ,int]pretation ( ,tradition z ! ,basis = a ,new ,con/ruction4 ,sect4 #bjh4 ,does ?is eclecticism ( ! age op5 any philosophical prospect8 ,is x m ?an a g5]al compromise--a confession ( failure on ! "p ( ea* & e radical & cle>-cut doctr9e ( metaphysics & epi/emology8 ,!re is no f9al answ] to su* a "q %ort ( an indep5d5t con/ruction1 & su* proc$ure w\ld exce$ ! scope ( ! pres5t discussion4 ,b !re is an evid5t int]pretation ( tradition t sugge/s a possible basis = su* con/ruction4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,tru? ( ! ,physical ,sy/em1 b ,failure ( ,attempt to ,r$uce ,all ,exp]i5ce to x4 ,sect4 #bji4 ,suppose x to be grant$ t ! categories ( nature are q self-suffici5t4 ,?is w\ld mean t !re might conceivably be a /rictly physical ord]1 gov]n$ only by me*anical pr9ciples1 & by ! m g5]al logical & ma!matical pr9ciples4 ,! body ( physical sci5ce s ext5d$ z to include su* g5]al conceptions z id5tity1 diff]5ce1 numb]1 quality1 space1 & "t1 is ! acc\nt ( su* an ord]4 ,?is ord] ne$ h no value1 & ne$ n be kn[n4 ,b reality z a :ole is evid5tly n su* a /rictly physical ord]1 = ! def9ition ( ! physical ord] involves ! rejection ( _m ( ! mo/ famili> aspects ( exp]i5ce1 su* z its value & its be+ kn[n 9 consci\s selves4 ,mat]ialism1 9 t x proposes to conceive ! :ole ( reality z physical1 mu/ attempt to r$uce ! residuum to physical t]ms1 & ) no hope ( success4 ,goodness & k _c be expla9$ z mass & =ce1 or %[n to be me*anical necessities4 ,sid5ote3 ,tru? ( ,psy*ical ,relations1 b ,impossibility ( ,g5]al ,r$uction to ,!m4 ,sect4 #baj4 ,are we !n to conclude t reality is n physical1 & look = o!r t]ms to :i* we may r$uce physical t]ms8 ,!re is no lack ( su* o!r t]ms4 ,inde$1 we c\ld z fairly h begun else:]e4 ,?us "s p>ts ( exp]i5ce compose ! consci\sness ( ! individual1 & are said to be kn[n by him4 ,exp]i5ce s conta9$ is connect$ by ! special relation ( be+ kn[n toge!r4 ,b ?is relation is q indiff]5t to physical1 moral1 & logical relations4 ,?us we may be consci\s ( ?+s :i* are physically disconnect$1 morally repugnant1 & logically contradictory1 or 9 all ( ^! respects utt]ly irrelevant4 ,subjectivism1 9 t x proposes to conceive ! :ole ( reality z consci\sness1 mu/ attempt to r$uce physical1 moral1 & logical relations to t co-pres5ce 9 consci\sness f :i* !y are s %>ply di/+ui%$ 9 _! v def9ition4 ,! hi/orical failure ( ?is attempt 0 inevitable4 ,sid5ote3 ,tru? ( ,logical & ,e?ical ,pr9ciples4 ,validity ( ,ideal ( ,p]fection1 b ,impossibility ( ,d$uc+ ! ,:ole ( ,exp]i5ce f x4 ,sect4 #baa4 ,b !re is at lea/ "o fur!r />t+-po9t1 ! "o adopt$ by ! mo/ subtle & elaborate ( all recon/ructive philosophies4 ,logical necessities are z evid5tly real z bodies or selves4 ,x is possible to def9e g5]al types ( inf]5ce1 z well z compact & int]nally necess>y sy/ems su* z ^? ( ma!matics4 ,!re is a p]fectly di/+ui%able /ra9 ( pure rationality 9 ! univ]se4 ,:e!r or n x be possible to conceive a pure rationality z self-subsi/5t1 inasmu* z !re are degrees x is at any rate possible to conceive ( a maximum ( rationality4 ,b simil>ly !re are degrees ( moral goodness4 ,x is possible to def9e ) m or less exactness a morally p]fect p]son1 or an ideal moral community4 ,"h aga9 x may be impossible t pure & unalloy$ goodness %\ld con/itute a univ]se ( itself4 ,b t a maximum ( goodness1 ) all ( ! accessories :i* x might involve1 %\ld be ?us self-subsi/5t1 is q conceivable4 ,x is ?us possible to def9e an absolute & p]fect ord]1 9 :i* logical necessity1 ! int]e/ ( ?\ght1 or moral goodness1 ! int]e/ ( w1 or bo? toge!r1 %\ld be realiz$ to ! maximum4 ,absolutism conceives reality "u ! =m ( ?is ideal1 & attempts to recon/ruct exp]i5ce accord+ly4 ,b is ! prospect ( success any bett] ?an 9 ! cases ( mat]ialism & subjectivism8 ,x is evid5t t ! ideal ( logical necessity is due to ! fact t c]ta9 p>ts ( k approa* x m closely ?an o!rs4 ,?us me*anics conta9s m t is arbitr>y ?an ma!matics1 & ma!matics m ?an logic4 ,simil>ly1 ! !ory ( ! evolution ( ! planet>y sy/em1 9 t x requires ! assumption ( p>ticul> di/ances & p>ticul> masses = ! p>ts ( ! primeval nebula1 is m arbitr>y ?an rational dynamics4 ,x is impossible1 !n1 9 view ( ! p>ts ( k :i* belong to ! l[] end ( ! scale ( rationality1 to reg>d reality z a :ole z ! maximum ( rationality2 = ei!r a purely dynamical1 a purely ma!matical1 or a purely logical1 realm w\ld be m rational4 ,! simil> dispro( ( ! moral p]fection ( reality is s unmi/akable z to require no elucidation4 ,x is evid5t t ev5 :]e natural necessities are n antagoni/ic to moral proprieties1 !y are at any rate indiff]5t to !m4 ,sid5ote3 ,error & ,evil ,_c be ,r$uc$ to ! ,ideal4 ,sect4 #bab4 ,b ?us f> no ref]5ce has be5 made to error & to evil4 ,^! are ! t]ms :i* ! ideals ( rationality & goodness mu/ repudiate if !y are to reta9 _! mean+4 ,nev]!less exp]i5ce conta9s !m & psy*ology describes !m4 ,we h already foll[$ ! ef=ts :i* absolute idealism has made to %[ t logical p]fection requires error1 & t moral p]fection requires evil4 ,is x conceivable t su* ef=ts %\ld be successful8 ,suppose a high] logic to make ! pr9ciple ( contradiction ! v bond ( rationality4 ,:at 0 =m]ly error is n[ indisp5sable to tru?4 ,b :at ( ! new error--! unbalanc$ & mi/ak5 !sis1 ! unresolv$ anti!sis1 ! scatt]$ & disconnect$ t]ms ( ?\ght8 ,^! fall outside ! new tru? z surely z ! old error fell outside ! old tru?4 ,& ! case ( moral goodness is precisely p>allel4 ,! high] goodness may be s def9$ z to require failure & s94 ,?us x may be ma9ta9$ t !re c be no true success )\t /ruggle1 & no true spiritual exaltation except ?r\gh rep5tance4 ,b :at ( failure unr$eem$1 s9 unrep5t$1 evil uncomp5sat$ & unresolv$8 ,no?+ has be5 ga9$ aft] all b a new def9ition ( goodness--& a new def9ition ( evil4 ,& ?is is an e?ical1 n a metaphysical "q4 ,! problem ( evil1 l ! problem ( error1 is z f> f solution z ev]4 ,inde$1 ! v urg5cy ( ^! problems is due to metaphysical absolutism4 ,= ?is philosophy def9es ! univ]se z a p]fect unity4 ,measur$ by ! /&>d ( su* an ideal univ]se1 ! p>ts ( f9ite exp]i5ce take on a fragm5t>y & baffl+ "* :i* !y w\ld n o!rwise possess4 ,! absolute p]fection mu/ by def9ition bo? det]m9e & exclude ! imp]fect4 ,?us absolutism bankrupts ! univ]se by hold+ x acc\ntable = :at x c nev] pay4 ,sid5ote3 ,collective ,"* ( ! ,univ]se z a ,:ole4 ,sect4 #bac4 ,if ! attempt to con/ruct exp]i5ce 9 ! special t]ms ( "s "p ( exp]i5ce be ab&on$1 h[ is reality to be def9$8 ,x is evid5t t 9 t case !re c be no def9ition ( reality z su*4 ,x mu/ be reg>d$ z a collection ( all elem5ts1 relations1 pr9ciples1 sy/ems1 t compose x4 ,all tru?s w be true ( x1 & x w be ! subject ( all tru?s4 ,reality is at lea/ physical1 psy*ical1 moral1 & rational4 ,t :i* is physical is n necess>ily moral or psy*ical1 b may be ei!r or bo? ( ^!4 ,?us x is a commonplace ( exp]i5ce t :at has bulk & weight may or may n be good1 & may or may n be kn[n4 ,simil>ly1 t :i* is psy*ical may or may n be physical1 moral1 or rational2 & t :i* is moral or rational may or may n be physical & psy*ical4 ,!re is1 !n1 an indet]m9ism 9 ! univ]se1 a m]e co9cid5ce ( pr9ciples1 9 t x conta9s physical1 psy*ical1 moral1 logical ord]s1 )\t be+ 9 all respects ei!r a physical1 a psy*ical1 a moral1 or a logical necessity4#dbj3ac ,reality or exp]i5ce itself is neutral 9 ! s5se ( be+ exclusively pr$et]m9$ by no "o ( ! sev]al sy/ems x conta9s4 ,b ! diff]5t sy/ems ( exp]i5ce reta9 _! specific & prop] natures1 )\t ! compromise :i* is involv$ 9 all attempts to ext5d "s "o until x %all embrace !m all4 ,if su* a univ]se seems inconceivably desultory & *aotic1 "o may always rem9d "o's self by directly consult+ exp]i5ce t x is n only f\nd imm$iately & unreflectively1 b return$ to & liv$ 9 aft] e !oretical excursion4 ,sid5ote3 ,moral ,implications ( su* a ,plurali/ic ,philosophy4 ,purity ( ! ,good4 ,sect4 #bad4 ,b :at implications = life w\ld be conta9$ 9 su* a philosophy8 ,ev5 if x be !oretically cl>ify+1 ?r\gh be+ hospitable to all diff]5ces & adequate to ! multif>i\s dem&s ( exp]i5ce1 is x n on t v acc\nt morally dre>y & /ultify+8 ,is n its refusal to e/abli% ! univ]se ^u moral f\ndations de/ructive bo? ( ! validity ( goodness1 & ( ! inc5tive to its atta9m5t8 ,c]ta9ly n--if ! validity ( goodness be det]m9$ by crit]ia ( wor?1 & if ! inc5tive to goodness be ! possibility ( mak+ t :i* m]ely exi/s1 or is necess>y1 also good4 ,?is philosophy does n1 x is true1 def9e ! good1 b x makes e?ics autonom\s1 ?us di/+ui%+ ! good :i* x def9es1 & sav+ x f compromise ) matt]-(-fact1 & logical or me*anical necessity4 ,! criticism ( life is f\nd$ ^u an indep5d5t basis1 & af=ds ju/ification1 ( a selective & exclusive moral idealism4 ,j because x is n requir$ t ! good %all be held acc\ntable = :atev] is real1 ! ideal c be kept pure & intr9sically wor?y4 ,! analogy ( logic is mo/ illum9at+4 ,if x be insi/$ t :atev] exi/s is logically necess>y1 logical necessity mu/ be made to embrace t f :i* x is di/+ui%$ by def9ition1 su* z contradiction1 m]e empirical exi/5ce1 & error4 ,! consequ5ce is a logical *aos :i* has 9 tru? =feit$ ! "n ( logic4 ,simil>ly a goodness def9$ to make possible ! d$uction f x ( moral evil or moral indiff]5ce loses ! v di/+ui%+ prop]ties ( goodness4 ,! consequ5ce is an e?ical neutrality :i* invalidates ! moral w4 ,a metaphysical neutrality1 on ! o!r h&1 al?\gh d5y+ t reality z su* is pr$e/9$ to morality--& ?us af=d+ no possibility ( an e?ical absolutism--becomes ! true gr\nd = an e?ical purism4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,inc5tive to ,goodness4 ,sect4 #bae4 ,b1 secondly1 !re c be no lack ( inc5tive to goodness 9 a univ]se :i*1 ?\gh n all-good1 is 9 no respect incapable ( becom+ good4 ,t :i* is me*anically or logically necess>y1 & t :i* is psy*ically pres5t1 may be good4 ,& :at c ! realization ( goodness mean if n t :at is natural & necess>y1 actual & real1 %all be also good4 ,! _w is n good1 w n be good1 m]ely ?r\gh be+ :at x is1 b is or %all be made good ?r\gh ! accession ( goodness4 ,x is ?is belief t ! real is n necess>ily1 b may be1 good2 t ! ideal is n necess>ily1 b may be1 realiz$2 :i* has inspir$ e fai? 9 action4 ,philosophically x is only a "q ( p]mitt+ su* fai? to be s9c]e1 or condemn+ x z %all[4 ,if ! _w be made good ?r\gh good-w1 !n ! fai? ( moral action is rational2 b if ! _w be good because :atev] is mu/ be good1 !n moral action is a tread-mill1 & its att5dant & animat+ fai? only self-deception4 ,moral endeavor is ! elevation ( physical & psy*ical exi/5ce to ! level ( goodness4 ,relate ! inh]itance to life1 conv]t ! tradition into a s]vant ( "*1 draw ^u ! hi/ory = support 9 ! /ruggles ( ! _s1 decl>e a w> ( ext]m9ation aga9/ ! total evil ( ! _w2 & !n raise new armies & organize into fight+ =ce e belief available 9 ! fai? t has desc5d$ to y4#dbc3ad ,evil is "h a practical1 n a !oretical1 problem4 ,x is n to be solv$ by ?9k+ x good1 = to ?9k x good is to dead5 ! v n]ve ( action2 b by de/roy+ x & replac+ x ) good4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,ju/ification ( ,fai?4 ,sect4 #baf4 ,! ju/ification ( fai? is 9 ! promise ( reality4 ,= :at1 aft] all1 w\ld be ! mean+ ( a fai? :i* decl>es t all ?+s1 good1 bad1 & indiff]5t1 are ev]la/+ly & necess>ily :at !y are--ev5 if x 7 conclud$ on philosophical gr\nds to call t ultimate necessity good4 ,fai? has int]e/s2 fai? is fai? 9 goodness or beauty4 ,!n :at m j & pot5t cause ( despair ?an ! ?\ght t ! ideal mu/ be held acc\ntable = error1 ugl9ess1 & evil1 or = ! indiff]5t necessities ( nature8#dbd3ae ,are ideals to be priz$ ! less1 or believ$ 9 ! less1 :5 !re is no gr\nd = _! impea*m5t8 ,h[ mu* m hopeful = :at is wor? ! hop+1 t nature %\ld disc]n ideals & take "s /eps t[>d realiz+ !m1 ?an t ideals %\ld h creat$ nature--su* z x is6 ,h[ mu* bett] a report c we give ( nature = its ideals1 ?an ( ! ideals = _! h&iwork1 if x be nature6 ,em]son writes3 ,suffice x = ! joy ( ! univ]se t we h n arriv$ at a wall1 b at int]m9able oceans4 ,our life seems n pres5t s mu* z prospective2 n = ! affairs on :i* x is wa/$1 b z a h9t ( ?is va/-fl[+ vigor4 ,mo/ ( life seems to be m]e adv]tisem5t ( faculty2 in=mation is giv5 u n to sell ourselves *eap2 t we are v great4 ,s1 9 p>ticul>s1 our greatness is always 9 a t5d5cy or direction1 n 9 an action4 ,x is = u to believe 9 ! rule1 n 9 ! exception4 ,! noble are ?us kn[n f ! ignoble4 ,s 9 accept+ ! lead+ ( ! s5tim5ts1 x is n :at we believe conc]n+ ! immortality ( ! s\l or ! l1 b ! univ]sal impulse to believe1 t is ! mat]ial circum/ance & is ! pr9cipal fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! globe4#dbe3af ,sid5ote3 ,! ,wor%ip & ,s]vice ( ,god4 ,sect4 #bag4 ,if ,god be rid ( ! imputation ( moral evil & indiff]5ce1 he may be intr9sically wor%ipful1 because reg>d$ "u ! =m ( ! highe/ ideals4 ,& if ! great cause ( goodness be 9 fact at /ake1 ,god may bo? comm& ! adoration ( m5 ?r\gh 8 purity1 & re5=ce _! virtu\s liv+ ?r\gh repres5t+ to !m t realization ( goodness 9 ! univ]se at l>ge :i* bo? conta9s & exce$s _! individual endeavor4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,philosoph] & ! ,/&>ds ( ! ,m>ketplace4 ,sect4 #bah4 ,bi%op ,b]keley wrote 9 8 ,commonplace ,book3 ,my speculations h ! same effect z visit+ =eign c\ntries3 9 ! end ,i return :]e ,i 0 be=e1 b my he>t at ease1 & enjoy+ life ) new satisfaction4 ,if x be ess5tial to ! mean+ ( philosophy t x %\ld issue f life1 x is equally ess5tial t x %\ld return to life4 ,b ?is connection ( philosophy ) life does n mean its r$uction to ! t]ms ( life z conceiv$ 9 ! m>ket-place4 ,philosophy _c emanate f life1 & quick5 life1 )\t elevat+ & ennobl+ x1 & w !re=e always be incomm5surable ) life n>r[ly conceiv$4 ,h5ce ! philosoph] mu/ always be z little und]/ood by m5 ( ! /reet z 0 ,?ales by ! ,?racian h&maid54 ,he has an innoc5ce & a wisdom peculi> to 8 p]spective4 ,:5 he is revil$1 he has no?+ p]sonal to say 9 answ] to ! civilities ( 8 adv]s>ies1 = he kn[s no sc&als ( anyone1 & !y d n int]e/ him2 & !re=e he is laugh$ at = 8 %eepi%ness2 & :5 o!rs are be+ prais$ & glorifi$1 he _c help laugh+ v s9c]ely 9 ! simplicity ( 8 he>t2 & ?is aga9 makes him look l a fool4 ,:5 he he>s a tyrant or k+ eulogiz$1 he fancies t he is li/5+ to ! praises ( "s keep] ( cattle--a sw9eh]d1 or %eph]d1 or c[h]d1 :o is be+ prais$ = ! quantity ( milk :i* he squeezes f !m2 & he rem>ks t ! creature :om !y t5d1 & out ( :om !y squeeze ! weal?1 is ( a less tractable & m insidi\s nature4 ,!n1 aga91 he obs]ves t ! great man is ( necessity z ill-mann]$ & un$ucat$ z any %eph]d1 = he has no leisure1 & he is surr\nd$ by a wall1 :i* is 8 m\nta9-p54 ,he>+ ( enorm\s l&$ proprietors ( t5 ?\s& acres & m1 our philosoph] deems ?is to be a trifle1 because he has be5 accu/om$ to ?9k ( ! :ole e>?2 & :5 !y s+ ! praises ( family1 & say t "s "o is a g5tleman because he has _h sev5 g5]ations ( weal?y ance/ors1 he ?9ks t _! s5tim5ts only betray ! dulness & n>r[ness ( vision ( ^? :o utt] !m1 & :o are n educat$ en\gh to look at ! :ole1 nor to consid] t e man has _h ?\s&s & ?\s&s ( prog5itors1 & among !m h be5 ri* & poor1 k+s & slaves1 ,hell5es & b>b>ians1 _m times ov]4#dbg3ag ,x is n to be expect$ t ! op9ion ( ! n>r[1 ke51 little1 legal m9d %\ld appreciate ! philosophy :i* has acquir$ ! music ( spee*1 & hymns ! true life :i* is liv$ by immortals or m5 bless$ ( heav54 ,complac5cy _c und]/& rev]5ce1 nor secul>ism1 religion4 ,sid5ote3 ,! ,secul>ism ( ! ,pres5t ,age4 ,sect4 #bai4 ,if we may believe ! report ( a contempor>y philosoph]1 ! pres5t age is made ins5sible to ! mean+ ( life ?r\gh preoccupation ) its v a*ievem5ts3 ,! _w ( f9ite int]e/s & objects has r\nd$ itself1 z x 71 into a sep>ate :ole1 )9 :i* ! m9d ( man c =tify itself1 & live securus adv]sus deos1 9 indep5d5ce ( ! inf9ite4 ,9 ! sph]e ( ?\ght1 !re has be5 =m+ itself an ev]-increas+ body ( sci5ce1 :i*1 trac+ out ! relation ( f9ite ?+s to f9ite ?+s1 nev] f9ds x necess>y to seek = a beg9n+ or an end to its inf9ite s]ies ( ph5om5a1 & :i* meets ! claims ( !ology ) ! say+ ( ! a/ronom]1 ',i d n ne$ t hypo!sis4' ,9 ! sph]e ( action1 aga91 ! complexity ( mod]n life pres5ts a ?\s& isolat$ int]e/s1 cross+ ea* o!r 9 ways too subtle to trace out--int]e/s comm]cial1 social1 & political--9 pursu+ "o or o!r ( :i* ! individual may f9d ample occupation = 8 exi/5ce1 )\t ev] feel+ ! ne$ ( any return ^u himself1 or see+ any reason to ask himself :e!r ?is endless /riv+ has any mean+ or object beyond itself4#dbh3ah ,sid5ote3 ,! ,value ( ,contemplation = ,life4 ,sect4 #bbj4 ,!re is no dignity 9 liv+ except x be 9 ! solemn pres5ce ( ! univ]se2 & only contemplation c summon su* a pres5ce4 ,moreov]1 ! sessions mu/ be n infrequ5t1 = memory is %ort & visions fade4 ,tru? does n require1 h[ev]1 to be foll[$ out ( ! _w4 ,!re is a speculative deta*m5t f life :i* is less c\rage\s1 ev5 if m noble1 ?an worldl9ess4 ,su* is ,dante's exalt$ b m$iaeval intellectualism4 ,& x may be said t 7z true fri5d%ip betwe5 m5 consi/s 9 ea* :olly lov+ ! o!r7 ! true philosoph] loves e "p ( wisdom1 & wisdom e "p ( ! philosoph]1 inasmu* z %e draws all to h]self1 & all[s no "o ( 8 ?\ghts to w&] to o!r ?+s4 ,ev5 ?\gh1 z ,ari/otle ?\ght1 pure contemplation be alone prop] to ! gods 9 _! p]fection & bless$ness1 = ! sublun>y _w ?is is less wor?y ?an t balance & unity ( faculty :i* di/+ui%$ ! humanity ( ! ,greek4 ,!n1 writes ,?ucydides1 we are lov]s ( ! beautiful1 yet simple 9 our ta/es1 & we cultivate ! m9d )\t loss ( manl9ess4 ,weal? we employ1 n = talk & o/5tation1 b :5 !re is a real use = x4 ,to avoid pov]ty ) u is no disgrace2 ! true disgrace is 9 do+ no?+ to avoid x4 ,an ,a!nian citiz5 does n neglect ! ,/ate because he takes c>e ( 8 own h\sehold2 & ev5 ^? ( u :o are engag$ 9 bus9ess h a v fair idea ( politics4 ,we alone reg>d a man :o takes no int]e/ 9 public affairs n z a h>mless1 b z a useless "*2 & if few ( u are orig9ators1 we are all s\nd judges1 ( a policy4 ,! great imp$im5t to action is1 9 our op9ion1 n discussion1 b ! want ( t k :i* is ga9$ by discussion prep>atory to action4 ,= we h a peculi> p[] ( ?9k+ be=e we act1 & ( act+ too1 :]eas o!r m5 are c\rage\s f ignorance1 b hesitate ^u reflection4#dbi3ai ,?us life may be broad5$ & deep5$ )\t be+ made ?9 & ineffectual4 ,z ! civil community is relat$ to ! individual's private int]e/s1 s ! community ( ! univ]se is relat$ to ! civil community4 ,!re is a citiz5%ip 9 ?is l>g] community :i* requires a wid] & m g5]\s int]e/1 root$ 9 a deep] & m quiet reflection4 ,! _w1 h[ev]1 is n to be left beh9d1 b s]v$ ) a new s5se ( proportion1 ) ! peculi> =titude & rev]5ce :i* are ! prop] fruits ( philosophy4 ,?is is t :i* w inde$ dignify & exalt k1 if contemplation & action may be m ne>ly & /raitly conjo9$ & unit$ toge!r ?an !y h be52 a conjunction l unto t ( ! two highe/ planets3 ,saturn1 ! planet ( re/ & contemplation1 & ,jupit]1 ! planet ( civil society & action4#dcj3bj ,,footnotes3 #djb3a ,cf4 ,josiah ,royce3 ,! ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy1 ,lecture ,,xii2 ,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 ,second ,s]ies4 #djc3b ,cf4 ,hugo ,mu5/]b]g3 ,psy*ology & ,life4 ,! m important writ+s ( ?is s*ool are3 ,die ,philosophie im ,beg9n des zwanzig/5 ,jahrhund]ts1 edit$ by ,wilhelm ,w9delb&1 & contribut$ to by ,w9delb&1 ,h4 ,rick]t1 ,o4 ,liebmann1 ,e4 ,troelts*1 ,b4 ,bau*1 & o!rs4 ,?is book conta9s an excell5t bibliography4 ,also1 ,rick]t3 ,d] ,geg5/& d] ,erk5ntnis2 ,die ,gr5z5 d] naturwiss5s*aftli*5 ,begriffsbildung1 & o!r works4 ,w9delb&3 ,praeludi52 ,ges*i*te und ,naturwiss5s*aft4 ,mu5/]b]g3 ,grundzuege d] ,psy*ologie4 ,euck53 ,die ,grundbegriffe d] ,geg5w>t4 #djc3c ,cf4 ,f4 ,a4 ,lange3 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism1 ,book ,,ii1 ,*ap4 ,i1 on ,kant & ,mat]ialism2 also ,alois ,riehl3 ,introduction to ! ,!ory ( ,sci5ce & ,metaphysics4 ,translation by ,fairbanks4 ,! m important writ+s ( ?is s*ool are3 ,h]mann ,coh53 ,kant's ,!orie d] ,erfahrung2 ,die ,logik d] re95 ,erk5ntniss1 & o!r works4 ,paul ,natorp3 ,sozialpa$agogik2 ,e9leitung 9 die ,psy*ologie na* kritis*] ,me?ode1 & o!r works4 ,e4 ,cassir]3 ,leibniz' ,sy/em 9 se95 wiss5s*aftli*5 ,grundlag54 ,riehl3 ,d] philosophis*e ,kriticismus1 und se9e ,b$eutung fur die ,positive ,wiss5s*aft4 ,cf4 also ,e4 ,huss]l3 ,logis*e ,unt]su*ung54 #djd3d ,cf4 ,j4 ,m4 ,e4 ,mc,taggart3 ,/udies 9 ,hegelian ,cosmology1 ,*ap4 ,,iii4 #djd3e ,cf4 ,royce3 ,! ,conception ( ,god1 ,supplem5t>y ,essay1 pp4 #ace-cbb2 ,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 #dje3f ,?is movem5t began z a criticism ( ,hegelianism 9 behalf ( ! human p]sonality4 ,cf4 ,&rew ,se?3 ,hegelianism & ,p]sonality2 ,man & ! ,cosmos2 ,two ,lectures on ,!ism4 ,g4 ,h4 ,h[ison3 ,! ,limits ( ,evolution4 ,! important writ+s ( ! m indep5d5t movem5t are3 ,william ,james3 ,! ,w to ,believe4 ,h4 ,/urt1 editor3 ,p]sonal ,idealism1 ,philosophical ,essays by ,eight ,memb]s ( ,ox=d ,univ]sity4 ,f4 ,c4 ,s4 ,s*ill]3 ,humanism4 ,h5ri ,b]gson3 ,essai sur les donnees imm$iates de la consci5ce2 ,mati]e et memoire4 ,?is movem5t is closely relat$ to t ( ,pragmatism4 ,see "u ,sect4 #bjc4 #djf3g ,cf4 ,b]tr& ,russell3 ,pr9ciples ( ,ma!matics1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,among ! m important writ+s ( ?is movem5t are ! foll[+3 ,giuseppi ,peano3 ,=mulaire de ,ma!matique1 publi%$ by ! ,rivi/a di matematica1 ,tom4 ,i-,,iv4 ,ri*>d ,d$ek9d3 ,0 s9d und 0 soll5 die ,zahl58 ,georg ,cantor3 ,grundlag5 e9] allgeme95 ,mannigfaltigkeitslehre4 ,l\is ,c\turat3 ,de l',inf9i ,ma!matique1 & articles 9 ,revue de ,metaphysique et de ,morale4 ,a4 ,n4 ,:itehead3 ,a ,treatise on ,univ]sal ,algebra4 ,he9ri* ,h]tz3 ,die ,pr9zipi5 d] ,me*anik4 ,h5ri ,po9c>e3 ,la ,sci5ce et l',hypo!se4 ,= ! be>+ ( ^! inve/igations on philosophy1 see ,royce3 ,! ,sci5ces ( ! ,ideal1 9 ,sci5ce1 ,vol4 ,,xx1 ,no4 #eaj4 #djg3h ,! t]m us$ by ,k>l ,pe>son 9 8 ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce4 #djh3i ,! important ,engli% writ+s ( ! rec5t indep5d5t movem5t kn[n z pragmatism are3 ,c4 ,s4 ,peirce3 ,illu/rations ( ! ,logic ( ,sci5ce1 9 ,popul> ,sci5ce ,mon?ly1 ,vol4 ,,xii4 ,w4 ,james3 ,! ,pragmatic ,me?od1 9 ,j\rnal ( ,philosophy1 ,psy*ology1 & ,sci5tific ,me?ods1 ,vol4 ,i2 ,humanism & ,tru?1 9 ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xiii1 ,n4 ,s42 ,! ,ess5ce ( ,humanism1 9 ,j\r4 ( ,phil41 ,psy*41 & ,sc4 ,me?41 ,vol4 ,,ii 7) bibliography72 ,! ,w to ,believe4 ,john ,dewey3 ,/udies 9 ,logical ,!ory4 ,w4 ,caldwell3 ,pragmatism1 9 ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,xxv41 ,n4 ,s4 ,see also lit]ature on p]sonal idealism1 ,sect4 #bja4 ,a simil> t5d5cy has appe>$ 9 ,france 9 ,b]gson1 ,le,roy1 ,milhaud1 & 9 ,g]many 9 ,simmel4 #daj3aj ,cf4 ,ern/ ,ma*3 ,analysis ( ,s5sation4 ,translation by ,williams4 #daa3aa ,cf4 ,f4 ,h4 ,bradley3 ,appe>ance & ,reality4 #dac3ab ,cf4 ,c>/anj53 ,ri*>d ,av5>ius1 & 8 ,g5]al ,!ory ( ,k1 ,empiriocriticism4 ,translation by ,h4 ,bosanquet1 9 ,m9d1 ,vol4 ,,vi1 ,n4 ,s4 ,also ,james3 ,does ,consci\sness ,exi/8 & ,a ,_w ( ,pure ,exp]i5ce1 9 ,j\r4 ( ,phil41 ,psy*41 & ,sc4 ,me?41 ,vol4 ,i2 ,! ,?+ & its ,relations1 ibid41 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,! /&>d lit]ature ( ?is movem5t is un=tunately n available 9 ,engli%4 ,among ! m important writ+s are3 ,r4 ,av5>ius3 ,kritik d] re95 ,erfahrung2 ,d] m5s*li*e ,weltbegriff1 & o!r works4 ,joseph ,petzoldt3 ,e9fuehrung 9 die ,philosophie d] re95 ,erfahrung4 ,ern/ ,ma*3 ,die ,analyse d] ,empf9dung und das ,v]haeltniss des ,physis*5 zum ,psy*is*51 #b4 ,auff4 ,wilhelm ,s*uppe3 ,grundriss d] ,erk5ntnis/heorie und ,logik4 ,fri$ri* ,c>/anj53 ,e9fuehrung 9 die ,kritik d] re95 ,erfahrung--an exposition ( ,av5>ius4 ,also articles by ! above1 ,r4 ,willy1 ,r4 v4 ,s*ub]t-,sold]n1 & o!rs1 9 ! ,vi]teljahrss*rift fur wiss5s*aftli*e ,philosophie4 #dbj3ac ,x is n1 ( c\rse1 d5i$ t !re may be o!r ord]s1 su* z1 e4 g41 an ae/hetic ord]2 or t !re may be def9ite relations betwe5 ^! ord]s1 su* z1 e4 g41 ! psy*o-physical relation4 #dbc3ad ,quot$ f ,george ,a4 ,gordon3 ,! ,new ,epo* = ,fai?1 p4 #bg4 #dbd3ae ,cf4 ,james3 ,! ,w to ,believe1 essay on ,! ,dilemma ( ,det]m9ism1 passim4 #dbe3af ,essays1 ,second ,s]ies1 p4 #ge4 #dbg3ag ,plato3 ,!aetetus1 #agd-age4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 #dbh3ah ,e4 ,caird3 ,lit]ature & ,philosophy1 ,vol4 ,i1 pp4 #bah-bai4 #dbi3ai ,translation by ,j[ett4 ,quot$ by ,laurie 9 8 ,pre-,*ri/ian ,education1 p4 #bac4 #dcj3bj ,bacon3 ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 ,book ,i4 ,,bibliography ,! ref]5ces conta9$ 9 ?is bibliography h be5 select$ on ! score ( availability 9 ,engli% = ! g5]al read] & beg9n+ /ud5t ( philosophy4 ,b ,i h s\ght :]ev] possible to include passages f ! great philosoph]s & m5 ( lett]s4 ,^! are plac$ fir/ 9 ! li/1 foll[$ by ref]5ces to contempor>y writ]s & second>y s\rces4 ,,*apt] ,i1 ,,! ,,practical ,,man ,,& ,,! ,,philosoph]4 ,,plato3 ,republic1 especially ,book ,,vii4 ,translations by ,j[ett & ,vaughan4 ,!aetetus1 #agb ff4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 ,,ari/otle3 ,e?ics1 ,book ,x4 ,translation by ,welldon4 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius3 ,?\ghts4 ,translation by ,long4 ,,epictetus3 ,disc\rses4 ,translation by ,long4 ,,bacon3 ,! ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+4 ,,em]son3 ,repres5tative ,m5--,plato2 or ! ,philosoph]4 ,conduct ( ,life--,culture4 ,essays1 ,second ,s]ies--,exp]i5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,royce1 ,,josiah3 ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy4 ,introduction4 ,,hibb51 ,j4 ,g43 ,problems ( ,philosophy4 ,introduction4 ,,*apt] ,,ii1 ,,poetry ,,& ,,philosophy4 ,,plato3 ,republic1 ,books ,,ii & ,,iii4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 7,criticism ( ! poets z demoraliz+47 ,,wordswor?3 ,obs]vations ,prefix$ to ! ,second ,edition ( ! ,lyrical ,ballads4 ,,%elley3 ,def5ce ( ,poetry4 ,,ev]ett1 ,c4 ,c43 ,poetry1 ,com$y1 & ,duty4 7discussion ( ! ,philosophy ( ,poetry47 ,essays1 ,!ological & ,lit]>y4 7,on ! ,poetry ( ,em]son1 ,goe!1 ,t5nyson1 ,br[n+47 ,,caird1 ,,edw>d3 ,lit]ature & ,philosophy4 7,wordswor?1 ,dante1 ,goe!1 etc47 ,,royce1 ,,josiah3 ,/udies ( ,good & ,evil4 ,essay on ,t5nyson & ,pessimism4 ,,santayana1 ,,george3 ,poetry & ,religion4 7,philosophy ( poetry2 ,greek ,poetry1 ,%akespe>e1 etc47 ,,snea?1 ,e4 ,h43 ,philosophy 9 ,poetry3 ,a ,/udy ( ,sir ,john ,davies's ,poem1 ,nosce ,teipsum4 ,,*apt]s ,,iii ,,& ,,iv1 ,,religion4 ,,plato3 ,republic1 ,book ,,iii4 ,translations by ,j[ett & ,vaughan4 7,criticism ( religion f ! /&-po9t ( morality & politics47 ,,/4 ,,augu/9e3 ,confessions4 ,translation by ,pusey4 7,docum5t ( religi\s exp]i5ce47 ,,?omas ,a ,,kempis3 ,imitation ( ,*ri/4 ,translation by ,/anhope4 7,m$iaeval programme ( p]sonal religion47 ,,sp9oza3 ,!ological-political ,treatise4 ,translation by ,elwes4 7,"o ( ! fir/ great pleas = religi\s lib]ty & "o ( ! fir/ attempts to def9e ! ess5tial 9 religion47 ,,kant3 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason--! ,canon ( ,pure ,reason4 ,translation by ,max ,muell]4 ,critique ( ,practical ,reason4 ,translation by ,abbott 9 ,!ory ( ,e?ics4 7,def9es religion z ! prov9ce ( fai?1 di/+ui%es x f k1 & relates x to morality47 ,,s*lei]ma*]3 ,on ,religion4 ,spee*es to its ,cultur$ ,despis]s4 ,translation by ,oman4 7,pond]\s1 dogmatic 9 its philosophy1 b pr(\nd & sympa!tic 9 its und]/&+ ( religion47 ,,arnold3 ,lit]ature & ,dogma4 7,on ! ess5ce ( religion z exemplifi$ 9 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,sabati]1 ,a43 ,outl9es ( a ,philosophy ( ,religion bas$ on ,psy*ology & ,hi/ory4 ,translation by ,se$4 ,religions ( ,au?ority & ! ,religion ( ! ,_s4 ,translation by ,h\ghton4 7,^! books emphasize ! ess5tial importance ( ! believ]'s attitude to ,god47 ,,james1 ,,william3 ,! ,v>ieties ( ,religi\s ,exp]i5ce4 7,a ri* /oreh\se ( religion1 sympa!tically int]pret$47 ,,ev]ett1 ,c4 ,c43 ,! ,psy*ological ,elem5ts ( ,religi\s ,fai?4 7,a /udy 9 ! def9ition & mean+ ( religion47 ,,caird1 ,,edw>d3 ,evolution ( ,religion4 7,indoctr9at$ ) ! au?or's ideali/ic philosophy47 ,,field+1 ,h43 ,! ,he>ts ( ,m54 7,a plea = ! univ]sal religion4 ,special feel+ = ,indian religions47 ,,h>nack1 ,a43 ,:at is ,*ri/ianity8 ,translation by ,saund]s4 7,attempt to def9e ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity47 ,,palm]1 ,g4 ,h43 ,! ,field ( ,e?ics1 ,*apt]s ,v & ,,vi4 7,on ! relation ( e?ics & religion47 ,,br[n1 ,w4 ,a43 ,! ,ess5ce ( ,*ri/ianity4 7,special /udy ( ! def9ition ( religion47 ,,ja/r[1 ,m43 ,! ,/udy ( ,religion4 7,me?od ( hi/ory & psy*ology ( religion47 ,,smi?1 ,w4 ,,rob]tson3 ,! ,religion ( ! ,semites4 7,excell5t /udy ( tribal religions47 ,,cl>ke1 ,w4 ,n43 ,:at ,%all ,we ,?9k ( ,*ri/ianity8 7,an int]pretation ( ,*ri/ianity47 ,,leuba1 ,j4 ,h43 ,introduction to a ,psy*ological ,/udy ( ,religion4 ,9 ,! ,moni/1 ,vol4 ,,xi1 p4 #aie4 ,,/>buck1 ,e4 ,d43 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,religion4 ,,*apt] ,v1 ,,! ,,philosophical ,,criticism ,,( ,,sci5ce4#dcd3;,a ,,plato3 ,republic1 ,book ,,vii1 #ebf ff4 ,translations by ,j[ett & ,vaughan4 ,pha$o1 #if ff4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 ,,b]keley3 ,alciphron1 ! ,f\r? ,dialogue4 ,siris1 especially #bcd-bfd4 7,on ! failure ( ! sci5ti/ to grasp ! deep] tru? respect+ causes & sub/ances47 ,,desc>tes3 ,disc\rse on ,me?od4 ,translation by ,veit*4 ,,sp9oza3 ,on ! ,improvem5t ( ! ,und]/&+4 ,translation by ,elwes4 ,,kant3 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason--,transc5d5tal ,ae/hetic & ,transc5d5tal ,analytic4 ,translation by ,max ,muell]4 7,/udies ( ! ,me?od ( ,sci5ce47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,w>d1 ,,james3 ,naturalism & ,agno/icism4 7,full b cle> acc\nt ( rec5t developm5t ( natural sci5ce1 & criticism ( its use z philosophy47 ,,ma*1 ,,ern/3 ,sci5ce ( ,me*anics4 7,hi/orical & me?odological47 ,,james1 ,,william3 ,pr9ciples ( ,psy*ology1 ,vol4 ,,ii1 ,*ap4 xxviii4 7,emphasizes ! practical int]e/ und]ly+ sci5ce47 ,,royce1 ,,josiah3 ,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 ,second ,s]ies1 ,man & ,nature4 7,int]pretation ( ! prov9ce ( natural sci5ce f ! /&-po9t ( absolute idealism47 ,,pe>son1 ,,k>l3 ,! ,gramm> ( ,sci5ce4 7,! limits ( sci5ce f ! sci5tific /&-po9t47 ,,clif=d1 ,w4 ,k43 ,lectures & ,essays3 ,on ! ,aims & ,in/rum5ts ( ,sci5tific ,?\ght2 ,! ,philosophy ( ! ,pure ,sci5ces2 ,on ! ,e?ics ( ,belief4 ,,huxley1 ,t4 ,h43 ,me?od & ,results4 7,! positivi/ic position47 ,,mu5/]b]g1 ,,hugo3 ,psy*ology & ,life4 7,epi/emological limitations ( natural sci5ce appli$ to psy*ology1 f ideali/ic /&-po9t47 ,,full]ton1 ,g4 ,e43 ,a ,sy/em ( ,metaphysics1 ,"p ,,ii4 ,,taylor1 ,a4 ,e43 ,elem5ts ( ,metaphysics1 ,book ,,iii4 ,,*apt]s ,,vi ,,& ,,vii1 ,,! ,,special ,,problems ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,,plato3 ,dialogues1 especially ,protagoras & ,!aetetus4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 7,! actual g5esis ( special problems47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,kuelpe1 ,,oswald3 ,introduction to ,philosophy4 ,translation by ,pillsbury & ,tit*5]4 7,full & accurate acc\nt ( ! traditional t]ms & doctr9es ( philosophy47 ,,hibb51 ,j4 ,g43 ,problems ( ,philosophy4 7,brief & elem5t>y47 ,,sidgwick1 ,,h5ry3 ,philosophy1 its ,scope & ,relations4 ,,pauls51 ,,fri$ri*3 ,introduction to ,philosophy4 ,translation by ,?illy4 ,,baldw91 ,j4 ,m43 ,diction>y ( ,philosophy4 7,full1 & conv5i5t = ref]5ce47 ,,f]ri]1 ,j4 ,f43 ,lectures on ,greek ,philosophy4 7,int]pretation ( ! beg9n+ & e>ly developm5t ( philosophy47 ,,burnet1 ,j43 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy4 ,translation ( ! s\rces4 ,,fairbanks1 ,a43 ,! ,fir/ ,philosoph]s ( ,greece4 ,,gomp]z1 ,,?43 ,greek ,?9k]s1 ,vol4 ,i4 ,translation by ,magnus4 7,on ! fir/ developm5t ( philosophical problems47 ,,palm]1 ,g4 ,h43 ,! ,field ( ,e?ics4 7,on ! relations ( ! e?ical problem47 ,,puff]1 ,,e!l3 ,! ,psy*ology ( ,beauty4 7,on ! relations ( ! ae/hetical problem47 ,,*apt] ,,viii1 ,,naturalism4#dcf3;,a ,,lucretius3 ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s4 ,translation by ,munro4 7,e>ly mat]ialism47 ,,hobbes3 ,metaphysical ,sy/em4 ,edit$ by ,calk9s4 ,levia?an1 ,"p ,i4 7,mod]n mat]ialism47 99 99 99 99 99 ,,bue*n]1 ,,l\is3 ,=ce & ,matt]4 ,translation by ,coll+wood4 7,n9ete5? c5tury mat]ialism47 ,,janet1 ,,paul3 ,mat]ialism ( ! ,pres5t ,day4 ,translation by ,masson4 ,,lange1 ,f4 ,a43 ,hi/ory ( ,mat]ialism4 ,translation by ,?omas4 ,,haeckel1 ,,ern/3 ,! ,riddle ( ! ,univ]se4 ,translation by ,mc,cabe4 7,monism ( ,en]gy47 ,,clif=d1 ,w4 ,k43 ,lectures & ,essays3 ,! ,e?ics ( ,belief2 ,cosmic ,emotion2 ,body & ,m9d4 7,positivism47 ,,huxley1 ,t4 ,h43 ,evolution & ,e?ics2 ,prolegom5a4 7,di/+ui%es betwe5 ! moral & natural47 ,sci5ce & ,hebrew ,tradition2 ,sci5ce & ,*ri/ian ,tradition4 7,controv]sies ( ! naturali/ ) ,glad/one & ,duke ( ,argyle47 ,,sp5c]1 ,,h]b]t3 ,fir/ ,pr9ciples4 7,! sy/ematic evolution>y philosophy47 ,pr9ciples ( ,e?ics4 7,e?ics ( naturalism47 ,! ,nature & ,reality ( ,religion4 7,controv]sy ) ,fr$]ick ,h>rison47 ,,balf\r1 ,a4 ,j43 ,f\ndations ( ,belief1 ,"p ,i4 7,on ! religi\s1 moral1 & ae/hetic consequ5ces ( naturalism47 ,,pat]1 ,,walt]3 ,m>ius ! ,epicurean4 7,ref9$ h$onism47 ,,romanes1 ,g4 ,j43 ,?\ghts on ,religion4 7,approa*$ f /&-po9t ( sci5ce47 ,,b5?am1 ,j43 ,introduction to ! ,pr9ciples ( ,morals & ,legislation4 7,utilit>ian47 ,,/eph51 ,l43 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics4 7,evolution>y & social47 ,,*apt] ,,ix1 ,,subjectivism4 ,,plato3 ,!aetetus4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 7,exposition & criticism ( ,protagoras47 ,,b]keley3 ,?ree ,dialogues betwe5 ,hylas & ,philon\s2 ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,k4 ,,hume3 ,an ,enquiry ,conc]n+ ,human ,und]/&+4 ,,s*op5hau]3 ,! ,_w z ,w & ,idea4 ,translation by ,haldane & ,kemp4 ,,mill1 ,j4 ,s43 ,an ,exam9ation ( ,sir ,william ,hamilton's ,philosophy1 ,x-,,xiii4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,clif=d1 ,w4 ,k43 ,lectures & ,essays3 ,on ! ,nature ( ,?+s 9 ,!mselves4 7,panpsy*ism47 ,,deuss51 ,,paul3 ,elem5ts ( ,metaphysics4 ,translation by ,duff4 7,foll[+ ,s*op5hau] & ,ori5tal philosophy47 ,,pauls51 ,,fr43 ,introduction to ,philosophy4 7,panpsy*ism47 ,,/rong1 ,c4 ,a43 ,:y ! ,m9d ,has a ,body4 7,panpsy*ism47 ,,james1 ,,william3 ,reflex ,action & ,!ism1 9 ,! ,w to ,believe4 7,morality & religion ( individualism47 ,,*apt] ,x1 ,,absolute ,,realism4 ,,p>m5ides3 ,fragm5ts4 ,arrangem5t & translation by ,burnet or ,fairbanks4 ,,plato3 ,republic1 ,books ,,vi & ,,vii4 ,translations by ,j[ett & ,vaughan4 ,symposium1 ,pha$rus1 ,pha$o1 ,philebus4 ,translation by ,j[ett4 ,,ari/otle#dcg3;,a3 ,psy*ology4 ,translations by ,hammond & ,wallace4 ,e?ics4 ,translation by ,welldon4 ,,sp9oza3 ,e?ics1 especially ,p>ts ,i & ,v4 ,translations by ,elwes & ,willis4 ,,leibniz3 ,monadology1 & ,selections4 ,translation by ,latta4 ,disc\rse on ,metaphysics4 ,translation by ,montgom]y4 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius3 ,?\ghts4 ,translation by ,long4 ,,epictetus3 ,disc\rses4 ,translation by ,long4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,caird1 ,,edw>d3 ,! ,evolution ( ,!ology 9 ! ,greek ,philosoph]s4 7,! c5tral conceptions ( ,plato & ,ari/otle47 ,,joa*im3 ,a ,/udy ( ! ,e?ics ( ,sp9oza4 ,,*apt] ,,xi1 ,,absolute ,,idealism4 ,,desc>tes3 ,m$itations4 ,translation by ,veit*4 ,,kant3 ,critique ( ,pure ,reason4 ,translation by ,max ,muell]4 ,critique ( ,practical ,reason4 ,translation by ,abbott1 9 ,kant's ,!ory ( ,e?ics4 ,,fi*te#dcg3;,a3 ,sci5ce ( ,e?ics4 ,translation by ,kroeg]4 ,popul> ,works3 ,! ,nature ( ! ,s*ol>2 ,! ,vocation ( ,man2 ,! ,doctr9e ( ,religion4 ,translation by ,smi?4 ,,s*ill]3 ,ae/hetic ,lett]s1 ,essays1 & ,philosophical ,lett]s4 ,translation by ,weiss4 7,romanticism47 ,,hegel#dcg3;,a3 ,e?ics4 ,translation by ,/]rett4 ,logic4 ,translation1 ) ,introduction1 by ,wallace4 ,philosophy ( ,m9d4 ,translation1 ) ,introduction1 by ,wallace4 ,philosophy ( ,religion4 ,translation by ,spi]s & ,s&]son4 ,philosophy ( ,"r4 ,translation by ,dyde4 ,,gre51 ,t4 ,h43 ,prolegom5a to ,e?ics4 ,,em]son3 ,! ,conduct ( ,life--,fate4 ,essays1 ,fir/ ,s]ies--,! ,ov]-,s\l2 ,circles4 ,essays1 ,second ,s]ies--,! ,poet2 ,exp]i5ce2 ,nature4 7,! appreciation ( life consi/5t ) absolute idealism47 ,,wordswor?3 ,poems1 passim4 ,,col]idge3 ,aids to ,reflection4 ,! ,fri5d4 ,,royce1 ,j43 ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy4 7,sympa!tic exposition ( ,kant1 ,fi*te1 ,romanticism1 & ,hegel47 ,! ,conception ( ,god4 7,! epi/emological argum5t47 ,! ,_w & ! ,individual1 ,fir/ ,s]ies4 7,sy/ematic developm5t ( absolute idealism2 its moral & religi\s aspects47 ,,caird1 ,,edw>d3 ,! ,critical ,philosophy ( ,kant4 7,exposition & int]pretation f /&-po9t ( lat] idealism47 ,,ev]ett1 ,c4 ,c43 ,fi*te's ,sci5ce ( ,k4 ,,mctagg>t1 ,j4 ,m4 ,e43 ,/udies 9 ,hegelian ,dialectic4 ,/udies 9 ,hegelian ,cosmology4 ,,footnotes3 #dcd3;,a ,= fur!r contempor>y writ+s on ?is topic1 see foot-notes "u ,sects4 #aii1 #bjj1 #bjc4 #dcf3;,a ,= hi/ories ( philosophy1 see supplem5t>y bibliography at end4 #dcg3;,a ,! ,metaphysics ( ,ari/otle1 ,fi*te1 & ,hegel mu/ be f\nd by ! ,engli% read] ma9ly 9 ! second>y s\rces4 ,,supplem5t>y ,,bibliography ,,on ,,! ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,philosophy4 ,i4--,,g5]al4 ,,rog]s3 ,/ud5t's ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 7,elem5t>y & cle>2 copi\s quotations47 ,,web]3 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,translation by ,?illy4 7,compreh5sive & compact47 ,,w9delb&3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,translation by ,tufts4 7,emphasis ^u ! problems & _! developm5t47 ,,erdmann3 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,translation edit$ by ,h\gh2 9 ?ree volumes4 7,detail$ & accurate exposition47 ,,ueb]weg3 ,a ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 ,translation by ,morris & ,port]1 9 two volumes4 7,v complete2 excell5t acc\nt ( ! lit]ature47 ,,ii4--,,special ,,p]iods4 ,,f]ri]3 ,lectures on ,greek ,philosophy4 7,excell5t introduction47 ,,m>%all3 ,%ort ,hi/ory ( ,greek ,philosophy4 7,brief & cle>47 ,,w9delb&3 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,philosophy4 ,translation by ,cu%man4 7,v accurate & s*ol>ly2 also brief47 ,,zell]3 ,pre-,socratic ,philosophy4 ,translation by ,alleyne4 ,socrates & ! ,socratic ,s*ools4 ,translation by ,rei*el4 7,full & accurate47 ,,gomp]z3 ,greek ,?9k]s4 ,translat$ by ,magnus1 9 f\r volumes4 7,v full2 especially on ,plato4 ,goes no fur!r ?an ,plato47 ,,burnet3 ,e>ly ,greek ,philosophy4 7,translations ( fragm5ts1 ) comm5t>y47 ,,fairbanks3 ,! ,fir/ ,philosoph]s ( ,greece4 7,translations ( fragm5ts1 ) comm5t>y47 ,,turn]3 ,hi/ory ( ,philosophy4 7,excell5t acc\nt ( ,s*ola/ic philosophy47 ,,royce3 ,! ,_s ( ,mod]n ,philosophy4 7,v illum9at+ introductory exposition ( mod]n idealism47 ,,falck5b]g3 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy4 ,,hoeffd+3 ,hi/ory ( ,mod]n ,philosophy4 ,translation by ,mey]1 9 two volumes4 7,full & good47 ,,index ,,absolute1 !1 #cjg1 #cji1 #ccb1 #cia1 #cib1 #djj1 #djd2 be+1 #cjh2 sub/ance1 #cab2 ideal1 #cbf2 _s1 #cdi 7note71 #ceh ff42 m9d1 #cdi 7note71 #ceh1 #chj1 #cbb ff4 ,,absolute ,,idealism1 *ap4 xi2 g5]al mean+1 #agg1 #cdi 7note71 #djj2 criticism (1 #cdi1 #cfe1 #che1 #daa1 #daf2 epi/emology (1 #cfh ff42 z relat$ to ,kant1 #chj2 direct argum5t =1 #chc2 e?ics (1 #chf ff42 religion (1 #cij ff42 ( pres5t day1 #djb ff41 #daj4 ,,absolute ,,realism1 *ap4 x2 g5]al mean+1 #cjf 7note71 #djj2 epi/emology (1 #cci2 e?ics (1 #cdb2 religion (1 #cdf2 criticism (1 #cch1 #daf4 ,,ab/ract1 !1 #aci4 ,,activity1 #bji1 #bhe1 #bie4 ,,ae/hetics1 #ahi4 ,,agno/icism1 #afh1 #beb ff4 ,,anaxagoras1 #bci2 quot$1 #afb4 ,,anaxim&]1 #bbd4 ,,anselm1 ,,sa9t1 #bjj4 ,,an?ropomorphism1 #aji4 ,,appreciation1 #be1 #djb4 ,,ari/otle1 9 =mal logic1 #ahf2 e?ics (1 #aie1 #cde2 psy*ology (1 #bjh2 philosophy (1 #cjf1 #ccb ff42 & ,plato1 #ccc1 #ccf2 & ,sp9oza1 #ccf2 epi/emology (1 #cci2 religion (1 #cdf1 #dbi2 on evil1 #cec4 ,,atomism1 #aff1 #bbi4 ,also see "u ,,leucippus1 & ,,democritus4 ,,attitude1 #fb4 ,,attribute1 9 ,sp9oza1 #cab ff4 ,,augu/9e1 ,,sa9t1 on communion ) ,god1 #fh2 on pietism1 #aie2 8 conception ( self1 #cgb4 ,,automatism1 #bdh4 ,,baal1 religion (1 #hh4 ,,bacon1 ,,francis1 on ?\ght & action1 #dcj4 ,,balf\r1 ,a4 ,j41 on mat]ialism1 #bfd4 ,,beauty1 9 ae/hetics1 #ahi2 9 ,plato1 #cbg1 #ccb4 ,,be+1 ,eleatic conception (1 #cjh ff4 ,,belief1 key to def9ition ( religion1 #eh2 g5]al *>act]s appli$ to religion1 #ei ff42 9 p]sons & dispositions1 #fb2 examples ( religions1 #ff ff42 object ( religions1 #fe1 #hb1 #ig2 relation to logic1 #ahb1 #ahc4 ,,b5?am1 #bfb4 ,,b]keley1 on idealism1 #agf2 relation to common-s5se1 #bfg2 8 refutation ( mat]ial sub/ance1 #bge ff42 epi/emology (1 #bgg1 #bif1 #cfi2 !ory ( ma!matics1 #bgi2 8 spiritualism1 #bhj1 #bhd1 #bib2 8 conception ( ,god1 #bhd1 #bic2 e?ics (1 #cjb2 religion (1 #cjd4 ,,buddhism1 #gh4 ,,cause1 9 sci5ce1 #aca2 ,god z fir/1 #bjc2 ( motion1 #bca ff42 _s z1 #bic ff4 ,,*ri/ianity1 p]si/5ce (1 #gf2 ess5ce (1 #hf2 developm5t f ,judaism1 #id2 e?ics (1 #aie1 #aih1 #chf2 idea ( ,god 91 #bjj ff41 #bje2 emphasis on self-consci\sness 91 #cgb4 ,,comte1 #aae4 ,,contemplation1 #dbh4 ,,conv]sion1 #fi ff4 ,,corporeal ,,be+1 #bbd2 processes (1 #bbe2 ,b]keley's critique (1 #bgh2 hi/orical conceptions (1 #bbi4 ,,cosmological ,,pro(1 !1 ( ,god1 #bjc4 ,,cosmology1 g5]al mean+ (1 #aei2 me*anism 91 #afa1 #bbe2 teleology 91 #afa4 ,,cosmos1 orig9 (1 #bdb4 ,,critical ,,me?od1 #cai ff4 ,,cynicism1 #bei4 ,,cyr5aicism1 #bei4 ,,dante1 z philosoph]-poet1 #db ff42 g5]al mean+ ( ! ,div9e ,com$y1 #dc2 & ,?omas ,aqu9as1 #dc1 #df2 8 vision ( ! ways ( ,god1 #df2 on contemplation1 #dbh4 ,,d>w91 #bjd4 ,,deism1 #bjg4 ,,democritus1 #bdg4 ,also see ,,atomism4 ,,desc>tes1 on function ( philosophy1 #aed2 dualism (1 #bgb1 #dab2 8 !ory ( space & matt]1 #bbi2 automatism (1 #bdh2 epi/emology (1 #cda1 #cge2 8 conception ( self1 #cgd4 ,,description1 z me?od ( sci5ce1 #abh4 ,,dialectic1 9 ,plato1 #cbj2 9 ,hegel1 #cfa4 ,,diog5es1 #bei4 ,,dogmatism1 #afg4 ,,dualism1 g5]al mean+1 #afb2 ( ,desc>tes1 #bgb1 #dab4 ,,duty1 #aif1 #cef1 #cfj1 #chf4 ,,eclecticism1 contempor>y1 #cih ff41 #dac4 ,,eleatics4 ,see "u ,,p>m5ides1 & ,,z5o4 ,,em]son1 on _s1 #cei2 on nature1 #cfd2 on absolute1 #cib2 on necessity1 #cic2 on fai?1 #dbd4 ,,empiricism1 g5]al mean+1 #afh2 9 logic1 #ahg2 9 naturalism1 #beb ff42 ( ,locke1 #bgd2 ( ,b]keley1 #bgd ff4 ,,en]gy1 developm5t (1 conception (1 #bcf ff4 ,,epi/emology1 relation to metaphysics1 #aej2 def9ition (1 #afd2 fundam5tal problems (1 #afh1 #agb2 argum5t = ,god f1 #bjb2 ( naturalism1 #bdh1 #beb ff41 #beg2 ( ,desc>tes1 #bgc1 #cda1 #cge2 ( ,b]keley1 #bgg1 #bif2 ( absolute realism1 #cci1 #cea2 ( ,leibniz1 #cdj1 #cda2 ( ,plato1 #cdj1 #cda2 ( ,hume1 #cgf2 ( ,ari/otle1 #cdj1 #cda2 ( absolute idealism1 #cea1 #cfh ff42 ( pres5t day1 #djh ff4 ,,et]nal1 !1 #cji4 ,,e!r1 #bcj4 ,,e?ics1 relation to metaphysics1 #aea1 #aif ff41 #cfj2 its orig9 9 ,socratic me?od1 #aha2 def9ition (1 #aia2 special problems & !ories 91 #aia ff42 ( ,socrates1 #aib1 #aid2 ( ,ari/otle1 #aie1 #cde2 ( naturalism1 #beh ff42 ( subjectivism1 #bih ff42 ( ,s*op5hau]1 #bii2 argum5t = ,god f1 #bjc2 individualism 91 #cja2 pluralism 91 #cjb1 #dba2 ( ,/oics & ,sp9oza1 #cdb2 ,platonic1 #cdb2 ( ,kant1 #chf2 ( absolute idealism1 #chh4 ,,eudaemonism1 #aie4 ,,evil1 ,,problem ,,(1 #cag1 #ccf1 #cci1 #ceb1 #cfe ff42 9 ,greek philosophy1 #ceb2 9 absolute idealism1 #cfg1 #dah4 ,,evolution1 ( cosmos1 #bdb ff42 ( morality1 #bfb4 ,,exp]i5ce1 #daj1 #daa1 #dab2 analysis (1 by ,kant1 #ced4 ,,fai?1 #dbd2 special int]e/s (1 #aii4 ,see also ,,religion & ,,belief4 ,,f]guson1 ,,*as41 quot$1 #bfe4 ,,fi*te1 #cfj1 #djb4 ,,field+1 ,h41 quot$ on religion1 #ei1 #gd4 ,,=ce1 developm5t ( conception (1 #bca ff4 ,,=m1 9 ,ari/otle1 #ccd4 ,,fre$om1 9 e?ics1 #aif1 #chh2 mean+s & !ories1 #baa4 ,,god1 z gu>antee ( ideals1 #ah1 #dbe2 p]sonality (1 #fb1 #ajh ff42 ,/4 ,augu/9e's communion )1 #fh2 pres5ce (1 #fh2 z a disposition f :i* consequ5ces may be expect$1 #he2 mean+ (1 9 religion1 #hg2 idea (1 9 ,judaism & ,*ri/ianity1 #ib2 :y hi/orical1 #ajb2 social relation )1 #ajc2 ! ontological pro( (1 #bjj2 e?ical & epi/emological argum5ts =1 #bjb2 cosmological pro( (1 #bjc2 teleological pro( (1 #bjd2 relation to ! _w1 9 !ism1 pan!ism & deism1 #bje ff42 w (1 #bab2 conception (1 9 ,b]keley1 #bhd1 #bic ff42 conception & pro( (1 9 ,sp9oza1 #cab ff41 #cib1 #cic2 conception (1 9 ,plato1 #cca1 #ceb1 #cia1 #cic2 conception (1 9 ,leibniz1 #cch1 #cec4 ,also see ,,absolute4 ,,goe!1 on ,sp9oza1 & on philosophy1 #ea2 on pragmatism1 #djg4 ,,good1 !1 !ories (1 9 e?ics1 #aia ff42 & ! real1 #cbf ff41 #dba ff4 ,,greek1 religion1 9 ,hom] & ,lucretius1 #hi2 ideals1 #aie1 #aih1 #dbi4 ,,gre51 ,t4 ,h41 quot$1 #cfi1 #che 7note74 ,,haeckel1 quot$1 #bcf1 #bff4 ,,h$onism1 #aib4 ,,hegel1 on sci5ce1 #abi2 philosophy (1 #aej1 #cfa ff42 relation to ,kant1 #cha2 on ! absolute1 #chb2 e?ics (1 #cij4 ,,h]aclitus1 #cjh4 ,,hi/ory1 philosophy (1 9 ,hegel1 #cfc4 ,,hobbes1 8 misconception ( relations ( philosophy & sci5ce1 #aae2 quot$ on e?ics1 #bfa4 ,holba*1 #bea1 #beb4 ,,hom]1 on ,greek religion1 #ij4 ,,humanism1 #cbj1 #djd1 #dje4 ,,hume1 positivism (1 #aae1 #cgg2 ph5om5alism (1 #bhc2 & ,desc>tes1 #cgf4 ,,huxley1 quot$1 #bee1 #bff4 ,,hylozoism1 #bbe4 ,,ideal1 !1 9 ,plato1 #cbf2 validity (1 #daf4 ,,idealism1 v>i\s mean+s ( t]m1 #agc 7note72 mean+ (1 z !ory ( k1 #age ff41 #dji2 ( pres5t day1 #dji ff42 empirical1 see ,,subjectivism1 ,,ph5om5alism1 ,,spiritualism2 absolute1 see ,,absolute ,,idealism4 ,,ideals1 9 life1 #aj ff42 adoption (1 #ag ff4 ,,ideas1 !1 9 ,plato1 #cbi4 ,,imag9ation1 9 poetry1 #ii2 place (1 9 religion1 #hj1 #ig ff42 special functions (1 9 religion1 #aja ff42 scope (1 9 religion1 #aje ff42 & ! p]sonality ( ,god1 #aaj4 ,,imitatio ,,*ri/i1 quot$1 #fh4 ,,imman5ce ,,!ory1 #dab1 #dac4 ,,immortality1 #bab4 ,,individualism1 #cja1 #cbj1 #cch1 #djd4 ,,intuitionism1 9 e?ics1 #aif4 ,,james1 ,,william1 quot$ on religion1 #fe1 #ga1 #cje4 ,,judaism1 developm5t (1 #ib2 & ,*ri/ianity1 #id4 ,,kant1 8 transc5d5talism1 #agg1 #cef2 8 critique ( k1 #ced ff41 #cgg ff42 & absolute idealism1 #chj2 e?ics (1 #chf4 ,,kepl]1 quot$1 #abi4 ,,k1 ( ! means 9 life1 #h2 ( ! end1 #aj2 9 poetry1 #bg ff42 9 religion1 #hb1 #he1 #ig1 #aje2 g5]al !ory (1 on epi/emology1 #afd ff42 problem ( s\rce & crit]ion (1 #afh ff42 problem ( relation to its object1 #agb ff41 #bgg1 #cdj1 #cea1 #cfh ff42 relation ( logic to1 #ahc ff42 acc\nt (1 9 naturalism1 #bec ff4 ,also see ,,epi/emology4 ,,la ,,mettrie1 quot$1 #bej4 ,,la ,,place1 #bdb2 quot$1 #bda4 ,,leibniz1 on function ( philosophy1 #aee2 philosophy (1 #ccc1 #ccf ff42 epi/emology (1 #cci4 ,,leucippus1 quot$1 #afa4 ,,life1 z a />t+-po9t = ?\ght1 #c2 def9ition (1 #e ff42 & self-consci\sness1 #f2 philosophy ( #ag ff41 #aec2 me*anical !ory (1 #bdd ff42 return ( philosophy to1 #dbg ff42 contemplation 91 #dbh4 ,,locke1 epi/emology (1 #bgc4 ,,logic1 orig9 9 ,socratic me?od1 #aha2 affiliations (1 #ahb1 #ahh2 def9ition (1 #ahc2 p>ts ( =mal1 #ahd ff42 pres5t t5d5cies 91 #ahg ff42 algebra (1 #ahi4 ,,lucretius1 8 criticism ( ,greek religion1 quot$1 #hi ff42 on me*anism1 #bbf1 #bdj4 ,,mctagg>t1 ,j4 ,m4 ,e41 on ,hegel1 #cfg2 on ! absolute1 #cia4 ,,ma*1 ,e41 #bhc2 on philosophy & sci5ce1 #abj4 ,,malebran*e1 #cgf4 ,,m>cus ,,aurelius1 #cdh4 ,,mat]ialism1 #bed1 #bef2 g5]al mean+1 #bbc1 #dad2 developm5t1 #bbd ff42 & sci5ce1 #bbh2 ,fr5*1 #bdi2 !ory ( m9d 91 #bej4 ,,ma!matics1 importance 9 sci5ce1 #acb2 logic 91 #ahh2 ,b]keley's conception (1 #bgi2 ,plato's conception (1 #cbi1 #cce2 ,sp9oza's conception (1 #caa1 #cce4 ,,matt]1 #bbe1 #bbh2 & space1 #bbi2 ,b]keley's refutation (1 #bge ff42 9 ,plato & ,ari/otle1 #ccd4 ,,me*anical ,,!ory1 practical significance ( its ext5sion to ! _w at l>ge1 #bj2 9 cosmology1 #afa1 #bbe2 ( ,desc>tes1 #bca2 ( ,newton #bcb2 ( orig9 ( cosmos1 #bdb2 ( life1 #bdd2 9 ,sp9oza1 #ccf4 ,,metaphysics1 relation to epi/emology1 #aej2 relation to e?ics1 #aea1 #aif ff42 def9ition (1 #aeh2 relation to logic1 #ahh2 relation to !ology1 #bjg2 pres5t t5d5cies 91 #cii ff41 #djh4 ,,mill1 ,j4 ,s41 #bhc 7note74 ,,m9d1 explanation ( 9 naturalism1 #bcg1 #bdg ff42 ( ,god1 9 ,b]keley1 #bhd1 #bid1 #bif2 absolute1 #cdi 7note71 #ceh1 #chb ff4 ,also see "u ,,self1 & ,,s\l4 ,,mode1 9 ,sp9oza1 #cac4 ,,monads1 9 ,leibniz1 #cch4 ,,monism1 #aei1 #afc4 ,,morality1 & religion1 #gc2 gr\nds (1 accord+ to ,kant1 #cef2 inc5tive to1 #dbb4 ,,my/icism1 g5]al acc\nt1 #aga2 ,s*op5hau]'s1 #bij2 types ( religions1 #cia4 ,,naegeli1 ,c4 v41 quot$1 #bhg4 ,,natural ,,sci5ce1 true relations (1 ) philosophy1 #aaf2 sph]e (1 ) ref]5ce to philosophy1 #aag ff42 philosophy (1 its proc$ure1 #aba1 #ace1 #adb1 #aed1 #dja2 orig9 (1 z special int]e/1 #abc ff42 human value (1 #abf1 #abg1 #adc2 me?od & fundam5tal conceptions (1 #djf1 #abh ff42 g5]al developm5t (1 #acd2 limits (1 because ab/ract1 #acf ff41 #dad2 validity (1 #adb2 logic &1 #ahh2 developm5t ( conceptions 91 #bbi ff42 gr\nds (1 accord+ to ,kant1 #cee1 #cgg2 ,hume on1 #cgg2 p]man5ce & progress 91 #cie ff4 ,,natural ,,selection1 #bjd1 #bde4 ,,naturalism1 *ap4 viii2 g5]al mean+1 #bag1 #bbc 7note71 #cii2 claims (1 #bci2 task (1 #bda2 criticism (1 #aag1 #beg1 #bfc2 ( pres5t day1 #dje1 #dab4 ,also see "u ,,mat]ialism1 & ,,positivism4 ,,nature1 #afj1 #bdd1 #ccg2 9 ,b]keley1 #bid2 9 ,sp9oza1 #cag1 #cch2 9 ,hegel1 #cfc2 9 ,kant1 #cgg ff42 9 contempor>y philosophy1 #dja4 ,also see ,,natural ,,sci5ce1 & ,,naturalism4 ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis1 #bdb4 ,,necessity1 ( w1 #baa2 e?ics (1 #cdb2 religion (1 #cic4 ,,neo-,,fi*teans1 #djb1 #djc 7note74 ,,neo-,,kantians1 #djc4 ,,newton1 #bcb1 #bce1 #bdb1 #cee1 #cgg4 ,,normative ,,sci5ces1 !1 #ahj4 ,,om> ,,khayyam1 quot$1 #af2 z a philosoph]-poet1 #cf4 ,,ontological ,,pro(1 ( ,god1 #bjj4 ,,ontology1 #aei4 ,,optimism1 #ajd1 #chh1 #dbb1 #dbd4 ,,panpsy*ism1 #agf1 #bch1 #bhe ff4 ,,pan!ism1 9 primitive religion1 #gh2 g5]al mean+1 #bje2 types (1 #cij4 ,,p>k]1 ,,!odore1 quot$ on religion1 #fg4 ,,p>m5ides1 & rationalism1 #afh2 philosophy (1 #cjh ff41 #ccg2 & ,ari/otle1 #ccf4 ,,pat]1 ,,walt]1 on ,wordswor?1 #ch2 on ,cyr5aicism1 #bfj2 on subjectivism1 #bgj4 ,,pauls51 ,,fri$ri*1 e?ics (1 quot$1 #cjb4 ,,pe>son1 ,,k>l1 quot$1 #bcj4 ,,p]ception4 ,see ,,s5se-,,p]ception4 ,,p]sonal ,,idealism1 #djd1 #dje4 ,,p]sonality1 ( ,god1 important 9 und]/&+ ( religion1 #fb2 ess5tial to religion8 #ajh ff4 ,,p]sons1 description ( belief 91 #fb2 imag9ation (1 #aja1 #aaj4 ,,pessimism1 #ajd1 #bii1 #dbd4 ,,ph5om5alism1 g5]al mean+1 #agf1 #bfg 7note72 ( ,b]keley1 #bgb1 #bge ff42 ( ,hume1 #bhc2 v>i\s t5d5cies 91 #bha4 ,,philosoph]1 ! practical man & !1 *ap4 i2 ! role ( !1 #cjf1 #dbf4 ,,philosophy1 commonly misconceiv$1 #c2 ( ! devotee1 #ac2 ( ! man ( affairs1 #ad2 ( ! voluptu>y1 #af2 ( life1 its g5]al mean+1 #ag ff41 #aec2 its relations ) poetry1 *ap4 ii1 #aab2 lack (1 9 ,%akespe>e1 #cc2 z expression ( p]sonality1 #cc2 z premature1 #cc2 9 poetry ( ,om> ,khayyam1 #cf2 9 poetry ( ,wordswor?1 #ch ff42 9 poetry ( ,dante1 #db ff42 diff]5ce betwe5 philosophy & poetry1 #dh ff42 9 religion1 #ajh ff42 comp>$ ) religion1 #aab2 true attitude (1 t[>d sci5ce1 #aaf2 sph]e (1 9 relation to sci5ce1 #aag1 #cie ff42 proc$ure (1 ) ref]5ce to sci5ce1 #aba1 #ace1 #adb1 #aed1 #afj2 human value (1 #adc1 #dbf ff42 c its problem be divid$8 #adi1 #aee2 orig9 (1 #aeg2 special problems (1 *ap4 vi1 vii2 & psy*ology1 #baf2 peculi> object (1 #cjh2 self-criticism 91 #cai ff41 #cbe2 p]man5ce & progress 91 #cie ff42 contempor>y1 #cih ff4 ,,physical4 ,see ,,corporeal ,,be+1 ,,mat]ialism1 etc4 ,,physiology1 #bdf4 ,,piety1 description & int]pretation (1 #gb2 9 e?ics1 #aie4 ,,plato1 on ,protagoras1 #afg1 #bfi1 #bgj1 #bih2 quot$1 on ,socrates1 #agj1 #aib1 #aid2 hi/orical prep>ation =1 #cbd2 psy*ology (1 #bji2 philosophy (1 #cjf1 #cah1 #cbf ff41 #chb2 & ,ari/otle1 #ccc2 & ,sp9oza1 #cah1 #cce2 epi/emology (1 #cci2 e?ics (1 #cdb2 religion (1 #cdf1 #cia1 #cic2 on evil1 #ceb2 on _s1 #cei2 on reason & p]ception1 #cgj2 on ! 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