,picture3 ,book cov] ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,climb+ ,,plants4 ,,by ,,*>les ,,d>w91 ,f4,r4,s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,popul> ,,edition 99 99 99 99 99 ,,london3 ,,john ,,murray1 ,,albem>le ,,/reet4 #aijf4 ,,preface ,,?is ,essay fir/ appe>$ 9 ! n9? volume ( ! #8,j\rnal ( ! ,l9nean ,society1' publi%$ 9 #ahfe4 ,x is "h reproduc$ 9 a correct$ &1 ,i hope1 cle>] =m1 ) "s additional facts4 ,! illu/rations 7 drawn by my son1 ,george ,d>w94 ,fritz ,mll]1 aft] ! publication ( my pap]1 s5t to ! ,l9nean ,society 7,j\rnal1 vol4 ix41 p4 #cdd7 "s int]e/+ obs]vations on ! climb+ plants ( ,s\? ,brazil1 to :i* ,i %all frequ5tly ref]4 ,rec5tly two important memoirs1 *iefly on ! diff]5ce 9 gr[? betwe5 ! upp] & l[] sides ( t5drils1 & on ! me*anism ( ! movem5ts ( tw9+-plants1 by ,dr4 ,hugo de ,vries1 h appe>$ 9 ! #8,arbeit5 des ,botanis*5 ,in/ituts 9 ,wrzburg1' ,heft4 iii41 #ahgc4 ,^! memoirs ought to be c>efully /udi$ by e "o int]e/$ 9 ! subject1 z ,i c "h give only ref]5ces to ! m important po9ts4 ,?is excell5t obs]v]1 z well z ,pr(essor ,sa*s1 iv attributes all ! movem5ts ( t5drils to rapid gr[? along "o side2 b1 f reasons assign$ t[>ds ! close ( my f\r? *apt]1 ,i _c p]suade myself t ?is holds good ) respect to ^? due to a t\*4 ,9 ord] t ! read] may "k :at po9ts h int]e/$ me mo/1 ,i may call 8 att5tion to c]ta9 t5dril-be>+ plants2 = in/ance1 ,bignonia capreolata1 ,coba1 ,e*9ocy/is1 & ,hanburya1 :i* display z beautiful adaptations z c be f\nd 9 any "p ( ! k+dom ( nature4 ,x is1 also1 an int]e/+ fact t int]m$iate /ates betwe5 organs fitt$ = widely diff]5t functions1 may be obs]v$ on ! same individual plant ( ,corydalis claviculata & ! common v9e2 & ^! cases illu/rate 9 a /rik+ mann] ! pr9ciple ( ! gradual evolution ( species4 ,,app5dix ,,to ,,preface 7#ahhb74 ,,s9ce ! publication ( ?is ,edition two pap]s by em95t botani/s h appe>$2 ,s*w5d5]1 #8,das ,w9d5 d] ,pflanz5' 7,monatsb]i*te d] ,b]l9] ,akademie1 ,dec4 #ahha71 & ,j4 ,sa*s1 #8,notiz b] ,s*l+pflanz5' 7,arbeit5 des botanis*5 ,in/ituts 9 ,wrzburg1 ,bd4 ii4 p4 #gai1 #ahhb74 ,! view 8t ! capacity ( revolv+1 on :i* mo/ climb]s dep5d1 is inh]5t1 ?\gh undevelop$1 9 almo/ e plant 9 ! vegetable k+dom0 7#8,climb+ ,plants1' p4 #bje71 has be5 confirm$ by ! obs]vations on circumnutation s9ce giv5 9 #8,! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 9 ,plants4' ,,errata4 ,on pp4 #bh1 #cb1 #dj1 #ec1 /atem5ts are made ) ref]5ce to ! suppos$ accel]ation ( ! revolv+ movem5t t[>ds ! light4 ,x appe>s f ! obs]vations giv5 9 #8,! ,p[] ( ,movem5t 9 ,plants1' p4 #dea1 t ^! conclusions 7 drawn f insuffici5t obs]vations1 & are errone\s4 ,,! ,,movem5ts ,,& ,,habits ,,( ,,climb+ ,,plants4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,tw9+ ,,plants4 ,introductory rem>ks--,description ( ! tw9+ ( ! ,hop--,torsion ( ! /ems--,nature ( ! revolv+ movem5t1 & mann] ( asc5t--,/ems n irritable--,rate ( revolution 9 v>i\s plants--,?ickness ( ! support r\nd :i* plants c tw9e--,species :i* revolve 9 an anomal\s mann]4 ,i ,,0 l$ to ?is subject by an int]e/+1 b %ort pap] by ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray on ! movem5ts ( ! t5drils ( "s ,cucurbitace\s plants4 #a;a ,my obs]vations 7 m ?an half complet$ be=e ,i le>nt t ! surpris+ ph5om5on ( ! spontane\s revolutions ( ! /ems & t5drils ( climb+ plants _h be5 long ago obs]v$ by ,palm & by ,hugo von ,mohl1 #a;b & _h subsequ5tly be5 ! subject ( two memoirs by ,dutro*et4 #a;c ,nev]!less1 ,i believe t my obs]vations1 f\nd$ on ! exam9ation ( above a hundr$ widely di/9ct liv+ species1 conta9 suffici5t novelty to ju/ify me 9 publi%+ !m4 ,climb+ plants may be divid$ into f\r classes4 ,fir/1 ^? :i* tw9e spirally r\nd a support1 & are n aid$ by any o!r movem5t4 ,secondly1 ^? end[$ ) irritable organs1 :i* :5 !y t\* any object clasp x2 su* organs consi/+ ( modifi$ leaves1 bran*es1 or fl[]-p$uncles4 ,b ^! two classes sometimes graduate to a c]ta9 ext5t into "o ano!r4 ,plants ( ! ?ird class asc5d m]ely by ! aid ( hooks2 & ^? ( ! f\r? by rootlets2 b z 9 nei!r class d ! plants exhibit any special movem5ts1 !y pres5t little int]e/1 & g5]ally :5 ,i speak ( climb+ plants ,i ref] to ! two fir/ great classes4 ,,tw9+ ,,plants4 ,?is is ! l>ge/ subdivision1 & is app>5tly ! primordial & simple/ condition ( ! class4 ,my obs]vations w be be/ giv5 by tak+ a few special cases4 ,:5 ! %oot ( a ,hop 7,humulus lupulus7 rises f ! gr\nd1 ! two or ?ree fir/-=m$ jo9ts or int]nodes are /raight & rema9 /ation>y2 b ! next-=m$1 :il/ v "y1 may be se5 to b5d to "o side & to travel sl[ly r\nd t[>ds all po9ts ( ! compass1 mov+1 l ! h&s ( a wat*1 ) ! sun4 ,! movem5t v soon acquires its full ord9>y velocity4 ,f sev5 obs]vations made dur+ ,augu/ on %oots proce$+ f a plant :i* _h be5 cut d[n1 & on ano!r plant dur+ ,april1 ! av]age rate dur+ hot wea!r & dur+ ! day is #b hrs4 #h m4 = ea* revolution2 & none ( ! revolutions v>i$ mu* f ?is rate4 ,! revolv+ movem5t cont9ues z long z ! plant cont9ues to gr[2 b ea* sep>ate int]node1 z x becomes old1 ceases to move4 ,to asc]ta9 m precisely :at am\nt ( movem5t ea* int]node und]w5t1 ,i kept a pott$ plant1 dur+ ! night & day1 9 a well-w>m$ room to :i* ,i 0 conf9$ by illness4 ,a long %oot project$ beyond ! upp] end ( ! support+ /ick1 & 0 /eadily revolv+4 ,i !n took a long] /ick & ti$ up ! %oot1 s t only a v "y int]node1 #a ( an in* 9 l5g?1 0 left free4 ,?is 0 s ne>ly upright t its revolution c\ld n be easily obs]v$2 b x c]ta9ly mov$1 & ! side ( ! int]node :i* 0 at "o "t convex became concave1 :i*1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 is a sure sign ( ! revolv+ movem5t4 ,i w assume t x made at lea/ "o revolution dur+ ! fir/ tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,e>ly ! next morn+ its position 0 m>k$1 & x made a second revolution 9 #i hrs42 dur+ ! latt] "p ( ?is revolution x mov$ mu* quick]1 & ! ?ird circle 0 p]=m$ 9 ! ev5+ 9 a little ov] #c hrs4 ,z on ! succe$+ morn+ ,i f\nd t ! %oot revolv$ 9 #b hrs4 #de m41 x mu/ h made dur+ ! night f\r revolutions1 ea* at ! av]age rate ( a little ov] #c hrs4 ,i %\ld add t ! temp]ature ( ! room v>i$ only a little4 ,! %oot _h n[ gr[n #c in*es 9 l5g?1 & c>ri$ at its extremity a "y int]node #a in* 9 l5g?1 :i* %[$ slight *anges 9 its curvature4 ,! next or n9? revolution 0 effect$ 9 #b hrs4 #cj m4 ,f ?is "t =w>d1 ! revolutions 7 easily obs]v$4 ,! ?irty-six? revolution 0 p]=m$ at ! usual rate2 s 0 ! la/ or ?irty-sev5?1 b x 0 n complet$2 = ! int]node sudd5ly became upright1 & aft] mov+ to ! c5tre1 rema9$ motionless4 ,i ti$ a weight to its upp] end1 s z to b[ x slightly & ?us detect any movem5t2 b !re 0 none4 ,"s "t be=e ! la/ revolution 0 half p]=m$1 ! l[] "p ( ! int]node ceas$ to move4 ,a few m rem>ks w complete all t ne$ be said ab\t ?is int]node4 ,x mov$ dur+ five days2 b ! m rapid movem5ts1 aft] ! p]=mance ( ! ?ird revolution1 la/$ dur+ ?ree days & tw5ty h\rs4 ,! regul> revolutions1 f ! n9? to ?irty-six? inclusive1 7 effect$ at ! av]age rate ( #b hrs4 #ca m42 b ! wea!r 0 cold1 & ?is affect$ ! temp]ature ( ! room1 especially dur+ ! night1 & consequ5tly ret>d$ ! rate ( movem5t a little4 ,!re 0 only "o irregul> movem5t1 :i* consi/$ 9 ! /em rapidly mak+1 aft] an unusually sl[ revolution1 only ! segm5t ( a circle4 ,aft] ! sev5te5? revolution ! int]node _h gr[n f #a to #f in*es 9 l5g?1 & c>ri$ an int]node #a in* long1 :i* 0 j p]ceptibly mov+2 & ?is c>ri$ a v m9ute ultimate int]node4 ,aft] ! tw5ty-fir/ revolution1 ! p5ultimate int]node 0 #b in*es long1 & probably revolv$ 9 a p]iod ( ab\t ?ree h\rs4 ,at ! tw5ty-sev5? revolution ! l[] & /ill mov+ int]node 0 #h1 ! p5ultimate #c1 & ! ultimate #b in*es 9 l5g?2 & ! incl9ation ( ! :ole %oot 0 su*1 t a circle #ai in*es 9 diamet] 0 swept by x4 ,:5 ! movem5t ceas$1 ! l[] int]node 0 #i in*es1 & ! p5ultimate #f in*es 9 l5g?2 s t1 f ! tw5ty-sev5? to ?irty-sev5? revolutions inclusive1 ?ree int]nodes 7 at ! same "t revolv+4 ,! l[] int]node1 :5 x ceas$ revolv+1 became upright & rigid2 b z ! :ole %oot 0 left to gr[ unsupport$1 x became aft] a "t b5t into a ne>ly horizontal position1 ! upp]mo/ & gr[+ int]nodes /ill revolv+ at ! extremity1 b ( c\rse no long] r\nd ! old c5tral po9t ( ! support+ /ick4 ,f ! *ang$ position ( ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! extremity1 z x revolv$1 a slight & sl[ sway+ movem5t 0 giv5 to ! long horizontally project+ %oot2 & ?is movem5t ,i at fir/ ?\ght 0 a spontane\s "o4 ,z ! %oot grew1 x hung d[n m & m1 :il/ ! gr[+ & revolv+ extremity turn$ itself up m & m4 ,) ! ,hop we h se5 t ?ree int]nodes 7 at ! same "t revolv+2 & ?is 0 ! case ) mo/ ( ! plants obs]v$ by me4 ,) all1 if 9 full heal?1 two int]nodes revolv$2 s t by ! "t ! l[] "o ceas$ to revolve1 ! "o above 0 9 full action1 ) a t]m9al int]node j comm5c+ to move4 ,) ,hoya c>nosa1 on ! o!r h&1 a dep5d+ %oot1 )\t any develop$ leaves1 #cb in*es 9 l5g?1 & consi/+ ( sev5 int]nodes 7a m9ute t]m9al "o1 an in* 9 l5g?1 be+ c\nt$71 cont9ually1 b sl[ly1 sway$ f side to side 9 a semicircul> c\rse1 ) ! extreme int]nodes mak+ complete revolutions4 ,?is sway+ movem5t 0 c]ta9ly due to ! movem5t ( ! l[] int]nodes1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _h n =ce suffici5t to sw+ ! :ole %oot r\nd ! c5tral support+ /ick4 ,! case ( ano!r ,asclepiadace\s plant1 viz41 ,c]opegia ,g>dn]ii1 is wor? briefly giv+4 ,i all[$ ! top to gr[ out almo/ horizontally to ! l5g? ( #ca in*es2 ?is n[ consi/$ ( ?ree long int]nodes1 t]m9at$ by two %ort ones4 ,! :ole revolv$ 9 a c\rse oppos$ to ! sun 7! rev]se ( t ( ! ,hop71 at rates betwe5 #e hrs4 #ae m4 & #f hrs4 #de m4 = ea* revolution4 ,! extreme tip ?us made a circle ( above #e feet 7or #fb in*es7 9 diamet] & #af feet 9 circumf]5ce1 travell+ at ! rate ( #cb or #cc in*es p] h\r4 ,! wea!r be+ hot1 ! plant 0 all[$ to /& on my /udy-table2 & x 0 an int]e/+ spectacle to wat* ! long %oot sweep+ ?is gr& circle1 night & day1 9 se>* ( "s object r\nd :i* to tw9e4 ,if we take hold ( a gr[+ sapl+1 we c ( c\rse b5d x to all sides 9 succession1 s z to make ! tip describe a circle1 l t p]=m$ by ! summit ( a spontane\sly revolv+ plant4 ,by ?is movem5t ! sapl+ is n 9 ! lea/ twi/$ r\nd its own axis4 ,i m5tion ?is because if a black po9t be pa9t$ on ! b>k1 on ! side :i* is upp]mo/ :5 ! sapl+ is b5t t[>ds ! hold]'s body1 z ! circle is describ$1 ! black po9t gradually turns r\nd & s9ks to ! l[] side1 & comes up aga9 :5 ! circle is complet$2 & ?is gives ! false appe>ance ( twi/+1 :i*1 9 ! case ( spontane\sly revolv+ plants1 deceiv$ me = a "t4 ,! appe>ance is ! m deceitful because ! axes ( ne>ly all tw9+-plants are really twi/$2 & !y are twi/$ 9 ! same direction ) ! spontane\s revolv+ movem5t4 ,to give an in/ance1 ! int]node ( ! ,hop ( :i* ! hi/ory has be5 record$1 0 at fir/1 z c\ld be se5 by ! ridges on its surface1 n 9 ! lea/ twi/$2 b :51 aft] ! #cg? revolution1 x _h gr[n #i in*es long1 & its revolv+ movem5t _h ceas$1 x _h become twi/$ ?ree times r\nd its own axis1 9 ! l9e ( ! c\rse ( ! sun2 on ! o!r h&1 ! common ,convolvulus1 :i* revolves 9 an opposite c\rse to ! ,hop1 becomes twi/$ 9 an opposite direction4 ,h5ce x is n surpris+ t ,hugo von ,mohl 7p4 #aje1 #ajh1 c47 ?\ght t ! twi/+ ( ! axis caus$ ! revolv+ movem5t2 b x is n possible t ! twi/+ ( ! axis ( ! ,hop ?ree times %\ld h caus$ ?irty-sev5 revolutions4 ,moreov]1 ! revolv+ movem5t comm5c$ 9 ! "y int]node be=e any twi/+ ( its axis c\ld be detect$4 ,! int]nodes ( a "y ,siphom]is & ,lecontea revolv$ dur+ sev]al days1 b became twi/$ only once r\nd _! own axes4 ,! be/ evid5ce1 h[ev]1 t ! twi/+ does n cause ! revolv+ movem5t is af=d$ by _m leaf-climb+ & t5dril-be>+ plants 7z ,pisum sativum1 ,e*9ocy/is lobata1 ,bignonia capreolata1 ,eccremoc>pus scab]1 & ) ! leaf-climb]s1 ,solanum jasm9oides & v>i\s species ( ,clematis71 ( :i* ! int]nodes are n twi/$1 b :i*1 z we %all h]eaft] see1 regul>ly p]=m revolv+ movem5ts l ^? ( true tw9+-plants4 ,moreov]1 accord+ to ,palm 7pp4 #cj1 #ie7 & ,mohl 7p4 #adi71 & ,lon1 #h int]nodes may occasionally1 & ev5 n v r>ely1 be f\nd :i* are twi/$ 9 an opposite direction to ! o!r int]nodes on ! same plant1 & to ! c\rse ( _! revolutions2 & ?is1 accord+ to ,lon 7p4 #cef71 is ! case ) all ! int]nodes ( a c]ta9 v>iety ( ,phaseolus multiflorus4 ,int]nodes :i* h become twi/$ r\nd _! own axes1 if !y h n ceas$ to revolve1 are /ill capable ( tw9+ r\nd a support1 z ,i h sev]al times obs]v$4 ,mohl has rem>k$ 7p4 #aaa7 t :5 a /em tw9es r\nd a smoo? cyl9drical /ick1 x does n become twi/$4 #i;a ,accord+ly ,i all[$ kidney-beans to run up /ret*$ /r+1 & up smoo? rods ( iron & glass1 "o-?ird ( an in* 9 diamet]1 & !y became twi/$ only 9 t degree :i* foll[s z a me*anical necessity f ! spiral w9d+4 ,! /ems1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* _h asc5d$ ord9>y r\gh /icks 7 all m or less & g5]ally mu* twi/$4 ,! influ5ce ( ! r\ghness ( ! support 9 caus+ axial twi/+ 0 well se5 9 ! /ems :i* _h tw9$ up ! glass rods2 = ^! rods 7 fix$ into split /icks bel[1 & 7 secur$ above to cross /icks1 & ! /ems 9 pass+ ^! places became mu* twi/$4 ,z soon z ! /ems :i* _h asc5d$ ! iron rods rea*$ ! summit & became free1 !y also became twi/$2 & ?is app>5tly occurr$ m quickly dur+ w9dy ?an dur+ calm wea!r4 ,sev]al o!r facts c\ld be giv51 %[+ t ! axial twi/+ /&s 9 "s relation to inequalities 9 ! support1 & likewise to ! %oot revolv+ freely )\t any support4 ,_m plants1 :i* are n tw9]s1 become 9 "s degree twi/$ r\nd _! own axes2 #i;b b ?is occurs s mu* m g5]ally & /rongly ) tw9+-plants ?an ) o!r plants1 t !re mu/ be "s connexion betwe5 ! capacity = tw9+ & axial twi/+4 ,! /em probably ga9s rigidity by be+ twi/$ 7on ! same pr9ciple t a mu* twi/$ rope is /iff] ?an a slackly twi/$ "o71 & is ?us indirectly b5efit$ s z to be enabl$ to pass ov] inequalities 9 its spiral asc5t1 & to c>ry its own weight :5 all[$ to revolve freely4 #aj ,i h allud$ to ! twi/+ :i* necess>ily foll[s on me*anical pr9ciples f ! spiral asc5t ( a /em1 namely1 "o twi/ = ea* spire complet$4 ,?is 0 well %[n by pa9t+ /raight l9es on liv+ /ems1 & !n all[+ !m to tw9e2 b1 z ,i %all h to recur to ?is subject "u ,t5drils1 x may be "h pass$ ov]4 ,! revolv+ movem5t ( a tw9+ plant has be5 comp>$ ) t ( ! tip ( a sapl+1 mov$ r\nd & r\nd by ! h& held "s way d[n ! /em2 b !re is "o important diff]5ce4 ,! upp] "p ( ! sapl+ :5 ?us mov$ rema9s /raight2 b ) tw9+ plants e "p ( ! revolv+ %oot has its own sep>ate & indep5d5t movem5t4 ,?is is easily prov$2 = :5 ! l[] half or two-?irds ( a long revolv+ %oot is ti$ to a /ick1 ! upp] free "p cont9ues /eadily revolv+4 ,ev5 if ! :ole %oot1 except an in* or two ( ! extremity1 be ti$ up1 ?is "p1 z ,i h se5 9 ! case ( ! ,hop1 ,c]opegia1 ,convolvulus1 c41 goes on revolv+1 b mu* m sl[ly2 = ! int]nodes1 until !y h gr[n to "s little l5g?1 always move sl[ly4 ,if we look to ! "o1 two1 or sev]al int]nodes ( a revolv+ %oot1 !y w be all se5 to be m or less b[$1 ei!r dur+ ! :ole or dur+ a l>ge "p ( ea* revolution4 ,n[ if a col\r$ /reak be pa9t$ 7?is 0 done ) a l>ge numb] ( tw9+ plants7 along1 we w say1 ! convex surface1 ! /reak w aft] a "t 7dep5d+ on ! rate ( revolution7 be f\nd to be runn+ lat]ally along "o side ( ! b[1 !n along ! concave side1 !n lat]ally on ! opposite side1 &1 la/ly1 aga9 on ! orig9ally convex surface4 ,?is cle>ly proves t dur+ ! revolv+ movem5t ! int]nodes become b[$ 9 e direction4 ,! movem5t is1 9 fact1 a cont9u\s self-b[+ ( ! :ole %oot1 successively direct$ to all po9ts ( ! compass2 & has be5 well designat$ by ,sa*s z a revolv+ nutation4 ,z ?is movem5t is r difficult to und]/&1 x w be well to give an illu/ration4 ,take a sapl+ & b5d x to ! s\?1 & pa9t a black l9e on ! convex surface2 let ! sapl+ spr+ up & b5d x to ! ea/1 & ! black l9e w be se5 to run along ! lat]al face front+ ! nor?2 b5d x to ! nor?1 ! black l9e w be on ! concave surface2 b5d x to ! we/1 ! l9e w aga9 be on ! lat]al face2 & :5 aga9 b5t to ! s\?1 ! l9e w be on ! orig9al convex surface4 ,n[1 in/ead ( b5d+ ! sapl+1 let u suppose t ! cells along its nor!rn surface f ! base to ! tip 7 to gr[ mu* m rapidly ?an on ! ?ree o!r sides1 ! :ole %oot w\ld !n necess>ily be b[$ to ! s\?2 & let ! longitud9al gr[+ surface creep r\nd ! %oot1 des]t+ by sl[ degrees ! nor!rn side & encroa*+ on ! we/]n side1 & s r\nd by ! s\?1 by ! ea/1 aga9 to ! nor?4 ,9 ?is case ! %oot w\ld rema9 always b[$ ) ! pa9t$ l9e appe>+ on ! sev]al above specifi$ surfaces1 & ) ! po9t ( ! %oot successively direct$ to ea* po9t ( ! compass4 ,9 fact1 we %\ld h ! exact k9d ( movem5t p]=m$ by ! revolv+ %oots ( tw9+ plants4 #ab ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! revolv+ movem5t is z regul> z t giv5 9 ! above illu/ration2 9 v _m cases ! tip describes an ellipse1 ev5 a v n>r[ ellipse4 ,to recur once aga9 to our illu/ration1 if we suppose only ! nor!rn & s\!rn surfaces ( ! sapl+ alt]nately to gr[ rapidly1 ! summit w\ld describe a simple arc2 if ! gr[? fir/ travell$ a v little to ! we/]n face1 & dur+ ! return a v little to ! ea/]n face1 a n>r[ ellipse w\ld be describ$2 & ! sapl+ w\ld be /raight z x pass$ to & fro ?r\gh ! int]m$iate space2 & a complete /raight5+ ( ! %oot may (t5 be obs]v$ 9 revolv+ plants4 ,! movem5t is frequ5tly su* t ?ree ( ! sides ( ! %oot seem to be gr[+ 9 due ord] m rapidly ?an ! rema9+ side2 s t a semi-circle in/ead ( a circle is describ$1 ! %oot becom+ /raight & upright dur+ half ( its c\rse4 ,:5 a revolv+ %oot consi/s ( sev]al int]nodes1 ! l[] ones b5d toge!r at ! same rate1 b "o or two ( ! t]m9al ones b5d at a sl[] rate2 h5ce1 ?\gh at times all ! int]nodes are 9 ! same direction1 at o!r times ! %oot is r5d]$ slightly s]p5t9e4 ,! rate ( revolution ( ! :ole %oot1 if judg$ by ! movem5t ( ! extreme tip1 is ?us at times accel]at$ or ret>d$4 ,"o o!r po9t mu/ be notic$4 ,au?ors h obs]v$ t ! end ( ! %oot 9 _m tw9+ plants is completely hook$2 ?is is v g5]al1 = in/ance1 ) ! ,asclepiadace4 ,! hook$ tip1 9 all ! cases obs]v$ by me1 viz4 9 ,c]opegia1 ,sphro/emma1 ,cl]od5dron1 ,wi/>ia1 ,/ephania1 ,akebia1 & ,siphom]is1 has exactly ! same k9d ( movem5t z ! o!r int]nodes2 = a l9e pa9t$ on ! convex surface fir/ becomes lat]al & !n concave2 b1 ow+ to ! y\? ( ^! t]m9al int]nodes1 ! rev]sal ( ! hook is a sl[] process ?an t ( ! revolv+ movem5t4 #ad ,?is /rongly m>k$ t5d5cy 9 ! "y1 t]m9al & flexible int]nodes1 to b5d 9 a great] degree or m abruptly ?an ! o!r int]nodes1 is ( s]vice to ! plant2 = n only does ! hook ?us =m$ sometimes s]ve to cat* a support1 b 7& ?is seems to be mu* m important7 x causes ! extremity ( ! %oot to embrace ! support mu* m closely ?an x c\ld o!rwise h done1 & ?us aids 9 prev5t+ ! /em f be+ bl[n away dur+ w9dy wea!r1 z ,i h _m times obs]v$4 ,9 ,lonic]a bra*ypoda ! hook only /raight5s itself p]iodically1 & nev] becomes rev]s$4 ,i w n ass]t t ! tips ( all tw9+ plants :5 hook$1 ei!r rev]se !mselves or become p]iodically /raight1 9 ! mann] j describ$2 = ! hook$ =m may 9 "s cases be p]man5t1 & be due to ! mann] ( gr[? ( ! species1 z ) ! tips ( ! %oots ( ! common v9e1 & m pla9ly ) ^? ( ,cissus discolor--plants :i* are n spiral tw9]s4 ,! fir/ purpose ( ! spontane\s revolv+ movem5t1 or1 m /rictly speak+1 ( ! cont9u\s b[+ movem5t direct$ successively to all po9ts ( ! compass1 is1 z ,mohl has rem>k$1 to fav\r ! %oot f9d+ a support4 ,?is is admirably effect$ by ! revolutions c>ri$ on night & day1 a wid] & wid] circle be+ swept z ! %oot increases 9 l5g?4 ,?is movem5t likewise expla9s h[ ! plants tw9e2 = :5 a revolv+ %oot meets ) a support1 its motion is necess>ily arre/$ at ! po9t ( contact1 b ! free project+ "p goes on revolv+4 ,z ?is cont9ues1 high] & high] po9ts are br\ght into contact ) ! support & are arre/$2 & s onw>ds to ! extremity2 & ?us ! %oot w9ds r\nd its support4 ,:5 ! %oot foll[s ! sun 9 its revolv+ c\rse1 x w9ds r\nd ! support f "r to left1 ! support be+ suppos$ to /& 9 front ( ! behold]2 :5 ! %oot revolves 9 an opposite direction1 ! l9e ( w9d+ is rev]s$4 ,z ea* int]node loses f age its p[] ( revolv+1 x likewise loses its p[] ( spirally tw9+4 ,if a man sw+s a rope r\nd 8 head1 & ! end hits a /ick1 x w coil r\nd ! /ick accord+ to ! direction ( ! sw++ movem5t2 s x is ) a tw9+ plant1 a l9e ( gr[? travell+ r\nd ! free "p ( ! %oot caus+ x to b5d t[>ds ! opposite side1 & ?is replaces ! mom5tum ( ! free end ( ! rope4 ,all ! au?ors1 except ,palm & ,mohl1 :o h discuss$ ! spiral tw9+ ( plants1 ma9ta9 t su* plants h a natural t5d5cy to gr[ spirally4 ,mohl believes 7p4 #aab7 t tw9+ /ems h a dull k9d ( irritability1 s t !y b5d t[>ds any object :i* !y t\*2 b ?is is d5i$ by ,palm4 ,ev5 be=e read+ ,mohl's int]e/+ treatise1 ?is view seem$ to me s probable t ,i te/$ x 9 e way t ,i c\ld1 b always ) a negative result4 ,i rubb$ _m %oots mu* h>d] ?an is necess>y to excite movem5t 9 any t5dril or 9 ! foot-/alk ( any leaf climb]1 b )\t any effect4 ,i !n ti$ a light =k$ twig to a %oot ( a ,hop1 a ,c]opegia1 ,sphro/emma1 & ,adhatoda1 s t ! =k press$ on "o side alone ( ! %oot & revolv$ ) x2 ,i purposely select$ "s v sl[ revolv]s1 z x seem$ mo/ likely t ^! w\ld pr(it mo/ f possess+ irritability2 b 9 no case 0 any effect produc$4 #af ,moreov]1 :5 a %oot w9ds r\nd a support1 ! w9d+ movem5t is always sl[]1 z we %all imm$iately see1 ?an :il/ x revolves freely & t\*es no?+4 ,h5ce ,i conclude t tw9+ /ems are n irritable2 & inde$ x is n probable t !y %\ld be s1 z nature always economizes h] means1 & irritability w\ld h be5 sup]flu\s4 ,nev]!less ,i d n wi% to ass]t t !y are nev] irritable2 = ! gr[+ axis ( ! leaf-climb+1 b n spirally tw9+1 ,lophosp]mum sc&5s is1 c]ta9ly irritable2 b ?is case gives me confid5ce t ord9>y tw9]s d n possess any su* quality1 = directly aft] putt+ a /ick to ! ,lophop]mum1 ,i saw t x behav$ diff]5tly f a true tw9] or any o!r leaf-climb]4 #ag ,! belief t tw9]s h a natural t5d5cy to gr[ spirally1 probably arose f _! assum+ a spiral =m :5 w\nd r\nd a support1 & f ! extremity1 ev5 :il/ rema9+ free1 sometimes assum+ ?is =m4 ,! free int]nodes ( vigor\sly gr[+ plants1 :5 !y cease to revolve1 become /raight1 & %[ no t5d5cy to be spiral2 b :5 a %oot has ne>ly ceas$ to gr[1 or :5 ! plant is unheal?y1 ! extremity does occasionally become spiral4 ,i h se5 ?is 9 a rem>kable mann] ) ! ends ( ! %oots ( ! ,/auntonia & ( ! alli$ ,akebia1 :i* became w\nd up into a close spire1 j l a t5dril2 & ?is 0 apt to occur aft] "s small1 ill-=m$ leaves _h p]i%$4 ,! explanation1 ,i believe1 is1 t 9 su* cases ! l[] p>ts ( ! t]m9al int]nodes v gradually & successively lose _! p[] ( movem5t1 :il/ ! portions j above move onw>ds & 9 _! turn become motionless2 & ?is ends 9 =m+ an irregul> spire4 ,:5 a revolv+ %oot /rikes a /ick1 x w9ds r\nd x r m sl[ly ?an x revolves4 ,= in/ance1 a %oot ( ! ,c]opegia1 revolv$ 9 #f hrs41 b took #i hrs4 #cj m4 to make "o complete spire r\nd a /ick2 ,ari/olo*ia gigas revolv$ 9 ab\t #e hrs41 b took #i hrs4 #ae m4 to complete its spire4 ,?is1 ,i presume1 is due to ! cont9u$ di/urbance ( ! impell+ =ce by ! arre/m5t ( ! movem5t at successive po9ts2 & we %all h]eaft] see t ev5 %ak+ a plant ret>ds ! revolv+ movem5t4 ,! t]m9al int]nodes ( a long1 mu*-incl9$1 revolv+ %oot ( ! ,c]opegia1 aft] !y _h w\nd r\nd a /ick1 always slipp$ up x1 s z to r5d] ! spire m op5 ?an x 0 at fir/2 & ?is 0 probably 9 "p due to ! =ce :i* caus$ ! revolutions1 be+ n[ almo/ fre$ f ! con/ra9t ( gravity & all[$ to act freely4 ,) ! ,wi/>ia1 on ! o!r h&1 a long horizontal %oot w\nd itself at fir/ into a v close spire1 :i* rema9$ un*ang$2 b subsequ5tly1 z ! %oot tw9$ spirally up its support1 x made a mu* m op5 spire4 ,) all ! _m plants :i* 7 all[$ freely to asc5d a support1 ! t]m9al int]nodes made at fir/ a close spire2 & ?is1 dur+ w9dy wea!r1 s]v$ to keep ! %oots 9 close contact ) _! support2 b z ! p5ultimate int]nodes grew 9 l5g?1 !y pu%$ !mselves up = a consid]able space 7asc]ta9$ by col\r$ m>ks on ! %oot & on ! support7 r\nd ! /ick1 & ! spire became m op54 #ah ,x foll[s f ?is latt] fact t ! position occupi$ by ea* leaf ) respect to ! support dep5ds on ! gr[? ( ! int]nodes aft] !y h become spirally w\nd r\nd x4 ,i m5tion ?is on acc\nt ( an obs]vation by ,palm 7p4 #cd71 :o /ates t ! opposite leaves ( ! ,hop always /& 9 a r[1 exactly ov] "o ano!r1 on ! same side ( ! support+ /ick1 :atev] its ?ickness may be4 ,my sons visit$ a hop-field = me1 & report$ t ?\gh !y g5]ally f\nd ! po9ts ( ins]tion ( ! leaves /&+ ov] ea* o!r = a space ( two or ?ree feet 9 height1 yet ?is nev] occurr$ up ! :ole l5g? ( ! pole2 ! po9ts ( ins]tion =m+1 z might h be5 expect$1 an irregul> spire4 ,any irregul>ity 9 ! pole entirely de/roy$ ! regul>ity ( position ( ! leaves4 ,f casual inspection1 x appe>$ to me t ! opposite leaves ( ,?unb]gia alata 7 arrang$ 9 l9es up ! /icks r\nd :i* !y _h tw9$2 accord+ly1 ,i rais$ a doz5 plants1 & gave !m /icks ( v>i\s ?icknesses1 z well z /r+1 to tw9e r\nd2 & 9 ?is case "o alone out ( ! doz5 _h its leaves arrang$ 9 a p]p5dicul> l9e3 ,i conclude1 !re=e1 ,palm's /atem5t is n q accurate4 ,! leaves ( diff]5t tw9+-plants are arrang$ on ! /em 7be=e x has tw9$7 alt]nately1 or oppositely1 or 9 a spire4 ,9 ! latt] case ! l9e ( ins]tion ( ! leaves & ! c\rse ( ! revolutions co9cide4 ,?is fact has be5 well %[n by ,dutro*et1 #ai :o f\nd diff]5t individuals ( ,solanum dulcam>a tw9+ 9 opposite directions1 & ^! _h _! leaves 9 ea* case spirally arrang$ 9 ! same direction4 ,a d5se :orl ( _m leaves w\ld app>5tly be incommodi\s = a tw9+ plant1 & "s au?ors ass]t t none h _! leaves ?us arrang$2 b a tw9+ ,siphom]is has :orls ( ?ree leaves4 ,if a /ick :i* has arre/$ a revolv+ %oot1 b has n z yet be5 encircl$1 be sudd5ly tak5 away1 ! %oot g5]ally spr+s =w>d1 %[+ t x 0 press+ ) "s =ce aga9/ ! /ick4 ,aft] a %oot has w\nd r\nd a /ick1 if ?is be )drawn1 x reta9s = a "t its spiral =m2 x !n /raight5s itself1 & aga9 comm5ces to revolve4 ,! long1 mu*-incl9$ %oot ( ! ,c]opegia previ\sly allud$ to (f]$ "s curi\s peculi>ities4 ,! l[] & old] int]nodes1 :i* cont9u$ to revolve1 7 incapable1 on repeat$ trials1 ( tw9+ r\nd a ?9 /ick2 %[+ t1 al?\gh ! p[] ( movem5t 0 reta9$1 ?is 0 n suffici5t to enable ! plant to tw9e4 ,i !n mov$ ! /ick to a great] di/ance1 s t x 0 /ruck by a po9t #b in*es f ! extremity ( ! p5ultimate int]node2 & x 0 !n neatly encircl$ by ?is "p ( ! p5ultimate & by ! ultimate int]node4 ,aft] leav+ ! spirally w\nd %oot = elev5 h\rs1 ,i quietly )drew ! /ick1 & 9 ! c\rse ( ! day ! curl$ portion /raight5$ itself & recomm5c$ revolv+2 b ! l[] & n curl$ portion ( ! p5ultimate int]node did n move1 a sort ( h+e sep>at+ ! mov+ & ! motionless "p ( ! same int]node4 ,aft] a few days1 h[ev]1 ,i f\nd t ?is l[] "p _h likewise recov]$ its revolv+ p[]4 ,^! sev]al facts %[ t ! p[] ( movem5t is n imm$iately lo/ 9 ! arre/$ portion ( a revolv+ %oot2 & t aft] be+ tempor>ily lo/ x c be recov]$4 ,:5 a %oot has rema9$ = a consid]able "t r\nd a support1 x p]man5tly reta9s its spiral =m ev5 :5 ! support is remov$4 ,:5 a tall /ick 0 plac$ s z to arre/ ! l[] & rigid int]nodes ( ! ,c]opegia1 at ! di/ance at fir/ ( #ae & !n ( #ba in*es f ! c5tre ( revolution1 ! /raight %oot sl[ly & gradually slid up ! /ick1 s z to become m & m highly incl9$1 b did n pass ov] ! summit4 ,!n1 aft] an int]val suffici5t to h all[$ ( a semi-revolution1 ! %oot sudd5ly b\nd$ f ! /ick & fell ov] to ! opposite side or po9t ( ! compass1 & reassum$ its previ\s slight incl9ation4 ,x n[ recomm5c$ revolv+ 9 its usual c\rse1 s t aft] a semi-revolution x aga9 came into contact ) ! /ick1 aga9 slid up x1 & aga9 b\nd$ f x & fell ov] to ! opposite side4 ,?is movem5t ( ! %oot _h a v odd appe>ance1 z if x 7 disgu/$ ) its failure b 0 resolv$ to try aga94 ,we %all1 ,i ?9k1 und]/& ?is movem5t by consid]+ ! =m] illu/ration ( ! sapl+1 9 :i* ! gr[+ surface 0 suppos$ to creep r\nd f ! nor!rn by ! we/]n to ! s\!rn face2 & !nce back aga9 by ! ea/]n to ! nor!rn face1 successively b[+ ! sapl+ 9 all directions4 ,n[ ) ! ,c]opegia1 ! /ick be+ plac$ to ! s\? ( ! %oot & 9 contact ) x1 z soon z ! circulatory gr[? rea*$ ! we/]n surface1 no effect w\ld be produc$1 except t ! %oot w\ld be press$ firmly aga9/ ! /ick4 ,b z soon z gr[? on ! s\!rn surface began1 ! %oot w\ld be sl[ly dragg$ ) a slid+ movem5t up ! /ick2 & !n1 z soon z ! ea/]n gr[? comm5c$1 ! %oot w\ld be drawn f ! /ick1 & its weight co9cid+ ) ! effects ( ! *ang$ surface ( gr[?1 w\ld cause x sudd5ly to fall to ! opposite side1 reassum+ its previ\s slight incl9ation2 & ! ord9>y revolv+ movem5t w\ld !n g on z be=e4 ,i h describ$ ?is curi\s case ) "s c>e1 because x fir/ l$ me to und]/& ! ord] 9 :i*1 z ,i !n ?\ght1 ! surfaces contract$2 b 9 :i*1 z we n[ "k f ,sa*s & ,,ii4 de ,vries1 !y gr[ = a "t rapidly1 ?us caus+ ! %oot to b[ t[>ds ! opposite side4 ,! view j giv5 fur!r expla9s1 z ,i believe1 a fact obs]v$ by ,mohl 7p4 #ace71 namely1 t a revolv+ %oot1 ?\gh x w tw9e r\nd an object z ?9 z a ?read1 _c d s r\nd a ?ick support4 ,i plac$ "s long revolv+ %oots ( a ,wi/>ia close to a po/ betwe5 #e & #f in*es 9 diamet]1 b1 ?\gh aid$ by me 9 _m ways1 !y c\ld n w9d r\nd x4 ,?is app>5tly 0 due to ! flexure ( ! %oot1 :il/ w9d+ r\nd an object s g5tly curv$ z ?is po/1 n be+ suffici5t to hold ! %oot to its place :5 ! gr[+ surface crept r\nd to ! opposite surface ( ! %oot2 s t x 0 )drawn at ea* revolution f its support4 ,:5 a free %oot has gr[n f> beyond its support1 x s9ks d[nw>ds f its weight1 z already expla9$ 9 ! case ( ! ,hop1 ) ! revolv+ extremity turn$ upw>ds4 ,if ! support be n l(ty1 ! %oot falls to ! gr\nd1 & re/+ !re1 ! extremity rises up4 ,sometimes sev]al %oots1 :5 flexible1 tw9e toge!r into a cable1 & ?us support "o ano!r4 ,s+le ?9 dep5d+ %oots1 su* z ^? ( ! ,sollya ,drummondii1 w turn abruptly backw>ds & w9d up on !mselves4 ,! great] numb] ( ! dep5d+ %oots1 h[ev]1 ( "o tw9+ plant1 ! ,hibb]tia d5tata1 %[$ b little t5d5cy to turn upw>ds4 ,9 o!r cases1 z ) ! ,crypto/egia gr&iflora1 sev]al int]nodes :i* 7 at fir/ flexible & revolv$1 if !y did n succe$ 9 tw9+ r\nd a support1 become q rigid1 & support+ !mselves upright1 c>ri$ on _! summits ! y\ng] revolv+ int]nodes4 ,"h w be a conv5i5t place to give a ,table %[+ ! direction & rate ( movem5t ( sev]al tw9+ plants1 ) a few app5d$ rem>ks4 ,^! plants are arrang$ accord+ to ,l9dley's #8,vegetable ,k+dom' ( #ahec2 & !y h be5 select$ f all p>ts ( ! s]ies s z to %[ t all k9ds behave 9 a ne>ly uni=m mann]4 #bd ,! ,rate ( ,revolution ( v>i\s ,tw9+ ,plants4 7,,acotyl$ons47 ,lygodium sc&5s 7,polypodiace7 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,june #ah1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #f #j #ah1 #bnd #f #ae 7late 9 ev5+7 #ai1 #crd #e #cb 7v hot day7 #ai1 #d? #e #j 7v hot day7 #bj1 #e? #f #j ,lygodium articulatum moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,july #ai1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #af #cj 7%oot v "y7 #bj1 #bnd #ae #j #ba1 #crd #h #j #bb1 #d? #aj #cj 7,,monocotyl$ons47 ,ruscus &rogynus 7,liliace71 plac$ 9 ! hot-h\se1 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,may #bd1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #f #ad 7%oot v "y7 #be1 #bnd #b #ba #be1 #crd #c #cg #be1 #d? #c #bb #bf1 #e? #b #ej #bg1 #f? #c #eb #bg1 #g? #d #aa ,asp>agus 7unnam$ species f ,kew7 7,liliace7 moves aga9/ ! sun1 plac$ 9 ho?\se4 ,h4 ,m4 ,dec4 #bf1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #e #j #bg1 #bnd #e #dj ,tamus communis 7,dioscoreace74 ,a "y %oot f a tub] 9 a pot plac$ 9 ! gre5h\se3 foll[s ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,july1 #g1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #c #aj #g1 #bnd #b #ch #h1 #crd #c #e #h1 #d? #b #ef #h1 #e? #b #cj #h1 #f? #b #cj ,lapag]ea rosea 7,philesiace71 9 gre5h\se1 foll[s ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,m>* #i1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #bf #ae 7%oot "y7 #aj1 semicircle #h #ae #aa1 #bnd circle #aa #j #ab1 #crd #ae #cj #ac1 #d? #ad #ae #af1 #e? #h #dj :5 plac$ 9 ! ho?\se2 b ! next day ! %oot rema9$ /ation>y4 ,roxburghia viridiflora 7,roxburghiace7 moves aga9/ ! sun2 x complet$ a circle 9 ab\t #bd h\rs4 7,,dicotyl$ons47 ,humulus ,lupulus 7,urticace7 foll[s ! sun4 ,! plant 0 kept 9 a room dur+ w>m wea!r4 ,h4 ,m4 ,april #i1 #b circles 7 made 9 #d #af ,aug4 #ac1 #crd circle 0 #b #j #ad1 #d? #b #bj #ad1 #e? #b #af #ad1 #f? #b #b #ad1 #g? #b #j #ad1 #h? #b #d ,) ! ,hop a semicircle 0 p]=m$1 9 travell+ f ! light1 9 #a hr4 #cc m42 9 travell+ to ! light1 9 #a hr4 #ac m42 diff]5ce ( rate1 #bj m4 ,akebia qu9ata 7,l>dizabalace71 plac$ 9 ho?\se1 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,m>* #ag1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #d #j 7%oot "y7 #ah1 #bnd #a #dj #ah1 #crd #a #cj #ai1 #d? #a #de ,/auntonia latifolia 7,l>dizabalace71 plac$ 9 ho?\se1 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,m>* #bh1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #c #cj #bi1 #bnd #c #de ,sphro/emma m>moratum 7,s*iz&race7 foll[s ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,augu/ #e?1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 ab\t #bd #j #e?1 #bnd circle 0 made 9 #ah #cj ,/ephania rotunda 7,m5isp]mace7 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,may #bg1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #e #e #cj1 #bnd #g #f ,june #b1 #crd #e #ae #c1 #d? #f #bh ,?ryallis bra*y/a*ys 7,malpighiace7 moves aga9/ ! sun3 "o %oot made a circle 9 #ab hrs41 & ano!r 9 #aj hrs4 #cj m42 b ! next day1 :i* 0 mu* cold]1 ! fir/ %oot took #aj hrs4 to p]=m only a semicircle4 ,hibb]tia d5tata 7,dill5iace71 plac$ 9 ! ho?\se1 foll[$ ! sun1 & made 7,may #ah?7 a circle 9 #g hrs4 #bj m42 on ! #ai?1 rev]s$ its c\rse1 & mov$ aga9/ ! sun1 & made a circle 9 #g hrs42 on ! #bj?1 mov$ aga9/ ! sun "o-?ird ( a circle1 & !n /ood /ill2 on ! #bf?1 foll[$ ! sun = two-?irds ( a circle1 & !n return$ to its />t+-po9t1 tak+ = ?is d\ble c\rse #aa hrs4 #df m4 ,sollya ,drummondii 7,pittosporace7 moves aga9/ ! sun kept 9 gre5h\se4 ,h4 ,m4 ,april #d1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #d #be #e1 #bnd #h #j 7v cold day7 #f1 #crd #f #be #g1 #d? #g #e ,polygonum dumetorum 7,polygonace74 ,?is case is tak5 f ,dutro*et 7p4 #bii71 z ,i obs]v$1 no alli$ plant3 foll[s ! sun4 ,?ree %oots1 cut (f a plant1 & plac$ 9 wat] made circles 9 #c hrs4 #aj m41 #e hrs4 #bj m41 & #g hrs4 #ae m4 ,wi/>ia ,*95sis 7,legum9os71 9 gre5h\se1 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,may #ac1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #c #e #ac1 #bnd #c #bj #af1 #crd #b #e #bd1 #d? #c #ba #be1 #e? #b #cg #be1 #f? #b #ce ,phaseolus vulg>is 7,legum9os71 9 gre5h\se1 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,may1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #b #j #bnd #a #ee #crd #a #ee ,diplad5ia urophylla 7,apocynace7 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,april #ah1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #h #j #ai1 #bnd #i #ae #cj1 #crd #i #dj ,diplad5ia crass9oda moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,may #af1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #i #e ,july #bj1 #bnd #h #j #ba1 #crd #h #e ,c]opegia ,g>dn]ii 7,asclepiadace7 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,%oot v "y1 #b in*es 9 #a/ circle 0 #g #ee l5g? p]=m$ 9 ,%oot /ill "y #bnd #g #j ,long %oot #crd #f #cc ,long %oot #d? #e #ae ,long %oot #e? #f #de ,/ephanotis floribunda 7,asclepiadace7 moves aga9/ ! sun & made a circle 9 #f hrs4 #dj m41 a second circle 9 ab\t #i hrs4 ,hoya c>nosa 7,asclepiadace7 made sev]al circles 9 f #af hrs4 to #bb hrs4 or #bd hrs4 ,ipoma purpurea 7,convolvulace7 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,plant plac$ 9 room ) lat]al light4 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #b hrs4 #db ,semicircle1 f ! light 9 #a m4 hr4 #ad m41 to ! light #a hr4 #bh m43 diff]5ce #ad m4 #bnd circle 0 made 9 #b hrs4 #dg ,semicircle1 f ! light 9 #a m4 hr4 #ag m41 to ! light #a hr4 #cj m43 diff]5ce #ac m4 ,ipoma jucunda 7,convolvulace7 moves aga9/ ! sun1 plac$ 9 my /udy1 ) w9d[s fac+ ! nor?-ea/4 ,wea!r hot4 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #e hrs4 #cj ,semicircle1 f ! light 9 #d m4 hrs4 #cj m41 to ! light #a hr4 #j m43 diff]5ce #c hrs4 #cj m4 #bnd circle 0 made 9 #e hrs4 #bj ,semicircle1 f ! light 9 #c m4 7,late 9 aft]noon3 circle hrs4 #ej m41 to ! light #a hr4 #cj complet$ at #f hrs4 #dj m4 ,p4,m47 m43 diff]5ce #b hrs4 #bj m4 ,we h "h a rem>kable in/ance ( ! p[] ( light 9 ret>d+ & ha/5+ ! revolv+ movem5t4 7,see ,,errata47 ,convolvulus sepium 7l>ge-fl[]$ cultivat$ v>47 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,two circles1 7 made ea* 9 #a hr4 #db m43 diff]5ce 9 semicircle f & to ! light #ad m4 ,rivea tilifolia 7,convolvulace7 moves aga9/ ! sun1 made f\r revolutions 9 #i hrs42 s t1 on an av]age1 ea* 0 p]=m$ 9 #b hrs4 #ae m4 ,plumbago rosea 7,plumbag9ace7 foll[s ! sun4 ,! %oot did n beg9 to revolve until ne>ly a y>d 9 height2 x !n made a f9e circle 9 #aj hrs4 #de m4 ,dur+ ! next few days x cont9u$ to move1 b irregul>ly4 ,on ,augu/ #ae? ! %oot foll[$1 dur+ a p]iod ( #aj hrs4 #dj m41 a long & deeply zigzag c\rse & !n made a broad ellipse4 ,! figure app>5tly repres5t$ ?ree ellipses1 ea* ( :i* av]ag$ #c hrs4 #ch m4 = its completion4 ,jasm9um pauciflorum1 ,b5?am 7,jasm9ace71 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,a circle 0 made 9 #g hrs4 #ae m41 & a second r m quickly4 ,cl]od5drum ,?omsonii 7,v]b5ace7 foll[s ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,april #ab1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #e #de 7%oot v "y7 #ad1 #bnd #c #cj #ah1 a semicircle #e #j 7directly aft] ! plant 0 %ak5 on be+ mov$7 #ai1 #crd circle #c #j #bj1 #d? #d #bj ,tecoma jasm9oides 7,bignoniace7 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,m>* #ag1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #f #cj #ai1 #bnd #g #j #bb1 #crd #h #cj 7v cold day7 #bd1 #d? #f #de ,?unb]gia alata 7,acan?ace7 moves aga9/ sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,april #ad1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #c #bj #ah1 #bnd #b #ej #ah1 #crd #b #ee #ah1 #d? #c #ee 7late 9 aft]noon7 ,adhadota cydonfolia 7,acan?ace7 foll[s ! sun4 ,a "y %oot made a semicircle 9 #bd hrs42 subsequ5tly x made a circle 9 betwe5 #dj hrs4 & #dh hrs4 ,ano!r %oot1 h[ev]1 made a circle 9 #bf hrs4 #cj m4 ,mikania sc&5s 7,composit7 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,m>* #ad1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #c #aj #ae1 #bnd #c #j #af1 #crd #c #j #ag1 #d? #c #cc ,april #g1 #e? #b #ej #g1 #f? #b #dj ,?is circle 0 made aft] a copi\s wat]+ ) cold wat] at #dg ,fahr4 ,combretum arg5teum 7,combretace7 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,kept 9 ho?\se4 ,h4 ,m4 ,jan4 #bd1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #b #ee ,e>ly 9 morn+1 :5 ! temp]ature ( ! h\se _h fall5 a little4 #bd1 #b circles ea* at an #b #bj av]age ( #be1 #d? circle 0 made 9 #b #be ,combretum purpureum revolves n q s quickly z ,c4 arg5teum4 ,loasa aurantiaca 7,loasace74 ,revolutions v>iable 9 _! c\rse3 a plant :i* mov$ aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,june #bj1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #b #cg #bj1 #bnd #b #ac #bj1 #crd #d #j #ba1 #d? #b #ce #bb1 #e? #c #bf #bc1 #f? #c #e ,ano!r plant :i* foll[$ ! sun 9 its revolutions4 ,h4 ,m4 ,july #aa1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #a #ea ,v hot day4 #aa1 #bnd #a #df #aa1 #crd #a #da #aa1 #d? #a #dh #ab1 #e? #b #ce ,scyphan?us elegans 7,loasace7 foll[s ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,june #ac1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #a #de #ac1 #bnd #a #ag #ad1 #crd #a #cf #ad1 #d? #a #ei #ad1 #e? #b #c ,siphom]is or ,lecontea 7unnam$ sp47 7,c9*onace7 foll[s ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,may #be1 semicircle 0 made 9 #aj #bg 7%oot extremely "y7 #bf1 #a/ circle #aj #ae 7%oot /ill "y7 #cj1 #bnd #h #ee ,june #b1 #crd #h #aa #f1 #d? #f #h #h1 #e? #g #bj ,tak5 f ! ho?\se1 & plac$ 9 a room 9 my h\se4 #i1 #f? #h #cf ,manettia bicolor 7,c9*onace71 "y plant1 foll[s ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,july #g1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #f #ah #h1 #bnd #f #ec #i1 #crd #f #cj ,lonic]a bra*ypoda 7,caprifoliace7 foll[s ! sun1 kept 9 a w>m room 9 ! h\se4 ,h4 ,m4 ,april1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #i #aj 7ab\t7 ,april1 #bnd circle 0 made 9 #ab #bj 7a di/9ct %oot1 v "y1 on same plant7 #crd #g #cj #d? #h #j ,9 ?is latt] circle1 ! semicircle f ! light took #e hrs4 #bc m41 & to ! light #b hrs4 #cg m943 diff]5ce #b hrs #df m4 ,ari/olo*ia gigas 7,ari/olo*iace7 moves aga9/ ! sun4 ,h4 ,m4 ,july #bb1 #a/ circle 0 made 9 #h #j 7r "y %oot7 #bc1 #bnd #g #ae #bd1 #crd #e #j 7ab\t7 ,9 ! =ego+ ,table1 :i* includes tw9+ plants belong+ to widely diff]5t ord]s1 we see t ! rate at :i* gr[? travels or circulates r\nd ! axis 7on :i* ! revolv+ movem5t dep5ds71 diff]s mu*4 ,z long z a plant rema9s "u ! same conditions1 ! rate is (t5 rem>kably uni=m1 z ) ! ,hop1 ,mikania1 ,phaseolus1 c4 ,! ,scyphan?us made "o revolution 9 #a hr4 #ag m41 & ?is is ! quicke/ rate obs]v$ by me2 b we %all h]eaft] see a t5dril-be>+ ,passiflora revolv+ m rapidly4 ,a %oot ( ! ,akebia qu9ata made a revolution 9 #a hr4 #cj m41 & ?ree revolutions at ! av]age rate ( #a hr4 #ch m42 a ,convolvulus made two revolutions at ! av]age ( #a hr4 #db m41 & ,phaseolus vulg>is ?ree at ! av]age ( #a hr4 #eg m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "s plants take #bd hrs4 = a s+le revolution1 & ! ,adhadota sometimes requir$ #dh hrs42 yet ?is latt] plant is an effici5t tw9]4 ,species ( ! same g5us move at diff]5t rates4 ,! rate does n seem gov]n$ by ! ?ickness ( ! %oots3 ^? ( ! ,sollya are z ?9 & flexible z /r+1 b move m sl[ly ?an ! ?ick & fle%y %oots ( ! ,ruscus1 :i* seem little fitt$ = movem5t ( any k9d4 ,! %oots ( ! ,wi/>ia1 :i* become woody1 move fa/] ?an ^? ( ! h]bace\s ,ipomoea or ,?unb]gia4 ,we "k t ! int]nodes1 :il/ /ill v "y1 d n acquire _! prop] rate ( movem5t2 h5ce ! sev]al %oots on ! same plant may sometimes be se5 revolv+ at diff]5t rates4 ,! two or ?ree1 or ev5 m1 int]nodes :i* are fir/ =m$ above ! cotyl$ons1 or above ! root-/ock ( a p]5nial plant1 d n move2 !y c support !mselves1 & no?+ sup]flu\s is grant$4 ,a great] numb] ( tw9]s revolve 9 a c\rse oppos$ to t ( ! sun1 or to ! h&s ( a wat*1 ?an 9 ! rev]s$ c\rse1 &1 consequ5tly1 ! majority1 z is well kn[n1 asc5d _! supports f left to "r4 ,occasionally1 ?\gh r>ely1 plants ( ! same ord] tw9e 9 opposite directions1 ( :i* ,mohl 7p4 #abe7 gives a case 9 ! ,legum9os1 & we h 9 ! table ano!r 9 ! ,acan?ace4 ,i h se5 no in/ance ( two species ( ! same g5us tw9+ 9 opposite directions1 & su* cases mu/ be r>e2 b ,fritz ,mll] #cc /ates t al?\gh ,mikania sc&5s tw9es1 z ,i h describ$1 f left to "r1 ano!r species 9 ,s\? ,brazil tw9es 9 an opposite direction4 ,x w\ld h be5 an anomal\s circum/ance if no su* cases _h occurr$1 = diff]5t individuals ( ! same species1 namely1 ( ,solanum dulcam>a 7,dutro*et1 tom4 xix4 p4 #bii71 revolve & tw9e 9 two directions3 ?is plant1 h[ev]2 is a mo/ feeble tw9]4 ,loasa aurantiaca 7,lon1 p4 #cea7 (f]s a mu* m curi\s case3 ,i rais$ sev5te5 plants3 ( ^! eight revolv$ 9 opposition to ! sun & asc5d$ f left to "r2 five foll[$ ! sun & asc5d$ f "r to left2 & f\r revolv$ & tw9$ fir/ 9 "o direction1 & !n rev]s$ _! c\rse1 #cd ! petioles ( ! opposite leaves af=d+ a po9t d'appui = ! rev]sal ( ! spire4 ,"o ( ^! f\r plants made sev5 spiral turns f "r to left1 & five turns f left to "r4 ,ano!r plant 9 ! same family1 ! ,scyphan?us elegans1 habitually tw9es 9 ?is same mann]4 ,i rais$ _m plants ( x1 & ! /ems ( all took "o turn1 or occasionally two or ev5 ?ree turns 9 "o direction1 & !n1 asc5d+ = a %ort space /raight1 rev]s$ _! c\rse & took "o or two turns 9 an opposite direction4 ,! rev]sal ( ! curvature occurr$ at any po9t 9 ! /em1 ev5 9 ! middle ( an int]node4 ,_h ,i n se5 ?is case1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght its occurr5ce mo/ improbable4 ,x w\ld be h>dly possible ) any plant :i* asc5d$ above a few feet 9 height1 or :i* liv$ 9 an expos$ situation2 = ! /em c\ld be pull$ away easily f its support1 ) b little unw9d+2 nor c\ld x h adh]$ at all1 _h n ! int]nodes soon become mod]ately rigid4 ,) leaf-climb]s1 z we %all soon see1 analog\s cases frequ5tly occur2 b ^! pres5t no difficulty1 z ! /em is secur$ by ! clasp+ petioles4 ,9 ! _m o!r revolv+ & tw9+ plants obs]v$ by me1 ,i nev] b twice saw ! movem5t rev]s$2 once1 & only = a %ort space1 9 ,ipomoea jucunda2 b frequ5tly ) ,hibb]tia d5tata4 ,?is plant at fir/ p]plex$ me mu*1 = ,i cont9ually obs]v$ its long & flexible %oots1 evid5tly well fitt$ = tw9+1 make a :ole1 or half1 or qu>t] circle 9 "o direction & !n 9 an opposite direction2 consequ5tly1 :5 ,i plac$ ! %oots ne> ?9 or ?ick /icks1 or p]p5dicul>ly /ret*$ /r+1 !y seem$ z if con/antly try+ to asc5d1 b always fail$4 ,i !n surr\nd$ ! plant ) a mass ( bran*$ twigs2 ! %oots asc5d$1 & pass$ ?r\gh !m1 b sev]al came out lat]ally1 & _! dep5d+ extremities seldom turn$ upw>ds z is usual ) tw9+ plants4 ,f9ally1 ,i surr\nd$ a second plant ) _m ?9 upright /icks1 & plac$ x ne> ! fir/ "o ) twigs2 & n[ bo? _h got :at !y lik$1 = !y tw9$ up ! p>allel /icks1 sometimes w9d+ r\nd "o & sometimes r\nd sev]al2 & ! %oots travell$ lat]ally f "o to ! o!r pot2 b z ! plants grew old]1 "s ( ! %oots tw9$ regul>ly up ?9 upright /icks4 ,?\gh ! revolv+ movem5t 0 sometimes 9 "o direction & sometimes 9 ! o!r1 ! tw9+ 0 inv>iably f left to "r2 #cf s t ! m pot5t or p]si/5t movem5t ( revolution mu/ h be5 9 opposition to ! c\rse ( ! sun4 ,x w\ld appe> t ?is ,hibb]tia is adapt$ bo? to asc5d by tw9+1 & to ramble lat]ally ?r\gh ! ?ick ,au/ralian scrub4 ,i h describ$ ! above case 9 "s detail1 because1 z f> z ,i h se51 x is r>e to f9d any special adaptations ) tw9+ plants1 9 :i* respect !y diff] mu* f ! m highly organiz$ t5dril-be>]s4 ,! ,solanum dulcam>a1 z we %all pres5tly see1 c tw9e only r\nd /ems :i* are bo? ?9 & flexible4 ,mo/ tw9+ plants are adapt$ to asc5d supports ( mod]ate ?\gh ( diff]5t ?icknesses4 ,our ,engli% tw9]s1 z f> z ,i h se51 nev] tw9e r\nd trees1 except+ ! honeysuckle 7,lonic]a p]iclym5um71 :i* ,i h obs]v$ tw9+ up a "y bee*-tree ne>ly #d in*es 9 diamet]4 ,mohl 7p4 #acd7 f\nd t ! ,phaseolus multiflorus & ,ipomoea purpurea c\ld n1 :5 plac$ 9 a room ) ! light ent]+ on "o side1 tw9e r\nd /icks betwe5 #c & #d in*es 9 diamet]2 = ?is int]f]$1 9 a mann] pres5tly to be expla9$1 ) ! revolv+ movem5t4 ,9 ! op5 air1 h[ev]1 ! ,phaseolus tw9$ r\nd a support ( ! above ?ickness1 b fail$ 9 tw9+ r\nd "o #i in*es 9 diamet]4 ,nev]!less1 "s tw9]s ( ! w>m] temp]ate regions c manage ?is latt] degree ( ?ickness2 = ,i he> f ,dr4 ,hook] t at ,kew ! ,ruscus &rogynus has asc5d$ a column #i in*es 9 diamet]2 & al?\gh a ,wi/>ia gr[n by me 9 a small pot tri$ 9 va9 = weeks to get r\nd a po/ betwe5 #e & #f in*es 9 ?ickness1 yet at ,kew a plant asc5d$ a trunk above #f in*es 9 diamet]4 ,! tropical tw9]s1 on ! o!r h&1 c asc5d ?ick] trees2 ,i he> f ,drs4 ,?omson & ,hook] t ?is is ! case ) ! ,butea p>viflora1 "o ( ! ,m5isp]mace1 & ) "s ,dalb]gias & o!r ,legum9os4 #cg ,?is p[] w\ld be necess>y = any species :i* _h to asc5d by tw9+ ! l>ge trees ( a tropical =e/2 o!rwise !y w\ld h>dly ev] be able to rea* ! light4 ,9 our temp]ate c\ntries x w\ld be injuri\s to ! tw9+ plants :i* die d[n e ye> if !y 7 enabl$ to tw9e r\nd trunks ( trees1 = !y c\ld n gr[ tall en\gh 9 a s+le season to rea* ! summit & ga9 ! light4 ,by :at means c]ta9 tw9+ plants are adapt$ to asc5d only ?9 /ems1 :il/ o!rs c tw9e r\nd ?ick] ones1 ,i d n "k4 ,x appe>$ to me probable t tw9+ plants ) v long revolv+ %oots w\ld be able to asc5d ?ick supports2 accord+ly ,i plac$ ,c]opegia ,g>dn]ii ne> a po/ #f in*es 9 diamet]1 b ! %oots entirely fail$ to w9d r\nd x2 _! great l5g? & p[] ( movem5t m]ely aid !m 9 f9d+ a di/ant /em r\nd :i* to tw9e4 ,! ,sphro/emma m>moratum is a vigor\s tropical tw9]2 & z x is a v sl[ revolv]1 ,i ?\ght t ?is latt] circum/ance might help x 9 asc5d+ a ?ick support2 b ?\gh x 0 able to w9d r\nd a #f-;in* po/1 x c\ld d ?is only on ! same level or plane1 & did n =m a spire & ?us asc5d4 ,z f]ns diff] s mu* 9 /ructure f phan]ogamic plants1 x may be wor? :ile "h to %[ t tw9+ f]ns d n diff] 9 _! habits f o!r tw9+ plants4 ,9 ,lygodium articulatum ! two int]nodes ( ! /em 7prop]ly ! ra*is7 :i* are fir/ =m$ above ! root-/ock d n move2 ! ?ird f ! gr\nd revolves1 b at fir/ v sl[ly4 ,?is species is a sl[ revolv]3 b ,l4 sc&5s made five revolutions1 ea* at ! av]age rate ( #e hrs4 #de m42 & ?is repres5ts fairly well ! usual rate1 tak+ quick & sl[ mov]s1 among/ phan]ogamic plants4 ,! rate 0 accel]at$ by increas$ temp]ature4 ,at ea* /age ( gr[? only ! two upp] int]nodes revolv$4 ,a l9e pa9t$ along ! convex surface ( a revolv+ int]node becomes fir/ lat]al1 !n concave1 !n lat]al & ultimately aga9 convex4 ,nei!r ! int]nodes nor ! petioles are irritable :5 rubb$4 ,! movem5t is 9 ! usual direction1 namely1 9 opposition to ! c\rse ( ! sun2 & :5 ! /em tw9es r\nd a ?9 /ick1 x becomes twi/$ on its own axis 9 ! same direction4 ,aft] ! "y int]nodes h tw9$ r\nd a /ick1 _! cont9u$ gr[? causes !m to slip a little upw>ds4 ,if ! /ick be soon remov$1 !y /raight5 !mselves1 & recomm5ce revolv+4 ,! extremities ( ! dep5d+ %oots turn upw>ds1 & tw9e on !mselves4 ,9 all ^! respects we h complete id5tity ) tw9+ phan]ogamic plants2 & ! above enum]ation may s]ve z a summ>y ( ! lead+ *>act]i/ics ( all tw9+ plants4 ,! p[] ( revolv+ dep5ds on ! g5]al heal? & vig\r ( ! plant1 z has be5 labori\sly %[n by ,palm4 ,b ! movem5t ( ea* sep>ate int]node is s indep5d5t ( ! o!rs1 t cutt+ (f an upp] "o does n affect ! revolutions ( a l[] "o4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ,dutro*et cut (f two :ole %oots ( ! ,hop1 & plac$ !m 9 wat]1 ! movem5t 0 greatly ret>d$2 = "o revolv$ 9 #bj hrs4 & ! o!r 9 #bc hrs41 :]eas !y ought to h revolv$ 9 betwe5 #b hrs4 & #b hrs4 #cj m4 ,%oots ( ! ,kidney-bean1 cut (f & plac$ 9 wat]1 7 simil>ly ret>d$1 b 9 a less degree4 ,i h repeat$ly obs]v$ t c>ry+ a plant f ! gre5h\se to my room1 or f "o "p to ano!r ( ! gre5h\se1 always /opp$ ! movem5t = a "t2 h5ce ,i conclude t plants 9 a /ate ( nature & gr[+ 9 expos$ situations1 w\ld n make _! revolutions dur+ v /ormy wea!r4 ,a decrease 9 temp]ature always caus$ a consid]able ret>dation 9 ! rate ( revolution2 b ,dutro*et 7tom4 xvii4 pp4 #iid1 #iif7 has giv5 su* precise obs]vations on ?is head ) respect to ! common pea t ,i ne$ say no?+ m4 ,:5 tw9+ plants are plac$ ne> a w9d[ 9 a room1 ! light 9 "s cases has a rem>kable p[] 7z 0 likewise obs]v$ by ,dutro*et1 p4 #iih1 ) ! pea7 on ! revolv+ movem5t1 b ?is diff]s 9 degree ) diff]5t plants2 ?us ,ipomoea jucunda made a complete circle 9 #e hrs4 #cj m42 ! semicircle f ! light tak+ #d hrs4 #hj m41 & t t[>ds ! light only #a hr4 ,lonic]a bra*ypoda revolv$1 9 a rev]s$ direction to ! ,ipomoea1 9 #h hrs42 ! semicircle f ! light tak+ #e hrs4 #bc m41 & t to ! light only #b hrs4 #cg m4 ,f ! rate ( revolution 9 all ! plants obs]v$ by me1 be+ ne>ly ! same dur+ ! night & ! day1 ,i inf] t ! action ( ! light is conf9$ to ret>d+ "o semicircle & accel]at+ ! o!r1 s z n to modify greatly ! rate ( ! :ole revolution4 ,?is action ( ! light is rem>kable1 :5 we reflect h[ little ! leaves are develop$ on ! "y & ?9 revolv+ int]nodes4 ,x is all ! m rem>kable1 z botani/s believe 7,mohl1 p4 #aai7 t tw9+ plants are b little s5sitive to ! action ( light4 ,i w conclude my acc\nt ( tw9+ plants by giv+ a few miscellane\s & curi\s cases4 ,) mo/ tw9+ plants all ! bran*es1 h[ev] _m !re may be1 g on revolv+ toge!r2 b1 accord+ to ,mohl 7p4 #d71 only ! lat]al bran*es ( ,tamus elephantipes tw9e1 & n ! ma9 /em4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) a climb+ species ( ,asp>agus1 ! lead+ %oot alone1 & n ! bran*es1 revolv$ & tw9$2 b x %\ld be /at$ t ! plant 0 n gr[+ vigor\sly4 ,my plants ( ,combretum arg5teum & ,c4 purpureum made num]\s %ort heal?y %oots2 b !y %[$ no signs ( revolv+1 & ,i c\ld n conceive h[ ^! plants c\ld be climb]s2 b at la/ ,c4 arg5teum put =? f ! l[] "p ( "o ( its ma9 bran*es a ?9 %oot1 #e or #f feet 9 l5g?1 diff]+ greatly 9 appe>ance f ! previ\s %oots1 ow+ to its leaves be+ little develop$1 & ?is %oot revolv$ vigor\sly & tw9$4 ,s t ?is plant produces %oots ( two k9ds4 ,) ,p]iploca ,grca 7,palm1 p4 #dc7 ! upp]mo/ %oots alone tw9e4 ,polygonum convolvulus tw9es only dur+ ! middle ( ! summ] 7,palm1 p4 #dc1 #id72 & plants gr[+ vigor\sly 9 ! autumn %[ no incl9ation to climb4 ,! majority ( ,asclepiadace are tw9]s2 b ,asclepias nigra only 89 f]tiliori solo incipit sc&]e subvolubili caule0 7,willd5[1 quot$ & confirm$ by ,palm1 p4 #da74 ,asclepias v9cetoxicum does n regul>ly tw9e1 b occasionally does s 7,palm1 p4 #db2 ,mohl1 p4 #aab7 :5 gr[+ "u c]ta9 conditions4 ,s x is ) two species ( ,c]opegia1 z ,i he> f ,pr(4 ,h>vey1 = ^! plants 9 _! native dry ,s\? ,african home g5]ally gr[ erect1 f #f in*es to #b feet 9 height1--a v few tall] specim5s %[+ "s incl9ation to curve2 b :5 cultivat$ ne> ,dubl91 !y regul>ly tw9$ up /icks #e or #f feet 9 height4 ,mo/ ,convolvulace are excell5t tw9]s2 b 9 ,s\? ,africa ,ipomoea argyroides almo/ always gr[s erect & compact1 f ab\t #ab to #ah in*es 9 height1 "o specim5 alone 9 ,pr(4 ,h>vey's collection %[+ an evid5t disposition to tw9e4 ,on ! o!r h&1 se$l+s rais$ ne> ,dubl9 tw9$ up /icks above #h feet 9 height4 ,^! facts are rem>kable2 = !re c h>dly be a d\bt t 9 ! dry] prov9ces ( ,s\? ,africa ^! plants h propagat$ !mselves = ?\s&s ( g5]ations 9 an erect condition2 & yet !y h reta9$ dur+ ?is :ole p]iod ! innate p[] ( spontane\sly revolv+ & tw9+1 :5ev] _! %oots become elongat$ "u prop] conditions ( life4 ,mo/ ( ! species ( ,phaseolus are tw9]s2 b c]ta9 v>ieties ( ! ,p4 multiflorus produce 7,lon1 p4 #fha7 two k9ds ( %oots1 "s upright & ?ick1 & o!rs ?9 & tw9+4 ,i h se5 /rik+ in/ances ( ?is curi\s case ( v>iability 9 8,fulm]'s dw>f =c+-bean10 :i* occasionally produc$ a s+le long tw9+ %oot4 ,solanum dulcam>a is "o ( ! feeble/ & poore/ ( tw9]s3 x may (t5 be se5 gr[+ z an upright bu%1 & :5 gr[+ 9 ! mid/ ( a ?icket m]ely scrambles up betwe5 ! bran*es )\t tw9+2 b :51 accord+ to ,dutro*et 7tom4 xix4 p4 #bii71 x gr[s ne> a ?9 & flexible support1 su* z ! /em ( a nettle1 x tw9es r\nd x4 ,i plac$ /icks r\nd sev]al plants1 & v]tically /ret*$ /r+s close to o!rs1 & ! /r+s alone 7 asc5d$ by tw9+4 ,! /em tw9es indiff]5tly to ! "r or left4 ,"s o!rs species ( ,solanum1 & ( ano!r g5us1 viz4 ,habro?amnus1 belong+ to ! same family1 are describ$ 9 horticultural works z tw9+ plants1 b !y seem to possess ?is faculty 9 a v feeble degree4 ,we may suspect t ! species ( ^! two g5]a h z yet only p>tially acquir$ ! habit ( tw9+4 ,on ! o!r h& ) ,tecoma radicans1 a memb] ( a family ab\nd+ ) tw9]s & t5dril-be>]s1 b :i* climbs1 l ! ivy1 by ! aid ( rootlets1 we may suspect t a =m] habit ( tw9+ has be5 lo/1 = ! /em exhibit$ slight irregul> movem5ts :i* c\ld h>dly be acc\nt$ = by *anges 9 ! action ( ! light4 ,!re is no difficulty 9 und]/&+ h[ a spirally tw9+ plant c\ld graduate into a simple root-climb]2 = ! "y int]nodes ( ,bignonia ,twe$yana & ( ,hoya c>nosa revolve & tw9e1 b likewise emit rootlets :i* adh]e to any fitt+ surface1 s t ! loss ( tw9+ w\ld be no great disadvantage & 9 "s respects an advantage to ^! species1 z !y w\ld !n asc5d _! supports 9 a m direct l9e4 #dd ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,leaf-,,climb]s4 ,plants :i* climb by ! aid ( spontane\sly revolv+ & s5sitive petioles--,clematis--,tropolum--,maur&ia 1 fl[]-p$uncles mov+ spontane\sly & s5sitive to a t\*--,rhodo*iton--,lophosp]mum--int]node s s5sitive--,solanum1 ?ick5+ ( ! clasp$ petioles--,fum>ia--,adlumia--,plants :i* climb by ! aid ( _! produc$ midribs--,gloriosa--,flagell>ia--,nep5!s --,summ>y on leaf-climb]s4 ,,we n[ come to our second class ( climb+ plants1 namely1 ^? :i* asc5d by ! aid ( irritable or s5sitive organs4 ,= conv5i5ce' sake ! plants 9 ?is class h be5 gr\p$ "u two sub-divisions1 namely1 leaf-climb]s1 or ^? :i* reta9 _! leaves 9 a functional condition1 & t5dril-be>]s4 ,b ^! sub-divisions graduate into ea* o!r1 z we %all see "u ,corydalis & ! ,gloriosa lily4 ,x has long be5 obs]v$ t sev]al plants climb by ! aid ( _! leaves1 ei!r by _! petioles 7foot-/alks7 or by _! produc$ midribs2 b beyond ?is simple fact !y h n be5 describ$4 ,palm & ,mohl class ^! plants ) ^? :i* be> t5drils2 b z a leaf is g5]ally a def9$ object1 ! pres5t classification1 ?\gh artificial1 has at lea/ "s advantages4 ,leaf-climb]s are1 moreov]1 int]m$iate 9 _m respects betwe5 tw9]s & t5dril-be>]s4 ,eight species ( ,clematis & sev5 ( ,tropolum 7 obs]v$1 9 ord] to see :at am\nt ( diff]5ce 9 ! mann] ( climb+ exi/$ )9 ! same g5us2 & ! diff]5ces are consid]able4 ,,clematis4--,c4 gl&ulosa4--,! ?9 upp] int]nodes revolve1 mov+ aga9/ ! c\rse ( ! sun1 precisely l ^? ( a true tw9]1 at an av]age rate1 judg+ f ?ree revolutions1 ( #c hrs4 #dh m4 ,! lead+ %oot imm$iately tw9$ r\nd a /ick plac$ ne> x2 b1 aft] mak+ an op5 spire ( only "o turn & a half1 x asc5d$ = a %ort space /raight1 & !n rev]s$ its c\rse & w\nd two turns 9 an opposite direction4 ,?is 0 r5d]$ possible by ! /raight piece betwe5 ! oppos$ spires hav+ become rigid4 ,! simple1 broad1 ovate leaves ( ?is tropical species1 ) _! %ort ?ick petioles1 seem b ill-fitt$ = any movem5t2 & :il/ tw9+ up a v]tical /ick1 no use is made ( !m4 ,nev]!less1 if ! foot/alk ( a "y leaf be rubb$ ) a ?9 twig a few times on any side1 x w 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs b5d to t side2 aft]w>ds becom+ /raight aga94 ,! "u side seem$ to be ! mo/ s5sitive2 b ! s5sitiv5ess or irritability is slight comp>$ to t :i* we %all meet ) 9 "s ( ! foll[+ species2 ?us1 a loop ( /r+1 weigh+ #a4fd gra9 7#ajf4b mg47 & hang+ = "s days on a "y foot/alk1 produc$ a sc>cely p]ceptible effect4 ,a sket* is "h giv5 ( two "y leaves :i* _h naturally caught hold ( two ?9 bran*es4 ,a =k$ twig plac$ s z to press lightly on ! "u side ( a "y foot/alk caus$ x1 9 #ab hrs41 to b5d greatly1 & ultimately to su* an ext5t t ! leaf pass$ to ! opposite side ( ! /em2 ! =k$ /ick hav+ be5 remov$1 ! leaf sl[ly recov]$ its =m] position4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #a4 ,clematis gl&ulosa4 ,) two "y leaves clasp+ two twigs1 ) ! clasp+ portions ?ick5$ ,! "y leaves spontane\sly & gradually *ange _! position3 :5 fir/ develop$ ! petioles are upturn$ & p>allel to ! /em2 !y !n sl[ly b5d d[nw>ds1 rema9+ = a %ort "t at "r angles to ! /em1 & !n become s mu* ar*$ d[nw>ds t ! blade ( ! leaf po9ts to ! gr\nd ) its tip curl$ inw>ds1 s t ! :ole petiole & leaf toge!r =m a hook4 ,!y are ?us enabl$ to cat* hold ( any twig ) :i* !y may be br\ght into contact by ! revolv+ movem5t ( ! int]nodes4 ,if ?is does n happ51 !y reta9 _! hook$ %ape = a consid]able "t1 & !n b5d+ upw>ds reassume _! orig9al upturn$ position1 :i* is pres]v$ ev] aft]w>ds4 ,! petioles :i* h clasp$ any object soon become mu* ?ick5$ & /r5g!n$1 z may be se5 9 ! draw+4 ,clematis montana4--,! long1 ?9 petioles ( ! leaves1 :il/ "y1 are s5sitive1 & :5 lightly rubb$ b5d to ! rubb$ side1 subsequ5tly becom+ /raight4 ,!y are f> m s5sitive ?an ! petioles ( ,c4 gl&ulosa2 = a loop ( ?read weigh+ a qu>t] ( a gra9 7#af4b mg47 caus$ !m to b5d2 a loop weigh+ only "o-eigh? ( a gra9 7#h4a mg47 sometimes act$ & sometimes did n act4 ,! s5sitiv5ess ext5ds f ! blade ( ! leaf to ! /em4 ,i may "h /ate t ,i asc]ta9$ 9 all cases ! weights ( ! /r+ & ?read us$ by c>efully weigh+ #ej in*es 9 a *emical balance1 & !n cutt+ (f measur$ l5g?s4 ,! ma9 petiole c>ries ?ree leaflets2 b _! %ort1 sub-petioles are n s5sitive4 ,a "y1 incl9$ %oot 7! plant be+ 9 ! gre5h\se7 made a l>ge circle oppos$ to ! c\rse ( ! sun 9 #d hrs4 #bj m41 b ! next day1 be+ v cold1 ! "t 0 #e hrs4 #aj m4 ,a /ick plac$ ne> a revolv+ /em 0 soon /ruck by ! petioles :i* /& out at "r angles1 & ! revolv+ movem5t 0 ?us arre/$4 ,! petioles !n began1 be+ excit$ by ! contact1 to sl[ly w9d r\nd ! /ick4 ,:5 ! /ick 0 ?91 a petiole sometimes w\nd twice r\nd x4 ,! opposite leaf 0 9 no way affect$4 ,! attitude assum$ by ! /em aft] ! petiole _h clasp$ ! /ick1 0 t ( a man /&+ by a column1 :o ?r[s 8 arm horizontally r\nd x4 ,) respect to ! /em's p[] ( tw9+1 "s rem>ks w be made "u ,c4 calyc9a4 ,clematis ,sieboldi4--,a %oot made ?ree revolutions aga9/ ! sun at an av]age rate ( #c hrs4 #aa m4 ,! p[] ( tw9+ is l t ( ! la/ species4 ,its leaves are ne>ly simil> 9 /ructure & 9 function1 except+ t ! sub-petioles ( ! lat]al & t]m9al leaflets are s5sitive4 ,a loop ( ?read1 weigh+ "o-eigh? ( a gra91 act$ on ! ma9 petiole1 b n until two or ?ree days _h elaps$4 ,! leaves h ! rem>kable habit ( spontane\sly revolv+1 g5]ally 9 v]tical ellipses1 9 ! same mann]1 b 9 a less degree1 z w be describ$ "u ,c4 microphylla4 ,clematis calyc9a4--,! "y %oots are ?9 & flexible3 "o revolv$1 describ+ a broad oval1 9 #e hrs4 #cj m41 & ano!r 9 #f hrs4 #ab m4 ,!y foll[$ ! c\rse ( ! sun2 b ! c\rse1 if obs]v$ long en\gh1 w\ld probably be f\nd to v>y 9 ?is species1 z well z 9 all ! o!rs ( ! g5us4 ,x is a r bett] tw9] ?an ! two la/ species3 ! /em sometimes made two spiral turns r\nd a ?9 /ick1 if free f twigs2 x !n ran /raight up = a space1 & rev]s+ its c\rse took "o or two turns 9 an opposite direction4 ,?is rev]sal ( ! spire occurr$ 9 all ! =ego+ species4 ,! leaves are s small comp>$ ) ^? ( mo/ ( ! o!r species1 t ! petioles at fir/ seem ill-adapt$ = clasp+4 ,nev]!less1 ! ma9 s]vice ( ! revolv+ movem5t is to br+ !m into contact ) surr\nd+ objects1 :i* are sl[ly b securely seiz$4 ,! "y petioles1 :i* alone are s5sitive1 h _! ends b[$ a little d[nw>ds1 s z to be 9 a slight degree hook$2 ultimately ! :ole leaf1 if x cat*es no?+1 becomes level4 ,i g5tly rubb$ ) a ?9 twig ! l[] surfaces ( two "y petioles2 & 9 #b hrs4 #cj m4 !y 7 slightly curv$ d[nw>ds2 9 #e hrs41 aft] be+ rubb$1 ! end ( "o 0 b5t completely back1 p>allel to ! basal portion2 9 #d hrs4 subsequ5tly x became ne>ly /raight aga94 ,to %[ h[ s5sitive ! "y petioles are1 ,i may m5tion t ,i j t\*$ ! "u sides ( two ) a little wat]-col\r1 :i* :5 dry =m$ an excessively ?9 & m9ute cru/2 b ?is suffic$ 9 #bd hrs4 to cause bo? to b5d d[nw>ds4 ,:il/ ! plant is "y1 ea* leaf consi/s ( ?ree divid$ leaflets1 :i* b>ely h di/9ct petioles1 & ^! are n s5sitive2 b :5 ! plant is well gr[n1 ! petioles ( ! two lat]al & t]m9al leaflets are ( consid]able l5g?1 & become s5sitive s z to be capable ( clasp+ an object 9 any direction4 ,:5 a petiole has clasp$ a twig1 x und]goes "s rem>kable *anges1 :i* may be obs]v$ ) ! o!r species1 b 9 a less /rongly m>k$ mann]1 & w "h be describ$ once = all4 ,! clasp$ petiole 9 ! c\rse ( two or ?ree days swells greatly1 & ultimately becomes ne>ly twice z ?ick z ! opposite "o :i* has clasp$ no?+4 ,:5 ?9 transv]se slices ( ! two are plac$ "u ! microscope _! diff]5ce is conspicu\s3 ! side ( ! petiole :i* has be5 9 contact ) ! support1 is =m$ ( a lay] ( col\rless cells ) _! long] axes direct$ f ! c5tre1 & ^! are v mu* l>g] ?an ! correspond+ cells 9 ! opposite or un*ang$ petiole2 ! c5tral cells1 also1 are 9 "s degree enl>g$1 & ! :ole is mu* indurat$4 ,! ext]ior surface g5]ally becomes bright r$4 ,b a f> great] *ange takes place 9 ! nature ( ! tissues ?an t :i* is visible3 ! petiole ( ! unclasp$ leaf is flexible & c be snapp$ easily1 :]eas ! clasp$ "o acquires an extraord9>y degree ( t\ghness & rigidity1 s t consid]able =ce is requir$ to pull x into pieces4 ,) ?is *ange1 great durability is probably acquir$2 at lea/ ?is is ! case ) ! clasp$ petioles ( ,clematis vitalba4 ,! mean+ ( ^! *anges is obvi\s1 namely1 t ! petioles may firmly & durably support ! /em4 ,clematis microphylla1 v>4 leptophylla4--,! long & ?9 int]nodes ( ?is ,au/ralian species revolve sometimes 9 "o direction & sometimes 9 an opposite "o1 describ+ long1 n>r[1 irregul> ellipses or l>ge circles4 ,f\r revolutions 7 complet$ )9 five m9utes ( ! same av]age rate ( #a hr4 #ea m42 s t ?is species moves m quickly ?an ! o!rs ( ! g5us4 ,! %oots1 :5 plac$ ne> a v]tical /ick1 ei!r tw9e r\nd x1 or clasp x ) ! basal portions ( _! petioles4 ,! leaves :il/ "y are ne>ly ( ! same %ape z ^? ( ,c4 viticella1 & act 9 ! same mann] l a hook1 z w be describ$ "u t species4 ,b ! leaflets are m divid$1 & ea* segm5t :il/ "y t]m9ates 9 a h>di% po9t1 :i* is mu* curv$ d[nw>ds & inw>ds2 s t ! :ole leaf readily cat*es hold ( any neighb\r+ object4 ,! petioles ( ! "y t]m9al leaflets are act$ on by loops ( ?read weigh+ ? & ev5 #j4jfbe? ( a gra94 ,! basal portion ( ! ma9 petiole is mu* less s5sitive1 b w clasp a /ick aga9/ :i* x presses4 ,! leaves1 :il/ "y1 are cont9ually & spontane\sly mov+ sl[ly4 ,a bell-glass 0 plac$ ov] a %oot secur$ to a /ick1 & ! movem5ts ( ! leaves 7 trac$ on x dur+ sev]al days4 ,a v irregul> l9e 0 g5]ally =m$2 b "o day1 9 ! c\rse ( eight h\rs & ?ree qu>t]s1 ! figure cle>ly repres5t$ ?ree & a half irregul> ellipses1 ! mo/ p]fect "o ( :i* 0 complet$ 9 #b hrs4 #ce m4 ,! two opposite leaves mov$ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r4 ,?is movem5t ( ! leaves w\ld aid t ( ! int]nodes 9 br++ ! petioles into contact ) surr\nd+ objects4 ,i discov]$ ?is movem5t too late to be enabl$ to obs]ve x 9 ! o!r species2 b f analogy ,i c h>dly d\bt t ! leaves ( at lea/ ,c4 viticella1 ,c4 flammula1 & ,c4 vitalba move spontane\sly2 &1 judg+ f ,c4 ,sieboldi1 ?is probably is ! case ) ,c4 montana & ,c4 calyc9a4 ,i asc]ta9$ t ! simple leaves ( ,c4 gl&ulosa exhibit$ no spontane\s revolv+ movem5t4 ,clematis viticella1 v>4 v5osa4--,9 ?is & ! two foll[+ species ! p[] ( spirally tw9+ is completely lo/1 & ?is seems due to ! less5$ flexibility ( ! int]nodes & to ! int]f]5ce caus$ by ! l>ge size ( ! leaves4 ,b ! revolv+ movem5t1 ?\gh re/rict$1 is n lo/4 ,9 our pres5t species a "y int]node1 plac$ 9 front ( a w9d[1 made ?ree n>r[ ellipses1 transv]sely to ! direction ( ! light1 at an av]age rate ( #b hrs4 #dj m4 ,:5 plac$ s t ! movem5ts 7 to & f ! light1 ! rate 0 greatly accel]at$ 9 "o half ( ! c\rse1 & ret>d$ 9 ! o!r1 z ) tw9+ plants4 ,! ellipses 7 small2 ! long] diamet]1 describ$ by ! apex ( a %oot be>+ a pair ( n exp&$ leaves1 0 only #d in*es1 & t by ! apex ( ! p5ultimate int]node only #a in*4 ,at ! mo/ fav\rable p]iod ( gr[? ea* leaf w\ld h>dly be c>ri$ to & fro by ! movem5t ( ! int]nodes m ?an two or ?ree in*es1 b1 z above /at$1 x is probable t ! leaves !mselves move spontane\sly4 ,! movem5t ( ! :ole %oot by ! w9d & by its rapid gr[?1 w\ld probably be almo/ equally effici5t z ^! spontane\s movem5ts1 9 br++ ! petioles into contact ) surr\nd+ objects4 ,! leaves are ( l>ge size4 ,ea* be>s ?ree pairs ( lat]al leaflets & a t]m9al "o1 all support$ on r long sub-petioles4 ,! ma9 petiole b5ds a little angul>ly d[nw>ds at ea* po9t :]e a pair ( leaflets arises 7see fig4 #b71 & ! petiole ( ! t]m9al leaflet is b5t d[nw>ds at "r angles2 h5ce ! :ole petiole1 ) its rectangul>ly b5t extremity1 acts z a hook4 ,?is hook1 ! lat]al petioles be+ direct$ a little upw>ds2 =ms an excell5t grappl+ app>atus1 by :i* ! leaves readily become entangl$ ) surr\nd+ objects4 ,if !y cat* no?+1 ! :ole petiole ultimately gr[s /raight4 ,! ma9 petiole1 ! sub-petioles1 & ! ?ree bran*es into :i* ea* basi-lat]al sub-petiole is g5]ally subdivid$1 are all s5sitive4 ,! basal portion ( ! ma9 petiole1 betwe5 ! /em & ! fir/ pair ( leaflets1 is less s5sitive ?an ! rema9d]2 x w1 h[ev]1 clasp a /ick ) :i* x is left 9 contact4 ,! inf]ior surface ( ! rectangul>ly b5t t]m9al portion 7c>ry+ ! t]m9al leaflet71 :i* =ms ! inn] side ( ! end ( ! hook1 is ! mo/ s5sitive "p2 & ?is portion is manife/ly be/ adapt$ to cat* a di/ant support4 ,to %[ ! diff]5ce 9 s5sibility1 ,i g5tly plac$ loops ( /r+ ( ! same weight 79 "o in/ance weigh+ only #j4hb ( a gra9 or #ec4ad mg47 on ! sev]al lat]al sub-petioles & on ! t]m9al "o2 9 a few h\rs ! latt] 0 b5t1 b aft] #bd hrs4 no effect 0 produc$ on ! o!r sub-petioles4 ,aga91 a t]m9al sub-petiole plac$ 9 contact ) a ?9 /ick became s5sibly curv$ 9 #de m41 & 9 #a hr4 #aj m4 mov$ ?r\gh n9ety degrees2 :il/ a lat]al sub-petiole did n become s5sibly curv$ until #c hrs4 #cj m4 _h elaps$4 ,9 all cases1 if ! /icks are tak5 away1 ! petioles cont9ue to move dur+ _m h\rs aft]w>ds2 s !y d aft] a slight rubb+2 b !y become /raight aga91 aft] ab\t a day's int]val1 t is if ! flexure has n be5 v great or long cont9u$4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #b4 ,a "y leaf ( ,clematis viticeela ,! graduat$ diff]5ce 9 ! ext5sion ( ! s5sitiv5ess 9 ! petioles ( ! above-describ$ species des]ves notice4 ,9 ,c4 montana x is conf9$ to ! ma9 petiole1 & has n spread to ! sub-petioles ( ! ?ree leaflets2 s x is ) "y plants ( ,c4 calyc9a1 b 9 old] plants x spreads to ! ?ree sub-petioles4 ,9 ,c4 viticella ! s5sitiv5ess has spread to ! petioles ( ! sev5 leaflets1 & to ! subdivisions ( ! basi-lat]al sub-petioles4 ,b 9 ?is latt] species x has dim9i%$ 9 ! basal "p ( ! ma9 petiole1 9 :i* alone x resid$ 9 ,c4 montana2 :il/ x has increas$ 9 ! abruptly b5t t]m9al portion4 ,clematis flammula4--,! r ?ick1 /raight1 & /iff %oots1 :il/ gr[+ vigor\sly 9 ! spr+1 make small oval revolutions1 foll[+ ! sun 9 _! c\rse4 ,f\r 7 made at an av]age rate ( #c hrs4 #de m4 ,! long] axis ( ! oval1 describ$ by ! extreme tip1 0 direct$ at "r angles to ! l9e jo9+ ! opposite leaves2 its l5g? 0 9 "o case only #a1 & 9 ano!r case #a in*2 s t ! "y leaves 7 mov$ a v %ort di/ance4 ,! %oots ( ! same plant obs]v$ 9 midsumm]1 :5 gr[+ n s quickly1 did n revolve at all4 ,i cut d[n ano!r plant 9 ! e>ly summ]1 s t by ,augu/ #a/ x _h =m$ new & mod]ately vigor\s %oots2 ^!1 :5 obs]v$ "u a bell-glass1 7 on "s days q /ation>y1 & on o!r days mov$ to & fro only ab\t ! eigh? ( an in*4 ,consequ5tly ! revolv+ p[] is mu* enfeebl$ 9 ?is species1 & "u unfav\rable circum/ances is completely lo/4 ,! %oot mu/ dep5d = com+ into contact ) surr\nd+ objects on ! probable1 ?\gh n asc]ta9$ spontane\s movem5t ( ! leaves1 on rapid gr[?1 & on movem5t f ! w9d4 ,h5ce1 p]haps1 x is t ! petioles h acquir$ a high degree ( s5sitiv5ess z a comp5sation = ! little p[] ( movem5t 9 ! %oots4 ,! petioles are b[$ d[nw>ds1 & h ! same g5]al hook-l =m z 9 ,c4 viticella4 ,! m$ial petiole & ! lat]al sub-petioles are s5sitive1 especially ! mu* b5t t]m9al portion4 ,z ! s5sitiv5ess is "h great] ?an 9 any o!r species ( ! g5us obs]v$ by me1 & is 9 itself rem>kable1 ,i w give full] details4 ,! petioles1 :5 s "y t !y h n sep>at$ f "o ano!r1 are n s5sitive2 :5 ! lam9a ( a leaflet has gr[n to a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g? 7t is1 ab\t "o-six? ( its full size71 ! s5sitiv5ess is highe/2 b at ?is p]iod ! petioles are relatively mu* m fully develop$ ?an are ! blades ( ! leaves4 ,full-gr[n petioles are n 9 ! lea/ s5sitive4 ,a ?9 /ick plac$ s z to press lightly aga9/ a petiole1 hav+ a leaflet a qu>t] ( an in* 9 l5g?1 caus$ ! petiole to b5d 9 #c hrs4 #ae m4 ,9 ano!r case a petiole curl$ completely r\nd a /ick 9 #ab hrs4 ,^! petioles 7 left curl$ = #bd hrs41 & ! /icks 7 !n remov$2 b !y nev] /raight5$ !mselves4 ,i took a twig1 ?9n] ?an ! petiole itself1 & ) x lightly rubb$ sev]al petioles f\r times up & d[n2 ^! 9 #a hr4 #de m4 became slightly curl$2 ! curvature increas$ dur+ "s h\rs & !n began to decrease1 b aft] #be hrs4 f ! "t ( rubb+ a ve/ige ( ! curvature rema9$4 ,"s o!r petioles simil>ly rubb$ twice1 t is1 once up & once d[n1 became p]ceptibly curv$ 9 ab\t #b hrs4 #cj m41 ! t]m9al sub-petiole mov+ m ?an ! lat]al sub-petioles2 !y all became /raight aga9 9 betwe5 #ab hrs4 & #ad hrs4 ,la/ly1 a l5g? ( ab\t "o-eigh? ( an in* ( a sub-petiole1 0 lightly rubb$ ) ! same twig only once2 x became slightly curv$ 9 #c hrs41 rema9+ s dur+ #aa hrs41 b by ! next morn+ 0 q /raight4 ,! foll[+ obs]vations are m precise4 ,aft] try+ heavi] pieces ( /r+ & ?read1 ,i plac$ a loop ( f9e /r+1 weigh+ #a4jd gr4 7#fg4d mg47 on a t]m9al sub-petiole3 9 #f hrs4 #dj m4 a curvature c\ld be se52 9 #bd hrs4 ! petiole =m$ an op5 r+ r\nd ! /r+2 9 #dh hrs4 ! r+ _h almo/ clos$ on ! /r+1 & 9 #gb hrs4 seiz$ x s firmly1 t "s =ce 0 necess>y = its )drawal4 ,a loop weigh+ #j4eb ( a gra9 7#cc4g mg47 caus$ 9 #ad hrs4 a lat]al sub-petiole j p]ceptibly to curve1 & 9 #bd hrs4 x mov$ ?r\gh n9ety degrees4 ,^! obs]vations 7 made dur+ ! summ]3 ! foll[+ 7 made 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! petioles app>5tly are m s5sitive3--,a loop ( ?read1 weigh+ "o-eigh? ( a gra9 7#h4a mg471 produc$ no effect on ! lat]al sub-petioles1 b plac$ on a t]m9al "o1 caus$ x1 aft] #bd hrs41 to curve mod]ately2 ! curvature1 ?\gh ! loop rema9$ susp5d$1 0 aft] #dh hrs4 dim9i%$1 b nev] disappe>$2 %[+ t ! petiole _h become p>tially accu/om$ to ! insuffici5t /imulus4 ,?is exp]im5t 0 twice repeat$ ) ne>ly ! same result4 ,la/ly1 a loop ( ?read1 weigh+ only "o-sixte5? ( a gra9 7#d4je mg47 0 twice g5tly plac$ by a =ceps on a t]m9al sub-petiole 7! plant be+1 ( c\rse1 9 a /ill & clos$ room71 & ?is weight c]ta9ly caus$ a flexure1 :i* v sl[ly increas$ until ! petiole mov$ ?r\gh ne>ly n9ety degrees3 beyond ?is x did n move2 nor did ! petiole1 ! loop rema9+ susp5d$1 ev] become p]fectly /raight aga94 ,:5 we consid]1 on ! "o h&1 ! ?ickness & /iffness ( ! petioles1 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ?9ness & s(tness ( f9e cotton ?read1 & :at an extremely small weight "o-sixte5? ( a gra9 7#d4je mg47 is1 ^! facts are rem>kable4 ,b ,i h reason to believe t ev5 a less weight excites curvature :5 press+ ov] a broad] surface ?an t act$ on by a ?read4 ,hav+ notic$ t ! end ( a susp5d$ /r+ :i* accid5tally t\*$ a petiole1 caus$ x to b5d1 ,i took two pieces ( ?9 tw9e1 #aj in*es 9 l5g? 7weigh+ #a4fd gr471 &1 ty+ !m to a /ick1 let !m hang z ne>ly p]p5dicul>ly d[nw>ds z _! ?9ness & flexu\s =m1 aft] be+ /ret*$1 w\ld p]mit2 ,i !n quietly plac$ _! ends s z j to re/ on two petioles1 & ^! c]ta9ly became curv$ 9 #cf hrs4 ,"o ( ! ends t\*$ ! angle betwe5 a t]m9al & lat]al sub-petiole1 & x 0 9 #dh h\rs caught betwe5 !m z by a =ceps4 ,9 ^! cases ! pressure1 ?\gh spread ov] a wid] surface ?an t t\*$ by ! cotton ?read1 mu/ h be5 excessively slight4 ,clematis vitalba4--,! plants 7 9 pots & n heal?y1 s t ,i d>e n tru/ my obs]vations1 :i* indicate mu* simil>ity 9 habits ) ,c4 flammula4 ,i m5tion ?is species only because ,i h se5 _m pro(s t ! petioles 9 a /ate ( nature are excit$ to movem5t by v slight pressure4 ,= in/ance1 ,i h f\nd !m embrac+ ?9 )]$ blades ( grass1 ! s(t "y leaves ( a maple1 & ! fl[]-p$uncles ( ! quak+-grass or ,briza4 ,! latt] are ab\t z ?ick z ! hair ( a man's be>d1 b !y 7 completely surr\nd$ & clasp$4 ,! petioles ( a leaf1 s "y t none ( ! leaflets 7 exp&$1 _h p>tially seiz$ a twig4 ,^? ( almo/ all ! old leaves1 ev5 :5 unatta*$ to any object1 are mu* convolut$2 b ?is is ow+ to _! hav+ come1 :il/ "y1 into contact dur+ sev]al h\rs ) "s object subsequ5tly remov$4 ,) none ( ! above-describ$ species1 cultivat$ 9 pots & c>efully obs]v$1 0 !re any p]man5t b5d+ ( ! petioles )\t ! /imulus ( contact4 ,9 w9t]1 ! blades ( ! leaves ( ,c4 vitalba drop (f2 b ! petioles 7z 0 obs]v$ by ,mohl7 rema9 atta*$ to ! bran*es1 sometimes dur+ two seasons2 &1 be+ convolut$1 !y curi\sly resemble true t5drils1 su* z ^? possess$ by ! alli$ g5us ,n>avelia4 ,! petioles :i* h clasp$ "s object become mu* m /iff1 h>d1 & poli%$ ?an ^? :i* h fail$ 9 ?is _! prop] function4 ,,trop,,olum4--,i obs]v$ ,t4 tricolorum1 ,t4 azureum1 ,t4 p5taphyllum1 ,t4 p]egr9um1 ,t4 elegans1 ,t4 tub]osum1 & a dw>f v>iety (1 z ,i believe1 ,t4 m9us4 ,tropolum tricolorum1 v>4 gr&iflorum4--,! flexible %oots1 :i* fir/ rise f ! tub]s1 are z ?9 z f9e tw9e4 ,"o su* %oot revolv$ 9 a c\rse oppos$ to ! sun1 at an av]age rate1 judg+ f ?ree revolutions1 ( #a hr4 #bc m42 b no d\bt ! direction ( ! revolv+ movem5t is v>iable4 ,:5 ! plants h gr[n tall & are bran*$1 all ! _m lat]al %oots revolve4 ,! /em1 :il/ "y1 tw9es regul>ly r\nd a ?9 v]tical /ick1 & 9 "o case ,i c\nt$ eight spiral turns 9 ! same direction2 b :5 gr[n old]1 ! /em (t5 runs /raight up = a space1 &1 be+ arre/$ by ! clasp+ petioles1 makes "o or two spires 9 a rev]s$ direction4 ,until ! plant gr[s to a height ( two or ?ree feet1 requir+ ab\t a mon? f ! "t :5 ! fir/ %oot appe>s above gr\nd1 no true leaves are produc$1 b1 9 _! place1 filam5ts col\r$ l ! /em4 ,! extremities ( ^! filam5ts are po9t$1 a little flatt5$1 & furr[$ on ! upp] surface4 ,!y nev] become develop$ into leaves4 ,z ! plant gr[s 9 height new filam5ts are produc$ ) slightly enl>g$ tips2 !n o!rs1 be>+ on ea* side ( ! enl>g$ m$ial tip a rudim5t>y segm5t ( a leaf2 soon o!r segm5ts appe>1 & at la/ a p]fect leaf is =m$1 ) sev5 deep segm5ts4 ,s t on ! same plant we may see e /ep1 f t5dril-l clasp+ filam5ts to p]fect leaves ) clasp+ petioles4 ,aft] ! plant has gr[n to a consid]able height1 & is secur$ to its support by ! petioles ( ! true leaves1 ! clasp+ filam5ts on ! l[] "p ( ! /em )] & drop (f2 s t !y p]=m only a tempor>y s]vice4 ,^! filam5ts or rudim5t>y leaves1 z well z ! petioles ( ! p]fect leaves1 :il/ "y1 are highly s5sitive on all sides to a t\*4 ,! slighte/ rub caus$ !m to curve t[>ds ! rubb$ side 9 ab\t ?ree m9utes1 & "o b5t itself into a r+ 9 six m9utes2 !y subsequ5tly became /raight4 ,:51 h[ev]1 !y h once completely clasp$ a /ick1 if ?is is remov$1 !y d n /raight5 !mselves4 ,! mo/ rem>kable fact1 & "o :i* ,i h obs]v$ 9 no o!r species ( ! g5us1 is t ! filam5ts & ! petioles ( ! "y leaves1 if !y cat* no object1 aft] /&+ = "s days 9 _! orig9al position1 spontane\sly & sl[ly oscillate a little f side to side1 & !n move t[>ds ! /em & clasp x4 ,!y likewise (t5 become1 aft] a "t1 9 "s degree spirally contract$4 ,!y !re=e fully des]ve to be call$ t5drils1 z !y are us$ = climb+1 are s5sitive to a t\*1 move spontane\sly1 & ultimately contract into a spire1 ?\gh an imp]fect "o4 ,! pres5t species w\ld h be5 class$ among/ ! t5dril-be>]s1 _h n ^! *>act]s be5 conf9$ to e>ly y\?4 ,dur+ maturity x is a true leaf-climb]4 ,tropolum azureum4--,an upp] int]node made f\r revolutions1 foll[+ ! sun1 at an av]age rate ( #a hr4 #dg m4 ,! /em tw9$ spirally r\nd a support 9 ! same irregul> mann] z t ( ! la/ species4 ,rudim5t>y leaves or filam5ts d n exi/4 ,! petioles ( ! "y leaves are v s5sitive3 a s+le light rub ) a twig caus$ "o to move p]ceptibly 9 #e m41 & ano!r 9 #f m4 ,! =m] became b5t at "r angles 9 #ae m941 & became /raight aga9 9 betwe5 #e hrs4 & #f hrs4 ,a loop ( ?read weigh+ ? ( a gra9 caus$ ano!r petiole to curve4 ,tropolum p5taphyllum4--,?is species has n ! p[] ( spirally tw9+1 :i* seems due1 n s mu* to a want ( flexibility 9 ! /em1 z to cont9ual int]f]5ce f ! clasp+ petioles4 ,an upp] int]node made ?ree revolutions1 foll[+ ! sun1 at an av]age rate ( #a hr4 #df m4 ,! ma9 purpose ( ! revolv+ movem5t 9 all ! species ( ,tropolum manife/ly is to br+ ! petioles into contact ) "s support+ object4 ,! petiole ( a "y leaf1 aft] a slight rub1 became curv$ 9 #f m42 ano!r1 on a cold day1 9 #bj m41 & o!rs 9 f #h m4 to #aj m4 ,_! curvature usually increas$ greatly 9 f #ae m4 to #bj m41 & !y became /raight aga9 9 betwe5 #e hrs4 & #f hrs41 b on "o occasion 9 #c hrs4 ,:5 a petiole has fairly clasp$ a /ick1 x is n able1 on ! removal ( ! /ick1 to /raight5 itself4 ,! free upp] "p ( "o1 ! base ( :i* _h already clasp$ a /ick1 /ill reta9$ ! p[] ( movem5t4 ,a loop ( ?read weigh+ ? ( a gra9 caus$ a petiole to curve2 b ! /imulus 0 n suffici5t1 ! loop rema9+ susp5d$1 to cause a p]man5t flexure4 ,if a mu* heavi] loop be plac$ 9 ! angle betwe5 ! petiole & ! /em1 x produces no effect2 :]eas we h se5 ) ,clematis montana t ! angle betwe5 ! /em & petiole is s5sitive4 ,tropolum p]egr9um4--,! fir/-=m$ int]nodes ( a "y plant did n revolve1 resembl+ 9 ?is respect ^? ( a tw9+ plant4 ,9 an old] plant ! f\r upp] int]nodes made ?ree irregul> revolutions1 9 a c\rse oppos$ to ! sun1 at an av]age rate ( #a hr4 #dh m94 ,x is rem>kable t ! av]age rate ( revolution 7tak51 h[ev]1 b f few obs]vations7 is v ne>ly ! same 9 ?is & ! two la/ species1 namely1 #a hr4 #dg m41 #a hr4 #df m41 & #a hr4 #dh m4 ,! pres5t species _c tw9e spirally1 :i* seems ma9ly due to ! rigidity ( ! /em4 ,9 a v "y plant1 :i* did n revolve1 ! petioles 7 n s5sitive4 ,9 old] plants ! petioles ( q "y leaves1 & ( leaves z mu* z an in* & a qu>t] 9 diamet]1 are s5sitive4 ,a mod]ate rub caus$ "o to curve 9 #aj m41 & o!rs 9 #bj m4 ,!y became /raight aga9 9 betwe5 #e hrs4 #de m4 & #h hrs4 ,petioles :i* h naturally come into contact ) a /ick1 sometimes take two turns r\nd x4 ,aft] !y h clasp$ a support1 !y become rigid & h>d4 ,!y are less s5sitive to a weight ?an 9 ! previ\s species2 = loops ( /r+ weigh+ #j4hb ( a gra9 7#ec4ad mg471 did n cause any curvature1 b a loop ( d\ble ?is weight 7#a4fd gr47 act$4 ,tropolum elegans4--,i did n make _m obs]vations on ?is species4 ,! %ort & /iff int]nodes revolve irregul>ly1 describ+ small oval figures4 ,"o oval 0 complet$ 9 #c hrs4 ,a "y petiole1 :5 rubb$1 became slightly curv$ 9 #ag m42 & aft]w>ds mu* m s4 ,x 0 ne>ly /raight aga9 9 #h hrs4 ,tropolum tub]osum4--,on a plant n9e in*es 9 height1 ! int]nodes did n move at all2 b on an old] plant !y mov$ irregul>ly & made small imp]fect ovals4 ,^! movem5ts c\ld be detect$ only by be+ trac$ on a bell-glass plac$ ov] ! plant4 ,sometimes ! %oots /ood /ill = h\rs2 dur+ "s days !y mov$ only 9 "o direction 9 a crook$ l9e2 on o!r days !y made small irregul> spires or circles1 "o be+ complet$ 9 ab\t #d hrs4 ,! extreme po9ts rea*$ by ! apex ( ! %oot 7 only ab\t "o or "o & a half in*es asund]2 yet ?is slight movem5t br\ght ! petioles into contact ) "s closely surr\nd+ twigs1 :i* 7 !n clasp$4 ,) ! less5$ p[] ( spontane\sly revolv+1 comp>$ ) t ( ! previ\s species1 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! petioles is also dim9i%$4 ,^!1 :5 rubb$ a few times1 did n become curv$ until half an h\r _h elaps$2 ! curvature increas$ dur+ ! next two h\rs1 & !n v sl[ly decreas$2 s t !y sometimes requir$ #bd hrs4 to become /raight aga94 ,extremely "y leaves h active petioles2 "o ) ! lam9a only #j4ae ( an in* 9 diamet]1 t is1 ab\t a tw5tie? ( ! full size1 firmly clasp$ a ?9 twig4 ,b leaves gr[n to a qu>t] ( _! full size c likewise act4 ,tropolum m9us 7874--,! int]nodes ( a v>iety nam$ 8dw>f crimson ,na/urtium0 did n revolve1 b mov$ 9 a r irregul> c\rse dur+ ! day to ! light1 & f ! light at night4 ,! petioles1 :5 well rubb$1 %[$ no p[] ( curv+2 nor c\ld ,i see t !y ev] clasp$ any neighb\r+ object4 ,we h se5 9 ?is g5us a gradation f species su* z ,t4 tricolorum1 :i* h extremely s5sitive petioles1 & int]nodes :i* rapidly revolve & spirally tw9e up a support1 to o!r species su* z ,t4 elegans & ,t4 tub]osum1 ! petioles ( :i* are mu* less s5sitive1 & ! int]nodes ( :i* h v feeble revolv+ p[]s & _c spirally tw9e r\nd a support1 to ?is la/ species1 :i* has entirely lo/ or nev] acquir$ ^! faculties4 ,f ! g5]al "* ( ! g5us1 ! loss ( p[] seems ! m probable alt]native4 ,9 ! pres5t species1 9 ,t4 elegans1 & probably 9 o!rs1 ! fl[]-p$uncle1 z soon z ! se$-capsule beg9s to swell1 spontane\sly b5ds abruptly d[nw>ds & becomes some:at convolut$4 ,if a /ick /&s 9 ! way1 x is to a c]ta9 ext5t clasp$2 b1 z f> z ,i h be5 able to obs]ve1 ?is clasp+ movem5t is indep5d5t ( ! /imulus f contact4 ,,antirrh9e4--,9 ?is tribe 7,l9dley7 ( ! ,scrophul>iace1 at lea/ f\r ( ! sev5 includ$ g5]a h leaf-climb+ species4 ,maur&ia ,b>clayana4--,a ?91 slightly b[$ %oot made two revolutions1 foll[+ ! sun1 ea* 9 #c hrs4 #ag m942 on ! previ\s day ?is same %oot revolv$ 9 an opposite direction4 ,! %oots d n tw9e spirally1 b climb excell5tly by ! aid ( _! "y & s5sitive petioles4 ,^! petioles1 :5 lightly rubb$1 move aft] a consid]able int]val ( "t1 & subsequ5tly become /raight aga94 ,a loop ( ?read weigh+ ? ( a gra9 caus$ !m to b5d4 ,maur&ia semp]flor5s4--,?is freely gr[+ species climbs exactly l ! la/1 by ! aid ( its s5sitive petioles4 ,a "y int]node made two circles1 ea* 9 #a hr4 #df m942 s t x mov$ almo/ twice z rapidly z ! la/ species4 ,! int]nodes are n 9 ! lea/ s5sitive to a t\* or pressure4 ,i m5tion ?is because !y are s5sitive 9 a closely alli$ g5us1 namely1 ,lophosp]mum4 ,! pres5t species is unique 9 "o respect4 ,mohl ass]ts 7p4 #de7 t 8! fl[]-p$uncles1 z well z ! petioles1 w9d l t5drils20 b he classes z t5drils su* objects z ! spiral fl[]-/alks ( ! ,vallisn]ia4 ,?is rem>k1 & ! fact ( ! fl[]-p$uncles be+ decid$ly flexu\s1 l$ me c>efully to exam9e !m4 ,!y nev] act z true t5drils2 ,i repeat$ly plac$ ?9 /icks 9 contact ) "y & old p$uncles1 & ,i all[$ n9e vigor\s plants to gr[ ?r\gh an entangl$ mass ( bran*es2 b 9 no "o in/ance did !y b5d r\nd any object4 ,x is inde$ 9 ! highe/ degree improbable t ?is %\ld occur1 = !y are g5]ally develop$ on bran*es :i* h already securely clasp$ a support by ! petioles ( _! leaves2 & :5 borne on a free dep5d+ bran*1 !y are n produc$ by ! t]m9al portion ( ! int]node :i* alone has ! p[] ( revolv+2 s t !y c\ld be br\ght only by accid5t into contact ) any neighb\r+ object4 ,nev]!less 7& ?is is ! rem>kable fact7 ! fl[]-p$uncles1 :il/ "y1 exhibit feeble revolv+ p[]s1 & are slightly s5sitive to a t\*4 ,hav+ select$ "s /ems :i* _h firmly clasp$ a /ick by _! petioles1 & hav+ plac$ a bell-glass ov] !m1 ,i trac$ ! movem5ts ( ! "y fl[]-p$uncles4 ,! trac+ g5]ally =m$ a %ort & extremely irregul> l9e1 ) little loops 9 its c\rse4 ,a "y p$uncle #a in* 9 l5g? 0 c>efully obs]v$ dur+ a :ole day1 & x made f\r & a half n>r[1 v]tical1 irregul>1 & %ort ellipses--ea* at an av]age rate ( ab\t #b hrs4 #be m4 ,an adjo9+ p$uncle describ$ dur+ ! same "t simil>1 ?\gh few]1 ellipses4 ,z ! plant _h occupi$ = "s "t exactly ! same position1 ^! movem5ts c\ld n be attribut$ to any *ange 9 ! action ( ! light4 ,p$uncles1 old en\gh = ! col\r$ petals to be j visible1 d n move4 ,) respect to irritability1 #fh ,i rubb$ two "y p$uncles 7#a in* 9 l5g?7 a few times v lightly ) a ?9 twig2 "o 0 rubb$ on ! upp]1 & ! o!r on ! l[] side1 & !y became 9 betwe5 #d hrs4 & #e hrs4 di/9ctly b[$ t[>ds ^! sides2 9 #bd hrs4 subsequ5tly1 !y /raight5$ !mselves4 ,next day !y 7 rubb$ on ! opposite sides1 & !y became p]ceptibly curv$ t[>ds ^! sides4 ,two o!r & y\ng] p$uncles 7?ree-f\r?s ( an in* 9 l5g?7 7 lightly rubb$ on _! adjo9+ sides1 & !y became s mu* curv$ t[>ds "o ano!r1 t ! arcs ( ! b[s /ood at ne>ly "r angles to _! previ\s direction2 & ?is 0 ! greate/ movem5t se5 by me4 ,subsequ5tly !y /raight5$ !mselves4 ,o!r p$uncles1 s "y z to be only ?ree-t5?s ( an in* 9 l5g?1 became curv$ :5 rubb$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 p$uncles above #a in* 9 l5g? requir$ to be rubb$ two or ?ree times1 & !n became only j p]ceptibly b[$4 ,loops ( ?read susp5d$ on ! p$uncles produc$ no effect2 loops ( /r+1 h[ev]1 weigh+ #j4hb & #a4fd ( a gra9 sometimes caus$ a slight curvature2 b !y 7 nev] closely clasp$1 z 7 ! f> light] loops ( ?read by ! petioles4 ,9 ! n9e vigor\s plants obs]v$ by me1 x is c]ta9 t nei!r ! slight spontane\s movem5ts nor ! slight s5sitiv5ess ( ! fl[]-p$uncles aid$ ! plants 9 climb+4 ,if any memb] ( ! ,scrophul>iace _h possess$ t5drils produc$ by ! modification ( fl[]-p$uncles1 ,i %\ld h ?\ght t ?is species ( ,maur&ia _h p]haps reta9$ a useless or rudim5t>y ve/ige ( a =m] habit2 b ?is view _c be ma9ta9$4 ,we may suspect t1 ow+ to ! pr9ciple ( correlation1 ! p[] ( movem5t has be5 transf]r$ to ! fl[]-p$uncles f ! "y int]nodes1 & s5sitiv5ess f ! "y petioles4 ,b to :atev] cause ^! capacities are due1 ! case is int]e/+2 =1 by a little increase 9 p[] ?r\gh natural selection1 !y might easily h be5 r5d]$ z useful to ! plant 9 climb+1 z are ! fl[]-p$uncles 7h]eaft] to be describ$7 ( ,vitis or ,c>diosp]mum4 ,rhodo*iton volubile4--,a long flexible %oot swept a l>ge circle1 foll[+ ! sun1 9 #e hrs4 #cj m42 &1 z ! day became w>m]1 a second circle 0 complet$ 9 #d hrs4 #aj m4 ,! %oots sometimes make a :ole or a half spire r\nd a v]tical /ick1 !y !n run /raight up = a space1 & aft]w>ds turn spirally 9 an opposite direction4 ,! petioles ( v "y leaves ab\t "o-t5? ( _! full size1 are highly s5sitive1 & b5d t[>ds ! side :i* is t\*$2 b !y d n move quickly4 ,"o 0 p]ceptibly curv$ 9 #a hr4 #aj m41 aft] be+ lightly rubb$1 & became consid]ably curv$ 9 #e hrs4 #dj m42 "s o!rs 7 sc>cely curv$ 9 #e hrs4 #cj m41 b di/9ctly s 9 #f hrs4 #cj m4 ,a curvature 0 p]ceptible 9 "o petiole 9 betwe5 #d hrs4 #cj m4 & #e hrs41 aft] ! susp5sion ( a little loop ( /r+4 ,a loop ( f9e cotton ?read1 weigh+ "o sixte5? ( a gra9 7#d4je mg471 n only caus$ a petiole sl[ly to b5d1 b 0 ultimately s firmly clasp$ t x c\ld be )drawn only by "s little =ce4 ,! petioles1 :5 com+ into contact ) a /ick1 take ei!r a complete or half a turn r\nd x1 & ultimately increase mu* 9 ?ickness4 ,!y d n possess ! p[] ( spontane\sly revolv+4 ,lophosp]mum sc&5s1 v>4 purpureum4--,"s long1 mod]ately ?9 int]nodes made f\r revolutions at an av]age rate ( #c hrs4 #ae m4 ,! c\rse pursu$ 0 v irregul>1 namely1 an extremely n>r[ ellipse1 a l>ge circle1 an irregul> spire or a zigzag l9e1 & sometimes ! apex /ood /ill4 ,! "y petioles1 :5 br\ght by ! revolv+ movem5t into contact ) /icks1 clasp$ !m1 & soon increas$ consid]ably 9 ?ickness4 ,b !y are n q s s5sitive to a weight z ^? ( ! ,rhodo*iton1 = loops ( ?read weigh+ "o-eigh? ( a gra9 did n always cause !m to b5d4 ,?is plant pres5ts a case n obs]v$ by me 9 any o!r leaf-climb] or tw9]1 #ga namely1 t ! "y int]nodes ( ! /em are s5sitive to a t\*4 ,:5 a petiole ( ?is species clasps a /ick1 x draws ! base ( ! int]node aga9/ x2 & !n ! int]node itself b5ds t[>ds ! /ick1 :i* is caught betwe5 ! /em & ! petiole z by a pair ( p9c]s4 ,! int]node aft]w>ds /raight5s itself1 except+ ! "p 9 actual contact ) ! /ick4 ,"y int]nodes alone are s5sitive1 & ^! are s5sitive on all sides along _! :ole l5g?4 ,i made fifte5 trials by twice or ?rice lightly rubb+ ) a ?9 twig sev]al int]nodes2 & 9 ab\t #b hrs41 b 9 "o case 9 #c hrs41 all 7 b5t3 !y became /raight aga9 9 ab\t #d hrs4 aft]w>ds4 ,an int]node1 :i* 0 rubb$ z (t5 z six or sev5 times1 became j p]ceptibly curv$ 9 #a hr4 #ae m41 & 9 #c hrs4 ! curvature increas$ mu*2 x became /raight aga9 9 ! c\rse ( ! succe$+ night4 ,i rubb$ "s int]nodes "o day on "o side1 & ! next day ei!r on ! opposite side or at "r angles to ! fir/ side2 & ! curvature 0 always t[>ds ! rubb$ side4 ,accord+ to ,palm 7p4 #fc71 ! petioles ( ,l9>ia cirrhosa &1 to a limit$ degree1 ^? ( ,l4 elat9e h ! p[] ( clasp+ a support4 ,,solanace4--,solanum jasm9oides4--,"s ( ! species 9 ?is l>ge g5us are tw9]s2 b ! pres5t species is a true leaf-climb]4 ,a long1 ne>ly upright %oot made f\r revolutions1 mov+ aga9/ ! sun1 v regul>ly at an av]age rate ( #c hrs4 #bf m4 ,! %oots1 h[ev]1 sometimes /ood /ill4 ,x is consid]$ a gre5h\se plant2 b :5 kept !re1 ! petioles took sev]al days to clasp a /ick3 9 ! ho?\se a /ick 0 clasp$ 9 #g hrs4 ,9 ! gre5h\se a petiole 0 n affect$ by a loop ( /r+1 susp5d$ dur+ sev]al days & weigh+ #b gra9s 7#afc mg472 b 9 ! ho?\se "o 0 made to curve by a loop weigh+ #a4fd gr4 7#ajf4bg mg472 &1 on ! removal ( ! /r+1 x became /raight aga94 ,ano!r petiole 0 n at all act$ on by a loop weigh+ only #j4hb ( a gra9 7#ec4ad mg47 ,we h se5 t ! petioles ( "s o!r leaf-climb+ plants are affect$ by "o-?irte5? ( ?is latt] weight4 ,9 ?is species1 & 9 no o!r leaf-climb] se5 by me1 a full-gr[n leaf is capable ( clasp+ a /ick2 b 9 ! gre5h\se ! movem5t 0 s extraord9>ily sl[ t ! act requir$ sev]al weeks2 on ea* succe$+ week x 0 cle> t ! petiole _h become m & m curv$1 until at la/ x firmly clasp$ ! /ick4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #c4 ,solanum jasm9oides1 ) "o ( its petioles clasp+ a /ick ,! flexible petiole ( a half or a qu>t] gr[n leaf :i* has clasp$ an object = ?ree or f\r days increases mu* 9 ?ickness1 & aft] sev]al weeks becomes s wond]fully h>d & rigid t x c h>dly be remov$ f its support4 ,on comp>+ a ?9 transv]se slice ( su* a petiole ) "o f an old] leaf gr[+ close b5ea?1 :i* _h n clasp$ any?+1 its diamet] 0 f\nd to be fully d\bl$1 & its /ructure greatly *ang$4 ,9 two o!r petioles simil>ly comp>$1 & "h repres5t$1 ! increase 9 diamet] 0 n q s great4 ,9 ! section ( ! petiole 9 its ord9>y /ate 7,a71 we see a semilun> b& ( cellul> tissue 7n well %[n 9 ! woodcut7 diff]+ slightly 9 appe>ance f t outside x1 & includ+ ?ree closely approximate gr\ps ( d>k vessels4 ,ne> ! upp] surface ( ! petiole1 b5ea? two ext]ior ridges1 !re are two o!r small circul> gr\ps ( vessels4 ,9 ! section ( ! petiole 7,b7 :i* _h clasp$ dur+ sev]al weeks a /ick1 ! two ext]ior ridges h become mu* less prom95t1 & ! two gr\ps ( woody vessels b5ea? !m mu* increas$ 9 diamet]4 ,! semilun> b& has be5 conv]t$ into a complete r+ ( v h>d1 :ite1 woody tissue1 ) l9es radiat+ f ! c5tre4 ,! ?ree gr\ps ( vessels1 :i*1 ?\gh ne> toge!r1 7 be=e di/9ct1 are n[ completely bl5d$4 ,! upp] "p ( ?is r+ ( woody vessels1 =m$ by ! prolongation ( ! horns ( ! orig9al semilun> b&1 is n>r[] ?an ! l[] "p1 & slightly less compact4 ,?is petiole aft] clasp+ ! /ick _h actually become ?ick] ?an ! /em f :i* x arose2 & ?is 0 *iefly due to ! increas$ ?ickness ( ! r+ ( wood4 ,?is r+ pres5t$1 bo? 9 a transv]se & longitud9al section1 a closely simil> /ructure to t ( ! /em4 ,x is a s+ul> morphological fact t ! petiole %\ld ?us acquire a /ructure almo/ id5tically ! same ) t ( ! axis2 & x is a /ill m s+ul> physiological fact t s great a *ange %\ld h be5 induc$ by ! m]e act ( clasp+ a support4 #ge ,picture3 ,fig4 #d4 ,solanum jasm9oides4 ,a4 ,section ( ! petiole 9 its ord9>y /ate4 ,b4 ,section ( ! petiole "s weeks aft] x _h clasp$ a /ick1 z %[n 9 fig4 #b ,,fum>iace4--,fum>ia (fic9alis4--,x c\ld n h be5 anticipat$ t s l[ly a plant z ?is ,fum>ia %\ld h be5 a climb]4 ,x climbs by ! aid ( ! ma9 & lat]al petioles ( its comp\nd leaves2 & ev5 ! mu*-flatt5$ t]m9al portion ( ! petiole c seize a support4 ,i h se5 a sub/ance z s(t z a )]$ blade ( grass caught4 ,petioles :i* h clasp$ any object ultimately become r ?ick] & m cyl9drical4 ,on lightly rubb+ sev]al petioles ) a twig1 !y became p]ceptibly curv$ 9 #a hr4 #ae m41 & subsequ5tly /raight5$ !mselves4 ,a /ick g5tly plac$ 9 ! angle betwe5 two sub-petioles excit$ !m to move1 & 0 almo/ clasp$ 9 #i hrs4 ,a loop ( ?read1 weigh+ "o-eigh? ( a gra91 caus$1 aft] #ab hrs4 & be=e #bj hrs1 _h elaps$1 a consid]able curvature2 b x 0 nev] fairly clasp$ by ! petiole4 ,! "y int]nodes are 9 cont9ual movem5t1 :i* is consid]able 9 ext5t1 b v irregul>2 a zigzag l9e1 or a spire cross+ itself2 or a figure ( #h be+ =m$4 ,! c\rse dur+ #ab hrs41 :5 trac$ on a bell-glass1 app>5tly repres5t$ ab\t f\r ellipses4 ,! leaves !mselves likewise move spontane\sly1 ! ma9 petioles curv+ !mselves 9 accordance ) ! movem5ts ( ! int]nodes2 s t :5 ! latt] mov$ to "o side1 ! petioles mov$ to ! same side1 !n1 becom+ /raight1 rev]s$ _! curvature4 ,! petioles1 h[ev]1 d n move ov] a wide space1 z c\ld be se5 :5 a %oot 0 securely ti$ to a /ick4 ,! leaf 9 ?is case foll[$ an irregul> c\rse1 l t made by ! int]nodes4 ,adlumia cirrhosa4--,i rais$ "s plants late 9 ! summ]2 !y =m$ v f9e leaves1 b ?rew up no c5tral /em4 ,! fir/-=m$ leaves 7 n s5sitive2 "s ( ! lat] ones 7 s1 b only t[>ds _! extremities1 :i* 7 ?us enabl$ to clasp /icks4 ,?is c\ld be ( no s]vice to ! plant1 z ^! leaves rose f ! gr\nd2 b x %[$ :at ! future "* ( ! plant w\ld h be51 _h x gr[n tall en\gh to climb4 ,! tip ( "o ( ^! basal leaves1 :il/ "y1 describ$ 9 #a hr4 #cf m4 a n>r[ ellipse1 op5 at "o end1 & exactly ?ree in*es 9 l5g?2 a second ellipse 0 broad]1 m irregul>1 & %ort]1 viz41 only #b in*es 9 l5g?1 & 0 complet$ 9 #b hrs4 #b m4 ,f ! analogy ( ,fum>ia & ,corydalis1 ,i h no d\bt t ! int]nodes ( ,adlumia h ! p[] ( revolv+4 ,corydalis claviculata4--,?is plant is int]e/+ f be+ 9 a condition s exactly int]m$iate betwe5 a leaf-climb] & a t5dril-be>]1 t x might h be5 describ$ "u ei!r head2 b1 = reasons h]eaft] assign$1 x has be5 class$ among/ t5dril-be>]s4 ,besides ! plants already describ$1 ,bignonia unguis & its close allies1 ?\gh aid$ by t5drils1 h clasp+ petioles4 ,accord+ to ,mohl 7p4 #dj71 ,cocculus ,japonicus 7"o ( ! ,m5isp]mace7 & a f]n1 ! ,ophioglossum ,japonicum 7p4 #ci71 climb by _! leaf-/alks4 99 99 99 99 99 ,we n[ come to a small section ( plants :i* climb by means ( ! produc$ midribs or tips ( _! leaves4 ,,liliace4--,gloriosa ,plantii4--,! /em ( a half-gr[n plant cont9ually mov$1 g5]ally describ+ an irregul> spire1 b sometimes oval figures ) ! long] axes direct$ 9 diff]5t l9es4 ,x ei!r foll[$ ! sun1 or mov$ 9 an opposite c\rse1 & sometimes /ood /ill be=e rev]s+ its direction4 ,"o oval 0 complet$ 9 #c hrs4 #dj m42 ( two horse%oe-%ap$ figures1 "o 0 complet$ 9 #d hrs4 #ce m4 & ! o!r 9 #c hrs4 ,! %oots1 9 _! movem5ts1 rea*$ po9ts betwe5 f\r & five in*es asund]4 ,! "y leaves1 :5 fir/ develop$1 /& up ne>ly v]tically2 b by ! gr[? ( ! axis1 & by ! spontane\s b5d+ d[n ( ! t]m9al half ( ! leaf1 !y soon become mu* incl9$1 & ultimately horizontal4 ,! end ( ! leaf =ms a n>r[1 ribbon-l1 ?ick5$ projection1 :i* at fir/ is ne>ly /raight1 b by ! "t ! leaf gets into an incl9$ position1 ! end b5ds d[nw>ds into a well-=m$ hook4 ,?is hook is n[ /rong & rigid en\gh to cat* any object1 &1 :5 caught1 to an*or ! plant & /op ! revolv+ movem5t4 ,its inn] surface is s5sitive1 b n 9 ne>ly s high a degree z t ( ! _m be=e-describ$ petioles2 = a loop ( /r+1 weigh+ #a4fd gra91 produc$ no effect4 ,:5 ! hook has caught a ?9 twig or ev5 a rigid fibre1 ! po9t may be p]ceiv$ 9 f #a hr4 to #c hrs4 to h curl$ a little inw>ds2 &1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 x curls r\nd & p]man5tly seizes an object 9 f #h hrs4 to #aj hrs4 ,! hook :5 fir/ =m$1 be=e ! leaf has b5t d[nw>ds1 is b little s5sitive4 ,if x cat*es hold ( no?+1 x rema9s op5 & s5sitive = a long "t2 ultimately ! extremity spontane\sly & sl[ly curls inw>ds1 & makes a button-l1 flat1 spiral coil at ! end ( ! leaf4 ,"o leaf 0 wat*$1 & ! hook rema9$ op5 = ?irty-?ree days2 b dur+ ! la/ week ! tip _h curl$ s mu* inw>ds t only a v ?9 twig c\ld h be5 ins]t$ )9 x4 ,z soon z ! tip has curl$ s mu* inw>ds t ! hook is conv]t$ into a r+1 its s5sibility is lo/2 b z long z x rema9s op5 "s s5sibility is reta9$4 ,:il/ ! plant 0 only ab\t six in*es 9 height1 ! leaves1 f\r or five 9 numb]1 7 broad] ?an ^? subsequ5tly produc$2 _! s(t & b little-att5uat$ tips 7 n s5sitive1 & did n =m hooks2 nor did ! /em !n revolve4 ,at ?is e>ly p]iod ( gr[?1 ! plant c support itself2 its climb+ p[]s are n requir$1 & consequ5tly are n develop$4 ,s aga91 ! leaves on ! summit ( a full-gr[n fl[]+ plant1 :i* w\ld n require to climb any high]1 7 n s5sitive & c\ld n clasp a /ick4 ,we ?us see h[ p]fect is ! economy ( nature4 ,,commelynace4--,flagell>ia ,indica4--,f dri$ specim5s x is manife/ t ?is plant climbs exactly l ! ,gloriosa4 ,a "y plant #ab in*es 9 height1 & be>+ fifte5 leaves1 _h n a s+le leaf z yet produc$ into a hook or t5dril-l filam5t2 nor did ! /em revolve4 ,h5ce ?is plant acquires its climb+ p[]s lat] 9 life ?an does ! ,gloriosa lily4 ,accord+ to ,mohl 7p4 #da71 ,uvul>ia 7,melan?ace7 also climbs l ,gloriosa4 ,^! ?ree la/-nam$ g5]a are ,monocotyl$ons2 b !re is "o ,dicotyl$on1 namely ,nep5!s1 :i* is rank$ by ,mohl 7p4 #da7 among/ t5dril-be>]s2 & ,i he> f ,dr4 ,hook] t mo/ ( ! species climb well at ,kew4 ,?is is effect$ by ! /alk or midrib betwe5 ! leaf & ! pit*] coil+ r\nd any support4 ,! twi/$ "p becomes ?ick]2 b ,i obs]v$ 9 ,mr4 ,veit*'s ho?\se t ! /alk (t5 takes a turn :5 n 9 contact ) any object1 & t ?is twi/$ "p is likewise ?ick5$4 ,two vigor\s "y plants ( ,n4 lvis & ,n4 di/illatoria1 9 my ho?\se1 :il/ less ?an a foot 9 height1 %[$ no s5sitiv5ess 9 _! leaves1 & _h no p[] ( climb+4 ,b :5 ,n4 lvis _h gr[n to a height ( #af in*es1 !re 7 signs ( ^! p[]s4 ,! "y leaves :5 fir/ =m$ /& upright1 b soon become incl9$2 at ?is p]iod !y t]m9ate 9 a /alk or filam5t1 ) ! pit*] at ! extremity h>dly at all develop$4 ,! leaves n[ exhibit$ slight spontane\s movem5ts2 & :5 ! t]m9al filam5ts came into contact ) a /ick1 !y sl[ly b5t r\nd & firmly seiz$ x4 ,b ow+ to ! subsequ5t gr[? ( ! leaf1 ?is filam5t became aft] a "t q slack1 ?\gh /ill rema9+ firmly coil$ r\nd ! /ick4 ,h5ce x w\ld appe> t ! *ief use ( ! coil+1 at lea/ :il/ ! plant is "y1 is to support ! pit*] ) its load ( secret$ fluid4 99 99 99 99 99 ,summ>y on ,leaf-climb]s4--,plants belong+ to eight families are kn[n to h clasp+ petioles1 & plants belong+ to f\r families climb by ! tips ( _! leaves4 ,9 all ! species obs]v$ by me1 ) "o exception1 ! "y int]nodes revolve m or less regul>ly1 9 "s cases z regul>ly z ^? ( a tw9+ plant4 ,!y revolve at v>i\s rates1 9 mo/ cases r rapidly4 ,"s few c asc5d by spirally tw9+ r\nd a support4 ,diff]5tly f mo/ tw9]s1 !re is a /rong t5d5cy 9 ! same %oot to revolve fir/ 9 "o & !n 9 an opposite direction4 ,! object ga9$ by ! revolv+ movem5t is to br+ ! petioles or ! tips ( ! leaves into contact ) surr\nd+ objects2 & )\t ?is aid ! plant w\ld be mu* less successful 9 climb+4 ,) r>e exceptions1 ! petioles are s5sitive only :il/ "y4 ,!y are s5sitive on all sides1 b 9 diff]5t degrees 9 diff]5t plants2 & 9 "s species ( ,clematis ! sev]al p>ts ( ! same petiole diff] mu* 9 s5sitiv5ess4 ,! hook$ tips ( ! leaves ( ! ,gloriosa are s5sitive only on _! inn] or inf]ior surfaces4 ,! petioles are s5sitive to a t\* & to excessively slight cont9u$ pressure1 ev5 f a loop ( s(t ?read weigh+ only ! "o-sixte5? ( a gra9 7#d4je mg472 & !re is reason to believe t ! r ?ick & /iff petioles ( ,clematis flammula are s5sitive to ev5 mu* less weight if spread ov] a wide surface4 ,! petioles always b5d t[>ds ! side :i* is press$ or t\*$1 at diff]5t rates 9 diff]5t species1 sometimes )9 a few m9utes1 b g5]ally aft] a mu* long] p]iod4 ,aft] tempor>y contact ) any object1 ! petiole cont9ues to b5d = a consid]able "t2 aft]w>ds x sl[ly becomes /raight aga91 & c !n re-act4 ,a petiole excit$ by an extremely slight weight sometimes b5ds a little1 & !n becomes accu/om$ to ! /imulus1 & ei!r b5ds no m or becomes /raight aga91 ! weight /ill rema9+ susp5d$4 ,petioles :i* h clasp$ an object = "s little "t _c recov] _! orig9al position4 ,aft] rema9+ clasp$ = two or ?ree days1 !y g5]ally increase mu* 9 ?ickness ei!r ?r\gh\t _! :ole diamet] or on "o side alone2 !y subsequ5tly become /rong] & m woody1 sometimes to a wond]ful degree2 & 9 "s cases !y acquire an int]nal /ructure l t ( ! /em or axis4 ,! "y int]nodes ( ! ,lophosp]mum z well z ! petioles are s5sitive to a t\*1 & by _! comb9$ movem5t seize an object4 ,! fl[]-p$uncles ( ! ,maur&ia semp]flor5s revolve spontane\sly & are s5sitive to a t\*1 yet are n us$ = climb+4 ,! leaves ( at lea/ two1 & probably ( mo/1 ( ! species ( ,clematis1 ( ,fum>ia & ,adlumia1 spontane\sly curve f side to side1 l ! int]nodes1 & are ?us bett] adapt$ to seize di/ant objects4 ,! petioles ( ! p]fect leaves ( ,tropolum tricolorum1 z well z ! t5dril-l filam5ts ( ! plants :il/ "y1 ultimately move t[>ds ! /em or ! support+ /ick1 :i* !y !n clasp4 ,^! petioles & filam5ts also %[ "s t5d5cy to contract spirally4 ,! tips ( ! uncaught leaves ( ! ,gloriosa1 z !y gr[ old1 contract into a flat spire or helix4 ,^! sev]al facts are int]e/+ 9 relation to true t5drils4 ,) leaf climb]s1 z ) tw9+ plants1 ! fir/ int]nodes :i* rise f ! gr\nd d n1 at lea/ 9 ! cases obs]v$ by me1 spontane\sly revolve2 nor are ! petioles or tips ( ! fir/-=m$ leaves s5sitive4 ,9 c]ta9 species ( ,clematis1 ! l>ge size ( ! leaves1 toge!r ) _! habit ( revolv+1 & ! extreme s5sitiv5ess ( _! petioles1 appe> to r5d] ! revolv+ movem5t ( ! int]nodes sup]flu\s2 & ?is latt] p[] has consequ5tly become mu* enfeebl$4 ,9 c]ta9 species ( ,tropolum1 bo? ! spontane\s movem5ts ( ! int]nodes & ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! petioles h become mu* enfeebl$1 & 9 "o species h be5 completely lo/4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,t5dril-,,be>]s4 ,nature ( t5drils--,,bignoniace1 v>i\s species (1 & _! diff]5t modes ( climb+--,t5drils :i* avoid ! light & creep into crevices--,developm5t ( adhesive discs--,excell5t adaptations = seiz+ diff]5t k9ds ( supports4--,,polemoniace--,coba sc&5s mu* bran*$ & hook$ t5drils1 _! mann] ( action--,,legum9os--,,composit--,,smilac e--,smilax asp]a1 its ineffici5t t5drils--,,fum>iace--,corydalis claviculata1 its /ate int]m$iate betwe5 t ( a leaf-climb] & a t5dril-be>]4 ,,by t5drils ,i mean filam5t>y organs1 s5sitive to contact & us$ exclusively = climb+4 ,by ?is def9ition1 sp9es1 hooks & rootlets1 all ( :i* are us$ = climb+1 are exclud$4 ,true t5drils are =m$ by ! modification ( leaves ) _! petioles1 ( fl[]-p$uncles1 bran*es1 #hd & p]haps /ipules4 ,mohl1 :o includes "u ! "n ( t5drils v>i\s organs hav+ a simil> ext]nal appe>ance1 classes !m accord+ to _! homological nature1 z be+ modifi$ leaves1 fl[]-p$uncles1 c4 ,?is w\ld be an excell5t s*eme2 b ,i obs]ve t botani/s are by no means unanim\s on ! homological nature ( c]ta9 t5drils4 ,consequ5tly ,i w describe t5dril-be>+ plants by natural families1 foll[+ ,l9dley's classification2 & ?is w 9 mo/ cases keep ^? ( ! same nature toge!r4 ,! species to be describ$ belong to t5 families1 & w be giv5 9 ! foll[+ ord]3--,bignoniace1 ,polemoniace1 ,legum9os1 ,composit1 ,smilace1 ,fum>iace1 ,cucurbitace1 ,vitace1 ,sap9dace1 ,passiflorace4 #he ,,bignoniace4--,?is family conta9s _m t5dril-be>]s1 "s tw9]s1 & "s root-climb]s4 ,! t5drils always consi/ ( modifi$ leaves4 ,n9e species ( ,bignonia1 select$ by haz>d1 are "h describ$1 9 ord] to %[ :at div]sity ( /ructure & action !re may be )9 ! same g5us1 & to %[ :at rem>kable p[]s "s t5drils possess4 ,! species1 tak5 toge!r1 af=d connect+ l9ks betwe5 tw9]s1 leaf-climb]s1 t5dril-be>]s1 & root-climb]s4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #e4 ,bignonia4 ,unnam$ species f ,kew ,bignonia 7an unnam$ species f ,kew1 closely alli$ to ,b4 unguis1 b ) small] & r broad] leaves74--,a "y %oot f a cut-d[n plant made ?ree revolutions aga9/ ! sun1 at an av]age rate ( #b hrs4 #f m4 ,! /em is ?9 & flexible2 x tw9$ r\nd a sl5d] v]tical /ick1 asc5d+ f left to "r1 z p]fectly & z regul>ly z any true tw9+-plant4 ,:5 ?us asc5d+1 x makes no use ( its t5drils or petioles2 b :5 x tw9$ r\nd a r ?ick /ick1 & its petioles 7 br\ght into contact ) x1 ^! curv$ r\nd ! /ick1 %[+ t !y h "s degree ( irritability4 ,! petioles also exhibit a slight degree ( spontane\s movem5t2 = 9 "o case !y c]ta9ly describ$ m9ute1 irregul>1 v]tical ellipses4 ,! t5drils app>5tly curve !mselves spontane\sly to ! same side ) ! petioles2 b f v>i\s causes1 x 0 difficult to obs]ve ! movem5t ( ei!r ! t5drils or petioles1 9 ?is & ! two foll[+ species4 ,! t5drils are s closely simil> 9 all respects to ^? ( ,b4 unguis1 t "o description w suffice4 ,bignonia unguis4--,! "y %oots revolve1 b less regul>ly & less quickly ?an ^? ( ! la/ species4 ,! /em tw9es imp]fectly r\nd a v]tical /ick1 sometimes rev]s+ its direction1 9 ! same mann] z describ$ 9 s _m leaf-climb]s2 & ?is plant ?\gh possess+ t5drils1 climbs to a c]ta9 ext5t l a leaf-climb]4 ,ea* leaf consi/s ( a petiole be>+ a pair ( leaflets1 & t]m9ates 9 a t5dril1 :i* is =m$ by ! modification ( ?ree leaflets1 & closely resembles t above figur$ 7fig4 #e74 ,b x is a little l>g]1 & 9 a "y plant 0 ab\t half an in* 9 l5g?4 ,x is curi\sly l ! leg & foot ( a small bird1 ) ! h9d toe cut (f4 ,! /raight leg or t>sus is long] ?an ! ?ree toes1 :i* are ( equal l5g?1 & div]g+1 lie 9 ! same plane4 ,! toes t]m9ate 9 %>p1 h>d claws1 mu* curv$ d[nw>ds1 l ^? on a bird's foot4 ,! petiole ( ! leaf is s5sitive to contact2 ev5 a small loop ( ?read susp5d$ = two days caus$ x to b5d upw>ds2 b ! sub-petioles ( ! two lat]al leaflets are n s5sitive4 ,! :ole t5dril1 namely1 ! t>sus & ! ?ree toes1 are likewise s5sitive to contact1 especially on _! "u surfaces4 ,:5 a %oot gr[s 9 ! mid/ ( ?9 bran*es1 ! t5drils are soon br\ght by ! revolv+ movem5t ( ! int]nodes into contact ) !m2 & !n "o toe ( ! t5dril or m1 commonly all ?ree1 b5d1 & aft] sev]al h\rs seize fa/ hold ( ! twigs1 l a bird :5 p]*$4 ,if ! t>sus ( ! t5dril comes into contact ) a twig1 x goes on sl[ly b5d+1 until ! :ole foot is c>ri$ q r\nd1 & ! toes pass on ea* side ( ! t>sus & seize x4 ,9 l mann]1 if ! petiole comes into contact ) a twig1 x b5ds r\nd1 c>ry+ ! t5dril1 :i* !n seizes its own petiole or t ( ! opposite leaf4 ,! petioles move spontane\sly1 & ?us1 :5 a %oot attempts to tw9e r\nd an upright /ick1 ^? on bo? sides aft] a "t come into contact ) x1 & are excit$ to b5d4 ,ultimately ! two petioles clasp ! /ick 9 opposite directions1 & ! foot-l t5drils1 seiz+ on ea* o!r or on _! own petioles1 fa/5 ! /em to ! support ) surpris+ security4 ,! t5drils are ?us br\ght into action1 if ! /em tw9es r\nd a ?9 v]tical /ick2 & 9 ?is respect ! pres5t species diff]s f ! la/4 ,bo? species use _! t5drils 9 ! same mann] :5 pass+ ?r\gh a ?icket4 ,?is plant is "o ( ! mo/ effici5t climb]s :i* ,i h obs]v$2 & x probably c\ld asc5d a poli%$ /em incessantly toss$ by heavy /orms4 ,to %[ h[ important vigor\s heal? is = ! action ( all ! p>ts1 ,i may m5tion t :5 ,i fir/ exam9$ a plant :i* 0 gr[+ mod]ately well1 ?\gh n vigor\sly1 ,i conclud$ t ! t5drils act$ only l ! hooks on a bramble1 & t x 0 ! mo/ feeble & ineffici5t ( all climb]s6 ,bignonia ,twe$yana4--,?is species is closely alli$ to ! la/1 & behaves 9 ! same mann]2 b p]haps tw9es r bett] r\nd a v]tical /ick4 ,on ! same plant1 "o bran* tw9$ 9 "o direction & ano!r 9 an opposite direction4 ,! int]nodes 9 "o case made two circles1 ea* 9 #b hrs4 #cc m4 ,i 0 enabl$ to obs]ve ! spontane\s movem5ts ( ! petioles bett] 9 ?is ?an 9 ! two prec$+ species3 "o petiole describ$ ?ree small v]tical ellipses 9 ! c\rse ( #aa hrs41 :il/ ano!r mov$ 9 an irregul> spire4 ,"s little "t aft] a /em has tw9$ r\nd an upright /ick1 & is securely fa/5$ to x by ! clasp+ petioles & t5drils1 x emits arial roots f ! bases ( its leaves2 & ^! roots curve p>tly r\nd & adh]e to ! /ick4 ,?is species ( ,bignonia1 !re=e1 comb9es f\r diff]5t me?ods ( climb+ g5]ally *>act]i/ic ( di/9ct plants1 namely1 tw9+1 leaf-climb+1 t5dril-climb+1 & root-climb+4 ,9 ! ?ree =ego+ species1 :5 ! foot-l t5dril has caught an object1 x cont9ues to gr[ & ?ick51 & ultimately becomes wond]fully /rong1 9 ! same mann] z ! petioles ( leaf-climb]s4 ,if ! t5dril cat*es no?+1 x fir/ sl[ly b5ds d[nw>ds1 & !n its p[] ( clasp+ is lo/4 ,v soon aft]w>ds x dis>ticulates itself f ! petiole1 & drops (f l a leaf 9 autumn4 ,i h se5 ?is process ( dis>ticulation 9 no o!r t5drils1 = ^!1 :5 !y fail to cat* an object1 m]ely )] away4 ,bignonia v5u/a4--,! t5drils diff] consid]ably f ^? ( ! previ\s species4 ,! l[] "p1 or t>sus1 is f\r times z long z ! ?ree toes2 ^! are ( equal l5g? & div]ge equally1 b d n lie 9 ! same plane2 _! tips are bluntly hook$1 & ! :ole t5dril makes an excell5t grapnel4 ,! t>sus is s5sitive on all sides2 b ! ?ree toes are s5sitive only on _! out] surfaces4 ,! s5sitiv5ess is n mu* develop$2 = a slight rubb+ ) a twig did n cause ! t>sus or ! toes to become curv$ until an h\r _h elaps$1 & !n only 9 a slight degree4 ,subsequ5tly !y /raight5$ !mselves4 ,bo? ! t>sus & toes c seize well hold ( /icks4 ,if ! /em is secur$1 ! t5drils are se5 spontane\sly to sweep l>ge ellipses2 ! two opposite t5drils mov+ indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r4 ,i h no d\bt1 f ! analogy ( ! two foll[+ alli$ species1 t ! petioles also move spontane\sly2 b !y are n irritable l ^? ( ,b4 unguis & ,b4 ,twe$yana4 ,! "y int]nodes sweep l>ge circles1 "o be+ complet$ 9 #b hrs4 #ae m41 & a second 9 #b hrs4 #ee m4 ,by ^! comb9$ movem5ts ( ! int]nodes1 petioles1 & grapnel-l t5drils1 ! latt] are soon br\ght into contact ) surr\nd+ objects4 ,:5 a %oot /&s ne> an upright /ick1 x tw9es regul>ly & spirally r\nd x4 ,z x asc5ds1 x seizes ! /ick ) "o ( its t5drils1 &1 if ! /ick be ?91 ! "r--& left-h& t5drils are alt]nately us$4 ,?is alt]nation foll[s f ! /em necess>ily tak+ "o twi/ r\nd its own axis = ea* complet$ circle4 ,! t5drils contract spirally a %ort "t aft] cat*+ any object2 ^? :i* cat* no?+ m]ely b5d sl[ly d[nw>ds4 ,b ! :ole subject ( ! spiral contraction ( t5drils w be discuss$ aft] all ! t5dril-be>+ species h be5 describ$4 ,bignonia littoralis4--,! "y int]nodes revolve 9 l>ge ellipses4 ,an int]node be>+ immature t5drils made two revolutions1 ea* 9 #c hrs4 #ej m42 b :5 gr[n old] ) ! t5drils mature1 x made two ellipses1 ea* at ! rate ( #b hrs4 #dd m4 ,?is species1 unlike ! prec$+1 is incapable ( tw9+ r\nd a /ick3 ?is does n appe> to be due to any want ( flexibility 9 ! int]nodes or to ! action ( ! t5drils1 & c]ta9ly n to any want ( ! revolv+ p[]2 nor c ,i acc\nt = ! fact4 ,nev]!less ! plant readily asc5ds a ?9 upright /ick by seiz+ a po9t above ) its two opposite t5drils1 :i* !n contract spirally4 ,if ! t5drils seize no?+1 !y d n become spiral4 ,! species la/ describ$1 asc5d$ a v]tical /ick by tw9+ spirally & by seiz+ x alt]nately ) its opposite t5drils1 l a sailor pull+ himself up a rope1 h& ov] h&2 ! pres5t species pulls itself up1 l a sailor seiz+ ) bo? h&s toge!r a rope above 8 head4 ,! t5drils are simil> 9 /ructure to ^? ( ! la/ species4 ,!y cont9ue gr[+ = "s "t1 ev5 aft] !y h clasp$ an object4 ,:5 fully gr[n1 ?\gh borne by a "y plant1 !y are #i in*es 9 l5g?4 ,! ?ree div]g5t toes are %ort] relatively to ! t>sus ?an 9 ! =m] species2 !y are blunt at _! tips & b slightly hook$2 !y are n q equal 9 l5g?1 ! middle "o be+ r long] ?an ! o!rs4 ,_! out] surfaces are highly s5sitive2 = :5 lightly rubb$ ) a twig1 !y became p]ceptibly curv$ 9 #d m4 & greatly curv$ 9 #g m4 ,9 #g hrs4 !y became /raight aga9 & 7 ready to re-act4 ,! t>sus1 = ! space ( "o in* close to ! toes1 is s5sitive1 b 9 a r less degree ?an ! toes2 = ! latt] aft] a slight rubb+1 became curv$ 9 ab\t half ! "t4 ,ev5 ! middle "p ( ! t>sus is s5sitive to prolong$ contact1 z soon z ! t5dril has arriv$ at maturity4 ,aft] x has gr[n old1 ! s5sitiv5ess is conf9$ to ! toes1 & ^! are only able to curl v sl[ly r\nd a /ick4 ,a t5dril is p]fectly ready to act1 z soon z ! ?ree toes h div]g$1 & at ?is p]iod _! out] surfaces fir/ become irritable4 ,! irritability spreads b little f "o "p :5 excit$ to ano!r3 ?us1 :5 a /ick 0 caught by ! "p imm$iately b5ea? ! ?ree toes1 ^! seldom clasp$ x1 b rema9$ /ick+ /raight out4 ,! t5drils revolve spontane\sly4 ,! movem5t beg9s be=e ! t5dril is conv]t$ into a ?ree-prong$ grapnel by ! div]g5ce ( ! toes1 & be=e any "p has become s5sitive2 s t ! revolv+ movem5t is useless at ?is e>ly p]iod4 ,! movem5t is1 also1 n[ sl[1 two ellipses be+ complet$ conjo9tly 9 #bd hrs4 #ah m4 ,a mature t5dril made an ellipse 9 #f hrs42 s t x mov$ mu* m sl[ly ?an ! int]nodes4 ,! ellipses :i* 7 swept1 bo? 9 a v]tical & horizontal plane1 7 ( l>ge size4 ,! petioles are n 9 ! lea/ s5sitive1 b revolve l ! t5drils4 ,we ?us see t ! "y int]nodes1 ! petioles1 & ! t5drils all cont9ue revolv+ toge!r1 b at diff]5t rates4 ,! movem5ts ( ! t5drils :i* rise opposite "o ano!r are q indep5d5t4 ,h5ce1 :5 ! :ole %oot is all[$ freely to revolve1 no?+ c be m intricate ?an ! c\rse foll[$ by ! extremity ( ea* t5dril4 ,a wide space is ?us irregul>ly se>*$ = "s object to be grasp$4 ,"o o!r curi\s po9t rema9s to be m5tion$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( a few days aft] ! toes h closely clasp$ a /ick1 _! blunt extremities become develop$1 ?\gh n inv>iably1 into irregul> disc-l balls :i* h ! p[] ( adh]+ firmly to ! wood4 ,z simil> cellul> outgr[?s w be fully describ$ "u ,b4 capreolata1 ,i w "h say no?+ m ab\t !m4 ,bignonia qu9octialis1 v>4 ,*amb]laynii4--,! int]nodes1 ! elongat$ non-s5sitive petioles1 & ! t5drils all revolve4 ,! /em does n tw9e1 b asc5ds a v]tical /ick 9 ! same mann] z ! la/ species4 ,! t5drils also resemble ^? ( ! la/ species1 b are %ort]2 ! ?ree toes are m unequal 9 l5g?1 ! two out] ones be+ ab\t "o-?ird %ort] & r ?9n] ?an ! middle toe2 b !y v>y 9 ?is respect4 ,!y t]m9ate 9 small h>d po9ts2 & :at is important1 cellul> adhesive discs are n develop$4 ,! r$uc$ size ( two ( ! toes z well z _! less5$ s5sitiv5ess1 seem to indicate a t5d5cy to abortion2 & on "o ( my plants ! fir/-=m$ t5drils 7 sometimes simple1 t is1 7 n divid$ into ?ree toes4 ,we are ?us naturally l$ to ! ?ree foll[+ species ) undivid$ t5drils3-- ,bignonia speciosa4--,! "y %oots revolve irregul>ly1 mak+ n>r[ ellipses1 spires or circles1 at rates v>y+ f #c hrs4 #cj m4 to #d hrs4 #dj m42 b !y %[ no t5d5cy to tw9e4 ,:il/ ! plant is "y & does n require a support1 t5drils are n develop$4 ,^? borne by a mod]ately "y plant 7 five in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y revolve spontane\sly1 z d ! %ort & non-s5sitive petioles4 ,:5 rubb$1 !y sl[ly b5d to ! rubb$ side & subsequ5tly /raight5 !mselves2 b !y are n highly s5sitive4 ,!re is some?+ /range 9 _! behavi\r3 ,i repeat$ly plac$ close to !m1 ?ick & ?91 r\gh & smoo? /icks & po/s1 z well z /r+ susp5d$ v]tically1 b none ( ^! objects 7 well seiz$4 ,aft] clasp+ an upright /ick1 !y repeat$ly loos$ x aga91 & (t5 w\ld n seize x at all1 or _! extremities did n coil closely r\nd4 ,i h obs]v$ hundr$s ( t5drils belong+ to v>i\s ,cucurbitace\s1 ,passiflorace\s1 & ,legum9\s plants1 & nev] saw "o behave 9 ?is mann]4 ,:51 h[ev]1 my plant _h gr[n to a height ( eight or n9e feet1 ! t5drils act$ mu* bett]4 ,!y n[ seiz$ a ?91 upright /ick horizontally1 t is1 at a po9t on _! own level1 & n "s way up ! /ick z 9 ! case ( all ! previ\s species4 ,nev]!less1 ! non-tw9+ /em 0 enabl$ by ?is means to asc5d ! /ick4 ,! extremity ( ! t5dril is almo/ /raight & %>p4 ,! :ole t]m9al portion exhibits a s+ul> habit1 :i* 9 an animal w\ld be call$ an in/9ct2 = x cont9ually se>*es = any little crevice or hole into :i* to ins]t itself4 ,i _h two "y plants2 &1 aft] hav+ obs]v$ ?is habit1 ,i plac$ ne> !m po/s1 :i* _h be5 bor$ by beetles1 or _h become fissur$ by dry+4 ,! t5drils1 by _! own movem5t & by t ( ! int]nodes1 sl[ly travell$ ov] ! surface ( ! wood1 & :5 ! apex came to a hole or fissure x ins]t$ itself2 9 ord] to effect ?is ! extremity = a l5g? ( half or qu>t] ( an in*1 w\ld (t5 b5d itself at "r angles to ! basal "p4 ,i h wat*$ ?is process betwe5 tw5ty & ?irty times4 ,! same t5dril w\ld frequ5tly )draw f "o hole & ins]t its po9t into a second hole4 ,i h also se5 a t5dril keep its po9t1 9 "o case = #bj hrs4 & 9 ano!r = #cf hrs41 9 a m9ute hole1 & !n )draw x4 ,:il/ ! po9t is ?us tempor>ily ins]t$1 ! opposite t5dril goes on revolv+4 ,! :ole l5g? ( a t5dril (t5 fits itself closely to any surface ( wood ) :i* x has come into contact2 & ,i h obs]v$ "o b5t at "r angles1 f hav+ ent]$ a wide & deep fissure1 ) its apex abruptly re-b5t & ins]t$ into a m9ute lat]al hole4 ,aft] a t5dril has clasp$ a /ick1 x contracts spirally2 if x rema9s unatta*$ x hangs /raight d[nw>ds4 ,if x has m]ely adapt$ itself to ! inequalities ( a ?ick po/1 ?\gh x has clasp$ no?+1 or if x has ins]t$ its apex into "s little fissure1 ?is /imulus suffices to induce spiral contraction2 b ! contraction always draws ! t5dril away f ! po/4 ,s t 9 e case ^! movem5ts1 :i* seem s nicely adapt$ = "s purpose1 7 useless4 ,on "o occasion1 h[ev]1 ! tip became p]man5tly jamm$ into a n>r[ fissure4 ,i fully expect$1 f ! analogy ( ,b4 capreolata & ,b4 littoralis1 t ! tips w\ld h be5 develop$ into adhesive discs2 b ,i c\ld nev] detect ev5 a trace ( ?is process4 ,!re is !re=e at pres5t some?+ un9telligible ab\t ! habits ( ?is plant4 ,bignonia picta4--,?is species closely resembles ! la/ 9 ! /ructure & movem5ts ( its t5drils4 ,i also casually exam9$ a f9e gr[+ plant ( ! alli$ ,b4 ,l9dleyi1 & ?is app>5tly behav$ 9 all respects 9 ! same mann]4 ,bignonia capreolata4--,we n[ come to a species hav+ t5drils ( a diff]5t type2 b fir/ = ! int]nodes4 ,a "y %oot made ?ree l>ge revolutions1 foll[+ ! sun1 at an av]age rate ( #b hrs4 #bc m4 ,! /em is ?9 & flexible1 & ,i h se5 "o make f\r regul> spiral turns r\nd a ?9 upright /ick1 asc5d+ ( c\rse f "r to left1 & !re=e 9 a rev]s$ direction comp>$ ) ! be=e describ$ species4 ,aft]w>ds1 f ! int]f]5ce ( ! t5drils1 x asc5d$ ei!r /raight up ! /ick or 9 an irregul> spire4 ,! t5drils are 9 "s respects highly rem>kable4 ,9 a "y plant !y 7 ab\t #b in*es 9 l5g? & mu* bran*$1 ! five *ief bran*es app>5tly repres5t+ two pairs ( leaflets & a t]m9al "o4 ,ea* bran* is1 h[ev]1 bifid or m commonly trifid t[>ds ! extremity1 ) ! po9ts blunt yet di/9ctly hook$4 ,a t5dril b5ds to any side :i* is lightly rubb$1 & subsequ5tly becomes /raight aga92 b a loop ( ?read weigh+ ? ( a gra9 produc$ no effect4 ,on two occasions ! t]m9al bran*es became slightly curv$ 9 #aj m4 aft] !y _h t\*$ a /ick2 & 9 #cj m4 ! tips 7 curl$ q r\nd x4 ,! basal "p is less s5sitive4 ,! t5drils revolv$ 9 an app>5tly caprici\s mann]1 sometimes v slightly or n at all2 at o!r times !y describ$ l>ge regul> ellipses4 ,i c\ld detect no spontane\s movem5t 9 ! petioles ( ! leaves4 ,:il/ ! t5drils are revolv+ m or less regul>ly1 ano!r rem>kable movem5t takes place1 namely1 a sl[ incl9ation f ! light t[>ds ! d>ke/ side ( ! h\se4 ,i repeat$ly *ang$ ! position ( my plants1 & "s little "t aft] ! revolv+ movem5t _h ceas$1 ! successively =m$ t5drils always end$ by po9t+ to ! d>ke/ side4 ,:5 ,i plac$ a ?ick po/ ne> a t5dril1 betwe5 x & ! light1 ! t5dril po9t$ 9 t direction4 ,9 two in/ances a pair ( leaves /ood s t "o ( ! two t5drils 0 direct$ t[>ds ! light & ! o!r to ! d>ke/ side ( ! h\se2 ! latt] did n move1 b ! opposite "o b5t itself fir/ upw>ds & !n "r ov] its fell[1 s t ! two became p>allel1 "o above ! o!r1 bo? po9t+ to ! d>k3 ,i !n turn$ ! plant half r\nd2 & ! t5dril :i* _h turn$ ov] recov]$ its orig9al position1 & ! opposite "o :i* _h n be=e mov$1 n[ turn$ ov] to ! d>k side4 ,la/ly1 on ano!r plant1 ?ree pairs ( t5drils 7 produc$ at ! same "t by ?ree %oots1 & all happ5$ to be diff]5tly direct$3 ,i plac$ ! pot 9 a box op5 only on "o side1 & obliquely fac+ ! light2 9 two days all six t5drils po9t$ ) un]r+ tru? to ! d>ke/ corn] ( ! box1 ?\gh to d ?is ea* _h to b5d 9 a diff]5t mann]4 ,six w9d-vanes c\ld n h m truly %[n ! direction ( ! w9d1 ?an did ^! bran*$ t5drils ! c\rse ( ! /ream ( light :i* ent]$ ! box4 ,i left ^! t5drils undi/urb$ = above #bd hrs41 & !n turn$ ! pot half r\nd2 b !y _h n[ lo/ _! p[] ( movem5t1 & c\ld n any long] avoid ! light4 ,:5 a t5dril has n succe$$ 9 clasp+ a support1 ei!r ?r\gh its own revolv+ movem5t or t ( ! %oot1 or by turn+ t[>ds any object :i* int]cepts ! light1 x b5ds v]tically d[nw>ds & !n t[>ds its own /em1 :i* x seizes toge!r ) ! support+ /ick1 if !re be "o4 ,a little aid is ?us giv5 9 keep+ ! /em secure4 ,if ! t5dril seizes no?+1 x does n contract spirally1 b soon )]s away & drops (f4 ,if x seizes an object1 all ! bran*es contract spirally4 ,i h /at$ t aft] a t5dril has come into contact ) a /ick1 x b5ds r\nd x 9 ab\t half an h\r2 b ,i repeat$ly obs]v$1 z 9 ! case ( ,b4 speciosa & its allies1 t x (t5 aga9 loos$ ! /ick2 sometimes seiz+ & loos+ ! same /ick ?ree or f\r times4 ,kn[+ t ! t5drils avoid$ ! light1 ,i gave !m a glass tube black5$ )91 & a well-black5$ z9c plate3 ! bran*es curl$ r\nd ! tube & abruptly b5t !mselves r\nd ! edges ( ! z9c plate2 b !y soon recoil$ f ^! objects ) :at ,i c only call disgu/1 & /raight5$ !mselves4 ,i !n plac$ a po/ ) extremely rugg$ b>k close to a pair ( t5drils2 twice !y t\*$ x = an h\r or two1 & twice !y )drew2 at la/ "o ( ! hook$ extremities curl$ r\nd & firmly seiz$ an excessively m9ute project+ po9t ( b>k1 & !n ! o!r bran*es spread !mselves out1 foll[+ ) accuracy e inequality ( ! surface4 ,i aft]w>ds plac$ ne> ! plant a po/ )\t b>k b mu* fissur$1 & ! po9ts ( ! t5drils crawl$ into all ! crevices 9 a beautiful mann]4 ,to my surprise1 ,i obs]v$ t ! tips ( ! immature t5drils1 ) ! bran*es n yet fully sep>at$1 likewise crawl$ j l roots into ! m9ute/ crevices4 ,9 two or ?ree days aft] ! tips _h ?us crawl$ into ! crevices1 or aft] _! hook$ ends _h seiz$ m9ute po9ts1 ! f9al process1 n[ to be describ$1 comm5c$4 ,?is process ,i discov]$ by hav+ accid5tally left a piece ( wool ne> a t5dril2 & ?is l$ me to b9d a quantity ( flax1 moss1 & wool loosely r\nd /icks1 & to place !m ne> t5drils4 ,! wool mu/ n be dy$1 = ^! t5drils are excessively s5sitive to "s poisons4 ,! hook$ po9ts soon caught hold ( ! fibres1 ev5 loosely float+ fibres1 & n[ !re 0 no recoil+2 on ! contr>y1 ! excitem5t caus$ ! hooks to p5etrate ! fibr\s mass & to curl inw>ds1 s t ea* hook caught firmly "o or two fibres1 or a small bundle ( !m4 ,! tips & ! inn] surfaces ( ! hooks n[ began to swell1 & 9 two or ?ree days 7 visibly enl>g$4 ,aft] a few m days ! hooks 7 conv]t$ into :iti%1 irregul> balls1 r above ! #j4je? ( an in* 7#a4bg mm47 9 diamet]1 =m$ ( co>se cellul> tissue1 :i* sometimes :olly envelop$ & conceal$ ! hooks !mselves4 ,! surfaces ( ^! balls secrete "s viscid res9\s matt]1 to :i* ! fibres ( ! flax1 c41 adh]e4 ,:5 a fibre has become fa/5$ to ! surface1 ! cellul> tissue does n gr[ directly b5ea? x1 b cont9ues to gr[ closely on ea* side2 s t :5 sev]al adjo9+ fibres1 ?\gh excessively ?91 7 caught1 s _m cre/s ( cellul> matt]1 ea* n z ?ick z a human hair1 grew up betwe5 !m1 & ^!1 ar*+ ov] on bo? sides1 adh]$ firmly toge!r4 ,z ! :ole surface ( ! ball cont9ues to gr[1 fre% fibres adh]e & are aft]w>ds envelop$2 s t ,i h se5 a little ball ) betwe5 fifty & sixty fibres ( flax cross+ x at v>i\s angles & all emb$d$ m or less deeply4 ,e gradation 9 ! process c\ld be foll[$--"s fibres m]ely /ick+ to ! surface1 o!rs ly+ 9 m or less deep furr[s1 or deeply emb$d$1 or pass+ ?r\gh ! v c5tre ( ! cellul> ball4 ,! emb$d$ fibres are s closely clasp$ t !y _c be )drawn4 ,! outgr[+ tissue has s /rong a t5d5cy to unite1 t two balls produc$ by di/9ct t5drils sometimes unite & gr[ into a s+le "o4 ,on "o occasion1 :5 a t5dril _h curl$ r\nd a /ick1 half an in* 9 diamet]1 an adhesive disc 0 =m$2 b ?is does n g5]ally occur 9 ! case ( smoo? /icks or po/s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! tip cat*es a m9ute project+ po9t1 ! o!r bran*es =m discs1 especially if !y f9d crevices to crawl into4 ,! t5drils fail$ to atta* !mselves to a brick wall4 ,i inf] f ! adh]5ce ( ! fibres to ! discs or balls1 t ^! secrete "s res9\s adhesive matt]2 & m especially f su* fibres becom+ loose if imm]s$ 9 sulphuric e!r4 ,?is fluid likewise removes small1 br[n1 gli/5+ po9ts :i* c g5]ally be se5 on ! surfaces ( ! old] discs4 ,if ! hook$ extremities ( ! t5drils d n t\* any?+1 discs1 z f> z ,i h se51 are nev] =m$2 #ajb b tempor>y contact dur+ a mod]ate "t suffices to cause _! developm5t4 ,i h se5 eight discs =m$ on ! same t5dril4 ,aft] _! developm5t ! t5drils contract spirally1 & become woody & v /rong4 ,a t5dril 9 ?is /ate support$ ne>ly sev5 ounces1 & w\ld app>5tly h support$ a consid]ably great] weight1 _h n ! fibres ( flax to :i* ! discs 7 atta*$ yield$4 ,f ! facts n[ giv51 we may inf] t ?\gh ! t5drils ( ?is ,bignonia c occasionally adh]e to smoo? cyl9drical /icks & (t5 to rugg$ b>k1 yet t !y are specially adapt$ to climb trees clo!d ) li*5s1 mosses1 or o!r su* productions2 & ,i he> f ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray t ! ,polypodium incanum ab\nds on ! =e/-trees 9 ! di/ricts ( ,nor? ,am]ica :]e ?is species ( ,bignonia gr[s4 ,f9ally1 ,i may rem>k h[ s+ul> a fact x is t a leaf %\ld be metamorphos$ into a bran*$ organ :i* turns f ! light1 & :i* c by its extremities ei!r crawl l roots into crevices1 or seize hold ( m9ute project+ po9ts1 ^! extremities aft]w>ds =m+ cellul> outgr[?s :i* secrete an adhesive cem5t1 & !n envelop by _! cont9u$ gr[? ! f9e/ fibres4 ,eccremoc>pus scab] 7,bignoniace74--,plants1 ?\gh gr[+ pretty well 9 my gre5-h\se1 %[$ no spontane\s movem5ts 9 _! %oots or t5drils2 b :5 remov$ to ! hot-h\se1 ! "y int]nodes revolv$ at rates v>y+ f #c hrs4 #ae m4 to #a hr4 #ac m4 ,"o l>ge circle 0 swept at ?is latt] unusually quick rate2 b g5]ally ! circles or ellipses 7 small1 & sometimes ! c\rse pursu$ 0 q irregul>4 ,an int]node1 aft] mak+ sev]al revolutions1 sometimes /ood /ill = #ab hrs4 or #ah hrs41 & !n recomm5c$ revolv+4 ,su* /rongly m>k$ int]ruptions 9 ! movem5ts ( ! int]nodes ,i h obs]v$ 9 h>dly any o!r plant4 ,! leaves be> f\r leaflets1 !mselves subdivid$1 & t]m9ate 9 mu*-bran*$ t5drils4 ,! ma9 petiole ( ! leaf1 :il/ "y1 moves spontane\sly1 & foll[s ne>ly ! same irregul> c\rse & at ab\t ! same rate z ! int]nodes4 ,! movem5t to & f ! /em is ! mo/ conspicu\s1 & ,i h se5 ! *ord ( a curv$ petiole :i* =m$ an angle ( #ei ) ! /em1 9 an h\r aft]w>ds mak+ an angle ( #ajf4 ,! two opposite petioles d n move toge!r1 & "o is sometimes s mu* rais$ z to /& close to ! /em1 :il/ ! o!r is n f> f horizontal4 ,! basal "p ( ! petiole moves less ?an ! di/al "p4 ,! t5drils1 besides be+ c>ri$ by ! mov+ petioles & int]nodes1 !mselves move spontane\sly2 & ! opposite t5drils occasionally move 9 opposite directions4 ,by ^! comb9$ movem5ts ( ! "y int]nodes1 petioles1 & t5drils1 a consid]able space is swept 9 se>* ( a support4 ,9 "y plants ! t5drils are ab\t ?ree in*es 9 l5g?3 !y be> two lat]al & two t]m9al bran*es2 & ea* bran* bifurcates twice1 ) ! tips t]m9at+ 9 blunt d\ble hooks1 hav+ bo? po9ts direct$ to ! same side4 ,all ! bran*es are s5sitive on all sides2 & aft] be+ lightly rubb$1 or aft] com+ into contact ) a /ick1 b5d 9 ab\t #aj m4 ,"o :i* _h become curv$ 9 #aj m4 aft] a light rub1 cont9u$ b5d+ = betwe5 #c hrs4 & #d hrs41 & became /raight aga9 9 #h hrs4 or #i hrs4 ,t5drils1 :i* h caught no?+1 ultimately contract into an irregul> spire1 z !y likewise d1 only mu* m quickly1 aft] clasp+ a support4 ,9 bo? cases ! ma9 petiole be>+ ! leaflets1 :i* is at fir/ /raight & incl9$ a little upw>ds1 moves d[nw>ds1 ) ! middle "p b5t abruptly into a "r angle2 b ?is is se5 9 ,e4 m9iatus m pla9ly ?an 9 ,e4 scab]4 ,! t5drils 9 ?is g5us act 9 "s respects l ^? ( ,bignonia capreolata2 b ! :ole does n move f ! light1 nor d ! hook$ tips become enl>g$ into cellul> discs4 ,aft] ! t5drils h come into contact ) a mod]ately ?ick cyl9drical /ick or ) rugg$ b>k1 ! sev]al bran*es may be se5 sl[ly to lift !mselves up1 *ange _! positions1 & aga9 come into contact ) ! support+ surface4 ,! object ( ^! movem5ts is to br+ ! d\ble-hooks at ! extremities ( ! bran*es1 :i* naturally face 9 all directions1 into contact ) ! wood4 ,i h wat*$ a t5dril1 half ( :i* _h b5t itself at "r angles r\nd ! %>p corn] ( a squ>e po/1 neatly br+ e s+le hook into contact ) bo? rectangul> surfaces4 ,! appe>ance sugge/$ ! belief1 t ?\gh ! :ole t5dril is n s5sitive to light1 yet t ! tips are s1 & t !y turn & twi/ !mselves t[>ds any d>k surface4 ,ultimately ! bran*es arrange !mselves v neatly to all ! irregul>ities ( ! mo/ rugg$ b>k1 s t !y resemble 9 _! irregul> c\rse a riv] ) its bran*es1 z engrav$ on a map4 ,b :5 a t5dril has w\nd r\nd a r ?ick /ick1 ! subsequ5t spiral contraction g5]ally draws x away & spoils ! neat arrangem5t4 ,s x is1 b n 9 q s m>k$ a mann]1 :5 a t5dril has spread itself ov] a l>ge1 ne>ly flat surface ( rugg$ b>k4 ,we may !re=e conclude t ^! t5drils are n p]fectly adapt$ to seize mod]ately ?ick /icks or rugg$ b>k4 ,if a ?9 /ick or twig is plac$ ne> a t5dril1 ! t]m9al bran*es w9d q r\nd x1 & !n seize _! own l[] bran*es or ! ma9 /em4 ,! /ick is ?us firmly1 b n neatly1 grasp$4 ,:at ! t5drils are really adapt$ =1 appe>s to be su* objects z ! ?9 culms ( c]ta9 grasses1 or ! long flexible bri/les ( a bru%1 or ?9 rigid leaves su* z ^? ( ! ,asp>agus1 all ( :i* !y seize 9 an admirable mann]4 ,?is is due to ! extremities ( ! bran*es close to ! little hooks be+ extremely s5sitive to a t\* f ! ?9ne/ object1 :i* !y consequ5tly curl r\nd & clasp4 ,:5 a small bru%1 = in/ance1 0 plac$ ne> a t5dril1 ! tips ( ea* sub-bran* seiz$ "o1 two1 or ?ree ( ! bri/les2 & !n ! spiral contraction ( ! sev]al bran*es br\ght all ^! little p>cels close toge!r1 s t ?irty or =ty bri/les 7 drawn into a s+le bundle1 :i* af=d$ an excell5t support4 ,,polemoniace4--,coba sc&5s4--,?is is an excell5tly con/ruct$ climb]4 ,! t5drils on a f9e plant 7 elev5 in*es long1 ) ! petiole be>+ two pairs ( leaflets1 only two & a half in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y revolve m rapidly & vigor\sly ?an ^? ( any o!r t5dril-be>] obs]v$ by me1 ) ! exception ( "o k9d ( ,passiflora4 ,?ree l>ge1 ne>ly circul> sweeps1 direct$ aga9/ ! sun 7 complet$1 ea* 9 #a hr4 #ae m42 & two o!r circles 9 #a hr4 #bj m4 & #a hr4 #bc m4 ,sometimes a t5dril travels 9 a mu* incl9$ position1 & sometimes ne>ly upright4 ,! l[] "p moves b little & ! petiole n at all2 nor d ! int]nodes revolve2 s t "h we h ! t5dril alone mov+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ) mo/ ( ! species ( ,bignonia & ! ,eccremoc>pus1 ! int]nodes1 t5drils1 & petioles all revolv$4 ,! long1 /raight1 tap]+ ma9 /em ( ! t5dril ( ! ,coba be>s alt]nate bran*es2 & ea* bran* is sev]al times divid$1 ) ! f9] bran*es z ?9 z v ?9 bri/les & extremely flexible1 s t !y are bl[n ab\t by a brea? ( air2 yet !y are /rong & highly ela/ic4 ,! extremity ( ea* bran* is a little flatt5$1 & t]m9ates 9 a m9ute d\ble 7?\gh sometimes s+le7 hook1 =m$ ( a h>d1 transluc5t1 woody sub/ance1 & z %>p z ! f9e/ ne$le4 ,on a t5dril :i* 0 elev5 in*es long ,i c\nt$ n9ety-f\r ( ^! beautifully con/ruct$ little hooks4 ,!y readily cat* s(t wood1 or gloves1 or ! sk9 ( ! nak$ h&4 ,) ! exception ( ^! h>d5$ hooks1 & ( ! basal "p ( ! c5tral /em1 e "p ( e bran*let is highly s5sitive on all sides to a slight t\*1 & b5ds 9 a few m9utes t[>ds ! t\*$ side4 ,by lightly rubb+ sev]al sub-bran*es on opposite sides1 ! :ole t5dril rapidly assum$ an extraord9>ily crook$ %ape4 ,^! movem5ts f contact d n int]f]e ) ! ord9>y revolv+ movem5t4 ,! bran*es1 aft] becom+ greatly curv$ f be+ t\*$1 /raight5 !mselves at a quick] rate ?an 9 almo/ any o!r t5dril se5 by me1 namely1 9 betwe5 half an h\r & an h\r4 ,aft] ! t5dril has caught any object1 spiral contraction likewise beg9s aft] an unusually %ort int]val ( "t1 namely1 9 ab\t twelve h\rs4 ,be=e ! t5dril is mature1 ! t]m9al bran*lets coh]e1 & ! hooks are curl$ closely inw>ds4 ,at ?is p]iod no "p is s5sitive to a t\*2 b z soon z ! bran*es div]ge & ! hooks /& out1 full s5sitiv5ess is acquir$4 ,x is a s+ul> circum/ance t immature t5drils revolve at _! full velocity be=e !y become s5sitive1 b 9 a useless mann]1 z 9 ?is /ate !y c cat* no?+4 ,?is want ( p]fect co-adaptation1 ?\gh only = a %ort "t1 betwe5 ! /ructure & ! functions ( a climb+-plant is a r>e ev5t4 ,a t5dril1 z soon z x is ready to act1 /&s1 toge!r ) ! support+ petiole1 v]tically upw>ds4 ,! leaflets borne by ! petiole are at ?is "t q small1 & ! extremity ( ! gr[+ /em is b5t to "o side s z to be out ( ! way ( ! revolv+ t5dril1 :i* sweeps l>ge circles directly ov] head4 ,! t5drils ?us revolve 9 a position well adapt$ = cat*+ objects /&+ above2 & by ?is means ! asc5t ( ! plant is fav\r$4 ,if no object is caught1 ! leaf ) its t5dril b5ds d[nw>ds & ultimately assumes a horizontal position4 ,an op5 space is ?us left = ! next succe$+ & y\ng] t5dril to /& v]tically upw>ds & to revolve freely4 ,z soon z an old t5dril b5ds d[nw>ds1 x loses all p[] ( movem5t1 & contracts spirally into an entangl$ mass4 ,al?\gh ! t5drils revolve ) unusual rapidity1 ! movem5t la/s = only a %ort "t4 ,9 a plant plac$ 9 ! hot-h\se & gr[+ vigor\sly1 a t5dril revolv$ = n long] ?an #cf h\rs1 c\nt+ f ! p]iod :5 x fir/ became s5sitive2 b dur+ ?is p]iod x probably made at lea/ #bg revolutions4 ,:5 a revolv+ t5dril /rikes aga9/ a /ick1 ! bran*es quickly b5d r\nd & clasp x4 ,! little hooks "h play an important "p1 z !y prev5t ! bran*es f be+ dragg$ away by ! rapid revolv+ movem5t1 be=e !y h _h "t to clasp ! /ick securely4 ,?is is especially ! case :5 only ! extremity ( a bran* has caught hold ( a support4 ,z soon z a t5dril has b5t a smoo? /ick or a ?ick rugg$ po/1 or has come into contact ) plan$ wood 7= x c adh]e tempor>ily ev5 to s smoo? a surface z ?is71 ! same peculi> movem5ts may be obs]v$ z ^? describ$ "u ,bignonia capreolata & ,eccremoc>pus4 ,! bran*es repeat$ly lift !mselves up & d[n2 ^? :i* h _! hooks already direct$ d[nw>ds rema9+ 9 ?is position & secur+ ! t5dril1 :il/ ! o!rs twi/ ab\t until !y succe$ 9 arrang+ !mselves 9 con=mity ) e irregul>ity ( ! surface1 & 9 br++ _! hooks into contact ) ! wood4 ,! use ( ! hooks 0 well %[n by giv+ ! t5drils tubes & slips ( glass to cat*2 = ^!1 ?\gh tempor>ily seiz$1 7 inv>iably lo/1 ei!r dur+ ! re-arrangem5t ( ! bran*es or ultimately :5 spiral contraction ensu$4 ,! p]fect mann] 9 :i* ! bran*es arrang$ !mselves1 creep+ l rootlets ov] e inequality ( ! surface & into any deep crevice1 is a pretty sight2 = x is p]haps m effectually p]=m$ by ?is ?an by any o!r species4 ,! action is c]ta9ly m conspicu\s1 z ! upp] surfaces ( ! ma9 /em1 z well z ( e bran* to ! extreme hooks1 are angul> & gre51 :il/ ! l[] surfaces are r\nd$ & purple4 ,i 0 l$ to inf]1 z 9 =m] cases1 t a less am\nt ( light guid$ ^! movem5ts ( ! bran*es ( ! t5drils4 ,i made _m trials ) black & :ite c>ds & glass tubes to prove x1 b fail$ f v>i\s causes2 yet ^! trials c\nt5anc$ ! belief4 ,z a t5dril consi/s ( a leaf split into num]\s segm5ts1 !re is no?+ surpris+ 9 all ! segm5ts turn+ _! upp] surfaces t[>ds ! light1 z soon z ! t5dril is caught & ! revolv+ movem5t is arre/$4 ,b ?is w n acc\nt = ! :ole movem5t1 = ! segm5ts actually b5d or curve to ! d>k side besides turn+ r\nd on _! axes s t _! upp] surfaces may face ! light4 ,:5 ! ,coba gr[s 9 ! op5 air1 ! w9d mu/ aid ! extremely flexible t5drils 9 seiz+ a support1 = ,i f\nd t a m]e brea? suffic$ to cause ! extreme bran*es to cat* hold by _! hooks ( twigs1 :i* !y c\ld n h rea*$ by ! revolv+ movem5t4 ,x might h be5 ?\ght t a t5dril1 ?us hook$ by ! extremity ( a s+le bran*1 c\ld n h fairly grasp$ its support4 ,b sev]al times ,i wat*$ cases l ! foll[+3 t5dril caught a ?9 /ick by ! hooks ( "o ( its two extreme bran*es2 ?\gh ?us held by ! tip1 x /ill tri$ to revolve1 b[+ itself to all sides1 & by ?is movem5t ! o!r extreme bran* soon caught ! /ick4 ,! fir/ bran* !n loos$ itself1 &1 arrang+ its hooks1 aga9 caught hold4 ,aft] a "t1 f ! cont9u$ movem5t ( ! t5dril1 ! hooks ( a ?ird bran* caught hold4 ,no o!r bran*es1 z ! t5dril !n /ood1 c\ld possibly h t\*$ ! /ick4 ,b be=e long ! upp] "p ( ! ma9 /em began to contract into an op5 spire4 ,x ?us dragg$ ! %oot :i* bore ! t5dril t[>ds ! /ick2 & z ! t5dril cont9ually tri$ to revolve1 a f\r? bran* 0 br\ght into contact4 ,& la/ly1 f ! spiral contraction travell+ d[n bo? ! ma9 /em & ! bran*es1 all ( !m1 "o aft] ano!r1 7 ultimately br\ght into contact ) ! /ick4 ,!y !n w\nd !mselves r\nd x & r\nd "o ano!r1 until ! :ole t5dril 0 ti$ toge!r 9 an inextricable knot4 ,! t5drils1 ?\gh at fir/ q flexible1 aft] hav+ clasp$ a support = a "t1 become m rigid & /rong] ?an !y 7 at fir/4 ,?us ! plant is secur$ to its support 9 a p]fect mann]4 ,,legum9os4--,pisum sativum4--,! common pea 0 ! subject ( a valuable memoir by ,dutro*et1 #aaa :o discov]$ t ! int]nodes & t5drils revolve 9 ellipses4 ,! ellipses are g5]ally v n>r[1 b sometimes approa* to circles4 ,i sev]al times obs]v$ t ! long] axis sl[ly *ang$ its direction1 :i* is ( importance1 z ! t5dril ?us sweeps a wid] space4 ,ow+ to ?is *ange ( direction1 & likewise to ! movem5t ( ! /em t[>ds ! light1 ! successive irregul> ellipses g5]ally =m an irregul> spire4 ,i h ?\ght x wor? :ile to annex a trac+ ( ! c\rse pursu$ by ! upp] int]node 7! movem5t ( ! t5dril be+ neglect$7 ( a "y plant f #h4dj ,a4,m4 to #i4ae ,p4,m4 ,! c\rse 0 trac$ on a hemisph]ical glass plac$ ov] ! plant1 & ! dots ) figures give ! h\rs ( obs]vation2 ea* dot be+ jo9$ by a /raight l9e4 ,no d\bt all ! l9es w\ld h be5 curvil9e> if ! c\rse _h be5 obs]v$ at mu* %ort] int]vals4 ,! extremity ( ! petiole1 f :i* ! "y t5dril arose1 0 two in*es f ! glass1 s t if a p5cil two in*es 9 l5g? c\ld h be5 affix$ to ! petiole1 x w\ld h trac$ ! annex$ figure on ! "u side ( ! glass2 b x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! figure is r$uc$ by "o-half4 ,neglect+ ! fir/ great sweep t[>ds ! light f ! figure #a to #b1 ! end ( ! petiole swept a space #d in*es across 9 "o direction1 & #c in*es 9 ano!r4 ,z a full-gr[n t5dril is consid]ably above two in*es 9 l5g?1 & z ! t5dril itself b5ds & revolves 9 h>mony ) ! int]node1 a consid]ably wid] space is swept ?an is "h repres5t$ on a r$uc$ scale4 ,dutro*et obs]v$ ! completion ( an ellipse 9 #a hr4 #bj m42 & ,i saw "o complet$ 9 #a hr4 #cj m4 ,! direction foll[$ is v>iable1 ei!r ) or aga9/ ! sun4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #f4 ,side ( room ) w9d[ #aac ,dutro*et ass]ts t ! petioles ( ! leaves spontane\sly revolve1 z well z ! "y int]nodes & t5drils2 b he does n say t he secur$ ! int]nodes2 :5 ?is 0 done1 ,i c\ld nev] detect any movem5t 9 ! petiole1 except to & f ! light4 ,! t5drils1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! int]nodes & petioles are secur$1 describe irregul> spires or regul> ellipses1 exactly l ^? made by ! int]nodes4 ,a "y t5dril1 only #a ( an in* 9 l5g?1 revolv$4 ,dutro*et has %[n t :5 a plant is plac$ 9 a room1 s t ! light ent]s lat]ally1 ! int]nodes travel mu* quick] to ! light ?an f x3 on ! o!r h&1 he ass]ts t ! t5dril itself moves f ! light t[>ds ! d>k side ( ! room4 ,) due def]5ce to ?is great obs]v]1 ,i ?9k he 0 mi/ak51 ow+ to 8 n hav+ secur$ ! int]nodes4 ,i took a "y plant ) highly s5sitive t5drils1 & ti$ ! petiole s t ! t5dril alone c\ld move2 x complet$ a p]fect ellipse 9 #a hr4 #cj m42 ,i !n turn$ ! plant p>tly r\nd1 b ?is made no *ange 9 ! direction ( ! succe$+ ellipse4 ,! next day ,i wat*$ a plant simil>ly secur$ until ! t5dril 7:i* 0 highly s5sitive7 made an ellipse 9 a l9e exactly to & f ! light2 ! movem5t 0 s great t ! t5dril at ! two ends ( its elliptical c\rse b5t itself a little b5ea? ! horizon1 ?us travell+ m ?an #ahj degrees2 b ! curvature 0 fully z great t[>ds ! light z t[>ds ! d>k side ( ! room4 ,i believe ,dutro*et 0 misl$ by n hav+ secur$ ! int]nodes1 & by hav+ obs]v$ a plant ( :i* ! int]nodes & t5drils no long] curv$ 9 h>mony toge!r1 ow+ to inequality ( age4 ,dutro*et made no obs]vations on ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! t5drils4 ,^!1 :il/ "y & ab\t an in* 9 l5g? ) ! leaflets on ! petiole only p>tially exp&$1 are highly s5sitive2 a s+le light t\* ) a twig on ! inf]ior or concave surface ne> ! tip caus$ !m to b5d quickly1 z did occasionally a loop ( ?read weigh+ "o-sev5? ( a gra9 7#i4be mg474 ,! upp] or convex surface is b>ely or n at all s5sitive4 ,t5drils1 aft] b5d+ f a t\*1 /raight5 !mselves 9 ab\t two h\rs1 & are !n ready to act aga94 ,z soon z !y beg9 to gr[ old1 ! extremities ( _! two or ?ree pairs ( bran*es become hook$1 & !y !n appe> to =m an excell5t grappl+ in/rum5t2 b ?is is n ! case4 ,= at ?is p]iod !y h g5]ally q lo/ _! s5sitiv5ess2 & :5 hook$ on to twigs1 "s 7 n at all affect$1 & o!rs requir$ f #ah hrs4 to #bd hrs4 be=e clasp+ su* twigs2 nev]!less1 !y 7 able to utilise ! la/ ve/ige ( irritability ow+ to _! extremities be+ hook$4 ,ultimately ! lat]al bran*es contract spirally1 b n ! middle or ma9 /em4 ,la?yrus aphaca4--,?is plant is de/itute ( leaves1 except dur+ a v e>ly age1 ^! be+ replac$ by t5drils1 & ! leaves !mselves by l>ge /ipules4 ,x might !re=e h be5 expect$ t ! t5drils w\ld h be5 highly organiz$1 b ?is is n s4 ,!y are mod]ately long1 ?91 & unbran*$1 ) _! tips slightly curv$4 ,:il/ "y !y are s5sitive on all sides1 b *iefly on ! concave side ( ! extremity4 ,!y h no spontane\s revolv+ p[]1 b are at fir/ incl9$ upw>ds at an angle ( ab\t #de1 !n move into a horizontal position1 & ultimately b5d d[nw>ds4 ,! "y int]nodes1 on ! o!r h&1 revolve 9 ellipses1 & c>ry ) !m ! t5drils4 ,two ellipses 7 complet$1 ea* 9 ne>ly #e hrs42 _! long] axes 7 direct$ at ab\t an angle ( #de to ! axis ( ! previ\sly made ellipse4 ,la?yrus gr&iflorus4--,! plants obs]v$ 7 "y & n gr[+ vigor\sly1 yet suffici5tly s1 ,i ?9k1 = my obs]vations to be tru/$4 ,if s1 we h ! r>e case ( nei!r int]nodes nor t5drils revolv+4 ,! t5drils ( vigor\s plants are above #d in*es 9 l5g?1 & are (t5 twice divid$ into ?ree bran*es2 ! tips are curv$ & are s5sitive on _! concave sides2 ! l[] "p ( ! c5tral /em is h>dly at all s5sitive4 ,h5ce ?is plant appe>s to climb simply by its t5drils be+ br\ght1 ?r\gh ! gr[? ( ! /em1 or m effici5tly by ! w9d1 into contact ) surr\nd+ objects1 :i* !y !n clasp4 ,i may add t ! t5drils1 or ! int]nodes1 or bo?1 ( ,vicia sativa revolve4 ,,composit4--,mutisia clematis4--,! imm5se family ( ! ,composit is well kn[n to include v few climb+ plants4 ,we h se5 9 ! ,table 9 ! fir/ *apt] t ,mikania sc&5s is a regul> tw9]1 & ,f4 ,mll] in=ms me t 9 ,s4 ,brazil !re is ano!r species :i* is a leaf-climb]4 ,mutisia is ! only g5us 9 ! family1 z f> z ,i c le>n1 :i* be>s t5drils3 x is !re=e int]e/+ to f9d t ^!1 ?\gh r less metamorphos$ f _! primordial foli> condition ?an are mo/ o!r t5drils1 yet display all ! ord9>y *>act]i/ic movem5ts1 bo? ^? t are spontane\s & ^? :i* are excit$ by contact4 ,! long leaf be>s sev5 or eight alt]nate leaflets1 & t]m9ates 9 a t5dril :i*1 9 a plant ( consid]able size1 0 #e in*es 9 l5g?4 ,x consi/s g5]ally ( ?ree bran*es2 & ^!1 al?\gh mu* elongat$1 evid5tly repres5t ! petioles & midribs ( ?ree leaflets2 = !y closely resemble ! same p>ts 9 an ord9>y leaf1 9 be+ rectangul> on ! upp] surface1 furr[$1 & edg$ ) gre54 ,moreov]1 ! gre5 edg+ ( ! t5drils ( "y plants sometimes exp&s into a n>r[ lam9a or blade4 ,ea* bran* is curv$ a little d[nw>ds1 & is slightly hook$ at ! extremity4 ,a "y upp] int]node revolv$1 judg+ f ?ree revolutions1 at an av]age rate ( #a hr4 #ch m42 x swept ellipses ) ! long] axes direct$ at "r angles to "o ano!r2 b ! plant1 app>5tly1 _c tw9e4 ,! petioles & ! t5drils are bo? 9 con/ant movem5t4 ,b _! movem5t is sl[] & mu* less regul>ly elliptical ?an t ( ! int]nodes4 ,!y appe> to be mu* affect$ by ! light1 = ! :ole leaf usually s9ks d[n dur+ ! night & rises dur+ ! day1 mov+1 also1 dur+ ! day 9 a crook$ c\rse to ! we/4 ,! tip ( ! t5dril is highly s5sitive on ! l[] surface2 & "o :i* 0 j t\*$ ) a twig became p]ceptibly curv$ 9 #c m41 & ano!r 9 #e m42 ! upp] surface is n at all s5sitive2 ! sides are mod]ately s5sitive1 s t two bran*es :i* 7 rubb$ on _! inn] sides conv]g$ & cross$ ea* o!r4 ,! petiole ( ! leaf & ! l[] p>ts ( ! t5dril1 halfway betwe5 ! upp] leaflet & ! l[e/ bran*1 are n s5sitive4 ,a t5dril aft] curl+ f a t\* became /raight aga9 9 ab\t #f hrs41 & 0 ready to re-act2 b "o t _h be5 s r\ghly rubb$ z to h coil$ into a helix did n become p]fectly /raight until aft] #ac hrs4 ,! t5drils reta9 _! s5sibility to an unusually late age2 = "o borne by a leaf ) five or six fully develop$ leaves above1 0 /ill active4 ,if a t5dril cat*es no?+1 aft] a consid]able int]val ( "t ! tips ( ! bran*es curl a little inw>ds2 b if x clasps "s object1 ! :ole contracts spirally4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #g4 ,smilax asp]a ,,smilace4--,smilax asp]a1 v>4 maculata4--,aug4 ,/4-,hilaire #aah consid]s t ! t5drils1 :i* rise 9 pairs f ! petiole1 are modifi$ lat]al leaflets2 b ,mohl 7p4 #da7 ranks !m z modifi$ /ipules4 ,^! t5drils are f #a to #a in*es 9 l5g?1 are ?91 & h slightly curv$1 po9t$ extremities4 ,!y div]ge a little f ea* o!r1 & /& at fir/ ne>ly upright4 ,:5 lightly rubb$ on ei!r side1 !y sl[ly b5d to t side1 & subsequ5tly become /raight aga94 ,! back or convex side :5 plac$ 9 contact ) a /ick became j p]ceptibly curv$ 9 #a hr4 #bj m41 b did n completely surr\nd x until #dh hrs4 _h elaps$2 ! concave side ( ano!r became consid]ably curv$ 9 #b hrs4 & clasp$ a /ick 9 #e hrs4 ,z ! pairs ( t5drils gr[ old1 "o t5dril div]ges m & m f ! o!r1 & bo? sl[ly b5d backw>ds & d[nw>ds1 s t aft] a "t !y project on ! opposite side ( ! /em to t f :i* !y arise4 ,!y !n /ill reta9 _! s5sitiv5ess1 & c clasp a support plac$ beh9d ! /em4 ,ow+ to ?is p[]1 ! plant is able to asc5d a ?9 upright /ick4 ,ultimately ! two t5drils belong+ to ! same petiole1 if !y d n come into contact ) any object1 loosely cross ea* o!r beh9d ! /em1 z at ,b1 9 fig4 #g4 ,?is movem5t ( ! t5drils t[>ds & r\nd ! /em is1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 guid$ by _! avoidance ( ! light2 = :5 a plant /ood s t "o ( ! two t5drils 0 compell$ 9 ?us sl[ly mov+ to travel t[>ds ! light1 & ! o!r f ! light1 ! latt] always mov$1 z ,i repeat$ly obs]v$1 m quickly ?an its fell[4 ,! t5drils d n contract spirally 9 any case4 ,_! *ance ( f9d+ a support dep5ds on ! gr[? ( ! plant1 on ! w9d1 & on _! own sl[ backw>d & d[nw>d movem5t1 :i*1 z we h j se51 is guid$1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 by ! avoidance ( ! light2 = nei!r ! int]nodes nor ! t5drils h any prop] revolv+ movem5t4 ,f ?is latt] circum/ance1 f ! sl[ movem5ts ( ! t5drils aft] contact 7?\gh _! s5sitiv5ess is reta9$ = an unusual l5g? ( "t71 f _! simple /ructure & %ortness1 ?is plant is a less p]fect climb] ?an any o!r t5dril-be>+ species obs]v$ by me4 ,! plant :il/ "y & only a few in*es 9 height1 does n produce any t5drils2 & consid]+ t x gr[s to only ab\t #h feet 9 height1 t ! /em is zigzag & is furni%$1 z well z ! petioles1 ) sp9es1 x is surpris+ t x %\ld be provid$ ) t5drils1 comp>atively ineffici5t ?\gh ^! are4 ,! plant might h be5 left1 "o w\ld h ?\ght1 to climb by ! aid ( its sp9es alone1 l our brambles4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x belongs to a g5us1 "s ( ! species ( :i* are furni%$ ) mu* long] t5drils1 we may suspect t x possesses ^! organs solely f be+ desc5d$ f prog5itors m highly organiz$ 9 ?is respect4 ,,fum>iace4--,corydalis claviculata4--,accord+ to ,mohl 7p4 #dc71 ! extremities ( ! bran*$ /em1 z well z ! leaves1 are conv]t$ into t5drils4 ,9 ! specim5s exam9$ by me all ! t5drils 7 c]ta9ly foli>1 & x is h>dly cr$ible t ! same plant %\ld produce t5drils ( a widely diff]5t homological nature4 ,nev]!less1 f ?is /atem5t by ,mohl1 ,i h rank$ ?is species among/ ! t5dril-be>]s2 if class$ exclusively by its foli> t5drils1 x w\ld be d\btful :e!r x ought n to h be5 plac$ among/ ! leaf-climb]s1 ) its allies1 ,fum>ia & ,adlumia4 ,a l>ge majority ( its s-call$ t5drils /ill be> leaflets1 ?\gh excessively r$uc$ 9 size2 b "s few ( !m may prop]ly be designat$ z t5drils1 = !y are completely de/itute ( lam9 or blades4 ,consequ5tly1 we "h behold a plant 9 an actual /ate ( transition f a leaf-climb] to a t5dril-be>]4 ,:il/ ! plant is r "y1 only ! out] leaves1 b :5 full-gr[n all ! leaves1 h _! extremities conv]t$ into m or less p]fect t5drils4 ,i h exam9$ specim5s f "o locality alone1 viz4 ,hamp%ire2 & x is n improbable t plants gr[+ "u diff]5t conditions might h _! leaves a little m or less *ang$ into true t5drils4 ,:il/ ! plant is q "y1 ! fir/-=m$ leaves are n modifi$ 9 any way1 b ^? next =m$ h _! t]m9al leaflets r$uc$ 9 size1 & soon all ! leaves assume ! /ructure repres5t$ 9 ! foll[+ draw+4 ,?is leaf bore n9e leaflets2 ! l[] ones be+ mu* subdivid$4 ,! t]m9al portion ( ! petiole1 ab\t #a in* 9 l5g? 7above ! leaflet f71 is ?9n] & m elongat$ ?an ! l[] "p1 & may be consid]$ z ! t5dril4 ,! leaflets borne by ?is "p are greatly r$uc$ 9 size1 be+1 on an av]age1 ab\t ! t5? ( an in* 9 l5g? & v n>r[2 "o small leaflet measur$ "o-twelf? ( an in* 9 l5g? & "o-sev5ty-fif? 9 bread? 7#b4aaf mm4 & #j4cci mm471 s t x 0 almo/ microscopically m9ute4 ,all ! r$uc$ leaflets h bran*+ n]ves1 & t]m9ate 9 little sp9es1 l ^? ( ! fully develop$ leaflets4 ,e gradation c\ld be trac$1 until we come to bran*lets 7z a & d 9 ! figure7 :i* %[ no ve/ige ( a lam9a or blade4 ,occasionally all ! t]m9al bran*lets ( ! petiole are 9 ?is condition1 & we !n h a true t5dril4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #h4 ,corydalis claviculata4 ,leaf-t5dril ( natural size ,! sev]al t]m9al bran*es ( ! petiole be>+ ! mu* r$uc$ leaflets 7a1 b1 c1 d7 are highly s5sitive1 = a loop ( ?read weigh+ only ! "o-sixte5? ( a gra9 7#d4je mg47 caus$ !m to become greatly curv$ 9 "u #d hrs4 ,:5 ! loop 0 remov$1 ! petioles /raight5$ !mselves 9 ab\t ! same "t4 ,! petiole 7e7 0 r less s5sitive2 & 9 ano!r specim51 9 :i* ! correspond+ petiole bore r l>g] leaflets1 a loop ( ?read weigh+ "o-eigh? ( a gra9 did n cause curvature until #ah hrs4 _h elaps$4 ,loops ( ?read weigh+ "o-f\r? ( a gra91 left susp5d$ on ! l[] petioles 7f to l7 dur+ sev]al days1 produc$ no effect4 ,yet ! ?ree petioles f1 g1 & h 7 n q ins5sible1 = :5 left 9 contact ) a /ick = a day or two !y sl[ly curl$ r\nd x4 ,?us ! s5sibility ( ! petiole gradually dim9i%es f ! t5dril-l extremity to ! base4 ,! int]nodes ( ! /em are n at all s5sitive1 :i* makes ,mohl's /atem5t t !y are sometimes conv]t$ into t5drils ! m surpris+1 n to say improbable4 ,! :ole leaf1 :il/ "y & s5sitive1 /&s almo/ v]tically upw>ds1 z we h se5 to be ! case ) _m t5drils4 ,x is 9 cont9ual movem5t1 & "o t ,i obs]v$ swept at an av]age rate ( ab\t #b hrs4 = ea* revolution1 l>ge1 ?\gh irregul>1 ellipses1 :i* 7 sometimes n>r[1 sometimes broad1 ) _! long] axes direct$ to diff]5t po9ts ( ! compass4 ,! "y int]nodes1 likewise revolv$ irregul>ly 9 ellipses or spires2 s t by ^! comb9$ movem5ts a consid]able space 0 swept = a support4 ,if ! t]m9al & att5uat$ portion ( a petiole fails to seize any object1 x ultimately b5ds d[nw>ds & inw>ds1 & soon loses all irritability & p[] ( movem5t4 ,?is b5d+ d[n diff]s mu* 9 nature f t :i* occurs ) ! extremities ( ! "y leaves 9 _m species ( ,clematis2 = ^!1 :5 ?us b5t d[nw>ds or hook$1 fir/ acquire _! full degree ( s5sitiv5ess4 ,dic5tra ?alictrifolia4--,9 ?is alli$ plant ! metamorphosis ( ! t]m9al leaflets is complete1 & !y are conv]t$ into p]fect t5drils4 ,:il/ ! plant is "y1 ! t5drils appe> l modifi$ bran*es1 & a di/+ui%$ botani/ ?\ght t !y 7 ( ?is nature2 b 9 a full-gr[n plant !re c be no d\bt1 z ,i am assur$ by ,dr4 ,hook]1 t !y are modifi$ leaves4 ,:5 ( full size1 !y are above #e in*es 9 l5g?2 !y bifurcate twice1 ?rice1 or ev5 f\r times2 _! extremities are hook$ & blunt4 ,all ! bran*es ( ! t5drils are s5sitive on all sides1 b ! basal portion ( ! ma9 /em is only slightly s4 ,! t]m9al bran*es :5 lightly rubb$ ) a twig became curv$ 9 ! c\rse ( f #cj m4 to #db m41 & /raight5$ !mselves 9 betwe5 #aj hrs4 & #bj hrs4 ,a loop ( ?read weigh+ "o-eigh? ( a gra9 pla9ly caus$ ! ?9n] bran*es to b5d1 z did occasionally a loop weigh+ "o-sixte5? ( a gra92 b ?is latt] weight1 ?\gh left susp5d$1 0 n suffici5t to cause a p]man5t flexure4 ,! :ole leaf ) its t5dril1 z well z ! "y upp] int]nodes1 revolves vigor\sly & quickly1 ?\gh irregul>ly1 & ?us sweeps a wide space4 ,! figure trac$ on a bell-glass 0 ei!r an irregul> spire or a zigzag l9e4 ,! ne>e/ approa* to an ellipse 0 an elongat$ figure ( #h1 ) "o end a little op51 & ?is 0 complet$ 9 #a hr4 #ec m4 ,dur+ a p]iod ( #f hrs4 #ag m4 ano!r %oot made a complex figure1 app>5tly repres5t+ ?ree & a half ellipses4 ,:5 ! l[] "p ( ! petiole be>+ ! leaflets 0 securely fa/5$1 ! t5dril itself describ$ simil> b mu* small] figures4 ,?is species climbs well4 ,! t5drils aft] clasp+ a /ick become ?ick] & m rigid2 b ! blunt hooks d n turn & adapt !mselves to ! support+ surface1 z is done 9 s p]fect a mann] by "s ,bignoniace & ,coba4 ,! t5drils ( "y plants1 two or ?ree feet 9 height1 are only half ! l5g? ( ^? borne by ! same plant :5 gr[n tall]1 & !y d n contract spirally aft] clasp+ a support1 b only become slightly flexu\s4 ,full-siz$ t5drils1 on ! o!r h&1 contract spirally1 ) ! exception ( ! ?ick basal portion4 ,t5drils :i* h caught no?+ simply b5d d[nw>ds & inw>ds1 l ! extremities ( ! leaves ( ! ,corydalis claviculata4 ,b 9 all cases ! petiole aft] a "t is angul>ly & abruptly b5t d[nw>ds l t ( ,eccremoc>pus4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,t5dril-,,be>]s--7cont9u$74 ,,cucurbitace4--,homolog\s nature ( ! t5drils--,e*9ocy/is lobata1 rem>kable movem5ts ( ! t5drils to avoid seiz+ ! t]m9al %oot--,t5drils n excit$ by contact ) ano!r t5dril or by drops ( wat]--,undulatory movem5t ( ! extremity ( ! t5dril--,hanburya1 adh]5t discs--,,vitac--,gradation betwe5 ! fl[]-p$uncles & t5drils ( ! v9e--,t5drils ( ! ,virg9ian ,creep] turn f ! light1 &1 aft] contact1 develop adhesive discs--,,sap9dace--,,passiflorace--,pass iflora gracilis--,rapid revolv+ movem5t & s5sitiv5ess ( ! t5drils--,n s5sitive to ! contact ( o!r t5drils or ( drops ( wat]--,spiral contraction ( t5drils--,summ>y on ! nature & action ( t5drils4 ,,cucurbitace4--,! t5drils 9 ?is family h be5 rank$ by compet5t judges z modifi$ leaves1 /ipules1 or bran*es2 or z p>tly a leaf & p>tly a bran*4 ,de ,c&olle believes t ! t5drils diff] 9 _! homological nature 9 two ( ! tribes4 #abg;a ,f facts rec5tly adduc$1 ,mr4 ,b]keley ?9ks t ,pay]'s view is ! mo/ probable1 namely1 t ! t5dril is 8a sep>ate portion ( ! leaf itself20 b mu* may be said 9 fav\r ( ! belief t x is a modifi$ fl[]-p$uncle4 #abg;b ,e*9ocy/is lobata4--,num]\s obs]vations 7 made on ?is plant 7rais$ f se$ s5t me by ,pr(4 ,asa ,gray71 = ! spontane\s revolv+ movem5ts ( ! int]nodes & t5drils 7 fir/ obs]v$ by me 9 ?is case1 & greatly p]plex$ me4 ,my obs]vations may n[ be mu* cond5s$4 ,i obs]v$ ?irty-five revolutions ( ! int]nodes & t5drils2 ! sl[e/ rate 0 #b hrs4 & ! av]age rate1 ) no great fluctuations1 #a hr4 #dj m4 ,sometimes ,i ti$ ! int]nodes1 s t ! t5drils alone mov$2 at o!r times ,i cut (f ! t5drils :il/ v "y1 s t ! int]nodes revolv$ by !mselves2 b ! rate 0 n ?us affect$4 ,! c\rse g5]ally pursu$ 0 ) ! sun1 b (t5 9 an opposite direction4 ,sometimes ! movem5t dur+ a %ort "t w\ld ei!r /op or be rev]s$2 & ?is app>5tly 0 due to int]f]5ce f ! light1 z1 = in/ance1 :5 ,i plac$ a plant close to a w9d[4 ,9 "o in/ance1 an old t5dril1 :i* _h ne>ly ceas$ revolv+1 mov$ 9 "o direction1 :il/ a "y t5dril above mov$ 9 an opposite c\rse4 ,! two upp]mo/ int]nodes alone revolve2 & z soon z ! l[] "o gr[s old1 only its upp] "p cont9ues to move4 ,! ellipses or circles swept by ! summits ( ! int]nodes are ab\t ?ree in*es 9 diamet]2 :il/ ^? swept by ! tips ( ! t5drils1 are f #ae to #af in*es 9 diamet]4 ,dur+ ! revolv+ movem5t1 ! int]nodes become successively curv$ to all po9ts ( ! compass2 9 "o "p ( _! c\rse !y are (t5 incl9$1 toge!r ) ! t5drils1 at ab\t #de to ! horizon1 & 9 ano!r "p /& v]tically up4 ,!re 0 some?+ 9 ! appe>ance ( ! revolv+ int]nodes :i* cont9ually gave ! false impression t _! movem5t 0 due to ! weight ( ! long & spontane\sly revolv+ t5dril2 b1 on cutt+ (f ! latt] ) %>p scissors1 ! top ( ! %oot rose only a little1 & w5t on revolv+4 ,?is false appe>ance is app>5tly due to ! int]nodes & t5drils all curv+ & mov+ h>moni\sly toge!r4 ,a revolv+ t5dril1 ?\gh incl9$ dur+ ! great] "p ( its c\rse at an angle ( ab\t #de 79 "o case ( only #cg7 above ! horizon1 /iff5$ & /raight5$ itself f tip to base 9 a c]ta9 "p ( its c\rse1 ?us becom+ ne>ly or q v]tical4 ,i witness$ ?is repeat$ly2 & x occurr$ bo? :5 ! support+ int]nodes 7 free & :5 !y 7 ti$ up2 b 0 p]haps mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! latt] case1 or :5 ! :ole %oot happ5$ to be mu* incl9$4 ,! t5dril =ms a v acute angle ) ! project+ extremity ( ! /em or %oot2 & ! /iff5+ always occurr$ z ! t5dril approa*$1 & _h to pass ov] ! %oot 9 its circul> c\rse4 ,if x _h n possess$ & ex]cis$ ?is curi\s p[]1 x w\ld infallibly h /ruck aga9/ ! extremity ( ! %oot & be5 arre/$4 ,z soon z ! t5dril ) its ?ree bran*es beg9s to /iff5 itself 9 ?is mann] & to rise f an incl9$ into a v]tical position1 ! revolv+ motion becomes m rapid2 & z soon z ! t5dril has succe$$ 9 pass+ ov] ! extremity ( ! %oot or po9t ( difficulty1 its motion1 co9cid+ ) t f its weight1 (t5 causes x to fall into its previ\sly incl9$ position s quickly1 t ! apex c\ld be se5 travell+ l ! m9ute h& ( a gigantic clock4 ,! t5drils are ?91 f #g to #i in*es 9 l5g?1 ) a pair ( %ort lat]al bran*es ris+ n f> f ! base4 ,! tip is slightly & p]man5tly curv$1 s z to act to a limit$ ext5t z a hook4 ,! concave side ( ! tip is highly s5sitive to a t\*2 b n s ! convex side1 z 0 likewise obs]v$ to be ! case ) o!r species ( ! family by ,mohl 7p4 #fe74 ,i repeat$ly prov$ ?is diff]5ce by lightly rubb+ f\r or five times ! convex side ( "o t5dril1 & only once or twice ! concave side ( ano!r t5dril1 & ! latt] alone curl$ inw>ds4 ,9 a few h\rs aft]w>ds1 :5 ! t5drils :i* _h be5 rubb$ on ! concave side _h /raight5$ !mselves1 ,i rev]s$ ! process ( rubb+1 & always ) ! same result4 ,aft] t\*+ ! concave side1 ! tip becomes s5sibly curv$ 9 "o or two m9utes2 & subsequ5tly1 if ! t\* has be5 at all r\gh1 x coils itself into a helix4 ,b ! helix w1 aft] a "t1 /raight5 itself1 & be aga9 ready to act4 ,a loop ( ?9 ?read only "o-sixte5? ( a gra9 9 weight caus$ a tempor>y flexure4 ,! l[] "p 0 repeat$ly rubb$ r r\ghly1 b no curvature ensu$2 yet ?is "p is s5sitive to prolong$ pressure1 = :5 x came into contact ) a /ick1 x w\ld sl[ly w9d r\nd x4 ,"o ( my plants bore two %oots ne> toge!r1 & ! t5drils 7 repeat$ly drawn across "o ano!r1 b x is a s+ul> fact t !y did n once cat* ea* o!r4 ,x w\ld appe> z if !y _h become habituat$ to contact ( ?is k9d1 = ! pressure ?us caus$ mu/ h be5 mu* great] ?an t caus$ by a loop ( s(t ?read weigh+ only ! "o-sixte5? ( a gra94 ,i h1 h[ev]1 se5 sev]al t5drils ( ,bryonia dioica int]lock$1 b !y subsequ5tly releas$ "o ano!r4 ,! t5drils ( ! ,e*9ocy/is are also habituat$ to drops ( wat] or to ra92 = artificial ra9 made by viol5tly flirt+ a wet bru% ov] !m produc$ n ! lea/ effect4 ,! revolv+ movem5t ( a t5dril is n /opp$ by ! curv+ ( its extremity aft] x has be5 t\*$4 ,:5 "o ( ! lat]al bran*es has firmly clasp$ an object1 ! middle bran* cont9ues to revolve4 ,:5 a /em is b5t d[n & secur$1 s t ! t5dril dep5ds b is left free to move1 its previ\s revolv+ movem5t is ne>ly or q /opp$2 b x soon beg9s to b5d upw>ds1 & z soon z x has become horizontal ! revolv+ movem5t recomm5ces4 ,i tri$ ?is f\r times2 ! t5dril g5]ally rose to a horizontal position 9 an h\r or an h\r & a half2 b 9 "o case1 9 :i* a t5dril dep5d$ at an angle ( #de b5ea? ! horizon1 ! upris+ took two h\rs2 9 half an h\r aft]w>ds x rose to #bc above ! horizon & !n recomm5c$ revolv+4 ,?is upw>d movem5t is indep5d5t ( ! action ( light1 = x occurr$ twice 9 ! d>k1 & on ano!r occasion ! light came 9 on "o side alone4 ,! movem5t no d\bt is guid$ by opposition to ! =ce ( gravity1 z 9 ! case ( ! asc5t ( ! plumules ( g]m9at+ se$s4 ,a t5dril does n long reta9 its revolv+ p[]2 & z soon z ?is is lo/1 x b5ds d[nw>ds & contracts spirally4 ,aft] ! revolv+ movem5t has ceas$1 ! tip /ill reta9s = a %ort "t its s5sitiv5ess to contact1 b ?is c be ( little or no use to ! plant4 ,?\gh ! t5dril is highly flexible1 & ?\gh ! extremity travels1 "u fav\rable circum/ances1 at ab\t ! rate ( an in* 9 two m9utes & a qu>t]1 yet its s5sitiv5ess to contact is s great t x h>dly ev] fails to seize a ?9 /ick plac$ 9 its pa?4 ,! foll[+ case surpris$ me mu*3 ,i plac$ a ?91 smoo?1 cyl9drical /ick 7& ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t sev5 times7 s f> f a t5dril1 t its extremity c\ld only curl half or ?ree-qu>t]s r\nd ! /ick2 b ,i always f\nd t ! tip manag$ 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs to curl twice or ev5 ?rice r\nd ! /ick4 ,i at fir/ ?\ght t ?is 0 due to rapid gr[? on ! outside2 b by col\r$ po9ts & measurem5ts ,i prov$ t !re _h be5 no s5sible increase ( l5g? )9 ! "t4 ,:5 a /ick1 flat on "o side1 0 simil>ly plac$1 ! tip ( ! t5dril c\ld n curl beyond ! flat surface1 b coil$ itself into a helix1 :i*1 turn+ to "o side1 lay flat on ! little flat surface ( wood4 ,9 "o in/ance a portion ( t5dril ?ree-qu>t]s ( an in* 9 l5g? 0 ?us dragg$ on to ! flat surface by ! coil+ 9 ( ! helix4 ,b ! t5dril ?us acquires a v insecure hold1 & g5]ally aft] a "t slips (f4 ,9 "o case alone ! helix subsequ5tly uncoil$ itself1 & ! tip !n pass$ r\nd & clasp$ ! /ick4 ,! =mation ( ! helix on ! flat side ( ! /ick app>5tly %[s u t ! cont9u$ /riv+ ( ! tip to curl itself closely inw>ds gives ! =ce :i* drags ! t5dril r\nd a smoo? cyl9drical /ick4 ,9 ?is latt] case1 :il/ ! t5dril 0 sl[ly & q ins5sibly crawl+ onw>ds1 ,i obs]v$ sev]al times ?r\gh a l5s t ! :ole surface 0 n 9 close contact ) ! /ick2 & ,i c und]/& ! onw>d progress only by suppos+ t ! movem5t is slightly undulatory or v]micul>1 & t ! tip alt]nately /raight5s itself a little & !n aga9 curls inw>ds4 ,x ?us drags itself onw>ds by an ins5sibly sl[1 alt]nate movem5t1 :i* may be comp>$ to t ( a /rong man susp5d$ by ! ends ( 8 f+]s to a horizontal pole1 :o works 8 f+]s onw>ds until he c grasp ! pole ) ! palm ( 8 h&4 ,h[ev] ?is may be1 ! fact is c]ta9 t a t5dril :i* has caught a r\nd /ick ) its extreme po9t1 c "w itself onw>ds until x has pass$ twice or ev5 ?rice r\nd ! /ick1 & has p]man5tly grasp$ x4 ,hanburya ,mexicana4--,! "y int]nodes & t5drils ( ?is anomal\s memb] ( ! family1 revolve 9 ! same mann] & at ab\t ! same rate z ^? ( ! ,e*9ocy/is4 ,! /em does n tw9e1 b c asc5d an upright /ick by ! aid ( its t5drils4 ,! concave tip ( ! t5dril is v s5sitive2 aft] x _h become rapidly coil$ into a r+ ow+ to a s+le t\*1 x /raight5$ itself 9 #ej m4 ,! t5dril1 :5 9 full action1 /&s v]tically up1 ) ! project+ extremity ( ! "y /em ?r[n a little on "o side1 s z to be out ( ! way2 b ! t5dril be>s on ! inn] side1 ne> its base1 a %ort rigid bran*1 :i* projects out at "r angles l a spur1 ) ! t]m9al half b[$ a little d[nw>ds4 ,h5ce1 z ! ma9 v]tical bran* revolves1 ! spur1 f its position & rigidity1 _c pass ov] ! extremity ( ! %oot1 9 ! same curi\s mann] z d ! ?ree bran*es ( ! t5dril ( ! ,e*9ocy/is1 namely1 by /iff5+ !mselves at ! prop] po9t4 ,! spur is !re=e press$ lat]ally aga9/ ! "y /em 9 "o "p ( ! revolv+ c\rse1 & ?us ! sweep ( ! l[] "p ( ! ma9 bran* is mu* re/rict$4 ,a nice case ( co-adaptation "h comes into play3 9 all ! o!r t5drils obs]v$ by me1 ! sev]al bran*es become s5sitive at ! same p]iod3 _h ?is be5 ! case ) ! ,hanburya1 ! inw>dly direct$1 spur-l bran*1 f be+ press$1 dur+ ! revolv+ movem5t1 aga9/ ! project+ end ( ! %oot1 w\ld infallibly h seiz$ x 9 a useless or injuri\s mann]4 ,b ! ma9 bran* ( ! t5dril1 aft] revolv+ = a "t 9 a v]tical position1 spontane\sly b5ds d[nw>ds2 & 9 do+ s1 raises ! spur-l bran*1 :i* itself also curves upw>ds2 s t by ^! comb9$ movem5ts x rises above ! project+ end ( ! %oot1 & c n[ move freely )\t t\*+ ! %oot2 & n[ x fir/ becomes s5sitive4 ,! tips ( bo? bran*es1 :5 !y come into contact ) a /ick1 grasp x l any ord9>y t5dril4 ,b 9 ! c\rse ( a few days1 ! l[] surface swells & becomes develop$ into a cellul> lay]1 :i* adapts itself closely to ! wood1 & firmly adh]es to x4 ,?is lay] is analog\s to ! adhesive discs =m$ by ! extremities ( ! t5drils ( "s species ( ,bignonia & ( ,ampelopsis2 b 9 ! ,hanburya ! lay] is develop$ along ! t]m9al inn] surface1 sometimes = a l5g? ( #a in*es1 & n at ! extreme tip4 ,! lay] is :ite1 :il/ ! t5dril is gre51 & ne> ! tip x is sometimes ?ick] ?an ! t5dril itself2 x g5]ally spreads a little beyond ! sides ( ! t5dril1 & is fr+$ ) free elongat$ cells1 :i* h enl>g$ globul> or retort-%ap$ heads4 ,?is cellul> lay] app>5tly secretes "s res9\s cem5t2 = its adhesion to ! wood 0 n less5$ by an imm]sion ( #bd hrs4 9 alcohol or wat]1 b 0 q loos5$ by a simil> imm]sion 9 e!r or turp5t9e4 ,aft] a t5dril has once firmly coil$ itself r\nd a /ick1 x is difficult to imag9e ( :at use ! adhesive cellul> lay] c be4 ,ow+ to ! spiral contraction :i* soon ensues1 ! t5drils 7 nev] able to rema91 except+ 9 "o in/ance1 9 contact ) a ?ick po/ or a ne>ly flat surface2 if !y _h quickly become atta*$ by means ( ! adhesive lay]1 ?is w\ld evid5tly h be5 ( s]vice to ! plant4 ,! t5drils ( ,bryonia dioica1 ,cucurbita ovif]a1 & ,cucumis sativa are s5sitive & revolve4 ,:e!r ! int]nodes likewise revolve ,i did n obs]ve4 ,9 ,anguria ,w>scewiczii1 ! int]nodes1 ?\gh ?ick & /iff1 revolve3 9 ?is plant ! l[] surface ( ! t5dril1 "s "t aft] clasp+ a /ick1 produces a co>sely cellul> lay] or cu%ion1 :i* adapts itself closely to ! wood1 l t =m$ by ! t5dril ( ! ,hanburya2 b x is n 9 ! lea/ adhesive4 ,9 ,zanonia ,indica1 :i* belongs to a diff]5t tribe ( ! family1 ! =k$ t5drils & ! int]nodes revolve 9 p]iods betwe5 #b hrs4 #h m4 & #c hrs4 #ce m41 mov+ aga9/ ! sun4 ,,vitace4--,9 ?is family & 9 ! two foll[+1 namely1 ! ,sap9dac & ,passiflorace1 ! t5drils are modifi$ fl[]-p$uncles2 & are !re=e axial 9 _! nature4 ,9 ?is respect !y diff] f all ^? previ\sly describ$1 ) ! exception1 p]haps1 ( ! ,cucurbitace4 ,! homological nature1 h[ev]1 ( a t5dril seems to make no diff]5ce 9 its action4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #i4 ,t5dril ( ! ,v9e4 ,a4 ,p$uncle ( t5dril4 ,b4 ,long] ,bran*1 ) a scale at its base4 ,c4 ,%ort] bran*4 ,d4 ,petiole ( ! opposite leaf ,vitis v9if]a4--,! t5dril is ?ick & ( great l5g?2 "o f a v9e gr[+ out ( doors & n vigor\sly1 0 #af in*es long4 ,x consi/s ( a p$uncle 7,a71 be>+ two bran*es :i* div]ge equally f x4 ,"o ( ! bran*es 7,b7 has a scale at its base2 x is always1 z f> z ,i h se51 long] ?an ! o!r & (t5 bifurcates4 ,! bran*es :5 rubb$ become curv$1 & subsequ5tly /raight5 !mselves4 ,aft] a t5dril has clasp$ any object ) its extremity1 x contracts spirally2 b ?is does n occur 7,palm1 p4 #ef7 :5 no object has be5 seiz$4 ,! t5drils move spontane\sly f side to side2 & on a v hot day1 "o made two elliptical revolutions1 at an av]age rate ( #b hrs4 #ae m4 ,dur+ ^! movem5ts a col\r$ l9e1 pa9t$ along ! convex surface1 appe>$ aft] a "t on "o side1 !n on ! concave side1 !n on ! opposite side1 & la/ly aga9 on ! convex side4 ,! two bran*es ( ! same t5dril h indep5d5t movem5ts4 ,aft] a t5dril has spontane\sly revolv$ = a "t1 x b5ds f ! light t[>ds ! d>k3 ,i d n /ate ?is on my own au?ority1 b on t ( ,mohl & ,dutro*et4 ,mohl 7p4 #gg7 says t 9 a v9e plant$ aga9/ a wall ! t5drils po9t t[>ds x1 & 9 a v9ey>d g5]ally m or less to ! nor?4 ,! "y int]nodes revolve spontane\sly2 b ! movem5t is unusually slight4 ,a %oot fac$ a w9d[1 & ,i trac$ its c\rse on ! glass dur+ two p]fectly calm & hot days4 ,on "o ( ^! days x describ$1 9 ! c\rse ( t5 h\rs1 a spire1 repres5t+ two & a half ellipses4 ,i also plac$ a bell-glass ov] a "y ,muscat grape 9 ! hot-h\se1 & x made ea* day ?ree or f\r v small oval revolutions2 ! %oot mov+ less ?an half an in* f side to side4 ,_h x n made at lea/ ?ree revolutions :il/ ! sky 0 uni=mly ov]ca/1 ,i %\ld h attribut$ ?is slight degree ( movem5t to ! v>y+ action ( ! light4 ,! extremity ( ! /em is m or less b5t d[nw>ds1 b x nev] rev]ses its curvature1 z s g5]ally occurs ) tw9+ plants4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,fl[]-/alk ( ! ,v9e4 ,a4 ,common ,p$uncle4 ,b4 ,fl[]-t5dril4 ,c4 ,sub-,p$uncle1 be>+ ! fl[]-buds4 ,d4 ,petiole ( ! opposite leaf ,v>i\s au?ors 7,palm1 p4 #ee2 ,mohl1 p4 #de2 ,l9dley1 c47 believe t ! t5drils ( ! v9e are modifi$ fl[]-p$uncles4 ,i "h give a draw+ 7fig4 #aj7 ( ! ord9>y /ate ( a "y fl[]-/alk3 x consi/s ( ! 8common p$uncle0 7,a72 ( ! 8fl[]-t5dril0 7,b71 :i* is repres5t$ z hav+ caught a twig2 & ( ! 8sub-p$uncle0 7,c7 be>+ ! fl[]-buds4 ,! :ole moves spontane\sly1 l a true t5dril1 b 9 a less degree2 ! movem5t1 h[ev]1 is great] :5 ! sub-p$uncle 7,c7 does n be> _m fl[]-buds4 ,! common p$uncle 7,a7 has n ! p[] ( clasp+ a support1 nor has ! correspond+ "p ( a true t5dril4 ,! fl[]-t5dril 7,b7 is always long] ?an ! sub-p$uncle 7,c7 & has a scale at its base2 x sometimes bifurcates1 & !re=e corresponds 9 e detail ) ! long] scale-be>+ bran* 7,b1 fig4 #i7 ( ! true t5dril4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 incl9$ backw>ds f ! sub-p$uncle 7,c71 or /&s at "r angles ) x1 & is ?us adapt$ to aid 9 c>ry+ ! future bun* ( grapes4 ,:5 rubb$1 x curves & subsequ5tly /raight5s itself2 & x c1 z is %[n 9 ! draw+1 securely clasp a support4 ,i h se5 an object z s(t z a "y v9e-leaf caught by "o4 ,! l[] & nak$ "p ( ! sub-p$uncle 7,c7 is likewise slightly s5sitive to a rub1 & ,i h se5 x b5t r\nd a /ick & ev5 p>tly r\nd a leaf ) :i* x _h come into contact4 ,t ! sub-p$uncle has ! same nature z ! correspond+ bran* ( an ord9>y t5dril1 is well %[n :5 x be>s only a few fl[]s2 = 9 ?is case x becomes less bran*$1 increases 9 l5g?1 & ga9s bo? 9 s5sitiv5ess & 9 ! p[] ( spontane\s movem5t4 ,i h twice se5 sub-p$uncles :i* bore f ?irty to =ty fl[]-buds1 & :i* _h become consid]ably elongat$ & 7 completely w\nd r\nd /icks1 exactly l true t5drils4 ,! :ole l5g? ( ano!r sub-p$uncle1 be>+ only elev5 fl[]-buds1 quickly became curv$ :5 slightly rubb$2 b ev5 ?is scanty numb] ( fl[]s r5d]$ ! /alk less s5sitive ?an ! o!r bran*1 t is1 ! fl[]-t5dril2 = ! latt] aft] a light] rub became curv$ m quickly & 9 a great] degree4 ,i h se5 a sub-p$uncle ?ickly cov]$ ) fl[]-buds1 ) "o ( its high] lat]al bran*lets be>+ f "s cause only two buds2 & ?is "o bran*let _h become mu* elongat$ & _h spontane\sly caught hold ( an adjo9+ twig2 9 fact1 x =m$ a little sub-t5dril4 ,! increas+ l5g? ( ! sub-p$uncle 7,c7 ) ! decreas+ numb] ( ! fl[]-buds is a good in/ance ( ! law ( comp5sation4 ,9 accordance ) ?is same pr9ciple1 ! true t5dril z a :ole is always long] ?an ! fl[]-/alk2 = in/ance1 on ! same plant1 ! longe/ fl[]-/alk 7measur$ f ! base ( ! common p$uncle to ! tip ( ! fl[]-t5dril7 0 #h in*es 9 l5g?1 :il/ ! longe/ t5dril 0 ne>ly d\ble ?is l5g?1 namely #af in*es4 ,! gradations f ! ord9>y /ate ( a fl[]-/alk1 z repres5t$ 9 ! draw+ 7fig4 #aj71 to t ( a true t5dril 7fig4 #i7 are complete4 ,we h se5 t ! sub-p$uncle 7,c71 :il/ /ill be>+ f ?irty to =ty fl[]-buds1 sometimes becomes a little elongat$ & p>tially assumes all ! *>act]s ( ! correspond+ bran* ( a true t5dril4 ,f ?is /ate we c trace e /age till we come to a full-siz$ p]fect t5dril1 be>+ on ! bran* :i* corresponds ) ! sub-p$uncle "o s+le fl[]-bud6 ,h5ce !re c be no d\bt t ! t5dril is a modifi$ fl[]-p$uncle4 ,ano!r k9d ( gradation well des]ves notice4 ,fl[]-t5drils 7,b1 fig4 #aj7 sometimes produce a few fl[]-buds4 ,= in/ance1 on a v9e gr[+ aga9/ my h\se1 !re 7 ?irte5 & tw5ty-two fl[]-buds respectively on two fl[]-t5drils1 :i* /ill reta9$ _! *>act]i/ic qualities ( s5sitiv5ess & spontane\s movem5t1 b 9 a some:at less5$ degree4 ,on v9es 9 ho?\ses1 s _m fl[]s are occasionally produc$ on ! fl[]-t5drils t a d\ble bun* ( grapes is ! result2 & ?is is te*nically call$ by g>d5]s a 8clu/]40 ,9 ?is /ate ! :ole bun* ( fl[]s pres5ts sc>cely any resemblance to a t5dril2 &1 judg+ f ! facts already giv51 x w\ld probably possess little p[] ( clasp+ a support1 or ( spontane\s movem5t4 ,su* fl[]-/alks closely resemble 9 /ructure ^? borne by ,cissus4 ,?is g5us1 belong+ to ! same family ( ! ,vitace1 produces well-develop$ t5drils & ord9>y bun*es ( fl[]s2 b !re are no gradations betwe5 ! two /ates4 ,if ! g5us ,vitis _h be5 unkn[n1 ! bolde/ believ] 9 ! modification ( species w\ld nev] h surmis$ t ! same individual plant1 at ! same p]iod ( gr[?1 w\ld h yield$ e possible gradation betwe5 ord9>y fl[]-/alks = ! support ( ! fl[]s & fruit1 & t5drils us$ exclusively = climb+4 ,b ! v9e cle>ly gives u su* a case2 & x seems to me z /rik+ & curi\s an in/ance ( transition z c well be conceiv$4 ,cissus discolor4--,! "y %oots %[ no m movem5t ?an c be acc\nt$ = by daily v>iations 9 ! action ( ! light4 ,! t5drils1 h[ev]1 revolve ) mu* regul>ity1 foll[+ ! sun2 &1 9 ! plants obs]v$ by me1 swept circles ( ab\t #e in*es 9 diamet]4 ,five circles 7 complet$ 9 ! foll[+ times3--#d hrs4 #de m41 #d hrs4 #ej m41 #d hrs4 #de m41 #d hrs4 #cj m41 & #e hrs4 ,! same t5dril cont9ues to revolve dur+ ?ree or f\r days4 ,! t5drils are f #c to #e in*es 9 l5g?4 ,!y are =m$ ( a long foot-/alk1 be>+ two %ort bran*es1 :i* 9 old plants aga9 bifurcate4 ,! two bran*es are n ( q equal l5g?2 & z ) ! v9e1 ! long] "o has a scale at its base4 ,! t5dril /&s v]tically upw>ds2 ! extremity ( ! %oot be+ b5t abruptly d[nw>ds1 & ?is position is probably ( s]vice to ! plant by all[+ ! t5dril to revolve freely & v]tically4 ,bo? bran*es ( ! t5dril1 :il/ "y1 are highly s5sitive4 ,a t\* ) a p5cil1 s g5tle z only j to move a t5dril borne at ! end ( a long flexible %oot1 suffic$ to cause x to become p]ceptibly curv$ 9 f\r or five m9utes4 ,x became /raight aga9 9 r above "o h\r4 ,a loop ( s(t ?read weigh+ "o-sev5? ( a gra9 7#i4be mg47 0 ?rice tri$1 & ea* "t caus$ ! t5dril to become curv$ 9 #cj or #dj m4 ,half ?is weight produc$ no effect4 ,! long foot-/alk is mu* less s5sitive1 = a slight rubb+ produc$ no effect1 al?\gh prolong$ contact ) a /ick caus$ x to b5d4 ,! two bran*es are s5sitive on all sides1 s t !y conv]ge if t\*$ on _! inn] sides1 & div]ge if t\*$ on _! out] sides4 ,if a bran* be t\*$ at ! same "t ) equal =ce on opposite sides1 bo? sides are equally /imulat$ & !re is no movem5t4 ,be=e exam9+ ?is plant1 ,i _h obs]v$ only t5drils :i* are s5sitive on "o side alone1 & ^! :5 lightly press$ betwe5 ! f+] & ?umb become curv$2 b on ?us p9*+ _m times ! t5drils ( ! ,cissus no curvature ensu$1 & ,i falsely inf]r$ at fir/ t !y 7 n at all s5sitive4 ,cissus ant>cticus4--,! t5drils on a "y plant 7 ?ick & /raight1 ) ! tips a little curv$4 ,:5 _! concave surfaces 7 rubb$1 & x 0 necess>y to d ?is ) "s =ce1 !y v sl[ly became curv$1 & subsequ5tly /raight aga94 ,!y are !re=e mu* less s5sitive ?an ^? ( ! la/ species2 b !y made two revolutions1 foll[+ ! sun1 r m rapidly1 viz41 9 #c hrs4 #cj m4 & #d hrs4 ,! int]nodes d n revolve4 ,ampelopsis h$]acea 7,virg9ian ,creep]74--,! int]nodes app>5tly d n move m ?an c be acc\nt$ = by ! v>y+ action ( ! light4 ,! t5drils are f #d to #e in*es 9 l5g?1 ) ! ma9 /em s5d+ (f sev]al lat]al bran*es1 :i* h _! tips curv$1 z may be se5 9 ! upp] figure 7fig4 #aa74 ,!y exhibit no true spontane\s revolv+ movem5t1 b turn1 z 0 long ago obs]v$ by ,&rew ,knight1 #ade f ! light to ! d>k4 ,i h se5 sev]al t5drils move 9 less ?an #bd h\rs1 ?r\gh an angle ( #ahj to ! d>k side ( a case 9 :i* a plant 0 plac$1 b ! movem5t is sometimes mu* sl[]4 ,! sev]al lat]al bran*es (t5 move indep5d5tly ( "o ano!r1 & sometimes irregul>ly1 )\t any app>5t cause4 ,^! t5drils are less s5sitive to a t\* ?an any o!rs obs]v$ by me4 ,by g5tle b repeat$ rubb+ ) a twig1 ! lat]al bran*es1 b n ! ma9 /em1 became 9 ! c\rse ( ?ree or f\r h\rs slightly curv$2 b !y seem$ to h h>dly any p[] ( aga9 /raight5+ !mselves4 ,! t5drils ( a plant :i* _h crawl$ ov] a l>ge box-tree clasp$ sev]al ( ! bran*es2 b ,i h repeat$ly se5 t !y w )draw !mselves aft] seiz+ a /ick4 ,:5 !y meet ) a flat surface ( wood or a wall 7& ?is is evid5tly :at !y are adapt$ =71 !y turn all _! bran*es t[>ds x1 &1 spread+ !m widely ap>t1 br+ _! hook$ tips lat]ally into contact ) x4 ,9 effect+ ?is1 ! sev]al bran*es1 aft] t\*+ ! surface1 (t5 rise up1 place !mselves 9 a new position1 & aga9 come d[n into contact ) x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ab\t two days aft] a t5dril has arrang$ its bran*es s z to press on any surface1 ! curv$ tips swell1 become bright r$1 & =m on _! "u-sides ! well-kn[n little discs or cu%ions ) :i* !y adh]e firmly4 ,9 "o case ! tips 7 slightly swoll5 9 #ch hrs4 aft] com+ into contact ) a brick2 9 ano!r case !y 7 consid]ably swoll5 9 #dh hrs41 & 9 an additional #bd hrs4 7 firmly atta*$ to a smoo? bo>d2 & la/ly1 ! tips ( a y\ng] t5dril n only swell$ b became atta*$ to a /ucco$ wall 9 #db hrs4 ,^! adhesive discs resemble1 except 9 col\r & 9 be+ l>g]1 ^? ( ,bignonia capreolata4 ,:5 !y 7 develop$ 9 contact ) a ball ( t[1 ! fibres 7 sep>ately envelop$1 b n 9 s effective a mann] z by ,b4 capreolata4 ,discs are nev] develop$1 z f> z ,i h se51 )\t ! /imulus ( at lea/ tempor>y contact ) "s object4 #adf ,!y are g5]ally fir/ =m$ on "o side ( ! curv$ tip1 ! :ole ( :i* (t5 becomes s mu* *ang$ 9 appe>ance1 t a l9e ( ! orig9al gre5 tissue c be trac$ only along ! concave surface4 ,:51 h[ev]1 a t5dril has clasp$ a cyl9drical /ick1 an irregul> rim or disc is sometimes =m$ along ! inn] surface at "s little di/ance f ! curv$ tip2 ?is 0 also obs]v$ 7p4 #ga7 by ,mohl4 ,! discs consi/ ( enl>g$ cells1 ) smoo? project+ hemisph]ical surfaces1 col\r$ r$2 !y are at fir/ gorg$ ) fluid 7see section giv5 by ,mohl1 p4 #gj71 b ultimately become woody4 ,z ! discs soon adh]e firmly to su* smoo? surfaces z plan$ or pa9t$ wood1 or to ! poli%$ leaf ( ! ivy1 ?is alone r5d]s x probable t "s cem5t is secret$1 z has be5 ass]t$ to be ! case 7quot$ by ,mohl1 p4 #ga7 by ,malpighi4 ,i remov$ a numb] ( discs =m$ dur+ ! previ\s ye> f a /ucco$ wall1 & left !m dur+ _m h\rs1 9 w>m wat]1 dilut$ acetic acid & alcohol2 b ! atta*$ gra9s ( silex 7 n loos5$4 ,imm]sion 9 sulphuric e!r = #bd hrs4 loos5$ !m mu*1 b w>m$ ess5tial oils 7,i tri$ oil ( ?yme & pepp]m9t7 completely releas$ e p>ticle ( /one 9 ! c\rse ( a few h\rs4 ,?is seems to prove t "s res9\s cem5t is secret$4 ,! quantity1 h[ev]1 mu/ be small2 = :5 a plant asc5d$ a ?9ly :itewa%$ wall1 ! discs adh]$ firmly to ! :itewa%2 b z ! cem5t nev] p5etrat$ ! ?9 lay]1 !y 7 easily )drawn1 toge!r ) little scales ( ! :itewa%4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! atta*m5t is effect$ exclusively by ! cem5t2 = ! cellul> outgr[? completely envelopes e m9ute & irregul> projection1 & ins9uates itself into e crevice4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,ampelopsis h$]acea4 ,a4 ,t5dril fully develop$1 ) a "y leaf on ! opposite side ( ! /em4 ,b4 ,old] t5dril1 sev]al weeks aft] its atta*m5t to a wall1 ) ! bran*es ?ick5$ & spirally contract$1 & ) ! extremities develop$ into discs4 ,! unatta*$ bran*es ( ?is t5dril h )]$ & dropp$ (f ,a t5dril :i* has n become atta*$ to any body1 does n contract spirally2 & 9 c\rse ( a week or two %r9ks into ! f9e/ ?read1 )]s & drops (f4 ,an atta*$ t5dril1 on ! o!r h&1 contracts spirally1 & ?us becomes highly ela/ic1 s t :5 ! ma9 foot-/alk is pull$ ! /ra9 is di/ribut$ equally betwe5 all ! atta*$ discs4 ,= a few days aft] ! atta*m5t ( ! discs1 ! t5dril rema9s weak & brittle1 b x rapidly increases 9 ?ickness & acquires great /r5g?4 ,dur+ ! foll[+ w9t] x ceases to live1 b adh]es firmly 9 a dead /ate bo? to its own /em & to ! surface ( atta*m5t4 ,9 ! accompany+ diagram 7fig4 #aa47 we see ! diff]5ce betwe5 a t5dril 7,b7 "s weeks aft] its atta*m5t to a wall1 ) "o 7,a7 f ! same plant fully gr[n b unatta*$4 ,t ! *ange 9 ! nature ( ! tissues1 z well z ! spiral contraction1 are consequ5t on ! =mation ( ! discs1 is well %[n by any lat]al bran*es :i* h n become atta*$2 = ^! 9 a week or two )] & drop (f1 9 ! same mann] z does ! :ole t5dril if unatta*$4 ,! ga9 9 /r5g? & durability 9 a t5dril aft] its atta*m5t is some?+ wond]ful4 ,!re are t5drils n[ adh]+ to my h\se :i* are /ill /rong1 & h be5 expos$ to ! wea!r 9 a dead /ate = f\rte5 or fifte5 ye>s4 ,"o s+le lat]al bran*let ( a t5dril1 e/imat$ to be at lea/ t5 ye>s old1 0 /ill ela/ic & support$ a weight ( exactly two p\nds4 ,! :ole t5dril _h five disc-be>+ bran*es ( equal ?ickness & app>5tly ( equal /r5g?2 s t aft] hav+ be5 expos$ dur+ t5 ye>s to ! wea!r1 x w\ld probably h resi/$ a /ra9 ( t5 p\nds6 ,,sap9dace4--,c>diosp]mum halicacabum4--,9 ?is family1 z 9 ! la/1 ! t5drils are modifi$ fl[]-p$uncles4 ,9 ! pres5t plant ! two lat]al bran*es ( ! ma9 fl[]-p$uncle h be5 conv]t$ into a pair ( t5drils1 correspond+ ) ! s+le 8fl[]-t5dril0 ( ! common v9e4 ,! ma9 p$uncle is ?91 /iff1 & f #c to #d in*es 9 l5g?4 ,ne> ! summit1 above two little bracts1 x divides into ?ree bran*es4 ,! middle "o divides & re-divides1 & be>s ! fl[]s2 ultimately x gr[s half z long aga9 z ! two o!r modifi$ bran*es4 ,^! latt] are ! t5drils2 !y are at fir/ ?ick] & long] ?an ! middle bran*1 b nev] become m ?an an in* 9 l5g?4 ,!y tap] to a po9t & are flatt5$1 ) ! l[] clasp+ surface de/itute ( hairs4 ,at fir/ !y project /raight up2 b soon div]g+1 spontane\sly curl d[nw>ds s z to become symmetrically & elegantly hook$1 z repres5t$ 9 ! diagram4 ,!y are n[1 :il/ ! fl[]-buds are /ill small1 ready = action4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,c>diosp]mum halicacabum4 ,upp] "p ( ! fl[]-p$uncle ) its two t5drils ,! two or ?ree upp] int]nodes1 :il/ "y1 /eadily revolve2 ^? on "o plant made two circles1 aga9/ ! c\rse ( ! sun1 9 #c hrs4 #ab m42 9 a second plant ! same c\rse 0 foll[$1 & ! two circles 7 complet$ 9 #c hrs4 #da m42 9 a ?ird plant1 ! int]nodes foll[$ ! sun & made two circles 9 #c hrs4 #dg m4 ,! av]age rate ( ^! six revolutions 0 #a hr4 #df m4 ,! /em %[s no t5d5cy to tw9e spirally r\nd a support2 b ! alli$ t5dril-be>+ g5us ,paull9ia is said 7,mohl1 p4 #d7 to be a tw9]4 ,! fl[]-p$uncles1 :i* /& up above ! end ( ! %oot1 are c>ri$ r\nd & r\nd by ! revolv+ movem5t ( ! int]nodes2 & :5 ! /em is securely ti$1 ! long & ?9 fl[]-p$uncles !mselves are se5 to be 9 cont9u$ & sometimes rapid movem5t f side to side4 ,!y sweep a wide space1 b only occasionally revolve 9 a regul> elliptical c\rse4 ,by ! comb9$ movem5ts ( ! int]nodes & p$uncles1 "o ( ! two %ort hook$ t5drils1 soon] or lat]1 cat*es hold ( "s twig or bran*1 & !n x curls r\nd & securely grasps x4 ,^! t5drils are1 h[ev]1 b slightly s5sitive2 = by rubb+ _! "u surface only a slight movem5t is sl[ly produc$4 ,i hook$ a t5dril on to a twig2 & 9 #a hr4 #de m4 x 0 curv$ consid]ably inw>ds2 9 #b hrs4 #cj m4 x =m$ a r+2 & 9 f #e to #f h\rs f be+ fir/ hook$1 x closely grasp$ ! /ick4 ,a second t5dril act$ at ne>ly ! same rate2 b ,i obs]v$ "o t took #bd h\rs be=e x curl$ twice r\nd a ?9 twig4 ,t5drils :i* h caught no?+1 spontane\sly curl up to a close helix aft] ! int]val ( sev]al days4 ,^? :i* h curl$ r\nd "s object1 soon become a little ?ick] & t\gh]4 ,! long & ?9 ma9 p$uncle1 ?\gh spontane\sly mov+1 is n s5sitive & nev] clasps a support4 ,nor does x ev] contract spirally1 #aeb al?\gh a contraction ( ?is k9d app>5tly w\ld h be5 ( s]vice to ! plant 9 climb+4 ,nev]!less x climbs pretty well )\t ?is aid4 ,! se$-capsules ?\gh light1 are ( enorm\s size 7h5ce its ,engli% "n ( balloon-v9e71 & z two or ?ree are c>ri$ on ! same p$uncle1 ! t5drils ris+ close to !m may be ( s]vice 9 prev5t+ _! be+ da%$ to pieces by ! w9d4 ,9 ! ho?\se ! t5drils s]v$ simply = climb+4 ,! position ( ! t5drils alone suffices to %[ _! homological nature4 ,9 two in/ances "o ( two t5drils produc$ a fl[] at its tip2 ?is1 h[ev]1 did n prev5t its act+ prop]ly & curl+ r\nd a twig4 ,9 a ?ird case bo? lat]al bran*es :i* ought to h be5 modifi$ into t5drils1 produc$ fl[]s l ! c5tral bran*1 & _h q lo/ _! t5dril-/ructure4 ,i h se51 b 0 n enabl$ c>efully to obs]ve1 only "o o!r climb+ ,sap9dace\s plant1 namely1 ,paull9ia4 ,x 0 n 9 fl[]1 yet bore long =k$ t5drils4 ,s t1 ,paull9ia1 ) respect to its t5drils1 appe>s to be> ! same relation to ,c>diosp]mum t ,cissus does to ,vitis4 ,,passiflorace4--,aft] read+ ! discussion & facts giv5 by ,mohl 7p4 #dg7 on ! nature ( ! t5drils 9 ?is family1 no "o c d\bt t !y are modifi$ fl[]-p$uncles4 ,! t5drils & ! fl[]-p$uncles rise close side by side2 & my son1 ,william ,e4 ,d>w91 made sket*es = me ( _! e>lie/ /ate ( developm5t 9 ! hybrid ,p4 floribunda4 ,! two organs appe> at fir/ z a s+le papilla :i* gradually divides2 s t ! t5dril appe>s to be a modifi$ bran* ( ! fl[]-p$uncle4 ,my son f\nd "o v "y t5dril surm\nt$ by traces ( floral organs1 exactly l ^? on ! summit ( ! true fl[]-p$uncle at ! same e>ly age4 ,passiflora gracilis4--,?is well-nam$1 elegant1 annual species diff]s f ! o!r memb]s ( ! gr\p obs]v$ by me1 9 ! "y int]nodes hav+ ! p[] ( revolv+4 ,x exce$s all ! o!r climb+ plants :i* ,i h exam9$1 9 ! rapidity ( its movem5ts1 & all t5dril-be>]s 9 ! s5sitiv5ess ( ! t5drils4 ,! int]node :i* c>ries ! upp] active t5dril & :i* likewise c>ries "o or two y\ng] immature int]nodes1 made ?ree revolutions1 foll[+ ! sun1 at an av]age rate ( #a hr4 #d m42 x !n made1 ! day becom+ v hot1 ?ree o!r revolutions at an av]age rate ( betwe5 #eg & #eh m42 s t ! av]age ( all six revolutions 0 #a hr4 #a m4 ,! apex ( ! t5dril describes elongat$ ellipses1 sometimes n>r[ & sometimes broad1 ) _! long] axes incl9$ 9 slightly diff]5t directions4 ,! plant c asc5d a ?9 upright /ick by ! aid ( its t5drils2 b ! /em is too /iff = x to tw9e spirally r\nd x1 ev5 :5 n int]f]$ ) by ! t5drils1 ^! hav+ be5 successively p9*$ (f at an e>ly age4 ,:5 ! /em is secur$1 ! t5drils are se5 to revolve 9 ne>ly ! same mann] & at ! same rate z ! int]nodes4 #aed ,! t5drils are v ?91 delicate1 & /raight1 ) ! exception ( ! tips1 :i* are a little curv$2 !y are f #g to #i in*es 9 l5g?4 ,a half-gr[n t5dril is n s5sitive2 b :5 ne>ly full-gr[n !y are extremely s5sitive4 ,a s+le delicate t\* on ! concave surface ( ! tip soon caus$ "o to curve2 & 9 #b m9utes x =m$ an op5 helix4 ,a loop ( s(t ?read weigh+ "o ?irty-second ( a gra9 7#b4jb mg47 plac$ mo/ g5tly on ! tip1 ?rice caus$ di/9ct curvature4 ,a b5t bit ( ?9 plat9a wire weigh+ only fiftie? ( a gra9 7#a4bc mg47 twice produc$ ! same effect2 b ?is latt] weight1 :5 left susp5d$1 did n suffice to cause a p]man5t curvature4 ,^! trials 7 made "u a bell-glass1 s t ! loops ( ?read & wire 7 n agitat$ by ! w9d4 ,! movem5t aft] a t\* is v rapid3 ,i took hold ( ! l[] "p ( sev]al t5drils1 & !n t\*$ _! concave tips ) a ?9 twig & wat*$ !m c>efully ?r\gh a l5s2 ! tips evid5tly began to b5d aft] ! foll[+ int]vals--#ca1 #be1 #cb1 #ca1 #bh1 #ci1 #ca1 & #cj seconds2 s t ! movem5t 0 g5]ally p]ceptible 9 half a m9ute aft] a t\*2 b on "o occasion x 0 di/9ctly visible 9 #be seconds4 ,"o ( ! t5drils :i* ?us became b5t 9 #ca seconds1 _h be5 t\*$ two h\rs previ\sly & _h coil$ into a helix2 s t 9 ?is int]val x _h /raight5$ itself & _h p]fectly recov]$ its irritability4 ,to asc]ta9 h[ (t5 ! same t5dril w\ld become curv$ :5 t\*$1 ,i kept a plant 9 my /udy1 :i* f be+ cool] ?an ! hot-h\se 0 n v fav\rable = ! exp]im5t4 ,! extremity 0 g5tly rubb$ f\r or five times ) a ?9 /ick1 & ?is 0 done z (t5 z x 0 obs]v$ to h become ne>ly /raight aga9 aft] hav+ be5 9 action2 & 9 ! c\rse ( #ed hrs4 x answ]$ to ! /imulus #ba times1 becom+ ea* "t hook$ or spiral4 ,on ! la/ occasion1 h[ev]1 ! movem5t 0 v slight1 & soon aft]w>ds p]man5t spiral contraction comm5c$4 ,no trials 7 made dur+ ! night1 s t ! t5dril w\ld p]haps h answ]$ a great] numb] ( times to ! /imulus2 ?\gh1 on ! o!r h&1 f hav+ no re/ x might h become exhau/$ f s _m quickly repeat$ ef=ts4 ,i repeat$ ! exp]im5t made on ! ,e*9ocy/is1 & plac$ sev]al plants ( ?is ,passiflora s close toge!r1 t _! t5drils 7 repeat$ly dragg$ ov] ea* o!r2 b no curvature ensu$4 ,i likewise repeat$ly flirt$ small drops ( wat] f a bru% on _m t5drils1 & syr+$ o!rs s viol5tly t ! :ole t5dril 0 da%$ ab\t1 b !y nev] became curv$4 ,! impact f ! drops ( wat] 0 felt f> m di/9ctly on my h& ?an t f ! loops ( ?read 7weigh+ "o ?irty-second ( a gra97 :5 all[$ to fall on x f a height1 & ^! loops1 :i* caus$ ! t5drils to become curv$1 _h be5 plac$ mo/ g5tly on !m4 ,h5ce x is cle>1 t ! t5drils ei!r h become habituat$ to ! t\* ( o!r t5drils & drops ( ra91 or t !y 7 f ! fir/ r5d]$ s5sitive only to prolong$ ?\gh excessively slight pressure ( solid objects1 ) ! exclusion ( t f o!r t5drils4 ,to %[ ! diff]5ce 9 ! k9d ( s5sitiv5ess 9 diff]5t plants & likewise to %[ ! =ce ( ! syr+e us$1 ,i may add t ! lighte/ jet f x in/antly caus$ ! leaves ( a ,mimosa to close2 :]eas ! loop ( ?read weigh+ "o ?irty-second ( a gra91 :5 roll$ into a ball & plac$ g5tly on ! gl&s at ! bases ( ! leaflets ( ! ,mimosa1 caus$ no action4 ,passiflora punctata4--,! int]nodes d n move1 b ! t5drils revolve regul>ly4 ,a half-gr[n & v s5sitive t5dril made ?ree revolutions1 oppos$ to ! c\rse ( ! sun1 9 #c hrs4 #e m41 #b hrs4 #dj m4 & #b hrs4 #ej m42 p]haps x might h travell$ m quickly :5 ne>ly full-gr[n4 ,a plant 0 plac$ 9 front ( a w9d[1 &1 z ) tw9+ /ems1 ! light accel]at$ ! movem5t ( ! t5dril 9 "o direction & ret>d$ x 9 ! o!r2 ! semicircle t[>ds ! light be+ p]=m$ 9 "o in/ance 9 #ae m4 less "t & 9 a second in/ance 9 #bj m4 less "t ?an t requir$ by ! semicircle t[>ds ! d>k end ( ! room4 ,consid]+ ! extreme t5uity ( ^! t5drils1 ! action ( ! light on !m is rem>kable4 ,! t5drils are long1 &1 z j /at$1 v ?91 ) ! tip slightly curv$ or hook$4 ,! concave side is extremely s5sitive to a t\*--ev5 a s+le t\* caus+ x to curl inw>ds2 x subsequ5tly /raight5$ itself1 & 0 aga9 ready to act4 ,a loop ( s(t ?read weigh+ "o f\rte5? ( a gra9 7#d4fbe mg47 caus$ ! extreme tip to b5d2 ano!r "t ,i tri$ to hang ! same little loop on an incl9$ t5dril1 b ?ree times x slid (f2 yet ?is extraord9>ily slight degree ( friction suffic$ to make ! tip curl4 ,! t5dril1 ?\gh s s5sitive1 does n move v quickly aft] a t\*1 no conspicu\s movem5t be+ obs]vable until #e or #aj m4 _h elaps$4 ,! convex side ( ! tip is n s5sitive to a t\* or to a susp5d$ loop ( ?read4 ,on "o occasion ,i obs]v$ a t5dril revolv+ ) ! convex side ( ! tip =w>ds1 & 9 consequ5ce x 0 n able to clasp a /ick1 aga9/ :i* x scrap$2 :]eas t5drils revolv+ ) ! concave side =w>d1 promptly seize any object 9 _! pa?4 ,passiflora quadrangul>is4--,?is is a v di/9ct species4 ,! t5drils are ?ick1 long1 & /iff2 !y are s5sitive to a t\* only on ! concave surface t[>ds ! extremity4 ,:5 a /ick 0 plac$ s t ! middle ( ! t5dril came into contact ) x1 no curvature ensu$4 ,9 ! ho?\se a t5dril made two revolutions1 ea* 9 #b hrs4 #bb m42 9 a cool room "o 0 complet$ 9 #c hrs41 & a second 9 #d hrs4 ,! int]nodes d n revolve2 nor d ^? ( ! hybrid ,p4 floribunda4 ,tacsonia manicata4--,"h aga9 ! int]nodes d n revolve4 ,! t5drils are mod]ately ?9 & long2 "o made a n>r[ ellipse 9 #e hrs4 #bj m41 & ! next day a broad ellipse 9 #e hrs4 #g m4 ,! extremity be+ lightly rubb$ on ! concave surface1 became j p]ceptibly curv$ 9 #g m41 di/9ctly 9 #aj m41 & hook$ 9 #bj m4 ,we h se5 t ! t5drils 9 ! la/ ?ree families1 namely1 ! ,vitace1 ,sap9dace & ,passiflorace1 are modifi$ fl[]-p$uncles4 ,?is is likewise ! case1 accord+ to ,de ,c&olle 7z quot$ by ,mohl71 ) ! t5drils ( ,brunni*ia1 "o ( ! ,polygonace4 ,9 two or ?ree species ( ,modecca1 "o ( ! ,papayace1 ! t5drils1 z ,i he> f ,pr(4 ,oliv]1 occasionally be> fl[]s & fruit2 s t !y are axial 9 _! nature4 ,! ,spiral ,contraction ( ,t5drils4 ,?is movem5t1 :i* %ort5s ! t5drils & r5d]s !m ela/ic1 comm5ces 9 half a day1 or 9 a day or two aft] _! extremities h caught "s object4 ,!re is no su* movem5t 9 any leaf-climb]1 ) ! exception ( an occasional trace ( x 9 ! petioles ( ,tropolum tricolorum4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! t5drils ( all t5dril-be>+ plants1 contract spirally aft] !y h caught an object ) ! foll[+ exceptions4 ,fir/ly1 ,corydalis claviculata1 b !n ?is plant might be call$ a leaf-climb]4 ,secondly & ?irdly1 ,bignonia unguis ) its close allies1 & ,c>diosp]mum2 b _! t5drils are s %ort t _! contraction c\ld h>dly occur1 & w\ld be q sup]flu\s4 ,f\r?ly1 ,smila asp]a (f]s a m m>k$ exception1 z its t5drils are mod]ately long4 ,! t5drils ( ,dic5tra1 :il/ ! plant is "y1 are %ort & aft] atta*m5t only become slightly flexu\s2 9 old] plants !y are long] & !n !y contract spirally4 ,i h se5 no o!r exceptions to ! rule t t5drils1 aft] clasp+ ) _! extremities a support1 und]go spiral contraction4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! t5dril ( a plant ( :i* ! /em is immovably fix$1 cat*es "s fix$ object1 x does n contract1 simply because x _c2 ?is1 h[ev]1 r>ely occurs4 ,9 ! common ,pea ! lat]al bran*es alone contract1 & n ! c5tral /em2 & ) mo/ plants1 su* z ! ,v9e1 ,passiflora1 ,bryony1 ! basal portion nev] =ms a spire4 ,i h said t 9 ,corydalis claviculata ! end ( ! leaf or t5dril 7= ?is "p may be indiff]5tly s call$7 does n contract into a spire4 ,! bran*lets1 h[ev]1 aft] !y h w\nd r\nd ?9 twigs1 become deeply s9u\s or zigzag4 ,moreov] ! :ole end ( ! petiole or t5dril1 if x seizes no?+1 b5ds aft] a "t abruptly d[nw>ds & inw>ds1 %[+ t its out] surface has gone on gr[+ aft] ! inn] surface has ceas$ to gr[4 ,t gr[? is ! *ief cause ( ! spiral contraction ( t5drils may be safely admitt$1 z %[n by ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,h4 de ,vries4 ,i w1 h[ev]1 add "o little fact 9 support ( ?is conclusion4 ,if ! %ort1 ne>ly /raight portion ( an atta*$ t5dril ( ,passiflora gracilis1 7&1 z ,i believe1 ( o!r t5drils17 betwe5 ! oppos$ spires1 be exam9$1 x w be f\nd to be transv]sely wr9kl$ 9 a conspicu\s mann] on ! outside2 & ?is w\ld naturally foll[ if ! out] side _h gr[n m ?an ! inn] side1 ?is "p be+ at ! same "t =cibly prev5t$ f becom+ curv$4 ,s aga9 ! :ole out] surface ( a spirally w\nd t5dril becomes wr9kl$ if x be pull$ /raight4 ,nev]!less1 z ! contraction travels f ! extremity ( a t5dril1 aft] x has be5 /imulat$ by contact ) a support1 d[n to ! base1 ,i _c avoid d\bt+1 f reasons pres5tly to be giv51 :e!r ! :ole effect ought to be attribut$ to gr[?4 ,an unatta*$ t5dril rolls itself up into a flat helix1 z 9 ! case ( ,c>diosp]mum1 if ! contraction comm5ces at ! extremity & is q regul>2 b if ! cont9u$ gr[? ( ! out] surface is a little lat]al1 or if ! process beg9s ne> ! base1 ! t]m9al portion _c be roll$ up )9 ! basal portion1 & ! t5dril !n =ms a m or less op5 spire4 ,a simil> result foll[s if ! extremity has caught "s object1 & is ?us held fa/4 ,! t5drils ( _m k9ds ( plants1 if !y cat* no?+1 contract aft] an int]val ( sev]al days or weeks into a spire2 b 9 ^! cases ! movem5t takes place aft] ! t5dril has lo/ its revolv+ p[] & hangs d[n2 x has also !n p>tly or :olly lo/ its s5sibility2 s t ?is movem5t c be ( no use4 ,! spiral contraction ( unatta*$ t5drils is a mu* sl[] process ?an t ( atta*$ ones4 ,"y t5drils :i* h caught a support & are spirally contract$1 may con/antly be se5 on ! same /em ) ! mu* old] unatta*$ & uncontract$ t5drils4 ,9 ! ,e*9ocy/is ,i h se5 a t5dril ) ! two lat]al bran*es encircl+ twigs & contract$ into beautiful spires1 :il/ ! ma9 bran* :i* _h caught no?+ rema9$ = _m days /raight4 ,9 ?is plant ,i once obs]v$ a ma9 bran* aft] x _h caught a /ick become spirally flexu\s 9 #g hrs41 & spirally contract$ 9 #ah hrs4 ,g5]ally ! t5drils ( ! ,e*9ocy/is beg9 to contract 9 f #ab hrs4 to #bd hrs4 aft] cat*+ "s object2 :il/ unatta*$ t5drils d n beg9 to contract until two or ?ree or ev5 m days aft] all revolv+ movem5t has ceas$4 ,a full-gr[n t5dril ( ,passiflora quadrangul>is :i* _h caught a /ick began 9 #h hrs4 to contract1 & 9 #bd hrs4 =m$ sev]al spires2 a y\ng] t5dril1 only two-?irds gr[n1 %[$ ! fir/ trace ( contraction 9 two days aft] clasp+ a /ick1 & 9 two m days =m$ sev]al spires4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t ! contraction does n beg9 until ! t5dril is gr[n to ne>ly its full l5g?4 ,ano!r "y t5dril ( ab\t ! same age & l5g? z ! la/ did n cat* any object2 x acquir$ its full l5g? 9 f\r days2 9 six additional days x fir/ became flexu\s1 & 9 two m days =m$ "o complete spire4 ,?is fir/ spire 0 =m$ t[>ds ! basal end1 & ! contraction /eadily b sl[ly progress$ t[>ds ! apex2 b ! :ole 0 n closely w\nd up into a spire until #ba days _h elaps$ f ! fir/ obs]vation1 t is1 until #ag days aft] ! t5dril _h gr[n to its full l5g?4 ,! spiral contraction ( t5drils is q indep5d5t ( _! p[] ( spontane\sly revolv+1 = x occurs 9 t5drils1 su* z ^? ( ,la?yrus gr&iflorus & ,ampelopsis h$]acea1 :i* d n revolve4 ,x is n necess>ily relat$ to ! curl+ ( ! tips r\nd a support1 z we see ) ! ,ampelopsis & ,bignonia capreolata1 9 :i* ! developm5t ( adh]5t discs suffices to cause spiral contraction4 ,yet 9 "s cases ?is contraction seems connect$ ) ! curl+ or clasp+ movem5t1 due to contact ) a support2 = n only does x soon foll[ ?is act1 b ! contraction g5]ally beg9s close to ! curl$ extremity1 & travels d[nw>ds to ! base4 ,if1 h[ev]1 a t5dril be v slack1 ! :ole l5g? almo/ simultane\sly becomes at fir/ flexu\s & !n spiral4 ,aga91 ! t5drils ( "s few plants nev] contract spirally unless !y h fir/ seiz$ hold ( "s object2 if !y cat* no?+ !y hang d[n1 rema9+ /raight1 until !y )] & drop (f3 ?is is ! case ) ! t5drils ( ,bignonia1 :i* consi/ ( modifi$ leaves1 & ) ^? ( ?ree g5]a ( ! ,vitace1 :i* are modifi$ fl[]-p$uncles4 ,b 9 ! great majority ( cases1 t5drils :i* h nev] come 9 contact ) any object1 aft] a "t contract spirally4 ,all ^! facts tak5 toge!r1 %[ t ! act ( clasp+ a support & ! spiral contraction ( ! :ole l5g? ( ! t5dril1 are ph5om5a n necess>ily connect$4 ,! spiral contraction :i* ensues aft] a t5dril has caught a support is ( high s]vice to ! plant2 h5ce its almo/ univ]sal occurr5ce ) species belong+ to widely diff]5t ord]s4 ,:5 a %oot is incl9$ & its t5dril has caught an object above1 ! spiral contraction drags up ! %oot4 ,:5 ! %oot is upright1 ! gr[? ( ! /em1 aft] ! t5drils h seiz$ "s object above1 w\ld leave x slack1 7 x n = ! spiral contraction :i* draws up ! /em z x increases 9 l5g?4 ,?us !re is no wa/e ( gr[?1 & ! /ret*$ /em asc5ds by ! %orte/ c\rse4 ,:5 a t]m9al bran*let ( ! t5dril ( ,coba cat*es a /ick1 we h se5 h[ well ! spiral contraction successively br+s ! o!r bran*lets1 "o aft] ! o!r1 into contact ) ! /ick1 until ! :ole t5dril grasps x 9 an inextricable knot4 ,:5 a t5dril has caught a yield+ object1 ?is is sometimes envelop$ & /ill fur!r secur$ by ! spiral folds1 z ,i h se5 ) ,passiflora quadrangul>is2 b ?is action is ( little importance4 ,a f> m important s]vice r5d]$ by ! spiral contraction ( ! t5drils is t !y are ?us made highly ela/ic4 ,z be=e rem>k$ "u ,ampelopsis1 ! /ra9 is ?us di/ribut$ equally betwe5 ! sev]al atta*$ bran*es2 & ?is r5d]s ! :ole f> /rong] ?an x o!rwise w\ld be1 z ! bran*es _c break sep>ately4 ,x is ?is ela/icity :i* protects bo? bran*$ & simple t5drils f be+ torn away f _! supports dur+ /ormy wea!r4 ,i h m ?an once gone on purpose dur+ a gale to wat* a ,bryony gr[+ 9 an expos$ h$ge1 ) its t5drils atta*$ to ! surr\nd+ bu%es2 & z ! ?ick & ?9 bran*es 7 toss$ to & fro by ! w9d1 ! t5drils1 _h !y n be5 excessively ela/ic1 w\ld in/antly h be5 torn (f & ! plant ?r[n pro/rate4 ,b z x 01 ! ,bryony safely rode out ! gale1 l a %ip ) two an*ors d[n1 & ) a long range ( cable ahead to s]ve z a spr+ z %e surges to ! /orm4 ,:5 an unatta*$ t5dril contracts spirally1 ! spire always runs 9 ! same direction f tip to base4 ,a t5dril1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* has caught a support by its extremity1 al?\gh ! same side is concave f end to end1 inv>iably becomes twi/$ 9 "o "p 9 "o direction1 & 9 ano!r "p 9 ! opposite direction2 ! oppositely turn$ spires be+ sep>at$ by a %ort /raight portion4 ,?is curi\s & symmetrical /ructure has be5 notic$ by sev]al botani/s1 b has n be5 suffici5tly expla9$4 #afe ,x occurs )\t exception ) all t5drils :i* aft] cat*+ an object contract spirally1 b is ( c\rse mo/ conspicu\s 9 ! long] t5drils4 ,x nev] occurs ) uncaught t5drils2 & :5 ?is appe>s to h occurr$1 x w be f\nd t ! t5dril _h orig9ally seiz$ "s object & _h aft]w>ds be5 torn free4 ,commonly1 all ! spires at "o end ( an atta*$ t5dril run 9 "o direction1 & all ^? at ! o!r end 9 ! opposite direction1 ) a s+le %ort /raight portion 9 ! middle2 b ,i h se5 a t5dril ) ! spires alt]nately turn+ five times 9 opposite directions1 ) /raight pieces betwe5 !m2 & ,m4 ,lon has se5 sev5 or eight su* alt]nations4 ,:e!r ! spires turn once or m ?an once 9 opposite directions1 !re are z _m turns 9 ! "o direction z 9 ! o!r4 ,= in/ance1 ,i ga!r$ t5 atta*$ t5drils ( ! ,bryony1 ! longe/ ) #cc1 & ! %orte/ ) only #h spiral turns2 & ! numb] ( turns 9 ! "o direction 0 9 e case ! same 7)9 "o7 z 9 ! opposite direction4 ,picture3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,a caught t5dril ( ,bryonia dioica1 spirally contract$ 9 res]v$ directions ,! explanation ( ?is curi\s little fact is n difficult4 ,i w n attempt any geometrical reason+1 b w give only a practical illu/ration4 ,9 do+ ?is1 ,i %all fir/ h to allude to a po9t :i* 0 almo/ pass$ ov] :5 treat+ ( ,tw9+-plants4 ,if we hold 9 our left h& a bundle ( p>allel /r+s1 we c ) our "r h& turn ^! r\nd & r\nd1 ?us imitat+ ! revolv+ movem5t ( a tw9+ plant1 & ! /r+s d n become twi/$4 ,b if we hold at ! same "t a /ick 9 our left h&1 9 su* a position t ! /r+s become spirally turn$ r\nd x1 !y w inevitably become twi/$4 ,h5ce a /raight col\r$ l9e1 pa9t$ along ! int]nodes ( a tw9+ plant be=e x has w\nd r\nd a support1 becomes twi/$ or spiral aft] x has w\nd r\nd4 ,i pa9t$ a r$ l9e on ! /raight int]nodes ( a ,humulus1 ,mikania1 ,c]opegia1 ,convolvulus1 & ,phaseolus1 & saw x become twi/$ z ! plant w\nd r\nd a /ick4 ,x is possible t ! /ems ( "s plants by spontane\sly turn+ on _! own axes1 at ! prop] rate & 9 ! prop] direction1 might avoid becom+ twi/$2 b ,i h se5 no su* case4 ,9 ! above illu/ration1 ! p>allel /r+s 7 w\nd r\nd a /ick2 b ?is is by no means necess>y1 = if w\nd into a holl[ coil 7z c be done ) a n>r[ slip ( ela/ic pap]7 !re is ! same inevitable twi/+ ( ! axis4 ,:51 !re=e1 a free t5dril coils itself into a spire1 x mu/ ei!r become twi/$ along its :ole l5g? 7& ?is nev] occurs71 or ! free extremity mu/ turn r\nd z _m times z !re are spires =m$4 ,x 0 h>dly necess>y to obs]ve ?is fact2 b ,i did s by affix+ little pap] vanes to ! extreme po9ts ( ! t5drils ( ,e*9ocy/is & ,passiflora quadrangul>is2 & z ! t5dril contract$ itself into successive spires1 ! vane sl[ly revolv$4 ,we c n[ und]/& ! mean+ ( ! spires be+ inv>iably turn$ 9 opposite directions1 9 t5drils :i* f hav+ caught "s object are fix$ at bo? ends4 ,let u suppose a caught t5dril to make ?irty spiral turns all 9 ! same direction2 ! inevitable result w\ld be t x w\ld become twi/$ ?irty times on its own axis4 ,?is twi/+ w\ld n only require consid]able =ce1 b1 z ,i "k by trial1 w\ld bur/ ! t5dril be=e ! ?irty turns 7 complet$4 ,su* cases nev] really occur2 =1 z already /at$1 :5 a t5dril has caught a support & is spirally contract$1 !re are always z _m turns 9 "o direction z 9 ! o!r2 s t ! twi/+ ( ! axis 9 ! "o direction is exactly comp5sat$ by ! twi/+ 9 ! opposite direction4 ,we c fur!r see h[ ! t5d5cy is giv5 to make ! lat] =m$ coils opposite to ^?1 :e!r turn$ to ! "r or to ! left1 :i* are fir/ made4 ,take a piece ( /r+1 & let x hang d[n ) ! l[] end fix$ to ! floor2 !n w9d ! upp] end 7hold+ ! /r+ q loosely7 spirally r\nd a p]p5dicul> p5cil1 & ?is w twi/ ! l[] "p ( ! /r+2 & aft] x has be5 suffici5tly twi/$1 x w be se5 to curve itself into an op5 spire1 ) ! curves runn+ 9 an opposite direction to ^? r\nd ! p5cil1 & consequ5tly ) a /raight piece ( /r+ betwe5 ! oppos$ spires4 ,9 %ort1 we h giv5 to ! /r+ ! regul> spiral arrangem5t ( a t5dril caught at bo? ends4 ,! spiral contraction g5]ally beg9s at ! extremity :i* has clasp$ a support2 & ^! fir/-=m$ spires give a twi/ to ! axis ( ! t5dril1 :i* necess>ily incl9es ! basal "p into an opposite spiral curvature4 ,i _c resi/ giv+ "o o!r illu/ration1 ?\gh sup]flu\s3 :5 a hab]da%] w9ds up ribbon = a cu/om]1 he does n w9d x into a s+le coil2 =1 if he did1 ! ribbon w\ld twi/ itself z _m times z !re 7 coils2 b he w9ds x into a figure ( eight on 8 ?umb & little f+]1 s t he alt]nately takes turns 9 opposite directions1 & ?us ! ribbon is n twi/$4 ,s x is ) t5drils1 ) ?is sole diff]5ce1 t !y take sev]al consecutive turns 9 "o direction & !n ! same numb] 9 an opposite direction2 b 9 bo? cases ! self-twi/+ is avoid$4 ,summ>y on ! ,nature & ,action ( ,t5drils4 ,) ! majority ( t5dril-be>+ plants ! "y int]nodes revolve 9 m or less broad ellipses1 l ^? made by tw9+ plants2 b ! figures describ$1 :5 c>efully trac$1 g5]ally =m irregul> ellipsoidal spires4 ,! rate ( revolution v>ies f "o to five h\rs 9 diff]5t species1 & consequ5tly is 9 "s cases m rapid ?an ) any tw9+ plant1 & is nev] s sl[ z ) ^? _m tw9]s :i* take m ?an five h\rs = ea* revolution4 ,! direction is v>iable ev5 9 ! same individual plant4 ,9 ,passiflora1 ! int]nodes ( only "o species h ! p[] ( revolv+4 ,! ,v9e is ! weake/ revolv] obs]v$ by me1 app>5tly exhibit+ only a trace ( a =m] p[]4 ,9 ! ,eccremoc>pus ! movem5t is int]rupt$ by _m long pauses4 ,v few t5dril-be>+ plants c spirally tw9e up an upright /ick4 ,al?\gh ! p[] ( tw9+ has g5]ally be5 lo/1 ei!r f ! /iffness or %ortness ( ! int]nodes1 f ! size ( ! leaves1 or f "s o!r unkn[n cause1 ! revolv+ movem5t ( ! /em s]ves to br+ ! t5drils into contact ) surr\nd+ objects4 ,! t5drils !mselves also spontane\sly revolve4 ,! movem5t beg9s :il/ ! t5dril is "y1 & is at fir/ sl[4 ,! mature t5drils ( ,bignonia littoralis move mu* sl[] ?an ! int]nodes4 ,g5]ally1 ! int]nodes & t5drils revolve toge!r at ! same rate2 9 ,cissus1 ,coba1 & mo/ ,passiflor1 ! t5drils alone revolve2 9 o!r cases1 z ) ,la?yrus aphaca1 only ! int]nodes move1 c>ry+ ) !m ! motionless t5drils2 &1 la/ly 7& ?is is ! f\r? possible case71 nei!r int]nodes nor t5drils spontane\sly revolve1 z ) ,la?yrus gr&iflorus & ,ampelopsis4 ,9 mo/ ,bignonias1 ,eccremoc>pus ,mutisia1 & ! ,fum>iace1 ! int]nodes1 petioles & t5drils all move h>moni\sly toge!r4 ,9 e case ! conditions ( life mu/ be fav\rable 9 ord] t ! diff]5t p>ts %\ld act 9 a p]fect mann]4 ,t5drils revolve by ! curvature ( _! :ole l5g?1 except+ ! s5sitive extremity & ! base1 :i* p>ts d n move1 or move b little4 ,! movem5t is ( ! same nature z t ( ! revolv+ int]nodes1 &1 f ! obs]vations ( ,sa*s & ,h4 de ,vries1 no d\bt is due to ! same cause1 namely1 ! rapid gr[? ( a longitud9al b&1 :i* travels r\nd ! t5dril & successively b[s ea* "p to ! opposite side4 ,h5ce1 if a l9e be pa9t$ along t surface :i* happ5s at ! "t to be convex1 ! l9e becomes fir/ lat]al1 !n concave1 !n lat]al1 & ultimately aga9 convex4 ,?is exp]im5t c be tri$ only on ! ?ick] t5drils1 :i* are n affect$ by a ?9 cru/ ( dri$ pa9t4 ,! extremities are (t5 slightly curv$ or hook$1 & ! curvature ( ?is "p is nev] rev]s$2 9 ?is respect !y diff] f ! extremities ( tw9+ %oots1 :i* n only rev]se _! curvature1 or at lea/ become p]iodically /raight1 b curve !mselves 9 a great] degree ?an ! l[] "p4 ,9 mo/ o!r respects a t5dril acts z if x 7 "o ( sev]al revolv+ int]nodes1 :i* all move toge!r by successively b5d+ to ea* po9t ( ! compass4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 9 _m cases ?is unimportant diff]5ce1 t ! curv+ t5dril is sep>at$ f ! curv+ int]node by a rigid petiole4 ,) mo/ t5dril-be>]s ! summit ( ! /em or %oot projects above ! po9t f :i* ! t5dril arises2 & x is g5]ally b5t to "o side1 s z to be out ( ! way ( ! revolutions swept by ! t5dril4 ,9 ^? plants 9 :i* ! t]m9al %oot is n suffici5tly out ( ! way1 z we h se5 ) ! ,e*9ocy/is1 z soon z ! t5dril comes 9 its revolv+ c\rse to ?is po9t1 x /iff5s & /raight5s itself1 & ?us ris+ v]tically up passes ov] ! ob/acle 9 an admirable mann]4 ,all t5drils are s5sitive1 b 9 v>i\s degrees1 to contact ) an object1 & curve t[>ds ! t\*$ side4 ,) sev]al plants a s+le t\*1 s slight z only j to move ! highly flexible t5dril1 is en\gh to induce curvature4 ,passiflora gracilis possesses ! mo/ s5sitive t5drils :i* ,i h obs]v$3 a bit ( plat9a wire #j4jb ( a gra9 7#a4bc mg47 9 weight1 g5tly plac$ on ! concave po9t1 caus$ a t5dril to become hook$1 z did a loop ( s(t1 ?9 cotton ?read weigh+ "o ?irty-second ( a gra9 7#b4jb mg47 ,) ! t5drils ( sev]al o!r plants1 loops weigh+ "o sixte5? ( a gra9 7#d4je mg47 suffic$4 ,! po9t ( a t5dril ( ,passiflora gracilis began to move di/9ctly 9 #be seconds aft] a t\*1 & 9 _m cases aft] #cj seconds4 ,asa ,gray also saw movem5t 9 ! t5drils ( ! ,cucurbitace\s g5us1 ,sicyos1 9 #cj seconds4 ,! t5drils ( "s o!r plants1 :5 lightly rubb$1 mov$ 9 a few m9utes2 ) ,dic5tra 9 half-an-h\r2 ) ,smilax 9 an h\r & a qu>t] or half2 & ) ,ampelopsis /ill m sl[ly4 ,! curl+ movem5t consequ5t on a s+le t\* cont9ues to increase = a consid]able "t1 !n ceases2 aft] a few h\rs ! t5dril uncurls itself1 & is aga9 ready to act4 ,:5 ! t5drils ( sev]al k9ds ( plants 7 caus$ to b5d by extremely light weights susp5d$ on !m1 !y seem$ to gr[ accu/om$ to s slight a /imulus1 & /raight5$ !mselves1 z if ! loops _h be5 remov$4 ,x makes no diff]5ce :at sort ( object a t5dril t\*es1 ) ! rem>kable exception ( o!r t5drils & drops ( wat]1 z 0 obs]v$ ) ! extremely s5sitive-t5drils ( ,passiflora gracilis & ( ! ,e*9ocy/is4 ,i h1 h[ev]1 se5 t5drils ( ! ,bryony :i* _h tempor>ily caught o!r t5drils1 & (t5 9 ! case ( ! v9e4 ,t5drils ( :i* ! extremities are p]man5tly & slightly curv$1 are s5sitive only on ! concave surface2 o!r t5drils1 su* z ^? ( ! ,coba 7?\gh furni%$ ) horny hooks direct$ to "o side7 & ^? ( ,cissus discolor1 are s5sitive on all sides4 ,h5ce ! t5drils ( ?is latt] plant1 :5 /imulat$ by a t\* ( equal =ce on opposite sides1 did n b5d4 ,! inf]ior & lat]al surfaces ( ! t5drils ( ,mutisia are s5sitive1 b n ! upp] surface4 ,) bran*$ t5drils1 ! sev]al bran*es act alike2 b 9 ! ,hanburya ! lat]al spur-l bran* does n acquire 7= excell5t reasons :i* h be5 expla9$7 its s5sitiv5ess ne>ly s soon z ! ma9 bran*4 ,) mo/ t5drils ! l[] or basal "p is ei!r n at all s5sitive1 or s5sitive only to prolong$ contact4 ,we ?us see t ! s5sitiv5ess ( t5drils is a special & localiz$ capacity4 ,x is q indep5d5t ( ! p[] ( spontane\sly revolv+2 = ! curl+ ( ! t]m9al portion f t\* does n 9 ! lea/ int]rupt ! =m] movem5t4 ,9 ,bignonia unguis & its close allies1 ! petioles ( ! leaves1 z well z ! t5drils1 are s5sitive to a t\*4 ,tw9+ plants :5 !y come into contact ) a /ick1 curl r\nd x inv>iably 9 ! direction ( _! revolv+ movem5t2 b t5drils curl indiff]5tly to ei!r side1 9 accordance ) ! position ( ! /ick & ! side :i* is fir/ t\*$4 ,! clasp+ movem5t ( ! extremity is app>5tly n /eady1 b undulatory or v]micul> 9 its nature1 z may be inf]r$ f ! curi\s mann] 9 :i* ! t5drils ( ! ,e*9ocy/is sl[ly crawl$ r\nd a smoo? /ick4 ,z ) a few exceptions t5drils spontane\sly revolve1 x may be ask$1--:y h !y be5 end[$ ) s5sitiv5ess8--:y1 :5 !y come into contact ) a /ick1 d !y n1 l tw9+ plants1 spirally w9d r\nd x8 ,"o reason may be t !y are 9 mo/ cases s flexible & ?91 t :5 br\ght into contact ) any object1 !y w\ld almo/ c]ta9ly yield & be dragg$ onw>ds by ! revolv+ movem5t4 ,moreov]1 ! s5sitive extremities h no revolv+ p[] z f> z ,i h obs]v$1 & c\ld n by ?is means curl r\nd a support4 ,) tw9+ plants1 on ! o!r h&1 ! extremity spontane\sly b5ds m ?an any o!r "p2 & ?is is ( high importance = ! asc5t ( ! plant1 z may be se5 on a w9dy day4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 possible t ! sl[ movem5t ( ! basal & /iff] p>ts ( c]ta9 t5drils1 :i* w9d r\nd /icks plac$ 9 _! pa?1 may be analog\s to t ( tw9+ plants4 ,b ,i h>dly att5d$ suffici5tly to ?is po9t1 & x w\ld h be5 difficult to di/+ui% betwe5 a movem5t due to extremely dull irritability1 f ! arre/m5t ( ! l[] "p1 :il/ ! upp] "p cont9u$ to move onw>ds4 ,t5drils :i* are only ?ree-f\r?s gr[n1 & p]haps ev5 at an e>li] age1 b n :il/ extremely "y1 h ! p[] ( revolv+ & ( grasp+ any object :i* !y t\*4 ,^! two capacities are g5]ally acquir$ at ab\t ! same p]iod1 & bo? fail :5 ! t5dril is full gr[n4 ,b 9 ,coba & ,passiflora punctata ! t5drils beg9 to revolve 9 a useless mann]1 be=e !y h become s5sitive4 ,9 ! ,e*9ocy/is !y reta9 _! s5sitiv5ess = "s "t aft] !y h ceas$ to revolve & aft] !y h sunk d[nw>ds2 9 ?is position1 ev5 if !y 7 able to seize an object1 su* p[] w\ld be ( no s]vice 9 support+ ! /em4 ,x is a r>e circum/ance ?us to detect any sup]fluity or imp]fection 9 ! action ( t5drils--organs :i* are s excell5tly adapt$ = ! functions :i* !y h to p]=m2 b we see t !y are n always p]fect1 & x w\ld be ra% to assume t any exi/+ t5dril has rea*$ ! utmo/ limit ( p]fection4 ,"s t5drils h _! revolv+ motion accel]at$ or ret>d$1 9 mov+ to or f ! light2 o!rs1 z ) ! ,pea1 seem indiff]5t to its action2 o!rs move /eadily f ! light to ! d>k1 & ?is aids !m 9 an important mann] 9 f9d+ a support4 ,= in/ance1 ! t5drils ( ,bignonia capreolata b5d f ! light to ! d>k z truly z a w9d-vane f ! w9d4 ,9 ! ,eccremoc>pus ! extremities alone twi/ & turn ab\t s z to br+ _! f9] bran*es & hooks into close contact ) any d>k surface1 or into crevices & holes4 ,a %ort "t aft] a t5dril has caught a support1 x contracts ) "s r>e exceptions into a spire2 b ! mann] ( contraction & ! sev]al important advantages ?us ga9$ h be5 discuss$ s lately1 t no?+ ne$ "h be repeat$ on ! subject4 ,t5drils soon aft] cat*+ a support gr[ mu* /rong] & ?ick]1 & sometimes m durable to a wond]ful degree2 & ?is %[s h[ mu* _! int]nal tissues mu/ be *ang$4 ,occasionally x is ! "p :i* is w\nd r\nd a support :i* *iefly becomes ?ick] & /rong]2 ,i h se51 = in/ance1 ?is "p ( a t5dril ( ,bignonia qu9octialis twice z ?ick & rigid z ! free basal "p4 ,t5drils :i* h caught no?+ soon %r9k & )]2 b 9 "s species ( ,bignonia !y dis>ticulate & fall (f l leaves 9 autumn4 99 99 99 99 99 ,any "o :o _h n closely obs]v$ t5drils ( _m k9ds w\ld probably inf] t _! action 0 uni=m4 ,?is is ! case ) ! simpl] k9ds1 :i* simply curl r\nd an object ( mod]ate ?ickness1 :atev] its nature may be4 #agf ,b ! g5us ,bignonia %[s u :at div]sity ( action !re may be betwe5 ! t5drils ( closely alli$ species4 ,9 all ! n9e species obs]v$ by me1 ! "y int]nodes revolve vigor\sly2 ! t5drils also revolve1 b 9 "s ( ! species 9 a v feeble mann]2 & la/ly ! petioles ( ne>ly all revolve1 ?\gh ) unequal p[]4 ,! petioles ( ?ree ( ! species1 & ! t5drils ( all are s5sitive to contact4 ,9 ! fir/-describ$ species1 ! t5drils resemble 9 %ape a bird's foot1 & !y are ( no s]vice to ! /em 9 spirally asc5d+ a ?9 upright /ick1 b !y c seize firm hold ( a twig or bran*4 ,:5 ! /em tw9es r\nd a some:at ?ick /ick1 a slight degree ( s5sitiv5ess possess$ by ! petioles is br\ght into play1 & ! :ole leaf toge!r ) ! t5dril w9ds r\nd x4 ,9 ,b4 unguis ! petioles are m s5sitive1 & h great] p[] ( movem5t ?an ^? ( ! la/ species2 !y are able1 toge!r ) ! t5drils1 to w9d inextricably r\nd a ?9 upright /ick2 b ! /em does n tw9e s well4 ,b4 ,twe$yana has simil> p[]s1 b 9 addition1 emits arial roots :i* adh]e to ! wood4 ,9 ,b4 v5u/a ! t5drils are conv]t$ into elongat$ ?ree-prong$ grapnels1 :i* move spontane\sly 9 a conspicu\s mann]2 ! petioles1 h[ev]1 h lo/ _! s5sitiv5ess4 ,! /em ( ?is species c tw9e r\nd an upright /ick1 & is aid$ 9 its asc5t by ! t5drils seiz+ ! /ick alt]nately "s way above & !n contract+ spirally4 ,9 ,b4 littoralis ! t5drils1 petioles1 & int]nodes1 all revolve spontane\sly4 ,! /em1 h[ev]1 _c tw9e1 b asc5ds an upright /ick by seiz+ x above ) bo? t5drils toge!r1 :i* !n contract into a spire4 ,! tips ( ^! t5drils become develop$ into adhesive discs4 ,b4 speciosa possesses simil> p[]s ( movem5t z ! la/ species1 b x _c tw9e r\nd a /ick1 ?\gh x c asc5d by clasp+ ! /ick horizontally ) "o or bo? ( its unbran*$ t5drils4 ,^! t5drils cont9ually ins]t _! po9t$ ends into m9ute crevices or holes1 b z !y are always )drawn by ! subsequ5t spiral contraction1 ! habit seems to u 9 our ignorance useless4 ,la/ly1 ! /em ( ,b4 capreolata tw9es imp]fectly2 ! mu*-bran*$ t5drils revolve 9 a caprici\s mann]1 & b5d f ! light to ! d>k2 _! hook$ extremities1 ev5 :il/ immature1 crawl into crevices1 &1 :5 mature1 seize any ?9 project+ po9t2 9 ei!r case !y develop adhesive discs1 & ^! h ! p[] ( envelop+ ! f9e/ fibres4 ,9 ! alli$ ,eccremoc>pus ! int]nodes1 petioles1 & mu*-bran*$ t5drils all spontane\sly revolve toge!r4 ,! t5drils d n z a :ole turn f ! light2 b _! bluntly-hook$ extremities arrange !mselves neatly on any surface ) :i* !y come into contact1 app>5tly s z to avoid ! light4 ,!y act be/ :5 ea* bran* seizes a few ?9 /ems1 l ! culms ( a grass1 :i* !y aft]w>ds draw toge!r into a solid bundle by ! spiral contraction ( all ! bran*es4 ,9 ,coba ! f9ely-bran*$ t5drils alone revolve2 ! bran*es t]m9ate 9 %>p1 h>d1 d\ble1 little hooks1 ) bo? po9ts direct$ to ! same side2 & ^! turn by well-adapt$ movem5ts to any object ) :i* !y come into contact4 ,! tips ( ! bran*es also crawl into d>k crevices or holes4 ,! t5drils & int]nodes ( ,ampelopsis h little or no p[] ( revolv+2 ! t5drils are b little s5sitive to contact2 _! hook$ extremities _c seize ?9 objects2 !y w n ev5 clasp a /ick1 unless 9 extreme ne$ ( a support2 b !y turn f ! light to ! d>k1 &1 spread+ out _! bran*es 9 contact ) any ne>ly flat surface1 develop discs4 ,^! adh]e by ! secretion ( "s cem5t to a wall1 or ev5 to a poli%$ surface2 & ?is is m ?an ! discs ( ! ,bignonia capreolata c effect4 ,! rapid developm5t ( ^! adh]5t discs is "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable peculi>ities possess$ by any t5drils4 ,we h se5 t su* discs are =m$ by two species ( ,bignonia1 by ,ampelopsis1 &1 accord+ to ,naud91 #agi by ! ,cucurbitace\s g5us ,peponopsis adhr5s4 ,9 ,anguria ! l[] surface ( ! t5dril1 aft] x has w\nd r\nd a /ick1 =ms a co>sely cellul> lay]1 :i* closely fits ! wood1 b is n adh]5t2 :il/ 9 ,hanburya a simil> lay] is adh]5t4 ,! gr[? ( ^! cellul> out-gr[?s dep5ds1 7except 9 ! case ( ! ,haplolophium & ( "o species ( ,ampelopsis17 on ! /imulus f contact4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t ?ree families1 s widely di/9ct z ! ,bignoniace1 ,vitace1 & ,cucurbitace1 %\ld possess species ) t5drils hav+ ?is rem>kable p[]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sa*s attributes all ! movem5ts ( t5drils to rapid gr[? on ! side opposite to t :i* becomes concave4 ,^! movem5ts consi/ ( revolv+ nutation1 ! b5d+ to & f ! light1 & 9 opposition to gravity1 ^? caus$ by a t\*1 & spiral contraction4 ,x is ra% to diff] f s great an au?ority1 b ,i _c believe t "o at lea/ ( ^! movem5ts--curvature f a t\*--is ?us caus$4 #ahj ,9 ! fir/ place x may be rem>k$ t ! movem5t ( nutation diff]s f t due to a t\*1 9 s f> t 9 "s cases ! two p[]s are acquir$ by ! same t5dril at diff]5t p]iods ( gr[?2 & ! s5sitive "p ( ! t5dril does n seem capable ( nutation4 ,"o ( my *ief reasons = d\bt+ :e!r ! curvature f a t\* is ! result ( gr[?1 is ! extraord9>y rapidity ( ! movem5t4 ,i h se5 ! extremity ( a t5dril ( ,passiflora gracilis1 aft] be+ t\*$1 di/9ctly b5t 9 #be seconds1 & (t5 9 #cj seconds2 & s x is ) ! ?ick] t5dril ( ,sicyos4 ,x appe>s h>dly cr$ible t _! out] surfaces c\ld h actually gr[n 9 l5g?1 :i* implies a p]man5t modification ( /ructure1 9 s %ort a "t4 ,! gr[?1 moreov]1 on ?is view mu/ be consid]able1 = if ! t\* has be5 at all r\gh ! extremity is coil$ 9 two or ?ree m9utes into a spire ( sev]al turns4 ,:5 ! extreme tip ( ! t5dril ( ,e*9ocy/is caught hold ( a smoo? /ick1 x coil$ itself 9 a few h\rs 7z describ$ at p4 #acb7 twice or ?rice r\nd ! /ick1 app>5tly by an undulatory movem5t4 ,at fir/ ,i attribut$ ?is movem5t to ! gr[? ( ! outside2 black m>ks 7 !re=e made1 & ! int]spaces measur$1 b ,i c\ld n ?us detect any increase 9 l5g?4 ,h5ce x seems probable 9 ?is case & 9 o!rs1 t ! curvature ( ! t5dril f a t\* dep5ds on ! contraction ( ! cells along ! concave side4 ,sa*s himself admits #aha t 8if ! gr[? :i* takes place 9 ! entire t5dril at ! "t ( contact ) a support is small1 a consid]able accel]ation occurs on ! convex surface1 b 9 g5]al !re is no elongation on ! concave surface1 or !re may ev5 be a contraction2 9 ! case ( a t5dril ( ,cucurbita ?is contraction am\nt$ to ne>ly "o-?ird ( ! orig9al l5g?40 ,9 a subsequ5t passage ,sa*s seems to feel "s difficulty 9 acc\nt+ = ?is k9d ( contraction4 ,x mu/ n h[ev] be suppos$ f ! =ego+ rem>ks t ,i ent]ta9 any d\bt1 aft] read+ ,de ,vries' obs]vations1 ab\t ! out] & /ret*$ surfaces ( atta*$ t5drils aft]w>ds increas+ 9 l5g? by gr[?4 ,su* increase seems to me q compatible ) ! fir/ movem5t be+ indep5d5t ( gr[?4 ,:y a delicate t\* %\ld cause "o side ( a t5dril to contract we "k z little z :y1 on ! view held by ,sa*s1 x %\ld lead to extraord9>ily rapid gr[? ( ! opposite side4 ,! *ief or sole reason = ! belief t ! curvature ( a t5dril :5 t\*$ is due to rapid gr[?1 seems to be t t5drils lose _! s5sitiv5ess & p[] ( movem5t aft] !y h gr[n to _! full l5g?2 b ?is fact is intelligible1 if we be> 9 m9d t all ! functions ( a t5dril are adapt$ to drag up ! t]m9al gr[+ %oot t[>ds ! light4 ,( :at use w\ld x be1 if an old & full-gr[n t5dril1 aris+ f ! l[] "p ( a %oot1 7 to reta9 its p[] ( clasp+ a support8 ,?is w\ld be ( no use2 & we h se5 ) t5drils s _m in/ances ( close adaptation & ( ! economy ( means1 t we may feel assur$ t !y w\ld acquire irritability & ! p[] ( clasp+ a support at ! prop] age--namely1 y\?--& w\ld n uselessly reta9 su* p[] beyond ! prop] age4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,hook ,,& ,,root-,,climb]s4--,,conclud+ ,,rem>ks4 ,plants climb+ by ! aid ( hooks1 or m]ely scrambl+ ov] o!r plants--,root-climb]s1 adhesive matt] secret$ by ! rootlets--,g5]al conclusions ) respect to climb+ plants1 & ! /ages ( _! developm5t4 ,hook-,climb]s4--,9 my introductory rem>ks1 ,i /at$ t1 besides ! two fir/ great classes ( climb+ plants1 namely1 ^? :i* tw9e r\nd a support1 & ^? end[$ ) irritability enabl+ !m to seize hold ( objects by means ( _! petioles or t5drils1 !re are two o!r classes1 hook-climb]s & root-climb]s4 ,_m plants1 moreov]1 z ,fritz ,mll] has rem>k$1 #ahc climb or scramble up ?ickets 9 a /ill m simple fa%ion1 )\t any special aid1 except+ t _! lead+ %oots are g5]ally long & flexible4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be suspect$ f :at foll[s1 t ^! %oots 9 "s cases t5d to avoid ! light4 ,! few hook-climb]s :i* ,i h obs]v$1 namely1 ,galium ap>9e1 ,rubus au/ralis1 & "s climb+ ,roses1 exhibit no spontane\s revolv+ movem5t4 ,if !y _h possess$ ?is p[]1 & _h be5 capable ( tw9+1 !y w\ld h be5 plac$ 9 ! class ( ,tw9]s2 = "s tw9]s are furni%$ ) sp9es or hooks1 :i* aid !m 9 _! asc5t4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,hop1 :i* is a tw9]1 has reflex$ hooks z l>ge z ^? ( ! ,galium2 "s o!r tw9]s h /iff reflex$ hairs2 & ,diplad5ia has a circle ( blunt sp9es at ! bases ( its leaves4 ,i h se5 only "o t5dril-be>+ plant1 namely1 ,smilax asp]a1 :i* is furni%$ ) reflex$ sp9es2 b ?is is ! case ) sev]al bran*-climb]s 9 ,s\? ,brazil & ,ceylon2 & _! bran*es graduate into true t5drils4 ,"s few plants app>5tly dep5d solely on _! hooks = climb+1 & yet d s effici5tly1 z c]ta9 palms 9 ! ,new & ,old ,worlds4 ,ev5 "s climb+ ,roses w asc5d ! walls ( a tall h\se1 if cov]$ ) a trellis4 ,h[ ?is is effect$ ,i "k n2 = ! "y %oots ( "o su* ,rose1 :5 plac$ 9 a pot 9 a w9d[1 b5t irregul>ly t[>ds ! light dur+ ! day & f ! light dur+ ! night1 l ! %oots ( any common plant2 s t x is n easy to und]/& h[ !y c\ld h got "u a trellis close to ! wall4 #ahd ,root-climb]s4--,a good _m plants come "u ?is class1 & are excell5t climb]s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable is ! ,m>cgravia umbellata1 ! /em ( :i* 9 ! tropical =e/s ( ,s\? ,am]ica1 z ,i he> f ,mr4 ,spruce1 gr[s 9 a curi\sly flatt5$ mann] aga9/ ! trunks ( trees2 "h & !re x puts =? clasp]s 7roots71 :i* adh]e to ! trunk1 &1 if ! latt] be sl5d]1 completely embrace x4 ,:5 ?is plant has climb$ to ! light1 x produces free bran*es ) r\nd$ /ems1 clad ) %>p-po9t$ leaves1 wond]fully diff]5t 9 appe>ance f ^? borne by ! /em z long z x rema9s adh]5t4 ,?is surpris+ diff]5ce 9 ! leaves1 ,i h also obs]v$ 9 a plant ( ,m>cgravia dubia 9 my ho?\se4 ,root-climb]s1 z f> z ,i h se51 namely1 ! ,ivy 7,h$]a heli71 ,ficus rep5s1 & ,f4 b>batus1 h no p[] ( movem5t1 n ev5 f ! light to ! d>k4 ,z previ\sly /at$1 ! ,hoya c>nosa 7,asclepiadace7 is a spiral tw9]1 & likewise adh]es by rootlets ev5 to a flat wall4 ,! t5dril-be>+ ,bignonia ,twe$yana emits roots1 :i* curve half r\nd & adh]e to ?9 /icks4 ,! ,tecoma radicans 7,bignoniace71 :i* is closely alli$ to _m spontane\sly revolv+ species1 climbs by rootlets2 nev]!less1 its "y %oots app>5tly move ab\t m ?an c be acc\nt$ = by ! v>y+ action ( ! light4 ,i h n closely obs]v$ _m root-climb]s1 b c give "o curi\s fact4 ,ficus rep5s climbs up a wall j l ,ivy2 & :5 ! "y rootlets are made to press lightly on slips ( glass1 !y emit aft] ab\t a week's int]val1 z ,i obs]v$ sev]al times1 m9ute drops ( cle> fluid1 n 9 ! lea/ milky l t exud$ f a w\nd4 ,?is fluid is slightly viscid1 b _c be drawn out into ?reads4 ,x has ! rem>kable prop]ty ( n soon dry+2 a drop1 ab\t ! size ( half a p9's head1 0 slightly spread out on glass1 & ,i scatt]$ on x "s m9ute gra9s ( s&4 ,! glass 0 left expos$ 9 a draw] dur+ hot & dry wea!r1 & if ! fluid _h be5 wat]1 x w\ld c]ta9ly h dri$ 9 a few m9utes2 b x rema9$ fluid1 closely surr\nd+ ea* gra9 ( s&1 dur+ #abh days3 h[ mu* long] x w\ld h rema9$ ,i _c say4 ,"s o!r rootlets 7 left 9 contact ) ! glass = ab\t t5 days or a =tnight1 & ! drops ( secret$ fluid 7 n[ r l>g]1 & s viscid t !y c\ld be drawn out into ?reads4 ,"s o!r rootlets 7 left 9 contact dur+ tw5ty-?ree days1 & ^! 7 firmly cem5t$ to ! glass4 ,h5ce we may conclude t ! rootlets fir/ secrete a slightly viscid fluid1 subsequ5tly absorb ! wat]y p>ts1 7= we h se5 t ! fluid w n dry by itself17 & ultimately leave a cem5t4 ,:5 ! rootlets 7 torn f ! glass1 atoms ( yell[i% matt] 7 left on x1 :i* 7 p>tly dissolv$ by a drop ( bisulphide ( c>bon2 & ?is extremely volatile fluid 0 r5d]$ v mu* less volatile by :at x _h dissolv$4 ,z ! bisulphide ( c>bon has a /rong p[] ( s(t5+ indurat$ ca\t*\c1 ,i soak$ 9 x dur+ a %ort "t sev]al rootlets ( a plant :i* _h gr[n up a plai/]$ wall2 & ,i !n f\nd _m extremely ?9 ?reads ( transp>5t1 n viscid1 excessively ela/ic matt]1 precisely l ca\t*\c1 atta*$ to two sets ( rootlets on ! same bran*4 ,^! ?reads proce$$ f ! b>k ( ! rootlet at "o end1 & at ! o!r end 7 firmly atta*$ to p>ticles ( silex or mort> f ! wall4 ,!re c\ld be no mi/ake 9 ?is obs]vation1 z ,i play$ ) ! ?reads = a long "t "u ! microscope1 draw+ !m out ) my dissect+-ne$les & lett+ !m spr+ back aga94 ,yet ,i look$ repeat$ly at o!r rootlets simil>ly treat$1 & c\ld nev] aga9 discov] ^! ela/ic ?reads4 ,i !re=e inf] t ! bran* 9 "q mu/ h be5 slightly mov$ f ! wall at "s critical p]iod1 :il/ ! secretion 0 9 ! act ( dry+1 ?r\gh ! absorption ( its wat]y p>ts4 ,! g5us ,ficus ab\nds ) ca\t*\c1 & we may conclude f ! facts j giv5 t ?is sub/ance1 at fir/ 9 solution & ultimately modifi$ into an unela/ic cem5t1 #ahg is us$ by ! ,ficus rep5s to cem5t its rootlets to any surface :i* x asc5ds4 ,:e!r o!r plants1 :i* climb by _! rootlets1 emit any cem5t ,i d n "k2 b ! rootlets ( ! ,ivy1 plac$ aga9/ glass1 b>ely adh]$ to x1 yet secret$ a little yell[i% matt]4 ,i may add1 t ! rootlets ( ! ,m>cgravia dubia c adh]e firmly to smoo? pa9t$ wood4 ,vanilla aromatica emits arial roots a foot 9 l5g?1 :i* po9t /raight d[n to ! gr\nd4 ,accord+ to ,mohl 7p4 #di71 ^! crawl into crevices1 & :5 !y meet ) a ?9 support1 w9d r\nd x1 z d t5drils4 ,a plant :i* ,i kept 0 "y1 & did n =m long roots2 b on plac+ ?9 /icks 9 contact ) !m1 !y c]ta9ly b5t a little to t side1 9 ! c\rse ( ab\t a day1 & adh]$ by _! rootlets to ! wood2 b !y did n b5d q r\nd ! /icks1 & aft]w>ds !y re-pursu$ _! d[nw>d c\rse4 ,x is probable t ^! slight movem5ts ( ! roots are due to ! quick] gr[? ( ! side expos$ to ! light1 9 comp>ison ) ! o!r side1 & n because ! roots are s5sitive to contact 9 ! same mann] z true t5drils4 ,accord+ to ,mohl1 ! rootlets ( c]ta9 species ( ,lycopodium act z t5drils4 #ahh ,conclud+ ,rem>ks on ,climb+ ,plants4 ,plants become climb]s1 9 ord]1 z x may be presum$1 to rea* ! light1 & to expose a l>ge surface ( _! leaves to its action & to t ( ! free air4 ,?is is effect$ by climb]s ) wond]fully little exp5diture ( organiz$ matt]1 9 comp>ison ) trees1 :i* h to support a load ( heavy bran*es by a massive trunk4 ,h5ce1 no d\bt1 x arises t !re are s _m climb+ plants 9 all qu>t]s ( ! _w1 belong+ to s _m diff]5t ord]s4 ,^! plants h be5 arrang$ "u f\r classes1 disreg>d+ ^? :i* m]ely scramble ov] bu%es )\t any special aid4 ,hook-climb]s are ! lea/ effici5t ( all1 at lea/ 9 our temp]ate c\ntries1 & c climb only 9 ! mid/ ( an entangl$ mass ( vegetation4 ,root-climb]s are excell5tly adapt$ to asc5d nak$ faces ( rock or trunks ( trees2 :51 h[ev]1 !y climb trunks !y are compell$ to keep mu* 9 ! %ade2 !y _c pass f bran* to bran* & ?us cov] ! :ole summit ( a tree1 = _! rootlets require long-cont9u$ & close contact ) a /eady surface 9 ord] to adh]e4 ,! two great classes ( tw9]s & ( plants ) s5sitive organs1 namely1 leaf-climb]s & t5dril-be>]s tak5 toge!r1 f> exce$ 9 numb] & 9 ! p]fection ( _! me*anism ! climb]s ( ! two fir/ classes4 ,^? :i* h ! p[] ( spontane\sly revolv+ & ( grasp+ objects ) :i* !y come 9 contact1 easily pass f bran* to bran*1 & securely ramble ov] a wide1 sun-lit surface4 ,! divisions conta9+ tw9+ plants1 leaf-climb]s1 & t5dril-be>]s graduate to a c]ta9 ext5t into "o ano!r1 & ne>ly all h ! same rem>kable p[] ( spontane\sly revolv+4 ,does ?is gradation1 x may be ask$1 indicate t plants belong+ to "o subdivision h actually pass$ dur+ ! lapse ( ages1 or c pass1 f "o /ate to ! o!r8 ,has1 = in/ance1 any t5dril-be>+ plant assum$ its pres5t /ructure )\t hav+ previ\sly exi/$ z a leaf-climb] or a tw9]8 ,if we consid] leaf-climb]s alone1 ! idea t !y 7 primordially tw9]s is =cibly sugge/$4 ,! int]nodes ( all1 )\t exception1 revolve 9 exactly ! same mann] z tw9]s2 "s few c /ill tw9e well1 & _m o!rs 9 an imp]fect mann]4 ,sev]al leaf-climb+ g5]a are closely alli$ to o!r g5]a :i* are simple tw9]s4 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$1 t ! possession ( leaves ) s5sitive petioles1 & ) ! consequ5t p[] ( clasp+ an object1 w\ld be ( comp>atively little use to a plant1 unless associat$ ) revolv+ int]nodes1 by :i* ! leaves are br\ght into contact ) a support2 al?\gh no d\bt a scrambl+ plant w\ld be apt1 z ,pr(essor ,jaeg] has rem>k$1 to re/ on o!r plants by its leaves4 ,on ! o!r h&1 revolv+ int]nodes1 )\t any o!r aid1 suffice to give ! p[] ( climb+2 s t x seems probable t leaf-climb]s 7 9 mo/ cases at fir/ tw9]s1 & subsequ5tly became capable ( grasp+ a support2 & ?is1 z we %all pres5tly see1 is a great additional advantage4 ,f analog\s reasons1 x is probable t all t5dril-be>]s 7 primordially tw9]s1 t is1 are ! desc5dants ( plants hav+ ?is p[] & habit4 ,= ! int]nodes ( ! majority revolve2 &1 9 a few species1 ! flexible /em /ill reta9s ! capacity ( spirally tw9+ r\nd an upright /ick4 ,t5dril-be>]s h und]gone mu* m modification ?an leaf-climb]s2 h5ce x is n surpris+ t _! suppos$ primordial habits ( revolv+ & tw9+ h be5 m frequ5tly lo/ or modifi$ ?an 9 ! case ( leaf-climb]s4 ,! ?ree great t5dril-be>+ families 9 :i* ?is loss has occurr$ 9 ! mo/ m>k$ mann]1 are ! ,cucurbitace1 ,passiflorace1 & ,vitace4 ,9 ! fir/1 ! int]nodes revolve2 b ,i h he>d ( no tw9+ =m1 ) ! exception 7accord+ to ,palm1 p4 #bi4 #eb7 ( ,momordica balsam9a1 & ?is is only an imp]fect tw9]4 ,9 ! two o!r families ,i c he> ( no tw9]s2 & ! int]nodes r>ely h ! p[] ( revolv+1 ?is p[] be+ conf9$ to ! t5drils4 ,! int]nodes1 h[ev]1 ( ,passiflora gracilis h ! p[] 9 a p]fect mann]1 & ^? ( ! common ,v9e 9 an imp]fect degree3 s t at lea/ a trace ( ! suppos$ primordial habit has be5 reta9$ by "s memb]s ( all ! l>g] t5dril-be>+ gr\ps4 ,on ! view "h giv51 x may be ask$1 ,:y h ! species :i* 7 aborig9ally tw9]s be5 conv]t$ 9 s _m gr\ps into leaf-climb]s or t5dril-be>]s8 ,( :at advantage has ?is be5 to !m8 ,:y did !y n rema9 simple tw9]s8 ,we c see sev]al reasons4 ,x might be an advantage to a plant to acquire a ?ick] /em1 ) %ort int]nodes be>+ _m or l>ge leaves2 & su* /ems are ill fitt$ = tw9+4 ,any "o :o w look dur+ w9dy wea!r at tw9+ plants w see t !y are easily bl[n f _! support2 n s ) t5dril-be>]s or leaf-climb]s1 = !y quickly & firmly grasp _! support by a mu* m effici5t k9d ( movem5t4 ,9 ^? plants :i* /ill tw9e1 b at ! same "t possess t5drils or s5sitive petioles1 z "s species ( ,bignonia1 ,clematis1 & ,tropolum1 x c readily be obs]v$ h[ incomp>ably bett] !y grasp an upright /ick ?an d simple tw9]s4 ,t5drils1 f possess+ ?is p[] ( grasp+ an object1 c be made long & ?92 s t little organic matt] is exp5d$ 9 _! developm5t1 & yet !y sweep a wide circle 9 se>* ( a support4 ,t5dril-be>]s c1 f _! fir/ gr[?1 asc5d along ! out] bran*es ( any neighb\r+ bu%1 & !y are ?us always fully expos$ to ! light2 tw9]s1 on ! contr>y1 are be/ fitt$ to asc5d b>e /ems1 & g5]ally h to />t 9 ! %ade4 ,)9 tall & d5se tropical =e/s1 tw9+ plants w\ld probably succe$ bett] ?an mo/ k9ds ( t5dril-be>]s2 b ! majority ( tw9]s1 at lea/ 9 our temp]ate regions1 f ! nature ( _! revolv+ movem5t1 _c asc5d ?ick trunks1 :]eas ?is c be affect$ by t5dril-be>]s if ! trunks are bran*$ or be> twigs1 & by "s species if ! b>k is rugg$4 ,! advantage ga9$ by climb+ is to rea* ! light & free air ) z little exp5diture ( organic matt] z possible2 n[1 ) tw9+ plants1 ! /em is mu* long] ?an is absolutely necess>y2 = in/ance1 ,i measur$ ! /em ( a kidney-bean1 :i* _h asc5d$ exactly two feet 9 height1 & x 0 ?ree feet 9 l5g?3 ! /em ( a pea1 on ! o!r h&1 :i* _h asc5d$ to ! same height by ! aid ( its t5drils1 0 b little long] ?an ! height rea*$4 ,t ?is sav+ ( ! /em is really an advantage to climb+ plants1 ,i inf] f ! species t /ill tw9e b are aid$ by clasp+ petioles or t5drils1 g5]ally mak+ m op5 spires ?an ^? made by simple tw9]s4 ,moreov]1 ! plants ?us aid$1 aft] tak+ "o or two turns 9 "o direction1 g5]ally asc5d = a space /raight1 & !n rev]se ! direction ( _! spire4 ,by ?is means !y asc5d to a consid]ably great] height1 ) ! same l5g? ( /em1 ?an w\ld o!rwise h be5 possible2 & !y d ?is ) safety1 z !y secure !mselves at int]vals by _! clasp+ petioles or t5drils4 ,we h se5 t t5drils consi/ ( v>i\s organs 9 a modifi$ /ate1 namely1 leaves1 fl[]-p$uncles1 bran*es1 & p]haps /ipules4 ,) respect to leaves1 ! evid5ce ( _! modification is ample4 ,9 "y plants ( ,bignonia ! l[] leaves (t5 rema9 q un*ang$1 :il/ ! upp] ones h _! t]m9al leaflets conv]t$ into p]fect t5drils2 9 ,eccremoc>pus ,i h se5 a s+le lat]al bran* ( a t5dril replac$ by a p]fect leaflet2 9 ,vicia sativa1 on ! o!r h&1 leaflets are sometimes replac$ by t5dril-bran*es2 & _m o!r su* cases c\ld be giv54 ,b he :o believes 9 ! sl[ modification ( species w n be cont5t simply to asc]ta9 ! homological nature ( diff]5t k9ds ( t5drils2 he w wi% to le>n1 z f> z is possible1 by :at actual /eps leaves1 fl[]-p$uncles1 c41 h _h _! functions :olly *ang$1 & h come to s]ve m]ely z preh5sile organs4 ,9 ! :ole gr\p ( leaf-climb]s abundant evid5ce has be5 giv5 t an organ1 /ill subs]v+ ! functions ( a leaf1 may become s5sitive to a t\*1 & ?us grasp an adjo9+ object4 ,) sev]al leaf-climb]s ! true leaves spontane\sly revolve2 & _! petioles1 aft] clasp+ a support gr[ ?ick] & /rong]4 ,we ?us see t leaves may acquire all ! lead+ & *>act]i/ic qualities ( t5drils1 namely1 s5sitiv5ess1 spontane\s movem5t1 & subsequ5tly increas$ /r5g?4 ,if _! blades or lam9 7 to abort1 !y w\ld =m true t5drils4 ,& ( ?is process ( abortion we c foll[ e /ep1 until no trace ( ! orig9al nature ( ! t5dril is left4 ,9 ,mutisia clematis1 ! t5dril1 9 %ape & col\r1 closely resembles ! petiole ( "o ( ! ord9>y leaves1 toge!r ) ! midribs ( ! leaflets1 b ve/iges ( ! lam9 are /ill occasionally reta9$4 ,9 f\r g5]a ( ! ,fum>iace we c foll[ ! :ole process ( trans=mation4 ,! t]m9al leaflets ( ! leaf-climb+ ,fum>ia (fic9alis are n small] ?an ! o!r leaflets2 ^? ( ! leaf-climb+ ,adlumia cirrhosa are greatly r$uc$2 ^? ( ,corydalis claviculata 7a plant :i* may indiff]5tly be call$ a leaf-climb] or a t5dril-be>]7 are ei!r r$uc$ to microscopical dim5sions or h _! blades :olly abort$1 s t ?is plant is actually 9 a /ate ( transition2 &1 f9ally1 9 ! ,dic5tra ! t5drils are p]fectly *>act]iz$4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c\ld behold at ! same "t all ! prog5itors ( ,dic5tra1 we %\ld almo/ c]ta9ly see a s]ies l t n[ exhibit$ by ! above-nam$ ?ree g5]a4 ,9 ,tropolum tricolorum we h ano!r k9d ( passage2 = ! leaves :i* are fir/ =m$ on ! "y /ems are entirely de/itute ( lam91 & mu/ be call$ t5drils1 :il/ ! lat] =m$ leaves h well-develop$ lam94 ,9 all cases ! acquirem5t ( s5sitiv5ess by ! mid-ribs ( ! leaves appe>s to /& 9 "s close relation ) ! abortion ( _! lam9 or blades4 ,on ! view "h giv51 leaf-climb]s 7 primordially tw9]s1 & t5dril-be>]s 7:5 =m$ ( modifi$ leaves7 7 primordially leaf-climb]s4 ,! latt]1 !re=e1 are int]m$iate 9 nature betwe5 tw9]s & t5dril-be>]s1 & ought to be relat$ to bo?4 ,?is is ! case3 ?us ! sev]al leaf-climb+ species ( ! ,antirrh9e1 ( ,solanum1 ,cocculus1 & ,gloriosa1 h )9 ! same family & ev5 )9 ! same g5us1 relatives :i* are tw9]s4 ,9 ! g5us ,mikania1 !re are leaf-climb+ & tw9+ species4 ,! leaf-climb+ species ( ,clematis are v closely alli$ to ! t5dril-be>+ ,n>avelia4 ,! ,fum>iace include closely alli$ g5]a :i* are leaf-climb]s & t5dril-be>]s4 ,la/ly1 a species ( ,bignonia is at ! same "t bo? a leaf-climb] & a t5dril-be>]2 & o!r closely alli$ species are tw9]s4 ,t5drils ( ano!r k9d consi/ ( modifi$ fl[]-p$uncles4 ,9 ?is case we likewise h _m int]e/+ transitional /ates4 ,! common ,v9e 7n to m5tion ! ,c>diosp]mum7 gives u e possible gradation betwe5 a p]fectly develop$ t5dril & a fl[]-p$uncle cov]$ ) fl[]s1 yet furni%$ ) a bran*1 =m+ ! fl[]-t5dril4 ,:5 ! latt] itself be>s a few fl[]s1 z we "k sometimes is ! case1 & /ill reta9s ! p[] ( clasp+ a support1 we see an e>ly condition ( all ^? t5drils :i* h be5 =m$ by ! modification ( fl[]-p$uncles4 ,accord+ to ,mohl & o!rs1 "s t5drils consi/ ( modifi$ bran*es3 ,i h n obs]v$ any su* cases1 & "k no?+ ( _! transitional /ates1 b ^! h be5 fully describ$ by ,fritz ,mll]4 ,! g5us ,lophosp]mum also %[s u h[ su* a transition is possible2 = its bran*es spontane\sly revolve & are s5sitive to contact4 ,h5ce1 if ! leaves on "s ( ! bran*es ( ! ,lophosp]mum 7 to abort1 ^! bran*es w\ld be conv]t$ into true t5drils4 ,nor is !re any?+ improbable 9 c]ta9 bran*es alone be+ ?us modifi$1 :il/ o!rs rema9$ unalt]$2 = we h se5 ) c]ta9 v>ieties ( ,phaseolus1 t "s ( ! bran*es are ?91 flexible1 & tw9e1 :il/ o!r bran*es on ! same plant are /iff & h no su* p[]4 ,if we inquire h[ a petiole1 a bran* or fl[]-p$uncle fir/ became s5sitive to a t\*1 & acquir$ ! p[] ( b5d+ t[>ds ! t\*$ side1 we get no c]ta9 answ]4 ,nev]!less an obs]vation by ,h(mei/] #aig well des]ves att5tion1 namely1 t ! %oots & leaves ( all plants1 :il/ "y1 move aft] be+ %ak54 ,k]n] also f9ds1 z we h se51 t ! fl[]-p$uncles ( a l>ge numb] ( plants1 if %ak5 or g5tly rubb$ b5d to ?is side4 ,& x is "y petioles & t5drils1 :atev] _! homological nature may be1 :i* move on be+ t\*$4 ,x ?us appe>s t climb+ plants h utiliz$ & p]fect$ a widely di/ribut$ & incipi5t capacity1 :i* capacity1 z f> z we c see1 is ( no s]vice to ord9>y plants4 ,if we fur!r inquire h[ ! /ems1 petioles1 t5drils1 & fl[]-p$uncles ( climb+ plants fir/ acquir$ _! p[] ( spontane\sly revolv+1 or1 to speak m accurately1 ( successively b5d+ to all po9ts ( ! compass1 we are aga9 sil5c$1 or at mo/ c only rem>k t ! p[] ( mov+1 bo? spontane\sly & f v>i\s /imulants1 is f> m common ) plants1 ?an is g5]ally suppos$ to be ! case by ^? :o h n att5d$ to ! subject4 ,i h giv5 "o rem>kable in/ance1 namely t ( ! ,maur&ia semp]flor5s1 ! "y fl[]-p$uncles ( :i* spontane\sly revolve 9 v small circles1 & b5d :5 g5tly rubb$ to ! t\*$ side2 yet ?is plant c]ta9ly does n pr(it by ^! two feebly develop$ p[]s4 ,a rigor\s exam9ation ( o!r "y plants w\ld probably %[ slight spontane\s movem5ts 9 _! /ems1 petioles or p$uncles1 z well z s5sitiv5ess to a t\*4 #aih ,we see at lea/ t ! ,maur&ia might1 by a little augm5tation ( ! p[]s :i* x already possesses1 come fir/ to grasp a support by its fl[]-p$uncles1 & !n1 by ! abortion ( "s ( its fl[]s 7z ) ,vitis or ,c>diosp]mum71 acquire p]fect t5drils4 ,!re is "o o!r int]e/+ po9t :i* des]ves notice4 ,we h se5 t "s t5drils owe _! orig9 to modifi$ leaves1 & o!rs to modifi$ fl[]-p$uncles2 s t "s are foli> & o!rs axial 9 _! nature4 ,x might !re=e h be5 expect$ t !y w\ld h pres5t$ "s diff]5ce 9 function4 ,?is is n ! case4 ,on ! contr>y1 !y pres5t ! mo/ complete id5tity 9 _! sev]al *>act]i/ic p[]s4 ,t5drils ( bo? k9ds spontane\sly revolve at ab\t ! same rate4 ,bo?1 :5 t\*$1 b5d quickly to ! t\*$ side1 & aft]w>ds recov] !mselves & are able to act aga94 ,9 bo? ! s5sitiv5ess is ei!r conf9$ to "o side or ext5ds all r\nd ! t5dril4 ,bo? are ei!r attract$ or repell$ by ! light4 ,! latt] prop]ty is se5 9 ! foli> t5drils ( ,bignonia capreolata & 9 ! axial t5drils ( ,ampelopsis4 ,! tips ( ! t5drils 9 ^! two plants become1 aft] contact1 enl>g$ into discs1 :i* are at fir/ adhesive by ! secretion ( "s cem5t4 ,t5drils ( bo? k9ds1 soon aft] grasp+ a support1 contract spirally2 !y !n increase greatly 9 ?ickness & /r5g?4 ,:5 we add to ^! sev]al po9ts ( id5tity ! fact t ! petiole ( ,solanum jasm9oides1 aft] x has clasp$ a support1 assumes "o ( ! mo/ *>act]i/ic features ( ! axis1 namely1 a clos$ r+ ( woody vessels1 we c h>dly avoid ask+1 :e!r ! diff]5ce betwe5 foli> & axial organs c be ( s fundam5tal a nature z is g5]ally suppos$8 #aii ,we h attempt$ to trace "s ( ! /ages 9 ! g5esis ( climb+ plants4 ,b1 dur+ ! endless fluctuations ( ! conditions ( life to :i* all organic be+s h be5 expos$1 x might be expect$ t "s climb+ plants w\ld h lo/ ! habit ( climb+4 ,9 ! cases giv5 ( c]ta9 ,s\? ,african plants belong+ to great tw9+ families1 :i* 9 _! native c\ntry nev] tw9e1 b reassume ?is habit :5 cultivat$ 9 ,engl&1 we h a case 9 po9t4 ,9 ! leaf-climb+ ,clematis flammula1 & 9 ! t5dril-be>+ ,v9e1 we see no loss 9 ! p[] ( climb+1 b only a remnant ( ! revolv+ p[] :i* is indisp5sable to all tw9]s1 & is s common z well z s advantage\s to mo/ climb]s4 ,9 ,tecoma radicans1 "o ( ! ,bignoniace1 we see a la/ & d\btful trace ( ! p[] ( revolv+4 ,) respect to ! abortion ( t5drils1 c]ta9 cultivat$ v>ieties ( ,cucurbita pepo h1 accord+ to ,naud91 #bjj ei!r q lo/ ^! organs or be> semi-mon/r\s repres5tatives ( !m4 ,9 my limit$ exp]i5ce1 ,i h met ) only "o app>5t in/ance ( _! natural suppression1 namely1 9 ! common bean4 ,all ! o!r species ( ,vicia1 ,i believe1 be> t5drils2 b ! bean is /iff en\gh to support its own /em1 & 9 ?is species1 at ! end ( ! petiole1 :]e1 accord+ to analogy1 a t5dril ought to h exi/$1 a small po9t$ filam5t projects1 ab\t a ?ird ( an in* 9 l5g?1 & :i* is probably ! rudim5t ( a t5dril4 ,?is may be ! m safely inf]r$1 z 9 "y & unheal?y specim5s ( o!r t5dril-be>+ plants simil> rudim5ts may occasionally be obs]v$4 ,9 ! bean ^! filam5ts are v>iable 9 %ape1 z is s frequ5tly ! case ) rudim5t>y organs2 !y are ei!r cyl9drical1 or foliace\s1 or are deeply furr[$ on ! upp] surface4 ,!y h n reta9$ any ve/ige ( ! p[] ( revolv+4 ,x is a curi\s fact1 t _m ( ^! filam5ts1 :5 foliace\s1 h on _! l[] surfaces1 d>k-col\r$ gl&s l ^? on ! /ipules1 :i* excrete a sweet fluid2 s t ^! rudim5ts h be5 feebly utiliz$4 ,"o o!r analog\s case1 ?\gh hypo!tical1 is wor? giv+4 ,ne>ly all ! species ( ,la?yrus possesses t5drils2 b ,l4 nissolia is de/itute ( !m4 ,?is plant has leaves1 :i* mu/ h /ruck ev]yone ) surprise :o has notic$ !m1 = !y are q unlike ^? ( all common papilionace\s plants1 & resemble ^? ( a grass4 ,9 ano!r species1 ,l4 aphaca1 ! t5dril1 :i* is n highly develop$ 7= x is unbran*$1 & has no spontane\s revolv+-p[]71 replaces ! leaves1 ! latt] be+ replac$ 9 function by l>ge /ipules4 ,n[ if we suppose ! t5drils ( ,l4 aphaca to become flatt5$ & foliace\s1 l ! little rudim5t>y t5drils ( ! bean1 & ! l>ge /ipules to become at ! same "t r$uc$ 9 size1 f n be+ any long] want$1 we %\ld h ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ,l4 nissolia1 & its curi\s leaves are at once r5d]$ intelligible to u4 ,x may be add$1 z s]v+ to sum up ! =ego+ views on ! orig9 ( t5dril-be>+ plants1 t ,l4 nissolia is probably desc5d$ f a plant :i* 0 primordially a tw9]2 ?is !n became a leaf-climb]1 ! leaves be+ aft]w>ds conv]t$ by degrees into t5drils1 ) ! /ipules greatly increas$ 9 size ?r\gh ! law ( comp5sation4 #bjb ,aft] a "t ! t5drils lo/ _! bran*es & became simple2 !y !n lo/ _! revolv+-p[] 79 :i* /ate !y w\ld h resembl$ ! t5drils ( ! exi/+ ,l4 aphaca71 & aft]w>ds los+ _! preh5sile p[] & becom+ foliace\s w\ld no long] be ?us designat$4 ,9 ?is la/ /age 7t ( ! exi/+ ,l4 nissolia7 ! =m] t5drils w\ld reassume _! orig9al function ( leaves1 & ! /ipules :i* 7 rec5tly mu* develop$ be+ no long] want$1 w\ld decrease 9 size4 ,if species become modifi$ 9 ! c\rse ( ages1 z almo/ all naturali/s n[ admit1 we may conclude t ,l4 nissolia has pass$ ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges1 9 "s degree l ^? "h indicat$4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ po9t 9 ! natural hi/ory ( climb+ plants is ! v>i\s k9ds ( movem5t :i* !y display 9 manife/ relation to _! wants4 ,! mo/ diff]5t organs--/ems1 bran*es1 fl[]-p$uncles1 petioles1 mid-ribs ( ! leaf & leaflets1 & app>5tly arial roots--all possess ?is p[]4 ,! fir/ action ( a t5dril is to place itself 9 a prop] position4 ,= in/ance1 ! t5dril ( ,coba fir/ rises v]tically up1 ) its bran*es div]g5t & ) ! t]m9al hooks turn$ outw>ds2 ! "y %oot at ! extremity ( ! /em is at ! same "t b5t to "o side1 s z to be out ( ! way4 ,! "y leaves ( ,clematis1 on ! o!r h&1 prep>e = action by tempor>ily curv+ !mselves d[nw>ds1 s z to s]ve z grapnels4 ,secondly1 if a tw9+ plant or a t5dril gets by any accid5t into an incl9$ position1 x soon b5ds upw>ds1 ?\gh seclud$ f ! light4 ,! guid+ /imulus no d\bt is ! attraction ( gravity1 z ,&rew ,knight %[$ to be ! case ) g]m9at+ plants4 ,if a %oot ( any ord9>y plant be plac$ 9 an incl9$ position 9 a glass ( wat] 9 ! d>k1 ! extremity w1 9 a few h\rs1 b5d upw>ds2 & if ! position ( ! %oot be !n rev]s$1 ! d[nw>d-b5t %oot rev]ses its curvature2 b if ! /ol5 ( a /rawb]ry1 :i* has no t5d5cy to gr[ upw>ds1 be ?us treat$1 x w curve d[nw>ds 9 ! direction (1 in/ead ( 9 opposition to1 ! =ce ( gravity4 ,z ) ! /rawb]ry1 s x is g5]ally ) ! tw9+ %oots ( ! ,hibb]tia d5tata1 :i* climbs lat]ally f bu% to bu%2 = ^! %oots1 if plac$ 9 a position incl9$ d[nw>ds1 %[ little & sometimes no t5d5cy to curve upw>ds4 ,?irdly1 climb+ plants1 l o!r plants1 b5d t[>ds ! light by a movem5t closely analog\s to ! incurvation :i* causes !m to revolve1 s t _! revolv+ movem5t is (t5 accel]at$ or ret>d$ 9 travell+ to or f ! light4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 a few in/ances t5drils b5d t[>ds ! d>k4 ,f\r?ly1 we h ! spontane\s revolv+ movem5t :i* is indep5d5t ( any outw>d /imulus1 b is cont+5t on ! y\? ( ! "p1 & on vigor\s heal?2 & ?is aga9 ( c\rse dep5ds on a prop] temp]ature & o!r fav\rable conditions ( life4 ,fif?ly1 t5drils1 :atev] _! homological nature may be1 & ! petioles or tips ( ! leaves ( leaf-climb]s1 & app>5tly c]ta9 roots1 all h ! p[] ( movem5t :5 t\*$1 & b5d quickly t[>ds ! t\*$ side4 ,extremely slight pressure (t5 suffices4 ,if ! pressure be n p]man5t1 ! "p 9 "q /raight5s itself & is aga9 ready to b5d on be+ t\*$4 ,six?ly1 & la/ly1 t5drils1 soon aft] clasp+ a support1 b n aft] a m]e tempor>y curvature1 contract spirally4 ,if !y h n come into contact ) any object1 !y ultimately contract spirally1 aft] ceas+ to revolve2 b 9 ?is case ! movem5t is useless1 & occurs only aft] a consid]able lapse ( "t4 ,) respect to ! means by :i* ^! v>i\s movem5ts are effect$1 !re c be little d\bt f ! rese>*es ( ,sa*s & ,h4 de ,vries1 t !y are due to unequal gr[?2 b f ! reasons already assign$1 ,i _c believe t ?is explanation applies to ! rapid movem5ts f a delicate t\*4 ,f9ally1 climb+ plants are suffici5tly num]\s to =m a conspicu\s feature 9 ! vegetable k+dom1 m especially 9 tropical =e/s4 ,am]ica1 :i* s ab\nds ) arboreal animals1 z ,mr4 ,bates rem>ks1 likewise ab\nds accord+ to ,mohl & ,palm ) climb+ plants2 & ( ! t5dril-be>+ plants exam9$ by me1 ! highe/ develop$ k9ds are natives ( ?is gr& cont95t1 namely1 ! sev]al species ( ,bignonia1 ,eccremoc>pus1 ,coba1 & ,ampelopsis4 ,b ev5 9 ! ?ickets ( our temp]ate regions ! numb] ( climb+ species & individuals is consid]able1 z w be f\nd by c\nt+ !m4 ,!y belong to _m & widely diff]5t ord]s4 ,to ga9 "s rude idea ( _! di/ribution 9 ! vegetable s]ies1 ,i m>k$1 f ! li/s giv5 by ,mohl & ,palm 7add+ a few myself1 & a compet5t botani/1 no d\bt1 c\ld h add$ _m m71 all ^? families 9 ,l9dley's #8,vegetable ,k+dom' :i* include tw9]s1 leaf-climb]s1 or t5dril-be>]s4 ,l9dley divides ,phan]ogamic plants into fifty-n9e ,alliances2 ( ^!1 no less ?an ?irty-five include climb+ plants ( ! above k9ds1 hook & root-climb]s be+ exclud$4 ,to ^! a few ,cryptogamic plants mu/ be add$4 ,:5 we reflect on ! wide sep>ation ( ^! plants 9 ! s]ies1 & :5 we "k t 9 "s ( ! l>ge/1 well-def9$ ord]s1 su* z ! ,composit1 ,rubiace1 ,scrophul>iace1 ,liliace1 c41 species 9 only two or ?ree g5]a h ! p[] ( climb+1 ! conclusion is =c$ on our m9ds t ! capacity ( revolv+1 on :i* mo/ climb]s dep5d1 is inh]5t1 ?\gh undevelop$1 9 almo/ e plant 9 ! vegetable k+dom4 ,x has (t5 be5 vaguely ass]t$ t plants are di/+ui%$ f animals by n hav+ ! p[] ( movem5t4 ,x %\ld r be said t plants acquire & display ?is p[] only :5 x is ( "s advantage to !m2 ?is be+ ( comp>atively r>e occurr5ce1 z !y are affix$ to ! gr\nd1 & food is br\ght to !m by ! air & ra94 ,we see h[ high 9 ! scale ( organization a plant may rise1 :5 we look at "o ( ! m p]fect t5dril-be>]s4 ,x fir/ places its t5drils ready = action1 z a polypus places its t5tacula4 ,if ! t5dril be displac$1 x is act$ on by ! =ce ( gravity & rights x self4 ,x is act$ on by ! light1 & b5ds t[>ds or f x1 or disreg>ds x1 :i*ev] may be mo/ advantage\s4 ,dur+ sev]al days ! t5drils or int]nodes1 or bo?1 spontane\sly revolve ) a /eady motion4 ,! t5dril /rikes "s object1 & quickly curls r\nd & firmly grasps x4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "s h\rs x contracts into a spire1 dragg+ up ! /em1 & =m+ an excell5t spr+4 ,all movem5ts n[ cease4 ,by gr[? ! tissues soon become wond]fully /rong & durable4 ,! t5dril has done its "w1 & has done x 9 an admirable mann]4 ,,footnotes4 iv ,an ,engli% translation ( ! #8,lehrbu* d] ,botanik' by ,pr(essor ,sa*s1 has rec5tly 7#ahge71 appe>$ "u ! title ( #8,text-,book ( ,botany1' & ?is is a great boon to all lov]s ( natural sci5ce 9 ,engl&4 #a;a #8,proc4 ,am]4 ,acad4 ( ,arts & ,sci5ces1' vol4 iv4 ,aug4 #ab1 #aheh1 p4 #ih4 #a;b ,ludwig ,h4 ,palm1 #8,ueb] das ,w9d5 d] ,pflanz52' ,hugo von ,mohl1 #8,ueb] d5 ,bau und des ,w9d5 d] ,rank5 und ,s*l+pflanz51' #ahbg4 ,palm's ,treatise 0 publi%$ only a few weeks be=e ,mohl's4 ,see also #8,! ,vegetable ,cell' 7translat$ by ,h5frey71 by ,h4 von ,mohl1 p4 #adg to end4 #a;c 8,des ,m\vem5ts rvolutife ,respontans10 c41 #8,comptes ,r5dus1' tom4 xvii4 7#ahdc7 p4 #ihi2 8,re*]*es sur la ,volubilit des ,tiges10 c41 tom4 xix4 7#ahdd7 p4 #bie4 #h #8,bull4 ,bot ,soc4 de ,france1' tom4 v4 #aheh1 p4 #cef4 #i;a ,?is :ole subject has be5 ably discuss$ & expla9$ by ,h4 de ,vries1 #8,arbeit5 des ,bot4 ,in/ituts 9 ,wrzburg1' ,heft iii4 pp4 #cca1 #ccf4 ,see also ,sa*s 7#8,text-,book ( ,botany1' ,engli% translation1 #ahge1 p4 #ggj71 :o concludes 8t torsion is ! result ( gr[? cont9u+ 9 ! out] lay]s aft] x has ceas$ or begun to cease 9 ! inn] lay]s40 #i;b ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray has rem>k$ to me1 9 a lett]1 t 9 ,?uja occid5talis ! twi/+ ( ! b>k is v conspicu\s4 ,! twi/ is g5]ally to ! "r ( ! obs]v]2 b1 9 notic+ ab\t a hundr$ trunks1 f\r or five 7 obs]v$ to be twi/$ 9 an opposite direction4 ,! ,spani% *e/nut is (t5 mu* twi/$3 !re is an int]e/+ article on ?is subject 9 ! #8,scotti% ,f>m]1' #ahfe1 p4 #hcc4 #aj ,x is well kn[n t ! /ems ( _m plants occasionally become spirally twi/$ 9 a mon/r\s mann]2 & aft] my pap] 0 read be=e ! ,l9nean ,society1 ,dr4 ,maxwell ,ma/]s rem>k$ to me 9 a lett] t 8"s ( ^! cases1 if n all1 are dep5d5t ^u "s ob/acle or resi/ance to _! upw>d gr[?40 ,?is conclusion agrees ) :at ,i h said ab\t ! twi/+ ( /ems1 :i* h tw9$ r\nd rugg$ supports2 b does n preclude ! twi/+ be+ ( s]vice to ! plant by giv+ great] rigidity to ! /em4 #ab ,! view t ! revolv+ movem5t or nutation ( ! /ems ( tw9+ plants is due to gr[? is t advanc$ by ,sa*s & ,h4 de ,vries2 & ! tru? ( ?is view is prov$ by _! excell5t obs]vations4 #ad ,! me*anism by :i* ! end ( ! %oot rema9s hook$ appe>s to be a difficult & complex problem1 discuss$ by ,dr4 ,h4 de ,vries 7ibid4 p4 #ccg73 he concludes t 8x dep5ds on ! relation betwe5 ! rapidity ( torsion & ! rapidity ( nutation40 #af ,dr4 ,h4 de ,vries also has %[n 7ibid4 p4 #cba & #cbe7 by a bett] me?od ?an t employ$ by me1 t ! /ems ( tw9+ plants are n irritable1 & t ! cause ( _! w9d+ up a support is exactly :at ,i h describ$4 #ag ,dr4 ,h4 de ,vries /ates 7ibid4 p4 #cbb7 t ! /em ( ,cuscuta is irritable l a t5dril4 #ah ,see ,dr4 ,h4 de ,vries 7ibid4 p4 #cbd7 on ?is subject4 #ai ,comptes ,r5dus1 #ahdd1 tom4 xix4 p4 #bie1 & ,annales des ,sc4 ,nat #crd s]ies1 ,bot41 tom4 ii4 p4 #afc4 #bd ,i am mu* indebt$ to ,dr4 ,hook] = hav+ s5t me _m plants f ,kew2 & to ,mr4 ,veit*1 ( ! ,royal ,exotic ,nurs]y1 = hav+ g5]\sly giv5 me a collection ( f9e specim5s ( climb+ plants4 ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 ,pr(4 ,oliv]1 & ,dr4 ,hook] h af=d$ me1 z on _m previ\s occasions1 mu* in=mation & _m ref]5ces4 #cc ,j\rnal ( ! ,l9n4 ,soc4 7,bot47 vol4 ix4 p4 #cdd4 ,i %all h occasion (t5 to quote ?is int]e/+ pap]1 9 :i* he corrects or confirms v>i\s /atem5ts made by me4 #cd ,i rais$ n9e plants ( ! hybrid ,loasa ,h]b]tii1 & six ( ^! also rev]s$ _! spire 9 asc5d+ a support4 #cf ,9 ano!r g5us1 namely ,davilla1 belong+ to ! same family ) ,hibb]tia1 ,fritz ,mll] says 7ibid4 p4 #cdi7 t 8! /em tw9es indiff]5tly f left to "r1 or f "r to left2 & ,i once saw a %oot :i* asc5d$ a tree ab\t five in*es 9 diamet]1 rev]se its c\rse 9 ! same mann] z s frequ5tly occurs ) ,loasa40 #cg ,fritz ,mll] /ates 7ibid4 p4 #cdi7 t he saw on "o occasion 9 ! =e/s ( ,s\? ,brazil a trunk ab\t five feet 9 circumf]5ce spirally asc5d$ by a plant1 app>5tly belong+ to ! ,m5isp]mace4 ,he adds 9 8 lett] to me t mo/ ( ! climb+ plants :i* !re asc5d ?ick trees1 are root-climb]s2 "s be+ t5dril-be>]s4 #dd ,fritz ,mll] has publi%$ "s int]e/+ facts & views on ! /ructure ( ! wood ( climb+ plants 9 #8,bot4 ,zeitung1' #ahff1 pp4 #eg1 #ff4 #fh ,x appe>s f ,a4 ,k]n]'s int]e/+ obs]vations1 t ! fl[]-p$uncles ( a l>ge numb] ( plants are irritable1 & b5d :5 !y are rubb$ or %ak53 ,die ,s*utzmittel des ,poll5s1 #ahgc1 p4 #cd4 #ga ,i h already ref]r$ to ! case ( ! tw9+ /em ( ,cuscuta1 :i*1 accord+ to ,h4 de ,vries 7ibid4 p4 #cbb7 is s5sitive to a t\* l a t5dril4 #ge ,dr4 ,maxwell ,ma/]s in=ms me t 9 almo/ all petioles :i* are cyl9drical1 su* z ^? be>+ peltate leaves1 ! woody vessels =m a clos$ r+2 semilun> b&s ( vessels be+ conf9$ to petioles :i* are *annell$ along _! upp] surfaces4 ,9 accordance ) ?is /atem5t1 x may be obs]v$ t ! enl>g$ & clasp$ petiole ( ! ,solanum1 ) its clos$ r+ ( woody vessels1 has become m cyl9drical ?an x 0 9 its orig9al unclasp$ condition4 #hd ,nev] hav+ _h ! opportunity ( exam9+ t5drils produc$ by ! modification ( bran*es1 ,i spoke d\btfully ab\t !m 9 ?is essay :5 orig9ally publi%$4 ,b s9ce !n ,fritz ,mll] has describ$ 7,j\rnal ( ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ix4 p4 #cdd7 _m /rik+ cases 9 ,s\? ,brazil4 ,9 speak+ ( plants :i* climb by ! aid ( _! bran*es1 m or less modifi$1 he /ates t ! foll[+ /ages ( developm5t c be trac$3 7#a47 ,plants support+ !mselves simply by _! bran*es /ret*$ out at "r angles--= example1 ,*iococca4 7#b47 ,plants clasp+ a support ) _! unmodifi$ bran*es1 z ) ,securidaca4 7#c47 ,plants climb+ by ! extremities ( _! bran*es :i* appe> l t5drils1 z is ! case accord+ to ,endli*] ) ,hel9us4 7#d47 ,plants ) _! bran*es mu* modifi$ & tempor>ily conv]t$ into t5drils1 b :i* may be aga9 trans=m$ into bran*es1 z ) c]ta9 ,papilionace\s plants4 7#e47 ,plants ) _! bran*es =m+ true t5drils1 & us$ exclusively = climb+--z ) ,/ry*nos & ,caulotretus4 ,ev5 ! unmodifi$ bran*es become mu* ?ick5$ :5 !y w9d r\nd a support4 ,i may add t ,mr4 ,?waites s5t me f ,ceylon a specim5 ( an ,acacia :i* _h climb$ up ! trunk ( a r l>ge tree1 by ! aid ( t5dril-l1 curv$ or convolut$ bran*lets1 arre/$ 9 _! gr[? & furni%$ ) %>p recurv$ hooks4 #he ,z f> z ,i c make out1 ! hi/ory ( our k ( t5drils is z foll[s3--,we h se5 t ,palm & von ,mohl obs]v$ ab\t ! same "t ! s+ul> ph5om5on ( ! spontane\s revolv+ movem5t ( tw9+-plants4 ,palm 7p4 #eh71 ,i presume1 obs]v$ likewise ! revolv+ movem5t ( t5drils2 b ,i d n feel sure ( ?is1 = he says v little on ! subject4 ,dutro*et fully describ$ ?is movem5t ( ! t5dril 9 ! common pea4 ,mohl fir/ discov]$ t t5drils are s5sitive to contact2 b f "s cause1 probably f obs]v+ too old t5drils1 he 0 n aw>e h[ s5sitive !y 71 & ?\ght t prolong$ pressure 0 necess>y to excite _! movem5t4 ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray1 9 a pap] already quot$1 fir/ notic$ ! extreme s5sitiv5ess & rapidity ( ! movem5ts ( ! t5drils ( c]ta9 ,cucurbitace\s plants4 #ajb ,fritz ,mll] /ates 7ibid4 p4 #cdh7 t 9 ,s\? ,brazil ! trifid t5drils ( ,haplolophium1 7"o ( ! ,bignoniace7 )\t hav+ come into contact ) any object1 t]m9ate 9 smoo? %9+ discs4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 aft] adh]+ to any object1 sometimes become consid]ably enl>g$4 #aaa ,comptes ,r5dus1 tom4 xvii4 #ahdc1 p4 #ihi4 #aac ,diagram %[+ ! movem5t ( ! upp] int]node ( ! common ,pea1 trac$ on a hemisph]ical glass1 & transf]r$ to pap]2 r$uc$ "o-half 9 size 7,aug4 #a/7 ,no4 ,h4 ,m4 #a #h #df ,a4,m4 #b #aj #j #c #aa #j #d #aa #cg #e #ab #g ,p4,m4 #f #ab #cj #g #a #j #h #a #cj #i #a #dd #aj #b #be #aa #c #j #ab #c #cj #ac #c #dh #ad #d #dj #ae #e #e #af #e #be #ag #e #ej #ah #f #be #ai #g #j #bj #g #de #ba #h #cj #bb #i #ae #aah #8,leons de ,botanique1' c41 #ahda1 p4 #agj4 #abg;a ,i am indebt$ to ,pr(4 ,oliv] = in=mation on ?is head4 ,9 ! ,bullet9 de la ,socit ,botanique de ,france1 #aheg1 !re are num]\s discussions on ! nature ( ! t5drils 9 ?is family4 #abg;b #8,g>d5]s' ,*ronicle1' #ahfd1 p4 #gba4 ,f ! aff9ity ( ! ,cucurbitace to ! ,passiflorace1 x might be argu$ t ! t5drils ( ! =m] are modifi$ fl[]-p$uncles1 z is c]ta9ly ! case ) ^? ( ,passion fl[]s4 ,mr4 ,r4 ,holl& 7,h>dwicke's #8,sci5ce-,gossip1' #ahfe1 p4 #aje7 /ates t 8a cucumb] grew1 a few ye>s ago 9 my own g>d51 :]e "o ( ! %ort prickles ^u ! fruit _h gr[n out into a long1 curl$ t5dril40 #ade ,trans4 ,phil4 ,soc4 #ahab1 p4 #cad4 #adf ,dr4 ,m',nab rem>ks 7,trans4 ,bot4 ,soc4 ,ed9burgh1 vol xi4 p4 #bib7 t ! t5drils ( ,amp4 ,veit*ii be> small globul> discs be=e !y h came into contact ) any object2 & ,i h s9ce obs]v$ ! same fact4 ,^! discs1 h[ev]1 increase greatly 9 size1 if !y press aga9/ & adh]e to any surface4 ,! t5drils1 !re=e1 ( "o species ( ,ampelopsis require ! /imulus ( contact = ! fir/ developm5t ( _! discs1 :il/ ^? ( ano!r species d n ne$ any su* /imulus4 ,we h se5 an exactly p>allel case ) two species ( ,bignoniace4 #aeb ,fritz ,mll] rem>ks 7ibid4 p4 #cdh7 t a relat$ g5us1 ,s]jania1 diff]s f ,c>diosp]mum 9 be>+ only a s+le t5dril2 & t ! common p$uncle contracts spirally1 :51 z frequ5tly happ5s1 ! t5dril has clasp$ ! plant's own /em4 #aed ,pr(4 ,asa ,gray in=ms me t ! t5drils ( ,p4 sicyoides revolve ev5 at a quick] rate ?an ^? ( ,p4 gracilis2 f\r revolutions 7 complet$ 7! temp]ature v>y+ f #hh degrees-#ib degrees ,fahr47 9 ! foll[+ times1 #dj m41 #de m41 #ch m41 & #df m4 ,"o half-revolution 0 p]=m$ 9 #ae m4 #afe ,see ,m4 ,isid4 ,lon 9 ,bull4 ,soc4 ,bot4 de ,france1 tom4 v4 #aheh1 p4 #fej4 ,dr4 ,h4 de ,vries po9ts out 7p4 #cjf7 t ,i h ov]look$1 9 ! fir/ edition ( ?is essay1 ! foll[+ s5t5ce by ,mohl3 8,aft] a t5dril has caught a support1 x beg9s 9 "s days to w9d into a spire1 :i*1 s9ce ! t5dril is made fa/ at bo? extremities1 mu/ ( necessity be 9 "s places to ! "r1 9 o!rs to ! left40 ,b ,i am n surpris$ t ?is brief s5t5ce1 )\t any fur!r explanation did n attract my att5tion4 #agf ,sa*s1 h[ev] 7#8,text-,book ( ,botany1' ,eng4 ,translation1 #ahge1 p4 #bhj71 has %[n t :i* ,i ov]look$1 namely1 t ! t5drils ( diff]5t species are adapt$ to clasp supports ( diff]5t ?icknesses4 ,he fur!r %[s t aft] a t5dril has clasp$ a support x subsequ5tly tight5s its hold4 #agi ,annales des ,sc4 ,nat4 ,bot4 #d? s]ies1 tom4 xii4 p4 #hi4 #ahj ,x occurr$ to me t ! movem5t ( notation & t f a t\* might be diff]5tly affect$ by an/hetics1 9 ! same mann] z ,paul ,b]t has %[n to be ! case ) ! sleep-movem5ts ( ,mimosa & ^? f a t\*4 ,i tri$ ! common pea & ,passiflora gracilis1 b ,i succe$$ only 9 obs]v+ t bo? movem5ts 7 unaffect$ by exposure = #a hrs4 to a r l>ge dose ( sulphuric e!r4 ,9 ?is respect !y pres5t a wond]ful contra/ ) ,dros]a1 ow+ no d\bt to ! pres5ce ( absorb5t gl&s 9 ! latt] plant4 #aha ,text-,book ( ,botany1 #ahge1 p4 #ggi4 #ahc ,j\rnal ( ,l9n4 ,soc4 vol4 ix4 p4 #cdh4 ,pr(essor ,g4 ,jaeg] has well rem>k$ 7#8,9 ,sa*5 ,d>w9's1 insbesond]e contra ,wig&1' #ahgd1 p4 #ajf7 t x is highly *>act]i/ic ( climb+ plants to produce ?91 elongat$1 & flexible /ems4 ,he fur!r rem>ks t plants gr[+ b5ea? o!r & tall] species or trees1 are naturally ^? :i* w\ld be develop$ into climb]s2 anti su* plants1 f /ret*+ t[>ds ! light1 & f n be+ mu* agitat$ by ! w9d1 t5d to produce long1 ?9 & flexible %oots4 #ahd ,pr(essor ,asa ,gray has expla9$1 z x w\ld appe>1 ?is difficulty 9 8 review 7,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 vol4 xl4 ,sept4 #ahfe1 p4 #bhb7 ( ! pres5t "w4 ,he has obs]v$ t ! /rong summ] %oots ( ! ,mi*igan rose 7,rosa setig]a7 are /rongly dispos$ to pu% into d>k crevices & away f ! light1 s t !y w\ld be almo/ sure to place !mselves "u a trellis4 ,he adds t ! lat]al %oots1 made on ! foll[+ spr+ em]g$ f ! trellis z !y s\ght ! light4 #ahg ,mr4 ,spill] has rec5tly %[n 7,*emical ,society1 ,feb4 #af1 #ahfe71 9 a pap] on ! oxidation ( india-rubb] or ca\t*\c1 t ?is sub/ance1 :5 expos$ 9 a f9e /ate ( division to ! air1 gradually becomes conv]t$ into brittle1 res9\s matt]1 v simil> to %ell-lac4 #ahh ,fritz ,mll] in=ms me t he saw 9 ! =e/s ( ,s\? ,brazil num]\s black /r+s1 f "s l9es to ne>ly an in* 9 diamet]1 w9d+ spirally r\nd ! trunks ( gigantic trees4 ,at fir/ sight he ?\ght t !y 7 ! /ems ( tw9+ plants :i* 7 ?us asc5d+ ! trees3 b he aft]w>ds f\nd t !y 7 ! arial roots ( a ,philod5dron :i* grew on ! bran*es above4 ,^! roots !re=e seem to be true tw9]s1 ?\gh !y use _! p[]s to desc5d1 in/ead ( to asc5d l tw9+ plants4 ,! arial roots ( "s o!r species ( ,philod5dron hang v]tically d[nw>ds1 sometimes = a l5g? ( m ?an fifty feet4 #aig ,quot$ by ,cohn1 9 8 rem>kable memoir1 8,contractile ,gewebe im ,pflanz5rei*e10 #8,abh&l4 d] ,s*lesis*5 ,gesell4 #ahfa1 ,heft i4 s4 #ce4 #aih ,su* slight spontane\s movem5ts1 ,i n[ f9d1 h be5 = "s "t kn[n to occur1 = in/ance ) ! fl[]-/ems ( ,brassica napus & ) ! leaves ( _m plants3 ,sa*s' #8,text-,book ( ,botany' #ahge1 pp4 #gff1 #ghe4 ,fritz ,mll] also has %[n 9 relation to our pres5t subject 7#8,j5ais*5 ,zeits*rift1' ,bd4 ,v4 ,heft #b1 p4 #acc7 t ! /ems1 :il/ "y1 ( an ,alisma & ( a ,l9um are cont9ually p]=m+ slight movem5ts to all po9ts ( ! compass1 l ^? ( climb+ plants4 #aii ,mr4 ,h]b]t ,sp5c] has rec5tly argu$ 7#8,pr9ciples ( ,biology1' #ahfe1 p4 #cg et seq47 ) mu* =ce t !re is no fundam5tal di/9ction betwe5 ! foli> & axial organs ( plants4 #bjj ,annales des ,sc4 ,nat4 #d? s]ies1 ,bot4 tom4 vi4 #ahef1 p4 #ca4 #bjb ,moqu9-,t&on 7,elm5ts de ,tratologie4 #ahda1 p4 #aef7 gives ! case ( a mon/r\s bean1 9 :i* a case ( comp5sation ( ?is nature 0 sudd5ly effect$2 = ! leaves completely disappe>$ & ! /ipules grew to an enorm\s size4