file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #bdgih-;h4htm or #bdgih-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ d_/g_/i_/bdgih_/bdgih-;h_/#bdgih-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ d_/g_/i_/bdgih_/bdgih-;h4zip7 ,,america ,,first ,patriotic ,readings by ,,jasper ,l4 ,mc,b,r,i,e,n1 ,a4 ,m4 ,former ,state ,superintendent of ,public ,instruction of ,nebraska and ,now ,school ,extension ,specialist for the ,united ,states ,bureau of ,education1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,illustration3 ,,america ,,first ,illustration ,american ,book ,company ,new ,york ,cincinnati ,chicago ,copyright1 #aiaf by ,jasper ,l4 ,mc,brien ,all rights reserved ,,america ,,first ,w4 ,p4 #g ,,foreword ,america ,first was the central thought in ,president ,wilson's address to the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution on the twenty-fifth anniversary of their organization--their ,silver ,jubilee--in ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,october #aa1 #aiae4 ,the president declared in this address that all citizens should make it plain whether their sympathies for foreign countries come before their love of the ,united ,states1 or whether they are for ,america first1 last1 and all the time4 ,he asserted1 also1 that our people need all of their patriotism in this confusion of tongues in which we find ourselves over the ,european war4 ,the press throughout the country has taken up the thought of the ,president and1 seconded by the efforts of the ,bureau of ,education1 has done loyal work in making ,america ,first our national slogan4 ,this is all good so far as it goes--especially among the adult population1 many of whom must be educated1 if educated at all1 on the run4 ,but the rising generation1 both native-born and foreign1 to get the full meaning of this slogan in its far-reaching significance1 must have time for study and reflection along patriotic lines4 ,there must be the right material on which the ,american youth may settle their thoughts for a definite end in patriotism if our country is to have a new birth of freedom and if this government of the people1 by the people1 and for the people is not to perish from the earth4 ,the prime and vital service of amalgamating into one homogeneous body the children alike of those who are born here and of those who come here from so many different lands must be rendered this ,republic by the school teachers of ,america4 ,the purpose of this book is to furnish the teachers and pupils of our country1 material with which the idea of true ,americanism may be developed until ,america ,first shall become the slogan of every man1 woman1 and child in the ,united ,states4 ,,contents ,,the ,,continental ,,congress ,jasper ,l4 ,mc,brien ,,introduction #ac ,,tableau--,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,seventy-,,six #ai ,,cast ,,of ,,characters #bj ,,the ,,continental ,,congress--,a ,,dramatization #ba ,,american ,,patriotism ,,what ,,is ,,patriotism ,jasper ,l4 ,mc,brien #ga ,,america ,,for ,,me ,henry van ,dyke #gc ,,america ,,first ,woodrow ,wilson #ge ,,the ,,meaning ,,of ,,the ,,flag ,woodrow ,wilson #hc ,,makers ,,of ,,the ,,flag ,franklin ,k4 ,lane #hg ,,the ,,flag ,,of ,,the ,,union ,,forever ,fitzhugh ,lee #ij ,,farewell ,,address ,george ,washington #id ,,washington ,john ,w4 ,daniel #ajd ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,henry ,watterson #abi ,,second ,,inaugural ,,address ,abraham ,lincoln #aea ,,robert ,e4 ,,lee ,e4 ,benjamin ,andrews #aed ,,our ,,reunited ,,country ,clark ,howell #afc ,,the ,,blue ,,and ,,the ,,gray ,henry ,cabot ,lodge #aga ,a ,,reminiscence ,,of ,,gettysburg ,john ,b4 ,gordon #age ,,the ,,new ,,south ,henry ,w4 ,grady #aha ,,the ,,duty ,,and ,,value ,,of ,,patriotism ,archbishop ,ireland #aie ,,our ,,country ,william ,mc,kinley #bjb ,,behold ,,the ,,american ,t4 ,de,witt ,talmage #bjf ,,the ,,hollander ,,as ,,an ,,american ,theodore ,roosevelt #bab ,,the ,,adopted ,,citizen ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant #bag ,,our ,,navy ,hampton ,l4 ,carson #bbj ,,the ,,patriotism ,,of ,,peace ,william ,j4 ,bryan #bcb ,a ,,plea ,,for ,,universal ,,peace ,george ,w4 ,norris #bch ,,gettysburg ,,address ,abraham ,lincoln #bee ,,neutrality ,,proclamation ,woodrow ,wilson #bef ,,poetry ,,of ,,patriotism ,,concord ,,hymn ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson #bfa ,,warren',s ,,address ,john ,pierpont #bfb ,,patriotism ,sir ,walter ,scott #bfc ,,the ,,star-,,spangled ,,banner ,francis ,scott ,key #bfc ,,my ,,country ,samuel ,f4 ,smith #bfe ,,the ,,american ,,flag ,joseph ,rodman ,drake #bff ,,song ,,of ,,marion',s ,,men ,william ,cullen ,bryant #bfg ,,the ,,old ,,continentals ,guy ,humphreys ,mc,master #bfi ,,the ,,sword ,,of ,,bunker ,,hill ,wm4 ,ross ,wallace #bga ,,liberty ,,tree ,thomas ,paine #bgb ,,the ,,rising ,,in #aggf ,thomas ,buchanan ,read #bgd ,,america ,bayard ,taylor #bgh ,,the ,,blue ,,and ,,the ,,gray ,francis ,m4 ,finch #bgi ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,james ,russell ,lowell #bha ,,the ,,flag ,,goes ,,by ,henry ,holcomb ,bennett #bhd ,,the ,,ship ,,of ,,state ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow #bhe ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,old ,,glory ,james ,whitcomb ,riley #bhf ,,acknowledgments ,acknowledgments for permission to use copyrighted and other valuable material in this volume are hereby tendered to authors and publishers as follows3 ,to ,president ,woodrow ,wilson for his three addresses ,america ,first1 ,the ,meaning of the ,flag1 and ,neutrality ,proclamation4 ,to ,secretary ,franklin ,k4 ,lane for his speech on ,the ,makers of the ,flag4 ,to ,william ,jennings ,bryan and his publishers1 ,funk and ,wagnalls ,company1 ,new ,york and ,london1 for extracts from his address on ,the ,patriotism of ,peace4 ,to ,archbishop ,ireland for extracts from his address on ,the ,duty and ,value of ,patriotism4 ,to ,george ,l4 ,schuman and ,company1 publishers of ,modern ,eloquence1 ,chicago1 for the following extracts and addresses3 ,our ,country1 by ,william ,mc,kinley2 ,our ,reunited ,country1 by ,clark ,howell2 ,the ,blue and the ,gray1 by ,henry ,cabot ,lodge2 ,a ,reminiscence of ,gettysburg1 by ,john ,b4 ,gordon2 ,the ,new ,south1 by ,henry ,w4 ,grady2 and ,the ,hollander as an ,american1 by ,theodore ,roosevelt4 ,to ,a4 ,c4 ,butters for the address on ,washington1 by ,john ,w4 ,daniel1 from ,modern ,eloquence published by ,george ,l4 ,schuman and ,company4 ,to ,henry ,watterson1 ,louisville1 ,kentucky1 for the extracts from his lecture on ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,to ,e4 ,benjamin ,andrews and to his publishers1 ,fords1 ,howard and ,hulbert1 for the extracts from his lecture on ,robert ,e4 ,lee4 ,to ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,company1 ,philadelphia1 for the poem by ,thomas ,buchanan ,read1 ,the ,rising in #aggf4 ,to ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 ,new ,york1 for the poem by ,henry van ,dyke1 ,america for ,me1 and also for the extract from the poem ,wanted1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,holland4 ,to ,the ,bobbs-,merrill ,company1 ,indianapolis1 for the poem by ,james ,whitcomb ,riley1 ,the ,name of ,old ,glory4 ,to ,henry ,holcomb ,bennett for his poem entitled1 ,the ,flag ,goes ,by4 ,to ,christopher ,sower ,company1 ,philadelphia1 for the poem by ,edward ,brooks1 entitled ,be a ,woman4 ,the selections from the poems of ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow1 ,james ,russell ,lowell1 and ,bayard ,taylor are used by permission of and special arrangement with ,houghton ,mifflin ,company1 the authorized publishers of the works of those authors4 ,the thanks of the author are also extended to ,nelson ,warner1 ,katherine ,m4 ,cook1 ,mrs4 ,l4 ,r4 ,caldwell1 ,belvia ,cuzzort1 ,w4 ,r4 ,hood1 and ,dr4 ,stephen ,b4 ,weeks of the ,bureau of ,education1 for valuable assistance in the compilation of this work4 ,,the ,,continental ,,congress ,a ,,dramatization ,illustration3 ,,signing ,,the ,,declaration ,,introduction ,this dramatization of the ,continental ,congress portrays the spirit of the times during the period of the ,american ,revolution4 ,it deals principally with the debates for and against the ,declaration of ,independence2 it is a summary of the grievances1 struggles1 sacrifices1 and victories of the colonies from the enactment of the obnoxious ,stamp ,act by the ,british ,parliament to the resignation of ,george ,washington as commander-in-chief of the ,american army4 ,in the construction of a drama covering such a heroic period and relating to events so momentous1 all of which must pass in review before us within an hour and a half's time1 it is necessary to exercise a certain dramatic license4 ,the historical literalist1 like the scriptural literalist1 makes the letter kill the spirit of the truth4 ,after all1 it is not the dry facts1 dates1 and mechanics of history that are of greatest importance2 it is the fundamental principles1 causes1 and effects underlying the events as well as the spirit of the times1 that are of first consideration4 ,any modification of historical fact in this dramatization has been made only to give a fuller meaning to the great facts of history touched upon therein4 ,it is the period of the ,american ,revolution that is to be portrayed1 as already stated--not alone those memorable days of ,june and ,july1 #aggf1 during which the debates on the ,declaration of ,independence took place4 ,for example1 ,patrick ,henry was a member of the ,first and the ,second ,continental ,congress1 though not a member at the time the ,declaration of ,independence was debated1 ,washington was a member of the ,first ,continental ,congress1 but ,jefferson was not4 ,congress was a changing body in its membership then as is our ,congress to-day4 ,jefferson declares that ,patrick ,henry was the man who put the ball of the ,american ,revolution in motion4 ,not to give ,henry a place in this dramatization would be like the play of ,hamlet with ,hamlet left out4 ,it must be remembered that no record was made of the debates in the ,continental ,congress as is done verbatim by expert reporters in ,congress to-day and published in the ,congressional ,record4 ,therefore1 the speeches herein have been adapted from such sources as ,paine's ,separation of ,britain and ,america1 ,webster's ,supposed ,speech of ,john ,adams1 ,wirt's ,supposed ,speech of ,patrick ,henry1 ,alexander ,h4 ,stephens's ,corner ,stone ,speech1 ,webster's ,supposed ,speech of ,opposition to ,independence1 and ,sumner's ,true ,grandeur of ,nations4 ,the dialogue between ,jefferson and ,adams is taken from a letter of ,john ,adams to ,timothy ,pickering1 dated ,august #f1 #ahbb4 ,the speeches of ,stephens and ,sumner are paraphrased to suit the times to which they are here applied4 ,great care has been exercised to place each of the leading characters in these debates on the side in which he at that time conscientiously believed4 ,in the roll call in this drama on the vote for independence1 the history of each colony has been thoroughly studied so as to bring out the changed attitude of the people of the various colonies toward independence1 as well as of certain members of the ,continental ,congress on this question4 ,the scenes of ,washington and his army just before the battle of ,long ,island1 the tableau of ,the ,spirit of '#gf1 and ,washington's resignation as commander-in-chief of the army1 are introduced not alone for their psychological effect on the dramatization proper1 but for their own worth in teaching patriotism4 ,with twenty-nine leading characters the dramatization can be well staged4 ,but if fifty-five characters are available--the number who signed the ,declaration1 and if there is room for so many1 so much the better1 except as the number of performers is increased there will be an additional expense for costumes4#a ,it may be given as a reading lesson without costumes2 it may be given so as a drama2 but it is a greater success given in costumes4 ,those who take part in this dramatization should be costumed as nearly like the characters they represent as possible4 ,as a rule1 wigs can be rented for this purpose at a reasonable cost1 and it will not be difficult to dress in the style of the ,revolutionary period--buckle shoes1 silk stockings1 knee pants1 ruffled shirt1 and the conventional coat of the time4 ,the same freedom must be permitted and exercised in carrying out this dramatization1 that marked the actors in the ,continental ,congress itself in its stormy debates and noisy sessions4 ,immediately following the close of each speech there should be a clamor for recognition on the part of the delegates1 but the president will be careful to recognize the proper person so as to make the play move without any hitch4 ,as each speaker proceeds there should be a reasonable number of interruptions by applause or dissenting voices so as to play both sides as strongly as possible4 ,the parliamentary procedure must not be followed too strictly or it will kill the interest in the play on the part of the public4 ,it must be given with dispatch and dramatic effect to make a happy hit4 ,these debates may be considered as an oratorical contest with prizes awarded accordingly if so desired4 ,it adds interest to the work4 ,it is hard to tell in which years of school work it is best to give this dramatization--whether in the grammar grades1 in the high school1 or in the college1 for it is within the understanding of grammar grade boys2 it is not too elementary for young men in the high school2 and it is profound enough for the best thought and the best efforts of college students4 ,if given by grammar school boys and high school young men1 it will have a wholesome influence in training for a better citizenship at an opportune time4 ,if presented by college1 university1 and normal school students it will give those who are fitting themselves for teaching a valuable lesson in methods4 ,if it were given by every grammar school1 high school1 college1 university and normal school1 on every ,chautauqua platform1 and by every patriotic society in the ,united ,states on ,washington's ,birthday and other patriotic occasions1 and then repeated on the ,fourth of ,july every year for the next decade it would do much towards combating that dangerous aggressive hyphenated ,americanism1 that has sprung up in our country and whose baneful effects it will take much earnest teaching to obliterate4 ,when all native-born children of foreign parentage1 and when all citizens of foreign birth know the story of the struggle and sacrifice by which our country rose to her proud station it will make them feel that they are ,americans among ,americans2 that they are part of ,america and have a share and a duty toward ,american institutions4 ,may it also cause those native-born ,americans who have become luke-warm in their love of country1 careless of its honor1 and negligent in its defense to awake to their duty with a spirit to do their duty before it is too late4 ,may it make of every one of us a truer ,american by being wholly and without reserve1 and without divided allegiance1 and with emphatic repudiation of the entire principle of 'dual nationality1' an ,american citizen and nothing else4 ,in their ragged regimentals ,stood the old ,continentals1 ,yielding not1 ,when the grenadiers were lunging4 ,and like hail fell the plunging ,cannon shot2 ,when the files ,of the isles1 ,from the smoky night encampment1 bore the banner of the rampant ,unicorn2 ,and grummer1 grummer1 grummer1 rolled the roll of the drummer ,through the morn6 ,illustration3 ,,tableau--,,the ,,spirit ,,of ,,seventy-,,six ,,cast ,,of ,,characters ,,speakers ,,for ,,the ,,declaration ,john ,hancock1 ,president ,richard ,henry ,lee ,john ,adams ,roger ,sherman ,benjamin ,franklin ,samuel ,adams ,joseph ,hewes ,patrick ,henry ,thomas ,jefferson ,,against ,,the ,,declaration ,edward ,rutledge ,john ,dickinson ,george ,walton ,robert ,morris ,charles ,thomson1 ,secretary ,,other ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,congress ,josiah ,bartlett ,stephen ,hopkins ,william ,floyd ,charles ,carroll of ,carrollton ,samuel ,chase ,benjamin ,harrison ,lyman ,hall ,oliver ,wolcott ,elbridge ,gerry ,william ,hooper ,benjamin ,rush ,richard ,stockton ,thomas ,mc,kean ,caesar ,rodney ,,additional ,,characters ,general ,washington and his ,army ,fifer ,drummer ,leading the ,army ,little ,boy in ,the ,spirit of '#gf ,,the ,,continental ,,congress ,,act ,i4 ,,scene ,i4--,congress assembled2 ,john ,hancock in the chair as president2 his keynote speech4 ,,john ,,hancock4#b ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,i thank you for the signal honor you have conferred on me in making me your presiding officer4 ,i am glad to see so many ,colonies represented in this ,congress4 ,let us show the nations of the old world what the people of the new world will do when left to themselves1 to their own unbiased good sense1 and to their own true interests4 ,on us depend the destinies of our country--the fate of three millions of people1 and of the countless millions of our posterity4 ,matchless is our opportunity--matchless also is our responsibility6 ,may the ,god of nations guide us in our deliberations and in our actions4 ,everything that is right or natural pleads for separation4 ,the blood of the slain1 the weeping voice of ,nature cries1 ',tis time to part4 ,even the distance at which the ,almighty hath placed ,england and ,america1 is a strong and natural proof that the authority of the one over the other was never the design of ,heaven4 ,the time1 likewise1 at which the continent was discovered1 adds weight to the argument1 and the manner in which it was peopled1 increases the force of it4 ,the ,reformation was preceded by the discovery of ,america1 as if the ,almighty graciously meant to open a sanctuary to the persecuted in future years1 when home should afford neither friendship nor safety4 ,the authority of ,great ,britain over this continent is a form of government which sooner or later must have an end3 and a serious mind can draw no true pleasure by looking forward1 under the painful and positive conviction that what he calls the present constitution is merely temporary4 ,as parents1 we can have no joy1 knowing that this government is not sufficiently lasting to insure anything which we may bequeath to posterity2 and by a plain method of argument1 as we are running the next generation into debt1 we ought to do the work of it1 otherwise we use them meanly and pitifully4 ,in order to discover the line of our duty rightly1 we should take our children by the hand1 and fix our station a few years farther into life2 that eminence will present a prospect which a few present fears and prejudices conceal from our sight4 ,though ,i would carefully avoid giving unnecessary offense1 yet ,i am inclined to believe that all those who espouse the doctrine of reconciliation may be included within the following descriptions3 ,interested men1 who are not to be trusted2 weak men1 who cannot see2 prejudiced men1 who will not see2 and a certain set of moderate men1 who think better of the ,european world than it deserves3 and this last class1 by an ill-judged deliberation1 will be the cause of more calamities to this continent than all the other three4 ,it is the good fortune of many to live distant from the scene of sorrow2 the evil is not sufficiently brought to their doors to make them feel the precariousness with which all ,american property is possessed4 ,but let our imaginations transport us a few moments to ,boston2 that seat of wretchedness will teach us wisdom1 and instruct us forever to renounce a power in whom we can have no trust4 ,the inhabitants of that unfortunate city1 who but a few months ago were in ease and affluence1 have no other alternative than to stay and starve1 or turn out to beg4 ,endangered by the fire of their friends if they continue within the city1 and plundered by the soldiery if they leave it4 ,in their present situation they are prisoners without hope of redemption1 and in a general attack for their relief they would be exposed to the fury of both armies4 ,men of passive tempers look somewhat lightly over the offenses of ,britain1 and1 still hoping for the best1 are apt to call out1 ,come1 come1 we shall be friends again for all this4 ,but examine the passions and feelings of mankind1 bring the doctrine of reconciliation to the touchstone of nature1 and then tell me whether you can hereafter love1 honor1 and faithfully serve the power that hath carried fire and sword into your land8 ,if you cannot do all these1 then are you deceiving yourselves1 and by your delay bringing ruin upon your posterity4 ,your future connection with ,britain1 whom you can neither love nor honor1 will be forced and unnatural1 and being formed only on the plan of present convenience1 will in a little time fall into a relapse more wretched than the first4 ,but if you say you can still pass the violations over1 then ,i ask1 hath your house been burnt8 ,hath your property been destroyed before your face8 ,are your wife and children destitute of a bed to lie on1 or bread to live on8 ,have you lost a parent or a child by their hands1 and yourself the ruined and wretched survivor8 ,if you have not1 then are you not a judge of those who have4 ,but if you have1 and can still shake hands with the murderers1 then are you unworthy the name of husband1 father1 friend or lover1 and1 whatever may be your rank or title in life1 you have the heart of a coward and the spirit of a sycophant4 ,gentlemen of the ,first ,american ,congress1 in the name of ,equality1 ,fraternity and ,liberty1 ,i welcome you to this council4 ,what is your pleasure1 gentlemen8 ,,richard ,,henry ,,lee4 ,mr4 ,president3--,i wish to move the adoption of the following resolution3 ,resolved1 that these united colonies are1 and of right ought to be free and independent states2 that they are absolved from all allegiance to the ,british crown1 and that all political connection between them and the state of ,great ,britain is1 and ought to be1 totally dissolved4 ,,john ,,adams4 ,mr4 ,president3--,i second the motion4 ,,john ,,hancock4 ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress1 you have heard the motion of ,mr4 ,richard ,henry ,lee1 of ,virginia1 for immediate and absolute independence4 ,are there any remarks8 ,,richard ,,henry ,,lee4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,why do we delay8 ,why still deliberate8 ,let this happy day give birth to an ,american republic4 ,let her arise1 not to devastate and to conquer1 but to restablish the reign of peace and law4 ,the eyes of ,europe are fixed upon us4 ,she demands of us a living example of freedom that may exhibit a contrast in the felicity of the citizen to the ever increasing tyranny which devastates her polluted shores4 ,she invites us to prepare an asylum where the unhappy may find solace and the persecuted repose4 ,she entreats us to cultivate a propitious soil where that generous plant of liberty1 which first sprang and grew in ,england1 but is now withered by the blasts of tyranny may revive and flourish1 sheltering under its salubrious shade all the unfortunate of the human race4 ,if we are not this day wanting in our duty to our country1 the names of the ,american legislators of #aggf will be placed by posterity at the side of ,theseus1 of ,lycurgus1 of ,romulus1 of ,numa1 of the three ,williams of ,nassau and of all those whose memory has been and forever will be1 dear to virtuous men and good citizens4#c 7,at the close of ,mr4 ,lee's brief speech there is a clamor for recognition4 ,john ,adams is recognized47 ,,john ,,adams4 ,mr4 ,president3--,i move that a committee of five be selected by ballot to draft a ,declaration representing the views of these united colonies4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,mr4 ,president3--,i second the motion4 ,,john ,,hancock4 ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,the motion has been made and seconded that a committee of five be selected by ballot to draft a proper ,declaration representing the views of these united colonies4 ,you have heard the motion1 are there any remarks8 7,calls for the question47 ,as many as favor this motion make it known by saying aye 7ayes respond72 contrary1 no 7noes respond74 ,the ayes seem to have it1 the ayes have it1 and the motion is carried4 ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress1 ,i shall appoint ,benjamin ,rush of ,pennsylvania1 ,samuel ,chase of ,maryland1 and ,edward ,rutledge of ,south ,carolina as tellers for this election and they will wait upon you for your ballots for the committee4 ,please write the names of the five men whom you wish to serve on this committee1 on your ballot and deposit the same in the hat when passed4 7,ballots are gathered by the tellers who report the result to the president of the ,congress47 ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,by your ballots you have selected the following persons as the committee of five to draft the ,declaration as already ordered--,thomas ,jefferson of ,virginia1 ,john ,adams of ,massachusetts1 ,benjamin ,franklin of ,pennsylvania1 ,roger ,sherman of ,connecticut1 and ,robert ,r4 ,livingston of ,new ,york4 ,gentlemen1 what is your further pleasure8 ,,samuel ,,adams4 ,mr4 ,president3--,i move that the ,congress do now take a recess until to-morrow morning at #aj o'clock to give the committee just appointed time in which to prepare the ,declaration ordered4 ,,joseph ,,hewes4 ,mr4 ,president3--,i second the motion which ,mr4 ,adams has offered4 ,,john ,,hancock4 ,gentlemen of the ,congress3--,it has been moved and seconded that this ,congress take a recess until to-morrow morning at #aj o'clock in order to give the committee just appointed time in which to prepare a proper ,declaration4 ,you have heard the motion1 are there any remarks8 7,calls for question47 ,as many as favor the motion make it known by saying aye 7ayes respond72 contrary1 no 7noes respond74 ,the ayes seem to have it1 the ayes have it1 and this ,congress will take a recess until to-morrow morning at #aj o'clock4 ,,curtain ,,act ,,ii4 ,,scene ,i4--,meeting of the ,committee of ,five4 ,livingston absent4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,gentlemen of the ,committee1 ,i move that ,thomas ,jefferson and ,john ,adams be appointed as a sub-committee of this ,committee of ,five to draft the ,declaration ordered by the ,continental ,congress4 ,,roger ,,sherman4 ,i second the motion4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,gentlemen1 you have heard the motion4 ,as many as favor the same make it known by saying aye4 7,mr4 ,jefferson and ,mr4 ,adams are silent while ,mr4 ,sherman and ,mr4 ,franklin vote aye47 ,the ayes seem to have it1 the ayes have it1 and ,mr4 ,jefferson and ,mr4 ,adams are elected4 ,,john ,,adams4 ,gentlemen1 it seems to me you have taken snap judgment on ,mr4 ,jefferson and myself4 ,,thomas ,,jefferson4 ,yes1 gentlemen1 you have4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,the committee has so ordered and as ,congress itself gave ,mr4 ,jefferson the highest number of votes and ,mr4 ,adams the next highest number in the selection of this committee1 ,i am sure that ,congress will be highly pleased at our having selected you for this great work4 ,we also feel that we should congratulate ourselves upon the choice we have made4 ,,john ,,adams4 ,thank you1 gentlemen1 for the compliment4 ,,thomas ,,jefferson4 ,i join ,mr4 ,adams in thanking you1 gentlemen1 for the confidence you have in us4 ,,roger ,,sherman4 ,gentlemen of the committee1 ,i move that we take a recess until to-night so as to give the sub-committee time to prepare the ,declaration4 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,i second the motion4 ,,mr4 ,,franklin4 ,as many as favor the motion make it known by saying aye 7ayes respond74 ,the ayes seem to have it1 the ayes have it1 and the committee will take a recess until eight o'clock to-night4 7,mr4 ,franklin and ,mr4 ,sherman leave ,mr4 ,adams and ,mr4 ,jefferson to themselves to deliberate over the ,declaration47 ,,mr4 ,,jefferson4 ,mr4 ,adams1 ,i suggest that you make the draft of this ,declaration4 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,i will not6 ,,mr4 ,,jefferson4 #d,you should do it4 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,oh1 no6 ,,mr4 ,,jefferson4 ,why will you not8 ,you ought to do it4 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,i will not6 ,,mr4 ,,jefferson4 ,why8 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,reasons enough4 ,,mr4 ,,jefferson4 ,what can be your reasons8 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,reason first1 you are a ,virginian and a ,virginian ought to appear at the head of this business4 ,reason second1 ,i am obnoxious1 suspected1 and unpopular4 ,you are very much otherwise4 ,reason third1 you can write ten times better than ,i can4 ,,mr4 ,,jefferson4 ,well1 if you are decided1 ,i will do the best ,i can4 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,very well1 when you have drawn it up we will have a meeting4 7,exeunt ,mr4 ,adams and ,mr4 ,jefferson47 ,,scene ,,ii4--,washington's ,address to his ,army4 ,washington and his army#e in camp on ,long ,island4 ,the time is now near at hand1 which must probably determine whether ,americans are to be freemen or slaves1 whether their houses and farms are to be pillaged and destroyed1 and themselves to be consigned to a state of wretchedness from which no human efforts will deliver them4 ,the fate of unborn millions will now depend1 under ,god1 on the courage and the conduct of this army4 ,our cruel and unrelenting enemy leaves us only the choice of a brave resistance or the most abject submission4 ,we have1 therefore1 to resolve to conquer or to die4 ,our own1 our country's honor1 calls upon us for a vigorous and manly exertion4 ,if we now shamefully fail1 we shall become infamous to the whole world4 ,the eyes of all our countrymen are now upon us1 and we shall have their blessings and praises if happily we are the instruments of saving them from the tyranny meditated against them4 ,let us1 therefore1 animate and encourage each other1 and show the whole world that a freeman contending for liberty on his own ground is superior to any slavish mercenary on earth4 ,liberty1 property1 life1 and honor are all at stake4 ,upon your courage and conduct rest the hopes of our bleeding and insulted country4 ,our wives1 children1 and parents expect safety from us only2 and they have every reason to believe that ,heaven will crown with success so just a cause4 ,the enemy will endeavor to intimidate by show and appearance2 but remember that they have been repulsed on various occasions by a few brave ,americans4 ,their cause is bad--their men are conscious of it4 ,if they are opposed with firmness and coolness on their first onset1 with our advantage of works and knowledge of the ground1 the victory is most assuredly ours4 ,,scene ,,iii4--,,tableau--,the ,spirit of '#gf4 ,as soon as the sound of battle has died away following the departure of ,washington and his army1 put on the tableau of ,the ,spirit of '#gf4 ,the fifer1 the drummer1 and the little boy should be good musicians playing patriotic music of the ,revolution4 ,their wounded and ragged comrades are seen in the background4 ,,scene ,,iv4--,mr4 ,jefferson seated at his desk and putting on the finishing touches to his original draft of the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,enter ,mr4 ,adams4 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,good evening1 ,mr4 ,jefferson4 ,,mr4 ,,jefferson4 ,good evening1 ,mr4 ,adams4 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,well1 have you the ,declaration finished8 ,,mr4 ,,jefferson4 ,mr4 ,adams1 ,i have done the best ,i could but ,i am not very well satisfied with what ,i have written4 ,i wish you would look it over and make such corrections and criticisms as your judgment deems proper4 ,,mr4 ,,adams 7studying the ,declaration74 ,mr4 ,jefferson1 ,i am delighted with your production4 ,your statements relative to the inalienable rights of men are unanswerable and to secure these rights1 governments must be instituted among men1 deriving their just powers from the consent of the governed4 ,this paragraph concerning negro slavery meets with my approval but ,i fear it will not meet with the approval of some of the ,southern delegates4 ,i congratulate you1 ,mr4 ,jefferson1 on what you have done4 ,this document will make you immortal4 ,,mr4 ,,jefferson4 ,thank you1 ,mr4 ,adams1 ,i fear you are too extravagant in your praise of my work4 7,enter ,mr4 ,franklin and ,mr4 ,sherman47 ,,mr4 ,,franklin4 ,well1 gentlemen1 have you completed the draft for the ,declaration8 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,mr4 ,jefferson has finished it4 ,it is all his work4 ,i have reviewed the paper very hurriedly but in my opinion it is one of the greatest documents ever written by man4 ,look it over1 gentlemen1 and let us hear your opinion of it4 ,,mr4 ,,franklin 7studying the ,declaration74 ,mr4 ,jefferson1 ,i congratulate you1 sir4 ,your declaration on the inalienable rights of men is well stated4 ,i agree with you that governments derive their just powers from the consent of the governed4 ,i like that paragraph on slavery but ,i believe that some of the ,southern delegates will oppose it4 ,this is a paper of which you should be proud1 ,mr4 ,jefferson4 ,i congratulate you1 sir4 ,here1 ,mr4 ,sherman1 let us have your views on this ,declaration4 ,,mr4 ,,sherman 7studying the ,declaration74 ,you have covered all our grievances in the twenty-seven distinct charges you have made against the present king of ,great ,britain4 ,we can well afford to submit these facts to a candid world4 ,that paragraph on slavery1 ,mr4 ,jefferson1 meets with my approval heartily1 but ,i fear some of the ,southern delegates will oppose it strongly4 ,we can certainly appeal to the ,supreme ,judge of the world for the rectitude of our intentions4 ,i believe with you that divine ,providence will support us in making this ,declaration good4 ,therefore1 ,i am willing to stand with you in pledging our lives1 our fortunes1 and our sacred honor to this end4 ,i do not see how ,i could make any suggestions that would improve it4 ,mr4 ,jefferson1 ,i congratulate you on the great work you have done in this paper for our country and for humanity4 ,,mr4 ,,jefferson4 ,gentlemen1 ,i thank you all most heartily and sincerely for the compliments you have paid me on this paper1 but ,i am no orator myself1 especially for such an occasion as this2 therefore1 ,i should like to have ,mr4 ,adams report this ,declaration to the ,continental ,congress1 move its adoption for me1 and lead in the debates in favor of it4 ,,mr4 ,,franklin4 ,gentlemen3--,i move that ,mr4 ,adams be requested to report this ,declaration to the ,congress as desired by ,mr4 ,jefferson4 ,,mr4 ,,sherman4 ,i second the motion4 ,,mr4 ,,franklin4 ,gentlemen1 you have heard the motion4 ,as many as favor the same make it known by saying aye4 7,response of ayes2 ,mr4 ,adams is silent47 ,the ayes seem to have it1 the ayes have it1 and the motion is carried for ,mr4 ,adams to so report this ,declaration4 ,the committee is adjourned4 ,,curtain ,,act ,,iii4 ,,scene ,i4--,the ,continental ,congress again in session4 ,,mr4 ,,hancock4 7,looking at his watch1 as he calls the ,congress to order47 ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,the time has come to which we adjourned yesterday in order to give the ,committee of ,five1 appointed to draft the ,declaration1 due time to prepare the same4 ,are the gentlemen of the ,committee present and ready to report8 ,,mr4 ,,adams4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,at the request of ,mr4 ,jefferson and the other members of the ,committee1 ,i beg leave to submit the following ,declaration for your consideration after it has been read by the secretary of this ,congress4 ,permit me to say here1 however1 that the credit for the authorship of this paper belongs entirely to ,mr4 ,jefferson4 ,it is his work1 which the other members of the ,committee are unanimous in approving4 7,charles ,thomson1 secretary of the ,congress1 reads the ,declaration of ,independence4 ,this part should be assigned to one who has a good clear voice and is a good public reader4 ,if it is thought best not to read all of the ,declaration1 its most striking paragraphs should be read4 ,do not forget to have the famous paragraph on slavery read4 ,if it were omitted the great speech of ,george ,walton would be out of place47 ,,john ,,adams4#f ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,sink or swim1 live or die1 survive or perish1 ,i give my hand and my heart to this vote in favor of this ,declaration of ,independence4 ,it is true1 indeed1 that in the beginning we aimed not at independence4 ,but there's a divinity which shapes our ends4 ,the injustice of ,england has driven us to arms2 and1 blinded to her own interest for our good1 she has obstinately persisted1 till independence is now within our grasp4 ,we have but to reach forth to it1 and it is ours4 ,why1 then1 should we defer the ,declaration8 ,is any man so weak as now to hope for a reconciliation with ,england1 which shall leave either safety to the country and its liberties1 or safety to his own life and his own honor8 ,are not you1#g sir1 who sit in that chair1 is not he1#h our venerable colleague near you1 are you not both already the proscribed and predestined objects of punishment and of vengeance8 ,cut off from all hope of royal clemency1 what are you1 what can you be1 while the power of ,england remains1 but outlaws8 ,if we postpone independence do we mean to carry on1 or to give up the war8 ,do we mean to submit to the measures of ,parliament1 ,boston ,port ,bill and all8 ,do we mean to submit1 and consent that we ourselves shall be ground to powder1 and our country and its rights trodden down in the dust8 ,i know we do not mean to submit4 ,we never shall submit4 ,do we intend to violate that most solemn obligation ever entered into by men1 that plighting1 before ,god1 of our sacred honor to ,washington1 when1 putting him forth to incur the dangers of war1 as well as the political hazards of the times1 we promised to adhere to him1 in every extremity1 with our fortunes and our lives8 ,i know there is not a man here who would not rather see a general conflagration sweep over the land1 or an earthquake sink it1 than one jot or tittle of that plighted faith fall to the ground4 ,for myself1 having twelve months ago1 in this place1 moved you1 that ,george ,washington be appointed commander of the forces raised1 or to be raised1 for defense of ,american liberty1 may my right hand forget her cunning1 and my tongue cleave to the roof of my mouth1 if ,i hesitate or waver in the support ,i give him4 7,at the close of ,mr4 ,adams' speech there is loud clamor for recognition4 ,the president recognizes ,edward ,rutledge of ,south ,carolina1 who speaks against the ,declaration47 ,,edward ,,rutledge4 #i,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,let us pause6 ,this step1 once taken1 cannot be retraced4 ,this resolution1 once passed1 will cut off all hope of reconciliation4 ,if success attend the arms of ,england1 we shall then be no longer colonies1 with charters1 and with privileges4 ,these will all be forfeited by this act2 and we shall be in the condition of other conquered people--at the mercy of the conquerors4 ,for ourselves1 we may be ready to run the hazard2 but are we ready to carry the country to that length8 ,is success so probable as to justify it8 ,where is the military1 where the naval power1 by which we are to resist the whole strength of the arm of ,england8 ,for she will exert that strength to the utmost4 ,can we rely on the constancy and perseverance of the people8--or will they not act as the people of other countries have acted1 and1 wearied with a long war1 submit in the end1 to a worse oppression8 ,while we stand on our old ground1 and insist on redress of grievances1 we know we are right1 and are not answerable for consequences4 ,nothing1 then1 can be imputable to us4 7,at the close of ,mr4 ,rutledge's speech there is a clamor for recognition4 ,the president recognizes ,roger ,sherman of ,connecticut47 ,,roger ,,sherman4 #aj,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,the war must go on4 ,we must fight it through4 ,and if the war must go on1 why put off longer the ,declaration of ,independence8 ,that measure will strengthen us4 ,it will give us character abroad4 ,the nations will then treat with us1 which they never can do while we acknowledge ourselves subjects1 in arms against our sovereign4 ,nay1 ,i maintain that ,england herself will sooner treat for peace with us on the footing of independence1 than consent1 by repealing her acts1 to acknowledge that her whole conduct toward us has been a course of injustice and oppression4 ,her pride will be less wounded by submitting to the course of things which now predestinates our independence1 than by yielding the points in controversy to her rebellious subjects4 ,the former she will regard as the result of fortune2 the latter she would feel as her own deep disgrace4 ,why1 then1 why1 then1 sir1 do we not as soon as possible change this from a civil to a national war8 ,and since we must fight it through1 why not put ourselves in a state to enjoy all the benefits of victory1 if we gain the victory8 ,if we fail1 it can be no worse for us4 ,but we shall not fail4 ,the cause will raise up armies2 the cause will create navies4 ,the people1 the people1 if we are true to them will carry us1 and will carry themselves1 gloriously through this struggle4 ,i care not how fickle other people have been found4 ,i know the people of these colonies1 and ,i know that resistance to ,british aggression is deep and settled in their hearts1 and cannot be eradicated4 ,every colony1 indeed1 has expressed its willingness to follow1 if we but take the lead4 ,sir1 the ,declaration will inspire the people with increased courage4 ,instead of a long and bloody war for the restoration of privileges1 for redress of grievances1 for chartered immunities1 held under a ,british king1 set before them the glorious object of entire independence1 and it will breathe into them anew the breath of life4 ,read this ,declaration at the head of the army2 every sword will be drawn from its scabbard1 and the solemn vow uttered to maintain it1 or to perish on the bed of honor4 ,publish it from the pulpit1 religion will approve it1 and the love of religious liberty will cling around it1 resolved to stand with it1 or fall with it4 ,send it to the public halls2 proclaim it there2 let them hear it who heard the first roar of the enemy's cannon2 let them see it who saw their brothers and their sons fall on the field of ,bunker ,hill and in the streets of ,lexington and ,concord1 and the very walls will cry out in its support4 7,at the close of ,mr4 ,sherman's speech there is a loud clamor for recognition4 ,the president recognizes ,john ,dickinson of ,pennsylvania47 ,,john ,,dickinson4 #aa,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,if we now change our object1 carry our pretensions farther1 and set up for absolute independence1 we shall lose the sympathy of mankind4 ,we shall no longer be defending what we possess1 but struggling for something which we never did possess1 and which we have solemnly and uniformly disclaimed all intention of pursuing1 from the very outset of the troubles4 ,abandoning thus our old ground of resistance only to arbitrary acts of oppression1 the nations will believe the whole to have been mere pretense1 and they will look on us1 not as injured1 but as ambitious subjects4 ,i shudder before this responsibility4 ,it will be upon us1 it will be upon us1 if1 relinquishing the ground we have stood upon so long1 and stood so safely1 we now proclaim independence1 and carry on the war for that object1 while these cities burn1 these pleasant fields whiten and bleach with the bones of their owners1 and these streams run blood4 ,it will be upon us1 it will be upon us1 if failing to maintain this unseasonable and ill-judged ,declaration1 a sterner despotism1 maintained by military power1 shall be established over our posterity1 when we ourselves1 given up by an exhausted1 a harassed1 a misled people1 shall have expiated our rashness and atoned for our presumption on the scaffold4 ,illustration3 ,,benjamin ,,franklin 7,at the close of ,mr4 ,dickinson's speech there is a loud clamor for recognition4 ,the president recognizes ,benjamin ,franklin of ,pennsylvania47 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 #ab,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,i know the uncertainty of human affairs1 but ,i see1 ,i see clearly1 through this day's business4 ,you and ,i1 indeed1 may rue it4 ,we may not live to the time when this ,declaration shall be made good4 ,we may die2 die colonists2 die slaves2 die1 it may be ignominiously and on the scaffold4 ,be it so4 ,be it so4 ,if it be the pleasure of ,heaven that my country shall require the poor offering of my life1 the victim shall be ready1 at the appointed hour of sacrifice1 come when that hour may4 ,but while ,i do live1 let me have a country1 or at least the hope of a country1 and that a free country4 ,but whatever may be our fate1 be assured1 be assured that this ,declaration will stand4 ,it may cost treasure1 and it may cost blood2 but it will stand1 and it will richly compensate for both4 ,through the thick gloom of the present1 ,i see the brightness of the future as the sun in heaven4 ,we shall make this a glorious1 an immortal day4 ,when we are in our graves1 our children will honor it4 ,they will celebrate it with thanksgiving1 with festivity1 with bonfires1 and illuminations4 ,on its annual return they will shed tears1 copious1 gushing tears1 not of subjection and slavery1 not of agony and distress1 but of exultation1 of gratitude1 and of joy4 ,sir1 before ,god1 ,i believe the hour has come4 ,my whole heart is in it4 ,all that ,i have1 and all that ,i am1 and all that ,i hope in this life1 ,i am now ready here to stake upon it2 and ,i leave off as ,mr4 ,adams of ,massachusetts began1 that1 sink or swim1 live or die1 survive or perish1 ,i am for the ,declaration4 ,it is my living sentiment1 and by the blessing of ,god it shall be my dying sentiment1 independence now1 and ,,independence ,,forever6 7,there is a loud clamor for recognition1 and the president recognizes ,george ,walton of ,georgia47 ,,george ,,walton4 #ac,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,i am for this ,declaration if the paragraph on slavery is struck out4 ,but ,i will oppose it to the end if that paragraph is permitted to remain a part of it4 ,there is not one good reason for introducing the slavery question at this time4 ,the relations between individual master and slave have no place here in the greater and graver matter of differences between the ,british ,government and the ,american ,colonies4 ,but since the issue is thrust upon us1 ,i propose to meet it squarely and fearlessly4 ,mr4 ,president and gentlemen1 you cannot make equal what ,god ,almighty has made unequal4 ,can the ,ethiopian change his skin or the leopard his spots8 ,the ,bible commands in the most emphatic language that servants obey in all things their masters4 ,liberty loving ,greece had her slaves4 ,shall liberty loving ,america have less8 ,strike out that obnoxious paragraph and every delegate from the ,southern colonies will fall in line for the ,declaration of ,independence1 but if you make that paragraph a part of the ,declaration many delegates from the ,south will withdraw from this convention1 and then you will fight your own battles4 ,this paragraph on slavery is founded upon ideas fundamentally wrong4 ,these ideas rest upon the assumption of the equality of the races4 ,this is an error4 ,it is a sandy foundation and a government founded upon it will fall when the storms come and the winds blow4 ,let us found our new government upon the great truth that the negro is not the equal of the white man1 that slavery--subordination to the superior race--is his natural and normal condition4 ,this truth has been slow in the process of its development1 like all other great truths in the various departments of science4 ,many governments have been founded upon the principle of the subordination and serfdom of certain classes of the same race2 such were and are in violation of the laws of nature4 ,with us1 all the white race1 however high or low1 rich or poor1 are equal in the eye of the law4 ,not so with the negro2 subordination is his place4 ,he1 by nature or by the curse of ,canaan1 is fitted for that condition which he now occupies in our system4 ,the architect1 in the construction of a building1 lays the foundation with proper material--the granite2 then comes the brick or the marble4 ,the substratum of our society is made of the material fitted by nature for it1 and by experience we know that it is best not only for the superior race1 but for the inferior race1 that it should be so4 ,it is1 indeed1 in conformity with the laws of the ,creator4 ,it is not for us to inquire into the wisdom of ,his plans1 or to question them4 ,for ,his own good purposes ,he has made one race to differ from another1 as ,he has made one star to differ from another star in glory4 ,therefore1 ,i declare again that you cannot make equal what ,god ,almighty has made unequal4 ,he has made the negro and the white man unequal4 ,you cannot make them equal4 ,and ,i move that the paragraph on slavery be struck out4 ,i have measured my words1 gentlemen4 ,the responsibility is yours4 7,at the close of ,mr4 ,walton's speech there is a loud clamor for recognition1 and the chair recognizes ,samuel ,adams47 ,,samuel ,,adams4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,while ,i have no personal objections against this paragraph on slavery--for personally ,i favor it--yet from the standpoint of the general welfare of the colonies1 ,i deem it unwise at this time to take any action either for or against the question of slavery4 ,therefore ,i second the motion of ,mr4 ,walton to strike out the paragraph on slavery4 ,,mr4 ,,hancock4 ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,it has been duly moved and seconded that the paragraph in this ,declaration on slavery be struck out4 ,you have heard the motion1 are there any remarks8 ,,william ,,hooper4 ,mr4 ,president1 before voting on this motion1 ,i wish to have the paragraph on slavery read again4 7,this request is seconded by many of the delegates47 ,,mr4 ,,hancock4 ,the secretary will read the paragraph on slavery again4 7,the secretary reads the paragraph on slavery as follows37 ,he has waged cruel war against human nature itself1 violating its most sacred rights of life and liberty in the persons of a distant people who never offended him1 captivating and carrying them into slavery in another hemisphere1 or to incur miserable death in their transportation thither4 ,this piratical warfare1 the opprobrium of infidel powers1 is the warfare of the ,christian king of ,great ,britain4 ,determined to keep open a market where men should be bought and sold1 he has prostituted his negative for suppressing every legislative attempt to prohibit or to restrain this execrable commerce4 ,and that this assemblage of horrors might want no fact of distinguished dye1 he is now exciting those very people to rise in arms among us and to purchase that liberty of which he has deprived them by murdering the people upon whom he obtruded them3 thus paying off1 former crimes committed against the liberties of one people1 with crimes which he urges them to commit against the lives of another4 7,after the reading of this paragraph the delegates call for a vote on ,mr4 ,walton's motion47 ,,mr4 ,,hancock4 ,gentlemen of the ,congress1 a vote is called for on ,mr4 ,walton's motion to strike out the paragraph on slavery4 ,as many as are in favor of this motion make it known by saying aye 7a strong aye vote72 as many as are opposed to the motion make it known by responding no 7a light vote of noes74 ,the ayes seem to have it1 the ayes have it1 and the paragraph on slavery is struck out4 ,gentlemen1 what is your further pleasure8 7,a loud clamor for recognition1 the chair recognizing ,joseph ,hewes of ,north ,carolina47 ,,joseph ,,hewes4 #ad,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,no man thinks more highly than ,i do of the patriotism1 as well as the abilities1 of the very worthy gentlemen who have opposed this ,declaration in these debates4 ,but different men often see the same subject in different lights2 and1 therefore1 ,i hope it will not be thought disrespectful to those gentlemen1 if1 entertaining1 as ,i do1 opinions of a character very opposite to theirs1 ,i shall speak forth my sentiments freely and without reserve4 ,this is no time for ceremony4 ,the question before the house is one of awful moment to this country4 ,for my own part1 ,i consider it as nothing less than a question of freedom or slavery2 and in proportion to the magnitude of the subject ought to be the freedom of debate4 ,it is only in this way that we can hope to arrive at truth1 and fulfill the great responsibility which we hold to ,god and our country4 ,should ,i keep back my opinions at such a time1 through fear of giving offense1 ,i should consider myself as guilty of treason toward my country1 and of an act of disloyalty toward the ,majesty of ,heaven1 which ,i revere above all earthly kings4 ,mr4 ,president1 it is natural for man to indulge in the illusions of hope4 ,we are apt to shut our eyes against a painful truth1 and listen to the song of that siren1 till she transforms us into beasts4 ,is this the part of wise men1 engaged in a great and arduous struggle for liberty8 ,are we disposed to be of the number of those1 who1 having eyes1 see not1 and having ears1 hear not1 the things which so nearly concern their temporal salvation8 ,for my part1 whatever anguish of spirit it may cost1 ,i am willing to know the truth2 to know the worst1 and to provide for it4 ,i have but one lamp by which my feet are guided2 and that is the lamp of experience4 ,i know of no way of judging of the future but by the past4 ,and judging by the past1 ,i wish to know what there has been in the conduct of the ,british ministry for the last ten years1 to justify those hopes with which gentlemen have been pleased to solace themselves and the house8 ,is it that insidious smile with which our petition has been lately received8 ,trust it not1 sir2 it will prove a snare to your feet4 ,suffer not yourselves to be betrayed with a kiss4 ,ask yourselves how this gracious reception of our petition comports with those warlike preparations which cover our waters and darken our land4 ,are fleets and armies necessary to a work of love and reconciliation8 ,have we shown ourselves so unwilling to be reconciled1 that force must be called in to win back our love8 ,let us not deceive ourselves1 sir4 ,these are the implements of war and subjugation2 the last arguments to which kings resort4 ,i ask gentlemen1 sir1 what means this martial array1 if its purpose be not to force us to submission8 ,can gentlemen assign any other possible motive for it8 ,has ,great ,britain any enemy1 in this quarter of the world1 that calls for all this accumulation of navies and armies8 ,no1 sir1 she has none4 ,they are meant for us2 they can be meant for no other4 ,they are sent over to bind and rivet upon us those chains1 which the ,british ministry have been so long forging4 ,and what have we to oppose to them8 ,shall we try argument8 ,sir1 we have been trying that for the last ten years4 ,have we anything new to offer upon the subject8 ,nothing6 ,we have held the subject up in every light of which it is capable2 but it has been all in vain4 ,shall we resort to entreaty and humble supplication8 ,what terms shall we find1 which have not been already exhausted8 ,let us not4 ,i beseech you1 sir1 deceive ourselves longer4 7,a loud clamor for recognition4 ,the chair recognizes ,robert ,morris of ,pennsylvania47 ,,robert ,,morris4 #ae,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,i am opposed to war first1 last1 and all the time4 ,it is a relic of barbarism4 ,i believe in the gospel of peace on earth1 good will toward men4 ,it would be better to settle our differences with ,england even by flipping a coin than by fighting and killing one another4 ,let us hearken unto the voice of ,god as it comes ringing down the centuries from ,mount ,sinai1 ,thou shalt not kill4 ,shall this new government start out as the ,cain among the nations of earth with the blood of our brethren upon our hands8 ,god forbid that we make ourselves so foolish and so reckless as this6 ,the history of trial by battle is the history of folly and wickedness4 ,as we revert to those early periods in the history of the human race in which it prevailed1 our minds are shocked at the barbarism which we behold2 we are horror stricken at the awful subjection of justice to brute force4 ,who told you1 fond man6 to regard that as glory when performed by a nation1 which is condemned as a crime and a barbarism1 when committed by an individual8 ,in what vain conceit of wisdom and virtue do you find this degrading morality8 ,where is it declared that ,god1 who is no respecter of persons1 is a respecter of multitudes8 ,whence do you draw these partial laws of a powerful and impartial ,god8 ,man is immortal2 but states are mortal4 ,man has a higher destiny than states4 ,shall states be less amenable to the great moral laws of ,god than man8 ,each individual is an atom of the mass4 ,must not the mass be like individuals of which it is composed8 ,shall the mass do what the individual may not do8 ,no6 ,a thousand times ,,no6 ,the same laws which govern individuals govern masses1 as the same laws in nature prevail over large and small things1 controlling the fall of an apple and the orbits of the planets4 ,and who is this god of battles that some of you men believe in with so much faith8 ,it is ,mars--man-slaying1 blood-polluted1 city-smiting1 ,mars6 ,him we cannot adore4 ,it is not he who causes the sun to shine on the just and the unjust4 ,it is not he who tempers the wind to the shorn lamb4 ,it is not he who distills the oil of gladness in every upright heart4 ,it is not he who fills the fountain of mercy and goodness4 ,he is not the ,god of love and justice4 ,the god of battles is not the ,god of ,christians2 to him can ascend no prayer of ,christian thanksgiving2 for him no words of worship in ,christian temples1 no swelling anthem to peal the note of praise4 ,let us cease1 then1 to look for a lamp to our feet in the feeble tapers that glimmer in the sepulchers of the past4 ,rather let us hail those ever-burning lights above in whose beams is the brightness of the noon-day4 ,as the cedars of ,lebanon are higher than the grass of the valley1 as the heavens are higher than the earth1 as man is higher than the beasts of the field1 as the angels are higher than man1 as he that ruleth his spirit is higher than he that taketh a city2 so are the virtues and glories and victories of peace higher than the virtues and victories of war4 ,to this great work of world-wide peace let me summon you4 ,believe that you can do it1 and you can do it4 ,blessed are the peace-makers for they are the children of ,god4 7,loud clamor for recognition1 the chair recognizing ,patrick ,henry of ,virginia47 ,,patrick ,,henry4 #af,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,we have done everything that could be done1 to avert the storm which is now coming on4 ,we have petitioned2 we have remonstrated2 we have supplicated2 we have prostrated ourselves before the throne1 and have implored its interposition to arrest the tyrannical hands of the ministry and ,parliament4 ,our petitions have been slighted2 our remonstrances have produced additional violence and insult2 our supplications have been disregarded2 and we have been spurned1 with contempt1 from the foot of the throne6 ,in vain1 after these things1 may we indulge the fond hope of peace and reconciliation4 ,there is no longer any room for hope4 ,if we wish to be free--if we mean to preserve inviolate those inestimable privileges for which we have been so long contending--if we mean not basely to abandon the noble struggle in which we have been so long engaged1 and which we have pledged ourselves never to abandon1 until the glorious object of our contest shall be obtained--we must fight6 ,i repeat it1 sir1 we must fight6 ,an appeal to arms and to the ,god of ,hosts is all that is left us4 ,they tell us1 sir1 that we are weak2 unable to cope with so formidable an adversary4 ,but when shall we be stronger8 ,will it be the next week1 or the next year8 ,will it be when we are totally disarmed1 and when a ,british guard shall be stationed in every house8 ,shall we gather strength by irresolution and inaction8 ,shall we acquire the means of effectual resistance1 by lying supinely on our backs and hugging the delusive phantom of hope1 until our enemies shall have bound us hand and foot8 ,sir1 we are not weak1 if we make proper use of those means which the ,god of nature hath placed in our power4 ,three millions of people1 armed in the holy cause of liberty1 and in such a country as that which we possess1 are invincible by any force which our enemy can send against us4 ,besides1 sir1 we shall not fight our battles alone4 ,there is a just ,god who presides over the destinies of nations1 and who will raise up friends to fight our battles for us4 ,the battle1 sir1 is not to the strong alone2 it is to the vigilant1 the active1 the brave4 ,besides1 sir1 we have no election4 ,if we were base enough to desire it1 it is now too late to retire from the contest4 ,there is no retreat1 but in submission and slavery6 ,our chains are forged4 ,their clanking may be heard on the plains of ,boston4 ,the war is inevitable--and let it come6 ,i repeat it1 sir1 let it come4 ,it is in vain1 sir1 to extenuate the matter4 ,gentlemen may cry1 ,peace1 peace--but there is no peace4 ,the war is actually begun6 ,the next gale1 that sweeps from the north1 will bring to our ears the clash of resounding arms6 ,our brethren are already in the field6 ,why stand we here idle8 ,what is it that gentlemen wish8 ,what would they have8 ,is life so dear1 or peace so sweet1 as to be purchased at the price of chains and slavery8 ,forbid it1 ,almighty ,god6 ,i know not what course others may take2 but as for me1 give me liberty or give me death6 7,at the close of ,mr4 ,henry's speech there are loud calls for a vote upon the question4 ,president ,hancock orders the secretary to call the roll of colonies in geographic order beginning with ,new ,hampshire47 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,new ,hampshire6 ,josiah ,bartlett4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,new ,hampshire is represented in the ,congress by three delegates4 ,her people have appealed to us and have instructed us to work for and vote for ,independence4 ,i believe everybody knows more than any body4 ,i consider it a signal honor1 sir1 and it is the happiest hour of my life1 to lead in this roll call in favor of this ,declaration4 ,new ,hampshire votes aye4 7,shouts of ,three cheers for ,new ,hampshire47 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,massachusetts6 ,,samuel ,,adams4 ,mr4 ,president3--,the king of ,england has set a price upon your head and mine4 ,if this ,declaration is not made good by the people of these colonies you and ,i will be shot1 hanged by the neck till dead1 or burned at the stake as traitors4 ,if we fail1 my only regret will be that ,i have but one life to give for my country4 ,but with faith in the people and in ,god to carry our cause through to a glorious victory1 the delegates from ,massachusetts stand as one man for ,independence4 ,massachusetts1 therefore1 votes aye4 7,shouts of ,three cheers for ,massachusetts1 and long live ,samuel ,adams and ,john ,hancock4 ,down with the tyrant king of ,england67 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,rhode ,island6 ,,stephen ,,hopkins4 ,mr4 ,president3--,rhode ,island is a small colony4 ,she is represented in this ,congress by only two delegates4 ,but all that we are and all we hope to be we are ready here and now to give for ,independence4 ,rhode ,island votes aye4 7,shouts of ,three cheers for brave ,rhode ,island1 ,stephen ,hopkins1 and ,william ,ellery47 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,connecticut6 ,,roger ,,sherman4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,i have already addressed you at some length in favor of this ,declaration4 ,it becomes my happy duty now to cast the unanimous vote of the four delegates from ,connecticut for independence4 ,connecticut votes aye4 7,shouts of ,long live ,roger ,sherman6 ,three cheers for ,connecticut47 ,secretary ,thomson4 ,new ,york6 ,,william ,,floyd4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,the instructions against independence for the delegates from ,new ,york have never been recalled4 ,we1 therefore1 request the privilege to refrain from voting on this question4 ,we regret the situation1 gentlemen6 ,,president ,,hancock4 ,new ,york is excused from voting on this question4 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,new ,jersey6 ,,richard ,,stockton4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,i am happy to say that ,new ,jersey has given her five delegates in this ,congress instructions to vote for independence4 ,new ,jersey1 therefore1 votes aye4 7,shouts of ,three cheers for ,new ,jersey47 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,pennsylvania6 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,from the beginning of this ,congress the delegates from ,pennsylvania have labored under instructions against independence4 ,but during the past three months the friends of independence in this commonwealth have worked in season and out of season to have these instructions canceled and permission given us to vote for independence4 ,at a mass meeting in ,philadelphia on ,june #ah1 presided over by that distinguished and influential radical1 ,colonel ,daniel ,roberdeau1 and attended by over #g1jjj citizens from all sections of the state1 a public sentiment was created and started that resulted in the overthrow of the old government of the aristocrats of the old ,assembly and then established a new government of the people under the authority of the ,conference of ,committees which has given the delegates from ,pennsylvania instructions to vote for independence4 ,two of our delegates1 ,john ,dickinson and ,robert ,morris1 have retired from this ,congress considering such instructions a recall of their membership in this body4 ,two other delegates from ,pennsylvania1 ,charles ,humphreys and ,william ,williams1 question the authority of the ,conference of ,committees and hold that the instructions of the old defunct ,assembly are still binding upon them4 ,they vote against independence4 ,but ,james ,wilson who has been opposed to ,independence bows to the will of the people and joins ,john ,morton and myself in voting for ,independence4 ,under the rule of this ,congress made in its beginning session that a majority of the delegates from each colony1 present and voting determines its vote upon such a question as this1 ,pennsylvania casts two votes against independence and three votes for independence and therefore votes aye4 7,shouts of ,three cheers for ,pennsylvania6 ,long live ,benjamin ,franklin1 ,john ,morton1 and ,james ,wilson67 7,immediately following the applause for ,franklin1 ,caesar ,rodney1 a delegate from ,delaware1 makes his appearance just in time to vote4 ,he has come eighty miles on horseback and has not had time to change his boots and spurs and still carries a riding whip4 ,he is given a great ovation47 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,delaware6 ,,thomas ,mc,k,e,a,n4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,until this moment the vote for ,delaware has been in doubt4 ,george ,read1 my colleague1 will vote against independence4 ,but thank ,god the timely arrival of ,caesar ,rodney who joins me in voting for independence1 places ,delaware on the right side of this question4 ,to make sure of this ,i sent an express rider at my own expense to ,dover1 ,delaware1 for ,mr4 ,rodney4 ,he has come eighty miles on horseback at post-haste4 ,he has not had time to change his riding attire1 but he is here in time to join me in voting for independence4 ,posterity will erect a monument in his honor#ag as they will to that other famous revolutionary rider--,paul ,revere4 ,mr4 ,president1 under the rule as stated by ,mr4 ,franklin governing the votes of colonies in this ,congress1 ,delaware votes aye4 7,shouts of ,hurrah for ,delaware6 ,long live ,thomas ,mc,kean and ,caesar ,rodney67 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,maryland6 ,,samuel ,,chase4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,maryland has passed through a similar struggle to that in ,pennsylvania as described by ,mr4 ,franklin4 ,an appeal has been made to every county committee and one after another they have directed their representatives in the state convention to vote for new instructions to the delegates in this ,congress4 ,at last the old instructions against independence have been canceled and new instructions given us in an unanimous resolve to vote for independence4 ,see the glorious effect of county instructions6 ,our people have fire if not smothered4 ,and1 therefore1 ,maryland votes aye4 7,shouts of ,three cheers for ,maryland and ,samuel ,chase67 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,virginia6 ,,benjamin ,,harrison4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,virginia is here with a solid delegation for independence4 ,our battle cry has been so well stated by ,mr4 ,henry that we need but to repeat it now--,liberty or ,death6 ,virginia votes aye4 7,shouts of ,three cheers for ,virginia6 ,long live ,richard ,henry ,lee1 ,benjamin ,harrison1 ,thomas ,jefferson and ,patrick ,henry67 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,north ,carolina6 ,,joseph ,,hewes4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,we have had a hard struggle in ,north ,carolina between aristocracy on one hand and democracy on the other4 ,but at last the people have won and ,north ,carolina votes aye4 7,shouts of ,three cheers for ,north ,carolina67 ,illustration3 ,from the painting by ,trumbull ,,the ,,continental ,,congress ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,south ,carolina6 ,,edward ,,rutledge4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,when ,richard ,henry ,lee's resolution declaring for independence was first introduced ,i was opposed to its adoption at that time4 ,i feared that the people of my colony were not then ready for it4 ,i thought also that for the general welfare of all the colonies it was then too early to declare for independence4 ,the contest in ,south ,carolina for independence has been as bitter among her own people as it has been in any of the other colonies4 ,but opinions alter and conditions change with the passing of time4 ,therefore1 ,south ,carolina now has a solid delegation here ready to walk through the fiery furnace of war1 though it be seventy times heated1 to make this ,declaration good4 ,south ,carolina votes aye4 7,shouts of ,three cheers for ,south ,carolina and ,edward ,rutledge67 ,,secretary ,,thomson4 ,georgia6 ,,lyman ,,hall4 ,mr4 ,president and ,gentlemen3--,georgia is here with three delegates who stand as one man for independence4 ,though last on the roll of states on this question she will be among the first in her efforts for ,american independence4 ,georgia votes aye4 7,shouts of ,three cheers for ,georgia67 ,,president ,,hancock4 ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,twelve of the thirteen colonies having voted for the ,declaration of ,independence1 and with no colony going on record against it1 ,i consider our action unanimous for ,i am confident that the ,new ,york ,assembly#ah will give her delegation instructions to sign this document in the near future4 ,,john ,,adams4 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i move that this ,congress do now adjourn4 ,,benjamin ,,franklin4 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i second the motion4 ,,president ,,hancock4 ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress1 it has been moved by ,mr4 ,adams of ,massachusetts and seconded by ,mr4 ,franklin of ,pennsylvania that we do now adjourn4 ,as many as favor this motion make known by saying aye4 7,unanimous response of ayes47 ,the motion to adjourn has been carried unanimously and this ,congress is therefore adjourned4 ,,scene ,,ii4--,the ,spirit of #gf4 ,here repeat the ,tableau of the ,spirit of ,seventy-six4 ,,act ,,iv4 ,,scene ,i4--,washington's ,resignation4 7,a special session of the ,continental ,congress to receive the ,resignation of ,washington47 ,,president ,,hancock4 ,gentlemen of the ,continental ,congress3--,eight years ago we made ,general ,george ,washington ,commander-in-,chief of the armies raised and to be raised for ,american ,independence4 ,through seven long years of war1 against overwhelming odds1 in which brave men did brave deeds1 the rich man gave his wealth and the poor man gave his life1 baptizing their country's soil with their own blood from ,bunker ,hill to ,yorktown1 the brave soldiers under ,general ,washington fought on until an army of veteran soldiers surrendered to a band of insurgent husbandmen4 ,the ,american nation has been born4 ,its independence has been recognized by ,great ,britain and the civilized world4 ,peace has come6 ,and ,general ,washington desires to surrender his commission to the ,congress that elected him to this position4 ,he is in waiting to do this4 ,i therefore appoint ,john ,adams of ,massachusetts1 ,benjamin ,franklin of ,pennsylvania1 ,roger ,sherman of ,connecticut1 ,samuel ,chase of ,maryland1 ,patrick ,henry of ,virginia1 ,edward ,rutledge of ,south ,carolina1 and ,lyman ,hall of ,georgia1 as an honorary committee to escort ,general ,washington before this ,congress1 to receive his resignation4 7,general ,washington is escorted before ,congress and makes the following address37 ,mr4 ,president3--,the great events on which my resignation depended1 having at length taken place1 ,i have now the honor of offering my sincere congratulations to ,congress1 and of presenting myself before them to surrender into their hands the trust committed to me1 and to claim the indulgence of retiring from the service of my country4 ,happy in the confirmation of our independence and sovereignty1 and pleased with the opportunity afforded the ,united ,states of becoming a respectable nation1 ,i resign1 with satisfaction1 the appointment ,i accepted with diffidence2 a diffidence in my abilities to accomplish so arduous a task1 which1 however1 was superseded by a confidence in the rectitude of our cause1 the support of the ,supreme ,power of the ,union1 and the patronage of ,heaven4 ,the successful termination of the war has verified the most sanguine expectations2 and my gratitude for the interposition of ,providence1 and the assistance ,i have received from my countrymen1 increases with every review of the momentous contest4 ,while ,i repeat my obligations to the army in general1 ,i should do injustice to my own feelings1 not to acknowledge1 in this place1 the peculiar services and distinguished merits of the persons who have been attached to my person during the war4 ,it was impossible the choice of confidential officers to compose my family could have been more fortunate4 ,permit me sir1 to recommend in particular those who have continued in the service to the present moment as worthy of the favorable notice and patronage of ,congress4 ,i consider it as an indispensable duty to close this last solemn act of my official life1 by commending the interests of our dearest country to the protection of ,almighty ,god1 and those who have the superintendence of them to his holy keeping4 ,having now finished the work assigned me1 ,i retire from the great theater of action2 and1 bidding an affectionate farewell to this august body1 under whose orders ,i have long acted1 ,i here offer my commission1 and take my leave of all the employments of public life4 7,the ,continental ,congress1 standing and shouting in concert1 ,long live ,general ,george ,washington6 ,first in war6 ,first in peace6 ,and ,first in the hearts of his countrymen67 ,,curtain ,footnotes3 #a ,in small schools where there are not enough large boys to represent all the characters1 those who represent members of the ,continental ,congress can become members of ,washington's army1 etc41 for the other scenes4 #b ,this speech is adapted from ,paine's ,separation of ,britain and ,america4 #c ,adapted from ,wirt's supposed speech of ,lee4 #d ,this dialogue between ,adams and ,jefferson is taken from ,adams's letter to ,timothy ,pickering4 #e ,if this is properly staged it will be very effective4 ,national ,guard members will be glad to take part as members of ,washington's army1 with their tents and uniforms and arms1 if there are no school cadets to play this part4 ,the bugler sounds the call to arms4 ,the soldiers fall into line ready for the fight4 ,just before marching orders are given1 ,washington delivers the following address1 after which the curtain goes down on this scene and the sound of battle is heard in the distance4 #f ,this is a part of ,webster's ,supposed ,speech of ,john ,adams4 #g ,john ,hancock4 #h ,samuel ,adams4 #i ,from ,webster's ,supposed ,speech of ,opposition to ,independence4 #aj ,from ,webster's ,supposed ,speech of ,john ,adams4 #aa ,from ,webster's ,supposed ,speech of ,opposition to ,independence4 #ab ,from ,webster's ,supposed ,speech of ,john ,adams4 #ac ,adapted from the ,corner ,stone speech of ,alexander ,h4 ,stephens1 and arranged by ,william ,r4 ,hood1 ,bureau of ,education1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ad ,from ,wirt's ,supposed ,speech of ,patrick ,henry4 #ae ,robert ,morris later signed the ,declaration of ,independence and through his influence the ,american ,revolution was financed4 ,this speech is adapted from ,sumner's ,true ,grandeur of ,nations and other sources4 #af ,from ,wirt's ,supposed ,speech of ,patrick ,henry4 #ag ,a monument was recently erected at ,dover in his honor4 #ah ,on ,july #i1 #aggf1 ,new ,york instructed her delegates to sign4 ,,american ,,patriotism ,illustration3 ,,george ,,washington ,,what ,,is ,,patriotism ,johnson defines a patriot as one whose ruling passion is the love of his country1 and patriotism as love and zeal for one's country4 ,curtis tells us that ,lowell's pursuit was literature1 but patriotism was his passion4 ,his love of country was that of a lover for his mistress4 ,he resented the least imputation upon the ideal ,america1 and nothing was finer than his instinctive scorn for the pinchbeck patriotism which brags and boasts and swaggers1 insisting that bigness is greatness and vulgarity simplicity1 and the will of a majority the moral law4 ,while some of us cannot make ,lowell's pursuit our pursuit1 we all can and should make his passion our passion4 ,let us all1 the native born as well as the naturalized1 say1 deep down in our hearts with a patriotism and a courage that will back it up and make it good1 ,our ,country--right or wrong2 if she is wrong we will set her right2 if she is right we will keep her right2 and so let us trust in ,god and believe she is right4 ,times like these demand men4 ,let ,american boys be taught in the home and in the school and by the example of their fathers to be men among men4 ,men whom the lust of office will not kill1 ,men whom the spoils of office cannot buy1 ,men who possess opinions and a will1 ,men who have honor and will not lie2 ,men who can stand before the demagogue ,and down his treacherous flattering without winking1 ,tall men1 sun crowned1 who live above the fog ,in public duty and in private thinking6#a ,times like these demand women6 ,let ,american girls be taught in the home and in the school and by the example of their mothers to be women among women4 ,be women6 on to duty6 ,raise the world from all that's low2 ,place high in the social heaven ,virtue's fair and radiant bow2 ,lend thy influence to each effort ,that shall raise our nature human2 ,be not fashion's gilded ladies1-- ,be brave1 whole-souled1 true women6#b ,to help to make such men and women of all ,american boys and girls--,americans in deeds as well as in words--,americans1 who knowing their rights1 dare maintain them without compromise and at any cost--this is the purpose of the following selections4 ,jasper ,l4 ,mc,brien4 ,,america ,,for ,,me#c ',tis fine to see the ,old ,world1 and travel up and down ,among the famous palaces and cities of renown1 ,to admire the crumbly castles and the statues of the kings-- ,but now ,i think ,i've had enough of antiquated things4 ,so it's home again1 and home again1 ,america for me6 ,my heart is turning home again1 and there ,i long to be1 ,in the land of youth and freedom beyond the ocean bars1 ,where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of stars4 ,oh6 ,london is a man's town1 there's power in the air2 ,and ,paris is a woman's town1 with flowers in her hair2 ,and it's sweet to dream in ,venice1 and it's great to study ,rome2 ,but when it comes to living1 there is no place like home4 ,i like the ,german fir-woods1 in green battalions drilled2 ,i like the gardens of ,versailles with flashing fountains filled2 ,but1 oh1 to take your hand1 my dear1 and ramble for a day ,in the friendly western woodland where ,nature has her way6 ,i know that ,europe's wonderful1 yet something seems to lack3 ,the ,past is too much with her1 and the people looking back4 ,but the glory of the ,present is to make the ,future free-- ,we love our land for what she is and what she is to be4 ,oh1 it's home again1 and home again1 ,america for me6 ,i want a ship that's westward bound to plough the rolling sea1 ,to the blessed ,land of ,room ,enough beyond the ocean bars1 ,where the air is full of sunlight and the flag is full of stars4 ,henry van ,dyke ,,america ,,first ,the following address was delivered by ,president ,wilson at the celebration of the twenty-fifth anniversary of the ,daughters of the ,american ,revolution1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,october #aath1 #aiae4 ,it is given here by special permission of the president4 ,,madam ,,president ,,and ,,ladies ,,and ,,gentlemen3--,again it is my very great privilege to welcome you to the city of ,washington and to the hospitalities of the ,capital4 ,may ,i admit a point of ignorance8 ,i was surprised to learn that this association is so young1 and that an association so young should devote itself wholly to memory ,i cannot believe4 ,for to me the duties to which you are consecrated are more than the duties and the pride of memory4 ,there is a very great thrill to be had from the memories of the ,american ,revolution1 but the ,american ,revolution was a beginning1 not a consummation1 and the duty laid upon us by that beginning is the duty of bringing the things then begun to a noble triumph of completion4 ,for it seems to me that the peculiarity of patriotism in ,america is that it is not a mere sentiment4 ,it is an active principle of conduct4 ,it is something that was born into the world1 not to please it but to regenerate it4 ,it is something that was born into the world to replace systems that had preceded it and to bring men out upon a new plane of privilege4 ,the glory of the men whose memories you honor and perpetuate is that they saw this vision1 and it was a vision of the future4 ,it was a vision of great days to come when a little handful of three million people upon the borders of a single sea should have become a great multitude of free men and women spreading across a great continent1 dominating the shores of two oceans1 and sending ,west as well as ,east the influences of individual freedom4 ,these things were consciously in their minds as they framed the great ,government which was born out of the ,american ,revolution2 and every time we gather to perpetuate their memories it is incumbent upon us that we should be worthy of recalling them and that we should endeavor by every means in our power to emulate their example4 ,the ,american ,revolution was the birth of a nation2 it was the creation of a great free republic based upon traditions of personal liberty which theretofore had been confined to a single little island1 but which it was purposed should spread to all mankind4 ,and the singular fascination of ,american history is that it has been a process of constant re-creation1 of making over again in each generation the thing which was conceived at first4 ,you know how peculiarly necessary that has been in our case1 because ,america has not grown by the mere multiplication of the original stock4 ,it is easy to preserve tradition with continuity of blood2 it is easy in a single family to remember the origins of the race and the purposes of its organization2 but it is not so easy when that race is constantly being renewed and augmented from other sources1 from stocks that did not carry or originate the same principles4 ,so from generation to generation strangers have had to be indoctrinated with the principles of the ,american family1 and the wonder and the beauty of it all has been that the infection has been so generously easy4 ,for the principles of liberty are united with the principles of hope4 ,every individual1 as well as every nation1 wishes to realize the best thing that is in him1 the best thing that can be conceived out of the materials of which his spirit is constructed4 ,it has happened in a way that fascinates the imagination that we have not only been augmented by additions from outside1 but that we have been greatly stimulated by those additions4 ,living in the easy prosperity of a free people1 knowing that the sun had always been free to shine upon us and prosper our undertakings1 we did not realize how hard the task of liberty is and how rare the privilege of liberty is2 but men were drawn out of every climate and out of every race because of an irresistible attraction of their spirits to the ,american ideal4 ,they thought of ,america as lifting1 like that great statue in the harbor of ,new ,york1 a torch to light the pathway of men to the things that they desire1 and men of all sorts and conditions struggled toward that light and came to our shores with an eager desire to realize it1 and a hunger for it such as some of us no longer felt1 for we were as if satiated and satisfied and were indulging ourselves after a fashion that did not belong to the ascetic devotion of the early devotees of those great principles4 ,strangers came to remind us of what we had promised ourselves and through ourselves had promised mankind4 ,all men came to us and said1 ,where is the bread of life with which you promised to feed us1 and have you partaken of it yourselves8 ,for my part1 ,i believe that the constant renewal of this people out of foreign stocks has been a constant source of reminder to this people of what the inducement was that was offered to men who would come and be of our number4 ,now we have come to a time of special stress and test4 ,there never was time when we needed more clearly to conserve the principles of our own patriotism than this present time4 ,the rest of the world from which our polities were drawn seems for the time in the crucible and no man can predict what will come out of that crucible4 ,we stand apart1 unembroiled1 conscious of our own principles1 conscious of what we hope and purpose1 so far as our powers permit1 for the world at large1 and it is necessary that we should consolidate the ,american principle4 ,every political action1 every social action1 should have for its object in ,america at this time to challenge the spirit of ,america2 to ask that every man and woman who thinks first of ,america should rally to the standards of our life4 ,there have been some among us who have not thought first of ,america1 who have thought to use the might of ,america in some matter not of ,america's origination4 ,they have forgotten that the first duty of a nation is to express its own individual principles in the action of the family of nations and not to seek to aid and abet any rival or contrary ideal4 ,neutrality is a negative word4 ,it is a word that does not express what ,america ought to feel4 ,america has a heart and that heart throbs with all sorts of intense sympathies1 but ,america has schooled its heart to love the things that ,america believes in and it ought to devote itself only to the things that ,america believes in2 and1 believing that ,america stands apart in its ideals1 it ought not to allow itself to be drawn1 so far as its heart is concerned1 into anybody's quarrel4 ,not because it does not understand the quarrel1 not because it does not in its head assess the merits of the controversy1 but because ,america has promised the world to stand apart and maintain certain principles of action which are grounded in law and in justice4 ,we are not trying to keep out of trouble2 we are trying to preserve the foundations upon which peace can be rebuilt4 ,peace can be rebuilt only upon the ancient and accepted principles of international law1 only upon those things which remind nations of their duties to each other1 and1 deeper than that1 of their duties to mankind and to humanity4 ,america has a great cause which is not confined to the ,american continent4 ,it is the cause of humanity itself4 ,i do not mean in anything that ,i say even to imply a judgment upon any nation or upon any policy1 for my object here this afternoon is not to sit in judgment upon anybody but ourselves and to challenge you to assist all of us who are trying to make ,america more than ever conscious of her own principles and her own duty4 ,i look forward to the necessity in every political agitation in the years which are immediately at hand of calling upon every man to declare himself1 where he stands4 ,is it ,america first1 or is it not8 ,we ought to be very careful about some of the impressions that we are forming just now4 ,there is too general an impression1 ,i fear1 that very large numbers of our fellow citizens born in other lands have not entertained with sufficient intensity and affection the ,american ideal4 ,but the number of such is1 ,i am sure1 not large4 ,those who would seek to represent them are very vocal1 but they are not very influential4 ,some of the best stuff of ,america has come out of foreign lands1 and some of the best stuff in ,america is in the men who are naturalized citizens of the ,united ,states4 ,i would not be afraid upon the test of ,america first to take a census of all the foreign-born citizens of the ,united ,states1 for ,i know that the vast majority of them came here because they believed in ,america2 and their belief in ,america has made them better citizens than some people who were born in ,america4 ,they can say that they have bought this privilege with a great price4 ,they have left their homes1 they have left their kindred1 they have broken all the nearest and dearest ties of human life in order to come to a new land1 take a new rootage1 begin a new life1 and so by self-sacrifice express their confidence in a new principle2 whereas1 it cost us none of these things4 ,we were born into this privilege2 we were rocked and cradled in it2 we did nothing to create it2 and it is1 therefore1 the greater duty on our part to do a great deal to enhance it and preserve it4 ,i am not deceived as to the balance of opinion among the foreign-born citizens of the ,united ,states1 but ,i am in a hurry for an opportunity to have a line-up and let the men who are thinking first of other countries stand on one side and all those that are for ,america first1 last1 and all the time on the other side4 ,now1 you can do a great deal in this direction4 ,when ,i was a college officer4 ,i used to be very much opposed to hazing2 not because hazing is not wholesome1 but because sophomores are poor judges4 ,i remember a very dear friend of mine1 a professor of ethics on the other side of the water1 was asked if he thought it was ever justifiable to tell a lie4 ,he said ,yes1 he thought it was sometimes justifiable to lie2 but1 he said1 it is so difficult to judge of the justification that ,i usually tell the truth4 ,i think that ought to be the motto of the sophomore4 ,there are freshmen who need to be hazed1 but the need is to be judged by such nice tests that a sophomore is hardly old enough to determine them4 ,but the world can determine them4 ,we are not freshmen at college1 but we are constantly hazed4 ,i would a great deal rather be obliged to draw pepper up my nose than to observe the hostile glances of my neighbors4 ,i would a great deal rather be beaten than ostracized4 ,i would a great deal rather endure any sort of physical hardship if ,i might have the affection of my fellow men4 ,we constantly discipline our fellow citizens by having an opinion about them4 ,that is the sort of discipline we ought now to administer to everybody who is not to the very core of his heart an ,american4 ,just have an opinion about him and let him experience the atmospheric effects of that opinion6 ,and ,i know of no body of persons comparable to a body of ladies for creating an atmosphere of opinion6 ,i have myself in part yielded to the influences of that atmosphere1 though it took me a long time to determine how ,i was going to vote in ,new ,jersey4 ,so it has seemed to me that my privilege this afternoon was not merely a privilege of courtesy1 but the real privilege of reminding you--for ,i am sure ,i am doing nothing more--of the great principles which we stand associated to promote4 ,i for my part rejoice that we belong to a country in which the whole business of government is so difficult4 ,we do not take orders from anybody2 it is a universal communication of conviction1 the most subtle1 delicate1 and difficult of processes4 ,there is not a single individual's opinion that is not of some consequence in making up the grand total1 and to be in this great coperative effort is the most stimulating thing in the world4 ,a man standing alone may well misdoubt his own judgment4 ,he may mistrust his own intellectual processes2 he may even wonder if his own heart leads him right in matters of public conduct2 but if he finds his heart part of the great throb of a national life1 there can be no doubt about it4 ,if that is his happy circumstance1 then he may know that he is part of one of the great forces of the world4 ,i would not feel any exhilaration in belonging to ,america if ,i did not feel that she was something more than a rich and powerful nation4 ,i should not feel proud to be in some respects and for a little while her spokesman if ,i did not believe that there was something else than physical force behind her4 ,i believe that the glory of ,america is that she is a great spiritual conception and that in the spirit of her institutions dwells not only her distinction but her power4 ,the one thing that the world can not permanently resist is the moral force of great and triumphant convictions4 ,,the ,,meaning ,,of ,,the ,,flag ,the following address on the ,flag was delivered by ,president ,woodrow ,wilson from the south portico of the ,treasury ,building1 ,washington1 ,d4,c41 ,june #ad1 #aiae4 ,,mr4 ,,secretary1 ,,friends1 ,,and ,,fellow ,,citizens3--,i know of nothing more difficult than to render an adequate tribute to the emblem of our nation4 ,for those of us who have shared that nation's life and felt the beat of its pulse it must be considered a matter of impossibility to express the great things which that emblem embodies4 ,i venture to say that a great many things are said about the flag which very few people stop to analyze4 ,for me the flag does not express a mere body of vague sentiment4 ,the flag of the ,united ,states has not been created by rhetorical sentences in declarations of independence and in bills of rights4 ,it has been created by the experience of a great people1 and nothing is written upon it that has not been written by their life4 ,it is the embodiment1 not of a sentiment1 but of a history1 and no man can rightly serve under that flag who has not caught some of the meaning of that history4 ,experience1 ladies and gentlemen1 is made by men and women4 ,national experience is the product of those who do the living under that flag4 ,it is their living that has created its significance4 ,you do not create the meaning of a national life by any literary exposition of it1 but by the actual daily endeavors of a great people to do the tasks of the day and live up to the ideals of honesty and righteousness and just conduct4 ,and as we think of these things1 our tribute is to those men who have created this experience4 ,many of them are known by name to all the world--statesmen1 soldiers1 merchants1 masters of industry1 men of letters and of thought who have coined our hearts into action or into words4 ,of these men we feel that they have shown us the way4 ,they have not been afraid to go before4 ,they have known that they were speaking the thoughts of a great people when they led that great people along the paths of achievement4 ,there was not a single swashbuckler among them4 ,they were men of sober1 quiet thought1 the more effective because there was no bluster in it4 ,they were men who thought along the lines of duty1 not along the lines of self-aggrandizement4 ,they were men1 in short1 who thought of the people whom they served and not of themselves4 ,but while we think of these men and do honor to them as to those who have shown us the way1 let us not forget that the real experience and life of a nation lies with the great multitude of unknown men4 ,it lies with those men whose names are never in the headlines of newspapers1 those men who know the heat and pain and desperate loss of hope that sometimes comes in the great struggle of daily life2 not the men who stand on the side and comment1 not the men who merely try to interpret the great struggle1 but the men who are engaged in the struggle4 ,they constitute the body of the nation4 ,this flag is the essence of their daily endeavors4 ,this flag does not express any more than what they are and what they desire to be4 ,as ,i think of the life of this great nation it seems to me that we sometimes look to the wrong places for its sources4 ,we look to the noisy places1 where men are talking in the market place2 we look to where men are expressing their individual opinions2 we look to where partisans are expressing passions3 instead of trying to attune our ears to that voiceless mass of men who merely go about their daily tasks1 try to be honorable1 try to serve the people they love1 try to live worthy of the great communities to which they belong4 ,these are the breath of the nation's nostrils2 these are the sinews of its might4 ,how can any man presume to interpret the emblem of the ,united ,states1 the emblem of what we would fain be among the family of nations1 and find it incumbent upon us to be in the daily round of routine duty8 ,this is ,flag ,day1 but that only means that it is a day when we are to recall the things which we should do every day of our lives4 ,there are no days of special patriotism4 ,there are no days when we should be more patriotic than on other days4 ,we celebrate the ,fourth of ,july merely because the great enterprise of liberty was started on the fourth of ,july in ,america1 but the great enterprise of liberty was not begun in ,america4 ,it is illustrated by the blood of thousands of martyrs who lived and died before the great experiment on this side of the water4 ,the ,fourth of ,july merely marks the day when we consecrated ourselves as a nation to this high thing which we pretend to serve4 ,the benefit of a day like this is merely in turning away from the things that distract us1 turning away from the things that touch us personally and absorb our interest in the hours of daily work4 ,we remind ourselves of those things that are greater than we are1 of those principles by which we believe our hearts to be elevated1 of the more difficult things that we must undertake in these days of perplexity when a man's judgment is safest only when it follows the line of principle4 ,i am solemnized in the presence of such a day4 ,i would not undertake to speak your thoughts4 ,you must interpret them for me4 ,but ,i do feel that back1 not only of every public official1 but of every man and woman of the ,united ,states1 there marches that great host which has brought us to the present day2 the host that has never forgotten the vision which it saw at the birth of the nation2 the host which always responds to the dictates of humanity and of liberty2 the host that will always constitute the strength and the great body of friends of every man who does his duty to the ,united ,states4 ,i am sorry that you do not wear a little flag of the ,union every day instead of some days4 ,i can only ask you1 if you lose the physical emblem1 to be sure that you wear it in your heart1 and the heart of ,america shall interpret the heart of the world4 ,,makers ,,of ,,the ,,flag ,the following address was delivered by the ,honorable ,franklin ,k4 ,lane1 ,secretary of the ,interior1 before the officers and employees of this ,department1 about #e1jjj in number1 at the ,inner ,court1 ,patent ,office ,building1 ,june #ad1 #aiad4 ,this morning1 as ,i passed into the ,land ,office1 ,the ,flag dropped me a most cordial salutation1 and from its rippling folds ,i heard it say3 ,good morning1 ,mr4 ,flag ,maker4 ,i beg your pardon1 ,old ,glory1 ,i said1 aren't you mistaken8 ,i am not the president of the ,united ,states1 nor a member of ,congress1 nor even a general in the army4 ,i am only a government clerk4 ,i greet you again1 ,mr4 ,flag ,maker1 replied the gay voice1 ,i know you well4 ,you are the man who worked in the swelter of yesterday straightening out the tangle of that farmer's homestead in ,idaho1 or perhaps you found the mistake in that ,indian contract in ,oklahoma1 or helped to clear that patent for the hopeful inventor in ,new ,york1 or pushed the opening of that new ditch in ,colorado1 or made that mine in ,illinois more safe1 or brought relief to the old soldier in ,wyoming4 ,no matter2 whichever one of these beneficent individuals you may happen to be1 ,i give you greeting1 ,mr4 ,flag ,maker4 ,i was about to pass on1 when ,the ,flag stopped me with these words3 ,yesterday the president spoke a word that made happier the future of ten millions peons in ,mexico2 but that act looms no larger on the flag than the struggle which the boy in ,georgia is making to win the ,corn ,club prize this summer4 ,yesterday the ,congress spoke a word which will open the door of ,alaska2 but a mother in ,michigan worked from sunrise until far into the night1 to give her boy an education4 ,she1 too1 is making the flag4 ,yesterday we made a new law to prevent financial panics1 and yesterday1 maybe1 a school teacher in ,ohio taught his first letters to a boy who will one day write a song that will give cheer to the millions of our race4 ,we are all making the flag4 ,but1 ,i said impatiently1 these people were only working4 ,then came a great shout from ,the ,flag3 ,,the ,,work that we do is the making of the flag4 ,i am not the flag2 not at all4 ,i am but its shadow4 ,i am whatever you make me1 nothing more4 ,i am your belief in yourself1 your dream of what a people may become4 ,i live a changing life1 a life of moods and passions1 of heartbreaks and tired muscles4 ,sometimes ,i am strong with pride1 when men do an honest work1 fitting the rails together truly4 ,sometimes ,i droop1 for then purpose has gone from me1 and cynically ,i play the coward4 ,sometimes ,i am loud1 garish and full of that ego that blasts judgment4 ,but always ,i am all that you hope to be1 and have the courage to try for4 ,i am song and fear1 struggle and panic1 and ennobling hope4 ,i am the day's work of the weakest man1 and the largest dream of the most daring4 ,i am the ,constitution and the courts1 statutes and the statute makers1 soldier and dreadnaught1 drayman and street sweep1 cook1 counselor1 and clerk4 ,i am the battle of yesterday1 and the mistake of to-morrow4 ,i am the mystery of the men who do without knowing why4 ,i am the clutch of an idea1 and the reasoned purpose of resolution4 ,i am no more than what you believe me to be and ,i am all that you believe ,i can be4 ,i am what you make me1 nothing more4 ,i swing before your eyes as a bright gleam of color1 a symbol of yourself1 the pictured suggestion of that big thing which makes this ,nation4 ,my stars and my stripes are your dream and your labors4 ,they are bright with cheer1 brilliant with courage1 firm with faith1 because you have made them so out of your hearts4 ,for you are the makers of the flag and it is well that you glory in the making4 ,,the ,,flag ,,of ,,the ,,union ,,forever ,speech of ,general ,fitzhugh ,lee at a dinner given by the ,friendly ,sons of ,st4 ,patrick and the ,hibernian ,society of ,philadelphia1 at the city of ,philadelphia1 ,september #ag1 #ahhg4 ,the occasion of the dinner was the one hundredth anniversary of the adoption of the ,constitution of the ,united ,states4 ,general ,lee1 then governor of ,virginia1 was the guest of ,governor ,beaver at the dinner4 ,the ,chairman1 ,hon4 ,andrew ,g4 ,curtin ,pennsylvania's war governor1 in introducing ,general ,lee said3 ,we have here to-day a gentleman whom ,i am glad to call my friend1 though during the war he was in dangerous and unpleasant proximity to me4 ,he once threatened the capital of this great state4 ,i did not wish him to come in1 and was very glad when he went away4 ,he was then my enemy and ,i was his4 ,but1 thank ,god1 that is past2 and in the enjoyment of the rights and interests common to all as ,american citizens1 ,i am his friend and he is my friend4 ,i introduce to you1 ,governor ,fitzhugh ,lee4 ,,mr4 ,,chairman ,,and ,,gentlemen ,,of ,,the ,,hibernian ,,society3--,i am very glad1 indeed1 to have the honor of being present in this society once more2 as it was my good fortune to enjoy a most pleasant visit here and an acquaintance with the members of your society last year4 ,my engagements were such to-day that ,i could not get here earlier2 and just as ,i was coming in ,governor ,beaver was making his excuses because1 as he said1 he had to go to pick up a visitor whom he was to escort to the entertainment to be given this evening at the ,academy of ,music4 ,i am the visitor whom ,governor ,beaver is looking for4 ,he could not capture me during the war1 but he has captured me now4 ,i am a ,virginian and used to ride a pretty fast horse1 and he could not get close enough to me4 ,by the way1 you have all heard of ,george ,washington and his little hatchet4 ,the other day ,i heard a story that was a little variation upon the original1 and ,i am going to take up your time for a minute by repeating it to you4 ,it was to this effect3 ,old ,mr4 ,washington and ,mrs4 ,washington1 the parents of ,george1 found on one occasion that their supply of soap for the use of the family at ,westmoreland had been exhausted1 and so they decided to make some family soap4 ,they made the necessary arrangements and gave the requisite instructions to the family servant4 ,after an hour or so the servant returned and reported to them that he could not make that soap4 ,why not1 he was asked1 haven't you all the materials8 ,yes1 he replied1 but there is something wrong4 ,the old folks proceeded to investigate1 and they found they had actually got the ashes of the little cherry tree that ,george had cut down with his hatchet1 and there was no lye in it4 ,now1 ,i assure you1 there is no lie in what ,i say to you this afternoon1 and that is1 that ,i thank ,god for the sun of the ,union which1 once obscured1 is now again in the full stage of its glory2 and that its light is shining over ,virginia as well as over the rest of this country4 ,we have had our differences4 ,i do not see1 upon reading history1 how they could well have been avoided1 because they resulted from different constructions of the ,constitution1 which was the helm of the ship of the republic4 ,virginia construed it one way4 ,pennsylvania construed it in another1 and they could not settle their differences2 so they went to war1 and ,pennsylvania1 ,i think1 probably got a little the best of it4 ,the sword1 at any rate1 settled the controversy4 ,but that is behind us4 ,we have now a great and glorious future in front of us1 and it is ,virginia's duty to do all that she can to promote the honor and glory of this country4 ,we fought to the best of our ability for four years2 and it would be a great mistake to assume that you could bring men from their cabins1 from their plows1 from their houses1 and from their families to make them fight as they fought in that contest unless they were fighting for a belief4 ,those men believed that they had the right construction of the ,constitution1 and that a state that voluntarily entered the ,union could voluntarily withdraw from it4 ,they did not fight for ,confederate money4 ,it was not worth ten cents a yard4 ,they did not fight for ,confederate rations--you would have had to curtail the demands of your appetite to make it correspond with the size and quality of those rations4 ,they fought for what they thought was a proper construction of the ,constitution4 ,they were defeated4 ,they acknowledged their defeat4 ,they came back to their father's house1 and there they are going to stay4 ,but if we are to continue prosperous1 if this country1 stretching from the gulf to the lakes and from ocean to ocean1 is to be mindful of its own best interests1 in the future1 we will have to make concessions and compliances1 we will have to bear with each other and to respect each other's opinions4 ,then we will find that that harmony will be secured which is as necessary for the welfare of states1 as it is for the welfare of individuals4 ,i have become acquainted with ,governor ,beaver--,i met him in ,richmond4 ,you could not make me fight him now4 ,if ,i had known him before the war1 perhaps we would not have got at it4 ,if all the ,governors had known each other1 and if all the people of different sections had been known to each other1 or had been thrown together in business or social communication1 the fact would have been recognized at the outset1 as it is to-day1 that there are just as good men in ,maine as there are in ,texas1 and just as good men in ,texas as there are in ,maine4 ,human nature is everywhere the same2 and when intestine strifes occur1 we will doubtless always be able by a conservative1 pacific course to pass smoothly over the rugged1 rocky edges1 and the old ,ship of ,state will be brought into a safe1 commodious1 ,constitutional harbor with the flag of the ,union flying over her1 and there it will remain4 ,,from ,,washington',s ,,farewell ,,address ,the appeal for a perpetual union and obedience to established law1 the warning against the evils of partisan politics and against the dangers of entangling foreign alliances made by ,washington in this immortal address were never more important than at the present time4 ,they will become more important for each succeeding generation4 ,let those who would know ,america's mission make a careful study of this the greatest of state papers4 ,the unity of government which constitutes you one people is also now dear to you4 ,it is justly so1 for it is a main pillar in the edifice of your real independence1 the support of your tranquillity at home1 your peace abroad1 of your safety1 of your prosperity1 of that very liberty which you so highly prize4 ,but as it is easy to foresee that from different causes and from different quarters much pains will be taken1 many artifices employed1 to weaken in your minds the conviction of this truth1 as this is the point in your political fortress against which the batteries of internal and external enemies will be most constantly and actively 7though often covertly and insidiously7 directed1 it is of infinite moment that you should properly estimate the immense value of your national union to your collective and individual happiness2 that you should cherish a cordial1 habitual1 and immovable attachment to it2 accustoming yourselves to think and speak of it as of the palladium of your political safety and prosperity2 watching for its preservation with jealous anxiety2 discountenancing whatever may suggest even a suspicion that it can in any event be abandoned1 and indignantly frowning upon the first dawning of every attempt to alienate any portion of our country from the rest or to enfeeble the sacred ties which now link together the various parts4 ,for this you have every inducement of sympathy and interest4 ,citizens by birth or choice of a common country1 that country has a right to concentrate your affections4 ,the name of ,american1 which belongs to you in your national capacity1 must always exalt the just pride of patriotism more than any appellation derived from local discriminations4 ,with slight shades of difference1 you have the same religion1 manners1 habits1 and political principles4 ,you have in a common cause fought and triumphed together4 ,the independence and liberty you possess are the work of joint councils and joint efforts1 of common dangers1 sufferings1 and successes4 ,but these considerations1 however powerfully they address themselves to your sensibility1 are greatly outweighed by those which apply more immediately to your interest4 ,here every portion of our country finds the most commanding motives for carefully guarding and preserving the union of the whole4 ,the ,north1 in an unrestrained intercourse with the ,south1 protected by the equal laws of a common government1 finds in the productions of the latter great additional resources of maritime and commercial enterprise and precious materials of manufacturing industry4 ,the ,south1 in the same intercourse1 benefiting by the same agency of the ,north1 sees its agriculture grow and its commerce expand4 ,turning partly into its own channels the seamen of the ,north1 it finds its particular navigation invigorated2 and while it contributes in different ways to nourish and increase the general mass of the national navigation1 it looks forward to the protection of a maritime strength to which itself is unequally adapted4 ,the ,east1 in a like intercourse with the ,west1 already finds1 and in the progressive improvement of interior communications by land and water will more and more find1 a valuable vent for the commodities which it brings from abroad or manufactures at home4 ,the ,west derives from the ,east supplies requisite to its growth and comfort1 and what is perhaps of still greater consequence1 it must of necessity owe the secure enjoyment of indispensable outlets for its own productions to the weight1 influence1 and the future maritime strength of the ,atlantic side of the ,union1 directed by an indissoluble community of interest as one nation4 ,any other tenure by which the ,west can hold this essential advantage1 whether derived from its own separate strength or from an apostate and unnatural connection with any foreign power1 must be intrinsically precarious4 ,while1 then1 every part of our country thus feels an immediate and particular interest in union1 all the parts combined cannot fail to find in the united mass of means and efforts greater strength1 greater resource1 proportionably greater security from external danger1 a less frequent interruption of their peace by foreign nations1 and what is of inestimable value1 they must derive from union an exemption from those broils and wars between themselves which so frequently afflict neighboring countries not tied together by the same governments1 which their own rivalships alone would be sufficient to produce1 but which opposite foreign alliances1 attachments1 and intrigues would stimulate and embitter4 ,hence1 likewise1 they will avoid the necessity of those overgrown military establishments which1 under any form of government1 are inauspicious to liberty1 and which are to be regarded as particularly hostile to republican liberty4 ,in this sense it is that your union ought to be considered as a main prop of your liberty1 and that the love of the one ought to endear to you the preservation of the other4 ,these considerations speak a persuasive language to every reflecting and virtuous mind1 and exhibit the continuance of the union as a primary object of patriotic desire4 ,is there a doubt whether a common government can embrace so large a sphere8 ,let experience solve it4 ,to listen to mere speculation in such a case were criminal4 ,we are authorized to hope that a proper organization of the whole1 with the auxiliary agency of governments for the respective subdivisions1 will afford a happy issue to the experiment4 ,it is well worth a fair and full experiment4 ,with such powerful and obvious motives to union affecting all parts of our country1 while experience shall not have demonstrated its impracticability1 there will always be reason to distrust the patriotism of those who in any quarter may endeavor to weaken its bands4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to the efficacy and permanency of your union a government for the whole is indispensable4 ,no alliances1 however strict1 between the parts can be an adequate substitute4 ,they must inevitably experience the infractions and interruptions which all alliances in all times have experienced4 ,sensible of this momentous truth1 you have improved upon your first essay by the adoption of a constitution of government better calculated than your former for an intimate union and for the efficacious management of your common concerns4 ,this government1 the offspring of our own choice1 uninfluenced and unawed1 adopted upon full investigation and mature deliberation1 completely free in its principles1 in the distribution of its powers1 uniting security with energy1 and containing within itself a provision for its own amendment1 has a just claim to your confidence and your support4 ,respect for its authority1 compliance with its laws1 acquiescence in its measures1 are duties enjoined by the fundamental maxims of true liberty4 ,the basis of our political systems is the right of the people to make and to alter their constitutions of government4 ,but the constitution which at any time exists till changed by an explicit and authentic act of the whole people is sacredly obligatory upon all4 ,the very idea of the power and the right of the people to establish government presupposes the duty of every individual to obey the established government4 ,all obstructions to the execution of the laws1 all combinations and associations1 under whatever plausible character1 with the real design to direct1 control1 counteract1 or awe the regular deliberation and action of the constituted authorities1 are destructive of this fundamental principle and of fatal tendency4 ,they serve to organize faction2 to give it an artificial and extraordinary force2 to put in the place of the delegated will of the nation the will of a party1 often a small but artful and enterprising minority of the community1 and1 according to the alternate triumphs of different parties1 to make the public administration the mirror of the ill-concerted and incongruous projects of faction rather than the organ of consistent and wholesome plans1 digested by common counsels and modified by mutual interests4 ,however combinations or associations of the above description may now and then answer popular ends1 they are likely in the course of time and things to become potent engines by which cunning1 ambitious1 and unprincipled men will be enabled to subvert the power of the people1 and to usurp for themselves the reins of government1 destroying afterwards the very engines which have lifted them to unjust dominion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,observe good faith and justice toward all nations4 ,cultivate peace and harmony with all4 ,religion and morality enjoin this conduct4 ,and can it be that good policy does not equally enjoin it8 ,it will be worthy of a free1 enlightened1 and at no distant period a great nation to give to mankind the magnanimous and too novel example of a people always guided by an exalted justice and benevolence4 ,who can doubt that in the course of time and things the fruits of such a plan would richly repay any temporary advantages which might be lost by a steady adherence to it8 ,can it be that ,providence has not connected the permanent felicity of a nation with its virtue8 ,the experiment1 at least1 is recommended by every sentiment which ennobles human nature4 ,alas6 is it rendered impossible by its vices8 ,in the execution of such a plan nothing is more essential than that permanent1 inveterate antipathies against particular nations and passionate attachments for others should be excluded1 and that in place of them just and amicable feelings toward all should be cultivated4 ,the nation which indulges toward another an habitual hatred or an habitual fondness is in some degree a slave4 ,it is a slave to its animosity or to its affection1 either of which is sufficient to lead it astray from its duty and its interest4 ,antipathy in one nation against another disposes each more readily to offer insult and injury1 to lay hold of slight causes of umbrage1 and to be haughty and intractable when accidental or trifling occasions of dispute occur4 ,hence frequent collisions1 obstinate1 envenomed1 and bloody contests4 ,the nation prompted by ill will and resentment sometimes impels to war the government contrary to the best calculations of policy4 ,the government sometimes participates in the national propensity1 and adopts through passion what reason would reject4 ,at other times it makes the animosity of the nation subservient to projects of hostility1 instigated by pride1 ambition1 and other sinister and pernicious motives4 ,the peace often1 sometimes perhaps the liberty1 of nations has been the victim4 ,so1 likewise1 a passionate attachment of one nation for another produces a variety of evils4 ,sympathy for the favorite nation1 facilitating the illusion of an imaginary common interest in cases where no real common interest exists1 and infusing into one the enmities of the other1 betrays the former into a participation in the quarrels and wars of the latter without adequate inducement or justification4 ,it leads also to concessions to the favorite nation of privileges denied to others1 which is apt doubly to injure the nation making the concessions by unnecessarily parting with what ought to have been retained1 and by exciting jealousy1 ill will1 and a disposition to retaliate in the parties from whom equal privileges are withheld2 and it gives to ambitious1 corrupted1 or deluded citizens 7who devote themselves to the favorite nation7 facility to betray or sacrifice the interests of their own country without odium1 sometimes even with popularity1 gilding with the appearances of a virtuous sense of obligation1 a commendable deference for public opinion1 or a laudable zeal for public good the base or foolish compliances of ambition1 corruption1 or infatuation4 ,as avenues to foreign influence in innumerable ways1 such attachments are particularly alarming to the truly enlightened and independent patriot4 ,how many opportunities do they afford to tamper with domestic factions1 to practice the arts of seduction1 to mislead public opinion1 to influence or awe the public councils6 ,such an attachment of a small or weak toward a great and powerful nation dooms the former to be the satellite of the latter4 ,against the insidious wiles of foreign influence 7,i conjure you to believe me1 fellow citizens7 the jealousy of a free people ought to be constantly awake1 since history and experience prove that foreign influence is one of the most baneful foes of republican government4 ,but that jealousy1 to be useful1 must be impartial1 else it becomes the instrument of the very influence to be avoided1 instead of a defense against it4 ,excessive partiality for one foreign nation and excessive dislike of another cause those whom they actuate to see danger only on one side1 and serve to veil and even second the arts of influence on the other4 ,real patriots who may resist the intrigues of the favorite are liable to become suspected and odious1 while its tools and dupes usurp the applause and confidence of the people to surrender their interests4 ,the great rule of conduct for us in regard to foreign nations is1 in extending our commercial relations to have with them as little political connection as possible4 ,so far as we have already formed engagements let them be fulfilled with perfect good faith4 ,here let us stop4 ,europe has a set of primary interests which to us have none or a very remote relation4 ,hence she must be engaged in frequent controversies1 the causes of which are essentially foreign to our concerns4 ,hence1 therefore1 it must be unwise in us to implicate ourselves by artificial ties in the ordinary vicissitudes of her politics or the ordinary combinations and collisions of her friendships or enmities4 ,our detached and distant situation invites and enables us to pursue a different course4 ,if we remain one people1 under an efficient government1 the period is not far off when we may defy material injury from external annoyance2 when we may take such an attitude as will cause the neutrality we may at any time resolve upon to be scrupulously respected2 when belligerent nations1 under the impossibility of making acquisitions upon us1 will not lightly hazard the giving us provocation2 when we may choose peace or war1 as our interest1 guided by justice1 shall counsel4 ,why forego the advantages of so peculiar a situation8 ,why quit our own to stand upon foreign ground8 ,why1 by interweaving our destiny with that of any part of ,europe1 entangle our peace and prosperity in the toils of ,european ambition1 rivalship1 interest1 humor1 or caprice8 ,,washington ,address by ,john ,w4 ,daniel1 lawyer1 statesman1 ,united ,states senator from ,virginia1 delivered in the hall of the ,house of ,representatives1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 at the dedication of the ,washington ,national ,monument1 ,february #ba1 #ahhe1 ,mr4 ,daniel being then a member of the ,house from ,virginia4 ,he was introduced by ,senator ,george ,f4 ,edmunds1 of ,vermont1 president pro tempore of the ,senate1 who occupied the speaker's chair1 and presided at the dedicatory exercises4 ,,mr4 ,,president ,,of ,,the ,,united ,,states1 ,,senators1 ,,representatives1 ,,judges1 ,,mr4 ,,chairman1 ,,and ,,my ,,countrymen3--,alone in its grandeur stands forth the character of ,washington in history2 alone like some peak that has no fellow in the mountain range of greatness4 ,washington1 says ,guizot1 ,washington did the two greatest things which in politics it is permitted to man to attempt4 ,he maintained by peace the independence of his country1 which he had conquered by war4 ,he founded a free government in the name of principles of order and by re-establishing their sway4 ,washington did indeed do these things4 ,but he did more4 ,out of disconnected fragments he molded a whole and made it a country4 ,he achieved his country's independence by the sword4 ,he maintained that independence by peace as by war4 ,he finally established both his country and its freedom in an enduring frame of constitutional government1 fashioned to make ,liberty and ,union one and inseparable4 ,these four things together constitute the unexampled achievement of ,washington4 ,the world has ratified the profound remark of ,fisher ,ames1 that he changed mankind's ideas of political greatness4 ,it has approved the opinion of ,edward ,everett1 that he was the greatest of good men and the best of great men4 ,it has felt for him1 with ,erskine1 an awful reverence4 ,it has attested the declaration of ,brougham1 that he was the greatest man of his own or of any age4 ,it is matter of fact to-day1 as when ,general ,hamilton1 announcing his death to the army1 said1 ,the voice of praise would in vain endeavor to exalt a name unrivaled in the lists of true glory4 ,america still proclaims him1 as did ,colonel ,henry ,lee1 on the floor of the ,house of ,representatives1 the man first in war1 first in peace1 and first in the hearts of his countrymen4 ,and from beyond the sea the voice of ,alfieri1 breathing the soul of all lands and peoples1 still pronounces the blessing1 ,happy are you who have for the sublime and permanent basis of your glory the love of country demonstrated by deeds4 ,ye who have unrolled the scrolls that tell the tale of the rise and fall of nations1 before whose eyes has moved the panorama of man's struggles1 achievements1 and progression1 find you anywhere the story of one whose life work is more than a fragment of that which in his life is set before you8 ,conquerors1 who have stretched your scepters over boundless territories2 founders of empire1 who have held your dominions in reign of law2 reformers1 who have cried aloud in the wilderness of oppression2 teachers1 who have striven with reason to cast down false doctrine1 heresy and schism2 statesmen1 whose brains have throbbed with mighty plans for the amelioration of human society2 scar-crowned ,vikings of the sea1 illustrious heroes of the land1 who have borne the standards of siege and battle--come forth in bright array from your glorious fanes--and would ye be measured by the measure of his stature8 ,behold you not in him a more illustrious and more venerable presence8 ,statesman1 ,soldier1 ,patriot1 ,sage1 ,reformer of ,creeds1 ,teacher of ,truth and ,justice1 ,achiever and ,preserver of ,liberty--the ,first of ,men--,founder and ,savior of his ,country1 ,father of his ,people--this is he1 solitary and unapproachable in his grandeur4 ,oh6 felicitous ,providence that gave to ,america ,,our ,,washington6 ,high soars into the sky to-day--higher than the ,pyramids or the dome of ,st4 ,paul's or ,st4 ,peter's--the loftiest and most imposing structure that man has ever reared--high soars into the sky to where ,earth highest yearns to meet a star1 the monument which ,we the people of the ,united ,states have erected to his memory4 ,it is a fitting monument1 more fitting than any statue4 ,for his image could only display him in some one phase of his varied character--as the ,commander1 the ,statesman1 the ,planter of ,mount ,vernon1 or the ,chief ,magistrate of his ,country4 ,so art has fitly typified his exalted life in yon plain lofty shaft4 ,such is his greatness1 that only by a symbol could it be represented4 ,as ,justice must be blind in order to be whole in contemplation1 so ,history must be silent1 that by this mighty sign she may unfold the amplitude of her story4 ,in #afeg1 while yet a ,cromwell filled the ,stuarts' throne1 there came to ,virginia with a party of ,carlists who had rebelled against him ,john ,washington1 of ,yorkshire1 ,england1 who became a magistrate and member of the ,house of ,burgesses1 and distinguished himself in ,indian warfare as the first colonel of his family on this side of the water4 ,he was the nephew of that ,sir ,henry ,washington who had led the forlorn hope of ,prince ,rupert at ,bristol in #afdc1 and who1 with a starving and mutinous garrison1 had defended ,worcester in #afdi1 answering all calls for surrender that he awaited ,his ,majesty's commands4 ,and his progenitors had for centuries1 running back to the conquest1 been men of mark and fair renown4 ,pride and modesty of individuality alike forbid the seeking from any source of a borrowed lustre1 and the ,washingtons were never studious or pretentious of ancestral dignities4 ,but we are quotations from our ancestors1 says the philosopher of ,concord--and who will say that in the loyalty to conscience and to principle1 and to the right of self-determination of what is principle1 that the ,washingtons have ever shown1 whether as loyalist or rebel1 was not the germ of that deathless devotion to liberty and country which soon discarded all ancient forms in the mighty stroke for independence8 ,one hundred and fifty-three years ago1 on the banks of the ,potomac1 in the county of ,westmoreland1 on a spot marked now only by a memorial stone1 of the blood of the people whom ,i have faintly described1 fourth in descent from the ,colonel ,john ,washington whom ,i have named1 there was born a son to ,augustine and ,mary ,washington4 ,and not many miles above his birthplace is the dwelling where he lived1 and near which he now lies buried4 ,borne upon the bosom of that river which here mirrors ,capitol dome and monumental shaft in its seaward flow1 the river itself seems to reverse its current and bear us silently into the past4 ,scarce has the vista of the city faded from our gaze when we behold on the woodland height that swells above the waters--amidst walks and groves and gardens--the white porch of that old colonial plantation home which has become the shrine of many a pilgrimage4 ,contrasting it as there it stands to-day with the marble halls which we have left behind us1 we realize the truth of ,emerson3 ,the atmosphere of moral sentiment is a region of grandeur which reduces all material magnificence to toys1 yet opens to every wretch that has reason the doors of the ,universe4 ,the quaint old wooden mansion1 with the stately but simple old-fashioned mahogany furniture1 real and ungarnished2 the swords and relics of campaigns and scenes familiar to every schoolboy now2 the key of the ,bastile hanging in the hall incased in glass1 calling to mind ,tom ,paine's happy expression1 ,that the principles of the ,american ,revolution opened the ,bastile is not to be doubted1 therefore the key comes to the right place2 the black velvet coat worn when the farewell address to the ,army was made2 the rooms all in nicety of preparation as if expectant of the coming host--we move among these memorials of days and men long vanished--we stand under the great trees and watch the solemn river1 in its never-ceasing flow1 we gaze upon the simple tomb whose silence is unbroken save by the low murmur of the waters or the wild bird's note1 and we are enveloped in an atmosphere of moral grandeur which no pageantry of moving men nor splendid pile can generate4 ,nightly on the plain of ,marathon--the ,greeks have the tradition--there may yet be heard the neighing of chargers and the rushing shadows of spectral war4 ,in the spell that broods over the sacred groves of ,vernon1 ,patriotism1 ,honor1 ,courage1 ,justice1 ,virtue1 ,truth seem bodied forth1 the only imperishable realities of man's being4 ,there emerges from the shades the figure of a youth over whose cradle had hovered no star of destiny1 nor dandled a royal crown--an ingenious youth1 and one who in his early days gave auguries of great powers4 ,the boy whose strong arm could fling a stone across the ,rappahannock2 whose strong will could tame the most fiery horse2 whose just spirit made him the umpire of his fellows2 whose obedient heart bowed to a mother's yearning for her son and laid down the midshipman's warrant in the ,british ,navy which answered his first ambitious dream2 the student transcribing mathematical problems1 accounts1 and business forms1 or listening to the soldiers and seamen of vessels in the river as they tell of hair-breadth 'scapes by flood and field2 the early moralist in his thirteenth year compiling matured ,rules for behavior and conversation2 the surveyor of sixteen1 exploring the wilderness for ,lord ,fairfax1 sleeping on the ground1 climbing mountains1 swimming rivers1 killing and cooking his own game1 noting in his diary soils1 minerals1 and locations1 and making maps which are models of nice and accurate draughtsmanship2 the incipient soldier1 studying tactics under ,adjutant ,muse1 and taking lessons in broadsword fence from the old soldier of fortune1 ,jacob ,van ,braam2 the major and adjutant-general of the ,virginia frontier forces at nineteen3--we seem to see him yet as here he stood1 a model of manly beauty in his youthful prime1 a man in all that makes a man ere manhood's years have been fulfilled1 standing on the threshold of a grand career1 hearing his days before him and the trumpet of his life4 ,the scene changes4 ,out into the world of stern adventure he passes1 taking as naturally to the field and the frontier as the eagle to the air4 ,at the age of twenty-one he is riding from ,williamsburg to the ,french post at ,venango1 in ,western ,pennsylvania1 on a mission for ,governor ,dinwiddie1 which requires courage to cope with savages and sagacity to negotiate with white men--on that mission which ,edward ,everett recognizes as the first movement of a military nature which resulted in the establishment of ,american ,independence4 ,at twenty-two he has fleshed his maiden sword1 has heard the bullets whistle1 and found something charming in the sound2 and soon he is colonel of the ,virginia regiment in the unfortunate affair at ,fort ,necessity1 and is compelled to retreat after losing a sixth of his command4 ,he quits the service on a point of military etiquette and honor1 but at twenty-three he reappears as volunteer aide by the side of ,braddock in the ill-starred expedition against ,fort ,duquesne1 and is the only mounted officer unscathed in the disaster1 escaping with four bullets through his garments1 and after having two horses shot under him4 ,the prophetic eye of ,samuel ,davies has now pointed him out as that heroic youth1 ,colonel ,washington1 whom ,i can but hope ,providence has hitherto preserved in so signal a manner for some important service to his country2 and soon the prophecy is fulfilled4 ,the same year he is in command of the ,virginia frontier forces4 ,arduous conflicts of varied fortunes are ere long ended1 and on the #beth of ,november1 #agei1 he marches into the reduced fortress of ,fort ,duquesne--where ,pittsburgh now stands1 and the ,titans of ,industry wage the eternal war of ,toil--marches in with the advanced guard of his troops1 and plants the ,british flag over its smoking ruins4 ,that self-same year ,wolfe1 another young and brilliant soldier of ,britain1 has scaled and triumphed on the ,heights of ,abraham--his flame of valor quenched as it lit the blaze of victory2 ,canada surrenders2 the ,seven ,years' ,war is done2 the ,french power in ,america is broken1 and the vast region west of the ,alleghenies1 from the lakes to the ,ohio1 embracing its valley and tributary streams1 is under the scepter of ,king ,george4 ,america has been made whole to the ,english-speaking race1 to become in time the greater ,britain4 ,thus1 building wiser than he knew1 ,washington had taken no small part in cherishing the seed of a nascent nation4 ,illustration3 ,,washington ,,at ,,mount ,,vernon ,mount ,vernon welcomes back the soldier of twenty-seven1 who has become a name4 ,domestic felicity spreads its charms around him with the agreeable partner whom he has taken to his bosom1 and he dreams of more happiness than he has experienced in the wide and bustling world4 ,already1 ere his sword had found its scabbard1 the people of ,frederick county had made him their member of the ,house of ,burgesses4 ,and the quiet years roll by as the planter1 merchant1 and representative superintends his plantation1 ships his crops1 posts his books1 keeps his diary1 chases the fox for amusement1 or rides over to ,annapolis and leads the dance at the ,maryland capital--alternating between these private pursuits and serving his people as member of the ,legislature and justice of the county court4 ,but ere long this happy life is broken4 ,the air is electric with the currents of revolution4 ,england has launched forth on the fatal policy of taxing her colonies without their consent4 ,the spirit of liberty and resistance is aroused4 ,he is loth to part with the ,mother ,land1 which he still calls home4 ,but she turns a deaf ear to reason4 ,the first ,colonial ,congress is called4 ,he is a delegate1 and rides to ,philadelphia with ,henry and ,pendleton4 ,the blow at ,lexington is struck4 ,the people rush to arms4 ,the sons of the ,cavaliers spring to the side of the sons of the ,pilgrims4 ,unhappy it is1 he says1 that a brother's sword has been sheathed in a brother's breast1 and that the once happy plains of ,america are to be either drenched in blood or inhabited by slaves4 ,sad alternative6 ,but how can a virtuous man hesitate in his choice8 ,he becomes ,commander-in-,chief of the ,american forces4 ,after seven years' war he is the deliverer of his country4 ,the old ,confederation passes away4 ,the ,constitution is established4 ,he is twice chosen ,president1 and will not consent longer to serve4 ,once again ,mount ,vernon's grateful shades receive him1 and there--the world-crowned ,hero now--he becomes again the simple citizen1 wishing for his fellow men to see the whole world in peace and its inhabitants one band of brothers1 striving who could contribute most to the happiness of mankind--without a wish for himself1 but to live and die an honest man on his farm4 ,a speck of war spots the sky4 ,john ,adams1 now president1 calls him forth as lieutenant-general and commander-in-chief to lead ,america once more4 ,but the cloud vanishes4 ,peace reigns4 ,the lark sings at ,heaven's gate in the fair morn of the new nation4 ,serene1 contented1 yet in the strength of manhood1 though on the verge of threescore years and ten1 he looks forth--the quiet farmer from his pleasant fields1 the loving patriarch from the bowers of home--looks forth and sees the work of his hands established in a free and happy people4 ,suddenly comes the mortal stroke with severe cold4 ,the agony is soon over4 ,he feels his own dying pulse--the hand relaxes--he murmurs1 ,it is well2 and ,washington is no more4 ,washington1 the friend of ,liberty1 is no more6 ,the solemn cry filled the universe4 ,amidst the tears of his people1 the bowed heads of kings1 and the lamentations of the nations1 they laid him there to rest upon the banks of the river whose murmurs were his boyhood's music--that river which1 rising in mountain fastnesses amongst the grandest works of nature and reflecting in its course the proudest works of man1 is a symbol of his history1 which in its ceaseless and ever-widening flow is a symbol of his eternal fame4 ,no sum could now be made of ,washington's character that did not exhaust language of its tributes and repeat virtues by all her names4 ,no sum could be made of his achievements that did not unfold the history of his country and its institutions--the history of his age and its progress--the history of man and his destiny to be free4 ,but whether character or achievement be regarded1 the riches before us only expose the poverty of praise4 ,so clear was he in his great office that no ideal of the ,leader or the ,ruler can be formed that does not shrink by the side of the reality4 ,and so has he impressed himself upon the minds of men1 that no man can justly aspire to be the chief of a great free people who does not adopt his principles and emulate his example4 ,we look with amazement on such eccentric characters as ,alexander1 ,csar1 ,cromwell1 ,frederick1 and ,napoleon2 but when the serene face of ,washington rises before us mankind instinctively exclaims1 ,this is the ,man for the nations to trust and reverence and for heroes and rulers to copy4 ,disinterested patriot1 he would receive no pay for his military services4 ,refusing gifts1 he was glad to guide the benefaction of a grateful state to educate the children of his fallen braves in the institution at ,lexington which yet bears his name4 ,without any of the blemishes that mark the tyrant1 he appealed so loftily to the virtuous elements in man that he almost created the qualities of which his country needed the exercise2 and yet he was so magnanimous and forbearing to the weaknesses of others1 that he often obliterated the vices of which he feared the consequence4 ,but his virtue was more than this4 ,it was of that daring1 intrepid kind that1 seizing principle with a giant's grasp1 assumes responsibility at any hazard1 suffers sacrifice without pretense of martyrdom1 bears calumny without reply1 imposes superior will and understanding on all around it1 capitulates to no unworthy triumph1 but must carry all things at the point of clear and blameless conscience4 ,scorning all manner of meanness and cowardice1 his bursts of wrath at their exhibition heighten our admiration for those noble passions which were kindled by the inspirations and exigencies of virtue4 ,great in action as by the council board1 the finest horseman and knightliest figure of his time1 he seemed designed by nature to lead in those bold strokes which needs must come when the battle lies with a single man--those critical moments of the campaign or the strife when1 if the mind hesitates or a nerve flinches1 all is lost4 ,we can never forget the passage of the ,delaware that black ,december night1 amidst shrieking winds and great upheaving blocks of ice which would have petrified a leader of less hardy mold1 and then the fell swoop at ,trenton4 ,we behold him as when at ,monmouth he turns back the retreating lines1 and galloping his white charger along the ranks until he falls1 leaps on his ,arabian bay1 and shouts to his men3 ,stand fast1 my boys1 the ,southern troops are coming to support you6 ,and we hear ,lafayette exclaim1 ,never did ,i behold so superb a man6 ,we see him again at ,princeton dashing through a storm of shot to rally the wavering troops2 he reins his horse between the contending lines1 and cries3 ,will you leave your general to the foe8 then bolts into the thickest fray4 ,colonel ,fitzgerald1 his aid1 drops his reins and pulls his hat down over his eyes that he may not see his chieftain fall1 when1 through the smoke he reappears waving his hat1 cheering on his men1 and shouting3 ,away1 dear ,colonel1 and bring up the troops2 the day is ours4 ,coeur de ,lion might have doffed his plume to such a chief1 for a great knight was he1 who met his foes full tilt in the shock of battle and hurled them down with an arm whose sword flamed with righteous indignation4 ,as children pore over the pictures in their books where they can read the words annexed to them1 so we linger with tingling blood by such inspiring scenes1 while little do we reck of those dark hours when the aching head pondered the problems of a country's fate4 ,and yet there is a greater theater in which ,washington appears1 although not so often has its curtain been uplifted4 ,for it was as a statesman that ,washington was greatest4 ,not in the sense that ,hamilton and ,jefferson1 ,adams and ,madison were statesmen2 but in a larger sense4 ,men may marshal armies who cannot drill divisions4 ,men may marshal nations in storm and travail who have not the accomplishments of their cabinet ministers4 ,not so versed as they was he in the details of political science4 ,and yet as he studied tactics when he anticipated war1 so he studied politics when he saw his civil role approaching1 reading the history and examining the principles of ancient and modern confederacies1 and making notes of their virtues1 defects1 and methods of operation4 ,his pen did not possess the facile play and classic grace of their pens1 but his vigorous eloquence had the clear ring of our mother tongue4 ,i will not say that he was so astute1 so quick1 so inventive as the one or another of them--that his mind was characterized by the vivacity of wit1 the rich colorings of fancy1 or daring flights of imagination4 ,but with him thought and action like well-trained coursers kept abreast in the chariot race1 guided by an eye that never quailed1 reined by a hand that never trembled4 ,he had a more infallible discrimination of circumstances and men than any of his contemporaries4 ,he weighed facts in a juster scale1 with larger equity1 and firmer equanimity4 ,he best applied to them the lessons of experience4 ,with greater ascendancy of character he held men to their appointed tasks2 with more inspiring virtue he commanded more implicit confidence4 ,he bore a truer divining-rod1 and through a wilderness of contention he alone was the unerring ,pathfinder of the ,people4 ,there can1 indeed1 be no right conception of ,washington that does not accord him a great and extraordinary genius4 ,i will not say he could have produced a play of ,shakespeare1 or a poem of ,milton1 handled with ,kant the tangled skein of metaphysics1 probed the secrecies of mind and matter with ,bacon1 constructed a railroad or an engine like ,stephenson1 wooed the electric spark from heaven to earth with ,franklin1 or walked with ,newton the pathways of the spheres4 ,but if his genius were of a different order1 it was of as rare and high an order4 ,it dealt with man in the concrete1 with his vast concerns of business stretching over a continent and projected into the ages1 with his seething passions2 with his marvelous exertions of mind1 body1 and spirit to be free4 ,he knew the materials he dealt with by intuitive perception of the heart of man1 by experience and observation of his aspirations and his powers1 by reflection upon his complex relations1 rights1 and duties as a social being4 ,he knew just where1 between men and states1 to erect the monumental mark to divide just reverence for authority from just resistance to its abuse4 ,a poet of social facts1 he interpreted by his deeds the harmonies of justice4 ,first to perceive1 and swift to point out1 the defects in the ,articles of ,confederation1 they became manifest to all long before victory crowned the warfare conducted under them4 ,charged by them with the public defense1 ,congress could not put a soldier in the field2 and charged with defraying expenses1 it could not levy a dollar of imposts or taxes4 ,it could1 indeed1 borrow money with the assent of nine states of the thirteen1 but what mockery of finance was that1 when the borrower could not command any resource of payment4 ,the states had indeed put but a scepter of straw in the legislative hand of the ,confederation--what wonder that it soon wore a crown of thorns6 ,the paper currency ere long dissolved to nothingness2 for four days the army was without food1 and whole regiments drifted from the ranks of our hard-pressed defenders4 ,i see1 said ,washington1 one head gradually changing into thirteen2 ,i see one army gradually branching into thirteen1 which1 instead of looking up to ,congress as the supreme controlling power1 are considering themselves as dependent upon their respective states4 ,while yet his sword could not slumber1 his busy pen was warning the statesmen of the country that unless ,congress were invested with adequate powers1 or should assume them as matter of right1 we should become but thirteen states1 pursuing local interests1 until annihilated in a general crash--the cause would be lost--and the fable of the bundle of sticks applied to us4 ,in rapid succession his notes of alarm and invocations for aid to ,union followed each other to the leading men of the states1 ,north and ,south4 ,turning to his own state1 and appealing to ,george ,mason1 ,where1 he exclaimed1 where are our men of abilities8 ,why do they not come forth and save the country8 ,he compared the affairs of this great continent to the mechanism of a clock1 of which each state was putting its own small part in order1 but neglecting the great wheel1 or spring1 which was to put the whole in motion4 ,he summoned ,jefferson1 ,wythe1 and ,pendleton to his assistance1 telling them that the present temper of the states was friendly to lasting union1 that the moment should be improved and might never return1 and that after gloriously and successfully contending against the usurpation of ,britain we may fall a prey to our own folly and disputes4 ,how keen the prophet's ken1 that through the smoke of war discerned the coming evil2 how diligent the patriot's hand1 that amidst awful responsibilities reached futureward to avert it6 ,by almost a miracle the weak ,confederation1 a barrel without a hoop1 was held together perforce of outside pressure2 and soon ,america was free4 ,but not yet had beaten ,britain concluded peace--not yet had dried the blood of ,victory's field1 ere follies and disputes confounded all things with their ,babel tongues and intoxicated liberty gave loose to license4 ,an unpaid army with unsheathed swords clamored around a poverty-stricken and helpless ,congress4 ,and grown at last impatient even with their chief1 officers high in rank plotted insurrection and circulated an anonymous address1 urging it to appeal from the justice to the fears of government1 and suspect the man who would advise to longer forbearance4 ,anarchy was about to erect the ,arch of ,triumph--poor1 exhausted1 bleeding1 weeping ,america lay in agony upon her bed of laurels4 ,not a moment did ,washington hesitate4 ,he convened his officers1 and going before them he read them an address1 which1 for homethrust argument1 magnanimous temper1 and the eloquence of persuasion which leaves nothing to be added1 is not exceeded by the noblest utterances of ,greek or ,roman4 ,a nobler than ,coriolanus was before them1 who needed no mother's or wife's reproachful tears to turn the threatening steel from the gates of ,rome4 ,pausing1 as he read his speech1 he put on his spectacles and said3 ,i have grown gray in your service1 and now find myself growing blind4 ,this unaffected touch of nature completed the master's spell4 ,the late fomenters of insurrection gathered to their chief with words of veneration--the storm went by--and1 says ,curtis in his ,history of the ,constitution1 ,had the ,commander-in-,chief been other than ,washington1 the land would have been deluged with the blood of civil war4 ,but not yet was ,washington's work accomplished4 ,peace dawned upon the weary land1 and parting with his soldiers1 he pleaded with them for union4 ,happy1 thrice happy1 shall they be pronounced1 he said1 who have contributed anything in erecting this stupendous fabric of freedom and empire2 who have assisted in protecting the rights of human nature1 and establishing an asylum for the poor and oppressed of all nations and religions4 ,but still the foundations of the stupendous fabric trembled1 and no cement held its stones together4 ,it was then1 with that thickening peril1 ,washington rose to his highest stature4 ,without civil station to call forth his utterance1 impelled by the intrepid impulse of a soul that could not see the hope of a nation perish without leaping into the stream to save it1 he addressed the whole ,people of ,america in a circular to the governors of the states3 ,convinced of the importance of the crisis1 silence in me1 he said1 would be a crime4 ,i will1 therefore1 speak the language of freedom and sincerity4 ,he set forth the need of union in a strain that touched the quick of sensibility2 he held up the citizens of ,america as sole lords of a vast tract of continent2 he portrayed the fair opportunity for political happiness with which ,heaven had crowned them2 he pointed out the blessings that would attend their collective wisdom2 that mutual concessions and sacrifices must be made2 and that supreme power must be lodged somewhere to regulate and govern the general concerns of the ,confederate ,republic1 without which the ,union would not be of long duration4 ,and he urged that happiness would be ours if we seized the occasion and made it our own4 ,in this1 one of the very greatest acts of ,washington1 was revealed the heart of the man1 the spirit of the hero1 the wisdom of the sage--,i might almost say the sacred inspiration of the prophet4 ,but still the wing of the eagle drooped2 the gathering storms baffled his sunward flight4 ,even with ,washington in the van1 the column wavered and halted--states straggling to the rear that had hitherto been foremost for permanent union1 under an efficacious constitution4 ,and while three years rolled by amidst the jargon of sectional and local contentions1 the half-starved government1 as ,washington depicted it1 limped along on crutches1 tottering at every step4 ,and while monarchical ,europe with saturnine face declared that the ,american hope of union was the wild and visionary notion of romance1 and predicted that we would be to the end of time a disunited people1 suspicious and distrustful of each other1 divided and subdivided into petty commonwealths and principalities1 lo6 the very earth yawned under the feet of ,america1 and in that very region whence had come forth a glorious band of orators1 statesmen and soldiers to plead the cause and fight the battles of ,independence--lo6 the volcanic fires of rebellion burst forth upon the heads of the faithful1 and the militia were leveling the guns of the ,revolution1 against the breasts of their brethren4 ,what1 gracious ,god6 is man8 ,washington exclaimed3 ,it was but the other day that we were shedding our blood to obtain the constitutions under which we live1 and now we are unsheathing our swords to overturn them4 ,but see6 there is a ray of hope4 ,maryland and ,virginia had already entered into a commercial treaty for regulating the navigation of the rivers and great bay in which they had common interests1 and ,washington had been one of the commissioners in its negotiation4 ,and now1 at the suggestion of ,maryland1 ,virginia had called on all the states to meet in convention at ,annapolis1 to adopt commercial regulations for the whole country4 ,could this foundation be laid1 the eyes of the nation-builders foresaw that the permanent structure would ere long rise upon it4 ,but when the day of meeting came no state north of ,new ,york or south of ,virginia was represented2 and in their helplessness those assembled could only recommend a constitutional convention1 to meet in ,philadelphia in ,may1 #aghg1 to provide for the exigencies of the situation4 ,and still thick clouds and darkness rested on the land1 and there lowered upon its hopes a night as black as that upon the freezing ,delaware2 but through the gloom the dauntless leader was still marching on to the consummation of his colossal work1 with a hope that never died2 with a courage that never faltered2 with a wisdom that never yielded that all is vanity4 ,it was not permitted the ,roman to despair of the republic1 nor did he--our chieftain4 ,it will all come right at last1 he said4 ,it did4 ,and now let the historian1 ,bancroft1 speak3 ,from this state of despair the country was lifted by ,madison and ,virginia4 ,again he says3 ,we come now to a week more glorious for ,virginia beyond any in her annals1 or in the history of any republic that had ever before existed4 ,it was that week in which ,madison1 giving effect to his own long-cherished wishes1 and still earlier wishes of ,washington1 addressing1 as it were1 the whole country1 and marshaling all the states1 warned them that the crisis had arrived at which the people of ,america are to decide the solemn question1 whether they would1 by wise and magnanimous efforts reap the fruits of independence and of union1 or whether by giving way to unmanly jealousies and prejudices1 or to impartial and transitory interests1 they would renounce the blessings prepared for them by the ,revolution1 and conjuring them to concur in such further concessions and provisions as may be necessary to secure the objects for which that government was instituted1 and make the ,united ,states as happy in peace as they had been glorious in war4 ,in such manner1 my countrymen1 ,virginia1 adopting the words of ,madison1 and moved by the constant spirit of ,washington1 joined in convoking that ,constitutional ,convention1 in which he headed her delegation1 and over which he presided1 and whose deliberations resulted in the formation and adoption of that instrument which the premier of ,great ,britain pronounces the most wonderful work ever struck off at a given time by the brain and purpose of man4 ,in such manner the state which gave birth to the ,father of his ,country1 following his guiding genius to the ,union1 as it had followed his sword through the battles of ,independence1 placed herself at the head of the wavering column4 ,in such manner ,america heard and hearkened to the voice of her chief2 and now closing ranks1 and moving with reanimated step1 the thirteen commonwealths wheeled and faced to the front1 on the line of the ,union1 under the sacred ensign of the ,constitution4 ,thus at last was the crowning work of ,washington accomplished4 ,out of the tempests of war1 and the tumults of civil commotion1 the ages bore their fruit1 and the long yearning of humanity was answered4 ,rome to ,america is the eloquent inscription on one stone contributed to yon colossal shaft--taken from the ancient ,temple of ,peace that once stood hard by the palace of the ,csars4 ,uprisen from the sea of revolution1 fabricated from the ruins of the battered ,bastiles1 and dismantled palaces of unhallowed power1 stood forth now the ,republic of republics1 the ,nation of nations1 the ,constitution of constitutions1 to which all lands and times and tongues had contributed of their wisdom4 ,and the priestess of ,liberty was in her holy temple4 ,when ,salamis had been fought and ,greece again kept free1 each of the victorious generals voted himself to be first in honor2 but all agreed that ,themistocles was second4 ,when the most memorable struggle for the rights of human nature1 of which time holds record1 was thus happily concluded in the muniment of their preservation1 whoever else was second1 unanimous acclaim declared that ,washington was first4 ,nor in that struggle alone does he stand foremost4 ,in the name of the people of the ,united ,states1 their president1 their senators1 their representatives1 and their judges1 do crown to-day with the grandest crown that veneration has ever lifted to the brow of glory1 him1 whom ,virginia gave to ,america1 whom ,america has given to the world and to the ages1 and whom mankind with universal suffrage has proclaimed the foremost of the founders of empire in the first degree of greatness2 whom ,liberty herself has anointed as the first citizen in the great ,republic of ,humanity4 ,encompassed by the inviolate seas stands to-day the ,american ,republic which he founded--a freer ,greater ,britain--uplifted above the powers and principalities of the earth1 even as his monument is uplifted over roof and dome and spire of the multitudinous city4 ,long live the ,republic of ,washington6 ,respected by mankind1 beloved of all its sons1 long may it be the asylum of the poor and oppressed of all lands and religions--long may it be the citadel of that liberty which writes beneath the eagle's folded wings1 ,we will sell to no man1 we will deny to no man1 ,right and ,justice4 ,long live the ,united ,states of ,america6 ,filled with the free1 magnanimous spirit1 crowned by the wisdom1 blessed by the moderation1 hovered over by the guardian angel of ,washington's example2 may they be ever worthy in all things to be defended by the blood of the brave who know the rights of man and shrink not from their assertion--may they be each a column1 and altogether1 under the ,constitution1 a perpetual ,temple of ,peace1 unshadowed by a ,csar's palace1 at whose altar may freely commune all who seek the union of ,liberty and ,brotherhood4 ,long live our ,country6 ,oh1 long through the undying ages may it stand1 far removed in fact as in space from the ,old ,world's feuds and follies1 alone in its grandeur and its glory1 itself the immortal monument of him whom ,providence commissioned to teach man the power of ,truth1 and to prove to the nations that their ,redeemer liveth4 ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,lecture by ,henry ,watterson1 journalist and orator1 editor of the ,louisville1 ,ky41 ,courier ,journal since #ahfh4 ,this lecture was originally delivered before the ,lincoln ,club of ,chicago1 ,february #ab1 #ahie1 and subsequently repeated on many platforms as a lecture4 ,it has been heard in all parts of the country1 but nowhere1 with livelier demonstrations of approval than in the cities of the ,south from ,richmond and ,charleston to ,new ,orleans and ,galveston4 ,the statesmen in knee breeches and powdered wigs who signed the ,declaration of ,independence and framed the ,constitution--the soldiers in blue-and-buff1 top-boots and epaulets who led the armies of the ,revolution--were what we are wont to describe as gentlemen4 ,they were ,english gentlemen4 ,they were not all1 nor even generally1 scions of the ,british aristocracy2 but they came1 for the most part1 of good ,anglo-,saxon and ,scotch-,irish stock4 ,the shoe buckle and the ruffled shirt worked a spell peculiarly their own4 ,they carried with them an air of polish and authority4 ,hamilton1 though of obscure birth and small stature1 is represented by those who knew him to have been dignity and grace personified2 and old ,ben ,franklin1 even in woolen hose1 and none too courtier-like1 was the delight of the great nobles and fine ladies1 in whose company he made himself as much at home as though he had been born a marquis4 ,the first half of the ,republic's first half century of existence the public men of ,america1 distinguished for many things1 were chiefly and almost universally distinguished for repose of bearing and sobriety of behavior4 ,it was not until the institution of ,african slavery had got into politics as a vital force that ,congress became a bear-garden1 and that our law-makers1 laying aside their manners with their small clothes1 fell into the loose-fitting habiliments of modern fashion and the slovenly jargon of partisan controversy4 ,the gentlemen who signed the ,declaration and framed the ,constitution were succeeded by gentlemen--much like themselves--but these were succeeded by a race of party leaders much less decorous and much more self-confident2 rugged1 puissant2 deeply moved in all that they said and did1 and sometimes turbulent2 so that finally1 when the volcano burst forth flames that reached the heavens1 great human bowlders appeared amid the glare on every side2 none of them much to speak of according to rules regnant at ,st4 ,james and ,versailles2 but vigorous1 able men1 full of their mission and of themselves1 and pulling for dear life in opposite directions4 ,there were ,seward and ,sumner and ,chase1 ,corwin and ,ben ,wade1 ,trumbull and ,fessenden1 ,hale and ,collamer and ,grimes1 and ,wendell ,phillips1 and ,horace ,greeley1 our latter-day ,franklin4 ,there were ,toombs and ,hammond1 and ,slidell and ,wigfall1 and the two little giants1 ,douglas and ,stephens1 and ,yancey and ,mason1 and ,jefferson ,davis4 ,with them soft words buttered no parsnips1 and they cared little how many pitchers might be broken by rude ones4 ,the issue between them did not require a diagram to explain it4 ,it was so simple a child might understand4 ,it read1 human slavery against human freedom1 slave labor against free labor1 and involved a conflict as inevitable as it was irrepressible4 ,greek was meeting ,greek at last2 and the field of politics became almost as sulphurous and murky as an actual field of battle4 ,amid the noise and confusion1 the clashing of intellects like sabers bright1 and the booming of the big oratorical guns of the ,north and the ,south1 now definitely arrayed1 there came one day into the ,northern camp one of the oddest figures imaginable2 the figure of a man who1 in spite of an appearance somewhat at outs with ,hogarth's line of beauty1 wore a serious aspect1 if not an air of command1 and1 pausing to utter a single sentence that might be heard above the din1 passed on and for a moment disappeared4 ,the sentence was pregnant with meaning4 ,the man bore a commission from ,god on high6 ,he said3 ,a house divided against itself cannot stand4 ,i believe this ,government cannot endure permanently half free and half slave4 ,i do not expect the ,union to be dissolved2 ,i do not expect the house to fall2 but ,i do expect it will cease to be divided4 ,he was ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,how shall ,i describe him to you8 ,shall ,i do so as he appeared to me1 when ,i first saw him immediately on his arrival in the national capital1 the chosen president of the ,united ,states1 his appearance quite as strange as the story of his life1 which was then but half known and half told1 or shall ,i use the words of another and a more graphic wordpainter8 ,in ,january1 #ahfa1 ,colonel ,a4 ,k4 ,mc,clure1 of ,pennsylvania1 journeyed to ,springfield1 ,illinois1 to meet and confer with the man he had done so much to elect1 but whom he had never personally known4 ,i went directly from the depot to ,lincoln's house1 says ,colonel ,mc,clure1 and rang the bell1 which was answered by ,lincoln1 himself1 opening the door4 ,i doubt whether ,i wholly concealed my disappointment at meeting him4 ,tall1 gaunt1 ungainly1 ill-clad1 with a homeliness of manner that was unique in itself1 ,i confess that my heart sank within me as ,i remembered that this was the man chosen by a great nation to become its ruler in the gravest period of its history4 ,i remember his dress as if it were but yesterday--snuff-colored and slouchy pantaloons2 open black vest1 held by a few brass buttons2 straight or evening dress coat1 with tightly fitting sleeves to exaggerate his long1 bony arms1 all supplemented by an awkwardness that was uncommon among men of intelligence4 ,such was the picture ,i met in the person of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,we sat down in his plainly furnished parlor and were uninterrupted during the nearly four hours ,i remained with him1 and little by little1 as his earnestness1 sincerity1 and candor were developed in conversation1 ,i forgot all the grotesque qualities which so confounded me when ,i first greeted him4 ,before half an hour had passed ,i learned not only to respect1 but1 indeed1 to reverence the man4 ,a graphic portrait1 truly1 and not unlike4 ,i recall him1 two months later1 a little less uncouth1 a little better dressed1 but in singularity and in angularity much the same4 ,all the world now takes an interest in every detail that concerned him1 or that relates to the weird tragedy of his life and death4 ,illustration3 ,,abraham ,,lincoln ,,in #ahfa ,and who was this peculiar being1 destined in his mother's arms--for cradle he had none--so profoundly to affect the future of humankind8 ,he has told us1 himself1 in words so simple and unaffected1 so idiomatic and direct1 that we can neither misread them1 nor improve upon them4 ,writing1 in #ahei1 to one who had asked him for some biographic particulars1 ,abraham ,lincoln said3-- ,i was born ,february #ab1 #ahji1 in ,hardin ,county1 ,kentucky4 ,my parents were both born in ,virginia1 of undistinguished families--second families1 perhaps ,i should say4 ,my mother1 who died in my tenth year1 was of a family of the name of ,hanks4444 ,my paternal grandfather1 ,abraham ,lincoln1 emigrated from ,rockingham ,county1 ,virginia1 to ,kentucky about #agha or #aghb1 where1 a year or two later1 he was killed by the ,indians1 not in battle1 but by stealth1 when he was laboring to open a farm in the forest4 ,my father 7,thomas ,lincoln7 at the death of his father was but six years of age4 ,by the early death of his father1 and the very narrow circumstances of his mother1 he was1 even in childhood1 a wandering laboring boy1 and grew up literally without education4 ,he never did more in the way of writing than bunglingly to write his own name4444 ,he removed from ,kentucky to what is now ,spencer ,county1 ,indiana1 in my eighth year4444 ,it was a wild region1 with many bears and other animals still in the woods4444 ,there were some schools1 so-called1 but no qualification was ever required of a teacher beyond 'readin'1 writin'1 and cipherin' to the rule of three4' ,if a straggler supposed to understand ,latin happened to sojourn in the neighborhood he was looked upon as a wizard4444 ,of course1 when ,i came of age ,i did not know much4 ,still1 somehow1 ,i could read1 write1 and cipher to the rule of three4 ,but that was all4444 ,the little advance ,i now have upon this store of education ,i have picked up from time to time under the pressure of necessity4 ,i was raised to farm work 444 till ,i was twenty-two4 ,at twenty-one ,i came to ,illinois--,macon ,county4 ,then ,i got to ,new ,salem1 444 where ,i remained a year as a sort of clerk in a store4 ,then came the ,black ,hawk war2 and ,i was elected captain of a volunteer company1 a success that gave me more pleasure than any ,i have had since4 ,i went into the campaign--was elated--ran for the legislature the same year 7#ahcb71 and was beaten--the only time ,i ever have been beaten by the people4 ,the next1 and three succeeding biennial elections1 ,i was elected to the ,legislature4 ,i was not a candidate afterward4 ,during the legislative period ,i had studied law and removed to ,springfield to practice it4 ,in #ahdf ,i was elected to the lower house of ,congress4 ,was not a candidate for relection4 ,from #ahdi to #ahed1 inclusive1 practiced law more assiduously than ever before4 ,always a ,whig in politics1 and generally on the ,whig electoral tickets1 making active canvasses4 ,i was losing interest in politics when the repeal of the ,missouri ,compromise aroused me again4 ,if any personal description of me is thought desirable1 it may be said that ,i am in height six feet four inches1 nearly2 lean in flesh1 weighing on an average one hundred and eighty pounds2 dark complexion1 with coarse black hair and gray eyes4 ,no other marks or brands recollected4 ,there is the whole story1 told by himself1 and brought down to the point where he became a figure of national importance4 ,his political philosophy was expounded in four elaborate speeches2 one delivered at ,peoria1 ,illinois1 the #afth of ,october1 #ahed2 one at ,springfield1 ,illinois1 the #afth of ,june1 #aheh2 one at ,columbus1 ,ohio1 the #afth of ,september1 #ahei1 and one the #bgth of ,february1 #ahfj1 at ,cooper ,institute1 in the city of ,new ,york4 ,of course ,mr4 ,lincoln made many speeches and very good speeches4 ,but these four1 progressive in character1 contain the sum total of his creed touching the organic character of the ,government and at the same time his party view of contemporary issues4 ,they show him to have been an old-line ,whig of the school of ,henry ,clay1 with strong emancipation leanings2 a thorough anti-slavery man1 but never an extremist or an abolitionist4 ,to the last he hewed to the line thus laid down4 ,two or three years ago ,i referred to ,abraham ,lincoln--in a casual way--as one inspired of ,god4 ,i was taken to task for this and thrown upon my defense4 ,knowing less then than ,i know now of ,mr4 ,lincoln1 ,i confined myself to the superficial aspects of the case2 to the career of a man who seemed to have lacked the opportunity to prepare himself for the great estate to which he had come1 plucked as it were from obscurity by a caprice of fortune4 ,accepting the doctrine of inspiration as a law of the universe1 ,i still stand to this belief2 but ,i must qualify it as far as it conveys the idea that ,mr4 ,lincoln was not as well equipped in actual knowledge of men and affairs as any of his contemporaries4 ,mr4 ,webster once said that he had been preparing to make his reply to ,hayne for thirty years4 ,mr4 ,lincoln had been in unconscious training for the presidency for thirty years4 ,his maiden address as a candidate for the ,legislature1 issued at the ripe old age of twenty-three1 closes with these words3 ,but if the good people in their wisdom shall see fit to keep me in the background1 ,i have been too familiar with disappointment to be very much chagrined4 ,the man who wrote that sentence1 thirty years later wrote this sentence3 ,the mystic chords of memory1 stretching from every battlefield and patriot grave to every living heart and hearthstone all over this broad land1 will yet swell the chorus of the ,union1 when again touched1 as surely they will be1 by the angels of our better nature4 ,between those two sentences1 joined by a kindred1 somber thought1 flowed a life-current-- ,strong1 without rage1 without o'erflowing1 full1 pausing never for an instant2 deepening whilst it ran1 but nowise changing its course or its tones2 always the same2 calm2 patient2 affectionate2 like one born to a destiny1 and1 as in a dream1 feeling its resistless force4 ,it is needful to a complete understanding of ,mr4 ,lincoln's relation to the time and to his place in the political history of the country1 that the student peruse closely the four speeches to which ,i have called attention2 they underlie all that passed in the famous debate with ,douglas2 all that their author said and did after he succeeded to the presidency4 ,they stand to-day as masterpieces of popular oratory4 ,but for our present purpose the debate with ,douglas will suffice--the most extraordinary intellectual spectacle the annals of our party warfare afford4 ,lincoln entered the canvass unknown outside the state of ,illinois4 ,he closed it renowned from one end of the land to the other4 ,in that great debate it was ,titan against ,titan2 and1 perusing it after the lapse of forty years1 the philosophic and impartial critic will conclude which got the better of it1 ,lincoln or ,douglas1 much according to his sympathy with the one or the other4 ,douglas1 as ,i have said1 had the disadvantage of riding an ebb tide4 ,but ,lincoln encountered a disadvantage in riding a flood tide1 which was flowing too fast for a man so conservative and so honest as he was4 ,thus there was not a little equivocation on both sides foreign to the nature of the two4 ,both wanted to be frank4 ,both thought they were being frank4 ,but each was a little afraid of his own logic2 each was a little afraid of his own following2 and hence there was considerable hair splitting1 involving accusations that did not accuse and denials that did not deny4 ,they were politicians1 these two1 as well as statesmen2 they were politicians1 and what they did not know about political campaigning was hardly worth knowing4 ,reverently1 ,i take off my hat to both of them2 and ,i turn down the page2 ,i close the book and lay it on its shelf1 with the inward ejaculation1 ,there were giants in those days4 ,i am not undertaking to deliver an oral biography of ,abraham ,lincoln1 and shall pass over the events which quickly led up to his nomination and election to the presidency in #ahfj4 ,i met the newly elected president the afternoon of the day in the early morning of which he had arrived in ,washington4 ,it was a ,saturday1 ,i think4 ,he came to the capitol under ,mr4 ,seward's escort1 and1 among the rest1 ,i was presented to him4 ,his appearance did not impress me as fantastically as it had impressed ,colonel ,mc,clure4 ,i was more familiar with the ,western type than ,colonel ,mc,clure1 and1 whilst ,mr4 ,lincoln was certainly not an ,adonis1 even after prairie ideals1 there was about him a dignity that commanded respect4 ,i met him again the forenoon of the #dth of ,march in his apartment at ,willard's ,hotel as he was preparing to start to his inauguration1 and was touched by his unaffected kindness2 for ,i came with a matter requiring his immediate attention4 ,he was entirely self-possessed2 no trace of nervousness2 and very obliging4 ,i accompanied the cortege that passed from the senate chamber to the east portico of the capitol1 and1 as ,mr4 ,lincoln removed his hat to face the vast multitude in front and below1 ,i extended my hand to receive it1 but ,judge ,douglas1 just beside me1 reached over my outstretched arm and took the hat1 holding it throughout the delivery of the inaugural address4 ,i stood near enough to the speaker's elbow not to obstruct any gestures he might make1 though he made but few2 and then it was that ,i began to comprehend something of the power of the man4 ,he delivered that inaugural address as if he had been delivering inaugural addresses all his life4 ,firm1 resonant1 earnest1 it announced the coming of a man2 of a leader of men2 and in its ringing tones and elevated style1 the gentlemen he had invited to become members of his political family--each of whom thought himself a bigger man than his master--might have heard the voice and seen the hand of a man born to command4 ,whether they did or not1 they very soon ascertained the fact4 ,from the hour ,abraham ,lincoln crossed the threshold of the ,white ,house to the hour he went thence to his death1 there was not a moment when he did not dominate the political and military situation and all his official subordinates4 ,always courteous1 always tolerant1 always making allowance1 yet always explicit1 his was the master-spirit1 his the guiding hand2 committing to each of the members of his cabinet the details of the work of his own department2 caring nothing for petty sovereignty2 but reserving to himself all that related to great policies1 the starting of moral forces and the moving of organized ideas4 ,i want to say just here a few words about ,mr4 ,lincoln's relation to the ,south and the people of the ,south4 ,he was1 himself1 a ,southern man4 ,he and all his tribe were ,southerners4 ,although he left ,kentucky when but a child1 he was an old child2 he never was very young2 and he grew to manhood in a ,kentucky colony2 for what was ,illinois in those days but a ,kentucky colony1 grown since somewhat out of proportion8 ,he was in no sense what we in the ,south used to call a poor white4 ,awkward1 perhaps2 ungainly1 perhaps1 but aspiring2 the spirit of a hero beneath that rugged exterior2 the soul of a prose poet behind those heavy brows2 the courage of a lion back of those patient1 kindly aspects2 and1 long before he was of legal age1 a leader4 ,his first love was a ,rutledge2 his wife was a ,todd4 ,let the romancist tell the story of his romance4 ,i dare not4 ,no sadder idyl can be found in all the short and simple annals of the poor4 ,we know that he was a prose poet2 for have we not that immortal prose poem recited at ,gettysburg8 ,we know that he was a statesman2 for has not time vindicated his conclusions8 ,but the ,south does not know1 except as a kind of hearsay1 that he was a friend2 the one friend who had the power and the will to save it from itself4 ,he was the one man in public life who could have come to the head of affairs in #ahfa bringing with him none of the embittered resentments growing out of the anti-slavery battle4 ,whilst ,seward1 ,chase1 ,sumner and the rest had been engaged in hand-to-hand combat with the ,southern leaders at ,washington1 ,lincoln1 a philosopher and a statesman1 had been observing the course of events from afar1 and like a philosopher and a statesman4 ,the direst blow that could have been laid upon the prostrate ,south was delivered by the assassin's bullet that struck him down4 ,but ,i digress4 ,throughout the contention that preceded the war1 amid the passions that attended the war itself1 not one bitter1 proscriptive word escaped the lips of ,abraham ,lincoln1 whilst there was hardly a day that he was not projecting his great personality between some ,southern man or woman and danger4 ,under the date of ,february #b1 #ahdh1 and from the hall of the ,house of ,representatives at ,washington1 whilst he was serving as a member of ,congress1 ,i find this short note to his law partner at ,springfield3-- ,,dear ,,william3 ,i take up my pen to tell you that ,mr4 ,stephens1 of ,georgia1 a little1 slim1 pale-faced1 consumptive man1 with a voice like ,logan's 7that was ,stephen ,t41 not ,john ,a471 has just concluded the very best speech of an hour's length ,i ever heard4 ,my old1 withered1 dry eyes 7he was then not quite thirty-seven years of age7 are full of tears yet4 ,from that time forward he never ceased to love ,stephens1 of ,georgia4 ,after that famous ,hampton ,roads conference1 when the ,confederate commissioners1 ,stephens1 ,campbell1 and ,hunter1 had traversed the field of official routine with ,mr4 ,lincoln1 the president1 and ,mr4 ,seward1 the secretary of state1 ,lincoln1 the friend1 still the old ,whig colleague1 though one was now president of the ,united ,states and the other vice-president of the ,southern ,confederacy1 took the slim1 pale-faced1 consumptive man aside1 and1 pointing to a sheet of paper he held in his hand1 said3 ,stephens1 let me write ',union' at the top of that page1 and you may write below it whatever else you please4 ,in the preceding conversation ,mr4 ,lincoln had intimated that payment for the slaves was not outside a possible agreement for reunion and peace4 ,he based that statement upon a plan he already had in hand1 to appropriate four hundred millions of dollars to this purpose4 ,there are those who have put themselves to the pains of challenging this statement of mine4 ,it admits of no possible equivocation4 ,mr4 ,lincoln carried with him to ,fortress ,monroe two documents that still stand in his own handwriting2 one of them a joint resolution to be passed by the two houses of ,congress appropriating the four hundred millions1 the other a proclamation to be issued by himself1 as president1 when the joint resolution had been passed4 ,these formed no part of the discussion at ,hampton ,roads1 because ,mr4 ,stephens told ,mr4 ,lincoln they were limited to treating upon the basis of the recognition of the ,confederacy1 and to all intents and purposes the conference died before it was actually born4 ,but ,mr4 ,lincoln was so filled with the idea that next day1 when he had returned to ,washington1 he submitted the two documents to the members of his cabinet4 ,excepting ,mr4 ,seward1 they were all against him4 ,he said3 ,why1 gentlemen1 how long is the war going to last8 ,it is not going to end this side of a hundred days1 is it8 ,it is costing us four millions a day4 ,there are the four hundred millions1 not counting the loss of life and property in the meantime4 ,but you are all against me1 and ,i will not press the matter upon you4 ,i have not cited this fact of history to attack1 or even to criticize1 the policy of the ,confederate ,government1 but simply to illustrate the wise magnanimity and justice of the character of ,abraham ,lincoln4 ,for my part ,i rejoice that the war did not end at ,fortress ,monroe--or any other conference--but that it was fought out to its bitter and logical conclusion at ,appomattox4 ,it was the will of ,god that there should be1 as ,god's own prophet had promised1 a new birth of freedom1 and this could only be reached by the obliteration of the very idea of slavery4 ,god struck ,lincoln down in the moment of his triumph1 to attain it2 ,he blighted the ,south to attain it4 ,but ,he did attain it4 ,and here we are this night to attest it4 ,god's will be done on earth as it is done in ,heaven4 ,but let no ,southern man point finger at me because ,i canonize ,abraham ,lincoln1 for he was the one friend we had at court when friends were most in need2 he was the one man in power who wanted to preserve us intact1 to save us from the wolves of passion and plunder that stood at our door2 and as that ,god1 of whom it has been said that whom ,he loveth ,he chasteneth1 meant that the ,south should be chastened1 ,lincoln was put out of the way by the bullet of an assassin1 having neither lot nor parcel1 ,north or ,south1 but a winged emissary of fate1 flown from the shadows of the mystic world1 which schylus and ,shakespeare created and consecrated to tragedy6 ,i sometimes wonder shall we ever attain a journalism sufficiently upright in its treatment of current events to publish fully and fairly the utterances of our public men1 and1 except in cases of provable dishonor1 to leave their motives and their personalities alone8 ,reading just what ,abraham ,lincoln did say and did do1 it is inconceivable how such a man could have aroused antagonism so bitter and abuse so savage1 to fall at last by the hand of an assassin4 ,we boast our superior civilization and our enlightened freedom of speech2 and yet1 how few of us--when a strange voice begins to utter unfamiliar or unpalatable things--how few of us stop and ask ourselves1 may not this man be speaking the truth after all8 ,it is so easy to call names4 ,it is so easy to impugn motives4 ,it is so easy to misrepresent opinions we cannot answer4 ,from the least to the greatest what creatures we are of party spirit1 and yet1 for the most part1 how small its aims1 how imperfect its instruments1 how disappointing its conclusions6 ,one thinks now that the world in which ,abraham ,lincoln lived might have dealt more gently by such a man4 ,he was himself so gentle--so upright in nature and so broad of mind--so sunny and so tolerant in temper--so simple and so unaffected in bearing--a rude exterior covering an undaunted spirit1 proving by his every act and word that-- ,the bravest are the tenderest1 ,the loving are the daring4 ,though he was a party leader1 he was a typical and patriotic ,american1 in whom even his enemies might have found something to respect and admire4 ,but it could not be so4 ,he committed one grievous offense2 he dared to think and he was not afraid to speak2 he was far in advance of his party and his time2 and men are slow to forgive what they do not readily understand4 ,yet1 all the while that the waves of passion were dashing over his sturdy figure1 reared above the dead-level1 as a lone oak upon a sandy beach1 not one harsh word rankled in his heart to sour the milk of human kindness that1 like a perennial spring from the gnarled roots of some majestic tree1 flowed within him4 ,he would smooth over a rough place in his official intercourse with a funny story fitting the case in point1 and they called him a trifler4 ,he would round off a logical argument with a familiar example1 hitting the nail squarely on the head and driving it home1 and they called him a buffoon4 ,big wigs and little wigs were agreed that he lowered the dignity of debate2 as if debates were intended to mystify1 and not to clarify truth4 ,yet he went on and on1 and never backward1 until his time was come1 when his genius1 fully developed1 rose to the great exigencies intrusted to his hands4 ,where did he get his style8 ,ask ,shakespeare and ,burns where they got their style4 ,where did he get his grasp upon affairs and his knowledge of men8 ,ask the ,lord ,god who created miracles in ,luther and ,bonaparte6 ,what was the mysterious power of this mysterious man1 and whence8 ,his was the genius of common sense2 of common sense in action2 of common sense in thought2 of common sense enriched by experience and unhindered by fear4 ,he was a common man1 says his friend ,joshua ,speed1 expanded into giant proportions2 well acquainted with the people1 he placed his hand on the beating pulse of the nation1 judged of its disease1 and was ready with a remedy4 ,inspired he was truly1 as ,shakespeare was inspired2 as ,mozart was inspired2 as ,burns was inspired2 each1 like him1 sprung directly from the people4 ,i look into the crystal globe that1 slowly turning1 tells the story of his life1 and ,i see a little heart broken boy1 weeping by the outstretched form of a dead mother1 then bravely1 nobly trudging a hundred miles to obtain her ,christian burial4 ,i see this motherless lad growing to manhood amid the scenes that seem to lead to nothing but abasement2 no teachers2 no books2 no chart1 except his own untutored mind2 no compass1 except his own undisciplined will2 no light1 save light from ,heaven2 yet1 like the caravel of ,columbus1 struggling on and on through the trough of the sea1 always toward the destined land4 ,i see the full-grown man1 stalwart and brave1 an athlete in activity of movement and strength of limb1 yet vexed by weird dreams and visions2 of life1 of love1 of religion1 sometimes verging on despair4 ,i see the mind1 grown as robust as the body1 throw off these phantoms of the imagination and give itself wholly to the work-a-day uses of the world2 the rearing of children2 the earning of bread2 the multiplied duties of life4 ,i see the party leader1 self-confident in conscious rectitude2 original1 because it was not his nature to follow2 potent1 because he was fearless1 pursuing his convictions with earnest zeal1 and urging them upon his fellows with the resources of an oratory which was hardly more impressive than it was many-sided4 ,i see him1 the preferred among his fellows1 ascend the eminence reserved for him1 and him alone of all the statesmen of the time1 amid the derision of opponents and the distrust of supporters1 yet unawed and unmoved1 because thoroughly equipped to meet the emergency4 ,the same being1 from first to last2 the poor child weeping over a dead mother2 the great chief sobbing amid the cruel horrors of war2 flinching not from duty1 nor changing his life-long ways of dealing with the stern realities which pressed upon him and hurried him onward4 ,and1 last scene of all1 that ends this strange1 eventful history1 ,i see him lying dead there in the capitol of the nation1 to which he had rendered the last1 full measure of his devotion1 the flag of his country around him1 the world in mourning1 and1 asking myself how could any man have hated that man1 ,i ask you1 how can any man refuse his homage to his memory8 ,surely1 he was one of ,god's elect2 not in any sense a creature of circumstance1 or accident4 ,recurring to the doctrine of inspiration1 ,i say again and again1 he was inspired of ,god1 and ,i cannot see how any one who believes in that doctrine can regard him as anything else4 ,from ,csar to ,bismarck and ,gladstone the world has had its statesmen and its soldiers--men who rose to eminence and power step by step1 through a series of geometric progression as it were1 each advancement following in regular order one after the other1 the whole obedient to well-established and well-understood laws of cause and effect4 ,they were not what we call men of destiny4 ,they were men of the time4 ,they were men whose careers had a beginning1 a middle and an end1 rounding off lives with histories1 full it may be of interesting and exciting event1 but comprehensive and comprehensible2 simple1 clear1 complete4 ,the inspired ones are fewer4 ,whence their emanation1 where and how they got their power1 by what rule they lived1 moved and had their being1 we know not4 ,there is no explication to their lives4 ,they rose from shadow and they went in mist4 ,we see them1 feel them1 but we know them not4 ,they came1 ,god's word upon their lips2 they did their office1 ,god's mantle about them2 and they vanished1 ,god's holy light between the world and them1 leaving behind a memory1 half mortal and half myth4 ,from first to last they were the creations of some special ,providence1 baffling the wit of man to fathom1 defeating the machinations of the world1 the flesh and the devil1 until their work was done1 then passing from the scene as mysteriously as they had come upon it4 ,tried by this standard1 where shall we find an example so impressive as ,abraham ,lincoln1 whose career might be chanted by a ,greek chorus as at once the prelude and the epilogue of the most imperial theme of modern times8 ,born as lowly as the ,son of ,god1 in a hovel2 reared in penury1 squalor1 with no gleam of light or fair surrounding2 without graces1 actual or acquired2 without name or fame or official training2 it was reserved for this strange being1 late in life1 to be snatched from obscurity1 raised to supreme command at a supreme moment1 and intrusted with the destiny of a nation4 ,the great leaders of his party1 the most experienced and accomplished public men of the day1 were made to stand aside2 were sent to the rear1 whilst this fantastic figure was led by unseen hands to the front and given the reins of power4 ,it is immaterial whether we were for him1 or against him2 wholly immaterial4 ,that1 during four years1 carrying with them such a weight of responsibility as the world never witnessed before1 he filled the vast space allotted him in the eyes and actions of mankind1 is to say that he was inspired of ,god1 for nowhere else could he have acquired the wisdom and the virtue4 ,where did ,shakespeare get his genius8 ,where did ,mozart get his music8 ,whose hand smote the lyre of the ,scottish plowman1 and stayed the life of the ,german priest8 ,god1 ,god1 and ,god alone2 and as surely as these were raised up by ,god1 inspired by ,god1 was ,abraham ,lincoln2 and a thousand years hence1 no drama1 no tragedy1 no epic poem will be filled with greater wonder1 or be followed by mankind with deeper feeling than that which tells the story of his life and death4 ,,second ,,inaugural ,,address ,delivered by ,abraham ,lincoln1 ,march #d1 #ahfe1 on the occasion of his second inauguration as president of the ,united ,states4 ,,fellow ,,countrymen3--,at this second appearing to take the oath of the presidential office1 there is less occasion for an extended address than there was at the first4 ,then a statement1 somewhat in detail1 of a course to be pursued1 seemed fitting and proper4 ,now1 at the expiration of four years1 during which public declarations have been constantly called forth on every point and phase of the great contest1 which still absorbs the attention and engrosses the energies of the nation1 little that is new could be presented4 ,the progress of our arms1 upon which all else chiefly depends1 is as well known to the public as to myself2 and it is1 ,i trust1 reasonably satisfactory and encouraging to all4 ,with high hope for the future1 no prediction in regard to it is ventured4 ,on the occasion corresponding to this four years ago all thoughts were anxiously directed to an impending civil war4 ,all dreaded it--all sought to avert it4 ,while the inaugural address was being delivered from this place1 devoted altogether to saving the ,union without war1 insurgent agents were in the city seeking to destroy it without war--seeking to dissolve the ,union1 and divide effects1 by negotiation4 ,both parties deprecated war2 but one of them would make war rather than let the nation survive2 and the other would accept war rather than let it perish4 ,and the war came4 ,one eighth of the whole population were colored slaves1 not distributed generally over the ,union1 but localized in the ,southern part of it4 ,these slaves constituted a peculiar and powerful interest4 ,all knew that this interest was1 somehow1 the cause of the war4 ,to strengthen1 perpetuate1 and extend this interest was the object for which insurgents would rend the ,union1 even by war2 while the government claimed no right to do more than to restrict the territorial enlargement of it4 ,neither party expected for the war the magnitude or the duration which it has already attained4 ,neither anticipated that the cause of the conflict might cease with1 or even before1 the conflict itself should cease4 ,each looked for an easier triumph1 and a result less fundamental and astounding4 ,both read the same ,bible1 and pray to the same ,god2 and each invokes his aid against the other4 ,it may seem strange that any men should dare to ask a just ,god's assistance in wringing their bread from the sweat of other men's faces2 but let us judge not1 that we be not judged4 ,the prayers of both could not be answered--that of neither has been answered fully4 ,the ,almighty has his own purposes4 ,woe unto the world because of offenses6 for it must needs be that offenses come2 but woe to that man by whom the offense cometh4 ,if we shall suppose that ,american slavery is one of those offenses which1 in the providence of ,god1 must needs come1 but which1 having continued through his appointed time1 he now wills to remove1 and that he gives to both ,north and ,south this terrible war1 as the woe due to those by whom the offense came1 shall we discern therein any departure from those divine attributes which the believers in a living ,god always ascribe to him8 ,fondly do we hope--fervently do we pray--that this mighty scourge of war may speedily pass away4 ,yet1 if ,god wills that it continue until all the wealth piled by the bondman's two hundred and fifty years of unrequited toil shall be sunk1 and until every drop of blood drawn with the lash shall be paid by another drawn with the sword1 as was said three thousand years ago1 so still it must be said1 ,the judgments of the ,lord are true and righteous altogether4 ,with malice toward none2 with charity for all2 with firmness in the right1 as ,god gives us to see the right1 let us strive on to finish the work we are in2 to bind up the nation's wounds2 to care for him who shall have borne the battle1 and for his widow and his orphan--to do all which may achieve and cherish a just and lasting peace among ourselves and with all nations4 ,,robert ,e4 ,,lee ,the following extracts are taken from the great lecture#d of ,e4 ,benjamin ,andrews on ,robert ,e4 ,lee4 ,dr4 ,andrews was president of ,brown ,university #ahhi-ahih1 superintendent of the ,public ,schools of ,chicago #ahih-aijj1 chancellor of the ,university of ,nebraska #aijj-aijh1 and since #aiji has been chancellor emeritus of that institution4 ,he served as a private1 and later as second lieutenant in the ,union army during the ,civil ,war4 ,he was wounded at ,petersburg1 losing an eye4 ,probably no better characterization or higher tribute has ever been made of ,robert ,e4 ,lee than that by ,dr4 ,andrews in this lecture which was as enthusiastically received by the ,union veterans of the ,north as by the ,confederate veterans of the ,south2 for1 as ,dr4 ,andrews says in his tribute to ,lee1 ,none are prouder of his record than those who fought against him1 who while recognizing the purity of his motive1 thought him in error in going from under the stars and stripes4 ,robert ,edward ,lee had perhaps a more illustrious traceable lineage than any ,american not of his family4 ,his ancestor1 ,lionel ,lee1 crossed the ,english ,channel with ,william the ,conqueror4 ,another scion of the clan fought beside ,richard the ,lion-hearted at ,acre in the ,third ,crusade4 ,to ,richard ,lee1 the great land owner on ,northern ,neck1 the ,virginia ,colony was much indebted for royal recognition4 ,his grandson1 ,henry ,lee1 was the grandfather of ,light-horse ,harry ,lee of ,revolutionary fame1 who was the father of ,robert ,edward ,lee4 ,robert ,e4 ,lee was born on ,january #ai1 #ahjg1 in ,westmoreland ,county1 ,va41 the same county that gave to the world ,george ,washington and ,james ,monroe4 ,though he was fatherless at eleven1 the father's blood in him inclined him to the profession of arms1 and when eighteen1--in #ahbe1--on an appointment obtained for him by ,general ,andrew ,jackson1 he entered the ,military ,academy at ,west ,point4 ,he graduated in #ahbi1 being second in rank in a class of forty-six4 ,among his classmates were two men whom one delights to name with him--,ormsby ,m4 ,mitchel1 later a general in the ,federal army1 and ,joseph ,e4 ,johnston1 the famous ,confederate4 ,lee was at once made ,lieutenant of ,engineers1 but1 till the ,mexican ,war1 attained only a captaincy4 ,this was conferred on him in #ahch4 ,in #ahca ,lee had been married to ,miss ,mary ,randolph ,custis1 the grand daughter of ,mrs4 ,george ,washington4 ,by this marriage he became possessor of the beautiful estate at ,arlington1 opposite ,washington1 his home till the ,civil ,war4 ,the union1 blessed by seven children1 was in all respects most happy4 ,in his prime ,lee was spoken of as the handsomest man in the army4 ,he was about six feet high1 perfectly built1 healthy1 fond of outdoor life1 enthusiastic in his profession1 gentle1 dignified1 studious1 broad-minded1 and positively1 though unobtrusively1 religious4 ,if he had faults1 which those nearest him doubted1 they were excess of modesty and excess of tenderness4 ,during the ,mexican ,war1 ,captain ,lee directed all the most important engineering operations of the ,american army--a work vital to its wonderful success4 ,already at the siege of ,vera ,cruz1 ,general ,scott mentioned him as having greatly distinguished himself4 ,he was prominent in all the operations thence to ,cerro ,gordo1 where1 in ,april1 #ahdg1 he was brevetted major4 ,both at ,contreras and at ,churubusco he was credited with gallant and meritorious services4 ,at the charge up ,chapultepec1 in which ,joseph ,e4 ,johnston1 ,george ,b4 ,mc,clellan1 ,george ,e4 ,pickett1 and ,thomas ,j4 ,jackson participated1 ,lee bore ,scott's orders to all points until from loss of blood by a wound1 and from the loss of two nights' sleep at the batteries1 he actually fainted away in the discharge of his duty4 ,such ability and devotion brought him home from ,mexico bearing the brevet rank of colonel4 ,general ,scott had learned to think of him as the greatest military genius in ,america4 ,in #aheb ,lee was made superintendent of the ,west ,point ,military ,academy4 ,in #ahee he was commissioned lieutenant-colonel of ,col4 ,albert ,sidney ,johnston's new cavalry regiment1 just raised to serve in ,texas4 ,march1 #ahfa1 saw him colonel of the ,first ,united ,states ,cavalry4 ,with the possible exception of the two ,johnstons1 he was now the most promising candidate for ,general ,scott's position whenever that venerable hero vacated it1 as he was sure to do soon4 ,lee was a ,virginian1 and ,virginia1 about to secede and at length seceding1 in most earnest tones besought her distinguished son to join her4 ,it seemed to him the call of duty1 and that call1 as he understood it1 was one which it was not in him to disobey4 ,president ,lincoln knew the value of the man1 and sent ,frank ,blair to him to say that if he would abide by the ,union he should soon command the whole active army4 ,that would probably have meant his election1 in due time1 to the presidency of his country4 ,for ,god's sake don't resign1 ,lee6 ,general ,scott--himself a ,virginian--is said to have pleaded4 ,he replied3 ,i am compelled to2 ,i cannot consult my own feelings in the matter4 ,accordingly1 three days after ,virginia passed its ordinance of secession1 ,lee sent to ,simon ,cameron1 ,secretary of ,war1 his resignation as an officer in the ,united ,states army4 ,few at the ,north were able to understand the secession movement1 most denying that a man at once thoughtful and honorable could join in it4 ,so centralized had the ,north by #ahfa become in all social and economic particulars1 that centrality in government was taken as a matter of course4 ,representing this1 the nation was deemed paramount to any state4 ,governmental sovereignty1 like travel and trade1 had come to ignore state lines4 ,the whole idea and feeling of state sovereignty1 once as potent ,north as ,south1 had vanished and been forgotten4 ,far otherwise at the ,south1 where1 owing to the great size of states and to the paucity of railways and telegraphs1 interstate association was not yet a force4 ,each state1 being in square miles ample enough for an empire1 retained to a great extent the consciousness of an independent nation4 ,the state was near and palpable2 the central government seemed a vague and distant thing4 ,loyalty was conceived as binding one primarily to one's own state4 ,it is a misconception to explain this feeling--for in most cases it was feeling rather than reasoned conviction--by ,calhoun's teaching4 ,it resulted from geography and history1 and1 these factors working as they did1 would have been what it was had ,calhoun never lived4 ,these considerations explain how ,colonel ,lee1 certainly one of the most conscientious men who ever lived1 felt bound in duty and honor to side with seceding ,virginia1 though he doubted the wisdom of her course4 ,most striking among the characteristics of ,general ,lee which made him so successful was his exalted and unmatched excellence as a man1 his unselfishness1 sweetness1 gentleness1 patience1 love of justice1 and general elevation of soul4 ,lee much loved to quote ,sir ,william ,hamilton's words3 ,on earth nothing great but man3 in man nothing great but mind4 ,he always added1 however3 ,in mind nothing great save devotion to truth and duty4 ,though a soldier1 and at last very eminent as a soldier1 he retained from the beginning to the end of his career the entire temper and character of an ideal civilian4 ,he did not sink the man in the military man4 ,he had all a soldier's virtues1 the chevalier without fear and without reproach1 but he was glorified by a whole galaxy of excellences which soldiers too often lack4 ,he was pure of speech and of habit1 never intemperate1 never obscene1 never profane1 never irreverent4 ,in domestic life he was an absolute model4 ,lofty command did not make him vain4 ,illustration3 ,,robert ,e4 ,,lee ,that ,lee was brave need not be said4 ,he was not as rash as ,hood and ,cleburne sometimes were4 ,he knew the value of his life to the great cause1 and1 usually at least1 did not expose himself needlessly4 ,prudence he had1 but no fear4 ,his resolution to lead the charge at the ,bloody ,angle--rashness at once--shows fearlessness4 ,tender-hearted as he was1 ,lee felt battle frenzy as hardly another great commander ever did4 ,from him it spread like magnetism to his officers and men1 thrilling all as if the chief himself were close by in the fray1 shouting1 ,now fight1 my good fellows1 fight6 ,yet such was ,lee's self-command that this ardor never carried him too far4 ,but ,lee possessed another order of courage infinitely higher and rarer than this--the sort so often lacking even in generals who have served with utmost distinction in high subordinate places1 when they are called to the sole and decisive direction of armies3 he had that royal mettle1 that preternatural decision of character1 ever tempered with caution and wisdom1 which leads a great commander1 when true occasion arises1 resolutely to give general battle1 or a swing out away from his base upon a precarious but promising campaign4 ,here you have moral heroism2 ordinary valor is more impulsive4 ,a weaker man1 albeit total stranger to fear1 ready to lead his division or his corps into the very mouth of hell1 if commanded1 being set himself to direct an army1 will be either rash or else too timid1 or fidget from one extreme to the other1 losing all4 ,it was in this supreme kind of boldness that ,robert ,lee preminently excelled4 ,cautious always1 he still took risks and responsibilities which common generals would not have dared to take1 and when he had assumed these1 his mighty will forbade him to sink under the load4 ,the braying of bitter critics1 the obloquy of men who should have supported him1 the shots from behind1 dismayed him no more than did ,burnside's cannon at ,fredericksburg4 ,on he pressed1 stout as a ,titan1 relentless as fate4 ,what time bravest hearts failed at victory's delay1 this ,dreadnaught rose to his best1 and furnished courage for the whole ,confederacy4 ,in a sense1 of course1 the cause for which ,lee fought was lost2 yet a very great part of what he and his confreres sought1 the war actually secured and assured4 ,his cause was not lost as ,hannibal's was1 whose country1 with its institutions1 spite of his genius and devotion1 utterly perished from the earth4 ,yet ,hannibal is remembered more widely than ,scipio4 ,were ,lee in the same case with ,hannibal1 men would magnify his name as long as history is read4 ,of illustrious men1 says ,thucydides1 the whole earth is the sepulcher4 ,they are immortalized not alone by columns and inscriptions in their own lands2 memorials to them rise in foreign countries as well--not of stone1 it may be1 but unwritten1 in the thoughts of posterity4 ,lee's case resembles ,cromwell's much more than ,hannibal's4 ,the regime against which ,cromwell warred returned in spite of him2 but it returned modified1 involving all the reforms for which the chieftain had bled4 ,so the best of what ,lee drew sword for is here in our actual ,america1 and1 please ,god1 shall remain here forever4 ,decisions of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court since ,secession gave a sweep and a certainty to the rights of states and limit the central power in this republic as had never been done before4 ,the wild doctrines of ,sumner and ,thaddeus ,stevens on these points are not our law4 ,if the ,union is perpetual1 equally so is each state4 ,the republic is an indestructible ,union of indestructible states4 ,if this part of our law had in #ahfa received its present definition and emphasis1 and if the ,southern ,states had then been sure1 come what might1 of the freedom they actually now enjoy each to govern itself in its own way1 even ,south ,carolina might never have voted secession4 ,and inasmuch as the war1 better than aught else could have done1 forced this phase of the ,constitution out into clear expression1 ,general ,lee did not fight in vain4 ,the essential good he wished has come1 while the republic with its priceless benedictions to us all remains intact4 ,all ,americans thus have part in ,robert ,lee1 not only as a peerless man and soldier1 but as the sturdy miner1 sledge-hammering the rock of our liberties till it give forth its gold4 ,none are prouder of his record than those who fought against him1 who1 while recognizing the purity of his motive1 thought him in error in going from under the stars and stripes4 ,it is likely that more ,american hearts day by day think lovingly of ,lee than of any other ,civil ,war celebrity save ,lincoln alone4 ,and his praise will increase4 ,,our ,,reunited ,,country ,speech of ,clark ,howell at the ,peace ,jubilee ,banquet in ,chicago1 ,october #ai1 #ahih1 in response to the toast ,our ,reunited ,country3 ,north and ,south4 ,,mr4 ,,toastmaster1 ,,and ,,my ,,fellow ,,countrymen3--,in the mountains of my state1 in a county remote from the quickening touch of commerce1 and railroads and telegraphs--so far removed that the sincerity of its rugged people flows unpolluted from the spring of nature--two vine-covered mounds1 nestling in the solemn silence of a country churchyard1 suggest the text of my response to the sentiment to which ,i am to speak to-night4 ,a serious text1 ,mr4 ,toastmaster1 for an occasion like this1 and yet out of it there is life and peace and hope and prosperity1 for in the solemn sacrifice of the voiceless grave can the chiefest lesson of the ,republic be learned1 and the destiny of its real mission be unfolded4 ,so1 bear with me while ,i lead you to the rust-stained slab1 which for a third of a century--since ,chickamauga--has been kissed by the sun as it peeped over the ,blue ,ridge1 melting the tears with which the mourning night had bedewed the inscription3-- ,here lies a ,confederate soldier4 ,he died for his country4 ,the ,september day which brought the body of this mountain hero to that home among the hills which had smiled upon his infancy1 been gladdened by his youth1 and strengthened by his manhood1 was an ever memorable one with the sorrowing concourse of friends and neighbors who followed his shot-riddled body to the grave4 ,and of that number no man gainsaid the honor of his death1 lacked full loyalty to the flag for which he fought1 or doubted the justice of the cause for which he gave his life4 ,thirty-five years have passed2 another war has called its roll of martyrs2 again the old bell tolls from the crude latticed tower of the settlement church2 another great pouring of sympathetic humanity1 and this time the body of a son1 wrapped in the stars and stripes1 is lowered to its everlasting rest beside that of the father who sleeps in the stars and bars4 ,there were those there who stood by the grave of the ,confederate hero years before1 and the children of those were there1 and of those present no one gainsaid the honor of the death of this hero of ,el ,caney1 and none were there but loved1 as patriots alone can love1 the glorious flag that enshrines the people of a common country as it enshrouds the form that will sleep forever in its blessed folds4 ,and on this tomb will be written3 ,here lies the son of a ,confederate soldier1 ,he died for his country4 ,and so it is that between the making of these two graves human hands and human hearts have reached a solution of the vexed problem that has baffled human will and human thought for three decades4 ,sturdy sons of the ,south have said to their brothers of the ,north that the people of the ,south had long since accepted the arbitrament of the sword to which they had appealed4 ,and likewise the oft-repeated message has come back from the ,north that peace and good will reigned1 and that the wounds of civil dissention were but as sacred memories4 ,good fellowship was wafted on the wings of commerce and development from those who had worn the blue to those who had worn the gray4 ,nor were these messages delivered in vain1 for they served to pave the way for the complete and absolute elimination of the line of sectional differences by the only process by which such a result was possible4 ,the sentiment of the great majority of the people of the ,south was rightly spoken in the message of the immortal ,hill1 and in the burning eloquence of ,henry ,grady--both ,georgians--the record of whose blessed work for the restoration of peace between the sections becomes a national heritage1 and whose names are stamped in enduring impress upon the affection of the people of the ,republic4 ,and yet there were still those among us who believed your course was polite1 but insincere1 and those among you who assumed that our professed attitude was sentimental and unreal4 ,bitterness had departed1 and sectional hate was no more1 but there were those who feared1 even if they did not believe1 that between the great sections of our greater government there was not the perfect faith and trust and love that both professed2 that there was want of the faith that made the ,american ,revolution a successful possibility2 that that there was want of the trust that crystallized our ,states into the original ,union2 that there was lack of the love that bound in unassailable strength the united sisterhood of ,states that withstood the shock of ,civil ,war4 ,it is true this doubt existed to a greater degree abroad than at home4 ,but to-day the mist of uncertainty has been swept away by the sunlight of events1 and there1 where doubt obscured before stands in bold relief1 commanding the admiration of the whole world1 the most glorious type of united strength and sentiment and loyalty known to the history of nations4 ,out of the chaos of that civil war had risen a new nation1 mighty in the vastness of its limitless resources1 the realities within its reach surpassing the dreams of fiction1 and eclipsing the fancy of fable--a new nation1 yet rosy in the flesh1 with the bloom of youth upon its cheeks and the gleam of morning in its eyes4 ,no one questioned that commercial and geographic union had been effected4 ,so had ,rome reunited its faltering provinces1 maintaining the limit of its imperial jurisdiction by the power of commercial bonds and the majesty of the sword1 until in its very vastness it collapsed4 ,the heart of its people did not beat in unison4 ,nations may be made by the joining of hands1 but the measure of their real strength and vitality1 like that of the human body1 is in the heart4 ,show me the country whose people are not at heart in sympathy with its institutions1 and the fervor of whose patriotism is not bespoken in its flag1 and ,i will show you a ship of state which is sailing in shallow waters1 toward unseen eddies of uncertainty1 if not to the open rocks of dismemberment4 ,whence was the proof to come1 to ourselves as well as to the world1 that we were being moved once again by a common impulse1 and by the same heart that inspired and gave strength to the hands that smote the ,british in the days of the ,revolution1 and again at ,new ,orleans2 that made our ships the masters of the seas2 that placed our flag on ,chapultepec1 and widened our domain from ocean to ocean8 ,how was the world to know that the burning fires of patriotism1 so essential to national glory and achievement1 had not been quenched by the blood spilled by the heroes of both sides of the most desperate struggle known in the history of civil wars8 ,how was the doubt that stood1 all unwilling1 between outstretched hands and sympathetic hearts1 to be1 in fact1 dispelled8 ,if from out the caldron of conflict there arose this doubt1 only from the crucible of war could come the answer4 ,and1 thank ,god1 that answer has been made in the record of the war1 the peaceful termination of which we celebrate to-night4 ,read it in every page of its history2 read it in the obliteration of party and sectional lines in the congressional action which called the nation to arms in the defense of prostrate liberty1 and for the extension of the sphere of human freedom2 read it in the conduct of the distinguished ,federal soldier who1 as the chief executive of this great republic1#e honors this occasion by his presence to-night1 and whose appointments in the first commissions issued after war had been declared made manifest the sincerity of his often repeated utterances of complete sectional reconciliation and the elimination of sectional lines in the affairs of government4 ,differing with him1 as ,i do1 on party issues1 utterly at variance with the views of his party on economic problems1 ,i sanction with all my heart the obligation that rests on every patriotic citizen to make party second to country1 and in the measure that he has been actuated by this broad and patriotic policy he will receive the plaudits of the whole people3 ,well done1 good and faithful servant4 ,portentous indeed have been the developments of the past six months2 the national domain has been extended far into the ,caribbean ,sea on the south1 and to the west it is so near the mainland of ,asia that we can hear grating of the process which is grinding the ancient celestial empire into pulp for the machinery of civilization and of progress4 ,but speaking as a ,southerner and an ,american1 ,i say that this has been as naught compared to the greatest good this war has accomplished4 ,drawing alike from all sections of the ,union for her heroes and her martyrs1 depending alike upon ,north1 ,south1 ,east and ,west for her glorious victories1 and weeping with sympathy with the widows and the stricken mothers wherever they may be1 ,america1 incarnated spirit of liberty1 stands again to-day the holy emblem of a household in which the children abide in unity1 equality1 love and peace4 ,the iron sledge of war that rent asunder the links of loyalty and love has welded them together again4 ,ears that were deaf to loving appeals for the burial of sectional strife have listened and believed when the muster guns have spoken4 ,hearts that were cold to calls for trust and sympathy have awakened to loving confidence in the baptism of their blood4 ,drawing inspiration from the flag of our country1 the ,south has shared not only the dangers1 but the glories of the war4 ,in the death of brave young ,bagley at ,cardenas1 ,north ,carolina furnished the first blood in the tragedy4 ,it was ,victor ,blue of ,south ,carolina1 who1 like the ,swamp ,fox of the ,revolution1 crossed the fiery path of the enemy at his pleasure1 and brought the first official tidings of the situation as it existed in ,cuba4 ,it was ,brumby1 a ,georgia boy1 the flag lieutenant of ,dewey1 who first raised the stars and stripes over ,manila4 ,it was ,alabama that furnished ,hobson who accomplished two things the ,spanish navy never yet has done--sunk an ,american ship1 and made a ,spanish man-of-war securely float4 ,the ,south answered the call to arms with its heart1 and its heart goes out with that of the ,north in rejoicing at the result4 ,the demonstration lacking to give the touch of life to the picture has been made4 ,the open sesame that was needed to give insight into the true and loyal hearts both ,north and ,south has been spoken4 ,divided by war1 we are united as never before by the same agency1 and the union is of hearts as well as hands4 ,the doubter may scoff1 and the pessimist may croak1 but even they must take hope at the picture presented in the simple and touching incident of eight ,grand ,army veterans1 with their silvery heads bowed in sympathy1 escorting the lifeless body of the ,daughter of the ,confederacy from ,narragansett to its last1 long rest at ,richmond4 ,when that great and generous soldier1 ,u4 ,s4 ,grant1 gave back to ,lee1 crushed1 but ever glorious1 the sword he had surrendered at ,appomattox1 that magnanimous deed said to the people of the ,south3 ,you are our brothers4 ,but when the present ruler of our grand republic on awakening to the condition of war that confronted him1 with his first commission placed the leader's sword in the hands of those gallant confederate commanders1 ,joe ,wheeler and ,fitzhugh ,lee1 he wrote between the lines in living letters of everlasting light the words3 ,there is but one people of this ,union1 one flag alone for all4 ,the ,south1 ,mr4 ,toastmaster1 will feel that her sons have been well given1 that her blood has been well spilled1 if that sentiment is to be indeed the true inspiration of our nation's future4 ,god grant it may be as ,i believe it will4 ,,the ,,blue ,,and ,,the ,,gray ,speech of ,henry ,cabot ,lodge1 delivered at a banquet complimentary to the ,robert ,e4 ,lee ,camp of ,confederate ,veterans1 of ,richmond1 ,va41 given in ,faneuil ,hall1 ,boston1 ,june #ag1 #ahhg4 ,the ,southerners were visiting ,boston as the special guests of the ,john ,a4 ,andrew ,post #ae1 ,department of ,massachusetts1 ,grand ,army of the ,republic4 ,,mr4 ,,chairman3--,to such a toast1 sir1 it would seem perhaps most fitting that one of those should respond who were a part of the great event which it recalls4 ,yet1 after all1 on an occasion like this1 it may not be amiss to call upon one who belongs to a generation to whom the ,rebellion is little more than history1 and who1 however insufficiently1 represents the feelings of that and the succeeding generations as to our great ,civil ,war4 ,i was a boy ten years old when the troops marched away to defend ,washington1 and my personal knowledge of that time is confined to a few broken but vivid memories4 ,i saw the troops1 month after month1 pour through the streets of ,boston1 ,i saw ,shaw go forth at the head of his black regiment1 and ,bartlett1 shattered in body but dauntless in soul1 ride by to carry what was left of him once more to the battlefields of the republic4 ,i saw ,andrew1 standing bare headed on the steps of the state house1 bid the men ,god speed4 ,i cannot remember the words he said1 but ,i can never forget the fervid eloquence which brought tears to the eyes and fire to the hearts of all who listened4 ,i understood but dimly the awful meaning of these events4 ,to my boyish mind one thing alone was clear1 that the soldiers as they marched past were all1 in that supreme hour1 heroes and patriots4 ,amid many changes that simple belief of boyhood has never altered4 ,the gratitude which ,i felt then ,i confess to-day more strongly than ever4 ,but other feelings have in the progress of time altered much4 ,i have learned1 and others of my generation as they came to man's estate have learned1 what the war really meant1 and they have also learned to know and to do justice to the men who fought the war upon the other side4 ,i do not stand up in this presence to indulge in any mock sentimentality4 ,you brave men who wore the gray would be the first to hold me or any other son of the ,north in just contempt if ,i should say that1 now it was all over1 ,i thought the ,north was wrong and the result of the war a mistake1 and that ,i was prepared to suppress my political opinions4 ,i believe most profoundly that the war on our side was eternally right1 that our victory was the salvation of the country1 and that the results of the war were of infinite benefit to both ,north and ,south4 ,but however we differed1 or still differ1 as to the causes for which we fought then1 we accept them as settled1 commit them to history1 and fight over them no more4 ,to the men who fought the battles of the ,confederacy we hold out our hands freely1 frankly1 and gladly4 ,to courage and faith wherever shown we bow in homage with uncovered heads4 ,we respect and honor the gallantry and valor of the brave men who fought against us1 and who gave their lives and shed their blood in defense of what they believed to be right4 ,we rejoice that the famous general whose name is borne upon your banner was one of the greatest soldiers of modern times1 because he1 too1 was an ,american4 ,we have no bitter memories to revive1 no reproaches to utter4 ,reconciliation is not to be sought1 because it exists already4 ,differ in politics and in a thousand other ways we must and shall in all good nature1 but let us never differ with each other on sectional or ,state lines1 by race or creed4 ,we welcome you1 soldiers of ,virginia1 as others more eloquent than ,i have said1 to ,new ,england4 ,we welcome you to old ,massachusetts4 ,we welcome you to ,boston and to ,faneuil ,hall4 ,in your presence here1 and at the sound of your voices beneath this historic roof1 the years roll back and we see the figure and hear again the ringing tones of your great orator1 ,patrick ,henry1 declaring to the first ,continental ,congress1 ,the distinctions between ,virginians1 ,pennsylvanians1 ,new ,yorkers1 and ,new ,englanders are no more4 ,i am not a ,virginian1 but an ,american4 ,a distinguished ,frenchman1 as he stood among the graves at ,arlington1 said ,only a great people is capable of a great civil war4 ,let us add with thankful hearts that only a great people is capable of a great reconciliation4 ,side by side1 ,virginia and ,massachusetts led the colonies into the ,war for ,independence4 ,side by side they founded the government of the ,united ,states4 ,morgan and ,greene1 ,lee and ,knox1 ,moultrie and ,prescott1 men of the ,south and men of the ,north1 fought shoulder to shoulder1 and wore the same uniform of buff and blue--the uniform of ,washington4 ,your presence here brings back their noble memories1 it breathes the spirit of concord1 and united with so many other voices in the irrevocable message of union and good will4 ,mere sentiment all this1 some may say4 ,but it is sentiment1 true sentiment1 that has moved the world4 ,sentiment fought the war1 and sentiment has reunited us4 ,when the war closed1 it was proposed in the newspapers and elsewhere to give ,governor ,andrew1 who had sacrificed health and strength and property in his public duties1 some immediately lucrative office1 like the collectorship of the port of ,boston4 ,a friend asked him if he would take such a place4 ,no1 said he2 ,i have stood as high priest between the horns of the altar1 and ,i have poured out upon it the best blood of ,massachusetts1 and ,i cannot take money for that4 ,mere sentiment1 truly1 but the sentiment which ennobles and uplifts mankind4 ,it is sentiment which so hallows a bit of torn1 stained bunting1 that men go gladly to their deaths to save it4 ,so ,i say that the sentiment manifested by your presence here1 brethren of ,virginia1 sitting side by side with those who wore the blue1 has a far-reaching and gracious influence1 of more value than many practical things4 ,it tells us that these two grand old commonwealths1 parted in the shock of the ,civil ,war1 are once more side by side as in the days of the ,revolution1 never to part again4 ,it tells us that the sons of ,virginia and ,massachusetts1 if war should break again upon the country1 will1 as in the olden days1 stand once more shoulder to shoulder1 with no distinction in the colors that they wear4 ,it is fraught with tidings of peace on earth and you may read its meaning in the words on yonder picture1 ,liberty and ,union1 now and forever1 one and inseparable4 ,a ,,reminiscence ,,of ,,gettysburg ,the following extract is taken from ,general ,john ,b4 ,gordon's great lecture1 ,the ,last ,days of the ,confederacy1 delivered with marked effect throughout the country4 ,this report of the lecture is as given in ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 ,february #g1 #aija4 ,but now to ,gettysburg4 ,that great battle could not be described in the space of a lecture4 ,i shall select from the myriad of thrilling incidents which rush over my memory but two4#f ,the first ,i relate because it seems due to one of the bravest and knightliest soldiers of the ,union army4 ,as my command came back from the ,susquehanna ,river to ,gettysburg1 it was thrown squarely on the right flank of the ,union army4 ,the fact that that portion of the ,union army melted was no disparagement either of its courage or its lofty ,american manhood1 for any troops that had ever been marshaled1 the ,old ,guard itself1 would have been as surely and swiftly shattered4 ,it was that movement that gave to the ,confederate army the first day's victory at ,gettysburg2 and as ,i rode forward over that field of green clover1 made red with the blood of both armies1 ,i found a major-general among the dead and the dying4 ,but a few moments before1 ,i had seen the proud form of that magnificent ,union officer reel in the saddle and then fall in the white smoke of the battle2 and as ,i rode by1 intensely looking into his pale face1 which was turned to the broiling rays of that scorching ,july sun1 ,i discovered that he was not dead4 ,dismounting from my horse1 ,i lifted his head with one hand1 gave him water from my canteen1 inquired his name and if he was badly hurt4 ,he was ,general ,francis ,c4 ,barlow1 of ,new ,york4 ,he had been shot from his horse while grandly leading a charge4 ,the ball had struck him in front1 passed through the body and out near the spinal cord1 completely paralyzing him in every limb2 neither he nor ,i supposed he could live for one hour4 ,i desired to remove him before death from that terrific sun4 ,i had him lifted on a litter and borne to the shade in the rear4 ,as he bade me good-bye1 and upon my inquiry what ,i could do for him1 he asked me to take from his pocket a bunch of letters4 ,those letters were from his wife1 and as ,i opened one at his request1 and as his eye caught1 as he supposed for the last time1 that wife's signature1 the great tears came like a fountain and rolled down his pale face2 and he said to me1 ,general ,gordon1 you are a ,confederate2 ,i am a ,union soldier2 but we are both ,americans2 if you should live through this dreadful war and ever see my wife1 will you not do me the kindness to tell my wife for me that you saw me on this field8 ,tell her for me1 that my last thought on earth was of her2 tell her for me that you saw me fall in this battle1 and that her husband fell1 not in the rear1 but at the head of his column2 tell her for me1 general1 that ,i freely give my life to my country1 but that my unutterable grief is that ,i must now go without the privilege of seeing her once more1 and bidding her a long and loving farewell4 ,i at once said3 ,where is ,mrs4 ,barlow1 general8 ,where could ,i find her8 for ,i was determined that wife should receive that gallant husband's message4 ,he replied3 ,she is very close to me2 she is just back of the ,union line of battle with the commander-in-chief at his headquarters4 ,that announcement of ,mrs4 ,barlow's presence with the ,union army struck in this heart of mine another chord of deepest and tenderest sympathy2 for my wife had followed me1 sharing with me the privations of the camp1 the fatigues of the march2 again and again was she under fire1 and always on the very verge of the battle was that devoted wife of mine1 like an angel of protection and an inspiration to duty4 ,i replied3 ,of course1 ,general ,barlow1 if ,i am alive1 sir1 when this day's battle1 now in progress is ended--if ,i am not shot dead before the night comes--you may die satisfied that ,i will see to it that ,mrs4 ,barlow has your message before to-morrow's dawn4 ,and ,i did4 ,the moment the guns had ceased their roar on the hills1 ,i sent a flag of truce with a note to ,mrs4 ,barlow4 ,i did not tell her--,i did not have the heart to tell her that her husband was dead1 as ,i believed him to be2 but ,i did tell her that he was desperately wounded1 a prisoner in my hands2 but that she should have safe escort through my lines to her husband's side4 ,late that night1 as ,i lay in the open field upon my saddle1 a picket from my front announced a lady on the line4 ,she was ,mrs4 ,barlow4 ,she had received my note and was struggling1 under the guidance of officers of the ,union army1 to penetrate my lines and reach her husband's side4 ,she was guided to his side by my staff during the night4 ,early next morning the battle was renewed1 and the following day1 and then came the retreat of ,lee's immortal army4 ,i thought no more of that gallant son of the ,north1 ,general ,barlow1 except to count him among the thousands of ,americans who had gone down on both sides in the dreadful battle4 ,strangely enough1 as the war progressed1 ,barlow concluded not to die2 ,providence decreed that he should live4 ,he recovered and rejoined his command2 and just one year after that1 ,barlow saw that ,i was killed in another battle4 ,the explanation is perfectly simple4 ,a cousin of mine1 with the same initials1 ,general ,j4 ,b4 ,gordon1 of ,north ,carolina1 was killed in a battle near ,richmond4 ,barlow1 who1 as ,i say1 had recovered and rejoined his command--although ,i knew he was dead1 or thought ,i did--picked up a newspaper and read this item in it3 ,general ,j4 ,b4 ,gordon of the ,confederate army was killed to-day in battle4 ,calling his staff around him1 ,barlow read that item and said to them1 ,i am very sorry to see this2 you will remember that ,general ,j4 ,b4 ,gordon was the officer who picked me up on the battlefield at ,gettysburg1 and sent my wife through his lines to me at night4 ,i am very sorry4 ,fifteen years passed4 ,now1 ,i wish the audience to remember that during all those fifteen years which intervened1 ,barlow was dead to me1 and for fourteen of them ,i was dead to ,barlow4 ,in the meantime1 the partiality of the people of ,georgia had placed me in the ,united ,states senate4 ,clarkson ,potter was a member of ,congress from ,new ,york4 ,he invited me to dine with him to meet his friend1 ,general ,barlow4 ,now came my time to think4 ,barlow1 ,i said1 ,barlow8 ,that is the same name1 but it can't be my ,barlow1 for ,i left him dead at ,gettysburg4 ,and ,i endeavored to understand what it meant1 and thought ,i had made the discovery4 ,i was told1 as ,i made the inquiry1 that there were two ,barlows in the ,united ,states army4 ,that satisfied me at once4 ,i concluded1 as a matter of course1 that it was the other fellow ,i was going to meet2 that ,clarkson ,potter had invited me to dine with the living ,barlow and not with the dead one4 ,barlow had a similar reflection about the ,gordon he was to dine with4 ,he supposed that ,i was the other ,gordon4 ,we met at ,clarkson ,potter's table4 ,i sat just opposite to ,barlow2 and in the lull of the conversation ,i asked him1 ,general1 are you related to the ,barlow who was killed at ,gettysburg8 ,he replied3 ,i am the man1 sir4 ,are you related1 he asked1 to the ,gordon who killed me8 ,well1 ,i said1 ,i am the man1 sir4 ,the scene which followed beggars all description4 ,no language could describe that scene at ,clarkson ,potter's table in ,washington1 fifteen years after the war was over4 ,truth is indeed stranger than fiction4 ,think of it6 ,what could be stranger8 ,there we met1 both dead1 each of us presenting to the other the most absolute proof of the resurrection of the dead4 ,but stranger still1 perhaps1 is the friendship true and lasting begun under such auspices4 ,what could be further removed from the realms of probabilities than a confiding friendship between combatants1 which is born on the field of blood1 amidst the thunders of battle1 and while the hostile legions rush upon each other with deadly fury and pour into each other's breasts their volleys of fire and of leaden hail4 ,such were the circumstances under which was born the friendship between ,barlow and myself1 and which ,i believe is more sincere because of its remarkable birth1 and which has strengthened and deepened with the passing years4 ,for the sake of our reunited and glorious ,republic may we not hope that similar ties will bind together all the soldiers of the two armies--indeed all ,americans in perpetual unity until the last bugle call shall have summoned us to the eternal camping grounds beyond the stars8 ,,the ,,new ,,south ,address by ,henry ,w4 ,grady1 journalist born in ,athens1 ,ga41 ,may #ag1 #ahea2 died in ,atlanta1 ,ga41 ,december #bc1 #ahhi1 delivered at the eighty-first anniversary celebration of the ,new ,england ,society in the city of ,new ,york1 ,december #bb1 #ahhf4 ,,mr4 ,,president ,,and ,,gentlemen3--,there was a ,south of slavery and secession--that ,south is dead4 ,there is a ,south of union and freedom--that ,south1 thank ,god1 is living1 breathing1 growing every hour4 ,these words1 delivered from the immortal lips of ,benjamin ,h4 ,hill1 at ,tammany ,hall in #ahff1 true then1 and truer now1 ,i shall make my text to-night4 ,let me express to you my appreciation of the kindness by which ,i am permitted to address you4 ,i make this abrupt acknowledgment advisedly1 for ,i feel that if1 when ,i raise my provincial voice in this ancient and august presence1 ,i could find courage for no more than the opening sentence1 it would be well if1 in that sentence1 ,i had met in a rough sense my obligation as a guest1 and had perished1 so to speak1 with courtesy on my lips and grace in my heart4 ,permitted through your kindness to catch my second wind1 let me say that ,i appreciate the significance of being the first ,southerner to speak at this board1 which bears the substance1 if it surpasses the semblance1 of original ,new ,england hospitality and honors a sentiment that in turn honors you1 but in which my personality is lost1 and the compliment to my people made plain4 ,i bespeak the utmost stretch of your courtesy to-night4 ,i am not troubled about those from whom ,i come4 ,you remember the man whose wife sent him to a neighbor with a pitcher of milk1 and who1 tripping on the top step1 fell1 with such casual interruptions as the landing afforded1 into the basement2 and while picking himself up had the pleasure of hearing his wife call out3 ,john1 did you break the pitcher8 ,no1 ,i didn't1 said ,john1 but ,i be dinged if ,i don't6 ,so1 while those who call to me from behind may inspire me with energy if not with courage1 ,i ask an indulgent hearing from you4 ,i beg that you will bring your full faith in ,american fairness and frankness to judgment upon what ,i shall say4 ,there was an old preacher once who told some boys of the ,bible lesson he was going to read in the morning4 ,the boys finding the place1 glued together the connecting pages4 ,the next morning he read on the bottom of one page3 ,when ,noah was one hundred and twenty years old he took unto himself a wife1 who was--then turning the page--one hundred and forty cubits long1 forty cubits wide1 built of gopher wood1 and covered with pitch inside and out4 ,he was naturally puzzled at this4 ,he read it again1 verified it1 and then said3 ,my friends1 this is the first time ,i ever met this in the ,bible1 but ,i accept it as an evidence of the assertion that we are fearfully and wonderfully made4 ,if ,i could get you to hold such faith to-night ,i could proceed cheerfully to the task ,i otherwise approach with a sense of consecration4 ,pardon me one word1 ,mr4 ,president1 spoken for the sole purpose of getting into the volumes that go out annually freighted with the rich eloquence of your speakers--the fact that the ,cavalier as well as the ,puritan was on the continent in its early days1 and that he was up and able to be about4 ,i have read your books carefully and ,i find no mention of that fact1 which seems to me an important one for preserving a sort of historical equilibrium if for nothing else4 ,let me remind you the ,virginia ,cavalier first challenged ,france on this continent--that ,cavalier ,john ,smith gave ,new ,england its very name1 and was so pleased with the job that he has been handing his own name around ever since--and that while ,miles ,standish was cutting off men's ears for courting a girl without her parents' consent1 and forbade men to kiss their wives on ,sunday1 the ,cavalier was courting everything in sight1 and that the ,almighty had vouchsafed great increase to the ,cavalier colonies1 the huts in the wilderness being full as the nests in the woods4 ,but having incorporated the ,cavalier as a fact in your charming little books ,i shall let him work out his own salvation1 as he has always done with engaging gallantry1 and we will hold no controversy as to his merits4 ,why should we8 ,neither ,puritan nor ,cavalier long survived as such4 ,the virtues and traditions of both happily still live for the inspiration of their sons and the saving of the old fashion4 ,but both ,puritan and ,cavalier were lost in the storm of the first ,revolution2 and the ,american citizen1 supplanting both and stronger than either1 took possession of the ,republic bought by their common blood and fashioned to wisdom1 and charged himself with teaching men government and establishing the voice of the people as the voice of ,god4 ,my friend1 ,dr4 ,talmage has told you that the typical ,american has yet to come4 ,let me tell you that he has already come4 ,great types like valuable plants are slow to flower and fruit4 ,but from the union of these colonies ,puritans and ,cavaliers1 from the straightening of their purposes and the crossing of their blood1 slow perfecting through a century1 came he who stands as the first typical ,american1 the first who comprehended within himself all the strength and gentleness1 all the majesty and grace of this ,republic--,abraham ,lincoln4 ,he was the son of ,puritan and ,cavalier1 for in his ardent nature were fused the virtues of both1 and in the depths of his great soul the faults of both were lost4 ,he was greater than ,puritan1 greater than ,cavalier1 in that he was ,american renewed1 and that in his homely form were first gathered the vast and thrilling forces of his ideal government--charging it with such tremendous meaning and so elevating it above human suffering that martyrdom1 though infamously aimed1 came as a fitting crown to a life consecrated from the cradle to human liberty4 ,let us1 each cherishing the traditions and honoring his fathers1 build with reverent hands to the type of this simple but sublime life1 in which all types are honored2 and in our common glory as ,americans there will be plenty and to spare for your forefathers and for mine4 ,in speaking to the toast with which you have honored me4 ,i accent the term1 ,the ,new ,south1 as in no sense disparaging to the ,old4 ,dear to me1 sir1 is the home of my childhood and the traditions of my people4 ,i would not1 if ,i could1 dim the glory they won in peace and war1 or by word or deed take aught from the splendor and grace of their civilization--never equaled and1 perhaps1 never to be equaled in its chivalric strength and grace4 ,there is a ,new ,south1 not through protest against the ,old1 but because of new conditions1 new adjustments and1 if you please1 new ideas and aspirations4 ,it is to this that ,i address myself1 and to the consideration of which ,i hasten lest it become the ,old ,south before ,i get to it4 ,age does not endow all things with strength and virtue1 nor are all new things to be despised4 ,the shoemaker who put over his door ,john ,smith's shop4 ,founded in #agfj1 was more than matched by his young rival across the street who hung out this sign3 ,bill ,jones4 ,established #ahhf4 ,no old stock kept in this shop4 ,dr4 ,talmage has drawn for you1 with a master's hand1 the picture of your returning armies4 ,he has told you how1 in the pomp and circumstance of war1 they came back to you1 marching with proud and victorious tread1 reading their glory in a nation's eyes6 ,will you bear with me while ,i tell you of another army that sought its home at the close of the late war--an army that marched home in defeat and not in victory--in pathos and not in splendor1 but in glory that equalled yours1 and to hearts as loving as ever welcomed heroes home4 ,let me picture to you the footsore ,confederate soldier1 as1 buttoning up in his faded gray jacket the parole which was to bear testimony to his children of his fidelity and faith1 he turned his face southward from ,appomattox in ,april1 #ahfe4 ,think of him as ragged1 half-starved1 heavy-hearted1 enfeebled by want and wounds2 having fought to exhaustion1 he surrenders his gun1 wrings the hands of his comrades in silence1 and lifting his tear-stained and pallid face for the last time to the graves that dot the old ,virginia hills1 pulls his gray cap over his brow and begins the slow and painful journey4 ,what does he find--let me ask you1 who went to your homes eager to find in the welcome you had justly earned1 full payment for four years' sacrifice--what does he find when1 having followed the battle-stained cross against overwhelming odds1 dreading death not half so much as surrender1 he reaches the home he left so prosperous and beautiful8 ,he finds his house in ruins1 his farm devastated1 his slaves free1 his stock killed1 his barns empty1 his trade destroyed1 his money worthless2 his social system1 feudal in its magnificence1 swept away2 his people without law or legal status1 his comrades slain1 and the burdens of others heavy on his shoulders4 ,crushed by defeat1 his very traditions are gone2 without money1 credit1 employment1 material or training2 and besides all this1 confronted with the gravest problem that ever met human intelligence--the establishing of a status for the vast body of his liberated slaves4 ,what does he do--this hero in gray with a heart of gold8 ,does he sit down in sullenness and despair8 ,not for a day4 ,surely ,god1 who had stripped him of his prosperity1 inspired him in his adversity4 ,as ruin was never before so overwhelming1 never was restoration swifter4 ,the soldier stepped from the trenches into the furrow2 horses that had charged ,federal guns marched before the plow1 and fields that ran red with human blood in ,april were green with the harvest in ,june2 women reared in luxury cut up their dresses and made breeches for their husbands1 and1 with a patience and heroism that fit women always as a garment1 gave their hands to work4 ,there was little bitterness in all this4 ,cheerfulness and frankness prevailed4 ,bill ,arp struck the keynote when he said3 ,well1 ,i killed as many of them as they did of me1 and now ,i am going to work4 ,or the soldier returning home after defeat and roasting some corn on the roadside1 who made the remark to his comrades3 ,you may leave the ,south if you want to1 but ,i am going to ,sandersville1 kiss my wife and raise a crop1 and if the ,yankees fool with me any more ,i will whip 'em again4 ,i want to say to ,general ,sherman--who is considered an able man in our part1 though some people think he is a kind of careless man about fire--that from the ashes he left us in #ahfd we have raised a brave and beautiful city2 that somehow or other we have caught the sunshine in the bricks and mortar of our homes1 and have builded therein not one ignoble prejudice or memory4 ,but in all this what have we accomplished8 ,what is the sum of our work8 ,we have found out that in the general summary the free negro counts more than he did as a slave4 ,we have planted the schoolhouse on the hilltop and made it free to white and black4 ,we have sowed towns and cities in the place of theories and put business above politics4 ,we have challenged your spinners in ,massachusetts and your iron-makers in ,pennsylvania4 ,we have learned that the #djj1jjj1jjj annually received from our cotton crop will make us rich1 when the supplies that make it are homeraised4 ,we have reduced the commercial rate of interest from twenty-four to six per cent41 and are floating four per cent4 bonds4 ,we have learned that one ,northern immigrant is worth fifty foreigners1 and have smoothed the path to southward1 wiped out the place where ,mason and ,dixon's line used to be1 and hung our latch-string out1 to you and yours4 ,we have reached the point that marks perfect harmony in every household1 when the husband confesses that the pies which his wife cooks are as good as those his mother used to bake2 and we admit that the sun shines as brightly and the moon as softly as it did before the war4 ,we have established thrift in city and country4 ,we have fallen in love with work4 ,we have restored comfort to homes from which culture and elegance never departed4 ,we have let economy take root and spread among us as rank as the crabgrass which sprung from ,sherman's cavalry camps1 until we are ready to lay odds on the ,georgia ,yankee1 as he manufactures relics of the battlefield in a one-story shanty and squeezes pure olive oil out of his cotton seed1 against any down-easter that ever swapped wooden nutmegs for flannel sausages in the valleys of ,vermont4 ,above all1 we know that we have achieved in these piping times of peace a fuller independence for the ,south than that which our fathers sought to win in the forum by their eloquence or compel on the field by their swords4 ,it is a rare privilege1 sir1 to have had part1 however humble1 in this work4 ,never was nobler duty confided to human hands than the uplifting and upbuilding of the prostrate and bleeding ,south1 misguided1 perhaps1 but beautiful in her suffering1 and honest1 brave and generous always4 ,in the record of her social1 industrial1 and political institutions we await with confidence the verdict of the world4 ,but what of the negro8 ,have we solved the problem he presents or progressed in honor and equity towards the solution8 ,let the record speak to the point4 ,no section shows a more prosperous laboring population than the negroes of the ,south2 none in fuller sympathy with the employing and landowning class4 ,he shares our school fund1 has the fullest protection of our laws and the friendship of our people4 ,self-interest1 as well as honor1 demand that he should have this4 ,our future1 our very existence depend upon our working out this problem in full and exact justice4 ,we understand that when ,lincoln signed the ,emancipation ,proclamation1 your victory was assured2 for he then committed you to the cause of human liberty1 against which the arms of man cannot prevail2 while those of our statesmen who trusted to make slavery the cornerstone of the ,confederacy doomed us to defeat as far as they could1 committing us to a cause that reason could not defend or the sword maintain in the sight of advancing civilization4 ,had ,mr4 ,toombs said1 which he did not say1 that he would call the roll of his slaves at the foot of ,bunker ,hill1 he would have been foolish1 for he might have known that whenever slavery became entangled in war it must perish1 and that the chattel in human flesh ended forever in ,new ,england when your fathers--not to be blamed for parting with what didn't pay--sold their slaves to our fathers--not to be praised for knowing a paying thing when they saw it4 ,the relations of the ,southern people with the negro are close and cordial4 ,we remember with what fidelity for four years he guarded our defenseless women and children1 whose husbands and fathers were fighting against his freedom4 ,to his eternal credit be it said that whenever he struck a blow for his own liberty he fought in open battle1 and when at last he raised his black and humble hands that the shackles might be struck off1 those hands were innocent of wrong against his helpless charges1 and worthy to be taken in loving grasp by every man who honors loyalty and devotion4 ,ruffians have maltreated him1 rascals have misled him1 philanthropists established a bank for him1 but the ,south1 with the ,north1 protests against injustice to this simple and sincere people4 ,to liberty and enfranchisement is as far as law can carry the negro4 ,the rest must be left to conscience and common sense4 ,it should be left to those among whom his lot is cast1 with whom he is indissolubly connected and whose prosperity depends upon their possessing his intelligent sympathy and confidence4 ,faith has been kept with him in spite of calumnious assertions to the contrary by those who assume to speak for us or by frank opponents4 ,faith will be kept with him in the future1 if the ,south holds her reason and integrity4 ,but have we kept faith with you8 ,in the fullest sense1 yes4 ,when ,lee surrendered--,i don't say when ,johnston surrendered1 because ,i understand he still alludes to the time when he met ,general ,sherman last as the time when he determined to abandon any further prosecution of the struggle--when ,lee surrendered1 ,i say1 and ,johnston quit1 the ,south became1 and has since been1 loyal to this ,union4 ,we fought hard enough to know that we were whipped1 and in perfect frankness accepted as final the arbitrament of the sword to which we had appealed4 ,the ,south found her jewel in the toad's head of defeat4 ,the shackles that had held her in narrow limitations fell forever when the shackles of the negro slave were broken4 ,under the old regime the negroes were slaves to the ,south1 the ,south was a slave to the system4 ,the old plantation1 with its simple police regulation and its feudal habit1 was the only type possible under slavery4 ,thus we gathered in the hands of a splendid and chivalric oligarchy the substance that should have been diffused among the people1 as the rich blood1 under certain artificial conditions1 is gathered at the heart1 filling with affluent rapture1 but leaving the body chill and colorless4 ,the ,old ,south rested everything on slavery and agriculture1 unconscious that these could neither give nor maintain healthy growth4 ,the ,new ,south presents a perfect democracy1 the oligarchs leading in the popular movement--a social system compact and closely knitted1 less splendid on the surface but stronger at the core--a hundred farms for every plantation1 fifty homes for every palace1 and diversified industry that meets the complex needs of this complex age4 ,the ,new ,south is enamored of her new work4 ,her soul is stirred with the breath of a new life4 ,the light of a grander day is falling fair on her face4 ,she is thrilling with the consciousness of growing power and prosperity4 ,as she stands upright1 full-statured and equal among the people of the earth1 breathing the keen air and looking out upon the expanding horizon1 she understands that her emancipation came because in the inscrutable wisdom of ,god her honest purpose was crossed and her brave armies were beaten4 ,this is said in no spirit of time-serving or apology4 ,the ,south has nothing for which to apologize4 ,she believes that the late struggle between the states was war and not rebellion1 revolution and not conspiracy1 and that her convictions were as honest as yours4 ,i should be unjust to the dauntless spirit of the ,south and to my own convictions if ,i did not make this plain in this presence4 ,the ,south has nothing to take back4 ,in my native town of ,athens is a monument that crowns its central hills--a plain1 white shaft4 ,deep cut into its shining side is a name dear to me above the names of men1 that of a brave and simple man who died in brave and simple faith4 ,not for all the glories of ,new ,england--from ,plymouth ,rock all the way--would ,i exchange the heritage he left me in his soldier's death4 ,to the foot of that shaft ,i shall send my children's children to reverence him who ennobled their name with his heroic blood4 ,but1 sir1 speaking from the shadow of that memory1 which ,i honor as ,i do nothing else on earth1 ,i say that the cause in which he suffered and for which he gave his life was adjudged by higher and fuller wisdom than his or mine1 and ,i am glad that the omniscient ,god held the balance of battle in ,his ,almighty hand1 and that human slavery was swept forever from ,american soil--the ,american ,union saved from the wreck of war4 ,this message1 ,mr4 ,president1 comes to you from consecrated ground4 ,every foot of the soil about the city in which ,i live is sacred as a battleground of the ,republic4 ,every hill that invests it is hallowed to you by the blood of your brothers1 who died for your victory1 and doubly hallowed to us by the blood of those who died hopeless1 but undaunted1 in defeat--sacred soil to all of us1 rich with memories that make us purer and stronger and better1 silent but stanch witnesses in its red desolation of the matchless valor of ,american hearts and the deathless glory of ,american arms--speaking in eloquent witness in its white peace and prosperity to the indissoluble union of ,american states and the imperishable brotherhood of the ,american people4 ,now1 what answer has ,new ,england to this message8 ,will she permit the prejudices of war to remain in the hearts of the conquerors1 when it has died in the hearts of the conquered8 7,no6 ,no67 ,will she transmit this prejudice to the next generation1 that in their hearts1 which never felt the generous ardor of conflict1 it may perpetuate itself8 7,no6 ,no67 ,will she withhold1 save in strained courtesy1 the hand which straight from his soldier's heart ,grant offered to ,lee at ,appomattox8 ,will she make the vision of a restored and happy people1 which gathered above the couch of your dying captain1 filling his heart with grace1 touching his lips with praise and glorifying his path to the grave2 will she make this vision on which the last sigh of his expiring soul breathed a benediction1 a cheat and a delusion8 ,if she does1 the ,south1 never abject in asking for comradeship1 must accept with dignity its refusal2 but if she does not2 if she accepts in frankness and sincerity this message of goodwill and friendship1 then will the prophecy of ,webster1 delivered in this very ,society forty years ago amid tremendous applause1 be verified in its fullest and final sense1 when he said3 ,standing hand to hand and clasping hands1 we should remain united as we have been for sixty years1 citizens of the same country1 members of the same government1 united1 all united now and united forever4 ,there have been difficulties1 contentions1 and controversies1 but ,i tell you that in my judgment ',those opposed eyes1 ,which like the meteors of a troubled heaven1 ,all of one nature1 of one substance bred1 ,did lately meet in th' intestine shock1 ,shall now1 in mutual well-beseeming ranks1 ,march all one way4' ,,the ,,duty ,,and ,,value ,,of ,,patriotism ,john ,ireland1 ,archbishop of ,saint ,paul1 was born at ,burnchurch1 ,county ,kilkenny1 ,ireland1 ,september #aa1 #ahch4 ,as a boy he came to ,saint ,paul1 ,minnesota1 in #ahdi1 and there obtained his secular education at the ,cathedral ,school4 ,he studied theology in ,france1 in the seminaries of ,meximieux and ,hyeres4 ,during the ,civil ,war he was chaplain of the ,fifth ,minnesota ,regiment4 ,in #ahge he was consecrated bishop of ,saint ,paul4 ,in #ahfi he founded the first total-abstinence society in ,minnesota and has lectured much on temperance in the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain4 ,the following extracts1 used by special permission1 are from his lecture delivered before the ,new ,york ,commandery of the ,loyal ,legion1 ,new ,york1 ,april #d1 #ahid4 ,patriotism is love of country1 and loyalty to its life and weal--love tender and strong1 tender as the love of son for mother1 strong as the pillars of death2 loyalty generous and disinterested1 shrinking from no sacrifice1 seeking no reward save country's honor and country's triumph4 ,patriotism6 ,there is magic in the word4 ,it is bliss to repeat it4 ,through ages the human race burnt the incense of admiration and reverence at the shrines of patriotism4 ,the most beautiful pages of history are those which recount its deeds4 ,fireside tales1 the outpourings of the memories of peoples1 borrow from it their warmest glow4 ,poets are sweetest when they reecho its whisperings2 orators are most potent when they thrill its chords to music4 ,pagan nations were wrong when they made gods of their noblest patriots4 ,but the error was the excess of a great truth1 that heaven unites with earth in approving and blessing patriotism2 that patriotism is one of earth's highest virtues1 worthy to have come down from the atmosphere of the skies4 ,the exalted patriotism of the exiled ,hebrew exhaled itself in a canticle of religion which ,jehovah inspired1 and which has been transmitted1 as the inheritance of ,god's people to the ,christian ,church3 ,upon the rivers of ,babylon there we sat and wept1 when we remembered ,sion4--,if ,i forget thee1 ,o ,jerusalem1 let my right hand be forgotten4 ,let my tongue cleave to my jaws1 if ,i do not remember thee1 if ,i do not make ,jerusalem the beginning of my joy4 ,the human race pays homage to patriotism because of its supreme value4 ,the value of patriotism to a people is above gold and precious stones1 above commerce and industry1 above citadels and warships4 ,patriotism is the vital spark of national honor2 it is the fount of the nation's prosperity1 the shield of the nation's safety4 ,take patriotism away1 the nation's soul has fled1 bloom and beauty have vanished from the nation's countenance4 ,the human race pays homage to patriotism because of its supreme loveliness4 ,patriotism goes out to what is among earth's possessions the most precious1 the first and best and dearest--country--and its effusion is the fragrant flowering of the purest and noblest sentiments of the heart4 ,patriotism is innate in all men2 the absence of it betokens a perversion of human nature2 but it grows its full growth only where thoughts are elevated and heart-beatings are generous4 ,next to ,god is country1 and next to religion is patriotism4 ,no praise goes beyond its deserts4 ,it is sublime in its heroic oblation upon the field of battle4 ,oh glorious is he1 exclaims in ,homer the ,trojan warrior1 who for his country falls6 ,it is sublime in the oft-repeated toil of dutiful citizenship4 ,of all human doings1 writes ,cicero1 none is more honorable and more estimable than to merit well of the commonwealth4 ,countries are of divine appointment4 ,the ,most ,high divided the nations1 separated the sons of ,adam1 and appointed the bounds of peoples4 ,the physical and moral necessities of ,god's creatures are revelations of his will and laws4 ,man is born a social being4 ,a condition of his existence and of his growth of mature age is the family4 ,nor does the family suffice to itself4 ,a larger social organism is needed1 into which families gather1 so as to obtain from one another security to life and property and aid in the development of the faculties and powers with which nature has endowed the children of men4 ,the whole human race is too extensive and too diversified in interests to serve those ends3 hence its subdivisions into countries or peoples4 ,countries have their providential limits--the waters of a sea1 a mountain range1 the lines of similarity of requirements or of methods of living4 ,the limits widen in space according to the measure of the destinies which the great ,ruler allots to peoples1 and the importance of their parts in the mighty work of the cycles of years1 the ever-advancing tide of humanity's evolution4 ,the ,lord is the ,god of nations because he is the ,god of men4 ,no nation is born into life or vanishes back into nothingness without his bidding4 ,i believe in the providence of ,god over countries as ,i believe in his wisdom and his love1 and my patriotism to my country rises within my soul invested with the halo of my religion to my ,god4 ,more than a century ago a trans-,atlantic poet and philosopher1 reading well the signs1 wrote3 ,westward the course of empire takes its way4 ,the first four acts already past1 ,a fifth shall close the drama with the day2 ,time's noblest offspring is the last4 ,berkeley's prophetic eye had descried ,america4 ,what shall ,i say1 in a brief discourse of my country's value and beauty1 of her claims to my love and loyalty8 ,i will pass by in silence her fields and forests1 her rivers and seas1 the boundless riches hidden beneath her soil and amid the rocks of her mountains1 her pure and health-giving air1 her transcendent wealth of nature's fairest and most precious gifts4 ,i will not speak of the noble qualities and robust deeds of her sons1 skilled in commerce and industry1 valorous in war1 prosperous in peace4 ,in all these things ,america is opulent and great3 but beyond them and above them in her singular grandeur1 to which her material splendor is only the fitting circumstance4 ,america born into the family of nations in these latter times is the highest billow in humanity's evolution1 the crowning effort of ages in the aggrandizement of man4 ,unless we take her in this altitude1 we do not comprehend her2 we belittle her towering stature and conceal the singular design of ,providence in her creation4 ,america is the country of human dignity and human liberty4 ,when the fathers of the republic declared that all men are created equal2 that they are endowed by their ,creator with certain inalienable rights2 that among these are life1 liberty1 and the pursuit of happiness1 a cardinal principle was enunciated which in its truth was as old as the race1 but in practical realization almost unknown4 ,slowly1 amid sufferings and revolutions1 humanity had been reaching out toward a reign of the rights of man4 ,ante-,christian paganism had utterly denied such rights4 ,it allowed nothing to man as man2 he was what wealth1 place1 or power made him4 ,even the wise ,aristotle taught that some men were intended by nature to be slaves and chattels4 ,the sweet religion of ,christ proclaimed aloud the doctrine of the common fatherhood of ,god and the universal brotherhood of men4 ,eighteen hundred years1 however1 went by1 and the civilized world had not yet put its civil and political institutions in accord with its spiritual faith4 ,the ,christian ,church was all this time leavening human society and patiently awaiting the promised fermentation4 ,this came at last1 and it came in ,america4 ,it came in a first manifestation through the ,declaration of ,independence2 it came in a second and final manifestation through ,president ,lincoln's ,proclamation of ,emancipation4 ,in ,america all men are civilly and politically equal2 all have the same rights2 all wield the same arm of defense and of conquest1 the suffrage2 and the sole condition of rights and of power is simple manhood4 ,liberty is the exemption from all restraint save that of the laws of justice and order2 the exemption from submission to other men1 except as they represent and enforce those laws4 ,the divine gift of liberty to man is ,god's recognition of his greatness and his dignity4 ,the sweetness of man's life and the power of growth lie in liberty4 ,the loss of liberty is the loss of light and sunshine1 the loss of life's best portion4 ,humanity1 under the spell of heavenly memories1 never ceased to dream of liberty and to aspire to its possession4 ,now and then1 here and there1 its refreshing breezes caressed humanity's brow4 ,but not until the republic of the ,west was born1 not until the ,star-,spangled ,banner rose toward the skies1 was liberty caught up in humanity's embrace and embodied in a great and abiding nation4 ,in ,america the government takes from the liberty of the citizen only so much as is necessary for the weal of the nation1 which the citizen by his own act freely concedes4 ,in ,america there are no masters1 who govern in their own rights1 for their own interests1 or at their own will4 ,we have over us no ,louis ,,xiv1 saying3 ,l'etat1 c'est moi2 no ,hohenzollern1 announcing that in his acts as sovereign he is responsible only to his conscience and to ,god4 ,ours is the government of the people1 by the people1 for the people4 ,the government is our organized will4 ,there is no state above or apart from the people4 ,rights begin with and go upward from the people4 ,in other countries1 even those apparently the most free1 rights begin with and come downward from the state2 the rights of citizens1 the rights of the people1 are concessions which have been painfully wrenched from the governing powers4 ,with ,americans1 whenever the organized government does not prove its grant1 the liberty of the individual citizen is sacred and inviolable4 ,elsewhere there are governments called republics2 universal suffrage constitutes the state2 but1 once constituted1 the state is tyrannous and arbitrary1 invades at will private rights1 and curtails at will individual liberty4 ,one republic is liberty's native home--,america4 ,,our ,,country ,from the speech of ,president ,mc,kinley1 in response to the toast ,our ,country1 at the ,peace ,jubilee banquet in ,chicago1 ,october #ai1 #ahih4 ,,mr4 ,,toastmaster ,,and ,,gentlemen3--,it affords me gratification to meet the people of the city of ,chicago and to participate with them in this patriotic celebration4 ,upon the suspension of hostilities of a foreign war1 the first in our history for over half a century1 we have met in a spirit of peace1 profoundly grateful for the glorious advancement already made1 and earnestly wishing in the final termination to realize an equally glorious fulfillment4 ,with no feeling of exultation1 but with profound thankfulness1 we contemplate the events of the past five months4 ,they have been too serious to admit of boasting or vain-glorification4 ,they have been so full of responsibilities1 immediate and prospective1 as to admonish the soberest judgment and counsel the most conservative action4 ,this is not the time to fire the imagination1 but rather to discover1 in calm reason1 the way to truth1 and justice1 and right1 and when discovered to follow it with fidelity and courage1 without fear1 hesitation1 or weakness4 ,the war has put upon the nation grave responsibilities4 ,their extent was not anticipated and could not have been well foreseen4 ,we cannot escape the obligations of victory4 ,we cannot avoid the serious questions which have been brought home to us by the achievements of our arms on land and sea4 ,we are bound in conscience to keep and perform the covenants which the war has sacredly sealed with mankind4 ,accepting war for humanity's sake1 we must accept all obligations which the war in duty and honor imposed upon us4 ,the splendid victories we have achieved would be our eternal shame and not our everlasting glory if they led to the weakening of our original lofty purpose or to the desertion of the immortal principles on which the national government was founded1 and in accordance with whose ennobling spirit it has ever since been faithfully administered4 ,the war with ,spain was undertaken not that the ,united ,states should increase its territory1 but that oppression at our very doors should be stopped4 ,this noble sentiment must continue to animate us1 and we must give to the world the full demonstration of the sincerity of our purpose4 ,duty determines destiny4 ,destiny which results from duty performed may bring anxiety and perils1 but never failure and dishonor4 ,pursuing duty may not always lead by smooth paths4 ,another course may look easier and more attractive1 but pursuing duty for duty's sake is always sure and safe and honorable4 ,it is not within the power of man to foretell the future and to solve unerringly its mighty problems4 ,almighty ,god has ,his plans and methods for human progress1 and not infrequently they are shrouded for the time being in impenetrable mystery4 ,looking backward we can see how the hand of destiny builded for us and assigned us tasks whose full meaning was not apprehended even by the wisest statesmen of their times4 ,our colonial ancestors did not enter upon their war originally for independence4 ,abraham ,lincoln did not start out to free the slaves1 but to save the ,union4 ,the war with ,spain was not of our seeking1 and some of its consequences may not be to our liking4 ,our vision is often defective4 ,short-sightedness is a common malady1 but the closer we get to things or they get to us the clearer our view and the less obscure our duty4 ,patriotism must be faithful as well as fervent2 statesmanship must be wise as well as fearless--not the statesmanship which will command the applause of the hour1 but the approving judgment of posterity4 ,the progress of a nation can alone prevent degeneration4 ,there must be new life and purpose1 or there will be weakness and decay4 ,there must be broadening of thought as well as broadening of trade4 ,territorial expansion is not alone and always necessary to national advancement4 ,there must be a constant movement toward a higher and nobler civilization1 a civilization that shall make its conquests without resort to war and achieve its greatest victories pursuing the arts of peace4 ,in our present situation duty--and duty alone--should prescribe the boundary of our responsibilities and the scope of our undertakings4 ,the final determination of our purposes awaits the action of the eminent men who are charged by the executive with the making of the treaty of peace1 and that of the senate of the ,united ,states1 which1 by our constitution1 must ratify and confirm it4 ,we all hope and pray that the confirmation of peace will be as just and humane as the conduct and consummation of the war4 ,when the work of the treaty-makers is done the work of the law-makers will begin4 ,the one will settle the extent of our responsibilities2 the other must provide the legislation to meet them4 ,the army and navy have nobly and heroically performed their part4 ,may ,god give the executive and congress wisdom to perform theirs4 ,,behold ,,the ,,american ,from the speech of ,rev4 ,dr4 ,t4 ,de,witt ,talmage at the eighty-first annual dinner of the ,new ,england ,society in ,new ,york1 ,december #bb1 #ahhf4 ,,mr4 ,,president1 ,,and ,,all ,,you ,,good ,,new ,,englanders3--,if we leave to the evolutionists to guess where we came from and to the theologians to prophesy where are we going to1 we still have left for consideration the fact that we are here2 and we are here at an interesting time4 ,of all the centuries this is the best century1 and of all the decades of the century this is the best decade1 and of all the years of the decade this is the best year1 and of all the months of the year this is the best month1 and of all the nights of the month this is the best night4 ,many of these advantages we trace straight back to ,forefathers' ,day1 about which ,i am to speak4 ,well1 what about this ,forefathers' ,day8 ,in ,brooklyn they say the ,landing of the ,pilgrims was ,december the #bast2 in ,new ,york you say it was ,december the #bb;d4 ,you are both right4 ,not through the specious and artful reasoning you have sometimes indulged in1 but by a little historical incident that seems to have escaped your attention4 ,you see1 the ,forefathers landed in the morning of ,december the #bast1 but about noon that day a pack of hungry wolves swept down the bleak ,american beach looking for a ,new ,england dinner1 and a band of savages out for a tomahawk picnic hove in sight1 and the ,pilgrim ,fathers thought it best for safety and warmth to go on board the ,mayflower and pass the night4 ,and during the night there came up a strong wind blowing off shore that swept the ,mayflower from its moorings clear out to sea1 and there was a prospect that our ,forefathers1 having escaped oppression in foreign lands1 would yet go down under an oceanic tempest4 ,but the next day they fortunately got control of their ship and steered her in1 and the second time the ,forefathers stepped ashore4 ,brooklyn celebrated the first landing2 ,new ,york the second landing4 ,so ,i say ,hail6 ,hail6 to both celebrations1 for one day1 anyhow1 could not do justice to such a subject2 and ,i only wish ,i could have kissed the ,blarney stone of ,america1 which is ,plymouth ,rock1 so that ,i might have done justice to this subject4 ,ah1 gentlemen1 that ,mayflower was the ark that floated the deluge of oppression1 and ,plymouth ,rock was the ,ararat on which it landed4 ,but all these things aside1 no one sitting at these tables has higher admiration for the ,pilgrim ,fathers than ,i have--the men who believed in two great doctrines1 which are the foundation of every religion that is worth anything3 namely1 the fatherhood of ,god and the brotherhood of ,man--these men of backbone and endowed with that great and magnificent attribute of stick-to-it-iveness4 ,macaulay said that no one ever sneered at the ,puritans who had met them in halls of debate or crossed swords with them on the field of battle4 ,they are sometimes defamed for their rigorous ,sabbaths1 but our danger is in the opposite direction of no ,sabbaths at all4 ,it is said that they destroyed witches4 ,i wish that they had cleared them all out1 for all the world is full of witches yet1 and if at all these tables there is a man who has not sometimes been bewitched1 let him hold up his glass of ice-water4 ,it is said that these ,forefathers carried religion into everything1 and before a man kissed his wife he asked a blessing1 and afterward said3 ,having received another favor from the ,lord1 let us return thanks4 ,but our great need now is more religion in every-day life4 ,still1 take it all in all1 ,i think the descendants of the ,pilgrim ,fathers are as good as their ancestors1 and in many ways better4 ,children are apt to be an echo of their ancestors4 ,we are apt to put a halo around the ,forefathers1 but ,i suspect that at our age they were very much like ourselves4 ,people are not wise when they long for the good old days4 ,but though your ,forefathers may not have been much1 if any1 better than yourselves1 let us extol them for the fact that they started this country in the right direction4 ,they laid the foundation for ,american manhood4 ,the foundation must be more solid and firm and unyielding than any other part of the structure4 ,on that ,puritanic foundation we can safely build all nationalities4 ,let us remember that the coming ,american is to be an admixture of all foreign bloods4 ,in about twenty-five or fifty years the model ,american will step forth4 ,he will have the strong brain of the ,german1 the polished manners of the ,french1 the artistic taste of the ,italian1 the stanch heart of the ,english1 the steadfast piety of the ,scotch1 the lightning wit of the ,irish1 and when he steps forth1 bone1 muscle1 nerve1 brain entwined with the fibers of all nationalities1 the nations will break out in the cry3 ,behold the ,american6 ,i never realized what this country was and is as on the day when ,i first saw some of these gentlemen of the ,army and ,navy4 ,it was when at the close of the ,war our armies came back and marched in review before the president's stand at ,washington4 ,i do not care whether a man was a ,republican or a ,democrat1 a ,northern man or a ,southern man1 if he had any emotion of nature1 he could not look upon it without weeping4 ,god knew that the day was stupendous1 and ,he cleared the heaven of cloud and mist and chill1 and sprung the blue sky as the triumphal arch for the returning warriors to pass under4 ,from ,arlington ,heights the spring foliage shook out its welcome1 as the hosts came over the hills1 and the sparkling waters of the ,potomac tossed their gold to the feet of the battalions as they came to the ,long ,bridge and in almost interminable line passed over4 ,the capitol never seemed so majestic as that morning3 snowy white1 looking down upon the tides of men that came surging down1 billow after billow4 ,passing in silence1 yet ,i heard in every step the thunder of conflicts through which they had waded1 and seemed to see dripping from their smoke-blackened flags the blood of our country's martyrs4 ,for the best part of two days we stood and watched the filing on of what seemed endless battalions1 brigade after brigade1 division after division1 host after host1 rank beyond rank2 ever moving1 ever passing2 marching1 marching2 tramp1 tramp1 tramp--thousands after thousands1 battery front1 arms shouldered1 columns solid1 shoulder to shoulder1 wheel to wheel1 charger to charger1 nostril to nostril4 ,commanders on horses with their manes entwined with roses1 and necks enchained with garlands1 fractious at the shouts that ran along the line1 increasing from the clapping of children clothed in white1 standing on the steps of the capitol1 to the tumultuous vociferation of hundreds of thousands of enraptured multitudes1 crying ,huzza6 ,huzza6 ,gleaming muskets1 thundering parks of artillery1 rumbling pontoon wagons1 ambulances from whose wheels seemed to sound out the groans of the crushed and the dying that they had carried4 ,these men came from balmy ,minnesota1 those from ,illinois prairies4 ,these were often hummed to sleep by the pines of ,oregon1 those were ,new ,england lumbermen4 ,those came out of the coal-shafts of ,pennsylvania4 ,side by side in one great cause1 consecrated through fire and storm and darkness1 brothers in peril1 on their way home from ,chancellorsville and ,kenesaw ,mountain and ,fredericksburg1 in lines that seemed infinite they passed on4 ,we gazed and wept and wondered1 lifting up our heads to see if the end had come1 but no6 ,looking from one end of that long avenue to the other1 we saw them yet in solid column1 battery front1 host beyond host1 wheel to wheel1 charger to charger1 nostril to nostril1 coming as it were from under the capitol4 ,forward6 ,forward6 ,their bayonets1 caught in the sun1 glimmered and flashed and blazed1 till they seemed like one long river of silver1 ever and anon changed into a river of fire4 ,no end to the procession1 no rest for the eyes4 ,we turned our heads from the scene1 unable longer to look4 ,we felt disposed to stop our ears1 but still we heard it1 marching1 marching2 tramp1 tramp1 tramp4 ,but hush--uncover every head6 ,here they pass1 the remnant of ten men of a full regiment4 ,silence6 ,widowhood and orphanage look on and wring their hands4 ,but wheel into line1 all ye people6 ,north1 ,south1 ,east1 ,west--all decades1 all centuries1 all millenniums6 ,forward1 the whole line6 ,huzza6 ,huzza6 ,,the ,,hollander ,,as ,,an ,,american ,speech of ,theodore ,roosevelt at the eleventh annual dinner of the ,holland ,society of ,new ,york1 ,january #ae1 #ahif4 ,,mr4 ,,president1 ,,gentlemen1 ,,and ,,brethren ,,of ,,the ,,holland ,,society3--,i am more than touched1 if you will permit me to begin rather seriously1 by the way you have greeted me to-night4 ,when ,i was in ,washington1 there was a story in reference to a certain president1 who was not popular with some of his own people in a particular western state4 ,one of its senators went to the ,white ,house and said he wanted a friend of his appointed postmaster of ,topeka4 ,the president's private secretary said1 ,i am very sorry1 indeed1 sir1 but the president wants to appoint a personal friend4 ,thereupon the senator said3 ,well1 for ,god's sake1 if he has one friend in ,kansas1 let him appoint him6 ,there have been periods during which the dissembled eulogies of the able press and my relations with about every politician of every party and every faction have made me feel ,i would like to know whether ,i had one friend in ,new ,york1 and here ,i feel ,i have many4 ,and more than that1 gentlemen1 ,i should think ill of myself and think that ,i was a discredit to the stock from which ,i sprang if ,i feared to go on along the path that ,i deemed right1 whether ,i had few friends or many4 ,i am glad to answer to the toast1 ,the ,hollander as an ,american4 ,the ,hollander was a good ,american1 because the ,hollander was fitted to be a good citizen4 ,there are two branches of government which must be kept on a high plane1 if any nation is to be great4 ,a nation must have laws that are honestly and fearlessly administered1 and it must be ready1 in time of need1 to fight2 and we men of ,dutch descent have here to-night these gentlemen of the same blood as ourselves who represent ,new ,york so worthily on the bench1 and a major-general of the army of the ,united ,states4 ,it seems to me1 at times1 that the ,dutch in ,america have one or two lessons to teach4 ,we want to teach the very refined and very cultivated men who believe it impossible that the ,united ,states can ever be right in a quarrel with another nation--a little of the elementary virtue of patriotism4 ,and we also wish to teach our fellow citizens that laws are put on the statute books to be enforced and that if it is not intended they shall be enforced it is a mistake to put a ,dutchman in office to enforce them4 ,the lines put on the program underneath my toast begin3 ,america6 half brother of the world6 ,america1 half brother of the world--and all ,americans full brothers one to the other4 ,that is the way that line should be concluded4 ,the prime virtue of the ,hollander here in ,america and the way in which he has most done credit to his stock as a ,hollander1 is that he has ceased to be a ,hollander and has become an ,american1 absolutely4 ,we are not ,dutch-,americans4 ,we are not ,americans with a hyphen before it4 ,we are ,americans pure and simple1 and we have a right to demand that the other people whose stocks go to compose our great nation1 like ourselves1 shall cease to be aught else and shall become ,americans4 ,and further than that1 we have another thing to demand1 and that is that if they do honestly and in good faith become ,americans1 those shall be regarded as infamous who dare to discriminate against them because of creed or because of birthplace4 ,when ,new ,amsterdam had but a few hundred souls1 among those few hundred souls no less than eighteen different race stocks were represented1 and almost as many creeds as there were race stocks1 and the great contribution that the ,hollander gave to the ,american people was the inestimable lesson of complete civil and religious liberty4 ,it would be honor enough for this stock to have been the first to put on ,american soil the public school1 the great engine for grinding out ,american citizens1 the one institution for which ,americans should stand more stiffly than for aught other4 ,whenever ,america has demanded of her sons that they should come to her aid1 whether in time of peace or in time of war1 the ,americans of ,dutch stock have been among the first to spring to the aid of the country4 ,we earnestly hope that there will not in the future be any war with any power1 but assuredly if there should be such a war one thing may be taken for certain1 and that is that every ,american of ,dutch descent will be found on the side of the ,united ,states4 ,we give the amplest credit1 that some people now1 to their shame1 grudge to the profession of arms1 which we have here to-night represented by a man1 who1 when he has the title of a major general of the army of the ,united ,states1 has a title as honorable as any that there is on the wide earth4 ,we also need to teach the lesson1 that the ,hollander taught1 of not refusing to do the small things because the day of large things had not yet come or was in the past2 of not waiting until the chance may come to distinguish ourselves in arms1 and meanwhile neglecting the plain1 prosaic duties of citizenship which call upon us every hour1 every day of our lives4 ,the ,dutch kept their freedom in the great contest with ,spain1 not merely because they warred valiantly1 but because they did their duty as burghers in their cities1 because they strove according to the light that was in them to be good citizens and to act as such4 ,and we all here to-night should strive so to live that we ,americans of ,dutch descent shall not seem to have shrunk in this respect1 compared to our fathers who spoke another tongue and lived under other laws beyond the ocean2 so that it shall be acknowledged in the end to be what it is1 a discredit to a man if he does not in times of peace do all that in him lies to make the government of the city1 the government of the country1 better and cleaner by his efforts4 ,i spoke of the militant spirit as if it may only be shown in time of war4 ,i think that if any of you gentlemen1 no matter how peaceful you may naturally be1 and ,i am very peaceful naturally1 if you would undertake the administration of the ,police ,department you would have plenty of fighting on hand before you would get through2 and if you are true to your blood you will try to do the best you can1 fighting or not fighting4 ,you will make up your mind that you will make mistakes1 because you won't make anything if you don't make some mistakes1 and you will go forward according to your lights1 utterly heedless of what either politicians or newspapers may say1 knowing that if you act as you feel bound according to your conscience to act1 you will then at least have the right when you go out of office1 however soon1 to feel that you go out without any regret1 and to feel that you have according to your capacity1 warred valiantly for what you deemed to be the right4 ,these1 then1 are the qualities that ,i should claim for the ,hollander as an ,american3 ,in the first place1 that he has cast himself without reservation into the current of ,american life2 that he is an ,american1 pure and simple1 and nothing else4 ,in the next place1 that he works hand in hand and shoulder to shoulder with his fellow ,americans1 without any regard to differences of creed or to differences of race and religion1 if only they are good ,americans4 ,in the third place1 that he is willing1 when the need shall arise1 to fight for his country2 and in the fourth place1 and finally1 that he recognizes that this is a country of laws and not men1 that it is his duty as an honest citizen to uphold the laws1 to strive for honesty1 to strive for a decent administration1 and to do all that in him lies1 by incessant1 patient work in our government1 municipal or national1 to bring about the day when it shall be taken as a matter of course that every public official is to execute a law honestly1 and that no capacity in a public officer shall atone if he is personally dishonest4 ,,the ,,adopted ,,citizen ,speech of ,gen4 ,ulysses ,s4 ,grant at the #aaeth annual banquet of the ,chamber of ,commerce of the ,state of ,new ,york1 ,may #h1 #ahhc4 ,,mr4 ,,president ,,and ,,gentlemen ,,of ,,the ,,chamber ,,of ,,commerce ,,and ,,guests3--,i am very much obliged to your president for calling upon me first1 because the agony will soon be over and ,i shall enjoy the misery of the rest of you4 ,the first part of this toast--,the ,united ,states--would be a voluminous one to respond to on a single occasion4 ,bancroft commenced to publish his notes on the ,history of the ,united ,states1 starting even before ,president ,lane established this ,chamber1 which ,i think was something over one hundred years ago4 ,bancroft1 ,i say1 commenced earlier1 and ,i am not prepared to dispute his word if he should say that he had kept an accurate journal from the time he commenced to write about the country to the present1 because there has been no period of time when ,i have been alive that ,i have not heard of ,bancroft1 and ,i should be equally credulous if ,president ,lane should tell me that he was here at the founding of this ,institution4 ,but instead of bringing those volumes of ,bancroft's here1 and reading them to you on this occasion1 ,i will let the reporters publish them as the prelude to what ,i am going to say4 ,i think ,bancroft has finished up to a little after the time that ,president ,lane established this ,chamber of ,commerce1 and ,i will let you take the records of what he 7,lane7 has written and what he has said in their monthly meetings and publish them as the second chapter of my speech4 ,and1 gentlemen1 those two chapters you will find the longest2 they will not amount to much more than what ,i have to say taking up the subject at the present time4 ,but in speaking of the ,united ,states1 we who are native-born have a country of which we may well be proud4 ,those of us who have been abroad are better able1 perhaps1 to make the comparison of our enjoyments and our comforts than those who have always stayed at home4 ,it has been the fortune1 ,i presume1 of the majority here to compare the life and the circumstances of the average people abroad with ours here4 ,we have here a country that affords room for all and room for every enterprise4 ,we have institutions which encourage every man who has industry and ability to rise from the position in which he may find himself to any position in the land4 ,it is hardly worth my while to dwell upon the subject1 but there is one point which ,i notice in the toast1 that ,i would like to say a word about--,may those who seek the blessings of its free institutions and the protection of its flag remember the obligations they impose4 ,i think there is a text that my friend ,mr4 ,beecher1#g on the left1 or my friend ,dr4 ,newman1#h on the right1 might well preach a long sermon upon4 ,i shall say only a few words4 ,we offer an asylum to every man of foreign birth who chooses to come here and settle upon our soil2 we make of him1 after a few years' residence only1 a citizen endowed with all the rights that any of us have1 except perhaps the single one of being elected to the presidency of the ,united ,states4 ,there is no other privilege that a native1 no matter what he has done for the country1 has that the adopted citizen of five years' standing has not got4 ,i contend that that places upon him an obligation which1 ,i am sorry to say1 many of them do not seem to feel4 ,we have witnessed on many occasions here the foreign1 the adopted1 citizen claiming many rights and privileges because he was an adopted citizen4 ,that is all wrong4 ,let him come here and enjoy all the privileges that we enjoy1 but let him fulfill all the obligations that we are expected to fulfill4 ,after he has adopted it1 let this be his country--a country that he will fight for1 and die for1 if necessary4 ,i am glad to say that the great majority of them do it1 but some of them who mingle in politics seem to bank largely on the fact that they are adopted citizens2 and that class ,i am opposed to as much as ,i am opposed to many other things that ,i see are popular now4 ,i know that other speakers will come forward1 and when ,mr4 ,beecher and ,dr4 ,newman speak1 ,i hope they will say a few words on the text which ,i read4 ,illustration3 ,,old ,,ironsides--,,the ,,frigate ,,constitution--#ahab ,,our ,,navy ,speech of ,hampton ,l4 ,carson1 delivered at the dinner of the ,union ,league1 ,philadelphia1 ,april #e1 #ahii1 in honor of ,captain ,charles ,e4 ,clark1 ,u4 ,s4 ,n41 late ,commander of the battleship ,oregon4 ,,mr4 ,,president ,,and ,,gentlemen ,,of ,,the ,,union ,,league3--,it was my good fortune1 some eighteen months ago1 to be in the city of ,seattle1 when the ,monterey was lying in the harbor under the command of ,captain ,clark4 ,at the time of my visit clear skies1 placid waters and silent guns gave little indication of the awful responsibility that was soon to be imposed upon the gallant commander4 ,my boys1 having met him1 were1 like myself1 intensely interested in the outcome of his voyage2 and ,i can say to him that the pulsations of the engines which drove the ,oregon through fourteen thousand miles of tropic seas were accompanied by the sympathetic beatings of hearts which had learned to love and respect this great captain as he richly deserved4 ,the ,american ,navy6 ,the most concise tribute that ,i ever heard paid to the sailors of the ,united ,states was contained in the answer of a man from ,indiana1 who was an applicant for office under ,general ,grant1 just after the ,civil ,service rules had gone into operation4 ,the applicant was apprehensive as to his ability to respond to the questions1 but one of his answers captured the board of examiners as well as the president1 and he secured the place4 ,the question was1 ,how many sailors did ,great ,britain send here1 during the war of the ,revolution1 for the purpose of subduing us8 and the answer was1 ,more by a----sight than ever got back4 ,when ,louis ,,xiv1 in order to check what he perceived to be the growing supremacy of ,england upon the seas1 determined to establish a navy1 he sent for his minister ,colbert1 and said to him1 ,i wish a navy--how can ,i create it6 ,colbert replied1 ,make as many galley slaves as you can4 ,thereupon every ,huguenot who refused to doff his bonnet on the street as the king passed by1 every boy of seventeen who could give no account of himself1 every vagrant without an occupation1 was seized1 convicted1 and sent to the galleys4 ,could a navy of heroes be made of galley slaves6 ,the history of the ,anglo-,saxon race says ,no4 ,on the twenty-second day of ,december1 #agge1 the navy of the ,united ,states was born on the waters of our ,delaware4 ,on that day ,esek ,hopkins1 of ,rhode ,island1 was placed in command of a little fleet of eight vessels--two of them ships1 two of them brigs1 the others very much smaller4 ,the ,english officers sneered in derision at the fleet of whaleboats4 ,the rattlesnake flag--a yellow flag with a pine tree in the centre and a rattlesnake coiled beneath its branches1 with the words ,don't tread on me--was run to the masthead of the ,providence1 being hauled there by the hands of the first lieutenant1 ,john ,paul ,jones4 ,that little fleet of eight vessels1 mounting only #aad guns1 was sent forth to confront a naval power of #aab battleships with #c1gad guns--not a single gun of ours throwing a ball heavier than nine pounds1 while five hundred of the ,english guns threw a weight of metal of double that amount4 ,wasn't it an audacious thing8 ,why1 it seems to me one of the marvels of human history when ,i reflect upon what was attempted by the ,americans of #aggf4 ,look at the situation4 ,thirteen different colonies strung along a narrow strip of coast2 three thousand miles of rolling ocean on the one side and three thousand miles of impenetrable wilderness on the other2 colonies with infinite diversity of interests--diverse in blood1 diverse in conditions of society1 diverse in ambition1 diverse in pursuits--the ,english ,puritan on the rock of ,plymouth1 the ,knickerbocker ,dutch on the shores of the ,hudson1 the ,jersey ,quaker on the other side of the ,delaware1 the ,swede extending from here to ,wilmington1 ,maryland bisected by our great bay of the ,chesapeake1 ,virginia cut in half by the same water way1 ,north ,carolina and ,south ,carolina lying south of impenetrable swamps as inaccessible to communication as a range of mountains1 and farther south the sparsely-settled colony of ,georgia4 ,huguenot1 ,cavalier1 ,catholic1 ,quaker1 ,dutchman1 ,puritan1 ,mennonite1 ,moravian1 and ,church of ,england men2 and yet1 under the hammer stroke of ,british oppression1 thirteen colonies were welded into one thunderbolt1 which was launched at the throne of ,george ,,iii4 ,that little navy under ,hopkins--where were those sailors bred8 ,read ,burke's speech on the conciliation of ,america4 ,they sprang from the loins of hardy fishermen amidst tumbling fields of ice on the banks of ,newfoundland1 from those who had speared whales in the tepid waters of ,brazil1 or who had pursued their gigantic game into the ,arctic zone or beneath the light of the ,southern ,cross4 ,that fleet of eight ships sailed from the ,delaware on the twenty-second of ,december1 #agge1 and proceeded to the island of ,new ,providence1 among the ,bahamas4 ,our colonies and our armies were without arms1 without powder1 without munitions of war4 ,the very first exploit of the fleet was the capture1 on the nineteenth of ,march1 #aggf1 of #aej cannon1 #acj barrels of powder and eight warships1 which were carried in triumph into ,long ,island ,sound4 ,but what of ,american heroism when the soldiers of ,howe1 of ,clinton1 of ,carleton1 and of ,gage came here to fight the farmers of ,pennsylvania1 of ,connecticut and ,virginia1 and the gay cavaliers who loved adventure8 ,the ,british soldiers had conquered ,india under ,sir ,robert ,clive and ,sir ,eyre ,coote2 they had been the heroes of ,plassey and ,pondicherry2 men who had subjected to ,british dominion a country almost as extensive as our own fair republic and containing one hundred and ninety millions of souls4 ,here they found themselves faced by men of their own blood1 men in whose breasts burned the spirit and the love of that liberty which was to encircle the heavens4 ,on the glory-crowned heights of ,bunker ,hill the patriots gazed at the rafters of their own burning dwellings in the town of ,charlestown1 and heard the cannon shots hurled from ,british ships against the base of the hill4 ,three times did scarlet regiments ascend that hill only to be driven back2 the voice of that idiot boy1 ,job ,pray1 ringing out above the din of battle1 ,let them come on to ,breed's--the people will teach them the law4 ,when the evacuation by the ,british of the metropolis of ,new ,england was effected by the troops under the command of a ,virginia soldier1 ,general ,washington1 then for the first time did sectionalism and partisanship and divisions on narrow lines vanish2 the patriots who had fought at ,bunker ,hill were now no longer to be known as the troops of ,massachusetts1 of ,connecticut1 or of ,rhode ,island1 but henceforth it was the ,continental ,army4 ,on the very day when the ,british were driven out of ,boston1 ,john ,paul ,jones1 with that historic rattlesnake flag1 and1 floating above it1 not the ,stars and ,stripes1 but the ,stripes with the ,union ,jack1 entered the waters of ,great ,britain2 and then it was seen that an ,american captain with an ,american ship and ,american sailors had the pluck to push out into foreign seas and to beard the ,british lion in his den4 ,the same channel which had witnessed the victories of ,de ,ruyter and ,von ,tromp1 which was the scene of ,blake's victory over the ,dutch1 and where the father of our great ,william ,penn won his laurels as an admiral1 was now the scene of the exploits of an ,american captain fighting beneath an ,american flag for ,american rights inherited from old mother ,england1 who1 in a moment of forgetfulness1 had sought to deprive her offspring of liberty4 ,i know of no more thrilling incident in revolutionary naval annals than the fight between the ,serapis and the ,bon ,homme ,richard1 when ,paul ,jones1 on the burning deck of a sinking ship1 lashed his yard arms to those of the enemy and fought hand to hand1 man to man1 until the ,british colors struck1 and then1 under the very cliffs of ,old ,england1 were run up for the first time the ,stars and ,stripes--with a field of blue into which the skillful fingers of ,betsy ,ross1 of ,philadelphia1 had woven inextinguishable stars2 the red stripes typifying the glory1 the valor1 and the self-sacrifice of the men who died that liberty might live2 and the white1 emblematic of purity1 fitly representing those principles to preserve which these men had sanctified themselves by an immortal self-dedication4 ,and there1 too1 in the ,continental ,navy was ,richard ,dale1 the young ,middy1 who fought beside ,paul ,jones2 and ,joshua ,barney2 and ,john ,barry2 and ,nicholas ,biddle of ,philadelphia1 who later1 in the gallant little ,randolph1 in order to help a convoyed fleet of ,american merchantmen to escape1 boldly attacked the battleship ,yarmouth2 and when it was found that he was doomed to defeat1 blew up his vessel1 perishing with all his crew1 rather than strike the colors of the newly-born republic4 ,all honor to the navy of the ,united ,states6 ,i never can read of its exploits--peaceful citizen as ,i am--without my blood bubbling with a joyous sense of exultation at the thought that the flag which has swept the seas1 carrying liberty behind it1 is the flag which is destined to sweep the seas again and carry liberty1 civilization1 and all the blessings of free government into benighted islands far1 far from hence4 ,why1 gentlemen1 the story of the exploits of our little fleets reads like a romance4 ,at the end of the ,revolutionary ,war eight hundred ,british ships1 fifteen of them battleships1 had surrendered to the prowess of the ,american navy1 together with twelve thousand five hundred prisoners captured by less than three thousand men2 and in that war our country had produced the boldest admirals that1 up to that time1 civilization had known1 and the greatest fighting naval heroes that the world had seen4 ,then came the ,war of #ahab1 to establish sailors' rights upon the high seas1 when the ,american navy again proved victor despite overwhelming odds4 ,i have in my possession a list of the ,british and ,american vessels at the outbreak of that war2 and if ,i were to represent them by something tangible in order to indicate the proportions of each1 ,i would say1 taking this box lid for example 7illustrating with the stem of a rose upon the cover of a discarded flower box71 that if you were to draw a line across here1 near the top1 you would have sufficient space in the narrow strip above the dividing line to write the names of all the ,american ships1 while the entire remaining space would not be more than sufficient for the ,english fleet1 which was more than thirty times the size of its antagonist4 ,the ships which under ,nelson had fought at the ,nile and had won imperishable glory at ,trafalgar1 coming into our waters1 struck their flags time and again4 ,the glorious old ,ironsides 7the ,constitution7 captured the ,guerriere1 the ,java1 the ,cyane1 and ,levant4 ,the ,united ,states took the ,macedonian2 the ,wasp destroyed the ,frolic1 while on the lakes we point with pride to the victories of ,perry and ,mac,donough4 ,when battle after battle had been fought it was found that1 of eighteen fixed engagements1 seventeen were victories for the ,stars and ,stripes4 ,and this over the greatest maritime war power of the world6 ,philadelphia is honorably associated with the glories of our navy4 ,our early battleships1 though not all built here1 were planned and constructed by ,joshua ,humphreys1 a ,philadelphian1 the predecessor of our great shipbuilder of to-day1 ,charles ,h4 ,cramp4 ,need ,i speak of the navy from #ahfa to #ahfe1 or tell of the exploits of those gallant fleets which clove a pathway down the valley of the ,ohio1 of the ,tennessee1 and of the ,mississippi1 in order that liberty might ride unvexed from the lakes to the gulf8 ,need ,i dwell upon the part taken by the guest of this evening1 who was an officer who fought under ,farragut8 ,in our recent war with ,spain there were some who1 in doubting moments1 yielded to that atrabilious disposition which has been so well described by ,mr4 ,tomkins2 who thought that our ships were not strong enough to hazard an encounter with the fleets of ,spain4 ,but meanwhile there was doubling around the ,horn a battleship1 with a captain and a crew whose marvelous voyage was attracting the eyes of the world4 ,night after night we took up the map1 traced his course from port to port1 and our hearts beat high1 our lips were firmly compressed1 the color faded from our cheeks with excitement1 but our eyes blazed with exultant anticipation as nearer and nearer to ,pernambuco did he come4 ,we all now feel1 judging of the possibilities by actual achievement1 that had ,captain ,clark encountered the enemy's ships1 he could and would have successfully fought and defeated the entire ,spanish fleet4 ,he carried his ship ready for instant actions1 every man at his post4 ,god bless that crew6 ,god bless those stokers1 far down below those decks1 confident that the captain who commanded them was on the bridge1 and that he would never flinch nor fail in the hour of trial6 ,i have often tried to draw a mental picture of what the scene must have been when the ,oregon steamed in to join the fleet before ,santiago2 when the white jackets on the yard-arms tossed their caps in the air1 and southern tars gave back to ,yankee cheers a lusty welcome to the man who for so long1 against all odds1 with no encouraging advices1 with unknown terrors all about him1 had never flinched from duty1 and who1 when the last summons came1 responded in the words of ,colonel ,newcomb1 ,adsum--,i am here4 ,on the morning of the third of ,july1 #ahih1 there stood the frowning ,morro ,castle1 the prison of the glorious ,hobson2 on the other side the fortress of ,estrella2 the narrow channel blocked by the wreck of the ,merrimac2 the ,brooklyn1 the ,oregon1 the ,texas1 the ,indiana1 the ,iowa and the ,massachusetts all watching that orifice4 ,then black smoke rolled from the tunnels of the enemy's ships1 indicating that the tiger had roused him from his lair and was making a rush for the open sea4 ,up went the signal on the flagstaff of the ,brooklyn1 ,forward--the enemy is approaching4 ,then engines moved2 then guns thundered their volleys2 then sky and sea became black with the smoke of battle2 and swiftly steamed the ,oregon in pursuit of the ,cristobal ,colon4 ,beneath well-directed shots the monster reeled1 like a wounded athlete1 to the beach2 and then from the flagstaff of the ,new ,york were displayed those signals now on these walls before your eyes--#a-g-c2 cornet2 #bm-#im-#gm--which1 translated1 meant--and we of the ,league to-night repeat the words--,well done1 ,oregon4 ,captain ,clark1 the city of ,philadelphia has always contributed her share to the building of the navy and to a fitting recognition of the heroes who have commanded our battleships4 ,in the old churchyard of ,st4 ,mary's1 on ,fourth ,street1 sleep the bones of ,john ,barry2 and in the older churchyard of ,st4 ,peter's stands the monument to ,decatur4 ,we have with us also the ashes of ,stewart1 who commanded ,old ,ironsides when she captured the ,cyane and the ,levant2 and we have those of ,bainbridge1 who captured the ,java4 ,in reading of the exploits of the master spirits of the past1 ,i have sometimes wondered whether we had men of to-day who were their equals4 ,my answer is this3 ,i say to soldiers and sailors1 whether of our ,civil ,war or of the late war with ,spain1 you are worthy of your sires1 you have caught the inspiration of their glowing deeds1 you have taken up the burden which they threw upon your shoulders1 and though in time to come you may sleep in unmarked graves1 the memory of your deeds will live2 and1 like your sires1 you have become immortal4 ,to fight for liberty is indeed a privilege4 ,disguise thyself as thou wilt1 still1 ,slavery1 thou art a bitter draught2 and1 though thousands in all ages have been made to drink thee1 thou art no less bitter on that account4 ',tis thou1 ,o ,liberty6 thrice sweet and gracious goddess1 whose taste is grateful1 and ever will be so till nature herself shall change4 ,no tint of words can spot thy snowy mantle1 nor chemic power turn thy scepter into iron4 ,with thee to smile upon him1 as he eats his crust1 the swain is happier than the monarch from whose courts thou art exiled4 ,so wrote ,laurence ,sterne4 ,and then ,rufus ,choate3 ,to form and uphold a state1 it is not enough that our judgments should believe it to be useful2 the better part of our affections should feel it to be lovely4 ,it is not enough that our arithmetic should compute its value and find it high2 our hearts should hold it priceless--above all things rich and rare--dearer than health and beauty1 brighter than all the order of the stars4 ,in contemplating those mysterious dispensations of ,providence by which the light which broke upon this continent two hundred years ago is now penetrating and illuminating the darkest corners of the earth1 it will be a supreme satisfaction for us to know that our children and our children's children will have set for their imitation and encouragement the example of the heroism1 the manliness1 the courage1 the patriotism and the modesty of the captains of to-day4 ,illustration3 ,,latest ,,type ,,of ,,dreadnaught ,,the ,,patriotism ,,of ,,peace ,address by ,william ,jennings ,bryan delivered in ,london1 in the ,royal ,gallery of the ,house of ,lords1 on ,july #bf1 #aijf1 at the session of the ,interparliamentary ,union or ,peace ,congress4 ,it is given here by special permission of ,mr4 ,bryan and his publishers--,funk and ,wagnalls ,company1 ,new ,york and ,london4 ,i regret that ,i cannot speak to you in the language which is usually employed in this body1 but ,i know only one language1 the language of my own country1 and you will pardon me if ,i use that4 ,i desire in the first place to express my appreciation of the courtesy shown me by ,lord ,weardale1 our president1 and by ,baron von ,plener1 the chairman of the committee which framed the model treaty4 ,the latter has framed this substitute embodying both of the ideas 7investigation and meditation7 which were presented yesterday4 ,i recognize the superior wisdom and the greater experience of this learned committee which has united the two propositions1 and ,i thank this body also for the opportunity to say just a word in defense of my part of the resolution4 ,i cannot say that it is a new idea1 for since it was presented yesterday ,i have learned that the same idea in substance was presented last year at ,brussels by ,mr4 ,bartholdt1 of my own country1 who has been so conspicuous in his efforts to promote peace1 and ,i am very glad that ,i can follow in his footsteps in the urging of this amendment4 ,i may add also that it is in line with the suggestion made by the honorable prime minister of ,great ,britain1 ,sir ,henry ,campbell-,bannerman1 in that memorable and epoch-making speech of yesterday1 in that speech which contained several sentences any one of which would have justified the assembling of this ,interparliamentary ,union--any one of which would have compensated us all for coming here4 ,in that splendid speech he expressed the hope that the scope of arbitration treaties might be enlarged4 ,he said3 ,,gentlemen1 ,i fervently trust that before long the principles of arbitration may win such confidence as to justify its extension to a wider field of international differences4 ,we have already seen how questions arousing passion and excitement have attained a solution1 not necessarily by means of arbitration in the strict sense of the word1 by referring them to such a tribunal as that which reported on the ,north ,sea incident2 and ,i would ask you whether1 it may not be worth while carefully to consider1 before the next ,congress meets at ,the ,hague1 the various forms in which differences might be submitted1 with a view to opening the door as wide as possible to every means which might in any degree contribute to moderate or compose such differences4 ,this amendment is in harmony with this suggestion4 ,the resolution is in the form of a postscript to the treaty1 but like the postscripts to some letters it contains a very vital subject--in fact1 ,i am not sure but the postscript in this case is as important as the letter itself1 for it deals with those questions which have defied arbitration4 ,certain questions affecting the honor or integrity of a nation are generally thought to be outside of the jurisdiction of a court of arbitration1 and these are the questions which have given trouble4 ,passion is not often aroused by questions that do not affect a nation's integrity or honor1 but for fear these questions may arise arbitration is not always employed where it might be4 ,the first advantage1 then1 of this resolution is that it secures an investigation of the facts1 and if you can but separate these facts from the question of honor1 the chances are #ajj-to-#a that you can settle both the fact and the question of honor without war4 ,there is1 therefore1 a great advantage in an investigation that brings out the facts1 for disputed facts between nations1 as between friends1 are the cause of most disagreements4 ,the second advantage of this investigation is that it gives time for calm consideration4 ,that has already been well presented by the gentlemen who has preceded me1 ,baron von ,plener4 ,i need not say to you that man excited is a very different animal from man calm1 and that questions ought to be settled1 not by passion1 but by deliberation4 ,if this resolution would do nothing else but give time for reflection and deliberation1 there would be sufficient reason for its adoption4 ,if we can but stay the hand of war until conscience can assert itself1 war will be made more remote4 ,when men are mad they swagger around and tell what they can do2 when they are calm they consider what they ought to do4 ,the third advantage of this investigation is that it gives opportunity to mobilize public opinion of the compelling of a peaceful settlement and that is an advantage not to be overlooked4 ,public opinion is coming to be more and more a power in the world4 ,one of the greatest statesmen of my country--,thomas ,jefferson1 and if it would not offend ,i would say ,i believe him to be the greatest statesman the world has produced--said that if he had to choose between a government without newspapers and newspapers without a government1 he would rather risk the newspapers without a government4 ,you may call it an extravagant statement1 and yet it presents an idea1 and that idea is that public opinion is a controlling force4 ,i am glad that the time is coming when public opinion is to be more and more powerful2 glad that the time is coming when the moral sentiment of one nation will influence the action of other nations2 glad that the time is coming when the world will realize that a war between the two nations affects others than the nations involved2 glad that the time is coming when the world will insist that nations settle their differences by some peaceful means4 ,if time is given for the marshaling of the force of public opinion peace will be promoted4 ,this resolution is presented1 therefore1 for the reasons that it gives an opportunity to investigate the facts1 and to separate them from the question of honor1 that it gives time for the calming of passion1 and that it gives time for the formation of a controlling public sentiment4 ,i will not disguise the fact that ,i consider this resolution a long step in the direction of peace1 nor will ,i disguise the fact that ,i am here because ,i want this ,interparliamentary ,union to take just as long a step as possible in the direction of universal peace4 ,we meet in a famous hall1 and looking down upon us from these walls are pictures that illustrate not only the glory that is to be won in war1 but the horrors that follow war4 ,there is a picture of one of the great figures in ,english history 7pointing to the fresco by ,maclise of the death of ,nelson74 ,lord ,nelson is represented as dying1 and around him are the mangled forms of others4 ,i understand that war brings out certain virtues4 ,i am aware that it gives opportunity for the display of great patriotism2 ,i am aware that the example of men who give their lives for their country is inspiring2 but ,i venture to say there is as much inspiration in a noble life as there is in a heroic death1 and ,i trust that one of the results of this ,interparliamentary ,union will be to emphasize the doctrine that a life devoted to the public1 and ever flowing1 like a spring1 with good1 exerts an influence upon the human race and upon the destiny of the world as great as any death in war4 ,and if you will permit me to mention one whose career ,i watched with interest and whose name ,i revere1 ,i will say that1 in my humble judgment1 the sixty-four years of spotless public service of ,william ,ewart ,gladstone will1 in years to come1 be regarded as rich an ornament to the history of this nation as the life of any man who poured out his blood upon a battlefield4 ,all movements in the interest of peace have back of them the idea of brotherhood4 ,if peace is to come in this world1 it will come because people more and more clearly recognize the indissoluble tie that binds each human being to every other4 ,if we are to build permanent peace it must be on the foundation of the brotherhood of men4 ,a poet has described how in the ,civil ,war that divided our country into two hostile camps a generation ago--in one battle a soldier in one line thrust his bayonet through a soldier in the opposing line1 and how1 when he stooped to draw it out1 he recognized in the face of the fallen one the face of his own brother4 ,and then the poet describes the feeling of horror that overwhelmed the survivor when he realized that he had taken the life of one who was the child of the same parents and the companion of his boyhood4 ,it was a pathetic story1 but is it too much to hope that as years go by we will begin to understand that the whole human race is but a larger family8 ,it is not too much to hope that as years go by human sympathy will expand until this feeling of unity will not be confined to the members of a family or to the members of a clan or of a community or state1 but shall be world-wide4 ,it is not too much to hope that we1 in this assembly1 possibly by this resolution1 may hasten the day when we shall feel so appalled at the thought of the taking of any human life that we shall strive to raise all questions to a level where the settlement will be by reason and not by force4 ,a ,,plea ,,for ,,universal ,,peace ,the following extracts are from an address delivered by ,george ,w4 ,norris1 ,united ,states senator from ,nebraska1 at ,chautauquas and on lecture courses throughout the country for several years4 ,it is one of the most logical and practical plans for universal peace ever proposed4 ,it was prepared when the civilized world was at peace immediately following the peace treaty between ,russia and ,japan4 ,david ,starr ,jordan declares that military efficiency is the principal cause of the present ,european war4 ,a serious and honest study of how to preserve peace and how to avoid war cannot help but bring good results4 ,this is the purpose of ,senator ,norris's lecture4 ,for a further study of this most important subject1 the reader is referred to ,sumner's great oration on ,the ,true ,grandeur of ,nations1 to various speeches and monographs by ,andrew ,carnegie1 and to numerous other publications1 recently issued1 regarding the patriotism of peace4 ,the greatest disgrace of the present century is that war between civilized nations is still a possibility4 ,that such a barbarous condition should exist in the civilized world is painful to every lover of humanity and to every believer in the great brotherhood of man4 ,every civilized country of the world requires its subjects to submit their differences and disputes to tribunals and courts that have been organized under the forms of law for their settlement and yet these same nations violate the principle of law which they compel their subjects to obey4 ,the citizen must maintain his rights and settle his grievances before tribunals organized according to law1 upon principles of justice and of right4 ,kings and rulers settle their disputes upon the field of battle without regard to right1 without regard to justice1 and upon the erroneous and barbarous theory that might makes right4 ,it is to be regretted that the great advance that has been made from barbarism by the different nations of the world by which the disputes and controversies arising within each nation are settled according to forms of law upon the principles of justice and equality1 has not extended to the settlement of disputes between the nations themselves4 ,why is it that rulers1 who are able to settle all controversies within the countries they control are not able to settle controversies between those countries8 ,humanity is broader than nationality and embraces within its scope the entire world4 ,the measure of human happiness will not be full1 the heights of national glory will not be reached until we can look over the world and in the words of the scripture1 truthfully say of every citizen of every civilized nation--,is he not after all1 my brother8 ,why then should there be war8 ,i know that it can truthfully be claimed that this cruel and heartless demon has settled many questions of world-wide importance1 but it never settled one on any principle of equity1 morality1 or justice4 ,in modern times its decree has been more often right than wrong1 because the great spirit of public sentiment when once aroused has not only furnished money and men for the right1 but it has thoroughly imbued the hearts of its soldiers with a determination and a bravery that have done much to place the victory where it properly belonged4 ,but what a sacrifice of human life and treasure4 ,i do not want to be understood as claiming that all the wars of history were wrong or could have been avoided4 ,some of them were carried on for liberty1 some were waged for mercy and some were fought for humanity4 ,the soldier1 not only of our own land1 but of other countries as well1 is entitled to all the consideration and all the honor and glory that humanity can give or bestow4 ,i am however proclaiming against the conditions existing in modern civilized times that make war not only sometimes necessary1 but at any time possible4 ,but the question recurs again--what is a practical way to solve the difficulty8 ,who shall take the first step8 ,who can take the first step with the assurance that beneficial results will follow8 ,what nation to-day occupies such a unique position in civilization that it can step out into the open and say to all the civilized world--,we are willing to submit to peaceful arbitration every international dispute1 every international controversy not only of the present but of the future as well4 ,what nation in assuming this position can command not only the respect and belief of other nations in the integrity and the honesty of its purpose1 but can also receive the respect and approval of humanity's peace loving sentiment1 that will go far towards impelling the balance of the civilized world to accept the proffered hand of universal brotherhood6 ,if we study the history of ,european nations1 we will find a trace at least of jealousy between them that has come down from the days of barbarism4 ,in ancient times the king1 who was then supposed to possess1 and is still suspicioned to have1 some attributes of ,divinity1 ruled only over such territory as he was able to hold in subjection4 ,he broke no law of nations if1 without notice1 cause or provocation1 he made war upon his neighbor in an attempt to conquer and subdue additional territory4 ,he violated no principle of government if in carrying out his purpose he resorted to trickery1 chicanery1 and dishonesty4 ,the result was that every ruler was suspicious of every other ruler4 ,this suspiciousness and lack of confidence anciently existing between kings1 and permeating the framework of every ,european nation1 has1 in a lessening and decreasing degree1 come down to the present day4 ,it exists now--unconsciously perhaps--but exists nevertheless1 and must be taken into consideration whenever any ,european nation makes a proposition to other ,european nations for the settlement of any great international question4 ,this condition was well paraphrased by a great ,european statesman in comparing ,european conditions with those of ,america1 when he referred to it as ,american boldness and ,european suspiciousness4 ,in the new world where our government's leadership and controlling influence are recognized and acknowledged by all the world1 these conditions do not obtain4 ,here the divine right of kings has never been recognized4 ,we have not only disclaimed the right of conquest ourselves1 but we have refused to recognize it in others4 ,we have not only refused to recognize this right in the strong nation1 but we have protected the weak nation against it4 ,moreover we have shown to the world our unselfish devotion to that principle to the extent of sacrificing life and treasure in the defense of the weak against the strong--the protection of the down-trodden and oppressed against oppression4 ,our entire national life has been emblematic of an unselfish respect for the rights of other nations1 and is not tainted with that suspiciousness which has come down to others from ancient times4 ,our position among the nations of the world was well illustrated by what happened in the war between ,russia and ,japan4 ,when these two great nations had gotten each other by the throat and were struggling in mortal combat1 the entire world was aroused to admiration by the action of ,america's great president4 ,neither one of the warring nations had expressed any desire for peace4 ,neither one had shown any disposition to cease the conflict4 ,neither one had asked for any intercession1 and yet in the midst of the bloody conflict1 when ,america's voice was heard1 they both halted1 they both ceased1 and they both obeyed4 ,it was because they knew--all the world knew--that in the voice which called them from the battlefield to reason's court there was no taint of selfishness2 that in that call there was no suspicion of an ulterior or dishonorable motive1 but that in the heart of the great statesman1 whose voice they heeded1 there was only the purity of a humane effort to bring about the welfare of all4 ,from the very nature of the development of other nations from the barbarism of ancient times it is quite apparent that no other ruler of the civilized world could have made that proposition with the same successful results4 ,in response to the friendly intervention of the ,american ,government1 ,russia and ,japan appointed commissioners to agree upon terms of peace4 ,while these commissioners were in session on ,american soil1 a notable assemblage for the advancement of international arbitration was in session at ,brussels1 the capital of ,belgium4 ,at this meeting of the ,interparliamentary ,union there were representatives from practically every civilized country in the world except ,russia and ,japan4 ,we watched with hopeful anxiety the reports which the cable brought us of the progress that was being made by these peace commissioners at ,portsmouth4 ,in that assemblage1 composed of representatives from two continents1 there was a unanimous wish1 a united hope1 a fervent prayer that ,america's intervention would prove successful4 ,as a fitting close of that great international conference the representatives of ,belgium invited all the delegates to a reception held in that historic building where the cohorts of ,napoleon were assembled in revelry on the eve of ,waterloo4 ,the rooms were decorated with the colors of all nations4 ,the finest band of ,belgium was playing her national air4 ,in the midst of it the music suddenly ceased4 ,all eyes were turned to the rostrum4 ,we saw the leader of the band seize from the decorations of the hall the ,american flag1 and using it as a baton1 he waved it over the heads of the musicians1 and in answer to his action there burst forth the rapturous strains of ,the ,star ,spangled ,banner4 ,for a moment1 and a moment only1 there was silence1 and then there burst forth a roar of applause which clearly indicated that everyone there understood1 that beneath the fathomless deep the electric spark had brought the welcome news that on the shores of ,america an agreement for peace had been signed4 ,on the occasion of nearly one hundred years before the revelry was interrupted by the booming of cannon1 but on this occasion it was the joyous message that under the leadership of ,america the peace of the world had been established4 ,that was an occasion1 my countrymen1 when it was greater to be an ,american citizen than to wear a crown4 ,heretofore one of the greatest obstacles to the peaceful settlement of international difficulties1 and to the submission of such controversies to arbitration1 has been that the offense has been committed1 or the controversy has arisen before any rule for its settlement has been provided1 or any tribunal for its determination has been selected4 ,this ex post facto machinery for the settlement of differences is not only unreasonable and illogical1 but it has been guarded against by all the civilized nations of the earth in the regulation and management of their own internal affairs4 ,when disagreeing nations are aroused to anger by the excitement and the prejudice of the people on account of real or imaginary wrong1 it is a poor time indeed to attempt to agree upon a fair method of settlement1 or to exercise that calm deliberation which should be invoked in the selection of the arbitrators4 ,the treaty of arbitration should be general and apply to all disputes4 ,it should be negotiated in time of profound peace1 and not with reference to any particular controversy4 ,its judges should be selected in time of peace and their terms of office should be permanent4 ,in order that they might be removed from1 and uninfluenced by1 any bias or prejudice they should be appointed for life1 and while holding this great international commission they should be prohibited from accepting or holding any other office or emolument from any government4 ,the treaty1 however1 should specifically provide that these international judges could be appointed and selected as members of any other international arbitration tribunal1 and in accordance with this provision each government would undoubtedly select the same men as judges for each arbitration treaty into which it entered4 ,to illustrate--if our government entered into such a treaty with the ,german ,empire1 and afterwards into a similar treaty with ,france1 we would select the same arbitrators under the treaty with ,france that we had named in carrying out the provisions of the treaty with ,germany1 and in any subsequent arbitration treaty with any other nation1 the same men would again be named as our arbitrators4 ,there is little doubt but what all other nations would pursue a similar course4 ,this would give us an international court that would command the absolute respect of all mankind and the confidence of all civilization4 ,its judges would be free from any bias1 prejudice or excitement that might exist in either one or both of the contending nations4 ,instead of representing one government as against the other they would in fact1 without partiality and with equal justice1 represent both of the contending parties4 ,their life work would be the study of international questions4 ,they would become learned--yea1 experts--in international law and the administration of international justice4 ,if each nation selected the same judges in each of its arbitration treaties1 the world would have a list--a school--of international jurists devoting their time1 their energies and their lives to the study of international questions and the settlement of international disputes4 ,in the hands of these men the peace of the civilized world would be safe and secure4 ,the treaty of arbitration would undoubtedly provide for an equal number of arbitrators from each of the contracting parties4 ,it likewise would1 and undoubtedly should1 provide for the selection of additional members of the court in cases where the judges were equally divided on any question submitted to them4 ,a wise provision would be to let the permanent judges themselves select the additional arbitrators1 and with this list of great international jurists from which to make a choice1 how small the possibility of error1 and how great would be the probability of a wise selection4 ,as a matter of fact it would seldom be necessary for this provision of the treaty to be acted on4 ,not once in a lifetime would the members of such a court be divided along the lines of nationality4 ,the judges of this court1 occupying this dignified1 exalted and unparalleled position before the world1 would be farther removed from bias and prejudice than any court that has ever been instituted in the history of mankind4 ,its decisions would become precedents for future action4 ,it would not be long until we would have a line of decisions1 that would eliminate the uncertainty of international law which has existed in the past4 ,a question once determined by this great court would be accepted by the world as the law for the future1 and the result would be that we would not only have an international tribunal for the peaceful settlement and determination of all international questions1 but their decisions would become the beacon lights of peace for future generations1 whose rays of wisdom and of reason would light up the dark waters of international jurisprudence1 mark out the course of safety for every ship of state1 and warn her mariners of the shoals of disaster4 ,there is no ground whatever for the belief which prevails somewhat that the members of such a court would always follow the contention of their own country4 ,even under the present cumbersome and illogical method of selecting arbitrators we have a recent illustration that men great enough to fill positions of this kind1 realizing the dignity and responsibility of the position1 will rise above the clamor of their own countrymen and decide the question at issue upon its merits4 ,i refer to the ,alaskan boundary dispute between the ,united ,states and ,great ,britain4 ,we have also an illustration of this point in our own country4 ,our national government is composed of sovereign states4 ,state pride is an attribute of practically all our citizens4 ,its influence has compelled men to honestly do all kinds of unreasonable things4 ,for it men have given up their property and sacrificed their lives4 ,yet this prejudice has never reached our judiciary4 ,every ,united ,states judge is a citizen of some state4 ,they try cases between different states1 pass on disputes existing between a sovereign state and the citizens of another state1 and settle controversies arising between the citizens of one state and the citizens of another state4 ,our judges have been criticized on nearly all possible grounds1 often no doubt without reason1 sometimes perhaps with good cause1 but in the entire history of our country1 there has never yet been made the charge that any one of these judges has been influenced in his official conduct by pride of his native or adopted state4 ,man is often unconsciously influenced and controlled by his associations1 his habits and the environments of earlier life4 ,their influence has become a part of the man4 ,but the history of jurisprudence will show that judges have seldom1 if ever1 been moved or influenced in official action by the excitement1 the clamor or the prejudice of the citizenship if it was beyond the power of that citizenship to reward or punish4 ,it is unnecessary to provide any method for the enforcement of the decrees of an international court4 ,it is safe to trust to the honor of the governments interested1 and to the enlightened public sentiment of the civilized world for the honest enforcement in good faith of every such judgment and decree4 ,this has been frequently demonstrated in the past4 ,in all the history of the world there has never been an instance where an offending nation has failed to carry out in good faith the judgment of an international court4 ,in ,america the friends of international arbitration are not united as they should be4 ,the division comes about principally on account of a disagreement as to what should be the size of our navy4 ,there are some who believe that we should make but a small annual increase in our navy1 and some of these are inclined to criticize those who advocate a large navy and to claim that such conduct is inconsistent with international arbitration4 ,while ,i have been one of those who usually have favored a small yearly increase in our naval vessels1 yet ,i am frank to admit that under present conditions1 there is much sound logic in the argument that the greatest and best assurance of international peace1 is to be always prepared for war4 ,it is well too1 to remember that an unbiased and unprejudiced tribunal in a foreign land has recently given an international trophy--the world's prize--to the greatest ,american exponent of a large navy1 for having during the year for which the prize was given1 accomplished more for international peace1 than any other living man4 ,it is not my intention to discuss this subject4 ,it is not necessary to decide it for the purposes of the present discussion4 ,it is of importance when considering the subject of national defense and national finances1 but it has no decisive influence upon the question of international arbitration4 ,the man who favors a small navy1 and the man who favors a large one can consistently work side by side for the advancement of international peace4 ,the size of the navy that we should maintain is a question upon which the minds of wise and patriotic men may honestly differ4 ,everybody admits that we should keep and maintain an ample and sufficient navy1 and that annual additions thereto are necessary to maintain its efficiency4 ,but1 the terms adequate navy1 sufficient navy and large navy are very indefinite1 and convey entirely different ideas to different people4 ,what one man might regard as a small navy1 another one equally as wise would regard as entirely too large4 ,what one person would consider a small and inadequate annual addition to our navy1 others1 equally as patriotic1 would regard as unreasonable and extravagant4 ,a man's ideas on this disputed and unsettled question can not consistently be urged against the sincerity of his purpose when he advocates international arbitration4 ,but while the friends of international arbitration may honestly disagree as to the strength of the army and the size of the navy that should be maintained in times of peace1 there is no disagreement in the condemnation of the conditions which make it necessary to maintain a large army and navy4 ,these conditions are relics of barbarism4 ,they are not founded upon any wisdom1 reason1 or justice4 ,they exist only because the great men of to-day1 who hold the destinies of nations in their hands have not met upon the broad plane of equality and agreed upon their abolishment4 ,heretofore the cry of international arbitration has come mainly from those who were moved by the idea of philanthropy1 of mercy and of humanity4 ,it will not be long until these influences will be joined by all the commercial interests of civilization and all the tax-payers of the world4 ,for the fiscal year 7#aijg7 in our own country there was appropriated from the national treasury nearly four hundred millions of dollars on account of war4 ,over sixty-five per cent4 of the revenues of our national government are spent on account of our wars of the past1 or in preparation for war in the future4 ,every time our government raises a dollar by taxation more than sixty-five cents of it is demanded as a tribute by this blood thirsty demon4 ,our situation is only a fair illustration of what exists everywhere in the world4 ,in round numbers about one-half of the money raised by taxation in the leading civilized nations of the world is spent1 either in the payment of obligations of past wars1 or in the preparation for war in the future4 ,the expense of this preparation is increasing at a wonderful rate4 ,our government expends about the same amount of money as the other leading nations of the world in the preparation for war in the future1 but for the expenses of wars that are past it expends more than all the other nations combined4 ,the expenses of our past wars1 consisting chiefly and mainly of pensions1 are just1 and no one would cut them down1 excepting as they will be curtailed by the hand of ,time as he gathers into his fold our heroes of the past4 ,we will therefore eliminate the past from the financial consideration of the question4 ,during a single year of peace1 ,great ,britain1 ,germany1 ,france1 and the ,united ,states spent nearly one billion of dollars in making preparation for war4 ,all the money in the ,united ,states would only pay this enormous expense for a little more than two years4 ,the people of these highly civilized countries1 while in profound peace1 were taxing themselves to death1 in order that the survivors might kill each other according to the most modern methods of modern warfare with the most modern weapons of human destruction4 ,as startling and astounding as these figures are1 they do not tell one half of the story4 ,human life cannot be measured in dollars and cents2 broken hearts cannot be healed by the appropriation of money2 human suffering and misery cannot be alleviated by financial consideration1 and humanity stands helpless in the face of death and destruction4 ,at the fireside of practically every home in ,christendom1 there is a vacant chair1 made so by war4 ,for every vacant chair there was a ruined hearthstone2 for every hearthstone there was a sorrowing widow2 and for every widow there is a fatherless child4 ,for every penny spent for war there is a sigh of grief2 for every shilling there is a tear of sorrow2 and for every dollar there is a broken heart4 ,the amount expended on this account in the civilized world1 in one year would give shelter to every pauper1 a home to every unfortunate1 and an education to every child4 ,at the present rate of increasing expense it will not be long until this great chain will break of its own weight2 until every nation will become bankrupt and every tax-payer will become a pauper4 ,as this time approaches1 the forces of international peace will become more numerous and more powerful4 ,humanity will shake off the shackles of barbarism and defy the ,god of ,war upon his throne4 ,in this battle of reason1 that tyrant of oppression1 that ruler of ignorance1 that demon of superstition1 in whose decree there is no mercy1 in whose judgment there is no justice1 will be driven from his throne1 and relegated beyond the portals of a universal peace1 to be remembered only as a horrible nightmare of an unholy and an unrighteous past4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,address ,,at ,,gettysburg ,,lincoln',s ,,gettysburg ,,address ,fourscore and seven years ago our fathers brought forth upon this continent a new nation1 conceived in liberty1 and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal4 ,now we are engaged in a great civil war1 testing whether that nation1 or any nation so conceived and so dedicated1 can long endure4 ,we are met on a great battlefield of that war4 ,we have come to dedicate a portion of that field as the final resting-place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live4 ,it is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this4 ,but in a larger sense we cannot dedicate1 we cannot consecrate1 we cannot hallow this ground4 ,the brave men1 living and dead1 who struggled here have consecrated it far above our power to add or detract4 ,the world will little note1 nor long remember1 what we say here2 but it can never forget what they did here4 ,it is for us1 the living1 rather to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced4 ,it is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us1 that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they here gave the last full measure of devotion2 that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain2 that this nation1 under ,god1 shall have a new birth of freedom1 and that government of the people1 by the people1 and for the people1 shall not perish from the earth4 ,,president ,,wilson',s ,,neutrality ,,proclamation ,this proclamation is in strict keeping with ,washington's counsel4 ,it is one of the greatest of ,president ,wilson's state papers and probably did more than any one act of his administration in keeping the ,united ,states from becoming involved in the ,european war4 ,,my ,,fellow ,,countrymen3--,i suppose that every thoughtful man in ,america has asked himself1 during these last troubled weeks1 what influence the ,european war may exert upon the ,united ,states1 and ,i take the liberty of addressing a few words to you in order to point out that it is entirely within our own choice what its effects upon us will be and to urge very earnestly upon you the sort of speech and conduct which will best safeguard the ,nation against distress and disaster4 ,the effect of the war upon the ,united ,states will depend upon what ,american citizens say and do4 ,every man who really loves ,america will act and speak in the true spirit of neutrality1 which is the spirit of impartiality and fairness and friendliness to all concerned4 ,the spirit of the ,nation in this critical matter will be determined largely by what individuals and society and those gathered in public meetings do and say1 upon what newspapers and magazines contain1 upon what ministers utter in their pulpits1 and men proclaim as their opinions on the street4 ,the people of the ,united ,states are drawn from many nations1 and chiefly from the nations now at war4 ,it is natural and inevitable that there should be the utmost variety of sympathy and desire among them with regard to the issues and circumstances of the conflict4 ,some will wish one nation1 others another1 to succeed in the momentous struggle4 ,it will be easy to excite passion and difficult to allay it4 ,those responsible for exciting it will assume a heavy responsibility1 responsibility for no less a thing than that the people of the ,united ,states1 whose love of their country and whose loyalty to its government should unite them as ,americans all1 bound in honor and affection to think first of her and her interests1 may be divided in camps of hostile opinion1 hot against each other1 involved in the war itself in impulse and opinion if not in action4 ,such divisions among us would be fatal to our peace of mind and might seriously stand in the way of the proper performance of our duty as the one great nation at peace1 the one people holding itself ready to play a part of impartial mediation and speak the counsels of peace and accommodation1 not as a partisan1 but as a friend4 ,i venture1 therefore1 my fellow countrymen1 to speak a solemn word of warning to you against that deepest1 most subtle1 most essential breach of neutrality which may spring out of partisanship1 out of passionately taking sides4 ,the ,united ,states must be neutral in fact as well as in name during these days that are to try men's souls4 ,we must be impartial in thought as well as in action1 must put a curb upon our sentiments as well as upon every transaction that might be construed as a preference of one party to the struggle before another4 ,my thought is of ,america4 ,i am speaking1 ,i feel sure1 the earnest wish and purpose of every thoughtful ,american that this great country of ours1 which is1 of course1 the first in our thoughts and in our hearts1 should show herself in this time of peculiar trial a ,nation fit beyond others to exhibit the fine poise of undisturbed judgment1 the dignity of self-control1 the efficiency of dispassionate action2 a ,nation that neither sits in judgment upon others nor is disturbed in her own counsels and which keeps herself fit and free to do what is honest and disinterested and truly serviceable for the peace of the world4 ,shall we not resolve to put upon ourselves the restraints which will bring to our people the happiness and the great and lasting influence for peace we covet for them8 ,august #ah1 #aiad4 ,footnotes3 #a ,from the poem entitled ,wanted1 by ,j4 ,g4 ,holland4 #b ,edward ,brooks4 #c ,from ,white ,bees and ,other ,poems1 by ,henry van ,dyke1 copyright1 #aiji1 by ,charles ,scribner's ,sons4 ,by permission of ,charles ,scribner's ,sons1 publishers4 #d ,this lecture is found in full in ,vol4 ,,xii 7#aiae ,edition7 of ,beacon ,lights of ,history1 copyright #aijb by the publishers1 ,fords1 ,howard ,hulbert1 and is here used by special permission of ,dr4 ,andrews and his publishers4 #e ,william ,mc,kinley4 #f ,but one of these incidents is given in this extract4 #g ,henry ,ward ,beecher4 #h ,john ,p4 ,newman4 ,,poetry ,,of ,,patriotism ,illustration3 ,,the ,,statue ,,of ,,liberty ,new ,york ,harbor ,illustration ,,concord ,,hymn#a ,by the rude bridge that arched the flood1 ,their flag to ,april's breeze unfurled1 ,here once the embattled farmers stood1 ,and fired the shot heard round the world4 ,the foe long since in silence slept2 ,alike the conqueror silent sleeps2 ,and ,time the ruined bridge has swept ,down the dark stream which seaward creeps4 ,on this green bank1 by this soft stream1 ,we set to-day a votive stone2 ,that memory may their dead redeem1 ,when1 like our sires1 our sons are gone4 ,spirit1 that made those heroes dare ,to die1 and leave their children free1 ,bid ,time and ,nature gently spare ,the shaft we raise to them and thee4 ,,warren',s ,,address ,stand6 the ground's your own1 my braves6 ,will ye give it up to slaves8 ,will ye look for greener graves8 ,hope ye mercy still8 ,what's the mercy despots feel8 ,hear it in that battle peal6 ,read it on yon bristling steel6 ,ask it--ye who will4 ,fear ye foes who kill for hire8 ,will ye to your homes retire8 ,look behind you6--they're afire6 ,and1 before you1 see ,who have done it6 ,from the vale ,on they come6--and will ye quail8 ,leaden rain and iron hail ,let their welcome be6 ,in the ,god of battles trust6 ,die we may--and die we must2 ,but1 oh1 where can dust to dust ,be consigned so well1 ,as where heaven its dews shall shed ,on the martyred patriot's bed1 ,and the rocks shall raise their head1 ,of his deeds to tell8 ,john ,pierpont ,,patriotism ,breathes there the man1 with soul so dead1 ,who never to himself hath said1 ,this is my own1 my native land6 ,whose heart hath ne'er within him burned1 ,as home his footsteps he hath turned ,from wandering on a foreign strand6 ,if such there breathe1 go1 mark him well2 ,for him no minstrel raptures swell2 ,high though his titles1 proud his name1 ,boundless his wealth as wish can claim2 ,despite those titles1 power1 and pelf1 ,the wretch1 concentered all in self1 ,living1 shall forfeit fair renown1 ,and1 doubly dying1 shall go down ,to the vile dust1 from whence he sprung1 ,unwept1 unhonored1 and unsung4 ,sir ,walter ,scott ,,the ,,star-,,spangled ,,banner ,oh1 say1 can you see1 by the dawn's early light1 ,what so proudly we hailed at the twilight's last gleaming1 ,whose broad stripes and bright stars1 through the perilous fight1 ,o'er the ramparts we watched were so gallantly streaming8 ,and the rocket's red glare1 the bombs bursting in air1 ,gave proof through the night that our flag was still there3 ,oh1 say1 does that ,star-,spangled ,banner yet wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave8 ,on that shore dimly seen through the mists of the deep1 ,where the foe's haughty host in dread silence reposes1 ,what is that which the breeze1 o'er the towering steep1 ,as it fitfully blows1 now conceals1 now discloses6 ,now it catches the gleam of the morning's first beam1 ,in full glory reflected now shines on the stream3 ',tis the ,star-,spangled ,banner1 ,oh1 long may it wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 ,and where is that band who so vauntingly swore ,that the havoc of war and the battle's confusion ,a home and a country should leave us no more6 ,their blood has washed out their foul footsteps' pollution2 ,no refuge should save the hireling and slave ,from the terror of flight or the gloom of the grave3 ,and the ,star-,spangled ,banner in triumph doth wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 ,oh1 thus be it ever when freemen shall stand ,between their loved homes and war's desolation4 ,blest with victory and peace1 may the ,heaven-rescued land ,praise the power that hath made and preserved us a nation4 ,then conquer we must1 when our cause it is just1 ,and this be our motto1 ,in ,god is our trust3 ,and the ,star-,spangled ,banner in triumph shall wave ,o'er the land of the free and the home of the brave4 ,francis ,scott ,key ,,my ,,country ,my country1 'tis of thee1 ,sweet land of liberty1 ,of thee ,i sing4 ,land where my fathers died1 ,land of the pilgrims' pride1 ,from every mountain side ,let freedom ring6 ,my native country6 ,thee-- ,land of the noble free1-- ,thy name ,i love2 ,i love thy rocks and rills1 ,thy woods and templed hills2 ,my heart with rapture thrills ,like that above4 ,let music swell the breeze1 ,and ring from all the trees ,sweet freedom's song4 ,let mortal tongues awake2 ,let all that breathe partake2 ,let rocks their silence break1-- ,the sound prolong4 ,our fathers' ,god1 to ,thee1 ,author of liberty1 ,to ,thee we sing2 ,long may our land be bright ,with freedom's holy light2 ,protect us by ,thy might1 ,great ,god1 our ,king6 ,samuel ,f4 ,smith ,,the ,,american ,,flag ,when ,freedom1 from her mountain height1 ,unfurled her standard to the air1 ,she tore the azure robe of night1 ,and set the stars of glory there4 ,she mingled with its gorgeous dyes ,the milky baldric of the skies1 ,and striped its pure celestial white ,with streakings of the morning light4 ,then1 from his mansion in the sun1 ,she called her eagle bearer down1 ,and gave into his mighty hand ,the symbol of her chosen land4 ,flag of the free heart's hope and home1 ,by angel hands to valor given6 ,thy stars have lit the welkin dome1 ,and all thy hues were born in heaven4 ,forever float that standard sheet6 ,where breathes the foe but falls before us1 ,with ,freedom's soil beneath our feet1 ,and ,freedom's banner streaming o'er us6 ,joseph ,rodman ,drake ,,song ,,of ,,marion',s ,,men ,our band is few but true and tried1 ,our leader frank and bold2 ,the ,british soldier trembles ,when ,marion's name is told4 ,our fortress is the good greenwood1 ,our tent the cypress tree2 ,we know the forest round us1 ,as seamen know the sea4 ,we know its walls of thorny vines1 ,its glades of reedy grass1 ,its safe and silent islands ,within the dark morass4 ,woe to the ,english soldiery ,that little dread us near6 ,on them shall light at midnight ,a strange and sudden fear ,when1 waking to their tents on fire1 ,they grasp their arms in vain1 ,and they who stand to face us ,are beat to earth again2 ,and they who fly in terror deem ,a mighty host behind1 ,and hear the tramp of thousands ,upon the hollow wind4 ,then sweet the hour that brings release ,from danger and from toil3 ,we talk the battle over1 ,and share the battle's spoil4 ,the woodland rings with laugh and shout1 ,as if a hunt were up1 ,and woodland flowers are gathered ,to crown the soldier's cup4 ,with merry songs we mock the wind ,that in the pine-top grieves1 ,and slumber long and sweetly ,on beds of oaken leaves4 ,well knows the fair and friendly moon ,the band that ,marion leads-- ,the glitter of their rifles1 ,the scampering of their steeds4 ',tis life to guide the fiery barb ,across the moonlight plain2 ',tis life to feel the night wind ,that lifts his tossing mane4 ,a moment in the ,british camp-- ,a moment--and away1 ,back to the pathless forest1 ,before the peep of day4 ,grave men there are by broad ,santee1 ,grave men with hoary hairs2 ,their hearts are all with ,marion1 ,for ,marion are their prayers4 ,and lovely ladies greet our band1 ,with kindliest welcoming1 ,with smiles like those of summer1 ,and tears like those of spring4 ,for them we wear these trusty arms1 ,and lay them down no more ,till we have driven the ,briton1 ,forever from our shore4 ,william ,cullen ,bryant ,,the ,,old ,,continentals ,in their ragged regimentals ,stood the old ,continentals1 ,yielding not1 ,when the grenadiers were lunging1 ,and like hail fell the plunging ,cannon shot2 ,when the files ,of the isles1 ,from the smoky night encampment1 bore the banner of the rampant ,unicorn2 ,and grummer1 grummer1 grummer1 rolled the roll of the drummer ,through the morn6 ,then with eyes to the front all1 ,and with guns horizontal1 ,stood our sires2 ,and the balls whistled deadly1 ,and in streams flashing redly1 ,blazed the fires3 ,as the roar ,on the shore ,swept the strong battle breakers o'er the green-sodded acres ,of the plain2 ,and louder1 louder1 louder1 cracked the black gunpowder1 ,cracking amain6 ,now like smiths at their forges ,worked the red ,st4 ,george's ,cannoneers1 ,and the villainous saltpetre ,rung a fierce1 discordant meter ,round their ears2 ,as the swift ,storm drift1 ,with hot sweeping anger1 came the horseguards' clangor ,on our flanks2 ,then higher1 higher1 higher1 burned the old-fashioned fire ,through the ranks6 ,then the bareheaded colonel ,galloped through the white infernal ,powder cloud2 ,and his broadsword was swinging1 ,and his brazen throat was ringing ,trumpet-loud2 ,then the blue ,bullets flew1 ,and the trooper jackets redden at the touch of the leaden ,rifle breath2 ,and rounder1 rounder1 rounder1 roared the iron six-pounder1 ,hurling death6 ,guy ,humphreys ,mc,master ,,the ,,sword ,,of ,,bunker ,,hill ,he lay upon his dying bed2 ,his eye was growing dim1 ,when with a feeble voice he called ,his weeping son to him3 ,weep not1 my boy6 the vet'ran said1 ,i bow to ,heaven's high will-- ,but quickly from yon antlers bring ,the sword of ,bunker ,hill4 ,the sword was brought1 the soldier's eye ,lit with a sudden flame2 ,and as he grasped the ancient blade1 ,he murmured ,warren's name2 ,then said1 ,my boy1 ,i leave you gold-- ,but what is richer still1 ,i leave you1 mark me1 mark me now-- ,the sword of ,bunker ,hill4 ',twas on that dread1 immortal day1 ,i dared the ,briton's band1 ,a captain raised this blade on me-- ,i tore it from his hand3 ,and while the glorious battle raged1 ,it lightened freedom's will-- ,for1 boy1 the ,god of freedom blessed ,the sword of ,bunker ,hill4 ,oh1 keep the sword6--his accents broke-- ,a smile--and he was dead-- ,but his wrinkled hand still grasped the blade ,upon that dying bed4 ,the son remains2 the sword remains-- ,its glory growing still-- ,and twenty millions bless the sire1 ,and sword of ,bunker ,hill4 ,william ,ross ,wallace ,,liberty ,,tree#b ,in a chariot of light from the regions of day1 ,the ,goddess of ,liberty came2 ,ten thousand celestials directed the way1 ,and hither conducted the dame4 ,a fair budding branch from the gardens above1 ,where millions with millions agree1 ,she brought in her hand as a pledge of her love1 ,and the plant she named ,liberty ,tree4 ,the celestial exotic struck deep in the ground1 ,like a native it flourished and bore2 ,the fame of its fruit drew the nation's around1 ,to seek out this peaceable shore4 ,unmindful of names or distinctions they came1 ,for freemen like brothers agree2 ,with one spirit endued1 they one friendship pursued1 ,and their temple was ,liberty ,tree4 ,beneath this fair tree1 like the patriarchs of old1 ,their bread in contentment they ate ,unvexed with the troubles of silver and gold1 ,the cares of the grand and the great4 ,with timber and tar they ,old ,england supplied1 ,and supported her power on the sea2 ,her battles they fought1 without getting a groat1 ,for the honor of ,liberty ,tree4 ,but hear1 ,o ye swains1 'tis a tale most profane1 ,how all the tyrannical powers1 ,kings1 ,commons and ,lords1 are uniting amain1 ,to cut down this guardian of ours2 ,from the east to the west blow the trumpet to arms1 ,through the land let the sound of it flee1 ,let the far and the near1 all unite with a cheer1 ,in defense of our ,liberty ,tree4 ,thomas ,paine ,illustration ,,the ,,rising ,,in #aggf4c ,out of the ,north the wild news came1 ,far flashing on its wings of flame1 ,swift as the boreal light which flies ,at midnight through the startled skies4 ,and there was tumult in the air1 ,the fife's shrill note1 the drum's loud beat1 ,and through the wide land everywhere ,the answering tread of hurrying feet2 ,while the first oath of ,freedom's gun1 ,came on the blast from ,lexington2 ,and ,concord1 roused1 no longer tame1 ,forgot her old baptismal name1 ,made bare her patriot arm of power1 ,and swelled the discord of the hour4 ,within its shade of elm and oak ,the church of ,berkeley ,manor stood2 ,there ,sunday found the rural folk1 ,and some esteemed of gentle blood4 ,in vain their feet with loitering tread ,passed 'mid the graves where rank is naught2 ,all could not read the lesson taught ,in that republic of the dead4 ,how sweet the hour of ,sabbath talk1 ,the vale with peace and sunshine full ,where all the happy people walk1 ,decked in their homespun flax and wool6 ,where youth's gay hats with blossoms bloom2 ,and every maid with simple art1 ,wears on her breast1 like her own heart1 ,a bud whose depths are all perfume2 ,while every garment's gentle stir ,is breathing rose and lavender4 ,the pastor came2 his snowy locks ,hallowed his brow of thought and care2 ,and calmly1 as shepherds lead their flocks1 ,he led into the house of prayer4 ,the pastor rose2 the prayer was strong2 ,the psalm was warrior ,david's song2 ,the text1 a few short words of might-- ,the ,lord of hosts shall arm the right6 ,he spoke of wrongs too long endured1 ,of sacred rights to be secured2 ,then from his patriot tongue of flame ,the startling words for ,freedom came4 ,the stirring sentences he spake ,compelled the heart to glow or quake1 ,and1 rising on his theme's broad wing1 ,and grasping in his nervous hand ,the imaginary battle brand1 ,in face of death he dared to fling ,defiance to a tyrant king4 ,even as he spoke1 his frame1 renewed ,in eloquence of attitude1 ,rose1 as it seemed1 a shoulder higher2 ,then swept his kindling glance of fire ,from startled pew to breathless choir2 ,when suddenly his mantle wide ,his hands impatient flung aside1 ,and1 lo6 he met their wondering eyes ,complete in all a warrior's guise4 ,a moment there was awful pause-- ,when ,berkeley cried1 ,cease1 traitor6 cease6 ,god's temple is the house of peace6 ,the other shouted1 ,nay1 not so1 ,when ,god is with our righteous cause2 ,his holiest places then are ours1 ,his temples are our forts and towers4 ,that frown upon the tyrant foe2 ,in this1 the dawn of ,freedom's day1 ,there is a time to fight and pray6 ,and now before the open door-- ,the warrior priest had ordered so-- ,the enlisting trumpet's sudden roar ,rang through the chapel1 o'er and o'er1 ,its long reverberating blow1 ,so loud and clear1 it seemed the ear ,of dusty death must wake and hear4 ,and there the startling drum and fife ,fired the living with fiercer life2 ,while overhead1 with wild increase1 ,forgetting its ancient toll of peace1 ,the great bell swung as ne'er before2 ,it seemed as it would never cease2 ,and every word its ardor flung ,from off its jubilant iron tongue ,was1 ,war6 ,war6 ,war6 ,who dares8--this was the patriot's cry1 ,as striding from the desk he came-- ,come out with me1 in ,freedom's name1 ,for her to live1 for her to die8 ,a hundred hands flung up reply1 ,a hundred voices answered1 ,i6 ,thomas ,buchanan ,read ,,america#d ,foreseen in the vision of sages1 ,foretold when martyrs bled1 ,she was born of the longing of ages1 ,by the truth of the noble dead ,and the faith of the living fed6 ,no blood in her lightest veins ,frets at remembered chains1 ,nor shame of bondage has bowed her head4 ,in her form and features still ,the unblenching ,puritan will1 ,cavalier honor1 ,huguenot grace1 ,the ,quaker truth and sweetness1 ,and the strength of the danger-girdled race ,of ,holland1 blend in a proud completeness4 ,from the homes of all1 where her being began1 ,she took what she gave to ,man2 ,justice1 that knew no station1 ,belief1 as soul decreed1 ,free air for aspiration1 ,free force for independent deed6 ,she takes1 but to give again1 ,as the sea returns the rivers in rain2 ,and gathers the chosen of her seed ,from the hunted of every crown and creed4 ,her ,germany dwells by a gentler ,rhine2 ,her ,ireland sees the old sunburst shine2 ,her ,france pursues some dream divine2 ,her ,norway keeps his mountain pine2 ,her ,italy waits by the western brine2 ,and1 broad-based under all1 ,is planted ,england's oaken-hearted mood1 ,as rich in fortitude ,as e'er went worldward from the island-wall6 ,fused in her candid light1 ,to one strong race all races here unite2 ,tongues melt in hers1 hereditary foemen ,forget their sword and slogan1 kith and clan4 ',twas glory1 once to be a ,roman3 ,she makes it glory1 now1 to be a man6 ,bayard ,taylor ,,the ,,blue ,,and ,,the ,,gray ,by the flow of the inland river1 ,whence the fleets of iron have fled1 ,where the blades of the grave grass quiver1 ,asleep are the ranks of the dead3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment day2 ,under the one1 the ,blue1 ,under the other1 the ,gray4 ,these in the robings of glory1 ,those in the gloom of defeat1 ,all with the battle blood gory1 ,in the dusk of eternity meet3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment day2 ,under the laurel1 the ,blue1 ,under the willow1 the ,gray4 ,from the silence of sorrowful hours ,the desolate mourners go1 ,lovingly laden with flowers ,alike for the friend and the foe3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment day2 ,under the roses1 the ,blue1 ,under the lilies1 the ,gray4 ,so with an equal splendor ,the morning sun rays fall1 ,with a touch impartially tender1 ,on the blossoms blooming for all3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment day2 ,broidered with gold1 the ,blue1 ,mellowed with gold1 the ,gray4 ,so1 when the summer calleth1 ,on forest and field of grain1 ,with an equal murmur falleth ,the cooling drip of the rain3 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment day2 ,wet with the rain1 the ,blue1 ,wet with the rain1 the ,gray4 ,sadly1 but not with upbraiding1 ,the generous deed was done1 ,in the storm of the years that are fading1 ,no braver battle was won ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment day2 ,under the blossoms1 the ,blue1 ,under the garlands1 the ,gray4 ,no more shall the war cry sever1 ,or the winding rivers be red2 ,they banish our anger forever ,when they laurel the graves of our dead6 ,under the sod and the dew1 ,waiting the judgment day2 ,love and tears for the ,blue1 ,tears and love for the ,gray4 ,francis ,miles ,finch ,,abraham ,,lincoln#e ,life may be given in many ways1 ,and loyalty to ,truth be sealed ,as bravely in the closet as the field1 ,so bountiful is ,fate2 ,but then to stand beside her1 ,when craven churls deride her1 ,to front a lie in arms and not to yield1 ,this shows1 methinks1 ,god's plan ,and measure of a stalwart man1 ,limbed like the old heroic breeds1 ,who stand self-poised on manhood's solid earth1 ,not forced to frame excuses for his birth1 ,fed from within with all the strength he needs4 ,such was he1 our martyr chief1 ,whom late the ,nation he had led1 ,with ashes on her head1 ,wept with the passion of an angry grief3 ,forgive me1 if from present things ,i turn ,to speak what in my heart will beat and burn1 ,and hang my wreath on his world-honored urn4 ,nature1 they say1 doth dote1 ,and cannot make a man ,save on some worn-out plan1 ,repeating us by rote3 ,for him her ,old-,world molds aside she threw1 ,and1 choosing sweet clay from the breast ,of the unexhausted ,west1 ,with stuff untainted shaped a hero new1 ,wise1 steadfast in the strength of ,god1 and true4 ,how beautiful to see ,once more a shepherd of mankind indeed1 ,who loved his charge1 but never loved to lead2 ,one whose meek flock the people joyed to be1 ,not lured by any cheat of birth1 ,but by his clear-grained human worth1 ,and brave old wisdom of sincerity6 ,they knew that outward grace is dust2 ,they could not choose but trust ,in that sure-footed mind's unfaltering skill1 ,and supple-tempered will ,that bent like perfect steel to spring again and thrust4 ,his was no lonely mountain peak of mind1 ,thrusting to thin air o'er our cloudy bars1 ,a sea mark now1 now lost in vapor's blind2 ,broad prairie rather1 genial1 level-lined1 ,fruitful and friendly for all human kind1 ,yet also nigh to ,heaven and loved of loftiest stars4 ,nothing of ,europe here1 ,or1 then1 of ,europe fronting mornward still1 ,ere any names of serf and peer ,could ,nature's equal scheme deface ,and thwart her genial will2 ,here was a type of the true elder race1 ,and one of ,plutarch's men talked with us face to face4 ,i praise him not2 it were too late2 ,and some innative weakness there must be ,in him who condescends to victory ,such as the ,present gives1 and cannot wait1 ,safe in himself as in a fate4 ,so always firmly he3 ,he knew to bide his time1 ,and can his fame abide1 ,still patient in his simple faith sublime1 ,till the wise years decide4 ,great captains1 with their guns and drums1 ,disturb our judgment for the hour1 ,but at last silence comes6 ,these all are gone1 and standing like a tower1 ,our children shall behold his fame1 ,the kindly-earnest1 brave1 foreseeing man1 ,sagacious1 patient1 dreading praise1 not blame1 ,new birth of our new soil1 the first ,american4 ,james ,russell ,lowell ,,the ,,flag ,,goes ,,by ,hats off6 ,along the street there comes ,a blare of bugles1 a ruffle of drums1 ,a flash of color beneath the sky3 ,hats off6 ,the flag is passing by6 ,blue and crimson and white it shines1 ,over the steel-tipped1 ordered lines1 ,hats off6 ,the colors before us fly2 ,but more than the flag is passing by4 ,sea fights and land fights1 grim and great1 ,fought to make and save the ,state3 ,weary marches and sinking ships2 ,cheers of victory on dying lips2 ,days of plenty and years of peace2 ,march of a strong land's swift increase2 ,equal justice1 right1 and law1 ,stately honor and reverend awe2 ,sign of a nation1 great and strong ,to ward her people from foreign wrong3 ,pride and glory and honor--all ,live in the colors to stand or fall4 ,hats off6 ,along the street there comes ,a blare of bugles1 a ruffle of drums2 ,and loyal hearts are beating high3 ,hats off6 ,the flag is passing by6 ,henry ,holcomb ,bennett ,,the ,,ship ,,of ,,state ,thou1 too1 sail on1 ,o ,ship of ,state6 ,sail on1 ,o ,,union1 strong and great6 ,humanity with all its fears1 ,with all the hopes of future years1 ,is hanging breathless on thy fate6 ,we know what ,master laid thy keel1 ,what ,workmen wrought thy ribs of steel1 ,who made each mast1 and sail1 and rope1 ,what anvils rang1 what hammers beat1 ,in what a forge and what a heat ,were shaped the anchors of thy hope6 ,fear not each sudden sound and shock1 ',tis of the wave and not the rock2 ',tis but the flapping of the sail1 ,and not a rent made by the gale6 ,in spite of rock and tempest's roar ,in spite of false lights on the shore1 ,sail on1 nor fear to breast the sea6 ,our hearts1 our hopes1 are all with thee1 ,our hearts1 our hopes1 our prayers1 our tears1 ,our faith triumphant o'er our fears1 ,are all with thee--are all with thee6 ,henry ,wadsworth ,longfellow ,,the ,,name ,,of ,,old ,,glory#f ,old ,glory6 say who1 ,by the ships and the crew1 ,and the long1 blended ranks of the grey and the blue-- ,who gave you1 ,old ,glory1 the name that you bear ,with such pride everywhere ,as you cast yourself free to the rapturous air ,and leap out full length as we're wanting you to8 ,who gave you that name1 with the ring of the same1 ,and the honor and fame so becoming to you8-- ,your stripes streaked in ripples of white and of red1 ,with your stars at their glittering best overhead-- ,by day or by night1 ,their delightfulest light ,laughing down from their little square heaven of blue6 ,who gave you the name of ,old ,glory8--say who-- ,who gave you the name of ,old ,glory8 ,the old banner lifted1 and faltering then1 ,in vague lisps and whispers fell silent again4 ,old ,glory1--speak out6--we are asking about ,how you happened to favor a name1 so to say1 ,that sounds so familiar and careless and gay ,as we cheer it and shout in our wild1 breezy way-- ,we--the crowd1 every man of us1 calling you that-- ,we--,tom1 ,dick and ,harry--each swinging his hat-- ,and hurrahing ,old ,glory1 like you were our kind1 ,when--,lord--we all know we're as common as sin6 ,and yet it just seems like you humor us all ,and waft us your thanks as we hail you and fall ,into line1 with you over us1 waving us on ,where our glorified1 sanctified betters have gone-- ,and this is the reason we're wanting to know-- 7,and we're wanting it so6 ,where our own fathers went1 we are willing to go7 ,who gave you the name of ,old ,glory--,oho6 ,who gave you the name of ,old ,glory8 ,the old flag unfurled in a billowy thrill ,for an instant1 then wistfully sighed and was still4 ,old ,glory--the story we're wanting to hear ,is what the plain facts of your christening were-- ,for your name--just to hear it1 ,repeat it1 and cheer it1 's a tang to the spirit ,as salt as a tear2-- ,and seeing you fly1 and the boys marching by1 ,there's a shout in the throat and a blur in the eye ,and an aching to live for you always--or die1 ,if1 dying1 we still keep you waving on high4 ,and so1 by our love ,for you1 floating above1 ,and the scars of all wars and the sorrows thereof1 ,who gave you the name of ,old ,glory1 and why ,are we thrilled at the name of ,old ,glory8 ,then the old banner leaped1 like a sail in the blast1 ,and fluttered an audible answer at last4 ,and it spake1 with a shake of the voice1 and it said3-- ,by the driven snow-white and the living blood-red ,of my bars1 and their heaven of stars overhead-- ,by the symbol conjoined of them all1 skyward cast1 ,as ,i float from the steeple1 or flap at the mast1 ,or droop o'er the sod where the long grasses nod1-- ,my name is as old as the glory of ,god1 444 ,so ,i came by the name of ,old ,glory4 ,james ,whitcomb ,riley ,footnotes3 #a ,by ,ralph ,waldo ,emerson1 at the dedication1 ,april #ai1 #ahcf1 of the monument erected at ,concord in honor of the patriots who fell in the battle of ,lexington sixty-one years before4 #b ,published in the ,pennsylvania ,magazine1 #agge4 #c ,used with the courteous permission of the publishers1 ,the ,j4 ,b4 ,lippincott ,co41 ,philadelphia4 #d ,from the ,national ,ode1 ,july #d1 #ahgf4 #e ,from the ,ode recited at the ,harvard ,commemoration1 ,july #ba1 #ahfe4 #f ,from the ,biographical ,edition of the ,complete ,works of ,james ,whitcomb ,riley4 ,copyright #aiac4 ,used by special permission of the publishers1 ,the ,bobbs-,merrill ,company4