,transcrib]'s note3 ,a few typographical errors h be5 correct$3 !y are li/$ at ! end ( ! text4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,v>iation ,,( ,,animals ,,& ,,plants ,,"u ,,dome/ication4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,d>w91 ,m4,a41 ,f4,r4,s41 c4 ,,9 ,,two ,,volumes4--,,vol4 ,i4 ,,) ,,illu/rations4 ,,london3 ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet4 #ahfh4 ,! "r ( ,translation is res]v$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,on ,,! ,,orig9 ,,( ,,species ,,by ,,means ,,( ,,natural ,,selection2 or ,! ,,pres]vation ( ,,fav\r$ ,,races 9 ! ,,/ruggle = ,,life4 ,f\r? ,edition 7,eigh? ,?\s&71 ) ,additions & ,corrections4 #ahff4 444 ,,murray4 ,a ,,naturali/',s ,,voyage ,,r\nd ,,! ,,_w2 or1 ,a ,,j\rnal ,,( ,,rese>*es into ! ,,natural ,,hi/ory & ,,geology ( ! ,,c\ntries visit$ dur+ ! ,voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle1 "u ! ,comm& ( ,capt4 ,,fitz-,,roy1 ,r4,n4 ,t5? ,?\s&4 444 ,,murray4 ,,on ,,! ,,/ructure ,,& ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,coral ,,reefs4 444 ,,smi?1 ,,eld]1 ,co4 ,,geological ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,volcanic ,,isl&s4 444 ,,smi?1 ,,eld]1 ,co4 ,,geological ,,obs]vations ,,on ,,s\? ,,am]ica4 444 ,,smi?1 ,,eld]1 ,co4 ,a ,,monograph ,,( ,,! ,,cirrip$ia4 ,) num]\s ,illu/rations4 #b vols4 #hvo4 444 ,,h>dwicke4 ,,on ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,contrivances ,,by ,,:i* ,,briti% ,,& ,,=eign ,,or*ids ,,are ,,f]tilis$ ,,by ,,insects2 & on ! ,,good ,,effects ( ,,cross+4 ,) num]\s ,woodcuts4 444 ,,murray4 ,,on ,,! ,,movem5ts & ,,habits ( ,,climb+ ,,plants4 ,) ,woodcuts4 444 ,,williams ,,norgate4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,,william ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 99 99 99 99 99 iii ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,volume ,i4 ,,introduction 444 ,page #a ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,dome/ic ,,dogs ,,& ,,cats4 ,,anci5t ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,dog--,,resemblance ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,dogs ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,c\ntries ,,to ,,native ,,can9e ,,species--,,animals ,,n ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,,man ,,at ,,fir/ ,,fe>less--,,dogs ,,resembl+ ,,wolves ,,& ,,jackals--,,habit ,,( ,,b>k+ ,,acquir$ ,,& ,,lo/--,,f]al ,,dogs--,,tan-,,col\r$ ,,eye-,,spots--,,p]iod ,,( ,,ge/ation--,,(f5sive ,,od\r--,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,races ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,races ,,9 ,,"p ,,due ,,to ,,desc5t ,,f ,,di/9ct ,,species--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,tee?--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,body1 ,,9 ,,con/itution--,,few ,,important ,,diff]5ces ,,h ,,be5 ,,fix$ ,,by ,,selection--,,direct ,,action ,,( ,,climate--,,wat]-,,dogs ,,) ,,palmat$ ,,feet--,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*anges ,,:i* ,,c]ta9 ,,engli% ,,races ,,( ,,! ,,dog ,,h ,,gradually ,,und]gone ,,?r\gh ,,selection--,,ext9ction ,,( ,,! ,,less ,,improv$ ,,sub-,,bre$s4 ,,cats1 ,,cross$ ,,) ,,sev]al ,,species--,,diff]5t ,,bre$s ,,f\nd ,,only ,,9 ,,sep>at$ ,,c\ntries--,,direct ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,f]al ,,cats--,,individual ,,v>iability 444 ,page #ae ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,horses ,,& ,,asses4 ,,horse4--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,bre$s--,,individual ,,v>iability ,,(--,,direct ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,c ,,)/& ,,mu* ,,cold--,,bre$s ,,mu* ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,selection--,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,horse--,,dappl+--,,d>k ,,/ripes ,,on ,,! ,,sp9e1 ,,legs1 ,,%\ld]s1 ,,& ,,=ehead--,,dun-,,col\r$ ,,horses ,,mo/ ,,frequ5tly ,,/rip$--,,/ripes ,,probably ,,due ,,to ,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,primitive ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,horse4 ,,asses4--,,bre$s ,,(--,,col\r ,,(--,,leg- ,,& ,,%\ld]-,,/ripes--,,%\ld]-,,/ripes ,,sometimes ,,abs5t1 ,,sometimes ,,=k$ 444 ,page #di ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,pigs--,,cattle--,,%eep--,,goats4 ,,pigs ,,belong ,,to ,,two ,,di/9ct ,,types1 ,,sus ,,scr(a ,,& ,,indica--,,torf-,,s*we9--,,japan ,,pig--,,f]tility ,,( ,,cross$ ,,pigs--,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,highly ,,cultivat$ ,,races--,,conv]g5ce ,,( ,,"*--,,ge/ation--,,solid-,,ho($ ,,sw9e--,,curi\s ,,app5dages ,,to ,,! ,,jaws--,,decrease ,,9 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,tusks--,,"y ,,pigs ,,longitud9ally ,,/rip$--,,f]al ,,pigs--,,cross$ ,,bre$s4 ,,cattle4--,,zebu ,a ,,di/9ct ,,species--,,european ,,cattle ,,probably ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,?ree ,,wild ,,=ms--,,all ,,! ,,races ,,n[ ,,f]tile ,,toge!r--,,briti% ,,p>k ,,cattle--,,on ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,species--,,con/itutional ,,diff]5ces--,,s\? ,,african ,,races--,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,races--,,niata ,,cattle--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,races ,,( ,,cattle4 iv ,,%eep4--,,rem>kable ,,races ,,(--,,v>iations ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,male ,,sex--,,adaptations ,,to ,,v>i\s ,,conditions--,,ge/ation ,,(--,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,wool--,,semi-,,mon/r\s ,,bre$s4 ,,goats4--,,rem>kable ,,v>iations ,,( 444 ,page #fe ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,dome/ic ,,rabbits4 ,,dome/ic ,,rabbits ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,! ,,common ,,wild ,,rabbit--,,anci5t ,,dome/ication--,,anci5t ,,selection--,,l>ge ,,lop-,,e>$ ,,rabbits--,,v>i\s ,,bre$s--,,fluctuat+ ,,*>act]s--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,himalayan ,,bre$--,,curi\s ,,case ,,( ,,inh]itance--,,f]al ,,rabbits ,,9 ,,jamaica ,,& ,,! ,,falkl& ,,isl&s--,,porto ,,santo ,,f]al ,,rabbits--,,o/eological ,,*>act]s--,,skull--,,skull ,,( ,,half-,,lop ,,rabbits--,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,analog\s ,,to ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,species ,,( ,,h>es--,,v]tebrae--,,/]num--,,scapula-- ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,! ,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,limbs ,,& ,,body--,,capacity ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,r$uc$ ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,bra9--,,summ>y ,,on ,,! ,,modifications ,,( ,,dome/icat$ ,,rabbits 444 ,page #ajc ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,dome/ic ,,pigeons4 ,,enum]ation ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s--,,individual ,,v>iability--,,v>iations ,,( ,a ,,rem>kable ,,nature--,,o/eological ,,*>act]s3 ,,skull1 ,,l[] ,,jaw1 ,,numb] ,,( ,,v]tebrae--,,correlation ,,( ,,gr[?3 ,,tongue ,,) ,,beak2 ,,eyelids ,,& ,,no/rils ,,) ,,wattl$ ,,sk9--,,numb] ,,( ,,w+-,,fea!rs1 ,,& ,,l5g? ,,( ,,w+--,,col\r ,,& ,,d[n--,,webb$ ,,& ,,fea!r$ ,,feet--,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,disuse--,,l5g? ,,( ,,feet ,,9 ,,correlation ,,) ,,l5g? ,,( ,,beak--,,l5g? ,,( ,,/]num1 ,,scapula1 ,,& ,,furcula--,,l5g? ,,( ,,w+s--,,summ>y ,,on ,,! ,,po9ts ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s 444 ,page #aca ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,pigeons--cont9u$4 ,,on ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,p>5t-,,/ock ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,dome/ic ,,races--,,habits ,,( ,,life--,,wild ,,races ,,( ,,! ,,rock-,,pigeon--,,dovecot-,,pigeons--,, pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,desc5t ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,races ,,f ,,columba ,,livia--,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,races ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,plumage ,,( ,,! ,,wild ,,rock-,,pigeon--,,circum/ances ,,fav\rable ,,to ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,races--,,antiquity ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,races--,,mann] ,,( ,,_! ,,=mation--,,selection--,,unconsci\s ,,selection--,,c>e ,,tak5 ,,by ,,fanci]s ,,9 ,,select+ ,,_! ,,birds--,,slightly ,,diff]5t ,,/ra9s ,,gradually ,,*ange ,,into ,,well-,,m>k$ ,,bre$s--,,ext9ction ,,( ,,int]m$iate ,,=ms--,,c]ta9 ,,bre$s ,,rema9 ,,p]man5t1 ,,:il/ ,,o!rs ,,*ange--,,summ>y 444 ,page #ahj v ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,f[ls4 ,,brief ,,descriptions ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,bre$s--,,argum5ts ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,_! ,,desc5t ,,f ,,sev]al ,,species--,,argum5ts ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,all ,,! ,,bre$s ,,hav+ ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,gallus ,,bankiva---,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,p>5t-,,/ock ,,9 ,,col\r--,,analog\s ,,v>iations--,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,f[l--,,ext]nal ,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s--,,eggs--,,*ick5s--,,second>y ,,sexual ,,*>act]s--,,w+- ,,& ,,tail-,,fea!rs1 ,,voice1 ,,disposition1 ,,etc4--,,o/eological ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,skull1 ,,v]tebrae1 ,,etc4--,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,p>ts--,,correlation ,,( ,,gr[? 444 ,page #bbe ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,ducks--,,goose--,,peacock--,,turkey--, ,gu9ea-,,f[l--,,can>y-,,bird--,,gold-,,f i%-- ,,hive-,,bees--,,silk-,,mo?s4 ,,ducks1 ,,sev]al ,,bre$s ,,(--,,progress ,,( ,,dome/ication--,,orig9 ,,(1 ,,f ,,! ,,common ,,wild-,,duck--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,bre$s--,,o/eological ,,diff]5ces--,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,! ,,limb-,,bones4 ,,goose1 ,,anci5tly ,,dome/icat$--,,little ,,v>iation ,,(--,,seba/opol ,,bre$4 ,,peacock1 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,black-,,%\ld]$ ,,bre$4 ,,turkey1 ,,bre$s ,,(--,,cross$ ,,) ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,species--,,effects ,,( ,,climate ,,on4 ,,gu9ea-,,f[l1 ,,can>y-,,bird1 ,,gold-,,fi%1 ,,hive-,,bees4 ,,silk-,,mo?s1 ,,species ,,& ,,bre$s ,,(--,,anci5tly ,,dome/icat$--,,c>e ,,9 ,,_! ,,selection--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,races--,,9 ,,! ,,egg1 ,,cat]pill>1 ,,& ,,cocoon ,,/ates--,,inh]itance ,,( ,,*>act]s--,,imp]fect ,,w+s--,,lo/ ,,in/9cts--,,correlat$ ,,*>act]s 444 ,page #bgf ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,cultivat$ ,,plants3 ,,c]eal ,,& ,,cul9>y ,,plants4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,& ,,p>5tage ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants--,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,cultivation--,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants4 ,,c]ealia4--,,d\bts ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,species4--,,:eat3 ,,v>ieties ,,(--,,individual ,,v>iability--,,*ang$ ,,habits--,,selection--,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,v>ieties4--,,maize3 ,,great ,,v>iation ,,(--,,direct ,,action ,,( ,,climate ,,on4 ,,cul9>y ,,plants4--,,cabbages3 ,,v>ieties ,,(1 ,,9 ,,foliage ,,& ,,/ems1 ,,b ,,n ,,9 ,,o!r ,,p>ts--,,p>5tage ,,(--,,o!r ,,species ,,( ,,brassica4--,,peas3 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,k9ds1 ,,*iefly ,,9 ,,! ,,pods ,,& ,,se$--,,"s ,,v>ieties ,,con/ant1 ,,"s ,,highly ,,v>iable--,,d ,,n ,,int]cross4--,,beans4--,,potatoes3 ,,num]\s ,,v>ieties ,,(--,,diff]+ ,,little1 ,,except ,,9 ,,! ,,tub]s--,,*>act]s ,,inh]it$ 444 ,page #cje vi ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,plants cont9u$--,,fruits--,,ornam5tal ,,trees--,,fl[]s4 ,,fruits4--,,grapes--,,v>y ,,9 ,,odd ,,& ,,trifl+ ,,p>ticul>s4--,,mulb]ry4--,,! ,,orange ,,gr\p--,,s+ul> ,,results ,,f ,,cross+4--,,pea* ,,& ,,nect>9e--,,bud-,,v>iation--,,analog\s ,,v>iation--,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,almond4--,,apricot4--,,plums--,,v>iati on ,,9 ,,_! ,,/ones4--,,*]ries--,,s+ul> ,,v>ieties ,,(4--,,apple4--,,pe>4--,,/rawb]ry--,,in t]bl5d+ ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al ,,=ms4--,,gooseb]ry--,,/eady ,,increase ,,9 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,fruit--,,v>ieties ,,(4--,,walnut4--,,nut4--,,cucurbitace\s ,,plants--,,wond]ful ,,v>iation ,,(4 ,,ornam5tal ,,trees--,,_! ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,degree ,,& ,,k9d--,,a%-,,tree--,,scot*-,,fir--,,haw ?orn4 ,,fl[]s--,,multiple ,,orig9 ,,( ,,_m ,,k9ds--,,v>iation ,,9 ,,con/itutional ,,peculi>ities--,,k9d ,,( ,,v>iation4--,,roses--,,sev]al ,,species ,,cultivat$4--,,pansy4--,,dahlia4--,,hya c9?1 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,v>iation ,,( 444 ,page #ccb ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,on ,,bud-,,v>iation1 ,,& ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,anomal\s ,,modes ,,( ,,reproduction ,,& ,,v>iation4 ,,bud-,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,pea*1 ,,plum1 ,,*]ry1 ,,v9e1 ,,gooseb]ry1 ,,currant1 ,,& ,,banana1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,modifi$ ,,fruit--,,9 ,,fl[]s3 ,,camellias1 ,,azaleas1 ,,*rysan!mums1 ,,roses1 ,,etc4--,,on ,,! ,,runn+ ,,( ,,! ,,col\r ,,9 ,,c>nations--,,bud-,,v>iations ,,9 ,,leaves--,,v>iations ,,by ,,suck]s1 ,,tub]s1 ,,& ,,bulbs--,,on ,,! ,,break+ ,,( ,,tulips--,,bud-,,v>iations ,,graduate ,,into ,,*anges ,,consequ5t ,,on ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,cytisus ,,adami1 ,,its ,,orig9 ,,& ,,trans=mation--,,on ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,two ,,diff]5t ,,embryos ,,9 ,,"o ,,se$--,,! ,,trifacial ,,orange--,,on ,,rev]sion ,,by ,,buds ,,9 ,,hybrids ,,& ,,mongrels--,,on ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,modifi$ ,,buds ,,by ,,! ,,graft+ ,,( ,,"o ,,v>iety ,,or ,,species ,,on ,,ano!r--,,on ,,! ,,direct ,,or ,,imm$iate ,,action ,,( ,,=eign ,,poll5 ,,on ,,! ,,"m-,,plant--,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,9 ,,female ,,animals ,,( ,a ,,fir/ ,,impregnation ,,on ,,! ,,subsequ5t ,,(fspr+--,,conclusion ,,& ,,summ>y 444 ,page #cgc 99 99 99 99 99 vii ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 #a4 ,,dun ,,devon%ire ,,pony1 ,,) ,,%\ld]1 ,,sp9al1 ,,& ,,leg ,,/ripes 444 ,,page #ef #b4 ,,head ,,( ,,japan ,,or ,,mask$ ,,pig 444 #fi #c4 ,,head ,,( ,,wild ,,bo>1 ,,& ,,( ,,gold5 ,,days1 ,a ,,pig ,,( ,,! ,,york%ire ,,l>ge ,,bre$ 444 #gb #d4 ,,old ,,iri% ,,pig1 ,,) ,,jaw-,,app5dages 444 #ge #e4 ,,half-,,lop ,,rabbit 444 #ajh #f4 ,,skull ,,( ,,wild ,,rabbit 444 #aag #g4 ,,skull ,,( ,,l>ge ,,lop-,,e>$ ,,rabbit 444 #aag #h4 ,,"p ,,( ,,zygomatic ,,ar*1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,project+ ,,end ,,( ,,! ,,mal>-,,bone1 ,,& ,,! ,,auditory ,,meatus1 ,,( ,,rabbits 444 #aah #i4 ,,po/]ior ,,end ,,( ,,skull1 ,,%[+ ,,! ,,int]-,,p>ietal ,,bone1 ,,( ,,rabbits 444 #aah #aj4 ,,occipital ,,=am5 ,,( ,,rabbits 444 #aah #aa4 ,,skull ,,( ,,half-,,lop ,,rabbit 444 #aai #ab4 ,,atlas ,,v]tebrae ,,( ,,rabbits 444 #aba #ac4 ,,?ird ,,c]vical ,,v]tebrae ,,( ,,rabbits 444 #aba #ad4 ,,dorsal ,,v]tebrae1 ,,f ,,six? ,,to ,,t5? ,,inclusive1 ,,( ,,rabbits 444 #abb #ae4 ,,t]m9al ,,bone ,,( ,,/]num ,,( ,,rabbits 444 #abc #af4 ,,acromion ,,( ,,scapula ,,( ,,rabbits 444 #abc #ag4 ,,! ,,rock-,,pigeon1 ,,or ,,columbia ,,livia 444 #ace #ah4 ,,engli% ,,p\t] 444 #acg #ai4 ,,engli% ,,c>ri] 444 #adj #bj4 ,,engli% ,,b>b 444 #ade #ba4 ,,engli% ,,fantail 444 #adg #bb4 ,,african ,,owl 444 #adi #bc4 ,,%ort-,,fac$ ,,engli% ,,tumbl] 444 #aeb #bd4 ,,skulls ,,( ,,pigeons1 ,,view$ ,,lat]ally 444 #afc #be4 ,,l[] ,,jaws ,,( ,,pigeons1 ,,se5 ,,f ,,above 444 #afd #bf4 ,,skull ,,( ,,runt1 ,,se5 ,,f ,,above 444 #afe #bg4 ,,lat]al ,,view ,,( ,,jaws ,,( ,,pigeons 444 #afe #bh4 ,,scapulae ,,( ,,pigeons 444 #afg #bi4 ,,furculae ,,( ,,pigeons 444 #afg #cj4 ,,spani% ,,f[l 444 #bbf #ca4 ,,hamburgh ,,f[l 444 #bbh #cb4 ,,poli% ,,f[l 444 #bbi #cc4 ,,occipital ,,=am5 ,,( ,,! ,,skulls ,,( ,,f[ls 444 #bfa viii #cd4 ,,skulls ,,( ,,f[ls1 ,,view$ ,,f ,,above1 ,a ,,little ,,obliquely 444 #bfb #ce4 ,,longitud9al ,,sections ,,( ,,skulls ,,( ,,f[ls1 ,,view$ ,,lat]ally 444 #bfc #cf4 ,,skull ,,( ,,horn$ ,,f[l1 ,,view$ ,,f ,,above1 ,a ,,little ,,obliquely 444 #bfe #cg4 ,,six? ,,c]vical ,,v]tebrae ,,( ,,f[ls1 ,,view$ ,,lat]ally 444 #bfg #ch4 ,,extremity ,,( ,,! ,,furcula ,,( ,,f[ls1 ,,view$ ,,lat]ally 444 #bfh #ci4 ,,skulls ,,( ,,ducks1 ,,view$ ,,lat]ally1 ,,r$uc$ ,,to ,,two-,,?irds ,,( ,,! ,,natural ,,size 444 #bhb #dj4 ,,c]vical ,,v]tebrae ,,( ,,ducks1 ,,( ,,natural ,,size 444 #bhc #da4 ,,pods ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,pea 444 #cbh #db4 ,,pea* ,,& ,,almond ,,/ones1 ,,( ,,natural ,,size1 ,,view$ ,,edgeways 444 #ccg #dc4 ,,plum ,,/ones1 ,,( ,,natural ,,size1 ,,view$ ,,lat]ally 444 #cde 99 99 99 99 99 #a ,,! ,,v>iation ,,( ,,animals ,,& ,,plants ,,"u ,,dome/ication4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,introduction4 ,! object ( ?is "w is n to describe all ! _m races ( animals :i* h be5 dome/icat$ by man1 & ( ! plants :i* h be5 cultivat$ by him2 ev5 if ,i possess$ ! requisite k1 s gigantic an und]tak+ w\ld be "h sup]flu\s4 ,x is my int5tion to give "u ! head ( ea* species only su* facts z ,i h be5 able to collect or obs]ve1 %[+ ! am\nt & nature ( ! *anges :i* animals & plants h und]gone :il/ "u man's dom9ion1 or :i* be> on ! g5]al pr9ciples ( v>iation4 ,9 "o case alone1 namely 9 t ( ! dome/ic pigeon1 ,i w describe fully all ! *ief races1 _! hi/ory1 ! am\nt & nature ( _! diff]5ces1 & ! probable /eps by :i* !y h be5 =m$4 ,i h select$ ?is case1 because1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 ! mat]ials are bett] ?an 9 any o!r2 & "o case fully describ$ w 9 fact illu/rate all o!rs4 ,b ,i %all also describe dome/icat$ rabbits1 f[ls1 & ducks1 ) consid]able fullness4 ,! subjects discuss$ 9 ?is volume are s connect$ t x is n a little difficult to decide h[ !y c be be/ arrang$4 ,i h det]m9$ 9 ! fir/ "p to give1 "u ! heads ( ! v>i\s animals & plants1 a l>ge body ( facts1 "s ( :i* may at fir/ appe> b little relat$ to our subject1 & to devote ! latt] "p to g5]al discussions4 ,:5ev] ,i h f\nd x necess>y to give num]\s details1 9 support ( any proposition or conclusion1 small type has be5 us$4 ,! read] #b w1 ,i ?9k1 f9d ?is plan a conv5i5ce1 =1 if he does n d\bt ! conclusion or c>e ab\t ! details1 he c easily pass !m ov]2 yet ,i may be p]mitt$ to say t "s ( ! discussions ?us pr9t$ des]ve att5tion1 at lea/ f ! pr(ess$ naturali/4 ,x may be useful to ^? :o h read no?+ ab\t ,natural ,selection1 if ,i "h give a brief sket* ( ! :ole subject & ( its be>+ on ! orig9 ( species4#a ,?is is ! m desirable1 z x is impossible 9 ! pres5t "w to avoid _m allusions to que/ions :i* w be fully discuss$ 9 future volumes4 ,f a remote p]iod1 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 man has subject$ _m animals & plants to dome/ication or culture4 ,man has no p[] ( alt]+ ! absolute conditions ( life2 he _c *ange ! climate ( any c\ntry2 he adds no new elem5t to ! soil2 b he c remove an animal or plant f "o climate or soil to ano!r1 & give x food on :i* x did n subsi/ 9 its natural /ate4 ,x is an error to speak ( man tamp]+ ) nature & caus+ v>iability4 ,if organic be+s _h n possess$ an inh]5t t5d5cy to v>y1 man c\ld h done no?+4#b ,he un9t5tionally exposes 8 animals & plants to v>i\s conditions ( life1 & v>iability sup]v5es1 :i* he _c ev5 prev5t or *eck4 ,consid] ! simple case ( a plant :i* has be5 cultivat$ dur+ a long "t 9 its native c\ntry1 & :i* consequ5tly has n be5 subject$ to any *ange ( climate4 ,x has be5 protect$ to a c]ta9 ext5t f ! compet+ roots ( plants ( o!r k9ds2 x has g5]ally be5 gr[n 9 manur$ soil1 b probably n ri*] ?an t ( _m an alluvial flat2 & la/ly1 x has be5 expos$ to *anges 9 its conditions1 be+ gr[n sometimes 9 "o di/rict & sometimes 9 ano!r1 9 diff]5t soils4 ,"u su* circum/ances1 #c sc>cely a plant c be nam$1 ?\gh cultivat$ 9 ! rude/ mann]1 :i* has n giv5 bir? to sev]al v>ieties4 ,x c h>dly be ma9ta9$ t dur+ ! _m *anges :i* ?is e>? has und]gone1 & dur+ ! natural migrations ( plants f "o l& or isl& to ano!r1 t5ant$ by diff]5t species1 t su* plants w n (t5 h be5 subject$ to *anges 9 _! conditions analog\s to ^? :i* almo/ inevitably cause cultivat$ plants to v>y4 ,no d\bt man selects v>y+ individuals1 s[s _! se$s1 & aga9 selects _! v>y+ (fspr+4 ,b ! initial v>iation on :i* man works1 & )\t :i* he c d no?+1 is caus$ by slight *anges 9 ! conditions ( life1 :i* mu/ (t5 h occurr$ "u nature4 ,man1 !re=e1 may be said to h be5 try+ an exp]im5t on a gigantic scale2 & x is an exp]im5t :i* nature dur+ ! long lapse ( "t has incessantly tri$4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! pr9ciples ( dome/ication are important = u4 ,! ma9 result is t organic be+s ?us treat$ h v>i$ l>gely1 & ! v>iations h be5 inh]it$4 ,?is has app>5tly be5 "o *ief cause ( ! belief long held by "s few naturali/s t species 9 a /ate ( nature und]go *ange4 ,i %all 9 ?is volume treat1 z fully z my mat]ials p]mit1 ! :ole subject ( v>iation "u dome/ication4 ,we may ?us hope to obta9 "s light1 little ?\gh x be1 on ! causes ( v>iability1--on ! laws :i* gov]n x1 su* z ! direct action ( climate & food1 ! effects ( use & disuse1 & ( correlation ( gr[?1--& on ! am\nt ( *ange to :i* dome/icat$ organisms are liable4 ,we %all le>n some?+ on ! laws ( inh]itance1 on ! effects ( cross+ diff]5t bre$s1 & on t /]ility :i* (t5 sup]v5es :5 organic be+s are remov$ f _! natural conditions ( life1 & likewise :5 !y are too closely int]br$4 ,dur+ ?is inve/igation we %all see t ! pr9ciple ( ,selection is all important4 ,al?\gh man does n cause v>iability & _c ev5 prev5t x1 he c select1 pres]ve1 & accumulate ! v>iations giv5 to him by ! h& ( nature 9 any way :i* he *ooses2 & ?us he c c]ta9ly produce a great result4 ,selection may be foll[$ ei!r me?odically & int5tionally1 or unconsci\sly & un9t5tionally4 ,man #d may select & pres]ve ea* successive v>iation1 ) ! di/9ct int5tion ( improv+ & alt]+ a bre$1 9 accordance ) a preconceiv$ idea2 & by ?us add+ up v>iations1 (t5 s slight z to be imp]ceptible by an un$ucat$ eye1 he has effect$ wond]ful *anges & improvem5ts4 ,x c1 also1 be cle>ly %[n t man1 )\t any int5tion or ?\ght ( improv+ ! bre$1 by pres]v+ 9 ea* successive g5]ation ! individuals :i* he prizes mo/1 & by de/roy+ ! wor?less individuals1 sl[ly1 ?\gh surely1 induces great *anges4 ,z ! w ( man ?us comes into play1 we c und]/& h[ x is t dome/icat$ bre$s %[ adaptation to 8 wants & pleasures4 ,we c fur!r und]/& h[ x is t dome/ic races ( animals & cultivat$ races ( plants (t5 exhibit an abnormal "*1 z comp>$ ) natural species2 = !y h be5 modifi$ n = _! own b5efit1 b = t ( man4 ,9 a second "w ,i %all discuss ! v>iability ( organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature2 namely1 ! individual diff]5ces pres5t$ by animals & plants1 & ^? slightly great] & g5]ally inh]it$ diff]5ces :i* are rank$ by naturali/s z v>ieties or geographical races4 ,we %all see h[ difficult1 or r h[ impossible x (t5 is1 to di/+ui% betwe5 races & sub-species1 z ! less well-m>k$ =ms h sometimes be5 d5om9at$2 & aga9 betwe5 sub-species & true species4 ,i %all fur!r attempt to %[ t x is ! common & widely rang+1 or1 z !y may be call$1 ! dom9ant species1 :i* mo/ frequ5tly v>y2 & t x is ! l>ge & fl\ri%+ g5]a :i* include ! greate/ numb] ( v>y+ species4 ,v>ieties1 z we %all see1 may ju/ly be call$ incipi5t species4 ,b x may be urg$1 grant+ t organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature pres5t "s v>ieties1--t _! organization is 9 "s slight degree pla/ic2 grant+ t _m animals & plants h v>i$ greatly "u dome/ication1 & t man by 8 p[] ( selection has gone on accumulat+ su* v>iations until he has made /rongly m>k$ & firmly inh]it$ races2 grant+ all ?is1 h[1 x may be ask$1 h species aris5 9 a /ate ( nature8 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 natural v>ieties are slight2 :]eas ! diff]5ces are #e consid]able betwe5 ! species ( ! same g5us1 & great betwe5 ! species ( di/9ct g5]a4 ,h[ d ^! less] diff]5ces become augm5t$ into ! great] diff]5ce8 ,h[ d v>ieties1 or z ,i h call$ !m incipi5t species1 become conv]t$ into true & well-def9$ species8 ,h[ has ea* new species be5 adapt$ to ! surr\nd+ physical conditions1 & to ! o!r =ms ( life on :i* x 9 any way dep5ds8 ,we see on e side ( u innum]able adaptations & contrivances1 :i* h ju/ly excit$ 9 ! m9d ( e obs]v] ! highe/ admiration4 ,!re is1 = in/ance1 a fly 7,cecidomyia7#c :i* deposits its eggs )9 ! /am5s ( a ,scrophul>ia1 & secretes a poison :i* produces a gall1 on :i* ! l>va fe$s2 b !re is ano!r insect 7,misocampus7 :i* deposits its eggs )9 ! body ( ! l>va )9 ! gall1 & is ?us n\ri%$ by its liv+ prey2 s t "h a hym5opt]\s insect dep5ds on a dipt]\s insect1 & ?is dep5ds on its p[] ( produc+ a mon/r\s gr[? 9 a p>ticul> organ ( a p>ticul> plant4 ,s x is1 9 a m or less pla9ly m>k$ mann]1 9 ?\s&s & t5s ( ?\s&s ( cases1 ) ! l[e/ z well z ) ! highe/ productions ( nature4 ,?is problem ( ! conv]sion ( v>ieties into species1--t is1 ! augm5tation ( ! slight diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( v>ieties into ! great] diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( species & g5]a1 includ+ ! admirable adaptations ( ea* be+ to its complex organic & inorganic conditions ( life1--w =m ! ma9 subject ( my second "w4 ,we %all !re9 see t all organic be+s1 )\t exception1 t5d to increase at s high a ratio1 t no di/rict1 no /ation1 n ev5 ! :ole surface ( ! l& or ! :ole ocean1 w\ld hold ! prog5y ( a s+le pair aft] a c]ta9 numb] ( g5]ations4 ,! inevitable result is an ev]-recurr5t ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce4 ,x has truly be5 said t all nature is at w>2 ! /ronge/ ultimately prevail1 ! weake/ fail2 & we well "k t myriads ( =ms h disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,if !n organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature v>y ev5 9 a slight degree1 ow+ to *anges 9 ! surr\nd+ #f conditions1 ( :i* we h abundant geological evid5ce1 or f any o!r cause2 if1 9 ! long c\rse ( ages1 inh]itable v>iations ev] arise 9 any way advantage\s to any be+ "u its excessively complex & *ang+ relations ( life2 & x w\ld be a /range fact if b5eficial v>iations did nev] arise1 see+ h[ _m h aris5 :i* man has tak5 advantage ( = 8 own pr(it or pleasure2 if !n ^! cont+5cies ev] occur1 & ,i d n see h[ ! probability ( _! occurr5ce c be d\bt$1 !n ! sev]e & (t5-recurr5t /ruggle = exi/5ce w det]m9e t ^? v>iations1 h[ev] slight1 :i* are fav\rable %all be pres]v$ or select$1 & ^? :i* are unfav\rable %all be de/roy$4 ,?is pres]vation1 dur+ ! battle = life1 ( v>ieties :i* possess any advantage 9 /ructure1 con/itution1 or in/9ct1 ,i h call$ ,natural ,selection2 & ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has well express$ ! same idea by ! ,survival ( ! ,fitte/4 ,! t]m natural selection is 9 "s respects a bad "o1 z x seems to imply consci\s *oice2 b ?is w be disreg>d$ aft] a little famili>ity4 ,no "o objects to *emi/s speak+ ( elective aff9ity2 & c]ta9ly an acid has no m *oice 9 comb9+ ) a base1 ?an ! conditions ( life h 9 det]m9+ :e!r or n a new =m be select$ or pres]v$4 ,! t]m is s f> a good "o z x br+s into connection ! production ( dome/ic races by man's p[] ( selection1 & ! natural pres]vation ( v>ieties & species 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,= brevity sake ,i sometimes speak ( natural selection z an intellig5t p[]2--9 ! same way z a/ronom]s speak ( ! attraction ( gravity z rul+ ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 or z agriculturi/s speak ( man mak+ dome/ic races by 8 p[] ( selection4 ,9 ! "o case1 z 9 ! o!r1 selection does no?+ )\t v>iability1 & ?is dep5ds 9 "s mann] on ! action ( ! surr\nd+ circum/ances on ! organism4 ,i h1 also1 (t5 p]sonifi$ ! ^w ,nature2 = ,i h f\nd x difficult to avoid ?is ambiguity2 b ,i mean by nature only ! aggregate action & product ( _m natural laws1--& by laws only ! asc]ta9$ sequ5ce ( ev5ts4 #g ,9 ! *apt] devot$ to natural selection ,i %all %[ f exp]im5t & f a multitude ( facts1 t ! greate/ am\nt ( life c be support$ on ea* spot by great div]sification or div]g5ce 9 ! /ructure & con/itution ( its inhabitants4 ,we %all1 also1 see t ! cont9u$ production ( new =ms ?r\gh natural selection1 :i* implies t ea* new v>iety has "s advantage ov] o!rs1 almo/ inevitably leads to ! ext]m9ation ( ! old] & less improv$ =ms4 ,^! latt] are almo/ necess>ily int]m$iate 9 /ructure z well z 9 desc5t betwe5 ! la/-produc$ =ms & _! orig9al p>5t-species4 ,n[1 if we suppose a species to produce two or m v>ieties1 & ^! 9 ! c\rse ( "t to produce o!r v>ieties1 ! pr9ciple ( good be+ d]iv$ f div]sification ( /ructure w g5]ally lead to ! pres]vation ( ! mo/ div]g5t v>ieties2 ?us ! less] diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( v>ieties come to be augm5t$ into ! great] diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( species1 &1 by ! ext]m9ation ( ! old] int]m$iate =ms1 new species come to be di/9ctly def9$ objects4 ,?us1 also1 we %all see h[ x is t organic be+s c be class$ by :at is call$ a natural me?od 9 di/9ct gr\ps--species "u g5]a1 & g5]a "u families4 ,z all ! inhabitants ( ea* c\ntry may be said1 ow+ to _! high rate ( reproduction1 to be /riv+ to increase 9 numb]s2 z ea* =m is relat$ to _m o!r =ms 9 ! /ruggle = life1--= de/roy any "o & its place w be seiz$ by o!rs2 z e "p ( ! organization occasionally v>ies 9 "s slight degree1 & z natural selection acts exclusively by ! pres]vation ( v>iations :i* are advantage\s "u ! excessively complex conditions to :i* ea* be+ is expos$1 no limit exi/s to ! numb]1 s+ul>ity1 & p]fection ( ! contrivances & co-adaptations :i* may ?us be produc$4 ,an animal or a plant may ?us sl[ly become relat$ 9 its /ructure & habits 9 ! mo/ intricate mann] to _m o!r animals & plants1 & to ! physical conditions ( its home4 ,v>iations 9 ! organization w 9 "s cases be aid$ by habit1 or by ! use & disuse ( p>ts1 & !y w be gov]n$ by ! direct action #h ( ! surr\nd+ physical conditions & by correlation ( gr[?4 ,on ! pr9ciples "h briefly sket*$ out1 !re is no innate or necess>y t5d5cy 9 ea* be+ to its own advancem5t 9 ! scale ( organization4 ,we are almo/ compell$ to look at ! specialization or diff]5tiation ( p>ts or organs = diff]5t functions z ! be/ or ev5 sole /&>d ( advancem5t2 = by su* division ( lab\r ea* function ( body & m9d is bett] p]=m$4 ,&1 z natural selection acts exclusively ?r\gh ! pres]vation ( pr(itable modifications ( /ructure1 & z ! conditions ( life 9 ea* area g5]ally become m & m complex1 f ! increas+ numb] ( diff]5t =ms :i* inhabit x & f mo/ ( ^! =ms acquir+ a m & m p]fect /ructure1 we may confid5tly believe1 t1 on ! :ole1 organization advances4 ,nev]!less a v simple =m fitt$ = v simple conditions ( life might rema9 = indef9ite ages unalt]$ or unimprov$2 = :at w\ld x pr(it an infusorial animalcule1 = in/ance1 or an inte/9al worm1 to become highly organiz$8 ,memb]s ( a high gr\p might ev5 become1 & ?is app>5tly has occurr$1 fitt$ = simpl] conditions ( life2 & 9 ?is case natural selection w\ld t5d to simplify or degrade ! organization1 = complicat$ me*anism = simple actions w\ld be useless or ev5 disadvantage\s4 ,9 a second "w1 aft] treat+ ( ! ,v>iation ( organisms 9 a /ate ( nature1 ( ! ,/ruggle = ,exi/5ce & ! pr9ciple ( ,natural ,selection1 ,i %all discuss ! difficulties :i* are oppos$ to ! !ory4 ,^! difficulties may be class$ "u ! foll[+ heads3--! app>5t impossibility 9 "s cases ( a v simple organ graduat+ by small /eps into a highly p]fect organ2 ! m>vell\s facts ( ,in/9ct2 ! :ole "q ( ,hybridity2 &1 la/ly1 ! abs5ce1 at ! pres5t "t & 9 our geological =mations1 ( innum]able l9ks connect+ all alli$ species4 ,al?\gh "s ( ^! difficulties are ( great weight1 we %all see t _m ( !m are explicable on ! !ory ( natural selection1 & are o!rwise inexplicable4 ,9 sci5tific inve/igations x is p]mitt$ to inv5t any hypo!sis1 & if x expla9s v>i\s l>ge & indep5d5t classes ( facts x rises to ! rank ( a well-gr\nd$ !ory4 ,! #i undulations ( ! e!r & ev5 its exi/5ce are hypo!tical1 yet e "o n[ admits ! undulatory !ory ( light4 ,! pr9ciple ( natural selection may be look$ at z a m]e hypo!sis1 b r5d]$ 9 "s degree probable by :at we positively "k ( ! v>iability ( organic be+s 9 a /ate ( nature1--by :at we positively "k ( ! /ruggle = exi/5ce1 & ! consequ5t almo/ inevitable pres]vation ( fav\rable v>iations1--& f ! analogical =mation ( dome/ic races4 ,n[ ?is hypo!sis may be te/$1--& ?is seems to me ! only fair & legitimate mann] ( consid]+ ! :ole "q1--by try+ :e!r x expla9s sev]al l>ge & indep5d5t classes ( facts2 su* z ! geological succession ( organic be+s1 _! di/ribution 9 pa/ & pres5t times1 & _! mutual aff9ities & homologies4 ,if ! pr9ciple ( natural selection does expla9 ^! & o!r l>ge bodies ( facts1 x ought to be receiv$4 ,on ! ord9>y view ( ea* species hav+ be5 indep5d5tly creat$1 we ga9 no sci5tific explanation ( any "o ( ^! facts4 ,we c only say t x has s pleas$ ! ,creator to comm& t ! pa/ & pres5t inhabitants ( ! _w %\ld appe> 9 a c]ta9 ord] & 9 c]ta9 areas2 t ,he has impress$ on !m ! mo/ extraord9>y resemblances1 & has class$ !m 9 gr\ps subord9ate to gr\ps4 ,b by su* /atem5ts we ga9 no new k2 we d n connect toge!r facts & laws2 we expla9 no?+4 ,9 a ?ird "w ,i %all try ! pr9ciple ( natural selection by see+ h[ f> x w give a fair explanation ( ! sev]al classes ( facts j allud$ to4 ,x 0 ! consid]ation ( ^! facts :i* fir/ l$ me to take up ! pres5t subject4 ,:5 ,i visit$1 dur+ ! voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,beagle1 ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago1 situat$ 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean ab\t #ejj miles f ! %ore ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,i f\nd myself surr\nd$ by peculi> species ( birds1 reptiles1 & plants1 exi/+ n[h]e else 9 ! _w4 ,yet !y ne>ly all bore an ,am]ican /amp4 ,9 ! song ( ! mock+-?ru%1 9 ! h>% cry ( ! c>rion-hawk1 9 ! great c&le/ick-l opuntias1 ,i cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! neighb\rhood ( ,am]ica1 ?\gh ! isl&s 7 sep>at$ by s _m miles ( ocean f ! ma9l&1 & diff]$ mu* f x 9 _! geological #aj con/itution & climate4 ,/ill m surpris+ 0 ! fact t mo/ ( ! inhabitants ( ea* sep>ate isl& 9 ?is small ar*ipelago 7 specifically diff]5t1 ?\gh mo/ closely relat$ to ea* o!r4 ,! ar*ipelago1 ) its innum]able crat]s & b>e /reams ( lava1 appe>$ to be ( rec5t orig92 & ?us ,i fanci$ myself br\ght ne> to ! v act ( creation4 ,i (t5 ask$ myself h[ ^! _m peculi> animals & plants _h be5 produc$3 ! simple/ answ] seem$ to be t ! inhabitants ( ! sev]al isl&s _h desc5d$ f ea* o!r1 und]go+ modification 9 ! c\rse ( _! desc5t2 & t all ! inhabitants ( ! ar*ipelago _h desc5d$ f ^? ( ! ne>e/ l&1 namely ,am]ica1 :5ce coloni/s w\ld naturally h be5 d]iv$4 ,b x long rema9$ to me an inexplicable problem h[ ! necess>y degree ( modification c\ld h be5 effect$1 & x w\ld h ?us rema9$ = ev]1 _h ,i n /udi$ dome/ic productions1 & ?us acquir$ a j idea ( ! p[] ( ,selection4 ,z soon z ,i _h fully realiz$ ?is idea1 ,i saw1 on read+ ,mal?us on ,population1 t ,natural ,selection 0 ! inevitable result ( ! rapid increase ( all organic be+s2 = ,i 0 prep>$ to appreciate ! /ruggle = exi/5ce by hav+ long /udi$ ! habits ( animals4 ,be=e visit+ ! ,galapagos ,i _h collect$ _m animals :il/ travell+ f nor? to s\? on bo? sides ( ,am]ica1 & ev]y:]e1 "u conditions ( life z diff]5t z x is possible to conceive1 ,am]ican =ms 7 met )--species replac+ species ( ! same peculi> g5]a4 ,?us x 0 :5 ! ,cordill]as 7 asc5d$1 or ! ?ick tropical =e/s p5etrat$1 or ! fre% wat]s ( ,am]ica se>*$4 ,subsequ5tly ,i visit$ o!r c\ntries1 :i* 9 all ! conditions ( life 7 incomp>ably m l to p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 ?an ! diff]5t p>ts ( t cont95t 7 to ea* o!r2 yet 9 ^! c\ntries1 z 9 ,au/ralia or ,s\!rn ,africa1 ! travell] _c fail to be /ruck ) ! entire diff]5ce ( _! productions4 ,aga9 ! reflection 0 =c$ on me t community ( desc5t f ! e>ly inhabitants or coloni/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica w\ld alone expla9 ! wide preval5ce ( ,am]ican types ( /ructure ?r\gh\t t imm5se area4 ,to exhume ) "o's own h&s ! bones ( ext9ct & #aa gigantic quadrup$s br+s ! :ole "q ( ! succession ( species vividly be=e "o's m9d2 & ,i _h f\nd 9 ,s\? ,am]ica great pieces ( tesselat$ arm\r exactly l1 b on a magnific5t scale1 t cov]+ ! pigmy armadillo2 ,i _h f\nd great tee? l ^? ( ! liv+ slo?1 & bones l ^? ( ! cavy4 ,an analog\s succession ( alli$ =ms _h be5 previ\sly obs]v$ 9 ,au/ralia4 ,"h !n we see ! preval5ce1 z if by desc5t1 9 "t z 9 space1 ( ! same types 9 ! same areas2 & 9 nei!r case does ! simil>ity ( ! conditions by any means seem suffici5t to acc\nt = ! simil>ity ( ! =ms ( life4 ,x is notori\s t ! fossil rema9s ( closely consecutive =mations are closely alli$ 9 /ructure1 & we c at once und]/& ! fact if !y are likewise closely alli$ by desc5t4 ,! succession ( ! _m di/9ct species ( ! same g5us ?r\gh\t ! long s]ies ( geological =mations seems to h be5 unbrok5 or cont9u\s4 ,new species come 9 gradually "o by "o4 ,anci5t & ext9ct =ms ( life (t5 %[ comb9$ or int]m$iate *>act]s1 l ! words ( a dead language ) respect to its sev]al (f%oots or liv+ tongues4 ,all ^! & o!r su* facts seem$ to me to po9t to desc5t ) modification z ! me?od ( production ( new gr\ps ( species4 ,! innum]able pa/ & pres5t inhabitants ( ! _w are connect$ toge!r by ! mo/ s+ul> & complex aff9ities1 & c be class$ 9 gr\ps "u gr\ps1 9 ! same mann] z v>ieties c be class$ "u species & sub-v>ieties "u v>ieties1 b ) mu* high] grades ( diff]5ce4 ,x w be se5 9 my ?ird "w t ^! complex aff9ities & ! rules = classification receive a rational explanation on ! pr9ciple ( desc5t1 toge!r ) modifications acquir$ ?r\gh natural selection1 entail+ div]g5ce ( "* & ! ext9ction ( int]m$iate =ms4 ,h[ inexplicable is ! simil> patt]n ( ! h& ( a man1 ! foot ( a dog1 ! w+ ( a bat1 ! flipp] ( a seal1 on ! doctr9e ( indep5d5t acts ( creation6 h[ simply expla9$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! natural selection ( successive slight v>iations 9 ! div]g+ desc5dants f #ab a s+le prog5itor6 ,s x is1 if we look to ! /ructure ( an individual animal or plant1 :5 we see ! =e & h9d limbs1 ! skull & v]tebrae1 ! jaws & legs ( a crab1 ! petals1 /am5s1 & pi/ils ( a fl[]1 built on ! same type or patt]n4 ,dur+ ! _m *anges to :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t all organic be+s h be5 subject$1 c]ta9 organs or p>ts h occasionally become at fir/ ( little use & ultimately sup]flu\s2 & ! ret5tion ( su* p>ts 9 a rudim5t>y & utt]ly useless condition c1 on ! desc5t-!ory1 be simply und]/ood4 ,on ! pr9ciple ( modifications be+ inh]it$ at ! same age 9 ! *ild1 at :i* ea* successive v>iation fir/ appe>$ 9 ! p>5t1 we %all see :y rudim5t>y p>ts & organs are g5]ally well develop$ 9 ! individual at a v e>ly age4 ,on ! same pr9ciple ( inh]itance at correspond+ ages1 & on ! pr9ciple ( v>iations n g5]ally sup]v5+ at a v e>ly p]iod ( embryonic gr[? 7& bo? ^! pr9ciples c be %[n to be probable f direct evid5ce71 t mo/ wond]ful fact 9 ! :ole r\nd ( natural hi/ory1 namely1 ! simil>ity ( memb]s ( ! same great class 9 _! embryonic condition1--! embryo1 = in/ance1 ( a mammal1 bird1 reptile1 & fi% be+ b>ely di/+ui%able1--becomes simply intelligible4 ,x is ! consid]ation & explanation ( su* facts z ^! :i* has conv9c$ me t ! !ory ( desc5t ) modification by means ( natural selection is 9 ! ma9 true4 ,^! facts h z yet receiv$ no explanation on ! !ory ( indep5d5t ,creations2 !y _c be gr\p$ toge!r "u "o po9t ( view1 b ea* has to be consid]$ z an ultimate fact4 ,z ! fir/ orig9 ( life on ?is e>?1 z well z ! cont9u$ life ( ea* individual1 is at pres5t q beyond ! scope ( sci5ce1 ,i d n wi% to lay mu* /ress on ! great] simplicity ( ! view ( a few =ms1 or ( only "o =m1 hav+ be5 orig9ally creat$1 in/ead ( innum]able miracul\s creations hav+ be5 necess>y at innum]able p]iods2 ?\gh ?is m simple view accords well ) ,maup]tuis's philosophical axiom ( lea/ action4 ,9 consid]+ h[ f> ! !ory ( natural selection may be #ac ext5d$1--t is1 9 det]m9+ f h[ _m prog5itors ! inhabitants ( ! _w h desc5d$1--we may conclude t at lea/ all ! memb]s ( ! same class h desc5d$ f a s+le ance/or4 ,a numb] ( organic be+s are includ$ 9 ! same class1 because !y pres5t1 indep5d5tly ( _! habits ( life1 ! same fundam5tal type ( /ructure1 & because !y graduate into ea* o!r4 ,moreov]1 memb]s ( ! same class c 9 mo/ cases be %[n to be closely alike at an e>ly embryonic age4 ,^! facts c be expla9$ on ! belief ( _! desc5t f a common =m2 !re=e x may be safely admitt$ t all ! memb]s ( ! same class h desc5d$ f "o prog5itor4 ,b z ! memb]s ( q di/9ct classes h some?+ 9 common 9 /ructure & mu* 9 common 9 con/itution1 analogy & ! simplicity ( ! view w\ld lead u "o /ep fur!r1 & to inf] z probable t all liv+ creatures h desc5d$ f a s+le prototype4 ,i hope t ! read] w pause be=e com+ to any f9al & ho/ile conclusion on ! !ory ( natural selection4 ,x is ! facts & views to be h]eaft] giv5 :i* h conv9c$ me ( ! tru? ( ! !ory4 ,! read] may consult my ',orig9 ( ,species1' = a g5]al sket* ( ! :ole subject2 b 9 t "w he has to take _m /atem5ts on tru/4 ,9 consid]+ ! !ory ( natural selection1 he w assur$ly meet ) weighty difficulties1 b ^! difficulties relate *iefly to subjects--su* z ! degree ( p]fection ( ! geological record1 ! means ( di/ribution1 ! possibility ( transitions 9 organs1 c4--on :i* we are confess$ly ignorant2 nor d we "k h[ ignorant we are4 ,if we are mu* m ignorant ?an is g5]ally suppos$1 mo/ ( ^! difficulties :olly disappe>4 ,let ! read] reflect on ! difficulty ( look+ at :ole classes ( facts f a new po9t ( view4 ,let him obs]ve h[ sl[ly1 b surely1 ! noble views ( ,lyell on ! gradual *anges n[ 9 progress on ! e>?'s surface h be5 accept$ z suffici5t to acc\nt = all t we see 9 its pa/ hi/ory4 ,! pres5t action ( natural selection may seem m or less probable2 b ,i believe 9 ! tru? ( ! !ory1 #ad because x collects "u "o po9t ( view1 & gives a rational explanation (1 _m app>5tly indep5d5t classes ( facts4#d 99 99 99 99 99 #ae ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,dome/ic ,,dogs ,,& ,,cats4 ,,anci5t ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,! ,,dog--,,resemblance ,,( ,,dome/ic ,,dogs ,,9 ,,v>i\s ,,c\ntries ,,to ,,native ,,can9e ,,species--,,animals ,,n ,,acqua9t$ ,,) ,,man ,,at ,,fir/ ,,fe>less--,,dogs ,,resembl+ ,,wolves ,,& ,,jackals--,,habit ,,( ,,b>k+ ,,acquir$ ,,& ,,lo/--,,f]al ,,dogs--,,tan-,,col\r$ ,,eye-,,spots ,,p]iod ,,( ,,ge/ation--,,(f5sive ,,od\r--,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,races ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,races ,,9 ,,"p ,,due ,,to ,,desc5t ,,f ,,di/9ct ,,species--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,tee?--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,body1 ,,9 ,,con/itution--,,few ,,important ,,diff]5ces ,,h ,,be5 ,,fix$ ,,by ,,selection--,,direct ,,action ,,( ,,climate--,,wat]-,,dogs ,,) ,,palmat$ ,,feet--,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,*anges ,,:i* ,,c]ta9 ,,engli% ,,races ,,( ,,! ,,dog ,,h ,,gradually ,,und]gone ,,?r\gh ,,selection--,,ext9ction ,,( ,,! ,,less ,,improv$ ,,sub-,,bre$s4 ,,cats1 ,,cross$ ,,) ,,sev]al ,,species--,,diff]5t ,,bre$s ,,f\nd ,,only ,,9 ,,sep>at$ ,,c\ntries--,,direct ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,f]al ,,cats--,,individual ,,v>iability4 ,! fir/ & *ief po9t ( int]e/ 9 ?is *apt] is1 :e!r ! num]\s dome/icat$ v>ieties ( ! dog h desc5d$ f a s+le wild species1 or f sev]al4 ,"s au?ors believe t all h desc5d$ f ! wolf1 or f ! jackal1 or f an unkn[n & ext9ct species4 ,o!rs aga9 believe1 & ?is ( late has be5 ! fav\rite t5et1 t !y h desc5d$ f sev]al species1 ext9ct & rec5t1 m or less comm+l$ toge!r4 ,we %all probably nev] be able to asc]ta9 _! orig9 ) c]ta9ty4 ,palaeontology#e does n ?r[ mu* light on ! "q1 ow+1 on ! "o h&1 to ! close simil>ity ( ! skulls ( ext9ct z well z liv+ wolves & jackals1 & ow+ on ! o!r h& to ! great dissimil>ity ( ! skulls ( ! sev]al bre$s ( ! dome/ic dogs4 ,x seems1 h[ev]1 t rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ! #af lat] t]ti>y deposits m l ^? ( a l>ge dog ?an ( a wolf1 :i* fav\rs ! belief ( ,de ,bla9ville t our dogs are ! desc5dants ( a s+le ext9ct species4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s au?ors g s f> z to ass]t t e *ief dome/ic bre$ mu/ h _h its wild prototype4 ,?is latt] view is extremely improbable2 x all[s no?+ = v>iation2 x passes ov] ! almo/ mon/r\s "* ( "s ( ! bre$s2 & x almo/ necess>ily assumes1 t a l>ge numb] ( species h become ext9ct s9ce man dome/icat$ ! dog2 :]eas we pla9ly see t ! memb]s ( ! dog-family are extirpat$ by human ag5cy ) mu* difficulty2 ev5 s rec5tly z #agaj ! wolf exi/$ 9 s small an isl& z ,irel&4 ,! reasons :i* h l$ v>i\s au?ors to inf] t our dogs h desc5d$ f m ?an "o wild species are z foll[s4#f ,fir/ly1 ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al bre$s2 b ?is w appe> ( comp>atively little weight1 aft] we %all h se5 h[ great are ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al races ( v>i\s dome/icat$ animals :i* c]ta9ly h desc5d$ f a s+le p>5t-=m4 ,secondly1 ! m important fact t1 at ! mo/ anci5tly kn[n hi/orical p]iods1 sev]al bre$s ( ! dog exi/$1 v unlike ea* o!r1 & closely resembl+ or id5tical ) bre$s /ill alive4 ,we w briefly run back ?r\gh ! hi/orical records4 ,! mat]ials are rem>kably defici5t betwe5 ! f\rte5? c5tury & ! ,roman classical p]iod4#g ,at ?is e>li] p]iod #ag v>i\s bre$s1 namely h\nds1 h\se-dogs1 lapdogs1 c41 exi/$2 b z ,dr4 ,wal!r has rem>k$ x is impossible to recognise ! great] numb] ) any c]ta9ty4 ,y\att1 h[ev]1 gives a draw+ ( a beautiful sculpture ( two greyh\nd puppies f ! ,villa ( ,anton9us4 ,on an ,assyrian monum5t1 ab\t #fdj ,b4,c41 an enorm\s ma/iff#h is figur$2 & accord+ to ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son 7z ,i 0 in=m$ at ! ,briti% ,museum71 simil> dogs are /ill import$ into ?is same c\ntry4 ,i h look$ ?r\gh ! magnific5t works ( ,lepsius & ,rosell9i1 & on ! monum5ts f ! f\r? to ! twelf? dyna/ies 7i4e4 f ab\t #cdjj ,b4,c4 to #bajj ,b4,c47 sev]al v>ieties ( ! dog are repres5t$2 mo/ ( !m are alli$ to greyh\nds2 at ! lat] ( ^! p]iods a dog resembl+ a h\nd is figur$1 ) droop+ e>s1 b ) a long] back & m po9t$ head ?an 9 our h\nds4 ,!re is1 also1 a turnspit1 ) %ort & crook$ legs1 closely resembl+ ! exi/+ v>iety2 b ?is k9d ( mon/rosity is s common ) v>i\s animals1 z ) ! ancon %eep1 & ev51 accord+ to ,r5gg]1 ) jagu>s 9 ,p>aguay1 t x w\ld be ra% to look at ! monum5tal animal z ! p>5t ( all our turnspits3 ,colonel ,sykes#i also has describ$ an ,indian ,p>iah dog z pres5t+ ! same mon/r\s "*4 ,! mo/ anci5t dog repres5t$ on ! ,egyptian monum5ts is "o ( ! mo/ s+ul>2 x resembles a greyh\nd1 b has long po9t$ e>s & a %ort curl$ tail3 a closely alli$ v>iety /ill exi/s 9 ,nor!rn ,africa2 = ,mr4 ,e4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt#aj /ates t ! ,arab bo>-h\nd is an ecc5tric hi]oglyphic animal1 su* z ,*eops once hunt$ )1 some:at resembl+ ! r\gh ,scot* de]-h\nd2 _! tails are curl$ tight r\nd on _! backs1 #ah & _! e>s /ick out at "r angles4 ,) ?is mo/ anci5t v>iety a p>iah-l dog coexi/$4 ,we ?us see t1 at a p]iod betwe5 f\r & five ?\s& ye>s ago1 v>i\s bre$s1 viz4 p>iah dogs1 greyh\nds1 common h\nds1 ma/iffs1 h\se-dogs1 lapdogs1 & turnspits1 exi/$1 m or less closely resembl+ our pres5t bre$s4 ,b !re is n suffici5t evid5ce t any ( ^! anci5t dogs belong$ to ! same id5tical sub-v>ieties ) our pres5t dogs4#aa ,z long z man 0 believ$ to h exi/$ on ?is e>? only ab\t #fjjj ye>s1 ?is fact ( ! great div]sity ( ! bre$s at s e>ly a p]iod 0 an argum5t ( mu* weight t !y _h proce$$ f sev]al wild s\rces1 = !re w\ld n h be5 suffici5t "t = _! div]g5ce & modification4 ,b n[ t we "k1 f ! discov]y ( fl9t tools emb$d$ ) ! rema9s ( ext9ct animals 9 di/ricts :i* h s9ce und]gone great geographical *anges1 t man has exi/$ = an incomp>ably long] p]iod1 & be>+ 9 m9d t ! mo/ b>b>\s nations possess dome/ic dogs1 ! argum5t f insuffici5t "t falls away greatly 9 value4 ,long be=e ! p]iod ( any hi/orical record ! dog 0 dome/icat$ 9 ,europe4 ,9 ! ,dani% ,midd5s ( ! ,neoli?ic or ,new] ,/one p]iod1 bones ( a can9e animal are imb$d$1 & ,/e5/rup +5i\sly argues t ^! belong$ to a dome/ic dog2 = a v l>ge proportion ( ! bones ( birds pres]v$ 9 ! refuse1 consi/s ( long bones1 :i* x 0 f\nd on trial dogs _c dev\r4#ab ,?is anci5t dog 0 succe$$ 9 ,d5m>k dur+ ! ,bronze p]iod by a l>g] k9d1 pres5t+ c]ta9 diff]5ces1 & ?is aga9 dur+ ! ,iron p]iod1 by a /ill l>g] k9d4 ,9 ,switz]l&1 we he> #ai f ,pr(4 ,ruetimey]1#ac t dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod a dome/icat$ dog ( middle size exi/$1 :i* 9 its skull 0 ab\t equally remote f ! wolf & jackal1 & p>took ( ! *>act]s ( our h\nds & sett]s or spaniels 7,jagdhund und ,wa*telhund74 ,ruetimey] insi/s /rongly on ! con/ancy ( =m dur+ a v long p]iod ( "t ( ?is ! mo/ anci5t kn[n dog4 ,dur+ ! ,bronze p]iod a l>g] dog appe>$1 & ?is closely resembl$ 9 its jaw a dog ( ! same age 9 ,d5m>k4 ,rema9s ( two notably di/9ct v>ieties ( ! dog 7 f\nd by ,s*m]l+ 9 a cave2#ad b _! age _c be positively det]m9$4 ,! exi/5ce ( a s+le race1 rem>kably con/ant 9 =m dur+ ! :ole ,neoli?ic p]iod1 is an int]e/+ fact 9 contra/ ) :at we see ( ! *anges :i* ! races und]w5t dur+ ! p]iod ( ! successive ,egyptian monum5ts1 & 9 contra/ ) our exi/+ dogs4 ,! "* ( ?is animal dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 z giv5 by ,ruetimey]1 supports ,de ,bla9ville's view t our v>ieties h desc5d$ f an unkn[n & ext9ct =m4 ,b we %\ld n =get t we "k no?+ ) respect to ! antiquity ( man 9 ! w>m] p>ts ( ! _w4 ,! succession ( ! diff]5t k9ds ( dogs 9 ,switz]l& & ,d5m>k is ?\ght to be due to ! immigration ( conqu]+ tribes br++ ) !m _! dogs2 & ?is view accords ) ! belief t diff]5t wild can9e animals 7 dome/icat$ 9 diff]5t regions4 ,indep5d5tly ( ! immigration ( new races ( man1 we "k f ! wide-spread pres5ce ( bronze1 compos$ ( an alloy ( t91 h[ mu* comm]ce !re mu/ h be5 ?r\gh\t ,europe at an extremely remote p]iod1 & dogs w\ld !n probably h be5 b>t]$4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 among/ ! savages ( ! int]ior ( ,guiana1 ! ,t>uma ,indians are consid]$ ! be/ tra9]s ( dogs1 & possess a l>ge bre$1 :i* !y b>t] at a high price ) o!r tribes4#ae ,! ma9 argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! sev]al bre$s ( ! #bj dog be+ ! desc5dants ( di/9ct wild /ocks1 is _! resemblance 9 v>i\s c\ntries to di/9ct species /ill exi/+ !re4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ! comp>ison betwe5 ! wild & dome/icat$ animal has be5 made b 9 few cases ) suffici5t exactness4 ,be=e ent]+ on details1 x w be well to %[ t !re is no a priori difficulty 9 ! belief t sev]al can9e species h be5 dome/icat$2 = !re is mu* difficulty 9 ?is respect ) "s o!r dome/ic quadrup$s & birds4 ,memb]s ( ! dog family inhabit ne>ly ! :ole _w2 & sev]al species agree pretty closely 9 habits & /ructure ) our sev]al dome/icat$ dogs4 ,mr4 ,galton has %[n#af h[ fond savages are ( keep+ & tam+ animals ( all k9ds4 ,social animals are ! mo/ easily subjugat$ by man1 & sev]al species ( ,canidae hunt 9 packs4 ,x des]ves notice1 z be>+ on o!r animals z well z on ! dog1 t at an extremely anci5t p]iod1 :5 man fir/ ent]$ any c\ntry1 ! animals liv+ !re w\ld h felt no in/9ctive or inh]it$ fe> ( him1 & w\ld consequ5tly h be5 tam$ f> m easily ?an at pres5t4 ,= in/ance1 :5 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s 7 fir/ visit$ by man1 ! l>ge wolf-l dog 7,canis ant>cticus7 fe>lessly came to meet ,byron's sailors1 :o1 mi/ak+ ?is ignorant curiosity = f]ocity1 ran into ! wat] to avoid !m3 ev5 rec5tly a man1 by hold+ a piece ( meat 9 "o h& & a knife 9 ! o!r1 c\ld sometimes /ick !m at night4 ,on an isl& 9 ! ,sea ( ,aral1 :5 fir/ discov]$ by ,butak(f1 ! saigak antelopes1 :i* are g5]ally v timid & wat*ful1 did n fly f u1 b on ! contr>y look$ at u ) a sort ( curiosity4 ,s1 aga91 on ! %ores ( ! ,mauritius1 ! manatee 0 n at fir/ 9 ! lea/ afraid ( man1 & ?us x has be5 9 sev]al qu>t]s ( ! _w ) seals & ! morse4 ,i h else:]e %[n#ag h[ sl[ly ! native birds ( sev]al isl&s h acquir$ & inh]it$ a salut>y dread ( man3 at ! ,galapagos ,ar*ipelago ,i pu%$ ) ! muzzle ( my gun hawks f a bran*1 & #ba held out a pit*] ( wat] = o!r birds to alight on & dr9k4 ,quadrup$s & birds :i* h seldom be5 di/urb$ by man1 dread him no m ?an d our ,engli% birds ! c[s or horses graz+ 9 ! fields4 ,x is a m important consid]ation t sev]al can9e species ev9ce 7z w be %[n 9 a future *apt]7 no /rong repugnance or inability to bre$ "u conf9em5t2 & ! incapacity to bre$ "u conf9em5t is "o ( ! commone/ b>s to dome/ication4 ,la/ly1 savages set ! highe/ value1 z we %all see 9 ! *apt] on ,selection1 on dogs3 ev5 half-tam$ animals are highly useful to !m3 ! ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica cross _! half-wild dogs ) wolves1 & ?us r5d] !m ev5 wild] ?an be=e1 b bold]3 ! savages ( ,guiana cat* & p>tially tame & use ! :elps ( two wild species ( ,canis1 z d ! savages ( ,au/ralia ^? ( ! wild ,d+o4 ,mr4 ,philip ,k+ in=ms me t he once tra9$ a wild ,d+o puppy to drive cattle1 & f\nd x v useful4 ,f ^! sev]al consid]ations we see t !re is no difficulty 9 believ+ t man might h dome/icat$ v>i\s can9e species 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,x w\ld inde$ h be5 a /range fact if "o species alone _h be5 dome/icat$ ?r\gh\t ! _w4 ,we w n[ ent] into details4 ,! accurate & sagaci\s ,ri*>dson says1 ,! resemblance betwe5 ! ,nor!rn ,am]ican wolves 7,canis lupus1 v>4 occid5talis7 & ! dome/ic dogs ( ! ,indians is s great t ! size & /r5g? ( ! wolf seems to be ! only diff]5ce4 ,i h m ?an once mi/ak5 a b& ( wolves = ! dogs ( a p>ty ( ,indians2 & ! h[l ( ! animals ( bo? species is prolong$ s exactly 9 ! same key t ev5 ! practis$ e> ( ! ,indian fails at times to discrim9ate !m4 ,he adds t ! m nor!rn ,esquimaux dogs are n only extremely l ! grey wolves ( ! ,arctic circle 9 =m & col\r1 b also ne>ly equal !m 9 size4 ,dr4 ,kane has (t5 se5 9 8 teams ( sl$ge-dogs ! oblique eye 7a "* on :i* "s naturali/s lay great /ress71 ! droop+ tail1 & sc>$ look ( ! wolf4 ,9 disposition ! ,esquimaux dogs diff] little f wolves1 &1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,hayes1 !y are capable ( no atta*m5t to man1 & are s savage1 t #bb :5 hungry !y w attack ev5 _! ma/]s4 ,accord+ to ,kane !y readily become f]al4 ,_! aff9ity is s close ) wolves t !y frequ5tly cross ) !m1 & ! ,indians take ! :elps ( wolves to improve ! bre$ ( _! dogs4 ,! half-br$ wolves sometimes 7,lam>e-,picquot7 _c be tam$1 ?\gh ?is case is r>e2 b !y d n become ?or\ghly well brok5 9 till ! second or ?ird g5]ation4 ,^! facts %[ t !re c be b little1 if any1 /]ility betwe5 ! ,esquimaux dog & ! wolf1 = o!rwise !y w\ld n be us$ to improve ! bre$4 ,z ,dr4 ,hayes says ( ^! dogs1 reclaim$ wolves !y d\btless are4#ah ,nor? ,am]ica is inhabit$ by a second k9d ( wolf1 ! prairie-wolf 7,canis latrans71 :i* is n[ look$ at by all naturali/s z specifically di/9ct f ! common wolf2 & is1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,"l1 9 "s respects int]m$iate 9 habits betwe5 a wolf & a fox4 ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson1 aft] describ+ ! ,h>e ,indian dog1 :i* diff]s 9 _m respects f ! ,esquimaux dog1 says1 ,x be>s ! same relation to ! prairie wolf t ! ,esquimaux dog does to ! great grey wolf4 ,he c\ld1 9 fact1 detect no m>k$ diff]5ce betwe5 !m2 & ,messrs4 ,nott & ,gliddon give additional details %[+ _! close resemblance4 ,! dogs d]iv$ f ! above two aborig9al s\rces cross toge!r & ) ! wild wolves1 at lea/ ) ! ,c4 occid5talis1 & ) ,european dogs4 ,9 ,florida1 accord+ to ,b>tram1 ! black wolf-dog ( ! ,indians diff]s 9 no?+ f ! wolves ( t c\ntry except 9 b>k+4#ai #bc ,turn+ to ! s\!rn p>ts ( ! ,new ,_w1 ,columbus f\nd two k9ds ( dogs 9 ! ,we/ ,indies2 & ,f]n&ez#bj describes ?ree 9 ,mexico3 "s ( ^! native dogs 7 dumb--t is1 did n b>k4 ,9 ,guiana x has be5 kn[n s9ce ! "t ( ,buffon t ! natives cross _! dogs ) an aborig9al species1 app>5tly ! ,canis cancrivorus4 ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 :o has s c>efully explor$ ^! regions1 writes to me1 ,i h be5 repeat$ly told by ! ,arawaak ,indians1 :o reside ne> ! coa/1 t !y cross _! dogs ) a wild species to improve ! bre$1 & individual dogs h be5 %[n to me :i* c]ta9ly resembl$ ! ,c4 cancrivorus mu* m ?an ! common bre$4 ,x is b seldom t ! ,indians keep ! ,c4 cancrivorus = dome/ic purposes1 nor is ! ,ai1 ano!r species ( wild dog1 & :i* ,i consid] to be id5tical ) ! ,dusicyon silve/ris ( ,h4 ,smi?1 n[ mu* us$ by ! ,arecunas = ! purpose ( hunt+4 ,! dogs ( ! ,t>uma ,indians are q di/9ct1 & resemble ,buffon's ,/4 ,dom+o greyh\nd4 ,x ?us appe>s t ! natives ( ,guiana h p>tially dome/icat$ two aborig9al species1 & /ill cross _! dogs ) !m2 ^! two species belong to a q diff]5t type f ! ,nor? ,am]ican & ,european wolves4 ,a c>eful obs]v]1 ,r5gg]1#ba gives reasons = believ+ t a hairless dog 0 dome/icat$ :5 ,am]ica 0 fir/ visit$ by ,europeans3 "s ( ^! dogs 9 ,p>aguay are /ill dumb1 & ,ts*udi#bb /ates t !y suff] f cold 9 ! ,cordill]a4 ,?is nak$ dog is1 h[ev]1 q di/9ct f t f\nd pres]v$ 9 ! anci5t ,p]uvian burial-places1 & describ$ by ,ts*udi1 "u ! "n ( ,canis ,+ae1 z )/&+ cold well & z b>k+4 ,x is n kn[n :e!r ^! two di/9ct k9ds ( dog are ! desc5dants ( native species1 & x might be argu$ t :5 man fir/ migrat$ into ,am]ica he br\ght ) him f ! ,asiatic cont95t dogs #bd :i* _h n le>n$ to b>k2 b ?is view does n seem probable1 z ! natives along ! l9e ( _! m>* f ! nor? reclaim$1 z we h se51 at lea/ two ,n4 ,am]ican species ( ,canidae4 ,turn+ to ! ,old ,_w1 "s ,european dogs closely resemble ! wolf2 ?us ! %eph]d dog ( ! pla9s ( ,hung>y is :ite or r$di%-br[n1 has a %>p nose1 %ort1 erect e>s1 %aggy coat1 & bu%y tail1 & s mu* resembles a wolf t ,mr4 ,paget1 :o gives ?is description1 says he has kn[n a ,hung>ian mi/ake a wolf = "o ( 8 own dogs4 ,jeitteles1 also1 rem>ks on ! close simil>ity ( ! ,hung>ian dog & wolf4 ,%eph]d dogs 9 ,italy mu/ anci5tly h closely resembl$ wolves1 = ,columella 7vii4 #ab7 advises t :ite dogs be kept1 add+1 pa/or album probat1 ne pro lupo canem f]iat4 ,sev]al acc\nts h be5 giv5 ( dogs & wolves cross+ naturally2 & ,pl9y ass]ts t ! ,gauls ti$ _! female dogs 9 ! woods t !y might cross ) wolves4#bc ,! ,european wolf diff]s slightly f t ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 & has be5 rank$ by _m naturali/s z a di/9ct species4 ,! common wolf ( ,india is also by "s e/eem$ z a ?ird species1 & "h aga9 we f9d a m>k$ resemblance betwe5 ! p>iah dogs ( c]ta9 di/ricts ( ,india & ! ,indian wolf4#bd ,) respect to ,jackals1 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t ,hilaire#be says t n "o con/ant diff]5ce c be po9t$ out betwe5 _! /ructure & t ( ! small] races ( dogs4 ,!y agree closely 9 habits3 jackals1 :5 tam$ & call$ by _! #be ma/]1 wag _! tails1 cr\*1 & ?r[ !mselves on _! backs2 !y smell at ! tails ( dogs1 & void _! ur9e sideways4#bf ,a numb] ( excell5t naturali/s1 f ! "t ( ,gueld5/a$t to t ( ,ehr5b]g1 ,hempri*1 & ,cretzs*m>1 h express$ !mselves 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms ) respect to ! resemblance ( ! half-dome/ic dogs ( ,asia & ,egypt to jackals4 ,m4 ,nordmann1 = in/ance1 says1 ,les *i5s d',a:asie ressembl5t etonnamm5t a des *acals4 ,ehr5b]g#bg ass]ts t ! dome/ic dogs ( ,l[] ,egypt1 & c]ta9 mummi$ dogs1 h = _! wild type a species ( wolf 7,c4 lupa/]7 ( ! c\ntry2 :]eas ! dome/ic dogs ( ,nubia & c]ta9 o!r mummi$ dogs h ! close/ relation to a wild species ( ! same c\ntry1 viz4 ,c4 sabb>1 :i* is only a =m ( ! common jackal4 ,pallas ass]ts t jackals & dogs sometimes naturally cross 9 ! ,ea/2 & a case is on record 9 ,alg]ia4#bh ,! great] numb] ( naturali/s divide ! jackals ( ,asia & ,africa into sev]al species1 b "s few rank !m all z "o4 ,i may add t ! dome/ic dogs on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea are fox-l animals1 & are dumb4#bi ,on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 betwe5 lat4 #d deg4 & #f deg4 s\?1 & ab\t t5 days' j\rney 9 ! int]ior1 a semi-dome/ic dog1 z ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,erh>dt in=ms me1 is kept1 :i* ! natives ass]t is d]iv$ f a simil> wild animal4 ,li*t5/e9#cj says t ! dogs ( ! ,bosjemans pres5t a /rik+ resemblance ev5 9 col\r 7except+ ! black /ripe d[n ! back7 ) ! ,c4 mesomelas ( ,s\? ,africa4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,lay>d in=ms me t he has se5 a ,caffre dog :i* closely resembl$ an ,esquimaux dog4 ,9 ,au/ralia ! ,d+o is bo? dome/icat$ & wild2 ?\gh ?is animal may h be5 introduc$ aborig9ally by man1 yet x mu/ be consid]$ z almo/ an endemic =m1 = its rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 a simil> /ate ( pres]vation & associat$ ) #bf ext9ct mammals1 s t its introduction mu/ h be5 anci5t4#ca ,f ?is resemblance 9 sev]al c\ntries ( ! half-dome/icat$ dogs to ! wild species /ill liv+ !re1--f ! facility ) :i* !y c (t5 be cross$ toge!r1--f ev5 half-tam$ animals be+ s mu* valu$ by savages1--& f ! o!r circum/ances previ\sly rem>k$ on :i* fav\r _! dome/ication1 x is highly probable t ! dome/ic dogs ( ! _w h desc5d$ f two good species ( wolf 7viz4 ,c4 lupus & ,c4 latrans71 & f two or ?ree o!r d\btful species ( wolves 7namely1 ! ,european1 ,indian1 & ,nor? ,african =ms72 f at lea/ "o or two ,s\? ,am]ican can9e species2 f sev]al races or species ( ! jackal2 & p]haps f "o or m ext9ct species4 ,^? au?ors :o attribute great influ5ce to ! action ( climate by itself may ?us acc\nt = ! resemblance ( ! dome/icat$ dogs & native animals 9 ! same c\ntries2 b ,i "k ( no facts support+ ! belief 9 s p[]ful an action ( climate4 ,x _c be object$ to ! view ( sev]al can9e species hav+ be5 anci5tly dome/icat$1 t ^! animals are tam$ ) difficulty3 facts h be5 already giv5 on ?is head1 b ,i may add t ! "y ( ! ,canis primaevus ( ,india 7 tam$ by ,mr4 ,hodgson1#cb & became z s5sible to c>esses1 & manife/$ z mu* intellig5ce1 z any sport+ dog ( ! same age4 ,!re is n mu* diff]5ce1 z we h already %[n & %all imm$iately fur!r see1 9 habits betwe5 ! dome/ic dogs ( ! ,nor? ,am]ican ,indians & ! wolves ( t c\ntry1 or betwe5 ! ,ea/]n p>iah dogs & jackals1 or betwe5 ! dogs :i* h run wild 9 v>i\s c\ntries & ! sev]al natural species ( ! family4 ,! habit ( b>k+1 h[ev]1 :i* is almo/ univ]sal ) dome/icat$ #bg dogs1 & :i* does n *>act]ise a s+le natural species ( ! family1 seems an exception2 b ?is habit is soon lo/ & soon reacquir$4 ,! case ( ! wild dogs on ! isl& ( ,juan ,f]n&ez hav+ become dumb has (t5 be5 quot$1 & !re is reason to believe#cc t ! dumbness ensu$ 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty-?ree ye>s2 on ! o!r h&1 dogs tak5 f ?is isl& by ,ulloa sl[ly reacquir$ ! habit ( b>k+4 ,! ,mack5zie-riv] dogs1 ( ! ,canis latrans type1 :5 br\ght to ,engl&1 nev] le>n$ to b>k prop]ly2 b "o born 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s#cd made 8 voice s\nd z l\dly z any o!r dog ( ! same age & size4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,nillson1#ce a wolf-:elp re>$ by a bit* b>ks4 ,i4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t ,hilaire exhibit$ a jackal :i* b>k$ ) ! same tone z any common dog4#cf ,an int]e/+ acc\nt has be5 giv5 by ,mr4 ,g4 ,cl>ke#cg ( "s dogs run wild on ,juan de ,nova1 9 ! ,indian ,ocean2 !y _h entirely lo/ ! faculty ( b>k+2 !y _h no incl9ation = ! company ( o!r dogs1 nor did !y acquire _! voice1 dur+ a captivity ( sev]al mon?s4 ,on ! isl& !y congregate 9 va/ packs1 & cat* sea-birds ) z mu* address z foxes c\ld display4 ,! f]al dogs ( ,la ,plata h n become dumb2 !y are ( l>ge size1 hunt s+le or 9 packs1 & burr[ holes = _! "y4#ch ,9 ^! habits ! f]al dogs ( ,la ,plata resemble wolves & jackals2 bo? ( :i* hunt ei!r s+ly or 9 packs1 & burr[ holes4#ci ,^! f]al dogs h n become uni=m 9 col\r on ,juan ,f]n&ez1 ,juan de ,nova1 or ,la ,plata4#dj ,9 ,cuba ! f]al dogs are describ$ by ,poeppig z ne>ly all m\se-col\r$1 ) %ort e>s & light-blue eyes4 #bh ,9 ,/4 ,dom+o1 ,col4 ,ham4 ,smi? says#da t ! f]al dogs are v l>ge1 l greyh\nds1 ( a uni=m pale blue-a%1 ) small e>s1 & l>ge light-br[n eyes4 ,ev5 ! wild ,d+o1 ?\gh s anci5tly naturalis$ 9 ,au/ralia1 v>ies consid]ably 9 col\r1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,p4 ,p4 ,k+3 a half-br$ ,d+o re>$ 9 ,engl&#db %[$ signs ( wi%+ to burr[4 ,f ! sev]al =ego+ facts we see t rev]sion 9 ! f]al /ate gives no indication ( ! col\r or size ( ! aborig9al p>5t-species4 ,"o fact1 h[ev]1 ) respect to ! col\r+ ( dome/ic dogs1 ,i at "o "t hop$ might h ?r[n "s light on _! orig92 & x is wor? giv+1 z %[+ h[ col\r+ foll[s laws1 ev5 9 s anci5tly & ?or\ghly dome/icat$ an animal z ! dog4 ,black dogs ) tan-col\r$ feet1 :atev] bre$ !y may belong to1 almo/ inv>iably h a tan-col\r$ spot on ! upp] & inn] corn]s ( ea* eye1 & _! lips are g5]ally ?us col\r$4 ,i h se5 only two exceptions to ?is rule1 namely1 9 a spaniel & t]ri]4 ,dogs ( a light-br[n col\r (t5 h a light]1 yell[i%-br[n spot ov] ! eyes2 sometimes ! spot is :ite1 & 9 a mongrel t]ri] ! spot 0 black4 ,mr4 ,w>+ k9dly exam9$ = me a /ud ( fifte5 greyh\nds 9 ,suffolk3 elev5 ( !m 7 black1 or black & :ite1 or br9dl$1 & ^! _h no eye-spots2 b ?ree 7 r$ & "o slaty-blue1 & ^! f\r _h d>k-col\r$ spots ov] _! eyes4 ,al?\gh ! spots ?us sometimes diff] 9 col\r1 !y /rongly t5d to be tan-col\r$2 ?is is prov$ by my hav+ se5 f\r spaniels1 a sett]1 two ,york%ire %eph]d dogs1 a l>ge mongrel1 & "s fox-h\nds1 col\r$ black & :ite1 ) n a trace ( tan-col\r1 except+ ! spots ov] ! eyes1 & sometimes a little on ! feet4 ,^! latt] cases1 & _m o!rs1 %[ pla9ly t ! col\r ( ! feet & ! eye-spots are 9 "s way correlat$4 ,i h notic$1 9 v>i\s bre$s1 e gradation1 f ! :ole face be+ tan-col\r$1 to a complete r+ r\nd ! eyes1 to a m9ute spot ov] ! inn] & upp] corn]s4 ,! spots occur 9 v>i\s sub-bre$s ( t]ri]s & spaniels2 9 sett]s2 9 h\nds ( v>i\s k9ds1 includ+ ! turnspit-l ,g]man badg]-h\nd2 9 %eph]d dogs2 9 a mongrel1 ( :i* nei!r p>5t _h ! spots2 9 "o pure bulldog1 ?\gh ! spots 7 9 ?is case almo/ :ite2 & 9 greyh\nds1--b true black-&-tan greyh\nds are excessively r>e2 nev]!less ,i h be5 assur$ by ,mr4 ,w>wick1 t "o ran at ! ,cal$onian ,*ampion meet+ ( ,april1 #ahfj1 & 0 m>k$ precisely l a black-&-tan t]ri]4 ,mr4 ,sw9hoe at my reque/ look$ at ! dogs 9 ,*9a1 at ,amoy1 & he soon notic$ a br[n dog ) yell[ spots ov] ! eyes4 ,colonel ,h4 ,smi?#dc figures ! magnific5t black ma/iff ( ,?ibet ) a #bi tan-col\r$ /ripe ov] ! eyes1 feet1 & *aps2 & :at is m s+ul>1 he figures ! ,alco1 or native dome/ic dog ( ,mexico1 z black & :ite1 ) n>r[ tan-col\r$ r+s r\nd ! eyes2 at ! ,exhibition ( dogs 9 ,london1 ,may1 #ahfc1 a s-call$ =e/-dog f ,nor?-,we/ ,mexico 0 %[n1 :i* _h pale tan-col\r$ spots ov] ! eyes4 ,! occurr5ce ( ^! tan-col\r$ spots 9 dogs ( su* extremely diff]5t bre$s1 liv+ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 makes ! fact highly rem>kable4 ,we %all h]eaft] see1 especially 9 ! *apt] on ,pigeons1 t col\r$ m>ks are /rongly inh]it$1 & t !y (t5 aid u 9 discov]+ ! primitive =ms ( our dome/ic races4 ,h5ce1 if any wild can9e species _h di/9ctly exhibit$ ! tan-col\r$ spots ov] ! eyes1 x might h be5 argu$ t ?is 0 ! p>5t-=m ( ne>ly all our dome/ic races4 ,b aft] look+ at _m col\r$ plates1 & ?r\gh ! :ole collection ( sk9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,i c f9d no species ?us m>k$4 ,x is no d\bt possible t "s ext9ct species 0 ?us col\r$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 look+ at ! v>i\s species1 !re seems to be a tol]ably pla9 correlation betwe5 tan-col\r$ legs & face2 & less frequ5tly betwe5 black legs & a black face2 & ?is g5]al rule ( col\r+ expla9s to a c]ta9 ext5t ! above-giv5 cases ( correlation betwe5 ! eye-spots & ! col\r ( ! feet4 ,moreov]1 "s jackals & foxes h a trace ( a :ite r+ r\nd _! eyes1 z 9 ,c4 mesomelas1 ,c4 aureus1 & 7judg+ f ,colonel ,ham4 ,smi?'s draw+7 9 ,c4 alopex & ,c4 ?aleb4 ,o!r species h a trace ( a black l9e ov] ! corn]s ( ! eyes1 z 9 ,c4 v>iegatus1 c9]eo-v>iegatus1 & fulvus1 & ! wild ,d+o4 ,h5ce ,i am incl9$ to conclude t a t5d5cy = tan-col\r$ spots to appe> ov] ! eyes 9 ! v>i\s bre$s ( dogs1 is analog\s to ! case obs]v$ by ,desm>e/1 namely1 t :5 any :ite appe>s on a dog ! tip ( ! tail is always :ite1 de mani]e a rappel] la ta*o t]m9ale de meme c\leur1 qui c>act]ise la plup>t des ,canidees sauvages4#dd ,x has be5 object$ t our dome/ic dogs _c be desc5d$ f wolves or jackals1 because _! p]iods ( ge/ation are diff]5t4 ,! suppos$ diff]5ce re/s on /atem5ts made by ,buffon1 ,gilib]t1 ,be*/e91 & o!rs2 b ^! are n[ kn[n to be errone\s2 & ! p]iod is f\nd to agree 9 ! wolf1 jackal1 & dog1 z closely z c\ld be expect$1 = x is (t5 9 "s degree v>iable4#de ,tessi]1 :o #cj has closely att5d$ to ?is subject1 all[s a diff]5ce ( f\r days 9 ! ge/ation ( ! dog4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox has giv5 me ?ree c>efully record$ cases ( retriev]s1 9 :i* ! bit* 0 put only once to ! dog2 & n c\nt+ ?is day1 b c\nt+ t ( p>turition1 ! p]iods 7 fifty-n9e1 sixty-two1 & sixty-sev5 days4 ,! av]age p]iod is sixty-?ree days2 b ,bell+]i /ates t ?is holds good only ) l>ge dogs2 & t = small races x is f sixty to sixty-?ree days2 ,mr4 ,eyton ( ,eyton1 :o has _h mu* exp]i5ce ) dogs1 also in=ms me t ! "t is apt to be long] ) l>ge ?an ) small dogs4 ,f4 ,cuvi] has object$ t ! jackal w\ld n h be5 dome/icat$ on acc\nt ( its (f5sive smell2 b savages are n s5sitive 9 ?is respect4 ,! degree ( od\r1 also1 diff]s 9 ! diff]5t k9ds ( jackal2#df & ,colonel ,h4 ,smi? makes a sectional division ( ! gr\p ) "o "* dep5d5t on n be+ (f5sive4 ,on ! o!r h&1 dogs--= in/ance1 r\gh & smoo? t]ri]s--diff] mu* 9 ?is respect2 & ,m4 ,godron /ates t ! hairless s-call$ ,turki% dog is m odorif]\s ?an o!r dogs4 ,isidore ,ge(froy#dg gave to a dog ! same od\r z t f a jackal by fe$+ x on raw fle%4 ,! belief t our dogs are desc5d$ f wolves1 jackals1 ,s\? ,am]ican ,canidae1 & o!r species1 sugge/s a f> m important difficulty4 ,^! animals 9 _! undome/icat$ /ate1 judg+ f a widely-spread analogy1 w\ld h be5 9 "s degree /]ile if int]cross$2 & su* /]ility w be admitt$ z almo/ c]ta9 by all ^? :o believe t ! less5$ f]tility ( cross$ =ms is an infallible crit]ion ( specific di/9ctness4 ,anyh[ ^! animals keep di/9ct 9 ! c\ntries :i* !y inhabit 9 common4 ,on ! o!r h&1 all dome/ic dogs1 :i* are "h suppos$ to be desc5d$ #ca f sev]al di/9ct species1 are1 z f> z is kn[n1 mutually f]tile toge!r4 ,b1 z ,broca has well rem>k$1#dh ! f]tility ( successive g5]ations ( mongrel dogs has nev] be5 scrut9is$ ) t c>e :i* is ?\ght indisp5sable :5 species are cross$4 ,! few facts lead+ to ! conclusion t ! sexual feel+s & reproductive p[]s diff] 9 ! sev]al races ( ! dog :5 cross$ are 7pass+ ov] m]e size z r5d]+ propagation difficult7 z foll[s3 ! ,mexican ,alco#di app>5tly dislikes dogs ( o!r k9ds1 b ?is p]haps is n /rictly a sexual feel+2 ! hairless endemic dog ( ,p>aguay1 accord+ to ,r5gg]1 mixes less ) ! ,european races ?an ^! d ) ea* o!r2 ! ,spitz-dog 9 ,g]many is said to receive ! fox m readily ?an d o!r bre$s2 & ,dr4 ,hodgk9 /ates t a female ,d+o 9 ,engl& attract$ ! male wild foxes4 ,if ^! latt] /atem5ts c be tru/$1 !y prove "s degree ( sexual diff]5ce 9 ! bre$s ( ! dog4 ,b ! fact rema9s t our dome/ic dogs1 diff]+ s widely z !y d 9 ext]nal /ructure1 are f> m f]tile toge!r ?an we h reason to believe _! suppos$ wild p>5ts w\ld h be54 ,pallas assumes#ej t a long c\rse ( dome/ication elim9ates t /]ility :i* ! p>5t-species w\ld h exhibit$ if only lately captur$2 no di/9ct facts are record$ 9 support ( ?is hypo!sis2 b ! evid5ce seems to me s /rong 7indep5d5tly ( ! evid5ce d]iv$ f o!r dome/icat$ animals7 9 fav\r ( our dome/ic dogs hav+ desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks1 t ,i am l$ to admit ! tru? ( ?is hypo!sis4 ,!re is ano!r & closely alli$ difficulty consequ5t on ! doctr9e ( ! desc5t ( our dome/ic dogs f sev]al wild species1 namely1 t !y d n seem to be p]fectly f]tile ) _! suppos$ p>5ts4 ,b ! exp]im5t has n be5 q fairly tri$2 ! ,hung>ian dog1 = in/ance1 #cb :i* 9 ext]nal appe>ance s closely resembles ! ,european wolf1 ought to be cross$ ) ?is wolf2 & ! p>iah-dogs ( ,india ) ,indian wolves & jackals2 & s 9 o!r cases4 ,t ! /]ility is v slight betwe5 c]ta9 dogs & wolves & o!r ,canidae is %[n by savages tak+ ! tr\ble to cross !m4 ,buffon got f\r successive g5]ations f ! wolf & dog1 & ! mongrels 7 p]fectly f]tile toge!r4#ea ,b m lately ,m4 ,fl\r5s /ates positively z ! result ( 8 num]\s exp]im5ts t hybrids f ! wolf & dog1 cross$ int] se1 become /]ile at ! ?ird g5]ation1 & ^? f ! jackal & dog at ! f\r? g5]ation4#eb ,b ^! animals 7 closely conf9$2 & _m wild animals1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 are r5d]$ by conf9em5t 9 "s degree or ev5 utt]ly /]ile4 ,! ,d+o1 :i* bre$s freely 9 ,au/ralia ) our import$ dogs1 w\ld n bre$ ?\gh repeat$ly cross$ 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes4#ec ,"s h\nds f ,c5tral ,africa1 br\ght home by ,major ,d5ham1 nev] br$ 9 ! ,t[] ( ,london2#ed & a simil> t5d5cy to /]ility might be transmitt$ to ! hybrid (fspr+ ( a wild animal4 ,moreov]1 x appe>s t 9 ,m4 ,fl\r5s' exp]im5ts ! hybrids 7 closely br$ 9 & 9 = ?ree or f\r g5]ations2 b ?is circum/ance1 al?\gh x w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly increase ! t5d5cy to /]ility1 w\ld h>dly acc\nt = ! f9al result1 ev5 ?\gh aid$ by close conf9em5t1 unless !re _h be5 "s orig9al t5d5cy to less5$ f]tility4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,i saw conf9$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london a female hybrid f an ,engli% dog & jackal1 :i* ev5 9 ?is ! fir/ g5]ation 0 s /]ile t1 z ,i 0 assur$ by #cc h] keep]1 %e did n fully exhibit h] prop] p]iods2 b ?is case1 f ! num]\s in/ances ( f]tile hybrids f ^! two animals1 0 c]ta9ly exceptional4 ,9 almo/ all exp]im5ts on ! cross+ ( animals !re are s _m causes ( d\bt1 t x is extremely difficult to come to any positive conclusion4 ,x w\ld1 h[ev]1 appe>1 t ^? :o believe t our dogs are desc5d$ f sev]al species w h n only to admit t _! (fspr+ aft] a long c\rse ( dome/ication g5]ally lose all t5d5cy to /]ility :5 cross$ toge!r2 b t betwe5 c]ta9 bre$s ( dogs & "s ( _! suppos$ aborig9al p>5ts a c]ta9 degree ( /]ility has be5 reta9$ or possibly ev5 acquir$4 ,not)/&+ ! difficulties 9 reg>d to f]tility giv5 9 ! la/ two p>agraphs1 :5 we reflect on ! inh]5t improbability ( man hav+ dome/icat$ ?r\gh\t ! _w "o s+le species alone ( s widely di/ribut$1 s easily tam$1 & s useful a gr\p z ! ,canidae2 :5 we reflect on ! extreme antiquity ( ! diff]5t bre$s2 & especially :5 we reflect on ! close simil>ity1 bo? 9 ext]nal /ructure & habits1 betwe5 ! dome/ic dogs ( v>i\s c\ntries & ! wild species /ill inhabit+ ^! same c\ntries1 ! balance ( evid5ce is /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! multiple orig9 ( our dogs4 99 99 99 99 99 ,diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al ,bre$s ( ! ,dog4--,if ! sev]al bre$s h desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks1 _! diff]5ce c obvi\sly 9 "p be expla9$ by t ( _! p>5t-species4 ,= in/ance1 ! =m ( ! greyh\nd may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by desc5t f "s su* animal z ! slim ,abyss9ian ,canis sim5sis1#ee ) its elongat$ muzzle2 t ( ! l>g] dogs f ! l>g] wolves1 & ! small] & slight] dogs f jackals3 & ?us p]haps we may acc\nt = c]ta9 con/itutional & climatal diff]5ces4 ,b x w\ld be a great error to suppose t !re has n be5 9 addition#ef a l>ge am\nt ( v>iation4 ,! int]cross+ ( ! sev]al aborig9al wild /ocks1 & ( ! subsequ5tly =m$ #cd races1 has probably increas$ ! total numb] ( bre$s1 &1 z we %all pres5tly see1 has greatly modifi$ "s ( !m4 ,b we _c expla9 by cross+ ! orig9 ( su* extreme =ms z ?or\ghbr$ greyh\nds1 bloodh\nds1 bulldogs1 ,bl5heim spaniels1 t]ri]s1 pugs1 c41 unless we believe t =ms equally or m /rongly *>act]is$ 9 ^! diff]5t respects once exi/$ 9 nature4 ,b h>dly any "o has be5 bold en\gh to suppose t su* unnatural =ms ev] did or c\ld exi/ 9 a wild /ate4 ,:5 comp>$ ) all kn[n memb]s ( ! family ( ,canidae !y betray a di/9ct & abnormal orig94 ,no in/ance is on record ( su* dogs z bloodh\nds1 spaniels1 true greyh\nds hav+ be5 kept by savages3 !y are ! product ( long-cont9u$ civilization4 ,! numb] ( bre$s & sub-bre$s ( ! dog is great3 ,y\att1 = in/ance1 describes twelve k9ds ( greyh\nds4 ,i w n attempt to enum]ate or describe ! v>ieties1 = we _c discrim9ate h[ mu* ( _! diff]5ce is due to v>iation1 & h[ mu* to desc5t f diff]5t aborig9al /ocks4 ,b x may be wor? :ile briefly to m5tion "s po9ts4 ,comm5c+ ) ! skull1 ,cuvi] has admitt$#eg t 9 =m ! diff]5ces are plus =tes que celles d'aucunes especes sauvages d'un meme g5re naturel4 ,! proportions ( ! diff]5t bones2 ! curvature ( ! l[] jaw1 ! position ( ! condyles ) respect to ! plane ( ! tee? 7on :i* ,f4 ,cuvi] f\nd$ 8 classification71 & 9 ma/iffs ! %ape ( its po/]ior bran*2 ! %ape ( ! zygomatic ar*1 & ( ! temporal fossae2 ! position ( ! occiput--all v>y consid]ably4#eh ,! dog has prop]ly six pairs ( mol> tee? 9 ! upp] jaw1 & sev5 9 ! l[]2 b sev]al naturali/s h se5 n r>ely an additional pair 9 ! upp] jaw2#ei & ,pr(essor ,g]vais says t !re are dogs qui ont sept paires de d5ts sup]ieures et huit inf]ieures44 ,de ,bla9ville#fj has giv5 full p>ticul>s on ! frequ5cy ( ^! deviations 9 ! numb] ( ! tee?1 & has %[n t x is n always ! same too? :i* is sup]num]>y4 ,9 %ort-muzzl$ races1 accord+ to ,h4 ,muell]1#fa ! mol> tee? /& obliquely1 :il/ 9 long-muzzl$ races !y are plac$ longitud9ally1 ) op5 spaces betwe5 !m4 ,! nak$1 s-call$ ,egyptian or ,turki% dog is extremely defici5t 9 its #ce tee?1#fb--sometimes hav+ none except "o mol> on ea* side2 b ?is1 ?\gh *>act]i/ic ( ! bre$1 mu/ be consid]$ z a mon/rosity4 ,m4 ,gir>d1#fc :o seems to h att5d$ closely to ! subject1 says t ! p]iod ( ! appe>ance ( ! p]man5t tee? diff]s 9 diff]5t dogs1 be+ e>li] 9 l>ge dogs2 ?us ! ma/iff assumes its adult tee? 9 f\r or five mon?s1 :il/ 9 ! spaniel ! p]iod is sometimes m ?an sev5 or eight mon?s4 ,) respect to m9or diff]5ces little ne$ be said4 ,isidore ,ge(froy has %[n#fd t 9 size "s dogs are six times z long 7! tail be+ exclud$7 z o!rs2 & t ! height relatively to ! l5g? ( ! body v>ies f betwe5 "o to two1 & "o to ne>ly f\r4 ,9 ! ,scot* de]-h\nd !re is a /rik+ & rem>kable diff]5ce 9 ! size ( ! male & female4#fe ,e "o kn[s h[ ! e>s v>y 9 size 9 diff]5t bre$s1 & ) _! great developm5t _! muscles become atrophi$4 ,c]ta9 bre$s ( dogs are describ$ z hav+ a deep furr[ betwe5 ! no/rils & lips4 ,! caudal v]tebrae1 accord+ to ,f4 ,cuvi]1 on ^: au?ority ! two la/ /atem5ts re/1 v>y 9 numb]2 & ! tail 9 %eph]d dogs is almo/ abs5t4 ,! mammae v>y f sev5 to t5 9 numb]2 ,daub5ton1 hav+ exam9$ tw5ty-"o dogs1 f\nd eight ) five mammae on ea* side2 eight ) f\r on ea* side2 & ! o!rs ) an unequal numb] on ! two sides4#ff ,dogs h prop]ly five toes 9 front & f\r beh9d1 b a fif? toe is (t5 add$2 & ,f4 ,cuvi] /ates t1 :5 a fif? toe is pres5t1 a f\r? cunei=m bone is develop$2 &1 9 ?is case1 sometimes ! great cunei=m bone is rais$1 & gives on its inn] side a l>ge articul> surface to ! a/ragalus2 s t ev5 ! relative connection ( ! bones1 ! mo/ con/ant ( all *>act]s1 v>ies4 ,^! modifications1 h[ev]1 9 ! feet ( dogs are n important1 because !y ought to be rank$1 z ,de ,bla9ville has %[n1#fg z mon/rosities4 ,nev]!less !y are int]e/+ f be+ correlat$ ) ! size ( ! body1 = !y occur mu* m frequ5tly ) ma/iffs & o!r l>ge bre$s ?an ) small dogs4 ,closely alli$ v>ieties1 h[ev]1 sometimes diff] 9 ?is respect2 ?us ,mr4 ,hodgson /ates t ! black-&-tan ,lassa v>iety ( ! ,?ibet ma/iff has ! fif? digit1 :il/ ! ,mu/ang sub-v>iety is n ?us *>act]is$4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! sk9 is develop$ betwe5 ! toes v>ies mu*2 b we %all return to ?is po9t4 ,! degree to :i* ! v>i\s bre$s diff] 9 ! p]fection ( _! s5ses1 dispositions1 & inh]it$ habits is notori\s to e "o4 ,! bre$s pres5t "s con/itutional diff]5ces3 ! pulse1 says ,y\att1#fh v>ies mat]ially accord+ to ! bre$1 z well #cf z to ! size ( ! animal4 ,diff]5t bre$s ( dogs are subject 9 diff]5t degrees to v>i\s diseases4 ,!y c]ta9ly become adapt$ to diff]5t climates "u :i* !y h long exi/$4 ,x is notori\s t mo/ ( our be/ ,european bre$s det]iorate 9 ,india4#fi ,! ,rev4 ,r4 ,ev]e/#gj believes t no "o has succe$$ 9 keep+ ! ,newf\ndl& dog long alive 9 ,india2 s x is1 accord+ to ,li*t5/e91#ga ev5 at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope4 ,! ,?ibet ma/iff deg5]ates on ! pla9s ( ,india1 & c live only on ! m\nta9s4#gb ,lloyd#gc ass]ts t our bloodh\nds & bulldogs h be5 tri$1 & _c )/& ! cold ( ! nor!rn ,european =e/s4 ,see+ 9 h[ _m *>act]s ! races ( ! dog diff] f ea* o!r1 & rememb]+ ,cuvi]'s admission t _! skulls diff] m ?an d ^? ( ! species ( any natural g5us1 & be>+ 9 m9d h[ closely ! bones ( wolves1 jackals1 foxes1 & o!r ,canidae agree1 x is rem>kable t we meet ) ! /atem5t1 repeat$ ov] & ov] aga91 t ! races ( ! dog diff] 9 no important *>act]s4 ,a highly compet5t judge1 ,pr(4 ,g]vais1#gd admits1 si l'on pr5ait sans controle les alt]ations dont *acun de ces organes e/ susceptible1 on p\rrait croire qu'il y a entre les *i5s dome/iques des diff]5ces plus gr&es que celles qui sep>5t ailleurs les especes1 quelquefois meme les g5res4 ,"s ( ! diff]5ces above enum]at$ are 9 "o respect ( comp>atively little value1 = !y are n *>act]i/ic ( di/9ct bre$s3 no "o pret5ds t su* is ! case ) ! additional mol> tee? or ) ! numb] ( mammae2 ! additional digit is g5]ally pres5t ) ma/iffs1 & "s ( ! m important diff]5ces 9 ! skull & l[] jaw are m or less *>act]i/ic ( v>i\s bre$s4 ,b we mu/ n =get t ! pr$om9ant p[] ( selection has n be5 appli$ 9 any ( ^! cases2 we h v>iability 9 important p>ts1 b ! diff]5ces h n be5 fix$ by selection4 ,man #cg c>es = ! =m & fleetness ( 8 greyh\nds1 = ! size ( 8 ma/iffs1 = ! /r5g? ( ! jaw 9 8 bulldogs1 c42 b he c>es no?+ ab\t ! numb] ( _! mol> tee? or mammae or digits2 nor d we "k t diff]5ces 9 ^! organs are correlat$ )1 or owe _! developm5t to1 diff]5ces 9 o!r p>ts ( ! body ab\t :i* man does c>e4 ,^? :o h att5d$ to ! subject ( selection w admit t1 nature hav+ giv5 v>iability1 man1 if he s *ose1 c\ld fix five toes to ! h9d] feet ( c]ta9 bre$s ( dogs1 z c]ta9ly z to ! feet ( 8 ,dork+-f[ls3 he c\ld probably fix1 b ) mu* m difficulty1 an additional pair ( mol> tee? 9 ei!r jaw1 9 ! same way z he has giv5 additional horns to c]ta9 bre$s ( %eep2 if he wi%$ to produce a too?less bre$ ( dogs1 hav+ ! s-call$ ,turki% dog ) its imp]fect tee? to "w on1 he c\ld probably d s1 = he has succe$$ 9 mak+ hornless bre$s ( cattle & %eep4 ,) respect to ! precise causes & /eps by :i* ! sev]al races ( dogs h come to diff] s greatly f ea* o!r1 we are1 z 9 mo/ o!r cases1 pr(\ndly ignorant4 ,we may attribute "p ( ! diff]5ce 9 ext]nal =m & con/itution to inh]itance f di/9ct wild /ocks1 t is to *anges effect$ "u nature be=e dome/ication4 ,we mu/ attribute some?+ to ! cross+ ( ! sev]al dome/ic & natural races4 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 soon recur to ! cross+ ( races4 ,we h already se5 h[ (t5 savages cross _! dogs ) wild native species2 & ,p5nant gives a curi\s acc\nt#ge ( ! mann] 9 :i* ,fo*ab]s1 9 ,scotl&1 0 /ock$ ) a multitude ( curs ( a mo/ wolfi% aspect f a s+le hybrid-wolf br\ght into t di/rict4 ,x w\ld appe> t climate to a c]ta9 ext5t directly modifies ! =ms ( dogs4 ,we h lately se5 t sev]al ( our ,engli% bre$s _c live 9 ,india1 & x is positively ass]t$ t :5 br$ !re = a few g5]ations !y deg5]ate n only 9 _! m5tal faculties1 b 9 =m4 ,capta9 ,williamson1#gf :o c>efully att5d$ to ?is subject1 /ates t h\nds are ! mo/ rapid 9 _! decl9e2 greyh\nds & #ch po9t]s1 also1 rapidly decl9e4 ,b spaniels1 aft] eight or n9e g5]ations1 & )\t a cross f ,europe1 are z good z _! ance/ors4 ,dr4 ,falcon] in=ms me t bulldogs1 :i* h be5 kn[n1 :5 fir/ br\ght into ! c\ntry1 to p9 d[n ev5 an elephant by its trunk1 n only fall (f aft] two ( ?ree g5]ations 9 pluck & f]ocity1 b lose ! "u-hung "* ( _! l[] jaws2 _! muzzles become f9] & _! bodies light]4 ,engli% dogs import$ into ,india are s valuable t probably due c>e has be5 tak5 to prev5t _! cross+ ) native dogs2 s t ! det]ioration _c be ?us acc\nt$ =4 ,! ,rev4 ,r4 ,ev]e/ in=ms me t he obta9$ a pair ( sett]s1 born 9 ,india1 :i* p]fectly resembl$ _! ,scot* p>5ts3 he rais$ sev]al litt]s f !m 9 ,delhi1 tak+ ! mo/ /r+5t precautions to prev5t a cross1 b he nev] succe$$1 ?\gh ?is 0 only ! second g5]ation 9 ,india1 9 obta9+ a s+le "y dog l its p>5ts 9 size or make2 _! no/rils 7 m contract$1 _! noses m po9t$1 _! size inf]ior1 & _! limbs m sl5d]4 ,?is rem>kable t5d5cy to rapid det]ioration 9 ,european dogs subject$ to ! climate ( ,india1 may p]haps p>tly be acc\nt$ = by ! t5d5cy to rev]sion to a primordial condition :i* _m animals exhibit1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 :5 expos$ to new conditions ( life4 ,"s ( ! peculi>ities *>act]i/ic ( ! sev]al bre$s ( ! dog h probably aris5 sudd5ly1 &1 ?\gh /rictly inh]it$1 may be call$ mon/rosities2 = in/ance1 ! %ape ( ! legs & body 9 ! turnspit ( ,europe & ,india2 ! %ape ( ! head & ! "u-hang+ jaw 9 ! bull & pug-dog1 s alike 9 ?is "o respect & s unlike 9 all o!rs4 ,a peculi>ity sudd5ly aris+1 & !re=e 9 "o s5se des]v+ to be call$ a mon/rosity1 may1 h[ev]1 be increas$ & fix$ by man's selection4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t long-cont9u$ tra9+1 z ) ! greyh\nd 9 c\rs+ h>es1 z ) wat]-dogs 9 swimm+--& ! want ( ex]cise1 9 ! case ( lapdogs--mu/ h produc$ "s direct effect on _! /ructure & in/9cts4 ,b we %all imm$iately see t ! mo/ pot5t cause ( *ange has probably be5 ! selection1 bo? me?odical & unconsci\s1 ( slight individual diff]5ces1--! #ci latt] k9d ( selection result+ f ! occasional pres]vation1 dur+ hundr$s ( g5]ations1 ( ^? individual dogs :i* 7 ! mo/ useful to man = c]ta9 purposes & "u c]ta9 conditions ( life4 ,9 a future *apt] on ,selection ,i %all %[ t ev5 b>b>ians att5d closely to ! qualities ( _! dogs4 ,?is unconsci\s selection by man w\ld lie aid$ by a k9d ( natural selection2 = ! dogs ( savages h p>tly to ga9 _! own subsi/5ce2 = in/ance1 9 ,au/ralia1 z we he> f ,mr4 ,n9d1#gg ! dogs are sometimes compell$ by want to leave _! ma/]s & provide = !mselves2 b 9 a few days !y g5]ally return4 ,& we may inf] t dogs ( diff]5t %apes1 sizes1 & habits1 w\ld h be/ *ance ( surviv+ "u diff]5t circum/ances1--on op51 /]ile pla9s1 :]e !y h to run d[n _! own prey1--on rocky coa/s1 :]e !y h to fe$ on crabs & fi% left 9 ! tidal pools1 z 9 ! case ( ,new ,gu9ea & ,ti]ra del ,fuego4 ,9 ?is latt] c\ntry1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bridges1 ! ,cate*i/ to ! ,mission1 ! dogs turn ov] ! /ones on ! %ore to cat* ! cru/aceans :i* lie b5ea?1 & !y are clev] en\gh to knock (f ! %ell-fi% at a fir/ bl[2 = if ?is be n done1 %ell-fi% are well kn[n to h an almo/ inv9cible p[] ( adhesion4 ,x has already be5 rem>k$ t dogs diff] 9 ! degree to :i* _! feet are webb$4 ,9 dogs ( ! ,newf\ndl& bre$1 :i* are em95tly aquatic 9 _! habits1 ! sk91 accord+ to ,isidore ,ge(froy1#gh ext5ds to ! ?ird phalanges1 :il/ 9 ord9>y dogs x ext5ds only to ! second4 ,9 two ,newf\ndl& dogs :i* ,i exam9$1 :5 ! toes 7 /ret*$ ap>t & view$ on ! "u side1 ! sk9 ext5d$ 9 a ne>ly /raight l9e betwe5 ! out] m>g9s ( ! balls ( ! toes2 :]eas1 9 two t]ri]s ( di/9ct sub-bre$s1 ! sk9 view$ 9 ! same mann] 0 deeply scoop$ out4 ,9 ,canada !re is a dog :i* is peculi> to ! c\ntry & common !re1 & ?is has half-webb$ feet & is fond ( ! wat]4#gi ,engli% ott]-h\nds are said to h webb$ feet3 a fri5d exam9$ = me ! feet ( two1 9 comp>ison #dj ) ! feet ( "s h>ri]s & bloodh\nds2 he f\nd ! sk9 v>iable 9 ext5t 9 all1 b m develop$ 9 ! ott] ?an 9 ! o!r h\nds4#hj ,z aquatic animals :i* belong to q diff]5t ord]s h webb$ feet1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is /ructure w\ld be s]viceable to dogs t frequ5t ! wat]4 ,we may confid5tly inf] t no man ev] select$ 8 wat]-dogs by ! ext5t to :i* ! sk9 0 develop$ betwe5 _! toes2 b :at he does1 is to pres]ve & bre$ f ^? individuals :i* hunt be/ 9 ! wat]1 or be/ retrieve w\nd$ game1 & ?us he unconsci\sly selects dogs ) feet slightly bett] webb$4 ,man ?us closely imitates ,natural ,selection4 ,we h an excell5t illu/ration ( ?is same process 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e1 accord+ to ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson1#ha all ! wolves1 foxes1 & aborig9al dome/ic dogs h _! feet broad] ?an 9 ! correspond+ species ( ! ,old ,_w1 & well calculat$ = runn+ on ! sn[4 ,n[1 9 ^! ,arctic regions1 ! life or dea? ( e animal w (t5 dep5d on its success 9 hunt+ ov] ! sn[ :5 s(t5$2 & ?is w 9 "p dep5d on ! feet be+ broad2 yet !y mu/ n be s broad z to int]f]e ) ! activity ( ! animal :5 ! gr\nd is /icky1 or ) its p[] ( burr[+ holes1 or ) o!r habits ( life4 ,z *anges 9 dome/ic bre$s :i* take place s sl[ly z n to be notic$ at any "o p]iod1 :e!r due to ! selection ( individual v>iations or ( diff]5ces result+ f crosses1 are mo/ important 9 und]/&+ ! orig9 ( our dome/ic productions1 & likewise 9 ?r[+ indirect light on ! *anges effect$ "u nature1 ,i w give 9 detail su* cases z ,i h be5 able to collect4 ,lawr5ce1#hb :o paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! hi/ory ( ! foxh\nd1 writ+ 9 #ahbi1 says t betwe5 eighty & n9ety ye>s be=e an entirely new foxh\nd 0 rais$ ?r\gh ! bre$]'s art1 ! e>s ( ! old s\!rn h\nd be+ r$uc$1 ! bone & bulk light5$1 ! wai/ increas$ 9 l5g?1 & ! /ature #da some:at add$ to4 ,x is believ$ t ?is 0 effect$ by a cross ) ! greyh\nd4 ,) respect to ?is latt] dog1 ,y\att1#hc :o is g5]ally cauti\s 9 8 /atem5ts1 says t ! greyh\nd )9 ! la/ fifty ye>s1 t is be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! pres5t c5tury1 assum$ a some:at diff]5t "* f t :i* he once possess$4 ,he is n[ di/+ui%$ by a beautiful symmetry ( =m1 ( :i* he c\ld n once boa/1 & he has ev5 sup]ior spe$ to t :i* he =m]ly exhibit$4 ,he is no long] us$ to /ruggle ) de]1 b cont5ds ) 8 fell[s ov] a %ort] & spe$i] c\rse4 ,an able writ]#hd believes t our ,engli% greyh\nds are ! desc5dants1 progressively improv$1 ( ! l>ge r\gh greyh\nds :i* exi/$ 9 ,scotl& s e>ly z ! ?ird c5tury4 ,a cross at "s =m] p]iod ) ! ,italian greyh\nd has be5 suspect$2 b ?is seems h>dly probable1 consid]+ ! feebl5ess ( ?is latt] bre$4 ,"l ,or=d1 z is well kn[n1 cross$ 8 fam\s greyh\nds1 :i* fail$ 9 c\rage1 ) a bulldog--?is bre$ be+-*os5 f be+ defici5t 9 ! p[] ( sc5t2 aft] ! six? or sev5? g5]ation1 says ,y\att1 !re 0 n a ve/ige left ( ! =m ( ! bulldog1 b 8 c\rage & indomitable p]sev]ance rema9$4 ,y\att inf]s1 f a comp>ison ( an old picture ( ,k+ ,*>les's spaniels ) ! liv+ dog1 t ! bre$ ( ! pres5t day is mat]ially alt]$ = ! worse3 ! muzzle has become %ort]1 ! =ehead m prom95t1 & ! eyes l>g]3 ! *anges 9 ?is case h probably be5 due to simple selection4 ,! sett]1 z ?is au?or rem>ks 9 ano!r place1 is evid5tly ! l>ge spaniel improv$ to 8 pres5t peculi> size & beauty1 & taught ano!r way ( m>k+ 8 game4 ,if ! =m ( ! dog 7 n suffici5tly satisfactory on ?is po9t1 we might h rec\rse to hi/ory3 he !n ref]s to a docum5t dat$ #afhe be>+ on ?is subject1 & adds t ! pure ,iri% sett] %[s no signs ( a cross ) ! po9t]1 :i* "s au?ors suspect has be5 ! case ) ! ,engli% sett]4 ,ano!r writ]#he rem>ks #db t1 if ! ma/iff & ,engli% bulldog _h =m]ly be5 z di/9ct z !y are at ! pres5t "t 7i4e4 #ahbh71 s accurate an obs]v] z ! poet ,gay 7:o 0 ! au?or ( ',rural ,sports' 9 #agaa7 w\ld h spok5 9 8 ,fable ( ! ,bull & ! ,bulldog1 & n ( ! ,bull & ! ,ma/iff4 ,!re c be no d\bt t ! fancy bulldogs ( ! pres5t day1 n[ t !y are n us$ = bull-bait+1 h become greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 )\t any express int5tion on ! "p ( ! bre$]4 ,our po9t]s are c]ta9ly desc5d$ f a ,spani% bre$1 z ev5 _! names1 ,don1 ,ponto1 ,c>los1 c41 w\ld %[3 x is said t !y 7 n kn[n 9 ,engl& be=e ! ,revolution 9 #afhh2hf b ! bre$ s9ce its introduction has be5 mu* modifi$1 = ,mr4 ,borr[1 :o is a sportsman & kn[s ,spa9 intimately well1 in=ms me t he has n se5 9 t c\ntry any bre$ correspond+ 9 figure ) ! ,engli% po9t]2 b !re are g5u9e po9t]s ne> ,x]es :i* h be5 import$ by ,engli% g5tlem54 ,a ne>ly p>allel case is (f]$ by ! ,newf\ndl& dog1 :i* 0 c]ta9ly br\ght into ,engl& f t c\ntry1 b :i* has s9ce be5 s mu* modifi$ t1 z sev]al writ]s h obs]v$1 x does n n[ closely resemble any exi/+ native dog 9 ,newf\ndl&4#hg ,^! sev]al cases ( sl[ & gradual *anges 9 our ,engli% dogs possess "s int]e/2 = ?\gh ! *anges h g5]ally1 b n inv>iably1 be5 caus$ by "o or two crosses ) a di/9ct bre$1 yet we may feel sure1 f ! well-kn[n extreme v>iability ( cross$ bre$s1 t rigor\s & long-cont9u$ selection mu/ h be5 practis$1 9 ord] to improve !m 9 a def9ite mann]4 ,z soon z any /ra9 or family became slightly improv$ or bett] adapt$ to alt]$ circum/ances1 x w\ld t5d to supplant ! old] & less improv$ /ra9s4 ,= in/ance1 z soon z ! old foxh\nd 0 improv$ by a cross ) ! greyh\nd1 or by simple selection1 & assum$ its pres5t "*--& ! *ange 0 probably requir$ by #dc ! increas$ fleetness ( our hunt]s--x rapidly spread ?r\gh\t ! c\ntry1 & is n[ ev]y:]e ne>ly uni=m4 ,b ! process ( improvem5t is /ill go+ on1 = e "o tries to improve 8 /ra9 by occasionally procur+ dogs f ! be/ k5nels4 ,?r\gh ?is process ( gradual sub/itution ! old ,engli% h\nd has be5 lo/2 & s x has be5 ) ! old ,iri% greyh\nd & app>5tly ) ! old ,engli% bulldog4 ,b ! ext9ction ( =m] bre$s is app>5tly aid$ by ano!r cause2 = :5ev] a bre$ is kept 9 scanty numb]s1 z at pres5t ) ! bloodh\nd1 x is re>$ ) difficulty1 & ?is app>5tly is due to ! evil effects ( long-cont9u$ close int]bre$+4 ,z sev]al bre$s ( ! dog h be5 slightly b s5sibly modifi$ )9 s %ort a p]iod z ! la/ "o or two c5turies1 by ! selection ( ! be/ individual dogs1 modifi$ 9 _m cases by crosses ) o!r bre$s2 & z we %all h]eaft] see t ! bre$+ ( dogs 0 att5d$ to 9 anci5t times1 z x /ill is by savages1 we may conclude t we h 9 selection1 ev5 if only occasionally practis$1 a pot5t means ( modification4 ,,dome/ic ,,cats4 ,cats h be5 dome/icat$ 9 ! ,ea/ f an anci5t p]iod2 ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me t !y are m5tion$ 9 a ,sanskrit writ+ #bjjj ye>s old1 & 9 ,egypt _! antiquity is kn[n to be ev5 great]1 z %[n by monum5tal draw+s & _! mummi$ bodies4 ,^! mummies1 accord+ to ,de ,bla9ville#hh :o has p>ticul>ly /udi$ ! subject1 belong to no less ?an ?ree species1 namely1 ,f4 caligulata1 buba/es1 & *aus4 ,! two =m] species are said to be /ill f\nd1 bo? wild & dome/icat$1 9 p>ts ( ,egypt4 ,f4 caligulata pres5ts a diff]5ce 9 ! fir/ inf]ior milk mol> too?1 z comp>$ ) ! dome/ic cats ( ,europe1 :i* makes ,de ,bla9ville conclude t x is n "o ( ! p>5t-=ms ( our cats4 ,sev]al naturali/s1 z ,pallas1 ,temm9ck1 ,bly?1 believe t dome/ic cats are ! desc5dants ( sev]al species #dd comm+l$3 x is c]ta9 t cats cross readily ) v>i\s wild species1 & x w\ld appe> t ! "* ( ! dome/ic bre$s has1 at lea/ 9 "s cases1 be5 ?us affect$4 ,sir ,w4 ,j>d9e has no d\bt t1 9 ! nor? ( ,scotl&1 !re has be5 occasional cross+ ) our native species 7,f4 sylve/ris71 & t ! result ( ^! crosses has be5 kept 9 our h\ses4 ,i h se51 he adds1 _m cats v closely resembl+ ! wild cat1 & "o or two t c\ld sc>cely be di/+ui%$ f x4 ,mr4 ,bly?#hi rem>ks on ?is passage1 b su* cats are nev] se5 9 ! s\!rn p>ts ( ,engl&2 /ill1 z comp>$ ) any ,indian tame cat1 ! aff9ity ( ! ord9>y ,briti% cat to ,f4 sylve/ris is manife/2 & due ,i suspect to frequ5t int]mixture at a "t :5 ! tame cat 0 fir/ introduc$ into ,brita9 & cont9u$ r>e1 :ile ! wild species 0 f> m abundant ?an at pres5t4 ,9 ,hung>y1 ,jeitteles#ij 0 assur$ on tru/wor?y au?ority t a wild male cat cross$ ) a female dome/ic cat1 & t ! hybrids long liv$ 9 a dome/icat$ /ate4 ,9 ,algi]s ! dome/ic cat has cross$ ) ! wild cat 7,f4 ,lybica7 ( t c\ntry4#ia ,9 ,s\? ,africa1 z ,mr4 ,e4 ,lay>d in=ms me1 ! dome/ic cat int]m+les freely ) ! wild ,f4 caffra2 he has se5 a pair ( hybrids :i* 7 q tame & p>ticul>ly atta*$ to ! lady :o br\ght !m up2 & ,mr4 ,fry has f\nd t ^! hybrids are f]tile4 ,9 ,india ! dome/ic cat1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bly?1 has cross$ ) f\r ,indian species4 ,) respect to "o ( ^! species1 ,f4 *aus1 an excell5t obs]v]1 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 in=ms me t he once kill$1 ne> ,madras1 a wild brood1 :i* 7 evid5tly hybrids f ! dome/ic cat2 ^! "y animals _h a ?ick lynx-l tail & ! broad br[n b> on ! inside ( ! =e>m *>act]i/ic ( ,f4 *aus4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot adds t he has (t5 obs]v$ ?is same m>k on ! =e>ms ( dome/ic cats 9 ,india4 ,mr4 ,bly? /ates t dome/ic cats col\r$ ne>ly l ,f4 *aus1 b n resembl+ t species 9 %ape1 ab\nd 9 #de ,b5gal2 he adds1 su* a col\ration is utt]ly unkn[n 9 ,european cats1 & ! prop] tabby m>k+s 7pale /reaks on a black gr\nd1 peculi>ly & symmetrically dispos$71 s common 9 ,engli% cats1 are nev] se5 9 ^? ( ,india4 ,dr4 ,d4 ,%ort has assur$ ,mr4 ,bly?#ib t at ,hansi hybrids betwe5 ! common cat & ,f4 ornata 7or torquata7 occur1 & t _m ( ! dome/ic cats ( t "p ( ,india 7 undi/+ui%able f ! wild ,f4 ornata4 ,az>a /ates1 b only on ! au?ority ( ! inhabitants1 t 9 ,p>aguay ! cat has cross$ ) two native species4 ,f ^! sev]al cases we see t 9 ,europe1 ,asia1 ,africa1 & ,am]ica1 ! common cat1 :i* lives a fre] life ?an mo/ o!r dome/icat$ animals1 has cross$ ) v>i\s wild species2 & t 9 "s in/ances ! cross+ has be5 suffici5tly frequ5t to affect ! "* ( ! bre$4 ,:e!r dome/ic cats h desc5d$ f sev]al di/9ct species1 or h only be5 modifi$ by occasional crosses1 _! f]tility1 z f> z is kn[n1 is unimpair$4 ,! l>ge ,angora or ,p]sian cat is ! mo/ di/9ct 9 /ructure & habits ( all ! dome/ic bre$s2 & is believ$ by ,pallas1 b on no di/9ct evid5ce1 to be desc5d$ f ! ,f4 manul ( middle ,asia2 b ,i am assur$ by ,mr4 ,bly? t ?is cat bre$s freely ) ,indian cats1 :i*1 z we h already se51 h app>5tly be5 mu* cross$ ) ,f4 *aus4 ,9 ,engl& half-br$ ,angora cats are p]fectly f]tile ) ! common cat2 ,i d n "k :e!r ! half-bre$s are f]tile "o ) ano!r2 b z !y are common 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 any m>k$ degree ( /]ility c\ld h>dly fail to h be5 notic$4 ,)9 ! same c\ntry we d n meet ) di/9ct races ( ! cat1 z we d ( dogs & ( mo/ o!r dome/ic animals2 ?\gh ! cats ( ! same c\ntry pres5t a consid]able am\nt ( fluctuat+ v>iability4 ,! explanation obvi\sly is t1 f _! nocturnal & rambl+ habits1 indiscrim9ate cross+ _c )\t mu* tr\ble be prev5t$4 ,selection _c be br\ght into play to produce di/9ct bre$s1 or to keep ^? di/9ct :i* h be5 import$ f =eign l&s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 isl&s & #df 9 c\ntries completely sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 we meet ) bre$s m or less di/9ct2 & ^! cases are wor? giv+ z %[+ t ! sc>city ( di/9ct races 9 ! same c\ntry is n caus$ by a defici5cy ( v>iability 9 ! animal4 ,! tail-less cats ( ! ,isle ( ,man are said to diff] f common cats n only 9 ! want ( a tail1 b 9 ! great] l5g? ( _! h9d legs1 9 ! size ( _! heads1 & 9 habits4 ,! ,creole cat ( ,antigua1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,ni*olson1 is small]1 & has a m elongat$ head1 ?an ! ,briti% cat4 ,9 ,ceylon1 z ,mr4 ,?waites writes to me1 e "o at fir/ notices ! diff]5t appe>ance ( ! native cat f ! ,engli% animal2 x is ( small size1 ) closely ly+ hairs2 its head is small1 ) a rec$+ =ehead2 b ! e>s are l>ge & %>p2 altoge!r x has :at is !re call$ a l[-ca/e appe>ance4 ,r5gg]#ic says t ! dome/ic cat1 :i* has be5 br$ = #cjj ye>s 9 ,p>aguay1 pres5ts a /rik+ diff]5ce f ! ,european cat2 x is small] by a f\r?1 has a m lanky body1 its hair is %ort1 %9+1 scanty1 & lies close1 especially on ! tail3 he adds t ! *ange has be5 less at ,asc5sion1 ! capital ( ,p>aguay1 ow+ to ! cont9ual cross+ ) newly import$ cats2 & ?is fact well illu/rates ! importance ( sep>ation4 ,! conditions ( life 9 ,p>aguay appe> n to be highly fav\rable to ! cat1 =1 ?\gh !y h run half-wild1 !y d n become ?or\ghly f]al1 l s _m o!r ,european animals4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 accord+ to ,r\l91#id ! introduc$ cat has lo/ ! habit ( utt]+ its hide\s nocturnal h[l4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox pur*as$ a cat 9 ,portsm\?1 :i* he 0 told came f ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea2 its sk9 0 black & wr9kl$1 fur blui%-grey & %ort1 its e>s r b>e1 legs long1 & :ole aspect peculi>4 ,?is negro cat 0 f]tile ) common cats4 ,on ! opposite coa/ ( ,africa1 at ,mombas1 ,capta9 ,ow51 ,r4,n41#ie /ates t all ! cats are cov]$ ) %ort /iff hair in/ead ( fur3 he gives a curi\s acc\nt ( a cat f ,algoa ,bay1 :i* _h be5 kept = "s "t on bo>d & c\ld be id5tifi$ ) c]ta9ty2 ?is #dg animal 0 left = only eight weeks at ,mombas1 b dur+ t %ort p]iod x und]w5t a complete metamorphosis1 hav+ p>t$ ) its s&y-col\r$ fur4 ,a cat f ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope has be5 describ$ by ,desm>e/ z rem>kable f a r$ /ripe ext5d+ along ! :ole l5g? ( its back4 ,?r\gh\t an imm5se area1 namely1 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago1 ,siam1 ,pegu1 & ,burmah1 all ! cats h truncat$ tails ab\t half ! prop] l5g?1#if (t5 ) a sort ( knot at ! end4 ,9 ! ,c>ol9e ar*ipelago ! cats h v long legs1 & are ( a r$di%-yell[ col\r4#ig ,9 ,*9a a bre$ has droop+ e>s4 ,at ,tobolsk1 accord+ to ,gmel91 !re is a r$-col\r$ bre$4 ,9 ,asia1 also1 we f9d ! well-kn[n ,angora or ,p]sian bre$4 ,! dome/ic cat has run wild 9 sev]al c\ntries1 & ev]y:]e assumes1 z f> z c be judg$ by ! %ort record$ descriptions1 a uni=m "*4 ,ne> ,maldonado1 9 ,la ,plata1 ,i %ot "o :i* seem$ p]fectly wild2 x 0 c>efully exam9$ by ,mr4 ,wat]h\se1#ih :o f\nd no?+ rem>kable 9 x1 except+ its great size4 ,9 ,new ,zeal&1 accord+ to ,dieff5ba*1 ! f]al cats assume a /reaky grey col\r l t ( wild cats2 & ?is is ! case ) ! half-wild cats ( ! ,scot* ,highl&s4 ,we h se5 t di/ant c\ntries possess di/9ct dome/ic races ( ! cat4 ,! diff]5ces may be 9 "p due to desc5t f sev]al aborig9al species1 or at lea/ to crosses ) !m4 ,9 "s cases1 z 9 ,p>aguay1 ,mombas1 & ,antigua1 ! diff]5ces seem due to ! direct action ( diff]5t conditions ( life4 ,9 o!r cases "s slight effect may possibly be attribut$ to natural selection1 z cats 9 _m cases h l>gely to support !mselves & to escape div]se dang]s4 ,b man1 ow+ to ! difficulty ( pair+ cats1 has done no?+ by me?odical selection2 & probably v little by un9t5tional selection2 ?\gh 9 ea* litt] he g5]ally saves ! prettie/1 #dh & values mo/ a good bre$ ( m\se or rat-cat*]s4 ,^? cats :i* h a /rong t5d5cy to pr[l aft] game1 g5]ally get de/roy$ by traps4 ,z cats are s mu* pett$1 a bre$ be>+ ! same relation to o!r cats1 t lapdogs be> to l>g] dogs1 w\ld h be5 mu* valu$2 & if selection c\ld h be5 appli$1 we %\ld c]ta9ly h _h _m bre$s 9 ea* long-civiliz$ c\ntry1 = !re is pl5ty ( v>iability to "w ^u4 ,we see 9 ?is c\ntry consid]able div]sity 9 size1 "s 9 ! proportions ( ! body1 & extreme v>iability 9 col\r+4 ,i h only lately att5d$ to ?is subject1 b h already he>d ( "s s+ul> cases ( v>iation2 "o ( a cat born 9 ! ,we/ ,indies too?less1 & rema9+ s all its life4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has %[n me ! skull ( a female cat ) its can9es s mu* develop$ t !y protrud$ uncov]$ beyond ! lips2 ! too? ) ! fang be+ 4#ie1 & ! "p project+ f ! gum 4#f ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,i h he>d ( a family ( six-to$ cats4 ,! tail v>ies greatly 9 l5g?2 ,i h se5 a cat :i* always c>ri$ its tail flat on its back :5 pleas$4 ,! e>s v>y 9 %ape1 & c]ta9 /ra9s1 9 ,engl&1 inh]it a p5cil-l tuft ( hairs1 above a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 on ! tips ( _! e>s2 & ?is same peculi>ity1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bly?1 *>act]ises "s cats 9 ,india4 ,! great v>iability 9 ! l5g? ( ! tail & ! lynx-l tufts ( hairs on ! e>s are app>5tly analog\s to diff]5ces 9 c]ta9 wild species ( ! g5us4 ,a mu* m important diff]5ce1 accord+ to ,daub5ton1#ii is t ! inte/9es ( dome/ic cats are wid]1 & a ?ird long]1 ?an 9 wild cats ( ! same size2 & ?is app>5tly has be5 caus$ by _! less /rictly c>nivor\s diet4 99 99 99 99 99 #di ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,horses ,,& ,,asses4 ,,horse4--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,bre$s--,,individual ,,v>iability ,,(--,,direct ,,effects ,,( ,,! ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,c ,,)/& ,,mu* ,,cold--,,bre$s ,,mu* ,,modifi$ ,,by ,,selection--,,col\rs ,,( ,,! ,,horse--,,dappl+--,,d>k ,,/ripes ,,on ,,! ,,sp9e1 ,,legs1 ,,%\ld]s1 ,,& ,,=ehead--,,dun-,,col\r$ ,,horses ,,mo/ ,,frequ5tly ,,/rip$--,,/ripes ,,probably ,,due ,,to ,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,primitive ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,horse4 ,,asses4--,,bre$s ,,(--,,col\r ,,(--,,leg- ,,& ,,%\ld]- ,,/ripes--,,%\ld]-,,/ripes ,,sometimes ,,abs5t1 ,,sometimes ,,=k$4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,horse is lo/ 9 antiquity4 ,rema9s ( ?is animal 9 a dome/icat$ condition h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s1 belong+ to ! latt] "p ( ! ,/one p]iod4#ajj ,at ! pres5t "t ! numb] ( bre$s is great1 z may be se5 by consult+ any treatise on ! ,horse4#aja ,look+ only to ! native ponies ( ,great ,brita91 ^? ( ! ,%etl& ,isles1 ,wales1 ! ,new ,=e/1 & ,devon%ire are di/+ui%able2 & s x is ) ea* sep>ate isl& 9 ! great ,malay ar*ipelago4#ajb ,"s ( ! bre$s pres5t great diff]5ces 9 size1 %ape ( e>s1 l5g? ( mane1 proportions ( ! body1 =m ( ! )]s & h9d qu>t]s1 & especially 9 ! head4 ,comp>e ! race-horse1 dray-horse1 & a ,%etl& pony 9 size1 configuration1 & disposition2 & see h[ mu* great] ! diff]5ce is ?an betwe5 ! six or sev5 o!r liv+ species ( ! g5us ,equus4 #ej ,( individual v>iations n kn[n to *>act]ise p>ticul> bre$s1 & n great or injuri\s en\gh to be call$ mon/rosities1 ,i h n collect$ _m cases4 ,mr4 ,g4 ,br[n1 ( ! ,cir5ce/] ,agricultural ,college1 :o has p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ! d5tition ( our dome/ic animals1 writes to me t he has sev]al times notic$ eight p]man5t incisors in/ead ( six 9 ! jaw4 ,male horses alone prop]ly h can9es1 b !y are occasionally f\nd 9 ! m>e1 ?\gh ( small size4#ajc ,! numb] ( ribs is prop]ly eighte51 b ,y\att#ajd ass]ts t n unfrequ5tly !re are n9ete5 on ea* side1 ! additional "o be+ always ! po/]ior rib4 ,i h se5 sev]al notices ( v>iations 9 ! bones ( ! leg2 ?us ,mr4 ,price#aje speaks ( an additional bone 9 ! hock1 & ( c]ta9 abnormal appe>ances betwe5 ! tibia & a/ragalus1 z q common 9 ,iri% horses1 & n due to disease4 ,horses h (t5 be5 obs]v$1 accord+ to ,m4 ,gaudry1#ajf to possess a trapezium & a rudim5t ( a fif? metac>pal bone1 s t "o sees appe>+ by mon/rosity1 9 ! foot ( ! horse1 /ructures :i* normally exi/ 9 ! foot ( ! ,hipp>ion1--an alli$ & ext9ct animal4 ,9 v>i\s c\ntries horn-l projections h be5 obs]v$ on ! frontal bones ( ! horse3 9 "o case describ$ by ,mr4 ,p]cival !y arose ab\t two in*es above ! orbital processes1 & 7 v l ^? 9 a calf f five to six mon?s old1 be+ f half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?4#ajg ,az>a has describ$ two cases 9 ,s\? ,am]ica 9 :i* ! projections 7 betwe5 ?ree & f\r in*es 9 l5g?3 o!r in/ances h occurr$ 9 ,spa94 ,t !re has be5 mu* inh]it$ v>iation 9 ! horse _c be d\bt$1 :5 we reflect on ! numb] ( ! bre$s exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! _w or ev5 )9 ! same c\ntry1 & :5 we "k t !y h l>gely increas$ 9 numb] #ea s9ce ! e>lie/ kn[n records4#ajh ,ev5 9 s fleet+ a "* z col\r1 ,h(ack]#aji f\nd t1 out ( two hundr$ & sixte5 cases 9 :i* horses ( ! same col\r 7 pair$1 only elev5 pairs produc$ foals ( a q diff]5t col\r4 ,z ,pr(essor ,l[#aaj has rem>k$1 ! ,engli% race-horse (f]s ! be/ possible evid5ce ( inh]itance4 ,! p$igree ( a race-horse is ( m value 9 judg+ ( its probable success ?an its appe>ance3 ,k+ ,h]od ga9$ 9 prizes #bja1ejel4 /]l+1 & begot #dig w9n]s2 ,eclipse begot #ccd w9n]s4 ,:e!r ! :ole am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s bre$s be due to v>iation is d\btful4 ,f ! f]tility ( ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s#aaa :5 cross$1 naturali/s h g5]ally look$ at all ! bre$s z hav+ desc5d$ f a s+le species4 ,few w agree ) ,colonel ,h4 ,smi?1 :o believes t !y h desc5d$ f no less ?an five primitive & diff]5tly col\r$ /ocks4#aab ,b z sev]al species & v>ieties ( ! horse exi/$#aac dur+ ! lat] t]ti>y p]iods1 & z ,ruetimey] f\nd diff]5ces 9 ! size & =m ( ! skull 9 ! e>lie/ kn[n dome/icat$ horses1#aad we ought n to feel sure t all our bre$s h desc5d$ f a s+le species4 ,z we see t ! savages ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica easily reclaim ! f]al horses1 !re is no improbability 9 savages 9 v>i\s qu>t]s ( ! _w hav+ dome/icat$ m ?an "o native species or natural race4 ,no aborig9al or truly wild horse is positively kn[n n[ to exi/2 = x is ?\ght by "s au?ors t ! wild horses ( ! ,ea/ are escap$ dome/ic animals4#aae ,if our dome/ic bre$s h desc5d$ f sev]al #eb species or natural races1 ^! app>5tly h all become ext9ct 9 ! wild /ate4 ,) our pres5t k1 ! common view t all h desc5d$ f a s+le species is1 p]haps1 ! mo/ probable4 ,) respect to ! causes ( ! modifications :i* horses h und]gone1 ! conditions ( life seem to produce a consid]able direct effect4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,=bes1 :o has _h excell5t opportunities ( comp>+ ! horses ( ,spa9 ) ^? ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 in=ms me t ! horses ( ,*ile1 :i* h liv$ "u ne>ly ! same conditions z _! prog5itors 9 ,&alusia1 rema9 unalt]$1 :il/ ! ,pampas horses & ! ,puno ponies are consid]ably modifi$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t horses become greatly r$uc$ 9 size & alt]$ 9 appe>ance by liv+ on m\nta9s & isl&s2 & ?is app>5tly is due to want ( nutriti\s or v>i$ food4 ,e "o kn[s h[ small & rugg$ ! ponies are on ! ,nor!rn isl&s & on ! m\nta9s ( ,europe4 ,corsica & ,s>d9ia h _! native ponies2 & !re 71#aaf or /ill are1 on "s isl&s on ! coa/ ( ,virg9ia1 ponies l ^? ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 :i* are believ$ to h orig9at$ ?r\gh exposure to unfav\rable conditions4 ,! ,puno ponies1 :i* inhabit ! l(ty regions ( ! ,cordill]a1 are1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,d4 ,=bes1 /range little creatures1 v unlike _! ,spani% prog5itors4 ,fur!r s\?1 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 ! (fspr+ ( ! horses import$ 9 #agfd h already s mu* det]iorat$ 9 size#aag & /r5g? t !y are unfitt$ = cat*+ wild cattle ) ! lasso2 s t fre% horses h to be br\ght = ?is purpose f ,la ,plata at a great exp5se4 ,! r$uc$ size ( ! horses br$ on bo? s\!rn & nor!rn isl&s1 & on sev]al m\nta9-*a9s1 c h>dly h be5 caus$ by ! cold1 z a simil> r$uction has occurr$ on ! ,virg9ian & ,m$it]ranean isl&s4 ,! horse c )/& int5se cold1 = wild troops live on ! pla9s ( ,sib]ia "u lat4 #ef deg41#aah & aborig9ally ! horse mu/ #ec h inhabit$ c\ntries annually cov]$ ) sn[1 = he long reta9s ! in/9ct ( scrap+ x away to get at ! h]bage b5ea?4 ,! wild t>pans 9 ! ,ea/ h ?is in/9ct2 &1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,admiral ,sulivan1 ?is is likewise ! case ) ! horses :i* h run wild on ! ,falkl& ,isl&s2 n[ ?is is ! m rem>kable z ! prog5itors ( ^! horses c\ld n h foll[$ ?is in/9ct dur+ _m g5]ations 9 ,la ,plata3 ! wild cattle ( ! ,falkl&s nev] scrape away ! sn[1 & p]i% :5 ! gr\nd is long cov]$4 ,9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,am]ica ! horses1 desc5d$ f ^? introduc$ by ! ,spani% conqu]ors ( ,mexico1 h ! same habit1 z h ! native bisons1 b n s ! cattle introduc$ f ,europe4#aai ,! horse c fl\ri% "u int5se heat z well z "u int5se cold1 = he is kn[n to come to ! highe/ p]fection1 ?\gh n atta9+ a l>ge size1 9 ,arabia & nor!rn ,africa4 ,mu* humidity is app>5tly m injuri\s to ! horse ?an heat or cold4 ,9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 horses suff] mu* f ! dampness2 & ?is same circum/ance may p]haps p>tly acc\nt = ! s+ul> fact t to ! ea/w>d ( ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1#abj ov] an enorm\s & humid area1 9 ,ava1 ,pegu1 ,siam1 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago1 ! ,loo ,*oo ,isl&s1 & a l>ge "p ( ,*9a1 no full-siz$ horse is f\nd4 ,:5 we advance z f> ea/w>d z ,japan1 ! horse reacquires 8 full size4#aba ,) mo/ ( our dome/icat$ animals1 "s bre$s are kept on acc\nt ( _! curiosity or beauty2 b ! horse is valu$ almo/ solely = its utility4 ,h5ce semi-mon/r\s bre$s are n pres]v$2 & probably all ! exi/+ bre$s h be5 sl[ly =m$ ei!r by ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life1 or ?r\gh ! selection ( individual diff]5ces4 ,no d\bt semi-mon/r\s bre$s might h be5 =m$3 ?us ,mr4 ,wat]ton records#abb ! case ( a m>e :i* produc$ #ed successively ?ree foals )\t tails2 s t a tailless race might h be5 =m$ l ! tailless races ( dogs & cats4 ,a ,russian bre$ ( horses is said to h frizzl$ hair1 & ,az>a#abc relates t 9 ,p>aguay horses are occasionally born1 b are g5]ally de/roy$1 ) hair l t on ! head ( a negro2 & ?is peculi>ity is transmitt$ ev5 to half-bre$s3 x is a curi\s case ( correlation t su* horses h %ort manes & tails1 & _! ho(s are ( a peculi> %ape l ^? ( a mule4 ,x is sc>cely possible to d\bt t ! long-cont9u$ selection ( qualities s]viceable to man has be5 ! *ief ag5t 9 ! =mation ( ! sev]al bre$s ( ! horse4 ,look at a dray-horse1 & see h[ well adapt$ he is to draw heavy weights1 & h[ unlike 9 appe>ance to any alli$ wild animal4 ,! ,engli% race-horse is kn[n to h proce$$ f ! comm+l$ blood ( ,arabs1 ,turks1 & ,b>bs2 b selection & tra9+ h toge!r made him a v diff]5t animal f 8 p>5t-/ocks4 ,z a writ] 9 ,india1 :o evid5tly kn[s ! pure ,arab well1 asks1 :o n[1 look+ at our pres5t bre$ ( race-horses1 c\ld h conceiv$ t !y 7 ! result ( ! union ( ! ,arab horse & ,african m>e8 ,! improvem5t is s m>k$ t 9 runn+ = ! ,goodwood ,cup ! fir/ desc5dants ( ,arabian1 ,turki%1 & ,p]sian horses1 are all[$ a disc\nt ( #ah lbs4 weight2 & :5 bo? p>5ts are ( ^! c\ntries a disc\nt ( #cf lbs4#abd ,x is notori\s t ! ,arabs h long be5 z c>eful ab\t ! p$igree ( _! horses z we are1 & ?is implies great & cont9u$ c>e 9 bre$+4 ,see+ :at has be5 done 9 ,engl& by c>eful bre$+1 c we d\bt t ! ,arabs mu/ likewise h produc$ dur+ ! c\rse ( c5turies a m>k$ effect on ! qualities ( _! horses8 ,b we may g mu* f>!r back 9 "t1 = 9 ! mo/ anci5t kn[n book1 ! ,bible1 we he> ( /uds c>efully kept = bre$+1 #ee & ( horses import$ at high prices f v>i\s c\ntries4#abe ,we may !re=e conclude t1 :e!r or n ! v>i\s exi/+ bre$s ( ! horse h proce$$ f "o or m aborig9al /ocks1 yet t a great am\nt ( *ange has result$ f ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life1 & probably a /ill great] am\nt f ! long-cont9u$ selection by man ( slight individual diff]5ces4 ,) sev]al dome/icat$ quadrup$s & birds1 c]ta9 col\r$ m>ks are ei!r /rongly inh]it$ or t5d to reappe> aft] hav+ long be5 lo/4 ,z ?is subject w h]eaft] be se5 to be ( importance1 ,i w give a full acc\nt ( ! col\r+ ( horses4 ,all ,engli% bre$s1 h[ev] unlike 9 size & appe>ance1 & sev]al ( ^? 9 ,india & ! ,malay ar*ipelago1 pres5t a simil> range & div]sity ( col\r4 ,! ,engli% race-horse1 h[ev]1 is said#abf nev] to be dun-col\r$2 b z dun & cream-col\r$ horses are consid]$ by ! ,arabs z wor?less1 & fit only = ,jews to ride1#abg ^! t9ts may h be5 remov$ by long-cont9u$ selection4 ,horses ( e col\r1 & ( su* widely diff]5t k9ds z dray-horses1 cobs1 & ponies1 are all occasionally dappl$1#abh 9 ! same mann] z is s conspicu\s ) grey horses4 ,?is fact does n ?r[ any cle> light on ! col\r+ ( ! aborig9al horse1 b is a case ( analog\s v>iation1 = ev5 asses are sometimes dappl$1 & ,i h se51 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 a hybrid f ! ass & zebra dappl$ on its h9d] qu>t]s4 ,by ! expression analog\s v>iation 7& x is "o t ,i %all (t5 h occasion to use7 ,i mean a v>iation occurr+ 9 a species or v>iety :i* resembles a normal "* 9 ano!r & di/9ct species or v>iety4 ,analog\s v>iations may arise1 z w be expla9$ 9 a future *apt]1 #ef f two or m =ms ) a simil> con/itution hav+ be5 expos$ to simil> conditions1--or f "o ( two =ms hav+ reacquir$ ?r\gh rev]sion a "* inh]it$ by ! o!r =m f _! common prog5itor1--or f bo? =ms hav+ rev]t$ to ! same ance/ral "*4 ,we %all imm$iately see t horses occasionally exhibit a t5d5cy to become /rip$ ov] a l>ge "p ( _! bodies2 & z we "k t /ripes readily pass into spots & cl\dy m>ks 9 ! v>ieties ( ! dome/ic cat & 9 sev]al fel9e species--ev5 ! cubs ( ! uni=mly-col\r$ lion be+ spott$ ) d>k m>ks on a light] gr\nd--we may suspect t ! dappl+ ( ! horse1 :i* has be5 notic$ by "s au?ors ) surprise1 is a modification or ve/ige ( a t5d5cy to become /rip$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4--;,dun ,devon%ire ,pony1 ) %\ld]1 sp9al1 & leg /ripes4 ,?is t5d5cy 9 ! horse to become /rip$ is 9 sev]al respects an int]e/+ feet4 ,horses ( all col\rs1 ( ! mo/ div]se bre$s1 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 (t5 h a d>k /ripe ext5d+ along ! sp9e1 f ! mane to ! tail2 b ?is is s common t ,i ne$ ent] into no p>ticul>s4#abi ,occasionally horses are transv]sely b>r$ on ! legs1 *iefly on ! "u side2 & m r>ely !y h a di/9ct /ripe on ! %\ld]1 l t on ! %\ld] ( ! ass1 or a broad d>k pat* repres5t+ a /ripe4 ,be=e ent]+ on any details ,i mu/ premise t #eg ! t]m dun-col\r$ is vague1 & includes ?ree gr\ps ( col\r1 viz4 t betwe5 cream-col\r & r$di%-br[n1 :i* graduates into light-bay or light-*esnut--?is1 ,i believe1 is (t5 call$ fall[-dun2 secondly1 lead5 or slate-col\r or m\se-dun1 :i* graduates into an a%-col\r2 &1 la/ly1 d>k-dun1 betwe5 br[n & black4 ,9 ,engl& ,i h exam9$ a r l>ge1 lightly-built1 fall[-dun ,devon%ire pony 7fig4 #a71 ) a conspicu\s /ripe along ! back1 ) light transv]se /ripes on ! "u sides ( its front legs1 & ) f\r p>allel /ripes on ea* %\ld]4 ,( ^! f\r /ripes ! po/]ior "o 0 v m9ute & fa9t2 ! ant]ior "o1 on ! o!r h&1 0 long & broad1 b int]rupt$ 9 ! middle1 & truncat$ at its l[] extremity1 ) ! ant]ior angle produc$ into a long tap]+ po9t4 ,i m5tion ?is latt] fact because ! %\ld]-/ripe ( ! ass occasionally pres5ts exactly ! same appe>ance4 ,i h _h an outl9e & description s5t to me ( a small1 purely-br$1 light fall[-dun ,wel* pony1 ) a sp9al /ripe1 a s+le transv]se /ripe on ea* leg1 & ?ree %\ld]-/ripes2 ! po/]ior /ripe correspond+ ) t on ! %\ld] ( ! ass 0 ! longe/1 :il/ ! two ant]ior p>allel /ripes1 aris+ f ! mane1 decreas$ 9 l5g?1 9 a rev]s$ mann] z comp>$ ) ! %\ld]-/ripes on ! above-describ$ ,devon%ire pony4 ,i h se5 a bright fall[-dun1 /rong cob1 ) its front legs transv]sely b>r$ on ! "u sides 9 ! mo/ conspicu\s mann]2 also a d>k-lead5 m\se-col\r$ pony ) simil> leg /ripes1 b mu* less conspicu\s2 also a bright fall[-dun colt1 fully ?ree-p>ts ?or\ghbr$1 ) v pla9 transv]se /ripes on ! legs2 also a *esnut-dun c>t-horse ) a conspicu\s sp9al /ripe1 ) di/9ct traces ( %\ld]-/ripes1 b none on ! legs2 ,i c\ld add o!r cases4 ,my son made a sket* = me ( a l>ge1 heavy1 ,belgian c>t-horse1 ( a fall[-dun1 ) a conspicu\s sp9al /ripe1 traces ( leg-/ripes1 & ) two p>allel 7?ree in*es ap>t7 /ripes ab\t sev5 or eight in*es 9 l5g? on bo? %\ld]s4 ,i h se5 ano!r r light c>t-horse1 ( a dirty d>k cream-col\r1 ) /rip$ legs1 & on "o %\ld] a l>ge ill-def9$ d>k cl\dy pat*1 & on ! opposite %\ld] two p>allel fa9t /ripes4 ,all ! cases yet m5tion$ are duns ( v>i\s t9ts2 b ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,edw>ds has se5 a ne>ly ?or\ghbr$ *esnut horse :i* _h ! sp9al /ripe1 & di/9ct b>s on ! legs2 & ,i h se5 two bay c>riage-horses ) black sp9al /ripes2 "o ( ^! horses _h on ea* %\ld] a light %\ld]-/ripe1 & ! o!r _h a broad black ill-def9$ /ripe1 runn+ obliquely half-way d[n ea* %\ld]2 nei!r _h leg-/ripes4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ case :i* ,i h met ) occurr$ 9 a colt ( my own bre$+4 ,a bay m>e 7desc5d$ f a d>k-br[n ,flemi% m>e by a light grey ,turcoman horse7 0 put to ,h]cules1 a ?or\ghbr$ d>k bay1 ^: sire 7,k+/on7 & dam 7 bo? bays4 ,! colt ultimately turn$ out br[n2 b :5 only a =tnight old x 0 a dirty bay1 %ad$ ) m\se-grey1 & 9 p>ts ) a yell[i% t9t3 x _h only a trace ( ! sp9al /ripe1 ) a few obscure transv]se b>s on ! legs2 b almo/ ! :ole body 0 m>k$ ) v n>r[ d>k /ripes1 9 mo/ p>ts s obscure z to be visible only 9 c]ta9 lights1 l ! #eh /ripes :i* may be se5 on black kitt5s4 ,^! /ripes 7 di/9ct on ! h9d-qu>t]s1 :]e !y div]g$ f ! sp9e1 & po9t$ a little =w>ds2 _m ( !m z !y div]g$ f ! sp9e became a little bran*$1 exactly 9 ! same mann] z 9 "s zebr9e species4 ,! /ripes 7 pla9e/ on ! =ehead betwe5 ! e>s1 :]e !y =m$ a set ( po9t$ ar*es1 "o "u ! o!r1 decreas+ 9 size d[nw>ds t[>ds ! muzzle2 exactly simil> m>ks may be se5 on ! =ehead ( ! quagga & ,bur*ell's zebra4 ,:5 ?is foal 0 two or ?ree mon?s old all ! /ripes entirely disappe>$4 ,i h se5 simil> m>ks on ! =ehead ( a fully gr[n1 fall[-dun1 cob-l horse1 hav+ a conspicu\s sp9al /ripe1 & ) its front legs well b>r$4 ,9 ,norway ! col\r ( ! native horse or pony is dun1 v>y+ f almo/ cream-col\r to d>k m\se-dun2 & an animal is n consid]$ purely br$ unless x has ! sp9al & leg /ripes4#acj ,9 "o "p ( ! c\ntry my son e/imat$ t ab\t a ?ird ( ! ponies _h /rip$ legs2 he c\nt$ sev5 /ripes on ! =e-legs & two on ! h9d-legs ( "o pony2 only a few ( !m exhibit$ traces ( %\ld]-/ripes2 b ,i h he>d ( a cob import$ f ,norway :i* _h ! %\ld] z well z ! o!r /ripes well develop$4 ,colonel ,ham4 ,smi?#aca alludes to dun-horses ) ! sp9al /ripe 9 ! ,si]ras ( ,spa92 & ! horses orig9ally d]iv$ f ,spa91 9 "s p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 are n[ duns4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot in=ms me t he inspect$ a h]d ( #cjj ,s\? ,am]ican horses import$ into ,madras1 & _m ( ^! _h transv]se /ripes on ! legs & %ort %\ld]-/ripes2 ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ individual1 ( :i* a col\r$ draw+ 0 s5t me1 0 a m\se-dun1 ) ! %\ld]-/ripes slightly =k$4 ,9 ! ,nor?-,we/]n p>ts ( ,india /rip$ horses ( m ?an "o bre$ are app>5tly common] ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w2 & ,i h receiv$ in=mation respect+ !m f sev]al (fic]s1 especially f ,colonel ,poole1 ,colonel ,curtis1 ,major ,campbell1 ,brigadi] ,/4 ,john1 & o!rs4 ,! ,kattyw> horses are (t5 fifte5 or sixte5 h&s 9 height1 & are well b lightly built4 ,!y are ( all col\rs1 b ! sev]al k9ds ( duns prevail2 & ^! are s g5]ally /rip$1 t a horse )\t /ripes is n consid]$ pure4 ,colonel ,poole believes t all ! duns h ! sp9al /ripe1 ! leg-/ripes are g5]ally pres5t1 & he ?9ks t ab\t half ! horses h ! %\ld]-/ripe2 ?is /ripe is sometimes d\ble or treble on bo? %\ld]s4 ,colonel ,poole has (t5 se5 /ripes on ! *eeks & sides ( ! nose4 ,he has se5 /ripes on ! grey & bay ,kattyw>s :5 fir/ foal$1 b !y soon fad$ away4 ,i h receiv$ o!r acc\nts ( cream-col\r$1 bay1 br[n1 & grey ,kattyw> horses be+ /rip$4 ,ea/w>d ( ,india1 ! ,%an 7nor? ( ,burmah7 ponies1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bly?1 h sp9al1 leg1 & %\ld] /ripes4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot in=ms me t he saw two bay ,pegu ponies ) #ei leg-/ripes4 ,burmese & ,javanese ponies are frequ5tly dun-col\r$1 & h ! ?ree k9ds ( /ripes1 9 ! same degree z 9 ,engl&4#acb ,mr4 ,sw9hoe in=ms me t he exam9$ two light-dun ponies ( two ,*9ese bre$s1 viz4 ^? ( ,%angai & ,amoy2 bo? _h ! sp9al /ripe1 & ! latt] an indi/9ct %\ld]-/ripe4 ,we ?us see t 9 all p>ts ( ! _w bre$s ( ! horse z diff]5t z possible1 :5 ( a dun-col\r 7includ+ "u ?is t]m a wide range ( t9t f cream to dusky black71 & r>ely :5 ( bay1 grey1 & *esnut %ades1 h ! sev]al above-specifi$ /ripes4 ,horses :i* are ( a yell[ col\r ) :ite mane & tail1 & :i* are sometimes call$ duns1 ,i h nev] se5 ) /ripes4#acc ,f reasons :i* w be app>5t 9 ! *apt] on ,rev]sion1 ,i h endeav\r$1 b ) poor success1 to discov] :e!r duns1 :i* are s mu* (t5] /rip$ ?an o!r col\r$ horses1 are ev] produc$ f ! cross+ ( two horses1 nei!r ( :i* are duns4 ,mo/ p]sons to :om ,i h appli$ believe t "o p>5t mu/ be a dun2 & x is g5]ally ass]t$1 t1 :5 ?is is ! case1 ! dun-col\r & ! /ripes are /rongly inh]it$4#acd ,"o case has fall5 "u my own obs]vation ( a foal f a black m>e by a bay horse1 :i* :5 fully gr[n 0 a d>k fall[-dun & _h a n>r[ b pla9 sp9al /ripe4 ,h(ack]#ace gives two in/ances ( m\se-duns 7,mausrapp7 be+ produc$ f two p>5ts ( diff]5t col\rs & nei!r duns4 ,i h also endeav\r$ ) little success to f9d out :e!r ! /ripes are g5]ally pla9] or less pla9 9 ! foal ?an 9 ! adult horse4 ,colonel ,poole in=ms me t1 z he believes1 ! /ripes are pla9e/ :5 ! colt is fir/ foal$2 !y !n become less & less di/9ct till aft] ! fir/ coat is %$1 :5 !y come out z /rongly z be=e2 b c]ta9ly (t5 fade away z ! age ( ! horse increases4 ,two o!r acc\nts confirm ?is fad+ ( ! /ripes 9 old horses 9 ,india4 ,"o writ]1 on ! o!r h&1 /ates t colts are (t5 born )\t /ripes1 b t !y appe> z ! colt gr[s old]4 ,?ree au?orities affirm t 9 ,norway ! /ripes are less pla9 9 ! foal ?an 9 ! adult4 ,p]haps !re is no fix$ rule4 ,9 ! case describ$ by me ( ! "y foal :i* 0 n>r[ly /rip$ ov] ne>ly all its body1 !re 0 no d\bt ab\t ! ! e>ly & complete disappe>ance ( ! /ripes4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,edw>ds exam9$ = me tw5ty-two foals ( race-horses1 & twelve _h ! sp9al /ripe m or less pla92 ?is fact1 & "s o!r acc\nts :i* ,i h receiv$1 lead me to believe t ! sp9al /ripe (t5 disappe>s 9 ! ,engli% race-horse :5 old4 ,on ! :ole ,i inf] t ! /ripes are g5]ally pla9e/ 9 ! foal1 & t5d to disappe> 9 old age4 ,! /ripes are v>iable 9 col\r1 b are always d>k] ?an ! re/ ( ! body4 ,!y d n by any means always #fj coexi/ on ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! body3 ! legs may be /rip$ )\t any %\ld]-/ripe1 or ! conv]se case1 :i* is r>]1 may occur2 b ,i h nev] he>d ( ei!r %\ld] or leg-/ripes )\t ! sp9al /ripe4 ,! latt] is by f> ! commone/ ( all ! /ripes1 z might h be5 expect$1 z x *>act]ises ! o!r sev5 or eight species ( ! g5us4 ,x is rem>kable t s trifl+ a "* z ! %\ld]-/ripe be+ d\ble or triple %\ld occur 9 su* diff]5t bre$s z ,wel* & ,devon%ire ponies1 ! ,%an pony1 heavy c>t-horses1 light ,s\? ,am]ican horses1 & ! lanky ,kattyw> bre$4 ,colonel ,hamilton ,smi? believes t "o ( 8 five suppos$ primitive /ocks 0 dun-col\r$ & /rip$2 & t ! /ripes 9 all ! o!r bre$s result f anci5t crosses ) ?is "o primitive dun2 b x is extremely improbable t diff]5t bre$s liv+ 9 su* di/ant qu>t]s ( ! _w %\ld all h be5 cross$ ) any "o aborig9ally di/9ct /ock4 ,nor h we any reason to believe t ! effects ( a cross at a v remote p]iod c\ld be propagat$ = s _m g5]ations z is impli$ on ?is view4 ,) respect to ! primitive col\r ( ! horse hav+ be5 dun1 ,colonel ,hamilton ,smi?#acf has collect$ a l>ge body ( evid5ce %[+ t ?is t9t 0 common 9 ! ,ea/ z f> back z ! "t ( ,alex&]1 & t ! wild horses ( ,we/]n ,asia & ,ea/]n ,europe n[ are1 or rec5tly 71 ( v>i\s %ades ( dun4 ,x seems t n v long ago a wild bre$ ( dun-col\r$ horses ) a sp9al /ripe 0 pres]v$ 9 ! royal p>ks 9 ,prussia4 ,i he> f ,hung>y t ! inhabitants ( t c\ntry look at ! duns ) a sp9al /ripe z ! aborig9al /ock1 & s x is 9 ,norway4 ,dun-col\r$ ponies are n r>e 9 ! m\nta9\s p>ts ( ,devon%ire1 ,wales1 & ,scotl&1 :]e ! aborig9al bre$ w\ld h _h ! be/ *ance ( be+ pres]v$4 ,9 ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! "t ( ,az>a1 :5 ! horse _h be5 f]al = ab\t #bej ye>s1 #ij out ( #ajj horses 7 bai-*ata9s1 & ! rema9+ t5 7 za9s1 & n m ?an "o 9 #bjjj #fa black4 ,za9 is g5]ally translat$ z d>k )\t any :ite2 b z ,az>a speaks ( mules be+ za9-clair1 ,i suspect t za9 mu/ h meant dun-col\r$4 ,9 "s p>ts ( ! _w f]al horses %[ a /rong t5d5cy to become roans4#acg ,9 ! foll[+ *apt]s on ! ,pigeon we %all see t 9 pure bre$s ( v>i\s col\rs1 :5 a blue bird is occasionally produc$1 c]ta9 black m>ks inv>iably appe> on ! w+s & tail2 s aga91 :5 v>i\sly col\r$ bre$s are cross$1 blue birds ) ! same black m>ks are frequ5tly produc$4 ,we %all fur!r see t ^! facts are expla9$ by1 & af=d /rong evid5ce 9 fav\r (1 ! view t all ! bre$s are desc5d$ f ! rock-pigeon1 or ,columba livia1 :i* is ?us col\r$ & m>k$4 ,b ! appe>ance ( ! /ripes on ! v>i\s bre$s ( ! horse1 :5 ( a dun-col\r1 does n af=d ne>ly su* good evid5ce ( _! desc5t f a s+le primitive /ock z 9 ! case ( ! pigeon2 because no c]ta9ly wild horse is kn[n z a /&>d ( comp>ison2 because ! /ripes :5 !y d appe> are v>iable 9 "*2 because !re is f> f suffici5t evid5ce ( ! appe>ance ( ! /ripes f ! cross+ ( di/9ct bre$s2 & la/ly1 because all ! species ( ! g5us ,equus h ! sp9al /ripe1 & sev]al h %\ld] & leg /ripes4 ,nev]!less ! simil>ity 9 ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s 9 _! g5]al range ( col\r1 9 _! dappl+1 & 9 ! occasional appe>ance1 especially 9 duns1 ( leg-/ripes & ( d\ble or triple %\ld]-/ripes1 tak5 toge!r1 indicate ! probability ( ! desc5t ( all ! exi/+ races f a s+le1 dun-col\r$1 m or less /rip$1 primitive /ock1 to :i* our horses /ill occasionally rev]t4 #fb ,,! ,,ass4 ,f\r species ( ,asses1 besides ?ree ( zebras1 h be5 describ$ by naturali/s2 b !re c n[ be little d\bt t our dome/icat$ animal is desc5d$ f "o alone1 namely1 ! ,as9us ta5iopus ( ,abyss9ia4#ach ,! ass is sometimes advanc$ z an in/ance ( an animal dome/icat$1 z we "k by ! ,old ,te/am5t1 f an anci5t p]iod1 :i* has v>i$ only 9 a v slight degree4 ,b ?is is by no means /rictly true2 = 9 ,syria alone !re are f\r bre$s2#aci fir/1 a light & graceful animal1 ) an agreeable gait1 us$ by ladies2 secondly1 an ,arab bre$ res]v$ exclusively = ! saddle2 ?irdly1 a /\t] animal us$ = pl\gh+ & v>i\s purposes2 & la/ly1 ! l>ge ,damascus bre$1 ) a peculi>ly long body & e>s4 ,9 ?is c\ntry1 & g5]ally 9 ,c5tral ,europe1 ?\gh ! ass is by no means uni=m 9 appe>ance1 x has n giv5 rise to di/9ct bre$s l ^? ( ! horse4 ,?is may probably be acc\nt$ = by ! animal be+ kept *iefly by poor p]sons1 :o d n re> l>ge numb]s1 nor c>efully mat* & select ! "y4 ,=1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 ! ass c ) ease be greatly improv$ 9 size & /r5g? by c>eful selection1 comb9$ no d\bt ) good food2 & we may inf] t all its o!r *>act]s w\ld be equally am5able to selection4 ,! small size ( ! ass 9 ,engl& & ,nor!rn ,europe is app>5tly due f> m to want ( c>e 9 bre$+ ?an to cold2 = 9 ,we/]n ,india1 :]e ! ass is us$ z a bea/ ( burd5 by "s ( ! l[] ca/es1 x is n mu* l>g] ?an a ,newf\ndl& dog1 be+ g5]ally n m ?an f tw5ty to ?irty in*es high4#adj ,! ass v>ies greatly 9 col\r2 & its legs1 especially ! =e-legs1 bo? 9 ,engl& & o!r c\ntries--= in/ance1 9 ,*9a--are occasionally b>r$ transv]sely m pla9ly ?an ^? ( dun-col\r$ horses4 ,) ! horse ! occasional appe>ance ( leg-/ripes 0 acc\nt$ =1 ?r\gh ! pr9ciple ( rev]sion1 by ! supposition t ! primitive horse 0 #fc ?us /rip$2 ) ! ass we may confid5tly advance ?is explanation1 = ! p>5t-=m1 ! ,a4 ta5iopus1 is kn[n to be b>r$1 ?\gh only 9 a slight degree1 across ! legs4 ,! /ripes are believ$ to occur mo/ frequ5tly & to be pla9e/ on ! legs ( ! dome/ic ass dur+ e>ly y\?1#ada z is app>5tly likewise ! case ) ! horse4 ,! %\ld]-/ripe1 :i* is s em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! species1 is nev]!less v>iable 9 bread?1 l5g?1 & mann] ( t]m9ation4 ,i h measur$ a %\ld]-/ripe f\r times z broad z ano!r2 & "s m ?an twice z long z o!rs4 ,9 "o light-grey ass ! %\ld]-/ripe 0 only six in*es 9 l5g?1 & z ?9 z a piece ( /r+2 & 9 ano!r animal ( ! same col\r !re 0 only a dusky %ade repres5t+ a /ripe4 ,i h he>d ( ?ree :ite asses1 n alb9oes1 ) no trace ( %\ld] or sp9al /ripes2#adb & ,i h se5 n9e o!r asses ) no %\ld]-/ripe1 & "s ( !m _h no sp9al /ripe4 ,?ree ( ! n9e 7 light-greys1 "o a d>k-grey1 ano!r grey pass+ into r$di%-roan1 & ! o!rs 7 br[n1 two be+ t9t$ on p>ts ( _! bodies ) a r$di% or bay %ade4 ,h5ce we may conclude t1 if grey & r$di%-br[n asses _h be5 /eadily select$ & br$ f1 ! %\ld]-/ripe w\ld h be5 almo/ z g5]ally & z completely lo/ z 9 ! case ( ! horse4 ,! %\ld]-/ripe on ! ass is sometimes d\ble1 & ,mr4 ,bly? has se5 ev5 ?ree or f\r p>allel /ripes4#adc ,i h obs]v$ 9 t5 cases %\ld]-/ripes abruptly truncat$ at ! l[] end1 ) ! ant]ior angle produc$ into a tap]+ po9t1 precisely z has be5 figur$ 9 ! dun ,devon%ire pony4 ,i h se5 ?ree cases ( ! t]m9al portion abruptly & angul>ly b5t2 & two cases ( a di/9ct ?\gh slight =k+4 ,9 ,syria1 ,dr4 ,hook] & 8 p>ty obs]v$ = me no less ?an five in/ances ( ! %\ld]-/ripe be+ pla9ly =k$ ov] ! =e leg4 ,9 ! common mule x is likewise sometimes =k$4 ,:5 ,i fir/ notic$ ! =k+ & angul> b5d+ ( ! %\ld]-/ripe1 ,i _h se5 en\gh ( ! /ripes #fd 9 ! v>i\s equ9e species to feel conv9c$ t ev5 a "* s unimportant z ?is _h a di/9ct mean+1 & 0 ?us l$ to att5d to ! subject4 ,i n[ f9d t 9 ! ,as9us ,bur*ellii & quagga1 ! /ripe :i* corresponds ) ! %\ld]-/ripe ( ! ass1 z well z "s ( ! /ripes on ! neck1 bifurcate1 & t "s ( ^? ne> ! %\ld] h _! extremities angul>ly b5t backw>ds4 ,! =k+ & angul> b5d+ ( ! /ripes on ! %\ld]s app>5tly /& 9 relation ) ! *ang$ direction ( ! ne>ly upright /ripes on ! sides ( ! body & neck to ! transv]se b>s on ! legs4 ,f9ally we see t ! pres5ce ( %\ld]1 leg1 & sp9al /ripes 9 ! horse1--_! occasional abs5ce 9 ! ass1--! occurr5ce ( d\ble & triple %\ld]-/ripes 9 bo? animals1 & ! simil> mann] 9 :i* ^! /ripes t]m9ate at _! l[] extremities1--are all cases ( analog\s v>iation 9 ! horse & ass4 ,^! cases are probably n due to simil> conditions act+ on simil> con/itutions1 b to a p>tial rev]sion 9 col\r to ! common prog5itor ( ^! two species1 z well z ( ! o!r species ( ! g5us4 ,we %all h]eaft] h to return to ?is subject1 & discuss x m fully4 99 99 99 99 99 #fe ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,pigs--,,cattle--,,%eep--,,goats4 ,,pigs ,,belong ,,to ,,two ,,di/9ct ,,types1 ,,sus ,,scr(a ,,& ,,indica--,,torf-,,s*we9--,,japan ,,pig--,,f]tility ,,( ,,cross$ ,,pigs--,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,( ,,! ,,highly ,,cultivat$ ,,races--,,conv]g5ce ,,( ,,"*--,,ge/ation--,,solid-,,ho($ ,,sw9e--,,curi\s ,,app5dages ,,to ,,! ,,jaws--,,decrease ,,9 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,tusks--,,"y ,,pigs ,,longitud9ally ,,/rip$--,,f]al ,,pigs--,,cross$ ,,bre$s4 ,,cattle4--,,zebu ,a ,,di/9ct ,,species--,,european ,,cattle ,,probably ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,?ree ,,wild ,,=ms--,,all ,,! ,,races ,,n[ ,,f]tile ,,toge!r--,,briti% ,,p>k ,,cattle--,,on ,,! ,,col\r ,,( ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,species--,,con/itutional ,,diff]5ces--,,s\? ,,african ,,races--,,s\? ,,am]ican ,,races--,,niata ,,cattle--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,v>i\s ,,races ,,( ,,cattle4 ,,%eep4--,,rem>kable ,,races ,,(--,,v>iations ,,atta*$ ,,to ,,! ,,male ,,sex--,,adaptations ,,to ,,v>i\s ,,conditions--,,ge/ation ,,(--,,*anges ,,9 ,,! ,,wool--,,semi-,,mon/r\s ,,bre$s4 ,,goats4--,,rem>kable ,,v>iations ,,(4 ,! bre$s ( ! pig h rec5tly be5 m closely /udi$1 ?\gh mu* /ill rema9s to be done1 ?an ^? ( almo/ any o!r dome/icat$ animal4 ,?is has be5 effect$ by ,h]mann von ,na?usius 9 two admirable works1 especially 9 ! lat] "o on ! ,skulls ( ! sev]al races1 & by ,ruetimey] 9 8 celebrat$ ,fauna ( ! anci5t ,swiss lake-dwell+s4#add ,na?usius has %[n t all ! kn[n bre$s may be divid$ 9 two great gr\ps3 "o resembl+ 9 all important respects & no d\bt desc5d$ f ! common wild bo>2 s t ?is may be call$ ! ,sus scr(a gr\p4 ,! o!r gr\p diff]s 9 sev]al important & con/ant o/eological *>act]s2 its wild p>5t-=m is unkn[n2 ! "n giv5 to x by ,na?usius1 accord+ to ! law ( priority1 is ,sus ,indica ( ,pallas4 ,?is "n mu/ n[ be foll[$1 ?\gh an un=tunate "o1 z ! wild aborig9al does n inhabit ,india1 & ! be/-kn[n dome/icat$ bre$s h be5 import$ f ,siam & ,*9a4 #ff ,fir/ly1 ! ,sus scr(a bre$s1 or ^? resembl+ ! common wild bo>4 ,^! /ill exi/1 accord+ to ,na?usius 7,s*we9es*a$el1 s4 #ge71 9 v>i\s p>ts ( c5tral & nor!rn ,europe2 =m]ly e k+dom1#ade & almo/ e prov9ce 9 ,brita91 possess$ its own native bre$2 b ^! are n[ ev]y:]e rapidly disappe>+1 be+ replac$ by improv$ bre$s cross$ ) ! ,s4 ,indica =m4 ,! skull 9 ! bre$s ( ! ,s4 scr(a type resembles1 9 all important respects1 t ( ! ,european wild bo>2 b x has become 7,s*we9es*a$el1 s4 #fc-fh7 high] & broad] relatively to its l5g?2 & ! h9d] "p is m upright4 ,! diff]5ces1 h[ev]1 are all v>iable 9 degree4 ,! bre$s :i* ?us resemble ,s4 scr(a 9 _! ess5tial skull-*>act]s diff] conspicu\sly f ea* o!r 9 o!r respects1 z 9 ! l5g? ( ! e>s & legs1 curvature ( ! ribs1 col\r1 hair9ess1 size & proportions ( ! body4 ,! wild ,sus scr(a has a wide range1 namely1 ,europe1 ,nor? ,africa1 z id5tifi$ by o/eological *>act]s by ,ruetimey]1 & ,h9do/an1 z simil>ly id5tifi$ by ,na?usius4 ,b ! wild bo>s inhabit+ ^! sev]al c\ntries diff] s mu* f ea* o!r 9 ext]nal *>act]s1 t !y h be5 rank$ by "s naturali/s z specifically di/9ct4 ,ev5 )9 ,h9do/an ^! animals1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bly?1 =m v di/9ct races 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts2 9 ! ,n4 ,we/]n prov9ces1 z ,i am in=m$ by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,ev]e/1 ! bo> nev] exce$s #cf in*es 9 height1 :il/ 9 ,b5gal "o has be5 measur$ #dd in*es 9 height4 ,9 ,europe1 ,nor!rn ,africa1 & ,h9do/an1 dome/ic pigs h be5 kn[n to cross ) ! wild native species2#adf & 9 ,h9do/an an accurate obs]v]1#adg ,sir ,walt] ,elliot1 aft] describ+ ! diff]5ces betwe5 wild ,indian & wild ,g]man bo>s1 rem>ks t ! same diff]5ces are p]ceptible 9 ! dome/icat$ #fg individuals ( ! two c\ntries4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ! bre$s ( ! ,sus scr(a type h ei!r desc5d$ f1 or be5 modifi$ by cross+ )1 =ms :i* may be rank$ z geographical races1 b :i* are1 accord+ to "s naturali/s1 di/9ct species4 ,pigs ( ! ,sus ,indica type are be/ kn[n to ,engli%m5 "u ! =m ( ! ,*9ese bre$4 ,! skull ( ,s4 ,indica1 z describ$ by ,na?usius1 diff]s f t ( ,s4 scr(a 9 sev]al m9or respects1 z 9 its great] bread? & 9 "s details 9 ! tee?2 b *iefly 9 ! %ortness ( ! la*rymal bones1 9 ! great] wid? ( ! =e "p ( ! palate-bones1 & 9 ! div]g5ce ( ! premol> tee?4 ,x des]ves especial notice t ^! latt] *>act]s are n ga9$1 ev5 9 ! lea/ degree1 by ! dome/icat$ =ms ( ,s4 scr(a4 ,aft] read+ ! rem>ks & descriptions giv5 by ,na?usius1 x seems to me to be m]ely play+ ) words to d\bt :e!r ,s4 ,indica ought to be rank$ z a species2 = ! above-specifi$ diff]5ces are m /rongly m>k$ ?an any t c be po9t$ out betwe51 = in/ance1 ! fox & ! wolf1 or ! ass & ! horse4 ,z already /at$1 ,s4 ,indica is n kn[n 9 a wild /ate2 b its dome/icat$ =ms1 accord+ to ,na?usius1 come ne> to ,s4 vittatus ( ,java & "s alli$ species4 ,a pig f\nd wild 9 ! ,aru isl&s 7,s*we9es*a$el1 s4 #afi7 is app>5tly id5tical ) ,s4 ,indica2 b x is d\btful :e!r ?is is a truly native animal4 ,! dome/icat$ bre$s ( ,*9a1 ,co*9-,*9a1 & ,siam belong to ?is type4 ,! ,roman or ,neapolitan bre$1 ! ,&alusian1 ! ,hung>ian1 & ! ,krause sw9e ( ,na?usius1 inhabit+ s\?-ea/]n ,europe & ,turkey1 & hav+ f9e curly hair1 & ! small ,swiss ,bu5dtn]s*we9 ( ,ruetimey]1 all agree 9 _! m important skull *>act]s ) ,s4 ,indica1 &1 z is suppos$1 h all be5 l>gely cross$ ) ?is =m4 ,pigs ( ?is type h exi/$ dur+ a long p]iod on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 = a figure 7,s*we9es*a$el1 s4 #adb7 closely resembl+ ! exi/+ ,neapolitan pig has be5 f\nd 9 ! buri$ city ( ,h]culaneum4 ,ruetimey] has made ! rem>kable discov]y t !re liv$ contemporane\sly 9 ,switz]l&1 dur+ ! lat] ,/one or ,neoli?ic p]iod1 two dome/icat$ =ms1 ! ,s4 scr(a1 & #fh ! ,s4 scr(a palu/ris or ,torfs*we94 ,ruetimey] p]ceiv$ t ! latt] approa*$ ! ,ea/]n bre$s1 &1 accord+ to ,na?usius1 x c]ta9ly belongs to ! ,s4 ,indica gr\p2 b ,ruetimey] has subsequ5tly %[n t x diff]s 9 "s well-m>k$ *>act]s4 ,?is au?or 0 =m]ly conv9c$ t 8 ,torfs*we9 exi/$ z a wild animal dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! ,/one p]iod1 & 0 dome/icat$ dur+ a lat] "p ( ! same p]iod4#adh ,na?usius1 :il/ he fully admits ! curi\s fact fir/ obs]v$ by ,ruetimey]1 t ! bones ( dome/icat$ & wild animals c be di/+ui%$ by _! diff]5t aspect1 yet1 f special difficulties 9 ! case ( ! bones ( ! pig 7,s*we9es*a$el1 s4 #adg71 is n conv9c$ ( ! tru? ( ?is conclusion2 & ,ruetimey] himself seems n[ to feel "s d\bt4 ,z ! ,torfs*we9 0 dome/icat$ at s e>ly a p]iod1 & z its rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,europe1 belong+ to v>i\s hi/oric & prehi/oric ages1#adi & z closely alli$ =ms /ill exi/ 9 ,hung>y & on ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 "o is l$ to suspect t ! wild ,s4 ,indica =m]ly rang$ f ,europe to ,*9a1 9 ! same mann] z ,s4 scr(a n[ ranges f ,europe to ,h9do/an4 ,or1 z ,ruetimey] app>5tly suspects1 a ?ird alli$ species may =m]ly h liv$ 9 ,europe & ,ea/]n ,asia4 ,sev]al bre$s1 diff]+ 9 ! proportions ( ! body1 9 ! l5g? ( ! e>s1 9 ! nature ( ! hair1 9 col\r1 c41 come "u ! ,s4 ,indica type4 ,nor is ?is surpris+1 consid]+ h[ anci5t ! dome/ication ( ?is =m has be5 bo? 9 ,europe & 9 ,*9a4 ,9 ?is latt] c\ntry ! date is believ$ by an em95t ,*9ese s*ol>#aej to g back at lea/ #dijj ye>s f ! pres5t "t4 ,?is same s*ol> alludes to ! exi/5ce ( _m local v>ieties ( ! pig 9 ,*9a2 & at ! pres5t "t ! ,*9ese take extraord9>y pa9s 9 fe$+ & t5d+ _! pigs1 n ev5 all[+ !m to walk f place to place4#aea ,h5ce ! ,*9ese bre$1 z ,na?usius has rem>k$1#aeb displays 9 an em95t degree ! *>act]s ( a highly-cultivat$ race1 & h5ce1 no d\bt1 its #fi high value 9 ! improvem5t ( our ,european bre$s4 ,na?usius makes a rem>kable /atem5t 7,s*we9es*a$el1 s4 #ach71 t ! infusion ( ! #a_/cbnd1 or ev5 ( ! #a_/fd?1 "p ( ! blood ( ,s4 ,indica into a bre$ ( ,s4 scr(a1 is suffici5t pla9ly to modify ! skull ( ! latt] species4 ,?is s+ul> fact may p]haps be acc\nt$ = by sev]al ( ! *ief di/9ctive *>act]s ( ,s4 ,indica1 su* z ! %ortness ( ! la*rymal bones1 c41 be+ common to sev]al ( ! species ( ! g5us2 = 9 crosses ! *>act]s :i* are common to _m species app>5tly t5d to be prepot5t ov] ^? app]ta9+ to only a few species4 ,! ,japan pig 7,s4 pliciceps ( ,gray71 :i* has be5 rec5tly exhibit$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 has an extraord9>y appe>ance f its %ort head1 broad =ehead & nose1 great fle%y e>s1 & deeply furr[$ sk94 ,! foll[+ woodcut is copi$ f t giv5 by ,mr4 ,b>tlett4#aec ,n only #gj is ! face furr[$1 b ?ick folds ( sk91 :i* are h>d] ?an ! o!r p>ts1 almo/ l ! plates on ! ,indian rh9oc]os1 hang ab\t ! %\ld]s & rump4 ,x is col\r$ black1 ) :ite feet1 & bre$s true4 ,t x has long be5 dome/icat$ !re c be little d\bt2 & ?is might h be5 inf]r$ ev5 f ! fact t its "y are n longitud9ally /rip$2 = ?is is a "* common to all ! species includ$ )9 ! g5us ,sus & ! alli$ g5]a :il/ 9 _! natural /ate4#aed ,dr4 ,gray#aee has describ$ ! skull ( ?is animal1 :i* he ranks n only z a di/9ct species1 b places x 9 a di/9ct section ( ! g5us4 ,na?usius1 h[ev]1 aft] 8 c>eful /udy ( ! :ole gr\p1 /ates positively 7,s*we9es*a$el1 s4 #aec-aeh7 t ! skull 9 all ess5tial *>act]s closely resembles t ( ! %ort-e>$ ,*9ese bre$ ( ! ,s4 ,indica type4 ,h5ce ,na?usius consid]s ! ,japan pig z only a dome/icat$ v>iety ( ,s4 ,indica3 if ?is really be ! case1 x is a wond]ful in/ance ( ! am\nt ( modification :i* c be effect$ "u dome/ication4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4--;,head ( ,japan or ,mask$ ,pig4 7,copi$ f ,mr4 ,b>tlett's pap] 9 ,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc4 #ahfa1 p4 #bfc47 ,=m]ly !re exi/$ 9 ! c5tral isl&s ( ! ,pacific ,ocean a s+ul> bre$ ( pigs4 ,^! are describ$ by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,ty]man & ,g4 ,b5nett#aef z ( small size1 hump-back$1 ) a disproportionately long head1 ) %ort e>s turn$ backw>ds1 ) a bu%y tail n m ?an two in*es 9 l5g?1 plac$ z if x grew f ! back4 ,)9 half a c5tury aft] ! introduction into ^! isl&s ( ,european & ,*9ese pigs1 ! native bre$1 accord+ to ! above au?ors1 became almo/ completely lo/ by be+ repeat$ly cross$ ) !m4 ,seclud$ isl&s1 z might h be5 expect$1 seem fav\rable = ! production or ret5tion ( peculi> bre$s2 ?us1 9 ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 ! hogs h be5 describ$ z v small1 ) erect & %>p e>s1 & ) an appe>ance altoge!r diff]5t f ! hogs br\ght f ! s\?4#aeg ,see+ h[ diff]5t ! ,*9ese pigs1 belong+ to ! ,sus ,indica type1 are 9 _! o/eological *>act]s & 9 ext]nal #ga appe>ance f ! pigs ( ! ,s4 scr(a type1 s t !y mu/ be consid]$ specifically di/9ct1 x is a fact well des]v+ att5tion1 t ,*9ese & common pigs h be5 repeat$ly cross$ 9 v>i\s mann]s1 ) unimpair$ f]tility4 ,"o great bre$] :o _h us$ pure ,*9ese pigs assur$ me t ! f]tility ( ! half-bre$s int] se & ( _! recross$ prog5y 0 actually increas$2 & ?is is ! g5]al belief ( agriculturi/s4 ,aga91 ! ,japan pig or ,s4 pliciceps ( ,gray is s di/9ct 9 appe>ance f all common pigs1 t x /ret*es "o's belief to ! utmo/ to admit t x is simply a dome/ic v>iety2 yet ?is bre$ has be5 f\nd p]fectly f]tile ) ! ,b]k%ire bre$2 & ,mr4 ,eyton in=ms me t he pair$ a half-br$ bro!r & si/] & f\nd !m q f]tile toge!r4 ,! modifications ( ! skull 9 ! mo/ highly cultivat$ races are wond]ful4 ,to appreciate ! am\nt ( *ange1 ,na?usius' "w1 ) its excell5t figures1 %\ld be /udi$4 ,! :ole ( ! ext]ior ( ! skull 9 all its p>ts has be5 alt]$2 ! h9d] surface1 in/ead ( slop+ backw>ds1 is direct$ =w>ds1 entail+ _m *anges 9 o!r p>ts2 ! front ( ! head is deeply concave2 ! orbits h a diff]5t %ape2 ! auditory meatus has a diff]5t direction & %ape2 ! incisors ( ! upp] & l[] jaws d n t\* ea* o!r1 & !y /& 9 bo? jaws above ! plane ( ! mol>s2 ! can9es ( ! upp] jaw /& 9 front ( ^? ( ! l[] jaw1 & ?is is a rem>kable anomaly3 ! articul> surfaces ( ! occipital condyles are s greatly *ang$ 9 %ape1 t1 z ,na?usius rem>ks 7s4 #acc71 no naturali/1 see+ ?is important "p ( ! skull by itself1 w\ld suppose t x belong$ to ! g5us ,sus4 ,^! & v>i\s o!r modifications1 z ,na?usius obs]ves1 c h>dly be consid]$ z mon/rosities1 = !y are n injuri\s1 & are /rictly inh]it$4 ,! :ole head is mu* %ort5$2 ?us1 :il/ 9 common bre$s its l5g? to t ( ! body is z #a to #f1 9 ! cultur-races ! proportion is z #a to #i1 & ev5 rec5tly z #a to #aa4aeh ,! foll[+ woodcut#aei #gb ( ! head ( a wild bo> & ( a s[ f a photograph ( ! ,york%ire ,l>ge ,bre$1 may aid 9 %[+ h[ greatly ! head 9 a highly cultivat$ race has be5 modifi$ & %ort5$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4--;,head ( ,wild ,bo>1 & ( ,gold5 ,days1 a pig ( ! ,york%ire ,l>ge ,bre$2 ! latt] f a photograph4 7,copi$ f ,sidney's edit4 ( ',! ,pig1' by ,y\att47 ,na?usius has well discuss$ ! causes ( ! rem>kable *anges 9 ! skull & %ape ( ! body :i* ! highly cultivat$ races h und]gone4 ,^! modifications occur *iefly 9 ! pure & cross$ races ( ! ,s4 ,indica type2 b _! comm5cem5t may be cle>ly detect$ 9 ! slightly improv$ bre$s ( ! ,s4 scr(a type4#afj ,na?usius /ates positively 7s4 #ii1 #ajc71 z ! result ( common exp]i5ce & ( 8 exp]im5ts1 t ri* & abundant food1 giv5 dur+ y\?1 t5ds by "s direct action to make ! head broad] & %ort]2 & t poor food works a contr>y result4 ,he lays mu* /ress on ! fact t all wild & semi-dome/icat$ pigs1 9 pl\gh+ up ! gr\nd ) _! muzzles1 h2 :il/ "y1 to ex]t ! p[]ful muscles fix$ to ! h9d] "p ( ! head4 ,9 highly cultivat$ races ?is habit is no long] foll[$1 & consequ5tly ! back ( ! skull becomes modifi$ 9 %ape1 entail+ o!r *anges 9 o!r p>ts4 ,!re c h>dly be a d\bt t s great a *ange 9 habits w\ld #gc affect ! skull2 b x seems r d\btful h[ f> ?is w acc\nt = ! greatly r$uc$ l5g? ( ! skull & = its concave front4 ,x is well kn[n 7,na?usius himself advanc+ _m cases1 s4 #ajd7 t !re is a /rong t5d5cy 9 _m dome/ic animals--9 bull- & pug-dogs1 9 ! niata cattle1 9 %eep1 9 ,poli% f[ls1 %ort-fac$ tumbl] pigeons1 & 9 "o v>iety ( ! c>p--= ! bones ( ! face to become greatly %ort5$4 ,9 ! case ( ! dog1 z ,h4 ,muell] has %[n1 ?is seems caus$ by an abnormal /ate ( ! primordial c>tilage4 ,we may1 h[ev]1 readily admit t abundant & ri* food suppli$ dur+ _m g5]ations w\ld give an inh]it$ t5d5cy to increas$ size ( body1 & t1 f disuse1 ! limbs w\ld become f9] & %ort]4#afa ,we %all 9 a future *apt] also see t ! skull & limbs are app>5tly 9 "s mann] correlat$1 s t any *ange 9 ! "o t5ds to affect ! o!r4 ,na?usius has rem>k$1 & ! obs]vation is an int]e/+ "o1 t ! peculi> =m ( ! skull & body 9 ! mo/ highly cultivat$ races is n *>act]i/ic ( any "o race1 b is common to all :5 improv$ up to ! same /&>d4 ,?us ! l>ge-bodi$1 long-e>$1 ,engli% bre$s ) a convex back1 & ! small-bodi$1 %ort-e>$1 ,*9ese bre$s ) a concave back1 :5 br$ to ! same /ate ( p]fection1 ne>ly resemble ea* o!r 9 ! =m ( ! head & body4 ,?is result1 x appe>s1 is p>tly due to simil> causes ( *ange act+ on ! sev]al races1 & p>tly to man bre$+ ! pig = "o sole purpose1 namely1 = ! greate/ am\nt ( fle% & fat2 s t selection has always t5d$ t[>ds "o & ! same end4 ,) mo/ dome/ic animals ! result ( selection has be5 div]g5ce ( "*1 "h x has be5 conv]g5ce4#afb ,! nature ( ! food suppli$ dur+ _m g5]ations has app>5tly affect$ ! l5g? ( ! inte/9es2 =1 accord+ to ,cuvi]1#afc _! l5g? to t ( ! body 9 ! wild bo> is z #i to #a1--;9 ! common dome/ic bo> z #ac4e to #a1--;& 9 ! ,siam bre$ z #af to #a4 ,9 ?is latt] bre$ ! great] #gd l5g? may be due ei!r to desc5t f a di/9ct species or to m anci5t dome/ication4 ,! numb] ( mammae v>y1 z does ! p]iod ( ge/ation4 ,! late/ au?ority says#afd t ! p]iod av]ages f #ag to #bj weeks1 b ,i ?9k !re mu/ be "s error 9 ?is /atem5t3 9 ,m4 ,tessi]'s obs]vations on #be s[s x v>i$ f #aji to #abc days4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox has giv5 me t5 c>efully record$ cases ) well-br$ pigs1 9 :i* ! p]iod v>i$ f #aja to #aaf days4 ,accord+ to ,na?usius ! p]iod is %orte/ 9 ! races :i* come e>ly to maturity2 b 9 ^! latt] ! c\rse ( developm5t does n appe> to be actually %ort5$1 = ! "y animal is born1 judg+ f ! /ate ( ! skull1 less fully develop$1 or 9 a m embryonic condition1#afe ?an 9 ! case ( common sw9e1 :i* arrive at maturity at a lat] age4 ,9 ! highly cultivat$ & e>ly matur$ races1 ! tee?1 also1 are develop$ e>li]4 ,! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( ! v]tebrae & ribs 9 diff]5t k9ds ( pigs1 z obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,eyton1#aff & z giv5 9 ! foll[+ table1 has (t5 be5 quot$4 ,! ,african s[ probably belongs to ! ,s4 scr(a type2 & ,mr4 ,eyton in=ms me t1 s9ce ! publication ( 8 pap]1 cross-br$ animals f ! ,african & ,engli% races 7 f\nd by ,"l ,hill to be p]fectly f]tile4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,engli% ,fr5* ,long- ,dome/ic legg$ ,african ,*9ese ,wild ,bo>1 ,bo>1 f ,male4 ,female4 ,male4 f ,cuvi]4 ,cuvi]4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,dorsal v]tebrae #ae #ac #ae #ad #ad ,lumb> #f #f #d #e #e ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,dorsal & lumb> toge!r #ba #ai #ai #ai #ai ,sacral #e #e #d #d #d ---------------------------------------- ---------- ,total numb] ( v]tebrae #bf #bd #bc #bc #bc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #ge ,"s semi-mon/r\s bre$s des]ve notice4 ,f ! "t ( ,ari/otle to ! pres5t "t solid-ho($ sw9e h occasionally be5 obs]v$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w4 ,al?\gh ?is peculi>ity is /rongly inh]it$1 x is h>dly probable t all ! animals ) solid ho(s h desc5d$ f ! same p>5ts2 x is m probable t ! same peculi>ity has reappe>$ at v>i\s times & places4 ,dr4 ,/ru!rs has lately describ$ & figur$#afg ! /ructure ( ! feet2 9 bo? front & h9d feet ! di/al phalanges ( ! two great] toes are repres5t$ by a s+le1 great1 ho(-be>+ phalanx2 & 9 ! front feet1 ! middle phalanges are repres5t$ by a bone :i* is s+le t[>ds ! l[] end1 b be>s two sep>ate articulations t[>ds ! upp] end4 ,f o!r acc\nts x appe>s t an int]m$iate toe is likewise sometimes sup]add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4--,old ,iri% ,pig1 ) jaw-app5dages4 7,copi$ f ,h4 ,d4 ,ri*>dson on ,pigs47 ,ano!r curi\s anomaly is (f]$ by ! app5dages1 describ$ by ,m4 ,eudes-,deslong*amps z (t5 *>act]iz+ ! ,norm&y pigs4 ,^! app5dages are always atta*$ to ! same spot1 to ! corn]s ( ! jaw2 !y are cyl9drical1 ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 cov]$ ) bri/les1 & ) a p5cil ( bri/les ris+ out ( a s9us on "o side3 !y h a c>tilag9\s c5tre1 ) two small longitud9al muscles2 !y occur ei!r symmetrically on bo? sides ( ! face or on "o #gf side alone4 ,ri*>dson figures !m on ! gaunt old ,iri% ,greyh\nd pig2 & ,na?usius /ates t !y occasionally appe> 9 all ! long-e>$ races1 b are n /rictly inh]it$1 = !y occur or fail 9 animals ( ! same litt]4#afh ,z no wild pigs are kn[n to h analog\s app5dages1 we h at pres5t no reason to suppose t _! appe>ance is due to rev]sion2 & if ?is be s1 we are =c$ to admit t some:at complex1 ?\gh app>5tly useless1 /ructures may be sudd5ly develop$ )\t ! aid ( selection4 ,?is case p]haps ?r[s "s little light on ! mann] ( appe>ance ( ! hide\s fle%y protub]ances1 ?\gh ( an ess5tially diff]5t nature f ! above-describ$ app5dages1 on ! *eeks ( ! w>t-hog or ,phaco*o]us ,africanus4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t ! bo>s ( all dome/icat$ bre$s h mu* %ort] tusks ?an wild bo>s4 ,_m facts %[ t ) all animals ! /ate ( ! hair is mu* affect$ by exposure to1 or protection f1 climate2 & z we see t ! /ate ( ! hair & tee? are correlat$ 9 ,turki% dogs 7o!r analog\s facts w be h]eaft] giv571 may we n v5ture to surmise t ! r$uction ( ! tusks 9 ! dome/ic bo> is relat$ to 8 coat ( bri/les be+ dim9i%$ f liv+ "u %elt]8 ,on ! o!r h&1 z we %all imm$iately see1 ! tusks & bri/les reappe> ) f]al bo>s1 :i* are no long] protect$ f ! wea!r4 ,x is n surpris+ t ! tusks %\ld be m affect$ ?an ! o!r tee?2 z p>ts develop$ to s]ve z second>y sexual *>act]s are always liable to mu* v>iation4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact t ! "y ( wild ,european & ,indian pigs1#afi = ! fir/ six mon?s1 are longitud9ally b&$ ) light-col\r$ /ripes4 ,?is "* g5]ally disappe>s "u dome/ication4 ,! ,turki% dome/ic pigs1 h[ev]1 h /rip$ "y1 z h ^? ( ,we/phalia1 :atev] may be _! hue2#agj :e!r ^! latt] pigs belong to ! #gg same curly-hair$ race ) ! ,turki% sw9e1 ,i d n "k4 ,! pigs :i* h run wild 9 ,jamaica & ! semi-f]al pigs ( ,new ,granada1 bo? ^? :i* are black & ^? :i* are black ) a :ite b& across ! /oma*1 (t5 ext5d+ ov] ! back1 h resum$ ?is aborig9al "* & produce longitud9ally-/rip$ "y4 ,?is is likewise ! case1 at lea/ occasionally1 ) ! neglect$ pigs 9 ! ,zambesi settlem5t on ! coa/ ( ,africa4#aga ,! common belief t all dome/icat$ animals1 :5 !y run wild1 rev]t completely to ! "* ( _! p>5t-/ock1 is *iefly f\nd$1 z f> z ,i c discov]1 on f]al pigs4 ,b ev5 9 ?is case ! belief is n gr\nd$ on suffici5t evid5ce2 = ! two ma9 types ( ,s4 scr(a & ,indica h nev] be5 di/+ui%$ 9 a f]al /ate4 ,! "y1 z we h j se51 reacquire _! longitud9al /ripes1 & ! bo>s inv>iably reassume _! tusks4 ,!y rev]t also 9 ! g5]al %ape ( _! bodies1 & 9 ! l5g? ( _! legs & muzzles1 to ! /ate ( ! wild animal1 z might h be5 expect$ f ! am\nt ( ex]cise :i* !y are compell$ to take 9 se>* ( food4 ,9 ,jamaica ! f]al pigs d n acquire ! full size ( ! ,european wild bo>1 nev] atta9+ a great] height ?an #bj in*es at ! %\ld]4 ,9 v>i\s c\ntries !y reassume _! orig9al bri/ly cov]+1 b 9 diff]5t #gh degrees1 dep5d5t on ! climate2 ?us1 accord+ to ,r\l91 ! semi-f]al pigs 9 ! hot valleys ( ,new ,granada are v scantily clo!d2 :]eas1 on ! ,p>amos1 at ! height ( #gjjj to #hjjj feet1 !y acquire a ?ick cov]+ ( wool ly+ "u ! bri/les1 l t on ! truly wild pigs ( ,france4 ,^! pigs on ! ,p>amos are small & /unt$4 ,! wild bo> ( ,india is said to h ! bri/les at ! end ( its tail arrang$ l ! plumes ( an arr[1 :il/ ! ,european bo> has a simple tuft2 & x is a curi\s fact t _m1 b n all1 ( ! f]al pigs 9 ,jamaica1 d]iv$ f a ,spani% /ock1 h a plum$ tail4#agb ,) respect to col\r1 f]al pigs g5]ally rev]t to t ( ! wild bo>2 b 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,s4 ,am]ica1 z we h se51 "s ( ! semi-f]al pigs h a curi\s :ite b& across _! /oma*s2 & 9 c]ta9 o!r hot places ! pigs are r$1 & ?is col\r has likewise occasionally be5 obs]v$ 9 ! f]al pigs ( ,jamaica4 ,f ^! sev]al facts we see t ) pigs :5 f]al !re is a /rong t5d5cy to rev]t to ! wild type2 b t ?is t5d5cy is l>gely gov]n$ by ! nature ( ! climate1 am\nt ( ex]cise1 & o!r causes ( *ange to :i* !y h be5 subject$4 ,! la/ po9t wor? notice is t we h unusually good evid5ce ( bre$s ( pigs n[ keep+ p]fectly true1 :i* h be5 =m$ by ! cross+ ( sev]al di/9ct bre$s4 ,! ,improv$ ,essex pigs1 = in/ance1 bre$ v true2 b !re is no d\bt t !y l>gely owe _! pres5t excell5t qualities to crosses orig9ally made by ,"l ,we/]n ) ! ,neapolitan race1 & to subsequ5t crosses ) ! ,b]k%ire bre$ 7?is also hav+ be5 improv$ by ,neapolitan crosses71 & likewise1 probably1 ) ! ,sussex bre$4#agc ,9 bre$s ?us =m$ by complex crosses1 ! mo/ c>eful & unremitt+ selection dur+ _m g5]ations has be5 f\nd to be indisp5sable4 ,*iefly 9 consequ5ce ( s mu* cross+1 "s well-kn[n bre$s h und]gone rapid *anges2 ?us1 accord+ to ,na?usius1#agd ! ,b]k%ire bre$ ( #aghj is q #gi diff]5t f t ( #ahaj2 &1 s9ce ?is latt] p]iod1 at lea/ two di/9ct =ms h borne ! same "n4 ,,cattle4 ,dome/ic cattle are almo/ c]ta9ly ! desc5dants ( m ?an "o wild =m1 9 ! same mann] z has be5 %[n to be ! case ) our dogs & pigs4 ,naturali/s h g5]ally made two ma9 divisions ( cattle3 ! hump$ k9ds inhabit+ tropical c\ntries1 call$ 9 ,india ,zebus1 to :i* ! specific "n ( ,bos ,indicus has be5 giv52 & ! common non-hump$ cattle1 g5]ally includ$ "u ! "n ( ,bos taurus4 ,! hump$ cattle 7 dome/icat$1 z may be se5 on ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 at lea/ z e>ly z ! twelf? dyna/y1 t is #bajj ,b4,c4 ,!y diff] f common cattle 9 v>i\s o/eological *>act]s1 ev5 9 a great] degree1 accord+ to ,ruetimey]1#age ?an d ! fossil species ( ,europe1 namely ,bos primig5ius1 longifrons1 & frontosus1 f ea* o!r4 ,!y diff]1 also1 z ,mr4 ,bly?1#agf :o has p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ?is subject1 rem>ks1 9 g5]al configuration1 9 ! %ape ( _! e>s1 9 ! po9t :]e ! dewlap comm5ces1 9 ! typical curvature ( _! horns1 9 _! mann] ( c>ry+ _! heads :5 at re/1 9 _! ord9>y v>iations ( col\r1 especially 9 ! frequ5t pres5ce ( nilgau-l m>k+s on _! feet1 & 9 ! "o be+ born ) tee? protrud+ ?r\gh ! jaws1 & ! o!r n s4 ,!y h diff]5t habits1 & _! voice is entirely diff]5t4 ,! hump$ cattle 9 ,india seldom seek %ade1 & nev] g into ! wat] & !re /& knee-deep1 l ! cattle ( ,europe4 ,!y h run wild 9 p>ts ( ,oude & ,rohilcund1 & c ma9ta9 !mselves 9 a region infe/$ by tig]s4 ,!y h giv5 rise to _m races diff]+ greatly 9 size1 9 ! pres5ce #hj ( "o or two humps1 9 l5g? ( horns1 & o!r respects4 ,mr4 ,bly? sums up emphatically t ! hump$ & humpless cattle mu/ be consid]$ z di/9ct species4 ,:5 we consid] ! numb] ( po9ts 9 ext]nal /ructure & habits1 indep5d5tly ( _! important o/eological diff]5ces1 9 :i* !y diff] f ea* o!r2 & t _m ( ^! po9ts are n likely to h be5 affect$ by dome/ication1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt1 not)/&+ ! adv]se op9ion ( "s naturali/s1 t ! hump$ & non-hump$ cattle mu/ be rank$ z specifically di/9ct4 ,! ,european bre$s ( humpless cattle are num]\s4 ,pr(essor ,l[ enum]ates #ai ,briti% bre$s1 only a few ( :i* are id5tical ) ^? on ! ,cont95t4 ,ev5 ! small ,*annel isl&s ( ,gu]nsey1 ,j]sey1 & ,ald]ney1 possess _! own sub-bre$s2#agg & ^! aga9 diff] f ! cattle ( ! o!r ,briti% isl&s1 su* z ,anglesea1 & ! we/]n isles ( ,scotl&4 ,desm>e/1 :o paid att5tion to ! subject1 describes #ae ,fr5* races1 exclud+ sub-v>ieties & ^? import$ f o!r c\ntries4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ,europe !re are sev]al di/9ct races1 su* z ! pale-col\r$ ,hung>ian cattle1 ) _! light & free /ep1 & _! enorm\s horns sometimes measur+ above five feet f tip to tip3#agh ! ,podolian cattle are rem>kable f ! height ( _! =e-qu>t]s4 ,9 ! mo/ rec5t "w on ,cattle1#agi engrav+s are giv5 ( fifty-five ,european bre$s2 x is1 h[ev]1 probable t sev]al ( ^! diff] v little f ea* o!r1 or are m]ely synonyms4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t num]\s bre$s ( cattle exi/ only 9 long-civiliz$ c\ntries1 = we %all pres5tly see t sev]al k9ds are kept by ! savages ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,) respect to ! p>5tage ( ! sev]al ,european bre$s1 we already "k mu* f ,nilsson's ,memoir1#ahj & m especially f ,ruetimey]'s ',pfahlbaut5' & succe$+ works4 ,two or ?ree species or =ms ( #ha ,bos1 closely alli$ to /ill liv+ dome/ic races1 h be5 f\nd fossil 9 ! m rec5t t]ti>y deposits ( ,europe4 ,foll[+ ,ruetimey]1 we h3-- ,bos primig5ius4--,?is magnific5t1 well-kn[n species 0 dome/icat$ 9 ,switz]l& dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod2 ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod x v>i$ a little1 hav+ app>5tly be5 cross$ ) o!r races4 ,"s ( ! l>g] races on ! ,cont95t1 z ! ,friesl&1 c41 & ! ,pembroke race 9 ,engl&1 closely resemble 9 ess5tial /ructure ,b4 primig5ius1 & no d\bt are its desc5dants4 ,?is is likewise ! op9ion ( ,nilsson4 ,bos primig5ius exi/$ z a wild animal 9 ,caes>'s "t1 & is n[ semi-wild1 ?\gh mu* deg5]at$ 9 size1 9 ! p>k ( ,*ill+ham2 = ,i am in=m$ by ,pr(essor ,ruetimey]1 to :om ,"l ,tank]ville s5t a skull1 t ! ,*ill+ham cattle are less alt]$ f ! true primig5ius type ?an any o!r kn[n bre$4#aha ,bos tro*oc]os4--,?is =m is n includ$ 9 ! ?ree species above m5tion$1 = x is n[ consid]$ by ,ruetimey] to be ! female ( an e>ly dome/icat$ =m ( ,b4 primig5ius1 & z ! prog5itor ( 8 frontosus race4 ,i may add t specific names h be5 giv5 to f\r o!r fossil ox51 n[ believ$ to be id5tical ) ,b4 primig5ius4#ahb ,bos longifrons 7or bra*yc]os7 ( ,ow54--,?is v di/9ct species 0 ( small size1 & _h a %ort body ) f9e legs4 ,x has be5 f\nd 9 ,engl& associat$ ) ! rema9s ( ! elephant & rh9oc]os4#ahc ,x 0 ! commone/ =m 9 a dome/icat$ condition 9 ,switz]l& dur+ ! e>lie/ "p ( ! ,neoli?ic p]iod4 ,x 0 dome/icat$ 9 ,engl& dur+ ! ,roman p]iod1 & suppli$ food to ! ,roman legion>ies4#ahd ,"s rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 ,irel& 9 c]ta9 crannoges1 ( :i* ! dates are believ$ to be f #hdc-icc ,a4,d4#ahe ,pr(essor ,ow5#ahf ?9ks x probable t ! ,wel% & ,highl& cattle are desc5d$ f ?is =m2 z likewise is ! case1 accord+ to ,ruetimey]1 ) "s ( ! exi/+ ,swiss bre$s4 ,^! latt] are ( diff]5t %ades ( col\r f light-grey to blacki%-br[n1 ) a light] /ripe along ! sp9e1 b !y h no pure :ite m>ks4 ,! cattle ( ,nor? ,wales & ! ,highl&s1 on ! o!r h&1 are g5]ally black or d>k-col\r$4 ,bos frontosus ( ,nilsson4--,?is species is alli$ to ,b4 longifrons1 b 9 ! op9ion ( "s good judges is di/9ct f x4 ,bo? co-exi/$ 9 ,scania dur+ ! same late geological p]iod1#ahg & bo? h be5 f\nd 9 ! ,iri% crannoges4#ahh ,nilsson believes t 8 ,b4 frontosus may be ! #hb p>5t ( ! m\nta9 cattle ( ,norway1 :i* h a high protub]ance on ! skull betwe5 ! base ( ! horns4 ,z ,pr(essor ,ow5 believes t ! ,scot* ,highl& cattle are desc5d$ f 8 ,b4 longifrons1 x is wor? notice t a capable judge#ahi has rem>k$ t he saw no cattle 9 ,norway l ! ,highl& bre$1 b t !y m ne>ly resembl$ ! ,devon%ire bre$4 ,h5ce we see t ?ree =ms or species ( ,bos1 orig9ally inhabitants ( ,europe1 h be5 dome/icat$2 b !re is no improbability 9 ?is fact1 = ! g5us ,bos readily yields to dome/ication4 ,besides ^! ?ree species & ! zebu1 ! yak1 ! gayal1 & ! arni#aij 7n to m5tion ! buffalo or g5us ,bubalus7 h be5 dome/icat$2 mak+ altoge!r sev5 species ( ,bos4 ,! zebu & ! ?ree ,european species are n[ ext9ct 9 a wild /ate1 = ! cattle ( ! ,b4 primig5ius type 9 ! ,briti% p>ks c h>dly be consid]$ z truly wild4 ,al?\gh c]ta9 races ( cattle1 dome/icat$ at a v anci5t p]iod 9 ,europe1 are ! desc5dants ( ! ?ree above-nam$ fossil species1 yet x does n foll[ t !y 7 "h fir/ dome/icat$4 ,^? :o place mu* reliance on philology argue t our cattle 7 import$ f ! ,ea/4#aia ,b z races ( m5 invad+ any c\ntry w\ld probably give _! own names to ! bre$s ( cattle :i* !y might !re f9d dome/icat$1 ! argum5t seems inconclusive4 ,!re is indirect evid5ce t our cattle are ! desc5dants ( species :i* orig9ally inhabit$ a temp]ate or cold climate1 b n a l& long cov]$ ) sn[2 = our cattle1 z we h se5 9 ! *apt] on ,horses1 app>5tly h n ! in/9ct ( scrap+ away ! sn[ to get at ! h]bage b5ea?4 ,no "o c\ld behold ! magnific5t wild bulls on ! bleak ,falkl& ,isl&s 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 & d\bt ab\t ! climate be+ admirably suit$ to !m4 ,az>a has rem>k$ t 9 ! temp]ate regions ( ,la ,plata ! c[s conceive :5 two ye>s old1 :il/ 9 ! mu* hott] c\ntry ( ,p>aguay !y d n conceive till ?ree ye>s old2 f :i* fact1 z he adds1 "o may conclude t cattle d n succe$ s well 9 w>m c\ntries4#aib ,! above-nam$ ?ree fossil =ms ( ,bos h be5 rank$ #hc by ne>ly all palaeontologi/s z di/9ct species2 & x w\ld n be reasonable to *ange _! d5om9ation simply because !y are n[ f\nd to be ! p>5ts ( sev]al dome/icat$ races4 ,b :at is ( mo/ importance = u1 z %[+ t !y des]ve to be rank$ z species1 is t !y co-exi/$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe dur+ ! same p]iod1 & yet kept di/9ct4 ,_! dome/icat$ desc5dants1 on ! o!r h&1 if n sep>at$1 cross ) ! utmo/ fre$om & become comm+l$4 ,! sev]al ,european bre$s h s (t5 be5 cross$1 bo? int5tionally & un9t5tionally1 t1 if any /]ility ensu$ f su* unions1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 detect$4 ,z zebus inhabit a di/ant & mu* hott] region1 & z !y diff] 9 s _m *>act]s f our ,european cattle1 ,i h tak5 pa9s to asc]ta9 :e!r ! two =ms are f]tile :5 cross$4 ,! late ,"l ,p[is import$ "s zebus & cross$ !m ) common cattle 9 ,%rop%ire2 & ,i 0 assur$ by 8 /ew>d t ! cross-br$ animals 7 p]fectly f]tile ) bo? p>5t-/ocks4 ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me t 9 ,india hybrids1 ) v>i\s proportions ( ei!r blood1 are q f]tile2 & ?is c h>dly fail to be kn[n1 = 9 "s di/ricts#aic ! two species are all[$ to bre$ freely toge!r4 ,mo/ ( ! cattle :i* 7 fir/ introduc$ into ,tasmania 7 hump$1 s t at "o "t ?\s&s ( cross$ animals exi/$ !re2 & ,mr4 ,b4 ,o',neile ,wilson1 ,m4,a41 writes to me f ,tasmania t he has nev] he>d ( any /]ility hav+ be5 obs]v$4 ,he himself =m]ly possess$ a h]d ( su* cross$ cattle1 & all 7 p]fectly f]tile2 s mu* s1 t he _c rememb] ev5 a s+le c[ fail+ to calve4 ,^! sev]al facts af=d an important confirmation ( ! ,pallasian doctr9e t ! desc5dants ( species :i* :5 fir/ dome/icat$ w\ld if cross$ probably h be5 9 "s degree /]ile1 become p]fectly f]tile aft] a long c\rse ( dome/ication4 ,9 a future *apt] we %all see t ?is doctr9e ?r[s mu* light on ! difficult subject ( ,hybridism4 ,i h allud$ to ! cattle 9 ,*ill+ham ,p>k1 :i*1 accord+ to ,ruetimey]1 h be5 v little *ang$ f ! ,bos primig5ius type4 ,?is p>k is s anci5t t x is #hd ref]r$ to 9 a record ( ! ye> #abbj4 ,! cattle 9 _! in/9cts & habits are truly wild4 ,!y are :ite1 ) ! inside ( ! e>s r$di%-br[n1 eyes rimm$ ) black1 muzzles br[n1 ho(s black1 & horns :ite tipp$ ) black4 ,)9 a p]iod ( ?irty-?ree ye>s ab\t a doz5 calves 7 born ) br[n & blue spots ^u ! *eeks or necks2 b ^!1 toge!r ) any defective animals1 7 always de/roy$4 ,accord+ to ,bewick1 ab\t ! ye> #aggj "s calves appe>$ ) black e>s2 b ^! 7 also de/roy$ by ! keep]1 & black e>s h n s9ce reappe>$4 ,! wild :ite cattle 9 ! ,duke ( ,hamilton's p>k1 :]e ,i h he>d ( ! bir? ( a black calf1 are said by ,"l ,tank]ville to be inf]ior to ^? at ,*ill+ham4 ,! cattle kept until ! ye> #aghj by ! ,duke ( ,que5sb]ry1 b n[ ext9ct1 _h _! e>s1 muzzle1 & orbits ( ! eyes black4 ,^? :i* h exi/$ f "t immemorial at ,*>tley2 closely resemble ! cattle at ,*ill+ham1 b are l>g]1 ) "s small diff]5ce 9 ! col\r ( ! e>s4 ,!y frequ5tly t5d to become entirely black2 & a s+ul> sup]/ition prevails 9 ! vic9ity t1 :5 a black calf is born1 "s calamity imp5ds ov] ! noble h\se ( ,f]r]s4 ,all ! black calves are de/roy$4 ,! cattle at ,burton ,con/able 9 ,york%ire1 n[ ext9ct1 _h e>s1 muzzle1 & ! tip ( ! tail black4 ,^? at ,gisburne1 also 9 ,york%ire1 are said by ,bewick to h be5 sometimes )\t d>k muzzles1 ) ! inside alone ( ! e>s br[n2 & !y are else:]e said to h be5 l[ 9 /ature & hornless4#aid ,! sev]al above-specifi$ diff]5ces 9 ! p>k-cattle1 slight ?\gh !y be1 are wor? record+1 z !y %[ t animals liv+ ne>ly 9 a /ate ( nature1 & expos$ to ne>ly uni=m conditions1 if n all[$ to roam freely & to cross ) o!r h]ds1 d n keep z uni=m z truly #he wild animals4 ,= ! pres]vation ( a uni=m "*1 ev5 )9 ! same p>k1 a c]ta9 degree ( selection--t is1 ! de/ruction ( ! d>k-col\r$ calves--is app>5tly necess>y4 ,! cattle 9 all ! p>ks are :ite2 b1 f ! occasional appe>ance ( d>k-col\r$ calves1 x is extremely d\btful :e!r ! aborig9al ,bos primig5ius 0 :ite4 ,! foll[+ facts1 h[ev]1 %[ t !re is a /rong1 ?\gh n inv>iable1 t5d5cy 9 wild or escap$ cattle1 "u widely diff]5t conditions ( life1 to become :ite ) col\r$ e>s4 ,if ! old writ]s ,boe?ius & ,leslie#aie c be tru/$1 ! wild cattle ( ,scotl& 7 :ite & furni%$ ) a great mane2 b ! col\r ( _! e>s is n m5tion$4 ,! primaeval =e/ =m]ly ext5d$ across ! :ole c\ntry f ,*ill+ham to ,hamilton1 & ,sir ,walt] ,scott us$ to ma9ta9 t ! cattle /ill pres]v$ 9 ^! two p>ks1 at ! two extremities ( ! =e/1 7 remnants ( its orig9al inhabitants2 & ?is view c]ta9ly seems probable4 ,9 ,wales1#aif dur+ ! t5? c5tury1 "s ( ! cattle are describ$ z be+ :ite ) r$ e>s4 ,f\r hundr$ cattle ?us col\r$ 7 s5t to ,k+ ,john2 & an e>ly record speaks ( a hundr$ cattle ) r$ e>s hav+ be5 dem&$ z a comp5sation = "s (f5ce1 b1 if ! cattle 7 ( a d>k or black col\r1 "o hundr$ & fifty 7 to be pres5t$4 ,! black cattle ( ,nor? ,wales app>5tly belong1 z we h se51 to ! small longifrons type3 & z ! alt]native 0 (f]$ ( ei!r #aej d>k cattle1 or #ajj :ite cattle ) r$ e>s1 we may presume t ! latt] 7 ! l>g] bea/s1 & probably belong$ to ! primig5ius type4 ,y\att has rem>k$ t at ! pres5t day1 :5ev] cattle ( ! %ort-horn bre$ are :ite1 ! extremities ( _! e>s are m or less t+$ ) r$4 ,! cattle :i* h run wild on ! ,pampas1 9 ,texas1 & 9 two p>ts ( ,africa1 h become ( a ne>ly uni=m d>k #hf br[ni%-r$4#aig ,on ! ,ladrone ,isl&s1 9 ! ,pacific ,ocean1 imm5se h]ds ( cattle1 :i* 7 wild 9 ! ye> #agda1 are describ$ z milk-:ite1 except _! e>s1 :i* are g5]ally black4#aih ,! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 situat$ f> s\?1 ) all ! conditions ( life z diff]5t z x is possible to conceive f ^? ( ! ,ladrones1 (f] a m int]e/+ case4 ,cattle h run wild !re dur+ eighty or n9ety ye>s2 & 9 ! s\!rn di/ricts ! animals are mo/ly :ite1 ) _! feet1 or :ole heads1 or only _! e>s black2 b my in=mant1 ,admiral ,sulivan1#aii :o long resid$ on ^! isl&s1 does n believe t !y are ev] purely :ite4 ,s t 9 ^! two ar*ipelagos we see t ! cattle t5d to become :ite ) col\r$ e>s4 ,9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 o!r col\rs prevail3 ne> ,port ,pleasant br[n is ! common t9t2 r\nd ,m\nt ,usborne1 ab\t half ! animals 9 "s ( ! h]ds 7 lead or m\se-col\r$1 :i* else:]e is an unusual t9t4 ,^! latt] cattle1 ?\gh g5]ally inhabit+ high l&1 bre$ ab\t a mon? e>li] ?an ! o!r cattle2 & ?is circum/ance w\ld aid 9 keep+ !m di/9ct & 9 p]petuat+ ?is peculi> col\r4 ,x is wor? recall+ to m9d t blue or lead-col\r$ m>ks h occasionally appe>$ on ! :ite cattle ( ,*ill+ham4 ,s pla9ly diff]5t 7 ! col\rs ( ! wild h]ds 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 t 9 hunt+ !m1 z ,admiral ,sulivan in=ms me1 :ite spots 9 "o di/rict1 & d>k spots 9 ano!r di/rict1 7 always look$ out = on ! di/ant hills4 ,9 ! int]m$iate di/ricts int]m$iate col\rs prevail$4 ,:atev] ! cause may be1 ?is t5d5cy 9 ! wild cattle ( ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 :i* are all desc5d$ f a few br\ght f ,la ,plata1 to break up into h]ds ( ?ree diff]5t col\rs1 is an int]e/+ fact4 ,return+ to ! sev]al ,briti% bre$s1 ! conspicu\s diff]5ce 9 g5]al appe>ance betwe5 ,%ort-horns1 ,long-horns 7n[ r>ely se571 ,h]e=ds1 ,highl& cattle1 ,ald]neys1 c41 mu/ be famili> to e "o4 ,a l>ge "p ( ! #hg diff]5ce1 no d\bt1 may be due to desc5t f primordially di/9ct species2 b we may feel sure t !re has be5 9 addition a consid]able am\nt ( v>iation4 ,ev5 dur+ ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 ! dome/ic cattle 7 n actually id5tical ) ! aborig9al species4 ,)9 rec5t times mo/ ( ! bre$s h be5 modifi$ by c>eful & me?odical selection4 ,h[ /rongly ! *>act]s ?us acquir$ are inh]it$1 may be inf]r$ f ! prices realis$ by ! improv$ bre$s2 ev5 at ! fir/ sale ( ,coll+'s ,%ort-horns1 elev5 bulls rea*$ an av]age ( #badl41 & lately ,%ort-horn bulls h be5 sold = a ?\s& gu9eas1 & h be5 export$ to all qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,"s con/itutional diff]5ces may be "h notic$4 ,! ,%ort-horns arrive at maturity f> e>li] ?an ! wild] bre$s1 su* z ^? ( ,wales or ! ,highl&s4 ,?is fact has be5 %[n 9 an int]e/+ mann] by ,mr4 ,simonds1#bjj :o has giv5 a table ( ! av]age p]iod ( _! d5tition1 :i* proves t !re is a diff]5ce ( no less ?an six mon?s 9 ! appe>ance ( ! p]man5t incisors4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation1 f obs]vations made by ,tessi] on #aaca c[s1 v>ies to ! ext5t ( eighty-"o days2 & :at is m int]e/+1 ,m4 ,lef\r affirms t ! p]iod ( ge/ation is long] 9 ! l>ge ,g]man cattle ?an 9 ! small] bre$s4#bja ,) respect to ! p]iod ( conception1 x seems c]ta9 t ,ald]ney & ,zetl& c[s (t5 become pregnant e>li] ?an o!r bre$s4#bjb ,la/ly1 z f\r fully-develop$ mammae is a g5]ic "* 9 ! g5us ,bos1#bjc x is wor? notice t ) our dome/ic c[s ! two rudim5t>y mammae (t5 become fairly well develop$ & yield milk4 ,z num]\s bre$s are g5]ally f\nd only 9 long-civiliz$ c\ntries1 x may be well to %[ t 9 "s c\ntries inhabit$ by b>b>\s races1 :o are frequ5tly at w> ) ea* o!r & !re=e h little free #hh communication1 sev]al di/9ct bre$s ( cattle n[ exi/ or =m]ly exi/$4 ,at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope ,leguat obs]v$1 9 ! ye> #agbj1 ?ree k9ds4#bjd ,at ! pres5t day v>i\s travell]s h notic$ ! diff]5ces 9 ! bre$s 9 ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,sir ,&rew ,smi? sev]al ye>s ago rem>k$ to me t ! cattle possess$ by ! diff]5t tribes ( ,caffres1 ?\gh liv+ ne> ea* o!r "u ! same latitude & 9 ! same k9d ( c\ntry1 yet diff]$1 & he express$ mu* surprise at ! fact4 ,mr4 ,&]sson has describ$#bje ! ,dam>a1 ,be*uana1 & ,namaqua cattle2 & he in=ms me 9 a lett] t ! cattle nor? ( ,lake ,ngami are likewise diff]5t1 z ,mr4 ,galton has he>d is ! case ) ! cattle ( ,b5guela4 ,! ,namaqua cattle 9 size & %ape ne>ly resemble ,european cattle1 & h %ort /\t horns & l>ge ho(s4 ,! ,dam>a cattle are v peculi>1 be+ big-bon$1 ) sl5d] legs & small h>d feet2 _! tails are adorn$ ) a tuft ( long bu%y hair ne>ly t\*+ ! gr\nd1 & _! horns are extraord9>ily l>ge4 ,! ,be*uana cattle h ev5 l>g] horns1 & !re is n[ a skull 9 ,london ) ! two horns #h ft4 #ha_/d 94 long1 z measur$ 9 a /raight l9e f tip to tip1 & no less ?an #ac;ft4 #e;94 z measur$ along _! curvature6 ,mr4 ,&]sson 9 8 lett] to me says t1 ?\gh he w n v5ture to describe ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! bre$s belong+ to ! _m diff]5t sub-tribes1 yet su* c]ta9ly exi/1 z %[n by ! wond]ful facility ) :i* ! natives discrim9ate !m4 ,t _m bre$s ( cattle h orig9at$ ?r\gh v>iation1 indep5d5tly ( desc5t f di/9ct species1 we may inf] f :at we see 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ! g5us ,bos 0 n endemic1 & :]e ! cattle :i* n[ exi/ 9 su* va/ numb]s are ! desc5dants ( a few import$ f ,spa9 & ,portugal4 ,9 ,columbia1 ,r\l9#bjf describes two peculi> bre$s1 namely1 pelones1 ) extremely ?9 & f9e hair1 & calongos1 absolutely nak$4 ,accord+ to ,ca/elnau !re are two races 9 ,brazil1 "o l ,european cattle1 ! o!r diff]5t1 ) #hi rem>kable horns4 ,9 ,p>aguay1 ,az>a describes a bre$ :i* c]ta9ly orig9at$ 9 ,s4 ,am]ica1 call$ *ivos1 because !y h /raight v]tical horns1 conical1 & v l>ge at ! base4 ,he likewise describes a dw>f race 9 ,corri5tes1 ) %ort legs & a body l>g] ?an usual4 ,cattle )\t horns1 & o!rs ) rev]s$ hair1 h also orig9at$ 9 ,p>aguay4 ,ano!r mon/r\s bre$1 call$ niatas or natas1 ( :i* ,i saw two small h]ds on ! nor!rn bank ( ! ,plata1 is s rem>kable z to des]ve a full] description4 ,?is bre$ be>s ! same relation to o!r bre$s1 z bull or pug dogs d to o!r dogs1 or z improv$ pigs1 accord+ to ,h4 von ,na?usius1 d to common pigs4#bjg ,ruetimey] believes t ^! cattle belong to ! primig5ius type4#bjh ,! =ehead is v %ort & broad1 ) ! nasal end ( ! skull1 toge!r ) ! :ole plane ( ! upp] mol>-tee?1 curv$ upw>ds4 ,! l[] jaw projects beyond ! upp]1 & has a correspond+ upw>d curvature4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact t an almo/ simil> con=mation *>act]izes1 z ,i h be5 in=m$ by ,dr4 ,falcon]1 ! ext9ct & gigantic ,siva!rium ( ,india1 & is n kn[n 9 any o!r rum9ant4 ,! upp] lip is mu* drawn back1 ! no/rils are seat$ high up & are widely op51 ! eyes project outw>ds1 & ! horns are l>ge4 ,9 walk+ ! head is c>ri$ l[1 & ! neck is %ort4 ,! h9d legs appe> to be long]1 comp>$ ) ! front legs1 ?an is usual4 ,! expos$ incisor tee?1 ! %ort head & upturn$ no/rils1 give ^! cattle ! mo/ ludicr\s1 self-confid5t air ( defiance4 ,! skull :i* ,i pres5t$ to ! ,college ( ,surgeons has be5 ?us describ$ by ,pr(essor ,ow53#bji ,x is rem>kable f ! /unt$ developm5t ( ! nasals1 premaxill>ies1 & =e-"p ( ! l[] jaw1 :i* is unusually #ij curv$ upw>ds to come into contact ) ! premaxill>ies4 ,! nasal bones are ab\t "o-?ird ! ord9>y l5g?1 b reta9 almo/ _! normal bread?4 ,! triangul> vacuity is left betwe5 !m1 ! frontal & la*rymal1 :i* latt] bone articulates ) ! premaxill>y1 & ?us excludes ! maxill>y f any junction ) ! nasal4 ,s t ev5 ! connexion ( "s ( ! bones is *ang$4 ,o!r diff]5ces might be add$3 ?us ! plane ( ! condyles is some:at modifi$1 & ! t]m9al edge ( ! premaxill>ies =ms an ar*4 ,9 fact1 on comp>ison ) ! skull ( a common ox1 sc>cely a s+le bone pres5ts ! same exact %ape1 & ! :ole skull has a wond]fully diff]5t appe>ance4 ,! fir/ brief publi%$ notice ( ?is race 0 by ,az>a1 betwe5 ! ye>s #aghc-if2 b ,don ,f4 ,muniz1 ( ,luxan1 :o has k9dly collect$ in=mation = me1 /ates t ab\t #agfj ^! cattle 7 kept z curiosities ne> ,bu5os ,ayres4 ,_! orig9 is n positively kn[n1 b !y mu/ h orig9at$ subsequ5tly to ! ye> #aeeb1 :5 cattle 7 fir/ introduc$4 ,signor ,muniz in=ms me t ! bre$ is believ$ to h orig9at$ ) ! ,indians s\?w>d ( ! ,plata4 ,ev5 to ?is day ^? re>$ ne> ! ,plata %[ _! less civiliz$ nature 9 be+ fi]c] ?an common cattle1 & 9 ! c[1 if visit$ too (t51 easily des]t+ h] fir/ calf4 ,! bre$ is v true1 & a niata bull & c[ inv>iably produce niata calves4 ,! bre$ has already la/$ at lea/ a c5tury4 ,a niata bull cross$ ) a common c[1 & ! rev]se cross1 yield (fspr+ hav+ an int]m$iate "*1 b ) ! niata "* /rongly display$4 ,accord+ to ,signor ,muniz1 !re is ! cle>e/ evid5ce1 contr>y to ! common belief ( agriculturi/s 9 analog\s cases1 t ! niata c[ :5 cross$ ) a common bull transmits h] peculi>ities m /rongly ?an does ! niata bull :5 cross$ ) a common c[4 ,:5 ! pa/ure is tol]ably long1 ^! cattle fe$ z well z common cattle ) _! tongue & palate2 b dur+ ! great dr\ghts1 :5 s _m animals p]i% on ! ,pampas1 ! niata bre$ lies "u a great disadvantage1 & w\ld1 if n att5d$ to1 become ext9ct2 = ! common cattle1 l horses1 are able j to keep alive by br[s+ on ! twigs ( trees & on re$s ) _! lips3 ?is ! niatas _c s #ia well d1 z _! lips d n jo91 & h5ce !y are f\nd to p]i% be=e ! common cattle4 ,?is /rikes me z a good illu/ration ( h[ little we are able to judge f ! ord9>y habits ( an animal1 on :at circum/ances1 occurr+ only at long int]vals ( "t1 its r>ity or ext9ction may dep5d4 ,x %[s u1 also1 h[ natural selection w\ld h det]m9$ ! rejection ( ! niata modification _h x aris5 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,hav+ describ$ ! semi-mon/r\s niata bre$1 ,i may allude to a :ite bull1 said to h be5 br\ght f ,africa1 :i* 0 exhibit$ 9 ,london 9 #ahbi1 & :i* has be5 well figur$ by ,mr4 ,h>vey4#baj ,x _h a hump1 & 0 furni%$ ) a mane4 ,! dewlap 0 peculi>1 be+ divid$ betwe5 its =e-legs into p>allel divisions4 ,its lat]al ho(s 7 annually %$1 & grew to ! l5g? ( five or six in*es4 ,! eye 0 v peculi>1 be+ rem>kably prom95t1 & resembl$ a cup & ball1 ?us enabl+ ! animal to see on all sides ) equal ease2 ! pupil 0 small & oval1 or r a p>allelogram ) ! ends cut (f1 & ly+ transv]sely across ! ball1 ,a new & /range bre$ might probably h be5 =m$ by c>eful bre$+ & selection f ?is animal4 ,i h (t5 speculat$ on ! probable causes ?r\gh :i* ea* sep>ate di/rict 9 ,great ,brita9 came to possess 9 =m] times its own peculi> bre$ ( cattle2 & ! "q is1 p]haps1 ev5 m p]plex+ 9 ! case ( ,s\!rn ,africa4 ,we n[ "k t ! diff]5ces may be 9 "p attribut$ to desc5t f di/9ct species2 b ?is w n suffice4 ,h ! slight diff]5ces 9 climate & 9 ! nature ( ! pa/ure1 9 ! diff]5t di/ricts ( ,brita91 directly induc$ correspond+ diff]5ces 9 ! cattle8 ,we h se5 t ! semi-wild cattle 9 ! sev]al ,briti% p>ks are n id5tical 9 col\r+ or size1 & t "s degree ( selection has be5 requisite to keep !m true4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t abundant food giv5 dur+ _m g5]ations directly affects ! size ( a bre$4#baa ,t climate directly affects ! ?ickness ( ! #ib sk9 & ! hair is likewise c]ta93 ?us ,r\l9 ass]ts#bab t ! hides ( ! f]al cattle on ! hot ,llanos are always mu* less heavy ?an ^? ( ! cattle rais$ on ! high plat=m ( ,bogota2 & t ^! hides yield 9 weight & 9 ?ickness ( hair to ^? ( ! cattle :i* h run wild on ! l(ty ,p>amos4 ,! same diff]5ce has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! hides ( ! cattle re>$ on ! bleak ,falkl& ,isl&s & on ! temp]ate ,pampas4 ,l[ has rem>k$#bac t ! cattle :i* inhabit ! m humid p>ts ( ,brita9 h long] hair & ?ick] sk9s ?an o!r ,briti% cattle2 & ! hair & horns are s closely relat$ to ea* o!r1 t1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 !y are apt to v>y toge!r2 ?us climate might indirectly affect1 ?r\gh ! sk91 ! =m & size ( ! horns4 ,:5 we comp>e highly improv$ /all-f$ cattle ) ! wild] bre$s1 or comp>e m\nta9 & l[l& bre$s1 we _c d\bt t an active life1 lead+ to ! free use ( ! limbs & lungs1 affects ! %ape & proportions ( ! :ole body4 ,x is probable t "s bre$s1 su* z ! semi-mon/r\s niata cattle1 & "s peculi>ities1 su* z be+ hornless1 c41 h appe>$ sudd5ly f :at we may call a spontane\s v>iation2 b ev5 9 ?is case a rude k9d ( selection is necess>y1 & ! animals ?us *>act]iz$ mu/ be at lea/ p>tially sep>at$ f o!rs4 ,?is degree ( c>e1 h[ev]1 has sometimes be5 tak5 ev5 9 little-civiliz$ di/ricts1 :]e we %\ld lea/ h expect$ x1 z 9 ! case ( ! niata1 *ivo1 & hornless cattle 9 ,s4 ,am]ica4 ,t me?odical selection has done wond]s )9 a rec5t p]iod 9 modify+ our cattle1 no "o d\bts4 ,dur+ ! process ( me?odical selection x has occasionally happ5$ t deviations ( /ructure1 m /rongly pron\nc$ ?an m]e individual diff]5ces1 yet by no means des]v+ to be call$ mon/rosities1 h be5 tak5 advantage (3 ?us ! fam\s ,long-horn ,bull1 ,%akespe>e1 ?\gh ( ! pure ,canley /ock1 sc>cely inh]it$ a s+le po9t ( ! long-horn$ bre$1 8 horns except$2#bad yet 9 ! h&s ( ,mr4 ,f[l]1 #ic ?is bull greatly improv$ 8 race4 ,we h also reason to believe t selection1 c>ri$ on s f> unconsci\sly t !re 0 at no "o "t any di/9ct int5tion to improve or *ange ! bre$1 has 9 ! c\rse ( "t modifi$ mo/ ( our cattle2 = by ?is process1 aid$ by m abundant food1 all ! l[l& ,briti% bre$s h increas$ greatly 9 size & 9 e>ly maturity s9ce ! reign ( ,h5ry ,,vii4#bae ,x %\ld nev] be =gott5 t _m animals h to be annually slaught]$2 s t ea* own] mu/ det]m9e :i* %all be kill$ & :i* pres]v$ = bre$+4 ,9 e di/rict1 z ,y\att has rem>k$1 !re is a prejudice 9 fav\r ( ! native bre$2 s t animals possess+ qualities1 :atev] !y may be1 :i* are mo/ valu$ 9 ea* di/rict1 w be (t5e/ pres]v$2 & ?is unme?odical selection assur$ly w 9 ! long run affect ! "* ( ! :ole bre$4 ,b x may be ask$1 c ?is rude k9d ( selection h be5 practis$ by b>b>ians su* z ^? ( s\!rn ,africa8 ,9 a future *apt] on ,selection we %all see t ?is has c]ta9ly occurr$ to "s ext5t4 ,!re=e1 look+ to ! orig9 ( ! _m bre$s ( cattle :i* =m]ly inhabit$ ! sev]al di/ricts ( ,brita91 ,i conclude t1 al?\gh slight diff]5ces 9 ! nature ( ! climate1 food1 c41 z well z *ang$ habits ( life1 aid$ by correlation ( gr[?1 & ! occasional appe>ance f unkn[n causes ( consid]able deviations ( /ructure1 h all probably play$ _! p>ts2 yet t ! occasional pres]vation 9 ea* di/rict ( ^? individual animals :i* 7 mo/ valu$ by ea* own] has p]haps be5 ev5 m effective 9 ! production ( ! sev]al ,briti% bre$s4 ,z soon z two or m bre$s _h once be5 =m$ 9 any di/rict1 or :5 new bre$s desc5d$ f di/9ct species 7 introduc$1 _! cross+1 especially if aid$ by "s selection1 w h multipli$ ! numb] & modifi$ ! *>act]s ( ! old] bre$s4 ,,%eep4 ,i %all treat ?is subject briefly4 ,mo/ au?ors look at our dome/ic %eep z desc5d$ f sev]al di/9ct species2 b h[ _m /ill exi/ is d\btful4 ,mr4 ,bly? believes t !re #id are 9 ! :ole _w f\rte5 species1 "o ( :i*1 ! ,corsican m\fflon1 he concludes 7z ,i am in=m$ by him7 to be ! p>5t ( ! small]1 %ort-tail$ bre$s1 ) cresc5t-%ap$ horns1 su* z ! old ,highl& %eep4 ,! l>g]1 long-tail$ bre$s1 hav+ horns ) a d\ble flexure1 su* z ! ,dorsets1 m]9os1 c41 he believes to be desc5d$ f an unkn[n & ext9ct species4 ,m4 ,g]vais makes six species ( ,ovis2#baf b concludes t our dome/ic %eep =m a di/9ct g5us1 n[ completely ext9ct4 ,a ,g]man naturali/#bag believes t our %eep desc5d f t5 aborig9ally di/9ct species1 ( :i* only "o is /ill liv+ 9 a wild /ate6 ,ano!r +5i\s obs]v]1#bah ?\gh n a naturali/1 ) a bold defiance ( ev]y?+ kn[n on geographical di/ribution1 inf]s t ! %eep ( ,great ,brita9 alone are ! desc5dants ( elev5 endemic ,briti% =ms6 ,"u su* a hopeless /ate ( d\bt x w\ld be useless = my purpose to give a detail$ acc\nt ( ! sev]al bre$s2 b a few rem>ks may be add$4 ,%eep h be5 dome/icat$ f a v anci5t p]iod4 ,ruetimey]#bai f\nd 9 ! ,swiss lake-dwell+s ! rema9s ( a small bre$1 ) ?9 & tall legs1 & ) horns l ^? ( a goat3 ?is race diff]s some:at f any "o n[ kn[n4 ,almo/ e c\ntry has its own peculi> bre$2 & _m c\ntries h _m bre$s diff]+ greatly f ea* o!r4 ,"o ( ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ races is an ,ea/]n "o ) a long tail1 includ+1 accord+ to ,pallas1 tw5ty v]tebrae1 & s load$ ) fat1 t1 f be+ e/eem$ a delicacy1 x is sometimes plac$ on a truck :i* is dragg$ ab\t by ! liv+ animal4 ,^! %eep1 ?\gh rank$ by ,fitz+] z a di/9ct aborig9al =m1 seem to be> 9 _! droop+ e>s ! /amp ( long dome/ication4 ,?is is likewise ! case ) ^? %eep :i* h two great masses ( fat on ! rump1 ) ! tail 9 a rudim5t>y condition4 ,! ,angola v>iety ( #ie ! long-tail$ race has curi\s masses ( fat on ! back ( ! head & b5ea? ! jaws4#bbj ,mr4 ,hodgson 9 an admirable pap]#bba on ! %eep ( ! ,himalaya inf]s f ! di/ribution ( ! sev]al races1 t ?is caudal augm5tation 9 mo/ ( its phases is an in/ance ( deg5]acy 9 ^! pre-em95tly ,alp9e animals4 ,! horns pres5t an endless div]sity 9 "*2 be+1 especially 9 ! female sex1 n r>ely abs5t1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 am\nt+ to f\r or ev5 eight 9 numb]4 ,! horns1 :5 num]\s1 arise f a cre/ on ! frontal bone1 :i* is elevat$ 9 a peculi> mann]4 ,x is rem>kable t multiplicity ( horns is g5]ally accompani$ by great l5g? & co>s5ess ( ! fleece4#bbb ,?is correlation1 h[ev]1 is n inv>iable2 = ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,d4 ,=bes1 t ! ,spani% %eep 9 ,*ile resemble1 9 fleece & 9 all o!r *>act]s1 _! p>5t m]9o-race1 except t in/ead ( a pair !y g5]ally be> f\r horns4 ,! exi/5ce ( a pair ( mammae is a g5]ic "* 9 ! g5us ,ovis z well z 9 sev]al alli$ =ms2 nev]!less1 z ,mr4 ,hodgson has rem>k$1 ?is "* is n absolutely con/ant ev5 among ! true & prop] %eep3 = ,i h m ?an once met ) ,cagias 7a sub-,himalayan dome/ic race7 possess$ ( f\r teats4#bbc ,?is case is ! m rem>kable z1 :5 any "p or organ is pres5t 9 r$uc$ numb] 9 comp>ison ) ! same "p 9 alli$ gr\ps1 x usually is subject to little v>iation4 ,! pres5ce ( int]digital pits has likewise be5 consid]$ z a g5]ic di/9ction 9 %eep2 b ,isidore ,ge(froy#bbd has %[n t ^! pits or p\*es are abs5t 9 "s bre$s4 ,9 %eep !re is a /rong t5d5cy = *>act]s1 :i* h app>5tly be5 acquir$ "u dome/ication1 to become atta*$ ei!r exclusively to ! male sex1 or to be m highly develop$ 9 ?is ?an 9 ! o!r sex4 ,?us 9 _m bre$s ! horns are defici5t 9 ! ewe1 ?\gh ?is likewise occurs occasionally ) ! female ( ! wild musmon4 ,9 ! rams ( ! ,walla*ian bre$ ! horns spr+ almo/ p]p5dicul>ly #if f ! frontal bone1 & !n take a beautiful spiral =m2 9 ! ewes !y protrude ne>ly at "r angles f ! head1 & !n become twi/$ 9 a s+ul> mann]4#bbe ,mr4 ,hodgson /ates t ! extraord9>ily ar*$ nose or *affron1 :i* is s highly develop$ 9 sev]al =eign bre$s1 is *>act]i/ic ( ! ram alone1 & app>5tly is ! result ( dome/ication4#bbf ,i he> f ,mr4 ,bly? t ! accumulation ( fat 9 ! fat-tail$ %eep ( ! pla9s ( ,india is great] 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female2 & ,fitz+]#bbg rem>ks t ! mane 9 ! ,african man$ race is f> m develop$ 9 ! ram ?an 9 ! ewe4 ,diff]5t races ( %eep1 l cattle1 pres5t con/itutional diff]5ces4 ,?us ! improv$ bre$s arrive at maturity at an e>ly age1 z has be5 well %[n by ,mr4 ,simonds ?r\gh _! e>ly av]age p]iod ( d5tition4 ,! sev]al races h become adapt$ to diff]5t k9ds ( pa/ure & climate3 = in/ance1 no "o c re> ,leice/] %eep on m\nta9\s regions1 :]e ,*eviots fl\ri%4 ,z ,y\att has rem>k$1 9 all ! diff]5t di/ricts ( ,great ,brita9 we f9d v>i\s bre$s ( %eep beautifully adapt$ to ! locality :i* !y occupy4 ,no "o kn[s _! orig92 !y are indig5\s to ! soil1 climate1 pa/urage1 & ! locality on :i* !y graze2 !y seem to h be5 =m$ = x & by x4#bbh ,m>%all relates#bbi t a flock ( heavy ,l9coln%ire & light ,norfolk %eep :i* _h be5 br$ toge!r 9 a l>ge %eep-walk1 "p ( :i* 0 l[1 ri*1 & moi/1 & ano!r "p high & dry1 ) b5ty grass1 :5 turn$ out1 regul>ly sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 ! heavy %eep draw+ (f to ! ri* soil1 & ! light] %eep to _! own soil2 s t :il/ !re 0 pl5ty ( grass ! two bre$s kept !mselves z di/9ct z rooks & pigeons4 ,num]\s %eep f v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w h be5 br\ght dur+ a long c\rse ( ye>s to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london2 b z ,y\att1 :o att5d$ ! animals z a #ig vet]9>y surgeon1 rem>ks1 few or none die ( ! rot1 b !y are ph?isical2 n "o ( !m f a torrid climate la/s out ! second ye>1 & :5 !y die _! lungs are tub]culat$4#bcj ,ev5 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ,engl& x has be5 f\nd impossible to keep c]ta9 bre$s ( %eep2 ?us on a f>m on ! banks ( ! ,ouse1 ! ,leice/] %eep 7 s rapidly de/roy$ by pleuritis#bca t ! own] c\ld n keep !m2 ! co>s]-sk9n$ %eep nev] be+ affect$4 ,! p]iod ( ge/ation 0 =m]ly ?\ght to be s unalt]able a "*1 t a suppos$ diff]5ce betwe5 ! wolf & ! dog 9 ?is respect 0 e/eem$ a sure sign ( specific di/9ction2 b we h se5 t ! p]iod is %ort] 9 ! improv$ bre$s ( ! pig1 & 9 ! l>g] bre$s ( ! ox1 ?an 9 o!r bre$s ( ^! two animals4 ,& n[ we "k1 on ! excell5t au?ority ( ,h]mann von ,na?usius1#bcb t ,m]9o & ,s\?d[n %eep1 :5 bo? h long be5 kept "u exactly ! same conditions1 diff] 9 _! av]age p]iod ( ge/ation1 z is se5 9 ! foll[+ ,table3-- ,m]9os #aej4c days4 ,s\?d[ns #add4b ,half-br$ ,m]9os & ,s\?d[ns #adf4c #c_/d blood ( ,s\?d[n #ade4e #g_/h #add4b ,9 ?is graduat$ diff]5ce1 9 ^! cross-br$ animals hav+ diff]5t proportions ( ,s\?d[n blood1 we see h[ /rictly ! two p]iods ( ge/ation h be5 transmitt$4 ,na?usius rem>ks t1 z ,s\?d[ns gr[ ) rem>kable rapidity aft] bir?1 x is n surpris+ t _! foetal developm5t %\ld h be5 %ort5$4 ,x is ( c\rse possible t ! diff]5ce 9 ^! two bre$s may be due to _! desc5t f di/9ct p>5t-species2 b z ! e>ly maturity ( ! ,s\?d[ns has long be5 c>efully att5d$ to by bre$]s1 ! diff]5ce is m probably ! result ( su* att5tion4 ,la/ly1 ! fecundity ( ! sev]al bre$s diff]s mu*2 "s g5]ally produc+ tw9s or ev5 triplets at a bir?1 ( :i* fact ! curi\s ,%angai %eep 7) _! truncat$ & rudim5t>y #ih e>s1 & great ,roman noses71 lately exhibit$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 (f] a rem>kable in/ance4 ,%eep are p]haps m readily affect$ by ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life to :i* !y h be5 expos$ ?an almo/ any o!r dome/ic animal4 ,accord+ to ,pallas1 & m rec5tly accord+ to ,erman1 ! fat-tail$ ,kirghisian %eep1 :5 br$ = a few g5]ations 9 ,russia1 deg5]ate1 & ! mass ( fat dw9dles away1 ! scanty & bitt] h]bage ( ! /eppes seems s ess5tial to _! developm5t4 ,pallas makes an analog\s /atem5t ) respect to "o ( ! ,crimean bre$s4 ,burnes /ates t ! ,k>akool bre$1 :i* produces a f9e1 curl$1 black1 & valuable fleece1 :5 remov$ f its own canton ne> ,bokh>a to ,p]sia or to o!r qu>t]s1 loses its peculi> fleece4#bcc ,9 all su* cases1 h[ev]1 x may be t a *ange ( any k9d 9 ! conditions ( life causes v>iability & consequ5t loss ( "*1 & n t c]ta9 conditions are necess>y = ! developm5t ( c]ta9 *>act]s4 ,great heat1 h[ev]1 seems to act directly on ! fleece3 sev]al acc\nts h be5 publi%$ ( ! *ange :i* %eep import$ f ,europe und]go 9 ! ,we/ ,indies4 ,dr4 ,ni*olson ( ,antigua in=ms me t1 aft] ! ?ird g5]ation1 ! wool disappe>s f ! :ole body1 except ov] ! lo9s2 & ! animal !n appe>s l a goat ) a dirty door-mat on its back4 ,a simil> *ange is said to take place on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4#bcd ,on ! o!r h&1 _m wool-be>+ %eep live on ! hot pla9s ( ,india4 ,r\l9 ass]ts t 9 ! l[] & heat$ valleys ( ! ,cordill]a1 if ! lambs are %e>$ z soon z ! wool has gr[n to a c]ta9 ?ickness1 all goes on aft]w>ds z usual2 b if n %e>$1 ! wool deta*es itself 9 flakes1 & %ort %9+ hair l t #ii on a goat is produc$ ev] aft]w>ds4 ,?is curi\s result seems m]ely to be an exagg]at$ t5d5cy natural to ! ,m]9o bre$1 = z a great au?ority1 namely1 ,"l ,som]ville1 rem>ks1 ! wool ( our ,m]9o %eep aft] %e>-"t is h>d & co>se to su* a degree z to r5d] x almo/ impossible to suppose t ! same animal c\ld be> wool s opposite 9 quality1 comp>$ to t :i* has be5 clipp$ f x3 z ! cold wea!r advances1 ! fleeces recov] _! s(t quality4 ,z 9 %eep ( all bre$s ! fleece naturally consi/s ( long] & co>s] hair cov]+ %ort] & s(t] wool1 ! *ange :i* x (t5 und]goes 9 hot climates is probably m]ely a case ( unequal developm5t2 = ev5 ) ^? %eep :i* l goats are cov]$ ) hair1 a small quantity ( und]ly+ wool may always be f\nd4#bce ,9 ! wild m\nta9-%eep 7,ovis montana7 ( ,nor? ,am]ica !re is an annual analog\s *ange ( coat2 ! wool beg9s to drop out 9 e>ly spr+1 leav+ 9 its place a coat ( hair resembl+ t ( ! elk1 a *ange ( pelage q diff]5t 9 "* f ! ord9>y ?ick5+ ( ! coat or hair1 common to all furr$ animals 9 w9t]1--= in/ance1 9 ! horse1 ! c[1 c41 :i* %$ _! w9t] coat 9 ! spr+4#bcf ,a slight diff]5ce 9 climate or pa/ure sometimes slightly affects ! fleece1 z has be5 obs]v$ ev5 9 diff]5t di/ricts 9 ,engl&1 & z is well %[n by ! great s(tness ( ! wool br\ght f ,s\!rn ,au/ralia4 ,b x %\ld be obs]v$1 z ,y\att repeat$ly insi/s1 t ! t5d5cy to *ange may g5]ally be c\nt]act$ by c>eful selection4 ,m4 ,la/]ye1 aft] discuss+ ?is subject1 sums up z foll[s3 ,! pres]vation ( ! ,m]9o race 9 its utmo/ purity at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 9 ! m>%es ( ,holl&1 & "u ! rigor\s climate ( ,sw$51 furni%es an additional support ( ?is my unalt]able pr9ciple1 t f9e-wooll$ %eep may be kept :]ev] indu/ri\s m5 & intellig5t bre$]s exi/4 ,t me?odical selection has effect$ great *anges 9 sev]al #ajj bre$s ( %eep no "o1 :o kn[s any?+ on ! subject1 ent]ta9s a d\bt4 ,! case ( ! ,s\?d[ns1 z improv$ by ,ellman1 (f]s p]haps ! mo/ /rik+ in/ance4 ,unconsci\s or occasional selection has likewise sl[ly produc$ a great effect1 z we %all see 9 ! *apt]s on ,selection4 ,t cross+ has l>gely modifi$ "s bre$s1 no "o :o w /udy :at has be5 writt5 on ?is subject--= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,spoon]'s pap]--w dispute2 b to produce uni=mity1 9 a cross$ bre$1 c>eful selection & rigor\s we$+1 z ?is au?or expresses x1 are indisp5sable4#bcg ,9 "s few in/ances new bre$s h sudd5ly orig9at$2 ?us1 9 #agia1 a ram-lamb 0 born 9 ,massa*usetts1 hav+ %ort crook$ legs & a long back1 l a turnspit-dog4 ,f ?is "o lamb ! ott] or ancon semi-mon/r\s bre$ 0 rais$2 z ^! %eep c\ld n leap ov] ! f5ces1 x 0 ?\ght t !y w\ld be valuable2 b !y h be5 supplant$ by m]9os1 & ?us ext]m9at$4 ,^! %eep are rem>kable f transmitt+ _! "* s truly t ,colonel ,humphreys#bch nev] he>d ( b "o que/ionable case ( an ancon ram & ewe n produc+ ancon (fspr+4 ,:5 !y are cross$ ) o!r bre$s ! (fspr+1 ) r>e exceptions1 in/ead ( be+ int]m$iate 9 "*1 p]fectly resemble ei!r p>5t2 & ?is has occurr$ ev5 9 ! case ( tw9s4 ,la/ly1 ! ancons h be5 obs]v$ to keep toge!r1 sep>at+ !mselves f ! re/ ( ! flock :5 put into enclosures ) o!r %eep4 ,a m int]e/+ case has be5 record$ 9 ! ,report ( ! ,juries = ! ,great ,exhibition 7#ahea71 namely1 ! production ( a m]9o ram-lamb on ! ,mau*amp f>m1 9 #ahbh1 :i* 0 rem>kable = its long1 smoo?1 /raight1 & silky wool4 ,by ! ye> #ahcc ,m4 ,graux _h rais$ rams en\gh to s]ve 8 :ole flock1 & aft] a few m ye>s he 0 able to sell /ock ( 8 new bre$4 ,s peculi> & valuable is ! wool1 t x sells at #be p] c5t4 above ! be/ m]9o wool3 ev5 ! fleeces ( half-br$ animals are valuable1 & are kn[n 9 ,france z ! ,mau*amp-m]9o4 ,x is int]e/+1 z #aja %[+ h[ g5]ally any m>k$ deviation ( /ructure is accompani$ by o!r deviations1 t ! fir/ ram & 8 imm$iate (fspr+ 7 ( small size1 ) l>ge heads1 long necks1 n>r[ *e/s1 & long flanks2 b ^! blemi%es 7 remov$ by judici\s crosses & selection4 ,! long smoo? wool 0 also correlat$ ) smoo? horns2 & z horns & hair are homolog\s /ructures1 we c und]/& ! mean+ ( ?is correlation4 ,if ! ,mau*amp & ancon bre$s _h orig9at$ a c5tury or two ago1 we %\ld h _h no record ( _! bir?2 & _m a naturali/ w\ld no d\bt h insi/$1 especially 9 ! case ( ! ,mau*amp race1 t !y _h ea* desc5d$ f1 or be5 cross$ )1 "s unkn[n aborig9al =m4 ,,goats4 ,f ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,m4 ,br&t1 mo/ naturali/s n[ believe t all our goats are desc5d$ f ! ,capra aegagrus ( ! m\nta9s ( ,asia1 possibly m+l$ ) ! alli$ ,indian species ,c4 ,falcon]i ( ,india4#bci ,9 ,switz]l&1 dur+ ! e>ly ,/one p]iod1 ! dome/ic goat 0 common] ?an ! %eep2 & ?is v anci5t race diff]$ 9 no respect f t n[ common 9 ,switz]l&4#bdj ,at ! pres5t "t1 ! _m races f\nd 9 sev]al p>ts ( ! _w diff] greatly f ea* o!r2 nev]!less1 z f> z !y h be5 tri$1#bda !y are all q f]tile :5 cross$4 ,s num]\s are ! bre$s1 t ,mr4 ,g4 ,cl>k#bdb has describ$ eight di/9ct k9ds import$ into ! "o isl& ( ,mauritius4 ,! e>s ( "o k9d 7 enorm\sly develop$1 be+1 z measur$ by ,mr4 ,cl>k1 no less ?an #ai in*es 9 l5g? & #dc_/d in*es 9 bread?4 ,z ) cattle1 ! mammae ( ^? bre$s :i* are regul>ly milk$ become greatly develop$2 &1 z ,mr4 ,cl>k rem>ks1 x is n r>e to see _! teats t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,! foll[+ cases are wor? notice z pres5t+ unusual #ajb po9ts ( v>iation4 ,accord+ to ,godron1#bdc ! mammae diff] greatly 9 %ape 9 diff]5t bre$s1 be+ elongat$ 9 ! common goat1 hemisph]ical 9 ! ,angora race1 & bilob$ & div]g5t 9 ! goats ( ,syria & ,nubia4 ,accord+ to ?is same au?or1 ! males ( c]ta9 bre$s h lo/ _! usual (f5sive od\r4 ,9 "o ( ! ,indian bre$s ! males & females h horns ( widely-diff]5t %apes2#bdd & 9 "s bre$s ! females are de/itute ( horns4#bde ,! pres5ce ( int]digital pits or gl&s on all f\r feet has be5 ?\ght to *>act]ise ! g5us ,ovis1 & _! abs5ce to be *>act]i/ic ( ! g5us ,capra2 b ,mr4 ,hodgson has f\nd t !y exi/ 9 ! front feet ( ! majority ( ,himalayan goats4#bdf ,mr4 ,hodgson measur$ ! inte/9es 9 two goats ( ! ,dugu race1 & he f\nd t ! proportional l5g? ( ! great & small inte/9es diff]$ consid]ably4 ,9 "o ( ^! goats ! caecum 0 ?irte5 in*es1 & 9 ! o!r no less ?an ?irty-six in*es 9 l5g?6 99 99 99 99 99 #ajc ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,dome/ic ,,rabbits4 ,,dome/ic ,,rabbits ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,! ,,common ,,wild ,,rabbit--,,anci5t ,,dome/ication--,,anci5t ,,selection--,,l>ge ,,lop-,,e>$ ,,rabbits--,,v>i\s ,,bre$s--,,fluctuat+ ,,*>act]s--,,orig9 ,,( ,,! ,,himalayan ,,bre$--,,curi\s ,,case ,,( ,,inh]itance--,,f]al ,,rabbits ,,9 ,,jamaica ,,& ,,! ,,falkl& ,,isl&s--,,porto ,,santo ,,f]al ,,rabbits--,,o/eological ,,*>act]s--,,skull--,,skull ,,( ,,half-,,lop ,,rabbits--,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,skull ,,analog\s ,,to ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,diff]5t ,,species ,,( ,,h>es--,,v]tebrae--,,/]num--,,scapula-- ,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,! ,,proportions ,,( ,,! ,,limbs ,,& ,,body--,,capacity ,,( ,,! ,,skull ,,& ,,r$uc$ ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,bra9--,,summ>y ,,on ,,! ,,modifications ,,( ,,dome/icat$ ,,rabbits4 ,all naturali/s1 )1 z f> z ,i "k1 a s+le exception1 believe t ! sev]al dome/ic bre$s ( ! rabbit are desc5d$ f ! common wild species2 ,i %all !re=e describe !m m c>efully ?an 9 ! previ\s cases4 ,pr(essor ,g]vais#bdg /ates t ! true wild rabbit is small] ?an ! dome/ic2 its proportions are n absolutely ! same2 its tail is small]2 its e>s are %ort] & m ?ickly clo!d ) hair2 & ^! *>act]s1 )\t speak+ ( col\r1 are s _m indications oppos$ to ! op9ion :i* unites ^! animals "u ! same specific d5om9ation4 ,few naturali/s w agree ) ?is au?or t su* slight diff]5ces are suffici5t to sep>ate z di/9ct species ! wild & dome/ic rabbit4 ,h[ extraord9>y x w\ld be1 if close conf9em5t1 p]fect tam5ess1 unnatural food1 & c>eful bre$+1 all prolong$ dur+ _m g5]ations1 _h n produc$ at lea/ "s effect6 ,! tame rabbit has be5 dome/icat$ f an anci5t p]iod4 ,confucius ranges rabbits among animals wor?y to be sacrific$ to ! gods1 &1 z he prescribes _! multiplication1 !y 7 probably at ?is e>ly p]iod dome/icat$ 9 ,*9a4 ,!y are m5tion$ by sev]al ( ! classical writ]s4 #ajd ,9 #afca ,g]vaise ,m>kham writes1 ,y %all n1 z 9 o!r cattell1 looke to _! %ape1 b to _! ri*nesse1 onely elect y\r buckes1 ! l>ge/ & goodlie/ conies y c get2 & = ! ri*nesse ( ! sk91 t is acc\nt$ ! ri*e/ :i* ha? ! equalle/ mixture ( blacke & :ite haire toge!r1 yet ! blacke r %ad[+ ! :ite2 ! furre %\ld be ?icke1 deepe1 smoo?1 & %9+2 444 !y are ( body mu* fatt] & l>g]1 &1 :5 ano!r sk9 is wor? two or ?ree p5ce1 !y are wor? two %ill+s4 ,f ?is full description we see t silv]-grey rabbits exi/$ 9 ,engl& at ?is p]iod2 &1 :at is f> m important1 we see t ! bre$+ or selection ( rabbits 0 !n c>efully att5d$ to4 ,aldrov&i1 9 #afcg1 describes1 on ! au?ority ( sev]al old writ]s 7z ,scalig]1 9 #aeeg71 rabbits ( v>i\s col\rs1 "s l a h>e1 & he adds t ,p4 ,val]ianus 7:o di$ a v old man 9 #aeeh7 saw at ,v]ona rabbits f\r times bigg] ?an ours4#bdh ,f ! fact ( ! rabbit hav+ be5 dome/icat$ at an anci5t p]iod1 we mu/ look to ! nor!rn hemisph]e ( ! ,old ,_w1 & to ! w>m] temp]ate regions alone1 = ! aborig9al p>5t-=m2 = ! rabbit _c live )\t protection 9 c\ntries z cold z ,sw$51 &1 ?\gh x has run wild 9 ! tropical isl& ( ,jamaica1 x has nev] greatly multipli$ !re4 ,x n[ exi/s1 & has long exi/$1 9 ! w>m] temp]ate p>ts ( ,europe1 = fossil rema9s h be5 f\nd 9 sev]al c\ntries4#bdi ,! dome/ic rabbit readily becomes f]al 9 ^! same c\ntries1 & :5 v>i\sly col\r$ k9ds are turn$ out !y g5]ally rev]t to ! ord9>y grey col\r4#bej ,! wild rabbits1 if tak5 "y1 c be dome/icat$1 ?\gh ! process is g5]ally v tr\blesome4#bea ,! v>i\s #aje dome/ic races are (t5 cross$1 & are believ$ to be p]fectly f]tile toge!r1 & a p]fect gradation c be %[n to exi/ f ! l>ge/ dome/ic k9ds1 hav+ enorm\sly develop$ e>s1 to ! common wild k9d4 ,! p>5t-=m mu/ h be5 a burr[+ animal1 a habit n common1 z f> z ,i c discov]1 to any o!r species 9 ! l>ge g5us ,lepus4 ,only "o wild species is kn[n ) c]ta9ty to exi/ 9 ,europe2 b ! rabbit 7if x be a true rabbit7 f ,m\nt ,s9ai1 & likewise t f ,alg]ia1 pres5t slight diff]5ces2 & ^! =ms h be5 consid]$ by "s au?ors z specifically di/9ct4#beb ,b su* slight diff]5ces w\ld aid u little 9 expla9+ ! m consid]able diff]5ces *>act]i/ic ( ! sev]al dome/ic races4 ,if ! latt] are ! desc5dants ( two or m closely alli$ species1 all1 except+ ! common rabbit1 h be5 ext]m9at$ 9 a wild /ate2 & ?is is v improbable1 see+ ) :at p]t9acity ?is animal holds its gr\nd4 ,f ^! sev]al reasons we may inf] ) safety t all ! dome/ic bre$s are ! desc5dants ( ! common wild species4 ,b f :at we he> ( ! late m>vell\s success 9 re>+ hybrids betwe5 ! h>e & rabbit1#bec x is possible1 ?\gh n probable1 f ! great difficulty 9 mak+ ! fir/ cross1 t "s ( ! l>g] races1 :i* are col\r$ l ! h>e1 may h be5 modifi$ by crosses ) ?is animal4 ,nev]!less1 ! *ief diff]5ces 9 ! skeletons ( ! sev]al dome/ic bre$s _c1 z we %all pres5tly see1 h be5 d]iv$ f a cross ) ! h>e4 ,!re are _m bre$s :i* transmit _! *>act]s m or less truly4 ,e "o has se5 ! enorm\s lop-e>$ rabbits exhibit$ at our %[s2 v>i\s alli$ sub-bre$s are re>$ on ! ,cont95t1 su* z ! s-call$ ,&alusian1 :i* is said to h a l>ge head ) a r\nd =ehead1 & to atta9 a great] size ?an any o!r k9d2 ano!r l>ge ,p>is bre$ is nam$ ! ,r\5nais1 & has a squ>e head2 ! s-call$ ,patagonian rabbit has rem>kably %ort e>s & a l>ge r\nd head4 ,al?\gh ,i h n se5 all ^! bre$s1 ,i feel "s d\bt ab\t !re be+ any m>k$ diff]5ce 9 ! #ajf %ape ( _! skulls4#bed ,engli% lop-e>$ rabbits (t5 weigh #h lbs4 or #aj lbs41 & "o has be5 exhibit$ weigh+ #ah lbs42 :]eas a full-siz$ wild rabbit weighs only ab\t #ca_/d lbs4 ,! head or skull 9 all ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits exam9$ by me is mu* long] relatively to its bread? ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,_m ( !m h loose transv]se folds ( sk9 or dewlaps b5ea? ! ?roat1 :i* c be pull$ out s z to rea* ne>ly to ! ends ( ! jaws4 ,_! e>s are prodigi\sly develop$1 & hang d[n on ea* side ( _! faces4 ,a rabbit has be5 exhibit$ ) its two e>s1 measur$ f ! tip ( "o to ! tip ( ! o!r1 #bb in*es 9 l5g?1 & ea* e> 0 #e-c_/h in*es 9 bread?4 ,9 a common wild rabbit ,i f\nd t ! l5g? ( ! two e>s1 f tip to tip1 0 #g-e_/h in*es1 & ! bread? only #a-g_/h in*4 ,! great weight ( ! body 9 ! l>g] rabbits1 & ! imm5se developm5t ( _! e>s1 are ! qualities :i* w9 prizes1 & h be5 c>efully select$4 ,! h>e-col\r$1 or1 z x is sometimes call$1 ! ,belgian rabbit1 diff]s 9 no?+ except col\r f ! o!r l>ge bre$s2 b ,mr4 ,j4 ,"y1 ( ,s\?ampton1 a great bre$] ( ?is k9d1 in=ms me t ! females1 9 all ! specim5s exam9$ by him1 _h only six mammae2 & ?is c]ta9ly 0 ! case ) two females :i* came into my possession4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 h[ev]1 assures me t ! numb] is v>iable ) o!r dome/ic rabbits4 ,! common wild rabbit always has t5 mammae4 ,! ,angora rabbit is rem>kable f ! l5g? & f95ess ( its fur1 :i* ev5 on ! soles ( ! feet is ( consid]able l5g?4 ,?is bre$ is ! only "o :i* diff]s 9 its m5tal qualities1 = x is said to be mu* m sociable ?an o!r rabbits1 & ! male %[s no wi% to de/roy its "y4#bee ,two live rabbits 7 br\ght to me f ,mosc[1 ( ab\t ! size ( ! wild species1 b ) long s(t fur1 diff]5t f t ( ! ,angora4 ,^! ,mosc[ rabbits _h p9k eyes & 7 sn[-:ite1 except+ ! e>s1 two spots ne> ! nose1 ! upp] & "u surface ( ! tail1 & ! h9d] t>si1 :i* 7 blacki%-br[n4 ,9 %ort1 !y 7 #ajg col\r$ ne>ly l ! s-call$ ,himalayan rabbits1 pres5tly to be describ$1 & diff]$ f !m only 9 ! "* ( _! fur4 ,!re are two o!r bre$s :i* come true to col\r1 b diff] 9 no o!r respect1 namely silv]-greys & *9*illas4 ,la/ly1 ! ,nic>d or ,dut* rabbit may be m5tion$1 :i* v>ies 9 col\r1 & is rem>kable f its small size1 "s specim5s weigh+ only #aa_/d lb42 rabbits ( ?is bre$ make excell5t nurses = o!r & m delicate k9ds4#bef ,c]ta9 *>act]s are rem>kably fluctuat+1 or are v feebly transmitt$ by dome/ic rabbits3 ?us1 "o bre$] tells me t ) ! small] k9ds he has h>dly ev] rais$ a :ole litt] ( ! same col\r3 ) ! l>ge lop-e>$ bre$s x is impossible1 says a great judge1#beg to bre$ true to col\r1 b by judici\s cross+ a great deal may be done t[>ds x4 ,! fanci] %\ld "k h[ 8 does are br$1 t is1 ! col\r ( _! p>5ts4 ,nev]!less1 c]ta9 col\rs1 z we %all pres5tly see1 are transmitt$ truly4 ,! dewlap is n /rictly inh]it$4 ,lop-e>$ rabbits1 ) _! e>s hang+ flat d[n on ea* side ( ! face1 d n transmit ?is "* at all truly4 ,mr4 ,delam] rem>ks t1 ) fancy rabbits1 :5 bo? ! p>5ts are p]fectly =m$1 h model e>s1 & are h&somely m>k$1 _! prog5y d n inv>iably turn out ! same4 ,:5 "o p>5t1 or ev5 bo?1 are o>-laps1 t is1 h _! e>s /ick+ out at "r angles1 or :5 "o p>5t or bo? are half-lops1 t is1 h only "o e> dep5d5t1 !re is ne>ly z good a *ance ( ! prog5y hav+ bo? e>s full-lop1 z if bo? p>5ts _h be5 ?us *>act]iz$4 ,b ,i am in=m$1 if bo? p>5ts h upright e>s1 !re is h>dly a *ance ( a full-lop4 ,9 "s half-lops ! e> t hangs d[n is broad] & long] ?an ! upright e>2#beh s t we h ! unusual case ( a want ( symmetry on ! two sides4 ,?is diff]5ce 9 ! position & size ( ! two e>s probably indicates t ! lopp+ ( ! e> results #ajh f its great l5g? & weight1 fav\r$ no d\bt by ! weakness ( ! muscles consequ5t on disuse4 ,&]son#bei m5tions a bre$ hav+ only a s+le e>2 & ,pr(essor ,g]vais ano!r bre$ :i* is de/itute ( e>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4--;,half-lop ,rabbit4 7,copi$ f ,e4 ,s4 ,delam]'s "w47 ,! orig9 ( ! ,himalayan bre$ 7sometimes call$ ,*9ese1 or ,poli%1 or ,russian7 is s curi\s1 bo? 9 itself1 & z ?r[+ "s light on ! complex laws ( inh]itance1 t x is wor? giv+ 9 detail4 ,^! pretty rabbits are :ite1 except _! e>s1 nose1 all f\r feet1 & ! upp] side ( tail1 :i* are all br[ni%-black2 b z !y h r$ eyes1 !y may be consid]$ z alb9oes4 ,i h receiv$ sev]al acc\nts ( _! bre$+ p]fectly true4 ,f _! symmetrical m>ks1 !y 7 at fir/ rank$ z specifically di/9ct1 & 7 provisionally nam$ ,l4 nigripes#bfj ,"s good obs]v]s ?\ght t !y c\ld detect a diff]5ce 9 _! habits1 & /\tly ma9ta9$ t !y =m$ a new species4 ,_! orig9 is n[ well kn[n4 ,a writ]1 9 #aheg1bfa /at$ t he _h produc$ ,himalayan rabbits 9 ! foll[+ mann]4 ,b x is fir/ necess>y briefly to describe two o!r bre$s3 silv]-greys or silv]-sprigs g5]ally h black heads & legs1 & _! f9e grey fur is int]sp]s$ ) num]\s black & :ite long hairs4 #aji ,!y bre$ p]fectly true1 & h long be5 kept 9 w>r5s4 ,:5 !y escape & cross ) common rabbits1 ! product1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,wyrley ,bir*1 ( ,wre?am ,hall1 is n a mixture ( ! two col\rs1 b ab\t half take aft] ! "o p>5t1 & ! o!r half aft] ! o!r p>5t4 ,secondly1 *9*illas or tame silv]-greys 7,i w use ! =m] "n7 h %ort1 pal]1 m\se or slate-col\r$ fur1 int]sp]s$ ) long1 blacki%1 slate-col\r$1 & :ite hairs4#bfb ,^! rabbits bre$ p]fectly true4 ,n[1 ! writ] above ref]r$ to _h a bre$ ( *9*illas :i* _h be5 cross$ ) ! common black rabbit1 & _! (fspr+ 7 ei!r blacks or *9*illas4 ,^! latt] 7 aga9 cross$ ) o!r *9*illas 7:i* _h also be5 cross$ ) silv]-greys71 & f ?is complicat$ cross ,himalayan rabbits 7 rais$4 ,f ^! & o!r simil> /atem5ts1 ,mr4 ,b>tlett#bfc 0 l$ to make a c>eful trial 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 & he f\nd t by simply cross+ silv]-greys ) *9*illas he c\ld always produce "s few ,himalayans2 & ! latt]1 not)/&+ _! sudd5 orig91 if kept sep>ate1 br$ p]fectly true4 ,! ,himalayans1 :5 fir/ born1 are q :ite1 & are !n true alb9oes2 b 9 ! c\rse ( a few mon?s !y gradually assume _! d>k e>s1 nose1 feet1 & tail4 ,occasionally1 h[ev]1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,wool] & ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox1 ! "y are born ( a v pale grey col\r1 & specim5s ( su* fur 7 s5t me by ! =m] g5tleman4 ,! grey t9t1 h[ev]1 disappe>s z ! animal comes to maturity4 ,s t ) ^! ,himalayans !re is a t5d5cy1 /rictly conf9$ to e>ly y\?1 to rev]t to ! col\r ( ! adult silv]-grey p>5t-/ock4 ,silv]-greys & *9*illas1 on ! o!r h&1 pres5t a rem>kable contra/ 9 _! col\r :il/ q "y1 = !y are born p]fectly black1 b soon assume _! *>act]i/ic grey or silv] t9ts4 ,! same ?+ occurs ) grey horses1 :i*1 z long z !y are foals1 are g5]ally ( a ne>ly black col\r1 b soon become grey1 & get :it] & :it] z !y gr[ old]4 ,h5ce ! usual rule is t ,himalayans are born :ite & aft]w>ds become 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( _! bodies d>k-col\r$2 :il/ #aaj silv]-greys are born black & aft]w>ds become spr9kl$ ) :ite4 ,exceptions1 h[ev]1 & ( a directly opposite nature1 occasionally occur 9 bo? cases4 ,= "y silv]-greys are sometimes born 9 w>r5s1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,w4 ,bir*1 ( a cream-col\r1 b ^! "y animals ultimately become black1 ,! ,himalayans1 on ! o!r h&1 sometimes produce1 z is /at$ by an exp]i5c$ amateur1#bfd a s+le black "y "o 9 a litt]2 b su*1 be=e two mon?s elapse1 become p]fectly :ite4 ,to sum up ! :ole curi\s case3 wild silv]-greys may be consid]$ z black rabbits :i* become grey at an e>ly p]iod ( life4 ,:5 !y are cross$ ) common rabbits1 ! (fspr+ are said n to h bl5d$ col\rs1 b to take aft] ei!r p>5t2 & 9 ?is respect !y resemble black & alb9o v>ieties ( mo/ quadrup$s1 :i* (t5 transmit _! col\rs 9 ?is same mann]4 ,:5 !y are cross$ ) *9*illas1 t is1 ) a pal] sub-v>iety1 ! "y are at fir/ pure alb9oes1 b soon become d>k-col\r$ 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( _! bodies1 & are !n call$ ,himalayans4 ,! "y ,himalayans1 h[ev]1 are sometimes at fir/ ei!r pale grey or completely black1 9 ei!r case *ang+ aft] a "t to :ite4 ,9 a future *apt] ,i %all advance a l>ge body ( facts %[+ t1 :5 two v>ieties are cross$ bo? ( :i* diff] 9 col\r f _! p>5t-/ock1 !re is a /rong t5d5cy 9 ! "y to rev]t to ! aborig9al col\r2 & :at is v rem>kable1 ?is rev]sion occasionally sup]v5es1 n be=e bir?1 b dur+ ! gr[? ( ! animal4 ,h5ce1 if x c\ld be %[n t silv]-greys & *9*illas 7 ! (fspr+ ( a cross betwe5 a black & alb9o v>iety ) ! col\rs intimately bl5d$--a supposition 9 itself n improbable1 & support$ by ! circum/ance ( silv]-greys 9 w>r5s sometimes produc+ creamy-:ite "y1 :i* ultimately become black--!n all ! above-giv5 p>adoxical facts on ! *anges ( col\r 9 silv]-greys & 9 _! desc5dants ! ,himalayans w\ld come "u ! law ( rev]sion1 sup]v5+ at diff]5t p]iods ( gr[? & 9 diff]5t degrees1 ei!r to ! orig9al black or to ! orig9al alb9o p>5t-v>iety4 #aaa ,x is1 also1 rem>kable t ,himalayans1 ?\gh produc$ s sudd5ly1 bre$ true4 ,b z1 :il/ "y1 !y are alb9oes1 ! case falls "u a v g5]al rule2 = alb9ism is well kn[n to be /rongly inh]it$1 z ) :ite mice & _m o!r quadrup$s1 & ev5 ) :ite fl[]s4 ,b :y1 x may be ask$1 d ! e>s1 tail1 nose1 & feet1 & no o!r "p ( ! body1 rev]t to a black col\r8 ,?is app>5tly dep5ds on a law1 :i* g5]ally holds good1 namely1 t *>act]s common to _m species ( a g5us--& ?is1 9 fact1 implies long inh]itance 9 common f ! anci5t prog5itor ( ! g5us--are f\nd to resi/ v>iation1 or to reappe> if lo/1 m p]si/5tly ?an ! *>act]s :i* are conf9$ to ! sep>ate species4 ,n[1 9 ! g5us ,lepus1 a l>ge majority ( ! species h _! e>s & ! upp] surface ( ! tail t9t$ black2 b ! p]si/5ce ( ^! m>ks is be/ se5 9 ^? species :i* 9 w9t] become :ite3 ?us1 9 ,scotl& ! ,l4 v>iabilis#bfe 9 its w9t] dress has a %ade ( col\r on its nose1 & ! tips ( its e>s are black3 9 ! ,l4 tibetanus ! e>s are black1 ! upp] surface ( ! tail greyi%-black1 & ! soles ( ! feet br[n3 9 ,l4 glacialis ! w9t] fur is pure :ite1 except ! soles ( ! feet & ! po9ts ( ! e>s4 ,ev5 9 ! v>i\sly-col\r$ fancy rabbits we may (t5 obs]ve a t5d5cy 9 ^! same p>ts to be m d>kly t9t$ ?an ! re/ ( ! body4 ,?us1 z x seems to me1 ! appe>ance ( ! sev]al col\r$ m>ks on ! ,himalayan rabbit1 z x gr[s old1 is r5d]$ intelligible4 ,i may add a ne>ly analog\s case3 fancy rabbits v (t5 h a :ite /> on _! =eheads2 & ! common ,engli% h>e1 :il/ "y1 g5]ally has1 z ,i h myself obs]v$1 a simil> :ite /> on its =ehead4 ,:5 v>i\sly col\r$ rabbits are set free 9 ,europe1 & are ?us plac$ "u _! natural conditions1 !y g5]ally rev]t to ! aborig9al grey col\r2 ?is may be 9 "p due to ! t5d5cy 9 all cross$ animals1 z lately obs]v$1 to rev]t to _! primordial /ate4 ,b ?is t5d5cy does n always prevail2 ?us silv]-grey rabbits are kept 9 w>r5s1 & rema9 true ?\gh liv+ almo/ 9 a /ate ( nature2 b a #aab w>r5 mu/ n be /ock$ ) bo? silv]-greys & common rabbits2 o!rwise 9 a few ye>s !re w be none b common greys surviv+4#bff ,:5 rabbits run wild 9 =eign c\ntries1 "u diff]5t conditions ( life1 !y by no means always rev]t to _! aborig9al col\r4 ,9 ,jamaica ! f]al rabbits are describ$ z slate-col\r$1 deeply t9t$ ) spr9kl+s ( :ite on ! neck1 on ! %\ld]s1 & on ! back2 s(t5+ (f to blue-:ite "u ! brea/ & belly4#bfg ,b 9 ?is tropical isl& ! conditions 7 n fav\rable to _! increase1 & !y nev] spread widely2 &1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill1 ow+ to a great fire :i* occurr$ 9 ! woods1 !y h n[ become ext9ct4 ,rabbits dur+ _m ye>s h run wild 9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s2 !y are abundant 9 c]ta9 p>ts1 b d n spread ext5sively4 ,mo/ ( !m are ( ! common grey col\r2 a few1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,admiral ,sulivan1 are h>e-col\r$1 & _m are black1 (t5 ) ne>ly symmetrical :ite m>ks on _! faces4 ,h5ce1 ,m4 ,lesson describ$ ! black v>iety z a di/9ct species1 "u ! "n ( ,lepus magellanicus1 b ?is1 z ,i h else:]e %[n1 is an error4#bfh ,)9 rec5t times ! seal]s h /ock$ "s ( ! small outly+ islets 9 ! ,falkl& gr\p ) rabbits2 & on ,pebble ,islet1 z ,i he> f ,admiral ,sulivan1 a l>ge proportion are h>e-col\r$1 :]eas on ,rabbit ,islet a l>ge proportion are ( a blui% col\r :i* is n else:]e se54 ,h[ ! rabbits 7 col\r$ :i* 7 turn$ out on ^! islets is n kn[n4 ,! rabbits :i* h become f]al on ! isl& ( ,porto ,santo1 ne> ,madeira1 des]ve a full] acc\nt4 ,9 #adah or #adai1 ,j4 ,gonzales ,z>co#bfi happ5$ to h a female rabbit on bo>d :i* _h produc$ "y dur+ ! voyage1 & he turn$ !m all out on ! isl&4 ,^! animals soon increas$ s #aac rapidly1 t !y became a nuisance1 & actually caus$ ! ab&onm5t ( ! settlem5t4 ,?irty-sev5 ye>s subsequ5tly1 ,cada ,mo/o describes !m z innum]able2 nor is ?is surpris+1 z ! isl& 0 n inhabit$ by any bea/ ( prey or by any t]re/rial mammal4 ,we d n "k ! "* ( ! "m-rabbit2 b we h e reason to believe t x 0 ! common dome/icat$ k9d4 ,! ,spani% p59sula1 :5ce ,z>co sail$1 is kn[n to h ab\nd$ ) ! common wild species at ! mo/ remote hi/orical p]iod4 ,z ^! rabbits 7 tak5 on bo>d = food1 x is improbable t !y %\ld h be5 ( any peculi> bre$4 ,t ! bre$ 0 well dome/icat$ is %[n by ! doe hav+ litt]$ dur+ ! voyage4 ,mr4 ,wolla/on1 at my reque/1 br\ght home two ( ^! f]al rabbits 9 spirits ( w9e2 &1 subsequ5tly1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,haywood s5t to me ?ree m specim5s 9 br9e1 & two alive4 ,^! sev5 specim5s1 ?\gh caught at diff]5t p]iods1 closely resembl$ ea* o!r4 ,!y 7 full gr[n1 z %[n by ! /ate ( _! bones4 ,al?\gh ! conditions ( life 9 ,porto ,santo are evid5tly highly fav\rable to rabbits1 z prov$ by _! extraord9>ily rapid increase1 yet !y diff] conspicu\sly 9 _! small size f ! wild ,engli% rabbit4 ,f\r ,engli% rabbits1 measur$ f ! incisors to ! anus1 v>i$ betwe5 #ag & #agc_/d in*es 9 l5g?2 :il/ two ( ! ,porto ,santo rabbits 7 only #ada_/b & #ae in*es 9 l5g?4 ,b ! decrease 9 size is be/ %[n by weight2 f\r wild ,engli% rabbits av]ag$ #c lb4 #e oz41 :il/ "o ( ! ,porto ,santo rabbits1 :i* _h liv$ = f\r ye>s 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 b _h become ?91 weigh$ only #a lb4 #i oz4 ,a fair] te/ is af=d$ by ! comp>ison ( ! well-clean$ limb-bones ( a ,p4 ,santo rabbit kill$ on ! isl& ) ! same bones ( a wild ,engli% rabbit ( av]age size1 & !y diff]$ 9 ! proportion ( r less ?an five to n9e4 ,s t ! ,porto ,santo rabbits h decreas$ ne>ly ?ree in*es 9 l5g?1 & almo/ half 9 weight ( body4#bgj ,! head has n decreas$ 9 l5g? #aad proportionally ) ! body2 & ! capacity ( ! bra9-case is1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 s+ul>ly v>iable4 ,i prep>$ f\r skulls1 & ^! resembl$ ea* o!r m closely ?an d g5]ally ! skulls ( wild ,engli% rabbits2 b ! only diff]5ce 9 /ructure :i* !y pres5t$ 0 t ! supra-orbital processes ( ! frontal bones 7 n>r[]4 ,9 col\r ! ,porto ,santo rabbit diff]s consid]ably f ! common rabbit2 ! upp] surface is r$d]1 & is r>ely int]sp]s$ ) any black or black-tipp$ hairs4 ,! ?roat & c]ta9 p>ts ( ! "u surface1 in/ead ( be+ pure :ite1 are g5]ally pale grey or lead5 col\r4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable diff]5ce is 9 ! e>s & tail2 ,i h exam9$ _m fre% ,engli% rabbits1 & ! l>ge collection ( sk9s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum f v>i\s c\ntries1 & all h ! upp] surface ( ! tail & ! tips ( ! e>s clo!d ) blacki%-grey fur2 & ?is is giv5 9 mo/ works z "o ( ! specific *>act]s ( ! rabbit4 ,n[ 9 ! sev5 ,porto ,santo rabbits ! upp] surface ( ! tail 0 r$di%-br[n1 & ! tips ( ! e>s _h no trace ( ! black edg+4 ,b "h we meet ) a s+ul> circum/ance3 9 ,june1 #ahfa1 ,i exam9$ two ( ^! rabbits rec5tly s5t to ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 & _! tails & e>s 7 col\r$ z j describ$2 b :5 "o ( _! dead bodies 0 s5t to me 9 ,febru>y1 #ahfe1 ! e>s 7 pla9ly edg$1 & ! upp] surface ( ! tail 0 cov]$1 ) blacki%-grey fur1 & ! :ole body 0 mu* less r$2 s t "u ! ,engli% climate ?is individual rabbit _h recov]$ ! prop] col\r ( its fur 9 r less ?an f\r ye>s6 ,! two little ,porto ,santo rabbits1 :il/ alive 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 _h a rem>kably diff]5t appe>ance f ! common k9d4 ,!y 7 extraord9>ily wild & active1 s t _m p]sons exclaim$ on see+ !m t !y 7 m l l>ge rats ?an rabbits4 ,!y 7 nocturnal to an unusual degree 9 _! habits1 & _! wildness 0 nev] 9 ! lea/ subdu$2 s t ! sup]9t5d5t1 ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 assur$ me t he _h nev] _h a wild] animal "u 8 *>ge4 ,?is is a s+ul> fact1 consid]+ t !y are desc5d$ f a dome/icat$ bre$2 ,i 0 s mu* surpris$ at x1 t ,i reque/$ ,mr4 ,haywood to make inquiries on ! spot1 #aae :e!r !y 7 mu* hunt$ by ! inhabitants1 or p]secut$ by hawks1 or cats1 or o!r animals2 b ?is is n ! case1 & no cause c be assign$ = _! wildness4 ,!y live on ! c5tral1 high] rocky l& & ne> ! sea-cliffs1 &1 be+ exce$+ly %y & timid1 seldom appe> 9 ! l[] & cultivat$ di/ricts4 ,!y are said to produce f f\r to six "y at a bir?1 & _! bre$+ season is 9 ,july & ,augu/4 ,la/ly1 & ?is is a highly rem>kable fact1 ,mr4 ,b>tlett c\ld nev] succe$ 9 gett+ ^! two rabbits1 :i* 7 bo? males1 to associate or bre$ ) ! females ( sev]al bre$s :i* 7 repeat$ly plac$ ) !m4 ,if ! hi/ory ( ^! ,porto ,santo rabbits _h n be5 kn[n1 mo/ naturali/s1 on obs]v+ _! mu* r$uc$ size1 _! r$di% col\r above & grey b5ea?1 ) nei!r tail nor e>s tipp$ ) black1 w\ld h rank$ !m z a di/9ct species4 ,!y w\ld h be5 /rongly confirm$ 9 ?is view by see+ !m alive 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 & he>+ t !y refus$ to c\ple ) o!r rabbits4 ,yet ?is rabbit1 :i* !re c be little d\bt w\ld ?us h be5 rank$ z a di/9ct species1 has c]ta9ly orig9at$ s9ce ! ye> #adbj4 ,f9ally1 f ! ?ree cases ( ! rabbits :i* h run wild 9 ,porto ,santo1 ,jamaica1 & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 we see t ^! animals d n1 "u new conditions ( life1 rev]t to or reta9 _! aborig9al "*1 z is s g5]ally ass]t$ to be ! case by mo/ au?ors4 ,o/eological ,*>act]s4 ,:5 we rememb]1 on ! "o h&1 h[ frequ5tly x is /at$ t important p>ts ( ! /ructure nev] v>y2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 on :at small diff]5ces 9 ! skeleton1 fossil species h (t5 be5 f\nd$1 ! v>iability ( ! skull & ( "s o!r bones 9 ! dome/icat$ rabbit well des]ves att5tion4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! m important diff]5ces imm$iately to be describ$ /rictly *>act]ise any "o bre$2 all t c be said is1 t !y are g5]ally pres5t 9 c]ta9 bre$s4 ,we %\ld be> 9 m9d t selection has n be5 appli$ to fix any "* 9 ! skeleton1 & t ! animals h n _h to support !mselves "u #aaf uni=m habits ( life4 ,we _c acc\nt = mo/ ( ! diff]5ces 9 ! skeleton2 b we %all see t ! increas$ size ( ! body1 due to c>eful nurture & cont9u$ selection1 has affect$ ! head 9 a p>ticul> mann]4 ,ev5 ! elongation & lopp+ ( ! e>s h influ5c$ 9 a small degree ! =m ( ! :ole skull4 ,! want ( ex]cise has app>5tly modifi$ ! proportional l5g? ( ! limbs 9 comp>ison ) ! body4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4--,skull ( ,wild ,rabbit1 ( natural size4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4--,skull ( l>ge ,lop-e>$ ,rabbit1 ( natural size4 ,z a /&>d ( comp>ison1 ,i prep>$ skeletons ( two wild rabbits f ,k5t1 "o f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & "o f ,antrim 9 ,irel&4 ,z all ! bones 9 ^! f\r specim5s f su* di/ant localities closely resembl$ ea* o!r1 pres5t+ sc>cely any appreciable diff]5ce1 x may be conclud$ t ! bones ( ! wild rabbit are g5]ally uni=m 9 "*4 ,skull4--,i h c>efully exam9$ skulls ( t5 l>ge lop-e>$ fancy rabbits1 & ( five common dome/ic rabbits1 :i* latt] diff] f ! lop-e>$ only 9 n hav+ su* l>ge bodies or e>s1 yet bo? l>g] ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,fir/ = ! t5 lop-e>$ rabbits3 9 all ^! ! skull is rem>kably elongat$ 9 comp>ison ) its bread?4 ,9 a wild rabbit ! l5g? 0 #c4ae in*es1 9 a l>ge fancy rabbit #d4cj2 :il/ ! bread? ( ! cranium enclos+ ! bra9 0 9 bo? almo/ exactly ! same4 ,ev5 by tak+ z ! /&>d ( comp>ison ! wide/ "p ( ! zygomatic ar*1 ! skulls ( ! lop-e>$ are proportionally to _! bread? ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* too long4 ,! dep? ( ! head has increas$ almo/ 9 ! same proportion ) ! l5g?2 x is ! bread? alone :i* has n increas$4 ,! p>ietal & occipital bones enclos+ ! bra9 are less ar*$1 bo? 9 a longitud9al & transv]se l9e1 ?an 9 ! wild rabbit1 s t ! %ape ( ! cranium is some:at diff]5t4 ,! surface is r\gh]1 less cleanly sculptur$1 & ! l9es ( sutures are m prom95t4 ,al?\gh ! skulls ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild rabbit are mu* elongat$ relatively to _! bread?1 yet1 relatively to ! size ( body1 !y are f> f elongat$4 ,! lop-e>$ rabbits :i* ,i exam9$ 71 ?\gh n fat1 m ?an twice z heavy z ! wild specim5s2 b ! skull 0 v f> f be+ twice z long4 ,ev5 if we take ! fair] /&>d ( ! l5g? ( body1 f ! nose to ! anus1 ! skull is n on an av]age z long z x ought to be by a ?ird ( an in*4 ,9 ! small f]al ,p4 ,santo rabbit1 on ! o!r h&1 ! head relatively to ! l5g? ( body is ab\t a qu>t] ( an in* too long4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4--,"p ( ,zygomatic ,ar*1 %[+ ! project+ end ( ! mal> bone & ! auditory meatus3 ( natural size4 ,upp] figure1 ,wild ,rabbit4 ,l[] figure1 ,lop-e>$1 h>e-col\r$ ,rabbit4 ,?is elongation ( ! skull relatively to its bread?1 ,i f9d a univ]sal "*1 n only ) ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 b 9 all ! artificial bre$s2 z is well se5 9 ! skull ( ! ,angora4 ,i 0 at fir/ mu* surpris$ at ! fact1 & c\ld n imag9e :y dome/ication %\ld produce ?is uni=m result2 b ! explanation seems to lie 9 ! circum/ance t dur+ a numb] ( g5]ations ! artificial races h be5 closely conf9$1 & h _h little occasion to ex]t ei!r _! s5ses1 or intellect1 or volunt>y muscles2 consequ5tly ! bra91 z #aag we %all pres5tly m fully see1 has n increas$ relatively ) ! size ( body4 ,z ! bra9 has n increas$1 ! bony case enclos+ x has n increas$1 & ?is has evid5tly affect$ ?r\gh correlation ! bread? ( ! entire skull f end to end4 ,9 all ! skulls ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 ! supra-orbital plates or processes ( ! frontal bones ere mu* broad] ?an 9 ! wild rabbit1 & !y g5]ally project m upw>ds4 ,9 ! zygomatic ar* ! po/]ior or project+ po9t ( ! mal>-bone is broad] & blunt]2 & 9 ! specim51 fig4 #h1 x is s 9 a rem>kable degree4 ,?is po9t approa*es ne>] to ! auditory meatus ?an 9 ! wild rabbit1 z may be be/ se5 9 fig4 #h2 b ?is circum/ance ma9ly dep5ds on ! *ang$ direction ( ! meatus4 ,! int]-p>ietal bone 7see fig4 #i7 diff]s mu* 9 %ape 9 ! sev]al skulls2 g5]ally x is m oval1 or has a great] wid? 9 ! l9e ( ! longitud9al axis ( ! skull1 ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,! #aah po/]ior m>g9 ( ! squ>e rais$ plat=m #bga ( ! occiput1 in/ead ( be+ truncat$1 or project+ slightly z 9 ! wild rabbit1 is 9 mo/ lop-e>$ rabbits po9t$1 z 9 fig4 #i1 ,c4 ,! p>ama/oids relatively to ! size ( ! skull are g5]ally mu* ?ick] ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,! occipital =am5 7fig4 #aj7 pres5ts "s rem>kable diff]5ces3 9 ! wild rabbit1 ! l[] edge betwe5 ! condyles is consid]ably & almo/ angul>ly holl[$ out1 & ! upp] edge is deeply & squ>ely not*$2 h5ce ! longitud9al axis exce$s ! transv]se axis4 ,9 ! skulls ( ! lop-e>$ rabbits ! transv]se axis exce$s ! longitud9al2 = 9 none ( ^! skulls 0 ! l[] edge betwe5 ! condyles s deeply holl[$ out2 9 five ( !m !re 0 no upp] squ>e not*1 9 ?ree !re 0 a trace ( ! not*1 & 9 two alone x 0 well develop$4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( ! =am5 are rem>kable1 consid]+ t x gives passage to s important a /ructure z ! sp9al m>r[1 ?\gh app>5tly ! outl9e ( ! latt] is n affect$ by ! %ape ( ! passage4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4--,po/]ior end ( ,skull1 ( natural size1 %[+ ! int]-p>ietal bone4 ,a4 ,wild ,rabbit4 ,b4 ,f]al ,rabbit f isl& ( ,p4 ,santo1 ne> ,madeira4 ,c4 ,l>ge ,lop-e>$ ,rabbit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4--,occipital ,=am51 ( natural size1 9--,a4 ,wild ,rabbit2 ,b4 ,l>ge ,lop-e>$ ,rabbit4 ,9 all ! skulls ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 ! bony auditory meatus is conspicu\sly l>g] ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,9 a skull #d4c in*es 9 l5g?1 & :i* b>ely exce$$ 9 bread? ! skull ( a wild rabbit 7:i* 0 #c4ae in*es 9 l5g?71 ! long] diamet] ( ! meatus 0 exactly twice z great4 ,! orifice is m compress$1 & its m>g9 on ! side ne>e/ ! skull /&s up high] ?an ! out] side4 ,! :ole meatus is direct$ m =w>ds4 ,z 9 bre$+ lop-e>$ rabbits ! l5g? ( ! e>s1 & _! consequ5t lopp+ & ly+ flat on ! face1 are ! *ief po9ts ( excell5ce1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! great *ange 9 ! size1 =m1 & direction ( ! bony meatus1 relatively to ?is same "p 9 ! wild rabbit1 is due to ! cont9u$ selection ( individuals hav+ #aai l>g] & l>g] e>s4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ext]nal e> on ! bony meatus is well %[n 9 ! skulls 7,i h exam9$ ?ree7 ( half-lops 7see fig4 #e71 9 :i* "o e> /&s upright1 & ! o!r & long] e> hangs d[n2 = 9 ^! skulls !re 0 a pla9 diff]5ce 9 ! =m & direction ( ! bony meatus on ! two sides4 ,b x is a mu* m int]e/+ fact1 t ! *ang$ direction & increas$ size ( ! bony meatus h slightly affect$ on ! same side ! /ructure ( ! :ole skull4 ,i "h give a draw+ ( ! skull ( a half-lop2 & x may be obs]v$ t ! suture betwe5 ! p>ietal & frontal bones does n run /rictly at "r angles to ! longitud9al axis ( ! skull2 ! left frontal bone projects beyond ! "r "o2 bo? ! po/]ior & ant]ior m>g9s ( ! left zygomatic ar* on ! side ( ! lopp+ e> /& a little 9 advance ( ! correspond+ bones on ! opposite side4 ,ev5 ! l[] jaw is affect$1 & ! condyles are n q symmetrical1 t on ! left /&+ a little 9 advance ( t on ! "r4 ,?is seems to me a rem>kable case ( correlation ( gr[?4 ,:o w\ld h surmis$ t by keep+ an animal dur+ _m g5]ations "u conf9em5t1 & s lead+ to ! disuse ( ! muscles ( ! e>s1 & by cont9ually select+ individuals ) ! longe/ & l>ge/ e>s1 he w\ld ?us indirectly h affect$ almo/ e suture 9 ! skull & ! =m ( ! l[] jaw6 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4--,skull1 ( natural size1 ( ,half-lop ,rabbit1 %[+ ! diff]5t direction ( ! auditory meatus on ! two sides1 & ! consequ5t g5]al di/ortion ( ! skull4 ,! left e> ( ! animal 7or "r side ( figure7 lopp$ =w>ds4 ,9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits ! only diff]5ce 9 ! l[] jaw1 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! wild rabbit1 is t ! po/]ior m>g9 ( ! asc5d+ ramus is broad] & m inflect$4 ,! tee? 9 nei!r jaw pres5t any diff]5ce1 except t ! small incisors1 b5ea? ! l>ge ones1 are proportionally a little long]4 ,! mol> tee? h increas$ 9 size proportionally ) ! increas$ wid? ( ! skull1 measur$ across ! zygomatic ar*1 & n proportionally ) its increas$ l5g?4 ,! inn] l9e ( ! sockets ( ! mol> tee? 9 ! upp] jaw ( ! wild rabbit =ms a p]fectly /raight l9e2 b 9 #abj "s ( ! l>ge/ skulls ( ! lop-e>$ ?is l9e 0 pla9ly b[$ inw>ds4 ,9 "o specim5 !re 0 an additional mol> too? on ea* side ( ! upp] jaw1 betwe5 ! mol>s & premol>s2 b ^! two tee? did n correspond 9 size2 & z no rod5t has sev5 mol>s1 ?is is m]ely a mon/rosity1 ?\gh a curi\s "o4 ,! five o!r skulls ( common dome/ic rabbits1 "s ( :i* approa* 9 size ! above-describ$ l>ge/ skulls1 :il/ ! o!rs exce$ b little ^? ( ! wild rabbit1 are only wor? notice z pres5t+ a p]fect gradation 9 all ! above-specifi$ diff]5ces betwe5 ! skulls ( ! l>ge/ lop-e>$ & wild rabbits4 ,9 all1 h[ev]1 ! supra-orbital plates are r l>g]1 & 9 all ! auditory meatus is l>g]1 9 con=mity ) ! increas$ size ( ! ext]nal e>s1 ?an 9 ! wild rabbit4 ,! l[] not* 9 ! occipital =am5 9 "s 0 n s deep z 9 ! wild1 b 9 all five skulls ! upp] not* 0 well develop$4 ,! skull ( ! ,angora rabbit1 l ! latt] five skulls1 is int]m$iate 9 g5]al proportions1 & 9 mo/ o!r *>act]s1 betwe5 ^? ( ! l>ge/ lop-e>$ & wild rabbits4 ,x pres5ts only "o s+ul> "*3 ?\gh consid]ably long] ?an ! skull ( ! wild1 ! bread? measur$ )9 ! po/]ior supra-orbital fissures is ne>ly a ?ird less ?an 9 ! wild4 ,! skulls ( ! silv]-grey1 & *9*illa & ,himalayan rabbits are m elongat$ ?an 9 ! wild1 ) broad] supra-orbital plates1 b diff] little 9 any o!r respect1 except+ t ! upp] & l[] not*es ( ! occipital =am5 are n s deep or s well develop$4 ,! skull ( ! ,mosc[ rabbit sc>cely diff]s 9 any respect f t ( ! wild rabbit4 ,9 ! ,porto ,santo f]al rabbits ! supra-orbital plates are g5]ally n>r[] & m po9t$ ?an 9 our wild rabbits4 ,z "s ( ! l>ge/ lop-e>$ rabbits ( :i* ,i prep>$ skeletons 7 col\r$ almo/ l h>es1 & z ^! latt] animals & rabbits h1 z x is affirm$1 be5 rec5tly cross$ 9 ,france1 x might be ?\ght t "s ( ! above-describ$ *>act]s _h be5 d]iv$ f a cross at a remote p]iod ) ! h>e4 ,consequ5tly ,i exam9$ skulls ( ! h>e1 b no light c\ld ?us be ?r[n on ! peculi>ities ( ! skulls ( ! l>g] rabbits4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 an int]e/+ fact1 z illu/rat+ ! law t v>ieties ( "o species (t5 assume ! *>act]s ( o!r species ( ! same g5us1 t ,i f\nd1 on comp>+ ! skulls ( t5 species ( h>es 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 t !y diff]$ f ea* o!r *iefly 9 ! v same po9ts 9 :i* dome/ic rabbits v>y1--namely1 9 g5]al proportions1 9 ! =m & size ( ! supra-orbital plates1 9 ! =m ( ! free end ( ! mal> bone1 & 9 ! l9e ( suture sep>at+ ! occipital & frontal bones4 ,moreov] two em95tly v>iable *>act]s 9 ! dome/ic rabbit1 namely1 ! outl9e ( ! occipital =am5 & ! %ape ( ! rais$ plat=m ( ! occiput1 7 likewise v>iable 9 two in/ances 9 ! same species ( h>e4 ,v]tebrae4--,! numb] is uni=m 9 all ! skeletons :i* ,i h exam9$1 ) two exceptions1 namely1 9 "o ( ! small f]al ,porto ,santo rabbits & 9 "o ( ! l>ge/ lop-e>$ k9ds2 bo? ( ^! _h z usual sev5 c]vical1 twelve dorsal ) ribs1 b1 in/ead ( sev5 lumb>1 bo? _h eight lumb> v]tebrae4 ,?is is rem>kable1 z ,g]vais gives #aba sev5 z ! numb] = ! :ole g5us ,lepus4 ,! caudal v]tebrae app>5tly diff] by two or ?ree1 b ,i did n att5d to !m1 & !y are difficult to c\nt ) c]ta9ty4 ,9 ! fir/ c]vical v]tebra1 or atlas1 ! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! neural ar* v>ies a little 9 wild specim5s1 be+ ei!r ne>ly smoo?1 or furni%$ ) a small supra-m$ian atlantoid process2 ,i h figur$ a specim5 ) ! l>ge/ process 7a7 :i* ,i h se52 b x w be obs]v$ h[ inf]ior ?is is 9 size & diff]5t 9 %ape to t 9 a l>ge lop-e>$ rabbit4 ,9 ! latt]1 ! infra-m$ian process 7b7 is also proportionally mu* ?ick] & long]4 ,! alae are a little squ>] 9 outl9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4--;,atlas ,v]tebrae1 ( natural size2 inf]ior surface view$ obliquely4 ,upp] figure1 ,wild ,rabbit4 ,l[] figure1 ,h>e-col\r$1 l>ge1 ,lop-e>$ ,rabbit4 a1 supra-m$ian1 atlantoid process2 b1 infra-m$ian process4 ,?ird c]vical v]tebra4--,9 ! wild rabbit 7fig4 #ac1 ,a a7 ?is v]tebra1 view$ on ! inf]ior surface1 has a transv]se process1 :i* is direct$ obliquely backw>ds1 & consi/s ( a s+le po9t$ b>2 9 ! f\r? v]tebra ?is process is slightly =k$ 9 ! middle4 ,9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits ?is process 7,b a7 is =k$ 9 ! ?ird v]tebra1 z 9 ! f\r? ( ! wild rabbit4 ,b ! ?ird c]vical v]tebrae ( ! wild & lop-e>$ 7,a b1 ,b b7 rabbits diff] m conspicu\sly :5 _! ant]ior articul> surfaces are comp>$2 = ! extremities ( ! ant]o-dorsal processes 9 ! wild rabbit are simply r\nd$1 :il/ 9 ! lop-e>$ !y are trifid1 ) a deep c5tral pit4 ,! canal = ! sp9al m>r[ 9 ! lop-e>$ 7,b b7 is m elongat$ 9 a transv]se direction ?an 9 ! wild rabbit2 & ! passages = ! art]ies are ( a slightly diff]5t %ape4 ,^! sev]al diff]5ces 9 ?is v]tebra seem to me well des]v+ att5tion4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4--,?ird ,c]vical ,v]tebra1 ( natural size1 (--,a4 ,wild ,rabbit2 ,b4 ,h>e-col\r$1 l>ge1 ,lop-e>$ ,rabbit4 a1 a1 inf]ior surface2 b1 b1 ant]ior articul> surfaces4 ,fir/ dorsal v]tebra4--,its neural sp9e v>ies 9 l5g? 9 ! wild rabbit2 be+ sometimes v %ort1 b g5]ally m ?an half z long z t ( ! second dorsal2 b ,i h se5 x 9 two l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits ?ree-f\r?s ( ! l5g? ( t ( ! second dorsal v]tebra4 ,n9? & t5? dorsal v]tebrae4--,9 ! wild rabbit ! neural sp9e ( ! n9? v]tebra is j p]ceptibly ?ick] ?an t ( ! eigh?2 & #abb ! neural sp9e ( ! t5? is pla9ly ?ick] & %ort] ?an ^? ( all ! ant]ior v]tebrae4 ,9 ! l>ge lop-c>$ rabbits ! neural sp9es ( ! t5?1 n9?1 eigh?1 & ev5 9 a slight degree t ( ! sev5? v]tebra1 are v mu* ?ick]1 & ( some:at diff]5t %ape1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild rabbit4 ,s t ?is "p ( ! v]tebral column diff]s consid]ably 9 appe>ance f ! same "p 9 ! wild rabbit1 & closely resembles 9 an int]e/+ mann] ^! same v]tebrae 9 "s species ( h>es4 ,9 ! ,angora1 ,*9*illa1 & ,himalayan rabbits1 ! neural sp9es ( ! eigh? & n9? v]tebrae are 9 a slight degree ?ick] ?an 9 ! wild4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 "o ( ! f]al ,porto ,santo rabbits1 :i* 9 mo/ ( its *>act]s deviates 9 an exactly opposite mann] to :at ! l>ge lop-c>$ rabbits d f ! common wild rabbit1 ! neural sp9es ( ! n9? & t5? v]tebrae 7 n at all l>g] ?an ^? ( ! sev]al ant]ior v]tebrae4 ,9 ?is same ,porto ,santo specim5 !re 0 no trace 9 ! n9? v]tebra ( ! ant]ior lat]al processes 7see woodcut #ad71 :i* are pla9ly develop$ 9 all ,briti% wild rabbits1 & /ill m pla9ly develop$ 9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits4 ,9 a half-wild rabbit f ,s&on ,p>k1#bgb a haemal sp9e 0 mod]ately well develop$ on ! "u side ( ! twelf? dorsal v]tebra1 & ,i h se5 ?is 9 no o!r specim54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4--;,dorsal ,v]tebrae1 f six? to t5? inclusive1 ( natural size1 view$ lat]ally4 ,a4 ,wild ,rabbit4 ,b4 ,l>ge1 ,h>e-col\r$1 s call$ ,spani% ,rabbit4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ae4--,t]m9al bone ( ,/]num1 ( natural size4 ,a4 ,wild ,rabbit4 ,b4 ,h>e-col\r$1 ,lop-e>$ ,rabbit4 ,c4 ,h>e-col\r$1 ,spani% ,rabbit4 7,n4,b4 ,! left-h& angle ( ! upp] articul> extremity ( ,b 0 brok51 & has be5 accid5tally ?us repres5t$47 ,lumb> v]tebrae4--,i h /at$ t 9 two cases !re 7 eight in/ead ( sev5 lumb> v]tebrae4 ,! ?ird lumb> v]tebra 9 "o skeleton ( a wild ,briti% rabbit1 & 9 "o ( ! ,porto ,santo f]al rabbits1 _h a haemal sp9e2 :il/ 9 f\r skeletons ( l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits1 & 9 ! ,himalayan rabbit1 ?is same v]tebra _h a well-develop$ haemal sp9e4 ,pelvis4--,9 f\r wild specim5s ?is bone 0 almo/ absolutely id5tical 9 %ape2 b 9 sev]al dome/icat$ bre$s %ades ( diff]5ces #abc c\ld be di/+ui%$4 ,9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits ! :ole upp] "p ( ! ilium is /raight]1 or less splay$ outw>ds1 ?an 9 ! wild rabbit2 & ! tub]osity on ! inn] lip ( ! ant]ior & upp] "p ( ! ilium is proportionally m prom95t4 ,/]num4--,! po/]ior end ( ! po/]ior /]nal bone 9 ! wild rabbit 7fig4 #ae1 ,a7 is ?9 & slightly enl>g$2 9 "s ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits 7,b7 x is mu* m enl>g$ t[>ds ! extremity2 :il/ 9 o!r specim5s 7,c7 x keeps ne>ly ( ! same bread? f end to end1 b is mu* ?ick] at ! extremity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #af4--;,acromion ( ,scapula1 ( natural size4 ,a4 ,wild ,rabbit4 ,b1 ,c1 ,d2 ,l>ge1 ,lop-e>$ ,rabbits4 ,scapula4--,! acromion s5ds out a rectangul> b>1 end+ 9 an oblique knob1 :i* latt] 9 ! wild rabbit 7fig4 #af1 ,a7 v>ies a little 9 %ape & size1 z does ! apex ( ! acromion 9 %>pness1 & ! "p j bel[ ! rectangul> b> 9 bread?4 ,b ! v>iations 9 ^! respects 9 ! wild rabbit are v slight2 :il/ 9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits !y are consid]able4 ,?us 9 "s specim5s 7,b7 ! oblique t]m9al knob is develop$ into a %ort b>1 =m+ an obtuse angle ) ! rectangul> b>4 ,9 ano!r specim5 7,c7 ^! two unequal b>s =m ne>ly a /raight l9e4 ,! apex ( ! acromion v>ies mu* 9 bread? & %>pness1 z may be se5 by comp>+ figs4 ,b1 ,c1 & ,d4 ,limbs4--,9 ^! ,i c\ld detect no v>iation2 b ! bones ( ! feet 7 too tr\blesome to comp>e ) mu* c>e4 ,i h n[ describ$ all ! diff]5ces 9 ! skeletons :i* ,i h obs]v$4 ,x is impossible n to be /ruck ) ! high degree ( v>iability or pla/icity ( _m ( ! bones4 ,we see h[ errone\s ! (t5-repeat$ /atem5t is1 t only ! cre/s ( ! bones :i* give atta*m5t to muscles v>y 9 %ape1 & t only p>ts ( slight importance #abd become modifi$ "u dome/ication4 ,no "o w say1 = in/ance1 t ! occipital =am51 or ! atlas1 or ! ?ird c]vical v]tebra is a "p ( slight importance4 ,if ! sev]al v]tebrae ( ! wild & lop-e>$ rabbits1 ( :i* figures h be5 giv51 _h be5 f\nd fossil1 palaeontologi/s w\ld h decl>$ )\t hesitation t !y _h belong$ to di/9ct species4 ,! effects ( ! use & disuse ( p>ts4--,9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits ! relative proportional l5g?s ( ! bones ( ! same leg1 & ( ! front & h9d legs comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 h rema9$ ne>ly ! same z 9 ! wild rabbit2 b 9 weight1 ! bones ( ! h9d legs app>5tly h n increas$ 9 due proportion ) ! front legs4 ,! weight ( ! :ole body 9 ! l>ge rabbits exam9$ by me 0 f twice to twice & a half z great z t ( ! wild rabbit2 & ! weight ( ! bones ( ! front & h9d limbs tak5 toge!r 7exclud+ ! feet1 on acc\nt ( ! difficulty ( p]fectly clean+ s _m small bones7 has increas$ 9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits 9 ne>ly ! same proportion2 consequ5tly 9 due proportion to ! weight ( body :i* !y h to support4 ,if we take ! l5g? ( ! body z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 ! limbs ( ! l>ge rabbits h n increas$ 9 l5g? 9 due proportion by "o in*1 or by "o in* & a half4 ,aga91 if we take z ! /&>d ( comp>ison ! l5g? ( ! skull1 :i*1 z we h be=e se51 has n increas$ 9 l5g? 9 due proportion to ! l5g? ( body1 ! limbs w be f\nd to be1 proportionally ) ^? ( ! wild rabbit1 f half to ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* too %ort4 ,h5ce1 :atev] /&>d ( comp>ison be tak51 ! limb-bones ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits h n increas$ 9 l5g?1 ?\gh !y h 9 weight1 9 full proportion to ! o!r p>ts ( ! frame2 & ?is1 ,i presume1 may be acc\nt$ = by ! inactive life :i* dur+ _m g5]ations !y h sp5t4 ,nor has ! scapula increas$ 9 l5g? 9 due proportion to ! increas$ l5g? ( ! body4 ,! capacity ( ! osse\s case ( ! bra9 is a m int]e/+ po9t1 to :i* ,i 0 l$ to att5d by f9d+1 z previ\sly /at$1 t ) all dome/icat$ rabbits ! l5g? ( ! skull relatively to its bread? has greatly increas$ 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! wild rabbit4 ,if we _h possess$ a l>ge numb] ( dome/icat$ rabbits ( ne>ly ! same size ) ! wild rabbit1 x w\ld h be5 a simple task to h measur$ & comp>$ ! capacities ( _! skulls4 ,b ?is is n ! case2 almo/ all ! dome/ic bre$s h l>g] bodies ?an wild rabbits1 & ! lop-e>$ k9ds are m ?an d\ble _! weight4 ,z a small animal has to ex]t its s5ses1 intellect1 & in/9cts equally ) a l>ge animal1 we ought n by any means to expect an animal twice or ?rice z l>ge z ano!r to h a bra9 ( d\ble or treble ! size4#bgc ,n[1 aft] weigh+ #abe ! bodies ( f\r wild rabbits1 & ( f\r l>ge b n fatt5$ lop-e>$ rabbits1 ,i f9d t on an av]age ! wild are to ! lop-e>$ 9 weight z #a to #b4dg2 9 av]age l5g? ( body z #a to #a4da2 :il/ 9 capacity ( skull 7measur$ z h]eaft] to be describ$7 !y are only z #a to #a4ae4 ,h5ce we see t ! capacity ( ! skull1 & consequ5tly ! size ( ! bra91 has increas$ b little1 relatively to ! increas$ size ( ! body2 & ?is fact expla9s ! n>r[ness ( ! skull relatively to its l5g? 9 all dome/ic rabbits4 ,9 ! upp] half ( ! foll[+ table ,i h giv5 ! measurem5ts ( ! skulls ( t5 wild rabbits2 & 9 ! l[] half ( elev5 ?or\ghly dome/icat$ k9ds4 ,z ^! rabbits diff] s greatly 9 size1 x is necess>y to h "s /&>d by :i* to comp>e ! capacities ( _! skulls4 ,i h select$ ! l5g? ( skull z ! be/ /&>d1 = 9 ! l>g] rabbits x has n1 z already /at$1 increas$ 9 l5g? s mu* z ! body2 b z ! skull1 l e o!r "p1 v>ies 9 l5g?1 nei!r x nor any o!r "p af=ds a p]fect /&>d4 ,9 ! fir/ column ( figures ! extreme l5g? ( ! skull is giv5 9 in*es & decimals4 ,i am aw>e t ^! measurem5ts pret5d to great] accuracy ?an is possible2 b ,i h f\nd x ! lea/ tr\ble to record ! exact l5g? :i* ! compass gave4 ,! second & ?ird columns give ! l5g? & weight ( body1 :5ev] ^! measurem5ts h be5 made4 ,! f\r? column gives ! capacity ( ! skull by ! weight ( small %ot ) :i* ! skulls _h be5 fill$2 b x is n pret5d$ t ^! weights are accurate )9 a few gra9s4 ,9 ! fif? column ! capacity is giv5 :i* ! skull ought to h _h by calculation1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( skull1 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! wild rabbit ,no4 #a2 9 ! six? column ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! actual & calculat$ capacities1 & 9 ! sev5? ! p]c5tage ( increase or decrease1 are giv54 ,= in/ance1 z ! wild rabbit ,no4 #e has a %ort] & light] body ?an ! wild rabbit ,no4 #a1 we might h expect$ t its skull w\ld h _h less capacity2 ! actual capacity1 z express$ by ! weight ( %ot1 is #hge gra9s1 :i* is #ig gra9s less ?an t ( ! fir/ rabbit4 ,b comp>+ ^! two rabbits by ! l5g? ( _! skulls1 we see t 9 ,no4 #a ! skull is #c4ae in*es 9 l5g?1 & 9 ,no4 #e #b4if in*es 9 l5g?2 accord+ to ?is ratio1 ! bra9 ( ,no4 #e ought to h _h a capacity ( #iac gra9s ( %ot1 :i* is above ! actual capacity1 b only by #ch gra9s4 ,or1 to put ! case 9 ano!r way 7z 9 column ,,vii71 ! bra9 ( ?is small rabbit1 ,no4 #e1 = e #ajj gra9s ( weight is only #d p] c5t4 too light1--t is1 x ought1 accord+ to ! /&>d rabbit ,no4 #a1 to h be5 #d p] c5t4 heavi]4 ,i h tak5 ! rabbit ,no4 #a z ! /&>d ( comp>ison because1 ( ! skulls hav+ a full av]age l5g?1 ?is has ! lea/ capacity2 s t x is ! lea/ fav\rable to ! result :i* ,i wi% to %[1 namely1 t ! bra9 9 all long-dome/icat$ rabbits has decreas$ 9 size1 ei!r actually1 or relatively to ! l5g? ( ! head & body1 9 comp>ison ) ! bra9 ( ! wild rabbit4 ,_h ,i tak5 ! ,iri% rabbit1 ,no4 #c1 z ! /&>d1 ! foll[+ results w\ld h be5 some:at m /rik+4 ,turn+ to ! ,table3 ! fir/ f\r wild rabbits h skulls ( ! same l5g?1 & ^! diff] b little 9 capacity4 ,! ,s&on rabbit #abf 7,no4 #d7 is int]e/+1 z1 ?\gh n[ wild1 x is kn[n to be desc5d$ f a dome/icat$ bre$1 z is /ill %[n by its peculi> col\r+ & long] body2 nev]!less ! skull has recov]$ its normal l5g? & full capacity4 ,! next ?ree rabbits are wild1 b ( small size1 & !y all h skulls ) slightly less5$ capacities4 ,! ?ree ,porto ,santo f]al rabbits 7,nos4 #h to #aj7 (f] a p]plex+ case2 _! bodies are greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 z 9 a less] degree are _! skulls 9 l5g? & 9 actual capacity1 9 comp>ison ) ! skulls ( wild ,engli% rabbits4 ,b :5 we comp>e ! capacities ( ! skull 9 ! ?ree ,porto ,santo rabbits1 we obs]ve a surpris+ diff]5ce1 :i* does n /& 9 any relation to ! slight diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( _! skulls1 nor1 z ,i believe1 to any diff]5ce 9 ! size ( _! bodies2 b ,i neglect$ to weigh sep>ately _! bodies4 ,i c h>dly suppose t ! m$ull>y matt] ( ! bra9 9 ^! ?ree rabbits1 liv+ "u simil> conditions1 c diff] z mu* z is indicat$ by ! proportional diff]5ce ( capacity 9 _! skulls2 nor d ,i "k :e!r x is possible t "o bra9 may conta9 consid]ably m fluid ?an ano!r4 ,h5ce ,i c ?r[ no light on ?is case4 ,look+ to ! l[] half ( ! ,table1 :i* gives ! measurem5ts ( dome/icat$ rabbits1 we see t 9 all ! capacity ( ! skull is less1 b 9 v v>i\s degrees1 ?an might h be5 anticipat$ accord+ to ! l5g? ( _! skulls1 relatively to t ( ! wild rabbit ,no4 #a4 ,9 l9e #bb ! av]age measurem5ts ( sev5 l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits are giv54 ,n[ ! "q arises1 has ! av]age capacity ( ! skull 9 ^! sev5 l>ge rabbits increas$ z mu* z might h be5 expect$ f _! greatly increas$ size ( body4 ,we may endeav\r to answ] ?is "q 9 two ways3 9 ! upp] half ( ! ,table we h measurem5ts ( ! skulls ( six small wild rabbits 7,nos4 #e to #aj71 & we f9d t on an av]age ! skulls are 9 l5g? 4#ah ( an in* %ort]1 & 9 capacity #ia gra9s less1 ?an ! av]age l5g? & capacity ( ! ?ree fir/ wild rabbits on ! li/4 ,! sev5 l>ge lop-c>$ rabbits1 on an av]age1 h skulls #d4aa in*es 9 l5g?1 & #aacf gra9s 9 capacity2 s t ^! skulls h increas$ 9 l5g? m ?an five times z mu* z ! skulls ( ! six small wild rabbits h decreas$ 9 l5g?2 h5ce we might h expect$ t ! skulls ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits w\ld h increas$ 9 capacity five times z mu* z ! skulls ( ! six small rabbits h decreas$ 9 capacity2 & ?is w\ld h giv5 an av]age increas$ capacity ( #dee gra9s1 :il/ ! real av]age increase is only #aee gra9s4 ,aga91 ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits h bodies ( ne>ly ! same weight & size z ! common h>e1 b _! heads are long]2 consequ5tly1 if ! lop-e>$ rabbits _h be5 wild1 x might h be5 expect$ t _! skulls w\ld h _h ne>ly ! same capacity z t ( ! skull ( ! h>e4 ,b ?is is f> f be+ ! case2 = ! av]age capacity ( ! two h>e-skulls 7,nos4 #bc1 #bd7 is s mu* l>g] ?an ! av]age capacity ( ! sev5 lop-c>$ skulls1 t ! latt] w\ld h to be increas$ #ba p] c5t4 to come up to ! /&>d ( ! h>e4#bgd #abg ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,i4 ,,ii4 ,l5g? ,"n ( ,bre$4 ,l5g? ( ,body f ,,wild ,,& ,,semi-,,wild ,,rabbits4 ( ,incisors to ,skull4 ,anus4 ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ in*es4 in*es4 #a4 ,wild rabbit1 ,k5t #c4ae #ag4d #b4 ,%etl& ,isl&s #c4ae 44 #c4 ,irel& #c4ae 44 #d4 ,dome/ic rabbit1 run wild1 ,s&on #c4ae #ah4e #e4 ,wild1 common v>iety1 small specim51 ,k5t #b4if #ag4j #f4 ,wild1 fawn-col\r$ v>iety1 ,scotl& #c4a 44 #g4 ,silv]-grey1 small specim51 ,!t=d w>r5 #b4ie #ae4e #h4 ,f]al rabbit1 ,porto ,santo #b4hc 44 #i4 #b4he 44 #aj4 #b4ie 44 ,av]age ( ! ?ree ,porto ,santo ,rabbits #b4hh 44 ,dome/ic ,rabbits #aa4 ,himalayan #c4e #bj4e #ab4 ,mosc[ #c4be #ag4j #ac4 ,angora #c4e #ai4e #ad4 ,*9*illa #c4fe #bb4j #ae4 ,l>ge lop-e>$ #d4a #bd4e #af4 #d4a #be4j #ag4 #d4jg 44 #ah4 #d4a #be4j #ai4 #d4c 44 #bj4 #d4be 44 #ba4 ,l>ge h>e-col\r$ #c4hf #bd4j #bb4 ,av]age ( above sev5 l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits #d4aa #bd4fb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ #bc4 ,h>e 7,l4 timidus7 ,engli% specim5 #c4fa #bd4 ,g]man specim5 #c4hb ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- ,,iii4 ,,iv4 ,v4 ,,vi4 ,capacity calculat$ ,diff]5ce ,capacity ( accord+ to betwe5 ,weight ,skull ,l5g? ( actual & ( measur$ by ,skull relatively calculat$ :ole ,body4 ,small ,%ot4 to t capacities ( ,no4 #a4 ( ,skulls4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- lbs4 ozs4 gra9s4 gra9s4 gra9s4 #a4 #c #e #igb 44 44 #b4 44 #igi 44 44 #c4 44 #iib 44 44 #d4 44 #igg #e4 #b #ad #hge #iac #ch #f4 44 #iah #iej #cb #g4 #b #aa #ich #iaj #bh #h4 44 #hic #hgc #bj #i4 44 #gef #hgi #abc #aj4 44 #hce #iaj #ge 7,av]age7 44 #hbh #hhh #fj #aa4 44 #ifc #ajhj #aag #ab4 #c #h #hjc #ajjb #aii #ac4 #c #a #fig #ajhj #chc #ad4 44 #iie #aabf #aca #ae4 #g #j #ajfe #abfe #bjj #af4 #g #ac #aaec #abfe #aab #ag4 44 #ajcg #abee #bah #ah4 #g #d #abjh #abfe #eg #ai4 44 #abcb #acbf #id #bj4 44 #aabd #acaa #ahg #ba4 #f #ad #aaca #aaia #fj #bb4 #g #d #aacf #abfh #acb ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- #bc4 #g #j #acae #bd4 #g #j #adee ---------------------------------------- ----------------------- --------------------------------------- ,,vii4 ,%[+ h[ mu* p] c5t4 ! ,bra91 by calculation1 accord+ to ! l5g? ( ! ,skull1 is too light or too heavy1 relatively to ! ,bra9 ( ! ,wild ,rabbit ,no4 #a4 --------------------------------------- #a4 #b4 #c4 7 #b p] c5t4 too heavy 9 7 comp>ison ) ,no4 #a4 #d4 #e4 #d p] c5t4 too light4 #f4 #c #g4 #c too heavy4 #h4 #b #i4 #af too light4 #aj4 #i ,av4 #g #aa4 #ab #ab4 #bd #ac4 #ed #ad4 #ac #ae4 #ah #af4 #i #ag4 #ba #ah4 #d #ai4 #g #bj4 #af #ba4 #e #bb4 #aa --------------------------------------- #bc4 #bd4 --------------------------------------- #abh ,i h previ\sly rem>k$ t1 if we _h possess$ _m dome/ic rabbits ( ! same av]age size ) ! wild rabbit1 x w\ld h be5 easy to comp>e ! capacity ( _! skulls4 ,n[ ! ,himalayan1 ,mosc[1 & ,angora rabbits 7,nos4 #aa1 #ab1 #ac ( ,table7 are only a little l>g] 9 body1 & h skulls only a little long]1 ?an ! wild animal1 & we see t ! actual capacity ( _! skulls is less ?an 9 ! wild animal1 & consid]ably less by calculation 7column #g71 accord+ to ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( _! skulls4 ,! n>r[ness ( ! bra9-case 9 ^! ?ree rabbits c\ld be pla9ly se5 & prov$ by ext]nal measurem5t4 ,! ,*9*illa rabbit 7,no4 #ad7 is a consid]ably l>g] animal ?an ! wild rabbit1 yet ! capacity ( its skull only slightly exce$s t ( ! wild rabbit4 ,! ,angora rabbit1 ,no4 #ac1 (f]s ! mo/ rem>kable case2 ?is animal 9 its pure :ite col\r & l5g? ( silky fur be>s ! /amp ( long dome/icity4 ,x has a consid]ably long] head & body ?an ! wild rabbit1 b ! actual capacity ( its skull is less ?an t ( ev5 ! little wild ,porto ,santo rabbits4 ,by ! /&>d ( ! l5g? ( skull ! capacity 7see column #g7 is only half ( :at x ought to h be56 ,i kept ?is individual animal alive1 & x 0 n unheal?y nor idiotic4 ,?is case ( ! ,angora rabbit s mu* surpris$ me1 t ,i repeat$ all ! measurem5ts & f\nd !m correct4 ,i h also comp>$ ! capacity ( ! skull ( ! ,angora ) t ( ! wild rabbit by o!r /&>ds1 namely1 by ! l5g? & weight ( ! body1 & by ! weight ( ! limb-bones2 b by all ^! /&>ds ! bra9 appe>s to be mu* too small1 ?\gh 9 a less degree :5 ! /&>d ( ! limb-bones 0 us$2 & ?is latt] circum/ance may probably be acc\nt$ = by ! ,limbs ( ?is anci5tly dome/icat$ bre$ hav+ become mu* r$uc$ 9 weight1 f its long-cont9u$ inactive life4 ,h5ce ,i inf] t 9 ! ,angora bre$1 :i* is said to diff] f o!r bre$s 9 be+ quiet] & m social1 ! capacity ( ! skull has really und]gone a rem>kable am\nt ( r$uction4 ,f ! sev]al facts above giv51--namely1 fir/ly1 t ! actual capacity ( ! skull 9 ! ,himalayan1 ,mosc[1 & ,angora bre$s1 is less ?an 9 ! wild rabbit1 ?\gh !y are 9 all _! dim5sions r l>g] animals2 secondly1 t ! capacity ( ! skull ( ! l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits has n be5 increas$ 9 ne>ly ! same ratio z ! capacity ( ! skull ( ! small] wild rabbits has be5 decreas$2 & ?irdly1 t ! capacity ( ! skull 9 ^! same l>ge lop-e>$ rabbits is v inf]ior to t ( ! h>e1 an animal ( ne>ly ! same #abi size1--,i conclude1 not)/&+ ! rem>kable diff]5ces 9 capacity 9 ! skulls ( ! small ,p4 ,santo rabbits1 & likewise 9 ! l>ge lop-e>$ k9ds1 t 9 all long-dome/icat$ rabbits ! bra9 has ei!r by no means increas$ 9 due proportion ) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! head & increas$ size ( ! body1 or t x has actually decreas$ 9 size1 relatively to :at w\ld h occurr$ _h ^! animals liv$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,:5 we rememb] t rabbits1 f hav+ be5 dome/icat$ & closely conf9$ dur+ _m g5]ations1 _c h ex]t$ _! intellect1 in/9cts1 s5ses1 & volunt>y movem5ts1 ei!r 9 escap+ f v>i\s dang]s or 9 se>*+ = food1 we may conclude t _! bra9s w h be5 feebly ex]cis$1 & consequ5tly h suff]$ 9 developm5t4 ,we ?us see t ! mo/ important & complicat$ organ 9 ! :ole organization is subject to ! law ( decrease 9 size f disuse4 ,f9ally1 let u sum up ! m important modifications :i* dome/ic rabbits h und]gone1 toge!r ) _! causes z f> z we c obscurely see !m4 ,by ! supply ( abundant & nutriti\s food1 toge!r ) little ex]cise1 & by ! cont9u$ selection ( ! heavie/ individuals1 ! weight ( ! l>g] bre$s has be5 m ?an d\bl$4 ,! bones ( ! limbs h increas$ 9 weight 7b ! h9d legs less ?an ! front legs71 9 due proportion ) ! increas$ weight ( body2 b 9 l5g? !y h n increas$ 9 due proportion1 & ?is may h be5 caus$ by ! want ( prop] ex]cise4 ,) ! increas$ size ( ! body ! ?ird c]vical v]tebra has assum$ *>act]s prop] to ! f\r? c]vical2 & ! eigh? & n9? dorsal v]tebrae h simil>ly assum$ *>act]s prop] to ! t5? & po/]ior v]tebrae4 ,! skull 9 ! l>g] bre$s has increas$ 9 l5g?1 b n 9 due proportion ) ! increas$ l5g? ( body2 ! bra9 has n duly increas$ 9 dim5sions1 or has ev5 actually decreas$1 & consequ5tly ! bony case = ! bra9 has rema9$ n>r[1 & by correlation has affect$ ! bones ( ! face & ! entire l5g? ( ! skull4 ,! skull has ?us acquir$ its *>act]i/ic n>r[ness4 ,f unkn[n causes ! supra-orbital processes ( ! frontal bones & ! free end ( ! mal> bones h increas$ 9 bread?2 & 9 ! l>g] bre$s #acj ! occipital =am5 is g5]ally mu* less deeply not*$ ?an 9 wild rabbits4 ,c]ta9 p>ts ( ! scapula & ! t]m9al /]nal bones h become highly v>iable 9 %ape4 ,! e>s h be5 increas$ enorm\sly 9 l5g? & bread? ?r\gh cont9u$ selection2 _! weight1 conjo9$ probably ) ! disuse ( _! muscles1 has caus$ !m to lop d[nw>ds2 & ?is has affect$ ! position & =m ( ! bony auditory meatus2 & ?is aga91 by correlation1 ! position 9 a slight degree ( almo/ e bone 9 ! upp] "p ( ! skull1 & ev5 ! position ( ! condyles ( ! l[] jaw4 99 99 99 99 99 #aca ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,dome/ic ,,pigeons4 ,,enum]ation ,,& ,,description ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s--,,individual ,,v>iability--,,v>iations ,,( ,a ,,rem>kable ,,nature--,,o/eological ,,*>act]s3 ,,skull1 ,,l[] ,,jaw1 ,,numb] ,,( ,,v]tebrae--,,correlation ,,( ,,gr[?3 ,,tongue ,,) ,,beak2 ,,eyelids ,,& ,,no/rils ,,) ,,wattl$ ,,sk9--,,numb] ,,( ,,w+-,,fea!rs1 ,,& ,,l5g? ,,( ,,w+--,,col\r ,,& ,,d[n--,,webb$ ,,& ,,fea!r$ ,,feet--,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,( ,,disuse--,,l5g? ,,( ,,feet ,,9 ,,correlation ,,) ,,l5g? ,,( ,,beak--,,l5g? ,,op ,,/]num1 ,,scapula1 ,,& ,,furcula--,,l5g? ,,( ,,w+s--,,summ>y ,,on ,,! ,,po9ts ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s ,i h be5 l$ to /udy dome/ic pigeons ) p>ticul> c>e1 because ! evid5ce t all ! dome/ic races h desc5d$ f "o kn[n s\rce is f> cle>] ?an ) any o!r anci5tly dome/icat$ animal4 ,secondly1 because _m treatises 9 sev]al languages1 "s ( !m old1 h be5 writt5 on ! pigeon1 s t we are enabl$ to trace ! hi/ory ( sev]al bre$s4 ,& la/ly1 because1 f causes :i* we c p>tly und]/&1 ! am\nt ( v>iation has be5 extraord9>ily great4 ,! details w (t5 be t$i\sly m9ute2 b no "o :o really wants to und]/& ! progress ( *ange 9 dome/ic animals w regret ?is2 & no "o :o has kept pigeons & has m>k$ ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! bre$s & ! tru5ess ) :i* mo/ ( !m propagate _! k9d1 w ?9k ?is c>e sup]flu\s4 ,not)/&+ ! cle> evid5ce t all ! bre$s are ! desc5dants ( a s+le species1 ,i c\ld n p]suade myself until "s ye>s _h pass$ t ! :ole am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 !m _h aris5 s9ce man fir/ dome/icat$ ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,i h kept alive all ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s1 :i* ,i c\ld procure 9 ,engl& or f ! ,cont95t2 & h prep>$ skeletons ( all4 ,i h receiv$ sk9s f ,p]sia1 & a l>ge numb] f ,india & o!r qu>t]s ( ! #acb _w4#bge ,s9ce my admission into two ( ! ,london pigeon-clubs1 ,i h receiv$ ! k9de/ assi/ance f _m ( ! mo/ em95t amateurs4#bgf ,! races ( ! ,pigeon :i* c be di/+ui%$1 & :i* bre$ true1 are v num]\s4 ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie#bgg describe 9 detail #abb k9ds2 & ,i c\ld add sev]al ,european k9ds n kn[n to !m4 ,9 ,india1 judg+ f ! sk9s s5t me1 !re are _m bre$s unkn[n "h2 & ,sir ,w4 ,elliot in=ms me t a collection import$ by an ,indian m]*ant into ,madras f ,cairo & ,con/ant9ople includ$ sev]al k9ds unkn[n 9 ,india4 ,i h no d\bt t !re exi/ consid]ably above #aej k9ds :i* bre$ true & h be5 sep>ately nam$4 ,b ( ^! ! f> great] numb] diff] f ea* o!r only 9 unimportant *>act]s4 ,su* diff]5ces w be "h entirely pass$ ov]1 & ,i %all conf9e myself to ! m important po9ts ( /ructure4 ,t _m important diff]5ces exi/ we %all pres5tly see4 ,i h look$ ?r\gh ! magnific5t collection ( ! ,columbidae 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 &1 ) ! exception ( a few =ms 7su* z ! ,didunculus1 ,cala5as1 ,g\ra1 c71 ,i d n hesitate to #acc affirm t "s dome/ic races ( ! rock-pigeon diff] fully z mu* f ea* o!r 9 ext]nal *>act]s z d ! mo/ di/9ct natural g5]a4 ,we may look 9 va9 ?r\gh ! #bhh kn[n species#bgh = a beak s small & conical z t ( ! %ort-fac$ tumbl]2 = "o s broad & %ort z t ( ! b>b2 = "o s long1 /raight1 & n>r[1 ) its enorm\s wattles1 z t ( ! ,engli% c>ri]2 = an exp&$ uprais$ tail l t ( ! fantail2 or = an oesophagus l t ( ! p\t]4 ,i d n = a mom5t pret5d t ! dome/ic races diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! :ole organisation z mu* z ! m di/9ct natural g5]a4 ,i ref] only to ext]nal *>act]s1 on :i*1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be confess$ t mo/ g5]a ( birds h be5 f\nd$4 ,:51 9 a future *apt]1 we discuss ! pr9ciple ( selection z foll[$ by man1 we %all cle>ly see :y ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! dome/ic races are almo/ always conf9$ to ext]nal1 or at lea/ to ext]nally visible1 *>act]s4 ,ow+ to ! am\nt & gradations ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al bre$s1 ,i h f\nd x indisp5sable 9 ! foll[+ classification to rank !m "u ,gr\ps1 ,races1 & ,sub-races2 to :i* v>ieties & sub-v>ieties1 all /rictly inh]it+ _! prop] *>act]s1 mu/ (t5 be add$4 ,ev5 ) ! individuals ( ! same sub-v>iety1 :5 long kept by diff]5t fanci]s1 diff]5t /ra9s c sometimes be recognis$4 ,!re c be no d\bt t1 if well-*>act]iz$ =ms ( ! sev]al ,races _h be5 f\nd wild1 all w\ld h be5 rank$ z di/9ct species1 & sev]al ( !m w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 plac$ by orni?ologi/s 9 di/9ct g5]a4 ,a good classification ( ! v>i\s dome/ic bre$s is extremely difficult1 ow+ to ! mann] 9 :i* _m ( ! =ms graduate into ea* o!r2 b x is curi\s h[ exactly ! same difficulties are enc\nt]$1 & ! same rules h to be foll[$1 z 9 ! classification ( any natural b difficult gr\p ( organic be+s4 ,an artificial classification might be foll[$ :i* w\ld pres5t few] difficulties ?an a natural classification2 b !n x w\ld int]rupt _m pla9 aff9ities4 ,extreme =ms c readily be def9$2 b int]m$iate & tr\blesome =ms #acd (t5 de/roy our def9itions4 ,=ms :i* may be call$ ab]rant mu/ sometimes be includ$ )9 gr\ps to :i* !y d n accurately belong4 ,*>act]s ( all k9ds mu/ be us$2 b z ) birds 9 a /ate ( nature1 ^? af=d$ by ! beak are ! be/ & mo/ readily appreciat$4 ,x is n possible to weigh ! importance ( all ! *>act]s :i* h to be us$ s z to make ! gr\ps & sub-gr\ps ( equal value4 ,la/ly1 a gr\p may conta9 only "o race1 & ano!r & less di/9ctly def9$ gr\p may conta9 sev]al races & sub-races1 & 9 ?is case x is difficult1 z 9 ! classification ( natural species1 to avoid plac+ too high a value on *>act]s :i* are common to a l>ge numb] ( =ms4 ,9 my measurem5ts ,i h nev] tru/$ to ! eye2 & :5 speak+ ( a "p be+ l>ge or small1 ,i always ref] to ! wild rock-pigeon 7,columba livia7 z ! /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,! measurem5ts are giv5 9 decimals ( an in*4#bgi ,i w n[ give a brief description ( all ! pr9cipal bre$s4 ,! foll[+ diagram may aid ! read] 9 le>n+ _! names & see+ _! aff9ities4 ,! rock-pigeon1 or ,columba livia 7includ+ "u ?is "n two or ?ree closely-alli$ sub-species or geographical races1 h]eaft] to be describ$71 may be confid5tly view$1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]1 z ! common p>5t-=m4 ,! names 9 italics on ! "r-h& side ( ! table %[ u ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s1 or ^? :i* h und]gone ! greate/ am\nt ( modification4 ,! l5g?s ( ! dott$ l9es rudely repres5t ! degree ( di/9ctness ( ea* bre$ f ! p>5t-/ock1 & ! names #ace plac$ "u ea* o!r 9 ! columns %[ ! m or less closely connect+ l9ks4 ,! di/ances ( ! dott$ l9es f ea* o!r approximately repres5t ! am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al bre$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ag4--,! ,rock-pigeon1 or ,columba livia4#bhj ,! p>5t-=m ( all dome/icat$ ,pigeons4 #acf ,,columba ,,livia or ,,rock-,,pigeon ,,gr\p ,i4 ,,gr\p ,,ii4 #a4 ,,sub- #b4 #c4 #d4 4 ,,gr\ps4 4 4 ,kali-,p> 4 4 4 4 4 444,murassa 4 4 4 4 4 ,bussorah 4 4 4 44444444444444444444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,bagadott5 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,sc&]oon 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,tronfo 4 4 4 4 4 ,g]man ,p4 4 4 4 4 ,lille ,p4 4 4 4 4 4 ,dragon ,pigeon 4 4 4 4 ,cygne 4 ,dut* ,p4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4444444 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,engli% ,engli% ,runt4 ,b>b4 ,p\t]4 ,c>ri]4 ,,gr\p ,,iii4 ,,gr\p ,,iv4 #e4 #f4 #g4 #h4 #i4 ,,sub- #aj4 #aa4 4 4 4 4 4 ,,gr\ps4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,p]sian 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,tumbl] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,lotan 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,tumbl] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,common 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,tumbl] 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,java 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,fantail 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,turbit 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,trumpet]4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,laugh]4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,engli% ,frill-back4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,nun4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,spot4 4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,swall[4 4 4 4 4 4 4 ,dove-cot pigeon4 ,fantail4 ,african ,%ort- ,indian ,jacob94 ,owl4 fac$ ,frill- ,tumbl]4 back4 #acg ,,gr\p ,i4 ,?is gr\p includes a s+le race1 t ( ! ,p\t]s4 ,if ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ sub-race be tak51 namely1 ! ,improv$ ,engli% ,p\t]1 ?is is p]haps ! mo/ di/9ct ( all dome/icat$ pigeons4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ah4--;,engli% ,p\t]4 ,,race ,i4--,,p\t] ,,pigeons4 7,kropf-taub51 ,g]man4 ,grosses-gorges1 or b\lans1 ,fr5*47 ,oesophagus ( great size1 b>ely sep>at$ f ! crop1 (t5 inflat$4 ,body & legs elongat$4 ,beak ( mod]ate dim5sions4 #ach ,sub-race ,i4--,! improv$ ,engli% ,p\t]1 :5 its crop is fully inflat$1 pres5ts a truly a/oni%+ appe>ance4 ,! habit ( slightly inflat+ ! crop is common to all dome/ic pigeons1 b is c>ri$ to an extreme 9 ! ,p\t]4 ,! crop does n diff]1 except 9 size1 f t ( o!r pigeons2 b is less pla9ly sep>at$ by an oblique con/ruction f ! oesophagus4 ,! diamet] ( ! upp] "p ( ! oesophagus is imm5se1 ev5 close up to ! head4 ,! beak 9 "o bird :i* ,i possess$ 0 almo/ completely buri$ :5 ! oesophagus 0 fully exp&$4 ,! males1 especially :5 excit$1 p\t m ?an ! females1 & !y glory 9 ex]cis+ ?is p[]4 ,if a bird w n1 to use ! te*nical expression1 play1 ! fanci]1 z ,i h witness$1 by tak+ ! beak into 8 m\?1 bl[s him up l a balloon2 & ! bird1 !n puff$ up ) w9d & pride1 /ruts ab\t1 reta9+ 8 magnific5t size z long z he c4 ,p\t]s (t5 take flight ) _! crops inflat$2 & aft] "o ( my birds _h swall[$ a good meal ( peas & wat]1 z he flew up 9 ord] to disgorge !m & ?us fe$ 8 ne>ly fl$g$ "y1 ,i h he>d ! peas rattl+ 9 8 inflat$ crop z if 9 a bladd]4 ,:5 fly+1 !y (t5 /rike ! backs ( _! w+s toge!r1 & ?us make a clapp+ noise4 ,p\t]s /& rem>kably upright1 & _! bodies are ?9 & elongat$4 ,9 connexion ) ?is =m ( body1 ! ribs are g5]ally broad] & ! v]tebrae m num]\s ?an 9 o!r bre$s4 ,f _! mann] ( /&+ _! legs appe> long] ?an !y really are1 ?\gh1 9 proportion ) ^? ( ,c4 livia1 ! legs & feet are actually long]4 ,! w+s appe> mu* elongat$1 b by measurem5t1 9 relation to ! l5g? ( body1 ?is is n ! case4 ,! beak likewise appe>s long]1 b x is 9 fact a little %ort] 7ab\t 4#jc ( an in*71 proportionally ) ! size ( ! body1 & relatively to ! beak ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,! ,p\t]1 ?\gh n bulky1 is a l>ge bird2 ,i measur$ "o :i* 0 #cda_/b in*es f tip to tip ( w+1 & #ai in*es f tip ( beak to end ( tail4 ,9 a wild rock-pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s ! same measurem5ts gave only #bha_/d & #adc_/d4 ,!re are _m sub-v>ieties ( ! ,p\t] ( diff]5t col\rs1 b ^! ,i pass ov]4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,dut* ,p\t]4--,?is seems to be ! p>5t-=m ( our improv$ ,engli% ,p\t]s4 ,i kept a pair1 b ,i suspect t !y 7 n pure birds4 ,!y are small] ?an ,engli% p\t]s1 & less well develop$ 9 all _! *>act]s4 ,neumei/]#bha says t ! w+s are cross$ ov] ! tail1 & d n rea* to its extremity4 ,sub-race ,,iii4 ,! ,lille ,p\t]--,i "k ?is bre$ only f description4#bhb ,x approa*es 9 g5]al =m ! ,dut* ,p\t]1 b ! inflat$ oesophagus assumes a sph]ical =m1 z if ! pigeon _h swall[$ a l>ge orange1 :i* _h /uck close "u ! beak4 ,?is inflat$ ball is repres5t$ z ris+ to a level ) ! cr[n ( ! head4 ,! middle toe alone is fea!r$4 ,a v>iety ( ?is sub-race1 call$ ! claquant1 is describ$ by ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie2 x p\ts b little1 & is *>act]is$ #aci by ! habit ( viol5tly hitt+ its w+s toge!r ov] its back1--a habit :i* ! ,engli% ,p\t] has 9 a slight degree4 ,sub-race ,,iv4 ,common ,g]man ,p\t]4--,i "k ?is bird only f ! figures & description giv5 by ! accurate ,neumei/]1 "o ( ! few writ]s on pigeons :o1 z ,i h f\nd1 may be always tru/$4 ,?is sub-race seems consid]ably diff]5t4 ,! upp] "p ( ! oesophagus is mu* less di/5d$4 ,! bird /&s less upright4 ,! feet are n fea!r$1 & ! legs & beak are %ort]4 ,9 ^! respects !re is an approa* 9 =m to ! common rock-pigeon4 ,! tail-fea!rs are v long1 yet ! tips ( ! clos$ w+s ext5d beyond ! end ( ! tail2 & ! l5g? ( ! w+s1 f tip to tip1 & ( ! body1 is great] ?an 9 ! ,engli% ,p\t]4 ,,gr\p ,,ii4 ,?is gr\p includes ?ree ,races1 namely1 ,c>ri]s1 ,runts1 & ,b>bs1 :i* are manife/ly alli$ to ea* o!r4 ,inde$1 c]ta9 c>ri]s & runts pass into ea* o!r by su* ins5sible gradations t an arbitr>y l9e has to be drawn betwe5 !m4 ,c>ri]s also graduate ?r\gh =eign bre$s into ! rock-pigeon4 ,yet1 if well-*>act]is$ ,c>ri]s & ,b>bs 7see figs4 #ai & #bj7 _h exi/$ z wild species1 no orni?ologi/ w\ld h plac$ !m 9 ! same g5us ) ea* o!r or ) ! rock-pigeon4 ,?is gr\p may1 z a g5]al rule1 be recognis$ by ! beak be+ long1 ) ! sk9 ov] ! no/rils swoll5 & (t5 c>unculat$ or wattl$1 & ) t r\nd ! eyes b>e & likewise c>unculat$4 ,! m\? is v wide1 & ! feet are l>ge4 ,nev]!less ! ,b>b1 :i* mu/ be class$ 9 ?is same gr\p1 has a v %ort beak1 & "s runts h v little b>e sk9 r\nd _! eyes4 ,,race ,,ii4--,,c>ri]s4 7,tu]kis*e ,taube3 ,pigeons ,turcs3 ,dragons47 ,beak elongat$1 n>r[1 po9t$2 eyes surr\nd$ by mu* nak$1 g5]ally c>unculat$ sk92 neck & body elongat$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ai4--;,engli% ,c>ri]4 ,sub-race ,i4 ,! ,engli% ,c>ri]4--,?is is a f9e bird1 ( l>ge size1 close fea!r$1 g5]ally d>k-col\r$1 ) an elongat$ neck4 ,! beak is att5uat$ & ( wond]ful l5g?3 9 "o specim5 x 0 #a4d in* 9 l5g? f ! fea!r$ base to ! tip2 !re=e ne>ly twice z long z t ( ! rock-pigeon1 :i* measur$ only 4#gg4 ,:5ev] ,i comp>e proportionally any "p 9 ! c>ri] & rock-pigeon1 ,i take ! l5g? ( ! body f ! base ( ! beak to ! end ( ! tail z ! /&>d ( comp>ison2 & accord+ to ?is /&>d1 ! beak 9 "o #adj ,c>ri] 0 ne>ly half an in* long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! upp] m&ible is (t5 slightly ar*$4 ,! tongue is v long4 ,! developm5t ( ! c>unculat$ sk9 or wattle r\nd ! eyes1 ov] ! no/rils1 & on ! l[] m&ible1 is prodigi\s4 ,! eyelids1 measur$ longitud9ally1 7 9 "s specim5s exactly twice z long z 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! ext]nal orifice or furr[ ( ! no/rils 0 also twice z long4 ,! op5 m\? 9 its wide/ "p 0 9 "o case 4#ge ( an in* 9 wid?1 :]eas 9 ! rock-pigeon x is only ab\t 4#d ( an in*4 ,?is great wid? ( m\? is %[n 9 ! skeleton by ! reflex$ edges ( ! ramus ( ! l[] jaw4 ,! head is flat on ! summit & n>r[ betwe5 ! orbits4 ,! feet are l>ge & co>se2 ! l5g?1 z #ada measur$ f end ( h9d toe to end ( middle toe 7)\t ! claws71 0 9 two specim5s #b4f in*es2 & ?is1 proportionally ) ! rock-pigeon1 is an excess ( ne>ly a qu>t] ( an in*4 ,"o v f9e ,c>ri] measur$ #caa_/b in*es f tip to tip ( w+4 ,birds ( ?is sub-race are too valuable to be fl[n z c>ri]s4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,dragons2 ,p]sian ,c>ri]s4--,! ,engli% ,dragon diff]s f ! improv$ ,engli% ,c>ri] 9 be+ small] 9 all its dim5sions1 & 9 hav+ less wattle r\nd ! eyes & ov] ! no/rils1 & none on ! l[] m&ible4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot s5t me f ,madras a ,bagdad ,c>ri] 7sometimes call$ kh&esi71 ! "n ( :i* %[s its ,p]sian orig92 x w\ld be consid]$ "h a v poor ,dragon2 ! body 0 ( ! size ( ! rock-pigeon1 ) ! beak a little long]1 namely1 #a in* f ! tip to ! fea!r$ base4 ,! sk9 r\nd ! eyes 0 only slightly wattl$1 :il/ t ov] ! no/rils 0 fairly wattl$4 ,! ,hon4 ,c4 ,murray1 also1 s5t me two ,c>ri]s direct f ,p]sia2 ^! _h ne>ly ! same "* z ! ,madras bird1 be+ ab\t z l>ge z ! rock-pigeon1 b ! beak 9 "o specim5 0 z mu* z #a4ae 9 l5g?2 ! sk9 ov] ! no/rils 0 only mod]ately1 & t r\nd ! eyes sc>cely at all wattl$4 ,sub-race ,,iii4 ,bagadott5-,taub5 ( ,neumei/] 7,pavdott5 or ,hock]-,taub574--,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,baily1 jun41 a dead specim5 ( ?is s+ul> bre$ import$ f ,g]many4 ,x is c]ta9ly alli$ to ! ,runts2 nev]!less1 f its close aff9ity ) ,c>ri]s1 x w be conv5i5t "h to describe x4 ,! beak is long1 & is hook$ or b[$ d[nw>ds 9 a highly rem>kable mann]1 z w be se5 9 ! woodcut to be h]eaft] giv5 :5 ,i treat ( ! skeleton4 ,! eyes are surr\nd$ by a wide space ( bright r$ sk91 :i*1 z well z t ov] ! no/rils1 is mod]ately wattl$4 ,! brea/-bone is rem>kably protub]ant1 be+ abruptly b[$ outw>ds4 ,! feet & t>si are ( great l5g?1 l>g] ?an 9 fir/-rate ,engli% ,c>ri]s4 ,! :ole bird is ( l>ge size1 b 9 proportion to ! size ( ! body ! fea!rs ( ! w+ & tail are %ort2 a wild rock-pigeon1 ( consid]ably less size1 _h tail-fea!rs #d4f in*es 9 l5g?1 :]eas 9 ! l>ge ,bagadott5 ^! fea!rs 7 sc>cely ov] #d4a in*es 9 l5g?4 ,ri$el#bhc rem>ks t x is a v sil5t bird4 ,sub-race ,,iv4 ,bussorah ,c>ri]4--,two specim5s 7 s5t me by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot f ,madras1 "o 9 spirits & ! o!r sk9n$4 ,! "n %[s its ,p]sian orig94 ,x is mu* valu$ 9 ,india1 & is consid]$ z a di/9ct bre$ f ! ,bagdad ,c>ri]1 :i* =ms my second sub-race4 ,at fir/ ,i suspect$ t ^! two sub-races might h be5 rec5tly =m$ by crosses ) o!r bre$s1 ?\gh ! e/imation 9 :i* !y are held r5d]s ?is improbable2 b 9 a ,p]sian treatise1#bhd believ$ to h be5 writt5 ab\t #ajj ye>s ago1 ! ,bagdad & ,bussorah bre$s are describ$ z di/9ct4 ,! ,bussorah ,c>ri] is ( ab\t ! same size ) ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,! %ape ( ! beak1 ) "s little c>unculat$ sk9 ov] ! no/rils1--! mu* elongat$ eyelids1--! #adb broad m\? measur$ int]nally1--! n>r[ head1--! feet proportionally a little long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1--& ! g5]al appe>ance1 all %[ t ?is bird is an und\bt$ ,c>ri]2 yet 9 "o specim5 ! beak 0 ( exactly ! same l5g? z 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 ! o!r specim5 ! beak 7z well z ! op5+ ( ! no/rils7 0 only a v little long]1 viz4 by 4#jh ( an in*4 ,al?\gh !re 0 a consid]able space ( b>e & slightly c>unculat$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes1 t ov] ! no/rils 0 only 9 a slight degree rugose4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot in=ms me t 9 ! liv+ bird ! eye seems rem>kably l>ge & prom95t1 & ! same fact is notic$ 9 ! ,p]sian treatise2 b ! bony orbit is b>ely l>g] ?an t 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,among/ ! sev]al bre$s s5t to me f ,madras by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot !re is a pair ( ! ,kala ,p>1 black birds ) ! beak slightly elongat$1 ) ! sk9 ov] ! no/rils r full1 & ) a little nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes4 ,?is bre$ seems m closely alli$ to ! ,c>ri] ?an to any o!r bre$1 be+ ne>ly int]m$iate betwe5 ! ,bussorah ,c>ri] & ! rock-pigeon4 ,! names appli$ 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe & 9 ,india to ! sev]al k9ds ( ,c>ri]s all po9t to ,p]sia or ! surr\nd+ c\ntries z ! s\rce ( ?is ,race4 ,& x des]ves especial notice t1 ev5 if we neglect ! ,kala ,p> z ( d\btful orig91 we get a s]ies brok5 by v small /eps1 f ! rock-pigeon1 ?r\gh ! ,bussorah1 :i* sometimes has a beak n at all long] ?an t ( ! rock-pigeon & ) ! nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes & ov] ! no/rils v slightly swoll5 & c>unculat$1 ?r\gh ! ,bagdad sub-race & ,dragons1 to our improv$ ,engli% ,c>ri]s1 :i* pres5t s m>vell\s a diff]5ce f ! rock-pigeon or ,columba livia4 ,,race ,,iii4--,,runts4 7,sc&]oons3 ,die ,flor5t9]-,taube & ,h9kel-,taube ( ,neumei/]3 ,pigeon ,bagadais1 ,pigeon ,roma947 ,beak long1 massive2 body ( great size4 ,inextricable confusion reigns 9 ! classification1 aff9ities1 & nam+ ( ,runts4 ,sev]al *>act]s :i* are g5]ally pretty con/ant 9 o!r pigeons1 su* z ! l5g? ( ! w+s1 tail1 legs1 & neck1 & ! am\nt ( nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes1 are excessively v>iable 9 ,runts4 ,:5 ! nak$ sk9 ov] ! no/rils & r\nd ! eyes is consid]ably develop$ & wattl$1 & :5 ! size ( body is n v great1 ,runts graduate 9 s ins5sible a mann] into ,c>ri]s1 t ! di/9ction is q arbitr>y4 ,?is fact is likewise %[n by ! names giv5 to !m 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,europe4 ,nev]!less1 tak+ ! mo/ di/9ct =ms1 at lea/ five sub-races 7"s ( !m includ+ well-m>k$ v>ieties7 c be di/+ui%$1 :i* diff] 9 su* important po9ts ( /ructure1 t !y w\ld be consid]$ z good species 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,sub-race ,i4 ,sc&]oon ( ,engli% writ]s 7,die ,flor5t9] & ,h9kel-,taube ( ,neumei/]74--,birds ( ?is sub-race1 ( :i* ,i kept "o alive #adc & h s9ce se5 two o!rs1 diff] f ! ,bagadott5 ( ,neumei/] only 9 n hay+ ! beak ne>ly s mu* curv$ d[nw>ds1 & 9 ! nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes & ov] ! no/rils be+ h>dly at all wattl$4 ,nev]!less ,i h felt myself compell$ to place ! ,bagadott5 9 ,race ,,ii41 or t ( ! ,c>ri]s1 & ! pres5t bird 9 ,race ,,iii41 or t ( ! ,runts4 ,! ,sc&]oon has a v %ort1 n>r[1 & elevat$ tail2 w+s extremely %ort1 s t ! fir/ prim>y fea!rs 7 n long] ?an ^? ( a small tumbl] pigeon6 ,neck long1 mu* b[$2 brea/-bone prom95t4 ,beak long1 be+ #a4ae in* f tip to fea!r$ base2 v]tically ?ick2 slightly curv$ d[nw>ds4 ,! sk9 ov] ! no/rils swoll51 n wattl$2 nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes1 broad1 slightly c>unculat$4 ,legs long2 feet v l>ge4 ,sk9 ( neck bright r$1 (t5 %[+ a nak$ m$ial l9e1 ) a nak$ r$ pat* at ! di/ant end ( ! radius ( ! w+4 ,my bird1 z measur$ f ! base ( ! beak to ! root ( ! tail1 0 fully #b in*es long] ?an ! rock-pigeon2 yet ! tail itself 0 only #d in*es 9 l5g?1 :]eas 9 ! rock-pigeon1 :i* is a mu* small] bird1 ! tail is #d-e_/h in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! ,h9kel or ,flor5t9]-,taube ( ,neumei/] 7,table ,,xiii41 fig4 #a7 agrees ) ! above description 9 all ! specifi$ *>act]s 7= ! beak is n m5tion$71 except t ,neumei/] expressly says t ! neck is %ort1 :]eas 9 my ,sc&]oon x 0 rem>kably long & b[$2 s t ! ,h9kel =ms a well-m>k$ v>iety4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,pigeon ,cygne & ,pigeon ,bagadais ( ,boit>d & ,corbie 7,sc&]oon ( ,fr5* writ]s74--,i kept two ( ^! birds alive1 import$ f ,france4 ,!y diff]$ f ! fir/ sub-race or true ,sc&]oon 9 ! mu* great] l5g? ( ! w+ & tail1 9 ! beak n be+ s long1 & 9 ! sk9 ab\t ! head be+ m c>unculat$4 ,! sk9 ( ! neck is r$2 b ! nak$ pat*es on ! w+s are abs5t4 ,"o ( my birds measur$ #cha_/b in*es f tip to tip ( w+4 ,by tak+ ! l5g? ( ! body z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 ! two w+s 7 no loss ?an #e in*es long] ?an ^? ( ! rock-pigeon6 ,! tail 0 #fa_/d in*es 9 l5g?1 & !re=e #ba_/d in*es long] ?an t ( ! ,sc&]oon1--a bird ( ne>ly ! same size4 ,! beak is long]1 ?ick]1 & broad] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 proportionally ) ! size ( body4 ,! eyelids1 no/rils1 & int]nal gape ( m\? are all proportionally v l>ge1 z 9 ,c>ri]s4 ,! foot1 f ! end ( ! middle to end ( h9d toe1 0 actually #b4he in*es 9 l5g?1 :i* is an excess ( 4#cb ( an in* ov] ! foot ( ! rock-pigeon1 relatively to ! size ( ! two birds4 ,sub-race ,,iii4 ,spani% & ,roman ,runts4--,i am n sure t ,i am "r 9 plac+ ^! ,runts 9 a di/9ct sub-race2 yet1 if we take well-*>act]iz$ birds1 !re c be no d\bt ( ! propriety ( ! sep>ation4 ,!y are heavy1 massive birds1 ) %ort] necks1 legs1 & beaks ?an 9 ! =ego+ races4 ,! sk9 ov] ! no/rils is swoll51 b n c>unculat$2 ! nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes is n v wide1 & only slightly c>unculat$2 & ,i h se5 a f9e s-call$ ,spani% ,runt ) h>dly any nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes4 ,( ! two v>ieties to be se5 9 ,engl&1 "o1 :i* is ! r>]1 has v long w+s & tail1 #add & agrees pretty closely ) ! la/ sub-race2 ! o!r1 ) %ort] w+s & tail1 is app>5tly ! ,pigeon ,roma9 ord9aire ( ,boit>d & ,corbie4 ,^! ,runts are apt to tremble l ,fantails4 ,!y are bad fly]s4 ,a few ye>s ago ,mr4 ,gulliv]#bhe exhibit$ a ,runt :i* weigh$ #a lb4 #ad oz42 &1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 two ,runts f ! s\? ( ,france 7 lately exhibit$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 ea* ( :i* weigh$ #b lbs4 #ba_/b oz4 ,a v f9e rock-pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s weigh$ only #ada_/b oz4 ,sub-race ,,iv4 ,tronfo ( ,aldrov&i 7,leghorn ,runt874--,9 ,aldrov&i's "w publi%$ 9 #afjj !re is a co>se woodcut ( a great ,italian pigeon1 ) an elevat$ tail1 %ort legs1 massive body1 & ) ! beak %ort & ?ick4 ,i _h imag9$ t ?is latt] "*1 s abnormal 9 ! gr\p1 0 m]ely a false repres5tation f bad draw+2 b ,moore1 9 8 "w publi%$ 9 #agce1 says t he possess$ a ,leghorn ,runt ( :i* ! beak 0 v %ort = s l>ge a bird4 ,9 o!r respects ,moore's bird resembl$ ! fir/ sub-race or ,sc&]oon1 = x _h a long b[$ neck1 long legs1 %ort beak1 & elevat$ tail1 & n mu* wattle ab\t ! head4 ,s t ,aldrov&i's & ,moore's birds mu/ h =m$ di/9ct v>ieties1 bo? ( :i* seem to be n[ ext9ct 9 ,europe4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 h[ev]1 in=ms me t he has se5 9 ,madras a %ort-beak$ ,runt import$ f ,cairo4 ,sub-race ,v4 ,murassa 7adorn$ ,pigeon7 ( ,madras4--,sk9s ( ^! h&some *equ]$ birds 7 s5t me f ,madras by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot4 ,!y are r l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ rock-pigeon1 ) long] & m massive beaks4 ,! sk9 ov] ! no/rils is r full & v slightly c>unculat$1 & !y h "s nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes3 feet l>ge4 ,?is bre$ is int]m$iate betwe5 ! rock-pigeon & a v poor v>iety ( ,runt or ,c>ri]4 ,f ^! sev]al descriptions we see t ) ,runts1 z ) ,c>ri]s1 we h a f9e gradation f ! rock-pigeon 7) ! ,tronfo div]g+ z a di/9ct bran*7 to our l>ge/ & mo/ massive ,runts4 ,b ! *a9 ( aff9ities1 & _m po9ts ( resemblance1 betwe5 ,runts & ,c>ri]s1 make me believe t ^! two races h n desc5d$ by indep5d5t l9es f ! rock-pigeon1 b f "s common p>5t1 z repres5t$ 9 ! ,table1 :i* _h already acquir$ a mod]ately long beak1 ) slightly swoll5 sk9 ov] ! no/rils1 & ) "s slightly c>unculat$ nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes4 ,,race ,,iv4--,,b>bs4 7,indis*e-,taube3 ,pigeons ,polonais47 ,beak %ort1 broad1 deep2 nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes1 broad & c>unculat$2 sk9 ov] no/rils slightly swoll54 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bj4--;,engli% ,b>b4 ,misl$ by ! extraord9>y %ortness & =m ( ! beak1 ,i did n at fir/ p]ceive ! ne> aff9ity ( ?is ,race to t ( ,c>ri]s until ! fact 0 po9t$ out to me by ,mr4 ,br5t4 ,subsequ5tly1 aft] exam9+ #ade ! ,bussorah ,c>ri]1 ,i saw t no v great am\nt ( modification w\ld be requisite to conv]t x into a ,b>b4 ,?is view ( ! aff9ity ( ,b>bs to ,c>ri]s is support$ by ! analogical diff]5ce betwe5 ! %ort & long-beak$ ,runts2 & /ill m /rongly by ! fact1 t "y ,b>bs & ,dragons1 )9 #bd h\rs aft] be+ hat*$1 resemble ea* o!r mu* m closely ?an d "y pigeons ( o!r & equally di/9ct bre$s4 ,at ?is e>ly age1 ! l5g? ( beak1 ! swoll5 sk9 ov] ! r op5 no/rils1 ! gape ( ! m\?1 & ! size ( ! feet1 are ! same 9 bo?2 al?\gh ^! p>ts aft]w>ds become widely diff]5t4 ,we ?us see t embryology 7z ! comp>ison ( v "y animals #adf may p]haps be call$7 comes into play 9 ! classification ( dome/ic v>ieties1 z ) species 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,fanci]s1 ) "s tru?1 comp>e ! head & beak ( ! ,b>b to t ( a bullf9*4 ,! ,b>b1 if f\nd 9 a /ate ( nature1 w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 plac$ 9 a new g5us =m$ = its reception4 ,! body is a little l>g] ?an t ( ! rock-pigeon1 b ! beak is m ?an 4#b ( an in* %ort]2 al?\gh %ort]1 x is bo? v]tically & horizontally ?ick]4 ,f ! outw>d flexure ( ! rami ( ! l[] jaw1 ! m\? int]nally is v broad1 9 ! proportion ( 4#f to 4#d to t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,! :ole head is broad4 ,! sk9 ov] ! no/rils is swoll51 b n c>unculat$1 except slightly 9 fir/-rate birds :5 old2 :il/ ! nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eye is broad & mu* c>unculat$4 ,x is sometimes s mu* develop$1 t a bird belong+ to ,mr4 ,h>rison ,weir c\ld h>dly see to pick up food f ! gr\nd4 ,! eyelids 9 "o specim5 7 ne>ly twice z long z ^? ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,! feet are co>se & /rong1 b proportionally r %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! plumage is g5]ally d>k & uni=m4 ,b>bs1 9 %ort1 may be call$ %ort-beak$ ,c>ri]s1 be>+ ! same relation to ,c>ri]s t ! ,tronfo ( ,aldrov&i does to ! common ,runt4 ,,gr\p ,,iii4 ,?is gr\p is artificial1 & includes a het]og5e\s collection ( di/9ct =ms4 ,x may be def9$ by ! beak1 9 well-*>act]is$ specim5s ( ! sev]al races1 be+ %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 & by ! sk9 r\nd ! eyes n be+ mu* develop$4 ,,race ,v4--,,fantails4 ,sub-race ,i4 ,european ,fantails 7,pfau5-,taube2 ,trembleurs74 ,tail exp&$1 direct$ upw>ds1 =m$ ( _m fea!rs2 oil-gl& abort$2 body & beak r %ort4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ba4--;,engli% ,fantail4 ,! normal numb] ( tail-fea!rs 9 ! g5us ,columba is #ab2 b ,fantails h f only #ab 7z has be5 ass]t$7 up to1 accord+ to ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie1 #db4 ,i h c\nt$ 9 "o ( my own birds #cc1 & at ,calcutta ,mr4 ,bly?#bhf has c\nt$ 9 an imp]fect tail #cd fea!rs4 ,9 ,madras1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 #cb is ! /&>d numb]2 b 9 ,engl& numb] is mu* less valu$ ?an ! position & expansion ( ! tail4 ,! fea!rs are arrang$ 9 an irregul> d\ble r[2 _! p]man5t expansion1 l a fan1 & _! upw>d direction1 are m rem>kable *>act]s ?an _! increas$ numb]4 ,! tail is capable ( ! same movem5ts z 9 o!r pigeons1 & c be depress$ s z to sweep ! gr\nd4 ,x arises f a m exp&$ basis ?an 9 #adg o!r pigeons2 & 9 ?ree skeletons !re 7 "o or two extra coccygeal v]tebrae4 ,i h exam9$ _m specim5s ( v>i\s col\rs f diff]5t c\ntries1 & !re 0 no trace ( ! oil-gl&2 ?is is a curi\s case ( abortion4#bhg ,! neck is ?9 & b[$ #adh backw>ds4 ,! brea/ is broad & protub]ant4 ,! feet are small4 ,! c>riage ( ! bird is v diff]5t f t ( o!r pigeons2 9 good birds ! head t\*es ! tail-fea!rs1 :i* consequ5tly (t5 become crumpl$4 ,!y habitually tremble mu*2 & _! necks h an extraord9>y1 app>5tly convulsive1 backw>d & =w>d movem5t4 ,good birds walk 9 a s+ul> mann]1 z if _! small feet 7 /iff4 ,ow+ to _! l>ge tails1 !y fly badly on a w9dy day4 ,! d>k-col\r$ v>ieties are g5]ally l>g] ?an :ite ,fantails4 ,al?\gh betwe5 ! be/ & common ,fantails1 n[ exi/+ 9 ,engl&1 !re is a va/ diff]5ce 9 ! position & size ( ! tail1 9 ! c>riage ( ! head & neck1 9 ! convulsive movem5ts ( ! neck1 9 ! mann] ( walk+1 & 9 ! bread? ( ! brea/1 ! diff]5ces s graduate away1 t x is impossible to make m ?an "o sub-race4 ,moore1 h[ev]1 an excell5t old au?ority1#bhh says1 t 9 #agce !re 7 two sorts ( broad-tail$ %ak]s 7i4e4 fantails71 "o hav+ a neck mu* long] & m sl5d] ?an ! o!r2 & ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t t !re is an exi/+ ,g]man ,fantail ) a ?ick] & %ort] beak4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,java ,fantail4--,mr4 ,sw9hoe s5t me f ,amoy1 9 ,*9a1 ! sk9 ( a ,fantail belong+ to a bre$ kn[n to h be5 import$ f ,java4 ,x 0 col\r$ 9 a peculi> mann]1 unlike any ,european ,fantail1 &1 = a ,fantail1 _h a rem>kably %ort beak4 ,al?\gh a good bird ( ! k9d1 x _h only #ad tail-fea!rs2 b ,mr4 ,sw9hoe has c\nt$ 9 o!r birds ( ?is bre$ f #ah to #bd tail-fea!rs4 ,f a r\gh sket* s5t to me1 x is evid5t t ! tail is n s mu* exp&$ or s mu* uprais$ z 9 ev5 second-rate ,european ,fantails4 ,! bird %akes its neck l our ,fantails4 ,x _h a well-develop$ oil-gl&4 ,fantails 7 kn[n 9 ,india1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 be=e ! ye> #afjj2 & we may suspect t 9 ! ,java ,fantail we see ! bre$ 9 its e>li] & less improv$ condition4 ,,race ,,vi4--,,turbit ,,& ,,owl4 7,moev5-,taube3 ,pigeons a cravate47 ,fea!rs div]g5t along ! front ( ! neck & brea/2 beak v %ort1 v]tically r ?ick2 oesophagus some:at enl>g$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bb4--;,african ,owl4 ,turbits & ,owls diff] f ea* o!r slightly 9 ! %ape ( ! head1 9 ! =m] hav+ a cre/1 & 9 ! curvature ( ! beak1 b !y may be "h conv5i5tly gr\p$ toge!r4 ,^! pretty birds1 "s ( :i* are v small1 c be recognis$ at once by ! fea!rs irregul>ly div]g+1 l a frill1 along ! front ( ! neck1 9 ! same mann]1 b 9 a less degree1 z along ! back ( ! neck 9 ! ,jacob94 ,?is bird has ! rem>kable habit ( cont9ually1 & mom5t>ily inflat+ ! upp] "p ( ! oesophagus1 :i* causes a movem5t 9 ! frill4 #adi ,:5 ! oesophagus ( a dead bird 0 inflat$1 x 0 se5 to be l>g] ?an 9 o!r bre$s1 & n s di/9ctly sep>at$ f ! crop4 ,! ,p\t] inflates bo? its true crop & oesophagus2 ! ,turbit inflates 9 a mu* less degree ! oesophagus alone4 ,! beak ( ! ,turbit is v %ort1 be+ 4#bh ( an in* %ort] ?an t ( ! rock-pigeon1 proportionally ) ! size ( _! bodies2 & 9 "s owls br\ght by ,mr4 ,e4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt f ,tunis1 x 0 ev5 %ort]4 ,! beak is v]tically ?ick]1 & p]haps a little broad]1 9 proportion to t ( ! rock-pigeon4 #aej ,,race ,,vii4--,,tumbl]s4 7,tuemml]1 or ,burzel-,taub53 ,culbutants47 ,dur+ flight1 tumble backw>ds2 body g5]ally small2 beak g5]ally %ort1 sometimes excessively %ort & conical4 ,?is ,race may be divid$ into f\r sub-races1 namely1 ,p]sian1 ,lotan1 ,common1 & ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s4 ,^! sub-races include _m v>ieties :i* bre$ true4 ,i h exam9$ eight skeletons ( v>i\s k9ds ( ,tumbl]s3 except+ 9 "o imp]fect & d\btful specim51 ! ribs are only sev5 9 numb]1 :]eas ! rock-pigeon has eight ribs4 ,sub-race ,i4 ,p]sian ,tumbl]s4--,i h receiv$ a pair direct f ,p]sia1 f ! ,hon4 ,c4 ,murray4 ,!y 7 r small] birds ?an ! wild rock-pigeon1 be+ ab\t ! size ( ! common dovecot-pigeon1 :ite & mottl$1 slightly fea!r$ on ! feet1 ) ! beak j p]ceptibly %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,h4,m4 ,consul1 ,mr4 ,kei? ,abbott1 in=ms me t ! diff]5ce 9 ! l5g? ( beak is s slight1 t only practis$ ,p]sian fanci]s c di/+ui% ^! ,tumbl]s f ! common pigeon ( ! c\ntry4 ,he in=ms me t !y fly 9 flocks high up 9 ! air & tumble well4 ,"s ( !m occasionally appe> to become giddy & tumble to ! gr\nd1 9 :i* respect !y resemble "s ( our ,tumbl]s4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,lotan1 or ,l[tun3 ,indian ,gr\nd ,tumbl]s4--,^! birds pres5t "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable inh]it$ habits or in/9cts :i* h ev] be5 record$4 ,! specim5s s5t to me f ,madras by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot are :ite1 slightly fea!r$ on ! feet1 ) ! fea!rs on ! head rev]s$2 & !y are r small] ?an ! rock or dovecot pigeon4 ,! beak is proportionally only slightly %ort] & r ?9n] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,^! birds :5 g5tly %ak5 & plac$ on ! gr\nd imm$iately beg9 tumbl+ head ov] heels1 & !y cont9ue ?us to tumble until tak5 up & soo!d1--! c]emony be+ g5]ally to bl[ 9 _! faces1 z 9 recov]+ a p]son f a /ate ( hypnotism or mesm]ism4 ,x is ass]t$ t !y w cont9ue to roll ov] till !y die1 if n tak5 up4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce ) respect to ^! rem>kable peculi>ities2 b :at makes ! case ! m wor?y ( att5tion is1 t ! habit has be5 /rictly inh]it$ s9ce be=e ! ye> #afjj1 = ! bre$ is di/9ctly describ$ 9 ! ',aye5 ,akb]y4'#bhi ,mr4 ,evans kept a pair 9 ,london1 import$ by ,capta9 ,vigne2 & he assures me t he has se5 !m tumble 9 ! air1 z well z 9 ! mann] above describ$ on ! gr\nd4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 h[ev]1 writes to me f ,madras1 t he is in=m$ t !y tumble exclusively on ! gr\nd1 or at a v small height above x4 ,he also #aea m5tions ano!r sub-v>iety1 call$ ! ,kalmi ,lotan1 :i* beg9s to roll ov] if only t\*$ on ! neck ) a rod or w&4 ,sub-race ,,iii4 ,common ,engli% ,tumbl]s4--,^! birds h exactly ! same habits z ! ,p]sian ,tumbl]1 b tumble bett]4 ,! ,engli% bird is r small] ?an ! ,p]sian1 & ! beak is pla9ly %ort]4 ,comp>$ ) ! rock-pigeon1 & proportionally ) ! size ( body1 ! beak is f 4#af to ne>ly 4#b ( an in* %ort]1 b x is n ?9n]4 ,!re are sev]al v>ieties ( ! common ,tumbl]1 namely1 ,baldheads1 ,be>ds1 & ,dut* ,roll]s4 ,i h kept ! latt] alive2 !y h diff]5tly %ap$ heads1 long] necks1 & are fea!r-foot$4 ,!y tumble to an extraord9>y degree2 z ,mr4 ,br5t rem>ks1#bij ,e few seconds ov] !y g2 "o1 two1 or ?ree summ]saults at a "t4 ,"h & !re a bird gives a v quick & rapid sp91 revolv+ l a :eel1 ?\gh !y sometimes lose _! balance1 & make a r ungraceful fall1 9 :i* !y occasionally hurt !mselves by /rik+ "s object4 ,f ,madras ,i h receiv$ sev]al specim5s ( ! common ,tumbl] ( ,india1 diff]+ slightly f ea* o!r 9 ! l5g? ( _! beaks4 ,mr4 ,br5t s5t me a dead specim5 ( a ,h\se-tumbl]1#bia :i* is a ,scot* v>iety1 n diff]+ 9 g5]al appe>ance & =m ( beak f ! common ,tumbl]4 ,mr4 ,br5t /ates t ^! birds g5]ally beg9 to tumble almo/ z soon z !y c well fly2 at ?ree mon?s old !y tumble well1 b /ill fly /rong2 at five or six mon?s !y tumble excessively2 & 9 ! second ye> !y mo/ly give up fly+1 on acc\nt ( _! tumbl+ s mu* & s close to ! gr\nd4 ,"s fly r\nd ) ! flock1 ?r[+ a clean summ]sault e few y>ds1 till !y are oblig$ to settle f gidd9ess & exhau/ion4 ,^! are call$ ,air ,tumbl]s1 & !y commonly ?r[ f tw5ty to ?irty summ]saults 9 a m9ute1 ea* cle> & clean4 ,i h "o r$ cock t ,i h on two or ?ree occasions tim$ by my wat*1 & c\nt$ =ty summ]saults 9 ! m9ute4 ,o!rs tumble diff]5tly4 ,at fir/ !y ?r[ a s+le summ]sault1 !n x is d\ble1 till x becomes a cont9u\s roll1 :i* puts an end to fly+1 = if !y fly a few y>ds ov] !y g1 & roll till !y rea* ! gr\nd4 ,?us ,i _h "o kill h]self1 & ano!r broke 8 leg4 ,_m ( !m turn ov] only a few in*es f ! gr\nd1 & w tumble two or ?ree times 9 fly+ across _! l(t4 ,^! are call$ ,h\se-tumbl]s1 f tumbl+ 9 ! h\se4 ,! act ( tumbl+ seems to be "o ov] :i* !y h no control1 an involunt>y movem5t :i* !y seem to try to prev5t4 ,i h se5 a bird sometimes 9 8 /ruggles fly a y>d or two /raight upw>ds1 ! impulse =c+ him backw>ds :ile he /ruggles to g =w>ds4 ,if sudd5ly />tl$1 or 9 a /range place1 !y seem less able to fly ?an if quiet 9 _! accu/om$ l(t4 ,^! ,h\se-tumbl]s diff] f ! ,lotan or ,gr\nd #aeb ,tumbl] ( ,india1 9 n requir+ to be %ak5 9 ord] to beg9 tumbl+4 ,! bre$ has probably be5 =m$ m]ely by select+ ! be/ common ,tumbl]s1 ?\gh x is possible t !y may h be5 cross$ at "s =m] p]iod ) ,lotans4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bc4--,%ort-fac$ ,engli% ,tumbl]4 ,sub-race ,,iv4 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s4--,^! are m>vell\s birds1 & are ! glory & pride ( _m fanci]s4 ,9 _! extremely %ort1 %>p1 & conical beaks1 ) ! sk9 ov] ! no/rils b little develop$1 !y almo/ dep>t f ! type ( ! ,columbidae4 ,_! heads are ne>ly globul> #aec & upright 9 front1 s t "s fanci]s say#bib ! head %\ld resemble a *]ry ) a b>ley-corn /uck 9 x4 ,^! are ! smalle/ k9d ( pigeons4 ,mr4 ,esquilant possess$ a blue ,baldhead1 two ye>s old1 :i* :5 alive weigh$1 be=e fe$+-"t1 only #f oz4 #e drs42 two o!rs1 ea* weigh$ #g oz4 ,we h se5 t a wild rock-pigeon weigh$ #ad oz4 #b drs41 & a ,runt #cd oz4 #d drs4 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s h a rem>kably erect c>riage1 ) prom95t brea/s1 droop+ w+s1 & v small feet4 ,! l5g? ( ! beak f ! tip to ! fea!r$ base 0 9 "o good bird only 4#d ( an in*2 9 a wild rock-pigeon x 0 exactly d\ble ?is l5g?4 ,z ^! ,tumbl]s h %ort] bodies ?an ! wild rock-pigeon1 !y ought ( c\rse to h %ort] beaks2 b proportionally ) ! size ( body1 ! beak is 4#bh ( an in* too %ort4 ,s1 aga91 ! feet ( ?is bird 7 actually 4#de %ort]1 & proportionally 4#ba ( an in* %ort]1 ?an ! feet ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,! middle toe has only twelve or ?irte51 in/ead ( f\rte5 or fifte5 scutellae4 ,! prim>y w+-fea!rs are n r>ely only n9e in/ead ( t5 9 numb]4 ,! improv$ %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s h almo/ lo/ ! p[] ( tumbl+2 b !re are sev]al au!ntic acc\nts ( _! occasionally tumbl+4 ,!re are sev]al sub-v>ieties1 su* z ,baldheads1 ,be>ds1 ,mottles1 & ,almonds2 ! latt] are rem>kable f n acquir+ _! p]fectly-col\r$ plumage until !y h m\lt$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,!re is good reason to believe t mo/ ( ^! sub-v>ieties1 "s ( :i* bre$ truly1 h aris5 s9ce ! publication ( ,moore's treatise 9 #agce4bic ,f9ally1 9 reg>d to ! :ole gr\p ( ,tumbl]s1 x is impossible to conceive a m p]fect gradation ?an ,i h n[ ly+ be=e me1 f ! rock-pigeon1 ?r\gh ,p]sian1 ,lotan1 & ,common ,tumbl]s1 up to ! m>vell\s %ort-fac$ birds2 :i* latt]1 no orni?ologi/1 judg+ f m]e ext]nal /ructure1 w\ld place 9 ! same g5us ) ! rock-pigeon4 ,! diff]5ces betwe5 ! successive /eps 9 ?is s]ies are n great] ?an ^? :i* may be obs]v$ betwe5 common dovecot-pigeons 7,c4 livia7 br\ght f diff]5t c\ntries4 ,,race ,,viii--,,indian ,,frill-,,back4 ,beak v %ort2 fea!rs rev]s$4 ,a specim5 ( ?is bird1 9 spirits1 0 s5t to me f ,madras by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot4 ,x is :olly diff]5t f ! ,frill-back (t5 exhibit$ 9 ,engl&4 ,x is a smalli% bird1 ab\t ! size ( ! common ,tumbl]1 b has a beak 9 all its proportions l our %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s4 ,! beak1 measur$ f ! tip to ! fea!r$ base1 0 only 4#df ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! fea!rs ov] ! :ole body are rev]s$ or curl backw>ds4 ,_h ?is bird occurr$ 9 ,europe1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght x only a mon/r\s v>iety ( our improv$ ,tumbl]2 b z %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s are n kn[n 9 ,india1 ,i ?9k x mu/ rank z a di/9ct bre$4 ,probably #aed ?is is ! bre$ se5 by ,hasselqui/ 9 #ageg at ,cairo1 & said to h be5 import$ f ,india4 ,,race ,,ix4--,,jacob94 7,zopf or ,p]ueck5-,taube3 ,nonna9s47 ,fea!rs ( ! neck =m+ a hood2 w+s & tail long2 beak mod]ately %ort4 ,?is pigeon c at once be recognis$ by its hood1 almo/ enclos+ ! head & meet+ 9 front ( ! neck4 ,! hood seems to be m]ely an exagg]ation ( ! cre/ ( rev]s$ fea!rs on ! back ( ! head1 :i* is common to _m sub-v>ieties1 & :i* 9 ! ,latz-taube#bid is 9 a ne>ly int]m$iate /ate betwe5 a hood & a cre/4 ,! fea!rs ( ! hood are elongat$4 ,bo? ! w+s & tail are likewise mu* elongat$2 ?us ! fold$ w+ ( ! ,jacob91 ?\gh a some:at small] bird1 is fully #aa_/d in* long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,tak+ ! l5g? ( ! body )\t ! tail z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 ! fold$ w+1 proportionally ) ! w+s ( ! rock-pigeon1 is #ba_/d in*es too long1 & ! two w+s1 f tip to tip1 #ea_/d in*es too long4 ,9 disposition ?is bird is s+ul>ly quiet1 seldom fly+ or mov+ ab\t1 z ,be*/e9 & ,ri$el h likewise rem>k$ 9 ,g]many4#bie ,! latt] au?or also notices ! l5g? ( ! w+s & tail4 ,! beak is ne>ly 4#b ( an in* %ort] 9 proportion to ! size ( ! body ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon2 b ! int]nal gape ( ! m\? is consid]ably wid]4 ,,gr\p ,,iv4 ,! birds ( ?is gr\p may be *>act]is$ by _! resemblance 9 all important po9ts ( /ructure1 especially 9 ! beak1 to ! rock-pigeon4 ,! ,trumpet] =ms ! only well-m>k$ race4 ,( ! num]\s o!r sub-races & v>ieties ,i %all specify only a few ( ! mo/ di/9ct1 :i* ,i h myself se5 & kept alive4 ,,race ,x4--,,trumpet]4 7,trommel-,taube2 ,pigeon tamb\r2 gl\g\47 ,a tuft ( fea!rs at ! base ( ! beak curl+ =w>d2 feet mu* fea!r$2 voice v peculi>2 size exce$+ t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,?is is a well-m>k$ bre$1 ) a peculi> voice1 :olly unlike t ( any o!r pigeon4 ,! coo is rapidly repeat$1 & is cont9u$ = #aee sev]al m9utes2 h5ce _! "n ( ,trumpet]s4 ,!y are also *>act]is$ by a tuft ( elongat$ fea!rs1 :i* curls =w>d ov] ! base ( ! beak1 & :i* is possess$ by no o!r bre$4 ,_! feet are s heavily fea!r$1 t !y almo/ appe> l little w+s4 ,!y are l>g] birds ?an ! rock-pigeon1 b _! beak is ( v ne>ly ! same proportional size4 ,_! feet are r small4 ,?is bre$ 0 p]fectly *>act]is$ 9 ,moore's "t1 9 #agce4 ,mr4 ,br5t says t two v>ieties exi/1 :i* diff] 9 size4 ,,race ,,xi4--,sc>cely diff]+ 9 /ructure f ! wild ,columba livia4 ,sub-race #a4 ,laugh]s4 ,size less ?an ! ,rock-pigeon2 voice v peculi>4--,z ?is bird agrees 9 ne>ly all its proportions ) ! rock-pigeon1 ?\gh ( small] size1 ,i %\ld n h ?\ght x wor?y ( m5tion1 _h x n be5 = its peculi> voice--a "* suppos$ seldom to v>y ) birds4 ,al?\gh ! voice ( ! ,laugh] is v diff]5t f t ( ! ,trumpet]1 yet "o ( my ,trumpet]s us$ to utt] a s+le note l t ( ! ,laugh]4 ,i h kept two v>ieties ( ,laugh]s1 :i* diff]$ only 9 "o v>iety be+ turn-cr[n$2 ! smoo?-head$ k9d1 = :i* ,i am indebt$ to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,br5t1 besides its peculi> note1 us$ to coo 9 a s+ul> & pleas+ mann]1 :i*1 indep5d5tly1 /ruck bo? ,mr4 ,br5t & myself z resembl+ t ( ! turtle-dove4 ,bo? v>ieties come f ,arabia4 ,?is bre$ 0 kn[n by ,moore 9 #agce4 ,a pigeon :i* seems to say ,yak-roo is m5tion$ 9 #afjj 9 ! ',aye5 ,akb]y1' & is probably ! same bre$4 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot has also s5t me f ,madras a pigeon call$ ,yahui1 said to h come f ,mecca1 :i* does n diff] 9 appe>ance f ! ,laugh]2 x has a deep melan*oly voice1 l ,yahu1 (t5 repeat$4 ,yahu1 yahu1 means ,oh ,god1 ,oh ,god2 & ,sayzid ,mohamm$ ,mus>i1 9 ! treatise writt5 ab\t #ajj ye>s ago1 says t ^! birds are n fl[n1 because !y repeat ! "n ( ! ,mo/ ,high ,god4 ,mr4 ,kei? ,abbott1 h[ev]1 in=ms me t ! common pigeon is call$ ,yahoo 9 ,p]sia4 ,sub-race ,,ii4 ,common ,frill-back 7,die ,/rupp-,taube74 ,beak r long] ?an 9 ! ,rock-pigeon2 fea!rs rev]s$4--,?is is a consid]ably l>g] bird ?an ! rock-pigeons & ) ! beak1 proportionally ) ! size ( body1 a little 7viz4 by 4#jd ( an in*7 long]4 ,! fea!rs1 especially on ! w+-cov]ts1 h _! po9ts curl$ upw>ds or backw>ds4 ,sub-race ,,iii4 ,nuns 7,pigeons-coquilles74--,^! elegant birds are small] ?an ! rock-pigeon4 ,! beak is actually 4#ag1 & proportionally ) ! size ( ! body 4#a ( an in* %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeons1 al?\gh ( ! same ?ickness4 ,9 "y birds ! scutellae on ! t>si & toes are g5]ally ( a lead5-black col\r2 & ?is is a rem>kable "* 7?\gh obs]v$ 9 a less] degree 9 "s o!r bre$s71 z ! col\r ( ! legs 9 ! adult /ate is subject to v little v>iation 9 any bre$4 ,i h on two or ?ree occasions c\nt$ ?irte5 or f\rte5 fea!rs 9 ! tail2 ?is likewise occurs 9 ! b>ely di/9ct bre$ call$ ,helmets4 #aef ,nuns are symmetrically col\r$1 ) ! head1 prim>y w+-fea!rs1 tail1 & tail-cov]ts ( ! same col\r1 namely1 black or r$1 & ) ! re/ ( ! body :ite4 ,?is bre$ has reta9$ ! same "* s9ce ,aldrov&i wrote 9 #afjj4 ,i h receiv$ f ,madras almo/ simil>ly col\r$ birds4 ,sub-race ,,iv4 ,spots 7,die ,blass-,taube3 ,pigeons heurtes74--,^! birds are a v little l>g] ?an ! rock-pigeon1 ) ! beak a trace small] 9 all its dim5sions1 & ) ! feet decid$ly small]4 ,!y are symmetrically col\r$1 ) a spot on ! =ehead1 ) ! tail & tail-cov]ts ( ! same col\r1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ :ite4 ,?is bre$ exi/$ 9 #afgf2bif & 9 #agce ,moore rem>ks t !y bre$ truly1 z is ! case at ! pres5t day4 ,sub-race ,v4 ,swall[s4--,^! birds1 z measur$ f tip to tip ( w+1 or f ! end ( ! beak to ! end ( ! tail1 exce$ 9 size ! rock-pigeon2 b _! bodies are mu* less bulky2 _! feet & legs are likewise small]4 ,! beak is ( ab\t ! same l5g?1 b r slight]4 ,altoge!r _! g5]al appe>ance is consid]ably diff]5t f t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,_! heads & w+s are ( ! same col\r1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ :ite4 ,_! flight is said to be peculi>4 ,?is seems to be a mod]n bre$1 :i*1 h[ev]1 orig9at$ be=e ! ye> #agie 9 ,g]many1 = x is describ$ by ,be*/e94 99 99 99 99 99 ,besides ! sev]al bre$s n[ describ$1 ?ree or f\r o!r v di/9ct k9ds exi/$ lately1 or p]haps /ill exi/1 9 ,g]many & ,france4 ,fir/ly1 ! ,k>melit51 or ,c>me ,pigeon1 :i* ,i h n se52 x is describ$ z ( small size1 ) v %ort legs1 & ) an extremely %ort beak4 ,secondly1 ! ,f9nik91 :i* is n[ ext9ct 9 ,engl&4 ,x _h1 accord+ to ,moore's#big treatise1 publi%$ 9 #agce1 a tuft ( fea!rs on ! h9d] "p ( ! head1 :i* ran d[n its back n unlike a horse's mane4 ,:5 x is salaci\s x rises ov] ! h5 & turns r\nd ?ree or f\r times1 flapp+ its w+s1 !n rev]ses & turns z _m times ! o!r way4 ,! ,turn]1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 x plays to ! female1 turns only "o way4 ,:e!r ^! extraord9>y /atem5ts may be tru/$ ,i "k n2 b ! inh]itance ( any habit may be believ$1 aft] :at we h se5 ) respect to ! ,gr\nd-tumbl] ( ,india4 ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie describe a pigeon#bih :i* has ! s+ul> habit ( sail+ = a consid]able "t ?r\gh ! air1 )\t flapp+ its w+s1 l a bird ( prey4 ,! confusion is inextricable1 f ! "t ( ,aldrov&i 9 #afjj to ! pres5t day1 9 ! acc\nts publi%$ ( ! ,draij]s1 ,smit]s1 ,f9nik9s1 ,turn]s1 ,claqu]s1 c41 :i* are all rem>kable f _! mann] ( flight4 ,mr4 ,br5t in=ms me t he has se5 "o ( ^! bre$s 9 ,g]many ) its w+-fea!rs injur$ f hav+ be5 s (t5 /ruck toge!r2 b he did n see x fly+4 ,an old /uff$ specim5 ( a ,f9nik9 9 ! ,briti% ,museum pres5ts no well-m>k$ "*4 ,?irdly1 a s+ul> pigeon #aeg ) a =k$ tail is m5tion$ 9 "s treatises2 & z ,be*/e9#bii briefly describes & figures ?is bird1 ) a tail hav+ completely ! /ructure ( t ( ! h\se-swall[1 x mu/ once h1 exi/$1 = ,be*/e9 0 f> too good a naturali/ to h conf\nd$ any di/9ct species ) ! dome/ic pigeon4 ,la/ly1 an extraord9>y pigeon import$ f ,belgium has lately be5 exhibit$ at ! ,philop]i/]on ,society 9 ,london1#cjj :i* conjo9s ! col\r ( an ar*angel ) ! head ( an owl or b>b1 its mo/ /rik+ peculi>ity be+ ! extraord9>y l5g? ( ! tail & w+-fea!rs1 ! latt] cross+ beyond ! tail1 & giv+ to ! bird ! appe>ance ( a gigantic swift 7,cypselus71 or long-w+$ hawk4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t ?is bird weigh$ only #aj ounces1 b 9 l5g? 0 #aea_/b in*es f tip ( beak to end ( tail1 & #cba_/b in*es f tip to tip ( w+2 n[ ! wild rock-pigeon weighs #ada_/b ounces1 & measures f tip ( beak to end ( tail #ae in*es1 & f tip to tip ( w+ only #bfc_/d in*es4 ,i h n[ describ$ all ! dome/ic pigeons kn[n to me1 & h add$ a few o!rs on reliable au?ority4 ,i h class$ !m "u f\r ,gr\ps1 9 ord] to m>k _! aff9ities & degrees ( diff]5ce2 b ! ?ird gr\p is artificial4 ,! k9ds exam9$ by me =m elev5 races1 :i* include sev]al sub-races2 & ev5 ^! latt] pres5t diff]5ces t w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 ?\ght ( specific value if obs]v$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,! sub-races likewise include _m /rictly inh]it$ v>ieties2 s t altoge!r !re mu/ exi/1 z previ\sly /at$1 above #aej k9ds :i* c be di/+ui%$1 ?\gh g5]ally by *>act]s ( extremely slight importance4 ,_m ( ! g5]a ( ! ,columbidae1 :i* are admitt$ by orni?ologi/s1 d n diff] 9 any great degree f ea* o!r2 tak+ ?is into consid]ation1 !re c be no d\bt t sev]al ( ! mo/ /rongly *>act]is$ dome/ic =ms1 if f\nd wild1 w\ld h be5 plac$ 9 at lea/ five new g5]a4 ,?us1 a new g5us w\ld h be5 =m$ = ! reception ( ! improv$ ,engli% ,p\t]3 a second g5us = ,c>ri]s & ,runts2 & ?is w\ld h be5 a wide or compreh5sive g5us1 = x w\ld h admitt$ common ,spani% ,runts )\t any wattle1 %ort-beak$ ,runts l ! ,tronfo1 & ! improv$ ,engli% ,c>ri]3 a ?ird g5us w\ld h be5 t]m$ = ! ,b>b3 a f\r? = ! ,fantail3 & la/ly1 a fif? = ! %ort-beak$1 n-wattl$ pigeons1 su* z ,turbits #aeh & %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s4 ,! rema9+ dome/ic =ms might h be5 includ$ 9 ! same g5us ) ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,individual ,v>iability2 ,v>iations ( a rem>kable nature4 ,! diff]5ces :i* we h z yet consid]$ are *>act]i/ic ( di/9ct bre$s2 b !re are o!r diff]5ces1 ei!r conf9$ to individual birds1 or (t5 obs]v$ 9 c]ta9 bre$s b n *>act]i/ic ( !m4 ,^! individual diff]5ces are ( importance1 z !y might 9 mo/ cases be secur$ & accumulat$ by man's p[] ( selection2 & ?us an exi/+ bre$ might be greatly modifi$ or a new "o =m$4 ,fanci]s notice & select only ^? slight diff]5ces :i* are ext]nally visible2 b ! :ole organisation is s ti$ toge!r by correlation ( gr[?1 t a *ange 9 "o "p is frequ5tly accompani$ by o!r *anges4 ,= our purpose1 modifications ( all k9ds are equally important1 &1 if affect+ a "p :i* does n commonly v>y1 are ( m importance ?an a modification 9 "s conspicu\s "p4 ,at ! pres5t day any visible deviation ( "* 9 a well-e/abli%$ bre$ is reject$ z a blemi%2 b x by no means foll[s t at an e>ly p]iod1 be=e well-m>k$ bre$s _h be5 =m$1 su* deviations w\ld h be5 reject$2 on ! contr>y1 !y w\ld h be5 eag]ly pres]v$ z pres5t+ a novelty1 & w\ld !n h be5 sl[ly augm5t$1 z we %all h]eaft] m cle>ly see1 by ! process ( unconsci\s selection4 ,i h made num]\s measurem5ts ( ! v>i\s p>ts ( ! body 9 ! sev]al bre$s1 & h h>dly ev] f\nd !m q ! same 9 birds ( ! same bre$1--! diff]5ces be+ great] ?an we commonly meet ) 9 wild species4 ,to beg9 ) ! prim>y fea!rs ( ! w+ & tail2 b ,i may fir/ m5tion1 z "s read]s may n be aw>e ( ! fact1 t ! numb] ( ! prim>y w+ & tail fea!rs 9 wild birds is g5]ally con/ant1 & *>act]ises1 n only :ole g5]a1 b ev5 :ole families4 ,:5 ! tail-fea!rs are unusually num]\s1 z = in/ance 9 ! swan1 !y are apt to be v>iable 9 numb]2 b ?is does n apply to ! sev]al species & g5]a ( ! ,columbidae1 :i* nev] 7z f> z ,i c he>7 h less ?an twelve or m ?an sixte5 tail-fea!rs2 & ^! numb]s *>act]ise1 ) r>e exception1 :ole sub-families4#cja ,! wild rock-pigeon has twelve tail-fea!rs4 ,) #aei ,fantails1 z we h se51 ! numb] v>ies f f\rte5 to =ty-two4 ,9 two "y birds 9 ! same ne/ ,i c\nt$ tw5ty-two & tw5ty-sev5 fea!rs4 ,p\t]s are v liable to h additional tail-fea!rs1 & ,i h se5 on sev]al occasions f\rte5 or fifte5 9 my own birds1 ,mr4 ,bult _h a specim51 exam9$ by ,mr4 ,y>rell1 ) sev5te5 tail-fea!rs4 ,i _h a ,nun ) ?irte51 & ano!r ) f\rte5 tail-fea!rs2 & 9 a ,helmet1 a bre$ b>ely di/+ui%able f ! ,nun1 ,i h c\nt$ fifte51 & h he>d ( o!r su* in/ances4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,br5t possess$ a ,dragon1 :i* dur+ its :ole life nev] _h m ?an t5 tail-fea!rs2 & "o ( my ,dragons1 desc5d$ f ,mr4 ,br5t's1 _h only elev54 ,i h se5 a ,baldhead-,tumbl] ) only t52 & ,mr4 ,br5t _h an ,air-,tumbl] ) ! same numb]1 b ano!r ) f\rte5 tail-fea!rs4 ,two ( ^! latt] ,tumbl]s1 br$ by ,mr4 ,br5t1 7 rem>kable1--"o f hav+ ! two c5tral tail-fea!rs a little div]g5t1 & ! o!r f hav+ ! two out] fea!rs long] by ?ree-eigh?s ( an in* ?an ! o!rs2 s t 9 bo? cases ! tail exhibit$ a t5d5cy1 b 9 diff]5t ways1 to become =k$4 ,& ?is %[s u h[ a swall[-tail$ bre$1 l t describ$ by ,be*/e91 might h be5 =m$ by c>eful selection4 ,) respect to ! prim>y w+-fea!rs1 ! numb] 9 ! ,columbidae1 z f> z ,i c f9d out1 is always n9e or t54 ,9 ! rock-pigeon x is t52 b ,i h se5 no less ?an eight %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s ) only n9e prim>ies1 & ! occurr5ce ( ?is numb] has be5 notic$ by fanci]s1 ow+ to t5 flight-fea!rs ( a :ite col\r be+ "o ( ! po9ts 9 ,%ort-fac$ ,baldhead-,tumbl]s4 ,mr4 ,br5t1 h[ev]1 _h an ,air-,tumbl] 7n %ort-fac$7 :i* _h 9 bo? w+s elev5 prim>ies4 ,mr4 ,cork]1 ! em95t bre$] ( prize ,c>ri]s1 assures me t "s ( 8 birds _h elev5 prim>ies 9 bo? w+s4 ,i h se5 elev5 9 "o w+ 9 two ,p\t]s4 ,i h be5 assur$ by ?ree fanci]s t !y h se5 twelve 9 ,sc&]oons2 b z ,neumei/] ass]ts t 9 ! alli$ ,flor5ce ,runt ! middle flight-fea!r is (t5 d\ble1 ! numb] twelve may h be5 caus$ by two ( ! t5 prim>ies hav+ ea* two %afts to a s+le fea!r4 ,! second>y w+-fea!rs are difficult to c\nt1 b ! numb] seems to v>y f twelve to fifte54 ,! l5g? ( ! w+ & tail relatively to ! body1 & ( ! w+s to ! tail1 c]ta9ly v>ies2 ,i h especially notic$ ?is 9 ,jacob9s4 ,9 ,mr4 ,bult's magnific5t collection ( ,p\t]s1 ! w+s & tail v>i$ greatly 9 l5g?2 & 7 sometimes s mu* elongat$ t ! birds c\ld h>dly play upright4 ,9 ! relative l5g? ( ! few fir/ prim>ies ,i h obs]v$ only a slight degree ( v>iability4 ,mr4 ,br5t in=ms me t he has obs]v$ ! %ape ( ! fir/ fea!r to v>y v slightly4 ,b ! v>iation 9 ^! latt] po9ts is extremely slight comp>$ ) :at may (t5 be obs]v$ 9 ! natural species ( ! ,columbidae4 ,9 ! beak ,i h obs]v$ v consid]able diff]5ces 9 birds ( ! #afj same bre$1 z 9 c>efully br$ ,jacob9s & ,trumpet]s4 ,9 ,c>ri]s !re is (t5 a conspicu\s diff]5ce 9 ! degree ( att5uation & curvature ( ! beak4 ,s x is inde$ 9 _m bre$s3 ?us ,i _h two /ra9s ( black ,b>bs1 :i* evid5tly diff]$ 9 ! curvature ( ! upp] m&ible4 ,9 wid? ( m\? ,i h f\nd a great diff]5ce 9 two ,swall[s4 ,9 ,fantails ( fir/-rate m]it ,i h se5 "s birds ) mu* long] & ?9n] necks ?an 9 o!rs4 ,o!r analog\s facts c\ld be giv54 ,we h se5 t ! oil-gl& is abort$ 9 all ,fantails 7) ! exception ( ! sub-race f ,java71 &1 ,i may add1 s h]$it>y is ?is t5d5cy to abortion1 t "s1 al?\gh n all1 ( ! mongrels f ! ,fantail & ,p\t] _h no oil-gl&2 9 "o ,swall[ out ( _m :i* ,i h exam9$1 & 9 two ,nuns1 !re 0 no oil-gl&4 ,! numb] ( ! scutellae on ! toes (t5 v>ies 9 ! same bre$1 & sometimes ev5 diff]s on ! two feet ( ! same individual2 ! ,%etl& rock-pigeon has fifte5 on ! middle1 & six on ! h9d] toe2 :]eas ,i h se5 a ,runt ) sixte5 on ! middle & eight on ! h9d toe2 & a %ort-fac$ ,tumbl] ) only twelve & five on ^! same toes4 ,! rock-pigeon has no s5sible am\nt ( sk9 betwe5 its toes2 b ,i possess$ a ,spot & a ,nun ) ! sk9 ext5d+ = a space ( a qu>t] ( an in* f ! =k1 betwe5 ! two inn] toes4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z w h]eaft] be m fully %[n1 pigeons ) fea!r$ feet v g5]ally h ! bases ( _! out] toes connect$ by sk94 ,i _h a r$ ,tumbl]1 :i* _h a coo unlike t ( its fell[s1 approa*+ 9 tone to t ( ! ,laugh]3 ?is bird _h ! habit1 to a degree :i* ,i nev] saw equall$ 9 any o!r pigeon1 ( (t5 walk+ ) its w+s rais$ & ar*$ 9 an elegant mann]4 ,i ne$ say no?+ on ! great v>iability1 9 almo/ e bre$1 9 size ( body1 9 col\r1 9 ! fea!r+ ( ! feet1 & 9 ! fea!rs on ! back ( ! head be+ rev]s$4 ,b ,i may m5tion a rem>kable ,tumbl]#cjb exhibit$ at ! ,cry/al ,palace1 :i* _h an irregul> cre/ ( fea!rs on its head1 some:at l ! tuft on ! head ( ! ,poli% f[l4 ,mr4 ,bult re>$ by accid5t a h5 ,jacob9 ) ! fea!rs on ! ?igh s long z to rea* ! gr\nd1 & a cock hav+1 b 9 a less] degree1 ! same peculi>ity3 f ^! two birds he br$ o!rs simil>ly *>act]is$1 :i* 7 exhibit$ at ! ,philop]i/]on ,club4 ,i br$ a mongrel pigeon :i* _h fibr\s fea!rs1 & ! w+ & tail-fea!rs s %ort & imp]fect t ! bird c\ld n fly ev5 a foot 9 height4 ,!re are _m s+ul> & inh]it$ peculi>ities 9 ! plumage ( pigeons3 ?us ,almond-,tumbl]s d n acquire _! p]fect mottl$ fea!rs until !y h m\lt$ ?ree or f\r times3 ! ,kite-,tumbl] is at fir/ br9dl$ black & r$ ) a b>r$ appe>ance1 b :5 x ?r[s its ne/ fea!rs x becomes almo/ black1 g5]ally ) a blui% tail1 & a r$di% col\r on ! inn] webs ( ! prim>y w+ fea!rs4#cjc #afa ,neumei/] describes a bre$ ( a black col\r ) :ite b>s on ! w+ & a :ite cresc5t-%ap$ m>k on ! brea/2 ^! m>ks are g5]ally ru/y-r$ be=e ! fir/ m\lt1 b aft] ! ?ird or f\r? m\lt !y und]go a *ange2 ! w+-fea!rs & ! cr[n ( ! head likewise !n become :ite or grey4#cjd ,x is an important fact1 & ,i believe !re is h>dly an exception to ! rule1 t ! especial *>act]s = :i* ea* bre$ is valu$ are em95tly v>iable3 ?us1 9 ! ,fantail1 ! numb] & direction ( ! tail-fea!rs1 ! c>riage ( ! body1 & ! degree ( trembl+ are all highly v>iable po9ts2 9 ,p\t]s1 ! degree to :i* !y p\t1 & ! %ape ( _! inflat$ crops2 9 ! ,c>ri]1 ! l5g?1 n>r[ness1 & curvature ( ! beak1 & ! am\nt ( wattle2 9 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s1 ! %ortness ( ! beak1 ! prom95ce ( ! =ehead1 & g5]al c>riage1#cje & 9 ! ,almond ,tumbl] ! col\r ( ! plumage2 9 common ,tumbl]s1 ! mann] ( tumbl+2 9 ! ,b>b1 ! bread? & %ortness ( ! beak & ! am\nt ( eye-wattle2 9 ,runts1 ! size ( body2 9 ,turbits1 ! frill2 & la/ly 9 ,trumpet]s1 ! coo+1 z well z ! size ( ! tuft ( fea!rs ov] ! no/rils4 ,^!1 :i* are ! di/9ctive & select$ *>act]s ( ! sev]al bre$s1 are all em95tly v>iable4 ,!re is ano!r int]e/+ fact ) respect to ! "* ( ! diff]5t bre$s1 namely1 t !y are (t5 mo/ /rongly display$ 9 ! male bird4 ,9 ,c>ri]s1 :5 ! males & females are exhibit$ 9 sep>ate p5s1 ! wattle is pla9ly se5 to be mu* m develop$ 9 ! males1 ?\gh ,i h se5 a h5 ,c>ri] belong+ to ,mr4 ,haynes heavily wattl$4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t1 9 tw5ty ,b>bs 9 ,mr4 ,p4 ,h4 ,jones's possession1 ! males _h g5]ally ! l>ge/ eye-wattles2 ,mr4 ,esquilant also believes 9 ?is rule1 b ,mr4 ,h4 ,weir1 a fir/-rate judge1 ent]ta9s "s d\bt on ! subject4 ,hale ,p\t]s di/5d _! crops to a mu* great] size ?an d ! females2 ,i h1 h[ev]1 se5 a h5 9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,evans :i* p\t$ excell5tly2 b ?is is an unusual circum/ance4 ,mr4 ,h>rison ,weir1 a successful bre$] ( prize #afb ,fantails1 in=ms me t 8 cock birds (t5 h a great] numb] ( tail-fea!rs ?an ! h5s4 ,mr4 ,eaton ass]ts#cjf t1 if a cock & h5 ,tumbl] 7 ( equal m]it1 ! h5 w\ld be wor? d\ble ! money2 & z pigeons always pair1 s t an equal numb] ( bo? sexes is necess>y = reproduction1 ?is seems to %[ t high m]it is r>] 9 ! female ?an 9 ! male4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! frill 9 ,turbits1 ( ! hood 9 ,jacob9s1 ( ! tuft 9 ,trumpet]s1 ( tumbl+ 9 ,tumbl]s1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 ! males & females4 ,i may "h add a r diff]5t case1 namely1 ! exi/5ce 9 ,france#cjg ( a w9e-col\r$ v>iety ( ! ,p\t]1 9 :i* ! male is g5]ally *equ]$ ) black1 :il/ ! female is nev] s *equ]$4 ,dr4 ,*apuis also rem>ks#cjh t 9 c]ta9 light-col\r$ pigeons ! males h _! fea!rs /riat$ ) black1 & ^! /riae increase 9 size at ea* m\lt1 s t ! male ultimately becomes spott$ ) black4 ,) ,c>ri]s1 ! wattle1 bo? on ! beak & r\nd ! eyes1 & ) ,b>bs t r\nd ! eyes1 goes on increas+ ) age4 ,?is augm5tation ( "* ) advanc+ age1 & m especially ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! males & females 9 ! above-m5tion$ sev]al respects1 are highly rem>kable facts1 = !re is no s5sible diff]5ce at any age betwe5 ! two sexes 9 ! aborig9al rock-pigeon2 & r>ely any su* diff]5ce ?r\gh\t ! :ole family ( ! ,columbidae4#cji ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bd4--,skulls ( ,pigeons1 view$ lat]ally1 ( natural size4 ,a4 ,wild ,rock-pigeon1 ,columba livia4 ,b4 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]4 ,c4 ,engli% ,c>ri]4 ,d4 ,bagadott5 ,c>ri]4 ,o/eological ,*>act]s4 ,9 ! skeletons ( ! v>i\s bre$s !re is mu* v>iability2 & ?\gh c]ta9 diff]5ces occur frequ5tly1 & o!rs r>ely1 9 c]ta9 bre$s1 yet none c be said to be absolutely *>act]i/ic ( any bre$4 ,consid]+ t /rongly-m>k$ dome/ic races h be5 =m$ *iefly by man's p[] #afc ( selection1 we ought n to expect to f9d great & con/ant diff]5ces 9 ! skeleton2 = fanci]s c nei!r see1 nor d !y c>e =1 modifications ( /ructure 9 ! int]nal framework4 ,nor ought we to expect *anges 9 ! skeletons f hang$ habits ( life2 z e facility is giv5 to ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s to foll[ ! same habits1 & ! mu* modifi$ races are nev] all[$ to w&] abroad & procure _! own food 9 v>i\s ways4 ,moreov]1 ,i f9d1 on comp>+ ! skeletons ( ,columba livia1 o5as1 palumbus1 & turtur1 :i* are rank$ by all sy/emati/s 9 two or ?ree di/9ct ?\gh alli$ g5]a1 t ! diff]5ces are extremely slight1 c]ta9ly less ?an betwe5 ! skeletons ( "s ( ! mo/ di/9ct dome/ic bre$s4 ,h[ f> ! skeleton ( ! wild rock-pigeon is con/ant ,i h no means ( judg+1 z ,i h exam9$ only two4 ,skull4--,! individual bones1 especially ^? at ! base1 d n diff] 9 %ape4 ,b ! :ole skull1 9 its proportions1 outl9e1 & relative direction ( ! bones1 diff]s greatly 9 "s ( ! bre$s1 z may be se5 by comp>+ ! figures ( 7,a7 ! wild rock-pigeon1 7,b7 ! #afd %ortfac$ tumbl]1 7,c7 ! ,engli% c>ri]1 & 7,d7 ! ,bagadott5 c>ri] 7( ,neumei/]71 all drawn ( ! natural size & view$ lat]ally4 ,9 ! c>ri]1 besides ! elongation ( ! bones ( ! face1 ! space betwe5 ! orbits is proportionally a little n>r[] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 ! ,bagadott5 ! upp] m&ible is rem>kably ar*$1 & ! premaxill>y bones are proportionally broad]4 ,9 ! %ort-fac$ tumbl] ! skull is m globul>2 all ! bones ( ! face are mu* %ort5$1 & ! front ( ! skull & desc5d+ nasal bones are almo/ p]p5dicul>2 ! maxillo-jugal ar* & premaxill>y bones =m an almo/ /raight l9e2 ! space betwe5 ! prom95t edges ( ! eye-orbits is depress$4 ,9 ! b>b ! premaxill>y bones are mu* %ort5$1 & _! ant]ior portion is ?ick] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 z is ! l[] "p ( ! nasal bone4 ,9 two nuns ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>ies1 ne> _! tips1 7 some:at att5uat$1 & 9 ^! birds1 z well z 9 "s o!rs1 = in/ance 9 ! spot1 ! occipital cre/ ov] ! =am5 0 consid]ably m prom95t ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #be4--,l[] jaws1 se5 f above1 ( natural size4 ,a4 ,rock-pigeon4 ,b4 ,runt4 ,c4 ,b>b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bf4--,skull ( ,runt1 se5 f above1 ( natural size1 %[+ ! reflex$ m>g9 ( ! di/al portion ( ! l[] jaw4 ,9 ! l[] jaw1 ! articul> surface is proportionally small] 9 _m bre$s ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon2 & ! v]tical diamet] m especially ( ! out] "p ( ! articul> surface is consid]ably %ort]4 ,may n ?is be acc\nt$ = by ! less5$ use ( ! jaws1 ow+ to nutriti\s food hav+ be5 giv5 dur+ a long p]iod to all highly improv$ pigeons8 ,9 runts1 c>ri]s1 & b>bs 7& 9 a less] degree 9 sev]al bre$s71 ! :ole side ( ! jaw ne> ! articul> end is b5t inw>ds 9 a highly rem>kable mann]2 & ! sup]ior m>g9 ( ! ramus1 beyond ! middle1 is reflex$ 9 an equally rem>kable mann]1 z may be se5 9 ! accompany+ figures1 9 comp>ison ) ! jaw ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,?is reflexion ( ! upp] m>g9 ( ! l[] jaw is pla9ly connect$ ) ! s+ul>ly wide gape ( ! m\?1 z has be5 describ$ 9 runts1 c>ri]s1 & b>bs4 ,! reflexion is well %[n 9 fig4 #bf ( ! head ( a runt se5 f above2 "h a wide op5 space may be obs]v$ on ea* side1 betwe5 ! edges ( ! l[] jaw & ( ! premaxill>y #afe bones4 ,9 ! rock-pigeon1 & 9 sev]al dome/ic bre$s1 ! edges ( ! l[] jaw on ea* side come close up to ! premaxill>y bones1 s t no op5 space is left4 ,! degree ( d[nw>d curvature ( ! di/al half ( ! l[] jaw also diff]s to an extraord9>y degree 9 "s bre$s1 z may be se5 9 ! draw+s 7fig4 ,a7 ( ! rock-pigeon1 7,b7 ( ! %ort-fac$ tumbl]1 & 7,c7 ( ! ,bagadott5 c>ri] ( ,neumei/]4 ,9 "s runts ! symphysis ( ! l[] jaw is rem>kably solid4 ,no "o w\ld readily h believ$ t jaws diff]+ s greatly 9 ! sev]al above-specifi$ po9ts c\ld h belong$ to ! same species4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bg4--,lat]al view ( jaws1 ( natural size4 ,a4 ,rock-pigeon4 ,b4 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]4 ,c4 ,bagadott5 ,c>ri]4 ,v]tebrae4-- ,all ! bre$s h twelve c]vical v]tebrae4#caj ,b 9 a ,bussorah c>ri] f ,india1 ! twelf? v]tebra c>ri$ a small rib1 a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 ) a p]fect d\ble articulation4 ,! dorsal v]tebrae are always eight4 ,9 ! rock-pigeon all eight be> ribs2 ! eigh? rib be+ v ?91 & ! sev5? hav+ no process4 ,9 p\t]s all ! ribs are extremely broad1 &1 9 ?ree out ( f\r skeletons exam9$ by me1 ! eigh? rib 0 twice or ev5 ?rice z broad z 9 ! rock-pigeon2 & ! sev5? pair _h di/9ct processes4 ,9 _m bre$s !re are only sev5 ribs1 z 9 sev5 out ( eight skeletons ( v>i\s tumbl]s1 & 9 sev]al skeletons ( fantails1 turbits1 & nuns4 ,9 all ^! bre$s ! sev5? pair 0 v small1 & 0 de/itute ( processes1 9 :i* respect x diff]$ f ! same rib 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 "o tumbl]1 & 9 ! ,bussorah c>ri]1 ev5 ! six? pair _h no process4 ,! hypapophysis ( ! second dorsal v]tebra v>ies mu* 9 developm5t2 be+ sometimes 7z 9 sev]al1 b #aff n all tumbl]s7 ne>ly z prom95t z t ( ! ?ird dorsal v]tebra2 & ! two hypapophyses toge!r t5d to =m an ossifi$ ar*4 ,! developm5t ( ! ar*1 =m$ by ! hypapophyses ( ! ?ird & f\r? dorsal v]tebrae1 also v>ies consid]ably1 z does ! size ( ! hypapophysis ( ! fif? v]tebra4 ,! rock-pigeon has twelve sacral v]tebrae2 b ^! v>y 9 numb]1 relative size1 & di/9ctness 9 ! diff]5t bre$s4 ,9 p\t]s1 ) _! elongat$ bodies1 !re are ?irte5 or ev5 f\rte51 &1 z we %all imm$iately see1 an additional numb] ( caudal v]tebrae4 ,9 runts & c>ri]s !re is g5]ally ! prop] numb]1 namely twelve2 b 9 "o runt1 & 9 ! ,bussorah c>ri]1 !re 7 only elev54 ,9 tumbl]s !re are ei!r elev51 twelve1 or ?irte5 sacral v]tebrae4 ,! caudal v]tebrae are sev5 9 numb] 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 fantails1 :i* h _! tails s l>gely develop$1 !re are ei!r eight or n9e1 & app>5tly 9 "o case t51 & !y are a little long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 & _! %ape v>ies consid]ably4 ,p\t]s1 also1 h eight or n9e caudal v]tebrae4 ,i h se5 eight 9 a nun & jacob94 ,tumbl]s1 ?\gh su* small birds1 always h ! normal numb] sev52 z h c>ri]s1 ) "o exception1 9 :i* !re 7 only six4 ,! foll[+ table w s]ve z a summ>y1 & w %[ ! mo/ rem>kable deviations 9 ! numb] ( ! v]tebrae & ribs :i* ,i h obs]v$3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,rock ,p\t]1 ,tumbl]1 ,bussorah ,pigeon4 f ,mr4 ,bult4 ,dut* ,roll]4 ,c>ri]4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,c]vical ,v]tebrae #ab #ab #ab #ab ,! #ab? bore a small rib4 ,dorsal ,v]tebrae #h #h #h #h ,dorsal ,ribs #h #h #g #g ,! #f? pair ,! #f? #g? ,! #f? #g? ,! #f? #g? ) pair ) pair )\t pair )\t processes1 processes4 processes4 processes4 ! #g? pair )\t a process4 ,sacral ,v]tebrae #ab #ad #aa #aa ,caudal ,v]tebrae #g #h or #i #g #g ---------------------------------------- ----------------- ,total ,v]tebrae #ci #db or #dc #ch #ch ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,! pelvis diff]s v little 9 any bre$4 ,! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! ilium1 h[ev]1 is sometimes a little m equally r\nd$ on bo? sides ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 ,! is*ium is also frequ5tly r m elongat$4 ,! obturator-not* is sometimes1 z 9 _m tumbl]s1 less develop$ ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! ridges on ! ilium are v prom95t 9 mo/ runts4 ,9 ! bones ( ! extremities ,i c\ld detect no diff]5ce1 except 9 _! proportional l5g?s2 = in/ance1 ! metat>sus 9 a p\t] 0 #a4fe in*1 & 9 a %ort-fac$ tumbl] only 4#ie 9 l5g?2 & ?is is a great] diff]5ce ?an w\ld naturally foll[ f _! diff]5tly-siz$ bodies2 b long legs 9 ! p\t]1 & small feet 9 ! tumbl]1 are select$ po9ts4 ,9 "s p\t]s ! scapula is r /raight]1 & 9 "s #afg tumbl]s x is /raight]1 ) ! apex less elongat$1 ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon3 9 ! woodcut1 fig4 #bh1 ! scapulae ( ! rock-pigeon 7,a71 & ( a %ort-fac$ tumbl] 7,b71 are giv54 ,! processes at ! summit ( ! coracoid1 :i* receive ! extremities ( ! furcula1 =m a m p]fect cavity 9 "s tumbl]s ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon3 9 p\t]s ^! processes are l>g] & diff]5tly %ap$1 & ! ext]ior angle ( ! extremity ( ! coracoid1 :i* is articulat$ to ! /]num1 is squ>]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #bi4--;,furculae1 ( natural size4 ,a4 ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl] ,b & ,c4 ,fantails4 ,d4 ,p\t]4 ,! two arms ( ! furcula 9 p\t]s div]ge less1 proportionally to _! l5g?1 ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon2 & ! symphysis is m solid & po9t$4 ,9 fantails ! degree ( div]g5ce ( ! two arms v>ies 9 a rem>kable m>9]4 ,9 fig4 #bi1 ,b & ,c repres5t ! furculae ( two fantails2 & x w be se5 t ! div]g5ce 9 ,b is r less ev5 ?an 9 ! furcula ( ! %ort-fac$1 small-siz$ tumbl] 7,a72 :]eas ! div]g5ce 9 ,c equals t 9 a rock-pigeon1 or 9 ! p\t] 7,d71 ?\gh ! latt] is a mu* l>g] bird4 ,! extremities ( ! furcula1 :]e articulat$ to ! coracoids1 v>y consid]ably 9 outl9e4 ,9 ! /]num ! diff]5ces 9 =m are slight1 except 9 ! size & outl9e ( ! p]=ations1 :i*1 bo? 9 ! l>g] & less] siz$ bre$s1 are sometimes small4 ,^! p]=ations1 also1 are sometimes ei!r ne>ly circul>1 or elongat$1 z is (t5 ! case ) c>ri]s4 ,! po/]ior p]=ations occasionally are n complete1 be+ left op5 po/]iorly4 ,! m>g9al apophyses =m+ ! ant]ior p]=ations v>y greatly 9 developm5t4 ,! degree ( convexity ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! /]num diff]s mu*1 be+ sometimes almo/ p]fectly flat4 ,! manubrium is r m prom95t 9 "s individuals ?an 9 o!rs1 & ! pore imm$iately "u x v>ies greatly 9 size4 ,correlation ( ,gr[?4--,by ?is t]m ,i mean t ! :ole organisation is s connect$1 t :5 "o "p v>ies1 o!r #afh p>ts v>y2 b :i* ( two correlat$ v>iations ought to be look$ at z ! cause & :i* z ! effect1 or :e!r bo? result f "s common cause1 we c seldom or nev] tell4 ,! po9t ( int]e/ = u is t1 :5 fanci]s1 by ! cont9u$ selection ( slight v>iations1 h l>gely modifi$ "o "p1 !y (t5 un9t5tionally produce o!r modifications4 ,= in/ance1 ! beak is readily act$ on by selection1 &1 ) its increas$ or dim9i%$ l5g?1 ! tongue increases or dim9i%es1 b n 9 due proportion2 =1 9 a b>b & %ort-fac$ tumbl]1 bo? ( :i* h v %ort beaks1 ! tongue1 tak+ ! rock-pigeon z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 0 proportionally n %ort5$ en\gh1 :il/ 9 two c>ri]s & 9 a runt ! tongue1 proportionally ) ! beak1 0 n l5g!n$ en\gh4 ,?us1 9 a fir/-rate ,engli% c>ri]1 9 :i* ! beak f ! tip to ! fea!r$ base 0 exactly ?rice z long z 9 a fir/-rate %ort-fac$ tumbl]1 ! tongue 0 only a little m ?an twice z long4 ,b ! tongue v>ies 9 l5g? indep5d5tly ( ! beak3 ?us1 9 a c>ri] ) a beak #a4b in* 9 l5g?1 ! tongue 0 4#fg 9 l5g?2 :il/ 9 a runt :i* equall$ ! c>ri] 9 l5g? ( body & 9 /ret* ( w+s f tip to tip1 ! beak 0 4#ib :il/ ! tongue 0 4#gc ( an in* 9 l5g?1 s t ! tongue 0 actually long] ?an 9 ! c>ri] ) its long beak4 ,! tongue ( ! runt 0 also v broad at ! root4 ,( two runts1 "o _h its beak long] by 4#bc ( an in*1 :il/ its tongue 0 %ort] by 4#ad ?an 9 ! o!r4 ,) ! increas$ or dim9i%$ l5g? ( ! beak ! l5g? ( ! slit =m+ ! ext]nal orifice ( ! no/rils v>ies1 b n 9 due proportion1 =1 tak+ ! rock-pigeon z ! /&>d1 ! orifice 9 a %ort-fac$ tumbl] 0 n %ort5$ 9 due proportion ) its v %ort beak4 ,on ! o!r h& 7& ?is c\ld n h be5 anticipat$71 ! orifice 9 ?ree ,engli% c>ri]s1 9 ! ,bagadott5 c>ri]1 & 9 a runt 7pigeon cygne71 0 long] by above ! t5? ( an in* ?an w\ld foll[ f ! l5g? ( ! beak proportionally ) t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 "o c>ri] ! orifice ( ! no/rils 0 ?rice z long z 9 ! rock-pigeon1 ?\gh 9 body & l5g? ( beak ?is bird 0 n ne>ly d\ble ! size ( ! #afi rock-pigeon4 ,?is greatly increas$ l5g? ( ! orifice ( ! no/rils seems to /& p>tly 9 correlation ) ! enl>gem5t ( ! wattl$ sk9 on ! upp] m&ible & ov] ! no/rils2 & ?is is a "* :i* is select$ by fanci]s4 ,s aga91 ! broad1 nak$1 & wattl$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes ( c>ri]s & b>bs is a select$ "*2 & 9 obvi\s correlation ) ?is1 ! eyelids1 measur$ longitud9ally1 are proportionally m ?an d\ble ! l5g? ( ^? ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,! great diff]5ce 7see woodcut ,no4 #bg7 9 ! curvature ( ! l[] jaw 9 ! rock-pigeon1 ! tumbl]1 & ,bagadott5 c>ri]1 /&s 9 obvi\s relation to ! curvature ( ! upp] jaw1 & m especially to ! angle =m$ by ! maxillo-jugal ar* ) ! premaxill>y bones4 ,b 9 c>ri]s1 runts1 & b>bs ! s+ul> reflexion ( ! upp] m>g9 ( ! middle "p ( ! l[] jaw 7see woodcut ,no4 #be7 is n /rictly correlat$ ) ! wid? or div]g5ce 7z may be cle>ly se5 9 woodcut ,no4 #bf7 ( ! premaxill>y bones1 b ) ! bread? ( ! horny & s(t p>ts ( ! upp] m&ible1 :i* are always ov]lapp$ by ! edges ( ! l[] m&ible4 ,9 p\t]s1 ! elongation ( ! body is a select$ "*1 & ! ribs1 z we h se51 h g5]ally become v broad1 ) ! sev5? pair furni%$ ) processes2 ! sacral & caudal v]tebrae h be5 augm5t$ 9 numb]2 ! /]num has likewise increas$ 9 l5g? 7b n 9 ! dep? ( ! cre/7 by 4#d ( an in* m ?an w\ld foll[ f ! great] bulk ( ! body 9 comp>ison ) t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 fantails1 ! l5g? & numb] ( ! caudal v]tebrae h increas$4 ,h5ce1 dur+ ! gradual progress ( v>iation & selection1 ! int]nal bony frame-"w & ! ext]nal %ape ( ! body h be51 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 modifi$ 9 a correlat$ mann]4 ,al?\gh ! w+s & tail (t5 v>y 9 l5g? indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 x is sc>cely possible to d\bt t !y g5]ally t5d to become elongat$ or %ort5$ 9 correlation4 ,?is is well se5 9 jacob9s1 & /ill m pla9ly 9 runts1 "s v>ieties ( :i* h _! w+s & tail ( great l5g?1 :il/ o!rs h bo? v %ort4 ,) jacob9s1 ! rem>kable l5g? ( ! tail & #agj w+-fea!rs is n a "* :i* is int5tionally select$ by fanci]s2 b fanci]s h be5 try+ = c5turies1 at lea/ s9ce ! ye> #afjj1 to increase ! l5g? ( ! rev]s$ fea!rs on ! neck1 s t ! hood may m completely enclose ! head2 & x may be suspect$ t ! increas$ l5g? ( ! w+ & tail-fea!rs /&s 9 correlation ) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! neck-fea!rs4 ,%ort-fac$ tumbl]s h %ort w+s 9 ne>ly due proportion ) ! r$uc$ size ( _! bodies2 b x is rem>kable1 see+ t ! numb] ( ! prim>y w+-fea!rs is a con/ant "* 9 mo/ birds1 t ^! tumbl]s g5]ally h only n9e in/ead ( t5 prim>ies4 ,i h myself obs]v$ ?is 9 eight birds2 & ! ,orig9al ,columb>ian ,society#caa r$uc$ ! /&>d = bald-head tumbl]s f t5 to n9e :ite flight-fea!rs1 ?9k+ x unfair t a bird :i* _h only n9e fea!rs %\ld be disqualifi$ = a prize because x _h n t5 :ite flight-fea!rs4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 c>ri]s & runts1 :i* h l>ge bodies & long w+s1 elev5 prim>y fea!rs h occasionally be5 obs]v$4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has in=m$ me ( a curi\s & inexplicable case ( correlation1 namely1 t "y pigeons ( all bre$s1 :i* :5 mature become :ite1 yell[1 silv] 7i4e4 extremely pale blue71 or dun-col\r$1 are born almo/ nak$2 :]eas o!r col\r$ pigeons are born well clo!d ) d[n4 ,mr4 ,esquilant1 h[ev]1 has obs]v$ t "y dun c>ri]s are n s b>e z "y dun b>bs & tumbl]s4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has se5 two "y birds 9 ! same ne/1 produc$ f diff]5tly col\r$ p>5ts1 :i* diff]$ greatly 9 ! degree to :i* !y 7 at fir/ clo!d ) d[n4 ,i h obs]v$ ano!r case ( correlation :i* at fir/ sight appe>s q inexplicable1 b on :i*1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 "s light c be ?r[n by ! law ( homolog\s p>ts v>y+ 9 ! same mann]4 ,! case is1 t1 :5 ! feet are mu* fea!r$1 ! roots ( ! fea!rs are connect$ by a web ( sk91 & app>5tly 9 correlation ) ?is ! two out] toes become connect$ = a consid]able space by sk94 ,i h obs]v$ ?is 9 v _m #aga specim5s ( p\t]s1 trumpet]s1 swall[s1 roll]-tumbl]s 7likewise obs]v$ 9 ?is bre$ by ,mr4 ,br5t71 & 9 a less] degree 9 o!r fea!r-foot$ pigeons4 ,! feet ( ! small] & l>g] bre$s are ( c\rse mu* small] or l>g] ?an ^? ( ! rock-pigeon2 b ! scutellae or scales cov]+ ! toes & t>si h n only decreas$ or increas$ 9 size1 b likewise 9 numb]4 ,to give a s+le in/ance1 ,i h c\nt$ eight scutellae on ! h9d toe ( a runt1 & only five on t ( a %ort-fac$ tumbl]4 ,) birds 9 a /ate ( nature ! numb] ( ! scutellae on ! feet is usually a con/ant "*4 ,! l5g? ( ! feet & ! l5g? ( ! beak app>5tly /& 9 correlation2 b z disuse app>5tly has affect$ ! size ( ! feet1 ?is case may come "u ! foll[+ discussion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! ,effects ( ,disuse4--,9 ! foll[+ discussion on ! relative proportions ( ! feet1 /]num1 furcula1 scapulae1 & w+s1 ,i may premise1 9 ord] to give "s confid5ce to ! read]1 t my measurem5ts 7 all made 9 ! same mann]1 & t all ! measurem5ts ( ! ext]nal p>ts 7 made )\t ! lea/ int5tion ( apply+ !m to ! foll[+ purpose4 ,i measur$ mo/ ( ! birds :i* came into my possession1 f ! fea!r$ base ( ! beak 7! l5g? ( beak itself be+ s v>iable7 to ! end ( ! tail1 & to ! oil-gl&1 b un=tunately 7except 9 a few cases7 n to ! root ( ! tail2 ,i measur$ ea* bird f ! extreme tip to tip ( w+2 & ! l5g? ( ! t]m9al fold$ "p ( ! w+1 f ! extremity ( ! prim>ies to ! jo9t ( ! radius4 ,i measur$ ! feet )\t ! claws1 f ! end ( ! middle toe to ! end ( ! h9d toe2 & ! t>sus toge!r ) ! middle toe4 ,i h tak5 9 e case ! mean measurem5t ( two wild rock-pigeons f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 z ! /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! actual l5g? ( ! feet 9 ea* bird2 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! l5g? :i* ! feet ought to h _h accord+ to ! size ( body ( ea*1 9 comp>ison ) ! size ( body & l5g? ( feet ( ! rock-pigeon1 calculat$ 7) a few specifi$ exceptions7 by ! /&>d ( ! l5g? ( ! body f ! base ( ! beak to ! oil-gl&4 ,i h pref]r$ ?is /&>d1 ow+ to ! v>iability ( ! l5g? ( tail4 ,b ,i h made simil> calculations1 tak+ z ! /&>d ! l5g? f tip to tip ( w+1 & likewise 9 mo/ cases f ! base ( ! beak to ! end ( ! tail2 & ! result has always be5 closely simil>4 ,to give an example3 ! fir/ bird 9 ! table1 be+ a %ort-fac$ tumbl]1 #agb is mu* small] ?an ! rock-pigeon1 & w\ld naturally h %ort] feet2 b x is f\nd on calculation to h feet too %ort by 4#aa ( an in*1 9 comp>ison ) ! feet ( ! rock-pigeon1 relatively to ! size ( ! body 9 ^! two birds1 z measur$ f ! base ( beak to ! oil-gl&4 ,s aga91 :5 ?is same tumbl] & ! rock-pigeon 7 comp>$ by ! l5g? ( _! w+s1 or by ! extreme l5g? ( _! bodies1 ! feet ( ! tumbl] 7 likewise f\nd to be too %ort 9 v ne>ly ! same proportion4 ,i am well aw>e t ! measurem5ts pret5d to great] accuracy ?an is possible1 b x 0 less tr\ble to write d[n ! actual measurem5ts giv5 by ! compasses 9 ea* case ?an an approximation4 ,,table ,i4 ,pigeons ) _! beaks g5]ally %ort] ?an t ( ! ,rock-pigeon1 proportionally ) ! size ( _! bodies4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,diff]5ce betwe5 actual & calculat$ l5g? ( ,"n ( ,bre$4 ,actual feet1 9 l5g? proportion to ( l5g? ( ,feet feet & size ( body 9 ! ,rock-pigeon ------------------- ,wild rock-pigeon 7mean measurem5t7 #b4jb ,too %ort,too long by by ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 bald-head #a4eg #j4aa 44 almond #a4fj #j4af 44 ,tumbl]1 r$ magpie #a4ge #j4ai 44 r$ common 7by /&>d to end ( tail7 #a4he #j4jg 44 common bald-head #a4he #j4ah 44 roll] #a4hj #j4jf 44 ,turbit #a4ge #j4ag 44 #a4hj #j4ja 44 #a4hd #j4ae 44 ,jacob9 #a4ij #j4jb 44 ,trumpet]1 :ite #b4jb #j4jf 44 mottl$ #a4ie #j4ah 44 ,fantail 7by /&>d to end ( tail7 #a4he #j4ae 44 #a4ie #j4ae 44 cre/$ v>4 #a4ie #j4j #j4j ,indian ,frill-back #a4hj #j4ai 44 ,engli% ,frill-back #b4aj #j4jc 44 ,nun #a4hb #j4jb 44 ,laugh] #a4fe #j4af 44 ,b>b #b4jj #j4jc 44 #b4jj 44 #j4jc ,spot #a4ij #j4jb 44 #a4ij #j4jg 44 ,swall[1 r$ #a4he #j4ah 44 blue #b4jj 44 #j4jc ,p\t] #b4db 44 #j4aa ,g]man #b4cj 44 #j4ji ,bussorah ,c>ri] #b4ag 44 #j4ji -------------------------- ,numb] ( specim5s #bh #bb #e ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #agc ,,table ,,ii4 ,pigeons ) _! beaks long] ?an t ( ! ,rock-pigeon1 proportionally ) ! size ( _! bodies4 ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------- ,diff]5ce betwe5 actual & calculat$ l5g? ( ,"n ( ,bre$4 ,actual feet1 9 l5g? proportion to ( l5g? ( ,feet feet & size ( body 9 ! ,rock-pigeon -------------------- ,wild rock-pigeon 7mean measurem5t7 #b4jb ,too %ort ,too long by by ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,c>ri] #b4fj 44 #j4ca #b4fj 44 #j4be #b4dj 44 #j4ba ,dragon #b4be 44 #j4jf ,bagadott5 ,c>ri] #b4hj 44 #j4ef ,sc&]oon1 :ite #b4hj 44 #j4cg ,pigeon cygne #b4he 44 #j4bi ,runt #b4ge 44 #j4bg ------------------------------ ,numb] ( specim5s #h 44 #h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,9 ^! two tables we see 9 ! fir/ column ! actual l5g? ( ! feet 9 ?irty-six birds belong+ to v>i\s bre$s1 & 9 ! two o!r columns we see by h[ mu* ! feet are too %ort or too long1 accord+ to ! size ( bird1 9 comp>ison ) ! rock-pigeon4 ,9 ! fir/ table tw5ty-two specim5s h _! feet too %ort1 on an av]age by a little above ! t5? ( an in* 7viz4 4#ajg72 & five specim5s h _! feet on an av]age a v little too long1 namely1 by 4#jg ( an in*4 ,b "s ( ^! latt] & exceptional cases c be expla9$2 = in/ance1 ) p\t]s ! legs & feet are select$ = l5g?1 & ?us any natural t5d5cy to a dim9ution 9 ! l5g? ( ! feet w h be5 c\nt]act$4 ,9 ! swall[ & b>b1 :5 ! calculation 0 made on any /&>d ( comp>ison except+ ! "o above us$ 7viz4 l5g? ( body f base ( beak to oil-gl&71 ! feet 7 f\nd to be too small4 ,9 ! second table we h eight birds1 ) _! beaks mu* long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 bo? actually & proportionally ) ! size ( body1 & _! feet are 9 an equally m>k$ mann] long]1 namely1 9 proportion1 on an av]age by 4#bi ( an in*4 ,i %\ld "h /ate t 9 ,table ,i4 !re are a few p>tial exceptions to ! beak be+ proportionally %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon3 ?us ! beak ( ! ,engli% frill-back is j p]ceptibly long]1 & t ( ! ,bussorah c>ri] ( ! same l5g? or slightly long]1 ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! beaks ( spots1 swall[s1 & laugh]s are only a v little %ort]1 or ( ! same proportional l5g?1 b sl5d]]4 ,nev]!less1 ^! two tables1 tak5 conjo9tly1 indicate pretty pla9ly "s k9d ( correlation betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! beak & ! size ( ! feet4 ,bre$]s ( cattle & horses believe t !re is an analog\s connection betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! limbs & head2 !y ass]t t a race-horse ) ! head ( a dray-horse1 or a #agd greyh\nd ) ! head ( a bulldog1 w\ld be a mon/r\s production4 ,z fancy pigeons are g5]ally kept 9 small avi>ies1 & are abundantly suppli$ ) food1 !y mu/ walk ab\t mu* less ?an ! wild rock-pigeon2 & x may be admitt$ z highly probable t ! r$uction 9 ! size ( ! feet 9 ! tw5ty-two birds 9 ! fir/ table has be5 caus$ by disuse1#cab & t ?is r$uction has act$ by correlation on ! beaks ( ! great majority ( ! birds 9 ,table ,i4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! beak has be5 mu* elongat$ by ! cont9u$ selection ( successive slight increm5ts ( l5g?1 ! feet by correlation h likewise become mu* elongat$ 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild rock-pigeon1 not)/&+ _! less5$ use4 ,z ,i _h tak5 measures f ! end ( ! middle toe to ! heel ( ! t>sus 9 ! rock-pigeon & 9 ! above ?irty-six birds1 ,i h made calculations analog\s ) ^? above giv51 & ! result is ! same1--namely1 t 9 ! %ort-beak$ bre$s1 ) equally few exceptions z 9 ! =m] case1 ! middle toe conjo9tly ) ! t>sus has decreas$ 9 l5g?2 :]eas 9 ! long-beak$ bre$s x has increas$ 9 l5g?1 ?\gh n q s uni=mly z 9 ! =m] case1 = ! leg 9 "s v>ieties ( ! runt v>ies mu* 9 l5g?4 ,z fancy pigeons are g5]ally conf9$ 9 avi>ies ( mod]ate size1 & z ev5 :5 n conf9$ !y d n se>* = _! own food1 !y mu/ dur+ _m g5]ations h us$ _! w+s incomp>ably less ?an ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,h5ce x seem$ to me probable t all ! p>ts ( ! skeleton subs]vi5t to flight w\ld be f\nd to be r$uc$ 9 size4 ,) respect to ! /]num1 ,i h c>efully measur$ its extreme l5g? 9 twelve birds ( diff]5t bre$s1 & 9 two wild rock-pigeons f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,= ! proportional comp>ison ,i h tri$ ) all twelve birds ?ree /&>ds ( measurem5t1 namely1 ! l5g? f ! base ( ! beak to ! oil-gl&1 to ! end ( ! tail1 & f ! extreme tip to tip ( w+s4 ,! result has be5 9 ea* case ne>ly ! same1 ! /]num be+ inv>iably f\nd to be %ort] ?an 9 ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,i w give only a s+le table1 z calculat$ by ! /&>d f ! base ( ! beak to ! oil-gl&2 = ! result 9 ?is case is ne>ly ! mean betwe5 ! results obta9$ by ! two o!r /&>ds4 ,l5g? ( ,/]num4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,actual ,too ,actual ,too ,"n ( ,bre$4 ,l5g?4 ,%ort ,"n ( ,bre$4 ,l5g?4 ,%ort ,in*es4 by ,in*es4 by ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,wild ,rock-pigeon #b4ee 44 ,b>b #b4ce #j4cd ,pi$ ,sc&]oon #b4hj #j4fj ,nun #b4bg #j4ae ,bagadott5 ,c>ri] #b4hj #j4ag ,g]man ,p\t] #b4cf #j4ed ,dragon #b4de #j4da ,jacob9 #b4cc #j4bb ,c>ri] #b4ge #j4ce ,engli% ,frill-back #b4dj #j4dc ,%ort-fac$ ,tumbl] #b4je #j4bh ,swall[ #b4de #j4ag ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #age ,?is table %[s t 9 ^! twelve bre$s ! /]num is on an av]age "o-?ird ( an in* 7exactly 4#ccb7 %ort] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 proportionally ) ! size ( _! bodies2 s t ! /]num has be5 r$uc$ by betwe5 "o-sev5? & "o-eigh? ( its entire l5g?2 & ?is is a consid]able r$uction4 ,i h also measur$ 9 tw5ty-"o birds1 includ+ ! above doz51 ! prom95ce ( ! cre/ ( ! /]num relatively to its l5g?1 indep5d5tly ( ! size ( ! body4 ,9 two ( ! tw5ty-"o birds ! cre/ 0 prom95t 9 ! same relative degree z 9 ! rock-pigeon2 9 sev5 x 0 m prom95t2 b 9 five out ( ^! sev51 namely1 9 a fantail1 two sc&]oons1 & two ,engli% c>ri]s1 ?is great] prom95ce may to a c]ta9 ext5t be expla9$1 z a prom95t brea/ is admir$ & select$ by fanci]s2 9 ! rema9+ twelve birds ! prom95ce 0 less4 ,h5ce x foll[s t ! cre/ exhibits a slight1 ?\gh unc]ta91 t5d5cy to become r$uc$ 9 prom95ce 9 a great] degree ?an does ! l5g? ( ! /]num relatively to ! size ( body1 9 comp>ison ) ! rock-pigeon4 ,i h measur$ ! l5g? ( ! scapula 9 n9e diff]5t l>ge & small-siz$ bre$s1 & 9 all ! scapula is proportionally %ort] 7tak+ ! same /&>d z be=e7 ?an 9 ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,! r$uction 9 l5g? on an av]age is v ne>ly "o-fif? ( an in*1 or ab\t "o-n9? ( ! l5g? ( ! scapula 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! arms ( ! furcula 9 all ! specim5s :i* ,i comp>$1 div]g$ less1 proportionally ) ! size ( body1 ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon2 & ! :ole furcula 0 proportionally %ort]4 ,?us 9 a runt1 :i* measur$ f tip to tip ( w+s #cha_/b in*es1 ! furcula 0 only a v little long] 7) ! arms h>dly m div]g5t7 ?an 9 a rock-pigeon :i* measur$ f tip to tip #bfa_/b in*es4 ,9 a b>b1 :i* 9 all its measurem5ts 0 a little l>g] ?an ! same rock-pigeon1 ! furcula 0 a qu>t] ( an in* %ort]4 ,9 a p\t]1 ! furcula _h n be5 l5g!n$ proportionally ) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! body4 ,9 a %ort-fac$ tumbl]1 :i* measur$ f tip to tip ( w+s #bd in*es1 !re=e only #ba_/b in*es less ?an ! rock-pigeon1 ! furcula 0 b>ely two-?irds ( ! l5g? ( t ( ! rock-pigeon4 ,we ?us cle>ly see t ! /]num1 scapulae1 & furcula are all r$uc$ 9 proportional l5g?2 b :5 we turn to ! w+s we f9d :at at fir/ appe>s a :olly diff]5t & unexpect$ result4 ,i may "h rem>k t ,i h n pick$ out specim5s1 b h us$ e measurem5t made by me4 ,tak+ ! l5g? f ! base ( beak to ! end ( ! tail z ! /&>d ( comp>ison1 ,i f9d t1 out ( ?irty-five birds ( v>i\s bre$s1 tw5ty-five h w+s ( great]1 & t5 h !m ( less proportional l5g?1 ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,b f ! frequ5tly correlat$ l5g? ( ! tail & w+-fea!rs1 x is bett] to take z ! /&>d #agf ( comp>ison ! l5g? f ! base ( ! beak to ! oil-gl&2 & by ?is /&>d1 out ( tw5ty-six ( ! same birds :i* _h be5 ?us measur$1 tw5ty-"o _h w+s too long1 & only five _h !m too %ort4 ,9 ! tw5ty-"o birds ! w+s exce$$ 9 l5g? ^? ( ! rock-pigeon1 on an av]age1 by #a-a_/c in*2 :il/ 9 ! five birds !y 7 less 9 l5g? by only 4#h ( an in*4 ,z ,i 0 mu* surpris$ t ! w+s ( closely conf9$ birds %\ld ?us s frequ5tly h be5 increas$ 9 l5g?1 x occurr$ to me t x might be solely due to ! great] l5g? ( ! w+-fea!rs2 = ?is c]ta9ly is ! case ) ! jacob91 :i* has w+s ( unusual l5g?4 ,z 9 almo/ e case ,i _h measur$ ! fold$ w+s1 ,i subtract$ ! l5g? ( ?is t]m9al "p f t ( ! exp&$ w+s1 & ?us ,i obta9$1 ) a mod]ate degree ( accuracy1 ! l5g? ( ! w+s f ! ends ( ! two radii1 answ]+ f wri/ to wri/ 9 our arms4 ,! w+s1 ?us measur$ 9 ! same tw5ty-five birds1 n[ gave a widely diff]5t result2 = !y 7 proportionally ) ^? ( ! rock-pigeon too %ort 9 sev5te5 birds1 & 9 only eight too long4 ,( ^! eight birds1 five 7 long-beak$1#cac & ?is fact p]haps indicates t !re is "s correlation betwe5 ! l5g? ( ! beak & ! l5g? ( ! bones ( ! w+s1 9 ! same mann] z ) ! feet & t>si4 ,! %ort5+ ( ! hum]us & radius 9 ! sev5te5 birds may probably be attribut$ to disuse1 z 9 ! case ( ! scapulae & furcula to :i* ! w+-bones are atta*$2--! l5g!n+ ( ! w+-fea!rs1 & consequ5tly ! expansion ( ! w+s f tip to tip1 be+1 on ! o!r h&1 z completely indep5d5t ( use & disuse z is ! gr[? ( ! hair or wool on our long-hair$ dogs or long-wooll$ %eep4 ,to sum up3 we may confid5tly admit t ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 & frequ5tly ! prom95ce ( its cre/1 ! l5g? ( ! scapulae & furcula1 h all be5 r$uc$ 9 size 9 comp>ison ) ! same p>ts 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,& ,i #agg presume t ?is may be safely attribut$ to disuse or less5$ ex]cise4 ,! w+s1 z measur$ f ! ends ( ! radii1 h likewise be5 g5]ally r$uc$ 9 l5g?2 b1 ow+ to ! increas$ gr[? ( ! w+-fea!rs1 ! w+s1 f tip to tip1 are commonly long] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon4 ,! feet1 z well z ! t>si conjo9tly ) ! middle toe1 h likewise 9 mo/ cases become r$uc$2 & ?is x is probable has be5 caus$ by _! less5$ use2 b ! exi/5ce ( "s sort ( correlation betwe5 ! feet & beak is %[n m pla9ly ?an ! effects ( disuse4 ,we h also "s fa9t indication ( a simil> correlation betwe5 ! ma9 bones ( ! w+ & ! beak4 ,summ>y on ! ,po9ts ( ,diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al ,dome/ic ,races1 & betwe5 ! individual ,birds4--,! beak1 toge!r ) ! bones ( ! face1 diff] rem>kably 9 l5g?1 bread?1 %ape1 & curvature4 ,! skull diff]s 9 %ape1 & greatly 9 ! angle =m$ by ! union ( ! premaxill>y1 nasal1 & maxillo-jugal bones4 ,! curvature ( ! l[] jaw & ! reflexion ( its upp] m>g91 z well z ! gape ( ! m\?1 diff] 9 a highly rem>kable mann]4 ,! tongue v>ies mu* 9 l5g?1 bo? indep5d5tly & 9 correlation ) ! l5g? ( ! beak4 ,! developm5t ( ! nak$1 wattl$ sk9 ov] ! no/rils & r\nd ! eyes v>ies 9 an extreme degree4 ,! eyelids & ! ext]nal orifices ( ! no/rils v>y 9 l5g?1 & are to a c]ta9 ext5t correlat$ ) ! degree ( developm5t ( ! wattle4 ,! size & =m ( ! oesophagus & crop1 & _! capacity = inflation1 diff] imm5sely4 ,! l5g? ( ! neck v>ies4 ,) ! v>y+ %ape ( ! body1 ! bread? & numb] ( ! ribs1 ! pres5ce ( processes1 ! numb] ( ! sacral v]tebrae1 & ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 all v>y4 ,! numb] & size ( ! coccygeal v]tebrae v>y1 app>5tly 9 correlation ) ! increas$ size ( ! tail4 ,! size & %ape ( ! p]=ations 9 ! /]num1 & ! size & div]g5ce ( ! arms ( ! furcula1 diff]4 ,! oil-gl& v>ies 9 developm5t1 & is sometimes q abort$4 ,! direction & l5g? ( c]ta9 fea!rs h be5 mu* modifi$1 z 9 ! hood ( ! ,jacob9 & ! frill ( ! ,turbit4 ,! w+ & tail fea!rs g5]ally v>y 9 #agh l5g? toge!r1 b sometimes indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r & ( ! size ( ! body4 ,! numb] & position ( ! tail-fea!rs v>y to an unp>allel$ degree4 ,! prim>y & second>y w+-fea!rs occasionally v>y 9 numb]1 app>5tly 9 correlation ) ! l5g? ( ! w+4 ,! l5g? ( ! leg & ! size ( ! feet1 &1 9 connection ) ! latt]1 ! numb] ( ! scutellae1 all v>y4 ,a web ( sk9 sometimes connects ! bases ( ! two inn] toes1 & almo/ inv>iably ! two out] toes :5 ! feet are fea!r$4 ,! size ( ! body diff]s greatly3 a runt has be5 kn[n to weigh m ?an five times z mu* z a %ort-fac$ tumbl]4 ,! eggs diff] 9 size & %ape4 ,accord+ to ,p>m5ti]1#cad "s races use mu* /raw 9 build+ _! ne/s1 & o!rs use little2 b ,i _c he> ( any rec5t corroboration ( ?is /atem5t4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ = hat*+ ! eggs is uni=m 9 all ! bre$s4 ,! p]iod at :i* ! *>act]i/ic plumage ( "s bre$s is acquir$1 & at :i* c]ta9 *anges ( col\r sup]v5e1 diff]s4 ,! degree to :i* ! "y birds are clo!d ) d[n :5 fir/ hat*$ is diff]5t1 & is correlat$ 9 a s+ul> mann] ) ! future col\r ( ! plumage4 ,! mann] ( flight1 & c]ta9 inh]it$ movem5ts1 su* z clapp+ ! w+s1 tumbl+ ei!r 9 ! air or on ! gr\nd1 & ! mann] ( c\rt+ ! female1 pres5t ! mo/ s+ul> diff]5ces4 ,9 disposition ! sev]al races diff]4 ,"s races are v sil5t2 o!rs coo 9 a highly peculi> mann]4 ,al?\gh _m diff]5t races h kept true 9 "* dur+ sev]al c5turies1 z we %all h]eaft] m fully see1 yet !re is f> m individual v>iability 9 ! true/ bre$s ?an 9 birds 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,!re is h>dly any exception to ! rule t ^? *>act]s v>y mo/ :i* are n[ mo/ valu$ & att5d$ to by fanci]s1 & :i* consequ5tly are n[ be+ improv$ by cont9u$ selection4 ,?is is indirectly admitt$ by fanci]s :5 !y compla9 t x is mu* m difficult to bre$ high fancy pigeons up to ! prop] /&>d ( excell5ce ?an ! s-call$ toy pigeons1 :i* diff] f #agi ea* o!r m]ely 9 col\r2 = p>ticul> col\rs :5 once acquir$ are n liable to cont9u$ improvem5t or augm5tation4 ,"s *>act]s become atta*$1 f q unkn[n causes1 m /rongly to ! male ?an to ! female sex2 s t we h1 9 c]ta9 races1 a t5d5cy t[>ds ! appe>ance ( second>y sexual *>act]s1#cae ( :i* ! aborig9al rock-pigeon displays n a trace4 99 99 99 99 99 #ahj ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,pigeons--cont9u$4 ,,on ,,! ,,aborig9al ,,p>5t-,,/ock ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,dome/ic ,,races--,,habits ,,( ,,life--,,wild ,,races ,,( ,,! ,,rock-,,pigeon--,,dovecot-,,pigeons--,, pro(s ,,( ,,! ,,desc5t ,,( ,,! ,,sev]al ,,races ,,f ,,columba ,,livia--,,f]tility ,,( ,,! ,,races ,,:5 ,,cross$--,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,plumage ,,( ,,! ,,wild ,,rock-,,pigeon--,,circum/ances ,,fav\rable ,,to ,,! ,,=mation ,,( ,,! ,,races--,,antiquity ,,& ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,pr9cipal ,,races--,,mann] ,,( ,,_! ,,=mation--,,selection--,,unconsci\s ,,selection--,,c>e ,,tak5 ,,by ,,fanci]s ,,9 ,,select+ ,,_! ,,birds--,,slightly ,,diff]5t ,,/ra9s ,,gradually ,,*ange ,,into ,,well-,,m>k$ ,,bre$s--,,ext9ction ,,( ,,int]m$iate ,,=ms--,,c]ta9 ,,bre$s ,,rema9 ,,p]man5t1 ,,:il/ ,,o!rs ,,*ange--,,summ>y4 ,! diff]5ces describ$ 9 ! la/ *apt] betwe5 ! elev5 *ief dome/ic races & betwe5 individual birds ( ! same race1 w\ld be ( little significance1 if !y _h n all desc5d$ f a s+le wild /ock4 ,! "q ( _! orig9 is !re=e ( fundam5tal importance1 & mu/ be discuss$ at consid]able l5g?4 ,no "o w ?9k ?is sup]flu\s :o consid]s ! great am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! races1 :o kn[s h[ anci5t _m ( !m are1 & h[ truly !y bre$ at ! pres5t day4 ,fanci]s almo/ unanim\sly believe t ! diff]5t races are desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks1 :]eas mo/ naturali/s believe t all are desc5d$ f ! ,columba livia or rock-pigeon4 ,temm9ck#caf has well obs]v$1 & ,mr4 ,g\ld has made ! same rem>k to me1 t ! aborig9al p>5t mu/ h be5 a species :i* roo/$ & built its ne/ on rocks2 & ,i may add t x mu/ h be5 a social bird4 ,= all ! dome/ic races are highly social1 & none are kn[n to build or habitually to roo/ on trees4 ,! awkw>d mann] 9 :i* "s pigeons1 kept by me 9 a summ]-h\se ne> an old walnut-tree1 occasionally alight$ on ! b>] bran*es1 0 #aha evid5t4#cag ,nev]!less1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,scot ,skirv+ in=ms me t he (t5 saw cr[ds ( pigeons 9 ,upp] ,egypt settl+ on ! l[ trees1 b n on ! palms1 9 pref]5ce to ! mud hovels ( ! natives4 ,9 ,india ,mr4 ,bly?#cah has be5 assur$ t ! wild ,c4 livia1 v>4 int]m$ia1 sometimes roo/s 9 trees4 ,i may "h give a curi\s in/ance ( compulsion lead+ to *ang$ habits3 ! banks ( ! ,nile above lat4 #bh deg4 #cj' are p]p5dicul> = a long di/ance1 s t :5 ! riv] is full ! pigeons _c alight on ! %ore to dr9k1 & ,mr4 ,skirv+ repeat$ly saw :ole flocks settle on ! wat]1 & dr9k :il/ !y float$ d[n ! /ream4 ,^! flocks se5 f a di/ance resembl$ flocks ( gulls on ! surface ( ! sea4 ,if any dome/ic race _h desc5d$ f a species :i* 0 n social1 or :i* built its ne/ or roo/$ 9 trees1#cai ! %>p eyes ( fanci]s w\ld assur$ly h detect$ "s ve/ige ( s diff]5t an aborig9al habit4 ,= we h reason to believe t aborig9al habits are long reta9$ "u dome/ication4 ,?us ) ! common ass we see signs ( its orig9al des]t life 9 its /rong dislike to cross ! smalle/ /ream ( wat]1 & 9 its pleasure 9 roll+ 9 ! du/4 ,! same /rong dislike to cross a /ream is common to ! camel1 :i* has be5 dome/icat$ f a v anci5t p]iod4 ,"y pigs1 ?\gh s tame1 sometimes squat :5 fright5$1 & ?us try to conceal !mselves ev5 on an op5 & b>e place4 ,"y turkeys1 & occasionally ev5 "y f[ls1 :5 ! h5 gives ! dang]-cry1 run away & try to hide !mselves1 l "y p>tridges or pheasants1 9 ord] t _! "m may take flight1 ( :i* %e has lo/ ! p[]4 ,! musk-duck 7,d5drocygna viduata7 9 its native #ahb c\ntry (t5 p]*es & roo/s on trees1#cbj & our dome/icat$ musk-ducks1 ?\gh su* sluggi% birds1 are fond ( p]*+ on ! tops ( b>ns1 walls1 c41 &1 if all[$ to sp5d ! night 9 ! h5-h\se1 ! female w g5]ally g to roo/ by ! side ( ! h5s1 b ! drake is too heavy to m\nt ?i!r ) ease4#cba ,we "k t ! dog1 h[ev] well & regul>ly f$1 (t5 buries1 l ! fox1 any sup]flu\s food2 & we see him turn+ r\nd & r\nd on a c>pet1 z if to trample d[n grass to =m a b$2 we see him on b>e pavem5ts scrat*+ backw>ds z if to ?r[ e>? ov] 8 excrem5t1 al?\gh1 z ,i believe1 ?is is nev] effect$ ev5 :]e !re is e>?4 ,9 ! delight ) :i* lambs & kids cr[d toge!r & frisk on ! smalle/ hillock1 we see a ve/ige ( _! =m] alp9e habits4 ,we h !re=e good reason to believe t all ! dome/ic races ( ! pigeon are desc5d$ ei!r f "s "o or f sev]al species :i* bo? roo/$ & built _! ne/s on rocks1 & 7 social 9 disposition4 ,z only five or six wild species ) ^! habits & mak+ any ne> approa* 9 /ructure to ! dome/icat$ pigeon are kn[n to exi/1 ,i w enum]ate !m4 ,fir/ly1 ! ,columba leuconota resembles c]ta9 dome/ic v>ieties 9 its plumage1 ) ! "o m>k$ & nev]-fail+ diff]5ce ( a :ite b& :i* crosses ! tail at "s di/ance f ! extremity4 ,?is species1 moreov]1 inhabits ! ,himalaya1 close to ! limit ( p]petual sn[2 & !re=e1 z ,mr4 ,bly? has rem>k$1 is n likely to h be5 ! p>5t ( our dome/ic bre$s1 :i* ?rive 9 ! hotte/ c\ntries4 ,secondly1 ! ,c4 rupe/ris1 ( ,c5tral ,asia1 :i* is int]m$iate#cbb betwe5 ! ,c4 leuconota & livia2 b has ne>ly ! same col\r$ tail ) ! =m] species4 ,?irdly1 ! ,columba littoralis builds & roo/s1 accord+ to ,temm9ck1 on rocks 9 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago2 x is :ite1 except+ p>ts ( ! w+ & ! tip ( ! tail1 :i* are black2 its legs are livid-col\r$1 & ?is is a "* n obs]v$ 9 any adult dome/ic pigeon2 b ,i ne$ n h m5tion$ ?is species or ! closely-alli$ ,c4 luctuosa1 z !y 9 fact belong to ! g5us ,c>pophaga4 ,f\r?ly1 ,columba ,gu9ea1 :i* ranges f ,gu9ea#cbc to ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 #ahc & roo/s ei!r on trees or rocks1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! c\ntry4 ,?is species belongs to ! g5us ,/ricto5as ( ,rei*5ba*1 b is closely alli$ to true ,columba2 x is to "s ext5t col\r$ l c]ta9 dome/ic races1 & has be5 said to be dome/icat$ 9 ,abyss9ia2 b ,mr4 ,mansfield ,p>kyns1 :o collect$ ! birds ( t c\ntry & kn[s ! species1 in=ms me t ?is is a mi/ake4 ,moreov] ! ,c4 ,gu9ea is *>act]iz$ by ! fea!rs ( ! neck hav+ peculi> not*$ tips1--a "* n obs]v$ 9 any dome/ic race4 ,fif?ly1 ! ,columba o5as ( ,europe1 :i* roo/s on trees1 & builds its ne/ 9 holes1 ei!r 9 trees or ! gr\nd2 ?is species1 z f> z ext]nal *>act]s g1 might be ! p>5t ( sev]al dome/ic races2 b1 ?\gh x crosses readily ) ! true rock-pigeon1 ! (fspr+1 z we %all pres5tly see1 are /]ile hybrids1 & ( su* /]ility !re is n a trace :5 ! dome/ic races are int]cross$4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t if we 7 to admit1 aga9/ all probability1 t any ( ! =ego+ five or six species 7 ! p>5ts ( "s ( our dome/ic pigeons1 n ! lea/ light w\ld be ?r[n on ! *ief diff]5ces betwe5 ! elev5 mo/ /rongly-m>k$ races4 ,we n[ come to ! be/ kn[n rock-pigeon1 ! ,columba livia1 :i* is (t5 designat$ 9 ,europe pre-em95tly z ! ,rock-pigeon1 & :i* naturali/s believe to be ! p>5t ( all ! dome/icat$ bre$s4 ,?is bird agrees 9 e ess5tial "* ) ! bre$s :i* h be5 only slightly modifi$4 ,x diff]s f all o!r species 9 be+ ( a slaty-blue col\r1 ) two black b>s on ! w+s1 & ) ! cr\p 7or lo9s7 :ite4 ,occasionally birds are se5 9 ,f>oe & ! ,hebrides ) ! black b>s replac$ by two or ?ree black spots2 ?is =m has be5 nam$ by ,brehm#cbd ,c4 amaliae1 b ?is species has n be5 admitt$ z di/9ct by o!r orni?ologi/s4 ,graba#cbe ev5 f\nd a diff]5ce betwe5 ! w+-b>s ( ! same bird 9 ,f>oe4 ,ano!r & r m di/9ct =m is ei!r truly wild or has become f]al on ! cliffs ( ,engl&1 & 0 d\btfully nam$ by ,mr4 ,bly?#cbf z ,c4 aff9is1 b is n[ no long] consid]$ by him z a di/9ct species4 ,c4 aff9is is r small] ?an ! rock-pigeon ( ! ,scotti% isl&s1 & has a v diff]5t appe>ance ow+ to ! w+-cov]ts be+ *equ]$ ) black1 ) simil> m>ks (t5 ext5d+ ov] ! back4 ,! *equ]+ consi/s ( a l>ge black spot on ! two sides1 b *iefly on ! out] side1 ( ea* fea!r4 ,! w+-b>s 9 ! true rock-pigeon & 9 ! *equ]$ v>iety are1 9 fact1 due to simil> ?\gh l>g] spots symmetrically cross+ ! second>y w+-fea!r & ! l>g] cov]ts4 ,h5ce ! *equ]+ arises m]ely f an ext5sion ( ^! m>ks to o!r p>ts ( ! plumage4 ,*equ]$ birds are n conf9$ to ! coa/s ( ,engl&2 = #ahd !y 7 f\nd by ,graba at ,f>oe2 & ,w4 ,?ompson#cbg says t at ,islay fully half ! wild rock-pigeons 7 *equ]$4 ,colonel ,k+1 ( ,hy!1 /ock$ 8 dovecot ) "y wild birds :i* he himself procur$ f ne/s at ! ,orkney ,isl&s2 & sev]al specim5s1 k9dly s5t to me by him1 7 all pla9ly *equ]$4 ,z we ?us see t *equ]$ birds occur m+l$ ) ! true rock-pigeon at ?ree di/9ct sites1 namely1 ,f>oe1 ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 & ,islay1 no importance c be atta*$ to ?is natural v>iation 9 ! plumage4 ,pr9ce ,c4 ,l4 ,bonap>te1#cbh a great divid] ( species1 enum]ates1 ) a m>k ( int]rogation1 z di/9ct f ,c4 livia1 ! ,c4 turricola ( ,italy1 ! ,c4 rupe/ris ( ,da\ria1 & ! ,c4 ,s*imp]i ( ,abyss9ia2 b ^! birds diff] f ,c4 livia 9 *>act]s ( ! mo/ trifl+ value4 ,9 ! ,briti% ,museum !re is a *equ]$ pigeon1 probably ! ,c4 ,s*imp]i ( ,bonap>te1 f ,abyss9ia4 ,to ^! may be add$ ! ,c4 gymnocyclus ( ,g4 ,r4 ,gray f ,w4 ,africa1 :i* is slightly m di/9ct1 & has r m nak$ sk9 r\nd ! eyes ?an ! rock-pigeon2 b f in=mation giv5 me by ,dr4 ,daniell1 x is d\btful :e!r ?is is a wild bird1 = dovecot-pigeons 7:i* ,i h exam9$7 are kept on ! coa/ ( ,gu9ea4 ,! wild rock-pigeon ( ,india 7,c4 int]m$ia ( ,/rickl&7 has be5 m g5]ally accept$ z a di/9ct species4 ,x *iefly diff]s 9 ! cr\p be+ blue in/ead ( sn[-:ite2 b z ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me1 ! t9t v>ies1 be+ sometimes albesc5t4 ,:5 ?is =m is dome/icat$ *equ]$ birds appe>1 j z occurs 9 ,europe ) ! truly wild ,c4 livia4 ,moreov] we %all imm$iately h pro( t ! blue & :ite cr\p is a highly v>iable "*2 & ,be*/e9#cbi ass]ts t ) dovecot-pigeons 9 ,g]many ?is is ! mo/ v>iable ( all ! *>act]s ( ! plumage4 ,h5ce x may be conclud$ t ,c4 int]m$ia _c be rank$ z specifically di/9ct f ,c4 livia4 ,9 ,madeira !re is a rock-pigeon :i* a few orni?ologi/s h suspect$ to be di/9ct f ,c4 livia4 ,i h exam9$ num]\s specim5s collect$ by ,mr4 ,e4 ,v4 ,h>c\rt & ,mr4 ,mason4 ,!y are r small] ?an ! rock-pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & _! beaks are pla9ly ?9n]2 b ! ?ickness ( ! beak v>i$ 9 ! sev]al specim5s4 ,9 plumage !re is rem>kable div]sity2 "s specim5s are id5tical 9 e fea!r 7,i speak aft] actual comp>ison7 ) ! rock-pigeon ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s2 o!rs are *equ]$1 l ,c4 aff9is f ! cliffs ( ,engl&1 b g5]ally to a great] degree1 be+ almo/ black ov] ! :ole back2 o!rs are id5tical ) ! s-call$ ,c4 int]m$ia ( ,india 9 ! degree ( blu5ess ( ! cr\p2 :il/ o!rs h ?is "p v pale or v d>k blue1 & are likewise *equ]$4 ,s mu* v>iability raises a /rong suspicion t ^! birds are dome/ic pigeons :i* h become f]al4 #ahe ,f ^! facts x c h>dly be d\bt$ t ,c4 livia1 aff9is1 int]m$ia1 & ! =ms m>k$ ) an int]rogation by ,bonap>te1 ought all to be includ$ "u a s+le species4 ,b x is q immat]ial :e!r or n !y are ?us rank$1 & :e!r "s "o ( ^! =ms or all are ! prog5itors ( ! v>i\s dome/ic k9ds1 z f> z any light is ?us ?r[n on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! m /rongly-m>k$ races4 ,t common dovecot-pigeons1 :i* are kept 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 are desc5d$ f "o or f sev]al ( ! above-m5tion$ wild v>ieties ( ,c4 livia1 no "o :o comp>es !m w d\bt4 ,b be=e mak+ a few rem>ks on dovecot-pigeons1 x %\ld be /at$ t ! wild rock-pigeon has be5 f\nd easy to tame 9 sev]al c\ntries4 ,we h se5 t ,colonel ,k+ at ,hy! /ock$ 8 dovecot m ?an tw5ty ye>s ago ) "y wild birds tak5 at ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 & s9ce ?is "t !y h greatly multipli$4 ,! accurate ,macgillivray#ccj ass]ts t he completely tam$ a wild rock-pigeon 9 ! ,hebrides2 & sev]al acc\nts are on record ( ^! pigeons hav+ br$ 9 dovecots 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,9 ,india1 z ,capta9 ,hutton in=ms me1 ! wild rock-pigeon is easily tam$1 & bre$s readily ) ! dome/ic k9d2 & ,mr4 ,bly?#cca ass]ts t wild birds come frequ5tly to ! dovecots & m+le freely ) _! inhabitants4 ,9 ! anci5t ',aye5 ,akb]y' x is writt5 t1 if a few wild pigeons be tak51 !y are spe$ily jo9$ by a ?\s& o!rs ( _! k9d4 ,dovecot-pigeons are ^? :i* are kept 9 dovecots 9 a semi-dome/icat$ /ate2 = no special c>e is tak5 ( !m1 & !y procure _! own food1 except dur+ ! sev]e/ wea!r4 ,9 ,engl&1 &1 judg+ f ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie's "w1 9 ,france1 ! common dovecot-pigeon exactly resembles ! *equ]$ v>iety ( ,c4 livia2 b ,i h se5 dovecots br\ght f ,york%ire1 )\t any trace ( *equ]+1 l ! wild rock-pigeon ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,! *equ]$ dovecots f ! ,orkney ,isl&s1 aft] hav+ be5 dome/icat$ by ,colonel ,k+ = m ?an tw5ty ye>s1 diff]$ slightly f ea* o!r 9 ! d>kness ( _! plumage1 & 9 ! ?ickness ( _! beaks2 ! ?9ne/ beak be+ r ?ick] ?an ! ?icke/ "o 9 ! ,madeira birds4 ,9 ,g]many1 accord+ to ,be*/e91 ! common dovecot-pigeon is n *equ]$4 ,9 ,india !y (t5 become *equ]$1 & sometimes pi$ ) :ite2 ! cr\p also1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bly?1 becomes ne>ly :ite4 ,i h receiv$ f ,sir ,j4 ,brooke "s dovecot-pigeons1 #ahf :i* orig9ally came f ! ,s4 ,natunas ,isl&s 9 ! ,malay ar*ipelago1 & :i* _h be5 cross$ ) ! ,s+apore dovecots2 !y 7 small1 & ! d>ke/ v>iety 0 extremely l ! d>k *equ]$ v>iety ) a blue cr\p f ,madeira2 b ! beak 0 n s ?91 ?\gh decid$ly ?9n] ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,a dovecot-pigeon s5t to me by ,mr4 ,sw9hoe f ,foo*[1 9 ,*9a1 0 likewise r small1 b diff]$ 9 no o!r respect4 ,i h also receiv$1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ,dr4 ,daniell1 f\r liv+ dovecot-pigeons f ,si]ra ,leone2#ccb ^! 7 fully z l>ge z ! ,%etl& rock-pigeon1 ) ev5 bulki] bodies4 ,9 plumage "s ( !m 7 id5tical ) ! ,%etl& rock-pigeon1 b ) ! metallic t9ts app>5tly r m brilliant2 o!rs _h a blue cr\p & resembl$ ! *equ]$ v>iety ( ,c4 int]m$ia ( ,india2 & "s 7 s mu* *equ]$ z to be ne>ly black4 ,9 ^! f\r birds ! beak diff]$ slightly 9 l5g?1 b 9 all x 0 decid$ly %ort]1 m massive1 & /rong] ?an 9 ! wild rock-pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 or 9 ! ,engli% dovecot4 ,:5 ! beaks ( ^! ,african pigeons 7 comp>$ ) ! ?9ne/ beaks ( ! wild ,madeira specim5s1 ! contra/ 0 great2 ! =m] be+ fully "o-?ird ?ick] 9 a v]tical direction ?an ! latt]2 s t any "o at fir/ w\ld h felt incl9$ to rank ^! birds z specifically di/9ct2 yet-s p]fectly graduat$ a s]ies c\ld be =m$ betwe5 ! above-m5tion$ v>ieties1 t x 0 obvi\sly impossible to sep>ate !m4 ,to sum up3 ! wild ,columba livia1 includ+ "u ?is "n ,c4 aff9is1 int]m$ia1 & ! o!r /ill m closely-aff9$ geographical races1 has a va/ range f ! s\!rn coa/ ( ,norway & ! ,f>oe ,isl&s to ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 to ,madeira & ! ,can>y ,isl&s1 to ,abyss9ia1 ,india1 & ,japan4 ,x v>ies greatly 9 plumage1 be+ 9 _m places *equ]$ ) black1 & hav+ ei!r a :ite or blue cr\p or lo9s3 x v>ies also slightly 9 ! size ( ! beak & body4 ,dovecot-pigeons1 :i* no "o disputes are desc5d$ f "o or m ( ! above wild =ms1 pres5t a simil> b great] range ( v>iation 9 plumage1 9 ! size ( body1 & 9 ! l5g? & ?ickness ( ! beak4 ,!re seems to be "s relation betwe5 ! cr\p be+ blue or :ite1 & ! temp]ature ( ! c\ntry inhabit$ by bo? wild & dovecot pigeons2 = ne>ly all ! dovecot-pigeons 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe h a :ite cr\p1 l t ( ! wild ,european #ahg rock-pigeon2 & ne>ly all ! dovecot-pigeons ( ,india h a blue cr\p l t ( ! wild ,c4 int]m$ia ( ,india4 ,z 9 v>i\s c\ntries ! wild rock-pigeon has be5 f\nd easy to tame1 x seems extremely probable t ! dovecot-pigeons ?r\gh\t ! _w are ! desc5dants ( at lea/ two & p]haps m wild /ocks1 b ^!1 z we h j se51 _c be rank$ z specifically di/9ct4 ,) respect to ! v>iation ( ,c4 livia1 we may )\t fe> ( contradiction g "o /ep fur!r4 ,^? pigeon-fanci]s :o believe t all ! *ief races1 su* z ,c>ri]s1 ,p\t]s1 ,fantails1 c41 are desc5d$ f di/9ct aborig9al /ocks1 yet admit t ! s-call$ toy-pigeons1 :i* diff] f ! rock-pigeon 9 little except 9 col\r1 are desc5d$ f ?is bird4 ,by toy-pigeons are meant su* birds z ,spots1 ,nuns1 ,helmets1 ,swall[s1 ,prie/s1 ,monks1 ,porcela9s1 ,swabians1 ,ar*angels1 ,brea/s1 ,%ields1 & o!rs 9 ,europe1 & _m o!rs 9 ,india4 ,x w\ld inde$ be z pu]ile to suppose t all ^! birds are desc5d$ f s _m di/9ct wild /ocks z to suppose ?is to be ! case ) ! _m v>ieties ( ! gooseb]ry1 he>tsease1 or dahlia4 ,yet ^! pigeons all bre$ true1 & _m ( !m pres5t sub-v>ieties :i* likewise truly transmit _! "*4 ,!y diff] greatly f ea* o!r & f ! rock-pigeon 9 plumage1 slightly 9 size & proportions ( body1 9 size ( feet1 & 9 ! l5g? & ?ickness ( _! beaks4 ,!y diff] f ea* o!r 9 ^! respects m ?an d dovecot-pigeons4 ,al?\gh we may safely admit t ! latt]1 :i* v>y slightly1 & t ! toy-pigeons1 :i* v>y 9 a great] degree 9 accordance ) _! m highly-dome/icat$ condition1 are desc5d$ f ,c4 livia1 includ+ "u ?is "n ! above-enum]at$ wild geographical races2 yet ! "q becomes f> m difficult :5 we consid] ! elev5 pr9cipal races1 mo/ ( :i* h be5 s pr(\ndly modifi$4 ,x c1 h[ev]1 be %[n1 by indirect evid5ce ( a p]fectly conclusive nature1 t ^! pr9cipal races are n desc5d$ f s _m wild /ocks2 & if ?is be once admitt$1 few w dispute t !y are ! desc5dants ( ,c4 livia1 :i* agrees ) !m s closely 9 habits & 9 mo/ *>act]s1 :i* v>ies 9 a /ate ( nature1 & :i* has c]ta9ly #ahh und]gone a consid]able am\nt ( v>iation1 z 9 ! toy-pigeons4 ,we %all moreov] pres5tly see h[ em95tly fav\rable circum/ances h be5 = a great am\nt ( modification 9 ! m c>efully t5d$ bre$s4 ,! reasons = conclud+ t ! sev]al pr9cipal races h n desc5d$ f s _m aborig9al & unkn[n /ocks may be gr\p$ "u ! foll[+ six heads3--,fir/ly1 if ! elev5 *ief races h n aris5 f ! v>iation ( "s "o species1 toge!r ) its geographical races1 !y mu/ be desc5d$ f sev]al extremely di/9ct aborig9al species2 = no am\nt ( cross+ betwe5 only six or sev5 wild =ms c\ld produce races s di/9ct z p\t]s1 c>ri]s1 runts1 fantails1 turbits1 %ort-fac$ tumbl]s1 jacob9s1 & trumpet]s4 ,h[ c\ld cross+ produce1 = in/ance1 a p\t] or a fantail1 unless ! two suppos$ aborig9al p>5ts possess$ ! rem>kable *>act]s ( ^! bre$s8 ,i am aw>e t "s naturali/s1 foll[+ ,pallas1 believe t cross+ gives a /rong t5d5cy to v>iation1 indep5d5tly ( ! *>act]s inh]it$ f ei!r p>5t4 ,!y believe t x w\ld be easi] to raise a p\t] or fantail pigeon f cross+ two di/9ct species1 nei!r ( :i* possess$ ! *>act]s ( ^! races1 ?an f any s+le species4 ,i c f9d few facts 9 support ( ?is doctr9e1 & believe 9 x only to a limit$ degree2 b 9 a future *apt] ,i %all h to recur to ?is subject4 ,= our pres5t purpose ! po9t is n mat]ial4 ,! "q :i* conc]ns u is1 :e!r or n _m new & important *>act]s h aris5 s9ce man fir/ dome/icat$ ! pigeon4 ,on ! ord9>y view1 v>iability is due to *ang$ conditions ( life2 on ! ,pallasian doctr9e1 v>iability1 or ! appe>ance ( new *>act]s1 is due to "s my/]i\s effect f ! cross+ ( two species1 nei!r ( :i* possess ! *>act]s 9 "q4 ,9 "s few in/ances x is cr$ible1 ?\gh = sev]al reasons n probable1 t well-m>k$ races h be5 =m$ by cross+2 = in/ance1 a b>b might p]haps h be5 =m$ by a cross betwe5 a long-beak$ c>ri]1 hav+ l>ge eye-wattles1 & "s %ort-beak$ pigeon4 ,t _m races h be5 9 "s degree modifi$ by cross+1 & t c]ta9 v>ieties :i* are di/+ui%$ only by peculi> t9ts h aris5 f crosses betwe5 diff]5tly-col\r$ #ahi v>ieties1 may be admitt$ z almo/ c]ta94 ,on ! doctr9e1 !re=e1 t ! *ief races owe _! diff]5ces to _! desc5t f di/9ct species1 we mu/ admit t at lea/ eight or n9e1 or m probably a doz5 species1 all hav+ ! same habit ( bre$+ & roo/+ on rocks & liv+ 9 society1 ei!r n[ exi/ some:]e1 or =m]ly exi/$ b h become ext9ct z wild birds4 ,consid]+ h[ c>efully wild pigeons h be5 collect$ ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & :at conspicu\s birds !y are1 especially :5 frequ5t+ rocks1 x is extremely improbable t eight or n9e species1 :i* 7 long ago dome/icat$ & !re=e mu/ h inhabit$ "s anci5tly kn[n c\ntry1 %\ld /ill exi/ 9 ! wild /ate & be unkn[n to orni?ologi/s4 ,! hypo!sis t su* species =m]ly exi/$1 b h become ext9ct1 is 9 "s slight degree m probable4 ,b ! ext9ction ( s _m species )9 ! hi/orical p]iod is a bold hypo!sis1 see+ h[ little influ5ce man has _h 9 ext]m9at+ ! common rock-pigeon1 :i* agrees 9 all its habits ( life ) ! dome/ic races4 ,! ,c4 livia n[ exi/s & fl\ri%es on ! small nor!rn isl&s ( ,f>oe1 on _m isl&s (f ! coa/ ( ,scotl&1 on ,s>d9ia & ! %ores ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 & 9 ! c5tre ( ,india4 ,fanci]s h sometimes imag9$ t ! sev]al suppos$ p>5t-species 7 orig9ally conf9$ to small isl&s1 & ?us might readily h be5 ext]m9at$2 b ! facts j giv5 d n fav\r ! probability ( _! ext9ction1 ev5 on small isl&s4 ,nor is x probable1 f :at is kn[n ( ! di/ribution ( birds1 t ! isl&s ne> ,europe %\ld h be5 inhabit$ by peculi> species ( pigeons2 & if we assume t di/ant oceanic isl&s 7 ! homes ( ! suppos$ p>5t-species1 we mu/ rememb] t anci5t voyages 7 t$i\sly sl[1 & t %ips 7 !n ill-provid$ ) fre% food1 s t x w\ld n h be5 easy to br+ home liv+ birds4 ,i h said anci5t voyages1 = ne>ly all ! races ( ! pigeon 7 kn[n be=e ! ye> #afjj1 s t ! suppos$ wild species mu/ h be5 captur$ & dome/icat$ be=e t date4 ,secondly4--,! doctr9e t ! *ief dome/ic races h desc5d$ f sev]al aborig9al species1 implies t sev]al #aij species 7 =m]ly s ?or\ghly dome/icat$ z to bre$ readily :5 conf9$4 ,al?\gh x is easy to tame mo/ wild birds1 exp]i5ce %[s u t x is difficult to get !m to bre$ freely "u conf9em5t2 al?\gh x mu/ be own$ t ?is is less difficult ) pigeons ?an ) mo/ o!r birds4 ,dur+ ! la/ two or ?ree hundr$ ye>s1 _m birds h be5 kept 9 avi>ies1 b h>dly "o has be5 add$ to our li/ ( ?or\ghly reclaim$ species2 yet on ! above doctr9e we mu/ admit t 9 anci5t times ne>ly a doz5 k9ds ( pigeons1 n[ unkn[n 9 ! wild /ate1 7 ?or\ghly dome/icat$4 ,?irdly4--,mo/ ( our dome/icat$ animals h run wild 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w2 b birds1 ow+ app>5tly to _! p>tial loss ( ! p[] ( flight1 less (t5 ?an quadrup$s4 ,nev]!less ,i h met ) acc\nts %[+ t ! common f[l has become f]al 9 ,s\? ,am]ica & p]haps 9 ,we/ ,africa1 & on sev]al isl&s3 ! turkey 0 at "o "t almo/ f]al on ! banks ( ! ,p>ana2 & ! ,gu9ea-f[l has become p]fectly wild at ,asc5sion & 9 ,jamaica4 ,9 ?is latt] isl& ! peacock1 also1 has become a m>oon bird4 ,! common duck w&]s f its home & becomes almo/ wild 9 ,norfolk4 ,hybrids betwe5 ! common & musk-duck :i* h become wild h be5 %ot 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,belgium1 & ne> ! ,caspian ,sea4 ,! goose is said to h run wild 9 ,la ,plata4 ,! common dovecot-pigeon has become wild at ,juan ,f]n&ez1 ,norfolk ,isl&1 ,asc5sion1 probably at ,madeira1 on ! %ores ( ,scotl&1 &1 z is ass]t$1 on ! banks ( ! ,hudson 9 ,nor? ,am]ica4#ccc ,b h[ diff]5t is ! case1 :5 we turn #aia to ! elev5 *ief dome/ic races ( ! pigeon1 :i* are suppos$ by "s au?ors to be desc5d$ f s _m di/9ct species6 no "o has ev] pret5d$ t any "o ( ^! races has be5 f\nd wild 9 any qu>t] ( ! _w2 yet !y h be5 transport$ to all c\ntries1 & "s ( !m mu/ h be5 c>ri$ back to _! native homes4 ,on ! view t all ! races are ! product ( v>iation1 we c und]/& :y !y h n become f]al1 = ! great am\nt ( modification :i* !y h und]gone %[s h[ long & h[ ?or\ghly !y h be5 dome/icat$2 & ?is w\ld unfit !m = a wild life4 ,f\r?ly4--,if x be assum$ t ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s dome/ic races are due to desc5t f sev]al aborig9al species1 we mu/ conclude t man *ose = dome/ication 9 anci5t times1 ei!r int5tionally or by *ance1 a mo/ abnormal set ( pigeons2 = t species resembl+ su* birds z p\t]s1 fantails1 c>ri]s1 b>bs1 %ort-fac$ tumbl]s1 turbits1 c41 w\ld be 9 ! highe/ degree abnormal1 z comp>$ ) all ! exi/+ memb]s ( ! great pigeon-family1 _c be d\bt$4 ,?us we %\ld h to believe t man n only =m]ly succe$$ 9 ?or\ghly dome/icat+ sev]al highly abnormal species1 b t ^! same species h s9ce all become ext9ct1 or are at lea/ n[ unkn[n4 ,?is d\ble accid5t is s extremely improbable t ! assum$ exi/5ce ( s _m abnormal species w\ld require to be support$ by ! /ronge/ evid5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if all ! races are desc5d$ f ,c4 livia1 we c und]/&1 z w h]eaft] be m fully expla9$1 h[ any slight deviation 9 /ructure :i* fir/ appe>$ w\ld cont9ually be augm5t$ by ! pres]vation ( ! mo/ /rongly m>k$ individuals2 & z ! p[] ( selection w\ld be appli$ accord+ to man's fancy1 & n = ! bird's own good1 ! accumulat$ am\nt ( deviation w\ld c]ta9ly be ( an abnormal nature 9 comp>ison ) ! /ructure ( pigeons liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,i h already allud$ to ! rem>kable fact1 t ! #aib *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! *ief dome/ic races are em95tly v>iable3 we see ?is pla9ly 9 ! great diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( ! tail-fea!rs 9 ! fantail1 9 ! developm5t ( ! crop 9 p\t]s1 9 ! l5g? ( ! beak 9 tumbl]s1 9 ! /ate ( ! wattle 9 c>ri]s1 c4 ,if ^! *>act]s are ! result ( successive v>iations add$ toge!r by selection1 we c und]/& :y !y %\ld be s v>iable3 = ^! are ! v p>ts :i* h v>i$ s9ce ! dome/ication ( ! pigeon1 & !re=e w\ld be likely /ill to v>y2 ^! v>iations moreov] h be5 rec5tly1 & are /ill be+ accumulat$ by man's selection2 !re=e !y h n z yet become firmly fix$4 ,fif?ly4--,all ! dome/ic races pair readily toge!r1 &1 :at is equally important1 _! mongrel (fspr+ are p]fectly f]tile4 ,to asc]ta9 ?is fact ,i made _m exp]im5ts1 :i* are giv5 9 ! note bel[2 & rec5tly ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has made simil> exp]im5ts ) ! same result4#ccd ,! accurate ,neumei/]#cce ass]ts t :5 dovecots #aic are cross$ ) pigeons ( any o!r bre$1 ! mongrels are extremely f]tile & h>dy4 ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie#ccf affirm1 aft] _! great exp]i5ce1 t ) cross$ pigeons ! m di/9ct ! bre$s1 ! m productive are _! mongrel (fspr+4 ,i admit t ! doctr9e fir/ broa*$ by ,pallas is highly probable1 if n actually prov$1 namely1 t closely alli$ species1 :i* 9 a /ate ( nature or :5 fir/ captur$ w\ld h be5 9 "s degree /]ile :5 cross$1 lose ?is /]ility aft] a long c\rse ( dome/ication2 yet :5 we consid] ! great diff]5ce betwe5 su* races z p\t]s1 c>ri]s1 runts1 fantails1 turbits1 tumbl]s1 c41 ! fact ( _! p]fect1 or ev5 increas$1 f]tility :5 int]cross$ 9 ! mo/ complicat$ mann] becomes a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! hav+ all desc5d$ f a s+le species4 ,?is argum5t is r5d]$ mu* /rong] :5 we he> 7,i app5d 9 a note#ccg #aid all ! cases :i* ,i h collect$7 t h>dly a s+le well-asc]ta9$ in/ance is kn[n ( hybrids betwe5 two true species ( pigeons be+ f]tile1 int] se1 or ev5 :5 cross$ ) "o ( _! pure p>5ts4 ,six?ly4--,exclud+ c]ta9 important *>act]i/ic diff]5ces1 ! *ief races agree mo/ closely bo? ) ea* o!r & ) ,c4 livia 9 all o!r respects4 ,z previ\sly obs]v$1 all are em95tly sociable2 all dislike to p]* or roo/1 & refuse to build 9 trees2 all lay two eggs1 & ?is is n a univ]sal rule ) ! ,columbidae2 all1 z f> z ,i c he>1 require ! same "t = hat*+ _! eggs2 all c endure ! same great range ( climate2 all pref] ! same food1 & are passionately fond ( salt2 all exhibit 7) ! ass]t$ exception ( ! f9nik9 & turn]1 :i* d n diff] mu* 9 any o!r "*7 ! same peculi> ge/ures :5 c\rt+ ! females2 & all 7) ! exception ( trumpet]s & laugh]s1 :i* likewise d n diff] mu* 9 any o!r "*7 coo 9 ! same peculi> mann]1 unlike ! voice ( any o!r wild pigeon4 ,all ! col\r$ bre$s display ! same peculi> metallic t9ts on ! brea/1 a "* f> f g5]al ) pigeons4 ,ea* race pres5ts ne>ly ! same range ( v>iation 9 col\r2 & 9 mo/ ( ! races we h ! same s+ul> correlation betwe5 ! developm5t ( d[n 9 ! "y & ! future col\r ( plumage4 ,all h ! proportional l5g? ( _! toes1 & ( _! prim>y w+-fea!rs1 ne>ly ! same1--*>act]s :i* are apt to diff] 9 ! sev]al memb]s ( ! ,columbidae4 ,9 ^? races :i* pres5t "s rem>kable deviation ( /ructure1 su* z 9 ! tail ( fantails1 crop ( p\t]s1 beak ( c>ri]s & tumbl]s1 c41 ! o!r p>ts rema9 ne>ly unalt]$4 ,n[ e naturali/ w admit t x w\ld be sc>cely possible to pick out a doz5 natural species 9 any ,family1 :i* %\ld agree closely 9 habits & 9 g5]al /ructure1 & yet %\ld diff] greatly 9 a few #aie *>act]s alone4 ,?is fact is explicable ?r\gh ! doctr9e ( natural selection2 = ea* successive modification ( /ructure 9 ea* natural species is pres]v$1 solely because x is ( s]vice2 & su* modifications :5 l>gely accumulat$ imply a great *ange 9 ! habits ( life1 & ?is w almo/ c]ta9ly lead to o!r *anges ( /ructure ?r\gh\t ! :ole organisation4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! sev]al races ( ! pigeon h be5 produc$ by man ?r\gh selection & v>iation1 we c readily und]/& h[ x is t !y %\ld /ill all resemble ea* o!r 9 habits & 9 ^? _m *>act]s :i* man has n c>$ to modify1 :il/ !y diff] to s prodigi\s a degree 9 ^? p>ts :i* h /ruck 8 eye or pleas$ 8 fancy4 ,besides ! po9ts above enum]at$1 9 :i* all ! dome/ic races resemble ,c4 livia & ea* o!r1 !re is "o :i* des]ves special notice4 ,! wild rock-pigeon is ( a slaty-blue col\r2 ! w+s are cross$ by two black b>s2 ! cr\p v>ies 9 col\r1 be+ g5]ally :ite 9 ! pigeon ( ,europe1 & blue 9 t ( ,india2 ! tail has a black b> close to ! end1 & ! out] webs ( ! out] tail-fea!rs are edg$ ) :ite1 except ne> ! tips4 ,^! comb9$ *>act]s are n f\nd 9 any wild pigeon besides ,c4 livia4 ,i h look$ c>efully ?r\gh ! great collection ( pigeons 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 & ,i f9d t a d>k b> at ! end ( ! tail is common2 t ! :ite edg+ to ! out] tail-fea!rs is n r>e2 b t ! :ite cr\p is extremely r>e1 & ! two black b>s on ! w+s occur 9 no o!r pigeon1 except+ ! alp9e ,c4 leuconota & ,c4 rupe/ris ( ,asia4 ,n[ if we turn to ! dome/ic races1 x is highly rem>kable1 z an em95t fanci]1 ,mr4 ,wick+1 obs]v$ to me1 t1 :5ev] a blue bird appe>s 9 any race1 ! w+s almo/ inv>iably %[ ! d\ble black b>s4#cch ,! prim>y w+-fea!rs may be :ite or black1 & ! :ole body may be #aif ( any col\r1 b if ! w+-cov]ts alone are blue1 ! two black b>s surely appe>4 ,i h myself se51 or acquir$ tru/wor?y evid5ce1 z giv5 bel[1#cci ( blue birds ) black b>s on ! w+1 ) ! cr\p ei!r :ite or v pale or d>k blue1 ) ! tail hav+ a t]m9al black b>1 & ) ! out] fea!rs ext]nally edg$ ) :ite or v pale col\r$1 9 ! foll[+ races1 :i*1 z ,i c>efully obs]v$ 9 ea* case1 appe>$ to be p]fectly pure3 namely1 9 ,p\t]s1 ,fantails1 ,tumbl]s1 ,jacob9s1 ,turbits1 ,b>bs1 ,c>ri]s1 ,runts ( ?ree di/9ct v>ieties1 ,trumpet]s1 ,swall[s1 & 9 _m o!r toy-pigeons1 :i*1 z be+ closely alli$ to ,c4 livia1 are n wor? enum]at+4 ,?us we see t1 9 purely-br$ races ( e k9d kn[n 9 ,europe1 blue birds occasionally appe> hav+ all ! m>ks :i* *>act]ise ,c4 livia1 & :i* concur 9 no o!r wild species4 ,mr4 ,bly?1 also1 has made ! same obs]vation ) respect to ! v>i\s dome/ic races kn[n 9 ,india4 ,c]ta9 v>iations 9 ! plumage are equally common 9 ! wild ,c4 livia1 9 dovecot-pigeons1 & 9 all ! mo/ highly modifi$ races4 ,?us1 9 all1 ! cr\p v>ies f :ite to #aig blue1 be+ mo/ frequ5tly :ite 9 ,europe1 & v g5]ally blue 9 ,india4#cdj ,we h se5 t ! wild ,c4 livia 9 ,europe1 & dovecots 9 all p>ts ( ! _w1 (t5 h ! upp] w+-cov]ts *equ]$ ) black2 & all ! mo/ di/9ct races1 :5 blue1 are occasionally *equ]$ 9 precisely ! same mann]4 ,?us ,i h se5 ,p\t]s1 ,fantails1 ,c>ri]s1 ,turbits1 ,tumbl]s 7,indian & ,engli%71 ,swall[s1 ,bald-pates1 & o!r toy-pigeons blue & *equ]$2 & ,mr4 ,esquilant has se5 a *equ]$ ,runt4 ,i br$ f two pure blue ,tumbl]s a *equ]$ bird4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! facts hi!rto giv5 ref] to ! occasional appe>ance 9 pure races ( blue birds ) black w+-b>s1 & likewise ( blue & *equ]$ birds2 b x w n[ be se5 t :5 two birds belong+ to di/9ct races are cross$1 nei!r ( :i* h1 nor probably h _h dur+ _m g5]ations1 a trace ( blue 9 _! plumage1 or a trace ( w+-b>s & ! o!r *>act]i/ic m>ks1 !y v frequ5tly produce mongrel (fspr+ ( a blue col\r1 sometimes *equ]$1 ) black w+-b>s1 c42 or if n ( a blue col\r1 yet ) ! sev]al *>act]i/ic m>ks m or less pla9ly develop$4 ,i 0 l$ to inve/igate ?is subject f ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie#cda hav+ ass]t$ t f crosses betwe5 c]ta9 bre$s x is r>e to get any?+ b bisets or dovecot-pigeons1 :i*1 z we "k1 are blue birds ) ! usual *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,we %all h]eaft] see t ?is subject possesses1 indep5d5tly ( our pres5t object1 consid]able int]e/1 s t ,i w give ! results ( my own trials 9 full4 ,i select$ = exp]im5t races :i*1 :5 pure1 v seldom produce birds ( a blue col\r1 or h b>s on _! w+s & tail4 ,! nun is :ite1 ) ! head1 tail1 & prim>y w+-fea!rs black2 x is a bre$ :i* 0 e/abli%$ z long ago #aih z ! ye> #afjj4 ,i cross$ a male nun ) a female r$ common tumbl]1 :i* latt] v>iety g5]ally bre$s true4 ,?us nei!r p>5t _h a trace ( blue 9 ! plumage1 or ( b>s on ! w+ & tail4 ,i %\ld premise t common tumbl]s are r>ely blue 9 ,engl&4 ,f ! above cross ,i re>$ sev]al "y3 "o 0 r$ ov] ! :ole back1 b ) ! tail z blue z t ( ! rock-pigeon2 ! t]m9al b>1 h[ev]1 0 abs5t1 b ! out] fea!rs 7 edg$ ) :ite3 a second & ?ird ne>ly resembl$ ! fir/1 b ! tail 9 bo? pres5t$ a trace ( ! b> at ! end3 a f\r? 0 br[ni%1 & ! w+s %[$ a trace ( ! d\ble b>3 a fif? 0 pale blue ov] ! :ole brea/1 back1 cr\p1 & tail1 b ! neck & prim>y w+-fea!rs 7 r$di%2 ! w+s pres5t$ two di/9ct b>s ( a r$ col\r2 ! tail 0 n b>r$1 b ! out] fea!rs 7 edg$ ) :ite4 ,i cross$ ?is la/ curi\sly col\r$ bird ) a black mongrel ( complicat$ desc5t1 namely1 f a black b>b1 a spot1 & almond tumbl]1 s t ! two "y birds produc$ f ?is cross includ$ ! blood ( five v>ieties1 none ( :i* _h a trace ( blue or ( w+ & tail b>s3 "o ( ! two "y birds 0 br[ni%-black1 ) black w+-b>s2 ! o!r 0 r$di%-dun1 ) r$di% w+-b>s1 pal] ?an ! re/ ( ! body1 ) ! cr\p pale blue1 ! tail blui%1 ) a trace ( ! t]m9al b>4 ,mr4 ,eaton#cdb mat*$ two %ort-fac$ tumbl]s1 namely1 a spla% cock & kite h5 7nei!r ( :i* are blue or b>r$71 & f ! fir/ ne/ he got a p]fect blue bird1 & f ! second a silv] or pale blue bird1 bo? ( :i*1 9 accordance ) all analogy1 no d\bt pres5t$ ! usual *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,i cross$ two male black b>bs ) two female r$ spots4 ,^! latt] h ! :ole body & w+s :ite1 ) a spot on ! =ehead1 ! tail & tail-cov]ts r$2 ! race exi/$ at lea/ z long ago z #afgf1 & n[ bre$s p]fectly true1 z 0 kn[n to be ! case 9 ! ye> #agce4cdc ,b>bs are uni=mly-col\r$ birds1 ) r>ely ev5 a trace ( b>s on ! w+ or tail2 !y are kn[n to bre$ v true4 ,! mongrels ?us rais$ 7 black or ne>ly black1 or d>k or pale br[n1 #aii sometimes slightly piebald ) :ite3 ( ^! birds no less ?an six pres5t$ d\ble w+-b>s2 9 two ! b>s 7 conspicu\s & q black2 9 sev5 "s :ite fea!rs appe>$ on ! cr\p2 & 9 two or ?ree !re 0 a trace ( ! t]m9al b> to ! tail1 b 9 none 7 ! out] tail-fea!rs edg$ ) :ite4 ,i cross$ black b>bs 7( two excell5t /ra9s7 ) purely-br$1 sn[-:ite fantails4 ,! mongrels 7 g5]ally q black1 ) a few ( ! prim>y w+ & tail-fea!rs :ite3 o!rs 7 d>k r$di%-br[n1 & o!rs sn[-:ite3 none _h a trace ( w+-b>s or ( ! :ite cr\p4 ,i !n pair$ toge!r two ( ^! mongrels1 namely1 a br[n & black bird1 & _! (fspr+ display$ w+-b>s1 fa9t1 b ( a d>k] br[n ?an ! re/ ( body4 ,9 a second brood f ! same p>5ts a br[n bird 0 produc$1 ) sev]al :ite fea!rs conf9$ to ! cr\p4 ,i cross$ a male dun dragon belong+ to a family :i* _h be5 dun-col\r$ )\t w+-b>s dur+ sev]al g5]ations1 ) a uni=m r$ b>b 7br$ f two black b>bs72 & ! (fspr+ pres5t$ decid$ b fa9t traces ( w+-b>s4 ,i cross$ a uni=m r$ male runt ) a :ite trumpet]2 & ! (fspr+ _h a slaty-blue tail1 ) a b> at ! end1 & ) ! out] fea!rs edg$ ) :ite4 ,i also cross$ a female black & :ite *equ]$ trumpet] 7( a diff]5t /ra9 f ! la/7 ) a male almond-tumbl]1 nei!r ( :i* exhibit$ a trace ( blue1 or ( ! :ite cr\p1 or ( ! b> at end ( tail3 nor is x probable t ! prog5itors ( ^! two birds _h = _m g5]ations exhibit$ any ( ^! *>act]s1 = ,i h nev] ev5 he>d ( a blue trumpet] 9 ?is c\ntry1 & my almond-tumbl] 0 purely br$2 yet ! tail ( ?is mongrel 0 blui%1 ) a broad black b> at ! end1 & ! cr\p 0 p]fectly :ite4 ,x may be obs]v$ 9 sev]al ( ^! cases1 t ! tail fir/ %[s a t5d5cy to become by rev]sion blue2 & ?is fact ( ! p]si/5cy ( col\r 9 ! tail & tail-cov]ts#cdd w surprise no "o :o has att5d$ to ! cross+ ( pigeons4 #bjj ,! la/ case :i* ,i w give is ! mo/ curi\s4 ,i pair$ a mongrel female b>b-fantail ) a mongrel male b>b-spot2 nei!r ( :i* mongrels _h ! lea/ blue ab\t !m4 ,let x be rememb]$ t blue b>bs are excessively r>e2 t spots1 z has be5 already /at$1 7 p]fectly *>act]iz$ 9 ! ye> #afgf1 & bre$ p]fectly true2 ?is likewise is ! case ) :ite fantails1 s mu* s t ,i h nev] he>d ( :ite fantails ?r[+ any o!r col\r4 ,nev]!less ! (fspr+ f ! above two mongrels 0 ( exactly ! same blue t9t z t ( ! wild rock-pigeon f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s ov] ! :ole back & w+s2 ! d\ble black w+-b>s 7 equally conspicu\s2 ! tail 0 exactly alike 9 all its *>act]s1 & ! cr\p 0 pure :ite2 ! head1 h[ev]1 0 t9t$ ) a %ade ( r$1 evid5tly d]iv$ f ! spot1 & 0 ( a pal] blue ?an 9 ! rock-pigeon1 z 0 ! /oma*4 ,s t two black b>bs1 a r$ spot1 & a :ite fantail1 z ! f\r purely-br$ gr&p>5ts1 produc$ a bird ( ! same g5]al blue col\r1 toge!r ) e *>act]i/ic m>k1 z 9 ! wild ,columba livia4 ,) respect to cross$ bre$s frequ5tly produc+ blue birds *equ]$ ) black1 & resembl+ 9 all respects bo? ! dovecot-pigeon & ! *equ]$ wild v>iety ( ! rock-pigeon1 ! /atem5t be=e ref]r$ to by ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie w\ld almo/ suffice2 b ,i w give ?ree in/ances ( ! appe>ance ( su* birds f crosses 9 :i* "o alone ( ! p>5ts or great-gr&p>5ts 0 blue1 b n *equ]$4 ,i cross$ a male blue turbit ) a sn[-:ite trumpet]1 & ! foll[+ ye> ) a d>k1 lead5-br[n1 %ort-fac$ tumbl]2 ! (fspr+ f ! fir/ cross 7 z p]fectly *equ]$ z any dovecot-pigeon2 & f ! second1 s mu* s z to be ne>ly z black z ! mo/ d>kly *equ]$ rock-pigeon f ,madeira4 ,ano!r bird1 ^: great-gr&p>5ts 7 a :ite trumpet]1 a :ite fantail1 a :ite r$-spot1 a r$ runt1 & a blue p\t]1 0 slaty-blue & *equ]$ exactly l a dovecot-pigeon4 ,i may "h #bja add a rem>k made to me by ,mr4 ,wick+1 :o has _h m exp]i5ce ?an any o!r p]son 9 ,engl& 9 bre$+ pigeons ( v>i\s col\rs3 namely1 t :5 a blue1 or a blue & *equ]$ bird1 hav+ black w+-b>s1 once appe>s 9 any race & is all[$ to bre$1 ^! *>act]s are s /rongly transmitt$ t x is extremely difficult to eradicate !m4 ,:at1 !n1 are we to conclude f ?is t5d5cy 9 all ! *ief dome/ic races1 bo? :5 purely br$ & m especially :5 int]cross$1 to produce (fspr+ ( a blue col\r1 ) ! same *>act]i/ic m>ks1 v>y+ 9 ! same mann]1 z 9 ,columba livia8 ,if we admit t ^! races h all desc5d$ f ,c4 livia1 no bre$] w d\bt t ! occasional appe>ance ( blue birds ?us *>act]is$ is acc\nt$ = on ! well-kn[n pr9ciple ( ?r[+ back or rev]sion4 ,:y cross+ %\ld give s /rong a t5d5cy to rev]sion1 we d n ) c]ta9ty "k2 b abundant evid5ce ( ?is fact w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,x is probable t ,i might h br$ ev5 = a c5tury pure black b>bs1 spots1 nuns1 :ite fantails1 trumpet]s1 c41 )\t obta9+ a s+le blue or b>r$ bird2 yet by cross+ ^! bre$s ,i re>$ 9 ! fir/ & second g5]ation1 dur+ ! c\rse ( only ?ree or f\r ye>s1 a consid]able numb] ( "y birds1 m or less pla9ly col\r$ blue1 & ) mo/ ( ! *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,:5 black & :ite1 or black & r$ birds1 are cross$1 x w\ld appe> t a slight t5d5cy exi/s 9 bo? p>5ts to produce blue (fspr+1 & t ?is1 :5 comb9$1 ov]p[]s ! sep>ate t5d5cy 9 ei!r p>5t to produce black1 or :ite1 or r$ (fspr+4 ,if we reject ! belief t all ! races ( ! pigeon are ! modifi$ desc5dants ( ,c4 livia1 & suppose t !y are desc5d$ f sev]al aborig9al /ocks1 !n we mu/ *oose betwe5 ! ?ree foll[+ assumptions3 fir/ly1 t at lea/ eight or n9e species =m]ly exi/$ :i* 7 aborig9ally col\r$ 9 v>i\s ways1 b h s9ce v>i$ 9 s exactly ! same mann] z to assume ! col\r+ ( ,c4 livia2 b ?is assumption ?r[s n ! lea/ light on ! appe>ance ( su* col\rs & m>ks :5 ! races are cross$4 ,or secondly1 we may assume t ! aborig9al species #bjb 7 all col\r$ blue1 & _h ! w+-b>s & o!r *>act]i/ic m>ks ( ,c4 livia1--a supposition :i* is highly improbable1 z besides ?is "o species no exi/+ memb] ( ! ,columbidae pres5ts ^! comb9$ *>act]s2 & x w\ld n be possible to f9d any o!r in/ance ( sev]al species id5tical 9 plumage1 yet z diff]5t 9 important po9ts ( /ructure z are p\t]s1 fantails1 c>ri]s1 tumbl]s1 c4 ,or la/ly1 we may assume t all ! races1 :e!r desc5d$ f ,c4 livia or f sev]al aborig9al species1 al?\gh !y h be5 br$ ) s mu* c>e & are s highly valu$ by fanci]s1 h all be5 cross$ )9 a doz5 or score ( g5]ations ) ,c4 livia1 & h ?us acquir$ _! t5d5cy to produce blue birds ) ! sev]al *>act]i/ic m>ks4 ,i h said t x mu/ be assum$ t ea* race has be5 cross$ ) ,c4 livia )9 a doz51 or1 at ! utmo/1 )9 a score ( g5]ations2 = !re is no reason to believe t cross$ (fspr+ ev] rev]t to "o ( _! ance/ors :5 remov$ by a great] numb] ( g5]ations4 ,9 a bre$ :i* has be5 cross$ only once1 ! t5d5cy to rev]sion w naturally become less & less 9 ! succe$+ g5]ations1 z 9 ea* !re w be less & less ( ! blood ( ! =eign bre$2 b :5 !re has be5 no cross ) a di/9ct bre$1 & !re is a t5d5cy 9 bo? p>5ts to rev]t to "s long-lo/ "*1 ?is t5d5cy1 = all t we c see to ! contr>y1 may be transmitt$ undim9i%$ = an indef9ite numb] ( g5]ations4 ,^! two di/9ct cases ( rev]sion are (t5 conf\nd$ toge!r by ^? :o h writt5 on inh]itance4 ,consid]+1 on ! "o h&1 ! improbability ( ! ?ree assumptions :i* h j be5 discuss$1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 h[ simply ! facts are expla9$ on ! pr9ciple ( rev]sion1 we may conclude t ! occasional appe>ance 9 all ! races1 bo? :5 purely br$ & m especially :5 cross$1 ( blue birds1 sometimes *equ]$1 ) d\ble w+-b>s1 ) :ite or blue cr\ps1 ) a b> at ! end ( ! tail1 & ) ! out] tail-fea!rs edg$ ) :ite1 af=ds an argum5t ( ! greate/ weight 9 fav\r ( ! view t all are desc5d$ f ,columba livia1 includ+ "u ?is "n ! ?ree or f\r wild v>ieties or sub-species be=e enum]at$4 #bjc ,to sum up ! six =ego+ argum5ts1 :i* are oppos$ to ! belief t ! *ief dome/ic races are ! desc5dants ( at lea/ eight or n9e or p]haps a doz5 species2 = ! cross+ ( any less numb] w\ld n yield ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al races4 ,fir/ly1 ! improbability t s _m species %\ld /ill exi/ some:]e1 b be unkn[n to orni?ologi/s1 or t !y %\ld h become )9 ! hi/orical p]iod ext9ct1 al?\gh man has _h s little influ5ce 9 ext]m9at+ ! wild ,c4 livia4 ,secondly1 ! improbability ( man 9 =m] times hav+ ?or\ghly dome/icat$ & r5d]$ f]tile "u conf9em5t s _m species4 ,?irdly1 ^! suppos$ species hav+ n[h]e become f]al4 ,f\r?ly1 ! extraord9>y fact t man %\ld1 int5tionally or by *ance1 h *os5 = dome/ication sev]al species1 extremely abnormal 9 "*2 & fur!rmore1 ! po9ts ( /ructure :i* r5d] ^! suppos$ species s abnormal be+ n[ highly v>iable4 ,fif?ly1 ! fact ( all ! races1 ?\gh diff]+ 9 _m important po9ts ( /ructure1 produc+ p]fectly f]tile mongrels2 :il/ all ! hybrids :i* h be5 produc$ betwe5 ev5 closely alli$ species 9 ! pigeon-family are /]ile4 ,six?ly1 ! rem>kable /atem5ts j giv5 on ! t5d5cy 9 all ! races1 bo? :5 purely br$ & :5 cross$1 to rev]t 9 num]\s m9ute details ( col\r+ to ! "* ( ! wild rock-pigeon1 & to v>y 9 a simil> mann]4 ,to ^! argum5ts may be add$ ! extreme improbability t a numb] ( species =m]ly exi/$1 :i* diff]$ greatly f ea* o!r 9 "s few po9ts1 b :i* resembl$ ea* o!r z closely z d ! dome/ic races 9 o!r po9ts ( /ructure1 9 voice1 & 9 all _! habits ( life4 ,:5 ^! sev]al facts & argum5ts are fairly tak5 into consid]ation1 x w\ld require an ov]:elm+ am\nt ( evid5ce to make u admit t ! *ief dome/ic races are desc5d$ f sev]al aborig9al /ocks2 & ( su* evid5ce !re is absolutely none4 ,! belief t ! *ief dome/ic races are desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks no d\bt has aris5 f ! app>5t improbability ( su* great modifications ( /ructure hav+ be5 effect$ s9ce man fir/ dome/icat$ ! rock-pigeon4 ,nor am ,i surpris$ at any degree ( hesitation 9 admitt+ _! common #bjd orig93 =m]ly1 :5 ,i w5t into my avi>ies & wat*$ su* birds z p\t]s1 c>ri]s1 b>bs1 fantails1 & %ort-fac$ tumbl]s1 c41 ,i c\ld n p]suade myself t !y _h all desc5d$ f ! same wild /ock1 & t man _h consequ5tly 9 "o s5se creat$ ^! rem>kable modifications4 ,!re=e ,i h argu$ ! "q ( _! orig9 at great1 &1 z "s w ?9k1 sup]flu\s l5g?4 ,f9ally1 9 fav\r ( ! belief t all ! races are desc5d$ f a s+le /ock1 we h 9 ,columba livia a /ill exi/+ & widely di/ribut$ species1 :i* c be & has be5 dome/icat$ 9 v>i\s c\ntries4 ,?is species agrees 9 mo/ po9ts ( /ructure & 9 all its habits ( life1 z well z occasionally 9 e detail ( plumage1 ) ! sev]al dome/ic races4 ,x bre$s freely ) !m1 & produces f]tile (fspr+4 ,x v>ies 9 a /ate ( nature1#cde & /ill m s :5 semi-dome/icat$1 z %[n by comp>+ ! ,si]ra ,leone pigeons ) ^? ( ,india1 or ) ^? :i* app>5tly h run wild 9 ,madeira4 ,x has und]gone a /ill great] am\nt ( v>iation 9 ! case ( ! num]\s toy-pigeons1 :i* no "o supposes to be desc5d$ f di/9ct species2 yet "s ( ^! toy-pigeons h transmitt$ _! "* truly = c5turies4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld we hesitate to believe 9 t great] am\nt ( v>iation :i* is necess>y = ! production ( ! elev5 *ief races8 ,x %\ld be borne 9 m9d t 9 two ( ! mo/ /rongly-m>k$ races1 namely1 c>ri]s & %ort-fac$ tumbl]s1 ! extreme =ms c be connect$ ) ! p>5t-species by graduat$ diff]5ces n great] ?an ^? :i* may be obs]v$ betwe5 ! dovecot-pigeons inhabit+ diff]5t c\ntries1 or betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( toy-pigeons1--gradations :i* mu/ c]ta9ly be attribut$ to v>iation4 ,t circum/ances h be5 em95tly fav\rable = ! modification ( ! pigeon ?r\gh v>iation & selection w n[ be %[n4 ,! e>lie/ record1 z has be5 po9t$ out to me by ,pr(essor ,lepsius1 ( pigeons 9 a dome/icat$ condition1 occurs 9 ! fif? ,egyptian dyna/y1 ab\t #bje #cjjj ,b4,c42#cdf b ,mr4 ,bir*1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 in=ms me t ! pigeon appe>s 9 a bill ( f>e 9 ! previ\s dyna/y4 ,dome/ic pigeons are m5tion$ 9 ,g5esis1 ,leviticus1 & ,isaiah4#cdg ,9 ! "t ( ! ,romans1 z we he> f ,pl9y1#cdh imm5se prices 7 giv5 = pigeons2 nay1 !y are come to ?is pass1 t !y c reckon up _! p$igree & race4 ,9 ,india1 ab\t ! ye> #afjj1 pigeons 7 mu* valu$ by ,akb] ,khan3 #bj1jjj birds 7 c>ri$ ab\t ) ! c\rt1 & ! m]*ants br\ght valuable collections4 ,! mon>*s ( ,iran & ,turan s5t him "s v r>e bre$s4 ,8 ,maje/y1 says ! c\rtly hi/orian1 by cross+ ! bre$s1 :i* me?od 0 nev] practis$ be=e1 has improv$ !m a/oni%+ly4#cdi ,akb] ,khan possess$ sev5te5 di/9ct k9ds1 eight ( :i* 7 valuable = beauty alone4 ,at ab\t ?is same p]iod ( #afjj ! ,dut*1 accord+ to ,aldrov&i1 7 z eag] ab\t pigeons z ! ,romans _h =m]ly be54 ,! bre$s :i* 7 kept dur+ ! fifte5? c5tury 9 ,europe & 9 ,india app>5tly diff]$ f ea* o!r4 ,tav]ni]1 9 8 ,travels 9 #afgg1 speaks1 z does ,*>d9 9 #agce1 ( ! va/ numb] ( pigeon-h\ses 9 ,p]sia2 & ! =m] rem>ks t1 z ,*ri/ians 7 n p]mitt$ to keep pigeons1 "s ( ! vulg> actually turn$ ,mahometans = ?is sole purpose4 ,! ,emp]or ( ,morocco _h 8 fav\rite keep] ( pigeons1 z is m5tion$ 9 ,moore's treatise1 publi%$ #agcg4 ,9 ,engl&1 f ! "t ( ,willughby 9 #afgh to ! pres5t day1 z well z 9 ,g]many & 9 ,france1 num]\s treatises h be5 publi%$ on ! pigeon4 ,9 ,india1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 a ,p]sian treatise 0 writt52 & ! writ] ?\ght x no light affair1 = he beg9s ) a solemn invocation1 9 ! "n ( ,god1 ! graci\s & m]ciful4 ,_m l>ge t[ns1 9 ,europe & ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 n[ h _! societies ( devot$ pigeon-fanci]s3 at pres5t !re are ?ree su* societies 9 ,london4 ,9 ,india1 z ,i he> f #bjf ,mr4 ,bly?1 ! inhabitants ( ,delhi & ( "s o!r great cities are eag] fanci]s4 ,mr4 ,lay>d in=ms me t mo/ ( ! kn[n bre$s are kept 9 ,ceylon4 ,9 ,*9a1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,sw9hoe ( ,amoy1 & ,dr4 ,lockh>t ( ,%angai1 c>ri]s1 fantails1 tumbl]s1 & o!r v>ieties are re>$ ) c>e1 especially by ! bonzes or prie/s4 ,! ,*9ese fa/5 a k9d ( :i/le to ! tail-fea!rs ( _! pigeons1 & z ! flock :eels ?r\gh ! air !y produce a sweet s\nd4 ,9 ,egypt ! late ,abbas ,pa*a 0 a great fanci] ( fantails4 ,_m pigeons are kept at ,cairo & ,con/ant9ople1 & ^! h lately be5 import$ by native m]*ants1 z ,i he> f ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 into ,s\!rn ,india1 & sold at high prices4 ,! =ego+ /atem5ts %[ 9 h[ _m c\ntries1 & dur+ h[ long a p]iod1 _m m5 h be5 passionately devot$ to ! bre$+ ( pigeons4 ,he> h[ an en?usia/ic fanci] at ! pres5t day writes3 ,if x 7 possible = noblem5 & g5tlem5 to "k ! amaz+ am\nt ( solace & pleasure d]iv$ f ,almond ,tumbl]s1 :5 !y beg9 to und]/& _! prop]ties1 ,i %\ld ?9k t sc>ce any nobleman or g5tleman w\ld be )\t _! avi>ies ( ,almond ,tumbl]s4#cej ,! pleasure ?us tak5 is ( p>am\nt importance1 z x leads amateurs c>efully to note & pres]ve ea* slight deviation ( /ructure :i* /rikes _! fancy4 ,pigeons are (t5 closely conf9$ dur+ _! :ole lives2 !y d n p>take ( _! naturally v>i$ diet2 !y h (t5 be5 transport$ f "o climate to ano!r2 & all ^! *anges 9 _! conditions ( life w\ld be likely to cause v>iability4 ,pigeons h be5 dome/icat$ = ne>ly #ejjj ye>s1 & h be5 kept 9 _m places1 s t ! numb]s re>$ "u dome/ication mu/ h be5 enorm\s2 & ?is is ano!r circum/ance ( high importance1 = x obvi\sly fav\rs ! *ance ( r>e modifications ( /ructure occasionally appe>+4 ,slight v>iations ( all k9ds w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be obs]v$1 &1 if valu$1 w\ld1 ow+ to ! foll[+ circum/ances1 be pres]v$ & propagat$ ) unusual facility4 ,pigeons1 diff]5tly f any o!r dome/icat$ animal1 c easily be mat$ = life1 &1 ?\gh kept ) o!r pigeons1 !y r>ely prove unfai?ful to ea* o!r4 ,ev5 :5 ! #bjg male does break 8 m>riage-v[1 he does n p]man5tly des]t 8 mate4 ,i h br$ 9 ! same avi>ies _m pigeons ( diff]5t k9ds1 & nev] re>$ a s+le bird ( an impure /ra94 ,h5ce a fanci] c ) ! greate/ ease select & mat* 8 birds4 ,he w also soon see ! good results ( 8 c>e2 = pigeons bre$ ) extraord9>y rapidity4 ,he may freely reject inf]ior birds1 z !y s]ve at an e>ly age z excell5t food4 ,to sum up1 pigeons are easily kept1 pair$1 & select$2 va/ numb]s h be5 re>$2 great zeal 9 bre$+ !m has be5 %[n by _m m5 9 v>i\s c\ntries2 & ?is w\ld lead to _! close discrim9ation1 & to a /rong desire to exhibit "s novelty1 or to surpass o!r fanci]s 9 ! excell5ce ( already e/abli%$ bre$s4 ,hi/ory ( ! pr9cipal ,races ( ! ,pigeon4#cea ,be=e discuss+ ! means & /eps by :i* ! *ief races h be5 =m$1 x w be advisable to give "s hi/orical details1 = m is kn[n ( ! hi/ory ( ! pigeon1 little ?\gh ?is be1 ?an ( any o!r dome/icat$ animal4 ,"s ( ! cases are int]e/+ z prov+ h[ long dome/ic v>ieties may be propagat$ ) exactly ! same or ne>ly ! same *>act]s2 & o!r cases are /ill m int]e/+ z %[+ h[ sl[ly b /eadily races h be5 greatly modifi$ dur+ successive g5]ations4 ,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i /at$ t ,trumpet]s & ,laugh]s1 bo? s rem>kable = _! voices1 seem to h be5 p]fectly *>act]iz$ 9 #agce2 & ,laugh]s 7 app>5tly kn[n 9 ,india be=e ! ye> #afjj4 ,spots 9 #afgf1 & ,nuns 9 ! "t ( ,aldrov&i1 be=e #afjj1 7 col\r$ exactly z !y n[ are4 ,common ,tumbl]s & ,gr\nd ,tumbl]s exhibit$ 9 ,india1 be=e ! ye> #afjj1 ! same extraord9>y peculi>ities ( flight z at ! pres5t day1 = !y are well describ$ 9 ! ',aye5 ,akb]y4' ,^! bre$s may all h exi/$ = a mu* long] p]iod2 we "k only t !y 7 p]fectly *>act]iz$ at ! dates above giv54 ,! av]age l5g? ( life ( ! dome/ic pigeon is probably ab\t five or six ye>s2 if s1 "s ( ^! races h reta9$ _! "* p]fectly = at lea/ =ty or fifty g5]ations4 ,p\t]s4--,^! birds1 z f> z a v %ort description s]ves = comp>ison1 appe> to h be5 well *>act]iz$ 9 ,aldrov&i's "t1#ceb be=e ! ye> #afjj4 ,l5g? ( body & l5g? ( leg are at ! pres5t "t ! two *ief po9ts ( excell5ce4 ,9 #agce ,moore said 7see ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's edition7--& ,moore 0 a fir/-rate fanci]--t he once saw a bird ) #bjh a body #bj in*es 9 l5g?1 ?\gh #ag or #ah in*es is reckon$ a v good l5g?2 & he has se5 ! legs v ne>ly #g in*es 9 l5g?1 yet a leg #fa_/b or #fc_/d long mu/ be all[$ to be a v good "o4 ,mr4 ,bult1 ! mo/ successful bre$] ( ,p\t]s 9 ! _w1 in=ms me t at pres5t 7#aheh7 ! /&>d l5g? ( ! body is n less ?an #ah in*es2 b he has measur$ "o bird #ai in*es 9 l5g?1 & has he>d ( #bj & #bb in*es1 b d\bts ! tru? ( ^! latt] /atem5ts4 ,! /&>d l5g? ( ! leg is n[ #g in*es1 b ,mr4 ,bult has rec5tly measur$ two ( 8 own birds ) legs #ga_/b long4 ,s t 9 ! #abc ye>s :i* h elaps$ s9ce #agce !re has be5 h>dly any increase 9 ! /&>d l5g? ( ! body2 #ag or #ah in*es 0 =m]ly reckon$ a v good l5g?1 & n[ #ah in*es is ! m9imum /&>d2 b ! l5g? ( leg seems to h increas$1 z ,moore nev] saw "o q #g in*es long2 n[ ! /&>d is #g1 & two ( ,mr4 ,bult's birds measur$ #ga_/b in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! extremely slight improvem5t 9 ,p\t]s1 except 9 ! l5g? ( ! leg1 dur+ ! la/ #abc ye>s1 may be p>tly acc\nt$ = by ! neglect :i* !y suff]$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bult1 until )9 ! la/ #bj or #cj ye>s4 ,ab\t #agfecec !re 0 a *ange ( fa%ion1 /\t] & m fea!r$ legs be+ pref]r$ to ?9 & ne>ly nak$ legs4 ,fantails4--,! fir/ notice ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is bre$ is 9 ,india1 be=e ! ye> #afjj1 z giv5 9 ! ',aye5 ,akb]y2'#ced at ?is date1 judg+ f ,aldrov&i1 ! bre$ 0 unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,9 #afgg ,willughby speaks ( a ,fantail ) #bf tail-fea!rs2 9 #agce ,moore saw "o ) #cf fea!rs2 & 9 #ahbd ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie ass]t t 9 ,france birds c easily be f\nd ) #db tail-fea!rs4 ,9 ,engl&1 ! numb] ( ! tail-fea!rs is n at pres5t s mu* reg>d$ z _! upw>d direction & expansion4 ,! g5]al c>riage ( ! bird is likewise n[ mu* reg>d$4 ,! old descriptions d n suffice to %[ :e!r 9 ^! latt] respects !re has be5 mu* improvem5t2 b if fantails _h =m]ly exi/$ ) _! heads & tails t\*+ ea* o!r1 z at ! pres5t "t1 ! fact w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly h be5 notic$4 ,! ,fantails :i* are n[ f\nd 9 ,india probably %[ ! /ate ( ! race1 z f> z c>riage is conc]n$1 at ! date ( _! introduction into ,europe2 & "s1 said to h be5 br\ght f ,calcutta1 :i* ,i kept alive1 7 9 a m>k$ mann] inf]ior to our exhibition birds4 ,! ,java ,fantail %[s ! same diff]5ce 9 c>riage2 & al?\gh ,mr4 ,sw9hoe has c\nt$ #ah & #bd tail-fea!rs 9 8 birds1 a fir/-rate specim5 s5t to me _h only #ad tail-fea!rs4 ,jacob9s4--,?is bre$ exi/$ be=e #afjj1 b ! hood1 judg+ f ! figure giv5 by ,aldrov&i1 did n enclose ! head ne>ly s p]fectly z at pres5t3 nor 0 ! head !n :ite2 nor 7 ! w+s & tail s long1 b ?is la/ "* might h be5 ov]look$ by ! rude arti/4 ,9 ,moore's "t1 9 #agce1 ! ,jacob9 0 consid]$ ! #bji smalle/ k9d ( pigeon1 & ! bill is said to be v %ort4 ,h5ce ei!r ! ,jacob91 or ! o!r k9ds ) :i* x 0 !n comp>$1 mu/ h be5 s9ce consid]ably modifi$2 = ,moore's description 7& x mu/ be rememb]$ t he 0 a fir/-rate judge7 is cle>ly n applicable1 z f> z size ( body & l5g? ( beak are conc]n$1 to our pres5t ,jacob9s4 ,9 #agie1 judg+ f ,be*/e91 ! bre$ _h assum$ its pres5t "*4 ,turbits4--,x has g5]ally be5 suppos$ by ! old] writ]s on pigeons1 t ! ,turbit is ! ,cortbeck ( ,aldrov&i2 b if ?is be ! case1 x is an extraord9>y fact t ! *>act]i/ic frill %\ld n h be5 notic$4 ,! beak1 moreov]1 ( ! ,cortbeck is describ$ z closely resembl+ t ( ! ,jacob91 :i* %[s a *ange 9 ! "o or ! o!r race4 ,! ,turbit1 ) its *>act]i/ic frill & be>+ its pres5t "n1 is describ$ by ,willughby 9 #afgg2 & ! bill is said to be l t ( ! bullf9*1--a good comp>ison1 b n[ m /rictly applicable to ! beak ( ! ,b>b4 ,! sub-bre$ call$ ! ,owl 0 well kn[n 9 ,moore's "t1 9 #agce4 ,tumbl]s4--,common ,tumbl]s1 z well z ,gr\nd ,tumbl]s1 p]fect z f> z tumbl+ is conc]n$1 exi/$ 9 ,india be=e ! ye> #afjj2 & at ?is p]iod div]sifi$ modes ( flight1 su* z fly+ at night1 ! asc5t to a great height1 & mann] ( desc5t1 seem to h be5 mu* att5d$ to1 z at ! pres5t "t1 9 ,india4 ,belon#cee 9 #aeee saw 9 ,paphlagonia :at he describes z a v new ?+1 viz4 pigeons :i* flew s high 9 ! air t !y 7 lo/ to view1 b return$ to _! pigeon-h\se )\t sep>at+4 ,?is mann] ( flight is *>act]i/ic ( our pres5t ,tumbl]s1 b x is cle> t ,belon w\ld h m5tion$ ! act ( tumbl+ if ! pigeons describ$ by him _h tumbl$4 ,tumbl]s 7 n kn[n 9 ,europe 9 #afjj1 z !y are n m5tion$ by ,aldrov&i1 :o discusses ! flight ( pigeons4 ,!y are briefly allud$ to by ,willughby1 9 #afhg1 z small pigeons :i* %[ l footballs 9 ! air4 ,! %ort-fac$ race did n exi/ at ?is p]iod1 z ,willughby c\ld n h ov]look$ birds s rem>kable = _! small size & %ort beaks4 ,we c ev5 trace "s ( ! /eps by :i* ?is race has be5 produc$4 ,moore 9 #agce enum]ates correctly ! *ief po9ts ( excell5ce1 b does n give any description ( ! sev]al sub-bre$s2 & f ?is fact ,mr4 ,eaton inf]s#cef t ! %ort-fac$ ,tumbl] _h n !n come to full p]fection4 ,moore ev5 speaks ( ! ,jacob9 z be+ ! smalle/ pigeon4 ,?irty ye>s aft]w>ds1 9 #agfe1 9 ! ,treatise d$icat$ to ,mayor1 %ort-fac$ ,almond ,tumbl]s are fully describ$1 b ! au?or1 an excell5t fanci]1 expressly /ates 9 8 ,preface 7p4 xiv47 t1 f great c>e & exp5se 9 bre$+ !m1 !y h arriv$ to s great p]fection & are s diff]5t f :at !y 7 #bj or #cj ye>s pa/1 t an old fanci] w\ld h condemn$ !m = no o!r reason ?an because !y are n l :at us$ to be ?\ght good :5 he 0 9 ! fancy be=e4 #baj ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t !re 0 a r sudd5 *ange 9 ! "* ( ! %ort-fac$ ,tumbl] at ab\t ?is p]iod2 & !re is reason to suspect t a dw>f$ & half-mon/r\s bird1 ! p>5t-=m ( ! sev]al %ort-fac$ sub-bre$s1 !n appe>$4 ,i suspect ?is because %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]s are born ) _! beaks 7asc]ta9$ by c>eful measurem5t7 z %ort1 proportionally ) ! size ( _! bodies1 z 9 ! adult bird2 & 9 ?is respect !y diff] greatly f all o!r bre$s1 :i* sl[ly acquire dur+ gr[? _! v>i\s *>act]i/ic qualities4 ,s9ce ! ye> #agfe !re has be5 "s *ange 9 "o ( ! *ief *>act]s ( ! %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 namely1 9 ! l5g? ( ! beak4 ,fanci]s measure ! head & beak f ! tip ( ! beak to ! front corn] ( ! eyeball4 ,ab\t ! ye> #agfe a head & beak 0 consid]$ good1#ceg :i*1 measur$ 9 ! usual mann]1 0 #g_/h ( an in* 9 l5g?2 n[ x ought n to exce$ #e_/h ( an in*2 x is h[ev] possible1 z ,mr4 ,eaton c&idly confesses1 = a bird to be consid]$ z pleasant or neat ev5 at #f_/h ( an in*1 b exce$+ t l5g? x mu/ be look$ ^u z unwor?y ( att5tion4 ,mr4 ,eaton /ates t he has nev] se5 9 ! c\rse ( 8 life m ?an two or ?ree birds ) ! head & beak n exce$+ half an in* 9 l5g?2 /ill ,i believe 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s t ! head & beak w be %ort5$1 & t half-in* birds w n be consid]$ s great a curiosity z at ! pres5t "t4 ,t ,mr4 ,eaton's op9ion des]ves att5tion _c be d\bt$1 consid]+ 8 success 9 w9n+ prizes at our exhibitions4 ,f9ally 9 reg>d to ! ,tumbl] x may be conclud$ f ! facts above giv5 t x 0 orig9ally introduc$ into ,europe1 probably fir/ into ,engl&1 f ! ,ea/2 & t x !n resembl$ our common ,engli% ,tumbl]1 or m probably ! ,p]sian or ,indian ,tumbl]1 ) a beak only j p]ceptibly %ort] ?an t ( ! common dovecot-pigeon4 ,) respect to ! %ort-fac$ ,tumbl]1 :i* is n kn[n to exi/ 9 ! ,ea/1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! :ole wond]ful *ange 9 ! size ( ! head1 beak1 body1 & feet1 & 9 g5]al c>riage1 has be5 produc$ dur+ ! la/ two c5turies by cont9u$ selection1 aid$ probably by ! bir? ( a semi-mon/r\s bird some:]e ab\t ! ye> #agej4 ,runts4--,( _! hi/ory little c be said4 ,9 ! "t ( ,pl9y ! pigeons ( ,campania 7 ! l>ge/ kn[n2 & f ?is fact alone "s au?ors ass]t t !y 7 ,runts4 ,9 ,aldrov&i's "t1 9 #afjj1 two sub-bre$s exi/$2 b "o ( !m1 ! %ort-beak$1 is n[ ext9ct 9 ,europe4 ,b>bs4--,not)/&+ /atem5ts to ! contr>y1 x seems to me impossible to recognise ! b>b 9 ,aldrov&i's descriptions & figures2 f\r bre$s1 h[ev]1 exi/$ 9 ! ye> #afjj :i* 7 evid5tly alli$ bo? to ,b>bs & ,c>ri]s4 ,to %[ h[ difficult x is to recognise "s ( ! bre$s describ$ by ,aldrov&i1 ,i w give ! diff]5t op9ions 9 reg>d to ! above f\r k9ds1 nam$ by him ,c4 ,indica1 ,cret5sis1 ,gutturosa1 & ,p]sica4 ,willughby ?\ght t ! ,columba ,indica 0 a #baa ,turbit1 b ! em95t fanci] ,mr4 ,br5t believes t x 0 an inf]ior ,b>b3 ,c4 ,cret5sis1 ) a %ort beak & a swell+ on ! upp] m&ible1 _c be recognis$3 ,c4 7falsely call$7 gutturosa1 :i* f its ro/rum1 breve1 crassum1 et tub]osum seems to me to come ne>e/ to ! ,b>b1 ,mr4 ,br5t believes to be a ,c>ri]2 & la/ly1 ! ,c4 ,p]sica et ,turcica1 ,mr4 ,br5t ?9ks1 & ,i q concur ) him1 0 a %ort-beak$ ,c>ri] ) v little wattle4 ,9 #afhg ! ,b>b 0 kn[n 9 ,engl&1 & ,willughby describes ! beak z l t ( ! ,turbit2 b x is n cr$ible t 8 ,b>b %\ld h _h a beak l t ( our pres5t birds1 = s accurate an obs]v] c\ld n h ov]look$ its great bread?4 ,engli% ,c>ri]4--,we may look 9 va9 9 ,aldrov&i's "w = any bird resembl+ our prize ,c>ri]s2 ! ,c4 ,p]sica et ,turcica ( ?is au?or comes ! ne>e/1 b is said to h _h a %ort ?ick beak2 !re=e x mu/ h approa*$ 9 "* a ,b>b1 & h diff]$ greatly f our ,c>ri]s4 ,9 ,willughby's "t1 9 #afgg1 we c cle>ly recognise ! ,c>ri]1 b he adds1 ! bill is n %ort1 b ( a mod]ate l5g?1 a description :i* no "o w\ld apply to our pres5t ,c>ri]s1 s conspicu\s = ! extraord9>y l5g? ( _! beaks4 ,! old names giv5 9 ,europe to ! ,c>ri]1 & ! sev]al names n[ 9 use 9 ,india1 indicate t ,c>ri]s orig9ally came f ,p]sia2 & ,willughby's description w\ld p]fectly apply to ! ,bussorah ,c>ri] z x n[ exi/s 9 ,madras4 ,9 lat] times we c p>tially trace ! progress ( *ange 9 our ,engli% ,c>ri]s3 ,moore 9 #agce says an in* & a half is reckon$ a long beak1 ?\gh !re are v good ,c>ri]s t are f\nd n to exce$ an in* & a qu>t]4 ,^! birds mu/ h resembl$1 or p]haps be5 a little sup]ior to1 ! ,c>ri]s1 previ\sly describ$1 :i* are n[ f\nd 9 ,p]sia4 ,9 ,engl& at ! pres5t day !re are1 z ,mr4 ,eaton#ceh /ates1 beaks t w\ld measure 7f edge ( eye to tip ( beak7 "o in* & ?ree-qu>t]s1 & "s few ev5 two in*es 9 l5g?4 ,f ^! hi/orical details we see t ne>ly all ! *ief dome/ic races exi/$ be=e ! ye> #afjj4 ,"s rem>kable only = col\r appe> to h be5 id5tical ) our pres5t bre$s1 "s 7 ne>ly ! same1 "s consid]ably diff]5t1 & "s h s9ce become ext9ct4 ,sev]al bre$s1 su* z ,f9nik9s & ,turn]s1 ! swall[-tail$ pigeon ( ,be*/e9 & ! ,c>melite1 seem bo? to h orig9at$ & to h disappe>$ )9 ?is same p]iod4 ,any "o n[ visit+ a well-/ock$ ,engli% avi>y w\ld c]ta9ly pick out z ! mo/ di/9ct k9ds1 ! massive ,runt1 ! ,c>ri] ) its wond]fully elongat$ beak & great wattles1 ! ,b>b ) its %ort broad beak & eye-wattles1 ! %ort-fac$ ,tumbl] #bab ) its small conical beak1 ! ,p\t] ) its great crop1 long legs & body1 ! ,fantail ) its uprais$1 widely-exp&$1 well-fea!r$ tail1 ! ,turbit ) its frill & %ort blunt beak1 & ! ,jacob9 ) its hood4 ,n[1 if ?is same p]son c\ld h view$ ! pigeons kept be=e #afjj by ,akb] ,khan 9 ,india & by ,aldrov&i 9 ,europe1 he w\ld h se5 ! ,jacob9 ) a less p]fect hood2 ! ,turbit app>5tly )\t its frill2 ! ,p\t] ) %ort] legs1 & 9 e way less rem>kable--t is1 if ,aldrov&i's ,p\t] resembl$ ! old ,g]man k9d2 ! ,fantail w\ld h be5 f> less s+ul> 9 appe>ance1 & w\ld h _h mu* few] fea!rs 9 its tail2 he w\ld h se5 excell5t fly+ ,tumbl]s1 b he w\ld 9 va9 h look$ = ! m>vell\s %ort-fac$ bre$s2 he w\ld h se5 birds alli$ to b>bs1 b x is extremely d\btful :e!r he w\ld h met ) our actual ,b>bs2 & la/ly1 he w\ld h f\nd ,c>ri]s ) beaks & wattle incomp>ably less develop$ ?an 9 our ,engli% ,c>ri]s4 ,he might h class$ mo/ ( ! bre$s 9 ! same gr\ps z at pres5t2 b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! gr\ps 7 !n f> less /rongly pron\nc$ ?an at pres5t4 ,9 %ort1 ! sev]al bre$s _h at ?is e>ly p]iod n div]g$ 9 s great a degree f _! aborig9al common p>5t1 ! wild rock-pigeon4 ,mann] ( ,=mation ( ! *ief ,races4 ,we w n[ consid] m closely ! probable /eps by :i* ! *ief races h be5 =m$4 ,z long z pigeons are kept semi-dome/icat$ 9 dovecots 9 _! native c\ntry1 )\t any c>e 9 select+ & mat*+ !m1 !y are liable to little m v>iation ?an ! wild ,c4 livia1 namely1 9 ! w+s becom+ *equ]$ ) black1 9 ! cr\p be+ blue or :ite1 & 9 ! size ( ! body4 ,:51 h[ev]1 dovecot-pigeons are transport$ into div]sifi$ c\ntries1 su* z ,si]ra ,leone1 ! ,malay ar*ipelago1 & ,madeira 7:]e ! wild ,c4 livia is n kn[n to exi/71 !y are expos$ to new conditions ( life2 & app>5tly 9 consequ5ce !y v>y 9 a some:at great] degree4 ,:5 closely conf9$1 ei!r = ! pleasure ( wat*+ !m1 or to prev5t _! /ray+1 !y mu/ be expos$1 ev5 "u _! native climate1 to #bac consid]ably diff]5t conditions2 = !y _c obta9 _! natural div]sity ( food2 &1 :at is probably m important1 !y are abundantly f$1 :il/ deb>r$ f tak+ mu* ex]cise4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we might expect to f9d1 f ! analogy ( all o!r dome/icat$ animals1 a great] am\nt ( individual v>iability ?an ) ! wild pigeon2 & ?is is ! case4 ,! want ( ex]cise app>5tly t5ds to r$uce ! size ( ! feet & organs ( flight2 & !n1 f ! law ( correlation ( gr[?1 ! beak app>5tly becomes affect$4 ,f :at we n[ see occasionally tak+ place 9 our avi>ies1 we may conclude t sudd5 v>iations or sports1 su* z ! appe>ance ( a cre/ ( fea!rs on ! head1 ( fea!r$ feet1 ( a new %ade ( col\r1 ( an additional fea!r 9 ! tail or w+1 w\ld occur at r>e int]vals dur+ ! _m c5turies :i* h elaps$ s9ce ! pigeon 0 fir/ dome/icat$4 ,at ! pres5t day su* sports are g5]ally reject$ z blemi%es2 & !re is s mu* my/]y 9 ! bre$+ ( pigeons t1 if a valuable sport did occur1 its hi/ory w\ld (t5 be conceal$4 ,be=e ! la/ hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 !re is h>dly a *ance ( ! hi/ory ( any su* sport hav+ be5 record$4 ,b x by no means foll[s f ?is t su* sports 9 =m] times1 :5 ! pigeon _h und]gone mu* less v>iation1 w\ld h be5 reject$4 ,we are pr(\ndly ignorant ( ! cause ( ea* sudd5 & app>5tly spontane\s v>iation1 z well z ( ! inf9itely num]\s %ades ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! birds ( ! same family4 ,b 9 a future *apt] we %all see t all su* v>iations appe> to be ! indirect result ( *anges ( "s k9d 9 ! conditions ( life4 ,h5ce1 aft] a long c\rse ( dome/ication1 we might expect to see 9 ! pigeon mu* individual v>iability1 & occasional sudd5 v>iations1 z well z slight modifications f ! less5$ use ( c]ta9 p>ts1 toge!r ) ! effects ( correlation ( gr[?4 ,b )\t selection all ?is w\ld produce only a trifl+ or no result2 = )\t su* aid diff]5ces ( all k9ds w\ld1 f ! two foll[+ causes1 soon disappe>4 ,9 a heal?y & vigor\s lot ( pigeons _m m "y birds are kill$ = food or die ?an are re>$ to maturity2 s t an individual hav+ any peculi> "*1 if n select$1 w\ld run a good *ance ( be+ de/roy$2 & if n de/roy$1 ! #bad peculi>ity 9 "q w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly be oblit]at$ by free int]cross+4 ,x might1 h[ev]1 occasionally happ5 t ! same v>iation repeat$ly occurr$1 ow+ to ! action ( peculi> & uni=m conditions ( life1 & 9 ?is case x w\ld prevail indep5d5tly ( selection4 ,b :5 selection is br\ght into play all is *ang$2 = ?is is ! f\ndation-/one 9 ! =mation ( new races2 & ) ! pigeon1 circum/ances1 z we h already se51 are em95tly fav\rable = selection4 ,:5 a bird pres5t+ "s conspicu\s v>iation has be5 pres]v$1 & its (fspr+ h be5 select$1 c>efully mat*$1 & aga9 propagat$1 & s onw>ds dur+ successive g5]ations1 ! pr9ciple is s obvi\s t no?+ m ne$ be said ab\t x4 ,?is may be call$ me?odical selection1 = ! bre$] has a di/9ct object 9 view1 namely1 to pres]ve "s "* :i* has actually appe>$2 or to create "s improvem5t already pictur$ 9 8 m9d4 ,ano!r =m ( selection has h>dly be5 notic$ by ^? au?ors :o h discuss$ ?is subject1 b is ev5 m important4 ,?is =m may be call$ unconsci\s selection1 = ! bre$] selects 8 birds unconsci\sly1 un9t5tionally1 & )\t me?od1 yet he surely ?\gh sl[ly produces a great result4 ,i ref] to ! effects :i* foll[ f ea* fanci] at fir/ procur+ & aft]w>ds re>+ z good birds z he c1 accord+ to 8 skill1 & accord+ to ! /&>d ( excell5ce at ea* successive p]iod4 ,he does n wi% p]man5tly to modify ! bre$2 he does n look to ! di/ant future1 or speculate on ! f9al result ( ! sl[ accumulation dur+ _m g5]ations ( successive slight *anges3 he is cont5t if he possesses a good /ock1 & m ?an cont5t if he c beat 8 rivals4 ,! fanci] 9 ! "t ( ,aldrov&i1 :5 9 ! ye> #afjj he admir$ 8 own jacob9s1 p\t]s1 or c>ri]s1 nev] reflect$ :at _! desc5dants 9 ! ye> #ahfj w\ld become2 he w\ld h be5 a/oni%$ c\ld he h se5 our jacob9s1 our improv$ ,engli% c>ri]s1 & our p\t]s2 he w\ld probably h d5i$ t !y 7 ! desc5dants ( 8 own once admir$ /ock1 & he w\ld p]haps n h valu$ !m1 = no o!r reason1 z 0 writt5 9 #agfe1 ?an because !y 7 n l :at us$ to be ?\ght good :5 he 0 9 ! fancy4 ,no "o w attribute ! l5g!n$ beak ( ! #bae c>ri]1 ! %ort5$ beak ( ! %ort-fac$ tumbl]1 ! l5g!n$ leg ( ! p\t]1 ! m p]fectly-enclos$ hood ( ! jacob91 c41--*anges effect$ s9ce ! "t ( ,aldrov&i1 or ev5 s9ce a mu* lat] p]iod1--to ! direct & imm$iate action ( ! conditions ( life4 ,= ^! sev]al races h be5 modifi$ 9 v>i\s & ev5 9 directly opposite ways1 ?\gh kept "u ! same climate & treat$ 9 all respects 9 z ne>ly uni=m a mann] z possible4 ,ea* slight *ange 9 ! l5g? or %ortness ( ! beak1 9 ! l5g? ( leg1 c41 has no d\bt be5 indirectly & remotely caus$ by "s *ange 9 ! conditions to :i* ! bird has be5 subject$1 b we mu/ attribute ! f9al result1 z is manife/ 9 ^? cases ( :i* we h any hi/orical record1 to ! cont9u$ selection & accumulation ( _m slight successive v>iations4 ,! action ( unconsci\s selection1 z f> z pigeons are conc]n$1 dep5ds on a univ]sal pr9ciple 9 human nature1 namely1 on our rivalry1 & desire to outdo our neighb\rs4 ,we see ?is 9 e fleet+ fa%ion1 ev5 9 our dress1 & x leads ! fanci] to endeav\r to exagg]ate e peculi>ity 9 8 bre$s4 ,a great au?ority on pigeons#cei says1 ,fanci]s d n & w n admire a m$ium /&>d1 t is1 half & half1 :i* is nei!r "h nor !re1 b admire extremes4 ,aft] rem>k+ t ! fanci] ( %ort-fac$ be>d tumbl]s wi%es = a v %ort beak1 & t ! fanci] ( long-fac$ be>d tumbl]s wi%es = a v long beak1 he says1 ) respect to "o ( int]m$iate l5g?1 ,don't deceive y\rself4 ,d y suppose = a mom5t ! %ort or ! long-fac$ fanci] w\ld accept su* a bird z a gift8 ,c]ta9ly n2 ! %ort-fac$ fanci] c\ld see no beauty 9 x2 ! long-fac$ fanci] w\ld swe> !re 0 no use 9 x1 c4 ,9 ^! comical passages1 writt5 s]i\sly1 we see ! pr9ciple :i* has ev] guid$ fanci]s1 & has l$ to su* great modifications 9 all ! dome/ic races :i* are valu$ solely = _! beauty or curiosity4 ,fa%ions 9 pigeon-bre$+ endure = long p]iods2 we _c *ange ! /ructure ( a bird z quickly z we c ! fa%ion ( our dress4 ,9 ! "t ( ,aldrov&i1 no d\bt ! m ! p\t] inflat$ 8 crop1 ! m he 0 valu$4 ,nev]!less1 fa%ions d to a c]ta9 ext5t *ange2 fir/ "o #baf po9t ( /ructure & !n ano!r is att5d$ to2 or diff]5t bre$s are admir$ at diff]5t times & 9 diff]5t c\ntries4 ,z ! au?or j quot$ rem>ks1 ! fancy ebbs & fl[s2 a ?or\gh fanci] n[-a-days nev] /oops to bre$ toy-birds2 yet ^! v toys are n[ mo/ c>efully br$ 9 ,g]many4 ,bre$s :i* at ! pres5t "t are highly valu$ 9 ,india are consid]$ wor?less 9 ,engl&4 ,no d\bt1 :5 bre$s are neglect$1 !y deg5]ate2 /ill we may believe t1 z long z !y are kept "u ! same conditions ( life1 *>act]s once ga9$ w be p>tially reta9$ = a long "t1 & may =m1 ! />t+-po9t = a future c\rse ( selection4 ,let x n be object$ to ?is view ( ! action ( unconsci\s selection t fanci]s w\ld n obs]ve or c>e = extremely slight diff]5ces4 ,^? alone :o h associat$ ) fanci]s c be ?or\ghly aw>e ( _! accurate p[]s ( discrim9ation acquir$ by long practice1 & ( ! c>e & lab\r :i* !y be/[ on _! birds4 ,i h kn[n a fanci] delib]ately /udy 8 birds day aft] day to settle :i* to mat* toge!r & :i* to reject4 ,obs]ve h[ difficult ! subject appe>s to "o ( ! mo/ em95t & exp]i5c$ fanci]s4 ,mr4 ,eaton1 ! w9n] ( _m prizes1 says1 ,i w\ld "h p>ticul>ly gu>d y aga9/ keep+ too great a v>iety ( pigeons1 o!rwise y w "k a little ab\t all ! k9ds1 b no?+ ab\t "o z x ought to be kn[n4 ,x is possible !re may be a few fanci]s t h a good g5]al k ( ! sev]al fancy pigeons1 b !re are _m :o lab\r "u ! delusion ( suppos+ !y "k :at !y d n4 ,speak+ exclusively ( "o sub-v>iety ( "o race1 namely1 ! %ort-fac$ almond tumbl]1 & aft] say+ t "s fanci]s sacrifice e prop]ty to obta9 a good head & beak1 & t o!r fanci]s sacrifice ev]y?+ = plumage1 he rem>ks3 ,"s "y fanci]s :o are ov] covet\s g 9 = all ! five prop]ties at once1 & !y h _! rew>d by gett+ no?+4 ,9 ,india1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,bly?1 pigeons are likewise select$ & mat*$ ) ! greate/ c>e4 ,b we mu/ n judge ( ! slight diff]5ces :i* w\ld h be5 valu$ 9 anci5t days1 by ^? :i* are n[ valu$ aft] ! =mation ( _m races1 ea* ) its own /&>d ( p]fection1 kept uni=m by our num]\s #bag ,exhibitions4 ,! ambition ( ! mo/ en]getic fanci] may be fully satisfi$ by ! difficulty ( excell+ o!r fanci]s 9 ! bre$s already e/abli%$1 )\t try+ to =m a new "o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a difficulty ) respect to ! p[] ( selection w p]haps already h occurr$ to ! read]1 namely1 :at c\ld h l$ fanci]s fir/ to attempt to make su* s+ul> bre$s z p\t]s1 fantails1 c>ri]s1 c48 ,b x is ?is v difficulty :i* ! pr9ciple ( unconsci\s selection removes4 ,und\bt$ly no fanci] ev] did int5tionally make su* an attempt4 ,all t we ne$ suppose is t a v>iation occurr$ suffici5tly m>k$ to cat* ! discrim9at+ eye ( "s anci5t fanci]1 & !n unconsci\s selection c>ri$ on = _m g5]ations1 t is1 ! wi% ( succe$+ fanci]s to excel _! rivals1 w\ld d ! re/4 ,9 ! case ( ! fantail we may suppose t ! fir/ prog5itor ( ! bre$ _h a tail only slightly erect$1 z may n[ be se5 9 c]ta9 runts1#cfj ) "s increase 9 ! numb] ( ! tail-fea!rs1 z n[ occasionally occurs ) nuns4 ,9 ! case ( ! p\t] we may suppose t "s bird inflat$ its crop a little m ?an o!r pigeons1 z is n[ ! case 9 a slight degree ) ! oesophagus ( ! turbit4 ,we d n 9 ! lea/ "k ! orig9 ( ! common tumbl]1 b we may suppose t a bird 0 born ) "s affection ( ! bra91 lead+ x to make som]saults 9 ! air2 & ! difficulty 9 ?is case is less5$1 z we "k t1 be=e ! ye> #afjj1 9 ,india1 pigeons rem>kable = _! div]sifi$ mann] ( flight 7 mu* valu$1 & by ! ord] ( ! ,emp]or ,akb] ,khan 7 s$ul\sly tra9$ & c>efully mat*$4 ,9 ! =ego+ cases we h suppos$ t a sudd5 v>iation1 conspicu\s en\gh to cat* a fanci]'s eye1 fir/ appe>$2 b ev5 ?is degree ( abruptness 9 ! process ( v>iation is n necess>y = ! =mation ( a new bre$4 ,:5 ! same k9d ( pigeon has be5 kept pure1 & has be5 br$ dur+ a long p]iod by two or m fanci]s1 slight diff]5ces 9 ! /ra9 c (t5 be recognis$4 ,?us ,i h se5 fir/-rate jacob9s 9 "o man's possession :i* c]ta9ly #bah diff]$ slightly 9 sev]al *>act]s f ^? kept by ano!r4 ,i possess$ "s excell5t b>bs desc5d$ f a pair :i* _h won a prize1 & ano!r lot desc5d$ f a /ock =m]ly kept by t fam\s fanci] ,sir ,john ,sebright1 & ^! pla9ly diff]$ 9 ! =m ( ! beak2 b ! diff]5ces 7 s slight1 t !y c\ld h>dly be describ$ by words4 ,aga91 ! common ,engli% & ,dut* tumbl] diff] 9 a some:at great] degree1 bo? 9 l5g? ( beak & %ape ( head4 ,:at fir/ caus$ ^! slight diff]5ces _c be expla9$ any m ?an :y "o man has a long nose & ano!r a %ort "o4 ,9 ! /ra9s long kept di/9ct by diff]5t fanci]s1 su* diff]5ces are s common t !y _c be acc\nt$ = by ! accid5t ( ! birds fir/ *os5 = bre$+ hav+ be5 orig9ally z diff]5t z !y n[ are4 ,! explanation no d\bt lies 9 selection ( a slightly diff]5t nature hav+ be5 appli$ 9 ea* case2 = no two fanci]s h exactly ! same ta/e1 & consequ5tly no two1 9 *oos+ & c>efully mat*+ _! birds1 pref] or select exactly ! same4 ,z ea* man naturally admires 8 own birds1 he goes on cont9ually exagg]at+ by selection :atev] slight peculi>ities !y may possess4 ,?is w m especially happ5 ) fanci]s liv+ 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 :o d n comp>e _! /ocks & aim at a common /&>d ( p]fection4 ,?us1 :5 a m]e /ra9 has once be5 =m$1 unconsci\s selection /eadily t5ds to augm5t ! am\nt ( diff]5ce1 & ?us conv]ts ! /ra9 into a sub-bre$1 & ?is ultimately into a well-m>k$ bre$ or race4 ,! pr9ciple ( correlation ( gr[? %\ld nev] be lo/ sight (4 ,mo/ pigeons h small feet1 app>5tly caus$ by _! less5$ use1 & f correlation1 z x w\ld appe>1 _! beaks h likewise become r$uc$ 9 l5g?4 ,! beak is a conspicu\s organ1 &1 z soon z x _h ?us become p]ceptibly %ort5$1 fanci]s w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly /rive to r$uce x /ill m by ! cont9u$ selection ( birds ) ! %orte/ beaks2 :il/ at ! same "t o!r fanci]s1 z we "k has actually be5 ! case1 w\ld1 9 o!r sub-bre$s1 /rive to increase its l5g?4 ,) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! beak1 ! tongue w\ld become greatly l5g!n$1 z w\ld ! eyelids ) ! increas$ developm5t #bai ( ! eye-wattles2 ) ! r$uc$ or increas$ size ( ! feet ! numb] ( ! scutellae w\ld v>y2 ) ! l5g? ( ! w+ ! numb] ( ! prim>y w+-fea!rs w\ld diff]2 & ) ! increas$ l5g? ( ! body 9 ! p\t] ! numb] ( ! sacral v]tebrae w\ld be augm5t$4 ,^! important & correlat$ diff]5ces ( /ructure d n inv>iably *>act]ise any bre$2 b if !y _h be5 att5d$ to & select$ ) z mu* c>e z ! m conspicu\s ext]nal diff]5ces1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t !y w\ld h be5 r5d]$ con/ant4 ,fanci]s c\ld assur$ly h made a race ( tumbl]s ) n9e in/ead ( t5 prim>y w+-fea!rs1 see+ h[ (t5 ! numb] n9e appe>s )\t any wi% on _! "p1 & inde$ 9 ! case ( ! :ite-w+$ v>ieties 9 opposition to _! wi%4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 if ! v]tebrae _h be5 visible & _h be5 att5d$ to by fanci]s1 assur$ly an additional numb] might easily h be5 fix$ 9 ! p\t]4 ,if ^! latt] *>act]s _h once be5 r5d]$ con/ant we %\ld nev] h suspect$ t !y _h at fir/ be5 highly v>iable1 or t !y _h aris5 f correlation1 9 ! "o case ) ! %ortness ( ! w+s1 & 9 ! o!r case ) ! l5g? ( ! body4 ,9 ord] to und]/& h[ ! *ief dome/ic races h become di/9ctly sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 x is important to be> 9 m9d1 t fanci]s con/antly try to bre$ f ! be/ birds1 & consequ5tly t ^? :i* are inf]ior 9 ! requisite qualities are 9 ea* g5]ation neglect$2 s t aft] a "t ! less improv$ p>5t-/ocks & _m subsequ5tly =m$ int]m$iate grades become ext9ct4 ,?is has occurr$ 9 ! case ( ! p\t]1 turbit1 & trumpet]1 = ^! highly improv$ bre$s are n[ left )\t any l9ks closely connect+ !m ei!r ) ea* o!r or ) ! aborig9al rock-pigeon4 ,9 o!r c\ntries1 inde$1 :]e ! same c>e has n be5 appli$1 or :]e ! same fa%ion has n prevail$1 ! e>li] =ms may long rema9 unalt]$ or alt]$ only 9 a slight degree1 & we are ?us sometimes enabl$ to recov] ! connect+ l9ks4 ,?is is ! case 9 ,p]sia & ,india ) ! tumbl] & c>ri]1 :i* !re diff] b slightly f ! rock-pigeon 9 ! #bbj proportions ( _! beaks4 ,s aga9 9 ,java1 ! fantail sometimes has only f\rte5 caudal fea!rs1 & ! tail is mu* less elevat$ & exp&$ ?an 9 our improv$ birds2 s t ! ,java bird =ms a l9k betwe5 a fir/-rate fantail & ! rock-pigeon4 ,occasionally a bre$ may be reta9$ = "s p>ticul> quality 9 a ne>ly unalt]$ condition 9 ! same c\ntry1 toge!r ) highly modifi$ (f%oots or sub-bre$s1 :i* are valu$ = "s di/9ct prop]ty4 ,we see ?is exemplifi$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e ! common tumbl]1 :i* is valu$ only = its flight1 does n diff] mu* f its p>5t-=m1 ! ,ea/]n tumbl]2 :]eas ! %ort-fac$ tumbl] has be5 prodigi\sly modifi$1 f be+ valu$1 n = its flight1 b = o!r qualities4 ,b ! common-fly+ tumbl] ( ,europe has already begun to bran* out into slightly diff]5t sub-bre$s1 su* z ! common ,engli% tumbl]1 ! ,dut* roll]1 ! ,glasg[ h\se-tumbl]1 & ! long-fac$ be>d tumbl]1 c42 & 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 unless fa%ions greatly *ange1 ^! sub-bre$s w div]ge ?r\gh ! sl[ & ins5sible process ( unconsci\s selection1 & become modifi$1 9 a great] & great] degree4 ,aft] a "t ! p]fectly graduat$ l9ks1 :i* n[ connect all ^! sub-bre$s toge!r1 w be lo/1 = !re w\ld be no object & mu* difficulty 9 reta9+ su* a ho/ ( int]m$iate sub-v>ieties4 ,! pr9ciple ( div]g5ce1 toge!r ) ! ext9ction ( ! _m previ\sly exi/+ int]m$iate =ms1 is s important = und]/&+ ! orig9 ( dome/ic races1 z well z ( species 9 a /ate ( nature1 t ,i w enl>ge a little m on ?is subject4 ,our ?ird ma9 gr\p includes c>ri]s1 b>bs1 & runts1 :i* are pla9ly relat$ to ea* o!r1 yet wond]fully di/9ct 9 sev]al important *>act]s4 ,accord+ to ! view giv5 9 ! la/ *apt]1 ^! ?ree races h probably desc5d$ f an unkn[n race hav+ an int]m$iate "*1 & ?is f ! rock-pigeon4 ,_! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces are believ$ to be due to diff]5t bre$]s hav+ at an e>ly p]iod admir$ diff]5t po9ts ( /ructure2 & !n1 on ! ackn[l$g$ pr9ciple ( admir+ extremes1 hav+ gone on bre$+1 )\t any ?\ght ( ! future1 z good birds z !y c\ld1--c>ri]-fanci]s pref]r+ #bba long beaks ) mu* wattle1--b>b-fanci]s pref]r+ %ort ?ick beaks ) mu* eye-wattle1--& runt-fanci]s n c>+ ab\t ! beak or wattle1 b only = ! size & weight ( ! body4 ,?is process w h l$ to ! neglect & f9al ext9ction ( ! e>li]1 inf]ior1 & int]m$iate birds2 & ?us x has come to pass1 t 9 ,europe ^! ?ree races are n[ s extraord9>ily di/9ct f ea* o!r4 ,b 9 ! ,ea/1 :5ce !y 7 orig9ally br\ght1 ! fa%ion has be5 diff]5t1 & we !re see bre$s :i* connect ! highly modifi$ ,engli% c>ri] ) ! rock-pigeon1 & o!rs :i* to a c]ta9 ext5t connect c>ri]s & runts4 ,look+ back to ! "t ( ,aldrov&i1 we f9d t !re exi/$ 9 ,europe1 be=e ! ye> #afjj1 f\r bre$s :i* 7 closely alli$ to c>ri]s & b>bs1 b :i* compet5t au?orities _c n[ id5tify ) our pres5t b>bs & c>ri]s2 nor c ,aldrov&i's runts be id5tifi$ ) our pres5t runts4 ,^! f\r bre$s c]ta9ly did n diff] f ea* o!r ne>ly s mu* z d our exi/+ ,engli% c>ri]s1 b>bs1 & runts4 ,all ?is is exactly :at might h be5 anticipat$4 ,if we c\ld collect all ! pigeons :i* h ev] liv$1 f be=e ! "t ( ! ,romans to ! pres5t day1 we %\ld be able to gr\p !m 9 sev]al l9es1 div]g+ f ! p>5t rock-pigeon4 ,ea* l9e w\ld consi/ ( almo/ ins5sible /eps1 occasionally brok5 by "s slightly great] v>iation or sport1 & ea* w\ld culm9ate 9 "o ( our pres5t highly modifi$ =ms4 ,( ! _m =m] connect+ l9ks1 "s w\ld be f\nd to h become absolutely ext9ct )\t hav+ left any issue1 :il/ o!rs ?\gh ext9ct w\ld be se5 to be ! prog5itors ( ! exi/+ races4 ,i h he>d x rem>k$ z a /range circum/ance t we occasionally he> ( ! local or complete ext9ction ( dome/ic races1 :il/ we he> no?+ ( _! orig94 ,h[1 x has be5 ask$1 c ^! losses be comp5sat$1 & m ?an comp5sat$1 = we "k t ) almo/ all dome/icat$ animals ! races h l>gely increas$ 9 numb] s9ce ! "t ( ! ,romans8 ,b on ! view "h giv51 we c und]/& ?is app>5t contradiction4 ,! ext9ction ( a race )9 hi/orical times is an ev5t likely to be notic$2 b its gradual & sc>cely s5sible modification ?r\gh unconsci\s selection1 #bbb & its subsequ5t div]g5ce1 ei!r 9 ! same or m commonly 9 di/ant c\ntries1 into two or m /ra9s1 & _! gradual conv]sion into sub-bre$s1 & ^! into well-m>k$ bre$s1 are ev5ts :i* w\ld r>ely be notic$4 ,! dea? ( a tree1 t has atta9$ gigantic dim5sions1 is record$2 ! sl[ gr[? ( small] trees & _! increase 9 numb] excite no att5tion4 ,9 accordance ) ! belief ( ! great p[] ( selection1 & ( ! little direct p[] ( *ang$ conditions ( life1 except 9 caus+ g5]al v>iability or pla/icity ( organisation1 x is n surpris+ t dovecot-pigeons h rema9$ unalt]$ f "t immemorial2 & t "s toy-pigeons1 :i* diff] 9 little else besides col\r f ! dovecot-pigeon1 h reta9$ ! same "* = sev]al c5turies4 ,= :5 "o ( ^! toy-pigeons _h once become beautifully & symmetrically col\r$1--:51 = in/ance1 a ,spot _h be5 produc$ ) ! cr[n ( its head1 its tail1 & tail-cov]ts ( a uni=m col\r1 ! re/ ( ! body be+ sn[-:ite1--no alt]ation or improvem5t w\ld be desir$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is n surpris+ t dur+ ?is same int]val ( "t our highly-br$ pigeons h und]gone an a/oni%+ am\nt ( *ange2 = 9 reg>d to !m !re is no def9$ limit to ! wi% ( ! fanci]1 & !re is no kn[n limit to ! v>iability ( _! *>act]s4 ,:at is !re to /op ! fanci] desir+ to give to 8 c>ri] a long] & long] beak1 or to 8 tumbl] a %ort] & %ort] beak8 nor has ! extreme limit ( v>iability 9 ! beak1 if !re be any su* limit1 z yet be5 rea*$4 ,not)/&+ ! great improvem5t effect$ )9 rec5t times 9 ! %ort-fac$ almond tumbl]1 ,mr4 ,eaton rem>ks1 ! field is /ill z op5 = fre% competitors z x 0 "o hundr$ ye>s ago2 b ?is is p]haps an exagg]at$ ass]tion1 = ! "y ( all highly improv$ fancy birds are extremely liable to disease & dea?4 ,i h he>d x object$ t ! =mation ( ! sev]al dome/ic races ( ! pigeon ?r[s no light on ! orig9 ( ! wild species ( ! ,columbidae1 because _! diff]5ces are n ( ! same nature4 ,! dome/ic races = in/ance d n diff]1 or diff] h>dly at all1 9 ! relative l5g?s & %apes ( ! prim>y w+-fea!rs1 9 ! relative l5g? ( ! h9d #bbc toe1 or 9 habits ( life1 z 9 roo/+ & build+ 9 trees4 ,b ! above objection %[s h[ completely ! pr9ciple ( selection has be5 misund]/ood4 ,x is n likely t *>act]s select$ by ! caprice ( man %\ld resemble diff]5ces pres]v$ "u natural conditions1 ei!r f be+ ( direct s]vice to ea* species1 or f /&+ 9 correlation ) o!r modifi$ & s]viceable /ructures4 ,until man selects birds diff]+ 9 ! relative l5g? ( ! w+-fea!rs or toes1 c41 no s5sible *ange 9 ^! p>ts %\ld be expect$4 ,nor c\ld man d any?+ unless ^! p>ts happ5$ to v>y "u dome/ication3 ,i d n positively ass]t t ?is is ! case1 al?\gh ,i h se5 traces ( su* v>iability 9 ! w+-fea!rs1 & c]ta9ly 9 ! tail-fea!rs4 ,x w\ld be a /range fact if ! relative l5g? ( ! h9d toe %\ld nev] v>y1 see+ h[ v>iable ! foot is bo? 9 size & 9 ! numb] ( ! scutellae4 ,) respect to ! dome/ic races n roo/+ or build+ 9 trees1 x is obvi\s t fanci]s w\ld nev] att5d to or select su* *anges 9 habits2 b we h se5 t ! pigeons 9 ,egypt1 :i* d n = "s reason l settl+ on ! l[ mud hovels ( ! natives1 are l$1 app>5tly by compulsion1 to p]* 9 cr[ds on ! trees4 ,we may ev5 affirm t1 if our dome/ic races _h become greatly modifi$ 9 any ( ! above specifi$ respects1 & x c\ld be %[n t fanci]s _h nev] att5d$ to su* po9ts1 or t !y did n /& 9 correlation ) o!r select$ *>act]s1 ! fact1 on ! pr9ciples advocat$ 9 ?is *apt]1 w\ld h (f]$ a s]i\s difficulty4 ,let u briefly sum up ! la/ two *apt]s on ! pigeon4 ,we may conclude ) confid5ce t all ! dome/ic races1 not)/&+ _! great am\nt ( diff]5ce1 are desc5d$ f ! ,columba livia1 includ+ "u ?is "n c]ta9 wild races4 ,b ! diff]5ces betwe5 ^! latt] =ms ?r[ no light :atev] on ! *>act]s :i* di/+ui% ! dome/ic races4 ,9 ea* bre$ or sub-bre$ ! individual birds are m v>iable ?an birds 9 a /ate ( nature2 & occasionally !y v>y 9 a sudd5 & /rongly-m>k$ mann]4 ,?is pla/icity ( organisation app>5tly results f *ang$ conditions ( life4 ,disuse has r$uc$ c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body4 ,correlation ( gr[? s ties ! organisation toge!r1 t :5 "o "p v>ies o!r p>ts #bbd v>y at ! same "t4 ,:5 sev]al bre$s h once be5 =m$1 _! int]cross+ aids ! progress ( modification1 & has ev5 produc$ new sub-bre$s4 ,b z1 9 ! con/ruction ( a build+1 m]e /ones or bricks are ( little avail )\t ! build]'s art1 s1 9 ! production ( new races1 selection has be5 ! presid+ p[]4 ,fanci]s c act by selection on excessively slight individual diff]5ces1 z well z on ^? great] diff]5ces :i* are call$ sports4 ,selection is foll[$ me?odically :5 ! fanci] tries to improve & modify a bre$ accord+ to a prefix$ /&>d ( excell5ce2 or he acts unme?odically & unconsci\sly1 by m]ely try+ to re> z good birds z he c1 )\t any wi% or int5tion to alt] ! bre$4 ,! progress ( selection almo/ inevitably leads to ! neglect & ultimate ext9ction ( ! e>li] & less improv$ =ms1 z well z ( _m int]m$iate l9ks 9 ea* long l9e ( desc5t4 ,?us x has come to pass t mo/ ( our pres5t races are s m>vell\sly di/9ct f ea* o!r1 & f ! aborig9al rock-pigeon4 99 99 99 99 99 #bbe ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,f[ls4 ,,brief ,,descriptions ,,( ,,! ,,*ief ,,bre$s--,,argum5ts ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,_! ,,desc5t ,,f ,,sev]al ,,species--,,argum5ts ,,9 ,,fav\r ,,( ,,all ,,! ,,bre$s ,,hav+ ,,desc5d$ ,,f ,,gallus ,,bankiva--,,rev]sion ,,to ,,! ,,p>5t-,,/ock ,,9 ,,col\r--,,analog\s ,,v>iations--,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,f[l--,,ext]nal ,,diff]5ces ,,betwe5 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,bre$s--,,eggs--,,*ick5s--,,second>y ,,sexual ,,*>act]s--,,w+- ,,& ,,tail-,,fea!rs1 ,,voice1 ,,disposition1 ,,etc4--,,o/eological ,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,skull1 ,,v]tebrae1 ,,etc4--,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,p>ts--,,correlation ,,( ,,gr[?4 ,z "s naturali/s may n be famili> ) ! *ief bre$s ( ! f[l1 x w be advisable to give a cond5s$ description ( !m4#cfa ,f :at ,i h read & se5 ( specim5s br\ght f sev]al qu>t]s ( ! _w1 ,i believe t mo/ ( ! *ief k9ds h be5 import$ into ,engl&1 b _m sub-bre$s are probably /ill "h unkn[n4 ,! foll[+ discussion on ! orig9 ( ! v>i\s bre$s & on _! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces does n pret5d to complet5ess1 b may be ( "s int]e/ to ! naturali/4 ,! classification ( ! bre$s _c1 z f> z ,i c see1 be made natural4 ,!y diff] f ea* o!r 9 diff]5t degrees1 & d n af=d *>act]s 9 subord9ation to ea* o!r1 by :i* !y c be rank$ 9 gr\p "u gr\p4 ,!y seem all to h div]g$ by indep5d5t & diff]5t roads f a s+le type4 ,ea* *ief bre$ includes diff]5tly col\r$ sub-v>ieties1 mo/ ( :i* c be truly propagat$1 b x w\ld be sup]flu\s to describe !m4 ,i h class$ ! v>i\s cre/$ f[ls #bbf z sub-bre$s "u ! ,poli% f[l2 b ,i h great d\bts :e!r ?is is a natural arrangem5t1 %[+ true aff9ity or blood relation%ip4 ,x is sc>cely possible to avoid lay+ /ress on ! commonness ( a bre$2 & if c]ta9 =eign sub-bre$s _h be5 l>gely kept 9 ?is c\ntry !y w\ld p]haps h be5 rais$ to ! rank ( ma9-bre$s4 ,sev]al bre$s are abnormal 9 "*2 t is1 !y diff] 9 c]ta9 po9ts f all wild ,gall9ace\s birds4 ,at fir/ ,i made a division ( ! bre$s into normal & abnormal1 b ! result 0 :olly unsatisfactory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cj4--,spani% ,f[l4 #a4 ,,game ,,bre$4--,?is may be consid]$ z ! typical bre$1 z x deviates only slightly f ! wild ,gallus bankiva1 or1 z p]haps m correctly nam$1 f]rug9eus4 ,beak /rong2 comb s+le & upright4 ,spurs long & %>p4 ,fea!rs closely adpress$ to ! body4 ,tail ) ! normal numb] ( #ad fea!rs4 ,eggs (t5 pale-buff4 ,disposition #bbg indomitably c\rage\s1 exhibit$ ev5 9 ! h5s & *ick5s4 ,an unusual numb] ( diff]5tly col\r$ v>ieties exi/1 su* z black & br[n-brea/$ r$s1 duckw+s1 blacks1 :ites1 piles1 c41 ) _! legs ( v>i\s col\rs4 #b4 ,,malay ,,bre$4--,body ( great size1 ) head1 neck1 & legs elongat$2 c>riage erect2 tail small1 slop+ d[nw>ds1 g5]ally =m$ ( #af fea!rs2 comb & wattle small2 e>-lobe & face r$2 sk9 yell[i%2 fea!rs closely adpress$ to ! body2 neck-hackles %ort1 n>r[1 & h>d4 ,eggs (t5 pale buff4 ,*ick5s fea!r late4 ,disposition savage4 ,( ,ea/]n orig94 #c4 ,,co*91 ,,or ,,%angai ,,bre$4--,size great2 w+-fea!rs %ort1 ar*$1 mu* hidd5 9 ! s(t d[ny plumage2 b>ely capable ( flight2 tail %ort1 g5]ally =m$ ( #af fea!rs1 develop$ at a late p]iod 9 ! "y males2 legs ?ick1 fea!r$2 spurs %ort1 ?ick2 nail ( middle toe flat & broad2 an additional toe n r>ely develop$2 sk9 yell[i%4 ,comb & wattle well develop$4 ,skull ) deep m$ial furr[2 occipital =am51 sub-triangul>1 v]tically elongat$4 ,voice peculi>4 ,eggs r\gh1 buff-col\r$4 ,disposition extremely quiet4 ,( ,*9ese orig94 #d4 ,,dork+ ,,bre$4--,size great2 body squ>e1 compact2 feet ) an additional toe2 comb well develop$1 b v>ies mu* 9 =m2 wattles well develop$2 col\r ( plumage v>i\s4 ,skull rem>kably broad betwe5 ! orbits4 ,( ,engli% orig94 ,! :ite ,dork+ may be consid]$ z a di/9ct sub-bre$1 be+ a less massive bird4 #e4 ,,spani% ,,bre$4--,tall1 ) /ately c>riage2 t>si long2 comb s+le1 deeply s]rat$1 ( imm5se size2 wattles l>gely develop$2 ! l>ge e>-lobes & sides ( face :ite4 ,plumage black gloss$ ) gre54 ,d n incubate4 ,t5d] 9 con/itution1 ! comb be+ (t5 injur$ by fro/4 ,eggs :ite1 smoo?1 ( l>ge size4 ,*ick5s fea!r late1 b ! "y cocks %[ _! mascul9e *>act]s1 & cr[ at an e>ly age4 ,( ,m$it]ranean orig94 ,! ,&alusians may be rank$ z a sub-bre$3 !y are ( a slaty blue col\r1 & _! *ick5s are well fea!r$4 ,a small]1 %ort-legg$ ,dut* sub-bre$ has be5 describ$ by "s au?ors z di/9ct4 #f4 ,,hamburgh ,,bre$ 7fig4 #ca74--,size mod]ate2 comb flat1 produc$ backw>ds1 cov]$ ) num]\s small po9ts2 wattle ( mod]ate dim5sions2 e>-lobe :ite2 legs bluei%1 ?94 ,d n incubate4 ,skull1 ) ! tips ( ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y & ) ! nasal bones /&+ a little sep>ate f ea* o!r2 ant]ior m>g9 ( ! frontal bones less depress$ ?an usual4 ,!re are two sub-bre$s2 ! spangl$ ,hamburgh1 ( ,engli% orig91 ) ! tips ( ! fea!rs m>k$ ) a d>k spot2 & ! p5cill$ ,hamburgh1 ( ,dut* orig91 ) d>k transv]se l9es across ea* fea!r1 & ) ! body r small]4 ,bo? ^! sub-bre$s include gold & silv] v>ieties1 z well z "s o!r sub-v>ieties4 ,black ,hamburghs h be5 produc$ by a cross ) ! ,spani% bre$4 #g4 ,,cre/$ ,,or ,,poli% ,,bre$ 7fig4 #cb74--;,head ) a l>ge1 r\nd$ cre/ ( fea!rs1 support$ on a hemisph]ical protub]ance ( ! frontal bones1 #bbh :i* includes ! ant]ior "p ( ! bra94 ,! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y bones & ! inn] nasal processes are mu* %ort5$4 ,! orifice ( ! no/rils rais$ & cresc5tic4 ,beak %ort4 ,comb abs5t1 or small & ( cresc5tic %ape2 wattles ei!r pres5t or replac$ by a be>d-l tuft ( fea!rs4 ,legs lead5-blue4 ,sexual diff]5ces appe> late 9 life4 ,d n incubate4 ,!re are sev]al beautiful v>ieties :i* diff] 9 col\r & slightly 9 o!r respects4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ca4--;,hamburgh ,f[l4 ,! foll[+ sub-bre$s agree 9 hav+ a cre/1 m or less develop$1 ) ! comb1 :5 pres5t1 ( cresc5tic %ape4 ,! skull pres5ts ne>ly ! same rem>kable peculi>ities ( /ructure z 9 ! true ,poli% f[l4 ,sub-bre$ 7a7 ,sultans4--,a ,turki% bre$1 resembl+ :ite ,poli% f[ls1 ) a l>ge cre/ & be>d1 ) %ort & well-fea!r$ legs4 ,! tail is furni%$ ) additional sickle fea!rs4 ,d n incubate4#cfb ,sub-bre$ 7b7 ,pt>migans4--,an inf]ior bre$ closely alli$ to ! la/1 :ite1 r small1 legs mu* fea!r$1 ) ! cre/ po9t$2 comb small1 cupp$2 wattles small4 #bbi ,sub-bre$ 7c7 ,ghoondooks4--,ano!r ,turki% bre$ hav+ an extraord9>y appe>ance2 black & tailless2 cre/ & be>d l>ge2 legs fea!r$4 ,! inn] processes ( ! two nasal bones come into contact ) ea* o!r1 ow+ to ! complete absorption ( ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>ies4 ,i h se5 an alli$1 :ite1 tailless bre$ f ,turkey4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cb4--,poli% ,f[l4 ,sub-bre$ 7d7 ,creve-coeur4--,a ,fr5* bre$ ( l>ge size1 b>ely capable ( flight1 ) %ort black legs1 head cre/$1 comb produc$ into two po9ts or horns1 sometimes a little bran*$ l ! horns ( a /ag2 bo? be>d & wattles pres5t4 ,eggs l>ge4 ,disposition quiet4#cfc ,sub-bre$ 7e7 ,horn$ f[l4--,) a small cre/2 comb produc$ into two great po9ts1 support$ on two bony protub]ances4 ,sub-bre$ 7f7 ,h\dan4--,a ,fr5* bre$2 ( mod]ate size1 %ort-legg$ ) five toes1 w+s well develop$2 plumage inv>iably mottl$ ) #bcj black1 :ite1 & /raw-yell[2 head furni%$ ) a cre/1 & a triple comb plac$ transv]sely2 bo? wattles & be>d pres5t4#cfd ,sub-bre$ 7g7 ,gueld]l&s4--,no comb1 head said to be surm\nt$ by a longitud9al cre/ ( s(t velvety fea!rs2 no/rils said to be cresc5tic2 wattles well develop$2 legs fea!r$2 col\r black4 ,f ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,! ,br$a f[l seems to be closely alli$ to ! ,gueld]l&4 #h4 ,,bantam ,,bre$4--,orig9ally f ,japan1#cfe *>act]iz$ by small size alone2 c>riage bold & erect4 ,!re are sev]al sub-bre$s1 su* z ! ,co*91 ,game1 & ,sebright ,bantams1 "s ( :i* h be5 rec5tly =m$ by v>i\s crosses4 ,! ,black ,bantam has a diff]5tly %ap$ skull1 ) ! occipital =am5 l t ( ! ,co*9 f[l4 #i4 ,,rump-,,less ,,f[ls4--,^! are s v>iable 9 "*#cff t !y h>dly des]ve to be call$ a bre$4 ,any "o :o w exam9e ! caudal v]tebrae w see h[ mon/r\s ! bre$ is4 #aj4 ,,creep]s ,,or ,,jump]s4--,^! are *>act]iz$ by an almo/ mon/r\s %ortness ( legs1 s t !y move by jump+ r ?an by walk+2 !y are said n to scrat* up ! gr\nd4 ,i h exam9$ a ,burmese v>iety1 :i* _h a skull ( r unusual %ape4 #aa4 ,,frizzl$ ,,or ,,caffre ,,f[ls4--,n uncommon 9 ,india1 ) ! fea!rs curl+ backw>ds1 & ) ! prim>y fea!rs ( ! w+ & tail imp]fect2 p]io/eum ( bones black4 #ab4 ,,silk ,,f[ls4--,fea!rs silky1 ) ! prim>y w+ & tail-fea!rs imp]fect2 sk9 & p]io/eum ( bones black2 comb & wattles d>k lead5-blue2 e>-lappets t+$ ) blue2 legs ?91 (t5 furni%$ ) an additional toe4 ,size r small4 #ac4 ,,sooty ,,f[ls4--,an ,indian bre$1 ( a :ite col\r /a9$ ) soot1 ) black sk9 & p]io/eum4 ,! h5s alone are ?us *>act]iz$4 ,f ?is synopsis we see t ! sev]al bre$s diff] consid]ably1 & !y w\ld h be5 ne>ly z int]e/+ = u z pigeons1 if !re _h be5 equally good evid5ce t all _h desc5d$ f "o p>5t-species4 ,mo/ fanci]s believe t !y are desc5d$ f sev]al primitive /ocks4 ,! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon#cfg argues /rongly on ?is side ( ! "q2 & "o fanci] ev5 d5\nces ! opposite conclusion by ask+1 ,d we n p]ceive p]vad+ ?is _s1 ! _s ( ! ,dei/8 ,mo/ naturali/s1 ) ! exception ( a few1 su* z ,temm9ck1 believe t all ! bre$s h proce$$ f a s+le species2 b au?ority on su* a po9t #bca goes = little4 ,fanci]s look to all p>ts ( ! _w z ! possible s\rces ( _! unkn[n /ocks2 ?us ignor+ ! laws ( geographical di/ribution4 ,!y "k well t ! sev]al k9ds bre$ truly ev5 9 col\r4 ,!y ass]t1 b1 z we %all see1 on v weak gr\nds1 t mo/ ( ! bre$s are extremely anci5t4 ,!y are /rongly impress$ ) ! great diff]5ce betwe5 ! *ief k9ds1 & !y ask ) =ce1 c diff]5ces 9 climate1 food1 or treatm5t h produc$ birds s diff]5t z ! black /ately ,spani%1 ! dim9utive elegant ,bantam1 ! heavy ,co*9 ) its _m peculi>ities1 & ! ,poli% f[l ) its great top-knot & protub]ant skull8 ,b fanci]s1 :il/ admitt+ & ev5 ov]rat+ ! effects ( cross+ ! v>i\s bre$s1 d n suffici5tly reg>d ! probability ( ! occasional bir?1 dur+ ! c\rse ( c5turies1 ( birds ) abnormal & h]$it>y peculi>ities2 !y ov]look ! effects ( correlation ( gr[?--( ! long-cont9u$ use & disuse ( p>ts1 & ( "s direct result f *ang$ food & climate1 ?\gh on ?is latt] head ,i h f\nd no suffici5t evid5ce2 & la/ly1 !y all1 z f> z ,i "k1 entirely ov]look ! all-important subject ( unconsci\s or unme?odical selection1 ?\gh !y are well aw>e t _! birds diff] individually1 & t by select+ ! be/ birds = a few g5]ations !y c improve _! /ocks4 ,an amateur writes#cfh z foll[s4 ,! fact t p\ltry h until lately receiv$ b little att5tion at ! h&s ( ! fanci]1 & be5 entirely conf9$ to ! doma9s ( ! produc] = ! m>ket1 w\ld alone sugge/ ! improbability ( t con/ant & unremitt+ att5tion hav+ be5 obs]v$ 9 bre$+1 :i* is requisite to ! consummat+1 9 ! (fspr+ ( any two birds1 transmittable =ms n exhibit$ by ! p>5ts4 ,?is at fir/ sight appe>s true4 ,b 9 a future *apt] on ,selection1 abundant facts w be giv5 %[+ n only t c>eful bre$+1 b t actual selection 0 practis$ dur+ anci5t p]iods1 & by b>ely civilis$ races ( man4 ,9 ! case ( ! f[l ,i c adduce no direct facts %[+ t selection 0 anci5tly practis$2 b ! ,romans at ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era kept six or sev5 bre$s1 & ,columella p>ticul>ly recomm5ds z ! be/1 ^? sorts #bcb t h five toes & :ite e>s4#cfi ,9 ! fifte5? c5tury sev]al bre$s 7 kn[n & describ$ 9 ,europe2 & 9 ,*9a1 at ne>ly ! same p]iod1 sev5 k9ds 7 nam$4 ,a m /rik+ case is t at pres5t1 9 "o ( ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 ! semi-b>b>\s inhabitants h di/9ct native names = no less ?an n9e sub-bre$s ( ! ,game ,f[l4#cgj ,az>a1#cga :o wrote t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury1 /ates t 9 ! int]ior p>ts ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 :]e ,i %\ld n h expect$ t ! lea/ c>e w\ld h be5 tak5 ( p\ltry1 a black-sk9n$ & black-bon$ bre$ is kept1 f be+ consid]$ f]tile & its fle% good = sick p]sons4 ,n[ e "o :o has kept p\ltry kn[s h[ impossible x is to keep sev]al bre$s di/9ct unless ! utmo/ c>e be tak5 9 sep>at+ ! sexes4 ,w x !n be pret5d$ t ^? p]sons :o 9 anci5t times & 9 semi-civiliz$ c\ntries took pa9s to keep ! bre$s di/9ct1 & :o !re=e valu$ !m1 w\ld n occasionally h de/roy$ inf]ior birds & occasionally h pres]v$ _! be/ birds8 ,?is is all t is requir$4 ,x is n pret5d$ t any "o 9 anci5t times int5d$ to =m a new bre$1 or to modify an old bre$ accord+ to "s ideal /&>d ( excell5ce4 ,he :o c>$ = p\ltry w\ld m]ely wi% to obta91 & aft]w>ds to re>1 ! be/ birds :i* he c\ld2 b ?is occasional pres]vation ( ! be/ birds w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t modify ! bre$1 z surely1 ?\gh by no means z rapidly1 z does me?odical selection at ! pres5t day4 ,if "o p]son out ( a hundr$ or out ( a ?\s& att5d$ to ! bre$+ ( 8 birds1 ?is w\ld be suffici5t2 = ! birds ?us t5d$ w\ld soon become sup]ior to o!rs1 & w\ld =m a new /ra92 & ?is /ra9 w\ld1 z expla9$ 9 ! la/ *apt]1 sl[ly h its *>act]i/ic diff]5ces augm5t$1 & at la/ be conv]t$ into a new sub-bre$ or bre$4 ,b bre$s w\ld (t5 be = a "t neglect$ & w\ld det]iorate2 !y w\ld1 h[ev]1 p>tially reta9 _! "*1 & aft]w>ds might aga9 come into fa%ion & be rais$ to a /&>d ( p]fection #bcc high] ?an _! =m] /&>d2 z has actually occurr$ q rec5tly ) ,poli% f[ls4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a bre$ 7 utt]ly neglect$1 x w\ld become ext9ct1 z has rec5tly happ5$ ) "o ( ! ,poli% sub-bre$s4 ,:5ev] 9 ! c\rse ( pa/ c5turies a bird appe>$ ) "s slight abnormal /ructure1 su* z ) a l>k-l cre/ on its head1 x w\ld probably (t5 h be5 pres]v$ f t love ( novelty :i* leads "s p]sons 9 ,engl& to keep rump-less f[ls1 & o!rs 9 ,india to keep frizzl$ f[ls4 ,& aft] a "t any su* abnormal appe>ance w\ld be c>efully pres]v$1 f be+ e/eem$ a sign ( ! purity & excell5ce ( ! bre$2 = on ?is pr9ciple ! ,romans eighte5 c5turies ago valu$ ! fif? toe & ! :ite e>-lobe 9 _! f[ls4 ,?us f ! occasional appe>ance ( abnormal *>act]s1 ?\gh at fir/ only slight 9 degree2 f ! effects ( ! use & ! disuse ( p>ts2 possibly f ! direct effects ( *ang$ climate & food2 f correlation ( gr[?2 f occasional rev]sions to old & long-lo/ *>act]s2 f ! cross+ ( bre$s1 :5 m ?an "o _h once be5 =m$2 b1 above all1 f unconsci\s selection c>ri$ on dur+ _m g5]ations1 !re is no insup]able difficulty1 to ! be/ ( my judgm5t1 9 believ+ t all ! bre$s h desc5d$ f "s "o p>5t-s\rce4 ,c any s+le species be nam$ f :i* we may reasonably suppose t all h desc5d$8 ,! ,gallus bankiva app>5tly fulfils e requirem5t4 ,i h already giv5 z fair an acc\nt z ,i c\ld ( ! argum5ts 9 fav\r ( ! multiple orig9 ( ! sev]al bre$s2 & n[ ,i w give ^? 9 fav\r ( _! common desc5t f ,g4 bankiva4 ,b x w be conv5i5t fir/ briefly to describe all ! kn[n species ( ,gallus4 ,! ,g4 ,sonn]atii does n range into ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,india2 accord+ to ,colonel ,sykes1#cgb x pres5ts at diff]5t heights on ! ,ghauts1 two /rongly m>k$ v>ieties1 p]haps des]v+ to be call$ species4 ,x 0 at "o "t ?\ght to be ! primitive /ock ( all our dome/ic bre$s1 & ?is %[s t x closely approa*es ! common f[l 9 g5]al /ructure2 b its hackles p>tially consi/ ( highly peculi>1 horny lam9ae1 transv]sely b&$ ) ?ree col\rs2 & ,i h met ) no au!ntic acc\nt ( any su* "* hav+ be5 obs]v$ #bcd 9 any dome/ic bre$4#cgc ,?is species also diff]s greatly f ! common f[l1 9 ! comb be+ f9ely s]rat$1 & 9 ! lo9s be+ de/itute ( true hackles4 ,its voice is utt]ly diff]5t4 ,x crosses readily 9 ,india ) dome/ic h5s2 & ,mr4 ,bly? #cgd rais$ ne>ly #ajj hybrid *ick5s2 b !y 7 t5d] & mo/ly di$ :il/ "y4 ,^? :i* 7 re>$ 7 absolutely /]ile :5 cross$ int] se1 or ) ei!r p>5t4 ,at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 h[ev]1 "s hybrids ( ! same p>5tage 7 n q s /]ile3 ,mr4 ,dixon1 z he in=m$ me1 made1 ) ,mr4 ,y>rell's aid1 p>ticul> inquiries on ?is subject1 & 0 assur$ t out ( #ej eggs only five or six *ick5s 7 re>$4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 ( ^! half-br$ birds 7 cross$ ) "o ( _! p>5ts1 namely1 a ,bantam1 & produc$ a few extremely feeble *ick5s4 ,mr4 ,dixon also procur$ "s ( ^! same birds & cross$ !m 9 sev]al ways1 b all 7 m or less inf]tile4 ,ne>ly simil> exp]im5ts h rec5tly be5 tri$ on a great scale 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ) almo/ ! same result4#cge ,out ( #ejj eggs1 rais$ f v>i\s fir/ crosses & hybrids1 betwe5 ,g4 ,sonn]atii1 bankiva1 & v>ius1 only #ab *ick5s 7 re>$1 & ( ^! only ?ree 7 ! product ( hybrids int] se4 ,f ^! facts1 & f ! above-m5tion$ /rongly-m>k$ diff]5ces 9 /ructure betwe5 ! dome/ic f[l & ,g4 ,sonn]atii1 we may reject ?is latt] species z ! p>5t ( any dome/ic bre$4 ,ceylon possesses a f[l peculi> to ! isl&1 viz4 ,g4 ,/anleyii2 ?is species approa*es s closely 7except 9 ! col\r+ ( ! comb7 to ! dome/ic f[l1 t ,messrs4 ,e4 ,lay>d & ,kella]t#cgf w\ld h consid]$ x1 z !y in=m me1 z "o ( ! p>5t-/ocks1 _h x n be5 = its s+ul>ly diff]5t voice4 ,?is bird1 l ! la/1 crosses readily ) tame h5s1 & ev5 visits solit>y f>ms & ravi%es !m4 ,two hybrids1 a male & female1 ?us produc$1 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,mit=d to be q /]ile3 bo? inh]it$ ! peculi> voice ( ,g4 ,/anleyii4 ,?is species1 !n1 may 9 all probability be reject$ z "o ( ! primitive /ocks ( ! dome/ic f[l4 ,java & ! isl&s ea/w>d z f> z ,flores are inhabit$ by ,g4 v>ius 7or furcatus71 :i* diff]s 9 s _m *>act]s--gre5 plumage1 uns]rat$ comb1 & s+le m$ian wattle--t no "o supposes x to h be5 ! p>5t ( any "o ( our bre$s2 yet1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,crawfurd1#cgg hybrids are commonly rais$ betwe5 ! male ,g4 v>ius & ! common h51 & are kept = _! great beauty1 b are inv>iably /]ile2 ?is1 h[ev]1 0 n ! case ) "s br$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,^! hybrids 7 at "o "t ?\ght to #bce be specifically di/9ct1 & 7 nam$ ,g4 a5eus4 ,mr4 ,bly? & o!rs believe t ! ,g4 ,temm9ckii#cgh 7( :i* ! hi/ory is n kn[n7 is a simil> hybrid4 ,sir ,j4 ,brooke s5t me "s sk9s ( dome/ic f[ls f ,borneo1 & across ! tail ( "o ( ^!1 z ,mr4 ,tegetmei] obs]v$1 !re 7 transv]se blue b&s l ^? :i* he _h se5 on ! tail-fea!rs ( hybrids f ,g4 v>ius1 re>$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s4 ,?is fact app>5tly indicates t "s ( ! f[ls ( ,borneo h be5 slightly affect$ by crosses ) ,g4 v>ius1 b ! case may possibly be "o ( analog\s v>iation4 ,i may j allude to ! ,g4 giganteus1 s (t5 ref]r$ to 9 works on p\ltry z a wild species2 b ,m>sd51#cgi ! fir/ describ]1 speaks ( x z a tame bre$2 & ! specim5 9 ! ,briti% ,museum evid5tly has ! aspect ( a dome/ic v>iety4 ,! la/ species to be m5tion$1 namely1 ,gallus bankiva1 has a mu* wid] geographical range ?an ! ?ree previ\s species2 x inhabits ,nor!rn ,india z f> we/ z ,s9de1 & asc5ds ! ,himalaya to a height ( #djjj ft42 x inhabits ,burmah1 ! ,malay p59sula1 ! ,indo-,*9ese c\ntries1 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 & ! ,malayan ar*ipelago z f> ea/w>d z ,timor4 ,?is species v>ies consid]ably 9 ! wild /ate4 ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me t ! specim5s1 bo? male & female1 br\ght f ne> ! ,himalaya1 are r pal] col\r$ ?an ^? f o!r p>ts ( ,india2 :il/ ^? f ! ,malay p59sula & ,java are bright] col\r$ ?an ! ,indian birds4 ,i h se5 specim5s f ^! c\ntries1 & ! diff]5ce ( t9t 9 ! hackles 0 conspicu\s4 ,! ,malayan h5s 7 a %ade r$d] on ! brea/ & neck ?an ! ,indian h5s4 ,! ,malayan males g5]ally _h a r$ e>-lappet1 in/ead ( a :ite "o z 9 ,india2 b ,mr4 ,bly? has se5 "o ,indian specim5 )\t ! :ite e>-lappet4 ,! legs are lead5 blue 9 ! ,indian1 :]eas !y %[ "s t5d5cy to be yell[i% 9 ! ,malayan & ,javan specim5s4 ,9 ! =m] ,mr4 ,bly? f9ds ! t>sus rem>kably v>iable 9 l5g?4 ,accord+ to ,temm9ck#chj ! ,timor specim5s diff] z a local race f t ( ,java4 ,^! sev]al wild v>ieties h n z yet be5 rank$ z di/9ct species2 if !y %\ld1 z is n unlikely1 be h]eaft] ?us rank$1 ! circum/ance w\ld be q immat]ial z f> z ! p>5tage & diff]5ces ( our dome/ic bre$s are conc]n$4 ,! wild ,g4 bankiva agrees mo/ closely ) ! black-brea/$ r$ ,game-bre$1 9 col\r+ & 9 all o!r respects1 except 9 be+ small]1 & 9 ! tail be+ c>ri$ m horizontally4 ,b ! mann] 9 :i* ! tail is c>ri$ is highly v>iable 9 _m ( our bre$s1 =1 z ,mr4 ,br5t in=ms me1 ! tail slopes mu* 9 ! ,malays1 is erect 9 ! ,games & "s o!r bre$s1 & is m ?an erect 9 ,dork+s1 ,bantams1 c4 ,!re is "o o!r diff]5ce1 namely1 t 9 ,g4 bankiva1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,bly?1 ! neck-hackles :5 fir/ m\lt$ are replac$ dur+ two or ?ree mon?s1 n by o!r #bcf hackles1 z ) our dome/ic p\ltry1 b by %ort blacki% fea!rs4#cha ,mr4 ,br5t1 h[ev]1 has rem>k$ t ^! black fea!rs rema9 9 ! wild bird aft] ! developm5t ( ! l[] hackles1 & appe> 9 ! dome/ic bird at ! same "t ) !m2 s t ! only diff]5ce is t ! l[] hackles are replac$ m sl[ly 9 ! wild ?an 9 ! tame bird2 b z conf9em5t is kn[n sometimes to affect ! mascul9e plumage1 ?is slight diff]5ce _c be consid]$ ( any importance4 ,x is a significant fact t ! voice ( bo? ! male & female ,g4 bankiva closely resembles1 z ,mr4 ,bly? & o!rs h not$1 ! voice ( bo? sexes ( ! common dome/ic f[l2 b ! la/ note ( ! cr[ ( ! wild bird is r less prolong$4 ,capta9 ,hutton1 well kn[n = 8 rese>*es into ! natural hi/ory ( ,india1 in=ms me t he has se5 sev]al cross$ f[ls f ! wild species & ! ,*9ese bantam2 ^! cross$ f[ls br$ freely ) bantams1 b un=tunately 7 n cross$ int] se4 ,capta9 ,hutton re>$ *ick5s f ! eggs ( ! ,gallus bankiva2 & ^!1 ?\gh at fir/ v wild1 aft]w>ds became s tame t !y w\ld cr[d r\nd 8 feet4 ,he did n succe$ 9 re>+ !m to maturity2 b1 z he rem>ks1 no wild gall9ace\s bird ?rives well at fir/ on h>d gra94 ,mr4 ,bly? also f\nd mu* difficulty 9 keep+ ,g4 bankiva 9 conf9em5t4 ,9 ! ,philipp9e ,isl&s1 h[ev]1 ! natives mu/ succe$ bett]1 z !y keep wild cocks to fight ) _! dome/ic game-birds4#chb ,sir ,walt] ,elliot in=ms me t ! h5 ( a native dome/ic bre$ ( ,pegu is undi/+ui%able f ! h5 ( ! wild ,g4 bankiva2 & ! natives con/antly cat* wild cocks by tak+ tame cocks to fight ) !m 9 ! woods4#chc ,mr4 ,crawfurd rem>ks t f etymology x might be argu$ t ! f[l 0 fir/ dome/icat$ by ! ,malays & ,javanese4#chd ,x is also a curi\s fact1 ( :i* ,i h be5 assur$ by ,mr4 ,bly?1 t wild specim5s ( ! ,gallus bankiva1 br\ght f ! c\ntries ea/ ( ! ,bay ( ,b5gal1 are f> m easily tam$ ?an ^? ( ,india2 nor is ?is an unp>allel$ fact1 =1 z ,humboldt long ago rem>k$1 ! same species sometimes ev9ces a m tameable disposition 9 "o c\ntry ?an 9 ano!r4 ,if we suppose t ! ,g4 bankiva 0 fir/ tam$ 9 ,malaya & aft]w>ds import$ into ,india1 we c und]/& an obs]vation made to me by ,mr4 ,bly?1 t ! dome/ic f[ls ( ,india d n resemble ! wild ,g4 bankiva m closely ?an d ^? ( ,europe4 ,f ! extremely close resemblance 9 col\r1 g5]al /ructure1 & especially 9 voice1 betwe5 ,gallus bankiva & ! ,game f[l2 f _! f]tility1 z f> z ?is has be5 asc]ta9$1 :5 cross$2 f ! possibility ( ! wild species be+ tam$1 & f its v>y+ 9 ! wild /ate1 we may confid5tly look at x z ! p>5t ( ! mo/ typical ( all ! #bcg dome/ic bre$s1 namely1 ! ,game-f[l4 ,x is a significant fact1 t almo/ all ! naturali/s 9 ,india1 namely1 ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 ,mr4 ,s4 ,n4 ,w>d1 ,mr4 ,lay>d1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,j]don1 & ,mr4 ,bly?1#che :o are famili> ) ,g4 bankiva1 believe t x is ! p>5t ( mo/ or all our dome/ic bre$s4 ,b ev5 if x be admitt$ t ,g4 bankiva is ! p>5t ( ! ,game bre$1 yet x may be urg$ t o!r wild species h be5 ! p>5ts ( ! o!r dome/ic bre$s2 & t ^! species /ill exi/1 ?\gh unkn[n1 9 "s c\ntry1 or h become ext9ct4 ,! ext9ction1 h[ev]1 ( sev]al species ( f[ls1 is an improbable hypo!sis1 see+ t ! f\r kn[n species h n become ext9ct 9 ! mo/ anci5tly & ?ickly peopl$ regions ( ! ,ea/4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 only "o k9d ( dome/icat$ bird1 namely1 ! ,*9ese goose or ,ans] cygnoides1 ( :i* ! wild p>5t-=m is said to be /ill unkn[n1 or ext9ct4 ,= ! discov]y ( new1 or ! r$iscov]y ( old species ( ,gallus1 we mu/ n look1 z fanci]s (t5 look1 to ! :ole _w4 ,! l>g] gall9ace\s birds1 z ,mr4 ,bly? has rem>k$1#chf g5]ally h a re/rict$ range3 we see ?is well illu/rat$ 9 ,india1 :]e ! g5us ,gallus inhabits ! base ( ! ,himalaya1 & is succe$$ high] up by ,gallophasis1 & /ill high] up by ,phasianus4 ,au/ralia1 ) its isl&s1 is out ( ! "q z ! home = unkn[n species ( ! g5us4 ,x is1 also1 z improbable t ,gallus %\ld inhabit ,s\? ,am]ica#chg z t a humm+-bird %\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,old ,_w4 ,f ! "* ( ! o!r gall9ace\s #bch birds ( ,africa1 x is n probable t ,gallus is an ,african g5us4 ,we ne$ n look to ! we/]n p>ts ( ,asia1 = ,messrs4 ,bly? & ,crawfurd1 :o h att5d$ to ?is subject1 d\bt :e!r ,gallus ev] exi/$ 9 a wild /ate ev5 z f> we/ z ,p]sia4 ,al?\gh ! e>lie/ ,greek writ]s speak ( ! f[l z a ,p]sian bird1 ?is probably m]ely indicates its l9e ( importation4 ,= ! discov]y ( unkn[n species we mu/ look to ,india1 to ! ,indo-,*9ese c\ntries1 & to ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! ,malay ,ar*ipelago4 ,! s\!rn portion ( ,*9a is ! mo/ likely c\ntry2 b z ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me1 sk9s h be5 export$ f ,*9a dur+ a long p]iod1 & liv+ birds are l>gely kept !re 9 avi>ies1 s t any native species ( ,gallus w\ld probably h become kn[n4 ,mr4 ,bir*1 ( ! ,briti% ,museum1 has translat$ = me passages f a ,*9ese ,encyclopa$ia publi%$ 9 #afji1 b compil$ f m anci5t docum5ts1 9 :i* x is said t f[ls are creatures ( ! ,we/1 & 7 introduc$ into ! ,ea/ 7i4e4 ,*9a7 9 a dyna/y #adjj ,b4,c4 ,:atev] may be ?\ght ( s anci5t a date1 we see t ! ,indo-,*9ese & ,indian regions 7 =m]ly consid]$ by ! ,*9ese z ! s\rce ( ! dome/ic f[l4 ,f ^! sev]al consid]ations we mu/ look to ! pres5t metropolis ( ! g5us1 namely1 to ! s\?-ea/]n p>ts ( ,asia1 = ! discov]y ( species :i* 7 =m]ly dome/icat$1 b are n[ unkn[n 9 ! wild /ate2 & ! mo/ exp]i5c$ orni?ologi/s d n consid] x probable t su* species w be discov]$4 ,9 consid]+ :e!r ! dome/ic bre$s are desc5d$ f "o species1 namely1 ,g4 bankiva1 or f sev]al1 we mu/ #bci n q ov]look1 ?\gh we mu/ n exagg]ate1 ! importance ( ! te/ ( f]tility4 ,mo/ ( our dome/ic bre$s h be5 s (t5 cross$1 & _! mongrels s l>gely kept1 t x is almo/ c]ta91 if any degree ( inf]tility _h exi/$ betwe5 !m1 x w\ld h be5 detect$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f\r kn[n species ( ,gallus :5 cross$ ) ea* o!r1 or :5 cross$1 ) ! exception ( ,g4 bankiva1 ) ! dome/ic f[l1 produce inf]tile hybrids4 ,f9ally1 we h n su* good evid5ce ) f[ls z ) pigeons1 ( all ! bre$s hav+ desc5d$ f a s+le primitive /ock4 ,9 bo? cases ! argum5t ( f]tility mu/ g = some?+2 9 bo? we h ! improbability ( man hav+ succe$$ 9 anci5t times 9 ?or\ghly dome/icat+ sev]al suppos$ species1--mo/ ( ^! suppos$ species be+ extremely abnormal z comp>$ ) _! natural allies1--all be+ n[ ei!r unkn[n or ext9ct1 ?\gh ! p>5t-=m ( sc>cely any o!r dome/icat$ bird has be5 lo/4 ,b 9 se>*+ = ! suppos$ p>5t-/ocks ( ! v>i\s bre$s ( ! pigeon1 we 7 enabl$ to conf9e our se>* to species hav+ peculi> habits ( life2 :il/ ) f[ls !re is no?+ 9 _! habits 9 any m>k$ mann] di/9ct f ^? ( o!r gall9ace\s birds4 ,9 ! case ( pigeons1 ,i h %[n t purely-br$ birds ( e race & ! cross$ (fspr+ ( di/9ct races frequ5tly resemble1 or rev]t to1 ! wild rock-pigeon 9 g5]al col\r & 9 ea* *>act]i/ic m>k4 ,) f[ls we h facts ( a simil> nature1 b less /rongly pron\nc$1 :i* we w n[ discuss4 99 99 99 99 99 ,rev]sion & ,analog\s ,v>iation4--,purely-br$ ,game1 ,malay1 ,co*91 ,dork+1 ,bantam1 &1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 ,silk f[ls1 may frequ5tly or occasionally be met )1 :i* are almo/ id5tical 9 plumage ) ! wild ,g4 bankiva4 ,?is is a fact well des]v+ att5tion1 :5 we reflect t ^! bre$s rank among/ ! mo/ di/9ct4 ,f[ls ?us col\r$ are call$ by amateurs black-brea/$ r$s4 ,hamburghs prop]ly h a v diff]5t plumage2 nev]!less1 z ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me1 ! great difficulty 9 bre$+ cocks ( ! gold5-spangl$ v>iety is _! t5d5cy to h black brea/s & r$ backs4 ,! males ( :ite ,bantams & #bdj :ite ,co*9s1 z !y come to maturity1 (t5 assume a yell[i% or saffron t+e2 & ! long] neck hackles ( black bantam cocks1#chh :5 two or ?ree ye>s old1 n uncommonly become ruddy2 ^! latt] bantams occasionally ev5 m\lt brassy w+$1 or actually r$ %\ld]$4 ,s t 9 ^! sev]al cases we see a pla9 t5d5cy to rev]sion to ! hues ( ,g4 bankiva1 ev5 d>+ ! lifetime ( ! individual bird4 ,) ,spani%1 ,poli%1 p5cill$ ,hamburgh1 silv]-spangl$ ,hamburgh f[ls1 & ) "s o!r less common bre$s1 ,i h nev] he>d ( a black-brea/$ r$ bird hav+ appe>$4 ,f my exp]i5ce ) pigeons1 ,i made ! foll[+ crosses4 ,i fir/ kill$ all my own p\ltry1 no o!rs liv+ ne> my h\se1 & !n procur$1 by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]'s assi/ance1 a fir/-rate black ,spani% cock1 & h5s ( ! foll[+ pure bre$s1--:ite ,game1 :ite ,co*91 silv]-spangl$ ,poli%1 silv]-spangl$ ,hamburgh1 silv]-p5cill$ ,hamburgh1 & :ite ,silk4 ,9 none ( ^! bre$s is !re a trace ( r$1 nor :5 kept pure h ,i ev] he>d ( ! appe>ance ( a r$ fea!r2 ?\gh su* an occurr5ce w\ld p]haps n be v improbable ) :ite ,games & :ite ,co*9s4 ,( ! _m *ick5s re>$ f ! above six crosses ! majority 7 black1 bo? 9 ! d[n & 9 ! fir/ plumage2 "s 7 :ite1 & a v few 7 mottl$ black & :ite4 ,9 "o lot ( elev5 mix$ eggs f ! :ite ,game & :ite ,co*9 by ! black ,spani% cock1 sev5 ( ! *ick5s 7 :ite1 & only f\r black3 ,i m5tion ?is fact to %[ t :it5ess ( plumage is /rongly inh]it$1 & t ! belief 9 ! prepot5t p[] 9 ! male to transmit 8 col\r is n always correct4 ,! *ick5s 7 hat*$ 9 ! spr+1 & 9 ! latt] "p ( ,augu/ sev]al ( ! "y cocks began to exhibit a *ange1 :i* ) "s ( !m increas$ dur+ ! foll[+ ye>s4 ,?us a "y male bird f ! silv]-spangl$ ,poli% h5 0 9 its fir/ plumage coal-black1 & comb9$ 9 its comb1 cre/1 wattle1 & be>d1 ! *>act]s ( bo? p>5ts2 b :5 two ye>s old ! second>y w+-fea!rs became l>gely & symmetrically m>k$ ) :ite1 &1 :]ev] 9 ,g4 bankiva ! hackles are r$1 !y 7 9 ?is bird gre5i%-black along ! %aft1 n>r[ly bord]$ #bda ) br[ni%-black1 & ?is aga9 broadly bord]$ ) v pale yell[i%-br[n2 s t 9 g5]al appe>ance ! plumage _h become pale-col\r$ in/ead ( black4 ,9 ?is case1 ) advanc+ age !re 0 a great *ange1 b no rev]sion to ! r$ col\r ( ,g4 bankiva4 ,a cock ) a regul> rose comb d]iv$ ei!r f ! spangl$ or p5cill$ silv] ,hamburgh 0 likewise at fir/ q black2 b 9 less ?an a ye> ! neck-hackles1 z 9 ! la/ case1 became :iti%1 :il/ ^? on ! lo9s assum$ a decid$ r$di%-yell[ t9t2 & "h we see ! fir/ symptom ( rev]sion2 ?is likewise occurr$ ) "s o!r "y cocks1 :i* ne$ n "h be describ$4 ,x has also be5 record$#chi by a bre$]1 t he cross$ two silv]-p5cill$ ,hamburgh h5s ) a ,spani% cock1 & re>$ a numb] ( *ick5s1 all ( :i* 7 black1 ! cocks hav+ gold5 & ! h5s br[ni% hackles2 s t 9 ?is in/ance likewise !re 0 a cle> t5d5cy to rev]sion4 ,two "y cocks f my :ite ,game h5 7 at fir/ sn[ :ite2 ( ^!1 "o subsequ5tly assum$ pale orange-col\r$ hackles1 *iefly on ! lo9s1 & ! o!r an abundance ( f9e orange-r$ hackles on ! neck1 lo9s1 & upp] w+-cov]ts4 ,"h aga91 we h a m decid$1 ?\gh p>tial1 rev]sion to ! col\rs ( ,g4 bankiva4 ,?is second cock 0 9 fact col\r$ l an inf]ior pile ,game cock2--n[ ?is sub-bre$ c be produc$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 by cross+ a black-brea/$ r$ ,game cock ) a :ite ,game h51 & ! pile sub-bre$ ?us produc$ c aft]w>ds be truly propagat$4 ,s t we h ! curi\s fact ( ! glossy-black ,spani% cock & ! black-brea/$ r$ ,game cock :5 cross$ ) :ite ,game-h5s produc+ (fspr+ ( ne>ly ! same col\rs4 ,i re>$ sev]al birds f ! :ite ,silk-h5 by ! ,spani% cock3 all 7 coal-black1 & all pla9ly %[$ _! p>5tage 9 hav+ blacki% combs & bones2 none inh]it$ ! s-call$ silky fea!rs1 & ! non-inh]itance ( ?is "* has be5 obs]v$ by o!rs4 ,! h5s nev] v>i$ 9 _! plumage4 ,z ! "y cocks grew old1 "o ( !m assum$ yell[i%-:ite hackles1 & ?us resembl$ 9 a consid]able #bdb degree ! cross f ! ,hamburgh h52 ! o!r became a gorge\s bird1 s mu* s t an acqua9tance _h x pres]v$ & /uff$ simply f its beauty4 ,:5 /alk+ ab\t x closely resembl$ ! wild ,gallus bankiva1 b ) ! r$ fea!rs r d>k]4 ,on close comp>ison "o consid]able diff]5ce pres5t$ itself1 namely1 t ! prim>y & second>y w+-fea!rs 7 edg$ ) gre5i%-black1 in/ead ( be+ edg$1 z 9 ,g4 bankiva1 ) fulv\s & r$ t9ts4 ,! space1 also1 across ! back1 :i* be>s d>k-gre5 fea!rs1 0 broad]1 & ! comb 0 blacki%4 ,9 all o!r respects1 ev5 9 trifl+ details ( plumage1 !re 0 ! close/ accordance4 ,altoge!r x 0 a m>vell\s sight to comp>e ?is bird fir/ ) ,g4 bankiva1 & !n ) its fa!r1 ! glossy gre5-black ,spani% cock1 & ) its dim9utive "m1 ! :ite ,silk h54 ,?is case ( rev]sion is ! m extraord9>y z ! ,spani% bre$ has long be5 kn[n to bre$ true1 & no in/ance is on record ( its ?r[+ a s+le r$ fea!r4 ,! ,silk h5 likewise bre$s true1 & is believ$ to be anci5t1 = ,aldrov&i1 be=e #afjj1 alludes probably to ?is bre$1 & describes x z cov]$ ) wool4 ,x is s peculi> 9 _m *>act]s t "s writ]s h consid]$ x z specifically di/9ct2 yet1 z we n[ see1 :5 cross$ ) ! ,spani% f[l1 x yields (fspr+ closely resembl+ ! wild ,g4 bankiva4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has be5 s k9d z to repeat1 at my reque/1 ! cross betwe5 a ,spani% cock & ,silk h51 & he obta9$ simil> results2 = he ?us rais$1 besides a black h51 sev5 cocks1 all ( :i* 7 d>k-bodi$ ) m or less orange-r$ hackles4 ,9 ! ensu+ ye> he pair$ ! black h5 ) "o ( h] bro!rs1 & rais$ ?ree "y cocks1 all col\r$ l _! fa!r1 & a black h5 mottl$ ) :ite4 ,! h5s f ! six above-describ$ crosses %[$ h>dly any t5d5cy to rev]t to ! mottl$-br[n plumage ( ! female ,g4 bankiva3 "o h51 h[ev]1 f ! :ite ,co*91 :i* 0 at fir/ coal-black1 became slightly br[n or sooty4 ,sev]al h5s1 :i* 7 = a long "t sn[-:ite1 acquir$ z !y grew old a few black fea!rs4 ,a h5 f ! :ite ,game1 :i* 0 = a long "t entirely black gloss$ ) gre51 :5 two ye>s old _h "s ( ! prim>y w+-fea!r greyi%-:ite1 & a multitude ( fea!rs ov] h] body #bdc n>r[ly & symmetrically tipp$ or lac$ ) :ite4 ,i _h expect$ t "s ( ! *ick5s :il/ cov]$ ) d[n w\ld h assum$ ! longitud9al /ripes s g5]al ) gall9ace\s birds2 b ?is did n occur 9 a s+le in/ance4 ,two or ?ree alone 7 r$di%-br[n ab\t _! heads4 ,i 0 un=tunate 9 los+ ne>ly all ! :ite *ick5s f ! fir/ crosses2 s t black prevail$ ) ! gr&*ildr52 b !y 7 mu* div]sifi$ 9 col\r1 "s be+ sooty1 o!rs mottl$1 & "o blacki% *ick5 _h its fea!rs oddly tipp$ & b>r$ ) br[n4 ,i w "h add a few miscellane\s facts connect$ ) rev]sion1 & ) ! law ( analog\s v>iation4 ,?is law implies1 z /at$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 t ! v>ieties ( "o species frequ5tly mock di/9ct b alli$ species2 & ?is fact is expla9$1 accord+ to ! views :i* ,i ma9ta91 on ! pr9ciple ( alli$ species hav+ desc5d$ f "o primitive =m4 ,! :ite ,silk f[l ) black sk9 & bones deg5]ates1 z has be5 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,hewitt & ,mr4 ,r4 ,orton1 9 our climate2 t is1 x rev]ts to ! ord9>y col\r ( ! common f[l 9 its sk9 & bones1 due c>e hav+ be5 tak5 to prev5t any cross4 ,9 ,g]many#cij a di/9ct bre$ ) black bones1 & ) black1 n silky plumage1 has likewise be5 obs]v$ to deg5]ate4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t1 :5 di/9ct bre$s are cross$1 f[ls are frequ5tly produc$ ) _! fea!rs m>k$ or p5cill$ by n>r[ transv]se l9es ( a d>k] col\r4 ,?is may be 9 "p expla9$ by direct rev]sion to ! p>5t-=m1 ! ,bankiva h52 = ?is bird has all its upp] plumage f9ely mottl$ ) d>k & ruf\s br[n1 ) ! mottl+ p>tially & obscurely arrang$ 9 transv]se l9es4 ,b ! t5d5cy to p5cill+ is probably mu* /r5g!n$ by ! law ( analog\s v>iation1 = ! h5s ( "s o!r species ( ,gallus are m pla9ly p5cill$1 & ! h5s ( _m gall9ace\s birds belong+ to o!r g5]a1 z ! p>tridge1 h p5cill$ fea!rs4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has #bdd also rem>k$ to me1 t1 al?\gh ) dome/ic pigeons we h s great a div]sity ( col\r+1 we nev] see ei!r p5cill$ or spangl$ fea!rs2 & ?is fact is intelligible on ! law ( analog\s v>iation1 z nei!r ! wild rock-pigeon nor any closely-alli$ species has su* fea!rs4 ,! frequ5t appe>ance ( p5cill+ 9 cross$ birds probably acc\nts = ! exi/5ce ( cuckoo sub-bre$s 9 ! ,game1 ,poli%1 ,dork+1 ,co*91 ,&alusian1 & ,bantam bre$s4 ,! plumage ( ^! birds is slaty-blue or grey1 ) ea* fea!r transv]sely b>r$ ) d>k] l9es1 s z to resemble 9 "s degree ! plumage ( ! cuckoo4 ,x is a s+ul> fact1 consid]+ t ! male ( no species ( ,gallus is 9 ! lea/ b>r$1 t ! cuckoo-l plumage has (t5 be5 transf]r$ to ! male1 m especially 9 ! cuckoo ,dork+2 & ! fact is all ! m s+ul>1 z 9 gold & silv] p5cill$ ,hamburghs1 9 :i* p5cill+ is *>act]i/ic ( ! bre$1 ! male is h>dly at all p5cill$1 ?is k9d ( plumage be+ conf9$ to ! female4 ,ano!r case ( analog\s v>iation is ! occurr5ce ( spangl$ sub-bre$s ( ,hamburgh1 ,poli%1 ,malay1 & ,bantam f[ls4 ,spangl$ fea!rs h a d>k m>k1 prop]ly cresc5t-%ap$1 on _! tips2 :il/ p5cill$ fea!rs h sev]al transv]se b>s4 ,! spangl+ _c be due to rev]sion to ,g4 bankiva2 nor does x (t5 foll[1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 f cross+ di/9ct bre$s2 b x is a case ( analog\s v>iation1 = _m gall9ace\s birds h spangl$ fea!rs1--= in/ance1 ! common pheasant4 ,h5ce spangl$ bre$s are (t5 call$ pheasant-f[ls4 ,ano!r case ( analog\s v>iation 9 sev]al dome/ic bre$s is inexplicable2 x is1 t ! *ick5s1 :il/ cov]$ ) d[n1 ( ! black ,spani%1 black ,game1 black ,poli%1 & black ,bantam1 all h :ite ?roats & brea/s1 & (t5 h "s :ite on _! w+s4#cia ,! editor ( ! ',p\ltry ,*ronicle'#cib rem>ks t all ! bre$s :i* prop]ly h r$ e>-lappets occasionally produce birds ) :ite e>-lappets4 ,?is rem>k m especially applies to ! ,game bre$1 :i* ( all comes ne>e/ to ! #bde ,g4 bankiva2 & we h se5 t ) ?is species liv+ 9 a /ate ( nature1 ! e>-lappets v>y 9 col\r1 be+ r$ 9 ! ,malayan c\ntries1 & g5]ally1 b n inv>iably1 :ite 9 ,india4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 conclud+ ?is "p ( my subject ,i may repeat t !re exi/s "o widely-rang+1 v>y+1 & common species ( ,gallus1 namely ,g4 bankiva1 :i* c be tam$1 produces f]tile (fspr+ :5 cross$ ) common f[ls1 & closely resembles 9 its :ole /ructure1 plumage1 & voice ! ,game bre$2 h5ce x may be safely rank$ z ! p>5t ( ?is1 ! mo/ typical dome/icat$ bre$4 ,we h se5 t !re is mu* difficulty 9 believ+ t o!r1 n[ unkn[n1 species h be5 ! p>5ts ( ! o!r dome/ic bre$s4 ,we "k t all ! bre$s are mo/ closely alli$1 z %[n by _! simil>ity 9 mo/ po9ts ( /ructure & 9 habits1 & by ! analog\s mann] 9 :i* !y v>y4 ,we h also se5 t sev]al ( ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s occasionally or habitually closely resemble 9 plumage ,g4 bankiva1 & t ! cross$ (fspr+ ( o!r bre$s1 :i* are n ?us col\r$1 %[ a /rong] or weak] t5d5cy to rev]t to ?is same plumage4 ,"s ( ! bre$s1 :i* appe> ! mo/ di/9ct & ! lea/ likely to h proce$$ f ,g4 bankiva1 su* z ,poli% f[ls1 ) _! protub]ant & little ossifi$ skulls1 & ,co*9s1 ) _! imp]fect tail & small w+s1 be> 9 ^! *>act]s ! pla9 m>ks ( _! artificial orig94 ,we "k well t ( late ye>s me?odical selection has greatly improv$ & fix$ _m *>act]s2 & we h e reason to believe t unconsci\s selection1 c>ri$ on = _m g5]ations1 w h /eadily augm5t$ ea* new peculi>ity & ?us h giv5 rise to new bre$s4 ,z soon z two or ?ree bre$s _h once be5 =m$1 cross+ w\ld come into play 9 *ang+ _! "* & 9 increas+ _! numb]4 ,brahma ,pootras1 accord+ to an acc\nt lately publi%$ 9 ,am]ica1 (f] a good in/ance ( a bre$1 lately =m$ by a cross1 :i* c be truly propagat$4 ,! well-kn[n ,sebright ,bantams (f] ano!r & simil> in/ance4 ,h5ce x may be conclud$ t n only ! ,game-bre$ b t all our bre$s are probably ! desc5dants ( ! #bdf ,malayan or ,indian v>iety ( ,g4 bankiva4 ,if s1 ?is species has v>i$ greatly s9ce x 0 fir/ dome/icat$2 b !re has be5 ample "t1 z we %all n[ %[4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,f[l4--,ruetimey] f\nd no rema9s ( ! f[l 9 ! anci5t ,swiss lake-dwell+s4 ,x is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 nor is x figur$ on ! anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts4#cic ,x is n ref]r$ to by ,hom] or ,hesiod 7ab\t #ijj ,b4,c472 b is m5tion$ by ,!ognis & ,ari/ophanes betwe5 #djj & #ejj ,b4,c4 ,x is figur$ on "s ( ! ,babylonian cyl9d]s1 ( :i* ,mr4 ,lay>d s5t me an impression1 betwe5 ! six? & sev5? c5turies ,b4,c42 & on ! ,h>py ,tomb 9 ,lycia1 ab\t #fjj ,b4,c43 s t we may feel pretty confid5t t ! f[l rea*$ ,europe some:]e ne> ! six? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,x _h travell$ /ill f>!r we/w>d by ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 = x 0 f\nd 9 ,brita9 by ,julius ,caes>4 ,9 ,india x mu/ h be5 dome/icat$ :5 ! ,in/itutes ( ,manu 7 writt51 t is1 accord+ to ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 #abjj ,b4,c41 b1 accord+ to ! lat] au?ority ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,wilson1 only #hjj ,b4,c41 = ! dome/ic f[l is =bidd51 :il/ ! wild is p]mitt$ to be eat54 ,if1 z be=e rem>k$1 we may tru/ ! old ,*9ese ,encyclopa$ia1 ! f[l mu/ h be5 dome/icat$ sev]al c5turies e>li]1 z x is said to h be5 introduc$ f ! ,we/ into ,*9a #adjj ,b4,c4 ,suffici5t mat]ials d n exi/ = trac+ ! hi/ory ( ! sep>ate bre$s4 ,ab\t ! comm5cem5t ( ! ,*ri/ian era1 #bdg ,columella m5tions a five-to$ fight+ bre$1 & "s prov9cial bre$s2 b we "k no?+ m ab\t !m4 ,he also alludes to dw>f f[ls2 b ^! _c h be5 ! same ) our ,bantams1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,crawfurd has %[n1 7 import$ f ,japan into ,bantam 9 ,java4 ,a dw>f f[l1 probably ! true ,bantam1 is ref]r$ to 9 an old ,japanese ,encyclopa$ia1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bir*4 ,9 ! ,*9ese ,encyclopa$ia publi%$ 9 #aeif1 b compil$ f v>i\s s\rces1 "s ( high antiquity1 sev5 bre$s are m5tion$1 includ+ :at we %\ld n[ call jump]s or creep]s1 & likewise f[ls ) black fea!rs1 bones1 & fle%4 ,9 #afjj ,aldrov&i describes sev5 or eight bre$s ( f[ls1 & ?is is ! mo/ anci5t record f :i* ! age ( our ,european bre$s c be inf]r$4 ,! ,gallus ,turcicus c]ta9ly seems to be a p5cill$ ,hamburgh2 b ,mr4 ,br5t1 a mo/ capable judge1 ?9ks t ,aldrov&i evid5tly figur$ :at he happ5$ to see1 & n ! be/ ( ! bre$4 ,mr4 ,br5t1 inde$1 consid]s all ,aldrov&i's f[ls z ( impure bre$2 b x is a f> m probable view t all our bre$s s9ce 8 "t h be5 mu* improv$ & modifi$2 =1 z he w5t to ! exp5se ( s _m figures1 he probably w\ld h secur$ *>act]i/ic specim5s4 ,! ,silk f[l1 h[ev]1 probably !n exi/$ 9 its pres5t /ate1 z did almo/ c]ta9ly ! f[l ) frizzl$ or rev]s$ fea!rs4 ,mr4 ,dixon#cid consid]s ,aldrov&i's ,paduan f[l z a v>iety ( ! ,poli%1 :]eas ,mr4 ,br5t believes x to h be5 m ne>ly alli$ to ! ,malay4 ,! anatomical peculi>ities ( ! skull ( ! ,poli% bre$ 7 notic$ by ,p4 ,borelli 9 #afef4 ,i may add t 9 #agcg "o ,poli% sub-bre$1 viz4 ! gold5 spangl$1 0 kn[n2 b judg+ f ,alb9's description1 ! comb 0 !n l>g]1 ! cre/ ( fea!rs mu* small]1 ! brea/ m co>sely spott$1 & ! /oma* & ?ighs mu* black]3 a gold5-spangl$ ,poli% f[l 9 ?is condition w\ld n[ be ( no value4 ,diff]5ces 9 ,ext]nal & ,int]nal ,/ructure betwe5 ! #bdh ,bre$s3 ,individual ,v>iability4--,f[ls h be5 expos$ to div]sifi$ conditions ( life1 & z we h j se5 !re has be5 ample "t = mu* v>iability & = ! sl[ action ( unconsci\s selection4 ,z !re are good gr\nds = believ+ t all ! bre$s are desc5d$ f ,gallus bankiva1 x w be wor? :ile to describe 9 "s detail ! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce4 ,beg9n+ ) ! eggs & *ick5s1 ,i w pass on to ! second>y sexual *>act]s1 & !n to ! diff]5ces 9 ext]nal /ructure & 9 ! skeleton4 ,i ent] on ! foll[+ details *iefly to %[ h[ v>iable almo/ e "* has become "u dome/ication4 ,eggs4--,mr4 ,dixon rem>ks#cie t to e h5 belongs an individual peculi>ity 9 ! =m1 col\r1 & size ( h] egg1 :i* nev] *anges dur+ h] life-"t1 s long z %e rema9s 9 heal?1 & :i* is z well kn[n to ^? :o are 9 ! habit ( tak+ h] produce1 z ! h&writ+ ( _! ne>e/ acqua9tance4 ,i believe t ?is is g5]ally true1 & t1 if no great numb] ( h5s be kept1 ! eggs ( ea* c almo/ always be recognis$4 ,! eggs ( diff]5tly siz$ bre$s naturally diff] mu* 9 size2 b1 app>5tly1 n always 9 /rict relation to ! size ( ! h53 ?us ! ,malay is a l>g] bird ?an ! ,spani%1 b g5]ally %e produces n su* l>ge eggs2 :ite ,bantams are said to lay small] eggs ?an o!r ,bantams2#cif :ite ,co*9s1 on ! o!r h&1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 c]ta9ly lay l>g] eggs ?an buff ,co*9s4 ,! eggs1 h[ev]1 ( ! diff]5t bre$s v>y consid]ably 9 "*2 = in/ance1 ,mr4 ,ballance /ates#cig t 8 ,malay pullets ( la/ ye> laid eggs equal 9 size to ^? ( any duck1 & o!r ,malay h5s1 two or ?ree ye>s old1 laid eggs v little l>g] ?an a good-siz$ ,bantam's egg4 ,"s 7 z :ite z a ,spani% h5's egg1 & o!rs v>i$ f a light cream-col\r to a deep ri* buff1 or ev5 to a br[n4 ,! %ape also v>ies1 ! two ends be+ mu* m equally r\nd$ 9 ,co*9s ?an 9 ,games or ,poli%4 ,spani% f[ls lay smoo!r eggs ?an ,co*9s1 ( :i* ! eggs are g5]ally granulat$4 ,! %ell 9 ?is latt] bre$1 & m especially 9 ,malays1 is apt to be ?ick] ?an 9 ,games or ,spani%2 b ! ,m9orcas1 a sub-bre$ ( ,spani%1 are said to lay h>d] eggs ?an true ,spani%4#cih ,! col\r diff]s consid]ably1--! ,co*9s lay+ buff-col\r$ eggs2 ! ,malays #bdi a pal] v>iable buff2 & ,games a /ill pal] buff4 ,x w\ld appe> t d>k]-col\r$ eggs *>act]ise ! bre$s :i* h lately come f ! ,ea/1 or are /ill closely alli$ to ^? n[ liv+ !re4 ,! col\r ( ! yolk1 accord+ to ,f]guson1 z well z ( ! %ell1 diff]s slightly 9 ! sub-bre$s ( ! ,game1 & /&s 9 "s degree ( correlation ) ! col\r ( ! plumage4 ,i am also in=m$ by ,mr4 ,br5t t d>k p>tridge-col\r$ ,co*9 h5s lay d>k] col\r$ eggs ?an ! o!r ,co*9 sub-bre$s4 ,! flav\r & ri*ness ( ! egg c]ta9ly diff] 9 diff]5t bre$s4 ,! productiv5ess ( ! sev]al bre$s is v diff]5t4 ,spani%1 ,poli%1 & ,hamburgh h5s h lo/ ! incubat+ in/9ct4 ,*ick5s4--,z ! "y ( almo/ all gall9ace\s birds1 ev5 ( ! black curass[ & black gr\se1 :il/ cov]$ ) d[n1 are longitud9ally /rip$ on ! back1--( :i* "*1 :5 adult1 nei!r sex reta9s a trace1--x might h be5 expect$ t ! *ick5s ( all our dome/ic f[ls w\ld h be5 simil>ly /rip$4#cii ,?is c\ld1 h[ev]1 h>dly h be5 expect$1 :5 ! adult plumage 9 bo? sexes has und]gone s great a *ange z to be :olly :ite or black4 ,9 :ite f[ls ( v>i\s bre$s ! *ick5s are uni=mly yell[i% :ite1 pass+ 9 ! black-bon$ ,silk f[l into bright can>y-yell[4 ,?is is also g5]ally ! case ) ! *ick5s ( :ite ,co*9s1 b ,i he> f ,mr4 ,zurho/ t !y are sometimes ( a buff or oak col\r1 & t all ^? ( ?is latt] col\r1 :i* 7 wat*$1 turn$ out males4 ,! *ick5s ( buff ,co*9s are ( a gold5-yell[1 easily di/+ui%able f ! pal] t9t ( ! :ite ,co*9s1 & are (t5 longitud9ally /reak$ ) d>k %ades3 ! *ick5s ( silv]-c9namon ,co*9s are almo/ always ( a buff col\r4 ,! *ick5s ( ! :ite ,game & :ite ,dork+ bre$s1 :5 held 9 p>ticul> lights1 sometimes exhibit 7on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,br5t7 fa9t traces ( longitud9al /ripes4 ,f[ls :i* are entirely black1 namely ,spani%1 black ,game1 black ,poli%1 & black ,bantams1 display a new "*1 = _! *ick5s h _! brea/s & ?roats m or less :ite1 ) sometimes a little :ite else:]e4 ,spani% *ick5s also1 occasionally 7,br5t71 h1 :]e ! d[n 0 :ite1 _! fir/ true fea!rs tipp$ = a "t ) :ite4 ,! primordially /rip$ "* is reta9$ by ! *ick5s ( mo/ ( ! ,game sub-bre$s 7,br5t1 ,dixon72 by ,dork+s2 by ! p>tridge & gr\se-col\r$ sub-bre$s ( ,co*9s 7,br5t71 b n1 z we h se51 by all ! o!r sub-bre$s2 by ! pheasant-,malay 7,dixon71 b app>5tly n 7at :i* ,i am mu* surpris$7 by o!r ,malays4 ,! foll[+ bre$s & sub-bre$s are b>ely1 or n at all1 longitud9ally /rip$2 viz4 gold & silv] p5cill$ ,hamburghs1 :i* c h>dly be di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r 7,br5t7 9 ! d[n1 bo? hav+ a few #bej d>k spots on ! head & rump1 ) occasionally a longitud9al /ripe 7,dixon7 on ! back ( ! neck4 ,i h se5 only "o *ick5 ( ! silv]-spangl$ ,hamburgh1 & ?is 0 obscurely /rip$ along ! back4 ,gold-spangl$ ,poli% *ick5s 7,tegetmei]7 are ( a w>m russet br[n2 & silv]-spangl$ ,poli% *ick5s are grey1 sometimes 7,dixon7 ) da%es ( o*re on ! head1 w+s1 & brea/4 ,cuckoo & blue-dun f[ls 7,dixon7 are grey 9 ! d[n4 ,! *ick5s ( ,sebright ,bantams 7,dixon7 are uni=mly d>k br[n1 :il/ ^? ( ! br[n-brea/$ r$ ,game ,bantam are black1 ) "s :ite on ! ?roat & brea/4 ,f ^! facts we see t ! *ick5s ( ! diff]5t bre$s1 & ev5 ( ! same ma9 bre$1 diff] mu* 9 _! d[ny plumage2 &1 al?\gh longitud9al /ripes *>act]ise ! "y ( all wild gall9ace\s birds1 !y disappe> 9 sev]al dome/ic bre$s4 ,p]haps x may be accept$ z a g5]al rule t ! m ! adult plumage diff]s f t ( ! adult ,g4 bankiva1 ! m completely ! *ick5s h lo/ _! prop] /ripes4 ,) respect to ! p]iod ( life at :i* ! *>act]s prop] to ea* bre$ fir/ appe>1 x is obvi\s t su* /ructures z additional toes mu/ be =m$ long be=e bir?4 ,9 ,poli% f[ls1 ! extraord9>y protub]ance ( ! ant]ior "p ( ! skull is well develop$ be=e ! *ick5s come out ( ! egg2#djj b ! cre/1 :i* is support$ on ! protub]ance1 is at fir/ feebly develop$1 nor does x atta9 its full size until ! second ye>4 ,! ,spani% cock is pre-em95t = 8 magnific5t comb1 & ?is is develop$ at an unusually e>ly age2 s t ! "y males c be di/+ui%$ f ! females :5 only a few weeks old1 & !re=e e>li] ?an 9 o!r bre$s2 !y likewise cr[ v e>ly1 namely1 :5 ab\t six weeks old4 ,9 ! ,dut* sub-bre$ ( ! ,spani% f[l ! :ite e>-lappets are develop$ e>li] ?an 9 ! common ,spani% bre$4#dja ,co*9s are *>act]is$ by a small tail1 & 9 ! "y cocks ! tail is develop$ at an unusually late p]iod4#djb ,game f[ls are notori\s = _! pugnacity2 & ! "y cocks cr[1 clap _! little w+s1 & ob/9ately fight ) ea* o!r1 ev5 :il/ "u _! "m's c>e4#djc ,i h (t5 _h1 says "o #bea au?or1#djd :ole broods1 sc>cely fea!r$1 /one-bl9d f fight+2 ! rival c\ples mop+ 9 corn]s1 & r5ew+ _! battles on obta9+ ! fir/ ray ( light4 ,) ! males ( all gall9ace\s birds ! use ( _! weapons & pugnacity is to fight = ! possession ( ! females2 s t ! t5d5cy 9 our ,game *ick5s to fight at an extremely e>ly age is n only useless1 b is injuri\s1 z !y suff] s mu* f _! w\nds4 ,! tra9+ = battle dur+ an e>ly p]iod may be natural to ! wild ,gallus bankiva2 b z man dur+ _m g5]ations has gone on select+ ! mo/ ob/9ately pugnaci\s cocks1 x is m probable t _! pugnacity has be5 unnaturally increas$1 & unnaturally transf]r$ to ! "y male *ick5s4 ,9 ! same mann]1 x is probable t ! extraord9>y developm5t ( ! comb 9 ! ,spani% cock has be5 un9t5tionally transf]r$ to ! "y cocks2 = fanci]s w\ld n c>e :e!r _! "y birds _h l>ge combs1 b w\ld select = bre$+ ! adults :i* _h ! f9e/ combs1 :e!r or n develop$ at an e>ly p]iod4 ,! la/ po9t :i* ne$ "h be notic$ is t1 ?\gh ! *ick5s ( ,spani% & ,malay f[ls are well cov]$ ) d[n1 ! true fea!rs are acquir$ at an unusually late age2 s t = a "t ! "y birds are p>tially nak$1 & are liable to suff] f cold4 ,second>y ,sexual ,*>act]s4--,! two sexes 9 ! p>5t-=m1 ! ,gallus bankiva1 diff] mu* 9 col\r4 ,9 our dome/ic bre$s ! diff]5ce is nev] great]1 b is (t5 less1 & v>ies mu* 9 degree ev5 9 ! sub-bre$s ( ! same ma9 bre$4 ,?us 9 c]ta9 ,game f[ls ! diff]5ce is z great z 9 ! p>5t-=m1 :il/ 9 ! black & :ite sub-bre$s !re is no diff]5ce 9 plumage4 ,mr4 ,br5t in=ms me t he has se5 two /ra9s ( black-brea/$ r$ ,games1 9 :i* ! cocks c\ld n be di/+ui%$1 :il/ ! h5s 9 "o 7 p>tridge-br[n & 9 ! o!r fawn-br[n4 ,a simil> case has be5 obs]v$ 9 ! /ra9s ( ! br[n-brea/$ r$ ,game4 ,! h5 ( ! duck-w+$ ,game is extremely beautiful1 & diff]s mu* f ! h5s ( all ! o!r ,game sub-bre$s2 b g5]ally1 z ) ! blue & grey ,game & #beb ) "s sub-v>ieties ( ! pile-game1 a mod]ately close relation may be obs]v$ betwe5 ! males & females 9 ! v>iation ( _! plumage4#dje ,a simil> relation is also evid5t :5 we comp>e ! sev]al v>ieties ( ,co*9s4 ,9 ! two sexes ( gold & silv]-spangl$ & ( buff ,poli% f[ls1 !re is mu* g5]al simil>ity 9 ! col\r+ & m>ks ( ! :ole plumage1 except+ ( c\rse 9 ! hackles1 cre/1 & be>d4 ,9 spangl$ ,hamburghs1 !re is likewise a consid]able degree ( simil>ity betwe5 ! two sexes4 ,9 p5cill$ ,hamburghs1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is mu* dissimil>ity2 ! p5cill+ :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! h5s be+ almo/ abs5t 9 ! males ( bo? ! gold5 & silv] v>ieties4 ,b1 z we h already se51 x _c be giv5 z a g5]al rule t male f[ls nev] h p5cill$ fea!rs1 = ,cuckoo ,dork+s are rem>kable f hav+ ne>ly simil> m>k+s 9 bo? sexes4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ! males 9 c]ta9 sub-bre$s h lo/ "s ( _! second>y mascul9e *>act]s1 &1 f _! close resemblance 9 plumage to ! females1 are (t5 call$ h5nies4 ,!re is mu* div]sity ( op9ion :e!r ^! males are 9 any degree /]ile2 t !y sometimes are p>tially /]ile seems cle>1#djf b ?is may h be5 caus$ by too close int]bre$+4 ,t !y are n q /]ile1 & t ! :ole case is widely diff]5t f t ( old females assum+ mascul9e *>act]s1 is evid5t f sev]al ( ^! h5-l sub-bre$s hav+ be5 long propagat$4 ,! males & females ( gold & silv]-lac$ ,sebright ,bantams c be b>ely di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 except by _! combs1 wattles1 & spurs1 = !y are col\r$ alike1 & ! males h n hackles1 nor ! fl[+ sickle-l tail-fea!rs4 ,a h5-tail$ sub-bre$ ( ,hamburghs 0 rec5tly mu* e/eem$4 ,!re is also a bre$ ( ,game-f[ls1 9 :i* ! males & females resemble ea* o!r s closely t ! cocks h (t5 mi/ak5 _! h5-fea!r$ oppon5ts 9 ! cock-pit = real h5s1 & by ! mi/ake h lo/ _! lives4#djg ,! cocks1 #bec ?\gh dress$ 9 ! fea!rs ( ! h51 are high-spirit$ birds1 & _! c\rage has be5 (t5 prov$3 an engrav+ ev5 has be5 publi%$ ( "o celebrat$ h5-tail$ victor4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei]#djh has record$ ! rem>kable case ( a br[n-brea/$ r$ ,game-cock :i*1 aft] assum+ its p]fect mascul9e plumage1 became h5-fea!r$ 9 ! autumn ( ! foll[+ ye>2 b he did n lose voice1 spurs1 /r5g?1 nor productiv5ess4 ,?is bird has n[ reta9$ ! same "* dur+ five seasons1 & has begot bo? h5-fea!r$ & male-fea!r$ (fspr+4 ,mr4 ,grantley ,f4 ,b]keley relates ! /ill m s+ul> case ( a celebrat$ /ra9 ( polecat ,game-f[ls1 :i* produc$ 9 ne>ly e brood a s+le h5-cock4 ,! great peculi>ity 9 "o ( ^! birds 0 t he1 z ! seasons succe$$ ea* o!r1 0 n always a h5-cock1 & n always ( ! col\r call$ ! polecat1 :i* is black4 ,f ! polecat & h5-cock fea!r 9 "o season he m\lt$ to a full male-plumag$ black-brea/$ r$1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> he return$ to ! =m] fea!r4#dji ,i h rem>k$ 9 my ',orig9 ( ,species' t second>y sexual *>act]s are apt to diff] mu* 9 ! species ( ! same g5us1 & to be unusually v>iable 9 ! individuals ( ! same species4 ,s x is ) ! bre$s ( ! f[l1 z we h already se51 z f> z ! col\r ( plumage is conc]n$1 & s x is ) ! o!r second>y sexual *>act]s4 ,fir/ly1 ! comb diff]s mu* 9 ! v>i\s bre$s1#daj & its =m is em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ea* k9d1 ) ! exception ( ! ,dork+s1 9 :i* ! =m has n be5 z yet det]m9$ on by fanci]s1 & fix$ by selection4 ,a s+le1 deeply-s]rat$ comb is ! typical & mo/ common =m4 ,x diff]s mu* 9 size1 be+ imm5sely develop$ 9 ,spani% f[ls2 & 9 a local bre$ call$ ,r$-caps1 x is sometimes upw>ds ( ?ree in*es 9 bread? at ! front1 & m ?an f\r in*es 9 l5g?1 measur$ to ! end ( ! peak beh9d4#daa ,9 "s bre$s ! comb is d\ble1 & :5 ! two ends are cem5t$ #bed toge!r x =ms a cup-comb2 9 ! rose-comb x is depress$1 cov]$ ) small projections1 & produc$ backw>ds2 9 ! horn$ & creve-coeur f[l x is produc$ into two horns2 x is triple 9 ! pea-comb$ ,brahmas1 %ort & truncat$ 9 ! ,malays1 & abs5t 9 ! ,gueld]l&s4 ,9 ! tassell$ ,game a few long fea!rs arise f ! back ( ! comb2 9 _m bre$s a cre/ ( fea!rs replaces ! comb4 ,! cre/1 :5 little develop$1 arises f a fle%y mass1 b1 :5 mu* develop$1 f a hemisph]ical protub]ance ( ! skull4 ,9 ! be/ ,poli% f[ls x is s l>gely develop$1 t ,i h se5 birds :i* c\ld h>dly pick up _! food2 & a ,g]man writ] ass]ts#dab t !y are 9 consequ5ce liable to be /ruck by hawks4 ,mon/r\s /ructures ( ?is k9d w\ld ?us be suppress$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,! wattles1 also1 v>y mu* 9 size1 be+ small 9 ,malays & "s o!r bre$s2 !y are replac$ 9 c]ta9 ,poli% sub-bre$s by a great tuft ( fea!rs call$ a be>d4 ,! hackles d n diff] mu* 9 ! v>i\s bre$s1 b are %ort & /iff 9 ,malays1 & abs5t 9 ,h5nies4 ,z 9 "s ord]s ( birds ! males display extraord9>ily-%ap$ fea!rs1 su* z nak$ %afts ) discs at ! end1 c41 ! foll[+ case may be wor? giv+4 ,9 ! wild ,gallus bankiva & 9 our dome/ic f[ls1 ! b>bs :i* arise f ea* side ( ! extremities ( ! hackles are nak$ or n clo!d ) b>bules1 s t !y resemble bri/les2 b ,mr4 ,br5t s5t me "s scapul> hackles f a "y ,bir*5 ,duckw+ ,game cock1 9 :i* ! nak$ b>bs became d5sely reclo!d ) b>bules t[>ds _! tips2 s t ^! tips1 :i* 7 d>k col\r$ ) a metallic lu/re1 7 sep>at$ f ! l[] p>ts by a symmetrically-%ap$ transp>5t zone =m$ ( ! nak$ portions ( ! b>bs4 ,h5ce ! col\r$ tips appe>$ l little sep>ate metallic discs4 ,! sickle-fea!rs 9 ! tail1 ( :i* !re are ?ree pair1 & :i* are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ! male sex1 diff] mu* 9 ! v>i\s bre$s4 ,!y are scimit>-%ap$ 9 "s ,hamburghs1 in/ead ( be+ long & fl[+ z 9 ! typical bre$s4 ,!y are extremely %ort 9 ,co*9s1 & are n at #bee all develop$ 9 ,h5nies4 ,!y are c>ri$1 toge!r ) ! :ole tail1 erect 9 ,dork+s & ,games2 b droop mu* 9 ,malays & 9 "s ,co*9s4 ,sultans are *>act]iz$ by an additional numb] ( lat]al sickle-fea!rs4 ,! spurs v>y mu*1 be+ plac$ high] or l[] on ! %ank2 be+ extremely long & %>p 9 ,games1 & blunt & %ort 9 ,co*9s4 ,^! latt] birds seem aw>e t _! spurs are n effici5t weapons2 = ?\gh !y occasionally use !m1 !y m frequ5tly fight1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 by seiz+ & %ak+ ea* o!r ) _! beaks4 ,9 "s ,indian ,game-cocks1 receiv$ by ,mr4 ,br5t f ,g]many1 !re are1 z he in=ms me1 ?ree1 f\r1 or ev5 five spurs on ea* leg4 ,"s ,dork+s also h two spurs on ea* leg2#dac & 9 birds ( ?is bre$ ! spur is (t5 plac$ almo/ on ! outside ( ! leg4 ,d\ble spurs are m5tion$ 9 ! anci5t ,*9ese ,encyclopa$ia4 ,_! occurr5ce may be consid]$ z a case ( analog\s v>iation1 = "s wild gall9ace\s birds1 = in/ance1 ! ,polyplectron1 h d\ble spurs4 ,judg+ f ! diff]5ces :i* g5]ally di/+ui% ! sexes 9 ! ,gall9aceae1 c]ta9 *>act]s 9 our dome/ic f[ls appe> to h be5 transf]r$ f ! "o sex to ! o!r4 ,9 all ! species 7except 9 ,turnix71 :5 !re is any conspicu\s diff]5ce 9 plumage betwe5 ! male & female1 ! male is always ! mo/ beautiful2 b 9 gold5-spangl$ ,hamburghs ! h5 is equally beautiful ) ! cock1 & incomp>ably m beautiful ?an ! h5 9 any natural species ( ,gallus2 s t "h a mascul9e "* has be5 transf]r$ to ! female4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 cuckoo ,dork+s & 9 o!r cuckoo bre$s ! p5cill+1 :i* 9 ,gallus is a female attribute1 has be5 transf]r$ to ! male3 nor1 on ! pr9ciple ( analog\s v>iation1 is ?is transf]5ce surpris+1 z ! males 9 _m gall9ace\s g5]a are b>r$ or p5cill$4 ,) mo/ ( ^! birds head ornam5ts ( all k9ds are m fully develop$ 9 ! male ?an 9 ! female2 b 9 ,poli% f[ls ! cre/ or top-knot1 :i* 9 ! male replaces ! comb1 is equally develop$ 9 bo? sexes4 ,9 c]ta9 #bef sub-bre$s1 :i*1 f ! h5 hav+ a small cre/1 are call$ l>k-cre/$1 a s+le upright comb sometimes almo/ entirely takes ! place ( ! cre/ 9 ! male4#dad ,f ?is latt] case1 & f "s facts pres5tly to be giv5 ) respect to ! protub]ance ( ! skull 9 ,poli% f[ls1 ! cre/ 9 ?is bre$ ought p]haps to be view$ z a fem99e "* :i* has be5 transf]r$ to ! male4 ,9 ! ,spani% bre$ ! male1 z we "k1 has an imm5se comb1 & ?is has be5 p>tially transf]r$ to ! female1 = h] comb is unusually l>ge1 ?\gh n upright4 ,9 ,game-f[ls ! bold & savage disposition ( ! male has likewise be5 l>gely transf]r$ to ! female2#dae & %e sometimes ev5 possesses ! em95tly mascul9e "* ( spurs4 ,_m cases are on record ( h5s be+ furni%$ ) spurs2 & 9 ,g]many1 accord+ to ,be*/e91#daf ! spurs 9 ! ,silk-h5 are sometimes v long4 ,he m5tions also ano!r bre$ simil>ly *>act]iz$1 9 :i* ! h5s are excell5t lay]s1 b are apt to di/urb & break _! eggs ow+ to _! spurs4 ,mr4 ,lay>d#dag has giv5 an acc\nt ( a bre$ ( f[ls 9 ,ceylon ) black sk91 bones1 & wattle1 b ) ord9>y fea!rs1 & :i* _c be m aptly describ$ ?an by comp>+ !m to a :ite f[l drawn d[n a sooty *imney2 x is1 h[ev]1 adds ,mr4 ,lay>d1 a rem>kable fact t a male bird ( ! pure sooty v>iety is almo/ z r>e z a tortoise-%ell tom-cat4 ,mr4 ,bly? f9ds t ! same rule holds good ) ?is bre$ ne> ,calcutta4 ,! males & females1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! black-bon$ ,european bre$1 ) silky fea!rs1 d n diff] f ea* o!r2 s t 9 ! "o bre$ black sk9 & bones1 & ! same k9d ( plumage1 are common to bo? sexes1 :il/ 9 ! o!r bre$ ^! *>act]s are conf9$ to ! female sex4 ,at ! pres5t day all ! bre$s ( ,poli% f[ls h ! great bony protub]ance on _! skulls1 :i* includes "p ( ! bra9 & supports ! cre/1 equally develop$ 9 bo? sexes4 #beg ,b =m]ly 9 ,g]many ! skull ( ! h5 alone 0 protub]ant3 ,blum5ba*1#dah :o p>ticul>ly att5d$ to abnormal peculi>ities 9 dome/ic animals1 /ates1 9 #ahac1 t ?is 0 ! case2 & ,be*/e9 _h previ\sly1 9 #agic1 obs]v$ ! same fact4 ,?is latt] au?or has c>efully describ$ ! effects ( a cre/ on ! skull n only 9 f[ls1 b 9 ducks1 geese1 & can>ies4 ,he /ates t ) f[ls1 :5 ! cre/ is n mu* develop$1 x is support$ on a fatty mass2 b :5 mu* develop$1 x is always support$ on a bony protub]ance ( v>iable size4 ,he well describes ! peculi>ities ( ?is protub]ance1 & he att5d$ to ! effects ( ! modifi$ %ape ( ! bra9 on ! intellect ( ^! birds1 & disputes ,pallas' /atem5t t !y are /upid4 ,he !n expressly /ates t he nev] obs]v$ ?is protub]ance 9 male f[ls4 ,h5ce !re c be no d\bt t ?is rem>kable "* 9 ! skulls ( ,poli% f[ls 0 =m]ly 9 ,g]many conf9$ to ! female sex1 b has n[ be5 transf]r$ to ! males1 & has ?us become common to bo? sexes4 ,ext]nal ,diff]5ces1 n connect$ ) ! sexes1 betwe5 ! bre$s & betwe5 individual birds4 ,! size ( ! body diff]s greatly4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has kn[n a ,brahma to weigh #ag p\nds2 a f9e ,malay cock #aj p\nds2 :il/ a fir/-rate ,sebright ,bantam weighs h>dly m ?an #a p\nd4 ,dur+ ! la/ #bj ye>s ! size ( "s ( our bre$s has be5 l>gely increas$ by me?odical selection1 :il/ t ( o!r bre$s has be5 mu* dim9i%$4 ,we h already se5 h[ greatly col\r v>ies ev5 )9 ! same bre$2 we "k t ! wild ,g4 bankiva v>ies slightly 9 col\r2 we "k t col\r is v>iable 9 all our dome/ic animals2 nev]!less "s em95t fanci]s h s little fai? 9 v>iability1 t !y h actually argu$ t ! *ief ,game sub-bre$s1 :i* diff] f ea* o!r 9 no?+ b col\r1 are desc5d$ f di/9ct wild species6 ,cross+ (t5 causes /range modifications ( col\r4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t :5 buff & :ite ,co*9s are cross$1 "s ( ! #beh *ick5s are almo/ inv>iably black4 ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,br5t1 black & :ite ,co*9s occasionally produce *ick5s ( a slaty-blue t9t2 & ?is same t9t appe>s1 z ,mr4 ,tegetmei] tells me1 f cross+ :ite ,co*9s ) black ,spani% f[ls1 or :ite ,dork+s ) black ,m9orcas4#dai ,a good obs]v]#dbj /ates t a fir/-rate silv]-spangl$ ,hamburgh h5 gradually lo/ ! mo/ *>act]i/ic qualities ( ! bre$1 = ! black lac+ to h] fea!rs disappe>$1 & h] legs *ang$ f lead5-blue to :ite2 b :at makes ! case rem>kable is1 t ?is t5d5cy ran 9 ! blood1 = h] si/] *ang$ 9 a simil> b less /rongly m>k$ mann]2 & *ick5s produc$ f ?is latt] h5 7 at fir/ almo/ pure :ite1 b on m\lt+ acquir$ black coll>s & "s spangl$ fea!rs ) almo/ oblit]at$ m>k+s2 s t a new v>iety arose 9 ?is s+ul> mann]4 ,! sk9 9 ! diff]5t bre$s diff]s mu* 9 col\r1 be+ :ite 9 common k9ds1 yell[ 9 ,malays & ,co*9s1 & black 9 ,silk f[ls2 ?us mock+1 z ,m4 ,godron#dba rem>ks1 ! ?ree pr9cipal types ( sk9 9 mank9d4 ,! same au?or adds1 t1 z diff]5t k9ds ( f[ls liv+ 9 di/ant & isolat$ p>ts ( ! _w h black sk9 & bones1 ?is col\r mu/ h appe>$ at v>i\s times & places4 ,! %ape & c>riage ( ! body & ! %ape ( ! head diff] mu*4 ,! beak v>ies slightly 9 l5g? & curvature1 b incomp>ably less ?an ) pigeons4 ,9 mo/ cre/$ f[ls ! no/rils (f] a rem>kable peculi>ity 9 be+ rais$ ) a cresc5tic outl9e4 ,! prim>y w+-fea!rs are %ort 9 ,co*9s2 9 a male1 :i* mu/ h be5 m ?an twice z heavy z ,g4 bankiva1 ^! fea!rs 7 9 bo? birds ( ! same l5g?4 ,i h c\nt$1 ) ,mr4 ,tegetmei]'s aid1 ! prim>y w+-fea!rs 9 ?irte5 cocks & h5s ( v>i\s bre$s2 9 f\r ( !m1 namely 9 two ,hamburghs1 a ,co*91 & ,game ,bantam1 !re 7 #aj1 in/ead ( ! normal numb] #i2 b 9 c\nt+ ^! fea!rs ,i h foll[$ ! practice ( fanci]s1 & h n includ$ ! fir/ m9ute prim>y fea!r1 b>ely ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,^! fea!rs diff] consid]ably 9 relative l5g?1 ! f\r?1 or ! fif?1 or ! six?1 be+ ! longe/2 ) ! ?ird ei!r equal to1 or consid]ably %ort] ?an ! fif?4 ,9 wild gall9ace\s species ! relative l5g? & numb] ( ! ma9 w+ & tail-fea!rs are extremely con/ant4 ,! tail diff]s mu* 9 erectness & size1 be+ small 9 ,malays & v small 9 ,co*9s4 ,9 ?irte5 f[ls ( v>i\s bre$s :i* ,i h exam9$1 five _h ! normal numb] ( #ad fea!rs1 includ+ 9 ?is numb] ! two middle sickle-fea!rs2 six o!rs 7viz4 a ,caffre cock1 ,gold-spangl$ ,poli% cock1 ,co*9 h51 ,sultan h51 ,game h51 & ,malay h57 _h #af2 #bei & two 7an old ,co*9 cock & ,malay h57 _h #ag fea!rs4 ,! rumpless f[l has no tail1 & 9 a bird :i* ,i kept alive ! oil-gl& _h abort$2 b ?is bird1 ?\gh ! os coccygis 0 extremely imp]fect1 _h a ve/ige ( a tail ) two r long fea!rs 9 ! position ( ! out] caudals4 ,?is bird came f a family :]e1 z ,i 0 told1 ! bre$ _h kept true = tw5ty ye>s2 b rumpless f[ls (t5 produce *ick5s ) tails4#dbb ,an em95t physiologi/#dbc has rec5tly spok5 ( ?is bre$ z a di/9ct species2 _h he exam9$ ! de=m$ /ate ( ! os coccyx he w\ld nev] h come to ?is conclusion2 he 0 probably misl$ by ! /atem5t1 :i* may be f\nd 9 "s works1 t tailless f[ls are wild 9 ,ceylon2 b ?is /atem5t1 z ,i h be5 assur$ by ,mr4 ,lay>d & ,dr4 ,kella]t1 :o h s closely /udi$ ! birds ( ,ceylon1 is utt]ly false4 ,! t>si v>y consid]ably 9 l5g?1 be+ relatively to ! femur consid]ably long] 9 ! ,spani% & ,frizzl$1 & %ort] 9 ! ,silk & ,bantam bre$s1 ?an 9 ! wild ,g4 bankiva2 b 9 ! latt]1 z we h se51 ! t>si v>y 9 l5g?4 ,! t>si are (t5 fea!r$4 ,! feet 9 _m bre$s are furni%$ ) additional toes4 ,gold5-spangl$ ,poli% f[ls are said#dbd to h ! sk9 betwe5 _! toes mu* develop$2 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] obs]v$ ?is 9 "o bird1 b x 0 n s 9 "o :i* ,i exam9$4 ,9 ,co*9s ! middle toe is said#dbe to be ne>ly d\ble ! l5g? ( ! lat]al toes1 & !re=e mu* long] ?an 9 ,g4 bankiva or 9 o!r f[ls2 b ?is 0 n ! case 9 two :i* ,i exam9$4 ,! nail ( ! middle toe 9 ?is same bre$ is surpris+ly broad & flat1 b 9 a v>iable degree 9 two birds :i* ,i exam9$2 ( ?is /ructure 9 ! nail !re is only a trace 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,! voice diff]s slightly1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,dixon1 9 almo/ e bre$4 ,! ,malays#dbf h a l\d1 deep1 some:at prolong$ cr[1 b ) consid]able individual diff]5ces4 ,colonel ,sykes rem>ks t ! dome/ic ,kulm cock 9 ,india has n ! %rill cle> pipe ( ! ,engli% bird1 & 8 scale ( notes appe>s m limit$4 ,dr4 ,hook] 0 /ruck ) ! prolong$ h[l+ scree* ( ! cocks 9 ,sikhim4#dbg ,! cr[ ( ! ,co*9 is notori\sly & ludicr\sly diff]5t f t ( ! common cock4 ,! disposition ( ! diff]5t bre$s is widely diff]5t1 v>y+ f ! savage & defiant temp] ( ! ,game-cock to ! extremely peaceable temp] ( ! ,co*94 ,! latt]1 x has be5 ass]t$1 graze to a mu* great] ext5t ?an any o!r v>ieties4 ,! ,spani% f[ls suff] m f fro/ ?an o!r bre$s4 ,be=e we pass on to ! skeleton1 ! degree ( di/9ctness ( ! sev]al bre$s f ,g4 bankiva ought to be notic$4 ,"s #bfj writ]s speak ( ! ,spani% z "o ( ! mo/ di/9ct bre$s1 & s x is 9 g5]al aspect2 b its *>act]i/ic diff]5ces are n important4 ,! ,malay appe>s to me m di/9ct1 f its tall /ature1 small droop+ tail ) m ?an f\rte5 tail-fea!rs1 & f its small comb & wattles2 nev]!less "o ,malay sub-bre$ is col\r$ almo/ exactly l ,g4 bankiva4 ,"s au?ors consid] ! ,poli% f[l z v di/9ct2 b ?is is a semi-mon/r\s bre$1 z %[n by ! protub]ant & irregul>ly p]=at$ skull4 ,! ,co*91 ) its deeply furr[$ frontal bones1 peculi>ly %ap$ occipital =am51 %ort w+-fea!rs1 %ort tail conta9+ m ?an f\rte5 fea!rs1 broad nail to ! middle toe1 fluffy plumage1 r\gh & d>k-col\r$ eggs1 & especially f its peculi> voice1 is probably ! mo/ di/9ct ( all ! bre$s4 ,if any "o ( our bre$s has desc5d$ f "s unkn[n species1 di/9ct f ,g4 bankiva1 x is probably ! ,co*92 b ! balance ( evid5ce does n fav\r ?is view4 ,all ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces ( ! ,co*9 bre$ are m or less v>iable1 & may be detect$ 9 a great] or less] degree 9 o!r bre$s4 ,"o sub-bre$ is col\r$ closely l ,g4 bankiva4 ,! fea!r$ legs1 (t5 furni%$ ) an additional toe1 ! w+s incapable ( flight1 ! extremely quiet disposition1 indicate a long c\rse ( dome/ication2 & ^! f[ls come f ,*9a1 :]e we "k t plants & animals h be5 t5d$ f a remote p]iod ) extraord9>y c>e1 & :]e consequ5tly we might expect to f9d pr(\ndly modifi$ dome/ic races4 ,o/eological ,diff]5ces4--,i h exam9$ tw5ty-sev5 skeletons & fifty-?ree skulls ( v>i\s bre$s1 includ+ ?ree ( ,g4 bankiva3 ne>ly half ( ^! skulls ,i owe to ! k9dness ( ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 & ?ree ( ! skeletons to ,mr4 ,eyton4 ,! ,skull diff]s greatly 9 size 9 diff]5t bre$s1 be+ ne>ly twice z long 9 ! l>ge/ ,co*9s1 b n ne>ly twice z broad1 z 9 ,bantams4 ,! bones at ! base1 f ! occipital =am5 to ! ant]ior end 7includ+ ! quadrates & pt]ygoids71 are absolutely id5tical 9 %ape 9 all ! skulls4 ,s is ! l[] jaw4 ,9 ! =ehead slight diff]5ces are (t5 p]ceptible betwe5 ! males & females1 evid5tly caus$ by ! pres5ce ( ! comb4 ,9 e case ,i take ! skull ( ,g4 bankiva z ! /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,9 f\r ,games1 9 "o ,malay h51 9 an #bfa ,african cock1 9 a ,frizzl$ cock f ,madras1 9 two black-bon$ ,silk h5s1 no diff]5ces occur wor? notice4 ,9 ?ree ,spani% cocks1 ! =m ( ! =ehead betwe5 ! orbits diff]s consid]ably2 9 "o x is consid]ably depress$1 :il/ 9 ! two o!rs x is r prom95t1 ) a deep m$ial furr[2 ! skull ( ! h5 is smoo?4 ,9 ?ree skulls ( ,sebright ,bantams ! cr[n is m globul>1 & slopes m abruptly to ! occiput1 ?an 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,9 a ,bantam or ,jump] f ,burmah ^! same *>act]s are m /rongly pron\nc$1 & ! supra-occiput is m po9t$4 ,9 a black ,bantam ! skull is n s globul>1 & ! occipital =am5 is v l>ge1 & has ne>ly ! same sub-triangul> outl9e pres5tly to be describ$ 9 ,co*9s2 & 9 ?is skull ! two asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y are ov]lapp$ 9 a s+ul> mann] by ! processes ( ! nasal bone1 b1 z ,i h se5 only "o specim51 "s ( ^! diff]5ces may be individual4 ,( ,co*9s & ,brahmas 7! latt] a cross$ race approa*+ closely to ,co*9s7 ,i h exam9$ sev5 skulls2 at ! po9t :]e ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y re/ on ! frontal bone ! surface is mu* depress$1 & f ?is depression a deep m$ial furr[ ext5ds backw>ds to a v>iable di/ance2 ! edges ( ?is fissure are r prom95t1 z is ! top ( ! skull beh9d & ov] ! orbits4 ,^! *>act]s are less develop$ 9 ! h5s4 ,! pt]ygoids1 & ! processes ( ! l[] jaw1 relatively to ! size ( ! head1 are broad] ?an 9 ,g4 bankiva2 & ?is is likewise ! case ) ,dork+s :5 ( l>ge size4 ,! t]m9al =k ( ! hyoid bone 9 ,co*9s is twice z wide z 9 ,g4 bankiva1 :]eas ! l5g? ( ! o!r hyoid bones is only z ?ree to two4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable "* is ! %ape ( ! occipital =am53 9 ,g4 bankiva 7,a7 ! bread? 9 a horizontal l9e exce$s ! height 9 a v]tical l9e1 & ! outl9e is ne>ly circul>2 :]eas 9 ,co*9s 7,b7 ! outl9e is sub-triangul>1 & ! v]tical l9e exce$s ! horizontal l9e 9 l5g?4 ,?is same =m likewise occurs 9 ! black ,bantam above ref]r$ to1 & an approa* to x may be se5 9 "s ,dork+s1 & 9 a slight degree 9 c]ta9 o!r bre$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cc4--,occipital ,=am51 ( natural size4 ,a4 ,wild ,gallus bankiva4 ,b4 ,co*9 ,cock4 ,( ,dork+s ,i h exam9$ ?ree skulls1 "o belong+ to ! :ite sub-bre$2 ! "o "* des]v+ notice is ! bread? ( ! frontal bones1 :i* are mod]ately furr[$ 9 ! middle2 ?us 9 a skull :i* 0 less ?an once & a half ! l5g? ( t ( ,g4 bankiva1 ! bread? betwe5 ! orbits 0 exactly d\ble4 ,( ,hamburghs ,i h exam9$ f\r skulls 7male & female7 ( ! p5cill$ sub-bre$1 & "o 7male7 ( ! spangl$ sub-bre$2 ! nasal bones /& rem>kably wide ap>t1 b 9 a v>iable degree2 consequ5tly n>r[ membrane-cov]$ spaces f>e left betwe5 ! tips ( ! two asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y #bfb bones1 :i* are r %ort1 & betwe5 ^! bran*es & ! nasal bones4 ,! surface ( ! frontal bone1 on :i* ! bran*es ( ! premaxill>y re/1 is v little depress$4 ,^! peculi>ities no d\bt /& 9 close relation ) ! broad flatt5$ rose-comb *>act]i/ic ( ! ,hamburgh bre$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cd4--,skulls ( natural size1 view$ f above1 a little obliquely4 ,a4 ,wild ,gallus bankiva4 ,b4 ,:ite-cre/$ ,poli% ,cock4 ,i h exam9$ f\rte5 skulls ( ,poli% & o!r cre/$ bre$s4 ,_! diff]5ces are extraord9>y4 ,fir/ = n9e skulls ( diff]5t sub-bre$s ( ,engli% ,poli% f[ls4 ,! hemisph]ical protub]ance ( ! frontal bones#dbh may be se5 9 ! accompany+ draw+s1 9 :i* 7,b7 ! skull ( a :ite-cre/$ ,poli% f[l is %[n obliquely f above1 ) ! skull 7,a7 ( ,g4 bankiva 9 ! same position4 ,9 fig4 #ce longitud9al sections are giv5 ( ! skulls ( a ,poli% f[l1 &1 = comp>ison1 ( a ,co*9 ( ! same size4 ,! protub]ance 9 all ,poli% f[ls occupies ! same position1 b diff]s mu* 9 size4 ,9 "o ( my n9e specim5s x 0 extremely slight4 ,! degree to :i* ! protub]ance is ossifi$ v>ies greatly1 l>g] or small] portions ( bone be+ replac$ by membrane4 ,9 "o specim5 !re 0 only a s+le op5 pore2 g5]ally1 !re are _m v>i\sly-%ap$ op5 spaces1 ! bone =m+ an irregul> reticulation4 ,a m$ial1 longitud9al1 ar*$ ribbon ( bone is g5]ally reta9$1 b 9 "o specim5 !re 0 no bone :atev] ov] ! :ole protub]ance1 & ! skull :5 clean$ & view$ f above pres5t$ ! appe>ance ( an op5 bas94 ,! *ange 9 ! :ole int]nal =m ( ! skull is surpris+ly great4 ,! bra9 is modifi$ 9 a correspond+ mann]1 z is %[n 9 ! two longitud9al sections1 #bfc :i* des]ve att5tive consid]ation4 ,! upp] & ant]ior cavity ( ! ?ree into :i* ! skull may be divid$1 is ! "o :i* is s greatly modifi$2 x is evid5tly mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! ,co*9 skull ( ! same size1 & ext5ds mu* fur!r beyond ! int]orbital septum1 b lat]ally is less deep4 ,:e!r ?is cavity is entirely fill$ by ! bra91 may be d\bt$4 ,9 ! skull ( ! ,co*9 & ( all ord9>y f[ls a /rong int]nal ridge ( bone sep>ates ! ant]ior f ! c5tral cavity2 b ?is ridge is entirely abs5t 9 ! ,poli% skull "h figur$4 ,! %ape ( ! c5tral cavity is circul> 9 ! ,poli%1 & l5g!n$ 9 ! ,co*9 skull4 ,! %ape ( ! po/]ior cavity1 toge!r ) ! position1 size1 & numb] ( ! pores = ! n]ves1 diff] mu* 9 ^! two skulls4 ,a pit deeply p5etrat+ ! occipital bone ( ! ,co*9 is entirely abs5t 9 ?is ,poli% skull1 :il/ 9 ano!r specim5 x 0 well develop$4 ,9 ?is second specim5 ! :ole int]nal surface ( ! po/]ior cavity likewise diff]s to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 %ape4 ,i made sections ( two o!r skulls1--namely1 ( a ,poli% f[l ) ! protub]ance s+ul>ly little develop$1 & ( a ,sultan 9 :i* x 0 a little m develop$2 & :5 ^! two skulls 7 plac$ betwe5 ! two above figur$ 7fig4 #ce71 a p]fect gradation 9 ! configuration ( ea* "p ( ! int]nal surface c\ld be trac$4 ,9 ! ,poli% skull1 ) a small protub]ance1 ! ridge betwe5 ! ant]ior & middle cavities 0 pres5t1 b l[2 & 9 ! ,sultan ?is ridge 0 replac$ by a n>r[ furr[ /&+ on a broad rais$ em95ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ce4--,longitud9al sections ( ,skull1 ( natural size1 view$ lat]ally4 ,a4 ,poli% ,cock4 ,b4 ,co*9 ,cock1 select$ = comp>ison ) ! above f be+ ( ne>ly ! same size4 #bfd ,x may naturally be ask$ :e!r ^! rem>kable modifications 9 ! =m ( ! bra9 affect ! intellect ( ,poli% f[ls2 "s writ]s h /at$ t !y are extremely /upid1 b ,be*/e9 & ,mr4 ,tegetmei] h %[n t ?is is by no means g5]ally ! case4 ,nev]!less ,be*/e9#dbi /ates t he _h a ,poli% h5 :i* 0 crazy1 & anxi\sly w&]$ ab\t all day long4 ,a h5 9 my possession 0 solit>y 9 h] habits1 & 0 (t5 s absorb$ 9 rev]ie t %e c\ld be t\*$2 %e 0 also defici5t 9 ! mo/ s+ul> mann] 9 ! faculty ( f9d+ h] way1 s t1 if %e /ray$ a hundr$ y>ds f h] fe$+-place1 %e 0 completely lo/1 & w\ld !n ob/9ately try to proce$ 9 a wrong direction4 ,i h receiv$ o!r & simil> acc\nts ( ,poli% f[ls appe>+ /upid or half-idiotic4#dcj ,to return to ! skull4 ,! po/]ior "p1 view$ ext]nally1 diff]s little f t ( ,g4 bankiva4 ,9 mo/ f[ls ! po/]ior-lat]al process ( ! frontal bone & ! process ( ! squamosal bone run toge!r & are ossifi$ ne> _! extremities3 ?is union ( ! two bones1 h[ev]1 is n con/ant 9 any bre$2 & 9 elev5 out ( f\rte5 skulls ( cre/$ bre$s1 ^! processes 7 q di/9ct4 ,^! processes1 :5 n unit$1 in/ead ( be+ incl9$ ant]iorly z 9 all common bre$s1 desc5d at "r angles to ! l[] jaw2 & 9 ?is case ! long] axis ( ! bony cavity ( ! e> is likewise m p]p5dicul> ?an 9 o!r bre$s4 ,:5 ! squamosal process is free1 in/ead ( exp&+ at ! tip1 x is r$uc$ to an extremely f9e & po9t$ /yle1 ( v>iable l5g?4 ,! pt]ygoid & quadrate bones pres5t no diff]5ce4 ,! palat9e bones are a little m curv$ upw>ds at _! po/]ior ends4 ,! frontal bones1 ant]iorly to ! protub]ance1 are1 z 9 ,dork+s1 v broad1 b 9 a v>iable degree4 ,! nasal bones ei!r /& f> ap>t1 z 9 ,hamburghs1 or almo/ t\* ea* o!r1 & 9 "o in/ance 7 ossifi$ toge!r4 ,ea* nasal bone prop]ly s5ds out 9 front two long processes ( equal l5g?s1 =m+ a =k2 b 9 all ! ,poli% skulls1 except "o1 ! inn] process 0 consid]ably1 b 9 a v>iable degree1 %ort5$ & some:at upturn$4 ,9 all ! skulls1 except "o1 ! two asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y1 in/ead ( runn+ up betwe5 ! processes ( ! nasal bones & re/+ on ! e?moid bone1 are mu* %ort5$ & t]m9ate 9 a blunt1 some:at upturn$ po9t4 ,9 ^? skulls 9 :i* ! nasal bones approa* q close to ea* o!r or are ossifi$ toge!r1 x w\ld be impossible = ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y to rea* ! e?moid & frontal bones2 h5ce we see t ev5 ! relative connection ( ! bones has be5 *ang$4 ,app>5tly 9 consequ5ce ( ! bran*es ( ! premaxill>y & ( ! inn] processes ( ! nasal bones be+ some:at upturn$1 ! ext]nal orifices ( ! no/rils are uprais$ & assume a cresc5tic outl9e4 ,i mu/ /ill say a few words on "s ( ! =eign ,cre/$ bre$s4 ,! skull ( a cre/$1 rumpless1 :ite ,turki% f[l is v slightly protub]ant1 & b little p]=at$2 ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y #bfe are well develop$4 ,9 ano!r ,turki% bre$1 call$ ,ghoondooks1 ! skull is consid]ably protub]ant & p]=at$2 ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y are s mu* abort$ t !y project only #a_/ae? ( an in*2 & ! inn] processes ( ! nasal bone are s completely abort$1 t ! surface :]e !y %\ld h project$ is q smoo?4 ,"h !n we see ^! two bones modifi$ to an extreme degree4 ,( ,sultans 7ano!r ,turki% bre$7 ,i exam9$ two skulls2 9 t ( ! female ! protub]ance 0 mu* l>g] ?an 9 ! male4 ,9 bo? skulls ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y 7 v %ort1 & 9 bo? ! basal portion ( ! inn] processes ( ! nasal bones 7 ossifi$ toge!r4 ,^! ,sultan skulls diff]$ f ^? ( ,engli% ,poli% f[ls 9 ! frontal bones1 ant]iorly to ! protub]ance1 n be+ broad4 ,! la/ skull :i* ,i ne$ describe is a unique "o1 l5t to me by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]3 x resembles a ,poli% skull 9 mo/ ( its *>act]s1 b has n ! great frontal protub]ance2 x has1 h[ev]1 two r\nd$ knobs ( a diff]5t nature1 :i* /& m 9 front1 above ! la*rymal bones4 ,^! curi\s knobs1 into :i* ! bra9 does n ent]1 are sep>at$ f ea* o!r by a deep m$ial furr[2 & ?is is p]=at$ by a few m9ute pores4 ,! nasal bones /& r wide ap>t1 ) _! inn] processes1 & ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y1 upturn$ & %ort5$4 ,! two knobs no d\bt support$ ! two great horn-l projections ( ! comb4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cf4--,skull ( ,horn$ ,f[l1 ( natural size1 view$ f above1 a little obliquely4 7,9 ! possession ( ,mr4 ,tegetmei]47 ,f ! =ego+ facts we see 9 h[ a/oni%+ a mann] "s ( ! bones ( ! skull v>y 9 ,cre/$ f[ls4 ,! protub]ance may c]ta9ly be call$ 9 "o s5se a mon/rosity1 z be+ :olly unlike any?+ obs]v$ 9 nature3 b z 9 ord9>y cases x is n injuri\s to ! bird1 & z x is /rictly inh]it$1 x c h>dly 9 ano!r s5se be call$ a mon/rosity4 ,a s]ies may be =m$ comm5c+ ) ! black-bon$ ,silk f[l1 :i* has a v small cre/ ) ! skull b5ea? p5etrat$ only by a few m9ute orifices1 b ) no o!r *ange 9 its /ructure2 & f ?is fir/ /age we may proce$ to f[ls ) a mod]ately l>ge cre/1 :i* re/s1 accord+ to ,be*/e91 on a fle%y mass1 b )\t any #bff protub]ance 9 ! skull4 ,i may add t ,i h se5 a simil> fle%y or fibr\s mass b5ea? ! tuft ( fea!rs on ! head ( ! ,tuft$ duck2 & 9 ?is case !re 0 no actual protub]ance 9 ! skull1 b x _h become a little m globul>4 ,la/ly1 :5 we come to f[ls ) a l>gely develop$ cre/1 ! skull becomes l>gely protub]ant & is p]=at$ by a multitude ( irregul> op5 spaces4 ,! close relation betwe5 ! cre/ & ! size ( ! bony protub]ance is %[n 9 ano!r way2 = ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t if *ick5s lately hat*$ be select$ ) a l>ge bony protub]ance1 :5 adult !y w h a l>ge cre/4 ,!re c be no d\bt t 9 =m] times ! bre$] ( ,poli% f[ls att5d$ solely to ! cre/1 & n to ! skull2 nev]!less1 by increas+ ! cre/1 9 :i* he has wond]fully succe$$1 he has un9t5tionally made ! skull protub]ant to an a/oni%+ degree2 & ?r\gh correlation ( gr[?1 he has at ! same "t affect$ ! =m & relative connexion ( ! premaxill>y & nasal bones1 ! %ape ( ! orifice ( ! nose1 ! bread? ( ! frontal bones1 ! %ape ( ! po/-lat]al processes ( ! frontal & squamosal bones1 ! direction ( ! axis ( ! bony cavity ( ! e>1 & la/ly ! int]nal configuration ( ! :ole skull toge!r ) ! %ape ( ! bra94 ,v]tebrae4--,9 ,g4 bankiva !re are f\rte5 c]vical1 sev5 dorsal ) ribs1 app>5tly fifte5 lumb> & sacral1 & six caudal v]tebrae2#dca b ! lumb> & sacral are s mu* an*ylos$ t ,i am n sure ( _! numb]1 & ?is makes ! comp>ison ( ! total numb] ( v]tebrae 9 ! sev]al bre$s difficult4 ,i h spok5 ( six caudal v]tebrae1 because ! basal "o is almo/ completely an*ylos$ ) ! pelvis2 b if we consid] ! numb] z sev51 ! caudal v]tebrae agree 9 all ! skeletons4 ,! c]vical v]tebrae are1 z j /at$1 9 appe>ance f\rte52 b out ( tw5ty-?ree skeletons 9 a fit /ate = exam9ation1 9 five ( !m1 namely1 9 two ,games1 9 two p5cill$ ,hamburghs1 & 9 a ,poli%1 ! f\rte5? v]tebra bore ribs1 :i*1 ?\gh small1 7 p]fectly develop$ ) a d\ble articulation4 ,! pres5ce ( ^! little ribs _c be consid]$ z a fact ( mu* importance1 = all ! c]vical v]tebrae be> repres5tatives ( ribs2 b _! developm5t 9 ! f\rte5? v]tebra r$uces ! size ( ! passages 9 ! transv]se processes1 & makes ?is v]tebra exactly l ! fir/ dorsal v]tebra4 ,! addition ( ^! little ribs does n affect ! f\rte5? c]vical alone1 = prop]ly ! ribs ( ! fir/ true dorsal v]tebra are de/itute ( processes2 b 9 "s ( ! skeletons 9 :i* ! f\rte5? c]vical bore little ribs1 ! fir/ pair ( true ribs _h well-develop$ processes4 ,:5 we "k t ! sp>r[ has only n9e1 & ! swan tw5ty-?ree c]vical v]tebrae1#dcb we ne$ feel no surprise at ! numb] ( ! c]vical v]tebrae 9 ! f[l be+1 z x appe>s1 v>iable4 ,!re are sev5 dorsal v]tebrae be>+ ribs2 ! fir/ dorsal is nev] #bfg an*ylos$ ) ! succe$+ f\r1 :i* are g5]ally an*ylos$ toge!r4 ,9 "o ,sultan f[l1 h[ev]1 ! two fir/ dorsal v]tebrae 7 free4 ,9 two skeletons1 ! fif? dorsal 0 free2 g5]ally ! six? is free 7z 9 ,g4 bankiva71 b sometimes only at its po/]ior end1 :]e 9 contact ) ! sev5?4 ,! sev5? dorsal v]tebra1 9 e case except+ 9 "o ,spani% cock1 0 an*ylos$ ) ! lumb> v]tebrae4 ,s t ! degree to :i* ^! middle dorsal v]tebrae are an*ylos$ toge!r is v>iable4 ,sev5 is ! normal numb] ( true ribs1 b 9 two skeletons ( ! ,sultan f[l 79 :i* ! f\rte5? c]vical v]tebra 0 n furni%$ ) little ribs7 !re 7 eight pairs2 ! eigh? pair seem$ to be develop$ on a v]tebra correspond+ ) ! fir/ lumb> 9 ,g4 bankiva2 ! /]nal portion ( bo? ! sev5? & eigh? ribs did n rea* ! /]num4 ,9 f\r skeletons 9 :i* ribs 7 develop$ on ! f\rte5? c]vical v]tebra1 !re 71 :5 ^! c]vical ribs are includ$1 eight pairs2 b 9 "o ,game-cock1 9 :i* ! f\rte5? c]vical 0 furni%$ ) ribs1 !re 7 only six pairs ( true dorsal ribs2 ! six? pair 9 ?is case did n h processes1 & ?us resembl$ ! sev5? pair 9 o!r skeletons2 9 ?is game-cock1 z f> z c\ld be judg$ f ! appe>ance ( ! lumb> v]tebrae1 a :ole dorsal v]tebra ) its ribs 0 miss+4 ,we ?us see t ! ribs 7:e!r or n ! little pair atta*$ to ! f\rte5? c]vical v]tebra be c\nt$7 v>y f six to eight pair4 ,! six? pair is frequ5tly n furni%$ ) processes4 ,! /]nal portion ( ! sev5? pair is extremely broad 9 ,co*9s1 & is completely ossifi$4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 x is sc>cely possible to c\nt ! lumbo-sacral v]tebrae2 b !y c]ta9ly d n correspond 9 %ape or numb] 9 ! sev]al skeletons4 ,! caudal v]tebrae are closely simil> 9 all ! skeletons1 ! only diff]5ce be+1 :e!r or n ! basal "o is an*ylos$ to ! pelvis2 !y h>dly v>y ev5 9 l5g?1 n be+ %ort] 9 ,co*9s1 ) _! %ort tail-fea!rs1 ?an 9 o!r bre$s2 9 a ,spani% cock1 h[ev]1 ! caudal v]tebrae 7 a little elongat$4 ,9 ?ree rumpless f[ls ! caudal v]tebrae 7 few 9 numb]1 & an*ylos$ toge!r into a mis=m$ mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #cg4--,six? ,c]vical ,v]tebra1 ( natural size1 view$ lat]ally4 ,a4 ,wild ,gallus bankiva4 ,b4 ,co*9 ,cock4 ,9 ! individual v]tebrae ! diff]5ces 9 /ructure are v slight4 ,9 ! atlas ! cavity = ! occipital condyle is ei!r ossifi$ into a r+1 or is1 z 9 ,bankiva1 op5 on its upp] m>g94 ,! upp] arc ( ! sp9al canal is a little m ar*$ 9 ,co*9s1 9 con=mity ) ! %ape ( occipital =am51 ?an 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,9 sev]al skeletons a diff]5ce1 b n ( mu* importance1 may be obs]v$1 :i* comm5ces a ! f\r? c]vical v]tebra1 & is greate/ at ab\t ! six?1 sev5?1 or eigh? v]tebra2 ?is consi/s 9 ! haemal desc5d+ processes be+ unit$ to ! body ( ! v]tebra by a sort ( buttress4 ,?is /ructure may be obs]v$ 9 ,co*9s1 ,poli%1 "s ,hamburgh1 & probably o!r bre$s2 b is abs5t1 or b>ely develop$1 9 ,game1 ,dork+1 ,spani%1 ,bantam1 & #bfh sev]al o!r bre$s exam9$ by me4 ,on ! dorsal surface ( ! six? c]vical v]tebra 9 ,co*9s ?ree prom95t po9ts are m /rongly develop$ ?an 9 ! correspond+ v]tebra ( ! ,game-f[l or ,g4 bankiva4 ,pelvis4--,?is diff]s 9 "s few po9ts 9 ! sev]al skeletons4 ,! ant]ior m>g9 ( ! ilium seems at fir/ to v>y mu* 9 outl9e1 b ?is is *iefly due to ! degree to :i* ! m>g9 9 ! middle "p is ossifi$ to ! cre/ ( ! sp9e2 ! outl9e1 h[ev]1 does diff] 9 be+ m truncat$ 9 ,bantams1 & m r\nd$ 9 c]ta9 bre$s1 z 9 ,co*9s4 ,! outl9e ( ! is*iadic =am5 diff]s consid]ably1 be+ ne>ly circul> 9 ,bantams1 in/ead ( egg-%ap$ z 9 ! ,bankiva1 & m regul>ly oval 9 "s skeletons1 z 9 ! ,spani%4 ,! obturator not* is also mu* less elongat$ 9 "s skeletons ?an 9 o!rs4 ,! end ( ! pubic bone pres5ts ! greate/ diff]5ce2 be+ h>dly enl>g$ 9 ! ,bankiva2 consid]ably & gradually enl>g$ 9 ,co*9s1 & 9 a less] degree 9 "s o!r bre$s2 & abruptly enl>g$ 9 ,bantams4 ,9 "o ,bantam ?is bone ext5d$ v little beyond ! extremity ( ! is*ium4 ,! :ole pelvis 9 ?is latt] bird diff]$ widely 9 its proportions1 be+ f> broad] proportionally to its l5g? ?an 9 ,bankiva4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ch4--;,extremity ( ! ,furcula1 ( natural size1 view$ lat]ally4 ,a4 ,wild ,gallus bankiva4 ,b4 ,spangl$ ,poli% ,f[l4 ,c4 ,spani% ,f[l4 ,d4 ,dork+ ,f[l4 ,/]num4--,?is bone is g5]ally s mu* de=m$ t x is sc>cely possible to comp>e its =m /rictly 9 ! sev]al bre$s4 ,! %ape ( ! triangul> extremity ( ! lat]al processes diff]s consid]ably1 be+ ei!r almo/ equilat]al or mu* elongat$4 ,! front m>g9 ( ! cre/ is m or less p]p5dicul> & v>ies greatly1 z does ! curvature ( ! po/]ior end1 & ! flatness ( ! l[] surface4 ,! outl9e ( ! manubrial process also v>ies1 be+ w$ge-%ap$ 9 ! ,bankiva1 & r\nd$ 9 ! ,spani% bre$4 ,! furcula diff]s 9 be+ m or less ar*$1 & greatly1 z may be se5 9 ! accompany+ outl9es1 9 ! %ape ( ! t]m9al plate2 b ! %ape ( ?is "p diff]$ a little 9 two skeletons ( ! wild ,bankiva4 ,! coracoids pres5t no diff]5ce wor? notice4 ,! scapula v>ies 9 %ape1 be+ ( ne>ly uni=m bread? 9 ,bankiva1 mu* broad] 9 ! middle 9 ! ,poli% f[l1 & abruptly n>r[$ t[>ds ! apex 9 ! two ,sultan f[ls4 ,i c>efully comp>$ ea* sep>ate bone ( ! leg & w+1 relatively to ! same bones 9 ! wild ,bankiva1 9 ! foll[+ bre$s1 :i* ,i ?\ght 7 ! mo/ likely to diff]2 namely1 9 ,co*91 ,dork+1 #bfi ,spani%1 ,poli%1 ,burmese ,bantam1 ,frizzl$ ,indian1 & black-bon$ ,silk f[ls2 & x 0 truly surpris+ to see h[ absolutely e process1 articulation1 & pore agre$1 ?\gh ! bones diff]$ greatly 9 size4 ,! agreem5t is f> m absolute ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ! skeleton4 ,9 /at+ ?is1 ,i d n ref] to ! relative ?ickness & l5g? ( ! sev]al bones2 = ! t>si v>i$ consid]ably 9 bo? ^! respects4 ,b ! o!r limb-bones v>i$ little ev5 9 relative l5g?4 ,f9ally1 ,i h n exam9$ a suffici5t numb] ( skeletons to say :e!r any ( ! =ego+ diff]5ces1 except 9 ! skull1 are *>act]i/ic ( ! sev]al bre$s4 ,app>5tly "s diff]5ces are m common 9 c]ta9 bre$s ?an 9 o!rs1--z an additional rib to ! f\rte5? c]vical v]tebra 9 ,hamburghs & ,games1 & ! bread? ( ! end ( ! pubic bone 9 ,co*9s4 ,bo? skeletons ( ! ,sultan f[l _h eight dorsal v]tebrae1 & ! end ( ! scapula 9 bo? 0 some:at att5uat$4 ,9 ! skull1 ! deep m$ial furr[ 9 ! frontal bones & ! v]tically elongat$ occipital =am5 seem to be *>act]i/ic ( ,co*9s2 z is ! great bread? ( ! frontal bones 9 ,dork+s2 ! sep>ation & op5 spaces betwe5 ! tips ( ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>ies & nasal bones1 z well z ! front "p ( ! skull be+ b little depress$1 *>act]ise ,hamburghs2 ! globul> %ape ( ! po/]ior "p ( ! skull seems to be *>act]i/ic ( lac$ ,bantams2 & la/ly1 ! protub]ance ( ! skull ) ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>ies p>tially abort$1 toge!r ) ! o!r diff]5ces be=e specifi$1 are em95tly *>act]i/ic ( ,poli% & o!r ,cre/$ f[ls4 ,b ! mo/ /rik+ result ( our exam9ation ( ! skeleton is ! great v>iability ( all ! bones except ^? ( ! extremities4 ,to a c]ta9 ext5t we c und]/& :y ! skeleton fluctuates s mu* 9 /ructure2 f[ls h be5 expos$ to unnatural conditions ( life1 & _! :ole organisation has ?us be5 r5d]$ v>iable2 b ! bre$] is q indiff]5t to1 & nev] int5tionally selects1 any modifications 9 ! skeleton4 ,ext]nal *>act]s1 if n att5d$ to by man1--su* z ! numb] ( ! tail & w+ fea!rs & _! relative l5g?s1 :i* 9 wild birds are g5]ally con/ant po9ts1--fluctuate 9 our dome/ic f[ls 9 ! same mann] z ! sev]al p>ts ( ! skeleton4 ,an additional toe is a po9t 9 ,dork+s1 & has become a fix$ "*1 b is v>iable 9 #bgj ,co*9s & ,silk-f[ls4 ,! col\r ( ! plumage & ! =m ( ! comb are 9 mo/ bre$s1 or ev5 sub-bre$s1 em95tly fix$ *>act]s2 b 9 ,dork+s ^! po9ts h n be5 att5d$ to1 & are v>iable4 ,:5 any modification 9 ! skeleton is relat$ to "s ext]nal "* :i* man values1 x has be51 un9t5tionally on 8 "p1 act$ on by selection1 & has become m or less fix$4 ,we see ?is 9 ! wond]ful protub]ance ( ! skull1 :i* supports ! cre/ ( fea!rs 9 ,poli% f[ls1 & :i* by correlation has affect$ o!r p>ts ( ! skull4 ,we see ! same result 9 ! two protub]ances :i* support ! horns 9 ! horn$ f[l1 & 9 ! flatt5$ %ape ( ! front ( ! skull 9 ,hamburghs consequ5t on _! flatt5$ & broad rose-combs4 ,we "k n 9 ! lea/ :e!r additional ribs1 or ! *ang$ outl9e ( ! occipital =am51 or ! *ang$ =m ( ! scapula1 or ( ! extremity ( ! furcula1 are 9 any way correlat$ ) o!r /ructures1 or h aris5 f ! *ang$ conditions & habits ( life to :i* our f[ls h be5 subject$2 b !re is no reason to d\bt t ^! v>i\s modifications 9 ! skeleton c\ld be r5d]$1 ei!r by direct selection1 or by ! selection ( correlat$ /ructures1 z con/ant & z *>act]i/ic ( ea* bre$1 z are ! size & %ape ( ! body1 ! col\r ( ! plumage1 & ! =m ( ! comb4 ,effects ( ! ,disuse ( ,p>ts4 ,judg+ f ! habits ( our ,european gall9ace\s birds1 ,gallus bankiva 9 its native haunts w\ld use its legs & w+s m ?an d our dome/ic f[ls1 :i* r>ely fly except to _! roo/s4 ,! ,silk & ! ,frizzl$ f[ls1 f hav+ imp]fect w+-fea!rs1 _c fly at all2 & !re is reason to believe t bo? ^! bre$s are anci5t1 s t _! prog5itors dur+ _m g5]ations _c h fl[n4 ,! ,co*9s1 also1 f _! %ort w+s & heavy bodies1 c h>dly fly up to a l[ p]*4 ,!re=e 9 ^! bre$s1 especially 9 ! two fir/1 a consid]able dim9ution 9 ! w+-bones might h be5 expect$1 b ?is is n ! case4 ,9 e specim51 aft] dis>ticulat+ & clean+ ! bones1 ,i c>efully comp>$ ! relative l5g? ( ! two ma9 bones ( ! w+ to ea* o!r1 & ( ! two ma9 bones ( ! leg to ea* o!r1 ) ^? ( ,g4 bankiva2 & x 0 surpris+ to see 7except 9 ! case ( ! t>si7 h[ exactly ! same relative l5g? _h be5 reta9$4 ,?is fact is curi\s1 f %[+ h[ truly ! proportions ( an organ may be inh]it$1 al?\gh n fully ex]cis$ dur+ _m g5]ations4 ,i !n comp>$ 9 sev]al bre$s ! #bga l5g? ( ! femur & tibia ) ! hum]us & ulna1 & likewise ^! same bones ) ^? ( ,g4 bankiva2 ! result 0 t ! w+-bones 9 all ! bre$s 7except ! ,burmese ,jump]1 :i* has unnaturally %ort legs7 are slightly %ort5$ relatively to ! leg-bones2 b ! decrease is s slight t x may be due to ! /&>d specim5 ( ,g4 bankiva hav+ accid5tally _h w+s ( slightly great] l5g? ?an usual2 s t ! measurem5ts are n wor? giv+4 ,b x des]ves notice t ! ,silk & ,frizzl$ f[ls1 :i* are q incapable ( flight1 _h _! w+s less r$uc$ relatively to _! legs ?an 9 almo/ any o!r bre$6 ,we h se5 ) dome/icat$ pigeons t ! bones ( ! w+s are some:at r$uc$ 9 l5g?1 :il/ ! prim>y fea!rs are r increas$ 9 l5g?1 & x is j possible1 ?\gh n probable1 t 9 ! ,silk & ,frizzl$ f[ls any t5d5cy to decrease 9 ! l5g? ( ! w+-bones f disuse may h be5 *eck$ ?r\gh ! law ( comp5sation1 by ! decreas$ gr[? ( ! w+-fea!rs1 & consequ5t increas$ supply ( nutrim5t4 ,! w+-bones1 h[ev]1 9 bo? ^! bre$s1 are f\nd to be slightly r$uc$ 9 l5g? :5 judg$ by ! /&>d ( ! l5g? ( ! /]num or head1 relatively to ^! same p>ts 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,! actual weight ( ! ma9 bones ( ! leg & w+ 9 twelve bre$s is giv5 9 ! two fir/ columns 9 ! foll[+ table4 ,! calculat$ weight ( ! w+-bones relatively to ! leg-bones1 9 comp>ison ) ! leg & w+-bones ( ,g4 bankiva1 are giv5 9 ! ?ird column1--! weight ( ! w+-bones 9 ,g4 bankiva be+ call$ a hundr$4#dcc ,,table ,i4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,weight ( ,actual ,actual ,w+bones ,weight ,weight relatively to ,names ( ,bre$s4 ( ( ! ,leg-bones1 ,femur ,hum]us 9 comp>ison & & ) ^! ,tibia4 ,ulna4 same bones 9 ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ,g4 bankiva4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,gallus bankiva wild male #hf #ed #ajj #a;,co*9 male #caa #afb #hc #b;,dork+ male #eeg #bdh #gj #c,spani% 7,m9orca7 male #chf #ahc #ge #d;,gold ,spangl$ ,poli% male #cjf #ade #ge #e;,game1 black-brea/$ male #bic #adc #gg #f,malay female #bca #aaf #hj #g,sultan male #ahi #id #gi #h;,indian ,frizzl$ male #bjf #hh #fg #i;,burmese ,jump] female #ec #cf #ajh #aj;,hamburgh 7p5cill$7 male #aeg #ajd #ajf #aa;,hamburgh 7p5cill$7 female #aad #gg #ajh #ab,silk 7black-bon$7 female #hh #eg #ajc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #bgb ,9 ! eight fir/ birds1 belong+ to di/9ct bre$s1 9 ?is table1 we see a decid$ r$uction 9 ! weight ( ! bones ( ! w+4 ,9 ! ,indian ,frizzl$ f[l1 :i* _c fly1 ! r$uction is c>ri$ to ! greate/ ext5t1 namely1 to ?irty-?ree p] c5t4 ( _! prop] proportional weight4 ,9 ! next f\r birds1 includ+ ! ,silk-h51 :i* is incapable ( flight1 we see t ! w+s1 relatively to ! legs1 are slightly increas$ 9 weight2 b x %\ld be obs]v$ t1 if 9 ^! birds ! legs _h become f any cause r$uc$ 9 weight1 ?is w\ld give ! false appe>ance ( ! w+s hav+ increas$ 9 relative weight4 ,n[ a r$uction ( ?is nature has c]ta9ly occurr$ ) ! ,burmese ,jump]1 9 :i* ! legs are abnormally %ort1 & 9 ! two ,hamburghs & ,silk f[l1 ! legs1 ?\gh n %ort1 are =m$ ( rem>kably ?9 & light bones4 ,i make ^! /atem5ts1 n judg+ by m]e eyesight1 b aft] hav+ calculat$ ! weights ( ! leg-bones relatively to ^? ( ,g4 bankiva1 accord+ to ! only two /&>ds ( comp>ison :i* ,i c\ld use1 namely1 ! relative l5g?s ( ! head & /]num2 = ,i d n "k ! weight ( ! body 9 ,g4 bankiva1 :i* w\ld h be5 a bett] /&>d4 ,accord+ to ^! /&>ds1 ! leg-bones 9 ^! f\r f[ls are 9 a m>k$ mann] f> light] ?an 9 any o!r bre$4 ,x may !re=e be conclud$ t 9 all cases 9 :i* ! legs h n be5 ?r\gh "s unkn[n cause mu* r$uc$ 9 weight1 ! w+-bones h become r$uc$ 9 weight relatively to ! leg-bones1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ,g4 bankiva4 ,& ?is r$uction ( weight may1 ,i appreh5d1 safely be attribut$ to disuse4 ,to make ! =ego+ table q satisfactory1 x ought to h be5 %[n t 9 ! eight fir/ birds ! leg-bones h n actually increas$ 9 weight out ( due proportion ) ! re/ ( ! body2 ?is ,i _c %[1 f n kn[+1 z already rem>k$1 ! weight ( ! wild ,bankiva4#dcd ,i am inde$ incl9$ to suspect t ! leg-bones 9 ! ,dork+1 ,no4 #b 9 ! table1 are proportionally too heavy2 b ?is bird 0 a v l>ge "o1 weigh+ #g lb4 #b oz41 ?\gh v ?94 ,its leg-bones 7 m ?an t5 times z heavy z ^? ( ! ,burmese ,jump]6 ,i tri$ to asc]ta9 ! l5g? bo? ( ! leg-bones & w+-bones relatively to o!r p>ts ( ! body & skeleton2 b ! :ole organisation 9 ^! birds1 :i* h be5 s long dome/icat$1 has become s v>iable1 t no c]ta9 conclusions c\ld be rea*$4 ,= in/ance1 ! legs ( ! above ,dork+ cock 7 ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* too %ort relatively to ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 & m ?an #bgc ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* too long relatively to ! l5g? ( ! skull1 9 comp>ison ) ^! same p>ts 9 ,g4 bankiva4 ,9 ! foll[+ ,table ,,ii4 9 ! two fir/ columns we see 9 in*es & decimals ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 & ! extreme dep? ( its cre/ to :i* ! pectoral muscles are atta*$4 ,9 ! ?ird column we h ! calculat$ dep? ( ! cre/1 relatively to ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 9 comp>ison ) ^! same p>ts 9 ,g4 bankiva4#dce ,,table ,,ii4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------- ,dep? ( ,cre/1 relatively to ,l5g? ,dep? ( ! l5g? ( ,names ( ,bre$s4 ( ,cre/ ! ,/]num 9 ,/]num4 ( ,/]num4 comp>ison ) ,g4 bankiva4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,gallus bankiva male #d4bj #a4dj #ajj #a;,co*9 male #e4hc #a4ee #gh #b;,dork+ male #f4ie #a4ig #hd #c,spani% male #f4aj #a4hc #ij #d,poli% male #e4jg #a4ej #hg #e;,game male #e4ee #a4ee #ha #f,malay female #e4aj #a4ej #hg #g,sultan male #d4dg #a4cf #ij #h;,frizzl$ h5 male #d4be #a4bj #hd #i;,burmese ,jump] female #c4jf #j4he #ha #aj;,hamburgh male #e4jh #a4dj #ha #aa;,hamburgh female #d4ee #a4bf #ha #ab,silk f[l female #d4di #a4ja #ff ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,by look+ to ! ?ird column we see t 9 e case ! dep? ( ! cre/ relatively to ! l5g? ( ! /]num1 9 comp>ison ) ,g4 bankiva1 is dim9i%$1 g5]ally betwe5 #aj & #bj p] c5t4 ,b ! degree ( r$uction v>ies mu*1 p>tly 9 consequ5ce ( ! frequ5tly de=m$ /ate ( ! /]num4 ,9 ! ,silk-f[l1 :i* _c fly1 ! cre/ is #cd p] c5t4 less deep ?an :at x ought to h be54 ,?is r$uction ( ! cre/ 9 all ! bre$s probably acc\nts = ! great v>iability1 be=e ref]r$ to1 9 ! curvature ( ! furcula1 & 9 ! %ape ( its /]nal extremity4 ,m$ical m5 believe t ! abnormal =m ( ! sp9e s commonly obs]v$ 9 wom5 ( ! high] ranks results f ! atta*$ muscles n be+ fully ex]cis$4 ,s x is ) our dome/ic f[ls1 = !y use _! pectoral muscles b little1 &1 out ( tw5ty-five /]nums exam9$ by me1 ?ree alone 7 p]fectly symmetrical1 t5 7 mod]ately crook$1 & twelve 7 de=m$ to an extreme degree4 ,f9ally1 we may conclude ) respect to ! v>i\s bre$s ( ! f[l1 t ! ma9 bones ( ! w+ h probably be5 %ort5$ 9 a v slight degree2 t !y h #bgd c]ta9ly become light] relatively to ! leg-bones 9 all ! bre$s 9 :i* ^! latt] bones are n unnaturally %ort or delicate2 & t ! cre/ ( ! /]num1 to :i* ! pectoral muscles are atta*$1 has inv>iably become less prom95t1 ! :ole /]num be+ also extremely liable to de=mity4 ,^! results we may attribute to ! less5$ use ( ! w+s4 ,correlation ( ,gr[?4--,i w "h sum up ! few facts :i* ,i h collect$ on ?is obscure1 b important1 subject4 ,9 ,co*9s & ,game-f[ls !re is "s relation betwe5 ! col\r ( ! plumage & ! d>kness ( ! egg-%ell & ev5 ( ! yolk4 ,9 ,sultans ! additional sickle-fea!rs 9 ! tail are app>5tly relat$ to ! g5]al r$undancy ( ! plumage1 z %[n by ! fea!r$ legs1 l>ge cre/1 & be>d4 ,9 two tailless f[ls :i* ,i exam9$ ! oil-gl& 0 abort$4 ,a l>ge cre/ ( fea!rs1 z ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has rem>k$1 seems always accompani$ by a great dim9ution or almo/ entire abs5ce ( ! comb4 ,a l>ge be>d is simil>ly accompani$ by dim9i%$ or abs5t wattles4 ,^! latt] cases app>5tly come "u ! law ( comp5sation or balancem5t ( gr[?4 ,a l>ge be>d b5ea? ! l[] jaw & a l>ge top-knot on ! skull (t5 g toge!r4 ,! comb :5 ( any peculi> %ape1 z ) ,horn$1 ,spani%1 & ,hamburgh f[ls1 affects 9 a correspond+ mann] ! und]ly+ skull2 & we h se5 h[ wond]fully ?is is ! case ) ,cre/$ f[ls :5 ! cre/ is l>gely develop$4 ,) ! protub]ance ( ! frontal bones ! %ape ( ! int]nal surface ( ! skull & ( ! bra9 is greatly modifi$4 ,! pres5ce ( a cre/ influ5ces 9 "s unkn[n way ! developm5t ( ! asc5d+ bran*es ( ! premaxill>y bone1 & ( ! inn] processes ( ! nasal bones2 & likewise ! %ape ( ! ext]nal orifice ( ! no/rils4 ,!re is a pla9 & curi\s correlation betwe5 a cre/ ( fea!rs & ! imp]fectly ossifi$ condition ( ! skull4 ,n only does ?is hold good ) ne>ly all cre/$ f[ls1 b likewise ) tuft$ ducks1 & z ,dr4 ,gu5!r in=ms me ) tuft$ geese 9 ,g]many4 ,la/ly1 ! fea!rs compos+ ! cre/ 9 male ,poli% f[ls resemble hackles1 & diff] greatly 9 %ape f ^? 9 ! cre/ ( ! female4 ,! neck1 w+-cov]ts1 & lo9s #bge 9 ! male bird are prop]ly cov]$ ) hackles1 & x w\ld appe> t fea!rs ( ?is %ape h spread by correlation to ! head ( ! male4 ,?is little fact is int]e/+2 because1 ?\gh bo? sexes ( "s wild gall9ace\s birds h _! heads simil>ly ornam5t$1 yet !re is (t5 a diff]5ce 9 ! size & %ape ( fea!rs =m+ _! cre/s4 ,fur!rmore !re is 9 "s cases1 z 9 ! male ,gold & 9 ! male ,amh]/ pheasants 7,p4 pictus & ,amh]/iae71 a close relation 9 col\r1 z well z 9 /ructure1 betwe5 ! plumes on ! head & on ! lo9s4 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t ! same law has regulat$ ! /ate ( ! fea!rs on ! head & body1 bo? ) species liv+ "u _! natural conditions1 & ) birds :i* h v>i$ "u dome/ication4 99 99 99 99 99 #bgf ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,ducks--,,goose--,,peacock--,,turkey--, ,gu9ea-,,f[l--,,can>y-,,bird--,,gold-,,f i%-- ,,hive-,,bees--,,silk-,,mo?s4 ,,ducks1 ,,sev]al ,,bre$s ,,(--,,progress ,,( ,,dome/ication--,,orig9 ,,(1 ,,f ,,! ,,common ,,wild-,,duck--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,bre$s--,,o/eological ,,diff]5ces--,,effects ,,( ,,use ,,& ,,disuse ,,on ,,! ,,limb-,,bones4 ,,goose1 ,,anci5tly ,,dome/icat$--,,little ,,v>iation ,,(--,,seba/opol ,,bre$4 ,,peacock1 ,,orig9 ,,( ,,black-,,%\ld]$ ,,bre$4 ,,turkey1 ,,bre$s ,,(--,,cross$ ,,) ,,! ,,unit$ ,,/ates ,,species--,,effects ,,( ,,climate ,,on4 ,,gu9ea-,,f[l1 ,,can>y-,,bird1 ,,gold-,,fi%1 ,,hive-,,bees4 ,,silk-,,mo?s1 ,,species ,,& ,,bre$s ,,(--,,anci5tly ,,dome/icat$--,,c>e ,,9 ,,_! ,,selection--,,diff]5ces ,,9 ,,! ,,diff]5t ,,races--,,9 ,,! ,,egg1 ,,cat]pill>1 ,,& ,,cocoon ,,/ates--,,inh]itance ,,( ,,*>act]s--,,imp]fect ,,w+s--,,lo/ ,,in/9cts--,,correlat$ ,,*>act]s4 ,i w1 z 9 previ\s cases1 fir/ briefly describe ! *ief dome/ic bre$s ( ! duck3-- ,,bre$ #a4 ,common ,dome/ic ,duck4--,v>ies mu* 9 col\r & 9 proportions1 & diff]s 9 in/9cts & disposition f ! wild-duck4 ,!re are sev]al sub-bre$s3--7#a7 ,! ,aylesbury1 ( great size1 :ite1 ) pale-yell[ beak & legs2 abdom9al sack l>gely develop$4 7#b7 ,! ,r\51 ( great size1 col\r$ l ! wild-duck1 ) gre5 or mottl$ beak2 abdom9al sack l>gely develop$4 7#c7 ,tuft$ ,duck1 ) a l>ge top-knot ( f9e d[ny fea!rs1 support$ on a fle%y mass1 ) ! skull p]=at$ b5ea?4 ,! top-knot 9 a duck :i* ,i import$ f ,holl& 0 two & a half in*es 9 diamet]4 7#d7 ,labrador 7or ,canadian1 or ,bu5os ,ayres1 or ,ea/ ,indian72 plumage entirely black2 beak broad]1 relatively to its l5g?1 ?an 9 ! wild-duck2 eggs slightly t9t$ ) black4 ,?is sub-bre$ p]haps ought to be rank$ z a bre$2 x includes two sub-v>ieties1 "o z l>ge z ! common dome/ic duck1 :i* ,i h kept alive1 & ! o!r small] & (t5 capable ( flight4#dcf ,i presume x is ?is latt] sub-v>iety :i* has be5 describ$ 9 ,france#dcg z fly+ well1 be+ r wild1 & :5 cook$ hav+ ! flav\r ( ! wild-duck2 nev]!less ?is sub-v>iety is polygam\s1 l o!r dome/icat$ ducks & unlike ! wild duck4 ,^! black ,labrador ducks bre$ true2 #bgg b a case is giv5 by ,dr4 ,turral ( ! ,fr5* sub-v>iety produc+ "y ) "s :ite fea!rs on ! head & neck1 & ) an o*re-col\r$ pat* on ! brea/4 ,,bre$ #b4 ,hook-bill$ ,duck4--,?is bird pres5ts an extraord9>y appe>ance f ! d[nw>d curvature ( ! beak4 ,! head is (t5 tuft$4 ,! common col\r is :ite1 b "s are col\r$ l wild-ducks4 ,x is an anci5t bre$1 hav+ be5 notic$ 9 #afgf4dch ,x %[s its prolong$ dome/ication by almo/ incessantly lay+ eggs1 l ! f[ls :i* are call$ ev]la/+ lay]s4#dci ,,bre$ #c4 ,call-,duck4--,rem>kable f its small size1 & f ! extraord9>y loquacity ( ! female4 ,beak %ort4 ,^! birds are ei!r :ite1 or col\r$ l ! wild-duck4 ,,bre$ #d4 ,p5gu9 ,duck4--,?is is ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! bre$s1 & seems to h orig9at$ 9 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago4 ,x walks ) its body extremely erect1 & ) its ?9 neck /ret*$ /raight upw>ds4 ,beak r %ort4 ,tail upturn$1 includ+ only #ah fea!rs4 ,femur & meta-t>si elongat$4 ,almo/ all naturali/s admit t ! sev]al bre$s are desc5d$ f ! common wild duck 7,anas bos*as72 mo/ fanci]s1 on ! o!r h&1 take z usual a v diff]5t view4#ddj ,unless we d5y t dome/ication1 prolong$ dur+ c5turies1 c affect ev5 su* unimportant *>act]s z col\r1 size1 & 9 a slight degree proportional dim5sions & m5tal disposition1 !re is no reason :atev] to d\bt t ! dome/ic duck is desc5d$ f ! common wild species1 = ! "o diff]s f ! o!r 9 no important "*4 ,we h "s hi/orical evid5ce ) respect to ! p]iod & progress ( ! dome/ication ( ! duck4 ,x 0 unkn[n#dda to ! anci5t ,egyptians1 to ! ,jews ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & to ! ,greeks ( ! ,hom]ic p]iod4 ,ab\t eighte5 c5turies ago ,columella#ddb & ,v>ro speak ( ! necessity ( keep+ ducks 9 nett$ enclosures l o!r wild f[l1 s t at ?is p]iod !re 0 dang] ( _! fly+ away4 #bgh ,moreov]1 ! plan recomm5d$ by ,columella to ^? :o might wi% to increase _! /ock ( ducks1 namely1 to collect ! eggs ( ! wild bird & to place !m "u a h51 %[s1 z ,mr4 ,dixon rem>ks1 t ! duck _h n at ?is "t become a naturalis$ & prolific inmate ( ! ,roman p\ltry-y>d4 ,! orig9 ( ! dome/ic duck f ! wild species is recognis$ 9 ne>ly e language ( ,europe1 z ,aldrov&i long ago rem>k$1 by ! same "n be+ appli$ to bo?4 ,! wild duck has a wide range f ! ,himalayas to ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,x crosses readily ) ! dome/ic bird1 & ! cross$ (fspr+ are p]fectly f]tile4 ,bo? 9 ,nor? ,am]ica & ,europe ! wild duck has be5 f\nd easy to tame & bre$4 ,9 ,sw$5 ?is exp]im5t 0 c>efully tri$ by ,tiburtius2 he succe$$ 9 re>+ wild ducks = ?ree g5]ations1 b1 ?\gh !y 7 treat$ l common ducks1 !y did n v>y ev5 9 a s+le fea!r4 ,! "y birds suff]$ f be+ all[$ to swim ab\t 9 cold wat]1#ddc z is kn[n to be ! case1 ?\gh ! fact is a /range "o1 ) ! "y ( ! common dome/ic duck4 ,an accurate & well-kn[n obs]v] 9 ,engl&#ddd has describ$ 9 detail 8 (t5 repeat$ & successful exp]im5ts 9 dome/icat+ ! wild duck4 ,"y birds are easily re>$ f eggs hat*$ "u a bantam2 b to succe$ x is indisp5sable n to place ! eggs ( bo? ! wild & tame duck "u ! same h51 = 9 ?is case ! "y wild ducks die (f1 leav+ _! m h>dy bre?r5 9 undi/urb$ possession ( _! fo/]-"m's c>e4 ,! diff]5ce ( habit at ! onset 9 ! newly-hat*$ duckl+s almo/ entails su* a result to a c]ta9ty4 ,! wild duckl+s 7 f ! fir/ q tame t[>ds ^? :o took c>e ( !m z long z !y wore ! same clo!s1 & likewise to ! dogs & cats ( ! h\se4 ,!y w\ld ev5 snap ) _! beaks at ! dogs1 & drive !m away f any spot :i* !y covet$4 ,b !y 7 mu* al>m$ at /range m5 & dogs4 ,diff]5tly f :at #bgi occurr$ 9 ,sw$51 ,mr4 ,hewitt f\nd t 8 "y birds always *ang$ & det]iorat$ 9 "* 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree g5]ations2 not)/&+ t great c>e 0 tak5 to prev5t any cross+ ) tame ducks4 ,aft] ! ?ird g5]ation 8 birds lo/ ! elegant c>riage ( ! wild species1 & began to acquire ! gait ( ! common duck4 ,!y increas$ 9 size 9 ea* g5]ation1 & _! legs became less f9e4 ,! :ite coll> r\nd ! neck ( ! mall>d became broad] & less regul>1 & "s ( ! long] prim>y w+-fea!rs became m or less :ite4 ,:5 ?is occurr$1 ,mr4 ,hewitt always de/roy$ 8 old /ock & procur$ fre% eggs f wild ne/s2 s t he nev] br$ ! same family = m ?an five or six g5]ations4 ,8 birds cont9u$ to pair toge!r1 & nev] became polygam\s l ! common dome/ic duck4 ,i h giv5 ^! details1 because no o!r case1 z f> z ,i "k1 has be5 s c>efully record$ by a compet5t obs]v] ( ! progress ( *ange 9 wild birds re>$ = sev]al g5]ations 9 a dome/ic condition4 ,f ^! consid]ations !re c h>dly be a d\bt t ! wild duck is ! p>5t ( ! common dome/ic k9d2 nor ne$ we look to di/9ct species = ! p>5tage ( ! m di/9ct bre$s1 namely1 ,p5gu91 ,call1 ,hook-bill$1 ,tuft$1 & ,labrador ducks4 ,i w n repeat ! argum5ts us$ 9 ! previ\s *apt]s on ! improbability ( man hav+ 9 anci5t times dome/icat$ sev]al species s9ce become unkn[n or ext9ct1 ?\gh ducks are n readily ext]m9at$ 9 ! wild /ate2--on "s ( ! suppos$ p>5t-species hav+ _h abnormal *>act]s 9 comp>ison ) all ! o!r species ( ! g5us1 z ) hook-bill$ & p5gu9 ducks2--on all ! bre$s1 z f> z is kn[n1 be+ f]tile toge!r2#dde--on all ! bre$s hav+ ! same g5]al disposition1 in/9ct1 c4 ,b "o fact be>+ on ?is "q may be notic$3 9 ! great duck family1 "o species alone1 namely1 ! male ( #bhj ,a4 bos*as1 has its f\r middle tail-fea!rs curl$ upw>dly2 n[ 9 e "o ( ! above-nam$ dome/ic bre$s ^! curl$ fea!rs exi/1 & on ! supposition t !y are desc5d$ f di/9ct species1 we mu/ assume t man =m]ly hit ^u species all ( :i* _h ?is n[ unique "*4 ,moreov]1 sub-v>ieties ( ea* bre$ are col\r$ almo/ exactly l ! wild duck1 z ,i h se5 ) ! l>ge/ & smalle/ bre$s1 namely ,r\5s & ,call-ducks1 &1 z ,mr4 ,br5t /ates1#ddf is ! case ) ,hook-bill$ ducks4 ,?is g5tleman1 z he in=ms me1 cross$ a :ite ,aylesbury drake & a black ,labrador duck1 & "s ( ! duckl+s z !y grew up assum$ ! plumage ( ! wild duck4 ,) respect to ,p5gu9s1 ,i h n se5 _m specim5s1 & none 7 col\r$ precisely l ! wild duck2 b ,sir ,james ,brooke s5t me ?ree sk9s f ,lombok & ,bali1 9 ! ,malayan ar*ipelago2 ! two females 7 pal] & m ruf\s ?an ! wild duck1 & ! drake diff]$ 9 hav+ ! :ole "u & upp] surface 7except+ ! neck1 tail-cov]ts1 tail1 & w+s7 silv]-grey1 f9ely p5cill$ ) d>k l9es1 closely l c]ta9 p>ts ( ! plumage ( ! wild mall>d4 ,b ,i f\nd ?is drake to be id5tical 9 e fea!r ) a v>iety ( ! common bre$ procur$ f a f>m-y>d 9 ,k5t1 & ,i h occasionally else:]e se5 simil> specim5s4 ,! occurr5ce ( a duck br$ "u s peculi> a climate z t ( ! ,malayan ar*ipelago1 :]e ! wild species does n exi/1 ) exactly ! same plumage z may occasionally be se5 9 our f>m-y>ds1 is a fact wor? notice4 ,nev]!less ! climate ( ! ,malayan ar*ipelago app>5tly does t5d to cause ! duck to v>y mu*1 = ,zoll+]1#ddg speak+ ( ! ,p5gu9 bre$1 says t 9 ,lombok !re is an unusual & v wond]ful v>iety ( ducks4 ,"o ,p5gu9 drake :i* ,i kept alive diff]$ f ^? ( :i* ! sk9s 7 s5t me f ,lombok1 9 hav+ its brea/ & back p>tially col\r$ ) *e/nut-br[n1 ?us m closely resembl+ ! ,mall>d4 ,f ^! sev]al facts1 m especially f ! drakes ( all ! bre$s hav+ curl$ tail-fea!rs1 & f c]ta9 sub-v>ieties 9 ea* bre$ occasionally resembl+ 9 g5]al #bha plumage ! wild duck1 we may conclude ) confid5ce t all ! bre$s are desc5d$ f ,a4 bos*as4 ,i w n[ notice "s ( ! peculi>ities *>act]i/ic ( ! sev]al bre$s4 ,! eggs v>y 9 col\r2 "s common ducks lay+ pale-gre5i% & o!rs q :ite eggs4 ,! eggs :i* are fir/ laid dur+ ea* season by ! black ,labrador duck1 are t9t$ black1 z if rubb$ ) ink4 ,s t ) ducks1 z ) p\ltry1 "s degree ( correlation exi/s betwe5 ! col\r ( ! plumage & ! egg-%ell4 ,a good obs]v] assur$ me t "o ye> 8 ,labrador ducks laid almo/ p]fectly :ite eggs1 b t ! yolks 7 ?is same season dirty olive-gre51 in/ead ( z usual ( a gold5 yell[1 s t ! black t9t appe>$ to h pass$ inw>ds4 ,ano!r curi\s case %[s :at s+ul> v>iations sometimes occur & are inh]it$2 ,mr4 ,hansell#ddh relates t he _h a common duck :i* always laid eggs ) ! yolk ( a d>k-br[n col\r l melt$ glue2 & ! "y ducks1 hat*$ f ^! eggs1 laid ! same k9d ( eggs1 s t ! bre$ _h to be de/roy$4 ,! hook-bill$ duck has a mo/ rem>kable appe>ance 7see fig4 ( skull1 woodcut ,no4 #ci72 & its peculi> beak has be5 inh]it$ at lea/ s9ce ! ye> #afgf4 ,?is /ructure is evid5tly analog\s ) t describ$ 9 ! ,bagadott5 c>ri] pigeon4 ,mr4 ,br5t#ddi says t1 :5 hook-bill$ ducks are cross$ ) common ducks1 _m "y ones are produc$ ) ! upp] m&ible %ort] ?an ! l[]1 :i* n unfrequ5tly causes ! dea? ( ! bird4 ,a tuft ( fea!rs on ! head is by no means a r>e occurr5ce2 namely1 9 ! true tuft$ bre$1 ! hook-bill$1 ! common f>my>d duck1 & 9 a duck hav+ no o!r peculi>ity :i* 0 s5t to me f ! ,malayan ar*ipelago4 ,! tuft is only s f> int]e/+ z x affects ! skull1 :i* is ?us r5d]$ slightly m globul>1 & is p]=at$ by num]\s ap]tures4 ,call-ducks are rem>kable f _! extraord9>y loquacity3 ! drake only hisses l common drakes2 nev]!less1 :5 pair$ ) ! common duck1 he transmits to 8 female (fspr+ a /rong quack+ t5d5cy4 ,?is loquacity seems at fir/ a surpris+ "* to h be5 acquir$ "u dome/ication4 ,b ! voice v>ies 9 ! diff]5t bre$s2 ,mr4 ,br5t#dej says t hook-bill$ ducks are v loquaci\s1 & t ,r\5s utt] a dull1 l\d1 & monoton\s cry1 easily di/+ui%able by an exp]i5c$ e>4 ,z ! loquacity ( ! ,call-duck is highly s]viceable1 ^! birds be+ us$ 9 decoys1 ?is quality may h be5 increas$ by selection4 ,= in/ance1 ,colonel ,hawk] says1 if "y wild-ducks _c be got = a decoy1 by way ( make-%ift1 select tame birds :i* are ! mo/ clamor\s1 ev5 if _! col\r %\ld n be l t ( wild ones4#dea ,x has be5 #bhb falsely ass]t$ t ,call-ducks hat* _! eggs 9 less "t ?an common ducks4#deb ,! ,p5gu9 duck is ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! bre$s2 ! ?9 neck & body are c>ri$ erect2 ! w+s are small2 ! tail is upturn$2 & ! ?igh-bones & metat>si are consid]ably l5g!n$ 9 proportion ) ! same bones 9 ! wild duck4 ,9 five specim5s exam9$ by me !re 7 only eighte5 tail-fea!rs in/ead ( tw5ty z 9 ! wild duck2 b ,i h also f\nd only eighte5 & n9ete5 tail-fea!rs 9 two ,labrador ducks4 ,on ! middle toe1 9 ?ree specim5s1 !re 7 tw5ty-sev5 or tw5ty-eight scutellae1 :]eas 9 two wild ducks !re 7 ?irty-"o & ?irty-two4 ,! ,p5gu9 :5 cross$ transmits ) mu* p[] its peculi> =m ( body & gait to its (fspr+2 ?is 0 manife/ ) "s hybrids rais$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s betwe5 "o ( ^! birds & ! ,egyptian goose#dec 7,ans] ,a,egyptiacus71 & likewise ) "s mongrels :i* ,i rais$ betwe5 ! ,p5gu9 & ,labrador duck4 ,i am n mu* surpris$ t "s writ]s h ma9ta9$ t ?is bre$ mu/ be desc5d$ f an unkn[n & di/9ct species2 b f ! reasons already assign$1 x seems to me f> m probable t x is ! desc5dant1 mu* modifi$ by dome/ication "u an unnatural climate1 ( ,anas bos*as4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ci4--,skulls1 view$ lat]ally1 r$uc$ to two-?irds ( ! natural size4 ,a4 ,wild ,duck4 ,b4 ,hook-bill$ ,duck4 ,o/eological ,*>act]s4--,! skulls ( ! sev]al bre$s diff] f ea* o!r & f ! skull ( ! wild duck 9 v little except 9 ! proportional l5g? & curvature ( ! premaxill>ies4 ,^! latt] bones 9 ! ,call-duck are %ort1 & a l9e drawn f _! extremities to ! summit ( ! skull is ne>ly /raight1 in/ead ( be+ concave z 9 ! #bhc common duck2 s t ! skull resembles t ( a small goose4 ,9 ! hook-bill$ duck 7fig4 #ci7 ^! same bones z well z ! l[] jaw curve d[nw>ds 9 a mo/ rem>kable mann]1 z repres5t$4 ,9 ! ,labrador duck ! premaxill>ies are r broad] ?an 9 ! wild duck2 & 9 two skulls ( ?is bre$ ! v]tical ridges on ea* side ( ! supra-occipital bone are v prom95t4 ,9 ! ,p5gu9 ! premaxill>ies are relatively %ort] ?an 9 ! wild duck2 & ! inf]ior po9ts ( ! p>ama/oids m prom95t4 ,9 a ,dut* tuft$ duck1 ! skull "u ! enorm\s tuft 0 slightly m globul> & 0 p]=at$ by two l>ge ap]tures2 9 ?is skull ! la*rymal bones 7 produc$ mu* fur!r backw>ds1 s z to h a diff]5t %ape & to ne>ly t\* ! po/4 lat4 processes ( ! frontal bones1 ?us almo/ complet+ ! bony orbit ( ! eye4 ,z ! quadrate & pt]ygoid bones are ( su* complex %ape & /& 9 relation ) s _m o!r bones1 ,i c>efully comp>$ !m 9 all ! pr9cipal bre$s2 b except+ 9 size !y pres5t$ no diff]5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dj4--;,c]vical ,v]tebrae1 ( natural size4 ,a4 ,eigh? c]vical v]tebra ( ,wild ,duck1 view$ on haemal surface4 ,b4 ,eigh? c]vical v]tebra ( ,call ,duck1 view$ z above4 ,c4 ,twelf? c]vical v]tebra ( ,wild ,duck1 view$ lat]ally4 ,d4 ,twelf? c]vical v]tebra ( ,aylesbury ,duck1 view$ lat]ally4 ,v]tebrae & ,ribs4--,9 "o skeleton ( ! ,labrador duck !re 7 ! usual fifte5 c]vical v]tebrae & ! usual n9e dorsal v]tebrae be>+ ribs2 9 ! o!r skeleton !re 7 fifte5 c]vical & t5 dorsal v]tebrae ) ribs2 nor1 z f> z c\ld be judg$1 0 ?is ow+ m]ely to a rib hav+ be5 develop$ on ! fir/ lumb> v]tebra2 = 9 bo? skeletons ! lumb> v]tebrae agre$ p]fectly 9 numb]1 %ape1 & size ) ^? ( ! wild duck4 ,9 two skeletons ( ! ,call-duck !re 7 fifte5 c]vical & n9e dorsal v]tebrae2 9 a ?ird skeleton small ribs 7 atta*$ to ! s-call$ fifte5? c]vical v]tebra1 mak+ t5 pairs ( ribs2 b ^! t5 ribs d n correspond1 or arise f ! same v]tebrae1 ) ! t5 9 ! above-m5tion$ ,labrador duck4 ,9 ! ,call-duck1 :i* _h small ribs atta*$ to ! fifte5? c]vical v]tebra1 ! haemal sp9es ( ! ?irte5? & f\rte5? 7c]vical7 & ( ! sev5te5? 7dorsal7 v]tebrae correspond$ ) ! sp9es on ! f\rte5?1 fifte5?1 & eighte5? v]tebrae ( ! wild duck3 s t ea* ( ^! v]tebrae _h acquir$ a /ructure prop] to "o po/]ior to x 9 position4 ,9 ! twelf? c]vical v]tebra ( ?is same ,call-duck 7fig4 #dj1 ,b71 ! two bran*es ( ! haemal sp9e /& mu* clos] toge!r ?an 9 ! wild duck 7,a71 & ! desc5d+ haemal processes are mu* %ort5$4 ,9 ! ,p5gu9 duck ! neck f its ?9ness & erectness falsely appe>s 7z asc]ta9$ by measurem5t7 to be mu* elongat$1 b ! c]vical & dorsal v]tebrae pres5t no diff]5ce2 ! po/]ior dorsal v]tebrae1 h[ev]1 are m completely an*ylos$ to #bhd ! pelvis ?an 9 ! wild duck4 ,! ,aylesbury duck has fifte5 c]vical & t5 dorsal v]tebrae furni%$ ) ribs1 b ! same numb] ( lumb>1 sacral1 & caudal v]tebrae1 z f> z c\ld be trac$1 z 9 ! wild duck4 ,! c]vical v]tebrae 9 ?is same duck 7fig4 #dj1 ,d7 7 mu* broad] & ?ick] relatively to _! l5g? ?an 9 ! wild 7,c72 s mu* s1 t ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to give a sket* ( ! eigh? c]vical v]tebra 9 ^! two birds4 ,f ! =ego+ /atem5ts we see t ! fifte5? c]vical v]tebra occasionally becomes modifi$ into a dorsal v]tebra1 & :5 ?is occurs all ! adjo9+ v]tebrae are modifi$4 ,we also see t an additional dorsal v]tebra be>+ a rib is occasionally develop$1 ! numb] ( ! c]vical & lumb> v]tebrae app>5tly rema9+ ! same z usual4 ,i exam9$ ! bony enl>gem5t ( ! tra*ea 9 ! males ( ! ,p5gu91 ,call1 ,hook-bill$1 ,labrador1 & ,aylesbury bre$s2 & 9 all x 0 id5tical 9 %ape4 ,! ,pelvis is rem>kably uni=m2 b 9 ! skeleton ( ! ,hook-bill$ duck ! ant]ior "p is mu* b[$ inw>ds2 9 ! ,aylesbury & "s o!r bre$s ! is*iadic =am5 is less elongat$4 ,9 ! /]num1 furcula1 coracoids1 & scapula1 ! diff]5ces are s slight & s v>iable z n to be wor? notice1 except t 9 two skeletons ( ! ,p5gu9 duck ! t]m9al portion ( ! scapula 0 mu* att5uat$4 ,9 ! bones ( ! leg & w+ no modification 9 %ape c\ld be obs]v$4 ,b 9 ,p5gu9 & ,hook-bill$ ducks1 ! t]m9al phalanges ( ! w+ are a little %ort5$4 ,9 ! =m]1 ! femur & metat>sus 7b n ! tibia7 are consid]ably l5g!n$1 relatively to ! same bones 9 ! wild duck1 & to ! w+-bones 9 bo? birds4 ,?is elongation ( ! leg-bones c\ld be se5 :il/ ! bird 0 alive1 & is no d\bt connect$ ) its peculi> upright mann] ( walk+4 ,9 a l>ge ,aylesbury duck1 on ! o!r h&1 ! tibia 0 ! only bone ( ! leg :i* relatively to ! o!r bones 0 slightly l5g!n$4 ,on ! effects ( ! increas$ & decreas$ ,use ( ! ,limbs4--,9 all ! bre$s ! bones ( ! w+ 7measur$ sep>ately aft] hav+ be5 clean$7 relatively to ^? ( ! leg h become slightly %ort5$1 9 comp>ison ) ! same bones 9 ! wild duck1 z may be se5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,l5g? ( ,femur1 ,l5g? ( ,hum]us1 ,"n ( ,bre$4 ,tibia1 & ,radius1 & ,metat>sus ,metac>pus ,or z toge!r4 toge!r4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,wild mall>d #g4ad #i4bh #ajj 3 #abi ,aylesbury #h4fd #aj4dc #ajj 3 #abj ,tuft$ 7,dut*7 #h4be #i4hc #ajj 3 #aai ,p5gu9 #g4ab #h4gh #ajj 3 #abc ,call #f4bj #g4gg #ajj 3 #abe ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,l5g? ( same ,l5g? ( all ! ,bones4 ,bones ( ,w+4 ------------------------------------ ,in*es4 ,in*es4 ,wild duck 7ano!r specim57 #f4he #aj4jg #ajj 3 #adg ,common dome/ic duck #h4ae #aa4bf #ajj 3 #ach ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- #bhe ,9 ! =ego+ table we see t1 9 comp>ison ) ! wild duck1 ! r$uction 9 ! l5g? ( ! bones ( ! w+1 relatively to ^? ( ! legs1 ?\gh slight1 is univ]sal4 ,! r$uction is lea/ 9 ! ,call-duck1 :i* has ! p[] & ! habit ( frequ5tly fly+4 ,9 weight !re is a great] relative diff]5ce betwe5 ! bones ( ! leg & w+1 z may be se5 9 ! foll[+ table3-- ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,weight ( ,femur1 ,weight ( ,"n ( ,bre$4 ,tibia1 & ,hum]us1 ,radius1 ,metat>sus & ,metac>pus ,or z ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ,wild mall>d #ed #ig #ajj 3 #agi ,aylesbury #afd #bjd #ajj 3 #abd ,hook$-bill #ajg #afj #ajj 3 #adi ,tuft$ 7,dut*7 #aaa #adh #ajj 3 #acc ,p5gu9 #ge #ij4e #ajj 3 #abj ,labrador #ada #afe #ajj 3 #aag ,call #eg #ic #ajj 3 #afc ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,weight ( all ! ,weight ( all ! ,bones ( ! ,bones ( ! ,leg & ,foot4 ,w+4 ------------------------------------ ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ,wild duck 7ano!r specim57 #ff #aae #ajj 3 #agc ,common dome/ic duck #abg #aeh #ajj 3 #abd ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,9 ^! dome/icat$ birds1 ! consid]ably less5$ weight ( ! bones ( ! w+ 7i4e4 on an av]age1 tw5ty-five p] c5t4 ( _! prop] proportional weight71 z well z _! slightly less5$ l5g?1 relatively to ! leg-bones1 might foll[1 n f any actual decrease 9 ! w+-bones1 b f ! increas$ weight & l5g? ( ! bones ( ! legs4 ,! fir/ ( ! two tables on ! next page %[s t ! leg-bones relatively to ! weight ( ! entire skeleton h really increas$ 9 weight2 b ! second table %[s t accord+ to ! same /&>d ! w+-bones h also really decreas$ 9 weight2 s t ! relative disproportion %[n 9 ! =ego+ tables betwe5 ! w+ & leg bones1 9 comp>ison ) ^? ( ! wild duck1 is p>tly due to ! increase 9 weight & l5g? ( ! leg-bones1 & p>tly to ! decrease 9 weight & l5g? ( ! w+-bones4 ,) respect to ! two foll[+ tables1 ,i may fir/ /ate t ,i te/$ !m by tak+ ano!r skeleton ( a wild duck & ( a common dome/ic duck1 & by comp>+ ! weight ( all ! bones ( ! leg ) all ^? ( ! w+s1 & ! result 0 ! same4 ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! tables we see t ! leg-bones 9 ea* case h increas$ 9 actual weight4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t1 ) ! increas$ or decreas$ weight ( ! entire skeleton1 ! leg-bones w\ld h become proportionally heavi] or light]2 b _! great] weight 9 all ! bre$s relatively to ! o!r bones c be acc\nt$ = only by ^! dome/ic birds hav+ us$ _! legs 9 walk+ & /&+ mu* m ?an ! wild1 = !y nev] fly1 & ! m artificial bre$s r>ely swim4 ,9 ! second #bhf table we see1 ) ! exception ( "o case1 a pla9 r$uction 9 ! weight ( ! bones ( ! w+1 & ?is no d\bt has result$ f _! less5$ use4 ,! "o exceptional case1 namely1 9 "o ( ! ,call-ducks1 is 9 tru? no exception1 = ?is bird 0 con/antly 9 ! habit ( fly+ ab\t3 & ,i h se5 x day aft] day rise f my gr\nds1 & fly = a long "t 9 circles ( m ?an a mile 9 diamet]4 ,9 ?is ,call-duck !re is n only no decrease1 b an actual increase 9 ! weight ( ! w+-bones relatively to ^? ( ! wild duck2 & ?is probably is consequ5t on ! rem>kable lightness & ?9ness ( all ! bones ( ! skeleton4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,weight ( entire ,weight ( ,"n ( ,bre$4 ,skeleton4 ,femur1 ,tibia1 7,n4,b4 ,"o & ,metat>sus4 ,or z ,metat>sus & ,foot 0 remov$ f ea* skeleton1 z x _h be5 accid5tally lo/ 9 two cases47 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ,wild mall>d #hci #ed #ajjj 3 #fd ,aylesbury #aibe #afd #ajjj 3 #he ,tuft$ 7,dut*7 #adjd #aaa #ajjj 3 #gi ,p5gu9 #hga #ge #ajjj 3 #hf ,call 7f ,mr4 ,fox7 #gag #eg #ajjj 3 #gi ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,weight ( ,skeleton ,weight ( z above4 ,hum]us1 ,radius & ,ulna1 & ,metac>pus4 ------------------------------------ ,gra9s4 ,gra9s4 ,wild mall>d #hci #ig #ajjj 3 #aae ,aylesbury #aibe #bjd #ajjj 3 #aje ,tuft$ 7,dut*7 #adjd #adh #ajjj 3 #aje ,p5gu9 #hga #ij #ajjj 3 #ajc ,call 7f ,mr4 ,bak]7 #iad #ajj #ajjj 3 #aji ,call 7f ,mr4 ,fox7 #gag #ib #ajjj 3 #abi ---------------------------------------- --------------------------- ,la/ly1 ,i weigh$ ! furcula1 coracoids1 & scapula ( a wild duck & ( a common dome/ic duck1 & ,i f\nd t _! weight1 relatively to t ( ! :ole skeleton1 0 z "o hundr$ 9 ! =m] to eighty-n9e 9 ! latt]2 ?is %[s t ^! bones 9 ! dome/ic duck h be5 r$uc$ elev5 p] c5t4 ( _! due proportional weight4 ,! prom95ce ( ! cre/ ( ! /]num1 relatively to its l5g?1 is also mu* r$uc$ 9 all ! dome/ic bre$s4 ,^! *anges h evid5tly be5 caus$ by ! less5$ use ( ! w+s4 ,x is well kn[n t sev]al birds1 belong+ to diff]5t ,ord]s1 & inhabit+ oceanic isl&s1 h _! w+s greatly r$uc$ 9 size & are incapable ( flight4 ,i sugge/$ 9 my ',orig9 ( ,species' t1 z ^! birds are n p]secut$ by any enemies1 ! r$uction ( _! w+s has probably be5 caus$ by gradual disuse4 ,h5ce1 dur+ ! e>li] /ages ( ! #bhg process ( r$uction1 su* birds might be expect$ to resemble 9 ! /ate ( _! organs ( flight our dome/icat$ ducks4 ,?is is ! case ) ! wat]-h5 7,gall9ula nesiotis7 ( ,tri/an d',acunha1 :i* c flutt] a little1 b obvi\sly uses its legs1 & n its w+s1 z a mode ( escape4 ,n[ ,mr4 ,sclat]#ded f9ds 9 ?is bird t ! w+s1 /]num1 & coracoids1 are all r$uc$ 9 l5g?1 & ! cre/ ( ! /]num 9 dep?1 9 comp>ison ) ! same bones 9 ! ,european wat]-h5 7,g4 *loropus74 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ?igh-bones & pelvis are increas$ 9 l5g?1 ! =m] by f\r l9es1 relatively to ! same bones 9 ! common wat]-h54 ,h5ce 9 ! skeleton ( ?is natural species ne>ly ! same *anges h occurr$1 only c>ri$ a little fur!r1 z ) our dome/ic ducks1 & 9 ?is latt] case ,i presume no "o w dispute t !y h result$ f ! less5$ use ( ! w+s & ! increas$ use ( ! legs4 ,,! ,,goose4 ,?is bird des]ves "s notice1 z h>dly any o!r anci5tly dome/icat$ bird or quadrup$ has v>i$ s little4 ,t geese 7 anci5tly dome/icat$ we "k f c]ta9 v]ses 9 ,hom]2 & f ^! birds hav+ be5 kept 7#chh ,b4,c47 9 ! ,capitol at ,rome z sacr$ to ,juno1 :i* sacr$ness implies great antiquity#dee4 ,t ! goose has v>i$ 9 "s degree1 we may inf] f naturali/s n be+ unanim\s ) respect to its wild p>5t-=m2 ?\gh ! difficulty is *iefly due to ! exi/5ce ( ?ree or f\r closely alli$ wild ,european species#def4 ,a l>ge majority ( capable judges are conv9c$ t our geese are desc5d$ f ! wild ,grey-lag goose 7,a4 f]us72 ! "y ( :i* c easily be tam$1#deg & are dome/icat$ by ! ,lapl&]s4 ,?is species1 :5 cross$ ) ! dome/ic goose1 produc$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 z ,i 0 assur$ 9 #bhh #ahdi1 p]fectly f]tile (fspr+4#deh ,y>rell#dei has obs]v$ t ! l[] "p ( ! tra*ea ( ! dome/ic goose is sometimes flatt5$1 & t a r+ ( :ite fea!rs sometimes surr\nds ! base ( ! beak4 ,^! *>act]s seem at fir/ good indications ( a cross at "s =m] p]iod ) ! :ite-front$ goose 7,a4 albifrons72 b ! :ite r+ is v>iable 9 ?is latt] species1 & we mu/ n ov]look ! law ( analog\s v>iation2 t is1 ( "o species assum+ "s ( ! *>act]s ( alli$ species4 ,z ! goose has prov$ s inflexible 9 its organization "u long-cont9u$ dome/ication1 ! am\nt ( v>iation :i* c be detect$ is wor? giv+4 ,x has increas$ 9 size & 9 productiv5ess2#dfj & v>ies f :ite to a dusky col\r4 ,sev]al obs]v]s#dfa h /at$ t ! g&] is m frequ5tly :ite ?an ! goose1 & t :5 old x almo/ inv>iably becomes :ite2 b ?is is n ! case ) ! p>5t-=m1 ! ,a4 f]us4 ,"h1 aga91 ! law ( analog\s v>iation may h come into play1 z ! sn[-:ite male ( ! ,rock-,goose 7,b]nicla ant>ctica7 /&+ on ! sea-%ore by 8 dusky p>tn] is a sight well kn[n to all ^? :o h trav]s$ ! s\nds ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego & ! ,falkl& ,isl&s4 ,"s geese h topknots2 & ! skull b5ea?1 z be=e /at$1 is p]=at$4 ,a sub-bre$ has lately be5 =m$ ) ! fea!rs rev]s$ at ! back ( ! head & neck4#dfb ,! beak v>ies a little 9 size1 & is ( a yell[] t9t ?an 9 ! wild species2 b its col\r & t ( ! legs are bo? slightly v>iable4#dfc ,?is latt] fact des]ves att5tion1 because ! col\r ( ! legs & beak is highly s]viceable 9 discrim9at+ ! sev]al closely alli$ wild =ms4#dfd ,at our #bhi ,%[s two bre$s are exhibit$2 viz4 ! ,embd5 & ,t\l\se2 b !y diff] 9 no?+ except col\r4#dfe ,rec5tly a small] & s+ul> v>iety has be5 import$ f ,seba/opol1#dff ) ! scapul> fea!rs 7z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 :o s5t me specim5s7 greatly elongat$1 curl$1 & ev5 spirally twi/$4 ,! m>g9s ( ^! fea!rs are r5d]$ plumose by ! div]g5ce ( ! b>bs & b>bules1 s t !y resemble 9 "s degree ^? on ! back ( ! black ,au/ralian swan4 ,^! fea!rs are likewise rem>kable f ! c5tral %aft1 :i* is excessively ?9 & transp>5t1 be+ split into f9e filam5ts1 :i*1 aft] runn+ = a space free1 sometimes coalesce aga94 ,x is a curi\s fact t ^! filam5ts are regul>ly clo!d on ea* side ) f9e d[n or b>bules1 precisely l ^? on ! prop] b>bs ( ! fea!r4 ,?is /ructure ( ! fea!rs is transmitt$ to half-br$ birds4 ,9 ,gallus sonn]atii ! b>bs & b>bules bl5d toge!r1 & =m ?9 horny plates ( ! same nature ) ! %aft3 9 ?is v>iety ( ! goose1 ! %aft divides into filam5ts :i* acquire b>bules1 & ?us resemble true b>bs4 ,al?\gh ! dome/ic goose c]ta9ly diff]s some:at f any kn[n wild species1 yet ! am\nt ( v>iation :i* x has und]gone1 z comp>$ ) mo/ dome/icat$ animals1 is s+ul>ly small4 ,?is fact c be p>tially acc\nt$ = by selection n hav+ come l>gely into play4 ,birds ( all k9ds :i* pres5t _m di/9ct races are valu$ z pets or ornam5ts2 no "o makes a pet ( ! goose2 ! "n1 inde$1 9 m languages ?an "o1 is a t]m ( reproa*4 ,! goose is valu$ = its size & flav\r1 = ! :it5ess ( its fea!rs :i* adds to _! value1 & = its prolificness & tam5ess4 ,9 all ^! po9ts ! goose diff]s f ! wild p>5t-=m2 & ^! are ! po9ts :i* h be5 select$4 ,ev5 9 anci5t times ! ,roman g\rm&s valu$ ! liv] ( ! :ite goose2 & ,pi]re ,belon#dfg 9 #aeee speaks ( two v>ieties1 "o ( :i* 0 l>g]1 m fecund1 & ( a bett] col\r ?an ! o!r2 & he expressly /ates t good manag]s #bij att5d$ to ! col\r ( _! gosl+s1 s t !y might "k :i* to pres]ve & select = bre$+4 ,,! ,,peacock4 ,?is is ano!r bird :i* has h>dly v>i$ "u dome/ication1 except 9 sometimes be+ :ite or piebald4 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se c>efully comp>$1 z he in=ms me1 sk9s ( ! wild ,indian & dome/ic bird1 & !y 7 id5tical 9 e respect1 except t ! plumage ( ! latt] 0 p]haps r ?ick]4 ,:e!r our birds are desc5d$ f ^? introduc$ into ,europe 9 ! "t ( ,alex&]1 or h be5 subsequ5tly import$1 is d\btful4 ,!y d n bre$ v freely ) u1 & are seldom kept 9 l>ge numb]s1--circum/ances :i* w\ld greatly int]f]e ) ! gradual selection & =mation ( new bre$s4 ,!re is "o /range fact ) respect to ! peacock1 namely1 ! occasional appe>ance 9 ,engl& ( ! japann$ or black-%\ld]$ k9d4 ,?is =m has lately be5 nam$ on ! high au?ority ( ,mr4 ,sclat] z a di/9ct species1 viz4 ,pavo nigrip5nis1 :i* he believes w h]eaft] be f\nd wild 9 "s c\ntry1 b n 9 ,india1 :]e x is c]ta9ly unkn[n4 ,^! japann$ birds diff] conspicu\sly f ! common peacock 9 ! col\r ( _! second>y w+-fea!rs1 scapul>s1 w+-cov]ts1 & ?ighs2 ! females are mu* pal]1 & ! "y1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 likewise diff]4 ,!y c be propagat$ p]fectly true4 ,al?\gh !y d n resemble ! hybrids :i* h be5 rais$ betwe5 ,p4 cri/atus & muticus1 nev]!less !y are 9 "s respects int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ^! two species2 & ?is fact fav\rs1 z ,mr4 ,sclat] believes1 ! view t !y =m a di/9ct & natural species4#dfh ,on ! o!r h&1 ,sir ,r4 ,h]on /ates#dfi t ?is bre$ sudd5ly appe>$ )9 8 memory 9 ,"l ,br[nl['s l>ge /ock ( pi$1 :ite1 & common peacocks4 ,! same ?+ occurr$ 9 ,sir ,j4 ,trevelyan's flock compos$ entirely ( ! #bia common k9d1 & 9 ,mr4 ,?ornton's /ock ( common & pi$ peacocks4 ,x is rem>kable t 9 ^! two latt] in/ances ! black-%\ld]$ k9d increas$1 to ! ext9ction ( ! previ\sly exi/+ bre$4 ,i h also receiv$ ?r\gh ,mr4 ,sclat] a /atem5t f ,mr4 ,hudson ,gurney t he re>$ _m ye>s ago a pair ( black-%\ld]$ peacocks f ! common k9d2 & ano!r orni?ologi/1 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,newton1 /ates t1 five or six ye>s ago1 a female bird1 9 all respects simil> to ! female ( ! black-%\ld]$ k9d1 0 produc$ f a /ock ( common peacocks 9 8 possession1 :i* dur+ m ?an tw5ty ye>s _h n be5 cross$ ) birds ( any o!r /ra94 ,"h we h five di/9ct cases ( japann$ birds sudd5ly appe>+ 9 flocks ( ! common k9d kept 9 ,engl&4 ,bett] evid5ce ( ! fir/ appe>ance ( a new v>iety c\ld h>dly be desir$4 ,if we reject ?is evid5ce1 & believe t ! japann$ peacock is a di/9ct species1 we mu/ suppose 9 all ^! cases t ! common bre$ _h at "s =m] p]iod be5 cross$ ) ! suppos$ ,p4 nigrip5nis1 b _h lo/ e trace ( ! cross1 yet t ! birds occasionally produc$ (fspr+ :i* sudd5ly & completely reacquir$ ?r\gh rev]sion ! *>act]s ( ,p4 nigrip5nis4 ,i h he>d ( no o!r su* case 9 ! animal or vegetable k+dom4 ,to p]ceive ! full improbability ( su* an occurr5ce1 we may suppose t a bre$ ( dogs _h be5 cross$ at "s =m] p]iod ) a wolf1 b _h lo/ e trace ( ! wolf-l "*1 yet t ! bre$ gave bir? 9 five in/ances 9 ! same c\ntry1 )9 no great l5g? ( "t1 to a wolf p]fect 9 e "*2 & we mu/ fur!r suppose t 9 two ( ! cases ! newly produc$ wolves aft]w>ds spontane\sly increas$ to su* an ext5t z to lead to ! ext9ction ( ! p>5t-bre$ ( dogs4 ,s rem>kable a =m z ! ,p4 nigrip5nis1 :5 fir/ import$1 w\ld h realiz$ a l>ge price2 x is !re=e improbable t x %\ld h be5 sil5tly introduc$ & its hi/ory subsequ5tly lo/4 ,on ! :ole ! evid5ce seems to me1 z x did to ,sir ,r4 ,h]on1 to prepond]ate /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! black-%\ld]$ bre$ be+ a v>iation1 induc$ ei!r by ! climate ( ,engl&1 or by "s unkn[n cause1 su* z rev]sion to a primordial & ext9ct condition ( ! species4 ,on ! view t ! black-%\ld]$ #bib peacock is a v>iety1 ! case is ! mo/ rem>kable ev] record$ ( ! abrupt appe>ance ( a new =m1 :i* s closely resembles a true species t x has deceiv$ "o ( ! mo/ exp]i5c$ ( liv+ orni?ologi/s4 ,,! ,,turkey4 ,,x seems fairly well e/abli%$ by ,mr4 ,g\ld1#dgj t ! turkey1 9 accordance ) ! hi/ory ( its fir/ introduction1 is desc5d$ f a wild ,mexican species 7,meleagris ,mexicana7 :i* _h be5 already dome/icat$ by ! natives be=e ! discov]y ( ,am]ica1 & :i* diff]s specifically1 z x is g5]ally ?\ght1 f ! common wild species ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"s naturali/s1 h[ev]1 ?9k t ^! two =ms %\ld be rank$ only z well-m>k$ geographical races4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! case des]ves notice because 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates wild male turkeys sometimes c\rt ! dome/ic h5s1 :i* are desc5d$ f ! ,mexican =m1 & are g5]ally receiv$ by !m ) great pleasure4#dga ,sev]al acc\nts h likewise be5 publi%$ ( "y birds1 re>$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! eggs ( ! wild species1 cross+ & comm+l+ ) ! common bre$4 ,9 ,engl&1 also1 ?is same species has be5 kept 9 sev]al p>ks2 f two ( :i* ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox procur$ birds1 & !y cross$ freely ) ! common dome/ic k9d1 & dur+ _m ye>s aft]w>ds1 z he in=ms me1 ! turkeys 9 8 neighb\rhood cle>ly %[$ traces ( _! cross$ p>5tage4 ,we "h h an in/ance ( a dome/ic race be+ modifi$ by a cross ) a di/9ct species or wild race4 ,f4 ,mi*aux#dgb suspect$ 9 #ahjb t ! common dome/ic turkey 0 n desc5d$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates species alone1 b likewise f a s\!rn =m1 & he w5t s f> z to believe t ,engli% & ,fr5* #bic turkeys diff]$ f hav+ diff]5t proportions ( ! blood ( ! two p>5t-=ms4 ,engli% turkeys are small] ?an ei!r wild =m4 ,!y h n v>i$ 9 any great degree2 b !re are "s bre$s :i* c be di/+ui%$--z ,norfolks1 ,suffolks1 ,:ites1 & ,copp]-col\r$ 7or ,cambridge71 all ( :i*1 if preclud$ f cross+ ) o!r bre$s1 propagate _! k9d truly4 ,( ^! k9ds1 ! mo/ di/9ct is ! small1 h>dy1 dull-black ,norfolk turkey1 ( :i* ! *ick5s are black1 ) occasionally :ite pat*es ab\t ! head4 ,! o!r bre$s sc>cely diff] except 9 col\r1 & _! *ick5s are g5]ally mottl$ all ov] ) br[ni%-grey4#dgc ,! tuft ( hair on ! brea/1 :i* is prop] to ! male alone1 occasionally appe>s on ! brea/ ( ! dome/icat$ female4#dgd ,! inf]ior tail-cov]ts v>y 9 numb]1 & accord+ to a ,g]man sup]/ition ! h5 lays z _m eggs z ! cock has fea!rs ( ?is k9d4#dge ,9 ,holl& !re 0 =m]ly1 accord+ to ,temm9ck1 a beautiful buff-yell[ bre$1 furni%$ ) an ample :ite topknot4 ,mr4 ,wilmot has describ$#dgf a :ite turkey-cock ) a cre/ =m$ ( fea!rs ab\t f\r in*es long1 ) b>e quills1 & a tuft ( s(t :ite d[n gr[+ at ! end4 ,_m ( ! "y birds :il/ "y inh]it$ ?is k9d ( cre/1 b aft]w>ds x ei!r fell (f or 0 peck$ out by ! o!r birds4 ,?is is an int]e/+ case1 z ) c>e a new bre$ might probably h be5 =m$2 & a topknot ( ?is nature w\ld h be5 to a c]ta9 ext5t analog\s to t borne by ! males 9 sev]al alli$ g5]a1 su* z ,euplocomus1 ,lophophorus1 & ,pavo4 ,wild turkeys1 believ$ 9 e in/ance to h be5 import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 h be5 kept 9 ! p>ks ( ,lords ,p[is1 ,leice/]1 ,hill1 & ,d]by4 ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,d4 ,fox procur$ birds f ! two fir/-nam$ p>ks1 & he in=ms me t !y c]ta9ly diff]$ a little f ea* o!r 9 ! %ape ( _! bodies & 9 ! b>r$ plumage on _! w+s4 ,^! birds likewise diff]$ f ,"l ,hill's /ock4 ,"s ( ! latt] kept at ,oulton by ,sir ,p4 ,eg]ton1 ?\gh preclud$ f #bid cross+ ) common turkeys1 occasionally produc$ mu* pal]-col\r$ birds1 & "o t 0 almo/ :ite1 b n an alb9o4 ,^! half-wild turkeys 9 ?us slightly diff]+ f ea* o!r pres5t an analog\s case ) ! wild cattle kept 9 ! sev]al ,briti% p>ks4 ,we mu/ suppose t ! diff]5ces h result$ f ! prev5tion ( free int]cross+ betwe5 birds rang+ ov] a wide area1 & f ! *ang$ conditions to :i* !y h be5 expos$ 9 ,engl&4 ,9 ,india ! climate has app>5tly wr\ght a /ill great] *ange 9 ! turkey1 = x is describ$ by ,mr4 ,bly?#dgg z be+ mu* deg5]at$ 9 size1 utt]ly incapable ( ris+ on ! w+1 ( a black col\r1 & ) ! long p5dul\s app5dages ov] ! beak enorm\sly develop$4 ,,! ,,gu9ea ,,f[l4 ,! dome/icat$ gu9ea-f[l is n[ believ$ by naturali/s to be desc5d$ f ! ,numida ptilorhynca1 :i* inhabits v hot1 &1 9 p>ts1 extremely arid di/ricts 9 ,ea/]n ,africa2 consequ5tly x has be5 expos$ 9 ?is c\ntry to extremely diff]5t conditions ( life4 ,nev]!less x has h>dly v>i$ at all1 except 9 ! plumage be+ ei!r pal] or d>k]-col\r$4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ?is bird v>ies m 9 col\r 9 ! ,we/ ,indies & on ! ,spani% ,ma91 "u a hot ?\gh humid climate1 ?an 9 ,europe4#dgh ,! gu9ea-f[l has become ?or\ghly f]al 9 ,jamaica & 9 ,/4 ,dom+o1#dgi & has dim9i%$ 9 size2 ! legs are black1 :]eas ! legs ( ! aborig9al ,african bird are said to be grey4 ,?is small *ange is wor? notice on acc\nt ( ! (t5-repeat$ /atem5t t all f]al animals inv>iably rev]t 9 e "* to _! orig9al type4 #bie ,,! ,,can>y ,,bird4 ,z ?is bird has be5 rec5tly dome/icat$1 namely1 )9 ! la/ #cej ye>s1 its v>iability des]ves notice4 ,x has be5 cross$ ) n9e or t5 o!r species ( ,fr+illidae1 & "s ( ! hybrids are almo/ completely f]tile2 b we h no evid5ce t any di/9ct bre$ has orig9at$ f su* crosses4 ,not)/&+ ! mod]n dome/ication ( ! can>y1 _m v>ieties h be5 produc$2 ev5 be=e ! ye> #agah a li/ ( tw5ty-sev5 v>ieties 0 publi%$ 9 ,france1#dhj & 9 #aggi a long s*$ule ( ! desir$ qualities 0 pr9t$ by ! ,london ,can>y ,society1 s t me?odical selection has be5 practis$ dur+ a consid]able p]iod4 ,! great] numb] ( ! v>ieties diff] only 9 col\r & 9 ! m>k+s ( _! plumage4 ,"s bre$s1 h[ev]1 diff] 9 %ape1 su* z ! hoop$ or b[$ can>ies1 & ! ,belgian can>ies ) _! mu* elongat$ bodies4 ,mr4 ,br5t#dha measur$ "o ( ! latt] & f\nd x eight in*es 9 l5g?1 :il/ ! wild can>y is only five & a qu>t] in*es long4 ,!re are topknott$ can>ies1 & x is a s+ul> fact1 t1 if two topknott$ birds are mat*$1 ! "y1 in/ead ( hav+ v f9e topknots1 are g5]ally bald1 or ev5 h a w\nd on _! heads4#dhb ,x w\ld appe> z if ! topknot 7 due to "s morbid condition :i* is increas$ to an injuri\s degree :5 two birds 9 ?is /ate are pair$4 ,!re is a fea!r-foot$ bre$1 & ano!r ) a k9d ( frill runn+ d[n ! brea/4 ,"o o!r "* des]ves notice f be+ conf9$ to "o p]iod ( life & f be+ /rictly inh]it$ at ! same p]iod3 namely1 ! w+ & tail fea!rs 9 prize can>ies be+ black1 b ?is col\r is reta9$ only until ! fir/ m\lt2 once m\lt$1 ! peculi>ity ceases4#dhc ,can>ies diff] mu* 9 disposition & "*1 & 9 "s small degree 9 song4 ,!y produce eggs ?ree or f\r times dur+ ! ye>4 #bif ,,gold-,,fi%4 ,besides mammals & birds1 few animals belong+ to ! o!r great classes h be5 dome/icat$2 b to %[ t x is an almo/ univ]sal law t animals1 :5 remov$ f _! natural conditions ( life1 v>y1 & t races c be =m$ :5 selection is appli$1 x is necess>y to say a few words on gold-fi%1 bees1 & silk-mo?s4 ,gold-fi% 7,cypr9us auratus7 7 introduc$ into ,europe only two or ?ree c5turies ago2 b x is believ$ t !y h be5 kept 9 conf9em5t f an anci5t p]iod 9 ,*9a4 ,mr4 ,bly?#dhd suspects f ! analog\s v>iation ( o!r fi%es t gold5-col\r$ fi% d n occur 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,^! fi%es frequ5tly live "u ! mo/ unnatural conditions1 & _! v>iability 9 col\r1 size1 & 9 "s important po9ts ( /ructure is v great4 ,m4 ,sauvigny has describ$ & giv5 col\r$ draw+s ( no less ?an eighty-n9e v>ieties4#dhe ,_m ( ! v>ieties1 h[ev]1 su* z triple tail-f9s1 c41 ought to be call$ mon/rosities2 b x is difficult to draw any di/9ct l9e betwe5 a v>iation & a mon/rosity4 ,z gold-fi% are kept = ornam5t or curiosity1 & z ! ,*9ese are j ! p to h seclud$ a *ance v>iety ( any k9d1 & to h mat*$ & pair$ f x1#dhf we may feel ne>ly confid5t t selection has be5 l>gely practis$ 9 ! =mation ( new bre$s4 ,x is h[ev] a s+ul> fact t "s ( ! mon/rosities or v>iations are n inh]it$2 = ,sir ,r4 ,h]on#dhg kept _m ( ^! fi%es1 & plac$ all ! de=m$ fi%es1 namely ^? de/itute ( dorsal f9s1 & ^? furni%$ ) a d\ble anal f91 or triple tail1 9 a pond by !mselves2 b !y did n produce a great] proportion ( de=m$ (fspr+ ?an ! p]fect fi%es4 ,pass+ ov] an almo/ inf9ite div]sity ( col\r1 we meet ) ! mo/ extraord9>y modifications ( /ructure4 ,?us1 out ( ab\t two doz5 specim5s b\ght 9 ,london1 ,mr4 ,y>rell obs]v$ "s ) ! dorsal f9 ext5d+ along m ?an #big half ! l5g? ( ! back2 o!rs ) ?is f9 r$uc$ to only five or six rays2 & "o ) no dorsal f94 ,! anal f9s are sometimes d\ble1 & ! tail is (t5 triple4 ,?is latt] deviation ( /ructure seems g5]ally to occur at ! exp5se ( ! :ole or "p ( "s o!r f92#dhh b ,bory de ,sa9t ,v9c5t#dhi saw at ,madrid gold-fi% furni%$ ) a dorsal f9 & a triple tail4 ,"o v>iety is *>act]iz$ by a hump on its back ne> ! head2 & ! ,rev4 ,l4 ,j5yns#dij has describ$ a mo/ s+ul> v>iety1 import$ f ,*9a1 almo/ globul> 9 =m l a ,diodon1 ) ! fle%y "p ( ! tail z if entirely cut away2 ! caudal f9 be+ set on a little beh9d ! dorsal & imm$iately above ! anal4 ,9 ?is fi% ! anal & caudal f9s 7 d\ble2 ! anal f9 be+ atta*$ to ! body 9 a v]tical l9e3 ! eyes also 7 enorm\sly l>ge & protub]ant4 ,,hive-,,bees4 ,bees h be5 dome/icat$ f an anci5t p]iod2 if inde$ _! /ate c be consid]$ "o ( dome/ication1 = !y se>* = _! own food1 ) ! exception ( a little g5]ally giv5 to !m dur+ ! w9t]4 ,_! habitation is a hive in/ead ( a hole 9 a tree4 ,bees1 h[ev]1 h be5 transport$ into almo/ e qu>t] ( ! _w1 s t climate ought to h produc$ :atev] direct effect x is capable ( produc+4 ,x is frequ5tly ass]t$ t ! bees 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,great ,brita9 diff] 9 size1 col\r1 & temp]2 & ,godron#dia says t !y are g5]ally l>g] 9 ! s\? ?an 9 o!r p>ts ( ,france2 x has also be5 ass]t$ t ! little br[n bees ( ,high ,burgundy1 :5 transport$ to ,la ,bresse1 become l>ge & yell[ 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,b ^! /atem5ts require confirmation4 ,z f> z size is conc]n$1 x is kn[n t bees produc$ 9 v old combs are small]1 ow+ to ! cells hav+ become small] f ! #bih successive old cocoons4 ,! be/ au?orities#dib concur t1 ) ! exception ( ! ,ligurian race or species1 pres5tly to be m5tion$1 di/9ct bre$s d n exi/ 9 ,brita9 or on ! ,cont95t4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ev5 9 ! same /ock1 "s v>iability 9 col\r4 ,?us ,mr4 ,woodbury /ates#dic t he has sev]al times se5 que5 bees ( ! common k9d annulat$ ) yell[ l ,ligurian que5s1 & ! latt] d>k-col\r$ l common bees4 ,he has also obs]v$ v>iations 9 ! col\r ( ! drones1 )\t any correspond+ diff]5ce 9 ! que5s or work]s ( ! same hive4 ,! great api>ian ,dzi]zon1 9 answ] to my qu]ies on ?is subject1 says#did t 9 ,g]many bees ( "s /ocks are decid$ly d>k1 :il/ o!rs are rem>kable = _! yell[ col\r4 ,bees also seem to diff] 9 habits 9 diff]5t di/ricts1 = ,dzi]zon adds1 ,if _m /ocks ) _! (fspr+ are m incl9$ to sw>m1 :il/ o!rs are ri*] 9 honey1 s t "s bee-keep]s ev5 di/+ui% betwe5 sw>m+ & honey-ga!r+ bees1 ?is is a habit :i* has become second nature1 caus$ by ! cu/om>y mode ( keep+ ! bees & ! pa/urage ( ! di/rict4 ,= example2 :at a diff]5ce 9 ?is respect "o may p]ceive to exi/ betwe5 ! bees ( ! ,lu5eburg hea? & ^? ( ?is c\ntry6444 ,remov+ an old que5 & sub/itut+ a "y "o ( ! curr5t ye> is "h an infallible mode ( keep+ ! /ronge/ /ock f sw>m+ & prev5t+ drone-bre$+2 :il/ ! same means if adopt$ 9 ,hanov] w\ld c]ta9ly be ( no avail4 ,i procur$ a hive full ( dead bees f ,jamaica1 :]e !y h long be5 naturalis$1 &1 on c>efully comp>+ !m "u ! microscope ) my own bees1 ,i c\ld detect n a trace ( diff]5ce4 ,?is rem>kable uni=mity 9 ! hive-bee1 :]ev] kept1 may probably be acc\nt$ = by ! great difficulty1 or r impossibility1 ( br++ selection into play by pair+ p>ticul> que5s & drones1 = ^! insects unite only dur+ #bii flight4 ,nor is !re any record1 ) a s+le p>tial exception1 ( any p]son hav+ sep>at$ & br$ f a hive 9 :i* ! work]s pres5t$ "s appreciable diff]5ce4 ,9 ord] to =m a new bre$1 seclusion f o!r bees w\ld1 z we n[ "k1 be indisp5sable2 = s9ce ! introduction ( ! ,ligurian bee into ,g]many & ,engl&1 x has be5 f\nd t ! drones w&] at lea/ two miles f _! own hives1 & (t5 cross ) ! que5s ( ! common bee4#die ,! ,ligurian bee1 al?\gh p]fectly f]tile :5 cross$ ) ! common k9d1 is rank$ by mo/ naturali/s z a di/9ct species1 :il/ by o!rs x is rank$ z a natural v>iety3 b ?is =m ne$ n "h be notic$1 z !re is no reason to believe t x is ! product ( dome/ication4 ,! ,egyptian & "s o!r bees are likewise rank$ by ,dr4 ,g]/aeck]1#dif b n by o!r highly compet5t judges1 z geographical races2 & he gr\nds 8 conclusion 9 *ief "p on ! fact t 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 z 9 ! ,crimea & ,rhodes1 ! hive-bee v>ies s mu* 9 col\r1 t ! sev]al geographical races c be closely connect$ by int]m$iate =ms4 ,i h allud$ to a s+le in/ance ( ! sep>ation & pres]vation ( a p>ticul> /ock ( bees4 ,mr4 ,l[e#dig procur$ "s bees f a cottag] a few miles f ,ed9burgh1 & p]ceiv$ t !y diff]$ f ! common bee 9 ! hairs on ! head & ?orax be+ light] col\r$ & m pr(use 9 quantity4 ,f ! date ( ! introduction ( ! ,ligurian bee into ,great ,brita9 we may feel sure t ^! bees _h n be5 cross$ ) ?is =m4 ,mr4 ,l[e propagat$ ?is v>iety1 b un=tunately did n sep>ate ! /ock f 8 o!r bees1 & aft] ?ree g5]ations ! new "* 0 almo/ completely lo/4 ,nev]!less1 z he adds1 a great numb] ( ! bees /ill reta9 traces1 ?\gh fa9t1 ( ! orig9al colony4 ,?is case %[s u :at c\ld probably be effect$ by c>eful & long-cont9u$ selection appli$ exclusively to ! work]s1 =1 z we h se51 que5s & drones _c be select$ & pair$4 #cjj ,,silk-,,mo?s4 ,^! insects are 9 sev]al respects int]e/+ to u1 m especially because !y h v>i$ l>gely at e>ly p]iods ( life1 & ! v>iations h be5 inh]it$ at correspond+ p]iods4 ,z ! value ( ! silk-mo? dep5ds entirely on ! cocoon1 e *ange 9 its /ructure & qualities has be5 c>efully att5d$ to1 & races diff]+ mu* 9 ! cocoon1 b h>dly at all 9 ! adult /ate1 h be5 produc$4 ,) ! races ( mo/ o!r dome/ic animals1 ! "y resemble ea* o!r closely1 :il/ ! adults diff] mu*4 ,x w\ld be useless1 ev5 if x 7 possible1 to describe all ! _m k9ds ( silk-worms4 ,sev]al di/9ct species exi/ 9 ,india & ,*9a :i* produce useful silk1 & "s ( ^! are capable ( freely cross+ ) ! common silk-mo?1 z has be5 rec5tly asc]ta9$ 9 ,france4 ,capta9 ,hutton#dih /ates t ?r\gh\t ! _w at lea/ six species h be5 dome/icat$2 & he believes t ! silk-mo?s re>$ 9 ,europe belong to two or ?ree species4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! op9ion ( sev]al capable judges :o h p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ! cultivation ( ?is insect 9 ,france2 & h>dly accords ) "s facts pres5tly to be giv54 ,! common silk-mo? 7,bombyx mori7 0 br\ght to ,con/ant9ople 9 ! six? c5tury1 :5ce x 0 c>ri$ into ,italy1 & 9 #adid into ,france4#dii ,ev]y?+ has be5 fav\rable = ! v>iation ( ?is insect4 ,x is believ$ to h be5 dome/icat$ 9 ,*9a z long ago z #bgjj ,b4,c4 ,x has be5 kept "u unnatural & div]sifi$ conditions ( life1 & has be5 transport$ into _m c\ntries4 ,!re is reason to believe t ! nature ( ! food giv5 to ! cat]pill> influ5ces to a c]ta9 ext5t ! "* ( ! bre$4#ejj ,disuse has app>5tly aid$ 9 *eck+ ! developm5t ( ! w+s4 ,b ! mo/ important elem5t 9 ! production ( ! _m n[ exi/+1 mu* modifi$ races1 no d\bt has #cja be5 ! close att5tion :i* has long be5 appli$ 9 _m c\ntries to e promis+ v>iation4 ,! c>e tak5 9 ,europe 9 ! selection ( ! be/ cocoons & mo?s = bre$+ is notori\s1#eja & ! production ( eggs is foll[$ z a di/9ct trade 9 p>ts ( ,france4 ,i h made inquiries ?r\gh ,dr4 ,falcon]1 & am assur$ t 9 ,india ! natives are equally c>eful 9 ! process ( selection4 ,9 ,*9a ! production ( eggs is conf9$ to c]ta9 fav\rable di/ricts1 & ! rais]s are preclud$ by law f produc+ silk1 s t _! :ole att5tion may be necess>ily giv5 up to ?is "o object4#ejb ,! foll[+ details on ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al bre$s are tak51 :5 n /at$ to ! contr>y1 f ,m4 ,rob9et's excell5t "w1#ejc :i* be>s e sign ( c>e & l>ge exp]i5ce4 ,! eggs 9 ! diff]5t races v>y 9 col\r1 9 %ape 7be+ r\nd1 elliptic1 or oval71 & 9 size4 ,! eggs laid 9 ,june 9 ! s\? ( ,france1 & 9 ,july 9 ! c5tral prov9ces1 d n hat* until ! foll[+ spr+2 & x is 9 va91 says ,m4 ,rob9et1 to expose !m to a temp]ature gradually rais$1 9 ord] t ! cat]pill> may be quickly develop$4 ,yet occasionally1 )\t any kn[n cause1 bat*es ( eggs are produc$1 :i* imm$iately beg9 to und]go ! prop] *anges1 & are hat*$ 9 f tw5ty to ?irty days4 ,f ^! & "s o!r analog\s facts x may be conclud$ t ! ,trevolt9i silkworms ( ,italy1 ( :i* ! cat]pill>s are hat*$ 9 f fifte5 to tw5ty days1 d n necess>ily =m1 z has be5 ma9ta9$1 a di/9ct species4 ,al?\gh ! bre$s :i* live 9 temp]ate c\ntries produce eggs :i* _c be imm$iately hat*$ by artificial heat1 yet :5 !y are remov$ to & re>$ 9 a hot c\ntry !y gradually acquire ! "* ( quick developm5t1 z 9 ! ,trevolt9i races4#ejd ,cat]pill>s4--,^! v>y greatly 9 size & col\r4 ,! sk9 is g5]ally :ite1 sometimes mottl$ ) black or grey1 & occasionally q black4 ,! col\r1 h[ev]1 z ,m4 ,rob9et ass]ts1 is n con/ant1 ev5 9 p]fectly pure bre$s2 except 9 ! race tigree1 s call$ f be+ m>k$ ) transv]se black /ripes4 ,z ! g5]al col\r ( ! cat]pill> is n correlat$ ) t ( ! silk1#eje ?is "* is disreg>d$ #cjb by cultivators1 & has n be5 fix$ by selection4 ,capta9 ,hutton1 9 ! pap] be=e ref]r$ to1 has argu$ ) mu* =ce t ! d>k tig]-l m>ks1 :i* s frequ5tly appe> dur+ ! lat] m\lts 9 ! cat]pill>s ( v>i\s bre$s1 are due to rev]sion2 = ! cat]pill>s ( sev]al alli$ wild species ( ,bombyx are m>k$ & col\r$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,he sep>at$ "s cat]pill>s ) ! tig]-l m>ks1 & 9 ! succe$+ spr+ 7pp4 #adi1 #bih7 ne>ly all ! cat]pill>s re>$ f !m 7 d>k-br9dl$1 & ! t9ts became /ill d>k] 9 ! ?ird g5]ation4 ,! mo?s re>$ f ^! cat]pill>s#ejf also became d>k]1 & resembl$ 9 col\r+ ! wild ,b4 ,huttoni4 ,on ?is view ( ! tig]-l m>ks be+ due to rev]sion1 ! p]si/5cy ) :i* !y are transmitt$ is intelligible4 ,sev]al ye>s ago ,mrs4 ,:itby took great pa9s 9 bre$+ silkworms on a l>ge scale1 & %e in=m$ me t "s ( h] cat]pill>s _h d>k eyebr[s4 ,?is is probably ! fir/ /ep 9 rev]sion t[>ds ! tig]-l m>ks1 & ,i 0 curi\s to "k :e!r s trifl+ a "* w\ld be inh]it$2 at my reque/ %e sep>at$ 9 #ahdh tw5ty ( ^! cat]pill>s1 & hav+ kept ! mo?s sep>ate1 br$ f !m4 ,( ! _m cat]pill>s ?us re>$1 e "o )\t exception _h eyebr[s1 "s d>k] & m decid$ly m>k$ ?an ! o!rs1 b all _h eyebr[s m or less pla9ly visible4 ,black cat]pill>s occasionally appe> among/ ^? ( ! common k9d1 b 9 s v>iable a mann]1 t accord+ to ,m4 ,rob9et ! same race w "o ye> exclusively produce :ite cat]pill>s1 & ! next ye> _m black ones2 nev]!less1 ,i h be5 in=m$ by ,m4 ,a4 ,bossi ( ,g5eva1 t1 if ^! black cat]pill>s are sep>ately br$ f1 !y reproduce ! same col\r2 b ! cocoons & mo?s re>$ f !m d n pres5t any diff]5ce4 ,! cat]pill> 9 ,europe ord9>ily m\lts f\r times be=e pass+ into ! cocoon /age2 b !re are races a trois mues1 & ! ,trevolt9i race likewise m\lts only ?rice4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t s important a physiological diff]5ce w\ld n h aris5 "u dome/ication2 b ,m4 ,rob9et#ejg /ates t1 on ! "o h&1 ord9>y cat]pill>s occasionally sp9 _! cocoons aft] only ?ree m\lts1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 presque t\tes les races a trois mues1 que n\s avons exp]im5tees1 ont fait quatre mues a la seconde ou a la troisieme annee1 ce qui semble pr\v] qu'il a suffi de les plac] dans des conditions favorables p\r leur r5dre une faculte qu'elles avai5t p]due s\s des influ5ces mo9s favorables4 ,cocoons4--,! cat]pill> 9 *ang+ into ! cocoon loses ab\t #ej p] c5t4 ( its weight2 b ! am\nt ( loss diff]s 9 diff]5t bre$s1 & ?is is ( importance to ! cultivator4 ,! cocoon 9 ! diff]5t races pres5ts *>act]i/ic diff]5ces2 be+ l>ge or small2--ne>ly sph]ical ) no con/riction1 z 9 ! ,race de ,loriol1 or cyl9drical ) ei!r a deep or slight con/riction 9 ! middle2--) ! two ends1 or ) "o end alone1 m or less po9t$4 ,! silk v>ies 9 f95ess & quality1 & 9 be+ ne>ly :ite1 ( two t9ts1 or yell[4 ,g5]ally ! col\r ( #cjc ! silk is n /rictly inh]it$3 b 9 ! *apt] on ,selection ,i %all give a curi\s acc\nt h[1 9 ! c\rse ( sixty-five g5]ations1 ! numb] ( yell[ cocoons 9 "o bre$ has be5 r$uc$ 9 ,france f "o hundr$ to ?irty-five 9 ! ?\s&4 ,accord+ to ,rob9et1 ! :ite race1 call$ ,s9a1 by c>eful selection dur+ ! la/ sev5ty-five ye>s1 e/ arrivee a un tel etat de purete1 qu'on ne voit pas un seul cocon jaune dans des millions de cocons blancs4#ejh ,cocoons are sometimes =m$1 z is well kn[n1 entirely de/itute ( silk1 :i* yet produce mo?s2 un=tunately ,mrs4 ,:itby 0 prev5t$ by an accid5t f asc]ta9+ :e!r ?is "* w\ld prove h]$it>y4 ,adult /age4--,i c f9d no acc\nt ( any con/ant diff]5ce 9 ! mo?s ( ! mo/ di/9ct races4 ,mrs4 ,:itby assur$ me t !re 0 none 9 ! sev]al k9ds br$ by h]2 & ,i h receiv$ a simil> /atem5t f ! em95t naturali/ ,m4 de ,quatrefages4 ,capta9 ,hutton also says#eji t ! mo?s ( all k9ds v>y mu* 9 col\r1 b 9 ne>ly ! same incon/ant mann]4 ,consid]+ h[ mu* ! cocoons 9 ! sev]al races diff]1 ?is fact is ( int]e/1 & may probably be acc\nt$ = on ! same pr9ciple z ! fluctuat+ v>iability ( col\r 9 ! cat]pill>1 namely1 t !re has be5 no motive = select+ & p]petuat+ any p>ticul> v>iation4 ,! males ( ! wild ,bombycidae fly swiftly 9 ! day-"t & ev5+1 b ! females are usually v sluggi% & inactive4#eaj ,9 sev]al mo?s ( ?is family ! females h abortive w+s1 b no in/ance is kn[n ( ! males be+ incapable ( flight1 = 9 ?is case ! species c\ld h>dly h be5 p]petuat$4 ,9 ! silk-mo? bo? sexes h imp]fect1 crumpl$ w+s1 & are incapable ( flight2 b /ill !re is a trace ( ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ce 9 ! two sexes2 = ?\gh1 on comp>+ a numb] ( males &-females1 ,i c\ld detect no diff]5ce 9 ! developm5t ( _! w+s1 yet ,i 0 assur$ by ,mrs4 ,:itby t ! males ( ! mo?s br$ by h] us$ _! w+s m ?an ! females1 & c\ld flutt] d[nw>ds1 ?\gh nev] upw>ds4 ,%e also /ates t1 :5 ! females fir/ em]ge f ! cocoon1 _! w+s are less exp&$ ?an ^? ( ! male4 ,! degree ( imp]fection1 h[ev]1 9 ! w+s v>ies mu* 9 diff]5t races & "u diff]5t circum/ances2 ,m4 ,quatrefages#eaa says t he has se5 a numb] ( mo?s ) _! w+s r$uc$ to a ?ird1 f\r?1 or t5? "p ( _! normal dim5sions1 & ev5 to m]e %ort /raight /umps3 il me semble qu'il y a la un v]itable arret de developpem5t p>tiel4 ,on ! o!r h&1 he describes ! female mo?s ( ! ,&re ,jean bre$ z hav+ leurs ailes l>ges et etalees4 ,un seul pres5te quelques c\rbures irreguli]es et des plis anomaux4 ,z mo?s & butt]flies ( all k9ds re>$ f wild cat]pill>s "u conf9em5t (t5 h crippl$ w+s1 ! same cause1 :atev] x may be1 has probably act$ on #cjd silk-mo?s1 b ! disuse ( _! w+s dur+ s _m g5]ations has1 x may be suspect$1 likewise come into play4 ,! mo?s ( _m bre$s fail to glue _! eggs to ! surface on :i* !y are laid1#eab b ?is proce$s1 accord+ to ,capt4 ,hutton1#eac m]ely f ! gl&s ( ! ovipositor be+ weak5$4 ,z ) o!r long-dome/icat$ animals1 ! in/9cts ( ! silk-mo? h suff]$4 ,! cat]pill>s1 :5 plac$ on a mulb]ry-tree1 (t5 commit ! /range mi/ake ( dev\r+ ! base ( ! leaf on :i* !y are fe$+1 & consequ5tly fall d[n2 b !y are capable1 accord+ to ,m4 ,rob9et1#ead ( aga9 crawl+ up ! trunk4 ,ev5 ?is capacity sometimes fails1 = ,m4 ,m>t9s#eae plac$ "s cat]pill>s on a tree1 & ^? :i* fell 7 n able to rem\nt & p]i%$ ( hung]2 !y 7 ev5 incapable ( pass+ f leaf to leaf4 ,"s ( ! modifications :i* ! silk-mo? has und]gone /& 9 correlation ) ea* o!r4 ,?us ! eggs ( ! mo?s :i* produce :ite cocoons & ( ^? :i* produce yell[ cocoons diff] slightly 9 t9t4 ,! abdom9al feet also ( ! cat]pill>s :i* yield :ite cocoons are always :ite1 :il/ ^? :i* give yell[ cocoons are inv>iably yell[4#eaf ,we h se5 t ! cat]pill>s ) d>k tig]-l /ripes produce mo?s :i* are m d>kly %ad$ ?an o!r mo?s4 ,x seems well e/abli%$#eag t 9 ,france ! cat]pill>s ( ! races :i* produce :ite silk1 & c]ta9 black cat]pill>s1 h resi/$1 bett] ?an o!r races1 ! disease :i* has rec5tly deva/at$ ! silk-di/ricts4 ,la/ly1 ! races diff] con/itutionally1 = "s d n succe$ s well "u a temp]ate climate z o!rs2 & a damp soil does n equally injure all ! races4#eah ,f ^! v>i\s facts we le>n t silk-mo?s1 l ! high] animals1 v>y greatly "u long-cont9u$ dome/ication4 ,we le>n also ! m important fact t v>iations may occur at v>i\s p]iods ( life1 & be inh]it$ at correspond+ p]iods4 ,& f9ally we see t insects are am5able to ! great pr9ciple ( ,selection4 99 99 99 99 99 #cje ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,cultivat$ ,,plants3 ,,c]eal ,,& ,,cul9>y ,,plants4 ,,prelim9>y ,,rem>ks ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,& ,,p>5tage ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants--,,fir/ ,,/eps ,,9 ,,cultivation--,,geographical ,,di/ribution ,,( ,,cultivat$ ,,plants4 ,,c]ealia4--,,d\bts ,,on ,,! ,,numb] ,,( ,,species4--,,:eat3 ,,v>ieties ,,(--,,individual ,,v>iability--,,*ang$ ,,habits--,,selection--,,anci5t ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,v>ieties4--,,maize3 ,,great ,,v>iation ,,(--,,direct ,,action ,,( ,,climate ,,on4 ,,cul9>y ,,plants4--,,cabbages3 ,,v>ieties ,,(1 ,,9 ,,foliage ,,& ,,/ems1 ,,b ,,n ,,9 ,,o!r ,,p>ts--,,p>5tage ,,(--,,o!r ,,species ,,( ,,brassica4--,,peas3 ,,am\nt ,,( ,,diff]5ce ,,9 ,,! ,,sev]al ,,k9ds1 ,,*iefly ,,9 ,,! ,,pods ,,& ,,se$--,,"s ,,v>ieties ,,con/ant1 ,,"s ,,highly ,,v>iable--,,d ,,n ,,int]cross4--,,beans4--,,potatoes3 ,,num]\s ,,v>ieties ,,(--,,diff]+ ,,little1 ,,except ,,9 ,,! ,,tub]s--,,*>act]s ,,inh]it$4 ,i %all n ent] into s mu* detail on ! v>iability ( cultivat$ plants1 z 9 ! case ( dome/icat$ animals4 ,! subject is involv$ 9 mu* difficulty4 ,botani/s h g5]ally neglect$ cultivat$ v>ieties1 z b5ea? _! notice4 ,9 sev]al cases ! wild prototype is unkn[n or d\btfully kn[n2 & 9 o!r cases x is h>dly possible to di/+ui% betwe5 escap$ se$l+s & truly wild plants1 s t !re is no safe /&>d ( comp>ison by :i* to judge ( any suppos$ am\nt ( *ange4 ,n a few botani/s believe t sev]al ( our anci5tly cultivat$ plants h become s pr(\ndly modifi$ t x is n possible n[ to recognise _! aborig9al p>5t-=ms4 ,equally p]plex+ are ! d\bts :e!r "s ( !m are desc5d$ f "o species1 or f sev]al inextricably comm+l$ by cross+ & v>iation4 ,v>iations (t5 pass into1 & _c be di/+ui%$ f1 mon/rosities2 & mon/rosities are ( little significance = our purpose4 ,_m v>ieties are propagat$ solely by grafts1 buds1 lay]s1 bulbs1 c41 & frequ5tly x is n kn[n h[ f> _! peculi>ities c be transmitt$ by sem9al g5]ation4 ,nev]!less "s facts ( value c be glean$2 & o!r facts w h]eaft] be #cjf incid5tally giv54 ,"o *ief object 9 ! two foll[+ *apt]s is to %[ h[ g5]ally almo/ e "* 9 our cultivat$ plants has become v>iable4 ,be=e ent]+ on details a few g5]al rem>ks on ! orig9 ( cultivat$ plants may be introduc$4 ,m4 ,alph4 de ,c&olle#eai 9 an admirable discussion on ?is subject1 9 :i* he displays a wond]ful am\nt ( k1 gives a li/ ( #aeg ( ! mo/ useful cultivat$ plants4 ,( ^! he believes t #he are almo/ c]ta9ly kn[n 9 _! wild /ate2 b on ?is head o!r compet5t judges#ebj ent]ta9 great d\bts4 ,( #dj ( !m1 ! orig9 is admitt$ by ,m4 ,de ,c&olle to be d\btful1 ei!r f a c]ta9 am\nt ( dissimil>ity :i* !y pres5t :5 comp>$ ) _! ne>e/ allies 9 a wild /ate1 or f ! probability ( ! latt] n be+ truly wild plants1 b se$l+s escap$ f culture4 ,( ! entire #aeg1 #cb alone are rank$ by ,m4 ,de ,c&olle z q unkn[n 9 _! aborig9al condition4 ,b x %\ld be obs]v$ t he does n include 9 8 li/ sev]al plants :i* pres5t ill-def9$ *>act]s1 namely1 ! v>i\s =ms ( pumpk9s1 millet1 sorghum1 kidney-bean1 doli*os1 capsicum1 & indigo4 ,nor does he include fl[]s2 & sev]al ( ! m anci5tly cultivat$ fl[]s1 su* z c]ta9 roses1 ! common ,imp]ial lily1 ! tub]ose1 & ev5 ! lilac1 are said#eba n to be kn[n 9 ! wild /ate4 ,f ! relative numb]s above giv51 & f o!r argum5ts ( mu* weight1 ,m4 ,de ,c&olle concludes t plants h r>ely be5 s mu* modifi$ by culture t !y _c be id5tifi$ ) _! wild prototypes4 ,b on ?is view1 consid]+ t savages probably w\ld n h *os5 r>e plants = cultivation1 t useful plants are g5]ally conspicu\s1 & t !y c\ld n h be5 ! inhabitants ( des]ts or ( remote & rec5tly discov]$ isl&s1 x appe>s /range to me t s _m ( our cultivat$ plants %\ld be /ill unkn[n or only d\btfully kn[n 9 ! wild /ate4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 _m ( ^! plants h be5 pr(\ndly modifi$ by culture1 ! difficulty disappe>s4 ,_! #cjg ext]m9ation dur+ ! progress ( civilisation w\ld likewise remove ! difficulty2 b ,m4 ,de ,c&olle has %[n t ?is probably has seldom occurr$4 ,z soon z a plant became cultivat$ 9 any c\ntry1 ! half-civilis$ inhabitants w\ld no long] h ne$ to se>* ! :ole surface ( ! l& = x1 & ?us lead to its extirpation2 & ev5 if ?is did occur dur+ a fam9e1 dormant se$s w\ld be left 9 ! gr\nd4 ,9 tropical c\ntries ! wild luxuriance ( nature1 z 0 long ago rem>k$ by ,humboldt1 ov]p[]s ! feeble ef=ts ( man4 ,9 anci5tly civilis$ temp]ate c\ntries1 :]e ! :ole face ( ! l& has be5 greatly *ang$1 x c h>dly be d\bt$ t "s plants h be5 ext]m9at$2 nev]!less ,de ,c&olle has %[n t all ! plants hi/orically kn[n to h be5 fir/ cultivat$ 9 ,europe /ill exi/ "h 9 ! wild /ate4 ,,mm4 ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps #ebb & ,de ,c&olle h rem>k$ t our cultivat$ plants1 m especially ! c]eals1 mu/ orig9ally h exi/$ 9 ne>ly _! pres5t /ate2 = o!rwise !y w\ld n h be5 notic$ & valu$ z objects ( food4 ,b ^! au?ors app>5tly h n consid]$ ! _m acc\nts giv5 by travell]s ( ! wret*$ food collect$ by savages4 ,i h read an acc\nt ( ! savages ( ,au/ralia cook+1 dur+ a de>?1 _m vegetables 9 v>i\s ways1 9 ! hopes ( r5d]+ !m innocu\s & m nutriti\s4 ,dr4 ,hook] f\nd ! half-/>v$ inhabitants ( a village 9 ,sikhim suff]+ greatly f hav+ eat5 arum-roots1#ebc :i* !y _h p\nd$ & left = sev]al days to f]m5t1 s z p>tially to de/roy _! poison\s nature2 & he adds t !y cook$ & ate _m o!r delet]i\s plants4 ,sir ,&rew ,smi? in=ms me t 9 ,s\? ,africa a l>ge numb] ( fruits & succul5t leaves1 & especially roots1 are us$ 9 times ( sc>city4 ,! natives1 inde$1 "k ! prop]ties ( a long catalogue ( plants1 "s hav+ #cjh be5 f\nd dur+ fam9es to be eatable1 o!rs injuri\s to heal?1 or ev5 de/ructive to life4 ,he met a p>ty ( ,baquanas :o1 hav+ be5 expell$ by ! conqu]+ ,zulus1 _h liv$ = ye>s on any roots or leaves :i* af=d$ "s little nutrim5t1 & di/5d$ _! /oma*s1 s z to relieve ! pangs ( hung]4 ,!y look$ l walk+ skeletons1 & suff]$ fe>fully f con/ipation4 ,sir ,&rew ,smi? also in=ms me t on su* occasions ! natives obs]ve z a guide = !mselves1 :at ! wild animals1 especially baboons & monkeys1 eat4 ,f innum]able exp]im5ts made ?r\gh dire necessity by ! savages ( e l&1 ) ! results h&$ d[n by tradition1 ! nutriti\s1 /imulat+1 & m$ic9al prop]ties ( ! mo/ unpromis+ plants 7 probably fir/ discov]$4 ,x appe>s1 = in/ance1 at fir/ an inexplicable fact t untutor$ man1 9 ?ree di/ant qu>t]s ( ! _w1 %\ld h discov]$ among/ a ho/ ( native plants t ! leaves ( ! tea-plant & mattee1 & ! b]ries ( ! c(fee1 all includ$ a /imulat+ & nutriti\s ess5ce1 n[ kn[n to be *emically ! same4 ,we c also see t savages suff]+ f sev]e con/ipation w\ld naturally obs]ve :e!r any ( ! roots :i* !y dev\r$ act$ z ap]i5ts4 ,we probably owe our k ( ! uses ( almo/ all plants to man hav+ orig9ally exi/$ 9 a b>b>\s /ate1 & hav+ be5 (t5 compell$ by sev]e want to try z food almo/ ev]y?+ :i* he c\ld *ew & swall[4 ,f :at we "k ( ! habits ( savages 9 _m qu>t]s ( ! _w1 !re is no reason to suppose t our c]eal plants orig9ally exi/$ 9 _! pres5t /ate s valuable to man4 ,let u look to "o cont95t alone1 namely1 ,africa3 ,b>?#ebd /ates t ! slaves ov] a l>ge "p ( ! c5tral region regul>ly collect ! se$s ( a wild grass1 ! ,p5nisetum di/i*um2 9 ano!r di/rict he saw wom5 collect+ ! se$s ( a ,poa by sw++ a sort ( basket ?r\gh ! ri* mead[-l&4 ,ne> ,tete ,liv+/one obs]v$ ! natives collect+ ! se$s #cji ( a wild grass2 & f>!r s\?1 z ,&]sson in=ms me1 ! natives l>gely use ! se$s ( a grass ( ab\t ! size ( can>y-se$1 :i* !y boil 9 wat]4 ,!y eat also ! roots ( c]ta9 re$s1 & e "o has read ( ! ,bu%m5 pr[l+ ab\t & digg+ up ) a fire-h>d5$ /ake v>i\s roots4 ,simil> facts ) respect to ! collection ( se$s ( wild grasses 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w c\ld be giv54#ebe ,accu/om$ z we are to our excell5t vegetables & lusci\s fruits1 we c h>dly p]suade ourselves t ! /r+y roots ( ! wild c>rot & p>snip1 or ! little %oots ( ! wild asp>agus1 or crabs1 sloes1 c41 %\ld ev] h be5 valu$2 yet1 f :at we "k ( ! habits ( ,au/ralian & ,s\? ,african savages1 we ne$ feel no d\bt on ?is head4 ,! inhabitants ( ,switz]l& dur+ ! ,/one-p]iod l>gely collect$ wild crabs1 sloes1 bullaces1 hips ( roses1 eld]b]ries1 bee*-ma/1 & o!r wild b]ries & fruit4#ebf ,jemmy ,button1 a ,fuegian on bo>d ! ,beagle1 rem>k$ to me t ! poor & acid black-currants ( ,ti]ra del ,fuego 7 too sweet = 8 ta/e4 ,! savage inhabitants ( ea* l&1 hav+ f\nd out by _m & h>d trials :at plants 7 useful1 or c\ld be r5d]$ useful by v>i\s cook+ processes1 w\ld aft] a "t take ! fir/ /ep 9 cultivation by plant+ !m ne> _! usual abodes4 ,liv+/one#ebg /ates t ! savage ,batokas sometimes left wild fruit-trees /&+ 9 _! g>d5s1 & occasionally ev5 plant$ !m1 a practice se5 n[h]e else among/ ! natives4 ,b ,du ,*aillu saw a palm & "s o!r wild fruit-trees :i* _h be5 plant$2 & ^! trees 7 consid]$ private prop]ty4 ,! next /ep 9 cultivation1 & ?is w\ld require b little =e?\ght1 w\ld be to s[ #caj ! se$s ( useful plants2 & z ! soil ne> ! hovels ( ! natives#ebh w\ld (t5 be 9 "s degree manur$1 improv$ v>ieties w\ld soon] or lat] arise4 ,or a wild & unusually good v>iety ( a native plant might attract ! att5tion ( "s wise old savage2 & he w\ld transplant x1 or s[ its se$4 ,t sup]ior v>ieties ( wild fruit-trees occasionally are f\nd is c]ta91 z 9 ! case ( ! ,am]ican species ( haw?orns1 plums1 *]ries1 grapes1 & hickories1 specifi$ by ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray4#ebi ,d[n+ also ref]s to c]ta9 wild v>ieties ( ! hickory1 z be+ ( mu* l>g] size & f9] flav\r ?an ! common species4 ,i h ref]r$ to ,am]ican fruit-trees1 because we are n 9 ?is case tr\bl$ ) d\bts :e!r or n ! v>ieties are se$l+s :i* h escap$ f cultivation4 ,transplant+ any sup]ior v>iety1 or s[+ its se$s1 h>dly implies m =e?\ght ?an might be expect$ at an e>ly & rude p]iod ( civilisation4 ,ev5 ! ,au/ralian b>b>ians h a law t no plant be>+ se$s is to be dug up aft] x has fl[]$2 & ,sir ,g4 ,grey#ecj nev] saw ?is law1 evid5tly fram$ = ! pres]vation ( ! plant1 violat$4 ,we see ! same _s 9 ! sup]/iti\s belief ( ! ,fuegians1 t kill+ wat]-f[l :il/ v "y w be foll[$ by mu* ra91 sn[1 bl[ mu*4#eca ,i may add1 z %[+ =e?\ght 9 ! l[e/ b>b>ians1 t ! ,fuegians :5 !y f9d a /r&$ :ale bury l>ge portions 9 ! s&1 & dur+ ! (t5-recurr5t fam9es travel f great di/ances = ! remnants ( ! half-putrid mass4 ,x has (t5 be5 rem>k$#ecb t we d n owe a s+le useful plant to ,au/ralia or ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1--c\ntries ab\nd+ to an unp>allel$ degree ) endemic species1--or to ,new ,zeal&1 or to ,am]ica s\? ( ! ,plata2 &1 accord+ to "s au?ors1 n to ,am]ica nor?w>d ( ,mexico4 ,i d n believe t any edible or valuable plant1 except ! #caa can>y-grass1 has be5 d]iv$ f an oceanic or un9habit$ isl&4 ,if ne>ly all our useful plants1 natives ( ,europe1 ,asia1 & ,s\? ,am]ica1 _h orig9ally exi/$ 9 _! pres5t condition1 ! complete abs5ce ( simil>ly useful plants 9 ! great c\ntries j nam$ w\ld inde$ be a surpris+ fact4 ,b if ^! plants h be5 s greatly modifi$ & improv$ by culture z no long] closely to resemble any natural species1 we c und]/& :y ! above-nam$ c\ntries h giv5 u no useful plants1 = !y 7 ei!r inhabit$ by m5 :o did n cultivate ! gr\nd at all1 z 9 ,au/ralia & ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 or :o cultivat$ x v imp]fectly1 z 9 "s p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,^! c\ntries d yield plants :i* are useful to savage man2 & ,dr4 ,hook]#ecc enum]ates no less ?an #ajg su* species 9 ,au/ralia alone2 b ^! plants h n be5 improv$1 & consequ5tly _c compete ) ^? :i* h be5 cultivat$ & improv$ dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s 9 ! civilis$ _w4 ,! case ( ,new ,zeal&1 to :i* f9e isl& we z yet owe no widely cultivat$ plant1 may seem oppos$ to ?is view2 =1 :5 fir/ discov]$1 ! natives cultivat$ sev]al plants2 b all inquir]s believe1 9 accordance ) ! traditions ( ! natives1 t ! e>ly ,polynesian coloni/s br\ght ) !m se$s & roots1 z well z ! dog1 :i* _h all be5 wisely pres]v$ dur+ _! long voyage4 ,! ,polynesians are s frequ5tly lo/ on ! ocean1 t ?is degree ( prud5ce w\ld occur to any w&]+ p>ty3 h5ce ! e>ly coloni/s ( ,new ,zeal&1 l ! lat] ,european coloni/s1 w\ld n h _h any /rong inducem5t to cultivate ! aborig9al plants4 ,accord+ to ,de ,c&olle we owe ?irty-?ree useful plants to ,mexico1 ,p]u1 & ,*ile2 nor is ?is surpris+ :5 we rememb] ! civiliz$ /ate ( ! inhabitants1 z %[n by ! fact ( _! hav+ practis$ artificial irrigation & made tunnels ?r\gh h>d rocks )\t ! use ( iron or gunp[d]1 & :o1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 fully recognis$1 z f> z animals 7 conc]n$1 & !re=e probably 9 ! case ( plants1 ! important pr9ciple ( selection4 ,we owe "s plants to ,brazil2 & ! e>ly voyag]s1 namely ,vespucius & ,cabral1 describe ! c\ntry z ?ickly peopl$ #cab & cultivat$4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica#ecd ! natives cultivat$ maize1 pumpk9s1 g\rds1 beans1 & peas1 all diff]5t f ours1 & tobacco2 & we are h>dly ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t none ( our pres5t plants are desc5d$ f ^! ,nor? ,am]ican =ms4 ,_h ,nor? ,am]ica be5 civiliz$ = z long a p]iod1 & z ?ickly peopl$1 z ,asia or ,europe1 x is probable t ! native v9es1 walnuts1 mulb]ries1 crabs1 & plums1 w\ld h giv5 rise1 aft] a long c\rse ( cultivation1 to a multitude ( v>ieties1 "s extremely diff]5t f _! p>5t-/ocks2 & escap$ se$l+s w\ld h caus$ 9 ! ,new1 z 9 ! ,old ,_w1 mu* p]plexity ) respect to _! specific di/9ctness & p>5tage4#ece ,c]ealia4--,i w n[ ent] on details4 ,! c]eals cultivat$ 9 ,europe consi/ ( f\r g5]a--:eat1 rye1 b>ley1 & oats4 ,( :eat ! be/ mod]n au?orities#ecf make f\r or five1 or ev5 sev5 di/9ct species2 ( rye1 "o2 ( b>ley1 ?ree2 & ( oats1 two1 ?ree1 or f\r species4 ,s t altoge!r our c]eals are rank$ by diff]5t au?ors "u f t5 to fifte5 di/9ct species4 ,^! h giv5 rise to a multitude ( v>ieties4 ,x is a rem>kable fact t botani/s are n univ]sally agre$ on ! aborig9al p>5t-=m ( any "o c]eal plant4 ,= in/ance1 a high au?ority writes 9 #ahee1ecg ,we ourselves h no hesitation 9 /at+ our conviction1 z ! result ( all ! mo/ reliable evid5ce1 t none ( ^! ,c]ealia exi/1 or h exi/$1 truly wild 9 _! pres5t /ate1 b t all are cultivat$ v>ieties ( species n[ gr[+ 9 great abundance 9 ,s4 ,europe or ,w4 ,asia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle#ech has adduc$ abundant evid5ce t common :eat 7,triticum vulg>e7 has be5 f\nd wild 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,asia1 :]e x is n likely to h escap$ f cultivation2 & !re is #cac =ce 9 ,m4 ,godron's rem>k1 t1 suppos+ ^! plants to be escap$ se$l+s1#eci if !y h propagat$ !mselves 9 a wild /ate = sev]al g5]ations1 _! cont9u$ resemblance to cultivat$ :eat r5d]s x probable t ! latt] has reta9$ its aborig9al "*4 ,m4 ,de ,c&olle insi/s /rongly on ! frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! ,au/rian dom9ions ( rye & ( "o k9d ( oats 9 an app>5tly wild condition4 ,) ! exception ( ^! two cases1 :i* h[ev] are r d\btful1 & ) ! exception ( two =ms ( :eat & "o ( b>ley1 :i* he believes to h be5 f\nd truly wild1 ,m4 ,de ,c&olle does n seem fully satisfi$ ) ! o!r report$ discov]ies ( ! p>5t-=ms ( our o!r c]eals4 ,) respect to oats1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,buckman1#edj ! wild ,engli% ,av5a fatua c be conv]t$ by a few ye>s ( c>eful cultivation & selection into =ms almo/ id5tical ) two v di/9ct cultivat$ races4 ,! :ole subject ( ! orig9 & specific di/9ctness ( ! v>i\s c]eal plants is a mo/ difficult "o2 b we %all p]haps be able to judge a little bett] aft] consid]+ ! am\nt ( v>iation :i* :eat has und]gone4 ,metzg] describes sev5 species ( :eat1 ,godron ref]s to five1 & ,de ,c&olle to only f\r4 ,x is n improbable t1 besides ! k9ds kn[n 9 ,europe1 o!r /rongly *>act]is$ =ms exi/ 9 ! m di/ant p>ts ( ! _w2 = ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps#eda speaks ( ?ree new species or v>ieties1 s5t to ,europe 9 #ahbb f ,*9ese ,mongolia1 :i* he consid]s z be+ !re indig5\s4 ,moorcr(t#edb also speaks ( ,hasora :eat 9 ,ladakh z v peculi>4 ,if ^? botani/s are "r :o believe t at lea/ sev5 species ( :eat orig9ally exi/$1 !n ! am\nt ( v>iation 9 any important "* :i* :eat has und]gone "u cultivation has be5 slight2 b if only f\r or a less] numb] ( species orig9ally exi/$1 !n x is evid5t t v>ieties s /rongly m>k$ h aris51 t !y h be5 consid]$ by capable judges z specifically di/9ct4 ,b ! impossibility ( decid+ :i* =ms ought to be rank$ z species & :i* z v>ieties1 makes x useless to specify 9 detail ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds ( :eat4 ,speak+ g5]ally1 ! organs ( vegetation diff] little2#edc b "s k9ds gr[ close & upright1 :il/ o!rs spread & trail along ! gr\nd4 ,! /raw diff]s 9 be+ m or less holl[1 & 9 quality4 ,! e>s#edd #cad diff] 9 col\r & 9 %ape1 be+ quadrangul>1 compress$1 or ne>ly cyl9drical2 & ! florets diff] 9 _! approximation to ea* o!r1 9 _! pubesc5ce1 & 9 be+ m or less elongat$4 ,! pres5ce or abs5ce ( b>bs is a conspicu\s diff]5ce1 & 9 c]ta9 ,gram9eae s]ves ev5 z a g5]ic "*2#ede al?\gh1 z rem>k$ by ,godron1#edf ! pres5ce ( b>bs is v>iable 9 c]ta9 wild grasses1 & especially 9 ^?1 su* z ,bromus secal9us & ,lolium temul5tum1 :i* habitually gr[ m+l$ ) our c]eal crops1 & :i* h ?us un9t5tionally be5 expos$ to culture4 ,! gra9s diff] 9 size1 weight1 & col\r2 9 be+ m or less d[ny at "o end1 9 be+ smoo? or wr9kl$1 9 be+ ei!r ne>ly globul>1 oval1 or elongat$2 & f9ally 9 int]nal texture1 be+ t5d] or h>d1 or ev5 almo/ horny1 & 9 ! proportion ( glut5 :i* !y conta94 ,ne>ly all ! races or species ( :eat v>y1 z ,godron#edg has rem>k$1 9 an exactly p>allel mann]1--9 ! se$ be+ d[ny or glabr\s1 & 9 col\r1--& 9 ! florets be+ b>b$ or n b>b$1 c4 ,^? :o believe t all ! k9ds are desc5d$ f a s+le wild species may acc\nt = ?is p>allel v>iation by ! inh]itance ( a simil> con/itution1 & a consequ5t t5d5cy to v>y 9 ! same mann]2 & ^? :o believe 9 ! g5]al !ory ( desc5t ) modification may ext5d ?is view to ! sev]al species ( :eat1 if su* ev] exi/$ 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,al?\gh few ( ! v>ieties ( :eat pres5t any conspicu\s diff]5ce1 _! numb] is great4 ,dalbret cultivat$ dur+ ?irty ye>s f #aej to #afj k9ds1 & except+ 9 ! quality ( ! gra9 !y all kept true3 ,colonel ,le ,c\teur possess$ upw>ds ( #aej1 & ,philipp> #cbb v>ieties4#edh ,z :eat is an annual1 we ?us see h[ /rictly _m trifl+ diff]5ces 9 "* are inh]it$ ?r\gh _m g5]ations4 ,colonel ,le ,c\teur insi/s /rongly on ?is same fact3 9 8 p]sev]+ & successful attempts to raise new v>ieties by selection1 he began by *oos+ ! be/ e>s1 b soon f\nd t ! gra9s 9 ! same e> diff]$ s t he 0 compell$ to select !m sep>ately2 & ea* gra9 g5]ally transmitt$ its own "*4 ,! great am\nt ( v>iability 9 ! plants ( ! same v>iety is ano!r int]e/+ po9t1 :i* w\ld nev] h be5 detect$ except by an eye long practis$ to ! "w2 ?us ,colonel ,le ,c\teur relates#edi t 9 a field ( 8 own :eat1 :i* he consid]$ at lea/ z pure z t ( any ( 8 neighb\rs1 ,pr(essor ,la ,gasca f\nd tw5ty-?ree sorts2 & ,pr(essor ,h5sl[ has obs]v$ simil> facts4 ,besides su* individual v>iations1 =ms suffici5tly well m>k$ to be valu$ & to become widely cultivat$ #cae sometimes sudd5ly appe>3 ?us ,mr4 ,%]iff has _h ! good =tune to raise 9 8 lifetime sev5 new v>ieties1 :i* are n[ ext5sively gr[n 9 _m p>ts ( ,brita94#eej ,z 9 ! case ( _m o!r plants1 "s v>ieties1 bo? old & new1 are f> m con/ant 9 "* ?an o!rs4 ,colonel ,le ,c\teur 0 =c$ to reject "s ( 8 new sub-v>ieties1 :i* he suspect$ _h be5 produc$ f a cross1 z incorrigibly sportive4 ,) respect to ! t5d5cy to v>y1 ,metzg]#eea gives f 8 own exp]i5ce "s int]e/+ facts3 he describes ?ree ,spani% sub-v>ieties1 m especially "o kn[n to be con/ant 9 ,spa91 :i* 9 ,g]many assum$ _! prop] "* only dur+ hot summ]s2 ano!r v>iety kept true only 9 good l&1 b aft] hav+ be5 cultivat$ = tw5ty-five ye>s became m con/ant4 ,he m5tions two o!r sub-v>ieties :i* 7 at fir/ incon/ant1 b subsequ5tly became1 app>5tly )\t any selection1 accu/om$ to _! new homes1 & reta9$ _! prop] "*4 ,^! facts %[ :at small *anges 9 ! conditions ( life cause v>iability1 & !y fur!r %[ t a v>iety may become habituat$ to new conditions4 ,"o is at fir/ incl9$ to conclude ) ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps1 t :eat cultivat$ 9 ! same c\ntry is expos$ to rem>kably uni=m conditions2 b manures diff]1 se$ is tak5 f "o soil to ano!r1 & :at is f> m important ! plants are expos$ z little z possible to /ruggle ) o!r plants1 & are ?us enabl$ to exi/ "u div]sifi$ conditions4 ,9 a /ate ( nature ea* plant is conf9$ to t p>ticul> /ation & k9d ( nutrim5t :i* x c seize f ! o!r plants by :i* x is surr\nd$4 ,:eat quickly assumes new habits ( life4 ,! summ] & w9t] k9ds 7 class$ by ,l9naeus z di/9ct species2 b ,m4 ,monni]#eeb has prov$ t ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m is only tempor>y4 ,he s[$ w9t]-:eat 9 spr+1 & out ( "o hundr$ plants f\r alone produc$ ripe se$s2 ^! 7 s[n & res[n1 & 9 ?ree ye>s plants 7 re>$ :i* rip5$ all _! se$4 ,conv]sely1 ne>ly all ! plants rais$ f summ]-:eat1 :i* 0 s[n 9 autumn1 p]i%$ f fro/2 b a few 7 sav$ & produc$ se$1 & 9 ?ree ye>s ?is summ]-v>iety 0 conv]t$ into a w9t]-v>iety4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t :eat soon becomes to a c]ta9 ext5t acclimatis$1 & t se$ br\ght f di/ant c\ntries & s[n 9 ,europe vegetates at fir/1 or ev5 = a consid]able p]iod1#eec diff]5tly f our ,european v>ieties4 ,9 ,canada ! fir/ settl]s1 accord+ to ,kalm1#eed f\nd _! w9t]s too sev]e = w9t]-:eat br\ght f ,france1 & _! summ]s (t5 too %ort = summ]-:eat2 & until !y procur$ summ]-:eat f ! nor!rn p>ts ( ,europe1 :i* succe$$ well1 !y ?\ght t _! #caf c\ntry 0 useless = corn crops4 ,x is notori\s t ! proportion ( glut5 diff]s mu* "u diff]5t climates4 ,! weight ( ! gra9 is also quickly affect$ by climate3 ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps#eee s[$ ne> ,p>is #ed v>ieties1 obta9$ f ! ,s\? ( ,france & f ! ,black ,sea1 & #eb ( ^! yield$ se$ f #aj to #dj p] c5t4 heavi] ?an ! p>5t-se$4 ,he !n s5t ^! heavi] gra9s back to ! ,s\? ( ,france1 b !re !y imm$iately yield$ light] se$4 ,all ^? :o h closely att5d$ to ! subject insi/ on ! close adaptation ( num]\s v>ieties ( :eat to v>i\s soils & climates ev5 )9 ! same c\ntry2 ?us ,colonel ,le ,c\teur#eef says1 ,x is ! suitabl5ess ( ea* sort to ea* soil t w enable ! f>m] to pay 8 r5t by s[+ "o v>iety1 :]e he w\ld be unable to d s by attempt+ to gr[ ano!r ( a seem+ly bett] sort4 ,?is may be 9 "p due to ea* k9d becom+ habituat$ to its conditions ( life1 z ,metzg] has %[n c]ta9ly occurs1 b x is probably 9 ma9 "p due to innate diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al v>ieties4 ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! det]ioration ( :eat2 t ! quality ( ! fl\r1 size ( gra91 "t ( fl[]+1 & h>d9ess may be modifi$ by climate & soil1 seems ne>ly c]ta92 b t ! :ole body ( any "o sub-v>iety ev] becomes *ang$ into ano!r & di/9ct sub-v>iety1 !re is no reason to believe4 ,:at app>5tly does take place1 accord+ to ,le ,c\teur1#eeg is1 t "s "o sub-v>iety out ( ! _m :i* may always be detect$ 9 ! same field is m prolific ?an ! o!rs1 & gradually supplants ! v>iety :i* 0 fir/ s[n4 ,) respect to ! natural cross+ ( di/9ct v>ieties ! evid5ce is conflict+1 b prepond]ates aga9/ its frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,_m au?ors ma9ta9 t impregnation takes place 9 ! clos$ fl[]1 b ,i am sure f my own obs]vations t ?is is n ! case1 at lea/ ) ^? v>ieties to :i* ,i h att5d$4 ,b z ,i %all h to discuss ?is subject 9 ano!r "w1 x may be "h pass$ ov]4 ,9 conclusion1 all au?ors admit t num]\s v>ieties ( :eat h aris52 b _! diff]5ces are unimportant1 unless1 inde$1 "s ( ! s-call$ species are rank$ z v>ieties4 ,^? :o believe t f f\r to sev5 wild species ( ,triticum orig9ally exi/$ 9 ne>ly ! same condition z at pres5t1 re/ _! belief *iefly on ! great antiquity ( ! sev]al =ms4#eeh ,x is an important fact1 :i* we h rec5tly le>nt f ! admirable rese>*es #cag ( ,he]1#eei t ! inhabitants ( ,switz]l&1 ev5 s e>ly z ! ,neoli?ic p]iod1 cultivat$ no less ?an t5 c]eal plants1 namely1 five k9ds ( :eat1 ( :i* at lea/ f\r are commonly look$ at z di/9ct species1 ?ree k9ds ( b>ley1 a panicum1 & a set>ia4 ,if x c\ld be %[n t at ! e>lie/ dawn ( agriculture five k9ds ( :eat & ?ree ( b>ley _h be5 cultivat$1 we %\ld ( c\rse be compell$ to look at ^! =ms z di/9ct species4 ,b1 z ,he] has rem>k$1 agriculture ev5 at ! p]iod ( ! lake-habitations _h already made consid]able progress2 =1 besides ! t5 c]eals1 peas1 poppies1 flax1 & app>5tly apples1 7 cultivat$4 ,x may also be inf]r$1 f "o v>iety ( :eat be+ ! s-call$ ,egyptian1 & f :at is kn[n ( ! native c\ntry ( ! panicum & set>ia1 z well z f ! nature ( ! we$s :i* !n grew m+l$ ) ! crops1 t ! lake-inhabitants ei!r /ill kept up comm]cial int]c\rse ) "s s\!rn p or _h orig9ally proce$$ z coloni/s f ! ,s\?4 ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps#efj has argu$ t1 if our c]eal plants _h be5 greatly modifi$ by cultivation1 ! we$s :i* habitually gr[ m+l$ ) !m w\ld h be5 equally modifi$4 ,b ?is argum5t %[s h[ completely ! pr9ciple ( selection has be5 ov]look$4 ,t su* we$s h n v>i$1 or at lea/ d n v>y n[ 9 any extreme degree1 is ! op9ion ( ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,watson & ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 z !y in=m me2 b :o w pret5d to say t !y d n v>y z mu* z ! individual plants ( ! same sub-v>iety ( :eat8 ,we h already se5 t pure v>ieties ( :eat1 cultivat$ 9 ! same field1 (f] _m slight v>iations1 :i* c be select$ & sep>ately propagat$2 & t occasionally m /rongly pron\nc$ v>iations appe>1 :i*1 z ,mr4 ,%]iff has prov$1 are well wor?y ( ext5sive cultivation4 ,n until equal att5tion be paid to ! v>iability & selection ( we$s1 c ! argum5t f _! con/ancy "u un9t5tional culture be ( any value4 ,9 accordance ) ! pr9ciples ( selection we c und]/& h[ x is t 9 ! sev]al cultivat$ v>ieties ( :eat ! organs ( vegetation diff] s little2 = if a plant #cah ) peculi> leaves appe>$1 x w\ld be neglect$ unless ! gra9s ( corn 7 at ! same "t sup]ior 9 quality or size4 ,! selection ( se$-corn 0 /rongly recomm5d$#efa 9 anci5t times by ,columella & ,celsus2 & z ,virgil says1-- ,i've se5 ! l>ge/ se$s1 ?o' view'd ) c>e1 ,deg5]ate1 unless ?' indu/ri\s h& ,did ye>ly cull ! l>ge/4 ,b :e!r 9 anci5t times selection 0 me?odically pursu$ we may well d\bt1 :5 we he> h[ labori\s ! "w 0 f\nd by ,le ,c\teur4 ,al?\gh ! pr9ciple ( selection is s important1 yet ! little :i* man has effect$1 by incessant ef=ts#efb dur+ ?\s&s ( ye>s1 9 r5d]+ ! plants m productive or ! gra9s m nutriti\s ?an !y 7 9 ! "t ( ! old ,egyptians1 w\ld seem to speak /rongly aga9/ its efficacy4 ,b we mu/ n =get t at ea* successive p]iod ! /ate ( agriculture & ! quantity ( manure suppli$ to ! l& w h det]m9$ ! maximum degree ( productiv5ess2 = x w\ld be impossible to cultivate a highly productive v>iety1 unless ! l& conta9$ a suffici5t supply ( ! necess>y *emical elem5ts4 ,we n[ "k t man 0 suffici5tly civiliz$ to cultivate ! gr\nd at an imm5sely remote p]iod2 s t :eat might h be5 improv$ long ago up to t /&>d ( excell5ce :i* 0 possible "u ! !n exi/+ /ate ( agriculture4 ,"o small class ( facts supports ?is view ( ! sl[ & gradual improvem5t ( our c]eals4 ,9 ! mo/ anci5t lake-habitations ( ,switz]l&1 :5 m5 employ$ only fl9t-tools1 ! mo/ ext5sively cultivat$ :eat 0 a peculi> k9d1 ) rem>kably small e>s & gra9s4#efc ,:il/ ! gra9s ( ! mod]n =ms are 9 section f sev5 to eight millimetres 9 l5g?1 ! l>g] gra9s f ! lake-habitations are six1 seldom sev51 & ! small] ones only f\r4 ,! e> is ?us mu* n>r[]1 & ! spikelets /& out m horizontally1 ?an 9 our pres5t =ms4 ,s aga9 ) b>ley1 ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ ext5sively cultivat$ k9d _h small e>s1 & ! gra9s #cai 7 small]1 %ort]1 & ne>] to ea* o!r1 ?an 9 t n[ gr[n2 )\t ! husk !y 7 #ba_/b l9es long1 & sc>cely #aa_/b broad1 :il/ ^? n[ gr[n h a l5g? ( ?ree l9es1 & almo/ ! same 9 bread?4#efd ,^! small-gra9$ v>ieties ( :eat & b>ley are believ$ by ,he] to be ! p>5t-=ms ( c]ta9 exi/+ alli$ v>ieties1 :i* h supplant$ _! e>ly prog5itors4 ,he] gives an int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! fir/ appe>ance & f9al disappe>ance ( ! sev]al plants :i* 7 cultivat$ 9 great] or less abundance 9 ,switz]l& dur+ =m] successive p]iods1 & :i* g5]ally diff]$ m or less f our exi/+ v>ieties4 ,! peculi> small-e>$ & small-gra9$ :eat1 already allud$ to1 0 ! commone/ k9d dur+ ! ,/one p]iod2 x la/$ d[n to ! ,helvetico-,roman age1 & !n became ext9ct4 ,a second k9d 0 r>e at fir/1 b aft]w>ds became m frequ5t4 ,a ?ird1 ! ,egyptian :eat 7,t4 turgidum71 does n agree exactly ) any exi/+ v>iety1 & 0 r>e dur+ ! ,/one p]iod4 ,a f\r? k9d 7,t4 dicoccum7 diff]s f all kn[n v>ieties ( ?is =m4 ,a fif? k9d 7,t4 monococcum7 is kn[n to h exi/$ dur+ ! ,/one p]iod only by ! pres5ce ( a s+le e>4 ,a six? k9d1 ! common ,t4 spelta1 0 n introduc$ into ,switz]l& until ! ,bronze age4 ,( b>ley1 besides ! %ort-e>$ & small-gra9$ k9d1 two o!rs 7 cultivat$1 "o ( :i* 0 v sc>ce1 & resembl$ our pres5t common ,h4 di/i*um4 ,dur+ ! ,bronze age rye & oats 7 introduc$2 ! oat-gra9s be+ some:at small] ?an ^? produc$ by our exi/+ v>ieties4 ,! poppy 0 l>gely cultivat$ dur+ ! ,/one p]iod1 probably = its oil2 b ! v>iety :i* !n exi/$ is n n[ kn[n4 ,a peculi> pea ) small se$s la/$ f ! ,/one to ! ,bronze age1 & !n became ext9ct2 :il/ a peculi> bean1 likewise hav+ small se$s1 came 9 at ! ,bronze p]iod & la/$ to ! "t ( ! ,romans4 ,^! details s\nd l ! description giv5 by a palaeontologi/ ( ! mutations 9 =m1 ( ! fir/ appe>ance1 ! increas+ r>ity1 & f9al ext9ction ( fossil species1 emb$d$ 9 ! successive /ages ( a geological =mation4 #cbj ,f9ally1 e "o mu/ judge = himself :e!r x is m probable t ! sev]al =ms ( :eat1 b>ley1 rye1 & oats are desc5d$ f betwe5 t5 & fifte5 species1 mo/ ( :i* are n[ ei!r unkn[n or ext9ct1 or :e!r !y are desc5d$ f betwe5 f\r & eight species1 :i* may h ei!r closely resembl$ our pres5t cultivat$ =ms1 or h be5 s widely diff]5t z to escape id5tification4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 we mu/ conclude t man cultivat$ ! c]eals at an enorm\sly remote p]iod1 & t he =m]ly practis$ "s degree ( selection1 :i* 9 itself is n improbable4 ,we may1 p]haps1 fur!r believe t1 :5 :eat 0 fir/ cultivat$1 ! e>s & gra9s increas$ quickly 9 size1 9 ! same mann] z ! roots ( ! wild c>rot & p>snip are kn[n to increase quickly 9 bulk "u cultivation4 ,maize3 ,zea ,mays4--,botani/s are ne>ly unanim\s t all ! cultivat$ k9ds belong to ! same species4 ,x is und\bt$ly#efe ( ,am]ican orig91 & 0 gr[n by ! aborig9es ?r\gh\t ! cont95t f ,new ,engl& to ,*ili4 ,its cultivation mu/ h be5 extremely anci5t1 = ,ts*udi#eff describes two k9ds1 n[ ext9ct or n kn[n 9 ,p]u1 :i* 7 tak5 f tombs app>5tly prior to ! dyna/y ( ! ,incas4 ,b !re is ev5 /rong] evid5ce ( antiquity1 = ,i f\nd on ! coa/ ( ,p]u#efg heads ( maize1 toge!r ) eighte5 species ( rec5t sea-%ell1 emb$d$ 9 a bea* :i* _h be5 uprais$ at lea/ #he feet above ! level ( ! sea4 ,9 accordance ) ?is anci5t cultivation1 num]\s ,am]ican v>ieties h aris54 ,! aborig9al =m has n z yet be5 discov]$ 9 ! wild /ate4 ,a peculi> k9d1#efh 9 :i* ! gra9s1 in/ead ( be+ nak$1 are conceal$ by husks z mu* z elev5 l9es 9 l5g?1 has be5 /at$ on insuffici5t evid5ce to gr[ wild 9 ,brazil4 ,x is almo/ c]ta9 t ! aborig9al =m w\ld h _h its gra9s ?us protect$2#efi b ! se$s ( ! ,brazilian v>iety produce1 z ,i he> f ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 & z is /at$ 9 two publi%$ acc\nts1 ei!r common or husk$ maize2 & x is n #cba cr$ible t a wild species1 :5 fir/ cultivat$1 %\ld v>y s quickly & 9 s great a degree4 ,maize has v>i$ 9 an extraord9>y & conspicu\s mann]4 ,metzg]1#egj :o paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! cultivation ( ?is plant1 makes twelve races 7unt]-art7 ) num]\s sub-v>ieties2 ( ! latt] "s are tol]ably con/ant1 o!rs q incon/ant4 ,! diff]5t races v>y 9 height f #ae-ah feet to only #af-ah in*es1 z 9 a dw>f v>iety describ$ by ,bonaf\s4 ,! :ole e> is v>iable 9 %ape1 be+ long & n>r[1 or %ort & ?ick1 or bran*$4 ,! e> 9 "o v>iety is m ?an f\r times z long z 9 a dw>f k9d4 ,! se$s are arrang$ 9 ! e> 9 f six to ev5 tw5ty r[s1 or are plac$ irregul>ly4 ,! se$s are col\r$--:ite1 pale-yell[1 orange1 r$1 violet1 or elegantly /reak$ ) black2#ega & 9 ! same e> !re are sometimes se$s ( two col\rs4 ,9 a small collection ,i f\nd t a s+le gra9 ( "o v>iety ne>ly equall$ 9 weight sev5 gra9s ( ano!r v>iety4 ,! %ape ( ! se$ v>ies greatly1 be+ v flat1 or ne>ly globul>1 or oval2 broad] ?an long1 or long] ?an broad2 )\t any po9t1 or produc$ into a %>p too?1 & ?is too? is sometimes recurv$4 ,"o v>iety 7! rugosa ( ,bonaf\s7 has its se$s curi\sly wr9kl$1 giv+ to ! :ole e> a s+ul> appe>ance4 ,ano!r v>iety 7! cymosa ( ,bon47 c>ries its e>s s cr[d$ toge!r t x is call$ mais a b\quet4 ,! se$s ( "s v>ieties conta9 mu* glucose in/ead ( />*4 ,male fl[]s sometimes appe> among/ ! female fl[]s1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott has lately obs]v$ ! r>] case ( female fl[]s on a true male panicle1 & likewise h]maphrodite fl[]s4#egb ,az>a describes#egc a v>iety 9 ,p>aguay ! gra9s ( :i* are v t5d]1 & he /ates t sev]al v>ieties are fitt$ = be+ cook$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,! v>ieties also diff] greatly 9 precocity1 & h diff]5t p[]s ( resi/+ dryness & ! action ( viol5t w9d4#egd ,"s ( ! =ego+ diff]5ces w\ld c]ta9ly be consid]$ ( specific value ) plants 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,le ,comte ,re /ates t ! gra9s ( all ! v>ieties :i* he cultivat$ ultimately assum$ a yell[ col\r4 ,b ,bonaf\s#ege f\nd t mo/ ( ^? :i* he s[$ = t5 consecutive ye>s kept true to _! prop] t9ts2 & he adds t 9 ! valleys ( ! ,pyr5ees & on ! pla9s ( ,pi$mont a :ite maize has be5 cultivat$ = m ?an a c5tury1 & has und]gone no *ange4 ,! tall k9ds gr[n 9 s\!rn latitudes1 & !re=e expos$ to great heat1 require f six to sev5 mon?s to rip5 _! se$2 :]eas ! dw>f k9ds1 gr[n 9 nor!rn & cold] climates1 require only f #cbb ?ree to f\r mon?s4#egf ,pet] ,kalm1#egg :o p>ticul>ly att5d$ to ?is plant1 says1 t 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 9 proce$+ f s\? to nor?1 ! plants /eadily dim9i% 9 bulk4 ,se$s br\ght f lat4 #cg deg4 9 ,virg9ia1 & s[n 9 lat4 #dc deg4-#dd deg4 9 ,new ,engl&1 produce plants :i* w n rip5 _! se$1 or rip5 !m ) ! utmo/ difficulty4 ,s x is ) se$ c>ri$ f ,new ,engl& to lat4 #de deg4-#dg deg4 9 ,canada4 ,by tak+ great c>e at fir/1 ! s\!rn k9ds aft] "s ye>s' culture rip5 _! se$ p]fectly 9 _! nor!rn homes1 s t ?is is an analog\s case ) t ( ! conv]sion ( summ] into w9t] :eat1 & conv]sely4 ,:5 tall & dw>f maize are plant$ toge!r1 ! dw>f k9ds are 9 full fl[] be=e ! o!rs h produc$ a s+le fl[]2 & 9 ,p5nsylvania !y rip5 _! se$ six weeks e>li] ?an ! tall maize4 ,metzg] also m5tions a ,european maize :i* rip5s its se$ f\r weeks e>li] ?an ano!r ,european k9d4 ,) ^! facts1 s pla9ly %[+ inh]it$ acclimatisation1 we may readily believe ,kalm1 :o /ates t 9 ,nor? ,am]ica maize & "s o!r plants h gradually be5 cultivat$ fur!r & fur!r nor?w>d4 ,all writ]s agree t to keep ! v>ieties ( maize pure !y mu/ be plant$ sep>ately s t !y %all n cross4 ,! effects ( ! climate ( ,europe on ! ,am]ican v>ieties is highly rem>kable4 ,metzg] obta9$ se$ f v>i\s p>ts ( ,am]ica1 & cultivat$ sev]al k9ds 9 ,g]many4 ,i w give an ab/ract ( ! *anges obs]v$#egh 9 "o case1 namely1 ) a tall k9d 7,breit-kornig] mays1 ,zea altissima7 br\ght f ! w>m] p>ts ( ,am]ica4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye> ! plants 7 twelve feet high1 & few se$s 7 p]fect$2 ! l[] se$s 9 ! e> kept true to _! prop] =m1 b ! upp] se$s became slightly *ang$4 ,9 ! second g5]ation ! plants 7 f n9e to t5 feet 9 height1 & rip5$ _! se$ bett]2 ! depression on ! out] side ( ! se$ _h almo/ disappe>$1 & ! orig9al beautiful :ite col\r _h become duski]4 ,"s ( ! se$s _h ev5 become yell[1 & 9 _! n[ r\nd$ =m !y approa*$ common ,european maize4 ,9 ! ?ird g5]ation ne>ly all resemblance to ! orig9al & v di/9ct ,am]ican p>5t-=m 0 lo/4 ,9 ! six? g5]ation ?is maize p]fectly resembl$ a ,european v>iety1 describ$ z ! second sub-v>iety ( ! fif? race4 ,:5 ,metzg] publi%$ 8 book1 ?is v>iety 0 /ill cultivat$ ne> ,heidelb]g1 & c\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! common k9d only by a some:at m vigor\s gr[?4 ,analog\s results 7 obta9$ by ! cultivation ( ano!r ,am]ican race1 ! :ite-too? corn1 9 :i* ! too? ne>ly disappe>$ ev5 9 ! second g5]ation4 ,a ?ird race1 ! *ick5-corn1 did n und]go s great a *ange1 b ! se$s became less poli%$ & pellucid4 ,^! facts af=d ! mo/ rem>kable in/ance kn[n to me ( ! direct & prompt action ( climate on a plant4 ,x might #cbc h be5 expect$ t ! tallness ( ! /em1 ! p]iod ( vegetation1 & ! rip5+ ( ! se$1 w\ld h be5 ?us affect$2 b x is a mu* m surpris+ fact t ! se$s %\ld h und]gone s rapid & great a *ange4 ,z1 h[ev]1 fl[]s1 ) _! product ! se$1 are =m$ by ! metamorphosis ( ! /em & leaves1 any modification 9 ^! latt] organs w\ld be apt to ext5d1 ?r\gh correlation1 to ! organs ( fructification4 ,cabbage 7,brassica ol]acea74--,e "o kn[s h[ greatly ! v>i\s k9ds ( cabbage diff] 9 appe>ance4 ,9 ! isl& ( ,j]sey1 f ! effects ( p>ticul> culture & ( climate1 a /alk has gr[n to ! height ( sixte5 feet1 & _h its spr+ %oots at ! top occupi$ by a magpie's ne/3 ! woody /ems are n unfrequ5tly f t5 to twelve feet 9 height1 & are !re us$ z raft]s#egi & z walk+-/icks4 ,we are ?us rem9d$ t 9 c]ta9 c\ntries plants belong+ to ! g5]ally h]bace\s ord] ( ! ,crucif]ae are develop$ into trees4 ,e "o c appreciate ! diff]5ce betwe5 gre5 or r$ cabbages ) great s+le heads2 ,brussel-spr\ts ) num]\s little heads2 broccolis & caulifl[]s ) ! great] numb] ( _! fl[]s 9 an abort$ condition1 incapable ( produc+ se$1 & borne 9 a d5se corymb in/ead ( an op5 panicle2 savoys ) _! bli/]$ & wr9kl$ leaves2 & borecoles & kales1 :i* come ne>e/ to ! wild p>5t-=m4 ,!re are also v>i\s frizzl$ & lac9iat$ k9ds1 "s ( su* beautiful col\rs t ,vilmor9 9 8 ,catalogue ( #ahea enum]ates t5 v>ieties1 valu$ solely = ornam5t1 :i* are propagat$ by se$4 ,"s k9ds are less commonly kn[n1 su* z ! ,portuguese ,c\ve ,tron*uda1 ) ! ribs ( its leaves greatly ?ick5$2 & ! ,kohlrabi or *\x-raves1 ) _! /ems enl>g$ into great turnip-l masses above ! gr\nd2 & ! rec5tly =m$ new race#ehj ( *\x-raves1 already includ+ n9e sub-v>ieties1 9 :i* ! enl>g$ "p lies b5ea? ! gr\nd l a turnip4 ,al?\gh we see su* great diff]5ces 9 ! %ape1 size1 col\r1 arrangem5t1 & mann] ( gr[? ( ! leaves & /em1 & ( ! fl[]-/ems 9 ! broccoli & caulifl[]1 x is rem>kable t ! fl[]s !mselves1 ! se$-pods1 & se$s1 pres5t extremely slight diff]5ces or none at all4#eha ,i comp>$ ! fl[]s ( all ! pr9cipal k9ds2 ^? ( ! ,c\ve ,tron*uda are :ite & r small] ?an 9 common cabbages2 ^? ( ! ,portsm\? broccoli h n>r[] sepals1 & small]1 less elongat$ petals2 & 9 no o!r cabbage c\ld any diff]5ce be detect$4 ,) respect to ! se$-pods1 9 ! purple ,kohlrabi alone1 #cbd d !y diff]1 be+ a little long] & n>r[] ?an usual4 ,i made a collection ( ! se$s ( tw5ty-eight diff]5t k9ds1 & mo/ ( !m 7 undi/+ui%able2 :5 !re 0 any diff]5ce x 0 excessively slight2 ?us1 ! se$s ( v>i\s broccolis & caulifl[]s1 :5 se5 9 mass1 are a little r$d]2 ^? ( ! e>ly gre5 ,ulm savoy are r small]2 & ^? ( ! ,br$a kail slightly l>g] ?an usual1 b n l>g] ?an ! se$s ( ! wild cabbage f ! coa/ ( ,wales4 ,:at a contra/ 9 ! am\nt ( diff]5ce is pres5t$ if1 on ! "o h&1 we comp>e ! leaves & /ems ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( cabbage ) _! fl[]s1 pods1 & se$s1 & on ! o!r h& ! correspond+ p>ts 9 ! v>ieties ( maize & :eat6 ,! explanation is obvi\s2 ! se$s alone are valu$ 9 our c]eals1 & _! v>iations h be5 select$2 :]eas ! se$s1 se$-pods1 & fl[]s h be5 utt]ly neglect$ 9 ! cabbage1 :il/ _m useful v>iations 9 _! leaves & /ems h be5 notic$ & pres]v$ f an extremely remote p]iod1 = cabbages 7 cultivat$ by ! old ,celts4#ehb ,x w\ld be useless to give a classifi$ description#ehc ( ! num]\s races1 sub-races1 & v>ieties ( ! cabbage2 b x may be m5tion$ t ,dr4 ,l9dley has lately propos$#ehd a sy/em f\nd$ on ! /ate ( developm5t ( ! t]m9al & lat]al leaf-buds1 & ( ! fl[]-buds4 ,?us1 ,i4 ,all ! leaf-buds active & op51 z 9 ! wild-cabbage1 kail1 c4 ,,ii4 ,all ! leaf-buds active1 b =m+ heads1 z 9 ,brussel-spr\ts1 c4 ,,iii4 ,t]m9al leaf-bud alone active1 =m+ a head z 9 common cabbages1 savoys1 c4 ,,iv4 ,t]m9al leaf-bud alone active & op51 ) mo/ ( ! fl[]s abortive & succul5t1 z 9 ! caulifl[] & broccoli4 ,v4 ,all ! leaf-buds active & op51 ) mo/ ( ! fl[]s abortive & succul5t1 z 9 ! spr\t+-broccoli4 ,?is latt] v>iety is a new "o1 & be>s ! same relation to common broccoli1 z ,brussel-spr\ts d to common cabbages2 x sudd5ly appe>$ 9 a b$ ( common broccoli1 & 0 f\nd fai?fully to transmit its newly-acquir$ & rem>kable *>act]s4 ,! pr9cipal k9ds ( cabbage exi/$ at lea/ z e>ly z ! sixte5? c5tury1#ehe s t num]\s modifications ( /ructure h be5 inh]it$ = a long p]iod4 ,?is fact is ! m rem>kable z great c>e mu/ be tak5 to prev5t ! cross+ ( ! diff]5t k9ds4 ,to give "o pro( ( ?is3 ,i rais$ #bcc se$l+s f cabbages ( diff]5t k9ds1 :i* _h purposely be5 plant$ ne> ea* o!r1 & ( ! se$l+s no less ?an #aee 7 pla9ly det]iorat$ & mongreliz$2 nor 7 ! rema9+ #gh all p]fectly true4 ,x may be d\bt$ :e!r _m p]man5t v>ieties h be5 =m$ by int5tional or accid5tal crosses2 = su* cross$ plants are f\nd to be v incon/ant4 ,"o k9d1 h[ev]1 call$ ,cottag]'s ,kale1 has lately be5 produc$ by cross+ common kale & ,brussel-spr\ts1 recross$ ) purple broccoli1#ehf & is said to be true1 b plants #cbe rais$ by me 7 n ne>ly s con/ant 9 "* z any common cabbage4 ,al?\gh mo/ ( ! k9ds keep true if c>efully pres]v$ f cross+1 yet ! se$-b$s mu/ be ye>ly exam9$1 & a few se$l+s are g5]ally f\nd false2 b ev5 9 ?is case ! =ce ( inh]itance is %[n1 =1 z ,metzg] has rem>k$#ehg :5 speak+ ( ,brussel-spr\ts1 ! v>iations g5]ally keep to _! unt] art1 or ma9 race4 ,b 9 ord] t any k9d may be truly propagat$ !re mu/ be no great *ange 9 ! conditions ( life2 ?us cabbages w n =m heads 9 hot c\ntries1 & ! same ?+ has be5 obs]v$ ) an ,engli% v>iety gr[n dur+ an extremely w>m & damp autumn ne> ,p>is4#ehh ,extremely poor soil also affects ! *>act]s ( c]ta9 v>ieties4 ,mo/ au?ors believe t all ! races are desc5d$ f ! wild cabbage f\nd on ! we/]n %ores ( ,europe2 b ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle#ehi =cibly argues on hi/orical & o!r gr\nds t x is m probable t two or ?ree closely alli$ =ms1 g5]ally rank$ z di/9ct species1 /ill liv+ 9 ! ,m$it]ranean region1 are ! p>5ts1 n[ all comm+l$ toge!r1 ( ! v>i\s cultivat$ k9ds4 ,9 ! same mann] z we h (t5 se5 ) dome/icat$ animals1 ! suppos$ multiple orig9 ( ! cabbage ?r[s no light on ! *>act]i/ic diff]5ces betwe5 ! cultivat$ =ms4 ,if our cabbages are ! desc5dants ( ?ree or f\r di/9ct species1 e trace ( any /]ility :i* may orig9ally h exi/$ betwe5 !m is n[ lo/1 = none ( ! v>ieties c be kept di/9ct )\t scrupul\s c>e to prev5t int]cross+4 ,! o!r cultivat$ =ms ( ! g5us ,brassica are desc5d$1 accord+ to ! view adopt$ by ,godron & ,metzg]1#eij f two species1 ,b4 napus & rapa2 b accord+ to o!r botani/s f ?ree species2 :il/ o!rs aga9 /rongly suspect t all ^! =ms1 bo? wild & cultivat$1 ought to be rank$ z a s+le species4 ,brassica napus has giv5 rise to two l>ge gr\ps1 namely1 ,sw$i% turnips 7by "s believ$ to be ( hybrid orig97#eia & ,colzas1 ! se$s ( :i* yield oil4 ,brassica rapa 7( ,ko*7 has also giv5 rise to two races1 namely1 common turnips & ! oil-giv+ rape4 ,! evid5ce is unusually cle> t ^! latt] plants1 ?\gh s diff]5t 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 belong to ! same species2 = ! turnip has be5 obs]v$ by ,ko* & ,godron to lose its ?ick roots 9 uncultivat$ soil1 & :5 rape & turnips are s[n toge!r !y cross to su* a degree t sc>cely a s+le plant comes true4#eib ,metzg] by culture conv]t$ ! bi5nial or w9t] rape into ! annual or summ] rape1--v>ieties :i* h be5 ?\ght by "s au?ors to be specifically di/9ct4#eic ,9 ! production ( l>ge1 fle%y1 turnip-l /ems1 we h a case #cbf ( analog\s v>iation 9 ?ree =ms :i* are g5]ally consid]$ z di/9ct species4 ,b sc>cely any modification seems s easily acquir$ z a succul5t enl>gem5t ( ! /em or root--t is a /ore ( nutrim5t laid up = ! plant's own future use4 ,we see ?is 9 our radi%es1 beet1 & 9 ! less g5]ally kn[n turnip-root$ cel]y1 & 9 ! f9oc*io or ,italian v>iety ( ! common f5nel4 ,mr4 ,buckman has lately prov$ by 8 int]e/+ exp]im5ts h[ quickly ! roots ( ! wild p>snip c be enl>g$1 z ,vilmor9 =m]ly prov$ 9 ! case ( ! c>rot4#eid ,?is latt] plant1 9 its cultivat$ /ate1 diff]s 9 sc>cely any "* f ! wild ,engli% species1 except 9 g5]al luxuriance & 9 ! size & quality ( its roots2 b 9 ! root t5 v>ieties1 diff]+ 9 col\r1 %ape1 & quality1 are cultivat$#eie 9 ,engl&1 & come true by se$4 ,h5ce1 ) ! c>rot1 z 9 s _m o!r cases1 = in/ance ) ! num]\s v>ieties & sub-v>ieties ( ! radi%1 t "p ( ! plant :i* is valu$ by man1 falsely appe>s alone to h v>i$4 ,! tru? is t v>iations 9 ?is "p alone h be5 select$2 & ! se$l+s inh]it+ a t5d5cy to v>y 9 ! same way1 analog\s modifications h be5 aga9 & aga9 select$1 until at la/ a great am\nt ( *ange has be5 effect$4 ,pea 7,pisum sativum74--,mo/ botani/s look at ! g>d5-pea z specifically di/9ct f ! field-pea 7,p4 arv5se74 ,! latt] exi/s 9 a wild /ate 9 ,s\!rn ,europe2 b ! aborig9al p>5t ( ! g>d5-pea has be5 f\nd by "o collector alone1 z he /ates1 9 ! ,crimea4#eif ,&rew ,knight cross$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ! ,rev4 ,a4 ,fit*1 ! field-pea ) a well-kn[n g>d5 v>iety1 ! ,prussian pea1 & ! cross seems to h be5 p]fectly f]tile4 ,dr4 ,alefeld has rec5tly /udi$#eig ! g5us ) c>e1 &1 aft] hav+ cultivat$ ab\t fifty v>ieties1 concludes t !y all c]ta9ly belong to ! same species4 ,x is an int]e/+ fact already allud$ to1 t1 accord+ to ,o4 ,he]1#eih ! peas f\nd 9 ! lake-habitations ( ,switz]l& ( ! ,/one & ,bronze ages1 belong to an ext9ct v>iety1 ) exce$+ly small se$s1 alli$ to ,p4 arv5se1 or field-pea4 ,! v>ieties ( ! common g>d5-pea are num]\s1 & diff] consid]ably f ea* o!r4 ,= comp>ison ,i plant$ at ! same "t =ty-"o ,engli% & ,fr5* v>ieties1 & 9 ?is "o case ,i w describe m9utely _! diff]5ces4 ,! v>ieties #cbg diff] greatly 9 height1--namely f betwe5 #f & #ab in*es to #h feet1#eii--;9 mann] ( gr[?1 & 9 p]iod ( maturity4 ,"s v>ieties diff] 9 g5]al aspect ev5 :ile only two or ?ree in*es 9 height4 ,! /ems ( ! ,prussian pea are mu* bran*$4 ,! tall k9ds h l>g] leaves ?an ! dw>f k9ds1 b n 9 /rict proportion to _! height3--,hairs' ,dw>f ,monm\? has v l>ge leaves1 & ! ,pois na9 hatif1 & ! mod]ately tall ,blue ,prussian1 h leaves ab\t two-?irds ( ! size ( ! talle/ k9d4 ,9 ! ,danecr(t ! leaflets are r small & a little po9t$2 9 ! ,que5 ( ,dw>fs r r\nd$2 & 9 ! ,que5 ( ,engl& broad & l>ge4 ,9 ^! ?ree peas ! slight diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( ! leaves are accompani$ by slight diff]5ces 9 col\r4 ,9 ! ,pois geant sans p>*em91 :i* be>s purple fl[]s1 ! leaflets 9 ! "y plant are edg$ ) r$2 & 9 all ! peas ) purple fl[]s ! /ipules are m>k$ ) r$4 ,9 ! diff]5t v>ieties1 "o or two1 or sev]al fl[]s 9 a small clu/]1 are borne on ! same p$uncle2 & ?is is a diff]5ce :i* ) "s ( ! ,legum9osae is consid]$ ( specific value4 ,9 all ! v>ieties ! fl[]s closely resemble ea* o!r except 9 col\r & size4 ,!y are g5]ally :ite1 sometimes purple1 b ! col\r is incon/ant ev5 9 ! same v>iety4 ,9 ,w>n]'s ,emp]or1 :i* is a tall k9d1 ! fl[]s are ne>ly d\ble ! size ( ^? ( ! ,pois na9 hatif1 b ,hairs' ,dw>f ,monm\?1 :i* has l>ge leaves1 likewise has l>ge fl[]s4 ,! calyx 9 ! ,victoria ,m>r[ is l>ge1 & 9 ,bi%op's ,long ,pod ! sepals are r n>r[4 ,9 no o!r k9d is !re any diff]5ce 9 ! fl[]4 ,! pods & se$s1 :i* ) natural species af=d su* con/ant *>act]s1 diff] greatly 9 ! cultivat$ v>ieties ( ! pea2 & ^! are ! valuable1 & consequ5tly ! select$ p>ts4 ,sug> peas1 or ,pois sans p>*em91 are rem>kable f _! ?9 pods1 :i*1 :il/ "y1 are cook$ & eat5 :ole2 & 9 ?is gr\p1 :i*1 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gordon includes elev5 sub-v>ieties1 x is ! pod :i* diff]s mo/3 ?us ,lewis's ,negro-podd$ pea has a /raight1 broad1 smoo?1 & d>k-purple pod1 ) ! husk n s ?9 z 9 ! o!r k9ds2 ! pod ( ano!r v>iety is extremely b[$2 t ( ! ,pois geant is mu* po9t$ at ! extremity2 & 9 ! v>iety a gr&s cosses ! peas are se5 ?r\gh ! husk 9 s conspicu\s a mann] t ! pod1 especially :5 dry1 c h>dly at fir/ be recognis$ z t ( a pea4 ,9 ! ord9>y v>ieties ! pods also diff] mu* 9 size2--9 col\r1 t ( ,wood=d's ,gre5 ,m>r[ be+ bright-gre5 :5 dry1 in/ead ( pale br[n1 & t ( ! purple-podd$ pea be+ express$ by its "n2--9 smoo?ness1 t ( ,danecr(t be+ rem>kably glossy1 :]eas t ( ! ,ne plus ultra is rugg$2--9 be+ ei!r ne>ly cyl9drical1 or broad & flat2--9 be+ po9t$ at ! end z 9 ,?ur/on's ,reliance1 or mu* truncat$ z 9 ! ,am]ican ,dw>f4 ,9 ! ,auv]gne pea ! :ole end ( #cbh ! pod is b[$ upw>ds4 ,9 ! ,que5 ( ! ,dw>fs & 9 ,scimit> peas ! pod is almo/ elliptic 9 %ape4 ,i "h give draw+s ( ! f\r mo/ di/9ct pods produc$ by ! plants cultivat$ by me4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #da4--,pods & ,peas4 ,i4 ,que5 ( ,dw>fs4 ,,ii4 ,am]ican ,dw>f4 ,,iii4 ,?ur/on's ,reliance4 ,,iv4 ,pois ,geant sans p>*em94 a4 ,dan ,o',r\rke ,pea4 b4 ,que5 ( ,dw>fs ,pea4 c4 ,knight's ,tall ,:ite ,m>r[4 d4 ,lewis's ,negro ,pea4 ,9 ! pea itself we h e t9t betwe5 almo/ pure :ite1 br[n1 yell[1 & int5se gre52 9 ! v>ieties ( ! sug> peas we h ^! same t9ts1 toge!r ) r$ pass+ ?r\gh f9e purple into a d>k *ocolate t9t4 ,^! col\rs are ei!r uni=m or di/ribut$ 9 dots1 /riae1 or moss-l m>ks2 !y dep5d 9 "s cases on ! col\r ( ! cotyl$ons se5 ?r\gh ! sk91 & 9 o!r cases on ! out] coats ( ! pea itself4 ,9 ! diff]5t v>ieties ! pods conta91 accord+ to ,mr4 ,gordon1 f elev5 or twelve to only f\r or five peas4 ,! l>ge/ peas are ne>ly twice z mu* 9 diamet] z ! smalle/2 & ! latt] are n always borne by ! mo/ dw>f$ k9ds4 ,peas diff] mu* 9 #cbi %ape1 be+ smoo? & sph]ical1 smoo? & oblong1 ne>ly oval 9 ! ,que5 ( ,dw>fs1 & ne>ly cubical & crumpl$ 9 _m ( ! l>g] k9ds4 ,) respect to ! value ( ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! *ief v>ieties1 x _c be d\bt$ t1 if "o ( ! tall ,sug>-peas1 ) purple fl[]s1 ?9-sk9n$ pods ( an extraord9>y %ape1 includ+ l>ge1 d>k-purple peas1 grew wild by ! side ( ! l[ly ,que5 ( ! ,dw>fs1 ) :ite fl[]s1 greyi%-gre51 r\nd$ leaves1 scimit>-l pods1 conta9+ oblong1 smoo?1 pale-col\r$ peas1 :i* became mature at a diff]5t season2 or by ! side ( "o ( ! gigantic sorts1 l ! ,*ampion ( ,engl&1 ) leaves ( great size1 po9t$ pods1 & l>ge1 gre51 crumpl$1 almo/ cubical peas1--all ?ree k9ds w\ld be rank$ z indisputably di/9ct species4 ,&rew ,knight#fjj has obs]v$ t ! v>ieties ( peas keep v true1 because !y are n cross$ by insects4 ,z f> z ! fact ( keep+ true is conc]n$1 ,i he> f ,mr4 ,ma/]s ( ,cant]bury1 well kn[n z ! orig9ator ( sev]al new k9ds1 t c]ta9 v>ieties h rema9$ con/ant = a consid]able "t1--= in/ance1 ,knight's ,blue ,dw>f1 :i* came out ab\t ! ye> #ahbj4fja ,b ! great] numb] ( v>ieties h a s+ul>ly %ort exi/5ce3 ?us ,l\don rem>ks#fjb t sorts :i* 7 highly approv$ 9 #ahba1 are n[1 9 #ahcc1 n[h]e to be f\nd2 & on comp>+ ! li/s ( #ahcc ) ^? ( #ahee1 ,i f9d t ne>ly all ! v>ieties h *ang$4 ,mr4 ,ma/]s in=ms me t ! nature ( ! soil causes "s v>ieties to lose _! "*4 ,z ) o!r plants1 c]ta9 v>ieties c be propagat$ truly1 :il/ o!rs %[ a det]m9$ t5d5cy to v>y2 ?us two peas diff]+ 9 %ape1 "o r\nd & ! o!r wr9kl$1 7 f\nd by ,mr4 ,ma/]s )9 ! same pod1 b ! plants rais$ f ! wr9kl$ k9d always ev9c$ a /rong t5d5cy to produce r\nd peas4 ,mr4 ,ma/]s also rais$ f a plant ( ano!r v>iety f\r di/9ct sub-v>ieties1 :i* bore blue & r\nd1 :ite & r\nd1 blue & wr9kl$1 & :ite & wr9kl$ peas2 & al?\gh he s[$ ^! f\r v>ieties sep>ately dur+ sev]al successive ye>s1 ea* k9d always reproduc$ all f\r k9ds mix$ toge!r6 ,) respect to ! v>ieties n naturally int]cross+1 ,i h asc]ta9$ t ! pea1 :i* 9 ?is respect diff]s f "s o!r ,legum9osae1 is p]fectly f]tile )\t ! aid ( insects4 ,yet ,i h se5 humble-bees :il/ suck+ ! nect> depress ! keel-petals1 & become s ?ickly du/$ ) poll51 t "s c\ld h>dly fail to be left on ! /igma ( ! next fl[] :i* 0 visit$4 ,i h made inquiries f sev]al great rais]s ( se$-peas1 & ,i f9d t b few s[ !m sep>ately2 ! majority take no precaution2 & x is c]ta91 z ,i h myself f\nd1 t true se$ may be sav$ dur+ at lea/ sev]al g5]ations f di/9ct v>ieties gr[+ close toge!r4#fjc ,"u ^! circum/ances1 ,mr4 ,fit* rais$1 z he in=ms me1 "o v>iety = tw5ty #ccj ye>s1 :i* always came true4 ,f ! analogy ( kidney-beans ,i %\ld h expect$#fjd t occasionally1 p]haps at long int]vals ( "t1 :5 "s slight degree ( /]ility _h sup]v5$ f long-cont9u$ self-f]tilisation1 v>ieties ?us gr[+ ne> ea* o!r w\ld h cross$2 & ,i %all give 9 ! elev5? *apt] two cases ( di/9ct v>ieties :i* spontane\sly int]cross$1 z %[n 79 a mann] h]eaft] to be expla9$7 by ! poll5 ( ! "o v>iety hav+ act$ directly on ! se$s ( ! o!r4 ,:e!r ! incessant supply ( new v>ieties is p>tly due to su* occasional & accid5tal crosses1 & _! fleet+ exi/5ce to *anges ( fa%ion2 or aga91 :e!r ! v>ieties :i* arise aft] a long c\rse ( cont9u$ self-f]tilisation are weakly & soon p]i%1 ,i _c ev5 conjecture4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be notic$ t sev]al ( ,&rew ,knight's v>ieties1 :i* h endur$ long] ?an mo/ k9ds1 7 rais$ t[>ds ! close ( ! la/ c5tury by artificial crosses2 "s ( !m1 ,i believe1 7 /ill1 9 #ahfj1 vigor\s2 b n[1 9 #ahfe1 a writ]1 speak+#fje ( ,knight's f\r k9ds ( m>r[s1 says1 !y h acquir$ a fam\s hi/ory1 b _! glory has dep>t$4 ,) respect to ,beans 7,faba vulg>is71 ,i w say b little4 ,dr4 ,alefeld has giv5#fjf %ort diagno/ic *>act]s ( =ty v>ieties4 ,e "o :o has se5 a collection mu/ h be5 /ruck ) ! great diff]5ce 9 %ape1 ?ickness1 proportional l5g? & bread?1 col\r1 & size :i* beans pres5t4 ,:at a contra/ betwe5 a ,w9dsor & ,horse-bean6 ,z 9 ! case ( ! pea1 our exi/+ v>ieties 7 prec$$ dur+ ! ,bronze age 9 ,switz]l& by a peculi> & n[ ext9ct v>iety produc+ v small beans4#fjg ,potato 7,solanum tub]osum74--,!re is little d\bt ab\t ! p>5tage ( ?is plant2 = ! cultivat$ v>ieties diff] extremely little 9 g5]al appe>ance f ! wild species1 :i* c be recognis$ 9 its native l& at ! fir/ glance4#fjh ,! v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,brita9 are num]\s2 ?us ,lawson#fji gives a description ( #age k9ds4 ,i plant$ eighte5 k9ds 9 adjo9+ r[s2 _! /ems & leaves diff]$ b little1 & 9 sev]al cases !re 0 z great an am\nt ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! individuals ( ! same v>iety z betwe5 ! diff]5t v>ieties4 ,! fl[]s v>y 9 size1 & 9 col\r betwe5 :ite & purple1 b 9 no o!r respect1 except t 9 "o k9d ! sepals 7 some:at elongat$4 ,"o /range v>iety has be5 describ$ :i* always produces two sorts ( fl[]s1 ! fir/ d\ble & /]ile1 ! second s+le & f]tile4#faj ,! fruit or b]ries also diff]1 b only 9 a slight degree4#faa #cca ,! tub]s1 on ! o!r h&1 pres5t a wond]ful am\nt ( div]sity4 ,?is fact accords ) ! pr9ciple t ! valuable & select$ p>ts ( all cultivat$ productions pres5t ! greate/ am\nt ( modification4 ,!y diff] mu* 9 size & %ape1 be+ globul>1 oval1 flatt5$1 kidney-l1 or cyl9drical4 ,"o v>iety f ,p]u is describ$#fab z be+ q /raight1 & at lea/ six in*es 9 l5g?1 ?\gh no ?ick] ?an a man's f+]4 ,! eyes or buds diff] 9 =m1 position1 & col\r4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! tub]s are arrang$ on ! s-call$ roots is diff]5t2 ?us 9 ! gurk5-k>t(feln !y =m a pyramid ) ! apex d[nw>ds1 & 9 ano!r v>iety !y bury !mselves deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! roots !mselves run ei!r ne> ! surface or deep 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! tub]s also diff] 9 smoo?ness & col\r1 be+ ext]nally :ite1 r$1 purple1 or almo/ black1 & int]nally :ite1 yell[1 or almo/ black4 ,!y diff] 9 flav\r & quality1 be+ ei!r waxy or mealy2 9 _! p]iod ( maturity1 & 9 _! capacity = long pres]vation4 ,z ) _m o!r plants :i* h be5 long propagat$ by bulbs1 tub]s1 cutt+s1 c41 by :i* means ! same individual is expos$ dur+ a l5g? ( "t to div]sifi$ conditions1 se$l+ potatoes g5]ally display innum]able slight diff]5ces4 ,sev]al v>ieties1 ev5 :5 propagat$ by tub]s1 are f> f con/ant1 z w be se5 9 ! *apt] on ,bud-v>iation4 ,dr4 ,&]son#fac procur$ se$ f an ,iri% purple potato1 :i* grew f> f any o!r k9d1 s t x c\ld n at lea/ 9 ?is g5]ation h be5 cross$1 yet ! _m se$l+s v>i$ 9 almo/ e possible respect1 s t sc>cely two plants 7 exactly alike4 ,"s ( ! plants :i* closely resembl$ ea* o!r above gr\nd1 produc$ extremely dissimil> tub]s2 & "s tub]s :i* ext]nally c\ld h>dly be di/+ui%$1 diff]$ widely 9 quality :5 cook$4 ,ev5 9 ?is case ( extreme v>iability1 ! p>5t-/ock _h "s influ5ce on ! prog5y1 = ! great] numb] ( ! se$l+s resembl$ 9 "s degree ! p>5t ,iri% potato4 ,kidney potatoes mu/ be rank$ among/ ! mo/ highly cultivat$ & artificial races2 yet _! peculi>ities c (t5 be /rictly propagat$ by se$4 ,a great au?ority1 ,mr4 ,riv]s1#fad /ates t se$l+s f ! a%-leav$ kidney always be> a /rong resemblance to _! p>5t4 ,se$l+s f ! fluke-kidney are /ill m rem>kable = _! adh]5ce to _! p>5t-/ock1 =1 on closely obs]v+ a great numb] dur+ two seasons1 ,i h n be5 able to obs]ve ! lea/ diff]5ce ei!r 9 e>l9ess1 productiv5ess1 or 9 ! size or %ape ( _! tub]s4 99 99 99 99 99 #ccb ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,plants cont9u$--,,fruits--,,ornam5tal ,,trees--,,fl[]s4 ,,fruits4--,,grapes--,,v>y ,,9 ,,odd ,,& ,,trifl+ ,,p>ticul>s4--,,mulb]ry4--,,! ,,orange ,,gr\p--,,s+ul> ,,results ,,f ,,cross+4--,,pea* ,,& ,,nect>9e--,,bud-,,v>iation--,,analog\s ,,v>iation--,,relation ,,to ,,! ,,almond4--,,apricot4--,,plums--,,v>iati on ,,9 ,,_! ,,/ones4--,,*]ries--,,s+ul> ,,v>ieties ,,(4--,,apple4--,,pe>4--,,/rawb]ry--,,in t]bl5d+ ,,( ,,! ,,orig9al ,,=ms4--,,gooseb]ry--,,/eady ,,increase ,,9 ,,size ,,( ,,! ,,fruit--,,v>ieties ,,(4--,,walnut4--,,nut4--,,cucurbitace\s ,,plants--,,wond]ful ,,v>iation ,,(4 ,,ornam5tal ,,trees--,,_! ,,v>iation ,,9 ,,degree ,,& ,,k9d--,,a%-,,tree--,,scot*-,,fir--,,haw ?orn4 ,,fl[]s--,,multiple ,,orig9 ,,( ,,_m ,,k9ds--,,v>iation ,,9 ,,con/itutional ,,peculi>ities--,,k9d ,,( ,,v>iation4--,,roses--,,sev]al ,,species ,,cultivat$4--,,pansy4--,,dahlia4--,,hya c9?1 ,,hi/ory ,,& ,,v>iation ,,(4 ,! ,v9e 7,vitis v9if]a74--,! be/ au?orities consid] all our grapes z ! desc5dants ( "o species :i* n[ gr[s wild 9 we/]n ,asia1 :i* grew dur+ ! ,bronze-age wild 9 ,italy1#fae & :i* has rec5tly be5 f\nd fossil 9 a tuface\s deposit 9 ! s\? ( ,france4#faf ,"s au?ors1 h[ev]1 ent]ta9 mu* d\bt ab\t ! s+le p>5tage ( our cultivat$ v>ieties1 ow+ to ! numb] ( semi-wild =ms f\nd 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 especially z describ$ by ,clem5te1#fag 9 a =e/ 9 ,spa92 b z ! grape s[s itself freely 9 ,s\!rn ,europe1 & z sev]al ( ! *ief k9ds transmit _! *>act]s by se$1#fah :il/ o!rs are extremely v>iable1 ! exi/5ce ( _m diff]5t escap$ =ms c\ld h>dly fail to occur 9 c\ntries :]e ?is plant has be5 cultivat$ f ! remote/ antiquity4 ,t ! v9e v>ies mu* :5 propagat$ by se$1 we may inf] f ! l>gely increas$ numb] ( v>ieties s9ce ! e>li] hi/orical records4 ,new hot-h\se v>ieties are produc$ almo/ e ye>2 = in/ance1#fai a gold5-col\r$ v>iety has be5 rec5tly rais$ 9 ,engl& f a black grape )\t ! aid ( a cross4 #ccc ,van ,mons#fbj re>$ a multitude ( v>ieties f ! se$ ( "o v9e1 :i* 0 completely sep>at$ f all o!rs1 s t !re c\ld n1 at lea/ 9 ?is g5]ation1 h be5 any cross+1 & ! se$l+s pres5t$ les analogues de t\tes les sortes1 & diff]$ 9 almo/ e possible "* bo? 9 ! fruit & foliage4 ,! cultivat$ v>ieties are extremely num]\s2 ,c\nt ,od>t says t he w n d5y t !re may exi/ ?r\gh\t ! _w #gjj or #hjj1 p]haps ev5 #ajjj v>ieties1 b n a ?ird ( ^! h any value4 ,9 ! ,catalogue ( fruit cultivat$ 9 ! ,horticultural ,g>d5s ( ,london1 publi%$ 9 #ahdb1 #ii v>ieties are enum]at$4 ,:]ev] ! grape is gr[n _m v>ieties occur3 ,pallas describes #bd 9 ! ,crimea1 & ,burnes m5tions #aj 9 ,cabool4 ,! classification ( ! v>ieties has mu* p]plex$ writ]s1 & ,c\nt ,od>t is r$uc$ to a geographical sy/em2 b ,i w n ent] on ?is subject1 nor on ! _m & great diff]5ces betwe5 ! v>ieties4 ,i w m]ely specify a few curi\s & trifl+ peculi>ities1 all tak5 f ,od>t's highly e/eem$ "w1#fba = ! sake ( %[+ ! div]sifi$ v>iability ( ?is plant4 ,simon has class$ grapes into two ma9 divisions1 ^? ) d[ny leaves & ^? ) smoo? leaves1 b he admits t 9 "o v>iety1 namely ! ,rebazo1 ! leaves are ei!r smoo? or d[ny2 & ,od>t 7p4 #gj7 /ates t "s v>ieties h ! n]ves alone1 & o!r v>ieties _! "y leaves1 d[ny1 :il/ ! old ones are smoo?4 ,! ,p$ro-,xim5es grape 7,od>t1 p4 #cig7 pres5ts a peculi>ity by :i* x c be at once recognis$ among/ a ho/ ( o!r v>ieties1 namely1 t :5 ! fruit is ne>ly ripe ! n]ves ( ! leaves or ev5 ! :ole surface becomes yell[4 ,! ,b>b]a d',a/i is well m>k$ by sev]al *>act]s 7p4 #dbf71 among/ o!rs1 by "s ( ! leaves1 & x is always ! l[e/ on ! bran*es1 sudd5ly becom+ ( a d>k r$ col\r4 ,sev]al au?ors 9 classify+ grapes h f\nd$ _! ma9 divisions on ! b]ries be+ ei!r r\nd or oblong2 & ,od>t admits ! value ( ?is "*2 yet !re is "o v>iety1 ! ,maccabeo 7p4 #ga71 :i* (t5 produces small r\nd1 & l>ge oblong1 b]ries 9 ! same bun*4 ,c]ta9 grapes call$ ,nebbiolo 7p4 #dbi7 pres5t a con/ant "*1 suffici5t = _! recognition1 namely1 ! slight adh]5ce ( t "p ( ! pulp :i* surr\nds ! se$s to ! re/ ( ! b]ry1 :5 cut ?r\gh transv]sely4 ,a ,rh5i% v>iety is m5tion$ 7p4 #bbh7 :i* likes a dry soil2 ! fruit rip5s well1 b at ! mom5t ( maturity1 if mu* ra9 falls1 ! b]ries are apt to rot2 on ! o!r h&1 ! fruit ( a ,swiss v>iety 7p4 #bdc7 is valu$ = well su/a9+ prolong$ humidity4 ,?is latt] v>iety spr\ts late 9 ! spr+1 yet matures its fruit e>ly2 o!r v>ieties 7p4 #cfb7 h ! fault ( be+ too mu* excit$ by ! ,april sun1 & 9 consequ5ce suff] f fro/4 ,a ,/yrian v>iety 7p4 #bed7 has brittle foot-/alks1 s t ! clu/]s ( fruit are (t5 bl[n (f2 ?is v>iety is said to be p>ticul>ly attractive to wasps & bees4 ,o!r v>ieties h t\gh /alks1 :i* resi/ ! w9d4 ,_m o!r v>iable *>act]s c\ld be giv51 b ! =ego+ facts are suffici5t to %[ 9 h[ _m small /ructural & #ccd con/itutional details ! v9e v>ies4 ,dur+ ! v9e disease 9 ,france c]ta9 :ole gr\ps ( v>ieties#fbb h suff]$ f> m f mildew ?an o!rs4 ,?us ! gr\p ( ! ,*asselas1 s ri* 9 v>ieties1 did n af=d a s+le =tunate exception2 c]ta9 o!r gr\ps suff]$ mu* less2 ! true old ,burgundy1 = in/ance1 0 comp>atively free f disease1 & ! ,c>m9at likewise resi/$ ! attack4 ,! ,am]ican v9es1 :i* belong to a di/9ct species1 entirely escap$ ! disease 9 ,france2 & we ?us see t ^? ,european v>ieties :i* be/ resi/ ! disease mu/ h acquir$ 9 a slight degree ! same con/itutional peculi>ities z ! ,am]ican species4 ,:ite ,mulb]ry 7,morus alba74--,i m5tion ?is plant because x has v>i$ 9 c]ta9 *>act]s1 namely1 9 ! texture & quality ( ! leaves1 fitt+ !m to s]ve z food = ! dome/icat$ silkworm1 9 a mann] n obs]v$ ) o!r plants2 b ?is has aris5 simply f su* v>iations 9 ! mulb]ry hav+ be5 att5d$ to1 select$1 & r5d]$ m or less con/ant4 ,m4 de ,quatrefages#fbc briefly describes six k9ds cultivat$ 9 "o valley 9 ,france3 ( ^! ! am\r\so produces excell5t leaves1 b is rapidly be+ ab&on$ because x produces mu* fruit m+l$ ) ! leaves3 ! ant(9o yields deeply cut leaves ( ! f9e/ quality1 b n 9 great quantity3 ! cl>o is mu* s\ght = because ! leaves c be easily collect$3 la/ly1 ! roso be>s /rong h>dy leaves1 produc$ 9 l>ge quantity1 b ) ! "o inconv5i5ce1 t !y are be/ adapt$ = ! worms aft] _! f\r? m\lt4 ,,mm4 ,jacquemet-,bonnefont1 ( ,lyon1 h[ev]1 rem>k 9 _! catalogue 7#ahfb7 t two sub-v>ieties h be5 conf\nd$ "u ! "n ( ! roso1 "o hav+ leaves too ?ick = ! cat]pill>s1 ! o!r be+ valuable because ! leaves c easily be ga!r$ f ! bran*es )\t ! b>k be+ torn4 ,9 ,india ! mulb]ry has also giv5 rise to _m v>ieties4 ,! ,indian =m is ?\ght by _m botani/s to be a di/9ct species2 b z ,royle rem>ks1#fbd s _m v>ieties h be5 produc$ by cultivation t x is difficult to asc]ta9 :e!r !y all belong to "o species2 !y are1 z he adds1 ne>ly z num]\s z ^? ( ! silkworm4 ,! ,orange ,gr\p4--,we "h meet ) great confusion 9 ! specific di/9ction & p>5tage ( ! sev]al k9ds4 ,gallesio1#fbe :o almo/ devot$ 8 life-"t to ! subject1 consid]s t !re are f\r species1 namely1 sweet & bitt] oranges1 lemons1 & citrons1 ea* ( :i* has giv5 rise to :ole gr\ps ( v>ieties1 mon/]s1 & suppos$ hybrids4 ,"o high au?ority#fbf believes t ^! f\r reput$ species are all #cce v>ieties ( ! wild ,citrus m$ica1 b t ! %addock 7,citrus decumana71 :i* is n kn[n 9 a wild /ate1 is a di/9ct species2 ?\gh its di/9ctness is d\bt$ by ano!r writ] ( great au?ority on su* matt]s1 namely1 ,dr4 ,bu*anan ,hamilton4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1#fbg on ! o!r h&--& !re _c be a m capable judge--advances :at he consid]s suffici5t evid5ce ( ! orange 7he d\bts :e!r ! bitt] & sweet k9ds are specifically di/9ct71 ! lemon1 & citron1 hav+ be5 f\nd wild1 & consequ5tly t !y are di/9ct4 ,he m5tions two o!r =ms cultivat$ 9 ,japan & ,java1 :i* he ranks z und\bt$ species2 he speaks r m d\btfully ab\t ! %addock1 :i* v>ies mu*1 & has n be5 f\nd wild2 & f9ally he consid]s "s =ms1 su* z ,adam's apple & ! b]gamotte1 z probably hybrids4 ,i h briefly ab/ract$ ^! op9ions = ! sake ( %[+ ^? :o h nev] att5d$ to su* subjects1 h[ p]plex$ ) d\bt !y are4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be useless = my purpose to give a sket* ( ! conspicu\s diff]5ces betwe5 ! sev]al =ms4 ,besides ! ev]-recurr5t difficulty ( det]m9+ :e!r =ms f\nd wild are truly aborig9al or are escap$ se$l+s1 _m ( ! =ms1 :i* mu/ be rank$ z v>ieties1 transmit _! *>act]s almo/ p]fectly by se$4 ,sweet & bitt] oranges diff] 9 no important respect except 9 ! flav\r ( _! fruit1 b ,gallesio#fbh is mo/ emphatic t bo? k9ds c be propagat$ by se$ ) absolute c]ta9ty4 ,consequ5tly1 9 accordance ) 8 simple rule1 he classes !m z di/9ct species2 z he does sweet & bitt] almonds1 ! pea* & nect>9e1 c4 ,he admits1 h[ev]1 t ! s(t-%ell$ p9e-tree produces n only s(t-%ell$ b "s h>d-%ell$ se$l+s1 s t a little great] =ce 9 ! p[] ( inh]itance w\ld1 accord+ to ?is rule1 raise ! s(t-%ell$ p9e-tree into ! dignity ( an aborig9ally creat$ species4 ,! positive ass]tion made by ,macfayd5#fbi t ! pips ( sweet oranges produce 9 ,jamaica1 accord+ to ! nature ( ! soil 9 :i* !y are s[n1 ei!r sweet or bitt] oranges1 is probably an error2 = ,m4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle in=ms me t s9ce ! publication ( 8 great "w he has receiv$ acc\nts f ,guiana1 ! ,antilles1 & ,mauritius1 t 9 ^! c\ntries sweet oranges fai?fully transmit _! "*4 ,gallesio f\nd t ! will[-leaf$ & ! ,little ,*9a oranges reproduc$ _! prop] leaves & fruit2 b ! se$l+s 7 n q equal 9 m]it to _! p>5ts4 ,! r$-fle%$ orange1 on ! o!r h&1 fails to reproduce itself4 ,gallesio also obs]v$ t ! se$s ( sev]al o!r s+ul> v>ieties all reproduc$ trees hav+ a peculi> physiognomy1 b p>tly resembl+ _! p>5t-=ms4 ,i c adduce ano!r case3 ! myrtle-leav$ orange is rank$ by all au?ors z a v>iety1 b is v di/9ct 9 g5]al aspect3 9 my fa!r's gre5h\se1 dur+ _m ye>s1 x r>ely yield$ any se$1 b at la/ produc$ "o2 & a tree ?us rais$ 0 id5tical ) ! p>5t-=m4 ,ano!r & m s]i\s difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! rank ( ! sev]al =ms is t1 accord+ to ,gallesio1#fcj !y l>gely int]cross )\t #ccf artificial aid2 ?us he positively /ates t se$s tak5 f lemon-trees 7,c4 lemonum7 gr[+ m+l$ ) ! citron 7,c4 m$ica71 :i* is g5]ally consid]$ z a di/9ct species1 produc$ a graduat$ s]ies ( v>ieties betwe5 ^! two =ms4 ,aga91 an ,adam's apple 0 produc$ f ! se$ ( a sweet orange1 :i* grew close to lemons & citrons4 ,b su* facts h>dly aid u 9 det]m9+ :e!r to rank ^! =ms z species or v>ieties2 = x is n[ kn[n t und\bt$ species ( ,v]bascum1 ,ci/us1 ,primula1 ,salix1 c41 frequ5tly cross 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,if inde$ x 7 prov$ t plants ( ! orange tribe rais$ f ^! crosses 7 ev5 p>tially /]ile1 x w\ld be a /rong argum5t 9 fav\r ( _! rank z species4 ,gallesio ass]ts t ?is is ! case2 b he does n di/+ui% betwe5 /]ility f hybridism & f ! effects ( culture2 & he almo/ de/roys ! =ce ( ?is /atem5t by ano!r1#fca namely1 t :5 he impregnat$ ! fl[]s ( ! common orange ) ! poll5 tak5 f und\bt$ v>ieties ( ! orange1 mon/r\s fruits 7 produc$1 :i* includ$ little pulp1 & _h no se$s1 or imp]fect se$s4 ,9 ?is tribe ( plants we meet ) in/ances ( two highly rem>kable facts 9 vegetable physiology3 ,gallesio#fcb impregnat$ an orange ) poll5 f a lemon1 & ! fruit borne on ! "m tree _h a rais$ /ripe ( peel l t ( a lemon bo? 9 col\r & ta/e1 b ! pulp 0 l t ( an orange & includ$ only imp]fect se$s4 ,! possibility ( poll5 f "o v>iety or species directly affect+ ! fruit produc$ by ano!r v>iety or species1 is a subject :i* ,i %all fully discuss 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,! second rem>kable fact is t two suppos$ hybrids#fcc 7= _! hybrid nature 0 n asc]ta9$7 betwe5 an orange & ei!r a lemon or citron produc$1 on ! same tree1 leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit ( bo? pure p>5t-=ms1 z well z ( a mix$ or cross$ nature4 ,a bud tak5 f any "o ( ! bran*es & graft$ on ano!r tree produces ei!r "o ( ! pure k9ds or a caprici\s tree reproduc+ ! ?ree k9ds4 ,:e!r ! sweet lemon1 :i* includes )9 ! same fruit segm5ts ( diff]5tly flav\r$ pulp1#fcd is an analog\s case1 ,i "k n4 ,b to ?is subject ,i %all h to recur4 ,i w conclude by giv+ f ,a4 ,risso#fce a %ort acc\nt ( a v s+ul> v>iety ( ! common orange4 ,x is ! citrus aurantium fructu v>iabili1 :i* on ! "y %oots produces r\nd$-oval leaves spott$ ) yell[1 borne on petioles ) he>t-%ap$ w+s2 :5 ^! leaves fall (f1 !y are succe$$ by long] & n>r[] leaves1 ) undulat$ m>g9s1 ( a pale-gre5 col\r embroid]$ ) yell[1 borne on foot-/alks )\t w+s4 ,! fruit :il/ "y is pe>-%ap$1 yell[1 longitud9ally /riat$1 & sweet2 b z x rip5s1 x becomes sph]ical1 ( a r$di%-yell[1 & bitt]4 ,pea* & ,nect>9e 7,amygdalus ,p]sica74 ,! be/ au?orities are #ccg ne>ly unanim\s t ! pea* has nev] be5 f\nd wild4 ,x 0 introduc$ f ,p]sia into ,europe a little be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 & at ?is p]iod few v>ieties exi/$4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1#fcf f ! fact ( ! pea* n hav+ spread f ,p]sia at an e>li] p]iod1 & f its n hav+ pure ,sanscrit or ,hebrew names1 believes t x is n an aborig9al ( ,we/]n ,asia1 b came f ! t]ra incognita ( ,*9a4 ,! supposition1 h[ev]1 t ! pea* is a modifi$ almond :i* acquir$ its pres5t "* at a comp>atively late p]iod1 w\ld1 ,i presume1 acc\nt = ^! facts2 on ! same pr9ciple t ! nect>9e1 ! (fspr+ ( ! pea*1 has few native names1 & became kn[n 9 ,europe at a /ill lat] p]iod4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #db4--,pea* & ,almond ,/ones1 ( natural size1 view$ edgeways4 #a4 ,common ,engli% ,pea*4 #b4 ,d\ble1 crimson-fl[]$1 ,*9ese ,pea*4 #c4 ,*9ese ,honey ,pea*4 #d4 ,engli% ,almond4 #e4 ,b>celona ,almond4 #f4 ,malaga ,almond4 #g4 ,s(t-%ell$ ,fr5* ,almond4 #h4 ,smyrna ,almond4 #cch ,&rew ,knight1#fcg f f9d+ t a se$l+-tree1 rais$ f a sweet almond f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( a pea*1 yield$ fruit q l t ( a pea*1 suspect$ t ! pea*-tree is a modifi$ almond2 & 9 ?is he has be5 foll[$ by v>i\s au?ors4#fch ,a fir/-rate pea*1 almo/ globul> 9 %ape1 =m$ ( s(t & sweet pulp1 surr\nd+ a h>d1 mu* furr[$1 & slightly-flatt5$ /one1 c]ta9ly diff]s greatly f an almond1 ) its s(t1 slightly furr[$1 mu* flatt5$1 & elongat$ /one1 protect$ by a t\gh1 gre5i% lay] ( bitt] fle%4 ,mr4 ,b5?am#fci has p>ticul>ly call$ att5tion to ! /one ( ! almond be+ s mu* m flatt5$ ?an t ( ! pea*4 ,b 9 ! sev]al v>ieties ( ! almond1 ! /one diff]s greatly 9 ! degree to :i* x is compress$1 9 size1 %ape1 /r5g?1 & 9 ! dep? ( ! furr[s1 z may be se5 9 ! accompany+ draw+s 7,nos4 #d to #h7 ( su* k9ds z ,i h be5 able to collect4 ,) pea*-/ones1 also 7,nos4 #a to #c7 ! degree ( compression & elongation is se5 to v>y2 s t ! /one ( ! ,*9ese ,honey-pea* 7fig4 #c7 is mu* m elongat$ & compress$ ?an t ( ! 7,no4 #h7 ,smyrna almond4 ,mr4 ,riv]s ( ,sawbridgewor?1 to :om ,i am indebt$ = "s ( ! specim5s above figur$1 & :o has _h su* great horticultural exp]i5ce1 has call$ my att5tion to sev]al v>ieties :i* connect ! almond & ! pea*4 ,9 ,france !re is a v>iety call$ ! ,pea*-almond1 :i* ,mr4 ,riv]s =m]ly cultivat$1 & :i* is correctly describ$ 9 a ,fr5* catalogue z be+ oval & swoll51 ) ! aspect ( a pea*1 includ+ a h>d /one surr\nd$ by a fle%y cov]+1 :i* is sometimes eatable4#fdj ,a rem>kable /atem5t by ,m4 ,luizet has rec5tly appe>$ 9 ! ',revue ,horticole1'#fda namely1 t a ,pea*-almond1 graft$ on a pea*1 bore dur+ #ahfc & #ahfd almonds alone1 b 9 #ahfe bore six pea*es & no almonds4 ,m4 ,c>ri]e1 9 comm5t+ on ?is fact1 cites ! case ( a d\ble-fl[]$ almond :i*1 aft] produc+ dur+ sev]al ye>s almonds1 sudd5ly bore = two ye>s 9 succession sph]ical fle%y pea*-l fruits1 b 9 #ahfe rev]t$ to its =m] /ate & produc$ l>ge almonds4 ,aga91 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,riv]s1 ! d\ble-fl[]+ ,*9ese pea*es resemble almonds 9 _! mann] ( gr[? & 9 _! fl[]s2 ! fruit is mu* elongat$ & flatt5$1 ) ! fle% bo? bitt] & sweet1 b #cci n uneatable1 & x is said to be ( bett] quality 9 ,*9a4 ,f ?is /age "o small /ep leads u to su* inf]ior pea*es z are occasionally rais$ f se$4 ,= in/ance1 ,mr4 ,riv]s s[$ a numb] ( pea*-/ones import$ f ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e !y are collect$ = rais+ /ocks1 & "s ( ! trees rais$ by him produc$ pea*es :i* 7 v l almonds 9 appe>ance1 be+ small & h>d1 ) ! pulp n s(t5+ till v late 9 ! autumn4 ,van ,mons#fdb also /ates t he once rais$ f a pea*-/one a pea* hav+ ! aspect ( a wild tree1 ) fruit l t ( ! almond4 ,f inf]ior pea*es1 su* z ^! j describ$1 we may pass by small transitions1 ?r\gh cl+/ones ( poor quality1 to our be/ & mo/ melt+ k9ds4 ,f ?is gradation1 f ! cases ( sudd5 v>iation above record$1 & f ! fact t ! pea* has n be5 f\nd wild1 x seems to me by f> ! mo/ probable view1 t ! pea* is ! desc5dant ( ! almond1 improv$ & modifi$ 9 a m>vell\s mann]4 ,"o fact1 h[ev]1 is oppos$ to ?is conclusion4 ,a hybrid1 rais$ by ,knight f ! sweet almond by ! poll5 ( ! pea*1 produc$ fl[]s ) little or no poll51 yet bore fruit1 hav+ be5 app>5tly f]tilis$ by a neighb\r+ nect>9e4 ,ano!r hybrid f a sweet almond by ! poll5 ( a nect>9e produc$ dur+ ! fir/ ?ree ye>s imp]fect blossoms1 b aft]w>ds p]fect fl[]s ) an abundance ( poll54 ,if ?is slight degree ( /]ility _c be acc\nt$ = by ! y\? ( ! trees 7& ?is (t5 causes less5$ f]tility71 or by ! mon/r\s /ate ( ! fl[]s1 or by ! conditions to :i* ! trees 7 expos$1 ^! two cases w\ld af=d a /rong argum5t aga9/ ! pea* be+ ! desc5dant ( ! almond4 ,:e!r or n ! pea* has proce$$ f ! almond1 x has c]ta9ly giv5 rise to nect>9es1 or smoo? pea*es1 z !y are call$ by ! ,fr5*4 ,mo/ ( ! v>ieties bo? ( ! pea* & nect>9e reproduce !mselves truly by se$4 ,gallesio#fdc says he has v]ifi$ ?is ) respect to eight races ( ! pea*4 ,mr4 ,riv]s#fdd has giv5 "s /rik+ in/ances f 8 own exp]i5ce1 & x is notori\s t good pea*es are con/antly rais$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica f se$4 ,_m ( ! ,am]ican sub-v>ieties come true or ne>ly true to _! k9d1 su* z ! :ite-blossom1 sev]al ( ! yell[-fruit$ free/one pea*es1 ! blood cl+/one1 ! hea?1 & ! lemon-cl+/one4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a cl+/one pea* has be5 kn[n to give rise to a free/one4#fde ,9 ,engl& x has be5 notic$ t se$l+s inh]it f _! p>5ts fl[]s ( ! same size & col\r4 ,"s *>act]s1 h[ev]1 contr>y to :at might h be5 expect$1 (t5 are n inh]it$2 su* z ! pres5ce & =m ( ! gl&s on ! leaves4#fdf ,) respect to nect>9es1 bo? cl+ & #cdj free/ones are kn[n 9 ,nor? ,am]ica to reproduce !mselves by se$4#fdg ,9 ,engl& ! new :ite nect>9e 0 a se$l+ ( ! old :ite1 & ,mr4 ,riv]s#fdh has record$ sev]al simil> cases4 ,f ?is /rong t5d5cy to inh]itance1 :i* bo? pea* & nect>9e trees exhibit1--f c]ta9 slight con/itutional diff]5ces#fdi 9 _! nature1--& f ! great diff]5ce 9 _! fruit bo? 9 appe>ance & flav\r1 x is n surpris+1 not)/&+ t ! trees diff] 9 no o!r respects & _c ev5 be di/+ui%$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,riv]s1 :il/ "y1 t !y h be5 rank$ by "s au?ors z specifically di/9ct4 ,gallesio does n d\bt t !y are di/9ct2 ev5 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle does n appe> p]fectly assur$ ( _! specific id5tity2 & an em95t botani/ has q rec5tly#fej ma9ta9$ t ! nect>9e probably con/itutes a di/9ct species4 ,h5ce x may be wor? :ile to give all ! evid5ce on ! orig9 ( ! nect>9e4 ,! facts 9 !mselves are curi\s1 & w h]eaft] h to be ref]r$ to :5 ! important subject ( bud-v>iation is discuss$4 ,x is ass]t$#fea t ! ,bo/on nect>9e 0 produc$ f a pea*-/one1 & ?is nect>9e reproduc$ itself by se$4#feb ,mr4 ,riv]s /ates#fec t f /ones ( ?ree di/9ct v>ieties ( ! pea* he rais$ ?ree v>ieties ( nect>9e2 & 9 "o ( ^! cases no nect>9e grew ne> ! p>5t pea*-tree4 ,9 ano!r in/ance ,mr4 ,riv]s rais$ a nect>9e f a pea*1 & 9 ! succe$+ g5]ation ano!r nect>9e f ?is nect>9e4#fed ,o!r su* in/ances h be5 communicat$ to me1 b !y ne$ n be giv54 ,( ! conv]se case1 namely1 ( nect>9e-/ones yield+ pea*-trees 7bo? free & cl+-/ones71 we h six und\bt$ in/ances record$ by ,mr4 ,riv]s2 & 9 two ( ^! in/ances ! p>5t nect>9es _h be5 se$l+s f o!r nect>9es4#fee ,) respect to ! m curi\s case ( full-gr[n pea*-trees sudd5ly produc+ nect>9es by bud-v>iation 7or sports z !y are call$ by g>d5]s71 ! evid5ce is sup]abundant2 !re is also good evid5ce ( ! same tree produc+ bo? pea*es & nect>9es1 or half & half fruit2--by ?is t]m ,i mean a fruit ) ! "o-half a p]fect pea*1 & ! o!r half a p]fect nect>9e4 ,pet] ,coll9son 9 #agda record$ ! fir/ case ( a pea*-tree produc+ a nect>9e1#fef & 9 #agff he add$ two o!r in/ances4 ,9 ! same "w1 ! editor1 ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 describes ! m rem>kable case ( a tree 9 ,norfolk1 :i* usually bore bo? p]fect nect>9es & p]fect pea*es2 b dur+ two seasons "s ( ! fruit 7 half-&-half 9 nature4 #cda ,mr4 ,salisbury 9 #ahjhfeg records six o!r cases ( pea*-trees produc+ nect>9es4 ,?ree ( ! v>ieties are nam$2 viz41 ! ,alb]ge1 ,belle ,*evreuse1 & ,royal ,george4 ,?is latt] tree seldom fail$ to produce bo? k9ds ( fruit4 ,he gives ano!r case ( a half-&-half fruit4 ,at ,rad=d 9 ,devon%ire#feh a cl+/one pea*1 pur*as$ z ! ,*ancellor1 0 plant$ 9 #ahae1 & 9 #ahbd1 aft] hav+ previ\sly produc$ pea*es alone1 bore on "o bran* twelve nect>9es2 9 #ahbe ! same bran* yield$ tw5ty-six nect>9es1 & 9 #ahbf ?irty-six nect>9es toge!r ) eighte5 pea*es4 ,"o ( ! pea*es 0 almo/ z smoo? on "o side z a nect>9e4 ,! nect>9es 7 z d>k z1 b small] ?an1 ! ,elruge4 ,at ,beccles a ,royal ,george pea*#fei produc$ a fruit1 ?ree p>ts ( x be+ pea* & "o "p nect>9e1 q di/9ct 9 appe>ance z well z 9 flav\r4 ,! l9es ( division 7 longitud9al1 z repres5t$ 9 ! engrav+4 ,a nect>9e-tree grew five y>ds f ?is tree4 ,pr(essor ,*apman /ates#ffj t he has (t5 se5 9 ,virg9ia v old pea*-trees be>+ nect>9es4 ,a writ] 9 ! ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle' says t a pea*-tree plant$ fifte5 ye>s previ\sly#ffa produc$ ?is ye> a nect>9e betwe5 two pea*es2 a nect>9e-tree grew close by4 ,9 #ahddffb a ,vangu>d pea*-tree produc$1 9 ! mid/ ( its ord9>y fruit1 a s+le r$ ,roman nect>9e4 ,mr4 ,calv] is /at$#ffc to h rais$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates a se$l+ pea* :i* produc$ a mix$ crop ( bo? pea*es & nect>9es4 ,ne> ,dork+#ffd a bran* ( ! ,teton de ,v5us pea*1 :i* reproduces itself truly by se$1#ffe bore its own fruit s rem>kable = its prom95t po9t1 & a nect>9e r small] b well =m$ & q r\nd4 ,! previ\s cases all ref] to pea*es sudd5ly produc+ nect>9es1 b at ,c>clew#fff ! unique case occurr$1 ( a nect>9e-tree1 rais$ tw5ty ye>s be=e f se$ & nev] graft$1 produc+ a fruit half pea* & half nect>9e2 subsequ5tly x bore a p]fect pea*4 ,to sum up ! =ego+ facts3 we h excell5t evid5ce ( pea*-/ones produc+ nect>9e-trees1 & ( nect>9e-/ones produc+ pea*-trees1--( ! same tree be>+ pea*es & nect>9es1--( pea*-trees sudd5ly produc+ by bud-v>iation nect>9es 7su* nect>9es reproduc+ nect>9es by se$71 z well z fruit 9 "p nect>9e & 9 "p pea*1--& la/ly ( "o nect>9e-tree fir/ be>+ half-&-half fruit1 & subsequ5tly true pea*es4 ,z ! pea* came into exi/5ce be=e ! nect>9e1 x might h be5 expect$ f ! law ( rev]sion t #cdb nect>9es w\ld give bir? by bud-v>iation or by se$ to pea*es1 (t5] ?an pea*es to nect>9es2 b ?is is by no means ! case4 ,two explanations h be5 sugge/$ to acc\nt = ^! conv]sions4 ,fir/1 t ! p>5t-trees h be5 9 e case hybrids#ffg betwe5 ! pea* & nect>9e1 & h rev]t$ by bud-v>iation or by se$ to "o ( _! pure p>5t-=ms4 ,?is view 9 itself is n v improbable2 = ! ,m\nta9e] pea*1 :i* 0 rais$ by ,knight f ! r$ nutmeg pea* by poll5 ( ! violette hative nect>9e1#ffh produces pea*es1 b ^! are said sometimes to p>take ( ! smoo?ness & flav\r ( ! nect>9e4 ,b let x be obs]v$ t 9 ! previ\s li/ no less ?an six well-kn[n v>ieties & sev]al o!r unnam$ v>ieties ( ! pea* h once sudd5ly produc$ p]fect nect>9es by bud-v>iation2 & x w\ld be an extremely ra% supposition t all ^! v>ieties ( ! pea*1 :i* h be5 cultivat$ = ye>s 9 _m di/ricts1 & :i* %[ n a ve/ige ( a mix$ p>5tage1 are1 nev]!less1 hybrids4 ,a second explanation is1 t ! fruit ( ! pea* has be5 directly affect$ by ! poll5 ( ! nect>9e3 al?\gh ?is c]ta9ly is possible1 x _c "h apply2 = we h n a %ad[ ( evid5ce t a bran* :i* has borne fruit directly affect$ by =eign poll5 is s pr(\ndly modifi$ z aft]w>ds to produce buds :i* cont9ue to yield fruit ( ! new & modifi$ =m4 ,n[ x is kn[n t :5 a bud on a pea*-tree has once borne a nect>9e ! same bran* has 9 sev]al in/ances gone on dur+ successive ye>s produc+ nect>9es4 ,! ,c>clew nect>9e1 on ! o!r h&1 fir/ produc$ half-&-half fruit1 & subsequ5tly pure pea*es4 ,h5ce we may confid5tly accept ! common view t ! nect>9e is a v>iety ( ! pea*1 :i* may be produc$ ei!r by bud-v>iation or f se$4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] _m analog\s cases ( bud-v>iation w be giv54 ,! v>ieties ( ! pea* & nect>9e run 9 p>allel l9es4 ,9 bo? classes ! k9ds diff] f ea* o!r 9 ! fle% ( ! fruit be+ :ite1 r$1 or yell[2 9 be+ cl+/ones or free/ones2 9 ! fl[]s be+ l>ge or small1 ) c]ta9 o!r *>act]i/ic diff]5ces2 & 9 ! leaves be+ s]rat$ )\t gl&s1 or cr5at$ & furni%$ ) globose or r5i=m gl&s4#ffi ,we c h>dly acc\nt = ?is p>allelism by suppos+ t ea* v>iety ( ! nect>9e is desc5d$ f a correspond+ v>iety ( ! pea*2 = ?\gh our nect>9es are c]ta9ly ! desc5dants ( sev]al k9ds ( pea*es1 yet a l>ge numb] are ! desc5dants ( o!r nect>9es1 & !y v>y s mu* :5 ?us reproduc$ t we c sc>cely admit ! above explanation4 ,! v>ieties ( ! pea* h l>gely increas$ 9 numb] s9ce ! ,*ri/ian era1 :5 f two to five v>ieties alone 7 kn[n2#fgj & ! nect>9e 0 unkn[n4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 besides _m v>ieties said to exi/ 9 ,*9a1 ,d[n+ describes 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates sev5ty-n9e #cdc native & import$ v>ieties ( ! pea*2 & a few ye>s ago ,l9dley#fga enum]at$ "o hundr$ & sixty-f\r v>ieties ( ! pea* & nect>9e gr[n 9 ,engl&4 ,i h already indicat$ ! *ief po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! sev]al v>ieties4 ,nect>9es1 ev5 :5 produc$ f di/9ct k9ds ( pea*es1 always possess _! own peculi> flav\r1 & are smoo? & small4 ,cl+/one & free/one pea*es1 :i* diff] 9 ! ripe fle% ei!r firmly adh]+ to ! /one1 or easily sep>at+ f x1 also diff] 9 ! "* ( ! /one itself2 t ( ! free/ones or melt]s be+ m deeply fissur$1 ) ! sides ( ! fissures smoo!r ?an 9 cl+/ones4 ,9 ! v>i\s k9ds1 ! fl[]s diff] n only 9 size1 b 9 ! l>g] fl[]s ! petals are diff]5tly %ap$1 m imbricat$1 g5]ally r$ 9 ! c5tre & pale t[>ds ! m>g92 :]eas 9 ! small] fl[]s ! m>g9s ( ! petal are usually m d>kly col\r$4 ,"o v>iety has ne>ly :ite fl[]s4 ,! leaves are m or less s]rat$1 & are ei!r de/itute ( gl&s1 or h globose or r5i=m gl&s2#fgb & "s few pea*es1 su* z ! ,brugnon1 be> on ! same tree bo? globul> & kidney-%ap$ gl&s4#fgc ,accord+ to ,rob]tson#fgd ! trees ) gl&ul> leaves are liable to bli/]1 b n 9 any great degree to mildew2 :il/ ! non-gl&ul> trees are m subject to curl1 to mildew1 & to ! attacks ( aphides4 ,! v>ieties diff] 9 ! p]iod ( _! maturity1 9 ! fruit keep+ well1 & 9 h>d9ess1--! latt] circum/ance be+ especially att5d$ to 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties1 su* z ! ,belleg>de1 /& =c+ 9 hot-h\ses bett] ?an o!r v>ieties4 ,! flat-pea* ( ,*9a is ! mo/ rem>kable ( all ! v>ieties2 x is s mu* depress$ t[>ds ! summit1 t ! /one is "h cov]$ only by r\gh5$ sk9 & n by a fle%y lay]4#fge ,ano!r ,*9ese v>iety1 call$ ! ,honey-pea*1 is rem>kable f ! fruit t]m9at+ 9 a long %>p po9t2 its leaves are gl&less & widely d5tate4#fgf ,! ,emp]or ( ,russia pea* is a ?ird s+ul> v>iety1 hav+ deeply & d\bly s]rat$ leaves2 ! fruit is deeply cleft ) "o-half project+ consid]ably beyond ! o!r2 x orig9at$ 9 ,am]ica1 & its se$l+s inh]it simil> leaves4#fgg ,! pea* has also produc$ 9 ,*9a a small class ( trees valu$ = ornam5t1 namely ! d\ble-fl[]$2 ( ^! five v>ieties are n[ kn[n 9 ,engl&1 v>y+ f pure :ite1 ?r\gh rose1 to int5se crimson4#fgh ,"o ( ^! v>ieties1 call$ ! camellia-fl[]$1 be>s fl[]s above #ba_/d in*es 9 diamet]1 :il/ ^? ( ! fruit-be>+ k9ds d n at mo/ exce$ #aa_/d in* 9 diamet]4 ,! fl[]s ( ! #cdd d\ble-fl[]$ pea*es h ! s+ul> prop]ty#fgi ( frequ5tly produc+ d\ble or treble fruit4 ,f9ally1 !re is good reason to believe t ! pea* is an almond pr(\ndly modifi$2 b :atev] its orig9 may h be51 !re c be no d\bt t x has yield$ dur+ ! la/ eighte5 c5turies _m v>ieties1 "s ( !m /rongly *>act]is$1 belong+ bo? to ! nect>9e & pea* =m4 ,apricot 7,prunus arm5iaca74--,x is commonly admitt$ t ?is tree is desc5d$ f a s+le species1 n[ f\nd wild 9 ! ,caucasian region4#fhj ,on ?is view ! v>ieties des]ve notice1 because !y illu/rate diff]5ces suppos$ by "s botani/s to be ( specific value 9 ! almond & plum4 ,! be/ monograph on ! apricot is by ,mr4 ,?ompson1#fha :o describes sev5te5 v>ieties4 ,we h se5 t pea*es & nect>9es v>y 9 a /rictly p>allel mann]2 & 9 ! apricot1 :i* =ms a closely alli$ g5us1 we aga9 meet ) v>iations analog\s to ^? ( ! pea*1 z well z to ^? ( ! plum4 ,! v>ieties diff] consid]ably 9 ! %ape ( _! leaves1 :i* are ei!r s]rat$ or cr5at$1 sometimes ) e>-l app5dages at _! bases1 & sometimes ) gl&s on ! petioles4 ,! fl[]s are g5]ally alike1 b are small 9 ! ,mascul9e4 ,! fruit v>ies mu* 9 size1 %ape1 & 9 hav+ ! suture little pron\nc$ or abs5t2 9 ! sk9 be+ smoo?1 or d[ny z 9 ! orange-apricot2 & 9 ! fle% cl++ to ! /one1 z 9 ! la/-m5tion$ k9d1 or 9 readily sep>at+ f x1 z 9 ! ,turkey-apricot4 ,9 all ^! diff]5ces we see ! close/ analogy ) ! v>ieties ( ! pea* & nect>9e4 ,9 ! /one we h m important diff]5ces1 & ^! 9 ! case ( ! plum h be5 e/eem$ ( specific value3 9 "s apricots ! /one is almo/ sph]ical1 9 o!rs mu* flatt5$1 be+ ei!r %>p 9 front or blunt at bo? ends1 sometimes *annell$ along ! back1 or ) a %>p ridge along bo? m>g9s4 ,9 ! ,moorp>k1 & g5]ally 9 ! ,hemskirke1 ! /one pres5ts a s+ul> "* 9 be+ p]=at$1 ) a bundle ( fibres pass+ ?r\gh ! p]=ation f end to end4 ,! mo/ con/ant & important "*1 accord+ to ,?ompson1 is :e!r ! k]nel is bitt] or sweet2 yet 9 ?is respect we h a graduat$ diff]5ce1 = ! k]nel is v bitt] 9 ,%ipley's apricot2 9 ! ,hemskirke less bitt] ?an 9 "s o!r k9ds2 slightly bitt] 9 ! ,royal2 & sweet l a hazel-nut 9 ! ,br$a1 ,ang\mois1 & o!rs4 ,9 ! case ( ! almond1 bitt]ness has be5 ?\ght by "s high au?orities to indicate specific diff]5ce4 ,9 ,n4 ,am]ica ! ,roman apricot endures cold & unfav\rable situations1 :]e no o!r sort1 except ! ,mascul9e1 w succe$2 & its blossoms be> q a sev]e fro/ )\t injury4#fhb ,accord+ to ,mr4 ,riv]s#fhc se$l+ apricots deviate b little f ! "* ( #cde _! race3 9 ,france ! ,alb]ge is con/antly reproduc$ f se$ ) b little v>iation4 ,9 ,ladakh1 accord+ to ,moorcr(t1#fhd t5 v>ieties ( ! apricot1 v diff]5t f ea* o!r1 are cultivat$1 & all are rais$ f se$1 except+ "o1 :i* is budd$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #dc4--,plum ,/ones1 ( natural size1 view$ lat]ally4 #a4 ,bullace ,plum4 #b4 ,%rop%ire ,damson4 #c4 ,blue ,gage4 #d4 ,orleans4 #e4 ,elvas4 #f4 ,d5y]'s ,victoria4 #g4 ,diamond4 ,plums 7,prunus insititia74--,=m]ly ! sloe1 ,p4 sp9osa1 0 ?\ght to be ! p>5t ( all our plums2 b n[ ?is hon\r is v commonly accord$ to ,p4 insititia or ! bullace1 :i* is f\nd wild 9 ! ,caucasus & ,n4-,we/]n ,india1 & is naturalis$ 9 ,engl&4#fhe ,x is n at all improbable1 9 accordance ) "s obs]vations made by ,mr4 ,riv]s#fhf t bo? ^! =ms1 :i* "s botani/s rank z a s+le species1 may be ! p>5ts ( our dome/icat$ plums4 ,ano!r suppos$ p>5t-=m1 ! ,p4 dome/ica1 is said to be f\nd wild 9 ! region ( ! ,caucasus4 ,godron rem>ks#fhg t ! cultivat$ v>ieties may be divid$ into two ma9 gr\ps1 :i* he supposes to be desc5d$ f two aborig9al /ocks2 namely1 ^? ) oblong fruit & /ones po9t$ at bo? ends1 hav+ n>r[ sep>ate petals & upright bran*es2 & ^? ) r\nd$ fruit1 ) /ones blunt at bo? ends1 ) r\nd$ petals & spread+ bran*es4 ,f :at we "k ( ! v>iability ( ! fl[]s 9 ! pea* & ( ! div]sifi$ mann] ( gr[? 9 our v>i\s fruit-trees1 x is difficult to lay mu* weight on ^! latt] #cdf *>act]s4 ,) respect to ! %ape ( ! fruit1 we h conclusive evid5ce t x is extremely v>iable3 ,d[n+#fhh gives outl9es ( ! plums ( two se$l+s1 namely1 ! r$ & imp]ial gages1 rais$ f ! gre5gage2 & ! fruit ( bo? is m elongat$ ?an t ( ! gre5gage4 ,! latt] has a v blunt broad /one1 :]eas ! /one ( ! imp]ial gage is oval & po9t$ at bo? ends4 ,^! trees also diff] 9 _! mann] ( gr[?3 ! gre5gage is a v %ort-jo9t$1 sl[-gr[+ tree1 ( spread+ & r dw>fi% habit2 :il/ its (fspr+1 ! imp]ial gage1 gr[s freely & rises rapidly1 & has long d>k %oots4 ,! fam\s ,wa%+ton plum be>s a globul> fruit1 b its (fspr+1 ! em]ald drop1 is ne>ly z mu* elongat$ z ! mo/ elongat$ plum figur$ by ,d[n+1 namely1 ,mann+'s prune4 ,i h made a small collection ( ! /ones ( tw5ty-five k9ds1 & !y graduate 9 %ape f ! blunte/ into ! %>pe/ k9ds4 ,z *>act]s d]iv$ f se$s are g5]ally ( high sy/ematic importance1 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to give draw+s ( ! mo/ di/9ct k9ds 9 my small collection2 & !y may be se5 to diff] 9 a surpris+ mann] 9 size1 outl9e1 ?ickness1 prom95ce ( ! ridges1 & /ate ( surface4 ,x des]ves notice t ! %ape ( ! /one is n always /rictly correlat$ ) t ( ! fruit3 ?us ! ,wa%+ton plum is sph]ical & depress$ at ! pole1 ) a some:at elongat$ /one1 :il/ ! fruit ( ! ,golia? is m elongat$1 b ! /one less s1 ?an 9 ! ,wa%+ton4 ,aga91 ,d5y]'s ,victoria & ,golia? be> fruit closely resembl+ ea* o!r1 b _! /ones are widely diff]5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ,h>ve/ & ,black ,m>gate plums are v dissimil>1 yet include closely simil> /ones4 ,! v>ieties ( ! plum are num]\s1 & diff] greatly 9 size1 %ape1 quality1 & col\r1--be+ bright yell[1 gre51 almo/ :ite1 blue1 purple1 or r$4 ,!re are "s curi\s v>ieties1 su* z ! d\ble or ,siamese1 & ! ,/oneless plum3 9 ! latt] ! k]nel lies 9 a roomy cavity surr\nd$ only by ! pulp4 ,! climate ( ,nor? ,am]ica appe>s to be s+ul>ly fav\rable = ! production ( new & good v>ieties2 ,d[n+ describes no less ?an =ty1 sev5 ( :i* ( fir/-rate quality h be5 rec5tly introduc$ into ,engl&4#fhi ,v>ieties occasionally arise hav+ an innate adaptation = c]ta9 soils1 almo/ z /rongly pron\nc$ z ) natural species gr[+ on ! mo/ di/9ct geological =mations2 ?us 9 ,am]ica ! imp]ial gage1 diff]5tly f almo/ all o!r k9ds1 is peculi>ly fitt$ = dry light soils :]e _m sorts drop _! fruit1 :]eas on ri* heavy soils ! fruit is (t5 insipid4#fij ,my fa!r c\ld nev] succe$ 9 mak+ ! ,w9e-,s\r yield ev5 a mod]ate crop 9 a s&y or*>d ne> ,%rewsbury1 :il/ 9 "s p>ts ( ! same c\nty & 9 its native ,york%ire x be>s abundantly3 "o ( my #cdg relations also repeat$ly tri$ 9 va9 to gr[ ?is v>iety 9 a s&y di/rict 9 ,/af=d%ire4 ,mr4 ,riv]s has giv5#fia a numb] ( int]e/+ facts1 %[+ h[ truly _m v>ieties c be propagat$ by se$4 ,he s[$ ! /ones ( tw5ty bu%els ( ! gre5gage = ! sake ( rais+ /ocks1 & closely obs]v$ ! se$l+s2 all _h ! smoo? %oots1 ! prom95t buds1 & ! glossy leaves ( ! gre5gage1 b ! great] numb] _h small] leaves & ?orns4 ,!re are two k9ds ( damson1 "o ! ,%rop%ire ) d[ny %oots1 & ! o!r ! ,k5ti% ) smoo? %oots1 & ^! diff] b slightly 9 any o!r respect3 ,mr4 ,riv]s s[$ "s bu%els ( ! ,k5ti% damson1 & all ! se$l+s-_h smoo? %oots1 b 9 "s ! fruit 0 oval1 9 o!rs r\nd or r\ndi%1 & 9 a few ! fruit 0 small1 &1 except 9 be+ sweet1 closely resembl$ t ( ! wild sloe4 ,mr4 ,riv]s gives sev]al o!r /rik+ in/ances ( inh]itance3 ?us1 he rais$ eighty ?\s& se$l+s f ! common ,g]man ,quets*e plum1 & n "o c\ld be f\nd v>y+ 9 ! lea/1 9 foliage or habit4 ,simil> facts 7 obs]v$ ) ! ,petite ,mirabelle plum1 yet ?is latt] k9d 7z well z ! ,quets*e7 is kn[n to h yield$ "s well-e/abli%$ v>ieties2 b1 z ,mr4 ,riv]s rem>ks1 !y all belong to ! same gr\p ) ! ,mirabelle4 ,*]ries 7,prunus c]asus1 avium1 c474--,botani/s believe t our cultivat$ *]ries are desc5d$ f "o1 two1 f\r1 or ev5 m wild /ocks4#fib ,t !re mu/ be at lea/ two p>5t-species we may inf] f ! /]ility ( tw5ty hybrids rais$ by ,mr4 ,knight f ! morello f]tiliz$ by poll5 ( ! ,elton *]ry2 = ^! hybrids produc$ 9 all only five *]ries1 & "o alone ( ^! conta9$ a se$4#fic ,mr4 ,?ompson#fid has classifi$ ! v>ieties 9 an app>5tly natural me?od 9 two ma9 gr\ps by *>act]s tak5 f ! fl[]s1 fruit1 & leaves2 b "s v>ieties :i* /& widely sep>ate 9 ?is classification are q f]tile :5 cross$2 ?us ,knight's ,e>ly ,black *]ry is ! product ( a cross betwe5 two su* k9ds4 ,mr4 ,knight /ates t se$l+ *]ries are m v>iable ?an ^? ( any o!r fruit-tree4#fie ,9 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,horticultural ,society = #ahdb1 eighty v>ieties are enum]at$4 ,"s v>ieties pres5t s+ul> *>act]s3 ?us ! fl[] ( ! ,clu/] *]ry includes z _m z twelve pi/ils1 ( :i* ! majority abort2 & !y are said g5]ally to produce f two to five or six *]ries aggregat$ toge!r & borne on a s+le p$uncle4 ,9 ! ,ratafia *]ry sev]al fl[]-p$uncles arise f a common p$uncle1 upw>ds ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,! fruit ( ,gascoigne's ,he>t has its apex produc$ into a globule or drop3 t ( ! :ite #cdh ,hung>ian ,gean has almo/ transp>5t fle%4 ,! ,flemi% *]ry is a v odd-look+ fruit1 mu* flatt5$ at ! summit & base1 ) ! latt] deeply furr[$1 & borne on a /\t v %ort foot/alk4 ,9 ! ,k5ti% *]ry ! /one adh]es s firmly to ! foot/alk1 t x c be drawn out ( ! fle%2 & ?is r5d]s ! fruit well fitt$ = dry+4 ,! ,tobacco-leav$ *]ry1 accord+ to ,sag]et & ,?ompson1 produces gigantic leaves1 m ?an a foot & sometimes ev5 eighte5 in*es 9 l5g?1 & half a foot 9 bread?4 ,! ,weep+ *]ry1 on ! o!r h&1 is valuable only z an ornam5t1 &1 accord+ to ,d[n+1 is a *>m+ little tree ) sl5d] weep+ bran*es1 clo!d ) small almo/ myrtle-l foliage4 ,!re is also a pea*-leav$ v>iety4 ,sag]et describes a rem>kable v>iety1 le griotti] de la ,t\ssa9t1 :i* be>s at ! same "t1 ev5 z late z ,septemb]1 fl[]s & fruit ( all degrees ( maturity4 ,! fruit1 :i* is ( inf]ior quality1 is borne on long1 v ?9 foot/alks4 ,b ! extraord9>y /atem5t is made t all ! leaf-be>+ %oots spr+ f old fl[]-buds4 ,la/ly1 !re is an important physiological di/9ction betwe5 ^? k9ds ( *]ries :i* be> fruit on "y or on old wood2 b ,sag]et positively ass]ts t a ,big>reau 9 8 g>d5 bore fruit on wood ( bo? ages4#fif ,apple 7,pyrus malus74--,! "o s\rce ( d\bt felt by botani/s ) respect to ! p>5tage ( ! apple is :e!r1 besides ,p4 malus1 two or ?ree o!r closely alli$ wild =ms1 namely1 ,p4 ac]ba & praecox or p>adisiaca1 d n des]ve to be rank$ z di/9ct species4 ,! ,p4 praecox is suppos$ by "s au?ors#fig to be ! p>5t ( ! dw>f p>adise /ock1 :i*1 ow+ to ! fibr\s roots n p5etrat+ deeply into ! gr\nd1 is s l>gely us$ = graft+2 b ! p>adise /ock1 x is ass]t$1#fih _c be propagat$ true by se$4 ,! common wild crab v>ies consid]ably 9 ,engl&2 b _m ( ! v>ieties are believ$ to be escap$ se$l+s4#fii ,e "o kn[s ! great diff]5ce 9 ! mann] ( gr[?1 9 ! foliage1 fl[]s1 & especially 9 ! fruit1 betwe5 ! almo/ innum]able v>ieties ( ! apple4 ,! pips or se$s 7z ,i "k by comp>ison7 likewise diff] consid]ably 9 %ape1 size1 & col\r4 ,! fruit is adapt$ = eat+ or = cook+ 9 diff]5t ways1 & keeps = only a few weeks or = ne>ly two ye>s4 ,"s few k9ds h ! fruit cov]$ ) a p[d]y secretion1 call$ bloom1 l t on plums2 #cdi & x is extremely rem>kable t ?is occurs almo/ exclusively among v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,russia4#gjj ,ano!r ,russian apple1 ! :ite ,a/racan1 possesses ! s+ul> prop]ty ( becom+ transp>5t1 :5 ripe1 l "s sorts ( crabs4 ,! api etoile has five prom95t ridges1 h5ce its "n2 ! api noir is ne>ly black3 ! tw9 clu/] pipp9 (t5 be>s fruit jo9$ 9 pairs4#gja ,! trees ( ! sev]al sorts diff] greatly 9 _! p]iods ( leaf+ & fl[]+2 9 my or*>d ! ,c\rt ,p5du ,plat produces its leaves s late1 t dur+ sev]al spr+s ,i h ?\ght x dead4 ,! ,tiff9 apple sc>cely be>s a leaf :5 9 full bloom2 ! ,corni% crab1 on ! o!r h&1 be>s s _m leaves at ?is p]iod t ! fl[]s c h>dly be se54#gjb ,9 "s k9ds ! fruit rip5s 9 midsumm]2 9 o!rs1 late 9 ! autumn4 ,^! sev]al diff]5ces 9 leaf+1 fl[]+1 & fruit+1 are n at all necess>ily correlat$2 =1 z ,&rew ,knight has rem>k$1#gjc no "o c judge f ! e>ly fl[]+ ( a new se$l+1 or f ! e>ly %$d+ or *ange ( col\r ( ! leaves1 :e!r x w mature its fruit e>ly 9 ! season4 ,! v>ieties diff] greatly 9 con/itution4 ,x is notori\s t our summ]s are n hot en\gh = ! ,newt[n ,pipp91#gjd :i* is ! glory ( ! or*>ds ne> ,new ,york2 & s x is ) sev]al v>ieties :i* we h import$ f ! ,cont95t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 our ,c\rt ( ,wick succe$s well "u ! sev]e climate ( ,canada4 ,! ,calville r\ge de ,mic\d occasionally be>s two crops dur+ ! same ye>4 ,! ,burr ,knot is cov]$ ) small excresc5ces1 :i* emit roots s readily t a bran* ) blossom-buds may be /uck 9 ! gr\nd1 & w root & be> a few fruit ev5 dur+ ! fir/ ye>4#gje ,mr4 ,riv]s has rec5tly describ$#gjf "s se$l+s valuable f _! roots runn+ ne> ! surface4 ,"o ( ^! se$l+s 0 rem>kable f its extremely dw>f$ size1 =m+ itself into a bu% only a few in*es 9 height4 ,_m v>ieties are p>ticul>ly liable to cank] 9 c]ta9 soils4 ,b p]haps ! /range/ con/itutional peculi>ity is t ! ,w9t] ,majet9 is n attack$ by ! mealy bug or coccus2 ,l9dley#gjg /ates t 9 an or*>d 9 ,norfolk infe/$ ) ^! insects ! ,majet9 0 q free1 ?\gh ! /ock on :i* x 0 graft$ 0 affect$3 ,knight makes a simil> /atem5t ) respect to a cid] apple1 & adds t he only once saw ^! insects j above ! /ock1 b t ?ree days aft]w>ds !y entirely disappe>$2 ?is apple1 h[ev]1 0 rais$ f a cross betwe5 #cej ! ,gold5 ,h>vey & ! ,sib]ian ,crab2 & ! latt]1 ,i believe1 is consid]$ by "s au?ors z specifically di/9ct4 ,! fam\s ,/4 ,val]y apple mu/ n be pass$ ov]2 ! fl[] has a d\ble calyx ) t5 divisions1 & f\rte5 /yles surm\nt$ by conspicu\s oblique /igmas1 b is de/itute ( /am5s or corolla4 ,! fruit is con/rict$ r\nd ! middle1 & is =m$ ( five se$-cells1 surm\nt$ by n9e o!r cells4#gjh ,n be+ provid$ ) /am5s1 ! tree requires artificial f]tilisation2 & ! girls ( ,/4 ,val]y annually g to faire ses pommes1 ea* m>k+ h] own fruit ) a ribbon2 & z diff]5t poll5 is us$1 ! fruit diff]s1 & we "h h an in/ance ( ! direct action ( =eign poll5 on ! "m-plant4 ,^! mon/r\s apples include1 z we h se51 f\rte5 se$-cells2 ! pigeon-apple1#gji on ! o!r h&1 has only f\r1 in/ead (1 z ) all common apples1 five cells2 & ?is c]ta9ly is a rem>kable diff]5ce4 ,9 ! catalogue ( apples publi%$ 9 #ahdb by ! ,horticultural ,society1 #hig v>ieties are enum]at$2 b ! diff]5ces betwe5 mo/ ( !m are ( comp>atively little int]e/1 z !y are n /rictly inh]it$4 ,no "o c raise1 = in/ance1 f ! se$ ( ! ,rib/on ,pipp91 a tree ( ! same k9d2 & x is said t ! ,si/] ,rib/on ,pipp9 0 a :ite1 semi-transp>5t1 s\r-fle%$ apple1 or r l>ge crab4#gaj ,yet x is a mi/ake to suppose t ) mo/ v>ieties ! *>act]s are n to a c]ta9 ext5t inh]it$4 ,9 two lots ( se$l+s rais$ f two well-m>k$ k9ds1 _m wor?less1 crab-l se$l+s w appe>1 b x is n[ kn[n t ! two lots n only usually diff] f ea* o!r1 b resemble to a c]ta9 ext5t _! p>5ts4 ,we see ?is inde$ 9 ! sev]al sub-gr\ps ( ,russetts1 ,sweet+s1 ,codl9s1 ,pe>ma9s1 ,re9ettes1 c41#gaa :i* are all believ$1 & _m are kn[n1 to be desc5d$ f o!r v>ieties be>+ ! same names4 ,pe>s 7,pyrus communis74--,i ne$ say little on ?is fruit1 :i* v>ies mu* 9 ! wild /ate1 & to an extraord9>y degree :5 cultivat$1 9 its fruit1 fl[]s1 & foliage4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ botani/s 9 ,europe1 ,m4 ,decaisne1 has c>efully /udi$ ! _m v>ieties2#gab al?\gh he =m]ly believ$ t !y 7 d]iv$ f m ?an "o species1 he is n[ conv9c$ t all belong to "o4 ,he has arriv$ at ?is conclusion f f9d+ 9 ! sev]al v>ieties a p]fect gradation betwe5 ! mo/ extreme *>act]s2 s p]fect is ?is gradation t he ma9ta9s x to be impossible to classify ! v>ieties by any natural me?od4 ,m4 ,decaisne rais$ _m se$l+s f f\r di/9ct k9ds1 & has c>efully record$ ! v>iations 9 ea*4 ,not)/&+ ?is extreme degree ( #cea v>iability1 x is n[ positively kn[n t _m k9ds reproduce by se$ ! lead+ *>act]s ( _! race4#gac ,/rawb]ries 7,frag>ia74--,?is fruit is rem>kable1 on acc\nt ( ! numb] ( species :i* h be5 cultivat$1 & f _! rapid improvem5t )9 ! la/ fifty or sixty ye>s4 ,let any "o comp>e ! fruit ( "o ( ! l>ge/ v>ieties exhibit$ at our ,%[s ) t ( ! wild wood /rawb]ry1 or1 :i* w be a fair] comp>ison1 ) ! some:at l>g] fruit ( ! wild ,am]ican ,virg9ian ,/rawb]ry1 & he w see :at prodigies horticulture has effect$4#gad ,! numb] ( v>ieties has likewise increas$ 9 a surpris+ly rapid mann]4 ,only ?ree k9ds 7 kn[n 9 ,france1 9 #agdf1 :]e ?is fruit 0 e>ly cultivat$4 ,9 #agff five species _h be5 introduc$1 ! same :i* are n[ cultivat$1 b only five v>ieties ( ,frag>ia vesca1 ) "s sub-v>ieties1 _h be5 produc$4 ,at ! pres5t day ! v>ieties ( ! sev]al species are almo/ innum]able4 ,! species consi/ (1 fir/ly1 ! wood or ,alp9e cultivat$ /rawb]ries1 desc5d$ f ,f4 vesca1 a native ( ,europe & ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,!re are eight wild ,european v>ieties1 z rank$ by ,du*esne1 ( ,f4 vesca1 b sev]al ( ^! are consid]$ species by "s botani/s4 ,secondly1 ! gre5 /rawb]ries1 desc5d$ f ! ,european ,f4 coll9a1 & little cultivat$ 9 ,engl&4 ,?irdly1 ! ,hautbois1 f ! ,european ,f4 elatior4 ,f\r?ly1 ! ,sc>lets1 desc5d$ f ,f4 ,virg9iana1 a native ( ! :ole bread? ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,fif?ly1 ! ,*ili1 desc5d$ f ,f4 ,*ilo5sis1 an inhabitant ( ! we/ coa/ ( ! temp]ate p>ts bo? ( ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,la/ly1 ! ,p9es or ,c>ol9as 7includ+ ! old ,blacks71 :i* h be5 rank$ by mo/ au?ors "u ! "n ( ,f4 gr&iflora z a di/9ct species1 said to inhabit ,sur9am2 b ?is is a manife/ error4 ,?is =m is consid]$ by ! highe/ au?ority1 ,m4 ,gay1 to be m]ely a /rongly m>k$ race ( ,f4 ,*ilo5sis4#gae ,^! five or six =ms h be5 rank$ by mo/ botani/s z specifically di/9ct2 b ?is may be d\bt$1 = ,&rew ,knight1#gaf :o rais$ no less ?an #djj cross$ /rawb]ries1 ass]ts t ! ,f4 ,virg9iana1 ,*ilo5sis1 & gr&iflora may be made to bre$ toge!r indiscrim9ately1 & he f\nd1 9 accordance ) ! pr9ciple ( analog\s v>iation1 t simil> v>ieties c\ld be obta9$ f ! se$s ( any "o ( !m4 ,s9ce ,knight's "t !re is abundant & additional evid5ce#gag ( ! ext5t to :i* ! ,am]ican =ms spontane\sly cross4 ,we owe #ceb inde$ to su* crosses mo/ ( our *oice/ exi/+ v>ieties4 ,knight did n succe$ 9 cross+ ! ,european wood-/rawb]ry ) ! ,am]ican ,sc>let or ) ! ,hautbois4 ,mr4 ,williams1 ( ,pitma/on1 h[ev]1 succe$$2 b ! hybrid (fspr+ f ! ,hautbois1 ?\gh fruit+ well1 nev] produc$ se$1 ) ! exception ( a s+le "o1 :i* reproduc$ ! p>5t hybrid =m4#gah ,major ,e4 ,trevor ,cl>ke in=ms me t he cross$ two memb]s ( ! ,p9e class 7,myatt's ,b4 ,que5 & ,ke5's ,se$l+71 ) ! wood & hautbois1 & t 9 ea* case he rais$ only a s+le se$l+2 "o ( ^! fruit$1 b 0 almo/ b>r54 ,mr4 ,w4 ,smi?1 ( ,york1 has rais$ simil> hybrids ) equally poor success4#gai ,we ?us see#gbj t ! ,european & ,am]ican species c ) "s difficulty be cross$2 b x is improbable t hybrids suffici5tly f]tile to be wor? cultivation w ev] be ?us produc$4 ,?is fact is surpris+1 z ^! =ms /ructurally are n widely di/9ct1 & are sometimes connect$ 9 ! di/ricts :]e !y gr[ wild1 z ,i he> f ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 by puzzl+ int]m$iate =ms4 ,! en]getic culture ( ! /rawb]ry is ( rec5t date1 & ! cultivat$ v>ieties c 9 mo/ cases /ill be class$ "u "s "o ( ! above five native /ocks4 ,z ! ,am]ican /rawb]ries cross s freely & spontane\sly1 we c h>dly d\bt t !y w ultimately become inextricably confus$4 ,we f9d1 inde$1 t horticulturi/s at pres5t disagree "u :i* class to rank "s few ( ! v>ieties2 & a writ] 9 ! ',bon ,j>d9i]' ( #ahdj rem>ks t =m]ly x 0 possible to class all ( !m "u "s "o species1 b t n[ ?is is q impossible ) ! ,am]ican =ms1 ! new ,engli% v>ieties hav+ completely fill$ up ! gaps betwe5 !m4#gba ,! bl5d+ toge!r ( two or m aborig9al =ms1 :i* !re is e reason to believe has occurr$ ) "s ( our anci5tly cultivat$ productions1 we n[ see actually occurr+ ) our /rawb]ries4 ,! cultivat$ species (f] "s v>iations wor? notice4 ,! ,black ,pr9ce1 a se$l+ f ,ke5's ,imp]ial 7?is latt] be+ a se$l+ ( a v :ite /rawb]ry1 ! :ite ,c>ol9a71 is rem>kable f its peculi> d>k & poli%$ surface1 & f pres5t+ an appe>ance entirely unlike t ( any o!r k9d4#gbb ,al?\gh ! fruit 9 ! diff]5t v>ieties diff]s s greatly 9 =m1 size1 col\r1 & quality1 ! s-call$ se$ 7:i* corresponds ) ! :ole fruit 9 ! plum71 ) ! exception ( be+ m or less deeply emb$d$ 9 ! pulp1 is1 accord+ to ,de ,jonghe1#gbc absolutely ! same 9 all2 & ?is no d\bt may be acc\nt$ = by ! se$ be+ ( no value1 & consequ5tly n hav+ be5 subject$ to selection4 ,! /rawb]ry is prop]ly ?ree-leav$1 b 9 #agfa ,du*esne rais$ a s+le-leav$ v>iety ( ! ,european #cec wood-/rawb]ry1 :i* ,l9naeus d\btfully rais$ to ! rank ( a species4 ,se$l+s ( ?is v>iety1 l ^? ( mo/ v>ieties n fix$ by long-cont9u$ selection1 (t5 rev]t to ! ord9>y =m1 or pres5t int]m$iate /ates4#gbd ,a v>iety rais$ by ,mr4 ,myatt1#gbe app>5tly belong+ to "o ( ! ,am]ican =ms1 pres5ts a v>iation ( an opposite nature1 = x has five leaves2 ,godron & ,lamb]tye also m5tion a five-leav$ v>iety ( ,f4 coll9a4 ,! ,r$ ,bu% ,alp9e /rawb]ry 7"o ( ! ,f4 vesca section7 does n produce /olons or runn]s1 & ?is rem>kable deviation ( /ructure is reproduc$ truly by se$4 ,ano!r sub-v>iety1 ! ,:ite ,bu% ,alp9e1 is simil>ly *>act]is$1 b :5 propagat$ by se$ x (t5 deg5]ates & produces plants ) runn]s4#gbf ,a /rawb]ry ( ! ,am]ican ,p9e section is also said to make b few runn]s4#gbg ,mu* has be5 writt5 on ! sexes ( /rawb]ries2 ! true ,hautbois prop]ly be>s ! male & female organs on sep>ate plants1#gbh & 0 consequ5tly nam$ by ,du*esne dioica2 b x frequ5tly produces h]maphrodites2 & ,l9dley1#gbi by propagat+ su* plants by runn]s1 at ! same "t de/roy+ ! males1 soon rais$ a self-prolific /ock4 ,! o!r species (t5 %[ a t5d5cy t[>ds an imp]fect sep>ation ( ! sexes1 z ,i h notic$ ) plants =c$ 9 a hot-h\se4 ,sev]al ,engli% v>ieties1 :i* 9 ?is c\ntry are free f any su* t5d5cy1 :5 cultivat$ 9 ri* soils "u ! climate ( ,nor? ,am]ica#gcj commonly produce plants ) sep>ate sexes4 ,?us a :ole acre ( ,ke5's ,se$l+s 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates has be5 obs]v$ to be almo/ /]ile f ! abs5ce ( male fl[]s2 b ! m g5]al rule is1 t ! male plants ov]run ! females4 ,"s memb]s ( ! ,c9c9nati ,horticultural ,society1 especially appo9t$ to inve/igate ?is subject1 report t few v>ieties h ! fl[]s p]fect 9 bo? sexual organs1 c4 ,! mo/ successful cultivators 9 ,ohio1 plant = e sev5 r[s ( pi/illata1 or female plants1 "o r[ ( h]maphrodites1 :i* af=d poll5 = bo? k9ds2 b ! h]maphrodites1 ow+ to _! exp5diture 9 ! production ( poll51 be> less fruit ?an ! female plants4 ,! v>ieties diff] 9 con/itution4 ,"s ( our be/ ,engli% k9ds1 su* z ,ke5's ,se$l+s1 are too t5d] = c]ta9 p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 :]e o!r ,engli% & _m ,am]ican v>ieties succe$ p]fectly4 ,t spl5did fruit1 ! ,briti% ,que51 c be cultivat$ b 9 few places ei!r 9 ,engl& or ,france2 b ?is app>5tly dep5ds m on ! nature ( ! soil ?an on ! climate3 a fam\s g>d5] says t no mortal c\ld gr[ ! ,briti% ,que5 at ,%rubl& ,p>k unless ! :ole nature ( ! soil 0 alt]$4#gca ,la ,con/ant9a is "o ( ! #ced h>die/ k9ds1 & c )/& ,russian w9t]s1 b is easily burnt by ! sun1 s t x w n succe$ 9 c]ta9 soils ei!r 9 ,engl& or ! ,unit$ ,/ates4#gcb ,! ,filb]t ,p9e ,/rawb]ry requires m wat] ?an any o!r v>iety2 & if ! plants once suff] f dr\ght1 !y w d little or no good aft]w>ds4#gcc ,cu?ill's ,black ,pr9ce ,/rawb]ry ev9ces a s+ul> t5d5cy to mildew3 no less ?an six cases h be5 record$ ( ?is v>iety suff]+ sev]ely1 :il/ o!r v>ieties gr[+ close by1 & treat$ 9 exactly ! same mann]1 7 n at all infe/$ by ?is fungus4#gcd ,! "t ( maturity diff]s mu* 9 ! diff]5t v>ieties2 "s belong+ to ! wood or alp9e section produce a succession ( crops ?r\gh\t ! summ]4 ,gooseb]ry 7,ribes grossul>ia74--,no "o1 ,i believe1 has hi!rto d\bt$ t all ! cultivat$ k9ds are sprung f ! wild plant be>+ ?is "n1 :i* is common 9 ,c5tral & ,nor!rn ,europe2 !re=e x w be desirable briefly to specify all ! po9ts1 ?\gh n v important1 :i* h v>i$4 ,if x be admitt$ t ^! diff]5ces are due to culture1 au?ors p]haps w n be s ready to assume ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge numb] ( unkn[n wild p>5t-/ocks = our o!r cultivat$ plants4 ,! gooseb]ry is n allud$ to by writ]s ( ! classical p]iod4 ,turn] m5tions x 9 #aegc1 & ,p>k9son1 9 #afbi1 specifies eight v>ieties2 ! ,catalogue ( ! ,horticultural ,society = #ahdb gives #adi v>ieties1 & ! li/s ( ! ,lanca%ire nurs]ym5 are said to include above #cjj names4#gce ,9 ! ',gooseb]ry ,gr[]'s ,regi/] = #ahfb' ,i f9d t #bdc di/9ct v>ieties h at v>i\s p]iods won prizes2 s t a va/ numb] mu/ h be5 exhibit$4 ,no d\bt ! diff]5ce betwe5 _m ( ! v>ieties is v small2 b ,mr4 ,?ompson 9 classify+ ! fruit = ! ,horticultural ,society f\nd less confusion 9 ! nom5clature ( ! gooseb]ry ?an ( any o!r fruit1 & he attributes ?is to ! great int]e/ :i* ! prize-gr[]s h tak5 9 detect+ sorts ) wrong names1 & ?is %[s t all ! k9ds1 num]\s z !y are1 c be recognis$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,! bu%es diff] 9 _! mann] ( gr[?1 be+ erect1 or spread+1 or p5dul\s4 ,! p]iods ( leaf+ & fl[]+ diff] bo? absolutely & relatively to ea* o!r2 ?us ! ,:itesmi? produces e>ly fl[]s1 :i* f n be+ protect$ by ! foliage1 z x is believ$1 cont9ually fail to produce fruit4#gcf ,! leaves v>y 9 size1 t9t1 & 9 dep? ( lobes2 !y are smoo?1 d[ny1 or hairy on ! upp] surface4 ,! bran*es are m or less d[ny or sp9ose2 ! ,h$gehog has probably d]iv$ its "n f ! s+ul> bri/ly condition ( its %oots & fruit4 ,! bran*es ( ! wild gooseb]ry1 ,i may rem>k1 are smoo?1 ) ! exception ( ?orns at ! bases ( ! buds4 ,! ?orns !mselves are ei!r v small1 few & s+le1 or v l>ge & triple2 !y are #cee sometimes reflex$ & mu* dilat$ at _! bases4 ,9 ! diff]5t v>ieties ! fruit v>ies 9 abundance1 9 ! p]iod ( maturity1 9 hang+ until %rivell$1 & greatly 9 size1 "s sorts hav+ _! fruit l>ge dur+ a v e>ly p]iod ( gr[?1 :il/ o!rs are small until ne>ly ripe4 ,! fruit v>ies also mu* 9 col\r1 be+ r$1 yell[1 gre51 & :ite--! pulp ( "o d>k-r$ gooseb]ry be+ t+$ ) yell[2 9 flav\r2 9 be+ smoo? or d[ny1--few1 h[ev]1 ( ! ,r$ gooseb]ries1 :il/ _m ( ! s-call$ ,:ites1 are d[ny2 or 9 be+ s sp9ose t "o k9d is call$ ,h5d]son's ,porcup9e4 ,two k9ds acquire :5 mature a p[d]y bloom on _! fruit4 ,! fruit v>ies 9 ! ?ickness & ve9+ ( ! sk91 &1 la/ly1 9 %ape1 be+ sph]ical1 oblong1 oval1 or obovate4#gcg ,i cultivat$ fifty-f\r v>ieties1 &1 consid]+ h[ greatly ! fruit diff]s1 x 0 curi\s h[ closely simil> ! fl[]s 7 9 all ^! k9ds4 ,9 only a few ,i detect$ a trace ( diff]5ce 9 ! size or col\r ( ! corolla4 ,! calyx diff]$ 9 a r great] degree1 = 9 "s k9ds x 0 mu* r$d] ?an 9 o!rs2 & 9 "o smoo? :ite gooseb]ry x 0 unusually r$4 ,! calyx also diff]$ 9 ! basal "p be+ smoo? or woolly1 or cov]$ ) gl&ul> hairs4 ,x des]ves notice1 z be+ contr>y to :at might h be5 expect$ f ! law ( correlation1 t a smoo? r$ gooseb]ry _h a rem>kably hairy calyx4 ,! fl[]s ( ! ,sportsman are furni%$ ) v l>ge col\r$ bracteae2 & ?is is ! mo/ s+ul> deviation ( /ructure :i* ,i h obs]v$4 ,^! same fl[]s also v>i$ mu* 9 ! numb] ( ! petals1 & occasionally 9 ! numb] ( ! /am5s & pi/ils2 s t !y 7 semi-mon/r\s 9 /ructure1 yet !y produc$ pl5ty ( fruit4 ,mr4 ,?ompson rem>ks t 9 ! ,pa/ime gooseb]ry extra bracts are (t5 atta*$ to ! sides ( ! fruit4#gch ,! mo/ int]e/+ po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! gooseb]ry is ! /eady increase 9 ! size ( ! fruit4 ,man*e/] is ! metropolis ( ! fanci]s1 & prizes f five %ill+s to five or t5 p\nds are ye>ly giv5 = ! heavie/ fruit4 ,! ',gooseb]ry ,gr[]'s ,regi/]' is publi%$ annually2 ! e>lie/ kn[n copy is dat$ #aghf1 b x is c]ta9 t meet+s = ! adjudication ( prizes 7 held "s ye>s previ\sly4#gci ,! ',regi/]' = #ahde gives an acc\nt ( #aga ,gooseb]ry ,%[s1 held 9 diff]5t places dur+ t ye>2 & ?is fact %[s on h[ l>ge a scale ! culture has be5 c>ri$ on4 ,! fruit ( ! wild gooseb]ry is said#gdj to weigh ab\t a qu>t] ( an ounce or #e dwts41 t is1 #abj gra9s2 ab\t ! ye> #aghf gooseb]ries 7 exhibit$ weigh+ #aj dwts41 s t ! weight 0 !n d\bl$2 9 #ahag #bf dwts4 #ag grs4 0 atta9$2 !re 0 no advance till #ahbe1 :5 #ca dwts4 #af grs4 0 rea*$2 9 #cef #ahcj ,teaz] weigh$ #cb dwts4 #ac grs42 9 #ahda ,wond]ful weigh$ #cb dwts4 #af grs42 9 #ahdd ,london weigh$ #ce dwts4 #ab grs41 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> #cf dwts4 #af grs42 & 9 #aheb 9 ,/af=d%ire ! fruit ( ?is same v>iety rea*$ ! a/oni%+ weight ( #cg dwts4 #g grs41#gda or #hie grs42 t is1 betwe5 sev5 & eight times ! weight ( ! wild fruit4 ,i f9d t a small apple1 #fa_/b in*es 9 circumf]5ce1 has exactly ?is same weight4 ,! ,london gooseb]ry 7:i* 9 #ahfb _h altoge!r ga9$ #cdc prizes7 has1 up to ! pres5t ye> ( #ahfd1 nev] rea*$ a great] weight ?an t atta9$ 9 #aheb4 ,p]haps ! fruit ( ! gooseb]ry has n[ rea*$ ! greate/ possible weight1 unless 9 ! c\rse ( "t "s q new & di/9ct v>iety %all arise4 ,?is gradual1 & on ! :ole /eady increase ( weight f ! latt] "p ( ! la/ c5tury to ! ye> #aheb1 is probably 9 l>ge "p due to improv$ me?ods ( cultivation1 = extreme c>e is n[ tak52 ! bran*es & roots are tra9$1 compo/s are made1 ! soil is mul*$1 & only a few b]ries are left on ea* bu%2#gdb b ! increase no d\bt is 9 ma9 "p due to ! cont9u$ selection ( se$l+s :i* h be5 f\nd to be m & m capable ( yield+ su* extraord9>y fruit4 ,assur$ly ! ,highwayman 9 #ahag c\ld n h produc$ fruit l t ( ! ,ro>+ ,lion 9 #ahbe2 nor c\ld ! ,ro>+ ,lion1 ?\gh x 0 gr[n by _m p]sons 9 _m places1 ga9 ! supreme triumph a*iev$ 9 #aheb by ! ,london ,gooseb]ry4 ,walnut 7,juglans regia74--,?is tree & ! common nut belong to a widely diff]5t ord] f ! =ego+ fruits1 & are !re=e "h notic$4 ,! walnut gr[s wild 9 ! ,caucasus & ,himalaya1 :]e ,dr4 ,hook]#gdc f\nd ! fruit ( full size1 b z h>d z a hickory-nut4 ,9 ,engl& ! walnut pres5ts consid]able diff]5ces1 9 ! %ape & size ( ! fruit1 9 ! ?ickness ( ! husk1 & 9 ! ?9ness ( ! %ell2 ?is latt] quality has giv5 rise to a v>iety call$ ! ?9-%ell$1 :i* is valuable1 b suff]s f ! attacks ( tom-tits4#gdd ,! degree to :i* ! k]nel fills ! %ell v>ies mu*4 ,9 ,france !re is a v>iety call$ ! ,grape or clu/]-walnut1 9 :i* ! nuts gr[ 9 bun*es ( t51 fifte51 or ev5 tw5ty toge!r4 ,!re is ano!r v>iety :i* be>s on ! same tree diff]5tly %ap$ leaves1 l ! het]ophyll\s hornbeam2 ?is tree is also rem>kable f hav+ p5dul\s bran*es1 & be>+ elongat$1 l>ge1 ?9-%ell$ nuts4#gde ,m4 ,c>dan has m9utely describ$#gdf "s s+ul> physiological peculi>ities 9 ! ,june-leaf+ v>iety1 :i* produces its leaves & fl[]s f\r or five weeks lat]1 & reta9s its leaves & fruit 9 ! autumn mu* long]1 ?an ! common v>ieties2 #ceg b 9 ,augu/ is 9 exactly ! same /ate ) !m4 ,^! con/itutional peculi>ities are /rictly inh]it$4 ,la/ly1 walnut-trees1 :i* are prop]ly monoic\s1 sometimes entirely fail to produce male fl[]s4#gdg ,nuts 7,corylus avellana74--,mo/ botani/s rank all ! v>ieties "u ! same species1 ! common wild nut4#gdh ,! husk1 or involucre1 diff]s greatly1 be+ extremely %ort 9 ,b>r's ,spani%1 & extremely long 9 filb]ts1 9 :i* x is contract$ s z to prev5t ! nut fall+ out4 ,?is k9d ( husk also protects ! nut f birds1 = titmice 7,p>us7 h be5 obs]v$#gdi to pass ov] filb]ts1 & attack cobs & common nuts gr[+ 9 ! same or*>d4 ,9 ! purple-filb]t ! husk is purple1 & 9 ! frizzl$-filb]t x is curi\sly lac9iat$2 9 ! r$-filb]t ! pellicle ( ! k]nel is r$4 ,! %ell is ?ick 9 "s v>ieties1 b is ?9 9 ,cos=d's-nut1 & 9 "o v>iety is ( a blui% col\r4 ,! nut itself diff]s mu* 9 size & %ape1 be+ ovate & compress$ 9 filb]ts1 ne>ly r\nd & ( great size 9 cobs & ,spani% nuts1 oblong & longitud9ally /riat$ 9 ,cos=d's1 & obtusely f\r-sid$ 9 ! ,d[nton ,squ>e nut4 ,cucurbitace\s plants4--,^! plants h be5 = a long p]iod ! opprobrium ( botani/s2 num]\s v>ieties h be5 rank$ z species1 &1 :at happ5s m r>ely1 =ms :i* n[ mu/ be consid]$ z species h be5 class$ z v>ieties4 ,ow+ to ! admirable exp]im5tal rese>*es ( a di/+ui%$ botani/1 ,m4 ,naud91#gej a flood ( light has rec5tly be5 ?r[n on ?is gr\p ( plants4 ,m4 ,naud91 dur+ _m ye>s1 obs]v$ & exp]im5t$ on above #abjj liv+ specim5s1 collect$ f all qu>t]s ( ! _w4 ,six species are n[ recognis$ 9 ! g5us ,cucurbita2 b ?ree alone h be5 cultivat$ & conc]n u1 namely1 ,c4 maxima & pepo1 :i* include all pumpk9s1 g\rds1 squa%es1 & vegetable m>r[1 & ,c4 mos*ata1 ! wat]-melon4 ,^! ?ree species are n kn[n 9 a wild /ate2 b ,asa ,gray#gea gives good reason = believ+ t "s pumpk9s are natives ( ,n4 ,am]ica4 ,^! ?ree species are closely alli$1 & h ! same g5]al habit1 b _! innum]able v>ieties c always be di/+ui%$1 accord+ to ,naud91 by c]ta9 almo/ fix$ *>act]s2 & :at is /ill m important1 :5 cross$ !y yield no se$1 or only /]ile se$2 :il/ ! v>ieties spontane\sly int]cross ) ! utmo/ fre$om4 ,naud9 insi/s /rongly 7p4 #ae71 t1 ?\gh ^! ?ree species h v>i$ greatly 9 _m *>act]s1 yet x has be5 9 s closely an analog\s mann] t ! v>ieties c be arrang$ 9 almo/ p>allel s]ies1 z we h se5 ) ! =ms ( :eat1 ) ! two ma9 races ( ! pea*1 & 9 o!r cases4 ,?\gh "s ( ! v>ieties are incon/ant 9 "*1 yet o!rs1 :5 gr[n sep>ately "u uni=m conditions ( life1 are1 z ,naud9 repeat$ly 7pp4 #f1 #af1 #ce7 urges1 d\ees d'une /abilite #ceh presque comp>able a celle des especes les mieux c>act]isees4 ,"o v>iety1 l',orang9 7pp4 #dc1 #fc71 has su* prepot5cy 9 transmitt+ its "* t :5 cross$ ) o!r v>ieties a va/ majority ( ! se$l+s come true4 ,naud91 ref]r+ 7p4 #dg7 to ,c4 pepo1 says t its races ne diff]5t des especes v]itables qu'en ce qu'elles peuv5t s'alli] les unes aux autres p> voie d'hybridite1 sans que leur desc5dance p]de la faculte de se p]petu]4 ,if we 7 to tru/ to ext]nal diff]5ces alone1 & give up ! te/ ( /]ility1 a multitude ( species w\ld h to be =m$ out ( ! v>ieties ( ^! ?ree species ( ,cucurbita4 ,_m naturali/s at ! pres5t day lay f> too little /ress1 9 my op9ion1 on ! te/ ( /]ility2 yet x is n improbable t di/9ct species ( plants aft] a long c\rse ( cultivation & v>iation may h _! mutual /]ility elim9at$1 z we h e reason to believe has occurr$ ) dome/icat$ animals4 ,nor1 9 ! case ( plants "u cultivation1 %\ld we be ju/ifi$ 9 assum+ t v>ieties nev] acquire a slight degree ( mutual /]ility1 z we %all m fully see 9 a future *apt] :5 c]ta9 facts are giv5 on ! high au?ority ( ,ga]tn] & ,koelreut]4#geb ,! =ms ( ,c4 pepo are class$ by ,naud9 "u sev5 sections1 ea* includ+ subord9ate v>ieties4 ,he consid]s ?is plant z probably ! mo/ v>iable 9 ! _w4 ,! fruit ( "o v>iety 7pp4 #cc1 #df7 exce$s 9 volume t ( ano!r by m ?an two ?\s& fold6 ,:5 ! fruit is ( v l>ge size1 ! numb] produc$ is few 7p4 #de72 :5 ( small size1 _m are produc$4 ,no less a/oni%+ 7p4 #cc7 is ! v>iation 9 ! %ape ( ! fruit2 ! typical =m app>5tly is egg-l1 b ?is becomes ei!r drawn out into a cyl9d]1 or %ort5$ into a flat disc4 ,we h also an almo/ inf9ite div]sity 9 ! col\r & /ate ( surface ( ! fruit1 9 ! h>dness bo? ( ! %ell & ( ! fle%1 & 9 ! ta/e ( ! fle%1 :i* is ei!r extremely sweet1 f>9ace\s1 or slightly bitt]4 ,! se$s also diff] 9 a slight degree 9 %ape1 & wond]fully 9 size 7p4 #cd71 namely1 f six or sev5 to m ?an tw5ty-five millimetres 9 l5g?4 ,9 ! v>ieties :i* gr[ upright or d n run & climb1 ! t5drils1 ?\gh useless 7p4 #ca71 are ei!r pres5t or are repres5t$ by v>i\s semi-mon/r\s organs1 or are q abs5t4 ,! t5drils are ev5 abs5t 9 "s runn+ v>ieties 9 :i* ! /ems are mu* elongat$4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t 7p4 #ca71 9 all ! v>ieties ) dw>f$ /ems1 ! leaves closely resemble ea* o!r 9 %ape4 ,^? naturali/s :o believe 9 ! immutability ( species (t5 ma9ta9 t1 ev5 9 ! mo/ v>iable =ms1 ! *>act]s :i* !y consid] ( specific value are un*angeable4 ,to give an example f a consci5ti\s writ]1#gec :o1 rely+ on ! lab\rs ( ,m4 ,naud9 & #cei ref]r+ to ! species ( ,cucurbita1 says1 au milieu de t\tes les v>iations du fruit1 les tiges1 les feuilles1 les calices1 les corolles1 les etam9es re/5t inv>iables dans *acune d'elles4 ,yet ,m4 ,naud9 9 describ+ ,cucurbita pepo 7p4 #cj7 says1 ,ici1 d'ailleurs1 ce ne sont pas seulem5t les fruits qui v>i5t1 c'e/ aussi le feuillage et t\t le port de la plante4 ,neanmo9s1 je crois qu'on la di/+u]a t\j\rs facilem5t des deux autres especes1 si l'on veut ne pas p]dre de vue les c>act]es diff]5tiels que je m'ef=ce de faire ressortir4 ,ces c>act]es sont quelquefois peu m>ques3 il arrive meme que plusieurs d'entre eux s'effac5t presque enti]em5t1 mais il en re/e t\j\rs quelques-uns qui remett5t l'obs]vateur sur la voie4 ,n[ let x be not$ :at a diff]5ce1 ) reg>d to ! immutability ( ! s-call$ specific *>act]s1 ?is p>agraph produces on ! m9d1 f t above quot$ f ,m4 ,godron4 ,i w add ano!r rem>k3 naturali/s cont9ually ass]t t no important organ v>ies2 b 9 say+ ?is !y unconsci\sly argue 9 a vici\s circle2 = if an organ1 let x be :at x may1 is highly v>iable1 x is reg>d$ z unimportant1 & "u a sy/ematic po9t ( view ?is is q correct4 ,b z long z con/ancy is ?us tak5 z ! crit]ion ( importance1 x w inde$ be long be=e an important organ c be %[n to be incon/ant4 ,! enl>g$ =m ( ! /igmas1 & _! sessile position on ! summit ( ! ov>y1 mu/ be consid]$ z important *>act]s1 & 7 us$ by ,gasp>9i to sep>ate c]ta9 pumpk9s z a di/9ct g5us2 b ,naud9 says 7p4 #bj7 ^! p>ts h no con/ancy1 & 9 ! fl[]s ( ! ,turban v>ieties ( ,c4 maxima !y sometimes resume _! ord9>y /ructure4 ,aga91 9 ,c4 maxima1 ! c>pels 7p4 #ai7 :i* =m ! ,turban project ev5 z mu* z two-?irds ( _! l5g? out ( ! receptacle1 & ?is latt] "p is ?us r$uc$ to a sort ( plat=m2 b ?is rem>kable /ructure occurs only 9 c]ta9 v>ieties1 & graduates into ! common =m 9 :i* ! c>pels are almo/ entirely envelop$ )9 ! receptacle4 ,9 ,c4 mos*ata ! ov>ium 7p4 #ej7 v>ies greatly 9 %ape1 be+ oval1 ne>ly sph]ical1 or cyl9drical1 m or less swoll5 9 ! upp] "p1 or con/rict$ r\nd ! middle1 & ei!r /raight or curv$4 ,:5 ! ov>ium is %ort & oval ! int]ior /ructure does n diff] f t ( ,c4 maxima & pepo1 b :5 x is elongat$ ! c>pels occupy only ! t]m9al & swoll5 portion4 ,i may add t 9 "o v>iety ( ! cucumb] 7,cucumis sativus7 ! fruit regul>ly conta9s five c>pels in/ead ( ?ree4#ged ,i presume t x w n be disput$ t we "h h in/ances ( great v>iability 9 organs ( ! highe/ physiological importance1 & ) mo/ plants ( ! highe/ classificatory importance4 ,sag]et#gee & ,naud9 f\nd t ! cucumb] 7,c4 sativus7 c\ld n be cross$ ) any o!r species ( ! g5us2 !re=e no d\bt x is specifically di/9ct f ! melon4 ,?is w appe> to mo/ p]sons a sup]flu\s /atem5t2 yet we he> f ,naud9#gef t !re is a race #cfj ( melons1 9 :i* ! fruit is s l t ( ! cucumb]1 bo? ext]nally & int]nally1 t x is h>dly possible to di/+ui% ! "o f ! o!r except by ! leaves4 ,! v>ieties ( ! melon seem to be endless1 = ,naud9 aft] six ye>s' /udy has n come to ! end ( !m3 he divides !m into t5 sections1 includ+ num]\s sub-v>ieties :i* all int]cross ) p]fect ease4#geg ,( ! =ms consid]$ by ,naud9 to be v>ieties1 botani/s h made ?irty di/9ct species6 & !y _h n ! slighte/ acqua9tance ) ! multitude ( new =ms :i* h appe>$ s9ce _! "t4 ,nor is ! creation ( s _m species at all surpris+ :5 we consid] h[ /rictly _! *>act]s are transmitt$ by se$1 & h[ wond]fully !y diff] 9 appe>ance3 ,mira e/ quidem foliorum et habitus div]sitas1 s$ multo magis fructuum1 says ,naud94 ,! fruit is ! valuable "p1 & ?is1 9 accordance ) ! common rule1 is ! mo/ modifi$ "p4 ,"s melons are only z l>ge z small plums1 o!rs weigh z mu* z sixty-six p\nds4 ,"o v>iety has a sc>let fruit6 ,ano!r is n m ?an an in* 9 diamet]1 b sometimes m ?an a y>d 9 l5g?1 twi/+ ab\t 9 all directions l a s]p5t4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t 9 ?is latt] v>iety _m p>ts ( ! plant1 namely1 ! /ems1 ! foot/alks ( ! female fl[]s1 ! middle lobe ( ! leaves1 & especially ! ov>ium1 z well z ! mature fruit1 all %[ a /rong t5d5cy to become elongat$4 ,sev]al v>ieties ( ! melon are int]e/+ f assum+ ! *>act]i/ic features ( di/9ct species & ev5 ( di/9ct ?\gh alli$ g5]a3 ?us ! s]p5t-melon has "s resemblance to ! fruit ( ,tri*osan!s angu9a2 we h se5 t o!r v>ieties closely resemble cucumb]s2 "s ,egyptian v>ieties h _! se$s atta*$ to a portion ( ! pulp1 & ?is is *>act]i/ic ( c]ta9 wild =ms4 ,la/ly1 a v>iety ( melon f ,algi]s is rem>kable f ann\nc+ its maturity by a spontane\s & almo/ sudd5 dislocation1 :5 deep cracks sudd5ly appe>1 & ! fruit falls to pieces2 & ?is occurs ) ! wild ,c4 momordica4 ,f9ally1 ,m4 ,naud9 well rem>ks t ?is extraord9>y production ( races & v>ieties by a s+le species1 & _! p]man5ce :5 n int]f]$ ) by cross+1 are ph5om5a well calculat$ to cause reflection4 ,,useful ,,& ,,ornam5tal ,,trees4 ,trees des]ve a pass+ notice on acc\nt ( ! num]\s v>ieties :i* !y pres5t1 diff]+ 9 _! precocity1 9 _! mann] ( gr[?1 foliage1 & b>k4 ,?us ( ! common a% 7,frax9us excelsior7 ! catalogue ( ,messrs4 ,lawson ( ,ed9burgh includes tw5ty-"o v>ieties1 "s ( :i* diff] mu* 9 _! b>k2 !re is a yell[1 a /reak$ r$di%-:ite1 a purple1 a w>t-b>k$ & a fung\s-b>k$ v>iety4#geh ,( hollies no less ?an eighty-f\r v>ieties are gr[n alongside ea* o!r 9 ,mr4 #cfa ,paul's nurs]y4#gei ,9 ! case ( trees1 all ! record$ v>ieties1 z f> z ,i c f9d out1 h be5 sudd5ly produc$ by "o s+le act ( v>iation4 ,! l5g? ( "t requir$ to raise _m g5]ations1 & ! little value set on ! fanciful v>ieties1 expla9s h[ x is t successive modifications h n be5 accumulat$ by selection2 h5ce1 also x foll[s t we d n "h meet ) sub-v>ieties subord9ate to v>ieties1 & ^! aga9 subord9ate to high] gr\ps4 ,on ! ,cont95t1 h[ev]1 :]e ! =e/s are m c>efully att5d$ to ?an 9 ,engl&1 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle#gfj says t !re is n a =e/] :o does n se>* = se$s f t v>iety :i* he e/eems ! mo/ valuable4 ,our useful trees h seldom be5 expos$ to any great *ange ( conditions2 !y h n be5 ri*ly manur$1 & ! ,engli% k9ds gr[ "u _! prop] climate4 ,yet 9 exam9+ ext5sive b$s ( se$l+s 9 nurs]y-g>d5s consid]able diff]5ces may be g5]ally obs]v$ 9 !m2 & :il/ t\r+ 9 ,engl& ,i h be5 surpris$ at ! am\nt ( diff]5ce 9 ! appe>ance ( ! same species 9 our h$g][s & woods4 ,b z plants v>y s mu* 9 a truly wild /ate1 x w\ld be difficult = ev5 a skilful botani/ to pron\nce :e!r1 z ,i believe to be ! case1 h$g][ trees v>y m ?an ^? gr[+ 9 a primeval =e/4 ,trees :5 plant$ by man 9 woods or h$ges d n gr[ :]e !y w\ld naturally be able to hold _! place aga9/ a ho/ ( competitors1 & are !re=e expos$ to conditions n /rictly natural3 ev5 ?is slight *ange w\ld probably suffice to cause se$l+s rais$ f su* trees to be v>iable4 ,:e!r or n our half-wild ,engli% trees1 z a g5]al rule1 are m v>iable ?an trees gr[+ 9 _! native =e/s1 !re c h>dly be a d\bt t !y h yield$ a great] numb] ( /rongly-m>k$ & s+ul> v>iations ( /ructure4 ,9 mann] ( gr[?1 we h weep+ or p5dul\s v>ieties ( ! will[1 a%1 elm1 oak1 & yew1 & o!r trees2 & ?is weep+ habit is sometimes inh]it$1 ?\gh 9 a s+ul>ly caprici\s mann]4 ,9 ! ,lomb>dy popl>1 & 9 c]ta9 fa/igate or pyramidal v>ieties ( ?orns1 junip]s1 oaks1 c41 we h an opposite k9d ( gr[?4 ,! ,hessian oak1#gfa :i* is fam\s f its fa/igate habit & size1 be>s h>dly any resemblance 9 g5]al appe>ance to a common oak2 its acorns are n sure to produce plants ( ! same habit2 "s1 h[ev]1 turn out ! same z ! p>5t-tree4 ,ano!r fa/igate oak is said to h be5 f\nd wild 9 ! ,pyr5ees1 & ?is is a surpris+ circum/ance2 x g5]ally comes s true by se$1 t ,de ,c&olle consid]$ x z specifically di/9ct4#gfb ,! fa/igate ,junip] 7,j4 suecica7 likewise transmits its "* by se$4#gfc ,dr4 ,falcon] in=ms me t 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s at ,calcutta ! great heat causes apple-trees to become fa/igate2 & we #cfb ?us see ! same result foll[+ f ! effects ( climate & f an innate spontane\s t5d5cy4#gfd ,9 foliage we h v>iegat$ leaves :i* are (t5 inh]it$2 d>k purple or r$ leaves1 z 9 ! hazel1 b>b]ry1 & bee*1 ! col\r 9 ^! two latt] trees be+ sometimes /rongly & sometimes weakly inh]it$2#gfe deeply-cut leaves2 & leaves cov]$ ) prickles1 z 9 ! v>iety ( ! holly well call$ f]ox1 :i* is said to reproduce itself by se$4#gff ,9 fact1 ne>ly all ! peculi> v>ieties ev9ce a t5d5cy1 m or less /rongly m>k$1 to reproduce !mselves by se$4#gfg ,?is is to a c]ta9 ext5t ! case1 accord+ to ,bose1#gfh ) ?ree v>ieties ( ! elm1 namely1 ! broad-leaf$1 lime-leaf$1 & twi/$ elm1 9 :i* latt] ! fibres ( ! wood are twi/$4 ,ev5 ) ! het]ophyll\s hornbeam 7,c>p9us betulus71 :i* be>s on ea* twig leaves ( two %apes1 sev]al plants rais$ f se$ all reta9$ ! same peculi>ity4#gfi ,i w add only "o o!r rem>kable case ( v>iation 9 foliage1 namely1 ! occurr5ce ( two sub-v>ieties ( ! a% ) simple in/ead ( p9nat$ leaves1 & :i* g5]ally transmit _! "* by se$4#ggj ,! occurr5ce1 9 trees belong+ to widely diff]5t ord]s1 ( weep+ & fa/igate v>ieties1 & ( trees be>+ deeply cut1 v>iegat$1 & purple leaves1 %[s t ^! deviations ( /ructure mu/ result f "s v g5]al physiological laws4 ,diff]5ces 9 g5]al appe>ance & foliage1 n m /rongly m>k$ ?an ^? above indicat$1 h l$ good obs]v]s to rank z di/9ct species c]ta9 =ms :i* are n[ kn[n to be m]e v>ieties4 ,?us a plane-tree long cultivat$ 9 ,engl& 0 consid]$ by almo/ e "o z a ,nor? ,am]ican species2 b is n[ asc]ta9$ by old records1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,dr4 ,hook]1 to be a v>iety4 ,s aga9 ! ,?uja p5dula or fili=mis 0 rank$ by su* good obs]v]s z ,lamb]t1 ,walli*1 & o!rs z a true species2 b x is n[ kn[n t ! orig9al plants1 five 9 numb]1 sudd5ly appe>$ 9 a b$ ( se$l+s1 rais$ at ,mr4 ,loddige's nurs]y1 f ,t4 ori5talis2 & ,dr4 ,hook] has adduc$ excell5t evid5ce t at ,tur9 se$s ( ,t4 p5dula h reproduc$ ! p>5t-=m1 ,t4 ori5talis4#gga ,e "o mu/ h notic$ h[ c]ta9 individual trees regul>ly put =? & %$ _! leaves e>li] or lat] ?an o!rs ( ! same species4 ,!re is a fam\s horse-*esnut 9 ! ,tuil]ies :i* is nam$ f #cfc leaf+ s mu* e>li] ?an ! o!rs4 ,!re is also an oak ne> ,ed9burgh :i* reta9s its leaves to a v late p]iod4 ,^! diff]5ces h be5 attribut$ by "s au?ors to ! nature ( ! soil 9 :i* ! trees gr[2 b ,ar*bi%op ,:ately graft$ an e>ly ?orn on a late "o1 & vice v]sa1 & bo? grafts kept to _! prop] p]iods1 :i* diff]$ by ab\t a =tnight1 z if !y /ill grew on _! own /ocks4#ggb ,!re is a ,corni% v>iety ( ! elm :i* is almo/ an ev]gre51 & is s t5d] t ! %oots are (t5 kill$ by ! fro/2 & ! v>ieties ( ! ,turki% oak 7,q4 c]ris7 may be arrang$ z decidu\s1 sub-ev]gre51 & ev]gre54#ggc ,scot* ,fir 7,p9us sylve/ris74--,i allude to ?is tree z x be>s on ! "q ( ! great] v>iability ( our h$g][ trees comp>$ ) ^? "u /rictly natural conditions4 ,a well-in=m$ writ]#ggd /ates t ! ,scot* fir pres5ts few v>ieties 9 its native ,scot* =e/s2 b t x v>ies mu* 9 figure & foliage1 & 9 ! size1 %ape1 & col\r ( its cones1 :5 sev]al g5]ations h be5 produc$ away f its native locality4 ,!re is little d\bt t ! highl& & l[l& v>ieties diff] 9 ! value ( _! timb]1 & t !y c be propagat$ truly by se$2 ?us ju/ify+ ,l\don's rem>k1 t a v>iety is (t5 ( z mu* importance z a species1 & sometimes f> m s4#gge ,i may m5tion "o r important po9t 9 :i* ?is tree occasionally v>ies2 9 ! classification ( ! ,conif]ae1 sections are f\nd$ on :e!r two1 ?ree1 or five leaves are includ$ 9 ! same %ea?2 ! ,scot* fir has prop]ly only two leaves ?us enclos$1 b specim5s h be5 obs]v$ ) gr\ps ( ?ree leaves 9 a %ea?4#ggf ,besides ^! diff]5ces 9 ! semi-cultivat$ ,scot* fir1 !re are 9 sev]al p>ts ( ,europe natural or geographical races1 :i* h be5 rank$ by "s au?ors z di/9ct species4#ggg ,l\don#ggh consid]s ,p4 pumilio1 ) its sev]al sub-v>ieties1 z ,mughus1 nana1 c41 :i* diff] mu* :5 plant$ 9 diff]5t soils & only come tol]ably true f se$1 z alp9e v>ieties ( ! ,scot* fir2 if ?is 7 prov$ to be ! case1 x w\ld be an int]e/+ fact z %[+ t dw>f+ f long exposure to a sev]e climate is to a c]ta9 ext5t inh]it$4 ,! ,haw?orn 7,crataegus oxycan?a7 has v>i$ mu*4 ,besides endless slight] v>iations 9 ! =m ( ! leaves1 & 9 ! size1 h>dness1 fle%9ess1 & %ape ( ! b]ries1 ,l\don#ggi enum]ates tw5ty-n9e well-m>k$ v>ieties4 ,besides ^? cultivat$ = _! pretty fl[]s1 !re are o!rs ) gold5-yell[1 black1 & :iti% b]ries2 o!rs #cfd ) woolly b]ries1 & o!rs ) recurv$ ?orns4 ,l\don truly rem>ks t ! *ief reason :y ! haw?orn has yield$ m v>ieties ?an mo/ o!r trees1 is t curi\s nurs]ym5 select any rem>kable v>iety out ( ! imm5se b$s ( se$l+s :i* are annually rais$ = mak+ h$ges4 ,! fl[]s ( ! haw?orn usually include f "o to ?ree pi/ils2 b 9 two v>ieties1 nam$ ,monogyna & ,sibirica1 !re is only a s+le pi/il2 & d',asso /ates t ! common ?orn 9 ,spa9 is con/antly 9 ?is /ate4#ghj ,!re is also a v>iety :i* is apetal\s1 or has its petals r$uc$ to m]e rudim5ts4 ,! fam\s ,gla/onbury ?orn fl[]s & leafs t[>ds ! end ( ,decemb]1 at :i* "t x be>s b]ries produc$ f an e>li] crop ( fl[]s4#gha ,x is wor? notice t sev]al v>ieties ( ! haw?orn1 z well z ( ! lime & junip]1 are v di/9ct 9 _! foliage & habit :il/ "y1 b 9 ! c\rse ( ?irty or =ty ye>s become extremely l ea* o!r2#ghb ?us rem9d+ u ( ! well-kn[n fact t ! deod>1 ! c$> ( ,lebanon1 & t ( ! ,atlas1 are di/+ui%$ ) ! greate/ ease :il/ "y1 b ) difficulty :5 old4 ,,fl[]s4 ,i %all n = sev]al reasons treat ! v>iability ( plants :i* are cultivat$ = _! fl[]s alone at any great l5g?4 ,_m ( our fav\rite k9ds 9 _! pres5t /ate are ! desc5dants ( two or m species cross$ & comm+l$ toge!r1 & ?is circum/ance alone w\ld r5d] x difficult to detect ! diff]5ces due to v>iation4 ,= in/ance1 our ,roses1 ,petunias1 ,calceol>ias1 ,fu*sias1 ,v]b5as1 ,gladioli1 ,pel>goniums1 c41 c]ta9ly h _h a multiple orig94 ,a botani/ well acqua9t$ ) ! p>5t-=ms w\ld probably detect "s curi\s /ructural diff]5ces 9 _! cross$ & cultivat$ desc5dant2 & he w\ld c]ta9ly obs]ve _m new & rem>kable con/itutional peculi>ities4 ,i w give a few in/ances1 all relat+ to ! ,pel>gonium1 & tak5 *iefly f ,mr4 ,beck1#ghc a fam\s cultivator ( ?is plant3 "s v>ieties require m wat] ?an o!rs2 "s are v impati5t ( ! knife if too gre$ily us$ 9 mak+ cutt+s2 "s1 :5 pott$1 sc>cely %[ a root at ! outside ( ! ball ( ! e>?2 "o v>iety requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( conf9em5t 9 ! pot to make x ?r[ up a fl[]-/em2 "s v>ieties bloom well at ! comm5cem5t ( ! season1 o!rs at ! close2 "o v>iety is kn[n1#ghd :i* w /& ev5 p9e-apple top & bottom heat1 )\t look+ any m drawn ?an if x _h /ood 9 a common gre5h\se2 & ,blan*e ,fleur seems z if made on purpose = gr[+ 9 w9t]1 l _m bulbs1 & to re/ all summ]4 ,^! odd con/itutional peculi>ities w\ld fit a plant :5 gr[+ 9 a /ate ( nature = widely diff]5t circum/ances & climates4 #cfe ,fl[]s possess little int]e/ "u our pres5t po9t ( view1 because !y h be5 almo/ exclusively att5d$ to & select$ = _! beautiful col\rs1 size1 p]fect outl9e1 & mann] ( gr[?4 ,9 ^! p>ticul>s h>dly "o long-cultivat$ fl[] c be nam$ :i* has n v>i$ greatly4 ,:at does a flori/ c>e = ! %ape & /ructure ( ! organs ( fructification1 unless1 inde$1 !y add to ! beauty ( ! fl[]8 ,:5 ?is is ! case1 fl[]s become modifi$ 9 important po9ts2 /am5s & pi/ils may be conv]t$ into petals1 & additional petals may be develop$1 z 9 all d\ble fl[]s4 ,! process ( gradual selection by :i* fl[]s h be5 r5d]$ m & m d\ble1 ea* /ep 9 ! process ( conv]sion be+ inh]it$1 has be5 record$ 9 sev]al in/ances4 ,9 ! s-call$ d\ble fl[]s ( ! ,compositae1 ! corollas ( ! c5tral florets are greatly modifi$1 & ! modifications are likewise inh]it$4 ,9 ! columb9e 7,aquilegia vulg>is7 "s ( ! /am5s are conv]t$ into petals hav+ ! %ape ( nect>ies1 "o neatly fitt+ into ! o!r2 b 9 "o v>iety !y are conv]t$ into simple petals4#ghe ,9 ! hose & hose primulae1 ! calyx becomes brightly col\r$ & enl>g$ s z to resemble a corolla2 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,wool] in=ms me t ?is peculi>ity is transmitt$2 = he cross$ a common polyan?us ) "o hav+ a col\r$ calyx1#ghf & "s ( ! se$l+s inh]it$ ! col\r$ calyx dur+ at lea/ six g5]ations4 ,9 ! h5-&-*ick5 daisy ! ma9 fl[] is surr\nd$ by a brood ( small fl[]s develop$ f buds 9 ! axils ( ! scales ( ! involucre4 ,a wond]ful poppy has be5 describ$1 9 :i* ! /am5s are conv]t$ into pi/ils2 & s /rictly 0 ?is peculi>ity inh]it$ t1 out ( #aed se$l+s1 "o alone rev]t$ to ! ord9>y & common type4#ghg ,( ! cock's-comb 7,celosia cri/ata71 :i* is an annual1 !re are sev]al races 9 :i* ! fl[]-/em is wond]fully fasciat$ or compress$2 & "o has be5 exhibit$#ghh actually eighte5 in*es 9 bread?4 ,peloric races ( ,glox9ia speciosa & ,antirrh9um majus c be propagat$ by se$1 & !y diff] 9 a wond]ful mann] f ! typical =m bo? 9 /ructure & appe>ance4 ,a mu* m rem>kable modification has be5 record$ by ,sir ,william & ,dr4 ,hook]#ghi 9 ,begonia frigida4 ,?is plant prop]ly produces male & female fl[]s on ! same fascicles2 & 9 ! female fl[]s ! p]ian? is sup]ior2 b a plant at ,kew produc$1 besides ! ord9>y fl[]s1 o!rs :i* graduat$ t[>ds a p]fect h]maphrodite /ructure2 & 9 ^! fl[]s ! p]ian? 0 inf]ior4 ,to %[ ! importance ( ?is modification "u a classificatory po9t ( view1 ,i may quote :at ,pr(4 ,h>vey says1 namely1 t _h x occurr$ 9 a /ate ( nature1 & _h a botani/ collect$ a plant ) su* fl[]s1 he w\ld n only h #cff plac$ x 9 a di/9ct g5us f ,begonia1 b w\ld probably h consid]$ x z ! type ( a new natural ord]4 ,?is modification _c 9 "o s5se be consid]$ z a mon/rosity1 = analog\s /ructures naturally occur 9 o!r ord]s1 z ) ,saxifragas & ,ari/olo*iaceae4 ,! int]e/ ( ! case is l>gely add$ to by ,mr4 ,c4 ,w4 ,crock]'s obs]vation t se$l+s f ! normal fl[]s produc$ plants :i* bore1 9 ab\t ! same proportion z ! p>5t-plant1 h]maphrodite fl[]s hav+ inf]ior p]ian?s4 ,! h]maphrodite fl[]s f]tilis$ ) _! own poll5 7 /]ile4 ,if flori/s _h att5d$ to1 select$1 & propagat$ by se$ o!r modifications ( /ructure besides ^? :i* are beautiful1 a ho/ ( curi\s v>ieties w\ld c]ta9ly h be5 rais$2 & !y w\ld probably h transmitt$ _! *>act]s s truly t ! cultivator w\ld h felt aggriev$1 z 9 ! case ( cul9>y vegetables1 if 8 :ole b$ _h n pres5t$ a uni=m appe>ance4 ,flori/s h att5d$ 9 "s in/ances to ! leaves ( _! plant1 & h ?us produc$ ! mo/ elegant & symmetrical patt]ns ( :ite1 r$1 & gre51 :i*1 z 9 ! case ( ! pel>gonium1 are sometimes /rictly inh]it$4#gij ,any "o :o w habitually exam9e highly-cultivat$ fl[]s 9 g>d5s & gre5h\ses w obs]ve num]\s deviations 9 /ructure2 b mo/ ( ^! mu/ be rank$ z m]e mon/rosities1 & are only s f> int]e/+ z %[+ h[ pla/ic ! organisation becomes "u high cultivation4 ,f ?is po9t ( view su* works z ,pr(essor ,moqu9-,t&on's ',t]atologie' are highly in/ructive4 ,roses4--,^! fl[]s (f] an in/ance ( a numb] ( =ms g5]ally rank$ z species1 namely1 ,r4 c5tifolia1 gallica1 alba1 damasc5a1 sp9osissima1 bracteata1 ,indica1 semp]flor5s1 mos*ata1 c41 :i* h l>gely v>i$ & be5 int]cross$4 ,! g5us ,rosa is a notori\sly difficult "o1 &1 ?\gh "s ( ! above =ms are admitt$ by all botani/s to be di/9ct species1 o!rs are d\btful2 ?us1 ) respect to ! ,briti% =ms1 ,bab+ton makes sev5te51 & ,b5?am only five species4 ,! hybrids f "s ( ! mo/ di/9ct =ms--= in/ance1 f ,r4 ,indica1 f]tilis$ by ! poll5 ( ,r4 c5tifolia--produce an abundance ( se$2 ,i /ate ?is on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,riv]s1#gia f ^: "w ,i h drawn mo/ ( ! foll[+ /atem5ts4 ,z almo/ all ! aborig9al =ms br\ght f diff]5t c\ntries h be5 cross$ & recross$1 x is no wond] t ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 9 speak+ ( ! common roses ( ! ,italian g>d5s1 rem>ks t ! native c\ntry & precise =m ( ! wild type ( mo/ ( !m are involv$ 9 mu* unc]ta9ty4#gib ,nev]!less ,mr4 ,riv]s 9 ref]r+ to ,r4 ,indica 7p4 #fh7 says t ! desc5dants ( ea* gr\p may g5]ally be recognis$ by a close obs]v]4 ,! same au?or (t5 speaks ( roses z hav+ be5 a little hybridis$2 b #cfg x is evid5t t 9 v _m cases ! diff]5ces due to v>iation & to hybridisation c n[ only be conjecturally di/+ui%$4 ,! species h v>i$ bo? by se$ & by buds2 su* modifi$ buds be+ (t5 call$ by g>d5]s sports4 ,9 ! foll[+ *apt] ,i %all fully discuss ?is latt] subject1 & %all %[ t bud-v>iations c be propagat$ n only by graft+ & budd+1 b (t5 ev5 by se$4 ,:5ev] a new rose appe>s ) any peculi> "*1 h[ev] produc$1 if x yields se$1 ,mr4 ,riv]s 7p4 #d7 fully expects x to become ! p>5t-type ( a new family4 ,! t5d5cy to v>y is s /rong 9 "s k9ds1 z 9 ! ,village ,maid 7,riv]s1 p4 #af71 t :5 gr[n 9 diff]5t soils x v>ies s mu* 9 col\r t x has be5 ?\ght to =m sev]al di/9ct k9ds4 ,altoge!r ! numb] ( k9ds is v great3 ?us ,m4 ,desportes1 9 8 ,catalogue = #ahbi1 enum]ates #befb z cultivat$ 9 ,france2 b no d\bt a l>ge proportion ( ^! are m]ely nom9al4 ,x w\ld be useless to specify ! _m po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! v>i\s k9ds1 b "s con/itutional peculi>ities may be m5tion$4 ,sev]al ,fr5* roses 7,riv]s1 p4 #ab7 w n succe$ 9 ,engl&2 & an excell5t horticulturi/#gic rem>ks1 t ,ev5 9 ! same g>d5 y w f9d t a rose t w d no?+ "u a s\? wall w d well "u a nor? "o4 ,t is ! case ) ,paul ,joseph "h4 ,x gr[s /rongly & blooms beautifully close to a nor? wall4 ,= ?ree ye>s sev5 plants h done no?+ "u a s\? wall4 ,_m roses c be =c$1 _m are totally unfit = =c+1 among :i* is ,g5]al ,jacquem9ot4#gid ,f ! effects ( cross+ & v>iation ,mr4 ,riv]s en?usia/ically anticipates 7p4 #hg7 t ! day w come :5 all our roses1 ev5 moss-roses1 w h ev]gre5 foliage1 brilliant & fragrant fl[]s1 & ! habit ( bloom+ f ,june till ,novemb]4 ,a di/ant view ?is seems1 b p]sev]ance 9 g>d5+ w yet a*ieve wond]s1 z assur$ly x has already a*iev$ wond]s4 ,x may be wor? :ile briefly to give ! well-kn[n hi/ory ( "o class ( roses4 ,9 #agic "s wild ,scot* roses 7,r4 sp9osissima7 7 transplant$ into a g>d52#gie & "o ( ^! bore fl[]s slightly t+$ ) r$1 f :i* a plant 0 rais$ ) semi-mon/r\s fl[]s1 also t+$ ) r$2 se$l+s f ?is fl[] 7 semi-d\ble1 & by cont9u$ selection1 9 ab\t n9e or t5 ye>s1 eight sub-v>ieties 7 rais$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( less ?an tw5ty ye>s ^! d\ble ,scot* roses _h s mu* increas$ 9 numb] & k9d1 t tw5ty-six well-m>k$ v>ieties1 class$ 9 eight sections1 7 describ$ by ,mr4 ,sab9e4 ,9 #ahdagif x is said t ?ree hundr$ v>ieties c\ld be procur$ 9 ! nurs]y-g>d5s ne> ,glasg[2 & ^! are describ$ z blu%1 crimson1 purple1 r$1 m>bl$1 two-col\r$1 :ite1 & yell[1 & z diff]+ mu* 9 ! size & %ape ( ! fl[]4 #cfh ,pansy or ,he>tsease 7,viola tricolor1 c474--,! hi/ory ( ?is fl[] seems to be pretty well kn[n2 x 0 gr[n 9 ,evelyn's g>d5 9 #afhg2 b ! v>ieties 7 n att5d$ to till #ahaj-ahab1 :5 ,lady ,monke1 toge!r ) ,mr4 ,lee ! well-kn[n nurs]yman1 en]getically comm5c$ _! culture2 & 9 ! c\rse ( a few ye>s tw5ty v>ieties c\ld be pur*as$4#gig ,at ab\t ! same p]iod1 namely 9 #ahac or #ahad1 ,"l ,gambi] collect$ "s wild plants1 & 8 g>d5]1 ,mr4 ,?omson1 cultivat$ !m toge!r ) "s common g>d5 v>ieties1 & soon effect$ a great improvem5t4 ,! fir/ great *ange 0 ! conv]sion ( ! d>k l9es 9 ! c5tre ( ! fl[] into a d>k eye or c5tre1 :i* at t p]iod _h nev] be5 se51 b is n[ consid]$ "o ( ! *ief requisites ( a fir/-rate fl[]4 ,9 #ahce a book entirely devot$ to ?is fl[] 0 publi%$1 & f\r hundr$ nam$ v>ieties 7 on sale4 ,f ^! circum/ances ?is plant seem$ to me wor? /udy+1 m especially f ! great contra/ betwe5 ! small1 dull1 elongat$1 irregul> fl[]s ( ! wild pansy1 & ! beautiful1 flat1 symmetrical1 circul>1 velvet-l fl[]s1 m ?an two in*es 9 diamet]1 magnific5tly & v>i\sly col\r$1 :i* are exhibit$ at our %[s4 ,b :5 ,i came to inquire m closely1 ,i f\nd t1 ?\gh ! v>ieties 7 s mod]n1 yet t mu* confusion & d\bt prevail$ ab\t _! p>5tage4 ,flori/s believe t ! v>ieties#gih are desc5d$ f sev]al wild /ocks1 namely1 ,v4 tricolor1 lutea1 gr&iflora1 amo5a1 & ,altaica1 m or less int]cross$4 ,& :5 ,i look$ to botanical works to asc]ta9 :e!r ^! =ms ought to be rank$ z species1 ,i f\nd equal d\bt & confusion4 ,viola ,altaica seems to be a di/9ct =m1 b :at "p x has play$ 9 ! orig9 ( our v>ieties ,i "k n2 x is said to h be5 cross$ ) ,v4 lutea4 ,viola amo5a#gii is n[ look$ at by all botani/s z a natural v>iety ( ,v4 gr&iflora2 & ?is & ,v4 sudetica h be5 prov$ to be id5tical ) ,v4 lutea4 ,! latt] & ,v4 tricolor 7includ+ its admitt$ v>iety ,v4 arv5sis7 are rank$ z di/9ct species by ,bab+ton2 & likewise by ,m4 ,gay1#hjj :o has paid p>ticul> att5tion to ! g5us2 b ! specific di/9ction betwe5 ,v4 lutea & tricolor is *iefly gr\nd$ on ! "o be+ /rictly & ! o!r n /rictly p]5nial1 z well z on "s o!r slight & unimportant diff]5ces 9 ! =m ( ! /em & /ipules4 ,b5?am unites ^! two =ms2 & a high au?ority on su* matt]s1 ,mr4 ,h4 ,c4 ,watson1#hja says t1 :ile ,v4 tricolor passes into ,v4 arv5sis on ! "o side1 x approximates s mu* t[>ds ,v4 lutea & ,v4 ,curtisii on ! o!r side1 t a di/9ction becomes sc>cely m easy betwe5 !m4 #cfi ,h5ce1 aft] hav+ c>efully comp>$ num]\s v>ieties1 ,i gave up ! attempt z too difficult = any "o except a pr(ess$ botani/4 ,mo/ ( ! v>ieties pres5t su* incon/ant *>act]s1 t :5 gr[n 9 poor soil1 or :5 fl[]+ out ( _! prop] season1 !y produce diff]5tly col\r$ & mu* small] fl[]s4 ,cultivators speak ( ?is or t k9d z be+ rem>kably con/ant or true2 b by ?is !y d n mean1 z 9 o!r cases1 t ! k9d transmits its "* by se$1 b t ! individual plant does n *ange mu* "u culture4 ,! pr9ciple ( inh]itance1 h[ev]1 does hold good to a c]ta9 ext5t ev5 ) ! fleet+ v>ieties ( ! ,he>tease1 = to ga9 good sorts x is indisp5sable to s[ ! se$ ( good sorts4 ,nev]!less 9 e l>ge se$-b$ a few almo/ wild se$l+s (t5 reappe> ?r\gh rev]sion4 ,on comp>+ ! *oice/ v>ieties ) ! ne>e/ alli$ wild =ms1 besides ! diff]5ce 9 ! size1 outl9e1 & col\r ( ! fl[]s1 ! leaves are se5 sometimes to diff] 9 %ape1 z does ! calyx occasionally 9 ! l5g? & bread? ( ! sepals4 ,! diff]5ces 9 ! =m ( ! nect>y m especially des]ve notice2 because *>act]s d]iv$ f ?is organ h be5 mu* us$ 9 ! discrim9ation ( mo/ ( ! species ( ,viola4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( fl[]s comp>$ 9 #ahdb ,i f\nd t 9 ! great] numb] ! nect>y 0 /raight2 9 o!rs ! extremity 0 a little turn$ upw>ds1 or d[nw>ds1 or inw>ds1 s z to be completely hook$2 9 o!rs1 in/ead ( be+ hook$1 x 0 fir/ turn$ rectangul>ly d[nw>ds1 & !n backw>ds & upw>ds2 9 o!rs ! extremity 0 consid]ably enl>g$2 & la/ly1 9 "s ! basal "p 0 depress$1 becom+1 z usual1 lat]ally compress$ t[>ds ! extremity4 ,9 a l>ge numb] ( fl[]s1 on ! o!r h&1 exam9$ by me 9 #ahef f a nurs]y-g>d5 9 a diff]5t "p ( ,engl&1 ! nect>y h>dly v>i$ at all4 ,n[ ,m4 ,gay says t 9 c]ta9 di/ricts1 especially 9 ,auv]gne1 ! nect>y ( ! wild ,v4 gr&iflora v>ies 9 ! mann] j describ$4 ,mu/ we conclude f ?is t ! cultivat$ v>ieties fir/ m5tion$ 7 all desc5d$ f ,v4 gr&iflora1 & t ! second lot1 ?\gh hav+ ! same g5]al appe>ance1 7 desc5d$ f ,v4 tricolor1 ( :i* ! nect>y1 accord+ to ,m4 ,gay1 is subject to little v>iation8 ,or is x n m probable t bo? ^! wild =ms w\ld be f\nd "u o!r conditions to v>y 9 ! same mann] & degree1 ?us %[+ t !y ought n to be rank$ z specifically di/9ct8 ,! ,dahlia has be5 ref]r$ to by almo/ e au?or :o has writt5 on ! v>iation ( plants1 because x is believ$ t all ! v>ieties are desc5d$ f a s+le species1 & because all h aris5 s9ce #ahjb 9 ,france1 & s9ce #ahjd 9 ,engl&4#hjb ,mr4 ,sab9e rem>ks t x seems z if "s p]iod ( cultivation _h be5 requir$ be=e ! fix$ qualities ( ! native plant gave way & began to sport into ^? *anges :i* n[ s delight u4#hjc ,! fl[]s h be5 greatly modifi$ 9 %ape f a flat to a globul> =m4 ,anemone & #cgj ranunculus-l races1#hjd :i* diff] 9 ! =m & arrangem5t ( ! florets1 h aris52 also dw>f$ races1 "o ( :i* is only eighte5 in*es 9 height4 ,! se$s v>y mu* 9 size4 ,! petals are uni=mly col\r$ or tipp$ or /rip$1 & pres5t an almo/ inf9ite div]sity ( t9ts4 ,se$l+s ( f\rte5 diff]5t col\rs#hje h be5 rais$ f ! same plant2 yet1 z ,mr4 ,sab9e has rem>k$1 _m ( ! se$l+s foll[ _! p>5ts 9 col\r4 ,! p]iod ( fl[]+ has be5 consid]ably ha/5$1 & ?is has probably be5 effect$ by cont9u$ selection4 ,salisbury1 writ+ #ahjh1 says t !y !n fl[]$ f ,septemb] to ,novemb]2 9 #ahbh "s new dw>f v>ieties began fl[]+ 9 ,june2#hjf & ,mr4 ,grieve in=ms me t ! dw>f purple ,zel9da 9 8 g>d5 is 9 full bloom by ! middle ( ,june & sometimes ev5 e>li]4 ,slight con/itutional diff]5ces h be5 obs]v$ betwe5 c]ta9 v>ieties3 ?us1 "s k9ds succe$ mu* bett] 9 "o "p ( ,engl& ?an 9 ano!r2#hjg & x has be5 notic$ t "s v>ieties require mu* m moi/ure ?an o!rs4#hjh ,su* fl[]s z ! c>nation1 common tulip1 & hyac9?1 :i* are believ$ to be desc5d$1 ea* f a s+le wild =m1 pres5t innum]able v>ieties1 diff]+ almo/ exclusively 9 ! size1 =m1 & col\r ( ! fl[]s4 ,^! & "s o!r anci5tly cultivat$ plants :i* h be5 long propagat$ by (fsets1 pip+s1 bulbs1 c41 become s excessively v>iable1 t almo/ ea* new plant rais$ f se$ =ms a new v>iety1 all ( :i* to describe p>ticul>ly1 z old ,g]>de wrote 9 #aeig1 7 to roll ,sisyphus's /one1 or to numb] ! s&s4 ,hyac9? 7,hyac9?us ori5talis74--,x may1 h[ev]1 be wor? :ile to give a %ort acc\nt ( ?is plant1 :i* 0 introduc$ into ,engl& 9 #aeif f ! ,levant4#hji ,! petals ( ! orig9al fl[]1 says ,mr4 ,paul1 7 n>r[1 wr9kl$1 po9t$1 & ( a flimsy texture2 n[ !y are broad1 smoo?1 solid1 & r\nd$4 ,! erectness1 bread?1 & l5g? ( ! :ole spike1 & ! size ( ! fl[]s1 h all increas$4 ,! col\rs h be5 int5sifi$ & div]sifi$4 ,g]>de1 9 #aeig1 enum]ates f\r1 & ,p>k9son1 9 #afbi1 eight v>ieties4 ,n[ ! v>ieties are v num]\s1 & !y 7 /ill m num]\s a c5tury ago4 ,mr4 ,paul rem>ks t x is int]e/+ to comp>e ! ,hyac9?s ( #afbi ) ^? ( #ahfd1 & to m>k ! improvem5t4 ,two hundr$ & ?irty-five ye>s h elaps$ s9ce !n1 & ?is simple fl[] s]ves well to illu/rate ! great fact t ! orig9al =ms ( nature d n rema9 fix$ & /ation>y1 at lea/ :5 br\ght "u cultivation4 ,:ile look+ at ! extremes1 we mu/ n h[ev] =get t !re are int]m$iate /ages :i* are = ! mo/ "p lo/ to u4 ,nature w #cga sometimes indulge h]self ) a leap1 b z a rule h] m>* is sl[ & gradual4 ,he adds t ! cultivator %\ld h 9 8 m9d an ideal ( beauty1 = ! realisation ( :i* he works ) head & h&4 ,we ?us see h[ cle>ly ,mr4 ,paul1 an em95tly successful cultivator ( ?is fl[]1 appreciates ! action ( me?odical selection4 ,9 a curi\s & app>5tly tru/wor?y treatise1 publi%$ at ,am/]dam#haj 9 #agfh1 x is /at$ t ne>ly #bjjj sorts 7 !n kn[n2 b 9 #ahfd ,mr4 ,paul f\nd only #gjj 9 ! l>ge/ g>d5 at ,ha>lem4 ,9 ?is treatise x is said t n an in/ance is kn[n ( any "o v>iety reproduc+ itself truly by se$3 ! :ite k9ds1 h[ev]1 n[#haa almo/ always yield :ite hyac9?s1 & ! yell[ k9ds come ne>ly true4 ,! hyac9? is rem>kable f hav+ giv5 rise to v>ieties ) bright blue1 p9k1 & di/9ctly yell[ fl[]s4 ,^! ?ree prim>y col\rs d n occur 9 ! v>ieties ( any o!r species2 nor d !y (t5 all occur ev5 9 ! di/9ct species ( ! same g5us4 ,al?\gh ! sev]al k9ds ( hyac9?s diff] b slightly f ea* o!r except 9 col\r1 yet ea* k9d has its own individual "*1 :i* c be recognis$ by a highly educat$ eye2 ?us ! writ] ( ! ,am/]dam treatise ass]ts 7p4 #dc7 t "s exp]i5c$ flori/s1 su* z ! fam\s ,g4 ,voorholm1 seldom fail$ 9 a collection ( above twelve hundr$ sorts to recognise ea* v>iety by ! bulb alone6 ,?is same writ] m5tions "s few s+ul> v>iations3 = in/ance1 ! hyac9? commonly produces six leaves1 b !re is "o k9d 7p4 #ce7 :i* sc>cely ev] has m ?an ?ree leaves2 ano!r nev] m ?an five2 :il/ o!rs regul>ly produce ei!r sev5 or eight leaves4 ,a v>iety1 call$ la ,coriphee1 inv>iably produces 7p4 #aaf7 two fl[]-/ems1 unit$ toge!r & cov]$ by "o sk94 ,! fl[]-/em 9 ano!r k9d 7p4 #abh7 comes out ( ! gr\nd 9 a col\r$ %ea?1 be=e ! appe>ance ( ! leaves1 & is consequ5tly liable to suff] f fro/4 ,ano!r v>iety always pu%es a second fl[]-/em aft] ! fir/ has begun to develop itself4 ,la/ly1 :ite hyac9?s ) r$1 purple1 or violet c5tres 7p4 #abi7 are ! mo/ liable to rot4 ,?us1 ! hyac9?1 l s _m previ\s plants1 :5 long cultivat$ & closely wat*$1 is f\nd to (f] _m s+ul> v>iations4 ,9 ! two la/ *apt]s ,i h giv5 9 "s detail ! range ( v>iation1 & ! hi/ory1 z f> z kn[n1 ( a consid]able numb] ( plants1 :i* h be5 cultivat$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,b "s ( ! mo/ v>iable plants1 su* z ,kidney-beans1 ,capsicum1 ,millets1 ,sorghum1 c41 h be5 pass$ ov]2 = botani/s are n agre$ :i* k9ds ought to rank z species & :i* z v>ieties2 & ! wild p>5t-species are unkn[n4#hab ,_m plants long cultivat$ 9 tropical #cgb c\ntries1 su* z ! ,banana1 h produc$ num]\s v>ieties2 b z ^! h nev] be5 describ$ ) ev5 mod]ate c>e1 !y also are "h pass$ ov]4 ,nev]!less a suffici5t1 & p]haps m ?an suffici5t1 numb] ( cases h be5 giv51 s t ! read] may be enabl$ to judge = himself on ! nature & ext5t ( ! v>iation :i* cultivat$ plants h und]gone4 99 99 99 99 99 #cgc ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,on ,,bud-,,v>iation1 ,,& ,,on ,,c]ta9 ,,anomal\s ,,modes ,,( ,,reproduction ,,& ,,v>iation4 ,,bud-,,v>iations ,,9 ,,! ,,pea*1 ,,plum1 ,,*]ry1 ,,v9e1 ,,gooseb]ry1 ,,currant1 ,,& ,,banana1 ,,z ,,%[n ,,by ,,! ,,modifi$ ,,fruit--,,9 ,,fl[]s3 ,,camellias1 ,,azaleas1 ,,*rysan!mums1 ,,roses1 ,,etc4--,,on ,,! ,,runn+ ,,( ,,! ,,col\r ,,9 ,,c>nations--,,bud-,,v>iations ,,9 ,,leaves--,,v>iations ,,by ,,suck]s1 ,,tub]s1 ,,& ,,bulbs--,,on ,,! ,,break+ ,,( ,,tulips--,,bud-,,v>iations ,,graduate ,,into ,,*anges ,,consequ5t ,,on ,,*ang$ ,,conditions ,,( ,,life--,,cytisus ,,adami1 ,,its ,,orig9 ,,& ,,trans=mation--,,on ,,! ,,union ,,( ,,two ,,diff]5t ,,embryos ,,9 ,,"o ,,se$--,,! ,,trifacial ,,orange--,,on ,,rev]sion ,,by ,,buds ,,9 ,,hybrids ,,& ,,mongrels--,,on ,,! ,,production ,,( ,,modifi$ ,,buds ,,by ,,! ,,graft+ ,,( ,,"o ,,v>iety ,,or ,,species ,,on ,,ano!r--,,on ,,! ,,direct ,,or ,,imm$iate ,,action ,,( ,,=eign ,,poll5 ,,on ,,! ,,"m-,,plant--,,on ,,! ,,effects ,,9 ,,female ,,animals ,,( ,a ,,fir/ ,,impregnation ,,on ,,! ,,subsequ5t ,,(fspr+--,,conclusion ,,& ,,summ>y4 ,?is *apt] w be *iefly devot$ to a subject 9 _m respects important1 namely1 bud-v>iation4 ,by ?is t]m ,i include all ^? sudd5 *anges 9 /ructure or appe>ance :i* occasionally occur 9 full-gr[n plants 9 _! fl[]-buds or leaf-buds4 ,g>d5]s call su* *anges ,sports2 b ?is1 z previ\sly rem>k$1 is an ill-def9$ expression1 z x has (t5 be5 appli$ to /rongly m>k$ v>iations 9 se$l+ plants4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 sem9al & bud reproduction is n s great z x at fir/ appe>s2 = ea* bud is 9 "o s5se a new & di/9ct individual2 b su* individuals are produc$ ?r\gh ! =mation ( v>i\s k9ds ( buds )\t ! aid ( any special app>atus1 :il/ f]tile se$s are produc$ by ! conc\rse ( ! two sexual elem5ts4 ,! modifications :i* arise ?r\gh bud-v>iation c g5]ally be propagat$ to any ext5t by graft+1 budd+1 cutt+s1 bulbs1 c41 & occasionally ev5 by se$4 ,"s few ( our mo/ beautiful & useful productions h aris5 by bud-v>iation4 ,bud-v>iations h z yet be5 obs]v$ only 9 ! vegetable #cgd k+dom2 b x is probable t if comp\nd animals1 su* z corals1 c41 _h be5 subject$ to a long c\rse ( dome/ication1 !y w\ld h v>i$ by buds2 = !y resemble plants 9 _m respects4 ,?us any new or peculi> "* pres5t$ by a comp\nd animal is propagat$ by budd+1 z occurs ) diff]5tly col\r$ ,hydras1 & z ,mr4 ,gosse has %[n to be ! case ) a s+ul> v>iety ( a true coral4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,hydra h also be5 graft$ on o!r v>ieties1 & h reta9$ _! "*4 ,i w 9 ! fir/ place give all ! cases ( bud-v>iations :i* ,i h be5 able to collect1 & aft]w>ds %[ _! importance4 ,^! cases prove t ^? au?ors :o1 l ,pallas1 attribute all v>iability to ! cross+ ei!r ( di/9ct races1 or ( individuals belong+ to ! same race b some:at diff]5t f ea* o!r1 are 9 error2 z are ^? au?ors :o attribute all v>iability to ! m]e act ( sexual union4 ,nor c we acc\nt 9 all cases = ! appe>ance ?r\gh bud-v>iation ( new *>act]s by ! pr9ciple ( rev]sion to long-lo/ *>act]s4 ,he :o wi%es to judge h[ f> ! conditions ( life directly cause ea* p>ticul> v>iation ought to reflect well on ! cases imm$iately to be giv54 ,i w comm5ce ) bud-v>iations1 z exhibit$ 9 ! fruit1 & !n pass on to fl[]s1 & f9ally to leaves4 ,pea* 7,amygdalus ,p]sica74--,9 ! la/ *apt] ,i gave two cases ( a pea*-almond & d\ble-fl[]$ almond :i* sudd5ly produc$ fruit closely resembl+ true pea*es4 ,i h also record$ _m cases ( pea*-trees produc+ buds1 :i*1 :5 develop$ into bran*es1 h yield$ nect>9es4 ,we h se5 t no less ?an six nam$ & sev]al unnam$ v>ieties ( ! pea* h ?us produc$ sev]al v>ieties ( nect>9e4 ,i h %[n t x is highly improbable t all ^! pea*-trees1 "s ( :i* are old v>ieties1 & h be5 propagat$ by ! million1 are hybrids f ! pea* & nect>9e1 & t x is oppos$ to all analogy to attribute ! occasional production ( nect>9es on pea*-trees to ! direct action ( poll5 f "s neighb\r+ nect>9e-tree4 ,sev]al ( ! cases are highly rem>kable1 because1 fir/ly1 ! fruit ?us produc$ has sometimes be5 9 "p a nect>9e & 9 "p a pea*2 secondly1 because nect>9es ?us sudd5ly produc$ h reproduc$ !mselves by se$2 & ?irdly1 because nect>9es are produc$ f pea*-trees f se$ z well z f buds4 ,! se$ ( ! nect>9e1 on ! o!r h&1 occasionally produces pea*es2 & we h se5 9 "o in/ance t a nect>9e-tree yield$ pea*es by bud-v>iation4 ,z ! pea* is c]ta9ly ! olde/ or prim>y v>iety1 ! #cge production ( pea*es f nect>9es1 ei!r by se$s or buds1 may p]haps be consid]$ z a case ( rev]sion4 ,c]ta9 trees h also be5 describ$ z indiff]5tly be>+ pea*es or nect>9es1 & ?is may be consid]$ z bud-v>iation c>ri$ to an extreme degree4 ,! grosse mignonne pea* at ,montreuil produc$ f a sport+ bran* ! grosse mignonne t>dive1 a mo/ excell5t v>iety1 :i* rip5s its fruit a =tnight lat] ?an ! p>5t tree1 & is equally good4#hac ,?is same pea* has likewise produc$ by bud-v>iation ! e>ly grosse mignonne4 ,hunt's l>ge tawny nect>9e orig9at$ f ,hunt's small tawny nect>9e1 b n ?r\gh sem9al reproduction4#had ,plums4--,mr4 ,knight /ates t a tree ( ! yell[ magnum bonum plum1 =ty ye>s old1 :i* _h always borne ord9>y fruit1 produc$ a bran* :i* yield$ r$ magnum bonums4#hae ,mr4 ,riv]s1 ( ,sawbridgewor?1 in=ms me 7,jan4 #ahfc7 t a s+le tree out ( #djj or #ejj trees ( ! ,e>ly ,prolific plum1 :i* is a purple k9d1 desc5d$ f an old ,fr5* v>iety be>+ purple fruit1 produc$ :5 ab\t t5 ye>s old bright yell[ plums2 ^! diff]$ 9 no respect except col\r f ^? on ! o!r trees1 b 7 unlike any o!r kn[n k9d ( yell[ plum4#haf ,*]ry 7,prunus c]asus74--,mr4 ,knight has record$ 7idem7 ! case ( a bran* ( a ,may-,duke *]ry1 :i*1 ?\gh c]ta9ly nev] graft$1 always produc$ fruit1 rip5+ lat]1 & m oblong1 ?an ! fruit on ! o!r bran*es4 ,ano!r acc\nt has be5 giv5 ( two ,may-,duke *]ry-trees 9 ,scotl&1 ) bran*es be>+ oblong1 & v f9e fruit1 :i* inv>iably rip5$1 z 9 ,knight's case1 a =tnight lat] ?an ! o!r *]ries4#hag ,grapes 7,vitis v9if]a74--,! black or purple ,frontignan 9 "o case produc$ dur+ two successive ye>s 7& no d\bt p]man5tly7 spurs :i* bore :ite ,frontignan grapes4 ,9 ano!r case1 on ! same foot/alk1 ! l[] b]ries 7 well-col\r$ black ,frontignans2 ^? next ! /alk 7 :ite1 ) ! exception ( "o black & "o /reak$ b]ry2 & altoge!r !re 7 fifte5 black & twelve :ite b]ries on ! same /alk4 ,9 ano!r k9d ( grape black & amb]-col\r$ b]ries 7 produc$ 9 ! same clu/]4#hah ,c\nt ,od>t describes a v>iety :i* (t5 be>s on ! same /alk small r\nd & l>ge oblong b]ries2 ?\gh ! %ape ( ! b]ry is g5]ally a fix$ "*4#hai ,"h is ano!r /rik+ case giv5 on ! excell5t au?ority ( ,m4 ,c>ri]e3#hbj a black ,hamburgh grape 7,frank5?al7 0 cut d[n1 & produc$ ?ree suck]s2 "o ( ^! 0 lay]$1 & aft] a "t produc$ mu* small] b]ries1 :i* always rip5$ at lea/ a =tnight #cgf e>li] ?an ! o!rs4 ,( ! rema9+ two suck]s1 "o produc$ e ye> f9e grapes1 :il/ ! o!r1 al?\gh x set an abundance ( fruit1 matur$ only a few1 & ^! ( inf]ior quality4 ,gooseb]ry 7,ribes grossul>ia74--,a rem>kable case has be5 describ$ by ,dr4 ,l9dley#hba ( a bu% :i* bore at ! same "t no less ?an f\r k9ds ( b]ries1 namely1 hairy & r$1--smoo?1 small & r$1--gre51--& yell[ t+$ ) buff2 ! two latt] k9ds _h a diff]5t flav\r f ! r$ b]ries1 & _! se$s 7 col\r$ r$4 ,?ree twigs on ?is bu% grew close toge!r2 ! fir/ bore ?ree yell[ b]ries & "o r$2 ! second twig bore f\r yell[ & "o r$2 & ! ?ird f\r r$ & "o yell[4 ,mr4 ,laxton also in=ms me t he has se5 a ,r$ ,w>r+ton gooseb]ry be>+ bo? r$ & yell[ fruit on ! same bran*4 ,currant 7,ribes rubrum74--,a bu% pur*as$ z ! ,*ampagne1 :i* is a v>iety t be>s blu%-col\r$ fruit int]m$iate betwe5 r$ & :ite1 produc$ dur+ f\rte5 ye>s1 on sep>ate bran*es & m+l$ on ! same bran*1 b]ries ( ! r$1 :ite1 & *ampagne k9ds4#hbb ,! suspicion naturally arises t ?is v>iety may h orig9at$ f a cross betwe5 a r$ & :ite v>iety1 & t ! above trans=mation may be acc\nt$ = by rev]sion to bo? p>5t-=ms2 b f ! =ego+ complex case ( ! gooseb]ry ?is view is d\btful4 ,9 ,france1 a bran* ( a r$-currant bu%1 ab\t t5 ye>s old1 produc$ ne> ! summit five :ite b]ries1 & l[] d[n1 among/ ! r$ b]ries1 "o b]ry half r$ & half :ite4#hbc ,alex&] ,braun#hbd also has (t5 se5 bran*es be>+ r$ b]ries on :ite currants4 ,pe> 7,pyrus communis74--,dureau de la ,malle /ates t ! fl[]s on "s trees ( an anci5t v>iety1 ! doy5ne galeux1 7 de/roy$ by fro/3 o!r fl[]s appe>$ 9 ,july1 :i* produc$ six pe>s2 ^! exactly resembl$ 9 _! sk9 & ta/e ! fruit ( a di/9ct v>iety1 ! gros doy5ne blanc1 b 9 %ape 7 l ! bon-*reti53 x 0 n asc]ta9$ :e!r ?is new v>iety c\ld be propagat$ by budd+ or graft+4 ,! same au?or graft$ a bon-*reti5 on a qu9ce1 & x produc$1 besides its prop] fruit1 an app>5tly new v>iety1 ( a peculi> =m1 ) ?ick & r\gh sk94#hbe ,apple 7,pyrus malus74--,9 ,canada1 a tree ( ! v>iety call$ ,p\nd ,sweet1 produc$1#hbf betwe5 two ( its prop] fruit1 an apple :i* 0 well russett$1 small 9 size1 diff]5t 9 %ape1 & ) a %ort p$uncle4 ,z no russet apple grew any:]e ne>1 ?is case app>5tly _c be acc\nt$ = by ! direct action ( =eign poll54 ,i %all h]eaft] give #cgg cases ( apple-trees :i* regul>ly produce fruit ( two k9ds1 or half-&-half fruit2 ^! trees are g5]ally suppos$1 & probably ) tru?1 to be ( cross$ p>5tage1 & t ! fruit rev]ts to bo? p>5t-=ms4 ,banana 7,musa sapi5tium74--,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk /ates t he saw 9 ,/4 ,dom+o a raceme on ! ,fig ,banana :i* bore t[>ds ! base #abe fruits ( ! prop] k9d2 & ^! 7 succe$$1 z is usual1 high] up ! raceme1 by b>r5 fl[]s1 & ^! by #dbj fruits1 hav+ a widely diff]5t appe>ance1 & rip5+ e>li] ?an ! prop] fruit4 ,! abnormal fruit closely resembl$1 except 9 be+ small]1 t ( ! ,musa ,*95sis or ,cav5di%ii1 :i* has g5]ally be5 rank$ z a di/9ct species4#hbg 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fl[]s4--,_m cases h be5 record$ ( a :ole plant1 or s+le bran*1 or bud1 sudd5ly produc+ fl[]s diff]5t f ! prop] type 9 col\r1 =m1 size1 d\bl5ess1 or o!r "*4 ,half ! fl[]1 or a small] segm5t1 sometimes *anges col\r4 ,camellia4--,! myrtle-leav$ species 7,c4 myrtifolia71 & two or ?ree v>ieties ( ! common species1 h be5 kn[n to produce hexagonal & imp]fectly quadrangul> fl[]s2 & ! bran*es produc+ su* fl[]s h be5 propagat$ by graft+4#hbh ,! ,pompone v>iety (t5 be>s f\r di/+ui%able k9ds ( fl[]s1--! pure :ite & ! r$-ey$1 :i* appe> promiscu\sly2 ! br9dl$ p9k & ! rose-col\r$1 :i* may be kept sep>ate ) tol]able c]ta9ty by graft+ f ! bran*es t be> !m4 ,a bran*1 also1 on an old tree ( ! rose-col\r$ v>iety has be5 se5 to rev]t to ! pure :ite col\r1 an occurr5ce less common ?an ! dep>ture f x4#hbi ,crataegus oxycan?a4--,a d>k p9k haw?orn has be5 kn[n to ?r[ out a s+le tuft ( pure :ite blossoms2#hcj & ,mr4 ,a4 ,clapham1 nurs]yman1 ( ,brad=d1 in=ms me t 8 fa!r _h a deep crimson ?orn graft$ on a :ite ?orn1 :i*1 dur+ sev]al ye>s1 always bore1 high above ! graft1 bun*es ( :ite1 p9k1 & deep crimson fl[]s4 ,azalea ,indica is well kn[n (t5 to produce by buds new v>ieties4 ,i h myself se5 sev]al cases4 ,a plant ( ,azalea ,indica v>iegata has be5 exhibit$ be>+ a truss ( fl[]s ( ,a4 ,ind4 ,gl$/anesii z true z c\ld possibly be produc$1 ?us evid5c+ ! orig9 ( t f9e v>iety4 ,on ano!r plant ( ,a4 ,ind4 v>iegata a p]fect fl[] ( ,a4 ,ind4 lat]itia 0 produc$2 s t bo? ,gl$/anesii & lat]itia no d\bt orig9ally appe>$ z sport+ bran*es ( ,a4 ,ind4 v>iegata4#hca ,ci/us tricuspis4--,a se$l+ ( ?is plant1 :5 "s ye>s old1 produc$1 at ,sah>unpore1#hcb "s bran*es :i* bore leaves & fl[]s widely diff]5t f ! normal =m4 ,! abnormal leaf is mu* less #cgh divid$1 & n acum9at$4 ,! petals are consid]ably l>g]1 & q entire4 ,!re is also 9 ! fre% /ate a conspicu\s1 l>ge1 oblong gl&1 full ( a viscid secretion1 on ! back ( ea* ( ! calyc9e segm5ts4 ,al?aea rosea4--,a d\ble yell[ ,hollyock sudd5ly turn$ "o ye> into a pure :ite s+le k9d2 subsequ5tly a bran* be>+ ! orig9al d\ble yell[ fl[]s reappe>$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! bran*es ( ! s+le :ite k9d4#hcc ,pel>gonium4--,^! highly cultivat$ plants seem em95tly liable to bud-v>iation4 ,i w give only a few well-m>k$ cases4 ,ga]tn] has se5#hcd a plant ( ,p4 zonale ) a bran* hav+ :ite-edg$ leaves1 :i* rema9$ con/ant = ye>s1 & bore fl[]s ( a deep] r$ ?an usual4 ,g5]ally speak+1 su* bran*es pres5t little or no diff]5ce 9 _! fl[]s3 ?us a writ]#hce p9*$ (f ! lead+ %oot ( a se$l+ ,p4 zonale1 & x ?rew out ?ree bran*es1 :i* diff]$ 9 ! size & col\r ( _! leaves & /ems2 b on all ?ree bran*es ! fl[]s 7 id5tical1 except 9 be+ l>ge/ 9 ! gre5-/emm$ v>iety1 & smalle/ 9 t ) v>iegat$ foliage3 ^! ?ree v>ieties 7 subsequ5tly propagat$ & di/ribut$4 ,_m bran*es1 & "s :ole plants1 ( a v>iety call$ compactum1 :i* be>s orange-sc>let fl[]s1 h be5 se5 to produce p9k fl[]s4#hcf ,hill's ,hector1 :i* is a pale r$ v>iety1 produc$ a bran* ) lilac fl[]s1 & "s trusses ) bo? r$ & lilac fl[]s4 ,?is app>5tly is a case ( rev]sion1 = ,hill's ,hector 0 a se$l+ f a lilac v>iety4#hcg ,( all ,pel>goniums1 ,rollisson's ,unique seems to be ! mo/ sportive2 its orig9 is n positively kn[n1 b is believ$ to be f a cross4 ,mr4 ,salt]1 ( ,hamm]smi?1 /ates#hch t he has himself kn[n ?is purple v>iety to produce ! lilac1 ! rose-crimson or conspicuum1 & ! r$ or cocc9eum v>ieties2 ! latt] has also produc$ ! rose d'am\r2 s t altoge!r f\r v>ieties h orig9at$ by bud v>iation f ,rollisson's ,unique4 ,mr4 ,salt] rem>ks t ^! f\r v>ieties may n[ be consid]$ z fix$1 al?\gh !y occasionally produce fl[]s ( ! orig9al col\r4 ,?is ye> cocc9eum has pu%$ fl[]s ( ?ree diff]5t col\rs1 r$1 rose1 & lilac1 ^u ! same truss1 & ^u o!r trusses are fl[]s half r$ & half lilac4 ,besides ^! f\r v>ieties1 two o!r sc>let ,uniques are kn[n to exi/1 bo? ( :i* occasionally produce lilac fl[]s id5tical ) ,rollisson's ,unique2#hci b "o at lea/ ( ^! did n arise ?r\gh bud-v>iation1 b is believ$ to be a se$l+ f ,rollisson's ,unique4#hdj ,!re are1 also1 9 ! trade#hda two o!r slightly diff]5t v>ieties1 ( unkn[n orig91 ( ,rollisson's ,unique3 s t altoge!r we h a curi\sly complex case #cgi ( v>iation bo? by buds & se$s4#hdb ,an ,engli% wild plant1 ! ,g]anium prat5se1 :5 cultivat$ 9 a g>d51 has be5 se5 to produce on ! same plant bo? blue & :ite1 & /rip$ blue & :ite fl[]s4#hdc ,*rysan!mum4--,?is plant frequ5tly sports1 bo? by its lat]al bran*es & occasionally by suck]s4 ,a se$l+ rais$ by ,mr4 ,salt] has produc$ by bud-v>iation six di/9ct sorts1 five diff]5t 9 col\r & "o 9 foliage1 all ( :i* are n[ fix$4#hdd ,! v>ieties :i* 7 fir/ introduc$ f ,*9a 7 s excessively v>iable1 t x 0 extremely difficult to tell :i* 0 ! orig9al col\r ( ! v>iety1 & :i* 0 ! sport4 ,! same plant w\ld produce "o ye> only buff-col\r$1 & next ye> only rose-col\r$ fl[]s2 & !n w\ld *ange aga91 or produce at ! same "t fl[]s ( bo? col\rs4 ,^! fluctuat+ v>ieties are n[ all lo/1 &1 :5 a bran* sports into a new v>iety1 x c g5]ally be propagat$ & kept true2 b1 z ,mr4 ,salt] rem>ks1 e sport %\ld be ?or\ghly te/$ 9 diff]5t soils be=e x c be really consid]$ z fix$1 z _m h be5 kn[n to run back :5 plant$ 9 ri* compo/2 b :5 suffici5t c>e & "t are exp5d$ 9 prov+1 !re w exi/ little dang] ( subsequ5t disappo9tm5t4 ,mr4 ,salt] in=ms me t ) all ! v>ieties ! commone/ k9d ( bud-v>iation is ! production ( yell[ fl[]s1 &1 z ?is is ! primordial col\r1 ^! cases may be attribut$ to rev]sion4 ,mr4 ,salt] has giv5 me a li/ ( sev5 diff]5tly col\r$ *rysan!mums1 :i* h all produc$ bran*es ) yell[ fl[]s2 b ?ree ( !m h also sport$ into o!r col\rs4 ,) any *ange ( col\r 9 ! fl[]1 ! foliage g5]ally *anges 9 a correspond+ mann] 9 lightness or d>kness4 ,ano!r ,composit\s plant1 namely1 ,c5tauria cyanus1 :5 cultivat$ 9 a g>d51 n unfrequ5tly produces on ! same root fl[]s ( f\r diff]5t col\rs1 viz41 blue1 :ite1 d>k-purple1 & p>ticol\r$4#hde ,! fl[]s ( ,an!mis also v>y on ! same plant4#hdf ,roses4--,_m v>ieties ( ! rose are kn[n or are believ$ to h orig9at$ by bud-v>iation4#hdg ,! common d\ble moss-rose 0 import$ into ,engl& f ,italy ab\t ! ye> #agce4hdh ,its orig9 is unkn[n1 b f analogy x probably arose f ! ,prov5ce rose 7,r4 c5tifolia7 by bud-v>iation2 = bran*es ( ! common moss-rose h sev]al times be5 kn[n to produce ,prov5ce roses1 :olly or p>tially de/itute ( moss3 ,i h se5 "o su* in/ance1 & sev]al o!rs h be5 record$4#hdi #chj ,mr4 ,riv]s also in=ms me t he rais$ two or ?ree roses ( ! ,prov5ce class f se$ ( ! old s+le moss-rose2#hej & ?is latt] k9d 0 produc$ 9 #ahjg by bud-v>iation f ! common moss-rose4 ,! :ite moss-rose 0 also produc$ 9 #aghh by an (fset f ! common r$ moss-rose3 x 0 at fir/ pale blu%-col\r$1 b became :ite by cont9u$ budd+4 ,on cutt+ d[n ! %oots :i* _h produc$ ?is :ite moss-rose1 two weak %oots 7 ?r[n up1 & buds f ^! yield$ ! beautiful /rip$ moss-rose4 ,! common moss-rose has yield$ by bud-v>iation1 besides ! old s+le r$ moss-rose1 ! old sc>let semi-d\ble moss-rose1 & ! sage-leaf moss-rose1 :i* has a delicate %ell-l =m1 & is ( a beautiful blu% col\r2 x is n[ 7#aheb7 ne>ly ext9ct4#hea ,a :ite moss-rose has be5 se5 to be> a fl[] half :ite & half p9k4#heb ,al?\gh sev]al moss-roses h ?us c]ta9ly aris5 by bud-v>iation1 ! great] numb] probably owe _! orig9 to se$ ( moss-roses4 ,= ,mr4 ,riv]s in=ms me t 8 se$l+s f ! old s+le moss-rose almo/ always produc$ moss-roses2 & ! old s+le moss-rose 01 z we h se51 ! product by bud-v>iation ( ! d\ble moss-rose orig9ally import$ f ,italy4 ,t ! orig9al moss-rose 0 ! product ( bud-v>iation is probable1 f ! facts above giv5 & f ! moss-rose de ,meaux 7also a v>4 ( ,r4 c5tifolia7#hec hav+ appe>$ z a sport+ bran* on ! common rose de ,meaux4 ,pr(4 ,casp>y has c>efully describ$#hed ! case ( a six-ye>-old :ite moss-rose1 :i* s5t up sev]al suck]s1 "o ( :i* 0 ?orny1 & produc$ r$ fl[]s1 de/itute ( moss1 exactly l ^? ( ! ,prov5ce rose 7,r4 c5tifolia73 ano!r %oot bore bo? k9ds ( fl[]s & 9 addition longitud9ally /rip$ fl[]s4 ,z ?is :ite moss-rose _h be5 graft$ on ! ,prov5ce rose1 ,pr(4 ,casp>y attributes ! above *anges to ! influ5ce ( ! /ock2 b f ! facts already giv51 & f o!rs to be giv51 bud-v>iation1 ) rev]sion1 is probably a suffici5t explanation4 ,_m o!r in/ances c\ld be add$ ( roses v>y+ by buds4 ,! :ite ,prov5ce rose app>5tly ?us orig9at$4#hee ,! d\ble & highly-col\r$ ,belladonna rose has be5 kn[n#hef to produce by suck]s bo? semi-d\ble & almo/ s+le :ite roses2 :il/ suck]s f "o ( ^! semi-d\ble :ite roses rev]t$ to p]fectly *>act]is$ ,belladonnas4 ,v>ieties ( ! ,*9a rose propagat$ by cutt+s 9 ,/4 ,dom+o (t5 rev]t aft] a ye> or two into ! old ,*9a rose4#heg ,_m cases #cha h be5 record$ ( roses sudd5ly becom+ /rip$ or *ang+ _! "* by segm5ts3 "s plants ( ! ,comtesse de ,*abrillant1 :i* is prop]ly rose-col\r$1 7 exhibit$ 9 #ahfb1heh ) crimson flakes on a rose gr\nd4 ,i h se5 ! ,beauty ( ,billi>d ) a qu>t] & ) half ! fl[] almo/ :ite4 ,! ,au/rian bramble 7,r4 lutea7 n r>ely#hei produces bran*es ) pure yell[ fl[]s2 & ,pr(4 ,h5sl[ has se5 exactly half ! fl[] ( a pure yell[1 & ,i h se5 n>r[ yell[ /reaks on a s+le petal1 ( :i* ! re/ 0 ( ! usual copp] col\r4 ,! foll[+ cases are highly rem>kable4 ,mr4 ,riv]s1 z ,i am in=m$ by him1 possess$ a new ,fr5* rose ) delicate smoo? %oots1 pale glauc\s-gre5 leaves1 & semi-d\ble pale fle%-col\r$ fl[]s /rip$ ) d>k r$2 & on bran*es ?us *>act]is$ !re sudd5ly appe>$1 9 m ?an "o in/ance1 ! fam\s old rose call$ ! ,b>onne ,prevo/1 ) its /\t ?orny %oots1 & imm5se1 uni=mly & ri*ly col\r$1 d\ble fl[]s2 s t 9 ?is case ! %oots1 leaves1 & fl[]s1 all at once *ang$ _! "* by bud-v>iation4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,v]lot#hfj a v>iety call$ ,rosa cannabifolia1 :i* has peculi>ly %ap$ leaflets1 & diff]s f e memb] ( ! family 9 ! leaves be+ opposite in/ead ( alt]nate1 sudd5ly appe>$ on a plant ( ,r4 alba 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,luxemb\rg4 ,la/ly1 a runn+ %oot 0 obs]v$ by ,mr4 ,h4 ,curtis#hfa on ! old ,aimee ,vib]t ,noisette1 & he budd$ x on ,cel9e2 ?us a climb+ ,aimee ,vib]t 0 fir/ produc$ & aft]w>ds propagat$4 ,dian?us4--,x is q common ) ! ,sweet ,william 7,d4 b>batus7 to see diff]5tly col\r$ fl[]s on ! same root2 & ,i h obs]v$ on ! same truss f\r diff]5tly col\r$ & %ad$ fl[]s4 ,c>nations & p9ks 7,d4 c>yophyllus1 c47 occasionally v>y by lay]s2 & "s k9ds are s little c]ta9 9 "* t !y are call$ by floriculturi/s cat*-fl[]s4#hfb ,mr4 ,dickson has ably discuss$ ! runn+ ( p>ticol\r$ or /rip$ c>nations1 & says x _c be acc\nt$ = by ! compo/ 9 :i* !y are gr[n3 lay]s f ! same clean fl[] w\ld come "p ( !m clean & "p f\l1 ev5 :5 subject$ to precisely ! same treatm5t2 & frequ5tly "o fl[] alone appe>s influ5c$ by ! ta9t1 ! rema9d] com+ p]fectly clean4#hfc ,?is runn+ ( ! p>ti-col\r$ fl[]s app>5tly is a case ( rev]sion by buds to ! orig9al uni=m t9t ( ! species4 ,i w briefly m5tion "s o!r cases ( bud-v>iation to %[ h[ _m plants belong+ to _m ord]s h v>i$ 9 _! fl[]s2 num]\s cases might be add$4 ,i h se5 on a snap-dragon 7,antirrh9um majus7 :ite1 p9k1 & /rip$ fl[]s on ! same plant1 & bran*es ) /rip$ fl[]s on a r$-col\r$ v>iety4 ,on a d\ble /ock 7,mat?iola incana7 ,i h se5 a bran* be>+ s+le fl[]s2 & #chb on a d+y-purple1 d\ble v>iety ( ! wall-fl[] 7,*eiran?us *eiri7 a bran* :i* _h rev]t$ to ! ord9>y copp] col\r4 ,on o!r bran*es ( ! same plant1 "s fl[]s 7 exactly divid$ across ! middle1 "o half be+ purple & ! o!r copp]y2 b "s ( ! small] petals t[>ds ! c5tre ( ^! same fl[]s 7 purple longitud9ally /reak$ ) copp]y col\r1 or copp]y /reak$ ) purple4 ,a ,cyclam5#hfd has be5 obs]v$ to be> :ite & p9k fl[]s ( two =ms1 ! "o resembl+ ! ,p]sicum /ra91 & ! o!r ! ,c\m /ra94 ,o5o!ra bi5nis has be5 se5#hfe be>+ fl[]s ( ?ree diff]5t col\rs4 ,! hybrid ,gladiolus colvillii occasionally be>s uni=mly col\r$ fl[]s1 & "o case is record$#hff ( all ! fl[]s on a plant ?us *ang+ col\r4 ,a ,fu*sia has be5 se5#hfg be>+ two k9ds ( fl[]s4 ,mirabilis jalapa is em95tly sportive1 sometimes be>+ on ! same root pure r$1 yell[1 & :ite fl[]s1 & o!rs /rip$ ) v>i\s comb9ations ( ^! ?ree col\rs4#hfh ,! plants ( ! ,mirabilis :i* be> su* extraord9>ily v>iable fl[]s1 9 mo/1 probably 9 all cases1 owe _! orig91 z %[n by ,pr(4 ,lecoq1 to crosses betwe5 diff]5tly-col\r$ v>ieties4 99 99 99 99 99 ,leaves & ,%oots4--,*anges1 ?r\gh bud-v>iation1 9 fruits & fl[]s h hi!rto be5 treat$ (1 b incid5tally "s rem>kable modifications 9 ! leaves & %oots ( ! rose & ,ci/us1 & 9 a less] degree 9 ! foliage ( ! ,pel>gonium & ,*rysan!mum1 h be5 notic$4 ,i w n[ add a few m cases ( v>iation 9 leaf-buds4 ,v]lot#hfi /ates t on ,aralia trifoliata1 :i* prop]ly has leaves ) ?ree leaflets1 bran*es be>+ simple leaves ( v>i\s =ms frequ5tly appe>2 ^! c be propagat$ by buds or graft+1 & h giv5 rise1 z he /ates1 to sev]al nom9al species4 ,) respect to trees1 ! hi/ory ( b few ( ! _m v>ieties ) curi\s or ornam5tal foliage is kn[n2 b sev]al probably h orig9at$ by bud-v>iation4 ,"h is "o case3--,an old a%-tree 7,frax9us excelsior7 9 ! gr\nds ( ,necton1 z ,mr4 ,mason /ates1 = _m ye>s has _h "o b\gh ( a totally diff]5t "* to ! re/ ( ! tree1 or ( any o!r a%-tree :i* ,i h se52 be+ %ort-jo9t$ & d5sely cov]$ ) foliage4 ,x 0 asc]ta9$ t ?is v>iety c\ld be propagat$ by grafts4#hgj ,! v>ieties ( "s trees ) cut leaves1 z ! oak-leav$ laburnum1 ! p>sley-leav$ v9e1 & especially ! f]n-leav$ bee*1 are apt to rev]t by buds to ! common =m4#hga ,! f]n-l leaves ( ! bee* sometimes rev]t only p>tially1 & ! bran*es display "h & !re spr\ts be>+ common leaves1 f]n-l1 & v>i\sly %ap$ leaves4 ,su* cases diff] b little f ! s-call$ #chc het]ophyll\s v>ieties1 9 :i* ! tree habitually be>s leaves ( v>i\s =ms2 b x is probable t mo/ het]ophyll\s trees h orig9at$ z se$l+s4 ,!re is a sub-v>iety ( ! weep+ will[ ) leaves roll$ up into a spiral coil2 & ,mr4 ,ma/]s /ates t a tree ( ?is k9d kept true 9 8 g>d5 = tw5ty-five ye>s1 & !n ?rew out a s+le upright %oot be>+ flat leaves4#hgb ,i h (t5 notic$ s+le twigs & bran*es on bee* & o!r trees ) _! leaves fully exp&$ be=e ^? on ! o!r bran*es _h op5$2 & z !re 0 no?+ 9 _! exposure or "* to acc\nt = ?is diff]5ce1 ,i presume t !y _h appe>$ z bud-v>iations1 l ! e>ly & late fruit-matur+ v>ieties ( ! pea* & nect>9e4 ,cryptogamic plants are liable to bud-v>iation1 = fronds on ! same f]n are (t5 se5 to display rem>kable deviations ( /ructure4 ,spores1 :i* are ( ! nature ( buds1 tak5 f su* abnormal fronds1 reproduce1 ) rem>kable fidelity1 ! same v>iety1 aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! sexual /age4#hgc ,) respect to col\r1 leaves (t5 become by bud-v>iation zon$1 blot*$1 or spott$ ) :ite1 yell[1 & r$2 & ?is occasionally occurs ev5 ) plants 9 a /ate ( nature4 ,v>iegation1 h[ev]1 appe>s /ill m frequ5tly 9 plants produc$ f se$2 ev5 ! cotyl$ons or se$-leaves be+ ?us affect$4#hgd ,!re h be5 endless disputes :e!r v>iegation %\ld be consid]$ z a disease4 ,9 a future *apt] we %all see t x is mu* influ5c$1 bo? 9 ! case ( se$l+s & ( mature plants1 by ! nature ( ! soil4 ,plants :i* h become v>iegat$ z se$l+s1 g5]ally transmit _! "* by se$ to a l>ge proportion ( _! prog5y2 & ,mr4 ,salt] has giv5 me a li/ ( eight g5]a 9 :i* ?is occurr$4#hge ,sir ,f4 ,pollock has giv5 me m precise in=mation3 he s[$ se$ f a v>iegat$ plant ( ,ballota nigra :i* 0 f\nd gr[+ wild1 & ?irty p] c5t4 ( ! se$l+s 7 v>iegat$2 se$ f ^! latt] be+ s[n1 sixty p] c5t4 came up v>iegat$4 ,:5 bran*es become v>iegat$ by bud-v>iation1 & ! v>iety is attempt$ to be propagat$ by se$1 ! se$l+s are r>ely v>iegat$2 ,mr4 ,salt] f\nd ?is to be ! case ) plants belong+ to elev5 g5]a1 9 :i* ! great] numb] ( ! se$l+s prov$ to be gre5-leav$2 yet a few 7 slightly v>iegat$1 or 7 q :ite1 b none 7 wor? keep+4 ,v>iegat$ plants1 :e!r orig9ally produc$ f se$s or buds1 c g5]ally be propagat$ by budd+1 graft+1 c42 b all are apt to rev]t by bud-v>iation to _! ord9>y foliage4 ,?is t5d5cy1 h[ev]1 diff]s mu* 9 ! v>ieties ( ev5 ! same species2 = in/ance1 ! gold5-/rip$ v>iety ( ,euonymus ,japonicus is v liable to run back to ! gre5-leav$1 :ile ! silv]-/rip$ #chd v>iety h>dly ev] *anges4#hgf ,i h se5 a v>iety ( ! holly1 ) its leaves hav+ a c5tral yell[ pat*1 :i* _h ev]y:]e p>tially rev]t$ to ! ord9>y foliage1 s t on ! same small bran* !re 7 _m twigs ( bo? k9ds4 ,9 ! pel>gonium1 & 9 "s o!r plants1 v>iegation is g5]ally accompani$ by "s degree ( dw>f+1 z is well exemplifi$ 9 ! ,d&y pel>gonium4 ,:5 su* dw>f v>ieties sport back by buds or suck]s to ! ord9>y foliage1 ! dw>f$ /ature sometimes /ill rema9s4#hgg ,x is rem>kable t plants propagat$ f bran*es :i* h rev]t$ f v>iegat$ to pla9 leaves#hgh d n always 7or nev]1 z "o obs]v] ass]ts7 p]fectly resemble ! orig9al pla9-leav$ plant f :i* ! v>iegat$ bran* arose3 x seems t a plant1 9 pass+ by bud-v>iation f pla9 leaves to v>iegat$1 & back aga9 f v>iegat$ to pla91 is g5]ally 9 "s degree affect$ s z to assume a slightly diff]5t aspect4 99 99 99 99 99 ,bud-v>iation by ,suck]s1 ,tub]s1 & ,bulbs4--,all ! cases hi!rto giv5 ( bud-v>iation 9 fruits1 fl[]s1 leaves1 & %oots1 h be5 conf9$ to buds on ! /ems or bran*es1 ) ! exception ( a few cases incid5tally notic$ ( v>y+ suck]s 9 ! rose1 pel>gonium1 & *rysan!mum4 ,i w n[ give a few in/ances ( v>iation 9 subt]ranean buds1 t is1 by suck]s1 tub]s1 & bulbs2 n t !re is any ess5tial diff]5ce betwe5 buds above & b5ea? ! gr\nd4 ,mr4 ,salt] in=ms me t two v>iegat$ v>ieties ( ,phlox orig9at$ z suck]s2 b ,i %\ld n h ?\ght ^! wor? m5tion+1 _h n ,mr4 ,salt] f\nd1 aft] repeat$ trials1 t he c\ld n propagate !m by root-jo9ts1 :]eas1 ! v>iegat$ ,tussilago f>f>a c ?us be safely propagat$2#hgi b ?is latt] plant may h orig9at$ z a v>iegat$ se$l+1 :i* w\ld acc\nt = its great] fix$ness ( "*4 ,! ,b>b]ry 7,b]b]is vulg>is7 (f]s an analog\s case2 !re is a well-kn[n v>iety ) se$less fruit1 :i* c be propagat$ by cutt+s or lay]s2 b suck]s always rev]t to ! common =m1 :i* produces fruit conta9+ se$s4#hhj ,my fa!r repeat$ly tri$ ?is exp]im5t1 & always ) ! same result4 ,turn+ n[ to tub]s3 9 ! common ,potato 7,solanum tub]osum7 a s+le bud or eye sometimes v>ies & produces a new v>iety2 or1 occasionally1 & ?is is a mu* m rem>kable circum/ance1 all ! eyes 9 a tub] v>y 9 ! same mann] & at ! same "t1 s t ! :ole tub] assumes a new "*4 ,= in/ance1 a s+le eye 9 a tub] ( ! #che old ,=ty-fold potato1 :i* is a purple v>iety1 0 obs]v$#hha to become :ite2 ?is eye 0 cut out & plant$ sep>ately1 & ! k9d has s9ce be5 l>gely propagat$4 ,kemp's ,potato is prop]ly :ite1 b a plant 9 ,lanca%ire produc$ two tub]s :i* 7 r$1 & two :i* 7 :ite2 ! r$ k9d 0 propagat$ 9 ! usual mann] by eyes1 & kept true to its new col\r1 &1 be+ f\nd a m productive v>iety1 soon became widely kn[n "u ! "n ( ,taylor's ,=ty-fold4#hhb ,! ,old ,=ty-fold potato1 z already /at$1 is a purple v>iety2 b a plant long cultivat$ on ! same gr\nd produc$1 n z 9 ! case above giv5 a s+le :ite eye1 b a :ole :ite tub]1 :i* has s9ce be5 propagat$ & keeps true4#hhc ,sev]al cases h be5 record$ ( l>ge portions ( :ole r[s ( potatoes slightly *ang+ _! "*4#hhd ,dahlias propagat$ by tub]s "u ! hot climate ( ,/4 ,dom+o v>y mu*2 ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk gives ! case ( ! ,butt]fly v>iety1 :i* ! second ye> produc$ on ! same plant d\ble & s+le fl[]s2 "h :ite petals edg$ ) m>oon2 !re ( a uni=m deep m>oon4#hhe ,mr4 ,bree also m5tions a plant :i* bore two diff]5t k9ds ( self-col\r$ fl[]s1 z well z a ?ird k9d :i* p>took ( bo? col\rs beautifully int]mix$4#hhf ,ano!r case is describ$ ( a dahlia ) purple fl[]s :i* bore a :ite fl[] /reak$ ) purple4#hhg ,consid]+ h[ long & ext5sively _m ,bulb\s plants h be5 cultivat$1 & h[ num]\s are ! v>ieties produc$ f se$1 ^! plants h n v>i$ s mu* by (fsets1--t is1 by ! production ( new bulbs1--z might h be5 expect$4 ,) ! ,hyac9? a case has be5 record$ ( a blue v>iety :i* = ?ree successive ye>s gave (fsets :i* produc$ :ite fl[]s ) a r$ c5tre4#hhh ,ano!r hyac9? has be5 describ$#hhi z be>+ on ! same truss a p]fectly p9k & a p]fectly blue fl[]4 ,mr4 ,john ,scott in=ms me t 9 #ahfb ,imatophyllum m9iatum1 9 ! ,botanic ,g>d5s ( ,ed9burgh1 ?rew up a suck] :i* diff]$ f ! normal =m1 9 ! leaves be+ two-rank$ in/ead ( f\r-rank$4 ,! leaves 7 also small]1 ) ! upp] surface rais$ in/ead ( be+ *annell$4 ,9 ! propagation ( ,tulips1 se$l+s are rais$1 call$ selfs or bre$]s1 :i* consi/ ( "o pla9 col\r on a :ite or yell[ bottom4 ,^!1 be+ cultivat$ on a dry & r poor soil1 become brok5 or v>iegat$ & produce new v>ieties4 ,! "t t elapses be=e !y break v>ies f "o to tw5ty ye>s or m1 & sometimes ?is *ange nev] takes place4#hij ,! v>i\s brok5 or v>iegat$ col\rs :i* give value to all tulips are due to bud-v>iation2 = al?\gh ! #chf ,bybloem5s & "s o!r k9ds h be5 rais$ f sev]al di/9ct bre$]s1 yet all ! ,baguets are said to h come f a s+le bre$] or se$l+4 ,?is bud-v>iation1 9 accordance ) ! views ( ,,mm4 ,vilmor9 & ,v]lot1#hia is probably an attempt to rev]t to t uni=m col\r :i* is natural to ! species4 ,a tulip1 h[ev]1 :i* has already become brok51 :5 treat$ ) too /rong manure1 is liable to flu% or lose by a second act ( rev]sion its v>iegat$ col\rs4 ,"s k9ds1 z ,imp]atrix ,florum1 are mu* m liable ?an o!rs to flu%+2 & ,mr4 ,dickson ma9ta9s#hib t ?is c no m be acc\nt$ = ?an ! v>iation ( any o!r plant4 ,he believes t ,engli% gr[]s1 f c>e 9 *oos+ se$ f brok5 fl[]s in/ead ( f pla9 fl[]s1 h to a c]ta9 ext5t dim9i%$ ! t5d5cy 9 fl[]s already brok5 to flu%+ or second>y rev]sion4 ,dur+ two consecutive ye>s all ! e>ly fl[]s 9 a b$ ( ,tigridia con*iflora#hic resembl$ ^? ( ! old ,t4 pavonia2 b ! lat] fl[]s assum$ _! prop] col\r ( f9e yell[ spott$ ) crimson4 ,an app>5tly au!ntic acc\nt has be5 publi%$#hid ( two =ms ( ,hem]ocallis1 :i* h be5 univ]sally consid]$ z di/9ct species1 *ang+ into ea* o!r2 = ! roots ( ! l>ge-fl[]$ tawny ,h4 fulva1 be+ divid$ & plant$ 9 a diff]5t soil & place1 produc$ ! small-fl[]$ yell[ ,h4 flava1 z well z "s int]m$iate =ms4 ,x is d\btful :e!r su* cases z ^! latt]1 z well z ! flu%+ ( brok5 tulips & ! runn+ ( p>ticol\r$ c>nations1--t is1 _! m or less complete return to a uni=m t9t1--ought to be class$ "u bud-v>iation1 or ought to be reta9$ = ! *apt] 9 :i* ,i treat ( ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life on organic be+s4 ,^! cases1 h[ev]1 h ?is mu* 9 common ) bud-v>iation1 t ! *ange is effect$ ?r\gh buds & n ?r\gh sem9al reproduction4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 !re is ?is diff]5ce--t 9 ord9>y cases ( bud-v>iation1 "o bud alone *anges1 :il/ 9 ! =ego+ cases all ! buds on ! same plant 7 modifi$ toge!r2 yet we h an int]m$iate case1 = ) ! potato all ! eyes 9 "o tub] alone simultane\sly *ang$ _! "*4 ,i w conclude ) a few alli$ cases1 :i* may be rank$ ei!r "u bud-v>iation1 or "u ! direct action ( ! conditions ( life4 ,:5 ! common ,hepatica is transplant$ f its native woods1 ! fl[]s *ange col\r1 ev5 dur+ ! fir/ ye>4#hie ,x is notori\s t ! improv$ v>ieties ( ! ,he>tsease 7,viola tricolor7 :5 transplant$ (t5 produce fl[]s widely diff]5t 9 size1 =m1 & col\r3 = in/ance1 ,i transplant$ a l>ge uni=mly-col\r$ d>k purple v>iety1 :il/ 9 full fl[]1 & x !n produc$ mu* small]1 m elongat$ fl[]s1 ) ! l[] petals yell[2 ^! 7 succe$$ by fl[]s m>k$ ) l>ge purple spots1 & ultimately1 t[>ds ! end ( ! same summ]1 by ! orig9al l>ge d>k purple fl[]s4 ,! slight *anges :i* "s #chg fruit-trees und]go f be+ graft$ & regraft$ on v>i\s /ocks1#hif 7 consid]$ by ,&rew ,knight#hig z closely alli$ to sport+ bran*es1 or bud-v>iations4 ,aga91 we h ! case ( "y fruit-trees *ang+ _! "* z !y gr[ old2 se$l+ pe>s1 = in/ance1 lose ) age _! sp9es & improve 9 ! flav\r ( _! fruit4 ,weep+ bir*-trees1 :5 graft$ on ! common v>iety1 d n acquire a p]fect p5dul\s habit until !y gr[ old3 on ! o!r h&1 ,i %all h]eaft] give ! case ( "s weep+ a%es :i* sl[ly & gradually assum$ an upright habit ( gr[?4 ,all su* *anges1 dep5d5t on age1 may be comp>$ ) ! *anges1 allud$ to 9 ! la/ *apt]1 :i* _m trees naturally und]go2 z 9 ! case ( ! ,deod> & ,c$> ( ,lebanon1 :i* are unlike 9 y\? & closely resemble ea* o!r 9 old age2 & z ) c]ta9 oaks1 & ) "s v>ieties ( ! lime & haw?orn4#hih ,be=e giv+ a summ>y on ,bud-v>iation ,i w discuss "s s+ul> & anomal\s cases1 :i* are m or less closely relat$ to ?is same subject4 ,i w beg9 ) ! fam\s case ( ,adam's laburnum or ,cytisus ,adami1 a =m or hybrid int]m$iate betwe5 two v di/9ct species1 namely1 ,c4 laburnum & purpureus1 ! common & purple laburnum2 b z ?is tree has (t5 be5 describ$1 ,i w be z brief z ,i c4 ,?r\gh\t ,europe1 9 diff]5t soils & "u diff]5t climates1 bran*es on ?is tree h repeat$ly & sudd5ly rev]t$ to bo? p>5t-species 9 _! fl[]s & leaves4 ,to behold m+l$ on ! same tree tufts ( d+y-r$1 bright yell[1 & purple fl[]s1 borne on bran*es hav+ widely diff]5t leaves & mann] ( gr[?1 is a surpris+ sight4 ,! same raceme sometimes be>s two k9ds ( fl[]s2 & ,i h se5 a s+le fl[] exactly divid$ into halves1 "o side be+ bright yell[ & ! o!r purple2 s t "o half ( ! /&>d-petal 0 yell[ & ( l>g] size1 & ! o!r half purple & small]4 ,9 ano!r fl[] ! :ole corolla 0 bright yell[1 b exactly half ! calyx 0 purple4 ,9 ano!r1 "o ( ! d+y-r$ w+-petals _h a bright yell[ n>r[ /ripe on x2 & la/ly1 9 ano!r fl[]1 "o ( ! /am5s1 :i* _h become slightly foliace\s1 0 half yell[ & half purple2 s t ! t5d5cy to segregation ( "* or rev]sion affects ev5 s+le p>ts #chh & organs4#hii ,! mo/ rem>kable fact ab\t ?is tree is t 9 its int]m$iate /ate1 ev5 :5 gr[+ ne> bo? p>5t-species1 x is q /]ile2 b :5 ! fl[]s become pure yell[ or pure purple !y yield se$4 ,i believe t ! pods f ! yell[ fl[]s yield a full complem5t ( se$2 !y c]ta9ly yield a l>ge numb]4 ,two se$l+s rais$ by ,mr4 ,h]b]t f su* se$#ijj exhibit$ a purple t+e on ! /alks ( _! fl[]s2 b sev]al se$l+s rais$ by myself resembl$ 9 e "* ! common laburnum1 ) ! exception t "s ( !m _h rem>kably long racemes3 ^! se$l+s 7 p]fectly f]tile4 ,t su* purity ( "* & f]tility %\ld be sudd5ly reacquir$ f s hybridiz$ & /]ile a =m is an a/oni%+ ph5om5on4 ,! bran*es ) purple fl[]s appe> at fir/ sight exactly to resemble ^? ( ,c4 purpureus2 b on c>eful comp>ison ,i f\nd t !y diff]$ f ! pure species 9 ! %oots be+ ?ick]1 ! leaves a little broad]1 & ! fl[]s slightly %ort]1 ) ! corolla & calyx less brightly purple3 ! basal "p ( ! /&>d-petal also pla9ly %[$ a trace ( ! yell[ /a94 ,s t ! fl[]s1 at lea/ 9 ?is in/ance1 _h n p]fectly recov]$ _! true "*2 & 9 accordance ) ?is1 !y 7 n p]fectly f]tile1 = _m ( ! pods conta9$ no se$1 "s produc$ "o1 & v few conta9$ z _m z two se$s2 :il/ num]\s pods on a tree ( ! pure ,c4 purpureus 9 my g>d5 conta9$ ?ree1 f\r1 & five f9e se$s4 ,! poll51 moreov]1 0 v imp]fect1 a multitude ( gra9s be+ small & %rivell$2 & ?is is a s+ul> fact2 =1 z we %all imm$iately see1 ! poll5-gra9s 9 ! d+y-r$ & /]ile fl[]s on ! p>5t-tree1 71 9 ext]nal appe>ance1 9 a mu* bett] /ate1 & includ$ v few %rivell$ gra94 ,al?\gh ! poll5 ( ! rev]t$ purple fl[]s 0 9 s poor a condition1 ! ovules 7 well-=m$1 &1 :5 mature1 g]m9at$ freely ) me4 ,mr4 ,h]b]t also rais$ plants f se$s ( ! rev]t$ purple fl[]s1 & !y diff]$ v little f ! usual /ate ( ,c4 purpureus2 b ?is expression %[s t !y _h n p]fectly recov]$ _! prop] "*4 ,pr(4 ,casp>y has exam9$ ! ovules ( ! d+y-r$ & /]ile fl[]s 9 sev]al plants ( ,c4 adami on ! ,cont95t1#ija & f9ds !m g5]ally mon/r\s4 ,9 ?ree plants exam9$ by me 9 ,engl&1 ! ovules 7 likewise mon/r\s1 ! nucleus v>y+ mu* 9 %ape1 & project+ irregul>ly beyond ! prop] coats4 ,! poll5-gra9s1 on ! o!r h&1 judg+ f _! ext]nal appe>ance1 7 rem>kably good1 & readily protrud$ _! tubes4 ,by repeat$ly c\nt+1 "u ! microscope1 ! proportional numb] ( bad gra9s1 ,pr(4 ,casp>y asc]ta9$ t only #b4e p] c5t4 7 bad1 :i* is a less proportion ?an 9 ! poll5 ( ?ree pure species ( ,cytisus 9 _! cultivat$ /ate1 viz4 ,c4 purpureus1 laburnum1 & alp9us4 ,al?\gh ! poll5 ( ,c4 adami is ?us 9 appe>ance good1 x does n foll[1 accord+ #chi to ,m4 ,naud9's obs]vations#ijb on ,mirabilis1 t x w\ld be functionally effective4 ,! fact ( ! ovules ( ,c4 adami be+ mon/r\s1 & ! poll5 app>5tly s\nd1 is all ! m rem>kable1 because x is oppos$ to :at usually occurs n only ) mo/ hybrids1#ijc b ) two hybrids 9 ! same g5us1 namely 9 ,c4 purpureo-elongatus1 & ,c4 alp9o-laburnum4 ,9 bo? ^! hybrids1 ! ovules1 z obs]v$ by ,pr(4 ,casp>y & myself1 7 well-=m$1 :il/ _m ( ! poll5-gra9s 7 ill-=m$2 9 ! latt] hybrid #bj4c p] c5t41 & 9 ! =m] no less ?an #hd4h p] c5t4 ( ! gra9s 7 asc]ta9$ by ,pr(4 ,casp>y to be bad4 ,?is unusual condition ( ! male & female reproductive elem5ts 9 ,c4 adami has be5 us$ by ,pr(4 ,casp>y z an argum5t aga9/ ?is plant be+ consid]$ z an ord9>y hybrid produc$ f se$2 b we %\ld rememb] t ) hybrids ! ovules h n be5 exam9$ ne>ly s frequ5tly z ! poll51 & !y may be mu* (t5] imp]fect ?an is g5]ally suppos$4 ,dr4 ,e4 ,bornet1 ( ,antibes1 in=ms me 7?r\gh ,mr4 ,j4 ,trah]ne ,moggridge7 t ) hybrid ,ci/i ! ov>ium is frequ5tly de=m$1 ! ovules be+ 9 "s cases q abs5t1 & 9 o!r cases incapable ( f]tilisation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sev]al !ories h be5 prop\nd$ to acc\nt = ! orig9 ( ,c4 adami1 & = ! trans=mations :i* x und]goes4 ,^! trans=mations h be5 attribut$ by "s au?ors to simple bud-v>iation2 b consid]+ ! wide diff]5ce betwe5 ,c4 laburnum & purpureus1 bo? ( :i* are natural species1 & consid]+ ! /]ility ( ! int]m$iate =m1 ?is view may be summ>ily reject$4 ,we %all pres5tly see t1 ) hybrid plants1 two diff]5t embryos may be develop$ )9 ! same se$ & coh]e2 & x has be5 suppos$ t ,c4 adami might h ?us orig9at$4 ,x is kn[n t :5 a plant ) v>iegat$ leaves is budd$ on a pla9 /ock1 ! latt] is sometimes affect$1 & x is believ$ by "s t ! laburnum has be5 ?us affect$4 ,?us ,mr4 ,purs] /ates#ijd t a common laburnum-tree 9 8 g>d51 into :i* ?ree grafts ( ! ,cytisus purpureus _h be5 ins]t$1 gradually assum$ ! "* ( ,c4 adami2 b m evid5ce & copi\s details w\ld be requisite to make s extraord9>y a /atem5t cr$ible4 ,_m au?ors ma9ta9 t ,c4 adami is a hybrid produc$ 9 ! common way by se$1 & t x has rev]t$ by buds to its two p>5t-=ms4 ,negative results are ( little value2 b ,reisseck1 ,casp>y1 & ,i myself1 tri$ 9 va9 to cross ,c4 laburnum & purpureus2 :5 ,i f]tilis$ ! =m] ) poll5 ( ! latt]1 ,i _h ! ne>e/ approa* to success1 = pods 7 =m$1 b 9 sixte5 days aft] ! )]+ ( ! fl[]s !y fell (f4 ,nev]!less1 ! belief t ,c4 adami is a spontane\sly produc$ hybrid betwe5 ^! two species is /rongly support$ by ! fact t hybrids betwe5 ^! species & two o!rs h spontane\sly #cij aris54 ,9 a b$ ( se$l+s f ,c4 elongatus1 :i* grew ne> to ,c4 purpureus1 & 0 probably f]tilis$ by x1 ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( insects 7= ^!1 z ,i "k by exp]im5t1 play an important "p 9 ! f]tilisation ( ! laburnum71 ! /]ile hybrid ,c4 purpureo-elongatus appe>$4#ije ,?us1 also1 ,wat]]'s laburnum1 ! ,c4 alp9o-laburnum1#ijf spontane\sly appe>$1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,wat]]1 9 a b$ ( se$l+s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we h a cle> & di/9ct acc\nt giv5 by ,m4 ,adam1 :o rais$ ! plant1 to ,poiteau1#ijg %[+ t ,c4 adami is n an ord9>y hybrid4 ,m4 ,adam ins]t$ 9 ! usual mann] a %ield ( ! b>k ( ,c4 purpureus into a /ock ( ,c4 laburnum2 & ! bud lay dormant1 z (t5 happ5s1 = a ye>2 ! %ield !n produc$ _m buds & %oots1 "o ( :i* grew m upright & vigor\s ) l>g] leaves ?an ! %oots ( ,c4 purpureus1 & 0 consequ5tly propagat$4 ,n[ x des]ves especial notice t ^! plants 7 sold by ,m4 ,adam1 z a v>iety ( ,c4 purpureus1 be=e !y _h fl[]$2 & ! acc\nt 0 publi%$ by ,poiteau aft] ! plants _h fl[]$1 b be=e !y _h exhibit$ _! rem>kable t5d5cy to rev]t into ! two p>5t-species4 ,s t !re 0 no conceivable motive = falsification1 & x is difficult to see h[ !re c\ld h be5 any error4 ,if we admit z true ,m4 ,adam's acc\nt1 we mu/ admit ! extraord9>y fact t two di/9ct species c unite by _! cellul> tissue1 & subsequ5tly produce a plant be>+ leaves & /]ile fl[]s int]m$iate 9 "* betwe5 ! scion & /ock1 & produc+ buds liable to rev]sion2 9 %ort1 resembl+ 9 e important respect a hybrid =m$ 9 ! ord9>y way by sem9al reproduction4 ,su* plants1 if really ?us =m$1 might be call$ graft-hybrids4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i w n[ give all ! facts :i* ,i h be5 able to collect illu/rative ( ! above !ories1 n = ! sake ( m]ely ?r[+ light on ! orig9 ( ,c4 adami1 b to %[ 9 h[ _m extraord9>y & complex me?ods "o k9d ( plant may affect ano!r1 g5]ally 9 connection ) bud-v>iation4 ,! supposition t ei!r ,c4 laburnum or purpureus produc$ by ord9>y bud-v>iation ! int]m$iate & ! o!r =m1 may1 z already rem>k$1 be absolutely exclud$1 f ! want ( any evid5ce1 f ! great am\nt ( *ange ?us impli$1 #cia & f ! /]ility ( ! int]m$iate =m4 ,nev]!less su* cases z nect>9es sudd5ly appe>+ on pea*-trees1 occasionally ) ! fruit half-&-half 9 nature1--moss-roses appe>+ on o!r roses1 ) ! fl[]s divid$ into halves1 or /rip$ ) diff]5t col\rs1--& o!r su* cases1 are closely analog\s 9 ! result produc$1 ?\gh n 9 orig91 ) ! case ( ,c4 adami4 ,a di/+ui%$ botani/1 ,mr4 ,g4 ,h4 ,?waites1#ijh has record$ a rem>kable case ( a se$ f ,fu*sia cocc9ea f]tilis$ by ,f4 fulg5s1 :i* conta9$ two embryos1 & 0 a true vegetable tw94 ,! two plants produc$ f ! two embryos 7 extremely diff]5t 9 appe>ance & "*1 ?\gh bo? resembl$ o!r hybrids ( ! same p>5tage produc$ at ! same "t4 ,^! tw9 plants 7 closely coh]5t1 bel[ ! two pairs ( cotyl$on-leaves1 into a s+le cyl9drical /em1 s t !y _h subsequ5tly ! appe>ance ( be+ bran*es on "o trunk4 ,_h ! two unit$ /ems gr[n up to _! full height1 in/ead ( dy+1 a curi\sly mix$ hybrid w\ld h be5 produc$2 b ev5 if "s ( ! buds _h subsequ5tly rev]t$ to bo? p>5t-=ms1 ! case1 al?\gh m complex1 w\ld n h be5 /rictly analog\s ) t ( ,c4 adami4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a mongrel melon describ$ by ,sag]et#iji p]haps did ?us orig9ate2 = ! two ma9 bran*es1 :i* arose f two cotyl$on-buds1 produc$ v diff]5t fruit1--on ! "o bran* l t ( ! pat]nal v>iety1 & on ! o!r bran* to a c]ta9 ext5t l t ( ! mat]nal v>iety1 ! melon ( ,*9a4 ,! fam\s bizz>ria ,orange (f]s a /rictly p>allel case to t ( ,cytisus adami4 ,! g>d5] :o 9 #afdd 9 ,flor5ce rais$ ?is tree1 decl>$ t x 0 a se$l+ :i* _h be5 graft$2 & aft] ! graft _h p]i%$1 ! /ock spr\t$ & produc$ ! bizz>ria4 ,gallesio1 :o c>efully exam9$ sev]al liv+ specim5s & comp>$ !m ) ! description giv5 by ! orig9al describ] ,p4 ,nato1#iaj /ates t ! tree produces at ! same "t leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 id5tical ) ! bitt] orange & ) ! citron ( ,flor5ce1 & likewise comp\nd fruit ) ! two k9ds ei!r bl5d$ toge!r1 bo? ext]nally & int]nally1 or segregat$ 9 v>i\s ways4 ,?is tree c be propagat$ by cutt+s1 & reta9s its div]sifi$ "*4 ,! s-call$ trifacial orange ( ,alex&ria & ,smyrna#iaa resembles 9 its g5]al nature ! bizz>ria1 b diff]s f x 9 ! sweet orange & citron be+ bl5d$ toge!r 9 ! same fruit1 & sep>ately produc$ on ! same tree3 no?+ is kn[n ( its orig94 ,9 reg>d to ! bizz>ria1 _m au?ors believe t x is a graft-hybrid2 ,gallesio on ! o!r h& ?9ks t x is an ord9>y hybrid1 ) ! habit ( p>tially rev]t+ #cib by buds to ! two p>5t-=ms2 & we h se5 9 ! la/ *apt] t ! species 9 ?is g5us (t5 cross spontane\sly4 ,"h is ano!r analog\s1 b d\btful case4 ,a writ] 9 ! ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle'#iab /ates t an ,a,esculus rubicunda 9 8 g>d5 ye>ly produc$ on "o ( its bran*es spikes ( pale yell[ fl[]s1 small] 9 size & some:at simil> 9 col\r to ^? ( ,,ae4 flava4 ,if z ! editor believes ,a,esculus rubicunda is a hybrid desc5d$ on "o side f ,,ae4 flava1 we h a case ( p>tial rev]sion to "o ( ! p>5t-=ms4 ,if1 z "s botani/s ma9ta91 ,,ae4 rubicunda is n a hybrid1 b a natural species1 ! case is "o ( simple bud-v>iation4 ,! foll[+ facts %[ t hybrids produc$ f se$ 9 ! ord9>y way1 c]ta9ly sometimes rev]t by buds to _! p>5t-=ms4 ,hybrids betwe5 ,tropaeolum m9us & majus#iac at fir/ produc$ fl[]s int]m$iate 9 size1 col\r1 & /ructure betwe5 _! two p>5ts2 b lat] 9 ! season "s ( ^! plants produc$ fl[]s 9 all respects l ^? ( ! "m-=m1 m+l$ ) fl[]s /ill reta9+ ! usual int]m$iate condition4 ,a hybrid ,c]eus betwe5 ,c4 speciosissimus & phyllan?us1#iad plants :i* are widely diff]5t 9 appe>ance1 produc$ = ! fir/ ?ree ye>s angul>1 five-sid$ /ems1 & !n "s flat /ems l ^? ( ,c4 phyllan?us4 ,koelreut] also gives cases ( hybrid ,lobelias & ,v]bascums1 :i* at fir/ produc$ fl[]s ( "o col\r1 & lat] 9 ! season fl[]s ( a diff]5t col\r4#iae ,naud9#iaf rais$ =ty hybrids f ,datura laevis f]tilis$ by ,d4 /ramonium2 & ?ree ( ^! hybrids produc$ _m capsules1 ( :i* a half1 or qu>t]1 or less] segm5t 0 smoo? & ( small size l ! capsule ( ! pure ,d4 laevis1 ! rema9+ "p be+ sp9ose & ( l>g] size l ! capsule ( ! pure ,d4 /ramonium3 f "o ( ^! composite capsules1 plants 7 rais$ :i* p]fectly resembl$ bo? p>5t-=ms4 ,turn+ n[ to v>ieties4 ,a se$l+ apple1 conjectur$ to be ( cross$ p>5tage1 has be5 describ$ 9 ,france1#iag :i* be>s fruit1 ) "o half l>g] ?an ! o!r1 ( a r$ col\r1 acid ta/e1 & peculi> od\r2 ! o!r side be+ gre5i%-yell[ & v sweet3 x is said sc>cely ev] to include p]fectly develop$ se$4 ,i suppose t ?is is n ! same tree ) t :i* ,gaudi*aud#iah exhibit$ be=e ! ,fr5* ,in/itute1 be>+ on ! same bran* two di/9ct k9ds ( apples1 "o a re9ette r\ge1 & ! o!r l a re9ette canada jaunatre3 ?is d\ble-be>+ v>iety c be propagat$ by grafts1 & cont9ues to produce bo? k9ds2 its orig9 is unkn[n4 ,! ,rev4 ,j4 ,d4 ,la ,t\*e s5t me a col\r$ draw+ ( an apple :i* he br\ght f ,canada1 ( :i* half1 surr\nd+ & includ+ ! :ole ( ! calyx & ! ins]tion ( ! #cic foot/alk1 is gre51 ! o!r half be+ br[n & ( ! nature ( ! pomme gris apple1 ) ! l9e ( sep>ation betwe5 ! two halves exactly def9$4 ,! tree 0 a graft$ "o1 & ,mr4 ,la ,t\*e ?9ks t ! bran* :i* bore ?is curi\s apple sprung f ! po9t ( junction ( ! graft & /ock3 _h ?is fact be5 asc]ta9$1 ! case w\ld probably h come into ! small class ( graft-hybrids pres5tly to be giv54 ,b ! bran* may h sprung f ! /ock1 :i* no d\bt 0 a se$l+4 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,lecoq1 :o has made a great numb] ( crosses betwe5 ! diff]5tly col\r$ v>ieties ( ,mirabilis jalapa1#iai f9ds t 9 ! se$l+s ! col\rs r>ely comb9e1 b =m di/9ct /ripes2 or half ! fl[] is ( "o col\r & half ( a diff]5t col\r4 ,"s v>ieties regul>ly be> fl[]s /rip$ ) yell[1 :ite1 & r$2 b plants ( su* v>ieties occasionally produce on ! same root bran*es ) uni=mly col\r$ fl[]s ( all ?ree t9ts1 & o!r bran*es ) half-&-half col\r$ fl[]s & o!rs ) m>bl$ fl[]s4 ,gallesio#ibj cross$ reciprocally :ite & r$ c>nations1 & ! se$l+s 7 /rip$2 b "s ( ! /rip$ plants also bore entirely :ite & entirely r$ fl[]s4 ,"s ( ^! plants produc$ "o ye> r$ fl[]s alone1 & 9 ! foll[+ ye> /rip$ fl[]s2 or conv]sely1 "s plants1 aft] hav+ borne = two or ?ree ye>s /rip$ fl[]s1 w\ld rev]t & be> exclusively r$ fl[]s4 ,x may be wor? m5tion+ t ,i f]tilis$ ! ,purple ,sweet-pea 7,la?yrus odoratus7 ) poll5 f ! light-col\r$ ,pa9t$ ,lady3 se$l+s rais$ f "o & ! same pod 7 n int]m$iate 9 "*1 b p]fectly resembl$ bo? p>5ts4 ,lat] 9 ! summ]1 ! plants :i* _h at fir/ borne fl[]s id5tical ) ^? ( ! ,pa9t$ ,lady1 produc$ fl[]s /reak$ & blot*$ ) purple2 %[+ 9 ^! d>k] m>ks a t5d5cy to rev]sion to ! "m-v>iety4 ,&rew ,knight#iba f]tilis$ two :ite grapes ) poll5 ( ! ,aleppo grape1 :i* is d>kly v>iegat$ bo? 9 its leaves & fruit4 ,! result 0 t ! "y se$l+s 7 n at fir/ v>iegat$1 b all became v>iegat$ dur+ ! succe$+ summ]2 besides ?is1 _m produc$ on ! same plant bun*es ( grapes :i* 7 all black1 or all :ite1 or lead-col\r$ /rip$ ) :ite1 or :ite dott$ ) m9ute black /ripes2 & grapes ( all ^! %ades c\ld frequ5tly be f\nd on ! same foot/alk4 ,9 mo/ ( ^! cases ( cross$ v>ieties1 & 9 "s ( ! cases ( cross$ species1 ! col\rs prop] to bo? p>5ts appe>$ 9 ! se$l+s1 z soon z !y fir/ fl[]$1 9 ! =m ( /ripes or l>g] segm5ts1 or z :ole fl[]s or fruit ( two k9ds borne on ! same plant2 & 9 ?is case ! appe>ance ( ! two col\rs _c /rictly be said to be due to rev]sion1 b to "s incapacity ( fusion1 lead+ to _! #cid segregation4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! lat] fl[]s or fruit1 produc$ dur+ ! same season or dur+ a succe$+ ye> or g5]ation1 become /rip$ or half-9-half1 c41 ! segregation ( ! two col\rs is /rictly a case ( rev]sion by bud-v>iation4 ,9 a future *apt] ,i %all %[ t1 ) animals ( cross$ p>5tage1 ! same individual has be5 kn[n to *ange its "* dur+ gr[?1 & to rev]t to "o ( its p>5ts :i* x did n at fir/ resemble4 ,f ! v>i\s facts n[ giv5 !re c be no d\bt t ! same individual plant1 :e!r a hybrid or a mongrel1 sometimes returns 9 its leaves1 fl[]s1 & fruit1 ei!r :olly or by segm5ts1 to bo? p>5t-=ms1 9 ! same mann] z ! ,cytisus adami1 & ! ,bizz>ria ,orange4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we w n[ consid] ! few facts :i* h be5 record$ 9 support ( ! belief t a v>iety :5 graft$ or budd$ on ano!r v>iety sometimes affects ! :ole /ock1 or at ! po9t ( junction gives rise to a bud1 or graft-hybrid1 :i* p>takes ( ! *>act]s ( bo? /ock & scion4 ,x is notori\s t :5 ! v>iegat$ ,jessam9e is budd$ on ! common k9d1 ! /ock sometimes produces buds be>+ v>iegat$ leaves3 ,mr4 ,riv]s1 z he in=ms me1 has se5 in/ances ( ?is4 ,! same ?+ occurs ) ! ,ole&]4#ibb ,mr4 ,riv]s1 on ! au?ority ( a tru/wor?y fri5d1 /ates t "s buds ( a gold5-v>iegat$ a%1 :i* 7 ins]t$ into common a%es1 all di$ except "o2 b ! a%-/ocks 7 affect$1#ibc & produc$1 bo? above & bel[ ! po9ts ( ins]tion ( ! plates ( b>k be>+ ! dead buds1 %oots :i* bore v>iegat$ leaves4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,&]son ,h5ry has communicat$ to me a ne>ly simil> case3 ,mr4 ,br[n1 ( ,p]?1 obs]v$ _m ye>s ago1 9 a ,highl& gl51 an a%-tree ) yell[ leaves2 & buds tak5 f ?is tree 7 ins]t$ into common a%es1 :i* 9 consequ5ce 7 affect$1 & produc$ ! ,blot*$ ,breadalbane ,a%4 ,?is v>iety has be5 propagat$1 & has pres]v$ its "* dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s4 ,weep+ a%es1 also1 7 budd$ on ! affect$ /ocks1 & became simil>ly v>iegat$4 ,_m au?ors consid] v>iegation z ! result ( disease2 & on ?is view1 :i* h[ev] is d\btful1 = "s v>iegat$ plants are p]fectly heal?y & vigor\s1 ! =ego+ cases may be look$ at z ! direct result ( ! inoculation ( a disease4 ,v>iegation is mu* influ5c$1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 by ! nature ( ! soil 9 :i* ! #cie plants are gr[n2 & x does n seem improbable t :atev] *ange 9 ! sap or tissues c]ta9 soils induce1 :e!r or n call$ a disease1 might spread f ! ins]t$ piece ( b>k to ! /ock4 ,b a *ange ( ?is k9d _c be consid]$ to be ( ! nature ( a graft-hybrid4 ,!re is a v>iety ( ! hazel ) d>k-purple leaves1 l ^? ( ! copp]-bee*3 no "o has attribut$ ?is col\r to disease1 & x app>5tly is only an exagg]ation ( a t9t :i* may (t5 be se5 on ! leaves ( ! common hazel4 ,:5 ?is v>iety is graft$ on ! common hazel1#ibd x sometimes col\rs1 z has be5 ass]t$1 ! leaves bel[ ! graft2 b ,i %\ld add t ,mr4 ,riv]s1 :o has possess$ hundr$s ( su* graft$ trees1 has nev] se5 an in/ance4 ,ga]tn]#ibe quotes two sep>ate acc\nts ( bran*es ( d>k & :ite-fruit$ v9es :i* _h be5 unit$ 9 v>i\s ways1 su* z be+ split longitud9ally1 & !n jo9$1 c42 & ^! bran*es produc$ di/9ct bun*es ( grapes ( ! two col\rs1 & o!r bun*es ) grapes ei!r /rip$ or ( an int]m$iate & new t9t4 ,ev5 ! leaves 9 "o case 7 v>iegat$4 ,^! facts are ! m rem>kable because ,&rew ,knight nev] succe$$ 9 rais+ v>iegat$ grapes by f]tilis+ :ite k9ds by poll5 ( d>k k9ds2 ?\gh1 z we h se51 he obta9$ se$l+s ) v>iegat$ fruit & leaves1 by f]tilis+ a :ite v>iety by ! v>iegat$ d>k ,aleppo grape4 ,ga]tn] attributes ! above-quot$ cases m]ely to bud-v>iation2 b x is a /range co9cid5ce t ! bran*es :i* _h be5 graft$ 9 a peculi> mann] %\ld alone h ?us v>i$2 & ,h4 ,adorne de ,ts*>n] positively ass]ts t he produc$ ! describ$ result m ?an once1 & c\ld d s at w1 by splitt+ & unit+ ! bran*es 9 ! mann] describ$ by him4 ,i %\ld n h quot$ ! foll[+ case _h n ! au?or ( ',des ,jac9!s'#ibf impress$ me ) ! belief n only ( 8 ext5sive k1 b ( 8 tru?fulness3 he says t bulbs ( blue & r$ hyac9?s may be cut 9 two1 & t !y w gr[ toge!r & ?r[ up a unit$ /em 7& ?is ,i h myself se571 ) fl[]s ( ! two col\rs on ! opposite sides4 ,b ! rem>kable po9t is1 t fl[]s are sometimes produc$ ) ! two col\rs bl5d$ toge!r1 :i* makes ! case closely analog\s ) t ( ! bl5d$ col\rs ( ! grapes on ! unit$ v9e-bran*es4 ,mr4 ,e4 ,trail /at$ 9 #ahfg1 be=e ! ,botanical ,society ( ,ed9burgh 7& has s9ce giv5 me full] in=mation71 t sev]al ye>s ago he cut ab\t sixty blue & :ite potatoes into halves ?r\gh ! eyes or buds1 & !n c>efully jo9$ !m1 de/roy+ at ! same "t ! o!r eyes4 ,"s ( ^! unit$ tub]s produc$ :ite1 & o!rs blue tub]s2 & x is probable t 9 ^! cases ! "o half alone ( ! bud grew4 ,"s1 h[ev]1 produc$ tub]s p>tly :ite & p>tly blue2 & ! tub]s f ab\t f\r or five 7 regul>ly mottl$ ) ! two col\rs4 9 ^! latt] cases we may conclude t a /em _h be5 =m$ by #cif ! union ( ! bisect$ buds2 & z tub]s are produc$ by ! enl>gem5t ( subt]ranean bran*es aris+ f ! ma9 /em1 _! mottl$ col\r app>5tly af=ds cle> evid5ce ( ! intimate comm+l+ ( ! two v>ieties4 ,i h repeat$ ^! exp]im5ts on ! potato & on ! hyac9? on a l>ge scale1 b ) no success4 ,! mo/ reliable in/ance kn[n to me ( ! =mation ( a graft-hybrid is "o1 record$ by ,mr4 ,poynt]1#ibg :o assures me1 9 a lett] ( ! entire accuracy ( ! /atem5t1 ,rosa ,devoni5sis _h be5 budd$ "s ye>s previ\sly on a :ite ,banksian rose2 & f ! mu* enl>g$ po9t ( junction1 :5ce ! ,devoni5sis & ,banksian /ill cont9u$ to gr[1 a ?ird bran* issu$1 :i* 0 nei!r pure ,banksian nor pure ,devoni5sis1 b p>took ( ! "* ( bo?2 ! fl[]s resembl$1 b 7 sup]ior 9 "* to ^? ( ! v>iety call$ ,lam>que 7"o ( ! ,noisettes71 :ile ! %oots 7 simil> 9 _! mann] ( gr[? to ^? ( ! ,banksian rose1 ) ! exception t ! long] & m robu/ %oots 7 furni%$ ) prickles4 ,?is rose 0 exhibit$ be=e ! ,floral ,committee ( ! ,horticultural ,society ( ,london4 ,dr4 ,l9dley exam9$ x1 & conclud$ t x _h c]ta9ly be5 produc$ by ! m+l+ ( ,r4 ,banksiae ) "s rose l ,r4 ,devoni5sis1 = :ile x 0 v greatly increas$ 9 vig\r & 9 ! size ( all ! p>ts1 ! leaves 7 half-way betwe5 a ,banksian & ,tea-sc5t$ rose4 ,x appe>s t rose-gr[]s 7 aw>e t ! ,banksian rose sometimes affects o!r roses4 ,_h x n be5 = ?is latt] /atem5t1 x might h be5 suspect$ t ?is new v>iety 0 simply due to bud-v>iation1 & t x _h occurr$ by a m]e accid5t at ! po9t ( junction betwe5 ! two old k9ds4 ,to sum up ! =ego+ facts3 ! /atem5t t ,cytisus adami orig9at$ z a graft-hybrid is s precise t x c h>dly be reject$1 &1 z we h j se51 "s analog\s facts r5d] ! /atem5t to a c]ta9 ext5t probable4 ,! peculi>1 mon/r\s condition ( ! ovules1 & ! app>5tly s\nd condition ( ! poll51 fav\r ! belief t x is n an ord9>y or sem9al hybrid4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! fact t ! same two species1 viz4 ,c4 laburnum & purpureus1 h spontane\sly produc$ hybrids by se$1 is a /rong argum5t 9 support ( ! belief t ,c4 adami orig9at$ 9 a simil> mann]4 ,) respect to ! extraord9>y t5d5cy :i* ?is tree exhibits to complete or p>tial rev]sion1 we h se5 t und\bt$ sem9al hybrids & mongrels are simil>ly liable4 ,on ! :ole1 ,i am incl9$ to put tru/ 9 ,m4 ,adam's /atem5t2 & if x %\ld ev] be prov$ true1 ! same view w\ld probably h #cig to be ext5d$ to ! ,bizz>ria & ,trifacial oranges & to ! apples above describ$2 b m evid5ce is requisite be=e ! possibility ( ! production ( graft-hybrids c be fully admitt$4 ,al?\gh x is at pres5t impossible to arrive at any c]ta9 conclusion ) respect to ! orig9 ( ^! rem>kable trees1 ! v>i\s facts above giv5 appe> to me to des]ve att5tion "u sev]al po9ts ( view1 m especially z %[+ t ! p[] ( rev]sion is inh]5t 9 ,buds4 99 99 99 99 99 ,on ! direct or imm$iate action ( ! ,male ,elem5t on ! ,"m ,=m4--,ano!r rem>kable class ( facts mu/ be "h consid]$1 because !y h be5 suppos$ to acc\nt = "s cases ( bud-v>iation3 ,i ref] to ! direct action ( ! male elem5t1 n 9 ! ord9>y way on ! ovules1 b on c]ta9 p>ts ( ! female plant1 or 9 ! case ( animals on ! subsequ5t prog5y ( ! female by a second male4 ,i may premise t ) plants ! ov>ium & ! coats ( ! ovules are obvi\sly p>ts ( ! female1 & x c\ld n h be5 anticipat$ t !y w\ld be affect$ by ! poll5 ( a =eign v>iety or species1 al?\gh ! developm5t ( ! embryo1 )9 ! embryonic sack1 )9 ! ovule1 )9 ! ov>ium1 ( c\rse dep5ds on ! male elem5t4 ,ev5 z long ago z #agbi x 0 obs]v$#ibh t :ite & blue v>ieties ( ! ,pea1 :5 plant$ ne> ea* o!r1 mutually cross$1 no d\bt ?r\gh ! ag5cy ( bees1 & 9 ! autumn blue & :ite peas 7 f\nd )9 ! same pods4 ,wiegmann made an exactly simil> obs]vation 9 ! pres5t c5tury4 ,! same result has foll[$ sev]al times :5 a v>iety ) peas ( "o col\r has be5 artificially cross$ by a diff]5tly-col\r$ v>iety4#ibi ,^! /atem5ts l$ ,ga]tn]1 :o 0 highly sceptical on ! subject1 c>efully to try a long s]ies ( exp]im5ts3 he select$ ! mo/ con/ant v>ieties1 & ! result conclusively %[$ t ! col\r ( ! sk9 ( ! pea is modifi$ :5 poll5 ( a diff]5tly col\r$ v>iety is us$4 ,?is conclusion has s9ce be5 confirm$ by exp]im5ts made by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,b]keley4#icj ,mr4 ,laxton ( ,/am=d1 :il/ mak+ exp]im5ts on peas = ! express purpose ( asc]ta9+ ! influ5ce ( =eign poll5 on ! "m-plant1 has rec5tly#ica obs]v$ an important additional fact4 ,he f]tilis$ ! ,tall ,sug> pea1 :i* be>s v ?9 gre5 pods1 becom+ #cih br[ni%-:ite :5 dry1 ) poll5 ( ! ,purple-podd$ pea1 :i*1 z its "n expresses1 has d>k-purple pods ) v ?ick sk91 becom+ pale r$di%-purple :5 dry4 ,mr4 ,laxton has cultivat$ ! tall sug>-pea dur+ tw5ty ye>s1 & has nev] se5 or he>d ( x produc+ a purple pod2 nev]!less1 a fl[] f]tilis$ by poll5 f ! purple-pod yield$ a pod cl\d$ ) purpli%-r$1 :i* ,mr4 ,laxton k9dly gave to me4 ,a space ( ab\t two in*es 9 l5g? t[>ds ! extremity ( ! pod1 & a small] space ne> ! /alk1 7 ?us col\r$4 ,on comp>+ ! col\r ) t ( ! purple-pod1 bo? pods hav+ be5 fir/ dri$ & !n soak$ 9 wat]1 x 0 f\nd to be id5tically ! same2 & 9 bo? ! col\r 0 conf9$ to ! cells ly+ imm$iately b5ea? ! out] sk9 ( ! pod4 ,! valves ( ! cross$ pod 7 also decid$ly ?ick] & /rong] ?an ^? ( ! pods ( ! "m-plant1 b ?is may h be5 an accid5tal circum/ance1 = ,i "k n h[ f> _! ?ickness 9 ! ,tall ,sug>-pea is a v>iable "*4 ,! peas ( ! ,tall ,sug>-pea1 :5 dry1 are pale gre5i%-br[n1 ?ickly cov]$ ) dots ( d>k purple s m9ute z to be visible only ?r\gh a l5s1 & ,mr4 ,laxton has nev] se5 or he>d ( ?is v>iety produc+ a purple pea2 b 9 ! cross$ pod "o ( ! peas 0 ( a uni=m beautiful violet-purple t9t1 & a second 0 irregul>ly cl\d$ ) pale purple4 ,! col\r lies 9 ! out] ( ! two coats :i* surr\nd ! pea4 ,z ! peas ( ! purple-podd$ v>iety :5 dry are ( a pale gre5i%-buff1 x w\ld at fir/ appe> t ?is rem>kable *ange ( col\r 9 ! peas 9 ! cross$ pod c\ld n h be5 caus$ by ! direct action ( ! poll5 ( ! purple-pod3 b :5 we be> 9 m9d t ?is latt] v>iety has purple fl[]s1 purple m>ks on its /ipules1 & purple pods2 & t ! ,tall sug>-pea likewise has purple fl[]s & /ipules1 & microscopically m9ute purple dots on ! peas1 we c h>dly d\bt t ! t5d5cy to ! production ( purple 9 bo? p>5ts has 9 comb9ation modifi$ ! col\r ( ! peas 9 ! cross$ pod4 ,aft] hav+ exam9$ ^! specim5s1 ,i cross$ ! same two v>ieties1 & ! peas 9 "o pod1 b n ! pods !mselves1 7 cl\d$ & t9t$ ) purpli%-r$ 9 a mu* m conspicu\s mann] ?an ! peas 9 ! uncross$ pods produc$ at ! same "t by ! same plants4 ,i may notice z a caution t ,mr4 ,laxton s5t me v>i\s o!r cross$ peas slightly1 or ev5 greatly1 modifi$ 9 col\r2 b ! *ange 9 ^! cases 0 due1 z _h be5 suspect$ by ,mr4 ,laxton1 to ! alt]$ col\r ( ! cotyl$ons1 se5 ?r\gh ! transp>5t coats ( ! peas2 & z ! cotyl$ons are p>ts ( ! embryo1 ^! cases are n 9 any way rem>kable4 ,turn+ n[ to ! g5us ,mat?iola4 ,! poll5 ( "o k9d ( /ock sometimes affects ! col\r ( ! se$s ( ano!r k9d1 us$ z ! "m-plant4 ,i give ! foll[+ case ! m readily1 z ,ga]tn] d\bt$ simil> /atem5ts ) respect to ! /ock previ\sly made by o!r obs]v]s4 ,a well-kn[n horticulturi/1 ,major ,trevor ,cl>ke1 in=ms me#icb t ! se$s ( ! l>ge r$-fl[]$ bi5nial /ock #cii 7,mat?iola annua2 ,coc>deau ( ! ,fr5*7 are light br[n1 & ^? ( ! purple bran*+ ,que5 /ock 7,m4 incana7 are violet-black2 & he f\nd t1 :5 fl[]s ( ! r$ /ock 7 f]tilis$ by poll5 f ! purple /ock1 !y yield$ ab\t fifty p] c5t4 ( black se$s4 ,he s5t me f\r pods f a r$-fl[]$ plant1 two ( :i* _h be5 f]tilis$ by _! own poll51 & !y includ$ pale br[n se$2 & two :i* _h be5 cross$ by poll5 f ! purple k9d1 & !y includ$ se$s all deeply t+$ ) black4 ,^! latt] se$s yield$ purple-fl[]$ plants l _! fa!r2 :il/ ! pale br[n se$s yield$ normal r$-fl[]$ plants2 & ,major ,cl>ke1 by s[+ simil> se$s1 has obs]v$ on a great] scale ! same result4 ,! evid5ce 9 ?is case ( ! direct action ( ! poll5 ( "o species on ! col\r ( ! se$s ( ano!r species appe>s to me conclusive4 ,9 ! =ego+ cases1 ) ! exception ( t ( ! purple-podd$ pea1 ! coats ( ! se$s alone h be5 affect$ 9 col\r4 ,we %all n[ see t ! ov>ium itself1 :e!r =m+ a l>ge fle%y fruit or a m]e ?9 envelope1 may be modifi$ by =eign poll51 9 col\r1 flav\r1 texture1 size1 & %ape4 ,! mo/ rem>kable in/ance1 because c>efully record$ by highly compet5t au?orities1 is "o ( :i* ,i h se5 an acc\nt 9 a lett] writt51 9 #ahfg1 by ,m4 ,naud9 to ,dr4 ,hook]4 ,m4 ,naud9 /ates t he has se5 fruit gr[+ on ,*ama]ops humilis1 :i* _h be5 f]tilis$ by ,m4 ,d5is ) poll5 f ! ,pho5ix or date-palm4 ,! fruit or drupe ?us produc$ 0 twice z l>ge z1 & m elongat$ ?an1 t prop] to ! ,*ama]ops2 s t x 0 int]m$iate 9 ^! respects1 z well z 9 texture1 betwe5 ! fruit ( ! two p>5ts4 ,^! hybridis$ se$s g]m9at$1 & produc$ "y plants likewise int]m$iate 9 "*4 ,?is case is ! m rem>kable z ! ,*ama]ops & ,pho5ix belong n only to di/9ct g5]a1 b 9 ! e/imation ( "s botani/s to di/9ct sections ( ! family4 ,gallesio#icc f]tilis$ ! fl[]s ( an orange ) poll5 f ! lemon2 & "o fruit ?us produc$ bore a longitud9al /ripe ( peel hav+ ! col\r1 flav\r1 & o!r *>act]s ( ! lemon4 ,mr4 ,&]son#icd f]tilis$ a gre5-fle%$ melon ) poll5 f a sc>let-fle%$ k9d2 9 two ( ! fruits a s5sible *ange 0 p]ceptible2 & f\r o!r fruits 7 some:at alt]$ bo? int]nally & ext]nally4 ,! se$s ( ! two fir/-m5tion$ fruits produc$ plants p>tak+ ( ! good prop]ties ( bo? p>5ts4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :]e ,cucurbitaceae are l>gely cultivat$1 x is ! popul> belief#ice t ! fruit is ?us directly affect$ by =eign poll52 & ,i h receiv$ a simil> /atem5t ) respect to #djj ! cucumb] 9 ,engl&4 ,x is kn[n t grapes h be5 ?us affect$ 9 col\r1 size1 & %ape3 9 ,france a pale-col\r$ grape _h its juice t9t$ by ! poll5 ( ! d>k-col\r$ ,te9turi]2 9 ,g]many a v>iety bore b]ries :i* 7 affect$ by ! poll5 ( two adjo9+ k9ds2 "s ( ! b]ries be+ only p>tially affect$ or mottl$4#icf ,z long ago z #ageaicg x 0 obs]v$ t1 :5 diff]5tly col\r$ v>ieties ( maize gr[ ne> ea* o!r1 !y mutually affect ea* o!r's se$s1 & ?is is n[ a popul> belief 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,dr4 ,savi#ich tri$ ! exp]im5t ) c>e3 he s[$ yell[ & black-se$$ maize toge!r1 & on ! same e> "s ( ! se$s 7 yell[1 "s black1 & "s mottl$1#ici ! diff]5tly col\r$ se$s be+ arrang$ 9 r[s or irregul>ly4 ,mr4 ,sab9e /ates#idj t he has se5 ! =m ( ! ne>ly globul> se$-capsule ( ,am>yllis vittata alt]$ by ! application ( ! poll5 ( ano!r species1 ( :i* ! capsule has gibb\s angles4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,&]son ,h5ry#ida cross$ ,rhodod5dron ,dalh\siae ) ! poll5 ( ,r4 ,nuttallii1 :i* is "o ( ! l>ge/-fl[]$ & noble/ species ( ! g5us4 ,! l>ge/ pod produc$ by ! =m] species1 :5 f]tilis$ ) its own poll51 measur$ #a-b_/h in* 9 l5g? & #aa_/b 9 gir?2 :il/ ?ree ( ! pods :i* _h be5 f]tilis$ by poll5 ( ,r4 ,nuttallii measur$ #a-e_/h in* 9 l5g? & no less ?an #b in*es 9 gir?4 ,"h we see ! effect ( =eign poll5 app>5tly conf9$ to increas+ ! size ( ! ov>ium2 b we mu/ be cauti\s 9 assum+1 z ! foll[+ case %[s1 t 9 ?is in/ance size has be5 directly transf]r$ f ! male p>5t to ! capsule ( ! female plant4 ,mr4 ,h5ry f]tilis$ ,arabis bleph>ophylla ) poll5 ( ,a4 ,soy]i1 & ! pods ?us produc$1 ( :i* he 0 s k9d z to s5d me detail$ measurem5ts & sket*es1 7 mu* l>g] 9 all _! dim5sions ?an ^? naturally produc$ by ei!r ! male or female p>5t-species4 ,9 a future *apt] we %all see #dja t ! organs ( vegetation 9 hybrid plants1 indep5d5tly ( ! "* ( ei!r p>5t1 are sometimes develop$ to a mon/r\s size2 & ! increas$ size ( ! pods 9 ! =ego+ cases may be an analog\s fact4 ,no case ( ! direct action ( ! poll5 ( "o v>iety on ano!r is bett] au!nticat$ or m rem>kable ?an t ( ! common apple4 ,! fruit "h consi/s ( ! l[] "p ( ! calyx & ( ! upp] "p ( ! fl[]-p$uncle#idb 9 a metamorphos$ condition1 s t ! effect ( ! =eign poll5 has ext5d$ ev5 beyond ! limits ( ! ov>ium4 ,cases ( apples ?us affect$ 7 record$ by ,bradley 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! la/ c5tury2 & o!r cases are giv5 9 old volumes ( ! ,philosophical ,transactions2#idc 9 "o ( ^! a ,russet+ apple & an adjo9+ k9d mutually affect$ ea* o!r's fruit2 & 9 ano!r case a smoo? apple affect$ a r\gh-coat$ k9d4 ,ano!r in/ance has be5 giv5#idd ( two v diff]5t apple-trees gr[+ close to ea* o!r1 :i* bore fruit resembl+ ea* o!r1 b only on ! adjo9+ bran*es4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 almo/ sup]flu\s to adduce ^! or o!r cases1 aft] t ( ! ,/4 ,val]y apple1 :i*1 f ! abortion ( ! /am5s1 does n produce poll51 b1 be+ annually f]tilis$ by ! girls ( ! neighb\rhood ) poll5 ( _m k9ds1 be>s fruit1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 size1 flav\r1 & col\r1 b resembl+ 9 "* ! h]maphrodite k9ds by :i* !y h be5 f]tilis$4#ide ,i h n[ %[n1 on ! au?ority ( sev]al excell5t obs]v]s1 9 ! case ( plants belong+ to widely diff]5t ord]s1 t ! poll5 ( "o species or v>iety1 :5 appli$ to a di/9ct =m1 occasionally causes ! coats ( ! se$s & ! ov>ium or fruit1 includ+ ev5 9 "o in/ance ! calyx & upp] "p ( ! p$uncle ( ! "m-plant1 to become modifi$4 ,sometimes ! :ole ( ! ov>ium or all ! se$s are ?us affect$2 sometimes only a c]ta9 numb] ( ! se$s1 z 9 ! case ( ! pea1 or only a "p ( ! ov>ium1 z ) ! /rip$ orange1 mottl$ grapes & maize1 are ?us affect$4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t any direct or imm$iate effect inv>iably foll[s ! use ( =eign poll53 ?is is f> f be+ ! case2 nor is x kn[n on :at conditions ! result dep5ds4 ,mr4 ,knight#idf expressly /ates t he has nev] se5 #djb ! fruit ?us affect$1 ?\gh he has cross$ ?\s&s ( apple & o!r fruit-trees4 ,!re is n ! lea/ reason to believe t a bran* :i* has borne se$ or fruit directly modifi$ by =eign poll5 is itself affect$1 s z subsequ5tly to produce modifi$ buds3 su* an occurr5ce1 f ! tempor>y connection ( ! fl[] ) ! /em1 w\ld be h>dly possible4 ,h5ce b v few1 if any1 ( ! cases ( sudd5 modifications 9 ! fruit ( trees1 giv5 9 ! e>ly "p ( ?is *apt]1 c be acc\nt$ = by ! action ( =eign poll52 = su* modifi$ fruits h commonly be5 aft]w>ds propagat$ by budd+ or graft+4 ,x is also obvi\s t *anges ( col\r 9 ! fl[] :i* necess>ily sup]v5e long be=e x is ready = f]tilisation1 & *anges 9 ! %ape or col\r ( ! leaves1 c h no relation to ! action ( =eign poll53 all su* cases mu/ be attribut$ to simple bud-v>iation4 ,! pro(s ( ! action ( =eign poll5 on ! "m-plant h be5 giv5 9 consid]able detail1 because ?is action1 z we %all see 9 a future *apt]1 is ( ! highe/ !oretical importance1 & because x is 9 itself a rem>kable & app>5tly anomal\s circum/ance4 ,t x is rem>kable "u a physiological po9t ( view is cle>1 = ! male elem5t n only affects1 9 accordance ) its prop] function1 ! g]m1 b ! surr\nd+ tissues ( ! "m-plant4 ,t ! action is anomal\s 9 appe>ance is true1 b h>dly s 9 reality1 = app>5tly x plays ! same "p 9 ! ord9>y f]tilisation ( _m fl[]s4 ,ga]tn] has %[n1#idg by gradually increas+ ! numb] ( poll5-gra9s until he succe$$ 9 f]tilis+ a ,malva1 t _m gra9s are exp5d$ 9 ! developm5t1 or1 z he expresses x1 9 ! satiation1 ( ! pi/il & ov>ium4 ,aga91 :5 "o plant is f]tilis$ by a widely di/9ct species1 x (t5 happ5s t ! ov>ium is fully & quickly develop$ )\t any se$s be+ =m$1 or ! coats ( ! se$s are develop$ )\t an embryo be+ =m$ )94 ,dr4 ,hildebr& also has lately %[n 9 a valuable pap]#idh t1 ) sev]al ,or*ideae1 ! action ( ! plant's own #djc poll5 is necess>y = ! developm5t ( ! ov>ium1 & t ?is developm5t takes place n only long be=e ! poll5-tubes h rea*$ ! ovules1 b ev5 be=e ! plac5tae & ovules h be5 =m$2 s t ) ^! or*ids ! poll5 app>5tly acts directly on ! ov>ium4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we mu/ n ov]rate ! efficacy ( poll5 9 ?is respect2 = 9 ! case ( hybridis$ plants x might be argu$ t an embryo _h be5 =m$ & _h affect$ ! surr\nd+ tissues ( ! "m-plant be=e x p]i%$ at a v e>ly age4 ,aga91 x is well kn[n t ) _m plants ! ov>ium may be fully develop$1 ?\gh poll5 be :olly exclud$4 ,& la/ly1 ,mr4 ,smi?1 ! late ,curator at ,kew 7z ,i he> ?r\gh ,dr4 ,hook]71 obs]v$ ! s+ul> fact ) an or*id1 ! ,bonatea speciosa1 ! developm5t ( ! ov>ium c\ld be effect$ by me*anical irritation ( ! /igma4 ,nev]!less1 f ! numb] ( ! poll5-gra9s exp5d$ 9 ! satiation ( ! ov>ium & pi/il1--f ! g5]ality ( ! =mation ( ! ov>ium & se$-coats 9 /]ile hybridis$ plants1--& f ,dr4 ,hildebr&'s obs]vations on or*ids1 we may admit t 9 mo/ cases ! swell+ ( ! ov>ium1 & ! =mation ( ! se$-coats1 are at lea/ aid$1 if n :olly caus$1 by ! direct action ( ! poll51 indep5d5tly ( ! int]v5tion ( ! f]tilis$ g]m4 ,!re=e1 9 ! previ\sly-giv5 cases we h only to add to our belief 9 ! p[] ( ! plant's own poll5 on ! developm5t ( ! ov>ium & se$-coats1 its fur!r p[]1 :5 appli$ to a di/9ct species or v>iety1 ( influ5c+ ! %ape1 size1 col\r1 texture1 c41 ( ^! same p>ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,turn+ n[ to ! animal k+dom4 ,if we c\ld imag9e ! same fl[] to yield se$s dur+ successive ye>s1 !n x w\ld n be v surpris+ t a fl[] ( :i* ! ov>ium _h be5 modifi$ by =eign poll5 %\ld next ye> produce1 :5 self-f]tilis$1 (fspr+ modifi$ by ! previ\s male influ5ce4 ,closely analog\s cases h actually occurr$ ) animals4 ,9 ! case (t5 quot$ f ,"l ,morton1#idi a ne>ly purely-br$1 ,arabian1 *esnut m>e bore a hybrid to a quagga2 %e 0 subsequ5tly s5t to ,sir ,gore ,ouseley1 & produc$ #djd two colts by a black ,arabian horse4 ,^! colts 7 p>tially dun-col\r$1 & 7 /rip$ on ! legs m pla9ly ?an ! real hybrid1 or ev5 ?an ! quagga4 ,"o ( ! two colts _h its neck & "s o!r p>ts ( its body pla9ly m>k$ ) /ripes4 ,/ripes on ! body1 n to m5tion ^? on ! legs1 & ! dun-col\r1 are extremely r>e1--,i speak aft] hav+ long att5d$ to ! subject1--) horses ( all k9ds 9 ,europe1 & are unkn[n 9 ! case ( ,arabians4 ,b :at makes ! case /ill m /rik+ is t ! hair ( ! mane 9 ^! colts resembl$ t ( ! quagga1 be+ %ort1 /iff1 & upright4 ,h5ce !re c be no d\bt t ! quagga affect$ ! "* ( ! (fspr+ subsequ5tly begot by ! black ,arabian horse4 ,) respect to ! v>ieties ( our dome/icat$ animals1 _m simil> & well-au!nticat$ facts h be5 publi%$1#iej & o!rs h be5 communicat$ to me1 pla9ly %[+ ! influ5ce ( ! fir/ male on ! prog5y subsequ5tly borne by ! "m to o!r males4 ,x w suffice to give a s+le in/ance1 record$ 9 ! ',philosophical ,transactions1' 9 a pap] foll[+ t by ,"l ,morton3 ,mr4 ,giles put a s[ ( ,"l ,we/]n's black & :ite ,essex bre$ to a wild bo> ( a deep *esnut col\r2 & ! pigs produc$ p>took 9 appe>ance ( bo? bo> & s[1 b 9 "s ! *esnut col\r ( ! bo> /rongly prevail$4 ,aft] ! bo> _h long be5 dead1 ! s[ 0 put to a bo> ( h] own black & :ite bre$1--a k9d :i* is well kn[n to bre$ v true & nev] to %[ any *esnut col\r1--yet f ?is union ! s[ produc$ "s "y pigs :i* 7 pla9ly m>k$ ) ! same *esnut t9t z 9 ! fir/ litt]4 ,simil> cases h s frequ5tly occurr$1 t c>eful bre$]s avoid putt+ a *oice female to an inf]ior male on acc\nt ( ! injury to h] subsequ5t prog5y :i* may be expect$ to foll[4 #dje ,"s physiologi/s h attempt$ to acc\nt = ^! rem>kable results f a fir/ impregnation by ! close atta*m5t & freely int]communicat+ blood-vessels betwe5 ! modifi$ embryo & ! "m4 ,b x is a mo/ improbable hypo!sis t ! m]e blood ( "o individual %\ld affect ! reproductive organs ( ano!r individual 9 su* a mann] z to modify ! subsequ5t (fspr+4 ,! analogy f ! direct action ( =eign poll5 on ! ov>ium & se$-coats ( ! "m-plant /rongly supports ! belief t ! male elem5t acts directly on ! reproductive organs ( ! female1 wond]ful z is ?is action1 & n ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( ! cross$ embryo4 ,) birds !re is no su* close connection betwe5 ! embryo & "m z 9 ! case ( mammals3 yet a c>eful obs]v]1 ,dr4 ,*apuis1 /ates#iea t ) pigeons ! influ5ce ( a fir/ male sometimes makes itself p]ceiv$ 9 ! succe$+ broods2 b ?is /atem5t1 be=e x c be fully tru/$1 requires confirmation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,conclusion & ,summ>y ( ! ,*apt]4--,! facts giv5 9 ! latt] half ( ?is *apt] are well wor?y ( consid]ation1 z !y %[ u 9 h[ _m extraord9>y modes "o organic =m may lead to ! modification ( ano!r1 & (t5 )\t ! int]v5tion ( sem9al reproduction4 ,!re is ample evid5ce1 z we h j se51 t ! male elem5t may ei!r directly affect ! /ructure ( ! female1 or 9 ! case ( animals lead to ! modification ( h] (fspr+4 ,!re is a consid]able b insuffici5t body ( evid5ce %[+ t ! tissues ( two plants may unite & =m a bud hav+ a bl5d$ "*2 or aga91 t buds ins]t$ into a /ock may affect all ! buds subsequ5tly produc$ by ?is /ock4 ,two embryos1 diff]+ f ea* o!r & conta9$ 9 ! same se$1 may coh]e & =m a s+le plant4 ,(fspr+ f a cross betwe5 two species or v>ieties may 9 ! fir/ or 9 a succe$+ g5]ation rev]t 9 v>i\s degrees by bud-v>iation to _! p>5t-=ms2 & ?is rev]sion or segregation ( "* may affect ! :ole fl[]1 fruit1 or leaf-bud1 or only ! half or small] segm5t1 or a s+le organ4 ,9 "s cases ?is segregation ( "* app>5tly dep5ds on "s #djf incapacity ( union r ?an on rev]sion1 = ! fl[]s or fruit :i* are fir/ produc$ display by segm5ts ! *>act]s ( bo? p>5ts4 ,9 ! ,cytisus adami & ! ,bizz>ria orange1 :atev] _! orig9 may h be51 ! two p>5t species occur bl5d$ toge!r "u ! =m ( a /]ile hybrid1 or reappe> ) _! *>act]s p]fect & _! reproductive organs effective2 & ^! trees1 reta9+ ! same sportive "*1 c be propagat$ by buds4 ,^! v>i\s facts ought to be well consid]$ by any "o :o wi%es to embrace "u a s+le po9t ( view ! v>i\s modes ( reproduction by gemmation1 division1 & sexual union1 ! rep>ation ( lo/ p>ts1 v>iation1 inh]itance1 rev]sion1 & o!r su* ph5om5a4 ,9 a *apt] t[>ds ! close ( ! foll[+ volume ,i %all attempt to connect ^! facts toge!r by a provisional hypo!sis4 ,9 ! e>ly half ( ?is *apt] ,i h giv5 a long li/ ( plants 9 :i* ?r\gh bud-v>iation1 t is1 indep5d5tly ( reproduction by se$1 ! fruit has sudd5ly become modifi$ 9 size1 col\r1 flav\r1 hair9ess1 %ape1 & "t ( maturity2 fl[]s h simil>ly *ang$ 9 %ape1 col\r1 & d\bl5ess1 & greatly 9 ! "* ( ! calyx2 "y bran*es or %oots h *ang$ 9 col\r1 9 be>+ sp9es1 & 9 habit ( gr[?1 z 9 climb+ & weep+2 leaves h *ang$ 9 col\r1 v>iegation1 %ape1 p]iod ( unfold+1 & 9 _! arrangem5t on ! axis4 ,buds ( all k9ds1 :e!r produc$ on ord9>y bran*es or on subt]ranean /ems1 :e!r simple or1 z 9 tub]s & bulbs1 mu* modifi$ & suppli$ ) a /ock ( nutrim5t1 are all liable to sudd5 v>iations ( ! same g5]al nature4 ,9 ! li/1 _m ( ! cases are c]ta9ly due to rev]sion to *>act]s n acquir$ f a cross1 b :i* 7 =m]ly pres5t1 & h be5 lo/ = a long] or %ort] p]iod ( "t2--z :5 a bud on a v>iegat$ plant produces pla9 leaves1 or :5 v>i\sly-col\r$ fl[]s on ! ,*rysan!mum rev]t to ! aborig9al yell[ t9t4 ,_m o!r cases includ$ 9 ! li/ are probably due to ! plants be+ ( cross$ p>5tage1 & to ! buds rev]t+ to "o ( ! two p>5t-=ms4 ,9 illu/ration ( ! orig9 ( ,cytisus adami1 sev]al cases 7 giv5 ( p>tial or complete rev]sion1 bo? #djg ) hybrid & mongrel plants2 h5ce we may suspect t ! /rong t5d5cy 9 ! ,*rysan!mum1 = in/ance1 to produce by bud-v>iation diff]5tly-col\r$ fl[]s1 results f ! v>ieties =m]ly hav+ be5 int5tionally or accid5tally cross$2 & t _! desc5dants at ! pres5t day /ill occasionally rev]t by buds to ! col\rs ( ! m p]si/5t p>5t-v>ieties4 ,?is is almo/ c]ta9ly ! case ) ,rollisson's ,unique ,pel>gonium2 & s x may be to a l>ge ext5t ) ! bud-v>ieties ( ! ,dahlia & ) ! brok5 col\rs ( ,tulips4 ,_m cases ( bud-v>iation1 h[ev]1 _c be attribut$ to rev]sion1 b to spontane\s v>iability1 su* z s commonly occurs ) cultivat$ plants :5 rais$ f se$4 ,z a s+le v>iety ( ! ,*rysan!mum has produc$ by buds six o!r v>ieties1 & z "o v>iety ( ! gooseb]ry has borne at ! same "t f\r di/9ct v>ieties ( fruit1 x is sc>cely possible to believe t all ^! v>iations are rev]sions to =m] p>5ts4 ,we c h>dly believe1 z rem>k$ 9 a previ\s *apt]1 t all ! _m pea*es :i* h yield$ nect>9e-buds are ( cross$ p>5tage4 ,la/ly1 9 su* cases z t ( ! moss-rose ) its peculi> calyx1 & ( ! rose :i* be>s opposite leaves1 9 t ( ! ,imatophyllum1 c41 !re is no kn[n natural species or se$l+ v>iety1 f :i* ! *>act]s 9 "q c\ld h be5 d]iv$ by cross+4 ,we mu/ attribute all su* cases to actual v>iability 9 ! buds4 ,! v>ieties :i* h ?us aris5 _c be di/+ui%$ by any ext]nal "* f se$l+s2 ?is is notori\sly ! case ) ! v>ieties ( ! ,rose1 ,azalea1 & _m o!r plants4 ,x des]ves notice t all ! plants :i* h yield$ bud-v>iations h likewise v>i$ greatly by se$4 ,^! plants belong to s _m ord]s t we may inf] t almo/ e plant w\ld be liable to bud-v>iation if plac$ "u ! prop] excit+ conditions4 ,^! conditions1 z f> z we c judge1 ma9ly dep5d on long-cont9u$ & high cultivation2 = almo/ all ! plants 9 ! =ego+ li/s are p]5nials1 & h be5 l>gely propagat$ 9 _m soils & "u diff]5t climates1 by cutt+s1 (fsets1 bulbs1 tub]s1 & especially by budd+ or graft+4 ,! in/ances ( annuals v>y+ by buds1 or produc+ on ! same plant #djh diff]5tly col\r$ fl[]s1 are comp>atively r>e3 ,hopkirk#ieb has se5 ?is ) ,convolvulus tricolor2 & x is n r>e ) ! ,balsam & annual ,delph9ium4 ,accord+ to ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 plants f ! w>m] temp]ate regions1 :5 cultivat$ "u ! hot climate ( ,/4 ,dom+o1 are em95tly liable to bud-v>iation2 b *ange ( climate is by no means a necess>y cont+5t1 z we see ) ! gooseb]ry1 currant1 & "s o!rs4 ,plants liv+ "u _! natural conditions are v r>ely subject to bud-v>iation3 v>iegat$ & col\r$ leaves h1 h[ev]1 be5 occasionally obs]v$2 & ,i h giv5 an in/ance ( ! v>iation ( buds on an a%-tree2 b x is d\btful :e!r any tree plant$ 9 ornam5tal gr\nds c be consid]$ z liv+ "u /rictly natural conditions4 ,ga]tn] has se5 :ite & d>k-r$ fl[]s produc$ f ! same root ( ! wild ,a*illea millefolium2 & ,pr(4 ,casp>y has se5 ,viola lutea1 9 a completely wild condition1 be>+ fl[]s ( diff]5t col\rs & sizes4#iec ,z wild plants are s r>ely liable to bud-v>iation1 :il/ highly cultivat$ plants long propagat$ by artificial means h yield$ by ?is =m ( reproduction _m v>ieties1 we are l$ ?r\gh a s]ies su* z ! foll[+1--namely1 all ! eyes 9 ! same tub] ( ! potato v>y+ 9 ! same mann]1--all ! fruit on a purple plum-tree sudd5ly becom+ yell[1--all ! fruit on a d\ble-fl[]$ almond sudd5ly becom+ pea*-l1--all ! buds on graft$ trees be+ 9 "s v slight degree affect$ by ! /ock on :i* !y h be5 work$1--all ! fl[]s on a transplant$ he>tsease *ang+ = a "t 9 col\r1 size1 & %ape1--we are l$ ?r\gh su* facts to look at e case ( bud-v>iation z ! direct result ( ! p>ticul> conditions ( life to :i* ! plant has be5 expos$4 ,b if we turn to ! o!r end ( ! s]ies1 namely1 to su* cases z t ( a pea*-tree :i*1 aft] hav+ be5 cultivat$ by t5s ( ?\s&s dur+ _m ye>s 9 _m c\ntries1 & aft] hav+ annually produc$ ?\s&s ( buds1 all ( :i* h app>5tly be5 expos$ to precisely ! same conditions1 yet at la/ sudd5ly produces a s+le bud ) its :ole "* greatly trans=m$1 we are driv5 to an opposite #dji conclusion4 ,9 su* cases z ! latt] x w\ld appe> t ! trans=mation /&s 9 no direct relation to ! conditions ( life4 ,we h se5 t v>ieties produc$ f se$s & f buds resemble ea* o!r s closely 9 g5]al appe>ance1 t !y _c possibly be di/+ui%$4 ,j z c]ta9 species & gr\ps ( species1 :5 propagat$ by se$1 are m v>iable ?an o!r species or g5]a1 s x is 9 ! case ( c]ta9 bud-v>ieties4 ,?us ! ,que5 ( ,engl& ,*rysan!mum has produc$ by ?is latt] process no less ?an six1 & ,rollisson's ,unique ,pel>gonium f\r di/9ct v>ieties2 moss-roses h also produc$ sev]al o!r moss-roses4 ,! ,rosaceae h v>i$ by buds m ?an any o!r gr\p ( plants2 b ?is may be 9 l>ge "p due to s _m memb]s hav+ be5 long cultivat$2 b )9 ?is "o gr\p1 ! pea* has (t5 v>i$ by buds1 :il/ ! apple & pe>1 bo? graft$ trees ext5sively cultivat$1 h af=d$1 z f> z ,i c asc]ta91 extremely few in/ances ( bud-v>iation4 ,! law ( analog\s v>iation holds good ) v>ieties produc$ by buds1 z ) ^? produc$ f se$3 m ?an "o k9d ( rose has sport$ into a moss-rose2 m ?an "o k9d ( camellia has assum$ an hexagonal =m2 & at lea/ sev5 or eight v>ieties ( ! pea* h produc$ nect>9es4 ,! laws ( inh]itance seem to be ne>ly ! same ) sem9al & bud-v>ieties4 ,we "k h[ commonly rev]sion comes into play ) bo?1 & x may affect ! :ole1 or only segm5ts1 ( a leaf1 fl[]1 or fruit4 ,:5 ! t5d5cy to rev]sion affects _m buds on ! same tree1 x becomes cov]$ ) diff]5t k9ds ( leaves1 fl[]s1 or fruit2 b !re is reason to believe t su* fluctuat+ v>ieties h g5]ally aris5 f se$4 ,x is well kn[n t1 out ( a numb] ( se$l+ v>ieties1 "s transmit _! "* mu* m truly by se$ ?an o!rs2 s ) bud-v>ieties "s reta9 _! "* by successive buds m truly ?an o!rs2 ( :i* in/ances h be5 giv5 ) two k9ds ( v>iegat$ ,euonymus & ) c]ta9 k9ds ( tulips4 ,not)/&+ ! sudd5 production ( bud-v>ieties1 ! *>act]s ?us acquir$ are sometimes capable ( transmission by sem9al reproduction3 ,mr4 ,riv]s has f\nd t moss-roses g5]ally #daj reproduce !mselves by se$2 & ! mossy "* has be5 transf]r$ by cross+1 f "o species ( rose to ano!r4 ,! ,bo/on nect>9e1 :i* appe>$ z a bud-v>iation1 produc$ by se$ a closely alli$ nect>9e4 ,we h h[ev] se51 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,salt]1 t se$ tak5 f a bran* ) leaves v>iegat$ ?r\gh bud-v>iation1 transmits ?is "* v feebly2 :il/ _m plants1 :i* became v>iegat$ z se$l+s1 transmit v>iegation to a l>ge proportion ( _! prog5y4 ,al?\gh ,i h be5 able to collect a good _m cases ( bud-v>iation1 z %[n 9 ! previ\s li/s1 & might probably1 by se>*+ =eign horticultural works1 h collect$ m cases1 yet _! total numb] is z no?+ 9 comp>ison ) t ( sem9al v>ieties4 ,) se$l+s rais$ f ! m v>iable cultivat$ plants1 ! v>iations are almo/ inf9itely num]\s1 b _! diff]5ces are g5]ally slight3 only at long int]vals ( "t a /rongly m>k$ modification appe>s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is a s+ul> & inexplicable fact t1 :5 plants v>y by buds1 ! v>iations1 ?\gh !y occur ) comp>ative r>ity1 are (t51 or ev5 g5]ally1 /rongly pron\nc$4 ,x /ruck me t ?is might p]haps be a delusion1 & t slight *anges (t5 occurr$ 9 buds1 b f be+ ( no value 7 ov]look$ or n record$4 ,accord+ly ,i appli$ to two great au?orities on ?is subject1 namely1 to ,mr4 ,riv]s ) respect to fruit-trees1 & to ,mr4 ,salt] ) respect to fl[]s4 ,mr4 ,riv]s is d\btful1 b does n rememb] hav+ notic$ v slight v>iations 9 fruit-buds4 ,mr4 ,salt] in=ms me t ) fl[]s su* d occur1 b1 if propagat$1 !y g5]ally lose _! new "* 9 ! foll[+ ye>2 yet he concurs ) me t bud-v>iations usually at once assume a decid$ & p]man5t "*4 ,we c h>dly d\bt t ?is is ! rule1 :5 we reflect on su* cases z t ( ! pea*1 :i* has be5 s c>efully obs]v$ & ( :i* su* trifl+ sem9al v>ieties h be5 propagat$1 yet ?is tree has repeat$ly produc$ by bud-v>iation nect>9es1 & only twice 7z f> z ,i c le>n7 any o!r v>iety1 namely1 ! ,e>ly & ,late ,grosse ,mignonne pea*es2 & ^! diff] f ! p>5t-tree 9 h>dly any "* except ! p]iod ( maturity4 #daa ,to my surprise ,i he> f ,mr4 ,salt] t he br+s ! great pr9ciple ( selection to be> on v>iegat$ plants propagat$ by buds1 & has ?us greatly improv$ & fix$ sev]al v>ieties4 ,he in=ms me t at fir/ a bran* (t5 produces v>iegat$ leaves on "o side alone1 & t ! leaves are m>k$ only ) an irregul> edg+ or ) a few l9es ( :ite & yell[4 ,to improve & fix su* v>ieties1 he f9ds x necess>y to enc\rage ! buds at ! bases ( ! mo/ di/9ctly m>k$ leaves1 & to propagate f !m alone4 ,by foll[+ ) p]sev]ance ?is plan dur+ ?ree or f\r successive seasons1 a di/9ct & fix$ v>iety c g5]ally be secur$4 ,f9ally1 ! facts giv5 9 ?is *apt] prove 9 h[ close & rem>kable a mann] ! g]m ( a f]tilis$ se$ & ! small cellul> mass =m+ a bud resemble ea* o!r 9 function1--9 _! p[]s ( inh]itance ) occasional rev]sion1--& 9 _! capacity = v>iation ( ! same g5]al nature1 9 ob$i5ce to ! same laws4 ,?is resemblance1 or r id5tity1 is r5d]$ f> m /rik+ if ! facts c be tru/$ :i* app>5tly r5d] x probable t ! cellul> tissue ( "o species or v>iety1 :5 budd$ or graft$ on ano!r1 may give rise to a bud hav+ an int]m$iate "*4 ,9 ?is *apt] we cle>ly see t v>iability is n necess>ily cont+5t on sexual g5]ation1 ?\gh mu* m frequ5tly its concomitant ?an on bud-reproduction4 ,we see t bud-v>iability is n solely dep5d5t on rev]sion or atavism to long-lo/ *>act]s1 or to ^? =m]ly acquir$ f a cross1 b t x is (t5 spontane\s4 ,b :5 we ask ourselves :at is ! cause ( any p>ticul> bud-v>iation1 we are lo/ 9 d\bt1 be+ driv5 9 "s cases to look to ! direct action ( ! ext]nal conditions ( life z suffici5t1 & 9 o!r cases to feel a pr(\nd conviction t ^! h play$ a q subord9ate "p1 ( n m importance ?an ! nature ( ! sp>k :i* ignites a mass ( combu/ible matt]4 ,,end ,,( ,,vol4 ,i4 ,,london3 ,,pr9t$ ,,by ,w4 ,,cl[es ,,& ,,sons1 ,,/am=d ,,/reet1 ,,& ,,*>+ ,,cross4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,notes #a ,to any "o :o has att5tively read my ',orig9 ( ,species' ?is ,introduction w be sup]flu\s4 ,z ,i /at$ t "w t ,i %\ld soon publi% ! facts on :i* ! conclusions giv5 9 x 7 f\nd$1 ,i "h beg p]mission to rem>k t ! great delay 9 publi%+ ?is fir/ "w has be5 caus$ by cont9u$ ill-heal?4 #b ,m4 ,p\*et has rec5tly 7',plurality ( ,races1' ,eng4 ,translat41 #ahfd1 p4 #hc1 c47 insi/$ t v>iation "u dome/ication ?r[s no light on ! natural modification ( species4 ,i _c p]ceive ! =ce ( 8 argum5ts1 or1 to speak m accurately1 ( 8 ass]tions to ?is effect4 #c ,leon ,duf\r 9 ',annales des ,sci5c4 ,nat4' 7#crd s]ies1 ,zoolog471 tom4 v4 p4 #f4 #d ,9 treat+ ! sev]al subjects includ$ 9 ! pres5t & succe$+ works ,i h cont9ually be5 l$ to ask = in=mation f _m zoologi/s1 botani/s1 geologi/s1 bre$]s ( animals1 & horticulturi/s1 & ,i h inv>iably receiv$ f !m ! mo/ g5]\s assi/ance4 ,)\t su* aid ,i c\ld h effect$ little4 ,i h repeat$ly appli$ = in=mation & specim5s to =eign]s1 & to ,briti% m]*ants & (fic]s ( ! ,gov]nm5t resid+ 9 di/ant l&s1 &1 ) ! r>e/ exceptions1 ,i h receiv$ prompt1 op5-h&$1 & valuable assi/ance4 ,i _c express too /rongly my obligations to ! _m p]sons :o h assi/$ me1 & :o1 ,i am conv9c$1 w\ld be equally will+ to assi/ o!rs 9 any sci5tific inve/igation4 #e ,ow51 ',briti% ,fossil ,mammals1' p4 #abc to #acc4 ,pictet's ',traite de ,pal41' #ahec1 tom4 i4 p4 #bjb4 ,de ,bla9ville1 9 8 ',o/eographie1 ,canidae1' p4 #adb1 has l>gely discuss$ ! :ole subject1 & concludes t ! ext9ct p>5t ( all dome/icat$ dogs came ne>e/ to ! wolf 9 organization1 & to ! jackal 9 habits4 #f ,pallas1 ,i believe1 orig9at$ ?is doctr9e 9 ',act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aghj1 ,"p ii4 ,ehr5b]g has advocat$ x1 z may be se5 9 ,de ,bla9ville's ',o/eographie1' p4 #gi4 ,x has be5 c>ri$ to an extreme ext5t by ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi? 9 ! ',naturali/ ,libr>y1' vol4 ix4 & x4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,m>t9 adopts x 9 8 excell5t ',hi/ory ( ! ,dog1' #ahde2 z does ,dr4 ,morton1 z well z ,nott & ,gliddon1 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,pr(4 ,l[1 9 8 ',dome/icat$ ,animals1' #ahde1 p4 #fff1 comes to ?is same conclusion4 ,no "o has argu$ on ?is side ) m cle>ness & =ce ?an ! late ,james ,wilson1 ( ,ed9burgh1 9 v>i\s pap]s read be=e ! ,highl& ,agricultural & ,w]n]ian ,societies4 ,isidore ,ge(froy ,sa9t ,hilaire 7',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' #ahfj1 tom4 iii4 p4 #ajg71 ?\gh he believes t mo/ dogs h desc5d$ f ! jackal1 yet incl9es to ! belief t "s are desc5d$ f ! wolf4 ,pr(4 ,g]vais 7',hi/4 ,nat4 ,mamm41' #ahee1 tom4 ii4 p4 #fi71 ref]r+ to ! view t all ! dome/ic races are ! modifi$ desc5dants ( a s+le species1 aft] a long discussion1 says1 ,cette op9ion e/1 suivant n\s du mo9s1 la mo9s probable4 #g ,b]jeau1 ',! ,v>ieties ( ! ,dog2 9 old ,sculptures & ,pictures1' #ahfc4 ',d] ,hund1' von ,dr4 ,f4 ,l4 ,wal!r1 s4 #dh1 ,giess51 #ahag3 ?is au?or seems c>efully to h /udi$ all classical works on ! subject4 ,see also ',volz1 ,beitraege zur ,kultur-ges*i*te1' ,leipzig1 #aheb1 s4 #aae4 ',y\att on ! ,dog1' #ahde1 p4 #f4 ,a v full hi/ory is giv5 by ,de ,bla9ville 9 8 ',o/eographie1 ,canidae4' #h ,i h se5 draw+s ( ?is dog f ! tomb ( ! son ( ,es> ,haddon1 & clay models 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,nott & ,gliddon1 9 _! ',types ( ,mank9d1' #ahed1 p4 #cic1 give a copy ( ^! draw+s4 ,?is dog has be5 call$ a ,?ibetan ma/iff1 b ,mr4 ,h4 ,a4 ,oldfield1 :o is famili> ) ! s-call$ ,?ibet ma/iff1 & has exam9$ ! draw+s 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 in=ms me t he consid]s !m diff]5t4 #i ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,july #ab?1 #ahca4 #aj ',sport+ 9 ,alg]ia1' p4 #ea4 #aa ,b]jeau gives fac-similes ( ! ,egyptian draw+s4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t91 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ! ,dog1' #ahde1 copies sev]al figures f ! ,egyptian monum5ts1 & speaks ) mu* confid5ce ) respect to _! id5tity ) /ill liv+ dogs4 ,messrs4 ,nott & ,gliddon 7',types ( ,mank9d1' #ahed1 p4 #chh7 give /ill m num]\s figures4 ,mr4 ,gliddon ass]ts t a curl-tail$ greyh\nd1 l t repres5t$ on ! mo/ anci5t monum5ts1 is common 9 ,borneo2 b ! ,rajah1 ,sir ,j4 ,brooke1 in=ms me t no su* dog exi/s !re4 #ab ,^!1 & ! foll[+ facts on ! ,dani% rema9s1 are tak5 f ,m4 ,morlot's mo/ int]e/+ memoir 9 ',soc4 ,vaudoise des ,sc4 ,nat41' tom4 vi41 #ahfj1 pp4 #bha1 #bii1 #cbj4 #ac ',die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #aag1 #afb4 #ad ,de ,bla9ville1 ',o/eographie1 ,canidae4' #ae ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk has giv5 me in=mation on ?is head4 ,see also ',j\rnal ( ,r4 ,geograph4 ,soc41' vol4 xiii41 #ahdc1 p4 #fe4 #af ',dome/ication ( ,animals3' ,e?nological ,soc41 ,dec4 #bbnd1 #ahfc4 #ag ',j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' c41 #ahde1 p4 #cic4 ,) respect to ,canis ant>cticus1 see p4 #aic4 ,= ! case ( ! antelope1 see ',j\rnal ,royal ,geograph4 ,soc41' vol4 xxiii4 p4 #id4 #ah ,! au?orities = ! =ego+ /atem5ts are z foll[3--,ri*>dson1 9 ',fauna ,boreali-,am]icana1' #ahbi1 pp4 #fd1 #ge2 ,dr4 ,kane1 ',arctic ,explorations1' #ahef1 vol4 i4 pp4 #cih1 #dee2 ,dr4 ,hayes1 ',arctic ,boat ,j\rney1' #ahfj1 p4 #afg4 ,frankl9's ',n>rative1' vol4 i4 p4 #bfi1 gives ! case ( ?ree :elps ( a black wolf be+ c>ri$ away by ! ,indians4 ,p>ry1 ,ri*>dson1 & o!rs1 give acc\nts ( wolves & dogs naturally cross+ 9 ! ea/]n p>ts ( ,nor? ,am]ica4 ,seeman1 9 8 ',voyage ( ,h4,m4,s4 ,h]ald1' #ahec1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bf1 says ! wolf is (t5 caught by ! ,esqimaux = ! purpose ( cross+ ) _! dogs1 & ?us add+ to _! size & /r5g?4 ,m4 ,lam>e-,picquot1 9 ',bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 vii41 #ahfj1 p4 #adh1 gives a good acc\nt ( ! half-br$ ,esquimaux dogs4 #ai ',fauna ,boreali-,am]icana1' #ahbi1 pp4 #gc1 #gh1 #hj4 ,nott & ,gliddon1 ',types ( ,mank9d1' p4 #chc4 ,! naturali/ & travell] ,b>tram is quot$ by ,hamilton ,smi?1 9 ',nat4 ,hi/4 ,lib41' vol4 x4 p4 #aef4 ,a ,mexican dome/ic dog seems also to resemble a wild dog ( ! same c\ntry2 b ?is may be ! prairie-wolf4 ,ano!r capable judge1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,k4 ,"l 7',! ,naturali/ 9 ,vanc\v] ,isl&1' #ahff1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bah71 says t ! ,indian dog ( ! ,spokans1 ne> ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 is beyond all "q no?+ m ?an a tam$ ,cayote or prairie-wolf1 or ,canis latrans4 #bj ,i quote ?is f ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill's excell5t acc\nt ( ! ,alco or dome/ic dog ( ,mexico1 9 ,gosse's ',naturali/'s ,soj\rn 9 ,jamaica1' #ahea1 p4 #cbi4 #ba ',naturges*i*te d] ,saeuge?i]e von ,p>aguay1' #ahcj1 s4 #aea4 #bb ,quot$ 9 ,humboldt's ',aspects ( ,nature' 7,eng4 transl471 vol4 i4 p4 #ajh4 #bc ,paget's ',travels 9 ,hung>y & ,transylvania1' vol4 i4 p4 #eja4 ,jeitteles1 ',fauna ,hung>iae ,sup]ioris1' #ahfb1 s4 #ac4 ,see ,pl9y1 ',hi/4 ( ! ,_w' 7,eng4 transl471 #h? book1 *4 xl41 ab\t ! ,gauls cross+ _! dogs4 ,see also ',hi/4 ,animal4' lib4 viii4 c4 #bh4 ,= good evid5ce ab\t wolves & dogs naturally cross+ ne> ! ,pyr5ees1 see ,m4 ,mauduyt1 ',du ,l\p et de ses ,races1' ,poiti]s1 #ahea2 also ,pallas1 9 ',acta ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aghj1 "p ii4 p4 #id4 #bd ,i give ?is on excell5t au?ority1 namely1 ,mr4 ,bly? 7"u ! signature ( ,zoophilus71 9 ! ',indian ,sport+ ,review1' ,oct4 #ahef1 p4 #acd4 ,mr4 ,bly? /ates t he 0 /ruck ) ! resemblance betwe5 a bru%-tail$ race ( p>iah-dogs1 nor?-we/ ( ,cawnpore1 & ! ,indian wolf4 ,he gives corroborative evid5ce ) respect to ! dogs ( ! valley ( ! ,n]budda4 #be ,= num]\s & int]e/+ details on ! resemblance ( dogs & jackals1 see ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' #ahfj1 tom4 iii4 p4 #aja4 ,see also ',hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammif]es1' p> ,pr(4 ,g]vais1 #ahee1 tom4 ii4 p4 #fj4 #bf ,gueld5/a$t1 ',nov4 ,comm5t4 ,acad4 ,petrop41' tom4 xx41 pro anno #agge1 p4 #ddi4 #bg ,quot$ by ,de ,bla9ville 9 8 ',o/eographie1 ,canidae1' pp4 #gi1 #ih4 #bh ,see ,pallas1 9 ',act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aghj1 "p ii4 p4 #ia4 ,= ,alg]ia1 see ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #agg4 ,9 bo? c\ntries x is ! male jackal :i* pairs ) female dome/ic dogs4 #bi ,john ,b>but's ',description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea 9 #agdf4' #cj ',travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bgb4 #ca ,selwyn1 ,geology ( ,victoria2 ',j\rnal ( ,geolog4 ,soc41' vol4 xiv41 #aheh1 p4 #ecf1 & vol4 xvi41 #ahfj1 p4 #adh2 & ,pr( ,mc,coy1 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4' 7#crd s]ies71 vol4 ix41 #ahfb1 p4 #adg4 ,! ,d+o diff]s f ! dogs ( ! c5tral ,polynesian isl&s4 ,dieff5ba* rem>ks 7',travels1' vol4 ii4 p4 #de7 t ! native ,new ,zeal& dog also diff]s f ! ,d+o4 #cb ',proce$+s ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcc1 p4 #aab4 ,see1 also1 on ! tam+ ( ! common wolf1 ,l4 ,lloyd1 ',sc&9avian ,adv5tures1' vol4 i4 p4 #dfj1 #ahed4 ,) respect to ! jackal1 see ,pr(4 ,g]vais1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,mamm41' tom4 ii4 p4 #fa4 ,) respect to ! agu>a ( ,p>aguay1 see ,r5gg]'s "w4 #cc ,r\l91 9 ',mem4 pres5t4 p> div]s ,savans1' tom4 vi4 p4 #cda4 #cd ,m>t91 ',hi/ory ( ! ,dog1' p4 #ad4 #ce ,quot$ by ,l4 ,lloyd 9 ',field ,sports ( ,nor? ( ,europe1' vol4 i4 p4 #chg4 #cf ,quatrefages1 ',soc4 d',acclimat41' ,may #aa?1 #ahfc1 p4 #g4 #cg ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xv41 #ahde1 p4 #adj4 #ch ,az>a1 ',voyages dans l',am]4 ,m]id41' tom4 i4 p4 #cha2 8 acc\nt is fully confirm$ by ,r5gg]4 ,quatrefages gives an acc\nt ( a bit* br\ght f ,j]usalem to ,france :i* burr[$ a hole & litt]$ 9 x4 ,see ',disc\rs1 ,exposition des ,races ,can9es1' #ahfe1 p4 #c4 #ci ,) respect to wolves burr[+ holes1 see ,ri*>dson1 ,fauna ,boreali-,am]icana1' p4 #fd2 & ,be*/e91 ',naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' b4 i4 s4 #fag4 #dj ,see ,poeppig1 ',reise 9 ,*ile1' b4 i4 s4 #bij2 ,mr4 ,g4 ,cl>ke1 z above2 & ,r5gg]1 s4 #aee4 #da ,dogs1 ',nat4 ,libr>y1' vol4 x4 p4 #aba3 an endemic ,s\? ,am]ican dog seems also to h become f]al 9 ?is isl&4 ,see ,gosse's ',jamaica1' p4 #cdj4 #db ,l[1 ',dome/icat$ ,animals1' p4 #fej4 #dc ',! ,naturali/ ,libr>y1' ,dogs1 vol4 x4 pp4 #d1 #ai4 #dd ,quot$ by ,pr(4 ,g]vais1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,mamm41' tom4 ii4 p4 #ff4 #de ,j4 ,hunt] %[s t ! long p]iod ( sev5ty-?ree days giv5 by ,buffon is easily expla9$ by ! bit* hav+ receiv$ ! dog _m times dur+ a p]iod ( sixte5 days 7',phil4 ,transact41' #aghg1 p4 #bec74 ,hunt] f\nd t ! ge/ation ( a mongrel f wolf & dog 7',phil4 ,transact41' #agei1 p4 #afj7 app>5tly 0 sixty-?ree days1 = %e receiv$ ! dog m ?an once4 ,! p]iod ( a mongrel dog & jackal 0 fifty-n9e days4 ,fr$4 ,cuvi] f\nd ! p]iod ( ge/ation ( ! wolf to be 7',dict4 ,class4 d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 iv4 p4 #h7 two mon?s & a few days1 :i* agrees ) ! dog4 ,isid4 ,g4 ,/4 ,hilaire1 :o has discuss$ ! :ole subject1 & f :om ,i quote ,bell+]i1 /ates 7',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #aab7 t 9 ! ,j>d9 des ,plantes ! p]iod ( ! jackal has be5 f\nd to be f sixty to sixty-?ree days1 exactly z ) ! dog4 #df ,see ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #aab1 on ! od\r ( jackals4 ,col4 ,ham4 ,smi?1 9 ',nat4 ,hi/4 ,lib41' vol4 x4 p4 #bhi4 #dg ,quot$ by ,quatrefages 9 ',bull4 ,soc4 d',acclimat41' ,may #aa?1 #ahfc4 #dh ',j\rnal de la ,physiologie1' tom4 ii4 p4 #che4 #di ,see ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill's excell5t acc\nt ( ?is bre$ 9 ,gosse's ',jamaica1' p4 #cch2 ,r5gg]'s ',saeuge?i]e von ,p>aguay1' s4 #aec4 ,) respect to ,spitz dogs1 see ,be*/e9's ',naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' #ahja1 b4 i4 s4 #fch4 ,) respect to ,dr4 ,hodgk9's /atem5t made be=e ,brit4 ,assoc41 see ',! ,zoologi/1' vol4 iv41 = #ahde-df1 p4 #ajig4 #ej ',acta ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aghj1 "p ii4 pp4 #hd1 #ajj4 #ea ,m4 ,broca has %[n 7',j\rnal de ,physiologie1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cec7 t ,buffon's exp]im5ts h be5 (t5 misrepres5t$4 ,broca has collect$ 7pp4 #cij-cie7 _m facts on ! f]tility ( cross$ dogs1 wolves1 & jackals4 #eb ',de la ,longevite ,huma9e1' p> ,m4 ,fl\r5s1 #ahee1 p4 #adc4 ,mr4 ,bly? says 7',indian ,sport+ ,review1' vol4 ii4 p4 #acg7 t he has se5 9 ,india sev]al hybrids f ! p>iah-dog & jackal2 & betwe5 "o ( ^! hybrids & a t]ri]4 ,! exp]im5ts ( ,hunt] on ! jackal are well kn[n4 ,see also ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii1 p4 #bag1 :o speaks ( ! hybrid (fspr+ ( ! jackal z p]fectly f]tile = ?ree g5]ations4 #ec ,on au?ority ( ,f4 ,cuvi]1 quot$ 9 ,bronn's ',ges*i*te d] ,natur1' ,b4 ii4 s4 #afd4 #ed ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t91 ',hi/ory ( ! ,dog1' #ahde1 p4 #bjc4 ,mr4 ,philip ,p4 ,k+1 aft] ample opportunities ( obs]vation1 in=ms me t ! ,d+o & ,european dogs (t5 cross 9 ,au/ralia4 #ee ,rueppel1 ',neue ,wirbel?i]e von ,abyss9i51' #ahce-dj2 ',mammif41' s4 #ci1 pl4 xiv4 ,!re is a specim5 ( ?is f9e animal 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 #ef ,ev5 ,pallas admits ?is3 see ',act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aghj1 p4 #ic4 #eg ,quot$ by ,i4 ,ge(froy1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #dec4 #eh ,f4 ,cuvi]1 9 ',annales du ,museum1' tom4 xviii4 p4 #ccg2 ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 i4 p4 #cdb2 & ,col4 ,ham4 ,smi?1 9 ',naturali/'s ,libr>y1' vol4 ix4 p4 #aja4 #ei ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 des ,anomalies1' #ahcb1 tom4 i4 p4 #ffj4 ,g]vais1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammif]es1' tom4 ii41 #ahee1 p4 #ff4 ,de ,bla9ville 7',o/eographie1 ,canidae1' p4 #acg7 has also se5 an extra mol> on bo? sides4 #fj ',o/eographie1 ,canidae1' p4 #acg4 #fa ,wu]zburg]1 ',m$ec91 ,zeits*rift1' #ahfj1 ,b4 i4 s4 #bfe4 #fb ,mr4 ,y>ell1 9 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,oct4 #h?1 #ahcc4 ,mr4 ,wat]h\se %[$ me a skull ( "o ( ^! dogs1 :i* _h only a s+le mol> on ea* side & "s imp]fect incisors4 #fc ,quot$ 9 ',! ,vet]9>y1' ,london1 vol4 viii4 p4 #dae4 #fd ',hi/ ,nat4 ,g5]al1' tom4 iii4 p4 #ddh4 #fe ,w4 ,scrope1 ',art ( ,de]-,/alk+1' p4 #ced4 #ff ,quot$ by ,col4 ,ham4 ,smi? 9 ',naturali/'s ,libr>y1' vol4 x4 p4 #gi4 #fg ,de ,bla9ville1 ',o/eographie1 ,canidae1' p4 #acd4 ,f4 ,cuvi]1 ',annales du ,museum1' tom4 xviii4 p4 #cdb4 ,9 reg>d to ma/iffs1 see ,col4 ,ham4 ,smi?1 ',nat ,lib41' vol4 x4 p4 #bah4 ,= ! ,?ibet ma/iff1 see ,mr4 ,hodgson 9 ',j\rnal ( ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 i41 #ahcb1 p4 #cdb4 #fh ',! ,dog1' #ahde1 p4 #ahf4 ,) respect to diseases1 ,y\att ass]ts 7p4 #afg7 t ! ,italian greyh\nd is /rongly subject to polypi 9 ! matrix or vag9a4 ,! spaniel & pug 7p4 #ahb7 are mo/ liable to bron*ocele4 ,! liability to di/emp] 7p4 #bcb7 is extremely diff]5t 9 diff]5t bre$s4 ,on ! di/emp]1 see also ,col4 ,hut*9son on ',dog ,break+1' #ahej1 p4 #bgi4 #fi ,see ,y\att on ! ,dog1 p4 #ae2 ',! ,vet]9>y1' ,london1 vol4 xi4 p4 #bce4 #gj ',j\rnal ( ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 iii4 p4 #ai4 #ga ',travels1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ae4 #gb ,hodgson1 9 ',j\rnal ( ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 i4 p4 #cdb4 #gc ',field ,sports ( ! ,nor? ( ,europe1' vol4 ii4 p4 #afe4 #gd ',hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammif41 #ahee1 tom4 ii4 pp4 #ff1 #fg4 #ge ',hi/ory ( ,quadrup$s1' #agic1 vol4 i4 p4 #bch4 #gf ',ori5tal ,field ,sports1' quot$ by ,y\att1 ',! ,dog1' p4 #ae4 #gg ,quot$ by ,mr4 ,galton1 ',dome/ication ( ,animals1' p4 #ac4 #gh ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #dej4 #gi ,mr4 ,gre5h[ on ! ,canadian ,dog1 9 ,l\don's ',mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 vi41 #ahcc1 p4 #eaa4 #hj ,see ,mr4 ,c4 ,o4 ,groom-,napi] on ! webb+ ( ! h9d feet ( ,ott]-h\nds1 9 ',l& & ,wat]1' ,oct4 #ac?1 #ahff1 p4 #bgj4 #ha ',fauna ,boreali-,am]icana1' #ahbi1 p4 #fb4 #hb ',! ,horse 9 all 8 ,v>ieties1' c41 #ahbi1 pp4 #bcj1 #bcd4 #hc ',! ,dog1' #ahde1 pp4 #ca1 #ce2 ) respect to ,k+ ,*>les's spaniel1 p4 #de2 = ! sett]1 p4 #ij4 #hd ,9 ! ',encyclop4 ( ,rural ,sports1' p4 #eeg4 #he ',! ,f>ri]1' #ahbh1 vol4 i4 p4 #ccg4 #hf ,see ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi? on ! antiquity ( ! ,po9t]1 9 ',naturali/'s ,libr>y1' vol4 x4 p4 #aie4 #hg ,! ,newf\ndl& dog is believ$ to h orig9at$ f a cross betwe5 ! ,esquimaux dog & a l>ge ,fr5* h\nd4 ,see ,dr4 ,hodgk91 ',brit4 ,assoc41' #ahdd2 ,be*/e9's ',naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& i4 s4 #egd2 ',naturali/'s ,libr>y1' vol4 x4 p4 #acb2 also ,mr4 ,jukes' ',excursion 9 & ab\t ,newf\ndl&4' #hh ,de ,bla9ville1 ',o/eographie1 ,felis1' p4 #fe1 on ! "* ( ,f4 caligulata2 pp4 #he1 #hi1 #ij1 #age1 on ! o!r mummi$ species4 ,he quotes ,ehr5b]g on ,f4 maniculata be+ mummi$4 #hi ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,calcutta2 ,curator's ,report1 ,aug4 #ahef4 ,! passage f ,sir ,w4 ,j>d9e is quot$ f ?is ,report4 ,mr4 ,bly?1 :o has especially att5d$ to ! wild & dome/ic cats ( ,india1 has giv5 9 ?is ,report a v int]e/+ discussion on _! orig94 #ij ',fauna ,hung>iae ,sup41' #ahfb1 s4 #ab4 #ia ,isid4 ,ge(frey ,sa9t ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #agg4 #ib ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfc1 p4 #ahd4 #ic ',saeuge?i]e von ,p>aguay1' #ahcj1 s4 #bab4 #id ',mem4 pres5tes p> div]s ,savans3 ,acad4 ,roy4 des ,sci5ces1' tom4 vi4 p4 #cdf4 ,gom>a fir/ notic$ ?is fact 9 #aeed4 #ie ',n>rative ( ,voyages1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ahj4 #if ,j4 ,crawfurd1 ',descript4 ,dict4 ( ! ,indian ,isl&s1' p4 #bee4 ,! ,madagasc> cat is said to h a twi/$ tail3 see ,desm>e/1 9 ',encyclop4 ,nat4 ,mamm41' #ahbj1 p4 #bcc1 = "s ( ! o!r bre$s4 #ig ,admiral ,lutke's ,voyage1 vol4 iii4 p4 #cjh4 #ih ',zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle1 ,mammalia1' p4 #bj4 ,dieff5ba*1 ',travels 9 ,new ,zeal&1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ahe4 ,*4 ,/4 ,john1 ',wild ,sports ( ! ,highl&s1' #ahdf1 p4 #di4 #ii ,quot$ by ,isid4 ,ge(froy1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #dbg4 #ajj ,ruetimey]1 ',fauna d] ,pfalbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #abb4 #aja ,see ,y\att on ! ,horse3 ,j4 ,lawr5ce on ! ,horse1 #ahbi3 ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t91 ',hi/ory ( ! ,horse1' #ahde3 ,col4 ,ham4 ,smi?1 9 ',naturali/'s ,libr>y1 ,horses1' #ahda1 vol4 xii43 ,pr(4 ,vei?1 ',die ,naturges*4 ,haussaeuge?i]e1' #ahef4 #ajb ,crawfurd1 ',descript4 ,dict4 ( ,indian ,isl&s1' #ahef1 p4 #aec4 ,!re are _m diff]5t bre$s1 e isl& hav+ at lea/ "o peculi> to x4 ,?us 9 ,sumatra !re are at lea/ two bre$s2 9 ,a*9 & ,batub>a "o2 9 ,java sev]al bre$s2 "o 9 ,bali1 ,lomboc1 ,sumbawa 7"o ( ! be/ bre$s71 ,tambora1 ,bima1 ,gunung-api1 ,celebes1 ,sumba1 & ,philipp9es4 ,o!r bre$s are specifi$ by ,zoll+] 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1' vol4 v4 p4 #cdc1 c4 #ajc ',! ,horse1' c41 by ,john ,lawr5ce1 #ahbi1 p4 #ad4 #ajd ',! ,vet]9>y1' ,london1 vol4 v4 p4 #edc4 #aje ,proc4 ,vet]9>y ,assoc41 9 ',! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 xiii4 p4 #db4 #ajf ',bullet9 de la ,soc4 ,geolog41' tom4 xxii41 #ahff1 p4 #bb4 #ajg ,mr4 ,p]cival1 ( ! ,enniskill5 ,dragoons1 9 ',! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 i4 p4 #bbd3 see ,az>a1 ',des ,quadrup$es du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cac4 ,! ,fr5* translator ( ,az>a ref]s to o!r cases m5tion$ by ,huz>d z occurr+ 9 ,spa94 #ajh ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom i4 p4 #cgh4 #aji ',ueb] die ,eig5s*aft51' c41 #ahbh1 s4 #aj4 #aaj ',dome/icat$ ,animals ( ! ,briti% ,isl&s1' pp4 #ebg1 #ecb4 ,9 all ! vet]9>y treatises & pap]s :i* ,i h read1 ! writ]s insi/ 9 ! /ronge/ t]ms on ! inh]itance by ! horse ( all good & bad t5d5cies & qualities4 ,p]haps ! pr9ciple ( inh]itance is n really /rong] 9 ! horse ?an 9 any o!r animal2 b1 f its value1 ! t5d5cy has be5 m c>efully obs]v$4 #aaa ,&rew ,knight cross$ bre$s s diff]5t 9 size z a dray-horse & ,norwegian pony3 see ,a4 ,walk] on ',int]m>riage1' #ahch1 p4 #bje4 #aab ',naturali/'s ,libr>y1' ,horses1 vol4 xii4 p4 #bjh4 #aac ,g]vais1 ',hi/ ,nat4 ,mamm41' tom4 ii4 p4 #adc4 ,ow51 ',briti% ,fossil ,mammals1' p4 #chc4 #aad ',k5ntniss d] fossil5 ,pf]de1' #ahfc1 s4 #aca4 #aae ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t9 7',! ,horse1' #ahde1 p4 #cd71 9 argu+ aga9/ ! belief t ! wild ,ea/]n horses are m]ely f]al1 has rem>k$ on ! improbability ( man 9 anci5t times hav+ extirpat$ a species 9 a region :]e x c n[ exi/ 9 numb]s4 #aaf ',transact4 ,m>yl& ,academy1' vol4 i4 "p i4 p4 #bh4 #aag ,mr4 ,mack9non on ',! ,falkl& ,isl&s1' p4 #be4 ,! av]age height ( ! ,falkl& horses is said to be #ad h&s #b in*es4 ,see also my ',j\rnal ( ,rese>*es4' #aah ,pallas1 ',act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #aggg1 "p ii4 p4 #bfe4 ,) respect to ! t>pans scrap+ away ! sn[1 see ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi? 9 ',nat4 ,lib41' vol4 xii4 p4 #afe4 #aai ,frankl9's ',n>rative1' vol4 i4 p4 #hg2 note by ,sir ,j4 ,ri*>dson4 #abj ,mr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,moor1 ',notices ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago3' ,s+apore1 #ahcg1 p4 #ahi4 ,a pony f ,java 0 s5t 7',a!naeum1' #ahdb1 p4 #gah7 to ! ,que5 only #bh in*es 9 height4 ,= ! ,loo ,*oo ,isl&s1 see ,bee*ey's ',voyage1' #d? edit41 vol4 i4 p4 #dii4 #aba ,j4 ,craw=d1 ',hi/ory ( ! ,horse2' ',j\rnal ( ,royal ,unit$ ,s]vice ,in/itution1' vol4 iv4 #abb ',essays on ,natural ,hi/ory1' #bnd s]ies1 p4 #afa4 #abc ',quadrup$es du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ccc4 #abd ,pr(4 ,l[1 ',dome/icat$ ,animals1' p4 #edf4 ,) respect to ! writ] 9 ,india1 see ',india ,sport+ ,review1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aha4 ,z ,lawr5ce has rem>k$ 7',! ,horse1' p4 #i71 p]haps no in/ance has ev] occurr$ ( a ?ree-"p br$ horse 7i4e4 a horse1 "o ( ^: gr&-p>5ts 0 ( impure blood7 sav+ 8 di/ance 9 runn+ two miles ) ?or\ghbr$ rac]s4 ,"s few in/ances are on record ( sev5-eigh?s rac]s hav+ be5 successful4 #abe ,pr(4 ,g]vais 79 8 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,mamm41' tom4 ii4 p4 #add7 has collect$ _m facts on ?is head4 ,= in/ance1 ,solomon 7,k+s1 b4 i4 *4 x4 v4 #bh7 b\ght horses 9 ,egypt at a high price4 #abf ',! ,field1' ,july #ac?1 #ahfa1 p4 #db4 #abg ,e4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt1 ',sport+ 9 ,alg]ia1' p4 #bf4 #abh ,i /ate ?is f my own obs]vations made dur+ sev]al ye>s on ! col\rs ( horses4 ,i h se5 cream-col\r$1 light-dun & m\se-dun horses dappl$1 :i* ,i m5tion because x has be5 /at$ 7,m>t91 ',hi/ory ( ! ,horse1' p4 #acd7 t duns are nev] dappl$4 ,m>t9 7p4 #bje7 ref]s to dappl$ asses4 ,9 ',! ,f>ri]' 7,london1 #ahbh1 pp4 #dec1 #dee7 !re are "s good rem>ks on ! dappl+ ( horses2 & likewise 9 ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi? on ',! ,horse4' #abi ,"s details are giv5 9 ',! ,f>ri]1' #ahbh1 pp4 #deb1 #dee4 ,"o ( ! lea/ ponies ,i ev] saw1 ( ! col\r ( a m\se1 _h a conspicu\s sp9al /ripe4 ,a small ,indian *esnut pony _h ! same /ripe1 z _h a rem>kably heavy *esnut c>t-horse4 ,race-horses (t5 h ! sp9al /ripe4 #acj ,i h receiv$ in=mation1 ?r\gh ! k9dness ( ! ,consul-,g5]al1 ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,cr[e1 f ,pr(4 ,boeck1 ,rasck1 & ,esm>ck1 on ! col\rs ( ! ,norwegian ponies4 ,see1 also1 ',! ,field1' #ahfa1 p4 #dca4 #aca ,col4 ,ham4 ,smi?1 ',nat4 ,lib41' vol4 xii4 p4 #bge4 #acb ,mr4 ,g4 ,cl>k1 9 ',annal & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 ii41 #ahdh1 p4 #cfc4 ,mr4 ,wallace in=ms me t he saw 9 ,java a dun & clay-col\r$ horse ) sp9al & leg /ripes4 #acc ,see1 also1 on ?is po9t1 ',! ,field1' ,july #bg?1 #ahfa1 p4 #ia4 #acd ',! ,field1' #ahfa1 pp4 #dca1 #dic1 #ede4 #ace ',ueb] die ,eig5s*aft51' c1 #ahbh1 s4 #ac1 #ad4 #acf ',naturali/'s ,libr>y1' vol4 xii4 7#ahda71 pp4 #aji1 #aef to #afc1 #bhj1 #bha4 ,cream-col\r1 pass+ into ,isabella 7i4e4 ! col\r ( ! dirty l95 ( ,que5 ,isabella71 seems to h be5 common 9 anci5t times4 ,see also ,pallas's acc\nt ( ! wild horses ( ! ,ea/1 :o speaks ( dun & br[n z ! preval5t col\rs4 #acg ,az>a1 ',quadrup$es du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cjg2 = ! col\r ( mules1 see p4 #cej4 ,9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 ,catl9 7vol4 ii4 p4 #eg7 describes ! wild horses1 believ$ to h desc5d$ f ! ,spani% horses ( ,mexico1 z ( all col\rs1 black1 grey1 roan1 & roan pi$ ) sorrel4 ,f4 ,mi*aux 7',travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1' ,eng4 translat41 p4 #bce7 describes two wild horses f ,mexico z roan4 ,9 ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 :]e ! horse has be5 f]al only betwe5 #fj & #gj ye>s1 ,i 0 told t roans & iron-greys 7 ! preval5t col\rs4 ,^! sev]al facts %[ t horses d n g5]ally rev]t to any uni=m col\r4 #ach ,dr4 ,sclat]1 9 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfb1 p4 #afd4 #aci ,w4 ,c4 ,m>t91 ',hi/ory ( ! ,horse1' #ahde1 p4 #bjg4 #adj ,col4 ,sykes' ,cat4 ( ,mammalia1 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,july #ab?1 #ahca4 ,williamson1 ',ori5tal ,field ,sports1' vol4 ii41 quot$ by ,m>t91 p4 #bjf4 #ada ,bly?1 9 ',*>leswor?'s ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 iv41 #ahdj1 p4 #hc4 ,i h also be5 assur$ by a bre$] t ?is is ! case4 #adb ,"o case is giv5 by ,m>t91 ',! ,horse1' p4 #bje4 #adc ',j\rnal ,z4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xxviii4 #ahfj1 p4 #bca4 ,m>t9 on ! ,horse1 p4 #bje4 #add ,h]mann von ,na?usius1 ',die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' ,b]l91 #ahfj2 & ',vor/udi5 fur ,ges*i*te1' c41 ',s*we9es*a$el1' ,b]l91 #ahfd4 ,ruetimey]1 ',die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51' ,basel1 #ahfa4 #ade ,na?usius1 ',die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' ,b]l91 #ahfj4 ,an excell5t app5dix is giv5 ) ref]5ces to publi%$ & tru/wor?y draw+s ( ! bre$s ( ea* c\ntry4 #adf ,= ,europe1 see ,be*/e91 ',naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' #ahja1 b4 i41 s4 #eje4 ,sev]al acc\nts h be5 publi%$ on ! f]tility ( ! (fspr+ f wild & tame sw9e4 ,see ,burda*'s ',physiology1' & ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 i4 p4 #cgj4 ,= ,africa1 ',bull4 de la ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 iv4 p4 #chi4 ,= ,india1 see ,na?usius1 ',s*we9es*a$el1' s4 #adh4 #adg ,sir ,w4 ,elliot1 ,catalogue ( ,mammalia1 ',madras ,j\rnal ( ,lit4 & ,sci5ce1' vol4 x4 p4 #bai4 #adh ',pfahlbaut51' s4 #afc et passim4 #adi ,see ,ruetimey]'s ,neue ,beitrage1 444 ,torfs*we9e1 ,v]h4 ,natur=4 ,gesell4 9 ,basel1 iv4 i41 #ahfe1 s4 #aci4 #aej ,/an4 ,juli51 quot$ by ,de ,bla9ville1 ',o/eographie1' p4 #afc4 #aea ,ri*>dson1 ',pigs1 _! ,orig91' c41 p4 #bf4 #aeb ',die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' s4 #dg1 #fd4 #aec ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfa1 p4 #bfc4 #aed ,sclat]1 9 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,feb4 #bf?1 #ahfa4 #aee ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfb1 p4 #ac4 #aef ',j\rnal ( ,voyages & ,travels f #ahba to #ahbi1' vol4 i4 p4 #cjj4 #aeg ,rev4 ,g4 ,l[1 ',fauna ,orcad5sis1' p4 #aj4 ,see also ,dr4 ,hibb]t's acc\nt ( ! pig ( ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 #aeh ',die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' s4 #gj4 #aei ,^! woodcuts are copi$ f engrav+s giv5 9 ,mr4 ,s4 ,sidney's excell5t edition ( ',! ,pig1' by ,y\att1 #ahfj4 ,see pp4 #a1 #af1 #ai4 #afj ',s*we9es*a$el1' s4 #gd1 #ace4 #afa ,na?usius1 ',die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' s4 #ga4 #afb ',die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' s4 #dg4 ',s*we9es*a$el1' s4 #ajd4 ,comp>e1 also1 ! figures ( ! old ,iri% & ! improv$ ,iri% bre$s 9 ,ri*>dson on ',! ,pig1' #ahdg4 #afc ,quot$ by ,isid4 ,ge(froy1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #dda4 #afd ,s4 ,sidney1 ',! ,pig1' p4 #fa4 #afe ',s*we9es*a$el1' s4 #b1 #bj4 #aff ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcg1 p4 #bc4 ,i h n giv5 ! caudal v]tebrae1 z ,mr4 ,eyton says "s might possibly h be5 lo/4 ,i h add$ toge!r ! dorsal & lumb> v]tebrae1 ow+ to ,pr(4 ,ow5's rem>ks 7',j\rnal ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #bh7 on ! diff]5ce betwe5 dorsal & lumb> v]tebrae dep5d+ only on ! developm5t ( ! ribs4 ,nev]!less ! diff]5ce 9 ! numb] ( ! ribs 9 pigs des]ves notice4 #afg ',ed9burgh ,new ,philosoph4 ,j\rnal1' ,april #ahfc4 ,see also ,de ,bla9ville's ',o/eographie1' p4 #abh1 = v>i\s au?orities on ?is subject4 #afh ,eudes-,deslong*amps1 ',memoires de la ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,norm&ie1' vol4 vii41 #ahdb1 p4 #da4 ,ri*>dson1 ',pigs1 _! ,orig91 c41' #ahdg1 p4 #cj4 ,na?usius1 ',die ,rac5 des ,s*we9es1' #ahfj1 s4 #ed4 #afi ,d4 ,johnson's ',sket*es ( ,indian ,field ,sports1' p4 #bgb4 ,mr4 ,crawfurd in=ms me t ! same fact holds good ) ! wild pigs ( ! ,malay p59sula4 #agj ,= ,turki% pigs1 see ,desm>e/1 ',mammalogie1' #ahbj1 p4 #cia4 ,= ^? ( ,we/phalia1 see ,ri*>dson's ',pigs1 _! ,orig91' c41 #ahdg1 p4 #da4 #aga ,) respect to ! sev]al =ego+ & foll[+ /atem5ts on f]al pigs1 see ,r\l91 9 ',mem4 pres5tes p> div]s ,savans a l',acad41' c41 ,p>is1 tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #cbf4 ,x %\ld be obs]v$ t 8 acc\nt does n apply to truly f]al pigs2 b to pigs long introduc$ into ! c\ntry & liv+ 9 a half-wild /ate4 ,= ! truly f]al pigs ( ,jamaica1 see ,gosse's ',soj\rn 9 ,jamaica1' #ahea1 p4 #chf2 & ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi?1 9 ',nat4 ,libr>y1' vol4 ix4 p4 #ic4 ,) respect to ,africa1 see ,liv+/one's ',exp$ition to ! ,zambesi1' #ahfe1 p4 #aec4 ,! mo/ precise /atem5t ) respect to ! tusks ( ! ,we/ ,indian f]al bo>s is by ,p4 ,labat 7quot$ by ,r\l972 b ?is au?or attributes ! /ate ( ^! pigs to desc5t f a dome/ic /ock :i* he saw 9 ,spa94 ,admiral ,sulivan1 ,r4,n41 _h ample opportunities ( obs]v+ ! wild pigs on ,eagle ,islet 9 ! ,falkl&s2 & he in=ms me t !y resembl$ wild bo>s ) bri/ly ridg$ backs & l>ge tusks4 ,! pigs :i* h run wild 9 ! prov9ce ( ,bu5os ,ayres 7,r5gg]1 ',saeuge?i]e1' s4 #cca7 h n rev]t$ to ! wild type4 ,de ,bla9ville 7',o/eographie1' p4 #acb7 ref]s to two skulls ( dome/ic pigs s5t f ,patagonia by ,al4 d',orbigny1 & he /ates t !y h ! occipital elevation ( ! wild ,european bo>1 b t ! head altoge!r is plus c\rte et plus ramassee4 ,he ref]s1 also1 to ! sk9 ( a f]al pig f ,nor? ,am]ica1 & says1 il ressemble t\t a fait a un petit sangli]1 mais il e/ presque t\t noir1 et peut-etre un peu plus ramasse dans ses =mes4 #agb ,gosse's ',jamaica1' p4 #chf1 ) a quotation f ,williamson's ',ori5tal ,field ,sports4' ,also ,col4 ,hamilton ,smi?1 9 ',naturali/'s ,libr>y1' vol4 ix4 p4 #id4 #agc ,s4 ,sidney's edition ( ',y\att on ! ,pig1' #ahfj1 pp4 #g1 #bf1 #bg1 #bi1 #cj4 #agd ',s*we9es*a$el1' s4 #adj4 #age ',die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #aji1 #adi1 #bbb4 ,see also ,ge(froy ,sa9t ,hilaire1 9 ',mem4 du ,mus4 d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 x4 p4 #agb2 & 8 son ,isidore1 9 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #fi4 ,vasey1 9 8 ',del9eations ( ! ,ox ,tribe1' #ahea1 p4 #abg1 says ! zebu has f\r1 & ! common ox five1 sacral v]tebrae4 ,mr4 ,hodgson f\nd ! ribs ei!r ?irte5 or f\rte5 9 numb]2 see a note 9 ',indian ,field1' #aheh1 p4 #fb4 #agf ',! ,indian ,field1' #aheh1 p4 #gd1 :]e ,mr4 ,bly? gives 8 au?orities ) respect to ! f]al hump$ cattle4 ,pick]+1 also1 9 8 ',races ( ,man1' #ahej1 p4 #bgd1 notices ! peculi> "* ( ! grunt-l voice ( ! hump$ cattle4 #agg ,mr4 ,h4 ,e4 ,m>qu&1 9 ',! ,times1' ,june #bcrd1 #ahef4 #agh ,vasey1 ',del9eations ( ! ,ox-,tribe1' p4 #abd4 ,brace's ',hung>y1' #ahea1 p4 #id4 ,! ,hung>ian cattle desc5d1 accord+ to ,ruetimey] 7',zahm54 ,europ4 ,r9des1' #ahff1 s4 #ac71 f ,bos primig5ius4 #agi ,moll & ,gayot1 ',la ,connaissance ,g54 du ,boeuf1' ,p>is1 #ahfj4 ,fig #hb is t ( ! ,podolian bre$4 #ahj ,a translation appe>$ 9 ?ree p>ts 9 ! ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 iv41 #ahdi4 #aha ,see1 also1 ,ruetimey]'s ',beitrage pal4 ,ges*4 d] ,wi$]kau]1' ,basel1 #ahfe1 s4 #ed4 #ahb ,pictet's ',paleontologie1' tom4 i4 p4 #cfe 7#bnd edit474 ,) respect to ,b4 tro*oc]os1 see ,ruetimey]'s ',zahm5 ,europ4 ,r9des1' #ahff1 s4 #bf4 #ahc ,ow51 ',briti% ,fossil ,mammals1' #ahdf1 p4 #eaj4 #ahd ',briti% ,plei/oc5e ,mammalia1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,dawk9s & ,w4 ,a4 ,s&=d1 #ahff4 p4 xv4 #ahe ,w4 ,r4 ,wilde1 ',an ,essay on ! ,animal ,rema9s1 c41 ,royal ,iri% ,academy1' #ahfj1 p4 #bi4 ,also ',proc4 ( ,r4 ,iri% ,academy1' #aheh1 p4 #dh4 #ahf ',lecture3 ,royal ,in/itution ( ,g4 ,brita91' ,may #bnd1 #ahef1 p4 #d4 ',briti% ,fossil ,mammals1' p4 #eac4 #ahg ,nilsson1 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #ahdi1 vol4 iv4 p4 #ced4 #ahh ,see ,w4 ,r4 ,wilde1 ut supra2 & ,mr4 ,bly?1 9 ',proc4 ,iri% ,academy1' ,m>* #e?1 #ahfd4 #ahi ,la+'s ',t\r 9 ,norway1' p4 #aaj4 #aij ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #if4 #aia ,idem1 tom4 iii4 pp4 #hb1 #ia4 #aib ',quadrup$es du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cfj4 #aic ,wal!r1 ',das ,r9dvieh1' #ahag1 s4 #cj4 #aid ,i am mu* indebt$ to ! pres5t ,e>l ( ,tank]ville = in=mation ab\t 8 wild cattle2 & = ! skull :i* 0 s5t to ,pr(4 ,ruetimey]4 ,! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! ,*ill+ham cattle is giv5 by ,mr4 ,h9dm>%1 toge!r ) a lett] by ! late ,"l ,tank]ville1 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 ii41 #ahci1 p4 #bgd4 ,see ,bewick1 ',quadrup$s1' #bnd edit41 #agia1 p4 #ce1 note4 ,) respect to ^? ( ,duke ( ,que5sb]ry1 see ,p5nant's ',t\r 9 ,scotl&1' p4 #aji4 ,= ^? ( ,*>tley1 see ,l['s ',dome/icat$ ,animals ( ,brita91' #ahde1 p4 #bch4 ,= ^? ( ,gisburne1 see ,bewick's ',quadrup$s1 & ,encyclop4 ( ,rural ,sports1' p4 #aja4 #aie ,boe?ius 0 born 9 #adgj2 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 ii41 #ahci1 p4 #bha2 & vol4 iv4 #ahdi1 p4 #dbd4 #aif ,y\att on ,cattle1 #ahcd1 p4 #dh3 ,see also p4 #bdb1 on %ort-horn cattle4 ,bell1 9 8 ',briti% ,quadrup$s1' p4 #dbc1 /ates t1 aft] long att5d+ to ! subject1 he has f\nd t :ite cattle inv>iably h col\r$ e>s4 #aig ,az>a1 ',des ,quadrup$es du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cfa4 ,az>a quotes ,buffon = ! f]al cattle ( ,africa4 ,= ,texas1 see ',times1' ,feb4 #ah?1 #ahdf4 #aih ,anson's ,voyage4 ,see ,k]r & ,port]'s ',collection1' vol4 xii4 p4 #ajc4 #aii ,see also ,mr4 ,mack9non's pamphlet on ! ,falkl& ,isl&s1 p4 #bd4 #bjj ',! ,age ( ! ,ox1 ,%eep1 ,pig1' c41 by ,pr(4 ,james ,simonds1 publi%$ by ord] ( ! ,royal ,agricult4 ,soc4 #bja ',ann4 ,agricult4 ,france1' ,april #ahig4 z quot$ 9 ',! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 xii4 p4 #gbe4 ,i quote ,tessi]'s obs]vations f ,y\att on ,cattle1 p4 #ebg4 #bjb ',! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 viii4 p4 #fha1 & vol4 x4 p4 #bfh4 ,l['s ',dome/4 ,animals ( ,great ,brita91' p4 #big4 #bjc ,mr4 ,ogleby1 9 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcf1 p4 #ach1 & #ahdj1 p4 #d4 #bjd ,leguat's ,voyage1 quot$ by ,vasey 9 8 ',del9eations ( ! ,ox-tribe1' p4 #acb4 #bje ',travels 9 ,s\? ,africa1' pp4 #cag1 #ccf4 #bjf ',mem4 de l',in/itut pres5t4 p> div]s ,savans1' tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #ccc4 ,= ,brazil1 see ',comptes ,r5dus1' ,june #ae?1 #ahdf4 ,see ,az>a1 ',quadrup$es du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 pp4 #cei1 #cfa4 #bjg ',s*we9es*a$el1' #ahfd1 s4 #ajd4 ,na?usius /ates t ! =m ( skull *>act]i/ic ( ! niata cattle occasionally appe>s 9 ,european cattle2 b he is mi/ak51 z we %all h]eaft] see1 9 suppos+ t ^! cattle d n =m a di/9ct race4 ,pr(4 ,wyman1 ( ,cambridge1 ,unit$ ,/ates1 in=ms me t ! common cod-fi% pres5ts a simil> mon/rosity1 call$ by ! fi%]m5 ! bulldog cod4 ,pr(4 ,wyman also conclud$1 aft] mak+ num]\s inquiries 9 ,la ,plata1 t ! niata cattle transmit _! peculi>ities or =m a race4 #bjh ,ueb] ,art des ,zahm5 ,europ4 ,r9des1 #ahff1 s4 #bh4 #bji ',descriptive ,cat4 ( ,o/4 ,collect4 ( ,college ( ,surgeons1' #ahec1 p4 #fbd4 ,vasey1 9 8 ',del9eations ( ! ,ox-tribe1' has giv5 a figure ( ?is skull2 & ,i s5t a photograph ( x to ,pr(4 ,ruetimey]4 #baj ,l\don's ',magaz9e ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 i41 #ahbi1 p4 #aac4 ,sep>ate figures are giv5 ( ! animal1 its ho(s1 eye1 & dewlap4 #baa ,l[1 ',dome/icat$ ,animals ( ! ,briti% ,isles1' p4 #bfd4 #bab ',mem4 de l',in/itut pres5t4 p> div]s ,savans1' tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #ccb4 #bac ,idem1 pp4 #cjd1 #cfh1 c4 #bad ,y\att on ,cattle1 p4 #aic4 ,a full acc\nt ( ?is bull is tak5 f ,m>%all4 #bae ,y\att on ,cattle1 p4 #aaf4 ,"l ,sp5c] has writt5 on ?is same subject4 #baf ,bly? on ! g5us ,ovis1 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' vol4 vii41 #ahda1 p4 #bfa3 ) respect to ! p>5tage ( ! bre$s1 see ,mr4 ,bly?'s excell5t articles 9 ',l& & ,wat]1' #ahfg1 pp4 #acd1 #aef4 ,g]vais1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammif]es1' #ahee1 tom4 ii4 p4 #aia4 #bag ,dr4 ,l4 ,fitz+]1 ',ueb] die ,rac5 des ,zahm5 ,s*afes1' #ahfj1 s4 #hf4 #bah ,j4 ,&]son1 ',recreations 9 ,agriculture & ,natural ,hi/ory1' vol4 ii4 p4 #afd4 #bai ',pfahlbaut51' s4 #abg1 #aic4 #bbj ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #abj4 #bba ',j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xvi4 pp4 #ajjg1 #ajaf4 #bbb ,y\att on ,%eep1 pp4 #adb-afi4 #bbc ',j\rnal ,asiat4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xvi41 #ahdg1 p4 #ajae4 #bbd ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #dce4 #bbe ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #ach4 #bbf ',j\rnal ,asiat4 ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xvi41 #ahdg1 pp4 #ajae1 #ajaf4 #bbg ',rac5 des ,zahm5 ,s*afes1' s4 #gg4 #bbh ',rural ,economy ( ,norfolk1' vol4 ii4 p4 #acf4 #bbi ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #cab4 ,on same subject1 see excell5t rem>ks 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheh1 p4 #hfh4 ,= exp]im5ts 9 cross+ ,*eviot %eep ) ,leice/]s1 see ,y\att1 p4 #cbe4 #bcj ,y\att on ,%eep1 note1 p4 #dia4 #bca ',! ,vet]9>y1' vol4 x4 p4 #bag4 #bcb ,a translation ( 8 pap] is giv5 9 ',bull4 ,soc4 ,imp4 d',acclimat41' tom4 ix41 #ahfb1 p4 #gbc4 #bcc ,erman's ',travels 9 ,sib]ia' 7,eng4 trans471 vol4 i4 p4 #bbh4 ,= ,pallas on ! fat-tail$ %eep1 ,i quote f ,&]son's acc\nt ( ! ',%eep ( ,russia1' #agid1 p4 #cd4 ,) respect to ! ,crimean %eep1 see ,pallas' ',travels' 7,eng4 trans471 vol4 ii4 p4 #ded4 ,= ! ,k>akool %eep1 see ,burnes' ',travels 9 ,bokh>a1' vol4 iii4 p4 #aea4 #bcd ,see ,report ( ! ,directors ( ! ,si]ra ,leone ,company1 z quot$ 9 ,:ite's ',gradation ( ,man1' p4 #ie4 ,) respect to ! *ange :i* %eep und]go 9 ! ,we/ ,indies1 see also ,dr4 ,davy1 9 ',ed94 ,new4 ,phil4 ,j\rnal1' ,jan4 #aheb4 ,= ! /atem5t made by ,r\l91 see ',mem4 de l',in/itut pres5t4 p> div]s ,savans1' tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #cdg4 #bce ,y\att on ,%eep1 p4 #fi1 :]e ,"l ,som]ville is quot$4 ,see p4 #aag1 on ! pres5ce ( wool "u ! hair4 ,) respect to ! fleeces ( ,au/ralian %eep1 p4 #ahe4 ,on selection c\nt]act+ any t5d5cy to *ange1 see pp4 #gj1 #aag1 #abj1 #afh4 #bcf ,audubon & ,ba*man1 ',! ,quadrup$s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1' #ahdf1 vol4 v4 p4 #cfe4 #bcg ',j\rnal ( ,r4 ,agricult4 ,soc4 ( ,engl&1' vol4 xx41 "p ii4 ,w4 ,c4 ,spoon] on ,cross-,bre$+4 #bch ',philosoph4 ,transactions1' ,london1 #ahac1 p4 #hh4 #bci ,isidore ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g5]ale1' tom4 iii4 p4 #hg4 ,mr4 ,bly? 7',l& & ,wat]1' #ahfg1 p4 #cg7 has arriv$ at a simil> conclusion1 b he ?9ks t c]ta9 ,ea/]n races may p]haps be 9 "p desc5d$ f ! ,asiatic m>khor4 #bdj ,ruetimey]1 ',pfahlbaut51' s4 #abg4 #bda ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 i4 p4 #djb4 #bdb ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' vol4 ii4 7#bnd s]ies71 #ahdh1 p4 #cfc4 #bdc ',de l',espece1' tom4 i4 p4 #djf4 ,mr4 ,cl>k also ref]s to diff]5ces 9 ! %ape ( ! mammae4 ,godron /ates t 9 ! ,nubian race ! scrotum is divid$ into two lobes2 & ,mr4 ,cl>k gives a ludicr\s pro( ( ?is fact1 = he saw 9 ! ,mauritius a male goat ( ! ,muscat bre$ pur*as$ at a high price = a female 9 full milk4 ,^! diff]5ces 9 ! scrotum are probably n due to desc5t f di/9ct species2 = ,mr4 ,cl>k /ates t ?is "p v>ies mu* 9 =m4 #bdd ,mr4 ,cl>k1 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 ii4 7#bnd s]ies71 #ahdh1 p4 #cfa4 #bde ,desm>e/1 ',encyclop4 ,me?od4 ,mammalogie1' p4 #dhj4 #bdf ',j\rnal ( ,asiatic ,soc4 ( ,b5gal1' vol4 xvi41 #ahdg1 pp4 #ajbj1 #ajbe4 #bdg ,m4 ,p4 ,g]vais1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammif]es1 tom4 i41 #ahed1 p4 #bhh4 #bdh ,u4 ,aldrov&i1 ',de ,quadrup$ibus digitatis1' #afcg1 p4 #chc4 ,= ,confucius & ,g4 ,m>kham1 see a writ] :o has /udi$ ! subject1 9 ',cottage ,g>d5]1' ,jan4 #bbnd1 #ahfa1 p4 #bej4 #bdi ,ow51 ',briti% ,fossil ,mammals1' p4 #bab4 #bej ,be*/e91 ',naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' #ahja1 b4 i4 p4 #aacc4 ,i h receiv$ simil> acc\nts ) respect to ,engl& & ,scotl&4 #bea ',pigeons & ,rabbits1' by ,e4 ,s4 ,delam]1 #ahed1 p4 #acc4 ,sir ,j4 ,sebright 7',obs]vations on ,in/9ct1' #ahcf1 p4 #aj7 speaks mo/ /rongly on ! difficulty4 ,b ?is difficulty is n inv>iable1 z ,i h receiv$ two acc\nts ( p]fect success 9 tam+ & bre$+ f ! wild rabbit4 ,see also ,dr4 ,p4 ,broca1 9 ',j\rnal de la ,physiologie' tom4 ii4 p4 #cfh4 ,transcrib]'s ,note3 ?is note & ! previ\s "o 7 int]*ang$2 correct$ by ,errata page4 #beb ,g]vais1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 des ,mammif]es1' tom4 i4 p4 #bib4 #bec ,see ,dr4 ,p4 ,broca's int]e/+ memoir on ?is subject 9 ,br[n-,sequ>d's ',j\rn4 de ,phys4' vol4 ii4 p4 #cfg4 #bed ,!y are briefly describ$ 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,may #g?1 #ahfa1 p4 #ajh4 #bee ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #chj4 #bef ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,may #bh?1 #ahfa1 p4 #afi4 #beg ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #cbg4 ,) respect to ! e>s1 see ,delam] on ',pigeons & ,rabbits1' #ahed1 p4 #ada2 also ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii4 p4 #dii1 & ditto = #ahed1 p4 #ehf4 #beh ,delam]1 ',pigeons & ,rabbits1' p4 #acf4 ,see also ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #cge4 #bei ',an ,acc\nt ( ! diff]5t ,k9ds ( ,%eep 9 ! ,russian ,dom9ions1' #agid1 p4 #ci4 #bfj ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,june #bcrd1 #aheg1 p4 #aei4 #bfa ',cottage ,g>d5]1' #aheg1 p4 #ada4 #bfb ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,april #i?1 #ahfa1 p4 #ce4 #bfc ,mr4 ,b>tlett1 9 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfa4 p4 #dj4 #bfd ',ph5om5on 9 ,himalayan ,rabbits1' 9 ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfe1 ,jan4 #bg?1 p4 #ajb4 #bfe ,g4 ,r4 ,wat]h\se1 ',natural ,hi/ory ( ,mammalia3 ,rod5ts1' #ahdf1 pp4 #eb1 #fj1 #aje4 #bff ,delam] on ',pigeons & ,rabbits1' p4 #aad4 #bfg ,gosse's ',soj\rn 9 ,jamaica1' #ahea1 p4 #dda1 z describ$ by an excell5t obs]v]1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill4 ,?is is ! only kn[n case 9 :i* rabbits h become f]al 9 a hot c\ntry4 ,!y c be kept1 h[ev]1 at ,lo&a 7see ,liv+/one's ',travels1' p4 #djg74 ,9 p>ts ( ,india1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,bly?1 !y bre$ well4 #bfh ,d>w9's ',j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' p4 #aic2 & ',zoology ( ! ,voyage ( ! ,beagle3 ,mammalia1' p4 #ib4 #bfi ,k]r's ',collection ( ,voyages1' vol4 ii4 p4 #agg2 p4 #bje = ,cada ,mo/o4 ,accord+ to a "w publi%$ 9 ,lisbon 9 #agag1 entitl$ ',hi/oria ,insulana1' writt5 by a ,jesuit1 ! rabbits 7 turn$ out 9 #adbj4 ,"s au?ors believe t ! isl& 0 discov]$ 9 #adac4 #bgj ,some?+ ( ! same k9d has occurr$ on ! isl& ( ,lip>i1 :]e1 accord+ to ,spallanzani 7',voyage dans les deux ,siciles1' quot$ by ,godron sur l',espece1 p4 #cfd71 a c\ntryman turn$ out "s rabbits :i* multipli$ prodigi\sly1 b1 says ,spallanzani1 les lap9s de l'ile de ,lip>i sont plus petits que ceux qu'on eleve en dome/icite4 #bga ,wat]h\se1 ',nat4 ,hi/4 ,mammalia1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cf4 #bgb ,^! rabbits h run wild = a consid]able "t 9 ,s&on ,p>k1 & 9 o!r places 9 ,/af=d%ire & ,%rop%ire4 ,!y orig9at$1 z ,i h be5 in=m$ by ! gamekeep]1 f v>i\sly-col\r$ dome/ic rabbits :i* _h be5 turn$ out4 ,!y v>y 9 col\r2 b _m are symmetrically col\r$1 be+ :ite ) a /reak along ! sp9e1 & ) ! e>s & c]ta9 m>ks ab\t ! head ( a blacki%-grey t9t4 ,!y h r long] bodies ?an common rabbits4 #bgc ,see ,pr(4 ,ow5's rem>ks on ?is subject 9 8 pap] on ! ',zoological ,significance ( ! ,bra91 c41 ( ,man1 c41' read be=e ,brit4 ,association1 #ahfb2 ) respect to ,birds1 see ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,jan4 #aa?1 #ahdh1 p4 #h4 #bgd ,?is /&>d is app>5tly consid]ably too l[1 = ,dr4 ,crisp 7',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfa1 p4 #hj7 gives #baj gra9s z ! actual weight ( ! bra9 ( a h>e :i* weigh$ #glbs41 & #abe gra9s z ! weight ( ! bra9 ( a rabbit :i* weigh$ #c lbs4 #e oz41 t is1 ! same weight z ! rabbit ,no4 #a 9 my li/4 ,n[ ! cont5ts ( ! skull ( rabbit ,no4 #a 9 %ot is 9 my table #igb gra9s2 & accord+ to ,dr4 ,crisp's ratio ( #abe to #baj1 ! skull ( ! h>e ought to h conta9$ #afcb gra9s ( %ot1 in/ead ( only 79 ! l>ge/ h>e 9 my table7 #adee gra9s4 #bge ,! ,hon4 ,c4 ,murray has s5t me "s v valuable specim5s f ,p]sia2 & ,h4,m4 ,consul1 ,mr4 ,kei? ,abbott1 has giv5 me in=mation on ! pigeons ( ! same c\ntry4 ,i am deeply indebt$ to ,sir ,walt] ,elliot = an imm5se collection ( sk9s f ,madras1 ) mu* in=mation reg>d+ !m4 ,mr4 ,bly? has freely communicat$ to me 8 /ores ( k on ?is & all o!r relat$ subjects4 ,! ,rajah ,sir ,james ,brooke s5t me specim5s f ,borneo1 z has ,h4,m4 ,consul1 ,mr4 ,sw9hoe1 f ,amoy 9 ,*9a1 & ,dr4 ,daniell f ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa4 #bgf ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 well kn[n = 8 v>i\s contributions to p\ltry lit]ature1 has aid$ me 9 e way dur+ sev]al ye>s2 s has ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 ) unwe>i$ k9dness4 ,?is latt] g5tleman1 :o is well kn[n = 8 works on p\ltry1 & :o has l>gely br$ pigeons1 has look$ ov] ?is & ! foll[+ *apt]s4 ,mr4 ,bult =m]ly %[$ me 8 unrivall$ collection ( ,p\t]s1 & gave me specim5s4 ,i _h access to ,mr4 ,wick+'s collection1 :i* conta9$ a great] assortm5t ( _m k9ds ?an c\ld any:]e else be se52 & he has always aid$ me ) specim5s & in=mation giv5 9 ! free/ mann]4 ,mr4 ,haynes & ,mr4 ,cork] h giv5 me specim5s ( _! magnific5t ,c>ri]s4 ,to ,mr4 ,h>rison ,weir ,i am likewise indebt$4 ,nor mu/ ,i by any means pass ov] ! assi/ance receiv$ f ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 ,mr4 ,bak]1 ,mr4 ,evans1 & ,mr4 ,j4 ,baily1 jun41 ( ,m\nt-/reet--to ! latt] g5tleman ,i h be5 indebt$ = "s valuable specim5s4 ,to all ^! g5tlem5 ,i beg p]mission to return my s9c]e & cordial ?anks4 #bgg ',les ,pigeons de ,voli]e et de ,colombi]1' ,p>is1 #ahbd4 ,dur+ =ty-five ye>s ! sole occupation ( ,m4 ,corbie 0 ! c>e ( ! pigeons belong+ to ! ,du*ess ( ,b]ry4 #bgh ',c\p d',oeil sur l',ordre des ,pigeons1' p> ,pr9ce ,c4 ,l4 ,bonap>te1 ,p>is1 #ahee4 ,?is au?or makes #bhh species1 rank$ "u #he g5]a4 #bgi ,z ,i s (t5 ref] to ! size ( ! ,c4 livia1 or rock-pigeon1 x may be conv5i5t to give ! mean betwe5 ! measurem5ts ( two wild birds1 k9dly s5t me by ,dr4 ,edmond/one f ! ,%etl& ,isl&s3-- ,in*es4 ,l5g? f fea!r$ base ( beak to end ( tail #ad4be to oil-gl& #i4e f tip ( beak to end ( tail #ae4jb ( tail-fea!rs #d4fb f tip to tip ( w+ #bf4ge ( fold$ w+ #i4be ,beak4--,l5g? f tip ( beak to fea!r$ base 4#gg ,?ickness1 measur$ v]tically at fur!r end ( no/rils 4#bc ,bread?1 measur$ at same place 4#af ,feet4--,l5g? f end ( middle toe 7)\t claw7 to di/al end ( tibia #b4gg ,l5g? f end ( middle toe to end ( h9d toe 7)\t claws7 #b4jb ,weight #ada_/d ounces4 #bhj ,?is draw+ 0 made f a dead bird4 ,! six foll[+ figures 7 drawn ) great c>e by ,mr4 ,luke ,wells f liv+ birds select$ by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]4 ,x may be confid5tly ass]t$ t ! *>act]s ( ! six bre$s :i* h be5 figur$ are n 9 ! lea/ exagg]at$4 #bha ',das ,ganze d] ,taub5zu*t3' ,weim>1 #ahcg1 pl4 #aa & #ab4 #bhb ,boit>d & ,corbie1 ',les ,pigeons1' c41 p4 #agg1 pl4 #f4 #bhc ',die ,taub5zu*t1' ,ulm1 #ahbd1 s4 #db4 #bhd ,?is treatise 0 writt5 by ,sayzid ,mohamm$ ,mus>i1 :o di$ 9 #aggj3 ,i owe to ! great k9dness ( ,sir ,w4 ,elliot a translation ( ?is curi\s treatise4 #bhe ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii4 p4 #egc4 #bhf ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' vol4 xix41 #ahdg1 p4 #aje4 #bhg ,?is gl& occurs 9 mo/ birds2 b ,nitzs* 79 8 ',pt]ylographie1' #ahdj1 p4 #ee7 /ates t x is abs5t 9 two species ( ,columba1 9 sev]al species ( ,psittacus1 9 "s species ( ,otis1 & 9 mo/ or all birds ( ! ,o/ri* family4 ,x c h>dly be an accid5tal co9cid5ce t ! two species ( ,columba1 :i* are de/itute ( an oil-gl&1 h an unusual numb] ( tail-fea!rs1 namely #af1 & 9 ?is respect resemble ,fantails4 #bhh ,see ! two excell5t editions publi%$ by ,mr4 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton 9 #aheb & #aheh1 entitl$ ',a ,treatise on ,fancy ,pigeons4' #bhi ,engli% translation1 by ,f4 ,gladw91 #d? edition1 vol4 i4 ,! habit ( ! ,lotan is also describ$ 9 ! ,p]sian treatise be=e allud$ to1 publi%$ ab\t #ajj ye>s ago3 at ?is date ! ,lotans 7 g5]ally :ite & cre/$ z at pres5t4 ,mr4 ,bly? describes ^! birds 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xiv41 #ahdg1 p4 #ajd3 he says t !y may be se5 at any ( ! ,calcutta bird-deal]s4 #bij ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,oct4 #bb1 #ahfa1 p4 #gf4 #bia ,see ! acc\nt ( ! ,h\se-tumbl]s kept at ,glasg[1 9 ! ',cottage ,g>d5]1' #aheh1 p4 #bhe4 ,also ,mr4 ,br5t's pap]1 ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #gf4 #bib ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's ',treatise on ,pigeons1' #aheb1 p4 #i4 #bic ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's ,treatise1 edit4 #aheh1 p4 #gf4 #bid ,neumei/]1',taub5zu*t1' ,tab4 #d1 fig4 i4 #bie ,ri$el1 ',die ,taub5zu*t1' #ahbd1 s4 #bf4 ,be*/e91 ',naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iv4 s4 #cf1 #agie4 #bif ,will\ghby's ',orni?ology1' edit$ by ,ray4 #big ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's edition 7#aheh7 ( ,moore1 p4 #ih4 #bih ,pigeon ,patu ,plongeur4 ',les ,pigeons1' c41 p4 #afe4 #bii ',naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iv4 s4 #dg4 #cjj ,mr4 ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,jan4 #bj?1 #ahfc1 p4 #eh4 #cja ',c\p-d'oeil sur l',ordre des ,pigeons1' p> ,c4 ,l4 ,bonap>te2 ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahed-ee4 ,mr4 ,bly?1 9 ',annals ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xix41 #ahdg1 p4 #da1 m5tions1 z a v s+ul> fact1 t ( ! two species ( ,ectopi/es1 :i* are ne>ly alli$ to ea* o!r1 "o %\ld h f\rte5 tail-fea!rs1 :ile ! o!r1 ! pass5g] pigeon ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 %\ld possess b ! usual numb]--twelve4 #cjb ,describ$ & figur$ 9 ! ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 iii41 #ahee1 p4 #hb4 #cjc ',! ,pigeon ,book1' by ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 #ahei1 p4 #da4 #cjd ',die ,/a>haelsige ,taube1 ,das ,ganze1 c41' s4 #ba1 tab4 i4 fig4 #d4 #cje ',a ,treatise on ! ,almond ,tumbl]1' by ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 #aheb1 p4 #h1 et passim4 #cjf ,a ,treatise1 c1 p4 #aj4 #cjg ,boit>d & ,corbie1 ',les ,pigeons1' c4 #ahbd1 p4 #agc4 #cjh ',le ,pigeon ,voyageur ,belge1' #ahfe1 p4 #hg4 #cji ,pr(4 ,a4 ,newton 7',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc4' #ahfe1 p4 #gaf7 rem>ks t he kn[s no species :i* pres5ts any rem>kable sexual di/9ction2 b x is /at$ 7',naturali/'s ,libr>y1 ,birds1' vol4 ix4 p4 #aag7 t ! excresc5ce at ! base ( ! beak 9 ! ,c>pophaga oceanica is sexual3 ?is1 if correct1 is an int]e/+ po9t ( analogy ) ! male ,c>ri]1 :i* has ! wattle at ! base ( its beak s mu* m develop$ ?an 9 ! female4 ,mr4 ,wallace in=ms me t 9 ! sub-family ( ! ,tr]onidae ! sexes (t5 diff] 9 vividness ( col\r4 #caj ,i am n sure t ,i h designat$ ! diff]5t k9ds ( v]tebrae correctly3 b ,i obs]ve t diff]5t anatomi/s foll[ 9 ?is respect diff]5t rules1 &1 z ,i use ! same t]ms 9 ! comp>ison ( all ! skeletons1 ?is1 ,i hope1 w n signify4 #caa ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's ,treatise1 edit4 #aheh1 p4 #gh4 #cab ,9 an analog\s1 b conv]se1 mann]1 c]ta9 natural gr\ps ( ! ,columbidae1 f be+ m t]re/rial 9 _! habits ?an o!r alli$ gr\ps1 h l>g] feet4 ,see ,pr9ce ,bonap>te's ',c\p-d'oeil sur l',ordre des ,pigeons4' #cac ,x p]haps des]ves notice t besides ^! five birds two ( ! eight 7 b>bs1 :i*1 z ,i h %[n1 mu/ be class$ 9 ! same gr\p ) ! long-beak$ c>ri]s & runts4 ,b>bs may prop]ly be call$ %ort-beak$ c>ri]s4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 appe> z if1 dur+ ! r$uction ( _! beaks1 _! w+s _h reta9$ a little ( t excess ( l5g? :i* is *>act]i/ic ( _! ne>e/ relations & prog5itors4 #cad ,temm9ck1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g54 des ,pigeons et des ,gall9aces1' tom4 i41 #ahac1 p4 #agj4 #cae ,?is t]m 0 us$ by ,john ,hunt] = su* diff]5ces 9 /ructure betwe5 ! males & females1 z are n directly connect$ ) ! act ( reproduction1 z ! tail ( ! peacock1 ! horns ( de]1 c4 #caf ,temm9ck1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g54 des ,pigeons1' c41 tom4 i4 p4 #aia4 #cag ,i h he>d ?r\gh ,sir ,c4 ,lyell f ,miss ,buckley1 t "s half-br$ c>ri]s kept dur+ _m ye>s ne> ,london regul>ly settl$ by day on "s adjo9+ trees1 &1 aft] be+ di/urb$ 9 _! l(t by _! "y be+ tak51 roo/$ on !m at night4 #cah ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #bnd s]41 vol4 xx41 #aheg1 p4 #eji2 & 9 a late volume ( ! ,j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society4 #cai ,9 works writt5 on ! pigeon by fanci]s ,i h sometimes obs]v$ ! mi/ak5 belief express$ t ! species :i* naturali/s call gr\nd-pigeons 79 contradi/9ction to arboreal pigeons7 d n p]* & build on trees4 ,9 ^! same works wild species resembl+ ! *ief dome/ic races are (t5 said to exi/ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! _w1 b su* species are q unkn[n to naturali/s4 #cbj ,sir ,e4 ,s*omburgk1 9 ',j\rnal ,r4 ,geograph4 ,soc41' vol4 xiii41 #ahdd1 p4 #cb4 #cba ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 ',ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' #ahdh1 pp4 #fc1 #ff4 #cbb ,proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41 #ahei1 p4 #djj4 #cbc ,temm9ck1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g54 des ,pigeons1' tom4 i42 also ',les ,pigeons1' p> ,mad4 ,knip & ,temm9ck4 ,bonap>te h[ev]1 9 8 ',c\p-d'oeil1' believes t two closely alli$ species are conf\nd$ toge!r "u ?is "n4 ,! ,c4 leucocephala ( ! ,we/ ,indies is /at$ by ,temm9ck to be a rock-pigeon2 b ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,gosse t ?is is an error4 #cbd ',h&bu* d] ,naturges*4 ,vogel ,deuts*l&s4' #cbe ',tagebu* ,reise na* ,fa]o1' #ahcj1 s4 #fb4 #cbf ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xix41 #ahdg1 p4 #ajb4 ,?is excell5t pap] on pigeons is well wor? consult+4 #cbg ',natural ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1' ,birds1 vol4 ii4 7#ahej71 p4 #aa4 ,= ,graba1 see previ\s ref]5ce4 #cbh ',c\p-d'oeil sur l',ordre des ,pigeons1' ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahed-ee4 #cbi ',naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iv41 #agie1 s4 #ad4 #ccj ',hi/ory ( ,briti% ,birds1' vol4 i4 pp4 #bge-bhd4 ,mr4 ,&rew ,duncan tam$ a rock-pigeon 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s4 ,mr4 ,james ,b>clay1 & ,mr4 ,smi? ( ,uyea ,s\nd1 bo? say t ! wild rock-pigeon c be easily tam$2 & ! =m] g5tleman ass]ts t ! tam$ birds bre$ f\r times a ye>4 ,dr4 ,lawr5ce ,edmond/one in=ms me t a wild rock-pigeon came & settl$ 9 8 dovecot 9 ,balta ,s\nd 9 ! ,%etl& ,isl&s1 & br$ ) 8 pigeons2 he has also giv5 me o!r in/ances ( ! wild rock-pigeon hav+ be5 tak5 "y & bre$+ 9 captivity4 #cca ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' vol4 xix41 #ahdg1 p4 #ajc1 & vol4 = #aheg1 p4 #eab4 #ccb ,dome/ic pigeons ( ! common k9d are m5tion$ z be+ pretty num]\s 9 ,john ,b>but's ',description ( ! ,coa/ ( ,gu9ea' 7p4 #bae71 publi%$ 9 #agdf2 !y are said1 9 accordance ) ! "n :i* !y be>1 to h be5 import$4 #ccc ,) respect to f]al pigeons--= ,juan ,f]n&ez1 see ,b]t]o 9 ',annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' tom4 xxi4 p4 #cea4 ,= ,norfolk ,isl&1 see ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon 9 ! ',dovecote1' #ahea1 p4 #ad1 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,g\ld4 ,= ,asc5sion ,i rely on ,,ms4 in=mation giv5 me by ,mr4 ,lay>d4 ,= ! banks ( ! ,hudson1 see ,bly? 9 ',annals ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xx41 #aheg1 p4 #eaa4 ,= ,scotl&1 see ,macgillivray1 ',briti% ,birds1' vol4 i4 p4 #bge2 also ,?ompson's ',nat4 ,hi/ory ( ,irel&1 ,birds1' vol4 ii4 p4 #aa4 ,= ducks1 see ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 ',ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' #ahdg1 p4 #abb4 ,= ! f]al hybrids ( ! common & musk-ducks1 see ,audubon's ',am]ican ,orni?ology1' & ,selys-,long*amp's ',hybrides dans la ,famille des ,anatides4' ,= ! goose1 ,isidore ,ge(frey ,/4 ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #dih4 ,= gu9ea-f[ls1 see ,gosse's ',naturali/'s ,soj\rn 9 ,jamaica1' p4 #abd2 & 8 ',birds ( ,jamaica' = full] p>ticul>s4 ,i saw ! wild gu9ea-f[l 9 ,asc5sion4 ,= ! peacock1 see ',a ,week at ,port ,royal1' by a compet5t au?ority1 ,mr4 ,r4 ,hill1 p4 #db4 ,= ! turkey ,i rely on oral in=mation2 ,i asc]ta9$ t !y 7 n ,curass[s4 ,) respect to f[ls ,i w give ! ref]5ces 9 ! next *apt]4 #ccd ,i h drawn out a long table ( ! v>i\s crosses made by fanci]s betwe5 ! sev]al dome/ic bre$s1 b ,i d n ?9k x wor? publi%+4 ,i h myself made = ?is special purpose _m crosses1 & all 7 p]fectly f]tile4 ,i h unit$ 9 "o bird five ( ! mo/ di/9ct races1 & ) pati5ce ,i might und\bt$ly h ?us unit$ all4 ,! case ( five di/9ct bre$s be+ bl5d$ toge!r ) unimpair$ f]tility is important1 because ,ga]tn] has %[n t x is a v g5]al1 ?\gh n1 z he ?\ght1 univ]sal rule1 t complex crosses betwe5 sev]al species are excessively /]ile4 ,i h met ) only two or ?ree cases ( report$ /]ility 9 ! (fspr+ ( c]ta9 races :5 cross$4 ,von ,pi/or 7',das ,ganze d] ,feld-taub5zu*t1' #ahca1 s4 #ae7 ass]ts t ! mongrels f b>bs & fantails are /]ile3 ,i h prov$ ?is to be errone\s1 n only by cross+ ^! hybrids ) sev]al o!r hybrids ( ! same p>5tage1 b by ! m sev]e te/ ( pair+ bro!r & si/] hybrids int] se1 & !y 7 p]fectly f]tile4 ,temm9ck has /at$ 7',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g54 des ,pigeons1' tom4 i4 p4 #aig7 t ! turbit or owl w n cross readily ) o!r bre$s3 b my turbits cross$1 :5 left free1 ) almond tumbl]s & ) trumpet]s2 ! same ?+ has occurr$ 7,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 ',! ,dovecot1' p4 #ajg7 betwe5 turbits & dovecots & nuns4 ,i h cross$ turbits ) b>bs1 z has ,m4 ,boit>d 7p4 #cd71 :o says ! hybrids 7 v f]tile4 ,hybrids f a turbit & fantail h be5 kn[n to bre$ int] se 7,ri$el1 ,taub5zu*t1 s4 #be1 & ,be*/e91 ',naturges*4 ,deuts*4' ,b4 iv4 s4 #dd74 ,turbits 7,ri$el1 s4 #bf7 h be5 cross$ ) p\t]s & ) jacob9s1 & ) a hybrid jacob9-trumpet] 7,ri$el1 s4 #bg74 ,! latt] au?or has1 h[ev]1 made "s vague /atem5ts 7s4 #bb7 on ! /]ility ( turbits :5 cross$ ) c]ta9 o!r cross$ bre$s4 ,b ,i h little d\bt t ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon's explanation ( su* /atem5ts is correct1 viz4 t individual birds bo? ) turbits & o!r bre$s are occasionally /]ile4 #cce ',das ,ganze d] ,taub5zu*t1' s4 #ah4 #ccf ',les ,pigeons1' c41 p4 #ce4 #ccg ,dome/ic pigeons pair readily ) ! alli$ ,c4 o5as 7,be*/e91 ',naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' ,b4 iv4 s4 #c72 & ,mr4 ,br5t has made ! same cross sev]al times 9 ,engl&1 b ! "y 7 v apt to die at ab\t t5 days old2 "o hybrid :i* he re>$ 7f ,c4 o5as & a male ,antw]p c>ri]7 pair$ ) a dragon1 b nev] laid eggs4 ,be*/e9 fur!r /ates 7s4 #bf7 t ! dome/ic pigeon w cross ) ,c4 palumbus1 ,turtur risoria1 & ,t4 vulg>is1 b no?+ is said ( ! f]tility ( ! hybrids1 & ?is w\ld h be5 m5tion$ _h ! fact be5 asc]ta9$4 ,9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s 7,,ms4 report to me f ,mr4 ,james ,hunt7 a male hybrid f ,turtur vulg>is & a dome/ic pigeon pair$ ) sev]al diff]5t species ( pigeons & doves1 b none ( ! eggs 7 good4 ,hybrids f ,c4 o5as & gymnoph?almos 7 /]ile4 ,9 ,l\don's ',mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/4' vol4 vii4 #ahcd1 p4 #aed1 x is said t a male hybrid 7f ,turtur vulg>is male1 & ! cream-col\r$ ,t4 risoria female7 pair$ dur+ two ye>s ) a female ,t4 risoria1 & ! latt] laid _m eggs1 b all 7 /]ile4 ,,mm4 ,boit>d & ,corbie 7',les ,pigeons1' p4 #bce7 /ate t ! hybrids f ^! two turtle-doves are inv>iably /]ile bo? int] se & ) ei!r pure p>5t4 ,! exp]im5t 0 tri$ by ,m4 ,corbie avec une espece d'ob/9ation2 & likewise by ,m4 ,m&uyt1 & by ,m4 ,vieillot4 ,temm9ck also f\nd ! hybrids f ^! two species q b>r54 ,!re=e1 :5 ,be*/e9 7',naturges*4 ,vogel4 ,deuts*l&s1' ,b4 #d1 s4 #aja7 ass]ts t ! hybrids f ^! two turtle-doves propagate int] se equally well ) pure species1 & :5 a writ] 9 ! ',field' newspap] 79 a lett] dat$ ,nov4 #aj?1 #aheh7 makes a simil> ass]tion1 x w\ld appe> t !re mu/ be "s mi/ake2 ?\gh :at ! mi/ake is ,i "k n1 z ,be*/e9 at lea/ mu/ h kn[n ! :ite v>iety ( ,t4 risoria3 x w\ld be an unp>allel$ fact if ! same two species sometimes produc$ extremely f]tile1 & sometimes extremely b>r51 (fspr+4 ,9 ! ,,ms4 report f ! ,zoological ,g>d5s x is said t hybrids f ,turtur vulg>is & surat5sis1 & f ,t4 vulg>is & ,ectopi/es migratorius1 7 /]ile4 ,two ( ! latt] male hybrids pair$ ) _! pure p>5ts1 viz4 ,turtur vulg>is & ! ,ectopi/es1 & likewise ) ,t4 risoria & ) ,columba o5as1 & _m eggs 7 produc$1 b all 7 b>r54 ,at ,p>is1 hybrids h be5 rais$ 7,isid4 ,ge(frey ,sa9t ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g5]ale1' tom4 iii4 p4 #ahj7 f ,turtur auritus ) ,t4 cambay5sis & ) ,t4 surat5sis2 b no?+ is said ( _! f]tility4 ,at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s ( ,london ! ,g\ra coronata & victoriae produc$ a hybrid1 :i* pair$ ) ! pure ,g4 coronata1 & laid sev]al eggs1 b ^! prov$ b>r54 ,9 #ahfj ,columba gymnoph?almos & maculosa produc$ hybrids 9 ^! same g>d5s4 #cch ,!re is "o exception to ! rule1 namely 9 a sub-v>iety ( ! swall[ ( ,g]man orig91 :i* is figur$ by ,neumei/]1 & 0 %[n to me by ,mr4 ,wick+4 ,?is bird is blue1 b has n ! black w+-b>s2 = our object1 h[ev]1 9 trac+ ! desc5t ( ! *ief races1 ?is exception signifies ! less z ! swall[ approa*es closely 9 /ructure to ,c4 livia4 ,9 _m sub-v>ieties1 ! black b>s are replac$ by b>s ( v>i\s col\rs4 ,! figures giv5 by ,neumei/] are suffici5t to %[ t1 if ! w+s alone are blue1 ! black w+-b>s appe>4 #cci ,i h obs]v$ blue birds ) all ! above-m5tion$ m>ks 9 ! foll[+ races1 :i* seem$ to be p]fectly pure1 & 7 %[n at v>i\s exhibitions4 ,p\t]s1 ) ! d\ble black w+-b>s1 ) :ite cr\p1 d>k b> to end ( tail1 & :ite edg+ to out] tail-fea!rs4 ,turbits1 ) all ^! same *>act]s4 ,fantails1 ) ! same2 b ! cr\p 9 "s 0 blui% or pure blue3 ,mr4 ,wick+ br$ blue fantails f two black birds4 ,c>ri]s 7includ+ ! ,bagadott5 ( ,neumei/]71 ) all ! m>ks3 two birds :i* ,i exam9$ _h :ite1 & two _h blue cr\ps2 ! :ite edg+ to ! out] tail-fea!rs 0 n pres5t 9 all4 ,mr4 ,cork]1 a great bre$]1 assures me t1 if black c>ri]s are mat*$ = _m successive g5]ations1 ! (fspr+ become fir/ a%-col\r$1 & !n blue ) black w+-b>s4 ,runts ( ! elongat$ bre$ _h ! same m>ks1 b ! cr\p 0 pale blue2 ! out] tail-fea!rs _h :ite edges4 ,neumei/] figures ! great ,flor5ce ,runt ( a blue col\r ) black b>s4 ,jacob9s are v r>ely blue1 b ,i h receiv$ au!ntic acc\nts ( at lea/ two in/ances ( ! blue v>iety ) black b>s hav+ appe>$ 9 ,engl&3 blue jacob9s 7 br$ by ,mr4 ,br5t f two black birds4 ,i h se5 common tumbl]s1 bo? ,indian & ,engli%1 & %ort-fac$ tumbl]s1 ( a blue col\r1 ) black w+-b>s1 ) ! black b> at ! end ( ! tail1 & ) ! out] tail-fea!rs edg$ ) :ite2 ! cr\p 9 all 0 blue1 or extremely pale blue1 nev] absolutely :ite4 ,blue b>bs & trumpet]s seem to be excessively r>e2 b ,neumei/]1 :o may be implicitly tru/$1 figures blue v>ieties ( bo?1 ) black w+-b>s4 ,mr4 ,br5t in=ms me t he has se5 a blue b>b2 & ,mr4 ,h4 ,weir1 z ,i am in=m$ by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 once br$ a silv] 7:i* means v pale blue7 b>b f two yell[ birds4 #cdj ,mr4 ,bly? in=ms me t all ! dome/ic races 9 ,india h ! cr\p blue2 b ?is is n inv>iable1 = ,i possess a v pale blue ,simmali pigeon ) ! cr\p p]fectly :ite1 s5t to me by ,sir ,w4 ,elliot f ,madras4 ,a slaty-blue & *equ]$ ,nak%i pigeon has "s :ite fea!rs on ! cr\p alone4 ,9 "s o!r ,indian pigeons !re 7 a few :ite fea!rs conf9$ to ! cr\p1 & ,i h notic$ ! same fact 9 a c>ri] f ,p]sia4 ,! ,java fantail 7import$ into ,amoy1 & !nce s5t me7 has a p]fectly :ite cr\p4 #cda ',les ,pigeons1' c41 p4 #cg4 #cdb ',treatise on ,pigeons1' #aheh1 p4 #ade4 #cdc ,j4 ,moore's ',columb>ium1' #agce1 9 ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's edition1 #aheb1 p4 #ga4 #cdd ,i c\ld give num]\s examples2 two w suffice4 ,a mongrel1 ^: f\r gr&p>5ts 7 a :ite turbit1 :ite trumpet]1 :ite fantail1 & blue p\t]1 0 :ite all ov]1 except a v few fea!rs ab\t ! head & on ! w+s1 b ! :ole tail & tail-cov]ts 7 d>k blui%-grey4 ,ano!r mongrel1 ^: f\r gr&p>5ts 7 a r$ runt1 :ite trumpet]1 :ite fantail1 & ! same blue p\t]1 0 pure :ite all ov]1 except ! tail & upp] tail-cov]ts1 :i* 7 pale fawn1 & except ! fa9te/ trace ( d\ble w+-b>s ( ! same pale fawn t9t4 #cde ,x des]ves notice1 z be>+ on ! g5]al subject ( v>iation1 t n only ,c4 livia pres5ts sev]al wild =ms1 reg>d$ by "s naturali/s z species & by o!rs z sub-species or z m]e v>ieties1 b t ! species ( sev]al alli$ g5]a are 9 ! same pr$icam5t4 ,?is is ! case1 z ,mr4 ,bly? has rem>k$ to me1 ) ,tr]on1 ,palumbus1 & ,turtur4 #cdf ',d5kmal]1' ,ab?4 ii4 ,bl4 #gj4 #cdg ,! ',dovecote1' by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #ahea1 pp4 #aa-ac4 ,adolphe ,pictet 79 8 ',les ,orig9es ,indo-,europe5nes1' #ahei1 p4 #cii7 /ates t !re are 9 ! anci5t ,sanscrit language betwe5 #be & #cj names = ! pigeon1 & o!r #ae or #af ,p]sian names2 none ( ^! are common to ! ,european languages4 ,?is fact indicates ! antiquity ( ! dome/ication 9 ! ,ea/ ( ! pigeon4 #cdh ,engli% translation1 #afja1 book x4 *4 xxxvii4 #cdi ',aye5 ,akb]y1' translat$ by ,f4 ,gladv91 #dto4 edit41 vol4 i4 p4 #bgj4 #cej ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton1 ',treatise on ! ,almond ,tumbl]1' #ahea2 ,preface1 p4 vi4 #cea ,z 9 ! foll[+ discussion ,i (t5 speak ( ! pres5t "t1 ,i %\ld /ate t ?is *apt] 0 complet$ 9 ! ye> #aheh4 #ceb ',orni?ologie1' #afjj1 vol4 ii4 p4 #cfj4 #cec ',a ,treatise on ,dome/ic ,pigeons1' d$icat$ to ,mr4 ,mayor1 #agfe4 ,preface1 p4 xiv4 #ced ,mr4 ,bly? has giv5 a translation ( "p ( ! ',aye5 ,akb]y' 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xix41 #ahdg1 p4 #ajd4 #cee ',l',hi/4 de la ,nature des ,oiseaux1' p4 #cad4 #cef ',treatise on ,pigeons1' #aheb1 p4 #fd4 #ceg ,j4 ,m4 ,eaton's ',treatise on ! ,bre$+ & ,manag+ ( ! ,almond ,tumbl]1' #ahea4 ,comp>e p4 v4 ( ,preface1 p4 #i1 & p4 #cb4 #ceh ',treatise on ,pigeons1' #aheb1 p4 #da4 #cei ,eaton's ',treatise on ,pigeons1' #aheh1 p4 #hf4 #cfj ,see ,neumei/]'s figure ( ! ,flor5ce runt1 tab4 #ac1 9 ',das ,ganze d] ,taub5zu*t4' #cfa ,i h drawn up ?is brief synopsis f v>i\s s\rces1 b *iefly f in=mation giv5 me by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]4 ,?is g5tleman has k9dly look$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ?is *apt]2 & f 8 well-kn[n k1 ! /atem5ts "h giv5 may be fully tru/$4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei] has likewise assi/$ me 9 e possible way 9 obta9+ = me in=mation & specim5s4 ,i mu/ n let ?is opportunity pass )\t express+ my cordial ?anks to ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 a well-kn[n writ] on p\ltry1 = indefatigable assi/ance & ! gift ( _m specim5s4 #cfb ,! be/ acc\nt ( ,sultans is by ,miss ,watts 9 ',! ,p\ltry ,y>d1' #ahef1 p4 #gi4 ,i owe to ,mr4 ,br5t's k9dness ! exam9ation ( "s specim5s ( ?is bre$4 #cfc ,a good description ) figures is giv5 ( ?is sub-bre$ 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,june #aj?1 #ahfb1 p4 #bjf4 #cfd ,a description1 ) figures1 is giv5 ( ?is bre$ 9 ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,june #crd1 #ahfb1 p4 #ahf4 ,"s writ]s describe ! comb z two-horn$4 #cfe ,mr4 ,crawfurd1 ',descript4 ,dict4 ( ! ,indian ,isl&s1' p4 #aac4 ,bantams are m5tion$ 9 an anci5t native ,japanese ,encyclopa$ia1 z ,i am in=m$1 by ,mr4 ,bir* ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 #cff ',ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' #ahdh4 #cfg ',ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' #ahdh4 #cfh ,f]guson's ',illu/rat$ ,s]ies ( ,r>e & ,prize ,p\ltry1' #ahed1 p4 vi41 ,preface4 #cfi ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 9 8 ',ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' p4 #bjc1 gives an acc\nt ( ,columella's "w4 #cgj ,mr4 ,crawfurd ',on ! ,relation ( ! ,dome/icat$ ,animals to ,civilization1' sep>ately pr9t$1 p4 #f2 fir/ read be=e ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 at ,ox=d1 #ahfj4 #cga ',quadrup$es du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cbd4 #cgb ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc' #ahcb1 p4 #aea4 #cgc ,i h exam9$ ! fea!rs ( "s hybrids rais$ 9 ! ,zoological ,g>d5s betwe5 ! male ,g4 ,sonn]atii & a r$ game-h51 & ^! fea!rs exhibit$ ! true "* ( ^? ( ,g4 ,sonn]atii1 except t ! horny lam9ae 7 mu* small]4 #cgd ,see also an excell5t lett] on ! ,p\ltry ( ,india1 by ,mr4 ,bly?1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahea1 p4 #fai4 #cge ,mr4 ,s4 ,j4 ,salt]1 9 ',natural ,hi/ory ,review1' ,april1 #ahfc1 p4 #bgf4 #cgf ,see also ,mr4 ,lay>d's pap] 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' #bnd ,s]ies1 vol4 xiv4 p4 #fb4 #cgg ,see also ,mr4 ,crawfurd's ',descriptive ,dict4 ( ! ,indian ,isl&s1' #ahef1 p4 #aac4 #cgh ,describ$ by ,mr4 ,g4 ,r4 ,gray1 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahdi1 p4 #fb4 #cgi ,! passage f ,m>sd5 is giv5 by ,mr4 ,dixon 9 8 ',p\ltry ,book1' p4 #agf4 ,no orni?ologi/ n[ ranks ?is bird z a di/9ct species4 #chj ',c\p-d'oeil g5]al sur l',inde ,ar*ipelagique1' tom4 iii4 7#ahdi71 p4 #agg2 see also ,mr4 ,bly? 9 ',indian ,sport+ ,review1' vol4 ii4 p4 #e1 #ahef4 #cha ,mr4 ,bly?1 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #bnd s]41 vol4 i4 7#ahdh71 p4 #dee4 #chb ,crawfurd1 ',desc4 ,dict4 ( ,indian ,isl&s1' #ahef1 p4 #aab4 #chc ,9 ,burmah1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,bly?1 ! wild & tame p\ltry con/antly cross toge!r1 & irregul> transitional =ms may be se54 #chd ,idem1 p4 #aac4 #che ,mr4 ,j]don1 9 ! ',madras ,j\rn4 ( ,lit4 & ,sci5ce1' vol4 xxii4 p4 #b1 speak+ ( ,g4 bankiva1 says1 unque/ionably ! orig9 ( mo/ ( ! v>ieties ( our common f[ls4 ,= ,mr4 ,bly?1 see 8 excell5t article 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron4' #ahea1 p4 #fai2 & 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 xx41 #ahdg1 p4 #chh4 #chf ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahea1 p4 #fai4 #chg ,i h consult$ an em95t au?ority1 ,mr4 ,sclat]1 on ?is subject1 & he ?9ks t ,i h n express$ myself too /rongly4 ,i am aw>e t "o anci5t au?or1 ,aco/a1 speaks ( f[ls z hav+ inhabit$ ,s4 ,am]ica at ! p]iod ( its discov]y2 & m rec5tly1 ab\t #agie1 ,olivi] de ,s]res speaks ( wild f[ls 9 ! =e/s ( ,guiana2 ^! 7 probably f]al birds4 ,dr4 ,daniell tells me1 he believes t f[ls h become wild on ! we/ coa/ ( ,equatorial ,africa2 !y may1 h[ev]1 n be true f[ls1 b gall9ace\s birds belong+ to ! g5us ,phasidus4 ,! old voyag] ,b>but says t p\ltry are n natural to ,gu9ea4 ,capt4 ,w4 ,all5 7',n>rative ( ,nig] ,exp$ition1' #ahdh1 vol4 ii4 p4 #db7 describes wild f[ls on ,ilha dos ,rollas1 an isl& ne> ,/4 ,?omas's1 on ! we/ coa/ ( ,africa3 ! natives in=m$ him t !y _h escap$ f a vessel wreck$ !re _m ye>s ago2 !y 7 extremely wild1 & _h a cry q diff]5t to t ( ! dome/ic f[l1 & _! appe>ance 0 some:at *ang$4 ,h5ce x is n a little d\btful1 not)/&+ ! /atem5t ( ! natives1 :e!r ^! birds really 7 f[ls4 ,t ! f[l has become f]al on sev]al isl&s is c]ta94 ,mr4 ,fry1 a v capable judge1 in=m$ ,mr4 ,lay>d1 9 a lett]1 t ! f[ls :i* h run wild on ,asc5sion _h ne>ly all got back to _! primitive col\rs1 r$ & black cocks1 & smoky-grey h5s4 ,b un=tunately we d n "k ! col\r ( ! p\ltry :i* 7 turn$ out4 ,f[ls h become f]al on ! ,nicob> ,isl&s 7,bly? 9 ! ',indian ,field1' #aheh1 p4 #fb71 & 9 ! ,ladrones 7,anson's ,voyage74 ,^? f\nd 9 ! ,pellew ,isl&s 7,crawfurd7 are believ$ to be f]al2 & la/ly1 x is ass]t$ t !y h become f]al 9 ,new ,zeal&1 b :e!r ?is is correct ,i "k n4 #chh ,mr4 ,hewitt1 9 ',! ,p\ltry ,book1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bdh4 #chi ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,jan4 #ad?1 #ahfb1 p4 #cbe4 #cij ',die ,huehn] und ,pfau5zu*t4' ,ulm1 #ahbg1 s4 #ag4 ,= ,mr4 ,hewitt's /atem5t ) respect to ! :ite ,silk f[l1 see ! ',p\ltry ,book1' by ,w4 ,b4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bbb4 ,i am indebt$ to ,mr4 ,orton = a lett] on ! same subject4 #cia ,dixon1 ',ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' pp4 #bec1 #cbd1 #cce4 ,= game f[ls1 see ,f]guson on ',prize ,p\ltry1' p4 #bfj4 #cib ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ga4 #cic ,dr4 ,pick]+1 9 8 ',races ( ,man1' #ahej1 p4 #cgd1 says t ! head & neck ( a f[l is c>ri$ 9 a ,tribute-procession to ,?\tm\sis ,,iii4 7#adde ,b4,c472 b ,mr4 ,bir* ( ! ,briti% ,museum d\bts :e!r ! figure c be id5tifi$ z ! head ( a f[l4 ,"s caution is necess>y ) ref]5ce to ! abs5ce ( figures ( ! f[l on ! anci5t ,egyptian monum5ts1 on acc\nt ( ! /rong & widely preval5t prejudice aga9/ ?is bird4 ,i am in=m$ by ! ,rev4 ,s4 ,erh>dt t on ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 f #d deg4 to #f deg4 s\? ( ! equator1 mo/ ( ! pagan tribes at ! pres5t day hold ! f[l 9 av]sion4 ,! natives ( ! ,pellew ,isl&s w\ld n eat ! f[l1 nor w ! ,indians 9 "s p>ts ( ,s4 ,am]ica4 ,= ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! f[l1 see also ,volz1 ',beitrage zur ,culturges*i*te1' #aheb1 s4 #gg2 & ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #fa4 ,mr4 ,crawfurd has giv5 an admirable hi/ory ( ! f[l 9 8 pap] ',on ! ,relation ( ,dome/icat$ ,animals to ,civilisation1' read be=e ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 at ,ox=d 9 #ahfj1 & s9ce pr9t$ sep>ately4 ,i quote f him on ! ,greek poet ,!ognis1 & on ! ,h>py ,tomb describ$ by ,sir ,c4 ,fell[es4 ,i quote f a lett] ( ,mr4 ,bly?'s ) respect to ! ,in/itutes ( ,manu4 #cid ',ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' #ahdg1 p4 #ahe2 = passages translat$ f ,columella1 see p4 #cab4 ,= ,gold5 ,hamburghs1 see ,alb9's ',natural ,hi/ory ( ,birds1' #c vols41 ) plates1 #agca-ch4 #cie ',ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' p4 #aeb4 #cif ,f]guson on ',r>e ,prize ,p\ltry1' p4 #big4 ,?is writ]1 ,i am in=m$1 _c g5]ally be tru/$4 ,he gives1 h[ev]1 figures & mu* in=mation on eggs4 ,see pp4 #cd & #bce on ! eggs ( ! ,game f[l4 #cig ,see ',p\ltry ,book1' by ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 pp4 #ha & #gh4 #cih ',! ,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,oct4 #ahee1 p4 #ac4 ,on ! ?9ness ( ! eggs ( ,game-f[ls1 see ,m[bray on ,p\ltry1 #g? edit41 p4 #ac4 #cii ,my in=mation1 :i* is v f> f p]fect1 on *ick5s 9 ! d[n1 is d]iv$ *iefly f ,mr4 ,dixon's ',ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry4' ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t has also communicat$ to me _m facts by lett]1 z has ,mr4 ,tegetmei]4 ,i w 9 ea* case m>k my au?ority by ! "n )9 brackets4 ,= ! *ick5s ( :ite ,silk-f[ls1 see ,tegetmei]'s ',p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #bba4 #djj ,z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,tegetmei]2 see also ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc4' #ahef1 p4 #cff4 ,on ! late developm5t ( ! cre/1 see ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 ii4 p4 #acb4 #dja ,on ^! po9ts1 see ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 iii4 p4 #aff2 & ,tegetmei]'s ',p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 pp4 #aje & #aba4 #djb ,dixon1 ',ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' p4 #bgc4 #djc ,f]guson on ,r>e & ,prize ,p\ltry1 p4 #bfa4 #djd ,m[bray on ,p\ltry1 #g? edit4 #ahcd1 p4 #ac4 #dje ,see ! full description ( ! v>ieties ( ! ,game-bre$1 9 ,tegetmei]'s ',p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #aca4 ,= ,cuckoo ,dork+s1 p4 #ig4 #djf ,mr4 ,hewitt 9 ,tegetmei]'s ',p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 pp4 #bdf & #aef4 ,= h5-tail$ game-cocks1 see p4 #aca4 #djg ',! ,field1' ,april #bj?1 #ahfa4 ,! writ] says he has se5 half-a-doz5 cocks ?us sacrific$4 #djh ',proce$+s ( ,zoolog4 ,soc4' ,m>*1 #ahfa1 p4 #ajb4 ,! engrav+ ( ! h5-tail$ cock j allud$ to 0 exhibit$ at ! ,society4 #dji ',! ,field1' ,april #bj?1 #ahfa4 #daj ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,mr4 ,br5t = an acc\nt1 ) sket*es1 ( all ! v>iations ( ! comb kn[n to him1 & likewise ) respect to ! tail1 z pres5tly to be giv54 #daa ,! ',p\ltry ,book1' by ,tegetmei]1 #ahff1 p4 #bcd4 #dab ',die ,huehn] und ,pfau5zu*t1' #ahbg1 s4 #aa4 #dac ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 i4 p4 #eie4 ,mr4 ,br5t has in=m$ me ( ! same fact4 ,) respect to ! position ( ! spurs 9 ,dork+s1 see ',cottage ,g>d5]1' ,sept4 #ah?1 #ahfj1 p4 #chj4 #dad ,dixon1 ',ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry1' p4 #cbj4 #dae ,mr4 ,tegetmei] in=ms me t ,game h5s h be5 f\nd s combative1 t x is n[ g5]ally ! practice to exhibit ea* h5 9 a sep>ate p54 #daf ',naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iii4 7#agic71 s4 #cci1 #djg4 #dag ,on ! ,orni?ology ( ,ceylon 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/ory1' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 xiv4 7#ahed71 p4 #fc4 #dah ,i quote ,blum5ba* on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 :o gives 9 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,nov4 #be?1 #ahef1 a v int]e/+ acc\nt ( ! skulls ( ,poli% f[ls4 ,mr4 ,tegetmei]1 n kn[+ ( ,be*/e9's acc\nt1 disput$ ! accuracy ( ,blum5ba*'s /atem5t4 ,= ,be*/e91 see ',naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iii4 7#agic71 s4 #cii1 note4 ,i may add t at ! fir/ exhibition ( p\ltry at ! ,zoological ,g>d5s1 9 ,may1 #ahde1 ,i saw "s f[ls1 call$ ,friezl& f[ls1 ( :i* ! h5s 7 cre/$1 & ! cocks 7 furni%$ ) a comb4 #dai ',cottage ,g>d5]1' ,jan4 #crd1 #ahfj1 p4 #bah4 #dbj ,mr4 ,williams1 9 a pap] read be=e ! ,dubl9 ,nat4 ,hi/4 ,soc41 quot$ 9 ',cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahef1 p4 #afa4 #dba ',de l',espece1' #ahei1 p4 #ddb4 ,= ! occurr5ce ( black-bon$ f[ls 9 ,s\? ,am]ica1 see ,r\l91 9 ',mem4 de l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1' tom4 vi4 p4 #cea2 & ,az>a1 ',quadrup$es du ,p>aguay1' tom4 ii4 p4 #cbd4 ,a frizzl$ f[l s5t to me f ,madras _h black bones4 #dbb ,mr4 ,hewitt1 9 ,tegetmei]'s ',p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #bca4 #dbc ,dr4 ,broca1 9 ,br[n-,sequ>d's ',j\rnal de ,phys41' tom4 ii4 p4 #cfa4 #dbd ,dixon's ',ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' p4 #cbe4 #dbe ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 i4 p4 #dhe4 ,tegetmei]'s ',p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #da4 ,on ,co*9s graz+1 idem1 p4 #df4 #dbf ,f]guson on ',prize ,p\ltry1' p4 #ahg4 #dbg ,col4 ,sykes 9 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahcb1 p4 #aea4 ,dr4 ,hook]'s ',himalayan ,j\rnals1' vol4 i4 p4 #cad4 #dbh ,see ,mr4 ,tegetmei]'s acc\nt1 ) woodcuts1 ( ! skull ( ,poli% f[ls1 9 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,nov4 #be?1 #ahef4 ,= o!r ref]5ces1 see ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,sa9t ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,g54 des ,anomalies1' tom4 i4 p4 #bhg4 ,m4 ,c4 ,d>e/e suspects 7',re*]*es sur les ,condicions de la ,vie1' c41 ,lille1 #ahfc1 p4 #cf7 t ! protub]ance is n =m$ by ! frontal bones1 b by ! ossification ( ! dura mat]4 #dbi ',naturges*i*te ,deuts*l&s1' ,b& iii4 7#agic71 s4 #djj4 #dcj ,! ',field1' ,may #aa?1 #ahfa4 ,i h receiv$ communications to a simil> effect f ,messrs4 ,br5t & ,tegetmei]4 #dca ,x appe>s t ,i h n correctly designat$ ! sev]al gr\ps ( v]tebrae1 = a great au?ority1 ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,p>k] 7',transact4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #aih71 specifies #af c]vical1 #d dorsal1 #ae lumb>1 & #f caudal v]tebrae 9 ?is g5us4 ,b ,i h us$ ! same t]ms 9 all ! foll[+ descriptions4 #dcb ,macgillivray1 ',briti% ,birds1' vol4 i4 p4 #be4 #dcc ,x may be well to expla9 h[ ! calculation has be5 made = ! ?ird column4 ,9 ,g4 bankiva ! leg-bones are to ! w+-bones z #hf 3 #ed1 or z 7neglect+ decimals7 #ajj 3 #fb2--;9 ,co*9s z #caa 3 #afb1 or z #ajj 3 #eb2--;9 ,dork+s z #eeg 3 #bdh1 or z #ajj 3 #dd2 & s on = ! o!r bre$s4 ,we ?us get ! s]ies ( #fb1 #eb1 #dd = ! relative-weights ( ! w+-bones 9 ,g4 bankiva1 ,co*9s1 ,dork+s1 c4 ,& n[ tak+ #ajj1 in/ead ( #fb1 = ! weight ( ! w+-bones 9 ,g4 bankiva1 we get1 by ano!r rule ( ?ree1 #hc z ! weight ( ! w+-bones 9 ,co*9s2 #gj 9 ! ,dork+s2 & s on = ! rema9d] ( ! ?ird column 9 ! table4 #dcd ,mr4 ,bly? 79 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #bnd s]ies1 vol4 i41 #ahdh1 p4 #def7 gives #ca_/d lb4 z ! weight ( a full-gr[n male ,g4 bankiva2 b f :at ,i h se5 ( ! sk9s & skeletons ( v>i\s bre$s1 ,i _c believe t my two specim5s ( ,g4 bankiva c\ld h weigh$ s mu*4 #dce ,! ?ird column is calculat$ on ! same pr9ciple z expla9$ 9 ! previ\s foot-note1 p4 #bga4 #dcf ',p\ltry ,*ronicle' 7#ahed71 vol4 ii4 p4#ia1 & vol4 i4 p4 #ccj4 #dcg ,dr4 ,turral1 9 ',bull4 ,soc4 d',acclimat41' tom4 vii41 #ahfj1 p4 #eda4 #dch ,willughby's ',orni?ology1' by ,ray1 p4 #cha4 ,?is bre$ is also figur$ by ,alb91 9 #agcd1 9 8 ',nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,birds1' vol4 ii4 p4 #hf4 #dci ,f4 ,cuvi]1 9 ',annales du ,museum1' tom4 ix4 p4 #abh1 says t m\lt+ & incubation alone /op ^! ducks lay+4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t makes a simil> rem>k 9 ! ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eab4 #ddj ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 ',ornam5tal & ,dome/ic ,p\ltry' 7#ahdh71 p4 #aag4 ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 9 ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 iii41 #ahee1 p4 #eab4 #dda ,crawfurd on ! ',relation ( ,dome/icat$ ,animals to ,civilisation1' read be=e ! ,brit4 ,assoc4 at ,ox=d1 #ahfj4 #ddb ,dureau de la ,malle1 9 ',annales des ,sci5ces ,nat41' tom4 xvii4 p4 #afd2 & tom4 xxi4 p4 #ee4 ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 ',ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' p4 #aah4 ,tame ducks 7 n kn[n 9 ,ari/otle's "t1 z rem>k$ by ,volz1 9 8 ',beitraege zur ,kulturges*i*te1' #aheb1 s4 #gh4 #ddc ,i quote ?is acc\nt f ',die ,ent51 ,s*wan5-zu*t1' ,ulm1 #ahbh1 s4 #adc4 ,see ,audubon's ',orni?ological ,biography1' vol4 iii4 p4 #afh1 on ! tam+ ( ducks on ! ,mississippi4 ,= ! same fact 9 ,engl&1 see ,mr4 ,wat]ton1 9 ,l\don's ',mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' vol4 viii41 #ahce1 p4 #edb2 & ,mr4 ,/4 ,john1 ',wild ,sports & ,nat4 ,hi/4 ( ! ,highl&s1' #ahdf1 p4 #abi4 #ddd ,mr4 ,e4 ,hewitt1 9 ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfb1 p4 #ggc2 & #ahfc1 p4 #ci4 #dde ,i h met ) sev]al /atem5ts on ! f]tility ( ! sev]al bre$s :5 cross$4 ,mr4 ,y>rell assur$ me t ,call & common ducks are p]fectly f]tile toge!r4 ,i cross$ ,hook-bill$ & common ducks1 & a ,p5gu9 & ,labrador1 & ! cross$ ducks 7 q f]tile1 ?\gh !y 7 n br$ int] se1 s t ! exp]im5t 0 n fully tri$4 ,"s half-br$ ,p5gu9s & ,labradors 7 aga9 cross$ ) ,p5gu9s1 & subsequ5tly br$ by me int] se1 & !y 7 extremely f]tile4 #ddf ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eab4 #ddg ',j\rnal ( ! ,indian ,ar*ipelago1' vol4 v4 p4 #ccd4 #ddh ',! ,zoologi/1' vols4 vii41 viii4 7#ahdi-ahej71 p4 #bcec4 #ddi ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 vol4 iii4 p4 #eab4 #dej ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 iii41 #ahee1 p4 #cab4 ,) respect to ,r\5s1 see ditto1 vol4 i41 #ahed1 p4 #afg4 #dea ,col4 ,hawk]'s ',in/ructions to "y ,sportsm51' quot$ by ,mr4 ,dixon 9 8 ',ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' p4 #abe4 #deb ',cottage ,g>d5]1' ,april #i?1 #ahfa4 #dec ,^! hybrids h be5 describ$ by ,m4 ,selys-,long*amps 9 ! ',bullet9s 7tom4 xii4 ,no4 #aj7 ,acad4 ,roy4 de ,bruxelles4' #ded ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' #ahfa1 p4 #bfa4 #dee ',ceylon1' by ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,t5n5t1 #ahei1 vol4 i4 p4 #dhe2 also ,j4 ,crawfurd on ! ',relation ( ,dome/4 ,animals to ,civilisation1' read be=e ,brit4 ,assoc41 #ahfj4 ,see also ',ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' by ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #ahdh1 p4 #acb4 ,! goose figur$ on ! ,egyptian monum5ts seems to h be5 ! ,r$ goose ( ,egypt4 #def ,macgillivray's ',briti% ,birds1' vol4 iv4 p4 #eic4 #deg ,mr4 ,a4 ,/rickl& 7',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #crd ,s]ies1 vol4 iii4 #ahei1 p4 #abb7 re>$ "s "y wild geese1 & f\nd !m 9 habits & 9 all *>act]s id5tical ) ! dome/ic goose4 #deh ,see also ,hunt]'s ',essays1' edit$ by ,ow51 vol4 ii4 p4 #cbb4 #dei ,y>rell's ',briti% ,birds1' vol4 iii4 p4 #adb4 ,he ref]s to ! ,lapl&]s dome/icat+ ! goose4 #dfj ,l4 ,lloyd1 ',sc&9avian ,adv5tures1' #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #dac1 says t ! wild goose lays f five to eight eggs1 :i* is a mu* few] numb] ?an t laid by our dome/ic goose4 #dfa ,! ,rev4 ,l4 ,j5yns seems fir/ to h made ?is obs]vation 9 8 ',briti% ,animals4' ,see also ,y>rell1 & ,dixon 9 8 ',ornam5tal ,p\ltry' 7p4 #aci71 & ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 p4 #de4 #dfb ,mr4 ,b>tlett exhibit$ ! head & neck ( a bird ?us *>act]is$ at ! ,zoological ,soc41 ,feb4 #ahfj4 #dfc ,w4 ,?ompson1 ',natural ,hi/4 ( ,irel&1' #ahea1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ca4 ,! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon gave me "s in=mation on ! v>y+ col\r ( ! beak & legs4 #dfd ,mr4 ,a4 ,/rickl&1 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #crd s]ies1 vol4 iii41 #ahei1 p4 #abb4 #dfe ',p\ltry ,*ronicle1' vol4 i41 #ahed1 p4 #dih2 vol4 iii4 p4 #baj4 #dff ',! ,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,sept4 #d?1 #ahfj1 p4 #cdh4 #dfg ',l',hi/4 de la ,nature des ,oiseaux1' p> ,p4 ,belon1 #aeee1 p4 #aef4 ,) respect to ! liv]s ( :ite geese be+ pref]r$ by ! ,romans1 see ,isid4 ,ge(froy ,/4 ,hilaire1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 ,g541' tom4 iii4 p4 #eh4 #dfh ,mr4 ,sclat] on ! black-%\ld]$ peacock ( ,la?am1 ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,april #bd?1 #ahfj4 #dfi ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,april #ad?1 #ahce4 #dgj ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,april #h?1 #ahef1 p4 #fa4 ,pr(4 ,baird believes 7z quot$ 9 ,tegetmei]'s ',p\ltry ,book1' #ahff1 p4 #bfi7 t our turkeys are desc5d$ f a ,we/ ,indian species n[ ext9ct4 ,b besides ! improbability ( a bird hav+ long ago become ext9ct 9 ^! l>ge & luxuriant isl&s1 x appe>s 7z we %all pres5tly see7 t ! turkey deg5]ates 9 ,india1 & ?is fact indicates t x 0 n aborig9ally an inhabitant ( ! l[l&s ( ! tropics4 #dga ,audubon's ',orni?ological ,biograph41' vol4 i41 #ahca1 pp4 #d-ac2 & ',naturali/'s ,libr>y1' vol4 xiv41 ,birds1 p4 #ach4 #dgb ,f4 ,mi*aux1 ',travels 9 ,n4 ,am]ica1' #ahjb1 ,eng4 translat41 p4 #bag4 #dgc ',ornam5tal ,p\ltry1' by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 #ahdh1 p4 #cd4 #dgd ,rev4 ,e4 ,s4 ,dixon1 id41 p4 #ce4 #dge ,be*/e91 ',naturges*4 ,deuts*l&s1' ,b4 iii41 #agic1 s4 #cji4 #dgf ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 p4 #fii4 #dgg ,e4 ,bly?1 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #ahdg1 vol4 xx4 p4 #cia4 #dgh ,r\l9 makes ?is rem>k 9 ',mem4 de div]s ,savans1 l',acad4 des ,sci5ces1' tom4 vi41 #ahce1 p4 #cdi4 ,mr4 ,hill1 ( ,spani% ,t[n1 9 a lett] to me1 describes five v>ieties ( ! gu9ea-f[l 9 ,jamaica4 ,i h se5 s+ul> pale-col\r$ v>ieties import$ f ,b>badoes & ,dem]>a4 #dgi ,= ,/4 ,dom+o1 see ,m4 ,a4 ,salle1 9 ',proc4 ,soc4 ,zoolog41' #aheg1 p4 #bcf4 ,mr4 ,hill rem>ks to me1 9 8 lett]1 on ! col\r ( ! legs ( ! f]al birds 9 ,jamaica4 #dhj ,mr4 ,b4 ,p4 ,br5t1 ',! ,can>y1 ,briti% ,f9*es1' c41 pp4 #ba1 #cj4 #dha ',cottage ,g>d5]1' ,dec4 #aa?1 #ahee1 p4 #ahd4 ,an acc\nt is "h giv5 ( all ! v>ieties4 ,= _m measurem5ts ( ! wild birds1 see ,mr4 ,e4 ,v]non ,h>c\rt1 id41 ,dec4 #be?1 #ahee1 p4 #bbc4 #dhb ,be*/e91 ',naturges*4 d] ,/ub5voegel1' #ahdj1 s4 #bdc2 see s4 #beb1 on ! inh]it$ song ( ,can>y-birds4 ,) respect to _! baldness1 see also ,w4 ,kidd's ',treatise on ,song-,birds4' #dhc ,w4 ,kidd's ',treatise on ,song-,birds1' p4 #ah4 #dhd ,! ',indian ,field1' #aheh1 p4 #bee4 #dhe ,y>rell's ',briti% ,fi%es1' vol4 i1 p4 #cai4 #dhf ,mr4 ,bly?1 9 ! ',indian ,field1' #aheh1 p4 #bee4 #dhg ',proc4 ,zoolog4 ,soc41' ,may #be?4 #ahdb4 #dhh ,y>rell's ',briti% ,fi%es1' vol4 i4 p4 #cai4 #dhi ',dict4 ,class4 d',hi/4 ,nat41' tom4 v4 p4 #bgf4 #dij ',obs]vations 9 ,nat4 ,hi/41' #ahdf1 p4 #baa4 ,dr4 ,gray has describ$1 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #ahfj1 p4 #aea1 a ne>ly simil> v>iety1 b de/itute ( a dorsal f94 #dia ',de l',espece1' #ahei1 p4 #dei4 ,) respect to ! bees ( ,burgundy1 see ,m4 ,g]>d1 art4 ',espece1' 9 ',dict4 ,univ]s4 d',hi/4 ,nat4' #dib ,see a discussion on ?is subject1 9 answ] to a "q ( m9e1 9 ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfb1 pp4 #bbe-bdb2 also ,mr4 ,bevan ,fox1 9 ditto1 #ahfb1 p4 #bhd4 #dic ,?is excell5t obs]v] may be implicitly tru/$2 see ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,july #ad?1 #ahfc1 p4 #ci4 #did ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,sept4 #i?1 #ahfb1 p4 #dfc2 see also ,h]r ,kle9e on same subject 7,nov4 #aa?1 p4 #fdc71 :o sums up1 t1 ?\gh !re is "s v>iability 9 col\r1 no con/ant or p]ceptible diff]5ces c be detect$ 9 ! bees ( ,g]many4 #die ,mr4 ,woodbury has publi%$ sev]al su* acc\nts 9 ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa & #ahfb4 #dif ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' #crd s]ies1 vol4 xi4 p4 #cci4 #dig ',! ,cottage ,g>d5]1' ,may1 #ahfj1 p4 #aaj2 & ditto 9 ',j\rnal ( ,hort4' #ahfb1 p4 #bdb4 #dih ',transact4 ,entomolog4 ,soc41' #crd s]ies1 vol4 iii4 pp4 #adc-agc1 & pp4 #bie-cca4 #dii ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' #ahei1 tom4 i4 p4 #dfj4 ,! antiquity ( ! silk-worm 9 ,*9a is giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,/anislas ,juli54 #ejj ,see ! rem>ks ( ,pr(4 ,we/wood1 ,g5]al ,he>sey1 & o!rs1 at ! meet+ ( ! ,entomolog4 ,soc4 ( ,london1 ,july1 #ahfa4 #eja ,see1 = in/ance1 ,m4 ,a4 de ,quatrefage's ',etudes sur les ,maladies actuelles du ,v] a ,soie1' #ahei1 p4 #aja4 #ejb ,my au?orities = ^! /atem5ts w be giv5 9 ! *apt] on ,selection4 #ejc ',manuel de l',educateur de ,v]s a ,soie1' #ahdh4 #ejd ,rob9et1 idem1 pp4 #ab1 #cah4 ,i may add t ! eggs ( ,n4 ,am]ican silk-worms tak5 to ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s 7 v irregul>ly develop$2 & ! mo?s ?us rais$ produc$ eggs :i* 7 ev5 worse 9 ?is respect4 ,"s 7 hat*$ 9 t5 days1 & o!rs n until aft] ! lapse ( _m mon?s4 ,no d\bt a regul> e>ly "* w\ld ultimately h be5 acquir$4 ,see review 9 ,a!naeum1' #ahdd1 p4 #cbi1 ( ,j4 ,j>ves' ',sc5es 9 ! ,s&wi* ,isl&s4' #eje ',! ,art ( re>+ ,silk-worms1' translat$ f ,c\nt ,d&olo1 #ahbe1 p4 #bc4 #ejf ',transact4 ,ent4 ,soc41' ut supra1 pp4 #aec1 #cjh4 #ejg ,rob9et1 idem1 p4 #cag4 #ejh ,rob9et1 idem1 pp4 #cjf-cag4 #eji ',transact4 ,ent4 ,soc41' ut supra1 p4 #cag4 #eaj ,/eph5s' ,illu/rations1 ',hau/ellala1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ce4 ,see also ,capt4 ,hutton1 ',transact4 ,ent4 ,soc4' idem1 p4 #aeb4 #eaa ',etudes sur les ,maladies du ,v] a ,soie1' #ahei1 pp4 #cjd1 #bji4 #eab ,quatrefages1 ',etudes1' c41 p4 #bad4 #eac ',transact4 ,ent4 ,soc41' ut supra1 p4 #aea4 #ead ',manuel de l',educateur1' c41 p4 #bf4 #eae ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' p4 #dfb4 #eaf ,quatrefages1 ',etudes1' c41 pp4 #ab1 #bji1 #bad4 #eag ,rob9et1 ',manuel1' c41 p4 #cjc4 #eah ,rob9et1 idem1 p4 #ae4 #eai ',geographie ,botanique ,raisonnee1' #ahee1 pp4 #haj to #iia4 #ebj ,review by ,mr4 ,b5?am 9 ',hort4 ,j\rnal1' vol4 ix4 #ahee1 p4 #acc1 entitl$ ',hi/orical ,notes on cultivat$ ,plants1' by ,dr4 ,a4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti4 ,see also ',ed9burgh ,review1' #ahff1 p4 #eaj4 #eba ',hi/4 ,notes1' z above1 by ,t>gioni-,tozzeti4 #ebb ',consid]ations sur les ,c]eales1' #ahdb1 p4 #cg4 ',geographie ,bot41' #ahee1 p4 #icj4 ,plus on suppose l'agriculture anci5ne et remontant a une epoque d'ignorance1 plus il e/ probable que les cultivateurs avai5t *oisi des especes (frant a l'orig9e meme un avantage inconte/able4 #ebc ,dr4 ,hook] has giv5 me ?is in=mation4 ,see1 also1 8 ',himalayan ,j\rnals1' #ahea1 vol4 ii4 p4 #di4 #ebd ',travels 9 ,c5tral ,africa1' ,eng4 translat41 vol4 i4 pp4 #ebi & #cij2 vol4 ii4 pp4 #bi1 #bfe1 #bgj4 ,liv+/one's ',travels1' p4 #eea4 #ebe ,z 9 bo? ,nor? & ,s\? ,am]ica1 ,mr4 ,edgewor? 7',j\rnal ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 ,bot41 #ahfb1 p4 #aha7 /ates t 9 ! des]ts ( ! ,punjab poor wom5 sweep up1 by a :isk into /raw baskets1 ! se$s ( f\r g5]a ( grasses1 namely1 ( ,agro/is1 ,panicum1 ,c5*rus1 & ,p5nisetum1 z well z ! se$s ( f\r o!r g5]a belong+ to di/9ct families4 #ebf ,pr(4 ,o4 ,he]1 ',die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51 #ahfe1 aus dem ,neujahr4 ,natur=sc4 ,gesells*aft1' #ahff2 & ,dr4 ,h4 ,*ri/1 9 ,ruetimey]'s ',die ,fauna d] ,pfuhlbaut51' #ahfa1 s4 #bbf4 #ebg ',travels1' p4 #ece4 ,du ,*aillu1 ',adv5tures 9 ,equatorial ,africa1' #ahfa1 p4 #dde4 #ebh ,9 ,ti]ra del ,fuego ! spot :]e wigwams _h =m]ly /ood c\ld be di/+ui%$ at a great di/ance by ! bright gre5 t9t ( ! native vegetation4 #ebi ',am]ican ,acad4 ( ,arts & ,sci5ce1' ,april #aj?1 #ahfj1 p4 #dac4 ,d[n+1 ',! ,fruits ( ,am]ica1' #ahde1 p4 #bfa4 #ecj ',j\rnals ( ,exp$itions 9 ,au/ralia1' #ahda1 vol4 ii4 p4 #bib4 #eca ,d>w9's ',j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' #ahde1 p4 #bae4 #ecb ,de ,c&olle has tabulat$ ! facts 9 ! mo/ int]e/+ mann] 9 8 ',geographie ,bot41' p4 #ihf4 #ecc ',flora ( ,au/ralia1' ,introduction1 p4 cx4 #ecd ,= ,canada1 see ,j4 ,c>ti]'s ,voyage 9 #aecd2 = ,florida1 see ,n>vaez & ,f]d9& de ,soto's ,voyages4 ,z ,i h consult$ ^! & o!r old ,voyages 9 m ?an "o g5]al collection ( ,voyages1 ,i d n give precise ref]5ces to ! pages4 ,see also1 = sev]al ref]5ces1 ,asa ,gray1 9 ! ',am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1' vol4 xxiv41 ,nov4 #aheg1 p4 #dda4 ,= ! traditions ( ! natives ( ,new ,zeal&1 see ,crawfurd's ',gramm> & ,dict4 ( ! ,malay ,language1' #aheb1 p4 cclx4 #ece ,see1 = example1 ,m4 ,hewett ,c4 ,watson's rem>ks on our wild plums & *]ries & crabs1 ',cybele ,britannica1' vol4 i4 pp4 #ccj1 #ccd1 c4 ,van ,mons 79 8 ',arbres ,fruiti]s1' #ahce1 tom4 i4 p4 #ddd7 decl>es t he has f\nd ! types ( all our cultivat$ v>ieties 9 wild se$l+s1 b !n he looks on ^! se$l+s z s _m aborig9al /ocks4 #ecf ,see ,a4 ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' #ahee1 p4 #ibh et seq4 ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' #ahei1 tom4 ii4 p4 #gj2 & ,metzg]1 ',die ,getreide>t51' c41 #ahda4 #ecg ,mr4 ,b5?am1 9 8 review1 entitl$ ',hi/4 ,notes on cultivat$ ,plants1' by ,dr4 ,a4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 9 ',j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 7#ahee71 p4 #acc4 #ech ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ibh4 ,! :ole subject is discuss$ ) admirable fullness & k4 #eci ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #gb4 ,a few ye>s ago ! excell5t1 ?\gh mis9t]pret$1 obs]vations ( ,m4 ,fabre l$ _m p]sons to believe t :eat 0 a modifi$ desc5dant ( ,a,egilops2 b ,m4 ,godron 7tom4 i4 p4 #afe7 has %[n by c>eful exp]im5ts t ! fir/ /ep 9 ! s]ies1 viz4 ,a,egilops triticoides1 is a hybrid betwe5 :eat & ,,ae4 ovata4 ,! frequ5cy ) :i* ^! hybrids spontane\sly arise1 & ! gradual mann] 9 :i* ! ,,ae4 triticoides becomes conv]t$ into true :eat1 alone leave any d\bt on ! subject4 #edj ,report to ,briti% ,association = #aheg1 p4 #bjg4 #eda ',consid]ations sur les ,c]eales1' #ahdb-dc1 p4 #bi4 #edb ',travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces1' c41 #ahda1 vol4 i4 p4 #bbd4 #edc ,col4 ,j4 ,le ,c\teur on ! ',v>ieties ( ,:eat1' pp4 #bc1 #gi4 #edd ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps1 ',consid4 sur les ,c]eales1' p4 #aa4 #ede ,see an excell5t review 9 ,hook]'s ',j\rn4 ( ,botany1' vol4 viii4 p4 #hb1 note4 #edf ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii1 p4 #gc4 #edg ,idem1 tom4 ii4 p4 #ge4 #edh ,= ,dalbret & ,philipp>1 see ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps1 ',consid4 sur les ,c]eales1' pp4 #de1 #gj4 ,le ,c\teur on ,:eat1 p4 #f4 #edi ',v>ieties ( ,:eat1' ,introduction1 p4 vi4 ,m>%all1 9 8 ',rural ,economy ( ,york%ire1' vol4 ii4 p4 #i1 rem>ks t 9 e field ( corn !re is z mu* v>iety z 9 a h]d ( cattle4 #eej ',g>d5]'s ,*ron4 & ,agricult4 ,gazette1' #ahfb1 p4 #ifc4 #eea ',getreide>t51' #ahda1 s4 #ff1 #ia1 #ib1 #aaf1 #aag4 #eeb ,quot$ by ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' vol4 ii4 p4 #gd4 ,s x is1 accord+ to ,metzg] 7',getreide>t51' s4 #ah71 ) summ] & w9t] b>ley4 #eec ,loiseleur-,deslong*amps1 ',c]eales1' "p ii4 p4 #bbd4 ,le ,c\teur1 p4 #gj4 ,_m o!r acc\nts c\ld be add$4 #eed ',travels 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1' #agec-agfa1 ,eng4 translat41 vol4 iii4 p4 #afe4 #eee ',c]eales1' "p ii4 pp4 #agi-ahc4 #eef ',on ! ,v>ieties ( ,:eat1' ,introduct41 p4 vii4 ,see ,m>%all1 ',rural ,econ4 ( ,york%ire1' vol4 ii4 p4 #i4 ,) respect to simil> cases ( adaptation 9 ! v>ieties ( oats1 see "s int]e/+ pap]s 9 ! ',g>d5]'s ,*ron4 & ,agricult4 ,gazette1' #ahej1 pp4 #bjd1 #bai4 #eeg ',on ! ,v>ieties ( ,:eat1' p4 #ei4 ,mr4 ,%]iff1 & a high] au?ority _c be giv5 7',g>d4 ,*ron4 & ,agricult4 ,gazette1' #ahfb1 p4 #ifc71 says1 ,i h nev] se5 gra9 :i* has ei!r be5 improv$ or deg5]at$ by cultivation1 s z to convey ! *ange to ! succe$+ crop4 #eeh ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #icj4 #eei ',pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahff4 #efj ',les ,c]eales1' p4 #id4 #efa ,quot$ by ,le ,c\teur1 p4 #af4 #efb ,a4 ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #icb4 #efc ,o4 ,he]1 ',die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahff4 ,! foll[+ passage is quot$ f ,dr4 ,*ri/1 9 ',die ,fauna d] ,pfahlbaut5 von ,dr4 ,ruetimey]1' #ahfa1 s4 #bbe4 #efd ,he]1 z quot$ by ,c>l ,vogt1 ',lectures on ,man1' ,eng4 translat41 p4 #cee4 #efe ,see ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle's long discussion 9 8 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #idb4 ,) respect to ,new ,engl&1 see ,silliman's ',am]ican ,j\rnal1' vol4 xliv4 p4 #ii4 #eff ',travels 9 ,p]u1' ,eng4 translat41 p4 #agg4 #efg ',geolog4 ,obs]v4 on ,s4 ,am]ica1' #ahdf1 p4 #di4 #efh ,?is maize is figur$ 9 ,bonaf\s' magnific5t "w1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 du ,mais1' #ahcf1 ,pl4 v4 bis1 & 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i41 #ahdf1 p4 #aae1 :]e an acc\nt is giv5 ( ! result ( s[+ ! se$4 ,a "y ,gu>any ,indian1 on see+ ?is k9d ( maize1 told ,augu/e ,/4 ,hilaire 7see ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #iea7 t x grew wild 9 ! humid =e/s ( 8 native l&4 ,mr4 ,tes*ema*]1 9 ',proc4 ,bo/on ,soc4 ,nat4 ,hi/41' ,oct4 #ai?1 #ahdb1 gives an acc\nt ( s[+ ! se$4 #efi ,moqu9-,t&on1 ',elem5ts de ,t]atologie1' #ahda1 p4 #abf4 #egj ',die ,getreide>t51' #ahda1 s4 #bjh4 ,i h modifi$ a few ( ,metzg]'s /atem5ts 9 accordance ) ^? made by ,bonaf\s 9 8 great "w1 ',hi/4 ,nat4 du ,mais1' #ahcf4 #ega ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #hj2 ,al4 ,de ,c&olle1 idem1 p4 #iea4 #egb ',transact4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1' vol4 viii4 p4 #fj4 #egc ',voyages dans l',am]ique ,m]idionale1' torn4 i4 p4 #adg4 #egd ,bonaf\s' ',hi/4 ,nat4 du ,mais1' p4 #ca4 #ege ,idem1 p4 #ca4 #egf ,metzg]1 ',getreide>t51' s4 #bjf4 #egg ',description ( ,maize1' by ,p4 ,kalm1 #ageb1 9 ',sw$i% ,acts1' vol4 iv4 ,i h consult$ an old ,engli% ,,ms4 translation4 #egh ',getreide>t51' s4 #bjh4 #egi ',cabbage ,timb]1' ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahef1 p4 #gdd1 quot$ f ,hook]'s ',j\rnal ( ,botany4' ,a walk+-/ick made f a cabbage-/alk is exhibit$ 9 ! ,museum at ,kew4 #ehj ',j\rnal de la ,soc4 ,imp4 d',horticulture1' #ahee1 p4 #bed1 quot$ f ',g>t5flora1' ,ap4 #ahee4 #eha ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #eb2 ,metzg]1 ',sy/4 ,bes*reibung d] ,kult4 ,kohl>t51' #ahcc1 s4 #f4 #ehb ,regni]1 ',de l',economie ,publique des ,celtes1' #ahah1 p4 #dch4 #ehc ,see ! eld] ,de ,c&olle1 9 ',transact4 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v42 & ,metzg] ',kohl>t51' c4 #ehd ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahei1 p4 #iib4 #ehe ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' pp4 #hdb & #ihi4 #ehf ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' ,feb4 #aheh1 p4 #abh4 #ehg ',kohl>t51' s4 #bb4 #ehh ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii1 p4 #eb2 ,metzg]1 ',kohl>t51' s4 #bb4 #ehi ',geograph1 ,bot41' p4 #hdj4 #eij ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ed2 ,metzg]1 ',kohl>t51' s4 #aj4 #eia ',g>d5]'s ,*ron4 & ,agricult4 ,gazette1' #ahef1 p4 #gbi4 #eib ',g>d5]'s ,*ron4 & ,agricult4 ,gazette1' #ahee1 p4 #gcj4 #eic ,metzg]1 ',kohl>t51' s4 #ea4 #eid ,^! exp]im5ts by ,vilmor9 h be5 quot$ by _m writ]s4 ,an em95t botani/1 ,pr(4 ,decaisne1 has lately express$ d\bts on ! subject f 8 own negative results1 b ^! _c be valu$ equally ) positive results4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,m4 ,c>ri]e has lately /at$ 7',g>d4 ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #aaed7 t he took se$ f a wild c>rot1 gr[+ f> f any cultivat$ l&1 & ev5 9 ! fir/ g5]ation ! roots ( 8 se$l+s diff]$ 9 be+ sp9dle-%ap$1 long]1 s(t] & less fibr\s ?an ^? ( ! wild plant4 ,f ^! se$l+s he rais$ sev]al di/9ct v>ieties4 #eie ,l\don's ',encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #hce4 #eif ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle ',geograph4 ,bot41' #ifj4 ,mr4 ,b5?am 7',hort4 ,j\rnal1' vol4 ix4 7#ahee71 p4 #ada7 believes t g>d5 & field peas belong to ! same species1 & 9 ?is respect he diff]s f ,dr4 ,t>gioni4 #eig ',botanis*e ,zeitung1' #ahfj1 s4 #bjd4 #eih ',die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahff1 s4 #bc4 #eii ,a v>iety call$ ! ,r\ncival atta9s ?is height1 z is /at$ by ,mr4 ,gordon 9 ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc4' 7#bnd s]ies71 vol4 i41 #ahce1 p4 #cgd1 f :i* pap] ,i h tak5 "s facts4 #fjj ',phil4 ,transact41' #agii1 p4 #aif4 #fja ',g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 i41 #ahbf1 p4 #aec4 #fjb ',encyclopa$ia ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #hbc4 #fjc ,see ,dr4 ,&]son to ! same effect 9 ! ',ba? ,soc4 ,agricultural ,pap]s1' vol4 iv4 p4 #hg4 #fjd ,i h publi%$ full details ( exp]im5ts on ?is subject 9 ! ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 ,oct4 #be?4 #fje ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #chg4 #fjf ',bonpl&ia1' x41 #ahfb1 s4 #cdh4 #fjg ,o4 ,he]1 ',die ,pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahff1 s4 #bb4 #fjh ,d>w91 ',j\rnal ( ,rese>*es1' #ahde1 p4 #bhe4 #fji ,synopsis ( ! vegetable products ( ,scotl&1 quot$ 9 ,wilson's ',briti% ,f>m+1' p4 #cag4 #faj ,sir ,g4 ,mack5zie1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #gij4 #faa ',puts*e und ,v]tu*1 ,v]su* e9] ,monographie d] ,k>t(feln1' #ahai1 s4 #i1 #ae4 ,see also ,dr4 ,&]son's ',recreations 9 ,agriculture1' vol4 iv4 p4 #cbe4 #fab ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #ajeb4 #fac ',ba? ,society ,agricult4 ,pap]s1' vol4 v4 p4 #abg4 ,& ',recreations 9 ,agriculture1' vol4 v4 p4 #hf4 #fad ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #fdc4 #fae ,he]1 ',pflanz5 d] ,pfahlbaut51' #ahff1 s4 #bh4 #faf ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hgb2 ,dr4 ,a4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 9 ',j\r4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #acc4 ,= ! fossil v9e f\nd by ,dr4 ,g4 ,plan*on1 see ',nat4 ,hi/4 ,review1' #ahfe1 ,april1 p4 #bbd4 #fag ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ajj4 #fah ,see an acc\nt ( ,m4 ,vib]t's exp]im5ts1 by ,alex4 ,jordan1 9 ',mem4 de l',acad4 de ,lyon1' tom4 ii41 #aheb1 p4 #ajh4 #fai ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfd1 p4 #dhh4 #fbj ',arbres ,fruiti]s1' #ahcf1 tom4 ii4 #bij4 #fba ,od>t1 ',ampelographie ,univ]selle1' #ahdi4 #fbb ,m4 ,b\*>dat1 9 ',comptes ,r5dus1' ,dec4 #a/1 #ahea1 quot$ 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #aheb1 p4 #dce4 #fbc ',etudes sur les ,maladies actuelles du ,v] a ,soie1' #ahei1 p4 #cba4 #fbd ',productive ,res\rces ( ,india1' p4 #acj4 #fbe ',traite du ,citrus1' #ahaa4 ',teoria della ,riproduzione ,vegetale1' #ahaf4 ,i quote *iefly f ?is second "w4 ,9 #ahci ,gallesio publi%$ 9 folio ',gli ,agrumi dei ,gi>d4 ,bot4 di ,fir5ze1' 9 :i* he gives a curi\s diagram ( ! suppos$ relation%ip ( all ! =ms4 #fbf ,mr4 ,b5?am1 ,review ( ,dr4 ,a4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 ',j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #acc4 #fbg ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hfc4 #fbh ',teoria della ,riproduzione1' pp4 #eb-eg4 #fbi ,hook]'s ',bot4 ,misc41' vol4 i4 p4 #cjb2 vol4 ii4 p4 #aaa4 #fcj ',teoria della ,riproduzione1' p4 #ec4 #fca ,gallesio1 ',teoria della ,riproduzione1' p4 #fi4 #fcb ,gallesio1 idem1 p4 #fg4 #fcc ,gallesio1 idem1 pp4 #ge1 #gf4 #fcd ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #fac4 #fce ',annales du ,museum1' tom4 xx4 p4 #ahh4 #fcf ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hhb4 #fcg ',transactions ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 p4 #a1 & vol4 iv4 p4 #cfi1 & note to p4 #cgj4 ,a col\r$ draw+ is giv5 ( ?is hybrid4 #fch ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahef1 p4 #ecb4 ,a writ]1 x may be presum$ ,dr4 ,l9dley1 rem>ks on ! p]fect s]ies :i* may be =m$ betwe5 ! almond & ! pea*4 ,ano!r high au?ority1 ,mr4 ,riv]s1 :o has _h su* wide exp]i5ce1 /rongly suspects 7',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #bg7 t pea*es1 if left to a /ate ( nature1 w\ld 9 ! c\rse ( "t retrograde into ?ick-fle%$ almonds4 #fci ',j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #afh4 #fdj ,:e!r ?is is ! same v>iety z "o lately m5tion$ 7',g>d4 ,*ron4' #ahfe1 p4 #aaed7 by ,m4 ,c>ri]e "u ! "n ( ,p]sica int]m$ia1 ,i "k n3 ?is v>4 is said to be int]m$iate 9 ne>ly all its *>act]s betwe5 ! almond & pea*2 x produces dur+ successive ye>s v diff]5t k9ds ( fruit4 #fda ,quot$ 9 ',g>d4 ,*ron4' #ahff1 p4 #hjj4 #fdb ,quot$ 9 ',j\rnal de la ,soc4 ,imp4 d',horticulture1' #ahee1 p4 #bch4 #fdc ',teoria della ,riproduzione ,vegetale1' #ahaf1 p4 #hf4 #fdd ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #aaie4 #fde ,mr4 ,riv]s1 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahei1 p4 #ggd4 #fdf ,d[n+1 ',! ,fruits ( ,am]ica1' #ahde1 pp4 #dge1 #dhi1 #dib1 #did1 #dif4 ,see also ,f4 ,mi*aux1 ',travels 9 ,n4 ,am]ica' 7,eng4 translat471 p4 #bbh4 ,= simil> cases 9 ,france see ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ig4 #fdg ,brickell's ',nat4 ,hi/4 ( ,n4 ,c>ol9a1' p4 #ajb1 & ,d[n+'s ',fruit ,trees1' p4 #eje4 #fdh ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #aaif4 #fdi ,! pea* & nect>9e d n succe$ equally well 9 ! same soil3 see ,l9dley's ',horticulture1' p4 #cea4 #fej ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 #ahei1 p4 #ig4 #fea ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 p4 #cid4 #feb ,d[n+'s ',fruit ,trees1' p4 #ejb4 #fec ',g>d5]s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #aaie4 #fed ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,feb4 #f?1 #ahff1 p4 #ajb4 #fee ,mr4 ,riv]s1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahei1 p4#ggd2 #ahfb1 p4 #aaie2 #ahfe1 p4#ajei2 & ',j\rnal ( ,hort41' #ahff1 p4 #ajb4 #fef ',correspond5ce ( ,l9naeus1' #ahba1 pp4 #g1 #h1 #gj4 #feg ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 p4 #ajc4 #feh ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,mag41' #ahbf1 vol4 i4 p4 #dga4 #fei ,ibid41 #ahbh1 p4 #ec4 #ffj ,ibid41 #ahcj1 p4 #eig4 #ffa ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #fag4 #ffb ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #ehi4 #ffc ',phytologi/1' vol4 iv4 p4 #bii4 #ffd ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahef1 p4 #eca4 #ffe ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ig4 #fff ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahef1 p4 #eca4 #ffg ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hhf4 #ffh ,?ompson1 9 ,l\don's ',encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #iaa4 #ffi ',catalogue ( ,fruit 9 ,g>d5 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' #ahdb1 p4 #aje4 #fgj ,dr4 ,a4 ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 ',j\rnal ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #afg4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hhe4 #fga ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #eed4 #fgb ,l\don's ',encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #ijg4 #fgc ,m4 ,c>ri]e1 9 ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahfe1 p4 #aaed4 #fgd ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 p4 #ccb4 ,see also ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #bga1 to same effect4 ,also ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,sept4 #bf?1 #ahfe1 p4 #bed4 #fge ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #eab4 #fgf ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,sept4 #h?1 #ahfc1 p4 #ahh4 #fgg ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 p4 #dab4 #fgh ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #aheg1 p4 #baf4 #fgi ',j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #bhc4 #fhj ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot4'1 p4 #hgi4 #fha ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc' 7#bnd s]ies71 vol4 i4 #ahce1 p4 #ef4 ,see also ',cat4 ( ,fruit 9 ,g>d5 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' #crd edit4 #ahdb4 #fhb ,d[n+1',! ,fruits ( ,am]ica1' #ahde1 p4 #aeg2 ) respect to ! ,alb]ge apricot 9 ,france1 see p4 #aec4 #fhc ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #cfd4 #fhd ',travels 9 ! ,himalayan ,prov9ces1' vol4 i1 #ahda1 p4 #bie4 #fhe ,see an excell5t discussion on ?is subject 9 ,hewett ,o4 ,watson's ',cybele ,britannica1' vol4 iv4 p4 #hj4 #fhf ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfe1 p4 #bg4 #fhg ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #id4 ,on ! p>5tage ( our plums1 see also ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hgh4 ,also ,t>gioni-,tozetti1 ',j\rnal ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #afd4 ,also ,bab+ton1 ',manual ( ,brit4 ,botany1' #ahea1 p4 #hg4 #fhh ',fruits ( ,am]ica1' pp4 #bgf1 #bgh1 #cad1 #bhd1 #bgf1 #caj4 ,mr4 ,riv]s rais$ 7',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahfc1 p4 #bg7 f ! ,prune-pe*e1 :i* be>s l>ge1 r\nd1 r$ plums on /\t robu/ %oots1 a se$l+ :i* be>s oval1 small] fruit on %oots t are s sl5d] z to be almo/ p5dul\s4 #fhi ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 p4 #gbf4 #fij ,d[n+'s ',fruit ,trees1' p4 #bgh4 #fia ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfc1 p4 #bg4 ,sag]et1 9 8 ',pomologie ,phys41' p4 #cdf1 enum]ates five k9ds :i* c be propagat$ 9 ,france by se$3 see also ,d[n+'s ',fruit ,trees ( ,am]ica1' p4 #cje1 #cab1 c4 #fib ,comp>e ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 p4 #bdh4 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #hgg2 ,b5?am & ,t>gioni-,tozzetti1 9 ',hort4 ,j\rnal1' vol4 ix4 p4 #afc2 ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ib4 #fic ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v41 #ahbd1 p4 #bie4 #fid ,ibid41 second s]ies1 vol4 i41 #ahce1 p4 #bdh4 #fie ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #ach4 #fif ,^! sev]al /atem5ts are tak5 f ! f\r foll[+ works1 :i* may ,i believe1 be tru/$4 ,?ompson1 9 ',hort4 ,transact41' see above2 ,sag]et's ',pomologie ,phys41' #ahcj1 pp4 #ceh1 #cfd1 #cfg1 #cgi2 ',catalogue ( ! ,fruit 9 ! ,g>d5 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' #ahdb1 pp4 #eg1 #fj2 ,d[n+1 ',! ,fruits ( ,am]ica1' #ahde1 pp4 #ahi1 #aie1 #bjj4 #fig ,mr4 ,l[e /ates 9 8 ',flora ( ,madeira' 7quot$ 9 ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahfb1 p4 #bae7 t ! ,p4 malus1 ) its ne>ly sessile fruit1 ranges f>!r s\? ?an ! long-/alk$ ,p4 ac]ba1 :i* is entirely abs5t 9 ,madeira1 ! ,can>ies1 & app>5tly 9 ,portugal4 ,?is fact supports ! belief t ^! two =ms des]ve to be call$ species4 ,b ! *>act]s sep>at+ !m are ( slight importance1 & ( a k9d kn[n to v>y 9 o!r cultivat$ fruit-trees4 #fih ,see ',j\rn4 ( ,hort4 ,t\r1' by ,deputation ( ! ,cal$onian ,hort4 ,soc41 #ahbc1 p4 #dei4 #fii ,h4 ,c4 ,watson1 ',cybele ,britannica1' vol4 i4 p4 #ccd4 #gjj ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 vi41 #ahcj1 p4 #hc4 #gja ,see ',catalogue ( ,fruit 9 ,g>d5 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' #ahdb1 & ,d[n+'s ',am]ican ,fruit ,trees4' #gjb ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 iv41 #ahbh1 p4 #aab4 #gjc ',! ,culture ( ! ,apple1' p4 #dc4 ,van ,mons makes ! same rem>k on ! pe>1 ',arbres ,fruiti]s1' tom4 ii41 #ahcf1 p4 #dad4 #gjd ,l9dley's ',horticulture1' p4 #aaf4 ,see also ,knight on ! ,apple-,tree1 9 ',transact4 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 p4 #bbi4 #gje ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i41 #ahab1 p4 #abj4 #gjf ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,m>* #ac?1 #ahff1 p4 #aid4 #gjg ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #fh4 ,= ,knight's case1 see vol4 vi4 p4 #edg4 ,:5 ! coccus fir/ appe>$ 9 ?is c\ntry1 x is said 7vol4 ii4 p4 #afc7 t x 0 m injuri\s to crab-/ocks ?an to ! apples graft$ on !m4 #gjh ',mem4 de la ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,p>is1' tom4 iii41 #ahbe1 p4 #afd2 & ,s]+e1 ',bullet9 ,bot41' #ahcj1 p4 #aag4 #gji ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi1 p4 #bd4 #gaj ,r4 ,?ompson1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahej1 p4 #ghh4 #gaa ,sag]et1 ',pomologie ,physiologique1' #ahcj1 p4 #bfc4 ,d[n+'s ',fruit ,trees1' pp4 #acj1 #acd1 #aci1 c4 ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 viii4 p4 #cag4 ,alexis ,jordan1 ',de l',orig9e des div]ses ,v>ietes1' 9 ',mem4 de l',acad4 ,imp4 de ,lyon1' tom4 ii41 #aheb1 pp4 #ie1 #aad4 ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 pp4 #ggd1 #ghh4 #gab ',comptes ,r5dus1' ,july #f?1 #ahfc4 #gac ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahef1 p4 #hjd2 #aheg1 p4 #hbj2 #ahfb1 p4 #aaie4 #gad ,mo/ ( ! l>ge/ cultivat$ /rawb]ries are ! desc5dants ( ,f4 gr&iflora or ,*ilo5sis1 & ,i h se5 no acc\nt ( ^! =ms 9 _! wild /ate4 ,me?u5's ,sc>let 7,d[n+1 ',fruits1' p4 #ebg7 has imm5se fruit ( ! l>ge/ size1 & belongs to ! section desc5d$ f ,f4 ,virg9iana2 & ! fruit ( ?is species1 z ,i he> f ,pr(4 ,a4 ,gray1 is only a little l>g] ?an t ( ,f4 vesca1 or our common wood /rawb]ry4 #gae ',le ,fraisi]1' p> le ,comte ,l4 de ,lamb]tye1 #ahfd1 p4 #ej4 #gaf ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 #ahbj1 p4 #bjg4 #gag ,see an acc\nt by ,pr(4 ,decaisne1 & by o!rs 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #cce1 & #aheh1 p4 #agb2 & ,mr4 ,b>net's pap] 9 ',hort4 ,soc4 ,transact41' vol4 vi41 #ahbf1 p4 #agj4 #gah ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v41 #ahbd1 p4 #bid4 #gai ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,dec4 #cj?1 #ahfb1 p4 #ggi4 ,see also ,mr4 ,pr9ce to ! same effect1 idem1 #ahfc1 p4 #dah4 #gbj ,= additional evid5ce see ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,dec4 #i?1 #ahfb1 p4 #gba4 #gba ',le ,fraisi]1' p> le ,comte ,l4 de ,lamb]tye1 pp4 #bba1 #bcj4 #gbb ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 vi4 p4 #bjj4 #gbc ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #aheh1 p4 #agc4 #gbd ,godron ',de l',espece1' tom4 i4 p4 #afa4 #gbe ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahea1 p4 #ddj4 #gbf ,f4 ,glo$e1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfb1 p4 #ajec4 #gbg ,d[n+'s ',fruits1' p4 #ecb4 #gbh ,b>net1 9 ',hort4 ,transact41' vol4 vi4 p4 #baj4 #gbi ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahdg1 p4 #eci4 #gcj ,= ! sev]al /atem5ts ) respect to ! ,am]ican /rawb]ries1 see ,d[n+1 ',fruits1' p4 #ebd2 ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #ahh2 #ahdg1 p4 #eci2 #ahfa1 p4 #gag4 #gca ,mr4 ,d4 ,beaton1 9 ',cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #hf4 ,see also ',cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahee1 p4 #hh1 & _m o!r au?orities4 ,= ! ,cont95t1 see ,f4 ,glo$e1 9' ,g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfb1 p4 #ajec4 #gcb ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4 ,radclyffe1 9 ',j\rnal ( ,hort41' ,m>* #ad1 #ahfe1 p4 #bjg4 #gcc ,mr4 ,h4 ,d\bl$ay 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfb1 p4 #aaja4 #gcd ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahed1 p4 #bed4 #gce ,l\don's ',encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #icj2 & ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 ,geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #iaj4 #gcf ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 iv4 #ahbh1 p4 #aab4 #gcg ,! fulle/ acc\nt ( ! gooseb]ry is giv5 by ,mr4 ,?ompson 9 ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i41 #bnd s]ies1 #ahce1 p4 #bah1 f :i* mo/ ( ! =ego+ facts are giv54 #gch ',catalogue ( ,fruits ( ,hort4 ,soc4 ,g>d51' #crd edit4 #ahdb4 #gci ,mr4 ,cl>kson1 ( ,man*e/]1 on ! ,culture ( ! ,gooseb]ry1 9 ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 iv4 #ahbh1 p4 #dhb4 #gdj ,d[n+'s ',fruits ( ,am]ica1' p4 #bac4 #gda ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #haa1 :]e a table is giv52 & #ahde1 p4 #hai4 ,= ! extreme weights ga9$1 see ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,july #bf1 #ahfd1 p4 #fa4 #gdb ,mr4 ,saul1 ( ,lanca/]1 9 ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 iii4 #ahbh1 p4 #dba2 & vol4 x4 #ahcd1 p4 #db4 #gdc ',himalayan ,j\rnals1' #ahed1 vol4 ii4 p4 #ccd4 ,moorcr(t 7',travels1' vol4 ii4 p4 #adf7 describes f\r v>ieties cultivat$ 9 ,ka%mir4 #gdd ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahej1 p4 #gbc4 #gde ,pap] translat$ 9 ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,mag41' #ahbi1 vol4 v4 p4 #bjb4 #gdf ,quot$ 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi1 p4 #aja4 #gdg ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdg1 pp4 #eda & #eeh4 #gdh ,! foll[+ details are tak5 f ! ,catalogue ( ,fruits1 #ahdb1 9 ,g>d5 ( ,hort4 ,soc41 p4 #ajc2 & f ,l\don's ',encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #idc4 #gdi ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfj1 p4 #ief4 #gej ',annales des ,sc4 ,nat4 ,bot41' #d? s]ies1 vol4 vi4 #ahef1 p4 #e4 #gea ',am]ican ,j\rn4 ( ,sci5ce1' #bnd s]4 vol4 xxiv4 #aheg1 p4 #ddb4 #geb ,ga]tn]1 ',ba/>d]zeugung1' #ahdi1 s4 #hg1 & s4 #afi ) respect to ,maize2 on ,v]bascum1 idem1 ss4 #ib & #aha2 also 8 ',k5ntniss d] ,b]fru*tung1' s4 #acg4 ,) respect to ,nicotiana1 see ,koelreut]1 ',zweite ,=ts41' #agfd1 s4 #ec2 ?\gh ?is is a some:at diff]5t case4 #gec ',de l',espece1' p> ,m4 ,godron1 tom4 ii4 p4 #fd4 #ged ,naud91 9 ',annal4 des ,sci4 ,nat41' #d? s]4 ,bot4 tom4 xi4 #ahei1 p4 #bh4 #gee ',memoire sur les ,cucurbitacees1' #ahbf1 pp4 #f1 #bd4 #gef ',flore des ,s]res1' ,oct4 #ahfa1 quot$ 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #aace4 ,i h also consult$ & tak5 "s facts f ,m4 ,naud9's ,memoir on ,cucumis 9 ',annal4 des ,sc4 ,nat41' #d? s]ies1 ,bot4 tom4 xi4 #ahei1 p4 #e4 #geg ,see also ,sag]et's ',memoire1' p4 #g4 #geh ,l\don's ',arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 ii4 p4 #abag4 #gei ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #ajif4 #gfj ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ajif4 #gfa ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahdb1 p4 #cf4 #gfb ,l\don's ',arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 iii4 p4 #agca4 #gfc ,ibid41 vol4 iv4 p4 #bdhi4 #gfd ,godron 7',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #ia7 describes f\r v>ieties ( ,rob9ia rem>kable f _! mann] ( gr[?4 #gfe ',j\rnal ( a ,horticultural ,t\r1 by ,cal$onian ,hort4 ,soc41' #ahbc1 p4 #ajg4 ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ajhc4 ,v]lot1 ',sur la ,production des ,v>ietes1' #ahfe1 p4 #ee1 = ! ,b>b]ry4 #gff ,l\don's ',arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ejh4 #gfg ,v]lot1 ',des ,v>ietes1' #ahfe1 p4 #ib4 #gfh ,l\don's ',arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 iii4 p4 #acgf4 #gfi ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahda1 p4 #fhg4 #ggj ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #hi4 ,9 ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 xii4 #ahcf1 p4 #cga1 a v>iegat$ bu%y a% is describ$ & figur$1 z hav+ simple leaves2 x orig9at$ 9 ,irel&4 #gga ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfa1 p4 #ege4 #ggb ,quot$ f ,royal ,iri% ,academy 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahda1 p4 #gfg4 #ggc ,l\don's ',arboretum et ,fruticetum3' = ,elm1 see vol4 iii4 p4 #acgf2 = ,oak1 p4 #ahdf4 #ggd ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdi1 p4 #hbb4 #gge ',arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 iv4 p4 #baej4 #ggf ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #aheb1 p4 #fic4 #ggg ,see ',beitraege zur ,k5tniss ,europaeis*] ,p9us-art5 von ,dr4 ,*ri/3 ,flora1 #ahfd4' ,he %[s t 9 ! ,ob]-,engad9 ,p4 sylve/ris & montana are connect$ by int]m$iate l9ks4 #ggh ',arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 iv4 pp4 #baei & #bahi4 #ggi ,ibid41 vol4 ii4 p4 #hcj2 ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 vi4 #ahcj1 p4 #gad4 #ghj ,l\don's ',arboretum et ,fruticetum1' vol4 ii4 p4 #hcd4 #gha ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 ix4 #ahcc1 p4 #abc4 #ghb ,ibid41 vol4 xi4 #ahce1 p4 #ejc4 #ghc ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahde1 p4 #fbc4 #ghd ,d4 ,beaton1 9 ',cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #cgg4 ,see also ,mr4 ,beck1 on ! habits ( ,que5 ,mab1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahde1 p4 #bbf4 #ghe ,moqu9-,t&on1 ',elem5ts de ,t]atologie1' #ahda1 p4 #bac4 #ghf ,see also ',cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #acc4 #ghg ,quot$ by ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ',bibl4 ,univ41' ,novemb]1 #ahfb1 p4 #eh4 #ghh ,knight1 ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #cbb4 #ghi ',botanical ,magaz9e1' tab4 #eafj1 fig4 #d2 ,dr4 ,hook]1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfj1 p4 #aij2 ,pr(4 ,h>vey1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfj1 p4 #ade2 ,mr4 ,crock]1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfa1 p4 #ajib4 #gij ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ajhc2 ',g>d4 ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #dcc4 ,! inh]itance ( ! :ite & gold5 zones 9 ,pel>gonium l>gely dep5ds on ! nature ( ! soil4 ,see ,d4 ,beaton1 9 ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #fd4 #gia ',rose ,amateur's ,guide1' ,t4 ,riv]s1 #ahcg1 p4 #ba4 #gib ',j\rnal ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 #ahee1 p4 #ahb4 #gic ,! ,rev4 ,w4 ,f4 ,radclyffe1 9 ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,m>* #ad1 #ahfe1 p4 #bjg4 #gid ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfa1 p4 #df4 #gie ,mr4 ,sab9e1 9 ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #bhe4 #gif ',an ,encyclop4 ( ,plants1' by ,j4 ,c4 ,l\don1 #ahda1 p4 #ddc4 #gig ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 xi4 #ahce1 p4 #dbg2 also ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,april #ad1 #ahfc1 p4 #bge4 #gih ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,magaz9e1' vol4 viii4 p4 #ege2 vol4 ix4 p4 #fhi4 #gii ,sir ,j4 ,e4 ,smi?1 ',engli% ,flora1' vol4 i4 p4 #cjf4 ,h4 ,c4 ,watson1 ',cybele ,britannica1' vol4 i4 #ahdg1 p4 #aha4 #hjj ,quot$ f ',annales des ,sci5ces1' 9 ! ,companion to ! ',bot4 ,mag41' vol4 i4 #ahce1 p4 #aei4 #hja ',cybele ,britannica1' vol4 i4 p4 #agc4 ,see also ,dr4 ,h]b]t on ! *anges ( col\r 9 transplant$ specim5s1 & on ! natural v>iations ( ,v4 gr&iflora1 9 ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #ai4 #hjb ,salisbury1 9 ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 #ahab1 pp4 #hd1 #ib4 ,a semi-d\ble v>iety 0 produc$ 9 ,madrid 9 #agij4 #hjc ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iii4 #ahbj1 p4 #bbe4 #hjd ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 vi4 #ahcj1 p4 #gg4 #hje ,l\don's ',encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #ajce4 #hjf ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 p4 #ia2 & ,l\don's ',g>d5]'s ,mag41' vol4 iii4 #ahbh1 p4 #agi4 #hjg ,mr4 ,wildman1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahdc1 p4 #hg4 #hjh ',cottage ,g>d5]1' ,april #h1 #ahef1 p4 #cc4 #hji ,! be/ & fulle/ acc\nt ( ?is plant :i* ,i h met ) is by a fam\s horticulturi/1 ,mr4 ,paul ( ,wal?am1 9 ! ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahfd1 p4 #cdb4 #haj ',des ,jac9!s1 de leur ,anatomie1 ,reproduction1 et ,culture1' ,am/]dam1 #agfh4 #haa ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ajhb4 #hab ,alph4 de ,c&olle1 ',geograph4 ,bot41' p4 #ihc4 #hac ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahed1 p4 #hba4 #had ',l9dley's ,guide to ,or*>d1' z quot$ 9 ',g>d4 ,*ronicle1' #aheb1 p4 #hba4 ,= ! ,e>ly mignonne pea*1 see ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfd1 p4 #abea4 #hae ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #afj4 #haf ,see also ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfc1 p4 #bg4 #hag ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #aheb1 p4 #hba4 #hah ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #aheb1 p4 #fbi2 #ahef1 p4 #fdh2 #ahfd1 p4 #ihf4 ,o!r cases are giv5 by ,braun1 ',rejuv5esc5ce1' 9 ',ray ,soc4 ,bot4 ,mem41' #ahec1 p4 #cad4 #hai ',ampelographie1' c41 #ahdi1 p4 #ga4 #hbj ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4#igj4 #hba ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahee1 pp4 #eig1 #fab4 #hbb ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahdb1 p4 #hgc2 #ahee1 p4 #fdf4 ,9 ! ',*ronicle1' #ahff1 p4 #hgf1 ,mr4 ,p4 ,mack5zie /ates t ! bu% /ill cont9ues to be> ! ?ree k9ds ( fruit1 al?\gh !y h n be5 e ye> alike4 #hbc ',revue ,horticole1' quot$ 9 ',g>d4 ,*ronicle1' #ahdd1 p4 #hg4 #hbd ',rejuv5esc5ce 9 ,nature1' ',bot4 ,memoirs ,ray ,soc41' #ahec1 p4 #cad4 #hbe ',comptes ,r5dus1' tom4 xli41 #ahee1 p4 #hjd4 ,! second case is giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,gaudi*aud1 idem1 tom4 xxxiv41 #aheb1 p4 #gdh4 #hbf ,?is case is giv5 9 ! ',g>d4 ,*ronicle1' #ahfg1 p4 #djc4 #hbg ',j\rnal ( ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 ,botany1 p4 #aca4 #hbh ',g>d4 ,*ronicle1' #ahdg1 p4 #bjg4 #hbi ,h]b]t1 ',am>yllidaceae1' #ahch1 p4 #cfi4 #hcj ',g>d5]'s ,*ronicle1' #ahdc1 p4 #cia4 #hca ,exhibit$ at ,hort4 ,soc41 ,london4 ,report 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahdd1 p4 #ccg4 #hcb ,mr4 ,w4 ,bell1 ,bot4 ,soc4 ( ,ed9burgh1 ,may1 #ahfc4 #hcc ',revue ,horticole1' quot$ 9 ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahde1 p4 #dge4 #hcd ',ba/>d]zeugung1' #ahdi1 s4 #gf4 #hce ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #ccf4 #hcf ,w4 ,p4 ,ayres1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahdb1 p4 #gia4 #hcg ,w4 ,p4 ,ayres1 idem4 #hch ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfa1 p4 #ifh4 #hci ,idem1 #ahfa1 p4 #ide4 #hdj ,w4 ,paul1 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfa1 p4 #ifh4 #hda ,idem1 p4 #ide4 #hdb ,= o!r cases ( bud-v>iation 9 ?is same v>iety1 see ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahfa1 pp4 #egh1 #fjj1 #ibe4 ,= o!r di/9ct cases ( bud-v>iation 9 ! g5us ,pel>gonium1 see ',cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #aid4 #hdc ,rev4 ,w4 ,t4 ,bree1 9 ,l\don's ',g>d4 ,mag41' vol4 viii41 #ahcb1 p4 #ic4 #hdd ',! ,*rysan!mum1 its ,hi/ory & ,culture1' by ,j4 ,salt]1 #ahfe1 p4 #da1 c4 #hde ,bree1 9 ,l\don's ',g>d4 ,mag41' vol4 viii41 #ahcb1 p4 #ic4 #hdf ,bronn1 ',ges*i*te d] ,natur1' ,b4 ii4 s4 #abc4 #hdg ,t4 ,riv]s1 ',rose ,amateur's ,guide1' #ahcg1 p4 #d4 #hdh ,mr4 ,%ail]1 quot$ 9 ',g>d5]'s ,*ron41' #ahdh1 p4 #gei4 #hdi ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv41 #ahbb1 p4 #acg2 ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahdb1 p4 #dbb4 #hej ,see also ,l\don's ',arboretum1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ghj4 #hea ,all ^! /atem5ts on ! orig9 ( ! sev]al v>ieties ( ! moss-rose are giv5 on ! au?ority ( ,mr4 ,%ail]1 :o1 toge!r ) 8 fa!r1 0 conc]n$ 9 _! orig9al propagation1 9 ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #aheb1 p4 #gei4 #heb ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahde1 p4 #efd4 #hec ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #bdb4 #hed ',s*rift5 d] ,phys4 ,oekon4 ,gesell4 zu ,ko5igsb]g1' ,feb4 #c1 #ahfe1 s4 #d4 ,see also ,dr4 ,casp>y's pap] 9 ',transactions ( ! ,hort4 ,congress ( ,am/]dam1' #ahfe4 #hee ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #aheb1 p4 #gei4 #hef ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #bdb4 #heg ,sir ,r4 ,s*omburgk1 ',proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc4 ,bot41' vol4 ii4 p4 #acb4 #heh ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahfb1 p4 #fai4 #hei ,hopkirk's ',flora ,anomala1' p4 #afg4 #hfj ',sur la ,production et la ,fixation des ,v>ietes1' #ahfe1 p4 #d4 #hfa ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,m>*1 #ahfe1 p4 #bcc4 #hfb ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahdc1 p4 #ace4 #hfc ,ibid41 #ahdb1 p4 #ee4 #hfd ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahfg1 p4 #bce4 #hfe ,ga]tn]1 ',ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #cje4 #hff ,mr4 ,d4 ,beaton1 9 ',cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #bej4 #hfg ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahej1 p4 #ecf4 #hfh ,braun1 ',ray ,soc4 ,bot4 ,mem41' #ahec1 p4 #cae2 ,hopkirk's ',flora ,anomala1' p4 #afd2 ,lecoq1 ',geograph4 ,bot4 de l',europe1' tom4 iii41 #ahed1 p4 #dje2 & ',de la ,fecondation1' #ahfb1 p4 #cjc4 #hfi ',des ,v>ietes1' #ahfe1 p4 #e4 #hgj ,w4 ,mason1 9 ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahdc1 p4 #hgh4 #hga ,alex4 ,braun1 ',ray ,soc4 ,bot4 ,mem41' #ahec1 p4 #cae2 ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahda1 p4 #cbi4 #hgb ,dr4 ,m4 ,t4 ,ma/]s1 ',royal ,in/itution ,lecture1' ,m>* #af1 #ahfj4 #hgc ,see ,mr4 ,w4 ,k4 ,bridgman's curi\s pap] 9 ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' ,decemb]1 #ahfa2 also ,mr4 ,j4 ,scott1 ',bot4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1' ,june #ab1 #ahfb4 #hgd ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' #ahfa1 p4 #ccf2 ,v]lot1 ',des ,v>ietes1' p4 #gf4 #hge ,see also ,v]lot1 ',des ,v>ietes1' p4 #gd4 #hgf ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahdd1 p4 #hf4 #hgg ,ibid41 #ahfa1 p4 #ifh4 #hgh ,ibid41 #ahfa1 p4 #dcc4 ',cottage ,g>d5]1' #ahfj1 p4 #b4 #hgi ,m4 ,lemo9e 7quot$ 9 ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahfg1 p4 #gd7 has lately obs]v$ t ! ,symphitum ) v>iegat$ leaves _c be propagat$ by division ( ! roots4 ,he also f\nd t out ( #ejj plants ( a ,phlox ) /rip$ fl[]s1 :i* _h be5 propagat$ by root-division1 only sev5 or eight produc$ /rip$ fl[]s4 ,see also1 on /rip$ ,pel>goniums1 ',g>d4 ,*ron4' #ahfg1 p4 #ajjj4 #hhj ,&]son's ',recreations 9 ,agriculture1' vol4 v4 p4 #aeb4 #hha ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #aheg1 p4 #ffb4 #hhb ,ibid41 #ahda1 p4 #had4 #hhc ,ibid41 #aheg1 p4 #fac4 #hhd ,ibid41 #aheg1 p4 #fgi4 ,see also ,phillips1 ',hi/4 ( ,vegetables1' vol4 ii4 p4 #ia1 = o!r & simil> acc\nts4 #hhe ',j\rnal ( ,proc4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 ,botany1 p4 #acb4 #hhf ,l\don's ',g>d4 ,mag41' vol4 viii41 #ahcb1 p4 #id4 #hhg ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahej1 p4 #ecf2 & #ahdb1 p4 #gbi4 #hhh ',des ,jac9!s1' c41 ,am/]dam1 #agfh1 p4 #abb4 #hhi ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahde1 p4 #bab4 #hij ,l\don's ',encyclop4 ( ,g>d5+1' p4 #ajbd4 #hia ',production des ,v>ietes1' #ahfe1 p4 #fc4 #hib ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahda1 p4 #ghb2 #ahdb1 p4 #ee4 #hic ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahdi1 p4 #efe4 #hid ',transact4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #ced4 #hie ,godron1 ',de l',espece1' tom4 ii4 p4 #hd4 #hif ,m4 ,c>ri]e has lately describ$1 9 ! ',revue ,horticole' 7,dec4 #a1 #ahff1 p4 #deg71 an extraord9>y case4 ,he twice ins]t$ grafts ( ! ,aria ve/ita on ?orn-trees 7ep9es7 gr[+ 9 pots2 & ! grafts1 z !y grew1 produc$ %oots ) b>k1 buds1 leaves1 petioles1 petals1 & fl[]-/alks all widely diff]5t f ^? ( ! ,aria4 ,! graft$ %oots 7 also mu* h>di]1 & fl[]$ e>li]1 ?an ^? on ! ungraft$ ,aria4 #hig ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii4 p4 #afj4 #hih ,= ! cases ( oaks see ,alph4 ,de ,c&olle 9 ',bibl4 ,univ]s41' ,g5eva1 ,nov4 #ahfb2 = limes1 c41 ,l\don's ',g>d4 ,mag41' vol4 xi41 #ahce1 p4 #ejc4 #hii ,= analog\s facts1 see ,braun1 ',rejuv5esc5ce1' 9 ',ray ,soc4 ,bot4 ,mem41' #ahec1 p4 #cbj2 & ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahdb1 p4 #cig4 #ijj ',j\rnal ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 ii41 #ahdg1 p4 #ajj4 #ija ,see ',transact4 ( ,hort4 ,congress ( ,am/]dam1' #ahfe2 b ,i owe mo/ ( ! foll[+ in=mation to ,pr(4 ,casp>y's lett]s4 #ijb ',n\velles ,ar*ives du ,museum1' tom4 i4 p4 #adc4 #ijc ,see on ?is head1 ,naud91 idem1 p4 #ada4 #ijd ,! /atem5t is believ$ by ,dr4 ,l9dley 9 ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #aheg1 pp4 #chb1 #djj4 #ije ,braun1 9 ',bot4 ,mem4 ,ray ,soc41' #ahec1 p4 xxiii4 #ijf ,?is hybrid has nev] be5 describ$4 ,x is exactly int]m$iate 9 foliage1 "t ( fl[]+1 d>k /riae at ! base ( ! /&>d petal1 hair9ess ( ! ov>ium1 & 9 almo/ e o!r "*1 betwe5 ,c4 laburnum & alp9us2 b x approa*es ! =m] species m ne>ly 9 col\r1 & exce$s x 9 ! l5g? ( ! racemes4 ,we h be=e se5 t #bj4c p] c5t4 ( its poll5-gra9s are ill-=m$ & wor?less4 ,my plant1 ?\gh gr[+ n above ?irty or =ty y>ds f bo? p>5t-species1 dur+ "s seasons yield$ no good se$s2 b 9 #ahff x 0 unusually f]tile1 & its long racemes produc$ f "o to occasionally ev5 f\r pods4 ,_m ( ! pods conta9$ no good se$s1 b g5]ally !y conta9$ a s+le app>5tly good se$1 sometimes two1 & 9 "o case ?ree se$s4 ,"s ( ! se$s g]m9at$4 #ijg ',annales de la ,soc4 de ,hort4 de ,p>is1' tom4 vii41 #ahcj1 p4 #ic4 #ijh ',annals & ,mag4 ( ,nat4 ,hi/41' ,m>*1 #ahdh4 #iji ',pomologie ,physiolog41' #ahcj1 p4 #abf4 #iaj ,gallesio1 ',gli ,agrumi dei ,gi>d4 ,bot4 ,agr>4 di ,fir5ze1' #ahci1 p4 #aa4 ,9 8 ',traite du ,citrus1' #ahaa1 p4 #adf1 he speaks z if ! comp\nd fruit consi/$ 9 "p ( lemons1 b ?is app>5tly 0 a mi/ake4 #iaa ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahee1 p4 #fbh4 ,see also ,pr(4 ,casp>y1 9 ',transact4 ,hort4 ,congress ( ,am/]dam1' #ahfe4 #iab ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahea1 p4 #djf4 #iac ,ga]tn]1 ',ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #edi4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 d\btful :e!r ^! plants %\ld be rank$ z species or v>ieties4 #iad ,ga]tn]1 idem1 s4 #eej4 #iae ',j\rnal de ,physique1' tom4 xxiii41 #aghc1 p4 #ajj4 ',act4 ,acad4 ,/4 ,pet]sburgh1' #agha1 "p i4 p4 #bdi4 #iaf ',n\velles ,ar*ives du ,museum1' tom4 i4 p4 #di4 #iag ,l',h]mes1 ,jan4 #ad1 #ahcg1 quot$ 9 ,l\don's ',g>d4 ,mag41' vol4 xiii4 p4 #bcj4 #iah ',comptes ,r5dus1' tom4 xxxiv41 #aheb1 p4 #gdf4 #iai ',geograph4 ,bot4 de l',europe1' tom4 iii41 #ahed1 p4 #dje2 & ',de la ,fecondation1' #ahfb1 p4 #cjb4 #ibj ',traite du ,citrus1' #ahaa1 p4 #de4 #iba ',transact4 ,l9n4 ,soc41' vol4 ix4 p4 #bfh4 #ibb ,ga]tn] 7',ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #faa7 gives _m ref]5ces on ?is subject4 #ibc ,a ne>ly simil> acc\nt 0 giv5 by ,bradley1 9 #agbd1 9 8 ',treatise on ,husb&ry1' vol4 i4 p4 #aii4 #ibd ,l\don's ',arboretum1' vol4 iv4 p4 #beie4 #ibe ',ba/>d]zeugung1' s4 #fai4 #ibf ,am/]dam1 #agfh1 p4 #abd4 #ibg ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahfj1 p4 #fgb1 ) a woodcut4 #ibh ',philosophical ,transact41' vol4 xiiii41 #agdd-de1 p4 #ebe4 #ibi ,mr4 ,swayne1 9 ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #bcd2 & ,ga]tn]1 ',ba/>d]zeugung1' #ahdi1 s4 #ha & #dii4 #icj ',g>d4 ,*ron41' #ahed1 p4 #djd4 #ica ,ibid41 #ahff1 p4 #ijj4 #icb ,see also a pap] by ?is obs]v]1 read be=e ! ,int]national ,hort4 & ,bot4 ,congress ( ,london1 #ahff4 #icc ',traite du ,citrus1' p4 #dj4 #icd ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 iv4 p4 #cah4 ,see also vol4 v4 p4 #fe4 #ice ,pr(4 ,asa ,gray1 ',proc4 ,acad4 ,sc41' ,bo/on1 vol4 iv41 #ahfj1 p4 #ba4 #icf ,= ! ,fr5* case1 see ',proc4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 new s]ies1 #ahff1 p4 #ej4 ,= ,g]many1 see ,m4 ,jack1 quot$ 9 ,h5frey's ',botanical ,gazette1' vol4 i4 p4 #bgg4 ,a case 9 ,engl& has rec5tly be5 allud$ to by ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,m4 ,b]keley be=e ! ,hort4 ,soc4 ( ,london4 #icg ',philosophical ,transactions1' vol4 xlvii41 #agea-eb1 p4 #bjf4 #ich ,gallesio1 ',teoria della ,riproduzione1' #ahaf1 p4 #ie4 #ici ,x may be wor? :ile to call att5tion to ! sev]al means by :i* fl[]s & fruit become /rip$ or mottl$4 ,fir/ly1 by ! direct action ( ! poll5 ( ano!r v>iety or species1 z ) ! above-giv5 cases ( oranges & maize4 ,secondly1 9 crosses ( ! fir/ g5]ation1 :5 ! col\rs ( ! two p>5ts d n readily unite1 z 9 ! cases ( ,mirabilis & ,dian?us giv5 a few pages back4 ,?irdly1 9 cross$ plants ( a subsequ5t g5]ation1 by rev]sion1 ?r\gh ei!r bud or sem9al g5]ation4 ,f\r?ly1 by rev]sion to a "* n orig9ally ga9$ by a cross1 b :i* _h long be5 lo/1 z ) :ite-fl[]$ v>ieties1 :i* we %all h]eaft] see (t5 become /rip$ ) "s o!r col\r4 ,la/ly1 !re are cases1 z :5 pea*es are produc$ ) a half or qu>t] ( ! fruit l a nect>9e1 9 :i* ! *ange is app>5tly due to m]e v>iation1 ?r\gh ei!r bud or sem9al g5]ation4 #idj ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #fi4 #ida ',j\rnal ( ,horticulture1' ,jan4 #bj1 #ahfc1 p4 #df4 #idb ,see on ?is head ! high au?ority ( ,pr(4 ,decaisne1 9 a pap] translat$ 9 ',proc4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 i4 new s]ies1 #ahff1 p4 #dh4 #idc ,vol4 xliii41 #agdd-de1 p4 #ebe2 vol4 xlv41 #agdg-dh1 p4 #fjb4 #idd ',transact4 ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 pp4 #fc & #fh4 ,puvis also has collect$ 7',de la ,deg5]ation1' #ahcg1 p4 #cf7 sev]al o!r in/ances2 b x is n 9 all cases possible to di/+ui% betwe5 ! direct action ( =eign poll5 & bud-v>iations4 #ide ,t4 de ,cl]mont-,tonn]re1 9 ',mem4 de la ,soc4 ,l9n4 de ,p>is1' tom4 iii41 #ahbe1 p4 #afd4 #idf ',transact4 ( ,hort4 ,soc41' vol4 v4 p4 #fh4 #idg ',beitrage zur ,k5ntniss d] ,befru*tung1' #ahdd1 s4 #cdg-cea4 #idh ',die ,fru*tbildung d] ,or*ide51 e9 ,beweis fu] die doppelte ,wirkung des ,poll51' ,botanis*e ,zeitung1 ,no4 #dd et seq41 ,oct4 #cj1 #ahfc2 & #ahfe1 s4 #bdi4 #idi ',philos4 ,transact41' #ahba1 p4 #bj4 #iej ,dr4 ,alex4 ,h>vey on ',a rem>kable ,effect ( ,cross-bre$+1' #ahea4 ,on ! ',physiology ( ,bre$+1' by ,mr4 ,reg9ald ,orton1 #ahee4 ',int]m>riage1' by ,alex4 ,walk]1 #ahcg4 ',l',h]$ite ,naturelle1' by ,dr4 ,prosp] ,lucas1 tom4 ii4 p4 #eh4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,s$gwick 9 ',briti% & ,=eign ,m$ico-,*irurgical ,review1' #ahfc1 ,july1 p4 #ahc4 ,bronn1 9 8 ',ges*i*te d] ,natur1' #ahdc1 ,b4 ii4 s4 #abg1 has collect$ sev]al cases ) respect to m>es1 s[s1 & dogs4 ,mr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,l4 ,m>t9 7',hi/ory ( ! ,dog1' #ahde1 p4 #ajd7 says he c p]sonally v\* = ! influ5ce ( ! male p>5t ( ! fir/ litt] on ! subsequ5t litt]s by o!r fa!rs4 ,a ,fr5* poet1 ,jacques ,sav>y1 :o wrote 9 #affe on dogs1 0 aw>e ( ?is s+ul> fact4 #iea ',le ,pigeon ,voyageur ,belge1' #ahfe1 p4 #ei4 #ieb ',flora ,anomala1' p4 #afd4 #iec ',s*rift5 d] ,phys4-,oekon4 ,gesell4 zu ,ko5igsb]g1' ,b& vi41 ,feb4 #c1 #ahfe1 s4 #d4 99 99 99 99 99 ,corrections made to pr9t$ orig9al4 p4 #fe4 con/ant o/eological *>act]s3 '*>ct]s' 9 orig9al4 p4 #gf4 ,phaco*o]us3 ',phasco*o]us' 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata page4 p4 #bac4 ,f :at we n[ see occasionally3 'occasionlly' 9 orig9al4 p4 #bge4 ,amh]/iae3 ',amh]/ii' 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata page4 p4 #bhb4 ,ans] ,a,egyptiacus3 ',tadorna ,a,egyptiaca' 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata page4 p4 #bhf 7la/ r[ ( table74 #gag3 '#gac' 9 orig9al1 correct$ by ,errata page4