,,! ,,atonem5t ,,& ,,! ,,mod]n ,,m9d ,,by ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,d4,d4 ,,pr(essor ,,( ,,new ,,te/am5t ,,language1 ,,lit]ature1 ,,& ,,!ology ,,unit$ ,,free ,,*ur* ,,college1 ,,glasg[ ,,works ,,by ,,! ,,same ,,au?or ,,! ,,dea? ,,( ,,*ri/ ,,/udies ,,9 ,,!ology ,,! ,,epi/les ,,to ,,! ,,!ssalonians ,,! ,,second ,,epi/le ,,to ,,! ,,cor9?ians ,,gospel ,,que/ions ,,& ,,answ]s ,,london ,,hodd] ,,& ,,/\ghton #bg ,,pat]no/] ,,r[ ,,mcmiii ,,preface ,! ?ree *apt]s :i* foll[ h already appe>$ 9 ,! ,expositor1 & may be reg>d$ z a supplem5t to ! writ]'s "w on ,! ,dea? ( ,*ri/3 its place & int]pretation 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x 0 no "p ( 8 int5tion 9 t /udy to ask or to answ] all ! que/ions rais$ by ,new ,te/am5t tea*+ on ! subject2 b1 p>tly f reviews ( ,! ,dea? ( ,*ri/1 & /ill m f a consid]able private correspond5ce to :i* ! book gave rise1 he became conv9c$ t some?+ fur!r %\ld be attempt$ to comm5d ! tru? to ! m9d & consci5ce ( ! "t4 ,! difficulties & misund]/&+s connect$ ) x spr+1 z f> z !y c be consid]$ intellectual1 ma9ly f two s\rces4 ,ei!r ! m9d is preoccupi$ ) a conception ( ! _w :i*1 :e!r m5 are consci\s ( x or n1 =ecloses all ! que/ions :i* are rais$ by any doctr9e ( atonem5t1 & makes !m unmean+2 or x lab\rs "u "s misconception z to :at ! ,new ,te/am5t actually tea*es4 ,broadly speak+1 ! fir/ ( ^! conditions is consid]$ 9 ! fir/ two *apt]s1 & ! second 9 ! la/4 ,! title--,! ,atonem5t & ! ,mod]n ,m9d--might seem to promise a treatise1 or ev5 an elaborate sy/em ( !ology2 b ?\gh x w\ld cov] a "w ( va/ly l>g] scope ?an ! pres5t1 x is n inappropriate to any attempt1 h[ev] humble1 to help ! m9d 9 :i* we all live & move to rea* a sympa!tic compreh5sion ( ! c5tral tru? 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! purpose ( ! writ] is evangelic1 :atev] may be said ( 8 me?od2 x is to comm5d ! ,atonem5t to ! human m9d1 z t m9d has be5 det]m9$ by ! influ5ces & exp]i5ces ( mod]n times1 & to w9 ! m9d = ! tru? ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,) ! exception ( a few p>agraphs1 ^! pages 7 deliv]$ z lectures to a summ] s*ool ( ,!ology :i* met 9 ,ab]de51 9 ,june ( ?is ye>4 ,! s*ool 0 organis$ by a committee ( ! ,association ( ,=m] ,/ud5ts ( ! ,unit$ ,free ,*ur* ,college1 ,glasg[2 & ! writ]1 z a memb] & =m] ,presid5t ( ! ,association1 desires to take ! lib]ty ( inscrib+ 8 "w to 8 fell[-/ud5ts4 ,,glasg[1 ,septemb] #aijc4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,s9 ,,& ,,! ,,div9e ,,reaction ,,aga9/ ,,x ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,atonem5t ,,*apt] ,i ,,prelim9>y ,,def9ition ,,( ,,! ,,subject ,x w be admitt$ by mo/ ,*ri/ians t if ! ,atonem5t1 q ap>t f precise def9itions ( x1 is any?+ to ! m9d1 x is ev]y?+4 ,x is ! mo/ pr(\nd ( all tru?s1 & ! mo/ recreative4 ,x det]m9es m ?an any?+ else our conceptions ( ,god1 ( man1 ( hi/ory1 & ev5 ( nature2 x det]m9es !m1 = we mu/ br+ !m all 9 "s way into accord ) x4 ,x is ! inspiration ( all ?\ght1 ! impulse & ! law ( all action1 ! key1 9 ! la/ resort1 to all suff]+4 ,:e!r we call x a fact or a tru?1 a p[] or a doctr9e1 x is t 9 :i* ! diff]5tia ( ,*ri/ianity1 its peculi> & exclusive "*1 is specifically %[n2 x is ! focus ( revelation1 ! po9t at :i* we see deepe/ into ! tru? ( ,god1 & come mo/ completely "u its p[]4 ,= ^? :o recognise x at all x is ,*ri/ianity 9 brief2 x conc5trates 9 itself1 z 9 a g]m ( inf9ite pot5cy1 all t ! wisdom1 p[] & love ( ,god mean 9 relation to s9ful m54 ,accord+ly1 :5 we speak ( ! ,atonem5t & ! mod]n m9d1 we are really speak+ ( ! mod]n m9d & ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,! relation betwe5 ^! two magnitudes may v>y4 ,! mod]n m9d is no m ?an a modification ( ! human m9d z x exi/s 9 all ages1 & ! relation ( ! mod]n m9d to ! ,atonem5t is "o phase--x may be a specially int]e/+ or a specially well-def9$ phase--( ! p]5nial relation ( ! m9d ( man to ! tru? ( ,god4 ,!re is always an aff9ity betwe5 ! two1 = ,god made man 9 ,8 own image1 & ! m9d c only re/ 9 tru?2 b !re is always at ! same "t an antipa?y1 = man is someh[ e/rang$ f ,god1 & res5ts ,div9e intrusion into 8 life4 ,?is is ! situation at all times1 & !re=e 9 mod]n times2 we only ne$ to rem>k t :5 ! ,atonem5t is 9 "q1 ! situation1 s to speak1 becomes acute4 ,all ! elem5ts 9 x def9e !mselves m %>ply4 ,if !re is sympa?y betwe5 ! m9d & ! tru?1 x is a pr(\nd sympa?y1 :i* w c>ry ! m9d f>2 if !re are l9es ( approa*1 ?r\gh :i* ! tru? c f9d access to ! m9d1 !y are l9es laid deep 9 ! nature ( ?+s & ( m51 & ! access :i* ! tru? f9ds by !m is "o f :i* x w n easily be dislodg$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if x is antagonism :i* is r\s$ 9 ! m9d by ! ,atonem5t1 x is an antagonism :i* feels t ev]y?+ is at /ake4 ,! ,atonem5t is a reality ( su* a sort t x c make no compromise4 ,! man :o fights x kn[s t he is fight+ = 8 life1 & puts all 8 /r5g? into ! battle4 ,to surr5d] is lit]ally to give up himself1 to cease to be ! man he is1 & to become ano!r man4 ,= ! mod]n m9d1 !re=e1 z = ! anci5t1 ! attraction & ! repulsion ( ,*ri/ianity are conc5trat$ at ! same po9t2 ! cross ( ,*ri/ is man's only glory1 or x is 8 f9al /umbl+-block4 ,:at ,i wi% to d 9 ^! pap]s is s to pres5t ! facts z to m$iate1 if possible1 betwe5 ! m9d ( our "t & ! ,atonem5t--s to exhibit ! specific tru? ( ,*ri/ianity z to br+ out its aff9ity = :at is deepe/ 9 ! nature ( man & 9 human exp]i5ce--s to appreciate ! mod]n m9d itself1 & ! influ5ces :i* h giv5 x its con/itution & temp]1 z to discr$it :at is false 9 x1 & enli/ on ! side ( ! ,atonem5t t :i* is pr(\nd & true4 ,& if any "o is dispos$ to m>vel at ! ambition or ! conceit ( su* a programme1 ,i w\ld ask him to consid] if x is n ! programme prescrib$ to e ,*ri/ian1 or at lea/ to e ,*ri/ian m9i/]1 :o w\ld d ! "w ( an evangeli/4 ,to comm5d ! et]nal tru? ( ,god1 z x is f9ally reveal$ 9 ! ,atonem5t1 to ! m9d 9 :i* m5 ar\nd u live & move & h _! be+1 is no d\bt a difficult & p]il\s task2 b if we approa* x 9 a "r _s1 x ne$ n tempt u to any presumption2 x _c tempt u1 z long z we feel t x is our duty4 ',:o is suffici5t = ^! ?+s6 4 4 4 ,our suffici5cy is ( ,god4' ,! ,*ri/ian religion is a hi/orical religion1 & :atev] we say ab\t x mu/ re/ ^u hi/orical gr\nd4 ,we _c def9e x f )91 by ref]5ce m]ely to our individual exp]i5ce4 ,( c\rse x is equally impossible to def9e x ap>t f exp]i5ce2 ! po9t is t su* exp]i5ce itself mu/ be hi/orically d]iv$2 x mu/ come ?r\gh some?+ outside ( our individual selves4 ,:at is true ( ! ,*ri/ian religion z a :ole is pre-em95tly true ( ! ,atonem5t 9 :i* x is conc5trat$4 ,! exp]i5ce :i* x br+s to u1 & ! tru? :i* we tea* on ! basis ( x1 are hi/orically m$iat$4 ,!y re/ ultimately on t te/imony to ,*ri/ :i* we f9d 9 ! ,scriptures & especially 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,no "o c tell :at ! ,atonem5t is except on ?is basis4 ,no "o c consci\sly approa* x--no "o c be influ5c$ by x to ! full ext5t to :i* x is capable ( influ5c+ human nature--except ?r\gh ?is m$ium4 ,we may hold t j because x is ,div9e1 x mu/ be et]nally true1 omnipres5t 9 its graci\s p[]2 b ev5 grant+ ?is1 x is n kn[n z an ab/ract or et]nal some:at2 x is hi/orically1 & n o!rwise ?an hi/orically1 reveal$4 ,x is a*iev$ by ,*ri/1 & ! te/imony to ,*ri/1 on ! /r5g? ( :i* we accept x1 is 9 ! la/ resort ! te/imony ( ,scripture4 ,9 say+ s1 ,i d n mean t ! ,atonem5t is m]ely a problem ( exegesis1 or t we h simply to accept z au?oritative ! conclusions ( s*ol>s z to ! mean+ ( ,new ,te/am5t texts4 ,! mod]n m9d "h is ready ) a radical objection4 ,! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 x argues1 7 m5 l ourselves2 !y _h p]sonal limitations & hi/orical limitations2 _! =ms ( ?\ght 7 ^? ( a p>ticul> age & upbr++2 ! doctr9es !y prea*$ may h _h a relative validity1 b we _c b5umb our m9ds to accept !m )\t "q4 ,! intellig5ce :i* has le>n$ to be a law to itself1 criticis+1 reject+1 appropriat+1 assimilat+1 _c d5y its nature & susp5d its functions :5 x op5s ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,x _c make itself ! slave ( m51 n ev5 ?\gh ! m5 are ,pet] & ,paul & ,john2 no1 n ev5 ?\gh x 7 ! ,son ( ,man ,himself4 ,x res5ts dictation1 n wilfully nor wantonly1 b because x mu/2 & x res5ts x all ! m :5 x claims to be inspir$4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ,atonem5t c only be receiv$ by ^? :o are prep>$ f ! ?re%old to ackn[l$ge ! inspiration & ! consequ5t au?ority ( ,scripture1 x c nev] be receiv$ by mod]n m5 at all4 ,?is l9e ( rem>k is famili> inside ! ,*ur* z well z outside4 ,(t5 x is express$ 9 ! dem& = a hi/orical z oppos$ to a dogmatic int]pretation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 a hi/orical int]pretation be+ "o to :i* we c sit freely1 because ! result to :i* x leads u is ! m9d ( a "t :i* we h surviv$ & presumably transc5d$2 a dogmatic int]pretation1 on ! o!r h&1 be+ "o :i* claims to rea* an abid+ tru?1 & !re=e to h a pres5t au?ority4 ,a m popul> & inconsi/5t expression ( ! same mood may be f\nd among ^? :o say petulant ?+s ab\t ! rabb9is+ ( ,paul1 b pr(ess ! utmo/ devotion to ! words ( ,jesus4 ,ev5 9 a day ( ov]done di/9ctions1 "o might po9t out t int]pretations are n prop]ly to be classifi$ z hi/orical or dogmatic1 b z true or false4 ,if !y are false1 x does n matt] :e!r !y are call$ dogmatic or hi/orical2 & if !y are true1 !y may q well be bo?4 ,b ?is by ! way4 ,= my own "p1 ,i pref] ! objection 9 its mo/ radical =m1 & inde$ f9d no?+ 9 x to :i* any ,*ri/ian1 h[ev] s9c]e or pr(\nd 8 rev]5ce = ! ,bible1 %\ld hesitate to ass5t4 ,once ! m9d has come to "k itself1 !re c be no su* ?+ = x z blank au?ority4 ,x _c believe ?+s--! ?+s by :i* x has to live--simply on ! ^w ( ,paul or ,john4 ,x is n irrev]5t1 x is simply ! recognition ( a fact1 if we add t x c j z little believe !m simply on ! ^w ( ,jesus4#a ,?is is n ! s9 ( ! m9d1 b ! nature & ess5ce ( m9d1 ! be+ :i* x owes to ,god4 ,if we are to speak ( au?ority at all 9 ?is connection1 ! au?ority mu/ be conceiv$ z belong+ n to ! speak] b to t :i* he says1 n to ! witness b to ! tru?4 ,tru?1 9 %ort1 is ! only ?+ :i* has au?ority = ! m9d1 & ! only way 9 :i* tru? f9ally ev9ces its au?ority is by tak+ possession ( ! m9d = itself4 ,x may be t any giv5 tru? c only be rea*$ by te/imony--t is1 c only come to u by "s hi/orical *annel2 b if x is a tru? ( et]nal import1 if x is "p ( a revelation ( ,god ! reception ( :i* is et]nal life1 !n its au?ority lies 9 itself & 9 its p[] to w9 ! m9d1 & n 9 any witness h[ev] tru/wor?y4 ,h5ce 9 speak+ ( ! ,atonem5t1 :e!r 9 prea*+ or 9 !ologis+1 x is q unnecess>y to raise any "q ab\t ! inspiration ( ,scripture1 or to make any claim ( 'au?ority' ei!r = ! ,apo/les or = ! ,"l4 ,belief 9 ! inspiration ( ,scripture is nei!r ! beg9n+ ( ! ,*ri/ian life nor ! f\ndation ( ,*ri/ian !ology2 x is ! la/ conclusion--a conclusion :i* becomes e day m sure--to :i* exp]i5ce ( ! tru? ( ,scripture leads4 ,:5 we tell1 !re=e1 :at ! ,atonem5t is1 we are tell+ x n on ! au?ority ( any p]son or p]sons :atev]1 b on ! au?ority ( ! tru? 9 x by :i* x has won its place 9 our m9ds & he>ts4 ,we f9d ?is tru? 9 ! ,*ri/ian ,scriptures und\bt$ly1 & !re=e we prize !m2 b ! tru? does n d]ive its au?ority f ! ,scriptures1 or f ^? :o p5n$ !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,scriptures are priz$ by ! ,*ur* because ?r\gh !m ! s\l is br\ght into contact ) ?is tru?4 ,no d\bt ?is leaves x op5 to any "o :o does n see 9 ,scripture :at we see1 or :o is n conv9c$ z we are ( its tru?1 to accuse u "h ( subjectivity1 ( hav+ no /&>d ( tru? b :at appeals to u individually1 b ,i c\ld nev] feel ! *>ge a s]i\s "o4 ,x is l urg+ t a man does n see at all1 or does n see truly1 because he only sees ) 8 own eyes4 ,?is is ! only au!ntic k9d ( see+ yet kn[n to mank9d4 ,we d n judge at all ^? :o d n see :at we d4 ,we d n "k :at h9d]s !m1 or :e!r !y are at all to blame = x2 we d n "k h[ soon ! h9drance is go+ to be put out ( ! way4 ,to-day1 z at ! beg9n+1 ! light %9es 9 ! d>kness1 & ! d>kness compreh5ds x n4 ,b t is ! situation :i* calls = evangeli/s2 n a situation 9 :i* ! evangeli/ is call$ to r5\nce 8 exp]i5ce & 8 vocation4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! ,atonem5t1 z x is pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,scriptures1 & v9dicates = itself 9 our m9ds ! "* ( tru?1 & inde$1 z ,i h said already1 ! "* ( ! ultimate tru? ( ,god8 ,! simple/ expression t c be giv5 to x 9 words is3 ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s4 ,tak5 by itself1 ?is is too brief to be intelligible2 x implies _m ?+s :i* ne$ to be made explicit bo? ab\t ,*ri/'s relation to u & ab\t ! relation ( s9 & dea?4 ,b ! important ?+1 to beg9 )1 is n to def9e ^! relations1 b to look ?r\gh ! words to ! broad reality :i* is int]pret$ 9 !m4 ,:at !y tell u1 & tell u on ! basis ( an incontrov]tible exp]i5ce1 is t ! =giv5ess ( s9s is = ! ,*ri/ian m$iat$ ?r\gh ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,9 "o respect1 !re=e1 !re is no?+ s+ul> 9 ! =giv5ess ( s9s3 x is 9 ! same position z e o!r bless+ ( :i* ! ,new ,te/am5t speaks4 ,x is ! pres5ce ( a ,m$iator1 z ,we/cott says 9 "o ( 8 lett]s1 :i* makes ! ,*ri/ian religion :at x is2 & ! =giv5ess ( s9s is m$iat$ to u ?r\gh ,*ri/1 j z ! k ( ,god z ! ,fa!r is m$iat$1 or ! assurance ( a life beyond dea?4 ,b !re is some?+ specific ab\t ! m$iation ( =giv5ess2 ! gift & ! c]ta9ty ( x come to u1 n simply ?r\gh ,*ri/1 b ?r\gh ! blood ( ,8 ,cross4 ,! sum ( ,8 relation to s9 is t ,he di$ = x4 ,god =gives1 b ?is is ! way 9 :i* ,8 =giv5ess comes4 ,he =gives freely1 b x is at ?is co/ to ,himself & to ! ,son ( ,8 love4 ,?is1 x seems to me1 is ! simple/ possible /atem5t ( :at ! ,new ,te/am5t means by ! ,atonem5t1 & probably !re are few :o w\ld dispute its correctness4 ,b x is possible to argue t !re is a deep cleft 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t itself1 & t ! tea*+ ( ,jesus on ! subject ( =giv5ess is completely at v>iance ) t :i* we f9d 9 ! ,epi/les1 & :i* is impli$ 9 ?is description ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,inde$ !re are _m :o d s argue4 ,b to foll[ !m w\ld be to =get ! place :i* ,jesus has 9 ,8 own tea*+4 ,ev5 if we grant t ! ma9 subject ( t tea*+ is ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 x is z cle> z any?+ c be t ! ,k+dom dep5ds = its e/abli%m5t on ,jesus1 or r t 9 ,him x is already e/abli%$ 9 pr9ciple2 & t all p>ticipation 9 its bless+s dep5ds on "s k9d ( relation to ,him4 ,all ?+s h be5 deliv]$ to ,him by ! ,fa!r1 & x is by com+ "u obligation to ,him1 & by t alone1 t m5 "k ! ,fa!r4 ,x is by com+ "u obligation to ,him t !y "k ! p>don+ love ( ! ,fa!r1 z well z ev]y?+ else t ent]s into ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce & con/itutes ! bless$ness ( life 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god4 ,nor is x op5 to any "o to say t he kn[s ?is simply because ,*ri/ has told x4 ,we are deal+ "h ) ?+s too great to be simply told4 ,if !y are ev] to be kn[n 9 _! reality1 !y mu/ be reveal$ by ,god1 !y mu/ rise ^u ! m9d ( man exp]im5tally1 9 _! awful & glori\s tru?1 9 ways m wond]ful ?an words4 ,!y c be spok5 ab\t aft]w>ds1 b h>dly be=eh&4 ,!y c be celebrat$ & prea*$--t is1 decl>$ z ! speak]'s exp]i5ce1 deliv]$ z 8 te/imony--b n simply told4 ,x 0 en\gh if ,jesus made ,8 disciples feel1 z surely ,he did make !m feel1 n only 9 e ^w ,he spoke1 b m emphatically /ill 9 ,8 :ole attitude t[>d !m1 t ,he 0 ,himself ! ,m$iator ( ! new cov5ant1 & t all ! bless+s ( ! relation betwe5 ,god & man :i* we call ,*ri/ianity 7 bless+s due to ,him4 ,if m5 knew ! ,fa!r1 x 0 ?r\gh ,him4 ,if !y knew ! ,fa!r's he>t to ! lo/1 x 0 ?r\gh ,him4 ,?r\gh ,him1 be x rememb]$1 n m]ely ?r\gh ! words t ,he spoke4 ,!re 0 m 9 ,*ri/ ?an ev5 ,8 own wond]ful words express$1 & all t ,he 0 & did & suff]$1 z well z :at ,he said1 ent]$ into ! convictions ,he inspir$4 ,b ,he knew ?is z well z ,8 disciples1 & = ?is v reason x is beside ! m>k to po9t to :at ,he said1 or r to :at ,he did n say1 9 confutation ( _! exp]i5ce4 ,= x is _! exp]i5ce--! exp]i5ce t ! =giv5ess ( s9s 0 m$iat$ to !m ?r\gh ,8 cross--t is express$ 9 ! doctr9e ( ,atonem5t3 ,he di$ = our s9s4 ,! objection :i* is "h 9 view is mo/ frequ5tly po9t$ by ref]5ce to ! p>able ( ! prodigal son4 ,!re is no ,atonem5t "h1 we are told1 no m$iation ( =giv5ess at all4 ,!re is love on ! "o side & p5it5ce on ! o!r1 & x is treason to ! pure tru? ( ?is tea*+ to cl\d & confuse x ) ! ?\ghts ( m5 ^: ,ma/] 0 ov] _! heads (t51 b mo/ ( all "h4 ,su* a /atem5t ( ! case is plausible1 & judg+ f ! frequ5cy ) :i* x occurs mu/ to "s m9ds be v conv9c+1 b no?+ c\ld be m sup]ficial1 or m unju/ bo? to ,jesus & ! apo/les4 ,a p>able is a comp>ison1 & !re is a po9t ( comp>ison 9 x on :i* ev]y?+ turns4 ,! m p]fect ! p>able is1 ! m conspicu\s & dom9at+ w ! po9t ( comp>ison be4 ,! p>able ( ! prodigal illu/rates ?is4 ,x br+s out1 ?r\gh a human p>allel1 ) incomp>able =ce & beauty1 ! "o tru? ( ! fre5ess ( =giv5ess4 ,god waits to be graci\s4 ,8 p>don+ love ru%es out to welcome ! p5it5t4 ,b no "o :o speaks ( ! ,atonem5t ev] dreams ( que/ion+ ?is4 ,! ,atonem5t is conc]n$ ) a diff]5t po9t--n ! fre5ess ( p>don1 ab\t :i* all are agre$1 b ! co/ ( x2 n ! spontaneity ( ,god's love1 :i* no "o que/ions1 b ! necessity "u :i* x lay to manife/ itself 9 a p>ticul> way if ,god 0 to be true to ,himself1 & to w9 ! he>t ( s9n]s = ! hol9ess :i* !y _h (f5d$4 ,! ,atonem5t is n ! d5ial t ,god's love is free2 x is t specific manife/ation or demon/ration ( ,god's free love :i* is dem&$ by ! situation ( m54 ,"o c h>dly help wond]+ :e!r ^? :o tell u s confid5tly t !re is no ,atonem5t 9 ! p>able ( ! prodigal h ev] notic$ t !re is no ,*ri/ 9 x ei!r--no eld] bro!r :o goes out to seek & to save ! lo/ son1 & to give 8 life a ransom = him4 ,surely we are n to put ! ,good ,%eph]d out ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 ,yet if we leave ,him ,8 place1 we _c make ! p>able ( ! prodigal ! measure ( ,*ri/'s m9d ab\t ! =giv5ess ( s9s4 ,"o "p ( ,8 tea*+ x c]ta9ly conta9s--"o "p ( ! tru? ab\t ! relation ( ,god ! ,fa!r to ,8 s9ful *ildr52 b ano!r "p ( ! tru? 0 pres5t1 ?\gh n on t occasion r5d]$ 9 words1 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,speak]1 :5 'all ! publicans & s9n]s drew ne> to ,him = to he> ,him4' ,! love ( ,god to ! s9ful 0 appreh5d$ 9 ,*ri/ ,himself1 & n 9 :at ,he said z some?+ ap>t f ,himself2 on ! contr>y1 x 0 9 ! id5tity ( ! speak] & ! ^w t ! p[] ( ! ^w lay2 ,god's love ev9c$ itself to m5 z a reality 9 ,him1 9 ,8 pres5ce 9 ! _w1 & 9 ,8 attitude to its s92 x s ev9c$ itself1 f9ally & supremely1 9 ,8 dea?4 ,x is n ! idiosyncrasy ( "o apo/le1 x is ! te/imony ( ! ,*ur*1 a te/imony 9 keep+ ) ! :ole claim made by ,*ri/ 9 ,8 tea*+ & life & dea?3 '9 ,him we h our r$emption1 ?r\gh ,8 blood1 ev5 ! =giv5ess ( our trespasses4' ,& ?is is :at ! ,atonem5t means3 x means ! m$iation ( =giv5ess ?r\gh ,*ri/1 & specifically ?r\gh ,8 dea?4 ,=giv5ess1 9 ! ,*ri/ian s5se ( ! t]m1 is only realis$ z we believe 9 ! ,atonem5t3 9 o!r words1 z we come to feel ! co/ at :i* alone ! love ( ,god c\ld ass]t itself z ,div9e & holy love 9 ! s\ls ( s9ful m54 ,we may say1 if we please1 t =giv5ess is be/[$ freely ^u rep5tance2 b we mu/ add1 if we w\ld d ju/ice to ! ,*ri/ian position1 t rep5tance 9 its ultimate "* is ! fruit ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,rep5tance is n possible ap>t f ! appreh5sion ( ! m]cy ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,x is ! exp]i5ce ( ! reg5]ate--po5it5tiam int]pretor reg5]ationem1 z ,calv9 says--& x is ! ,atonem5t :i* reg5]ates4 ,?is1 !n1 9 ! broade/ s5se1 is ! tru? :i* we wi% to comm5d to ! mod]n m9d3 ! tru? t !re is =giv5ess ) ,god1 & t ?is =giv5ess comes to u only ?r\gh ,*ri/1 & signally or specifically ?r\gh ,8 dea?4 ,unless x becomes true to u t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s we _c appreciate =giv5ess at its specifically ,*ri/ian value4 ,x _c be = u t k9d ( reality1 x _c h = u t k9d ( inspiration1 :i* x unque/ionably is & has 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,b :at1 we mu/ n[ ask1 is ! mod]n m9d to :i* ?is prim>y tru? ( ,*ri/ianity has to be comm5d$8 ,c we diagnose x 9 any g5]al yet recognisable fa%ion1 s z to f9d guidance 9 seek+ access to x = ! gospel ( ! ,atonem5t8 ,!re may seem to be some?+ presumptu\s 9 ! v idea1 z ?\gh any "o mak+ ! attempt assum$ a sup]iority to ! m9d ( 8 "t1 an exemption f its limitations & prejudices1 a p[] to see ov] x & r\nd ab\t x4 ,all su* presumption is ( c\rse disclaim$ "h2 b ev5 :ile we disclaim x1 ! attempt to appreciate ! m9d ( our "t is =c$ ^u u4 ,:oev] has tri$ to prea* ! gospel1 & to p]suade m5 ( tru? z tru? is 9 ,jesus1 & especially ( ! tru? ( ,god's =giv5ess z x is 9 ! dea? ( ,jesus = s91 kn[s t !re is a /ate ( m9d :i* is someh[ inaccessible to ?is tru?1 & to :i* ! tru? consequ5tly appeals 9 va94 ,i d n speak ( unambigu\s moral antipa?y to ! ideas ( =giv5ess & atonem5t1 al?\gh antipa?y to ^! ideas 9 g5]al1 z di/9ct f any giv5 pres5tation ( !m1 _c b h a moral "*1 j z a moral "* always atta*es to ! refusal to ackn[l$ge ,*ri/ or to become ,8 debtor2 b ( some?+ :i*1 ?\gh vagu] & less det]m9ate1 puts ! m9d wrong1 s to speak1 ) ,*ri/ianity f ! />t4 ,x is cle>1 = in/ance1 9 all t has be5 said ab\t =giv5ess1 t c]ta9 relations are presuppos$ z subsi/+ betwe5 ,god & man1 relations :i* make x possible = man to s91 & possible = ,god1 n inde$ to ignore 8 s91 b 9 ! v act ( recognis+ x z all t x is to =give x1 to lib]ate man f x1 & to re/ore him to ,himself & righte\sness4 ,n[ if ! lat5t presuppositions ( ! mod]n m9d are to any ext5t inconsi/5t ) su* relations1 !re w be some?+ to ov]come be=e ! conceptions ( =giv5ess or atonem5t c get a he>+4 ,^! conceptions h _! place 9 a c]ta9 view ( ! _w z a :ole1 & if ! m9d is preoccupi$ ) a diff]5t view1 x w h an in/9ctive consci\sness t x _c accommodate !m1 & a disposition !re=e to reject !m ab initio4 ,?is is1 9 po9t ( fact1 ! difficulty ) :i* we h to deal4 ,& let no "o say t x is transp>5tly absurd to sugge/ t we mu/ get m5 to accept a true philosophy be=e we c beg9 to prea* ! gospel to !m1 z ?\gh t settl$ ! matt] or got ov] ! difficulty4 ,we h to take m5 z we f9d !m2 we h to prea* ! gospel to ! m9d :i* is ar\nd u2 & if t m9d is root$ 9 a view ( ! _w :i* leaves no room = ,*ri/ & ,8 "w z ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce has realis$ !m1 !n t view ( ! _w mu/ be appreciat$ by ! evangeli/1 x mu/ be und]m9$ at its weak places1 its inadequacy to int]pret all t is pres5t ev5 9 ! m9d :i* has accept$ x--9 o!r words1 its inh]5t inconsi/5cy--mu/ be demon/rat$2 ! attempt mu/ be made to lib]ate ! m9d1 s t x may be op5 to ! impression ( realities :i* "u ! conditions suppos$ x c\ld only enc\nt] ) in/9ctive antipa?y4 ,x is necess>y1 !re=e1 at ?is po9t to adv]t to ! v>i\s influ5ces :i* h contribut$ to =m ! m9d ( our "t1 & to give x its in/9ctive bias 9 "o direction or ano!r4 ,p[]ful & legitimate z ^! influ5ces h be51 !y h nev]!less be5 9 v>i\s ways p>tial1 & because ( _! v p>tiality !y h1 :5 !y absorb$ ! m9d1 z new modes ( ?\ght are apt to d1 prejudic$ x aga9/ ! consid]ation ( o!r1 possibly ( deep] & m f>-rea*+1 tru?s4 ,fir/1 !re is ! enorm\s developm5t ( physical sci5ce4 ,?is has engross$ human intellig5ce 9 our own times to an ext5t :i* c h>dly be ov]-e/imat$4 ,f> m m9d has be5 employ$ 9 con/ruct+ ! great fabric ( k1 :i* we call sci5ce1 ?an 9 any o!r pursuit ( m54 ,f> m m9d has _h its *>act]i/ic qualities & temp] imp>t$ to x by sci5tific /udy ?an by /udy 9 any o!r field4 ,x is ( sci5ce--:i* to all int5ts & purposes means physical sci5ce--( sci5ce & its me?ods & results t ! mod]n m9d is mo/ confid5t1 & speaks ) ! mo/ natural & legitimate pride4 ,n[ sci5ce1 ev5 9 ?is re/rict$ s5se1 cov]s a great range ( subjects2 x may be physics 9 ! n>r[e/ mean+ ( ! ^w1 or *emi/ry1 or biological sci5ce4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( our own age has be5 ! developm5t ( ! la/1 & 9 p>ticul> its ext5sion to man4 ,x is impossible to dispute ! legitimacy ( ?is ext5sion4 ,man has 8 place 9 nature2 ! ph5om5a ( life h "o ( _! signal illu/rations 9 him1 & he is z prop] a subject ( biological /udy z any o!r liv+ be+4 ,b ! int5se preoccupation ( mu* ( ! mo/ vigor\s intellig5ce ( our "t ) ! biological /udy ( man is n )\t effects ^u ! m9d itself1 :i* we ne$ to consid]4 ,x t5ds to produce a habit ( m9d to :i* c]ta9 assumptions are natural & inevitable1 c]ta9 o!r assumptions incr$ible f ! fir/4 ,?is habit ( m9d is 9 "s ways fav\rable to ! acceptance ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,= example1 ! biologi/'s inv9cible conviction ( ! unity ( life1 & ( ! c]ta9ty & p[] ) :i* :atev] t\*es x at "o po9t t\*es x ?r\gh & ?r\gh1 is 9 "o way entirely fav\rable4 ,_m ( ! mo/ tell+ popul> objections to ! idea ( ,atonem5t re/ on an atomic conception ( p]sonality--a conception accord+ to :i* e human be+ is a clos$ sy/em1 incapable 9 ! la/ resort ( help+ or be+ help$1 ( injur+ or be+ injur$1 by ano!r4 ,?is conception has be5 f9ally discr$it$ by biology1 & s f> ! evangeli/ mu/ be grateful4 ,! ,atonem5t presupposes ! unity ( human life1 & its solid>ity2 x presupposes a common & univ]sal responsibility4 ,i believe x presupposes also su* a conception ( ! unity ( man & nature z biology proce$s ^u2 & 9 all ^! respects its physical presuppositions1 if we may s express ourselves1 are pres5t to ! m9d ( to-day1 ?anks to biology1 z !y 7 n ev5 s lately z a hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,b ?is is n all t we h to consid]4 ,! m9d has be5 influ5c$ by ! movem5t ( physical & ev5 ( biological sci5ce1 n only 9 a way :i* is fav\rable1 b 9 ways :i* are prejudicial to ! acceptance ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,e physical sci5ce seems to h a b\ndless ambition2 x wants to r$uce ev]y?+ to its own level1 to expla9 ev]y?+ 9 ! t]ms & by ! categories ) :i* x itself works4 ,! high] has always to fight = its life aga9/ ! l[]4 ,! physici/ w\ld l to r$uce *emi/ry to physics2 ! *emi/ has an ambition to simplify biology into *emi/ry2 ! biologi/ 9 turn looks ) suspicion on any?+ 9 man :i* _c be int]pret$ biologically4 ,he w\ld l to give1 & is sometimes ready to (f]1 a biological explanation ( self-consci\sness1 ( fre$om1 ( religion1 morality1 s94 ,n[ a biological explanation1 :5 all is done1 is a physical explanation1 & a physical explanation ( self-consci\sness or ! moral life is "o 9 :i* ! v ess5ce ( ! ?+ to be expla9$ is ei!r ignor$ or expla9$ away4 ,man's life is c]ta9ly root$ 9 nature1 & !re=e a prop] subject = biological /udy2 b unless x someh[ transc5d$ nature1 & s dem&$ o!r ?an physical categories = its complete int]pretation1 !re c\ld n be any /udy or any sci5ce at all4 ,if !re 7 no?+ b matt]1 z ,m4 ,naville has said1 !re w\ld be no mat]ialism2 & if !re 7 no?+ b life1 !re w\ld be no biology4 ,n[ x is 9 ! high] region ( human exp]i5ce1 to :i* all physical categories are unequal1 t we enc\nt] ^? realities to :i* ! ,atonem5t is relat$1 & 9 relation to :i* x is real2 & we mu/ insi/ ^u ^! high] realities1 9 _! specific "*1 aga9/ a /rong t5d5cy 9 ! sci5tifically tra9$ mod]n m9d1 & /ill m 9 ! g5]al m9d z influ5c$ by x1 to r$uce !m to ! m]ely physical level4 ,take1 = in/ance1 ! consci\sness ( s94 ,evid5tly ! ,atonem5t becomes incr$ible if ! consci\sness ( s9 is ext+ui%$ or expla9$ away4 ,!re is no?+ = ! ,atonem5t to d2 !re is no?+ to relate x to2 x is z unreal z a rock 9 ! sky4 ,b _m m9ds at ! pres5t "t1 "u ! influ5ce ( curr5t conceptions 9 biology1 d expla9 x away4 ,all life is "o1 !y argue4 ,x rises f ! same spr+1 x runs ! same c\rse1 x comes to ! same end4 ,! life ( man is root$ 9 nature1 & t :i* beats 9 my ve9s is an inh]itance f an immeasurable pa/4 ,x is absurd to speak ( my responsibility = x1 or ( my guilt because x manife/s itself 9 me1 z x inevitably does1 9 su* & su* =ms4 ,!re is no d\bt t ?is mode ( ?\ght is widely preval5t1 & t x is "o ( ! mo/ s]i\s h9drances to ! acceptance ( ! gospel1 & especially ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,h[ are we to appreciate x8 ,we mu/ po9t out1 ,i ?9k1 ! consequ5ce to :i* x leads4 ,if a man d5ies t he is responsible = ! nature :i* he has inh]it$--d5ies responsibility = x on ! gr\nd t x is inh]it$--x is a fair "q to ask him = :at he does accept responsibility4 ,:5 he has dive/$ himself ( ! inh]it$ nature1 :at is left8 ,! real mean+ ( su* dis[n+ ( responsibility is t a man ass]ts t 8 life is a "p ( ! physical ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 & no?+ else2 & he =gets1 9 ! v act ( mak+ ! ass]tion1 t if x 7 true1 x c\ld n be s mu* z made4 ,! m]ely physical is transc5d$ 9 e su* ass]tion2 & ! man :o has transc5d$ x1 root$ ?\gh 8 life be 9 nature1 & "o ) ! life ( ! :ole & ( all ! pa/1 mu/ take ! responsibility ( liv+ t life out on ! high level ( self-consci\sness & morality :i* 8 v disclaim] involves4 ,! s5se ( s9 :i* wakes spontane\sly ) ! p]ception t he is n :at he ought to h be5 mu/ n be expla9$ away2 at ! level :i* life has rea*$ 9 him1 ?is is unsci5tific z well z immoral2 8 s9--= ,i d n "k ano!r ^w = x--mu/ be realis$ z all t x is 9 ! moral _w if he is ev] to be true to himself1 n to say if he is ev] to welcome ! ,atonem5t1 & leave 8 s9 beh9d4 ,we h no ne$ ( words l s9 & atonem5t--we c\ld n h ! exp]i5ces :i* !y designate--unless we _h a high] ?an m]ely natural life2 & "o ( ! t5d5cies ( ! mod]n m9d :i* has to be c\nt]act$ by ! evangeli/ is ! t5d5cy induc$ by physical & especially by biological sci5ce to expla9 ! realities ( p]sonal exp]i5ce by sub-p]sonal categories4 ,9 consci5ce1 9 ! s5se ( p]sonal dignity1 9 ! ultimate inability ( man to d5y ! self :i* he is1 we h always an appeal aga9/ su* t5d5cies1 :i* _c fail2 b x ne$s to be made resolutely :5 consci5ce is le?>gic & ! :ole bias ( ! m9d is to ! o!r side4 ,pass+ f physical sci5ce1 ! mod]n m9d has p]haps be5 influ5c$ mo/ by ! great ideali/ movem5t 9 philosophy--! movem5t :i* 9 ,g]many began ) ,kant & culm9at$ 9 ,hegel4 ,?is idealism1 j l physical sci5ce1 gives a c]ta9 /amp to ! m9d2 :5 x takes possession ( intellig5ce x ca/s x1 s to speak1 into a c]ta9 m\ld2 ev5 m ?an physical sci5ce x dom9ates x s t x becomes incapable ( self-criticism1 & v difficult to tea*4 ,its importance to ! prea*] ( ,*ri/ianity is t x assumes c]ta9 relations betwe5 ! human & ! div9e1 relations :i* =eclose ! v que/ions :i* ! ,atonem5t compels u to raise4 ,to be brief1 x tea*es ! ess5tial unity ( ,god & man4 ,god & man1 to speak ( !m z di/9ct1 are necess>y to ea* o!r1 b man is z necess>y to ,god z ,god is to man4 ,god is ! tru? ( man1 b man is ! reality ( ,god4 ,god comes to consci\sness ( ,himself 9 man1 & man 9 be+ consci\s ( himself is at ! same "t consci\s ( ,god4 ,?\gh _m writ]s ( ?is s*ool make a copi\s use ( ,*ri/ian phraseology1 x seems to me obvi\s t x is n 9 an adequate ,*ri/ian s5se4 ,s9 is n reg>d$ z t :i* ought n to be1 x is t :i* is to be transc5d$4 ,x is z inevitable z any?+ 9 nature2 & ! s5se ( x1 ! bad consci5ce :i* accompanies x1 is no m ?an ! gr[+ pa9s ( ! s\l4 ,on su* a sy/em !re is no room = atonem5t 9 ! s5se ( ! m$iation ( ,god's =giv5ess ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,we may consi/5tly speak 9 x ( a man be+ reconcil$ to himself1 or ev5 reconcil$ to 8 s9s1 b n1 s f> z ,i c und]/&1 ( 8 be+ reconcil$ to ,god1 & /ill less1 reconcil$ to ,god ?r\gh ! dea? ( ,8 ,son4 ,! p5etration ( ,kant saw f ! fir/ all t c\ld be made ( atonem5t on ! basis ( any su* sy/em4 ,:at x means to ! speculative m9d is t ! new man be>s ! s9 ( ! old4 ,:5 ! s9n] rep5ts & is conv]t$1 ! weight ( :at he has done comes home to him2 ! new man 9 him--! ,son ( ,god 9 him--accepts ! responsibility ( ! old man1 & s he has peace ) ,god4 ,_m ^: m9ds are "u ! influ5ce ( ?is mode ( ?\ght d n see cle>ly to :at x leads1 & res5t criticism ( x z if x 7 a sort ( impiety4 ,_! philosophy is to !m a surrogate = religion1 b !y %\ld n be all[$ to suppose 7if !y d suppose7 t x is ! equival5t ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,!re c be no ,*ri/ianity )\t ,*ri/2 x is ! pres5ce ( ! ,m$iator :i* makes ,*ri/ianity :at x is4 ,b a unique ,*ri/1 )\t ,:om our religion disappe>s1 is frankly disav[$ by ! m c&id & outspok5 ( our ideali/ philosoph]s4 ,*ri/1 !y tell u1 0 c]ta9ly a man :o _h an e>ly & a magnific5tly /rong fai? 9 ! unity ( ! human & ! ,div9e2 b x 0 fai? 9 a fact :i* ent]s into ! con/itution ( e human consci\sness1 & x is absurd to suppose t ! recognition ( ! fact1 or ! realisation ( x1 is ess5tially dep5d5t on ,him4 ,he 0 n s9less--:i* is an expression )\t mean+1 :5 we ?9k ( a human be+ :i* has to rise by conflict & self-suppression out ( nature into ! _w ( self-consci\sness & "r & wrong2 ,he 0 n 9 any s5se unique or exceptional2 ,he 0 only :at we all are 9 our degree2 at be/1 ,he 0 only "o among _m great m5 :o h contribut$ 9 _! place & "t to ! spiritual elevation ( ! race4 ,su*1 ,i say1 is ! issue ( ?is mode ( ?\ght z x is frankly av[$ by "s ( its repres5tative m52 b ! peculi>ity ( x1 :5 x is obscurely f]m5t+ z a leav5 9 ! m9d1 is1 t x appeals to m5 z hav+ special aff9ities to ,*ri/ianity4 ,9 our own c\ntry x is widely preval5t among ^? :o h _h a univ]sity education1 & inde$ 9 a mu* wid] circle1 & x is a s]i\s "q h[ we are to address our gospel to ^? :o confront x 9 su* a m5tal mood4 ,i h no wi% to be unsympa!tic1 b ,i mu/ frankly express my conviction t ?is philosophy only lives by ignor+ ! greate/ reality ( ! spiritual _w4 ,!re is some?+ 9 t _w--some?+ ) :i* we c come into intelligible & vital relations--some?+ :i* c ev9ce to our m9ds its tru? & reality1 = :i* ?is philosophy c make no room3 ,*ri/'s consci\sness ( ,himself4 ,x is a !ory ( ! univ]se :i* 7on pr9ciple7 _c all[ ,*ri/ to be any?+ else ?an an additional unit 9 ! _w's population2 b if ?is 7 ! tru? ab\t ,him1 no language c\ld be /rong en\gh to express ! self-delusion 9 :i* ,he liv$ & di$4 ,t ,he 0 ?us self-delud$ is a hypo!sis ,i d n feel call$ to discuss4 ,"o may be accus$ ( subjectivity aga91 ( c\rse1 ?\gh a subjective op9ion :i* has ! cons5t ( ! ,*ri/ian c5turies beh9d x ne$ n tremble at h>d names2 b ,i v5ture to say t !re is no reality 9 ! _w :i* m inevitably & uncompromis+ly takes hold ( ! m9d z a reality ?an our ,"l's consci\sness ( ,himself z x is atte/$ to u 9 ! ,gospels4 ,b :5 we h tak5 ?is reality = all t x is wor?1 ! idealism j describ$ is %ak5 to ! f\ndation4 ,:at seem$ to u s pr(\nd a tru?--! ess5tial unity ( ! human & ! div9e--may come to seem a =mal & delusive platitude2 9 :at we once reg>d$ z ! =mula ( ! p]fect religion--! div9ity ( man & ! humanity ( ,god--we may f9d q z truly ! =mula ( ! fir/1 n to say ! f9al1 s94 ,to see ,*ri/ n 9 ! light ( ?is speculative !orem1 b 9 ! light ( ,8 own consci\sness ( ,himself1 is to realise n only our k9%ip to ,god1 b our remot5ess f ,him2 x is to realise our incapacity = self-realisation :5 we are left to ourselves2 x is to realise ! ne$ ( ! ,m$iator if we w\ld come to ! ,fa!r2 x is to realise1 9 pr9ciple1 ! ne$ ( ! ,atonem5t1 ! ne$1 & ev5tually ! fact4 ,:5 ! mod]n m9d !re=e pres5ts itself to u 9 ?is mood ( philosophical compet5ce1 judg+ ,*ri/ f ! po9t ( view ( ! :ole1 & %[+ ,him ,8 place1 we c only insi/ t ! place is unequal to ,8 greatness1 & t ,8 greatness _c be expla9$ away4 ,! m9d :i* is clos$ to ! fact ( ,8 unique claims1 & ! unique relation to ,god on :i* !y re/1 is clos$ inevitably to ! m$iation ( ,god's =giv5ess ?r\gh ,8 dea?4 ,!re is "o o!r modification ( m9d1 *>act]i/ic ( mod]n times1 ( :i* we h yet to take acc\nt--,i mean t :i* is produc$ by devotion to hi/orical /udy4 ,hi/ory is1 z mu* z sci5ce1 "o ( ! a*ievem5ts ( our age2 & ! hi/orical temp] is z *>act]i/ic ( ! m5 we meet z ! philosophical or ! sci5tific4 ,! hi/orical temp]1 too1 is j z apt z ^! o!rs1 p]haps unconsci\sly1 p]haps q consci\sly1 b "u ! engag+ plea ( mode/y1 to pron\nce absolute s5t5ces :i* /rike at ! life ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 & especially1 !re=e1 at ! idea ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,sometimes ?is is done broadly1 s t e "o sees :at x means4 ,if we are told1 = example1 t ev]y?+ hi/orical is relative1 t x belongs ( necessity to a "t1 & is condition$ 9 ways s intricate t no k c ev] completely trace !m2 if we are told1 fur!r1 t = ?is v reason no?+ hi/orical c h absolute significance1 or c condition ! et]nal life ( man1 x is obvi\s t ! ,*ri/ian religion is be+ cut at ! root4 ,x is no use speak+ ab\t ! ,atonem5t--ab\t ! m$iation ( ,god's =giv5ess to ! s\l ?r\gh a hi/orical p]son & "w--if ?is is true4 ,! only ?+ to be done is to raise ! "q :e!r x is true4 ,x is no m = hi/orical ?an = physical sci5ce to exalt itself into a !ory ( ! univ]se1 or to lay d[n ! law ) speculative absolut5ess z to ! significance & value :i* %all atta* to facts4 ,:5 we face ! fact ) :i* we are "h conc]n$--! fact ( ,*ri/'s consci\sness ( ,himself & ,8 vocation1 to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made--are we n =c$ to ! conclusion t "h a new spiritual magnitude has appe>$ 9 hi/ory1 ! v diff]5tia ( :i* is t x has et]nal significance1 & t x is et]nal life to "k x8 ,if we are to prea* ! ,atonem5t1 we _c all[ ei!r hi/ory or philosophy to proce$ on assumptions :i* ignore or degrade ! fact ( ,*ri/4 ,only a p]son 9 :om ! et]nal has become hi/orical c be ! be>] ( ! ,atonem5t1 & x mu/ be our fir/ conc]n to %[1 aga9/ all assumptions :e!r made 9 ! "n ( hi/ory or ( philosophy1 t 9 po9t ( fact !re is su* a p]son "h4 ,?is consid]ation requires to be kept 9 view ev5 :5 we are deal+ ) ! mod]n m9d inside ! ,*ur*4 ,no?+ is common] ?an to he> ^? :o diss5t f any giv5 con/ruction ( ! ,atonem5t plead = a hi/orical z oppos$ to a dogmatic int]pretation ( ,*ri/4 ,x is n always cle> :at is meant by ?is di/9ction1 nor is x cle> t ^? :o use x are always consci\s ( :at x w\ld lead to if x 7 made absolute4 ,sometimes a dogmatic int]pretation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t means an int]pretation vitiat$ by dogmatic prejudice1 an int]pretation 9 :i* ! mean+ ( ! writ]s is miss$ because ! m9d is bl9d$ by prepossessions ( its own3 9 ?is s5se a dogmatic int]pretation is a ?+ :i* no "o w\ld def5d4 ,sometimes1 h[ev]1 a dogmatic int]pretation is "o :i* reveals or discov]s 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t tru?s ( et]nal & div9e significance1 & to discr$it su* int]pretation 9 ! "n ( ! hi/orical is ano!r matt]4 ,! di/9ction 9 ?is case1 z has be5 already po9t$ out1 is n absolute4 ,x is analog\s to ! di/9ction betwe5 fact & !ory1 or betwe5 ?+ & mean+1 or betwe5 effici5t cause & f9al cause4 ,none ( ^! di/9ctions is absolute1 & no intellig5t m9d w\ld urge ei!r side 9 !m to ! disp>agem5t ( ! o!r4 ,if we are to appreh5d ! :ole reality pres5t$ to u1 we mu/ appreh5d ! !ory z well z ! fact1 ! mean+ z well z ! ?+1 ! f9al z well z ! effici5t cause4 ,9 ! subject ) :i* we are deal+1 ?is tru? is frequ5tly ignor$4 ,x is assum$1 = example1 t because ,*ri/ 0 put to dea? by ,8 enemies1 or because ,he di$ 9 ! fai?ful dis*>ge ( ,8 call+1 !re=e ,he did n die1 9 ! s5se ( ! ,atonem5t1 = our s9s3 ! hi/orical causes :i* br\ght ab\t ,8 dea? are suppos$ to preclude t int]pretation ( x accord+ to :i* x m$iates to u ! div9e =giv5ess4 ,b !re is no incompatibility betwe5 ! two ?+s4 ,to set aside an int]pretation ( ,*ri/'s dea? z dogmatic1 on ! gr\nd t !re is ano!r :i* is hi/orical1 is l sett+ aside ! idea t a wat* is made to measure "t because y "k x 0 made by a wat*mak]4 ,x 0 bo? made by a wat*mak] & made to measure "t4 ,simil>ly x may be q true bo? t ,*ri/ 0 crucifi$ & sla9 by wick$ m51 & t ,he di$ = our s9s4 ,b )\t ent]+ into ! que/ions :i* ?is raises z to ! relation betwe5 ! wisdom ( ,god & ! c\rse ( human hi/ory1 x is en\gh to be consci\s ( ! prejudice :i* ! hi/orical temp] is apt to g5]ate aga9/ ! recognition ( ! et]nal 9 "t4 ,surely x is a significant fact t ! ,new ,te/am5t conta9s a :ole s]ies ( books--! ,johann9e books--:i* h z _! v burd5 ! et]nal significance ( ! hi/orical3 et]nal life 9 ,jesus ,*ri/1 come 9 fle%1 ! propitiation = ! :ole _w4 ,surely also x is a significant fact ( a diff]5t & ev5 an om9\s k9d t we h at pres5t 9 ! ,*ur* a :ole s*ool ( critics :i* is s f> f appreciat+ ! tru? 9 ?is t x is h>dly an exagg]ation to say t x has devot$ itself to a paltry & p$dl+ criticism ( ^! books 9 :i* ! impression ( ! et]nal is lo/4 ,b :e!r we are to be indebt$ to ,john's eyes1 or to none b our own1 if ! et]nal is n to be se5 9 ,jesus1 ,he c h no place 9 our religion2 if ! hi/orical has no dogmatic cont5t1 x _c be ess5tial to et]nal life4 ,h5ce if we believe & "k t we h et]nal life 9 ,jesus1 we mu/ ass]t ! tru? :i* is impli$ 9 ?is aga9/ any conception ( hi/ory :i* d5ies x4 ,nor is x really difficult to d s4 ,) ! exp]i5ce ( n9ete5 c5turies beh9d u1 we h only to confront ?is p>ticul> hi/orical reality1 ,jesus ,*ri/1 )\t prejudice2 9 evangelis+1 we h only to confront o!rs ) ,him2 & we %all f9d x /ill possible to see ,god 9 ,him1 ! ,holy ,fa!r :o ?r\gh ! ,passion ( ,8 ,son m9i/]s to s9n]s ! =giv5ess ( _! s9s4 ,9 :at has be5 said ?us f> by way ( expla9+ ! mod]n m9d1 emphasis may seem to h fall5 ma9ly on ^? *>act]i/ics :i* make x less accessible ?an x might be to ,*ri/ian tru?1 & especially to ! ,atonem5t4 ,i h tri$ to po9t out ! assailable side ( its prepossessions1 & to indicate ! fundam5tal tru?s :i* mu/ be ass]t$ if our intellectual _w is to be "o 9 :i* ! gospel may f9d room4 ,b ! mod]n m9d has o!r *>act]i/ics4 ,"s ( ^! may h be5 exhibit$ hi!rto ma9ly 9 criticis+ curr5t repres5tations ( ! ,atonem5t2 b 9 !mselves !y are entirely legitimate1 & ! claims !y put =w>d are su* z we _c dis[n4 ,be=e proce$+ to a fur!r /atem5t ( ! ,atonem5t1 ,i %all briefly ref] to "o or two ( !m3 a doctr9e ( ,atonem5t :i* did n satisfy !m w\ld und\bt$ly /& condemn$4 7#a7 ,! mod]n m9d requires t ev]y?+ %all be bas$ on exp]i5ce4 ,no?+ is true or real to x :i* _c be exp]im5tally v]ifi$4 ,?is we %all all conc$e4 ,b !re is an inf]5ce sometimes drawn f x at :i* we may look ) caution4 ,x is ! inf]5ce t1 because ev]y?+ mu/ be bas$ on exp]i5ce1 no appeal to ,scripture has any au?ority4 ,i h already expla9$ 9 :at s5se x is possible to speak ( ! au?ority ( ,scripture1 & "h x is only necess>y to make ! simple rem>k t !re is no prop] contra/ betwe5 ,scripture & exp]i5ce4 ,scripture1 s f> z x conc]ns u "h1 is a record ( exp]i5ce or an int]pretation ( x4 ,x 0 ! ,*ur*'s exp]i5ce t x _h its r$emption 9 ,*ri/2 x 0 ! int]pretation ( t exp]i5ce t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s4 ,yet 9 emphasis+ exp]i5ce ! mod]n m9d is "r1 & ,scripture w\ld lose its au?ority if ! exp]i5ce x describes 7 n p]petually v]ifi$ anew4 7#b7 ,! mod]n m9d desires to h ev]y?+ 9 religion e?ically con/ru$4 ,z a g5]al pr9ciple ?is mu/ comm& our unres]v$ ass5t4 ,any?+ :i* violates e?ical /&>ds1 any?+ :i* is immoral or less ?an moral1 mu/ be exclud$ f religion4 ,x may be1 inde$1 t e?ical has sometimes be5 too n>r[ly def9$4 ,ideas h be5 object$ to z une?ical :i* are really at v>iance n ) a true p]ception ( ! con/itution ( humanity1 & ( ! laws :i* regulate moral life1 b ) an atomic !ory ( p]sonality "u :i* moral life w\ld be impossible4 ,p]sons are n atoms2 9 a s5se !y int]p5etrate1 ?\gh individuality has be5 call$ ! true imp5etrability4 ,! _w has be5 s con/itut$ t we d n /& absolutely outside ( ea* o!r2 we c d ?+s = ea* o!r4 ,we c be> ea* o!r's burd5s1 & x is n une?ical to say s1 b ! rev]se4 ,& aga91 x ne$ n be une?ical1 ?\gh x transc5ds ! ord9>y sph]e & range ( e?ical action1 if we say t ,god 9 ,*ri/ is able to d = u :at we _c d = "o ano!r4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,atonem5t1 ! dem& = e?ical treatm5t is usually express$ 9 two ways4 7a7 ,!re is ! dem& = analogies to x 9 human life4 ,! dem& is ju/ifiable1 9 s f> z ,god has made man 9 ,8 own image2 b1 z has be5 sugge/$ above1 x has a limit1 9 s f> z ,god is ,god & n man1 & mu/ h relations to ! human race :i* its memb]s d n & _c h to ea* o!r4 7b7 ,!re is ! dem& t ! ,atonem5t %all be exhibit$ 9 vital relation to a new life 9 :i* s9 is ov]come4 ,?is dem& also is entirely legitimate1 & x t\*es a weak po9t 9 ! traditional ,prote/ant doctr9e4 ,dr4 ,*alm]s tells u t he 0 br\ght up--su* 0 ! effect ( ! curr5t or?odoxy ^u him--9 a c]ta9 di/ru/ ( good works4 ,"s 7 c]ta9ly want$1 b n z be+ !mselves salvation2 only1 z he puts x1 z tok5s ( ju/ification4 ,x 0 a di/9ct /age 9 8 religi\s progress :5 he realis$ t true ju/ification sanctifies1 & t ! s\l c & ought to ab&on itself spontane\sly & joyfully to d ! good t x delights 94 ,! mod]n m9d assumes :at ,dr4 ,*alm]s pa9fully discov]$4 ,an atonem5t t does n reg5]ate1 x truly holds1 is n an atonem5t 9 :i* m5 c be ask$ to believe4 ,su* !n1 9 its prejudices good & bad1 is ! m9d to :i* ! great tru? ( ! ,*ri/ian religion has to be pres5t$4 #a ,( c\rse ?is does n t\* ! fact t ! :ole 'au?ority' ( ! ,*ri/ian religion is 9 ,jesus ,himself--9 ,8 hi/orical pres5ce 9 ! _w1 ,8 words & works1 ,8 life & dea? & resurrection4 ,he is ! tru?1 ! acceptance ( :i* by man is life et]nal4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,s9 ,,& ,,! ,,div9e ,,reaction ,,aga9/ ,,x ,we h n[ se5 9 a g5]al way :at is meant by ! ,atonem5t1 & :at are ! *>act]i/ics ( ! m9d to :i* ! ,atonem5t has to make its appeal4 ,9 t m9d !re is1 z ,i believe1 mu* :i* falls 9 ) ! ,atonem5t1 & prep>es a welcome = x2 b mu* also :i* creates prejudice aga9/ x1 & makes x z possible /ill z 9 ! fir/ c5tury to speak ( ! (f5ce ( ! cross4 ,no d\bt ! ,atonem5t has sometimes be5 pres5t$ 9 =ms :i* provoke antagonism1 :i* *all5ge by an o/5tation ( unreason1 or by a defiance ( morality1 ! reason & consci5ce ( man2 b ?is alone does n expla9 ! res5tm5t :i* x (t5 enc\nt]s4 ,!re is su* a ?+ to be f\nd 9 ! _w z ! man :o w h no?+ to d ) ,*ri/ on any t]ms1 & :o w lea/ ( all h any?+ to d ) ,him :5 ,*ri/ pres5ts ,himself 9 ! "* :i* makes man ,8 debtor = ev]4 ,all m51 z ,/4 ,paul says1 h n fai?3 x is a melan*oly fact1 :e!r we c make any?+ ( x or n4 ,disc\nt+1 h[ev]1 ?is irrational or inexplicable opposition1 :i* is n express$ 9 ! m9d b 9 ! w1 h[ are we to pres5t ! ,atonem5t s t x %all excite ! lea/ prejudice1 & f9d ! mo/ unimp$$ access to ! m9d ( our own g5]ation8 ,?is is ! "q to :i* we h n[ to address ourselves4 ,to conceive ! ,atonem5t1 t is1 ! fact t =giv5ess is m$iat$ to u ?r\gh ,*ri/1 & specifically ?r\gh ,8 dea?1 z cle>ly & truly z possible1 x is necess>y = u to realise ! situation to :i* x is relat$4 ,we _c ?9k ( x except z relat$ to a giv5 situation4 ,x is det]m9$ or condition$ by c]ta9 relations subsi/+ betwe5 ,god & man1 z ^! relations h be5 affect$ by s94 ,:at we mu/ d1 !re=e1 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 is to make cle> to ourselves :at ^! relations are1 & h[ s9 affects !m4 ,to beg9 )1 !y are p]sonal relations2 !y are relations ! tru? ( :i* _c be express$ except by ! use ( p]sonal pron\ns4 ,we ne$ n ask :e!r ! p]sonality ( ,god c be prov$ antec$5t to religion1 or z a basis = a religion yet to be e/abli%$2 9 ! only s5se 9 :i* we c be conc]n$ ) x1 religion is an exp]i5ce ( ! p]sonality ( ,god1 & ( our own p]sonality 9 relation to x4 ',o ,"l1 ,?\ ha/ se>*$ me & kn[n me4' ',i am cont9ually ) ,!e6 ,no human exp]i5ce c be m vital or m normal ?an t :i* is express$ 9 ^! words1 & no argum5t1 be x ev] s subtle or s baffl+1 c weigh a fea!r's-weight aga9/ su* exp]i5ce4 ,! same conception ( ! relations ( ,god & man is express$ aga9 z unmi/akably 9 e ^w ( ,jesus ab\t ! ,fa!r & ! ,son & ! nature ( _! communion ) ea* o!r4 ,x is only 9 su* p]sonal relations t ! k9d ( situation c em]ge1 & ! k9d ( exp]i5ce be _h1 ) :i* ! ,atonem5t deals2 & antec$5t to su* exp]i5ce1 or 9 indep5d5ce ( x1 ! ,atonem5t mu/ rema9 an incr$ible because an unrealisable ?+4 ,b to say t ! relations ( ,god & man are p]sonal is n en\gh4 ,!y are n only p]sonal1 b univ]sal4 ,p]sonal is habitually us$ 9 a c]ta9 contra/ ) legal1 & x is v easy to lapse into ! idea t p]sonal relations1 because di/9ct f legal ones1 are indep5d5t ( law2 b to say ! lea/ ( x1 t is an ambigu\s & mislead+ way ( describ+ ! facts4 ,! relations ( ,god & man are n lawless1 !y are n caprici\s1 incalculable1 incapable ( moral mean+2 !y are p]sonal1 b det]m9$ by some?+ ( univ]sal import2 9 o!r words1 !y are n m]ely p]sonal b e?ical4 ,t is e?ical :i* is at once p]sonal & univ]sal4 ,p]haps ! simple/ way to make ?is evid5t is to notice t ! relations ( man to ,god are ! relations to ,god n ( atoms1 or ( self-conta9$ individuals1 ea* ( :i* is a _w 9 itself1 b ( individuals :i* are ess5tially relat$ to ea* o!r1 & b\nd up 9 ! unity ( a race4 ,! relations ( ,god to man1 !re=e1 are n caprici\s ?\gh !y are p]sonal3 !y are reflect$ or express$ 9 a moral con/itution to :i* all p]sonal be+s are equally b\nd1 a moral con/itution ( et]nal & univ]sal validity1 :i* nei!r ,god nor man c ultimately treat z any?+ else ?an :at x is4 ,?is is a po9t at :i* "s prejudice has be5 rais$ aga9/ ! ,atonem5t by !ologians1 & m1 p]haps1 by p]sons prote/+ aga9/ :at !y suppos$ !ologians to mean4 ,if "o may be excus$ a p]sonal ref]5ce1 few ?+s h a/oni%$ me m ?an to be *>g$ ) tea*+ a '=5sic' or 'legal' or 'judicial' doctr9e ( ,atonem5t1 re/+1 z su* a doctr9e mu/ d1 on a '=5sic' or 'legal' or 'judicial' conception ( man's relation to ,god4 ,x is all ! m a/oni%+ :5 ! *>ge is comb9$ ) :at "o c only decl9e z 9 ! circum/ances totally unm]it$ complim5ts to ! cle>ness ) :i* he has express$ himself4 ,!re is no?+ :i* ,i %\ld wi% to reprobate m :ole-he>t$ly ?an ! conception :i* is express$ by ^! words4 ,to say t ! relations ( ,god & man are =5sic is to say t !y are regulat$ by /atute--t s9 is a brea* ( /atute--t ! s9n] is a crim9al--& t ,god adjudicates on him by int]pret+ ! /atute 9 its application to 8 case4 ,ev]ybody kn[s t ?is is a trave/y ( ! tru?1 & x is surpris+ t any "o %\ld be *>g$ ) tea*+ x1 or t any "o %\ld applaud himself1 z ?\gh he 7 9 ! =emo/ files ( "t1 = n believ+ x4 ,x is sup]flu\sly app>5t t ! relations ( ,god & man are n ^? ( a magi/rate on ! b5* pron\nc+ accord+ to ! act on ! crim9al at ! b>4 ,to say ?is1 h[ev]1 does n make ^! relations m intelligible4 ,9 p>ticul>1 to say t !y are p]sonal1 z oppos$ to =5sic1 does n make !m m intelligible4 ,if !y are to be rational1 if !y are to be moral1 if !y are to be relations 9 :i* an e?ical life c be liv$1 & e?ical responsibilities realis$1 !y mu/ be n only p]sonal1 b univ]sal2 !y mu/ be relations t 9 "s s5se are det]m9$ by law4 ,ev5 to say t !y are ! relations1 n ( judge & crim9al1 b ( ,fa!r & *ild1 does n get u pa/ ?is po9t4 ,! relations ( fa!r & *ild are und\bt$ly m adequate to ! tru? ?an ^? ( judge & crim9al2 !y are m adequate1 b s f> z our exp]i5ce ( !m goes1 !y are n equal to x4 ,if ! s9n] is n a crim9al be=e 8 judge1 nei!r is he a naughty *ild be=e a p>5t ^: own weakness or aff9ity to evil introduces an incalculable elem5t into 8 deal+ ) 8 *ild's fault4 ,i %\ld n ?9k ( say+ t x is ! desire to escape f ! inexorabl5ess ( law to a ,god capable ( indulg5t human t5d]ness t inspires ! viol5t prote/s s (t5 he>d aga9/ '=5sic' & 'legal' ideas3 b t is ! impression :i* "o sometimes involunt>ily receives f !m4 ,x ought to be app>5t to e "o t ev5 ! relation ( p>5t & *ild1 if x is to be a moral relation1 mu/ be det]m9$ 9 a way :i* has univ]sal & f9al validity4 ,x mu/ be a relation 9 :i*--e?ically speak+--"s ?+s are = ev] obligatory1 & "s ?+s = ev] impossible2 9 o!r words1 x mu/ be a relation det]m9$ by law1 & law :i* _c d5y itself4 ,b law 9 ?is s5se is n 'legal4' ,x is n 'judicial1' or '=5sic1' or '/atutory4' ,none ! less x is real & vital1 & ! :ole moral value ( ! relation dep5ds ^u x4 ,:5 a man says--z "s "o has said--',!re are _m to :om ! conception ( =giv5ess re/+ on a judicial transaction does n appeal at all1' ,i entirely agree ) him2 x does n appeal at all to me4 ,b :at w\ld be ! value ( a =giv5ess :i* did n recognise 9 its et]nal tru? & wor? t univ]sal law 9 :i* ! relations ( ,god & man are con/itut$8 ,)\t ! recognition ( t law--t moral ord] or con/itution 9 :i* we h our life 9 relation to ,god & ea* o!r--righte\sness & s91 atonem5t & =giv5ess1 w\ld all alike be words )\t mean+4 ,9 connection ) ?is1 ref]5ce may be made to an important po9t 9 ! int]pretation ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,! responsibility = :at is call$ ! =5sic conception ( ! ,atonem5t is (t5 trac$ to ,/4 ,paul1 & ! greate/ ( all ! m9i/]s ( grace is n infrequ5tly spok5 ( z ?\gh he _h delib]ately laid ! mo/ insup]able ( /umbl+-blocks 9 ! way to ! gospel4 ,mo/ p1 ( c\rse1 are consci\s t !y d n look well talk+ d[n to ,/4 ,paul1 & occasionally "o c detect a note ( misgiv+ 9 ! brave words 9 :i* 8 doctr9e is r5\nc$1 a note ( misgiv+ :i* sugge/s t ! *>itable c\rse is to he> su* prote/s 9 sil5ce1 & to let ^? :o utt] !m ?9k ov] ! matt] aga94 ,b !re is :at claims to be a sci5tific way ( express+ diss5t f ! apo/le1 a way :i*1 equally ) ! petulant "o1 re/s1 ,i am conv9c$1 on misappreh5sion ( 8 tea*+4 ,?is x w\ld n be fair to ignore4 ,x int]prets :at ! apo/le says ab\t law solely by ref]5ce to ! great "q at issue betwe5 ! ,jewi% & ! ,*ri/ian religions1 mak+ ! ^w law mean ! /atutory sy/em "u :i* ! ,jews liv$1 & no?+ else4 ,no "o w d5y t ,paul does use ! ^w 9 ?is s5se2 ! law (t5 means = him specifically ! law ( ,moses4 ,! law ( ,moses1 h[ev]1 nev] means = him any?+ less ?an ! law ( ,god2 x is "o specific =m 9 :i* ! univ]sal relations subsi/+ betwe5 ,god & man1 & mak+ religion & morality possible1 h f\nd hi/orical expression4 ,b ,paul's m9d does n re/ 9 ?is "o hi/orical expression4 ,he g5]alises x4 ,he has ! conception ( a univ]sal law1 to :i* he c appeal 9 ,g5tile z well z 9 ,jew--a law 9 ! pres5ce ( :i* s9 is reveal$1 & by ! reaction ( :i* s9 is judg$--a law :i* ,god c\ld n d5y )\t d5y+ ,himself1 & to :i* ju/ice is done 79 o!r words1 :i* is ma9ta9$ 9 its integrity71 ev5 :5 ,god ju/ifies ! ungodly4 ,b :5 law is ?us univ]salis$1 x ceases to be legal2 x is n a /atute1 b ! moral con/itution ( ! _w4 ,paul prea*$ ! same gospel to ! ,g5tiles z he did to ! ,jews2 he prea*$ 9 x ! same relation ( ! ,atonem5t & ( ,*ri/'s dea? to div9e law4 ,b he did n d ?is by ext5d+ to all mank9d a ,ph>isaic1 legal1 =5sic relation to ,god3 he did x by ris+ above su* conceptions1 ev5 ?\gh z a ,ph>isee he may h _h to />t f !m1 to ! conception ( a relation ( all m5 to ,god express+ itself 9 a moral con/itution--or1 z he w\ld h said1 b 9 an entirely un=5sic s5se1 9 a law--( div9e & un*ang+ validity4 ,! ma9t5ance ( ?is law1 or ( ?is moral con/itution1 9 its inviolable integrity 0 ! signature ( ! =giv5ess ,paul prea*$4 ,! ,atonem5t meant to him t =giv5ess 0 m$iat$ ?r\gh ,"o 9 ^: life & dea? ! mo/ signal homage 0 paid to ?is law3 ! v glory ( ! ,atonem5t 0 t x manife/$ ! righte\sness ( ,god2 x demon/rat$ ,god's consi/5cy ) ,8 own "*1 :i* w\ld h be5 violat$ alike by indiff]5ce to s9n]s & by indiff]5ce to t univ]sal moral ord]--t law ( ,god--9 :i* alone et]nal life is possible4 ,h5ce x is a mi/ake to say--?\gh ?is also has be5 said--t ',paul's problem 0 n t ( ! possibility ( =giv5ess2 x 0 ! ,jewi% law1 ! ,old ,te/am5t disp5sation3 h[ to ju/ify 8 brea* ) x1 h[ to demon/rate t ! old ord] _h be5 annull$ & a new ord] inaugurat$4' ,!re is a false contra/ 9 all su* propositions4 ,paul's problem 0 t ( ! ,jewi% law1 & x 0 also t ( ! possibility ( =giv5ess2 x 0 t ( ! ,jewi% law1 & x 0 also t ( a revelation ( grace1 9 :i* ,god %\ld ju/ify ! ungodly1 ,jew or ,g5tile1 & yet ma9ta9 inviolate ^? univ]sal moral relations betwe5 ,himself & man = :i* law is ! comp5di\s expression4 ,x does n matt] :e!r we suppose him to />t f ! concrete in/ance ( ! ,jewi% law1 & to g5]alise on ! basis ( x2 or to />t f ! univ]sal conception ( law1 & to recognise 9 exi/+ ,jewi% in/itutions ! mo/ available & def9ite illu/ration ( x3 9 ei!r case1 ! only ,paul ^: m9d is kn[n to u has completely transc5d$ ! =5sic po9t ( view4 ,! same false contra/ is repeat$ :5 we are told t1 ',t doctr9e 7,paul's juri/ic doctr9e7 _h its orig91 n s mu* 9 8 religi\s exp]i5ce1 z 9 apologetic necessities4' ,! only apologetic necessities :i* give rise to fundam5tal doctr9es are ^? creat$ by religi\s exp]i5ce4 ,! apologetic ( any religi\s exp]i5ce is j ! def9ition ( x z real 9 relation to o!r ackn[l$g$ realities4 ,paul _h und\bt$ly an apologetic ( =giv5ess--namely1 8 doctr9e ( atonem5t4 ,b ! ackn[l$g$ reality 9 relation to :i* he def9$ =giv5ess--! reality ) :i*1 by means ( 8 doctr9e ( atonem5t1 he %[$ =giv5ess to be consi/5t--0 n ! law ( ! ,jews 7?\gh t 0 includ$ 9 x1 or might be po9t$ to 9 illu/ration ( x73 x 0 ! law ( ,god1 ! univ]sal & inviolable ord] 9 :i* alone et]nal life is possible1 & 9 :i* all m51 & n ! ,jews only1 live & move & h _! be+4 ,x 0 ! p]ception ( ?is :i* made ,paul an apo/le to ! ,g5tiles1 & x is ?is v ?+ itself1 :i* "s w\ld degrade into an awkw>d1 un9tellig5t1 & outworn rag ( ,ph>isaic apologetic1 :i* is ! v he>t & s\l ( ,paul's ,g5tile gospel4 ,paul himself 0 p]fectly consci\s ( ?is2 he c\ld n h prea*$ to ! ,g5tiles at all unless he _h be54 ,b !re is no?+ 9 x :i* c be *>act]is$ z 'legal1' 'judicial1' or '=5sic'2 & ( ?is also1 ,i h no d\bt1 ! apo/le 0 well aw>e4 ,( c\rse he occupi$ a c]ta9 hi/orical position1 _h c]ta9 hi/orical que/ions to answ]1 0 subject to hi/orical limitations ( diff]5t k9ds2 b ,i h n ! c\rage to treat him1 nor d 8 words entitle any "o to d s1 z a man :o 9 ! region ( ideas c\ld n put two & two toge!r4 ,b to return to ! po9t f :i* ?is digression on ,/4 ,paul />t$4 ,we h se5 t ! relations ( ,god & man are p]sonal1 & also t !y are univ]sal1 t is1 !re is a law ( !m1 or1 if we l to say s1 a law 9 !m1 on ! ma9t5ance ( :i* _! :ole e?ical value dep5ds4 ,! next po9t to be notic$ is t ^! relations are d]ang$ or disord]$ by s94 ,s9 is1 9 fact1 no?+ else ?an ?is d]angem5t or di/urbance3 x is t 9 :i* wrong is done to ! moral con/itution "u :i* we live4 ,& let no "o say t 9 su* an expression we are turn+ our back on ! p]sonal _w1 & laps+1 or incurr+ ! risk ( laps+1 into m]e legalism aga94 ,x _c be too (t5 repeat$ t if ! univ]sal elem5t1 or law1 be elim9at$ f p]sonal relations1 !re is no?+ intelligible left3 no reason1 no morality1 no religion1 no s9 or righte\sness or =giv5ess1 no?+ to appeal to m9d or consci5ce4 ,9 ! wide/ s5se ( ! ^w1 s91 z a di/urbance ( ! p]sonal relations betwe5 ,god & man1 is a viol5ce done to ! con/itution "u :i* ,god & man =m "o moral community1 %>e1 z we may rev]5tly express x1 "o life1 h 9 view ! same moral ends4 ,x is no m necess>y 9 connection ) ! ,atonem5t ?an 9 any o!r connection t we %\ld h a doctr9e ( ! orig9 ( s94 ,we d n "k its orig91 we only "k t x is "h4 ,we _c obs]ve ! g5esis ( ! bad consci5ce any m ?an we c obs]ve ! g5esis ( consci\sness 9 g5]al4 ,we see t consci\sness does /& 9 relief aga9/ ! backgr\nd ( natural life2 b ?\gh we believe t1 z x exi/s 9 u1 x has em]g$ f t backgr\nd1 we _c see x em]ge2 x is an ultimate fact1 & is assum$ 9 all t we c ev] reg>d z its physical antec$5ts & presuppositions4 ,9 ! same way1 ! moral consci\sness is an ultimate fact1 & irr$ucible4 ,! physical !ory ( evolution mu/ n be all[$ to mislead u "h1 & 9 p>ticul> x mu/ n be all[$ to discr$it ! conception ( moral responsibility = s9 :i* is embodi$ 9 ! /ory ( ! ,fall4 ,ea* ( u individually has ris5 into moral life f a mode ( be+ :i* 0 purely natural2 9 o!r words1 ea* ( u1 individually1 has be5 a subject ( evolution2 b ea* ( u also has fall5--fall51 presumably1 9 ways det]m9$ by 8 natural con/itution1 yet c]ta9ly1 z consci5ce assures u1 9 ways = :i* we are morally answ]able1 & to :i*1 9 ! moral con/itution ( ! _w1 consequ5ces atta* :i* we mu/ recognise z our due4 ,!y are n only results ( our action1 b results :i* t action has m]it$1 & !re is no moral hope = u unless we accept !m z su*4 ,n[ :at is true ( any1 or r ( all1 ( u1 )\t compromise ( ! moral consci\sness1 may be true ( ! race1 or ( ! fir/ man1 if !re 0 a fir/ man4 ,evolution & a ,fall _c be inconsi/5t1 = bo? ent] into e moral exp]i5ce ( :i* we "k any?+2 & no op9ion we hold ab\t ! orig9 ( s9 c make x any?+ else ?an x is 9 consci5ce1 or give its results any "* o!r ?an t :i* !y h to consci5ce4 ,( c\rse :5 "o tries to int]pret s9 outside ( consci5ce1 z ?\gh x 7 purely physical1 & did n h its be+ 9 p]sonality1 consci\sness1 & w1 x disappe>s2 & ! labori\s sophi/ries ( su* int]pretations mu/ be left to !mselves4 ,! po9t = u is t no matt] h[ s9 orig9at$1 9 ! moral consci\sness 9 :i* x has its be+ x is recognis$ z a d]angem5t ( ! vital relations ( man1 a violation ( t univ]sal ord] outside ( :i* he has no true good4 ,9 :at way1 n[1 let u ask1 does ! reality ( s9 come home to ! s9n]8 ,h[ does he recognise x z :at x is8 ,:at is ! reaction aga9/ ! s9n]1 9 ! moral ord] "u :i* he lives1 :i* reveals to him ! mean+ ( 8 s9ful act or /ate8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re is t in/antane\s b abid+ reaction :i* is call$ ! bad consci5ce--! s5se ( guilt1 ( be+ answ]able to ,god = s94 ,! s9 may be an act :i* is committ$ 9 a mom5t1 b 9 ?is aspect ( x1 at lea/1 x does n fade into ! pa/4 ,an animal may h a pa/1 = any?+ we c tell1 & naturali/ic int]pret]s ( s9 may believe t s9 dies a natural dea? ) "t1 & ne$ n tr\ble u p]man5tly2 b ?is is n ! voice ( consci5ce1 9 :i* alone s9 exi/s1 & :i* alone c tell u ! tru? ab\t x4 ,! tru? is t ! spiritual be+ has no pa/4 ,j z he is cont9ually ) ,god1 8 s9 is cont9ually ) him4 ,he _c escape x by n ?9k+4 ,:5 he keeps sil5ce1 z ! ,psalmi/ says--& t is always 8 fir/ res\rce1 z ?\gh1 if he 7 to say no?+ ab\t x1 ,god might say no?+ ab\t x1 & ! :ole ?+ bl[ ov]--x dev\rs him l a fev] )93 8 bones wax old ) 8 moan+ all day long4 ,?is s5se ( be+ wrong ) ,god1 "u ,8 displeasure1 exclud$ f ,8 fell[%ip1 afraid to meet ,him yet b\nd to meet ,him1 is ! s5se ( guilt4 ,consci5ce confesses 9 x its liability to ,god1 a liability :i* 9 ! v nature ( ! case x c d no?+ to meet1 & :i* !re=e is ne>ly ak9 to despair4 ,b ! bad consci5ce1 real z x is1 may be too ab/ractly int]pret$4 ,man is n a pure _s1 b a spiritual be+ ^: roots /rike to ! v dep?s ( nature1 & :o is connect$ by ! mo/ intimate & vital relations n only ) 8 fell[-creatures ( ! same species1 b ) ! :ole sy/em ( nature 9 :i* he lives4 ,! moral con/itution 9 :i* he has 8 be+ compreh5ds1 if we may say s1 nature 9 itself3 ! ,god :o has e/abli%$ ! moral ord] 9 :i* man lives1 has e/abli%$ ! natural ord] also z "p ( ! same :ole ) x4 ,9 "s pr(\nd way ! two are "o4 ,we di/+ui% 9 man1 legitimately en\gh1 betwe5 ! spiritual & ! physical2 b man is "o1 & ! univ]se 9 :i* he lives is "o1 & 9 man's relation to ,god ! di/9ction ( physical & spiritual mu/ ultimately disappe>4 ,! s9 :i* introduces disord] into man's relations to ,god produces reactions affect+ man z a :ole--n reactions t1 z we sometimes say1 are purely spiritual1 b reactions z broad z man's be+ & z ! :ole div9ely con/itut$ environm5t 9 :i* x lives4 ,i am well aw>e ( ! difficulty ( giv+ expression to ?is tru?1 & ( ! hopelessness ( try+ to give expression to x by means ( ^? v di/9ctions :i* x is its nature to transc5d4 ,! di/9ctions are easy & obvi\s2 :at we h to le>n is t !y are n f9al4 ,x seems s conclusive to say1 z "s "o has done 9 criticis+ ! idea ( atonem5t1 t spiritual transgress+ br+s spiritual p5alty1 & physical br+s physical2 x seems s conclusive1 & x is 9 tru? s completely beside ! m>k4 ,we _c divide ei!r man or ! univ]se 9 ?is fa%ion into two p>ts :i* move on diff]5t planes & h no vital relations2 we _c1 to apply ?is tru? to ! subject be=e u1 limit ! div9e reaction aga9/ s91 or ! exp]i5ces ?r\gh :i*1 9 any case :atev]1 s9 is br\ght home to man z :at x is1 to ! purely spiritual sph]e4 ,e s9 is a s9 ( ! indivisible human be+1 & ! div9e reaction aga9/ x expresses itself to consci5ce ?r\gh ! indivisible frame ( t _w1 at once natural & spiritual1 9 :i* man lives4 ,we _c di/ribute evils into ! two classes ( physical & moral1 & subsequ5tly inve/igate ! relation betwe5 !m3 if we c\ld1 x w\ld be ( no s]vice "h4 ,:at we h to und]/& is t :5 a man s9s he does some?+ 9 :i* 8 :ole be+ p>ticipates1 & t ! reaction ( ,god aga9/ 8 s9 is a reaction 9 :i* he is consci\s1 or might be consci\s1 t ! :ole sy/em ( ?+s is 9 arms aga9/ him4 ,!re are ^?1 no d\bt1 to :om ?is w seem fanta/ic1 b x is a tru?1 ,i am conv9c$1 :i* is presuppos$ 9 ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e ( ,atonem5t1 z ! m$iation ( =giv5ess ?r\gh ! suff]+ & dea? ( ,*ri/3 & x is a tru? also1 if ,i am n mu* mi/ak51 to :i* all ! highe/ poetry1 :i* is also ! deepe/ vision ( ! human m9d1 be>s witness4 ,we may di/+ui% natural law & moral law z %>ply z we please1 & x is z necess>y sometimes z x is easy to make ^! %>p & absolute di/9ctions2 b !re is a unity 9 exp]i5ce :i* makes itself felt deep] ?an all ! anti!ses ( logic1 & 9 t unity nature & _s are no m def9$ by contra/ ) ea* o!r3 on ! contr>y1 !y int]p5etrate & support ea* o!r3 !y are aspects ( ! same :ole4 ,:5 we read 9 ! prophet ,amos1 ',lo1 ,he t =me? ! m\nta9s1 & create? ! w9d1 & decl>e? unto man :at is 8 ?\ght1 t make? ! morn+ d>kness & treade? ^u ! high places ( ! e>?1 ! ,"l1 ! ,god ( ho/s1 is ,8 "n1' ?is is ! tru? :i* is express$4 ,! p[] :i* reveals itself 9 consci5ce--tell+ u all ?+s t ev] we did1 decl>+ unto u :at is our ?\ght--is ! same :i* reveals itself 9 nature1 e/abli%+ ! ev]la/+ hills1 creat+ ! w9ds :i* sweep ov] !m1 turn+ ! %ad[ ( dea? into ! morn+ & mak+ ! day d>k ) night1 call+ = ! wat]s ( ! sea1 & p\r+ !m out on ! face ( ! e>?4 ,consci5ce speaks 9 a /ill small voice1 b x is no impot5t voice2 x c summon ! ?und] to give x resonance2 ! p[] :i* we sometimes speak ( z if x 7 purely spiritual is a p[] :i* clo!s itself spontane\sly & ( "r 9 all ! maje/y & omnipot5ce ( nature4 ,x is ! same tru?1 aga91 9 ano!r aspect ( x1 :i* is express$ 9 ,wordswor?'s sublime l9es to ,duty3 ',?\ do/ pres]ve ! ,/>s f wrong1 ,& ! mo/ anci5t ,heav5s ?r\gh ,!e are fre% & /rong4' ,:5 ! m9d sees deepe/1 x is consci\s t x ne$s m ?an physical a/ronomy1 m ?an spectrum analysis1 to tell u ev]y?+ ev5 ab\t ! />s4 ,!re is a moral con/itution1 x assures u1 ev5 ( ! physical _w2 & ?\gh x is impossible = u to "w x out 9 detail1 ! assumption ( x is ! only assumption on :i* we c und]/& ! life ( a be+ relat$ z man is relat$ bo? to ! natural & ! spiritual4 ,i d n pret5d to prove t !re is articulate or consci\s reflection on ?is 9 ei!r ! ,old ,te/am5t or ! ,new2 ,i take x = grant$1 z self-evid5t1 t ?is s5se ( ! ultimate unity ( ! natural & ! spiritual--:i* is1 inde$1 b "o =m ( belief 9 ,god--p]vades ! ,bible f beg9n+ to end4 ,x kn[s no?+ ( our ab/ract & absolute di/9ctions2 to come to ! matt] 9 h&1 x kn[s no?+ ( a s9 :i* has m]ely spiritual p5alties4 ,s9 is ! act or ! /ate ( man1 & ! reaction aga9/ x is ! reaction ( ! :ole ord]1 at once natural & spiritual1 9 :i* man lives4 ,n[ ! great difficulty :i* ! mod]n m9d has ) ! ,atonem5t1 or ) ! repres5tation ( x 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t1 is t x assumes "s k9d ( connection betwe5 s9 & dea?4 ,=giv5ess is m$iat$ ?r\gh ,*ri/1 b specifically ?r\gh ,8 dea?4 ,he di$ = our s9s2 if we c be put "r ) ,god ap>t f ?is1 !n1 ,/4 ,paul tells u1 ,he di$ = no?+4 ,"o is almo/ a%am$ to repeat t ?is is n ,paul9ism1 b ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! :ole ,apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,:at ,/4 ,paul made ! basis ( 8 prea*+1 t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s1 accord+ to ! ,scriptures1 he _h on 8 own %[+ receiv$ z ! common ,*ri/ian tradition4 ,b is !re any?+ 9 x8 ,c we receive x simply on ! au?ority ( ! primitive ,*ur*8 ,c we realise any su* connection betwe5 dea? & s9 z makes x a tru? to u1 an intelligible1 impressive1 ov]p[]+ ?\ght1 t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s8 ,i v5ture to say t a great "p ( ! difficulty :i* is felt at ?is po9t is due to ! false ab/raction j ref]r$ to4 ,s9 is put into "o _w--! moral2 dea? is put into ano!r _w--! natural2 & !re is no connection betwe5 !m4 ,?is is v conv9c+ if we f9d x possible to believe t we live 9 two unconnect$ worlds4 ,b if we f9d x impossible to believe ?is--& surely ! impossibility is pat5t--its plausibility is gone4 ,x is a %9+ example ( ?is false ab/raction :5 we are told1 z ?\gh x 7 a conclusive objection to all t ! ,new ,te/am5t has to say ab\t ! relation ( s9 & dea?1 t '! specific p5alty ( s9 is n a fact ( ! natural life1 b ( ! moral life4' ,:at "r has any "o1 9 speak+ ( ! ultimate realities 9 human life1 ( ^? exp]i5ces 9 :i* man becomes consci\s ( all t is involv$ 9 8 relations to ,god & _! di/urbance by s91 to split t human life into 'natural' & 'moral1' & fix an impassable gulf betwe58 ,! di/9ction is legitimate1 z has already be5 rem>k$1 )9 limits1 b x is n f9al2 & :at ! ,new ,te/am5t tea*es1 or r assumes1 ab\t ! relation ( s9 & dea?1 is "o ( ! ways 9 :i* we are made s5sible t x is n f9al4 ,s9 & dea? d n belong to unrelat$ worlds4 ,z f> z man is conc]n$1 ! two worlds1 to use an inadequate figure1 int]sect2 & at "o po9t 9 ! l9e ( _! int]section s9 & dea? meet & int]p5etrate4 ,9 ! indivisible exp]i5ce ( man he is consci\s t !y are p>ts or aspects ( ! same ?+4 ,t ?is is :at ,scripture means :5 x assumes ! connection ( dea? & s9 is n to be refut$ by po9t+ ei!r to ! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis or to ! fif? ( ,romans4 ,x does n1 = example1 d ju/ice ei!r to ,g5esis or to ,/4 ,paul to say1 z has be5 said1 t accord+ to _! repres5tation1 ',dea?--n spiritual1 b natural dea?--is ! direct consequ5ce ( s9 & its specific p5alty4' ,9 su* a dictum1 ! di/9ctions aga9 mislead4 ,to read ! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis 9 ?is s5se w\ld mean t :at we _h to f9d 9 x 0 a my?ological explanation ( ! orig9 ( physical dea?4 ,b does any "o believe t any ,bible writ] 0 ev] curi\s ab\t ?is "q8 or does any "o believe t a my?ological solution ( ! problem1 h[ dea? orig9at$--a solution :i* ex hypo!si has n a p>ticle ( tru? or ev5 ( mean+ 9 x--c\ld h furni%$ ! presupposition = ! fundam5tal doctr9e ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 t ,*ri/ di$ = our s9s1 & t 9 ,him we h our =giv5ess ?r\gh ,8 blood8 ,a tru? :i* has appeal$ s p[]fully to man _c be su/a9$ on a falsehood4 ,t ! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis is my?ological 9 =m1 no "o :o kn[s :at my?ology is w d5y2 b ev5 my?ology is n made out ( no?+1 & 9 ?is *apt] e atom is '/uff o' ! consci5ce4' ,:at we see 9 x is consci5ce1 project+ z x 7 9 a picture on a scre5 its own inv9cible1 de>-b\ght1 despair+ conviction t s9 & dea? are indissolubly unit$--t f dea? ! s9ful race c nev] get away--t x is "p ( ! indivisible reality ( s9 t ! %ad[ ( dea? d>k5s ! pa? ( ! s9n]1 & at la/ swall[s him up4 ,x is ?is also :i* is 9 ! m9d ( ,/4 ,paul :5 he says t by "o man s9 ent]$ into ! _w & dea? by s94 ,x is n ! orig9 ( dea? he is int]e/$ 91 nor ! orig9 ( s9 ei!r1 b ! fact t s9 & dea? hang toge!r4 ,& j because s9 is s91 ?is is n a fact ( natural hi/ory1 or a fact :i* natural hi/ory c discr$it4 ,scripture has no int]e/ 9 natural hi/ory1 nor does su* an int]e/ help u to und]/& x4 ,x is no d\bt p]fectly true t to ! biologi/ dea? is "p ( ! indisp5sable ma*9]y ( nature2 x is a piece ( ! me*anism )\t :i* ! movem5t ( ! :ole w\ld be arre/$2 to put x s1 dea? to ! biologi/ is "p ( ! same :ole z life1 or life & dea? are = him aspects ( "o ?+4 ,"o c admit ?is frankly )\t compromis+1 because )\t t\*+1 ! o!r & deep] tru? :i* is s int]e/+ & inde$ s vital alike 9 ! op5+ pages ( revelation & 9 its consummation 9 ! ,atonem5t4 ,! biologi/1 :5 he deals ) man1 & ) 8 life & dea?1 delib]ately deals ) !m 9 ab/raction1 z m]ely physical ph5om5a2 to him man is a piece ( nature1 & he is no?+ m4 ,b ! ,biblical writ]s deal ) man 9 ! integrity ( 8 be+1 & 9 8 relations to ,god2 !y transc5d ! di/9ction ( natural & moral1 because = ,god x is n f9al3 !y are s5sible ( ! unity 9 ?+s :i* ! ev]yday m9d1 = practical purposes1 f9ds x conv5i5t to keep ap>t4 ,x is "o great in/ance ( ?is t !y are s5sible ( ! unity ( s9 & dea?4 ,we may call s9 a spiritual ?+1 b ! man :o has nev] felt ! %ad[ ( dea? fall ^u x does n "k :at t spiritual ?+ is3 & we may call dea? a natural ?+1 b ! man :o has n felt its natural pa?os deep5 into trag$y z he fac$ x ) ! s5se ( s9 ^u him does n "k :at t natural ?+ is4 ,we are "h1 9 %ort1 at ! vani%+ po9t ( ?is di/9ction--,god is pres5t1 & nature & _s int]p5etrate 9 ,8 pres5ce4 ,we he> mu* 9 o!r connections ( ! sacram5tal pr9ciple1 & its importance = ! religi\s int]pretation ( nature4 ,x is a sombre illu/ration ( ?is pr9ciple if we say t dea? is a k9d ( sacram5t ( s94 ,x is 9 dea?1 ultimately1 t ! :ole mean+ ( s9 comes home to ! s9n]2 he has n s\nd$ x to its dep?s till he has discov]$ t ?is comes into x at la/4 ,& we mu/ n suppose t :5 ,paul read ! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis he read x z a my?ological explanation ( ! orig9 ( physical dea?1 & accept$ x z su* on ! au?ority ( inspiration4 ,) all 8 rev]5ce = ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,paul accept$ no?+ f x t did n speak to 8 consci5ce1 & wak5 e*oes !re2 & :at s spoke to him f ! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis 0 n a my?ical /ory ( h[ dea? invad$ ,p>adise1 b ! pr(\nd exp]i5ce ( ! human race express$ 9 ! /ory1 an exp]i5ce 9 :i* s9 & dea? int]-p5etrate1 int]pret1 & 9 a s5se con/itute ea* o!r4 ,to u !y are :at !y are only 9 relation to ea* o!r1 & :5 we d5y ! relation we see ! reality ( nei!r4 ,?is is ! tru?1 z ,i appreh5d x1 ( all we are taught ei!r 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t or 9 ! ,new ab\t ! relation ( s9 & dea?4 ,x is "p ( ! great] tru? t :at we call ! physical & spiritual worlds are ultimately "o1 be+ con/itut$ ) a view to ea* o!r2 & mo/ ( ! objections :i* are rais$ aga9/ x are special cases ( ! objections :i* are rais$ aga9/ ! recognition ( ?is ultimate unity4 ,s f> z !y are su*1 x is n necess>y to discuss !m fur!r2 & s f> z ! ultimate unity ( ! natural & ! spiritual is a tru? r to be exp]i5c$ ?an demon/rat$1 x is n probable t mu* c be done by argum5t to ga9 acceptance = ! idea t s9 & dea? h ess5tial relations to ea* o!r4 ,b !re are p>ticul> objections to ?is idea to :i* x may be wor? :ile to ref]4 ,!re is1 to beg9 )1 ! und\bt$ fact t _m p live & die )\t1 consci\sly at lea/1 recognis+ ?is relation4 ,! ?\ght ( dea? may h _h a v small place 9 _! lives1 & :5 dea? itself comes x may1 = v>i\s reasons1 be a v insignificant exp]i5ce to !m4 ,x may come 9 a mom5t1 sudd5ly1 & give no "t = feel+2 or x may come z ! la/ /ep 9 a natural process ( decay1 & arre/ life almo/ unconsci\sly2 or x may come ?r\gh a weakness 9 :i* ! m9d w&]s to famili> sc5es ( ! pa/1 liv+ ^! ov] aga91 & 9 a mann] escap+ by s do+ ! awful exp]i5ce ( dea? itself2 or x may come 9 *ildhood be=e ! moral consci\sness is fully awak5$1 & moral reflection & exp]i5ce possible4 ,?is la/ case1 prop]ly speak+1 does n conc]n u2 we d n "k h[ to def9e s9 9 relation to ^? 9 :om ! moral consci\sness is z yet undevelop$3 we only "k t someh[ or o!r !y are involv$ 9 ! moral z well z 9 ! natural unity ( ! race4 ,b leav+ !m out ( acc\nt1 is !re any real difficulty 9 ! o!rs8 any real objection to ! ,biblical idea t s9 & dea? 9 humanity are ess5tially relat$8 ,i d n ?9k !re is4 ,to say t _m p are unconsci\s ( ! connection is only ano!r way ( say+ t _m p fail to realise 9 full & tragic reality :at is meant by dea? & s94 ,!y ?9k v little ab\t ei!r4 ,! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis c\ld nev] h be5 writt5 out ( _! consci5ce4 ,s9 is n = !m all "o ) despair3 !y are n1 ?r\gh fe> ( dea?1 all _! lifetime subject to bondage4 ,scripture1 ( c\rse1 has no difficulty 9 admitt+ ?is2 x depicts1 on ! ample/ scale1 & 9 ! mo/ vivid col\rs1 ! v k9d ( life & dea? :i* are "h suppos$4 ,b x does n consid] t su* a life & dea? are ipso facto a refutation ( ! tru? x tea*es ab\t ! ess5tial relations ( dea? & s94 ,on ! contr>y1 x consid]s !m a /rik+ demon/ration ( t moral dulness & ins5sibility 9 man :i* mu/ be ov]come if he is ev] to see & feel 8 s9 z :at x is to ,god1 or welcome ! ,atonem5t z t 9 :i* ,god's =giv5ess ( s9 is m$iat$ ?r\gh ! trem5d\s exp]i5ce ( dea?4 ,i "k !re are ^? :o w call ?is arrogant1 or ev5 insol5t1 z ?\gh ,i 7 pass+ a moral s5t5ce on all :o d n accept a !orem ( m9e2 b ,i hope ,i d n ne$ "h to disclaim any su* un*ri/ian temp]4 ,only1 x is necess>y to insi/ t ! connection ( s9 & dea? 9 ,scripture is nei!r a fanta/ic piece ( my?ology1 expla9+1 z my?ology does1 ! orig9 ( a physical law1 nor1 on ! o!r h&1 a piece ( sup]naturally reveal$ hi/ory1 to be accept$ on ! au?ority ( ,him :o has reveal$ x2 9 su* revelations no "o believes any long]2 x is a pr(\nd conviction & exp]i5ce ( ! human consci5ce1 & all t is ( int]e/ is to %[ t su* a conviction & exp]i5ce c nev] be set aside by ! prote/ ( ^? :o av] t !y "k no?+ ab\t x4 ,"o mu/ insi/ on ?is1 h[ev] x may expose him to ! *>ge ( judg+4 ,c we utt] any tru? at all1 9 :i* consci5ce is conc]n$1 & :i* is n univ]sally ackn[l$g$1 )\t seem+ to judge8 ,sometimes1 ap>t f ! g5]al d5ial ( any connection betwe5 dea? & s91 x is po9t$ out t dea? has ano!r & a totally diff]5t "*4 ,dea? 9 any giv5 case may be s f> f com+ z a judgm5t ( ,god1 t x actually comes z a graci\s gift f ,him2 x may ev5 be an answ] to pray]1 a m]ciful deliv]ance f pa91 an ev5t welcom$ by suff]+ human nature1 & by all :o sympa?ise ) x4 ,?is is q true1 b aga91 "o mu/ po9t out1 re/s on ! false ab/raction s (t5 ref]r$ to4 ,man is reg>d$ 9 all ?is simply 9 ! "* ( a suff]]1 & dea? z t :i* br+s suff]+ to an end2 b t is n all ! tru? ab\t man1 nor all ! tru? ab\t dea?4 ,physical pa9 may be s t]rible t consci\sness is absorb$ & exhau/$ 9 x1 sometimes ev5 ext+ui%$1 b x is n to su* abnormal conditions we %\ld appeal to discov] ! deepe/ tru?s 9 ! moral consci\sness ( man4 ,if ! waves ( pa9 subsid$1 & ! :ole nature collect$ its =ces aga91 & consci5ce 0 once m audible1 dea? too w\ld be se5 9 a diff]5t light4 ,x might n inde$ be appreh5d$ at once1 z ,scripture appreh5ds x1 b x w\ld n be reg>d$ simply z a welcome relief f pa94 ,x w\ld become possible to see 9 x some?+ ?r\gh :i* ,god spoke to ! consci5ce1 & ev5tually to realise its intimate relation to s94 ,! objections we h j consid]$ are n v s]i\s1 because !y practically mean t dea? has no moral "* at all2 !y r$uce x to a natural ph5om5on1 & d n br+ x into any relation to ! consci5ce4 ,x is a m respectable1 & p]haps a m =midable objection1 :5 dea? is br\ght into ! moral _w1 & :5 ! plea is put =w>d t s f> f be+ ,god's judgm5t ^u s91 x may be itself a high moral a*ievem5t4 ,a man may die greatly2 8 dea? may be a triumph2 no?+ 9 8 life may become him l ! leav+ x4 ,is n ?is inconsi/5t ) ! idea t !re is any peculi> connection betwe5 dea? & s98 ,f ! ,biblical po9t ( view ! answ] mu/ aga9 be 9 ! negative4 ,!re is no su* triumph ov] dea? z makes dea? itself a noble e?ical a*ievem5t1 :i* is n at ! same "t a triumph ov] s94 ,man vanqui%es ! "o only z 9 ! grace ( ,god he is able to vanqui% ! o!r4 ,! doom t is 9 dea? passes away only z ! s9 to :i* x is relat$ is transc5d$4 ,b !re is m ?an ?is to be said4 ,dea? _c be s completely an action t x ceases to be a passion2 x _c be s completely a*iev$ t x ceases to be accept$ or endur$4 ,& 9 ?is la/ aspect ( x ! orig9al "* :i* x bore 9 relation to s9 /ill makes itself felt4 ,transfigure x1 z x may be transfigur$1 by c\rage1 by devotion1 by volunt>y ab&onm5t ( life = a high] good1 & x rema9s nev]!less ! la/ enemy4 ,!re is some?+ 9 x mon/r\s & ali5 to ! _s1 some?+ :i* baffles ! moral intellig5ce1 till ! tru? dawns ^u u t = all our race s9 & dea? are aspects ( "o ?+4 ,if we sep>ate !m1 we und]/& nei!r2 nor d we und]/& ! solemn greatness ( m>tyrdom itself if we reg>d x z a triumph only1 & elim9ate f ! dea? :i* m>tyrs die all s5se ( ! univ]sal relation 9 humanity ( dea? & s94 ,no "o knew ! _s ( ! m>tyr m ?or\ghly ?an ,/4 ,paul4 ,no "o c\ld speak m confid5tly & triumphantly ( dea? ?an he4 ,no "o knew bett] h[ to turn ! passion into action1 ! endurance into a great spiritual a*ievem5t4 ,b also1 no "o knew bett] ?an he1 9 consi/5cy ) all ?is1 t s9 & dea? are ne$$ = ! int]pretation ( ea* o!r1 & t fundam5tally1 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! race1 !y con/itute "o :ole4 ,ev5 :5 he cri$1 ',o dea?1 :]e is ?y /+8' he 0 consci\s t '! /+ ( dea? is s94' ,ea*1 s to speak1 _h its reality 9 ! o!r4 ,no "o c\ld vanqui% dea? :o _h n vanqui%$ s94 ,no "o c\ld "k :at s9 meant )\t ta/+ dea?4 ,^! 7 n my?ological fancies 9 ,/4 ,paul's m9d1 b ! conviction 9 :i* ! ,*ri/ian consci5ce exp]im5tally liv$1 & mov$1 & _h its be+4 ,& ^! convictions1 ,i repeat1 furni% ! po9t ( view f :i* we mu/ appreciate ! ,atonem5t1 i4e4 ! tru? t =giv5ess1 z ,*ri/ianity prea*es x1 is specifically m$iat$ ?r\gh ,*ri/'s dea?4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,man ,,9 ,,! ,,atonem5t ,:at has n[ be5 said ab\t ! relations subsi/+ betwe5 ,god & man1 ab\t ! mann] 9 :i* ^! relations are affect$ by s91 & p>ticul>ly ab\t ! ,scripture doctr9e ( ! connection betwe5 s9 & dea?1 mu/ det]m9e1 to a great ext5t1 our attitude to ! ,atonem5t4 ,! ,atonem5t1 z ! ,new ,te/am5t pres5ts x1 assumes ! connection ( s9 & dea?4 ,ap>t f "s s5se & recognition ( su* connection1 ! m$iation ( =giv5ess ?r\gh ! dea? ( ,*ri/ c only appe> an arbitr>y1 irrational1 unacceptable idea4 ,b leav+ ! ,atonem5t mean:ile out ( sight1 & look+ only at ! situation creat$ by s91 ! "q inevitably arises1 ,:at c be done ) x8 ,is x possible to rem$y or to rev]se x8 ,x is an abnormal & unnatural situation2 c x be annull$1 & ! relations ( ,god & man put ^u an ideal foot+8 ,c ,god =give s9 & re/ore ! s\l8 ,c we claim t ,he %all8 ,& if x is possible = ,him to d s1 c we tell h[ or on :at conditions x is possible8 ,:5 ! human m9d is left to itself1 !re are only two answ]s :i* x c give to ^! que/ions4 ,p]haps !y are n specially *>act]i/ic ( ! mod]n m9d1 b ! mod]n m9d 9 v>i\s moods has giv5 passionate expression to bo? ( !m4 ,! fir/ says r\ndly t =giv5ess is impossible4 ,s9 is1 & x abides4 ,! s9n] c nev] escape f ! pa/4 ,8 future is mortgag$ to x1 & x _c be r$eem$4 ,he c nev] get back ! ye>s :i* ! locu/ has eat54 ,8 lepr\s fle% c nev] come aga9 l ! fle% ( a little *ild4 ,:atsoev] a man s[e?1 t %all he also reap1 & reap = ev] & ev]4 ,x is n et]nal puni%m5t :i* is incr$ible2 no?+ else has cr$ibility4 ,let !re be no illusion ab\t ?is3 =giv5ess is a violation1 a rev]sal1 ( law1 & no su* ?+ is conceivable 9 a _w 9 :i* law reigns4 ,! answ] to ?is is1 t s9 & its consequ5ces are "h conceiv$ z ?\gh !y belong$ to a purely physical _w1 :]eas1 if ! _w 7 only physical1 !re c\ld be no su* ?+ z s94 ,z soon z we realise t s9 belongs to a _w 9 :i* fre$om is real--a _w 9 :i* reality means ! p]sonal relations subsi/+ betwe5 man & ,god1 & ! exp]i5ces realis$ 9 ^! relations--! "q assumes a diff]5t aspect4 ,x is n "o ( logic or ( physical law1 b ( p]sonality1 ( "*1 ( fre$om4 ,!re is at lea/ a possibility t ! s9n]'s relation to 8 s9 & ,god's relation to ! s9n] %\ld *ange1 & t out ( ^! *ang$ relations a reg5]ative p[] %\ld spr+1 mak+ ! s9n]1 aft] all1 a new creature4 ,! "q1 ( c\rse1 is n decid$ 9 ?is s5se1 b x is n =eclos$4 ,at ! opposite extreme f ^? :o pron\nce =giv5ess impossible /& ^? :o give ! second answ] to ! great "q1 & calmly assure u t =giv5ess may be tak5 = grant$4 ,!y emphasise :at ! o!rs ov]look$--! p]sonal "* ( ! relations ( ,god & man4 ,god is a lov+ ,fa!r2 man is ,8 weak & unhappy *ild2 & ( c\rse ,god =gives4 ,z ,he9e put x1 c'e/ mon mti]1 x is :at ,he is =4 ,b ! consci5ce :i* is really burd5$ by s9 does n easily f9d satisfaction 9 ?is *eap p>don4 ,!re is some?+ 9 consci5ce :i* w n all[ x to believe t ,god c simply condone s93 to take =giv5ess = grant$1 :5 y realise :at y are do+1 seems to a live consci5ce impi\s & pr(ane4 ,9 reality1 ! t5d5cy to take =giv5ess = grant$ is ! t5d5cy ( ^? :o1 :ile !y prop]ly emphasise ! p]sonal "* ( ! relations ( ,god & man1 ov]look _! univ]sal "*--t is1 exclude f !m t elem5t ( law )\t :i* p]sonal relations cease to be e?ical4 ,b a =giv5ess :i* ignores ?is /&s 9 no relation to ! ne$s ( ! s\l or ! "* ( ,god4 ,:at ! ,*ri/ian religion holds to be ! tru? ab\t =giv5ess--a tru? embodi$ 9 ! ,atonem5t--is some?+ q di/9ct f bo? ! propositions :i* h j be5 consid]$4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t does n tea*1 ) ! naturali/ic or ! legal m9d1 t =giv5ess is impossible2 nei!r does x tea*1 ) ! s5tim5tal or lawless m9d1 t x may be tak5 = grant$4 ,x tea*es t =giv5ess is m$iat$ to s9n]s ?r\gh ,*ri/1 & specifically ?r\gh ,8 dea?3 9 o!r words1 t x is possible = ,god to =give1 b possible = ,god only ?r\gh a supreme revelation ( ,8 love1 made at inf9ite co/1 & do+ ju/ice to ! utt]mo/ to ^? inviolable relations 9 :i* alone1 z ,i h already said1 man c p>ticipate 9 et]nal life1 ! life ( ,god ,himself--do+ ju/ice to !m z relations 9 :i* !re is an inexorable div9e reaction aga9/ s91 f9ally express+ itself 9 dea?4 ,x is possible on ^! t]ms1 & x becomes actual z s9ful m5 op5 _! he>ts 9 p5it5ce & fai? to ?is m>vell\s revelation1 & ab&on _! s9ful life unres]v$ly to ! love ( ,god 9 ,*ri/ :o di$ = !m4 ,f ?is po9t ( view x seems to me possible to pres5t 9 a conv9c+ & p]suasive light "s ( ! tru?s involv$ 9 ! ,atonem5t to :i* ! mod]n m9d is suppos$ to be specially av]se4 ,?us x becomes cr$ible--we say s n priori1 b aft] exp]i5ce--t !re is a div9e necessity = x2 9 o!r words1 !re is no =giv5ess possible to ,god )\t x3 if ,he =gives at all1 x mu/ be 9 ?is way & 9 no o!r4 ,to say s be=eh& w\ld be inconceivably presumptu\s1 b x is q ano!r ?+ to say s aft] ! ev5t4 ,:at x really means is t 9 ! v act ( =giv+ s9--or1 to use ! d>+ ^w ( ,/4 ,paul1 9 ! v act ( ju/ify+ ! ungodly--,god mu/ act 9 consi/5cy ) ,8 :ole "*4 ,he mu/ demon/rate ,himself to be :at ,he is 9 relation to s91 a ,god ) :om evil _c dwell1 a ,god :o ma9ta9s inviolate ! moral con/itution ( ! _w1 tak+ s9 z all t x is 9 ! v process ?r\gh :i* ,he m$iates ,8 =giv5ess to m54 ,x is ! recognition ( ?is div9e necessity--n to =give1 b to =give 9 a way :i* %[s t ,god is irreconcilable to evil1 & c nev] treat x z o!r or less ?an x is--x is ! recognition ( ?is div9e necessity1 or ! failure to recognise x1 :i* ultimately divides int]pret]s ( ,*ri/ianity into evangelical & non-evangelical1 ^? :o are true to ! ,new ,te/am5t & ^? :o _c dige/ x4 ,no d\bt ! =ms 9 :i* ?is tru? is express$ are n always adequate to ! idea !y are meant to convey1 & if we are only acqua9t$ ) !m at second h& !y w probably appe> ev5 less adequate ?an !y are4 ,:5 ,a?anasius1 e4g41 speaks ( ,god's tru? 9 ?is connection1 & !n r$uces ,god's tru? to ! idea t ,god mu/ keep ,8 ^w--! ^w :i* made dea? ! p5alty ( s9--we may feel t ! =m only too easily loses contact ) ! sub/ance4 ,yet ,a?anasius is deal+ ) ! ess5tial fact ( ! case1 t ,god mu/ be true to ,himself1 & to ! moral ord] 9 :i* m5 live1 9 all ,8 deal+s ) s9 = man's deliv]ance f x2 & t ,he has be5 ?us true to ,himself 9 s5d+ ,8 ,son to live our life & to die our dea? = our salvation4 ,or aga91 :5 ,anselm 9 ! ,cur ,deus ,homo speaks ( ! satisfaction :i* is r5d]$ to ,god = ! infr+em5t ( ,8 hon\r by s9--a satisfaction ap>t f :i* !re c be no =giv5ess--we may feel aga91 & ev5 m /rongly1 t ! =m ( ! ?\ght is inadequate to ! sub/ance4 ,b :at ,anselm means is t s9 makes a real diff]5ce to ,god1 & t ev5 9 =giv+ ,god treats t diff]5ce z real1 & _c d o!rwise4 ,he _c ignore x1 or reg>d x z o!r or less ?an x is2 if ,he did s1 ,he w\ld n be m graci\s ?an ,he is 9 ! ,atonem5t1 ,he w\ld cease to be ,god4 ,x is ,anselm's pr(\nd grasp ( ?is tru? :i*1 9 spite ( all its inadequacy 9 =m1 & ( all ! criticism to :i* its inadequacy has expos$ x1 makes ! ,cur ,deus ,homo ! true/ & greate/ book on ! ,atonem5t t has ev] be5 writt54 ,x is ! same tru? ( a div9e necessity = ! ,atonem5t :i* is emphasis$ by ,/4 ,paul 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,romans1 :]e he speaks ( ,*ri/'s dea? z a demon/ration ( ,god's righte\sness4 ,*ri/'s dea?1 we may p>aphrase 8 mean+1 is an act 9 :i* 7s f> z x is ord]$ 9 ,god's provid5ce7 ,god does ju/ice to ,himself4 ,he does ju/ice to ,8 "* z a graci\s ,god1 und\bt$ly1 :o is mov$ ) compassion = s9n]s3 if ,he did n act 9 a way :i* display$ ,8 compassion = s9n]s1 ,he w\ld n d ju/ice to ,himself2 !re w\ld be no ,greek endeixis ( ,8 ,greek dikaiosune3 x w\ld be 9 abeyance3 ,he w\ld d ,himself an inju/ice1 or be untrue to ,himself4 ,x is ) ?is 9 view t we c appreciate ! argum5ts ( writ]s l ,die/el & ,rits*l1 t ,god's righte\sness is synonym\s ) ,8 grace4 ,su* argum5ts are true to ?is ext5t1 t ,god's righte\sness includes ,8 grace4 ,he c\ld n demon/rate x1 ,he c\ld n be true to ,himself1 if ,8 grace rema9$ hidd54 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 conceive ( ?is z if x con/itut$ on our side a claim ^u grace or ^u =giv5ess3 su* a claim w\ld be a contradiction 9 t]ms4 ,all t ,god does 9 ,*ri/ ,he does 9 free love1 mov$ ) compassion = ! mis]y & doom ( m54 ,b ?\gh ,god's righte\sness z demon/rat$ 9 ,*ri/'s dea?--9 o!r words1 ,8 action 9 consi/5cy ) ,8 "*--includes1 &1 if we *oose to int]pret ! t]m prop]ly1 ev5 necessitates1 ! revelation ( ,8 grace1 x is n ?is only--,i d n believe x is ?is prim>ily--:i* ,/4 ,paul has "h 9 m9d4 ,god1 no d\bt1 w\ld n d ju/ice to ,himself if ,he did n %[ ,8 compassion = s9n]s2 b1 on ! o!r h&--& "h is :at ! apo/le is emphasis+--,he w\ld n d ju/ice to ,himself if ,he display$ ,8 compassion = s9n]s 9 a way :i* made light ( s91 :i* ignor$ its tragic reality1 or took x = less ?an x is4 ,9 ?is case ,he w\ld aga9 be do+ ,himself inju/ice2 !re w\ld be no demon/ration t ,he 0 true to ,himself z ! au?or & gu>dian ( ! moral con/itution "u :i* m5 live2 z ,anselm put x1 ,he w\ld h ceas$ to be ,god4 ,! apo/le comb9es ! two sides4 ,9 ,*ri/ set =? a propitiation 9 ,8 blood--9 o!r words1 9 ! ,atonem5t 9 :i* ! s9less ,son ( ,god ent]s into ! bitt] realisation ( all t s9 means = man1 yet loves man "u & ?r\gh x all ) an ev]la/+ love--!re is an ,greek endeixis ( ,god's righte\sness1 a demon/ration ( ,8 self-consi/5cy1 9 virtue ( :i* we c see h[ ,he is at ! same "t j ,himself & ! ju/ifi] ( him :o believes on ,jesus1 a ,god :o is irreconcilable to s91 yet devises means t ,8 bani%$ be n expell$ f ,him4 ,we may say rev]5tly t ?is 0 ! only way 9 :i* ,god c\ld =give4 ,he _c d5y ,himself1 means at ! same "t ,he _c d5y ,8 grace to ! s9ful1 & ,he _c d5y ! moral ord] 9 :i* alone ,he c live 9 fell[%ip ) m52 & we see ! inviolabl5ess ( bo? ass]t$ 9 ! dea? ( ,jesus4 ,no?+ else 9 ! _w demon/rates h[ real is ,god's love to ! s9ful1 & h[ real ! s9 ( ! _w is to ,god4 ,& ! love :i* comes to u ?r\gh su* an expression1 be>+ s9 9 all its reality1 yet lov+ u ?r\gh & beyond x1 is ! only love :i* at once =gives & reg5]ates ! s\l4 ,x becomes cr$ible also t !re is a human necessity = ! ,atonem5t3 9 o!r words1 t ap>t f x ! conditions ( be+ =giv5 c\ld no m be fulfill$ by man ?an =giv5ess c\ld be be/[$ by ,god4 ,!re are diff]5t t5d5cies 9 ! mod]n m9d ) reg>d to ?is po9t4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re are ^? :o frankly admit ! tru? "h ass]t$4 ,yes1 !y say1 ! ,atonem5t is necess>y = u4 ,if we are to be sav$ f our s9s1 if our he>ts are to be t\*$ & won by ! love ( ,god1 if we are to be emancipat$ f di/ru/ & reconcil$ to ! ,fa!r ^: love we h injur$1 !re mu/ be a demon/ration ( t love s wond]ful & ov]p[]+ t all pride1 ali5ation & fe> %all be ov]come by x2 & ?is is :at we h 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,x is a demon/ration ( love p[]ful en\gh to evoke p5it5ce & fai? 9 man1 & x is ?r\gh p5it5ce & fai? alone t man is sep>at$ f 8 s9s & reconcil$ to ,god4 ,a demon/ration ( love1 too1 mu/ be giv5 9 act2 x is n en\gh to be told t ,god loves3 ! reality ( love lies 9 ano!r region ?an t ( words4 ,9 ,*ri/ on ,8 cross ! v ?+ itself is pres5t1 beyond all hope ( tell+ wond]ful1 & )\t its irresi/ible appeal our he>ts c\ld nev] h be5 melt$ to p5it5ce1 & won = ,god4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are ^? :o reject ! ,atonem5t on ! v gr\nd t = p>don & reconciliation no?+ is requir$ b rep5tance1 ! assumption be+ t rep5tance is some?+ :i* man c & mu/ produce out ( 8 own res\rces4 ,on ^! div]g5t t5d5cies 9 ! mod]n m9d ,i %\ld wi% to make ! foll[+ rem>ks4 ,fir/1 ! idea t man c rep5t z he ought1 & :5ev] he w1 )\t com+ "u any obligation to ,god = 8 rep5tance1 b r 7x might almo/ be imag9$7 putt+ ,god "u obligation by x1 is "o to :i* exp]i5ce l5ds no support4 ,rep5tance is an adequate s5se n ( our folly1 nor ( our mis]y1 b ( our s93 z ! ,new ,te/am5t puts x1 x is rep5tance t[>d ,god4 ,x is ! consci\sness ( :at our s9 is to ,him3 ( ! wrong x does to ,8 hol9ess1 ( ! w\nd :i* x inflicts on ,8 love4 ,n[ su* a consci\sness x is n 9 ! p[] ( ! s9n] to produce at w4 ,! m deeply he has s9n$1 ! m 7s to speak7 rep5tance is ne$$1 ! less is x 9 8 p[]4 ,x is ! v nature ( s9 to d>k5 ! m9d & h>d5 ! he>t1 to take away ! k ( ,god alike 9 ,8 hol9ess & 9 ,8 love4 ,h5ce x is only ?r\gh a revelation ( ,god1 & especially ( :at ,god is 9 relation to s91 t rep5tance c be evok$ 9 ! s\l4 ,( all t]ms 9 ! vocabul>y ( religion1 rep5tance is probably ! "o :i* is mo/ frequ5tly misus$4 ,x is habitually appli$ to exp]i5ces :i* are n ev5 remotely ak9 to true p5it5ce4 ,! self-c5tr$ regret :i* a man feels :5 8 s9 has f\nd him out--! wi%1 comp\nd$ ( pride1 %ame1 & ang] at 8 own inconceivable folly1 t he _h n done x3 ^! are spok5 ( z rep5tance4 ,b !y are n rep5tance at all4 ,!y h no relation to ,god4 ,!y con/itute no fitness = a new relation to ,him4 ,!y are no op5+ ( ! he>t 9 ! direction ( ,8 reconcil+ love4 ,x is ! simple tru? t t sorr[ ( he>t1 t heal+ & sanctify+ pa9 9 :i* s9 is really put away1 is n ours 9 indep5d5ce ( ,god2 x is a sav+ grace :i* is begott5 9 ! s\l "u t impression ( s9 :i* x owes to ! revelation ( ,god 9 ,*ri/4 ,a man c no m rep5t ?an he c d any?+ else )\t a motive1 & ! motive :i* makes evangelic rep5tance possible does n ent] into 8 _w till he sees ,god z ,god makes ,himself kn[n 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/4 ,all true p5it5ts are *ildr5 ( ! ,cross4 ,_! p5it5ce is n _! own creation3 x is ! reaction t[>ds ,god produc$ 9 _! s\ls by ?is demon/ration ( :at s9 is to ,him1 & ( :at ,8 love does to rea* & w9 ! s9ful4 ,! o!r rem>k ,i wi% to make ref]s to ^? :o admit ! dea? ( ,*ri/ to be necess>y = u--necess>y1 9 ! way ,i h j describ$1 to evoke p5it5ce & tru/ 9 ,god--b :o on ?is v gr\nd d5y x to be div9ely necess>y4 ,x _h to be1 because ! h>d he>ts ( m5 c\ld n be t\*$ by any?+ less mov+3 b t is all4 ,?is1 ,i feel sure1 is ano!r in/ance ( ^? false ab/ractions to :i* ref]5ce has already be5 made4 ,!re is no incompatibility betwe5 a div9e necessity & a necessity = u4 ,x may v well be ! case t no?+ less ?an ! dea? ( ,*ri/ c\ld w9 ! tru/ ( s9ful m5 = ,god1 & at ! same "t t no?+ else ?an ! dea? ( ,*ri/ c\ld fully reveal ! "* ( ,god 9 relation at once to s9n]s & to s94 ,= my own "p ,i am p]suad$1 n only t !re is no incompatibility betwe5 ! two ?+s1 b t !y are ess5tially relat$1 & t only ! ackn[l$gm5t ( ! div9e necessity 9 ,*ri/'s dea? enables u to conceive 9 any rational way ! p[] :i* x ex]cises ov] s9n]s 9 induc+ rep5tance & fai?4 ,x w\ld n evoke a reaction ,godw>d unless ,god 7 really pres5t 9 x1 t is1 unless x 7 a real revelation ( ,8 be+ & w3 b 9 a real revelation ( ,god's be+ & w !re c be no?+ arbitr>y1 no?+ :i* is det]m9$ only f )\t1 no?+1 9 o!r words1 t is n div9ely necess>y4 ,! demon/ration ( :at ,god is1 :i* is made 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 is no d\bt a demon/ration s+ul>ly suit$ to call =? p5it5ce & fai? 9 man1 b ! necessity ( x does n lie simply 9 ! desire to call =? p5it5ce & fai?4 ,x lies 9 ! div9e nature itself4 ,god c\ld n d ju/ice to ,himself1 9 relation to man & s91 9 any way less awful ?an ?is2 & x is ! fact t ,he does n %r9k ev5 f ?is--t 9 ! ,p]son ( ,8 ,son ,he ent]s1 if we may say s1 into ! :ole responsibility ( ! situation creat$ by s9--:i* con/itutes ! dea? ( ,jesus a demon/ration ( div9e love1 compell+ p5it5ce & fai?4 ,no?+ less w\ld h be5 suffici5t to t\* s9ful he>ts to _! dep?s--9 t s5se ! ,atonem5t is humanly necess>y2 b nei!r w\ld any?+ else be a suffici5t revelation ( :at ,god is 9 relation to s9 & to s9ful m5--9 t s5se x is div9ely necess>y4 ,& ! div9e necessity is ! fundam5tal "o4 ,! p[] ex]cis$ ov] u by ! revelation ( ,god at ! ,cross is dep5d5t on ! fact t ! revelation is true--9 o!r words1 t x exhibits ! real relation ( ,god to s9n]s & to s94 ,x is n by calculat+ :at w w9 u1 b by act+ 9 consi/5cy ) ,himself1 t ,god irresi/ibly appeals to m54 ,we d>e n say t ,he mu/ be graci\s1 z ?\gh grace c\ld cease to be free3 b we may say t ,he mu/ be ,himself1 & t x is because ,he is :at we see ,him to be 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/1 und]/ood z ! ,new ,te/am5t und]/&s x1 t s9n]s are mov$ to rep5tance & to tru/ 9 ,him4 ,t :i* ! et]nal be+ ( ,god made necess>y to ,him 9 ! pres5ce ( s9 is ! v ?+ :i* is necess>y also to w9 ! he>ts ( s9n]s4 ,no?+ b :at is div9ely necess>y c\ld h met ! necessities ( s9ful m54 ,:5 we admit ?is tw(old necessity = ! ,atonem5t1 we c tell ourselves m cle>ly h[ we are to conceive ,*ri/ 9 x1 9 relation to ,god on ! "o h& & to man on ! o!r4 ,! ,atonem5t is ,god's "w4 ,x is ,god :o makes ! ,atonem5t 9 ,*ri/4 ,x is ,god :o m$iates ,8 =giv5ess ( s9s to u 9 ?is way4 ,?is is "o aspect ( ! matt]1 & probably ! "o ab\t :i* !re is lea/ dispute among ,*ri/ians4 ,b !re is ano!r aspect ( x4 ,! ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & man is ,himself man1 ,*ri/ ,jesus4 ,:at is ! relation ( ! man ,*ri/ ,jesus to ^? = :om ! ,atonem5t is made8 ,:at is ! prop] t]m to designate1 9 ?is aton+ "w1 :at ,he is 9 relation to !m8 ,! doctr9e ( ,atonem5t curr5t 9 ! ,*ur* 9 ! g5]ation prec$+ our own answ]$ frankly t 9 ,8 aton+ "w ,*ri/ is our sub/itute4 ,he comes 9 our nature1 & ,he comes into our place4 ,he ent]s into all ! responsibilities t s9 has creat$ = u1 & ,he does ju/ice to !m 9 ,8 dea?4 ,he does n d5y any ( !m3 ,he does n take s9 z any?+ less or else ?an x is to ,god2 9 p]fect s9lessness ,he cons5ts ev5 to die1 to submit to t awful exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! f9al reaction ( ,god's hol9ess aga9/ s9 is express$4 ,dea? 0 n ,8 due3 x 0 some?+ ali5 to ,"o ,:o _h no?+ amiss2 b x 0 our due1 & because x 0 ours ,he made x ,84 ,x 0 ?us t ,he made ,atonem5t4 ,he bore our s9s4 ,he took to ,himself all t !y meant1 all 9 :i* !y _h involv$ ! _w4 ,he di$ = !m1 & 9 s do+ ackn[l$g$ ! sanctity ( t ord] 9 :i* s9 & dea? arc indissolubly unit$4 ,9 o!r words1 ,he did :at ! human race c\ld n d = itself1 yet :at _h to be done if s9n]s 7 to be sav$3 = h[ c\ld m5 be sav$ if !re 7 n made 9 humanity an ackn[l$gm5t ( all t s9 is to ,god1 & ( ! ju/ice ( all t is entail$ by s9 "u ,god's con/itution ( ! _w8 ,su* an ackn[l$gm5t1 z we h j se51 is div9ely necess>y1 & necess>y1 too1 = man1 if s9 is to be =giv54 ,?is 0 ! basis ( fact on :i* ! sub/itution>y "* ( ,*ri/'s suff]+s & dea? 9 ! ,atonem5t 0 ass]t$4 ,x may be admitt$ at once t :5 ! t]m sub/itute is int]pret$ )\t ref]5ce to ?is basis ( fact x l5ds itself v easily to miscon/ruction4 ,x falls 9 )1 if x does n sugge/1 ! idea ( a transf]5ce ( m]it & dem]it1 ! s9 ( ! _w be+ c>ri$ ov] to ,*ri/'s acc\nt1 & ! m]it ( ,*ri/ to ! _w's acc\nt1 z if ! reconciliation ( ,god & man1 or ! =giv5ess ( s9s & ! reg5]ation ( s\ls1 c\ld be expla9$ )\t ! use ( high] categories ?an are employ$ 9 bookkeep+4 ,x is surely n necess>y at ?is "t ( day to disclaim an int]pretation ( p]sonal relations :i* makes use only ( sub-p]sonal categories4 ,m]it & dem]it _c be me*anically transf]r$ l sums 9 an acc\nt4 ,! cr$it1 s to speak1 ( "o p]son 9 ! moral sph]e _c become t ( ano!r1 ap>t f moral conditions4 ,x is ! same tru?1 9 o!r words1 if we say t ! figure ( pay+ a debt is n 9 e respect adequate to describe :at ,*ri/ does 9 mak+ ! ,atonem5t4 ,! figure1 ,i believe1 cov]s ! tru?2 if x did n1 we %\ld n h ! k9d ( language :i* frequ5tly occurs 9 ,scripture2 b x is misread into falsehood & immorality :5ev] x is press$ z if x 7 exactly equival5t to ! tru?4 ,b grant+ ^! drawbacks :i* atta* to ! ^w1 is !re n some?+ 9 ! "w ( ,*ri/1 z m$iat+ ! =giv5ess ( s9s1 :i* no o!r ^w c express8 ,no matt] on :at subsequ5t conditions its virtue = u dep5ds1 :at ,*ri/ did _h to be done1 or we %\ld nev] h _h =giv5ess2 we %\ld nev] h kn[n ,god1 & ,8 nature & w 9 relation to s92 we %\ld nev] h _h ! motive :i* alone c\ld beget real rep5tance2 we %\ld nev] h _h ! _s :i* welcomes p>don & is capable ( receiv+ x4 ,we c\ld n procure ^! ?+s = ourselves1 we c\ld n produce !m out ( our own res\rces3 b ,he by ent]+ into our nature & lot1 by tak+ on ,him our responsibilities & dy+ our dea?1 has s reveal$ ,god to u z to put !m )9 our rea*4 ,we owe !m to ,him2 9 p>ticul>1 & 9 ! la/ resort1 we owe !m to ! fact t ,he bore our s9s 9 ,8 own body to ! tree4 ,if we are n to say t ! ,atonem5t1 z a "w c>ri$ ?r\gh 9 ! suff]+s & dea? ( ,*ri/1 suff]+s & dea? det]m9$ by our s91 is vic>i\s or sub/itution>y1 :at are we to call x8 ,! only answ] :i* has be5 giv5 to ?is "q1 by ^? :o cont9ue to speak ( ,atonem5t at all1 is t we mu/ conceive ,*ri/ n z ! sub/itute b z ! repres5tative ( s9n]s4 ,i v5ture to ?9k t1 ) "s advantages1 ! drawbacks ( ?is ^w are q z s]i\s z ^? :i* atta* to sub/itute4 ,x makes x less easy1 inde$1 to ?9k ( ! "w ( ,*ri/ z a f9i%$ "w :i* b5efits ! s9n] ipso facto1 & ap>t f any relation betwe5 him & ! ,savi\r3 b ( :at sort is ! relation :i* x does sugge/8 ,x sugge/s t ! s9n]s :o are to be sav$ by ,*ri/ c put ,*ri/ =w>d 9 _! "n3 !y are n 9 ! utt]ly hopeless case t has hi!rto be5 suppos$2 !y c pres5t !mselves to ,god 9 ! p]son & "w ( ,"o on :om ,god _c b look ) approval4 ,! bolde/ expression ( ?is ,i h ev] se5 occurs 9 "s rem>ks 9 ! ,primitive ,me?odi/ ,qu>t]ly ,review on ! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,paul4 ,! review] is f> f say+ t a writ] :o f9ds a sub/itution>y doctr9e ?r\gh\t ! ,new ,te/am5t is altoge!r wrong4 ,he goes s f> z to admit t 'if we look at ! matt] f :at may be call$ an ext]nal po9t ( view1 no d\bt we may speak ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/ z 9 a c]ta9 s5se sub/itution>y4' ,:at ?is 'c]ta9 s5se' is1 he does n def9e4 ,b no "o1 he tells u1 c d ju/ice to ,paul :o fails to recognise t ! dea? ( ,*ri/ 0 a racial act2 & 'if we place ourselves at ,paul's po9t ( view1 we %all see t to ! eye ( ,god ! dea? ( ,*ri/ pres5ts itself less z an act :i* ,*ri/ does = ! race ?an z an act :i* ! race does 9 ,*ri/4' ,9 pla9 ,engli%1 ,paul tea*es less t ,*ri/ di$ = ! ungodly1 ?an t ! ungodly 9 ,*ri/ di$ = !mselves4 ,?is is pres5t$ to u z some?+ pr(\nd1 a recognition ( ! my/ical dep?s 9 ,paul's tea*+3 ,i own ,i c see no?+ pr(\nd 9 x except a pr(\nd misappreh5sion ( ! apo/le4 ,nev]!less1 x br+s out ! logic ( :at repres5tative means :5 repres5tative is oppos$ to sub/itute4 ,! repres5tative is ours1 we are 9 ,him1 & we are suppos$ to get ov] all ! moral difficulties rais$ by ! idea ( sub/itution j because ,he is ours1 & because we are "o ) ,him4 ,b ! fundam5tal fact ( ! situation is t1 to beg9 )1 ,*ri/ is n ours1 & we are n "o ) ,him4 ,9 ! apo/le's view1 & 9 po9t ( fact1 we are ')\t ,*ri/' 7,greek *ris ,*ri/\74 ,x is n we :o h put ,him !re4 ,x is n to u t ,8 pres5ce & ,8 "w 9 ! _w are due4 ,if we _h produc$ ,him & put ,him =w>d1 we might call ,him our repres5tative 9 ! s5se sugge/$ by ! s5t5ces j quot$2 we might say x is n s mu* ,he :o dies = u1 z we :o die 9 ,him2 b a repres5tative n produc$ by u1 b giv5 to u--n *os5 by u1 b ! elect ( ,god--is n a repres5tative at all1 b 9 t place a sub/itute4 ,he /&s 9 our /ead1 fac+ all our responsibilities = u z ,god w\ld h !m fac$2 & x is :at ,he does = u1 & n ! effect :i* ?is produces 9 u1 /ill less ! fanta/ic ab/raction ( a 'racial act1' :i* is ! ,atonem5t 9 ! s5se ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,to speak ( ,*ri/ z our repres5tative1 9 ! s5se t ,8 dea? is to ,god less an act :i* ,he does = ! race ?an an act :i* ! race does 9 ,him1 is 9 pr9ciple to d5y ! :ole grace ( ! gospel1 & to rob x ( e p>ticle ( its motive p[]4 ,to d ju/ice to ! tru? "h1 bo? on its religi\s & its e?ical side1 x is necess>y to put 9 _! prop] relation to "o ano!r ! aspects ( reality :i* ! t]ms sub/itute & repres5tative respectively sugge/4 ,! fir/ is fundam5tal4 ,*ri/ is ,god's gift to humanity4 ,he /&s 9 ! mid/ ( u1 ! pl$ge ( ,god's love1 accept+ our responsibilities z ,god w\ld h !m accept$1 (f]+ to ,god1 "u ! pressure ( ! _w's s9 & all its consequ5ces1 t p]fect recognition ( ,god's hol9ess 9 s visit+ s9 :i* m5 %\ld h (f]$ b c\ld n2 & 9 s do+ ,he makes ,atonem5t = u4 ,9 s do+1 also1 ,he is our sub/itute1 n yet our repres5tative4 ,b ! ,atonem5t ?us made is n a spectacle1 x is a motive4 ,x is n a transaction 9 bus9ess1 or 9 book-keep+1 :i* is complete 9 itself2 9 view ( ! relations ( ,god & man x belongs to its v nature to be a moral appeal4 ,x is a div9e *all5ge to m51 :i* is design$ to w9 _! he>ts4 ,& :5 m5 are won--:5 t :i* ,*ri/ 9 ,8 love has done = !m comes home to _! s\ls--:5 !y are con/ra9$ by ,8 inf9ite grace to ! self-surr5d] ( fai?1 !n we may say ,he becomes _! repres5tative4 ,!y beg9 to feel t :at ,he has done = !m mu/ n rema9 outside ( !m1 b be reproduc$ someh[ 9 _! own life4 ,! m9d ( ,*ri/ 9 relation to ,god & s91 z ,he bore _! s9s 9 ,8 own body to ! tree1 mu/ become _! m9d2 ?is & no?+ else is ! ,*ri/ian salvation4 ,! p[] to "w ?is *ange 9 !m is f\nd 9 ! dea? ( ,*ri/ itself2 ! m its mean+ is realis$ z some?+ !re1 9 ! _w1 outside ( u1 ! m completely does x take effect )9 u4 ,9 proportion z we see & feel t out ( pure love to u ,he /&s 9 our place--our sub/itute--be>+ our burd5--9 t same proportion are we drawn into ! relation to ,him t makes ,him our repres5tative4 ,b we %\ld be c>eful "h n to lose ourselves 9 so>+ words4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t has mu* to say ab\t union ) ,*ri/1 b ,i c\ld almo/ be ?ankful t x has no su* expression z my/ical union4 ,! only union x kn[s is a moral "o--a union due to ! moral p[] ( ,*ri/'s dea?1 op]at+ morally z a con/ra9+ motive on ! human w1 & begett+ 9 believ]s ! m9d ( ,*ri/ 9 relation to s92 b ?is moral union rema9s ! problem & ! task1 z well z ! reality & ! tru?1 ( ! ,*ri/ian life4 ,ev5 :5 we ?9k ( ,*ri/ z our repres5tative1 & h ! c\rage to say we di$ ) ,him1 we h /ill to reckon ourselves to be dead to s91 & to put to dea? our memb]s :i* are ^u ! e>?2 & to g pa/ ?is1 & speak ( a my/ical union ) ,*ri/ 9 :i* we are lift$ above ! region ( reflection & motive1 ( gratitude & moral responsibility1 into "s k9d ( metaphysical id5tity ) ! ,"l1 does n promote intelligibility1 to say ! lea/4 ,if ! ,atonem5t 7 n1 to beg9 )1 outside ( u--if x 7 n 9 t s5se objective1 a f9i%$ "w 9 :i* ,god 9 ,*ri/ makes a f9al revelation ( ,himself 9 relation to s9n]s & s9--9 o!r words1 if ,*ri/ c\ld n be conceiv$ 9 x z our sub/itute1 giv5 by ,god to d 9 our place :at we c\ld n d = ourselves1 !re w\ld be no way ( recognis+ or prea*+ or receiv+ x z a motive2 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 if x did n op]ate z a motive1 if x did n appeal to s9ful m5 9 su* a way z to draw !m into a moral fell[%ip ) ,*ri/--9 o!r words1 if ,*ri/ did n "u x become repres5tative ( u1 our surety to ,god t we %\ld yet be ev5 z ,he 9 relation to ,god & to s91 we c\ld only say t x _h all be5 va94 ,union ) ,*ri/1 9 %ort1 is n a presupposition ( ,*ri/'s "w1 :i* enables u to escape all ! moral problems rais$ by ! idea ( a sub/itution>y ,atonem5t2 x is n a presupposition ( ,*ri/'s "w1 x is its fruit4 ,to see t x is its fruit is to h ! f9al answ] to ! objection t sub/itution is immoral4 ,if sub/itution1 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we mu/ ass]t x ( ,*ri/1 is ! greate/ moral =ce 9 ! _w--if ! tru? :i* x cov]s1 :5 x ent]s into ! m9d ( man1 ent]s ) div9e p[] to assimilate him to ! ,savi\r1 unit+ him to ! ,"l 9 a dea? to s9 & a life to ,god--obvi\sly1 to call x immoral is an abuse ( language4 ,! love :i* c lit]ally g out ( itself & make ! burd5 ( o!rs its own is ! radical pr9ciple ( all ! g5u9e & victori\s morality 9 ! _w4 ,& to say t love _c d any su* ?+1 t ! :ole =mula ( morality is1 e man %all be> 8 own burd51 is to d5y ! pla9e/ facts ( ! moral life4 ,yet ?is is a po9t at :i* difficulty is felt by _m 9 try+ to grasp ! ,atonem5t4 ,on ! "o h&1 !re d seem to be analogies to x1 & po9ts ( atta*m5t = x1 9 exp]i5ce4 ,no s9 t has become real to consci5ce is ev] outliv$ & ov]come )\t expiation4 ,!re are consequ5ces involv$ 9 x t g f> beyond our p]ception at ! mom5t1 b !y "w !mselves inexorably out1 & our s9 ceases to be a burd5 on consci5ce1 & a fett] on w1 only z we 'accept ! puni%m5t ( our iniquity1' & become consci\s ( ! holy love ( ,god beh9d x4 ,b ! consequ5ces ( s9 are nev] limit$ to ! s9n]4 ,!y spread beyond him 9 ! organism ( humanity1 & :5 !y /rike visibly ^u ! innoc5t1 ! s5se ( guilt is deep5$4 ,we see t we h done we "k n :at1 some?+ deeply & my/]i\sly bad beyond all our reckon+1 some?+ t only a p[] & goodness transc5d+ our own avail to *eck4 ,x is "o ( ! />tl+ tru?s ( ! moral life t su* consequ5ces ( s91 /rik+ visibly ^u ! innoc5t1 h 9 c]ta9 circum/ances a peculi> p[] to r$eem ! s9ful4 ,:5 !y are accept$1 z !y sometimes are accept$1 )\t rep9+ or compla9t--:5 !y are borne1 z !y sometimes are borne1 freely & lov+ly by ! innoc5t1 because to ! innoc5t ! guilty are de>--!n some?+ is appeal$ to 9 ! guilty :i* is deep] ?an guilt1 some?+ may be t\*$ :i* is deep] ?an s91 a new hope & fai? may be born 9 !m1 to take hold ( love s wond]ful1 & by atta*+ !mselves to x to transc5d ! evil pa/4 ,! suff]+ ( su* love 7!y are dimly aw>e71 or r ! p[] ( su* love p]si/+ ?r\gh all ! suff]+ br\ght on x by s91 op5s ! gate ( righte\sness to ! s9ful 9 spite ( all t has be52 s9 is outweigh$ by x1 x is annull$1 exhau/$1 transc5d$ 9 x4 ,! great ,atonem5t ( ,*ri/ is someh[ 9 l9e ) ?is1 & we d n ne$ to %r9k f ! analogy4 ',if !re 7 no witness1' z ,dr4 ,rob]tson ,nicoll puts x1 '9 ! _w's deep] lit]ature'--if !re 7 no witness1 t is1 9 ! univ]sal exp]i5ce ( man--'to ! fact ( an ,atonem5t1 ! ,atonem5t w\ld be useless1 s9ce ! =mula express+ x w\ld be un9telligible4' ,x is ! analogy ( su* exp]i5ces :i* makes ! ,atonem5t cr$ible1 yet x mu/ always 9 "s way transc5d !m4 ,!re is some?+ 9 x :i* is ultimately incomp>able4 ,:5 we speak ( o!rs z innoc5t1 ! t]m is us$ only 9 a relative s5se2 !re is no human consci5ce pure to ,god4 ,:5 we speak ( ! s9 ( o!rs com+ 9 its consequ5ces on ! innoc5t1 we speak ( some?+ 9 :i* ! innoc5t are purely passive2 if !re is moral response on _! "p1 ! situation is n due to moral initiative ( !irs4 ,b ) ,*ri/ x is diff]5t4 ,he knew no s91 & ,he ent]$ freely1 delib]ately1 & z ! v "w ( ,8 call+1 into all t s9 meant = ,god & br\ght on man4 ,some?+ t ,i exp]i5ce 9 a p>ticul> relation1 9 :i* ano!r has borne my s9 & lov$ me ?r\gh x1 may help to op5 my eyes to ! mean+ ( ,*ri/'s love2 b :5 !y are op5$1 :at ,i see is ! propitiation = ! :ole _w4 ,!re is no guilt ( ! human race1 !re is no consequ5ce 9 :i* s9 has involv$ x1 to :i* ! hol9ess & love made manife/ 9 ,*ri/ are unequal4 ,he reveals to all s9ful m5 ! :ole relation ( ,god to !m & to _! s9s--a sanctity :i* is inexorable to s91 & _c take x z o!r ?an x is 9 all its consequ5ces1 & a love :i* ?r\gh all ^! consequ5ces & "u ! weight ( !m all1 w n let ! s9ful g4 ,x is 9 ?is revelation ( ! "* ( ,god & ( ,8 relation to ! s9 ( ! _w t ! =giv5ess ( s9s is reveal$4 ,x is n intimat$ 9 ! air2 x is prea*$1 z ,/4 ,paul says1 '9 ?is man'2 x is m$iat$ to ! _w ?r\gh ,him & specifically ?r\gh ,8 dea?1 because x is ?r\gh ,him1 & specifically ?r\gh ,8 dea?1 t we get ! k ( ,god's "* :i* evokes p5it5ce & fai?1 & br+s ! assurance ( ,8 p>don to ! he>t4 ,f ?is po9t ( view we may see h[ to answ] ! "q t is sometimes ask$ ab\t ! relation ( ,*ri/'s life to ,8 dea?1 or ab\t ! relation ( bo? to ! ,atonem5t4 ,if we say t :at we h 9 ! ,atonem5t is an assurance ( ,god's "*1 does x n foll[ at once t ,*ri/'s tea*+ & ,8 life contribute to x z directly z ,8 dea?8 ,is x n a signal illu/ration ( ! false ab/ractions :i* we h s (t5 _h cause to c5sure1 :5 ! dea? ( ,*ri/ is tak5 z if x _h an exi/5ce or a significance ap>t f ,8 life1 or c\ld be id5tifi$ ) ! ,atonem5t 9 a way 9 :i* ,8 life c\ld n8 ,i d n ?9k ?is is s cle>4 ,( c\rse x is ,*ri/ ,himself :o is ! ,atonem5t or propitiation--,he ,himself1 z ,/4 ,john puts x1 & n any?+1 n ev5 ,8 dea?1 into :i* ,he does n ent]4 ,b x is ,he ,himself1 z mak+ to u ! revelation ( ,god 9 relation to s9 & to s9n]s2 & ap>t f dea?1 z t 9 :i* ! consci5ce ( ! race sees ! f9al reaction ( ,god aga9/ evil1 ?is revelation is n fully made4 ,if ,*ri/ _h done less ?an die = u1 !re=e--if ,he _h sep>at$ ,himself f u1 or decl9$ to be "o ) u1 9 ! solemn exp]i5ce 9 :i* ! d>kness ( s9 is s\nd$ & all its bitt]ness ta/$1--!re w\ld h be5 no ,atonem5t4 ,x is impossible to say ?is ( any p>ticul> incid5t 9 ,8 life1 & 9 s f> ! unique emphasis laid on ,8 dea? 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t is ju/ifi$4 ,b ,i %\ld g fur!r ?an ?is1 & say t ev5 ,*ri/'s life1 tak+ x z x /&s 9 ! ,gospels1 only ent]s into ! ,atonem5t1 & has reconcil+ p[]1 because x is p]vad$ f beg9n+ to end by ! consci\sness ( ,8 dea?4 ,in/ead ( depriv+ ,8 dea? ( ! peculi> significance ,scripture assigns to x1 & mak+ x no m ?an ! t]m9ation1 or at lea/ ! consummation1 ( ,8 life1 ,i %\ld r argue t ! ,scriptural emphasis is "r1 & t ,8 life atta9s its true int]pretation only z we f9d 9 x ev]y:]e ! p[] & purpose ( ,8 dea?4 ,!re is no?+ artificial or unnatural 9 ?is4 ,!re are pl5ty ( p :o nev] h dea? out ( _! m9ds an h\r at a "t4 ,!y are n c[>ds1 nor mad1 nor ev5 sombre3 !y may h purposes & hopes & gaieties z well z o!rs2 b !y see life /eadily & see x :ole1 & ( all _! ?\ghts ! "o :i* has mo/ det]m9+ & omnipres5t p[] is ! ?\ght ( ! inevitable end4 ,!re is dea? 9 all _! life4 ,x 0 n1 c]ta9ly1 z ! inevitable end1 ! inevitable 'debt ( nature1' t dea? 0 pres5t to ! m9d ( ,*ri/2 b if we c tru/ ! ,evangeli/s at all1 f ! h\r ( ,8 baptism x 0 pres5t to ,8 m9d z some?+ involv$ 9 ,8 vocation2 & x 0 a pres5ce s trem5d\s t x absorb$ ev]y?+ into itself4 ',i h a baptism to be baptiz$ )1 & h[ am ,i /rait5$ till x be accompli%$4' ,in/ead ( say+ t ,*ri/'s life z well z ,8 dea? contribut$ to ! ,atonem5t--t ,8 active ob$i5ce 7to use ! !ological =mula7 z well z ,8 passive ob$i5ce 0 ess5tial to ,8 propitiation--we %\ld r say t ,8 life is "p ( ,8 dea?3 a delib]ate & consci\s desc5t1 ev] deep] & deep]1 into ! d>k valley :]e at ! la/ h\r ! la/ reality ( s9 0 to be met & borne4 ,& if ! objection is made t aft] all ?is only means t dea? is ! mo/ vital po9t ( life1 its int5se/ focus1 ,i %\ld n wi% to make any reply4 ,our ,"l's ,passion is ,8 sublime/ action--an action s pot5t t all ,8 o!r actions are sublat$ 9 x1 & we "k ev]y?+ :5 we "k t ,he di$ = our s9s4 ,! desire to br+ ! life ( ,*ri/ z well z ,8 dea? into ! ,atonem5t has probably "p ( its motive 9 ! feel+ t :5 ! dea? is sep>at$ f ! life x loses moral "*3 x is r$uc$ to a m]ely physical incid5t1 :i* _c c>ry su* va/ significance z ! ,atonem5t4 ,su* a feel+ c]ta9ly exi/s1 & f9ds expression 9 _m =ms4 ,h[ (t51 = example1 we he> x said t x is n ! dea? :i* atones1 b ! _s 9 :i* ! ,savi\r di$--n ,8 suff]+s :i* expiate s91 b ! innoc5ce1 ! meekness1 ! love to man & ob$i5ce to ,god 9 :i* !y 7 borne4 ,! ,atonem5t1 9 %ort1 0 a moral a*ievem5t1 to :i* physical suff]+ & dea? are ess5tially irrelevant4 ,?is is our old enemy1 ! false ab/raction1 once m1 & t 9 ! mo/ aggressive =m4 ,! contra/ ( physical & moral is made absolute at ! v po9t at :i* x ceases to exi/4 ,z aga9/ su* absolute di/9ctions we mu/ hold t if ,*ri/ _h n really di$ = u1 !re w\ld h be5 no ,atonem5t at all1 & on ! o!r h& t :at are call$ ,8 physical suff]+s & dea? h no exi/5ce simply z physical3 !y are ess5tial elem5ts 9 ! moral a*ievem5t ( ! passion4 ,x leads to no tru? to say t x is n ,8 dea?1 b ! _s 9 :i* ,he di$1 t atones = s93 ! _s 9 :i* ,he di$ has its be+ 9 ,8 dea?1 & 9 no?+ else 9 ! _w4 ,x seems to me t :at is really want$ "h1 bo? by ^? :o seek to co-ord9ate ,*ri/'s life ) ,8 dea? 9 ! ,atonem5t1 & by ^? :o di/+ui% betwe5 ,8 dea? & ! _s 9 :i* ,he di$1 is "s means ( keep+ hold ( ! ,p]son ( ,*ri/ 9 ,8 "w1 & t ?is is n effectively done ap>t f ! ,new ,te/am5t belief 9 ! ,resurrection4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 speak+ ( ! dea? ( ,*ri/ z t ?r\gh :i* ! =giv5ess ( s9s is m$iat$ to u we are liable to ?9k ( x z if x 7 only an ev5t 9 ! pa/4 ,we take ! repres5tation ( x 9 ! ,gospel & say1 ,su* & su* is ! impression :i* ?is ev5t produces ^u me2 ,i feel 9 x h[ ,god is oppos$ to s91 & h[ ,i ought to be oppos$ to x2 ,i feel 9 x h[ ,god's love appeals to me to %>e ,8 m9d ab\t s92 & z ,i yield to ?is appeal ,i am at once set free f s9 & assur$ ( p>don2 ?is is ! only e?ical =giv5ess2 to "k ?is exp]im5tally is to "k ! ,gospel4 ,no "o c h any int]e/ 9 disput+ ano!r's obligation to ,*ri/1 b x may fairly be que/ion$ :e!r ?is k9d ( obligation to ,*ri/ am\nts to ,*ri/ianity 9 ! s5se ( ! ,new ,te/am5t4 ,!re is no liv+ ,*ri/ "h1 no com+ ( ! liv+ ,*ri/ to ! s\l1 9 ! p[] ( ! ,atonem5t1 to br+ x to ,god4 ,b ?is is :at ! ,new ,te/am5t %[s u4 ,x is ,he :o is ! propitiation = our s9s--,he :o di$ = !m & rose aga94 ,! ,new ,te/am5t prea*es a ,*ri/ :o 0 dead & is alive1 n a ,*ri/ :o 0 alive & is dead4 ,x is a mi/ake to suppose t ! ,new ,te/am5t conception ( ! ,gospel1 involv+ z x does ! spiritual pres5ce & action ( ,*ri/1 9 ! p[] ( ! ,atonem5t1 is a matt] ( indiff]5ce to u1 & t 9 all our ?9k+ & prea*+ we mu/ rema9 )9 purely hi/orical limits1 if by purely hi/orical limits is meant t our cre$ mu/ end ) ! words crucifi$1 dead1 & buri$4 ,to prea* ! ,atonem5t means n only to prea* ,"o :o bore our s9s 9 dea?1 b ,"o :o by ris+ aga9 f ! dead demon/rat$ ! f9al defeat ( s91 & ,"o :o comes 9 ! p[] ( ,8 ris5 life--:i* means1 9 ! p[] ( ! ,atonem5t accept$ by ,god--to make all :o commit !mselves to ,him 9 fai? p>tak]s 9 ,8 victory4 ,x is n ,8 dea?1 z an incid5t 9 ! remote pa/1 h[ev] significant x may be2 x is ! ,"l ,himself1 appeal+ to u 9 ! virtue ( ,8 dea?1 :o assures u ( p>don & re/ores our s\ls4 ,"o ( ! mo/ s+ul> ph5om5a 9 ! attitude ( _m mod]n m9ds to ! ,atonem5t is ! disposition to plead aga9/ ! ,atonem5t :at ! ,new ,te/am5t repres5ts z its fruits4 ,x is z ?\gh x _h done its "w s ?or\ghly t p c\ld n believe t x ev] ne$$ to be done at all4 ,! idea ( fell[%ip ) ,*ri/1 = example1 is con/antly urg$ aga9/ ! idea t ,*ri/ di$ = u1 & by ,8 dea? made all mank9d ,8 debtors 9 a way 9 :i* we _c make debtors ( ea* o!r4 ,! ,new ,te/am5t itself is press$ into ! s]vice4 ,x is po9t$ out t our ,"l call$ ,8 disciples to dr9k ( ,8 cup & to be baptiz$ ) ,8 baptism1 :]e ! baptism & ! cup are figures ( ,8 passion2 & x is argu$ t !re _c be any?+ unique 9 ,8 exp]i5ce or s]vice1 any?+ :i* ,he does = m5 :i* x is beyond ! p[] ( ,8 disciples to d also4 ,or aga91 ref]5ce is made to ,/4 ,paul's words to ! ,colossians3 ',n[ ,i rejoice 9 my suff]+s on y\r behalf1 & fill up on my "p t :i* is lack+ ( ! afflictions ( ,*ri/ 9 my fle% = ,8 body's sake1 :i* is ! ,*ur*'2 & x is argu$ t ,/4 ,paul "h repres5ts himself z do+ exactly :at ,*ri/ did1 or ev5 z supplem5t+ a "w :i* ,*ri/ admitt$ly left imp]fect4 ,! same idea is trac$ :]e ! ,*ri/ian is repres5t$ z call$ into ! fell[%ip ( ! ,son ( ,god1 or m specifically z call$ to "k ! fell[%ip ( ,8 suff]+s by becom+ con=m$ to ,8 dea?4 ,x is se5 p]vad+ ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! conception ( ! ,*ri/ian z a man 9 ,*ri/4 ,& to desc5d f ! apo/olic age to our own1 x has be5 put by an ,am]ican !ologian into ! epigrammatic =m t ,*ri/ r$eems u by mak+ u r$eem]s4 ,:at1 x may be ask$1 is ! tru? 9 all ?is8 & h[ is x relat$ to :at we h already se5 cause to ass]t ab\t ! uniqu5ess ( ,*ri/'s "w 9 mak+ atonem5t = s91 or m$iat+ ! div9e =giv5ess to man8 ,i d n ?9k x is impossible or ev5 difficult to reconcile ! two3 x is done1 inde$1 :5ev] we see t ! life to :i* we are summon$1 9 ! fell[%ip ( ,*ri/1 is a life :i* we owe altoge!r to ,him1 & :i* ,he does n 9 ! lea/ owe to u4 ,! "q really rais$ is ?is3 ,has ,jesus ,*ri/ a place ( ,8 own 9 ! ,*ri/ian religion8 ,is x true t !re is "o ,m$iator betwe5 ,god & man1 ,himself man1 ?is man1 ,*ri/ ,jesus8 ,9 spite ( ! p>adoxical ass]tion ( ,h>nack to ! contr>y1 x is n possible to d5y1 ) any plausibility1 t ?is 0 ! m9d ( ,*ri/ ,himself1 & t x has be5 ! m9d ( all :o call ,him ,"l4 ,he knew & taught1 :at !y h le>n$ by exp]i5ce z well z by ,8 ^w1 t all m5 mu/ owe to ,him _! k ( ! ,fa!r1 _! place 9 ! ,k+dom ( ,god1 & _! "p 9 all its bless+s4 ,he c\ld n h taught ?is ( any b ,himself1 nor is x ! exp]i5ce ( ! ,*ur* t su* bless+s come ?r\gh any o!r4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ,*ri/ calls on m5 to dr9k ,8 cup & to be baptiz$ ) ,8 baptism1 :ile ,he may q well mean1 & does mean1 t ,8 life & dea? are to be ! inspiration ( !irs1 & :ile ,he may q well enc\rage !m to believe t sacrifice on _! "p1 z on ,81 w contribute to bless ! _w1 ,he ne$ n mean1 & we may be sure ,he does n mean1 t _! blood is1 l ,81 ! blood ( ! cov5ant1 or t _! s9ful lives1 ev5 :5 purg$ & quick5$ by ,8 ,_s1 c\ld be1 l ,8 s9less life1 describ$ z ! _w's ransom4 ,! same consid]ations apply to ! passages quot$ f ,/4 ,paul1 & especially to ! words 9 ,colossians i4 #bd4 ,! v purpose ( ! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians is to ass]t ! exclusive & p]fect m$iator%ip ( ,*ri/1 alike 9 creation & r$emption2 all t we call be+1 & all t we call reconciliation1 has to be def9$ by relation to ,him1 & n by relation to any o!r p]sons or p[]s1 visible or invisible2 & h[ev] gladly ,paul might reflect t 9 8 en?usiasm = suff]+ he 0 cont9u+ ,*ri/'s "w1 & exhau/+ "s ( ! afflictions--!y 7 ,*ri/'s own afflictions--:i* _h yet to be endur$ ere ! ,*ur* c\ld be made p]fect1 x is no?+ %ort ( grotesque to suppose t 9 ?is connection he conceiv$ ( himself z do+ :at ,*ri/ did1 aton+ = s91 & reconcil+ ! _w to ,god4 ,all ?is 0 done already1 p]fectly done1 done = ! :ole _w2 & x 0 on ! basis ( x1 & "u ! inspiration ( x1 t ! apo/le su/a9$ 8 en?usiasm = a life ( toil & pa9 9 ! s]vice ( m54 ,always1 :]e we h ,*ri/ian exp]i5ce to deal )1 x is ! ,*ri/ ?r\gh :om ! div9e =giv5ess comes to u at ! ,cross--! ,*ri/ ( ! sub/itution>y ,atonem5t1 :o bore all our burd5 alone1 & did a "w to :i* we c = ev] recur1 b to :i* we did n & d n & nev] c contribute at all--x is ?is ,*ri/ :o con/ra9s u to f9d our repres5tative ) ,god 9 ,himself1 & to become ourselves ,8 repres5tatives to m54 ,x is z we truly repres5t ,him t we c expect our te/imony to ,him to f9d acceptance1 b t te/imony f> transc5ds ev]y?+ t our s]vice enables m5 to measure4 ,:at is any?+ t a s9ful man1 sav$ by grace1 c d = 8 ,"l or = 8 k9d1 comp>$ ) :at ! s9less ,"l has done = ! s9ful race8 ,x is true t ,he calls u to dr9k ( ,8 cup1 to le>n ! fell[%ip ( ,8 suff]+s1 ev5 to be con=m$ to ,8 dea?2 b "u all ! intimate relation%ip ! et]nal diff]5ce rema9s :i* makes ,him ,"l--,he knew no s91 & we c\ld make no atonem5t4 ,x is ! goal ( our life to be f\nd 9 ,him2 b ,i _c und]/& ! man :o ?9ks x m pr(\nd to id5tify himself ) ,*ri/ & %>e 9 ! "w ( r$eem+ ! _w1 ?an to ab&on himself to ,*ri/ & %>e 9 ! _w's exp]i5ce ( be+ r$eem$4 ,& ,i am v sure t 9 ! ,new ,te/am5t ! la/ is fir/ & fundam5tal4 ,,! ,,expositor',s ,,greek ,,te/am5t4 ,edit$ by ! ,rev4 ,w4 ,,rob]tson ,,nicoll1 ,m4,a41 ,,ll4,d4 ,,already ,,publi%$4 ,volume ,i41 #hhj pages1 conta9+-- ,/4 ,mat!w1 ,/4 ,m>k1 ,/4 ,luke4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,a4 ,b4 ,,bruce1 ,d4,d4 ,/4 ,john4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,,m>cus ,,dods1 ,d4,d4 ,volume ,,ii41 #icd pages1 conta9+-- ,! ,acts ( ! ,apo/les4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,j4 ,,kn[l+1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,romans4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,,james ,,d5ney1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,fir/ ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr(4 ,g4 ,g4 ,,f9dlay1 ,d4,d4 ,volume ,,iii41 ready %ortly1 conta9+-- ,! ,second ,epi/le to ! ,cor9?ians4 ,by ! ,v ,rev4 ,dean ,,b]n>d1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,galatians4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,,fr$]ick ,,r5dall1 ,m4,a4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,ephesians4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,pr9cipal ,,salmond1 ,d4,d4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,philippians4 ,by ! ,rev4 ,h4 ,a4 ,a4 ,,k5n$y1 ,d4,sc4 ,! ,epi/le to ! ,colossians4 ,by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,s4 ,,peake1 ,m4,a4