,,commonweal? ,,( ,,au/ralia4 ,,:eat ,,gr[+ ,,9 ,,au/ralia4 ,,issu$ ,,"u ,,! ,,au?ority ,,( ,,! ,,m9i/] ,,( ,,/ate ,,= ,,ext]nal ,,affairs1 ,,melb\rne1 ,,au/ralia1 #aiae4 ,by au?ority3 ,mc,c,a,r,r,o,n1 ,,bird ,,co41 ,,pr9t]s1 #dgi ,,coll9s ,,/reet1 ,,melb\rne4 ,in=mation ,conc]n+ ,,au/ralia may be obta9$ on application to-- ,,9 ,,am]ica3 ,,! ,,au/ralian ,,pavilion1 ,,panama ,,pacific ,,exhibition1 ,,san ,,francisco4 ,,niel ,,niels51 ,esq41 ,trade & ,immigration ,commission] = ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #dai ,m>ket ,/reet1 ,san ,francisco4 ,f4 ,t4 ,a4 ,,fricke1 ,esq41 ,l& & ,immigration ,ag5t = ,victoria1 #fhg ,m>ket ,/reet1 ,san ,francisco4 ,,9 ,,london3 ,! ,high ,commission] = ,,! ,,commonweal? ,,( ,,au/ralia1 #gb ,victoria ,/reet1 ,we/m9/]4 ,,9 ,,au/ralia3 ,! ,secret>y ,,dep>tm5t ,,( ,,ext]nal ,,affairs1 ,coll9s & ,spr+ ,/reets1 ,melb\rne4 ,,cont5ts4 ,introduction #e ,au/ralian ,:eat ,area #ab ,factors ,gov]n+ ,:eatgr[+ #ah ,secur+ a ,:eat ,f>m #bb ,work+ ,plant ,requir$ #bc ,work+ ! ,:eat ,f>m #bf ,co/ ( ,production #cd ,%>e ,f>m+ #ch ,h[ ! ,settl] is ,assi/$ #dc ,social ,life 9 ,au/ralia #di ,,:eatgr[+ ,,9 ,,au/ralia4 ,) ! gr[+ sc>city ( food/uffs t has become a _w-wide feature ( ! la/ few ye>s1 ! :eatgr[] is "o ( ! mo/ important necessities 9 civilisation4 ,he has prosp]$ 9 ! pa/1 b ! future holds /ill great] & ri*] prospects4 ,& 9 no c\ntry 9 ! _w are ^? prospects bright] ?an 9 ! ,commonweal? ( ,au/ralia4 ,! _w's surface is gradually fill+ up1 & mo/ ( ! old] c\ntries h rea*$ sight ( ! limit ( cultivation1 s ! _w's millions h to look to new] l&s to provide !m ) food4 ,! great isl& cont95t 9 ! s\!rn seas possesses a va/ area ( prov5 :eat l&1 z yet unt\*$ by ! pl\gh4 ,x lies dormant1 f]tile1 & responsive1 await+ ! union ( lab\r & l& to yield abundance ( food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,break+ ,,up ,,new ,,gr\nd4 ,au/ralia has _m rural indu/ries1 b ( agriculture :eat is ! mo/ important1 j z x is ! mo/ important ( ! _w's crops4 ,:eat is ! k+ ( c]eals--! prime ess5tial ( civilis$ life4 ,ne>ly half ! inhabitants ( ! globe are :eat-eat]s4 ,& ! numb] is gr[+1 = ! ,ea/]n races are becom+ consum]s ( :eat1 :i* is significant ( a high] /&>d ( liv+4 ,= z races rise 9 ! human scale :eat becomes a m important "p ( _! food4 ,?is alone %[s ! increas+ importance ( ! c]eal1 & ! importance ( ! m5 :o gr[ x4 ,inde$1 ! food value ( :eat1 its ease ( cultivation & prep>ation = human use1 ! fact t x w gr[ & fl\ri% 9 s _m diff]5t soils & climates1 & c be made into s _m & v>i\s products1 comb9$ ) its quick & b\ntiful return1 all g to enhance ! value ( :eat gra91 & ! prospects ( ! man :o gr[s x4 ,sci5ce is tea*+ h[ to produce m :eat f ! same area1 is improv+ ! v>ieties ( :eat & ! me?ods ( cultivat+ x1 & tea*+ h[ to re/ore impov]i%$ l&s4 ,& !re is /ill an enorm\s area z yet unt\*$1 :ile l& is be+ utilis$ n[ t tw5ty ye>s ago 0 deem$ incapable ( gr[+ :eat4 ,:o c tell :at ! future w f9d8 ,au/ralia alone has _m millions ( acres ( :eat l& z yet unus$ = t purpose4 ,"o ( ! y\nge/ ( nations1 yet "o ( ! olde/ p>ts ( ! _w geologically1 x c h\se & fe$ millions m ?an its pres5t population4 ,!re is room = ! ext5sion & cont9uation ( ! magnific5t progress t :eatgr[+ has already made4 ,! /ory ( :eat cultivation is ! /ory ( progress4 ,9 ,au/ralia1 )9 ! la/ decade1 :eatgr[+ has advanc$ rapidly4 ,railways h be5 built out into new di/ricts1 & freight is *eap4 ,t[ns h sprung into exi/5ce1 & ! :ole aspect ( ! c\ntryside 9 di/rict aft] di/rict be+ alt]$ by increas+ settlem5t1 :]e :eatfields h tak5 ! place ( %eep paddocks4 ,^! t[ns are solv5t & prosp]\s1 & c]ta9 ( a great future1 = !re is room = imm5sely great] settlem5t4 ,! majority ( ! :eat f>ms are l>g] ?an necess>y1 & only a small p]c5tage ( ! :eat l& is cultivat$4 ,! urg5t necessity is = m m5 to build homes & f>m ^! l&s4 ,!re are bo? private & public l&s await+ settlem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,typical ,,classes ,,( ,,f>m+ ,,l&s4 ,! pr(itable nature ( :eatgr[+ 9 ,au/ralia is %[n by ! com=table home/eads & ! /rong f9ancial position ( num]\s families 9 ! :eat di/ricts4 ,_m ( ^! successful :eatgr[]s1 inde$ mo/ ( !m1 are m5 :o />t$ ) little or no capital 9 ca%1 b ) pl5ty ( en]gy & will+ness to "w4 ,!y h built homes = !mselves 9 ! bu%1 & f\nd prosp]ity1 & !re is room = ?\s&s ( o!r m5 to foll[ 9 _! foot/eps4 ,9 a fav\rable ye> a :eatf>m] w (t5 receive z mu*1 or m1 = 8 crop ?an ! capital value ( 8 l&4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fir/ ,,/ages ,,( ,,cropp+4 ,9 ! e>ly /ages ( :eatgr[+ 9 ,au/ralia mi/akes 7 made & progress 0 sl[4 ,:eat 0 gr[n 9 ! wrong soil & di/ricts1 & suitable v>ieties ( ! c]eal 7 n available4 ,cultivation 0 conf9$ to ! moi/ coa/al c\ntry1 ) its annual ra9fall ( #cj to #dj 941 & :eat 0 n a success4 ,! discov]y t ! dri] di/ricts inl& 7 m suitable = :eatgr[+ alt]$ ! position v happily4 ,! bulk ( ! :eat is n[ gr[n 9 di/ricts ) a ra9fall ( #bj to #be 94 & "u4 ,?is av]ag$ ra9fall is consid]$ suffici5t = :eatgr[+1 & saf] ?an a heavi] ra9fall4 ,:eatgr[+ has be5 mo/ pr(itable 9 di/ricts ) a ra9fall bel[ #bj 941 & an av]age ( #dj bu%els p] acre has be5 h>ve/$ f #fjj acres4 ,on well-work$ fall[$ l& spl5did money-mak+ crops h be5 ga!r$1 al?\gh ! gr[+ crop only _h #b or #c 94 ( ra94 ,9 ,au/ralian :eat di/ricts ! quantity ( ra9 is n z important z ! "t ( ! ye> 9 :i* x falls4 ,ra9 is want$ 9 ! e>ly autumn1 s t pl\gh+ c be done1 & 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! :eat is head+ & fl[]+4 ,) ra9 9 ,april & ,may1 & aga9 9 ,septemb] or ,octob]1 ! ,au/ralian :eatgr[] is assur$ ( a f9e crop4 ,9 ! :eat di/ricts ^? are ! seasonable times to get ra94 ,! summ] is usually dry & w>m1 & ?is is "o ( ! ma9 advantages f ! :eatgr[]'s /&po9t4 ,?is f9e dry wea!r--:i* is exceptionally heal?y = ! human be+--means ! production ( a high-class gra91 = :i* !re is an unlimit$ dem& 9 ! _w's m>kets4 ,unless ! common rule is brok51 & ! season is unduly wet1 !re is no fe> ( ru/1 & no?+ to int]f]e ) ! haymak+4 ,! ma9 crop1 :i* is kept = gra91 c be left /&+ safely 9 ! paddocks until x is ?or\ghly ripe1 :5 x is tak5 (f ) a /ripp] or h>ve/] & bagg$4 ,s ! di/ricts t h heavy summ] ra9s are l>gely unsuitable = :eatgr[+1 b ^? 9 :i* ! ra9s fall dur+ ! autumn1 w9t]1 & spr+1 & h dry summ]s1 are mo/ suitable4 ,:ile ! pres5t av]age is l[ 9 ! ,au/ralian :eatgr[+ di/ricts comp>$ ) o!r c\ntries1 ! co/ ( production is also rem>kably l[4 ,fur!rmore1 me?ods are improv+ g5]ally1 & a consid]able increase 9 yield c be expect$ ) confid5ce4 ,! v ri*ness ( ! soil & ! k9dl9ess ( ! climate has tempt$ gr[]s to adopt speculative me?ods ( gr[+ :eat4 ,! ma9 idea has be5 to put a l>ge area "u crop on ! *ance ( /rik+ a good ye>1 :5 a small =tune may be realis$4 ,b gr[]s are be+ educat$ to ! value ( m c>eful me?ods z pay+ be/ 9 ! long run4 ,! av]age yield 9 ,au/ralia has be5 ab\t #aa to #ac bu%els p] acre4 ,! total area "u :eat & ! :eat yield 9 ! diff]5t ,au/ralian ,/ates = ! season #aiac-ad 03-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,av]age ,/ate4 ,area4--,acres4 ,yield4--,bu%els4 p] ,acre4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,new ,s\? ,wales #c1bjf1fjj #ch1jdc1cfj #aa4ji ,victoria #b1ghf1dba #cb1icf1bde #ab4hd ,s\? ,au/ralia #b1fii1fcb #af1gcf1ihh #g4dg ,we/]n ,au/ralia #a1ajd1gec #ac1dif1bdb #ab4jb ,que5sl& #acb1fee #a1gfi1dcb #ac4cd ,tasmania,a #ah1jed #dba1chj #bc4cc ---------------------------------------- ---- #i1idh1aae #ajc1djc1fdg #aj4ci ---------------------------------------- ---------------------- ,footnote ,a3 ,e/imat$4 ,z /at$1 comp>$ ) "s ( ! old] c\ntries1 su* av]ages seem small1 yet 9 ! dry di/ricts ( ,au/ralia !y mean a reasonable m>g9 ( pr(it4 ,9 su* di/ricts x is e/imat$ t a #aj-;bu%el crop p] acre w pay #j4fj p] bu%el4 ,( late ye>s ! price receiv$ by gr[]s has av]ag$ ab\t #j4hd p] bu%el4 ,illu/ration3 ,,disc ,,pl\ghs ,,are ,,popul> ,,9 ,,au/ralia4 ,! av]age return does n %[ :at a di/rict or c\ntry is capable ( produc+1 z x is r$uc$ by ! l[ yields ( c>eless & unskill$ f>m]s4 ,! m5 are responsible1 & n ! soil or climate4 ,!re are ?\s&s ( f>m]s :o nev] h a l[] av]age ?an #bj to #be bu%els1 :ile 9 "s well-f>m$ di/ricts a :ole locality has av]ag$ ne>ly #cj bu%els to ! acre4 ,! :ole t5d5cy n[ is t[>ds m c>eful me?ods & high] av]ages1 & ?is w mean great] prosp]ity = ! f>m]s4 ,z x is1 m5 h be5 wond]fully successful 9 gr[+ :eat 9 ,au/ralia1 & if ?is is ! case ) ! c>eless1 l>gely happy-g-lucky /yle ( ! pa/1 ! prospect is extremely promis+ = ! future4 ,9 a way1 new m5 com+ into ,au/ralia1 & tak+ up :eatgr[+1 /& a bett] *ance ?an _m ( ! long-settl$ f>m]s :o h got into a groove--ev5 a pr(itable "o--& :o d n c>e to bo!r greatly ) progressive ideas4 ,! new com] has no preconceiv$ notions1 & comes ) an op5 m9d adaptable to ! tea*+s ( exp]i5ce4 ,! new settl] has 8 pa? made easy by ! att5tion ! ,gov]nm5ts ( ! diff]5t ,/ates are giv+ to :eatgr[+4 ,9 all ! ,/ates !re is a ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & all its accumulat$ k is available to ! f>m]4 ,9 all ! pr9cipal ,/ates !re are ,gov]nm5t ,exp]im5t ,f>ms1 :]e new :eats are tri$1 & also ! be/ me?ods2 ! results are furni%$ to ! public4 ,9 mo/ ( ! :eat di/ricts !re are demon/ration plots %[+ ! be/ v>ieties to gr[ 9 ! diff]5t localities4 ,! new settl] is advis$ :at v>ieties to gr[ 9 8 locality1 & :5 to gr[ !m1 :at am\nt ( f]tilis] to use1 & ! be/ me?ods ( h&l+ 8 l&4 ,9 any difficulty ! res\rces ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture are at 8 s]vice4 ,at ! ,gov]nm5t f>ms crops ( ! be/ :eats are gr[n1 & ! se$ di/ribut$ among/ ! f>m]s1 :ile inspectors are cont9ually travell+ ?r\gh ! c\ntry lectur+ & visit+ ! gr[]s1 & advis+ !m1 :5ev] advice is ask$ =4 ,) su* facilities ! future ( ! settl] practically dep5ds ^u ! use he makes ( 8 opportunities1 & ! opportunities are unsurpass$ 9 any o!r c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 ,,putt+ ,,9 ,,se$4 ,9 ! :eat di/ricts ! summ] is w>m1 & ! !rmomet] (t5 regi/]s ov] #ajj degs4 ,fahr41 b x is a dry1 heal?y heat t is n z uncom=table z ! l[] temp]atures 9 moi/] climates4 ,! w>m wea!r holds = two or ?ree mon?s 9 midsumm]1 :5 ! heat dur+ ! day is try+1 b = ! rema9d] ( ! ye> ! climate is p]fect4 ,! w9t] is mild1 s mu* s t live /ock ne$ no %elt]1 & (t5 fatt5 on ! natural pa/ure ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,f>m+ op]ations c be conduct$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,!re is no sn[ or p]iod :5 "w is practically at a /&/ill4 ,,au/ralian ,,:eat ,,area4 ,on ! av]age ( ! pa/ five ye>s ! :eat yield ( ,au/ralia repres5ts ab\t #b p] c5t4 ( ! _w's production4 ,! return p] acre is l[1 b z has be5 po9t$ out1 ! co/ ( production is likewise l[1 & x is d\btful if 9 any o!r c\ntry ! bus9ess ( gr[+ :eat is m pr(itable4 ,! area n[ cultivat$ is b a m]e p]c5tage ( :at c\ld be put "u :eat pr(itably4 ,! exact area is almo/ impossible to arrive at1 = ! simple reason t ) improv$ me?ods & bett] v>ieties ( :eat1 ! ext5t ( c\ntry 9 :i* ! c]eal c be successfully gr[n increases4 ,= practical purposes ! area deem$ suitable = :eatgr[+ is t :i* has suffici5t ra9fall to admit ( pl\gh+ be+ c>ri$ out at ! "r "t ( ! ye>1 z already /at$1 f ,m>* to ,june1 to cov] ! gr[+ p]iod1 & to fill ! gra9 dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob]4 ,9 o!r words1 x is n s mu* a matt] ( :at ! annual ra9fall is z :5 ! ra9 usually falls4 ,! ,/ate ( ,new ,s\? ,wales = example4 ,= a long "t l& ) less ?an a ra9fall ( #bj 94 has be5 exclud$ f ! area consid]$ safe = pr(itable :eatgr[+4 ,ev5 !n ! area 9 t ,/ate suitable = :eat cov]s #be million acres4 ,9 ! ,/ate ( ,s\? ,au/ralia f>m]s place ! annual ra9fall limit at #af 941 provid$ x is regul> & ! l& is prop]ly work$4 ,if :eat c be gr[n on t ra9fall 9 ! latt] ,/ate1 & ! evid5ce is t x c]ta9ly c1 at lea/ ano!r #aj1jjj1jjj acres c be add$ to ! :eat belt ( ! ,/ate4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 ! pres5t area "u :eat 7#aiac-ad7 is only #c1bjf1fjj acres1 !re are #ce1jjj1jjj acres on a mod]ate e/imate 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales alone t c gr[ :eat pr(itably4 ,& exp]im5ts 9 ! we/ %[ t a /ill great] ext5sion ( ! :eat belt c be look$ =1 especially ) improvem5t 9 ! bre$+ ( v>ieties suitable = ! dry] di/ricts4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 !re is no necessity = settl]s to g outside ! area ( safe c\ntry4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,,typical ,,au/ralian ,,f>m ,,sc5e4 7#b7 ,,prep>+ ,,:eat ,,= ,,h>ve/4 7#c7 ,,pl\gh+4 ,:at c be a*iev$ 9 dry di/ricts ) a limit$ & int]mitt5t ra9fall has be5 mo/ =cibly prov$ by exp]i5ce4 ,at ,messrs4 ,gagie ,bros4' f>m1 ,spy ,hill1 ,we/ ,wyalong1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 a yield ( #bd bu%els ( :eat 0 obta9$ 9 ! #aiaa-ab season on a ra9fall ( #ffh po9ts--less ?an #g 946 ,( c\rse1 su* a crop c\ld n be gr[n on su* a ra9fall alone1 z a mu* l>g] quantity ( wat] w\ld be requir$ to produce t am\nt ( :eat4 ,! crop dur+ ! gr[+ p]iod only receiv$ #ffh po9ts ( ra91 b 9 ! l& on :i* x 0 gr[n1 & :i* 0 fall[$ & prop]ly work$1 a l>ge quantity ( moi/ure 0 /or$ f ! previ\s ye>1 & on ?is res]ve ! gr[+ crop grew1 & ) ! additional #ffh po9ts t fell dur+ ! gr[+ p]iod a yield ( #bd bu%els p] acre 0 obta9$4 ,/ill m rem>kable 7 ! results obta9$ 9 ! same season f exp]im5t plots on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,c>ew1 ,d5iliqu91 9 ! same ,/ate4 ,! se$ 0 s[n on well-work$ fall[ l& 9 :i* a good am\nt ( ! previ\s ye>'s ra9fall _h be5 cons]v$4 ,! ra9fall dur+ ! gr[+ p]iod 0 #cbb po9ts1 di/ribut$ z foll[s3--,may1 #baj2 ,june1 #fj2 ,july1 #ab2 ,augu/1 nil2 ,septemb]1 #cg2 ,octob]1 #c po9ts4 ,"u ord9>y conditions su* a ra9fall w\ld mean utt] failure ( a :eat crop1 yet 9 ?is case a yield ( #ad bu%els p] acre 0 obta9$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,f9e ,,crop ,,( ,,:eat4 ,aga9 at ,mr4 ,g4 ,laidlaw's f>m1 ,elm ,p>k1 ,j9d]a1 ,albury1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 #bh bu%els #ef lbs4 7 obta9$ on fall[$ l& ) a ra9fall ( #geb po9ts4 ,) a seasonal di/ribution ( ra9 :eat c be successfully gr[n ) an av]age ( #aj 94 ,!re are gr[]s 9 c\ntry t t5 ye>s ago 0 consid]$ outside ! :eat belt1 t is1 ! safe c\ntry1 :o = ! la/ five ye>s h nev] h>ve/$ less ?an an av]age ( #be bu%els p] acre4 ,yet an av]age ( #ab to #ae bu%els has prov$ pr(itable4 ,9 ,victoria1 :eatgr[+ c increase fivefold be=e ! :ole ( ! suitable l& is br\ght "u ! pl\gh4 ,! :eat crop ( t ,/ate %\ld1 if ! settl]s are =?com+1 )9 a few ye>s rea* #h1jjj1jjj acres1 provid$ t "o-?ird ( ea* f>m is regul>ly cultivat$4 ,! area "u :eat 9 #aiac-ad 0 #b1ghf1dba acres1 s !re is room = ?\s&s ( gr[]s yet4 ,9 ,s\? ,au/ralia & 9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia !re are imm5se areas1 runn+ into millions ( acres1 :i* yet rema9 to be br\ght "u :eat4 ,9 ,que5sl& :eatgr[+ practically rema9s to be develop$4 ,at pres5t /ockrais+ proves mo/ pr(itable1 b !re is no "q t 9 ! c\rse ( "t t ,/ate w add imm5sely to ! :eat belt ( ! ,commonweal?4 ,9 all ! ,/ates ! usual c\rse has be5 = :eat to foll[ /ockrais+1 aft] ! latt] h sweet5$ & improv$ ! soil1 mak+ x m compact & suitable = cultivation4 ,9 new l&s1 :]e ! soil has be5 practically untrodd5 = ages1 x is seldom imm$iately suitable = ! cultivation ( :eat1 9 :at lat] on prov$ to be ideal :eat di/ricts4 ,!re=e1 9 su* a va/ c\ntry z ,au/ralia1 :i* totals #b1igd1eha squ>e miles1 x is beyond man's calculations to ev5 e/imate :at proportion may ultimately come "u ! pl\gh4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 h[ev]1 x is f> f extravagant to say t :ile ,au/ralia is n[1 r\ghly1 produc+ #ajj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat on #aj1jjj1jjj acres1 x is capable1 )\t improv+ ! av]age yield1 ( produc+ #a1jjj1jjj1jjj bu%els ( :eat f #ajj1jjj1jjj acres4 ,& z ! exp]i5ce ( good f>ms has conclusively demon/rat$ t ! av]age yield c\ld be mu* great] ?an x is at pres5t1 ) good f>m+ me?ods1 ! g5]al use ( m suitable v>ieties ( :eat1 n to m5tion ! /ill great] improvem5t 9 ! bre$+ ( suitable :eats1 t yield %\ld c]ta9ly be half z mu* aga94 ,au/ralia !re=e /&s out z promis+ to be "o ( ! greate/ :eat-produc+ c\ntries 9 ! _w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,au/ralia',s ,,av]age ,,:eat ,,yield ,,is ,,f #aa ,,to #ac ,,bu%els ,,p] ,,acre1 ,,b ,,?\s&s ,,( ,,f>ms ,,yield ,,f #bj ,,to #be ,,bu%els ,,p] ,,acre4 ,au/ralia has ! l& & climate2 %e wants ! m54 ,!re is a l>ge area ( c\ntry 9 ,victoria1 ,s\? ,au/ralia1 & ,new ,s\? ,wales kn[n z ! ,mallee1 ! "n be+ d]iv$ f a d5se dw>f eucalyptus scrub :i* cov]s ! l& 9 its natural /ate4 ,= a long p]iod ?is l& 0 deem$ unfit = :eatgr[+ on acc\nt ma9ly ( ! l[ ra9fall1 &1 away f ! ,riv] ,murray1 abs5ce ( wat] supply4 ,exp]i5ce has long s9ce prov$ t x is v pr(itable :eat l& :5 prop]ly work$1 :ile ! discov]y ( a sub-artesian wat] supply & good wat]-hold+ c\ntry has ov]come mo/ ( ! difficulty t fir/ fac$ settlem5t4 ,!re is a l>ge area ( ?is l& available = %>e f>m+1 & a great area is also be+ op5$ up = settlem5t1 p>ticul>ly 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,!re is ?us a s\nd prospect front+ ! new settl]1 z he might />t on ! ,mallee c\ntry %>e f>m+1 & on :at he has e>n$ e/abli% himself on a hold+ ( 8 own1 ) all ! advantage ( a practical exp]i5ce ( t p>ticul> type ( l& & ! climate4 ,! ,mallee soil is mo/ly s&y loam1 b r$ & black loams1 v>y+ f s& to clay1 are f\nd4 ,x is a l[ elevation above sea level1 b ! c\ntry is undulat+4 ,! vegetation is reckon$ a s\nd guide to ! quality ( ! soil = :eatgr[+2 inde$1 ?is same pr9ciple c be accept$ 9 all p>ts ( ! :eat belt4 ,on ! ,mallee ! ri*e/ p>ts are d5ot$ by ! p9es & bull oak trees1 :ile ! l>ge & small ,mallee m>ks good & m$ium loams & clays4 ,! ,mallee l& is suitable = h&l+ by ! man ) small means1 ei!r on a f>m ( 8 own or z a %>e f>m]1 z 9 ! fir/ case ! cle>+ is *eap1 :ile 9 ! second he c h&le a l>ge area4 ,! scrub is brok5 d[n by roll]s1 & is comp>atively easily eradicat$4 ,= a "t "y suck]s come up among/ ! :eat crop1 b !y are burnt (f :5 ! /&+ /ubble is burnt aft] ! crop has be5 tak5 (f1 & 9 "t q clean$ out4 ,! soil is naturally ri* 9 pota%1 nitrog51 & lime1 b requires sup]phosphate1 z ! p]c5tage ( phosphoric acid is l[4 ,al?\gh ! av]age yield is l[] ?an o!r p>ts ( ! :eat belt1 :eatgr[+ has prov$ v pr(itable 9 ! ,mallee c\ntry1 & !re is pl5ty ( evid5ce ( t fact4 ,9 ,victoria ! ,mallee c\ntry is an important "p ( ! :eat belt ( t ,/ate1 !re be+ ov] #hjj1jjj acres "u :eat la/ season 7#aiac-ad7 out ( a total area = t ,/ate ( #b1ghf1dba acres4 ,yet x is only )9 ! la/ t5 ye>s t x has _h any reputation = f>m+1 be+ mo/ly look$ ^u z useless4 ,mo/ ( ! fir/ settl]s 7 %>e f>m]s ) little capital1 b ) bra9s & en]gy1 & _m ( !m are n[ wor? f #ej1jjj4jj to #ajj1jjj4jj4 ,!re 7 failures 9 ! e>ly days1 because !re 0 want ( k ( ! prop] me?ods ( work+ l[-ra9fall c\ntry = gr[+ :eat1 & also prop] me?ods & lack ( prop] implem5ts = t class ( c\ntry4 ,suitable implem5ts1 especially /ump-jump implem5ts1 h be5 evolv$1 & !re is a solid guide = ! new settl]s to foll[4 ,"o ( ! lead+ f>m]s 9 ! ,mallee c\ntry 9 ,victoria1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,blackwood1 at ,hopet\n1 :]e ! soil is ( av]age quality & ! ra9fall less ?an #ad 941 />t$ on ! %>e sy/em 9 #ahib4 ,x 0 sev5 ye>s be=e he adopt$ ! b>e fall[ me?od1 an ess5tial 9 su* c\ntry1 & s9ce do+ s he has av]ag$ #af bu%els p] acre4 ,9 ! record dry ye> 7#aijb7 8 crop w5t #h bu%els to ! acre1 & paid work+ exp5ses4 ,by #aiac he 0 ! own] ( #ejjj acres4 ,he crops ab\t #fej acres ea* ye>1 & fall[s ab\t ! same area1 work+ on a ?ree-ye> rotation ( fall[1 :eat1 graz+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>t+ ,,/ooks4 ,,factors ,,gov]n+ ,,:eatgr[+4 ,! pr9cipal factors gov]n+ :eatgr[+ 9 ,au/ralia are3-- ,cons]vation ( soil moi/ure by fall[+ ! l&4 ,s[+ ( v>ieties ( :eat mo/ suitable = ! diff]5t di/ricts4 ,judici\s use ( f]tilis]s4 ,! settl] has n to f9d ^! ?+s out = himself4 ,he has ! assi/ance ( well-organis$ & progressive dep>tm5ts ( agriculture 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates to tell him :at to d1 h[ & :5 to d x4 ,! work+ ( 8 l& is a matt] ^u :i* he w be fully in=m$4 ,he w h ! sci5tific exp]i5ce ( ! dep>tm5tal exp]ts1 ! examples ( local exp]im5tal plots1 & ! exp]i5ce ( work+ f>m]s to guide him 9 reg>d to ! be/ me?od ( work+ 8 soil4 ,me?ods v>y some:at 9 diff]5t soils & di/ricts1 z has be5 previ\sly /at$4 ,he is in=m$ z to ! be/ v>ieties to s[ 9 8 di/rict & ! prop] "t to s[ !m4 ,! complet5ess ( t in=mation c be ga!r$ f ! foll[+ p>ticul>s :i* are suppli$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales e season4 ,simil> in=mation is furni%$ 9 o!r ,/ates4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales a classification ( v>ieties ( :eat is made by ! dep>tm5t1 & a table publi%$ = ! in=mation ( :eatgr[]s4 ,! foll[+ is ! classification = ! season #aiac-ad3-- ,) reg>d to "t ( maturity v>ieties ( :eat recomm5d$ 7 classifi$ z foll[s3-- ,v ,e>ly4--,bunyip1 ,flor5ce1 ,firbank4 ,e>ly4--,comeback1 ,!w1 ,/e9w$el4 ,mid-season4--,bobs1 ,john ,br[n1 ,c$>1 ,w>r51 ,f$]ation1 ,bayah1 ,rym]4 ,late4--,jona?an1 ,m>%all's ,no4 #c1 ,zeal&1 ,y&illa ,k+1 ,clevel&1 ,hugu5ot4 ,v ,late4--,hayne's ,blue ,/em4 ,9 respect ( "t ( s[+ ! v>ieties m5tion$ above 7 recomm5d$ 9 inv]se ord]4 ,j z ! f>m] is advis$ z to ! mo/ suitable v>ieties ( :eat = 8 di/rict1 s exp]im5ts are conduct$ to asc]ta9 ! mo/ useful quantity ( manure1 & full p>ticul>s made available 9 ! agricultural gazettes or j\rnals :i* are publi%$ 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 z well z be+ made available 9 bullet9 =m4 ,! "q ( manur+ is a v important "o to ! :eatgr[]1 z x influ5ces ! yield greatly 9 mo/ ( ! pr9cipal areas1 if n all4 ,z ,au/ralian :eat soils possess abundance ( nitrog5 & suffici5t pota%1 b are mo/ly defici5t 9 phosphoric acid1 ! manure *iefly us$ on ! :eatfields is sup]phosphates4 ,!re are "s localities :]e fur!r exp]im5t is requir$ to def9itely asc]ta9 ! mo/ suitable f]tilis]1 b 9 ! ma9 sup]phosphate is ! requirem5t1 & practically ! only manure us$4 ,?is has be5 ! c\rse prov$ mo/ satisfactory by practical exp]i5ce 9 :eatgr[+1 & c>eful exp]im5t also ) nitrog5\s1 pa?onic1 & phosphate manures1 s+ly & comb9$4 ,sup]phosphate has prov$ sup]ior to bon$u/ or basic slag2 sulphate ( pota% has n increas$ ! yield1 :ile nitrog5\s f]tilis]s1 su* z dri$ blood or sulphate ( ammonia1 h prov$ ei!r useless or h>mful4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales ! quantity ( sup]phosphate usually us$ is #ef lbs4 p] acre1 & ! same quantity is g5]ally appli$ 9 ,victoria1 b 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia ! dress+s are mu* heavi]1 runn+ f #a cwt4 to #b cwts4 p] acre4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales exp]im5ts c>ri$ out cle>ly prove t l>g] quantities1 say1 #hd-aab lbs4 to ! acre1 d n result 9 bigg] yields be+ obta9$1 :ile ! /ill heavi] quantities1 #a-a_/b to #b cwt41 h actually result$ 9 poor] yields4 ,9 ,victoria ab\t #ef lbs4 ( sup]phosphate to ! acre is also ! usual ?+1 b ! am\nt us$ av]ages probably f #ef to #hd lbs42 ! dri] di/ricts require less1 & ! wett] di/ricts m1 ?an ^! am\nts4 ,rem>kable results are obta9$ f su* small dress+s z #cj lbs4 ( sup]phosphate4 ,9 ,s\? ,au/ralia heavi] dress+s ( sup]phosphate are us$ ?an 9 ! o!r ,/ates4 ,:eatgr[+ 9 ,s\? ,au/ralia 01 9 fact1 revolutionis$ & *ang$ into a mo/ pr(itable bus9ess ?r\gh ! introduction & g5]al practice ( us+ ?is artificial f]tilis]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,) ,,au/ralian ,,/ripp] ,,h>ve/]s ,,:eat ,,is ,,h>ve/$1 ,,?re%$ ,,& ,,put ,,into ,,! ,,bag ,,= #h ,,to #aj ,,c5ts ,,p] ,,bu%el4 ,comm]cial f]tilis]s are analys$ by ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,agriculture1 & (ficial li/s are publi%$ %[+ _! cont5t4 ,! ,au/ralian :eatgr[] is practically n tr\bl$ ) :eat diseases4 ,?irty ye>s ago ru/ 0 a tr\ble1 b ! bre$+ ( ru/-resi/ant v>ieties ( :eat has effectually ov]come t drawback1 & ru/ is seldom1 if ev]1 he>d ( n[4 ,9 addition1 :eatgr[+ is n[ c>ri$ on 9 di/ricts :]e ! conditions are seldom fav\rable to ru/1 :i* is only liable to cause s]i\s loss :5 !re is hot1 moi/ wea!r late 9 ! spr+4 ,?is wea!r is v r>ely exp]i5c$ 9 ! ,au/ralian :eat belt1 & c]ta9ly little has be5 he>d ( ru/ = _m ye>s4 ,smut is ! only o!r important p>asitic disease1 b z ! practice ( pickl+ se$ be=e s[+ is ext5d+1 ?is tr\ble has practically disappe>$4 ,bunt or /9k+ smut is s call$ because x has an objectionable smell1 :i* makes its pres5ce kn[n 9 ! gra9 & det]iorates its value4 ,z /at$1 x c be readily prev5t$ by treat+ ! se$4 ,smut belongs to a l[ =m ( plant life1 & ! plant is produc$ f a se$1 :i* 9 its turn matures & produces o!r se$1 :i* are microscopic & are kn[n z spores4 ,^! spores are f\nd :5 matur$ 9 masses occupy+ ! place ( ! :eat k]nels1 & ^! masses are call$ bunt-balls4 ,! *ief & almo/ only cause ( smut is s[+ :eat se$ :i* has heal?y smut spores atta*$ to x4 ,by de/roy+ ! vitality ( ^! spores ! gra9 crop w be clean4 ,! mo/ common solutions = pickl+ :eat se$ are blue/one 7copp] sulphate7 #a-a_/b lb4 to #aj gallons ( wat]1 & =mal9 #a lb4 to #de gallons ( wat]4 ,bunt balls are light] ?an :eat1 & float 9 wat]1 s if ! :eat to be treat$ is p\r$ sl[ly into ! pickle1 & 9 su* a way t ! bunt balls w n be c>ri$ d[n by ! gra91 !y w float on top1 & c be skimm$ (f & de/roy$4 ,! details ( pickl+ v>y on diff]5t f>ms1 b a common me?od is to place ! :eat ab\t #b bu%els at a "t 9 loosely-ti$ butts or bags1 & !n by means ( a lev] x is l[]$ into ! solution = two or ?ree m9utes1 :5 x is rais$ on to a slop+ tr\gh1 :]e ! sup]flu\s solution c dra9 back into ! cask4 ,ano!r me?od is to place ! se$ :eat1 ei!r loose or 9 bags1 9 elevat$ casks or tr\ghs made out ( holl[ logs1 & p\r ! blue/one solution ov] x4 ,aft] x has rema9$ on ! :eat ! necess>y "t x is run (f into ano!r cask or tr\gh plac$ 9 a l[] position4 ,aft] ! se$ has be5 treat$ x requires "s "t dry+ be=e x c be s[n ?r\gh ! drill4 ,all t is necess>y is to place ! butts :]e !y c dra9 freely1 & ! se$ w be ready to s[ aft] a few h\rs4 ,! fulle/ p>ticul>s z to ! be/ way ( combat+ ?is disease or any m9or tr\ble is always obta9able f ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,agriculture 9 ! v>i\s ,/ates4 ,take-all occasionally affects :eat crops gr[+ "u any disadvantage\s set ( conditions1 b good f>m+ is a rem$y = t tr\ble1 :i* is a m9or "o4 ,,secur+ ,a ,,:eat ,,f>m4 ,:eat l& may be secur$ ?r\gh public or private *annels1 b ! area ( available ,gov]nm5t l&s is great] 9 "s ,/ates ?an o!rs4 ,! l&seek] hav+ decid$ 9 :i* ,/ate he is go+ to reside1 w adopt ! means ( secur+ a :eat f>m be/ suit$ to 8 capital4 ,n only are ,cr[n l&s be+ op5$ up1 pr9cipally by railway con/ruction1 b 9 "s ,/ates ! ,gov]nm5t pur*ases private e/ates1 :i* are subdivid$ & sold 9 small areas to f>m]s on exceptionally easy t]ms4 ,e/ates are also be+ con/antly s subdivid$ by private own]s1 & sold on t]ms ext5d+ ov] t51 fifte51 & tw5ty ye>s4 ,) ord9>y good =tune ! f>m] go+ on su* e/ates is 9 a s\nd & safe position aft] ?ree or f\r seasons4 ,if he has ! mis=tune to exp]i5ce a dry season at ! />t1 x w1 ( c\rse1 take him long] to "w to indep5d5ce1 z c easily be und]/ood4 ,on ! o!r h& a normal ye> w see him well />t$ & safe = ano!r two or ?ree seasons1 :ile a really good ye> w place him 9 a position :i* means t only c>elessness & improvid5ce c prev5t him f atta9+ com=table & practically indep5d5t circum/ances4 ,9 ! diff]5t ,/ates in=mation c be obta9$ f ! ,gov]nm5t ,in=mation ,bureau or ,dep>tm5ts ( ,l&s z to :at ,gov]nm5t l&s are available = settlem5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ve/] ,,z ,,us$ ,,9 ,,au/ralia4 ,! p>ticul>s ( private l&s = sale may be obta9$ f city & c\ntry ag5ts4 ,!y v>y consid]ably 9 price accord+ to ! locality1 nature ( improvem5ts & proximity to railways4 ,!y may be said to range f #af4hj to #ch4dj p] acre = improv$ l&4 ,9 ! majority ( cases su* l&s are ei!r cle>$ or p>tly cle>$1 & ! settl] is able to put 9 a crop "r away1 provid+ he obta9s possession at a seasonable "t4 ,! pl\gh+ & s[+ p]iod is ma9ly 9 ,april & ,may1 & runn+ to ,june1 h>ve/+ tak+ place 9 ,novemb] & ,decemb]4 ,! almo/ inv>iable practice 9 ,au/ralia is to comb9e :eatgr[+ & %eepf>m+4 ,%eep are especially pr(itable 9 ,au/ralia4 ,?is is an excell5t comb9ation1 z ! busy p]iods d n cla%1 & ! %eep help to f]tilise ! l&1 cle> ! /ubble paddocks1 & are also (t5 useful = ! purpose ( eat+ d[n a crop 9 ! e>ly /ages :]e x may be mak+ an unduly rapid gr[?4 ,9 mo/ di/ricts #bej acres ( :eat is z mu* z "o man c manage )\t outside help1 except at h>ve/ "t1 al?\gh "s en]getic f>m]s manage #cjj acres4 ,9 ! m settl$ di/ricts :eat f>ms usually range f #cjj to #fjj acres1 b l>g] f>ms1 up to f\r & five ?\s& acres1 are common4 ,!y are ei!r work$ on %>es 7see p4 #ch71 or ) hir$ lab\r1 & are usually own$ by m5 :o h />t$ on a small area1 & increas$ x by subsequ5t pur*ase ) money made f :eatgr[+4 ,on _m l>ge prop]ties hi!rto devot$ to %eeprais+ ! practice is gr[+ ( putt+ d[n a l>ge area "u :eat4 ,x is n practical to def9itely /ate ! am\nt ( capital requir$ to pur*ase & prep>e an area ( l& = a :eat f>m4 ,mu* w dep5d ^u ! capacity & exp]i5ce1 bus9ess acum51 & res\rcefulness ( ! settl]1 z is ! case 9 all call+s1 b ! detail$ in=mation giv5 9 ^! pages %\ld enable ! int5d+ settl] to "w out ! am\nt approximately requir$ by 8 condition & ! l9es he int5ds adopt+4 ,,work+ ,,plant ,,requir$4 ,! int5d+ settl] has to consid] n only ! capital requir$ to secure 8 f>m1 :atev] its nature1 b also ! exp5diture necess>y 9 obta9+ a work+ f>m plant4 ,prices ( ma*9]y cov] a wide range1 accord+ to size1 c4 ,9 work+ #bjj to #bej acres ( :eat crop1 ! foll[+ plant w\ld be requir$1 & ! prices giv5 are approximately correct3-- ,five horses 7good select$ m>es1 if possible1 t w give an annual return (1 say1 f\r foals71 at #add p] head #gbj4jj ,five sets ( h>ness #gb4jj ,"o dray & set h>ness #hf4jj ,"o f\r-furr[ pl\gh #add4jj ,"o set ( h>r[s #cc4jj ,"o se$ drill #ahb4jj ,"o cultivator #if4jj ------ ,implem5ts = putt+ 9 & work+ gr[+ crop #accc4jj ,"o reap] & b9d] #adb4jj ,"o /ripp]-h>ve/] #dcj4jj -------- ,total #aije4jj ,illu/ration3 ,,/eam ,,?re%] ,,at ,,"w4 ,a *affcutt] 7#fg4jj7 might be add$ to ! above li/1 & 9 "s localities a roll]1 co/+ ab\t #ai4jj1 is requir$4 ,! price ( horses v>ies4 ,9 ! above li/ !y h be5 plac$ at #add4jj1 b suitable animals may be secur$ = #if4jj to #abj4jj p] head4 ,z soon z he c manage x ! new f>m] w want to get a waggon 7#afh4jj74 ,he w soon want a vehicle to move ab\t 91 a sulky 7#gb4jj to #if4jj71 a light horse & h>ness1 saddle1 c4 ,m9or implem5ts & tools = f5c+1 c>p5t]+1 build+1 & s on w be want$1 & altoge!r x w\ld be well to reckon t work+ plant g5]ally w co/ ab\t #bdjj4jj4 ,to "w a l>ge area w\ld n co/ m proportionately by any means2 x is reckon$ t an area ( #fjj acres ( cultivation co/s ab\t #ccfj4jj = work+ plant4 ,all ! above p>ts ( ! plant w\ld n be requir$ at once1 & ! above am\nts c be greatly r$uc$ by obta9+ small] implem5ts1 light] horses1 & s on4 ,fur!rmore1 x is n necess>y t ! full am\nt %\ld be paid d[n = ! plant4 ,ca% w\ld h to be paid = ! horses1 b ma*9]y & mo/ ( ! balance ( ! plant c be acquir$ on t]ms1 "p paym5t be+ 9 ca%1 :ile ! balance runs ov] till aft] h>ve/1 or ev5 ov] two seasons4 ,usually "o-?ird is paid 9 ca%1 & ! balance ab\t ,febru>y or ,m>*1 aft] ! f>m] has receiv$ ! money = 8 crop4 ,x is to ! int]e/ ( ! ma*9]y firms1 /orekeep]s1 & o!rs :o d bus9ess ) ! :eatf>m] to help him z f> z possible1 especially 9 ! e>ly ye>s1 & 9 ,au/ralia1 :5 a man %[s he is hone/ & h>d-work+1 he w receive e consid]ation 9 ?is direction4 ,! :eatgr[] has also to all[ = ! keep ( himself & 8 family :ile wait+ = 8 crop to rip54 ,9 ! above plant a /ripp]-h>ve/] has be5 all[$ =1 b if a /ripp] & w9n[] be us$ in/ead1 ! co/ = implem5ts w\ld be ab\t #abj4jj less4 ,on ! o!r h&1 m lab\r w\ld be requir$ to "w !m4 ,! utilisation ( ! /ripp]-h>ve/] is ! mo/ popul> me?od ( tak+ (f a :eat crop4 ,! /ripp] is an ,au/ralian inv5tion4 ,x is a ma*9e drawn ?r\gh ! ripe /&+ crop by ?ree or f\r horses atta*$ to its side4 ,! horses walk 9 ! /ubble ( ! h>ve/$ portion4 ,! ripe e>s com+ )9 rea* ( ! ma*9e1 :i* has a #e-;ft4 cut1 are ga!r$ by a comb1 & direct$ to a cutt+ plate1 :]e ! beat] drum cuts !m f ! /raw & ?re%es ! gra9 out4 ,at ! same "t ! gra91 ) ! *aff & "s /raw1 is ?r[n into a receptacle at ! back ( ! ma*9e4 ,:5 ?is is full ! /ripp] is driv5 to a pick$ place 9 ! paddock & empti$4 ,"h a w9n[] has be5 plac$1 & ! mixture ( gra9 & rubbi% out ( ! /ripp] is put ?r\gh ?is w9n[]1 :i* cleans & bags ! :eat ready = m>ket4 ,9 fair crops "o w9n[]1 ) f\r m5 to "w x1 w keep two /ripp]s go+4 ,! /ripp]-h>ve/] is ano!r ,au/ralian inv5tion4 ,x is an improvem5t on ! /ripp]1 & is n[ 9 m g5]al use4 ,x is really a comb9$ /ripp] & w9n[]4 ,x takes (f ! heads ( :eat1 & also ?re%es & cleans !m z x goes along1 & deliv]s ! gra9 into bags at ! side ( ! ma*9e4 ,?is r$uces ! co/ ( h>ve/+1 z less lab\r is requir$4 ,two m5 c "w a h>ve/]1 "o driv+ ! ma*9e :ile ! o!r removes & sews up ! bags4 ,! ma*9es cut #e to #f ft41 b #h-;ft4 ma*9es h prov$ successful ( late1 & ) !m a good area c be h&l$ 9 a day4 ,! small] ma*9e w /rip ab\t #aj acres ( a fair crop 9 a work+ day4 ,illu/ration3 7#a7 ,,/eam ,,?re%]4 7#b7 ,,/ook-,,build+4 7#c7 ,,h>ve/ ,,picnic4 7#d7 ,,bal+ ,,= ,,export4 7#e7 ,,/ooks ,,ready ,,= ,,c>t+4 ,,work+ ,,! ,,:eat ,,f>m4 ,! settl] hav+ acquir$ 8 l&1 he w require to f5ce 9 8 hold+1 & also subdivide x into conv5i5t paddocks or fields4 ,all ,au/ralian f>ms are f5c$1 & 9 di/ricts 9 :i* ! rabbit is a m5ace ! b\nd>y f5ces are wire-nett$4 ,unless timb] is v pl5tiful wire f5ces are almo/ univ]sal4 ,po/s1 :i* are obta9$ f timb] on ! f>m t is fall51 & split into ! necess>y l5g?s1 are erect$ #i or #aa ft4 ap>t1 ) six or sev5 wires runn+ ?r\gh !m4 ,sometimes ! po/s are put at a great] di/ance ap>t1 & dropp]s plac$ betwe5 !m at di/ances ( #g or #h ft4 ,"s ( ^! dropp]s are ( split timb]1 b pat5t dropp]s1 made ( wire & iron1 c be obta9$4 ,:]e timb] is sc>ce su* f5ces are *eap]4 ,! dropp]s hold ! wires to :i* !y are atta*$ 9 _! place1 b are n sunk into ! gr\nd4 ,f5c+ co/s ab\t #add4jj to #afh4jj p] mile4 ,nett+ ! f5ces to keep out ! rabbit co/s an additional #aib4jj to #bdj4jj p] mile4 ,if ! new f>m consi/s ( improv$1 t is1 cle>$ or p>tly cle>$ l&1 ! settl] w probably get 8 crop 9 be=e he does 8 f5c+4 ,x w\ld be bett] = him to d t ?an leave 8 s[+ till unduly late4 ,:]e gre5 timb] has to be cle>$ (f ! l& x is r+b>k$ fir/1 & ! trees all[$ to die be=e !y are grubb$ out4 ,r+b>k+ consi/s ( cutt+ a small /rip ( b>k f ar\nd ! trunk ( ! tree to prev5t ! fl[ ( sap keep+ x alive4 ,aft] r+b>k+1 ! trees usually ?r[ out "y %oots or suck]s1 :i* h to be brok5 (f4 ,usually ?is has to be done twice1 & is call$ suck]+4 ,! deep] ! trees are r+b>k$1 ! bigg] ! piece ( b>k remov$1 ! soon] x w die1 b !re is !n a great] t5d5cy to ?r[ out suck]s4 ,! trees take two or ?ree ye>s to die1 !n !y are grubb$ & burnt4 ,x is v seldom t ! gre5 trees are cut out at once1 z ?is is v mu* m exp5sive1 & = "s "t aft] removal ! gr\nd is too s\r to be good = :eat or o!r crops4 ,:5 ! c\ntry is r+b>k$ ! gr\nd sweet5s1 & by ! "t ! tree is dead is ready = cropp+4 ,:ile ! trees are dy+ ! c\ntry is usually us$ = graz+ %eep & o!r /ock1 z x w be c>ry+ good pa/ure4 ,( rec5t ye>s a sy/em has be5 tri$1 ) consid]able success1 ( poison+ ! gre5 timb] ) a mixture ( ars5ic & soda & wat]4 ,a r+ is *opp$ r\nd ! tree1 & ! b>k ?us makes a r\gh cup1 into :i* ! mixture is p\r$4 ,?is treatm5t has prov$ v effective4 ,! co/ ( r+b>k+ & all simil> op]ations1 ( c\rse1 dep5ds ^u ! am\nt ( timb] on ! c\ntry1 b x usually co/s f #bd c5ts to #cj c5ts p] acre1 :ile suck]+ co/s #h c5ts to #ab c5ts p] acre4 ,aft] ! trees are dead !y are grubb$ or burnt out1 all roots to #ab or #ah 94 dep? be+ remov$1 & ?is "w co/s f #b4hj to #c4fj p] acre4 ,9 "s cases ! c\ntry is :at is kn[n z ,yankee-grubb$1 9 :i* case ! trees are cut (f level ) ! gr\nd1 & roots all[$ to rema9 9 bel[ ! surface4 ,:5 ! c\ntry 0 us$ = graz+ only1 ?is 0 f\nd a *eap & effici5t me?od1 b nev]!less only a small proportion ( ,au/ralian :eat c\ntry has be5 s treat$4 ,to cultivate ,yankee-grubb$ c\ntry :at are kn[n z /ump-jump implem5ts1 pl\ghs & cultivators are us$4 ,^! are available on ! m>ket1 & z ,yankee-grubb+ is c]ta9ly *eap] ?an ! usual me?od ( grubb+1 x has "s attraction to ! man ) limit$ capital4 ,! m c>eful f>m]s1 h[ev]1 d n advocate ?is me?od4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?re%+ ,,by ,,horse ,,p[]4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! above prices = cle>+ are :]e lab\r has to be employ$4 ,x mu/ also be rememb]$ t ! am\nt ( timb] on diff]5t classes ( :eat c\ntry 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates v>ies v mu*1 s :ile x is usually e/imat$ t cle>+ l& = :eat co/s ab\t #d4cj p] acre1 x does n mean t x w always co/ t1 or1 9 any case1 t ! settl] has to pay t am\nt out 9 ca%4 ,aft] ! timb] is grubb$ & pull$ d[n x is usually pil$ toge!r & burnt4 ,x burns well1 & ! burn+ enri*es ! soil4 ,! settl] />t+ 9 to cle> 8 f>m has ev] ! future picture 9 m9d ( :5 ! "w is done1 & he has a beautifully-cle>$1 improv$ prop]ty on :i* to sp5d ! latt] ye>s ( 8 life4 ,& !re is no f9] picture ?an an improv$ :eat f>m1 ) its alt]nation ( p>k-l paddocks1 paddocks c>ry+ a flock ( %eep1 paddocks ( gr[+ crops1 & paddocks ( fall[+ pl\gh$ l& ready = ! crop next season1 or p]haps c>ry+ a rotation crop ( oats1 rape1 or c[pea4 ,! home/ead1 surr\nd$ by its or*>d1 /ables1 hay%$1 & ma*9]y %$s1 & p\ltry run1 w /& ^u a rise1 f :i* ! :ole prop]ty c be survey$4 ,& to none is ! picture f9] ?an to ! man :o by 8 own toil & en]gy has cle>$ & improv$ mo/ ( ^? paddocks4 ,su* :eat f>ms are to be f\nd 9 ?\s&s ?r\gh\t ,au/ralia4 ,"o ( ! fir/ ?+s ! settl] has to d is to provide a wat] supply4 ,x is ! exception to f9d :eat f>ms ) a natural p]man5t wat] supply1 su* z a creek or riv]4 ,9 mo/ cases ! settl] dep5ds ^u tanks or dams = wat]+ 8 /ock4 ,a suitable l[-ly+ site is pick$1 & ! e>? is scoop$ out & bank$ up at ! end & sides1 s !re is a hole into :i* ! ra9wat] runs1 foll[+ ! natural lay ( ! c\ntry1 & assi/$ & direct$ by dra9s & gutt]s4 ,^! tanks1 z !y are call$1 usually range f #ajjj to #bjjj cubic y>ds1 & co/ up to #bd c5ts or #cj c5ts p] y>d to excavate4 ,9 mo/ di/ricts ! c\ntry holds wat] spl5didly1 & :5 ! tank is fill$ by ! autumn & w9t] ra9s x w c>ry ?r\gh ! summ]4 ,= dome/ic use galvanis$ tanks are dep5d$ ^u1 be+ plac$ to cat* ! ra9wat] (f ! rooms ( ! home/ead build+s4 ,9 "s di/ricts wat] is obta9$ by s9k+ %all[ wells4 ,9 p>ts ( ! :eat c\ntry sub-artesian wells are also common1 good wat] be+ obta9$ by bor+ #bjj to #cjj ft41 :5 an unfail+ supply ( good wat] = /ock is secur$4 ,! real artesian c\ntry1 :]e deep bores are sunk = wat]1 is outside ! pres5t :eat belt4 ,9 ! season pl\gh+ usually />ts at #g4cj a4m4 & goes on until #e4cj p4m41 ) a break ( a c\ple ( h\rs dur+ ! day = d9n]2 t is1 :]e lab\r is employ$4 ,! settl] himself h&l+ 8 own l& usually works f dawn till d>k1 us+ *anges ( horses dur+ ! day4 ,bo? m\ldbo>d & disc pl\ghs are 9 use1 "s soils suit+ "o & "s ! o!r1 :ile use = bo? w (t5 be f\nd on ! "o f>m4 ,! f\r-furr[ pl\gh1 drawn by five or six horses1 is mo/ fav\r$1 & ) x f\r to six acres w be done 9 a day4 ,h>r[+ is done ) a set ( ?ree to six sections ( t9es1 cov]+ f #ab to #bj ft4 9 wid?1 & do+ #ae to #bj acres a day4 ,! bulk ( ! s[+ is done ) a comb9$ drill1 :i* plants ! se$ & di/ributes artificial f]tilis] at ! same "t4 ,! am\nt ( se$ s[n p] acre v>ies f #be to #de lbs41 & ev5 up to #ajj lbs4 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,commonweal?1 :ile usually ab\t ! same am\nt ( sup]phosphate is di/ribut$1 #de to #fj lbs4 be+ ! mo/ common quantity4 ,bo? hoes & disc drills are 9 use1 rang+ f twelve to fifte5 tubes1 ! tubes be+ #g 94 ap>t4 ,^! p>ticul>s apply mo/ly to ! man cultivat+ #bjj to #cjj acres himself4 ,x is (t5 f\nd b5eficial to h>r[ ! gr[+ crop until x is #c or #d 94 high4 ,:ile ! crop is gr[+ ! settl] w f9d pl5ty to d 9 cle>+ & improv+ 8 prop]ty1 att5d+ to 8 %eep1 & s on4 ,if he is on %>es he w f9d "w = 8 team & himself on o!r prop]ties1 at contract "w1 or on ! local roads4 ,h>ve/ "t comes well on 9 ! summ]1 & = sev]al weeks ev]yone is busy on ! f>m4 ,x is usual :5 putt+ 9 a :eat crop to s[ a portion = hay4 ,ei!r a sep>ate crop is s[n or a special v>iety suitable = hay is s[n ar\nd ! ma9 gra9 crop4 ,?is is cut ) ! reap] & b9d] j aft] ! :eat plant has fl[]$4 ,! %eaves1 :i* are ti$ by ! ma*9e1 are /ook$ 9 ! paddock = t5 or f\rte5 days until dry en\gh to be c>t$ 9 & /ack$4 ,! climate--z a rule f9e wea!r prevails--is fav\rable to haymak+1 & a bright-col\r$ nutriti\s hay is produc$4 ,! av]age yield is a ton to "o ton & a-half to ! acre1 b ?ree1 f\r1 & ev5 five ton crops are tak5 (f1 b t is usually 9 a crop s[n & cultivat$ specially = hay ) ! int5tion ( supply+ ! *aff m>ket1 :i* is an indu/ry 9 itself4 ,! :eatf>m]1 prop]ly speak+1 only cuts :at he w require = 8 own horses4 ,a reap] & b9d] is drawn by ?ree horses1 & w cut f #aj to #ab acres p] day4 ,"o man is requir$ to drive ! ma*9e1 & "o or two m5 to pick up & /ook ! %eaves4 ,"s f>m]s cut _! own hay = *aff1 work+ ! ma*9e ei!r by h& or ) horse-works = turn+ ! cutt+ :eel1 b ! majority h ! hay cut by contractors1 :o travel ?r\gh ! c\ntry ) a special plant = ! purpose1 *>g+ #b4af p] ton = cutt+4 ,aft] a portion r\nd ! edges ( ! crops has be5 cut = hay a /rip ( l& is pl\gh$ ar\nd ! crop 9 ! /ubble = ! purpose ( mak+ a break 9 case ( fire1 & ?us enabl+ a fire t might approa* ! crop be+ controll$ on ! b>e pl\gh$ gr\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,c>t+ ,,:eat ,,to ,,railway ,,/ation4 ,! :eat crop is all[$ to become dead ripe 9 ! paddock1 z = /ripp+ ! e>s mu/ be dry & q ripe4 ,once x is ready to /rip e ef=t is made to take ! crop (f z quickly z possible1 z x does n improve /&+1 = "s ( ! gra9 is likely to be %ak5 out by w9ds4 ,! m mod]n :eats1 h[ev]1 hold ! gra9 wond]fully aga9/ w9d or hail4 ,v>ieties ( :eat are s[n s !y w mature at diff]5t times1 :i* ext5ds ! h>ve/+ p]iod1 z "o crop w be ready to h>ve/ be=e ! o!r is q ripe1 & !re is ?us a useful rotation4 ,at h>ve/+ "t "w usually />ts 9 ! paddock ab\t #h a4m41 z ! :eat does n /rip well until ! hot sun gets on x1 z x t\gh5s dur+ ! night4 ,! "w goes on until #g or #g4cj p4m41 ) a break ( two h\rs at mid-day1 & spells ( tw5ty m9utes 9 ! morn+ & aft]noon4 ,:]e lab\r is employ$ "o man drives ! h>ve/]1 b 8 horses are look$ aft]1 f$1 groom$1 & h>ness$ = him4 ,?is saves "t1 & enables ! crop to be tak5 (f ! m quickly4 ,( c\rse1 ! f>m] 9 a small way w d 8 own "w1 requir+ only a little assi/ance at h>ve/ "t1 someone to sew up & /ack ! bags4 ,z !re is always a ru% at h>ve/ "t1 ! bags ( gra9 are (t5 left ly+ 9 ! paddocks 9 small heaps until ! crop is all (f1 :5 !y are c>t$ to ! railway or mill4 ,"s f>m]s d _! own c>t+1 b ! majority pay ! regul> c>ri]s to d ?is "w1 ! co/ v>y+ accord+ to di/ance1 b is g5]ally done = #bd c5ts p] ton p] mile4 ,ab\t #ab-a_/b bags ( :eat g to ! ton4 ,illu/ration3 ,,au/ralian ,,:eat ,,= ,,export ,,f ,,f>m ,,to ,,:>f4 ,at pres5t 9 ,au/ralia :eat is all h&l$ 9 bags :i* conta9 ab\t #c bu%els ( gra94 ,! price ( empty bags v>ies f #a4ej to #b4jj p] doz4 ,v few second-h& bags are us$4 ,! diff]5t ,/ate ,gov]nm5ts 9 ,au/ralia are n[ consid]+ ! wisdom ( introduc+ ! ,am]ican sy/em ( h&l+ :eat 9 bulk4 ,! ,gov]nm5ts ( ,new ,s\? ,wales & ( ,we/]n ,au/ralia h def9itely ann\nc$ _! int5tion ( e/abli%+ t sy/em1 :ile x is be+ fav\rably consid]$ 9 ,victoria4 ,once ! sy/em 0 introduc$ 9 any ( ! ,/ates x w\ld probably be only a %ort "t be=e x 0 adopt$ ?r\gh\t ! ,commonweal?4 ,at pres5t1 h[ev]1 bags are 9 univ]sal use1 ! gra9 be+ ?us c>ri$ bo? = local & export trade4 ,! settl] f9ds no difficulty 9 sell+ 8 :eat1 z gra9 m]*ants & mill]s compete = x4 ,(t5 sales are made be=e ! crop is ripe4 ,! l>ge :eat m]*ants & %ipp]s h _! ag5ts 9 e t[n1 & ^! m5 visit ! f>ms1 inspect ! gra91 & make an (f] accord+ to ! rul+ m>ket price4 ,! local mill]s are also compet+ = :at gra9 !y want = local consumption4 ,! gr[] is paid on deliv]y at ! mill or ! ne>e/ railway /ation4 ,if he pref]s to d s he c /ore x ) ! buy+ firms1 giv+ !m ! "r to pur*ase :5 he is prep>$ to sell1 or he c /ore on ! f>m4 ,! export values ( :eat p] bu%el = ! la/ six ye>s1 h be53-- #aiji #a4jj #aiaj #a4jj #aiaa #j4hd #aiab #j4ie #aiac #j4hd #aiad #j4hb ,:eat is b\ght & sold on :at is kn[n z ! f4a4q4 7fair av]age quality7 sy/em4 ,samples ( :eat are tak5 f ! v>i\s di/ricts by ! diff]5t ,*amb]s ( ,comm]ce1 & ea* ,/ate fixes its own f4a4q4 /&>d4 ,^! samples are mix$ toge!r1 & by c>eful te/+ on a pat5t scale x is asc]ta9$ :at an ,imp]ial bu%el ( weight actually weighs4 ,! idea is to asc]ta9 z equitably z possible :at a fair av]age sample ( ! season's :eat %\ld weigh4 ,! /&>d v>ies a little 9 diff]5t ye>s2 x may be #fa1 #fb1 #fd1 or z l[ z #eh lbs4 to ! bu%el4 ,:atev] x is fix$ at = ! season t is ! basis ^u :i* all sales are made4 ,if ! m>ket price = :eat1 = in/ance1 is #a4bj p] bu%el1 x is = :eat up to ! f4a4q4 /&>d4 ,say ! latt] has be5 fix$ at #fb lbs41 ! :eat mu/ %[ t weight4 ,ag5ts h :at is call$ a *rondromet] = ! purpose ( te/+ ! :eat4 ,if x is bel[ ! f4a4q4 /&>d1 a l[] price is giv54 ,?is sy/em has be5 devis$ to suit ! export trade4 ,samples ( ! /&>d :eat are s5t to m>kets abroad1 & all c>goes are sold on t basis4 ,:5 !y arrive at ! m>ket abroad !y mu/ te/ up to ! f4a4q4 /&>d4 ,?is sy/em has be5 9 =ce 9 ,au/ralia = ne>ly half a c5tury4 ,x mu/ be und]/ood t ?is /&>d f4a4q4 weight has no?+ to d ) ! quantity = :i* ! gr[] is paid4 ,he is always paid on ! ,imp]ial bu%el basis1 #fj lbs4 ,:atev] ! /&>d may be1 e #fj lbs4 ( :eat is a bu%el4 ,! f4a4q4 weight is a /&>d = quality1 n quantity4 ,!re is always a m>ket = ,au/ralian :eat1 & ! price is always equal to :at :eat is br++ 9 ! _w's ma9 m>kets4 ,au/ralian :eat has a "* ( its own1 & a "* t is improv+4 ,briti% mill]s want x on acc\nt ( ! l>ge am\nt ( fl\r x produces1 & ! col\r & bloom x gives to _! product4 ,! gra9 is usually bright & cle> 9 texture & ri* 9 glut51 hav+ f9e mill+ qualities4 ,( late ye>s ,au/ralian :eats h be5 consid]ably improv$ 9 /r5g?1 & ?is factor is cont9u+1 & !y und\bt$ly promise to m ?an equal any :eat produc$1 possess+ n only col\r & bloom1 b also /r5g?1 & giv+ ! mill] :at he wants to produce an ideal article4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f>m]s ,,9 ,,au/ralia ,,are ,,n ,,h>ass$ ,,by ,,high ,,rail ,,freights4 ,,co/ ,,( ,,produc+ ,,:eat4 ,! co/ ( production ( :eat is a mo/ important matt] to ! gr[]4 ,z already /at$1 ! comp>atively l[ yields 9 ,au/ralia are amply comp5sat$ = by ! l[ co/ ( produc+ :eat4 ,9 reg>d to ! "w on ! f>m1 ! foll[+ figures are approximately ! prices = diff]5t classes ( "w :5 x is done by contract3--,pl\gh+ new gr\nd1 #a4fh p] acre2 old or fall[$ gr\nd1 #a4de p] acre2 h>r[+1 #ah c5ts to #bd c5ts p] acre2 cultivat+1 #j4ej p] acre2 drill+1 #cf c5ts p] acre2 h>ve/+ ) /ripp]-h>ve/]1 #gb c5ts p] acre2 cutt+ ) b9d]1 #hd c5ts p] acre2 /ook+1 #bd c5ts p] acre2 c>t+ & /ack+ hay1 #a4ce p] acre4 ,sup]phosphate is ! ma9 f]tilis] us$4 ,au/ralian :eat soils are naturally /rong 9 nitrog5 & pota%1 b 9 _m cases are defici5t 9 available phosphoric acid4 ,sup]phosphate co/s ab\t #a4bj p] cwt41 & may be reckon$ at #dh c5ts to #fj c5ts p] acre4 ,se$ :eat runs f #if c5ts to #a4bj p] bu%el2 s[+ #de lbs4 to ! acre repres5ts #gb c5ts to #hd c5ts p] acre4 ,x is reckon$ t if ! same "w is done by weekly-paid lab\r ! co/ is r$uc$ by fully #cj p] c5t4 all r\nd4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h>ve/+ ,,sc5e1 ,,d>l+ ,,d[ns1 ,,que5sl& ,9 common practice x is consid]$ t x co/s #d4hj to #f4jj p] acre to put 9 & take (f an acre ( :eat4 ,! foll[+ figures are reliable e/imates ( ! actual co/ ( production by (ficial exp]ts1 & also actual figures suppli$ by work+ f>m]s4 ,9 ! foll[+ e/imate ( ! co/ ( produc+ :eat x is assum$ t ! l& is fall[$1 & ! e/imate is bas$ on a yield ( #bj bu%els p] acre3-- ,pl\gh+ once at #a4de p] acre #a4de ,h>r[+ ?ree times at #ah c5ts p] acre #j4ed ,cultivat+ once at #j4fj p] acre #j4fj ,drill+ at #cf c5ts p] acre #j4cf ,se$1 #de lbs41 at #hj c5ts p] bu%el #j4gb ,pickl+ se$ #j4jf ,sup]phosphate1 #a_/b cwt4 at #a4bj #j4fj ,h>ve/+ ) h>ve/] at #gb c5ts p] acre #j4gb ,sev5 bags at #a4fj p] doz5 #j4hd ----- #d4hi ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/ripp] ,,at ,,"w4 ,if ! l& is n fall[$ & ! se$ s[n imm$iately aft] pl\gh+1 ! co/ is correspond+ly less4 ,! above figures are ! co/ if ! "w is done on contract4 ,if x is done by weekly hir$ lab\r ! "w comes out ab\t #cj p] c5t4 *eap]1 z w be se5 by ! foll[+ figures3-- ,pl\gh+3 ,wages1 "o man at #f4jj p] week2 man's rations1 #b4dj p] week2 fe$ = f\r horses = week1 #i4fj2 total1 #ah4jj4 ,"o man ) f\r horses 9 a ?ree-furr[ pl\gh w d #bb acres 9 six days at a co/ ( less ?an #j4hd p] acre4 ,drill+3 ,man's wages1 #f4jj2 rations1 #b4dj2 horsefe$1 ?ree horses1 #g4bj2 total1 #g4hj4 ,he w drill #ij acres 9 six days at t co/1 or less ?an #j4ah p] acre4 ,o!r op]ations co/ simil>ly less1 b 9 all cases we> & depreciation ( plant & int]e/ on capital inve/$ 9 plant %\ld be all[$ =4 ,^! figures1 h[ev]1 conc]n cases :]e lab\r is employ$4 ,! foll[+ figures %[ ! outlay :]e a man is do+ ! "w himself4 ,he c\ld pl\gh1 cultivate1 & s[ #bej acres1 :i* w\ld take him tw5ty-two weeks4 ,! fir/ ye> he has to pur*ase 8 se$ :eat & fe$ = 8 horses3-- #aij bu%els se$ :eat at #j4hj p] bu%el #aec4fj #aj tons *aff at #ai4bj p] ton #aib4jj ------- #cde4fj ,approximately #a4ch p] acre4 ,at h>ve/ "t he w\ld fir/ reap portion ( 8 crop to secure a supply ( horse fe$ = ! foll[+ ye>1 say1 #aj acres3-- ,reap+ & haymak+1 #b m5's wages = ?ree days at #a4ib1 food #j4dh p] day #ad4dj ,tw9e 7= b9d+ ! %eaves7 #f4jj ,h>ve/+ ! :eat crop3 ,"o man's wages #a4ib1 food #j4dh p] day = =ty days #if4jj ,"o hundr$ doz5 bags at #a4fh p] doz5 #afh4jj ,horsefe$1 #e tons *aff at #ai4bj p] ton #if4jj ,c>tage1 #ajjj bags :eat at #j4ah p] bag #ahj4jj ------- #efj4dj ,?is is reckon+ ! crop z av]ag+ #ae bu%els p] acre1 :5 ! returns w\ld be3-- #ae tons ( *aff 7a l[ e/imate7 at #ai4bj p] ton #bhh4jj #abjj bags ( :eat1 #cfjj bu%els at #j4hj p] bu%el #bhhj4jj -------- #cafh4jj ,less exp5diture 7#cde4fj1 #efj4dj7 #ijf4jj -------- ,balance #bbfb4jj ,to be ?or\ghly correct we %\ld all[ =3-- ,int]e/ on plant1 co/+1 say1 #aibj4jj at #e p] c5t4 #if4jj ,depreciation ( plant1 #aj p] c5t4 #aib4jj ,r5t on #bej acres at #a4bj p] acre #cjj4jj ------- ,total #ehh4jj ,& 9 addition all[ = ! value ( ! f>m]'s own lab\r3-- ,tw5ty-two weeks putt+ 9 crop at #ab4jj p] week #bfd4jj ,t5 weeks h>ve/+ at #ad4dj p] week 44 #add4jj ------- #djh4jj ,we /ill h a satisfactory result1 viz43-- ,returns #cafh4jj ,outlay #egj4jj ,int]e/1 c4 #ehh4jj ,f>m]'s lab\r #djh4jj ------- #aijb4jj -------- ,net cle> return #abff4jj ,f ?is x c be se5 t v h&some returns c be obta9$ :]e ! f>m] is work+ 8 l& prop]ly1 & gr[+ a good portion1 if n all1 ( 8 crop on fall[$ l&4 ,!n 8 av]age w\ld be ne>] #be bu%els ?an #ae1 & 8 net return ne>ly z mu* aga94 ,9 ! above example1 aft] mak+ full all[ance = all legitimate *>ges1 ! co/ ( produc+ a #ae-;bu%el crop f #bej acres comes out at ab\t #g4dd p] acre4 ,,%>e ,,f>m+4 ,"o ( ! mo/ prom95t &1 9 a s5se1 unique features ( :eatgr[+ 9 ,au/ralia is ! %>e-f>m+ sy/em4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 = in/ance1 some?+ l "o-six? ( ! :eat crop is put 9 on %>es4 ,"u ?is sy/em ! l&[n] & ! work] ) limit$ means co-op]ate to _! mutual b5efit4 ,"o provides ! l& & ! o!r ! lab\r1 &1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 !y %>e ! produce4 ,s9ce x 0 introduc$ _m ye>s ago1 %>e f>m+ has become popul> because x has prov$ a boon to bo? p>ties & to ! diff]5t ,/ates1 :ile provid+ an exceptionally safe means ( giv+ m5 ! opportunity to ultimately acquire f>ms ( _! own4 ,illu/ration3 ,,:eat ,,at ,,c\ntry ,,railway ,,sid+4 ,! conditions ^u :i* l& is work$ on %>es diff]s slightly 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 b usually !y are some:at on ! foll[+ l9es4 ,! l&[n] provides ! l& ready = ! pl\gh1 f5c$ & cle>$2 ! se$ :eat1 & blue/one = pickl+ same2 bags & tw9e = 8 %>e ( ! crop4 ,! %>e f>m] usually provides ma*9]y & horses to "w ! l&1 put 9 & take (f ! crop1 all lab\r & bags & tw9e = 8 %>e ( ! crop4 ,9 ! majority ( cases ! l&[n] & ! %>e f>m] ea* take half ! proce$s1 or bag = bag1 ea* res]v+ ! "r to dispose ( 8 %>e :5 & :]e he deems fit4 ,9 "s cases ! agreem5t is m lib]al to ! %>e f>m]1 & a fix$ am\nt--p]haps #af to #ah bu%els--is agre$ ^u1 :i* is %>$ equally1 any balance be+ tak5 by ! f>m]4 ,?is is sometimes adopt$ z an inc5tive to good f>m+1 & 9 cases z an inducem5t to attract ! %>e f>m] into new di/ricts "s di/ance f ! railway4 ,!re h be5 cases :]e f>m]s h secur$ v good crops1 #cj to #cf bu%els to ! acre1 :i* meant t !y receiv$ #bb & #bh bu%els p] acre = _! %>e1 :ile ! l&[n] only receiv$ #h bu%els4 ,^! are exceptional conditions4 ,z /at$1 ! usual practice is to %>e equally4 ,! foll[+ are sample specim5s ( ! diff]5t agreem5ts work$ "u3-- ,! l&[n] f9ds ! l&1 all se$1 & half manure2 ! f>m] f9ds plant1 lab\r1 & half manure4 ,ea* takes half ! crop4 ,! l&[n] provides l&1 all se$ & all manure2 ! f>m] plant & lab\r1 & takes "o-?ird ( ! crop1 ! l&[n] tak+ two-?irds4 ,! l&[n] provides l& only1 & takes "o-?ird ( ! crop2 ! f>m] provides plant1 lab\r1 se$1 & manure1 tak+ two-?irds ( ! crop4 ,! l&[n] provides all /ock1 l&1 & half manure2 ! f>m] provides lab\r1 se$1 & half manure1 & ! crop is divid$ equally4 ,! l&[n] provides l&1 se$1 & manure2 ! f>m] does all ! "w1 & ! crop is equally divid$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,nice ,,mix$ ,,f>m4 ,x w ?us be se5 t "s m9or diff]5ces occur 9 ! agreem5ts4 ,! fir/ ( ! above li/ is mo/ common4 ,!re are cases1 h[ev]1 :]e a progressive own] is anxi\s to get 8 l& "u :eat1 & has f9anc$ ! f>m]1 f9d+ ev]y?+ b lab\r4 ,! l&[n] has provid$ a work+ plant1 = :i* ! f>m] pays him f ! proce$s ( ! crops1 ! paym5ts ext5d+ ov] a t]m ( seasons4 ,"u ?is sy/em m5 h />t$ )\t any capital1 & 9 a few ye>s possess$ a plant wor? sev]al hundr$ p\nds1 toge!r ) a snug bank+ acc\nt to _! cr$it4 ,( c\rse1 9 su* cases ! l&[n] kn[s 8 man1 & kn[s he is hone/1 exp]i5c$1 & capable4 ,usually ! m5 h work$ on ! place z f>m h&s4 ,"u any conditions x is ess5tial t ! %>e f>m] mu/ h c]ta9 qualifications4 ,x c\ld n be expect$ t ! l&[n] w\ld cons5t to all[ him to "w valuable l& o!rwise4 ,practical exp]i5ce ( :eatgr[+ is requir$1 toge!r ) a good p]sonal "*4 ,local exp]i5ce is also usually requir$1 & 9 any case x w\ld be ! wise/ c\rse = any man to secure 9 8 own int]e/s su* exp]i5ce be=e endeav\r+ to />t f>m+ on %>es4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! man :o is 9 e>ne/1 & det]m9$ to g on ! l&1 w f9d no difficulty 9 obta9+ su* exp]i5ce4 ,!re is a good dem& = will+ f>m work]s at a rate ( wages t w all[ a ?rifty man to put some?+ by1 :ile he is ga9+ a practical exp]i5ce & a k ( local conditions4 ,once he has ^? he w n f9d x difficult to obta9 ! *ance to />t work+ on %>es4 ,! %>e f>m] has to f9d 8 own dwell+1 & support himself & family4 ,9 "s cases ! own] erects ! dwell+s "u special t]ms1 b usually1 z ! f>m] hopes to only be engag$ = a few seasons %>e f>m+1 ! build+ is ( a *eap nature1 z ! climate is temp]ate4 ,a man ) #addj4jj or #aibj4jj c pur*ase horses & obta9 a plant1 f9anc+ himself = a c\ple ( ye>s )\t dep5d+ too mu* on cr$it4 ,m5 h />t$ ) less & succe$$1 z examples giv5 lat] w %[4 ,x is n necess>y to pur*ase a complete plant1 &1 z already /at$1 ! m exp5sive implem5ts c be pur*as$ on t]ms4 ,a man c h&le #bjj to #cjj acres1 & at ! rul+ prices = :eat ( rec5t ye>s1 tak+ ! av]age obta9$ by good f>m]s1 ! returns w run f #i4fj to #ad4jj p] acre & m = 8 %>e4 ,9 addition1 aft] pl\gh+ & s[+ is complet$1 a team ( horses w e>n good money at contract "w 9 ! di/rict1 c>ry+ on ! roads & s on1 until h>ve/ "t4 ,9 ?is way a f>m] 9 ?ree or f\r ye>s1 p]haps less1 w be 9 ! position to take up l& on 8 own acc\nt on a private or ,gov]nm5t subdivision1 & />t 9 to build a p]man5t & com=table home = himself & 8 family4 ,:ile %>e f>m+ he has prov$ 8 capability & obta9$ ! confid5ce t comes ) exp]i5ce1 toge!r ) a valuable k ( local conditions1 :i* is a great help 9 select+ l& = pur*ase4 ,x w be se5 t %>e f>m+ af=ds exceptional opportunities = ! en]getic man ) a small capital4 ,he c />t )\t s9k+ all 8 capital 9 r5t or pur*ase money1 & p]haps burd5+ himself ) a heavy debt4 ,9 8 own int]e/s he has t to f>m well1 & inde$ 9 mo/ cases ! t]ms ( ! agreem5t require conditions ess5tial to good f>m+4 ,f>m]s are usually requir$ to pl\gh to a specifi$ dep?1 & at times to prep>e an area ( fall[ l& = ! succe$+ crop4 ,he is all[$ to graze 8 horses on ! prop]ty1 or giv5 ! use ( a paddock at a l[ r5tal4 ,illu/ration3 ,,?is ,,crop ,,yield$ ,,ov] #cj ,,bu%els ,,to ,,! ,,acre4 ,"o ( ! advantages ( %>e f>m+1 mak+ t[>ds amicable work+1 is t ! int]e/s ( ! l&[n] & ! f>m] are ! same4 ,bo? are anxi\s to secure ! greate/ possible return f ! l&1 & !re is a direct community ( int]e/4 ,! l&[n] may be m conc]n$ ab\t ma9ta9+ ! f]tility ( ! soil1 & secur+ good f>m+1 b ?is is also to ! int]e/ ( ! f>m]1 & c]ta9ly af=ds him a valuable lesson = ! future :5 he is work+ 8 own prop]ty4 ,:ile ! sy/em beyond "q is equitable & fair1 & gives ! f>m] an excell5t *ance to a*ieve success t w\ld n be ! case :]e he 0 work+ on wages1 or an ord9>y t5ant1 admitt$ly x is also advantage\s to ! l&[n]4 ,he secures a good return f 8 l&1 & avoids ! anxiety & tr\ble (t5 associat$ ) ! employm5t ( lab\r on a l>ge scale1 :ile he has n to emb>k a l>ge sum ( money 9 work+ plant4 ,9 connection ) a sy/em su* z ?is ! evid5ce ( an unbiass$1 indep5d5t outside body is1 p]haps1 m conv9c+ ?an any?+ else4 ,x is available4 ,9 #aiaj ,au/ralia 0 visit$ by ! ,scotti% ,agricultural ,commission1 a body ( practical m5 f ,scotl&1 :o inve/igat$ rural conditions 9 ! ,commonweal?4 ,! ,commission t\r$ ! ,commonweal?1 visit+ diff]5t :eat di/ricts1 & came into direct t\* ) local conditions4 ,!y paid great att5tion to ! %>e f>m+1 z its possibilities c\ld n fail to impress !m1 & 9 _! report on ,au/ralia3 ,its ,l&1 ,conditions1 & ,prospects1 !y _h ! foll[+ to say3-- ,aft] a ye> or two ! newcom] f9ds himself ready = a />t on 8 own acc\nt4 ,if he possess$ a few hundr$ p\nds :5 he l&$1 he w n[ seek to become 8 own l&lord 9 "o or o!r ( ! ways op5 to him4 ,if1 h[ev]1 he has yet too little money = t1 he w be well advis$ to take no risks1 b to be cont5t meantime ei!r ) r5t+ a f>m or ) f>m+ on ! %>e sy/em4 ,a man :o is intellig5t & indu/ri\s1 :o has _h suffici5t exp]i5ce ( f>m+ 9 ,au/ralia1 b :o has n en\gh money to buy l&1 _c d bett] ?an turn 8 att5tion to f>m+ on %>es4 ,he c take up :eatf>m+ 444 & if he has a good reputation1 he w f9d no difficulty 9 gett+ on %>es ! k9d ( f>m he wants4 ,,h[ ,,! ,,settl] ,,is ,,assi/$4 ,! diff]5t ,au/ralian ,/ates fully recognise ! great value to ! community ( ! f>m]1 & special /eps are tak5 to assi/ him 9 diff]5t ways4 ,f9ancial assi/ance is r5d]$ ?r\gh agricultural banks 9 ,we/ ,au/ralia & ,que5sl&1 ! ,cr$it ,fonci] 9 ,victoria1 & ,/ate ,banks 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,?r\gh ^! ,gov]nm5t in/itutions advances are made to settl]s4 ,full p>ticul>s 9 ?is reg>d are furni%$ 9 ano!r booklet1 obta9able by int5d+ settl]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,f>m]s ,,on ,,! ,,way ,,to ,a ,,c\ntry ,,%[4 ,9 ,au/ralia all ! railways are ,/ate-own$1 & ! endeav\r is to c>ry f>m produce & f>m+ implem5ts1 f]tilis]s1 c41 at ! l[e/ possible rate compatible ) ! railways cov]+ work+ exp5ses & depreciation ( /ock4 ,special rates are made = long di/ances4 ,! rates v>y 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 b x c be confid5tly said t !y prove no h9drance to successful :eatgr[+4 ,z all ! :eat gr[n 9 ,au/ralia has to be c>ri$ to ! seabo>d on ! railways1 ! p>ticul>s ( success a*iev$1 z already giv51 proves t4 ,! ,commonweal? ,/ati/ician furni%es ! foll[+ p>ticul>s ( ,/ate railway rates = agricultural produce 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates1 :i* s]ve z a guide to ! settl]3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,*>ge p] ,ton 9 truckloads = a haul ( ,/ate4 ----------------------------------- #ej miles4 #ajj miles4 #bjj miles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,new ,s\? ,wales #a4bj #a4hj #b4bh ,victoria #a4cb #b4jd #b4eb ,que5sl& #a4aj #b4aj #b4fd ,s\? ,au/ralia #a4dh #b4aj #c4aj ,we/]n ,au/ralia #a4ej #b4ad #b4ij ,tasmania #a4fb #b4cb #c4ab ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,av]age #a4cf #b4jh #b4gf ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,*>ge p] ,ton 9 truckloads = a haul ( ,/ate4 ----------------------------------- #cjj miles4 #djj miles4 #ejj miles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,new ,s\? ,wales #b4eb #b4gb #b4hh ,victoria #b4if #c4cf #c4gf ,que5sl& #b4hh #c4ab #c4cf ,s\? ,au/ralia #d4aj #e4aj #f4aj ,we/]n ,au/ralia #d4jh #e4bh #e4gf ,tasmania 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,av]age #c4aj #c4ij #d4ch ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,! foll[+ table %[s ! rates on l[-class freight1 :i* includes ord9>y articles ( m]*&ise1 su* z are p>ticul>ly id5tifi$ or connect$ ) ! prim>y indu/ries3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,*>ge p] ,ton = haul ( ,/ate4 ----------------------------------- #ej miles4 #ajj miles4 #bjj miles4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,new ,s\? ,wales #j4fj #j4hf #a4cf ,victoria #a4jb #a4fj #b4dj ,que5sl& #a4aj #b4aj #c4fj ,s\? ,au/ralia #a4jj #a4hd #c4bf ,we/]n ,au/ralia #a4bj #b4jj #c4dj ,tasmania #a4bj #a4fb #b4jd ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,av]age #a4jj #a4fd #b4hf ---------------------------------------- ------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,*>ge p] ,ton = haul ( ,/ate4 ------------------------------------ #cjj miles4 #djj miles4 #ejj miles4 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,new ,s\? ,wales #a4hf #b4cf #b4hf ,victoria #b4hd #c4bd #c4fd ,que5sl& #d4dj #e4fj #e4fj ,s\? ,au/ralia #d4bf #e4bf #f4bf ,we/]n ,au/ralia #d4dj #e4fj #f4fj ,tasmania 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,av]age #c4fb #d4db #e4dh ---------------------------------------- -------------- ,! railways be+ publicly own$1 !re is always a dem& = a r$uction ( rates :5 !y %[ any undue pr(it ov] work+ exp5ses4 ,! object ( railway adm9i/ration is to assi/ ! produc]4 ,! ov]sea trade ( ,au/ralia runs into enorm\s figures1 am\nt+ 9 #aiac to #gei1dbb1djj4jj4 ,ext5sive %ipp+ facilities are available1 & ! produc] has *eap & con/ant access to ! _w's m>kets4 ,! ,au/ralian :eatgr[] is practically able to compete on equal t]ms 9 ?is reg>d ) ! f>m] 9 ! ,nor? & ,midl& c\nties ( ,engl&4 ,! po/al1 telegraphic1 & telephonic s]vices are also ,/ate conc]ns4 ,!re is a univ]sal p5ny po/ ?r\gh\t ,au/ralia1 telegrams are convey$ at *eap rates1 & special facilities are provid$ = gr\ps ( neighb\r+ f>m]s to secure a unit$ telephone s]vice4 ,! f>m] is able to keep 9 close t\* ) ! _w's m>kets ?r\gh ^! means4 ,! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,agriculture 9 ! diff]5t ,/ates h1 ( c\rse1 be5 creat$ to advance ! int]e/s ( ! f>m+ community4 ,!y are l>ge & important dep>tm5ts1 well equipp$1 & h prov$ ( great practical value4 ,:eatgr[+ be+ ! mo/ important crop 9 ,au/ralia1 ! indu/ry receives special att5tion1 & sci5tific inve/igation & exp]im5t is be+ con/antly made1 & ! results communicat$ to ! :eatgr[]s4 ,agricultural colleges1 :]e accommodation is provid$ = /ud5ts1 :o are giv5 !oretical & practical in/ruction 9 diff]5t bran*es ( f>m+2 exp]im5t f>ms1 :]e /ud5ts are also tra9$2 demon/ration f>ms2 & f>m]s' exp]im5t plots are conduct$ by ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,agriculture4 ,:eatbre$+ & pa?ological & bact]iological "w is c>ri$ on1 & exp]t in/ructors "w 9 ! field assi/+ ! f>m] 9 e possible way4 ,bullet9s deal+ ) diff]5t phases ( "w on ! :eat f>m1 giv+ ! results ( exp]im5ts made1 li/s ( v>ieties ( :eat to plant & :5 to plant !m1 are issu$ 9 l>ge numb]s1 & ei!r giv5 to ! f>m] free or sold at a nom9al price4 ,agricultural gazettes & j\rnals are also issu$ mon?ly1 :ile topical in=mation is made public ?r\gh ! columns ( ! press1 :i* 9 ,au/ralia devotes an unusual am\nt ( space regul>ly to rural topics4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales :eat exp]im5ts are conduct$ at ! ,c[ra ,exp]im5t ,f>m1 :i* is ! headqu>t]s1 & at ! ,hawkesbury ,agricultural ,college1 & ,wagga1 ,ba?ur/1 ,gl5 ,innes1 ,nyngan1 & ,yanco ,f>ms4 ,at ,nyngan te/s are made ) a view to det]m9+ ! suitability ( ! diff]5t v>ieties = cultivation 9 dry areas4 ,! "w at ea* f>m consi/s (3--,p$igree plots ( ! ma9 v>ieties gr[n on ! f>ms2 crossbr$s 9 c\rse ( fixation = local conditions ( soil & climate2 a /ud v>iety trial1 includ+ all /&>d v>ieties1 newly-introduc$ :eats1 & samples s5t = id5tification2 /ud bulks to provide se$ = plant+ ! f>m areas :i* supply se$ :eat = sale4 ,s9ce #ahig ! ,gov]nm5t agricultural exp]ts h be5 endeav\r+ to det]m9e ! v>ieties ( :eats mo/ suitable = diff]5t di/ricts1 & to secure new types :i* return ! be/ mill+ results locally1 & _! ef=ts h be5 v successful4 ,9 ?is connection ! "w ( ! late ,william ,f>r]1 :eat exp]im5tali/ ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 has become _w fam\s4 ,8 ef=ts 7 direct$ to ! production ( new v>ieties ( great] mill+ value & m ru/-resi/ant4 ,f>r]'s :eats1 :i* rank among ! mo/ prolific gra9 v>ieties1 are l>gely cultivat$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,f>r]'s "w is /ill c>ri$ on1 & x has be5 prov$ t ,au/ralia c produce /rong :ite :eat equal 9 fl\r production to ! old v>ieties1 & equal 9 /r5g? to ! fam$ /&>d ,manitoba :eat4 ,au/ralian :eat is eag]ly s\ght aft] by ,briti% mill]s4 ,f>r]'s "w has be5 ( direct & mat]ial value to ! :eatgr[]s1 & 8 memory is held high 9 ,au/ralia4 ,prior to ! introduction into ! :eatgr[+ areas ( 8 crossbr$ :eats1 gr[]s dep5d$ mo/ly ^u ,purple ,/raw v>ieties4 ,h>dly any v>ieties 7 kn[n1 & little att5tion 0 paid to ! advisability ( s[+ c]ta9 v>ieties ei!r e>ly or late 9 ! season4 ,! adv5t ( ^! new v>ieties has br\ght ab\t a great *ange4 ,su* an ext5sive range is provid$ t f>m]s c beg9 _! s[+ mu* e>li]1 & f9i% ) o!r v>ieties mu* lat] ?an 0 ! case be=e4 ,! s[+ season has be5 l5g!n$ by m ?an two mon?s4 ,n only is ! s[+ p]iod consid]ably prolong$1 b ! h>ve/+ p]iod is prolong$ also1 = ! late v>ieties s[n e>ly mature late1 ^? s[n 9 mid-season are h>ve/$ 9 mid-season1 & ! e>ly v>ieties :i* h be5 s[n late mature & are h>ve/$ e>ly4 ,?us in/ead ( ! :ole crop becom+ ripe at ! "o "t x rip5s 9 /ages1 & is h>ve/$ accord+ly4 ,su* a sy/em has imm5se advantages ov] ! old days1 :5 practically ! :ole crop rip5$ at once4 ,! =emo/ v>iety br$ by ,william ,f>r] is ,f$]ation1 :i* has become a g5]al fav\rite 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales1 ,victoria1 & ,s\? ,au/ralia4 ,?is v>iety is a v heavy yield]1 has good dr\ght-resi/ant qualities1 & )/&s w9d & wea!r s well t x may be said to be /orm-pro(4 ,x w\ld require a /orm ( exceptional viol5ce to ei!r cause ! crop to lodge or ! e> to %$ its gra94 ,consequ5tly x is mo/ popul> ) gr[]s1 & a v l>ge proportion ( ! :eat area is s[n ) ?is v>iety4 ,x is e/imat$ t 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales & ,victoria alone ! increas$ value 9 yield obta9$ f ?is v>iety is wor? ov] #b1hhj1jjj4jj annually to ! gr[]s4 ,x is e/imat$ t ! yield ( ,f$]ation is at lea/ #c bu%els m p] acre ?an ! next be/ yield+ v>iety 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales4 ,o!r ( ,f>r]'s :eats h be5 s+ul>ly successful1 z an in/ance ,bunyip1 :i* c be s[n safely a mon? lat] ?an 0 ! case ) any v>iety previ\sly4 ,x mu/ be recognis$ t ! result ( su* exp]im5tal "w is ( great value to ! gr[]4 ,new :eat v>ieties are br$ at ! exp]im5tal f>ms1 & ?or\ghly te/$ & prov$ be=e !y are put out to ! f>m]4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales !y are !n gr[n on f>m]'s exp]im5tal plots4 ,! ,/ate is divid$ into divisions1 & 9 ea* an inspector sup]vises ! s[+ & cultivation ( ^! plots1 :i* are situat$ on private f>ms by special arrangem5t1 ! f>m] c>ry+ out ! "w & ! dep>tm5t f9d+ se$1 manure1 & sup]vision1 usually ne> ! roadside1 :]e ! plots c be se5 by di/rict f>m]s & progress not$4 ,! inspector advises gr[]s g5]ally1 :ile ! plots are a sil5t tea*] all ! "t4 ,!y h prov$ a valuable m$ium ( practical education among/ ! f>m+ community1 special att5tion be+ giv5 to cultural me?ods4 ,9 #aiaa-ab plots 7 cultivat$ 9 ,new ,s\? ,wales 9 eighty-?ree di/ricts4 ,9 #aiaa !re 7 sev5ty-two f>m]s' plots 9 ,victoria on :i* manurial & v>iety :eat trials 7 conduct$4 ,9 ! latt] ,/ate1 h[ev]1 a *ange has be5 made1 & ! majority ( ^! plots h be5 discont9u$1 & a comm5cem5t made t[>ds a policy ( conc5tration 9 exp]im5tal inve/igation4 ,x 0 decid$ to e/abli% a ,c5tral ,rese>* ,f>m at ,w]ribee1 on :i* ! initiative ) reg>d to all exp]im5tal & rese>* "w is und]tak51 :ile o!r ,/ate f>ms & ! ,agricultural ,college w be us$ z di/rict exp]im5t /ations4 ,! "w at ! ,c5tral ,rese>* ,f>m is int5d$ to conf] on agriculture ! b5efits ( ! mo/ sci5tific advances by ! prosecution ( inve/igations & trials "u practical & accurately-record$ conditions conc]n+ problems involv$ 9 increas+ ! agricultural output4 ,att5tion w be giv5 to improvem5t ( :eat1 soil r5ovation1 f]tilis+ & tillage me?ods1 rotation ( crops1 c4 ,! f>m is )9 #ah miles ( ! capital city1 ,melb\rne1 & is easy ( access by f>m]s f all p>ts ( ! ,/ate4 ,mu* ( ! soil closely resembles 9 physical "* & *emical analysis t ( ! pr9cipal :eatgr[+ di/ricts4 ,at ,long]5ong ,agricultural ,college & ! ,ru!rgl5 ,viticultural ,college att5tion is giv5 to ! improvem5t ( :eat by sy/ematic selection1 crossbre$+ & hybridisation 9 "o case1 & ! fixation & te/+ ( new crossbr$ :eats 9 ! o!r4 ,s\? ,au/ralia also has its ,gov]nm5t ,agricultural ,college1 :]e ext5sive :eat exp]im5ts are conduct$4 ,! college has be5 ( ! greate/ b5efit to ! f>m+ community4 ,9 t ,/ate !re are sev]al demon/ration & exp]im5t f>ms e/abli%$ by ! ,/ate1 includ+ ! ,p>afield ,:eat ,rese>* ,/ation1 #agj acres 9 ext5t1 :i* is set ap>t = ! rais+ ( high-grade se$ :eat = di/ribution among/ gr[]s1 & ! rais+ ( new v>ieties ( :eat by crossbre$+ & selection4 ,9 ,we/]n ,au/ralia sev]al ,/ate f>ms 7 e/abli%$ = ! purpose ( demon/rat+ ! possibilities ( f>m+ on up-to-date pr9ciples 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts4 ,hav+ a*iev$ t object z f> z pione]+ "w is conc]n$1 !y are n[ ma9ta9$ z exp]im5t /ations = ! production ( purebr$ c]eals1 c4 ,at ,n>rog9 ,/ate ,f>m /ud5ts are accept$ = in/ruction 9 practical agriculture4 ,que5sl& has its ,agricultural ,college & ,/ate ,f>ms4 ,al?\gh ! area "u :eat has n yet atta9$ l>ge dim5sions 9 t ,/ate1 pr9cipally because /ockrais+ proves s pr(itable1 good av]age yields are obta9$ z comp>$ ) ! o!r ,/ates1 & consid]able sci5tific att5tion is be+ devot$ to :eat culture4 ,at ! ,roma ,/ate ,f>m & ,h]mitage ,/ate ,f>m ext5sive :eat exp]im5ts are c>ri$ out 9 ! way ( manurial trials1 v>iety te/s1 & me?ods ( tillage4 ,! great] portion ( ! ,/ate ,f>m1 ,h]mitage1 is devot$ to ! production ( se$ :eat true to type1 ?us mak+ available a supply ( te/$ se$ = ! gr[]s4 ,agricultural ,high ,s*ools are also e/abli%$ 9 "s ,/ates1 & agricultural tea*+ & agricultural education ext5ds f ! classes 9 ! ,/ate ,public ,s*ools1 ?r\gh ! ,high ,s*ools1 ,agricultural ,colleges1 & f9ally ! ,univ]sity4 ,agricultural ,societies exi/ 9 practically e f>m+ di/rict 9 ,au/ralia4 ,!y are usually subsidis$ by ! v>i\s ,/ate ,gov]nm5ts1 & conduct annual agricultural %[s1 :i* are a s\rce ( education & social ent]ta9m5t4 ,!y are ! lead+ functions 9 ! diff]5t c\ntry di/ricts4 ,usually exp]ts f ! ,dep>tm5ts ( ,agriculture att5d ^! %[s--at times a special exhibit is made by ! ,/ate ,exp]im5tal ,f>ms--& lecture on agriculture4 ,9 ! capital cities ,royal ,agricultural ,societies hold annual %[s1 :i* are magnific5t exemplifications ( ! res\rces ( ! ,/ates & ! progress 9 agriculture4 ,:eat competitions are naturally a /rong feature ( ^! exhibitions4 ,s\? ,au/ralia l$ ! way 9 ! =mation ( an ,agricultural ,bureau1 :i* has bran*es ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry di/ricts4 ,! memb]s meet regul>ly1 & discuss f>m+ subjects1 are p]iodically address$ by (fic]s ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 & also hold an annual conf]5ce4 ,! bureau has prov$ a valuable means ( education1 z x br+s ! f>m]s toge!r1 & eng5d]s a _s ( co-op]ation & mutual assi/ance4 ,9 ,new ,s\? ,wales an ,agricultural ,bureau 0 =m$ )9 rec5t ye>s1 & is n[ well e/abli%$1 hav+ ne>ly #ajj bran*es4 ,f>m]s' unions & associations are also p[]ful bodies 9 ,au/ralia1 ex]cis+ bo? an educational & political influ5ce4 ,,social ,,life ,,9 ,,au/ralia4 ,au/ralia is ess5tially a ,:ite ,man's ,c\ntry4 ,ov] #ij p] c5t4 ( ! total population ( #d1hgb1jei p are ( ,briti% desc5t4 ,! p are free & democratic1 & _! laws progressive & advanc$2 9 indu/rial & social legislation ,au/ralia leads ! _w4 ,x is ess5tially a peaceful c\ntry1 & s f> has be5 bless$ by nev] hav+ w> )9 its b\nd>ies4 ,respect = ! law1 & abs5ce ( viol5t crime is a m>k$ feature ( life 9 ! ,commonweal?4 ,9 ! c\ntry di/ricts crime is practically unkn[n1 & x is common = h\ses to be left ungu>d$1 & lock$ doors are r>e4 ,! p are k9dly & hospitable1 & !re is v little class di/9ction4 ,9 its place is an equality ( opportunity t op5s all av5ues to ^? ) ambition4 ,work+ m5 & _! sons frequ5tly rise to ! highe/ positions ! ,/ates h to (f]1 & su* an occurr5ce is s common z to fail to ar\se any comm5t4 ,9 politics !re is a univ]sal suffrage1 e man & woman hav+ a voice 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! c\ntry1 !re=e ! laws are fram$ = ! good ( ! majority4 ,no l& (f]s bett] or fre] social conditions to ! homemak]4 ,advantages (f] n only to ! settl] himself1 b he has e reason to hope = a happy de/9y = 8 *ildr54 ,z has be5 /at$1 ! climate is exceptionally heal?y & mild4 ,! dry atmosph]e1 long h\rs ( sun%9e & op5-air life t5d to heal? & happ9ess4 ,inde$ x is no exagg]ation to say t ! f]tility ( ! soil & ! cong5ial climate has greatly lead to easy-go+ me?ods ( f>m+1 :i* are n altoge!r 9 ! int]e/s ( ! c\ntry4 ,few c\ntries c\ld c>ry on _! rural indu/ries ) simil> easy me?ods2 none w\ld leave ! p z prosp]\s z ! p ( ,au/ralia4 ,! in=mation already giv5 %[s t ! :eatf>m]1 except 9 ! mo/ isolat$ di/ricts1 has ! facilities = educat+ 8 *ildr5 at little or no co/4 ,liv+ is *eap on ! f>m4 ,9 mo/ p>ts ( ! :eat belt fruit gr[s luxuriantly1 & )9 ?ree or f\r ye>s a few trees w provide ! settl] ) suffici5t fre% fruit = home consumption1 & to make jam & pres]ves = ! family use4 ,vegetables c be gr[n dur+ ! great] "p ( ! ye>1 & ?r\gh\t ! twelve mon?s if !re is an ample wat] supply4 ,ideal settl]s' homes are to be met ) 9 all di/ricts--a wea!rbo>d or brick cottage1 com=table & roomy1 ) wide v]&ahs1 cov]$ ) creep+ grape or passion fruit v9es1 a few b$s ( brilliant fl[]s1 a vegetable pat*1 & an acre or s ( fruit trees4 ,_m :eatgr[]s comb9e fruitrais+ or p\ltry-keep+ ) :eatgr[+2 "s1 9 suitable di/ricts1 f9d great pr(it 9 cultivat+ a v9ey>d4 ,^! developm5ts dep5d ^u ! man & 8 capability & t5d5cies1 & ^u ! co-op]ation & tal5ts ( 8 wife4 ,= 8 meat supply ! f>m] usually dep5ds ^u 8 own flock ( kill+ %eep1 v>i$ ) beef or bacon procur$ f ! t[n%ip4 ,if he is )9 #aj miles ( ! t[n%ip he w obta9 8 bread supply f ! local bak]1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 _m h\sewives d _! own bak+4 ,9 ! c\ntry di/ricts1 h[ev]1 bread & /ores are deliv]$ long di/ances1 #bj miles & m4 ,! smalle/ c\ntry t[n has its *ur*1 s*ool1 po/ & telegraph (fice1 bank1 sav+s bank1 /ores1 blacksmi?'s %op1 hotel1 & s on4 ,!re is usually a ,s*ool ( ,arts1 ) a circulat+ libr>y4 ,! c\ntry di/ricts enjoy a sy/em ( local gov]nm5t1 & ! f>m] elects ! c\ncillors :o manage local affairs4 ,he has 8 annual %[1 usually an annual race meet+4 ,!re are football & cricket clubs = 8 boys4 ,op5-air sports are popul> 9 ! c\ntry di/ricts ( ,au/ralia1 & are a spl5did means ( br++ ! "y fell[s toge!r4 ,! ,agricultural ,bureau or ,f>m]s' ,associations' meet+s provide int]c\rse ) o!r m5 on ! l&4 ,f>m]s' picnics or c>nivals are an annual function 9 _m places4 ,)9 #b1 #c1 or #d miles away1 accord+ to ! size ( 8 f>m1 !re are neighb\r+ f>m]s & _! families4 ,! settl] is n an isolat$ unit 9 a /range l&1 b is liv+ 9 a civilis$ c\ntry among/ civilis$ progressive p1 enjoy+ ! advantages & facilities ( mod]n conditions1 & liv+ "u a sy/em ( political & religi\s lib]ty4 ,to all :ite m5 ,au/ralia1 ) its va/ tracts ( untill$ :eat l&1 holds out a welcome h&4 ,! self-reliant man1 ) a small capital1 c come to ,au/ralia1 confid5t t ) en]gy & att5tion to 8 "w he c build up a prosp]\s c>e]1 & re> 8 *ildr5 9 a cont5t$ home surr\nd$ by heal? & happ9ess1 help+ 9 ! mak+ ( a "y1 clean nation1 "p & p>cel ( an enlight5$ race4 ,by ,au?ority3 ,mc,c,a,r,r,o,n1 ,,bird ,,co41 ,,melb\rne1 #dgi ,,coll9s ,,/reet4