,the ,canadian ,girl at ,work   ,a      
,,book ,,of ,,vocational ,,guidance  ,by
  ,,marjory ,mac,m,u,r,c,h,y   ,prepared
 at the ,instance of the ,minister of   
,education for ,use in ,ontario ,school 
,libraries  ,illustration3 logo         
,printed by ,order of the ,legislative  
,assembly of ,ontario  ,,toronto        
,printed and ,published by ,a4 ,t4      
,wilgress1 ,printer to the ,king's ,most
 ,excellent ,majesty  #aiai  ,copyright1
 ,canada1 #aiai1 by the ,,minister ,,of 
,,education ,,for ,,ontario             
,,preface   ,the object of ,the         
,canadian ,girl at ,work is to assist   
girls in finding satisfactory           
employment4 ,the further aim of showing 
them what constitutes a right attitude  
toward work and toward life through     
work1 underlies the account of each     
occupation4 ,the book is meant for      
girls1 and for the assistance of fathers
 and mothers1 of teachers1 and of those 
who are interested in questions of      
training and employment4  ,the life of  

the average woman is divided1 generally1
 into two periods of work1 that of paid 
employment and that of home-making4 ,no 
adequate scheme of training for girls   
can fail to take account of this fact4  
,they should be equipped with knowledge 
and skill for home-making1 and assisted 
in making the best use of their years in
 paid work4 ,happily1 it appears from an
 investigation of the conditions        
affecting girls as wage-earners that the
 knowledge which helps them to be good  
home-makers is necessary to their       
well-being in paid employment4          
,technical training and skill are not   
more helpful to a girl at work than     
specialized knowledge in matters of     
food1 clothing1 health1 and daily       
regimen4 ,lack of training in           
home-making is probably the greatest    
drawback which a girl in paid employment
 can have4 ,her business during her     
first years of paid employment may not  
require much skill or experience1 but   
her living conditions require all the   

specialized woman's knowledge that      
training can give her4  ,to bring about 
in the life of a girl a satisfactory    
connection between paid employment and  
home-making1 and to show the home       
employments in their rightful place as  
occupations of the first importance1 are
 necessary objectives in any book of    
this character4  ,when considering the  
employments of to-day as part of their  
own lives1 girls of the twentieth       
century may well look back through the  
long ages to women's work in the past4#a
 ,the study of anthropology appears to  
indicate that in primeval ages women    
began the textile industry and1         
possibly1 agriculture4 ,there seems to  
be no doubt that they were primitive    
architects1 and that they tamed some of 
the smaller domestic animals4 ,they had 
most to do with the preparation of food 
and may have introduced the use of herbs
 and medicines4 ,they were spinners1    
weavers1 upholsterers1 and sail-makers4 
,most of these employments were taken up

 by men and specialized and developed   
almost past imagination4 ,it is evident 
that women have always worked1 and      
worked hard4 ,if they had not done so1  
the race would not have reached its     
present position1 and women themselves  
would have remained undeveloped1 without
 a realization of their own             
possibilities4  ,the history of         
,anglo-,saxon times shows women engaged 
in spinning1 weaving1 dyeing1 and       
embroidering1 carrying on these         
industrial arts in the home1 side by    
side with the work of the house4 ,the   
work of women in home manufactures was a
 by-industry1 not occupying the worker's
 whole time1 but nevertheless an        
important occupation4 ,later1 women were
 employed in many kinds of industrial   
work as assistants to their husbands and
 fathers4 ,it is doubtful if wages were 
paid for such work4 ,employment of this 
kind is not to be thought of merely as a
 romantic or picturesque accompaniment  
of home life4 ,houses and comforts      

centuries back were not such as they are
 to-day2 and the work of women was toil1
 side by side with men who toiled also4 
,the modern factory did not originate   
industrial work4 ,the factory carried   
many industries away from the home where
 they had originated2 and women followed
 their work to large establishments     
where they were trained to work         
collectively4 ,the statement can be made
 with truth that machinery has made it  
possible for women to perform work for  
which their strength would otherwise    
have been insufficient4 ,through the    
industrial revolution brought about by  
factory work1 the general body of women 
workers became wage-earners1 rather than
 unpaid workers who contributed to the  
financial earnings of their fathers and 
husbands4  ,in ,canada1 the process of  
development of women's work in the past 
fifty years has been rapid4 ,the        
grandmothers of the women of this       
generation carded wool and used spinning
 wheels within the memory of workers of 

less than middle age4 ,one old woman who
 died not many years ago told how she   
used to bake in an oven out-of-doors and
 had dyed homespun with butternut4 ,the 
soap cauldron stood on the levelled     
stump of what had been once a forest    
tree4 ,candles were moulded in iron     
moulds4 ,household industries were      
carried on expertly in the homes of     
pioneers by the women of the family4    
,when these days had gone1 there        
followed other days in which the        
children of the pioneers devoted        
themselves to the schooling so highly   
esteemed but rarely enjoyed by their    
parents4 ,the boys1 after school life1  
turned to business1 railway employments1
 teaching1 banking1 farming1 became     
ministers1 lawyers1 doctors1 or gave    
their thoughts to politics4 ,the girls  
taught school1 were milliners or        
dressmakers1 went into shops1 or became 
the wives of nation builders in every   
walk of life4 ,a few were nurses1       
journalists1 doctors1 or missionaries4  

,the work of that generation has been   
followed by a century in which ,canadian
 girls are invited to share in nearly   
every form of activity4 ,this great     
freedom with its many opportunities has 
come for noble ends4 ,what the girls of 
to-day must strive to do is to take up  
their work with a vision of what it may 
be made to mean--men and women in       
co-partnership laying the foundations of
 a new earth4  ,it is probable that the 
social and domestic conditions of the   
earliest workers were far below those of
 the average worker of to-day4 ,but1    
although present conditions are better  
than those of the past1 the process of  
amelioration should be greatly advanced 
by this generation4 ,the increasing     
opportunities of girls1 both in         
home-making and paid employment1 are    
likely to become a contributing factor  
in the humanizing of every form of      
industry4 ,we have learned to realize   
the possibilities of machinery4 ,what we
 must do now is to imagine and realize  

the possibilities of the individual     
worker4 ,this can be done only through  
study1 experience1 and actual work in   
industrial occupations which offer      
employment to women4  ,the woman of the 
home has work of unrivalled value4 ,she 
has to study new standards of living1 to
 help to control the food supply1 to    
improve the health of children1 and to  
lower the rate of infant mortality4 ,a  
standard of living in each community    
might be tabulated by women home-makers4
 ,such information should be available  
in each locality and should be          
accessible to all classes in the        
community4 ,how are workers--girls1     
boys1 men1 or women--to know on what    
sums individuals and families can live  
and maintain health and efficiency in   
one district or another1 if these       
matters are not studied1 determined1 and
 published for their use8  ,footnote #a3
 ,acknowledgment is made to ,miss ,b4   
,l4 ,hutchins' ,women in ,modern        
,industry4 ,g4 ,bell  ,sons4            

,,contents                              
,,page  ,preface                        
iii  ,,chapter       ,i4 ,thinking      
,about ,work                            
#a      ,,ii4 ,the ,girl ,who ,works in 
a ,factory                           #d 
,,iii4 ,the ,saleswoman                 
#i      ,,iv4 ,the ,girl at ,work in an 
,office                            #ae  
,v4 ,learning ,after the ,position is   
,found                     #bj          
,,vi4 ,what ,every ,girl ,needs to ,know
                            #bd         
,,vii4 ,the ,house ,worker4 ,domestic   
,science                       #bh      
,,viii4 ,the ,teacher                   
#cc      ,,ix4 ,the ,work of a ,nurse   
#ci       ,x4 ,dressmakers and          
,seamstresses                           
#de      ,,xi4 ,the ,milliner           
#ej     ,,xii4 ,making ,one's ,own      
,clothes4 ,home ,millinery              
#ec    ,,xiii4 ,telephone and ,telegraph
 ,girls                            #ef  
,,xiv4 ,hairdresser and ,manicurist4    

,waitress                     #fa       
,,xv4 ,farm ,work for ,women            
#fe     ,,xvi4 ,the ,librarian          
#ga    ,,xvii4 ,work for the ,girl at   
,home                                #gf
   ,,xviii4 ,the ,home ,employments     
#hb     ,,xix4 ,journalism4 ,writing4   
,advertising4 ,art4 ,handicrafts4       
,designing4 ,photography4 ,architecture4
 ,landscape         ,gardening4 ,house  
,decorating and ,furnishing4            
,music4 ,acting4 ,dancing               
#hh      ,,xx4 ,banking4 ,law4          
,medicine4 ,dentistry4 ,pharmacy4       
,chemical ,industry4 ,civil ,service4   
,social ,work            #id     ,,xxi4 
,going into ,business for ,one's ,self  
#ii    ,,xxii4 ,new ,work for ,women    
#ajb   ,,xxiii4 ,money and ,wages       
#ajg    ,,xxiv4 ,spending4 ,saving4     
,investing                              
#aab     ,,xxv4 ,health                 
#aaf    ,,xxvi4 ,a ,girl's ,reading     
#aba   ,,xxvii4 ,necessary ,work        
#abf  ,,xxviii4 ,what ,one ,girl ,can   

,do for ,another                        
#abi    ,,xxix4 ,civic ,duties and      
,responsibilities                       
#acc     ,,xxx4 ,the ,best ,kind of     
,work                                   
#ach  ,list of ,occupations             
#ada  ,bibliography                     
#adf  ,index                            
#adi     ,,the ,,canadian ,,girl ,,at   
,,work     ,,chapter ,i  ,,thinking     
,,about ,,work   ,thinking about work is
 the beginning of one of the happiest   
and most useful of our experiences4     
,through work there comes to us the     
pleasure of a growing knowledge of the  
great world and its wonders1 the delight
 of intercourse with other people1 and  
the happiness of friendship with our    
fellow-workers4 ,work well done is a    
doorway to whatever good things we most 
desire4 ,best of all1 perhaps1 to the   
girl who is earning her living1 is the  
satisfaction of feeling that she is a   
useful citizen1 doing her part in the   
development of ,canada4  ,canadian girls

 have a wide field from which to choose 
their particular form of occupation4 ,to
 choose wisely is a duty we owe to      
ourselves and to our country--to        
ourselves1 because a wise choice helps  
to secure our happiness in work2 to our 
country1 because she has a right to the 
best we can offer her in return for the 
peace and freedom in which we live under
 her laws4  ,every year new varieties of
 employment and new positions in old    
employments are being added to the field
 of work for girls and women4 ,work at  
home is being systematized1 and new     
devices are increasing the efficiency of
 the work of a home4 ,among the girls   
who are beginning work to-day are some  
who will develop further the management 
of the home on modern economic and      
social lines4 ,forward-thinking people  
anticipate a great advance which will be
 made by the girls of the twentieth     
century in the management of homes4     
,but what of the workers outside the    
home8 ,opportunities of employment are  

steadily increasing4 ,already women are 
making a business of growing vegetables 
and flowers1 are engaged in the work of 
poultry farms1 bee-keeping1 and in dairy
 production4 ,women are undertaking the 
work of chemical experts in factories4  
,girls are driving motors and collecting
 waste4 ,they are shopping experts1     
employment experts1 house furnishers1   
agents for renting houses1 and one woman
 has become an expert in testing flour  
for a great milling industry4 ,these are
 new employments4 ,hundreds of thousands
 of girls and women are at work in the  
long-established women's employments1 as
 factory workers1 saleswomen1           
stenographers1 house workers1 telephone 
and telegraph operators1 waitresses1    
milliners1 dressmakers and seamstresses1
 teachers1 and nurses4  ,some           
opportunities for employment are close  
at hand2 others are farther away4       
,sometimes it is best to begin with the 
nearest work4 ,but in any case the girl 
should take time to think of her        

employment4 ,there are various helpers  
to whom she may turn when she is        
beginning to think about work--her      
father and mother1 her teachers1 the    
,government ,employment ,bureau1 a good 
private employment expert such as may be
 found in the ,young ,women's ,christian
 ,association1 or an older friend who is
 able to advise her and1 finally1 the   
girl should help herself4 ,she should   
think carefully of the kind of work it  
seems likely that she may get to do and 
ask herself what employment she finds   
most attractive and whether she has some
 aptitude for it4  ,the following are   
some of the questions a girl should ask 
herself when she is thinking of her     
employment3 ,shall ,i be able to improve
 and become more skilful in my work8    
,will the work give me good             
companionship8 ,are the surroundings    
clean and comfortable1 and will they be 
good for my health and the health of    
other workers8 ,is the employment likely
 to give me a fair wage8  ,the          

statements made about wages in different
 employments apply generally to the     
scale of wages paid in one particular   
city4 ,no one set of figures can be     
given which will state accurately the   
wages in many cities and towns and      
country districts4 ,the value of wages  
cannot be estimated properly by the girl
 unless she knows at the same time what 
her living expenses are to be4 ,she must
 know1 too1 the standard of efficiency  
required in the employment4 ,these      
questions are discussed specially in    
,chapters ,,xxiii and ,,xxiv4 ,when the 
girl reads any statement concerning     
wages1 she should remember that the     
figures given represent only an         
approximate estimate4 ,that is1 while   
these wages have actually been paid in  
one place1 the same wages will not be   
offered in these employments in every   
part of the country4 ,generally         
speaking1 the figures quoted represent  
mid-war wages4  ,the most important fact
 for the girl to learn about employment 

is that when she does well-chosen work  
in the right spirit1 she will find in it
 happiness and usefulness4 ,through her 
work she will learn what an interesting 
place the world is1 and because she is a
 worker she will be the companion of    
great workers who are advancing         
civilization every day4 ,she may feel   
sure that there is work for her to do1  
that she will find work good1 and the   
world a friendly place4     ,,chapter   
,,ii  ,,the ,,girl ,,who ,,works ,,in ,a
 ,,factory   ,a girl's first impression 
of a factory is likely to be that it is 
a busy place4 ,the people at work and   
the work itself will seem strange to    
her4 ,she may even feel that she will   
never get used to her new surroundings4 
,but she should not allow herself to be 
discouraged4 ,although she may have     
forgotten her first day in school when  
she was a little girl of five or six1 no
 doubt the schoolroom seemed to her then
 a very strange place1 but how quickly  
it became familiar and homelike4  ,the  

girl will enter the factory as a        
learner4 ,her wages will not be high1   
but she will be paid for her first week1
 although it is hardly likely that her  
work at first will be worth the money   
she receives for it4 ,one of the more   
experienced factory employees will be   
given the task of training her4 ,so the 
girl beginning work in a factory is     
really learning as she did at school    
although now she is getting wages4 ,the 
factory finds it worth while to train   
beginners1 and it does so in the hope   
that they will become capable operators 
who will be in their places regularly4  
,one of the most important truths for   
the girl in the factory to realize is   
that the more there is to learn about   
her work the better her future will be  
as a worker4 ,if there is so little to  
learn that she needs only a few days to 
become independent of any training1 then
 she will be sure to find unskilled     
girls and low wages in this place of    
employment4 ,she should not be satisfied

 permanently with such work4 ,the best  
positions are for skilled employees and1
 therefore1 every girl ought to become a
 skilled worker4 ,to be a skilled worker
 means that you can command good wages  
and that you are more certain of steady 
employment than an unskilled employee1  
since your employer will wish to retain 
your services even when the work in the 
factory is slack4 ,the girl1 therefore1 
should not be anxious to find that there
 is little to learn about her work4     
,when she discovers that it will be some
 time before she can carry on all the   
operations required1 then she may be    
sure that she is learning an employment 
which will be of value to her4 ,it is   
exactly the same as in school4 ,no one  
was ever so clever as to be able to     
learn to read in one day1 yet we all    
know how well worth while it is to be   
able to read4  ,how is the girl to      
choose the industry in which she hopes  
to find work8#b ,she should make        
inquiries about a factory before she    

enters it4 ,she may have a friend who is
 working in a whitewear factory1 or a   
biscuit factory1 or who is making boxes4
 ,the friend probably will be willing to
 speak to the foreman or forewoman about
 the girl's employment4 ,but she should 
notice the surroundings in which she    
means to work4 ,is the workroom light   
and airy8 ,are the conditions under     
which she must work sanitary8 ,are the  
workers respectable and well-behaved8   
,if she is to work where there is       
machinery1 it should be properly        
guarded1 so that she will not be in     
danger4 ,she should not choose a factory
 where the hours are longer than the    
average nor one where over-time is      
encouraged4 ,the management also should 
be fair and considerate4  ,the kind of  
work carried on in the factory should   
give her an opportunity to become a     
skilled worker4 ,if the girls employed  
are all young girls earning only a low  
wage1 and there is little chance of     
promotion1 then1 while it may be        

convenient for her to begin in such a   
factory1 she should not be content to   
stay there4 ,she must be sure to make   
herself a skilled worker1 with a good   
chance of promotion and a fair certainty
 of receiving a higher wage than is     
usually paid to a beginner4  ,when the  
girl knows the kind of factory for which
 she ought to look1 she may very well   
ask herself what qualifications she     
should possess in order to become a     
successful factory worker4 ,she should  
be healthy1 of good average physical    
strength1 quick in her movements1 with  
some natural mechanical ability1 good   
eyesight1 and quick1 steady hands4 ,if  
she is to begin where there is power    
machinery1 it is an advantage to have   
had some practice in running power      
machinery4 ,such practice she can get at
 a trade or a technical school1 most of 
which have night classes4 ,otherwise    
there is not very much that a girl can  
learn about the actual work of a factory
 before she enters it4 ,she must make up

 her mind1 however1 to learn when once  
she is in the factory4 ,she should learn
 as many different operations as        
possible4 ,nothing so increases the     
value of a worker as to be able to fill 
a number of different positions4 ,she   
should try to understand as much of the 
business of the establishment as        
possible4 ,then she will find herself   
taking a keen interest in the work and  
she will be better able to enjoy her own
 part in it4  ,the girl's first wage in 
a factory is not likely to be large     
enough to cover all her expenses4 ,but1 
when she is a skilled worker1 her wage  
should provide her with reasonable      
necessaries and comfort and leave a     
margin for saving1 emergencies1 and     
improvement4 ,every worker should       
realize that good conditions are an     
important part of what one gets for     
one's work4 ,it is advisable to be      
satisfied with a little less money in an
 establishment where opportunity is     
given for promotion1 the guarding of    

health1 and recreation1 and where the   
surroundings are clean and attractive1  
sometimes even delightful1 rather than  
to get a little more money1 and be      
driven beyond one's strength1 or        
compelled to spend a great part of the  
day in unpleasant surroundings4 ,lunch  
and rest rooms1 a separate locker for   
her clothes1 books to read1 an open     
tennis court or other opportunity for   
play1 are greatly valued by the girl at 
work1 as they constitute1 in reality1 a 
bonus in addition to her wages4  ,as    
soon as she is experienced1 the girl in 
the factory is almost certain to find   
herself on piece-work4 ,that is1 instead
 of being paid a daily or weekly wage1  
she will receive a set price for each   
article or piece completed4  ,speed in  
piece-work as a rule is a means by which
 she can earn high wages4 ,the wages of 
a beginner in a city may be eight or    
nine dollars a week2 wages vary1        
however1 according to the locality and  
the character of the work4 ,the wages   

paid to experienced operators vary in a 
number of cases from fifteen to twenty  
dollars a week4 ,exceptional workers who
 have special ability earn more4 ,with  
regard to piece-work1 the girl should   
have sufficient judgment not to force   
herself beyond her strength4 ,she may   
lose her health by a few years' overwork
 and become unable to support herself4  
,the speed of the worker is a subject   
for careful study both by the girl and  
her employer4 ,the girl will find that  
she can maintain high speed for a       
certain length of time only and that her
 output actually will be greater1 week  
in and week out1 if she slackens when   
she begins to feel a strain4  ,the most 
successful girl will not change about   
readily from one place to another4 ,if a
 girl is certain that she can improve   
her work and her position1 and if she   
has come to a careful decision1 feeling 
sure that her present conditions are not
 what they might be1 then she will be   
wise to change her place of employment4 

,but the young girl who changes every   
few weeks or months is in danger of     
spoiling not only her prospects as a    
paid worker1 but her whole life4 ,while 
this danger is found in other           
employments1 it is perhaps greatest in  
the case of the factory worker4  ,some  
of the finest people ,i know1 said a    
well-known factory owner not long ago1  
are at work in our factories4 ,this may 
be said as truly all over the country4  
,it applies equally to men and women    
workers4 ,generous1 unselfish1 efficient
 women and girls1 as are many of these  
workers1 are a source of strength to    
their families and the country4 ,they   
are using their lives wisely and well1  
whether they continue as paid workers or
 leave the factory to take charge of the
 care of a home4  ,footnote #b3 ,to     
write down even the names of the        
industries which are carried on in      
factories with the help of girls and    
women would occupy much space4 ,a few of
 the more important places of industry  

in which girls are employed are         
whitewear factories and other factories 
which have to do with the making of     
clothes1 factories where food is        
prepared for household use1 twine       
factories1 paper-box establishments1    
cigar and tobacco factories1 bookbinding
 establishments1 brush-making factories1
 manufactories of leather1 carpets and  
rugs1 boots and shoes and buttons1      
cotton and woolen-mills1 and knitting   
mills4 ,these are only a few of the     
factory employments1 but the list shows 
how necessary the work of girls and     
women is to the nation's industry4      
,,chapter ,,iii  ,,the ,,saleswoman     
,the employment department of a big     
store is the testing place through which
 many girls who mean to be saleswomen   
must pass before they reach the store   
itself4 ,naturally the girl should be   
careful to do herself justice when she  
goes to the employment department4 ,the 
head of the department will be certain  
to note her appearance carefully4 ,the  

girl should make sure that she is       
cleanly and neatly dressed2 she should  
speak quietly and politely2 and she     
should show that sincere willingness to 
be cheerful1 obliging1 and agreeable    
which she will find one of the best aids
 in her life both at work and at home4  
,to enter a store no particular training
 is required4 ,the girl leaving school  
when she is fourteen1 fifteen1 or       
sixteen1 who is able to read and write  
correctly and who has a thorough        
knowledge of the common rules of        
arithmetic can hope to obtain a position
 in a store4  ,having once obtained a   
position in a large store1 the girl will
 find herself part of an establishment  
where perhaps hundreds or thousands of  
people are employed4 ,it is probable    
that her position will be an easy one   
suited to her age1 without much         
responsibility1 and with small pay1 but1
 if she shows interest and willingness  
to learn1 she will be in line for       
promotion4 ,there are many positions    

which carry with them great             
responsibility1 and correspondingly     
large wages4 ,a girl's chance to occupy 
some day such a position depends largely
 on herself4 ,she should try to         
understand as much as possible about the
 store and its methods and rules1 and   
she should make her work part of the    
successful work of the establishment4   
,in a large store the younger girls are 
employed as messenger girls1 parcel     
girls1 markers1 or1 after some time in a
 store1 a younger girl may help in the  
care of the stock4 ,the payment received
 in these positions is small4 ,indeed1  
the problem of the youngest girls in the
 store is not an easy one4 ,the girl    
herself should try to realize that this 
big store in which she is employed must 
be to her what the high school or       
college is to other girls who stayed at 
school when she went to work4 ,here1 in 
the store1 she should continue her      
education1 which is to take the         
practical form of a business training4  

,unfortunately1 some of the girls thus  
employed are indifferent to their work4 
,these are the inattentive1 listless    
girls who look about them idly1 instead 
of attending to the needs of possible   
customers1 or who spend more than half  
the time talking to their friends       
visiting the store or to their          
fellow-workers4 ,one large establishment
 reports that only one third of their   
staff become skilled in salesmanship4   
,another famous firm of employers says  
that twenty-five per cent4 of their     
girls do not improve1 another           
twenty-five per cent4 are only fairly   
satisfactory1 while fifty per cent4 are 
satisfactory4 ,the girl who enters the  
employment of a store should determine  
to become a skilled saleswoman4         
,fortunately1 the work of the saleswoman
 is steadily rising in its standing as a
 good occupation4 ,it is becoming       
skilled employment4 ,already there are a
 number of schools which teach          
salesmanship1 and many of the larger    

departmental stores have courses of     
instruction for their salespeople4 ,the 
managers of these stores say that this  
training pays both the store and its    
staff of employees4 ,after training the 
employees make better wages and the     
store earns a higher percentage4 ,any   
girl who wants to be a saleswoman       
should1 if possible1 take a course in   
salesmanship either at a business       
college1 a trade school1 or at a ,young 
,women's ,christian ,association1 or she
 should try to find a position in a     
store where there is a school for       
employees4  ,our young saleswoman will  
study her store1 she will take lessons  
in salesmanship1 she will be interested 
in her work and eager to learn4 ,such a 
girl will find that the place of her    
employment is a world in miniature1     
where she can study life and human      
nature and where she may become a useful
 and well-equipped member of society4   
,no girl who is a good saleswoman can   
fail to learn how to deal with many     

different kinds of people and to have   
many opportunities of making friends    
among her fellow-workers4  ,it is not   
difficult for the average girl to become
 an efficient saleswoman4 ,to           
recapitulate--she should be neat and    
pleasing in appearance1 quick to learn1 
willing to obey1 with good manners and  
bright intelligence1 and she should be  
interested in her work4 ,she should have
 a head for figures1 a knowledge of     
correct ,english1 and ability to work   
quickly and courteously at the same     
time4 ,she should1 of course1 have a    
thorough knowledge of the commodity she 
is selling4 ,the more accurate her      
knowledge of materials1 the better      
saleswoman she will make4 ,she should   
also take a personal interest in the    
wants of her customers4 ,her object is  
to sell articles which will give        
satisfaction4  ,the average earnings of 
saleswomen at times seem disappointingly
 small4 ,it should be remembered1       
however1 that the indifferent or        

careless girl lowers the average4 ,the  
successful saleswoman1 after some years 
of work1 may earn from fifteen to twenty
 dollars a week4 ,a great many girls    
earn less4 ,the beginner may get five or
 six dollars a week or1 if she is in an 
establishment which pays no employee    
less than a certain amount1 she may get 
seven or eight dollars4 ,the girl who   
earns less than eight dollars a week    
after a year or two years is not a      
successful saleswoman and is not likely 
to be kept on in any well-managed store4
 ,the saleswoman who is dissatisfied    
with her wage may ask at any time to    
have reference made to her actual sales1
 of which an account is kept4 ,wages are
 based on sales4 ,sometimes a commission
 is paid on sales over a certain amount4
 ,in any case1 the girl feels that there
 is a direct connection between her     
successful salesmanship and her wages4  
,character1 skill1 tact1 and energy are 
all required for successful             
salesmanship4 ,the saleswoman who really

 gives herself to the work of serving   
and satisfying her customers finds her  
employment an exacting one4  ,a         
saleswoman may be promoted to have      
charge of stock2 she may become         
assistant buyer or head of a department2
 and in somewhat rare cases she may     
become a buyer4 ,these are all          
responsible positions requiring unusual 
business ability and character4 ,the    
salaries are high4 ,if a saleswoman has 
excellent business ability1 she may1    
after years of experience1 become an    
important influence in the management of
 the store4 ,some departments offer     
greater opportunities than others4 ,the 
more expensive the article to be sold1  
the more is required from the           
saleswoman4 ,a very young girl will not 
be found selling coats and cloaks or    
expensive suits and dresses4 ,the       
customer who is spending a large amount 
of money wants to have confidence in the
 judgment of the saleswoman1 is the     
saying of an expert in store management4

  ,the large department store1 while it 
affords training and opportunity to the 
girl who intends to become a competent  
saleswoman1 employs many girls and women
 in occupations other than salesmanship4
 ,in the store there is a large clerical
 staff1 including stenographers1 who may
 receive promotion to the position of   
private secretaries and bookkeepers4    
,telephone and telegraph operators are  
among the employees4 ,the store shoppers
 act in connection with mail orders and 
orders received by telephone4 ,the      
advertising department employs writers1 
artists1 proof-readers1 and card and    
sign writers4 ,milliners are employed in
 the millinery department and fitters   
and dressmakers in the alteration       
departments4 ,manicurists and           
hair-dressers carry on their special    
occupations1 and waitresses are employed
 in the store lunchroom or restaurant4  
,trained nurses have positions in the   
store hospital and visit employees in   
their homes4 ,machine and handworkers   

carry out special orders in making      
curtains1 cushions1 lampshades1 etc4 ,a 
store school employs teachers of        
salesmanship and store system4  ,many   
girls are employed as saleswomen in     
smaller stores which need only a few    
employees4 ,the system of the great     
store is not so necessary in a small    
establishment1 yet the individual       
saleswoman in the small store holds a   
responsible position4 ,sometimes a girl 
with business ability becomes in time   
assistant manager1 or even part owner1  
of such a store4 ,ideas and initiative  
will tell wherever they are found1 and  
the girl who is really interested in    
salesmanship will succeed in a large    
store or in a small one4  ,the hours are
 fairly long1 sometimes longer than the 
average in women's occupations1 but they
 are no longer than the hours required  
in many professional and other          
employments in which women are engaged4 
,the well-advised saleswoman will have  
interests outside of her work4 ,she     

should study some interesting branch of 
knowledge and cultivate a hobby4 ,she   
will find both pleasure and benefit in  
belonging to a club or other            
association4 ,one of the most           
interesting developments in the large   
business establishment where numbers of 
men and women are employed is the       
organization for comradeship and        
improvement4 ,thrift is encouraged2     
opportunities are provided for exercise2
 sometimes those on the staff of such an
 establishment are offered housing of an
 attractive kind at moderate prices4    
,the girls of the establishment may be  
provided with a club house4             
,altogether1 the character of this      
employment is complex and interesting4  
,it is an attractive occupation1 in     
which the girl is brought into          
relationship with people with whom she  
can help to develop a sociable1         
co-operative life1 tending to improve   
her own character and usefulness and    
that of others4     ,,chapter ,,iv      

,,the ,,girl ,,at ,,work ,,in ,,an      
,,office   ,the girl who hopes to       
succeed in office work should be able to
 spell correctly and should have a good 
general ,english education4 ,it is true 
that some girls have taught themselves  
to spell correctly after they have      
entered business offices2 and ambitious1
 sensible girls1 who find that letters  
dictated to them contain words the      
meaning of which they do not know1 study
 until their vocabularies are greatly   
enlarged and improved4 ,but1 while they 
are learning1 the employer is not       
receiving the service to which he is    
entitled4  ,the only practical way for  
the average girl to enter a business    
office is by studying stenography4 ,but 
to have a really satisfactory school    
training1 the girl who means to be a    
stenographer should be ready to pass the
 entrance examination into a college or 
university4 ,three or four years'       
attendance at a high or secondary school
 is a necessary preparation for         

first-class office work4 ,the girl who  
is a college graduate is not too well   
equipped to be a stenographer4 ,even if 
a girl is compelled1 by the necessity of
 earning her living1 to begin office    
work early1 still she can1 by           
determination1 courage1 and hard work1  
equip herself with a good business      
education4 ,but it is only the          
exceptional girl who can do this4 ,the  
girl who wishes to engage in office work
 should have three years1 if possible1  
in a good secondary school1 before she  
enters a business college4  ,the        
business college should be chosen       
carefully1 and the girl in training     
should attend the classes for nine      
months or a year4 ,this is the least    
time required for satisfactory training4
 ,unfortunately1 too many students take 
only six months1 or even three1 at a    
business school4 ,the result is that    
they begin work only partly equipped    
with training for the office4 ,many     
employers complain that stenographers   

are incompetent and careless4 ,one      
reason for this is that they have not   
had sufficient training2 their          
stenography1 typewriting1 and other     
instruction have been only half         
mastered4 ,office work would be a better
 employment for girls if these          
half-trained and incompetent workers    
were not lowering wages1 irritating     
employers1 and limiting the work and    
responsibility with which girls would be
 entrusted if the average stenographer  
knew her work thoroughly4  ,the girl who
 leaves a business college to enter an  
office should not feel that there is    
nothing more to learn4 ,no one can be a 
thoroughly competent stenographer until 
she has been a year at work in an       
office4 ,the school teaches her how to  
handle her working tools4 ,but the real 
problems of office work are solved only 
in the office4 ,there are endless       
details to be mastered4 ,every office   
has its own rules and customs and its   
own methods4 ,it is necessary to learn  

how to meet people and deal with them4  
,the girl must study the people with    
whom she works4 ,she must learn how her 
employer likes to have his work done4   
,the best workers keep on learning year 
by year4  ,many of the qualities which  
go to make the ideal home-maker belong  
to the ideal worker in an office4 ,the  
business girl will need self-control and
 tact4 ,her manners should be quiet and 
agreeable4 ,an office is a place for    
work2 and part of the usefulness of a   
business girl is in helping to make it a
 good place in which to work4 ,she      
should therefore understand order and   
method4 ,she should be tranquil and well
 poised4 ,she should get her work done  
quickly without seeming to be in a      
hurry4 ,such a girl is a treasure in an 
office4  ,the business girl should be   
dressed suitably for her occupation4    
,one of the first lessons for her to    
learn is that no employer is likely to  
believe that she can do good work if her
 general appearance is careless or      

untidy4 ,her dress should be quiet and  
pleasing1 and it should not distract her
 attention from her work4 ,a workmanlike
 dress can be very attractive4 ,business
 girls as a rule show taste and judgment
 in choosing their clothes and in       
keeping every detail of their appearance
 neat1 suitable1 and pleasing4 ,thrift  
in the matter of dressing and a suitable
 appearance are necessary factors in the
 success of a business girl's work4     
,the business girl must be trustworthy4 
,she cannot be a success if her employer
 is in doubt as to whether she may talk 
about office business outside4 ,her     
memory should be good4 ,it is a great   
help to have someone at hand who can    
remember a business conversation1 where 
to find documents1 addresses1 and other 
memoranda4 ,the girl will find that it  
is unsatisfactory to spend much time in 
social conversation4 ,if she wishes to  
earn and keep the good opinion of her   
fellow-workers and her employer1 she    
will attend to work1 with only an       

occasional remark on anything not       
connected with office affairs4  ,the    
salaries earned by business girls vary  
greatly4 ,there are girls at work in    
offices who are paid as little as five1 
six1 or seven dollars a week4 ,but these
 girls are very young1 they are badly   
trained1 unable to do good work of any  
kind1 and they should hardly be called  
stenographers4 ,they can address        
envelopes1 do a little typewriting1     
answer the telephone1 and so on4 ,the   
well-equipped office girl should realize
 that she must keep up the standard of  
her employment1 as one which needs      
thorough training and competent1 well   
paid workers1 so the work of the girl in
 business may remain a highly-respected 
and desirable occupation4  ,the supply  
of first-class office workers is never  
sufficient to meet the demand4 ,a common
 wage for younger competent             
stenographers who have had some         
experience is twelve dollars4           
,experienced stenographers may get      

fifteen1 eighteen1 twenty1 or           
twenty-five dollars1 according to the   
positions they occupy1 the character of 
the work1 and the responsibility        
involved4 ,girls with managing ability  
may be promoted to hold important       
positions4 ,they may become assistant   
managers of offices or confidential     
clerks or secretaries4 ,women in these  
positions receive salaries of from two  
to three thousand dollars a year4 ,in an
 exceptional case a woman who is a      
manager may receive four or five        
thousand4 ,but such positions and such  
women workers are rare indeed4 ,eighteen
 dollars a week is regarded as a good   
salary for a capable stenographer of    
some years' experience4 ,the average    
stenographer receives as a rule two     
weeks' holidays with wages4 ,this is an 
important consideration for it helps to 
secure her health and general           
well-being4  ,it is often said that a   
small office offers the best opportunity
 for a clever girl to win promotion4    

,she is given work of all kinds to do   
and can make herself indispensable to   
her employer4 ,on the other hand1 the   
work may be easier in a large office    
since it is organized on                
well-established lines4 ,salaries1      
generally speaking1 are higher in large 
offices1 but there are fewer            
opportunities for promotion4  ,an       
unusually competent office girl with    
some capital may become a public        
stenographer4 ,but1 in order to succeed1
 she must have business ability and     
should understand clearly what she can  
afford and what she cannot afford in    
office equipment1 rent1 and so on4 ,the 
work of a public stenographer is very   
exacting4 ,many stenographers are       
employed in the service of the          
,government4 ,in general1 an examination
 is required for a position in the civil
 service4 ,the work and hours are       
regular and not exacting1 and the pay is
 good4 ,many girls1 however1 find work  
in a business office more interesting1  

and opportunities for promotion are also
 better4  ,some girls who have not the  
ability to become expert stenographers1 
may be exceptionally good typists4 ,such
 girls may find employment in typing    
letters from phonographs or dictaphones4
 ,work with multigraphs1                
adding-machines1 or comptometers is     
required in larger offices4 ,special    
positions may be obtained by girls who  
are of a mechanical turn or who have    
considerable manual dexterity4 ,the girl
 who devotes herself to bookkeeping1 if 
she has special ability1 may occupy an  
important business position4  ,in       
whatever capacity she may be employed1  
the earnest and competent office-worker 
will find herself highly valued and well
 paid for her share of responsibility in
 the world of financial and commercial  
development4     ,,chapter ,v           
,,learning ,,after ,,the ,,position ,,is
 ,,found   ,the first few days1         
sometimes even the first few weeks1 are 
often a little difficult for the girl   

who has found a position and goes to    
work for the first time4 ,but she can   
take with her a few simple resolutions  
which will make most of her difficulties
 disappear and which may even change    
them into helps rather than hindrances4 
,she can remember that all the          
responsible people she knows have had   
these same difficulties and have        
overcome them4 ,this thought will       
encourage her to believe that what      
others have done she can do also4 ,there
 is much that she may gain from this new
 position4 ,it is like an open door     
whereby she may enter a new world4  ,the
 girl who is in her first position will 
find that she must adjust herself to    
conditions very different from those of 
home and school life4 ,at home all her  
personal concerns have been of supreme  
importance1 and she has been the object 
of unceasing love and care4 ,at school  
her best interests have still been      
consulted1 and she has been taught how  
both to work and play4 ,she now begins  

to give back value for the care which   
has been taken of her at home and the   
teaching which she has received at      
school4 ,after she is able to work for  
herself1 it is really no one else's duty
 to support her4 ,she cannot expect that
 busy people in the office or workroom  
will stop to listen to her4 ,if she is  
feeling dull or discouraged1 or if      
something has gone wrong in her private 
affairs1 these things have nothing to do
 with her fellow-workers4 ,they also    
have their private affairs4 ,therefore  
she must learn to be cheerful1 not to   
talk about her own troubles1 and to be1 
in brief1 a grown-up1 sensible1         
considerate person4  ,two illustrations 
may help the girl to understand this    
difference between life in paid         
employment and school days or life at   
home4 ,a girl once was offered a        
position in a large establishment by the
 man who was the head of the business4  
,she had certain training and gifts     
which made him believe that she could do

 good work in his business4 ,after her  
appointment she found that she was under
 the direction of the manager's chief of
 staff1 who1 as she soon discovered1 had
 wanted someone else4 ,she began to     
think out the position in which she     
found herself4 ,it is quite plain1 she  
said to herself1 that the chief is a    
more important person than ,i am4 ,he is
 not going to lose his position because 
he does not like me4 ,it would not be   
just or right or good business if he    
did4 ,the truth is that if ,i do not get
 on with him and convince him that ,i   
can do good work ,i am going to be a    
failure4 ,it is part of my business to  
get on with the chief of staff4 ,she had
 made the important discovery that it is
 wise to put oneself in the background  
and to work harmoniously with one's     
associates4 ,after a year's hard work   
she had the satisfaction of being told  
by her chief1 that1 notwithstanding his 
early dissatisfaction with her          
appointment1 she had won his approval1  

for she had convinced him of her        
efficiency4  ,the other illustration can
 be given in a few words1 but it teaches
 a truth about paid employment which    
many girls need to learn4 ,one day a    
woman called to see an important public 
man on a matter of business4 ,when she  
came he was dictating a letter4 ,he saw 
his caller as soon as he had finished4  
,before the conversation had well begun1
 his secretary came to the door and     
asked him to what address he wished the 
letter sent4 ,when the secretary had    
gone out again1 the man looked at his   
visitor and said laughing1 yet with an  
expression of annoyance1 ,i cannot teach
 my secretary that it is her work to    
look up addresses4 ,she is here to save 
me trouble4 ,i am not here to save her  
trouble4 ,but ,i cannot get her to      
understand that4 ,the girl in question  
was behaving in her work as if she had  
been a spoiled child at home4 ,it is to 
be hoped that she would have been       
ashamed to ask her mother1 for instance1

 to tell her an address which she could 
look up for herself4 ,yet this girl was 
being paid to find addresses as part of 
her work4  ,the girl who is beginning   
paid employment will have to learn      
largely from others how her work ought  
to be done1 but she must learn to depend
 on her own observation4 ,questions must
 be asked occasionally1 but it is unwise
 to ask too many4 ,ask information only 
from those who are willing to answer4   
,everyone in the world of work is busy  
as a rule1 and comparatively few people 
will stop their work to explain to      
someone else how a task ought to be     
done4 ,there are two classes of         
workers--those who require direction    
always1 and those who are able and      
willing to take responsibility4 ,the    
girl at first begins under direction    
but1 as soon as she is familiar with    
what she has to do and understands a    
good deal of the purpose of her work1   
she should try1 if possible1 to develop 
responsibility4 ,it is a good plan to   

study how other people do their work4   
,there is sure to be someone among one's
 fellow-employees who is a specially    
good worker4 ,study the methods and     
character of this worker and learn from 
your observation how to do your own     
work4 ,the girl in a new position should
 resolutely avoid association with lazy1
 indifferent1 and idle fellow-employees4
 ,one of the first lessons for her to   
learn1 and sometimes one of the hardest1
 is that her time is not her own4 ,it   
belongs to her employer1 who is paying  
for her work4 ,therefore her own social 
engagements have no claim on her working
 hours4  ,it is apparent that certain   
qualifications and characteristics      
ensure success in paid work--good       
temper1 self-control1 common sense1     
kindness1 and a sense of what is fair   
are of inestimable value to the girl    
worker4 ,moreover1 she must be in       
earnest in her determination to find    
work and keep it4 ,she should have some 
secondary employment at which she can   

work if her regular employment is slack4
 ,and through all the changes and       
difficulties of her working life1 a girl
 should know how to keep well1 for      
health is a great asset4  ,she should   
add to these essentials a feeling of    
responsibility and a desire to          
understand the problems of management in
 the business in which she is employed4 
,in addition1 let her have that sense of
 honour which will keep her from a      
betrayal of confidential information4   
,the loyal worker is always valued and  
respected4     ,,chapter ,,vi  ,,what   
,,every ,,girl ,,needs ,,to ,,know      
,the world the girl has to live in is   
the everyday world we know4 ,some people
 say that the world is commonplace1 and 
so it is if we look at it from one point
 of view4 ,but the truth is that the    
commonplace and the wonderful are so    
closely joined together that it is      
impossible to separate them4 ,the girl  
needs commonplace gifts to live in the  
world1 or she will not prosper4 ,she    

needs also to be able to see and        
understand the wonderful side of life4  
,to appreciate both the commonplace and 
the wonderful should be part of her     
endeavour4 ,a great deal depends on her 
training4 ,what shall we choose for her8
 ,she may work at home or in paid       
employment1 but she needs certain       
training1 because she is a girl1 just as
 a soldier needs training1 because he is
 a soldier4  ,first1 the girl ought to  
know how to keep well4 ,good health is a
 precious possession1 and we may have a 
great deal to do with whether we are    
strong and healthy or weak and half-ill 
most of the time4 ,if the girl is to be 
a home-maker1 she needs good health4    
,what a sad place a home is if the      
home-maker is a constant sufferer6 ,if  
the girl is in a shop1 a factory1 an    
office1 a telephone exchange1 a school1 
or a hospital1 unless she is a          
reasonably healthy girl her success in  
her work is greatly lessened1 if indeed 
it is possible for her to succeed at    

all4 ,if she is an actress or an artist1
 she undergoes a constant strain on her 
nervous energy4 ,artists and actresses  
need good health1 possibly more so even 
than the average woman in paid          
employment4 ,so1 no matter what the girl
 is to do1 she should be healthy4  ,but 
she requires certain definite kinds of  
knowledge1 so that she may know how to  
keep well4 ,the first is knowing what to
 eat4 ,there is scarcely anything that  
interferes more with the health and     
success of the girl worker than         
ignorance of what is nutritious food4 ,a
 woman who is very fond of girls who    
work and who knows hundreds of them1    
said once that she would like to give   
every girl she knew this knowledge about
 food4 ,there is no way of acquiring it 
except by learning4 ,our ideal girl will
 learn food values and how food should  
be prepared4 ,every girl in the world1  
no matter who she is1 is better off for 
this knowledge4 ,it is part of the      
foundation of good health4 ,the girl in 

business requires a special warning to  
be sure that her luncheon gives her     
sufficient nourishment for her work4    
,in order to be healthy1 girls must     
know1 also1 how to dress4 ,this should  
include some knowledge of the making of 
clothing1 how to cut out1 and how to    
sew1 and also some skill in mending and 
re-modelling4 ,looking into the future  
for the well-being of our ideal girl1 we
 see that her appearance as well as her 
health depends not a little on her skill
 as a wise buyer and maker of clothing4 
,her early income as a worker is not    
likely to be large4 ,it may be very     
small4 ,it will need all her skill to   
make the best use of this income4  ,in  
order to acquire skill in the management
 of food and clothing and so ensure her 
health1 a girl must understand the      
management of money4 ,some day she will 
have the spending of an income4 ,either 
she will earn the income in paid        
employment1 or it will be part of her   
work as a home-maker to manage the      

spending of the house money4 ,now1 money
 cannot be spent wisely except by       
planning4 ,the girl should learn how to 
divide her income1 to allot so much for 
food1 so much for clothing1 so much for 
shelter1 so much for improvement1       
recreation1 and holidays1 so much for   
the dentist and the doctor1 so much to  
be saved1 so much for religious         
obligations and benevolence1 and for    
safety a margin over1 because there are 
always unforeseen calls on one's income4
 ,this planning for the proper division 
of her income may sound at first a      
little bewildering4 ,but after all1 what
 is it but learning what we can afford  
to spend8 ,we begin by buying a little  
carefully1 and as we go on we acquire   
knowledge and skill4 ,few things which  
the twentieth century girl can learn    
will stand her in better stead in       
everyday life1 or help her more         
constantly1 than knowing how to spend   
her income wisely1 honestly1 and        
helpfully4  ,we have spoken at some     

length about food and clothing as they  
affect health4 ,quite as important to   
health are rest and recreation4 ,a girl 
needs not only plenty of refreshing     
sleep1 but play also and what most      
people call good times4 ,it is a mistake
 to suppose that we can be healthy      
without play4 ,often when we are out of 
sorts1 sad1 depressed1 and gloomy1 and  
our friends are sorry for us and think  
something dreadful must have happened to
 make us so unhappy1 all that we need in
 reality is sleep1 fresh air1 exercise1 
and play4 ,it is not being a heroine to 
be sad4 ,most real heroines are happy   
people4 ,there is nothing heroic in     
making other people depressed by our    
gloomy faces4 ,the ideal girl is healthy
 and happy1 she sleeps eight hours or   
more at night1 and plays a reasonable   
part of her time4 ,to play all the time 
is very dull1 even more dull than to    
work all the time4 ,but each day1 if    
possible1 one should have some happy    
play time4  ,then1 too1 the ideal girl  

will try to see that she helps others to
 be as healthy and happy as she is      
herself4 ,part of the value of knowing  
how to keep well is that it teaches us  
how to keep other people well4 ,we      
should know how others should be fed and
 clothed and cared for4 ,the girl of the
 twentieth century needs some knowledge 
of nursing4 ,it is not necessary for her
 to be a trained nurse1 but she should  
have some of the knowledge and skill of 
the trained nurse4  ,among the things   
that every girl needs to know is        
something of the importance of          
friendship4 ,the best gifts in the world
 are love1 kindness1 faithfulness1      
sincerity1 and purity4 ,it is through   
our relations with other human beings   
and our love for them that we begin to  
understand the love of ,god4            
,,chapter ,,vii  ,,the ,,house          
,,worker--,,domestic ,,science   ,a     
young woman who is now the author of two
 successful novels earned the money she 
needed to attend a teachers' training   

school by working as a domestic servant4
 ,it was the quickest and most          
convenient way for her to earn a certain
 sum of money4 ,her decision and        
independence of character kept her from 
hesitating for a moment to make use of  
this employment4 ,one young woman who is
 a capable real estate agent takes a    
position as an experienced general      
servant when her usual business is      
slack4 ,a woman at the head of a large  
business1 which she originated and      
developed herself1 earned her living as 
a domestic until she was twenty-five    
years old4 ,there is no reason why any  
of us should be kept from doing good    
domestic work if it is the most suitable
 and convenient employment for us4  ,the
 disadvantages of domestic work1 as it  
is generally arranged at present1 are   
that the house worker is required to    
live away from home2 her own special    
sleeping and living accommodation is    
sometimes not of the best2 she has      
comparatively little time that is       

absolutely her own2 she feels that she  
is placed at a social disadvantage as   
compared with other girls who are her   
friends and who are earning a living in 
other paid work1 and she may be lonely1 
as a consequence of being often the only
 paid worker in the household4 ,these   
are facts to be considered4 ,but it is  
possible that a re-arrangement of       
household work1 undertaken by modern    
employers and clever modern girls1 who  
have a gift for household management1 as
 well as character and initiative1 may  
provide a solution for these            
disadvantages4  ,the advantages of      
domestic work include good wages1 and   
more comfortable living conditions than 
the average paid worker can secure for  
herself4 ,the house worker has also     
variety in work1 freedom to move about  
at her work1 and freedom from the rigid 
rules necessary in big business         
establishments4 ,she is afforded an     
opportunity to become a highly skilled  
worker1 and she can find a permanent    

position if she is competent and wishes 
to remain in one place4 ,above all1 the 
house worker is getting the best        
training for home-making4  ,the wages of
 the house worker include board1        
lodging1 and washing1 and often some    
part at least of her working clothes4   
,she has two weeks' holidays with wages4
 ,she may save in a year a quarter or a 
third as much money as the entire       
earnings of her girl friends4 ,at twelve
 dollars a week1 working forty-two weeks
 in the year1 the girl in a factory can 
earn five hundred and four dollars1 out 
of which she has of course to pay all   
her expenses4 ,the house worker who is  
earning twenty-five1 thirty or          
thirty-five dollars a month can easily  
save two hundred dollars in a year1 and 
a number of them do so4 ,girls in other 
paid employments1 who pay board and     
lodging1 washing1 and carfare out of ten
 or twelve dollars a week1 are          
practically unable to save anything4  ,a
 competent house worker is beyond the   

fear of unemployment1 while the         
possibility of unemployment or of being 
laid off for a number of weeks is an    
anxiety to many other paid women        
workers4 ,when she marries and has a    
home of her own to take care of1 the    
house worker is at a great advantage4   
,she can take up the work of a home     
easily1 and her management is a success 
from the beginning4  ,the accomplishment
 most frequently required from the      
domestic worker is ability to cook4 ,the
 girl who has a natural gift in this    
direction should take pains to develop  
it4 ,she may have to begin to earn her  
living when she is quite young4 ,in this
 case she should apply for a position as
 second maid in a household where a cook
 is kept1 and she should be careful to  
learn from the cook all that she needs  
to know in order to become a            
professional expert in cooking4 ,or she 
should look for a position as house     
worker with an employer who is herself a
 good housekeeper and who is willing to 

train her4  ,the improvement of         
housework conditions is largely in the  
hands of household employees4 ,if a     
young woman is an excellent cook and a  
competent household manager1 she can    
make practically her own conditions with
 women employers4 ,if she prefers to    
live at home or in a room of her own    
outside the house where she is employed1
 she can explain to her employer the    
hours that she is willing to be on duty 
and how the work of the house can be    
arranged so that she can accomplish the 
greater part of it during these hours4  
,she will be certain to find some       
intelligent woman employer who will     
agree to her conditions4 ,only the      
first-class worker1 who can plan and    
carry out her plans successfully1 will  
be able to do this2 and every woman     
employer may not see the benefit of such
 an arrangement4 ,there are a number of 
households where the woman in charge    
will be glad to accept service during   
half the day1 but here also the house   

worker must be first class4 ,the trained
 domestic worker of high qualifications1
 able to do her work to perfection1 and 
to consider intelligently how the work  
of the household can be organized1 will 
add greatly to the standing of this     
employment4  ,the house worker should   
have a fairly good general education4   
,the better her general education1 the  
more successful she is likely to be4    
,she should be intelligent1 obliging1   
and adaptable4 ,she should have a strong
 sense of honour1 for she is largely on 
her own responsibility1 and the welfare 
of the home is often trusted in her     
hands4 ,the ideal household employee    
should have some of the qualities of the
 artist4 ,the work of a fine cook is    
artistic1 and the perfect care of a     
house requires both the eye and the hand
 of an artist4 ,no woman can be a       
success as a paid house worker who is   
not kind4 ,she often has some part of   
the care of children1 and it is wrong to
 have an ill-tempered or unkind person  

in charge of1 or in company with1       
children4 ,besides this1 the care of a  
house1 the cooking of food1 cleanliness1
 and the work of adapting oneself to the
 wants of others cannot be carried out  
well and cheerfully unless the worker   
responsible for this work is kind4      
,wages are unusually good in domestic   
work as compared with other employments 
for women4 ,some girls1 however1 are    
underpaid4 ,a girl may receive1 for     
instance1 twelve dollars a month4 ,no   
girl with initiative or knowledge of    
housework needs to remain in such a     
position4 ,wages vary from twenty1      
twenty-two1 to twenty-five1 thirty1 and 
thirty-five dollars1 according to the   
locality1 the nature of the work1 and   
the skill of the worker4 ,a first-class 
cook commands high wages4 ,so also does 
a first-class managing housekeeper4 ,a  
general servant of ability and          
character1 who undertakes most of the   
work of a household1 with the exception 
of the washing1 will receive twenty1    

twenty-five or thirty dollars4 ,in some 
parts of the country her wages may be   
higher4 ,if trained workers1 who have   
special gifts for household management  
and who feel that they can do better in 
this employment than any other1 would   
undertake the re-organizing of house    
work1 this occupation should take its   
rightful place as one of the best       
occupations for the average woman4      
,from a consideration of domestic       
service we naturally pass on to those   
occupations of girls which grow out of a
 knowledge of domestic science4 ,the    
study of domestic science is making     
itself felt in the homes of the country 
and is opening up many avenues of       
employment for girls4 ,the management of
 clubs1 hotels1 restaurants1 tea-rooms1 
cafeterias1 and lunch-rooms in          
connection with colleges1 departmental  
stores1 and banks1 affords employment   
for those who have the gifts and        
training necessary4 ,special cooking for
 invalids1 the supplying of specialties1

 such as marmalade1 pickles1 preserved  
fruit1 canned fruit and vegetables1     
salted nuts1 cakes of various kinds and 
other dainties is work which is being   
carried on successfully by numbers of   
women and girls4 ,the girl1 in          
considering employment1 should remember 
that she will be at an advantage in any 
specialized women's employment and that 
the world is offering her opportunities 
for good work which a few years ago had 
not been dreamed of4 ,the occupation of 
house work1 household management1       
cooking1 all the arts of the home1 will 
well repay the enthusiasm and energy of 
every girl who has a gift in this       
direction4 ,what the girl with ability  
for this work needs to bring to her     
problem is1 not only enthusiasm and     
energy1 but originality and initiative4 
,i have a real gift1 she should say to  
herself2 how can ,i make the best use of
 it8  ,universities have established    
departments of domestic science1 and    
there are also domestic science training

 schools4 ,numbers of graduates find    
positions as instructors4 ,many other   
positions are open to the domestic      
science graduate4 ,practical experience 
is required in most of these openings4  
,after graduating it is advisable to    
find a position as an assistant4 ,in    
this way the young woman in this        
occupation will become fitted to hold   
the most responsible and remunerative   
posts4 ,there are possibilities in      
household work and domestic science     
which have not yet been realized4       
,,chapter ,,viii   ,,the ,,teacher      
,two girls were playing a game of tennis
 together4 ,one of the girls was a      
skilful player1 but the other knew      
little of the game4 ,in a few minutes   
the skilful player came to the side of  
the net where the other stood4 ,see1 she
 said1 this is the way to hold your     
racket4 ,this is the way to strike the  
ball4 ,the unskilled player grasped the 
idea1 and immediately much pleasure was 
added to the game for them both4  ,a    

singer was giving a lesson to one of her
 pupils4 ,she explained to her carefully
 how to stand1 how to breathe1 and how  
to let her voice flow easily and        
naturally from her throat4 ,the pupil's 
voice became to her thereafter something
 more than it had ever been before4     
,two men in a business office were      
discussing whether or not they should   
undertake a new enterprise4 ,one of the 
men1 seeing that the other man had not  
yet perceived the principle underlying  
the business situation1 drew a sheet of 
paper in front of them on the desk and  
made on it a series of calculations4 ,i 
understand now1 the other man said1 ,i  
see the risk and how you have made      
provision for meeting it4  ,the skilful 
tennis-player1 the trained singer1 the  
able business man were sharing their    
knowledge with others1 showing them how 
to make the best use of their powers4   
,that is to say1 they were teaching     
others4 ,every person is to some extent 
a born teacher1 but some men and women  

make teaching their life work4  ,many   
girls teach for a few years before      
entering some other occupation4 ,perhaps
 they earn money in this way to take a  
course at a college or university1 and  
afterwards they may either return to    
teaching or enter some other profession4
 ,there are other girls who are what we 
call born teachers4 ,they love more than
 anything else1 guiding1 training1 and  
helping children4 ,it is no trouble to  
them1 but rather a delight1 to show and 
direct1 gently1 repeatedly1 untiringly1 
along the path of knowledge4 ,girls who 
are born teachers should receive every  
encouragement to devote themselves to   
teaching until they have homes to look  
after and children of their own to      
teach4 ,many good teachers teach only   
for a few years and do excellent work4  
,but it is to the born teachers that we 
must look for the happiness of the      
school and its highest development4     
,the girl who means to be a teacher     
should look forward to spending a number

 of years in school4 ,she will enjoy    
this1 for the teacher must be a student 
and must love studying4 ,it may be that 
her family cannot afford to keep her at 
school4 ,then she can do what so many   
other girls have done4 ,she can go to   
work to earn money for her own support1 
and while doing this she can save part  
of her earnings so that later she may   
return to school4 ,the school vacation  
in summer offers opportunities for paid 
work1 and every girl of energy and      
determination can find work to do4  ,the
 girl who is to be a teacher should     
never be satisfied with a minimum of    
learning4 ,if this is her attitude      
toward school1 then she should never be 
a teacher2 because no girl or woman can 
be a good teacher who does not love to  
learn4 ,the office of a teacher is a    
sacred trust1 since she is responsible  
for the future well-being and happiness 
of little children4 ,so if the girl does
 not love to learn1 she should find some
 work other than teaching4  ,provincial 

,governments in ,canada have charge of  
education1 and each ,province has its   
own regulations1 carefully framed1 to   
provide good teachers for the children  
of the ,province4 ,the girl who is to be
 a teacher must pass a series of        
examinations1 the first two of which are
 for teaching in lower grades and higher
 grades of the public schools4 ,the     
graduate of a university has a standing 
which enables her to teach classes in   
high schools and collegiate institutes4 
,the girl may continue her studies while
 she is teaching in a public school1 and
 she may either take her next           
examination without attending further   
classes1 or1 when she has saved enough  
money1 she may return to school for a   
few sessions before trying her          
examination4 ,the girl who has energy   
and ability and who loves study is often
 able to obtain an excellent education  
for the teaching profession in this way4
 ,it is necessary1 however1 to warn     
girls who find study very difficult1    

that it is doubtful if they should think
 of trying to pass this series of       
examinations4 ,if they love teaching and
 have a true gift for it1 they will     
probably be able to take the first      
examinations1 which are comparatively   
easy4 ,the higher examinations may be   
beyond their reach4 ,this fact should   
not depress them4 ,their work is with   
the little children1 and there is no    
better work in the world4  ,the most    
important qualities for a teacher are a 
sympathetic understanding of human      
nature1 a keen sense of justice1 and a  
sense of humour4 ,these are great       
qualities1 but the girl who means to    
teach should notice that they may be    
both acquired and developed4 ,any one   
who gives all her energies and gifts to 
teaching will find that the work is a   
strain4 ,the teacher should not allow   
her work to become set in a fixed       
routine4 ,she should guard against      
becoming autocratic and unprogressive4  
,she should never cease to be herself a 

student4 ,each day should add a little  
to the sum of her knowledge4 ,she may   
begin the study of new subjects1 and    
thus keep a certain freshness in her    
mental attitude4 ,more important1       
however1 than the knowledge gained from 
books1 is her interest in the life of   
the community in which she is living4   
,the salary of the teacher varies       
according to the community in which she 
lives and the grade of teaching in which
 she is occupied4 ,it may be taken as a 
general rule that teachers do not become
 wealthy4 ,they are not highly paid1    
considering the time spent in preparing 
to teach and the quality of their work4 
,their salaries1 however1 almost        
invariably ensure them a fair average of
 comfort in food1 clothing1 and shelter1
 an opportunity to save1 to continue    
their studies1 to travel a little1 and  
to enjoy their holidays1 which are      
longer than the holidays of the average 
worker4 ,a teacher's holidays are       
necessary for mental and nervous        

recuperation and should include some    
study and improvement in aims and       
methods of work4 ,the rewards of the    
profession are not in money and leisure 
merely4 ,teachers have the respect and  
affection of the community to a degree  
enjoyed by few other workers4  ,if a    
girl begins to teach in the schools of a
 city1 she will enter a thoroughly      
systematized and complex organization4  
,in the city the teacher's salary is    
increased automatically year by year if 
her work is satisfactory4 ,in towns and 
villages salaries are lower1 but living 
expenses are lower also4 ,in partly     
settled districts and districts where   
there is as yet little appreciation of  
the value of good teaching1 salaries are
 low4 ,maximum salaries for women who   
have taught for a number of years in the
 public schools and have unusual ability
 as teachers may be as high as nine     
hundred or one thousand dollars4 ,these 
women teachers1 with their ability1     
would probably make more money in other 

occupations1 but their work would hardly
 be of the same service to the          
community1 nor would they have the same 
feeling of satisfaction in doing it4    
,the salaries of women in high schools  
and collegiate institutes vary from     
seven or eight hundred dollars to       
eighteen hundred1 two thousand1 or      
twenty-four hundred4 ,women who are     
lecturers and professors in colleges and
 universities are paid amounts similar  
to the higher salaries in collegiate    
institutes4  ,the average salaries of   
women teachers in the public schools of 
,ontario for #aiag were as follows3     
,cities1 #gie2 towns1 #fbh2 incorporated
 villages1 #egc2 rural schools1 #ehj4   
,besides the ordinary teaching of the   
class-room1 girls may be attracted to   
the teaching of special subjects4 ,the  
girl who studies for kindergarten work  
needs to have an active imagination1 a  
sympathetic understanding of child      
nature1 a happy disposition1 and both   
vocal and instrumental musical training4

 ,there are also domestic science       
teachers1 teachers of special classes   
for handicapped children1 teachers of   
manual training1 sewing1 millinery1     
music1 physical training1 arts and      
handicrafts1 and commercial subjects4   
,the girl of special opportunities and  
gifts may become a teacher of languages4
 ,other girls may teach privately in    
households4 ,others1 if they have       
capital and some business ability1 may  
establish small private schools of their
 own in neighbourhoods where such       
schools are required4 ,recreation       
centres and playgrounds1 settlements1   
the training of foreign children1 call  
for unusual or special gifts and        
energies from girls and women who teach4
 ,there are also executive and          
administrative positions in large       
schools and school systems which may be 
obtained by women teachers of           
experience4  ,there are still           
discoveries and advances to be made     
before perfect training and education   

can be secured for our children4 ,girls 
who teach may hope to aid in making     
these discoveries4 ,patient work1       
constructive imagination1 and enthusiasm
 are required in the great enterprise of
 advancing education4 ,as an            
inspiration1 the lives of great teachers
 invite young teachers of this century  
to follow their examples of devotion and
 leadership4 ,it is not many years since
 a woman teacher in ,montreal saved as  
many of her children as she could and   
stayed to shepherd the other little ones
 who perished with her in the burning   
school4 ,the name of ,sara ,maxwell is  
an inspiration to every ,canadian child 
who hears her story4 ,she gave her life 
to protect and comfort her pupils and   
became one of that great number of      
teachers who have proved that theirs is 
a high calling4     ,,chapter ,,ix      
,,the ,,work ,,of ,a ,,nurse   ,there   
are many wise sayings about the trained 
nurse1 two among which may be given     
here4 ,one of these was spoken by a     

woman who is herself a distinguished    
trained nurse1 and the other by a woman 
in a public position who has met many   
people and is a good judge of character4
 ,the nurse said1 ,trained nursing will 
make a woman very good or it will harden
 her4 ,the other woman said1 ,i have    
never known a nurse who was not glad to 
be a nurse and who was not thankful for 
a nurse's training4 ,these two sayings  
show that the work of a trained nurse is
 no ordinary occupation4 ,the girl who  
becomes a nurse-in-training is preparing
 to enter an employment which will have 
a great effect upon her character4  ,a  
girl must be twenty1 in some hospitals  
twenty-five1 years of age before she is 
accepted by a training school of good   
standing4 ,if she prefers to enter a    
school connected with a children's      
hospital1 she may be accepted when she  
is twenty4 ,the work of a nurse calls   
for physical strength and endurance1 and
 it has been found that girls under     
twenty or even under twenty-five are not

 strong enough to stand the strain of   
hospital work4 ,a very strong healthy   
girl under twenty may say1 ,oh1 but ,i  
am strong enough to stand the strain4   
,she is mistaken4 ,it is not only       
physical strength which is required1 but
 physical endurance1 and these extra    
years are needed to develop this        
endurance4 ,if a girl who hopes to be a 
nurse leaves school when she is         
seventeen or eighteen1 the best work she
 can undertake in order to prepare for  
nursing is work in her own home4        
,another way in which she may spend part
 of her time profitably is in the       
reading of good books1 so that she may  
store her mind with thoughts and        
information which will be helpful to her
 in dealing with her patients4 ,no woman
 who is a nurse can be too well read1 or
 too well informed in art1 music1       
biography1 history1 and the public      
affairs of the day4 ,if a girl1 who     
feels that nursing is her real work1    
prefers to earn her living between the  

time when she leaves school and the day 
that she is accepted as a probationer1  
she may enter some other calling1 and   
meanwhile may add to her useful         
knowledge both of people and of work4   
,she should also save some money1 for   
while the training of a nurse is not    
expensive1 still as probationer and1    
later1 as nurse-in-training1 she will   
need money for necessary expenses4  ,the
 intending nurse should make a few      
financial calculations before she begins
 her course of training4 ,the hospital  
will give her exact directions as to the
 clothes she will need for her work     
while she is a probationer4 ,she will   
require some spending money1 and she    
should be provided with a good stock of 
clothes1 especially underwear1 shoes1   
and stockings4 ,when she is accepted as 
a nurse-in-training1 she may be given by
 the hospital a monthly allowance which 
is supposed to provide her with clothes 
and the books required for her studies4 
,this sum varies in different hospitals4

 ,generally speaking1 it is fifteen or  
twenty dollars a month4 ,in any case1   
the sum will be hardly sufficient to    
cover all her expenses1 although it is  
wonderful on how little money           
nurses-in-training have been able to    
manage4 ,some hospitals do not give     
their nurses-in-training any money and  
require that the nurse should pay a sum 
for her instruction4 ,it is usual for   
these hospitals to provide              
nurses-in-training with uniforms1 caps1 
and aprons4  ,most training schools     
require from applicants an educational  
standard of four years in a high school 
or matriculation status4 ,young women   
who are college graduates may take the  
training of a nurse after they leave the
 university4 ,the business girl or the  
girl in any other occupation who means  
to be a nurse and who has left school   
before reaching the necessary standard  
can prepare for her training by         
attending evening classes or studying by
 herself or with a friend4  ,the        

intending nurse should choose with great
 care the hospital in which she means to
 train4 ,the standing of the hospital   
will have a marked influence onher      
career as a nurse4 ,some hospitals are  
justly famous for the excellent training
 which they give4 ,the usual length of  
time required is three years4 ,a number 
of hospitals1 however1 have courses of  
two years4  ,the time of probation lasts
 three1 four1 or six months4 ,during    
this time the probationer will be tested
 for endurance1 neatness1 earnestness1  
and ability4 ,no probationer who is     
untidy or who is wanting in personal    
cleanliness is accepted in a training   
school4 ,the professional appearance of 
the nurse is essential to her success4  
,few women are more attractive in       
appearance than a nurse in uniform4     
,nurses-in-training live in a nurses'   
home which is one of the hospital       
buildings4 ,in these buildings the nurse
 will spend by far the greater part of  
her time for two or three years4 ,the   

hospital is a world in itself1 and the  
nurse will have few interests outside   
its walls4 ,most nurses regard their    
years of training as a time of growth   
and wonderful experience1 and the       
average nurse is very happy during this 
time1 although a great deal of the work 
is not pleasant and almost all of it is 
hard4 ,the nurse learns that work of any
 kind may come within her province4 ,she
 will have to do anything which helps   
toward the recovery of her patients or  
contributes to their comfort4 ,some of  
her experiences will teach her          
resolution and bravery4 ,speaking of    
such experiences a nurse once said3 ,as 
long as you can do anything to help1 you
 can manage4 ,it is the being able to   
help that matters4 ,the life of the     
nurse-in-training is regular1 and the   
hospital regime is such that as a rule  
nurses-in-training are healthy4  ,the   
nurse should have good health and a good
 constitution4 ,in some cases1 however1 
a girl may be in poor health because she

 has no definite occupation or object in
 life4 ,training as a nurse has often   
helped to establish good health4 ,the   
girl who applies at a hospital training 
school requires a doctor's certificate1 
and the doctor will be able to tell her 
whether she is strong enough to         
undertake the work of a nurse4 ,she     
should be a girl of strong character1   
steady nerves1 clear mind1 and good     
judgment4 ,she must acquire the habit of
 obedience if she does not already      
possess it4 ,a nurse1 like a soldier1 is
 under authority and has to carry out   
directions exactly as if they were      
commands4 ,in her work she will need    
tact1 discretion1 and firmness1 and with
 her firmness she must be always and    
unfailingly kind4 ,her voice and manner 
should be as pleasing as possible4 ,no  
unkind or rough woman should ever have  
anything to do with the work of nursing4
  ,short courses in nursing are given in
 some cities by the ,young ,women's     
,christian ,association4 ,the ,st4 ,john

 ,ambulance also has given instruction  
in nursing for a number of years4 ,since
 the beginning of the ,war1 various     
courses have been arranged for ,red     
,cross nurses4 ,the honourable work of  
what are known as ,v4 ,a4 ,d4           
7,voluntary ,aid ,detachment7 nurses    
proves how valuable any good instruction
 in nursing is1 not only for the        
individual1 but also for the community4 
,it is not too much to say that the     
whole service of nursing in the world   
would not have been adequate if it had  
not been for the training and work of   
volunteer nurses4 ,the ,war has proved  
beyond all question the extraordinary   
value of the trained nurse4  ,after     
graduating from the training school1 the
 nurse may undertake private nursing or 
she may follow her profession in        
institutional work4 ,private nursing is 
exacting1 and the nurse must be strong  
and capable4 ,her hours are longer and  
much more irregular than when she was in
 training1 and often she will be on her 

own responsibility4 ,she will feel1     
however1 that she is doing work of great
 value1 and she will win the regard of  
many of her patients and their families4
 ,the good standing of the training     
school is an assistance to the nurse    
when she looks for cases4 ,if she is    
favourably known to doctors1 she is     
likely to have as much work as she can  
manage4 ,hospitals often engage their   
graduates to return for private cases4  
,a usual charge for a graduate nurse is 
from twenty-one to thirty-five dollars a
 week according to the nature of the    
case4 ,a nurse in private work cannot   
work uninterruptedly throughout the     
year4 ,her name is on a nurses'         
registry1 which is generally conducted  
by an association of nurses or by a     
private individual4 ,returns from these 
registries show that the average nurse  
is employed about ten months in the     
year4 ,many graduate nurses earn from   
eight to nine hundred dollars a year in 
private nursing1 while some earn a      

thousand or twelve hundred1 but this is 
exceptional4  ,nurses who are not       
graduates are sent out by some          
registries4 ,their charges vary         
according to the case4 ,these women are 
sometimes called convalescent nurses    
and1 in cases where a graduate nurse is 
not required1 they fill a real need in  
the community4  ,as a general rule1 a   
trained nurse does not continue in      
private nursing longer than ten or      
twelve years4 ,frequently1 at the end of
 that time1 her health necessitates a   
change of occupation4 ,others continue  
their work successfully for many years4 
,many trained nurses prefer             
institutional rather than private       
nursing4 ,head nurses in hospitals      
receive from thirty to sixty dollars a  
month4 ,there are also nurses who       
superintend private hospitals4 ,a few   
nurses of executive ability1 business   
knowledge1 and experience in nursing1   
become superintendents of hospitals1 but
 not of the largest hospitals4 ,a number

 are heads of training schools4 ,such   
leading nurses receive salaries varying 
from one thousand to two thousand       
dollars a year1 with living expenses in 
addition4 ,the work of a woman          
superintendent who is a trained nurse   
includes the financial management1      
responsibility for the nurses1 training 
of the nurses1 the care of patients1 and
 the oversight of the hospital4 ,few    
individuals are equal to such work and  
responsibility4 ,other trained nurses   
become matrons and housekeepers in      
private hospitals1 sanitaria1 and       
colleges4 ,some are district nurses4    
,public health nurses assist in         
supervising the health of a city and    
give instruction in cleanliness1        
sanitary science1 and the care and      
feeding of infants4 ,private schools1   
colleges1 factories1 and departmental   
stores employ the services of trained   
nurses4  ,a few children's hospitals    
give short courses in training for      
children's nurses--an employment for    

which many girls are specially fitted4  
,this course must not be confused with  
the regular instruction of the trained  
nurse1 as it is not on a level with the 
profession of trained nursing4 ,a       
children's nurse with hospital training 
will receive twenty or twenty-five      
dollars a month2 in some instances such 
a nurse is paid higher wages4           
,,chapter ,x  ,,dressmakers ,,and       
,,seamstresses   ,the head of a         
dressmaking department in a large store 
in a city1 when asked how she prepared  
herself for her position1 told this     
story4 ,i never took any lessons2 but ,i
 had always made my own dresses and my  
sisters'4 ,i remember walking down the  
street of the little town where ,i      
lived1 one day after my father died1 and
 as ,i passed the door of the best      
dressmaking shop in the town1 it        
occurred to me that the man in charge of
 the store had often said that he would 
gladly pay me good wages if ,i would    
work for him4 ,i made up my mind while  

passing his shop that day that ,i would 
not work for him1 but that ,i would open
 a dressmaking establishment of my own4 
,i did so1 and it succeeded from the    
first4 ,after a few years ,i thought ,i 
should like to move to the city4 ,i     
applied for the position here and was   
appointed4  ,a second instance shows how
 a girl may have ability which she has  
not at first understood how to use4 ,in 
this case the girl was anxious to enter 
another occupation4 ,she wished to be a 
painter and had studied for some years  
both in ,canada and abroad4 ,needing to 
earn some money1 she found that she     
could sell dress designs to a           
manufacturing establishment1 but there  
was not a large demand for such work in 
the city where she lived4 ,accordingly1 
she and another girl1 also an artist1   
took a studio in a city which was a     
centre of fashions1 and together they   
worked on dress designs for exclusive   
shops4 ,they both had some money saved1 
and one of the girls had a small1       

regular income4 ,the first girl proved  
to have a very rare sense of colour and 
design4 ,it is now her work to make     
colour combinations and provide the     
ideas for original designs1 while the   
second girl1 who is a good draughtsman1 
executes the coloured drawings4 ,these  
girls are now recognized as two of the  
best costume designers in the city where
 they are working4  ,it is apparent1    
then1 that the girl with good eyesight1 
clever hands1 and a fine sense of colour
 and form1 is likely to be a success as 
a dressmaker4 ,but how is she best to   
prepare herself for her chosen          
occupation8 ,she should practise sewing1
 either by hand or machine4 ,she should 
cultivate steady application to such    
work1 and she should not object to      
spending a good part of her time        
indoors4 ,she should have a certain     
amount of taste and some ingenuity in   
carrying out her own ideas or the ideas 
of others4 ,manual skill1 originality1  
and artistic ability are required by the

 successful dressmaker4 ,the girl who   
means to make dresses for others1       
should1 herself1 dress quietly and in   
good taste4  ,if the girl is able to    
continue at school and has a natural    
gift for dressmaking1 the best way for  
her to learn her trade is to spend some 
years at a technical school4 ,here she  
will be taught sewing in all its        
phases--fitting1 finishing1 designing1  
the choice and use of materials1 and the
 business details of dressmaking4 ,the  
dressmaker cannot learn her trade once  
for all and go on repeating operations  
which do not require originality4       
,styles change1 and season by season she
 will have to adapt and carry out       
alterations in fashion which will tax   
all her ability4 ,if she cannot give    
more than two years to learning her     
trade in school1 she is still at a great
 advantage when she enters a dressmaking
 establishment4 ,she will understand all
 the different processes and will be    
able to work in the various sections1   

thus gaining far more rapidly in        
experience than if she had had          
everything to learn from the beginning4 
,actual trade experience will teach her 
a great deal4 ,if1 however1 she is      
obliged to leave school at fourteen1 she
 should at least have had the advantage 
of the instruction in sewing which is   
given in the public schools4 ,it is     
probable that she may be obliged1 when  
she enters a dressmaking establishment1 
to act as a messenger girl4 ,she should 
make sure1 however1 that she is not used
 for running messages only4 ,it would be
 better for her to accept less pay1 with
 the understanding that she is to be    
taught the details of dressmaking1 than 
to earn more money and have no          
opportunity to learn4 ,the more she     
tries to understand and imitate the work
 of experienced dressmakers1 the better 
will be her training4 ,the custom of    
having apprentices has fallen rather    
into disuse1 and the girl will find the 
learning of her trade left largely to   

her own initiative4 ,as soon as she     
begins to have some skill in the        
operations of the workroom1 she should  
attend evening classes in sewing1       
fitting1 finishing1 and designing4 ,she 
should wait1 however1 until she is      
sixteen or seventeen before she attends 
these classes4 ,while she is learning   
from other dressmakers1 she will have   
sufficient work for a few years4  ,the  
first work she will be given to do will 
be finishing the underside of dresses1  
felling and binding1 sewing on buttons1 
pulling out basting threads1 and working
 button-holes4 ,after this1 the younger 
workers begin to specialize in          
skirt-making1 waist-draping and         
waist-finishing4 ,the designing and     
cutting are the work of a head          
dressmaker4 ,there are also sleeve      
makers and their helpers1 embroiderers1 
and collar makers4 ,one of the younger  
workers is called the shopper and is    
sent to wholesale and retail            
establishments to buy furnishings1      

trimmings1 and materials of various     
kinds4  ,the working hours in large     
establishments are eight1 eight and a   
half1 and nine hours4 ,smaller          
businesses have hours from eight to six 
o'clock4 ,dressmaking is somewhat       
seasonal1 and the dressmaker must       
reckon1 to some extent1 on slack time4  
,generally speaking1 there are two dull 
months in summer and one in winter4  ,a 
messenger girl may begin at from five to
 eight dollars a week4 ,a dressmaker who
 does machine work and who does not     
specialize in other work1 may earn ten  
dollars a week4 ,other wages range1     
according to the worker's ability and   
the work she can do1 from twelve to     
fifteen1 and from sixteen to eighteen   
dollars4 ,head dressmakers who cut out  
and design1 receive salaries of thirty  
dollars a week in large establishments1 
less in smaller establishments4 ,in     
somewhat rare cases a head dressmaker is
 paid more than thirty dollars a week4  
,the experienced dressmaker1 who is at  

the same time a good business woman1 may
 conduct an establishment of her own    
which will bring her in anything from   
one thousand to six thousand a year and 
over4 ,but she must be able to manage   
matters of capital and credit1          
understand buying1 and succeed in       
winning the favour of her clients4      
,custom dressmaking is being            
increasingly limited to high-class and  
exclusive work4 ,the small and highly   
specialized dressmaking factory is      
affecting the custom trade4 ,girls1     
therefore1 who are thinking of          
dressmaking as an occupation1 should    
examine opportunities in the exclusive  
factory1 since this branch of the       
industry is becoming increasingly       
important4  ,another department of      
dressmaking to which no reference has   
yet been made in this chapter is the    
work of the seamstress who sews by the  
day in the homes of her employers4 ,if  
she is really a competent dressmaker1   
her employment is assured4 ,but it is a 

mistake for a girl or young woman       
without training or experience1 or      
without a dressmaker's gifts1 to        
undertake dressmaking by the day4 ,a    
dressmaker--to define the term--is one  
who understands cutting1 fitting1 and   
making dresses sufficiently well to     
undertake the occupation as a trade4 ,a 
girl should be at least eighteen or     
twenty before she becomes a day         
seamstress4 ,in this work she is on her 
own responsibility and is handling goods
 of some value1 so that she needs       
judgment as well as knowledge4 ,the     
rates of payment are from a dollar and  
seventy-five cents to two dollars and a 
half a day1 meals included4 ,sometimes  
the home dressmaker may be paid even    
three dollars or more a day1 but in this
 case she must be quick1 and her work   
must be exceptionally well done4 ,the   
ordinary seamstress should be a neat    
sewer and should know how to fit1 but   
she is not expected to design or to make
 elaborate costumes4     ,,chapter ,,xi 

,,the ,,milliner   ,millinery1 like     
dressmaking1 is partly a factory trade4 
,but it is also1 like dressmaking1      
carried on in shops and in departmental 
stores4 ,the average girl is interested 
in hat-making1 and is able to turn out a
 hat which she can wear with            
satisfaction4 ,but a first-class        
milliner is really an artist4 ,her hands
 must be skilful and quick1 her touch   
light and sure4 ,she must have a sense  
of colour and form1 and originality and 
creative ability4 ,a girl who combines  
these gifts with business ability is    
likely to make a success of an          
establishment of her own4  ,training for
 this occupation may be obtained in     
several ways4 ,the girl who can afford  
to remain at school may take a course in
 millinery at a trade or technical      
school4 ,she may then obtain a position 
in a millinery establishment as a maker 
of hats1 and will receive a beginner's  
salary according to the quality of her  
work4 ,she should have no difficulty in 

advancing rapidly in her occupation if  
she has the necessary gifts4  ,the girl 
who leaves school at fourteen may find a
 place as messenger girl in a millinery 
shop or a millinery department4 ,some   
milliners make a special point of       
training their own helpers1 and any girl
 who enters an establishment of this    
kind will receive valuable instruction4 
,there is a danger1 however1 that the   
girl in some shops will find her work   
confined to running messages4 ,in this  
case she will not become a trained      
milliner and her prospects of           
advancement are poor4 ,she should1      
therefore1 see that she is being taught 
her trade4 ,it is usual for an          
apprentice to work for two seasons      
without pay1 and if she is being well   
taught she should be satisfied4 ,in     
places where living expenses are high1  
as in large cities1 girls are often     
allowed a small sum per week while they 
are learning4  ,the young milliner's    
first work is learning how to make bands

 for hats and to make and sew in        
linings4 ,making frames for hats        
follows--the frames are of wire and     
buckram4 ,the girl has next to learn how
 to cover frames with materials of      
different kinds--silk1 velvet1 lace1    
chiffon1 etc4--and she as a result      
learns to know intimately and to handle 
skilfully delicate and costly fabrics4  
,from being an apprentice she becomes an
 assistant maker and then a maker of    
hats4 ,she may then be promoted to the  
work of a trimmer4 ,the work of the     
trimmer is considered one of the most   
difficult stages in the creation of a   
hat4 ,the girl who aspires to this work 
must have an eye for beauty of line and 
she should know how to harmonize the    
trimming to the shape of the hat4 ,in   
smaller establishments the trimmer is   
also the designer4 ,the girl who has    
original ideas is always the most       
important in an establishment4 ,for this
 reason the designer commands the       
highest salary4  ,assistant milliners   

may earn wages varying from seven and   
eight to fifteen and eighteen dollars a 
week4 ,in an exclusive business a first 
assistant may get as much as twenty-five
 dollars a week1 but she will need to be
 a good saleswoman and a successful     
manager in the workroom4 ,the milliner  
in charge of a department or one who is 
managing an exclusive millinery shop of 
recognized standing1 receives a high    
salary4 ,as a rule the woman who buys   
abroad and does so with judgment and    
skill is in receipt of the largest      
income that is given to a milliner4     
,these cases are all exceptional4 ,a    
moderate millinery establishment owned  
and managed by a woman is likely to     
produce an income of one thousand1      
fifteen hundred1 or two thousand dollars
 a year4  ,experience shows that ability
 to sell hats counts for almost as much 
as ability to create4 ,tact1 skill1     
patience1 must be combined with the     
genuine gift required to find the hat   
which will be most becoming to a        

customer1 or to know how to alter a hat 
so that it may suit the taste of the    
purchaser4 ,once it is proved to a      
customer that the milliner has this     
gift1 her custom is assured4  ,a point  
of the first importance to the girl who 
means to be a milliner is the fact that 
millinery is a seasonal trade4 ,the     
spring and fall trade may give her      
employment for seven or eight months    
only in the year4 ,in the better        
millinery establishments the girls are  
laid off without wages six weeks or two 
months4 ,in large departmental stores   
other positions are found for the girls 
and they may be without employment for  
only a few weeks4 ,but the girl must    
understand that if she is earning ten   
dollars a week for thirty weeks in the  
year as a young milliner her income is  
only three hundred dollars4 ,for this   
reason it is wise for the young milliner
 to have a second occupation4 ,she may  
spend her summer months working in an   
hotel as a waitress or caring for       

children or picking fruit4 ,in the      
winter slack season she may find a      
position as a saleswoman4 ,if she can   
afford to remain at home1 she may spend 
the time in replenishing her own        
wardrobe1 and sewing for members of her 
family4 ,she may also get some orders   
for making hats from friends and        
relatives4 ,she should use the slack    
season to attend classes in design and  
salesmanship1 skill in which will       
increase her efficiency and her earning 
power4     ,,chapter ,,xii  ,,making    
,,one',s ,,own ,,clothes4 ,,home        
,,millinery   ,in the chapter on ,what  
,every ,girl ,needs to ,know we found   
how important it is that girls should   
have a good deal of general knowledge of
 the cutting and fitting of clothes1    
design1 what constitutes right line and 
beauty1 the characteristics and uses of 
materials1 and what is called style1    
which is really often only good design  
and good workmanship4 ,girls should     
welcome every opportunity to learn skill

 and judgment in spending their         
allowances or their wages4 ,the girl who
 buys wisely is able to make the same   
amount of money give her twice the      
return in value which a foolish girl who
 buys carelessly receives from her      
ill-considered investments4  ,it is a   
wise plan1 therefore1 for every girl to 
learn a good deal about dressmaking and 
to be able to cut out and sew many of   
her own garments4 ,she should also study
 buying4 ,the best teacher she can have 
in learning how to buy is generally her 
own mother4 ,but sometimes her friends  
will be able to give her help in this   
way4 ,girls who work in factories where 
clothing is made1 and girls in shops and
 stores1 learn from their work when     
blouses1 coats and skirts are skilfully 
cut and well made4 ,but this is part of 
the general knowledge that every girl   
should have4 ,one girl can easily help  
to teach another who in return will be  
able to assist her friend in other ways4
 ,not to be equipped with this skill in 

dressmaking and in buying makes the girl
 largely dependent on others as far as  
her clothing and appearance are         
concerned1 and in this way she may be   
placed at a disadvantage both in her    
work and in her life at home4  ,for the 
same reason every girl should learn     
something about the making of hats and  
of the materials used in millinery4 ,to 
be able to make her own wearing apparel 
is one of the principles of economy for 
the girl4 ,she may be able with this    
knowledge to provide herself with a     
becoming hat for a small amount of      
money4 ,she will know1 too1 whether the 
amount asked for a hat is reasonable1   
and will often be able to resist an     
extravagance because she will be able to
 tell that she is being asked to pay a  
considerable sum of money for an article
 which is intrinsically not worth the   
expenditure4 ,the girl who can make her 
own dresses1 blouses and other wearing  
apparel and who is an adept in home     
millinery possesses knowledge which has 

a direct money value4 ,she is much      
better off financially than any girl who
 cannot sew and who is not able to trim 
her own hats4  ,the wage-earning girl   
has often a very small income in the    
first years of her experience in paid   
employment4 ,she can afford to spend    
only very small sums for her coats1     
blouses1 skirts and hats4 ,often she    
tries to make her necessary clothing in 
the evening after her paid work is over4
 ,it is very difficult for her to do    
this if she has had no training in      
dressmaking or in millinery4 ,but if she
 has learnt how to cut out and to sew   
and how to trim her own hats1 work which
 otherwise would have been extremely    
difficult becomes interesting and       
successful4 ,it is well to remember also
 that girls with very little money1 if  
they must buy their clothes because they
 do not know how to make them1 are      
compelled to buy only the cheapest      
things which wear but a short time4     
,for the worker who is well established 

in her employment and has a good income1
 home dressmaking and millinery become  
questions of health1 time and energy4   
,this worker should make the best use of
 her strength4 ,it is often wiser for   
her to pay someone to do this work for  
her since she can afford to do so1      
though she sometimes may regret the days
 when she found time to enjoy making a  
blouse or trimming a hat4 ,she has1     
however1 the satisfaction of knowing    
that without this special knowledge of  
dressmaking and millinery she would not 
be able to buy wisely the wearing       
apparel which she requires4             
,,chapter ,,xiii  ,,telephone ,,and     
,,telegraph ,,girls   ,the telephone    
girl who enters her employment in a city
 gains the first knowledge of her trade 
in a school which is maintained by the  
company4 ,she fills out an application1 
stating how old she is1 how long she has
 been at school1 and whether she is     
living at home or boarding4 ,she should 
be sixteen or seventeen years old1 and  

it is better if she has had one or two  
years in a high school4 ,her work will  
require accuracy1 and she must be quick 
in thought and action4 ,there should be 
no defect in her speech1 and she should 
be at least five feet in height since   
she requires a good reach on the        
telephone board4 ,girls who go into this
 work should have strong nervous        
systems4 ,the necessity for rapid and   
constant action1 the strain on thought  
and nerve1 and the call for             
resourcefulness and coolness1 all of    
which are connected with the work of a  
telephone operator1 are a constant drain
 on nervous energy4  ,the girl remains  
at the training school two weeks or     
longer and during this time she is paid 
by the company exactly as if she were at
 work4 ,payment varies in different     
parts of the country4 ,but the girl at  
school generally receives a beginner's  
wages4  ,in small towns and country     
districts1 the beginner learns to be a  
telephone operator by substituting for  

the regular operator4 ,there is less    
pressure in telephone work outside of   
cities1 and there is more room for      
initiative than in a large city         
exchange4  ,telephone exchanges in      
cities are large airy rooms1 well       
lighted1 well kept and ventilated4      
,these rooms are pleasant places in     
which to work1 and the telephone company
 provides lunch and rest rooms for its  
staff4 ,a matron takes general charge of
 the girls1 and a dietitian looks after 
the food provided and advises the girl  
employees with regard to their health4  
,in the rest room are comfortable chairs
 and a lounge4 ,the management provides 
tea1 sugar and milk and the dishes in   
the lunch room4 ,the girls may buy cold 
meat1 bread and butter1 biscuits and    
other food for a small charge4 ,the     
hours are eight in the daytime and seven
 for night operators2 this length of    
working day is regarded as the utmost   
which can be required from girls in     
telephone work4 ,there are two rest     

periods in the day1 besides time for    
lunch4  ,in the school the young        
operator is trained to answer requests  
for numbers1 to make and break          
connections1 and to keep account of     
calls4 ,she is taught to enunciate      
clearly and to speak courteously and    
agreeably4 ,she learns to know the board
 and its numbering4 ,the board is       
divided into sections and each section  
comprises a complete multiple4 ,each    
multiple consists of eight panels1 the  
panels being divided into banks4 ,each  
bank contains a hundred jacks1 every one
 of which represents a customer4 ,when a
 connection is made1 the telephone      
operator connects one jack with another 
by means of a cord and two plugs4 ,by   
the time the girl is an experienced     
operator1 she has become accustomed to  
the little flashing lights constantly   
appearing in front of her1 which mean   
that a connection is asked for4  ,the   
operator in a city begins with ten or   
eleven dollars a week4 ,in two or three 

years if she is a satisfactory operator 
she should be earning fifteen4 ,a       
supervisor receives from sixteen to     
eighteen or twenty4 ,the duties of the  
supervisor are to walk up and down      
behind the girls at the board so that   
she may be certain they are giving      
satisfactory service1 to check delays1  
and to help in difficulties4 ,for       
instance1 if a call comes through from a
 fire or accident1 the operator will    
often give it in charge of the          
supervisor immediately so that there may
 be no delay4 ,the chief operator who is
 responsible for the whole service and  
who has the management of the working   
force is paid from twenty-four to thirty
 dollars a week1 according to the size  
of the exchange and the amount of work  
involved4  ,skilled operators are often 
employed in private exchanges and when  
they are competent they earn from twelve
 to fifteen dollars a week or more4 ,the
 most important switchboards are in     
hotels1 apartment houses1 public and    

governmental offices1 stores and private
 offices4 ,the work is often exacting   
and in many cases requires executive    
ability and resourcefulness4 ,the       
operator is expected to answer calls1   
make connections1 answer questions and  
keep account of the number of calls     
made4 ,sometimes important business     
depends on the good-will1 executive     
energy1 judgment and quick thought of   
the girl at the switchboard4 ,a young   
woman of strong vitality and good       
mind--where she has responsibility and  
can use initiative--finds this work     
fascinating4 ,such a worker sometimes   
wins important promotion because she is 
able to show that she can manage both   
people and critical situations and has  
business and financial judgment4      99
    99    99    99    99  ,telegraphy   
also offers employment for girls1 but   
not to the same extent as the telephone 
exchange4 ,the automatic machine has    
made a considerable change in this      
occupation4 ,the ,morse operator is now 

employed to a much smaller extent than  
formerly4 ,there are still a number of  
men and women who are ,morse operators1 
but they are being replaced to a certain
 extent by girls who operate automatic  
machines4 ,the machines are extremely   
ingenious and do away with the necessity
 for the operator to understand or use a
 code4  ,telegraph companies in some    
cases maintain a school for the         
instruction of ,morse operators1 and    
girls who enter telegraphy receive a    
weekly wage while at the school1 as is  
the case with girls in the telephone    
school4 ,in some cases instruction is   
given during work in the operating room4
 ,schools are at central points only4   
,if the girl who wants to learn         
telegraphy lives in a small town or in  
the country1 she must be taught by the  
telegraph operator4 ,a number of girl   
operators are to be found in country    
offices4 ,the writer remembers specially
 two of these girls4 ,one was in a      
telegraph and cable office down by the  

sea4 ,she had been a telephone operator 
and had learned telegraphy from the     
telegrapher in the same office4 ,the    
other girl was in an inland railway     
office1 and had learned from her        
brother1 who had held the position      
before her4 ,both these girls were      
earning good salaries4  ,the hours in a 
telegraph office in the city are from   
eight to six1 with a luncheon hour4 ,the
 room in which the girl is at work is   
crowded with machines and people4 ,there
 is a good deal of noise and a great    
pressure of business1 much of which is  
important4 ,the girl needs to be        
thoroughly interested in her work and to
 have steady nerves in order to do well 
in telegraph operating4 ,it will take   
her several years to become a competent 
,morse operator4 ,an automatic machine  
is operated by a typist4 ,the companies 
apply a simple psychological test by    
means of which they can judge whether   
the applicant has the power of          
concentration necessary for accuracy and

 success in this employment4  ,many girl
 operators have charge of agencies in   
different parts of towns and cities4    
,these girls have agreeable work under  
no great pressure in a quiet place1     
although with a certain amount of       
responsibility4  ,the wages paid girls  
who operate automatic machines vary     
according to the age1 ability and       
efficiency of the workers1 and the      
locality where the work is done4        
,typists may begin at seventy-five      
dollars a month1 with increases up to   
eighty-five4 ,girls in training as      
,morse operators are called check girls 
and may receive thirty1 thirty-five or  
forty-five dollars a month with an      
increase in the second year to fifty    
dollars4 ,women who are ,morse operators
 belong to the same union as the men and
 receive the same wages4 ,in larger     
places they begin at eighty-five dollars
 a month and receive increases up to one
 hundred and twenty-three dollars and   
twenty-five cents4  ,both telephone and 

telegraph operators are in a sense      
public servants1 and may win the respect
 and gratitude of their clients4 ,they  
sometimes suffer from a lack of         
appreciation of their really arduous    
work2 but as a rule the public          
recognizes good service4 ,these workers 
often show loyalty under trying and     
exacting circumstances4 ,on many        
occasions girls have risked death from  
fire and flood by staying at their posts
 to warn others of danger4 ,during the  
,great ,war there have been instances of
 telephone and telegraph operators      
performing services as faithful and as  
brave as many of the deeds on the       
battlefield4     ,,chapter ,,xiv        
,,hairdresser ,,and ,,manicurist4       
,,waitress   ,hairdressing and          
shampooing1 manicuring and chiropody1   
are almost exclusively the work of girls
 and women4 ,there has been a decided   
improvement in these employments1 and   
any girl who takes a serious interest in
 making herself a thoroughly trained    

worker in one of these lines of work1   
provided she has the gifts which are    
needed1 is likely to find her occupation
 becoming more and more necessary and   
esteemed4  ,to be entirely successful in
 work of this kind a girl should have   
engaging personal qualities4 ,just as a 
doctor or nurse with abundant personal  
vitality gives health and encouragement 
to patients by being in the same room   
with them1 so the girl who gives massage
 after a shampoo quiets and soothes the 
client with whom she is working and who 
has come in for a rest as well as to    
have her hair shampooed4 ,a girl with   
this power to soothe is a helpful       
person4 ,she will never lose a customer 
who can remain with her if the customer 
has once experienced the difference     
between an ordinary treatment and the   
superior work of the girl who is gifted 
by nature with a personality which both 
soothes and invigorates4  ,while a girl 
may begin her training as young as      
sixteen1 it is better if she is nineteen

 or older4 ,some experienced women say  
that no girl should begin work of this  
description younger than twenty4 ,she   
should apply for a position as a helper 
in a shampooing and manicuring          
establishment or with a chiropodist4    
,sometimes the pupil is expected to pay 
a fee of twenty-five dollars or more for
 three months' instruction4 ,but in many
 good establishments it is held that the
 work of a beginner is very soon worth  
something4 ,it is not necessary1        
therefore1 for the girl to pay a fee in 
order to become trained4 ,she may find a
 place where she will be paid a fair    
wage for a beginner within a short time 
after she has been accepted4 ,but if the
 beginner pays no fee for her           
instruction1 the head of the            
establishment will expect rightly that  
the assistant will remain in her employ 
two or three years at least so that she 
may repay the time and care which have  
been given to her training4 ,in a year  
and a half a good assistant should be   

earning from ten to twelve dollars a    
week1 and in two or three years her     
weekly wages are likely to be fourteen  
or sixteen dollars4 ,if she takes some  
responsibility in managing the work and 
workrooms1 she may earn as much as      
seventeen or eighteen dollars a week4   
,in some establishments tips are        
allowed4 ,the girl should understand1   
however1 that as a rule wages are lower 
where tips are permitted4 ,it is better 
for her to be employed in the best kind 
of establishment where the highest wages
 are paid4 ,in such an establishment    
tips are unusual4  ,the helper is likely
 to begin by taking care of the rooms   
and toilet articles1 washing brushes1   
combs1 etc41 and carrying out           
miscellaneous orders4 ,the              
attractiveness of the rooms depends on  
the perfection of these details4  ,after
 some years spent in a good             
establishment the young woman may       
undertake appointment work4 ,she should 
choose carefully the district in which  

she means to work1 so as not to         
interfere with any other shampooing or  
manicuring business4 ,she should not    
take away customers who belong to the   
business where she was trained4 ,she    
will need to have some money saved in   
order to provide herself with the       
necessary articles which she has to     
carry with her1 as well as tonics and   
lotions4 ,her expenses will also include
 a telephone1 carfare1 printed cards1   
and so on4 ,she should estimate her     
expenditures carefully to determine how 
much she is making over all expenses by 
the week1 the month1 and finally by the 
year4 ,the summer months are likely to  
be slack1 and this should be taken into 
account4 ,she should arrange her        
appointments so that she may make the   
best use of her time and energy1 and she
 must keep appointments punctually4 ,a  
successful business of this kind may    
realize a weekly return of from twelve  
to eighteen dollars4 ,such a worker by  
the time she has saved some capital to  

invest may be able to start an          
establishment of her own1 but she should
 do so only after a careful calculation 
of the expenditure required4      99    
99    99    99    99  ,the modern       
tea-room has changed to some extent the 
occupation of the waitress4 ,the modern 
lunch room in the same way makes a      
feature of the class of girls who attend
 on customers4 ,they are expected to be 
especially quiet1 deft and well         
mannered1 and they should be dressed    
with that entire suitability to their   
occupation which is a mark of the       
well-bred girl4 ,these girls have often 
been brought up with no special         
occupation in view--possibly they had   
not expected to earn a living by paid   
employment4 ,but the opportunity comes  
to find work in a tea or lunch room1    
which is owned or managed by a woman    
friend1 and they gladly enter on their  
new occupation1 pleased as every normal 
girl should be to be busy and to earn an
 income4 ,it is possible for the girl   

who has duties at home to spend part of 
her day as a waitress in a lunch and tea
 room4 ,the same gifts and knowledge    
which make her a success in her work at 
home cause her to be prized as a        
waitress4 ,she understands how a table  
should be set4 ,quickly and deftly she  
lays the table after each customer has  
been served4 ,her touch and movements   
are noiseless and pleasing to watch4    
,she is interested in what each customer
 wants4 ,she is thoughtful and has a    
good memory1 is good tempered and not   
impatient4 ,she has an instinct for     
placing and arranging food so that the  
man or woman at the table feels that he 
or she is being waited on by an         
intelligent1 well-mannered person4 ,in  
spite of the high standard of the       
service required1 the pay is rather     
small4 ,it may not even cover all the   
girl's expenses4 ,she has the advantage1
 however1 of limited hours and leisure  
to carry on her duties at home4  ,the   
work of the regular waitress is in an   

hotel1 restaurant1 women's club1 or in  
the dining rooms connected with         
apartment houses and private hotels4    
,women who work in such places should be
 neat and smart in appearance and should
 wear dresses of a uniform standard1    
generally black with white aprons1 cuffs
 and collars4 ,a good home training is  
of great assistance to them in their    
work4 ,they should have common sense and
 good judgment1 and be polite to        
customers and fellow workers4           
,perseverance1 intelligence and physical
 strength are required by waitresses4 ,a
 girl who is naturally erect1 with a    
good carriage and graceful walk1 is at  
an advantage in this occupation4 ,she   
needs to be kindly and thoughtful and to
 take pleasure in serving her customers4
 ,she has to understand and remember her
 customers' checks1 and the amount of   
the checks she hands in ought to equal  
the average cash sales of other         
waitresses4 ,many customers make a point
 of coming to the same waitress every   

day1 and she should remember where they 
prefer to sit and how they like to be   
served4  ,one advantage in this work is 
that the worker is given two1 sometimes 
three meals1 in addition to her payment 
in actual money4 ,in a number of        
establishments the tipping system       
prevails1 which provides a girl with an 
added source of income4 ,the average    
,canadian girl1 however1 dislikes being 
tipped1 and there are many objections to
 the tipping system4     ,,chapter ,,xv 
,,farm ,,work ,,for ,,women   ,among    
those who choose work on the land as a  
special employment are girls and women  
in the country who have the opportunity 
to give either part of their time or all
 of it to farm work1 and others from the
 city who prefer an outdoor life4 ,the  
problems of the city girl or woman who  
wishes to engage in farm work are how to
 acquire skill and experience in her    
business1 capital for land and          
equipment1 labour1 transportation and a 
market4 ,the girl on the farm can solve 

these problems with an advantage of     
fifty1 seventy-five1 or one hundred per 
cent4 as compared with the girl who     
migrates from town or city to carry on  
independent productive work in the      
country4  ,most girls and women in the  
country are familiar with farm life1 and
 know beforehand what they require for  
success in any kind of farm work4 ,eggs1
 poultry1 cream1 butter1 vegetables and 
fruit are sent to market by women who   
are also home makers4 ,there is1 also1 a
 growing movement among a few able      
country women to make their productive  
work so extensive as to constitute      
one-half or one-third of the whole work 
of the farm4 ,thus in some instances a  
third of the farm land may be devoted to
 a poultry farm2 and its management is  
in reality an extensive business1       
undertaken with all the thought1        
planning and attention which are given  
to a large farm project4 ,productive    
work of this character is successfully  
carried on by a few women4  ,a          

restricted number of women who have     
lived previously on farms and are       
thoroughly familiar with farming        
conditions have undertaken farm         
management successfully4 ,such women are
 exceptional and there is no present    
indication that this employment will be 
taken up to any large extent by women4  
,the farm manager must be strong enough 
to do her own work when she is unable to
 procure assistance1 and she may at     
times have to live alone4  ,the girl who
 lives on a farm and who has the        
endowment needed has an exceptional     
opportunity to engage in productive work
 on her own initiative4 ,she should     
secure a plot of land on the farm for   
her own use4 ,when the other labour on  
the farm is being done1 it takes little 
extra time and exertion to do what      
cultivating is necessary on the girl's  
plot of land4 ,in this way she can      
arrange with little trouble and at      
little expense for any manual labour    
which is beyond her own strength4 ,a    

girl or a woman who goes into the       
country from the city to engage in      
independent productive work finds the   
problem of labour one of her greatest   
difficulties4 ,in this as in other      
respects the girl whose father or       
brother is a farmer is at an advantage4 
,a young woman thus situated has her    
land secured as her share of family good
 will1 or at a small rental after her   
business has begun to pay4 ,an          
arrangement1 as has been pointed out1   
can easily be made for the manual labour
 required4 ,she has an opportunity to   
learn her work thoroughly1 and to       
experiment1 before she actually goes    
into business4 ,she can arrange for     
necessary fertilizers at an advantageous
 rate4 ,finally1 the means of           
transportation to market1 and the market
 itself which has been found for the    
products of her father's farm1 often can
 be used for the products which the girl
 has chosen to raise on her plot4  ,if  
she is particularly attracted to        

flower-growing1 the girl on the farm may
 devote herself to growing violets for  
market4 ,she must study violets         
carefully4 ,she should be an authority  
on the subject4 ,she should learn to    
understand their appearance1 habits and 
diseases4 ,she should know just what to 
do for her plants1 how to feed and tend 
them1 how to get the best results1 how  
to make a violet blossom the best       
blossom of its kind that can be offered 
for sale4 ,besides this1 she must know  
how to pick violets1 how to grade them1 
how to pack them1 and when and where and
 how to send them to market4 ,it would  
appear practically certain that if the  
farm produce is sent to market1 the girl
 may send her violets1 properly handled 
and packed1 at the same time1 and she   
will be likely to find a ready demand   
for her flowers1 if she offers fine     
violets for sale4  ,a woman who is a    
bee-keeper writes as follows of how a   
woman may acquire skill in this country 
employment4 ,a good beginning for the   

woman who is to keep bees is to read    
,maeterlinck's ',life of the ,bee4' ,if 
after reading such a book the girl or   
woman who thinks she would like to be a 
bee farmer is still further interested  
in bees1 then she may decide to go into 
bee culture4  ,she should offer herself 
as apprentice to an up-to-date          
bee-keeper as soon as the spring work   
begins and stay with him to the end of  
the season4 ,the following spring1 if   
still inclined for the work1 she should 
buy from her employer two1 four or six  
prosperous colonies of bees4 ,if she    
prefers to do so1 she may take a short  
course in bee-keeping at the ,ontario   
,agricultural ,college1 ,guelph4        
,characteristics which the bee-keeper   
needs are a cool head and steady nerves4
 ,she should also have determination to 
succeed and some indifference to pain4  
,some difficulties which may be         
encountered are bad choice of location1 
winter losses and poor seasons4 ,there  
is heavy lifting to be done1 but        

generally a lad in the neighbourhood can
 be hired to come for part of the day to
 help4 ,by ingenuity a good deal of the 
lifting can be avoided4  ,the advantages
 of bee-keeping are a healthful1 outdoor
 occupation which takes one's mind off  
real or imaginary worries1 with a       
certainty of small profit in spite of   
set-backs and large profits in          
favourable seasons4 ,bee-keeping is a   
good occupation for the woman who is    
suited to it1 but not every woman can be
 a successful bee-farmer4  ,when the    
bee-keeper's work calls for larger space
 she may rent outyards from farmers in  
the locality4 ,her market is likely to  
be found near where she lives4 ,those   
who know that she keeps bees will bring 
her orders4 ,bakers use a considerable  
amount of honey4 ,if the bee-keeper     
lives near a good road for motorists1   
she may put up a sign saying ',honey for
 sale1' and the demand probably will be 
larger than she can supply4  ,a woman   
who moved from the city to the country  

is now favourably known as a grower of  
flowering plants for marketing4 ,she    
began as a student of wild flowers and  
became a wild flower specialist4 ,the   
first money she made from flowers was   
earned as the result of her wish to give
 to a missionary society4 ,she bought   
seeds from a reliable dealer1 parcelled 
them out in selected varieties1 and sold
 the packages4 ,she also planted the    
seeds in her own garden and studied the 
plants carefully4 ,the occupation grew  
until it took up most of her time4 ,a   
larger garden was obtained and expert   
knowledge was acquired gradually in the 
growing of perennials4 ,the demand for  
her plants grew steadily4 ,when she made
 a change from a city garden to a       
country place1 greater expenditure was  
necessary1 and the cost of labour became
 a serious item4 ,but the beauty of     
outdoor life and love for her special   
work have counter-balanced all          
difficulties4 ,her business is now      
well-established and successful4  ,the  

principal difficulty1 according to one  
authority1 for girls and women in the   
business of farm production1 is that    
they have to find out that they must    
learn to understand facts with which    
they think they are already familiar4 ,a
 girl on a farm1 for instance1 makes up 
her mind to undertake poultry farming as
 a business4 ,she may be of the opinion 
that she knows all about poultry1 from  
the kind of buildings which ought to be 
used to the nature of any disease likely
 to attack poultry4 ,this believing that
 she knows all about poultry1 or        
vegetables1 or fruit1 when in reality a 
good part of the knowledge she has is   
imperfect1 will be a great obstacle to  
the girl in such work4 ,the girl of good
 judgment will set to work to study her 
subject with enthusiasm and             
perseverance4 ,as a rule people who     
understand a subject best are slow to   
believe that they know all there is to  
know on that subject4  ,the girl or     
woman who hopes to leave town or city   

life to engage in work in the country   
should have a certain amount of capital1
 not less1 it has been said1 than five  
thousand dollars2 but the amount of     
capital required depends on the         
locality4 ,a greater amount than five   
thousand dollars may easily be          
necessary4 ,she will also need a small  
income1 since she may not be able to    
support herself wholly by this work for 
a number of years1 if indeed she does so
 ultimately4 ,she should be strong      
physically and should enjoy manual      
labour4 ,she should be fond of an       
outdoor life and of whatever kind of    
work is involved in her enterprise4 ,she
 should like animals and growing things1
 and be able to live without constant   
social stimulus4  ,the ,ontario         
,agricultural ,college at ,guelph has   
trained a number of young women in      
different branches of agricultural      
production4 ,short courses may be taken 
during the year1 and the special classes
 during the summer months are most      

useful and popular4  ,the special need  
for production which developed during   
the ,war induced many girls and young   
women1 including a number of women      
students from universities1 to volunteer
 for farm work4 ,during the summer      
months some hundreds of young women     
engaged in fruit picking and worked in  
canning factories under government      
supervision1 and were lodged in club    
houses managed by the ,young ,women's   
,christian ,association4 ,others        
undertook various forms of work         
connected with agriculture1 meeting with
 success in their employment and with   
public approval4 ,in the summer of #aiah
 a special course of instruction for    
young women in farm work was arranged at
 the ,ontario ,agricultural ,college1   
and later regular courses were          
established throughout the year4 ,women 
now may qualify for the degree of       
,bachelor of ,science in ,agriculture at
 the ,ontario ,agricultural ,college and
 at ,macdonald ,college1 ,quebec4 ,wider

 opportunities for women in agricultural
 employment are thus being recognized4  
,,chapter ,,xvi  ,,the ,,librarian      
,library work1 although unusually       
attractive1 does not employ a great many
 workers4 ,the work is pleasing1 it is  
valuable to the community1 and the      
associates with whom the librarian works
 are trained and intelligent4  ,almost  
any girl who loves books and reading may
 be attracted to library work4 ,she     
should test herself first to see if she 
has other necessary qualities before she
 makes up her mind to train as a        
librarian4 ,a girl who really dislikes  
detail and who fails in detail work is  
hardly likely to succeed in this        
occupation4 ,the usefulness of a library
 depends on a constant routine of work  
faithfully performed by its staff4 ,an  
assistant does not spend her time in    
reading new books1 although the best    
type of library worker must always find 
time for reading4 ,the librarian is     
working for the interests of others4    

,her mind should be sensitive and alert 
to the needs of the public4 ,she must   
love books1 but it is equally true that 
she should be a lover of humanity4 ,if  
she feels only impatience and irritation
 when she is asked to leave some routine
 work to find a special volume for a boy
 or girl1 man or woman worker1 or some  
old person who has come into the library
 to read1 then she should not be in     
library work4  ,the standard of         
education required for a librarian is   
constantly being raised4 ,the entrance  
examination to a university is often    
required as the minimum in academic     
training4 ,a librarian cannot be too    
well or too widely educated1 and it is  
generally agreed that sound scholarship 
is required in a library4 ,this point   
should receive careful attention from   
the girl who is thinking of library     
work4 ,a position as an untrained       
assistant is not easily found4 ,more and
 more1 it is becoming a profession for  
men and women who are college graduates 

and who in addition have taken          
professional and technical training in a
 school for librarians4  ,training in   
library work may be obtained in         
different ways4 ,the girl may enter a   
library as an assistant where she will  
be taught the methods of the library in 
which she is working4 ,as has been said1
 she should be interested in books and  
people4 ,she should be neat1 accurate   
and quick in her work1 widely read and  
well informed4 ,the payment which she   
will receive may not at first be        
sufficient for her support1 so that she 
will need either to have saved some     
money earned in another employment1 or  
to be able to live at home1 remaining   
partly dependent on her own people until
 she has acquired skill as a librarian4 
,after she has worked in the library as 
an assistant1 she should attend classes 
in a school for librarians4 ,the library
 training school1 conducted under the   
authority of the ,department of         
,education for ,ontario1 has a course of

 several months1 with lectures1         
instruction1 and practice work4 ,library
 boards frequently grant leave of       
absence to librarians and assistants so 
that they may attend this school4       
,application for admission should be    
sent to the ,inspector of ,public       
,libraries1 ,department of ,education1  
,parliament ,buildings1 ,toronto4       
,library schools in the ,united ,states 
give courses of one and two years in all
 the branches of librarianship4 ,these  
schools require for entrance either that
 the applicant has a standing equal to  
the second year in a university1 with a 
knowledge of ,french and ,german1 or a  
university degree4 ,any young woman who 
is a college graduate and has a         
certificate from one of these library   
schools is likely to find good          
employment in a library4  ,the technical
 training which a library assistant must
 acquire1 either in a library or at a   
library school1 includes the            
classification of books according to    

subject1 the cataloguing of books1 some 
knowledge of binding and repairing1 the 
arrangement of books on shelves1 the use
 of open shelves1 how to serve the      
public1 filing and use of periodicals1  
how to use reference books of all kinds1
 preparation of reading courses for     
clubs1 how to make the library useful to
 boys and girls at school1 and practice 
in the children's library4  ,in a small 
library1 while the work is not greatly  
divided1 one librarian1 possibly with an
 assistant1 must carry on all the work  
of the library4  ,in large libraries1   
the work is divided into a number of    
departments1 each of which is in charge 
of a responsible head1 who may have     
several assistants4 ,over all the work  
of the library is the head librarian4   
,the administrative side of library work
 calls for executive and business       
ability4 ,the best experience for a     
young worker whose gifts are in this    
direction is to be obtained in a small  
library4 ,she may1 if she has training1 

become director of such a library and   
she will gradually win promotion to a   
larger library1 unless she finds that   
the work where she is suits her capacity
 better4  ,the cataloguer labels the    
books as they come in and prepares cards
 which will represent the books in the  
catalogue4 ,a book may be asked for     
under several different classifications1
 and the skill of the cataloguer is     
required to decide how many cards are   
needed and under what headings the books
 should be listed4  ,the reference      
librarian has work of an altogether     
different character4 ,she is constantly 
in touch with the public4 ,all kinds of 
questions are brought to her4 ,the      
reference department sometimes maintains
 a telephone service2 that is1 clients  
may telephone inquiries to the library  
and the information needed will be      
looked up and telephoned to them within 
a reasonable time4 ,the reference       
librarian requires a complete knowledge 
of books of reference1 encyclopaedias1  

bibliographies1 and dictionaries of all 
kinds1 and she must be skilful in their 
use4  ,the circulation librarian has    
charge of the collection of books to be 
loaned to the public4 ,she must be      
familiar with the collection and should 
understand the tastes of those who use  
the library4 ,book exhibitions and      
announcements are under her care1 and   
she generally has charge of a number of 
assistants4  ,one of the most pleasant  
and yet one of the most exacting        
positions in a library is that of       
librarian in the children's room4 ,the  
children's librarian must be fond of    
children and should be able to control  
and influence them for good4 ,she should
 have the wish to instruct and she needs
 a rich endowment of imagination1 since 
this is necessary in order to understand
 children and to sympathize with them4  
,other openings for librarians are in   
scientific schools1 medical schools1 and
 in some law firms and business houses  
where the keeping and filing of         

documents are of special importance4    
,librarians in such positions are on    
their own responsibility and sometimes  
do important reference and              
bibliographical work4 ,civic and        
engineering libraries1 municipal        
libraries1 libraries on music1          
architecture and art1 the cataloguing of
 prints and pictures1 special work in   
bibliography and indexing1 offer in a   
few cities opportunities to trained and 
gifted librarians4  ,salaries of from   
six to eight hundred are not uncommon   
for library assistants who have training
 or experience4 ,in a number of         
positions the library may be open during
 limited hours1 or on certain days only4
 ,but when all a librarian's time is    
required an effort is made to pay a     
salary which will ensure for the        
librarian a reasonable standard of      
comfort4 ,the better paid positions have
 salaries of eight or nine hundred up to
 twelve1 thirteen or fourteen hundred   
for women librarians in charge of branch

 libraries1 heads of important          
departments1 and chief librarians4  ,a  
woman's work in a library offers        
opportunities for service and           
self-improvement4 ,the profession is    
fairly well paid4 ,it requires careful  
training and constant study4            
,enthusiasm1 ability and initiative may 
make the librarian one of the most      
useful and influential citizens in the  
community4     ,,chapter ,,xvii  ,,work 
,,for ,,the ,,girl ,,at ,,home   ,we    
have been referring so far to girls who 
are earning a living in paid employment1
 working usefully and happily in almost 
all the occupations which make up the   
gigantic output of national activity4   
,many thousands of girls at home are    
doing household work which is just as   
necessary to national well-being4       
,chapter ,eighteen on ,the ,home        
,employments1 which follows this chapter
 on ,work for the ,girl at ,home1 is    
intended to state more fully the        
importance of the occupation of home    

making4 ,the present chapter is planned 
to suggest lines of remunerative work   
for girls who are helping in home       
making1 but who require spending money  
and a healthy1 active interest in life  
and people outside the home4  ,every    
girl who is helping to make a home may  
be certain that she is one of the       
world's necessary workers4 ,the home    
people are dependent on her more        
directly and to a far greater extent    
than the work of the office or factory  
is dependent on the girl who is a paid  
employee4 ,the girl at home may not seem
 to have anything definite to show for  
all her daily tasks4 ,as one home maker 
said of her own work3 ,just a lot of    
dishes washed and a lot of meals cooked 
and eaten4 ,but the working efficiency  
of all the members of the household is  
dependent on this work1 and not only    
their working efficiency1 but their     
happiness as well4 ,the output of a     
factory can be expressed in so many     
thousands of dollars and cents4 ,but the

 work of a home is expressed in a       
spiritual and mental1 as well as in a   
physical1 total4  ,the girl who is doing
 necessary work for the home should be  
paid an allowance1 unless the family    
income is so limited that it is         
impossible to arrange for one4 ,it      
should be understood in every case that 
the work of the girl has a money value1 
as well as a value which cannot be      
recompensed except by affection4 ,when  
the family income does not permit of an 
adequate allowance1 happily the girl is 
often able not only to support herself  
with work which allows her to continue  
her home occupation1 but to make a      
contribution to the upkeep of the home4 
,the girl at home who is making an      
income from other work should save part 
of what she makes for investment1 for   
some special training1 or for recreation
 and travelling4  ,the home girl should 
remember that her expenses are small4   
,she does not pay for board and lodging 
as is generally the case with the girl  

in paid employment4 ,there are a hundred
 small incidental expenses met by the   
girl who goes out to work which are not 
necessary for the girl at home4 ,she has
 no set hours to keep and she has time  
to sew1 to make clothes and trim hats   
without over-tiring herself as the      
wage-earning girl often does if she is  
her own dressmaker and milliner4 ,the   
working clothes of the girl at home may 
be very simple4 ,she does not need to go
 out every morning to her work1 and for 
this reason can dress more economically 
than her wage-earning sister1 and still 
be neat and fresh4  ,let us suppose that
 the girl at home needs to earn an      
income1 either small or fairly large4   
,the first step she should take is to   
think carefully over her own            
possibilities1 and the possibilities of 
the neighbourhood in which she lives4   
,what can she do that is worth payment1 
and where can she find someone who is   
willing to buy what she has to sell8    
,she may have a gift for sewing and     

dressmaking4 ,if she is really capable  
and can do satisfactory work1 she may   
easily build up a small business among  
her friends and their friends in the    
making of smart blouses4 ,the girl      
should always remember that poor work is
 never worth while4 ,her blouses should 
be better than anything her clients can 
buy at a store4 ,they should have       
distinction and style of their own1 and 
a fineness and individuality which the  
stores cannot rival4 ,if her gift is    
undeniable but her workmanship is poor1 
she should take lessons at a school of  
dressmaking and make herself a          
first-class worker4 ,she may possibly   
undertake dresses1 although blouses     
generally are more useful and more      
possible for the girl at home4 ,in the  
same way1 the girl with a gift may      
specialize on hats1 but her hats must be
 professional in workmanship and        
individual in style4  ,perhaps the girl 
at home is a born cook4 ,home-made bread
 is always in demand4 ,but it must be   

the best that can be produced4 ,a       
specialty in home-made cakes of certain 
kinds may be made profitable4           
,candy-making is often carried on       
successfully as a home industry4 ,but   
the home girl who does work of any kind 
for profit must have business sense4    
,she must itemize her expenses          
accurately4 ,cakes or bread which have  
not turned out well should never be     
offered for sale4 ,to do so is not fair 
to the worker1 for one of her most      
valuable assets should be the fact that 
her work is always satisfactory4  ,the  
work of the home has changed greatly in 
the last fifty years4 ,once rugs1       
carpets1 blankets1 yarn1 soap and       
candles were made at home4 ,if the girl 
can find a market for home-made rugs she
 might make rug weaving a profitable    
employment4 ,the same is true of soap4  
,in these days of thrift and economy1   
days when work must be better done than 
ever1 a girl might induce the women of a
 neighbourhood to let her become a local

 soapmaker4 ,but she would have to be   
certain of herself and of the work4 ,a  
co-operative canning kitchen would be a 
great benefit to the women of any       
community1 and two or three home girls  
who could count on a certain amount of  
time for this work could manage the     
kitchen4 ,this work would be specially  
suitable for girls in a small town or   
country district4 ,they could arrange   
for a market in a neighbouring town or  
city4 ,the arrangement could be made    
through a local ,women's ,institute or  
,home ,makers' ,club4 ,canning circles  
have been managed successfully in some  
parts of the country4 ,if the girl wants
 a small business of her own in         
preserving fruits and canning           
vegetables1 she may develop a market in 
her own neighbourhood4 ,if her home is  
in the country she may arrange to supply
 a store or a number of housekeepers in 
a neighbouring town1 or she may help to 
form a circle and work with other girls4
  ,selling flowers1 choice fruit and    

poultry may be made money-making        
occupations by either country or city   
girls4 ,first1 the girl should know her 
specialty4 ,she should not merely know  
something about it1 but she should make 
herself an absolute mistress of it4 ,her
 flowers should be fine in quality and  
colour4 ,they should be properly handled
 and properly packed4 ,to begin with1 of
 course1 they should be properly grown4 
,nothing is left to accident in a       
successful business1 and the home girl  
should see that she is not in any way   
behind professional dealers in her line4
 ,if she is selling hand-picked fruit1  
the people who buy from her should know 
that they will receive only the best4   
,those who buy are willing to pay a     
higher price for any specialty which is 
the best of its kind4  ,girls whose     
interests are of a different character  
may find other paying employments4 ,to  
find the employment depends largely on  
the study of one's capacity and one's   
neighbourhood4 ,is there any opening for

 a lending library8 ,then the girl who  
is fond of books and reading and who    
understands the average taste in        
reading1 provided she can find a little 
capital1 may start a lending library4   
,it is possible that there may be a     
library in the neighbourhood which would
 be glad to engage her services a few   
hours in the day4 ,there are villages   
and country districts where a girl      
living at home could make a success of a
 small library4  ,the girl with a turn  
for keeping accounts might become a     
visiting bookkeeper4 ,doctors and       
dentists often have their accounts kept 
by someone who is not altogether in     
their employ4 ,a good business          
connection of this kind might be worked 
up in a neighbourhood4 ,or a girl might 
answer the dentist's or doctor's        
doorbell and telephone during certain   
hours in the day4 ,she could give       
attendance in his office at the same    
time4 ,a girl is often able to find     
employment for some hours a day in a    

store in the neighbourhood of her home4 
,a village store which is also the post 
office may engage her as an assistant   
for part of the day4  ,mothers in a     
suburban neighbourhood are often glad to
 have some girl at home look after their
 children one or two afternoons in the  
week4 ,to undertake work of this        
character successfully the girl should  
be fond of children and able to manage  
them4 ,if she can tell stories well1 she
 might form a circle of children to     
attend a children's hour4 ,a visiting   
mother's help would be a boon in many   
neighbourhoods4  ,the possibilities of  
paying employment for girls at home who 
have initiative and some spare time are 
almost limitless4 ,the girl's ingenuity 
is the only measure of what she may do  
in the way of paying work4 ,the field of
 success of two such girls of the       
writer's acquaintance is the lovely1    
old-fashioned home garden4 ,one girl has
 made a specialty of poultry4 ,her stock
 is of the best4 ,she sells eggs1 both  

for household use and as settings4 ,the 
other girl grows roses in the garden and
 from her own success as a rose grower  
she has become a seller of rose bushes4 
,they are both happy in their           
employments1 and they continue to be    
home makers as well as business women4  
,the income is not the only benefit     
which the girl at home receives from    
such work as this4 ,her work brings her 
into contact with other people1 broadens
 her interests1 increases her           
usefulness1 and1 moreover1 is often a   
recreation4 ,the home-maker needs       
outside interests4 ,the girl at home is 
never dull1 or unhappy because she is   
dull1 when she has an avocation in      
addition to her work and life in the    
home4  ,to unite her home-making and her
 other employment successfully1 the girl
 should learn how to organize her time4 
,a girl1 for instance1 might look after 
poultry while she waits for the kettle  
to boil4 ,the same time might be taken  
for work in the garden4 ,heat that is   

used to cook dinner will help to can or 
preserve4 ,the day's work should be     
planned carefully if time is to be put  
to the best use4     ,,chapter ,,xviii  
,,the ,,home ,,employments   ,the more  
thoroughly women and girls understand   
paid work outside of the home1 the more 
clearly they recognize that work in the 
home is of high standing1               
intellectually1 artistically and        
spiritually4 ,the most able women in    
outside work are constantly looking back
 to the home1 hoping that they may be   
able to introduce into home life and    
management much that they have learned  
in other pursuits4  ,one of these women 
whose name is associated with a famous  
business success1 in writing of her own 
work recently said3 ,i believe that work
 which is most commonly thought drudgery
 can be made attractive and beautiful if
 it is approached in the right spirit1  
and ,i feel more than that--that until  
all women are awake to this1 and really 
enjoy their work--whether it is running 

a home and bringing up their children1  
or being out in the world in            
business--they will never be as         
efficient as men are in their field4    
,we should be careful then to know how a
 girl should equip herself for the home 
employments4 ,if she will look back to  
chapter five1 ,what ,every ,girl ,needs 
to ,know1 she will find that in order to
 develop into a young woman able to meet
 the problems1 work1 responsibilities   
and joys of life1 she should know how to
 keep herself and other people well4 ,to
 keep herself well1 she should          
understand the values of food and how to
 prepare food2 she should know how to   
dress1 which includes knowing how to    
make and mend clothes2 and she should   
know how to rest4 ,in order to keep     
other people well1 she must know what   
food should be given to babies1 to      
people at work1 both men and women1 and 
to old people4 ,she should also be able 
to judge whether they are properly      
clothed and cared for4 ,if possible1    

every girl should have some knowledge of
 nursing4 ,she may not be a trained     
nurse1 but she should have some of the  
knowledge and skill of the trained      
nurse4  ,one of the finest of the home  
employments is this great work of caring
 for people and keeping them well4 ,one 
of the functions of a home is to        
preserve the health of its inmates4     
,fortunately1 any girl who wants to     
learn the art and science of home making
 may learn at home or in school1 or she 
may go to special classes where all     
these domestic subjects are taught4     
,there is hardly any study which is more
 delightful1 because one has the        
pleasure of working with one's hands as 
well as studying4 ,a girl who is a good 
cook1 and knows how to cut out clothes  
and sew them1 has a good part of the    
knowledge of the home-maker4  ,what else
 does the girl need to know before she  
can feel that she is properly trained to
 have charge of a home8 ,the girl should
 be prepared to find that home-making   

requires a varied and very interesting  
training4 ,the best home-maker needs a  
thorough knowledge of household         
accounting4 ,the business girl          
understands that the factory1 the store 
and the office can not be managed       
successfully unless the manager         
understands all about the bookkeeping of
 his business1 for the books of the     
business should show the exact condition
 of the enterprise4 ,the home is not a  
business and yet it requires some       
knowledge of business4  ,much of her own
 happiness and usefulness and the       
happiness and usefulness of others will 
depend on her knowledge and ability to  
handle an income4 ,she should read the  
best books and magazines on household   
management4 ,if the girl has no books of
 her own she should ask for advice and  
help at the public library4  ,the home  
maker has many interests and an endless 
variety of duties4 ,she needs to        
study--and if need be to take some      
action to try to control--the sources of

 food supply for her household4 ,she    
must decide what manufacturing work     
should be done in the house4 ,are bread 
and cake to be baked at home8 ,what     
preserving and canning are to be        
undertaken8 ,how much clothing is to be 
made in the house1 either with or       
without help8 ,in every case the        
decision has to be made according to    
individual requirements4 ,it may pay one
 home maker to bake her own bread2 in   
the case of another1 her time and       
strength may be needed in other ways4   
,the problems of mending1 and of taking 
proper care of household furnishings1   
are part of the duty of the home maker4 
,she should also be an expert buyer1 and
 should be able to judge of the quality 
and price of fabrics and of their       
suitability4 ,if she employs a          
houseworker1 she must be able to plan   
the work of her helper4 ,it is important
 that the home maker should be fair to  
everyone whom she employs4 ,wages1      
hours1 food and shelter1 treatment and  

standing1 should all be of the best     
character that she can give4 ,the very  
nature of a home is based on right human
 relations4 ,nothing that is unjust or  
unkind should be tolerated in the       
management of the home or its           
relationships4 ,the home is not managed 
for profit1 but for human well-being4   
,this fact alone places the work of the 
home maker among the first and best     
employments4  ,by far the most important
 function of the home is the care and   
training of children4 ,no girl or woman 
can have too great a talent1 or too     
careful a training1 or too fine a       
personality1 to devote all she has to   
the care of little children4 ,it is a   
very wrong thing for anyone to undertake
 ignorantly1 or to fail to be interested
 in1 the best care of the health and    
feeding of infants and their early      
training4 ,all girls who have had       
anything to do with the care of babies  
know how very delightful babies are1 and
 how worth while it is to take care of  

them and to win their affection4  ,the  
twentieth century girl has to deal with 
two aspects of home-making1 one of which
 is an old aspect revived1 while the    
other is a principle new in its         
application to the work of the home4 ,we
 have been taught by the stern necessity
 of the ,great ,war the importance of   
the food supply of the world and the    
household4 ,every woman who is a home   
maker should have1 if possible1 a small 
garden in which to grow vegetables4     
,even if she lives in an apartment1 she 
may arrange to have a garden allotment  
in co-operation with others4 ,gardening 
is one of the oldest of the home maker's
 employments4  ,the principle which is  
new in its application to the work of   
the home is co-operation4 ,so far home  
makers have carried on their affairs    
independently1 each woman very largely  
by herself4 ,suppose a group of ten     
women1 practical1 experienced home      
makers1 with sufficient business sense  
to recognize fair business dealing1 were

 to decide to arrange for some of their 
home making work in partnership4 ,a     
great deal of the household buying of   
coal1 bread1 flour1 canned goods 7when  
buying canned goods is advisable71      
sugar1 and other groceries1 meat1       
poultry1 butter1 eggs1 etc41 might be   
carried on to great advantage in        
partnership4 ,canning1 preserving and   
baking might be undertaken by one or two
 of the members of the group1 or a      
professional worker might be engaged to 
do this work for the ten members4 ,the  
actual expenses should be shared fairly 
and a considerable saving would be      
effected when the output was distributed
 amongst the members4 ,in the same way1 
the co-operative group might arrange for
 household help4 ,one skilled           
houseworker might assist with the work  
of three or four households4 ,washing1  
ironing1 cleaning1 dusting1 mending1    
dressmaking1 sewing1 shopping1 and the  
care of the telephone1 could be carried 
on either partly or wholly by members of

 the group in return for other service1 
or by paid helpers who in every case    
should be reliable experts4  ,the       
principle on which successful           
co-operative work is based is the       
forming of a small group of well-known  
and trusted individuals to carry on work
 either in production1 or buying and    
selling1 or in both1 with the sharing of
 expenses and the elimination of        
commission and secondary profits4       
,co-operation is admirably adapted to   
the work of home-making4 ,the girls of  
the twentieth century1 with courage1    
cleverness and enterprise1 may bring a  
new blessing to the work of the home    
through the use of co-operation4  ,while
 the home-maker recognizes that her     
first interest is the work and the life 
of the home1 she must also be interested
 in the affairs of the day4 ,the home is
 the heart and kernel of the affairs of 
the world4 ,it is a mistake to try to   
get rid of the work of the home2 the    
right way is to enjoy it2 just as a     

doctor1 an actor1 a writer1 a           
manufacturer or a merchant enjoys his or
 her work4 ,the affairs both of the home
 and the world belong to the woman      
home-maker4 ,we should take pattern by  
,english and ,french women1 for the     
,english woman is keenly interested in  
political affairs and is able to discuss
 them with understanding1 and the       
,french woman is admired by all because 
she is her husband's business partner   
and can continue the business in his    
absence4 ,a partner with responsibility 
is better and happier than a worker     
without responsibility1 and of          
infinitely more value to the community  
than an idler without an intelligent    
interest in life4  ,no true home can    
exist without the recognition and love  
of spiritual interests4 ,home life is   
intended to promote the growth of       
kindness and mercy4 ,the woman of the   
home must also help in providing        
recreation for her family and herself4  
,thus home becomes the best and happiest

 placein the world and is worth all we  
can give in time1 energy and love to    
make it so4     ,,chapter ,,xix         
,,journalism4 ,,writing4 ,,advertising4 
,,art4 ,,handicrafts4 ,,designing4      
,,photography4 ,,architecture4          
,,landscape ,,gardening4 ,,house        
,,decorating ,,and ,,furnishing4        
,,music4 ,,acting4 ,,dancing4   ,many   
girls who have definite gifts are       
specially interested in the occupations 
described in this chapter4 ,as a rule1  
the girl with a decided talent has no   
difficulty in choosing the employment   
which she wishes to follow4 ,but she    
sometimes is in doubt as to whether her 
ability is sufficiently great to justify
 her in choosing an art rather than a   
handicraft1 or an art rather than a     
profession1 or whether her gift should  
not be used in a directly practical     
business pursuit4 ,one of the purposes  
of ,the ,canadian ,girl at ,work is to  
teach the work of whatever kind may be  
interesting1 and that the standing of   

the worker depends on the skill and     
perfection with which the work is done4 
,good art is found in many forms1 but   
never except as the result of work1     
devotion and a gift4 ,if the girl1 in   
any artistic employment1 helps to make  
the ordinary surroundings of everyday   
life more beautiful and more suitable   
she is using her gifts to advantage4    
,the girl who wants to write may find a 
suitable and enjoyable field in         
journalism4 ,some instruction in        
journalism is given in colleges1 more   
often in connection with college papers 
than in any other way4 ,but the usual   
method by which a girl is taught        
journalism is by working on the staff of
 a newspaper4 ,such positions are not   
easily found4 ,application may be made  
at newspaper offices for a regular      
position when one becomes vacant4 ,while
 she is waiting to obtain regular work1 
the girl may write special articles and 
submit them for publication4 ,we may    
take for granted that she enjoys        

writing1 but she should be able to      
choose subjects on which to write4 ,one 
of the first questions that an applicant
 for newspaper work is likely to ask is3
 ,what shall ,i write about8 ,this      
question the writer must learn to answer
 for herself4 ,she should know what is  
interesting and worth writing about4    
,the journalist1 besides enjoying       
writing and having some gift of         
expression1 should be keenly interested 
in people1 and should have enthusiasm   
for her work4 ,the hours are long and   
the rate of payment not particularly    
high1 but the true journalist is always 
in love with her work4 ,positions for   
women on newspapers are varied in       
character4 ,some women are general      
reporters and take assignments from the 
city editor4 ,others are in charge of a 
woman's page and may have one assistant 
or more than one1 working under their   
direction4 ,some are special writers1   
covering a certain amount of general    
work and having a specialty in addition1

 such as music and drama1 book          
reviewing1 a page for children1         
fashions1 market reports for women1 and 
so on4 ,an assistant on a woman's page  
may begin at ten dollars a week1 and as 
her work increases in value she may     
receive twelve1 fifteen or eighteen     
dollars a week4 ,the woman journalist in
 charge of a woman's page is paid as a  
rule from twenty to thirty-five or forty
 dollars a week4 ,few women journalists 
are paid larger sums4  ,a number of     
other positions are held by women in    
connection with weekly newspapers1      
magazines and publishing offices4       
,salaries vary all the way from ten or  
twelve to thirty or forty dollars a     
week4 ,the average salary for the woman 
journalist who has proved her ability is
 in the neighbourhood of twenty-five    
dollars a week4 ,many newspapers and    
some printing offices employ girls as   
copy holders4 ,these girls begin at a   
weekly wage of seven1 eight or nine     
dollars1 and when they become expert1   

receive higher wages4 ,the best paid    
positions for women proof readers are   
held by those who have proved their     
ability to compete with men expert in   
the trade4 ,women proof readers belong  
to the men's union and their wages are  
the same as those received by men4  ,an 
employment which is becoming more       
important for women journalists and     
writers is the writing of               
advertisements4 ,much advertising is    
addressed almost exclusively to women   
and women have proved that they can do  
work of this description to great       
advantage4 ,salaries are high as        
compared with salaries in other women's 
employments4 ,the work is difficult and 
requires a distinct gift1 besides a     
knowledge of how to write and of what is
 being written about4 ,the woman who is 
doing advertising writing needs accurate
 knowledge of a number of special       
fields1 such as fashions1 the history of
 costume1 period furniture1 and so on4  
,work for the girl who is gifted with an

 unusually fine sense of colour and form
 is developing rapidly4 ,to be a        
painter1 a woman should have an         
outstanding gift1 and it is generally   
necessary for her to have an            
independent1 or at least a              
supplementary1 income4 ,many young women
 painters add to their income by        
teaching1 and girls who live at home are
 able to continue the study of painting 
for their own pleasure and in part for  
an additional income4 ,the training of a
 painter is long and costly1 and while  
the gifted girl has happiness in her    
work1 the occupation of an artist is    
exacting1 although it may not seem so to
 the public4 ,girls with artistic gifts 
may find employment in illustrating1    
designing1 bookbinding1 handwrought     
jewelry1 woodcarving1 embroidery1 and in
 weaving from original designs4 ,the    
girl who is attracted to photography may
 obtain instruction in a photographer's 
studio1 but the artistic photographer   
will have to depend largely on herself  

in developing the possibilities of her  
work4 ,a number of women have achieved  
success in artistic photography4  ,to   
work successfully in any of these       
occupations1 the artist must be trained 
and should have special gifts4 ,training
 is obtained partly in schools1 partly  
in studios at home and abroad1 and from 
working with other artists4 ,some of    
these artistic occupations pay well2 in 
others payment is variable and more or  
less uncertain4  ,the woman architect   
needs a special gift and should be      
trained as thoroughly as possible in    
draughtsmanship4 ,her next step should  
be to obtain a place as draughtswoman or
 general assistant in an architect's    
office4 ,promotion afterwards will      
depend largely on individual ability4   
,architecture and houseplanning are     
fields of work not yet occupied to any  
large extent by women4 ,girls with gifts
 for work of this character should be   
encouraged to enter these occupations1  
provided they have perseverance4 ,it is 

always difficult to enter a new field1  
but a few women are already successful  
architects1 and the advantages which    
should be possessed by women in         
designing houses are obvious4 ,when a   
woman plans a house she considers it    
from the standpoint of a home and takes 
into consideration the nature of the    
people who are to live in the house and 
also the kind of work they will do both 
in the home and in the outside world4   
,landscape gardening has1 as yet1 been  
developed little in ,canada4 ,there are1
 however1 a few establishments carrying 
on such work and in one or more a woman 
is a partner4  ,house decorating and    
house furnishing have also been entered 
on as professional occupations by women4
 ,house furnishing in particular offers 
a promising field for girls with the    
necessary training and endowment4 ,many 
girls have ability for this work1 and as
 the employment is being developed      
commercially1 the opportunities for     
girls in house furnishing should        

increase with some rapidity4  ,payment  
in all these fields of artistic work    
depends not only on the ability and     
skill of the worker1 but in particular  
on the degree in which the products of  
her art are planned to meet the needs   
and desires of a large public4 ,the     
individual worker who expects her work  
to find its own public is far less      
likely to have a steady income than the 
worker who is employed by some large    
firm4 ,if the artist or the worker in   
handicrafts feels that she must work    
alone1 or if she works better by        
herself1 then she should have either an 
independent income or an alternative    
occupation2 otherwise she will need a   
well-developed business sense in order  
to handle the products of her skill to  
the best advantage financially4  ,in    
music1 the gifted girl may be a teacher1
 or may appear in public as a player or 
singer1 or she may combine teaching with
 public appearances4 ,teaching music has
 been systematized to a marked extent4  

,many young musicians who teach are     
engaged on the staff of the conservatory
 or academy where they obtained their   
instruction4 ,musicians who appear in   
public generally possess1 along with    
musical ability1 a more or less         
impressive personality4 ,a number of    
teachers who have made a decided success
 are in receipt of good incomes4 ,a     
performer or singer needs to have       
unusual ability to earn a large income4 
,women musicians not infrequently make  
fine accompanists and may devote        
themselves to this branch of their art4 
,in general1 what has been said of the  
remuneration in other arts applies to   
music4 ,but the systematizing of the    
teaching of music by institutions has a 
tendency to steady the income of the    
music teacher4 ,training of the best    
kind is long and costly1 but any other  
kind is unsatisfactory4  ,in order to   
attain standing as a professional       
actress a young girl should have special
 physical training1 voice culture and a 

broad literary education4 ,she should   
know something of singing and dancing1  
and she should learn how to walk well   
and how to speak correctly and          
impressively4 ,part of this training may
 be obtained at schools of dramatic     
expression which are often connected    
with conservatories of music4 ,the      
people of the stage work harder than the
 average trained or untrained worker4   
,their hours are longer and they endure 
more discomforts4 ,there are few        
spectacular successes1 and still fewer  
genuine reputations for genius in       
dramatic interpretation4 ,seasonal      
unemployment is prevalent in this       
occupation4 ,salaries seem to be large1 
but very few are large in reality4 ,if  
we reckon the number of weeks throughout
 the year during which payment is       
received1 it appears that few actresses 
earn a good income4 ,a young woman of   
decided gifts may become an individual  
entertainer4  ,dancing has recently come
 more into favour as an occupation1     

regarded both as giving physical        
training for health and as an art4 ,the 
teaching of art dancing is undertaken by
 some conservatories of music and also  
by individual teachers4  ,all work of an
 artistic character requires an         
endowment of imagination1 sympathy1     
insight1 and artistic ability4 ,the     
artistic worker gives a great deal1 and 
does not enjoy or suffer temperately4   
,it is impossible to do good work unless
 the whole being is thrown into the     
effort4 ,unless the artist possesses    
financial1 as well as artistic1 ability1
 the pecuniary reward is likely to be   
uncertain4 ,but the individual with     
decided gifts rightly is dissatisfied in
 any other occupation4     ,,chapter    
,,xx  ,,banking4 ,,law4 ,,medicine4     
,,dentistry4 ,,pharmacy4 ,,chemical     
,,industry4 ,,civil ,,service4 ,,social 
,,work   ,among girls at work and at    
school are those whose mental capacity  
is developed strongly4 ,they enjoy      
thinking out problems4 ,they analyze    

situations1 because they want to        
understand why some particular fact     
happens to be true4 ,these girls may be 
executive and practical1 but they are   
always thinkers4 ,if possible1 they     
should remain at school in order to     
continue their studies4 ,but although a 
girl who is intellectual may have to go 
into paid employment early1 there is no 
reason why she should not eventually    
find her way into work for which she is 
better fitted4  ,employment for the     
intellectual girl is varied1 just as the
 intellectual girl herself1 according to
 her individual capacity1 is fitted for 
a number of different occupations4      
,banks have long employed girls as      
stenographers and a number of young     
women have held junior clerkships4 ,but 
now the work of a ledger-keeper or      
teller is sometimes given to a woman1   
and there is a prospect for the         
intelligent girl with capacity for      
financial affairs to find a position in 
a bank1 suited to her gifts4 ,there are 

a few women in accountants' offices4    
,the number of women who act as         
insurance agents is increasing1 and it  
is considered that they have special    
advantages in insuring other women4 ,a  
small movement1 therefore1 has already  
begun to introduce women into the higher
 branches of business and finance4 ,in  
order to be successful in financial     
work1 a girl will need to prepare       
herself as carefully as possible4 ,she  
should understand something of business 
law and should be familiar with the     
machinery of banking and credit4 ,the   
study of economics and popular          
government are part of her preparation4 
,women who have taken a university      
degree in economics are already         
influencing the fields of work which may
 be entered by the girl with a good     
intellectual endowment4  ,women lawyers 
are doing good work in many of the      
larger cities1 especially in the ,united
 ,states4 ,the training required is long
 and somewhat expensive4 ,there is no   

reason why a woman lawyer who has       
training and the legal instinct should  
not be a useful and successful worker4  
,after graduating1 she may find herself 
confined to office work altogether4 ,if 
she has greater capacities1 she may have
 difficulty in making opportunities for 
using them4 ,occasionally she may find  
employment in government service in     
connection with laws regarding children 
and factory work4 ,work in social       
service has attracted the attention of  
some young women to the study of law4   
,in dealing with family difficulties    
through a settlement1 the social worker 
becomes impressed with the importance of
 understanding what legal redress may be
 obtained for some just grievance1 and  
applies herself to legal study4 ,work   
among immigrants and foreigners unable  
to speak ,english is also encouraging   
the study of law by young women who are 
social helpers4 ,this field of          
employment for women is not likely to be
 large1 but it is growing4  ,the woman  

physician is an important social force  
in modern life4 ,some medical colleges  
require for admission a university      
degree1 so that the course of training  
may cover seven or eight years4 ,as a   
rule only girls who are strongly        
attracted to medical work and who are   
specially gifted for it1 undertake the  
study of medicine4 ,in addition to      
university work and medical school      
training1 the young woman doctor if     
possible should spend some time on the  
staff of a hospital and should take     
postgraduate study either before        
beginning private practice or shortly   
after4 ,for the first few years she may 
hardly be able to meet her living       
expenses4 ,she may1 however1 obtain a   
position as a school physician or with  
an insurance company4 ,the woman        
physician needs strength1 health1 a fine
 nervous system1 idealism1 self-control1
 unselfishness1 and knowledge of human  
nature4 ,every fine quality which she   
possesses will be of service in her     

work4 ,her ideals cannot be too high1   
but they must be balanced with common   
sense4 ,she needs also to be gifted with
 intellectual force4 ,her patients      
should have confidence in her skill and 
also in her character4  ,dentistry      
offers to women a good although         
restricted field of employment1 and so  
also does pharmacy4 ,the woman dentist  
needs scientific accuracy1 mechanical   
skill and good nerves4 ,her training is 
shorter than that required by a         
physician and will cost less4 ,her first
 employment may be in schools4 ,work    
with children offers the woman dentist  
special inducements2 she may find       
employment doing children's work for    
another dentist4 ,when she opens an     
office of her own1 she will need a      
thousand1 fifteen hundred or two        
thousand dollars in order to make a     
successful beginning4 ,the woman        
pharmacist requires to attend a college 
for two years and to have had experience
 in a drug store before she can obtain a

 certificate4 ,accuracy1 skill and      
carefulness should make her a successful
 druggist4 ,if she has business ability1
 she should be able in time to manage a 
business of her own4  ,young women who  
have graduated in science from          
universities are finding openings for   
chemical work in a number of industries4
 ,one girl who has specialized in botany
 recently discovered a growth which was 
injuring the quality of paper turned out
 by the mills of a paper company2 she   
was able to tell the manufacturer how he
 could solve his difficulty4 ,the       
chemical expert is constantly increasing
 in industrial importance4 ,teaching and
 laboratory work1 therefore1 are not the
 only employments open to the girl with 
an aptitude for scientific work4  ,a    
number of able women find employment in 
the ,civil ,service4 ,they are required 
to pass a ,civil ,service examination4  
,college graduates hold positions in the
 higher grades1 while many women clerks 
are employed as stenographers and in    

minor positions4 ,the statistical       
office1 forestry1 trade and commerce and
 the labour department1 all need expert 
assistants4 ,while few of the higher    
offices are held by women1 still women  
with special knowledge and ability are  
being employed in increasing numbers by 
the government4  ,the income earned by  
professional women is likely to be      
comparatively small at first4 ,these    
occupations are all full time           
employments and require the undivided   
attention of the worker4 ,after some    
years of steady application1 the        
professional woman is fairly certain to 
receive a reasonable1 even a good1      
income4 ,two1 three1 and four thousand  
dollars may be regarded as incomes which
 may be obtained with reasonable        
certainty by women who are successful in
 their professions4  ,the intellectual  
girl should choose her work wisely4 ,she
 is a good student and while she is in  
training it may seem to her that she    
will have no special difficulties of any

 kind to face4  ,when she comes to      
follow her occupation in everyday life1 
she will find that personal initiative1 
judgment1 and executive energy in       
affairs are as valuable as the ability  
to master a problem in her study or in  
the laboratory4 ,if her studies have    
left her isolated from human nature1 she
 will find this want of understanding   
and sympathy a heavy handicap in        
whatever occupation she may enter4      
,scholarship cannot be made fruitful in 
everyday life unless it is used in the  
service of humanity4  ,one of the modern
 employments for young women of         
education which is increasing rapidly in
 its scope is to be found in social     
work4 ,a broad general training and a   
special interest in humanitarian work   
are required by those who enter this    
occupation4 ,the missionary and the     
deaconess may be regarded as forerunners
 in some sense to the modern social     
worker4 ,many ,canadian women of the    
finest aspiration have become           

missionaries in distant lands2 women    
physicians have accomplished work of    
great value as medical missionaries4    
,the deaconess of to-day may be a       
graduate of such training schools for   
social workers as the ,departments of   
,social ,service and ,social ,science in
 the ,university of ,toronto and        
,mc,gill ,university4 ,the special      
training of the social worker includes  
lectures in economics and sociology and 
the history of philanthropy1 discussion 
of social problems in classes1 and field
 work under the guidance of experienced 
workers4 ,positions for those who take  
training in social service are found in 
settlements1 and in connection with ,big
 ,sister associations1 and ,charity     
,organization ,societies4 ,welfare      
departments in stores and factories     
indicate the growing importance in      
modern industry of work which has to do 
with social factors in employment4 ,the 
trained social worker may find a        
position as secretary1 statistician1    

visitor1 investigator1 lecturer1        
dietitian1 nurse1 or as a clerk or      
executive officer1 in child welfare1    
civic improvement1 or family relief     
work4 ,young women who mean to undertake
 such work should have1 not only        
training1 but common sense and idealism4
 ,salaries are sometimes low1 and much  
valuable work is contributed to social  
betterment enterprises by young women   
who live at home and are able to give   
their time and work free or for small   
remuneration4 ,there are1 however1 a    
number of well-paid positions in        
connection with social service work4    
,,chapter ,,xxi  ,,going ,,into         
,,business ,,for ,,one',s ,,self        
,responsibility is something in which we
 all should share4 ,if girls will       
observe people1 they will see that human
 beings grow and become better able to  
work and help others through the        
exercise of responsibility4 ,the girl or
 woman at work who feels her            
responsibility and is able to act on her

 own initiative is more valuable than   
the worker who always has to be told    
what to do4 ,by gradually learning how  
to take responsibility1 the girl becomes
 fitted to go into business for herself4
  ,in the first place1 few girls        
actually enter paid employment or       
business life with the intention of     
becoming independent proprietors4 ,it is
 only after some years' experience of   
work that the idea occurs to them4 ,a   
trained nurse may have been in private  
practice three or four years before she 
begins to think that she would like to  
own and manage a private hospital4 ,for 
the properly qualified and equipped     
woman1 this is a good business          
enterprise4 ,a number of nurses are     
conducting excellent private hospitals4 
,the work is exacting1 the hours are    
long and the responsibility is heavy4   
,but any girl who thinks of going into  
business for herself should know at once
 that all these conditions are true of  
every independent business that is worth

 while4  ,the business woman requires a 
precise technical and financial         
knowledge of the business which she     
means to enter1 and she needs as well   
originality1 a fund of ideas1 courage1  
initiative1 imagination1 that feeling of
 capacity for responsibility and        
enterprise which is like love of        
adventure1 judgment1 nerve and          
character4 ,she should not be too       
excitable and yet she ought to be keen4 
,she should not be easily disturbed and 
she ought to be a steady worker4 ,above 
all1 she requires to be able to deal    
with people1 both customers and         
employees4  ,instances of women who have
 been successful in business enterprises
 may be quoted which do not seem to     
conform to the requirements specified4  
,but if they are examined1 these        
instances will show that the women in   
question have fulfilled the conditions  
of success almost exactly as described4 
,a woman has succeeded1 for instance1 in
 managing her own country inn4 ,she was 

in a totally different employment before
 she started this successful enterprise4
 ,but she had already bought1 built on1 
and sold with a margin of profit1 three 
or four other properties4 ,she had      
learned how to buy land to advantage in 
the neighbourhood of a city4 ,she bought
 her present property1 choosing a few   
acres which were already in fruit or in 
use for growing vegetables4 ,there was  
an attractive1 large1 old-fashioned farm
 house on the premises1 the property was
 near a railway station and situated on 
a road constantly used by motorists4    
,other enterprises of the same kind were
 studied by her4 ,the food provided was 
made a specialty4 ,every expense which  
could be lessened in connection with the
 property was considered4 ,a flock of   
poultry was kept4 ,the fruit was either 
sold or put down for winter use in the  
inn4  ,in almost every instance the     
successful woman of business enters on  
her new enterprise in a small way4 ,a   
girl begins by making and delivering    

lunches to the staff of a large office  
building4 ,later she adds other         
buildings to her list4 ,she sells cakes1
 sandwiches and preserves from her own  
home4 ,having saved some capital1 she   
embarks on a down-town tea room4 ,every 
detail of her business is planned as it 
expands and the management is entirely  
in her own hands4 ,the successful       
management of a large business would    
have been impossible for an             
inexperienced girl1 but it comes easily 
to the young business woman4  ,in the   
same way a nurse began a business       
preparing supplies for doctors4 ,soon   
she added invalid cookery to her other  
work4 ,her venture developed into a     
business partly catering1 partly a      
dining club1 and in part a depot for    
surgical dressings and home made cooking
 for invalids4 ,another woman has       
inherited a large catering business from
 her father4 ,it was a considerable     
business when she became manager1 but   
she had gone to work with her father as 

soon as she left school4 ,still another 
woman has established a system of       
hairdressing businesses4 ,she began with
 one room in one city4 ,her business has
 been extended to over forty cities4 ,no
 chance good fortune can account for    
successes such as these described4      
,managing ability1 foresight and        
character are responsible for a great   
part of the achievement4 ,the woman in  
each case made the discovery that the   
best commodity of its kind offered to   
the public in the right way must bring  
success1 if the business enterprise     
itself is well managed4  ,examples of   
the wise judgment of women in business  
are found in every large community4 ,a  
girl who makes good marmalade for home  
consumption began to make and sell this 
product in a small way4 ,she is now part
 owner of a large business4 ,a woman who
 went into a factory as an office helper
 proved to have a gift for designing    
dresses4 ,after spending a number of    
years in the employ of the firm with    

which she began work1 she has gone into 
partnership with a woman dressmaker in a
 small specialized factory4 ,a large    
wholesale fish business is owned and    
managed by a woman1 whose knowledge of  
the business1 including sources of      
supply and distribution1 is entirely    
adequate4  ,women who own and manage    
business enterprises when they succeed  
often do so because of their womanly    
qualities4 ,there is no conflict between
 capable thorough work and womanliness4 
,the normal woman has always a capable  
and helpful side to her character4 ,she 
generally retains in affairs her        
gentleness1 considerateness1 and        
patience in dealing with all sorts of   
people4 ,no quality is more important in
 business than a natural ability to     
understand and sympathize4 ,a woman's   
ideas may be original and her knowledge 
of business details exact1 but it is her
 power to work with others and to make  
the best of them which is the highest   
part of her business ability4 ,many of  

the businesses owned and managed        
successfully by women are connected with
 food1 clothing1 health1 physical1      
mental and moral training1 and personal 
well-being4 ,the woman's advantage in   
business has to do most frequently with 
perfection in detail1 personal          
supervision1 knowledge of the highest   
home standards1 and with making her     
commodity a little the best on the      
market4 ,the best women in business     
excel in making conditions for their    
employees ideal4 ,they plan to give     
their workers opportunities for         
education and training1 and sometimes   
help them to start in business for      
themselves4     ,,chapter ,,xxii  ,,new 
,,work ,,for ,,women   ,one of the best 
known doctors in the country has chosen 
a special trained nurse to act as his   
anesthetist1 that is1 she accompanies   
him and assists in giving his patient   
the anesthetic when he is about to      
perform an operation4 ,this girl when   
she entered the training school of a    

hospital had no idea that she would     
specialize in this way as an assistant  
to a famous surgeon4 ,her work is but   
one of the many examples of the         
usefulness of the trained woman worker4 
,varied opportunities in employment may 
be discovered by girls who are in       
earnest in finding the best work they   
can do4  ,a number of the new           
employments for women are connected with
 food1 clothing and home making4 ,the   
woman who fits herself to be a food     
expert may make a good income as a      
writer or lecturer1 provided she has the
 necessary gifts as well as knowledge   
and skill4 ,a food expert is sometimes  
employed in large departmental stores4  
,such a specialist is often found in    
charge of the dining-room of college    
residences4 ,dietitians are a necessary 
part of the staff of a hospital4 ,the   
woman who qualifies as an expert on food
 is entering an occupation which is     
being recognized as of the first        
importance4  ,a visiting household      

expert who is competent to advise in the
 arrangement of household work and who  
is skilled in household accounting is a 
new worker in the oldest occupation for 
women4 ,a food demonstrator is sometimes
 sent out by the government to teach    
canning1 preserving and drying1 and to  
explain new household processes4 ,women 
experts in poultry keeping and vegetable
 growing are also in government service4
 ,women specialists have made a study of
 public marketing4 ,many women have made
 a success of the business of catering1 
of tea and lunch rooms1 and of food     
specialties such as mushroom growing1   
raising squabs1 preserving1 pickling1   
and spicing fruits4 ,in hotels1 there   
are women managers1 chaperones1         
hostesses and matrons4 ,the             
old-fashioned boarding house is still a 
useful institution1 and the girl who    
will undertake to keep house for a group
 of professional women on a co-operative
 plan is a modern worker likely to find 
remunerative employment4 ,any woman who 

has the capital to establish a          
well-arranged1 well-organized home where
 expensive1 high-class board may be     
obtained1 in a city1 or in the          
neighbourhood of a university1 is       
certain to attract as many clients as   
she can accommodate4  ,clothing and     
house furnishing offer fields of new    
work for women4 ,the expert shopper in  
these departments is already in demand4 
,an adviser in dress for women has made 
her appearance as a paid worker4 ,many  
women could save time1 trouble and money
 if they could go to an expert for      
consultation about their clothes4 ,a    
girl who is a specially good shopper    
should be able to build up a business   
among her friends4  ,some women have    
made a success of high class laundry    
work4 ,girls who will undertake fine    
washing and mending of delicate fabrics 
are in demand4 ,there is a greater need 
for the expert who will take classes in 
health exercises for women4 ,teachers   
trained in the ,swedish gymnasium system

 are likely to find employment4 ,others 
are required for children who need      
special care4 ,courses of training are  
already planned for teachers of this    
description1 and the occupation is      
likely to develop considerably4 ,social 
work is constantly requiring helpers in 
new departments4 ,investigators1        
secretaries1 statisticians1 lecturers1  
health workers of various kinds1 are    
employed by social organizations4       
,welfare workers have made their        
appearance in factories4 ,employment    
departments of factories and shops are  
offering work to the woman who is an    
expert in employment4 ,others are in the
 service of civic and government        
employment bureaus4 ,the vocational     
adviser is to be found in colleges and  
is employed by organizations of a       
benevolent character4  ,rent collecting 
as an occupation for women was begun in 
,great ,britain by ,miss ,octavia ,hill4
 ,a woman in this country with capital  
invested in an office building1 who has 

had business experience1 manages her own
 building and collects the rents4 ,other
 women are employed as managers and     
agents for apartment houses4 ,the real  
estate business has been entered by     
women who sell real estate1 and         
accompany prospective tenants to houses 
and apartments4 ,other somewhat unusual 
employments for women are publicity     
writing in various commercial and public
 campaigns1 and lecturing on various    
phases of modern life4 ,women are also  
commercial travellers1 conductors of    
entertainments1 pageant managers1 window
 decorators1 brokers and financial      
advisers1 theatrical managers and       
producers of plays4 ,they find          
employment as civil engineers and in    
research work of various kinds4 ,women  
have succeeded as conductors of foreign 
tours1 and as lecturers on current      
events for women's clubs4  ,some of     
these occupations may appear out of the 
way1 and even romantic1 to the girl who 
is choosing her work1 or who is already 

at work in some paid employment4 ,but in
 every case1 the pioneer worker needs   
special training and experience4 ,new   
work requires more originality1         
perseverance1 and if possible better    
preparation than may be necessary in    
standard employments4  ,in conclusion1 a
 word may be said to the girl or woman  
who has been at work for some years4    
,she should take stock at intervals of  
the work she is doing1 and of her       
prospects and possibilities4 ,let her   
devote some clear thinking as to whether
 her work could not be re-arranged to   
the advantage of her employer and       
herself4 ,purely routine work is        
scarcely ever as well done as it might  
be4 ,she should ask herself1 ,can ,i    
improve my work8 ,is there any new line 
in which ,i can develop8 ,what special  
knowledge and skill have ,i8 ,am ,i     
using all the capacity ,i have8 ,does my
 work need to be changed or             
re-organized8 ,the girl or woman at work
 should not be satisfied with a         

superficial answer to these questions4  
,it is generally possible to improve    
one's own work1 by thinking about it    
carefully and by trying4     ,,chapter  
,,xxiii  ,,money ,,and ,,wages   ,the   
weekly wage on which some girls live    
comfortably will give others only the   
bare necessaries of life1 and sometimes 
not even that4  ,the girl's real wages  
are what she is able to get for the sum 
of money she is paid in exchange for her
 work4 ,before she can judge whether her
 wage is good or poor1 she must know how
 much her board and lodging will cost1  
the cost of clothes1 and the total      
amount of her other expenses4 ,she      
should know what additional advantages  
there are in the place where she is     
working4 ,if there are disadvantages1   
she should consider them also before she
 can tell whether the wage offered is a 
good or a poor wage4 ,local prices1 and 
the difference in the cost of living    
between one place and another1 must be  
learned by the girl at work before she  

can estimate the value of her wages4    
,during the time when she is becoming   
skilled in her occupation it is         
difficult for the girl at work to       
support herself entirely4 ,if she is    
living at home1 her family will help    
her4 ,but she should always remember the
 girl who is not living at home1 and    
should feel that it is her duty not to  
lower this girl's wages below a living  
standard4 ,every girl at work should    
make an effort to know what a living    
wage is in the place--town1 city or     
country--where she is employed4 ,wages  
for skilled workers should be of a good 
standard1 that is1 the wage paid should 
be sufficient to make the worker        
efficient and comfortable4 ,even the    
beginner should have a living wage4     
,prices of food1 clothing and board1 and
 the other expenses which one has to    
meet1 are different in town1 city and   
country4 ,when the girl wage-earner     
changes from the place in which she     
lives1 she should find out beforehand as

 accurately as possible how much she    
will need to live on in the place to    
which she may be thinking of going4  ,if
 we do not think accurately and         
carefully about what we earn and what we
 spend1 we shall likely always remain   
undeveloped in judgment and character1  
and shall not be able to take the       
responsibility which should come to     
every mature person4  ,a girl worker in 
one employment may necessarily have a   
different scale of expenses from a girl 
at work in another occupation4 ,for     
instance1 it costs the average          
stenographer more to keep up her        
standard of efficiency than it does the 
average girl in a factory4 ,the         
stenographer also has to spend more time
 and money in preparing for her         
occupation4 ,a girl in a factory who is 
earning twelve dollars a week is better 
off financially1 therefore1 than the    
stenographer earning twelve a week4 ,a  
woman physician may have a yearly income
 of two or three thousand dollars4 ,a   

teacher who has an income of fifteen    
hundred dollars a year may be better off
 financially4 ,the physician has to pay 
the rent and upkeep of her office2 she  
must have someone to answer her         
telephone and to take messages2 she may 
need a conveyance so that she can get   
about to her patients4 ,her training and
 the equipment she uses in her work are 
more varied and expensive as a rule than
 those which are required by a teacher4 
,we should remember that while what we  
earn is important1 there are other      
considerations as important4 ,the joy of
 the worker in her work is the first    
consideration4 ,the born teacher1 like  
the born doctor1 is happier in her own  
employment4 ,an income is a necessary   
possession1 but it does not give that   
happiness which work alone can give4    
,very few of us work for money          
altogether1 while many of us work to    
earn a living1 which is a different     
thing4 ,to be self-supporting through   
work which we enjoy is one of the       

greatest blessings of our existence4    
,it is impossible to state an amount    
which will represent accurately a living
 wage for girls who are beginning work  
in all the towns1 cities or country     
districts of ,canada4 ,at present a     
living wage in a city may be nine1 ten1 
eleven or twelve dollars a week2 in     
places outside cities it may vary as    
greatly4 ,girls at work should look for 
an employer who recognizes reasonable   
standards and pays such wages as far as 
possible4 ,the more loyal girls are to  
such employers the better working       
conditions will be for everyone4        
,skilled and highly trained workers     
require1 and receive1 wages far above   
the sums mentioned in the preceding     
paragraph4  ,the girl should estimate   
the value of her yearly income4 ,this is
 important4 ,she may be a milliner and  
have steady employment for only thirty  
or thirty-five weeks in the year4 ,if   
she is paid a weekly wage of twelve     
dollars1 her yearly income will amount  

to three hundred and sixty or four      
hundred and twenty dollars4 ,she must   
find some other occupation for the rest 
of her time or her total income will    
amount to three hundred and sixty       
dollars1 or four hundred and twenty     
dollars and no more4  ,the trained nurse
 who is paid twenty-five or thirty      
dollars a week when she is on a case1   
will make a mistake if she forgets that 
she will not be able to work without    
intermission throughout the year4 ,she  
may be engaged in her employment only   
forty weeks in the year4 ,nurses may    
earn no more than eight or nine hundred 
dollars in twelve months4 ,even the most
 capable factory worker does not earn   
her highest wage every week in the year4
 ,she should be careful to reckon her   
income by the year1 not by the week4    
,the girl at work exchanges her yearly  
income for food1 shelter1 clothing and a
 number of other requirements1 such as  
doctor's and dentist's fees1 carfare1   
and washing1 holidays1 recreation1      

savings1 etc4 ,if she earns twelve      
dollars every week in the year her      
income will be six hundred and          
twenty-four dollars4 ,out of this she   
may pay five dollars each week for      
board1 or two hundred and sixty dollars 
a year4 ,if she spends between one      
hundred and twenty-five dollars and one 
hundred and fifty dollars for her       
clothes in the year1 she will have about
 two hundred dollars for other needs4   
,what she uses her money for gives to   
the girl the real meaning of her wages4 
,her income means food1 clothing1 and a 
house to live in4 ,besides that her     
income means many small expenses1 a     
little holiday and recreation1 a little 
kindness to someone1 church collection1 
a gift to someone who is in need1 some  
small pleasure for the girl herself4 ,it
 should also mean a savings account4    
,something will be said about saving in 
the next chapter4 ,but here it may be   
said that if we spend everything we have
 from day to day1 we are left with      

little choice in spending4 ,choice in   
spending is a test of the girl's        
character4 ,we may choose to spend our  
spare money for candy4 ,but if we do we 
shall probably not be able to buy a     
volume of poetry which we should love to
 keep and treasure4 ,we may need a warm 
coat1 but the money we might have had   
for it we spent for a second expensive  
blouse when we had one pretty blouse    
already4 ,it was money we had saved     
which helped us to go to a course of    
lessons in gymnastics1 and that course  
may have cured a tendency to headache4  
,the average girl hopes that her wages  
will increase1 and this is right4 ,an   
employer once said of the amount that he
 was willing to pay his most useful     
employees3 ,i feel that if a girl is not
 able to make a good bargain with me for
 her work1 she will not be able to make 
a good bargain for me with others4 ,the 
best and surest way for the girl to     
increase her wages is to think out some 
plan for increasing the value of her    

work1 and then if necessary to say to   
her employer that she has been able to  
make her work more valuable4  ,a word of
 warning about wages may not come amiss 
here4 ,if our wages are too low1 the    
best way to go about raising them is to 
act ourselves1 not to expect others to  
act for us4 ,the best results are likely
 to be obtained by giving your employer 
some increased advantage1 and by seeing 
at the same time that he gives you an   
equal advantage in your income4 ,but    
never feel ill-used1 because that       
lessens your happiness and your power to
 help yourself4 ,remember it is your own
 difficulty and you are the person to   
find the way out4     ,,chapter ,,xxiv  
,,spending4 ,,saving4 ,,investing       
,there is only one way by means of which
 we may know accurately how we are      
spending our wages4 ,to know this we    
must keep accounts4 ,perhaps the girl   
has an impression that accounting is    
dull and troublesome4 ,but this         
impression1 if she has it1 is a mistaken

 one4  ,this chapter on ,spending1      
,saving and ,investing is not written to
 keep the girl from having what she     
wants4 ,it is written to help her to    
make the most of her wages1 so that she 
will get the most use and pleasure from 
her spending4 ,a pretty blouse does not 
make up for the prettier colour that    
ought to be in the girl's cheeks2 it    
rather makes one notice more readily    
that the girl herself is not looking her
 best4 ,to be well dressed and well     
cared for1 to make the best of herself1 
a girl should learn to keep accounts and
 to plan her expenditures carefully4    
,she has often seen a man poring over   
his business books1 because he knows    
that by doing so with good judgment he  
can improve his methods4 ,similarly1 the
 time a girl gives to the study of her  
accounts will also be to her advantage4 
,one business woman who has made a study
 of her expenditure has the following   
list of headings for her private account
 book3 ,board and lodging2 clothes2     

laundry2 dentist and doctor2 car tickets
 and stamps2 contribution to family     
life2 books1 magazines and papers2      
church and benevolence2 gifts and       
entertainment of friends2 holidays and  
travel2 recreation1 candy1 music1 and   
the theatre2 study2 clubs and societies2
 miscellaneous2 taxes2 saving and       
investment4 ,the girl at work can       
usefully make a study of these headings 
since they1 or others of the same       
character1 are used by women in business
 who desire to lead normal1 generous and
 helpful lives4 ,the business woman just
 mentioned says that the money she has  
for her income would give her no        
satisfaction if she had not people of   
her own to love and if she were not     
helping to take care of them4 ,from this
 statement any girl will understand the 
meaning of the heading contribution to  
family life in this business woman's    
accounts4  ,the girl at work1 however1  
can begin her accounts in a much simpler
 form than the foregoing4 ,the list of  

headings given above have been evolved  
to fit the life of a woman who has been 
at work for a number of years4 ,a girl's
 first accounts may be as follows3      
,board and lodging2 clothing2 recreation
 and holidays2 dentist and doctor2      
church and charity2 savings2            
miscellaneous4  ,mrs4 ,ellen ,richards1 
whose work in teaching people how to    
live wisely is making her name more     
famous every year1 gives in one of her  
books a division of a family income     
which every girl should study and try to
 understand3 ,food2 clothes2 rent or    
housing2 light1 heat and wages          
7operating expenses for the house72     
miscellaneous1 including books1         
education1 church1 charity1 savings1    
life insurance1 doctor1 dentist1 travel 
and pleasure4 ,various divisions by     
percentages have been made of the family
 income4 ,the one chosen by ,mrs4       
,richards is based on an income of      
#a1jjj a year4 ,the percentages are #cj 
per cent4 for food2 #bj per cent4 for   

rent2 #ae per cent4 for clothing2 #aj   
per cent4 for operating expenses2 and   
#be per cent4 for miscellaneous4  ,it   
will be seen that there is a great deal 
for a girl to learn about the spending  
of money4 ,she will readily understand  
that it is impossible for her to use her
 wages or income to the best advantage  
unless she knows what she is spending it
 for1 and in what proportions4 ,every   
girl should make a division of income   
fitted to her own needs4  ,it is not    
always possible to follow the           
percentages which ,mrs4 ,richards       
recommends1 but it is possible and wise 
for every girl to know what are regarded
 as proper divisions for a family       
income1 and to plan her own expenditures
 with such percentages as a guide4      
,sometimes girls are called fortunate or
 lucky because their affairs seem to    
turn out well4 ,in reality1 these girls 
have planned carefully and have carried 
out their plans faithfully4 ,a well     
managed life is not an accident1 or a   

piece of luck2 it is the result of      
careful planning1 and persistent        
application4  ,the girl who saves has a 
freedom of action unknown to the girl   
who has never had a bank account4 ,we   
all find a compelling necessity to spend
 money for food1 shelter1 clothing1     
carfare and other incidentals4 ,but when
 these wants are satisfied1 the wise    
girl puts by a certain part of her      
income4 ,then she can begin to exercise 
a power of choice4 ,she may take some   
training which will help her to get a   
better position1 she may learn a new    
occupation1 or she may study music or   
designing4 ,possibly she needs a rest   
and change2 if she has money saved1 she 
may rest for a few weeks4 ,if she has   
spent all her money1 she must continue  
at work4 ,then1 too1 she should guard   
herself by the possession of a bank     
account against sickness1 and being out 
of work4 ,even a small sum saved every  
week enables a girl to feel strong and  
self-reliant4 ,the habit of saving calls

 for self-control1 far-sightedness and  
imagination4  ,girls invest their       
savings in various ways4 ,a girl may    
help her people to buy a house1         
sometimes with a garden attached4 ,this 
is a good investment in most            
circumstances4 ,the girl should take an 
interest in the garden and help to grow 
vegetables and flowers4 ,possibly the   
garden lot may be large enough for      
poultry as well as vegetables4 ,or the  
girl's family may live outside the city1
 in which case a good part of the food  
for the household may be produced in the
 garden4 ,it was one of the glories of  
,belgium before the war that many of her
 wage-earners lived in the country and  
grew a good part of their own food4     
,they kept hens and pigs2 and there was 
almost no unemployment or destitution in
 ,belgium4  ,the girl who saves         
generally begins with a bank account and
 should learn to understand banking4    
,the ,canadian ,government has an       
advantageous system of annuities which  

offers young investors an excellent     
return for them money4 ,girls and boys  
alike should study these annuities4     
,life insurance is a helpful form of    
investment for those who have           
dependents4 ,the girl at work should not
 put her savings into speculative       
investments4 ,business men of the best  
standing say it is pathetic to see the  
waste of girls' savings in unwise       
investments4 ,one of the best           
investments a girl can make is to       
continue her education4     ,,chapter   
,,xxv  ,,health   ,health has more to do
 with our successful employment than    
most of us have yet realized4 ,to prove 
that this is true a woman who is an     
employment expert told the following    
story3  ,the other night ,i was sitting 
in my office waiting for a girl who     
could not come to see me in the daytime4
 ,the manager of a business house who   
was interested in the girl had asked me 
if ,i would advise her how to change her
 work from one employment which she     

liked fairly well to another in which   
she was greatly interested4 ,i had      
formed no particular idea of what the   
girl would be like4 ,my day had been    
full and ,i had had no time to consider 
her case1 knowing only that she wanted  
to change her work1 and that she was a  
girl who was already earning her living4
  ,she came in1 looked at me with a     
straight1 steady glance and offered me  
her hand with a simplicity which took no
 note of the fact that an older person  
is supposed usually to make the first   
advance4 ,the fact that we shook hands  
gave me an opportunity to notice that   
her hand was neither nervous nor        
tremulous4 ,the quality of her handclasp
 can be summed up in saying that it was 
reassuring and agreeable4 ,i wonder if  
most people know how all these points   
are noticed by employment experts and   
employers4 ,the way in which the girl   
looked at me and the way in which she   
shook hands told me that she was        
physically and mentally in good         

condition4  ,she was about five feet    
ten1 and unusually well built and well  
developed4 ,she was dressed in          
noticeably good taste4 ,she was a rather
 large woman1 or rather girl1 for she   
was only a child in years4 ,she was not 
what anyone would call 'a beauty1' but  
she was so splendidly well and carried  
herself so finely that she made an      
excellent impression4 ,i do not know    
when ,i have been so much attracted by  
anyone4 ,almost any employer would have 
given her a position if he had had one  
vacant which she could fill4 ,i wish all
 girls could realize what an advantage  
it is to be well physically and mentally
 and to look as well as this girl did4  
,when ,i came to question her ,i found  
that her story was unusual from the     
point of view of employment4 ,i thought 
from her appearance that she might be   
eighteen or nineteen4 ,but to my        
astonishment she told me that she was   
fifteen and that she had been earning   
her living for nearly a year4 ,she was a

 stenographer and had had three years'  
training in a high school of commerce4  
,her father had died and she was helping
 to support her mother4 ,several factors
 were against her satisfactory          
employment4 ,she was under age and she  
had not completed her school course when
 she went to work4 ,from these two facts
 it would have been natural to suppose  
that she would obtain a poor position1  
both in the character of the work       
required and in payment4 ,she was       
earning fifteen dollars a week1 a rate  
of payment three or four dollars a week 
higher than the average wage paid       
beginners in the city where she was     
employed4 ,it was her splendid health1  
her look of substantial character and   
her good manner which had won this girl 
employment when another girl of fifteen1
 less healthy and less developed1 might 
have failed to find any satisfactory    
position at all4  ,a time is likely to  
come in the world's history when the    
laws of right living are so well        

understood that poor health will be     
regarded as blameworthy4 ,in a number of
 cases we must regard it as blameworthy 
now4 ,to be in the company of a         
radiantly healthy person is a cheerful  
blessing4 ,let us make up our minds to  
be this kind of blessing to our friends4
  ,happily we can do a great deal to    
make ourselves healthy4 ,we need to eat 
wisely1 to dress properly and to rest   
well4 ,every girl should learn to       
regulate these things wisely for        
herself4 ,other people can only help to 
make us healthy1 but the real work of   
being healthy we must do for ourselves1 
and this means daily attention and daily
 care4 ,a famous doctor said once that  
the average baby is meant to live2 all  
the baby asks is to be given a good     
chance4 ,in the same way the average    
human being is meant to be healthy4     
,health depends--the statement is so    
important that it will bear             
repeating--on care in eating and resting
 and on proper clothing4 ,health depends

 also on cleanliness1 inside the body   
and out2 this means cleanliness in every
 respect4 ,a daily bath and proper      
attention to one's body are essential to
 health4  ,the girl should learn as soon
 as possible that her health as well as 
her appearance will depend on her taking
 daily exercise4 ,she may suppose that  
exercise is a dull tiresome thing which 
she is told by other people to take1 but
 which in itself has no interest for    
her4 ,here1 as in other things1 the girl
 must learn to be her own captain1 her  
own commanding officer4 ,she should give
 herself orders to take daily exercise4 
,if any of us needs a lesson in keeping 
well and beautiful1 we can get that     
lesson from our little friends the      
birds4 ,every creature1 wild and tame1  
winged and four-footed1 takes the most  
scrupulous care of its physical         
condition4 ,they clean1 stretch1 brush1 
polish1 until every feather or hair1    
until every muscle and sinew is in fit  
condition4  ,we should think of our     

bodies as fine instruments which are    
given into our keeping4 ,the human body 
is the finest and most wonderful        
instrument in the world1 and it is sad  
and amazing how often we fail to take   
the most ordinary care of it4 ,there are
 different systems of exercise1 and the 
girl should find one that will bring all
 her muscles properly into play4 ,five  
or ten minutes' exercise a day is all   
that is required4 ,there are many       
muscles which are not used in walking or
 ordinary play1 and if these muscles are
 not exercised regularly then that fine 
instrument your body will get out of    
good condition and will not show correct
 and beautiful lines4 ,a girl should    
train herself to stand properly4 ,a     
simple test by which she can tell if she
 is holding herself rightly is to walk a
 few steps on tiptoe4 ,in order to do   
this she must hold herself correctly4   
,to have a good body1 well shaped and in
 right proportion1 it is necessary to   
hold one's self correctly all the time4 

,habits such as these are not acquired  
all at once4 ,it is only by persistence 
day by day that the girl will learn to  
walk and to stand properly and will find
 that her body is becoming lithe1 strong
 and healthy1 an instrument which it is 
a joy to use and which will make her    
appearance as attractive as it ought to 
be4  ,when anything goes wrong which we 
do not understand1 it is generally      
necessary to consult a physician4       
,special care should be taken to see a  
good doctor or dentist1 if anything is  
wrong with eyes or teeth4  ,other aids  
to health and happiness are sunshine and
 fresh air1 drinking plenty of good     
water1 useful work1 good temper1 and    
good times4 ,to be healthy and happy we 
must also give affection and kind help  
to other people4  ,like everyone else1  
the girl at work needs holidays4 ,two   
weeks in the year is a usual allowance2 
but three weeks are better than two4    
,after the girl has become a responsible
 and important worker1 she will find two

 holidays in the year a good investment 
for health1 a short holiday and a longer
 one of three or four weeks4  ,to be    
angry1 bad tempered and to think        
unkindly are all harmful to one's health
 and destroy a great part of one's      
happiness4 ,no one can be a successful  
worker of a high type who is habitually 
jealous or bad-tempered4 ,good thoughts 
are an aid to both health and happiness4
 ,in the same way one needs what are    
called good times4 ,many girls love     
walks in the country with a number of   
companions4 ,learning to know birds and 
flowers by sight1 and keeping a record  
of those found1 and when and where they 
were found1 is an enjoyable pursuit of  
endless interest4 ,learn to keep and    
cherish all the festivals of the        
year--,christmas1 ,new ,year's1         
,thanksgiving1 and other holidays4      
,charades and plays1 games and dancing1 
picnics and excursions1 may be made     
enjoyable and delightful and should help
 to keep girls healthy as well as happy 

if they are planned with good sense and 
restricted to suitable times and places4
     ,,chapter ,,xxvi  ,a ,,girl',s     
,,reading   ,anyone who has developed a 
love for reading possesses resources for
 self-improvement and enjoyment which   
are almost limitless4 ,this love for    
reading a girl may acquire when she is  
young1 or she may develop it at any     
time4 ,it is worth while taking some    
trouble to learn to read well4  ,reading
 for the girl at work should include    
newspapers and magazines as well as     
books4 ,she should learn how to read    
newspapers1 because as a great          
journalist said once1 ,a newspaper is a 
sign post telling the traveller which   
road he ought to take4 ,in this sense we
 are all travellers and every worker    
needs to read his sign post which is a  
newspaper4 ,to each girl some parts of a
 newspaper are more important than      
others2 much depends on her occupation  
and on her relations to life4 ,the      
business man reads the newspaper to find

 out what is happening that will affect 
his business4 ,the girl at work should  
read what we call foreign news1 that is1
 news about countries other than our    
own1 and she should read also about     
important happenings in our own country4
 ,we ought to read the newspaper        
carefully so that we may be in touch    
with the rest of the world4 ,we should  
read important local news1 that is1 news
 of our own neighbourhood4 ,we cannot   
understand our neighbourhood unless we  
know what is going on in it4 ,a new     
library may have been opened1 a new     
church or picture gallery4 ,some worth  
while person may be speaking whom we may
 go to hear4 ,there may be trouble in   
the community which we can help to put  
right4 ,the person who is really living 
in touch with progress must give some   
time to daily newspapers4  ,but there is
 a good deal in a newspaper which one   
does not need to read4 ,a newspaper is a
 report of daily happenings1 sometimes  
even of rumours4 ,these should be       

published1 so that the truth may be     
arrived at1 but the girl at work should 
find the parts of the newspaper which   
are her special concern and should not  
give much time to the rest of the paper4
 ,she should learn to distinguish facts 
from rumours and opinions4 ,the girl who
 is learning discrimination in buying   
will find some of the advertisements    
useful reading4  ,magazines are more    
like books than newspapers4 ,sometimes  
they are not so useful as newspapers4   
,but they are often entertaining1 and   
good entertainment is a fine thing4     
,there are magazines which make a       
special feature of publishing articles  
on what is new in art1 science1 music1  
politics1 etc4 ,a number of good        
magazines are devoted especially to the 
interests ofwomen4 ,the girl should not 
attempt to buy many magazines4 ,a great 
many of them are alike4 ,she should find
 one that meets her needs1 and sometimes
 she should vary her choice4  ,it is    
important that she should see some of   

the best publications which have to do  
with her own line of work4 ,if the girl 
is working at home she should read about
 home questions4 ,admirable new         
publications are being issued on all    
kinds of household matters4 ,if a girl  
is a saleswoman or stenographer1 she    
should see what is being written on     
these subjects4 ,it is a mistake for any
 worker not to make herself familiar    
with what other workers in her own      
occupation are doing4  ,besides reading 
for our work1 we have minds and souls to
 keep and cultivate4 ,reading of the    
right kind is a great help in           
encouraging the growth of mind and soul4
 ,books1 when they are good of their    
kind1 and when read in the right way1   
teach us2 give us rest1 change and      
variety2 entertain and amuse us2 and are
 a refuge and consolation4  ,we can     
learn a great deal from a good book of  
fiction4 ,one writer has said that she  
obtained the greater part of her        
education from reading novels4 ,stories 

explain to us the endless varieties of  
human nature4 ,we learn to know people  
from reading good novels1 and after a   
while we are able to criticize the      
characters in the stories from the      
people we know ourselves4 ,then we can  
tell whether the novel is true to       
nature1 or whether it is only a poor    
mistaken interpretation of life4 ,many  
novels have to do with famous places as 
well as famous people4 ,it would be a   
great loss if we had to give up all the 
good novels in the world4 ,the best     
novels help us to understand how        
wonderfully important life is4  ,other  
realms of knowledge and delight are     
found in biography and history4         
,scarcely too much can be said in praise
 of good biography4 ,the girl should ask
 at home or in a library for an         
interesting life of some famous person4 
,perhaps she is specially attracted to a
 hero or heroine of history1 to some    
famous writer1 artist or musician4 ,in  
any case1 she may ask the librarian to  

advise her which biography to read      
first4 ,while reading famous histories1 
such as ,greene's ,short ,history of    
,england1 she should not fail to read   
the history connected with her own      
neighbourhood4 ,world history and the   
history of countries other than our own 
are also important4  ,besides fiction1  
biography and history1 the girl is      
likely to find herself longing to read  
some of the great poetry of the world4  
,here again she may ask the advice of   
the librarian4 ,we can hardly know the  
full beauty of ,god's world until we    
have read some of the writings of the   
great poets4 ,the girl who is really    
fond of reading will enjoy essays and   
the letters of famous people4 ,girls who
 love art and music will find good books
 on such subjects4 ,almost anything one 
can imagine has been written about in a 
book4  ,while she should read well and  
wisely1 the girl should not turn into a 
bookworm4 ,unless our reading fits us   
for better thought and better action1 we

 should examine into what we are reading
 and change it for something better4    
,reading should never be a hindrance to 
work1 but a help4 ,nor should we put    
reading in the place of people4 ,it is a
 poor plan for any girl to prefer books 
habitually to intercourse with her      
friends4  ,a number of fine books deal  
with social and economic questions4     
,these subjects appear also in many     
novels4 ,the girl who wants to see      
conditions improved for the sick1 the   
poor1 and the unfortunate may again ask 
advice from the librarian4 ,the         
biography of a woman like ,miss         
,nightingale1 or such a book as         
,ruskin's ,sesame and ,lilies1 will     
interest girls of this class4  ,a few   
rules will help us in our reading4      
,whatever book we read should be a good 
book of its class4 ,suppose we want to  
read a light and entertaining book for  
amusement and relaxation1 then it should
 be good entertainment1 well written1   
well planned1 delightfully easy and gay 

in style4 ,do not read books which make 
you wish that you had not read them4    
,shun books which make one feel that    
life is not worth living4 ,we can always
 judge the character of a book by the   
importance it gives to life4 ,a book    
that has a great vision of life is a    
great book4 ,in the same way we should  
not read books that make us think poorly
 of people4 ,the finer the book the more
 clearly it shows how worth while every 
individual is4 ,any book that separates 
us1 or turns us away1 from the highest1 
happiest things is not worth the time   
which we might spend in reading it4     
,there is something wrong with a book   
which leaves us indolent and listless4  
,books that we should choose1 therefore1
 are those which make us feel that life 
is worth living1 that people are worth  
while1 and which keep us in love with   
the highest things in life4             
,,chapter ,,xxvii  ,,necessary ,,work   
,there is a question which everyone     
should ask herself about her work3 ,is  

the work that ,i am doing adding        
anything to the wealth and well-being of
 the world8 ,is it necessary work--that 
is1 is any one single person dependent  
to any extent for his or her existence  
on what ,i do8  ,necessary work has to  
do with providing the necessaries of    
life4 ,these are food1 clothing1        
shelter1 light1 heat and every other    
service or commodity which helps to keep
 us alive and adds to our efficiency as 
human beings4  ,anyone1 therefore1 who  
is producing food or preparing it is a  
necessary worker4 ,so are the great     
armies of workers who are engaged in    
producing materials out of which all    
kinds of necessary clothing are made1   
and other workers who make necessary    
clothing from wool1 cotton1 linen1 etc4 
,such workers occupy an honourable place
 because our lives actually depend on   
them4 ,their daily work adds to the     
wealth of the world and makes it        
possible to improve the standard of     
living for everyone4 ,we could spend    

much time naming the occupations of     
necessary workers1 such as fishermen1   
sailors1 railway men1 farmers1 miners1  
and many others4 ,sailors and railway   
men are not directly engaged in creating
 new wealth as the farmer is1 but food  
would not do us much good if there were 
no one to bring it to market1 so all    
transportation workers are necessary    
workers4  ,mothers of children add      
infinitely to the wealth and well-being 
of the world4 ,every girl or woman whose
 work it is to prepare food and make a  
home is a necessary worker of honourable
 rank4 ,the paid house worker is a      
necessary worker and has this honourable
 rank4  ,whether or not we are engaged  
in necessary work makes a great         
difference to the steadiness of our     
employment4 ,if we are doing necessary  
work1 we are much more certain of steady
 employment than we can be if our work  
is connected with providing luxuries or 
other commodities which are not         
essential to the maintenance of life4   

,about twice in every ten years1 the    
world1 or part of the world1 experiences
 what is known as a financial           
depression4 ,perhaps crops have failed  
in many countries1 or unwise people have
 been speculating madly1 or a great     
amount of money has been invested in    
utilities which will not become         
productive for a number of years4       
,whatever the reason is1 the world      
passes through a time of business       
depression4 ,every worker1 young and    
old1 should remember that these times of
 depression will recur4 ,in good times  
when we are earning good wages we must  
prepare for these bad times when wages  
may be lower1 or we may be out of work  
altogether and have no wages for some   
months4 ,if we are not primary          
producers1 such as the people in the    
classes named above1 then it is wise for
 us to learn how to do some necessary   
work so that when a business depression 
comes1 if we lose our usual employment1 
we may turn to this other vocation which

 we have learned4  ,some girls earn     
wages by curling feathers4 ,now feathers
 are a luxury4 ,no one needs to wear a  
feather in her hat in order to keep     
alive4 ,but we know that we must eat1 be
 clothed and have shelter in order to   
live4 ,in times of great business       
depression people stop spending money1  
as far as possible4 ,they cease buying  
feathers and other luxuries4 ,in this   
way1 girls who earn their living by     
doing work connected with luxuries are  
likely to lose their employment during  
times of financial depression4 ,but if  
the girl who has earned her living      
curling feathers is a good cook1 she is 
reasonably sure of employment even in   
bad times4 ,workers such as artists of  
all kinds1 musicians1 writers1 actors1  
painters1 sculptors1 handicraft workers1
 architects and so on are likely to     
experience difficulties during times of 
financial depression4 ,many workers in  
these classes agree that it is advisable
 for them to have other work of a       

different character which they may use  
as occasion requires4  ,the girl who is 
a musician may add to her profession a  
knowledge of poultry farming or rose    
growing4 ,roses may be called a luxury1 
it is true1 but the world will never    
consent to live without roses4 ,or the  
girl who is an artist may make and sell 
blouses4 ,the girl who is a writer may  
find productive work of the same        
character as the musician1 or she may   
turn to fruit farming or become a paid  
housekeeper4 ,every worker should make  
an effort to understand the connection  
between the character of her work and   
the likelihood of her obtaining steady  
employment4     ,,chapter ,,xxviii      
,,what ,,one ,,girl ,,can ,,do ,,for    
,,another   ,no work will have as much  
happiness as it ought to have1 or will  
be as well done as it should be1 until  
fellow-workers exchange experiences and 
advice with one another4  ,every girl   
can learn something about her work from 
others in the same occupation4 ,to learn

 from a friendly fellow-worker is       
pleasant and easy compared with the     
difficulty that we find in learning from
 people who are not specially interested
 in showing us how to work4 ,some of the
 happiest groups of workers are those   
who have organized to promote friendship
 and good feeling amongst girls and     
women who are in the same occupation4   
,this is what the girls of one such     
group say of the benefit of belonging to
 a friendly social organization of which
 the members are fellow-workers3 ,it    
improves our work1 because we know how  
the others do theirs and we want to do  
as well as they do4 ,we talk over       
problems in our work1 and hearing the   
various ideas and solutions that others 
have thought out helps us in solving our
 problems4 ,we do not meet to discuss   
our work primarily2 as a rule our       
gatherings are for enjoyment and        
recreation4 ,but work every now and then
 comes into general conversation and in 
this way we learn4 ,it is a help to have

 for a friend one of the best workers in
 your occupation4 ,you try your best to 
keep up with her4 ,if any of the girls  
needs a new position1 or is in          
difficulty about her work1 she may talk 
it over with one of the older workers4  
,in the same way we advise one another  
about wages4 ,we can find out what is   
the average wage and the best wage paid 
in the occupation and what are the      
average hours of employment4 ,many girls
 in the club have found new positions   
and have been able to ask for and get   
higher wages through the advice and help
 of other club members4  ,every girl    
knows what a help it is to work with    
others when sewing1 mending1 dressmaking
 and trimming hats4 ,the girl in paid   
employment finds this work more trying  
than the girl who remains at home1      
because the girl at home generally has  
spare hours during the day when she may 
do work of this character4 ,a mending   
circle meeting once a week could plan   
some entertainment to accompany work4   

,one of the circle might read aloud1 or 
all the members might take turns in     
telling a story and adding in some way  
to the evening's entertainment4 ,girls  
in such a circle could all help in      
blouse making or in millinery4 ,one or  
more of the members might have a special
 gift in cutting and fitting4 ,others   
might be more skilful in sewing4 ,one or
 more of the girls might have a special 
gift in buying4 ,the possibilities of   
co-operative work of this kind for girls
 in the twentieth century are very great
 indeed4  ,there was a time in the      
history of the world when work of this  
kind was all done in private homes4     
,women and girls worked together at     
home1 spinning1 weaving1 sewing and     
dressmaking4 ,a great part of such work 
is now done in factories4 ,but girls    
know that they still have mending1      
sewing1 dressmaking and millinery to do4
 ,people are seldom well advised if they
 do work of this kind in isolation4 ,the
 work is often not so well done and the 

worker is lonely and apt to be          
discouraged4 ,it is part of the duty of 
the twentieth century girl to restore   
happiness and companionship in all this 
women's work1 a great part of which is  
still done by hand4 ,the happy circle of
 girl workers is often the best solution
 to the problem of how this work of     
making1 trimming and mending should be  
done4  ,one such group of girls1 in this
 case1 a group of stenographers1 who1 as
 it happens1 have all come from farm    
homes1 have made a success of           
co-operative housekeeping4 ,there are   
eight girls in the group4 ,the city in  
which they work is by a lake and during 
the summer months these girls rent a    
cottage on the lake shore outside the   
city4 ,they have the cottage for four   
months4 ,two girls undertake the        
housekeeping for a month at a time1     
which means that each girl has one month
 of housekeeping responsibility and     
three months when she helps only with   
tidying and cleaning4 ,their individual 

expenses for rent and housekeeping      
amount to #d4ej per week4 ,this is an   
excellent example of the good to be     
obtained from co-operative effort4      
,other girls find companionship1        
recreation and improvement in reading   
circles1 study clubs1 and clubs for     
walking1 snowshoeing1 skating and other 
outdoor enjoyment4 ,clubs formed to     
promote play and exercise are among the 
best of these organizations4 ,some      
circles are for dancing2 others are     
dramatic clubs4 ,practically every group
 of this kind undertakes some benevolent
 work1 and should do so in order to     
share happiness and good times with     
others4 ,such clubs entertain the       
inmates of hospitals1 children's and old
 people's homes1 give ,christmas trees  
to children1 send gifts to the needy1 or
 work for benevolent organizations4     
,the club for outdoor play is one of the
 most important of group organizations4 
,it has a wonderful effect on the health
 of its members4 ,tennis1 basket ball1  

cricket1 hockey and croquet are played  
by groups of girls who often challenge  
boys' clubs and are able to enter such  
contests with skill and ability4 ,the   
gardening club is one of the many ways  
in which a club of girls can raise money
 to help in benevolent and other        
objects4  ,to form a group of this kind 
successfully the girl members require to
 have kindly impulses and enthusiasm1 a 
willingness to work and play together1  
and the wish to be useful and to do     
something worth doing4 ,other requisites
 are a few simple rules1 loyally lived  
up to1 and one or two girls who have    
organizing ability4 ,leaders should     
train others to lead also1 and each girl
 should take her turn in leading and in 
following4  ,the ideal group is not made
 up of girls exclusively1 but should    
take its pattern as much as possible    
from family life4 ,the girls of the     
group play together and work together4  
,but the fathers and mothers of some of 
the girls will be glad to be honorary   

members and should share at times both  
in work and in play4 ,a boys' club may  
be a friendly rival in games and may    
co-operate in benevolent work and       
entertainment4     ,,chapter ,,xxix     
,,civic ,,duties ,,and                  
,,responsibilities   ,learning to be a  
good neighbour is an active enjoyment   
which lasts us all our lives4 ,our civic
 duties and responsibilities may be     
summed up by saying that they are the   
duties and opportunities of a good      
neighbour4 ,we should study our civic   
duties and responsibilities carefully so
 that we may know how to vote rightly   
and wisely when we are given an         
opportunity to vote on public questions4
  ,the privilege of voting as a citizen 
is of the highest importance4 ,but it is
 not by any means the only duty or      
opportunity of a good neighbour4 ,women 
have exercised the right to vote only of
 recent years1 and still in a number of 
countries women do not yet vote4 ,they  
can and do give service in many other   

ways4 ,every man and woman who has the  
franchise should record an honest and   
intelligent vote4 ,but those who vote   
should give other service as well4      
,those who are too young to vote have   
other opportunities to work for the     
community and for the nation4  ,the     
right to vote in ,canadian elections for
 the ,dominion ,house of ,commons was   
given to a limited number of women for  
the first time in #aiag4 ,by an ,act of 
,parliament which became law in #aiah   
all women in ,canada have the right to  
vote in ,dominion elections under the   
same conditions as men4 ,women of       
twenty-one and over have the right to   
vote in the ,provincial elections of    
,ontario1 ,british ,columbia1 ,alberta1 
,saskatchewan1 ,manitoba1 and ,nova     
,scotia4  ,what is the meaning of       
learning to be a good neighbour8  ,let  
us take the cases of three ,canadian    
girls4 ,one lives in a country          
neighbourhood1 one belongs to a village1
 and the third is a city girl4 ,each of 

them lives in a house on a road or      
street4 ,other houses in which          
neighbours live are not far away4 ,the  
city girl's next door neighbour is close
 by2 there is more space in the village2
 and where the country girl lives       
everyone owns a farm so that there is   
abundance of room between one neighbour 
and another4  ,the community in which   
she lives gives each of these girls     
certain good things4 ,it gives her the  
school where she is educated4 ,the roads
 that lead to different places where she
 needs to go are provided by the        
community4  ,when a great many people   
live close together1 the community has  
to provide other necessary things4 ,the 
girl in the country neighbourhood1      
unlike the city girl1 needs no special  
playground because she has many         
beautiful1 safe places where she can    
play2 also her father can provide his   
house with pure water with comparative  
ease1 whereas in a city or town1 the    
council1 which is the government of the 

local community1 provides water and     
playgrounds4 ,the city girl is used to  
having these things provided for her by 
the community1 and the girl in the      
country often does not stop to think of 
the space1 light1 air and water which   
are hers so freely and abundantly4      
,what we call the community is all the  
people who live in one district1 which  
has boundaries to mark it off from other
 communities4 ,certain utilities1 such  
as roads1 schools1 courts1 water1       
lighting1 parks1 playgrounds1 and many  
other things1 are kept up by taxes1     
which are paid by the people of the     
community4  ,sometimes taxes are        
objected to as burdens4 ,but it is      
honourable to pay taxes for the upkeep  
of a good community4 ,money raised by   
taxes should be spent wisely1 honestly1 
and not extravagantly4 ,it is the       
people's money1 and proper value should 
be received for what the community      
spends4 ,we should all see as far as    
possible that the money from taxes is   

spent properly4  ,every girl1 boy1 man  
and woman1 is a citizen of some         
community and nation1 and has a duty to 
see that the community and nation are   
well managed and well governed4  ,there 
is a beautiful word1 common1 which is   
sometimes misused in one of its         
meanings4 ,one of the meanings of the   
word common is belonging to all4 ,common
 property means property belonging to a 
certain number of people4 ,a common is a
 piece of public property4 ,a common    
duty is a duty which belongs to all4    
,there is no common or public property  
in your neighbourhood1 and there is no  
common duty in your neighbourhood1 which
 is not yours4  ,to be a good neighbour 
has both a public and a private meaning4
 ,you are a good neighbour to the people
 who live near you if you help to take  
care of them when they are sick1 do     
everything you can to keep them healthy 
when they are well1 and are kind when   
they are in trouble4 ,a good neighbour  
is a quiet1 peaceful1 law-abiding       

citizen1 pleasant and useful in the     
neighbourhood4 ,what you do as a good   
neighbour for the people who live next  
door1 you do as far as you are able for 
the community in which you live4 ,the   
best rule ever given to the world for   
being a good neighbour is contained in  
the story of the ,good ,samaritan4 ,the 
more we study that story1 the better we 
will understand our duties to our       
neighbours and the community4  ,women   
and girls should be specially interested
 in such questions as education and the 
training of children1 in public health  
and safety and public justice1 in       
markets and everything having to do with
 the food supply1 and in the proper     
treatment of immigrants4 ,the nation    
cannot do its best unless girls and     
women help by being good neighbours and 
citizens in all these and other matters4
  ,perhaps the most valuable possession 
that any girl has is her character4 ,the
 honest1 kind1 likeable girl1 who keeps 
her word and is a good friend1 is valued

 by everyone who knows her4 ,the        
character of a nation is not unlike the 
character of the individual4 ,we love   
our country4 ,we would give her the best
 service4 ,the best we can do for her is
 to make her national character honest1 
kind1 strong1 helpful and lovable4      
,every individual in a nation has a     
civic duty and responsibility to make   
that nation a good neighbour4  ,a       
,canadian woman of seventy years said   
once to a younger woman who was a       
professional worker1 ,my dear1 tell me  
about the hospital where you are        
working4 ,i have heard that conditions  
are not all they should be4 ,i want to  
know1 because if ,i know ,i may be able 
to help in making what is wrong right4  
,she was a quiet1 gentle woman1 charming
 in manner1 and somewhat shy and        
reserved4 ,she never talked about       
disagreeable things4 ,on this occasion  
she believed it was her duty to make    
sure whether there was a wrong1 and if  
there was to try to put it right4 ,no   

one ever heard anything said about this 
matter in public1 but after some time   
the management of one public institution
 was greatly improved4 ,age1 experience 
and wisdom can help in these wonderful  
ways4 ,girls may learn from such women4 
,we learn best to be good citizens in   
our own homes4 ,study public affairs and
 community questions with your father   
and mother1 brothers and sisters4       
,those who read ,queen ,victoria's      
,letters1 which have been published1    
notice that in her girlhood she was a   
simple1 gentle1 innocent girl1 not      
specially clever1 but eager to learn1   
resolved that everything in the         
government of her country should be     
explained to her so that she might      
understand it4 ,it was her duty to know 
the details of that great government1   
and she was determined1 no matter what  
it cost her in work and study1 to know  
and understand her duty4 ,in her later  
letters she appears as an old1 very wise
 woman1 one of the first statesmen of   

her age4 ,queen ,victoria had great     
responsibilities4 ,ours are smaller4    
,but no girl1 whether she works at home 
or in paid employment1 can reach her    
highest development in the twentieth    
century without living up to her civic  
and national responsibilities4          
,,chapter ,,xxx  ,,the ,,best ,,kind    
,,of ,,work   ,summing up what we have  
been able to learn1 and what the world  
has learned1 about employment1 it is    
generally agreed that hard work is best4
 ,by hard work is meant work which      
requires from us the putting forth of   
all our energies and which calls for all
 our gifts4 ,work is very beneficial4   
,as a man has said1 ,it takes the       
nonsense out of people1 not the fun out 
of life1 but the nonsense out of people1
 foolish1 wrong1 mistaken ideas which   
make people disagreeable to work with or
 play with or live with4 ,it is not     
until our work1 and methods of doing    
work1 make use of all our ability and   
capacity that we know how fine work can 

be4 ,you remember the story in the      
,bible which tells how ,jacob wrestled  
with an unseen adversary until the      
breaking of the day4 ,then when ,jacob  
was asked what he would have1 he        
answered1 ,i will not let thee go except
 thou bless me4 ,so work when we do our 
best with it blesses us4  ,musicians    
speak of technic in playing and artists 
of technic in painting4 ,technic is     
skill1 but it is more than skill4 ,it is
 skill and individuality joined         
together4 ,there is technic of a certain
 kind which we all may acquire in our   
work4 ,perhaps a story will explain best
 what this technic is4 ,a beautiful girl
 who had all the gifts of a great       
actress but was untrained once made an  
extraordinary success in one of         
,shakespeare's plays4 ,later she failed 
utterly4 ,she had not had that patient  
unceasing practice which makes every    
performance a high level of acting4     
,when she felt inspired1 she could act2 
but when she was dull or tired or out of

 sorts1 her inspiration failed her1 and 
she had no technic or skill in acting to
 fall back upon4  ,the good cook        
practically never fails in what she     
makes4 ,she may not feel like cooking   
her best every day1 but she knows how1  
and all her good work in the past stands
 by her skilful hands and makes her     
cooking a success every day4 ,in the    
same way1 the practised writer can rely 
on a certain technic or skill in writing
 even when he is dull and jaded and yet 
there is work which must be done4  ,in  
your work1 no matter what it is1 do your
 best every day as far as you are able1 
and by and by this skill in work will   
stand beside you like a friend and will 
help your hands and mind4  ,have you    
ever noticed how a mother who has       
brought up five or six children of her  
own1 takes a baby up in her hands8 ,such
 skill in handling an infant is one of  
the most beautiful things in the world4 
,the mother can do it well1 because she 
has done it often1 with all her heart4  

,we often hear of success and failure in
 work4 ,good work is made up of both    
failure and success4 ,one failure may   
spur us on to do better work than we    
have ever done before4 ,a failure may   
teach us a great deal if we will learn  
from it4 ,do not be cast down because of
 failure4 ,find out what its lesson is4 
,do not be too much uplifted over a     
success4 ,it may turn out a hindrance if
 we grow conceited over it4 ,both       
success and failure are temporary phases
 of good work4  ,we should learn not to 
try too hard1 or be over anxious about  
work4 ,once an old gentleman who had    
taken up golf late in life said that his
 caddy had taught him a great lesson4   
,you are too anxious4 the little boy    
said4 ,just do as well as you can and   
don't be so anxious4 ,you would play a  
better game that way4  ,we do not always
 believe when we are learning that work 
will be enjoyable4 ,we have to learn how
 to work before we can get the full     
enjoyment from our occupation4 ,you had 

to learn how to skate and how to dance  
before you enjoyed skating and dancing4 
,trying to skate and trying to dance and
 being awkward1 and not knowing how1    
does not give one the full enjoyment of 
skating and dancing4 ,but when we do    
know how and have become skilful1 how   
delightful these recreations are6 ,when 
we know how to work1 work also is full  
of enjoyment4  ,it is well to remember  
that work is a permanent part of our    
lives4 ,do not think of it1 therefore1  
as a harsh or unfriendly part of life1  
but realize the meaning of employment as
 one of our greatest possessions4 ,it is
 a means by which we can enter into the 
full enjoyment of our own faculties and 
which helps us to understand the        
importance of life4 ,the comradeship of 
work is very real and lasting4 ,the girl
 who goes forward1 therefore1 into her  
life's work with a determination to do  
her best1 while she will often meet hard
 problems1 is certain to find usefulness
 and happiness in her employment4       

,,list ,,of ,,occupations               
,accompanying1 see music4  ,accounting4 
,acting4  ,advertising4  ,anaesthetist4 
,architecture4  ,auditing4  ,banking4   
,basketry4  ,bee-keeping4  ,blouse      
making4  ,bookbinding4  ,bookkeeping4   
,business managing and owning4  ,butter 
making4  ,buying1 see store employment4 
,candy making4  ,canning4  ,care of     
children4  ,catering4  ,cheese making4  
,chemical industry4  ,children's clothes
 making4  ,children's nurse4  ,china    
decorating4  ,chiropody4  ,civil        
service4  ,commercial traveller4        
,companion4  ,composition1 see music4   
,comptometer operating4  ,concert       
singing and playing4  ,confidential     
clerk4  ,cooking4  ,costume designing4  
,dancing4  ,deaconess4  ,dentistry4     
,designing fabrics1 wall papers1 etc4   
,dictaphone operating4  ,dietetics4     
,domestic science3   ,cook1 special     
cooking1 dietitian1 manager of clubs1   
hotels1 restaurants1   tea rooms and    
cafeterias1 lecturer1 teacher1 writer4  

,domestic service1 see house employment4
  ,draughting4  ,drawing4  ,dressmaking3
   ,designing1 sewing1 buying1 machine  
operating1 managing and owning4         
,embroidery4  ,employment expert4       
,enameling4  ,entertainer4  ,etching4   
,expert in flour testing4  ,factory     
employment3   ,machine operators1       
designers1 forewomen1 stenographers1    
bookkeepers1   nurses1 dietitians1      
welfare workers1 travellers1 managers   
and owners4  ,farm work for women3      
,farm managing1 bee-keeping1 plant      
growing1 flower growing1 poultry and    
eggs1 butter1 milk and cheese1          
vegetables1 fruit growing4  ,farm       
managing4  ,florist4  ,flower growing4  
,food demonstrating4  ,fruit growing4   
,governess4  ,hairdressing4             
,handicrafts3   ,basketry1 book binding1
 china decorating1 embroidery1          
enameling1   jewelry making1 leather    
work1 metal work1 pottery1 stencilling1 
weaving1 wood carving4  ,home making4   
,hostess1 in hotels1 clubs1 etc4  ,house

 decorating4  ,house furnishing4  ,house
 employment3   ,cook1 laundress1        
housemaid1 children's nurse1 seamstress1
 ladies' maid1   companion1 mother's    
help1 housekeeper1 household manager and
 organizer4  ,illustrating4  ,instructor
 in wireless telegraphy4  ,insurance4   
,investigating1 see social work4        
,jewelry making4  ,journalism4          
,landscape architecture4  ,landscape    
gardening4  ,laundry4  ,law4  ,leather  
work4  ,lecturing4  ,library work4      
,machine operating4  ,manicuring4  ,map 
making4  ,massage4  ,medicine4  ,metal  
work4  ,milk farming4  ,millinery3      
,making1 designing1 selling1 managing1  
owning4  ,missionary work4  ,mother's   
help4  ,motor driving4  ,munitions4     
,music3   ,accompanying1 composition1   
concert playing and singing1 teaching4  
,nursing3   ,institutional1 private1    
military1 public health1 schools1       
superintendents of hospitals and        
training schools1 managing and   owning 
private hospitals4  ,office employment3 

,stenographer1 typist1 bookkeeper1      
confidential clerk1 secretary1   billing
 clerk1 cheque clerk1 fyling clerk1     
dictaphone operator1   comptometer      
operator1 librarian1 manager4           
,painting4  ,pharmacy4  ,photography4   
,police woman4  ,postal clerk4          
,pottery4  ,poultry farming4  ,proof    
reading4  ,real estate3   ,agents1 rent 
collectors4  ,salesmanship4  ,sculpture4
  ,seamstress4  ,secretarial work4      
,sewing by the day1 see seamstress4     
,shampooing4  ,shopping expert4  ,social
 work3   ,secretaries1 statisticians1   
visitors1 lecturers1 dietitians1        
doctors1   nurses1 field workers1       
investigators1 parole officers1 officers
 of   institutions1 superintendents4    
,statistical work4  ,stencilling4       
,stenography4  ,store employment3       
,messenger girls1 parcel girls1 markers1
 assistants1 stenographers1   shoppers1 
house furnishers1 assistant managers1   
managers1 assistant   buyers1 buyers1   
advertisers1 nurses1 dietitians1 welfare

 workers1   employment experts1 owners4 
,teaching3   ,public schools1 high      
schools1 colleges1 private schools1     
music1   dramatic1 domestic science1    
kindergarten1 arts and handicrafts1     
lecturing1 teaching handicapped         
children1 manual training1 sewing1      
millinery1 dressmaking1 physical        
training1 gardening1 commercial         
subjects1 governess1 tutor1 secretary1  
supervising4  ,telegraphy3   ,morse     
operating1 automatic machines4          
,telephone employment3   ,operating1    
supervising1 private switchboard        
operating4  ,vegetable growing4         
,vocational advising4  ,weaving4        
,welfare work4  ,window decorating4     
,wood carving4  ,work for the girl at   
home3   ,blouse making1 children's      
clothes1 candy making1 sewing1          
dressmaking1   millinery1 bread making1 
cake and jam making1 pickles1 marmalade1
   catering1 shopping1 embroidery1      
laundry work1 mending1 making           
underclothes1 canning1 raising fruit and

 flowers1 poultry and eggs1   vegetable 
growing1 managing a lending library1    
teaching1 mother's help1   house work   
for neighbours1 doctors' and dentists'  
secretary1   visiting bookkeeper1       
visiting housekeeper4  ,writing4        
,,bibliography4   ,art of ,right        
,living1 ,the1 by ,ellen ,h4 ,richards3 
,whitcomb  ,barrows1  ,boston 7#aijd74  
,business of ,being a ,woman1 ,the1 by  
,ida ,m4 ,tarbell3 ,macmillan1 ,new     
,york1  #aiaf4  ,careers3 ,women's      
,employment ,publishing ,company1       
,london1 #aiaf4  ,classified ,list of   
,vocations for ,trained ,women1 by ,e4  
,p4 ,hirth3  ,the ,intercollegiate      
,bureau of ,occupations1 ,new ,york1    
#aiag4  ,commercial ,work and ,training 
for ,girls1 by ,jeannette ,eaton and    
,bertha ,m4  ,stevens3 ,macmillan1 ,new 
,york1 #aiae4  ,cost of ,cleanness1     
,the1 by ,ellen ,h4 ,richards3 ,wiley   
,sons1 ,new ,york  7#aijh74  ,cost of   
,food1 ,the1 by ,ellen ,h4 ,richards3   
,wiley  ,sons1 ,new ,york 7#aija74      

,cost of ,living1 ,the1 by ,ellen ,h4   
,richards3 ,wiley  ,sons1 ,new ,york    
7#ahii1  #aije74  ,cost of ,shelter1    
,the1 by ,ellen ,h4 ,richards3 ,wiley   
,sons1 ,new ,york 7#aije74  ,democracy  
and ,education1 by ,john ,dewey3        
,macmillan1 ,new ,york 7#aiaf74         
,domestic ,needs of ,farm ,women4       
,report ,no4 #ajd3 ,u4,s4 ,department of
  ,agriculture1 ,washington1 #aiae4     
,domestic ,service1 by ,c4 ,v4 ,butler3 
,g4 ,bell  ,sons1 ,london1 #aiaf4       
,economic ,needs of ,farm ,women4       
,report ,no4 #ajf3 ,u4,s4 ,department of
  ,agriculture1 ,washington1 #aiae4     
,economic ,position of ,women4 ,vol4 ,i1
 ,no4 #a4 ,proceedings of ,academy of   
,political  ,science3 ,columbia         
,university1 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4         
,educational ,needs of ,farm ,women4    
,report ,no4 #aje3 ,u4,s4 ,department of
  ,agriculture1 ,washington1 #aiae4     
,fatigue and ,efficiency1 by ,josephine 
,goldmark3 ,charities ,publication      
,committee1 ,new ,york1 #aiab4  ,food   

and ,household ,management1 by ,helen   
,kinne and ,anna ,m4 ,cooley3           
,macmillan1 ,new ,york1 #aiae4  ,home   
and the ,family1 ,the1 by ,helen ,kinne 
and ,anna ,m4 ,cooley3 ,macmillan1  ,new
 ,york1 #aiag4  ,household              
,administration1 edited by ,alice       
,ravenhill and ,catherine ,j4  ,schiff3 
,grant ,richards1 ,london1 #aiaj4       
,increasing ,home ,efficiency1 by       
,martha ,bensley ,bruere and ,robert ,w4
 ,bruere3  ,macmillan1 ,new ,york1      
#aiac4  ,industrial ,democracy1 by      
,sidney and ,beatrice ,webb3 ,longmans1 
,green1  ,london1 #ahig4                
,intercollegiate ,bureau of             
,occupations1 ,new ,york4 ,reports4     
#aiaa-aiac1  #aiad-aiae4  ,life and     
,labour of the ,people of ,london1 ,vol4
 #d4 ,women's ,work1  by ,charles       
,booth3 ,macmillan1 ,london1 #aijb4     
,life of ,ellen ,h4 ,richards1 by       
,caroline ,l4 ,hunt3 ,whitcomb          
,barrows1  ,boston1 #aiaf4  ,living     
,wage of ,women ,workers1 ,the1 by ,l4  

,m4 ,bosworth3 ,longmans1 ,green1  ,new 
,york1 #aiaa4  ,long ,day1 ,the3 ,the   
,century ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aije4   
,making ,both ,ends ,meet1 by ,s4 ,a4   
,clark and ,edith ,wyatt3 ,macmillan1   
,new ,york1 #aiaa4  ,minimum ,cost of   
,living1 ,the1 by ,winifrid ,stuart     
,gibbs3 ,macmillan1  ,new ,york1 #aiag4 
,minority ,report of the ,poor ,law     
,commission1 ,part #b4 ,the ,unemployed4
  ,new ,era in ,canada1 ,the1 edited by 
,j4 ,o4 ,miller3 ,j4 ,m4 ,dent  ,son1   
,london and ,toronto1 #aiag4            
,profitable ,vocations for ,girls1 by   
,e4 ,w4 ,weaver3 ,a4 ,s4 ,barnes        
,company1  ,new ,york1 #aiac4  ,report  
of ,the ,ontario ,commission on         
,unemployment1 #aiaf4  ,road to ,trained
 ,service in the ,household1 ,the1 by   
,henrietta ,roelofs3  ,national ,board  
,young ,women's ,christian              
,associations1 ,new ,york1 #aiae4       
,saleswomen in ,mercantile ,stores1 by  
,e4 ,b4 ,butler3 ,charities ,publication
  ,committee1 ,new ,york1 #aiji4        

,shelter and ,clothing1 by ,helen ,kinne
 and ,anna ,m4 ,cooley3 ,macmillan1     
,new ,york1 #aiae4  ,social and ,labour 
,needs of ,farm ,women1 ,report ,no4    
#ajc1 ,u4,s4 ,department of             
,agriculture1 ,washington1 #aiae4       
,survey of ,occupations ,open to the    
,girl of ,fourteen to ,sixteen1 by      
,h4,h4  ,dodge3 ,girls' ,trade          
,education ,league1 ,boston1 #aiab4     
,trade ,union ,woman1 ,the1 by ,alice   
,henry3 ,d4 ,appleton1 ,new ,york1      
#aiae4  ,vocational ,mathematics for    
,girls1 by ,wm4 ,h4 ,dooley3 ,d4,c4     
,heath1 ,boston1  #aiag4  ,vocations for
 ,boston ,girls4 ,bulletins4 ,telephone 
operating4 ,bookbinding4  ,stenography  
and typewriting4 ,nursery maid4         
,dressmaking4 ,millinery4  ,straw hat   
making4 ,manicuring and hairdressing4   
,nursing4 ,salesmanship4  ,clothing     
machine operating4 ,paper box making4   
,confectionery manufacture4  ,knit      
,goods manufacture3 ,girls' ,trade      
,education ,league1 ,boston1 #aiaa1     

#aiab4  ,vocations for ,girls1 by ,mary 
,a4 ,laselle and ,katherine ,e4 ,wiley3 
,houghton1  ,mifflin ,company1 ,boston1 
#aiac4  ,vocations for the ,trained     
,woman1 ,vol4 #a1 ,pts4 #a and #b4      
,women's ,educational  and ,industrial  
,union1 ,boston3 ,longmans1 ,green1 ,new
 ,york1 #aiaj1 #aiad4  ,wage-,earning   
,women1 by ,annie ,marion ,maclean3     
,macmillan1 ,new ,york1 #aiaj4  ,ways of
 ,woman1 ,the1 by ,ida ,m4 ,tarbell3    
,macmillan1 ,new ,york1 #aiae4  ,welfare
 ,work1 by ,dorothea ,proud3 ,g4 ,bell  
,sons1 ,london1 #aiaf4  ,woman and      
,labour1 by ,olive ,schreiner3 ,t4      
,fisher ,unwin1 ,london1 #aiaa4         
,woman--,bless ,her1 ,the1 by ,marjory  
,mac,murchy3 ,s4 ,b4 ,gundy1 ,toronto1  
#aiaf4  ,women and the ,trades1 by ,e4  
,b4 ,butler3 ,charities ,publication    
,committee1  ,new ,york1 #aiji4  ,women 
and ,work1 by ,helen ,m4 ,bennett3 ,d4  
,appleton  ,company1 ,new ,york1 #aiag4 
,women in ,modern ,industry1 by ,b4 ,l4 
,hutchins3 ,g4 ,bell  ,sons1 ,london1   

#aiae4  ,women's ,educational and       
,industrial ,union1 ,boston4 ,reports1  
#aiac1 #aiad4  ,work-a-day ,girl1 ,the1 
by ,clara ,e4 ,laughlin3 ,fleming ,h4   
,revell ,company1  ,new ,york1 #aiac4   
,youth1 ,school and ,vocation1 by ,meyer
 ,bloomfield3 ,houghton1 ,mifflin       
,company1  ,boston1 #aiae4      ,,index 
,,page  ,accompanying                   
#ib  ,accounting                        
#id  ,acting                            
#ic  ,advertising                       
#ij  ,anaesthetist                      
#ajb  ,architecture                     
#ia  ,art                               
#ij   ,babies                           
#hd  ,bank account                      
#aad  ,banking                          
#id  ,bee-keeping                       
#fg  ,best kind of work                 
#ach  ,biography                        
#abc  ,blouse making                    
#gh  ,boarding house management         
#ajd  ,bookbinding                      
#ij  ,bookkeeping                 #ai1  

#hj  ,book reviewing                    
#hi  ,books                             
#abc  ,broker                           
#aje  ,business college                 
#ae  ,buying a house and garden         
#aad   ,canadian ,government ,annuities 
#aae  ,candy making                     
#gh  ,capital                     #fe1  
#fi  ,care of children                  
#hd  ,cataloguer                        
#gc  ,catering business         #aja1   
#ajd  ,changing about                   
#h  ,chemical industry               #if
  ,children's librarian            #gd  
,children's nurse                #dd    
,circulation librarian           #gd    
,citizen                        #ace    
,city girl as neighbour         #acd    
,city1 town and country wages  and      
expenses                  #ajh  ,civic  
duties and  responsibilities            
#acc  ,civil service               #ai1 
#ig  ,cleanliness                       
#aah  ,commercial traveller             
#aje  ,comptometer operating            

#ai  ,concert singing and playing       
#ib  ,conductor of foreign tours        
#aje  ,consulting a dentist             
#aai  ,consulting a physician           
#aai  ,cook                             
#cj  ,co-operation as applied to  work  
of home                   #he           
,co-operative housekeeping  by girls    
#aca  ,co-operative principles          
#hf  ,country girl as a neighbour       
#acd  ,country walks                    
#abj  ,custom dressmaking               
#dh   ,dancing                          
#ic  ,deaconess                         
#ih  ,dentistry                         
#if  ,departments of ,domestic  ,science
                        #cb  ,designing 
#ij  ,designing costumes                
#de  ,dictaphone operator               
#ai  ,dietitian                         
#ih  ,difference between home  and work 
#bj  ,difference between school  and    
home                       #bj          
,division of family income      #aac    
,domestic ,science                #bh   

,dress                           #ag    
,dressmaker                      #de    
,dressmaking1 qualifications  for       
employment1                #df          
training1                     #df       
wages                         #dh       
,dressmaking as a business       #dh    
,dressmaking as a factory trade  #dh    
,embroidery                      #ij    
,employment department       #i1 #aje   
,employment expert              #aje    
,entertaining              #aje1 #aai   
,estimate of yearly income      #aji    
,examinations                    #ce    
,exercise                       #aah    
,factory employment1  qualifications    
for1             #f   training1         
#d   wages                          #f  
,fair wage                      #aji    
,farm work for women             #fe    
,farm managers                   #fe    
,festivals                      #abj    
,field work                    #ih      
,financial adviser              #aje    
,flower growing                  #ff    

,food                            #be    
,food demonstrator              #ajb    
,franchise                      #acc    
,fresh air                      #aai    
,friendships                     #bg    
,fruit growing                   #gi    
,getting on with fellow workers  #ba    
,girl who really wants work      #bc    
,girl's accounts1 ,the           #aac   
,girl's reading1 ,the            #aba   
,girls' ,clubs                   #aca   
,girls with intellectual gifts   #id    
,going into business for  one's self    
#ii  ,good ,samaritan1 ,the             
#ace  ,good thoughts                    
#abj  ,good times                 #bf1  
#aai  ,government employment bureau     
#b   ,hairdresser                       
#fa  ,hairdressing and manicuring1      
qualifications for employment1 #fa      
training1                     #fa       
wages                         #fb       
,hairdressing and manicuring  as a      
business                  #fb           
,handicrafts                     #ij    

,hard work                      #ach    
,headings for girl's  account book      
#aac  ,headings for private account     
book of business woman        #aab      
,health                         #aaf    
,health as an aid to  good employment   
#aaf  ,health and beauty                
#aag  ,health exercise expert           
#ajd  ,helpers in finding work          
#b  ,high character of teaching  as a   
profession            #cf1 #ch  ,history
                        #abc  ,holidays 
#aai  ,home employments                 
#hb  ,home gardens                      
#he  ,home girl's advantages            
#gg  ,home girl's allowance             
#gg  ,home maker                        
#hd  ,home maker a necessary worker     
#abg  ,hotel manager1 hostess1          
chaperone                     #ajd      
,house decorating                #ia    
,house employment1  qualifications for1 
#cj   training1                     #bi 
wages                         #bi       
,house furnishing                #ia    

,house worker                    #bh    
,household accounting            #hc    
,household expert               #ajb    
,how to choose place of  employment     
#e  ,humanizing work 7preface7       iv 
,illustrating                    #ij    
,improving one's work           #ajf    
,incomes of professional women   #ig    
,increasing one's wages         #aaa    
,institutional nursing           #dd    
,insurance                       #id    
,interests outside work          #ac    
,investigators                  #aje    
,investing                      #aad    
,investing in an education      #aae    
,jewelry1 handwrought            #ij    
,journalism                      #hh    
,journalist                      #hh    
,keeping other people well       #hb    
,kindergarten                    #cg    
,knowing how to keep well    #bd1 #hb   
,knowledge of nursing  required by      
average girl   #bf1 #hc   ,landscape    
gardening             #ia  ,laundry work
                   #ajd  ,law           

#ie  ,law and social work               
#ie  ,learning after the position  is   
found                       #bj         
,learning from others            #bb    
,learning how to be a  good neighbour   
#acc  ,learning how to work             
#adj  ,lecturer                         
#cg  ,librarian                         
#ga  ,library work1 qualifications  for 
employment1                #ga          
training1                     #gb       
salaries                      #gd  ,life
 insurance                 #aae         
,limited hours for house worker  #cj    
,living expenses                #ajg    
,living wage                    #ajg    
,luxuries                       #abg    
,magazines                      #abb    
,making one's own clothes        #ec    
,management of clubs1 hotels1           
tea-rooms1 etc4                #cb      
,managing a tea-room business   #ajj    
,managing money              #be1 #hc   
,manicuring                      #fb    
,manicurist                      #fa    

,marketing                      #ajd    
,maxwell1 ,sara                   #ch   
,medicine                        #ie    
,mending                         #be    
,milliner                        #ej    
,millinery1 qualifications  for         
employment1                #ej          
training1                     #ej       
wages                         #ea       
,millinery a seasonal trade      #eb    
,millinery business              #ea    
,money and wages                #ajg    
,mothers                        #aci    
,music                           #ib    
,music teaching                  #ib    
,national character             #acf    
,nature of a home based on  right human 
relations          #hd  ,necessaries of 
life            #abf  ,necessary work   
#abf  ,new employments in food1         
clothing1 and home-making     #ajb  ,new
 work                       #ajb        
,newspapers                     #aba    
,nursing1 qualifications for            
employment1                    #db      

training1                     #ci       
salaries                      #dc       
,nurses' registries              #dc    
,nurses' training schools        #da    
,office building management     #aje    
,office employment1  qualifications for1
            #af   training1             
#ae   wages                         #ag 
,organization for comradeship   #abi    
,other occupations for  milliners       
#eb  ,outdoor clubs                     
#aca   ,pageant mistress                
#aje  ,painting                         
#ij  ,pharmacy                          
#if  ,photography                       
#ij  ,piece work                        
#g  ,plan for spending              #aab
  ,poetry                         #abc  
,poultry farming                 #fi    
,preserving and canning          #gi    
,private hospital                #ii    
,private nursing                 #dc    
,privilege of voting            #acc    
,probationer                     #da    
,producer of plays              #aje    

,proof reading                   #ij    
,proper division of family  income      
#aac  ,provincial and national          
franchise for women in ,canada #acc     
,public health nurses            #dd    
,public marketing expert        #ajd    
,public stenographer             #ah    
,publicity writer               #aje    
,qualifications for the  successful home
 maker          #hc  ,qualifications    
that help to  ensure steady employment  
#bc  ,qualities of the successful       
business woman                 #ii      
,questions the girl should  ask herself 
#b   ,reading circles                   
#aca  ,reading on one's work            
#abb  ,real estate agents               
#aje  ,real wages                       
#ajg  ,recreation                 #bf1  
#aca  ,red ,cross nurses                
#db  ,reference librarian               
#gc  ,remunerative work for the  girl at
 home                   #gf  ,rent      
collecting                #aje          
,reporting                       #hi    

,research work                   #if    
,responsibility                  #ii    
,rest                       #bf1 #aah   
,richards1 ,mrs4                 #aac   
,righting a wrong               #acf    
,routine work                    #ga    
,rules for reading              #abd    
,safeguarding  employment       #abg    
,st4 ,john ,ambulance              #db  
,saleswoman                       #i    
,saving                         #aab    
,school nurses                   #dd    
,school of salesmanship          #aj    
,seamstress                      #dh    
,second employment              #abh    
,self-support               #bj1 #aji   
,sewing by the day               #dh    
,shopping expert                #ajd    
,skilled work                     #d    
,social and economic questions  #abd    
,social engagements have no  claim on   
working hours         #bc  ,social work 
#aje  ,special care of children         
#ajd  ,special cooking                  
#cb  ,spending                          

#aab  ,standards of living in  different
 employments         #ajh  ,statistician
                   #aje  ,stenographer  
#ae  ,store employment1  qualifications 
for1             #i   training1         
#aj   wages                         #aa 
,success and failure in work    #aci    
,sunshine                       #aai    
,superintendents of training  schools   
and hospitals          #dd   ,taking    
stock of one's position #ajf  ,taxes    
#acd  ,teachers of special subjects     
#cg  ,teaching1 characteristics of  girl
 who should become  a teacher1          
#ce   training1                     #cd 
salaries                      #cf       
,technic                        #ach    
,telegraphy1 qualifications  for        
employment1                #ei          
training1                     #ei       
wages                         #fj       
,telephone employment1  qualifications  
for1            #ef   training1         
#ef   wages                         #eg 
,telephone girl                  #ef    

,telephone school                #ef    
,to read well                   #aba    
,town girl as a neighbour       #acd    
,trained nurse                   #ci    
,training for home making        #hc    
,typist                          #ai    
,understanding each other's  work       
#abi   ,v4,a4,ds4                       
#db  ,vocational adviser                
#aje  ,voting by women                  
#acc   ,wages                           
#ajg  ,wages1 explanation of  figures   
quoted                  #c  ,wages for  
skilled workers      #ajg  ,waitress1   
qualifications  for employment1         
#fd   training1                     #fc 
wages                         #fd       
,weaving                         #ij    
,welfare work                    #ih    
,what every girl needs to know   #bd    
,what is harmful to health  and         
happiness                 #abj  ,what   
one girl can do  for another            
#abi  ,what the home maker  needs to    
know                  #hd  ,what wages  

should give         #ajg  ,woman's page 
#hi  ,wood carving                      
#ij  ,work necessary to health  and     
happiness                   #c   ,young 
,women's ,christian  ,associations      
#b1 #aa1 #db1 #gj