,,! ,,indu/rial ,,read]s ,book ,,ii ,,digg]s ,,9 ,,! ,,e>? ,,by ,,eva ,,m>* ,,tappan1 ,ph4,d4 ,au?or ( ,engl&'s ,/ory1 ,am]ican ,h]o ,/ories1 ,old ,_w ,h]o ,/ories1 ,/ory ( ! ,greek ,p1 ,/ory ( ! ,roman ,p1 etc4 ,editor ( ,! ,*ildr5's ,h\r4 ,illu/ration ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,read]s ,by ,eva ,m>* ,tappan ,i4 ,,! ,,f>m] ,,& ,,8 ,,fri5ds4 #ej c5ts4 ,,ii4 ,,digg]s ,,9 ,,! ,,e>?4 #ej c5ts4 ,,iii4 ,,mak]s ,,( ,,_m ,,?+s4 #ej c5ts4 ,,iv4 ,,travel]s ,,& ,,travel+4 #ej c5ts4 ,! =ego+ are li/ prices1 po/paid ,,copyright1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,,eva ,,m>* ,,tappan ,,all ,,rights ,,res]v$ ,fir/ pr9t+ ,april #aiaf2 ,repr9t$ ,decemb] #aiaf ,! ,riv]side ,press ,,cambridge1 ,,massa*usetts ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,preface ,! f\r books ( ?is s]ies h be5 writt5 n m]ely to provide agreeable read+ matt] = *ildr51 b to give !m in=mation4 ,:5 a *ild c look at a /eel p5 n simply z an article furni%$ by ! city = 8 use1 b r z ! result ( _m int]e/+ processes1 he has made a di/9ct gr[? 9 intellig5ce4 ,:5 he has begun to appreh5d ! fruitfulness ( ! e>?1 bo? above gr\nd & bel[1 & ! be/ way 9 :i* its products may be utiliz$ & c>ri$ to ! places :]e !y are ne$$1 he has n only acquir$ a k ( _m k9ds ( indu/rial life :i* may help him to *oose 8 life-"w wisely f among !m2 b he has le>n$ ! dep5d5ce ( "o p]son ^u o!r p]sons1 ( "o "p ( ! _w ^u o!r p>ts1 & ! necessity ( peaceful int]c\rse4 ,be/ ( all1 he has le>n$ to see4 ,wordswor?'s famili> l9es say ( a man ^: eyes _h n be5 op5$1-- ,a primrose by a riv]'s brim ,a yell[ primrose 0 to him1 ,& x 0 no?+ m4 ,^! books are plann$ to %[ ! *ildr5 t !re is some?+ m2 to broad5 _! horizon2 to reveal to !m :at inv5tion has accompli%$ & :at wide room = inv5tion /ill rema9s2 to tea* !m t rew>d comes to ! man :o improves 8 output beyond ! task ( ! mom5t2 & t success is wait+ n = him :o works because he mu/1 b him :o works because he may4 ,ackn[l$gm5t is due to ! ,lehigh ,valley ,railroad1 ,jones ,bro!rs ,company1 ,alpha ,portl& ,cem5t ,company1 ,dwight ,w4 ,woodbridge1 ! ,utah ,copp] ,company1 ! ,alum9um ,company ( ,am]ica1 ! ,diamond ,cry/al ,salt ,company1 ,t4 ,w4 ,rick>d1 & o!rs1 ^: advice & criticism h be5 ( mo/ valuable aid 9 ! prep>ation ( ?is volume4 ,,eva ,,m>* ,,tappan4 ,,cont5ts ,i4 ,,9 ,a ,,coal ,,m9e #a ,,ii4 ,,d[n ,,9 ,,! ,,qu>ries #aa ,,iii4 ,,h\ses ,,( ,,s& #ba ,,iv4 ,,bricks1 ,,_! ,,faults ,,& ,,_! ,,virtues #ca ,v4 ,,at ,,! ,,gold ,,digg+s #ci ,,vi4 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,silv] ,,m9e #dh ,,vii4 ,,iron1 ,,! ,,ev]yday ,,metal #eg ,,viii4 ,,our ,,good ,,fri5d ,,copp] #fe ,,ix4 ,,! ,,new ,,metal1 ,,alum9um #gf ,x4 ,,! ,,oil ,,9 ,,our ,,lamps #hd ,,xi4 ,,little ,,gra9s ,,( ,,salt #ie ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations ,a ,,/ructural ,,/eel ,,ap>tm5t ,,build+ vi ,,h[ ,a ,,coal ,,m9e ,,looks ,,abovegr\nd #e ,,m9]s ,,& ,,_! ,,m9e #aj ,,op5+ ,a ,,granite ,,qu>ry #ac ,,build+ ,a ,,concrete ,,road #bg ,,9 ,a ,,new ,,j]sey ,,brick ,,mill #cc ,,hydraulic ,,gold ,,m9+ #da ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,spoon #ea ,,9 ,,! ,,/eel ,,f\ndry #fa ,,9 ,a ,,copp] ,,smelt] #fg ,a ,,movie ,,( ,,an ,,alum9um ,,funnel #gi ,a ,,cali=nia ,,oil ,,field #hg ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,/ructural ,,/eel ,,ap>tm5t ,,build+ ,c\rtesy ,am]ican ,bridge ,co4 ,fir/ ! /eel frame1 !n ! floors1 !n ! /one or brick %ell1 !n ! int]ior f9i%+--?is is h[ ! build+ is made4 ,,! ,,indu/rial ,,read]s ,,book ,,ii ,,digg]s ,,9 ,,! ,,e>? ,i ,,9 ,a ,,coal ,,m9e ,did y ev] wond] h[ b$s ( coal happ5$ to be 9 ! e>?8 ,?is is _! /ory4 ,c5turies ago1 s _m ?\s& c5turies t ev5 ! mo/ le>n$ m5 c only guess at _! numb]1 /range ?+s 7 com+ to pass4 ,! air 0 s moi/ & cl\dy t ! sun's rays _h h>d "w to get ?r\gh4 ,x 0 w>m1 nev]!less1 = ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 n ne>ly s ?ick z x is n[1 & mu* heat came f ! e>? itself4 ,_m plants & trees gr[ be/ 9 w>m1 moi/ air2 & su* plants fl\ri%$ 9 ^? days4 ,"s ( _! desc5dants are liv+ n[1 b !y are dw>fs1 :ile _! ance/ors 7 giants4 ,!re is a little horse-tail gr[+ 9 our mead[s1 & !re are f]ns & club mosses almo/ ev]y:]e4 ,^! are "s ( ! desc5dants2 b _m ( _! ance/ors 7 =ty or fifty feet high4 ,!y grew v fa/1 especially 9 swamps2 & :5 !y di$1 !re 0 no lack ( o!rs to take _! places4 ,dead leaves fell & heap$ up ar\nd !m4 ,/umps /ood & decay$1 j z !y d 9 our =e/s to-day4 ,e ye> ! s(t1 black1 decay+ mass grew deep]4 ,z ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 s ?91 x b5t & wr9kl$ easily4 ,x (t5 sank 9 "o place & rose 9 ano!r4 ,:5 ^! l[1 swampy places sank1 wat] ru%$ ov] !m1 press+ d[n ^u !m ) a great weight & sweep+ 9 s& & clay4 ,n[1 if y burn a heap ( wood 9 ! op5 air1 ! c>bon 9 ! wood burns & only a pile ( a%es rema9s4 ,burn+ means t ! c>bon 9 ! wood unites ) ! oxyg5 gas 9 ! air4 ,if y cov] ! wood be=e y light x1 s t only a little oxyg5 rea*es x1 mu* ( ! c>bon is left1 9 ! =m ( *>coal4 ,:5 wood decays1 its c>bon unites ) ! oxyg5 ( ! air2 & s decay is really a sort ( burn+4 ,9 ! =e/s ( to-day ! leaves1 & at l5g? ! trees !mselves1 fall & decay 9 ! op5 air2 b at ! "t :5 our coal 0 =m+1 ! wat] kept ! air away1 & mu* c>bon 0 left4 ,?is is ! way coal 0 made4 ,"s ( ! lay]s1 or /rata1 are fifty or sixty feet ?ick1 & "s are h>dly ?ick] ?an pap]4 ,on top ( ea* "o is a /ratum ( s&/one or d>k-gray %ale4 ,?is 0 made by ! s& & mud :i* 7 br\ght 9 by ! wat]4 ,^! %aly rocks split easily into %eets & %[ beautiful fossil impressions ( f]ns4 ,!re are also impressions ( ! b>k & fruit ( trees1 toge!r ) %ells1 cr9oids1 corals1 rema9s ( fi%es & fly+ liz>ds1 & "s few trilobites1--crablike animals ) a %ell some:at l ! back ( a lob/]1 b m>k$ into ?ree divisions or lobes1 f :i* its "n comes4 ,s9ce ! cru/ ( ! e>? 0 s ?9 & yield+1 x wr9kl$ up z ! e>? cool$1 mu* z ! sk9 ( an apple wr9kles :5 ! apple dries4 ,?is br\ght "s ( ! /rata ( coal to ! surface1 & aft] a :ile p discov]$ t x w\ld burn4 ,if a ve9 ( coal cropp$ out on a man's f>m1 he broke "s ( x up ) 8 pickaxe1 %ovel$ x into 8 :eelb>r[1 & :eel$ x home4 ,aft] a :ile hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( p want$ coal2 & n[ x _h to be m9$4 ,9 "s places ! coal /ratum 0 horizontal & cropp$ out on ! side ( a hill1 s t a level road c\ld be dug /raight into x4 ,9 o!r places ! coal 0 s ne> ! surface t x c\ld be qu>ri$ "u ! op5 sky1 j z granite is qu>ri$4 ,g5]ally1 h[ev]1 if y wi% to visit a coal m9e1 y g to a %aft1 a squ>e1 black well sometimes deep] ?an ! height ( ?ree or f\r ord9>y *ur* /eeples4 ,y get into ! cage1 a great /eel box1 & are l[]$ d[n1 d[n1 d[n4 ,at la/ ! cage /ops & y are at ! bottom ( ! m9e4 ,! m9]s' faces1 h&s1 ov]alls1 are all black ) coal du/4 ,!y we> t9y lamps on _! caps1 & z !y come ne> ! walls ( coal1 x sp>kles z x cat*es ! light4 ,"h & !re hangs an electric lamp4 ,x is do+ its be/ to give out light1 b its glass is ?ick ) coal du/4 ,! l[ ro( is held up by /\t wood5 timb]s & pill>s ( coal4 ,a long passageway /ret*es (f into a black] d>kness ?an y ev] dream$ (4 ,sudd5ly !re is a blaze ( r$ light f> d[n ! passage1 a ro>1 a m$ley ( all sorts ( noises1--! rattl+ ( *a9s1 ! clatt]+ ( c\pl+s1 ! %\ts ( m51 ! cra% ( coal fall+ into ! b9s4 ,x is a locomotive dragg+ its l9e ( c>s load$ ) coal4 ,9 a few m9utes x ru%es back ) empty c>s to h !m refill$4 ,all along ?is passageway are rooms1 t is1 *amb]s :i* h be5 made by digg+ out ! coal4 ,above !m is a va/ am\nt ( e>? & rock1 sometimes hundr$s ( feet 9 ?ickness4 ,!re is always dang] t ! ro( w cave 91 & s ! rooms are n made l>ge1 & great pill>s ( coal are left to hold up ! ro(4 ,n _m ye>s ago ! m9] us$ to d all ! "w ) 8 muscles2 n[ ma*9es d mo/ ( x4 ,! m9] !n _h to lie d[n on 8 side ne> ! wall ( coal 9 8 room & cut into x1 close to ! floor1 z f> z 8 pickaxe w\ld rea*4 ,!n he bor$ a hole into ! top ( ! coal1 pu%$ 9 a c>tridge1 ?ru/ 9 a sl5d] squib1 light$ x1 & ran = 8 life4 ,! c>tridge explod$1 & p]haps a ton or two ( coal fell4 ,! m9]'s help] %ovel$ ?is into a c> & pu%$ x out ( ! room to jo9 ! long /r+ ( c>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,h[ ,a ,,coal ,,m9e ,,looks ,,abovegr\nd ,all t %[s on ! surface is ! ma*9]y %$ :]e ! v>i\s eng9es "w to keep ! air fre%1 & br+ up ! m9]s & ! coal4 ,t is ! way m9+ us$ to be done4 ,9 ^! days a man ) a small ma*9e = cutt+ coal comes fir/4 ,he puts 8 cutt] on ! floor aga9/ ! wall ( coal & turns on ! electricity4 ,*ip1 *ip1 gr9ds ! ma*9e1 eat+ its way swiftly into ! coal1 & soon !re is a deep cut all along ! side ( ! room4 ,! man & 8 ma*9e g else:]e1 & ! fir/ room is left = its next visitors4 ,!y come 9 ! ev5+ & bore holes = ! bla/+4 ,once ^! holes 7 bor$ by h&1 b n[ !y are made ) p[]ful drills t "w by compress$ air4 ,a little lat] o!r m5 come & set (f c>tridges4 ,9 ! morn+ :5 ! du/ has settl$ & ! smoke has bl[n away1 ! load]s appe> ) _! %ovels & load ! coal into ! c>s4 ,!n x is rais$ to ! surface & made ready = m>ket4 ,did y ev] notice t "s pieces ( coal are dull & smutty1 :ile o!rs are h>d & bright8 ,! dull coal is call$ bitum9\s1 because x conta9s m bitum5 or m9]al pit*4 ,?is is (t5 sold z run-(-m9e coal1--t is1 j z x comes f ! m9e1 :e!r 9 big pieces or 9 little ones2 b sometimes x is pass$ ov] scre5s1 & 9 ?is process ! du/ & small] bits drop out4 ,! second k9d ( coal1 ! sort t is h>d & bright1 is an?racite4 ,its "n is connect$ ) a ,greek ^w mean+ ruby4 ,x burns ) a gl[1 b does n blaze4 ,mo/ ( ! an?racite coal is us$ 9 h\ses1 & h\sehold]s w n buy x unless ! pieces are ( ne>ly ! same size & free f dirt1 coal du/1 & slate4 ,! "w ( prep>ation is done 9 odd-%ap$ build+s call$ break]s4 ,"o "p ( a break] is (t5 a hundr$ or a hundr$ & fifty feet 9 height4 ,! coal is c>ri$ to ! top ( ! break]4 ,f !re x makes a j\rney to ! gr\nd1 b some?+ happ5s to x e little way4 ,x goes betwe5 roll]s1 :i* cru% x2 !n ov] scre5s1 ?r\gh :i* ! small] pieces fall4 ,sometimes ! scre5s are s made t ! coal w pass ov] !m1 :ile ! ?91 flat pieces ( slate w fall ?r\gh4 ,9 spite ( all ?is1 bits ( coal mix$ ) slate sometimes slide d[n ) ! coal1 & ^! are pick$ out by boys4 ,a bett] way ( gett+ rid ( !m is n[ com+ into use4 ,?is is to put ! coal & slate into mov+ wat]4 ,! slate is heavi] ?an ! coal1 & s9ks2 & s ! coal c easily be sep>at$ f x4 ,deal]s h names = ! v>i\s sizes ( coal4 ,egg mu/ be betwe5 two & two & five eigh?s in*es 9 diamet]2 nut betwe5 ?ree f\r?s & "o & "o eigh? in*es2 pea betwe5 "o half & ?ree f\r?s ( an in*4 ,m9+ coal is dang]\s "w4 ,any bl[ ( ! pickaxe may break into a ve9 ( wat] :i* w bur/ out & flood ! m9e4 ,! wood5 props :i* support ! ro( may break1 or ! pill>s ( coal may n be l>ge en\gh2 & ! ro( may fall 9 & cru% ! work]s4 ,!re are always poison\s gases4 ,! coal1 z has be5 said be=e1 0 made "u wat]1 & !re=e ! gas :i* 0 =m$ 9 ! decay+ leaves & wood c\ld n escape4 ,x is always bubbl+ out f ! coal1 & at any mom5t a pickaxe may break into a hole t is full ( x4 ,"o k9d ( gas is call$ *oke-damp1 because x *okes or suffocates any "o :o brea!s x4 ,!re is also :ite-damp1 ! gas :i* y see burn+ ) a pretty blue flame ov] a hot coal fire4 ,wor/ ( all is ! fire-damp4 ,if y /ir up ! wat] 9 a m>%1 y w see bubbles ( x rise to ! surface4 ,x is h>mless 9 a m>%1 b q ! opposite 9 a m9e4 ,:5 x unites ) a c]ta9 am\nt ( air1 x becomes explosive1 & ! lea/ bit ( flame w cause a t]rible explosion4 ,ev5 coal du/ may explode if ! air is full ( x1 & x is sudd5ly set 9 motion by too heavy a bla/ ( p[d]4 ,m9]s us$ to "w by c&lelight4 ,e "o knew h[ dang]\s ?is 02 b no "o f\nd any bett] way until1 ab\t a hundr$ ye>s ago1 ,sir ,humphry ,davy notic$ some?+ :i* o!r p _h n obs]v$4 ,he discov]$ t flame w\ld n pass ?r\gh f9e wire gauze1 & he made a safety lamp 9 :i* a little oil lamp 0 plac$ 9 a r\nd funnel ( wire gauze4 ,! light1 b n ! flame1 w\ld pass ?r\gh x2 & all safety lamps t burn oil h be5 made on ?is pr9ciple4 ,! electric lamp1 h[ev]1 is n[ 9 g5]al use4 ,! m9] we>s x on 8 cap1 & betwe5 8 %\ld]s he c>ries a small1 light /orage batt]y4 ,ev5 ) safety lamps1 h[ev]1 !re are sometimes explosions4 ,! only way to make a m9e at all safe f dang]\s gases is to keep x full ( fre%1 pure air4 ,!re is no w9d to bl[ ?r\gh ! *amb]s & passages1 & !re=e air has to be =c$ 94 ,"o way is to keep a l>ge fire at ! bottom ( ! air %aft4 ,if y /& on a /epladd]1 y w feel t ! top ( ! room is mu* w>m] ?an ! floor4 ,?is is because hot air rises2 & 9 a m9e1 ! hot air ov] ! fire rises & sucks ! f\l air & gas out ( ! m9e1 & fre% air ru%es 9 to take its place4 ,ano!r way is by a fan1 a ma*9e t =ces fre% air into ! m9e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,m9]s ,,& ,,_! ,,m9e ,notice ! safety lamps 9 ! m5's caps1 & ! little railroad on :i* ! c>s ( coal & ore travel1 haul$ by ! useful mule4 ,s x is t by h>d "w & mu* dang] we get coal = burn+4 ,n[1 coal is dirty & heavy4 ,a coal fire is h>d to k9dle & h>d to put out1 & ! a%es are decid$ly disagreeable to h&le4 ,& aft] all1 we d n really burn ! coal itself1 b only ! gas f x :i* results f ! union ( c>bon & oxyg54 ,9 "s places natural gas1 z x is call$1 :i* comes directly f "s /oreh\se 9 ! gr\nd1 is us$ 9 /oves & furnaces & fireplaces = bo? heat+ & cook+2 & p]haps be=e long gas w be manufactur$ s *eaply & c be us$ s safely & com=tably t we %all n h to burn coal at all1 b c use gas = all purposes--unless electricity %\ld take its place4 ,,ii ,,d[n ,,9 ,,! ,,qu>ries ,:5 walk+ 9 ! c\ntry "o day ,i came to a beautiful pond by ! side ( ! road4 ,! wat] 0 almo/ z cle> z air1 & z ,i look$ d[n into x1 ,i c\ld see t ! bottom 0 made ( granite4 ,! f>!r %ores 7 cliffs ( clean granite ?irty or =ty feet high & com+ d[n to ! wat]'s edge4 ,! m>ks ( tools c\ld be se5 on !m1 %[+ :]e blocks ( /one _h evid5tly be5 split (f4 ,i pick$ up a piece ( ! rock & exam9$ x closely4 ,x prov$ to be made up ( ?ree k9ds ( mat]ial4 ,fir/1 !re 7 t9y sp>kl+ bits ( mica4 ,9 "s places !re are mica m9es yield+ big %eets ( ?is curi\s m9]al :i* is us$ 9 ! doors ( /oves & ! little w9d[s ( automobile curta9s4 ,) ! po9t ( a knife ! bits 9 my piece ( granite c\ld be split into t9y %eets z ?9 z pap]4 ,! second mat]ial 0 qu>tz4 ,?is 0 grayi%-:ite & look$ some:at l glass4 ,! ?ird mat]ial 0 feldsp>4 ,?is1 too1 0 :iti%1 b "o or two sides ( ea* bit 7 flat1 z if !y _h n be5 brok51 b split4 ,?is is ! mo/ common k9d ( granite4 ,!re are _m v>ieties4 ,"s ( !m are almo/ :ite1 "s d>k gray1 o!rs pale p9k1 & yet o!rs deep r$4 ,x is f\nd 9 m ?an half ! ,/ates ( ! ,union4 ,?is qu>ry _h be5 giv5 up & all[$ to fill ) wat]2 b x 0 a granite c\ntry1 & f>!r d[n ! road !re 0 ano!r1 :]e scores ( m5 7 h>d at "w4 ,?is second qu>ry 0 "p-way up a hill2 or r1 x 0 a hill ( granite :i* m5 7 digg+ out & c>ry+ away4 ,:5 !y began to op5 ! qu>ry1 mu* ( ! rock 0 cov]$ ) dirt & loose /ones1 & ev5 ! granite t %[$ abovegr\nd 0 worn & brok5 & /a9$4 ,?is is call$ trap rock4 ,! easie/ way to get rid ( x is to bla/ ) dynamite & !n c>ry away ! dirt & fragm5ts4 ,next comes ! gett+ out ( great masses ( rock to use1 "s ( !m p]haps long en\gh to make ! pill>s ( a l>ge build+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,op5+ ,a ,,granite ,,qu>ry ,c\rtesy ,jones ,bro!rs ,company4 ,! fir/ ?+ to d is to /rip (f ! soil f ! /one4 ,!n1 z ! blocks are cut out1 ! big d]rick lifts & loads !m on wait+ c>s4 ,n[1 granite is a h>d /one1 b !re is no special difficulty 9 cutt+ x if y "k h[4 ,9 ! old days1 :5 p wi%$ to split a big b\ld]1 !y sometimes built a fire beside x1 & :5 x 0 well heat$1 !y dropp$ a heavy iron ball ^u x4 ,k+'s ,*apel 9 ,bo/on 0 built ( /one brok5 9 ?is way4 ,to break f a cliff1 h[ev]1 a block ( granite big en\gh to make a long pill> is a diff]5t matt]1 & ?is is :at ! m5 7 do+4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! =eman _h exam9$ ! qu>ry till he _h f\nd a /ratum ( ! "r ?ickness4 ,he _h m>k$ :]e ! ends 7 to come1 & ! m5 _h drill$ holes d[n to ! bottom ( ! /ratum4 ,!n he _h drawn a l9e at ! back along :]e he wi%$ ! split to be1 & ! m5 _h drill$ on ?is l9e also a r[ ( holes4 ,next came ! bla/+4 ,if "o v heavy *>ge _h be5 explod$1 x w\ld probably h %att]$ ! :ole mass1 or at any rate h injur$ x badly4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 !y put into ea* hole a light *>ge ( co>se p[d] & cov]$ x ) s&4 ,^! 7 all fir$ at ! same in/ant1 & ?us ! great block 0 loos5$ f ! wall4 ,sometimes !re seems to be no sign ( /rata1 & !n a l9e ( horizontal holes mu/ be drill$ :]e ! bottom ( ! block is to be4 ,aft] ?is comes :at is call$ ! plug-&-fea!r process4 ,into ea* hole are plac$ two pieces ( iron1 %ap$ l a p5cil split d[n ! middle4 ,^! are ! fea!rs4 ,! plug is a small /eel w$ge t is put betwe5 ! iron pieces4 ,!n two m5 ) hamm]s g d[n ! l9e & /rike ea* w$ge almo/ z g5tly z if x 0 a nut ^: k]nel !y 7 afraid ( cru%+4 ,!y g d[n ! l9e aga91 /rik+ z s(tly z be=e4 ,!n1 if y look closely1 y c see a t9y crack betwe5 ! holes4 ,!re is m hamm]+1 ! crack /ret*es f>!r1 a few ( ! w$ges are driv5 deep] & ! o!rs drop out4 ,! block splits (f4 ,a mighty *a9 is !n w\nd ab\t x1 ! /eam d]rick lifts x1 lays x g5tly ^u a c>1 & x is c>ri$ to ! %$ to be cut into %ape1 smoo!d1 & p]haps poli%$4 ,9 almo/ e k9d ( "w new me?ods are inv5t$ aft] a :ile4 ,9 qu>ry+1 h[ev]1 ! same old me?ods are 9 use4 ,! only diff]5ce is t1 in/ead ( ! "w be+ done by muscle1 x is done by compress$ air or /eam or electricity4 ,compress$ air or /eam works ! drill & ! sl$gehamm]4 ,! drill is held by an arm1 b ! arm is a long /eel rod :i* is only guid$ by ! workman4 ,n ! horse-sweep ( old times1 b ! /eam d]rick & ! electric hoi/ lift ! heavy blocks f ! qu>ry4 ,poli%+ us$ to be a v sl[1 exp5sive op]ation1 because x 0 all done by ! /r5g? ( "s "o's "r arm1 b n[1 al?\gh x takes z mu* "w z ev]1 ?is "w is done by ma*9]y4 ,to po9t a piece ( /one1 or give x a some:at smoo? surface1 is done n[ ) tools work$ by compress$ air4 ,aft] ?is1 ! /one is rubb$--by ma*9]y1 ( c\rse--) wat] & em]y1 !n by wet felt cov]$ ) pumice or poli%+ putty4 ,a few ye>s ago two "y ,v]mont]s inv5t$ a ma*9e t w\ld saw granite4 ,?is saw has no tee?1 b only blades ( iron4 ,betwe5 ^! blades & ! piece ( granite1 h[ev]1 %ot ( *ill$ /eel are p\r$2 & !y d ! real cutt+4 ,granite has long be5 us$ 9 build+ :]ev] a /rong1 solid mat]ial 0 ne$$2 b until ! s& bla/ 0 tri$1 p ?\ght x impossible to d f9e "w 9 ?is /one4 ,!re 0 a firm 9 ,v]mont1 h[ev]1 :o believ$ 9 ! s& bla/4 ,!y _h a contract ) ! ,gov]nm5t to furni% sev]al ?\s& head/ones = national cemet]ies4 ,cutt+ ! names w\ld be sl[ & co/ly2 s !y made lett]s & figures ( iron1 /uck !m to ! /ones1 & turn$ on ! bla/4 ,if a s& bla/ is only fa/ en\gh1 x w cut /one h>d] ?an itself4 ,! bla/ 0 turn$ ^u a /one = five m9utes4 ,!n ! iron lett]s 7 remov$4 ,!re /ood 9 rais$ lett]s ! "n1 company1 regim5t1 & rank ( ! soldi]1 :ile a qu>t] ( an in* ( ! re/ ( ! /one1 :i* ! iron lett]s _h n protect$1 _h be5 cut away4 ,by means ( ! s& bla/ x has become possible to d beautiful c>v+ ev5 9 mat]ial z h>d z granite4 ,granite looks s solid t p us$ to ?9k x 0 firepro(2 b x is really poor mat]ial 9 a great fire4 ,mo/ sub/ances exp& :5 !y are heat$2 b ! ?ree sub/ances ( :i* granite is made d n exp& alike1 & s !y t5d to break ap>t & ! granite crumbles4 ,a m>ble qu>ry is ev5 m int]e/+ ?an a granite qu>ry4 ,if y /& on a hill 9 a "p ( ! c\ntry :]e m>ble is work$1 y w see :ite l$ges cropp+ out "h & !re4 ,! little villages are :ite because _m ( ! h\ses are built ( m>ble4 ,!n1 too1 !re are great m>ble qu>ries fla%+ 9 ! sun%9e4 ,sometimes a m>ble qu>ry is *iefly on ! surface4 ,sometimes ! m>ble /ret*es into ! e>?1 & ! cutt+ foll[s x until a great cav]n is made1 p]haps two or ?ree hundr$ feet deep4 ,a ro( is (t5 built to keep out ! ra9 & sn[4 ,x keeps out ! light1 too1 & on ra9y days ! ro(1 toge!r ) ! smoke & /eam ( ! eng9es1 makes ! bottom ( ! qu>ry a gloomy place4 ,ev]y:]e !re are sl5d] ladd]s ) m5 runn+ up & d[n !m4 ,!re are %\ts ( ! m51 clank+ ( *a9s1 & puff+ ( locomotives4 ,m>ble is cut out 9 some:at ! same way z granite1 b a valuable ma*9e call$ a *annel] is mu* us$4 ,?is ma*9e runs back & =?1 cutt+ a *annel two in*es wide along ! ends & back & sometimes ! bottom ( ! block to be tak5 out4 ,m>ble is s mu* s(t] ?an granite t x is f> m easy to "w4 ,cutt+ x is a simple matt]4 ,! saw1 :i* is a smoo? flat blade ( iron1 sw+s back & =?1 :ile betwe5 x & ! m>ble s& & wat] are f$4 ,x does n exactly cut1 b rubs1 its way ?r\gh4 ,! r\nd holes 9 ! tops ( wa%/&s are cut by saws l ?is1 only b5t 9 ! =m ( a cyl9d] & turn$ r\nd & r\nd1 go+ 9 a little deep] at ea* revolution4 ,a que] sort ( saw is com+ into use4 ,x is a cord made ( ?ree /eel wires twi/$ loosely toge!r4 ,?is cord is /ret*$ tightly ov] pulleys & moves v rapidly4 ,e little ridge ( ! cord /rikes ! /one & cuts a little ( x away4 ,!re are v>ieties ( m>ble )\t end4 ,! pure/ & da9tie/ is ! :ite ( :i* /atues are c>v$2 b !re are black1 r$1 yell[1 gray1 blue1 gre51 p9k1 & orange 9 all %ades4 ,_m are beautifully m>k$4 ,! inn] walls ( build+s are sometimes cov]$ ) ?9 slabs ( m>ble4 ,^! are (t5 c>efully split1 & ! two pieces put up side by side1 s t ! patt]n on "o is rev]s$ on ! o!r4 ,c]ta9 k9ds ( m>ble conta9 fossils or rema9s ( coral & o!r animals t liv$ hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( ye>s ago4 ,9 "s m>bles !re are s _m t ! /one seems to be almo/ made ( !m4 ,:5 a slab is cut & poli%$1 ! fossils are ( c\rse cut into2 b ev5 !n we c sometimes see _! %ape4 ,"o ( ! mo/ common is ! cr9oid4 ,?is 0 really an animal1 b x look$ some:at l a clos$ pond lily ) a long /em1 & p us$ to call x ! /one lily4 ,?is /em is made up ( little flat r+s look+ l bits ( a pipe/em4 ,! /ems are (t5 brok5 up & ^! bits are scatt]$ ?r\gh ! m>ble4 ,! animals ^: %ells help to make m>ble liv$ 9 ! ocean1 & :5 !y di$ sank to ! bottom4 ,_m ( ! %ells 7 brok5 by ! beat+ ( ! waves1 b bo? brok5 %ells & :ole ones became unit$ & h>d5$ into lime/one1 "o k9d ( :i* we call m>ble4 ,common *alk is ano!r k9d4 ,blackbo>d crayons are made ( ?is3 s are :itewa% & :it+ = clean+ silv] & mak+ putty4 ,ano!r /one t build]s w\ld be sorry to d )\t is slate4 ,?is1 too1 0 =m$ at ! bottom ( ! sea4 ,riv]s br\ght d[n f9e p>ticles ( clay1 :i* settl$1 7 cov]$ by o!r matt]1 & f9ally became /one4 ,x 0 =m$ 9 lay]s1 ( c\rse1 b1 que]ly en\gh1 x splits at "r angles to its bottom l9e4 ,j :y x does ?is is n q c]ta91 b ! action is ?\ght to be due to heat & long1 sl[ pressure1 :i* w d wond]ful ?+s1 z 9 ! case ( coal4 ,?is splitt+ is a great conv5i5ce = ! p :o want to use x = ro(+ & = blackbo>ds4 ,blocks ( slate are loos5$ by bla/+1 & are tak5 to ! splitt+-%$4 ,splitt+ slate ne$s c>e1 & a man :o is n c>eful %\ld nev] try to "w 9 a slate qu>ry4 ,! splitt+ beg9s by "o man's divid+ ! block into pieces ab\t two in*es ?ick & some:at l>g] ?an ! slates are to be :5 f9i%$4 ,! way he does ?is is to cut a little not* 9 "o end ( ! block ) 8 sculp9 *isel & make a groove f ?is across ! block4 ,he mu/ !n set 8 *isel into ! groove1 /rike x ) a mallet1 & split ! slate to ! bottom4 ,?is s\nds easy1 b x ne$s skill4 ,slate has sometimes its own notions ( behavior1 & x does n always c>e to split 9 a /raight l9e exactly p]p5dicul> to ! bottom ( ! /ratum4 ,! man keeps x wet s t he c see ! crack m pla9ly1 & if t crack turns back a little to ! "r1 he mu/ turn x to ! left by /rik+ ! sculp9 t[>d ! left1 or p]haps by /rik+ a r heavy bl[ on ! left ( ! /one itself4 ,n[ ! *ief splitt] takes x1 & ) a broad ?9 *isel he splits x into plates becom+ ?9n] at ea* split4 ,! second assi/ant trims ^! into ! prop] %ape & size ) ei!r a heavy knife or a ma*9e4 ,slate c be saw$ & plan$2 b :atev] is done to x %\ld be done :5 x fir/ comes f ! qu>ry1 = !n x is n s likely to break4 ,x w\ld be v mu* *eap] if s mu* 0 n brok5 & wa/$ at ! qu>ries & 9 ! splitt+4 ,x is said t 9 ,wales sometimes "o hundr$ tons ( /one are brok5 up to get betwe5 ?ree & f\r tons ( good slate4 ,)9 ! la/ few ye>s ! qu>rym5 h be5 us+ *annel+ ma*9es & gett+ out ! slate 9 great masses in/ead ( small blocks4 ,?is is n s wa/eful by any means2 b ev5 n[ !re is room = new & helpful inv5tions4 ,,iii ,,h\ses ,,( ,,s& ,if y want$ to build a h\se1 ( :at %\ld y build x8 ,9 a new c\ntry1 p g5]ally use wood2 b aft] a "t wood gr[s exp5sive4 ,moreov]1 wood cat*es fire easily2 !re=e1 z a c\ntry becomes m ?ickly settl$ & p live close toge!r 9 cities1 /one & brick are us$4 ,l>ge cities d n all[ ! build+ ( wood5 h\ses )9 a c]ta9 di/ance f ! c5t]1 & sometimes ev5 ! use ( wood5 %+les is =bidd54 ,( late ye>s l>ge numb]s ( concrete or cem5t h\ses h be5 built4 ,our gr&fa!rs w\ld h op5$ _! eyes wide at ! sugge/ion ( a h\se built ( s&1 & w\ld h felt anxi\s at e ra9fall le/ _! homes %\ld sudd5ly melt away4 ,ev5 aft] ?\s&s ( concrete build+s 7 9 use1 _m p /ill fe>$ t !y w\ld n /& ! cold w9t]s & hot summ]s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates2 b x has be5 prov$ t concrete is a success provid$ x is prop]ly made4 ,no "o c succe$ 9 any "w unless he und]/&s h[ x %\ld be done4 ,concrete is made ( ,portl& cem5t1 mix$ ) s& & wat] & ei!r brok5 /one1 gravel1 c9d]s1 or slag2 b if any "o ?9ks t he c mix ^! toge!r )\t kn[+ h[ & produce good concrete1 he w make a bad mi/ake r ?an a good build+ mat]ial4 ,fir/1 he mu/ buy ,portl& cem5t ( ! be/ quality4 ,?is cem5t is made ( lime/one & clay1 or m>l1 *alk1 & slag4 ,^! are cru%$ & gr\nd & put into a kiln :i* is heat$ up to #bejj deg4 or #cjjj deg4,f42 t is1 f twelve to f\rte5 times z hot z boil+ wat]4 ,! /one fuses suffici5tly to =m a sort ( cl9k]4 ,aft] ?is has cool$1 x is gr\nd s f9e t ! great] "p ( x w pass ?r\gh a sieve hav+ #dj1jjj me%es to ! squ>e in*4 ,to e hundr$ p\nds ( ?is p[d]1 ab\t ?ree p\nds ( gypsum is add$4 ,! mixture is !n put into ! bags 9 :i* we see x = sale 9 ! /ores4 ,?is p[d] is s gre$y = wat] t x w absorb ! moi/ure f ! air ar\nd x4 ,ev5 9 ! bags1 x beg9s to h>d5 z soon z x gets "s moi/ure2 & z soon z x h>d5s1 x is ( no use4 ,! moral ( t is to keep y\r cem5t 9 a dry place4 ,! second sub/ance ne$$ 9 concrete is brok5 /one or gravel4 ,( c\rse a h>d rock mu/ be select$1 su* z granite or trap rock4 ,lime/one calc9es 9 a heat exce$+ #ajjj deg4 ,f41 & !re=e x _c be us$ 9 firepro( con/ruction4 ,s(t rock1 l slate or %ale or s(t s&/one1 w n answ] because x is n /rong en\gh4 ,gravel is always h>d4 ,if y look at a cut 9 a gravel bank1 y w usually see /rata ( s& & !n /rata ( r\nd$ pebbles ( diff]5t sizes4 ,! s& 0 once an anci5t sea bea*2 ! pebbles 7 da%$ up on x by waves or /orms or "s *ange ( curr5ts4 ,!y 7 at fir/ only brok5 bits ( rock1 b aft] be+ roll$ ab\t = a few ?\s& ye>s 9 ! ocean & on ! %ore1 ! corn]s 7 all r\nd$4 ,s(t rock w\ld h be5 gr\nd to p[d] by su* treatm5t4 ,sometimes1 if !re is to be no great /ra9 on ! concrete1 c9d]s or pieces ( brick may be us$ in/ead ( /one2 & = "s purposes !y answ] v well4 ,! ?ird sub/ance us$ 9 concrete is s&2 b x mu/ be ! "r k9d ( s&1 hav+ bo? f9e & co>se gra9s4 ,^! gra9s ne$ to be %>p1 or ! cem5t w n /ick to !m well4 ,!y mu/ also be clean1 t is1 free f dirt4 ,if y rub s& betwe5 y\r h&s1 & x soils !m1 !n !re is clay or loam ) x1 & x mu/ n be us$ 9 mak+ concrete unless x is ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,ano!r way ( te/+ x is to put x into a glass j> p>tly full ( wat] & %ake x4 ,!n let x settle4 ,if !re is soil 9 ! s&1 x w appe> z a /ratum ( mud on top ( ! s&4 ,! wat] ) :i* ^! ?ree sub/ances are to be mix$ mu/ be clean & mu/ conta9 no acid & no /rong alkali4 ,z a g5]al rule1 !re mu/ be twice z mu* brok5 /one z s&4 ,:5 p fir/ make concrete1 !y (t5 expect too mu* ( _! mat]ials4 ,a good rule = ! /ronge/ sort ( cem5t1 /rong en\gh = floors on :i* heavy ma*9es are to /&1 is "o f\r? ( a b>rel ( cem5t1 half a b>rel ( s&1 & "o b>rel ( gravel or brok5 /one4 ,app>5tly ?is w\ld make "o & ?ree f\r?s b>rels2 b 9 reality x makes only ab\t "o b>rel1 because ! s& fills 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! gravel1 & ! cem5t fills 9 ! spaces betwe5 ! gra9s ( s&4 ,!re are _m sorts ( ma*9es on ! m>ket = mix+ ! mat]ials2 b small quantities c j z well be mix$ by h&4 ,! mix+-b[l is a plat=m1 & on ?is ! s& is laid4 ,!n comes ! cem5t2 & ^! two mu/ be %ovel$ toge!r sev]al times4 ,:ile ?is is be+ done1 ! brok5 /one or gravel mu/ be wet1 & n[ x is put on top ( ! s& & cem5t & well %ovel$ toge!r1 ) j en\gh wat] add$ s t ! mass w almo/ be> ! weight ( a man4 ,concrete is impati5t to be h>d5+1 & if x is n put into ! "r place1 x w beg9 promptly to h>d5 9 ! wrong place1 & no?+ c be done ) x aft]w>ds4 ,if x is to be made 9 blocks1 ! m\lds mu/ be ready & ! concrete put into !m at once & well tamp$ d[n4 ,= su* uses z beams & ! sides ( tanks :]e great /r5g? is ne$$1 ! cem5t is (t5 re9=c$1 t is1 rods ( iron or /eel are emb$d$ 9 x4 ,= floors1 a %eet ( wov5 wire is (t5 /ret*$ out & emb$d$4 ,at fir/ only solid blocks1 made to imitate r\gh /one1 7 us$ = h\ses1 b ! holl[ block soon took _! place4 ,?is is *eap]2 h\ses built ?is way are w>m] 9 w9t] & cool] 9 summ]2 & x prev5ts moi/ure f work+ ?r\gh ! walls4 ,_m cities h regulations ab\t ! use ( holl[ blocks1 all ! m /rict because concrete is comp>atively new z a build+ mat]ial4 ,9 ,philadelphia ! blocks mu/ be compos$ ( at lea/ "o b>rel ( ,portl& cem5t to five b>rels ( cru%$ rock or gravel4 ,!y mu/ be ?ree weeks old or m be=e be+ us$2 ! l9tels & sills ( ! doors mu/ be re9=c$2 & e block mu/ be m>k$1 s t if ! build+ %\ld n prove to be ( prop] /r5g?1 ! mak] may be kn[n4 ,!re w\ld seem1 h[ev]1 to be little "q ( ! quality ( ! blocks1 = samples mu/ pass ! te/s ( ! ,bureau ( ,build+ ,inspection4 ,ev5 bett] ?an ! holl[ block is ! me?od ( mak+ ! f\r walls ( a h\se at once by build+ d\ble walls ( bo>ds & p\r+ 9 ! concrete4 ,:5 ?is has h>d5$1 ! bo>ds are remov$1 & :atev] sort ( f9i% ! own] pref]s is giv5 to ! walls4 ,!y c be treat$ by spatt]-"w1 pebble da%1 or 9 o!r ways be=e ! cem5t is fully set1 or by bu% hamm]+ & tool "w aft] ! cem5t has h>d5$4 ,color+ matt] c be mix$ ) ! cem5t 9 ! fir/ place2 & if ! own] decides to *ange ! color aft] ! h\se is complet$1 he c pa9t x ) a ?9 cem5t ( color+ matt] mix$ ) pla/] ( ,p>is4 ,a concrete h\se has sev]al advantages4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x w n burn4 ,nei!r w granite1 b granite w fall to pieces 9 a hot fire4 ,granite is made ( qu>tz1 mica1 & feldsp>1 z has be5 said be=e4 ,^! ?ree d n exp& alike 9 heat2 & !re=e great flakes ( ! /one split (f1 s t x really seems to melt away4 ,a well-made concrete is n affect$ by fire4 ,x w n burn1 & x w n c>ry heat to make o!r ?+s burn4 ,= a concrete h\se no pa9t is ne$$ & less fuel w be requir$ to keep x w>m4 ,if ! floors are made ) ev5 a v little slant1 h\se-clean+ consi/s ( remov+ ! furniture & turn+ on ! hose4 ,wat]-tank1 s9k1 wa%tubs1 & ba?tubs c be ca/ 9 concrete & giv5 a smoo? f9i%4 ,wood5 floors c be laid ov] ! concrete1 or a bord] ( wood c be put ar\nd ea* room = tack+ d[n c>pets or rugs4 ,a concrete h\se may be z ornam5tal z ! own] *ooses1 = columns & cornices & m\ld+s c easily be made ( concrete2 & if !y are ca/ 9 s&1 z iron is1 !y w h a f9i% l s&/one4 ,x is some:at tr\blesome to lay concrete 9 v cold wea!r1 because ( ! dang] ( freez+ & crack+4 ,sometimes ! mat]ials are heat$1 & aft] ! concrete is 9 place1 /raw or s& or sawdu/ is spread ov] x4 ,^! w keep x w>m = sev]al h\rs1 & s give ! concrete a *ance to set4 ,sometimes a canvas h\se is built ov] ! "w4 ,:5 a concrete dam 0 to be built 9 ! ,prov9ce ( ,quebec & ! m]cury 0 #bj deg4 bel[ z]o1 ! contractors built a canvas h\se ov] "o portion ( ! dam & set up iron /oves 9 x4 ,:5 ?is "p 0 complet$1 !y took d[n ! h\se & built x up aga9 ov] ano!r portion ( ! dam4 ,sometimes salt is us$4 ,salt wat] is heavi] ?an fre% wat] & w n freeze s easily4 ,!re=e salt put into ! wat] us$ 9 mak+ ! concrete w enable x to endure m cold )\t freez+2 b n m ?an "o p\nd ( salt to twelve gallons ( wat] %\ld be us$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,build+ ,a ,,concrete ,,road ,c\rtesy ,alpha ,portl& ,cem5t ,co4 ,! concrete mix] travels along ! prep>$ roadb$1 & aft] x foll[ ! workm5 ) level]s & /amps4 ,concrete objects to be+ froz5 be=e x is set1 b x is exce$+ly accommodat+ ab\t work+ "u wat]4 ,x mu/1 ( c\rse1 be c>ri$ 9 "s way ?r\gh ! wat] to its prop] place )\t be+ wa%$ away1 b ?is is easily done4 ,sometimes x is let d[n 9 great buckets clos$ at ! top1 b ) a h+$ bottom t w op5 :5 ! bucket /rikes ! rock or soil :]e ! mat]ial is to be left4 ,sometimes x is p\r$ d[n ?r\gh a tube4 ,sometimes x is dropp$ 9 sacks made ( clo?4 ,?is clo? mu/ be co>se1 s t en\gh ( ! concrete w ooze ?r\gh x to unite ! bag & its cont5ts ) :at is bel[ x & make a solid mass4 ,sometimes ev5 pap] bags h be5 successfully us$4 ,! concrete1 made r dry1 is p\r$ into ! bags & !y are slid d[n a *ute4 ,! pap] soon becomes s(t & breaks1 & lets ! concrete out4 ,sometimes concrete blocks are m\ld$ on l& & l[]$ by a d]rick1 :ile a div] /&s ready to see t !y g into _! prop] places4 ,concrete is us$ = h\ses1 *ur*es1 factories1 walls1 sidewalks1 /eps1 f\ndations1 sew]s1 *imneys1 pi]s1 cell> bottoms1 ci/]ns1 tunnels1 & ev5 bridges4 ,9 ! c\ntry1 x is us$ = silos1 b>n floors1 ice h\ses1 b9s = vegetables1 box /alls = horses1 dogh\ses1 h5h\ses1 f5ce po/s1 & dr9k+-tr\ghs4 ,x is ( v great value 9 fill+ cavities 9 decay+ trees4 ,all ! decay$ wood mu/ be cut out1 & "s long nails driv5 f )9 ! cavity "p-way t[>d ! outside1 s z to help hold ! concrete4 ,!n x is p\r$ 9 & all[$ to h>d54 ,if ! cavity is s l>ge t !re is dang] ( ! trunk's break+1 an iron pipe may be set 9 to /r5g!n x4 ,if ?is is encas$ 9 concrete1 x w n ru/4 ,a horizontal limb ) a l>ge cavity may be /r5g!n$ by b5d+ a piece ( pip+ & runn+ "o "p ( x into ! limb & ! o!r into ! trunk1 !n fill+ ! :ole cavity ) concrete4 ,if ! b>k is trimm$ 9 su* a way z to slant 9 t[>d ! cavity1 x w sometimes gr[ entirely ov] x4 ,concrete is also us$ = /ucco "w1 t is1 = pla/]+ ! outside ( build+s4 ,if ! build+ to be /ucco$ is ( brick or /one1 ! only prep>ation ne$$ is to clean x & wet x2 !n put on ! pla/] betwe5 "o & two in*es ?ick4 ,a wood5 h\se mu/ fir/ be cov]$ ) two ?icknesses ( ro(+-pap]1 !n by wire la?+4 ,! concrete w squeeze ?r\gh ! la?+ & set4 ,/ucco "w is no?+ new1 & if x is well done1 x is la/+4 ,concrete has be5 us$ = _m purposes besides build+1 & ! numb] ( purposes increases rapidly4 ,= blackbo>ds1 refrig]ator l9+s1 & railroad ties x has be5 f\nd available1 & = poles or po/s ( all sizes x has already prov$ itself a success4 ,x has ev5 be5 sugge/$ z an excell5t mat]ial = boats1 if re9=c$2 & m9ute directions are giv5 by "o writ] = mak+ a concrete r[boat4 ,to d ?is1 ! wood5 boat to be copi$ is hung up j above ! gr\nd1 & clay built ar\nd x1 leav+ a space betwe5 boat & clay z ?ick z ! concrete boat is to be4 ,! wood5 boat is cov]$ ) pap] & greas$1 !n ! concrete is p\r$ into ! space betwe5 ! boat & ! clay m\ld2 & :5 x h>d5s & ! wood5 boat is remov$1 !re is a boat ( /one--or s ! directions decl>e2 b ,i ?9k mo/ p w\ld pref] "o ( wood4 ,h[ev] x may be ) r[boats1 concrete is tak+ an important place 9 ! con/ruction ( battle%ips1 a back+ = armor be+ made ( x in/ead ( teakwood4 ,! ,arizona is built 9 ?is way4 ,concrete t is c>elessly made is v poor /uff1 & dang]\s to use1 = x is n at all reliable & may give out at any "t2 b concrete t is made ( ! be/ mat]ials & prop]ly put toge!r is an exce$+ly valuable article4 ,,iv ,,bricks1 ,,_! ,,faults ,,& ,,_! ,,virtues ,! simple/ way to make a brick is to fill a m\ld ) s(t clay1 !n take x out & let x /iff51 & !n put x 9 ! sun to dry4 ,?is is ! way 9 :i* ! adobe bricks ( ,c5tral ,am]ica are made4 ,!y answ] v well 9 c\ntries :]e !re is little ra92 b "o or two heavy d[np\rs w\ld be likely to melt a h\se built ( su* mat]ial4 ,clay is a k9d ( e>? conta9+ mo/ly alum9a & silica or s&1 t c be mix$ ) wat]1 m\ld$ into any %ape1 reta9 t %ape aft] x is dry1 & become h>d by be+ burn$4 ,if y want to make a *9a cup1 y mu/ h a f9e sort ( clay call$ kaol91 :i* is pure :ite :5 x is fir$ & is n v common2 b if y want to make bricks1 x w n be at all difficult to f9d a suitable clay bank4 ,& yet ! clay1 ev5 = bricks1 mu/ be ( ! "r k9d4 ,if x conta9s too mu* silica 7s&71 ! brick w n m\ld well2 if too mu* alum9a x w be weak2 if too mu* iron1 x w lose its %ape 9 burn+2 if too mu* lime1 x w be fle%-color$ :5 x is burn$4 ,if y want to f9d out :e!r a build+-brick is ( good quality1 !re are "s te/s t a boy or girl c apply z well z any "o4 ,fir/1 look ! brick ov] & note :e!r x is /raight & true1 & :e!r ! edges & corn]s are %>p4 ,/rike x1 & see :e!r x gives a cle>1 r++ s\nd4 ,!n weigh x & soak x 9 wat] = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,weigh x aga91 & if x is m ?an "o fif? heavi] ?an x 0 be=e soak+1 x is n ( ! fir/ quality4 ,aft] ! clay has be5 dug1 x mu/ be temp]$1 t is1 mix$ ) wat] & ab\t "o ?ird or "o f\r? z mu* s& z clay1 & left ov]night 9 a soak pit1 a squ>e pit ab\t five feet deep4 ,9 ! morn+ ! workm5 %ovel ! mass ov] & fe$ x into ! ma*9es = =m+ ! bricks4 ,! mix+ is bett] done1 h[ev]1 9 a r+ pit4 ,?is is a circul> pit tw5ty-five or ?irty feet 9 diamet]1 ?ree feet deep1 & l9$ ) bo>ds or brick4 ,a big iron :eel works f ! c5t] to ! edge & back aga9 = sev]al h\rs1 ?r\gh & ?r\gh ! clay4 ,a me?od ev5 bett] ?an ?is is to put ! clay & s& & wat] into a great tr\gh1 9 :i* !re is a long %aft bri/l+ ) knives4 ,! %aft revolves1 mixes ! clay1 & pu%es x along to ! end ( ! tr\gh4 ,?is is call$ pugg+1 & ! :ole ?+--tr\gh1 %aft1 & knives--is a pug mill4 ,9 ! old days bricks 7 always made by h&4 ,! m\ld] /ood 9 front ( a wet table :]eon lay a heap ( s(t clay4 ,he ei!r wet or s&$ 8 m\ld to keep x f /ick+4 ,mean:ile1 8 assi/ant _h cut a piece ( clay & roll$ x & patt$ x into ! %ape ( ! m\ld4 ,9 mak+ bricks1 !re c be no pat*+2 ! m\ld mu/ be fill$ at "o /roke1 or else !re w be folds 9 ! brick4 ,to make a good brick1 ! m\ld] lifts ! clay up above 8 head & ?r[s x into ! m\ld ) all 8 =ce4 ,!n he presses x into ! corn]s ) 8 ?umbs1 scrapes (f ) a /rip ( wood any extra clay1 or cuts x (f ) a wire1 smoo?s ! surface ( ! brick1 puts m\ld & brick ^u a bo>d1 j]ks ! m\ld up & proce$s to make ano!r brick4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,a ,,new ,,j]sey ,,brick ,,mill ,copyright by ,und]wood & ,und]wood4 ,?is man is m\ld+ a fire-brick to its f9al %ape4 ,no matt] h[ exp]t a m\ld] may be1 brick-mak+ by h& is sl[ "w1 & 9 mo/ places ma*9es are us$4 ,9 :at is call$ ! s(t-mud process1 ! clay is pu%$ on by ! pug mill to ! end ( ! tr\gh4 ,!re /&s a m\ld = six bricks4 ,a plung] =ces ! clay into x1 ! m\ld is empti$1 & 9 a s+le h\r five ?\s& bricks c be made4 ,by :at is call$ ! /iff-mud process1 ! /iff clay is put into a ma*9e ) an op5+ ! size ( ! end or side ( a brick4 ,! ma*9e =ces ! clay ?r\gh ?is op5+1 cuts x (f at ! prop] mom5t2 & s makes bricks by ! ?\s& )\t ei!r m\ld or m\ld]4 ,a ?ird way ( mak+ brick is by :at is call$ ! dry process4 ,! clay is pulv]iz$ & fill$ into m\lds ! l5g? & bread? ( a brick1 b mu* deep]1 & ) nei!r top nor bottom4 ,"o plung] f above & ano!r f bel[ /rike ! clay 9 ! m\ld ) mu* =ce1 & make ! f9e1 smoo? brick kn[n z press$ brick4 ,all ?is is done by ma*9]y1 & "s ma*9es make six bricks at a "t4 ,^! dry bricks are fragile be=e !y are burn$1 & mu/ be h&l$ ) great c>e4 ,bricks _c be put into ! kiln :ile !y are /ill wet1 = :5 a brick is dry+1 x is a delicate article4 ,x objects to be+ too hot or too cold1 & x w n /& %[]s or drafts4 ,9 "s way ab\t a p\nd ( wat] mu/ be dri$ out ( ea* brick2 b if y try to hurry ! dry+1 ! brick turns sulky1 refuses to h any?+ m to d ) y1 & proce$s to crack4 ,to dry1 bricks are sometimes spread on floors2 or pil$ up 9 racks on %ort pieces ( bo>d call$ pallets2 & sometimes !y are put ^u little c>s & run sl[ly ?r\gh heat$ tunnels4 ,! la/ is ! be/ way = p :o are 9 a hurry1 = x takes only f tw5ty-f\r to ?irty-six h\rs to make ! bricks ready to g to ! kiln to be burn$4 ,9 "o sort ( kiln1 ! bricks !mselves make ! kiln4 ,!y are pil$ up 9 ar*es1 b left a little way ap>t s ! hot air c move freely among !m4 ,! sides ( ! /ructure are cov]$ ) burnt brick & mud1 b ! top is left op5 to all[ ! /eam f ! hot bricks to escape4 ,! fires are 9 flues t are left at ! bottom4 ,!y mu/ burn sl[ly at fir/1 b aft] a :ile1 "s =ty to sixty h\rs1 ! heat becomes int5se4 ,?us f> ! bricks h be5 grayi% or cream-color$1 b n[1 if !re is iron 9 !m1 !y turn r$2 if !re is lime1 !y turn yell[2 if a l>ge am\nt ( lime1 !y become fle%-color$4 ,besides ?is sort ( kiln1 :i* is torn d[n :5 ! bricks are suffici5tly burn$1 !re is also ! p]man5t kiln1 :i* has fix$ side walls & ei!r an op5 or clos$ top4 ,!n1 too1 !re is a cont9u\s kiln4 ,?is has a numb] ( *amb]s1 & ! heat f ea* "o passes into ! next2 s t bricks 9 "o *amb] may be j w>m+ up :ile 9 ano!r !y are ready to be tak5 out4 ,:5 ! bricks come out ( ! kiln1 "s ( !m are good & "s are n4 ,^? t 7 on ! outside are n burn$ en\gh2 ^? next x are n well bak$1 b c be us$ = ! middle ( ?ick walls4 ,! next ones are ( good quality2 b ^? directly ov] ! fires are s h>d & brittle t !y are ( little use except = pavem5ts4 ,pav+-bricks1 h[ev]1 are n to be despis$4 ,!y are n z smoo? & well f9i%$ z press$ brick1 b !y are exce$+ly useful4 ,!y ne$ z mu* c>e 9 mak+ z any o!rs1 & !y mu/ be burn$ 9 a mu* hott] fire to make !m d5se & h>d4 ,! te/s = pav+-bricks are q diff]5t f ^? = ord9>y build+-brick4 ,if fir/-class pav+-bricks weigh+ fifty p\nds are soak$ 9 wat] = tw5ty h\rs1 !y take up s little wat] t !y w n weigh m ?an fifty-"o or fifty-"o & a half p\nds :5 tak5 out4 ,to f9d out h[ h>d !y are1 ! bricks are weigh$ & %ak5 ab\t ) f\ndry %ot = a numb] ( h\rs4 ,!n !y are weigh$ aga9 to see h[ mu* ( _! mat]ial has be5 rubb$ (f4 ,a ?ird te/ is to put "o brick on edge into a cru%+ ma*9e to see h[ mu* pressure x w /&4 ,pav+-brick is *eap] ?an granite blocks1 & if x has a good f\ndation ( concrete cov]$ ) s&1 x w la/ ab\t ?ree f\r?s z long4 ,brick is less noisy ?an /one & is easi] to clean4 ,n s v long ago1 :5 p>ticul>ly h&some bricks 7 ne$$ = ! outside ( walls & o!r places :]e !y w\ld be conspicu\s1 !y 7 re-press$2 t is1 !y 7 made by h& or 9 a s(t-mud ma*9e1 & !n1 aft] dry+ = a :ile1 7 put into a re-press+ ma*9e to give !m a smoo? f9i%4 ,^! ma*9es are /ill us$1 b !y are h>dly necess>y1 = ! dry-clay brick ma*9e w turn out a smoo? brick 9 "o op]ation4 ,ano!r sub/ance :i* is made ( almo/ ! same mat]ials z brick is t]ra cotta4 ,to make ?is1 fire brick1 bits ( pott]y1 p>tly burn$ clay1 & f9e :ite s& are gr\nd to a p[d] & mix$ v ?or\ghly4 ,?is mixture is m\ld$1 dri$1 & burn$4 ,until rec5tly1 all t]ra cotta 0 ( ! color t is call$ by t "n1 b n[ x is made 9 gray1 :ite1 & bronze z well4 ,bricks are laid 9 mort>1 & ?is makes a wall "o solid mass & /rong] ?an x c\ld be )\t any cem5t4 ,b mort> does m ?an ?is4 ,x is m ela/ic ?an brick1 & !re=e1 :5 a wall settles1 ! mort> yields a little1 & ?is (t5 prev5ts ! bricks f crack+4 ,bricks are always ?ir/y1 & if "o is laid 9 mort>1 x w suck ! moi/ure out ( x almo/ z a sponge w suck up wat]4 ,! mort> ?us has no *ance to set1 & s is n /rong z x %\ld be4 ,t is :y ! bricklay] wets 8 bricks1 especially 9 summ]1 be=e he puts !m 9 place4 ,lime or cem5t mort> w n set 9 freez+ wea!r1 & a brick build+ put up 9 ! w9t] is 9 dang] ( tumbl+ d[n :5 ! w>m days ( spr+ arrive4 ,?is ?ir/9ess ( bricks is _! greate/ fault4 ,?ree or f\r days ( driv+ ra9 w sometimes wet ?r\gh a brick wall two feet ?ick1 crumbl+ ! pla/] & spoil+ ! wallpap]4 ,t is :y x is a poor plan to pla/] directly on ! brick wall ( a h\se4 ,furr+ /rips1 z !y are call$1 or n>r[ /rips ( wood1 %\ld be fa/5$ on fir/ & ! la?s nail$ to ^!1 or ! wall c be pa9t$ or oil$ on ! outside4 ,! be/ way1 h[ev]1 ?\gh m exp5sive1 is to build ! wall d\ble4 ,!n !re is air betwe5 ! two ?icknesses ( brick4 ,air is a poor conductor ( heat2 s 9 summ] x keeps ! heat out1 & 9 w9t] x keeps x 94 ,b brick w suck up wat] f ! gr\nd z well z f a /orm2 & !re=e1 :5 a brick h\se is to be built 9 a wet place1 !re ought to be a ?ree-eigh?s-in* lay] ( some?+ wat]pro(1 l asphalt & coal t>1 put on top ( "o ( ! lay]s ( brickwork to prev5t ! moi/ure f creep+ up4 ,bricks h _! faults1 b !y w n burn1 & :5 prop]ly us$1 !y make a mo/ com=table & endur+ h\se4 ,v ,,at ,,! ,,gold ,,digg+s ,:5 gold 0 fir/ discov]$ 9 ,cali=nia1 9 #ahdh1 p f all ov] ! _w made a frantic ru% to get !re1 e "o ( !m hop+ t he w\ld be lucky en\gh to make 8 =tune1 & fe>+ le/ ! preci\s metal %\ld be gone be=e he c\ld ev5 beg9 to dig4 ,! gold t ^! m5 ga!r$ came f :at 7 call$ plac]s2 t is1 masses ( gravel & s& along ! b$s ( m\nta9 /reams4 ,ea* m9] _h a pan ( t9 or iron1 :i* he fill$ half-full ( ! gravel1 or pay dirt1 z ! m9]s call$ x4 ,!n1 hold+ x "u wat]1 he %ook (f ! /ones & mud ov] ! side ( ! pan1 leav+ gra9s ( gold mix$ ) black s& at ! bottom4 ,?is black s& 0 iron1 & aft] a :ile ! m9]s remov$ x ) a magnet1 dri$ :at rema9$1 & blew away ! du/1 leav+ only ! gra9s ( gold4 ,ano!r contrivance :i* soon came into use 0 ! cradle4 ,?is 0 a long box1 sometimes only a holl[$-out log4 ,at ! top 0 a sieve :i* sift$ out ! /ones4 ,nail$ to ! bottom ( ! cradle 7 small cleats ( wood1 or riffles1 :i* kept ! wat] f runn+ s fa/ z to sweep ! gold out ( ! cradle ) x4 ,! cradle 0 plac$ on rock]s & 0 also tilt$ slightly4 ,! m9] %ovel$ ! gravel into ! top ( ! cradle & 8 p>tn] rock$ x4 ,! sieve kept back ! /ones1 ! wat] broke up ! lumps ( e>? & gravel & wa%$ !m d[n ! cradle1 & ! gra9s ( gold 7 /opp$ by ! riffles1 & sank to ! bottom4 ,sometimes ! pay dirt cont9u$ "u a /ream4 ,to get at x1 ! m9]s (t5 built a little canal & turn$ ! wat] into a new *annel2 !n !y c\ld "w on ! =m] b$ ( ! riv]4 ,be=e _m ye>s _h pass$1 ! gold t 0 ne> ! surface _h be5 ga!r$4 ,! m9]s !n foll[$ ! /reams up into ! m\nta9s1 & f\nd t mu* ( ! gold _h come f b$s :]e 9 anci5t times riv]s _h fl[$4 ,!re 0 gold /ill rema9+ 9 ^! b$s1 b x 0 poorly di/ribut$1 ! m9]s ?\ght4 ,sometimes !re w\ld be q an am\nt 9 "o place1 & !n ! m9] w\ld dig = days )\t f9d+ any m4 ,ev5 worse ?an ?is 0 ! fact t ^! gravel b$s 7 n on ! top ( ! gr\nd1 b 7 cov]$ up ) soil & trees4 ,evid5tly ! sl[ "w ) pans & cradles w\ld n pay "h2 b x occurr$ to "s "o t if a p[]ful /ream ( wat] c\ld be direct$ aga9/ ! great banks ( e>?1 z wat] is direct$ aga9/ a burn+ build+1 !y w\ld crumble1 ! dirt c\ld be wa%$ d[n sluices1 & ! gold be sav$4 ,?is 0 done4 ,great res]voirs 7 built high up 9 ! m\nta9s1 & wat] 0 br\ght by means ( dit*es or pipes to a conv5i5t place4 ,!n x 0 all[$ to ru% furi\sly ?r\gh a hose & nozzle1 & ! great /ream com+ ) trem5d\s =ce 0 play$ ^u ! banks ( gravel4 ,! banks crumbl$1 ! gravel 0 wa%$ into a /r+ ( sluices1 or long boxes ) riffles to cat* ! gold4 ,soon ! m9]s f\nd t if quicksilv] 0 put into ^! sluices1 x w\ld unite ) ! gold & make a sort ( pa/e call$ amalgam4 ,!n if ?is amalgam 0 heat$1 ! quicksilv] w\ld be driv5 (f 9 ! =m ( gas1 & ! gold w\ld rema9 9 a beautiful yell[ mass4 ,illu/ration3 ,,hydraulic ,,gold ,,m9+ ,a plac] m9e at ,gold ,po9t1 ,cali=nia1 :]e trem5d\s /reams ( wat] "u high pressure are busy wa%+ away ! side ( a gold-be>+ hill4 ,! anci5t riv]s _h also c>ri$ gold to ! valleys1 & to collect ?is a dr$ge1 :i* ! m9]s call$ a gold %ip1 came into use4 ,! %ip "p ( ?is ma*9e is an imm5se flat sc[4 ,/ret*+ out f "o end is some?+ :i* looks l a mov+ ladd]4 ,?is is ! support ( an endless *a9 ( buckets1 ea* ( :i* c bite into ! gravel & take a m\?ful ( five or six hundr$ p\nds4 ,!y drop ?is gravel into a big drum :i* is cont9ually revolv+4 ,wat] fl[s ?r\gh ! drum1 & wa%es out ! s& & bits ( gold ov] l>ge tables1 :]e by means ( riffles & quicksilv] ! gold is captur$4 ,?is sc[ 0 usually on dry l& at fir/2 b its digg+ soon made a lake1 & !n x float$4 ,x mu/ be m fasc9at+ to hold a pan 9 y\r own h&s & pick out little gra9s ( gold or p]haps ev5 a big piece ( x ) y\r own f+]s1 b if ! gravel is good ! dr$ge makes m money4 ,9 ,alaska ! great difficulty 9 m9+ is t1 except at ! surface1 ! gr\nd is froz5 all ! ye> r\nd4 ,at fir/1 ! m9]s us$ to ?aw ! place :]e !y wi%$ to dig by build+ wood fires2 b ?is 0 a sl[ me?od1 & n[ ! ?aw+ is done by /eam4 ,!y c>ry ! /eam 9 a pipe to ! place :]e ! digg+ is to be done1 & s5d x ?r\gh a hose4 ,at ! end ( ! hose is a po9t$ /eel tube4 ,!y hamm] ?is tube into ! gr\nd & let "s /eam pass ?r\gh ! nozzle4 ,?is s(t5s ! gr\nd s t picks & %ovels may be us$4 ,!re is g5]ally cold en\gh 9 ,alaska1 b once at lea/ ! m9]s _h to manufacture x4 ,! gold-be>+ gravel 0 deep1 ! gr\nd 0 flat1 & x 0 (t5 ov]fl[$4 ,!y set up a freez+ plant1 & %ut 9 _! l& ) a bulkhead ( ice sev]al feet ?ick4 ,!n !y pump$ out :at wat] 0 already 9 & did _! "w ) no m tr\ble4 ,:5 gold began to gr[ less 9 ! ,cali=nia gravel1 ! m9]s look$ = x 9 ! rocks on ! m\nta9-side4 ,! plac] m9]s laugh$ at !m & call$ _! %afts coyote holes2 b 9 "t ! plac]s fail$1 :ile ne>ly all ( our gold to-day comes f ve9s ( :ite qu>tz 9 ! rocks4 ,a ve9 ( gold is ! mo/ caprici\s ?+ 9 ! _w4 ,x may be s t9y t x c h>dly be se51 !n wid5 & gr[ ri* 9 gold1 !n sudd5ly come to an end4 ,?is is :y a new m9e is s unc]ta9 an ent]prise4 ,! gold may hold out & br+ =tunes to ! inve/ors1 or x may fail1 & !n all !y w h to %[ = _! money is ! memory t !y put x into a hole 9 ! gr\nd4 ,! manag]s ( a few ( ! well-e/abli%$ m9es1 h[ev]1 h explor$ s f> z to make sure t !re is gold en\gh = _m ye>s ( digg+4 ,! m9+ eng9e] mu/ be a v wide-awake man4 ,x is n en\gh = him simply to rememb] :at 0 taught him 9 ! s*ools ( m9+2 he mu/ be bright en\gh to inv5t new ways ( meet+ difficulties4 ,no two m9es are alike1 & he mu/ be ready = all sorts ( em]g5cies4 ,a gold m9e n[ consi/s ( a %aft or pit dug sev]al hundr$ feet d[n into ! rock1 ) levels or gall]ies runn+ (f f x & ) big op5+s l rooms made :]e ! rock 0 dug out4 ,! ro(s ( ! rooms are support$ by great timb]s4 ,to break away ! rock1 ! m9] makes a hole ) a rock drill work$ by electricity or compress$ air1 puts p[d] or dynamite into ! hole & explodes x4 ,! brok5 rock is !n rais$ to ! surface & cru%$ 9 a /amp+ mill4 ,"h ! ore is f$ into a great /eel box call$ a mort>4 ,five imm5se hamm]s1 (t5 weigh+ a ?\s& p\nds apiece1 drop d[n ^u ! ore1 "o aft] ano!r1 until x is f9e en\gh to g ?r\gh a wire scre5 9 ! front ( ! box4 ,:5 two hundr$ or m ( ^! hamm]s are p\nd+ away ) all _! might1 a /amp+ mill is a pretty noisy place4 ,! ore1 cru%$ to a f9e mud1 n[ runs ov] slop+ tables cov]$ ) copp]4 ,/ick+ to ! top ( ! copp] is a film ( quicksilv]4 ,?is holds fa/ :atev] gold !re may be & makes an amalgam1 :i* is scrap$ (f f "t to "t1 & ! quicksilv] is driv5 f ! gold by heat4 ,gold t is n unit$ ) o!r metals is call$ free mill+ gold4 ,mu* ( x1 h[ev]1 is f\nd 9 comb9ation ) "o metal or ano!r1 & is kn[n z rebelli\s or refractory gold4 ,su* gold may sometimes be set free by heat1 & sometimes by *emicals4 ,"o way is by ! use ( *lor9e gas1 & ! /ory ( x s\nds almo/ l ,! h\se t ,jack built4 ,x might run some:at l ?is3 ,?is is ! salt t furni%es ! *lor9e4 ,?is is ! *lor9e gas t unites ) ! gold4 ,?is is ! *loride t is =m$ :5 ! *lor9e gas unites ) ! gold4 ,?is is ! wat] t wa%es f ! tank ! *loride t is =m$ :5 ! *lor9e gas unites ) ! gold4 ,?is is ! sulphate ( iron t unites ) ! *lor9e gas ( ! *loride t ! wat] wa%es f ! tank t is =m$ :5 ! *lor9e gas unites ) ! gold--& leaves ! gold free4 ,ano!r me?od is by ! use ( cyanide4 ,m ?an a c5tury ago a *emi/ discov]$ t if gold 0 put into wat] conta9+ a little cyanide1 ! gold w\ld dissolve1 :ile qu>tz & any metals t might be unit$ ) ! gold w\ld settle 9 ! tank4 ,! wat] 9 :i* ! gold is dissolv$ is n[ run into boxes full ( %av+s ( z9c & is precipitat$ ^u !m2 t is1 ! t9y p>ticles ( gold 9 ! wat] fall ^u ! z9c & cl+ to x4 ,z9c melts m easily ?an gold1 s if ?is gild$ z9c is put into a furnace1 ! z9c melts & ! gold is set free4 ,v (t5 gold is f\nd comb9$ ) lead or copp]4 ,x mu/ !n be melt$ or smelt$ 9 great furnaces4 ,! metal is heavi] ?an ! rock & settles to ! bottom ( ! furnace4 ,x is !n drawn (f & ! gold is sep>at$ f ! o!r metals1 usually by electricity4 ,sometimes l>ge pieces ( gold call$ nuggets are f\nd by m9]s4 ,! l>ge/ "o kn[n 0 f\nd 9 ,au/ralia4 ,x weigh$ #aij p\nds & 0 wor? #db1jjj4 ,sometimes spongy lumps ( gold are f\nd2 b z a g5]al ?+ gold comes f ! little specks scatt]$ ?r\gh ve9s 9 rock1 & mu* "w has to be done be=e x c be made into co9s or jewelry4 ,x is too s(t = su* uses unless "s alloy1 usually copp] or silv]1 is mix$ ) x to make x h>d]4 ,sometimes x is desirable to "k h[ mu* alloy has be5 add$4 ,! jewel] !n makes a l9e ) ! article on a peculi> k9d ( black /one call$ a t\*/one1 & by ! color ( ! gold5 m>k he c tell fairly well h[ ne>ly pure ! article is4 ,to be m accurate1 he p\rs nitric acid ^u ! m>k4 ,?is eats away ! alloy & leaves only ! gold4 ,gold is a wond]ful metal4 ,x is ( beautiful color2 x c be hamm]$ s ?9 t ! light w %9e ?r\gh x2 few acids affect x1 & ! oxyg5 :i* eats away iron does n h>m x4 ,pure gold is spok5 ( z be+ tw5ty-f\r c>ats f9e1 f c>at1 an old weight equal to "o tw5ty-f\r? ( an ounce troy4 ,wat*cases are f eight to eighte5 c>ats f9e2 *a9s are seldom m ?an f\rte52 & ! gold co9s ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates are ab\t elev5 p>ts ( gold & "o ( copp]4 ,co9s we> 9 pass+ f "o p]son to ano!r1 & t is :y ! edges are mill$1 s t x may be m easily se5 :5 !y h become too light to be us$ z co9s4 ,:5 su* pieces come into ! h&s ( ! ,gov]nm5t1 !y mu/ be reco9$4 ,,vi ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,silv] ,,m9e ,a man :o goes out 9 se>* ( a m9e is call$ a prospector4 ,! be/ prospector is a man :o has le>n$ to keep 8 eyes op5 & to recognize ! signs ( gold & silv] & o!r metals4 ,a fai?ful fri5d goes ) him1 a donkey or mule :i* c>ries 8 bacon & beans1 blankets1 saucepan1 & a few tools1 su* z a pan1 pick1 %ovel1 hamm]1 & axe4 ,sometimes ! prospector also takes ) him a magnify+ glass & a little acid to te/ specim5s1 b usually he tru/s to 8 eyes alone4 ,:5 ^! few ?+s h be5 br\ght toge!r1 ! prospector & ! donkey set out4 ,!y w&] ov] ! hills & d[n into ! canyons4 ,if a rock is /a9$ r$1 ! prospector exam9es x to see :e!r x conta9s iron2 if x is gre51 he looks = copp]4 ,9 ! canyons & along ! creeks he (t5 te/s ! gravel = traces ( "s valuable metal4 ,if he f9ds any ( ^! traces along ! /ream1 he foll[s !m on ! bank until !y /op2 !n he c>efully exam9es ! bank ( ! /ream or ! ne>e/ hillside4 ,if he cont9ues to f9d bits ( metal1 !y w lead him to a ve9 ( ore1 f :i* !y h be5 brok5 by ! w9d1 ra91 & fro/4 ,g5]ally a prospector is look+ = "s "o special metal1 & 9 8 se>* he (t5 ov]looks "s o!r metal2 = in/ance1 ?\s&s ( ! gold-seek]s :o ru%$ to ,cali=nia 9 #ahdi hurri$ ?r\gh ,nevada on _! way4 ,if !y _h only kn[n :at 0 "u _! feet1 !y w\ld h tak5 _! picks & %ovels & begun to dig1 in/ead ( try+ to get out ( ! region z soon z might be4 ,t5 ye>s lat]1 ! ,cali=nia plac]s 7 becom+ exhau/$1 & m9]s began to g else:]e 9 _! se>* = gold4 ,among ^? :o 7 work+ 9 :at is n[ ! ,/ate ( ,nevada 7 two ,iri%m5 :o _h be5 unlucky 9 ,cali=nia & _h f>$ no bett] 9 ,nevada4 ,!y want$ to g some:]e else1 b !y _h n money en\gh = ! j\rney2 s !y kept on ) _! "w at ! foot ( ,m\nt ,davidson1 wa%+ ! gravel & sav+ ! little gold t !y f\nd4 ,!y 7 annoy$ by "s heavy black /uff t unit$ ) ! quicksilv] 9 _! cradles1 int]f]$ ) ! sav+ ( ! gold1 & put !m 9 a v bad temp]4 ,at l5g? a man nam$ ,h5ry ,com/ock came along1 :o told !m t ?is black /uff 0 silv] ore4 ,!y exam9$ ! m\nta9-side1 & discov]$ ! outcrop or edge ( a great ve9 conta9+ gold & also silv]4 ,x is no wond] t p ru%$ f ! ea/ & we/ to ! wond]ful new m9es1 = x 0 pla9 t ^! new digg+s 7 n m]e plac]s1 b ri* ve9s t _m ye>s ( work+ might n exhau/4 ,e newcom] hop$ to discov] a ve92 & )9 a ye> or two ! di/rict ar\nd ! ,com/ock lode 0 full ( deep %afts1 _m ( !m ab&on$ & half-hidd5 by l[ bru%1 b "s ( !m yield+ quantities ( gold & silv]4 ,be=e ?is1 !re _h be5 only ab\t a ?\s& p 9 :at is n[ ,nevada1 b 9 two ye>s aft] ! discov]y ( silv]1 !re 7 #af1jjj1 & a new ,t]ritory 0 =m$4 ,! m9]s knew h[ to get gold out ( ore1 b silv] 0 ano!r matt]1 & "s ( x 0 difficult to extract4 ,!y _h s mu* tr\ble t !y 7 ready to believe 9 any treatm5t ( ! ore1 no matt] h[ absurd1 t promis$ to help !m out ( _! difficulties4 ,"s ( !m 7 actually p]suad$ t ! juice ( ! wild sagebru% w\ld br+ ! silv] out4 ,x is no wond] t !y 7 tr\bl$1 = 9 ! ,com/ock lode 7 n only gold & silv]1 b t5 or twelve o!r metals or comb9ations ( silv] ) some?+ else4 ,at l5g? processes 7 inv5t$ = treat+ ! diff]5t k9ds ( ore4 ,"s k9ds 7 cru%$ 9 a /amp+ mill1 !n gr\nd to a p[d] & mix$ ) quicksilv] or m]cury4 ,?is m]cury unit$ ) bo? ! gold & ! silv]1 mak+ an amalgam4 ,! amalgam1 toge!r ) ! f9ely gr\nd ore1 0 put into a settl]1 & "h ! heavy amalgam sank to ! bottom & 0 !n /ra9$4 ,! extra m]cury 0 collect$1 & ! amalgam 0 put into a retort or kettle & heat$4 ,! m]cury became a gas & 0 driv5 (f f ! gold & silv]1 !n caught 9 a vessel cool en\gh to cond5se x1 j z a cold plate held 9 /eam w collect drops ( wat]4 ,sometimes ! ore 0 mix$ ) copp] & lead4 ,9 t case common salt & copp] sulphate 7 us$4 ,"s ore _h to be roa/$ 9 a furnace 9 ord] to drive (f ! sulphur4 ,illu/ration3 ,,! ,,/ory ,,( ,a ,,spoon ,c\rtesy ,! ,gorham ,co4 7#a7 ,silv] /rip blank$4 7#b7 ,p9*$4 7#c7 ,grad$4 7#d7 ,outl9+ ( ,h&le4 7#e7 ,/amp$ ,h&le4 7#f7 ,spoon completely trimm$4 7#g1 #h7 ,f9i%$ spoons4 ,!re 7 great & unusual dang]s to be met 9 gett+ ! ore4 ,! ve9 ( qu>tz :i* bore x 0 fifty or sixty feet wide4 ,"s 0 h>d1 & "s s s(t & crumbl+ t pill>s w\ld n hold up ! ro(4 ,! passageways 7 !n l9$ ) heavy logs /&+ on ei!r side1 o!r logs laid across _! tops1 & all bolt$ firmly toge!r4 ,nev]!less1 !y twi/$ & fell1 & sl[ly b c]ta9ly ! :ole mass ( e>? & rock1 two hundr$ or m feet 9 ?ickness1 0 com+ d[n ^u ! heads ( ! m9]s4 ,! "w on ! ,com/ock m9es _h come to an end unless a man c\ld be f\nd able to inv5t "s sy/em ( support n laid d[n 9 ! books4 ,! man 0 f\nd4 ,he took %ort1 squ>e timb]s five or six feet long1 put !m toge!r z if !y 7 ! sides & ends ( squ>e boxes1 & pil$ !m "o above ano!r1 mak+ holl[ pill>s4 ,he fa/5$ ^! firmly toge!r & fill$ ! space inside ) wa/e rock1 ?us mak+ /rong1 solid pill>s t w\ld support almo/ any weight t c\ld be put ^u !m4 ,!re 7 two o!r dang]s1 wat] & heat4 ,! ve9 0 por\s & wat] 0 con/antly trickl+ out ( x4 ,!n1 too1 !re 7 wat] pockets1 or natural res]voirs 9 ! rock1 & any mom5t ! /roke ( a pick might let out a torr5t & =ce ! m9]s to run = _! lives4 ,sometimes m9]als 7 dissolv$ 9 ?is wat]1 & ! m5 ) clos$ eyes & swoll5 faces _h to be hurri$ to ! surface = treatm5t4 ,p[]ful pumps _h to be us$ & ! wat] s5t away ?r\gh long l9es ( pipes4 ,?is wat] 0 w>m1 & 9 v deep work+s 9 ! ,com/ock ve9 x 0 boil+ hot4 ,ev5 ) quantities ( ice s5t d[n to cool !m1 ! m5 c\ld "w 9 "s places only a %ort "t4 ,9 ,san ,francisco !re 0 a m9+ eng9e] nam$ ,adolph ,sutro :o plann$ to rem$y ^! tr\bles by driv+ a big f\r-mile tunnel ?r\gh ! he>t ( ! m\nta91 lett+ out ! hot wat] & ! f\l air4 ,! own]s ( "s ( ! m9es jo9$ him 9 rais+ ! money1 & ! tunnel 0 dug4 ,?r\gh ?is ! wat] ran out4 ,! m9es 7 fre$ ( f\l air & fre% air 0 driv5 94 ,! ,com/ock lode has giv5 up an amaz+ am\nt ( preci\s metal4 ,betwe5 #ahfj & #ahij x produc$ #cdj1jjj1jjj4 ,aft] #ahij1 h[ev]1 its product grew less4 ,! ve9 0 n s ri*1 ! price ( silv] fell1 :ile ! co/ ( m9+ x at great dep?s increas$4 ,n ne>ly s mu* 0 m9$1 & at l5g? wat] rose 9 ! m9es up to ! level ( ! ,sutro ,tunnel4 ,9 #aijj new ma*9]y 0 put 9 & new me?ods 7 adopt$1 su* z treat+ ! tail+s ) cyanide & s sav+ mu* ( ! preci\s metal f !m4 ,f ! beg9n+ ! ,com/ock m9es h be5 s ready to foll[ improv$ me?ods t !y h be5 call$ ! m9+ s*ool ( ! _w4 ,great quantities ( silv] are us$ = mak+ jewelry & = tablew>e4 ,! "o objection to its use is t silv] likes to unite ) sulphur1 & ?us ! silv] easily becomes black4 ,!re is sulphur 9 ! yolk ( an egg & t is :y ! spoon ) :i* x has be5 eat5 turns black4 ,ev5 if silv]w>e is n us$1 x t>ni%es1 especially 9 t[ns1 because !re is s mu* sulphuret$ hydrog5 9 ! air4 ,9 p]fectly pure air1 x w\ld n t>ni%4 ,silv] is h>d] ?an gold1 b n h>d en\gh to be us$ )\t "s alloy1 usually copp]4 ,tablew>e is solid ev5 if x conta9s alloy en\gh to /iff5 x4 ,x is plat$ if x is made ( "s *eap] metal & cov]$ ) silv]4 ,! old way ( do+ ?is 0 to fa/5 ) bits ( sold] a ?9 %eet ( silv] to ! cup or vase or :atev] 0 9 h& & heat x4 ,?is did fairly well = l>ge1 smoo? articles2 b x 0 almo/ impossible to f9i% ! edges ( spoons s z n to %[ ! two metals4 ,if y look at a plat$ spoon to-day1 h[ev]1 y w f9d t !re is no break at ! edge1 & s f> z y c tell by ! eye1 x is solid silv]4 ,if y look on ! back ( ! spoon1 y w p]haps see ,rog]s ,bros4 #ahdf4 ,^! m5 7 ! fir/ silv]mak]s 9 ?is c\ntry to plate tablew>e by electricity4 ,to make a spoon1 !y =m$ "o out ( iron or copp] & made sure t x 0 p]fectly clean4 ,!n across a ba? ( silv] cyanide1 potassium cyanide1 & wat] !y laid two metal rods1 & f ^! !y hung a spoon at "o end & a plate ( silv] at ! o!r4 ,^! rods 7 connect$ ) ! two poles ( a batt]y4 ,! electrical curr5t pass$ ?r\gh !m1 releas$ ! silv] f ! silv] cyanide1 & ?is 0 deposit$ ^u ! spoon4 ,! cyanide t _h lo/ its silv] took en\gh m f ! silv] plate to make up4 ,! am\nt ( silv] on ! spoon dep5ds ^u ! l5g? ( "t x rema9s 9 ! ba?4 ,x is weigh$ be=e plat+ & aga9 aft]w>ds1 to make sure t ! prop] am\nt ( silv] has be5 deposit$ ^u x4 ,on ! back ( _m plat$ articles y w see ! words ,triple plate or ,quadruple plate4 ,if ! article has be5 made by a reliable firm1 ?is means t ! triple plate x manufactures conta9s ?ree times z mu* silv] z s+le plate1 & t quadruple plate conta9s f\r times z mu*4 ,a piece ( silv] looks j z well if x has /ay$ 9 ! ba? only a few m9utes1 b ( c\rse x has tak5 on s little silv] t ?is w soon we> (f & %[ ! *eap] metal4 ,a l>ge am\nt ( silv] is us$ = co9s4 ,:5 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ne$s doll>s1 half-doll>s1 qu>t]s1 & dimes1 notice is giv5 & (f]s are call$ =1 /at+ ! quantity = sale & its price4 ,:5 x is deliv]$1 x is fir/ ( all assay$2 t is1 te/$ to f9d out h[ ne>ly pure x is & h[ mu* x is wor?4 ,next x is ref9$1 or purifi$ f o!r metals1 mix$ ) a little copp] to h>d5 x1 !n melt$ aga9 & p\r$ into m\lds to make b>s4 ,if doll>s are to be made1 ! b> is made ?9n] by pass+ x betwe5 heavy roll]s1 & blanks = doll>s are cut out ) a die4 ,^! blanks are weigh$ & e "o t is too heavy or too light is put back to be melt$ ov] aga94 ,?us f> ^! doll>s are only r\nd1 smoo? pieces ( metal4 ,!y mu/ be mill$ to give !m a r\gh edge1 & !y mu/ be /amp$4 ,= /amp+1 ! piece ( metal is plac$ betwe5 two dies1 "o above & "o bel[1 & ^! close ^u x ) a =ce ( "o hundr$ & fifty tons4 ,e "p ( ! process ( manufactur+ money is c>ri$ on ) ! utmo/ c>e4 ,! places :]e co9s are made are call$ m9ts4 ,! ,unit$ ,/ates has f\r2 ! olde/ is 9 ,philadelphia1 & !re are bran* m9ts 9 ,san ,francisco1 ,new ,orleans1 & ,d5v]4 ,co9s m9t$ 9 ,philadelphia h no di/+ui%+ m>k2 b co9s m9t$ 9 ,san ,francisco are m>k$ ) a t9y ,s2 if m9t$ 9 ,new ,orleans1 ) an ,o2 & if 9 ,d5v]1 ) a ,d4 ,,vii ,,iron1 ,,! ,,ev]yday ,,metal ,did y ev] realize t y\r food & clo!s1 y\r books1 & ! h\se 9 :i* y live all dep5d ^u iron8 ,vegetables1 gra9s1 & fruits are cultivat$ ) iron tools2 fi% are caught ) iron hooks1 & _m iron articles are us$ 9 ! c>e & sale ( meat4 ,clo!s are wov5 on iron looms1 sew$ ) iron ne$les1 & fa/5$ toge!r ) buttons conta9+ iron4 ,books are pr9t$ & b\nd by iron ma*9es1 & sometimes writt5 ) iron p5s or on iron typewrit]s4 ,h\ses are put toge!r ) nails2 & inde$1 !re is h>dly an article 9 use t c\ld be made z well or z easily if iron 0 n pl5ty4 ,if y 7 mak+ a _w & want$ to give ! p ! mo/ useful metal possible1 ! gift w\ld h to be iron2 & ! wise/ ?+ y c\ld d w\ld be to put x ev]y:]e1 b 9 su* =ms t ! p w\ld h to use _! bra9s to make x ( s]vice4 ,?is is j ! way ) ! iron 9 our _w4 ,:]ev] y see a bank ( r$ s& or r$ clay or a little brook :i* leaves a r$ m>k on ! gr\nd z x fl[s1 !re is iron4 ,iron is 9 mo/ soils1 9 r$ bricks1 9 g>nets1 9 rip5+ apples1 & ev5 9 y\r own blood4 ,x =ms "o tw5tie? "p ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,iron dissolves 9 wat] if y give x "t en\gh4 ,if y leave a /eel tool out ( doors on a wet night1 x w ru/2 t is1 "s ( ! iron w unite ) ! oxyg5 ( ! wat]4 ,?is is r inconv5i5t1 & yet 9 ano!r way ?is dissolv+ is a great b5efit4 ,?r\gh ! millions ( ye>s t are pa/1 ! oxyg5 ( ! ra9 has dissolv$ ! iron 9 ! hills & has work$ x d[n1 s t n[ x is 9 great b$s ( ore or 9 ri* pockets t are (t5 ( g5]\s size4 ,"o ( !m1 :i* is n[ be+ m9$ 9 ,m9nesota1 is m ?an two miles long1 half a mile wide1 & ( great ?ickness4 ,! ra9s are /ill at "w wa%+ d[n iron f ! hills4 ,!y c>ry ! t9y p>ticles along z easily z possible until !y come ^u lime/one4 ,!n1 almo/ z if x 0 fright5$1 ! brook drops its iron & runs away z fa/ z x c4 ,sometimes x fl[s into a pond or bog 9 :i* are c]ta9 m9ute plants or animals t act z lime/one does1 & ! p>ticles ( iron fall to ! bottom ( ! pond4 ,9 colonial days mu* ( ! iron work$ 9 ,am]ica 0 tak5 f ^! deposits4 ,"o k9d ( iron is ( special int]e/ because x comes directly f ! sky1 & falls 9 ! %ape ( /ones call$ meteorites1 "s ( :i* weigh _m tons4 ,9 "s ( ! old fables ab\t wond]ful h]oes1 ! /ories sometimes decl>e t ! swords ) :i* !y accompli%$ _! de$s ( pr[ess fell /raight f ! heav5s1 :i* probably means t !y 7 made ( meteoric iron4 ,=tunately = ! p & _! homes1 meteorites are n common1 b e l>ge museum has specim5s ( !m4 ,x is n especially difficult to make iron if y h ! ore1 a *>coal fire 9 a little ov5 ( /ones1 & a pair ( bell[s4 ,put on lay]s ( *>coal alt]nat+ ) lay]s ( ore1 bl[ ! bell[s1 & by & by y w h a lump ( iron4 ,x is n really melt$1 b x c be p\nd$ & work$4 ,?is is call$ ! ,catalan me?od1 because ! p ( ,catalonia 9 ,spa9 made iron 9 ?is way4 ,x is /ill us$ by ! natives ( ! int]ior ( ,africa4 ,b if all ! iron 0 made by ?is me?od1 x w\ld be f> m co/ly ?an gold4 ,! man :o makes iron 9 ^! days mu/ h an imm5se bla/ furnace1 p]haps "o hundr$ feet high1 a real pill> ( fire4 ,into ?is furnace are dropp$ masses ( ore1 & ) x coke to make x hott] & lime/one to c>ry (f ! silica slag1 or wor?less "p4 ,to increase ! heat1 bla/s ( hot air are bl[n into ! bottom ( ! furnace4 ,?is air is heat$ by pass+ x ?r\gh great /eel cyl9d]s z high z ! furnace4 ,! fuel us$ is no?+ m ?an ! gases :i* come out at ! top ( ! furnace4 ,! slag is s mu* light] ?an iron t :5 ! ore is melt$ ! slag floats on top j z oil floats on wat]1 & c be dra9$ out ( ! furnace ?r\gh a high] op5+ ?an t ?r\gh :i* ! iron fl[s4 ,! slag tap is op5 mo/ ( ! "t1 b ! iron tap is op5$ only once 9 ab\t six h\rs4 ,x is a magnific5t sight :5 a furnace is tapp$ & ! /ream ( iron drawn (f4 ,imag9e a great %$1 d>k & gloomy1 ) _m workm5 hurry+ ab\t to make ready = :at is to come4 ,! floor is ( s& & slopes d[n f ! furnace4 ,?r\gh ! c5t] ( ?is floor runs a long dit* /raight f ! furnace to ! end ( ! %$4 ,op5+ f x on bo? sides are _m small] dit*es2 & connect+ ) ^! are little gravelike depressions two or ?ree feet long & z close toge!r z c be4 ,^! are call$ pigs4 ,:5 ! "t has come1 ! workm5 ga!r ab\t ! furnace1 & ) a long b> !y drill into ! h>d-bak$ clay ( ! tapp+ hole4 ,sudd5ly x breaks1 & ) a ru% & a ro> ! crimson flood ( molt5 iron gu%es out4 ,x fl[s d[n ! tr5* into ! dit*es1 !n into ! pigs1 till _! :ole patt]n is m>k$ out 9 gl[+ iron4 ,n[ ! bla/ beg9s to drive great beautiful sp>ks ?r\gh ! tapp+ hole4 ,?is means t ! molt5 iron is exhau/$4 ,! bla/ is turn$ (f1 & ! mud-gun is br\ght into position & %oots balls ( clay into ! tapp+ hole to close x = ano!r melt+1 or drive4 ,! crimson pigs become rose-r$1 d>k51 & turn gray4 ,! m5 play /reams ( wat] ov] !m & ! build+ is fill$ ) vapor4 ,z soon z ! pigs are cool en\gh1 !y are c>t$ away & pil$ up outside ! build+4 ,9 "s iron works m\lds ( press$ /eel c>ri$ on an endless *a9 are us$ in/ead ( s& floors4 ,! *a9 c>ries !m pa/ ! m\? ( a tr\gh full ( melt$ iron4 ,!y are fill$1 borne "u wat] to be cool$1 & !n dropp$ ^u c>s4 ,a fir/-class ma*9e c make tw5ty pigs a m9ute4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,,! ,,/eel ,,f\ndry ,x is a dang]\s bus9ess to visit a /eel mill4 ,trem5d\s kettles travel ov]head on huge cranes1 hot metal fl[s f unexpect$ places1 & !re is a con/ant gl[ & /eam & ro> ev]y:]e to confuse ! unw>y4 ,mo/ ( ! iron made 9 bla/ furnaces is turn$ into /eel4 ,/eel has be5 made = c5turies1 b until a few ye>s ago ! process 0 sl[ & co/ly4 ,a workman's /eel tools 7 treasures1 & a good jackknife 0 a valuable article4 ,railroads 7 us+ iron rails4 ,!y soon wore out1 b at ! sugge/ion to use /eel1 ! presid5ts ( ! roads w\ld h exclaim$1 ,/eel1 inde$6 ,we might z well use silv]6 ,tra9s ne$$ to be long] & heavi]1 b iron rails & bridges c\ld n /& ! /ra94 ,l& 9 cities 0 becom+ m valuable2 high] build+s 7 ne$$1 b /one 0 too exp5sive4 ,ev]y:]e !re 0 a call = a metal t %\ld be /rong & *eap4 ,iron 0 pl5tiful1 b /eel 0 de>4 ,a *eap] me?od ( mak+ iron into /eel 0 ne$$2 & :5ev] !re is press+ ne$ ( an inv5tion1 x is almo/ sure to come4 ,be=e long1 :at is kn[n z ! ,bessem] process 0 inv5t$4 ,"o great difficulty 9 ! manufacture ( /eel 0 to leave j ! "r am\nt ( c>bon 9 ! iron4 ,bessem] simply took x all out1 & !n put back exactly :at 0 ne$$4 ,molt5 iron1 tons & tons ( x1 is run into an imm5se pe>-%ap$ vessel call$ a conv]t]4 ,fi]ce bla/s ( air are =c$ 9 f bel[4 ,^! unite ) ! c>bon & de/roy x4 ,!re is a ro>1 a clatt]1 & a clang4 ,t]rible flames ( gl[+ r$ %oot up4 ,sudd5ly !y *ange f r$ to yell[1 !n to :ite2 & ?is is ! signal t ! c>bon has be5 burn$ out4 ,! enorm\sly heavy conv]t] is s p]fectly pois$ t a *ild c move x4 ,! workm5 n[ tilt x & drop 9 :atev] c>bon is ne$$4 ,! molt5 /eel is p\r$ into squ>e m\lds1 =m+ masses call$ blooms1 & is c>ri$ away4 ,m iron is put into ! conv]t]1 & ! "w beg9s aga94 ,! ,bessem] process makes enorm\s masses ( /eel & makes x v *eaply2 b x has "o fault--x is too quick4 ,! conv]t] ro>s away = a few m9utes1 till ! c>bon & o!r impurities are burn$ out2 & ! m5 h no control ov] ! op]ation4 ,9 :at is call$ ! op5-he>? process1 pig iron1 scrap iron1 & ore are melt$ toge!r ) :atev] o!r sub/ances may be ne$$ to make ! p>ticul> k9d ( /eel desir$4 ,?is process takes mu* long] ?an ! ,bessem]1 b x c be controll$4 ,op5-he>? /eel is m homog5e\s1--t is1 m ne>ly alike all ! way ?r\gh1--& is bett] = "s purposes1 :ile = o!rs ! ,bessem] is pref]r$4 ,/eel is h>d & /rong1 b x has two faults4 ,a /eel b> w /& a v heavy bl[ & n break1 b if x is /ruck g5tly _m ?\s& times1 x sometimes cry/allizes & may snap4 ,a /eel rail may c>ry a tra9 = ye>s & !n may cry/allize & break & cause a wreck4 ,inv5tors are at "w discov]+ alloys to prev5t ?is cry/allization4 ,! second fault ( /eel is t x ru/s & loses its /r5g?4 ,t is :y an iron bridge or f5ce mu/ be kept pa9t$ to protect x f ! moi/ure 9 ! air4 ,if all ! iron t is 9 use %\ld sudd5ly disappe>1 did y ev] ?9k :at w\ld happ58 ,h\ses1 *ur*es1 skyscrap]s1 & bridges w\ld fall to ! gr\nd4 ,railroad tra9s1 automobiles1 & c>riages w\ld become heaps ( rubbi%4 ,%ips w\ld fall ap>t & become only scatt]$ planks float+ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,clocks & wat*es w\ld become empty cases4 ,!re w\ld be no ma*9es = manufactur+ or = agriculture1 n ev5 a spade to dig a g>d54 ,ev]ybody w\ld be out ( "w4 ,if y wi% to see h[ x w\ld seem1 try = an h\r to use no?+ t is ( iron or has be5 made by us+ iron4 ,,viii ,,our ,,good ,,fri5d ,,copp] ,:]e did rocks come f8 ,"s 7 deposit$ 9 wat]1 l lime/one & l ! %ale & s&/one t lie ov] ! /rata ( coal4 ,o!rs 7 made by fire1 & 7 ?r[n up 9 a melt$ /ate f ! int]ior ( ! e>?4 ,su* rocks are ! ,giant's ,causeway 9 ,irel& & ! ,palisades ( ! ,hudson ,riv]4 ,!y are call$ igne\s rocks1 f ! ,lat9 ^w ignis mean+ fire4 ,:5 ! igne\s rocks 7 ?r[n up to ! surface ( ! e>?1 !y br\ght v>i\s metals ) !m4 ,h[ ! metals happ5$ to be !re ready to be br\ght up1 no "o kn[s4 ,"s p ?9k !y 7 dissolv$ 9 wat] & !n deposit$2 o!rs ?9k t electricity _h some?+ to d ) _! =mation4 ,h[ev] t may be1 metals 7 br\ght up ) ! igne\s rocks1 & "o ( ^! metals is copp]4 ,n[1 to "o :o did n "k h[ to "w iron1 copp] 0 inde$ a wond]ful treasure1 = x made v good knives & spoons4 ,! p :o liv$ 9 ?is c\ntry long be=e ! ,indians came und]/ood h[ to use x1 & aft] a :ile ! ,indians !mselves f\nd out its value4 ,!y did n tr\ble !mselves to dig = x2 !y simply pick$ x up f ! gr\nd1 good pure metal 9 lumps2 & ) /ones = hamm]s !y beat x into knives4 ,!re 0 only "o place 9 :at is n[ ! ,unit$ ,/ates :]e !y c\ld d ?is1 & t 0 9 nor!rn ,mi*igan4 ,a long po9t ( l& /ret*es out into ,lake ,sup]ior z if x 0 try+ to see :at c\ld be f\nd !re4 ,j beyond its rea* is ,isle ,royal2 & 9 ^! two places !re 0 pl5ty ( copp]1 en\gh = ! ,indians1 en\gh = ! p :o h come aft] !m1 & en\gh = a great _m m4 ,"o piece ( copp] :i* ! ,indians did n pick up1 & ! ,unit$ ,/ates ,gov]nm5t did1 is ! fam\s ,ontonagon ,b\ld]1 s call$ because x 0 f\nd ne> ! ,ontonagon ,riv]4 ,x weighs m ?an ?ree tons4 ,! ,indians w\ld h be5 glad to make use ( x1 b x 0 too h>d = _! tools1 & s !y are said to h wor%ip$ x z a god4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,national ,museum 9 ,wa%+ton4 ,! lumps ( copp]1 su* z ^? :i* delight$ ! he>ts ( ! ,indians1 are kn[n to-day z b>rel copp]1 because !y are ( a good size to be dropp$ into b>rels & c>ri$ away = smelt+4 ,! great b\ld]s :i* ! ,indians c\ld n use are call$ mass copp]4 ,sometimes !y weigh z mu* z five hundr$ tons4 ,! copp] 9 !m is almo/ pure1 & a big b\ld] is wor? p]haps #bjj1jjj4 ,nev]!less1 ! m9e-own]s d n rejoice :5 !y come ^u su* a mass 9 _! digg+1 = x _c be ei!r dug or bla/$1 & has to be cut away ) *isels ( *ill$ /eel4 ,n[1 a m9e may be wond]fully ri* 9 metal1 b if work+ x co/s too mu*1 !n ano!r m9e ) less metal b m easily work$ w pay bett]4 ,s x is ) ^! great masses ( copp]4 ,!y are int]e/+ to /udy & !y look well 9 museums1 b !y d n pay s well z ! /amp copp] :i* is f\nd 9 humble little bits 9 ! gangue1 or ! rock ( ! ve91 & has to be p\nd$ 9 a /amp mill4 ,?is gangue is dug out & brok5 up z 9 m9es ( o!r metals4 ,! copp] is mu* heavi] ?an ! rock1 s x is easy to get rid ( ! wor?less gangue by means ( a fl[ ( wat]4 ,! gangue ( ! ,mi*igan m9es is exce$+ly h>d1 b ! /amps are s p[]ful t "o c cru% five hundr$ tons 9 less ?an tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,"s copp] c be tak5 out ( ! mort>s at once1 b ! re/ ( ! brok5 gangue is f$ to jigs1 or scre5s1 :i* are kept "u jets ( wat]4 ,! wat] is ?r[n up f bel[ & ! light] rock is toss$ away1 :ile ! heavi] copp] falls ?r\gh ! t9y holes 9 ! scre5s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,9 ,a ,,copp] ,,smelt] ,! m5 are p\r+ hot copp] into m\lds = ca/+s4 ,aft] ! ore has be5 ?r\gh all ^! exp]i5ces1 x comes out look+ l d>k-color$ s& or co>se br[n sug>4 ,x is n int]e/+1 & no "o :o saw x = ! fir/ "t w\ld ev] fancy t x 0 go+ to turn into some?+ beautiful4 ,x is dump$ into freight c>s & trundl$ (f to ! smelt+ furnaces4 ,b h[ev] un9t]e/+ x looks1 x is well wor? :ile to foll[ ^! c>s to see :at happ5s to x at ! smelt]s4 ,fir/ ( all1 ev5 be=e x goes into ! smelt+ furnace1 x mu/ be roa/$4 ,!re is usually sulphur comb9$ ) ! copp]1 & roa/+ w get rid ( mu* ( x4 ,9 "s places ?is is done by build+ up a great heap ( ore ) a little wood4 ,! wood is k9dl$1 & by ! "t x has burn$ out1 ! sulphur 9 ! ore has begun to burn1 & 9 a good-siz$ heap x w cont9ue to burn = p]haps two mon?s4 ,su* a heap is a good ?+ to keep away f1 = ! fumes ( sulphur are v disagreeable4 ,inde$1 !y w kill trees & o!r gr[+ ?+s :]ev] ! w9d may c>ry !m1 ev5 sev]al miles away4 ,! manag]s ( m9es ( copp] z well z ( gold & silv] h le>n$ to economize2 & x has be5 f\nd t in/ead ( lett+ ^! fumes g into ! air1 !y may be made to pass ?r\gh acid *amb]s l9$ ) z9c & full ( wat]4 ,! wat] holds ! fumes1 & c be us$ 9 mak+ sulphuric acid4 ,aft] ! ore has be5 roa/$1 x is put into ! furnace = smelt+4 ,if y %\ld make an ov5 & put into x a mixture ( wood & roa/$ copp]1 t w\ld be a smelt+ furnace4 ,set ! wood on fire1 pump 9 air to make ! flame hot1 & if y\r furnace c\ld be made hot en\gh1--t is1 #bcjj deg4 ,f41 or ab\t elev5 times z hot z boil+ wat]1--y c\ld smelt copp]4 ,( c\rse ! furnace ( a real smelt+ factory w hold tons & tons ( copp] ore & has all sorts ( improvem5ts1 b aft] all x is 9 pr9ciple only an ov5 ) wood & ore & draft4 ,ano!r sort ( furnace1 :i* is bett] = "s k9ds ( ore1 has a grate = ! fire & a b$ above x = ! copp]4 ,imag9e an enorm\s furnace hold+ betwe5 two & ?ree hundr$ tons ( metal & burn+ ) su* a t]rific heat t by contra/ boil+ wat] w\ld seem cool & com=table4 ,sudd5ly1 :ile y /& look+ at x1 b a long way (f1 a door flies op5 & ! mo/ beautiful cascade--only x is n a wat]fall1 b a copp] fall--p\rs out4 ,x looks l r$1 r$ gold1 ri* & wond]ful1 ) little flames ( r$ & blue danc+ ov] x4 ,x might almo/ be "o ( ! fire-brea?+ dragons ( ! old /ory-books2 & if x %\ld get loose1 x w\ld dev\r :omev] x t\*$ f> quick] ?an any dragon4 ,x h>dly seems z if any "o c\ld manage su* a mon/]2 b x looks easy1 aft] y h se5 x done4 ,an enorm\s horizontal :eel revolves sl[ly4 ,on its edge are m\lds %ap$ l bricks1 b mu* l>g]4 ,on ! hub ( ! :eel a workman sits to direct ! fill+ ( ^!4 ,a set ( !m is fill$1 & moves on1 & o!rs take _! place4 ,:5 !y are p>tly cool$1 ano!r workman1 at ! f>!r side ( ! :eel1 pries !m out ( ! m\ld & drops !m into wat]4 ,!n by ! aid ( ! f+]s ( a ma*9e & ^? ( m51 !y are load$ ^u c>s4 ,9 copp] !re is (t5 "s gold & silv]4 ,! preci\s metals d n make ! copp] any bett]1 & if !y c be sep>at$ f x1 !y are well wor? ! tr\ble4 ,?is is done by electricity4 ,x is s successful t ! metallurgi/s are hop+ soon to take a long /ep ahead & by means ( electricity to produce ref9$ copp] directly f ! ore4 ,inde$1 ?is has be5 done already 9 ! laboratories1 b be=e ! manag]s ( m9es c employ ! me?od1 a way ( mak+ x less exp5sive mu/ be discov]$4 ,no m9e t wa/es any?+ is z well manag$ z x might be2 & sup]9t5d5ts are con/antly on ! wat* = *eap] me?ods & = ways to make ! refuse matt] ( use4 ,ev5 ! scoria1 or slag f ! furnaces1 has be5 f\nd to be good = some?+1 & n[ x is made into a co>se sort ( brick t = c]ta9 r\gh uses is ( value4 ,by ! way1 ! %aft ( a copp] m9e1 ! ,r$ ,jacket1 has %[n itself ( use 9 a mann] t no "o expect$1 namely1 x helps to prove t ! e>? turns ar\nd4 ,?is %aft is ! deepe/ m9+ %aft 9 ! _w1 & :5 y get into ! cage1 y g d[n a full mile t[>d ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,if y drop any article into ! %aft1 x always /rikes ! ea/ side be=e rea*+ ! bottom4 ,! only way to expla9 ?is is t ! e>? turns t[>d ! ea/4 ,copp] mix$ ) z9c =ms brass1 :i* is h>d] ?an copp] alone4 ,x t>ni%es1 ?\gh n s easily z copp]2 b a coat ( v>ni% w protect x till ! v>ni% we>s (f4 ,a good way to f9d out ! _m uses ( brass & to see h[ valuable !y are is to g along ! /reet & ?r\gh a h\se & make a li/4 ,on ! /reet y w see signs1 h>ness buckles1 & buttons1 ev]y:]e4 ,look on ! automobiles & fire eng9es = a f9e display ( brass1 poli%$ & %9+4 ,9 ! h\se y w f9d brass b$/eads1 curta9 rods1 faucets1 pipes1 draw]pulls1 c&le/icks1 gas & electric fixtures1 lamps1 ! works ( clocks & wat*es1 & scores ( o!r ?+s4 ,y w n h any idea h[ _m !y are till y beg9 to c\nt4 ,copp] mix$ ) t9 =ms bronze4 ,g into a h>dw>e /ore & look at ! samples ( bronze outside ( ea* draw]1 & y w be surpris$ t !re are s _m4 ,bronze does n *ange ev5 :5 9 ! op5 air = ages4 ,t is "o reason :y x has always be5 s mu* us$ = /atues4 ,!re are two /range facts ab\t ?is mixture4 ,"o is t bronze is h>d] ?an ei!r copp] or t94 ,! o!r is t if y mix "o p9t ( melt$ copp] ) "o p9t ( t91 ! mixture w be less ?an a qu>t4 ,j :y ^! ?+s are s1 no "o is q c]ta94 ,ma!matics decl>es t ! :ole is equal to ! sum ( its p>ts2 b 9 ?is "o case ! :ole seems to be less ?an ! sum ( its p>ts4 ,ano!r reason :y bronze is s mu* us$ = /atues is t ! ca/+s are smoo?4 ,i once w5t to a f\ndry to h a brass ornam5t %ap$ some:at l a cone made = a clock4 ,! f\ndryman =m$ a m\ld 9 clay & p\r$ ! melt$ brass into x4 ,:5 x _h cool$1 ! m\ld 0 brok5 (f & ! ornam5t tak5 out2 b x 0 ( no use because x 0 s full ( little holl[s t x c\ld n be made smoo? )\t cutt+ away a great deal ( x4 ,! man _h to try ?ree times be=e he succe$$ 9 mak+ "o t c\ld be poli%$4 ,if x _h be5 made ( bronze1 !re w\ld h be5 no tr\ble1 because bronze1 h>d z x is aft] x cools1 fl[s :5 x is melt$ almo/ z easily z molasses & fills e little nook & corn] ( ! m\ld4 ,a fam\s ,lat9 poet nam$ ,horace1 :o liv$ two ?\s& ye>s ago1 wrote ( 8 poems1 ,i h re>$ a monum5t m la/+ ?an bronze2 & he 0 "r1 = few /atues h endur$ f 8 day to ours1 b 8 poems are /ill read & admir$4 ,bells are made ( bronze1 ab\t ?ree qu>t]s copp] & "o qu>t] t94 ,x is ?\ght t mu* copp] gives a deep1 full tone1 & t mu* t9 )1 sometimes1 z9c makes ! tone %>p4 ,! age ( a bell has some?+ to d ) its s\nd be+ ri* & mell[2 b ! bellmak] has ev5 m1 = he mu/ und]/& n only h[ to ca/ x1 b also h[ to tune x4 ,if y tap a l>ge bell1 x w1 if prop]ly tun$1 s\nd a cle> note4 ,tap x j on ! curve ( ! top1 & x w give a note exactly "o octave above ! fir/4 ,if ! note ( ! bell is too l[1 x c be made high] by cutt+ away a little f ! inn] rim4 ,if x is too high1 x c be made l[] by fil+ on ! inside a little above ! rim4 ,_m ( ! old bells conta9 ! gifts ( silv] & gold :i* 7 ?r[n 9 by p :o wat*$ _! f\nd+4 ,! mo/ fam\s bell 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates is ! ,lib]ty ,bell ( ,indep5d5ce ,hall1 9 ,philadelphia1 :i* rang :5 ,indep5d5ce 0 adopt$ by ,congress4 ,?is 0 f\nd$ 9 ,engl& long be=e ! ,revolution & lat] 0 melt$ & f\nd$ aga9 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,x w\ld n be easy to get on )\t brass & bronze2 b ev5 ^! alloys are n s necess>y z copp] by itself4 ,x is s /rong t x is us$ 9 boil] tubes ( locomotives1 z ro(+ = build+s & railroad coa*es1 9 ! great pans & vats ( ! sug> factories & ref9]ies4 ,a copp] ore call$ mala*ite1 :i* %[s _m %ades ( gre51 beautifully bl5d$ & m+l$1 is us$ = ! tops ( tables4 ,wood5 %ips are (t5 copp]-bottom$2 t is1 %eets ( copp] are nail$ to t "p ( ! hull :i* is "u wat] 9 ord] to prev5t b>nacles f mak+ _! homes on x1 & s less5+ ! spe$ ( ! vessel4 ,p (t5 say t ! latt] half ( ! n9ete5? c5tury 0 ! ,age ( ,/eel1 because s _m new uses = /eel 7 f\nd at t "t4 ,! tw5tie? c5tury promises to be ! ,age ( ,electricity1 & electricity mu/ h copp]4 ,=m]ly iron 0 us$ = telegraph wires2 b x ne$s mu* m electricity to c>ry p[] or light or heat or a telegraphic message ov] an iron wire ?an "o ( copp]4 ,moreov]1 iron w ru/ & w n /ret* 9 /orms l copp]1 & s ne$s r5ew+ mu* (t5]4 ,electric light+ & ! telephone are ev]y:]e1 ev5 on ! summits ( m\nta9s & 9 m9es a mile bel[ ! e>?'s surface4 ,electric p[]1 if a wat]fall furni%es ! electricity1 is ! *eape/ p[] kn[n4 ,! common blue vitriol is "o =m ( copp]1 & to ?is we owe _m ( our electric conv5i5ces4 ,x is us$ 9 all wet batt]ies1 & s x r+s our doorbells = u4 ,x also sprays our apple & pea* trees1 & is a v valuable article4 ,inde$1 copp] 9 all its =ms1 pure & alloy$1 is "o ( our be/ & mo/ helpful fri5ds4 ,,ix ,,! ,,new ,,metal1 ,,alum9um ,n _m ye>s ago a college boy read ab\t an int]e/+ metal call$ alum9um4 ,x 0 z /rong z iron1 b weigh$ only "o ?ird z mu*1 & moi/ure w\ld n make x ru/4 ,x 0 made ( a sub/ance call$ alum9a1 & a ,fr5* *emi/ _h decl>$ t ! clay banks 7 full ( x2 & yet x co/ z mu* z silv]4 ,x _h be5 us$ 9 ,france = jewelry & knicknacks1 & a rattle ( x _h be5 pres5t$ to ! baby son ( ! ,emp]or ( ,france z a great r>ity4 ,! college boy ?\ght by day & dream$ by night ( ! metal t 0 ev]y:]e1 b t might z well be n[h]e1 s f> z gett+ at x 0 conc]n$4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty-"o1 ! "y man graduat$1 b ev5 8 new diploma c\ld n keep 8 m9d away f alum9um4 ,he borr[$ ! college laboratory & set to "w4 ,= sev5 or eight mon?s he tri$ mix+ ! metal ) v>i\s sub/ances to see if x w\ld n dissolve4 ,at l5g? he tri$ a /one f ,gre5l& call$ cryolite1 :i* _h already be5 us$ = mak+ a k9d ( porcela94 ,! "n ( ?is /one comes f two ,greek words mean+ ice /one1 & x is s call$ because x melts s easily4 ,! "y /ud5t melt$ x & f\nd t x w\ld dissolve alum9a4 ,!n he ran an electric curr5t ?r\gh ! melt$ mass1 & !re 0 a deposit ( alum9um4 ,?is "y man1 j out ( college1 _h discov]$ a process t result$ 9 r$uc+ ! co/ ( alum9um f twelve doll>s a p\nd to eighte5 c5ts4 ,mean:ile a ,fr5*man ( ! same age _h be5 work+ away by himself1 & made ! same discov]y only two mon?s lat]4 ,alum9um is n[ made f a m9]al call$ bauxite1 f\nd *iefly 9 ,georgia1 ,alabama1 & ,arkansas4 ,m9+ x is mu* m agreeable ?an coal m9+1 = ! "w is done abovegr\nd4 ,! bauxite is 9 b$s or /rata :i* (t5 cov] ! hills l a blanket4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! m9e is /ripp$1--t is1 ! soil :i* cov]s ! ore is remov$1--& !n ! m9+ is done 9 great /eps eight or t5 feet high1 if a hill is to be work$4 ,!re is "s v>iety 9 m9+ bauxite1 = x occurs 9 ?ree =ms4 ,fir/1 x may be a rock1 :i* has to be bla/$ 9 ord] to loos5 x4 ,second1 x may be 9 ! =m ( gray or r$ clay4 ,?ird1 x occurs 9 r\nd masses1 sometimes no l>g] ?an peas1 & sometimes an in* 9 diamet]4 ,9 ?is =m x c easily be loos5$ ) a pickaxe1 & %ovel$ into c>s to be c>ri$ to ! mill4 ,bauxite is a r mis*iev\s m9]al & sometimes acts z if x delight$ 9 play+ tricks ^u manag]s ( m9es4 ,! ore may n *ange 9 ! lea/ 9 its appe>ance1 & yet x may sudd5ly h become mu* ri*] or mu* poor]4 ,!re=e ! sup]9t5d5t has to give 8 ore a *emical te/ e little :ile to make sure t all ?+s are go+ on well4 ,?is bauxite is purifi$1 & ! result is a f9e :ite p[d]1 :i* is pure alum9a1 & consi/s ( ! metal alum9um & ! gas oxyg54 ,cryolite is n[ melt$ by electricity4 ,! :ite p[d] is put into x1 & dissolves j z sug> dissolves 9 wat]4 ,! electricity keeps on work+1 & n[ x sep>ates ! alum9a into its two p>ts4 ,! alum9um is a little heavi] ?an ! melt$ cryolite1 & !re=e x settles & may be drawn (f at ! bottom ( ! melt+-pot4 ,!re are a good _m reasons :y alum9um is useful4 ,z has be5 said x is /rong & light & does n ru/ 9 moi/ure4 ,y c beat x into %eets z ?9 z gold leaf1 & y c draw x into ! f9e/ wire4 ,x is s(t] ?an silv]1 & x c be pun*$ into almo/ any =m4 ,x is ! mo/ accommodat+ ( metals4 ,y c hamm] x 9 ! cold until x becomes z h>d z s(t iron4 ,!n1 if y ne$ to h x s(t aga91 x w become s by melt+4 ,x takes a f9e poli% & is n affect$1 z silv] is1 by ! fumes :i* are ?r[n (f by burn+ coal2 & s keeps its color :5 silv] w\ld turn black4 ,salt wat] does n hurt x 9 ! lea/1 & few ( ! acids affect x4 ,ano!r good quality is t x conducts electricity excell5tly4 ,x is true t copp] w d ! same "w ) a small] wire2 b ! alum9um is mu* light] & s *eap t ! l>g] wire ( alum9um co/s less ?an ! small] "o ( copp]1 & its use = ?is purpose is on ! increase4 ,x conducts heat z well z silv]4 ,if y put "o spoon ( alum9um1 "o ( silv]1 & "o t is plat$ into a cup ( hot wat]1 ! h&les ( ! fir/ two w almo/ burn y\r f+]s be=e ! ?ird is at all uncom=table to t\*4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,movie ,,( ,,an ,,alum9um ,,funnel ,c\rtesy ,! ,alum9um ,cook+ ,ut5sil ,company4 ,sev5te5 o!r op]ations are necess>y aft] ! ?irte5? /amp+ op]ation be=e ! funnel is ready to be sold4 ,& aft] all ?is "w1 we c buy x = #ce c5ts at any h>dw>e /ore4 ,alum9um is f\nd n only 9 clay & inde$ 9 mo/ rocks except s&/one & lime/one1 b also 9 sev]al ( ! preci\s /ones1 9 ! yell[ topaz1 ! blue sapphire & lapis-lazuli1 & ! r$ g>net & ruby4 ,x might look d[n ^u "s ( its metallic relatives1 b x is fri5dly ) !m all1 & p]fectly will+ to =m alloys ) mo/ ( !m4 ,a s+le ounce ( x put into a ton ( /eel z ! latt] is be+ p\r$ out w drive away ! gases :i* (t5 make little holes 9 ca/+s4 ,mix$ ) copp] x makes a beautiful bronze :i* has ! yell[ gleam ( gold1 b is h>d to "w4 ,:5 a piece ( jewelry looks l gold1 b is sold at too l[ a price to be real1 x may be alum9um bronze1 v pretty at fir/1 b be=e long its lu/] w vani%4 ,alum9um bronze is n good = jewelry1 b x is good = _m uses1 especially = be>+s 9 ma*9]y4 ,alum9um mix$ ) ev5 a v little silv] has ! color & brightness ( silv]4 ,! mo/ common alloys ) alum9um are z9c1 copp]1 & manganese1 b 9 su* small quantities t !y d n *ange its appe>ance4 ,) s _m good qualities & s few bad ones1 x is small wond] t alum9um is employ$ = m purposes ?an c be c\nt$4 ,a v few ye>s ago x 0 only an int]e/+ curiosity1 b n[ x is "o ( ! h>de/-work$ metals4 ,automobiles 9 p>ticul> owe a great deal to its help4 ,:5 !y fir/ began to be common1 9 #aijd-je1 ! eng9es 7 less p[]ful ?an !y are n[ made1 & alum9um 0 l>gely employ$ 9 ord] to less5 ! weight4 ,be=e long x 0 9 use = c>buretors1 bodies1 ge>-boxes1 f5d]s1 hoods1 & _m o!r p>ts ( ! ma*9e4 ,mak]s ( electric app>atus use alum9um in/ead ( brass4 ,! frames ( op]a glasses & ( cam]as are made ( x4 ,travel]s & soldi]s & camp]s1 p to :om e extra ounce ( weight c\nts1 are glad en\gh to h di%es ( alum9um4 ,! accommodat+ metal is ev5 us$ = wallpap]1 & ?reads ( x are comb9$ ) silk to give a specially brilliant effect on ! /age4 ,x c be made into a pa9t :i* w protect iron f ru/2 & w make woodwork p>tially firepro(4 ,alum9um has be5 gladly employ$ by ! manufactur]s ( all sorts ( articles1 b n[h]e has its welcome be5 m cordial ?an 9 ! kit*54 ,any "o :o has ev] lift$ ! heavy iron kettles :i* 7 9 use n s v _m ye>s ago w realize :at an improvem5t x is to h kettles made ( alum9um4 ,b alum9um has o!r advantages besides its lightness4 ,if any food conta9+ a weak acid1 l v9eg> & wat]1 is put into a copp] kettle1 "s ( ! copp] dissolves & goes into ! food2 acid does n affect alum9um except to bright5 x if x has be5 discolor$ by an alkali l soda4 ,t9 di%es1 s call$1 are only iron ) a coat+ ( t94 ,! t9 soon we>s (f1 & ! iron ru/s2 alum9um does n ru/ 9 moi/ure4 ,a /rong alkali w de/roy x1 b no alkali 9 common use 9 ! kit*5 is /rong en\gh to d m h>m ?an to *ange ! color1 & a weak acid w re/ore t4 ,enamel$ w>e1 especially if x is :ite1 looks da9ty & attractive2 b ! enamel is likely to *ip (f1 &1 too1 if ! di% boils dry1 ! food 9 x & ! di% itself are spoil$4 ,alum9um nev] *ips1 & x holds ! heat 9 su* a mann] z to make all p>ts ( ! di% equally hot4 ,food1 !n1 is n s likely to burn d[n1 b if x does1 only ! "p t /icks w ta/e scor*$2 & no matt] h[ _m times a di% boils dry1 x w nev] break4 ,if y make a d5t 9 x1 y c easily p\nd x back into %ape aga94 ,x is said t an alum9um teakettle "o sixte5? ( an in* 9 diamet] c be b5t almo/ d\ble be=e x w break4 ,alum9um di%es are made 9 two ways4 ,sometimes !y are ca/1 & sometimes !y are drawn on a ma*9e4 ,if "o is to be small] at ! top1 z 9 ! case ( a c(feepot1 x is drawn out into a cyl9d]1 !n put on a revolv+ sp9dle4 ,z x :irls ar\nd1 a tool is held aga9/ x :]ev] x is to be made small]1 & v soon ! c(feepot is 9 %ape4 ,! sp\t is sold]$ on1 b ev5 ! sold] is made *iefly ( alum9um4 ,alum9um di%es may become batt]$ & bruis$1 b !y ne$ nev] be ?r[n away4 ,!re is an old /ory ( "s en*ant$ slipp]s :i* br\ght mis=tune to :oev] own$ !m4 ,! man :o possess$ !m tri$ 8 be/ to get rid ( ! tr\blesome articles1 b !y always return$4 ,s x is ) an alum9um di%4 ,b5d x1 burn x1 put acid into x1 d :at y w to get rid ( x1 b l ! slipp]s x rema9s ) y4 ,unlike !m1 h[ev]1 x br+s good =tune1 because x saves "t & tr\ble & pati5ce & money4 ,a few ye>s ago ! motive p[] = mo/ manufactures 0 /eam4 ,electricity is rapidly tak+ its place2 & if alum9um 0 good = no?+ else save to act z a conductor ( electricity 9 its v>i\s applications1 !re w\ld ev5 !n be a great future be=e x4 ,x ,,! ,,oil ,,9 ,,our ,,lamps ,probably ! fir/ man :o w5t to a spr+ = a dr9k & f\nd oil float+ on ! wat] 0 decid$ly annoy$4 ,he did n c>e 9 ! lea/ :]e ! oil came f or :at x 0 good =2 he 0 ?ir/y1 & x _h spoil$ 8 dr9k1 & t 0 en\gh = him4 ,we "k n[ t oil comes *iefly f /rata ( co>se s&/one1 b we are n q sure h[ x happ5$ to be !re4 ,! s& :i* =m$ ^! /rata 0 deposit$ by wat] ages & ages ago--we are c]ta9 ( t4 ,ano!r ?+ t we are c]ta9 ( is t :]e ! /rata lie flat1 !re is no oil4 ,hot sub/ances become small] z !y cool2 & z ! e>? grew cool]1 x became small]4 ,! cru/ ( ! e>? wr9kl$ z ! sk9 ( an apple does :5 x dries4 ,9 ! tops ( ^! great s&/one wr9kles !re is (t5 gas2 & bel[ ! gas is ! place :]e oil is f\nd4 ,!re is no use 9 look+ = petroleum :]e ! folds ( ! /rata are v %>p1 because 9 t case ! /rata crack & let ! oil fl[ away4 ,x is n 9 pools1 b ! por\s /one holds x j z a sponge holds wat]4 ,if y drop a little oil ^u a /one ev5 mu* less por\s ?an s&/one1 x w n be easy to wipe x (f1 because "s ( x w h sunk into ! /one4 ,9 _m places ! gas =ces its way out1 & is pip$ to c>ry to h\ses = light & heat4 ,n f> above ,niag>a ,falls !re 0 a spr+ ( gas :i* fl[$ = ye>s4 ,an iron pipe 0 put d[n1 & :5 ! gas 0 light$1 ! flame %ot up ?ree or f\r feet4 ,! gas came ) su* =ce t a h&k]*ief put ov] ! end ( ! pipe w\ld n burn1 ?\gh ! flame w\ld blaze away above x4 ,9 ! c\ntry ( ! fire wor%ip]s1 on ! %ores ( ! ,caspian ,sea1 fires ( natural gas h be5 burn+ = ages1 k9dl$1 p]haps1 by lightn+ c5turies ago4 ,!re is a va/ supply ( oil 9 ?is place2 & inde$ !re is h>dly a c\ntry t has n m or less ( x4 ,9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! coloni/s soon le>n$ t !re 0 petroleum 9 :at is n[ ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york2 b ,new ,york 0 a long way f ! ,atlantic seabo>d 9 ^? days1 & !y w5t on cont5t$ly burn+ c&les or sp]m :ale oil1 or1 a little lat]1 a r dang]\s liquid :i* 0 kn[n z fluid4 ,! ,indians believ$ t ! oil :i* appe>$ 9 ! spr+s 0 a good m$ic9e4 ,!y ?rew _! blankets ^u ! wat]1 & :5 ^! _h become saturat$ ) ! oil1 !y wrung !m out & sold ! oil4 ,^? 7 ! times :5 if a m$ic9e only ta/$ & smell$ bad en\gh1 p nev] d\bt$ t x w\ld cure all _! diseases1 & !y gladly b\ght ! oil ( ! ,indians4 ,:5 at la/ x became cle> to ! memb]s ( an ent]pris+ company t oil = use 9 lamps c\ld be made f petroleum1 !y secur$ "s l& 9 ,p5nsylvania t seem$ promis+ & set to "w to dig a well4 ,b ! m !y dug1 ! m ! loose dirt fell 9 ^u !m4 ,=tunately = ! company1 ! sup]9t5d5t _h bra9s1 & he ?\ght out a way to get ! bett] ( ! crumbl+ soil4 ,he simply drove d[n an iron pipe to ! s&/one :i* conta9$ ! oil1 & set 8 bor] at "w )9 ! pipe4 ,"o morn+ he f\nd t ! oil _h gu%$ 9 ne>ly to ! top ( ! well4 ,he _h /ruck oil4 ,?is 0 ab\t t5 ye>s aft] ! ru% to ,cali=nia = gold1 & n[ t ?is *eap] & quick] me?od ( mak+ a well _h be5 inv5t$1 !re 0 almo/ z mu* ( a ru% to ,p5nsylvania = oil4 ,) e p5ny t !y c\ld beg or borr[1 p f ! ,ea/ hurri$ to ! we/w>d to buy or lease a piece ( l& 9 ! hope ( mak+ _! =tunes4 ,a song ( ! day _h = its refra91-- ,/ocks p>1 /ocks up1 ,!n on ! wane2 ,ev]ybody's tr\bl$ ) ,oil on ! bra94 ,9 ! c\rse ( a ye> or two1 ! fir/ gu%] 0 discov]$4 ,! workm5 _h drill$ d[n "s f\r or five hundr$ feet & 7 work+ away peacefully1 :5 a furi\s /ream ( oil bur/ =? :i* hurl$ ! tools high up into ! air4 ,hundr$s ( b>rels gu%$ out e day1 & soon o!r gu%]s 7 discov]$4 ,! mo/ fam\s "o 9 ! _w is at ,lakeview1 ,cali=nia4 ,= mon?s x produc$ fifty ?\s& b>rels ( oil a day1 & ?rew x up ?ree hundr$ & fifty feet into ! air 9 a black column1 spray+ ! c\ntry ) oil = a mile ar\nd4 ,! oil fl[$ away 9 a riv]1 & = a "t no "o c\ld plan any way to /op x or /ore x4 ,at la/1 h[ev]1 a mammo? tank 0 built ar\nd ! well & made firm ) /ones & bags ( e>?4 ,?is 0 soon full ( oil2 & ) all ?is va/ weight ( oil press+ d[n ^u x1 ! /ream c\ld n rise m ?an a few feet above ! surface4 ,j :y oil %\ld come out ) su* =ce1 ! geologi/s are n q c]ta92 b x is ?\ght to result f a pressure ( gas ^u ! s&/one conta9+ x4 ,! fl[ almo/ always becomes less & less1 & aft] a "t ! mo/ g5]\s well has to be pump$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,,cali=nia ,,oil ,,field ,= sc5]y1 "o %\ld n g to an oil field4 ,looks1 smell1 & oil alike are unpleasant1 b e oil d]rick cov]s a =tune & helps to make our ma*9]y run smoo?ly4 ,an oil field may ext5d ov] ?\s&s ( squ>e miles2 b )9 ?is field !re are always pools2 t is1 c]ta9 small] fields1 :]e oil is f\nd4 ,:5 a man ?9ks !re is oil 9 a c]ta9 spot1 sometimes he buys ! l& if he is able2 b (t5] he gets p]mission ( ! own] to bore a well1 agree+ to pay him a royalty2 t is1 a c]ta9 p]c5tage ( all ! oil t is produc$4 ,:5 ?is has be5 arrang$1 he builds 8 d]rick4 ,?is consi/s ( f\r /rong upright beams firmly held toge!r by crossbeams4 ,x /&s directly ov] ! place :]e ! well is to be dug4 ,x is f ?irty to eighty feet 9 height1 accord+ to ! dep? at :i* x is hop$ to f9d oil4 ,!re mu/ also be an eng9e h\se to provide ! p[] = drill+4 ,an iron pipe eight or t5 in*es 9 diamet] is driv5 d[n ?r\gh ! soil until x comes to rock4 ,n[ ! regul> drill+ beg9s4 ,at ! top ( ! d]rick is a pulley4 ,ov] ! pulley passes a /\t rope to :i* ! heavy drill+ tools--! /r+ ( tools1 z !y are call$--are fa/5$4 ,! drill+ goes on day & night4 ,! drill makes ! hole1 & ! s& pump sucks out ! wat] & loose bits ( /one4 ,:5 ! drill has gone to ! bottom ( ! /rata :i* c>ry wat]1 ! sides ( ! bore are cas$ to keep ! wat] out2 !n ! drill+ cont9ues1 b n[ ! drill makes its way into ! oil-be>+ s&/one4 ,!re is no?+ c]ta9 ab\t ! se>* = oil4 ,9 "s places x is ne> ! surface1 9 o!rs x is p]haps ?ree or f\r ?\s& feet d[n4 ,! well may prove to be a gu%] & p\r out hundr$s ( ?\s&s ( gallons a day2 or ! oil may refuse to rise to ! surface & h to be pump$ out ev5 at ! fir/4 ,naturally1 no "o is prep>$ = a gu%]1 & millions ( gallons h (t5 fl[$ away be=e any arrangem5ts c\ld be made = /or+ ! oil4 ,sometimes a well t gives only a mod]ate fl[ c be made to yield g5]\sly by explod+ a heavy *>ge ( dynamite at ! bottom1 to break up ! rock &1 x is always hop$1 to op5 "s new oil-hold+ crevice t ! drill has n rea*$4 ,crude petroleum is a d>k1 disagreeable1 bad-smell+ liquid2 & be=e x c be ( mu* use1 x mu/ be ref9$4 ,= sev]al ye>s x 0 c>ri$ 9 b>rels f ! oil fields to ,pittsburgh by wagon & boat1 a sl[1 exp5sive process1 & g5]ally unsatisfactory to all b ! team/]s4 ,!n came ! railroads4 ,!y provid$ iron tanks 9 ! %ape ( a cyl9d] fa/5$ to freight c>s1 mu* l ^? employ$ to-day4 ,!re 0 only "o difficulty ab\t s5d+ oil by rail1 & t 0 t x /ill _h to be haul$ by team to ! railroad1 sometimes a numb] ( miles4 ,at l5g?1 "s "o said to himself1 ,:y _c we simply run a pipe directly f ! well to ! railroad8 ,?is 0 done4 ,pump+ eng9es 7 put 9 a few miles ap>t1 & ! inv5tion 0 a success 9 ! eyes ( all b ! team/]s4 ,9 spite ( _! opposition1 h[ev]1 pipe-l9es increas$4 ,be=e ?is x _h be5 necess>y to build ! ref9]ies z ne> ! oil regions z possible 9 ord] to save ! exp5se ( c>ry+ ! oil2 b n[ !y c\ld be built :]ev] x 0 mo/ conv5i5t4 ,to-day oil c be br\ght at a small exp5se f we/ ( ! ,mississippi ,riv] to ! ,atlantic seabo>d1 ref9$1 & di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t t "p ( ! c\ntry1 or load$ into tank]s1--t is1 /eam%ips conta9+ /rong tanks ( /eel1--& s tak5 across ! ocean4 ,! pipes are made ( iron & are six or eight in*es or m 9 diamet]4 ,9 us+ !m "o difficulty 0 f\nd :i* has be5 ov]come 9 an +5i\s fa%ion4 ,sometimes !y become *ok$ by ! impurities ( ! oil & ! fl[ is less5$4 ,!n a g-devil is put into !m4 ,?is is %ap$ l a c>tridge1 is ab\t ?ree feet 9 l5g?1 compos$ ( spr+s & plates ( iron & s flexible t x c turn ar\nd a corn]4 ,x is s made t z x slips d[n ! curr5t ( oil1 x :irls ar\nd & 9 s do+ its nose ( %>p blades scrapes ! pipes clean4 ,! pipes g ov] hills & ?r\gh swamps4 ,!y cross riv]s sometimes by means ( bridges1 & sometimes !y are an*or$ to ! b$ ( ! /ream4 ,if !y h to g ?r\gh a salt m>%1 !y are laid 9 concrete to pres]ve ! iron4 ,if ^! l9es 7 sudd5ly de/roy$ & oil _h to be c>ri$ 9 ! old way1 k]os5e w\ld become an exp5sive luxury4 ,gett+ ! oil out ( ! gr\nd & c>ri$ to ! ref9]ies is n all ( ! bus9ess by any means4 ,! e>ly oils cru/$ on ! lamp wicks1 _! smell 0 un5durable1 & !y 7 giv5 to explod+4 ,evid5tly1 if oil 0 to be us$ = light+1 x mu/ be improv$1 & ! fir/ /ep 0 to di/il x4 ,to di/il any?+ means to boil x & collect ! vapor4 ,if y hold a piece ( cold e>!nw>e 9 ! /eam ( a teakettle1 wat] w collect on x4 ,?is is di/ill$ wat]1 & is pur] ?an t 9 ! kettle4 ,petroleum 0 at fir/ di/ill$ 9 a r\gh way2 b n[ x is done ) ! utmo/ c>e & exactness4 ,! crude oil is pump$ into boil]s hold+ six hundr$ b>rels or m4 ,! fires are />t$1 & ! oil soon beg9s to turn into vapor4 ,?is vapor passes ?r\gh coils ( pipe or long1 /raight1 p>allel pipes4 ,cold wat] is pump$ ov] ^! pipes1 ! vapor turns into a liquid aga91 & we h k]os5e oil4 ,?is is ! outl9e ( ! process1 b x is a small "p ( ! actual "w 9 all its details4 ,k]os5e oil is only "o ( ! _m sub/ances f\nd 9 petroleum4 ,=tunately1 "s ( ^! sub/ances are light1 l gasol9e & b5z9e2 "s1 l k]os5e1 are heavi]2 & p>aff9 & t> are heavie/ ( all4 ,!re are also gases1 :i* pass (f fir/ & are sav$ to help keep ! furnace go+4 ,!n come ! o!rs1 "o by "o1 accord+ to _! weight4 ,! /illman keeps close wat*1 & :5 ! color & appe>ance ( ! di/illate *anges1 he turns x (f into ano!r tank4 ,?is process is call$ fractional di/illation1 & ! v>i\s products are call$ fractions4 ,no two k9ds ( petroleum & no two oil wells are j alike1 & x ne$s a skillful man to manage ei!r4 ,ev5 aft] all ?is di/illation1 ! k]os5e /ill *>s ! wick some:at--:i* prev5ts ! wick f draw+ up ! oil prop]ly--& x /ill has a disagreeable smell4 ,to fit x = burn+ 9 lamps1 x mu/ be treat$ ) sulphuric acid1 :i* c>ries away "s ( ! impurities1 & !n ) cau/ic soda1 :i* c>ries away o!rs4 ,be=e x c be put on ! m>ket1 x is exam9$ to see :e!r x is ( ! prop] color4 ,!n come ?ree important te/s4 ,! fir/ is to see t x is ( ! prop] weight4 ,if x is too heavy1 x w n burn freely en\gh2 if x is too light1 !n !re is too mu* ( ! light] oils 9 x = safety4 ,! second te/ is ! fla% te/4 ,! object ( ?is is to see h[ hot ! oil mu/ be be=e x gives (f a vapor :i* w burn4 ,! ?ird1 ! burn+ te/1 is to discov] h[ hot ! oil mu/ be be=e x w take fire & burn on ! surface4 ,mo/ civiliz$ c\ntries make def9ite laws =bidd+ ! sale ( k]os5e oil t is n up to a /&>d ( safety4 ,oil = use 9 lamps %\ld h an op5 fla% te/ ( at lea/ #ajj deg4 ,f4 & a burn+ po9t ( n less ?an #abe deg4 ,f4 ,we say t we burn oil 9 our lamps1 b :at we really d is to heat ! oil until x gives (f gas1 & !n we burn ! gas4 ,to keep ! flame regul> & help on ! burn+1 we use a *imney on ! lamp4 ,! hot air rises 9 ! *imney & ! cold air und]nea? ru%es 9 to take its place & br+s oxyg5 to ! flame4 ,9 a close1 /uffy room no lamp w give a good cle> light1 because !re is n oxyg5 en\gh = its flame4 ,let 9 fre% air1 & ! light w be bright]4 ,if y hold a cold plate 9 ! flame be=e ! *imney is put on1 soot or c>bon w be deposit$4 ,a lamp gives light because ^! p>ticles ( c>bon become s hot t !y gl[4 ,9 lamps us+ a mantle1 !re is ! gl[ n only ( ^! p>ticles1 b also ( ! mantle4 ,9 a wax c&le1 we light ! wick1 its heat melts ! wax & c>ries x to ! flame4 ,:5 ! wax is made hot en\gh1 x becomes gas1 & we burn ! gas1 n ! wax4 ,wax alone w melt1 b n take fire ev5 if a burn+ mat* is held to x4 ,! reason is t ! mat* does n give heat en\gh to turn ! wax into gas4 ,b put a bit ( wax ^u a b$ ( burn+ coals1 :]e !re is a good supply ( heat1 & x w turn into gas & burn4 ,! products made f petroleum are z diff]5t 9 _! "* & uses z p>aff9 & naph?a4 ,"s ( !m are us$ = oil+ ma*9]y2 t> is us$ = dyes2 naph?a dissolves res9 to use 9 v>ni%2 b5z9e is ! great cleans] ( clo!s1 pr9t]s' types1 & almo/ ev]y?+ else2 gasol9e runs automobiles1 motors1 & _m sorts ( eng9es2 p>aff9 makes c&les1 seals jelly glasses1 cov]s ! heads ( mat*es s t !y are no long] spoil$ by be+ wet1 & makes ! ev]-useful wax$ pap]2 pr9t]s' ink & wat]pro( ro(+-pap] bo? owe a debt to petroleum4 ,ev5 9 m$ic9e1 ?\gh a little petroleum is no long] look$ ^u z a cure-all1 vasel9e1 "o ( its products1 is ( great value4 ,x c be mix$ ) drugs )\t *ang+ _! "*1 & x does n become rancid4 ,= ^! reasons1 salves & o!r o9tm5ts c be mix$ ) x & pres]v$ = ye>s4 ,,xi ,,little ,,gra9s ,,( ,,salt ,! mo/ int]e/+ m9e 9 ! _w is t ( ,wieliczka 9 ,pol&4 ,9 x !re are "s ?irty miles ( /reets & alleys2 !re are *ur*es ) pill>s1 %r9es1 & /atues2 !re are /airs1 monum5ts1 & re/aurants2 !re is a ballroom ?ree hundr$ feet long & "o hundr$ & n9ety feet high1 ) beautiful *&eli]s1 & 9 x is a c>v5 ?rone :]eon ! ,emp]or ,franz ,joseph sat :5 he visit$ ! m9e4 ,!re are lakes cross$ by f]ryboats4 ,!re is a railroad /ation = ! mule tra9s :i* be> ! preci\s m9]al salt1 = ?is is a salt m9e1 & %r9es1 /atues1 *ur*es1 *&eli]s--ev]y?+--are all cut out ( salt4 ,?is m9e has be5 work$ = at lea/ eight hundr$ ye>s & /ill has salt en\gh to supply all ,europe = ages4 ,! mass ( salt is believ$ to be five hundr$ miles long1 fifty miles wide1 & ne>ly a qu>t] ( a mile ?ick4 ,x is s pure t x is sold j z x comes f ! m9e1 ei!r 9 blocks or f9ely gr\nd4 ,?is m9e is a wond]ful place to visit1 almo/ l an en*ant$ palace1 = z ! tor*light /rikes ! cry/als ( salt1 !y fla% & sp>kle z if ! wall 0 cov]$ ) rubies & diamonds4 ,!re is no?+ l an en*ant$ palace 9 any salt m9e ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 no /atues or *apels or *&eli]s4 ,!re is only a hole 9 ! gr\nd1 :]e m9+ is c>ri$ on 9 mu* ! same mann] z 9 o!r k9ds ( m9es4 ,! %aft is sunk & l9$ ) timb]s to keep ! dirt f fall+ 91 j z 9 o!r m9es4 ,9 work+ salt m9es1 h[ev]1 wat] is almo/ z bad z e>?1 & !re=e a lay] ( clay is put betwe5 ! timb]s & ! e>?4 ,!re are ! usual gall]ies & pill>s1 ) ro( & floor ( salt4 ,! workm5 try to get ! salt out 9 lumps or blocks z f> z possible1 & s !y bore 9 drill holes & !n bla/ ) dynamite or p[d]4 ,! salt is load$ ^u little c>s1 runn+ on tracks1 & is c>ri$ up ! %aft & to ! top ( a break]1 usually m ?an "o hundr$ feet above ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,!re x is dump$ ^u a scre5 ( iron b>s1 :i* lets ! f9e salt fall ?r\gh4 ,! l>ge lumps are sold )\t cru%+ or sift+1 & are us$ = cattle & %eep4 ,"o ( ! great deposits ( salt is 9 s\!a/]n ,cali=nia4 ,x is ?\ght t ! ,gulf ( ,cali=nia us$ to run mu* f>!r nor? ?an x n[ does1 & t ! e>? rose1 %utt+ away "p ( x f ! ocean4 ,?is imprison$ wat] 0 full ( salt4 ,9 "t x dri$1 & ! s& blew ov] x till x 0 f> und]gr\nd4 ,a bett] way ?an digg+ 0 f\nd to "w x1 z w be se5 lat]2 b :ile digg+ 0 go+ on1 ! workm5 built a cottage ( blocks ( salt1 cle> & glassy4 ,! little ra9 t falls !re melt$ ! blocks only en\gh to unite !m firmly toge!r2 & !re ! h\se has /ood = _m ye>s4 ,c\ntries t h no deposits ( rock salt c easily get pl5ty ( salt f ! wat] ( ! ocean if !y only h a seacoa/4 ,ab\t "o ?irtie? ( ! ocean wat] is salt1 & if ! wat] is evaporat$1 ! salt c be collect$ )\t difficulty4 ,france makes a great deal ( salt 9 ?is way4 ,:5 a man goes into ! manufacture1 or r1 ! collect+ ( salt1 he fir/ ( all buys or r5ts a piece ( l&1--p]haps sev]al acres ( x1--t lies j above high wat]1 & makes x z level z possible4 ,unless x is v firm l&1 he cov]s x ) clay1 s t ! wat] w n soak ?r\gh x4 ,!n he divides x into l>ge squ>e bas9s1 mak+ ea* a little l[] ?an ! "o be=e x4 ,close beside ! highe/ bas9 he makes a res]voir :i* at high tide receives wat] f ! ocean4 ,?is fl[s sl[ly f ! res]voir ?r\gh "o bas9 aft] ano!r1 becom+ m & m salt z ! wat] evaporates4 ,at l5g? ! wat] is gone1 & ! salt rema9s4 ,! workm5 take wood5 scrap]s & pu% ! salt t[>d ! walls ( ! bas9s & !n %ovel x up on ! dikes & heap x into creamy cones t sp>kle 9 ! sun%9e4 ,! dikes are n>r[1 rais$ pa?ways beside ! bas9s & betwe5 !m4 ,z y walk along on top ( !m1 y c smell a fa9t violet p]fume f ! salt4 ,?at* is put ov] ! cones to protect !m f ! ra91 & !re !y /& till "s ( ! impurities dra9 away4 ,?is salt is n p]fectly :ite1 because ! workm5 _c help scrap+ up a little ( ! gray or r$di% clay ) x4 ,mo/ ( x is sold z x is1 nev]!less1 = _m p h an absurd notion t ! d>k] x is ! pur] x is4 ,= ^? :o wi% to buy :ite salt x is s5t to a ref9]y to be wa%$ ) pure wat]1 !n boil$ d[n & dri$4 ,s x is t ! sun helps to manufacture salt4 ,9 "s ( ! cold] c\ntries1 fro/ does ! same "w1 b 9 a v diff]5t mann]4 ,:5 salt wat] freezes1 ! wat] freezes1 b ! salt does n1 & a piece ( salt wat] ice is almo/ z pure z t made ( fre% wat]4 ,( c\rse1 aft] "p ( ! wat] 9 a bas9 ( salt wat] has be5 froz5 out1 :at is left is m salt ?an x 0 at fir/1 & aft] ! freez+ has be5 repeat$ sev]al times1 only a little wat] rema9s1 & evaporation w soon c>ry ?is away1 leav+ only salt 9 ! bas91 wait+ to be purifi$4 ,n v _m ye>s ago "o ( ! encyclopa$ias rem>k$ t ! deposits ( salt 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates are unimportant4 ,?is 0 true z f> z ! work+ ( !m 0 conc]n$1 b 9 #aiac ! ,unit$ ,/ates produc$ m ?an #cd1jjj1jjj b>rels4 ,"p ( ?is 0 made by evaporation ( ! wat]s ( salt spr+s1 & a small %>e f ,great ,salt ,lake 9 ,utah4 ,! e>ly settl]s 9 ,utah us$ to ga!r salt f ! %all[ bays or lagoons :]e ! wat] evaporat$ dur+ ! summ]2 b n[ dams ( e>? hold back ! wat] 9 a res]voir4 ,9 ! spr+ ! pumps are put to "w & ! res]voir is soon fill$ ) wat]4 ,?is is left to /& & give ! impurities a *ance to settle to ! bottom4 ,!n x is all[$ to fl[ into small] bas9s1 :ile m wat] is pump$ into ! res]voir4 ,:5 autumn comes1 ! crop ( salt is ready to be h>ve/$4 ,x is 9 ! =m ( a cru/ ?ree to six in*es ?ick1 "s ( x 9 l>ge cry/als1 & "s f9e-gra9$4 ,?is cru/ is brok5 by pl\ghs1 & ! salt is heap$ up into great cones & left = ! ra9 to wa% clean4 ,!n x goes to ! mill = purify+4 ,! wat] ( ,great ,salt ,lake is mu* m salty ?an t ( ! ocean4 ,x pres]ves timb] rem>kably well1 & (t5 salt f ! lake is put ar\nd telephone poles1 sev5ty-five p\nds be+ dropp$ into ! hole = ea* "o4 ,x has be5 sugge/$ to soak timb] 9 ! ,lake1 & !n pa9t x ) creosote to keep ! wet out & ! salt 94 ,salt is also made f ! wat]s ( salt spr+s1 :i* ! ,indians ?\ght 7 ! homes ( evil spirits4 ,at ,salton1 9 ,cali=nia1 an area ( m ?an "o ?\s& acres1 :i* lies two hundr$ & sixty-f\r feet bel[ sea level1 is flood$ ) wat] f salt spr+s4 ,:5 ?is wat] has evaporat$1 all ^! acres are cov]$ ) salt t5 to tw5ty in*es ?ick1 & z dazzl+ly :ite z if x 0 sn[4 ,?is great field is pl\gh$ up ) a massive f\r-:eel$ implem5t call$ a salt-pl\gh4 ,x is run by /eam & ne$s two m5 to manage x4 ,! heavy /eel pl\gh%>e breaks up ! salt cru/1 mak+ broad1 %all[ furr[s & ?r[+ ! salt 9 ridges on bo? sides4 ,! pl\gh has h>dly mov$ on be=e ! cru/ beg9s to =m aga94 ,?is brok5 cru/ is work$ 9 wat] by m5 ) hoes 9 ord] to remove ! bits ( e>? t /ick to x1 !n pil$ up into cones to dra91 load$ ^u flat trucks1 & c>ri$ to ! break]4 ,! salt fields are wond]fully beautiful 9 ! moonlight1 b n v agreeable to "w 91 = ! m]cury (t5 rea*es #adj deg4 ,f41 & ! air is s full ( p>ticles ( salt t ! work]s feel an int5se ?ir/1 :i* ! w>m1 bracki% wat] does n satisfy4 ,! "w is done by ,indians & ,japanese1 = :ite p _c endure ! heat4 ,a l>ge portion ( ! salt us$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates comes directly f rock salt /rata1 hundr$s ( feet bel[ ! surface ( ! gr\nd4 ,^! 7 p]haps ! b$ ( ! ocean ages & ages ago4 ,!re is a great ext5t ( ! b$s 9 ,new ,york1 ,mi*igan1 ,ohio1 ,kansas1 & o!r ,/ates4 ,9 ,mi*igan !re is a /ratum ( rock salt ?irty to two hundr$ & fifty feet ?ick & "s fifte5 hundr$ to two ?\s& feet bel[ ! surface4 ,to m9e ?is w\ld be a difficult & exp5sive und]tak+1 & a f> bett] way has be5 discov]$4 ,fir/1 a pipe is =c$ d[n ?r\gh ! surface dirt1 ! lime/one1 & ! %ale to ! salt /ratum4 ,! drill works inside ?is pipe & bores a hole = a six-in* pipe directly into ! salt4 ,a ?ree-in* pipe is let d[n inside ( ! six-in* pipe1 & wat] is =c$ d[n ?r\gh ! small] pipe4 ,x dissolves ! salt1 becomes br9e1 & rises ?r\gh ! space betwe5 ! two pipes4 ,x is c>ri$ ?r\gh tr\ghs to "s great tanks1 & f ^! x fl[s into gra9-settl]s1 !n into ! gra9]s prop]1 :]e ! gra9s ( salt settle4 ,at ! bottom ( ! gra9]s are /eam pipes1 & ^! make ! br9e s hot t be=e long little cry/als ( salt are se5 float+ on ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,cry/als =m mu* bett] if ! wat] is p]fectly smoo?1 & to br+ ?is ab\t a v little oil is p\r$ into ! gra9]4 ,x spreads ov] ! surface 9 ! ?9ne/ film t c be imag9$4 ,! wat] evaporates1 & ! t9y cry/als gr[1 "o jo9+ to ano!r z !y d 9 rock c&y4 ,:5 !y become l>g]1 !y drop to ! bottom ( ! gra9]4 ,!y are n[ swept along 9 a tr\gh to a pocket1 c>ri$ up by an endless *a9 ( buckets1 & !n :eel$ away to ! pack+h\se4 ,! f9e/ salt is made by us+ vacuum pans4 ,^! are great cans out ( :i* ! air is pump$1 & into :i* ! br9e fl[s4 ,?is br9e1 heat$ by /eam pipes1 beg9s to boil1 & z ! /eam f x rises1 x has to pass ?r\gh a pipe at ! top & is ?us c>ri$ into a small tank into :i* cold wat] is fl[+4 ,! cold makes ! /eam cond5se into wat]1 :i* runs (f4 ,! cond5s$ wat] occupies less space ?an ! /eam & s ma9ta9s ! vacuum 9 ! pan4 ,= a p]fect vacuum ! br9e is boil$ at less ?an #ajj deg4 ,f41 :ile 9 an op5 pan or gra9] x requires #bbf deg4 to boil br9e4 ,! br9e is soon s ri* 9 salt t t9y cry/als beg9 to =m4 ,^! are tak5 out & dri$4 ,if y look at "s gra9s ( table salt ?r\gh a magnify+ glass1 y c see t ea* gra9 is a t9y cubical cry/al4 ,sometimes two or ?ree are unit$1 & (t5 ! corn]s are r\nd$ (f & worn1 b !y %[ pla9ly t !y are little cubes4 ,mo/ ( ! salt us$ on our tables is made by ! vacuum process or by an improv$ me?od :i* produces t9y flakes ( salt simil> to sn[flakes4 ,! salt br9e is heat$ to a high temp]ature & filt]$4 ,9 ! filt]s ! impurities are tak5 out1 & ?is process gives u v pure salt4 ,! t9y flakes dissolve m easily ?an ! cubes ( salt1 & ?us flavor food m readily4 ,) a few savage tribes salt is reg>d$ z a great luxury1 b ) mo/ peoples x is look$ ^u z a necessity4 ,"s ( ! e>ly races ?\ght a salt spr+ 0 a special gift ( ! gods1 & 9 _! sacrifices !y always us$ salt4 ,9 lat] times to sit above ! salt1 betwe5 ! great ornam5tal salt cell> & ! ma/] ( ! h\se1 0 a m>k ( honor4 ,less di/+ui%$ gue/s 7 seat$ bel[ ! salt4 ,to eat a man's salt & !n be unfai?ful to him has always be5 look$ ^u z a %ameful act2 & ) "s ( ! savages1 s long z a /rang] ate 8 salt1--t is1 0 a gue/ 9 ! h\se ( any "o ( !m1--he 0 safe4 ,to eat salt toge!r is an expression ( fri5dl9ess4 ,cakes ( salt h be5 us$ z money 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,africa & ,asia4 ,attic salt means wit1 because ! ,a!nians1 :o liv$ 9 ,attica1 7 fam\s = _! ke51 delicate wit4 ,to take a /ory or a /atem5t ) a gra9 ( salt means n to accept x entirely1 b only to believe x p>tially4 ,:5 ,*ri/ told 8 disciples t !y 7 ! salt ( ! e>?1 he meant t _! lives & tea*+ w\ld influ5ce o!rs j z salt affects e article ( food & *anges its flavor4 ,our ^w sal>y comes f ! ,lat9 ^w sal1 mean+ salt2 & sal>ium1 or salt-money1 0 money giv5 = pay+ "o's exp5ses on a j\rney4 ,liv+ )\t salt w\ld be a difficult matt]4 ,cattle t h be5 %ut away f x = a :ile are almo/ wild to get x4 ,f>m]s liv+ among ! m\nta9s sometimes drive _! cattle to a m\nta9 pa/ure to rema9 !re ?r\gh ! summ]1 & e little :ile !y g up to salt ! animals4 ,! cattle "k ! call & "k t x means salt2 & ,i h se5 !m come ru%+ d[n ! m\nta9-side & ?r\gh ! woods1 ov] fall5 trees1 ?r\gh bri]s1 & d[n slipp]y rocks1 bell[+ z !y came1 & plung+ head fir/ 9 a wild fr5zy to get to ! pieces ( rock salt t 7 wait+ = !m4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,fir/ ,,ye> ,,9 ,,numb] #ce c5ts net4 ,po/paid ,an ,introductory ,book to ,prec$e any ,s]ies ( ,ari?metics ,,by ,,frankl9 ,s4 ,,hoyt ,=m]ly ,assi/ant ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,indianapolis ,,& ,,h>riet ,e4 ,,peet ,in/ructor 9 ,me?ods ( ,tea*+ ,ari?metic1 ,/ate ,normal ,s*ool1 ,salem1 ,massa*usetts ,! "w is bas$ ^u ! famili> exp]i5ces & activities ( *ildr51 & foll[s z closely z possible ! *ild's own me?od ( acquir+ new k & skill4 ,?us we h lessons bas$ on play+ /ore1 mak+ tickets1 mail+ lett]s1 fi%+1 etc4 ,e /ep is made int]e/+1 b no "t is wa/$ 9 m]e ent]ta9m5t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,by ! same au?ors ,,! ,,ev]yday ,,ari?metics ,,?ree-,,book ,,c\rse ,book ,"o1 grades ,,ii-,,iv 4#dj ,book ,two1 grades ,v-,,vi 4#dj ,book ,?ree1 grades ,,vii-,,viii 4#de ,,two-,,book ,,c\rse ,book ,"o1 grades ,,ii-,,iv4 4#dj ,book ,two1 grades ,v-,,viii4 4#gb ,c\rse ( ,/udy 7) answ]s7 4#be ,di/9ctive ,features #a4 ,_! socializ$ po9t ( view--all problems & topics tak5 f ! ev]yday life ( *ildr51 home int]e/s1 community int]e/s1 common bus9ess & indu/ries4 #b4 ,_! attractiv5ess to *ildr5--spirit$ illu/rations1 legible page1 int]e/+ subject matt]4 #c4 ,! omission ( all antiquat$ topics & problems4 #d4 ,! gr\p+ ( problems ab\t a giv5 life situation4 #e4 ,! developm5t ( accuracy & skill 9 ess5tial processes4 #f4 ,! vocational /udies4 #g4 ,! c>eful att5tion to me?od4 #h4 ,! exact grad+4 #i4 ,! sy/ematic reviews4 #aj4 ,! adaptation to quick & to sl[ pupils4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago #aija ,a ,,/ep ,,=w>d ,,9 ,,read+ ,,! ,,riv]side ,,read]s ,,edit$ ,,by ,,james ,h4 ,,van ,,sickle ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,s*ools1 ,spr+field1 ,mass4 ,,& ,,wilhelm9a ,,seegmill] ,late ,director ( ,art1 ,indianapolis4 ,=m]ly ,pr9cipal ( ! ,weal?y ,av5ue ,public ,s*ool1 ,gr& ,rapids1 ,mi*4 ,,assi/$ ,,by ,,frances ,,j5k9s ,in/ructor 9 ,elem5t>y ,education1 ,college = ,tea*]s1 ,univ]sity ( ,c9c9nati1 ,=m]ly ,sup]visor ( ,elem5t>y ,grades1 ,decatur1 ,ill4 ,,illu/rat$ ,,by ,,ru? ,,m>y ,,hallock ,,mag9el ,,wright ,,enright ,,cl>a ,e4 ,,atwood ,e4 ,,boyd ,,smi? ,,h[>d ,,pyle1 & o!r notable arti/s ,,fre% ,,mat]ial ,^! ,read]s conta9 an unusually l>ge am\nt ( fre% copyright$ mat]ial tak5 f ! _w's be/ lit]ature = *ildr54 ,,late/ ,,tea*+ ,,me?ods ,!y repres5t ! late/ developm5ts 9 ! me?ods ( tea*+ read+1 ! k9d ( tea*+ t w be f\nd 9 ! be/ s*ools ( to-day4 ,,arti/ic ,,make-,,up ,arti/ically ! books w set a new /&>d 9 text-book mak+4 ,! color$ ,illu/rations ( ! prim>y books are p>ticul>ly attractive4 ,,me*anical ,,features ,! pap] us$ 9 ! books1 ! type = ea* grade1 & ! dim5sions & arrangem5t ( ! type page 7 all det]m9$ by c>eful exp]im5t+1 9 ord] to safegu>d ! eyesight ( *ildr54 ,s5d = complete illu/rat$ circul> describ+ ! unique plan ( ?is s]ies4 ,,prices ,prim] #cj c5ts1 net4 ,fir/ ,read] #ce c5ts1 net4 ,second ,read] #dj c5ts1 net4 ,?ird ,read] #ej c5ts1 net4 ,f\r? ,read] #ee c5ts1 net4 ,fif? ,read] #ee c5ts1 net4 ,six? ,read] #ee c5ts1 net4 ,sev5? ,read] #ee c5ts1 net4 ,eigh? ,read]1 #fj c5ts1 net4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,h\ghton ,,miffl9 ,,company ,,bo/on ,,new ,,york ,,*icago #aija 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes ,! ,li/ ( ,illu/rations 0 add$1 & "s ( ! illu/rations h be5 mov$ f _! orig9al positions to avoid break+ up p>agraphs ( text4