,,elem5ts ,,( ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry ,,by ,,?omas ,,&]son1 ,m4,d4 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,c4,s4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,glasg[1 ,,& ,,*emi/ ,,to ,,! ,,highl& ,,& ,,agricultural ,,society ,,( ,,scotl&4 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black4 #ahfj4 ,,erratum4 ,page #aij1 l9e #aa1 = gallon read ton4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,r4 ,,& ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,_m ( ! tables ne$$ to be split to fit space con/ra9ts4 ,m9or typos h be5 correct$ & footnotes mov$ to ! end ( ! *apt]s4 ,a ^w surr\nd$ by und]scores l ?is signifies ! ^w is italics 9 ! text4 ,= numb]s & equations1 und]scores be=e bracket$ numb]s 9 equations d5ote a subscript4 ,,preface4 ,! object ( ! pres5t "w is to (f] to ! f>m] a concise outl9e ( ! g5]al pr9ciples ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,x has no pret5sions to be consid]$ a complete treatise on ! subject4 ,on ! contr>y1 its aim is /rictly elem5t>y1 & ) ?is view ,i h endeav\r$1 z f> z possible1 to avoid unnecess>y te*nicalities s z to make x intelligible to ^? :o are unacqua9t$ ) ! details ( *emical sci5ce1 al?\gh ,i h n hesitat$ to discuss su* po9ts z appe>$ ess5tial to ! prop] und]/&+ ( any p>ticul> subject4 ,! rapid progress ( agricultural *emi/ry1 & ! num]\s rese>*es prosecut$ "u ! auspices ( agricultural societies & private exp]im5t]s 9 ?is & o!r c\ntries1 r5d] x by no means an easy task to make a prop] selection f ! mass ( facts :i* is be+ daily accumulat$4 ,9 do+ ?is1 h[ev]1 ,i h be5 guid$ by a pretty intimate k ( ! wants ( ! f>m]1 :i* has induc$ me to enl>ge on ^? dep>tm5ts ( ! subject :i* be> m imm$iately on ! e-day practice ( agriculture2 & = ?is reason ! composition & prop]ties ( soils1 ! nature ( manures1 & ! pr9ciples by :i* _! application ought to be gov]n$1 h be5 some:at m9utely treat$4 ,9 all cases num]ical details h be5 giv5 z fully z is consi/5t ) ! limits ( ! "w2 & x may be "r to /ate t a consid]able numb] ( ! analyses conta9$ 9 x h be5 made 9 my own laboratory1 & t ev5 :5 ,i h pref]r$ to quote ! results ( o!r *emi/s1 !y h n unfrequ5tly be5 confirm$ by my own exp]im5ts4 ,,univ]sity ,,( ,,glasg[1 #a/ ,novemb] #ahfj4 ,,cont5ts4 ,page ,,introduction #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,organic ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,plants4 ,c>bon 444 ,c>bonic ,acid 444 ,hydrog5 444 ,nitrog5 444 ,nitric ,acid 444 ,ammonia 444 ,oxyg5 444 ,s\rces :5ce obta9$ 444 ,! ,atmosph]e 444 ,! ,soil 444 ,s\rce ( ! ,inorganic ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants 444 ,mann] 9 :i* ! ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants are absorb$ #h ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,proximate ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,plants4 ,! ,sac*>9e & ,amylace\s ,con/itu5ts 444 ,cellulose 444 ,incru/+ ,matt] 444 ,/>* 444 ,li*5 ,/>* 444 ,inul9e 444 ,gum 444 ,dextr9e 444 ,sug> 444 ,mucilage 444 ,pect9e & ,pectic ,acid 444 ,oily or ,fatty ,matt]s 444 ,m>g>ic1 ,/e>ic1 & ,oleic ,acids 444 ,wax 444 ,nitrog5\s or ,album9\s ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants & ,animals 444 ,album5 444 ,fibr9e 444 ,case9 444 ,dia/ase #dj ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*anges ,,:i* ,,take ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,food ,,( ,,plants ,,dur+ ,,_! ,,gr[?4 ,*anges occurr+ dur+ ,g]m9ation 444 ,*anges dur+ ! ,aft]-,gr[? ( ! ,plant 444 ,decomposition ( ,c>bonic ,acid 444 ,decomposition ( ,wat] 444 ,decomposition ( ,ammonia 444 ,decomposition ( ,nitric ,acid #ed ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,inorganic ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,plants4 ,! ,am\nt ( ,inorganic ,matt]s 9 ,diff]5t ,plants 444 ,! ,relative ,proportions ( ,a% 9 ! ,diff]5t ,p>ts ( ,plants 444 ,influ5ce ( ! ,nature ( ! ,soil on ! ,proportion ( ,m9]al ,matt]s 9 ! ,plant 444 ,! ,composition ( ! ,a%es ( ,plants 444 ,classification ( ,diff]5t ,plants #fc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,soil--,,its ,,*emical ,,& ,,physical ,,*>act]s4 ,! ,orig9 ( ,soils 444 ,composition ( ,cry/all9e & ,s$im5t>y ,rocks 444 _! ,dis9tegration 444 ,*emical ,composition ( ! ,soil 444 ,f]tile & ,b>r5 ,soils 444 ,me*anical ,texture ( ,soils 444 ,absorb5t ,action ( ,soils 444 _! ,physical ,*>act]s 444 ,relation to ,heat & ,moi/ure 444 ,! ,subsoil 444 ,classification ( ,soils #hc ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,by ,,me*anical ,,processes4 ,dra9+ 444 ,its ,advantage\s ,effects 444 ,subsoil & ,deep ,pl\gh+ 444 ,improv+ ! ,soil by ,p>+ & ,burn+ 444 ,w>p+ 444 ,mix+ ( ,soils 444 ,*alk+ #acg ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,manur+4 ,fundam5tal ,pr9ciples ^u :i* ,manures are appli$ 444 ,special & ,g5]al ,manures 444 ,importance ( ?is di/9ction 444 ,views reg>d+ ! ,!ory ( ,manures 444 ,rem>ks on ,special ,manures 444 ,action ( ,manures on ! ,*emical & ,physical ,prop]ties ( a ,soil 444 ,rem>ks on ! ,application ( ,manures #aeb ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,f>m-,,y>d ,,& ,,liquid ,,manures4 ,f>m-y>d ,manure 444 ,ur9e 444 ,composition ( 444 ,dung 444 ,composition ( 444 ,f>m-y>d ,manure 444 ,composition ( 444 ,managem5t ( ,dung-,heaps 444 ,box-fe$+ 444 ,f]m5tation & application ( ,manure 444 ,liquid ,manure 444 ,composition & application ( 444 ,sewage ,manure 444 ,its composition & application #aff ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,! ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,vegetable ,,manures4 ,rape-,du/1 ,mu/>d1 ,cotton & ,ca/or ,cake 444 ,composition ( v>i\s ,oil-,cakes 444 ,malt-,du/1 ,bran1 ,*aff1 etc4 444 ,/raw & ,saw-du/ 444 ,manur+ ) ,fre% ,vegetable ,matt] 444 ,gre5 ,manur+ 444 ,sea-,we$ 444 ,composition ( v>i\s ,sea-,we$s 444 ,leaves 444 ,peat #aie ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,! ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,animal ,,manures4 ,guano1 diff]5t v>ieties ( 444 ,av]age composition ( 444 ,division into ,ammoniacal & ,phosphatic 444 ,*>act]s ( 444 ,adult]ation ( 444 ,application ( 444 ,pigeons' ,dung 444 ,urate & ,sulphat$ ,ur9e 444 ,night-,soil & ,p\drette 444 ,hair1 ,sk91 ,horn1 ,wool1 etc4 444 ,blood 444 ,fi% 444 ,fi%-,guano--,bones #bjd ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,! ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,m9]al ,,manures4 ,m9]al ,manures 444 ,sulphate & ,muriate ( ,ammonia 444 ,sulphomuriate ( ,ammonia 444 ,ammoniacal ,liquor 444 ,nitrates ( ,pota% & ,soda 444 ,muriate & ,sulphate ( ,pota% 444 ,*loride ( ,sodium1 or ,common ,salt 444 ,c>bonates ( ,pota% & ,soda 444 ,silicates ( ,pota% & ,soda 444 ,sulphate ( ,magnesia 444 ,phosphate ( ,lime 444 ,bone-a% 444 ,coprolites 444 ,apatite 444 ,sombr]o ,guano 444 ,sup]phosphates & ,dissolv$ ,bones 444 ,biphosphate ( ,lime or ,soluble ,phosphates 444 ,phospho-,p]uvian ,guano 444 ,lime 444 ,*alk 444 ,m>l 444 ,application & ,action ( ,lime on ,soils 444 ,sulphate ( ,lime or ,gypsum #bbf ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,valuation ,,( ,,manures4 ,! ,pr9ciple on :i* ,manures are valu$ 444 ,its application to diff]5t simple & complex ,manures 444 ,me?od ( ,calculation 444 ,g5]al ,rem>ks #bee ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,rotation ,,( ,,crops4 ,its necessity expla9$ 444 ,quantity ( ,m9]al ,matt]s 9 ! produce ( an ,acre ( ,diff]5t ,crops 444 ,! ,!ory ( ,rotation #bff ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,fe$+ ,,( ,,f>m ,,/ock4 ,! ,pr9ciples ( ,fe$+ 444 ,! ,composition ( diff]5t ,animals 9 diff]5t /ages ( ,fatt5+ 444 ,! ,composition ( ! ,food ( ,animals 444 ,milk 444 ,! ,pr9cipal ,v>ieties ( ,cattle ,food 444 ,g5]al ,obs]vations on ,fe$+ #bgf ,,agricultural ,,*emi/ry4 ,,introduction4 ,t ! ph5om5a ( vegetation are dep5d5t on c]ta9 *emical *anges occurr+ 9 ! plant1 by :i* ! v>i\s elem5ts ( its food are elaborat$ & conv]t$ into vegetable matt]1 0 v e>ly recognis$ by *emi/s2 & long be=e ! correct pr9ciples ( t sci5ce 7 e/abli%$1 ,van ,helmont ma9ta9$ t plants d]iv$ _! n\ri%m5t f wat]1 :ile ,sir ,k5elm ,digby1 ,hook1 ,bradley1 & o!rs1 attribut$ an equally exclusive influ5ce to air1 & enl>g$ on ! practical importance ( ! conclusions to be d$uc$ f _! views4 ,^! op9ions1 :i* 7 little bett] ?an hypo!ses1 & f\nd$ on v imp]fect *emical data1 are m5tion$ by ,je?ro ,tull1 ! fa!r ( mod]n agriculture1 only to d5y _! accuracy2 & he cont5d$ t ! plants absorb & dige/ ! f9] p>ticles ( ! e>?1 & attribut$ ! success ( ! p>ticul> sy/em ( husb&ry he advocat$ to ! comm9ution ( ! soil1 by :i* a l>g] numb] ( its p>ticles are r5d]$ suffici5tly small to p]mit _! ready absorption by ! roots4 ,popul> op9ion at t "t 0 9 fav\r ( ! me*anical r ?an ! *emical explanation ( agricultural facts1 & ,tull's "w _h ! effect ( confirm+ ?is op9ion1 & turn+ att5tion away f ! application ( *emi/ry to agriculture4 ,inde$1 no good results c\ld h foll[$ its /udy at t "t1 = *emi/ry1 especially 9 ^? dep>tm5ts be>+ m imm$iately on agriculture1 0 mu* too imp]fect1 & x 0 only t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 :5 ,lavoisi] e/abli%$ its true pr9ciples1 t x became possible to pursue x ) any prospect ( success4 ,v soon aft] ,lavoisi]'s sy/em 0 made kn[n1 ,"l ,dundonald publi%$ 8 ,treatise on ! ,intimate ,connexion betwe5 ,*emi/ry & ,agriculture1 9 :i* ! important be>+s ( ! rec5t *emical discov]ies on ! practice ( agriculture 7 br\ght prom95tly "u ! notice ( ! f>m]1 & almo/ at ! same "t ,de ,saussure comm5c$ ^? rem>kable rese>*es1 :i* ext5d$ ov] a long s]ies ( ye>s1 & laid ! f\ndation ( almo/ all our accurate k ( ! *emi/ry ( vegetation4 ,saussure trac$ ) s+ul> c>e & accuracy ! :ole ph5om5a ( ! life ( plants1 & indicat$ ! mode 9 :i* ! facts he e/abli%$ might be tak5 advantage ( 9 improv+ ! cultivation ( ! soil4 ,b nei!r 8 rese>*es1 nor ,"l ,dundonald's m direct appeal to ! f>m]1 excit$ ! att5tion !y des]v$1 or produc$ any imm$iate effect on ! progress ( agriculture4 ,x 0 n till ! ye> #ahab t ! int]e/ ( practical m5 0 fairly awak5$ by a c\rse ( lectures giv5 by ,sir ,humphrey ,davy1 at ! in/ance ( ,sir ,john ,s9clair1 :o 0 at t "t presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,agriculture4 ,9 ^! lectures1 writt5 ) all ! cle>ness & precision :i* *>act]is$ _! au?or's /yle1 ! results ( ,de ,saussure's exp]im5ts 7 = ! fir/ "t pres5t$ to ! f>m] 9 a =m 9 :i* !y c\ld be easily und]/ood by him1 ! conclusions to :i* !y l$ 7 di/9ctly indicat$1 & a numb] ( useful practical sugge/ions made1 _m ( :i* h be5 adopt$ into e-day practice1 & become s ?or\ghly incorporat$ ) x1 t _! sci5tific orig9 has be5 altoge!r =gott54 ,a lively int]e/ 0 excit$ by ! publication ( ,davy's "w1 b x soon di$ out1 & ! subject lay 9 almo/ complete abeyance = a consid]able numb] ( ye>s4 ,nor c\ld any o!r result be well expect$1 = at t "t agriculture 0 n ripe = *emi/ry1 nor *emi/ry ripe = agriculture4 ,! necessities ( a rapidly increas+ population _h n yet begun to compel ! f>m] to use e means adapt$ to increase ! am\nt ( production to its utmo/ limit2 & ?\gh ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( *emi/ry _h be5 e/abli%$1 its details1 especially 9 t dep>tm5t :i* treats ( ! con/itu5ts ( plants & animals1 7 v imp]fectly kn[n4 ,x is n surpris+1 !re=e1 t matt]s %\ld h rema9$ almo/ un*ang$ = ! comp>atively long p]iod ( ne>ly ?irty ye>s4 ,inde$1 ) ! exception ( ! inve/igation ( soils by ,s*uebl]1 & "s o!r inquiries ( m9or importance1 & :i*1 9 ?is c\ntry at lea/1 excit$ no att5tion on ! "p ( ! agriculturi/1 no?+ 0 done until ! ye> #ahdj1 :5 ,liebig publi%$ 8 treatise on ,*emi/ry1 9 its application to ,agriculture & ,physiology4 ,saussure's rese>*es =m$ ! ma9 gr\ndwork ( ,liebig's treatise1 z !y _h be=e done = ,davy's2 b ! progress ( sci5ce _h suppli$ _m new facts :i* confirm$ ! op9ions ( ! old] *emi/s 9 mo/ respects1 & enabl$ ,liebig to g5]alise ) great] confid5ce1 & illu/rate m fully ! pr9ciples ^u :i* *emi/ry ought to be appli$ to agriculture4 ,few works h ev] produc$ a m pr(\nd impression4 ,writt5 9 a cle> & =cible /yle1 deal+ ) sci5tific tru?s 9 a bold & orig9al mann]1 & produc+ a /rong impression1 z well by its e>ne/ness z by ! importance ( its conclusions1 x 0 receiv$ by ! agricultural public ) ! full conviction t ! application ( its pr9ciples 0 to be imm$iately foll[$ by ! production ( imm5sely increas$ crops1 & by a rapid advance 9 e bran* ( practical agriculture4 ,! disappo9tm5t ( ^! extravagant expectations1 :i* *emi/s !mselves =esaw1 & = :i* !y va9ly attempt$ to prep>e ! agriculturi/1 0 foll[$ by an equally rapid reaction2 & ^? :o _h embrac$ ,liebig's views1 & laud$ !m z ! comm5cem5t ( a new era1 b :o _h absurdly expect$ an in/antane\s effect1 *ang$ _! op9ion1 & contemn$1 z /rongly z !y _h be=e support$1 ! application ( *emi/ry to agriculture4 ,t ?is effect %\ld h be5 produc$ is n unnatural2 = practical m51 hav+ at t "t little or no k ( *emi/ry1 7 necess>ily unable to e/imate its true position 9 relation to agriculture1 & =gett+ t ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce 0 /ill 9 its e>ly y\?1 & bur!n$ ) all ! faults & errors ( y\?1 !y treat$ x z if x 7 already p]fect 9 all its p>ts4 ,nei!r c\ld !y di/+ui% betwe5 ! fully demon/rat$ sci5tific tru?s1 & ! unc]ta91 ?\gh probable conclusions d$uc$ f !m2 & :5 ! latt]1 z occasionally happ5$1 prov$ to be at v>iance ) practice1 x is n surpris+3 t ?is %\ld h produc$ a feel+ ( di/ru/ on ! "p ( p]sons incapable1 f an imp]fect1 & /ill (t5] f no k ( sci5ce1 ( draw+ ! l9e ( dem>cation1 :i* ,liebig frequ5tly omitt$ to d1 betwe5 ! positive fact & ! hypo!tical inf]5ce1 :i*1 h[ev] probable1 is1 aft] all1 m]ely a sugge/ion requir+ to be sub/antiat$ by exp]im5t4 ,?is omission1 :i* ! sci5tific read] c supply = himself1 becomes a s\rce ( s]i\s misappreh5sion 9 a "w address$ to p]sons unacqua9t$ ) sci5ce1 :o adopt indiscrim9ately bo? ! facts & ! hypo!ses ( ! au?or4 ,& ?is is no d\bt ! cause ( ! v>y diff]5t e/imation 9 :i* ! "w ( ! ,giess5 ,pr(essor 0 held by sci5tific & practical m54 ,liebig's treatise 0 foll[$1 9 ! ye> #ahdd1 by ! publication ( ,b\ss+ault's ,economic ,rurale1 a "w w9* excit$ at ! "t inf9itely less int]e/ ?an ,liebig's1 al?\gh x is really q z important a contribution to sci5tific agriculture4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by ent]+ m fully into ! special details ( ! application ( *emi/ry to agriculture1 & conta9s ! results ( ! au?or's num]\s se>*es bo? 9 ! laboratory & ! field4 ,b\ss+ault possesses ! qualification1 at pres5t some:at r>e1 ( comb9+ a ?or\gh k ( practical agriculture ) ext5d$ sci5tific atta9m5ts2 & 8 inve/igations1 :i* h be5 made ) direct ref]5ce to practice1 & _! results te/$ 9 ! field1 are ! l>ge/ & mo/ valuable contribution to ! exact data ( sci5tific agriculture :i* has yet be5 made public4 ,! ye> #ahdd 0 also di/+ui%$ by ! f\ndation ( ! ,agricultural ,*emi/ry ,association ( ,scotl&1 an ev5t ( no small importance 9 ! hi/ory ( sci5tific agriculture4 ,t association 0 in/itut$ ?r\gh ! ex]tions ( a small numb] ( practical f>m]s1 = ! purpose ( pursu+ inve/igations 9 agricultural *emi/ry1 & af=d+ to its memb]s assi/ance 9 all matt]s connect$ ) ! cultivation ( ! soil1 & has =m$ ! model ( simil> e/abli%m5ts 9 ,london1 ,dubl91 & ,belfa/1 z well z 9 ,g]many2 & x is peculi>ly cr$itable to ! intellig5ce & en]gy ( ! practical f>m]s ( ,scotl&1 t ) !m comm5c$ a movem5t1 :i* has already f\nd imitators 9 s _m qu>t]s1 & conf]r$ su* great b5efits on agriculture4 ,)9 ! la/ t5 or twelve ye>s1 & ma9ly ow+ to ! e/abli%m5t ( agricultural laboratories1 great progress has be5 made 9 accumulat+ facts on :i* to f\nd an accurate k ( ! pr9ciples ( agricultural *emi/ry1 & ! numb] ( *emi/s :o h devot$ !mselves to ?is subject has consid]ably increas$1 ?\gh /ill greatly less ?an its exig5cies require4 ,not)/&+ all t has rec5tly be5 done1 x mu/ n be =gott5 t we h sc>cely advanc$ beyond ! ?re%old1 & t x is only by num]\s & frequ5tly repeat$ exp]im5ts t x is possible to arrive at satisfactory results4 ,agricultural inquiries are liable to peculi> fallacies due to ! p]turb+ influ5ce ( climate1 season1 & _m o!r causes1 ! individual effects ( :i* c only be elim9at$ ) difficulty1 & mu* error has be5 introduc$1 by ha/ily g5]alis+ f s+le exp]im5ts1 9 place ( await+ ! results ( repeat$ trials4 ,h5ce x is t ! progress ( sci5tific agriculture mu/ necess>ily be sl[ & gradual1 & is n likely to be m>k$ by any great or />tl+ discov]ies4 ,n[ t ! relations ( sci5ce to practice are bett] und]/ood1 ! extravagant expectations at "o "t ent]ta9$ h be5 ab&on$1 &1 z a necess>y consequ5ce1 ! int]e/ 9 agricultural *emi/ry has aga9 increas$1 & ! conviction daily ga9s gr\nd t no "o :o wi%es to f>m ) success1 c af=d to be )\t "s k ( ! sci5tific pr9ciples ( 8 art4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,! ,,organic ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,plants4 ,:5 ! wat] naturally exi/+ 9 plants is expell$ by exposure to ! air or a g5tle heat1 ! residual dry matt] is f\nd to be compos$ ( a consid]able numb] ( diff]5t sub/ances1 :i* h be5 divid$ into two great classes1 call$ ! organic & ! inorganic1 or m9]al con/itu5ts ( plants4 ,! =m] are readily combu/ible1 & on ! application ( heat1 cat* fire1 & are entirely consum$1 leav+ ! inorganic matt]s 9 ! =m ( a :ite residuum or a%4 ,all plants conta9 bo? classes ( sub/ances2 & ?\gh _! relative proportions v>y )9 v wide limits1 ! =m] always greatly exce$ ! latt]1 :i* 9 _m cases =m only a v m9ute proportion ( ! :ole weight ( ! plant4 ,ow+ to ! great prepond]ance ( ! organic or combu/ible matt]s1 x 0 at "o "t believ$ t ! inorganic sub/ances =m$ no "p ( ! true /ructure ( plants1 & consi/$ only ( a small portion ( ! m9]al matt]s ( ! soil1 :i* _h be5 absorb$ along ) _! organic food2 b ?is op9ion1 :i* probably 0 nev] univ]sally ent]ta9$1 is n[ entirely ab&on$1 & x is no long] d\bt$ t bo? classes ( sub/ances are equally ess5tial to _! exi/5ce4 ,al?\gh !y =m s l>ge a proportion ( ! plant1 its organic con/itu5ts are compos$ ( no m ?an f\r elem5ts1 viz43-- ,c>bon4 ,hydrog54 ,nitrog54 ,oxyg54 ,! inorganic con/itu5ts are mu* m num]\s1 n less ?an ?irte5 sub/ances1 :i* appe> to be ess5tial1 hav+ be5 obs]v$4 ,^! are-- ,pota%4 ,soda4 ,lime4 ,magnesia4 ,p]oxide ( ,iron4 ,silicic ,acid4 ,phosphoric ,acid4 ,sulphuric ,acid4 ,*lor9e4 ,& m r>ely ,manganese4 ,iod9e4 ,brom9e4 ,fluor9e4 ,sev]al o!r sub/ances1 among :i* may be m5tion$ alum9a & copp]1 h also be5 enum]at$2 b !re is e reason to believe t !y are n ess5tial1 & ! cases 9 :i* !y h be5 f\nd are q exceptional4 ,x is to be especially notic$ t none ( ^! sub/ances occur 9 plants 9 ! free or uncomb9$ /ate1 b always 9 ! =m ( comp\nds ( great] or less complexity1 & extremely v>i$ bo? 9 _! prop]ties & composition4 ,x w\ld be out ( place1 9 a "w l ! pres5t1 to ent] into complete details ( ! prop]ties ( ! elem5ts ( :i* plants are compos$1 :i* belongs /rictly to pure *emi/ry1 b x is necess>y to premise a few obs]vations reg>d+ ! organic elem5ts1 & _! m important comp\nds4 ,c>bon4--,:5 a piece ( wood is heat$ 9 a close vessel1 x is *>r$1 & conv]t$ into *>coal4 ,?is *>coal is ! mo/ famili> =m ( c>bon1 b x is n absolutely pure1 z x necess>ily conta9s ! a% ( ! wood f :i* x 0 made4 ,9 its pure/ =m x occurs 9 ! diamond1 :i* is believ$ to be produc$ by ! decomposition ( vegetable matt]s1 & x is !re cry/alliz$ & rem>kably transp>5t2 b :5 produc$ by artificial processes1 c>bon is always black1 m or less por\s1 & soils ! f+]s4 ,x is insoluble 9 wat]1 burns readily1 & is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid4 ,c>bon is ! l>ge/ con/itu5t ( plants1 & =ms1 9 r\nd numb]s1 ab\t #ej p] c5t ( _! weight :5 dry4 ,c>bonic ,acid4--,?is1 ! mo/ important comp\nd ( c>bon & oxyg51 is be/ obta9$ by p\r+ a /rong acid ^u *alk or lime/one1 :5 x escapes ) eff]vesc5ce4 ,x is a col\rless gas1 ext+ui%+ flame1 incapable ( support+ respiration1 mu* heavi] ?an atmosph]ic air1 & slightly soluble 9 wat]1 :i* takes up its own volume ( ! gas4 ,x is produc$ abundantly :5 vegetable matt]s are burnt1 z also dur+ respiration1 f]m5tation1 & _m o!r processes4 ,x is likewise =m$ d>+ ! decay ( animal & vegetable matt]s1 & is consequ5tly evolv$ f dung & compo/ heaps4 ,hydrog5 occurs 9 nature only 9 comb9ation4 ,its pr9cipal comp\nd is wat]1 f :i* x is sep>at$ by ! simultane\s action ( an acid1 su* z sulphuric acid & a metal1 9 ! =m ( a transp>5t gas1 light] ?an any o!r sub/ance4 ,x is v combu/ible1 burns ) a pale blue flame1 & is conv]t$ into wat]4 ,x is f\nd 9 all plants1 al?\gh 9 comp>atively small quantity1 =1 :5 dry1 !y r>ely conta9 m ?an f\r or five p] c5t4 ,its mo/ important comp\nd is wat]1 ( :i* x =ms "o-n9?1 ! o!r eight-n9?s consi/+ ( oxyg54 ,nitrog5 exi/s abundantly 9 ! atmosph]e1 ( :i* x =ms ne>ly f\r-fif?s1 or1 m exactly1 #gi p] c5t4 ,x is !re mix$1 b n comb9$ ) oxyg52 & :5 ! latt] gas is remov$1 by introduc+ into a bottle ( air "s sub/ance = :i* ! =m] has an aff9ity1 ! nitrog5 is left 9 a /ate ( purity4 ,x is a transp>5t gas1 :i* is incombu/ible & ext+ui%es flame4 ,x is a s+ul>ly in]t sub/ance1 & is incapable ( directly ent]+ into union ) any o!r elem5t except oxyg51 & ) t x comb9es ) ! greate/ difficulty1 & only by ! action ( ! electric sp>k--a peculi>ity :i* has v important be>+s on _m po9ts we %all aft]w>ds h to discuss4 ,nitrog5 is f\nd 9 plants to ! ext5t ( f #a to #d p] c5t4 ,nitric ,acid4--,?is1 ! mo/ important comp\nd ( nitrog5 & oxyg51 c be produc$ by s5d+ a curr5t ( electric sp>ks ?r\gh a mixture ( its con/itu5ts1 b 9 ?is way x c be obta9$ only 9 extremely small quantity4 ,x is mu* m abundantly produc$ :5 organic matt]s are decompos$ ) free access ( air1 9 :i* case ! great] proportion ( _! nitrog5 comb9es ) ! atmosph]ic oxyg54 ,?is process1 :i* is kn[n by ! "n ( nitrification1 is greatly promot$ by ! pres5ce ( lime or "s o!r sub/ance1 ) :i* ! nitric acid may comb9e 9 proportion z x is =m$4 ,x takes place1 to a great ext5t1 9 ! soil 9 ,india & o!r hot climates2 & our *ief supplies ( saltpetre1 or nitrate ( pota%1 are d]iv$ f ! soil 9 ^! c\ntries1 :]e x has be5 =m$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,! same *ange occurs1 ?\gh to a mu* small] ext5t1 9 ! soil 9 temp]ate climates4 ,ammonia is a comp\nd ( nitrog5 & hydrog51 b x _c be =m$ by ! direct union ( ^! gases4 ,x is a product ( ! decomposition ( organic sub/ances conta9+ nitrog51 & is produc$ :5 !y are di/ill$ at a high temp]ature1 or all[$ to putrefy out ( contact ( ! air4 ,9 its pure /ate x is a transp>5t & col\rless gas1 hav+ a peculi> pung5t smell1 & highly soluble 9 wat]4 ,x is an alkali resembl+ pota% & soda1 &1 l ^! sub/ances1 unites ) ! acids & =ms salts1 ( :i* ! sulphate & muriate are ! mo/ famili>4 ,9 ^! salts x is fix$1 & does n escape f !m unless !y be mix$ ) lime1 or "s o!r sub/ance possess+ a m p[]ful aff9ity = ! acid ) :i* x is unit$4 ,oxyg5 is "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( all ! elem5ts1 &1 ow+ to its p[]ful aff9ities1 is ! mo/ important ag5t 9 almo/ all natural *anges4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! air1 ( :i* x =ms #ba p] c5t1 & 9 comb9ation ) hydrog51 & almo/ all ! o!r *emical elem5ts4 ,9 ! pure /ate x possesses v rem>kable prop]ties4 ,all sub/ances burn 9 x ) great] brilliancy ?an !y d 9 atmosph]ic air1 & its aff9ity = mo/ ( ! elem5ts is extremely p[]ful4 ,:5 dilut$ ) nitrog51 x supports ! respiration ( animals2 b 9 ! pure /ate x proves fatal aft] ! lapse ( an h\r or two4 ,x is f\nd 9 plants1 9 quantities v>y+ f #cj to #cf p] c5t4 ,x is wor?y ( obs]vation1 t ( ! f\r organic elem5ts1 c>bon only is fix$1 & ! o!r ?ree are gases2 & likewise1 :5 any two ( !m unite1 _! comp\nd is ei!r a gase\s or a volatile sub/ance4 ,! *>r+ ( organic sub/ances1 :i* is "o ( _! mo/ *>act]i/ic prop]ties1 & con/antly made use ( by *emi/s z a di/9ctive reaction1 is due to ?is peculi>ity2 = :5 !y are heat$1 a simpl] arrangem5t ( _! p>ticles takes place1 ! hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg5 unite among !mselves1 & c>ry (f a small quantity ( c>bon1 :ile ! rema9d] is left beh9d 9 ! =m ( *>coal1 & is only consum$ :5 access ( ! ext]nal air is p]mitt$4 ,n[1 9 ord] t a plant may gr[1 its f\r organic con/itu5ts mu/ be absorb$ by x1 & t ?is absorption may take place1 x is ess5tial t !y be pres5t$ to x 9 suitable =ms4 ,a se$ may be plant$ 9 pure c>bon1 & suppli$ ) unlimit$ quantities ( hydrog51 nitrog51 oxyg51 & inorganic sub/ances1 & x w n g]m9ate2 & a plant1 :5 plac$ 9 simil> circum/ances1 %[s no disposition to increase1 b rapidly langui%es & dies4 ,! obvi\s inf]5ce f ^! facts is1 t ^! sub/ances _c be absorb$ :5 9 ! elem5t>y /ate1 b t x is only aft] !y h ent]$ into c]ta9 =ms ( comb9ation t !y acquire ! prop]ty ( be+ readily tak5 up1 & assimilat$ by ! organs ( ! plant4 ,x 0 at "o "t believ$ t _m diff]5t comp\nds ( ^! elem5ts might be absorb$ & elaborat$1 b lat] & m accurate exp]im5ts h r$uc$ ! numb] to f\r--namely1 c>bonic acid1 wat]1 ammonia1 & nitric acid4 ,! fir/ supplies c>bon1 ! second hydrog51 ! two la/ nitrog51 :ile all ( !m1 ) ! exception ( ammonia1 may supply ! plant ) oxyg5 z well z ) t elem5t ( :i* x is ! p>ticul> s\rce4 ,!re are only two s\rces f :i* ^! sub/ances c be obta9$ by ! plant1 viz4 ! atmosph]e & ! soil1 & x is necess>y t we %\ld "h consid] ! mode 9 :i* !y may be obta9$ f ea*4 ,! ,atmosph]e z a s\rce ( ! ,organic ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants4--,atmosph]ic air consi/s ( a mixture ( nitrog5 & oxyg5 gases1 wat]y vap\r1 c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 & nitric acid4 ,! two fir/ are ! l>ge/ con/itu5ts1 & ! o!rs1 ?\gh equally ess5tial1 are pres5t 9 small1 & "s ( !m 9 extremely m9ute quantity4 ,:5 depriv$ ( moi/ure & its m9or con/itu5ts1 #ajj volumes ( air are f\nd to conta9 #ba ( oxyg5 & #gi ( nitrog54 ,al?\gh ^! gases are n *emically comb9$ 9 ! air1 b only me*anically mix$1 _! proportion is exce$+ly uni=m1 = analyses completely correspond+ ) ^! numb]s h be5 made by ,humboldt1 ,gay-,lussac1 & ,dumas at ,p>is1 by ,saussure at ,g5eva1 & by ,lewy at ,cop5hag52 & simil> results h also be5 obta9$ f air collect$ by ,gay-,lussac dur+ 8 asc5t 9 a balloon at ! height ( #ba1dcj feet1 & by ,humboldt on ! m\nta9 ( ,antisano 9 ,s\? ,am]ica at a height ( #af1fdj feet4 ,9 %ort1 "u all circum/ances1 & 9 all places1 ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 ! oxyg5 & nitrog5 is con/ant2 & ?\gh1 no d\bt1 _m local circum/ances exi/ :i* may t5d to modify _! proportions1 ^! are s sl[ & p>tial 9 _! op]ations1 & s c\nt]balanc$ by o!rs act+ 9 an opposite direction1 z to reta9 a uni=m proportion betwe5 ! ma9 con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 & to prev5t ! undue accumulation ( "o or o!r ( !m at any "o po9t4 ,no su* uni=mity exi/s 9 ! proportion ( ! m9or con/itu5ts4 ,! v>iation 9 ! quantity ( wat]y vap\r is a famili> fact1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a dry & moi/ atmosph]e be+ kn[n to ! mo/ c>eless obs]v]1 & ! proportions ( ! o!r con/itu5ts are also liable to consid]able v>iations4 ,c>bonic ,acid4--,! proportion ( c>bonic acid 9 ! air has be5 inve/igat$ by ,saussure4 ,f 8 exp]im5ts1 made at ! village ( ,*ambeisy1 ne> ,g5eva1 x appe>s t ! quantity is n con/ant1 b v>ies f #c4ae to #e4ge volumes 9 #aj1jjj2 ! mean be+ #d4ae4 ,^! v>iations are dep5d5t on diff]5t circum/ances4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! c>bonic acid 0 always m abundant dur+ ! night ?an dur+ ! day--! mean quantity 9 ! =m] case be+ #d4cb1 9 ! latt] #c4ch4 ,! l>ge/ quantity f\nd dur+ ! night 0 #e4gd1 dur+ ! day #e4d4 ,heavy & cont9u$ ra9 dim9i%es ! quantity ( c>bonic acid1 by dissolv+ & c>ry+ x d[n into ! soil4 ,saussure f\nd t 9 ! mon? ( ,july #ahbg1 dur+ ! "t :5 n9e millimetres ( ra9 fell1 ! av]age quantity ( c>bonic acid am\nt$ to #e4ah volumes 9 #aj1jjj2 :ile 9 ,septemb] #ahbi1 :5 #bed millimetres fell1 x 0 only #c4eg4 ,a moi/ /ate ( ! soil1 :i* is fav\rable to ! absorption ( c>bonic acid1 also dim9i%es ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! air1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 cont9u$ fro/s1 by reta9+ ! atmosph]e & soil 9 a dry /ate1 h an opposite effect4 ,high w9ds increase ! c>bonic acid to a small ext5t4 ,x 0 also f\nd to be great] ov] ! cultivat$ l&s ?an ov] ! lake ( ,g5eva2 at ! tops ( m\nta9s ?an at ! level ( ! sea2 9 t[ns ?an 9 ! c\ntry4 ,! diff]5ces obs]v$ 9 all ^! cases1 ?\gh small1 are q di/9ct1 & h be5 confirm$ by subsequ5t exp]im5t]s4 ,ammonia4--,! pres5ce ( ammonia 9 ! atmosph]e appe>s to h be5 fir/ obs]v$ by ,saussure1 :o f\nd t :5 ! sulphate ( alum9a is expos$ to ! air1 x is gradually conv]t$ into ! d\ble sulphate ( alum9a & ammonia4 ,liebig m rec5tly %[$ t ammonia c always be detect$ 9 ra9 & sn[ wat]1 & x c\ld n be d\bt$ t x _h be5 absorb$ f ! atmosph]e4 ,exp]im5ts h s9ce be5 made by diff]5t obs]v]s ) ! view ( det]m9+ ! quantity ( atmosph]ic ammonia1 & _! results are conta9$ 9 ! subjo9$ table1 :i* gives ! quantity f\nd 9 a million p>ts ( air4 ,kemp #c4fhjj #ab feet above ! surface #c4ejjj ,pi]re #be feet d4 d4 #j4ejjj ,graeg] #j4cbcj ,by day #j4jihj ,fres5ius ,by night #j4afij ,maximum #j4jcag ,9 ,p>is ,m9imum #j4jagg ,mean #j4jbcg ,ville ,maximum #j4jbgf ,environs ,m9imum #j4jafe ( ,p>is ,mean #j4jbaj ,( ^! results1 ! e>li] ones ( ,kemp1 ,pi]re1 & ,graeg] are und\bt$ly errone\s1 z !y 7 made )\t ^? precautions :i* subsequ5t exp]i5ce has %[n to be necess>y4 ,ev5 ^? ( ! o!r obs]v]s mu/ be tak5 z giv+ only a v g5]al idea ( ! quantity ( ammonia 9 ! air1 = a proportion s m9ute z "o fifty-million? _c be accurately det]m9$ ev5 by ! mo/ delicate exp]im5ts4 ,= ?is reason1 m rec5t exp]im5t]s h endeav\r$ to arrive at conclusions be>+ m imm$iately ^u agricultural que/ions1 by det]m9+ ! quantity ( ammonia br\ght d[n by ! ra94 ,! fir/ obs]vations on ?is subject 7 made by ,b>ral 9 #ahea1 & !y h be5 repeat$ dur+ ! ye>s #ahee & #ahef by ,mr4 ,way4 ,9 #ahec1 ,b\ss+ault also made num]\s exp]im5ts on ! quantity ( ammonia 9 ! ra9 fall+ at diff]5t places1 z well z 9 dew & ! moi/ure ( fogs4 ,he f\nd 9 ! imp]ial gallon-- ,grs4 ,ra9 ,p>is #j4bajj ,liebfrau5b]g #j4jcej ,dew1 ,liebfrau5b]g ,maximum #j4dcdj ,m9imum #j4jgad ,liebfrau5b]g #j4agij ,fog ,p>is #i4fjjj ,x ?us appe>s t 9 ,p>is ! quantity ( ammonia 9 ra9-wat] is j six times z great z x is 9 ! c\ntry1 a result1 no d\bt1 due to ! ammonia evolv$ dur+ ! combu/ion ( fuel1 & to animal exhalations1 & to ! same cause1 ! l>ge quantity conta9$ 9 ! moi/ure ( fogs 9 ,p>is may also be attribut$4 ,b>ral & ,way h made det]m9ations ( ! quantity ( ammonia c>ri$ d[n by ! ra9 9 ea* mon? ( ! ye>1 ! =m] us+ = ?is purpose ! wat] collect$ 9 ! ra9-gauges ( ! ,p>is ,obs]vatory1 & repres5t+1 !re=e1 a t[n atmosph]e2 ! latt]1 t f a l>ge ra9-gauge at ,ro?am/$1 at a di/ance f any t[n4 ,accord+ to ,b>ral ! ammonia annually deposit$ on an acre ( l& am\nts to #ab4bh lbs41 a quantity consid]ably exce$+ t obta9$ by ,way1 ^: exp]im5ts be+ made at a di/ance f t[ns1 mu/ be consid]$ z repres5t+ m accurately ! normal condition ( ! air4 ,8 results = ! ye>s #ahee & #ahef are giv5 bel[1 along ) ! quantities ( nitric acid f\nd at ! same "t4 ,nitric ,acid4--,! pres5ce ( nitric acid 9 ! air appe>s to h be5 fir/ obs]v$ by ,prie/ley at ! end ( ! la/ c5tury1 b ,liebig1 9 #ahbe1 %[$ t x 0 always to be f\nd aft] ?und]-/orms1 al?\gh he fail$ to detect x at o!r times4 ,9 #ahea ,b>ral prov$ t x is inv>iably pres5t 9 ra9-wat]1 & /at$ ! quantity annually c>ri$ d[n to an acre ( l& at no less ?an #da4bi lbs4 ,b at ! "t 8 exp]im5ts 7 made1 ! me?ods ( det]m9+ v m9ute quantities ( nitric acid 7 exce$+ly defective1 & ,way1 by ! adoption ( an improv$ process1 has %[n t ! quantity is v mu* small] ?an ,b>ral suppos$1 & really falls %ort ( ?ree p\nds4 ,8 results = ammonia1 z well z nitric acid1 are giv5 9 ! subjo9$ table4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,nitric ,acid 9 ,ammonia 9 ,total ,nitrog5 ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 9 ,gra9s4 ---------------------------------------- ------ #ahee4 #ahef4 #ahee4 #ahef4 #ahee4 #ahef4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,janu>y #bcj #aefd #abdd #e1jje #ajhd #d1ebf ,febru>y #idd #edd #bccg #d1age #bafi #c1egi ,m>* #aajb #hff #deac #b1ajh #ciie #a1ide ,april #cbe #ajfc #aada #h1fad #ajbd #g1cfi ,may #ahdj #cjbd #dbjf #ah1cac #cici #ae1hfc ,june #ccjc #bjdf #eegd #d1hgj #eddg #d1edj ,july #bfhj #aaia #ifbj #b1hfi #hfae #b1fgj ,augu/ #cegg #babe #dgfi #d1bad #dhgj #d1jba ,septemb] #gcb #agef #ccac #e1igb #biag #e1cgc ,octob] #ddhj #bjge #geib #c1iba #gdad #c1gfg ,novemb] #ajjg #acga #cjba #b1eia #bgdi #b1dhi ,decemb] #ffd #bjce #bdch #d1jgj #bahj #c1ceb ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,total 9 p\nds = ! :ole ye> #b4ih 4#bhj #g4aa #i4ec #f4fc #h4ca ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,no attempts h be5 made to det]m9e ! proportion ( nitric acid 9 air1 b its quantity is und\bt$ly excessively m9ute1 & mat]ially small] ?an t ( ammonia4 ,at lea/ ?is conclusion seems to be a fair inf]5ce f ,way's rese>*es1 z well z ! rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,b\ss+ault on ! proportion ( nitric acid conta9$ 9 ra91 dew1 & fog1 made 9 a mann] exactly simil> to ^? on ! ammonia1 already quot$4 ,accord+ to 8 exp]im5ts an imp]ial gallon conta9s-- ,grs4 ,ra94 ,p>is #j4jgjh ,liebfrau5b]g #j4jadj ,dew4 ,maximum #j4jghe ,m9imum #j4jjcj ,fog4 ,p>is #j4gjib ,liebfrau5b]g #j4jgah ,al?\gh x ?us appe>s t ,b>ral's results h be5 only p>tially confirm$1 en\gh has be5 asc]ta9$ to %[ t ! quantity ( ammonia & nitric acid 9 ! air is suffici5t to produce a mat]ial influ5ce 9 ! gr[? ( plants4 ,! l>ge am\nt ( ^! sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! dew is also p>ticul>ly wor?y ( notice1 & may s]ve to "s ext5t to expla9 its rem>kably invigorat+ effect on vegetation4 ,c>burett$ ,hydrog54--,gay-,lussac1 ,humboldt1 & ,b\ss+ault h %[n1 t :5 ! :ole ( ! moi/ure & c>bonic acid h be5 remov$ f ! air1 x /ill conta9s a small quantity ( c>bon & hydrog52 & ,saussure has r5d]$ x probable t !y exi/ 9 a /ate ( comb9ation z c>burett$ hydrog5 gas4 ,no def9ite pro( ( ?is position has1 h[ev]1 z yet be5 adduc$1 & ! function ( ! comp\nd is entirely unkn[n4 ,x is possible t ! pres5ce ( c>bon & hydrog5 may be due to a small quantity ( organic matt]2 b1 :atev] be its s\rce1 its am\nt is c]ta9ly extremely small4 ,sulphurett$ ,hydrog5 & ,phosphurett$ ,hydrog54--,! proportion ( ^! sub/ances is almo/ inf9itesimal2 b !y are pretty g5]al con/itu5ts ( ! atmosph]e1 & are app>5tly d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( animal & vegetable matt]s4 ,! prec$+ /atem5ts lead to ! important conclusion1 t ! atmosph]e is capable ( af=d+ an abundant supply ( all ! organic elem5ts ( plants1 because x n only conta9s nitrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! free /ate1 b also 9 ^? =ms ( comb9ation 9 :i* !y are mo/ readily absorb$1 z well z a l>ge quantity ( c>bonic acid1 f :i* _! c>bon may be d]iv$4 ,at fir/ sight x may inde$ appe> t ! quantity ( ! latt] comp\nd1 & /ill m t ( ammonia1 is s trifl+ z to be ( little practical importance4 ,b a v simple calculation s]ves to %[ t1 ?\gh relatively small1 !y are absolutely l>ge1 = ! c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! :ole atmosph]e am\nts 9 r\nd numb]s to #b1djj1jjj1jjj1jjj tons1 & ! ammonia1 assum+ x n to exce$ "o "p 9 fifty millions1 mu/ weigh #gd1jjj1jjj tons1 quantities amply suffici5t to af=d an abundant supply ( ^! elem5ts to ! :ole vegetation ( our globe4 ,! ,soil z a ,s\rce ( ! ,organic ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants4--,:5 a portion ( soil is subject$ to heat1 x is f\nd t x1 l ! plant1 consi/s ( a combu/ible & an incombu/ible "p2 b :ile 9 ! plant ! incombu/ible "p or a% is small1 & ! combu/ible l>ge1 ^! proportions are rev]s$ 9 ! soil1 :i* consi/s *iefly ( inorganic or m9]al matt]s1 mix$ ) a quantity ( combu/ible or organic sub/ances1 r>ely exce$+ #h or #aj p] c5t1 & (t5 fall+ consid]ably %ort ( ?is quantity4 ,! organic matt] exi/s 9 ! =m ( a sub/ance call$ humus1 :i* mu/ be consid]$ "h z a s\rce ( ! organic con/itu5ts ( plants1 indep5d5tly ( ! g5]al composition ( ! soil1 :i* w be aft]w>ds discuss$4 ,! t]m humus is g5]ic1 & appli$ by *emi/s to a r num]\s gr\p ( sub/ances1 v closely alli$ 9 _! prop]ties1 sev]al ( :i* are g5]ally pres5t 9 all f]tile soils4 ,!y h be5 submitt$ to exam9ation by v>i\s *emi/s1 b by none m accurately ?an by ,muld] & ,h]man1 to :om1 inde$1 we owe almo/ all ! precise in=mation we possess on ! subject4 ,! organic matt]s ( ! soil may be divid$ into ?ree great classes2 ! fir/ conta9+ ^? sub/ances :i* are soluble 9 wat]2 ! second1 ^? extract$ by means ( cau/ic pota%2 & ! ?ird1 ^? insoluble 9 all m5/rua4 ,:5 a soil is boil$ ) a solution ( cau/ic pota%1 a deep br[n fluid is obta9$1 f :i* acids precipitate a d>k br[n floccul5t sub/ance1 consi/+ ( a mixture ( at lea/ ?ree diff]5t acids1 to :i* ! names ( humic1 ulmic1 & geic acids h be5 appli$4 ,! fluid f :i* !y h be5 precipitat$ conta9s two sub/ances1 cr5ic & apocr5ic acids1 :ile ! soil /ill reta9s :at has be5 call$ insoluble humus4 ,! acids above nam$ d n diff] greatly 9 *emical *>act]s1 b !y h be5 subdivid$ into ! humic1 geic1 & cr5ic gr\ps1 :i* pres5t "s diff]5ces 9 prop]ties & composition4 ,!y are comp\nds ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 & are *>act]is$ by s p[]ful an aff9ity = ammonia t !y are ) difficulty obta9$ free f t sub/ance1 & g5]ally exi/ 9 ! soil 9 comb9ation ) x4 ,!y are all products ( ! decomposition ( vegetable matt]s 9 ! soil1 & are =m$ dur+ _! decay by a succession ( *anges1 :i* may be easily trac$ by obs]v+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts :5 a piece ( wood or any o!r vegetable sub/ance is expos$ = a l5g? ( "t to air & moi/ure4 ,x is !n f\nd gradually to dis9tegrate ) ! evolution ( c>bonic acid1 acquir+ fir/ a br[n & f9ally a black col\r4 ,at "o p>ticul> /age ( ! process x is conv]t$ into "o or o!r ( two sub/ances1 call$ hum9 & ulm91 bo? insoluble 9 alkalies1 & app>5tly id5tical ) ! insoluble humus ( ! soil2 b :5 ! decomposition is m advanc$ ! products become soluble 9 alkalies1 & !n conta9 humic1 ulmic1 & geic acids1 & f9ally1 by a /ill fur!r progress1 cr5ic & apocr5ic acids are =m$ z ! result ( an oxidation occurr+ at c]ta9 p]iods ( ! decay4 ,! roots & o!r vegetable debris rema9+ 9 ! soil und]go a simil> s]ies ( *anges1 & =m ! humus1 :i* is f\nd only 9 ! surface soil1 t is to say1 9 ! portion :i* is n[ or has at "s previ\s p]iod be5 occupi$ by plants1 & ! quantity ( humus conta9$ 9 any soil is ma9ly dep5d5t on ! activity ( vegetation on x4 ,num]\s analyses ( humus comp\nds extract$ f ! soil h be5 made1 & h s]v$ to e/abli% a numb] ( m9or diff]5ces 9 ! composition ev5 ( ^? to :i* ! same "n has be5 appli$1 due manife/ly to ! fact t _! production is ! result ( a gradual decomposition1 :i* r5d]s x impossible to extract f ! soil "o pure sub/ance1 b only a v>iable mixture ( sev]al1 s simil> to "o ano!r 9 prop]ties1 t _! sep>ation is v difficult1 if n impossible4 ,= ?is reason great discrepancies exi/ 9 ! /atem5ts made reg>d+ !m by diff]5t obs]v]s1 b ?is is a matt] ( comp>atively small importance1 z _! exact composition has no v direct be>+ on agricultural que/ions1 & x w suffice to give ! names & *emical =mulae ( ^? :i* h be5 analys$ & describ$1-- ,ulmic acid f long ,frisian turf ,c#dj ,h#ah ,o#af ,humic acid f h>d turf ,c#dj ,h#ae ,o#ae ,humic acid f arable soil ,c#dj ,h#af ,o#af ,humic acid f a pa/ure field ,c#dj ,h#ad ,o#ad ,geic acid ,c#dj ,h#ae ,o#ag ,apocr5ic acid ,c#dh ,h#ab ,o#bd ,cr5ic acid ,c#bd ,h#ab ,o#af ,x is only necess>y to obs]ve fur!r1 t ^! =mulae indicate a close connection ) woody fibre1 & ! cont9u\s dim9ution ( ! hydrog5 & increase ( oxyg5 %[s t !y mu/ h be5 produc$ by a gradually advanc+ decay4 ,! e>li] *emi/s & vegetable physiologi/s attribut$ to ! humus ( ! soil a mu* m important function ?an x is n[ believ$ to possess4 ,x 0 =m]ly consid]$ to be ! exclusive1 or at lea/ ! *ief s\rce ( ! organic con/itu5ts ( plants1 & by absorption ?r\gh ! roots to yield to !m ! great] "p ( _! nutrim5t4 ,b ?\gh ?is view has /ill "s support]s1 among :om ,muld] is ! mo/ di/+ui%$1 x is n[ g5]ally admitt$ t humus is n a direct s\rce ( ! organic con/itu5ts ( plants1 & is n absorb$ z su* by _! roots1 al?\gh x is s indirectly1 9 z f> z ! decomposition :i* x is con/antly und]go+ 9 ! soil yields c>bonic acid1 :i* c be absorb$4 ,! old] op9ion is refut$ by _m well-asc]ta9$ facts4 ,z reg>ds ! exclusive orig9 ( ! c>bon ( plants f humus1 x is easy to see t ?is at lea/ _c be true1 = humus1 z already /at$1 is itself d]iv$ solely f ! decomposition ( vegetable & animal matt]s2 & if ! plants on ! e>?'s surface 7 to be support$ by x alone1 ! :ole ( _! sub/ance w\ld h to return to ! soil 9 ! same =m1 9 ord] to supply ! g5]ation :i* succe$s !m4 ,b ?is is v f> f be+ ! case1 = ! respiration ( animals1 ! combu/ion ( fuel1 & _m o!r processes1 are annually conv]t+ a l>ge quantity ( ^! matt]s into c>bonic acid2 & if !re 7 no o!r s\rce ( c>bon b ! humus ( ! soil1 ! am\nt ( vegetable life w\ld gradually dim9i%1 & at l5g? become entirely ext9ct4 ,s*leid51 :o has discuss$ ?is subject v fully1 has made an approximative calculation ( ! total quantity ( humus on ! e>?'s surface1 & ( ! c>bon annually conv]t$ into c>bonic acid by ! respiration ( man & animals1 ! combu/ion ( wood = fuel1 & o!r m9or processes2 & he draws ! conclusion t1 if !re 7 no o!r s\rce ( c>bon except humus1 ! quantity ( t sub/ance exi/+ 9 ! soil w\ld only support vegetation = a p]iod ( sixty ye>s4 ,! p>ticul> ph5om5a ( vegetation also af=d abundant evid5ce t humus _c be ! only s\rce ( c>bon4 ,?us ,b\ss+ault has %[n t on ! av]age ( ye>s1 ! crops cultivat$ on an acre ( l& remove f x ab\t "o ton m organic matt] ?an !y receive 9 ! manure appli$ to !m1 al?\gh !re is no correspond+ dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( humus conta9$ 9 ! soil4 ,an in/ance :i* leads /ill m unequivocally to ! same conclusion is giv5 by ,humboldt4 ,he /ates t an acre ( l&1 plant$ ) bananas1 yields annually ab\t #aeb1jjj p\nds weight ( fruit1 conta9+ ab\t #cb1jjj p\nds1 or almo/ exactly #ad tons ( c>bon2 & z ?is production goes on dur+ a p]iod ( tw5ty ye>s1 !re mu/ be )drawn 9 t "t no less ?an #bhj tons ( c>bon4 ,b ! soil on an acre ( l& weighs1 9 r\nd numb]s1 #ajjj tons1 & suppos+ x to conta9 #d p] c5t ( humus1 ! total weight ( c>bon 9 x w\ld am\nt to little m ?an #bj tons4 ,x is obvi\s f ^! & _m o!r analog\s facts t humus _c be ! only or ev5 a consid]able s\rce ( ! c>bon ( plants1 al?\gh x is /ill cont5d$ by "s *emi/s t x may be absorb$ to a small ext5t4 ,b ev5 ?is is at v>iance ) _m well-kn[n facts4 ,= if humus 7 absorb$1 x might be expect$ t vegetation w\ld be mo/ luxuriant on soils conta9+ abundance ( t sub/ance1 especially if x exi/$ 9 a soluble & readily absorbable =m2 b s f> f ?is be+ ! case1 no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t peat1 9 :i* ^! conditions are fulfill$1 is positively injuri\s to mo/ plants4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our daily exp]i5ce af=ds innum]able examples ( plants gr[+ luxuriantly 9 soils & places :]e no humus exi/s4 ,! s&s ( ! sea-%ore1 & ! mo/ b>r5 rocks1 h _! vegetation1 & ! r$-hot a%es :i* are ?r[n out by active volcanoes are no soon] cool ?an a crop ( plants spr+s up on !m4 ,! conclusions to be drawn f ^! consid]ations h be5 fur!r confirm$ by ! direct exp]im5ts ( diff]5t obs]v]s4 ,b\ss+ault s[$ peas1 weigh+ #ae4fj gra9s1 9 a soil compos$ ( a mixture ( s& & clay1 :i* _h be5 heat$ r$-hot1 & consequ5tly conta9$ no humus1 & aft] #ii days' gr[?1 dur+ :i* !y _h be5 wat]$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 he f\nd ! crop to weigh #fh4gb gra9s1 s t !re _h be5 a f\rfold increase4 ,simil> exp]im5ts h be5 made by ,pr9ce ,salm ,hor/m>1 on oats & rape s[n 9 a soil depriv$ ( organic matt] by ignition1 9 :i* !y grew readily1 & arriv$ at complete maturity4 ,"o oat /raw atta9$ a height ( ?ree feet1 & bore #gh gra9s2 ano!r bore #dg2 & a ?ird #bh--;9 all #aec4 ,^! :5 dri$ at #bab deg4 weigh$ #df4cjb gra9s1 & ! /raw #de4f gra9s4 ,! mo/ satisfactory exp]im5ts1 h[ev]1 are ^? ( ,weigman & ,pol/orf1 ^! obs]v]s hav+ f\nd t x 0 possible to obta9 a two-hundr$-fold produce ( b>ley 9 an entirely artificial soil1 provid$ c>e 0 tak5 to give x ! physical *>act]s ( a f]tile soil4 ,!y prep>$ a mixture ( six p>ts ( s&1 two ( *alk1 "o ( :ite bole1 & "o ( wood *>coal2 to :i* 0 add$ a small quantity ( felsp>1 previ\sly fus$ ) m>ble & "s soluble salts1 s z to imitate z closely z possible ! inorganic p>ts ( a soil1 & 9 x !y plant$ twelve b>ley pickles4 ,! plants grew luxuriantly1 rea*+ a height ( ?ree feet1 & ea* be>+ n9e e>s1 conta9+ #bb pickles4 ,! gra9 ( ! twelve plants weigh$ #bjdj gra9s4 ,^! exp]im5ts %[ t plants c gr[ & produce se$ :5 ! mo/ scrupul\s c>e is tak5 to deprive !m ( e trace ( humus4 ,b ,saussure has gone fur!r1 & %[n t ev5 :5 pres5t1 humus is n absorb$4 ,he all[$ plants ( ! common bean & ! ,polygonum ,p]sic>ia to gr[ 9 solutions ( humate ( pota%1 & f\nd a v trifl+ dim9ution 9 ! quantity ( humic acid pres5t2 b ! value ( 8 exp]im5ts is invalidat$ by 8 hav+ omitt$ to asc]ta9 :e!r ! dim9ution ( humic acid :i* he obs]v$ 0 really due to absorption by ! plant4 ,?is omission has be5 suppli$ by ,weigman & ,pol/orf4 ,!y grew plants ( m9t 7,m5?a undulata7 & ( ,polygonum ,p]sic>ia 9 solutions ( humate ( pota%1 & plac$ beside ! glass conta9+ ! plant1 ano!r p]fectly simil>1 & conta9+ only ! solution ( humate ( pota%4 ,! solution1 :i* conta9$ 9 e #ajj gra9s1 #j4adh gra9s ( solid matt]1 consi/+ ( humate ( pota%1 etc4 0 f\nd to become gradually pal]1 & at ! end ( a mon?1 dur+ :i* "t ! plants _h increas$ by #f-a_/b in*es1 ! quantity ( solid matt] 9 #ajj gra9s _h dim9i%$ to #j4acb4 ,b ! solution conta9$ 9 ! o!r glass1 & 9 :i* no plant _h gr[n1 _h dim9i%$ to #j4acf1 s t ! absorption c\ld n h am\nt$ to m ?an #j4jjd gra9s = e #ajj gra9s ( solution employ$4 ,?is quantity is s small z to be )9 ! limits ( error ( exp]im5t1 & we are consequ5tly entitl$ to draw ! conclusion t humus1 ev5 "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances1 is n absorb$ by plants4 ,b ?\gh n directly capable ( af=d+ nutrim5t to plants1 x mu/ n1 on t acc\nt1 be suppos$ t humus is altoge!r devoid ( importance1 = x is con/antly und]go+ decomposition 9 ! soil1 & ?us becomes a s\rce ( c>bonic acid :i* c be absorb$1 &1 z we %all aft]w>ds m p>ticul>ly see1 x ex]cises v important functions 9 br++ ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! soil into readily available =ms ( comb9ation4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$ t c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg51 _c be absorb$ by plants :5 uncomb9$1 b only 9 ! =ms ( wat]1 c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 & nitric acid4 ,x is sc>cely necess>y to detail ! gr\nds on :i* ?is conclusion has be5 arriv$ at 9 reg>d to c>bon & hydrog51 = practically x is ( little importance :e!r !y c be absorb$ or n1 z ! =m] is r>ely1 ! latt] nev]1 f\nd uncomb9$ 9 nature4 ,nei!r c !re be any d\bt t wat] & c>bonic acid are ! only sub/ances f :i* ^! elem5ts c be obta9$4 ,e-day exp]i5ce conv9ces u t wat] is ess5tial to vegetation2 & ,saussure1 & o!r obs]v]s1 h %[n t plants w n gr[ if !y are depriv$ ( c>bonic acid1 & t !y actually absorb t sub/ance abundantly f ! atmosph]e4 ,! evid5ce = ! non-absorption ( oxyg5 lies *iefly 9 ! fact t plants obta91 9 ! =m ( wat] & c>bonic acid1 a l>g] quantity ( t elem5t ?an !y require1 & 9 place ( absorb+1 are con/antly exhal+ x4 ,! =m 9 :i* nitrog5 may be absorb$ has giv5 rise to mu* diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,9 ! ye> #aggi1 ,prie/ley comm5c$ ! exam9ation ( ?is subject1 & drew f 8 exp]im5ts ! conclusion1 t plants absorb ! nitrog5 ( ! air4 ,saussure %ortly aft]w>ds exam9$ ! same subject1 & hav+ f\nd1 t :5 gr[n 9 a conf9$ space ( air1 & wat]$ ) pure wat]1 ! nitrog5 ( ! plants und]w5t no increase1 he inf]r$ t !y d]iv$ _! entire supplies ( t elem5t f ammonia1 or ! soluble nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! soil or manure4 ,b\ss+ault has s9ce re-exam9$ ?is "q1 & by a mo/ elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 9 :i* ! utmo/ c>e 0 tak5 to avoid e s\rce ( fallacy1 he 0 l$ to ! conclusion1 t :5 h>icots1 oats1 lup9s1 & cresses 7 gr[n 9 calc9$ pumice-/one1 mix$ ) ! a% ( plants1 & suppli$ ) air depriv$ ( ammonia & nitric acid1 _! nitrog5 und]w5t no increase4 ,x has be5 object$ to ^! exp]im5ts1 t ! plants be+ conf9$ 9 a limit$ bulk ( air1 7 plac$ 9 an unnatural condition1 & ,ville has rec5tly repeat$ !m ) a curr5t ( air pass+ ?r\gh ! app>atus1 & f\nd a slight increase 9 ! nitrog51 due1 z he ?9ks1 to direct absorption4 ,x is mu* m probable1 h[ev]1 t x dep5ds on small quantities ( ammonia or nitric acid :i* _h n be5 completely remov$ f ! air by ! means employ$ = t purpose1 = no?+ is m difficult ?an ! complete ab/raction ( ^! sub/ances1 & z ! ga9 ( nitrog5 0 only #j4h gra9s1 :ile #fj1jjj gallons ( air1 & #ac ( wat]1 7 employ$ 9 ! exp]im5t1 :i* la/$ = a consid]able "t1 x is reasonable to suppose t a suffici5t quantity may h rema9$ to produce ?is trifl+ increase4 ,:ile ^! exp]im5ts %[ t plants ma9ta9 only a languid exi/5ce :5 gr[n 9 air depriv$ ( ammonia & nitric acid1 & h5ce1 t ! direct absorption ( nitrog51 if x occur at all1 mu/ d s to a v small ext5t1 ! addition ( a v m9ute quantity ( ! =m] sub/ance imm$iately produces an active vegetation & rapid increase 9 size ( ! plants4 ,among ! mo/ /rik+ pro(s ( ?is are ! exp]im5ts ( ,wolff1 made by gr[+ b>ley & vet*es 9 a soil calc9$ s z to de/roy organic matt]s1 & !n mix$ ) small quantities ( diff]5t comp\nds ( ammonia4 ,he f\nd t :5 ! produce f ! calc9$ soil 0 repres5t$ by #ajj1 t f ! diff]5t ammoniacal salts 0-- ,b>ley4 ,vet*es4 ,muriate ( ,ammonia #beg4b #agf4d ,c>bonate ( ,ammonia #abc4f #agc4h ,sulphate ( ,ammonia #bjc4f #abe4b ,^! exp]im5ts n only prove t ammonia c be absorb$1 b !y also indirectly confirm ! /atem5t already made1 t humus is n necess>y2 = 9 "s in/ances ! produce 0 high] ?an t obta9$ f ! uncalc9$ soil ) ! same manures1 al?\gh x conta9$ f\r p] c5t ( humus4 ,on su* exp]im5ts ,liebig re/s 8 op9ion t ammonia is ! exclusive s\rce ( ! nitrog5 ( plants1 & al?\gh he has rec5tly admitt$ t x may be replac$ by nitric acid1 x is obvi\s t he consid]s ?is a r>e & exceptional occurr5ce4 ,! evid5ce1 h[ev]1 = ! absorption ( nitric acid appe>s to re/ on z good gr\nds z t ( ammonia1 = exp]i5ce has %[n t nitrate ( soda acts p[]fully z a manure1 & its effect mu/ be due to ! nitric acid1 & n to ! soda1 = ! o!r comp\nds ( t alkali h no su* effect4 ,wolff has illu/rat$ ?is po9t by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts on ! sunfl[]1 ( :i* we %all quote "o4 ,he took two se$s ( t plant1 & s[$ !m on ! #aj? ,may1 9 a soil compos$ ( calc9$ s&1 mix$ ) a small quantity ( ! a% ( plants1 & add$ at int]vals dur+ ! progress ( ! exp]im5t1 a quantity ( nitrate ( pota%1 am\nt+ 9 all to #ag4ac gra9s4 ,! plants 7 wat]$ ) di/ill$ wat]1 conta9+ c>bonic acid 9 solution1 & ! pot 9 :i* !y grew 0 protect$ f ra9 & dew by a glass cov]4 ,on ! #ai? ,augu/ "o ( ! plants _h atta9$ a height ( above #bh in*es1 & _h n9e f9e leaves & a fl[]-bud2 ! o!r 0 ab\t #bj in*es high1 & _h t5 leaves4 ,on ! #bb;d ,augu/1 "o ( ! plants hav+ be5 accid5tally injur$1 ! exp]im5t 0 t]m9at$4 ,! plants1 :i* conta9$ #ajc4af gra9s ( dry matt]1 7 !n c>efully analys$1 & ! quantity ( nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! soil aft] ! exp]im5t & 9 ! se$ 0 det]m9$4 ,gra9s4 ,nitrog5 9 ! dry plants #a4gcg rema9+ 9 ! soil #j4fig #b4dcd 9 ! nitrate ( pota% #b4cgj 9 ! se$s #j4jbi #b4cii ------ ,diff]5ce #j4jce ,h5ce1 ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! plants mu/1 9 ?is in/ance1 h be5 obta9$ entirely f ! nitrate ( pota%1 = ! quantity conta9$ 9 x & 9 ! se$s is exactly equal to t 9 ! plants & ! soil1 ! diff]5ce ( #j4jc gra9s be+ s small t x may be safely attribut$ to ! errors insep>able f su* exp]im5ts4 ,= ! sake ( comp>ison1 an exactly simil> exp]im5t 0 made on two se$s gr[n )\t nitrate ( pota%1 & 9 ?is in/ance1 aft] an equally long p]iod ( gr[?1 ! l>ge/ plant _h only atta9$ a height ( #g4e in*es1 & _h ?ree small pale & imp]fectly develop$ leaves4 ,!y conta9$ only #j4jcc gra9s ( nitrog51 :ile ! se$s conta9$ #j4jcb--;indicat+ t1 "u ^! circum/ances1 !re 0 no increase 9 ! quantity ( t elem5t4 ,b1 indep5d5tly ( ^! exp]im5tal results1 x may be inf]r$ f g5]al consid]ations1 t nitric acid mu/ be "o ( ! s\rces f :i* plants d]ive _! nitrog54 ,x has be5 already /at$1 t ! humus conta9$ 9 ! soil consi/s ( ! rema9s ( decay$ plants1 & !re is e reason to suppose t ! primeval soil conta9$ no organic matt]s1 & t ! fir/ g5]ation ( plants mu/ h d]iv$ ! :ole ( _! nitrog5 f1 ! atmosph]e4 ,if1 !re=e1 x be assum$ t ammonia is ! only s\rce ( ! nitrog5 ( plants1 x w\ld foll[1 t z t sub/ance _c be produc$ by ! direct union ( its elem5ts1 ! quantity ( ammonia 9 ! air c\ld only rema9 undim9i%$ 9 ! ev5t ( ! :ole ( ! nitrog5 ( decay+ plants return+ into t =m4 ,b ?is is c]ta9ly n ! case1 = e "t a vegetable sub/ance is burn$1 "p ( its nitrog5 is lib]at$ 9 ! free /ate1 & 9 c]ta9 conditions ( putrefaction1 nitric acid is produc$4 ,n[1 if ammonia be ! only =m 9 :i* nitrog5 is absorb$1 !re mu/ be a gradual dim9ution ( ! quantity conta9$ 9 ! air2 & fur!r1 !re mu/ ei!r be "s cont9u\s s\rce ( supply by :i* its quantity is ma9ta9$1 or !re mu/ be "s o!r sub/ance capable ( af=d+ nitrog5 9 a =m fitt$ = ! ma9t5ance ( plant life4 ,z reg>ds ! fir/ alt]native1 x mu/ be /at$ t we "k ( no s\rce o!r ?an ! decomposition ( plants f :i* ammonia c be d]iv$1 & we are !re=e compell$ to adopt ! second alt]native1 & to admit t !re mu/ be "s o!r s\rce ( nitrog51 & x _c be d\bt$1 f :at has be5 already /at$1 t x is f nitric acid only t x c be obta9$4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 !n1 t c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 nitric acid1 & wat]1 are ! great organic foods ( plants4 ,b :ile !y h af=d$ to !m an inexhau/ible supply ( ! la/1 ! quantity ( ! o!r ?ree available = food are limit$1 & insuffici5t to su/a9 _! life = a prolong$ p]iod4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,*ev&ri]1 t an acre ( l& "u bee* wood accumulates annually ab\t #afej lb4 ( c>bon4 ,n[1 ! column ( air re/+ ^u an acre ( l& conta9s only ab\t #ae1ejj lb4 ( c>bon1 & ! soil may be e/imat$ to conta9 #a p] c5t41 or #bb1djj lb4 p] acre1 & ! :ole ( ?is c>bon w\ld !re=e be remov$1 bo? f ! air & ! soil1 9 ! c\rse ( little m ?an #bc ye>s4 ,b x is a famili> fact1 t plants cont9ue to gr[ ) undim9i%$ luxuriance ye> aft] ye> 9 ! same soil1 & !y d s because nei!r _! c>bon nor _! nitrog5 are p]man5tly absorb$2 !y are !re only = a p]iod1 & :5 ! plant has f9i%$ its functions1 & dies1 !y soon] or lat] return into _! orig9al /ate4 ,ei!r ! plant decays1 9 :i* case its c>bon & nitrog5 pass m or less rapidly into _! orig9al /ate1 or x becomes ! food ( animals1 & by ! processes ( respiration & secretion1 ! same *ange is indirectly effect$4 ,9 ?is way a sort ( balance is su/a9$2 ! c>bon1 :i* at "o mom5t is absorb$ by ! plant1 passes 9 ! next into ! tissues ( ! animal1 only to be aga9 expir$ 9 t /ate 9 :i* x is fitt$ to comm5ce aga9 its r\nd ( *anges4 ,b :ile !re is ?us a cont9u\s circulation ( ^! con/itu5ts ?r\gh bo? plants & animals1 !re are v>i\s *anges :i* t5d to lib]ate 9 ! free /ate a c]ta9 quantity bo? ( ! c>bon & nitrog5 ( plants1 & ^! be+ ?us remov$ f ! sph]e ( organic life1 !re w\ld be a gradual dim9ution 9 ! am\nt ( vegetation at ! e>?'s surface1 unless ?is loss 7 c\nt]balanc$ by "s correspond+ s\rce ( ga94 ,9 reg>d to c>bonic acid ! mo/ important s\rce is volcanic action1 b ! loss ( nitrog51 :i* is f> m important & consid]able1 is re/or$ by ! direct comb9ation ( its elem5ts4 ,! =mation ( nitric acid dur+ ?und] /orms has be5 long famili>2 b x w\ld appe> f ! rec5t exp]im5ts ( ,cloeez1 :i*1 %\ld !y be confirm$ by f>!r enquiry1 w be ( mu* importance1 t ?is comp\nd is also produc$ )\t electrical action :5 air is pass$ ov] c]ta9 por\s sub/ances1 saturat$ ) alkal9e & e>?y comp\nds4 ,fragm5ts ( calc9$ brick & pumice /one 7 saturat$ ) solution ( c>bonate ( pota%1 ) c>bonates ( lime & magnesia & o!r mixtures1 & a curr5t ( air fre$ f nitric acid & ammonia pass$ ov] !m = a long p]iod1 at ! end ( :i* notable quantities ( nitric acid 7 detect$4 ,s\rce ( ! ,inorganic ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants4--,! inorganic con/itu5ts ( plants be+ all fix$ sub/ances1 x is suffici5tly obvi\s t !y c only be obta9$ f ! soil1 :i*1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 conta9s all ( !m 9 great] or less abundance1 & has always be5 admitt$ to be ! only sub/ance capable ( supply+ !m4 ,! old] *emi/s & physiologi/s1 h[ev]1 attribut$ no importance to ^! sub/ances1 & f ! small quantities 9 :i* !y are f\nd 9 plants1 imag9$ t !y 7 !re m]ely accid5tal impurities absorb$ f ! soil along ) ! humus1 :i* 0 at t "t consid]$ to be _! organic food4 ,?is op9ion1 suffici5tly disprov$ by ! con/ant occurr5ce ( ! same sub/ances 9 ne>ly ! same proportions1 9 ! a% ( ea* individual plant1 has be5 fur!r refut$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr9ce ,salm ,hor/m>1 :o has e/abli%$ _! importance to vegetation1 by exp]im5ts ^u oats gr[n on artificial soils1 9 ea* ( :i* "o inorganic con/itu5t 0 omitt$4 ,he f\nd t1 )\t silica1 ! gra9 vegetat$1 b rema9$ small1 pale 9 col\r1 & s weak z to be incapable ( support+ itself2 )\t lime1 x di$ :5 x _h produc$ its second leaf2 )\t pota% & soda1 x grew only to ! height ( ?ree in*es2 )\t magnesia1 x 0 weak & incapable ( support+ itself2 )\t phosphoric acid1 weak b upright2 & )\t sulphuric acid1 ?\gh normal 9 =m1 ! plant 0 feeble1 & produc$ no fruit4 ,mann] 9 :i* ! ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants are absorb$4--,hav+ treat$ ( ! s\rces ( ! elem5ts ( plants1 x is necess>y to direct att5tion to ! mode 9 :i* !y ent] _! sy/em4 ,wat]4--,! absorption ( wat] by plants takes place 9 great abundance1 & is connect$ ) _m ( ! mo/ important ph5om5a ( vegetation4 ,x is pr9cipally absorb$ by ! roots1 & passes into ! tissues ( ! plant1 :]e a "p ( x is decompos$1 & goes to ! =mation ( c]ta9 ( its organic comp\nds2 :ile by f> ! l>g] quantity1 9 place ( rema9+ 9 x1 is aga9 exhal$ by ! leaves4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is takes place is v l>ge4 ,hales f\nd t a sunfl[] exhal$ 9 twelve h\rs ab\t #a lb4 #e oz4 ( wat]1 b ?is quantity 0 liable to consid]able v>iation1 be+ great] 9 dry1 & less 9 wet wea!r1 & mu* dim9i%$ dur+ ! night4 ,saussure made simil> exp]im5ts1 & obs]v$ t ! quantity ( wat] exhal$ by a sunfl[] am\nt$ to ab\t #bbj lb4 9 f\r mon?s4 ,! exhalation ( plants has rec5tly be5 exam9$ ) great accuracy by ,lawes4 ,8 exp]im5ts 7 made by plant+ s+le plants ( :eat1 b>ley1 beans1 peas1 & clov]1 9 l>ge glass j>s capable ( hold+ ab\t #db lb4 ( soil1 & cov]$ ) glass plates1 furni%$ ) a hole 9 ! c5tre = ! passage ( ! /em ( ! plant4 ,wat] 0 suppli$ to ! soil at c]ta9 int]vals1 & ! j>s 7 c>efully weigh$4 ,! result ( ! exp]im5ts1 cont9u$ dur+ a p]iod ( #agb days1 is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 :i* %[s ! total quantity ( wat] exhal$ 9 gra9s3-- ,:eat #aac1ebg ,b>ley #abj1jbe ,beans #aab1bca ,peas #aji1jhb ,clov]1 cut #bh? ,june #ee1jic ,x fur!r appe>s1 t ! exhalation is n uni=m1 b increases dur+ ! active gr[? ( ! plant1 & dim9i%es aga9 :5 t p]iod is pass$4 ,^! v>iations are %[n by ! subjo9$ tables1 ( :i* ! fir/ gives ! total exhalation1 & ! second ! av]age daily loss ( wat] dur+ c]ta9 p]iods4 ,,table ,i4--,%[+ ! ,numb] ( ,gra9s ( ,wat] giv5 (f by ! ,plants dur+ /at$ divisional ,p]iods ( _! ,gr[?4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,description#i ,days4 #ca ,days4#bg ,days4#cd ,days4#cj ,days4#ad ,days4 #bg ,days4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ( ,plant4 ,f ,f ,f ,f ,f ,f ,f ,m>4 #ai,m>4 #bh ,apr4 #bh ,may #be ,june #bh ,july #bh ,aug4 #aa to to to to to to to ,m>4 #bh4;,apr4 #bh4,may #be4 ,june #bh4;,july #bh4;,aug4 #aa4 ,sept4 #g4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,:eat #abi #abfh #d1che #dj1jcj #df1jfj #ae1dbj #fbce ,b>ley #abi #ahfg #ab1jbi #cg1dhj #de1jfj #ag1jdf #fdad ,beans #hh #ahed #d1hdf #cj1aaj #eh1iej #ab1fbf #cfeg ,pease #aja #accb #b1hgc #cf1gae #fb1ghj #e1bha 444 ,clov] #djj #afde #b1idh #ej1ajj 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,,table ,,ii4--,%[+ ! av]age daily ,loss ( ,wat] 79 ,gra9s7 by ! ,plants1 )9 sev]al /at$ divisional ,p]iods ( _! ,gr[?4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,description#i ,days4 #ca ,days4#bg ,days4#cd ,days4#cj ,days4#ad ,days4#bg ,days4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------- ( ,plant4 ,f ,f ,f ,f ,f ,f ,f ,m>4 #ai ,m>4 #bh ,apr4 #bh ,may #be ,june #bh ,july #bh ,aug4 #aa to to to to to to to ,m>4 #bh4;,apr4 #bh4,may #be4 ,june #bh4;,july #bh4;,aug4 #aa4,sept4 #g4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,:eat #ad4c #dj4i #afb4d #aagg4d #aece4c #aaja4d #bcj4i ,b>ley #ad4c #fj4b #dde4e #aajb4c #aejb4j #abag4f #bcg4e ,beans #i4g #ei4h #agi4e #hhe4f #aife4j #ija4h #ace4d ,peas #aa4b #db4i #ajf4d #ajgi4h #bjib4g #cgg4b 444 ,clov] #dd4d #ec4j #aji4b #adgc4e 444 444 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,simil> exp]im5ts 7 made ) ! same plants 9 soils to :i* c]ta9 manures _h be5 add$1 & ) results g5]ally simil>4 ,calculat+ f ^! exp]im5ts1 we are l$ to ! app>5tly anomal\s conclusion t ! quantity ( wat] exhal$ by ! plants gr[+ on an acre ( l& greatly exce$s ! annual fall ( ra92 al?\gh x is obvi\s t ( all ! ra9 :i* falls1 only a small proportion c be absorb$ by ! plants gr[+ on ! soil1 = a l>ge quantity is c>ri$ (f by ! riv]s1 & nev] rea*es _! roots4 ,x has be5 calculat$1 = in/ance1 t ! ,?ames c>ries (f 9 ?is way at lea/ "o-?ird ( ! annual ra9 t falls 9 ! di/rict wat]$ by x1 & ! ,rh9e ne>ly f\r-fif?s4 ,( c\rse ?is l>ge exhalation mu/ dep5d on ! repeat$ absorption ( ! same quantity ( wat]1 :i*1 aft] be+ exhal$1 is aga9 deposit$ on ! soil 9 ! =m ( dew1 & passes repeat$ly ?r\gh ! plant4 ,?is con/ant p]colation ( wat] is ( imm5se importance to ! plant1 z x =ms ! *annel ?r\gh :i* "s ( its o!r con/itu5ts are c>ri$ to x4 ,c>bonic ,acid4--,:ile ! l>g] "p ( ! wat] :i* a plant requires is absorb$ by its roots1 ! rev]se is ! case ) c>bonic acid4 ,a c]ta9 proportion no d\bt is c>ri$ up ?r\gh ! roots by ! wat]1 :i* always conta9s a quantity ( t gas 9 solution1 b by f> ! l>g] proportion is directly absorb$ f ! air by ! leaves4 ,a simple exp]im5t ( ,b\ss+ault's illu/rates ?is absorption v /rik+ly4 ,he took a l>ge glass globe hav+ ?ree ap]tures1 ?r\gh "o ( :i* he introduc$ ! bran* ( a v9e1 ) tw5ty leaves on x4 ,) "o ( ! side ap]tures a tube 0 connect$1 by means ( :i* ! air c\ld be drawn sl[ly ?r\gh ! globe1 & into an app>atus 9 :i* its c>bonic acid 0 accurately det]m9$4 ,he f\nd1 9 ?is way1 t :ile ! air :i* ent]$ ! globe conta9$ #j4jjjd ( c>bonic acid1 t :i* escap$ conta9$ only #j4jjja1 s t ?ree-f\r?s ( ! c>bonic acid _h be5 absorb$4 ,ammonia & ,nitric ,acid4--,little is kn[n reg>d+ ! mode 9 :i* ^! sub/ances ent] ! plant4 ,x is usually suppos$ t !y are entirely absorb$ by ! roots1 & no d\bt ! great] proportion is tak5 up 9 ?is way1 b x is v probable t !y may also be absorb$ by ! leaves1 at lea/ ! addition ( ammonia to ! air 9 :i* plants are gr[n1 mat]ially accel]ates vegetation4 ,x is probable1 h[ev]1 t ! ra9 c>ries d[n ! ammonia to ! roots1 & !re is no d\bt t t d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( ! nitrog5\s matt]s 9 ! soil is s absorb$4 ,inorganic ,con/itu5ts4--,! inorganic con/itu5ts ( c\rse are entirely absorb$ by ! roots2 & x is z a solv5t = !m t ! l>ge quantity ( wat] cont9ually pass+ ?r\gh ! plants is s important4 ,!y exi/ 9 ! soil 9 p>ticul> /ates ( comb9ation1 9 :i* !y are sc>cely soluble 9 wat]4 ,b _! solubility is increas$ by ! pres5ce ( c>bonic acid conta9$ 9 ! wat]1 & :i* causes x to dissolve1 to "s ext5t1 sub/ances o!rwise insoluble4 ,x is 9 ?is way t lime1 :i* occurs 9 ! soil pr9cipally z ! insoluble c>bonate1 is dissolv$ & absorb$4 ,& phosphate ( lime is also tak5 up by wat] conta9+ c>bonic acid1 or ev5 common salt 9 solution4 ,! am\nt ( solubility produc$ by ^! sub/ances is extremely small2 b x is suffici5t = ! purpose ( supply+ to ! plant z mu* ( its m9]al con/itu5ts z are requir$1 = ! quantity ( wat] :i*1 z we h already se51 passes ?r\gh a plant is v l>ge :5 comp>$ ) ! am\nt ( inorganic matt]s absorb$4 ,x has be5 %[n by ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 t ab\t #bjjj gra9s ( wat] pass ?r\gh a plant = e gra9 ( m9]al matt] fix$ 9 x1 s t !re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ ! absorption takes place4 ,x is wor?y ( notice1 h[ev]1 t ! absorption ( ! elem5ts ( plants takes place ev5 ?\gh !y may n be 9 solution 9 ! soil1 ! roots app>5tly possess+ ! p[] ( directly act+ on & dissolv+ insoluble matt]s2 b a di/9ction mu/ be drawn betwe5 ?is & ! view ent]ta9$ by ,je?ro ,tull1 :o suppos$ t !y might be absorb$ 9 ! solid /ate1 provid$ !y 7 r$uc$ to a /ate ( suffici5t comm9ution4 ,x is n[ no long] d\bt$ t1 :atev] action ! roots may ex]t1 ! con/itu5ts ( ! plant mu/ be 9 solution be=e !y c pass into x--exp]im5t hav+ di/9ctly %[n t ! spongioles or ap]tures ?r\gh :i* ?is absorption takes place are too m9ute to admit ev5 ! smalle/ solid p>ticle4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,! ,,proximate ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,plants4 ,! sub/ances absorb$ by ! plant1 :i* are ( simple composition1 & conta9 only two elem5ts1 are elaborat$ )9 x1 & conv]t$ into ! _m complicat$ comp\nds ( :i* its mass is compos$4 ,"s ( ^!1 z1 = example1 ! col\r+ matt]s ( madd] & indigo1 ! n>cotic pr9ciple ( ! poppy1 c41 are conf9$ to a s+le species1 or small gr\p ( plants1 :ile o!rs are f\nd 9 all plants1 & =m ! ma9 bulk ( _! tissues4 ,! latt] are ! only sub/ances :i* claim notice 9 a treatise l ! pres5t4 ,!y h be5 divid$ into ?ree great classes1 ( widely diff]5t prop]ties1 composition1 & functions4 #a/4 ,! ,sac*>9e & ,amylace\s ,con/itu5ts4--,^! sub/ances are comp\nds ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 & all possess a c]ta9 degree ( simil>ity 9 composition1 ! quantities ( hydrog5 & oxyg5 !y conta9 be+ always 9 ! proportion requir$ to =m wat]1 s t !y may be consid]$ z comp\nds ( c>bon & wat]2 n t x c be ass]t$ t !y actually d conta9 wat]1 z su*1 = ( t !re is no evid5ce1 b only t its elem5ts are pres5t 9 ! proportion to =m x4 ,cellulose4--,?is sub/ance =ms ! fundam5tal "p ( all plants4 ,x is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( woody fibre1 & is f\nd 9 a /ate ( purity 9 ! fibre ( cotton & flax1 & 9 ! pi? ( plants2 b 9 wood x is g5]ally contam9at$ ) ano!r sub/ance1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n incru/+ matt]1 because x is deposit$ 9 & ar\nd ! cells ( :i* ! plant is 9 "p compos$4 ,cellulose is insoluble 9 all m5/rua1 b1 :5 boil$ = a long "t ) sulphuric acid1 is conv]t$ into a sub/ance call$ dextr9e4 ,cellulose consi/s (-- ,f pi? ( ,eld]-tree4 ,spongioles ( roots4 ,c>bon #dc4cg #dc4jj ,hydrog5 #f4jd #f4ah ,oxyg5 #ej4ei #ej4hb ------- ------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,x is repres5t$ *emically by ! =mula1 ,c#bd;,h#ba,o#ba1 :i* %[s x to be a comp\nd ( #bd atoms ( c>bon ) #ba ( hydrog5 & #ba ( oxyg54 ,incru/+ matt]4--,l>ge quantities ( ?is sub/ance ent] into ! composition ( all plants4 ,( its *emical nature little is kn[n1 z x _c be obta9$ sep>ate f cellulose1 b x is analog\s to t sub/ance 9 its composition1 & probably conta9s hydrog5 & oxyg5 9 ! proportion to =m wat]4 ,/>*4--,/>* is "o ( ! mo/ abundant con/itu5ts ( plants1 & is f\nd 9 mo/ se$s1 z ^? ( ! c]eals & ! legum9\s plants2 9 ! tub]s ( ! potatoe1 ! bulbs ( tulips1 c4 c4 ,x is obta9$ by plac+ a quantity ( :eat fl\r 9 a bag1 & knead+ x "u a g5tle /ream ( wat]4 ,:5 ! wat] is all[$ to /&1 x deposits ! />* z a f9e :ite p[d]1 :i*1 :5 exam9$ by ! microscope1 is f\nd to be compos$ ( m9ute gra9s1 =m$ ( conc5tric lay]s deposit$ on "o ano!r4 ,^! gra9s v>y consid]ably 9 size & /ructure 9 diff]5t plants2 b 9 ! same plant !y are g5]ally s mu* alike z to admit ( _! recognition by a practis$ obs]v]4 ,!y 7 =m]ly believ$ to be compos$ ( an ext]nal coat+ ( a sub/ance insoluble 9 wat]1 & conta9+ 9 _! int]ior a soluble k]nel2 b ?is op9ion has be5 refut$1 & di/9ct evid5ce be5 br\ght to %[ t ! ext]ior & int]ior ( ! globules are id5tical 9 *emical prop]ties4 ,/>* is insoluble 9 cold wat]1 b by boil+1 x dissolves1 =m+ a ?ick pa/e4 ,by long cont9u$ boil+ ) wat] conta9+ a small quantity ( acid1 x is completely dissolv$ & conv]t$ into dextr9e1 & ev5tually into sug>4 ,! same *ange is produc$ by ! action ( f]m5t+ sub/ances1 su* z ! extract ( malt2 :5 heat$ 9 ! dry /ate to a temp]ature ( ab\t #cij ,fahr41 x becomes soluble 9 cold wat]4 ,x is di/+ui%$ by giv+ a brilliant blue comp\nd ) iod9e4 ,/>* conta9s-- ,c>bon #dd4dg ,hydrog5 #f4bh ,oxyg5 #di4be ------ #ajj4jj & its composition is repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#ab;,h#aj,o#aj1 s t x diff]s b little f cellulose 9 composition1 al?\gh its *emical functions 9 ! plant are extremely diff]5t4 ,x is connect$ ) "s ( ! mo/ important *anges :i* occur 9 ! gr[+ plants1 & by a s]ies ( rem>kable trans=mations is conv]t$ into sug> & o!r important comp\nds4 ,li*5 ,/>* is f\nd 9 mo/ species ( li*5s1 & is di/+ui%$ f common />* by produc+ a gre5 col\r ) iod9e4 ,its composition is ! same z t ( ord9>y />*4 ,inul9e4--,! species ( />* to :i* ?is "n is giv5 is *>act]is$ by its dissolv+ 9 boil+ wat]1 & giv+ a :ite pulv]ul5t deposit 9 cool+4 ,x is f\nd 9 ! tub] ( ! dahlia1 9 ! d&elion1 & "s o!r plants4 ,its composition is id5tical ) t ( cellulose1 & its =mula is ,c#bd;,h#ba,o#ba4 ,gum is excret$ f v>i\s plants z a ?ick fluid1 :i* dries up into transp>5t masses4 ,its composition is id5tical ) t ( />*4 ,x dissolves readily 9 cold wat]1 & is conv]t$ into sug> by long cont9u$ boil+ ) acids4 ,its prop]ties are be/ m>k$ 9 gum arabic1 :i* is obta9$ f v>i\s species ( acacia2 t f o!r plants diff]s to "s ext5t1 al?\gh its *emical composition is ! same4 ,dextr9e4--,:5 />* is expos$ to a heat ( ab\t #djj deg41 or :5 treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 or ) a sub/ance extract$ f malt call$ dia/ase1 x is conv]t$ into dextr9e4 ,x may also be obta9$ f cellulose by a simil> treatm5t4 ,! dextr9e s obta9$ has ! same composition z ! />* f :i* x is produc$1 b its prop]ties m ne>ly resemble ^? ( gum4 ,x plays a v important "p 9 ! process ( g]m9ation1 & may be conv]t$ into sug> on ! "o h&1 & app>5tly also into />* on ! o!r4 ,sug>4--,"u ?is "n are includ$ f\r or five di/9ct sub/ances1 ( :i* ! mo/ important are1 cane sug>1 grape sug>1 & ! uncry/allisable sug> f\nd 9 _m plants4 ,cane ,sug>4--,?is v>iety ( sug>1 z its "n implies1 is f\nd mo/ abundantly 9 ! sug> cane1 b x occurs also 9 ! maple1 beet-root1 & v>i\s species ( palms1 f all ( :i* x is extract$ on ! l>ge scale4 ,x is extremely soluble 9 wat]1 & c be obta9$ 9 l>ge transp>5t prismatic cry/als1 z 9 common sug>-c&y4 ,x swells up1 & is conv]t$ into a br[n sub/ance call$ c>amel1 :5 heat$1 & by contact ) f]m5t+ sub/ances1 yields alcohol & c>bonic acid4 ,x conta9s-- ,c>bon #db4bb ,hydrog5 #f4fj ,oxyg5 #ea4ah ------ #ajj4jj & its *emical =mula is ,c#ab;,h#aa,o#aa4 ,grape ,sug> is met ) 9 ! grape1 & mo/ o!r fruits1 z well z 9 honey4 ,x is produc$ artificially :5 />* is boil$ = a long "t ) sulphuric acid1 or treat$ ) a l>ge quantity ( dia/ase4 ,x is less soluble 9 wat] ?an cane sug>1 & cry/allises 9 small r\nd gra9s4 ,its composition1 :5 dri$ at #bhd deg41 is-- ,c>bon #dj4jj ,hydrog5 #f4ff ,oxyg5 #ec4cd ------ #ajj4jj & its =mula is ,c#ab;,h#ab,o#ab2 b :5 cry/allis$ x conta9s two equival5ts ( wat]1 & is !n repres5t$ by ! =mula ,c#ab;,h#ab,o#ab #b;,h#b,o4 ,! uncry/allisable sug> ( plants is closely alli$ to grape sug>1 &1 s f> z at pres5t kn[n1 has ! same composition1 al?\gh1 f ! difficulty ( obta9+ x q free f cry/allis$ sug>1 ?is is /ill unc]ta94 ,mucilage is ! "n appli$ to ! sub/ance exi/+ 9 l9se$1 & 9 _m o!r se$s1 & :i* communicates to !m ! prop]ty ( swell+ up & becom+ gelat9\s :5 treat$ ) wat]4 ,x is f\nd 9 a /ate ( consid]able purity 9 gum tragacan? & "s o!r gums4 ,its composition is n kn[n ) absolute c]ta9ty1 b x is ei!r ,c#bd;,h#ai,o#ai1 or ,c#ab;,h#aj,o#aj2 & 9 ! latt] case x mu/ be id5tical ) />* & gum4 ,x w be obs]v$ t all ! sub/ances belong+ to ?is class are v closely relat$ 9 *emical composition1 "s ( !m1 z />* & gum1 ?\gh easily di/+ui%$ by _! prop]ties1 be+ id5tical 9 con/itution1 :ile o!rs only diff] 9 ! quantity ( wat]1 or ( its elem5ts :i* !y conta94 ,9 fact1 !y may all be consid]$ z comp\nds ( c>bon & wat]1 & _! relations are1 p]haps1 m di/9ctly se5 :5 _! =mulae are writt5 s z to %[ ?is1 z is done 9 ! foll[+ table1 9 ! second column ( :i* ^? conta9+ twelve equival5ts ( c>bon are d\bl$1 s z to make !m comp>able ) cellulose3-- ,wat]4 ,grape sug>1 ,c#ab;,h#ab,o#ab ,c#bd;,h#bd,o#bd ,c#bd #bd ,cane sug>1 ,c#ab;,h#aa,o#aa ,c#bd;,h#bb,o#bb ,c#bd #bb ,cellulose1 ,c#bd;,h#ba,o#ba ,c#bd;,h#ba,o#ba ,c#bd #ba ,inul9e1 ,c#bd;,h#ba,o#ba ,c#bd;,h#ba,o#ba ,c#bd #ba ,/>*1 ,c#ab;,h#aj,o#aj ,c#bd;,h#bj,o#bj ,c#bd #bj ,dextr9e1 ,c#ab;,h#aj,o#aj ,c#bd;,h#bj,o#bj ,c#bd #bj ,gum1 ,c#ab;,h#aj,o#aj ,c#bd;,h#bj,o#bj ,c#bd #bj ,mucilage1 ,c#ab;,h#aj,o#aj ,c#bd;,h#bj,o#bj ,c#bd #bj ,! relation betwe5 ^! sub/ances be+ s close1 x is n difficult to und]/& h[ "o may be conv]t$ into ano!r by ! addition or subtraction ( wat]4 ,?us1 cellulose has only to absorb an equival5t ( wat] to become grape sug>1 or to lose an equival5t 9 ord] to be conv]t$ into />*1 & we %all aft]w>ds see t su* *anges d actually occur 9 ! plant dur+ ! process ( g]m9ation4 ,pect9e & ,pectic ,acid4--,^! sub/ances are met ) 9 _m fruits & roots1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! apple1 ! c>rot1 & ! turnip4 ,!y diff] f ! />* gr\p 9 conta9+ m oxyg5 ?an is requir$ to =m wat] along ) _! hydrog52 b _! exact composition is /ill unc]ta91 & !y und]go num]\s *anges dur+ ! rip5+ ( ! fruit4 #b;d4 ,oily or ,fatty ,matt]s4--,! oily con/itu5ts ( plants =m a r ext5sive gr\p ( sub/ances all closely alli$1 b di/+ui%$ by m9or diff]5ces 9 prop]ties & con/itution4 ,"s ( !m are v widely di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! vegetable k+dom1 b o!rs are almo/ peculi> to individual plants4 ,!y are all comp\nds ( c>bon1 hydrog51 & oxyg51 & are at once di/+ui%$ f ! prec$+ class1 by conta9+ mu* less oxyg5 ?an is requir$ to =m wat] ) _! hydrog54 ,! pr9cipal con/itu5ts ( ! fatty matt]s & oils ( plants are ?ree sub/ances1 call$ /e>9e1 m>g>9e1 & ole9e1 ! two =m] solids1 ! latt] a fluid2 & !y r>ely1 if ev]1 occur alone1 b are mix$ toge!r 9 v>iable proportions1 & ! fluidity ( ! oils is due pr9cipally to ! quantity ( ! la/ :i* !y conta94 ,if olive oil be expos$ to cold1 x is se5 to become p>tially solid2 & if x be !n press$1 a fluid fl[s out1 & a cry/all9e sub/ance rema9s2 ! =m] is ole9e1 ?\gh n absolutely pure1 & ! latt] m>g>9e4 ,! p]fect sep>ation ( ^! sub/ances involves a v>iety ( tr\blesome *emical processes2 & :5 x has be5 effect$1 x is f\nd t ea* ( !m is a comp\nd ( a peculi> acid1 ) ano!r sub/ance hav+ a sweet ta/e1 & :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( glyc]9e1 or ! sweet pr9ciple ( oil4 ,glyc]9e1 z x exi/s 9 ! fats1 appe>s to be a comp\nd ( ,c#c;,h#b,o1 & its prop]ties are ! same f :atev] s\rce x is obta9$4 ,! acids sep>at$ f x are kn[n by ! names ( m>g>ic1 /e>ic1 & oleic acids4 ,m>g>ic ,acid is be/ obta9$ pure by boil+ olive oil ) an alkali until x is saponifi$1 & decompos+ ! soap ) an acid1 express+ ! m>g>ic acid1 :i* sep>ates1 & cry/allis+ x f alcohol4 ,x is a :ite cry/all9e fusible solid1 insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 alcohol & 9 solutions ( ! alkalies4 ,its composition is-- ,c>bon #ge4ef ,hydrog5 #ab4ei ,oxyg5 #aa4he ------ #ajj4jj & its =mula ,c#cd;,h#cd,o#d4 ,/e>ic ,acid4--,al?\gh ?is acid exi/s 9 _m plants1 x is mo/ conv5i5tly extract$ f l>d4 ,x is a cry/all9e solid less fusible ?an m>g>ic acid1 b closely resembl+ x 9 its o!r prop]ties4 ,its =mula is ,c#cf;,h#cf,o#d4 ,oleic ,acid4--,"u ?is "n two diff]5t sub/ances appe> to be includ$4 ,x has be5 appli$ g5]ally to ! fluid acids ( all oils1 :ile x w\ld appe> t ! dry+ & non-dry+ oils actually conta9 sub/ances ( diff]5t composition4 ,! acid extract$ f olive oil appe>s to h ! =mula ,c#cf;,h#cd,o#d1 :ile t f l9se$ oil is ,c#df;,h#ch,o#f1 b ?is is /ill d\btful4 ,o!r fatty acids h be5 detect$ 9 palm oil1 cocoa-nut oil1 c4 c41 :i* s closely resemble m>g>ic & /e>ic acids z to be easily conf\nd$ ) !m4 ,?\gh pres5t+ _m po9ts ( int]e/1 x is unnecess>y to describe !m 9 detail "h4 ,wax is a sub/ance closely alli$ to ! oils4 ,x consi/s ( two sub/ances1 c]9e & myric9e1 :i* are sep>at$ f "o ano!r by boil+ alcohol1 9 :i* ! =m] is m soluble4 ,!y are extremely complex 9 composition1 ! =m] consi/+ pr9cipally ( an acid simil> to ! fatty acids1 call$ c]otic acid1 & conta9+ ,c#ed;,h#ed,o#d4 ,! latt] has ! =mula ,c#ib;,h#ib,o#d4 ,! wax f\nd 9 ! leaves ( ! lilac & o!r plants appe>s to consi/ ( myric9e1 :ile t extract$ f ! sug>-cane is said to be diff]5t1 & to h ! =mula ,c#dh;,h#ej,o#b4 ,x is probable t o!r plants conta9 diff]5t sorts ( wax1 b _! inve/igation is /ill s incomplete1 t no?+ def9ite c be said reg>d+ !m4 ,wax & fats appe> to be produc$ 9 ! plant f />* & sug>2 at lea/ x is unque/ionable t ! bee is capable ( produc+ ! =m] f sug>1 & we %all aft]w>ds see t a simil> *ange is mo/ probably produc$ 9 ! plant4 ,! fatty matt]s conta9$ 9 animals are id5tical ) ^? ( plants4 #c;d4 ,nitrog5\s or ,album9\s ,con/itu5ts ( ,plants & ,animals4--,! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( plants & animals are s closely alli$1 bo? 9 prop]ties & composition1 t !y may be mo/ advantage\sly consid]$ toge!r4 ,album54--,vegetable album5 is f\nd dissolv$ 9 ! juices ( mo/ plants1 & is abundant 9 t ( ! potato1 ! turnip1 & :eat4 ,9 ^! juices x exi/s 9 a soluble /ate1 b :5 its solution is heat$ to ab\t #aej deg41 x coagulates into a flocky insoluble sub/ance4 ,x is also ?r[n d[n by acids & alcohol4 ,coagulat$ album5 is soluble 9 alkalies & 9 nitric acid4 ,animal album5 exi/s 9 ! :ite ( eggs1 ! s]um ( blood1 & ! juice ( fle%2 & f all ^! s\rces is sc>cely di/+ui%able 9 its prop]ties f vegetable album54 ,x is a sub/ance ( v complicat$ composition1 & *emi/s are n agre$ z to ! =mula by :i* its con/itution is to be express$1 a difficulty :i* occurs also ) mo/ ( ! o!r nitrog5\s comp\nds4 ,! results ( ! analyses ( album5 f diff]5t s\rces are h[ev] q id5tical1 z may be se5 f ^? subjo9$-- ,f ,f ,f ,f ,:eat4 ,potatoes4 ,blood4 ,:ite ( ,egg4 ,c>bon #ec4g #ec4a #ec4d #ec4j ,hydrog5 #g4a #g4b #g4j #g4a ,nitrog5 #ae4f 444 #ae4e #ae4f ,oxyg5 444 #bb4a #bb4i ,sulphur #bc4f #j4ig #a4f #a4a ,phosphorus 444 #j4d #j4c ----- ----- ----- #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ,closely alli$ to vegetable album5 is ! sub/ance kn[n by ! "n ( glut91 :i* is obta9$ by boil+ ! glut5 ( :eat ) alcohol4 ,x appe>s to be a sort ( coagulat$ album51 ) :i* its composition completely agrees4 ,vegetable ,fibr9e4--,if a quantity ( :eat fl\r be ti$ up 9 a piece ( clo?1 & knead$ = "s "t "u wat]1 ! />* x conta9s is gradually wa%$ out1 & !re rema9s a quantity ( a glut9\s sub/ance call$ glut54 ,:5 ?is is boil$ ) alcohol1 ! glut9 above ref]r$ to is extract$1 & vegetable fibr9e is left4 ,x dissolves 9 dilute pota%1 & on ! addition ( acetic acid is deposit$ 9 a pure /ate4 ,treat$ ) hydro*loric acid1 dilut$ ) t5 times its weight ( wat]1 x swells up into a jelly-l mass4 ,:5 boil$ or pres]v$ = a long "t "u wat]1 x _c be di/+ui%$ f coagulat$ album54 ,animal ,fibr9e exi/s 9 ! blood & ! muscles1 & agrees 9 all its *>act]s & composition ) vegetable fibr9e1 z is %[n by ! subjo9$ analyses-- ,:eat ,fl\r4 ,blood4 ,fle%4 ,c>bon #ec4a #eb4e #ec4c ,hydrog5 #g4j #f4i #g4a ,nitrog5 #ae4f #ae4e #ae4c ,oxyg5 #bc4b #bd4j #bc4a ,sulphur #a4a #a4a #a4b ----- ----- ----- #ajj4j #ajj4j #ajj4j ,case9e4--,vegetable case9e exi/s abundantly 9 mo/ plants1 especially 9 ! se$s1 & rema9s 9 ! juice aft] album5 has be5 precipitat$ by heat1 f :i* x may be sep>at$ 9 flocks by ! addition ( an acid4 ,x has be5 obta9$ = *emical exam9ation1 pr9cipally f peas & beans1 & f ! almond & oats4 ,:5 prep>$ f ! pea x has be5 call$ legum9e1 f almonds emuls9e1 & f oats av59e2 b !y are all ?ree id5tical 9 _! prop]ties1 al?\gh =m]ly believ$ to be diff]5t1 & di/+ui%$ by ^! names4 ,vegetable case9e is be/ obta9$ by treat+ peas or beans ) hot wat]1 & /ra9+ ! fluid4 ,on /&+1 ! />* held 9 susp5sion is deposit$1 & ! case9e is reta9$ 9 solution 9 ! alkal9e fluid2 by ! addition ( an acid x is precipitat$ z a ?ick curd4 ,case9e is insoluble 9 wat]1 b dissolves readily 9 alkalies2 its solution is n coagulat$ by heat1 b1 on evaporation1 becomes cov]$ ) a ?9 pellicle1 :i* is r5ew$ z (t5 z x is remov$4 ,animal ,case9e is ! pr9cipal con/itu5t ( milk1 & is obta9$ by ! cauti\s addition ( an acid to skimm$ milk1 by :i* x is precipitat$ z a ?ick :ite curd4 ,x is also obta9$ by ! use ( r5net1 & ! process ( curd+ milk is simply ! coagulation ( its case9e4 ,x is soluble 9 alkalies1 & precipitat$ f its solution by acids1 & 9 all o!r respects agrees ) vegetable case9e4 ,! composition ( animal case9e has be5 well asc]ta9$1 b consid]able d\bt /ill exi/s z to t ( vegetable case9e1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( obta9+ x absolutely pure4 ,! analyses ( diff]5t *emi/s give r discordant results1 b we h giv5 ^? :i* appe> mo/ tru/wor?y-- ,f ,peas4 ,c>bon #ej4f #ej4g ,hydrog5 #f4h #f4f ,nitrog5 #af4e #ae4h ,oxyg5 #be4f #bc4h ,sulphur #j4e #j4h ,phosphorus 444 #b4c ----- ----- #ajj4j #ajj4j ,o!r results diff] consid]ably f ^!1 & "s obs]v]s h ev5 obta9$ z mu* z eighte5 p] c5t ( nitrog5 & fifty-?ree ( c>bon4 ,! composition ( animal case9e diff]s f ?is pr9cipally 9 ! am\nt ( c>bon4 ,its composition is-- ,c>bon #ec4f ,hydrog5 #g4a ,nitrog5 #ae4h ,oxyg5 #bb4e ,sulphur #a4j ----- #ajj4j ,! mo/ cursory exam9ation ( ^! analytical numb]s is suffici5t to %[ t a v close relation subsi/s betwe5 ! diff]5t sub/ances j describ$4 ,inde$1 ) ! exception ( vegetable case9e1 !y may be said all to pres5t ! same composition2 &1 z already m5tion$1 !re are analyses ( x :i* w\ld class x completely ) ! o!rs4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! quantities ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg5 are ! same1 diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! sulphur & phosphorus !y conta91 & :i*1 ?\gh v small 9 quantity1 are indubitably ess5tial to !m4 ,mu* importance has be5 attribut$ to ^! con/itu5ts by v>i\s *emi/s1 & especially by ,muld]1 :o has endeav\r$ to make out t all ! album9\s sub/ances are comp\nds ( a sub/ance to :i* he has giv5 ! "n ( prote9e1 ) diff]5t quantities ( sulphur & phosphorus4 ,! composition ( prote9e1 accord+ to 8 newe/ exp]im5ts1 is-- ,c>bon #ed4j ,hydrog5 #g4a ,nitrog5 #af4j ,oxyg5 #ba4d ,sulphur #a4e ----- #ajj4j & is exactly ! same f :atev] album9\s comp\nd x is obta9$4 ,al?\gh ! importance ( prote9e is probably n s great z ,muld] suppos$1 x af=ds an important illu/ration ( ! close simil>ity ( ! diff]5t sub/ances f :i* x is obta9$1 ! m especially z !re is e reason to believe t ! diff]5t album9\s comp\nds are capable ( *ang+ into "o ano!r1 j z />* & sug> are mutually conv]tible2 & ! possibility ( ?is *ange ?r[s mu* light on _m ( ! ph5om5a ( nutrition 9 plants & animals4 ,inde$1 x w\ld seem probable t ^! comp\nds are =m$ f _! elem5ts by plants only1 & are m]ely assimilat$ by animals to produce ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts !y conta94 ,dia/ase is ! "n appli$ to a sub/ance exi/+ 9 malt1 & obta9$ by mac]at+ t sub/ance ) cold wat]1 & add+ a quantity ( alcohol to ! fluid1 :5 ! dia/ase is imm$iately precipitat$ 9 :ite flocks4 ,x is produc$ dur+ ! malt+ process1 & is n f\nd 9 ! unmalt$ b>ley4 ,its *emical composition is unkn[n1 b x is nitrog5\s1 & is believ$ to be produc$ by ! decomposition ( glut54 ,if a v small quantity ( dia/ase be mix$ ) />* susp5d$ 9 hot wat]1 ! />* is f\nd gradually to dissolve1 & to pass fir/ into ! /ate ( dextr9e1 !n into t ( sug>4 ,! *ange ?us effect$ takes place also 9 a precisely simil> mann] 9 ! plant1 dia/ase be+ produc$ dur+ ! process ( g]m9ation ( all se$s & tub]s1 = ! purpose ( effect+ ?is *ange1 & to fulfil o!r functions less und]/ood1 b no d\bt equally important4 ,dia/ase is f\nd 9 ! se$s only dur+ ! p]iod :5 ! />* !y conta9 is pass+ into sug>2 z soon z t *ange has tak5 place1 its function is end$1 & x disappe>s4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,! ,,*anges ,,:i* ,,take ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,food ,,( ,,plants ,,dur+ ,,_! ,,gr[?4 ,! simple comp\nds :i* ! plant absorbs f ! atmosph]e & soil are elaborat$ )9 its sy/em1 & conv]t$ into ! v>i\s complex sub/ances ( :i* its tissues are compos$1 by a s]ies ( *anges1 ! details ( :i* are /ill 9 "s respects imp]fectly kn[n1 al?\gh _! g5]al nature is suffici5tly well und]/ood4 ,!y may be be/ r5d]$ intelligible by ref]5ce1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 to ! *anges occurr+ dur+ g]m9ation1 :5 ! "y plant is n\ri%$ by a supply ( food /or$ up 9 ! se$1 9 suffici5t quantity to ma9ta9 its exi/5ce until ! organs by :i* x is aft]w>ds to draw its nutrim5t f ! air & soil are suffici5tly develop$ to s]ve t purpose4 ,*anges occurr+ dur+ ,g]m9ation4--,:5 a se$ is plac$ 9 ! soil "u fav\rable circum/ances1 x becomes ! seat ( an important & rem>kable s]ies ( *emical *anges1 :i* result 9 ! production ( ! "y plant4 ,exp]im5t & obs]vation h %[n t heat1 moi/ure1 & air1 are necess>y to ! production ( ^! *anges1 & ?\gh probably n absolutely ess5tial1 ! abs5ce ( light is fav\rable 9 ! e>ly /ages4 ,! temp]ature requir$ = g]m9ation v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t se$s1 "s g]m9at+ readily at a few degrees above ! freez+ po9t1 & o!rs requir+ a tol]ably high temp]ature4 ,! rapidity ) :i* x takes place appe>s to increase ) ! temp]ature2 b ?is is true only )9 v n>r[ limits1 = beyond a c]ta9 po9t heat is injuri\s1 & :5 x exce$s #abj deg4 or #acj deg4 ,fahr5heit1 entirely prev5ts ! process4 ,! pres5ce ( oxyg5 is also ess5tial1 = x has be5 %[n t if se$s are plac$ 9 a soil expos$ to an atmosph]e depriv$ ( t elem5t1 or if !y be buri$ s deep t ! air does n rea* !m1 !y may lie )\t *ange = an unlimit$ p]iod2 b s soon z !y are expos$ to ! air1 g]m9ation imm$iately comm5ces4 ,illu/rations ( ?is fact are frequ5tly obs]v$ :]e e>? f a consid]able dep? has be5 ?r[n up to ! surface1 :5 x (t5 becomes cov]$ ) plants n usually se5 9 ! neighb\rhood1 :i* h sprung f buri$ se$s4 ,:5 all ! necess>y conditions = g]m9ation are fulfill$1 ! se$ absorbs moi/ure1 swells up1 & s5ds out a %oot :i* rises to ! surface1 & a radicle :i* desc5ds--! "o de/9$ to develop ! leaves1 ! o!r ! roots1 by :i* ! plant is aft]w>ds to d]ive its nutrim5t f ! air & ! soil4 ,b until ^! organs are prop]ly develop$1 ! plant is dep5d5t on ! matt]s conta9$ 9 ! se$ itself4 ,^! sub/ances are mo/ly insoluble1 b are br\ght into solution by ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 act+ ^u ! glut51 & conv]t+ x into a soluble sub/ance call$ dia/ase1 :i* 9 its turn reacts ^u ! />*1 conv]t+ x fir/ into dextr9e1 & !n into cellulose1 & ! latt] is f9ally deposit$ 9 ! =m ( organis$ cells1 & produces ! fir/ little %oot ( ! plant4 ,at ! fir/ mom5t ( g]m9ation1 ! oxyg5 absorb$ appe>s simply to oxidize ! con/itu5ts ( ! se$1 b ?is condition exi/s only = a v limit$ p]iod1 & is soon foll[$ by ! evolution ( c>bonic acid1 wat] be+ at ! same "t =m$ f ! organic con/itu5ts ( ! se$1 :i* gradually dim9i%es 9 weight4 ,! am\nt ( ?is dim9ution is diff]5t ) diff]5t plants1 b always consid]able4 ,b\ss+ault f\nd t ! loss ( dry sub/ance 9 ! pea am\nt$ 9 #bf days to #eb p] c5t1 & 9 :eat to #eg p] c5t 9 #ea days4 ,aga9/ ?is1 ( c\rse1 is to be put ! weight ( ! "y plant produc$2 b ?is is nev] suffici5t to c\nt]balance ! dim9i%$ weight ( ! se$1 = ,saussure f\nd t a horse bean & ! plant produc$ f x weigh$1 aft] #af days1 less by #bi p] c5t ?an ! se$ be=e g]m9ation4 ,! same ph5om5on is obs]v$ 9 ! process ( malt+1 :i* is 9 fact ! artificial g]m9ation ( b>ley1 ! malt produc$ always weigh+ consid]ably less ?an ! gra9 f :i* x 0 obta9$4 ,x 0 believ$ by ,saussure1 & ! old] inve/igators1 t ! c>bonic acid evolv$ 0 entirely produc$ f />* & sug>2 & z ^! sub/ances may be view$ z comp\nds ( c>bon & wat]1 ! *ange 0 v simply expla9$ by suppos+ t ! c>bon 0 oxidis$ & conv]t$ into c>bonic acid & its wat] elim9at$4 ,b ?is hypo!sis is incapable ( expla9+ all ! ph5om5a obs]v$2 = woody fibre1 :i* is "o ( ! *ief con/itu5ts ( ! "y plant1 conta9s m c>bon ?an ! />* & sug> f :i* x mu/ h be5 produc$1 & we are1 !re=e1 =c$ to admit t ! action mu/ be m complicat$4 ,!re is e reason to believe t ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! se$ are mo/ abundantly oxidiz$1 = !y are rem>kably prone to *ange2 b ! action ( ! air is n conf9$ to !m1 & x appe>s mo/ probable t all ! sub/ances take "p 9 ! decomposition1 & ! process ( g]m9ation may1 9 "s respects1 be comp>$ to decay or putrefaction1 :i*1 l x1 is att5d$ by ! absorption ( oxyg5 & evolution ( c>bonic acid2 b :ile 9 ! latt] case ! residual sub/ances rema9 9 a useless /ate1 9 ! =m] !y at once become "p ( a new organism4 ,*anges occurr+ dur+ ! ,aft]-gr[? ( ! ,plant4--,:5 ! plant has develop$ its roots & leaves1 & exhau/$ ! /ore ( mat]ials laid up = x 9 ! se$1 x beg9s to d]ive its subsi/5ce f ! surr\nd+ air1 & to absorb c>bonic acid1 wat]1 ammonia1 & nitric acid1 & to decompose & conv]t !m into ! diff]5t con/itu5ts ( its tissues4 ,^! *anges take place sl[ly at fir/1 & m rapidly z ! organs fitt$ = ! elaboration ( its food are develop$4 ,! roots & ! leaves are equally active 9 p]=m+ ?is duty1 ! =m] absorb+ ! m9]al matt]s along ) ! c>bonic acid1 ammonia1 nitric acid1 & moi/ure 9 ! soil1 or ! manure add$ to x2 ! latt] ga!r+ ! gase\s sub/ances exi/+ 9 ! air4 ,ea* ( ^! und]goes a s]ies ( *anges claim+ our consid]ation4 ,decomposition ( ,c>bonic ,acid4--,c>bonic acid1 :i* appe>s to be absorb$ ) equal read9ess by ! roots1 leaves1 & /ems1 und]goes imm$iate decomposition1 its c>bon be+ reta9$1 & its oxyg51 9 :ole or 9 "p1 evolv$ into ! air4 ,?is decomposition occurs only "u ! action ( ! sun's rays1 & has be5 f\nd to be proportionate to ! am\nt ( light to :i* ! plant is expos$4 ,x takes place only 9 ! gre5 p>ts ( plants1 = ?\gh ! roots absorb c>bonic acid1 !y _c decompose x1 or evolve oxyg52 & ! col\r$ p>ts1 ! fl[]s1 fruits1 etc41 h an entirely opposite effect1 absorb+ oxyg5 & giv+ (f c>bonic acid4 ,! absorption ( c>bonic acid & escape ( oxyg5 has be5 prov$ by num]\s direct exp]im5ts by ,saussure & o!rs1 9 :i* bo? atmosph]ic air & artificial mixtures conta9+ an increas$ quantity ( c>bonic acid h be5 employ$4 ,saussure all[$ sev5 plants ( p]iw9kle 7,v9ca m9or7 to vegetate 9 an atmosph]e conta9+ #g4e p] c5t ( c>bonic acid = six days1 dur+ ea* ( :i* ! app>atus 0 expos$ = six h\rs to ! sun's rays4 ,! air 0 analys$ bo? be=e & aft] ! exp]im5t1 & ! results obta9$ 7-- ,volume ,c>bonic ( ! air4 ,nitrog54 ,oxyg54 ,acid4 ,be=e ! exp]im5t1 #egdf #daii #aaaf #dca ,aft] #egdf #dcch #adjh #j ---- ---- ---- ---- ,diff]5ce1 #j #aci #bib -#dca ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! :ole ( ! c>bonic acid1 am\nt+ to #dca volumes1 0 absorb$1 b only #bib volumes ( oxyg5 7 giv5 (f4 ,_h ! c>bonic acid be5 entirely decompos$1 & all its oxyg5 elim9at$1 its volume w\ld h be5 equal to t ( ! acid1 or #dca1 s t 9 ?is in/ance #aci volumes ( ! oxyg5 ( ! c>bonic acid h be5 reta9$ to =m "p ( ! tissues ( ! plant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! nitrog5 is f\nd to be increas$ aft] ! exp]im5t4 ,x might be suppos$ t ! nitrog5 evolv$ _h be5 d]iv$ f ! decomposition ( ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( ! plant1 b ?is _c be ! true explanation1 because 9 ?is p>ticul> case x greatly exce$$ ! :ole nitrog5 conta9$ 9 ! plants exp]im5t$ on4 ,its s\rce is n well und]/ood1 b ,b\ss+ault supposes x to h exi/$ 9 ! int]/ices ( ! plant1 & to h escap$ dur+ ! c\rse ( ! exp]im5t4 ,saussure f\nd t ! oak1 ! horse-*esnut1 & o!r plants1 absorb oxyg5 & give (f c>bonic acid 9 less volumes ?an ! oxyg51 :ile ! h\se-leek & ! cactus absorb oxyg5 )\t evolv+ c>bonic acid4 ,! absorption & decomposition ( c>bonic acid takes place only dur+ ! day1 & matt]s are entirely rev]s$ dur+ ! night1 :5 oxyg5 is absorb$ & c>bonic acid elim9at$ f all p>ts ( ! plants4 ,al?\gh ! action occurr+ dur+ ! night is ! rev]se ( t :i* takes place dur+ ! day1 x is 9 no degree to be attribut$ to a re-oxidation ( ! c>bon :i* _h be5 deposit$ 9 ! tissues ( ! plant4 ,x appe>s1 on ! contr>y1 to be a purely me*anical1 & n a *emical process4 ,dur+ ! night ! sap cont9ues to circulate ?r\gh ! vessels ( ! plant1 & moi/ure1 c>ry+ ) x c>bonic acid 9 solution1 is absorb$ by ! roots2 b :5 x rea*es ! leaves1 :]e ! sun's light w\ld h caus$ its decomposition dur+ ! day1 x is aga9 exhal$ un*ang$4 ,! oxyg5 absorb$ dur+ ! night mu/1 h[ev]1 take "p 9 "s *emical processes1 = if x 7 m]ely me*anical1 ! absorption w\ld n be conf9$ to t gas alone1 b w\ld be p>ticipat$ 9 by ! o!r con/itu5ts ( ! air4 ,moreov]1 ! am\nt ( absorption v>ies greatly 9 diff]5t plants--be+ sc>cely appreciable 9 "s1 & v abundant 9 o!rs4 ,plants conta9+ volatile oils1 :i* are readily conv]t$ into res9s by ! action ( oxyg51 or ^? conta9+ tann9 or o!r readily oxidizable sub/ances1 take up ! l>ge/ quantity4 ,?is is rem>kably illu/rat$ by an exp]im5t 9 :i* ! leaves ( ! ,agave am]icana1 aft] tw5ty-f\r h\rs' exposure 9 ! d>k1 7 f\nd to h absorb$ only #j4c ( _! volume ( oxyg51 :ile ^? ( ! fir1 9 :i* volatile oil is abundant1 _h tak5 up twice1 & ^? ( ! oak1 conta9+ tann91 eighte5 times z mu* oxyg54 ,9 ! fl[]s1 bo? by day & night1 !re is a con/ant absorption ( oxyg51 & evolution ( c>bonic acid4 ,9 fact1 an active oxidation is go+ on1 att5d$ by ! evolution ( heat1 :i*1 9 ! ,arum maculatum & "s o!r plants1 is s great z to raise ! temp]ature ( ! fl[] #aj deg4 or #ab deg4 above t ( ! surr\nd+ air4 ,decomposition ( ,wat] 9 ! ,plant4--,9 addition to ! function :i* wat] p]=ms 9 ! plant1 z ! solv5t ( ! diff]5t sub/ances :i* =m its nutrim5t1 & h5ce z ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* !y pass into its organs1 x s]ves also z a direct food1 und]go+ decomposition1 & yield+ hydrog5 to ! organic sub/ances4 ,its con/itu5ts1 along ) ^? ( ! c>bonic acid absorb$1 und]go a v>iety ( trans=mations1 & =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ! non-nitrog5\s con/itu5ts4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$ t />*1 sug>1 & ! o!r alli$ sub/ances1 may be consid]$ z comp\nds ( c>bon ) wat]2 & !y might be suppos$ to owe _! orig9 to ! c>bonic acid los+ ! :ole ( its oxyg51 & direct comb9ation !n ensu+ betwe5 ! residual c>bon & a c]ta9 proportion ( wat]2 b ?is w\ld imply t ! latt] sub/ance und]goes no decomposition1 & ?\gh und\bt$ly ! simple/ view ( ! case1 x is by no means ! mo/ probable4 ,x is mu* m likely t ! c>bonic acid is only p>tially decompos$1 half its oxyg5 be+ sep>at$1 & replac$ by hydrog51 produc$ by ! decomposition ( a c]ta9 quantity ( wat] into its elem5ts4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 sug> may be produc$ f twelve equival5ts ( c>bonic acid & twelve equival5ts ( wat]1 tw5ty-f\r equival5ts ( oxyg5 be+ elim9at$1 z ?us repres5t$3 #ab equival5ts ( c>bonic acid1 ,c#ab,o#ab,o#ab #ab wat]1 ,h#ab,o#ab #a sug>1 & #bd ( ox4 ,c#ab;,h#ab,o#ab ,o#bd ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t we are 9 a condition to ass]t t sug> is really produc$ 9 ! mann] "h %[n1 ! illu/ration be+ giv5 m]ely = ! purpose ( po9t+ out h[ x may be suppos$ to occur1 & on a simil> pr9ciple x is possible to expla9 ! =mation ( mo/ o!r vegetable comp\nds2 & ?is subject has be5 v fully discuss$ by ! late ,dr4 ,gregory1 9 8 ,h&book ( ,organic ,*emi/ry4 ,t wat] mu/ be decompos$1 is evid5t f ! fact1 e/abli%$ by analysis1 t ! hydrog5 ( ! plant g5]ally exce$s ! quantity requir$ to =m wat] ) its oxyg51 s t ?is excess at lea/ mu/ be produc$ by ! decomposition ( wat]4 ,! hydrog5 ( ! volatile oils1 _m ( :i* conta9 no oxyg51 & t ( ! fats1 :i* conta9 only a small quantity1 mu/ manife/ly be obta9$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,decomposition ( ,ammonia4--,! nitrog5\s or album9\s comp\nds ( vegetables mu/ necess>ily obta9 _! nitrog5 f ! decomposition ei!r ( ammonia or nitric acid1 exp]im5t hav+ di/9ctly %[n t !y are incapable ( absorb+ x 9 ! free /ate f ! atmosph]e4 ,x has be5 cle>ly asc]ta9$ t ! album9\s sub/ances d n conta9 ammonia1 & x is h5ce app>5t t a complete decomposition ( t sub/ance mu/ take place 9 ! plant4 ,no d\bt c>bonic acid & wat] take "p ) x 9 ^! *anges1 :i* mu/ be ( a v complex "*1 & 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k x seems hopeless to attempt any explanation ( !m4 ,decomposition ( ,nitric ,acid4--,*emi/s are n entirely at "o z to :e!r nitric acid is directly absorb$ by ! plant1 or is fir/ conv]t$ into ammonia4 ,b !re are c]ta9 facts connect$ ) ! *emi/ry ( ! soil1 to be aft]w>ds ref]r$ to1 :i* seem to u to leave no d\bt t x may be directly absorb$2 & 9 t case x mu/ be decompos$1 its oxyg5 be+ elim9at$1 & ! nitrog5 tak+ "p ) c>bon & hydrog5 9 ! =mation ( ! organic comp\nds4 ,x mu/ be cle>ly und]/ood t :ile su* *anges z ^? describ$ manife/ly mu/ take place1 ! explanations ( !m :i* h be5 attempt$ by v>i\s *emi/s are n to be accept$ z det]m9ately e/abli%$ facts2 !y are at pres5t no m ?an hypo!tical views :i* h be5 express$ *iefly ) ! int5tion ( pres5t+ "s def9ite idea to ! m9d1 & are unsupport$ by absolute pro(2 !y are only inf]5ces drawn f ! g5]al be>+s ( kn[n facts1 & n facts !mselves4 ,al?\gh1 !re=e1 !y are to be receiv$ ) caution1 !y h advantages 9 s f> z !y pres5t ! matt] to u 9 a some:at m tangible =m ?an ! vague g5]al /atem5ts :i* are all t c\ld o!rwise be made4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,! ,,inorganic ,,con/itu5ts ,,( ,,plants4 ,:5 treat+ ( ! g5]al con/itu5ts ( plants1 x has be5 already /at$ t ! old] *emi/s & vegetable physiologi/s1 misl$ by ! small quantity ( a% f\nd 9 !m1 ent]ta9$ ! op9ion t m9]al matt]s 7 purely =tuit\s compon5ts ( vegetables1 & 7 pres5t m]ely because !y _h be5 dissolv$ & absorb$ along ) ! humus1 :i* 0 !n suppos$ to ent] ! roots 9 solution1 & to =m ! *ief food ( ! plant4 ,?is supposition1 :i* c\ld only be su/a9$ at a "t :5 analysis 0 imp]fect1 has be5 long s9ce disprov$ & ab&on$1 & x has be5 di/9ctly %[n by repeat$ exp]im5t t n only are ^! inorganic sub/ances necess>y to ! plant1 b t e "o ( !m1 h[ev] small its quantity1 mu/ be pres5t if x is to gr[ luxuriantly & arrive at a heal?y maturity4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,pr9ce ,salm ,hor/m>1 be=e allud$ to1 h e/abli%$ beyond a d\bt1 t :ile a se$ may g]m9ate1 & ev5 gr[1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 9 abs5ce ( "o or m ( ! con/itu5ts ( its a%1 x rema9s sickly & /unt$1 & is incapable ( produc+ ei!r fl[] or se$4 ,( late ye>s ! analysis ( ! a% ( diff]5t plants has =m$ ! subject ( a l>ge numb] ( labori\s inve/igations1 by :i* our k ( ?is subject has be5 greatly ext5d$4 ,f ^! x appe>s t ! quantity ( a% conta9$ 9 ea* plant or "p ( a plant is tol]ably uni=m1 diff]+ only )9 comp>atively n>r[ limits1 & t !re is a special proportion belong+ to ea* individual organ ( ! plant4 ,?is fact may be be/ r5d]$ obvi\s by ! subjo9$ table1 %[+ ! quantity ( a% conta9$ 9 a hundr$ p>ts ( ! diff]5t sub/ances dri$ at #bab deg44 ,mo/ ( ^! numb]s are ! mean ( sev]al exp]im5ts3-- ,table %[+ ! quantity ( inorganic matt]s 9 #ajj p>ts ( diff]5t plants dri$ at #bab deg44 ,,se$s4 ,:eat #a4ig ,b>ley #b4dh ,oats 7) husk7 #c4hj ,oats 7)\t husk7 #b4jf ,rye #b4jj ,millet #c4fj ,rice #j4cg ,maize #a4bj ,peas #b4hh ,beans #c4bb ,kidney ,beans #d4ji ,l5tils #b4ea ,t>es #b4fj ,buck:eat #b4ac ,l9se$ #d4dj ,hemp se$ #e4fj ,rape se$ #d4ce ,indian ,rape-se$,a #d4jf ,sunfl[] #c4bf ,cotton se$ #e4ic ,gu9ea ,corn #a4ii ,gold ( ,pleasure #d4aj ,:ite ,mu/>d #d4ae ,black ,mu/>d #d4ca ,poppy #f4ef ,nig] se$ 7,guizotia oleif]a7 #g4jj ,e>? nut #c4hh ,sweet ,almond #d4ij ,horse-*esnut #b4ha ,grape #b4gf ,clov] #f4ai ,turnip #c4ih ,c>rot #aj4jc ,sa9fo9 #e4bg ,italian ,ryegrass #f4ia ,mangold-,wurzel #f4eh ,,/raws ,,& ,,/ems4 ,:eat #d4ed ,b>ley #d4ii ,oat #g4bd ,w9t] ,rye #e4ae ,summ] ,rye #e4gh ,millet #h4cb ,maize #c4fj ,pea #d4ha ,bean #f4ei ,t>es #f4jj ,l5til #e4ch ,buck:eat #d4ej ,hops #d4db ,flax /raw #d4be ,hemp #d4ad ,gold ( ,pleasure #f4je ,rape #d4da ,potato #ad4ij ,j]usalem ,arti*oke #d4dj ,,entire ,,plant4 ,potato #ag4gj ,spurry #aj4jf ,r$ ,clov] #h4gi ,:ite ,clov] #h4gb ,yell[ ,clov] #h4ef ,crimson ,clov] 7,t4 inc>natum7 #aj4ha ,c[ ,grass 7,t4 m$ium7 #aa4ca ,sa9fo9 #f4ea ,ryegrass #f4db ,mead[ ,foxtail 7,alopecurus prat5sis7 #g4ha ,sweet-sc5t$ ,v]nal ,grass 7,an?oxan?um odoratum7 #f4cb ,d[ny ,oat ,grass 7,av5a pubesc5s7 #e4bb ,bromus erectus #e4ba ,bromus mollis #e4hb ,cynosurus cri/atus #f4ch ,dactylis glom]atus #e4ca ,fe/uca duriuscula #e4db ,holcus lanatus #f4cg ,hordeum prat5se #e4fg ,lolium p]5ne #g4ed ,poa annua #b4hc ,poa prat5sis #e4id ,poa trivialis #h4cc ,phleum prat5se #e4bi ,plantago lanceolata #h4fh ,pot]ium ,sanguisorba #g4ig ,y>r[ #ac4de ,rape ,kale #h4jj ,c[ ,cabbage #aj4jj ,asp>agus #f4dj ,p>sley #a4aj ,furze #c4aa ,*amomile 7,an!mis arv5sis7 #i4ff ,wild ,*amomile 7,matric>ia ,*amomilla7 #i4aj ,corn ,cockle 7,agro/emma ,gi?ago7 #ac4bj ,corn ,blue ,bottle 7,c5taurea ,cyanus7 #g4cb ,foxglove #aj4hi ,hemlock 7,conium maculatum7 #ab4hj ,sweet ,ru% 7,acorus ,calamus7 #f4ij ,common ,re$ 7,arundo ,phragmites7 #a4dd ,cel&9e 7,*elidonium majus7 #f4he ,equisetum fluviatile #bc4fj ,equisetum hyemale #aa4hj arv5se #ac4hj l9osum #ae4ej ,fucus nodosus #ai4jc ,fucus vesiculosus #bg4fc ,lam9>ia digitata #ci4fh ,,leaves4 ,turnip #i4cg ,beet #bj4cj ,kohl-rabi #ah4ed ,c>rot #aj4ie ,j]usalem ,arti*oke #bh4cj ,hemp #bb4jj ,hop #ag4be ,tobacco #bb4fb ,sp9a* #ai4gf ,*icory #ae4fg ,popl> #bc4jj ,r$ ,bee* #f4jj ,:ite ,bee* #aj4ea ,oak #i4hj ,elm #af4cc ,horse-*esnut #i4jh ,maple #bh4je ,a% #ad4gf ,fir #b4ca ,acacia #ah4bj ,olive #f4de ,orange #ac4gc ,potato #ae4aj ,tussac ,grass #g4ae ,,roots ,,& ,,tub]s4 ,potato #d4af ,j]usalem ,arti*oke #e4ch ,turnip #ac4fd ,beet #h4bg ,kohl-rabi #f4jh ,rutabaga #g4cd ,c>rot #e4hj ,belgian ,:ite ,c>rot #f4bb ,mangold-,wurzel #h4gh ,p>snip #e4eb ,radi% #g4ce ,*icory #e4ba ,madd] #h4cc ,,woods4 ,bee* #j4ch ,apple #a4bi ,*]ry #j4bh ,bir* #a4jj ,oak #b4ej ,walnut #a4eg ,lime #e4jj ,horse-*esnut #a4je ,olive #j4eh ,mahogany #j4ha ,v9e #b4eg ,l>* #j4cb ,fir #j4ad ,scot* ,fir #j4ag ,filb]t #j4ej ,*esnut #c4ej ,popl> #j4hj ,hazel #j4ej ,orange #b4gd ,v9e #b4eg ,,b>ks4 ,bee* #f4fb ,*]ry #aj4cg ,fir #a4gi ,oak #f4jj ,horse-*esnut #g4he ,filb]t #f4bj ,cork #a4ab ,,fruits4 ,plum #j4dj ,*]ry #j4dc ,/rawb]ry #j4da ,pe> #j4da ,apple #j4bg ,*esnut #j4ii ,cucumb] #j4fc ,vegetable ,m>r[ #e4aj ,on exam9+ ?is table x may be obs]v$ t1 not)/&+ ! v great v>iety 9 ! proportion ( a% 9 diff]5t plants1 "s g5]al relations may be trac$4 ,a c]ta9 simil>ity may be obs]v$ betwe5 ^? belong+ to ! same natural family1 ! se$s ( all ! c]eal gra9s1 = in/ance1 conta9+ 9 r\nd numb]s two p] c5t ( inorganic matt]s4 ,legum9\s se$s 7peas & beans7 conta9 ab\t ?ree p] c5t1 :ile 9 rape-se$1 l9se$1 & ! o!r oily se$s1 x rea*es f\r p] c5t4 ,9 ! /ems & /raws less uni=mity exi/s1 b ) ! exception ( a few extreme cases1 ! quantity ( a% 9 g5]al approa*es pretty closely to five p] c5t4 ,/ill m div]sifi$ results are obta9$ f ! entire plants2 b ?is div]sity is probably mu* m app>5t ?an real1 & mu/ be1 9 "p at lea/1 dep5d5t on ! proportion exi/+ betwe5 ! /em & leaves1 = ! leaves are peculi>ly ri* 9 a%1 & a leafy plant mu/ necess>ily yield a high] total p]c5tage ( a%1 al?\gh1 if /ems & leaves 7 sep>ately exam9$1 !y might n %[ s conspicu\s a diff]5ce4 ,! leaves surpass all o!r p>ts ( plants1 9 ! proportion ( inorganic con/itu5ts !y conta91 ! table %[+ t 9 "s in/ances1 z 9 ! maple & ,j]usalem arti*oke1 !y exce$ "o-f\r? ( ! :ole weight ( ! dry matt]4 ,9 o!r leaves1 & m especially 9 ^? ( ! conif]ae1 ! proportion is mu* small]4 ,tak+ ! av]age ( all ! analyses hi!rto made1 x appe>s t leaves conta9 ab\t ?irte5 p] c5t ( a%1 b ! v>iations on ei!r side are s l>ge t little value is to be atta*$ to x except z an indication ( ! g5]al abundance ( m9]al matt]s4 ,9 roots & tub]s ! v>iations are less1 & all1 except ! potato & ! turnip1 conta9 ab\t sev5 p] c5t ( a%4 ,! smalle/ proportion ( m9]al matt] is f\nd 9 wood4 ,9 "o case only does ! proportion rea* five p] c5t1 :ile ! av]age sc>cely exce$s "o1 & 9 ! fir ! quantity am\nts to no m ?an "o six-hundr$? ( ! dry matt]4 ,9 ! b>k ! quantity is mu* l>g]1 & may be /at$ at sev5 p] c5t4 ,! g5]al proportion ( a% f\nd 9 diff]5t p>ts ( plants is giv5 9 r\nd numb]s 9 ! subjo9$ table3-- ,wood #a ,se$s #c ,/ems & /raws #e ,roots & tub]s #g ,b>k #g ,leaves #ac ,! diff]5ces 9 ! quantity ( a% conta9$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( plants are obvi\sly int5d$ to s]ve a useful purpose1 & x is int]e/+ to obs]ve t ! wood :i* is de/9$ to rema9 = a long p]iod1 sometimes = sev]al c5turies1 a "p ( ! plant1 conta9s ! smalle/ proportion1 & x is n improbable t :at x does conta9 is really due1 n to ! actual woody matt] itself1 b to ! sap :i* p]meates its vessels4 ,by ?is arrangem5t b a small proportion ( ^! important m9]al matt]s1 :i* ! soil supplies 9 v limit$ quantity1 is lock$ up )9 ! plant1 & ^? :i* are absorb$1 aft] circulat+ ?r\gh x1 & fulfill+ _! allott$ functions1 are accumulat$ 9 ! leaves1 & annually return$ to ! soil4 ,! diff]5t proportions ( m9]al matt]s conta9$ 9 ! individual organs ( plants is mo/ /rik+ly illu/rat$ :5 p>allel exp]im5ts are made on ! same species2 b ! numb] ( in/ances 9 :i* a suffici5tly ext5sive s]ies ( analyses has be5 made to %[ ?is1 is comp>atively limit$1 & is conf9$ to ! oat1 ! orange-tree1 & ! horse *esnut--ea* ( :i* has =m$ ! subject ( a v elaborate inve/igation4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! results obta9$ on ! oat3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,hopet\n ,hopet\n ,potato ,black ,s&y ,oats1 ,oats1 ,oats1 ,oats1 ,oats1 ,mean4 ,nor?- ,fife- ,nor?- ,ed9- ,fife- umb]l&4 %ire4 umb]l&4 burgh4 %ire4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,gra9 #b4ad #a4ha #b4bb #b4aa #a4gf #b4jj ,husk #f4dg #f4jc #f4ii #h4bd #f4jc #f4ge ,*aff #af4ec #ag4bc #ae4ei #ai4ai #ah4ig #af4jf ,leaves #h4dd #g4ai #ad4ei #aj4bi #ae4ib #aj4hh ,upp] "p ( /raw #d4ie #e4dd #i4bb #h4be #aa4j #g4gg ,middle "p ( /raw #f4aa #e4bc #g4da #f4ec #i4ja #f4ff ,l[] "p ( /raw #e4cc #e4ah #i4gf #g4aa #g4cj #f4ic ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! specim5s ( oats on :i* ^! analyses 7 made 7 f diff]5t di/ricts ( c\ntry1 gr[n on soils ( diff]5t quality1 & 71 fur!r1 ( diff]5t v>ieties2 & yet !y %[1 on ! :ole1 a rem>kable simil>ity 9 ! proportion ( a% 9 ea* "p1 & indicate t !re is a normal quantity belong+ to x4 ,su* a s]ies ( analyses also af=ds ! mo/ conv9c+ pro( t ! inorganic matt]s _c be =tuit\s1 & m]ely absorb$ f ! soil along ) _! organic food1 z ! old *emi/s suppos$1 because1 9 t case1 !y ought to be uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! entire plant1 & n accumulat$ 9 p>ticul> proportions 9 ea* individual organ4 ,n only does ! proportion ( a% v>y 9 ! diff]5t p>ts ( a plant1 b ev5 9 ! same "p x is greatly influ5c$ by its p]iod ( gr[?4 ,! laws :i* regulate ^! v>iations are v imp]fectly kn[n1 b 9 g5]al x is obs]v$ t dur+ ! p]iod ( active gr[? ! quantity ( a% is l>ge/4 ,?us1 x has be5 f\nd t 9 e>ly spr+ ! wood ( ! "y %oots ( ! horse-*esnut conta9s #i4i p] c5t ( a%4 ,9 autumn ?is has dim9i%$ to #c4d1 & ! la/ ye>'s twigs conta9 only #a4a p] c5t1 :ile 9 ! old wood ! quantity does n exce$ #j4e4 ,saussure has also obs]v$ t ! quantity ( a% dim9i%es 9 c]ta9 plants :5 ! se$ has rip5$4 ,?us1 he f\nd t ! p]c5tages ( a%1 be=e fl[]+1 & aft] se$+1 7 z foll[s3-- ,be=e fl[]+4 ,) ripe se$4 ,sunfl[] #ad4g #i4c ,:eat #g4i #c4c ,maize #ab4b #d4f ,on ! o!r h&1 ! quantity ( a% 9 ! leaves ( trees increases consid]ably 9 autumn1 z %[n by ?is table3-- ,,p]-,,c5tage ,,( ,,a% ,,9 ,may4 ,septemb]4 ,oak leaves #e4c #e4e ,popl> #f4f #i4c ,hazel #f4a #g4j ,horse-*esnut #g4b #h4f ,9 g5]al1 ! proportion ( a% appe>s to increase z ! plant rea*es maturity1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly se5 9 ! oat1 ( :i* v complete analyses h be5 made at diff]5t p]iods ( its gr[?3-- ,proportion ( ,a% 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,oat at diff]5t p]iods ( its gr[?4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,gra9 ,date4 ,/alks4 ,leaves4 ,*aff4 ) husk4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ #b;d ,july #g4hc #aa4ce 444 #d4ia #i? ,july #g4hj #ab4bj 444 #d4cf #af? ,july #g4id #ab4fa #f4jj #c4ch #bc;d ,july #g4ii #af4de #i4aa #c4fb #cj? ,july #g4de #af4dd #ab4bh #d4bb #e? ,augu/ #g4fc #af4je #ac4ge #d4ca #ac? ,augu/ #f4fb #bj4dg #ah4fh #d4jg #bj? ,augu/ #f4ff #ba4ad #ba4jg #c4fd #bg? ,augu/ #g4ga #bb4ac #bb4df #c4ea #c;d ,septemb] #h4ce #bj4ij #bg4dg #c4fe ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,! increase is "h pr9cipally conf9$ to ! leaves & *aff1 :ile ! /alks1 :i* owe _! /r5g? to a consid]able ext5t to ! inorganic matt]s !y conta91 are equally suppli$ at all p]iods ( _! gr[?4 ,9 ! gra9 only is !re a dim9ution1 b ?is is app>5t & n real1 & is due to ! fact t ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( a%1 z made on ! gra9 ) its husk1 & ! =m]1 :i* conta9s only a small quantity ( m9]al matt]s1 increases mu* m rapidly 9 weight ?an ! latt]1 :5 x approa*es ! p]iod ( rip5+1 & x is accord+ly dur+ ! la/ ?ree weeks ( its gr[? t ?is dim9ution becomes app>5t4 ,! nature ( ! soil has also a v important influ5ce on ! proportion ( m9]al matt]s1 & ( ?is an int]e/+ illu/ration is giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 :i* %[s ! quantities f\nd 9 ! gra9 & /raw ( ! same v>iety ( ! pea gr[n on f\rte5 diff]5t soils3-- ------------------- ,se$4 ,/raw4 ------------------- #a #b4cj #b #c4be #c4dc #c #d4bg #c4fb #d #c4dj #c4ci #e #b4ii #c4ij #f #c4ai #f4hj #g #b4ec #c4ij #h #b4bg #f4ei #i #b4fi #c4di #aj #a4fa #c4ia #aa #c4aa #e4bh #ab #c4cd #g4eg #ac #b4gh #c4gf #ad #c4ja #c4ch ------------------- ,al?\gh ^? diff]5ces are v l>ge1 especially 9 ! /raw1 & mu/ be attribut$ to ! soil1 x has hi!rto be5 f\nd impossible to asc]ta9 ! nature ( ! relation subsi/+ betwe5 x & ! crops x yields2 inde$1 x mu/ obvi\sly be dep5d5t on v complicat$ que/ions1 :i* _c at pres5t be solv$1 = x may be obs]v$ t ! increase 9 ! gra9 does n occur simultane\sly ) t 9 ! /raw1 & 9 sev]al cases a l>ge proportion ( a% 9 ! =m] is associat$ ) an unusually small am\nt 9 ! latt]4 ,a priori1 x might be expect$ t ^? soils :i* are especially ri* 9 ! m important con/itu5ts ( ! a% %\ld yield a produce conta9+ m ?an ! av]age quantity1 b ?is is v f> f be+ an inv>iable occurr5ce1 & n unfrequ5tly ! v rev]se is ! case4 ,9 "s in/ances ! v>iations may be trac$ to ! soil1 z 9 ! foll[+ analyses ( ! fruit ( ! horse-*esnut1 gr[n on an ord9>y =e/ soil1 & on a ri* soil1 produc$ by ! dis9tegration ( porphyritic rock1 9 :i* ! latt] yields a mu* l>g] quantity ( a%3-- ,k]nel ( se$4 ,gre5 husk4 ,br[n husk4 ,=e/ soil #b4bf #d4ec #a4gj ,porphyry soil #c4cf #g4bi #b4bj ,9 ! majority ( in/ances we fail to e/abli% any connection betwe5 ! nature ( ! soil & ! plants x yields1 *iefly because we are /ill v defici5t 9 analyses ( ^? gr[n on uncultivat$ soils2 & on cultivat$ l& x is impossible to draw conclusions1 because ! nature ( ! manure ex]ts an influ5ce q z great1 if n great]1 ?an t ( ! soil itself4 ,! relative proportion 9 :i* ! diff]5t m9]al matt]s ent] into ! composition ( ! a% v>ies )9 v wide limits1 z w be app>5t f ! foll[+ table1 conta9+ a selection ( ! be/ analyses ( our common cultivat$ & a few uncultivat$ plants4 ,table ( ! ,composition ( ! ,a% ( diff]5t ,plants 9 #ajj ,p>ts4 ,note4--,alum9a & oxide ( manganese occur s r>ely1 t sep>ate columns h n be5 introduc$ = !m1 b _! quantity is /at$ 9 notes at ! end ( ! table4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,pota%4 ,soda4 ,*loride ,*loride ,lime4 ,magnesia4 ( ( ,potassium4 ,sodium4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,:eat1 gra9 #cj4jb #c4hb 444 444 #a4ae #ac4ci /raw #ag4ih #b4dg 444 444 #g4db #a4id *aff #i4ad #a4gi 444 444 #a4hh #a4bg ,b>ley1 gra9 #ba4ad 444 #e4fe #a4ja #a4fe #g4bf /raw #aa4bb 444 444 #b4ad #e4gi #b4gj ,oats1 gra9,b #bj4fc 444 #a4jc 444 #aj4bh #g4hb /raw #ai4df #a4ic #b4ga #d4bg #g4ja #c4gi *aff,c #f4cc #c4ic 444 #j4bd #a4ie #j4ch ,rye1 gra9 #cc4hc #j4ci 444 444 #b4fa #ab4ha /raw #ag4bj 444 #j4cj #j4fj #i4aj #b4dj ,maize1 gra9 #bh4cg #a4gd 444 trace #j4eg #ac4fj /alks & leaves #ce4bf 444 444 #b4bi #aj4ec #e4eb ,rice1 gra9 #bj4ba #b4di 444 444 #g4ah #d4bf ,buck:eat1 /raw #ca4ga 444 #g4db #d4ee #ae4ga #a4ff ,peas 7gray71 se$ #da4gj 444 #c4hb #a4bd #d4gh #e4gh /raw #ba4cj #d4bb 444 444 #cg4ag #g4ag ,beans 7common field71 gra9 #ea4gb #j4ed 444 444 #e4bj #f4ij /raw #cb4he #b4gg 444 #aa4ed #ai4he #b4ec ,t>e1 /raw #cb4hb 444 #c4bg #d4jc #bj4gh #e4ca /raw #ca4gb 444 #g4da #d4ee #ae4ga #a4ff ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,oxide ,phosphoric ,sulphuric ,c>bonic ,silica4 ( ,acid4 ,acid4 ,acid4 ,iron4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,:eat1 gra9 #j4ia #df4gi 444 444 #c4hi /raw #j4de #b4ge #c4ji 444 #fc4hi *aff #j4cg #d4ca 444 444 #ha4bb ,b>ley1 gra9 #b4ac #bh4ec #a4ia 444 #cj4fh /raw #a4cf #g4bj #a4ji 444 #fh4ej ,oats1 gra9 #c4he #ej4dd 444 444 #d4dj /raw #a4di #e4jg #c4ce #a4cf #di4ef *aff #a4eh #a4jd #i4fa 444 #gb4he ,rye1 gra9 #a4jd #ci4ib #j4ag 444 #i4bb /raw #a4dj #c4hj #j4hj 444 #fd4ej ,maize1 gra9 #j4dg #ec4fi 444 444 #a4ee /alks & leaves #b4bh #h4ji #e4af #b4hg #bg4ih ,rice1 gra9 #b4ab #fb4bc 444 444 #a4cg ,buck:eat1 /raw 444 #aj4cd #d4fg #bj4cg #c4eg ,peas 7gray71 se$ #j4ah #cf4ej #d4dg #j4hb #j4fh /raw #a4jg #d4fe #h4fh #ab4dh #c4bc ,beans 7common field71 gra9 444 #bh4gb #c4je #c4db #j4db /raw #j4fa #j4di #a4dj #be4cb #b4fa ,t>e1 /raw #j4fe #aj4ei #b4eb #ah4gc #a4bh /raw 444 #aj4cd #d4fg #bj4cg #c4eg ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,pota%4 ,soda4 ,*loride ,*loride ,lime4 ,magnesia4 ( ( ,potassium4 ,sodium4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,flax1 se$ #cd4ag #a4fi 444 #j4cf #h4dj #ac4aa /raw #ba4ec #c4fh 444 #i4ba #ba4bj #d4bj ,rape1 se$,d #af4cc #j4cd 444 #j4if #h4cj #h4hj /raw,e #af4fc #aj4eg 444 #b4ec #ba4ea #b4ib ,spurry #bf4ab #a4ad 444 #h4ij #ad4df #h4hh ,*icory root #cd4fd 444 #h4ib #b4ih 444 444 ,r$ clov] #be4fj 444 #i4jh #f4jb #ba4eg #h4dg ,c[ grass1 ,trifolium m$ium #bb4gh 444 #ab4ci #a4hf #bd4db #h4hf ,yell[ clov] #bg4dh 444 #aa4gb #h4af #ag4bf #h4ci ,alsike clov] #bi4gb 444 #f4bi #a4je #bf4hc #d4ja ,luc]ne #bg4ef 444 #aa4fd #a4ia #bj4fj #e4bb ,an?oxan?um odoratum #cb4jc 444 #g4jc #d4ij #i4ba #b4ec ,alopecurus prat5sis #cg4jc 444 #i4ej 444 #c4ij #a4bh ,av5a pubesc5s #ca4ba 444 #d4je #e4ff #d4gb #c4ag ,bromus erectus #bj4cc 444 #aj4fc #a4ch #aj4ch #d4ii ,bromus mollis #cj4ji #j4cc 444 #c4aa #f4fd #b4fj ,cynosurus cri/atus #bd4ii 444 #aa4fj 444 #aj4af #b4dc ,dactylis glom]ata #bi4eb 444 #ag4hf #c4ji #e4hb #b4bb ,fe/uca duriuscula #ca4hd 444 #h4ag #j4fb #aj4ca #b4hc ,holcus lanatus #cd4hc 444 #c4ia #f4ff #h4ca #c4da ,lolium p]5ne #bd4fg 444 #ac4hj #g4be #i4fd #b4he ,annual ryegrass #bh4ii #j4hg 444 #e4aa #f4hb #b4ei ,poa annua #da4hf 444 #j4dg #c4ce #aa4fi #b4dd ,poa prat5sis #ca4ag 444 #aa4be #a4ca #e4fc #b4ga ,poa trivialis #bi4dj 444 #f4ij 444 #h4hj #c4bb ,phleum prat5se #ca4ji 444 #j4gj #c4bd #ad4id #e4cj ,plantago lanceolata #cc4bf 444 #d4ec #h4hj #ai4ja #c4ea ,pot]ium ,sanguisorba #cj4bf 444 #c4bg #a4ce #bd4hb #d4ba ,a*illea ,millefolia #cj4cg 444 #bj4di #c4fc #ac4dj #c4ja ,potato1 tub] #dc4ah #j4ji 444 #g4ib #a4hj #c4ag /em #ci4ec #c4ie 444 #bj4dc #ad4he #d4aj leaves #ag4bg 444 #d4ie #aa4cg #bg4fi #g4gh ,j]usalem ,arti*oke #ee4hi 444 #d4hh 444 #c4cd #a4cj /em #ch4dj #j4fi 444 #d4fh #bj4ca #a4ia leaves #f4ha #c4gb 444 #a4hb #dj4ae #a4ie ,turnip1 se$ #ba4ia #a4bc 444 444 #ag4dj #h4gd bulb #bc4gj #ad4ge 444 #g4je #aa4hb #c4bh leaves #aa4ef #ab4dc 444 #ab4da #bh4di #b4fb ,mangold ,wurzel1 root #ba4fh #c4ac 444 #di4ea #a4ij #a4gi leaves #h4cd #ab4ba 444 #cg4ff #h4gb #i4hd ,c>rot1 root #db4gc #ab4aa 444 444 #e4fd #b4bi leaves #ag4aj #d4he 444 #c4fb #bd4je #j4hi ,kohl-rabi1 bulb #cf4bg #b4hd 444 #aa4ij #aj4bj #b4cf leaves #i4ca 444 #e4ii #f4ff #cj4ca #c4fb ,c[ cabbage1 head #dj4hf #b4dc 444 444 #ae4ja #b4ci /alk #dj4ic #d4je 444 #b4jh #aj4fa #c4he ,poppy se$ #i4aj 444 #g4ae #a4id #ce4cf #i4di leaves #cf4cg 444 #b4ej #b4ea #cj4bd #f4dg ,mu/>d se$ 7:ite7 #be4gh #j4cc 444 444 #ai4aj #e4ij ,radi% root #ba4af 444 #a4bi #g4jg #h4gh #c4ec ,tobacco leaves #cf4cg 444 #b4ej #b4ea #cj4bd #f4dg ,fucus nodosus,f #bj4jc #d4eh 444 #bd4cc #i4fj #f4fe ,fucus vesiculosus,g #bj4ge #f4ji 444 #bd4ha #h4ib #e4hc ,lam9>ia digitata,h #ab4af 444 #b4cj #ai4cd #d4fb #aj4id ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,oxide ,phosphoric ,sulphuric ,c>bonic ,silica4 ( ,acid4 ,acid4 ,acid4 ,iron4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,flax1 se$ #j4ej #ch4ed #a4ef #j4bb #a4de /raw #e4eh #g4ec #c4ci #ae4ge #g4ib ,rape1 se$ #a4gi #ca4ij #e4ch #e4dd #ai4ih /raw #a4cj #d4fh #c4ij #bc4jd #aa4hj ,spurry 444 #aj4bj #a4gi #bg4ch #a4ad ,*icory root 444 444 444 444 444 ,r$ clov] #a4bf #d4ji #b4if #ah4je #a4ie ,c[ grass1 ,trifolium m$ium #a4ji #d4id #b4ff #bj4af #a4ab ,yell[ clov] #a4dj 444 #d4hb #d4ca #a4gf ,alsike clov] #j4ga #e4fd #c4be #bj4gd #a4gc ,luc]ne #b4bc #f4dg #d4hj #ae4id #b4fc ,an?oxan?um odoratum #a4ah #aj4ji #c4ci #a4bf #bh4ce ,alopecurus prat5sis #j4dg #f4be #b4af #j4fe #ch4ge ,av5a pubesc5s #j4gb #aj4hb #c4cg 444 #cf4bh ,bromus erectus #j4bf #g4ec #e4df #j4ee #ch4dh ,bromus mollis #j4bh #i4fb #d4ia #i4jg #cc4cd ,cynosurus cri/atus #j4ah #g4bd #c4bj 444 #dj4aa ,dactylis glom]ata #j4ei #h4fj #c4eb #b4ji #bf4fe ,fe/uca duriuscula #j4gh #ab4jg #c4de #a4ch #bh4ec ,holcus lanatus #j4ca #h4jb #d4da #a4hb #bh4ca ,lolium p]5ne #j4ba #h4gc #e4bj #j4di #bg4ac ,annual ryegrass #j4bh #aj4jg #c4de 444 #da4gi ,poa annua #a4eg #i4aa #aj4ah #c4bi #af4jc ,poa prat5sis #j4bh #aj4jb #d4bf #j4dj #cb4ic ,poa trivialis #j4bi #i4ac #d4dg #j4bi #cg4ej ,phleum prat5se #j4bg #aa4bi #d4hf #d4jb #ca4ji ,plantago lanceolata #j4ij #g4jh #f4aa #ad4dj #b4cg ,pot]ium ,sanguisorba #j4hf #g4ha #d4hd #ba4gb #j4hc ,a*illea ,millefolia #j4ba #g4ac #b4dd #i4cf #i4ib ,potato1 tub] #j4dd #h4fa #ae4bd #ah4bi #a4id /em #a4cd #f4fh #f4ef 444 #b4ef leaves #d4ej #ac4fj #f4cg 444 #f4dg ,j]usalem ,arti*oke #j4de #af4ii #c4gg #aa4hj #a4eb /em #j4hh #b4ig #c4bc #be4dj #a4ea leaves #a4ad #f4fa #b4ba #bd4ca #ag4be ,turnip1 se$ #a4ie #dj4ag #g4aj #j4hb #j4fg bulb #j4dg #i4ca #af4ac #aj4gd #b4fi leaves #c4jb #d4he #aj4cf #f4ah #h4jd ,mangold ,wurzel1 root #j4eb #a4fe #c4ad #ae4bc #a4dj leaves #a4df #e4hi #f4ed #f4ib #b4ce ,c>rot1 root #j4ea #ab4ca #d4bf #ah4jj #a4aa leaves #c4dc #f4ba #e4jh #bc4ae #aa4fa ,kohl-rabi1 bulb #j4ch #ac4de #aa4dc #aj4bd #j4hc leaves #e4ej #i4dc #aj4fc #h4ig #i4eg ,c[ cabbage1 head #j4gg #ab4ec #g4bg #af4fh #a4ff /alk #j4da #ai4eg #aa4aa #f4cc #a4jd ,poppy se$ #j4da #ca4ch #a4ib 444 #c4bd leaves #b4ad #c4bh #e4ji 444 #aa4dj ,mu/>d se$ 7:ite7 #j4ci #dd4ig #b4ai 444 #a4ca ,radi% root #a4ai #da4ji #g4ga 444 #h4ag ,tobacco leaves #b4ah #c4bd #e4ji 444 #aa4dj ,fucus nodosus #j4bf #a4ga #ba4ig #f4ci #j4ch ,fucus vesiculosus #j4ce #b4ad #bh4ja #b4bj #j4fg ,lam9>ia digitata #j4de #a4ge #g4bf #ae4bc #a4bj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,a simple inspection ( ?is table leads to v>i\s int]e/+ conclusions4 ,x is p>ticul>ly to be obs]v$ t "s ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! a% are n inv>iably pres5t1 & two at lea/--namely1 alum9a & manganese--are f\nd s r>ely z to ju/ify ! inf]5ce t !y are n indisp5sable4 ,( ! o!r sub/ances1 iod9e is re/rict$ exclusively to sea-plants1 b to !m x appe>s to be ess5tial4 ,oxide ( iron1 :i* occurs only 9 small quantities1 has sometimes be5 consid]$ =tuit\s1 b x is almo/ inv>iably pres5t1 & ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr9ce ,salm ,hor/m> leave no d\bt t x is ess5tial to ! plant4 ,its function is unkn[n1 b x is an important con/itu5t ( ! blood ( h]bivor\s animals1 & may be pres5t 9 ! plant1 less = its own b5efit ?an = t ( ! animal ( :i* x is de/9$ to become ! food4 ,soda appe>s to be a comp>atively unimportant con/itu5t ( ! a%1 ( :i* x g5]ally =ms b a small proportion1 al?\gh ! in/ances ( its entire abs5ce are r>e4 ,9 ! crucif]\s plants 7turnip1 rape1 etc47 x is f\nd abundantly1 & to !m x appe>s indisp5sable1 b 9 mo/ o!r plants x admits ( replacem5t by pota%4 ,x seems probable t :]e ! soil is ri* 9 ! latt] sub/ance1 plants w select t alkali 9 pref]5ce to soda2 b z !y mu/ h a c]ta9 quantity ( alkali1 ! latt] may supply ! place ( ! =m] :]e x is defici5t4 ,cultivation1 probably by enri*+ ! soil 9 t elem5t1 increases ! proportion ( pota% f\nd 9 ! a% ( plants1 z is rem>kably se5 9 ! asp>agus1 :i* gave ! foll[+ quantities ( alkalies & *lor9e3-- ,wild4 ,cultivat$4 ,pota% #ah4h #ej4e ,soda #af4b trace4 ,*lor9e #af4e #h4c ,! soda hav+ almo/ entirely disappe>$ 9 ! cultivat$ plant1 :ile a correspond+ increase _h tak5 place 9 ! quantity ( pota%4 ,pota% is "o ( ! mo/ important elem5ts ( ! a% ( all plants1 r>ely =m+ less ?an #bj1 & sometimes m ?an #ej p] c5t ( its weight4 ,! latt] proportion occurs *iefly 9 ! roots & tub]s1 b x is also abundant 9 all se$s & 9 ! grasses4 ,! /raw1 & p>ticul>ly ! *aff ( ! c]eals1 & ! leaves ( mo/ plants1 conta9 x 9 small] quantity1 al?\gh exceptions to ?is are n unfrequ5t1 "o ( ! mo/ curi\s be+ ! case ( poppy-se$1 :i* conta9s only ab\t #ab p] c5t1 :ile ! leaves yield upw>ds ( #cg p] c5t4 ,! proportion ( lime v>ies )9 v wide limits1 be+ sometimes z l[ z #a1 & 9 o!r plants rea*+ #dj p] c5t ( _! a%4 ,! =m] proportion occurs 9 ! gra9s ( ! c]ealia1 & ! latt] 9 ! leaves ( "s plants1 & m especially 9 ! ,j]usalem arti*oke4 ,! turnip & "s ( ! legum9\s plants also conta9 x abundantly4 ,magnesia is g5]ally f\nd 9 small quantity4 ,x is l>ge/ 9 ! gra9s1 am\nt+ 9 !m to ab\t #ab or #ac p] c5t ( ! a%1 b 9 o!r plants x v>ies f #b to #d p] c5t4 ,al?\gh small 9 quantity1 x is an important sub/ance1 & app>5tly _c be disp5s$ )2 at lea/ !re is no in/ance kn[n ( its entire abs5ce4 ,*lor9e is by no means an inv>iable con/itu5t ( ! a%1 al?\gh x is g5]ally pres5t1 & sometimes 9 consid]able quantity4 ,x is mo/ abundant :5 ! proportion ( soda is l>ge1 & exi/s 9 ! a% pr9cipally 9 comb9ation ) t base z common salt4 ,! relation betwe5 ^! two elem5ts may be trac$ m or less di/9ctly ?r\gh\t ! :ole table ( analyses1 & conspicu\sly 9 t ( mangold-wurzel1 :]e ! common salt am\nts to almo/ exactly "o-half ( ! :ole m9]al matt]4 ,! analyses ( ! cultivat$ & uncultivat$ asp>agus also %[ t a dim9ution 9 ! soda is accompani$ by a r$uction 9 ! proportion ( *lor9e4 ,sulphuric ,acid is an ess5tial con/itu5t ( ! a%4 ,b x is to be obs]v$ t x is 9 "s in/ances entirely1 & 9 all p>tially1 a product ( ! combu/ion to :i* ! plant has be5 submitt$ 9 ord] to obta9 ! a%4 ,x is p>tly d]iv$ f ! sulphur conta9$ 9 ! album9\s comp\nds1 :i* is oxidis$ & conv]t$ into sulphuric acid dur+ ! process ( burn+ ! organic matt]1 & rema9s 9 ! a%4 ,! quantity ( sulphuric acid f\nd 9 ! a% is1 h[ev]1 no crit]ion ( t exi/+ 9 ! plant1 = a consid]able quantity ( x escapes dur+ burn+4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is occurs 9 p>ticul> in/ances is well illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to ! case ( :ite mu/>d1 :i* yields an a% conta9+ only #b4ai ( sulphuric acid1 equival5t to #j4i ( sulphur2 & if calculat$ on ! se$ itself1 ?is w am\nt to no m ?an #j4jci p] c5t1 :ile exp]im5ts made 9 ano!r mann] prove x to conta9 ab\t ?irty times z mu*1 or m ?an #a p] c5t4 ,= ! purpose ( det]m9+ ! total quantity ( sulphur :i* ! plants conta9 9 _! natural /ate1 x is necess>y to oxidise !m by means ( nitric acid2 & f su* exp]im5ts ! foll[+ table1 %[+ ! total am\nt ( sulphur conta9$ 9 #ajj p>ts ( diff]5t plants1 dri$ at #bab deg41 has be5 con/ruct$3-- ,poa palu/ris #j4afe ,lolium p]5ne #j4caj ,italian ,ryegrass #j4cbi ,trifolium prat5se #j4ajg rep5s #j4jii ,luc]ne #j4ccf ,vet* #j4agh ,potato tub] #j4jhb tops #j4bjf ,c>rot1 root #j4jib tops #j4gde ,mangold-,wurzel1 root #j4jeh tops #j4ejb ,sw$e1 root #j4dce tops #j4deh ,rape #j4ddh ,drumhead ,cabbage #j4dca ,:eat1 gra9 #j4jfh /raw #j4bde ,b>ley1 gra91 #j4jec /raw #j4aia ,oats1 gra9 #j4ajc /raw #j4bhi ,rye1 gra9 #j4jea ,beans #j4jef ,peas #j4abg ,l5tils #j4aaj ,hops #a4jfc ,gold ( ,pleasure #j4bec ,black ,mu/>d #a4agj ,:ite ,mu/>d #a4jej ,phosphoric acid1 :i* may be look$ ^u z ! mo/ important m9]al con/itu5t ( plants1 is f\nd to be pres5t 9 v v>iable proportions4 ,! /raws1 /ems1 & leaves conta9 x 9 comp>atively small quantity1 b 9 ! se$s ( all plants x is v abundant4 ,9 ^! ( ! c]eals x con/itutes ne>ly half ( _! :ole m9]al compon5ts1 & x r>ely falls bel[ #cj p] c5t4 ,c>bonic acid occurs 9 v v>iable quantities 9 ! a%4 ,x is ( comp>atively little importance 9 itself1 & is really produc$ by ! oxidation ( "p ( ! c>bonace\s matt]s ( ! plant2 b x has a special int]e/1 9 s f> z x %[s t "p ( ! bases conta9$ 9 ! plant mu/ 9 its natural /ate h be5 9 union ) organic acids1 or comb9$ 9 "s way ) ! organic con/itu5ts ( ! plant4 ,silica is an inv>iable con/itu5t ( ! a%1 b 9 mo/ plants occurs b 9 small quantity4 ,! c]eals & grasses =m an exception to ?is rule1 = 9 !m x is an abundant & important elem5t4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh !m1 b is accumulat$ to a l>ge ext5t 9 ! /em1 to ! /r5g? & rigidity ( :i* x greatly contributes4 ,! h>d %9+ lay] :i* coats ! ext]ior ( /raw1 & :i* is /ill m rem>kably se5 on ! surface ( ! bamboo1 consi/s *iefly ( silica2 & 9 ! latt] plant ?is elem5t is sometimes s l>gely accumulat$1 t concretions resembl+ opal1 & compos$ entirely ( x1 are f\nd loose )9 its jo9ts4 ,! necessity = a l>ge supply ( silica 9 ! /ems ( o!r plants does n exi/1 & 9 !m x r>ely exce$s #e or #f p] c5t1 b 9 "s leaves x is m abundant4 ,a k ( ! composition ( ! a% ( plants is ( consid]able importance 9 a practical po9t ( view1 & enables u 9 _m in/ances to expla9 :y "s plants w n gr[ ^u p>ticul> soils on :i* o!rs fl\ri%4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 a plant :i* conta9s a l>ge quantity ( lime1 su* z ! bean or turnip1 w n gr[ 9 a soil 9 :i* t elem5t is defici5t1 al?\gh :eat or b>ley1 :i* require b little lime1 may yield excell5t crops4 ,aga91 if ! soil be defici5t 9 phosphoric acid1 ^? plants only w gr[ luxuriantly :i* require b a small quantity ( t elem5t1 & h5ce x foll[s t on su* a soil plants cultivat$ = ! sake ( _! /ems1 roots1 or leaves1 9 :i* ! quantity ( phosphoric acid is small1 may yield a good return2 :ile o!rs1 cultivat$ = ! sake ( _! se$1 9 :i* ! great proportion ( t con/itu5t ( ! a% is accumulat$1 may yield a v small crop4 ,x is obvi\s also t ev5 :]e a soil conta9s a prop] quantity ( all its +r$i5ts1 ! repeat$ cultivation ( a plant :i* removes a l>ge quantity ( any individual elem5t1 may1 9 ! c\rse ( "t1 s f> r$uce ! am\nt ( t sub/ance z to r5d] ! soil incapable ( any long] produc+ t plant1 al?\gh1 if x be replac$ by ano!r :i* requires b little ( ! elem5t ?us remov$1 x may aga9 produce an abundant crop4 ,on ?is pr9ciple also1 attempts h be5 made to expla9 ! rotation ( crops1 :i* has be5 suppos$ to dep5d on ! cultivation 9 successive ye>s ( plants :i* ab/ract f ! soil prepond]at+ quantities ( diff]5t m9]al matt]s4 ,b ?\gh ?is has unque/ionably a c]ta9 influ5ce1 we %all aft]w>ds see reason to d\bt :e!r x af=ds a suffici5t explanation ( all ! obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,x may be obs]v$1 on exam9+ ! table ( ! p]c5tage & position ( ! a%1 t "s plants are especially ri* 9 alkalies1 :ile 9 o!rs lime or silica prepond]ate1 & x w\ld !re=e be ! object ( ! f>m] to employ1 9 succession1 crops conta9+ ^! elem5ts 9 diff]5t proportions4 ,9 c>ry+ out ?is view1 attempts h be5 made to classify diff]5t plants "u ! heads ( silica plants1 lime plants1 & pota% plants2 & ! foll[+ table1 extract$ f ,liebig's ,agricultural ,*emi/ry1 9 :i* ! con/itu5ts ( ! a% are gr\p$ "u ! ?ree heads ( salts ( pota% & soda1 lime & magnesia1 & silica1 gives su* a classification z f> z x is at pres5t possible3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,salts ( ,salts ( ,silica4 ,pota% & ,lime & ,soda4 ,magnesia4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,silica ,oat /raw ) se$s #cd4jj #d4jj #fb4jj ,plants4 ,:eat /raw #bb4ej #g4bj #fa4ej ,b>ley /raw ) se$s #ai4jj #be4gj #ee4cj ,rye /raw #ah4fe #af4eb #fc4hi ,good hay #f4jj #cd4jj #fj4jj ,lime ,tobacco #bd4cd #fg4dd #h4cj ,plants ,pea /raw #bg4hb #fc4gd #g4ha ,potato plant #d4bj #ei4dj #cf4dj ,mead[ ,clov] #ci4bj #ef4jj #d4ij ,pota% ,maize /raw #gb4de #f4ej #ah4jj ,plants4 ,turnips #ha4fj #ah4dj -- ,beet root #hh4jj #ab4jj -- ,potatoes #he4ha #ad4ai -- ,j]usalem ,arti*oke #hd4cj #ae4gj -- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,! special application ( ^! facts mu/ be res]v$ till we come to treat ( ! rotation ( crops4 ,x is manife/ t1 z ! crops remov$ f ! soil all conta9 a great] or less am\nt ( inorganic matt]s1 !y mu/ be cont9ually und]go+ dim9ution1 & at l5g? be completely exhau/$ unless _! quantity is ma9ta9$ f "s ext]nal s\rce4 ,9 _m cases ! supply ( ^! sub/ances is s l>ge t ages may elapse be=e ?is becomes app>5t1 b :]e ! quantity is small1 a sy/em ( reckless cropp+ may r$uce a soil to a /ate ( absolute /]ility4 ,a rem>kable illu/ration ( ?is fact is f\nd 9 ! virg9 soils ( ,am]ica1 f :i* ! e>ly settl]s reap$ almo/ unhe>d-( crops1 b1 by injudici\s cultivation1 !y 7 soon exhau/$ & ab&on$1 new tracts be+ br\ght 9 & cultivat$ only to be 9 _! turn ab&on$4 ,! k ( ! composition ( ! a% ( plants assi/s u 9 asc]ta9+ h[ ?is exhau/ion may be avoid$1 & indicates ! mode 9 :i* su* soils may be pres]v$ 9 a f]tile /ate4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,a3 ,app>5tly a species ( ,s9apis4 ,footnote ,b3 ,oxide ( ,manganese1 #j4db4 ,footnote ,c3 ,oxide ( ,manganese1 #j4ib4 ,footnote ,d3 ,alum9a1 #a4jb4 ,footnote ,e3 ,alum9a1 #j4fc4 ,footnote ,f3 ,iodide ( ,potassium1 #j4dd2 ,sulphuret ( ,sodium1 #c4ff4 ,footnote ,g3 ,iodide ( ,potassium1 #j4bc4 ,footnote ,h3 ,iodide ( ,potassium1 #a4fh4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,! ,,soil--,,its ,,*emical ,,& ,,physical ,,*>act]s4 ,no dep>tm5t ( agricultural *emi/ry is surr\nd$ ) great] difficulties & unc]ta9ties ?an t relat+ to ! prop]ties ( ! soil4 ,:5 *emi/ry began to be appli$ to agriculture1 x 0 n unnaturally suppos$ t ! exam9ation ( ! soil w\ld enable u to asc]ta9 ) c]ta9ty ! mode 9 :i* x might be mo/ advantage\sly improv$ & cultivat$1 & :51 z occasionally happ5$1 analysis reveal$ ! abs5ce ( "o or m ( ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! plant 9 a b>r5 soil1 x indicat$ at once ! cause & ! cure ( ! defect4 ,b ! expectations naturally =m$ f ! facts !n obs]v$ h be5 z yet v p>tially fulfill$2 =1 z our k has advanc$1 x has become app>5t t x is only 9 r>e in/ances t x is possible satisfactorily to connect toge!r ! composition & ! prop]ties ( a soil1 & ) ea* advancem5t 9 ! accuracy & m9ut5ess ( our analysis ! difficulties h be5 r increas$ ?an dim9i%$4 ,al?\gh x is occasionally possible to pr$icate f its composition t a p>ticul> soil w be incapable ( support+ vegetation1 x n unfrequ5tly happ5s t a fruitful & a b>r5 soil are s simil> t x is impossible to di/+ui% !m f "o ano!r1 & cases ev5 occur 9 :i* ! b>r5 appe>s sup]ior to ! f]tile soil4 ,! cause ( ?is app>5tly anomal\s ph5om5on lies 9 ! fact t analysis1 h[ev] m9ute1 is unable to disclose all ! conditions ( f]tility1 & t x mu/ be supplem5t$ by an exam9ation ( its physical & o!r *emical prop]ties1 :i* are n indicat$ by ord9>y exp]im5ts4 ,( late ye>s v consid]able progress has be5 made 9 ! inve/igation ( ! prop]ties ( ! soil1 & _m facts ( great importance h be5 discov]$1 b we are /ill unable to ass]t t all ! conditions ( f]tility are yet kn[n1 & ! practical application ( ^? rec5tly discov]$ is /ill v imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t a c>eful analysis ( a soil is )\t value1 = v important practical d$uctions may (t5 be drawn f x1 & :5 ?is is n practicable x is n unfrequ5tly due to its be+ imp]fect or incomplete1 = x is s complex t ! cases 9 :i* all ! necess>y details h be5 elim9at$ are ev5 n[ by no means num]\s4 ,9 fact1 ! want ( a l>ge numb] ( ?or\gh analyses ( soils ( diff]5t k9ds is a matt] ( "s difficulty1 & s soon z a satisfactory mode ( inve/igation c be det]m9$ ^u1 a full exam9ation ( ?is subject w\ld be ( mu* importance4 ,orig9 ( ,soils4--,! con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 l ^? ( ! plant1 may be divid$ into ! great classes ( organic & inorganic4 ,! orig9 ( ! =m] has be5 already discuss$3 !y are d]iv$ f ! decay ( plants :i* h already gr[n ^u ! soil1 & :i*1 9 v>i\s /ages ( decomposition1 =m ! num]\s class ( sub/ances gr\p$ toge!r "u ! "n ( humus4 ,! organic sub/ances may !re=e be consid]$ z 9 a mann] second>y con/itu5ts ( ! soil1 :i* h be5 accumulat$ 9 x z ! consequ5ce ( ! gr[? & decay ( successive g5]ations ( plants1 :ile ! primeval soil consi/$ ( inorganic sub/ances only4 ,! inorganic con/itu5ts ( ! soil are obta9$ z ! result ( a succession ( *emical *anges go+ on 9 ! rocks :i* protrude ?r\gh ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,we h only to exam9e "o ( ^! rocks to obs]ve t x is con/antly und]go+ a s]ies ( important *anges4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( air & moi/ure1 aid$ by ! p[]ful ag5cy ( fro/1 x is se5 to become s(t1 & gradually to dis9tegrate1 until x is f9ally conv]t$ into an uni=m p[d]1 9 :i* ! /ructure ( ! orig9al rock is ) difficulty1 if at all di/+ui%able4 ,! rapidity ) :i* ^! *anges take place is v v>iable2 9 ! h>d] rocks1 su* z granite & mica slate x is s sl[ z to be sc>cely p]ceptible1 :ile 9 o!rs1 su* z ! %ales ( ! coal =mation1 a v few ye>s' exposure is suffici5t = ! purpose4 ,^! actions1 op]at+ ?r\gh a long s]ies ( ye>s1 are ! s\rce ( ! inorganic con/itu5ts ( all soils4 ,geology po9ts to a p]iod at :i* ! e>?'s surface mu/ h be5 altoge!r devoid ( soil1 & h consi/$ entirely ( h>d cry/all9e rocks1 su* z granite & trap1 by ! dis9tegration ( :i*1 sl[ly proce$+ f ! creation d[n to ! pres5t "t1 all ! soils :i* n[ cov] ! surface h be5 =m$4 ,b !y h be5 produc$ by a succession ( v complicat$ processes2 = ^! dis9tegrat$ rocks be+ wa%$ away 9 ! =m ( f9e mud1 or at lea/ ( m9ute p>ticles1 & be+ deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! primeval seas1 h !re h>d5$ into :at are call$ s$im5t>y rocks1 :i* be+ rais$ above ! surface by volcanic action or o!r great geological =ces1 h be5 aga9 dis9tegrat$ to yield diff]5t soils4 ,?us1 !n1 all soils are directly or indirectly d]iv$ f ! cry/all9e rocks1 ^? ov]ly+ !m be+ =m$ imm$iately by _! decomposition1 :ile ^? f\nd above ! s$im5t>y rocks may be trac$ back ?r\gh !m to ! cry/all9e rocks f :i* !y 7 orig9ally =m$4 ,su* be+ ! case1 ! composition ( diff]5t soils mu/ manife/ly dep5d on t ( ! cry/all9e rocks f :i* !y h be5 d]iv$4 ,_! numb] is by no means l>ge1 & !y all consi/ ( mixtures 9 v>iable proportions ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 mica1 hornbl5de1 augite1 & zeolites4 ,) ! exception ( qu>tz & augite1 ^! names are1 h[ev]1 repres5tatives ( diff]5t classes ( m9]als4 ,!re are1 = in/ance1 sev]al diff]5t m9]als commonly classifi$ "u ! "n ( felsp>1 :i* h be5 di/+ui%$ by m9]alogi/s by ! names ( or?oclase1 albite1 oligoclase1 & labradorite2 & !re are at lea/ two sorts ( mica1 two ( hornbl5de1 & _m v>ieties ( zeolites4 ,qu>tz consi/s ( pure silica1 & :5 9 l>ge masses is "o ( ! mo/ inde/ructible rocks4 ,x occurs1 h[ev]1 int]mix$ ) o!r m9]als 9 small cry/als1 or irregul> fragm5ts1 & =ms ! entire mass ( pure s&4 ,! f\r k9ds ( felsp> :i* h be5 already nam$ are comp\nds ( silica ) alum9a1 & ano!r base :i* is ei!r pota%1 soda1 or lime4 ,_! composition is z foll[s1 two examples ( ea* be+ giv5-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ ,or?oclase4 ,albite4 ,oligoclase4 ,labradorite4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,silica #fe4gb #fe4jj #fg4ii #fh4bc #fb4gj #fc4ea #ed4ff #ed4fg ,alum9a #ah4eg #ah4fd #ai4fa #ah4cj #bc4hj #bc4ji #bg4hg #bg4hi ,p]oxide ( iron traces #j4hc #j4gj #a4ja #j4fb -- -- #j4ca ,oxide ( manganese traces #j4ac -- -- -- -- -- -- ,lime #j4cd #a4bc #j4ff #a4bf #d4fj #b4dd #ab4ja #aj4fj ,magnesia #j4aj #a4jc -- #j4ea #j4jb #j4gg -- #j4ah ,pota% #ad4jb #i4ab -- #b4ec #a4je #b4ai -- #j4di ,soda #a4be #c4di #aa4ab #g4ii #h4jj #i4cg #e4df #e4je ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------ #ajj4jj #ii4dgajj4jh #ii4hcajj4giaja4cgajj4jj #ii4ai ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,x is obvi\s t soils produc$ by ! dis9tegration ( ^! m9]als mu/ diff] mat]ially 9 quality4 ,^? yield$ by or?oclase mu/ g5]ally ab\nd 9 pota%1 :ile albite & labradorite1 conta9+ little or none ( t elem5t1 mu/ produce soils 9 :i* x is defici5t4 ,! quality ( ! soil !y yield is n h[ev] entirely dep5d5t on ! nature ( ! p>ticul> felsp> :i* yields x1 b is also intimately connect$ ) ! ext5t to :i* ! decomposition has advanc$4 ,x is obs]v$ t diff]5t felsp>s und]go decomposition ) diff]5t degrees ( rapidity b aft] a c]ta9 "t !y all beg9 to lose _! peculi> lu/re1 acquire a dull & e>?y appe>ance1 & at l5g? fall into a m or less :ite & s(t p[d]4 ,dur+ ?is *ange wat] is absorb$1 &1 by ! decompos+ action ( ! air1 ! alkal9e silicate is gradually r5d]$ soluble1 & at l5g? entirely wa%$ away1 leav+ a sub/ance :i*1 :5 mix$ ) wat]1 becomes pla/ic1 & has all ! *>act]s ( common clay4 ,! nature ( ?is *ange w be be/ se5 by ! foll[+ analysis ( ! clay produc$ dur+ ?is composition1 :i* is employ$ 9 ! manufacture ( porcela9 "u ! "n ( kaol91 or *9a clay-- ,silica #df4hj ,alum9a #cf4hc ,p]oxide ( iron #c4aa ,c>bonate ( lime #j4ee ,pota% #j4bg ,wat] #ab4dd ---- #ajj4jj ,9 ?is in/ance ! decomposition ( ! felsp> _h rea*$ its limit1 a m]e trace ( pota% be+ left1 b if tak5 at diff]5t /ages ( ! process1 v>iable proportions ( t alkali are met )4 ,?is decomposition ( felsp> is ! s\rce ( ! great deposits ( clay :i* are s abundantly di/ribut$ ov] ! globe1 & x takes place ) ne>ly equal rapidity ) pota% & soda felsp>4 ,x is r>ely complete1 & ! soils produc$ f x frequ5tly conta9 a consid]able proportion ( ! undecompos$ m9]al1 :i* cont9ues = a long p]iod to yield a supply ( alkalies to ! plants :i* gr[ on !m4 ,mica is a v widely di/ribut$ m9]al1 & two v>ieties ( x are di/+ui%$ by m9]alogi/s1 "o ( :i* is *>act]is$ by ! l>ge quantity ( magnesia x conta9s4 ,diff]5t specim5s are f\nd to v>y v greatly 9 composition1 b ! foll[+ analyses may repres5t _! mo/ usual composition3 ,,mica4 ---------------- ,pota%4 ,magnesia4 ,silica #df4cf #db4fe ,alum9a #cf4hj #ab4if ,p]oxide ( iron #d4ec --- ,protoxide ( iron --- #g4aa ,oxide ( manganese #j4jb #a4jf ,magnesia --- #be4ge ,pota% #i4bb #f4jc ,hydr(luoric acid #j4gj #j4fb ,wat] #a4hd #c4ag ---- ---- #ii4dg #ii4ce ,mica und]goes decomposition ) extreme sl[ness1 z is at once illu/rat$ by ! fact t its %9+ scales may frequ5tly be met ) entirely un*ang$ 9 ! soil4 ,its p]si/5ce is dep5d5t on ! small quantity ( alkal9e con/itu5ts :i* x conta9s2 & = ?is reason x is obs]v$ t ! magnesian micas und]go decomposition less rapidly ?an ^? conta9+ ! l>g] quantity ( pota%4 ,ev5tually1 h[ev]1 bo? v>ieties become conv]t$ into clay1 _! magnesia & pota% pass+ gradually into soluble =ms4 ,hornbl5de & augite are two widely di/ribut$ m9]als1 :i* are s simil> 9 composition & prop]ties t !y may be consid]$ toge!r4 ,( ! =m] two v>ieties1 basaltic & common h be5 di/+ui%$1 & _! composition is giv5 bel[3-- ,hornbl5de4 ---------------- ,common4 ,basaltic4 ,augite4 ,silica #da4ej #db4bd #ej4ab ,alum9a #ae4ge #ac4ib #d4bj ,protoxide ( iron #g4ge #ad4ei #aa4fj ,oxide ( manganese #j4be #j4cc -- ,lime #ad4ji #ab4bd #bj4ee ,magnesia #ai4dj #ac4gd #ac4gj ,wat] #j4ej -- -- ---- ---- ---- #ii4bd #ig4je #ii4fg ,9 ^! m9]als alkalies are entirely abs5t1 & _! decomposition is due to ! pres5ce ( protoxide ( iron1 :i* readily absorbs oxyg5 f ! air1 :5 ! magnesia is sep>at$ & a f]rug9\s clay left4 ,! m9]als j ref]r$ to1 con/itute ! great bulk ( ! m\nta9 masses1 b !y are associat$ ) _m o!rs :i* take "p 9 ! =mation ( ! soil4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important are ! zeolites :i* d n occur 9 l>ge masses b are dissem9at$ ?r\gh ! o!r rocks 9 small quantity4 ,!y =m a l>ge class ( m9]als ( :i* ,?omsonite & natrolite may be select$ z examples-- ,?omsonite4 ,natrolite4 ,silica #ch4gc #dh4fh ,alum9a #cj4hd #bf4cf ,lime #ac4dc -- ,pota% #j4ed #j4bc ,soda #c4he #af4jj ,wat] #ac4ji #i4ee ---- ---- #ajj4dh #ajj4hc ,!y are *iefly *>act]iz$ by conta9+ _! silica 9 a soluble /ate1 & h5ce may yield t sub/ance to ! plants 9 a condition p>ticul>ly fav\rable = absorption4 ,x is obvi\s f :at has be5 /at$ t all ^! m9]als are capable1 by _! decomposition1 ( yield+ s(t por\s masses hav+ ! physical prop]ties ( soils1 b mo/ ( !m w\ld be devoid ( _m ess5tial +r$i5ts1 :ile n "o ( !m w\ld yield ei!r phosphoric acid1 sulphuric acid1 or *lor9e4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 rec5tly asc]ta9$ t c]ta9 ( ^! m9]als1 or at lea/ ! rocks =m$ f !m1 conta9 m9ute1 b di/9ctly appreciable traces ( phosphoric acid1 al?\gh 9 too small quantity to be detect$ by ord9>y analysis2 & small quantities ( *lor9e & sulphuric acid may also 9 mo/ in/ances be f\nd4 ,/ill x w be obs]v$ t mo/ ( ^! m9]als w\ld yield a soil conta9+ only two or ?ree ( ^? sub/ances1 :i*1 z we h already le>n$1 are ess5tial to ! plant4 ,?us1 pota% felsp>1 :ile x w\ld give abundance ( pota%1 w\ld be b an ineffici5t s\rce ( lime & magnesia2 & labradorite1 :i* conta9s abundance ( lime1 is altoge!r defici5t 9 magnesia & pota%4 ,nature has1 h[ev]1 provid$ aga9/ ?is difficulty1 = %e has s arrang$ x t ^! m9]als r>ely occur alone1 ! rocks :i* =m our great m\nta9 masses be+ compos$ ( intimate mixtures ( two or m ( !m1 & t 9 su* a mann] t ! defici5cies ( ! "o comp5sate ^? ( ! o!r4 ,we %all %ortly m5tion ! composition ( ^! rocks4 ,granite is a mixture ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 & mica 9 v>iable proportions1 & ! quality ( ! soil x yields dep5ds on :e!r ! v>iety ( felsp> pres5t be or?oclase or albite4 ,:5 ! =m] is ! con/itu5t1 granite yields soils ( tol]able f]tility1 provid$ _! climatic conditions be fav\rable2 b x frequ5tly occurs 9 high & expos$ situations :i* are unfav\rable to ! gr[? ( plants4 ,gneiss is a simil> mixture1 b *>act]is$ by ! pr$om9ance ( mica1 & by its b&$ /ructure4 ,ow+ to ! small quantity ( felsp> :i* x conta9s1 & ! abundance ( ! difficulty decomposable mica1 ! soils =m$ by its dis9tegration are g5]ally inf]ior4 ,mica slate is also a mixture ( qu>tz1 felsp>1 & mica1 b consi/+ almo/ entirely ( ! latt] +r$i5t1 & consequ5tly pres5t+ an extreme inf]tility4 ,! position ( ! granite1 gneiss1 & mica slate soils 9 ?is c\ntry is su* t v few ( !m are ( mu* value2 b 9 w>m climates !y n unfrequ5tly produce abundant crops ( gra94 ,sy5ite is a rock simil> 9 composition to granite1 b hav+ ! mica replac$ by hornbl5de1 :i* by its decomposition yields supplies ( lime & magnesia m readily ?an !y c be obta9$ f ! less easily dis9tegrat$ mica4 ,= ?is reason soils produc$ f ! sy5itic rocks are frequ5tly possess$ ( consid]able f]tility4 ,! s]ies ( rocks ( :i* gre5/one & trap are types1 & :i* are v widely di/ribut$1 diff] greatly 9 composition f ^? already m5tion$4 ,!y are divisible into two great classes1 :i* h receiv$ ! names ( diorite & dol]ite1 ! =m] a mixture ( albite & hornbl5de1 ! latt] ( augite & labradorite1 sometimes ) consid]able quantities ( a sort ( oligoclase conta9+ bo? soda & lime1 & ( diff]5t k9ds ( zeolitic m9]als4 ,g5]ally speak+1 ! soils produc$ f diorite are sup]ior to ^? f dol]ite4 ,! albite :i* ! =m] conta9s und]goes a rapid decomposition1 & yields abundance ( soda along ) "s pota%1 :i* is seldom altoge!r want+1 :ile ! hornbl5de supplies bo? lime & magnesia4 ,dol]ite1 :5 compos$ entirely ( augite & labradorite1 produces r inf]ior soils2 b :5 x conta9s oligoclase & zeolites1 & comes "u ! head ( basalt1 its dis9tegration is ! s\rce ( soils rem>kable = _! f]tility2 = ^! latt] sub/ances und]go+ rapid decomposition furni% ! plants ) abundant supplies ( alkalies & lime1 :ile ! m sl[ly decompos+ hornbl5de af=ds ! necess>y quantity ( magnesia4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ! basaltic rocks are f\nd to conta9 appreciable quantities ( phosphoric acid1 s t !y are 9 a condition to yield to ! plant almo/ all its necess>y con/itu5ts4 ,! diff]5t rocks n[ m5tion$1 ) a few o!rs ( less g5]al di/ribution1 con/itute ! :ole ( our great m\nta9 masses2 & :ile _! g5]al composition is su* z has be5 /at$1 !y frequ5tly conta9 dissem9at$ ?r\gh !m quantities ( o!r m9]als :i*1 ?\gh 9 trifl+ quantity1 nev]!less add _! quota ( valuable con/itu5ts to ! soils4 ,moreov]1 ! exact composition ( ! m9]als ( :i* ! great masses ( rocks are compos$ is liable to "s v>iety4 ,^? :i* we h tak5 z illu/rations h be5 select$ z typical ( ! m9]als2 b x is n uncommon to f9d albite conta9+ #b or #c p] c5t ( pota%1 labradorite ) a consid]able proportion ( soda1 & zeolitic m9]als conta9+ sev]al p] c5t ( pota%1 ! pres5ce ( :i* mu/ ( c\rse consid]ably modify ! prop]ties ( ! soils produc$ f !m4 ,!y are also greatly affect$ by ! me*anical influ5ces to :i* ! rocks are expos$2 & be+ situat$ = ! mo/ "p 9 elevat$ positions1 !y are no soon] dis9tegrat$ ?an !y are wa%$ d[n by ! ra9s4 ,a granite1 = in/ance1 z ! result ( dis9tegration1 has its felsp> r$uc$ to an impalpable p[d]1 :ile its qu>tz & mica rema91 ! =m] entirely1 ! latt] 9 great "p1 9 ! cry/all9e gra9s :i* exi/$ orig9ally 9 ! granite4 ,if su* a dis9tegrat$ granite rema9s on ! spot1 x is easy to see :at its composition mu/ be2 b if expos$ to ! action ( runn+ wat]1 by :i* x is wa%$ away f its orig9al site1 a process ( sep>ation takes place1 ! heavy gra9s ( qu>tz are fir/ deposit$1 !n ! light] mica1 & la/ly ! felsp>4 ,?us !re may be produc$ f ! same granite1 soils ( v diff]5t nature & composition1 f a pure & b>r5 s& to a ri* clay =m$ entirely ( felspa?ic debris4 ,! s$im5t>y or /ratifi$ rocks are =m$ ( p>ticles c>ri$ d[n by wat] & deposit$ at ! bottom ( ! primeval seas f :i* !y h be5 upheav$ 9 ! c\rse ( geological *anges4 ,! process ( _! =mation may be wat*$ at ! pres5t day at ! m\?s ( all great riv]s1 :]e a delta compos$ ( ! susp5d$ matt]s c>ri$ d[n by ! wat]s is sl[ly =m$4 ,! nature ( ^! rocks mu/ !re=e dep5d entirely on t ( ! c\ntry ?r\gh :i* ! riv] fl[s4 ,if its c\rse runs ?r\gh a c\ntry 9 :i* lime is abundant1 calc>e\s rocks w be deposit$1 & if x passes ?r\gh di/ricts ( diff]5t geological *>act]s ! deposit mu/ necess>ily consi/ ( a mixture ( ! dis9tegrat$ p>ticles ( ! diff]5t rocks ! riv] has enc\nt]$4 ,= ?is reason x is impossible to ent] ^u a detail$ acc\nt ( _! composition4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t ! p>ticles ( :i* !y are compos$1 ?\gh orig9ally d]iv$ f ! cry/all9e rocks1 h g5]ally und]gone a complex s]ies ( *anges1 geology tea*+ t1 aft] deposition1 !y may 9 _! turn und]go dis9tegration & be c>ri$ away by wat]1 to be aga9 deposit$4 ,_! composition mu/ !re=e v>y n m]ely accord+ to ! nature ( ! rock f :i* !y h be5 =m$1 b also accord+ to ! ext5t to :i* ! decomposition has gone1 & ! successive *anges to :i* !y h be5 expos$4 ,!y may be r$uc$ to ! ?ree great classes ( clays1 includ+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( clay slates1 %ales1 etc41 s&/one & lime/one4 ,x mu/ be add$ also1 t _m ( !m conta9 c>bonace\s matt]s produc$ by ! decomposition ( e>ly races ( plants & animals1 & t mixtures ( two or m ( ! diff]5t classes are frequ5t4 ,! pure/ clays are produc$ by ! decomposition ( felsp>1 b almo/ all ! cry/all9e rocks may produce !m by ! removal ( _! alkalies1 iron1 lime1 etc4 ,:]e circum/ances h be5 fav\rable1 ! :ole ( ^! sub/ances are remov$1 & ! clay :i* rema9s consi/s almo/ entirely ( silica & alum9a1 & yields a soil :i* is almo/ b>r51 n m]ely on acc\nt ( ! defici5cy ( _m ( ! necess>y elem5ts ( plants1 b because x is s /iff & imp5etrable t ! roots f9d _! way into x ) difficulty4 ,x r>ely happ5s1 h[ev]1 t decomposition has advanc$ s f> z to remove ! :ole ( ! alkalies1 :i* is exemplifi$ by ! foll[+ analyses ( ! fire clay ( ! coal =mation1 & ( transition clay slate3-- ,transition ,fire ,clay4 ,clay ,slate4 ,silica #fj4jc #ed4gg ,alum9a #ad4ia #bh4fa ,p]oxide ( iron #h4id #d4ib ,lime #b4jh #j4eh ,magnesia #d4bb #a4ad ,pota% #c4hg #a4jj ,soda -- #j4bd ,c>bonic acid #e4fg #h4bd ,wat] ---- ---- #ii4gb #ii4ej ,! s&/ones are d]iv$ f ! silice\s p>ticles ( granite & o!r rocks1 & consi/ 9 _m cases ( ne>ly pure silica1 9 :i* case _! dis9tegration produces a b>r5 s&1 b !y m frequ5tly conta9 an admixture ( clay & micace\s scales1 :i* sometimes =m a by no means inconsid]able portion ( !m4 ,su* s&/ones yield soils ( bett] quality1 b !y are always light & poor4 ,:]e !y occur int]/ratifi$ ) clays1 /ill bett] soils are produc$1 ! mutual admixture ( ! dis9tegrat$ rocks af=d+ a sub/ance ( int]m$iate prop]ties1 9 :i* ! heav9ess ( ! clay is temp]$ by ! lightness ( ! s&/one4 ,lime/one is "o ( ! mo/ widely di/ribut$ ( ! /ratifi$ rocks1 & 9 diff]5t localities occurs ( v diff]5t composition4 ,lime/ones are divid$ into two classes1 common & magnesian2 ! =m] a ne>ly pure c>bonate ( lime1 ! latt] a mixture ( t sub/ance ) c>bonate ( magnesia4 ,b :ile ^! are ! pr9cipal con/itu5ts1 x is n uncommon to f9d small quantities ( phosphate & sulphate ( lime1 :i*1 h[ev] trifl+ _! proportions1 are n unimportant 9 an agricultural po9t ( view4 ,! foll[+ analyses w s]ve to illu/rate ! g5]al composition ( ^! two sorts ( lime/one z !y occur 9 ! e>ly geological =mations3-- ,,common4 ,,magnesian4 ------------------------- ---------------------- ,mid-,lo?ian4 ,su!rl&4 ,su!rl&4 ,dumfries4 ,silica #b4jj #g4db #f4jj #b4ca ,p]oxide ( iron #j4de #j4gf #a4eg #b4jj & alum9a ,c>bonate ( lime #ic4fa #hd4aa #ej4ba #eh4ha ,c>bonate ( #a4fb #g4de #da4bb #cf4da magnesia ,phosphate ( lime #j4ef 444 444 444 ,sulphate ( lime #j4ib 444 444 #j4aj ,organic matt] #j4bj 444 444 444 ,wat] #j4ej 444 #j4fi 444 ---- ---- ---- ---- #ii4hf #ii4gd #ii4fi #ii4fc ,^! lime/ones are h>d & possess to a great] or less ext5t a cry/all9e texture4 ,!y are replac$ 9 lat] geological p]iods by o!rs :i* are mu* s(t]1 & (t5 pur]1 ( :i* ! oolitic lime/ones1 s call$ f _! resemblance to ! roe ( a fi%1 & *alk are ! mo/ important4 ,o!r lime/ones are also kn[n :i* conta9 an admixture ( clay4 ,! soils produc$ by ! dis9tegration ( lime/one & *alk are g5]ally light & por\s1 b :5 mix$ ) clay1 possess a v high degree ( f]tility1 & ?is is p>ticul>ly ! case ) *alk1 :i* yields "s ( ! mo/ valuable ( all soils4 ,b x is true only ( ! common lime/ones1 = exp]i5ce has %[n t ^? :i* conta9 magnesia 9 l>ge quantity are (t5 prejudicial to vegetation1 & sometimes yield b>r5 or inf]ior soils4 ,su* are ! g5]al *>act]s ( ! ?ree great classes ( /ratifi$ rocks2 any attempt to p>ticul>ise ! num]\s v>ieties ( ea* w\ld lead u f> beyond ! limits ( ! pres5t "w4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 to rem>k1 t 9 _m in/ances "o v>iety passes into ! o!r1 or1 m correctly speak+1 s$im5t>y rocks occur1 :i* are mixtures ( two or m ( ! ?ree great classes4 ,9 fact1 ! "n giv5 to ea* really expresses only ! prepond]at+ +r$i5t1 & _m s&/ones conta9 mu* clay1 %ales & clay slates ab\nd 9 lime1 & lime/ones 9 s& or clay1 s t x may sometimes be a matt] ( "s difficulty to decide to :i* class !y belong4 ,su* mixtures usually produce bett] soils ?an ei!r ( _! con/itu5ts sep>ately1 & accord+ly1 9 ^? geological =mations 9 :i* !y occur1 ! soils are g5]ally ( excell5t quality4 ,! same effect is produc$ :]e num]\s ?9 b$s ( memb]s ( ! diff]5t classes are int]/ratifi$1 ! dis9tegrat$ portions be+ gradually int]mix$1 & valuable soils =m$4 ,! f]tility ( ! soils =m$ f ! /ratifi$ rocks is also increas$ by ! pres5ce ( organic rema9s :i* af=d a supply ( phosphoric acid1 & :i* are sometimes s abundant z to =m a by no means unimportant "p ( _! mass4 ,!y d n occur 9 ! olde/ s$im5t>y rocks1 b z we asc5d to ! m rec5t geological epo*s1 !y increase 9 abundance1 until1 9 ! gre5s&s & o!r rec5t =mations1 :ole b$s ( coprolites & o!r organic rema9s are met )4 ,great diff]5ces are obs]v$ 9 ! quality ( ! soils yield$ by diff]5t rocks4 ,9 g5]al1 ^? =m$ by ! dis9tegration ( clay slates are cold1 heavy1 & v difficult & exp5sive to "w2 ^? ( s&/one light & poor1 & ( lime/one (t5 poor & ?94 ,^! /atem5ts mu/1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ z v g5]al2 = individual cases occur 9 :i* "s ( ^! sub/ances may produce good soils1 rem>kable exceptions be+ (f]$ by ! l[] *alk & "s ( ! %ales ( ! coal =mation4 ,little is at pres5t kn[n reg>d+ ! peculi> nature ( _m ( ^! rocks1 or _! composition2 & ! cause ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! f]tility ( ! soil produc$ f !m is a subject wor?y ( m9ute inve/igation4 ,*emical ,composition ( ! ,soil4--,ref]5ce has be5 already made to ! division ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil into ! two great classes ( organic & inorganic4 ,& :5 treat+ ( ! s\rces ( ! organic con/itu5ts ( plants1 we ent]$ ) "s degree ( m9ut5ess into ! composition & relations ( ! diff]5t memb]s ( ! =m] class1 & express$ ! op9ion t !y did n admit ( be+ directly absorb$ by ! plant4 ,b ?\gh ! p>ts !n /at$ lead to ! inf]5ce t1 z a direct s\rce ( ^! sub/ances1 humus is unimportant1 x has o!r functions to p]=m :i* r5d] x an ess5tial con/itu5t ( all f]tile soils4 ,^! functions are dep5d5t p>tly on ! p[] :i* x has ( absorb+ & ent]+ into *emical composition ) ammonia1 & ) c]ta9 ( ! soluble inorganic sub/ances1 & p>tly on ! effect :i* ! c>bonic acid produc$ by its decomposition ex]ts on ! m9]al matt]s ( ! soil4 ,9 ! =m] way1 its effects are /rik+ly se5 9 ! mann] 9 :i* ammonia is absorb$ by peat2 = x suffices m]ely to p\r ^u "s dri$ peat a small quantity ( a dilute solution ( ammonia to f9d its smell imm$iately disappe>4 ,?is peculi> absorptive p[] ext5ds also to ! fix$ alkalies1 pota% & soda1 z well z to lime & magnesia1 & has an important effect 9 prev5t+ ^! sub/ances be+ wa%$ out ( ! soil--a prop]ty :i*1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 is possess$ also by ! clay conta9$ 9 great] or less quantity 9 mo/ soils4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! air & moi/ure :i* p5etrate ! soil cause its decomposition1 & ! c>bonic acid s produc$ attacks ! undecompos$ m9]als exi/+ 9 x1 & lib]ate ! valuable sub/ances !y conta94 ,9 consid]+ ! composition ( a soil1 x is important to be> 9 m9d t x is a sub/ance ( great complexity1 n m]ely because x conta9s a l>ge numb] ( *emical elem5ts1 b also because x is made up ( a mixture ( sev]al m9]als 9 a m or less decompos$ /ate4 ,! mo/ cursory exam9ation %[s t x almo/ inv>iably conta9s s& & scales ( mica1 & o!r sub/ances c (t5 be detect$ 9 x4 ,n[ x has be5 already obs]v$ t ! m9]als ( :i* soils are compos$1 diff] to a rem>kable ext5t 9 ! facility ) :i* !y und]go decomposition1 & ! be>+ ( ?is fact on its f]tility is a matt] ( ! highe/ importance1 = x has be5 f\nd t ! m]e pres5ce ( an abundant supply ( all ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( plants is n always suffici5t to con/itute a f]tile soil4 ,two soils1 = in/ance1 may be f\nd on analysis to h exactly ! same composition1 al?\gh 9 practice "o proves b>r5 & ! o!r f]tile4 ,! cause ( ?is diff]5ce lies 9 ! p>ticul> /ate ( comb9ation 9 :i* ! elem5ts are conta9$ 9 !m1 & unless ?is be su* t ! plant is capable ( absorb+ !m1 x is immat]ial 9 :at quantity !y are pres5t1 = !y are ?us lock$ up f use1 & condemn ! soil to hopeless inf]tility4 ,x is admitt$ t unless ! sub/ances be pres5t 9 a /ate 9 :i* !y c be dissolv$1 ! plant is incapable ( absorb+ !m2 b x is a matt] ( d\bt :e!r x is necess>y t !y be actually dissolv$ 9 ! wat] :i* p]meates ! soil1 or :e!r ! plant is capable ( ex]cis+ a directly solv5t action4 ,! latt] view is ! mo/ probable1 b at ! same "t x _c be d\bt$1 t if !y are pres5t$ to ! plant 9 solution1 !y w be absorb$ 9 t /ate 9 pref]5ce to any o!r4 ,h5ce x has be5 consid]$ important 9 ! analysis ( a soil1 n to re/ cont5t ) ! det]m9ation ( ! quantity ( ea* elem5t x conta9s1 b to obta9 "s indication ( ! /ate ( comb9ation 9 :i* x exi/s1 s z to h "s idea ( ! ease or difficulty ) :i* !y may be absorb$4 ,= ?is purpose x is necess>y to det]m9e1 #a/1 ,! sub/ances soluble 9 wat]2 #b;d1 ,^? insoluble 9 wat]1 b soluble 9 acids2 #c;d1 ,^? insoluble bo? 9 wat] & acids2 & if to ^! ! organic con/itu5ts be add$1 !re are f\r sep>ate heads "u :i* ! compon5ts ( a soil ought to be classifi$4 ,?is classification is accord+ly adopt$ 9 ! mo/ c>eful & m9ute analyses2 b ! difficulty & lab\r att5d+ !m has hi!rto preclud$ ! possibility ( mak+ !m except 9 a few in/ances2 &1 g5]ally speak+1 *emi/s h be5 cont5t$ ) treat+ ! soil ) an acid1 & det]m9+ 9 ! solution all t is dissolv$4 ,su* analyses are (t5 useful = practical purposes1 z = example1 :5 !y %[ ! abs5ce ( lime1 or any o!r individual sub/ance1 by ! addition ( :i* we may rectify ! defici5cy ( ! soil2 b !y are ( comp>atively little sci5tific value1 & ?r[ b little light on ! true con/itution ( ! soil1 & ! s\rces ( its f]tility4 ,nor is x likely t mu* satisfactory in=mation w be obta9$ until ! numb] ( m9ute analyses is s f> ext5d$ z to e/abli% ! fundam5tal pr9ciples on :i* ! v>i\s prop]ties ( ! soil dep5ds4 ,! sep>ation ( ! con/itu5ts ( a soil into ! f\r great gr\ps already m5tion$1 is effect$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3--,a giv5 quantity ( ! soil is boil$ ) ?ree or f\r successive quantities ( wat]1 :i* dissolves out all ! soluble matt]s4 ,^! g5]ally am\nt to ab\t "o-half p] c5t ( ! :ole soil1 & consi/ ( ne>ly equal proportions ( organic & inorganic sub/ances4 ,9 v light & s&y soils1 x occasionally happ5s t n m ?an "o or two-t5?s p] c5t dissolve 9 wat]1 & 9 peaty soils1 on ! o!r h&1 ! proportion is sometimes consid]ably increas$1 pr9cipally ow+ to ! abundance ( soluble organic matt]s4 ,:5 ! residue ( ?is op]ation is treat$ ) dilute hydro*loric acid1 ! matt]s soluble 9 acids are obta9$ 9 ! fluid4 ,! proportion ( ^! sub/ances is liable to v great v>iations1 & 9 "s soils ( excell5t quality1 & well adapt$ to ! gr[? ( :eat1 x does n exce$ #c p] c5t2 :ile 9 calc>e\s soils1 su* z ^? ( ! *alk =mation1 x may rea* z mu* z #ej or #fj p] c5t4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x am\nts to ab\t #aj p] c5t4 ,! organic con/itu5ts are also v v>iable 9 am\nt2 ord9>y soils ( good quality conta9+ f #b to #aj p] c5t1 :ile 9 peat soils !y n unfrequ5tly rea* #cj or ev5 #ej p] c5t4 ,b ^! _c be consid]$ f]tile soils4 ,! insoluble con/itu5ts are likewise subject to great v>iations1 b1 9 ! ord9>y clay & s&y soils ( ?is c\ntry1 !y g5]ally =m f #gj to #he p] c5t ( ! :ole4 ,! di/ribution ( ! con/itu5ts "u ^! diff]5t heads w be be/ illu/rat$ by a few analyses ( soils ( good quality1 & = ?is purpose we %all select two1 not$ = ! excell5t crops ( :eat !y produce1 & = _! g5]al f]tility4 ,! analyses 7 made f ! upp] #aj in*es1 & a quantity ( ! #aj in*es imm$iately subjac5t 0 analys$ z subsoil4 ,! fir/ is ! ord9>y :eat soil ( ! c\nty ( ,mid-,lo?ian1 ! o!r ! alluvial soil ( ! ,c>se ( ,g[rie 9 ,p]?%ire1 s celebrat$ = ! abundance & luxuriance ( ! crops x produces4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,mid-,lo?ian4 ,p]?%ire4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,soil4 ,subsoil4 ,soil4 ,subsoil4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,sub/ances ,,soluble ,,9 ,,wat]4 ,silica #j4jadi #j4jajd #j4jjgb #j4jdfa ,lime #j4jcjj #j4jjgb #j4jahd #j4jcjf ,magnesia #j4jjig #j4jjaf #j4jjdj #j4jjcd ,*lor4 ( magnesium -- -- -- #j4jjcc ,pota% #j4jjcd #j4jjcg -- -- ,soda #j4jjfe #j4jjdi -- -- ,*loride ( potassium -- -- #j4jjhh #j4jjhj ,*loride ( sodium -- -- #j4jaaj #j4jaff ,sulphuric acid #j4jaic #j4jabd #j4jjhi #j4jbci ,*lor9e trace trace -- -- ,organic matt]s #j4adha #j4bbbh #j4jfjh #j4acdb ------------------------------------ #j4bcai #j4bfcj #j4aaia #j4bffa ---------------------------------------- ------------------ ,,soluble ,,9 ,,acids4 ,silica #j4adij #j4jfhj #j4jdhb #j4afig ,p]oxide ( iron #e4agcj #c4dhbj #d4hgjj #d4ffcc ,alum9a #b4aedj #a4hacj #b4fijj #c4ijgj ,lime #j4ddgj #j4chaj #j4cfaf #j4ejej ,magnesia #j4dabj #j4bhej #j4cifj #j4idbj ,pota% #j4jfej #j4afej #j4cdde #j4afgj ,soda #j4jjej #j4jefj #j4abdb #j4aibj ,sulphuric acid #j4jbej #j4jhej #j4jiaa #j4jafj ,phosphoric acid #j4dcjj #j4aigj #j4bdjj #j4bfhj ,c>bonic acid -- -- #j4jejj -- ---------------------------------- #h4hfjj #f4ecbj #i4baef #aj4hcjj ---------------------------------- ,,insoluble ,,9 ,,acids4 ,silica #ga4chij #hb4ejij #fc4adjj #fa4dbjj ,alum9a #d4ghaj #c4eabj #aa4cejj #aj4cdjj ,p]oxide ( iron trace trace -- #a4efgj ,lime #j4gebj #j4eejj #j4dejj #j4gdjj ,magnesia #j4ffaj #j4eejj #j4fbjj #j4ddej ,pota% #j4bhfj -- #b4dejj #b4jjcj ,soda #j4dbbj -- #a4cajj #j4hddj ---------------------------------- #gh4biaj #hg4abaj #gi4cbjj #gg4ceij ---------------------------------- ,,organic ,,matt]s4 ,insoluble organic matt] #h4hggg #d4bcgj #g4gdjj #f4biaj ,hum9e #j4hhej #j4cdej #j4jgjj #j4jhdj ,humic acid #j4acdj #j4jcaj #j4fhjj #j4cfjj ,apocr5ic acid #j4aecc -- -- #j4jibi ,wat] #b4fhdj #a4gfgj #b4gjjj #d4egej ---------------------------------- #ab4gcdj #f4chjj #aa4aijj #aa4djbj ,sum ( all ! con/itu5ts #ajj4aafi #ajj4bifj #ii4hddg #ii4hega ,,am\nt ,,( ,,c>bon1 ,,hydrog51 ,,nitrog51 ,,& ,,oxyg5 ,,conta9$ ,,9 #ajj ,,p>ts ,,( ,,ea* ,,soil4 ,c>bon #d4eaj #a4cjfj #b4ee #b4jc ,hydrog5 #j4eej #j4ccbd #j4ga #j4ec ,nitrog5 #j4bbj #j4jigc #j4ba #j4ag ,oxyg5 #d4iah #c4ajja #e4jh #d4ji ---------------------------------- #aj4aih #d4hceh #h4ee #f4hb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,9 exam9+ ^! analyses1 x is p>ticul>ly wor?y ( notice t by f> ! l>g] proportion ( ! sub/ances soluble 9 wat] consi/s ( organic matt]1 lime1 & sulphuric acid1 ! two la/ be+ 9 comb9ation z sulphate ( lime1 :ile "s ( ^? sub/ances :i* are usually consid]$ to be ! mo/ important m9]al con/itu5ts ( plants are pres5t 9 v small quantity--pota%1 = in/ance1 =m+ n m ?an #a-be1jjj? ( ! :ole soil1 & phosphoric acid be+ entirely abs5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ?is portion conta9s ! :ole ( ! *lor9e :i* exi/s 9 ! soil1 & ?is might be anticipat$ f ! ready solubility 9 wat] ( ! comp\nds ( t sub/ance4 ,! portion soluble 9 acids consi/s ( alum9a & oxide ( iron1 bo? ( :i* are comp>atively unimportant to ! plant1 b v important1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 9 relation to ! physical prop]ties ( ! soil4 ,! rema9d] ( ! sub/ances soluble 9 acids1 am\nt+ to f #a & #b p] c5t1 is compos$ ( "s ( ! mo/ ess5tial con/itu5ts ( plants4 ,lime1 magnesia1 pota%1 & soda1 appe> aga9 9 l>g] quantity ?an 9 ! soluble "p1 & along ) !m we h ! phosphoric acid to ! am\nt ( f #j4b to #j4d p] c5t ( ! :ole soil1 & sulphuric acid 9 mu* small] quantity4 ,! insoluble matt]s diff] rem>kably 9 ! two soils1 t f ! ,c>se ( ,g[rie be+ *>act]is$ by a l>ge quantity ( pota% & soda1 indicat+ an important diff]5ce 9 ! mat]ials f :i* !y h be5 =m$4 ,9 ! ,p]?%ire soil x is obvi\s t ! felspa?ic elem5t has be5 abundant1 & t its decomposition has be5 arre/$ at a "t1 :5 x /ill conta9$ a l>ge quantity ( alkalies4 ,& ?is diff]5ce is ( great practical importance1 because ^? soils1 :i* conta9 a l>ge quantity ( pota% 9 _! insoluble portion1 h )9 !m a s\rce ( p]man5t f]tility1 ! alkali be+ gradually lib]at$ by ! decomposition :i* is con/antly 9 progress1 ow+ to ! air & moi/ure p]meat+ ! soil4 ,z reg>ds ! special di/ribution ( ! inorganic matt]s1 x is to be obs]v$ t "s ( !m occur 9 ea* ( ! ?ree heads "u :i* !y are arrang$1 :ile o!rs are conf9$ to "o or two4 ,silica & ! alkalies occur g5]ally1 ?\gh n inv>iably1 9 all ?ree4 ,*lor9e is met ) only 9 ! "p soluble 9 wat]1 phosphoric acid only 9 t soluble 9 acids1 :ile sulphuric acid occurs 9 bo? ! la/-nam$ divisions4 ,! great] "p ( ! organic matt]s are insoluble bo? 9 wat] & acids4 ,at lea/ x is g5]ally believ$ t any portion dissolv$ by /rong acids1 9 ! c\rse ( analysis1 has be5 entirely decompos$1 & is 9 a completely diff]5t /ate f t 9 :i* x exi/$ actually 9 ! soil4 ,z an example ( a calc>e\s soil1 =m+ a /rik+ contra/ to ^? giv5 above1 we select "o f ! isl& ( ,antigua1 f :i* v l>ge crops ( sug>-cane are obta9$4 ,! soil is ( great dep?1 & analyses ( ! subsoil at ! dep? ( #ah in*es & #e feet are giv54 ,^! la/ analyses are n s m9ute z t ( ! soil itself1 ! soluble matt]s n hav+ be5 sep>ately det]m9$1 b includ$ 9 t soluble 9 acids4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,surface #ah in*es #e feet ,soil4 deep4 deep4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,,soluble ,,9 ,,wat]4 ,lime #j4jg 444 444 ,magnesia trace 444 444 ,pota% #j4jf 444 444 ,soda #j4jd 444 444 ,*lor9e #j4je 444 444 ,organic matt] #j4ae 444 444 ---- #j4cg ,,soluble ,,9 ,,acids4 ,silica #j4gd 444 444 ,p]oxide ( iron #b4bb #a4fg #a4hg ,protoxide ( iron #j4gg #i4je #c4aj ,alum9a #a4ij #b4eb #d4ba ,lime #aj4dc #c4jd #be4ge ,magnesia #j4bj #j4ed #j4ea ,pota% #j4jc #j4bi #j4bh ,soda #j4jb #j4aa #j4af ,sulphuric acid trace #j4jb #j4ac ,phosphoric acid #j4ad trace #j4jd ,c>bonic acid #g4ch #j4hb #bj4bc ----- ----- ----- #bc4hc #ah4jf #ef4bh ,,insoluble ,,9 ,,acids4 ,silica #da4dd #ea4bd #bg4fg ,protoxide ( iron #c4bd #j4bf #a4dj ,alum9a #i4jj #a4ej #a4jj ,lime #j4jh #j4hh trace ,magnesia #j4hj #j4ed trace ,pota% 444 #j4gd 444 ,soda 444 #j4be 444 ----- ----- ----- #ed4ef #ee4da #cj4jg ,,organic ,,matt]s4 ,hum9e #a4eh ,humic acid #a4ae #ab4je #g4di ,insoluble organic matt]s #g4ff ,wat] #aa4ac #ad4fi #f4jf ----- ----- ----- #ba4eb #bf4gd #ac4ee ---------------------------- ,sum ( all ! con/itu5ts #ajj4bh #ajj4ba #ii4ij ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,9 ?is soil !re is a g5]al resemblance 9 ! composition ( ! portion soluble 9 wat] to ^? ( ! :eat soils4 ,b ! "p soluble 9 acids is di/+ui%$ by ! great abundance ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,! subsoil conta9s also a l>ge quantity ( protoxide ( iron1 a sub/ance frequ5tly f\nd 9 subsoils conta9+ mu* organic matt]1 & to :i* ! air has imp]fect access4 ,"u ^! circum/ances p]oxide ( iron is r$uc$ to protoxide2 & :5 pres5t abundantly 9 ! soil 9 t =m1 iron has be5 f\nd to ex]cise a v injuri\s influ5ce on vegetation2 & x has frequ5tly happ5$ t :5 subsoils conta9+ x h be5 br\ght up to ! surface1 !y h 9 ! fir/ in/ance caus$ a manife/ det]ioration ( ! soil1 al?\gh aft] "s "t1 :5 x _h become p]oxidis$ by ! action ( ! air1 x ceas$ to be injuri\s4 ,! soil ( ,holl&1 f ! neighb\rhood ( ! ,zuid] ,zee1 :i* is an alluvial deposit f ! wat]s ( ! ,rh9e1 & produces l>ge crops1 gave ! results :i* foll[-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,surface4 #ae in*es #cj in*es deep4 deep4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,insoluble silica #eg4fdf #ea4gjf #ee4cgb ,soluble silica #b4cdj #b4dif #b4bhf ,alum9a #a4hcj #b4ijj #b4hhh ,p]oxide ( iron #i4jci #aj4cje #aa4hfd ,protoxide ( iron #j4cej #j4efc #j4bjj ,oxide ( manganese #j4bhh #j4ced #j4bhd ,lime #d4jib #e4jif #b4dhj ,magnesia #j4acj #j4adj #j4abh ,pota% #a4jbf #a4dcj #a4eba ,soda #a4igb #b4jfi #a4icg ,ammonia #j4jfj #j4jgh #j4jge ,phosphoric acid #j4dff #j4cbd #j4dgh ,sulphuric acid #j4hif #a4ajd #j4egf ,c>bonic acid #f4jhe #f4idj #d4gge ,*lor9e #a4bdj #a4cjb #a4dah ,humic acid #b4gih #c4iia #c4dbh ,cr5ic acid #j4gga #j4gca #j4jcg ,apocr5ic acid #j4ajg #j4afj #j4aeb ,o!r organic matt]s & ,comb9$ wat] #h4cbd #g4gjj #i4cdh ,loss #j4edj #j4faa #j4gec ------- ------- ------- #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,x is unnecess>y to multiply analyses ( f]tile soils1 ^? n[ giv5 be+ suffici5t to %[ _! g5]al composition4 ,!y are all *>act]is$ by ! pres5ce1 9 consid]able quantity1 ( all ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( plants1 9 a /ate 9 :i* !y may be readily absorb$4 ,! abs5ce ( "o or m ( ^! sub/ances imm$iately dim9i%es or altoge!r de/roys ! f]tility ( ! soil2 & ! ext5t to :i* ?is occurs is illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ analysis ( a soil f ,pumph]/on1 ,mid-,lo?ian1 =m+ a small pat* 9 ! l[] "p ( a field1 & on :i* no?+ w\ld gr[4 ,be+ naturally wet1 x _h be5 dra9$ & s[$ ) oats1 :i* di$ out ab\t six weeks aft] s[+1 & left a b>e soil on :i* we$s did n %[ ! slighte/ disposition to gr[4 ,,soluble ,,9 ,,acids4 ,soluble silica #j4agc ,p]oxide ( iron #f4gge ,alum9a #a4aej ,oxide ( manganese trace ,c>bonate ( lime #j4hef ,magnesia #j4jii ,pota% #j4acb ,soda #j4abc ,phosphoric acid trace ,*lor9e trace ---- #i4cjh ,silica #gc4jif ,p]oxide ( iron #a4cga ,alum9a #d4bfc ,lime #j4heh ,magnesia #j4ebj ---- #hj4ajh ,organic matt] #h4jab ,wat] #b4cia ---- #aj4djc ------ #ii4hai ,9 ?is in/ance ! b>r5ness ( ! soil is di/9ctly traceable to ! defici5cy ( phosphoric acid1 sulphuric acid1 & *lor9e4 ,!re is also a rem>kably l>ge quantity ( oxide ( iron1 :i*1 :5 act$ on by ! humic acid1 is well kn[n to be highly prejudicial to vegetation1 & t ?is took place 0 %[n by ! fact t ! dra9s1 a c\ple ( mon?s aft] be+ laid1 7 almo/ /opp$ up by humate ( iron4 ,/ill m /rik+ are ! foll[+ analyses3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,moorl& soil ,s&y soil ,soil f ne> ,auri*1 ne> ne> ,ea/ ,friesl&4 ,wett+54 ,muhlhaus54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,silica & s& #gj4egf #if4jjj #gg4dij ,alum9a #a4jej #j4ejj #i4dij ,oxide ( iron #j4beb #b4jjj #e4hjj ,oxide ( manganese trace trace #j4aje ,lime #j4jja #j4hff ,magnesia #j4jab #j4gbh ,pota% trace ,soda trace trace ,phosphoric acid #j4jjc ,sulphuric acid trace ,c>bonic acid 444 444 #j4bjj ,*lor9e trace trace trace ,humic acid #aa4iaj #j4bjj #j4gcb ,insoluble humus #af4bjj #a4bii #j4bjj ,wat] 444 444 #d4jif ---------------------------------------- -- #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,! results conta9$ 9 ^! analyses are peculi>ly rem>kable1 = !y indicate ! almo/ total abs5ce ( all ^? sub/ances :i* ! plant requires4 ,!y mu/1 h[ev]1 be consid]$ z 9 a great measure exceptional cases1 z x is b r>ely t s l>ge a numb] ( con/itu5ts is abs5t1 & x is mu* m frequ5t to f9d ! defici5cy re/rict$ to "o or two sub/ances4 ,!y are illu/rations ( b>r5ness dep5d5t on diff]5t circum/ances4 ,! fir/ %[s ! unimportance ( ! organic matt]s ( ! soil1 :i* are "h unusually abundant1 )\t 9 any way c\nt]act+ ! inf]tility dep5d5t on ! abs5ce ( ! o!r con/itu5ts4 ,! second is t ( a ne>ly pure s&2 & ! ?ird1 ?\gh x conta9s a great] numb] ( ! ess5tial +r$i5ts ( ! a%1 is /ill r5d]$ unfruitful by ! defici5cy ( alkalies1 sulphuric acid1 & *lor9e4 ,an exam9ation ( ! =ego+ analyses indicates pretty cle>ly "s ( ! conditions ( f]tility ( ! soil1 :i* mu/ obvi\sly conta9 all ! con/itu5ts ( ! plants de/9$ to gr[ ^u x4 ,b x by no means exhau/s ! subject1 = num]\s in/ances are kn[n ( soils conta9+ all ! ess5tial elem5ts ( plants 9 abundance1 b on :i* !y nev]!less refuse to gr[4 ,9 ^! in/ances ! defect is due ei!r to ! pres5ce ( "s sub/ance injuri\s to ! plant1 or to ! /ate ( comb9ation ( ^? x requires be+ su* z to prev5t _! absorption4 ,ref]5ce has be5 already made to ! bad effects ( protoxide ( iron1 & x w\ld appe> t organic matt] is sometimes injuri\s4 ,ev5 wat]1 by exclud+ air1 & s prev5t+ ^? decompositions :i* play s important a "p 9 lib]at+ ! ess5tial elem5ts f _! m p]man5t comp\nds1 al?\gh x _c r5d] a soil absolutely b>r51 n unfrequ5tly mat]ially dim9i%es its f]tility4 ,! /ate ( comb9ation ( ! soil con/itu5ts unque/ionably ex]cise a mo/ important influ5ce on its f]tility4 ,t ?is mu/ be ! case is an inf]5ce :i* may be easily drawn f ! /atem5ts already made reg>d+ ! diff]5t m9]als f :i* x is directly or indirectly produc$4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a soil consi/ to a l>ge ext5t ( mica1 x w\ld be f\nd on analysis to conta9 abundance ( pota% & "s o!r matt]s1 & yet our k ( ! difficulty ) :i* t m9]al is decompos$1 w\ld enable u to pron\nce unfav\rably ( ! soil2 & practical exp]i5ce "h fully confirms ! sci5tific inf]5ce4 ,! =ms ( comb9ation mo/ fav\rable to f]tility is a subject on :i* our in=mation is at pres5t comp>atively limit$4 ,x 0 at "o "t believ$ t solubility 9 wat] 0 an indisp5sable requisite1 b rec5t inve/igations appe> to lead to a directly contr>y conclusion4 ,! analyses ( soils already giv51 %[ t ! "p directly soluble 9 wat] embraces only a c]ta9 numb] ( ! con/itu5ts ( ! plant1 & ( ^? dissolv$ ! quantity is v small4 ,?is becomes /ill m app>5t if we e/imate f ! analyses ! actual quantities ( ^? sub/ances conta9$ 9 an acre ( soil4 ,x is g5]ally assum$ t ! soil on an imp]ial acre ( l& #aj in*es deep weighs 9 r\nd numb]s ab\t #ajjj tons2 & calculat+ f ?is1 we f9d t ! quantity ( pota% soluble 9 wat] 9 ! ,mid-,lo?ian :eat soil1 am\nts to no m ?an #gj lb4 p] acre4 ,b a crop ( hay c>ries (f f ! soil ab\t #ch lb4 ( pota%1 & "o ( turnips1 includ+ tops1 n less ?an #bjj lb41 s t if only ! matt]s soluble 9 wat] c\ld be tak5 up by ! plant1 su* soils c\ld n possess ! am\nt ( f]tility :i* !y are actually f\nd to h4 ,x is to be rememb]$1 also1 t 9 ^! analyses ! exp]im5t is made "u ! mo/ fav\rable circum/ances = asc]ta9+ ! :ole quantity ( matt]s :i* are capable ( dissolv+ 9 wat]2 t practically dissolv$ is v diff]5t4 ,! rec5t analysis by ,krock] & ,way ( ! dra9age wat] ( soils af=d a means ( e/imat+ ?is4 ,way f\nd 9 "o gallon ( ! dra9age wat] f sev5 diff]5t fields1 collect$ 9 ! end ( ,decemb]-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------- #a #b #c #d #e #f #g ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,pota%1 trace trace #j4jb #j4je trace #j4bb trace ,soda1 #a4jj #b4ag #b4bf #j4hg #a4db #a4dj #c4bj ,lime1 #d4he #g4ai #f4je #b4bf #b4eb #e4hb #ac4jj ,magnesia1 #j4fh #b4cb #b4dh #j4da #j4ba #j4ic #b4ej ,iron & ,alum9a1 #j4dj #j4je #j4aj none #a4cj #j4ce #j4ej ,silica1 #j4ie #j4de #j4ee #a4bj #a4hj #j4fe #j4he ,*lor9e1 #j4gj #a4aj #a4bg #j4ha #a4bf #a4ba #b4fb ,sulphuric acid1 #a4fe #e4ae #d4dj #a4ga #a4bi #c4ab #i4ea ,phosphoric acid1 trace #j4ab trace trace #j4jh #j4jf #j4ab ,ammonia1 #j4jah #j4jah #j4jah #j4jab #j4jah #j4jjf #j4jah ,nitric acid1 #g4ag #ad4gd #ab4gb #a4ie #c4de #h4je #aa4de ,organic matt]1 #g4jj #g4dj #ab4ej #e4fj #e4gj #e4hj #g4dj ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,"s ( ! soils f :i* ^! wat]s 7 obta9$ _h be5 manur$ ) unusually l>ge quantities ( nitrog5\s matt]s1 :i* acc\nts = ! l>ge am\nt ( nitric acid1 z well z ! lime :i* t acid has extract$4 ,dr4 ,krock]'s analyses 7 made on soils less highly manur$1 & ! wat] 0 collect$ 9 summ]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,,9 #aj1jjj ,,p>ts4 ---------------------------------------- --- #a #b #c #d #e #f ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,organic matt] #j4be #j4bd #j4af #j4jf #j4fc #j4ef ,c>bonate ( lime #j4hd #j4hd #a4bg #j4gi #j4ga #j4hd ,sulphate ( lime #b4jh #b4aj #a4ad #j4ag #j4gg #j4gb ,nitrate ( lime #j4jb #j4jb #j4ja #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb ,c>bonate ( magnesia #j4gj #j4fi #j4dg #j4bg #j4bg #j4af ,c>bonate ( iron #j4jd #j4jd #j4jd #j4jb #j4jb #j4ja ,pota% #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb #j4jb #j4jd #j4jf ,soda #j4aa #j4ae #j4ac #j4aj #j4je #j4jd ,*loride ( sodium #j4jh #j4jh #j4jg #j4jc #j4ja #j4ja ,silica #j4jg #j4jg #j4jf #j4je #j4jf #j4je ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,9 ord] to obta9 f ^! exp]im5ts an e/imate ( ! quantity ( ! sub/ances actually dissolv$1 we %all select ! results obta9$ by ,way4 ,! av]age ra9fall 9 ,k5t1 :]e ! wat]s he exam9$ 7 obta9$1 is #be in*es4 ,n[1 x appe>s t ab\t two-fif?s ( all ! ra9 :i* falls escapes ?r\gh ! dra9s1 & ! re/ is got rid ( by evaporation4 ,an in* ( ra9 fall+ on an imp]ial acre weighs r m ?an a hundr$ tons2 h5ce1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 !re mu/ pass (f by ! dra9s ab\t #ajjj tons ( dra9age wat]1 c>ry+ ) x1 out ( ! rea* ( ! plants1 su* sub/ances z x has dissolv$1 & #aejj tons mu/ rema9 to give to ! plant all t x holds 9 solution4 ,^! #aejj tons ( wat] mu/1 if !y h ! same composition z t :i* escapes1 conta9 only two & a half p\nds ( pota%1 & less ?an a p\nd ( ammonia4 ,x may be alleg$ t ! wat] :i* rema9s1 ly+ long] 9 contact ) ! soil1 may conta9 a l>g] quantity ( matt]s 9 solution2 b ev5 admitt+ ?is to be ! case1 x _c = a mom5t be suppos$ t !y c ev] am\nt to m ?an a v small fraction ( :at is requir$ = a s+le crop4 ,x may !re=e be /at$ ) c]ta9ty t solubility 9 wat] is n ess5tial to ! absorption ( sub/ances by ! plant1 :i* mu/ possess ! p[] ( itself directly attack+1 act+ *emically on1 & dissolv+ !m4 ,! mode 9 :i* x does ?is is entirely unkn[n1 b x 9 all probability dep5ds on v feeble *emical actions1 & h5ce ! importance ( hav+ ! soil con/itu5ts1 n 9 solution1 b 9 su* a /ate t !y may be readily made soluble by ! plants4 ,_m ( ! m9]als f :i* f]tile soils are =m$ are probably n attackable by plants :5 9 _! natural condition1 & ev5 aft] dis9tegration ! quantity ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( _! food1 :i* are pres5t 9 an easily assimilable /ate1 is at no "o "t v l>ge4 ,b ?is is ( comp>atively little importance1 = ! soil is n an in]t un*angeable sub/ance2 x is ! !atre ( an important s]ies ( *emical *anges effect$ by ! action ( air & moi/ure1 & produc+ a cont9u$ lib]ation ( its con/itu5ts4 ,?is decomposition is effect$ p>tly by ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e1 b to a mu* l>g] ext5t by its oxyg5 act+ ^u ! organic matt]s ( ! soil1 & caus+ a con/ant ?\gh sl[ evolution ( t acid1 :i* 9 its turn attacks ! m9]al matt]s4 ,b\ss+ault & ,levy h illu/rat$ ! ext5t ( ?is action by exam9+ ! composition ( ! air conta9$ 9 ! pores ( diff]5t soils1 & h obta9$ ! foll[+ results3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,nature ( ,crop4 ,no4 ( cubic #ajj ,,volumes ,,( ,,air ,,conta9 ,soil4 in*es ( air ------------------------- 9 #cd cubic ,c>bonic ,oxyg54,nitrog54 in*es ( soil acid4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,light s&y soil1 newly manur$ 444 #h4j #b4ag 444 444 ,d4 manur$ #h days be=e 444 444 #a4ed #ah4hj #gi4ff ,d4 long ,yell[ aft] manur+ turnip #g4i #j4ic #ai4ej #gi4eg ,v s&y ,v9ey>d #i4f #a4jf #ai4gb #gi4bb ,s&y1 ) _m /ones ,=e/ #d4j #j4hg #ai4fa #gi4eb ,loamy 444 #b4d #j4df 444 444 ,s&y1 subsoil ( ! la/ 444 #c4j #j4bd 444 444 ,s&y soil1 long aft] manur+ ,trefoil #g4f #j4gd #ai4jb #hj4bd ,d4 ,rec5tly manur$ 444 444 #j4he #ai4da #gi4gd ,d4 manur$ #h days be=e 444 444 #a4ed #ah4hj #gi4ff ,heavy clay ,j]usalem #g4j #j4ff #ai4ii #gi4ce arti*oke ,f]tile soil 7moi/7,mead[ #e4e #a4gi #ai4da #gh4hj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,f ^! analyses x appe>s t ! air conta9$ 9 ! pores ( ! soil is mu* ri*] 9 c>bonic acid ?an ! atmosph]e1 ! poore/ soil conta9+ ab\t #be times1 & a rec5tly manur$ soil #bej times z mu*4 ,?is c>bonic acid1 :i* is obvi\sly produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! vegetable matt]s & manure1 act+ p>tly z gas & p>tly dissolv$ 9 ! soil wat]1 ex]ts a solv5t action on its con/itu5ts4 ,&1 ?\gh a v feeble acid1 its cont9u\s action produces 9 ! c\rse ( "t a l>ge effect2 :ile1 dur+ ! int]val1 ! con/itu5ts ( ! soil are safely /or$ up1 & lib]at$ only z ! plant requires !m1 by :i* b\ntiful provision ( nature !y are expos$ to few] risks ( loss ?an if !y _h be5 all along 9 a /ate 9 :i* !y c\ld be absorb$4 ,c>bonic acid n only assi/s 9 effect+ ! decomposition ( ! m9]als ( ! soil1 b its aque\s solution acts z a solv5t ( _m sub/ances1 :i* are q insoluble 9 pure wat]4 ,x is 9 ?is way t mu* ( ! lime conta9$ 9 natural wat]s is held 9 solution1 & x has be5 asc]ta9$ t magnesia1 iron1 & ev5 phosphate ( lime1 may also be dissolv$ by x4 ,x is probable t :5 ^! sub/ances are dissolv$1 ! plants w take !m f solution 9 place ( !mselves attack+ ! insoluble matt]s2 b ( ! ext5t to :i* ?is may occur no?+ is yet kn[n--! action ( solv5ts on ! soil be+ a subject :i* is z yet sc>cely exam9$4 ,c>bonic acid is1 h[ev]1 a mo/ important ag5t 9 produc+ ! *emical *anges 9 ! soil1 & ! p>ticul> value ( humus lies 9 its af=d+ a supply ( t sub/ance exactly :5 x is want$2 b ! c>bonic acid ( ! atmosph]e also takes "p 9 ^! *anges1 al?\gh ) diff]5t degrees ( rapidity accord+ to ! "* ( ! soil1 act+ rapidly 9 light1 & sl[ly 9 /iff1 clay soils4 ,! solv5t action ( ! c>bonic acid is1 no d\bt1 pr9cipally ex]t$ on ! sub/ances soluble 9 acids1 b n entirely1 = x is kn[n t ! insoluble "p is gradually be+ dis9tegrat$ & made soluble2 & h5ce x is t ! composition ( t "p ( ! soil :i* resi/s ! action ( acids1 & :i* at fir/ sight might appe> ( no mom5t1 is really important4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is circum/ance mu/ at once conf] on ! soil ( ! ,c>se ( ,g[rie a great sup]iority ov] ^? ( ,mid-,lo?ian & mo/ o!r di/ricts2 = x conta9s 9 its insoluble "p a quantity ( alkalies :i* mu/ necess>ily =m a s\rce ( cont9u$ f]tility4 ,accord+ly1 exp]i5ce has all along %[n ! great sup]iority ( t soil1 & ( alluvial soils g5]ally1 :i* are all m or less simil> to x4 ,! facility ) :i* ^! matt]s are attackable by c>bonic acid is also an important elem5t ( ! f]tility ( a soil1 & x is to ! exi/5ce ( comp\nds :i* are readily decompos$ by x t we attribute ! high f]tility ( ! trap soils4 ,by a fur!r exam9ation ( ! analyses ( f]tile soils1 x is at once app>5t t ! mo/ ess5tial con/itu5ts ( plants are by no means v abundant 9 !m4 ,9 fact1 phosphoric & sulphuric acids1 lime1 magnesia1 & ! alkalies1 :i* 9 mo/ in/ances make up n9e-t5?s ( ! a% ( plants1 =m b a small portion ( ev5 ! mo/ f]tile soils2 :ile silica1 :i*1 except 9 ! grasses1 occurs 9 small quantity1 oxide ( iron :i* is a limit$1 & alum9a a r>e1 con/itu5t ( ! a%1 con/itute by f> _! l>g] "p4 ,?us ! total am\nt ( pota%1 soda1 lime1 magnesia1 phosphoric & sulphuric acids & *lor9e1 conta9$ 9 ! ,mid-,lo?ian :eat soil am\nts only to #c4ehhh p] c5t1 & 9 ! ,p]?%ire to #f4dche1 ! entire rema9d] be+ sub/ances :i* ent] into ! plant = ! mo/ "p 9 mu* small] quantity4 ,&1 z ^! small quantities ( ! m important sub/ances are capable ( supply+ ! wants ( ! plant1 x mu/ be obvi\s t a v small fraction ( ! silica1 oxide ( iron1 & alum9a1 :i* ! soils conta91 w\ld af=d to x ! :ole quantity ( ^! sub/ances x requires1 & t ! rema9d] mu/ h "s o!r functions to p]=m4 ,! soil mu/ be consid]$ n m]ely z ! s\rce ( ! inorganic food ( plants1 = x has to act also z a support = !m :ile gr[+1 & to reta9 a suffici5t quantity ( moi/ure to support _! life2 & unless x possess ! prop]ties :i* fit x = ?is purpose1 x may conta9 all ! elem5ts ( ! food ( plants1 & yet be ne>ly or altoge!r b>r54 ,! adaptation ( ! soil to ?is function is dep5d5t to a great ext5t on its me*anical texture1 & on ?is consid]able light is frequ5tly ?r[n by a k9d ( me*anical analysis4 ,if a soil be %ak5 up ) wat] & all[$ to /& = a few m9utes1 x rapidly deposits a quantity ( gra9s :i* are at once recognis$ z common s&2 & if ! wat] be !n p\r$ (f into ano!r vessel & all[$ to /& = a long] "t1 a f9e s(t p[d]1 hav+ ! prop]ties & composition ( common clay1 is deposit$1 :ile ! cle> fluid reta9s ! soluble matt]s4 ,by a m c>eful treatm5t x is possible to di/+ui% & sep>ate humus1 & 9 soils ly+ on *alk or lime/one1 calc>e\s matt] or c>bonate ( lime4 ,9 ?is way ! compon5ts c be classifi$ into f\r gr\ps1 a mixture ( two or m ( :i* 9 v>iable proportions is f\nd 9 all soils4 ,! relative proportions 9 :i* ^! sub/ances exi/ 9 soils are1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 ! f\ndation ( _! classification into ! light1 heavy1 calc>e\s1 & o!r sub-divisions4 ,b !y are also intimately connect$ ) c]ta9 *emical & me*anical peculi>ities :i* h an important be>+ on its f]tility4 ,x is a famili> fact1 t p>ticul> soils are specially adapt$ to ! gr[? ( c]ta9 crops2 & we talk ( a :eat or a turnip soil z readily di/+ui%able4 ,x is to be obs]v$1 h[ev]1 t 9 _m su* in/ances ! m]e analysis may %[ no diff]5ce1 or1 at lea/1 none suffici5t to acc\nt = ! peculi>ity4 ,a rem>kable illu/ration is (f]$ by ! foll[+ analyses ( two soils1 on "o ( :i* r$ clov] gr[s luxuriantly1 :ile on ! o!r x inv>iably fails4 ,clov] fails4 ,clov] succe$s4 ,insoluble silicates #hc4ij #ha4cd ,soluble silica #j4jh #j4jb ,p]oxide ( iron #d4de #f4fh ,alum9a #b4dj #c4jj ,lime #a4bc #a4cc ,magnesia #j4de #j4be ,pota% #j4bj #j4bb ,soda #j4jg #j4ji ,sulphuric acid #j4je #j4jh ,phosphoric acid #j4ch #j4jg ,c>bonic acid #j4ji #j4cd ,*lor9e trace trace ,humic acid #j4db #j4dc ,hum9e 444 #j4aj ,insoluble organic matt]s #c4gj #c4fa ,wat] #b4ed #b4eb ---- ---- #ii4if #ajj4jh ,nitrog5 #j4ae #a4ae ,9 ?is in/ance su* diff]5ce z exi/s is r 9 fav\r ( ! soil on :i* clov] fails1 b x is exce$+ly trifl+2 & x is necess>y to seek an explanation 9 ! special prop]ties ( its me*anical con/itu5ts4 ,^! prop]ties are p>tly me*anical & p>tly *emical1 & 9 bo? ways ex]cise an important influ5ce on ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,s& & clay1 ! mo/ important ( ! me*anical con/itu5ts1 conf] on ! soil diametrically opposite prop]ties2 ! =m]1 :5 pres5t 9 l>ge quantity1 produc+ :at are designat$ z light1 ! latt] /iff or heavy soils4 ,! h>d inde/ructible silice\s gra9s1 ( :i* s& is compos$1 =m a soil ( an op5 texture1 ?r\gh :i* wat] readily p]meates2 :ile clay1 f its f9e /ate ( division1 & peculi> adhesiv5ess or pla/icity1 gives x a close-textur$ & ret5tive "*1 & _! prop] int]mixture produces a light f]tile loam1 ea* temp]+ ! peculi> prop]ties ( ! o!r4 ,inde$1 _! mixture is manife/ly ess5tial1 = s& alone conta9s little or none ( ! ess5tial +r$i5ts ( plants2 & if pres5t 9 l>ge quantity1 ! op5ness ( ! soil is excessive1 wat] fl[s ?r\gh x ) rapidity1 manures are rapidly wa/$1 & on ! accession ( dr\ght1 ! plants gr[+ ^u x soon langui% & die4 ,clay1 on ! o!r h&1 is by itself equally objectionable2 ! clos5ess ( its texture prev5ts ! spread+ ( ! roots ( plants1 & ! access ( c>bonic acid1 :i*1 z we h already se51 is s important an ag5t 9 ! *anges occurr+ 9 ! soil4 ,9 fact1 a pure clay1 t is to say1 a clay unmix$ ) s&1 ev5 ?\gh x may conta9 all ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! plant1 is = ?is reason unf]tile4 ,practically1 ( c\rse1 ^! extreme cases r>ely occur2 ! heavie/ clay soils be+ mixtures ( true clay ) s&1 & ! mo/ s&y conta9+ _! proportion ( clay2 b frequ5tly ! prepond]ance ( ! "o ov] ! o!r is s great1 z to produce soils greatly inf]ior to ^? 9 :i* ! mixture is m uni=m4 ,x is easy to und]/& h[ ! proportions 9 :i* s& & clay are mix$ mu/ affect ! suitability ( soils to p>ticul> crops1 & t an op5 soil mu/ be fav\rable to ! turnip1 & a heavy clay1 ow+ to ! resi/ance x (f]s to ! expansion ( ! bulbs1 unfav\rable4 ,b ^! sub/ances also ex]cise an important *emical action on ! soluble con/itu5ts ( ! food ( plants1 comb9+ ) !m1 & conv]t+ !m into an insoluble1 or ne>ly insoluble /ate1 s z to prev5t _! be+ wa%$ away by ! ra9 or o!r wat] :i* p]colates ?r\gh ! soil4 ,x has long be5 kn[n to *emi/s t clay has a t5d5cy to absorb a small proportion ( ammonia1 & ev5 :5 br\ght up f a great dep? frequ5tly conta9s t sub/ance4 ,x is to ,mr4 ,?ompson ( ,moat ,hall1 h[ev]1 t we owe ! important obs]vation1 t arable soils rapidly remove ammonia f solution1 & ,way1 :o pursu$ ?is inve/igation1 %[$ t n only ammonia1 b pota%1 & sev]al ( ! o!r important elem5ts ( ! food ( plants1 are ?us absorb$4 ,! removal ( ^! sub/ances f solution is easily illu/rat$ by a simple exp]im5t4 ,x suffices to take a tall cyl9drical vessel op5 at bo? ends1 & fill$ ) ! soil to be op]at$ ^u1 :i* is reta9$ by a piece ( rag ti$ ov] its l[] end4 ,a quantity ( a dilute solution ( ammonia be+ !n p\r$ ^u ! surface ( ! soil1 & all[$ to p]colate1 ! fir/ quantity :i* fl[s away is f\nd to h entirely lo/ its peculi> smell & ta/e2 & 9 a simil> mann] ! removal ( pota% may be illu/rat$4 ,?is action is by no means conf9$ to ^? sub/ances :5 9 ! free /ate1 b is equally m>k$ :5 !y are comb9$ ) acids 9 ! =m ( salts1 & 9 ! latt] case ! absorption is att5d$ ) a true *emical decomposition1 ! base only be+ reta9$1 & ! acid escap+ mo/ commonly 9 comb9ation ) lime4 ,?us1 if sulphate ( ammonia be employ$1 ! wat] :i* fl[s f ! soil conta9s sulphate ( lime1 & if muriate ( ammonia be us$1 x is muriate ( lime :i* escapes4 ,?is absorb5t action is mo/ rem>kably manife/$ 9 ! case ( ammonia & pota%1 b x takes place also ) magnesia & soda4 ,) ! latt]1 h[ev]1 x is incomplete1 only a half or a f\r? ( ! soda be+ remov$ f solution1 ! diff]5ce dep5d+ to "s ext5t on ! acid ) :i* x is 9 comb9ation4 ,! ext5t to :i* absorption takes place v>ies also ) ! nature ( ! soil1 & ! /ate ( comb9ation ( ! sub/ance us$4 ,exact exp]im5ts h hi!rto be5 *iefly conf9$ to ammonia1 pota%1 & lime 9 ! free /ate1 & z bic>bonate2 & ! foll[+ table gives ! results obta9$ by ,way1 ) solutions conta9+ ab\t #a p] c5t ( ^! sub/ances 9 solution3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------------- ,loamy ,r$ soil1 ,pure ,subsoil soil1 ,b]k%ire4 clay4 clay1 ,dorset%ire4 ,som]set%ire4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,ammonia1 cau/ic #j4cdch #j4aegj 444 444 f muriate #j4cdgh #j4aiff #j4bhdg #j4jhah ,pota%1 cau/ic 444 444 #a4jej #b4jhg f nitrate 444 444 #j4dihj 444 ,lime1 cau/ic 444 444 #a4dfh 444 f bic>bonate 444 444 #j4gca 444 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,f ^! numb]s x appe>s t v great diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! absorb5t p[] ( diff]5t soils1 ! fir/ ( ^? exp]im5t$ on be+ capable ( tak+ m ?an twice z mu* ammonia z ! second1 & ne>ly f\r times z mu* z ! subsoil clay4 ,x appe>s also1 z f> z absorption goes1 to be immat]ial :e!r ! ammonia is free or comb9$4 ,b x is diff]5t ) pota%1 :i* is absorb$ f ! nitrate to ! ext5t ( ab\t ,o4#f p] c5t1 & f a cau/ic solution ( pota% to d\ble t am\nt4 ,! circum/ances "u :i* absorption takes place modify1 9 a mann] :i* _c well be expla9$1 ! am\nt absorb$ by ! same soil4 ,x is f\nd g5]ally to be mo/ complete ) v dilute solutions1 & if a soil be agitat$ ) a quantity ( ammonia l>g] ?an x c take up1 x w absorb only a c]ta9 am\nt ( t sub/ance1 b by a fur!r increase ( ! am\nt ( ammonia a /ill l>g] quantity w be absorb$4 ,x is important to obs]ve t :5 a salt is us$1 ! base only is absorb$1 & ! acid escapes 9 comb9ation ) lime2 ev5 nitric acid1 not)/&+ its importance z a food ( plants1 be+ 9 ?is pr$icam5t4 ,f ?is x may be ga!r$ t lime is n readily absorb$ f solutions ( its salts2 inde$1 x w\ld appe> t ! only salt ( t sub/ance liable to absorption is ! bic>bonate1 f :i* x is tak5 to ! ext5t ( #a4d p] c5t by ! soil4 ,! absorption ( lime f ?is salt1 & t ( phosphoric acid1 :i* takes place to a consid]able ext5t1 probably occurs1 h[ev]1 q indep5d5tly ( ! clay pres5t 9 ! soil1 & is occasion$ by its lime1 :i* =ms an insoluble comp\nd ) phosphoric acid1 & by remov+ half ! c>bonic acid ( ! bic>bonate ( lime conv]ts x also into an insoluble /ate4 ,9 addition to ^! m9]al sub/ances1 organic matt]s are also remov$ f solution4 ,?is is conspicu\sly se5 9 ! case ( putrid ur9e1 :i* n only loses its ammonia1 b also its smell & col\r1 :5 all[$ to p]colate ?r\gh soil2 & an equally m>k$ result 0 obta9$ ) flax wat]1 f :i* ! organic matt] 0 entirely ab/ract$4 ,! cause ( ?is absorptive p[] is /ill v imp]fectly kn[n4 ,mr4 ,way hav+ obs]v$ t s& has no su* prop]ty1 :ile clay1 ev5 :5 obta9$ f a consid]able dep?1 always possesses x1 suppos$ t ! absorption 0 entirely due to t sub/ance4 ,a difficulty1 h[ev]1 pres5ts itself 9 expla9+ h[ x %\ld happ5 t :ile a pure clay absorbs only #j4bhdg ( ammonia1 a loamy soil1 ( :i* "o-half probably is s&1 %\ld absorb a l>g] quantity4 ,! inf]5ce is1 t ! effect _c be due to ! clay z a :ole1 & ,mr4 ,way has s\ght to expla9 x by suppos+ t !re exi/ 9 ! soil p>ticul> d\ble silicates ( alum9a & lime4 ,he has %[n t felsp> & ! o!r m9]als f :i* ! soil is produc$ h no absorb5t p[]1 b t artificial comp\nds c be =m$ :i* act ^u solutions ( ammonia & pota% 9 a mann] v simil> to ! soil2 b !re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce t ^! comp\nds exi/ 9 ! soil1 & 9 ! ye> #ahec;,i ,i po9t$ out ! probability t clay is n ! only ag5t at "w1 b t ! organic matt]s take "p 9 ! process4 ,s p[]ful inde$ is ! aff9ity ( ^! sub/ances = ammonia1 t *emi/s are at "o z to ! difficulty ( obta9+ humic & o!r simil> acids pure1 ow+ to ! ob/9acy ) :i* !y reta9 x2 & !re _c be a d\bt t 9 _m soils ^! sub/ances are 9 ?is po9t ( view ( mu* importance4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly ! case 9 peat soils1 :i*1 ?\gh naturally b>r51 may be made to produce good crops by ! application ( s& or gravel2 & z nei!r ( ^! c cause any absorption ( ! valuable matt]s1 we mu/ attribute ?is effect to ! organic matt]4 ,ref]r+ to an e>li] s]ies ( exp]im5ts made 9 #ahej1 ,i %[$ t1 if a quantity ( dry peat be tak5 & ammonia p\r$ on x1 its smell disappe>s2 & ?is may be cont9u$ until upw>ds ( #a4e p] c5t ( dry ammonia has be5 absorb$1 & ?is quantity is reta9$ by ! peat4 ,9 ?is case pure ammonia 0 us$1 b ,way's exp]im5ts hav+ %[n t ?is alkali is n absorb$ f its salts by organic matt]s1 ,i express$ ! op9ion t humate ( lime 7:i* c]ta9ly exi/s 9 mo/ soils7 ought on *emical gr\nds to decompose ! salts ( ammonia & cause ! ret5tion ( _! base4 ,! rec5t rese>*es ( ,bru/le9 h %[n t lime does cause ! organic matt]s to absorb ammonia f its salts4 ,he confirms ! fact t pure ammonia is absorb$ by peat1 & %[s t decay$ wood has ! same effect1 al?\gh bo? are )\t action on solutions ( its salts4 ,a /iff clay1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9+ organic matt]s & mu* c>bonate ( lime1 readily absorb$ ammonia1 bo? :5 pure & comb9$2 b aft] extract+ ! lime by means ( a dilute acid1 x lo/ ! p[] ( tak+ x f its salts1 al?\gh x reta9$ ! free alkali z completely z be=e4 ,on ! addition ( a small quantity ( lime1 x aga9 acquir$ ! p[] ( )draw+ ammonia f its comp\nds4 ,^! exp]im5ts may be expla9$1 ei!r on ! supposition ( ! pres5ce ( humate ( lime1 or by suppos+ t ! c>bonate ( lime fir/ decompos$ ! salts ( ammonia1 & t ! lib]at$ alkali comb9$ ) ! organic matt]4 ,x mu/ be admitt$1 h[ev]1 t x is v d\btful :e!r ! ammonia & o!r sub/ances are fix$ 9 ! soil by a true *emical comb9ation4 ,!y are c]ta9ly reta9$ by a v feeble attraction1 = x appe>s f ,bru/le9's exp]im5ts t ammonia may be1 to a consid]able ext5t1 remov$ by wa%+ ) abundance ( wat]1 & t if ! soil :i* has absorb$ ammonia be all[$ to become dry 9 ! air1 x loses half its ammonia1 & aft] f\r times moi/5+ & dry+1 ?ree-f\r?s h disappe>$4 ,^! facts are c]ta9ly n incompatible ) ! pres5ce ( a true *emical comp\nd1 = ! humate ( ammonia is n absolutely insoluble1 & _m cases occur ( actions tak+ place 9 ! pres5ce ( wat]1 :i* are entirely rev]s$ :5 t fluid is remov$2 & x is q possible t :5 humate ( ammonia is dri$ 9 contact ) c>bonate ( lime1 x may be decompos$1 & c>bonate ( ammonia escape4 ,!re are o!r circum/ances1 h[ev]1 :i* r5d] x1 on ! :ole1 mo/ probable t ! comb9ation is n :olly *emical1 b r ( a physical "*1 among :i* may be m especially m5tion$ ! fact1 t ! quantity ( ! sub/ances reta9$ by ! soil is dep5d5t on ! degree ( dilution ( ! fluid f :i* !y are tak52 & t ! quantity absorb$ nev] exce$s a v small fraction ( ! weight ( ! soil4 ,! practical inf]5ces to be drawn f ^! facts reg>d+ ! value ( soils are ( ! highe/ importance4 ,x is obvi\s t two soils hav+ exactly ! same *emical composition may diff] widely 9 absorptive p[]1 & t :i* possesses x mo/ l>gely mu/ h ! highe/ agricultural value4 ,! exam9ation ( diff]5t soils1 9 ?is po9t ( view1 is a subject ( mu* importance1 & des]ves ! be/ att5tion ( bo? f>m]s & *emi/s1 al?\gh little has z yet be5 done 9 reg>d to x1 & ! results :i* h be5 obta9$ are n ( a v satisfactory "*4 ,liebig /ates1 t 9 8 exp]im5ts1 all ! arable soils exam9$ possess$ ! same absorptive p[]1 :e!r !y conta9$ a l>ge or a small proportion ( lime or alum9a4 ,x c sc>cely be expect$1 h[ev]1 t ?is %\ld be true 9 all cases1 & !re are _m facts :i* seem to indicate t diff]5ces mu/ exi/4 ,x is well kn[n t !re are "s soils 9 :i* ! manure is v rapidly exhau/$1 & x is m ?an probable t ?is effect is due to defici5t absorptive p[]1 :i* leaves ! soluble matt]s at ! m]cy ( ! wea!r1 & liable at any mom5t to be wa%$ out by a heavy fall ( ra94 ,! m /rictly me*anical prop]ties ( ! soil1 su* z its relations to heat & moi/ure1 are n less important ?an its *emical composition4 ,x is kn[n t soils diff] s greatly 9 ^! respects z sometimes mat]ially to affect _! productive capacity4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 two soils may be id5tical 9 composition1 b "o may be highly hygrometric1 t is1 may absorb moi/ure readily f ! air1 :ile ! o!r may be v defici5t 9 t prop]ty4 ,"u ord9>y circum/ances no diff]5ce w be app>5t 9 _! produce1 b 9 a dry season ! crop ^u ! =m] may be 9 a fl\ri%+ condition1 :ile t on ! latt] is langui%+ & enfeebl$1 m]ely f its inability to absorb f ! air1 & supply to ! plant ! quantity ( wat] requir$ = its gr[?4 ,9 ! same way1 a soil :i* absorbs mu* heat f ! sun's rays surpasses ano!r :i* has n t prop]ty2 & ?\gh 9 _m cases ?is effect is comp>atively unimportant1 9 o!rs x may make ! diff]5ce betwe5 successful & unsuccessful cultivation 9 soils :i* lie 9 an unfav\rable climate or exposure4 ,! inve/igation ( ! physical *>act]s ( soils has attract$ little att5tion1 & we owe all our pres5t k ( ! subject to a v elaborate s]ies ( rese>*es on ?is subject1 publi%$ by ,s*uebl]1 ne>ly ?irty ye>s ago4 ,he det]m9$ #a/1 ,! specific gravity ( ! soils2 #b;d1 ,! quantity ( wat] :i* !y are capable ( imbib+2 #c;d1 ,! rapidity ) :i* !y give (f by evaporation ! wat] !y h imbib$2 t is1 _! t5d5cy to become dry2 #d?1 ,! ext5t to :i* !y %r9k 9 dry+2 #e?1 ,_! hygrometric p[]2 #f?1 ,! ext5t to :i* !y are heat$ by ! sun's rays2 #g?1 ,! rapidity ) :i* a heat$ soil cools d[n1 :i* indicates its p[] ( reta9+ heat2 #h?1 ,_! t5acity1 or ! resi/ance !y (f] to ! passage ( agricultural implem5ts2 #i?1 ,_! p[] ( absorb+ oxyg5 f ! air4 ,ea* ( ^! exp]im5ts 0 p]=m$ on sev]al diff]5t soils1 & on _! me*anical con/itu5ts4 ,s*uebl]'s exp]im5ts are und\bt$ly important1 & ?\gh ! me?ods employ$ are "s ( !m n altoge!r beyond cavil1 !y h app>5tly be5 p]=m$ ) great c>e4 ,x is nev]!less desirable t !y %\ld be repeat$1 = su* facts ought n to re/ on ! au?ority ( "o exp]im5t]1 h[ev] skilful & consci5ti\s1 nor on a s+le s]ies ( soils1 :i* may n give a fair repres5tation ( _! g5]al physical prop]ties4 ,9 fact1 ,s*uebl] appe>s to imag9e t hav+ once det]m9$ ! ext5t to :i* ! s&1 clay1 & o!r me*anical con/itu5ts ( ! soil possess ^! prop]ties1 we are 9 a condition to pr$icate ! effect ( _! mixture 9 v>iable proportions1 al?\gh ?is is by no means probable4 ,9 exam9+ ^! prop]ties1 ,s*uebl] select$ = exp]im5t1 pure silice\s s&1 calc>e\s s& 7c>bonate ( lime 9 co>se gra9s71 f9ely p[d]$ c>bonate ( lime1 pure clay1 humus1 & p[d]$ gypsum4 ,he us$ also a heavy clay consi/+ ( #aa p] c5t ( s& & #hi ( pure clay1 a some:at /iff clay conta9+ #bd p] c5t ( s& & #gf ( clay1 a light clay ) #dj p] c5t ( s& & #fj ( pure clay1 a g>d5 soil consi/+ ( #eb4d p] c5t ( clay1 #cf4e ( silice\s s&1 #a4h ( calc>e\s s&1 #b p] c5t ( f9ely divid$ c>bonate ( lime1 & #g4b ( humus1 & two arable soils1 "o f ,h(fwyl1 & "o f a valley 9 ! ,jura1 ! =m] a some:at /iff1 ! latt] a light soil4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,( #ajj p>ts ( ,dim9ution ,wat] wat] 9 bulk absorb$ absorb$ dur+ by #ajj !re dry+ ( ,specific p>ts evaporate #ajj p>ts gravity4 p] c5t4 9 f\r moi/ h\rs soil at #ff deg4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,silice\s s& #b4gec #be #hh4d #j4j ,calc>e\s s& #b4hbb #bi #ge4i #j4j ,light clay #b4gja #dj #eb4j #f4j ,/iff clay #b4feb #ej #de4g #h4i ,heavy clay #b4fjc #fa #cd4i #aa4d ,pure clay #b4eia #gj #ca4c #ah4c ,c>bonate ( lime #b4dfh #he #bh4j #e4j ,humus #a4bbe #aij #bj4e #bj4j ,gypsum #b4ceh #bg #ga4g #j4j ,g>d5 soil #b4ccb #if #bd4e #ad4i ,soil f ,h(fwyl #b4dja #eb #cb4j #ab4j ,soil f ,jura #b4ebf #dg #dj4a #i4e ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,quantity ,p[] ( ( reta9+ hygrometric wat] absorb$ heat4 by #gg4afe gra9s ( ! soil spread on ,calc>e\s a surface ( #ada4dh squ>e in*es4 s&1 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #ajj4 #ab h\rs4 #bd h\rs4 #dh h\rs4 #gb h\rs4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,silice\s s& #j #j #j #j #ie4f ,calc>e\s s& #j4aed #j4bca #j4bca #j4bca #ajj4j ,light clay #a4fag #b4jjb #b4aef #b4aef #gf4i ,/iff clay #a4ibe #b4caj #b4fah #b4fie #ga4a ,heavy clay #b4caj #b4ggb #c4jhj #c4aeg #fh4d ,pure clay #b4hdi #c4bcd #c4fif #c4ggc #ff4g ,c>bonate ( lime #b4jjb #b4chg #b4fie #b4fie #fa4h ,humus #f4afj #g4dfi #h4dgj #i4bdj #di4j ,gypsum #j4jgg #j4jgg #j4jgg #j4jgg #gc4b ,g>d5 soil #b4fie #c4dfe #c4hej #d4jjd #fd4h ,soil f ,h(fwyl #a4bcb #a4gga #a4gga #a4gga #gj4a ,soil f ,jura #a4jgh #a4dfc #a4edj #a4edj #gd4c ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------- ,quantity ( oxyg5 absorb$ by #gg4afe gra9s ( ! moi/ soil 9 #cj ,t5acity days1 f #ae ( ! cubic in*es soils4 ( atmosph]ic ,pure clay1 air4 #ajj4 ,express$ 9 cubic in*es4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,silice\s s& #j #j4bd ,calc>e\s s& #j #j4hd ,light clay #eg4c #a4ci ,/iff clay #fh4h #a4fe ,heavy clay #hc4c #b4jd ,pure clay #ajj4j #b4bi ,c>bonate ( lime #e4j #a4fb ,humus #h4g #c4jd ,gypsum #g4c #j4dj ,g>d5 soil #g4f #b4fj ,soil f ,h(fwyl #cc4j #b4dc ,soil f ,jura #bb4j #b4be ---------------------------------------- ----------- ,! exp]im5ts detail$ 9 ! prec$+ table speak 9 a great measure = !mselves1 & sc>cely require detail$ comm5t4 ,x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t ! columns illu/rat+ ! relations ( ! soil to wat] are probably m important ?an ! o!rs4 ,! sup]iority ( a ret5tive ov] an op5 soil is suffici5tly famili> 9 practice1 & ?\gh ?is is no d\bt p>tly due to ! =m] absorb+ & reta9+ m completely ! ammonia & o!r valuable con/itu5ts ( ! manures appli$ to x1 x is also dep5d5t to an equal if n great] ext5t ^u ! p[] x possesses ( reta9+ moi/ure4 ,a ref]5ce to ! table makes x app>5t t ?is p[] is pres5t$ "u ?ree diff]5t heads1 :i* are c]ta9ly relat$ to "o ano!r1 b are n id5tical4 ,9 ! second column ( ! table is giv5 ! quantity ( wat] absorb$ by ! soil1 det]m9$ by plac+ a giv5 weight ( ! p]fectly dry soil 9 a funnel1 ! neck ( :i* is p>tially /opp$ ) a small piece ( sponge or wool1 p\r+ wat] ^u x1 & weigh+ x aft] ! wat] has ceas$ to drop f x4 ,?is may be consid]$ z repres5t+ ! quantity ( wat] reta9$ by ^! diff]5t soils :5 ?or\ghly saturat$ by long cont9u$ ra9s4 ,! column imm$iately succe$+ gives ! quantity ( t wat] :i* escapes by evaporation f ! same soil aft] exposure = f\r h\rs to dry air at ! temp]ature ( #ff deg44 ,! fif?1 six?1 sev5?1 & eigh? columns indicate ! quantity ( moi/ure absorb$1 :5 ! soil1 previ\sly artificially dri$1 is expos$ to moi/ air = diff]5t p]iods4 ,^! *>act]s are dep5d5t pr9cipally1 ?\gh n entirely1 on ! porosity ( ! soil4 ,! la/ may also be 9 "s measure due to ! pres5ce ( p>ticul> salts1 su* z common salt1 :i* has a great aff9ity = moi/ure1 b is *iefly occasion$ by _! peculi> /ructure4 ,x is to be rem>k$ t clay & humus are two ( ! mo/ highly hygrometric sub/ances kn[n1 & x is peculi>ly int]e/+ to obs]ve1 t by a b5efic5t provision ( nature1 !y also =m a pr9cipal "p ( all f]tile soils4 ,! quantity ( wat] imbib$ by ! soil is important to its f]tility1 9 s f> z x prev5ts x becom+ rapidly dry aft] hav+ be5 moi/5$ by ! ra9s4 ,x is valuable also 9 ano!r po9t ( view1 because if ! soil be incapable ( absorb+ mu* wat]1 x becomes saturat$ by a mod]ate fall ( ra91 & :5 a l>g] quantity falls1 ! excess ( necessity p]colates ?r\gh ! soil1 & c>ries (f ) x a c]ta9 quantity ( ! soluble salts4 ,important z ?is prop]ty is1 h[ev]1 x mu/ n be possess$ 9 too high a degree1 b mu/ p]mit ! evaporation ( ! wat] reta9$ ) a c]ta9 degree ( rapidity4 ,soils :i* d n admit ( ?is tak+ place are ! cause ( mu* inconv5i5ce & injury 9 practice4 ,by becom+ ?or\ghly saturat$ ) moi/ure dur+ w9t]1 !y rema9 = a long "t 9 a wet & unworkable condition1 9 consequ5ce ( :i* !y _c be prep>$ & s[n until late 9 ! season1 & ?\gh *emically unexceptionable1 !y are always disadvantage\s1 & 9 "s seasons greatly disappo9t ! hopes ( ! f>m]4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! imbibition & evaporation ( wat] takes place is v v>iable1 b !y are obvi\sly relat$ to "o ano!r1 ! soils :i* absorb x lea/ abundantly p>t+ ) x aga9 ) ! greate/1 facility2 = x appe>s t silice\s s& absorbs only "o-f\r? ( its weight ( wat]1 & aga9 gives (f 9 ! c\rse ( f\r h\rs f\r-fif?s ( t x _h tak5 up1 :ile humus1 :i* imbibes ne>ly twice its weight1 reta9s n9e-t5?s ( t quantity aft] f\r h\rs' exposure4 ,long-cont9u$ & sl[ evaporation ( ! wat] absorb$ by a soil is injuri\s 9 ano!r way1 = x makes ! soil cold--a t]m ( practical orig91 b :i* v correctly expresses ! peculi>ity 9 "q4 ,x is due to ! fact1 t :5 wat] evaporates x absorbs a v l>ge quantity ( heat1 :i* prev5ts ! soil acquir+ a suffici5tly high temp]ature f ! sun's rays4 ,! soils :i* h absorb$ a l>ge quantity ( moi/ure %r9k m or less 9 ! process ( dry+1 & =m cracks1 :i* (t5 break ! delicate fibres ( ! roots ( ! plants1 & cause consid]able injury3 ! ext5t ( ?is %r9k+ is giv5 9 ! f\r? column4 ,! relation ( ! soils to heat divides itself into two consid]ations3 ! am\nt ( heat absorb$ by ! soil1 & ! degree 9 :i* x is reta9$4 ,( ^! ! latt] only is illu/rat$ 9 ! table4 ,! =m] is dep5d5t on s _m special consid]ations1 t ! results _c be tabulat$ 9 a satisfactory mann]4 ,x is indep5d5t ( ! *emical nature ( ! soil1 b v>ies to a great ext5t accord+ to its col\r1 ! angle ( incid5ce ( ! sun's rays1 & its /ate ( moi/ure4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an important "*1 & has be5 f\nd by ,gir>d9 to ex]cise a consid]able influ5ce on ! rapidity ) :i* ! crop rip5s4 ,he f\nd 9 a p>ticul> ye> t1 on ! #be? ( ,augu/1 #bf v>ieties ( potatoes 7 ripe on a v d>k-col\r$ s&y vegetable m\ld1 #bj on an ord9>y s&y soil1 #ai on a loamy soil1 & only #af on a ne>ly :ite calc>e\s soil4 ,! t5acity ( ! soil is v v>iable1 & indicates ! great diff]5ces 9 ! am\nt ( p[] :i* mu/ be exp5d$ 9 work+ !m4 ,accord+ to ,s*uebl]1 a soil ^: t5acity does n exce$ #aj1 is easily till$1 b :5 x rea*es #dj x becomes v difficult & heavy to "w4 ,on exam9+ ! table x becomes manife/1 t z f> z its me*anical prop]ties are conc]n$1 humus is a sub/ance ( ! v highe/ importance1 = x conf]s on ! soil1 9 a high degree1 ! p[] ( absorb+ & reta9+ wat]1 dim9i%es its t5acity & p]mits its be+ m easily work$1 adds to its hygrometric p[] & prop]ty ( absorb+ oxyg5 f ! air1 & f9ally1 f its d>k col\r1 causes ! m rapid absorption ( heat f ! sun's rays4 ,x w be ?us und]/ood1 t ?\gh x does n directly supply food to ! plant1 x m9i/]s indirectly 9 a mo/ important mann] to its well-be+1 & t to s great an ext5t t x mu/ be consid]$ an indisp5sable con/itu5t ( a f]tile soil4 ,b x is important to obs]ve t x mu/ n be pres5t 9 too l>ge a quantity1 = an excess does away ) all ! good effects ( a small] supply1 & produces soils notori\s = _! inf]tility4 ,su* are ! important physical prop]ties ( ! soil1 & x is greatly to be desir$ t !y %\ld be m ext5sively exam9$4 ,! great lab\r :i* ?is involves has1 h[ev]1 hi!rto prev5t$ its be+ done1 & w1 9 all probability1 r5d] x impossible except 9 a limit$ numb] ( cases4 ,"s ( ^! *>act]s are1 h[ev]1 ( m9or importance1 & = ord9>y purposes x might be suffici5t to det]m9e ! specific gravity ( ! soil 9 ! dry & moi/ /ate1 ! p[] ( imbib+ & reta9+ wat]1 its hygrometric p[]1 its t5acity1 & its col\r4 ,) ^! data we %\ld be 9 a condition to draw probable conclusions reg>d+ ! o!rs2 = ! high] ! specific gravity 9 ! dry /ate1 ! great] is ! p[] ( ! soil to reta9 heat1 & ! d>k] its col\r ! m readily does x absorb x4 ,! great] its t5acity ! m difficult is x to "w1 & ! great] difficulty w ! roots ( ! "y plant f9d 9 pu%+ _! way ?r\gh x4 ,! great] ! p[] ( imbib+ wat]1 ! m x %r9ks 9 dry+2 & ! m sl[ly ! wat] evaporates1 ! cold] is ! soil produc$4 ,! hygrometric p[] is s important a "* t ,davy & o!r *emi/s h ev5 believ$ x possible to make x ! measure ( ! f]tility ( a soil2 b ?\gh ?is may be true )9 c]ta9 limits1 x mu/ n be too broadly assum$1 ! results ( rec5t exp]im5ts by no means confirm+ ! op9ion 9 its integrity1 b indicat+ only "s relation betwe5 ! two4 ,! ,subsoil4--,! t]m soil is /rictly conf9$ to t portion ( ! surface turn$ ov] by ! pl\gh work+ at ord9>y dep?2 :i*1 z a g5]al rule1 may be tak5 at #aj in*es4 ,! portion imm$iately subjac5t is call$ ! subsoil1 & x has consid]able agricultural importance1 & requires a %ort notice4 ,9 _m in/ances1 soil & subsoil are sep>at$ by a purely imag9>y l9e1 & no /rik+ diff]5ce c be obs]v$ ei!r 9 _! *emical or physical *>act]s4 ,9 su* cases x has be5 ! practice ) "s p]sons n to limit ! t]m soil to ! upp] portion1 b to apply x to ! :ole dep?1 h[ev] great x may be1 :i* agrees 9 *>act]s ) ! upp] "p1 & only to call t subsoil :i* manife/ly diff]s f x4 ,?is pr9ciple is p]haps !oretically ! m correct1 b great practical advantages are d]iv$ f limit+ ! "n ( soil to ! dep? actually work$ 9 common agricultural op]ations4 ,! subsoil is always analog\s 9 its g5]al *>act]s to a soil1 b x may be ei!r id5tical ) t :i* ov]lies x or n4 ,( ! =m]1 /rik+ illu/rations are se5 9 ! :eat subsoils1 ! analyses ( :i* h be5 already giv54 ,9 ! latt] case great diff]5ces may exi/1 & a heavy clay is (t5 f\nd ly+ on an op5 & por\s s&1 or on peat1 & vice v]sa4 ,ev5 :]e ! *>act]s ( ! subsoil appe> ! same z ^? ( ! soil1 appreciable *emical diff]5ces are g5]ally obs]v$1 especially 9 ! quantity ( organic matt]1 :i* is increas$ 9 ! soil by ! decay ( plants gr[+ ^u x & by ! manure add$4 ,9 g5]al1 !n1 all t we h said reg>d+ ! *>act]s ( soils bo? *emically & physically1 w apply to ! subsoils1 except t1 ow+ to ! difficulty ) :i* ! air rea*es ! latt]1 "s m9or peculi>ities are obs]v$4 ,! mo/ important is ! effect ( ! decay ( vegetable matt]1 )\t access ( air1 :i* is att5d$ by ! r$uction ( ! p]oxide ( iron to ! /ate ( protoxide1 & n unfrequ5tly by ! production ( sulphuret ( iron1 comp\nds :i* are extremely prejudicial to vegetation1 & occasionally give rise to "s difficulties :5 ! subsoil is br\ght to ! surface1 z we %all aft]w>ds h to notice4 ,! physical *>act]s ( ! subsoil are (t5 ( mu* importance to ! soil itself4 ,z1 = in/ance1 :]e a light soil lies on a clay subsoil1 9 :i* case its value is mu* high] ?an if x repos$ on an op5 or s&y subsoil4 ,& 9 _m simil> modes an important influ5ce is ex]t$2 b ^! belong m /rictly to ! practical dep>tm5t ( agriculture1 & ne$ n be m5tion$ "h4 ,classification ( ,soils4--,num]\s attempts h be5 made to =m a classification ( soils accord+ to _! *>act]s & value1 b !y h n hi!rto prov$ v successful2 & ! result ( m rec5t *emical inve/igations has n be5 su* z to enc\rage a f>!r attempt4 ,we h n at pres5t data suffici5t = ! purpose1 nor1 if we _h1 w\ld x be possible to arrange any soil 9 its class except aft] an elaborate *emical exam9ation4 ,! only classification at pres5t possible mu/ be f\nd$ on ! g5]al physical *>act]s ( ! soil2 & ! ord9>y mode foll[$ 9 practice ( divid+ !m into clays1 loams1 etc4 etc41 :i* we ne$ n "h p>ticul>ize1 fulfils all t c be done until we h m m9ute in=mation reg>d+ a l>ge numb] ( soils4 ,^? ( our read]s :o desire m full in=mation on ?is po9t are ref]r$ to ! works ( ,?a]1 ,s*uebl]1 & o!rs1 :]e ! subject is m9utely discuss$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,i3 ,transactions ( ! ,highl& & ,agricultural ,society1 vol4 vi41 p4 #cag4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,! ,,improvem5t ,,( ,,! ,,soil ,,by ,,me*anical ,,processes4 ,comp>atively few uncultivat$ soils possess ! physical prop]ties or *emical composition requir$ = ! production ( ! mo/ abundant crops4 ,ei!r "o or m ( ! sub/ances ess5tial to ! gr[? ( plants are abs5t1 or1 if pres5t1 !y are defici5t 9 quantity1 or exi/ 9 "s /ate 9 :i* !y _c be absorb$4 ,su* defects1 :e!r me*anical or *emical1 admit ( dim9ution1 or ev5 entire removal1 by c]ta9 me?ods ( treatm5t1 ! adaptation ( :i* to p>ticul> cases is necess>ily "o ( ! mo/ important bran*es ( agricultural practice1 z ! elucidation ( _! mode ( action is ( its !ory4 ,! obs]vations already made ) reg>d to ! *>act]s ( f]tile soils mu/ h prep>$ ! read] = ! /atem5t t ^! defects may be remov$1 ei!r by me*anical or *emical processes4 ,! =m] me?od ( improvem5t may at fir/ sight appe> to fall m /rictly "u ! head ( practical agriculture1 ( :i* ! me*anical treatm5t ( ! soil =ms s important a "p1 & t _! improvem5t by *emical means %\ld =m ! sole subject ( our consid]ation 9 a treatise on agricultural *emi/ry4 ,b ! l9e ( dem>cation betwe5 ! me*anical & ! *emical1 :i* seems s m>k$1 disappe>s on m m9ute obs]vation1 & we f9d t ! me*anical me?ods ( improvem5t are frequ5tly dep5d5t on *emical pr9ciples2 & ^? :i*1 at fir/ sight1 appe> to be entirely *emical1 are also 9 reality p>tly me*anical4 ,x w be necess>y = u1 !re=e1 to consid] %ortly ! me*anical me?ods ( improv+ ! soil4 ,dra9+4--,by f> ! mo/ important me?od ( me*anically improv+ ! soil is by dra9+--a practice ! b5eficial action ( :i* is dep5d5t on a great v>iety ( circum/ances4 ,x is unnecess>y to insi/ on ! advantage d]iv$ f ! rapid removal ( moi/ure1 :i* enables ! soil to be work$ at times :5 ?is us$ to be almo/ impossible1 & o!r direct practical b5efits4 ,( its m /rictly *emical effects1 ! mo/ important is probably t :i* x produces on ! temp]ature ( ! soil4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ t ! g]m9ation ( a se$ is dep5d5t on ! soil 9 :i* x is s[n acquir+ a c]ta9 temp]ature1 & ! rapidity ( ! aft]-gr[? ( ! plant is1 9 "p at lea/1 dep5d5t on ! same circum/ance4 ,! necess>y temp]ature is spe$ily atta9$ by ! heat+ action ( ! sun's rays1 :5 ! soil is dry2 b :5 x is wet1 ! heat is exp5d$ 9 evaporat+ ! moi/ure ) :i* x is saturat$2 & x is only aft] ?is has be5 effect$ t x acquires a suffici5tly high temp]ature to produce ! rapid gr[? ( ! se$s committ$ to x4 ,! ext5t to :i* ?is effect occurs may be be/ illu/rat$ by ref]5ce to "s exp]im5ts made by ,s*uebl]1 9 :i* he det]m9$ ! temp]ature atta9$ by diff]5t soils1 9 ! wet & dry /ate1 :5 expos$ to ! sun's rays1 f #aa till #c o'clock1 9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/1 :5 ! temp]ature 9 ! %ade v>i$ f #gc deg4 to #gg deg44 ------------------------------------- ,description ( ,soil4 ,wet4 ,dry4 ------------------------------------- ,degs4 ,degs4 ,silice\s s& #ii4a #aab4f ,calc>e\s s& #ii4c #aab4a ,s&y clay #ih4b #aaa4d ,loamy clay #ii4a #aab4a ,/iff clay #ii4c #aab4c ,f9e blui%-grey clay #ii4e #aac4j ,g>d5 m\ld #ii4e #aac4e ,arable soil #ig4g #aaa4g ,slaty m>l #aja4h #aae4c ------------------------------------- ,9 a soil :i* is naturally dry or has be5 dra9$1 ! sup]flu\s moi/ure escapes by ! dra9s1 & only t comp>atively small quantity :i* is reta9$ by capill>y attraction is evaporat$1 & h5ce ! soil is m frequ5tly & = a long] p]iod 9 a condition to take advantage ( ! heat+ effect ( ! sun's rays1 & 9 ?is way ! p]iod ( g]m9ation1 &1 by consequ5ce also1 t ( rip5+ is advanc$4 ,! ext5t ( ?is influ5ce is necess>ily v>iable1 b x is g5]ally consid]able1 & 9 "s di/ricts ( ,scotl& ! ext5sive introduction ( dra9+ has made ! h>ve/1 on ! av]age ( ye>s1 f t5 to f\rte5 days e>li] ?an x 0 be=e4 ,x is unnecess>y to insi/ on ! importance ( su* a *ange1 :i* 9 upl& di/ricts may make cultivation successful :5 x 0 previ\sly almo/ impossible4 ,! removal ( moi/ure by dra9age affects ! physical *>act]s ( ! soil 9 ano!r mann]2 x makes x light]1 m friable1 & m easily work$2 & ?is *ange is occasion$ by ! d[nw>d fl[ ( ! wat] c>ry+ ) x to ! l[] "p ( ! soil ! f9] argillace\s p>ticles1 leav+ ! co>s] & s&y matt]s above1 & 9 ?is way a m>k$ improvem5t is produc$ on heavy & ret5tive clays4 ,! access ( air to ! soil is also greatly promot$ by dra9+4 ,9 wet soils ! pores are fill$ ) wat]1 & h5ce ! air1 :i* is s important an ag5t 9 _! amelioration1 is exclud$2 b s soon z ?is is remov$1 ! air is enabl$ to rea* & act ^u ! organic matt]s & o!r decomposable con/itu5ts pres5t4 ,9 ?is way also provision is made = ! frequ5t *ange ( ! air :i* p]meates ! soil2 = e %[] t falls expels f x a quantity ( t :i* x conta9s1 & z ! moi/ure fl[s (f by ! dra9s1 a new supply ent]s to take its place1 & ?us ! important *anges :i* ! atmosph]ic oxyg5 produces on ! soil are promot$ 9 a high degree4 ,! air :i* ?us ent]s acts on ! organic matt]s ( ! soil1 produc+ c>bonic acid1 :i* we h already se5 is s intimately connect$ ) _m ( its *emical *anges4 ,9 its abs5ce ! organic matt]s und]go diff]5t decompositions1 & pass into /ates 9 :i* !y are sl[ly act$ on1 & are incapable ( supply+ a suffici5t quantity ( c>bonic acid to ! soil2 & !y ?us ex]cise an action on ! p]oxide ( iron1 conta9$ 9 all soils1 r$uce x to ! /ate ( protoxide1 or1 ) ! simultane\s r$uction ( ! sulphuric acid1 !y produce sulphuret ( iron1 =ms ( comb9ation :i* are well kn[n to be mo/ injuri\s to vegetation4 ,! removal ( wat] f ! l[] "p ( ! soil1 & ! admission ( air1 :i* is ! consequ5ce ( dra9+1 submits t "p ( x to ! same *anges :i* take place 9 its upp] portion1 & has ! effect ( practically deep5+ ! soil to ! ext5t to :i* x is ?us laid dry4 ,! roots ( ! plants gr[+ on ! soil1 :i* /op z soon z !y rea* ! moi/ "p1 n[ desc5d to a l[] level1 & d]ive f t "p ( x supplies ( n\ri%m5t =m]ly unavailable4 ,! deep5+ ( ! soil has fur!r ! effect ( mak+ ! plants :i* gr[ ^u x less liable to be burn$ up 9 seasons ( dr\ght1 a some:at unexpect$ result ( mak+ a soil dri]1 b :i* manife/ly dep5ds on its p]mitt+ ! roots to p5etrate to a great] dep?1 & s to get beyond ! surface portion1 :i* is rapidly dri$ up1 & to :i* !y 7 =m]ly conf9$4 ,x may be add$ also t ! abundant escape ( wat] f ! dra9s acts *emically by remov+ any noxi\s matt]s ! soil may conta91 & by dim9i%+ ! am\nt ( soluble sal9e matt]s1 :i* sometimes produce injuri\s effects4 ,x ?us prev5ts ! sal9e incru/ation frequ5tly se5 9 dry seasons on soils :i* are naturally wet1 & :i* is produc$ by ! wat] ris+ to ! surface by capill>y attraction1 &1 z x evaporates1 deposit+ ! soluble sub/ances x conta9$1 z a h>d cru/ :i* prev5ts ! access ( air to ! int]ior ( ! soil4 ,x is ?us obvi\s t ! dra9age ( ! soil modifies its prop]ties bo? me*anically & *emically4 ,x ex]ts also v>i\s o!r actions 9 p>ticul> cases :i* we _c "h /op to p>ticul>ize4 ,x ameliorates ! climate ( di/ricts 9 :i* x is ext5sively c>ri$ out1 & ev5 affects ! heal? ( ! population 9 a fav\rable mann]4 ,! sum ( its effects mu/ necess>ily diff] greatly 9 diff]5t soils1 & 9 diff]5t di/ricts2 b a compet5t au?ority,j has e/imat$1 t1 on ! av]age1 l& :i* has be5 dra9$ produces a qu>t] m gra9 p] acre ?an t :i* is undra9$4 ,b ?is by no means exhau/s ! b5efits d]iv$ f x1 dra9+ be+ m]ely ! precursor ( fur!r improvem5t4 ,x is only aft] x has be5 c>ri$ out t ! f>m] d]ives ! full b5efit ( ! manures :i* he applies4 ,he ga9s also by ! increas$ facility ( work+ ! soil1 & by ! rapidity ) :i* x dries aft] cont9u$ ra91 ?us enabl+ him to proce$ at _! prop] season ) agricultural op]ations1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h to be po/pon$ = a consid]able "t4 ,x w\ld be out ( place to enl>ge "h ^u ! mode 9 :i* dra9+ ought to be c>ri$ out2 x may be rem>k$1 h[ev]1 t mu* inconv5i5ce & loss has occasionally be5 produc$ by too close adh]5ce to p>ticul> sy/ems4 ,no rules c be laid d[n z to ! dep? or di/ance betwe5 ! dra9s :i* c be univ]sally applicable1 b ! intellig5t dra9] w seek to modify 8 practice accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,z a g5]al rule1 ! dra9s ought to be z deep z possible1 b 9 num]\s in/ances x may be m advantage\s to curtail _! dep? & increase _! numb]4 ,if1 = in/ance1 a ?ick imp]vi\s pan re/+ on a clay 7 f\nd at ! dep? ( ?ree feet bel[ ! surface1 x w\ld s]ve no good purpose to make ! dra9s deep]2 b if ! pan 7 ?91 & ! subjac5t lay] readily p]meable by wat]1 x might be advantage\s to g d[n to ! dep? ( f\r feet1 tru/+ to ! possible action ( ! air :i* w\ld ?us be admitt$1 gradually to dis9tegrate ! pan1 & increase ! dep? ( soil above x4 ,x is a common op9ion t if we rea*1 at a mod]ate dep?1 a t5aci\s & little p]meable clay1 no advantage is obta9$ by s9k+ ! dra9s into x2 b ?is is an op9ion :i* %\ld be adopt$ ) caution1 bo? because no clay is absolutely imp]meable1 ev5 ! mo/ t5aci\s p]mitt+ to a c]ta9 ext5t ! passage ( wat]1 & because ! clay may h be5 br\ght d[n by wat] f ! upp] "p ( ! soil1 & may h /opp$ !re m]ely = want ( "s deep] escape = ! wat]1 & :i* dra9s at a l[] level might supply4 ,9 "s cases x may ev5 be advisable to v>y ! dep? ( ! dra9s 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same field1 & ! judici\s dra9] may sometimes save a consid]able sum by a c>eful obs]vation ( ! peculi>ities ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! gr\nd to be dra9$4 ,subsoil & ,deep ,pl\gh+4--,x frequ5tly happ5s1 :5 a soil is dra9$1 t ! subsoil is s /iff z to p]mit ! passage ( wat] imp]fectly1 & to prev5t ! t5d] roots ( ! plant f p5etrat+ x1 & rea*+ ! new supplies ( n\ri%m5t :i* are laid op5 to !m4 ,9 su* cases ! b5efits ( subsoil pl\gh+ & deep pl\gh+ are conspicu\s4 ,! mode ( action ( ^! two me?ods ( treatm5t is simil> b n id5tical4 ,! subsoil pl\gh m]ely /irs & op5s ! subsoil1 & p]mits ! m ready passage ( wat] & ! access ( air & ( ! roots ( plants--! =m] to effect ! necess>y decompositions1 ! latt] to avail !mselves ( ! valuable matt]s set free4 ,b deep pl\gh+ produces m ext5sive *anges2 x raises new soil to ! surface1 mixes x ) ! orig9al soil1 & ?us n only br+s up fre% supplies ( valuable matt]s to x1 b frequ5tly *anges its *emical & me*anical *>act]s1 r5d]+ a heavy soil light] by ! admixture ( a light subsoil1 & vice v]sa4 ,bo? are op]ations :i* are useless unless !y are comb9$ ) dra9+1 = x mu/ manife/ly s]ve no good purpose to attempt to op5 up a soil unless ! wat] :i* lies 9 x be previ\sly remov$4 ,9 fact1 subsoil+ is useless unless ! subsoil has be5 made ?or\ghly dry2 & x has be5 f\nd by exp]i5ce t no good effects are obta9$ if x be attempt$ imm$iately aft] dra9+1 b t a suffici5t "t mu/ elapse1 9 ord] to p]mit ! escape ( ! accumulat$ moi/ure1 :i* (t5 takes place v sl[ly4 ,)\t ?is precaution1 ! subsoil1 aft] be+ op5$ by ! pl\gh1 soon s9ks toge!r1 & ! good effects anticipat$ are n realiz$4 ,! necessity = all[+ "s "t to elapse betwe5 dra9+ & fur!r op]ations is /ill m app>5t 9 deep pl\gh+1 :5 ! soil is actually br\ght to ! surface4 ,9 t case x requires to be left = a long] p]iod aft] dra9+1 9 ord] t ! air may produce ! necess>y *anges on ! subsoil2 = if x be br\ght up aft] hav+ be5 = a long "t saturat$ ) moi/ure1 & conta9+ its iron z protoxide1 & ! organic matt] 9 a /ate 9 :i* x is n readily act$ ^u by ! air1 ! imm$iate effect ( ! op]ation is frequ5tly injuri\s 9 place ( be+ advantage\s4 ,"o ( ! be/ me?ods ( treat+ a soil 9 ?is way is to make ! op]ation a gradual "o1 & by deep5+ an in* or two e ye> gradually to mix ! soil & subsoil2 z 9 ?is way f a small quantity be+ br\ght up at a "t no injuri\s effects are produc$4 ,deep pl\gh+ may be said to act 9 two ways1 fir/ly1 by aga9 br++ to ! surface ! manures :i* h a t5d5cy to s9k to ! l[] "p ( ! soil1 &1 secondly1 by br++ up a soil :i* has n be5 exhau/$ by previ\s cropp+--9 fact a virg9 soil4 ,! success :i* att5ds ! op]ation ( subsoil+ or deep pl\gh+ mu/ manife/ly be greatly dep5d5t on ! "* ( ! subsoil1 & good effects c only be obta9$ :5 its *emical composition is su* z to supply 9 increas$ quantity ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! plant2 & x is no d\bt ow+ to ?is t ! op9ions ent]ta9$ by practical m51 ea* ( :om speaks f ! results ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 are s v>i$4 ,! effects produc$ by deep pl\gh+ on ! e/ates ( ! ,m>quis ( ,twe$dale1 are famili>ly kn[n to mo/ ,scotti% agriculturi/s1 & !y are at once expla9$ by ! analyses ( ! soil & subsoil "h giv51 :i* %[ t ! latt]1 ?\gh poor 9 "s important con/itu5ts1 conta9s m ?an twice z mu* pota% z ! soil4 ,soil4 ,subsoil4 ,insoluble silicates #hg4fbc #hb4gb ,soluble silica #j4cic #j4ab ,alum9a & p]oxide ( iron #d4abi #h4fj ,lime #j4cda #j4ah ,magnesia #j4bij #j4bd ,sulphuric acid #j4jbg #j4jc ,phosphoric acid #j4bdj trace ,pota% #j4jeb #j4ab ,soda #j4jej #j4jd ,wat] #a4ief #c4bf ,organic matt] #e4bbj #d4jb ------ ----- #ajj4cba #ii4cc ,9 addition to ! diff]5ce 9 ! am\nt ( pota%1 some?+ is probably due to ! l>ge proportion ( alum9a & oxide ( iron 9 ! subsoil1 :i* = ?is reason mu/ be m t5aci\s ?an ! soil itself1 :i* appe>s to be r light4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 ! use ( ! subsoil pl\gh has occasion$ mu* disappo9tm5t1 & has l$ to its be+ decri$ by _m practical m52 b ( late ye>s its use hav+ become bett] und]/ood1 its m]its are m g5]ally admitt$4 ,we believe1 t 9 all cases 9 :i* ! soil is deep1 m or less m>k$ good effects mu/ be produc$ by its use1 b ( c\rse !re mu/ be cases 9 :i*1 f ! defective composition ( ! subsoil or o!r causes1 x mu/ fail4 ,x may sometimes be possible a priori to detect ^! cases1 b 9 a l>ge majority ( !m our k is /ill too limit$ to admit ( satisfactory conclusions be+ arriv$ at4 ,improv+ ! ,soil by ,p>+ & ,burn+4--,x has long be5 famili>ly kn[n1 t a decid$ improvem5t has be5 produc$ on "s soils by burn+4 ,its advantages h *iefly be5 obs]v$ on two sorts1 heavy clays & peat soils1 on bo? ( :i* x has be5 practis$ to a great ext5t4 ,! action ( heat on ! heavy clays appe>s to be ( a tw(old "*1 dep5d+ p>tly on ! *ange effect$ 9 its physical prop]ties1 & p>tly on a *emical decomposition produc$ by ! heat4 ,! op]ation ( burn+ is effect$ by mix+ ! clay ) bru%wood & vegetable refuse1 & all[+ x to sm\ld] 9 small heaps = "s "t4 ,x is a process ( "s nicety1 & its success is greatly dep5d5t on ! c>e :i* has be5 tak5 to keep ! temp]ature z l[ z possible dur+ ! :ole c\rse ( ! burn+4 ,exp]i5ce has %[n t burn+ is by no means equally advantage\s to all clays1 b is mo/ b5eficial on ^? conta9+ a consid]able quantity ( calc>e\s matt]1 & ( silicates ( pota%4 ,9 su* clays heat op]ates by caus+ ! lime to decompose ! alkal9e silicates1 & lib]ate a quantity ( ! pota% :i* 0 previ\sly 9 an unavailable /ate4 ,its effect may be be/ illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ analyses by ,dr4 ,voelck] ( a soil1 & ! r$ a% produc$ 9 burn+ x4 ,soil4 ,r$ ,a%4 ,wat] #j4ic #a4ah ,organic matt] #aj4fg #c4cb ,oxides ( iron & alum9a #ac4dj #ah4db ,c>bonate ( lime #bc4ij #h4hc ,sulphate ( lime trace #a4ae ,c>bonate ( magnesia #a4aj ,magnesia #a4gf ,phosphoric acid trace #j4ga ,pota% #j4ch #a4jh ,soda #j4ac ,*loride ( sodium #a4jc ,insoluble matt]1 *iefly clay #di4ff #fb4eb ----- ----- #ajj4ag #ajj4jj ,9 ?is in/ance ! quantity ( burn$ soil am\nt$ to ab\t fifte5 tons p] acre1 & x is obvi\s t ! quantity ( pota% :i* _h be5 lib]at$ f ! insoluble clay & ! phosphoric acid are equal to t conta9$ 9 a consid]able manur+4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ^! results1 x is necess>y1 z has be5 already obs]v$1 to keep ! temp]ature z l[ z possible dur+ ! process ( burn+1 direct exp]im5t hav+ %[n t :5 ?is precaution is n obs]v$ ano!r *ange occurs1 :]eby ! pota%1 :i* at l[ temp]atures becomes soluble1 passes aga9 into an insoluble /ate4 ,a "p ( ! b5eficial effect is no d\bt also due to ! *ange produc$ 9 ! physical *>act]s ( ! clay by burn+1 :i* makes x light] & m friable1 & by mixture ) ! unburnt clay ameliorates ! :ole4 ,?is improvem5t 9 ! physical *>act]s ( ! clay also requires t x %all be burnt ) z l[ a heat z possible2 = if x rises too high1 ! clay coh]es into h>d masses :i* _c aga9 be r$uc$ to p[d]1 & ! success ( ! op]ation ( burn+ may always be judg$ ( by ! read9ess ) :i* x falls into a uni=m friable p[d]4 ,! improvem5t ( peat by burn+ has be5 practis$ to "s ext5t 9 ,scotl&1 ?\gh less frequ5tly ( late ye>s ?an =m]ly2 b x is /ill ! pr9cipal me?od ( reclaim+ peat soils 9 _m c\ntries1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ,f9l&1 :]e l>ge bread?s ( l& h be5 br\ght into pr(itable cultivation by means ( x4 ,! modus op]&i ( burn+ peat is v simple2 x acts by dim9i%+ ! sup]abundant quantity ( humus or o!r organic matt]s1 :i*1 9 ! previ\s section we h se5 to be s injuri\s to ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,x may act also 9 ! same way z x does on clay1 by mak+ "p ( ! inorganic con/itu5ts m really soluble1 al?\gh x is n probable t its effect 9 ?is way c be v m>k$4 ,its *ief action is c]ta9ly by de/roy+ ! organic matt]s1 & by ?us improv+ ! physical "* ( ! peat1 & caus+ x to absorb & reta9 a small] quantity ( wat] ?an x naturally does4 ,= ?is reason x is t x proves successful only on ?9 peat bogs1 = if !y be deep1 ! inorganic matt]s soon s9k into ! l[] "p1 & ! surface relapses into its old /ate ( inf]tility4 ,x is probably = ?is reason t ! practice has be5 s mu* ab&on$ 9 ,scotl&1 m especially z o!r & m economical modes ( treat+ peat soils h come into use4 ,w>p+4--,?is "n has be5 giv5 to a me?od ( improv+ soils by caus+ ! wat] ( riv]s to deposit ! mud x c>ries 9 susp5sion ^u !m1 & :i* has be5 l>gely practis$ 9 ! l[ ly+ l&s ( ,l9coln & ,york%ire1 :]e x 0 introduc$ ab\t a c5tury ago4 ,x is mo/ b5eficial on s&y or peaty soil1 & by its means l>ge tracts ( wor?less l& h be5 br\ght "u pr(itable cultivation4 ,x requires t ! l& to be s treat$ %all be "u ! level ( ! riv] at full tide1 & x is manag$ by provid+ a sluice ?r\gh :i* ! riv] wat] is all[$ to flood ! l& at high tide1 & aga9 to escape at ebb1 leav+ a lay] ( mud g5]ally ab\t a t5? ( an in* 9 ?ickness1 :i* x br\ght along ) x4 ,by ! repetition ( ?is process1 a lay] ( sev]al feet 9 ?ickness1 ( an excell5t soil1 is accumulat$ on ! surface4 ,h]apa?1 :o has c>efully exam9$ ?is subject *emically1 has %[n t 9 "o exp]im5t :]e ! wat] us$ conta9$ #bcc gra9s ( mud p] gallon1 #baj 7 deposit$ dur+ ! w>p+4 ,! foll[+ analyses w %[ ! g5]al nature ( ! matt]s deposit$1 & ! *ange :i* !y produce on ! soil3--,no4 #a is ! mud f ! ,humb] 9 its natural /ate1 ,no4 #b a specim5 ( w>p ( av]age quality artificially dri$1 ,no4 #c a s&y soil be=e w>p+1 & ,no4 #d1 ! same fifte5 ye>s aft] hav+ receiv$ a coat+ ( #aa in*es ( mud4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #a #b #c #d ---------------------------------- ,wat] #dg4di 444 #a4jf #b4jj ,organic matt] #e4id #f4ic #b4bj #g4fa ,*loride ( ,calcium 444 444 444 444 ,magnesium 444 #j4aj 444 444 ,sodium #a4ff #j4id #j4ad #j4af ,potassium ,sulphate ( ,soda 444 #j4ca 444 444 ,magnesia 444 #a4ah 444 444 ,lime trace #a4aj trace trace ,c>bonate ( ,magnesia #b4fj #j4ca trace #j4bi ,lime #c4ei #h4ah trace #j4df ,pota% & ,soda #j4ah #j4dg trace #j4ag ,magnesia #a4fi #b4fj trace #j4bf ,lime #j4ci #j4fh trace #j4ad ,p]oxide ( ,iron #f4fc #e4je #j4jh #a4ag ,alum9a #h4ah #j4ci #j4da ,phosphate ( ,iron #j4eh #a4jd trace #j4bh ,silica 444 #i4je #j4ad #b4gg ,s& & ,/ones #bi4ae #ee4hg #ie4ia #hd4ig ---------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,x is easy to und]/& ! importance ( ! effects produc$ by add+ to any soil l>ge quantities ( a mud conta9+ upw>ds ( "o p] c5t ( phosphate ( iron2 & 9 po9t ( fact1 ,h]apa? has calculat$ t 9 "o p>ticul> in/ance ! quantity ( phosphoric acid br\ght by w>p+ ^u an acre ( l&1 exce$$ sev5 tons p] acre4 ,z1 moreov]1 ! matt]s are all 9 a high /ate ( division1 !y mu/ exi/ 9 a condition peculi>ly fav\rable to ! plant4 ,! ov]fl[ ( ! ,nile is only an in/ance ( w>p+ on ! l>ge scale1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t x is repeat$ once only 9 e ye>1 :]eas1 9 ?is c\ntry1 ! op]ation is repeat$ at e tide until a deposit sometimes ( sev]al feet 9 ?ickness is obta9$1 aft] :i* x is /opp$1 & ! soil br\ght "u ord9>y cultivation4 ,an op]ation :i* is1 9 "s respects1 ! conv]se ( w>p+1 has be5 c>ri$ out on ,blair-,drummond ,moss1 :]e ! peat has be5 dislodg$ & c>ri$ (f by ! action ( wat]1 leav+ ! subjac5t soil 9 a /ate fitt$ = cropp+4 ,( c\rse bo? ?is & w>p+ are re/rict$ to special localities1 b !y are mo/ important means ( ameliorat+ ! soil :5 circum/ances admit ( _! be+ c>ri$ out4 ,mix+ ( ,soils4--,:5 soils possess conspicu\s defects 9 _! physical1 & ev5 9 _! *emical prop]ties1 great advantages may1 9 "s in/ances1 be d]iv$ f _! prop] admixture4 ,a light s&y soil1 = in/ance1 is greatly improv$ by ! addition ( clay1 & vice v]sa2 s t1 :5 two soils ( opposite prop]ties occur ne> to "o ano!r1 bo? may be improv$ by mixture4 ,x has be5 appli$ to ! improvem5t ( heavy clay soil & ( peat1 ! =m] be+ mix$ ) s& or m>l s z to dim9i% its t5acity2 ! latt] ) clay or gravel to add to its inorganic matt]s1 & 9 bo? in/ances x has prov$ successful4 ,! process ( *alk+1 :i* has be5 c>ri$ out on a l>ge scale 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 & :i* consi/s 9 br++ up ! *alk f pits1 p5etrat+ ?r\gh ! ov]ly+ t5aci\s clay1 & mix+ x ) ! soil1 op]ates1 to "s ext5t1 9 a simil> mann]1 ?\gh no d\bt ! lime also ex]cises a /rictly *emical action4 ,x is probable t ! mix+ ( soils might be advantage\sly ext5d$1 & x m]its m m9ute /udy ?an x has yet obta9$4 ,its use is obvi\sly limit$ by ! exp5se1 because1 ( c\rse1 :]e good effects are to be obta9$1 x is necess>y to remove l>ge quantities ( soil1 9 "s in/ances z mu* z #ej or #ajj tons p] acre1 b ! exp5se might be mu* dim9i%$ if x 7 c>ri$ out me?odically1 & on a consid]able scale4 ,! admixture ( highly f]tile soils ) o!rs ( inf]ior quality is also wor?y ( att5tion2 inde$1 x is und]/ood t ?is has be5 done1 to "s ext5t1 ) ! ri* trap soils ( "s p>ts ( ,scotl&1 b ! ext5t ( ! b5efit d]iv$ f x has n be5 made public4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,j3 ,mr4 ,dudgeon1 ,spylaw4 ,transactions ( ! ,highl& ,society1 vol4 cxxix41 p4 #eje4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,! ,,g5]al ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,manur+4 ,9 _! natural condition all soils n absolutely b>r5 are capable ( support+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( vegetation1 & !y cont9ue to d s = an unlimit$ p]iod1 because ! :ole ( ! sub/ances extract$ f !m are aga9 re/or$1 ei!r directly by ! decay ( ! plants1 or indirectly by ! dropp+s ( ! wild animals :i* h br[z$ ^u !m4 ,"u ^! circum/ances1 a soil yields :at may be call$ its normal produce1 :i* v>ies )9 comp>atively n>r[ limits1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! season1 temp]ature1 & o!r climatic conditions4 ,b ! case is completely alt]$ if ! crop1 9 place ( be+ all[$ to decay on ! soil1 is remov$ f x1 =1 ?\gh ! air w cont9ue to af=d an undim9i%$ supply ( ^? elem5ts ( ! food ( plants :i* may be d]iv$ f x1 ! fix$ sub/ances1 :i* c only be obta9$ f ! soil1 decrease 9 quantity1 & are at l5g? entirely exhau/$4 ,9 ?is way a gradual dim9ution ( ! f]tility ( ! soil takes place1 until1 aft] ! lapse ( a p]iod1 long] or %ort]1 accord+ to its natural res\rces1 x w become entirely incapable ( ma9ta9+ a crop1 & fall into absolute inf]tility unless ! sub/ances remov$ f x are re/or$ f "s o!r s\rce 9 ! =m ( manure4 ,:5 ?is is done1 ! f]tility ( ! soil may n only be su/a9$ b greatly increas$1 &1 9 po9t ( fact1 all cultivat$ soils1 by ! use ( manure1 are made to yield a mu* l>g] crop ?an !y c d 9 _! natural condition4 ,! fundam5tal pr9ciple ^u :i* a manure is employ$ is t ( add+ to ! soil an abundant supply ( ! elem5ts remov$ f x by plants 9 ! condition be/ fitt$ = absorption by _! roots2 b look$ at 9 its broade/ po9t ( view1 x acts n m]ely 9 ?is way1 b also by promot+ ! decomposition ( ! already p>tially dis9tegrat$ rocks ( :i* ! soil is compos$1 sett+ free ^? sub/ances x already conta9s1 & facilitat+ _! absorption by ! plants4 ,9 consid]+ ! practical applications ( ! broad g5]al pr9ciple j /at$1 x might be assum$ t a manure ought inv>iably to conta9 all ! elem5ts ( plants 9 ! quantities 9 :i* !y are remov$ by ! crops1 & t :5 ?is has be5 accurately asc]ta9$ by analysis1 x w\ld only be necess>y to use ! v>i\s sub/ances 9 ! proportions ?us indicat$4 ,b ?is1 ?\gh a v important1 & no d\bt 9 _m cases ess5tial condition1 is by no means ! only matt] :i* requires to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 ! economical application ( manures4 ,& ?is becomes suffici5tly obvi\s :5 ! circum/ances att5d+ ! exhau/ion ( ! soil are m9utely exam9$4 ,:5 a soil is cropp$ dur+ a succession ( ye>s ) ! same plant1 & at l5g? becomes incapable ( long] ma9ta9+ x1 ! exhau/ion is r>ely1 if ev]1 due to ! simultane\s consumption ( all its diff]5t con/itu5ts1 b g5]ally dep5ds ^u t ( "o individual sub/ance1 :i*1 f its hav+ orig9ally exi/$ 9 ! soil 9 comp>atively small quantity1 is remov$ 9 a %ort] "t ?an ! o!rs4 ,to re/ore ! f]tility ( a soil 9 ?is condition1 x is by no means necess>y to supply all ! diff]5t sub/ances requir$ by ! plant1 = x w suffice to add t :i* has be5 entirely remov$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if an ord9>y soil be suppli$ ) a manure conta9+ a v small quantity ( "o ( ! elem5ts ( plant food1 along ) abundance ( all ! o!rs1 ! am\nt ( increase :i* x yields mu/ obvi\sly be measur$1 n by ^? :i* are abundant1 b by t :i* is defici5t2 = ! crop :i* gr[s luxuriantly s long z x obta9s a supply ( all its con/itu5ts1 is arre/$ z effectually by ! want ( "o z ( all1 z has be5 prov$ by ! exp]im5ts ( ,pr9ce ,salm ,hor/m> & o!rs1 ref]r$ to 9 a previ\s *apt]2 & h5ce1 9 ord] to obta9 a good crop1 x w\ld be necess>y to use ! manure 9 su* abundance z to supply a suffici5cy ( ! defici5t elem5t = t purpose4 ,if ?is c\rse 7 p]sev]$ 9 = a succession ( ye>s1 ! o!r sub/ances :i* w\ld h be5 us$ 9 mu* m ?an ! quantity requir$ by ! crops1 mu/ ei!r h be5 entirely lo/ or h accumulat$ 9 ! soil4 ,9 ! latt] case x is suffici5tly obvi\s t ! soil mu/ h be5 gradually acquir+ an am\nt ( res\rces :i* mu/ rema9 dormant until ! sy/em ( manur+ is *ang$4 ,to r5d] !m available1 x is only necess>y to add to x a quantity ( ! p>ticul> sub/ance 9 :i* ! manure hi!rto employ$ has be5 defici5t1 s z to re/ore ! lo/ balance1 & enable ! plant to make use ( ^? :i* h be5 /or$ up )9 x4 ,! sub/ance s us$ is call$ a special manure2 t conta9+ all ! con/itu5ts ( ! crop is a g5]al manure4 ,! di/9ction ( ^! two classes ( manures is v important 9 a practical po9t ( view1 because a special manure is n by itself capable ( ma9ta9+ ! life ( plants1 b is only a means ( br++ into use ! natural & acquir$ res\rces ( ! soil4 ,9 place ( prev5t+ or ret>d+ its exhau/ion1 x r accel]ates x by caus+ ! increas$ crops to consume m abundantly1 & )9 a %ort] p]iod ( "t1 ^? sub/ances :i* x conta9s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a g5]al manure prev5ts or dim9i%es ! consumption ( ! elem5ts ( plant-food conta9$ 9 ! soil1 & if add$ 9 suffici5t abundance1 may cause !m to accumulate 9 x1 & ev5 enable an almo/ absolutely b>r5 soil to yield a tol]able crop4 ,g5]al manures mu/ !re=e always be ! mo/ important & ess5tial1 & no o!rs w\ld be us$ if x 7 possible to obta9 !m ( a composition exactly suit$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! crop to be rais$4 ,practically1 h[ev]1 ?is condition _c be fulfill$1 because all ! sub/ances available = ! purpose1 & p>ticul>ly f>m-y>d manure1 are refuse matt]s1 ! exact composition ( :i* is n "u our control1 & !y d n necess>ily conta9 _! con/itu5ts ei!r 9 ! mo/ suitable proportions1 or ! mo/ available =ms1 & consequ5tly :5 !y are us$ dur+ a succession ( ye>s1 c]ta9 ( _! con/itu5ts may accumulate 9 ! soil1 & x is "u su* circum/ances t special manures are bo? necess>y & advantage\s4 ,sev]al diff]5t sub/ances1 b m especially f>m-y>d manure1 fulfil 9 a v rem>kable mann] ! conditions ( a g5]al manure1 & supply abundantly1 n m]ely ! m9]al1 b also ! c>bonace\s & nitrog5\s matt]s necess>y = build+ up ! organic "p ( ! plant2 & h5ce its use is gov]n$ by pr9ciples ( comp>ative simplicity1 & really resolves itself into det]m9+ ! be/ mode ( manag+ x s z effectually to pres]ve its useful con/itu5ts1 &1 at ! same "t1 to br+ !m into ^? =ms ( comb9ation 9 :i* !y are mo/ available to ! plant4 ,b ! employm5t ( a special manure op5s up nice que/ions z to ! relative importance ( ! diff]5t elem5ts ( plants :i* h giv5 rise to mu* controv]sy & diff]5ce ( op9ion4 ,9 treat+ ( ! food ( plants1 x has be5 already obs]v$ t ! fix$ or m9]al con/itu5ts :i* are conta9$ 9 _! a%1 are necess>ily d]iv$ exclusively f ! soil1 b t ! c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 & oxyg51 ( :i* _! organic "p is compos$1 may be obta9$ ei!r f t s\rce or f ! air4 ,! important di/9ction :i* ?us exi/s betwe5 ^! two classes ( sub/ances1 has giv5 rise to two diff]5t views reg>d+ ! !ory ( manures4 ,bas+ 8 views on ! pres5ce ( ! organic elem5ts 9 ! air1 ,liebig has ma9ta9$ t x is unnecess>y to supply !m 9 ! manure1 :ile o!rs1 among :om ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t h tak5 a prom95t position1 hold t1 z a rule1 f]tile soils1 cultivat$ 9 ! ord9>y mann]1 conta9 a suffici5t supply ( m9]al matt]s = ! production ( ! l>ge/ possible crops1 b t ! quantity ( ammonia & nitric acid :i* ! plants are capable ( extract+ f ! air is insuffici5t1 & mu/ be supplem5t$ by manures conta9+ !m4 ,a l>ge numb] ( exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 support ( ^! views1 b ! inf]5ces :i* c be drawn f !m are n absolutely conclusive on ei!r side1 & x is necess>y to consid] ! matt] 9 a g5]al po9t ( view4 ,sett+ out f ! proposition already s frequ5tly ref]r$ to1 t ! plant _c gr[ unless x receives a supply ( all its elem5ts1 x mu/ be obvi\s t if1 to a soil conta9+ a suffici5cy ( m9]al matt]s to raise a giv5 numb] ( crops1 a supply ( ammonia be add$1 its total productive capacity _c be ?us increas$2 & ?\gh x may yield l>g] crops ?an x w\ld h done )\t t sub/ance1 ?is c only be accompli%$ by a proportionate dim9ution ( _! numb]4 ,9 ei!r case1 ! same quantity ( vegetable matt] w be produc$1 b ! "t )9 :i* x is obta9$ w be regulat$ by ! supply ( ammonia4 ,t sub/ance diff]s 9 no respect f any o!r elem5t ( plant-food1 & us$ 9 ?is way is to all int5ts & purposes a special manure1 & acts m]ely by br++ into play ^? sub/ances :i* ! soil already conta9s4 ,its effect may n be app>5t until aft] ! lapse ( a v long p]iod ( "t1 b x ultimately leads to ! exhau/ion ( ! soil4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 a soil be cont9u\sly cropp$ until x ceases to yield any produce1 x is manife/ t ! exhau/ion mu/ 9 ?is in/ance be entirely due to ! removal ( its available m9]al nutrim5t1 because ! sup]9cumb5t air con/antly *ang$ by ! w9ds mu/ cont9ue to af=d ! same unv>y+ supply ( ! organic elem5ts1 & ! p[] ( support+ vegetation w\ld be re/or$ to x1 by add+ ! necess>y inorganic matt]s4 ,h5ce :5 a soil1 :i* 9 its natural condition is capable ( yield+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( vegetable matt]1 is r5d]$ b>r5 by ! removal ( ! crop1 x may be laid d[n z an incontrov]tible position1 t its inf]tility is due to ! loss ( m9]al matt]s1 & t x may be re/or$ to its pri/9e condition by ! use ( !m1 & ( !m only4 ,b ! case is mat]ially alt]$ :5 we come to consid] ! c\rse ( ev5ts 9 a cultivat$ soil4 ,! object ( agriculture is to cause ! soil1 by appropriate treatm5t1 to yield mu* m ?an its normal produce1 & ! "q is1 h[ ?is c be be/ & mo/ economically effect$ 9 practice4 ,accord+ to ,liebig1 x is atta9$ by add+ to ! soil a lib]al supply ( ^? m9]al sub/ances requir$ by ! plant1 & t x is unnecess>y to use any ( ! organic elem5ts1 because !y are suppli$ by ! air 9 suffici5t quantity to meet ! requirem5ts ( ! mo/ abundant crops4 ,o!r *emi/s & vegetable physiologi/s aga9 hold t ?\gh a c]ta9 increase may be obta9$ 9 ?is way1 a po9t is soon rea*$ beyond :i* m9]al matt]s w n cause ! plant to absorb m ammonia f ! air1 al?\gh a fur!r increase may be obta9$ by ! addition ( nitrog5 9 t or "s o!r available =m4 ,x is admitt$ on bo? sides1 t all ! elem5ts ( plant food are equally ess5tial1 & ! controv]sy really lies 9 det]m9+ :at practically limits ! crop producible on any soil4 ,! po9t at issue may be put 9 a cle> po9t ( view by consid]+ ! c\rse ( ev5ts on a soil altoge!r devoid ( ! elem5ts ( plants4 ,if a small quantity ( m9]al matt]s be add$ to su* a soil1 x imm$iately becomes capable ( support+ a c]ta9 am\nt ( vegetation1 d]iv+ f ! air ! organic elem5ts necess>y = ?is purpose1 & ) e increase ( ! =m]1 ! air w be laid "u a l>g] contribution ( ! latt]1 to support ! increas$ gr[?1 & ?is mu/ proce$ until ! limit ( supply f ! atmosph]e is rea*$4 ,at ?is po9t a fur!r supply ( m9]al matt]s alone mu/ obvi\sly be incapable ( aga9 increas+ ! crop1 & x w\ld ?us be absolutely necess>y to conjo9 !m ) a proportionate quantity ( organic sub/ances4 ,liebig ma9ta9s t ?is limit is nev] atta9$ 9 practice1 b t ! air af=ds ammonia & ! o!r organic elem5ts 9 excess ( ! requirem5ts ( ! l>ge/ crop1 :ile m9]al matt]s are g5]ally ?\gh n inv>iably pres5t 9 ! soil 9 insuffici5t quantity4 ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t1 on ! o!r h&1 believe t ! soil g5]ally conta9s an excess ( m9]al matt]s1 & t a manure :i* is to br+ out _! full effect mu/ conta9 ammonia1 or "s o!r nitrog5\s sub/ance fitt$ to supplem5t ! defici5t supply af=d$ by ! atmosph]e4 ,9 %ort1 ! "q at issue is1 :e!r !re is or is n a suffici5cy ( atmosph]ic food to meet ! dem&s ( ! l>ge/ crop :i* c practically be produc$4 ,an absolutely conclusive reply to ?is "q is by no means easy4 ,! exp]im5ts by :i* x is to be resolv$ are complicat$ by ! fact1 t all soils capable ( support+ any?+ l a crop1 conta9 n only ! m9]al1 b ! organic elem5ts ( its food 9 l>ge & g5]ally 9 greatly sup]abundant quantity1 & x is impossible satisfactorily to asc]ta9 h[ mu* is d]iv$ f ?is s\rce1 & h[ mu* f ! atmosph]e4 ,!re are 9 fact no exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! effects ( a purely m9]al soil h be5 asc]ta9$4 ,! important & c>efully p]=m$ rese>*es ( ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t 7 made ^u a soil :i* _h be5 long "u cultivation1 & conta9$ decay+ vegetable matt]s 9 suffici5t abundance to supply nitrog5 to _m successive crops1 & x w\ld be mo/ unreasonable to ass]t t ! produce !y did obta9 by means ( m9]al manures1 drew ! :ole ( its nitrog5 f ! air4 ,on ! contr>y1 x may be fairly assum$ t ! soil did yield a c]ta9 quantity ( its nitrog5\s comp\nds1 b to :at ext5t ?is occurs1 x is impossible to det]m9e4 ,?is difficulty is enc\nt]$ m or less 9 all ! o!r exp]im5ts1 & precludes absolute conclusions4 ,! same fallacy also besets ! argum5ts ( ,liebig :5 he holds t ! crop1 increas$ by means ( m9]al manures alone1 mu/ d]ive ! :ole ( ! additional quantity ( nitrog5 :i* x conta9s f ! air1 z appe>s to be tacitly assum$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole discussion4 ,s f> f ?is be+ ! case1 x is j z likely t ! m9]al matt]s %\ld cause ! plants to take x f ! soil1 if x is !re1 z f ! atmosph]e4 ,tak+ a g5]al view ( ! :ole "q1 x is evid5t t a c]ta9 am\nt ( vegetation may always be produc$ by means ( m9]al manures1 & ! quantity obta9$ is g5]ally mu* beyond ! normal produce ( ! soil4 ,b x is /ill op5 to d\bt :e!r ! l>ge/ possible crop c be ?us obta9$1 al?\gh ! balance ( evid5ce is aga9/ x1 & 9 fav\r ( ! addition ( ammonia1 & o!r nitrog5\s & organic sub/ances1 to ! soil4 ,9 actual practice manures conta9+ nitrog5 are m important1 & m ext5sively appli$ ?an any o!rs1 & ! quantity ( t elem5t ?us us$ is v mu* l>g] ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,tw5ty tons ( f>m-y>d manure1 a quantity commonly appli$1 & (t5 exce$$ on well cultivat$ l&1 conta9 a suffici5cy ( organic matt]s to yield ab\t #b-a_/b cwt4 ( nitrog54 ,a complete rotation1 accord+ to ! six-c\rse %ift1 conta9s almo/ exactly ! same quantity ( nitrog51 :5 we assume av]age crops ?r\gh\t ! :ole1 & x is ?us made up4,k ,lbs4 ( ,nitrog54 #a4 ,turnips 7#ac-a_/b tons7 #fj #b4 ,:eat 7#bh bu%els at #fj lbs47 #bi ,/raw #af #c4 ,hay 7#b-a_/b tons7 #ef #d4 ,oats 7#cd bu%els at #dj lbs47 #bg ,/raw #ad #e4 ,potatoes 7#c tons7 #bg #f4 ,:eat & /raw z be=e #de ---- ,total #bgd ,! supply is !re=e q suffici5t = ! requirem5ts ( ! crop2 & :5 x is borne 9 m9d t a consid]able quantity ( ammonia & nitric acid is annually c>ri$ d[n by ! ra91 & t dur+ a long rotation o!r sub/ances are v g5]ally us$ 9 addition to f>m-y>d manure1 x is obvi\s t ! crop ne$ n dep5d to any ext5t ^u :at x d]ives f ! air4 ,:at is true ( ! nitrog5\s matt]s applies ) /ill great] =ce to ! m9]al con/itu5ts ( ! manure4 ,tw5ty tons ( f>m-y>d manure conta9 #cb cwt4 ( m9]al matt]s1 :ile ! av]age crops ( a six c\rse-%ift conta9 only #ajhh lbs41 or less ?an "o-?ird ( ?is quantity4 ,x is obvi\s1 !re=e1 t 9 well manur$ l& !re mu/ be a gradual increase ( all ! con/itu5ts ( plants1 b t ( ! m9]al matt]s is relatively mu* great] ?an t ( ! nitrog5\s4 ,if !re=e f any cause ! crop produc$ on a soil to :i* f>m-y>d manure _h be5 appli$ 7 greatly to exce$ ! av]age1 ! am\nt ( produce1 s f> z ! soil is conc]n$1 w\ld be limit$ n by defici5cy ( m9]al1 b ( nitrog5\s food4 ,h5ce also :5 f>m-y>d manure is lib]ally appli$1 !re is a gradual accumulation ( valuable matt]s1 & a progressive improvem5t ( ! productive capacity ( ! soil4 ,x is f> o!rwise1 h[ev]1 if a special manure is employ$1 because 9 t case ! crop is ?r[n ^u ! res\rces ( ! soil itself = all its con/itu5ts except ^? conta9$ 9 ! sub/ance employ$1 & by p]si/+ 9 its exclusive use exhau/ion is ! inevitable result4 ,x w\ld be wrong1 h[ev]1 to inf] f ?is1 t special manures are to be avoid$4 ,on ! contr>y1 great b5efits are d]iv$ f _! judici\s employm5t1 & ! circum/ances "u :i* !y are admissible may be readily ga!r$ f :at has already be5 said4 ,!y are ag5ts :i* br+ into useful activity ! dormant res\rces ( ! soil1 !y re/ore ! prop] balance betwe5 its diff]5t con/itu5ts1 & supply ! excessive dem& ( "s p>ticul> elem5ts4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 a soil conta9+ an abundant supply ( m9]al matt]s1 a salt ( ammonia or nitric acid increases ! crop1 by promot+ ! absorption ( ! sub/ances already pres5t4 ,s likewise a soil on :i* "y cattle & mil* c[s h be5 long pa/ur$ has its f]tility re/or$ by phosphate ( lime1 because t sub/ance is remov$ 9 ! bones & milk 9 relatively mu* l>g] proportion ?an any o!rs4 ,! *oice ( a special manure is necess>ily dep5d5t on a great v>iety ( circum/ances1 & is gov]n$ p>tly by ! nature ( ! soil1 & p>tly by t ( ! crop4 ,x is obvi\s t cases may occur 9 :i* any individual elem5t ( ! plant may be defici5t1 & ought to be suppli$1 b exp]i5ce has %[n t1 z a rule1 nitrog5 & phosphoric acid are ! sub/ances :i* x is mo/ necess>y to furni% 9 ?is way1 & :i* 9 all b exceptional cases produce a m>k$ effect on ! crop4 ,! o!r sub/ances1 su* z pota%1 soda1 magnesia1 etc41 occasionally act b5eficially1 b ! results obta9$ f !m are v unc]ta91 & frequ5tly entirely negative4 ,x has be5 commonly ass]t$ t phosphates are specially adapt$ to root crops1 & ammonia or nitrates to ! c]eals1 & ?is /atem5t is s f> true1 t ! =m] are us$ ) advantage on ! turnip1 :ile ! latt] act ) great b5efit on gra9 crops & m especially on oats & b>ley4 ,! effect ( ! latt]1 h[ev]1 is m or less app>5t 9 all crops & on all soils1 because x promotes ! assimilation ( ! m9]al matt]s already pres5t4 ,b its peculi> importance lies 9 ! p[] :i* x has ( promot+ ! rapid developm5t ( ! "y plant1 caus+ x to s5d its roots out into ! soil1 & to spread its leaves into ! air1 ?us enabl+ x to take f ^? two s\rces1 abundance ( ! useful sub/ances exi/+ 9 !m4 ,b x ought to be di/9ctly und]/ood1 t ! /atem5t t p>ticul> manures are specially suit$ to p>ticul> crops mu/ be assum$ ) "s res]vation1 because ev]y?+ dep5ds ^u ! nature ( ! food conta9$ 9 ! soil4 ,x is well kn[n t !re are _m soils 9 :i* ammonia acts m fav\rably on ! turnip ?an phosphates1 & vice v]sa1 & ! diff]5ce is (t5 due to ! previ\s treatm5t4 ,9 _m cases 9 :i* ammonia :5 fir/ us$ prov$ mo/ b5eficial1 x n[ beg9s to lose its effect1 & ! reason no d\bt is1 t by its means ! phosphates exi/+ 9 ^! soils h be5 r$uc$ 9 am\nt1 :ile ! ammonia has accumulat$1 s t a *ange 9 ! sy/em ( manur+ becomes necess>y4 ,a g5]al manure may be us$ ye> aft] ye> 9 a p]fectly r\t9e mann]1 b :]e a special manure is employ$1 ! importance ( wat*+ its effects1 & alt]+ x z circum/ances indicate1 _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,! l5g? ( "t dur+ :i* special manures h be5 ext5sively us$ has n be5 suffici5t to br+ ?is prom95tly be=e ! agriculturi/1 b its importance mu/ soon] or lat] =ce itself ^u him1 & he w !n see ! necessity = /udy+ ! succession ( manures z well z t ( crops4 ,hi!rto we h consid]$ a manure m]ely z a s\rce f :i* plants d]ive _! food1 b x ex]cises a sc>cely less important action on ! *emical & physical prop]ties ( ! soil4 ,f>m-y>d manure1 :i*1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 conta9s a l>ge am\nt ( decompos+ vegetable & animal matt]s1 yields a supply ( c>bonic acid1 :i* op]ates on ! m9]al con/itu5ts1 promotes _! fur!r dis9tegration1 & ?us lib]ates _! useful elem5ts4 ,x affects also _! physical prop]ties1 = x dim9i%es ! t5acity ( heavy clays2 ea* /raw z x decomposes =m+ a *annel ?r\gh :i* ! roots ( plants1 air1 & moi/ure c p5etrate m readily ?an ?r\gh ! /iff clay itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x dim9i%es ! porosity ( light s&y soils1 causes !m to reta9 moi/ure1 & g5]ally makes _! texture m suitable to ! plant4 ,special manures probably act to "s ext5t *emically on ! soil1 b ! nature ( ! *anges !y produce is z yet imp]fectly und]/ood4 ,sup]phosphates :i* are highly acid 9 all probability act p[]fully on ! m9]al sub/ances1 & common salt1 :i*1 ?\gh ( little importance to ! plant1 occasionally produces v /rik+ effects1 appe>s to ex]cise "s decompos+ action on ! soil4 ,x is difficult1 h[ev]1 to trace ! mode 9 :i* !y op]ate on a sub/ance ( su* complexity z ! soil4 ,lime1 z we %all aft]w>ds see1 acts by promot+ ! decomposition ( ! vegetable matt]s on ! soil1 & possibly "s o!r sub/ances may h a simil> effect4 ,9 ! application ( manures to ! soil !re are sev]al circum/ances :i* mu/ be tak5 into consid]ation4 ,x is g5]ally /at$ t !y ought to be di/ribut$ z uni=mly z possible1 b ?is is n always necess>y nor ev5 advisable1 & c]ta9ly is n act$ on 9 practice4 ,mu* mu/ dep5d ^u ! nature bo? ( crop & soil4 ,:5 ! =m] ?r[s out long & widely p5etrat+ roots1 ! m uni=mly ! manure is di/ribut$ ! bett]2 b if ! rootlets are %ort1 x is cle>ly m advisable t x %\ld be deposit$ at no great di/ance f ! se$4 ,practically ?is is obs]v$ 9 ! case ( ! potato & turnip1 :i* are %ort root$1 & :]e ! manure is g5]ally deposit$ close to ! se$4 ,b ?is c\rse is nev] adopt$ ) ! long root$ c]eals1 ! manure be+ usually appli$ to ! previ\s crop1 s t ! repeat$ pl\gh+s to :i* ! soil is subject$ 9 ! int]val may di/ribute :at rema9s z widely & uni=mly z possible4 ,9 soils :i* are ei!r excessively t5aci\s or light1 ! accumulation ( ! manure close to ! plants has also ! effect ( produc+ an artificial soil 9 _! imm$iate neighb\rhood1 conta9+ abundance ( plant-food1 & hav+ physical prop]ties bett] fitt$ = ! support ( ! plant4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a special manure is us$ alone1 & ) ! view ( promot+ ! assimilation ( sub/ances already exi/+ 9 ! soil1 ! m uni=m its di/ribution ! bett]1 because x is ess5tial t ! roots :i* p5etrate ?r\gh x %\ld f9d at e po9t !y rea* n only ! orig9al soil con/itu5ts1 b also ! sub/ances us$ to supplem5t _! defici5cies4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,k3 ,! quantities "h tak5 are ! av]ages d$uc$ f ! agricultural /ati/ics tak5 9 ,scotl& "s ye>s s9ce1 ) ! exception ( hay & /raw1 :i* are n includ$ 9 !m4 ,i h !re=e assum$ a reasonable quantity 9 ^! cases4 ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,! ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,f>m-,,y>d ,,& ,,liquid ,,manures4 ,9 ! prec$+ *apt]1 a g5]al manure has be5 def9$ z "o conta9+ all ! con/itu5ts ( ! crop to :i* x is to be appli$1 9 a /ate fitt$ = assimilation4 ,?is condition is fulfill$ only by sub/ances d]iv$ f ! vegetable & animal k+doms1 & mo/ effectually by a mixture ( bo?4 ,on ?is acc\nt1 & also because its prop]ties are su* z enable x to act p[]fully on ! soil1 f>m-y>d manure mu/ always be ( ! highe/ importance4 ,x is1 9 fact1 ! typical manure1 & 9 proportion z o!r sub/ances approa* x 9 prop]ties & composition1 is _! value = g5]al purposes on ! f>m4 ,f>m-y>d manure is a mixture ( ! dung & ur9e ( dome/ic animals1 ) ! /raw us$ z litt]2 & its value & composition mu/ necess>ily dep5d ^u t ( ^! sub/ances1 z well z on ! proportion 9 :i* !y are mix$4 ,! dung ( animals consi/s ( t "p ( _! food :i* passes ?r\gh ! inte/9al canal )\t und]go+ assimilation2 ! ur9e conta9+ ! portion :i* has be5 assimilat$ & is aga9 excret$1 9 consequ5ce ( ! *anges :i* are proce$+ 9 ! tissues ( ! animal4 ,_! composition is naturally v diff]5t1 & mu/ be sep>ately consid]$4 ,ur9e4--,ur9e consi/s ( a v>iety ( e>?y & alkal9e salts1 & ( c]ta9 organic sub/ances1 g5]ally ri* 9 nitrog51 dissolv$ 9 a l>ge quantity ( wat]4 ,t ( ! diff]5t dome/ic animals has be5 frequ5tly exam9$1 b ! analyses ( ,fromb]g give ! mo/ complete view ( _! manurial value3-- ,horse4 ,sw9e4 ,ox4 ,goat4 ,%eep4 ,extractive matt] #b4acb #j4adb #b4bdh #j4ajj #j4cdj soluble 9 wat] ,extractive matt] #b4eej #j4chg #a4dba #j4ded #c4ccj soluble 9 _s ,salts soluble 9 #b4cdj #j4iji #b4ddb #j4hej #a4ieg wat] ,salts insoluble 9 #a4hhj #j4jhh #j4aee #j4jhj #j4jeb wat] ,urea #a4bdd #j4bgc #a4igf #j4cgh #a4bfb ,hippuric acid #a4bfj 444 #j4eej #j4abe 444 ,mucus #j4jje #j4jje #j4jjg #j4jjf #j4jbe ,wat] #hh4ehi #ih4aif #ia4bja #ih4jjg #ib4hig ------ ------- ------- ------- ------- #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj #ajj4jjj #ii4hfc ,composition ( ! ,a% ( ^! ,ur9es4 ,horse4 ,sw9e4 ,ox4 ,goat4 ,%eep4 ,c>bonate ( lime #ab4ej 444 #a4jg trace #j4hb ,c>bonate ( magnesia #i4df 444 #f4ic #g4c #j4df ,c>bonate ( pota% #df4ji #ab4aj #gg4bh trace 444 ,c>bonate ( soda #aj4cc 444 444 #ec4j #db4be ,sulphate ( pota% 444 444 #ac4cj 444 #b4ih ,sulphate ( soda #ac4jd #g4jj 444 #be4j #g4gb ,phosphate ( soda 444 #ai4jj 444 444 444 ,phosphate ( lime ,phosphate ( magnesia 444 #h4hj 444 444 #j4gj ,*loride ( sodium #f4id #ec4aj #j4cj #ad4g #cb4ja ,*loride ( potassium 444 trace 444 444 #ab4jj ,silica #j4ee 444 #j4ce 444 #a4jf ,oxide ( iron & loss #a4ji 444 #j4gg 444 444 ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,human ur9e has be5 accurately exam9$ by ,b]zelius1 al?\gh 8 e/imate ( ! proportion ( urea is g5]ally admitt$ to be above ! av]age4 ,8 analysis gives ! foll[+ numb]s3-- ,natural4 ,dry ,residue4 ,urea #c4jaj #dd4gj ,lactic acid1 lactate ( ammonia1 #a4gad #be4eh & extractive matt] ,uric acid #j4ajj #a4di ,mucus #j4jcb #j4dh ,sulphate ( pota% #j4cga #e4ed ,sulphate ( soda #j4caf #d4gb ,phosphate ( soda #j4bid #d4ci ,biphosphate ( ammonia #j4afe #b4df ,*loride ( sodium #j4dde #f4fd ,muriate ( ammonia #j4aej #b4df ,phosphates ( magnesia & lime #j4ajj #a4di ,silica #j4jjc #j4je ,wat] #ic4cjj ------- ------ #ajj4jjj #ajj4jj ,among ! special organic con/itu5ts ( ! ur9e are ?ree sub/ances1 urea1 uric acid1 & hippuric acid1 :i* are ( mu* importance 9 a manurial po9t ( view4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is f\nd 9 consid]able quantity 9 ! ur9e ( all animals1 b is especially abundant 9 ! c>nivora4 ,uric acid is f\nd only 9 ^! animals1 & is ! mo/ rem>kable con/itu5t ( ! excrem5t ( birds1 s]p5ts1 & _m ( ! l[] animals4 ,hippuric acid is mo/ abundant 9 ! h]bivora4 ,^! sub/ances are all highly nitrog5\s4 ,!y conta9-- ,urea4 ,uric ,acid4 ,hippuric ,acid4 ,c>bon #bj4jj #cf4j #fj4g ,hydrog5 #f4fj #b4d #e4j ,nitrog5 #df4gj #cc4d #h4j ,oxyg5 #bf4gj #bh4b #bf4c ------ ----- ----- #ajj4jj #ajj4j #ajj4j ,!y are extremely prone to *ange1 & 9 pres5ce ( animal matt]s readily f]m5t1 & are conv]t$ into salts ( ammonia4 ,?us human ur9e1 :i*1 at ! "t ( emission is free f smell ( ammonia1 & has a slightly acid reaction1 becomes highly ammoniacal if x be kept = a few days4 ,?is is due to ! conv]sion ( urea into c>bonate ( ammonia2 & ! same *ange takes place1 ?\gh m sl[ly1 ) uric & hippuric acids4 ,x is obvi\s1 f ! =ego+ analyses1 t great diff]5ces mu/ exi/ 9 ! manurial value ( ! ur9e ( diff]5t animals4 ,n only d !y v>y greatly 9 ! proportion ( solid matt]s :i* !y conta91 b also 9 ! k9d & quantity ( _! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts4 ,!y diff] also 9 reg>d to _! sal9e +r$i5ts2 & :ile salts ( pota% & soda =m ! pr9cipal "p ( ! a% ( ! ur9e ( ! ox1 %eep1 goat1 & horse1 & phosphoric acid & phosphates are entirely abs5t1 t ( ! pig conta9s a consid]able quantity ( ! latt] sub/ances1 & 9 ?is respect m ne>ly resembles ! ur9e ( man4 ,human ur9e is also mu* ri*] 9 urea & nitrog5\s con/itu5ts g5]ally1 & has a high] value ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,x is especially wor?y ( notice t ! ur9e ( ! purely h]bivor\s animals 7) ! exception ( ! %eep1 :i* conta9s a small quantity71 are devoid ( phosphates & urea2 & consequ5tly1 :5 employ$ alone1 !y are n g5]al manures--a matt] ( "s importance 9 relation to ! subject ( liquid manur+1 :i* w be aft]w>ds discuss$4 ,dung4--,! solid excrem5t ( animals is equally v>iable 9 composition4 ,t ( ! dome/ic animals :i* _h ! ord9>y w9t] food 0 f\nd to h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,horse4 ,c[4 ,%eep4 ,sw9e4 ,p]-c5tage ( wat] 9 ! #gg4be #hb4de #ef4dg #gg4ac fre% excrem5t ,a% 9 ! dry excrem5t #ac4cf #ae4bc #ac4di #cg4ag #ajj p>ts ( a% conta9$-- ,horse4 ,c[4 ,%eep4 ,sw9e4 ,silica #fb4dj #fb4ed #ej4aa #ac4ai ,pota% #aa4cj #b4ia #h4cb #c4fj ,soda #a4ih #j4ih #c4bh #c4dd ,*loride ( sodium #j4jc #j4bc #j4ad #j4hi ,phosphate ( iron #b4gc #h4ic #c4ih #aj4ee ,lime #d4fc #e4ga #ah4ae #b4fc ,magnesia #c4hd #aa4dg #e4de #b4bd ,phosphoric ,acid #h4ic #d4ge #g4eb #j4da ,sulphuric acid #a4hc #a4gg #b4fi #j4ij ,c>bonic acid 444 trace trace #j4fj ,oxide ( manganese #b4ac 444 444 444 ,s& 444 444 444 #fa4cg ---- ---- ---- ---- #ii4hj #ii4bi #ii4fd #ii4hb ,human faeces conta9 ab\t #ge p] c5t ( wat]2 & _! dry residue 0 f\nd by ,way to h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,organic matt] #hh4eb ,insoluble silice\s matt]s #a4dh ,oxide ( iron #j4ed ,lime #a4gb ,magnesia #a4ee ,phosphoric acid #d4bg ,sulphuric acid #j4bd ,pota% #a4ai ,soda #j4ca ,*loride ( sodium #j4ah ------ #ajj4jj ,9 a sample analyz$ by myself !re 7 f\nd-- ,organic matt] #hf4ge ,phosphates #h4ai ,alkal9e salts1 conta9+ #a4ah ( phosphoric #b4ec acid ,insoluble matt]s #b4ec ------ #ajj4jj ,nitrog5 #d4ei ,equal to ammonia #e4eg ,x is to be obs]v$ t ! ur9e & dung ( animals diff] conspicu\sly 9 ! composition ( _! a%1 ! =m] be+ *>act]iz$ by ! abundance ( alkal9e salts1 :ile ! latt] conta9s ^! sub/ances 9 small proportion1 b is ri* 9 e>?y matt]s1 & especially 9 phosphoric acid4 ,salts ( pota%1 = example1 =m n9e-t5?s ( ! inorganic "p ( ! ur9e ( ! ox1 :ile less ?an ?ree p] c5t ( t alkali is f\nd 9 its dung4 ,phosphoric acid1 on ! o!r h&1 is n met ) 9 ! ur9e1 b =ms ab\t t5 p] c5t ( ! dung4 ,silica is ! mo/ abundant con/itu5t ( ! dung1 b a l>ge proportion ( t f\nd on analysis has be5 swall[$ 9 ! %ape ( gra9s ( s& & p>ticles ( soil me*anically mix$ ) ! food1 al?\gh "p is also d]iv$ f ! /raw & gra9s1 :i* conta9 t sub/ance 9 great abundance4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( nitrog5 !y conta9 is also v m>k$1 & is di/9ctly %[n by ! foll[+ analyses by ,b\ss+ault1 :i* give ! quantity ( c>bon1 hydrog51 nitrog51 oxyg51 & a% 9 ! dung & ur9e ( ! horse & ! c[ 9 _! natural /ate1 & aft] dry+ at #bab deg44 ---------------------------------------- --------------------- ,,horse4 ,,c[4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,natural4 ,dry4 ,natural4 ,dry4 ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,ur9e4 ,dung4,ur9e4,dung4,ur9e4 ,dung4,ur9e4,dung4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,c>bon #d4df #i4ef #cf4j #ch4g #c4ah #d4jb #bg4b #db4h ,hydrog5 #j4dg #a4bf #c4h #e4a #j4cj #j4di #b4f #e4b ,nitrog5 #a4ee #j4ed #ab4e #b4b #j4dd #j4bb #c4h #b4c ,oxyg5 #a4dj #i4ca #aa4c #cg4g #c4ji #c4ed #bf4d #cg4g ,a% #d4ea #d4jb #cf4d #af4c #d4fh #a4ac #dj4j #ab4j ,wat] #hg4fa #ge4ca #j4j #j4j #hh4ca #ij4fj #j4j #j4j ---------------------------------------- ------ #ajj4jjajj4jj #ajj4jajj4jajj4jjajj4jj #ajj4jajj4j ---------------------------------------- --------------- ,h5ce1 weight = weight1 ! ur9e ( ! horse1 9 its natural /ate1 conta9s ?ree times z mu* nitrog5 z its dung2 t ( ! c[ twice z mu*2 & ! diff]5ce1 especially 9 ! horse1 is /ill m conspicu\s :5 !y are dry4 ,x is obvi\s t ! quality ( f>m-y>d manure mu/ dep5d--#a4 ,on ! k9d ( animal f :i* x is produc$2 #b4 ,on ! quantity ( /raw :i* has be5 us$ z litt]2 #c4 ,on ! nature ( ! food ) :i* ! animals h be5 suppli$2 #d4 ,on ! ext5t to :i* its valuable con/itu5ts h be5 r5d]$ available by ! treatm5t to :i* x has be5 subject$2 & #e4 ,on ! c>e :i* has be5 tak5 to prev5t ! escape ( ! ur9e1 or ( ! ammonia produc$ by its decomposition4 ,! composition ( f>m-y>d manure has engag$ ! att5tion ( sev]al *emi/s2 b !re are /ill _m po9ts on :i* our in=mation reg>d+ x is less complete ?an might be desir$4 ,its inve/igation is surr\nd$ ) peculi> difficulties1 n m]ely on acc\nt ( its complexity1 b because its prop]ties r5d] x exce$+ly difficult to obta9 a sample :i* fairly repres5ts its av]age composition4 ,9 ! case ( long dung1 ^! difficulties are s great t x is sc>cely possible to ov]come !m2 & h5ce1 discrepancies are occasionally to be met ) 9 ! analyses ( ! mo/ c>eful exp]im5t]s4 ,! mo/ m9ute & c>eful analyses yet made are ^? ( ,voelck]1 :o has comp>$ ! composition ( fre% & rott5 dung1 & /udi$ ! *anges :i* ! =m] und]goes :5 pres]v$ 9 diff]5t ways4 ,he employ$ 9 8 exp]im5ts bo? fre% & rott5 dung1 & subject$ !m to diff]5t me?ods ( treatm5t4 ,8 analyses are giv5 9 ! accompany+ table1 9 :i* column #a gives ! composition ( fre% long dung1 compos$ ( c[ & pig dung4 #b4 ,is dung ( ! same k9d1 aft] hav+ la9 9 a heap aga9/ a wall1 b o!rwise unprotect$ f ! wea!r = ?ree mon?s & elev5 days 9 w9t]1 dur+ :i* "t little ra9 fell4 #c4 ,! same manure1 kept = ! same "t "u a %$4 #d4 ,well rott5 dung1 :i* _h be5 kept 9 ! manure heap upw>ds ( six mon?s4 #e4 ,! same1 aft] hav+ la9 aga9/ a wall = two mon?s & n9e days long]4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #a #b #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,wat] #ff4ag #fi4hf #fg4cb ,soluble organic matt]s #b4dh #c4hf #b4fc ,soluble inorganic matt]s4 ,silica #j4bcg #j4bgi #j4bci ,phosphate ( lime #j4bii #j4cjj #j4cca ,lime #j4jff #j4jdh #j4jef ,magnesia #j4jaa #j4jai #j4jjd ,pota% #j4egc #a4jif #j4fgf ,soda #j4jea #j4ahg #j4aib ,*loride ( sodium #j4jcj #j4ajf #j4jeh ,sulphuric acid #j4jee #j4afj #j4aai ,c>bonic acid & loss #j4bah #j4gge #j4dde ----- #a4ed 444 #b4ig ----- #b4ab ,insoluble organic matt]s #be4gf #ah4dd #bj4df ,insoluble inorganic matt]s-- ,soluble silica #j4ifg #j4gab #a4hic ,insoluble silica #j4efa #j4heg #a4jge ,oxide ( iron1 alum9a1 & phosphates #j4eif #j4haj #a4ace ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #d #e ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,wat] #ge4db #gc4ij ,soluble organic matt]s #c4ga #b4gj ,soluble inorganic matt]s ,silica #j4bed #j4adg ,phosphate ( lime #j4chb #j4abi ,lime #j4aag #j4jah ,magnesia #j4jdg #j4jah ,pota% #j4ddf #j4ifj ,soda #j4jbc #j4jhb ,*loride ( sodium #j4jcg #j4jeb ,sulphuric acid #j4jeh #j4jgb ,c>bonic acid & loss #j4ajf #j4ehd ----- #a4dg ----- #b4jf ,insoluble organic matt]s #ab4hb #ad4ci ,insoluble inorganic matt]s-- ,soluble silica #a4dbd #a4aj ,insoluble silica #a4jaj #a4ed ,oxide ( iron1 alum9a1 & phosphates #j4idg #j4cg ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- #a #b #c ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,conta9+ phosphoric acid 7#j4agh7 7#j4agg7 7#j4bih7 ,equal to bone e>? 7#j4chf7 7#j4bgg7 7#j4fdf7 ,lime #a4abj #a4bia #a4hfh ,magnesia #j4adc #a4jbi #j4jgh ,pota% #j4jii #j4abg #j4bjh ,soda #j4jai #j4jdf #j4jch ,sulphuric acid #j4jfa #j4jii #j4jih ,c>bonic acid & loss #j4dhd #j4ibi #a4jgg ----- #d4je ----- #d4ij ----- #g4dg ----- ----- ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,conta9+ nitrog5 #j4adi #j4bgj #j4agj ,equal to ammonia #j4aha #j4cbj #j4bjf ,conta9+ nitrog5 #j4did #j4dgj #j4ehj ,equal to ammonia #j4eii #j4egj #j4gjj ,total nitrog5 #j4fdc #j4gdj #j4gej ,equal to ammonia #j4ghj #j4hij #j4ijf ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ----------------- #d #e ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,conta9+ phosphoric acid 7#j4bgd7 7#j4jf7 ,equal to bone e>? 7#j4egc7 7#j4aj7 ,lime #a4ffg #b4be ,magnesia #j4jia #j4jb ,pota% #j4jde #j4ab ,soda #j4jch #j4ja ,sulphuric acid #j4jfc #j4aj ,c>bonic acid & loss #a4bie #a4dd ----- #f4eh ---- #f4ie ----- ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,conta9+ nitrog5 #j4big #j4adi ,equal to ammonia #j4cfj #j4ahj ,conta9+ nitrog5 #j4cji #j4fac ,equal to ammonia #j4cge #j4gdd ,total nitrog5 #j4fjf #j4gfb ,equal to ammonia #j4gce #j4ibd ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,on exam9+ & comp>+ ^! analyses1 x appe>s t ! diff]5ces are by no means great1 al?\gh1 on ! :ole1 !y t5d to %[ t1 weight = weight1 well-rott5 dung is sup]ior to fre%1 provid$ x has be5 prop]ly treat$4 ,n only is ! quantity ( valuable matt]s exi/+ 9 ! soluble /ate mat]ially increas$1 :]eby ! dung is enabl$ to act ) great] rapidity1 b1 ow+ to evaporation & ! escape ( c>bonic acid1 produc$ by ! decomposition ( ! organic sub/ances1 ! proportion ( ^? con/itu5ts :i* are mo/ important to ! plant is increas$4 ,?is is p>ticul>ly to be notic$1 9 reg>d to ! nitrog51 :i* has di/9ctly increas$ 9 all cases 9 :i* ! dung has be5 kept = "s "t2 & ! practical importance ( ?is obs]vation is v great1 because x has be5 commonly suppos$ t1 dur+ ! process ( f]m5tation1 ammonia is liable to escape into ! air4 ,x w\ld appe>1 h[ev]1 t !re is b little risk ( loss 9 ?is way1 s long z ! dung-heap is left undi/urb$2 & x is only :5 x is turn$ t any appreciable quantity ( ammonia volatilizes4 ,x is diff]5t1 h[ev]1 ) ! action ( ra91 :i* soon removes1 by solution1 a consid]able quantity ( ! nitrog5 conta9$ 9 f>m-y>d manure2 & ! det]ioration mu/ necess>ily be mo/ conspicu\s 9 rott5 dung1 :i* sometimes conta9s ne>ly half ( its nitrog5 9 a soluble condition4 ,! effect produc$ 9 ?is way is conspicu\sly se51 by ! results ( weigh+s & analyses ( small exp]im5tal dung-heaps1 made by ,dr4 ,voelck] at diff]5t p]iods4 ,! subjo9$ table %[s ! composition ( ! heap1 ly+ aga9/ a wall1 & expos$ to ! wea!r at diff]5t p]iods3-- ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,,:5 ,,put ,,up4 ---------------------------------------- ,nov #c;d ,april #cj? ,aug #bc;d ,nov #ae? #ahed4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 ---------------------------------------- ,weight ( manure 9 lbs4 #bhch #bjbf #aiid #aigd ---------------------------------------- ,wat] #ahgg4i #accf4a #aeje4c #adff4e ,dry ,matt] #ifj4a #fhi4i #dhh4g #ejg4e ---------------------------------------- ,consi/+ (-- ,soluble organic matt] #gj4ch #hf4ea #eh4hc #ed4jd m9]al matt] #dc4ga #eg4hh #ci4af #cf4hi ,insoluble organic matt] #gca4jg #chi4gd #bdc4bb #bad4ib m9]al matt] #aad4id #aee4gg #adg4di #bja4jg ---------------------------------------- ,total nitrog5 #ah4bc #ah4ad #ac4ad #ac4jc ,equal to ammonia #bb4ad #bb4jb #ae4if #ae4ge ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,9 ?is case1 dur+ ! w9t] six mon?s1 :i* 7 v dry1 ! manure lo/ #eda4h lbs4 ( wat] & #bgj4b lbs4 ( dry matt]1 b ! nitrog5 rema9$ completely un*ang$4 ,b dur+ ! succe$+ semi-annual p]iod1 :5 ra9 fell abundantly1 ! quantity ( nitrog5 is dim9i%$ by ne>ly a ?ird1 :ile ! wat] has increas$1 & ! loss ( dry matt] by f]m5tation1 not)/&+ ! high temp]ature ( ! summ] mon?s1 0 only #ahb4d lbs4 ,! soluble m9]al matt]s also1 :i* increas$ dur+ ! fir/ p]iod1 are aga9 r$uc$ dur+ ! second1 until !y also fall to ab\t two-?irds ( _! maximum quantity4 ,t ?is effect is to be attribut$ to ! solv5t action ( ra9 is suffici5tly obvi\s1 f a comp>ison ( ! results af=d$ by ! o!r heaps1 :i* _h be5 kept "u cov] dur+ ! same p]iod1 z %[n bel[4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,:5 ,,put ,,up4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,nov4 #c;d1 ,april #cj? ,aug4 #bc;d ,nov4 #ae? #ahed4 #ahee4 #ahee4 #ahee4 ---------------------------------------- --- ,weight ( manure 9 lbs4 #cbeh #afac #abig #abce ---------------------------------------- --- ,wat] #baef4j #iag4f #efc4b #ead4e ,dry ,matt] #aajb4j #fie4d #gcc4h #gbj4e ---------------------------------------- --- ,consi/+ (-- ,soluble organic matt] #hj4gg #gd4fh #ec4ef #ff4bh m9]al matt] #ej4ad #ed4ea #ci4ee #ed4fh ,insoluble organic matt] #hci4ag #daj4bd #ccg4cb #cda4ig m9]al matt] #aca4ib #aee4ig #cjc4cg #beg4eg ---------------------------------------- --- ,total nitrog5 #bj4ic #ai4bf #af4ed #a4gi ,equal to ammonia #be4dj #bc4cc #bj4jh #b4ha ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,! loss ( nitrog5 is "h comp>atively trifl+1 & dur+ ! :ole ye>1 b little exce$s two p\nds1 ( :i* ! great] "p escapes dur+ ! fir/ six mon?s1 & ! soluble inorganic matt]s are almo/ un*ang$4 ,! total weight ( ! manure1 h[ev]1 und]goes a v great r$uction1 due *iefly to evaporation ( wat]1 b 9 "p also to ! loss ( organic matt]s evolv$ 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid dur+ f]m5tation4 ,:5 ! manure is spread out1 z x is usually f\nd "u cattle 9 op5 y>ds1 ! det]ioration is v great1 a quantity ?us treat$ hav+ lo/1 9 ! c\rse ( a ye>1 ne>ly two-?irds ( its nitrog51 & f\r-fif?s ( its soluble inorganic matt]s4 ,! g5]al conclusion d$ucible f ^! analyses is t1 provid$ x be c>efully prep>$1 f>m-y>d manure does n diff] v l>gely 9 value1 al?\gh ! balance is 9 fav\r ( ! well-rott5 dung4 ,?is result is 9 accordance ) t obta9$ by o!r exp]im5t]s1 :o h g5]ally f\nd f #j4e to #j4f p] c5t ( nitrog51 & #a or #b p] c5t ( phosphates4 ,b :5 c>elessly manag$1 x may fall greatly %ort ( ?is /&>d1 z is p>ticul>ly se5 9 a sample exam9$ by ,cam]on1 :i* _h be5 s effectually wa%$ out by ! ra91 z to reta9 only #j4ae p] c5t ( ammonia4 ,^! cases1 h[ev]1 are exceptional1 & well made & well pres]v$ f>m-y>d manure w g5]ally be f\nd to diff] comp>atively little 9 value2 & :5 b\ght at ! ord9>y price1 ! pur*as]1 z we %all aft]w>ds m p>ticul>ly see1 is pretty sure to get full value = 8 money1 & ! specialities ( its managem5t are ( comp>atively little mom5t to him4 ,b ! case is v diff]5t :5 ! p]son :o uses ! manure has also to manufacture x4 ,! exp]im5ts already quot$ h %[n t1 ?\gh ! manure made 9 ! ord9>y mann] may1 weight = weight1 be z valuable z at fir/1 ! loss dur+ ! p]iod ( its pres]vation is usually v l>ge1 & x becomes extremely important to det]m9e ! mode 9 :i* x may be r$uc$ to ! m9imum4 ,9 ! production ( f>m-y>d manure ( ! highe/ quality1 ! object to be held 9 view is to reta91 z effectually z possible1 all ! valuable con/itu5ts ( ! dung & ur9e4 ,b 9 consid]+ ! "q "h1 x w be suffici5t to ref] exclusively to its nitrog51 bo? because x is ! mo/ important1 & also because ! circum/ances :i* fav\r its pres]vation are mo/ advantage\s to ! o!r con/itu5ts4 ,9 ! managem5t ( ! dung-heap1 !re are ?ree ?+s to be kept 9 view3--,fir/1 ,to obta9 a manure conta9+ ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( nitrog52 secondly1 ,to conv]t t nitrog5 m or less completely into ammonia2 & ?irdly1 ,to reta9 x effectually4 ,z f> z ! fir/ ( ^! po9ts is conc]n$1 x mu/ be obvi\s t mu* w dep5d on ! nature & quantity ( ! food ) :i* ! animals yield+ ! dung are suppli$1 & ! p]iod ( ! fatt5+ process at :i* x is collect$4 ,:5 lean bea/s are put up to fe$1 !y at fir/ exhau/ ! food mu* m completely ?an !y d :5 !y are ne>ly fatt5$1 & ! manure produc$ is v inf]ior at fir/1 & goes on gradually improv+ 9 quality z ! animal becomes fat4 ,:5 ! food is ri* 9 nitrog5\s comp\nds1 ! value ( ! manure is consid]ably increas$4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$1 = in/ance1 t :5 oil-cake has be5 us$1 n less ?an sev5-eigh?s ( ! valuable matt]s conta9$ 9 x reappe> 9 ! excrem5ts2 & z t sub/ance is highly nitrog5\s1 ! dung ought1 weight = weight1 to conta9 a l>g] am\nt ( t elem5t4 ,t x actually does s1 ,i satisfi$ myself by exp]im5ts1 made "s ye>s s9ce1 :5 ! dung & ur9e ( animals f$ on turnips1 ) & )\t oil-cake1 7 exam9$2 b un=tunately1 no det]m9ation ( ! total quantity ( ! excretions c\ld be made1 s t x 0 impossible to e/imate ! increas$ value4 ,x has be5 commonly suppos$ t :5 cattle are f$ ) oil-cake1 ! increas$ value ( ! manure is equal to f "o-half to two-?irds ! price ( ! oil-cake2 b ?is is a r exagg]at$ e/imate z reg>ds l9se$-cake1 al?\gh x falls %ort ( ! tru? 9 ! case ( rape1 z we %all aft]w>ds m p>ticul>ly see4 ,al?\gh x may be possible1 9 ?is way1 to increase ! quantity ( nitrog5 z a manure1 !re is a limit to its accumulation1 due to ! fact1 t x is conta9$ mo/ abundantly 9 ! ur9e1 :i* c only be reta9$ by ! use ( a suffici5t supply ( litt]4 ,:]e t is defici5t1 ! dung-heap becomes too moi/1 & ! fluid & mo/ valuable "p dra9s (f1 ei!r to be lo/1 or to be collect$ 9 ! liquid manure-tank4 ,9 ! well manag$ manure-heap1 ! quantity ( litt] %\ld be suffici5t to reta9 ! great] "p ( ! liquid manure1 & to admit ( only a small quantity dra9+ f x1 :i* %\ld be pump$ up at int]vals1 s z to keep ! :ole 9 a prop] /ate ( moi/ure4 ,att5tion to ?is po9t is ( great mom5t1 & mat]ially affects ! f]m5tation4 ,:5 x is too moi/ or too dry1 t process is equally *eck$2 9 ! =m] case by ! exclusion ( air1 :i* is ess5tial to x2 & 9 ! latt]1 by ! want ( wat]1 )\t :i* ! air _c act4 ,! exact mode 9 :i* ! manure is to be manag$ mu/ greatly dep5d on :e!r ! supply ( litt] is l>ge or small4 ,9 ! latt] case ! ur9e escapes1 & is collect$ 9 ! liquid manure-tank1 & mu/ be us$ by irrigation1 & 9 "s cases ?is mode ( application has advantages1 b 9 g5]al1 x is pref]able to avoid x1 & h rec\rse to sub/ances :i* increase ! bulk ( ! heap suffici5tly to make x reta9 ! :ole ( ! liquid4 ,= ?is purpose1 clay1 or /ill bett]1 ! vegetable refuse ( ! f>m1 su* z we$s1 dit* clean+s1 leaves1 &1 9 %ort1 any por\s matt]s1 may be us$4 ,b by f> ! be/ sub/ance1 :5 x c be obta9$1 is dry peat1 :i* n only absorbs ! fluid1 b fixes ! ammonia1 by conv]t+ x m or less completely into humate4 ,ref]5ce has be5 already made to ! absorb5t p[] ( peat 9 ! section on soils1 b x may be m5tion$ "h t accurate exp]im5t has %[n t a good peat w absorb ab\t #b p] c5t,l ( ammonia1 & :5 dry w /ill reta9 f #a to #a4e p] c5t1 or ne>ly twice z mu* z w\ld be yield$ by ! :ole nitrog5 ( an equal weight ( f>m-y>d manure4 ,peat *>coal has be5 recomm5d$ = ! same purpose1 b c>eful exp]im5t has %[n t x does n absorb ammonia1 al?\gh x removes putrid od\r2 & ?\gh x may be usefully employ$ :5 x is wi%$ to deodorize ! manure heap1 x mu/ n be tru/$ to = fix+ ! ammonia4 ,mu* /ress has frequ5tly be5 laid on ! advantage to be d]iv$ f ! use ( sub/ances capable ( comb9+ *emically ) ! ammonia produc$ dur+ ! f]m5tation ( dung & gypsum1 sulphate ( iron1 *loride ( manganese1 sulphate ( magnesia1 & sulphuric acid1 h be5 propos$ = ?is purpose1 & h be5 us$ occasionally1 ?\gh n ext5sively4 ,!y all answ] ! purpose ( fix+ ! ammonia1 t is1 ( prev5t+ its escap+ into ! air2 b ! risk ( loss 9 ?is way appe>s to h be5 mu* exagg]at$1 = a delicate te/-pap]1 held ov] a manure-heap1 is n affect$2 & dur+ f]m5tation1 humic acid is produc$ 9 su* abundance1 z to comb9e ) ! great] "p ( ! ammonia4 ,! real s\rce ( det]ioration is ! escape ( ! soluble matt]s 9 ! dra9+s f ! manure-heap1 :i* is n prev5t$ by any ( ^! sub/ances2 & :]e no means are tak5 to pres]ve or reta9 ?is portion1 ! loss is extremely l>ge1 & am\nts1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 to f a ?ird to a half ( ! :ole value ( ! manure4 ,manure1 !re=e1 _c be expos$ to ! wea!r )\t los+ a proportion ( its valuable matt]s1 dep5d+ ^u ! quantity ( ra9 :i* falls ^u x4 ,h5ce x is obvi\s t great advantage mu/ be d]iv$1 especially 9 ra9y di/ricts1 f cov]$ manure-pits4 ,?is plan has be5 introduc$ on "s f>ms ) good effect2 b ! exp5se & d\bts z to ! b5efits d]iv$ f x1 h hi!rto prev5t$ ! practice becom+ g5]al4 ,! pr9cipal difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 ! use ( ! cov]$ dung-pit is1 t1 :]e ! litt] is abundant1 ! ur9e does n supply a suffici5cy ( moi/ure to promote ! active f]m5tation ( ! dung1 & x becomes necess>y to pump wat] ov] x at int]vals2 b :5 ?is is prop]ly done1 ! quality ( ! manure is excell5t1 & its valuable matt]s are mo/ ?or\ghly economiz$4 ,al?\gh cov]$ dung-pits h be5 b little us$1 _! b5efits h be5 indirectly obta9$ by ! me?od ( box-fe$+1 "o ( ! great advantages ( :i* is held to be ! production ( a manure ( sup]ior quality to t obta9$ 9 ! old way4 ,9 box-fe$+ none ( ! dung or ur9e is remov$ f "u ! animals1 b is trampl$ d[n by _! feet1 & new quantities ( litt] be+ con/antly add$1 ! :ole is consolidat$ into a compact mass1 by :i* ! ur9e is entirely reta9$4 ,:atev] objection may be tak5 to ?is sy/em1 s f> z ! heal? ( ! animals is conc]n$1 !re is no d\bt z to ! complete economy ( ! manure1 provid$ ! quantity ( litt] us$ be suffici5t to reta9 ! :ole ( ! liquid4 ,b its advantage is entirely dep5d5t on ! possibility ( fulfill+ ?is condition4 ,:e!r box manure is really sup]ior to t :i* c be prep>$ by ! ord9>y me?od is v que/ionable1 b x und\bt$ly surpasses a l>ge proportion ( t actually produc$4 ,x is m ?an probable1 h[ev]1 t ! c>eful managem5t ( ! manure-heap w\ld yield an equally good product4 ,x is manife/ t ! same numb] ( cattle1 f$ 9 ! same way1 on ! same food1 & suppli$ ) ! same quantity ( litt]1 mu/ always excrete ! same quantities ( valuable matt]s2 & ! only "q to be solv$ is1 :e!r !y are m effectually pres]v$ 9 ! "o way ?an ! o!r8 ,x w be readily se5 t ?is _c be done by analysis alone1 b t x is necess>y to conjo9 ) x a det]m9ation ( ! total weight ( manure produc$2 = ?\gh1 weight = weight1 box manure may be bett] ?an ord9>y f>m-y>d manure1 ! total quantity obta9$ by ! latt] me?od1 f a giv5 numb] ( cattle1 may be s mu* great]1 t ! defici5cy 9 quality may be comp5sat$ =4 ,at ! pres5t "t our k is too limit$ to admit ( a def9ite op9ion on ?is subject1 b x is highly des]v+ ( ! comb9$ inve/igation ( ! f>m] & ! *emi/4 ,suppos+ ! conditions :i* produce ! manure conta9+ ! l>ge/ quantity ( nitrog5 to h be5 fulfill$1 we h n[ to consid] ^? :i* affect its evolution 9 ! =m ( ammonia4 ,?is *ange is effect$ by f]m5tation4 ,:5 a quantity ( manure is left to itself x becomes hot1 & gradually dim9i%es 9 bulk1 & if x be turn$ ov] aft] "s "t1 ! smell ( ammonia may be m or less di/9ctly obs]v$4 ,?is ammonia is produc$1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 f ! ur9e1 ! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts ( :i* are rapidly decompos$1 & ! f]m5tation ?us set up 9 ! mass ( manure ext5ds fir/ to ! solid dung1 & !n to ! /raw ( ! litt]1 & gradually proce$s until a l>ge quantity ( ammonia is produc$4 ,:5 fre% manure is deposit$ 9 ! soil1 ! same *anges occur1 b !y !n proce$ m sl[ly1 & exp]i5ce has %[n t a mu* small] effect is produc$ on ! crop to :i* x has be5 appli$ ?an :5 x has be5 well f]m5t$ 9 ! heap4 ,?is effect is consi/5t ) !ory1 :i* w\ld fur!r indicate t well-f]m5t$ dung mu/ be especially advantage\s :5 appli$ to quick-gr[+ crops1 & less necess>y to ^? :i* come sl[ly to maturity4 ,z a rule1 well f]m5t$ manure is to be pref]r$1 provid$ x has be5 well manag$ & c>efully prep>$2 b :5 ?is has n be5 done1 & ! manure has be5 expos$ to ! wea!r1 or made 9 op5 c\rts or hammels1 ! economic advantages are all on ! side ( ! fre% dung4 ,x may be que/ion$ also :e!r1 n[ t !re are s _m o!r available s\rces ( ammonia1 x may n 9 _m in/ances be advantage\s to use ! dung fre%1 conjo9$ ) a suffici5t quantity ( "s salt ( ammonia1 or o!r sub/ance fitt$ to supply ! quantity ( t elem5t necess>y = ! requirem5ts ( ! crop4 ,aft] ! f>m-y>d manure has be5 prep>$ at ! home/ead1 x is (t5 necess>y to c>t x out to ! field "s "t be=e x is to be appli$1 & x is a "q ( "s importance to det]m9e h[ x may be be/ pres]v$ !re4 ,! g5]al practice is to /ore x 9 heaps 9 ! corn]s ( ! fields1 b "s diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s z to :e!r x %\ld be lightly ?r[n up s z to leave x 9 a por\s /ate1 & s promote its fur!r f]m5tation1 or :e!r x %\ld be consolidat$ z mu* z possible by driv+ ! c>ts on to ! top ( ! heap dur+ its con/ruction4 ,consid]+ ! risks to :i* ! manure is expos$ on ! field1 ! latt] plan w\ld appe> to be ! be/4 ,x is advisable also to int]/ratify ! dung ) dry soil1 s z to absorb any liquid :i* may t5d to escape f x1 & x %\ld also be cov]$ ) a well-beat5 lay] ( e>?1 9 ord] to exclude ! ra94 ,al?\gh ^! precautions mu/ n be omitt$ if ! manure is to be /or$ 9 heaps1 x w probably be (t5 f\nd q z advantage\s to spread x at once1 & leave x ly+ on ! surface until x is conv5i5t to pl\gh x4 ,! loss ( ammonia by volatilization w1 "u su* circum/ances1 especially 9 ! cold season ( ! ye>1 be v trifl+1 & ! ra9 :i* falls w only s]ve to incorporate ! soluble matt]s ) ! soil1 :]e !y w be reta9$ by its absorptive p[]4 ,9 ! actual application ( ! manure to ! crop1 sev]al po9ts require consid]ation4 ,x is especially important to det]m9e :e!r x ought to be uni=mly di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! soil1 or be kept ne> ! roots ( ! plants4 ,bo? sy/ems h _! advocates1 & ea* has advantages 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,! *oice betwe5 ! two mu/ greatly dep5d ^u ! nature ( ! crop & ! soil4 ,:5 ! =m] is ( a k9d :i* spreads its roots wide & deep ?r\gh ! soil1 ! m uni=mly ! manure c be di/ribut$ ! bett]2 b :5 x is us$ ) plants ^: roots d n travel f>1 x is m advantage\s to accumulate x ne> ! se$s4 ,obvi\s advantages also att5d ?is practice 9 soils :i* are ei!r too heavy or too light4 ,:51 = example1 x is necess>y to cultivate turnips 9 a heavy clay1 ! manure put into ! drills produces a k9d ( artificial soil 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! plants1 9 :i* ! bulbs exp& m readily ?an 9 ! clay itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a l>ge quantity ( dung1 9 a /ate ( active f]m5tation1 comes into imm$iate contact ) ! roots1 its effect is n unfrequ5tly injuri\s4 ,^! & _m o!r po9ts1 :i* w readily sugge/ !mselves to any "o :o /udies ! composition & prop]ties ( f>m-y>d manure1 belong m /rictly to ! subject ( practical agriculture1 & ne$ n be enl>g$ on "h4 ,9 ! pres5t /ate ( agriculture1 a prop] e/imate ( ! money value ( f>m-y>d manure is ( mu* importance 9 an economic po9t ( view1 & _m matt]s connect$ ) ! pr(itable managem5t ( a f>m mu/ h+e ^u x4 ,if an e/imate be made ^u ! pr9ciple :i* w be expla9$ :5 we come to treat ( artificial manures1 x appe>s t fre% f>m-y>d manure ( good quality is wor? f #abs4 to #aes4 p] ton1 & well-rott$ dung r m4 ,x is que/ionable1 h[ev]1 :e!r ! sy/em ( valuation :i* is accurate 9 ! case ( a guano or o!r rapidly act+ sub/ance1 is applicable to f>m-y>d manure1 ! effects ( :i* ext5d ov] "s ye>s4 ,a d$uction mu/ be made = ! ye>s dur+ :i* ! manure rema9s unproductive1 & also = ! additional exp5se incurr$ 9 c>t+ & di/ribut+ a sub/ance s mu* m bulky ?an ! s-call$ portable manures1 & x w\ld n be safe to e/imate its value at m ?an #gs4 or #hs4 p] ton4 ,liquid ,manure4--,?is t]m is appli$ to ! ur9e ( ! animals f$ on ! f>m1 & to ! dra9+s f ! manure-heap1 :i*1 9 place ( be+ return$ to x1 are all[$ to fl[ away1 & collect$ 9 tanks1 f :i* !y are di/ribut$ by a wat]+-c>t1 or accord+ to ! me?od rec5tly introduc$ 9 ,ayr%ire1 & s9ce adopt$ 9 o!r places1 by pipes laid "u-gr\nd 9 ! fields1 & ?r\gh :i* ! manure is ei!r pump$ by /eam-p[]1 or1 :]e ! necess>y incl9ation c be obta9$1 is di/ribut$ by gravitation4 ,t liquid manure mu/ necess>ily be valuable1 is an inf]5ce :i* maybe at once drawn f ! analyses ( ! ur9e ( diff]5t animals already giv51 & ( :i* x *iefly consi/s4 ,9 addition to ! ur9e1 h[ev]1 x conta9s also ! soluble organic & m9]al matt]s ( ! dung1 z well z a quantity ( solid matt]s 9 susp5sion1 among :i* phosphates are f\nd1 & ?us x possesses a supply ( an elem5t :i* w\ld be almo/ entirely defici5t if x 7 compos$ ( ur9e alone4 ,9 ! foll[+ analyses by ,pr(essor ,john/on1 ,no4 #a is ! dra9+s ( ! manure-heap :5 expos$ to ra92 & ,no4 #b ! same1 :5 moi/5$ ) c[s' ur9e pump$ ov] x1 ! results be+ express$ 9 gra9s p] gallon3-- ,no4 #a4 ,no4 #b4 ,ammonia #i4f #ba4e ,organic matt] #bjj4h #gg4f ,a% #bfh4h #eah4d ----- ----- ,total solids 9 a gallon #dgi4b #fag4e ,! a% conta9$-- ,alkal9e salts #bjg4h #dbj4d ,phosphates #be4a #dd4e ,c>bonate ( lime #ah4b #ca4a ,c>bonate ( magnesia1 & loss #d4c #c4d ,silica & alum9a #ac4d #ai4j ----- ----- #bfh4h #eah4d ,m elaborate analyses ( ! same fluid h s9ce be5 made by ,dr4 ,voelck]1 ) ! subjo9$ results p] gallon3-- #a4 #b4 #c4 ,organic matt]s & ammoniacal #bfc4hj #bej4fc #gj4aba salts ,silica #b4di #i4ih #a4aed ,oxide ( iron #j4gj #j4fh 444 ,lime #e4cd #be4ah #ac4jaa ,magnesia #b4if #ae4cc #a4ffj ,pota% #ajc4bc #aab4bf #ac4daa ,*loride ( potassium #gb4jj #gg4ch #g4gab ,*loride ( sodium #ag4ah #df4jc #ag4beh ,phosphoric acid #b4gj #i4ea #b4cjd ,sulphuric acid #bb4ca #cg4fj #c4djh ,c>bonic acid1 & loss #cc4ij #bg4ie #ad4jbe ------ ------ ------- ,total solids #ebf4fa #fab4ec #add4jfd ,ammonia #aad4af #bb4ca #bf4fdg ,! diff]5ces are "h v rem>kable1 especially 9 ! quantity ( ammonia1 :i* is exce$+ly l>ge 9 ! fir/ sample4 ,all ( !m are p>ticul>ly ri* 9 pota%1 & conta9 b a small proportion ( phosphoric acid4 ,! g5]al inf]5ce to be d$uc$ f !m is1 t liquid manure is a mo/ important s\rce ( ! alkalis & ammonia1 & mu/ be peculi>ly valuable on soils 9 :i* ^! sub/ances are defici5t4 ,! sy/em ( liquid manur+1 orig9ally introduc$ by ,mr4 ,k5n$y ( ,myremill1 ,ayr%ire1 & :i* has s9ce be5 adopt$ 9 "s o!r places1 diff]s f liquid manur+ 9 its /rict s5se1 = n only are ! dra9+s ( ! manure-heap employ$1 b ! :ole solid excrem5ts are mix$ ) wat] 9 a tank1 & rape-du/ & o!r sub/ances occasionally add$1 & di/ribut$ ?r\gh ! pipes4 ,x has be5 ab&on$ on ,mr4 ,k5n$y's f>m1 b is 9 use at ,tiptree ,hall1 & on ! f>m ( ,mr4 ,ral/on1 ,lagg1 :]e ! fluid is di/ribut$ by gravitation4 ,! arrangem5ts employ$ by ,mr4 ,me*i are id5tical ) ^? =m]ly 9 use at ,myremill4 ,! great] "p ( ! /ock is kept on bo>ds1 & ! liquid & solid excrem5ts are collect$ toge!r 9 ! tank1 & l>gely dilut$ be=e di/ribution4 ,! liquid f ! tanks has be5 rec5tly exam9$ by ,dr4 ,voelck]1 :o f\nd x to conta9 p] gallon-- ,organic matt] & ammoniacal salts #ec4jc ,soluble silica #f4dg ,insoluble silice\s matt] 7clay7 #ae4ag ,oxide ( iron & alum9a #b4cf ,lime #f4fj ,magnesia #a4gc ----- ,pota% #j4ce ,*loride ( potassium #a4ie ,*loride ( sodium #d4ha ,phosphoric acid #c4gb ,sulphuric acid #a4id ,c>bonic acid1 & loss #j4dg ----- ,total solids #if4fj ,ammonia #h4aj ,! quantity ( ?is liquid di/ribut$ p] acre is ab\t #ej1jjj gallons1 at a co/ ( #b;d4 p] gallon4 ,z ?is quantity conta9s ab\t #ci lbs4 ( ammonia1 x mu/ be ne>ly equival5t to #b cwt4 ( ,p]uvian guano1 :i* co/s1 ) ! exp5se ( spread+1 f #bhs4 to #cjs4 p] acre1 :ile ! co/ ( di/ribut+ ! liquid exce$s ,l#a3 #ags4 p] acre4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! rapidity ) :i* liquid manure produces its effect mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,x is on ?is t its *ief value dep5ds1 & especially :5 appli$ to grass l& 9 e>ly spr+1 x produces an abundant crop j :5 turnips & o!r w9t] food are exhau/$4 ,mr4 ,telf]1 ,cunn+ ,p>k1 :o has us$ ?is sy/em = a good _m ye>s1 has come to ! conclusion t x is only 9 ?is way t x c be made pr(itable2 & ?\gh pipes are laid all ov] 8 f>m1 he has latt]ly re/rict$ ! use ( ! liquid manure entirely to ,italian ryegrass4 ,its effect on ! c]eals is mu* less m>k$1 & x c sc>cely be consid]$ z capable ( advantage\s application to ! g5]al op]ations ( ! f>m4 ,nei!r c liquid manure be appli$ to all soils4 ,x fails entirely on heavy clays1 b is peculi>ly adapt$ to light s&y soils2 & ev5 b>r5 s& may by its repeat$ application1 be made to yield luxuriant crops4 ,x is n likely t ! sy/em ( liquid manur+ w ext5d1 except 9 localities :]e x is possible to di/ribute x by gravitation2 & ev5 !n1 x w probably be f\nd mo/ economical to re/rict its use to "o portion ( ! f>m2 & = t purpose1 ! poore/ & mo/ s&y soil ought to be select$4 ,sewage ,manure4--,! use ( ! sewage ( t[ns z a manure is closely connect$ ) t ( ! liquid manure produc$ on ! f>m4 ,its application mu/ take place 9 a simil> mann]1 & be gov]n$ by ! same pr9ciples4 ,al?\gh num]\s attempts h be5 made to conv]t x into a solid =m1 or to precipitate its valuable matt]1 none ( !m h succe$$2 nor c x be expect$ t any plan c be devis$ = ! purpose1 because ! mo/ important manurial con/itu5ts are *iefly soluble1 & _c be conv]t$ into an insoluble /ate1 or precipitat$ f _! solution4 ,9 its liquid =m1 h[ev]1 sewage manure has be5 employ$ ) ! be/ possible effect 9 ! cultivation ( mead[s4 ,! mo/ important in/ance ( its application is 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ed9burgh1 :]e #cbe acres receive ! sewage ( ne>ly half ! t[n1 & h be5 conv]t$ f b>r5 s& into l& :i* yields f ,l#bj to ,l#cj p] acre4 ,! cont5ts ( ! sew]1 tak5 j be=e x fl[s into ! fir/ irrigat$ mead[1 ne> ,lo*5d1 7 f\nd to conta9 p] gallon-- ,soluble organic matt] #ba4ij ,insoluble organic matt] #ba4gj ,p]oxide ( iron & alum9a #b4ja ,lime #aj4ej ,magnesia #b4jj ,sulphuric acid #f4ji ,phosphoric acid #f4ad ----- ,*lor9e #ab4bj ,pota% #b4hi ,soda #ac4bg ,silica #f4ej ------ #aje4bj ,ammonia #ad4ij ,x is int]e/+ to notice t ?is sewage is sup]ior 9 e respect to ! liquid manure us$ at ,tiptree ,hall2 & ! good effects obta9$ f its application1 9 ! l>ge quantities 9 :i* x is us$ 9 ! ,craig5t9ny mead[s1 may be well imag9$4 ,x op]ates1 n m]ely by ! sub/ances :i* x holds 9 solution1 b also by deposit+ a l>ge quantity ( matt]s c>ri$ along 9 susp5sion1 & is 9 reality w>p+ ) a sub/ance greatly sup]ior to riv]-mud4 ,a deposit collect$ 9 a tank1 :]e ! sewage passes ?r\gh a f>m1 is us$ z a manure1 & conta9s-- ,p]oxide ( iron & alum9a #d4de ,lime #a4gd ,magnesia #j4ci ,pota% #j4aj ,soda #j4jf ,phosphoric acid #a4jh ,sulphuric acid #j4af ,organic matt] #ag4ie ,s& #bj4ea ,wat] #ec4ef ------ #ajj4jj ,ammonia #j4ic ,& ev51 ?\gh conta9+ m ?an half its weight ( wat] & #bj p] c5t ( s&1 ?is sub/ance has consid]able value z a manure4 ,! gr[+ evils ( ! exi/+ sy/em ( sewage1 & ! enorm\s wa/e ( a manurial matt]1 :i* ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,craig5t9ny mead[s has %ewn to be productive ( ! mo/ important effects1 has rec5tly direct$ mu* att5tion to ! conv]sion ( ! cont5ts ( our sew]s into a useful manure4 ,num]\s plans = its precipitation & conv]sion into a solid manure h be5 propos$1 b mo/ ( ^! h %ewn an entire ignorance ( ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( *emi/ry1 & ! be/ only succe$ 9 precipitat+ a v small proportion ( its valuable matt]s1 & leave almo/ ! :ole ( ! ammonia1 z well z ! great] "p ( ! fix$ alkalies1 9 solution4 ,nor is x to be expect$ t any process w be discov]$ by :i* ^! sub/ances c be precipitat$1 because solubility is ! special *>act]i/ic ( _! comp\nds1 & no means is kn[n by :i* x is possible to conv]t !m into an insoluble =m4 ,if sewage is to be us$ at all1 !re seems little d\bt t x mu/ be by apply+ x entire1 & 9 ! liquid /ate4 ,b "h aga91 ! exp5se ( convey+ x on to ! l& becomes an ob/acle :i* x mu/ frequ5tly be impossible to ov]come4 ,:5 x c be convey$ by gravitation1 z is ! case 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,ed9burgh1 x may und\bt$ly be us$ ) ! utmo/ advantage1 & ) ! v be/ economic results4 ,b :5 x requires to be c>ri$ to a great di/ance ?r\gh pipes1 & rais$ to a high level by pump+1 all ^! advantages disappe>4 ,if ! co/ ( application am\nts to #b;d4 a gallon1 z 9 ,mr4 ,me*i's case1 or ev5 to half t sum1 x may be fairly conclud$ t x _c be us$ ) any great prospect ( l>ge economic results1 & t1 unless "u v exceptional cases1 x mu/ be unpr(itable4 ,! *ances ( success mu/ also greatly dep5d ^u ! k9d ( soil on :i* x is us$4 ,exp]i5ce has %ewn t its effects are mo/ b5eficial on light & deep s&y soils1 b t on heavy ret5tive clays x is )\t effect1 or ev5 absolutely injuri\s4 ,9 clay soils x is important to use e means ( gett+ rid ( moi/ure1 & any plan :i* adds #bjj or #cjj tons ( wat] to !m1 only aggravates _! natural defects to an ext5t :i* m ?an c\nt]balances ! b5efits d]iv$ f ! manurial matt] x conta9s4 ,:atev] ! ultimate result ( ! use ( t[n sewage 9 ! liquid =m may be1 x is unlikely t x w be employ$ 9 g5]al agricultural practice4 ,x is m probable t x w be f\nd necess>y to set ap>t a c]ta9 bread? ( l& to be treat$ by x exclusively4 ,_m plans h be5 propos$ = convey+ x ?r\gh consid]able di/ricts1 & sell+ to ! surr\nd+ f>m]s ! quantities :i* !y require1 b :]ev] l>ge sewage-works are e/abli%$1 x w be impossible to dep5d on a prec>i\s dem&1 & ! promot]s ( su* s*emes w be compell$1 z "p ( _! speculation1 to supply n only ! manure1 b ! l& on :i* x is to be us$4 ,inde$1 ! difficulties att5d+ ! :ole "q are s =midable1 t ev5 ^? :o are mo/ anxi\s to see a /op put to ! wa/e ( manurial matt] mu/ admit t ! prospect ( a successful economic result is n enc\rag+4 ,nor is x likely t any?+ w be done until ! :ole sy/em ( manag+ t[n refuse is *ang$1 & 9 place ( delug+ x ) wat]1 "s plan c be contriv$ :i*1 :ile fulfill+ sanatory requirem5ts1 %all pres]ve x 9 a conc5trat$ =m1 or conv]t x into a dry & inodor\s sub/ance4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,l3 ,report on ! economic uses ( peat4 ,highl& ,society's ,transactions1 ,n4,s41 vol4 iv4 p4 #edi4 ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,vegetable ,,manures4 ,_m vegetable sub/ances h be5 employ$ z manures1 ei!r alone or z auxili>ies to f>m-y>d manure4 ,l t sub/ance1 !y are g5]al manures1 & conta9 all ! con/itu5ts ( ord9>y crops2 b1 ow+ to ! abs5ce ( animal matt]1 !y 9 g5]al und]go decomposition & f]m5tation mu* m sl[ly1 al?\gh "s ( !m conta9 a s l>gely prepond]at+ proportion ( nitrog51 t !y may 9 "s respects be comp>$ to ! /rictly nitrog5\s manures4 ,rape-du/1 ,mu/>d1 ,cotton & ,ca/or ,cake4--,rape-du/ has long be5 employ$ z a manure1 & ! success :i* has att5d$ its use has l$ to ! introduction ( ! refuse cake f "s o!r oil se$s1 su* z ^? ( mu/>d & ca/or-oil1 :i* _c be employ$ = fe$+4 ,l ! se$s ( all plants1 ^! sub/ances are ri* 9 nitrog51 & _! a%1 conta9+ ( c\rse all ! con/itu5ts ( ! plant1 supplies ! necess>y inorganic elem5ts4 ,! foll[+ are analyses ( ^! sub/ances1 :i*1 9 addition to ! am\nt ( nitrog5 & phosphates1 %ew also t ( wat] & oil1 to :i* ref]5ce w be made 9 a future *apt]1 9 relation to ! fe$+ value ( "s ( !m4 ,! detail$ composition ( _! a% may be judg$ ( f t ( ! se$s f :i* !y are made1 & :i* h be5 giv5 "u t head4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,rape-,cake4 ,poppy-,cake4 ,cotton-se$ ,ca/or- ,cake4 ,cake4 ---------------------------------------- ------- ,wat] #aj4fh #aa4fc #aa4ai #ab4ca ,oil #aa4aj #e4ie #i4jh #bd4cb ,album9i\s #bi4ec #ca4af #be4af #ba4ia comp\nds ,a% #g4gi #ab4ih #e4fd #f4jh ,o!r con/itu5ts #dj4ij #ch4ah #dh4ic #ce4ch ---------------------------------------- ------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,nitrog5 #d4ch #d4id #c4ie #c4bj ,silica #a4ah #c4cf #a4cb #a4if ,phosphates #c4hg #fi4c #b4ai #b4ha ,phosphoric acid 9 comb9ation #j4ci #c4bg #j4ae #j4fd ) alkalies ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,a g5]al simil>ity may be obs]v$ 9 ! composition ( all ^! sub/ances2 !y are ri* 9 nitrog51 & conta9 z mu* ( t elem5t z is f\nd 9 six or sev5 times _! weight ( f>m-y>d manure1 & a some:at simil> proportion exi/s 9 ! am\nt ( phosphates1 & probably ( _! o!r con/itu5ts4 ,!y h all be5 employ$ ) success1 b ! mo/ accurate obs]vations h be5 made ) rape-du/1 :i* has be5 long] & m ext5sively us$ ?an any ( ! o!rs4 ,x has be5 employ$ alone = turnips1 or mix$ ) f>m-y>d manure1 & also z a top-dress+ to c]eals4 ,b ! mo/ m>k$ advantage is d]iv$ f x :5 appli$ 9 ! latt] way on l& :i* has be5 mu* exhau/$1 & its effects are !n v /rik+4 ,an adequate supply ( moi/ure is ess5tial to ! production ( its full effects1 & h5ce x (t5 proves a failure 9 v dry seasons1 & on dry soils4 ,x mu/ n be appli$ 9 too great abundance1 exp]i5ce hav+ %ewn t aft] a c]ta9 po9t has be5 rea*$1 an increase 9 ! quantity produces no b5efit1 & ev5 sometimes positively dim9i%es ! crop4 ,! o!r sub/ances ( ! same class1 9 all probability1 act 9 ! same way1 b z _! introduction is rec5t1 & _! use limit$1 less is kn[n reg>d+ _! effects4 ,malt-,du/1 ,bran1 ,*aff1 etc4--,! value ( ^! sub/ances z manures is *iefly dep5d5t on ! nitrog5 !y conta91 ?\gh to "s ext5t also on _! inorganic con/itu5ts4 ,malt-du/ conta9s ab\t #d4e p] c5t1 & bran #c4b p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,b !y are little us$ z manures1 z !y c g5]ally be m advantage\sly employ$ = fe$+4 ,! value ( *aff m ne>ly resembles t ( /raw4 ,/raw is occasionally employ$ z a manure1 & sometimes ev5 z a top-dress+ = grass l&4 ,x is g5]ally admitt$1 h[ev]1 t its application 9 ! dry /ate1 & especially z a top-dress+1 is a practice n to be recomm5d$1 z x decomposes too sl[ly 9 ! soil2 & x is always desirable to f]m5t x 9 ! manure heap1 s z to facilitate ! production ( ammonia f its nitrog54 ,/ill circum/ances may occur 9 :i* x becomes necess>y to employ x 9 ! dry /ate1 & x w g5]ally prove mo/ valuable on heavy soils1 :i* x s]ves to keep op51 & s promotes ! access ( air1 & enables x to act on ! soil4 ,on light s&y soils x g5]ally proves less advantage\s1 z its t5d5cy ( c\rse is to increase ! op5ness ( ! soil1 & r5d] x less able to reta9 ! ess5tial con/itu5ts ( ! plant4 ,! quantity ( nitrog5 9 /raw does n exce$ #j4b p] c5t1 & its value is ma9ly due to its inorganic con/itu5ts & to its me*anical effect on ! soil4 ,saw-du/ has little value z a manure1 z x und]goes decomposition ) extreme sl[ness4 ,x is a good me*anical addition to heavy soils1 & dim9i%es _! t5acity2 & ?\gh its manurial effects are small1 x soon] or lat] und]goes decomposition1 & yields :at valuable matt]s x conta9s4 ,! saw-du/ ( h>d wood is to be pref]r$1 bo? because x conta9s m valuable matt]s ?an t ( s(t wood1 & because ! abs5ce ( res9\s matt]s p]mits its m rapid decomposition4 ,x is a useful absorb5t ( liquid manure1 & may be advantage\sly add$ to ! dung-heap = t purpose4 ,manur+ ) ,fre% ,vegetable ,matt]--,gre5 ,manur+4--,! t]m gre5 manur+ is appli$ to ! sy/em ( s[+ "s rapidly gr[+ plant1 & pl\gh+ x 9 :5 x has atta9$ a c]ta9 size1 & ! success att5d+ x1 especially on soils poor 9 organic matt]s1 is v m>k$4 ,x is obvi\s t ?is mode ( manur+ c add no?+ to ! m9]al matt]s conta9$ 9 ! soil1 & its utility mu/ !re=e be due to ! plant ga!r+ organic matt]s f ! air1 :i*1 by _! decomposition1 yield nitrog5 & c>bonic acid--! =m] to be directly made use ( by subsequ5t crops1 ! latt]1 9 all probability1 act+ also on ! soil1 & sett+ free its useful con/itu5ts4 ,h5ce ^? plants :i* obta9 ! l>ge/ quantity ( _! organic elem5ts f ! air ought to be mo/ advantage\s = gre5 manur+4 ,! plants us$ = ?is purpose act also z a means ( br++ up f ! l[] p>ts ( ! soil ! valuable matt]s :i* exi/ 9 x out ( rea* ( ord9>y crops1 & mix+ !m aga9 ) ! surface "p4 ,_m ( ! plants f\nd mo/ useful = gre5 manur+ s5d d[n _! roots to a consid]able dep?2 & :5 !y are pl\gh$ 91 all ! sub/ances :i* !y h br\ght up are ( c\rse deposit$ 9 ! upp] few in*es ( ! soil4 ,vegetable matt] :5 pl\gh$ 9 9 ! fre% /ate1 also decomposes rapidly1 & is !re=e able imm$iately to improve ! subsequ5t crop2 & z ?is decomposition takes place 9 ! soil )\t ! loss ( ammonia & o!r valuable matt]s1 :i* is liable to occur to a great] or less ext5t :5 !y are f]m5t$ on ! dung-heap1 x w be obvi\s t 9 no o!r mode c equally good results be obta9$ by its use4 ,_m plants h be5 employ$ z gre5 manure1 & diff]5t op9ions h be5 express$ z to _! relative values4 ,9 ! selection ( any "o = ! purpose1 t %\ld ( c\rse be tak5 :i* gr[s mo/ rapidly1 & produces )9 a giv5 "t ! l>ge/ quantity ( valuable matt]s1 b no g5]al rule c be giv5 = ! selection1 z ! plant :i* fulfils ^? conditions be/ w diff] 9 diff]5t soils & climates4 ,! plants mo/ commonly employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry are spurry1 :ite mu/>d1 & turnips4 ,rye1 clov]1 buck:eat1 :ite lup9s1 rape1 borage1 & "s o!rs1 h be5 l>gely employ$ abroad4 ,"s ( ^! are obvi\sly unfitt$ = ! climate ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s2 & ! o!rs1 al?\gh !y h be5 tri$ occasionally1 d n appe> to h be5 v ext5sively employ$4 ,! turnip is s[n broadca/ at ! end ( h>ve/1 & pl\gh$ 9 aft] two mon?s4 ,:ite mu/>d & spurry are employ$ 9 ! same way z a prep>ation = w9t] :eat1 & ) ! be/ results4 ,! latt] is sometimes s[n z a spr+ crop 9 ,m>*1 pl\gh$ 9 9 ,may1 & ano!r crop s[n :i* is pl\gh$ 9 9 ,june1 & imm$iately foll[$ by a ?ird4 ,! effect ( ?is treatm5t is su* t ! wor/ s&s may be made to be> a remun]ative crop ( rye4 ,x is n easy to e/imate ! addition made by gre5 manur+ to ! valuable matt]s conta9$ 9 ! soil1 b x is probably f> f inconsid]able4 ,a crop ( turnips1 cultivat$ on ! ord9>y agricultural sy/em1 aft] two mon?s' gr[?1 weighs betwe5 five & sev5 tons p] acre1 & conta9s nitrog5 equival5t to ab\t #dh lbs4 ( ammonia1 & half a ton ( organic matt]s2 b no?+ is kn[n z to ! quantity produc$ :5 x is s[n broadca/1 & is n ?9n$1 al?\gh x mu/ mat]ially exce$ ?is4 ,nei!r is x possible to det]m9e ! relative proportions d]iv$ f ! soil & ! air1 al?\gh x is1 9 all probability1 dep5d5t on ! res\rces ( ! soil itself1--plants gr[n on a ri* soil obta9+ _! *ief supplies f x1 :ile1 on poor] soils1 a l>g] proportion is drawn f ! atmosph]e4 ,h5ce light & s&y soils are mo/ b5efit$ by gre5 manur+1 p>tly on ?is acc\nt1 & p>tly also1 no d\bt1 because ! valuable inorganic matt]s1 :i* are s liable to be wa%$ out ( ^! soils1 are accumulat$ by ! plants & reta9$ 9 !m 9 a /ate 9 :i* !y are readily available = ! subsequ5t crop4 ,sea-,we$4--,sea-we$s h be5 employ$ f "t immemorial z a manure on ! coa/s ( ,scotl& & ,engl&1 9 quantities v>y+ f #aj to #bj tons p] acre4 ,_! action is necess>ily simil> to t ( gre5 manure pl\gh$ 91 z !y conta9 all ! ord9>y con/itu5ts ( l& plants4 ,! subjo9$ analyses ( ?ree ( ! mo/ abundant species w suffici5tly indicate _! g5]al composition4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,,lam9>ia ,,digitata4 ,mix$ ,we$s ,fucus ,fucus ---------------------------9 ! nodosus4 vesicu4- ,/em & /ate 9 losus ,collect$ ,frond :i* !y 9 ,autumn4 collect$ actually 9 ,spr+4are us$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,wat] #gd4ca #gj4eg #hh4fi #gg4ca #hj4dd ,album9\s comp\nds #a4gf #b4ja #j4ic #c4cb #b4he ,fibre1 etc4 #ai4jd #bb4je #d4ib #aj4ci #f4dj ,a% #d4hi #e4cg #e4df #h4ih #aj4ca ---------------------------------------- ---------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,nitrog5 #j4bh #j4cb #j4ae #j4ec #j4de ,! a% consi/$ ( ,/em4 ,frond4 ,p]oxide ( iron #j4be #j4ce #j4bj #j4ej #j4de #b4ce ,lime #i4fj #h4ib #g4ba #g4bi #d4fb #ah4ae ,magnesia #f4fe #e4hc #b4gc #e4ia #aj4id #f4dh ,pota% #bj4jc #bj4ge #e4ee #aa4ia #ab4af #ab4gg ,*loride ( potassium 444 444 #eh4db #bf4ei #be4hc #i4aj ,iodide ( potassium #j4dd #j4bc #a4ea #b4ji #a4bb #a4fh ,soda #d4eh #f4ji 444 444 444 444 ,sulphuret ( sodium,m #c4ff 444 444 444 444 444 ,*loride ( sodium #bd4cc #bd4ha #ae4bi #cj4gg #ai4cd #bb4jh ,phosphoric acid #a4ga #b4ad #b4db #b4ff #a4ge #d4ei ,sulphuric acid #ba4ig #bh4ja #b4bc #h4hj #g4bf #f4bb ,c>bonic acid #f4ci #b4bj #d4aa #b4di #ae4bc #ac4eh ,silicic acid #j4ch #j4fg #j4cc #j4ii #a4bj #c4jj ----- ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,! fir/ f\r analyses give ! composition ( ! we$s aft] !y h be5 sep>at$ f all =eign sub/ances2 ! la/1 t ( ! mixture tak5 f ! heap j z x is us$ 9 ,orkney2 & its value is !n enhanc$ by small %ells & m>9e animals adh]+ to ! plants1 :i* increase ! am\nt ( phosphoric acid & nitrog54 ,! ease ) :i* all sea-we$s pass into a /ate ( putrefaction1 adapts !m 9 a peculi> mann] to ! manurial requirem5ts ( a cold & damp climate4 ,! rapidity ( _! decomposition is su*1 t :5 spread on ! l& !y are se5 to s(t5 & disappe> 9 a %ort "t4 ,!y =m !re=e a rapid manure1 & _! effects are said to be conf9$ to ! crop to :i* !y are appli$2 b ?is is probably due to ! fact1 t !y are *iefly us$ 9 inf]ior s&y soils1 9 :i* any manure is rapidly exhau/$4 ,9 good soils !re is no reason :y _! effect %\ld n be z la/+ z t ( f>m-y>d manure1 :i*1 9 _m p>ticul>s1 !y consid]ably resemble4 ,! me?od ( apply+ sea-we$s mo/ g5]ally 9 use1 is to spread !m on ! soil1 & pl\gh !m 9 aft] putrefaction has comm5c$1 & x is on ! :ole ! mo/ advantage\s4 ,b !y are sometimes compo/$ ) lime & e>?1 or mix$ ) f>m-y>d manure1 & occasionally1 also1 !y are us$ z a top-dress+ to grass l&4 ,on "s p>ts ( ! we/]n coa/ ( ,scotl& & 9 ! ,hebrides1 sea-we$ is ! *ief manure4 ,x gives excell5t crops ( potatoes1 b !y are said to be ( inf]ior quality1 unless m>l or %ell-s& is employ$ at ! same "t4 ,leaves may be us$ z a manure1 simply by pl\gh+ !m 91 by compo/+ !m ) lime1 or by add+ !m to ! manure heap4 ,peat4--,z a s\rce ( organic matt]1 peat may be us$ ) advantage1 especially on soils 9 :i* x is naturally defici5t4 ,dry peat ( good quality conta9s ab\t "o p] c5t ( nitrog51 & a quantity ( a% v>y+ f five to tw5ty p] c5t4 ,^! sub/ances1 h[ev]1 become available v sl[ly1 ow+ to ! t>dy decay ( peat 9 its natural /ate2 & 9 ord] to make x useful1 x is necess>y to compo/ x ) lime1 or to mix x ) f>m-y>d manure1 or "s readily putrescible sub/ance1 s t its decomposition may be accel]at$4 ,x may be mo/ advantage\sly us$ z an absorb5t ( liquid manure1 & on ?is acc\nt1 =ms a useful addition to ! manure heap4 ,! obs]vations :i* h be5 made reg>d+ ! use ( ^! sub/ances1 lead directly to ! inf]5ce t all vegetable matt]s possess a c]ta9 manurial value1 & t !y ought to be c>efully collect$ & pres]v$4 ,9 fact1 ! c>eful f>m] adds ev]y?+ ( ! sort to 8 manure heap1 :]e1 by und]go+ f]m5tation along ) ! manure1 _! nitrog5 becomes imm$iately available to ! plant2 :ile ! se$s ( we$s are de/roy$ dur+ ! f]m5tation1 & ! risk ( ! l& be+ r5d]$ dirty by _! spr++ up :5 ! manure comes to be us$ is prev5t$4 ,,footnotes3 ,footnote ,m3 ,! pres5ce ( sulphuret ( sodium 9 ?is case is due to ! difficulty ( completely burn+ ! a%4 ,x exi/s 9 ! plant z sulphate ( soda4 ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,animal ,,manures4 ,manures ( animal orig9 are g5]ally *>act]iz$ by ! l>ge quantity ( nitrog5 !y conta91 :i* causes !m to und]go decomposition ) great rapidity1 & to yield ! great] "p ( _! valuable matt]s to ! crop to :i* !y are appli$4 ,guano4--,by f> ! mo/ important animal manure is guano1 :i* is compos$ ( ! solid excrem5ts ( c>nivor\s birds 9 a m or less completely decompos$ /ate1 & is accumulat$ 9 imm5se quantities on ! coa/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica & o!r tropical c\ntries4 ,x has be5 us$ z a manure 9 ,p]u f "t immemorial1 b ! acc\nts giv5 by ! old] travell]s ( its m>vell\s effects 7 consid]$ to be fabul\s1 until ,humboldt1 f p]sonal obs]vation1 confirm$ _! /atem5ts4 ,x 0 fir/ import$ into ?is c\ntry 9 #ahdj1 9 :i* ye> a few b>rels ( x 7 br\ght home2 & f t "t its importation rapidly increas$4 ,soon aft] l>ge deposits ( x 7 f\nd 9 ,i*aboe2 & x has s9ce be5 br\ght f _m o!r localities4 ,! quantity ( guanos ( all k9ds import$ into ?is c\ntry & reta9$ = home consumption n[ exce$s #bdj1jjj tons a ye>4 ,! value ( guano diff]s greatly accord+ to ! ext5t to :i* its decomposition has gone1 & ?is is *iefly dep5d5t on ! climate ( ! locality f :i* x is obta9$4 ,:5 deposit$ 9 ! ra9less di/ricts ( ,p]u x /ill reta9s "s ( ! uric acid & ! great] "p ( ! ammonia naturally exi/+ 9 x1 & ! quantity :i* has escap$ by decomposition is unimportant4 ,b t obta9$ f o!r di/ricts has suff]$ a m or less complete decomposition accord+ to ! humidity ( ! climate1 :i* r$uces ! quantity ( organic matt]s & ammonia1 until1 9 "s v>ieties1 !y are s small z to be ( little importance4 ,! foll[+ are m9ute analyses ( ?ree specim5s ( ,p]uvian guano1 %ew+ all ! diff]5t con/itu5ts x conta9s1 & ! am\nt ( diff]5ce :i* may exi/3-- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,urate ( ammonia #aj4gj #i4j #c4bd ,oxalate ( ammonia #ab4ch #aj4f #ac4ce ,oxalate ( lime #e4dd #g4j #af4cf ,phosphate ( ammonia #ai4be #f4j #f4de ,phosphate ( magnesia & ammonia 444 #b4f #d4bj ,sulphate ( pota% #d4ej #e4e #d4bc ,sulphate ( soda #a4ie #c4h #a4ab ,sulphate ( ammonia #c4cf 444 444 ,muriate ( ammonia #d4ha #d4b #f4ej ,phosphate ( soda 444 444 #e4bi ,*loride ( sodium 444 444 #j4aj ,phosphate ( lime #ae4ef #ad4c #i4id ,c>bonate ( lime #a4hj 444 444 ,s& & alum9a #a4ei #d4g #e4hj ,wat] #i4ad #cb4c #bc4db ,undet]m9$ humus-l organic #aj4jj matt]s ------ ----- ------ #ajj4dh #ajj4j #ajj4jj ,^! analyses illu/rate two po9ts--fir/1 t 9 "s samples ! decomposition has advanc$ to a great] ext5t ?an 9 o!rs2 = we obs]ve t ! quantity ( uric acid1 or r ( urate ( ammonia1 is greatly less 9 ! la/ analysis ?an 9 ! o!r two1 & mu* small] ?an 9 ! fre% dung1 :i* conta9s f #ej to #gj p] c5t ( uric acid2 & secondly1 t guano is ri* 9 all ! con/itu5ts ( ! plant1 b especially 9 ammonia1 ! be/ =m 9 :i* nitrog5 c be suppli$1 9 uric acid :i* by decomposition yields ammonia1 & 9 phosphoric acid4 ,b su* analyses are too elaborate = ord9>y purposes1 & mu* less conv5i5t = comp>ison & = e/imat+ ! value ( ! guano ?an ! %ort] analysis commonly 9 use1 :i* gives ! wat]1 ! loss by ignition 7t is1 ! sum ( ! organic matt]s & ammoniacal salts71 ! phosphates1 ! alkal9e salts1 & ! quantity ( phosphoric acid conta9$ 9 !m1 & exi/+ !re 9 a /ate simil> to t 9 :i* x is f\nd 9 ! soluble phosphates ( a sup]phosphate4 ,9 addition to ^!1 ! quantities ( s& & o!r less valuable +r$i5ts are also /at$4 ,9 ! subjo9$ tables ! composition ( a great v>iety ( diff]5t k9ds ( guano is giv54 ,mo/ ( ^! are av]ages d$uc$ f a consid]able numb] ( analyses ( good samples4 ,^? ( "s k9ds ( guano1 su* z ,p]uvian1 :i* pres5t a consid]able am\nt ( uni=mity1 af=d a suffici5tly accurate idea ( ! g5]al composition ( ! v>iety1 b 9 o!r cases !y are ( less value1 because ! imports ( diff]5t seasons1 & ev5 ( diff]5t c>goes1 diff] s greatly 9 composition t no prop] av]age c be made4 ,sev]al ( ^! v>ieties are already exhau/$1 ! importation ( o!rs has ceas$1 & new v>ieties are con/antly be+ introduc$4 ,table %[+ ! ,av]age ,composition ( diff]5t v>ieties ( ,guano4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,angamos4,p]u- ,,i*aboe4 ,bolivian or ,upp] vian4 ,p]uvian4 -------------------------------------- ,old4 ,new4 ,old4 ,gov]nm5t4,inf]ior ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,wat] #ab4cf #ac4gc #bd4ba #ah4hi #ab4ee #af4dd #ad4ae ,organic matt] & ammoniacal #ei4ib #ec4af #ci4cj #cb4di #ce4hi #ab4bh #bf4ad salts ,phosphates #ag4ja #bc4dh #cj4jj #ai4fc #bg4fc #ef4ji #bc4ac ,sulphate ( lime 444 444 444 444 444 444 #i4fe ,c>bonate ( lime 444 444 444 444 444 444 #ab4hg ,alkal9e salts #g4bj #g4ig #d4ai #h4hb #ae4bi #aa4cc #e4ig ,s& #c4ea #a4ff #b4cj #f4gb #h4fd #b4ha #h4ji ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jjajj4jjajj4jjajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #ba4aj #ag4jj #h4ej #aj4db #h4ii #b4eg #c4bf ,phosphoric acid 9 alkal9e #a4bj #b4ej 444 444 444 #c4aa 444 salts ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,pacquico4,la?am ,saldanha,au/ralian4,kooriamooria4 ,isl&4,bay4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,wat] #h4ch #bd4if #ba4jc #ac4bj #h4ia ,organic matt] & ammoniacal #bc4aj #aj4if #ad4ic #ac4gg #g4gb salts ,phosphates #cb4cf #ed4dg #ef4dj #dd4dg #dd4ae ,sulphate ( lime #b4ib #b4hb 444 #d4ee #c4ai ,c>bonate ( lime 444 #b4bj 444 #h4hb #c4cg ,alkal9e salts #be4dc #d4jf #f4aj #g4cd #aa4bc ,s& #g4ha #j4ea #a4ed #g4he #ba4dc ---------------------------------------- -------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #f4eh #a4bf #a4fb #a4ja #j4db ,phosphoric acid 9 alkal9e #c4ej 444 444 444 444 salts ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------ ,patagonian4,*ilian4,mexican4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,wat] #bj4fa #ad4hi #ah4hj ,organic matt] & ammoniacal #ai4gb #af4ha #ab4hh salts ,phosphates #cj4ff #cf4ij #ah4ch ,sulphate ( lime #a4cj 444 #bg4gi ,c>bonate ( lime #c4jf #aj4bh 444 ,alkal9e salts #g4ja #f4hd #af4ie ,s& #ag4jd #ad4bf #e4bj --------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #b4fi #a4db #j4db ,phosphoric acid 9 alkal9e #c4jj 444 444 salts ---------------------------------------- ------ ,table %ew+ ! ,composition ( "s ( ! less common v>ieties ( ,guano4 ,,note4--,! numb]s 9 ?is ,table are mo/ly d]iv$ only f a s+le analysis & h no value z det]m9+ ! av]age composition ( ^! ,guanos1 b !y s]ve to give a g5]al idea ( _! value4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,sea ,indian4 ,holme's ,asc5sion ,possession ,be> ,bird ,isl&4 ,isl&4 ,bay4 ,isl&4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,wat] #cj4hb #bc4fb #be4jj #ae4ig #aj4ib ,organic matt] & ammoniacal #ca4gh #fj4je #cb4aj #bc4ae #ae4db salts ,phosphates #bd4cc #g4ah #bg4cf #cb4ed #df4da ,sulphate ( lime #c4hd 444 444 444 #g4df ,c>bonate ( lime #j4eh #b4gi 444 444 444 ,alkal9e salts #g4ch #e4eh #h4hb #ae4ib #f4ae ,s& #a4bg #j4gh #f4gb #ab4db #ac4fd ---------------------------------------- --------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #aj4de #aj4bg #g4ge #f4jf #a4cd ,phosphoric acid 9 alkal9e 444 444 444 #a4hb 444 salts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,algoa ,new ,bird's ,leone ,bay4 ,isl&4 ,isl&4 ,isl&4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,wat] #cj4ee #bh4gh #af4eb #bc4fe ,organic matt] & ammoniacal #f4he #ac4gh #ad4hd #d4bg salts ,phosphates #ba4bd #bb4df #be4ba #ac4eh ,sulphate ( lime #cf4db 444 #dj4dg #bi4ie ,c>bonate ( lime 444 #ac4gh 444 444 ,alkal9e salts #c4cb #ab4fb #a4af #e4dj ,s& #a4fb #aa4eh #a4hj #bc4ae ---------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #j4ed #j4hd #a4bf #j4fg ,phosphoric acid 9 alkal9e 444 444 444 444 salts ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,on exam9+ ! tables giv5 above1 x is obvi\s t guanos may be divid$ into two classes1 ! "o *>act]iz$ by ! abundance ( ammonia1 ! o!r by t ( phosphates2 & :i*1 = conv5i5ce sake1 may be call$ ammoniacal & phosphatic guanos4 ,p]uvian & ,angamos are *>act]i/ic ( ! =m]1 & ,saldanha ,bay & ,bolivian ( ! latt] class4 ,! value ( ^! two classes ( guano diff]s mat]ially1 & !y are also applicable "u diff]5t circum/ances1 b to ^! po9ts ref]5ce w aft]w>ds be made4 ,v special precautions are necess>y on ! "p ( ! f>m] 9 ord] to insure 8 obta9+ a guano :i* is n adult]at$1 & ( good quality if g5u9e4 ,9 ! case ( ,p]uvian guano1 :i* is tol]ably uni=m 9 its qualities1 x is possible to =m "s op9ion by c>eful exam9ation1 & ! foll[+ po9ts ought to be att5d$ to3 #a/1 ,! guano %\ld be light col\r$4 ,if x is d>k1 ! *ances are t x has be5 damag$ by wat]4 #b;d1 ,x %\ld be dry1 & :5 a h&ful is well squeez$ toge!r x %\ld coh]e v slightly4 #c;d1 ,x %\ld n h too p[]ful an ammoniacal od\r4 #d?1 ,x %\ld conta9 lumps1 :i*1 :5 brok51 appe> ( a pal] col\r ?an ! p[d]y "p ( ! sample4 #e?1 ,:5 rubb$ betwe5 ! f+]s x %\ld n be gritty4 #f?1 ,a bu%el ( ! guano %\ld n weigh m ?an f #ef to #fj lbs4 ,^! *>act]s mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be too implicitly reli$ on1 = !y are all imitat$ ) wond]ful +5uity by ! skilful adult]ator1 & !y are applicable only to ,p]uvian guano2 ! o!rs be+ s v>iable t no g5]al rules c be giv5 = det]m9+ :e!r !y are g5u9e4 ,nei!r are !y s precise z to enable u to give any op9ion reg>d+ ! relative values ( sev]al samples :]e all are g5u9e4 ,! only way 9 :i* adult]ation c ) c]ta9ty be detect$1 & ! value ( diff]5t guanos be det]m9$1 is by analysis1 & ! importance ( ?is c easily be illu/rat$4 ,9 ! table above1 ! av]age composition ( ! diff]5t guanos is giv52 b 9 ord] to %ew h[ mu* individual c>gos may diff] f ! mean1 we give "h analyses ( samples ( ! highe/ & l[e/ quality ( ! g5u9e guanos ( mo/ importance3 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,angamos4 ,p]uvian4 ,bolivian4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,highe/4 ,l[e/4 ,highe/4 ,l[e/4 ,highe/4 ,l[e/4 ---------------------------------------- ------------ ,wat] #ab4fj #g4ji #aj4cg #ba4di #aa4ec #af4bj ,organic matt] & ammoniacal #fe4fb #ej4hc #ee4gc #df4bf #aa4ag #ab4hf salts ,phosphates #aj4hc #h4gj #be4bj #ah4ic #fb4ii #eb4ie ,alkal9e salts #g4ej #af4cj #g4ej #aj4fd #i4ic #ac4hc ,s& #c4de #ag4jh #a4bj #b4fh #d4ch #d4af ---------------------------------------- ------------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #be4cc #ag4ae #ah4ie #ad4fe #a4hi #b4bc ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! diff]5ces are "h exce$+ly l>ge2 & :5 ! values ( ! two ,p]uvian guanos are calculat$ accord+ to ! me?od to be aft]w>ds describ$1 x appe>s t ! highe/ exce$s ! l[e/ 9 value by ne>ly ,l#c p] ton4 ,( c\rse1 ?is is an extreme case1 b x is no uncommon occurr5ce to f9d a diff]5ce ( ,l#a or ev5 ,l#b p] ton betwe5 ! values ( c>gos ( ,p]uvian guano1 :i* are sold at ! same price4 ,! adult]ation ( guano is c>ri$ on to a v l>ge ext5t2 & ?\gh p]haps n q s ext5sively n[ z x 0 "s ye>s s9ce1 x is only kept 9 *eck by ! utmo/ vigilance on ! "p ( ! pur*as]4 ,! *ief adult]ations are a sort ( yell[ loam v simil> 9 appe>ance to guano1 s&1 gypsum1 common salt1 & occasionally also gr\nd coprolites & inf]ior guano4 ,^! sub/ances are r>ely us$ s+ly1 b are commonly mix$ 9 su* proportions z mo/ closely to imitate ! col\r & g5]al appe>ance ( ! g5u9e article4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! adult]ation is c>ri$ may be judg$ ( f ! foll[+ analyses tak5 at r&om f ^? ( a l>ge numb] ( guanos1 all ( :i* 7 sold z fir/-class ,p]uvian4 ,wat] #ab4he #ae4ai #ab4jf #bg4hf #f4cb ,organic matt] & ammoniacal salts #bf4hd #dd4ca #cd4ad #cj4da #bg4db ,phosphates #ae4ed #bj4ie #bb4jh #bb4ag #cc4fa ,sulphate ( lime 444 444 #aa4jh 444 #bb4aa ,alkal9e salts #f4jg #i4dj #ab4ha #g4ib #bb4ej ,s& #ch4gj #aj4ae #g4hc #a4fd #aj4ae ------ ------ ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #i4cd #ac4ij #i4gg #h4fd #i4gf ,9 all ^? cases a v l>ge depreciation 9 ! value has tak5 place1 & sev]al ( !m are wor? consid]ably less ?an half ! price ( ! g5u9e guano1 :ile !y are g5]ally (f]$ = sale at ab\t ,l#a "u ! usual price4 ,! adult]ation is *iefly practis$ 9 ,london1 & cases occasionally occur :i* c be trac$ to ,liv]pool & o!r places2 b x always takes place 9 ! l>ge t[ns1 because x is only !re t facilities exi/ = obta9+ ! necess>y mat]ials & c>ry+ x out )\t excit+ suspicion4 ,! sophi/icat$ article !n passes into ! h&s ( ! small c\ntry deal]s1 to :om x is sold ) ! assurance t x is g5u9e1 & analysis q unnecess>y4 ,9 o!r in/ances1 adult]at$ & inf]ior guanos are sold by ! analysis ( a g5u9e sample1 & sometimes an analysis is made to d duty = _m successive c>gos ( a guano :i*1 ?\gh all obta9$ f "o deposit1 may diff] excessively 9 composition4 ,9 ord] to insure obta9+ a g5u9e guano1 x is above all ?+s important to deal only ) a p]son ( e/abli%$ "*1 :o w g5]ally1 = 8 own sake1 satisfy himself t ! article he v5ds is g5u9e & ( good quality2 & x is always important t ! buy] %\ld exam9e ! analysis1 & 9 all cases :]e !re is ! slighte/ d\bt1 %\ld asc]ta9 t ! bulk s5t corresponds ) x4 ,9 ! case ( a ,p]uvian guano1 a complete analysis is n necess>y = ?is purpose2 b an exp]i5c$ *emi/1 by ! application ( a few te/s1 c readily asc]ta9 :e!r ! sample is g5u9e4 ,:]e ! diff]5ce 9 value betwe5 diff]5t samples is requir$1 a complete analysis is necess>y1 & ?is is indisp5sable 9 ! case ( ! inf]ior guanos4 ,_m ( ^! are obta9$ f deposits ( limit$ ext5t1 & 9 load+ x consid]able quantities ( ! subjac5t soil are tak5 up1 s t v great diff]5ces may exi/ ev5 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! same c>go4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t1 except 9 ! case ( ,p]uvian1 ! "n is no gu>antee = ! quality ( ! guano1 ev5 if g5u9e4 ,p]uvian guano is all obta9$ f ! same deposits1 ^? ( ! ,*9*a ,isl&s1 b ! guanos :i* are br\ght into ! m>ket "u ! "n ( ,patagonian1 ,*ilian1 etc41 are obta9$ f a great v>iety ( deposits scatt]$ along ! coa/s ( ^! c\ntries1 sometimes at a di/ance ( sev]al hundr$ miles f ea* o!r1 & :i* h be5 accumulat$ "u totally diff]5t circum/ances4 ,9 illu/ration ( ?is1 x is only necess>y to ref] to ! subjo9$ analysis ( samples1 all ( :i* ,i believe to be g5u9e z import$1 & :i* 7 sold "u ! "n ( ,upp] ,p]uvian ,guano4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,wat] #g4hj #f4fe #h4he ,organic matt] & ammoniacal salts #aj4he #ai4af #aj4bj ,phosphates #fg4jj #bj4da #ag4aj ,c>bonate ( lime 444 #ba4ae 444 ,alkal9e salts #aa4aj #e4ca #fa4cj ,s& #c4be #bg4cb #b4ee ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #b4bi #e4gc #a4dh ,phosphoric acid 9 ! alkal9e salts #b4bd 444 #a4gj ,equal to phosphate ( lime #d4hi 444 #c4gj ,) ! exception ( ,p]uvian1 ! supply ( good guanos ( uni=m composition is by no means l>ge1 & phosphatic guanos ( good quality are n[ especially r>e4 ,! ,saldanha ,bay1 & o!r simil> deposits1 h be5 exhau/$1 & few guanos ( equally good quality h be5 lately discov]$4 ,!re is no d\bt1 h[ev]1 t su* guanos are v useful1 & if obta9$ 9 l>ge quantity1 & ( uni=m composition1 w\ld be us$ to a mu* l>g] ext5t ?an !y at pres5t are4 ,! value & use ( guano are n[ s well und]/ood1 t x is sc>cely necess>y to enl>ge on ! mode ( its application4 ,p]uvian guano owes its *ief value to its ammonia & phosphates1 b x also conta9s pota%1 soda1 & all ! o!r con/itu5ts ( plants 9 small quantity1 al?\gh 9 a readily available condition1 z is se5 9 ! detail$ analysis giv5 9 page #bje4 ,9 o!r guanos :i* h und]gone m complete decomposition1 & f :i* ! soluble matt]s h be5 m or less completely exhau/$ by ra91 ! alkal9e salts1 or at lea/ ! pota% !y orig9ally conta9$1 h almo/ entirely disappe>$4 ,h5ce an important diff]5ce betwe5 ,p]uvian guano & mo/ o!r v>ieties4 ,! =m] c be us$ z a complete sub/itute = f>m-y>d manure1 & excell5t crops ( turnips & potatoes c be rais$ by means ( x alone1 & at a less co/ ?an ) ord9>y dung4 ,b ?\gh ?is may be done1 & 9 _m cases is att5d$ ) great economic advantages1 x is a practice t _c be recomm5d$ = g5]al use1 because ! quantity ( valuable matt]s conta9$ 9 ! usual application ( guano is mu* small] ?an 9 f>m-y>d manure1 & ! probability is t x w\ld n1 if us$ alone dur+ a succession ( ye>s1 be suffici5t to ma9ta9 ! soil p]man5tly 9 a high /ate ( f]tility4 ,five cwt4 ( ,p]uvian guano1 :i* is a lib]al application p] acre1 conta9s ab\t #ie lbs4 ( ammonia1 & #acj ( phosphates1 :ile #bj tons ( good f>m-y>d manure conta9 #cab ( ammonia1 & ab\t ! same quantity ( phosphates1 & :5 ! o!r con/itu5ts1 su* z pota% & soda1 are comp>$ ) ^? 9 guano1 ! diff]5ce is /ill m /rik+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 guano is a rapidly act+ manure2 its con/itu5ts are 9 a condition 9 :i* !y are m imm$iately accessible by ! plant1 & its imm$iate effect is f> m m>k$1 z x is *iefly exp5d$ on ! crop to :i* x is appli$4 ,x has inde$ be5 alleg$ t x produces no effects on ! subsequ5t crops1 b ?is op9ion c sc>cely be consid]$ z well f\nd$4 ,9 no case does ! crop rais$ by means ( x conta9 ! :ole ( ! ammonia or phosphates pres5t 9 ! manure1 & ! unappropriat$ quantity1 ?\gh x may1 & probably does1 escape f ! light] soils1 mu/ be reta9$ & pres]v$ = ! use ( subsequ5t crops by heavy & ret5tive clay soils4 ,! g5]al inf]5ce is1 t ?\gh guano may at an em]g5cy be us$ z an entire sub/itute = f>m-y>d manure1 ! practice is "o to be g5]ally avoid$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 z occasionally happ5s aft] a long cont9u$ use ( f>m-y>d manure1 organic matt]s h accumulat$ 9 ! soil1 & pass$ into an in]t condition1 !n ,p]uvian guano may be us$ alone ) v great advantage4 ,9 all cases ! rapidity ( ! action ( guano makes x an important auxili>y ( f>m-y>d manure1 & x is 9 ?is way t x may be mo/ advantage\sly employ$4 ,exp]i5ce has %ewn t "o-half ! f>m-y>d manure may be replac$ by guano ) ! production ( a l>g] crop ?an by ! =m] alone 9 its full quantity4 ,! proportion ( guano usually employ$ is f ?ree to five cwt41 & x is alleg$ t a mu* l>g] quantity produces prejudicial effects on ! subsequ5t crops1 al?\gh x is n v easy to see on :at ?is dep5ds4 ,! v>iety ( guano to be select$ mu/ dep5d to a great ext5t on ! use to :i* x is to be put4 ,p]uvian guano is mo/ advantage\sly appli$ z a top-dress+ to "y corn & p>ticul>ly to oats4 ,= ! turnip1 ! ammoniacal guanos 7 =m]ly pref]r$1 & on /rong soils1 "u good cultivation1 _! effects are excell5t1 b on light soils !y are less applicable1 _! soluble salts be+ m rapidly wa%$ out1 & _! effects lo/1 & 9 ^! cases !y are surpass$ by ! phosphatic guanos4 ,no def9ite rules c be giv5 = det]m9+ ! soils on :i* ^! diff]5t v>ieties are mo/ applicable1 b ea* individual mu/ det]m9e by exp]im5t t :i* be/ suits 8 own f>m2 & ! inquiry is ( mu* importance to him1 z1 ( c\rse1 if ! phosphatic guanos w answ] z well z ! ammoniacal1 !re is a l>ge sav+ 9 ! co/ ( ! manure4 ,a v excell5t practice is to employ a mixture ( equal p>ts ( ! two sorts ( guano4 ,pigeons' ,dung4--,! dung ( all birds1 :i* m or less closely resembles guano1 may be employ$ ) mu* advantage z a manure1 b t ( ! pigeon & ! common f[l are ! only ones :i* c be got 9 quantity4 ,pigeons' dung1 accord+ to ,b\ss+ault1 conta9s #h4c p] c5t ( nitrog51 equival5t to #aj4j ( ammonia4 ,its value1 !re=e1 w be m ?an half t ( guano1 b x v>ies greatly1 & a sample import$ f ,egypt into ?is c\ntry1 & analys$ by ,pr(essor ,john/on1 conta9$ only #e4d p] c5t ( ammonia4 ,h5s' dung has n be5 accurately analys$1 b its value mu/ be ab\t ! same z pigeons'4 ,urate & ,sulphat$ ,ur9e4--,we h already discuss$ ! ur9e ( animals1 9 ref]5ce to f>m-y>d manure4 ,b human ur9e1 ! composition ( :i* 0 !n /at$1 is ( mu* high] value ?an t ( ! l[] animals1 & _m attempts h be5 made to pres]ve & conv]t x into a dry manure4 ,urate is prep>$ by add+ gypsum to ur9e1 & collect+ & dry+ ! precipitate produc$4 ,x conta9s a consid]able quantity ( ! phosphoric acid ( ! ur9e1 b v little ( its ammonia2 & z ! pr9cipal value ( ur9e dep5ds on ! latt]1 x is necess>ily a v ineffici5t me?od ( turn+ x to acc\nt4 ,a bett] me?od has be5 propos$ by ,dr4 ,/5h\se1 :o adds lime-wat] to ! ur9e1 & collects ! precipitate1 :i*1 :5 dri$ 9 ! air1 conta9s #a4ia p] c5t ( nitrog51 & ab\t #da p] c5t ( phosphates4 ,?is me?od is subject to ! same objection z t by :i* urate is made1 namely1 t ! great] "p ( ! ammonia is n precipitat$4 ,?is might probably be got ov] to "s ext5t by ! addition ( sulphate ( magnesia1 or1 /ill bett]1 ( *loride ( magnesium1 :i* w\ld ?r[ d[n ! phosphate ( magnesia & ammonia4 ,by mu* ! be/ mode ( employ+ ur9e is 9 ! =m ( sulphat$ ur9e1 :i* is made by add+ to x a suffici5t quantity ( sulphuric acid to neutralize its ammonia1 & evaporat+ to dryness4 ,9 ?is =m all ! valuable con/itu5ts are reta9$1 & excell5t results are obta9$ f x4 ,its effects1 ?\gh ma9ly attributable to its ammonia1 are also 9 "p dep5d5t on ! phosphates & alkal9e salts :i* x conta9s2 & x is !re=e capable ( supply+ to ! plant a l>g] numb] ( its con/itu5ts ?an ! animal matt]s already m5tion$4 ,night-,soil & ,p\drette4--,! value ( night-soil1 :i* is well kn[n1 dep5ds p>tly on ! ur9e1 & p>tly on ! faeces ( :i* x is =m$4 ,its disagreeable od\r has prev5t$ its g5]al use1 & v>i\s me?ods h be5 contriv$ bo? = deodoris+ & conv]t+ x into a solid & portable =m4 ,! same difficulties :i* beset ! conv]sion ( ur9e into ! solid =m occur "h1 & 9 mo/ ( ! me?ods employ$ ! loss ( ammonia is great4 ,x is sometimes mix$ ) lime or gypsum1 & dri$ ) heat1 & sometimes ) animal *>coal or peat *>coal4 ,! manufacture ( a manure f night-soil1 call$ p\drette1 has long be5 practis$ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ,p>is & o!r cont95tal t[ns4 ,! process employ$ at ,montfaucon & at ,bondy is v simple4 ,! cont5ts ( ! cesspools are convey$ to ! "w 9 l>ge b>rels1 :i* are !n empti$ into tanks capable ( conta9+ ! accumulation ( sev]al mon?s4 ,:5 fill$ !y are all[$ to /& = "s "t1 dur+ :i* ! smell dim9i%es & ! cont5ts become ne>ly dry4 ,! residue is !n dug out & mix$ ) a%es1 dry loam1 *>coal p[d]1 peat1 peat-*>coal1 saw-du/1 & o!r matt]s1 s z to deodorize x1 & r5d] x suffici5tly dry = transport4 ,its g5]al composition may be judg$ ( f ! subjo9$ analyses ( samples f diff]5t places3-- ,montfaucon4 ,bondy4 ,dresd54 ,am]ican4 ,wat] #bh4jj #ac4fj #ai4ej #ci4ig ,organic matt]s #bi4jj #bd4aj #bj4hj #bj4eg ,phosphates #g4fe #d4if #e4dj #a4hh ,c>bonates ( lime & ,magnesia1 alkal9e #g4ce #ad4ad #aa4cj #g4fc salts1 etc4 ,s& #bh4jj #dc4bj #dc4jj #bi4ie ------ ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #a4ed #a4ih #b4fj #a4bc ,^! analyses %ew suffici5tly ! ext5t to :i* ! animal matt]s h be5 mix$ ) valueless dri]s1 ! second & ?ird samples conta9+ consid]ably m ?an half _! weight ( wor?less matt]s4 ,hair1 ,sk91 & ,horn4--,! refuse ( manufactories 9 :i* ^! sub/ances are employ$1 are frequ5tly us$ z manures4 ,!y are highly nitrog5\s sub/ances1 & owe _! entire value to ! nitrog5 !y conta91 _! inorganic con/itu5ts be+ 9 too small quantity to be ( any importance1 wool & hair hav+ only #b p] c5t1 & horn #j4g p] c5t ( a%4 ,9 ! pure & dry /ate1 & aft] subtraction ( ! a%1 _! composition is1-- ,sk94 ,human hair4 ,wool4 ,horn4 ,c>bon #ej4ii #ej4fe #ej4fe #ea4ii ,hydrog5 #g4jg #f4cf #g4jc #f4gb ,nitrog5 #ah4gb #ag4ad #ag4ga #ag4bh ,oxyg5 #bc4bb #bj4he #bd4fa #bd4ja ,sulphur 444 #e4jj ------ ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,x r>ely if ev] happ5s1 h[ev]1 t ! refuse (f]$ = sale z a manure is pure4 ,x always conta9s wat]1 s&1 & o!r =eign matt]s4 ,wooll5 rags are mix$ ) cotton :i* has no manurial value1 & ! sk9 refuse f tan-works conta9s mu* lime4 ,due all[ance mu/ !re=e be made = su* impurities :i* are sometimes pres5t 9 v l>ge quantity4 ,refuse horse hair g5]ally conta9s #aa or #ab p] c5t ( nitrog54 ,wooll5 rags ( good quality conta9 #ab4g p] c5t ( nitrog52 wooll5 cutt+s ab\t #ad2 & :at is call$ %oddy only #e4e p] c5t4 ,horn %av+s are extremely v>iable 9 _! am\nt ( nitrog52 :5 pure1 !y sometimes conta9 z mu* z #ab4e p] c5t1 b a great deal ( ! horn %av+s f comb manufactories1 etc41 conta9 mu* s& & bone du/1 by :i* _! p]c5tage ( nitrog5 is greatly dim9i%$1 & x sometimes does n exce$ #e or #f p] c5t4 ,all ^! sub/ances are highly valuable z manures1 b x mu/ be borne 9 m9d t !y und]go decomposition v sl[ly 9 ! soil1 & h5ce are *iefly applicable to sl[ gr[+ crops1 & to ^? :i* require a /rong soil4 ,wooll5 rags h be5 l>gely employ$ z a manure = hops1 & are believ$ to surpass e o!r sub/ance = t crop4 ,z a manure applicable to ! ord9>y purposes ( ! f>m !y h sc>cely met ) t att5tion :i* !y des]ve1 probably because _! fir/ action is sl[ & ! f>m] is m accu/om$ to look to imm$iate ?an to future results2 b !y possess ! important qualification ( add+ p]man5tly to ! f]tility ( ! soil4 ,blood is a mo/ valuable manure1 b x is n mu* employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 at lea/ 9 ! neighb\rhood ( l>ge t[ns1 z !re is a dem& = x = o!r purposes1 & x c r>ely be obta9$ by ! f>m] 9 l>ge quantity1 & at a suffici5tly l[ price4 ,9 its natural /ate x conta9s ab\t #c p] c5t ( nitrog51 & aft] be+ dri$ up1 ! residue conta9s ab\t #ae p] c5t4 ,x is be/ us$ 9 ! =m ( a compo/ ) peat or m\ld1 & ?is =ms an excell5t manure = turnips1 & is also advantage\sly appli$ z a top-dress+ to :eat4 ,fle%4--,! fle% ( all animals is useful z a manure1 & is especially di/+ui%$ by ! rapidity ) :i* x und]goes decomposition1 & yields up its valuable matt]s to ! plant4 ,x is r>ely employ$ 9 its natural /ate1 b horse fle% 0 at "o "t conv]t$ into a dry & portable manure1 al?\gh1 ,i und]/&1 ?is manufacture is n n[ prosecut$4 ,! dead animal aft] be+ sk9n$ is cut up & boil$ 9 l>ge cauldrons until ! fle% is sep>at$ f ! bones4 ,! latt] are remov$1 & ! fle% dri$ ^u a flat /ove4 ,! fle% z sold has ! foll[+ composition3-- ,wat] #ab4ag ,organic matt] #gh4dd ,phosphate ( lime1 etc4 #c4hb ,alkal9e salts #c4fd ,s& #a4ic ------ #ajj4jj ,nitrog5 #i4bb ,ammonia to :i* ! nitrog5 is equival5t #aa4bj ,! dri$ fle% & small bones ( cattle1 f ! great slaught]+ e/abli%m5ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 0 at "o "t import$ into ?is c\ntry "u ! "n ( fle% manure4 ,its composition 0-- ,wat] #i4je ,fat #aa4ac ,animal matt] #ci4eb ,phosphate ( lime #bh4gd ,c>bonate ( lime #c4ha ,alkal9e salts #j4eg ,s& #g4ah ------ #ajj4jj ,nitrog5 #e4ef ,ammonia to :i* ! nitrog5 is equival5t #f4fg ,b ow+ to ! l>ge proportion ( phosphates conta9$ 9 x1 x may be mo/ fairly comp>$ ) bones4 ,x is n n[ import$1 ! results obta9$ f its use be+ said n to h prov$ satisfactory1 al?\gh ?is /atem5t appe>s v p>adoxical4 ,fi% h be5 employ$ 9 consid]able quantity z a manure4 ,t mo/ ext5sively employ$ 9 ?is c\ntry is ! sprat1 :i* is occasionally caught 9 enorm\s quantities on ! ,norfolk coa/1 & us$ z an application = turnips4 ,!y are sold at #h;d4 p] bu%el1 & _! composition is-- ,wat] #fd4f ,organic matt] #cc4c ,a% #b4a ----- #ajj4j ,nitrog5 #a4ij ,phosphoric acid #j4ia ,! refuse ( h]r+ & o!r fi%-cur+ e/abli%m5ts1 :ales' blubb]1 & simil> fi% refuse1 are all useful z manure1 & are employ$ :5ev] !y c be obta9$4 ,!y are n usually employ$ alone1 b are m advantage\sly made into compo/s ) _! own weight ( soil1 & all[$ to f]m5t ?or\ghly be=e be+ appli$4 ,_m attempts h be5 made to conv]t ! (fal ( ! great fi%-cur+ e/abli%m5ts1 & ! in$ible fi%1 ( :i* l>ge quantities are (t5 caught1 into a dry manure1 :i* has receiv$ ! "n ( fi% guano4 ,! processes employ$ h consi/$ 9 boil+ ) sulphuric acid & o!r ag5ts1 & !n evaporat+1 or sometimes by simply dry+ up ! refuse by /eam heat4 ,a manure made 9 ?is way prov$ to h ! foll[+ composition3-- ,wat] #h4jj ,fatty matt]s #g4bj ,nitrog5e\s organic matt]s #ga4df ,phosphate ( lime #h4gj ,alkal9e salts #c4hj ,s& #j4hd ------ #ajj4jj ,nitrog5 #aa4be ,equal to ammonia #ac4fh ,phosphoric acid 9 ! alkal9e salts1 #j4fe equal to #a4da phosphate ( lime ,! exp5se ( manufactur+ manures ( ?is description has hi!rto act$ z a b>ri] to _! introduction4 ,9 ?is c\ntry sev]al manufactories h be5 e/abli%$1 b ei!r ow+ to ?is cause1 or to ! difficulty ( obta9+ suffici5tly l>ge & uni=m supplies ( ! raw mat]ial1 "s ( !m h n prov$ successful1 b a manufactory is n[ 9 op]ation 9 ,norway1 :i* exports ! manure to ,g]many4 ,x is probable t mo/ ( ! processes us$ 9 ?is c\ntry fail$ because !y 7 too co/ly1 & x is mu* to be desir$ t ! subject %\ld be actively tak5 up4 ,x is said t ! refuse f ! ,newf\ndl& fi%]ies is capable ( yield+ ab\t #aj1jjj tons ( fi% guano annually2 & ! quantity obta9able on our own coa/s is also v consid]able4 ,bones4--,bones h be5 us$ z a manure = a long p]iod1 b !y fir/ attract$ ! p>ticul> att5tion ( agriculturi/s f ! rem>kable effects produc$ by _! application on ! exhau/$ pa/ure l&s ( ,*e%ire4 ,dur+ ! pres5t c5tury !y came into g5]al use on arable l&1 & especially z a manure = turnips2 & !y are n[ import$ 9 l>ge quantities f ! cont95t ( ,europe4 ,! bones us$ 9 agriculture are *iefly ^? ( cattle1 b %eep & horse bones are also employ$4 ,!y d n diff] mu* 9 quality :5 g5u9e4 ,! subjo9$ analysis is t ( a good sample4 ,wat] #f4bj ,organic matt] #ci4ac ,phosphate ( lime #dh4ie ,lime #b4eg ,magnesia #j4cj ,sulphuric acid #b4ee ,silica #j4cj ------ #ajj4jj ,ammonia :i* ! organic matt] is capable ( yield+ #d4hj ,9 g5]al1 bones may be said to conta9 ab\t half _! weight ( phosphate ( lime1 & #aj or #ab p] c5t ( wat]4 ,b1 9 addition to _! natural /ate1 !y are met ) 9 o!r =ms 9 comm]ce1 9 :i* _! organic matt] has be5 extract$ ei!r by boil+ or burn+4 ,! latt] is especially common 9 ! =m ( ! sp5t animal *>coal ( ! sug> ref9]s1 :i* usually conta9s f #gj to #hj p] c5t ( phosphate ( lime1 b :5 depriv$ ( _! organic matt]1 !y may be m correctly consid]$ "u ! head ( m9]al manures4 ,f ! analysis giv5 above1 x is obvi\s t ! manurial value ( bones is dep5d5t p>tly on _! phosphates & p>tly on ! ammonia !y yield4 ,x has be5 common to attribute _! entire effects to ! =m]1 b ?is is manife/ly errone\s2 & al?\gh !re are no d\bt cases 9 :i* ! =m] act mo/ p[]fully1 ! b5efit d]iv$ f ! ammonia yield$ by ! organic matt] is unequivocal4 ,:5 ! phosphates only are ( use1 burnt bones or ! sp5t animal *>coal ( ! sug> ref9]s are to be pref]r$4 ,at _! fir/ introduction1 bones 7 appli$ 9 l>ge fragm5ts1 & 9 quantities ( f #bj to #cj cwt41 or ev5 m1 p] acre1 b z _! use became m g5]al !y 7 gradually employ$ 9 small] pieces1 until at la/ !y 7 r$uc$ to du/1 & x 0 f\nd t1 9 a f9e /ate ( division1 a few hundr$weights produc$ z great an effect z ! l>g] quantity ( ! ungr\nd bones4 ,ev5 ! mo/ complete gr9d+ :i* c be atta9$1 h[ev]1 leaves ! bones 9 a mu* less m9ute /ate ( division ?an guano1 & !y necess>ily act m sl[ly ?an x does1 ! m especially z !y conta9 no ready-=m$ ammonia4 ,!y may be /ill fur!r r$uc$ by f]m5tation1 :i* acts by decompos+ ! organic matt]1 & caus+ ! production ( ammonia2 b n z is frequ5tly1 ?\gh errone\sly suppos$1 by conv]t+ ! phosphates into a soluble condition1 = ?is does n occur to any ext5t1 & _! m rapid action is solely due to ! p>tial decomposition ( ! organic matt]1 by :i* x is br\ght into a condition capable ( und]go+ a m rapid *ange 9 ! soil4 ,! rapidity ( action ( bones is /ill m promot$ by solution 9 sulphuric acid1 by :i* !y are conv]t$ into ! =m ( dissolv$ bones or sup]phosphate4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 h[ev]1 v little ( ! sup]phosphates sold 9 ! m>ket are made exclusively f bones 9 _! natural /ate1 by f> ! l>g] portion be+ manufactur$ f m9]al phosphates1 or f bones aft] de/ruction ( _! organic matt]1 sometimes ) ! addition ( small quantities ( unburnt bones1 b m frequ5tly ( sulphate ( ammonia1 to yield ! requisite quantity ( ammonia4 ,^! sub/ances may !re=e be be/ consid]$ "u ! head ( m9]al manures4 ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,m9]al ,,manures4 ,m9]al manure is a t]m :i* is n[ us$ ) great laxity4 ,9 its /rict s5se1 x means manures :i* conta9 only1 & owe _! exclusive value to ! pres5ce (1 ^? sub/ances :i* g to make up ! inorganic "p or a% ( plants4 ,x has1 h[ev]1 be5 usually tak5 to include all sal9e matt]s1 & especially ! comp\nds ( ammonia & nitric acid1 :i* are indebt$ = _! manurial effects to ! nitrog5 !y conta92 & ?us is s f> incorrect4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 be manife/ly impossible to arrange ^! comp\nds ) any degree ( accuracy among ei!r animal or vegetable manures1 & h5ce ! necessity ( includ+ !m among/ ^? :i* are /rictly m9]al4 ,! mo/ important practical di/9ction betwe5 !m & ! sub/ances discuss$ 9 ! two prec$+ *apt]s is1 t ! latt] g5]ally conta9 ! :ole or ! great] "p ( ! con/itu5ts ( plants4 ,ev5 bones yield a c]ta9 quantity ( alkalies1 magnesia1 sulphuric acid1 & *lor9e1 & may 9 "s s5se be consid]$ z a g5]al manure4 ,b ^? to :i* ! t]m m9]al manure is appli$ = ! mo/ "p conta9 only "o or two ( ! ess5tial elem5ts ( plants1 & h5ce _c be appli$ z sub/itutes = ! sub/ances already discuss$1 al?\gh !y are frequ5tly mo/ important additions to !m4 ,sulphate & ,muriate ( ,ammonia4--,^! & o!r salts ( ammonia h be5 tri$ exp]im5tally z manures1 & x has be5 asc]ta9$ t !y may all be us$ ) equal success2 b z ! sulphate is by mu* *eap]1 x is t :i* probably w always be employ$ to ! exclusion ( e o!r4 ,x conta9s1 :5 pure1 #be4g p] c5t ammonia4 ,x is n[ manufactur$ ( excell5t quality = agricultural use1 & :5 good1 conta9s f #ie to #ig p] c5t ( actual sulphate1 ! rema9d] consi/+ *iefly ( moi/ure & a small quantity ( fix$ residue2 b specim5s are occasionally met ) conta9+ z mu* z #aj p] c5t ( impurities1 :i*1 z its price is high1 makes a mat]ial diff]5ce 9 its value4 ,inf]ior descriptions are also occasionally sold1 among :i* is a v>iety di/+ui%$ by conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( wat] & fix$ salts1 al?\gh x appe>s to ! eye a good article4 ,its composition is-- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,wat] #i4je #e4gg ,sulphate ( ammonia #gi4fc #he4ba ,fix$ salts #aa4ag #i4jb ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #bj4ee #ba4id ,an article call$ sulphomuriate ( ammonia is also sold = agricultural use4 ,x is obta9$ z a refuse product 9 ! manufacture ( magnesia1 & is a mixture ( sulphate & muriate ( ammonia1 ) v>i\s alkal9e salts4 ,x diff]s some:at 9 quality1 & is sold by analysis at a price dep5d5t on ! ammonia x conta9s4 ,i4 ,,ii4 ,wat] #ad4di #be4ci ,sulphate ( ammonia #fb4ee #dg4gi ,muriate ( ammonia #ae4c 444 ,sulphate ( soda 444 #i4ab ,sulphate ( magnesia 444 #ah4ch ,*loride ( potassium #d4ge #b4id ,*loride ( sodium #ag4ce #j4ce ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia #af4ej #aa4bh ,! quality ( sulphate ( ammonia may g5]ally be judg$ ( f its dry & uni=mly cry/all9e appe>ance1 & x may be te/$ by heat+ a small quantity on a %ovel ov] a cle> fire1 :5 x ought to volatilize completely1 or leave only a trifl+ residue4 ,"s c>e1 h[ev]1 is necess>y 9 apply+ ?is te/1 z 9 ! h&s ( inexp]i5c$ p]sons x is sometimes fallaci\s4 ,! salts ( ammonia may be appli$ 9 ! same way z guano2 b !y are mo/ advantage\sly employ$ z a top-dress+1 & pr9cipally to grass l&s4 ,9 ?is way v rem>kable effects are produc$1 & )9 a week aft] ! application1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! dress$ & undress$ portions ( a field is already conspicu\s4 ,exp]i5ce has %ewn t success is be/ insur$ :5 ! salt is appli$ dur+ or imm$iately be=e ra91 s t x may be at once incorporat$ ) ! soil2 z :5 us$ 9 dry wea!r little or no b5efit is d]iv$ f x4 ,x seems also to ex]t a peculi>ly b5eficial effect ^u clov]2 & h5ce x ought to be employ$ only on clov]-hay1 z :]e ryegrass or o!r grasses =m ! :ole ( ! crop we h bett] manures4 ,ammoniacal ,liquor ( ! ,gas-,works1 & ( ! ,animal ,*>coal ,manufactur]s4--,bo? ( ^! are excell5t =ms 9 :i* to apply ammonia1 :5 !y c be obta9$4 ,! ammoniacal liquor ( ! gas-works is v v>iable 9 quality1 b conta9s g5]ally f #d to #h ounces ( dry ammonia p] gallon1 :i* corresponds 9 r\nd numb]s to f #a to #b lb4 ( sulphate ( ammonia4 ,x is be/ appli$ ) ! wat]+-c>t1 b mu/ be dilut$ be=e use ) ?ree or f\r times its bulk ( wat]1 z if conc5trat$ x burns up ! grass1 & x is also advisable to use x dur+ wet wea!r4 ,! ammoniacal liquor ( ! ivory-black works conta9s ab\t #ab p] c5t ( ammonia1 or ab\t f\r or five times z mu* z gas liquor4 ,x has be5 us$ 9 "s p>ts ( ,engl&1 made into a compo/1 & appli$ to ! turnip & o!r crops1 &1 x is said1 ) good effect4 ,bone oil1 :i* di/ils ov] along ) x1 has also be5 us$ 9 ! =m ( a compo/2 x conta9s a l>ge quantity ( ammonia & ( nitrog5 9 o!r =ms ( comb9ation2 ! total quantity ( nitrog5 x conta9s be+ #i4jd p] c5t1 :i* is equival5t to #aj4ih ( ammonia4 ,only "p ( ?is nitrog5 is actually 9 ! /ate ( ammonia2 & "s circum/ances connect$ ) ! *emical relations ( ! o!r nitrog5\s comp\nds 9 ?is sub/ance r5d] x probable t !y may pass v sl[ly into ammonia1 & may !re=e be ( inf]ior value2 b ! sub/ance des]ves a trial1 z x is v *eap4 ,x mu/ be c>efully compo/$ ) peat1 & turn$ ov] sev]al times be=e be+ us$4 ,nitrates ( ,pota% & ,soda4--,nitrate ( pota% has long be5 us$ z a manure1 b its high price has prev5t$ its g5]al application1 & its place has n[ be5 almo/ entirely tak5 by nitrate ( soda1 :i* is mu* *eap] & conta9s weight = weight a l>g] quantity ( nitrog54 ,bo? ^! salts are employ$ z s\rces ( nitrog52 b nitrate ( pota% owes also a c]ta9 proportion ( its value to ! pota% x conta9s4 ,nitrate ( soda1 on ! o!r h&1 mu/ be consid]$ to owe its entire value to its nitric acid1 z soda is ( little value to ! plant2 &1 moreov]1 c be obta9$ 9 common salt at a price s l[1 z to make x a matt] ( no mom5t 9 ! valuation ( ! nitrate4 ,9 its ord9>y /ate1 z import$ f ,p]u1 nitrate ( soda conta9s f #e to #aj p] c5t ( impurities1 & x be>s a price proportionate to ! quantity ( ! pure salt pres5t 9 x4 ,:5 ( good quality x conta9s ab\t #ae p] c5t ( nitrog51 equival5t to #ah ( ammonia1 & is1 !re=e1 ri*] 9 t con/itu5t ( plants ?an ,p]uvian guano4 ,x is ess5tially a rapidly act+ manure1 & produces a m>k$ effect )9 a v few days aft] its application2 b ow+ to ! fact t nitric acid _c be absorb$ & reta9$ by ! soil 9 ! same mann] z ammonia1 x is liable to be lo/ unless x c be at once assimilat$ by ! plant4 ,= ?is reason x acts be/ :5 appli$ 9 small quantity z a top-dress+ to grass-l&1 & to "y corn4 ,a l>ge application has no advantages1 & !re c be no d\bt t ! be/ effect w\ld be produc$ by sev]al v small quantities1 appli$ at int]vals4 ,9 "o exp]im5t1 ,mr4 ,pusey f\nd #db lb4 p] acre to increase ! produce ( b>ley by #g bu%els1 & v fav\rable results h be5 obta9$ by o!r exp]im5t]s4 ,! b5eficial effects ( nitrate ( soda appe> to be almo/ entirely conf9$ to ! grasses & c]eals4 ,at lea/ exp]i5ce "h has %ewn t x produces little or no effect on clov]2 & "o f>m] has /at$1 t hav+ rec5tly adopt$ ! practice ( s[+ clov] ) a v small proportion ( ryegrass only1 he has be5 l$ to ab&on ! use ( nitrate ( soda1 :i* he =m]ly employ$ abundantly1 :5 ryegrass =m$ a pr9cipal "p ( 8 crop4 ,! action ( nitrate ( soda is v rem>kable1 n only 9 ?is respect1 b also because a giv5 quantity ( nitrog5 9 x appe>s to produce a great] effect ?an ! same quantity 9 sulphate ( ammonia or guano4 ,at ! same "t ?is /atem5t mu/ be tak5 z v g5]al1 def9ite exp]im5ts be+ /ill too few to admit ( its be+ /at$ z an absolute fact4 ,! probability is1 t ! same quantity ( nitrog51 9 ! =m ei!r ( ammonia or nitrate ( soda1 w produce ! same effect1 al?\gh ! conditions necess>y = its successful action may n be ! same ) ! two manures4 ,x is alleg$ t nitrate ( soda is advantage\sly conjo9$ ) common salt1 :i* is said to *eck its t5d5cy to make ! gra9 crops run to /raw1 & to prev5t _! lodg+1 z !y are apt to d1 :5 x is employ$ alone4 ,b consid]able diff]5ce ( op9ion exi/s 9 ?is po9t1 _m f>m]s believ+ t salt produces no effect4 ,:5 employ$ = hay1 especially :5 mix$ ) clov]1 x is advisable to use x along ) an equal quantity ( sulphate ( ammonia1 :i* gives a bett] result ?an ei!r sep>ately4 ,salts ( ,pota% & ,soda4--,! sub/ances j m5tion$ mu/ be consid]$ to owe _! *ief manurial value to nitric acid2 b o!r salts h be5 us$ z manures 9 :i* ! effect is und\bt$ly due to ! alkalies !mselves4 ,) ! exception ( common salt1 mo/ ( ! alkal9e salts h only be5 us$ to a limit$ ext5t2 & x is rem>kable t1 s f> z our pres5t exp]i5ce goes1 !re is no class ( sub/ances f :i* m unc]ta9 results are obta9$4 ,muriate & ,sulphate ( ,pota% h bo? be5 us$1 & ! =m] has 9 "s cases1 & 9 p>ticul> seasons1 produc$ a v rem>kable effect 9 ! potato2 b 9 o!r in/ances x has prov$ q useless4 ,! cause ( ?is diff]5ce has n be5 asc]ta9$4 ,sulphate ( soda has also be5 us$ to "s ext5t1 b app>5tly )\t mu* b5efit2 & !re is no reason to expect t x %\ld act bett] ?an common salt1 :i* c be obta9$ at a mu* l[] price4 ,*loride ( ,sodium1 or ,common ,salt1 has at diff]5t times be5 employ$ z a manure1 b its effects are s v>iable & unc]ta91 t its use1 9 place ( increas+1 has ( late ye>s r dim9i%$1 x hav+ frequ5tly be5 f\nd t on soils 9 all respects simil>1 or ev5 on ! same soil1 9 diff]5t ye>s1 x sometimes proves advantage\s1 at o!rs positively injuri\s4 ,its use z an addition to nitrate ( soda has be5 already allud$ to1 & x is said t x produces ! same effect :5 mix$ ) guano & salts ( ammonia4 ,! accuracy ( ?is /atem5t is d\bt$ by _m p]sons1 & ! explanation :i* has be5 giv5 ( ! cause ( its action is m ?an dubi\s4 ,x is suppos$ to enable ! plant to absorb m silica f ! soil2 b ?is is a speculative explanation ( its action1 & has n be5 support$ by def9ite exp]im5t4 ,al?\gh little effect has be5 obs]v$ f salt1 x des]ves a m accurate inve/igation1 z n )/&+ ! ext5t to :i* x has be5 employ$1 we are s+ul>ly defici5t 9 def9ite exp]im5ts ) x4 ,c>bonates ( ,pota% & ,soda h only be5 tri$ exp]im5tally1 & t to a small ext5t1 nor is x likely t !y w ev] come into use1 ow+ to _! high price4 ,! rem>ks we h made 9 ! section on ! a%es ( plants reg>d+ ! subord9ate value ( soda1 w enable ! read] to see t great] effects are to be anticipat$ f ! =m] ?an f ! latt] ( ^! salts4 ,!y may1 h[ev]1 ex]t a *emical action on ! soil1 altoge!r indep5d5t ( _! absorption by ! plant1 b its nature & am\nt are /ill to det]m9e4 ,silicates ( ,pota% & ,soda h be5 employ$ ) ! view ( supply+ silica to ! plant1 b ! results h be5 f> f satisfactory4 ,?is may p]haps h be5 due to ! d\btful nature ( ! comm]cial article1 b n[ t silicate ( soda c be obta9$ ( good quality1 x is desirable t ! exp]im5ts %\ld be repeat$4 ,x is said to h produc$ good effects on ! potato4 ,sulphate ( ,magnesia c be obta9$ at a l[ co/1 & has be5 us$ z a manure 9 "s in/ances ) v m>k$ success4 ,x has be5 *iefly appli$ z a top-dress+ to clov] hay1 b x seems probable t x might prove a useful application to ! c]eals1 ! a% ( :i* is peculi>ly ri* 9 magnesia4 ,_m o!r sal9e sub/ances h be5 tri$ z manures2 b 9 mo/ in/ances on too limit$ a scale to p]mit any def9ite conclusions z to _! value4 ,! exp]im5ts h also be5 too frequ5tly p]=m$ )\t ! precautions necess>y to exclude fallacy1 s t ! results already arriv$ at mu/ n be accept$ z e/abli%$ facts1 b r z indications ( ! direction 9 :i* fur!r inve/igation w\ld be valuable4 ,!re is little d\bt t _m ( ^! sub/ances might be usefully employ$1 if ! conditions necess>y = _! successful application 7 elim9at$2 & no subject is at pres5t m des]v+ ( elucidation by c>eful & well-devis$ field exp]im5ts4 ,phosphate ( ,lime4--,! use ( bones 9 _! natural /ate z a manure has be5 already adv]t$ to1 & x 0 /at$1 t ?\gh _! value dep5d$ ma9ly on ! phosphates1 ! animal matt]s & o!r sub/ances conta9$ 9 !m 7 n )\t effect4 ,! action ( phosphates is greatly promot$ by solution 9 sulphuric acid1 & ! application ( ! acid has br\ght into use _m v>ieties ( phosphates ( purely m9]al orig91 or :i* h be5 depriv$ ( _! organic matt]s by artificial processes4 ,( ^!1 ! sp5t animal *>coal ( ! sug>-ref9]s1 usually conta9+ ab\t #gj p] c5t ( phosphates1 & ,s\? ,am]ican bone a%1 are ! mo/ important4 ,! latt] is n[ import$ 9 v l>ge quantity1 & has ! composition %ewn 9 ! foll[+ analyses3-- ,i4 ,,ii4 ,,iii4 ,wat] #f4aj #f4bh #c4jc ,*>coal #e4je #b4ai #b4jb ,phosphates #gi4bj #ga4aj #hh4ee ,c>bonate ( lime #d4je #c4ee #e4fj ,alkal9e salts #j4ae traces 444 ,s& #e4de #af4ij #j4hj ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,bone a% has hi!rto be5 almo/ entirely consum$ z a raw mat]ial = ! manufacture ( sup]phosphates2 b z x is sold at f ,l#d3 #ajs4 to ,l#e3 #ajs4 p] ton :5 conta9+ #gj p] c5t ( phosphates1 x is1 9 reality1 a v *eap s\rce ( ^! sub/ances1 & m]its ! att5tion ( ! f>m] z an application 9 its ord9>y /ate4 ,( /rictly m9]al phosphates1 a consid]able v>iety is n[ 9 use1 b !y are employ$ exclusively 9 ! manufacture ( sup]phosphates1 z 9 _! natural /ate !y are s h>d & insoluble1 t ! plant is incapable ( avail+ itself ( !m4 ,coprolites4--,?is "n 0 orig9ally appli$ by ,dr4 ,buckl& to sub/ances f\nd 9 _m geological /rata1 & :i* he believ$ to be ! dung ( fossil animals4 ,x has s9ce be5 giv5 to phosphatic concretions f\nd *iefly 9 ! gre5s& 9 ,suffolk & ,cambridge%ire1 :i* are c]ta9ly n ! same z ^? describ$ by ,dr4 ,buckl&1 b consi/ ( fragm5ts ( bones1 ammonites1 & o!r fossils4 ,coprolites are n[ collect$ 9 v l>ge quantities1 & ab\t #dc1jjj tons are annually employ$4 ,!y are extremely h>d1 & require p[]ful ma*9]y to r$uce !m to p[d]1 & h5ce _! price is consid]able1 be+ ab\t ,l#b3 #ajs4 p] ton4 ,_! composition v>ies some:at accord+ to ! c>e tak5 9 select+ !m1 & ! locality f :i* !y h be5 obta9$4 ,a g5]al idea ( _! composition may be d]iv$ f ! subjo9$ analyses3-- ,wat] #a4ie #a4ij ,organic matt] #b4ei #f4he ,phosphate ( lime #ee4ba #fa4ae ,phosphate ( iron #c4hd ,c>bonate ( lime #bf4gj #af4bj ,sulphate ( lime #a4ig ,alkal9e salts #a4he #c4ba ,s& #e4hi #aa4fe ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,)9 ! la/ two or ?ree ye>s1 coprolites h be5 f\nd 9 great abundance 9 ,france1 b !y are ( inf]ior quality1 & r>ely conta9 m ?an #dj p] c5t ( phosphates4 ,apatite1 or m9]al phosphate ( lime1 is f\nd 9 l>ge deposits 9 diff]5t places4 ,x is p>ticul>ly abundant 9 ,spa91 & occurs also 9 ,am]ica & ,norway4 ,f ! latt] c\ntry x has be5 import$ to "s ext5t2 & dur+ ! la/ ye> consid]able quantities h be5 br\ght f ,spa91 & ! importations w und\bt$ly increase v l>gely z ! means ( transport improve 9 t c\ntry4 ,spani% apatite conta9s-- ,wat] #j4hj ,phosphate ( lime #ic4cj ,c>bonate ( lime #j4ej ,*lor9e1 etc4 traces ,s& #d4gj ----- #ii4cj ,sev]al o!r v>ieties ( m9]al phosphates h be5 import$ "u ! "n ( guano4 ,! mo/ important is ,sombr]o ,isl& guano1 :i* is f\nd on a small isl& 9 ! ,gulf ( ,mexico1 :]e x occurs 9 a lay] said to be =ty feet ?ick4 ,x conta9s-- ,wat] #h4if ,phosphate ( lime #cg4ga ,phosphates ( alum9a & iron #dd4ba ,phosphate ( magnesia #d4bj ,sulphate ( lime #j4hf ,c>bonate ( lime #c4cf ,s& #j4gj ------ #ajj4jj ,a some:at simil> sub/ance1 b 9 h>d cru/s1 has be5 import$1 "u ! names ( ,m>acaybo guano1 ,pyroguanite1 etc41 :i* conta9s-- ,wat] #a4jc ,organic matt] #f4gh ,phosphates #ge4fi ,alkal9e salts #d4ia ,s& #aa4fd ------ #ajj4jj ,phosphoric acid 9 ! alkal9e #j4gh salts #a4fh phosphate ( lime ,^! sub/ances are all excell5t s\rces ( phosphates1 b !y are s h>d t ! plants _c extract phosphoric acid f !m1 & !y are only useful :5 made soluble by *emical processes4 ,sup]phosphate2 ,dissolv$ ,bones4--,^! names 7 at fir/ appli$ to bones :i* _h be5 treat$ ) sulphuric acid2 b sup]phosphates are n[ r>ely made f bones alone1 b bone a% & "s ( ! m9]al phosphates j describ$ are employ$1 ei!r along ) !m1 or v frequ5tly alone4 ,! manufacture ( sup]phosphates dep5ds on ! exi/5ce ( two diff]5t comp\nds ( phosphoric acid & lime1 "o ( :i* conta9s ?ree times z mu* lime z ! o!r4 ,t :i* conta9s ! l>g] quantity ( lime is f\nd 9 ! bones & all o!r natural phosphates1 & is q insoluble 9 wat]2 b :5 two-?irds ( its lime are remov$1 x is conv]t$ into ! o!r comp\nd1 :i* is exce$+ly soluble4 ,?is *ange is effect$ by ! use ( sulphuric acid1 :i* comb9es ) two-?irds ( ! lime ( ! ord9>y insoluble phosphate ( lime1 & conv]ts x into ! biphosphate ( lime1 :i* is soluble4 ,:51 !re=e1 we add to #ajj lbs4 ( common phosphate ( lime ! necess>y quantity ( sulphuric acid1 x yields #fd lbs4 ( biphosphate1 conta9+ ! :ole ( ! phosphoric acid1 :i* is ! valuable con/itu5t1 ! dim9ution 9 weight be+ due to ! removal ( ! valueless lime4 ,h5ce x foll[s1 also1 t z ! lime s remov$ is conv]t$ into sulphate1 !re mu/1 = e #ajj lbs4 ( phosphate ( lime conv]t$ into biphosphate1 be produc$ #hg lbs4 ( dry sulphate ( lime1 or #aaj ( ! ord9>y sulphate call$ gypsum4 ,?is is ! m9imum quantity :i* c be pres5t1 b 9 actual practice x is liable to be greatly exce$$1 m especially :]e coprolites are us$1 ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( c>bonate ( lime !y conta91 :i* is also conv]t$ into sulphate by ! action ( ! acid1 s t x is f> f uncommon to f9d ! gypsum twice z great z x w\ld be if mat]ials free f c>bonates c\ld be obta9$4 ,by employ+ a suffici5cy ( sulphuric acid1 ! :ole quantity ( phosphoric acid 9 ! bones may be ?us br\ght into a soluble /ate1 b 9 actual practice x is f\nd pref]able to leave "p ( x 9 ! insoluble condition2 z :]e x is entirely soluble1 its effect is too great dur+ ! e>ly "p ( ! season1 & defici5t at its end4 ,9 ord] to dissolve bones1 bone a%1 or m9]al phosphates1 !y are mix$ ) f a ?ird to half _! weight ( sulphuric acid1 ( specific gravity #a4gj or #adj deg4 ,twaddell4 ,:5 m9]al phosphates1 & p>ticul>ly coprolites1 are us$1 ! quantity ( sulphuric acid mu/ be increas$ s z to comp5sate = ! loss ( t :i* is consum$ 9 decompos+ ! c>bonate ( lime !y conta94 ,:5 op]at+ on ! small scale1 ! mat]ials are put into a vessel ( wood1 /one1 or lead 7iron is to be avoid$1 z x is rapidly corrod$ by ! acid71 & mix$ ) f a six? to a f\r? ( _! weight ( wat]1 :i* may ) advantage be us$ hot4 ,! sulphuric acid is !n add$1 & mix$ z uni=mly z possible ) ! bones4 ,consid]able eff]vesc5ce takes place1 & ! mass becomes extremely hot4 ,at ! end ( two or ?ree days x is turn$ ov] ) ! spade1 & aft] /&+ = "s days long]1 g5]ally becomes pretty dry4 ,%\ld x /ill be too moi/ to be s[n1 x mu/ be aga9 turn$ ov]1 & mix$ ) "s dry sub/ance to absorb ! moi/ure4 ,= ?is purpose ev]y?+ conta9+ lime or its c>bonate mu/ be c>efully avoid$1 z !y br+ back ! phosphates into ! insoluble /ate1 & undo :at ! sulphuric acid has done4 ,peat1 saw-du/1 s&1 decay+ leaves1 or simil> sub/ances1 w answ] ! purpose1 & !y %\ld all be made ?or\ghly dry be=e be+ us$4 ,an excell5t plan is to sift ! bones be=e dissolv+1 to apply ! acid to ! co>s] "p1 & aft]w>ds to mix 9 ! f9e du/ :i* has pass$ ?r\gh ! sieve1 to dry up ! mass2 or a small quantity ( bone a%1 ( good quality1 or ,p]uvian guano1 may be us$4 ,on ! l>ge scale1 me*anical arrangem5ts are employ$ = mix+ ! mat]ials1 s z to economise lab\r1 & m9]al phosphates1 su* z apatite1 c !n be us$ ) advantage4 ,9 su* cases1 blood1 sulphate ( ammonia1 soot1 & o!r refuse matt]s1 are occasionally us$ to supply ! requisite quantity ( nitrog5\s sub/ances1 b l>ge quantities are also made f bone a%1 etc41 )\t ^! additions4 ,! composition ( sup]phosphates mu/ necess>ily v>y to a great ext5t1 & dep5ds n only on ! mat]ials1 b on ! proportion ( acid us$ = solution4 ,! foll[+ analysis illu/rates ! composition ( good samples made f diff]5t sub/ances-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,bones alone4 ,bone-,a%4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,wat]1 #g4gd 444 #g4gi #e4cc 444 #aj4dj ,organic matt]s & ammoniacal salts1 #ag4hc 444 #ba4fi #f4id 444 #d4ib ,biphosphate ( lime #ac4ah 444 #i4hg #ba4ce 444 #bc4ji ,equival5t to soluble phosphates1 7#bj4eg74447ae4ci7 7#cc4cc74447cf4jb7 ,insoluble phosphates #aj4ca 444 #ba4ag #e4ib 444 #f4jh ,sulphate ( lime1 #df4jj 444 #ce4cj #ef4af 444 #dg4gh ,alkal9e salts1 #a4df 444 #j4id trace4 ,s&1 #c4dh 444 #c4jj #d4bc 444 #d4cj ------------------------------------ #ajj4jj 444#ajj4jj #ajj4jj 444#ajj4jj ,ammonia1 #b4aa 444 #c4ja #j4bc 444 #j4ca ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,mixtures ,*iefly ,coprolites4conta9+ ,salts ( ,ammonia1 etc4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,wat]1 #e4ij 444 #aj4ag #g4jg 444 #ae4hb ,organic matt]s & ammoniacal salts1 #e4aj 444 #d4ac #i4hg 444 #ac4if ,biphosphate ( lime #ab4bd 444 #ac4ge #ag4fc 444 #ab4fg ,equival5t to soluble phosphates1 7#ai4aj74447ba4dc7 7#bg4ej74447ai4gg7 ,insoluble phosphates #af4ij 444 #j4ag #ab4fj 444 #h4dj ,sulphate ( lime1 #eb4ci 444 #fb4fb #di4gg 444 #de4ad ,alkal9e salts1 #b4dg 444 #j4if #j4jf 444 #a4jg ,s&1 #f4jj 444 #h4bj #c4jj 444 #b4id -------------------------------------- #ajj4jj 444#ajj4jj #ajj4jj 444#ajj4jj ,ammonia1 #j4aa 444 #j4eg #a4bh 444 #a4ee ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------- ,sup]phosphates made f bones alone are g5]ally di/+ui%$ by a l>ge quantity ( ammonia1 & a r l[ p] c5tage ( biphosphate ( lime4 ,?is is ow+ to ! difficulty exp]i5c$ 9 mak+ ! acid react 9 a satisfactory mann] on bones1 ! phosphates be+ protect$ f its action by ! l>ge quantity ( animal matt] :i*1 :5 moi/5$1 swells up1 fills ! pores1 & prev5ts ! ready access ( ! acid to ! int]ior ( ! fragm5ts4 ,sup]phosphates f bone-a%1 on ! o!r h&1 conta9 a m]e trifle ( ammonia1 & :5 well made a v l>ge quantity ( biphosphate ( lime4 ,_! quality diff]s v greatly1 & dep5ds1 ( c\rse1 on t ( ! bone-a% employ$1 :i* c r>ely be obta9$ ( quality suffici5t to yield m ?an #cj or #ce p] c5t ( soluble phosphates4 ,coprolites are seldom us$ alone = ! manufacture ( sup]phosphates1 b are g5]ally mix$ ) bone-a% & bone du/4 ,mixtures conta9+ salts ( ammonia1 fle%1 blood1 etc41 are also l>gely manufactur$1 & "s are n[ produc$ conta9+ z mu* z f\r or five p] c5t ( ammonia1 & ! consumption ( su* articles is l>gely increas+4 ,! analyses above giv5 are all ^? ( good sup]phosphates1 9 :i* abundance ( acid has be5 us$ s z to conv]t a l>ge proportion ( insoluble into soluble phosphates2 b !re are _m samples ( v inf]ior quality to be met ) 9 ! m>ket1 9 :i* ! proportion ( acid has be5 r$uc$1 & ! quantity ( phosphates made soluble is consequ5tly mu* l[] ?an x ought to be4 ,! foll[+ analyses illu/rate ! composition ( su* manures1 :i* are all v inf]ior & g5]ally wor? mu* less ?an ! price ask$ = !m4 ,wat] #ba4fj #e4cg #g4ai ,organic matt] & ammoniacal salts1 #aa4fb #ac4ia #h4hj ,biphosphate ( lime #b4ih #b4jb #f4db ,equival5t to soluble phosphates 7#d4fe7 7#c4ae7 7#aj4jb7 ,insoluble phosphates #be4gj #ae4hj #ad4jc ,sulphate ( lime #bc4ff #dg4eb #ea4ic ,alkal9e salts #aj4gj #c4gc #c4dc ,s& #c4hj #aa4fe #h4bj ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,ammonia1 #a4cb #j4ei #j4cc ,! delib]ate adult]ation ( sup]phosphate1 t is1 ! addition to x ( s& or simil> wor?less mat]ials1 ,i believe to be b little practis$4 ,! mo/ common fraud consi/s 9 sell+ z pure dissolv$ bones1 articles made 9 "p1 & sometimes almo/ entirely1 f coprolites4 ,occasionally refuse matt]s are us$1 b less ) ! int5tion ( actually dim9i%+ ! value ( ! manure z = ! purpose ( act+ z dri]s4 ,x is said t sulphate ( lime is sometimes employ$ = ?is purpose1 b ?is is r>ely done1 because t sub/ance is always a necess>y con/itu5t ( sup]phosphate 9 v l>ge quantities2 & z f>m]s look ^u x ) great suspicion1 all ! ef=ts ( ! manufactur]s are direct$ t[>ds r$uc+ its quantity z mu* z possible4 ,x is v commonly suppos$ by f>m]s t ! sulphate ( lime f\nd 9 s l>ge quantity 9 all sup]phosphates1 & (t5 am\nt+ to z mu* z fifty p] c5t1 has be5 add$ to ! mat]ials 9 ! process ( manufacture1 b ?is is a mi/ake2 x is a necess>y & inevitable product ( ! *emical action by :i* ! phosphates are r5d]$ soluble1 al?\gh its quantity dep5ds on ! mat]ials f :i* ! manure is made4 ,:5 pure bones are us$ its quantity is small1 & x does n greatly exce$ twice t ( ! biphosphate ( lime2 b 9 a manure made f coprolites1 or o!r sub/ances conta9+ a l>ge proportion ( c>bonate ( lime1 :i* mu/ 9 ! process ( manufacture be conv]t$ into sulphate1 x may be f\r or five times z mu*4 ,al?\gh !re is no manure :i* v>ies m 9 quality1 or requires great] vigilance on ! "p ( ! pur*as]1 9 ord] to obta9 a good article1 !re is no d\bt t sup]phosphates1 ow+ to ! process ( manufacture be+ bett] und]/ood1 & to increas$ competition1 h consid]ably improv$ 9 quality4 ,six or eight ye>s s9ce a manure conta9+ ?irty p] c5t ( phosphates1 ( :i* twelve or fifte5 _h be5 conv]t$ into biphosphate1 0 consid]$ a fair sample1 b n[ ! proportion r5d]$ soluble is greatly increas$2 & :]e bone a% alone is employ$1 z mu* z ?irty & ev5 =ty p] c5t ( soluble phosphates is occasionally f\nd4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 is an exceptional case1 & great att5tion & c>e 9 ! selection ( mat]ials are necess>y to obta9 s l>ge a proportion4 ,! analyses already giv5 w %ew ! f>m] :at he has to expect 9 good sup]phosphates1 b x is v necess>y t he %\ld take c>e to obta9 f ! manufactur] a manure equal to ! gu>antee2 & he ought to be> 9 m9d t1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( gett+ mat]ials ( con/ant composition1 v>iations (t5 take place to a consid]able ext5t 9 manures :i* are suppos$ to be made 9 exactly ! same mann]4 ,phospho-,p]uvian ,guano4--,"u ?is "n a k9d ( sup]phosphate1 :i* is und]/ood to be made by dissolv+ a native rock guano1 has rec5tly attract$ consid]able att5tion1 & is us$ to a l>ge ext5t4 ,its composition is-- ,wat] #i4ed ,organic matt] #ba4ch ,biphosphate ( lime1 equival5t to #be4bb soluble phosphates #af4ha ,insoluble phosphates #aj4hh ,sulphate ( lime #cg4ba ,alkal9e salts1 conta9+ #a4cb ( phosphoric acid1 & equival5t to #b4hf soluble phosphates #b4bb ,s& #a4ha ------ #ajj4jj ,ammonia1 #c4ej ,x is *iefly di/+ui%$ by ! l>ge proportion ( valuable +r$i5ts x conta9s1 & ! c>e tak5 to secure uni=mity ( composition4 ,a v>iety ( sub/ances are sold "u ! "n ( nitrophosphate1 potato manure1 c]eal manure1 etc4 etc41 :i* are all sup]phosphates1 diff]+ only 9 ! proportion ( _! +r$i5ts1 & 9 ! addition ( small quantities ( alkal9e salts1 sulphate ( magnesia1 & o!r sub/ances1 b !y pres5t little diff]5ce f ord9>y sup]phosphates 9 _! effects4 ,! use ( sup]phosphate has greatly ext5d$ ( late ye>s1 & its consumption has increas$ 9 a greatly m rapid ratio ?an t ( guano or any o!r manure4 ,t5 or twelve ye>s s9ce x 0 comp>atively little kn[n1 b x has n[ come to be us$ 9 _m cases 9 :i* ,p]uvian guano 0 =m]ly employ$4 ,x produces a bett] effect ?an t manure on light soils1 al?\gh 9 g5]al a mixture ( ! two answ]s bett] ?an ei!r sep>ately4 ,:5 ,p]uvian guano is to be appli$ along ) x1 ! f>m] w naturally select a sup]phosphate made f bone a%1 & conta9+ ! l>ge/ obta9able quantity ( soluble phosphates2 b :5 x is to be us$ alone1 x is advisable to take "o made f bones1 or at all ev5ts "o conta9+ a consid]able quantity ( nitrog5\s matt] or ammonia4 ,! k9d to be select$ mu/1 h[ev]1 be greatly dep5d5t on ! p>ticul> soil1 & ! situation 9 :i* x is to be us$4 ,lime4--,lime is by f> ! mo/ important ( ! m9]al manures1 & an almo/ indisp5sable ag5t ( agricultural improvem5t4 ,x has be5 us$ z *alk1 m>l1 %ell & coral s&1 gr\nd lime/one1 & z quick & slak$ lime1 & its action v>ies accord+ z x is appli$ 9 any ( its natural =ms1 or aft] be+ burnt4 ,9 all ( its native =ms ! lime is comb9$ ) c>bonic acid 9 ! proportion ( fifty-six p>ts ( lime to =ty-f\r ( c>bonic acid1 & ! c>bonate is g5]ally mix$ ) v>iable quantities ( e>?y +r$i5ts1 :i* 9 "s in/ances are important additions to x1 & affect its utility z a manure4 ,*alk is a v pure =m ( c>bonate ( lime1 & :]e x ab\nds has be5 l>gely employ$ z an application on ! soil4 ,x is dug out ( pits & expos$ to ! action ( ! w9t]'s fro/1 by :i* x is ?or\ghly dis9tegrat$1 & 9 spr+ x is appli$ 9 quantities1 :i*1 9 _m in/ances1 are only limit$ by ! "q ( co/4 ,m>l is a "n giv5 to a mixture ( f9ely-divid$ c>bonate ( lime1 ) v>iable proportions ( clay & silice\s matt]s1 :i* is f\nd at ! bottom ( valleys & 9 holl[ places 9 b$s (t5 ( consid]able ext5t & ?ickness1 :]e x is deposit$ f ! wat]s ( lakes hold+ lime 9 solution1 f$ by /reams pass+ ov] lime/one1 or rocks ri* 9 lime4 ,! composition ( m>ls diff]s greatly 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 & !y h be5 divid$ into true m>ls1 & clay m>ls1 accord+ z ! c>bonate ( lime or clay is ! prepond]at+ +r$i5t4 ,! foll[+ table illu/rates ! composition ( diff]5t v>ieties3-- ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,b>badoes4 ,luneburg4 ,ayr%ire4 ,wes]m>%4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,c>bonate ( lime #ic4b #he4d #h4d #h4b ,c>bonate ( magnesia 444 #a4c 444 #c4j ,sulphate ( lime 444 #j4a 444 #j4e ,phosphate ( lime #j4a #b4c 444 #a4b ,alum9a & oxide ( iron #a4f #d4f #b4b #g4b ,alkal9e salts 444 #j4a 444 #a4j ,silica & clay #d4f #e4f #hd4i #gh4i ,organic matt] #j4e #j4f #b4h 444 ,wat] 444 444 #a4d 444 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ii4g #ajj4jj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,! true m>ls1 t is ^? 9 :i* c>bonate ( lime ab\nds1 are greatly pref]able to clay m>ls1 ! latt]1 inde$1 op]ate *iefly me*anically1 by alt]+ ! texture ( ! soil--! lime !y conta9 be+ frequ5tly too small to ex]cise mu* appreciable effect4 ,%ell & coral s&s consi/ *iefly ( fragm5ts ( %ells & coral dis9tegrat$ by ! action ( ! waves1 & mix$ ) m or less silice\s s&1 & conta9+ small quantities ( phosphate ( lime4 ,!y occur to a consid]able ext5t bo? on our own coa/s & ^? ( ,france1 & h be5 us$ ) good effect on "s descriptions ( soil4 ,! g5]al composition ( lime/ones has be5 already adv]t$ to1 :5 treat+ ( ! orig9 ( soils1 & a di/9ction drawn betwe5 ! common lime/ones & dolomite or magnesium lime/one4 ,few lime/ones c be consid]$ z ev5 approa*+ to purity1 & !y almo/ all conta9 a small quantity ( c>bonate ( magnesia z well z e>?y matt]s1 & occasionally a little phosphate ( lime4 ,9 good specim5s ! quantities ( ^! sub/ances are g5]ally small1 & !y usually conta9 ab\t half _! weight ( lime4 ,:5 lime/one is burnt 9 ! kiln1 ! *ange :i* ensues consi/s 9 ! expulsion ( ! c>bonic acid1 & ! consequ5t conv]sion ( ! lime into ! uncomb9$ or quick /ate4 ,if wat] be ?r[n ^u x :5 9 ?is condition1 x becomes hot1 swells up1 & falls to a f9e s(t p[d]1 & has !n ent]$ into comb9ation ) wat]4 ,if x be expos$ to ! air1 ! same action takes place1 al?\gh1 ( c\rse1 m sl[ly2 & if x be left = a suffici5t "t1 x at l5g? absorbs c>bonic acid1 & rev]ts to its orig9al =m ( c>bonate ( lime1 al?\gh n[ 9 a /ate ( v f9e division4 ,:ile lime may be appli$ 9 ! /ate ( c>bonate1 ei!r z *alk1 m>l1 or p\nd$ lime/one1 & ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( advantage1 mu* great] effects are obta9$ f ! use ( lime itself 9 ! quick or slak$ /ate4 ,^! advantages are dep5d5t p>tly on ! me*anical effect ( ! burn+ & slak+1 :i* enable u to r$uce ! lime to a mu* m m9ute /ate ( division1 & consequ5tly to incorporate x m uni=mly & ?or\ghly ) ! soil1 & p>tly on ! m p[]ful *emical action :i* x exi/s :5 9 ! quick or cau/ic /ate4 ,o!r m9or advantages are also secur$1 su* z ! production ( a c]ta9 quantity ( sulphate ( lime1 produc$ by ! oxidation ( ! sulphur ( ! coal us$ 9 burn+1 etc41 :i*1 ?\gh comp>atively trifl+1 may1 "u p>ticul> circum/ances & 9 "s soils1 be ( consid]able importance4 ,! action ( lime is ( a complicat$ "*4 ,:]e ! soil is defici5t 9 lime1 x mu/ necess>ily act by supply+ t sub/ance to ! plants gr[+ 9 x4 ,b ?is is manife/ly a v subord9ate "p ( its action1--#a/1 ,because no soil exi/s :i* does n conta9 lime 9 suffici5t quantity to supply t elem5t to ! plants4 #b;d1 ,because its effects are n re/rict$ to ^? soils 9 :i* x exi/s naturally 9 small quantity2 &1 #c;d1 ,because x is f\nd t a small application1 su* z w\ld suffice = ! wants ( ! crops1 is n suffici5t to produce its be/ effects4 ,x is a famili> fact t ! quantity ( lime appli$ to ! soil = agricultural purposes is v l>ge1 z mu* z t51 & ev5 tw5ty tons p] acre hav+ be5 us$1 :ile ! smalle/ application is exce$+ly l>ge :5 comp>$ ) ! m]e requirem5ts ( ! crops4 ,( late ye>s ! v l>ge applications once 9 use h become less common1 z x has be5 f\nd pref]able to employ small] doses m frequ5tly repeat$4 ,! quantity us$ dep5ds1 h[ev]1 to a great ext5t1 on ! nature & condition ( ! soil1 heavy clays1 especially if undra9$1 & soils ( a peaty nature1 requir+ a l>ge application2 :ile on well dra9$ & light soils a small] quantity suffices4 ,?9 soils also require only a small application4 ,! geological orig9 ( ! soil is also n )\t its influ5ce1 & its b5eficial effect is peculi>ly se5 on granite1 porphyry1 & gneiss soils1 bo? because ^! are naturally defici5t 9 lime1 & because ! decompositions by :i* _! valuable con/itu5ts are lib]at$ take place ) extreme sl[ness4 ,! great] "p ( ! action ( lime is unque/ionably dep5d5t on its ex]t+ a *emical decomposition on ! soil2 & x acts equally on bo? ! great divisions ( its con/itu5ts1 ! inorganic & ! organic4 ,on ! =m]1 x op]ates by decompos+ ! silicates1 :i* =m ! ma9 "p ( ! soil1 & ! alkalies !y conta9 be+ ?us set free1 a l>g] supply becomes available to ! plant4 ,on ! organic con/itu5ts its effects are pr9cipally exp5d$ 9 promot+ ! decomposition :i* conv]ts _! nitrog5 into ammonia2 & ?us a supply ( food1 :i* might rema9 = a long p]iod lock$ up1 is set free 9 a /ate 9 :i* ! plant c at once absorb x4 ,b ^! *emical decompositions are att5d$ by a correspond+ *ange 9 ! me*anical *>act]s ( ! soil4 ,heavy clays are obs]v$ to become light] & m op5 9 _! texture2 & ^? :i* are too ri* 9 organic matt] h x rapidly r$uc$ 9 quantity1 & ! excessive lightness :i* x occasions dim9i%$4 ,! effects ( an application ( lime are n g5]ally obs]v$ imm$iately1 b become app>5t 9 ! c\rse ( "o or two ye>s1 :5 x has _h "t to ex]t its *emical influ5ce on ! soil2 b f t "t its effects are se5 gradually to dim9i% & f9ally to cease entirely4 ,! p]iod )9 :i* ?is occurs necess>ily v>ies ) ! am\nt ( ! application & ! nature ( ! soil1 b x may be said g5]ally t lime w la/ f t5 to fifte5 ye>s4 ,! cessation ( its effects is due to sev]al circum/ances1 p>tly ( c\rse to ! absorption ( lime by ! plants1 p>tly to its be+ wa%$ out ( ! soil by ! ra9s1 & p>tly to its t5d5cy to s9k to a l[] level1 a t5d5cy :i* mo/ practical m5 h _h opportunities ( obs]v+4 ,9 ! latt] case1 deep-pl\gh+ (t5 produces a m>k$ effect1 & sometimes makes x possible to po/pone = a ye> or two ! reapplication ( lime4 ,all ^! circum/ances h _! influ5ce 9 br++ its action to an end1 b ! mo/ important is1 t aft] a "t x has exhau/$ its decompos+ effect on ! soil1 hav+ de/roy$ all ! organic matt]1 or lib]at$ all ! insoluble m9]al sub/ances :i* ! quantity add$ is compet5t to d1 & s ! soil passes back to its old /ate4 ,x does ev5 m1 = unless active measures are tak5 to su/a9 x by o!r means1 x is f\nd t ! f]tility ( ! soil is apt to become less ?an x 0 be=e ! use ( lime4 ,& t x %\ld be s is manife/1 if we consid] t ! lime add$ has lib]at$ a quantity ( inorganic matt]1 :i*1 9 ! natural /ate ( ! soil1 w\ld h become sl[ly available to ! plant1 & t x mu/ h act$ *iefly 9 ^? v portions :i*1 f hav+ already und]gone a p>tial decomposition1 7 ready to pass into a /ate fitt$ = absorption1 & ?us z x 7 mu/ h anticipat$ ! supplies ( future ye>s4 ,?is effect has be5 frequ5tly obs]v$ by f>m]s1 & is inde$ s common1 t x has pass$ into a prov]bial say+1 t lime enri*es ! fa!rs & impov]i%es ! sons4 ,b ?is is true only :5 ! soil is /9t$ ( o!r manures1 = :5 x is well manur$ ! exhau/+ effect ( lime is n obs]v$2 & x mu/ be laid d[n z a practical rule1 t its use necessitates a lib]al treatm5t ( ! soil 9 all o!r respects4 ,b :5 lime has be5 once employ$ x becomes almo/ necess>y to resort to x aga92 & g5]ally s soon z its effects are exhau/$ a new quantity is appli$1 n s l>ge z t :i* is us$ :5 ! soil is fir/ lim$1 b /ill consid]able4 ,:5 ?is is done v frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 bad effects ensue2 ! soil gets into a p>ticul> /ate1 9 :i* x is s op5 t ! gra9 crops become unc]ta91 & su* l& is said1 9 practical language1 to be ov]lim$4 ,! explanation ( ?is /ate ( matt]s commonly assum$ by ^? unacqua9t$ ) *emi/ry is1 t ! l& has become too full ( lime2 b a mom5t's consid]ation ( ! v small fraction ( ! soil :i* ev5 ! l>ge/ application ( lime =ms1 w s]ve to %ew t ?is _c be ! cause4 ,t5 tons ( lime p] acre am\nts to only "o p] c5t ( ! soil1 & z a consid]able "p ( ! lime is c>ri$ (f by dra9age 9 ! c\rse ( ye>s1 x is obvi\s t ev5 v l>ge & frequ5tly repeat$ doses are n likely to produce any great accumulation ( t sub/ance4 ,9 po9t ( fact1 analyses ( ov]lim$ soils h prov$ t ! lime does n exce$ ! ord9>y quantity f\nd 9 f]tile l&4 ,! explanation ( ! ph5om5on is probably to be f\nd 9 ! rapid decomposition ( organic matt] by ! lime1 & its escape z c>bonic acid1 by :i* ! soil is left 9 t curi\s por\s condition s well kn[n 9 practice4 ,! cure = ov]lim+ is f\nd to be ! employm5t ( su* means z consolidate ! soil1 su* z eat+ (f ) %eep1 roll+1 or lay+ d[n to p]man5t pa/ure4 ,! imm$iate effect ( lime on ! vegetation ( ! l& to :i* x is appli$ is v /rik+4 ,x imm$iately de/roys all sorts ( moss1 makes a t5d] h]bage spr+ up1 & eradicates a numb] ( we$s4 ,x improves ! quantity & quality ( mo/ crops1 & causes !m to arrive m rapidly at maturity4 ,! ext5t to :i* x produces ^! effects is dep5d5t on ! =m 9 :i* x is appli$4 ,:5 ! lime is us$ hot1 t is1 imm$iately aft] x has be5 slak$1 !y are produc$ mo/ rapidly & effectually2 b if x has be5 s long expos$ to ! air z to absorb mu* ( ! c>bonic acid x lo/ 9 burn+1 & has got into :at is commonly call$ ! mild /ate1 x op]ates m sl[ly2 & :5 x is appli$ z *alk1 m>l1 or p\nd$ lime/one1 its action is /ill m t>dy4 ,v>i\s circum/ances1 :i* mu/ dep5d ^u v diff]5t consid]ations1 mu/ necess>ily influ5ce ! f>m] 9 ! selection ( "o or o!r ( ^! diff]5t =ms ( lime2 b on ! :ole1 x w be f\nd t ! greate/ advantages are on ! side ( ! well-burn$ & fre%ly slak$ lime4 ,! consid]ation ( all ! m9utiae to be att5d$ to1 h[ev]1 w\ld c>ry u f> beyond ! limits ( ?is "w1 & tr5* to "s ext5t on ! subject ( practical agriculture4 ,v>i\s k9ds ( refuse matt]s conta9+ lime h be5 us$ 9 agriculture1 b !y are g5]ally inf]ior to good lime1 & n g5]ally m economical4 ,! mo/ important ( ^! is gas lime1 or lime :i* has be5 us$ = purify+ coal gas4 ,9 go+ ?r\gh ?is process x absorbs c>bonic acid f ! gas1 & consequ5tly passes back1 m or less1 completely into ! =m ( c>bonate ( lime4 ,b x also takes up sulphur1 :i* rema9s 9 x 9 ! =m ( sulphuret ( calcium4 ,x is well kn[n t all sulphurets are prejudicial to vegetable life1 & h5ce1 :5 fre% gas lime is us$1 its effects are (t5 injuri\s r ?an b5eficial4 ,b if x be expos$ = "s "t to ! air1 oxyg5 is absorb$1 ! sulphur is conv]t$ into sulphuric acid1 gypsum is produc$ to ! ext5t ( "s p] c5t1 & ! lime !n becomes innocu\s4 ,:5 compo/$ ) dry soil1 ! admission ( air into ! int]ior ( ! lime is facilitat$1 & ?is *ange takes place ) great] rapidity4 ,! wa/e lime f blea*-works1 tann]ies1 & o!r manufactories1 is occasionally us$ by f>m]s2 b unless obta9$ at a nom9al price1 x _c compete ) good quick lime1 ow+ to ! l>ge am\nt ( wat] x conta9s1 & ! consequ5t increase 9 ! co/ ( c>riage4 ,sulphate ( ,lime or ,gypsum4--,gypsum has be5 ext5sively us$ z a manure1 & is f\nd to ex]t a v rem>kable influ5ce ^u clov]1 & legum9\s crops g5]ally4 ,x is employ$ 9 quantities v>y+ f two cwt4 p] acre up to a v l>ge quantity1 & almo/ inv>iably ) good results1 9 "s in/ances ev5 ) ! production ( d\ble crops4 ,mu* speculation has tak5 place z to ! cause ( ?is action :i* is s specific 9 its "*1 & f ,sir ,humphrey ,davy d[n to ! pres5t "t1 _m *emi/s & agriculturi/s h consid]$ ! matt]4 ,sir ,humphrey ,davy attribut$ its action to its supply+ sulphur to ^? plants :i*1 accord+ to him1 conta9 an unusually l>ge quantity ( t elem5t4 ,t op9ion has be5 s9ce ent]ta9$ by o!rs1 b x c sc>cely be consid]$ z well f\nd$1 = ! m accurate exp]im5ts rec5tly made d n po9t to any conspicu\s diff]5ces betwe5 ! quantities ( sulphur conta9$ 9 ^! & o!r plants4 ,x is1 moreov]1 to gypsum alone t ^! effects are due1 & if x 7 m]ely z a s\rce ( sulphur t x 0 employ$1 !re are o!r salts :i* c\ld be equally1 p]haps m advantage\sly1 us$2 su*1 = in/ance1 z sulphate ( soda4 ,o!rs h attribut$ its action to its p[] ( fix+ ammonia1 b ?is explanation is c]ta9ly unt5able1 = ! soil itself possesses ?is prop]ty v p[]fully1 & x is inconceivable t ! addition ( a few hundr$ weights ( gypsum %\ld h any effect 9 promot+ ?is action4 ,! exp]im5ts :i* h be5 made ) gypsum leave no d\bt z to its effect1 m especially on legum9\s plants1 b !y d n af=d an explanation ( its mode ( action1 = :i* fur!r inquiries1 direct$ especially to t object1 are requir$4 ,! application ( gypsum to ! soil appe>s to h dim9i%$ ( late ye>s1 & ?is is probably due to ! l>ge consumption ( sup]phosphates1 & o!r manufactur$ manures1 :i* conta9 x 9 abundance4 ,9 an ord9>y application ( ^! sub/ances1 !re are conta9$ f "o to two hundr$weight ( gypsum2 & x is n likely t :5 !y h be5 ext5sively us$1 mu* b5efit w be d]iv$ f a fur!r application ( x by itself4 ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,! ,,valuation ,,( ,,manures4 ,! det]m9ation ( ! value ( a manure is 9 _m respects a comm]cial r ?an a *emical "q1 b z x mu/ be f\nd$ on ! analysis1 & pres5ts "s peculi>ities dep5d5t on ! complicat$ nature ( ! sub/ances to be valu$1 x has fall5 to "s ext5t into ! h&s ( ! *emi/4 ,! pr9ciple on :i* ! value ( any comm]cial sample is e/imat$ is v simple4 ,x is only necess>y to "k ! price ( ! pure article1 & t ( ! p>ticul> sample to be valu$ is obta9$ by mak+ a d$uction f ?is price proportionate to ! p] c5tage ( impurities %ewn by ! analysis4 ,?us1 = example1 if pure sulphate ( ammonia sells at ,l#af p] ton1 a sample conta9+ #aj p] c5t ( impurities ought to be pur*as$ = ,l#ad3 #hs41 & s on = any o!r quantity4 ,?is sy/em :i* answ]s p]fectly ) sulphate ( ammonia1 nitrate ( soda1 or any o!r sub/ance ^: value dep5ds on "o individual elem5t1 is inapplicable 9 ! case ( complex manures1 su* z guano & ! l1 9 :i* sev]al factors comb9e to make up ! value4 ,9 su* cases1 manures ( v diff]5t composition may h ! same value1 ! defici5cy 9 "o p>ticul> elem5t be+ c\nt]balanc$ by ! excess ( ano!r4 ,h5ce x becomes necess>y to obta9 an e/imate ( ! value ( ea* factor1 f :i* t n only ( "o p>ticul> sub/ance1 b ( e possible mixture may be det]m9$4 ,:5 we come to inquire m9utely into ?is "q1 x appe>s t ! comm]cial value ( any sub/ance is n e/imat$ solely by consid]ations ( composition1 b is dep5d5t to a great ext5t on que/ions ( dem& & supply1 & applicability to p>ticul> purposes4 ,?us coprolites conta9+ f #ee to #fj p] c5t ( phosphates sell at ab\t ,l#b3 #abs4 p] ton1 :ile bone-a% conta9+ ! same quantity ( t +r$i5t br+s ab\t twice z mu*2 9 o!r words1 phosphates are ne>ly twice z valuable 9 bone-a% z 9 coprolites1 & z a phosphatic guano _! price is g5]ally /ill high]2 & ! reason = ?is is obvi\s1 9 bones & guano ! phosphates are 9 a high /ate ( division1 9 :i* !y are easily attack$ & dis9tegrat$ by ! c>bonic acid ( ! soil1 & r5d]$ available to plants2 :ile 9 coprolites !y are 9 a h>d & compact =m1 & are ( little use unless !y h previ\sly und]gone an exp5sive prep>ation4 ,9 ! same way1 if ! m>ket price ( diff]5t k9ds ( guano be inquir$ into1 v great diff]5ces are f\nd to exi/ 9 ! rate at :i* phosphates are sold1 & ?is is attributable 9 "p to ! fact t ! price at :i* any article is *>g$ comm]cially1 is su* z to cov] ! prime co/1 exp5se ( freight1 & o!r *>ges1 & to leave a pr(it to ! import]2 & p>tly1 also1 no d\bt1 to ! c>elessness ) :i* manures are (t5 pur*as$1 & to ! want ( c>eful field exp]im5ts 9 :i* ! effects produc$ by !m are prop]ly comp>$4 ,x w be readily und]/ood t ! /ate ( division ( any sub/ance1 ! read9ess ) :i* its con/itu5ts c be r5d]$ available to ! plants1 c>e ( application1 & _m o!r circum/ances mu/ influ5ce its price2 b mak+ due all[ance = ^!1 diff]5ces are met ) :i* appe> to "s ext5t to be m]ely ! result ( caprice4 ,x is easy to und]/& :y bone-a% %\ld sell at d\ble ! price ( coprolites1 b no good reason c be %ewn :y ! phosphates 9 "o k9d ( guano %\ld be sold at a mu* high] price ?an ano!r1 & ! diff]5ce w\ld probably disappe> if great] att5tion 7 paid to ! results ( field exp]im5ts4 ,h[ev] great & inexplicable ^! diff]5ces may be1 x is n ! bus9ess ( ! valuator ( a manure to discuss !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 he is b\nd to accept !m z ! basis ( 8 calculation1 & to endeav\r to d$uce f !m a prop] sy/em ( e/imation = ea* sub/ance4 ,/rictly speak+1 ea* individual manure ought to be valu$ accord+ to a plan special to itself1 & d$uc$ f its own /&>d m>ket price2 b x is obvi\s t ?is w\ld lead to innum]able complications & defeat its own ends1 & h5ce an attempt has be5 made to contrive a g5]al sy/em suit$ to all manures1 & :i*1 ?\gh n absolutely correct1 is a suffici5t approximation = all practical purposes1 & a tol]ably accurate guide to ! det]m9ation ( _! relative values4 ,! con/itu5ts ( a manure :i* are ( actual value are ammonia1 insoluble phosphates1 biphosphate ( lime 7soluble phosphates71 sulphate ( lime1 nitric acid 7z nitrate ( soda71 pota%1 soda1 & organic matt]4 ,^! sub/ances diff] greatly 9 value4 ,ammonia & phosphates1 soluble & insoluble1 are co/ly2 & by f> ! l>g] "p ( ! value ( all guanos1 & ! common manufactur$ manures1 dep5ds on !m4 ,nitric acid & pota% are also v valuable sub/ances1 b z !y are r>ely f\nd 9 manufactur$ manures1 & nev] 9 suffici5t quantity to ex]t any mat]ial influ5ce 9 _! price1 x is n usual to take !m into consid]ation except 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,! alkali :i* commonly exi/s 9 artificial manures is soda1 & :5 alkal9e salts appe> 9 any analysis1 !y mu/ be assum$ to consi/ almo/ entirely ( t sub/ance g5]ally 9 ! =m ( common salt1 & be valu$ accord+ly4 ,sulphate ( lime & organic matt] ?\gh abundant con/itu5ts ( mo/ manures1 add b little to _! value1 & x is a moot po9t :e!r !y ought to be tak5 into consid]ation1 al?\gh mo/ p]sons all[ a small value = !m4 ,c>bonate ( lime1 s&1 or silice\s matt]1 & wat]1 ( c\rse1 are altoge!r wor?less4 ,9 ord] to obta9 ! value ( a manure conta9+ sev]al ( ^! sub/ances1 x is necess>y to asc]ta9 ! av]age comm]cial price ( ea* individually4 ,?is is easily done :5 !y are met ) 9 comm]ce sep>ately1 or at lea/ mix$ only ) wor?less sub/ances1 b "s ( !m are only f\nd 9 complex mixtures1 & 9 ^! cases x is necess>y to arrive at a result by an indirect process1 accord+ to me?ods :i* w be imm$iately expla9$4 ,! "q to be solv$ is ! price actually paid = a ton ( ea* sub/ance 9 a pure /ate1 & we %all proce$ to consid] !m 9 succession4 ,insoluble ,phosphates4--,^! are pur*as$ alone1 *iefly 9 ! =m ( coprolites & bone-a%1 or ! sp5t animal *>coal ( ! sug> ref9]s4 ,gr\nd coprolites1 conta9+ ab\t #eh p] c5t ( phosphates1 sell at ,l#b3 #abs4 p] ton1 :i* is at ! rate ( ,l#d3 #hs4 = pure phosphates4 ,bone-a% v>ies consid]ably 9 price1 b ( late samples conta9+ #gj p] c5t ( phosphates h sold z l[ z ,l#d3 #ajs4 p] ton1 & consequ5tly pure phosphates 9 ?is =m are wor? ,l#f3 #hs4 p] ton4 ,al?\gh ^! are ! only =ms 9 :i* phosphates are pur*as$ alone1 x is possible to det]m9e ! price at :i* !y are sold 9 bones & phosphatic guanos1 by fir/ d$uct+ ! value ( ! ammonia !y conta91 & assum+ ! rema9d] to repres5t ! price paid = ! phosphates4 ,9 ?is way we f9d ! foll[+ values = insoluble phosphates3-- ,9 ,coprolites ,l#d #aj #j ,bone-a% #f #h #j ,bones #g #e #j ,phosphatic guanos #aj #j #j ,x is to be obs]v$ t ^! are actual prices1 & !y are liable to fluctuate ) ! /ate ( ! m>ket1 al?\gh !y are pretty fair av]ages4 ,x is important to notice h[ mu* !y v>y 9 ! diff]5t =ms2 ! f>m] :o buys a phosphatic guano pay+ = phosphates a mu* high] price ?an he c\ld h obta9$ ^? = 9 o!r sub/ances--a diff]5ce :i* mu/ be attribut$ to ! high /ate ( division 9 :i* !y exi/ 9 ! guano4 ,we d n "h ent] ^u ! "q h[ f> ?is diff]5ce 9 price is ju/ifi$2 we are cont5t ) ! fact t x exi/s1 & we are compell$ to e/imate ! value ( phosphates 9 a phosphatic guano at ! price giv5 above1 al?\gh 9 ,p]uvian guano !y are sold at a l[] rate4 ,= all o!r manures1 ( :i* bones & bone-a% =m ! basis1 ,l#g may be tak5 z a fair price1 & x is t usually adopt$1 ?\gh ,l#h & ,l#aj h sometimes be5 assum$ z ! av]age4 ,ammonia is met ) 9 comm]ce z muriate & sulphate ( ammonia4 ,! =m]1 ow+ to its high price1 is practically exclud$ f use z a manure2 ! latt] sells at pres5t at f ,l#ae to ,l#ae3 #ajs4 p] ton1 &1 mak+ all[ance = ! usual am\nt ( impurity 7#e or #f p] c5t71 ! actual ammonia is wor? ab\t ,l#fc p] ton4 ,calculat+ f o!r sub/ances x appe>s t ammonia is wor?1 p] ton1 9-- ,sulphate ( ammonia ,l#fc #j #j ,bones #fa #j #j ,p]uvian guano #eg #j #j ! av]age be+ ,l#fj1 :i* is ! price usually adopt$4 ,sulphate ( ,lime & ,alkal9e ,salts 7consi/+ *iefly ( soda7 are g5]ally e/imat$ at ,ll p] ton2 & pota% 9 ^? cases1 9 :i* x is necess>y to take x into acc\nt1 is usually valu$ at f ,l#bj to ,l#cj p] ton1 ! =m] be+ its value 9 kelp1 ! =m 9 :i* x c be mo/ *eaply pur*as$4 ,nitrate ( ,soda is usually sold at f ,l#ae to ,l#ae3 #ajs4 p] ton1 &1 mak+ all[ance = impurities1 ,l#af may be tak5 z ! value ( ! pure salt4 ,biphosphate ( ,lime1 ,soluble ,phosphates4--,consid]able difficulty is exp]i5c$ 9 e/imat+ ! value ( ^! sub/ances1 because !y are n met ) 9 comm]ce alone1 or 9 any =m except t ( sup]phosphate1 & ! prices at :i* !y are sold 9 diff]5t samples ( t manure diff] excessively4 ,! only c\rse by :i* any result c be obta9$1 is to det]m9e ! av]age price ( a good sup]phosphate1 & putt+ ! values already asc]ta9$ on all ! o!r con/itu5ts to reckon ! diff]5ce betwe5 t sum & ! m>ket price z ! value ( soluble phosphates4 ,?r[+ out1 z inf]ior1 all samples conta9+ less ?an #aj p] c5t ( soluble phosphates1 & tak+ ! good only1 ,i f9d t ! av]age composition ( ! phosphates 9 ! m>ket dur+ ! pres5t ye> has be5-- ,wat] #aj4ga ,organic matt] #i4cc ,biphosphate ( lime equival5t to #ai4dc soluble phosphates #ab4de ,insoluble phosphates #ad4gh ,sulphate ( lime #de4bd ,alkal9e salts #b4aa ,s& #e4ch ------ #ajj4jj ,ammonia #a4ga ,x is m difficult to fix ! av]age price ( sup]phosphate1 z 9 _m cases no in=mation c\ld be obta9$ on ?is po9t2 b among ^? analyz$ 7 samples at all prices1 f ,l#g up to ,l#aj3 #ajs4 p] ton1 s t on ! :ole1 ,l#h may be assum$ z an av]age1 & 9 t case soluble phosphates are wor? ,l#bg3 #ais4 p] ton4 ,_h ! inf]ior samples be5 includ$1 ! price w\ld h be5 high]1 & 9 fact ! rate at :i* soluble phosphates h be5 commonly e/imat$ is ,l#cj p] ton1 or ,l#df3 #afs4 = biphosphate ( lime1 al?\gh sometimes ! =m] h be5 reckon$ z l[ z ,l#be1 ) a correspond+ rate = ! latt]4 ,x is important t biphosphate ( lime & soluble phosphates %\ld n be conf\nd$ ) "o ano!r 9 valu+ a manure1 ! latt] hav+ "o & a half times ! value ( ! =m]4 ,z manures are liable to consid]able fluctuations 9 price1 ! value atta*$ to ea* ( _! con/itu5ts ought to be v>i$ ) ! /ate ( ! m>ket2 b x is obvi\sly impossible = ! f>m] to wat* ! *anges 9 price ) su* m9ut5ess z to enable him to d ?is1 & x is mu* m conv5i5t1 z well z saf]1 to adopt a fix$ av]age1 :i* c be us$ ) reasonable accuracy at all times4 ,! fact is1 t ?is sy/em ( valuation is only an approximation to ! tru?2 & if absolute accuracy 7 aim$ at1 x w\ld be necess>y to v>y ! e/imates1 n only at diff]5t times1 b at diff]5t localities at ! same "t1 & to "s ext5t also accord+ to ! k9d ( manure4 ,! price ( soluble phosphates m especially1 fluctuates to a great ext5t1 be+ practically fix$ by ea* manufactur] accord+ to ! facilities :i* 8 position or comm& ( raw mat]ial (f] = produc+ !m at a l[ rate4 ,we ?us f9d t :5 made f bones alone1 ! co/ ( t sub/ance is n unfrequ5tly z high z ,l#dj p] ton1 & :5 bone-a% alone is us$ x is sometimes z l[ z ,l#bj4 ,su* extreme diff]5ces1 ( c\rse1 _c be tak5 into acc\nt 9 ! sy/em ( valuation adopt$1 :]e all t c be done is to take av]age values1 :i*1 :5 appli$ to av]age samples1 ought to br+ out _! value4 ,! data :i* h already be5 giv5 reg>d+ ! price ( ! individual con/itu5ts ( manures c be appli$ to ! det]m9ation ( ! value ( any mixture 9 two diff]5t ways by means ( ! subjo9$ table3-- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,price p] ,ton4 ,p] c5t p] ,ton4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,ammonia ,l#fj #j #j ,l#j #ab #j ,insoluble phosphates #g #j #j #j #a #e ,d4 9 phosphatic guanos #aj #j #j #j #b #j ,soluble phosphates #cj #j #j #j #f #j ,biphosphate ( lime #df #af #j #j #i #d-a_/b ,alkal9e salts #a #j #j #j #j #b-d_/aj ,sulphate ( lime #a #j #j #j #j #b-d_/aj ,pota% #bj #j #j #j #d #j ,nitrate ( soda #af #j #j #j #c #b-a_/b ,organic matt] #j #aj #j #j #j #a-a_/d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,suppos+ x be desir$ to calculate ! value ( a manure by ! fir/ column1 x is obvi\s t if we suppose #ajj tons to be pur*as$1 ! p] c5tages ( ! diff]5t con/itu5ts %ewn 9 ! analysis w give ! numb] ( tons ( ea* conta9$ 9 #ajj tons ( ! mixture1 &1 select+ ! analysis ( ! sup]phosphate giv5 9 a previ\s page1 we proce$ 9 ! calculation z foll[s3-- #ad4aa tons ( organic matt] at #ajs4 ,l#g #j #j #ad4hf soluble phosphates at ,l#cj #ddf #j #j #ae4ac insoluble phosphates at ,l#g #aje #j #j #ci4dc sulphate ( lime at ,l#a #ci #j #j #c4hb alkal9e salts at ,l#a #d #j #j #b4aj ammonia at ,l#fj #abf #j #j ---------- ,value ( #ajj tons ,l#gbg #j #j or ,l#g 3 #es4 p] ton4 ,accord+ to ! second column1 ! numb]s give ! sum by :i* ! p] c5tages ( ea* +r$i5t mu/ be multipli$1 to give its value 9 a ton ( manure1 & x is us$ = ! same manure 9 ! foll[+ mann]3-- #ad4aa organic matt]1 multipli$ by #a-a_/d;d4 ,l#j #a #e #ad4hh soluble phosphates #fs4 #d #i #b #ae4ac insoluble phosphates #as4 #e;d4 #a #a #d #ci4dc sulphate ( lime #b-d_/aj;d4 ,o #h #aj #c4hb alkal9e salts #b-d_/aj;d4 ,o ,o #i #b4aj ammonia #abs4 #a #e #c -------- ,value p] ton ,l#g #f #i ,! diff]5ce is due to ! less m9ute calculation ( fractional quantities 9 ! latt] case4 ,! calculation ( ! value ( any o!r manure is effect$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 tak+ c>e1 h[ev]1 to use ! high] value = phosphates 9 ! case ( a phosphatic guano4 ,x w be obvi\s to e "o :o tries ! two me?ods t ! fir/ greatly exce$s ! second 9 conv5i5ce & simplicity 9 ! calculations1 & x is t mo/ commonly 9 use1 al?\gh "s p]sons pref] ! second4 ,al?\gh ! data j giv5 mu/ always =m ! basis ( ! valuation ( any manure1 !re are a v>iety ( o!r circum/ances :i* mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 & :i* give great scope = ! judgm5t & exp]i5ce ( ! valuator4 ,( ^! ! mo/ important is ! prop] admixture ( ! +r$i5ts1 & ! condition ( ! manure z reg>ds dryness1 complete r$uction to ! pulv]ul5t /ate1 & ! l4 ,a c]ta9 all[ance ought always to be made = c>eful manufacture2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 :]e ! manure is damp or ill r$uc$1 a small d$uction 7! am\nt ( :i* mu/ be decid$ by ! exp]i5ce ( ! valuator7 ought to be made on acc\nt ( ! risk :i* ! f>m] runs ( loss f unequal di/ribution1 & ! extra co/ ( c>riage ( an unnecess>y quantity ( wat]4 ,x is also necess>y to take into acc\nt ! p>ticul> elem5t requir$ by ! soil4 ,?us1 a f>m] :o f9ds 8 soil wants phosphates1 w look to ! manure conta9+ ! l>ge/ quantity ( t sub/ance1 & possibly n requir+ ammonia1 w n c>e to e/imate at its full value any quantity ( t sub/ance :i* he may be compell$ to take along ) ! =m]1 b w look only to ! s\rce f :i* he c obta9 x mo/ *eaply4 ,x may be well1 !re=e1 to po9t out t ammonia is mo/ *eaply pur*as$ 9 ,p]uvian guano2 insoluble phosphates 9 coprolites2 & soluble phosphates 9 sup]phosphates1 made f bone-a% alone4 ,9 g5]al1 h[ev]1 x w be f\nd mo/ advantage\s to select manures 9 :i* ! con/itu5ts are prop]ly adju/$ to "o ano!r1 s t nei!r ammonia1 soluble nor insoluble phosphates1 prepond]ate2 b1 ( c\rse1 x mu/ frequ5tly happ5 t x w prove m economical to buy ! sub/ances sep>ately & to make ! mixture1 ?an to take ! manure 9 :i* !y are ready mix$4 ,9 judg+ ( ! value ( any manure1 x is also important to make sure t ! analysis :i* =ms ! basis ( ! calculation is t ( a fair sample1 :i* correctly repres5ts ! bulk actually deliv]$ to ! pur*as]1 & n "o :i* has be5 made to d duty = an unlimit$ quantity ( manure1 :i* is suppos$ to be all ( equal quality1 z (t5 happ5s 9 ! h&s ( c>eless manufactur]s1 & too great att5tion _c be devot$ to ! selection ( ! sample1 :i* is v (t5 done 9 an exce$+ly slov5ly mann]4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,rotation ,,( ,,crops4 ,ref]5ce has already be5 m ?an once made to ! fact t a crop gr[+ 9 any soil mu/ necess>ily exhau/ x to a great] or less ext5t by )draw+ f x a c]ta9 quantity ( ! elem5ts to :i* its f]tility is due4 ,t ?is is ! case has be5 long admitt$ 9 practice1 & x has also be5 e/abli%$ t ! exhau/+ effects ( diff]5t species ( plants are v diff]5t2 t :ile "s rapidly impov]i% ! soil1 o!rs may be cultivat$ = a numb] ( ye>s )\t mat]ial injury1 & "s ev5 app>5tly improve x4 ,?us1 x is a notori\s fact t :ite crops exhau/1 :ile grass improves ! soil2 b ! improvem5t 9 ! latt] case is really dep5d5t on ! fact1 t :5 ! l& is laid d[n 9 pa/ure1 no?+ is remov$ f x1 ! cattle :i* fe$ on its produce re/or+ all b a m9ute fraction ( ! m9]al matt]s conta9$ 9 _! food2 & z ! plants d]ive a "p1 & 9 "s in/ances a v l>ge "p1 ( _! organic con/itu5ts f ! air1 ! f]tility ( ! soil mu/ manife/ly be increas$1 or at all ev5ts ma9ta9$ 9 its previ\s /ate4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! plant1 or any portion ( x1 is remov$ f ! soil1 !re mu/ be a r$uction ( f]tility dep5d5t on ! quantity ( valuable matt]s )drawn by x2 & ?us x happ5s t :5 a plant has gr[n on any soil1 & has remov$ f x a l>ge quantity ( nutritive matt]s1 x becomes incapable ( produc+ an equally l>ge crop ( ! same species2 & if ! attempt be made to gr[ x 9 successive ye>s1 ! l& becomes incapable ( produc+ x at all1 & is !n said to be ?or\ghly exhau/$4 ,b if ! exhau/$ l& be all[$ to lie = "s "t )\t a crop1 x rega9s its f]tility m or less rapidly accord+ to circum/ances1 & aga9 produces ! same plant 9 remun]ative quantity4 ,! obs]vation ( ?is fact l$ to ! introduction ( nak$ fall[s1 :i*1 up to a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 7 an ess5tial feature 9 agriculture4 ,b aft] a "t x 0 obs]v$ t ! l& :i* _h be5 exhau/$ by successive crops ( "o species 0 n absolutely b>r51 b 0 /ill capable ( produc+ a luxuriant gr[? ( o!r plants4 ,?us peas1 beans1 clov]1 or potatoes1 c\ld be cultivat$ ) success on l& :i* w\ld no long] su/a9 a crop ( gra91 & ^! plants came into use 9 place ( ! nak$ fall[ "u ! "n ( fall[ crops4 ,on ?is 0 f\nd$ ! rotation ( crops2 = x 0 cle> t a judici\s int]*ange ( ! plants gr[n might enable ! soil to rega9 its f]tility = "o crop at ! "t :5 x 0 produc+ ano!r2 & :5 exhau/$ = ! second1 x might be aga9 ready to be> crops ( ! fir/4 ,! necessity = a rotation ( crops has be5 expla9$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,! olde/ view is t ( ,dec&olle1 :o f\nd$ 8 !ory on ! fact t ! plants excrete c]ta9 sub/ances f _! roots4 ,he f\nd t :5 plants are gr[n 9 wat]1 a peculi> matt] is ?r[n (f by ! roots2 & he believ$ t ?is extrem5titi\s sub/ance is elim9at$ because x is injuri\s to ! plant1 & t1 rema9+ 9 ! soil1 x acts z a poison to ^? ( ! same species1 & s prev5ts ! gr[? ( ano!r crop4 ,b ?is excretion1 ?\gh poison\s to ! plants f :i* x is excret$1 he believ$ to be nutritive to ^? ( ano!r species :i* is ?us enabl$ to gr[ luxuriantly :]e ! o!rs fail$4 ,no?+ c be m simple ?an ?is explanation1 & x 0 readily embrac$ at ! "t x 0 prop\nd$ & consid]$ fully satisfactory4 ,b :5 m m9utely exam9$1 x becomes app>5t t ! facts on :i* x is f\nd$ are ( a v unc]ta9 "*4 ,dec&olle's obs]vations reg>d+ ! radical excretions ( plants h n be5 confirm$ by subsequ5t obs]v]s4 ,on ! contr>y1 x has be5 %ewn t ?\gh "s plants1 :5 gr[+ 9 wat]1 d excrete a p>ticul> sub/ance 9 small quantity1 no?+ ( ! sort appe>s :5 !y are gr[n 9 a silice\s s&4 ,& h5ce ! inf]5ce is1 t ! peculi> excretion ( plants gr[+ 9 wat] is to be view$ z ! result ( ! abnormal me?od ( _! gr[? r ?an z a natural product ( vegetation4 ,b ev5 admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( ^! matt]s1 x w\ld be impossible to accept ! explanation f\nd$ ^u !m1 because x is a famili> fact t1 on "s soils1 ! repeat$ gr[? ( p>ticul> crops is p]fectly possible1 z1 = in/ance1 on ! virg9 soils ( ,am]ica1 f :i* _m successive crops ( :eat h be5 tak52 & 9 ^! cases ! alleg$ excretion mu/ h tak5 place )\t produc+ any delet]i\s effect on ! crop4 ,besides1 x is 9 ! la/ degree improbable t ^! excretions1 consi/+ ( soluble organic matt]s1 %\ld rema9 9 ! soil )\t und]go+ decomposition1 z all simil> sub/ances d2 & ev5 if !y did1 we _c1 ) our pres5t k ( ! food ( plants1 admit ! possibility ( ! direct absorption ( any organic sub/ance :atev]4 ,inde$1 ! idea ( radical excretions1 z an explanation ( ! rotation ( crops1 mu/ be consid]$ z be+ entirely ab&on$4 ,! necessity = a rotation ( crops is n[ g5]ally attribut$ to ! diff]5t quantities ( valuable matt]s :i* diff]5t plants remove f ! soil1 & m especially to _! m9]al con/itu5ts4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$ t great diff]5ces exi/ 9 ! composition ( ! a% ( diff]5t plants 9 ! section on t subject2 & x 0 /at$ t a di/9ction has be5 made betwe5 lime1 pota%1 & silica plants1 accord+ z "o or o!r ( ^! elem5ts prepond]ate 9 _! a%es4 ,! rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! proportion ( ^! elem5ts has be5 suppos$ to af=d an explanation ( rotation4 ,x is suppos$ t if a plant requir+ a l>ge quantity ( any "o elem5t1 pota%1 = example1 be gr[n dur+ a succession ( ye>s on ! same soil1 x w soon] or lat] exhau/ all1 or ne>ly all1 ! pota% t soil conta9s 9 an available =m1 & x w consequ5tly cease to produce a luxuriant crop4 ,b if ?is plant be replac$ by ano!r :i* requires only a small quantity ( pota% & a l>ge quantity ( lime1 x w fl\ri%1 because x f9ds :at is necess>y to its gr[?4 ,9 ! meantime1 ! *anges :i* are proce$+ 9 ! soil1 are lib]at+ new quantities ( ! inorganic matt]s f ^? =ms ( comb9ation 9 :i* !y are n imm$iately available1 & :5 aft] a "t ! plant :i* requires pota% is aga9 s[n on ! soil1 x f9ds a suffici5t quantity to s]ve its purpose4 ,we h already1 9 treat+ ( ! a%es ( plants1 po9t$ out ! ext5t ( ! diff]5ces :i* exi/2 b ^! w be made m obvi\s by ! annex$ table1 giv+ ! quantity ( ! diff]5t m9]al matt]s conta9$ 9 ! produce ( an imp]ial acre ( ! diff]5t crops4 ,,table %ew+ ! quantities ( ,m9]al ,matt]s & ,nitrog5 9 av]age ,crops ( ! pr9cipal v>ieties ( ,f>m ,produce4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,produce p] ,total ,total ,imp]ial ,weight ,m9]al ,pota%4 ,soda4 ,lime4 ,acre4 9 lbs4 ,matt]s4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,:eat--,gra9 #bh bu%els #a1fhj #cd4ab #aj4aa #a4bj #a4jd at #fj lbs4 ,/raw #a ton #c cwt4 #b1egf #aad4dh #bj4gj #b4hd #h4ec ,total 444 444 #adh4fj #cj4ha #d4jd #i4eg ,b>ley--,gra9 #cc bu%els #a1gdi #dd4bd #i4dj #j4cj #j4gf at #ec lbs4 ,/raw #ah cwt4 #b1ajf #ii4ad #aa4bd #a4ad #e4ha ,total 444 444 #adc4ch #bj4fd #a4dd #f4eg ,oats--,gra9 #cd bu%els #a1cfj #dh4hi #aa4jj 444 #e4ca at #dj lbs4 ,/raw #a ton4 #b1bdj #adc4ec #cj4ga #f4aj #aj4bi ,total 444 444 #aib4db #da4ga #f4aj #ae4fj ,beans1 ,peas-- #be bu%els #a1fej #ee4ig #cj4jj #j4ca #c4ja ,gra9 at #fj lbs4 ,/raw #a ton4 #b1bdj #ajh4ea #dh4fa #ac4ad #bi4cg ,total 444 444 #afd4dh #gh4fa #ac4de #cb4ch ,turnips--,bulbs #ac-a_/b tons4 #cj1bdj #bac4ge #eg4ce #dd4ga #bh4fj ,potatoes #c tons4 #f1gbj #ee4eh #bh4ib #b4he #a4bj ,hay #b-a_/b tons4 #e1fjj #cia4ca #abi4gi #d4hj #ce4df ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,magnesia4 ,*lor4 ,sulphuric ,phosphor ,silica4 ,nitro -ine ,acid4 -ic ,acid4 -g54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,:eat--,gra9 #d4hj 444 #j4cb #af4bb #j4dc #bi4bj ,/raw #b4bc 444 #c4ee #c4af #gc4dg #af4ac ,total #g4jc 444 #c4hg #ai4ch #gc4ij #de4cc ,b>ley--,gra9 #c4aj #a4ab #j4he #ae4eb #ac4ai #cd4ih ,/raw #b4ge #a4cj #a4aj #g4bb #fh4eh #f4jc ,total #e4he #b4db #a4ie #bb4gd #ha4gg #da4ja ,oats--,gra9 #d4jd #j4bj 444 #bf4jg #b4bg #bg4ed ,/raw #e4ej #e4ee #e4ah #g4ce #gb4he #ad4aj ,total #i4ed #e4ge #e4ah #cc4db #ge4ab #da4fd ,beans1 ,peas-- #d4jj 444 #a4gf #af4fe #j4bd #df4aj ,gra9 ,/raw #c4gd #g4jj #b4jg #j4gd #c4hd #bf4hh ,total #g4gd #g4jj #c4hc #ag4ci #d4jh #gb4ih ,turnips--,bulbs #d4fe #aj4ce #ci4jb #bb4eg #f4ej #fj4dh ,potatoes #b4aa #c4ba #aj4bd #e4gf #a4bi #bf4jj ,hay #i4fb #ci4fa #af4eg #ba4gi #acc4fg #ef4bb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,! m9or con/itu5ts1 su* z oxide ( iron1 manganese1 etc41 h be5 omitt$ z be+ ( little importance2 & ! quantity ( nitrog51 :i* is ( great mom5t 9 e/imat+ ! exhau/ive effects ( v>i\s crops1 has be5 add$4 ,9 exam9+ ?is table1 x becomes app>5t t :ile 9 reg>d to "s ( ! elem5ts1 ! quantities remov$ by diff]5t crops d n diff] to any m>k$ ext5t1 9 o!rs ! v>iation is v great4 ,! c]eals & grasses are especially di/+ui%$ by ! l>g] quantity ( silica !y conta91 & ! exhau/ive effect consequ5t ^u ! removal ( bo? gra9 & /raw f soils :i* conta9 b a limit$ supply ( t sub/ance 9 an available condition is obvi\s4 ,x is cle> t "u su* circum/ances ! frequ5t repetition ( a c]eal crop may s f> dim9i% ! am\nt ( available silica z to r5d] its cultivation impossible1 al?\gh ! o!r sub/ances may be pres5t 9 suffici5t quantity to produce a pl5tiful crop ( any plant :i* does n require t elem5t4 ,beans & peas1 turnips & hay1 on ! o!r h&1 require a v l>ge quantity ( alkalies1 & especially ( pota%4 ,look+ m m9utely1 h[ev]1 into ?is matt]1 c]ta9 po9ts attract att5tion :i* appe> to be at v>iance ) commonly receiv$ op9ions4 ,) ! exception ( silica1 = example1 ! c]eals d n )draw f ! soil s l>ge a quantity ( m9]al matt]s z "s ( ! s-call$ fall[ crops1 & if _! /raw be return$ to ! soil !y are by f> ! lea/ exhau/ive ( all cultivat$ plants2 & we ?us recognise ! ju/ice ( t practical rule1 :i* lays x d[n z an ess5tial po9t ( good husb&ry t ! /raw ought1 z f> z possible1 to be consum$ on ! f>m on :i* x is produc$4 ,z reg>ds ! g5]al con/itu5ts ( ! a%1 x is also to be rem>k$ t ?\gh diff]5ces 9 _! proportions exi/1 !y are by no means s m>k$ z might be expect$2 ?us !re are no plants = :i* a l>ge quantity ( pota%1 nitrog51 & phosphoric acid is n requir$2 & x is n v easy to see h[ ! sub/itution ( ! "o = ! o!r %\ld be ( mu* importance 9 ?is respect4 ,inde$1 ! m m9utely ! subject is exam9$1 ! m d we become conv9c$ ( ! insuffici5cy ( t view :i* attributes ! necessity = a rotation ( crops to diff]5ces 9 *emical composition alone4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! nature ( ! plant & ! p>ticul> mode 9 :i* x ga!rs its nutrim5t1 h a mo/ important influ5ce4 ,c]ta9 plants are almo/ entirely dep5d5t on ! soil = _! organic con/itu5ts1 :ile o!rs d]ive a l>ge proportion ( !m f ! air1 & a plant ( ! latt] class w fl\ri% 9 a soil 9 :i* "o ( ! =m] is incapable ( gr[+4 ,9 o!r cases1 ! /ructure & di/ribution ( ! roots is ! cause ( ! diff]5ce4 ,"s plants h roots di/ribut$ ne> ! surface & exhau/ ! sup]ficial lay] ( ! soil1 o!rs p5etrate into ! deep] lay]s1 & n only d]ive an abundant supply ( food f !m1 b actually promote ! f]tility ( ! surface soil by ! refuse portions ( !m :i* are left ^u x4 ,exp]i5ce has 9 ?is respect arriv$ at results :i* tally ) !ory1 & x is = ?is reason t ! broad-leaf$ turnip1 :i* obta9s a consid]able quantity ( its nutrim5t f ! air1 alt]nates ) gra9 crops :i* are *iefly dep5d5t on ! soil4 ,x is und\bt$ly to "s su* cause t sev]al rem>kable in/ances ( :at may be call$ natural rotations are to be attribut$4 ,x is well kn[n 9 ,sw$5 t :5 a p9e =e/ is fell$1 a gr[?1 n ( p9e b ( bir*1 imm$iately spr+s up4 ,n[ ! diff]5ce 9 composition ( ! a% ( ^! trees is n suffici5t to expla9 ?is fact1 & x mu/ cle>ly be due to "s diff]5ce 9 ! di/ribution ( _! roots1 or ! mode 9 :i* !y obta9 _! food4 ,:atev] weight may be giv5 to ^! diff]5t explanations ( rotation1 !re is no d\bt ab\t ! importance ( att5d+ to x1 & !re are v>i\s practical d$uctions ( mu* importance to be drawn f ! facts ) :i* we are acqua9t$4 ,?us x is to be obs]v$ t ! quantities ( m9]al matt]s )drawn by plants ( ! same class are g5]ally simil>1 & h5ce x may be inf]r$ t crops ( ! mo/ opposite class ought z mu* z possible to alt]nate ) "o ano!r1 & ea* plant %\ld be repeat$ z seldom z possible1 s t1 ev5 :5 x is necess>y to return to ! same class1 a diff]5t memb] ( x %\ld be employ$4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 place ( imm$iately repeat+ :eat1 :5 ano!r gra9 crop is necess>y1 x w\ld !oretically be pref]able to employ oats or b>ley1 & to replace ! turnip by mangold-wurzel or "s o!r root4 ,x is obvi\s1 h[ev]1 t ?is sy/em _c be c>ri$ out 9 practice to its full ext5t2 = ! sup]ior value ( individual crops causes ! m frequ5t repetition ( ^? :i* make ! l>ge/ return4 ,b exp]i5ce has s f> concurr$ ) !ory t x has taught ! f>m] ! advantage ( long rotations2 & we h se5 ! successive introduction ( ! ?ree1 f\r1 five1 & six-c\rse %ift1 & ev51 9 "s in/ances1 ( long] p]iods4 ,su* is ! !ory ( rotation1 & :ile x w always be mo/ advantage\s to adh]e to x1 x is by no means necess>y t ?is %\ld be done 9 an absolutely rigid mann]4 ,9 ! practice ( agriculture1 plants are plac$ 9 artificial circum/ances1 & in/ead ( all[+ !m to dep5d entirely on ! soil1 !y are suppli$ ) a quantity ( manure conta9+ all ! elem5ts !y require1 & if x be us$ 9 suffici5tly l>ge quantity1 ! same crop may be gr[n ye> aft] ye>4 ,& accord+ly ! ord] ( rotation1 :i* is !oretically ! be/1 may be1 & e day is1 violat$ 9 practice1 al?\gh ?is mu/ necess>ily be done at ! exp5se ( a c]ta9 quantity ( ! valuable matt]s ( ! manure add$1 & is s f> a practice :i* ought !oretically to be avoid$4 ,9 actual practice1 h[ev]1 ! matt] is to be decid$ on o!r gr\nds4 ,! object !n is1 n to produce ! l>ge/ crops1 b ^? :i* make ! l>ge/ money return1 & ?us x may be practically economical to gr[ a crop ( high comm]cial value m frequ5tly ?an is !oretically advantage\s4 ,9 su* cases ! f>m] mu/ seek to d away z f> z possible ) ! disadvantages :i* su* a c\rse entails1 & ?is he w endeav\r to accompli% by c>eful managem5t & a lib]al treatm5t ( ! soil4 ,b :ile ?is sy/em may be adopt$ to "s ext5t1 x mu/ also be borne 9 m9d t ! frequ5t repetition ( "s crops _c be practis$ ) impunity1 = plants are liable to c]ta9 diseases :i* manife/ !mselves to ! greate/ ext5t :5 !y h be5 too (t5 cultivat$ 9 ! same soil4 ,clov] sickness1 :i* affects ! plant :5 frequ5tly repeat$ on light soils1 & ! potatoe disease & f+] & toe h be5 attribut$ to ! same cause4 ,:e!r ?is is ! sole orig9 ( ^! diseases is que/ionable1 b !re is no d\bt t !y are aggravat$ by frequ5t repetition1 & h5ce a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( rotation4 ,x has be5 ass]t$ by great au?orities 9 high f>m+1 t ) our pres5t comm& ( manures1 rotations may be done away )2 b ?is is an op9ion to :i* sci5ce gives no c\nt5ance1 & he w\ld be a ra% man :o attempt$ to c>ry x out 9 practice4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,fe$+ ,,( ,,f>m ,,/ock4 ,! fe$+ ( cattle1 once a subord9ate "p ( ! op]ations ( ! f>m1 has n[ become "o ( its mo/ important dep>tm5ts1 & a l>ge numb] ( m9ute & elaborate exp]im5ts h be5 made by *emi/s & physiologi/s ) ! view ( det]m9+ ! pr9ciples on :i* its successful & economical practice dep5ds4 ,^! inve/igations1 :ile !y h ?r[n mu* light on ! matt]1 h by no means exhau/$ x1 & x w be readily und]/ood t ! complete elucidation ( a subject ( su* complexity1 t\*+ on s _m ( ! mo/ ab/ruse & difficult problems ( *emi/ry & physiology1 & 9 :i* ! exp]im5ts are liable to be affect$ by di/urb+ causes1 dep5d5t on peculi>ities ( con/itution ( diff]5t animals1 _c be o!rwise ?an a sl[ process4 ,9 consid]+ ! pr9ciples ( fe$+1 x is necess>y to po9t out1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 t ! plant & animal are compos$ ( ! same *emical elem5ts1 h5ce ! food suppli$ to ! latt] inv>iably conta9s all ! sub/ances x requires = ! ma9t5ance ( its functions4 ,& n only is ?is ! case1 b ^! elem5ts are to a great ext5t comb9$ toge!r 9 a simil> mann]1--! fibr9e1 case9e1 album51 & fatty matt]s conta9$ 9 animals correspond+ 9 all respects ) ! comp\nds extract$ f plants "u ! same "n2 & ?\gh ! />*y & sac*>9e sub/ances d n =m any "p ( ! animal body1 !y are repres5t$ 9 ! milk1 ! food :i* nature has provid$ = ! "y animal4 ,x has be5 frequ5tly assum$ t ! nitrog5\s & fatty matt]s are simply absorb$ into ! animal sy/em1 & deposit$ un*ang$ 9 its tissues2 b x is probable t ! c\rse ( ev5ts is n q s simple1 al?\gh1 d\btless1 ! decomposition :i* occurs is comp>atively trifl+4 ,! />*y matt]s1 on ! o!r h&1 are completely *ang$1 & devot$ to purposes :i* w be imm$iately expla9$4 ,x is a matt] ( famili> exp]i5ce1 t if ! food be prop]ly proportion$ to ! requirem5ts ( ! animal1 its weight rema9s un*ang$2 & ! inf]5ce to be drawn f ?is fact obvi\sly is1 t ! food does n rema9 p]man5tly 9 ! sy/em1 b mu/ be aga9 got rid (4 ,x escapes p>tly ?r\gh ! lungs1 & p>tly by ! excretions1 :i* d n consi/ m]ely ( ! "p :i* has n be5 dige/$1 b also ( t portion :i* has be5 absorb$1 & aft] p]=m+ its allott$ functions )9 ! sy/em1 has become effete & useless4 ,:5 ! weights ( ! excretions1 ! c>bon conta9$ 9 ! c>bonic acid expir$ by ! lungs & ! small quantity ( matt] :i* escapes 9 ! =m ( p]spiration1 are add$ toge!r1 !y are f\nd 9 su* a case to be exactly equal to ! food4 ,if ! animal be depriv$ ( nutrim5t1 x imm$iately beg9s to lose weight1 because its functions mu/ cont9ue--c>bon mu/ /ill be conv]t$ into c>bonic acid to ma9ta9 respiration--& ! excretions be elim9at$1 al?\gh dim9i%$ 9 quantity1 because !y no long] conta9 ! undige/$ portion ( ! daily food1 & ! sub/ances already /or$ up 9 ! body are consum$ to ma9ta9 ! functions ( life4 ,univ]sal exp]i5ce has %ewn t1 "u su* circum/ances1 ! fat :i* has accumulat$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! body disappe>s1 & ! animal becomes lean2 b x is less g5]ally recognis$ t ! muscul> fle%1 t is ! lean "p ( ! body1 also dim9i%es1 al?\gh x is suffici5tly indicat$ by ! fact t nitrog5 /ill cont9ues to be f\nd 9 ! ur9e1 & t ! animal becomes feeble & incapable ( muscul> ex]tion4 ,respiration & secretion1 9 fact1 proce$ q irrespective ( ! food1 :i* is only requir$ to repair ! loss !y occasion4 ,:5 ! c\rse ( ev5ts )9 ! animal body is trac$1 x is f\nd to be some:at z foll[s3 ,! food consum$ is dige/$ & absorb$ into ! blood1 :]e x und]goes a s]ies ( complicat$ *anges1 z a consequ5ce ( :i* "p ( x is conv]t$ into c>bonic acid1 & elim9at$ by ! lungs1 & "p is deposit$ 9 ! tissues z fat & fle%4 ,aft] ! lapse ( a c]ta9 p]iod1 long] or %ort] accord+ to circum/ances1 a new set ( actions comes into play1 by :i* ! complex con/itu5ts ( ! tissues are resolv$ into simpl] sub/ances1 & excret$ *iefly by ! lungs & kidneys4 ,! *anges ?us produc$ are1 to a great ext5t1 id5tical ) ^? :i* w\ld take place if ! fat & fle% 7 consum$ 9 a fire2 & ! animal frame may1 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 be comp>$ to a furnace1 9 :i*1 by ! daily consumption ( a c]ta9 quantity ( fuel & air inhal$ 9 ! process ( respiration1 its temp]ature is ma9ta9$ above t ( ! surr\nd+ atmosph]e4 ,if ! daily supply ( fuel1 t is ( food1 be prop]ly adju/$ to ! loss by combu/ion1 ! weight ( ! animal rema9s con/ant2 if x be r$uc$ bel[ ?is quantity1 x dim9i%es2 b if x be increas$1 ! /oma* ei!r refuses to dige/ & assimilate ! excess1 or x is absorb$ & /or$ up 9 ! body1 increas+ bo? ! fat & fle%4 ,:5 an animal is f$ 9 su* a mann] t its weight rema9s con/ant1 a balance is produc$ betwe5 ! supply ( nutrim5t conta9$ 9 ! food & ! wa/e ( ! tissues1 ! ga9 f ! =m] exactly c\nt]pois+ ! loss occasion$ by ! latt]4 ,if 9 ?is /ate ( matt]s an additional supply ( food be giv51 ?is balance is d]ang$1 & ! nutrim5t be+ 9 excess ( ! loss1 ! animal ga9s weight1 & x cont9ues to d ?is = "s "t1 until x rea*es a po9t at :i* a new balance is e/abli%$1 & its weight aga9 becomes con/ant2 & ?is is due to ! fact t ! animal becomes subject to an additional wa/e1 consequ5t on ! increas$ weight ( matt] accumulat$ 9 its tissues4 ,if1 aft] ! animal has atta9$ its new con/ant weight1 ! food be a second "t increas$1 a fur!r ga9 is obta9$1 & s on1 ) e addition to ! supply ( nutrim5t1 until at l5g? a c]ta9 po9t is rea*$1 beyond :i* its weight _c be =c$4 ,9 fact1 ea* successive increase ( weight is obta9$ at a great] exp5diture ( food4 ,if1 = example1 a lean animal is tak51 & its food increas$ by a giv5 quantity1 x w rapidly atta9 a c]ta9 additional weight1 b if ano!r extra supply ( food be giv51 ! increase due to x w be mu* m sl[ly atta9$1 & s on until at l5g? an additional increase c only be secur$ by ! long-cont9u$ consumption ( a v l>ge quantity ( food4 ,! great object ( ! fe$] is to obta9 ! greate/ possible increase ) ! smalle/ exp5diture ( food1 & to "k ! po9t beyond :i* x is no long] economical to attempt to =ce ! process ( fatt5+4 ,to d ?is x is necess>y fir/ to consid] ! composition ( ! animal itself1 !n t ( its food1 & la/ly1 ! mode 9 :i* x may be mo/ economically us$4 ,x has be5 already obs]v$ t ! animal tissues are compos$ ( album9\s or nitrog5\s comp\nds1 fat1 m9]al matt]s1 & wat]2 b ! proportions ( ^! sub/ances h1 until lately1 be5 v imp]fectly kn[n4 ,wat] is well kn[n to be by f> ! l>ge/ con/itu5t1 & am\nts 9 g5]al to ab\t two-?irds ( ! entire weight1 & x has be5 g5]ally suppos$ t ! nitrog5\s matt]s /ood next 9 po9t ( abundance1 b a mo/ important & elaborate s]ies ( exp]im5ts by ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t h %ewn t !y are greatly exce$$ by ! fatty matt]s4 ,! foll[+ table conta9s a summ>y ( ! composition ( t5 diff]5t animals 9 diff]5t /ages ( fatt5+4 ,! fir/ division gives ! composition ( ! c>cass1 t is1 ! portion ( ! animal usually consum$ z human food2 ! second t ( ! (fal1 consi/+ ( ! p>ts n usually employ$ z food2 & ! ?ird t ( ! entire animals1 includ+ ! cont5ts ( ! /oma* & inte/9es3-- ,transcrib]'s note3 ,column titles are pr9t$ v]tical1 :i* is n possible to d "h4 ,!re=e !y are replac$ ) a #b-c "* code1 expla9$ "h ,column titles3 ,,mm ,m9]al ,matt] ,,nc ,nitrog5\s ,comp\nds ,,tds ,total ,dry ,sub/ance ,,csi ,cont5ts ( ,/oma*s & ,inte/9e 9 moi/ /ate4 ,wat ,wat] ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,p] c5t 9 ,(fal1 exclud+ ,p] c5t 9 ,c>cass cont5ts ( ,/oma*s & ,inte/9es4 ---------------------------------------- ------------- ,,mm ,,nc ,fat ,,tds ,,wat ,,mm ,,nc ,fat ,,tds ,,wat ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,fat ,calf #d4dhaf4faf4fcg4gfb4c #c4da #ag4a #ad4f #ce4a #fd4i ,half-fat ,ox #e4efag4hbb4fdf4jed4j #d4je #bj4f #ae4g #dj4d #ei4f ,fat ,ox #d4efae4jcd4hed4dde4f #c4dj #ag4e #bf4c #dg4b #eb4h ,fat ,lamb #c4fcaj4icf4iea4ddh4f #b4de #ah4i #bj4a #da4e #eh4e ,/ore ,%eep #d4cfad4ebc4hdb4geg4c #b4ai #ah4j #af4a #cf4c #fc4g ,half-fat old ,%eep #d4acad4ica4cej4cdi4g #b4gb #ag4g #ah4e #ch4i #fa4a ,fat ,%eep #c4deaa4ede4dfj4cci4g #b4cb #af4a #bf4d #dd4h #ee4b ,extra fat ,%eep #b4gg #i4aee4afg4jcc4j #c4fd #af4h #cd4e #ed4i #de4a ,/ore ,pig #b4egad4jbh4add4gee4c #c4jg #ad4j #ae4j #cb4a #fg4i ,fat ,pig #a4djaj4edi4efa4dch4f #b4ig #ad4h #bb4h #dj4f #ei4d ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mean ( all #c4fiac4ecd4dea4fdh4d #c4jb #ag4b #ba4j #da4b #eh4h ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mean ( #h1 viz1 ! half-fat1 fat1 &#c4geac4ccf4eec4fdf4d #c4ab #ag4d #bb4d #db4i #eg4a v fat animals ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ,mean ( #f1 viz41 ( ! fat & #c4chab4cci4gee4ddd4f #c4jc #af4i #bd4a #dd4j #ef4j v fat animals ---------------------------------------- ------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,p] c5t 9 ,entire ,animal4 ------------------------------ ,,mm ,,nc ,fat ,,tds ,,csi ,,wat ---------------------------------------- ---- ,fat ,calf #c4hjae4bad4hcc4h #c4agfc4j ,half-fat ,ox #d4ffaf4fai4adj4c #h4aiea4e ,fat ,ox #c4ibad4ecj4adh4e #e4ihde4e ,fat ,lamb #b4idab4cbh4edc4g #h4eddg4h ,/ore ,%eep #c4afad4hah4gcf4g #f4jjeg4c ,half-fat old ,%eep #c4agad4jbc4edj4g #i4jeej4b ,fat ,%eep #b4haab4bce4fej4f #f4jbdc4d ,extra fat ,%eep #b4ijaj4ide4hei4f #e4ahce4b ,/ore ,pig #b4fgac4gbc4cci4g #e4bbee4a ,fat ,pig #a4feaj4idb4bed4g #c4igda4c ---------------------------------------- ---- ,mean ( all #c4agac4ibh4bdd4i #f4acdi4j ---------------------------------------- ---- ,mean ( #h1 viz1 ! half-fat1 fat1 &#c4bcac4cbi4idf4d #f4bfdg4c v fat animals ---------------------------------------- ---- ,mean ( #f1 viz41 ( ! fat & #c4jjab4gcb4hdh4e #e4dhdf4j v fat animals ---------------------------------------- ---- ,f ?is table x appe>s t1 9 ! c>cass1 ! proportion ( fat is1 9 g5]al1 ev5 9 lean animals1 mu* great] ?an t ( nitrog5\s comp\nds4 ,9 "o case only1 t ( ! fat calf1 are !y equal4 ,b 9 ! lean %eep !re is m ?an "o & a half times z mu* fat z nitrog5\s matt]s1 9 ! half fat %eep twice1 9 ! fat %eep f\r times1 & 9 ! v fat %eep ab\t six times z mu*4 ,z a g5]al result ( ! analyses x may be /at$1 t 9 ! c>cass ( an ox 9 good condition1 ! quantity ( fat w be f two to ne>ly ?ree times z great z t ( ! s call$ album9\s comp\nds2 9 a %eep ?ree or f\r times1 & 9 ! pig f\r or five times z great4 ,9 ! (fal1 includ+ ! hide1 inte/9es1 & o!r p>ts n usually consum$ z food1 ! proportion is v diff]5t1--! quantity ( fat be+ mu* small]1 & t ( nitrog5\s comp\nds consid]ably l>g]4 ,tak+ a g5]al av]age ( ! :ole1 ! foll[+ may be assum$ z repres5t+ approximately ! g5]al composition ( a lean & a fat animal3-- ,lean4 ,fat4 ,m9]al matt]s #e #c ,nitrog5\s comp\nds #ae #ab4e ,fat #bd #cc ,wat] #ef #dh4e --- ----- #ajj #ajj4j ,! data giv5 9 ! prec$+ table1 c\pl$ ) a k ( ! relative weights ( ! lean & fat animals1 enable u to asc]ta9 ! composition ( ! increase dur+ ! fatt5+ process4 ,x is obvi\s1 f ! mat]ial dim9ution ( ! p] c5tage ( wat]1 t ! matt]s deposit$ 9 ! tissues mu/ conta9 a mu* l>g] proportion ( dry matt]s ?an ! :ole body2 & ! r$uc$ p] c5tage ( nitrog5\s matt]s %ews t ! fat mu/ also greatly prepond]ate4 ,?is is /ill m di/9ctly illu/rat$ by ! foll[+ table1 giv+ ! p] c5tage composition ( ! increase 9 fatt5+ ox51 %eep1 & pigs3-- ---------------------------------------- -------- ,m9]al ,nitrog5\s ,fat4 ,wat]4 ,matt]s4 ,comp\nds4 ---------------------------------------- -------- ,ox5 #a4dg #g4fi #ff4b #bd4f ,%eep #b4cd #g4ac #gj4d #bj4a ,pigs #j4jf #f4dd #ga4e #bb4j ---------------------------------------- -------- ,h5ce x may be /at$ 9 r\nd numb]s1 t = e p\nd ( nitrog5\s matt]s add$ to ! weight ( a fatt5+ animal1 x w ga9 t5 p\nds ( fat1 & ?ree ( wat]4 ,^! are ! proportions ov] ! :ole p]iod ( fatt5+1 b x is probable t dur+ ! la/ few weeks ( ! process ! ratio ( fat to nitrog5\s matt]s is /ill high]4 ,9 consid]+ ! composition ( ! food ( animals1 x w be readily admitt$ t ! milk1 ! nutrim5t suppli$ by nature = ! ma9t5ance ( ! "y animal1 mu/ af=d special in/ruction z to its requirem5ts dur+ ! e>ly /ages ( exi/5ce1 & indicate1 at lea/1 "s ( ! po9ts to be att5d$ to "u ! alt]$ conditions ( mature life4 ,! foll[+ table gives ! av]age composition ( ! milk ( ! mo/ important f>m animals3-- ,c[4 ,ewe4 ,goat4 ,case9e #c4d #d4ej #d4jb ,butt] #c4f #d4bj #c4cb ,sug> ( milk #f4j #e4jj #e4bh ,a% #j4b #j4fh #j4eh ,wat] #hf4h #he4fb #hf4hj ------ ------ ------ #ajj4jj #ajj4jj #ajj4jj ,9 exam9+ ^!1 & all o!r analyses ( food1 x is necess>y to draw a di/9ction betwe5 ! fle%-=m+ & ! respiratory elem5ts2 ! =m] includ+ ! nitrog5\s comp\nds :i* are us$ 9 ! production ( fle%1 ! latt]1 ! non-nitrog5\s sub/ances :i* produce fat & support ! process ( respiration4 ,! =m]1 h[ev] mu* !y may diff] 9 "n1 are ne>ly or altoge!r id5tical 9 *emical composition1 ! latt] embrac+ two great classes--! fats :i* exi/ 9 ! body & ! sac*>9e comp\nds1 includ+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( sug> & />* :i* are n f\nd 9 ! animal tissues4 ,x 0 at "o "t suppos$ t ^! sub/ances 7 entirely consum$ 9 ! respiratory process1 & elim9at$ by ! lungs 9 ! =m ( c>bonic acid & wat]1 b x has be5 cle>ly %ewn t !y may be & (t5 are conv]t$ into fat1 & accumulat$ 9 ! sy/em4 ,c>eful exp]im5ts on bees h demon/rat$ t :5 f$ on sug> !y cont9ue to produce wax1 :i* is a species ( fat1 & animals reta9 _! heal? & become fat1 ev5 :5 _! food conta9s sc>cely any oil4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 an important diff]5ce betwe5 ^! two classes ( sub/ances z reg>ds _! fat-produc+ effect4 ,a p\nd ( fat conta9$ 9 ! food is capable ( produc+ ! same quantity )9 ! animal2 b ! case is diff]5t ) />* & sug>1 ! mo/ tru/wor?y exp]im5ts %ew+ t two & a half p\nds ( ^! sub/ances are necess>y = t purpose4 ,h5ce we talk ( ! fat equival5t ( sug>1 by :i* is meant ! am\nt ( fat x is capable ( produc+1 & :i* is obta9$ by divid+ its quantity by #b4e4 ,apply+ ?is pr9ciple to ! analyses ( ! milk1 x appe>s t ! relative proportions ( ! two great classes ( nutritive sub/ances /& ?us3-- ,fle% ,respiratory1 express$ 9 =m+ _! fat equival5t ,c[ #c4d #f4j ,ewe #d4e #f4b ,goat #d4j #e4d ,tak+ ! g5]al av]age1 x may be /at$1 t = e p\nd ( fle%-=m+ elem5ts conta9$ 9 ! food ( ! suck+ animal1 x consumes respiratory comp\nds capable ( produc+ "o & a half p\nds ( fat1 & ?is does n diff] mat]ially f ! ratio subsi/+ betwe5 ^! sub/ances 9 ! lean animal4 ,:5 ! "y animal is wean$1 x obta9s a food 9 :i* ! ratio ( nitrog5\s to respiratory elem5ts is ma9ta9$ ne>ly un*ang$2 b ! latt]1 9 place ( conta9+ a l>ge am\nt ( fatty matt]s1 is 9 _m cases ne>ly devoid ( ^! sub/ances1 & consi/s almo/ exclusively ( />* & sug>1 mix$ mo/ commonly ) a consid]able quantity ( woody fibre4 ,a v l>ge numb] ( analyses ( diff]5t k9ds ( cattle food h be5 made by *emi/s1 b our in=mation reg>d+ !m is /ill 9 "s respects imp]fect4 ,! quantity ( nitrog5\s comp\nds & ( oil has be5 accurately asc]ta9$ 9 almo/ all1 b ! am\nt ( />*1 sug>1 & woody fibre is /ill imp]fectly det]m9$ 9 _m sub/ances4 ,?is is due p>tly to ! fact t ! nitrog5\s & fatty matt]s 7 =m]ly believ$ to be ( ! highe/ importance1 & might be us$ z ! measure ( ! nutritive value ( food to ! exclusion ( its o!r con/itu5ts1 & p>tly also to ! imp]fect nature ( ! processes 9 use = obta9+ ! am\nts ( woody fibre1 />*1 & sug>4 ,^! difficulties h n[1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 be5 ov]come1 & ! quantity ( fibre & ( respiratory elem5ts has be5 asc]ta9$1 & is introduc$1 s f> z is kn[n1 9 ! subjo9$ table3-- ,,table giv+ ! ,composition ( ! ,pr9cipal ,v>ieties ( ,cattle ,food4 ,note4--,:]e a blank occurs 9 ! oil column1 ! quantity ( t sub/ance is s small z to be unimportant4 ,:5 ! respiratory elem5ts & fibre h n be5 sep>at$1 ! sum ( ! two is giv54 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,nitro- ,oil4 ,respir- ,fibre4 ,a%4 ,wat]4 g5\s tory ,com- ,com- p\nds4 p\nds4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,decorticat$ e>?-nut cake #dd4jj #h4hf #ai4cd #e4ac #ad4je #h4fb ,decorticat$ cotton cake #da4be #af4je #af4de #h4ib #h4je #i4bh ,poppy cake #cd4jc #aa4jd #bc4be #aa4cc #ac4gi #f4ef ,teel or sesamum cake #ca4ic #ab4hf #ba4ib #i4jf #ac4he #aj4ch ,rape cake #bi4ge #h4fc #ch4gb #g4cj #h4fe #f4ie ,dott] cake #bi4jj #g4ii #bg4jd #af4ab #ab4ei #g4bf ,t>es1 home-gr[n #bh4eg #a4cj #eh4fd #b4ej #h4ii ,l9se$ cake #bh4ec #ab4dg #ce4gh #f4cb #f4aa #aj4gi ,ruebs5 cake #bf4hg #aa4jj #ca4dg #af4ie #h4jj #e4ga ,t>es1 =eign #bf4gc #a4ei #ec4jd #b4hd #ae4hj ,e>?-nut cake 7entire se$7 #bf4ga #ab4ge #de4fi #c4bi #aa4ef ,nig] cake #be4gd #f4eh #db4ah #aa4ae #h4ab #f4bc ,beans 7#fe lbs4 p] bu%el7 #bd4gj #a4ei #ed4ea #c4cf #ae4hd ,l5tils #bd4eg #a4ea #eh4hb #b4gi #ab4ca ,l9se$ #bd4dd #cd4jj #cj4gc #c4cc #g4ej ,grey peas #bd4be #c4cj #eg4ii #b4eb #aa4id ,=eign beans #bc4di #a4ea #ei4fg #c4ad #ab4ba ,cotton cake 7) husk7 #bb4id #f4jg #cf4eb #af4ii #f4jb #aa4df ,pea-nut cake #bb4be #g4fb #cj4be #bf4ig #c4ga #i4bj ,sunfl[] cake #ba4fh #h4id #ai4je #cc4jj #i4cc #h4jj ,hempse$ cake #ba4dg #g4ij #bb4dh #be4af #ae4gi #g4ba ,kidney beans #bj4jf #a4bb #fb4af #c4ef #ac4jj ,maple peas #ai4dc #a4gb #fc4ah #b4jd #ac4fc ,madia sativa 7se$7 #ah4da #cf4ee #cd4ei #d4ac #f4cb ,clov] hay 7mean ( diff]5t species ( clov]7 #ae4ha #c4ah #cd4db #bb4dg #g4ei #af4ec ,rye #ad4bj 444 #ha4ea #b4dg #a4hb #ad4ff ,bran #ac4hj #e4ef #fa4fg #f4aa #ab4he ,oats #aa4he #e4hi #eg4de #i4jj #b4gb #ac4ji ,f9e b>ley du/ #aa4di #b4ib #ga4da #b4fg #aa4ea ,:eat #aa4dh 444 #gc4eb #j4fh #j4hb #ac4ej ,b]e #aj4be 444 #fb4he #aj4jh #b4fj #ad4bb ,hay 7mean ( diff]5t grasses7 #i4dj #b4ef #ch4ed #bi4ad #e4hd #ad4cj ,b>ley #h4fi 444 #fd4eb #i4fg #b4hb #ad4cj ,co>se b>ley du/ #h4df #c4dg #fi4gc #g4ca #aa4jc ,rice du/ #h4jh #b4ie #fi4bb #h4ab #aa4fc ,oat du/ #f4ib #c4ba #gb4hf #g4gj #i4ca ,w9t] bean /raw #e4ga 444 #fg4ej #f4ci #bj4dj ,c>ob bean #c4aa #j4da #fb4ea #ah4fj #b4hj #ab4eg ,potato #b4ha 444 #ag4cj #a4jg #a4ac #gg4fi ,c>rot #a4hg 444 #g4ia #c4jg #a4aa #hf4jd ,:eat /raw #a4gi 444 #ca4jf #de4de #g4dg #ad4bc ,b>ley /raw #a4fh 444 #ci4ih #ci4hj #d4bd #ad4cj ,oat /raw #a4fc 444 #cg4hf #dc4fj #d4ie #ab4jf ,mangold-wurzel #a4ed 444 #h4fj #a4ab #j4if #hg4gh ,cabbage #a4ca 444 #d4ec #a4je #ic4aa ,turnips #a4bg #j4bj #d4jg #a4jh #a4ga #ia4dg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,x is at once obvi\s t 9 _m ( ^! descriptions ( food ! ratio ( ! fle% to ! fat-=m+ con/itu5ts diff] v widely f t exi/+ 9 ! milk1 & ?is becomes /ill m app>5t :5 ! latt] are repres5t$ 9 _! fat equival5t1 z is done = a few ( !m 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ,fle% ,respiratory1 express$ =m+1 9 _! fat equival5t1 ,decorticat$ e>?-nut cake #dd4j #af4f ,l9se$ cake #bh4e #bf4g ,t>es #bf4gc #ah4h ,clov] hay #ae4ha #af4h ,oats #aa4he #bh4h ,hay 7mean ( grasses7 #i4dj #ag4i ,potato #b4ha #f4i ,:eat /raw #a4gi #ab4d ,turnip #a4bg #a4h ,x is especially note-wor?y t ^? v>ieties ( food1 :i* common exp]i5ce has %ewn to promote ! fatt5+ ( /ock to ! greate/ ext5t1 conta9 9 _m in/ances ! smalle/ quantity ( respiratory or fat-=m+ elem5ts relatively to _! nitrog5\s comp\nds4 ,?is is especially ! case ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( oil cake1 ! legum9\s se$s1 clov]1 hay1 & turnips4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ! gra9s ! ratio is ne>ly t ( "o to ?ree1 or simil> to t f\nd 9 fat cattle2 :ile 9 ! /raw1 ! excess ( ! respiratory elem5ts is extremely great4 ,^! facts appe> at fir/ sight to be completely at v>iance ) ! composition ( ! increase ( fatt5+ animals1 z asc]ta9$ by ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t already ref]r$ to1 & :i* h %ewn t = e p\nd ( nitrog5\s comp\nds1 ne>ly t5 p\nds ( fat are /or$ )9 ! animal2 & x might be suppos$ t ^? k9ds ( food :i* conta9 ! l>ge/ relative am\nt ( respiratory elem5ts ought to fatt5 mo/ rapidly1 & %\ld be select$ by ! f>m] 9 pref]5ce to oil-cakes & simil> sub/ances4 ,b !re are o!r matt]s to be consid]$1 dep5d5t on ! complex nature ( ! *anges att5d+ ! absorption & assimilation ( ! food4 ,x mu/ be p>ticul>ly borne 9 m9d t only a small proportion ( ! food consum$ is /or$ up )9 ! body1 & goes to increase ! weight ( ! animal4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( ! milk1 9 :i* economy 9 ! supply ( nutritive matt]s has be5 mo/ cle>ly att5d$ to by nature1 a consid]able proportion escapes assimilation1 & 9 ! adult animal a l>ge am\nt ( ! food passes (f ) ! excretions4 ,! ju/ice ( ?is position is app>5t :5 x is rememb]$ t an ox w g on day aft] day consum+ f a hundr$ weight to a hundr$ weight & a half ( turnips1 ?ree or f\r p\nds ( bean-meal or oil-cake1 & a consid]able quantity ( /raw1 al?\gh its daily increase 9 live weight may n exce$ a c\ple ( p\nds4 ,& 9 ?is direction a v f]tile field ( inquiry lies op5 to ! agricultural exp]im5t]2 = x w\ld be mo/ important to det]m9e :e!r !re are n "s sub/ances f :i* ! nutritive matt]s may n be m easily assimilat$ ?an f o!rs1 & :at proportion ( ea* is absorbable "u ord9>y circum/ances4 ,on ?is po9t no in=mation has yet be5 obta9$ applicable to individual fe$+ sub/ances1 b ! exp]im5ts ( ,messrs4 ,lawes & ,gilb]t h %ewn ! quantity ( ! total food1 & ( ea* ( its con/itu5ts1 /or$ up 9 ! fatt5+ animal1 & a summ>y ( _! results is conta9$ 9 ! foll[+ ,table3-- ,,table %ew+ ! ,am\nt ( ea* ,class ( ,con/itu5ts1 /or$ 9 ! increase1 = #ajj consum$ 9 ! ,food4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,m9]al ,nitrog5\s ,total ,dry ,matt]s ,comp\nds4 ,fat4 ,sub/ance4 ---------------------------------------- ------ ,%eep #c4bg #d4da #i4d #h4jf ,pigs #j4eh #g4cd #ba4b #ag4c ---------------------------------------- ------ ,h5ce x appe>s t ! pig makes a bett] use ( its food ?an ! %eep1 reta9+ twice z mu* ( its solid con/itu5ts )9 ! body1 f :i* may be d$uc$ ! important practical conclusion1 t ! =m] mu/ be fatt5$ at a mu* small] co/ ?an ! latt]4 ,look+ at ! individual con/itu5ts1 x appe>s t1 9 ! %eep1 less ?an "o-tw5tie? ( ! nitrog5\s comp\nds1 & "o-t5? ( ! non-nitrog5\s sub/ances conta9$ 9 ! food1 rema9 9 ! body2 & a k ( ^! facts t5ds to modify ! conclusions :i* might be drawn f ! composition ( ! increase 9 ! fatt5+ animal4 ,its influ5ce may be be/ illu/rat$ by a p>ticul> example4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ! increase 9 a %eep conta9$ its nitrog5\s & respiratory elem5ts 9 ! ratio ( #a to #aj1 x w\ld be totally incorrect to supply ^! sub/ances 9 ! food 9 ! same proportions4 ,on ! contr>y1 x w\ld be necess>y at ! v lea/ to d\ble ! proportion ( ! =m]1 because "o-t5? ( ! fat-=m+ elem5ts are absorb$1 & only "o-tw5tie? ( ! nitrog5\s4 ,on fur!r consid]ation1 also1 x seems unque/ionable t ! quantity ( ! nutritive elem5ts /or$ up mu/ dep5d to a l>ge ext5t on ! nature ( ! food & ! p>ticul> /ate 9 :i* !y exi/ 9 x4 ,x is probable1 or at lea/ possible1 t "s k9ds ( food may conta9 _! nitrog5\s con/itu5ts 9 an easily assimilable /ate1 & _! respiratory elem5ts 9 a ne>ly indige/ible condition1 or vice v]sa1 & "u ^! circum/ances _! nutritive value w\ld be bel[ t indicat$ by analysis2 b ^! po9ts c only be det]m9$ by elaborate & long cont9u$ fe$+ exp]im5ts4 ,x is well kn[n1 h[ev]1 t ! me*anical /ate ( ! food has a mo/ important influ5ce on its nutritive value4 ,?us1 = example1 ! pres5ce ( a l>ge quantity ( woody fibre protects ! nutritive sub/ances f assimilation1 & se$s ) h>d husks pass un*ang$ ?r\gh ! animal1 al?\gh1 s f> z _! composition alone is conc]n$1 !y may be highly nutritive2 & ! loss ( a c]ta9 quantity ( _m v>ieties ( food 9 ?is way is famili> to e "o4 ,! prop] adju/m5t ( ! relative quantities ( ! great gr\ps ( nutritive elem5ts 9 ! food is a matt] ! importance ( :i* _c be ov]-rat$1 = x is 9 fact ! f\ndation ( successful & economical fe$+2 & ?is w be readily und]/ood if we consid] :at w\ld be ! result ( giv+ to an animal a supply ( food conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( nitrog5\s & a defici5cy ( fat-=m+ comp\nds4 ,9 su* circum/ances1 ! animal mu/ ei!r langui% = want ( ! latt]1 or x is =c$ to supply ! defect by an increas$ consumption ( food1 9 do+ :i* x mu/ take into ! sy/em a l>g] quantity ( nitrog5\s comp\nds ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 requisite1 & 9 ?is way ! o!r elem5ts1 :i* are pres5t 9 abundance1 are wa/$1 & ! !oretical & practical value ( a food s con/itut$ may be v diff]5t1 & x is only :5 ! proportions ( ! diff]5t gr\ps are prop]ly att5d$ to t ! mo/ economical result c be obta9$4 ,x c sc>cely be said t ! exp]im5ts yet made by fe$]s enable u to fix ! mo/ suitable proportion 9 :i* ^? sub/ances c be employ$1 al?\gh exp]i5ce has l$ !m to ! use ( mixtures :i* are 9 mo/ cases !oretically correct2 ?us !y comb9e oil-cakes or turnips ) /raw1 :i* is poor nitrog5\s1 & ri* 9 fat-=m+ elem5ts2 & 9 g5]al x w be f\nd t :]e diff]5t k9ds ( food are mix$1 ! defici5cies ( ! "o are c\nt]balanc$ by ! o!r1 & ?\gh ?is has hi!rto be5 done empirically1 x _c be d\bt$ t z our k advances x w m & m be det]m9$ by ref]5ce to ! composition ( ! food4 ,al?\gh ! pres5ce ( a suffici5t quantity ( nutritive comp\nds 9 ! food is necess>ily ! fundam5tal matt] = consid]ation1 its bulk is sc>cely less important4 ,! function ( dige/ion requires t ! food %all prop]ly fill ! /oma*1 & h[ev] l>ge ! supply ( nutritive matt]s may be1 _! effect is imp]fectly br\ght out if ! food is too small 9 bulk1 & x actually may become m valuable if dilut$ ) woody fibre1 or "s o!r in]t sub/ance4 ,at fir/ sight ?is may appe> at v>iance ) ! obs]vations already made z to ! effects ( woody fibre 9 protect+ ! nutritive matt]s f absorption2 b practically !re are two opposite evils to be cont5d$ aga9/1 a food hav+ too small a bulk1 or "o conta9+ s l>ge a proportion ( in]t sub/ances z to become disadvantage\sly volum9\s4 ,! mo/ fav\rable condition lies betwe5 ! two extremes1 & ! natural food ( all h]bivor\s animals is dilut$ ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( woody fibre4 ,:5 ^! are replac$ by sub/ances conta9+ a l>ge quantity ( nutritive matt]s 9 a small bulk1 ! result is t ! natural in/9ct ( ! animal causes x to cont9ue fe$+ until ! /oma* is prop]ly di/5d$1 & x consequ5tly consumes a mu* l>g] quantity ( food ?an x is capable ( dige/+1 & a m or less consid]able quantity passes un*ang$ ?r\gh ! inte/9es1 & is lo/4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! food be too bulky1 ! s5se ( repletion causes ! animal to cease eat+ long be=e x has obta9$ a suffici5t supply ( nutritive matt]4 ,x is mo/ necess>y1 !re=e1 to /udy ! mixture ( diff]5t k9ds ( food1 s z to obta9 a prop] relation betwe5 ! bulk & ! nutritive matt]s conta9$ 9 ! mixture2 & on exam9+ ! nature ( ! mix$ foods mo/ 9 vogue among fe$]s1 x w be f\nd t a v bulky food is usually conjo9$ ) ano!r ( opposite qualities4 ,h5ce x is t turnips1 ! mo/ volum9\s ( all foods1 are us$ along ) oil-cake & bean-meal1 & if f any circum/ances x becomes necess>y to replace a l>ge am\nt ( ! =m] by ei!r ( ! latt] sub/ances1 ! defici5t bulk mu/ be replac$ by hay or /raw4 ,x has be5 already rem>k$ t !re are ?ree great purposes to :i* ! food consum$ is appropriat$2 ! increase ( weight ( ! animal--! object ! fe$] has 9 view & desires to promote--! supply+ ! wa/e ( ! tissues1 & ! process ( respiration1 bo? ( :i* are s\rces ( loss ( food1 & :i* x mu/ necess>ily be 8 aim to dim9i% z mu* z possible4 ,! circum/ances :i* mu/ be att5d$ to 9 ord] to d ?is are suffici5tly well und]/ood4 ,x has be5 cle>ly e/abli%$ t ! natural heat ( ! animal is su/a9$ by ! consumption ( a c]ta9 quantity ( its food 9 ! respiratory process1 dur+ :i* x und]goes exactly ! same *anges z ^? :i* occur dur+ combu/ion4 ,x has fur!r be5 obs]v$1 t ! temp]ature ( ! body rema9s un*ang$1 :atev] be t ( ! surr\nd+ air2 & x is obvi\s t if x is to cont9ue ! same 9 w9t] z 9 summ]1 a l>g] quantity ( fuel 7i4 e4 food7 mu/ be consum$ = ?is purpose1 j z a room requires m fire to keep x w>m 9 w9t] ?an 9 summ]1 & h5ce x naturally foll[s1 t if ! animal be kept 9 a w>m locality ! food is economiz$4 ,x may also be inf]r$ t1 if x 7 possible1 consi/5tly ) ! heal? ( ! animal1 to keep x 9 a room artificially heat$ to ! temp]ature ( its own body1 ?is s\rce ( wa/e ( food w\ld be entirely remov$4 ,x is n possible1 h[ev]1 to d ?is1 because a limit is set to x by physiological laws1 :i* _c be infr+$ ) impunity2 b ! h\s+ ( cattle1 s z to dim9i% ?is wa/e z f> z possible1 is a po9t 9 reg>d to ! propriety ( :i* !ory & practice are at "o4 ,! old fe$]s kept _! cattle 9 l>ge op5 c\rts1 :]e !y 7 expos$ to e vicissitude ( ! wea!r1 b z intellig5ce advanc$1 we f9d !m sub/itut+1 fir/ hammels1 & !n /alls1 9 :i* ! animals are kept dur+ ! :ole "t ( fatt5+ at an equable temp]ature4 ,! effect ( ?is is necess>ily to introduce a consid]able economy ( ! food requir$ to su/a9 ! animal heat2 b x also produces a sav+ 9 ano!r way1 = x dim9i%es ! wa/e ( ! tissues4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ by accurate exp]im5ts made *iefly on man1 t muscul> ex]tion is "o ( ! mo/ important causes ( ! wa/e ( ! tissues1 & ( increas$ respiratory activity4 ,we _c move a limb )\t produc+ a correspond+ consumption ( matt]s already laid up )9 ! body2 & x has also be5 f\nd1 t ! diff]5ce 9 ! quantity ( c>bonic acid expir$ dur+ re/ & active ex]tion1 is v l>ge4 ,! inf]5ce to be drawn f ?is is1 t :5 x is s\ght to fatt5 an animal rapidly1 e ef=t mu/ be made to re/ra9 muscul> motion s f> z compatible ) heal?4 ,h5ce1 ! peculi> advantage ( /all-fe$+1 9 :i* ! animal is conf9$ to "o spot1 & ! m ?or\ghly x c be kept /ill1 ! great] w be ! economy ( food4 ,?is is ga9$ by d>k5+ ! h\se1 & exclud+ all p]sons1 except :5 _! pres5ce is indisp5sable4 ,an ext5sion ( ! same pr9ciple has l$ to ! use ( food artificially heat$1 b x is d\btful :e!r ! advantages d]iv$ f x are comm5surate to ! increas$ exp5se ( ! process2 at lea/ op9ions diff] among ! be/ in=m$ practical m5 on ?is subject4 ,_m o!r matt]s1 besides ^! m5tion$1 ex]cise an important influ5ce on ! fe$+ ( /ock1 su* z ! g5]al heal? ( ! animal1 ! bre$1 etc4 ,^! are subjects1 h[ev]1 :i* be> m directly on practical agriculture1 & ne$ n be discuss$ "h4 ,! judici\s fe$] w n only give due weight to ! pr9ciples already discuss$ 9 all he does1 b he mu/ take into consid]ation ! ext5t to :i* !y are liable to be modifi$ 9 p>ticul> cases4 ,he mu/ also att5d to ! co/ ( diff]5t k9ds ( food1 & ! value ( ! manure produc$ by !m1 subjects ( mu* importance 9 a practical po9t ( view1 & :i* mu/ influ5ce him greatly 9 *oice ( ! p>ticul> sub/ances he supplies to 8 cattle4 ,,index4 ,acid1 apocr5ic1 #ba4 ,c>bonic1 #aj1 #ae1 #bj1 #cg1 #eg1 #aae4 ,c]otic1 #dh4 ,cr5ic1 #ba4 ,geic1 #ba4 ,hippuric1 #afh4 ,humic1 #ba4 ,lactic1 #afh4 ,m>g>ic1 #dg4 ,nitric1 #aa1 #ag1 #cj1 #cc1 #ch1 #fb1 #aab4 ,oleic1 #dg4 ,pectic1 #df4 ,phosphoric1 #gc1 #ij4 ,/e>ic1 #dg4 ,sulphuric1 #ahb1 #bcg4 ,ulmic1 #ba4 ,uric1 #afh4 ,adult]ation ( guano1 #baa4 ,agricultural ,*emi/ry ,association ( ,scotl&1 #f4 ,air1 influ5ce (1 on g]m9ation1 #ee4 ,9 ! pores ( soils1 #aae4 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,improvem5t (1 by me*anical means1 #acg4 ,soil1 relation (1 to heat & moi/ure1 #abg4 ,soils1 absorb5t action (1 #abb4 ,air 9 ! pores (1 #aad4 ,analysis1 #aja1 #aah4 ,b>r5ness (1 #aji4 ,classification (1 #ace4 ,exhau/ion (1 #ha4 ,inorganic con/itu5ts (1 #he4 ,mix+ (1 #aej4 ,orig9 (1 #hd4 ,organic matt]s 91 #ajc4 ,physical *>act]s (1 #aah1 #abg4 ,sombr]o ,isl& guano1 #bcf4 ,/>*1 #da4 ,li*51 #db4 ,/e>ic acid1 #dg4 ,/e>9e1 #df4 ,/ems ( plants1 a% 91 #fd4 ,/raw1 am\nt ( a% 91 #fd4 ,z a manure1 #aig4 ,sulphate ( iron1 #ahb4 ,lime1 #if1 #bec1 #bfj4 ,magnesia1 #ahb4 ,ammonia1 #bi1 #bbg4 ,pota%1 #bca4 ,sulphomuriate ( ammonia1 #bbg4 ,sulphur 9 plants1 #gh4 ,sulphuret ( iron1 #ace4 ,calcium1 #beb4 ,sulphurett$ hydrog51 #ai4 ,sug>1 #dc4 ,( milk1 #bhc4 ,subsoil1 !1 #acd4 ,pl\gh+1 #adc4 ,sunfl[] cake1 #bhf4 ,sy5ite1 #ia4 ,t>es1 #bhf4 ,teelcake1 #bhf4 ,temp]ature1 influ5ce (1 on g]m9ation1 #ed4 ,?omsonite1 #ij4 ,trap rock1 #ib4 ,tub]s1 am\nt ( a% 91 #fe4 ,ulmic acid1 #ba4 ,ulm91 #bb4 ,upp] ,p]uvian guano1 #bjg1 #bac4 ,urate1 #baf4 ,( ammonia1 #bje4 ,urea1 #afh4 ,uric acid1 #afh1 #bje4 ,ur9e1 composition (1 #afg4 ,human1 #afh4 ,sulphat$1 #baf4 ,valuation ( manures1 #bee4 ,vegetable manures1 #aie4 ,vegetation1 influ5ce ( light on1 #eg4 ,voelck]'s analyses ( dung1 #agd4 ,w>p+1 #adh4 ,wat]1 absorption (1 by plants1 #ce4 ,decomposition (1 by plants1 #fj4 ,exhalation (1 by plants1 #ce4 ,ra91 #ag1 #ah4 ,wax1 #dh4 ,:eat1 #bhf4 ,woods1 am\nt ( a% 91 #fe4 ,woody fibre1 #da4 ,wool1 #bai4 ,zeolites1 #ij4 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,r4 ,,& ,r4 ,,cl>k1 ,,ed9burgh4 ,a ,,catalogue ,,( ,,books ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,adam ,,*>les ,,black ,,ed9burgh ,,adamson 7,,rob]t74 ,! ,cottage ,g>d54 ,second edition fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 limp1 #as4 ,,alex&] 7,,dr4 ,w4 ,l474 ,*ri/ian ,?\ght & ,"w2 a s]ies ( ,morn+ ,m$itations on ,passages ( ,scripture4 ,second edition1 fcap4 #hvo1 price #es4 ,,&]son 7,pr(essor74 ,elem5ts ( ,agricultural ,*emi/ry4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,,&]son 7,,rev4 ,,wm41 ,,ll4,d41 ,glasg[74 ,disc\rses4 ,second s]ies1 second edition1 cr[n #hvo1 price #fs4 ---- ,reg5]ation4 ,second edition1 cr[n #hvo1 price #fs4 ,,&]son 7,,rev4 ,,james74 ,light 9 ,d>kness1 or ,com=t to ! ,sick & ,afflict$1 be+ a s]ies ( ,m$itations & ,pray]s1 & portions ( ,scripture = ^? visit$ ) b]eavem5t & di/ress4 ,second edition1 fcap41 clo?1 antique1 r$ edges1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,app]ley 7,,*>les74 ,! ,horse & ! ,h\nd2 _! v>i\s ,uses & ,treatm5t1 includ+ ,practical ,in/ructions 9 ,horseman%ip & ,hunt+1 c41 c4 ,?ird edition1 ) num]\s ,illu/rations on ,wood & ,/eel1 aft] draw+s by ,h]r+1 ,alk5 & ,h>rison ,weir4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,balf\r 7,pr(essor74 ,a ,class-,book ( ,botany3 be+ an ,introduction to ! ,/udy ( ! ,vegetable ,k+dom4 ,9 "o l>ge vol4 demy #hvo1 ) #ahjj ,illu/rations1 #cas4 #f;d4 ,sold also 9 ,two ,p>ts3-- ,"p ,i4 ,/ructural & ,morphological ,botany1 #ajs4 #f;d4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,vegetable ,physiology1 ,classification ,gloss>y1 c41 #bas4 ,,balf\r 7,pr(essor74 ,a ,manual ( ,botany3 be+ an ,introduction 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7,,james1 ,m4,d47 ,contributions to ,practical ,m$ic9e4 ,cont5ts--,on ,g\t2 on ,rheumatism & ,*orea2 on ! ,connection ( ,ery!ma ,nodosum ) ! ,rheumatic ,dia!sis2 on ,anaemia & its ,consequ5ces2 on ,dyspepsia & ,n]v\s ,disord]2 on ,fatty ,deg5]ation ( ! ,he>t2 on ,erysipelas2 on ,diph!ria & its ,sequels2 on ! ,physiological & ,!rapeutical ,effects ( ,ars5ic2 on ! ,s$ative ,p[]s ( ! ,datura ,/ramonii ,demy #hvo1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,b5nett 7,pr(essor74 ,cl9ical ,lectures on ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,m$ic9e4 ,new edition 7! ?ird71 pp4 #ajje1 ) five hundr$ ,illu/rations1 price #cjs4 ---- ,an ,introduction to ,cl9ical ,m$ic9e4 ,six ,lectures on ! ,me?od ( ,exam9+ ,pati5ts1 c4 ,f\r? edition1 #ajg ,illu/rations1 fcap4 #hvo1 price #es4 ---- ,! ,pa?ology & ,treatm5t ( ,pulmon>y ,consumption4 ,second edition1 ) #bf l>ge ,illu/rations1 demy #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,black',s ,g5]al ,atlas ( ! ,_w4 ,new edition 7#ahfb71 conta9+ #ef maps1 & ,index ( #fe1jjj names1 c41 folio1 half-b\nd morocco1 gilt edges1 price #fjs4 ---- ,s*ool ,atlas4 #dj maps1 & ,index1 #dto or #hvo1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,s*ool ,atlas = ,beg9n]s1 #bg maps1 oblong #abn price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,black',s ,atlas ( ,au/ralia1 ) all ! ,gold ,regions1 #f maps1 royal #dto1 price #fs4 ---- ,new ,atlas ( ,scotl&4 ,a s]ies ( #ab ,maps compil$ f ! be/ s\rces1 on ! scale ( f\r miles to ! in*4 ,imp4 folio1 clo?1 price #cjs4 ---- ,new ,l>ge ,map ( ,scotl&4 ,scale1 #d miles to ! in*1 & measur+ :5 complete #gj by #ef in*es4 ,price1 on roll]s v>ni%$1 #ebs4 #f;d42 m\nt$ on l951 9 case4 #dbs42 sep>ate %eets col\r$1 ea*1 #bs41 or 9 clo? cases1 ea*1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,guide ,books = ,t\ri/s 9 ,great ,brita9 & ,irel&1 c4 ---- ,guide to ,london4 ,a ,practical ,guide to ! ,metropolis & its ,vic9ity4 ,illu/rat$ by a l>ge & accurate ,plan ( ! ,city--,map ( ! ,environs--,plans ( ! ,public ,build+s--,views1 c4 ,9 a portable ,volume1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ---- ,new ,plan ( ,london4 ,an ,accurate ,guide to ! ,/reets & ,public ,build+s4 ,9 a neat ,case = ! ,pocket1 price #as4 ---- ,map ( ,environs ( ,london4 ,ext5d+ f ,w9dsor to ,graves5d1 ,cry/al ,palace1 ,ri*mond1 ,hampton ,c\rt1 ,epsom1 c4 ,price #as4 ---- ,dorset1 ,devon1 & ,cornwall4 ,) ,maps1 ,plans1 & num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 ---- ,guide to ,york%ire4 ,new & greatly enl>g$ ,edition1 illu/rat$ ) ,maps1 ,plans1 & ,views4 ,price #es4 ---- ,guide to ,isle ( ,wight & ,hamp%ire4 ,) ,maps1 ,plans1 & ,views4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,guide to ,surrey4 ,includ+ a full ,description ( ! ,hi/ory1 ,antiquities1 & ,topography ( ! ,c\nty4 ,) ,map & num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 ---- ,guide to ,k5t4 ,) ,map & ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,price #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,guide to ,scotl&4 ,new ,edition 7! #ae?7 conta9+ ,map1 & ,"o ,hundr$ ,illu/rations4 ,price #hs4 #f;d4 ---- ,guide to ,engl&4 ,?ird ,edition1 greatly enl>g$ & improv$1 ) ,maps & ,woodcuts4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,guide to ,engli% ,lakes4 ,elev5? ,edition1 ) ,maps & ,illu/rations4 ,price #es4 ---- ,guide to ,wales1 ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,elev5? ,edition1 ) ,maps & ,*>ts4 ,price #es4 ---- ,guide to ,irel&4 ,?ird ,edition1 ) ,maps1 ,*>ts1 & ,views4 ,price #es4 ,,black',s ,guide to ,sussex4 ,) ,map & ,illu/rations4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,:]e ,%all ,we ,g8 ,new ,edition4 ,a ,guide to ! ,heal?ie/ & mo/ ,beautiful ,wat]+ ,places 9 ! ,briti% ,isl&s4 ,illu/rat$ by ,maps & ,engrav+s4 ,price #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,map ( ,au/ralia 7size #ci-a_/b by #dj in*es74 ,fif? ,edition4 ,conta9+ ! ,r\tes ( ,/u>t & ,burke1 & ! ,late/ ,discov]ies4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 9 %eets1 #ads4 9 a case fold$1 & #b on roll]s v>ni%$4 ,?is is a magnific5t addition to geographical sci5ce1 & mu/ sup]s$e all o!r ,maps hav+ ref]5ce to ! ,au/ralian ,colonies4-- ,,glasg[ ,,daily ,,mail4 ,"o ( ! mo/ p]fect specim5s :i* toe h ev] met )4-- ,,au/ralian ,,& ,,new ,,zeal& ,,gazette4 ,,bromby 7,rev4 ,c4 ,h47 ,*ur* ,/ud5ts' ,manual4 ,cont5ts--,book ( ,common ,pray]--,collects1 ,epi/les1 ,collects--,*ur* ,cate*ism--,confirmation ,s]vice--,hi/ory ( ! ,e>ly ,*ur*--,hi/ory ( ! ,engli% ,*ur*4 ,fcap #hvo1 r$ edges1 price #cs4 ,,bruce 7,,james74 ,travels & ,adv5tures 9 ,abyss9ia4 ,new edition4 ,edit$ by ,j4 ,m4 ,,cl+an1 ,m4,a4 ,five page illu/rations & portrait on t9t$ pap]1 by ,c4 ,a4 ,doyle4 ,squ>e #abmo1 clo?1 gilt edges1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,bryce 7,,james1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d41 ,glasg[74 ,a ,treatise on ,book-keep+ by ,d\ble ,entry1 ) an ,app5dix on ,s+le ,entry4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 price #es4 ---- ,! ,ari?metic ( ,decimals1 adapt$ to a ,decimal ,co9age4 ,second edition1 price #as4 #f;d4 ---- ,a ,treatise on ,algebra4 ,?ird edition4 ,cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 price #fs4 ,,bu*an 7,a4 ,w41 ,f4,e4,i4,s47 ,! ,advanc$ ,prose & ,poetical ,read]2 be+ a collection ( select specim5s 9 ,engli%1 ) ,explanatory ,notes & ,que/ions on ea* lesson2 to :i* are app5d$ ,li/s ( ,prefixes & ,affixes1 ) an ,etymological ,vocabul>y4 #abmo1 clo?1 price #cs4 ,,! ,,poetical ,,read]1 sep>ately1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,burgess 7,rev4 ,,h5ry1 ,,ll4,d41 etc47 ,! ,amateur ,g>d5]'s ,ye> ,book1 a ,guide = ^? :o ,cultivate _! ,g>d5s on ! ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,horticulture4 ,fcap4 clo?1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,c&li% 7,rev4 ,dr47 ,life 9 a ,ris5 ,savi\r4 ,be+ ,disc\rses on ! ,resurrection4 ,new ,edition 7! ?ird74 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,c>son 7,a4 ,r41 ,,ll4,d47 ,ex]cises 9 ,attic ,greek = ! use ( ,s*ools & ,colleges4 #abmo1 price #ds4 ,,c>son 7,a4,r41 ,,ll4,d47 ,pha$rus' ,fables ( ,a,esop 9 ,lat94 ,new edition1 ) ,vocabul>y1 edit$ by ,rev4 ,wm4 ,veit*1 #ahmo1 b\nd1 price #bs4 ,,*ri/ison 7,pr(essor74 ,a ,disp5satory4 ,new edition 9 prep>ation4 ,,cockburn 7,"l74 ,memorials ( ,8 ,"t4 ,) portrait aft] ,raeburn4 ,demy #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,cook',s 7,capta97 ,voyages & ,discov]ies4 ,edit$ by ,john ,b>r[ ,esq41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,illu/rat$1 squ>e #abmo1 gilt edges1 price #es4 ,,crampton 7,rev4 ,,josiah74 ,! ,lun> ,_w1 its ,sc5]y1 ,motions1 etc4 ,pr9cipal ,cont5ts3 ,flight ?r\gh ,space--,appe>ance ( ! ,moon on approa*+ h]--,lun> ,sc5]y--,w&]+s 9 ! ,m>e ,imbrium--,m\nta9s--,volcanoes--,motions --,utility & ,beauty ( ! ,moon--,habitability ( ! ,moon & ,plurality ( ,worlds1 etc4 etc4 etc4 ,f\r? ,?\s&1 fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,davidson 7,rev4 ,dr47 ,on ,biblical ,criticism4 #hvo1 price #ahs4 ,,demaus 7,rev4 ,,rob]t1 ,m4,a47 ,class ,book ( ,engli% ,prose1 ,compreh5d+ ,specim5s ( ! mo/ ,di/+ui%$ ,prose ,writ]s f ,,*auc] to ! ,pres5t ,"t1 ) ,biographical ,notices1 ,explanatory ,notes1 & ,introductory ,sket*es ( ! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 #abmo1 clo?1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ,or 9 ,two ,p>ts1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ---- ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,engli% ,lit]ature4 #ab mo1 price #bs4 ---- ,elem5t>y ,read+ ,book4 ,illu/rat$1 #ahmo1 clo?1 price #as4 ---- ,scripture ,class ,book4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,d5ison 7,e4 ,b41 ,m4,a41 ,q4,c47 ,clocks & ,locks4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,de ,,qu9cey',s 7,,?omas7 ,works4 ,new ,edition4 ,9 #ae volumes cr[n #hvo1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ea*4 7,see page #ad47 ,,de ,,qu9cey 7,,?os47 on ,/yle & ,conv]sation4 ,a ,s]ies ( ,essays4 ,fcap #hvo1 clo?1 price #es4 ,,dick 7,,william74 ,manual ( ,vet]9>y ,sci5ce4 ,second ,edition4 #ab mo1 price #es4 ,,donaldson 7,,james1 ,m4,a47 ,lat9 ,read] ( ,jacobs & ,class54 ,) ,notes1 etc41 #abmo1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,or ,,c\rse ,i41 price #as4 #i;d4 ,,c\rse ,,ii41 price #bs4 ---- ,mod]n ,greek ,gramm>1 #ab mo1 price #bs4 ,,dress]4 7,pr(essor74 ,popul> ,manual ( ,botany )\t te*nical t]ms4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 twelve page ,wood ,illu/rations1 col\r$1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ,,edw>ds 7,a4 ,m47 ,! ,ambulance ,surgeon2 or1 ,practical ,obs]vations on ,gun%ot ,w\nds4 ,by ,p4 ,l4 ,,appia4 ,edit$1 ) ,notes1 by ,t4 ,w4 ,,nunn1 ,f4,r4,c4,s41 ,surgeon to ! ,middlesex ,hospital2 & ,a4 ,m4 ,,edw>ds1 ,lectur] on ,surg]y 9 ! ,ed9burgh ,m$ical ,s*ool4 ,fcap4 #hvo4 ,price #fs4 ,,encyclopa$ia ,,britannica4 #ba vols41 #dto 7ea* vol4 #bds41 clo?74 ,complete1 ) ,index1 ,l#be3 #abs4 ---- #ba vols1 #dto1 half b\nd1 ,russia extra1 m>bl$ edges1 #cjs4 p] vol41 ,complete ,l#ca3 #ajs42 ) ,index ,l#cb3 #b3 #f4 ---- ,index to ,ditto1 #dto1 price #hs41 clo?2 or #abs4 #f;d4 half russia4 ,,fairbairn 7,,william74 ,iron3 its ,hi/ory1 ,prop]ties1 & ,processes ( ,manufacture4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #fs4 ,,f>r> 7,,rev4 ,f4 ,w47 ,julian ,home3 ,a ,tale ( ,college ,life4 ,foolscap #hvo1 second edition1 price #es4 ---- ,eric2 or ,little by ,little2 a ,tale ( ,roslyn ,s*ool4 ,six? edition1 illu/rat$1 fcap4 #hvo1 price #es4 ---- ,/4 ,w9ifr$'s2 or ,! ,_w ( ,s*ool4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 price #fs4 #f;d4 ,,=bes 7,pr(essor ,j4 ,d47 ,occasional ,pap]s on ! ,!ory ( ,glaci]s1 ) t5 ,plates & tw5ty-n9e ,wood ,engrav+s4 ,demy #hvo1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,norway & its ,glaci]s4 ,foll[$ by ,j\rnals ( ,excursions 9 ! ,high ,alps ( ,dauph9e1 ,b]ne1 & ,savoy4 ,) two ,maps1 t5 ,col\r$ ,li?ographic ,views1 & tw5ty-two ,wood ,engrav+s4 ,royal #hvo1 price #bas4 ,,=bes 7,pr(essor ,j4 ,d47 ,t\r ( ,mont ,blanc & ( ,monte ,rosa4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,map ( ! ,p5n9e ,*a9 ( ,alps1 fcap4 #hvo4 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,graham 7,g4 ,f47 ,musical ,composition3 its ,!ory & ,practice4 ,) num]\s ,engrav+s1 & copi\s ,musical ,illu/rations4 #dto1 price #is4 ,,gulliv]',s ,travels to ,liliput4 ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 gilt edges1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,gunn 7,,wm4 ,m41 ,,ll4,d47 ,rudim5ts ( ! ,lat9 ,language4 #abmo1 price #bs4 ,,gu?rie 7,rev4 ,dr47 ,pleas = ,ragg$ ,s*ools4 ,sev5? ,?\s&4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,illu/rat$ cov]4 ,price #as4 ---- ,! ,gospel 9 ,ezekiel4 ,tw5ty-sev5? ?\s&4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,*ri/ & ! ,inh]itance ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,sixte5? ?\s&4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,way to ,life4 ,sev5? ?\s&4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #es4 ---- ,! ,*ri/ian ,_w ,unmask$1 by ,,b]ridge4 ,edit$ by ,,dr4 ,,gu?rie4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 clo? antique1 r$ edges1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,! ,/reet ,prea*]1 be+ ! ,autobiography ( ,rob]t ,flockh>t4 ,edit$ by ,,dr4 ,,gu?rie4 ,small cr[n #hvo1 clo? limp price #bs4 ,,hampd5 7,r4 ,d47 ,! ,fa!rs ( ,greek ,philosophy4 ,demy #hvo1 price #afs4 ,,h]s*el 7,sir ,j4 ,f4 ,w41 ,b>t47 ,physical ,geography4 ,second edition1 cr[n #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ---- ,meteorology4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #es4 ---- ,! ,telescope4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,jeffrey 7,rev4 ,dr47 ,voices f ,calv>y2 or ! ,sev5 ,la/ ,say+s ( ,our ,dy+ ,"l4 ,second edition1 fcap4 #hvo1 clo? antique1 price #ds4 ,,jukes 7,j4 ,b47 ,! ,/ud5t's ,manual ( ,geology4 ,new & greatly enl>g$ ,edition1 ) ,li/s & ,figures ( *>act]i/ic ,fossils1 & conta9+ upw>ds ( ,f\r ,hundr$ ,wood ,engrav+s4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 #gej1 price #abs4 #f;d4 ,,jukes 7,j4 ,b47 ,s*ool ,boy's ,manual ( ,geology4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,kell& 7,pr(essor74 ,elem5ts ( ,algebra1 = ! use ( ,s*ools & ,junior ,classes 9 ,colleges4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #ds4 ---- ,algebra--be+ a ,complete & easy ,introduction to ,analytical ,sci5ce4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 #dfg1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,kemp 7,w4 ,s41 ,m4,a47 ,a ,c\rse ( ,ex]cises 9 ,lat9 ,prose ,syntax4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #cs4 #f;d42 or 9 two ,p>ts1--,"p ,i4 ,agreem5t & ,gov]nm5t1 #bs4 ,"p ,,ii4 ,! ,syntax ( ! ,subjunctive ,mood1 #bs4 ,"p ,,iii4 ,introductory1 #aj;d4 ,,kitto 7,dr47 ,new ,edition ( ,kitto's ,cyclopa$ia ( ,biblical ,lit]ature4 ,edit$ by ,,william ,,l9dsay ,,alex&]1 ,d4,d41 assi/$ by num]\s ,contributors4 ,n[ publi%+ 9 ,mon?ly ,p>ts1 sup]-royal #hvo1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ea*1 illu/rat$ ) num]\s ,engrav+s on ,wood & ,/eel4 ---- ,popul> ,cyclopa$ia ( ,biblical ,lit]ature4 ,9 "o volume1 #hvo1 illu/rat$ by #ccf ,engrav+s1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,hi/ory ( ,pale/9e2 f ! ,patri>*al ,age to ! pres5t "t4 ,num]\s ,wood ,engrav+s1 cr[n #hvo1 price #es4 ---- ,s*ool ,edition4 #abmo1 price #ds42 )\t ,map1 #cs4 #f;d4 ,,lam>t9e 7,,alphonse ,,de74 ,m>y ,/u>t4 ,) ,portrait1 cr[n #hvo1 price #es4 ,,lockh>t 7,j47 ,s*ool ,geography = ! ,use ( ,junior ,pupils 9 ,mix$ ,s*ools4 #abmo1 price #as4 ,m',,cullo* 7,j4 ,r47 ,pr9ciples ( ,political ,economy4 #hvo1 price #aes4 ---- ,a ,treatise on ,metallic & ,pap] ,money & ,banks1 writt5 = ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 #dto1 #es4 ---- ,economical ,policy4 ,second edition1 enl>g$ & improv$1 #hvo1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 ---- ,on ,taxation4 #dto1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,macaulay 7,"l74 ,biographies ( ,att]bury1 ,bunyan1 ,goldsmi?1 ,johnson1 & ,pitt1 contribut$ to ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica4 ,elev5? ?\s&4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 ) ,portrait by ,maull & ,polyblank1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,macaulay 7,dr4 ,,alexr47 ,m$ical ,diction>y1 design$ = popul> use2 conta9+ an acc\nt ( ,diseases & _! ,treatm5t1 includ+ ^? mo/ frequ5t 9 w>m climates4 ,new edition1 greatly enl>g$ & improv$4 ,by ,,rob]t ,,welbank ,,macaulay1 ,m4,d41 ,h4,e4,i4,c4,s4 ,demy #hvo1 price #ajs4 #f;d4 clo?1 & #abs4 #f;d4 half-russia4 ,,mansel 7,h4 ,l41 ,d4,c4,l47 ,metaphysics1 or ! ,philosophy ( ,consci\sness4 ,cr[n #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,masson 7,,gu/ave74 ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,fr5* ,lit]ature4 #abmo1 clo?1 #bs4 #f;d4 ---- ,class-,book ( ,fr5* ,lit]ature1 ) ,biographical ,notices1 ,notes & ,*ronological ,tables1 cr[n #hvo1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ,,mill]',s 7,,hugh7 ,works1 cr[n #hvo1 ea* #gs4 #f;d4 99 ,,my ,,s*ools ,,& ,,s*oolma/]s4 #aa1jjj4 ,,sc5es ,,& ,,leg5ds ,,9 ,,! ,,nor? ,,( ,,scotl&4 #f1jjj4 99 ,,fir/ ,,impressions ,,( ,,engl& ,,& ,,its ,,p4 #g1jjj4 ,,! ,,old ,,r$ ,,s&/one4 #aj1jjj4 ,,te/imony ,,( ,,! ,,rocks4 #bi1jjj4 ,,! ,,cruise ,,( ,,! ,,betsy4 #d1jjj4 ,,sket* ,,book ,,( ,,popul> ,,geology4 #b1jjj4 ,,foot-,,pr9ts ,,( ,,! ,,creator4 #g1jjj4 ,,essays1 ,,hi/orical ,,& ,,critical4 #b1jjj4 ,,! ,,head%ip ,,( ,,*ri/4 #b1jjj4 ,,essays1 ,,hi/orical1 ,,biographical1 ,,& ,,critical4 #b1jjj4 ,,tales ,,& ,,sket*es4 ----99 ,*eap editions ( ! above1 cr[n #hvo1 clo?1 limp1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,mill] 7,pr(essor74 ,pr9ciples & ,practice ( ,surg]y4 ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 ,new edition4 ,9 ! press4 ,,mun*aus5 7,b>on74 ,num]\s ,illu/rations4 #ahmo1 gilt edges1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,murray 7,,&rew ,,& ,,rob]t74 ,%ipbuild+ 9 ,iron & ,wood4 ,new ,edition4 ,illu/rat$ ) ,plates & ,woodcuts1 #dto1 price #ads4 ,,neill 7,,patrick1 ,,ll4,d47 ,! ,fruit1 ,fl[]1 & ,kit*5 ,g>d54 ,pr(usely ,illu/rat$4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,nicol 7,pr(essor74 ,elem5ts ( ,m9]alogy2 conta9+ a ,g5]al ,introduction to ! ,sci5ce1 ) descriptions ( ! ,species4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #es4 ,,oswald 7,rev4 ,,john74 ,etymological ,diction>y ( ! ,engli% ,language4 ,sev5? edition1 #ahmo1 b\nd1 #es4 ,,ow5 7,,ri*>d1 ,f4,r4,s47 ,palaeontology1 or a ,sy/ematic ,summ>y ( ,ext9ct ,animals1 & _! ,geological ,relations4 #ada ,illu/rations1 second edition1 demy #hvo1 price #afs4 ,,p>k 7,,mungo74 ,travels 9 ,africa4 ,n9e page ,illu/rations1 squ>e #abmo1 gilt edges1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,pat]son 7,,james1 ,m4,a41 ,b>ri/] at ,law74 ,comp5dium ( ,engli% & ,scot* ,law4 ,royal #hvo1 price #bhs4 ,,pillans 7,pr(essor74 ,eclogae ,cic]onianae4 #ahmo1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,fir/ ,/eps 9 ,physical & ,classical ,geography4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #as4 #f;d4 ,,porte\s 7,bi%op74 ,evid5ces ( ! ,tru?1 & ,div9e ,orig9 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,revelation1 ) ,def9itions & ,analysis by ,,james ,,boyd1 ,,ll4,d4 #ahmo1 price #as4 ,,poetry & ,poets ( ,brita94 ,f ,*auc] to ,t5nyson1 ) ,biographical ,sket*es1 & a rapid ,view ( ! ,*>act]i/ic ,attributes ( ea*4 ,by ,,daniel ,,scrymge\r4 ,po/ #hvo1 gilt edges1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,poets & ,prose ,writ]s ( ,france1 f ! ,e>lie/ ,p]iod to ! ,beg9n+ ( ! ,pres5t ,c5tury4 ,by ,,gu/ave ,,masson1 ,b4,a41 c41 ,assi/ant ,ma/] at ,h>r[ ,s*ool4 ,cr[n #hvo1 pp4 #eag clo?1 gilt edges1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,prose & ,prose ,writ]s ( ,brita94 ,by ,rev4 ,,rob]t ,,demaus1 ,m4,a4 ,cr[n #hvo1 gilt edges1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,ramsay 7,,allan74 ,! ,g5tle ,%eph]d4 ,illu/rat$1 #afmo1 price #bs4 #f;d42 gilt edges #cs4 ,,ri*>dson 7,,sir ,,john1 ,,ll4,d41 etc47 ,! ,pol> regions4 ,demy #hvo4 ,) ,map1 price #ads4 ,,rob9son ,,crusoe4 ,illu/rat$ by ,c4 ,a4 ,doyle4 ,squ>e #abmo1 gilt edges1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,russell 7,,scott74 ,! ,/eam ,eng9e4 ,illu/rat$1 po/ #hvo1 price #es4 ,,russel 7,,scott74 ,/eam & ,/eam ,navigation4 ,a ,treatise on ! ,nature1 ,prop]ties1 & ,applications ( ,/eam1 & on ,/eam ,navigation4 ,illu/rat$1 po/ #hvo1 #is4 ,,s*mitz 7,dr47 ,elem5t>y ,greek ,gramm>4 #abmo1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,scrymge\r 7,,daniel74 ,class-,book ( ,engli% ,poetry4 #abmo1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ,or 9 #b p>ts1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ea*4 ,,scott 7,sir ,,walt]74 ,complete ,works & ,life4 #ih vols41 fcap4 #hvo1 ,l#ad3 #ad4 ---- ,wav]ley ,novels4 ,! late/ editions ) ! ,au?or's ,notes-- ,,new ,,illu/rat$ ,,edition ( #ahfj1 #dh vols41 fcap4 #hvo1 clo?1 #if ,plates1 & #agjj ,illu/rations ,l#aj #aj #j ,,libr>y ,,edition1 #be vols4 demy #hvo1 ) #bjd ,engrav+s aft] ,wilkie1 ,l&se] #ab #ab #j ,,au?or',s ,,fav\rite ,,edition ( #ahdg1 9 #dh vols41 fcap4 #hvo1 ) ,frontispiece & ,vignette to ea* vol4 #g #d #j ,,cab9et ,,edition1 #be vols41 fcap #hvo1 ea* vol4 conta9+ ,/eel ,frontispiece & ,woodcut ,vignette #c #aj #j ,,p',s ,,edition1 #e vols4 royal #hvo1 ) ,illu/rations #b #b #j ,,railway ,,edition1 #be vols41 fcap4 #hvo1 ,illu/rat$ ,cov]s #a #ag #f ,sep>ately1 #as4 #f;d4 ea*1 or 9 clo?1 #bs4 ,vol4 #a ,wav]ley1 or ',tis ,sixty ,ye>s ,s9ce4 #b4 ,guy ,mann]+1 or ,! ,a/rolog]4 #c4 ,antiqu>y #d4 ,rob ,roy4 #e4 ,old ,mortality4 #f4 ,black ,dw>f1 & ,leg5d ( ,montrose4 #g4 ,he>t ( ,mid-,lo?ian4 #h4 ,bride ( ,lamm]moor4 #i4 ,ivanhoe4 #aj4 ,mona/]y4 #aa4 ,abbott4 #ab4 ,k5ilwor?4 #ac4 ,pirate4 #ad4 ,=tunes ( ,nigel4 #ae4 ,pev]il ( ! ,peak4 #af4 ,qu5t9 ,durw>d4 #ag4 ,/4 ,ronan's ,well4 #ah4 ,r$gauntlet4 #ai4 ,! ,betro!d4 #bj4 ,! ,talisman4 #ba4 ,wood/ock4 #bb4 ,fair ,maid ( ,p]?4 #bc4 ,anne ( ,gei]/e91 or ! ,maid5 ( ! ,mi/4 #bd4 ,c\nt ,rob]t ( ,p>is4 #be4 ,surgeon's ,daught]--,ca/le ,dang]\s4 ---- ,poetical ,works4 ,v>i\s editions1 f #es4 to #cfs4 ,,scott 7,sir ,,walt]74 ,miscellane\s ,prose ,works4 ,v>i\s editions1 f #bfs4 to #hds4 ---- ,life ( ,napoleon ,bonap>te4 #e vols41 fcap4 #hvo1 price #bjs4 ,p's edition1 #a vol41 royal #hvo1 price #ajs4 ---- ,tales ( a ,gr&fa!r4 ,v>i\s editions1 #fs4 to #aes4 ---- ,beauties (4 ,cr[n #hvo1 gilt edges1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,life (1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,lockh>t4 ,v>i\s editions1 #gs4 #f;d4 to #cjs4 ,,simpson 7,pr(essor74 ,ob/etric ,memoirs & ,contributions1 includ+ ^? on ,anae/hesia4 ,edit$ by ,c4 ,w4 ,prie/ly1 ,m4,d41 & ,h4 ,r4 ,/or]1 ,m4,d4 #b vols4 #hvo1 pr(usely ,illu/rat$1 #cfs4 ---- ,,on ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,wom54 #hvo4 ,9 prep>ation4 ,,smi? 7,,adam1 ,,ll4,d47 ,! ,weal? 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( ,nations4 ,edit$1 & ) ,life ( ! ,au?or1 by ,j4 ,r4 ,m',,cullo*1 ,esq4 ,f\r? edition1 correct$ ?r\gh\t1 & greatly enl>g$4 #hvo1 #afs4 ,,spald+ 7,,wm41 ,m4,a47 ,an ,introduction to ,logical ,sci5ce4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,/ev5son 7,,david74 ,canal & ,riv] ,eng9e]+4 ,small #hvo1 #ds4 #f;d4 ,,/ev5son 7,,?omas74 ,on ,h>b\rs4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,9 ! ,press4 ,,/ew>t 7,w4 ,c47 ,! ,practical ,angl]1 or ! ,art ( ,tr\t ,fi%+1 m p>ticul>ly appli$ to ,cle> ,wat]4 ,f\r? edition1 #abmo1 clo?1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,?omas 7,dr4 ,,rob]t74 ,! ,mod]n ,practice ( ,physic4 ,elev5? edition1 edit$ by ,dr4 ,frampton4 #b vols4 #hvo1 price #bhs4 ,,?omson 7,pr(essor74 ,brew+ & ,di/illation4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #fs4 ,,traill 7,pr(essor74 ,m$ical ,jurisprud5ce4 ,?ird ,edition1 po/ #hvo1 price #es4 ,,trail 7,rev4 ,w47 ,! ,lit]>y ,*>act]i/ics & ,a*ievem5ts ( ! ,bible4 ,cr[n #hvo4 ,,tytl] 7,p4 ,f47 ,hi/ory ( ,scotl&4 ,enl>g$ & cont9u$ to ! ,pres5t ,"t1 by ! ,rev4 ,,james ,,taylor1 ,d4,d41 & adapt$ to ! purposes ( ,tuition by ,,alex4 ,,reid1 ,,ll4,d4 ,six? edition1 #abmo1 #cs4 #f;d4 ---- ,outl9es ( ,mod]n ,hi/ory4 ,fif? edition1 #abmo1 #cs4 ---- ,outl9es ( ,anci5t ,hi/ory4 ,f\r? edition1 #abmo1 #cs4 ,,veit* 7,rev4 ,,wm47 ,greek ,v]bs1 ,irregul> & ,defective4 ,po/ #hvo1 price #fs4 ,,walpole 7,,horace74 ,! ,ca/le ( ,otranto4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 ,illu/rat$1 gilt edges1 price #bs4 #f;d4 ,,w>dlaw 7,dr47 ,sy/ematic ,!ology4 ,a ,complete ,sy/em ( ,polemic ,div9ity4 ,9 ?ree vols41 demy #hvo1 price #bas4 ,,we/g>? 7,,william74 ,au/ralia2 its ,rise1 ,progress1 & ,pres5t ,condition2 ) ,map4 ,fcap4 #hvo1 price #cs4 #f;d4 ,,:ewell 7,dr47 ,new ,edition ( ,mack9to%'s ,e?ical ,philosophy4 ,demy #hvo4 ,price #ajs4 #f;d4 ,,:ite 7,,rob]t74 ,madeira2 its ,climate & ,sc5]y4 ,second edition by ,j4 ,y4 ,,johnson4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations1 & a ,map ( ! ,isl&1 cr[n #hvo1 price #gs4 #f;d4 ,,wilson 7,,john74 ,briti% ,f>m+1 a description ( ! mix$ husb&ry ( ,great ,brita94 ,pp4 #efi1 pr(usely illu/rat$4 ,demy #hvo1 price #abs4 ,,"y 7,,&rew74 ,! ,angl] & ,t\ri/'s ,guide to ! ,nor!rn ,c\nties ( ,scotl&1 ) ,in/ructions to ,"y ,angl]s4 #ahmo1 price #bs4 ,,de ,,qu9cey',s ,,works4 ,,au?or',s ,,edition4 ,9 ,fifte5 ,volumes1 price #ds4 #f;d4 ea*1 ,,new ,,edition ,,( ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,?omas ,,de ,,qu9cey ,,! ,,engli% ,,opium ,,eat] 99 99 99 99 99 ,vol4 ,i4 ,,confessions ,,( ,,an ,,engli% ,,opium-,,eat]4 ,,ii4 ,,recollections ,,( ,,! ,,lake ,,poets4 ,,iii4 ,,la/ ,,days ,,( ,,immanuel ,,kant4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,engli% ,,mail-,,coa*4 ,v4 ,,dr4 ,,samuel ,,p>r1 ,,etc4 ,,vi4 ,,ri*>d ,,b5tley1 ,,etc4 ,,vii4 ,,prote/antism ,,& ,,o!r ,,essays4 ,,viii4 ,,lead]s ,,9 ,,lit]ature4 ,,ix4 ,,! ,,caes>s1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,writ+s4 ,x4 ,,rhetoric ,,& ,,/yle4 ,,xi4 ,,col]idge ,,& ,,opium ,,eat+4 ,,xii4 ,,speculations1 ,,lit]>y ,,& ,,philosophic4 ,,xiii4 ,,conv]sation1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,pap]s4 ,,xiv4 ,,! ,,autobiographic ,,sket*es--#agij-ahjc4 ,volume ,,xiv4 concludes ! s]ies ( ,mr4 ,de ,qu9cey's ,works1 z arrang$ by himself2 b 9 ord] to r5d] ?is ,edition complete1 a ,,supplem5t>y ,,volume 7,,xv47 w be add$1 conta9+ ! ,biographies ( ,,%akspe>e1 ,,pope1 ,,goe!1 & ,,s*ill]1 contribut$ by ,mr4 ,de ,qu9cey to ! ,encyclopa$ia ,britannica1 & n includ$ 9 ! la/ ,edition ( 8 ,works1 & a pap]1 hi!rto unpubli%$1 on ! ,,political ,,p>ties ,,( ,,mod]n ,,engl&4 ,also a ,complete ,,g5]al ,,index to ! :ole ,works4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black ,,new ,,edition ,,( ,,kitto',s ,,cyclopa$ia4 ,9 royal #hvo1 ,volume ,i4 7,a to ,e71 pp4 #hhd4 ,price ,l#a3 #j3 #j4 ,a ,,?ird ,,edition ,,( ,,kitto',s ,cyclopa$ia ( ,biblical ,lit]ature4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,,william ,,l9dsay ,,alex&]1 ,d4,d41 ) ! assi/ance ( num]\s contributors4 ,illu/rat$ by ,num]\s ,engrav+s on ,wood & ,/eel4 ,9 und]tak+ ! ,new ,edition ( ?is "w1 x 0 ! int5tion ( ! ,publi%]s to complete x 9 two volumes1 b ! additions h be5 s ext5sive z to r5d] a ?ird volume necess>y4 ,al?\gh ?is *ange w occasion great extra exp5se to ! ,publi%]s1 !re w be no additional *>ge to ,subscrib]s1 :o w receive ! complete book at ,l#c1 ! price to :i* ! ,publi%]s pl$g$ !mselves 9 _! prospectus4 ,li/ ( ,contributors4 ,be>d1 ,j4 ,r41 ,d4,d4 ,bell1 ,g4 ,m4 ,br[n1 ,john1 ,d4,d41 late ,pr(essor ( ,exegetical ,!ology to ! ,unit$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur* ( ,scotl&4 ,br[ne1 ,h5ry1 ,m4,a41 ,vic> ( ,pev5sey4 ,cairns1 ,john1 ,d4,d4 ,c&li%1 ,james ,s41 ,m4,a4 ,cr$n]1 ,k>l ,augu/1 ,d4,d41 late ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,giess54 ,davidson1 ,samuel1 ,d4,d41 ,,ll4,d4 ,d5ham1 ,jo%ua ,fr$41 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,deuts*1 ,emanuel1 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,b]l91 ,m4 ,g]4 ,or4 ,soc41 etc41 ,briti% ,museum4 ,doran1 ,john ,william1 ,,ll4,d41 ,rector ( ,bee/on1 ,/4 ,lawr5ce1 ,norfolk4 ,f>r>1 ,fr$]ic ,w41 ,m4,a41 late ,fell[ ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,geikie1 ,ar*ibald1 ,f4,r4,s4,e41 ,f4,g4,s41 ( ! ,geological ,survey4 ,g9sburg1 ,*ri/ian ,d4 ,goold1 ,william ,h5ry1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology to ! ,re=m$ ,presbyt]ian ,*ur*4 ,got*1 ,f4 ,w41 ,d4,d41 ,presid5t ( ! ,bapti/ ,college1 ,bri/ol2 ,exam9] 9 ,hebrew to ! ,london ,univ]sity4 ,g[an1 ,an?ony ,t41 ,d4,d4 ,haev]nick1 ,he9ri* ,augu/ ,*ri/41 late ,pr(essor ( ,!ology at ,ko5igsb]g4 ,holmes1 ,pet]1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,a4,s41 ( ,magdal5 ,hall1 ,ox=d4 ,jamieson1 ,rob]t1 ,d4,d41 ,m9i/] ( ,/4 ,paul's1 ,glasg[4 ,j5n+s1 ,isaac4 ,kitto1 ,john1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,a4,s4 ,lea!s1 ,/anley1 ,m4,a4 ,lyon1 ,william ,p41 ,b4,a4 ,m',causl&1 ,dom9ick1 ,q4,c41 ,,ll4,d4 ,madd51 ,fr$4 ,w41 ,m4,r4,s4,l41 ,brit4 ,museum4 ,mi*elson1 ,e41 ,ph4 ,d4 ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,heidelb]g4 ,morr51 ,na?anael1 ,m4,a4 ,newman1 ,francis ,w41 late ,fell[ ( ,balliol ,college1 ,ox=d2 ,pr(essor ( ,lat9 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,london4 ,new?1 ,samuel1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor1 ,new ,college1 ,london4 ,ni*olson1 ,john1 ,b4,a4 ,ox=d2 ,ph4 ,d4 ,tueb+54 ,ni*olson1 ,w4 ,a41 ,m4,d4 ,poole1 ,reg4 ,/u>t1 ,briti% ,museum4 ,port]1 ,j4 ,leslie1 ,m4,a41 ,pr(essor ( ,sacr$ ,lit]ature1 ,assembly's ,college1 ,belfa/4 ,royle1 ,j4 ,f41 ,m4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,l4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,ryl&1 ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 ,c4 ,hamilton1 ,lieut4-,colonel1 ,k4,h4 & ,k4,w41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,r4,l4,s41 etc4 ,smi?1 ,john ,pye1 ,d4,d41 ,f4,r4,s41 ,f4,g4,s4 ,/ebb+1 ,h5ry1 ,d4,d4 ( ,/4 ,john's ,college1 ,cambridge4 ,?oluck1 ,augu/1 ,d4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,!ology 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,halle4 ,wace1 ,h5ry1 ,m4,a4 ,wright1 ,william1 ,m4,a4 & ,,ll4,d4 ( ,tr9ity ,college1 ,dubl94 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black4 ,,new ,,edition1 #ahfb4 ,9 folio1 half b\nd morocco1 gilt edges1 price ,l#c1 ,a new edition ( ,,black',s ,,g5]al ,,atlas ,,( ,,! ,,_w1 ,s]ies ( ,fifty-six ,maps1 conta9+ all ! ,late/ ,discov]ies1 beautifully col\r$1 & accompani$ by an ,alphabetical ,index ( #fe1jjj ,names1 =m+ a ready ,key to ! places m5tion$ 9 ! ,maps4 ,li/ ( ,maps 9 ! ord] 9 :i* !y occur4 ,,physical ,,geography1 ,,etc4 #a4 ,! ,_w 9 ,hemisph]es1 ) ,comp>ative ,view ( ,m\nta9s & ,riv]s4 #b4 ,! ,_w on ,m]cator's ,projection4 #c4 ,physical & ,e?nographical ,*>ts ( ! ,_w4 #d4 ,zoological & ,botanical ,*>ts ( ! ,_w4 #e4 ,iso!rmal ,*>t %ew+ ! ,temp]ature ( ! ,e>?'s ,surface4 #f4 ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn ,cele/ial ,hemisph]e4 #g4 ,sol> ,sy/em1 ,!ory ( ! ,seasons1 etc4 ,,europe4 #h4 ,europe4 #i4 ,engl& 7,nor? ,"p74 #aj4 4444444 7,s\? ,"p74 #aa4 ,scotl& 7,nor? ,"p74 #ab4 44444444 7,s\? ,"p74 #ac4 ,irel&4 #ad4 ,france4 #ae4 ,switz]l&4 #af4 ,holl& & ,belgium4 #ag4 ,railway ,map ( ,c5tral ,europe4 #ah4 ,g]many4 #ai4 ,au/ria4 #bj4 ,prussia4 #ba4 ,d5m>k4 #bb4 ,sw$5 & ,norway1 ) ,baltic ,sea4 #bc4 ,russia 9 ,europe4 #bd4 ,spa9 & ,portugal4 #be4 ,italy 7,nor?74 #bf4 44444 7,s\?74 #bg4 ,turkey 9 ,europe4 #bh4 ,greece & ,ionian ,isl&s4 ,,asia4 #bi4 ,asia4 #cj4 ,turkey 9 ,asia4 #ca4 ,pale/9e4 #cb4 ,p]sia1 ,afghani/an1 & ,beloo*i/an4 #cc4 ,india4 #cd4 ,*9a4 #ce4 ,indian ,ar*ipelago1 & ,fur!r ,india1 includ+ ,burmah1 ,siam1 etc4 ,,africa4 #cf4 ,africa1 ) ,b>?'s1 ,liv+/one's1 & ,burton's ,r\tes4 #cg4 ,egypt4 #ch4 ,s\? ,africa4 ,,am]ica4 #ci4 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ) ,enl>gem5t ( ,briti% ,columbia4 #dj4 ,briti% ,am]ica & ,arctic ,regions4 #da4 ,canada ,ea/1 ,new ,brunswick1 ,nova ,scotia1 etc4 #db4 ,canada ,we/4 #dc4 ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica 7,g5]al ,map74 #dd4 ,! ,ea/]n or ,pr9cipal ,/ates4 #de4 ,! ,we/]n ,/ates 7,cali=nia1 ,oregon1 ,utah1 etc47 #df4 ,mexico1 ,c5tral ,am]ica1 etc4 #dg4 ,we/ ,india ,isl&s4 #dh4 ,s\? ,am]ica4 #di4 ,v5ezuela1 ,new ,granada1 ,equador1 & ,p]u4 #ej4 ,*ili--,arg5t9e ,republic1 & ,bolivia4 #ea4 ,brazil1 ,uruguay1 & ,guayana4 ,,au/ralia ,,& ,,isl&s ,,( ,,! ,,pacific4 #eb4 ,au/ralia4 #ec4 ,new ,zeal&1 ,tasmania1 & ,we/]n ,au/ralia4 #ed4 ,polynesia & ,pacific ,ocean4 #ee4 ,! ,_w z kn[n to ! ,anci5ts4 #ef4 ,! ,pr9cipal ,c\ntries ( ! ,anci5t ,_w1 ) ! ,roman & ,p]sian ,empires4 ,accompani$ by ,sket* ,maps ( ! ,f$]al & ,conf$]ate ,/ates1 & ( a portion ( ,mexico4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,ed9burgh3 ,,adam ,,& ,,*>les ,,black4