,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices--,,part ,,vi4 ,,no4 #ch ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,italic ,a ,,primer ,,of ,,information ,,regarding ,,the ,,origin ,,and ,,uses ,,of ,,italic ,,letters ,,by ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,,ll4,d4 ,,education ,,director ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america ,,published ,,by ,,the ,,committee ,,on ,,education ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america #aiah ,,copyright1 #aiah ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america ,,chicago1 ,,ill4 ,,contents ,,page ,,historical ,,introduction #a ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,italic #e ,,supplementary ,,reading #af ,,review ,,questions #ag ,,the ,,uses ,,of ,,italic ,,historical ,,introduction ,the first types were cut in imitation of the ,gothic or black letter handwriting employed at that period in copying ,bibles1 missals1 and the like4 ,it was large and angular and the lines were very coarse and black4 ,these peculiarities gave it the name4 ,its characteristics made it easy to read even in the dim light of a church or by the failing eyes of the aged4 ,this form of type1 however1 was only suitable for large pages4 ,when reduced in size it became very difficult to read1 being an almost indistinguishable blur on the page4 ,illustration3 ,type of the ,mazarin ,bible 7exact size74 ,the cost of materials and the unwieldiness of the great folio volumes soon caused a demand for smaller books4 ,gutenberg's #cf-line ,bible was almost immediately replaced by the #db-line ,bible4 ,a reduction of one sixth in the number of pages of a book as large as the ,bible would effect a very important saving in the cost of material and labor1 especially when we remember that the early printing press was a very laborious and slow affair4 ,gutenberg's press was capable of printing only twenty sheets an hour1 or one sheet every three minutes4 ,the invention of the movable bed1 about the year #aejj1 increased the output of the press to two hundred sheets an hour4 ,in #aghf the speed had risen only to two hundred and fifty sheets an hour4 ,cheap printing waited for the application of power to machinery4 ,the big book with the big type was well enough for churches and libraries4 ,but the purpose of printing was soon seen to be the spread of intelligence through the popularizing of literature4 ,books were to be placed in the hands of the people1 not simply of the priests1 nobles1 and professional men4 ,that end could only be accomplished by making books cheap and portable1 that is to say small4 ,to this end the printers soon addressed themselves to the task of devising forms of type which should be smaller1 so as to reduce the number and size of pages required for a book without sacrifice of legibility4 ,a clear1 clean cut type1 with sharp lines and simple forms1 capable of compression without loss of distinction1 was the great need4 ,the first important departure was the cutting of ,roman type4 ,the capitals were imitated from the letter forms used in ,roman inscriptions4 ,in the earlier forms the lower-case letters were rough and uncouth1 much resembling the ,gothic forms4 ,the inventor of this form is not known1 but it was certainly employed by the ,german printers ,sweynheim and ,pannartz at ,subiaco1 near ,rome1 as early as #adfg4 ,their example was followed by several imitators and improvers1 but its form was not definitely settled until ,nicholas ,jenson cast his fonts in ,venice in #adgj or #adga4 ,it is doubtful if any more perfect ,roman types than those of ,jenson have ever been produced4 ,the superiority of this type soon caused its general adoption except in ,germany4 ,england was slow in coming into line4 ,caxton never used anything but ,gothic type4 ,roman type was not introduced into ,england at all until #aeji1 and then had to make its way against the older forms backed by ,english conservatism4 ,germany has never adopted the ,roman letter for general use but makes some use of it in scientific works4 ,illustration3 ,roman type of ,nicholas ,jenson1 #adgb 7exact size74 ,the next step was the invention of ,italic types by ,aldus ,manutius1 of ,venice1 in #aeja4 ,he took for his model the handwriting of the poet ,petrarch and produced a type not essentially different from the modern ,italic4 ,originally the ,italic letters were lower-case only1 ,roman capitals being retained4 ,the incongruousness of this combination was1 however1 so evident that ,italic capitals were soon designed and then the new fonts were complete4 ,the ,aldine capitals used with ,italic lower-case were small1 the ancestors of the small capitals of today4 ,aldus used the ,italic type as a text letter1 and such use continued frequent for a century4 ,illustration3 ,type of the ,aldine ,virgil1 #aeja 7exact size74 ,at the present day1 except in ,germany1 the three forms of type have their distinct uses4 ,gothic1 variously known as ,black ,letter1 ,old ,english1 ,priory ,text1 ,cloister1 etc41 is used only for special work1 particularly in ecclesiastical printing4 ,the modern type called gothic is not derived from it4 ,roman is the general text letter4 ,italic has ceased to be a text letter1 but serves a useful purpose for certain special uses which are to be considered at length in the following pages4 ,,rules ,,for ,,the ,,use ,,of ,,italic ,italic has1 in general1 four uses3 7#a7 for emphasis4 7#b7 to set off a title1 word1 or passage from the context4 7#c7 for running titles1 sub-heads1 the headings of tables1 and other like places where something different from the text letter seems needed for variety4 7#d7 for display purposes in commercial work4 ,one very important principle should always be observed in the use of italic for emphasis4 ,emphasis should always be used sparingly4 ,make the words do their work4 ,do not try to supplement poverty of thought and weakness of expression by italics1 capitals1 and other marks of emphasis4 ,where there is too much emphasis attempted no emphasis is secured4 ,this fault was much more common formerly than now4 ,the accompanying reproduction of a page from a book printed in #afij 7place not given1 but probably ,london7 illustrates several of the faulty uses of italics common at that time4 ,an entire paragraph is italicized 7quite unnecessarily7 for emphasis4 ,all proper names and adjectives derived from them are italicized where they occur in the regular text and printed in roman where they occur in italicized passages4 ,note the frequent capitalization for emphasis and especially the italic capital with roman lower-case in the first line of the second paragraph4 ,this is a frequent usage in this particular book4 ,in this book all quotations are printed in italic without quote marks4 ,the paper1 composition1 and presswork of the book are very poor4 ,it represents ,english printing in its worst period4 ,illustration3 ,page from a book of #afij4 7,the slurred appearance represents the printing of the original copy47 ,moderation in the use of italics is so important that in many cases the compositor is justified in ignoring markings for italic in his copy where they are too profuse4 ,the author is often surprised and disappointed at the appearance of his proof when it comes back heavily italicized4 ,moreover the occurrence of many italics increases the cost of composition because of the greater labor involved4 ,i4 ,italicize1 subject to the caution just given1 any words or phrases which it is desired to emphasize4 ,,ii4 ,foreign words and phrases incorporated into ,english sentences are sometimes italicized and sometimes not so distinguished4 ,the deciding element in fixing the usage in these cases would seem to be the commonness and familiarity of the word or phrase4 ,for example1 the meaning of bona fide 7,latin71 menu 7,french71 recto 7,italian71 or stein 7,german7 are as well known as those of most ,english words4 ,to all intents and purposes these words have been adopted into our language4 ,on the other hand1 jeu d'esprit 7,french7 or inter alia 7,latin7 would probably not be immediately understood by the casual reader4 ,words of the first type should not be italicized4 ,words of the second type should be4 ,following is a partial list of words of foreign origin which should not be italicized even when the original accents are retained4 ,it is better to retain the accents4 ,they are1 however1 often omitted4 ,familiarity plays its part here also4 ,dnouement is very often written without the accent2 ne is rarely so written4 ,the absence of accented letters from typewriters1 from ordinary fonts of type1 and from the matrices ordinarily used in type-casting machines probably contributes largely to their omission4 aide de camp ,alma ,mater a posteriori a priori propos attach bas-relief beau ideal bona fide bric--brac caf charg d'affaires chiaroscuro clientle confrre connoisseur crche criterion1 pl4 -a cul-de-sac data dbris dbut dcollet dnouement dpt 7 depository7 doctrinaire dramatis person clat lite ennui entre ex cathedra ex officio expos faade facsimile fte habeas corpus habitu innuendo leve littrateur litterati massage matine mle menu motif nave ne net nv niche nil nom de plume papier mch per annum per capita per cent per contra personnel postmortem 7n4 and adj47 prima facie pro and con7tra7 protg pro tem7pore7 questionnaire queue rgime rendezvous rsum reveille rle savant sobriquet soire tte--tte tonneau umlaut verbatim verso versus 7v41 vs47 via vice versa vis--vis viva voce ,following is a short list of words or phrases of foreign origin which are used occasionally but are not familiar enough to be printed in the text type4 ab ovo ancien rgime bte noire comme il faut de quoi vivre de trop en passant fait accompli grand monde hors de combat inter alia jeu d'esprit locum tenens mise en scne noblesse oblige raison d'tre sans crmonie tour de force ,the following words1 phrases1 and abbreviations used in literary and legal references should be italicized4 ad loc4 circa 7ca47 et al4 ibid4 idem infra loc cit4 op4 cit4 passim sic supra s4 v4 vide ,do not italicize3 cf4 etc4 e4 g4 i4 e4 v4 or vs4 7versus7 viz4 ,when an unfamiliar foreign word is used to convey precise description1 put it in italic1 but use roman for repetition of the word4 ,italicize brief passages of foreign words which may be incorporated into an ,english passage but may not be long enough to be treated as regular quotations4 ,de gustibus non est disputandum1 or as the ,french have it1 ,chacun a son gout4 ,longer passages in foreign languages should be set in roman4 ,to set an entire paragraph of quoted matter in a foreign language in italic1 or even to use italic too freely for phrases1 practically nullifies the value of it as a display letter for the sub-headings or for any other part of the book in which distinction is really needed4 ,quotation marks1 indention1 smaller type1 or any of the marks which distinguish quoted matter are sufficient4 ,,iii4 ,at one time it was quite customary to set all quotations1 whether in ,english or a foreign language1 prose or verse1 in italics1 but that fashion is now happily obsolete4 ,some modern printers use italic for bits of verse between paragraphs in the text of roman1 but it is a fancy and not likely to be permanent4 ,,iv4 ,do not italicize foreign titles preceding names of foreign institutions or places1 streets1 etc41 the meaning or position of which in ,english would call for roman type4 ,pere ,ladeau2 ,freiherr von ,schwenau2 the ,place de la ,concorde2 the ,museo delle ,terme4 ,v4 ,in text matter use roman for the name of any author1 but italicize the title of the work4 ,this applies to books1 including plays1 essays1 cycles of poems1 and single poems of considerable length1 usually printed separately1 and not from the context understood to form parts of a larger volume2 pamphlets1 treatises1 tracts1 documents1 and periodicals 7including regularly appearing proceedings and transactions74 ,in the case of newspapers and periodicals the name of the place of publication should be italicized when it forms an integral part of the name1 but do not under ordinary circumstances italicize the article the4 ,in many offices the names of papers1 magazines1 and serials are not italicized4 ,roman is often used without quotation marks1 the title being indicated by capitalization4 ,when such names are used as credits at the end of citations or notes they should always be italicized4 ,this is largely a matter of individual taste and office style4 ,ample warrant can be found for either form in the writing of the best authorities and in the practice of the best offices4 ,,vi4 ,in citations which make a full paragraph1 and in footnotes1 the name of both author and book are commonly set in roman lower-case4 ,at the end of a paragraph or footnote specification of author and book may be roman for author and italic for book4 ,when only the book is given1 use italics4 ,these rules are often modified in long bibliographical lists1 tables1 or other cases when following them would cause a great accumulation of italics and spoil the appearance of a page4 ,do not italicize the books of the ,bible 7canonical or apocryphal7 or titles of ancient manuscripts1 or symbols used to designate manuscripts4 ,d #af1 ,m #f1 ,p1 ,j4 ,,vii4 ,italicize see and see also1 in indices and similar compilations when they are used for cross-reference1 and when it is desirable to differentiate them from the context4 ,,viii4 ,italicize for and read in lists of errata to separate the incorrect from the correct4 ,page #iii for ,henry read ,henri4 ,,ix4 ,the phrases prima facie and ex officio are sometimes used to qualify the nouns which follow1 and sometimes used as adverbs4 ,as qualifiers they are often printed in roman with the hyphen4 ,prima-facie evidence4 ,an ex-officio member of all committees4 ,when used as adverbs they may be printed in italics without the hyphen4 ,the evidence is1 prima facie1 convincing4 ,the speaker is1 ex officio1 the chairman4 ,x4 ,names of ships1 especially when they are taken from places1 as in the ,united ,states ,navy1 are often italicized4 ,u4,s4,s4 ,philadelphia1 ,u4,s4,s4 ,alabama4 ,,xi4 ,names of paintings1 statues1 musical compositions1 and characters in plays are sometimes italicized4 ,this is not ordinarily advisable4 ,it violates the rule of never using italics or other emphasizing devices needlessly and is liable to mar the appearance of the page4 ,it is sometimes necessary1 however1 to avoid ambiguity4 ,for example1 ,julius ,caesar is a historical personage1 ,julius ,caesar is one of ,shakespeare's plays1 ,julius ,caesar is a character in the play4 ,,xii4 ,italicize the symbols a71 b71 c71 etc41 used to indicate subdivisions when beginning a paragraph and a1 b1 c1 etc41 affixed to the number of verse1 page1 etc41 to denote a fractional part4 ,see ,chap4 iii1 sec4 #b a74 ,luke #d 3 #ca b4 ,,xiii4 ,italicize letters used to designate quantities1 lines1 etc41 in algebraic1 geometrical1 and similar matter1 and in explanation of diagrams and illustrations4 7ab7 a#b;abb2 the line a c the line a b2 the nth power2 at the point ,b4 ,,xiv4 ,italicize particular letters of the alphabet when referred to as such4 ,we use a much more frequently than q4 ,,xv4 ,authorities in science differ in the use of italics and capitals4 ,in strictly scientific matter it is better to follow copy if the copy is intelligently prepared2 if not1 follow some recognized text-book on the subject4 ,in general the following rules will be found serviceable4 7a7 ,in botanical1 zoological1 geological1 and paleontological matter1 italicize scientific 7,latin7 names of genera and species when used together 7the generic name being in the nominative singular71 and of the genera only1 when used alone4 ,when genera and species are used together the genus always comes first1 species second4 ,agaricus ,campestris1 ,felis leo1 ,conodectes favosus1 ,phyteuma ,halleri1 ,pinus1 ,basidiabolus1 ,alternaria1 ,erythrosuchus4 7b7 ,in medical matter the general practice is to print names of diseases and remedies in roman4 ,in the ,encyclopedia ,britannica1 ,eleventh ,edition1 however1 the scientific names of diseases are printed in italics4 7c7 ,in astronomical and astrophysical matter italicize3 #a4 ,the lower-case letters designating certain ,fraunhofer lines3 a1 b1 g1 h4 #b4 ,the lower-case letters used by ,baeyer to designate certain stars in constellations for which the ,greek letters have been exhausted3 f1 ,tauri2 u1 ,hercules4 7d7 ,italic should not be used for3 #a4 ,greek1 ,latin1 and ,arabic names of planets1 satellites1 constellations1 and individual stars3 ,neptune1 ,thetys1 ,orionis4 #b4 ,symbols for chemical elements3 ,h4 ,ca4 ,ti4 #c4 ,capital letters given by ,fraunhofer to the lines of the spectrum3 ,a-,h1 ,k4 #d4 ,letters designating the special types of stars3 ,a #e1 ,b #c1 ,mb4 #e4 ,the capital letter ,h with different ,greek subscript letters1 used to designate symbols of hydrogen3 ,ha1 ,hb1 etc4 #f4 ,designations of celestial objects in well-known catalogues2 also the ,flamstead numbers3 ,m #ac 7for ,no4 #ac of ,messier's ,catalogue of ,nebulae and ,clusters71 ,bond #fai2 ,n4 ,g4 ,c4 #fafe2 ,b4 ,d4-#ah #dhga2 #he ,pegasi1 ,lalande #egfa4 ,but when initials are used to express the titles of catalogues1 as such1 and not to designate a particular celestial object1 such initials are to be italicized1 following the usual rule of references by titles4 ,b4 ,d42 ,n4 ,g4 ,c4 ,,xvi4 ,in resolutions italicize the word ,resolved1 but not the word ,whereas4 ,,xvii4 ,italicize the names of plaintiff and defendant in the citation of legal cases2 also the titles of proceedings containing such prefixes as in re1 ex parte1 ,in the matter of1 etc4 ,the ,boston ,elevated ,railway ,co4 vs4 ,the ,city of ,cambridge4 ,in re ,johnson2 ex parte ,thomas2 ,in the matter of the petition of ,john ,smith for a change of venue4 ,,xviii4 ,italicize address lines in speeches1 reports1 etc41 and primary address lines in letters4 ,set the address flush1 in a separate line1 with the nouns capitalized4 ,mr4 ,toastmaster1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen4 ,mr4 ,henry ,p4 ,porter1 #adh ,high ,st41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,xix4 ,in signatures italicize the position or title added after the name4 ,if this consists of only one word1 it is usually run into the same line with the name4 ,frederick ,w4 ,hamilton1 ,clerk4 ,if the title consists of more than one word but is no longer than the name1 center the first letter under the name line1 and indent one em on the right4 ,john ,f4 ,fitzgerald1 ,mayor of ,boston4 ,if the title is longer than the name1 center the name over the second line and set this flush3 ,minton ,p4 ,warren1 ,professor of ,latin ,language and ,literature4 ,sometimes a long title may be set in a smaller type1 or1 if this is not advisable1 it may be put into two lines4 ,these rules are generally sound1 but may have to be varied to suit special conditions4 ,italicize the signatures of contributors to magazines1 etc41 when the names appear at the end of the article4 ,if the name appears at the head of the article use small capitals1 or1 as is often done1 the same type as the text4 ,,xx4 ,italic may be used to distinguish the words or clauses which serve as verbal texts for an extended comment4 ,in printed sermons1 for example1 the text is often set in italics4 ,,xxi4 ,italic may be used with good effect for running titles1 for table headings1 and for sub-heads4 ,it is not desirable for side notes4 ,it has many kerned letters which are liable to break off at the ends of the lines in an exposed position4 ,,xxii4 ,in the ,english ,bible italics are used to print words which are not expressed in the original ,hebrew or ,greek but are implied in the original and expressed in the translation4 ,their quiver is an open sepulchre2 they are all mighty men4 ,i find in him no fault at all4 ,these italics should never be mistaken for marks of emphasis4 ,,xxiii4 ,care should be taken that the italic type used should mate well with the roman4 ,the fact that it often did not so mate1 even in fonts supposed to go together1 was one cause for the disfavor which came to attend its use4 ,typesetting machines constructed without proper provision for the composition of italic have been very influential in restricting its use4 ,italics are now practically abolished from newspaper work except in advertising matter1 though they were used in newspapers to excess in the eighteenth century4 ,,xxiv4 ,italics are indicated in manuscript by drawing a single line under the words to be so printed4 ,,supplementary ,,reading ,correct ,composition4 ,by ,theodore ,l4 ,de,vinne4 ,oswald ,publishing ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,the ,writer's ,desk ,book4 ,by ,william ,dana ,orcutt4 ,frederick ,a4 ,stokes ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,a ,manual for ,writers4 ,by ,john ,matthews ,manly and ,john ,arthur ,powell4 ,the ,university of ,chicago ,press1 ,chicago4 ,,questions #a4 ,describe the first types4 #b4 ,what caused the demand for smaller books8 #c4 ,what was done to meet this demand8 #d4 ,what was the first step in the improvement of type8 #e4 ,what was the next important step8 #f4 ,what are the present uses of the three principal forms of letters8 #g4 ,what are the general principles governing the use of italics8 #h4 ,what important principle should be observed in the use of italic8 #i4 ,is a compositor ever justified in not following an author's marks calling for italics1 and why8 #aj4 ,for what1 in general1 is italic used8 #aa4 ,what is the general usage regarding foreign words and phrases8 #ab4 ,what decides whether they are italicized or not8 #ac4 ,what about accents in foreign words8 #ad4 ,give a list of common words1 phrases1 and abbreviations used in literary and legal references which should always be italicized4 #ae4 ,give a short list of abbreviations of foreign origin which should not be italicized4 #af4 ,how should quotations in foreign languages be treated8 #ag4 ,what is the use of italic in ,english quotations8 #ah4 ,how should you treat foreign titles preceding names of persons1 streets1 and the like8 #ai4 ,how are names of authors and of books1 magazines1 and the like1 treated8 #bj4 ,how do we use italics in citations1 in footnotes1 in indices1 and in errata8 #ba4 ,when are prima facie and ex officio italicized1 and when not8 #bb4 ,how are names of ships printed8 #bc4 ,how are names of paintings1 statues1 musical compositions1 and characters in plays treated8 #bd4 ,what is the rule about letters used to indicate subdivisions1 etc48 #be4 ,how do we print letters of the alphabet when referred to as such8 #bf4 ,what can you say of the use of italic in scientific matter generally8 #bg4 ,give the particular rules for the use of italic in certain sciences4 #bh4 ,what is the rule for italic in resolutions8 #bi4 ,how are italics used in legal matter8 #cj4 ,how are italics used in signatures8 #ca4 ,where are titles placed when following names in signatures8 #cb4 ,how may texts of sermons and the like be printed8 #cc4 ,what can you say of the use of italic in running titles1 table heads1 side notes1 and the like8 #cd4 ,what should be looked out for in combining italic with roman8 #ce4 ,what has been the influence of machine composition in the use of italic1 and why8 #cf4 ,how does the use of italic in newspapers at present compare with that of a hundred years ago1 and why8 #cg4 ,how are italics indicated in manuscript8 ,as elsewhere in this section of the ,typographic ,technical ,series1 the learning of the rules must be supplemented by extended practice in their application4 ,constant drill should be given the apprentice in the setting of matter requiring the use of italics1 or in writing out manuscripts with the italics properly indicated4 ,there is no other way in which accuracy and practical proficiency can be acquired4 ,printed matter may be shown for criticism and discussion1 and incorrectly italicized matter may be given out for correction4 ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices ,the following list of publications1 comprising the ,,typographic ,,technical ,,series ,,for ,,apprentices1 has been prepared under the supervision of the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america for use in trade classes1 in course of printing instruction1 and by individuals4 ,each publication has been compiled by a competent author or group of authors1 and carefully edited1 the purpose being to provide the printers of the ,united ,states--employers1 journeymen1 and apprentices--with a comprehensive series of handy and inexpensive compendiums of reliable1 up-to-date information upon the various branches and specialties of the printing craft1 all arranged in orderly fashion for progressive study4 ,the publications of the series are of uniform size1 #e #h inches4 ,their general make-up1 in typography1 illustrations1 etc41 has been1 as far as practicable1 kept in harmony throughout4 ,a brief synopsis of the particular contents and other chief features of each volume will be found under each title in the following list4 ,each topic is treated in a concise manner1 the aim being to embody in each publication as completely as possible all the rudimentary information and essential facts necessary to an understanding of the subject4 ,care has been taken to make all statements accurate and clear1 with the purpose of bringing essential information within the understanding of beginners in the different fields of study4 ,wherever practicable1 simple and well-defined drawings and illustrations have been used to assist in giving additional clearness to the text4 ,in order that the pamphlets may be of the greatest possible help for use in trade-school classes and for self-instruction1 each title is accompanied by a list of ,review ,questions covering essential items of the subject matter4 ,a short ,glossary of technical terms belonging to the subject or department treated is also added to many of the books4 ,these are the ,official ,text-books of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america4 ,address all orders and inquiries to ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america1 ,,chicago1 ,,illinois1 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,part ,i--,types1 ,tools1 ,machines1 and ,materials #a4 ,type3 a ,primer of ,information ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,relating to the mechanical features of printing types2 their sizes1 font schemes1 etc41 with a brief description of their manufacture4 #dd pp42 illustrated2 #gd review questions2 glossary4 #b4 ,compositors' ,tools and ,materials ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about composing sticks1 galleys1 leads1 brass rules1 cutting and mitering machines1 etc4 #dg pp42 illustrated2 #ej review questions2 glossary4 #c4 ,type ,cases1 ,composing ,room ,furniture ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about type cases1 work stands1 cabinets1 case racks1 galley racks1 standing galleys1 etc4 #dc pp42 illustrated2 #cc review questions2 glossary4 #d4 ,imposing ,tables and ,lock-up ,appliances ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,describing the tools and materials used in locking up forms for the press1 including some modern utilities for special purposes4 #ei pp42 illustrated2 #gj review questions2 glossary4 #e4 ,proof ,presses ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the customary methods and machines for taking printers' proofs4 #dj pp42 illustrated2 #da review questions2 glossary4 #f4 ,platen ,printing ,presses ,by ,daniel ,baker ,a primer of information regarding the history and mechanical construction of platen printing presses1 from the original hand press to the modern job press1 to which is added a chapter on automatic presses of small size4 #ea pp42 illustrated2 #di review questions2 glossary4 #g4 ,cylinder ,printing ,presses ,by ,herbert ,l4 ,baker ,being a study of the mechanism and operation of the principal types of cylinder printing machines4 #fd pp42 illustrated2 #dg review questions2 glossary4 #h4 ,mechanical ,feeders and ,folders ,by ,william ,e4 ,spurrier ,the history and operation of modern feeding and folding machines2 with hints on their care and adjustments4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #i4 ,power for ,machinery in ,printing ,houses ,by ,carl ,f4 ,scott ,a treatise on the methods of applying power to printing presses and allied machinery with particular reference to electric drive4 #ec pp42 illustrated2 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #aj4 ,paper ,cutting ,machines ,by ,niel ,gray1 ,jr4 ,a primer of information about paper and card trimmers1 hand-lever cutters1 power cutters1 and other automatic machines for cutting paper1 #gj pp42 illustrated2 #aae review questions2 glossary4 #aa4 ,printers' ,rollers ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the composition1 manufacture1 and care of inking rollers4 #df pp42 illustrated2 #fa review questions2 glossary4 #ab4 ,printing ,inks ,by ,philip ,ruxton ,their composition1 properties and manufacture 7reprinted by permission from ,circular ,no4 #ec1 ,united ,states ,bureau of ,standards72 together with some helpful suggestions about the everyday use of printing inks by ,philip ,ruxton4 #hj pp42 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 #ac4 ,how ,paper is ,made ,by ,william ,bond ,wheelwright ,a primer of information about the materials and processes of manufacturing paper for printing and writing4 #fh pp42 illustrated2 #fb review questions2 glossary4 #ad4 ,relief ,engravings ,by ,joseph ,p4 ,donovan ,brief history and non-technical description of modern methods of engraving2 woodcut1 zinc plate1 halftone2 kind of copy for reproduction2 things to remember when ordering engravings4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ae4 ,electrotyping and ,stereotyping ,by ,harris ,b4 ,hatch and ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a primer of information about the processes of electrotyping and stereotyping4 #id pp42 illustrated2 #abi review questions2 glossaries4 ,,part ,,ii--,hand and ,machine ,composition #af4 ,typesetting ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook for beginners1 giving information about justifying1 spacing1 correcting1 and other matters relating to typesetting4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ag4 ,printers' ,proofs ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,the methods by which they are made1 marked1 and corrected1 with observations on proofreading4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ah4 ,first ,steps in ,job ,composition ,by ,camille ,de,vze ,suggestions for the apprentice compositor in setting his first jobs1 especially about the important little things which go to make good display in typography4 #fc pp42 examples2 #ee review questions2 glossary4 #ai4 ,general ,job ,composition ,how the job compositor handles business stationery1 programs and miscellaneous work4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bj4 ,book ,composition ,by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell ,chapters from ,de,vinne's ,modern ,methods of ,book ,composition1 revised and arranged for this series of text-books by ,j4 ,w4 ,bothwell of ,the ,de,vinne ,press1 ,new ,york4 ,part ,i3 ,composition of pages4 ,part ,,ii3 ,imposition of pages4 #bbi pp42 illustrated2 #ebe review questions2 glossary4 #ba4 ,tabular ,composition ,by ,robert ,seaver ,a study of the elementary forms of table composition1 with examples of more difficult composition4 #cf pp42 examples2 #de review questions4 #bb4 ,applied ,arithmetic ,by ,e4 ,e4 ,sheldon ,elementary arithmetic applied to problems of the printing trade1 calculation of materials1 paper weights and sizes1 with standard tables and rules for computation1 each subject amplified with examples and exercises4 #aei pp4 #bc4 ,typecasting and ,composing ,machines ,a4 ,w4 ,finlay1 ,editor ,section ,i--,the ,linotype ,by ,l4 ,a4 ,hornstein ,section ,,ii--,the ,monotype ,by ,joseph ,hays ,section ,,iii--,the ,intertype ,by ,henry ,w4 ,cozzens ,section ,,iv--,other ,typecasting and ,typesetting ,machines ,by ,frank ,h4 ,smith ,a brief history of typesetting machines1 with descriptions of their mechanical principles and operations4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iii--,imposition and ,stonework #bd4 ,locking ,forms for the ,job ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,things the apprentice should know about locking up small forms1 and about general work on the stone4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #be4 ,preparing ,forms for the ,cylinder ,press ,by ,frank ,s4 ,henry ,pamphlet and catalog imposition2 margins2 fold marks1 etc4 ,methods of handling type forms and electrotype forms4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,iv--,presswork #bf4 ,making ,ready on ,platen ,presses ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,the essential parts of a press and their functions2 distinctive features of commonly used machines4 ,preparing the tympan1 regulating the impression1 underlaying and overlaying1 setting gauges1 and other details explained4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bg4 ,cylinder ,presswork ,by ,t4 ,g4 ,mc,grew ,preparing the press2 adjustment of bed and cylinder1 form rollers1 ink fountain1 grippers and delivery systems4 ,underlaying and overlaying2 modern overlay methods4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #bh4 ,pressroom ,hints and ,helps ,by ,charles ,l4 ,dunton ,describing some practical methods of pressroom work1 with directions and useful information relating to a variety of printing-press problems4 #hg pp42 #agf review questions4 #bi4 ,reproductive ,processes of the ,graphic ,arts ,by ,a4 ,w4 ,elson ,a primer of information about the distinctive features of the relief1 the intaglio1 and the planographic processes of printing4 #hd pp42 illustrated2 #ajj review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,v--,pamphlet and ,book ,binding #cj4 ,pamphlet ,binding ,by ,bancroft ,l4 ,goodwin ,a primer of information about the various operations employed in binding pamphlets and other work in the bindery4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 #ca4 ,book ,binding ,by ,john ,j4 ,pleger ,practical information about the usual operations in binding books2 folding2 gathering1 collating1 sewing1 forwarding1 finishing4 ,case making and cased-in books4 ,hand work and machine work4 ,job and blank-book binding4 ,illustrated2 review questions2 glossary4 ,,part ,,vi--,correct ,literary ,composition #cb4 ,word ,study and ,english ,grammar ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about words1 their relations1 and their uses4 #fh pp42 #hd review questions2 glossary4 #cc4 ,punctuation ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the marks of punctuation and their use1 both grammatically and typographically4 #ef pp42 #ei review questions2 glossary4 #cd4 ,capitals ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about capitalization1 with some practical typographic hints as to the use of capitals4 #dh pp42 #ib review questions2 glossary4 #ce4 ,division of ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,rules for the division of words at the ends of lines1 with remarks on spelling1 syllabication and pronunciation4 #db pp42 #gj review questions4 #cf4 ,compound ,words ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a study of the principles of compounding1 the components of compounds1 and the use of the hyphen4 #cd pp42 #fb review questions4 #cg4 ,abbreviations and ,signs ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about abbreviations and signs1 with classified lists of those in most common use4 #eh pp42 #cb review questions4 #ch4 ,the ,uses of ,italic ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the history and uses of italic letters4 #ca pp42 #cg review questions4 #ci4 ,proofreading ,by ,arnold ,levitas ,the technical phases of the proofreader's work2 reading1 marking1 revising1 etc42 methods of handling proofs and copy4 ,illustrated by examples4 #ei pp42 #fi review questions2 glossary4 #dj4 ,preparation of ,printers' ,copy ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,suggestions for authors1 editors1 and all who are engaged in preparing copy for the composing room4 #cf pp42 #fg review questions4 #da4 ,printers' ,manual of ,style ,a reference compilation of approved rules1 usages1 and suggestions relating to uniformity in punctuation1 capitalization1 abbreviations1 numerals1 and kindred features of composition4 #db4 ,the ,printer's ,dictionary ,by ,a4 ,a4 ,stewart ,a handbook of definitions and miscellaneous information about various processes of printing1 alphabetically arranged4 ,technical terms explained4 ,illustrated4 ,,part ,,vii--,design1 ,color1 and ,lettering #dc4 ,applied ,design for ,printers ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a handbook of the principles of arrangement1 with brief comment on the periods of design which have most influenced printing4 ,treats of harmony1 balance1 proportion1 and rhythm2 motion2 symmetry and variety2 ornament1 esthetic and symbolic4 #cg illustrations2 #df review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dd4 ,elements of ,typographic ,design ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,applications of the principles of decorative design4 ,building material of typography paper1 types1 ink1 decorations and illustrations4 ,handling of shapes4 ,design of complete book1 treating each part4 ,design of commercial forms and single units4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #de4 ,rudiments of ,color in ,printing ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,use of color3 for decoration of black and white1 for broad poster effect1 in combinations of two1 three1 or more printings with process engravings4 ,scientific nature of color1 physical and chemical4 ,terms in which color may be discussed3 hue1 value1 intensity4 ,diagrams in color1 scales and combinations4 ,color theory of process engraving4 ,experiments with color4 ,illustrations in full color1 and on various papers4 ,review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #df4 ,lettering in ,typography ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,printer's use of lettering3 adaptability and decorative effect4 ,development of historic writing and lettering and its influence on type design4 ,classification of general forms in lettering4 ,application of design to lettering4 ,drawing for reproduction4 ,fully illustrated2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dg4 ,typographic ,design in ,advertising ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,the printer's function in advertising4 ,precepts upon which advertising is based4 ,printer's analysis of his copy4 ,emphasis1 legibility1 attention1 color4 ,method of studying advertising typography4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 #dh4 ,making ,dummies and ,layouts ,by ,harry ,l4 ,gage ,a layout3 the architectural plan4 ,a dummy3 the imitation of a proposed final effect4 ,use of dummy in sales work4 ,use of layout4 ,function of layout man4 ,binding schemes for dummies4 ,dummy envelopes4 ,illustrations2 review questions2 glossary2 bibliography4 ,,part ,,viii--,history of ,printing #di4 ,books ,before ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the invention of the alphabet and the history of bookmaking up to the invention of movable types4 #fb pp42 illustrated2 #fd review questions4 #ej4 ,the ,invention of ,typography ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the invention of printing and how it came about4 #fd pp42 #fb review questions4 #ea4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,i ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a primer of information about the beginnings of printing1 the development of the book1 the development of printers' materials1 and the work of the great pioneers4 #fc pp42 #ee review questions4 #eb4 ,history of ,printing--,part ,,ii ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the economic conditions of the printing industry from #adej to #aghi1 including government regulations1 censorship1 internal conditions and industrial relations4 #id pp42 #abh review questions4 #ec4 ,printing in ,england ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a short history of printing in ,england from ,caxton to the present time4 #hi pp42 #fe review questions4 #ed4 ,printing in ,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief sketch of the development of the newspaper1 and some notes on publishers who have especially contributed to printing4 #ih pp42 #hd review questions4 #ee4 ,type and ,presses in ,america ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a brief historical sketch of the development of type casting and press building in the ,united ,states4 #eb pp42 #fa review questions4 ,,part ,,ix--,cost ,finding and ,accounting #ef4 ,elements of ,cost in ,printing ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eg4 ,use of a ,cost ,system ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the ,standard ,cost-,finding ,forms and their uses4 ,what they should show4 ,how to utilize the information they give4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #eh4 ,the ,printer as a ,merchant ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the selection and purchase of materials and supplies for printing4 ,the relation of the cost of raw material and the selling price of the finished product4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #ei4 ,fundamental ,principles of ,estimating ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,the estimator and his work2 forms to use2 general rules for estimating4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fj4 ,estimating and ,selling ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,an insight into the methods used in making estimates1 and their relation to selling4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 #fa4 ,accounting for ,printers ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,a brief outline of an accounting system for printers2 necessary books and accessory records4 ,review questions4 ,glossary4 ,,part ,x--,miscellaneous #fb4 ,health1 ,sanitation1 and ,safety ,by ,henry ,p4 ,porter ,hygiene in the printing trade2 a study of conditions old and new2 practical suggestions for improvement2 protective appliances and rules for safety4 #fc4 ,topical ,index ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a book of reference covering the topics treated in the ,typographic ,technical ,series1 alphabetically arranged4 #fd4 ,courses of ,study ,by ,f4 ,w4 ,hamilton ,a guidebook for teachers1 with outlines and suggestions for classroom and shop work4 ,,acknowledgment ,this series of ,typographic ,text-books is the result of the splendid co-operation of a large number of firms and individuals engaged in the printing business and its allied industries in the ,united ,states of ,america4 ,the ,committee on ,education of the ,united ,typothetae of ,america1 under whose auspices the books have been prepared and published1 acknowledges its indebtedness for the generous assistance rendered by the many authors1 printers1 and others identified with this work4 ,while due acknowledgment is made on the title and copyright pages of those contributing to each book1 the ,committee nevertheless felt that a group list of co-operating firms would be of interest4 ,the following list is not complete1 as it includes only those who have co-operated in the production of a portion of the volumes1 constituting the first printing4 ,as soon as the entire list of books comprising the ,typographic ,technical ,series has been completed 7which the ,committee hopes will be at an early date71 the full list will be printed in each volume4 ,the ,committee also desires to acknowledge its indebtedness to the many subscribers to this ,series who have patiently awaited its publication4 ,,committee ,,on ,,education1 ,,united ,,typothetae ,,of ,,america4 ,,henry ,p4 ,,porter1 ,chairman1 ,e4 ,,lawrence ,,fell1 ,a4 ,m4 ,,glossbrenner1 ,j4 ,,clyde ,,oswald1 ,,toby ,,rubovits4 ,,frederick ,w4 ,,hamilton1 ,education ,director4 ,,contributors ,for ,composition and ,electrotypes ,,isaac ,h4 ,,blanchard ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,s4 ,h4 ,,burbank ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,j4 ,s4 ,,cushing ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,devinne ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,r4 ,r4 ,,donnelley ,,sons ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,ellis ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,evans-,,winter-,,hebb1 ,detroit1 ,mich4 ,,franklin ,,printing ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,h4 ,,gilson ,,company1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,stephen ,,greene ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,w4 ,f4 ,,hall ,,printing ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,j4 ,b4 ,,lippincott ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mccalla ,,co4 ,,inc41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,patteson ,,press1 ,new ,york1 ,new ,york ,,the ,,plimpton ,,press1 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,poole ,,bros41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,edward ,,stern ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,stone ,,printing ,,mfg4 ,,co41 ,roanoke1 ,va4 ,c4 ,d4 ,,traphagen1 ,lincoln1 ,neb4 ,,the ,,university ,,press1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,for ,composition ,,boston ,,typothetae ,,school ,,of ,,printing1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,william ,f4 ,,fell ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,the ,,kalkhoff ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,oxford-,,print1 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,toby ,,rubovits1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,electrotypes ,,blomgren ,,brothers ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,flower ,,steel ,,electrotyping ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,c4 ,j4 ,,peters ,,son ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,,royal ,,electrotype ,,co41 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,whitcomb ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,for ,engravings ,,american ,,type ,,founders ,,co41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,c4 ,b4 ,,cottrell ,,sons ,,co41 ,westerly1 ,r4 ,i4 ,,golding ,,manufacturing ,,co41 ,franklin1 ,mass4 ,,harvard ,,university1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,,inland ,,printer ,,co41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,,lanston ,,monotype ,,machine ,,company1 ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,,mergenthaler ,,linotype ,,company1 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,geo4 ,h4 ,,morrill ,,co41 ,norwood1 ,mass4 ,,oswald ,,publishing ,,co41 ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,y4 ,,the ,,printing ,,art1 ,cambridge1 ,mass4 ,b4 ,d4 ,,rising ,,paper ,,company1 ,housatonic1 ,mass4 ,,the ,,vandercook ,,press1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,for ,book ,paper ,,american ,,writing ,,paper ,,co41 ,holyoke1 ,mass4 ,,west ,,virginia ,,pulp ,,paper ,,co41 ,mechanicville1 ,n4 ,y4