mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47 ,,! ,,advanc$ ,,montessori ,,me?od ,,spontane\s ,,activity ,,9 ,,education ,,by ,,m>ia ,,montessori ,,au?or ,,( ,,! ,,montessori ,,me?od1 ,,p$agogical ,,an?ropology1 ,,etc4 ,,translat$ ,,f ,,! ,,italian ,,by ,,flor5ce ,,simmonds ,illu/ration3 company logo ,,new ,,york ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,,publi%]s ,copyright1 #aiag1 by ,,fr$]ick ,a4 ,,/okes ,,company ,all rights res]v$1 includ+ t ( translation into =eign languages4 ,pr9t$ 9 ! ,u4,s4,a4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,a ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,life ,laws ( ! *ild's psy*ical life p>allel$ by ^? ( its physical4 ,curr5t objections to a sy/em ( education bas$ ^u lib]ty ,hygi5e has fre$ ! infant f /raps & swaddl+ clo!s & left x free to develop ,education mu/ leave ! s\l free to develop ,pr9ciple ( lib]ty 9 education n a pr9ciple ( ab&onm5t ,! lib]ty accord$ ! *ild ( to-day is purely physical4 ,civil rights ( ! *ild 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4 ,removal ( p]ils ( disease a /ep t[>d physical lib]ation ,supply+ ! *ild's physical ne$s is n suffici5t ,*ild's social rights ov]look$ 9 ! adm9i/ration ( orphan asylums ,poor *ild's heal? & prop]ty confiscat$ 9 ! cu/om ( wet nurs+ ,we recognize ju/ice only = ^? :o c def5d !mselves ,h[ we receive ! infants t come into ! _w4 ,home has no furni%+s adapt$ to _! small size ,society prep>es a mock]y = _! reception 9 ! %ape ( useless toys ,*ild n all[$ to act = himself ,con/ant int]ruption ( 8 activities prev5ts psy*ical gr[? ,bodily heal? suff]s f spiritual neglect ,) man ! life ( ! body dep5ds on ! life ( ! _s4 ,reflex action ( ! emotions on ! body functions ,*ild's body requires joy z mu* z food & air ,,*apt] ,,ii ,a ,,survey ,,( ,,mod]n ,,education ,! precepts :i* gov]n moral education & in/ruction4 ,*ild expect$ to acquire virtues by imitation1 in/ead ( developm5t ,dom9ation ( ! *ild's w ! basis ( education ,x is ! tea*] :o =ms ! *ild's m9d4 ,h[ he tea*es4 ,tea*]'s pa? beset ) difficulties "u ! pres5t sy/em ,advanc$ exp]ts prep>e ! s*emata ( in/ruction ,"s outl9es ( model lessons us$ 9 ! s*ools ,comp>ison ( a model lesson = s5se developm5t ) ! ,montessori me?od ,exp]im5tal psy*ology1 n speculative psy*ology1 ! basis ( ,montessori tea*+ ,false conceptions ( ! art ( ! tea*] illu/rat$ by model lessons ,positive sci5ce makes its appe>ance 9 ! s*ools ,discov]ies ( m$ic9e3 di/ortions & diseases ,sci5ce has n fulfill$ its mission 9 its deal+s ) *ildr54 ,diseases ( s*ool *ildr5 treat$1 causes left undi/urb$ ,discov]ies ( exp]im5tal psy*ology3 ov]work2 n]v\s exhau/ion ,sci5ce is confront$ by a mass ( unsolv$ problems4 ,laws gov]n+ fatigue /ill unkn[n ,tox9es produc$ by fatigue & _! antitox9s ,joy 9 "w ! only prev5tative ( fatigue ,real exp]im5tal sci5ce1 :i* %all lib]ate ! *ild1 n yet born ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,my ,,contribution ,,to ,,exp]im5tal ,,sci5ce ,! organization ( ! psy*ical life beg9s ) ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5on ( att5tion4 ,incid5t :i* l$ ,dr4 ,montessori to def9e h] me?od ,psy*ical developm5t is organiz$ by ! aid ( ext]nal /imuli1 :i* may be det]m9$ exp]im5tally4 ,t5d5cy to develop 8 lat5t p[]s exi/s 9 ! *ild's nature ,environm5t %\ld conta9 ! means ( auto-education ,ext]nal /imuli may be det]m9$ 9 quality & quantity4 ,educative mat]ial us$ %\ld conta9 9 itself ! control ( error ,quantity ( mat]ial det]m9$ by ! adv5t ( ab/raction 9 pupil ,relation ( /imuli to ! age ( ! pupil ,mat]ial ( developm5t is necess>y only z a />t+ po9t4 ,corresponds to ! t]ra firma f :i* ! a]oplane takes flight & to :i* x returns to re/ ,e/abli%+ ( int]nal ord]1 or discipl9e ,psy*ical gr[? requires con/antly new & m complex mat]ial ,diff]5ce betwe5 mat]ials ( auto-education & ! didactic mat]ial ( ! s*ools ,psy*ical tru?s4 ,discipl9e ! fir/ ext]nal sign ( a psy*ical reaction to ! mat]ial ,initial disord] 9 ,montessori s*ools ,psy*ical progress n sy/ematic b explosive 9 nature ,bir? ( individuality ,intellectual crises are accompani$ by emotion ,old] *ild beg9n+ 9 sy/em1 *ooses mat]ials 9 inv]se ord] ,c\rse ( psy*ical ph5om5a expla9$ by diagrams ,te/s ( ,b9et & ,simon arbitr>y & sup]ficial ,problems ( psy*ical measurem5t ,obs]v+ ! *ild's moral nature ,trans=mation ( a viol5t *ild & ( a spy+ *ild 9 a ,montessori s*ool ,pol>ization ( ! int]nal p]sonality ,guide to psy*ological obs]vation4 ,"w ,conduct ,ob$i5ce ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,tea*] ,! s*ool is ! laboratory ( exp]im5tal psy*ology ,qualities ! new type ( tea*] mu/ possess ,,*apt] ,v ,,environm5t ,physical hygi5e 9 ! s*ool ,! requirem5ts ( psy*ical hygi5e ,free movem5t4 ,misconceptions ( physical fre$om ,action )\t an aim fatigues ,"w ( pres]vation r ?an production suitable to *ildr5 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,att5tion ,awak5s 9 answ] to an impulse ( spiritual hung] ,att5tion _c be artificially ma9ta9$ by tea*] ,lib]ty ! exp]im5tal condition necess>y = /udy+ ph5om5a ( att5tion ,*ild's p]ception ( an int]nal developm5t makes ! ex]cise pleasant & induces him to prolong x ,ext]nal /imuli p[]less )\t an answ]+ int]nal =ce ,a natural int]nal =ce directs psy*ical =mation ,new p$agogy provides n\ri%m5t = int]nal ne$s ,organization ( k 9 ! *ild's m9d ,tea*] directs1 b does n int]rupt ph5om5a ( att5tion ,mat]ial (f]$ %\ld correspond to psy*ical ne$s ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,w ,its relation to att5tion ,manife/$ 9 action & inhibition ,opposite activities ( ! w mu/ comb9e to =m ! p]sonality ,p[]s ( ! w e/abli%$ by ex]cise1 n by subjection ,p]si/5ce 9 ef=t ! true f\ndation ( w ,decision ! highe/ function ( ! w ,developm5t ( w dep5ds on ord] & cl>ity ( ideas ,p[] ( *oice1 :i* prec$es decision1 %\ld be /r5g!n$ ,ne$ ( ex]cise = ! w p>allel$ ) ne$ ( muscul> ex]cise ,fallacy ( educat+ ! *ild's w by break+ x ,"* ! result ( e/abli%$ w1 n ( emulation ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,intellig5ce ,lib]at+ ! *ild means leav+ him to 8 own intellig5ce ,h[ ! intellig5ce ( ! *ild diff]s f ! in/9cts ( animals ,intellig5ce ! actual means ( =mation ( ! inn] life ,hygi5e ( intellig5ce ,intellig5ce awak5s & sets 9 motion ! c5tral n]v\s me*anisms ,9 an age ( spe$1 man has n accel]at$ himself ,swift reactions an ext]nal manife/ation ( intellig5ce ,ability to di/+ui% & arrange ! *>act]i/ic sign ( intellig5ce ,montessori s5sory ex]cises make x possible = ! *ild to di/+ui% & classify ,! ,montessori *ild is s5sitive to ! objects ( 8 environm5t ,educational me?ods 9 use d n help ! *ild to di/+ui% ,p[] ( association dep5ds on ability to di/+ui% dom9ant *>act]i/ics ,individuality reveal$ 9 association by simil>ity ,by means ( att5tion & int]nal w ! intellig5ce accompli%es ! "w ( association ,judgm5t & reason+ dep5d on ability to di/+ui% ,activities ( association & selection lead to individual habits ( ?\ght ,importance ( acquir+ ability to reason = oneself ,g5ius ! possession ( maximum p[]s ( association by simil>ity ,g5ius ( errors 9 association & reason+ :i* h imp$$ sci5ce ,! consci\sness c only accept tru?s = :i* x is expectant ,! intellig5ce has its peculi> p]ils1 f :i* x %\ld be gu>d$ ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,imag9ation ,! creative imag9ation ( sci5ce is bas$ ^u tru?4 ,imag9ation bas$ on reality diff]s f t bas$ on speculation ,speculative imag9ation ak9 to orig9al s9 ,education %\ld direct imag9ation into creative *annels ,tru? is also ! basis ( arti/ic imag9ation4 ,all imag9ation bas$ on s5se impressions ,non-seasonal impressions--spiritual tru?s ,education 9 s5se p]ception /r5g!ns imag9ation ,p]fection 9 art dep5d5t on approximation to tru? ,ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce aids imag9ation ,imag9ation 9 *ildr54 ,immature & !re=e conc]n$ ) unrealities ,%\ld be help$ to ov]come immaturity ( ?\ght ,false me?ods develop cr$ulity1 ak9 to insanity ,p]iod ( cr$ulity 9 ! *ild prolong$ = ! amusem5t ( ! adult ,liv+ among real possessions ! cure = illusions ,fable & religion4 ,religion n ! product ( fantasy ,fable 9 s*ools does n prep>e = religi\s tea*+ ,! education ( ! imag9ation 9 s*ools = old] *ildr54 ,environm5t & me?od oppressive ,composition introduc$ to fo/] imag9ation ,h[ composition is taught ,imag9ation _c be =c$ ,! moral "q4 ,contributions ( positive sci5ce to morality ,sci5ce raises society to level ( ,*ri/ian /&>ds ,p>5ts' failure to tea* sex morality ,probable effects ( exp]im5tal psy*ology 9 field ( morals ,exp]im5tal psy*ology %\ld be direct$ to ! s*ools ,progress ( m$ic9e & its relation to new psy*ology ,*ildi% naught9ess a p>5tal misconception ,infant life diff]5t f ! adult ,h9d]+ ! *ild's developm5t a moral "q = ! adult ,ne$ ( ! *ild to t\* & to act ,h[ ! adult prev5ts him f le>n+ by do+ ,conceptions ( good & bad conduct 9 ! s*ool ,mutual aid a high crime 9 ! s*ool ,surveillance = vici\s habits orig9at+ 9 ! s*ool ,develop+ ! social s5tim5t 9 ! s*ool ,a moral ) e lesson ! tea*]'s aim ,injuri\s sy/em ( prizes & puni%m5ts ! s*ool's ma9/ay ,! fallacy ( emulation ,necessity ( re=m+ ! s*ool ,good conduct dep5d5t on satisfaction ( intellectual ne$s ,m]e s5sory education inadequate ,love1 ! pres]vative =ce ( life ,*ri/ianity tea*es necessity ( mutual love ,! education ( ! moral s5se4 ,moral education mu/ h basis ( feel+ ,adult ! /imulus by :i* *ild's feel+ is ex]cis$ ,h[ & :5 ! adult %\ld (f] affection ,! ess5ce ( moral education4 ,importance ( p]fect+ spiritual s5sibility ,necessity ( prop]ly organiz$ environm5t ,help+ ! *ild di/+ui% betwe5 "r & wrong ,int]nal s5se ( "r & wrong ,moral consci5ce capable ( developm5t ,our ins5sibility4 ,virtu\s p]son & crim9al n detect$ by contact ,! ,w> z an example ( moral ins5sibility ,ins5sibility di/+ui%$ f dea? ( ! s\l ,spiritually1 man mu/ ei!r asc5d or die ,morality & religion4 ,conv]sion1 ! sudd5 e/abli%+ ( moral ord] ,! _s enslav$ by s5tim5ts ho/ile to love ,! religi\s s5tim5t 9 *ildr54 ,crises ( consci5ce & spontane\s religi\s feel+ ,"s orig9al obs]vations by ,dr4 ,montessori 99 99 99 99 99 ,,spontane\s ,,activity ,,9 ,,education ,i ,a ,,survey ,,( ,,! ,,*ild',s ,,life ,! g5]al laws :i* gov]n ! *ild's psy*ical heal? h _! p>allel 9 ^? ( its physical heal?4--,_m p]sons :o h ask$ me to cont9ue my me?ods ( education = v "y *ildr5 on l9es t w\ld make !m suitable = ^? ov] sev5 ye>s ( age1 h express$ a d\bt :e!r ?is w\ld be possible4 ,! difficulties !y put =w>d are ma9ly ( a moral ord]4 ,%\ld n ! *ild n[ beg9 to respect ! w ( o!rs r ?an 8 own8 ,%\ld he n "s day brace himself to a real ef=t1 compell+ him to c>ry out a necess>y1 r ?an a *os51 task8 ,f9ally1 %\ld he n le>n self-sacrifice1 s9ce man's life is n a life ( ease & enjoym5t8 ,"s1 tak+ c]ta9 practical items ( elem5t>y education1 :i* pres5t !mselves ev5 at ! age ( six1 & mu/ be s]i\sly envisag$ at sev51 urge _! objection 9 ?is =m3 ,n[ we are face to face ) ! ugly spect] ( ari?metical tables1 ! arid m5tal gymna/ics exact$ by gramm>4 ,:at d y propose8 ,w\ld y aboli% all ?is1 or d y admit t ! *ild mu/ inevitably b[ to ^! necessities8 ,x is obvi\s t ! :ole ( ! argum5t revolves r\nd ! int]pretation ( t lib]ty :i* is ! av[$ basis ( ! sy/em ( education advocat$ by me4 ,p]haps 9 a %ort "t all ^! objections w provoke a smile1 & ,i %all be ask$ to suppress !m1 toge!r ) my comm5t>y on !m1 9 future editions ( ?is "w4 ,b at ! pres5t "t !y h a "r to exi/1 & to be dealt )1 al?\gh inde$ x is n v easy to give a direct1 cle> & conv9c+ answ] to !m1 because ?is entails ! rais+ ( que/ions on :i* ev]ybody has firmly root$ convictions4 ,a p>allel may p]haps s]ve to save u a good deal ( ! "w4 ,indirectly1 ^! que/ions h be5 answ]$ already by ! progress made 9 ! treatm5t ( infants "u ! guidance ( hygi5e4 ,h[ 7 !y treat$ =m]ly8 ,_m1 no d\bt1 c /ill rememb] c]ta9 practises t 7 reg>d$ z indisp5sable by ! masses4 ,an infant _h to be /rapp$ & swaddl$1 or its legs w\ld gr[ crook$2 ! ligam5t "u its tongue _h to be slit1 to ensure its speak+ ev5tually2 x 0 important t x %\ld always we> a cap to keep its e>s f protrud+2 ! position ( a recumb5t baby 0 s arrang$ z n to cause p]man5t de=mity ( ! t5d] skull2 & good mo!rs /rok$ & p9*$ ! little noses ( _! nursl+s to make !m gr[ long & %>p in/ead ( r\nd & snub1 & put little gold e>r+s ?r\gh ! lobes ( _! e>s v soon aft] bir? to improve _! eyesight4 ,su* practises may be already =gott5 9 "s c\ntries2 b 9 o!rs !y obta9 to ?is day4 ,:o does n rememb] ! v>i\s devices = help+ a baby to walk8 ,ev5 9 ! fir/ mon?s aft] bir?1 at a p]iod ( life :5 ! n]v\s sy/em is n completely develop$1 & x is impossible = ! infant to coord9ate its movem5ts1 mo!rs wa/$ sev]al half-h\rs ( ! day tea*+ baby to walk4 ,hold+ ! little creature by ! body1 !y wat*$ ! aimless movem5ts ( ! t9y feet1 & delud$ !mselves ) ! belief t ! *ild 0 already mak+ an ef=t to walk2 & because x does actually by degrees beg9 to ar* its feet & move its legs m boldly1 ! "m attribut$ its progress to h] in/ruction4 ,:5 f9ally ! movem5t _h be5 almo/ e/abli%$--?\gh n ! equilibrium1 & ! result+ p[] to /& on ! feet--mo!rs made use ( c]ta9 /raps ) :i* !y held up ! baby's body1 & ?us made x walk on ! gr\nd ) !mselves2 or1 :5 !y _h no "t to sp>e1 !y put ! baby into a k9d ( bell-%ap$ basket1 ! broad base ( :i* prev5t$ x f turn+ ov]2 !y ti$ ! infant into ?is1 hang+ its arms outside1 its body be+ support$ by ! upp] edge ( ! basket2 ?us ! *ild1 ?\gh x c\ld n rise on its feet1 advanc$1 mov+ its legs1 & 0 said to be walk+4 ,o!r relics ( a v rec5t pa/ are a species ( convex cr[ns :i* 7 put r\nd ! heads ( babies :5 !y 7 consid]$ capable ( ris+ to _! feet1 & 7 accord+ly emancipat$ f ! basket4 ,! *ild1 sudd5ly left to himself aft] be+ accu/om$ hi!rto to supports comp>able to ! crut*es ( ! cripple1 fell p]petually1 & ! cr[n 0 a protection to ! head1 :i* w\ld o!rwise h be5 injur$4 ,:at 7 ! revelations ( ,sci5ce1 :5 x ent]$ ^u ! sc5e = ! salvation ( ! *ild8 ,x c]ta9ly (f]$ no p]fect$ me?ods = /raight5+ ! noses & ! e>s1 nor did x enlight5 mo!rs z to me?ods ( tea*+ babies to walk imm$iately aft] bir?4 ,no4 ,x proclaim$ fir/ ( all t ,nature itself w det]m9e ! %ape ( heads1 noses1 & e>s2 t man w speak )\t hav+ ! membrane ( ! tongue cut2 & fur!r1 t legs w gr[ /raight & t ! function ( walk+ w come naturally1 & requires no int]v5tion4 ,h5ce x foll[s t we %\ld leave z mu* z possible to ,nature2 & ! m ! babe is left free to develop1 ! m rapidly & p]fectly w he a*ieve 8 prop] proportions & high] functions4 ,?us swaddl+ b&s are aboli%$1 & ! utmo/ tranquillity 9 a re/ful position is recomm5d$4 ,! infant1 ) its legs p]fectly free1 w be left ly+ full l5g?1 & n jogg$ up & d[n to amuse x1 z _m p]sons imag9e !y are do+ by ?is device4 ,x w n be =c$ to walk be=e x is "t4 ,:5 ?is "t comes1 x w raise itself & walk spontane\sly4 ,9 ^! days ne>ly all mo!rs are conv9c$ ( ?is1 & v5dors ( swaddl+-b&s1 /raps1 & baskets h practically disappe>$4 ,z a result1 babies h /raight] legs & walk bett] & e>li] ?an =m]ly4 ,?is is an e/abli%$ fact1 & a mo/ com=t+ "o2 = :at a con/ant anxiety x mu/ h be5 to believe t ! /raightness ( a *ild's legs1 & ! %ape ( its nose1 e>s1 & head 7 ! direct results ( our c>e6 ,:at a responsibility1 to :i* e "o mu/ h felt unequal6 ,& :at a relief to say3 ,nature w ?9k ( t4 ,i w leave my baby free1 & wat* him gr[ 9 beauty2 ,i w be a quiesc5t spectator ( ! miracle4 ,some?+ analog\s has be5 happ5+ ) reg>d to ! inn] life ( ! *ild4 ,we are beset by su* anxieties z ^!3 x is necess>y to =m "*1 to develop ! intellig5ce1 to aid ! unfold+ & ord]+ ( ! emotions4 ,& we ask ourselves h[ we are to d ?is4 ,"h & !re we t\* ! s\l ( ! *ild1 or we con/ra9 x by special re/rictions1 mu* z mo!rs us$ to press ! noses ( _! babies or /rap d[n _! e>s4 ,& we conceal our anxiety b5ea? a c]ta9 m$iocre success1 = x is a fact t m5 d gr[ up possess+ "*1 intellig5ce & feel+4 ,b :5 all ^! ?+s are lack+1 we are vanqui%$4 ,:at are we to d !n8 ,:o w give "* to a deg5]ate1 intellig5ce to an idiot1 human emotions to a moral maniac8 ,if x 7 really true t m5 acquir$ all su* qualities by ^! fitful manipulations ( _! s\ls1 x w\ld suffice to apply a little m en]gy to ! process :5 ^! s\ls are evid5tly feeble4 ,b ?is is n suffici5t4 ,!n we are no m ! creators ( spiritual ?an ( physical =ms4 ,x is ,nature1 creation1 :i* regulates all ^! ?+s4 ,if we are conv9c$ ( ?is1 we mu/ admit z a pr9ciple ! necessity ( n introduc+ ob/acles to natural developm5t2 & in/ead ( hav+ to deal ) _m sep>ate problems--su* z1 :at are ! be/ aids to ! developm5t ( "*1 intellig5ce & feel+8--"o s+le problem w pres5t itself z ! basis ( all education3 ,h[ are we to give ! *ild fre$om8 ,9 accord+ ?is fre$om we mu/ take acc\nt ( pr9ciples analog\s to ^? laid d[n by sci5ce = ! =ms & functions ( ! body dur+ its p]iod ( gr[?2 x is a fre$om 9 :i* ! head1 ! nose1 & ! e>s w atta9 ! highe/ beauty1 & ! gait ! utmo/ p]fection possible to ! cong5ital p[]s ( ! individual4 ,?us "h aga9 lib]ty1 ! sole means1 w lead to ! maximum developm5t ( "*1 intellig5ce & s5tim5t2 & w give to u1 ! educators1 peace1 & ! possibility ( contemplat+ ! miracle ( gr[?4 ,?is lib]ty w fur!r deliv] u f ! pa9ful weight ( a fictiti\s responsibility & a dang]\s illusion4 ,woe to u1 :5 we believe ourselves responsible = matt]s t d n conc]n u1 & delude ourselves ) ! idea t we are p]fect+ ?+s t w p]fect !mselves q indep5d5tly ( u6 ,= !n we are l lunatics2 & ! pr(\nd "q arises3 ,:at1 !n1 is our true mission1 our true responsibility8 ,if we are deceiv+ ourselves1 :at is inde$ ! tru?8 ,& :at s9s ( omission & ( commission mu/ be laid to our *>ge8 ,if1 l ,*anticle]1 we believe t ! sun rises 9 ! morn+ because ! cock has cr[$1 :at duties %all we f9d :5 we come to our s5ses8 ,:o has be5 left de/itute1 because we ourselves h =gott5 to eat our true bread8 ,! hi/ory ( ! physical r$emption ( ! infant has a sequel = u :i* is highly in/ructive4 ,hygi5e has n be5 conf9$ to ! task ( an?ropological demon/ration1 su* z t :i* n only made g5]ally kn[n1 b conv9c$ e "o1 t ! body develops spontane\sly2 because1 9 reality1 ! "q ( infant welf>e 0 n conc]n$ ) ! m or less p]fect =ms ( ! body4 ,! real infantile "q :i* call$ = ! int]v5tion ( sci5ce 0 ! al>m+ mortality among infants4 ,x c]ta9ly seems /range 9 ^! days to consid] ?is fact3 t1 at ! p]iod :5 infantile diseases made ! greate/ ravages1 p 7 n ne>ly s mu* conc]n$ ) infantile mortality z ) ! %ape ( ! nose or ! /raightness ( ! legs1 :ile ! real "q--lit]ally a "q ( life & dea?--pass$ unobs]v$4 ,!re mu/ be _m p]sons :o1 l myself1 h he>d su* dialogues z ?is3 ,i h _h great exp]i5ce 9 ! c>e ( *ildr52 ,i h _h n9e4 ,& h[ _m ( !m are liv+8 ,two4 ,& nev]!less ?is "m 0 look$ ^u z an au?ority6 ,/ati/ics ( mortality reveal figures s high t ! ph5om5on may ju/ly be call$ ! ,slaught] ( ! ,innoc5ts4 ,! fam\s graph ( ,lexis1 :i* is n conf9$ to "o c\ntry or ano!r1 b deals ) ! g5]al av]ages ( human mortality1 reveals ! fact t ?is t]rible dea?-rate is ( univ]sal occurr5ce among all peoples4 ,?is mu/ be attribut$ to two diff]5t factors4 ,"o is und\bt$ly ! *>act]i/ic feebl5ess ( infancy2 ! o!r ! abs5ce ( protection = ?is feebl5ess1 an abs5ce t _h become g5]al among all peoples4 ,good-w 0 n lack+1 nor p>5tal affection2 ! fault lay hidd5 9 an unkn[n cause1 9 a lack ( protection aga9/ a dire p]il ( :i* m5 7 q unconsci\s4 ,x is n[ a matt] ( common k t infecti\s diseases1 especially ^? ( inte/9al orig91 are ^? mo/ de/ructive to infant life4 ,inte/9al disord]s :i* imp$e nutrition1 & produce tox9s at an age :5 ! delicate tissues are mo/ s5sitive to !m1 7 responsible = ne>ly ! entire dea?-roll4 ,^! 7 aggravat$ by ! errors habitually committ$ by ^? 9 *>ge ( infants4 ,^! errors 7 a lack ( cleanl9ess :i* w\ld a/\nd u n[adays1 & a complete abs5ce ( any sort ( rule conc]n+ infant diet4 ,! soil$ napk9s :i* 7 wrapp$ r\nd ! baby "u its swaddl+ b&s w\ld be dri$ 9 ! sun aga9 & aga91 & replac$ on ! infant )\t be+ wa%$4 ,no c>e 0 tak5 to wa% ! "m's brea/ or ! baby's m\?1 9 spite ( f]m5tation s pron\nc$ z to cause local disord]4 ,suckl+ ( infants 0 c>ri$ out q irregul>ly2 ! cries ( ! *ild 7 ! sole guide :]eby its fe$+ times1 :e!r by night or day1 7 det]m9$2 & ! m x suff]$ f indige/ion & ! result+ pa9s1 ! m frequ5tly 0 x f$1 to ! con/ant aggravation ( its suff]+s4 ,:o 9 ^? days might n h se5 mo!rs c>ry+ 9 _! arms babies flu%$ ) fev]1 p]petually ?ru/+ ! nipple into ! little h[l+ m\? 9 ! hope ( quiet+ x8 ,& yet ^? mo!rs 7 full ( self-sacrifice & ( mat]nal angui%6 ,sci5ce laid d[n simple rules2 x enjo9$ ! utmo/ possible cleanl9ess1 & =mulat$ a pr9ciple s self-evid5t t x seems a/\nd+ p %\ld n h recogniz$ x = !mselves3 t ! smalle/ infant1 l ourselves1 %\ld h regul> meals1 & %\ld only take fre% n\ri%m5t :5 x has dige/$ :at has be5 giv5 be=e2 & h5ce t x %\ld be suckl$ only at int]vals ( s _m h\rs1 accord+ to ! mon?s ( its age & ! modifications ( physical function 9 its developm5t4 ,no infant %\ld ev] be giv5 cru/s ( bread to suck1 z is (t5 done by mo!rs1 especially among ! l[] ord]s1 to /ill its cry+1 because p>ticles ( bread might be swall[$1 :i* ! *ild is yet incapable ( dige/+4 ,! mo!rs' anxiety !n 03 :at are we to d :5 ! baby cries8 ,!y f\nd to _! a/oni%m5t aft] a "t t _! babies cri$ a great deal less1 or inde$ n at all2 !y ev5 saw infants only a week old sp5d+ ! two h\rs' int]vals betwe5 successive meals calm & rosy1 ) wide-op5 eyes1 s sil5t t !y gave no sign ( life1 l ,nature 9 h] mom5ts ( solemn immobility4 ,:y inde$ %\ld !y cry cont9ually8 ,^? cries 7 ! sign ( a /ate ( ?+s :i* mu/ be translat$ by ^! words3 suff]+ & dea?4 ,& = ^! wail+ little ones ! _w did no?+4 ,!y 7 /rapp$ up 9 swaddl+ clo!s1 & v (t5 h&$ ov] to a "y *ild incapable ( responsibility2 !y _h nei!r a room nor a b$ ( _! own4 ,x 0 ,sci5ce :i* came to ! rescue & creat$ nurs]ies1 cradles1 rooms = babies1 suitable clo!s = !m1 alim5t>y sub/ances specially prep>$ = !m by great indu/ries devot$ to ! hygi5ic su/5ance ( infants aft] wean+1 & m$ical speciali/s = _! ailm5ts2 9 %ort1 an entirely new _w1 clean1 intellig5t1 & full ( am5ity4 ,! baby has become ! new man :o has conqu]$ 8 own "r to live1 & ?us has caus$ a sph]e to be creat$ = him4 ,& 9 direct proportion to ! diffusion ( ! laws ( infantile hygi5e1 infant mortality has decreas$4 ,s !n1 :5 we say t 9 l mann] ! baby %\ld be left at lib]ty spiritually1 because creative ,nature c also fa%ion its _s bett] ?an we c1 we d n mean t x %\ld be neglect$ & ab&on$4 ,p]haps1 look+ ar\nd u1 we %all p]ceive t ?\gh we _c directly mold its individual =ms ( "*1 intellig5ce1 & feel+1 !re is nev]!less a :ole category ( duties & solicitudes :i* we h neglect$3 & t on ^! ! life or dea? ( ! _s dep5ds4 ,! pr9ciple ( lib]ty is n !re=e a pr9ciple ( ab&onm5t1 b r "o :i*1 by lead+ u f illusions to reality1 w guide u to ! mo/ positive & efficaci\s c>e ( ! *ild4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! lib]ty accord$ to ! *ild ( to-day is purely physical4 ,civil rights ( ! *ild 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury4--,hygi5e has br\ght lib]ty into ! physical life ( ! infant4 ,su* mat]ial facts z ! abolition ( swaddl+ b&s1 op5-air life1 ! prolongation ( sleep till ! infant wakes ( its own accord1 etc41 are ! mo/ evid5t & tangible pro( ( ?is4 ,b ^! are m]ely means = ! atta9m5t ( lib]ty4 ,a f> m important measure ( lib]ation has be5 ! removal ( ! p]ils ( disease & dea? :i* beset ! *ild at ! outset ( life's j\rney4 ,n only did infants survive 9 v mu* great] numb]s z soon z ! ob/acles ( c]ta9 fundam5tal errors 7 swept away1 b x 0 at once app>5t t !re 0 an improvem5t 9 _! developm5t4 ,0 x really hygi5e :i* help$ !m to increase 9 weight1 /ature1 & beauty1 & improv$ _! mat]ial developm5t8 ,hygi5e did n accompli% q all ?is4 ,:o1 z ! ,gospel says1 c by tak+ ?\ght add "o cubit to 8 /ature8 ,hygi5e m]ely deliv]$ ! *ild f ! ob/acles t imp$$ its gr[?4 ,ext]nal re/ra9ts *eck$ mat]ial developm5t & all ! natural evolution ( life2 hygi5e bur/ ^! bonds4 ,& e "o felt t a lib]ation _h be5 effect$2 e "o repeat$ 9 view ( ! accompli%$ fact3 *ildr5 %\ld be free4 ,! direct correspond5ce betwe5 conditions ( physical life fulfill$ & lib]ty acquir$ is n[ univ]sally & intuitively recogniz$4 ,?us ! infant is treat$ l a "y plant4 ,*ildr5 to-day enjoy ! rights :i* f "t immemorial h be5 accord$ to ! vegetables ( a well-kept g>d54 ,good food1 oxyg51 suitable temp]ature1 ! c>eful elim9ation ( p>asites t produce disease2 yes1 h5ce=? we may say t ! son ( a pr9ce w be t5d$ ) z mu* c>e z ! f9e/ rose-tree ( a villa4 ,! old comp>ison ( a *ild to a fl[] is ! reality to :i* we n[ aspire2 ?\gh ev5 ?is is a privilege res]v$ = ! m =tunate *ildr54 ,b let u bew>e ( s grave an error4 ,! babe is a man4 ,t :i* suffices = a plant _c be suffici5t = him4 ,consid] ! dep? ( mis]y into :i* a p>alyz$ man has sunk :5 we say ( him3 ,he m]ely vegetates2 z a man1 he is dead1 & lam5t t !re is no?+ b 8 body left4 ,! infant z a man--su* is ! figure we ought to keep 9 view4 ,we mu/ behold him amid/ our tumultu\s human society & see h[ ) h]oic vigor he aspires to life4 ,:at are ! rights ( *ildr58 ,let u consid] !m = a mom5t z a social class1 z a class ( work]s1 = z a fact !y are labor+ to produce m54 ,!y are ! future g5]ation4 ,!y "w1 und]go+ ! fatigues ( physical & spiritual gr[?4 ,!y cont9ue ! "w c>ri$ on = a few mon?s by _! mo!rs1 b _! task is a m labori\s1 complex1 & difficult "o4 ,:5 !y are born !y possess no?+ b pot5tialities2 !y h to d ev]y?+ 9 a _w :i*1 z ev5 adults admit1 is full ( difficulties4 ,:at is done to help ^! frail pilgrims 9 an unkn[n _w8 ,!y are born m fragile & helpless ?an an animal1 & 9 a few ye>s !y h to become m51 to be units 9 a highly complicat$ organiz$ society1 built up by ! secul> ef=t ( innum]able g5]ations4 ,at a p]iod 9 :i* civilization1 t is1 ! possibility ( "r liv+1 is bas$ ^u rights en]getically acquir$ & consecrat$ by laws1 :at rights has he :o comes among u )\t /r5g? & )\t ?\ght8 ,l ! infant ,moses ly+ 9 ! ark ( bulru%es on ! wat]s ( ! ,nile he repres5ts ! future ( ! *os5 p2 b w "s pr9cess pass+ by p]*ance see him8 ,to *ance1 to luck1 to affection1 to all ^! we entru/ ! *ild2 & x w\ld seem t ! ,biblical *a/isem5t ( ! ,egyptian oppressor1 ! dea? ( ! fir/-born1 is to be unceas+ly r5ew$4 ,let u see h[ social ju/ice receives ! infant :5 he ent]s ! _w4 ,we are liv+ 9 ! tw5tie? c5tury2 9 _m ( ! s-call$ civiliz$ nations orphan asylums & wet nurses are /ill recogniz$ in/itutions4 ,:at is an orphan asylum8 ,x is a place ( seque/ration1 a d>k & t]rible prison1 :]e only too (t5 ! prison] f9ds dea?1 z 9 ^? m$ieval dungeons :5ce ! victim disappe>$1 leav+ no trace4 ,he nev] sees any :o are de> to him4 ,8 family "n is cancell$1 8 goods are confiscat$4 ,! greate/ crim9al may reta9 memories ( 8 "m1 kn[s t he has _h a "n1 & may d]ive "s consolation f 8 recollections1 comp>able to ! soo?+ reflections ( "o :o hav+ become bl9d recalls ! beauty ( colors & ! spl5dor ( ! sun2 b ! f\ndl+ is z "o born bl9d4 ,e malefactor has m rights ?an he2 & yet :o c\ld be m innoc5t8 ,ev5 9 ! days ( ! mo/ odi\s tyranny1 ! spectacle ( oppress$ innoc5ce k9dl$ a flame ( ju/ice t soon] or lat] blaz$ up into revolution4 ,! p]sons imprison$ by tyrants because !y _h happ5$ to be witnesses ( _! crimes1 & :o 7 ca/ into dungeons :]e d>kness & inaudible suff]+ 7 h5ce=? _! unhappy portion1 at lea/ r\s$ ! p to proclaim ! pr9ciple ( equal ju/ice = all4 ,b :o w lift up 8 voice = our f\ndl+s8 ,society does n p]ceive t !y too are m52 !y are inde$ only ! fl[]s ( humanity4 ,& to save honor & good "n1 :at society w\ld n ) "o accord sacrifice m fl[]s8 ,! wet nurse is a social cu/om4 ,a luxuri\s cu/om1 on ! "o h&4 ,n v long ago1 a girl ( ! middle-& n ev5 ! upp] middle-class1 :o 0 ab\t to m>ry1 boa/$ 9 ! foll[+ t]ms ( ! dome/ic com=t promis$ h] by h] future husb&3 ,i am to h a cook1 a h\semaid1 & a wet nurse4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! robu/ peasant girl :o has giv5 bir? to a son1 look+ complac5tly at h] heavy brea/s1 ?9ks3 ,i %all be able to get a good place z wet nurse4 ,x is only q rec5tly t hygi5e has cri$ %ame ^u ^? mo!rs ^: laz9ess makes !m refuse to suckle _! own *ildr52 9 our times que5s & empresses :o suckle _! *ildr5 are /ill cit$ admir+ly z examples to o!r mo!rs4 ,! mat]nal duty ( suckl+ h] own *ildr5 prescrib$ to mo!rs by hygi5i/s is bas$ on a physiological pr9ciple3 ! "m's milk n\ri%es an infant m p]fectly ?an any o!r4 ,9 spite ( ?is cle> indication1 ! duty is f> f be+ univ]sally accept$4 ,(t5 9 our walks we /ill see a robu/ "m accompani$ by a wet nurse gorge\sly attir$ 9 r$ or blue1 ) gold & silv] embroid]ies1 c>ry+ a baby4 ,weal?y mo!rs h untidily dress$ wet nurses :o d n g out ) !m1 :o always foll[ ! mod]n nurse1 an exp]t 9 infantile hygi5e1 :o keeps ! baby l a fl[]4 ,& :at ( ! o!r *ild8444 ,= e infant :o has a d\ble supply ( human milk at 8 disposal1 !re is ano!r *ild :o has none4 ,! weal? 9 "q is n an indu/rial product4 ,x is apportion$ by ,nature ) c>eful precision4 ,= ea* new life1 ! ration ( milk4 ,milk _c be produc$ by any means o!r ?an ! production ( life4 ,c[-keep]s "k ?is well2 _! good c[s are hygi5ically re>$1 & calves are s5t to ! but*]4 ,yet :at di/ress is felt :5ev] ! "y ( "s animal is p>t$ f its "m6 ,is x n s 9 ! case ( puppies & kitt5s8 ,:5 a pet dog has giv5 bir? to a litt] s num]\s t %e _c suckle !m all1 & x is necess>y to de/roy "s ( ! puppies1 :at s9c]e grief is felt by ! mi/ress ( ! h\se1 ^: own baby is be+ suckl$ by a magnific5t wet nurse6 ,well--! ?+ :i* excites h] compassion above all is ! eag]1 :imp]+ "m1 :o does n und]/& :e!r %e has or has n ! /r5g? to suckle all ! %apeless puppies %e has borne1 b :o _c lose "o ( !m )\t despair4 ,! wet nurse is q ano!r affair2 %e came ( h] own accord to (f] h] milk = sale4 ,:at ! o!r--h] own *ild--0 to d1 no "o c>$4 ,only a cle>ly def9$ "r1 a law1 c\ld h protect$ him1 = society is bas$ on rights4 ,^!1 x is true1 are ! rights ( prop]ty1 :i* are absolute2 /eal a loaf1 ev5 if y are />v+1 & y are a ?ief4 ,y w be puni%$ by ! law & outlaw$ by society4 ,! rights ( prop]ty con/itute "o ( ! mo/ =midable ( ! social bases4 ,an adm9i/rator ( l&$ e/ate :o %\ld sell ! prop]ty belong+ to 8 ma/]1 make money out ( x = 8 own enjoym5t1 & leave ! rightful own] 9 ! dire/ pov]ty1 is a crim9al difficult to imag9e4 ,= :o w\ld buy a prop]ty )\t ! signature ( ! own]8 ,society is s con/itut$ t c]ta9 crimes w\ld n only be puni%$ if committ$1 b are almo/ impossible to commit4 ,yet 9 ! case ( "y infants1 ?is crime is committ$ e day1 & is n reg>d$ z a crime1 b z a luxury4 ,:at c be a m sacr$ "r ?an t ( ! baby to 8 "m's milk8 ,he might say ( ?is 9 ! words ( ! ,emp]or ,napoleon3 ,god has giv5 x to me4 ,!re c be no d\bt :atev] z to ! legitimacy ( 8 claim2 8 sole capital1 milk1 came into ! _w ) & = him4 ,all 8 weal? is !re3 /r5g? to live1 to gr[1 to acquire vigor are conta9$ 9 t n\ri%m5t4 ,if ! defraud$ infant %\ld become weak & rickety1 :at w\ld become ( him1 condemn$ by pov]ty to a h>d call+8 ,:at a claim = damages1 :at a "q ( accid5t dur+ "w ) p]man5t injury result+ !refrom might be rais$ if "s day ! infant c\ld pres5t himself aft] ! mann] ( a man be=e ! tribunal ( social ju/ice6 ,9 civiliz$ c\ntries ri* mo!rs h be5 induc$ to suckle _! *ildr5 because hygi5i/s h prov$ t ?is is b5eficial to ! baby's heal?1 b n because x has be5 recogniz$ t ! civil "r ( ! adult ext5ds to ! infant4 ,^! mo!rs consid] c\ntries :]e ! wet nurse is /ill an in/itution z less highly develop$1 b on ! same plane ( civilization z _! own4 ,x may be ask$3 :at if ! "m is ill & unable to suckle h] *ild8 ,9 su* a case ! *ild ( ! sick woman is ! un=tunate "o4 ,:y %\ld ano!r h to suff] = 8 mis=tune8 ,h[ev] pov]ty-/rick5 individuals may be1 we d n all[ !m to take f o!rs ! weal? t is s urg5tly ne$$ by !m4 ,if 9 ^! days an ,emp]or c\ld be cur$ ( t]rible suff]+s by imm]sion 9 a ba? ( human blood1 he c\ld n ble$ heal?y m5 = ! purpose z a b>b>ian ,emp]or w\ld h done4 ,^! are ! ?+s t make up our civilization4 ,?is x is :i* diff]5tiates u f pirates & cannibals4 ,! rights ( ! adult are recogniz$4 ,b n ! rights ( ! infant4 #a ,:at an implication ( bas5ess ! fact c>ries ) x3 we recognize ! rights ( adults inde$1 b n ^? ( ! *ild6 ,we recognize ju/ice1 b only = ^? :o c prote/ & def5d !mselves2 & = ! re/1 we rema9 b>b>ians4 ,because to-day !re may be peoples m or less highly develop$ f ! hygi5ic po9t ( view1 b !y all belong to ! same civilization--a civilization bas$ on ! "r ( ! /ronge/4 ,:5 we beg9 s]i\sly to exam9e ! problem ( ! moral education ( ! *ild1 we ought to look ar\nd u a little1 & survey ! _w we h prep>$ = him4 ,are we will+ t he %\ld become l u1 unscrupul\s 9 our deal+s ) ! weak8 t l u1 8 consci\sness %\ld h>bor ideas ( a ju/ice :i* /ops %ort at ^? :o make no prote/s8 ,are we will+ to make him l ourselves half a civiliz$ man 9 our deal+s ) our equals1 & half a wild bea/ :5 we enc\nt] ! innoc5t & oppress$8 ,footnote #a3 ,( c\rse1 %\ld ! *ild ( ! wet nurse h di$1 !re c be no "q ( an infr+em5t ( its rights4 ,b su* cases h no relation to ^? 9 :i* ! ri* "m requires a nurse = ! *ild %e is unable to suckle h]self1 ow+ to pa?ological reasons4 ,i may draw att5tion to a precaution>y measure :i* has become a law 9 ,g]many3 ?is prohibits ! acceptance ( a po/ z wet nurse by a "m until six mon?s aft] ! bir? ( h] own *ild4 ,?is int]val is consid]$ suffici5tly long to gu>antee ! heal? ( ! infant4 ,moreov]1 ! special c>e devot$ to artificial fe$+ 9 ,g]many provides a satisfactory sub/itute = wet nurs+1 9 ! case ( *ildr5 :o are depriv$ ( mat]nal n\ri%m5t4 ,su* laws & provisions are a fir/ /ep t[>ds ! recognition ( ! civil rights ( poor infants4 ,if n1 !n be=e we (f] moral education to ! *ild1 let u imitate ! prie/ :o is ab\t to asc5d to ! alt>3 he b[s 8 head 9 p5it5ce & confesses 8 own s9s be=e ! :ole congregation4 ,?is outlaw$ *ild is l a dislocat$ arm4 ,humanity _c "w at ! evolution ( its morality until ?is arm has be5 put into its place2 & ?is w also end ! pa9s & ! p>alysis ( ! injur$ muscles atta*$ to x3 wom54 ,! social "q ( ! *ild is obvi\sly ! m complete & pr(\nd2 x is ! "q ( our pres5t & ( our future4 ,if we c reconcile to our consci5ce de$s ( su* grave inju/ice1 n to say crimes1 )\t recogniz+ !m z su*1 :at m9or =ms ( oppression %all we n readily condone 9 our deal+s ) ! *ild8 99 99 99 99 99 ,h[ we receive ! infants t come into ! _w4--,let u look ar\nd4 ,only ( late has any prep>ation be5 made to receive ?is sublime gue/4 ,x is n v long ago t little b$s = *ildr5 7 fir/ made2 among all ! innum]able ta/eless1 sup]flu\s1 & extravagant objects ( comm]ce1 let u see :at ?+s are int5d$ = ! *ild4 ,no wa%/&s1 no s(as1 no tables1 no bru%es4 ,among all ! _m h\ses1 !re is n "o h\se = him & 8 l1 & only ri* & =tunate *ildr5 h ev5 a room ( _! own1 m or less a place ( exile4 ,let u imag9e ourselves subject$ = ev5 a s+le day to ! mis]ies to :i* he is condemn$4 ,suppose t we %\ld f9d ourselves among a race ( giants1 ) legs imm5sely long & bodies enorm\sly l>ge 9 comp>ison ) ours1 & also ) p[]s ( rapid movem5t inf9itely great] ?an ours1 p extraord9>ily agile & intellig5t comp>$ ) ourselves4 ,we %\ld want to g into _! h\ses2 ! /eps w\ld be ea* z high z our knees1 & yet we %\ld h to try to m\nt !m ) _! own]s2 we %\ld want to sit d[n1 b ! seats w\ld be almo/ z high z our %\ld]s2 clamb]+ pa9fully ^u !m1 we %\ld at la/ succe$ 9 p]*+ ^u !m4 ,we %\ld want to bru% our clo!s1 b all ! clo!s-bru%es w\ld be s huge t we c\ld n lay hold ( !m nor su/a9 _! weight2 & a clo!s-bru% w\ld be h&$ to u if we want$ to bru% our nails4 ,we %\ld p]haps be glad to take a ba? 9 "o ( ! wa%/& bas9s2 b ! weight ( ^! w\ld make x impossible = u to lift !m4 ,if we knew t ^! giants _h be5 expect+ u1 we %\ld be oblig$ to say3 !y h made no prep>ations = receiv+ u1 or = mak+ our lives among !m agreeable4 ,! baby f9ds all t he himself ne$s 9 ! =m ( play?+s made = dolls2 ri*1 v>i$ & attractive surr\nd+s h n be5 creat$ = him1 b dolls h h\ses1 sitt+-rooms1 kit*5s & w>drobes2 = !m all t ! adult possesses is reproduc$ 9 m9iature4 ,among all ^! ?+s1 h[ev]1 ! *ild _c live2 he c only amuse himself4 ,! _w has be5 giv5 to him 9 je/1 because no "o has yet recogniz$ him z a liv+ man4 ,he discov]s t society has prep>$ a mock]y = 8 reception4 ,t *ildr5 break _! toys is s well kn[n t ?is act ( de/ruction ( ! only ?+s specially manufactur$ = !m is tak5 to be a pro( ( _! intellig5ce4 ,we say3 ,he de/roys x because he wi%es to und]/& h[ ?+s are made2 9 reality he is look+ to see if !re is any?+ int]e/+ inside ! toys1 because ext]nally !y h no int]e/ :atev] = him2 sometimes he breaks !m up viol5tly1 l an angry man4 ,!n1 accord+ to u1 he is de/roy+ out ( naught9ess4 ,x is ! t5d5cy ( ! *ild actually to live by means ( ! ?+s ar\nd him2 he w\ld l to use a wa%/& ( 8 own1 to dress himself1 really to comb ! hair on a liv+ head1 to sweep ! floor himself2 he too w\ld l to h seats1 tables1 s(as1 clo!s-pegs1 & cupbo>ds4 ,:at he desires is to "w himself1 to aim at "s intellig5t object1 to h com=t 9 8 own life4 ,he has n only to behave l a man1 b to con/ruct a man2 su* is ! dom9ant t5d5cy ( 8 nature1 ( 8 mission4 ,we h se5 him 9 ! ,case dei ,bamb9i happy & pati5t1 sl[ & precise l ! mo/ admirable workman1 & ! mo/ scrupul\s cons]vator ( ?+s4 ,! smalle/ trifles suffice to make him happy2 x delights him to hang up 8 clo!s on pegs fix$ l[ d[n on ! walls1 )9 rea* ( 8 h&s2 to op5 a light door1 ! h&le ( :i* is proportion$ to ! size ( 8 h&2 to place a *air1 ! weight ( :i* is n too great = 8 arms1 quietly & gracefully4 ,we (f] a v simple sugge/ion3 give ! *ild an environm5t 9 :i* ev]y?+ is con/ruct$ 9 proportion to himself1 & let him live !re94 ,!n !re w develop )9 ! *ild t active life :i* has caus$ s _m to m>vel1 because !y see 9 x n only a simple ex]cise p]=m$ ) pleasure1 b ! revelation ( a spiritual life4 ,9 su* h>moni\s surr\nd+s ! "y *ild is se5 lay+ hold ( ! intellectual life l a se$ :i* has ?r[n out a root into ! soil1 & !n gr[+ & develop+ by "o sole means3 long practice 9 ea* ex]cise4 ,:5 we see little *ildr5 act+ ?us1 int5t on _! "w1 sl[ 9 execut+ x1 because ( ! immaturity ( _! /ructure1 j z !y walk sl[ly because _! legs are /ill %ort1 we feel intuitively t life is be+ elaborat$ )9 !m1 z a *rysalis sl[ly elaborates ! butt]fly )9 ! cocoon4 ,to imp$e _! activity w\ld be to d viol5ce to _! lives4 ,b :at is ! usual me?od ) "y *ildr58 ,we all int]rupt !m )\t compunction or consid]ation1 9 ! mann] ( ma/]s to slaves :o h no human rights4 ,to %[ consid]ation to "y *ildr5 z to adults w\ld ev5 seem ridicul\s to _m p]sons4 ,& yet ) :at sev]ity d we enjo9 *ildr5 n to int]rupt u6 ,if ! little "o is do+ some?+1 eat+ by himself1 = in/ance1 "s adult comes & fe$s him2 if he is try+ to fa/5 an ov]all1 "s adult ha/5s to dress him2 e "o sub/itutes an ali5 action to 81 brutally1 )\t ! smalle/ consid]ation4 ,& yet we ourselves are v s5sitive z to our rights 9 our own "w2 x (f5ds u if any "o attempts to supplant u2 9 ! ,bible ! s5t5ce1 ,& 8 place %all ano!r take is among ! ?reats to ! lo/4 ,:at %\ld we d if we 7 to become ! slaves ( a p incapable ( und]/&+ our feel+s1 a gigantic p1 v mu* /rong] ?an ourselves8 ,:5 we 7 quietly eat+ our s\p1 enjoy+ x at our leisure 7& we "k t enjoym5t dep5ds ^u be+ at lib]ty71 suppose a giant appe>$ & snat*+ ! spoon f our h&1 made u swall[ x 9 su* ha/e t we 7 almo/ *ok$4 ,our prote/3 ,= m]cy's sake1 sl[ly1 w\ld be accompani$ by an oppression ( ! he>t2 our dige/ion w\ld suff]4 ,if aga91 ?9k+ ( some?+ pleasant1 we %\ld be sl[ly putt+ on an ov]coat ) all ! s5se ( well-be+ & lib]ty we enjoy 9 our own h\ses1 & "s giant %\ld sudd5ly ?r[ x ^u u1 & hav+ dress$ u1 %\ld 9 ! tw9kl+ ( an eye1 c>ry u out to "s di/ance f ! door1 we %\ld feel our dignity s w\nd$1 t all ! expect$ pleasure ( ! walk w\ld be lo/4 ,our nutrition does n dep5d solely on ! s\p we h swall[$1 nor our well-be+ ^u ! physical ex]cise ( walk+1 b also ^u ! lib]ty ) :i* we d ^! ?+s4 ,we %\ld feel (f5d$ & rebelli\s1 n at all out ( hatr$ ( ^! giants1 b m]ely f our recognition ( ! innate t5d5cy to free functions 9 all t p]ta9s to life4 ,x is some?+ )9 u :i* man does n recognize1 :i* ,god alone kn[s1 a some?+ :i* manife/s itself imp]ceptibly to u to ! end t we may complete x4 ,x is ?is love ( fre$om :i* n\ri%es & gives well-be+ to our life1 ev5 9 its mo/ m9ute acts4 ,( ?is x 0 said3 ,man does n live by bread alone4 ,h[ mu* great] ?is ne$ mu/ be 9 "y *ildr51 9 :om creation is /ill 9 action6 ,) /rife & rebellion !y h to def5d _! own little conque/s ( _! environm5t4 ,:5 !y want to ex]cise _! s5ses1 su* z t ( t\*1 = in/ance1 e "o condemns !m3 ,d n t\*6 ,if !y attempt to take some?+ f ! kit*51 "s scraps to make a little di%1 !y are driv5 away1 & m]cilessly s5t back to _! toys4 ,h[ (t5 "o ( ^? m>vel\s mom5ts :5 _! att5tion is fix$1 & t process ( organization :i* is to develop !m beg9s 9 _! s\ls1 is r\ghly int]rupt$2 mom5ts :5 ! spontane\s ef=ts ( ! "y *ild are grop+ bl9dly 9 its surr\nd+s aft] su/5ance = its intellig5ce4 ,d we n all reta9 an impression ( some?+ hav+ be5 =ev] /ifl$ 9 our lives8 ,)\t be+ able to give any def9ite reason1 we feel t some?+ preci\s 0 lo/ on our life-j\rney1 t we 7 defraud$ & depreciat$4 ,p]haps at ! v mom5ts :5 we 7 ab\t to create ourselves1 we 7 int]rupt$ & p]secut$1 & our spiritual organism 0 left rickety1 weak1 & inadequate4 ,let u imag9e to ourselves c]ta9 adults1 n mature & /able l ! majority ( gr[n m51 b 9 a /ate ( spiritual auto-creation1 z are m5 ( g5ius4 ,let u take ! case ( a writ] "u ! influ5ce ( poetic inspiration1 at ! mom5t :5 8 b5efic5t & inspir+ "w is ab\t to take =m = ! help ( o!r m54 ,or t ( ! ma!matician :o p]ceives ! solution ( a great problem1 f :i* w issue new pr9ciples b5eficial to all humanity4 ,or aga91 t ( an arti/1 ^: m9d has j conceiv$ ! ideal image :i* x is necess>y to fix ^u ! canvas le/ a ma/]piece be lo/ to ! _w4 ,imag9e ^! m5 at su* psy*ological mom5ts1 brok5 9 ^u by "s brutal p]son %\t+ to !m to foll[ him at once1 tak+ !m by ! h&1 or pu%+ !m out by ! %\ld]s4 ,& = :at8 ,! *ess-bo>d is set out = a game4 ,ah6 su* m5 w\ld say1 ,y c\ld n h done any?+ m atroci\s6 ,our inspiration is lo/2 humanity w be depriv$ ( a poem1 an arti/ic ma/]piece1 a useful discov]y1 by y\r folly4 ,b ! *ild 9 l case does n lose "s s+le production2 he loses himself4 ,= 8 ma/]piece1 :i* he is compos+ 9 ! recesses ( 8 creative g5ius1 is ! new man4 ,! caprices1 ! naught9esses1 ! my/]i\s vapors ( little *ildr5 are p]haps ! occult cry ( unhapp9ess utt]$ by ! misund]/ood s\l4 ,b x is n only ! s\l t suff]s2 ! body suff]s ) x4 ,= ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ! _s on ! entire physical exi/5ce is a *>act]i/ic ( man4 ,9 an in/itution = des]t$ *ildr51 !re 0 "o extremely ugly little creature1 :o _h nev]!less greatly ende>$ himself to a "y woman :o _h ! c>e ( him4 ,?is nurse "o day told "o ( ! patronesses t ! *ild 0 gr[+ v pretty4 ,! lady w5t to look at x1 b f\nd x v ugly1 & ?\ght to h]self t daily habit soon accu/oms u to ! defects ( o!rs4 ,"s "t aft] ?is ! nurse made ! same rem>k z be=e1 & ! lady good-natur$ly paid ano!r visit2 impress$ by ! w>m? ) :i* ! "y woman spoke ( ! *ild1 %e 0 t\*$ to ?9k t love _h made ! speak] bl9d4 ,sev]al mon?s elaps$1 & f9ally ! nurse1 ) a triumphant air1 decl>$ t h5ce=? no mi/ake w\ld be possible1 = ! *ild _h und\bt$ly become beautiful4 ,! lady1 a/\nd$1 _h to admit t ?is 0 true2 ! body ( ! *ild _h actually be5 trans=m$ "u ! influ5ce ( a great affection4 ,:5 we delude ourselves ) ! idea t we are giv+ ev]y?+ to *ildr5 by giv+ !m fre% air & food1 we are n ev5 giv+ !m ?is3 air & food are n suffici5t = ! body ( man2 all ! physiological functions are subject to a high] welf>e1 :]e9 ! sole key ( all life is to be f\nd4 ,! *ild's body lives also by joy\sness ( s\l4 ,physiology itself tea*es u ^! ?+s4 ,a frugal meal tak5 9 ! op5 air w n\ri% ! body f> bett] ?an a sumptu\s repa/ 9 a close room1 :]e ! air is impure1 because all ! functions ( ! body are m active 9 ! op5 air1 & assimilation is m complete4 ,9 l mann] a frugal meal eat5 9 common ) belov$ & sympa!tic p]sons is mu* m nutriti\s ?an ! food a humble1 h>ass$ secret>y w\ld p>take at ! lordly table ( a caprici\s ma/]4 ,lib]ty 9 ?is case is ! cry t expla9s all4 ,p>va domus s$ mea 7a little h\se1 b my own71 has be5 quot$ ev] s9ce ! ,roman epo* to indicate :i* is ! mo/ heal?ful ( h\ses4 ,:]e our lives are oppress$1 !re c be no heal? = u1 ev5 ?\gh we eat ( pr9cely banquets or 9 spl5did build+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,) man ! life ( ! body dep5ds on ! life ( ! _s4--,physiology gives an exhau/ive explanation ( ! me*anism ( su* ph5om5a4 ,moral activities h su* an exact correspond5ce ) ! functions ( ! body t x is possible to appreciate by means ( ^! ! v>i\s emotional /ates ( grief1 ang]1 we>9ess1 & pleasure4 ,9 grief1 = in/ance1 ! action ( ! he>t becomes feebl]1 z "u a p>alyz+ influ5ce2 all ! blood-vessels contract1 & ! blood circulates m sl[ly1 ! gl&s no long] secrete _! juices normally1 & ^! di/urbances manife/ !mselves 9 a pallor ( ! face1 an appe>ance ( we>9ess 9 ! droop+ body1 a m\? p>*$ f lack ( saliva1 indige/ion caus$ by insuffici5cy ( ! ga/ric juice1 & cold h&s4 ,if prolong$1 grief results 9 mal-nutrition & consequ5t wa/+1 & pr$isposes ! debilitat$ body to infecti\s diseases4 ,we>9ess is l a rapid p>alysis ( ! he>t2 x may induce fa9t+1 z express$ 9 ! popul> phrase dead tir$2 b a reflex action w ne>ly always re/ore ! suff]]1 l an automatic safety-valve2 ?us a yawn1 t is to say1 a deep1 spasmodic inspiration1 :i* dilates ! pulmon>y alveoli1 causes ! blood to fl[ to ! he>t l a suction pump1 & sets x 9 motion aga94 ,9 ang] !re is a k9d ( tetanic contraction ( all ! capill>ies1 caus+ extreme pallor1 & ! expulsion ( an extra quantity ( bile f ! liv]4 ,pleasure causes dilatation ( ! blood-vessels2 ! circulation1 & consequ5tly all ! functions ( secretion & assimilation are facilitat$2 ! face is suffus$ ) color1 ! ga/ric juice & ! saliva are p]ceptible z t heal?y appetite & t wat]+ ( ! m\? :i* invite u to supply fre% n\ri%m5t to ! body2 all ! tissues "w actively to expel _! tox9s1 & to assimilate fre% n\ri%m5t2 ! enl>g$ lungs /ore up l>ge quantities ( oxyg51 :i* burn up all refuse1 leav+ no trace ( poison\s g]ms4 ,x is an injection ( heal?4 ,9 ,italy1 :]e aft] ! abolition ( ! dea? p5alty ! puni%m5t ( solit>y conf9em5t 0 sub/itut$1 we h a pro( ev5 m eloqu5t ( ! influ5ce ( ! _s ^u ! functions ( ! body4 ,) our mod]n measures ( hygi5e 9 prisons1 ! prison cell _c be call$ a place ( torture = ! body3 x is m]ely a place :]e all spiritual su/5ance is )held4 ,x consi/s ( a cell ) p]fectly b>e gray walls1 op5+ only into a n>r[ /rip ( gr\nd enclos$ by high walls1 :]e ! crim9al may walk 9 ! fre% air1 because ! op5 c\ntry is all ar\nd him1 ?\gh x is hidd5 f 8 sight4 ,:at is lack+ "h = ! body8 ,x is provid$ ) food1 & a %elt] f ! wea!r1 x has a b$ & a place :]e x c take 9 fre% /ores ( pure oxyg52 ! body c re/1 nay m1 x c d no?+ b re/4 ,! conditions seem almo/ ideal = any "o :o does n wi% to d any?+1 & desires simply to vegetate4 ,b no s\nd f )\t1 no human voice ev] rea*es ! e> ( ! be+ "h inc>c]at$2 he w nev] aga9 see a color or a =m4 ,no news f ! out] _w ev] rea*es him4 ,alone 9 d5se spiritual d>kness1 he w sp5d ! int]m9able h\rs1 days1 seasons1 & ye>s4 ,n[1 exp]i5ce has %[n t ^! wret*$ p]sons _c live4 ,!y g mad & die4 ,n only _! m9ds b _! bodies p]i% aft] a few ye>s4 ,:at causes dea?8 ,if su* a man 7 a plant1 he w\ld lack no?+1 b he requires o!r n\ri%m5t4 ,empt9ess ( ! s\l is mortal ev5 to ! vile/ crim9al1 = ?is is a law ( human nature4 ,8 fle%1 8 visc]a1 8 bones p]i% :5 depriv$ ( spiritual food1 j z an oak-tree w\ld p]i% )\t ! nitrates ( ! e>? & ! oxyg5 ( ! air4 ,?is sl[ dea? sub/itut$ = viol5t dea? 01 inde$1 d5\nc$ z v great cruelty4 ,to die ( hung] 9 n9e days l ,c\nt ,ugol9o is a m cruel fate ?an to be burnt to dea? 9 half an h\r l ,giordano ,bruno2 b to die ( />vation ( ! _s 9 a t]m ( ye>s is ! mo/ cruel ( all ! puni%m5ts hi!rto devis$ = ! ca/igation ( man4 ,if a robu/ & brutal crim9al c p]i% f />vation ( ! s\l1 :at w be ! fate ( ! infant if we take no acc\nt ( 8 spiritual ne$s8 ,8 body is fragile1 8 bones are 9 process ( gr[?1 8 muscles1 ov]load$ ) sug>1 _c yet elaborate _! p[]s2 !y c only elaborate !mselves2 ! delicate /ructure ( 8 organism requires1 x is true1 nutrim5t & oxyg52 b if its functions are to be satisfactorily p]=m$1 x requires joy4 ,x is a joy\s _s :i* causes ! bones ( man to exult4 ,,ii ,a ,,survey ,,( ,,mod]n ,,education ,! precepts :i* gov]n moral education & in/ruction4--,al?\gh ! adult relegates ! *ild to an exi/5ce among toys1 & inexorably d5ies him ^? ex]cises :i* w\ld promote 8 int]nal developm5t1 he claims t ! *ild %\ld imitate him 9 ! moral sph]e4 ,! adult says to ! *ild3 ,d z ,i d4 ,! *ild is to become a man1 n by tra9+ & developm5t1 b by imitation4 ,x is z if a fa!r 7 to say 9 ! morn+ to 8 little "o3 ,look at me1 see h[ tall ,i am2 :5 ,i return ?is ev5+1 ,i %all expect y to h gr[n a foot4 ,education is greatly simplifi$ by ?is me?od4 ,if a tale ( "s h]oic de$ is read to ! *ild1 & he is told to become a h]o2 if "s moral action is n>rat$ & is conclud$ ) ! recomm5dation1 be ?\ virtu\s2 if "s in/ance ( rem>kable "* is not$ toge!r ) ! exhortation1 y too mu/ acquire a /rong "*1 ! *ild has be5 put 9 ! way ( becom+ a great man6 ,if *ildr5 %[ !mselves discont5t$ & re/less1 !y are told t !y want = no?+1 t !y are =tunate to h a fa!r & a "m1 & to conclude1 !y are exhort$ ?us3 ,*ildr51 be happy--a *ild %\ld always be joy\s2 & behold6 ! my/]i\s ye>n+s ( ! *ild are suppos$ to be satisfi$6 ,adults are q cont5t :5 !y h act$ ?us4 ,!y /raight5 out ! "* & ! morals ( _! *ildr5 z !y =m]ly /raight5$ _! legs by b&ag+ !m4 ,true1 rebelli\s *ildr5 occasionally demon/rate ! futility ( su* tea*+s4 ,9 ^! cases a good in/ructor *ooses appropriate /ories %[+ ! bas5ess ( su* +ratitude1 ! dang]s ( disob$i5ce1 ! ugl9ess ( bad temp]1 to acc5tuate ! defects ( ! pupil4 ,x w\ld be j z edify+ to disc\rse to a bl9d man on ! dang]s ( bl9dness1 & to a cripple on ! difficulties ( walk+4 ,! same ?+ happ5s 9 mat]ial matt]s2 a music-ma/] says to a beg9n]3 ,hold y\r f+]s prop]ly2 if y d n1 y w nev] be able to play4 ,a "m w say to a son condemn$ to sit b5t d\ble all day on s*ool b5*es1 & oblig$ by ! usages ( society to /udy cont9ually3 ,hold y\rself gracefully1 d n be s awkw>d 9 company1 y make me feel a%am$ ( y4 ,if ! *ild 7 "o day to exclaim3 ,b x is y :o prev5t me f develop+ w & "*2 :5 ,i seem naughty1 x is because ,i am try+ to save myself2 h[ c ,i help be+ awkw>d :5 ,i am sacrific$8 ,to _m ?is w\ld be a revelation2 to _m o!rs m]ely a want ( respect4 ,!re is a me?od by :i* ! *ild may be br\ght to a*ieve ! results :i* ! adult has laid d[n z desirable2 x is a v simple me?od4 ,! *ild mu/ be made to d :atev] ! adult wi%es2 ! adult w !n be able to lead him to ! heights ( goodness1 self-sacrifice & /r5g?1 & ! moral *ild w be creat$4 ,to dom9ate ! *ild1 to br+ him into subjection1 to make him ob$i5t--?is is ! basis ( education4 ,if ?is c be done by any means :atev]1 ev5 by viol5ce1 all ! re/ w foll[2 & rememb]1 x is all = ! good ( ! *ild4 ,! *ild c\ld n be mold$ by any o!r means4 ,x is ! fir/ & pr9cipal /ep 9 :at is call$ educat+ ! w ( ! *ild1 "o :i* w h5ce=? enable ! adult to speak ( himself z ,virgil speaks ( ,god4 ,aft] ?is fir/ /ep ! adult w exam9e himself to see :at are ! ?+s he f9ds mo/ difficult1 & ^! he w exact f ! *ild 9 "t1 t ! *ild may accu/om himself to ! necess>y difficulties ( man's life4 ,b v (t5 ! adult also imposes conditions :i* he himself has n ! =titude to accept ev5 p>tially 444 z1 = in/ance1 ! task ( li/5+ motionless = ?ree or f\r h\rs e day1 dur+ a c\rse ( ye>s1 to a dull1 we>isome lectur]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is ! tea*] :o =ms ! *ild's m9d4 ,h[ he tea*es4--,! same conception gov]ns ! s*ool3 x is ! tea*] :o mu/ =m ! pupil2 ! developm5t ( ! *ild's intellig5ce & culture are 9 8 h&s4 ,he has a truly =midable task & a trem5d\s responsibility4 ,! problems t pres5t !mselves to him are innum]able & acute2 !y =m z x 7 a h$ge ( ?orns sep>at+ him f 8 pupils4 ,:at mu/ fir/ ( all be devis$1 to w9 ! att5tion ( 8 pupils1 s t he may be able to introduce into _! m9ds all t seems to him necess>y8 ,h[ is he to (f] !m an idea 9 su* a mann] t !y w reta9 x 9 _! memories8 ,to ?is end1 x is ess5tial t he %\ld h a k ( psy*ology1 ! precise mann] 9 :i* physical ph5om5a are produc$1 ! laws gov]n+ memory1 ! psy*ical me*anism by means ( :i* ideas are =m$1 ! laws gov]n+ ! association ( ideas1 by means ( :i* v gradually ideas proce$ to ! mo/ sublime activities1 impell+ ! *ild to reason4 ,x is he :o1 kn[+ all ^! ?+s1 mu/ build up & enri* ! m9d4 ,& ?is is no easy matt]1 because1 9 addition to ?is difficult "w1 !re is always ! difficulty ( difficulties1 t ( induc+ ! *ild to l5d himself to all ?is endeavor1 & to second ! ma/]1 & n %[ himself recalcitrant to ! ef=ts made on 8 behalf4 ,= ?is reason ! moral education is ! po9t ( dep>ture2 be=e all ?+s1 x is necess>y to discipl9e ! class4 ,! pupils mu/ be induc$ to second ! ma/]'s ef=ts1 if n by love1 !n by =ce4 ,fail+ ?is po9t ( dep>ture1 all education & in/ruction w\ld be impossible1 & ! s*ool useless4 ,ano!r difficulty is t ( economiz+ ! p[]s ( ! pupils1 t is to say1 utiliz+ !m to ! utmo/ )\t wa/+ !m4 ,h[ mu* re/ is necess>y8 ,h[ long %\ld any p>ticul> "w be c>ri$ on8 ,p]haps t5 m9utes' re/ may be necess>y aft] ! fir/ ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r ( occupation2 b aft] ano!r ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r1 a pause ( fifte5 m9utes may be requir$1 & s on ?r\gh\t ! day2 f9ally1 a qu>t] ( an h\r's re/ may be ne$$ aft] t5 m9utes' occupation4 ,b :at in/ruction is be/ adapt$ to ! p[]s ( a *ild dur+ ! v>i\s h\rs ( ! day8 ,is x be/ to beg9 ) ma!matics or ) dictation8 ,at :at h\rs w ! *ild be mo/ incl9$ to ex]cise 8 p[]s ( imag9ation1 at #i 9 ! morn+ or at #aa8 ,o!r anxieties mu/ assail a p]fect tea*]6 ,h[ %\ld he write on ! blackbo>d s t ! *ildr5 seat$ at a di/ance may see8 = if !y d n see 8 "w is ( no avail4 ,& h[ mu* light %all fall ^u ! blackbo>d1 9 ord] t all may see cle>ly ! :ite *>act]s on ! black surface8 ,( :at size %\ld be ! script specially *os5 by ! ma/] to suit di/ant vision8 ,?is is a s]i\s matt]1 because if ! *ild1 oblig$ by discipl9e to look & le>n f a di/ance1 %\ld put too great a /ra9 ^u 8 p[]s ( visual accommodation1 he may 9 "t become %ort-sight$2 !n ! tea*] w\ld h manufactur$ a bl9d p]son4 ,a s]i\s matt] inde$6 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at consid]ation has ev] be5 giv5 to ! /ate ( anxiety ( su* a tea*]8 ,to get "s idea ( 8 anxiety we may ?9k ( a "y wife ab\t to become a "m1 :o %\ld set h]self su* problems z ! foll[+3 h[ c ,i create an infant1 if ,i "k no?+ ( anatomy2 h[ c ,i =m its skeleton8 ,i mu/ /udy ! /ructure ( ! bones c>efully4 ,i mu/ !n le>n h[ ! muscles are atta*$2 b h[ w x be possible to put ! bra9 into a clos$ box8 ,& mu/ ! little he>t g on beat+ cont9ually until dea?8 ,is x possible t x w n we>y8 ,9 l fa%ion1 %e might pond] ?us ov] h] new-born babe3 x is evid5t t he w n be able to walk if he does n fir/ ( all und]/& ! laws ( equilibrium2 if he is left to himself1 he w n be able to und]/& ^! till he is tw5ty2 ,i mu/ !re=e prep>e to tea* him ^! laws prematurely 9 ord] t he may be able to walk z quickly z possible4 ,! s*oolma/] is ! p]son :o builds up ! intellig5ce ( ! pupil2 ! intellig5ce ( ! pupil increases 9 direct proportion to ! ef=ts ( ! tea*]2 9 o!r words1 he kn[s j :at ! ma/] has made him "k & und]/&s nei!r m nor less ?an ! ma/] has made him und]/&4 ,:5 an inspector visits a s*ool & que/ions ! pupils he turns to ! ma/]1 & if he is satisfi$ says3 ,well done1 tea*]6 ,= ! result is indubitably ! "w ( ! ma/]2 ! discipl9e by :i* he has fix$ ! att5tion ( 8 pupils1 ev5 to ! psy*ical me*anism :i* has guid$ him 9 8 tea*+1 all is due to him4 ,god ent]s ! s*ool z a symbol 9 ! crucifix1 b ! creator is ! tea*]4 ,a good deal ( help is giv5 to tea*]s 9 _! sup]human task4 ,!re is a k9d ( division ( labor1 by virtue ( :i* m advanc$ exp]ts prep>e ! s*emata ( in/ruction2 bas+ !m ^u psy*ology1 if ! tea*+ is on a sci5tific plan1 or on ! pr9ciples laid d[n by "o ( ! great p$agogi/s su* z ,h]b>t1 = example2 moreov]1 ! sci5ces1 su* z hygi5e & exp]im5tal psy*ology1 are fur!r invok$ to ov]come _m practical difficulties & to help 9 ! arrangem5t ( s*oolrooms1 ! draw+ up ( ! curriculum1 "t-tables1 etc4 ,"h1 = in/ance1 are notes = lessons on a psy*ological basis1 t is to say1 lessons :i* take acc\nt ( ! prop] ord] ( succession 9 :i* ! psy*ical activities %\ld develop 9 ! m9d ( ! *ild2 by ex]cises ( ?is k9d1 ! pupil w n only le>n1 b w develop 8 intellig5ce 9 accordance ) ! laws gov]n+ its =mation4 #b ,footnote #b3 ,^! two examples are tak5 f ! well-kn[n review1 ,i ,diritti della ,scuola1 ,ye> xiv4 ,,object ,,lesson ,a ,c&le3 ,education ( ! s5sory & p]ceptive faculties4 ,sight4--,:ite1 solid4 ,t\*4--,greasy1 smoo?4 ,nom5clature4--,p>ts ( ! c&le3 wick1 surface1 extremity1 edges1 upp] "p1 l[] "p1 middle "p4 ,! c&les we use are made ( wax mix$ ) /e>9e4 ,/e>9e is made ( ! fat ( ox5 & %eep & pigs4 ,h5ce !y are call$ /e>9e c&les4 ,!re are also wax c&les4 ,^! are yell[i% & less greasy4 ,wax is produc$ by bees4 ,!re are also tall[ c&les2 ^! are v greasy & h a disgreeable smell :5 burn+4 ,memory4--,h y ev] se5 a c&le-factory8 ,h y ev] se5 a bee-hive8 ,( :at are ! cells ( ! honeycomb made8 ,:5 d y light a c&le8 ,h y ev] c>ri$ a light$ c&le c>elessly8 ,did n ?is cause a disa/]8 ,imag9ation4--,draw ! outl9e ( a c&le on ! blackbo>d4 ,comp>ison1 association1 ab/raction4--,simil>ity & diff]5ce 9 c&les ( /e>9e1 wax1 & tall[4 ,judgm5t & reason+4--,are c&les useful8 ,7 !y m useful =m]ly1 or n[ t we h gas & electric light8 ,s5tim5ts4--,*ildr5 are greatly pleas$ by a visit to a c&le-factory4 ,x is inde$ v agreeable to see h[ c&les us$ by s _m p are made4 ,:5 we c satisfy our desire = in/ruction we feel pleasure & cont5tm5t4 ,volition4--,:at %\ld we d ) ! fat ( pigs if we did n "k h[ to make x into /e>9e8 ,:at %\ld we d ) wax if we did n "k h[ to utilize x8 ,man is able to "w & to trans=m _m products into useful sub/ances & objects4 ,"w is our life4 ,bless$ be ! work]s6 ,let u also love "w & devote ourselves dilig5tly !reto4 7,n4,b4--,! *ildr5 are all to li/5 )\t mov+47 ,any k9d ( lesson may be bas$ on ! same psy*ical plan1 ev5 a moral lesson4 ,= in/ance3 ,moral education d]iv$ f ! obs]vation ( actions4 7,n4,b4--,! actions are all inv5t$ & n>rat$47 ,agreeable mann]s4 ,incid5t4--,is x true1 ,miss1 t ! village *ur* is m ?an a kilomet] f "h8 ,my "m has ord]$ me to g !re4 ,i ?\ght ,i _h arriv$1 & ,i 0 s pleas$4 ,i h come a long way1 & ,i am s v1 v tir$4 ,inde$1 repli$ ! girl1 :o 0 /&+ at ! gate ( h] home1 y are /ill a kilomet] & a half f ! *ur*4 ,b come ?r\gh my gate1 & take ! %ort cut ,i w %[ y ?r\gh my fields4 ,y w get to ! *ur* 9 five m9utes4 ,:at an amiable girl6 ,successive relations ( cause & effect4--,! village girl %[$ am5ity to ! little travel]4 ,! latt] rea*$ ! *ur* quickly1 0 sav$ mu* fatigue1 & felt great relief4 ,memory4--,h y always be5 pleasant to y\r companions8 ,h y always be5 ready to l5d a comrade any?+ he has ask$ =8 ,h y always ?ank$ ^? :o h done y favors 9 an agreeable mann]8 ,comp>ison1 association1 ab/raction4--,comp>ison betwe5 an agreeable *ild & a boori% "o4 ,judgm5t1 reason+4--,:y is x necess>y to be c\rte\s to all8 ,is x suffici5t to give help solely to %[ oneself to be amiable8 ,s5tim5ts4--,he :o is amiable has a s\l ri* 9 sweetness & suavity4 ,:at sympa?y he evokes 9 all6 ,! disagreeable p]son is irritat$ by trifles4 ,he excites disgu/ & fe> 9 o!rs4 ,he :o is affable %[s love to 8 neighbor4 ,volition4--,*ildr51 accu/om y\rselves to be pleasant to e "o4 ,y %\ld be pleasant :5 y are conf]r+ "s favor1 o!rwise ! favor w seem irksome4 ,:5 y want some?+1 d y ask = x arrogantly8 ,if s1 x w be easi] to say no ?an yes to y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if y ask politely = some?+1 w x n be difficult to refuse y8 ,x w p]haps be m int]e/+ to foll[ a lesson actually giv51 & accept$ z a model = tea*]s 9 g5]al4 ,i !re=e reproduce "o ( ! lessons :i* ga9$ a prize at a competition ( tea*]s held 9 ,italy4 #c ,9 ?is1 accord+ to ! subject or !me1 only "o prim>y psy*ical activity 0 to be dealt )3 viz4 s5sory p]ception4 7,! compositions 7 di/+ui%$ n by ! names ( ! au?ors1 b by mottoes47 ,footnote #c3 ,?is 0 publi%$ 9 ! review1 ,la ,voce delle ,mae/re d',asilo1 ,ye> viii4 ,motto4--,?+s are ! fir/ & be/ tea*]s4 ,i set myself ! foll[+ limits3 ,to give an idea ( icy cold 9 contra/ to t ( heat4 ,?is w\ld be amply suffici5t 9 itself1 = ^! ideas are n gra9s to pick up "o aft] ! o!r1 b sublime psy*ical facts ( great complexity1 &1 consequ5tly1 v difficult to assimilate4 ,comb9e ) ! idea to be imp>t$1 ! cultivation ( a s5se ( compassion & pity = ! v poor1 to :om w9t] br+s su* sev]e suff]+2 a feel+ ,i h already tri$ _m times to ar\se4 ,! above is = my own guidance2 :at foll[s is = ! *ildr54 ,*ildr51 h[ com=table we are "h6 ,ev]y?+ is clean2 ev]y?+ is 9 ord]2 ,i am s fond ( y2 y are s fond ( me4 ,isn't ?is true1 *ildr58 ,*ildr54--,i am1 ,i am4 ,me too 7correct74 ,tell me1 ,g9o1 are y cold8 ,y said no at once4 ,well1 no1 y are "r2 we are really v cozy "h4 ,!re1 9 t corn] 7,i po9t7 !re is a ?+ :i* gives out mu* 444 ,*ildr54--,heat4 ,x is ! /ove4 ,b outside1 :]e !re is no /ove1 ov] !re1 t[>ds ! horizon 7! *ildr5 are to a c]ta9 ext5t famili> ) ?is ^w71 !re is no w>m?4 ,*ildr54--,x's cold !re 7an answ] due to ! cl>ity ( ! laws ( contra/74 ,la/ night 444 :ile we 7 asleep1 :ile y\r "m p]haps 0 m5d+ y\r clo!s 444 de> "m1 h[ k9d %e is6444 well1 la/ night1 s _m1 _m :ite flakes fell s(tly f ! sky6444 ,sn[1 sn[6 exclaim ! *ildr54 ,*ildr56 let u say3 s _m sn[flakes fell4 ,h[ beautiful ! sn[ is6 ,let u g & look at x closely4 ,*ildr54--,yes1 yes1 yes1 yes4 ,x is s beautiful t ,i see y w\ld all l to take a little4 ,b p]haps ?is is n all[$4 ,to :om does ! sn[ belong8 7,no answ]47 ,:o b\ght x8 ,:o made x8 ,y8 ,no4 ,i8 ,no4 ,y\r "m8 ,no4 ,!n did y\r fa!r buy x8 7,!y look at me 9 a/oni%m5t2 ^! are really v /range que/ions47 ,no1 aga94 ,well !n1 ! sn[ belongs to e "o4 ,& if ?is is s1 we may take a little h&ful ( x4 7,evid5t signs ( joy47 ,i w h& r\nd ! boxes y made ye/]day4 7,^! *ildr5 h n desks ) lock]s 9 :i* !y may put _! little works4 ,us+ ! boxes w be a good way ( demon/rat+ ! utility ( _! "w47 ,!y w d v well to hold ! beautiful sn[4 7,i talk to !m z ,i di/ribute ! boxes1 t _! att5tion may n flag47 ,i w take m9e too1 ! "o ,i made ) y4 ,x is l>g] ?an y\rs2 s :i* w hold m sn[1 m9e or y\rs8 ,*ildr54--,y\rs4 ,come !n1 *ildr54 ,put a :ite h&ful into y\r boxes4 ,h[ delightful6 7,go+47 ,j /op a mom5t2 h[ com=table we are "h6 ,put "o h& ov] y\r face4 ,h[ w>m y\r face is1 & h[ w>m y\r h& is too6 ,we %all see :e!r y\r h&s w /ill be s w>m aft] y h t\*$ ! sn[4 ,*ildr54--,!y w be cold4 ,yes1 inde$4 7,go+ out47 ,h[ beautiful x is6 ,x fell d[n f above4 ,! sky has giv5 ! e>? a beautiful dress1 all 444 ,*ildr54--,:ite4 ,at ?is juncture my *ildr51 accu/om$ to t pr9ciple ( heal?ful1 ord]$ lib]ty :i* is ! ma9 factor 9 ! =mation ( "*1 t\* & ga!r up ! sn[2 "s ( !m break ! pure surface ) little draw+s4 ,i let !m4 ,i wait a m9ute1 !n ,i make z x 7 a sudd5 assault ^u _! att5tion3 ,*ildr51 ,i too w take a little sn[1 b toge!r ) all ( y4 ,/op4 ,/& up4 ,look well at me4 ,let u take away a little /rip ( ! great cloak4 ,let u put x 9 our boxes4 ,t's "r4 7,re-ent]+ ! s*oolroom47 ,oh6 h[ cold x is6 ,! *ildr5 :o are n well wrapp$ up are ! colde/4 ,poor little ?+s6 ,& ^? :o hav5't t ?+ full ( burn+ coal 9 _! h\ses6 ,*ildr54--,! /ove4 ,h[ cold !y w be6 ,come n[1 quickly2 all to y\r places4 ,put ! boxes on ! desk4 ,h[ cold ! sn[ is6 ,did y notice h[ cold x made y\r h&s1 :i* 7 q w>m8 ,*ildr54--,my h& is cold6 ,m9e too6 ,etc4 ,9 ! c\rty>d1 ,i saw ,c>ol9e take a little sn[1 & !n sudd5ly let x fall2 %e 0 n /rong en\gh to be> su* cold4 ,b !n %e tri$ aga91 & ! second "t %e did n drop x4 ,*ild4--,i didn't4 ,i putt$ x 7correct7 quickly into my box4 ,*ildr51 :5 ! cold is z great z ! cold ( ! sn[1 x is call$ fro/4 ,say t1 ,guido4 ,:at is ! ^w8 ,n[ y1 ,giann9a4 ,& ! sn[ :i* is s cold is 444 :at8 ,:o c guess8 ,a *ild4--,froz54 ,say3 ! sn[ is froz54 ,we came indoors1 because x is fro/y outside1 & inside x is 444 ,*ildr54--,w>m4 ,b we br\ght ) u a froz5 ?+ :i* is call$ 444 ,*ildr54--,sn[4 ,:at is x ! /ove gives u8 ,d y rememb]8 #d ,*ildr54--,heat4 ,i want ,m>ia to tell me4 ,& n[1 ,pepp9o4 ,footnote #d3 ,! *ildr5 are expect$ to "k t ! /ove gives out heat1 by an ef=t ( memory4 ,d y "k1 our m\?s also give out heat4 ,op5 y\rs4 ,n too mu*6 ,hold up "o h& 9 front ( x1 ! "r h&4 ,brea! on x z ,i am do+4 ,let u brea! aga92 n[ let u s5d our brea? outw>ds1 z ,i am do+4 ,aga9 444 aga9 444 aga94 ,t's "r4 ,n[ feel4 ,y see y\r m\? too gives out a little 444 ,*ildr54--,heat4 ,n[ let u try putt+ a little sn[ into x4 ,a little piece l ?is4 ,oh6 ! heat ( ! m\? is escap+1 x has already gone at ! icy t\* ( ! sn[4 ,*ildr54--,our m\?s are cold n[4 ,yes1 t's "r4 ,!y are v1 v cold1 s cold t !y are :at we call 444 ,*ildr54--,freez+4 ,p]haps ,giuseppe doesn't "k4 ,he didn't say x ) ! o!rs4 ,say x aga91 t he may say x ) y4 ,aga94 ,t w d4 ,bravo1 ,giuseppe4 ,s our m\?s 7 444 ,*ildr54--,freez+4 ,let u eat ano!r little piece ( sn[4 ,! sn[ turns to wat] 9 our m\?s1 because x is made ( wat] only4 ,n[ bread is made ( wat] too1 b n only ( wat]4 ,:at does ! bak] want to make ! d\gh = bread8444 ,*ildr54--,fl\r4 ,& :at else8 ,*ildr54--,salt4 ,& :at else8 ,*ildr54--,yea/4 ,i see ,luigi is /ill eat+ sn[1 & ,alfonso too1 & ,pi]9o4 ,d y l x8 ,*ildr54--,yes1 ,signora4 ,d y l x8 ,*ildr54--,yes1 ,signora4 ,me too1 me too 7correct74 ,well1 eat a little m1 b n mu*1 x might make y ill4 ,x is s freez+ 7,i repeat ?is ^w v (t51 because x expresses ! idea ,i am try+ to convey74 ,:5 x sn[s x is s v cold1 & j ?9k t !re are _m *ildr51 _m p1 :o are n w>mly dress$ & h no /oves2 !y are v poor4 ,!y suff] v mu*1 & "s ( !m die2 poor p6 ,h[ =tunate we are1 on ! o!r h&6 ,we h s _m g>m5ts 7!y h le>n$ ?is ^w7 to cov] ourselves )2 we h a /ove at home & "o at s*ool1 to w>m u4 ,h[ lucky we are6 ,a *ild4--,i h no /ove at home4 ,i "k y h n1 ,emilio1 & ,i am v sorry4 ,*ildr51 y mu/ be k9d to ,emilio & ,giusepp9a1 because !y are v 444 ,*ildr54--,poor4 ,h y eat5 x all8 ,*ildr54--,no1 ,signora4 ,n[ let u g into ! c\rty>d & ?r[ away ! re/ ( ! sn[4 ,!n we w put ! boxes on ?is table to dry4 ,& to-morr[ ,i w %[ y a pretty picture ( c\ntry cov]$ ) sn[4 ,come along2 br+ y\r boxes1 & :5 y h empti$ !m put !m back :]e ,i told y4 ,i int5d to repeat ?is lesson 9 ano!r =m1 comb9+ o!rs ) x1 & ref]r+ 9 x to o!r ideas1 :i* be> a relation to t "h set =?4 ,z ev]y?+ 9 ! physical & moral _w is "o & indivisible1 b\nd toge!r 9 close/ union1 human developm5t is gravely imp$$ by ! pres5tm5t ( isolat$ educational facts 9 a desultory mann]1 because x is impossible to disconnect ?+s unit$ by a sacr$ & et]nal law4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 ! above model lesson1 x is claim$ t only two p]ceptions are dealt )1 ^? ( cold & heat1 & t ! *ild has be5 all[$ a good deal ( lib]ty1 b ( a judici\s k9d4 ,n[ x w\ld be exce$+ly difficult to limit ! p]ceptions /rictly to two1 especially :5 deal+ ) p]sons plac$ 9 an environm5t ab\nd+ 9 /imuli1 :o h already /or$ up a :ole *aos ( images4 ,b su* be+ ! object 9 view1 x is necess>y to elim9ate z f> z possible all o!r p]ceptions1 to arre/ ^? two1 & s to pol>ize att5tion on !m t all o!r images %all be obscur$ 9 ! field ( consci\sness4 ,?is w\ld be ! sci5tific me?od t5d+ to isolate p]ceptions2 & x is 9 fact ! practical me?od adopt$ by u 9 our education ( ! s5ses4 ,9 ! case ( cold & heat1 ! *ild is prep>$ by ! isolation ( ! p>ticul> s5se 9 "q2 he is plac$ bl9dfold$ 9 a sil5t place1 to ! end t !rmic /imuli alone may rea* him4 ,9 front ( ! *ild are plac$ two objects p]fectly id5tical 9 all *>act]i/ics p]ceptible to ! muscul> tactile s5se3 ( ! same dim5sions1 ! same %ape1 ! same degree ( smoo?ness1 ! same resi/ance to pressure2 = in/ance1 two india-rubb] bags1 fill$ ) ! same quantity ( wat]1 & p]fectly dry on ! outside4 ,! sole diff]5ce is ! temp]ature ( ! wat] 9 ! two bags2 9 ! hot "o1 ! wat] w\ld be at a temp]ature ( sixty degrees c5tigrade2 9 ! cold1 at t5 degrees c5tigrade4 ,aft] direct+ ! *ild's att5tion to ! object1 8 h& is drawn ov] ! hot bag1 & !n ov] ! cold "o2 :ile 8 h& is on ! hot bag ! tea*] says3 ,x is hot6 ,:ile he feels ! cold "o he is told3 ,x is cold4 ,& ! lesson is f9i%$4 ,x has consi/$ m]ely ( two words1 & ( a long prep>ation design$ to ensure t z f> z possible1 ! two s5sations correspond+ to ^! two words %all be ! only ones t rea* ! *ild4 ,! o!r s5ses1 sight & he>+1 7 protect$ aga9/ /imuli2 & !re 0 no p]ceptible diff]5ce 9 ! objects (f]$ to ! t\* save t ( temp]ature4 ,?us x becomes approximately probable t ! *ild w a*ieve ! p]ception ( two s5sations exclusively4 ,& :at ab\t ! lib]ty ( ! *ild1 we %all be ask$8 ,well1 we admit t e lesson infr+es ! lib]ty ( ! *ild1 & = ?is reason we all[ x to la/ only = a few seconds3 j ! "t to pron\nce ! two words3 hot1 cold2 b ?is is effect$ "u ! influ5ce ( ! prep>ation1 :i* by fir/ isolat+ ! s5se makes1 z x 71 a d>kness 9 ! consci\sness1 & !n projects only two images into x4 ,z if f ! scre5 be=e a magic lant]n1 ! *ild receives 8 psy*ical acquisitions1 or r !y are l se$s fall+ on a f]tile soil2 & x is 9 ! subsequ5t free *oice1 & ! repetition ( ! ex]cise1 z 9 ! subsequ5t activity1 spontane\s1 associative1 & reproductive1 t ! *ild w be left free4 ,he receives1 r ?an a lesson1 a det]m9ate impression ( contact ) ! ext]nal _w2 x is ! cle>1 sci5tific1 pre-det]m9$ "* ( ?is contact :i* di/+ui%es x f ! mass ( indet]m9ate contacts :i* ! *ild is cont9ually receiv+ f 8 surr\nd+s4 ,! multiplicity ( su* indet]m9ate contacts w create *aos )9 ! m9d ( ! *ild2 pre-det]m9$ contacts w1 on ! o!r h&1 initiate ord] !re91 because ) ! help ( ! te*nique ( isolation1 !y w beg9 to make him di/+ui% "o ?+ f ano!r4 ,! te*nique ( our lessons is gov]n$ by exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,& ?is tr5d1 )\t d\bt1 is 9 contra/ to t ( ! pa/1 :i* 0 gov]n$ by speculative psy*ology1 on :i* ! :ole ( ! educational me?ods commonly 9 use 9 s*ools has hi!rto be5 bas$4 ,x 0 ,h]b>t :o us$ ! philosophical psy*ology ( 8 day z a guid+ pr9ciple to r$uce p$agogic rules to a sy/em4 ,f 8 individual exp]i5ce he believ$ he c\ld d$uce a univ]sal me?od ( develop+ ! m9d1 & be made ?is ! psy*ological basis ( me?ods ( tea*+4 ,! ,g]man p$agogi/1 ^: me?ods are n[1 ?anks to ,cr$>o1 =m]ly ,pr(essor ( ,p$agogy at ! ,univ]sity ( ,rome1 & aft]w>d ,m9i/] ( ,education1 adopt$ = elem5t>y education ?r\gh\t ,italy1 gave a unique type ( lesson on ! f\r well-kn[n p]iods 7! =mal /eps73 cl>ity1 association1 sy/em1 me?od4 ,^! may be expla9$ approximately z foll[s3 pres5tation ( an object & its analytical exam9ation 7cl>ity72 judgm5t & comp>ison ) o!r surr\nd+ objects or ) mnemonic images 7association72 def9ition ( ! object d$uc$ f prec$+ judgm5ts 7sy/em72 new pr9ciples d]iv$ f ! idea :i* is ?us deep5$1 & :i* w lead to practical application ( a moral ord] 7me?od74 ,! tea*] mu/ guide ! *ild's m9d on ^! l9es 9 e k9d ( tea*+2 he mu/1 h[ev]1 nev] sub/itute 8 own intellig5ce = t ( ! *ild1 b r make ! *ild himself ?9k1 & induce him to ex]cise 8 own activity4 ,= in/ance1 9 ! association p]iod1 ! ma/] mu/ n say3 ,look at su* & su* an object1 & at su* & su* ano!r2 see h[ mu* alike !y are1 etc4444 ,he %\ld ask ! pupil3 ,:at d y see :5 y look ar\nd8 ,is !re n some?+ :i* is l1 etc48 ,aga91 9 ! def9ition p]iod1 ! ma/] %\ld n say3 ,a bird is a v]tebrate animal cov]$ ) fea!rs2 x has two limbs :i* h be5 trans=m$ into w+s1 b by rapid que/ions1 corrections1 & analogies1 he %\ld induce ! *ild to f9d ! precise def9ition = himself4 ,if ! m5tal process ( ,h]b>t's f\r p]iods is to come naturally1 x w\ld be ess5tial t great int]e/ 9 ! object %\ld exi/2 x is int]e/ :i* w\ld keep ! m9d amus$1 or1 z ! fam\s p$agogi/ w\ld say1 plung$ 9 ! idea1 & w\ld ma9ta9 x 9 a sy/em nev]!less embrac+ multilat]al ideas2 & h5ce x is necess>y t int]e/ %\ld be awak5$ & %\ld p]si/ 9 all in/ruction4 ,x is well kn[n t a pupil ( ,h]b>t's mu/1 to ?is end1 supplem5t ,h]b>t's f\r p]iods by a prior p]iod1 t ( int]e/2 l9k+ all new k to ! old1 go+ f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 because :at is absolutely new c awake no int]e/4 ,to make oneself int]e/+ artificially1 t is1 int]e/+ to ^? :o h no int]e/ 9 u1 is inde$ a v difficult task2 & to arre/ ! att5tion h\r aft] h\r1 & ye> aft] ye>1 n ( "o1 b ( a multitude ( p]sons :o h no?+ 9 common ) u1 n ev5 ye>s1 is inde$ a sup]human und]tak+4 ,yet ?is is ! task ( ! tea*]1 or1 z he w\ld say1 8 art3 to make ?is assembly ( *ildr5 :om he has r$uc$ to immobility by discipl9e foll[ him ) _! m9ds1 und]/& :at he says1 & le>n2 an int]nal action1 :i* he _c gov]n1 z he gov]ns ! position ( _! bodies1 b :i* he mu/ w9 by mak+ himself int]e/+1 & by ma9ta9+ ?is int]e/4 ,! art ( tuition1 says ,ardigo1 consi/s ma9ly ( ?is3 to "k up to :at po9t & 9 :at mann] "o c ma9ta9 ! int]e/ ( pupils4 ,! mo/ skilful tea*]s are ^? :o nev] fatigue "o fraction ( ! pupil's bra91 b act 9 su* a mann] t 8 att5tion1 turn+ n[ "h1 n[ !re1 may re/ itself &1 ga9+ /r5g?1 return to ! pr9cipal argum5t ( ! disc\rse ) r5ew$ vigor4 ,a mu* m labori\s art is t :i* leads ! *ild to f9d by means ( its own m5tal processes1 n :at x w\ld naturally f9d1 b :at ! tea*] desires1 al?\gh he does n say :at he desires2 he urges on ! *ild to associate 8 ideas spontane\sly--z ! tea*] associates !m--& ev5 succe$s 9 mak+ ! *ild compose def9itions ) ! exact words he himself has fix$ ^u1 )\t hav+ reveal$ !m4 ,su* a ?+ w\ld seem ! result ( "s occult sci5ce1 a k9d ( conjur+ trick4 ,nev]!less1 su* me?ods h be5 & /ill are 9 use1 & 9 "s cases !y =m ! sole art ( ! tea*]4 ,:5 9 #ahfb ,tol/oy 0 mak+ 8 t\rs ( inspection 9 ! s*ools ( ,g]many1 he 0 /ruck by ?is me?od ( tuition1 & among ! p$agogic writ+s describ+ 8 s*ool1 ,iasnaja ,poliana1 he reproduces a lesson :i* des]ves to be record$1 al?\gh p]haps x w\ld no long] be possible to f9d an example ( su* a lesson 9 any ,g]man s*ool4 ,,iasnaja ,,poliana1 #ahfb4 ,calm & confid5t1 ! pr(essor is seat$ 9 ! class-room2 ! in/rum5ts are ready2 little tables ) ! lett]s1 a book ) ! picture ( a fi%4 ,! ma/] looks at 8 pupils2 he kn[s be=eh& all !y are to und]/&2 he kn[s ( :at _! s\ls consi/1 & v>i\s o!r ?+s he has le>n$ 9 ! sem9>y4 ,he op5s ! book & %[s ! fi%4 ,de> *ildr51 :at is ?is8 ,! poor *ildr5 are delight$ to see ! fi%1 unless inde$ !y already "k f o!r pupils ) :at sauce x is to be s]v$ up4 ,9 any case1 !y answ]3 ,x is a fi%4 ,no1 replies ! pr(essor 7all ?is is n an inv5tion nor a satire1 b an exact acc\nt ( :at ,i h se5 )\t exception 9 all ! be/ s*ools 9 ,g]many1 & 9 ^? ,engli% s*ools :i* h adopt$ ?is me?od ( tea*+74 ,no1 says ! pr(essor4 ,n[ :at is x y d see8 ,! *ildr5 are sil5t4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t !y are oblig$ to rema9 seat$ & quiet1 ea* "o 9 8 place1 & t !y are n to move4 ,well1 :at d y see8 ,a book1 says ! mo/ /upid *ild 9 ! class4 ,mean:ile1 ! m intellig5t *ildr5 h be5 ask+ !mselves ov] & ov] aga9 :at x is !y d see2 !y feel !y _c guess :at ! tea*] wants1 & t !y w h to answ] t ?is fi% is n a fi%1 b some?+ ! "n ( :i* is unkn[n to !m4 ,yes1 yes1 says ! ma/]1 eag]ly1 v good inde$1 a book4 ,& :at else8 ,! intellig5t ones guess1 & say joyfully & pr\dly3 ,lett]s4 ,no1 no1 n at all6 says ! tea*]1 disappo9t$2 y mu/ ?9k be=e y speak4 ,aga9 all ! intellig5t ones lapse into m\rnful sil5ce2 !y d n ev5 try to guess2 !y ?9k ( ! tea*]'s spectacles1 & wond] :y he does n take !m (f in/ead ( look+ ov] ! top ( !m3 ,come !n2 :at is !re 9 ! book8 ,all are sil5t4 ,well1 :at is ?is ?+8 ,a fi%1 says a bold _s ,yes1 a fi%4 ,b is x a live fi%8 ,no1 x is n alive4 ,q "r4 ,!n is x dead8 ,no4 ,"r4 ,!n :at is ?is fi%8 ,a picture4 ,j s4 ,v good6 ,all ! *ildr5 repeat3 ,x is a picture1 & !y ?9k t is all4 ,n at all4 ,!y h to say t x is a picture :i* repres5ts a fi%4 ,by ! same me?od ! ma/] induces ! *ildr5 to say t x is a picture :i* repres5ts a fi%4 ,he imag9es t he is ex]cis+ ! reason+ faculties ( 8 pupils1 & x nev] seems to ent] 8 head t if x is 8 duty to tea* *ildr5 to say 9 ^! exact words1 x is a book ) a picture ( a fi%1 x w\ld be mu* simpl] to repeat ?is /range =mula & make 8 pupils le>n x by he>t4 ,z a p5dant to ?is old-fa%ion$ lesson witness$ by ,tol/oy 9 an elem5t>y s*ool 9 ,g]many1 we may cite ! foll[+ lesson rec5tly set =? by a di/+ui%$ ,fr5* p$agogi/ & philosoph]1 ^: text-books are classics 9 ! s*ools ( 8 own c\ntry & 9 ^? ( _m =eign l&s1 & are also 9 use 9 ! tea*]s' tra9+ colleges 9 ,italy4 ,z ! sub-title on ! title-page in=ms u1 x is "o ( a s]ies ( lessons design$ to mold tea*]s & citiz5s :o %all be consci\s ( _! duties1 & useful to families1 to _! fa!rl&1 & to humanity4 #e ,we are !re=e 9 ! ambit ( second>y s*ools4 ,! lesson we cite is a practical application ( ! pr9ciple ( giv+ lessons by means ( int]rogation 7,socratic me?od71 & deals ) a moral !me3 rights4 ,footnote #e3 ,f4 ,al5gry1 ,education bas$ ^u ,psy*ology & ,morality4 ,y boys h nev] mi/ak5 y\r companion ,paul = ?is table or ?is tree8--,oh1 no6--,:y8--,because ! table & ! tree are inanimate & ins5sible1 :]eas ,paul lives & feels4--,good4 ,if y /rike ! table x w feel no?+ & y w n hurt x2 b h y any "r to de/roy x8--,no1 we %\ld be de/roy+ some?+ belong+ to o!rs4--,!n :at is x y respect 9 ! table8 ! inanimate & ins5sible wood1 or ! prop]ty ( ! p]son to :om x belongs8--,! prop]ty ( ! p]son to :om x belongs4--,h y any "r to /rike ,paul8--,no1 because we %\ld hurt him & he w\ld suff]4--,:at is x y respect 9 him8 ! prop]ty ( ano!r1 or ,paul himself8--,paul himself4--,!n y _c /rike him1 nor %ut him up1 nor deprive him ( food8--,no4 ,! police w\ld arre/ u if we did4--,ah6 ah6 y are afraid ( ! police4 ,b is x only ?is :i* prev5ts y f hurt+ ,paul8--,oh6 no1 ,sir4 ,x is because we love ,paul & d n want to make him suff]1 & because we h no "r to d s4--,y ?9k !n t y owe respect to ,paul 9 8 life & 8 feel+s1 because life & feel+ are ?+s to respect8--,yes1 sir4 ,are ^! all y h to respect 9 ,paul8 ,let u enquire2 ?9k well4--,8 books1 8 clo!s1 8 sat*el1 ! lun*eon 9 x4--,well4 ,:at d y mean8--,we mu/ n te> 8 books1 soil 8 clo!s or 8 sat*el1 or eat 8 lun*eon4--,:y8--,because ^! ?+s are 8 & we h no "r to take ?+s belong+ to o!rs4--,:at is ! act ( tak+ ?+s t belong to o!rs call$8--,!ft4--,:y is !ft =bidd58--,because if we /eal we %all g to prison4--,fe> ( ! police aga96 ,b is ?is ! *ief reason :y we mu/ n /eal8--,no1 ,sir1 b because we ought to respect ! prop]ty z well z ! p]sons ( o!rs4--,v good4 ,prop]ty is an ext5sion ( human p]sonality & mu/ be respect$ z su*4 ,& is ?is all8 ,is !re no?+ m to respect 9 ,paul ?an 8 body1 8 books & 8 copy-books8 ,d y n see any?+ else8 ,c y n ?9k ( any?+ m8 ,i w give y a h9t3 ,paul is an indu/ri\s pupil1 an hone/1 good-natur$ companion2 y are all fond ( him1 & he des]ves y\r affection4 ,:at d we call ! e/eem we all feel = him1 ! good op9ion we h ( him8--,honor 444 reputation4--,well1 ?is honor1 ?is reputation1 ,paul acquir$ by good conduct & good mann]s4 ,^! are ?+s :i* belong to him4--,yes1 ,sir2 we h no "r to rob him ( !m4--,v good2 b :at d we call ?is k9d ( !ft1 t is1 ! !ft ( honor & reputation8 ,& fir/ ( all1 h[ c we /eal !m8 ,c we take !m & put !m 9 our pockets8--,no1 b we c speak evil ( him4--,h[8--,we c\ld say t he _h done h>m to "o ( 8 companions 444 t he _h /ol5 apples f a neighbor+ or*>d 444 t he _h spok5 ill ( ano!r4--,t is s4 ,b h[ c\ld y rob him ( honor & reputation by speak+ ?us8--,sir1 p w\ld no long] believe him if !y _h a bad op9ion ( him2 he w\ld be beat51 scold$1 & left to himself4--,!n if y speak evil ( ,paul1 & :at y say is false1 d y give him pleasure8--,no1 ,sir1 we %\ld cause him pa91 & d him a wrong1 :i* w\ld be v odi\s & wick$ ( u4--,yes1 boys1 ?is ly+ ) int5t to injure w\ld be odi\s & wick$1 & x is call$ calumny4 ,i w expla9 lat] t evil speak+ diff]s f calumny or sl&] 9 t :at is said is n untrue1 & ,i w po9t out ! t]rible consequ5ces ( evil speak+ & sl&]4 ,n[ let u sum up :at we h said3 ,paul is a liv+ & s5sitive creature4 ,we ought n to cause him suff]+1 to rob him1 or to sl&] him2 we ought to respect him4 ,! honorable ?+s 9 ,paul con/itute rights1 & make him a moral p]son4 ,! obligation laid ^u u to respect ^! rights is call$ duty4 ,! obligation & ! duty ( respect+ ! rights ( o!rs is also call$ ju/ice4 ,ju/ice is d]iv$ f two ,lat9 words 79 jure />e71 mean+3 to keep oneself 9 ! "r4 ,! duties ( ju/ice enum]at$ by u are to be summ$ up ?us3 ,n to kill 444 n to cause suff]+ 444 n to /eal 444 n to sl&]4 ,always reflect ^u ! words y say 9 :i* ,n is foll[$ by a v]b 9 ! imp]ative inf9itive4 ,:at does t mean8 ,an obligation1 a comm&1 a prohibition4--,g on1 expla94 ,! obligation ( respect 444 ! comm& to respect rights 444 ! prohibition ( /eal+4 ,h[ may all ^! ?+s be summ$ up8 ,9 do+ no evil4 99 99 99 99 99 ,positive sci5ce makes its appe>ance 9 ! s*ools4--,positive sci5ce 0 invit$ to ent] into s*ools z into a *aos :]e x 0 necess>y to sep>ate light f d>kness1 a place ( disa/] :]e prompt succor 0 ess5tial4 99 99 99 99 99 ,discov]ies ( m$ic9e3 di/ortions & diseases4--,! fir/ sci5ce1 inde$1 to p5etrate into ! s*ool 0 m$ic9e1 :i* organiz$ a special hygi5e = ! occasion1 a k9d ( ,r$ ,cross s]vice4 ,! mo/ int]e/+ "p ( ! hygi5e t p5etrates into s*ools 0 t :i* diagnos$ & describ$ ! diseases ( s*ool *ildr51 t is to say1 ! maladies contract$ solely z a result ( /udy 9 s*ool4 ,! mo/ preval5t ( ^! maladies are sp9al curvature & myopia4 ,! fir/ is caus$ by excessive sitt+1 & by ! injuri\s position ( ! %\ld]s 9 writ+4 ,! second arises f ! fact t 9 ! spot :]e ! *ild has to rema9 seat$1 !re is n suffici5t light = him to see cle>ly2 or ?is spot is too f> f ! blackbo>d1 or f ! places :]e ! *ild has to read1 & ! prolong$ ef=t ( accommodation induces myopia4 ,o!r m9or g5]aliz$ maladies 7 also describ$3 an organic debility s widely diffus$ t hygi5e prescrib$ z an ideal treatm5t a gratuit\s di/ribution ( cod-liv] oil or ( recon/itu5t rem$ies 9 g5]al to all pupils4 ,anemia1 liv] compla9ts1 & neura/h5ia 7 also /udi$ z s*ool diseases4 ,?us a new field 0 op5$ to hygi5e 9 connection ) ! mo/ f]tile s\rce ( pr(essional disease1 & read+ & writ+ 7 c>efully /udi$ 9 relation to p$agogical me?ods1 & 9 relation to sp9al curvature & defective refraction ( ! eyes4 ,! figure ( ! *ild1 t victim ( unsuitable & disproportionate "w1 0 n h]eby br\ght into /rong relief1 z might h be5 expect$1 by ! aid ( m$ic9e1 b a new bran* ( legal m$ic9e came into be+4 ,x 01 inde$1 m$ic9e :i* drew att5tion to ! diseases & dea?s ( ! victims 9 orphan asylums1 victims ( artificial or irrational fe$+1 9 conjunction ) wet nurs+2 x 0 m$ic9e :i* pass$ 9 review "o by "o all ^? individual cases :i* proclaim ?is legal fact3 *ildr5 h no civil rights4 ,m$ic9e n[ ent]$ into ano!r sph]e :]e ! victims 7 n cases1 b ! g5]ality1 ! *ild-population 9 its entirety2 & n[ x is ! law itself :i* imposes duties ^u !m1 & condemns !m en masse to labor = _m ye>s 9 a mann] :i* entails physical torture4 ,if a bran* ( legal m$ic9e has aris5 9 connection ) crim9als1 h[ is x t none %\ld ev] h aris5 9 connection ) ! innoc5t8 99 99 99 99 99 ,sci5ce has n fulfill$ its mission 9 its deal+s ) *ildr54--,m$ic9e has conf9$ itself to ! treatm5t ( diseases artificially produc$4 ,x has diagnos$ a cause ( disease & left ?is cause undi/urb$1 cont5t m]ely to alleviate ! resultant evils befall+ a multitude ( victims4 ,x has n tak5 up ! attitude prop] to its great & dignifi$ rle ( protector ( life2 x has m]ely come =w>d1 l ! ,r$ ,cross ,s]vice dur+ w>1 to heal ! w\nd$ & alleviate ! condition ( ! suff]+2 x has n consid]$ t ! au?ority x enjoys z ! gu>dian ( heal? w\ld enable x to utt] ! supreme cry ( peace1 putt+ an end to a w> s dang]\s1 unju/1 & inhuman4 ,z1 9 its /ruggle aga9/ microbes1 x 0 ! /&>d-be>] 9 ! mo/ glori\s ( victories ov] dea?1 s1 fight+ directly aga9/ ! causes ( ! impov]i%m5t ( g5]ations1 x might h aspir$ to be> ! bann] ( protector ( po/]ity4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 x conf9$ itself to ! elaboration ( a bran* ( /udy t mimics sci5ce3 s*ool hygi5e2 ?us mak+ itself ! accomplice ( a social wrong4 ,let u glance into a rec5t treatise ( s*ool hygi5e1 :i* m]ely sums up ! ideas & ! "w ( ! _w at l>ge3 ,we w briefly indicate ! conditions favorable to ! developm5t ( sp9al curvature4 ,! age :5 ! malady usually appe>s is t ( second infancy1 h5ce its "n ( sp9al curvature ( ! adolesc5t2 sp9al curvature caus$ by rickets1 :i* appe>s 9 e>ly *ildhood1 is r>]1 & is ( less direct int]e/ to u "h4 ,! commone/ cause1 & t on :i* our att5tion %\ld be prim>ily conc5trat$1 is ! vici\s attitude adopt$ by ! majority ( our pupils dur+ _! s*ool "w2 ?is cause is s univ]sal t we may call sp9al curvature ! pr(essional disease ( ! pupil4 ,doctor ,leg5dre1 9 a =mula :i* may be judg$ ov]-sev]e1 ?\gh unhappily x is only too well-f\nd$1 said ( our s*ools t !y are factories = ! production ( ! de=m$ & ! myopic4 ,! ma9 cause ( myopia is to be f\nd 9 ! v conditions "u :i* *ildr5 are ga!r$ toge!r 9 s*ools3 insuffici5cy ( light1 ! ov]-small type common 9 s*ool-books1 ! frequ5t use ( ! blackbo>d1 on :i* ! tea*] is n always c>eful to make ! size ( ! *>act]s he traces proportionate to ! di/ance at :i* !y h to be read1 are s _m causes ( ocul> fatigue4 ,! visual ke5ness ( a giv5 eye1 says ,doctor ,lepr9ce1 decreases rapidly :5 ! int5sity ( ! light falls bel[ a c]ta9 limit4 ,! pupil1 work+ ) insuffici5t light1 repairs ! defective ke5ness ( :i* ?is is ! cause1 by increas+ ! visual angle "u :i* ! details ( ! object he is look+ at appe> to him2 9 o!r words1 he br+s t object inord9ately close to him4 ,! "t necess>y to recognize a giv5 lett] increases greatly1 :5 ! limit ( visual acut5ess has be5 rea*$4 ,!re=e1 insuffici5t light w\ld t5d to make "w sl[]1 unless ! pupil increas$ acut5ess by approa*+ ! object m closely4 ,?us myopia con/itutes a positive adaptation to ! defective conditions ( "w1 enabl+ ! pupil to "w m rapidly4 #f ,footnote #f3 ,bron>det & ,mosny1 ,hygine ,scolaire4 ,boillire1 ,p>is1 #aiad1 pp4 #adb1 #adc1 #dcj1 #dif4 ,x w\ld seem !re=e natural to say3 let ! *ild f9d himself a bett] light$ place2 if ! blackbo>d is at "s di/ance f him1 let him come ne>] to x2 if ! insuffici5t light ret>ds 8 "w1 let him g m sl[ly2 if ! que/ions at issue are su* h>mless ?+s z *ang+ a place1 advanc+ a /ep or two1 tak+ a few m9utes long] ov] a task--:at tyrant on e>? w\ld d5y su* a small favor1 & condemn ! suppliant to bl9dness8 ,su* a tyrant is ! tea*]1 :o aspires to w9 ! affection ( 8 victims by means ( moral exhortations4 ,x w\ld be s simple to all[ *ildr51 :5 tir$ ( sitt+1 to rise1 & :5 tir$ ( writ+1 to desi/1 & !n _! bones w\ld n be twi/$4 ,:o c look on unmov$ at ! spectacle ( *ildr5 ^: v]tebral column is be+ de=m$ by us+ desks1 j z 9 ! ,middle ,ages ! in/ep 0 de=m$ by ! torture ( ! boot4 ,& on :at gr\nds is ?is odi\s torture judg$ to be necess>y8 ,because a man has sub/itut$ himself = ,god1 desir+ to =m ! m9ds ( *ildr5 9 8 own image & lik5ess2 & ?is _c be done )\t subject+ a free creature to torture4 ,?is is ! only reason4 ,we w n[ quote ! rem$ies by means ( :i* a s-call$ sci5ce proposes to c\nt]act sp9al curvature 9 s*ool-*ildr54 ,x has det]m9$ ! exact position 9 :i* a *ild may rema9 seat$ & at "w = a long p]iod ( "t )\t injury to ! v]tebrae4 ,! *ild1 seat$ at ! table1 %\ld h 8 feet plant$ flat ^u ! gr\nd1 or ^u a foot-re/4 ,! legs %\ld be at "r-angles to ! ?ighs1 z %\ld ! ?ighs be to ! trunk1 save = a slight incl9ation ( ! b5* itself4 ,! trunk %\ld be 9 su* a position t !re w be no lat]al incl9ation ( ! v]tebral column1 ! arms %\ld be p>allel ) ! sides ( ! body1 ! ?orax %\ld n be int]f]$ ) by ! front edge ( ! table1 ! pelvic bas9 %\ld be symmetrically support$1 ! head slightly b5t =w>d at a di/ance ( ?irty c5timet]s f ! level ( ! table2 ! axis ( ! eyes1 rema9+ p>allel ) ! front edge ( ! table1 %\ld be horizontal2 ! =e>ms1 two-?irds ( :i* %\ld be laid on ! table1 %\ld re/ on x1 b )\t lean+ ^u x4 ,to realize all ^! conditions1 x is necess>y t ! desk %\ld be exactly fitt$ to ! proportions ( ! *ild2 its con/itu5t p>ts %\ld agree ) ^? ( ! body & limbs ( ! s*ol>4 ,! foll[+ are ! measurem5ts :i* ,dufessel consid]$ indisp5sable 9 ! fa%ion+ ( a desk suitable = *ildr53 #a4 ,height4 #b4 ,! l5g? ( ! leg1 tak5 f bel[ ! knee1 :5 ! *ild is seat$ ) ! legs at "r-angles to ! ?ighs1 & ! feet flat on ! gr\nd4 ,?is measurem5t gives ! requir$ height ( ! seat f ! foot-re/4 #c4 ,! diamet] ( ! body f front to back1 tak5 f ! /]num2 ?is1 ) five c5timet]s add$ to x1 gives ! prop] di/ance f ! read+-desk to ! back ( ! seat4 #d4 ,! l5g? ( ! femur1 two-?irds ( :i* repres5t ! dep? ( ! seat4 #e4 ,f9ally1 ! height ( ! epiga/ric cavity above ! seat1 augm5t$ by a few c5timet]s1 indicates ! height ( ! read+-desk4 ,we may add t 9 view ( ! rapid gr[? ( ! *ild1 ^! measurem5ts %\ld be tak5 twice 9 ! c\rse ( ! s*ool ye>1 & *ildr5 %\ld be made to *ange places 9 accordance ) ^! measurem5ts4 ,!re is a little cru/acean :i*1 com+ nak$ into ! _w1 *ooses an empty %ell & adapts itself !reto2 :5 x gr[s l>g] & ! %ell becomes too tight1 x sallies =? & takes up its abode 9 a l>g] "o4 ,?is ! creature does ( its own accord1 )\t a savant to measure x or a tea*] to *oose a new %ell = x4 ,b to u & to sci5ti/s1 a *ild is inf]ior to ?is l[ly inv]tebrate6 ,! difficulty ( keep+ =ty or fifty *ildr5 motionless = h\rs 9 ! prescrib$ hygi5ic attitude1 & ( f9d+ desks exactly adapt$ to ^! gr[+ bodies1 makes ?is rem$y impracticable1 s hun*backs cont9ue among u4 ,! problem rema9s unsolv$4 ,h5ce x has be5 deem$ m practical to e/abli% a k9d ( or?opa$ic in/itution )9 ! build+ itself 9 c]ta9 model s*ools 9 ,rome4 ,x consi/s ( a co/ly & elaborate app>atus1 to :i* ! pupils come 9 turn to be susp5d$ by ! head aft] ! me?od adopt$ 9 m$ic9e to combat sp9al curvature 9 ,pott's disease 7tub]culosis ( ! v]tebral column7 & rickets4 ,heal?y *ildr51 z well z ! uns\nd1 suff] by ^! applications2 b on ! o!r h&1 ! results af=d enc\rag+ /ati/ics4 ,if ?is hang+ treatm5t be initiat$ regul>ly at ! age ( six ye>s x /rikes a p]fect balance ) ! injury caus$ by prolong$ det]ioration induc$ by s*ool desks1 & *ildr5 are deliv]$ f sp9al disease4 99 99 99 99 99 ,discov]ies ( exp]im5tal psy*ology3 ov]work2 n]v\s exhau/ion4--,hygi5e1 mak+ its way into ! s*ool1 discov]$ s*ol>'s sp9al curvature & s*ol>'s myopia2 exp]im5tal psy*ology discov]$ ! exhau/ion due to ov]work1 & /udi$ ! fatigue ( ! s*ol>4 ,x foll[$ 9 ! beat5 track ( m$ic9e--t is to say1 x s\ght to alleviate ! ills x _h diagnos$1 & in/itut$ a bran* ( sci5ce ! title ( :i* is n v cle>ly def9$ z yet1 = "s call x exp]im5tal psy*ology appli$ to ! s*ool1 o!rs ,sci5tific ,p$agogy4 ,x is necess>y to rememb] t exp]im5tal psy*ology 0 e/abli%$ 9 #ahfj by ,fe*n]1 :o 0 a physici/ accu/om$ to exp]im5t on ?+s1 n on liv+ creatures1 & :o m]ely adapt$ ! me?ods employ$ 9 physics to psy*ical measurem5ts1 ?us f\nd+ psy*o-physics4 ,! in/rum5ts specially inv5t$ = e/hesiometric measurem5ts 7 ( extreme precision2 b ! results obta9$ %[$ su* v>iations t by ma!matical law !y c\ld n be attribut$ to errors ( measurem5t1 b 7 obvi\sly due to errors ( me?od4 ,inde$1 = ! measurem5t ( liquids x is necess>y to h an in/rum5t diff]5t f t :i* we use 9 measur+ solids1 al?\gh we are /ill 9 ! doma9 ( physics2 we _c measure a /uff by ! qu>t1 nor w9e by ! y>d2 h[ mu* m !n mu/ ! me?ods ( measur+ physical sub/ances & spiritual en]gy diff]8 ,aft] psy*o-physics1 psy*o-physiology 0 introduc$ by ,wundt4 ,wundt1 be+ a physiologi/1 appli$ ! me?ods ( /udy prop] to physiological functions to psy*ical /udy4 ,he did n make ! exact metrical in/rum5t 8 aim2 b he measur$ n]v\s reactions exactly 9 "t4 ,fe*n]'s primitive rese>*es made x possible to produce in/rum5ts s exact t !y c measure ! s\nd made by a drop ( wat] fall+ f ! height ( a met]1 :ile ,wundt's rese>*es h result$ 9 *ronomet]s :i* c measure ! ?\s&? "p ( a second4 ,b ! _s did n correspond to ! exactness ( rese>*--! results %[$ by _! oscillations t no?+ 0 be+ measur$--t ! object to be measur$ escap$4 ,x w suffice to m5tion t 9 measur+ ! n]v\s curr5ts 9 rate ( transmission ( impulse along ! n]ves & also 9 ! ganglion cells ( ! sp9al m>r[1 ,exn] arriv$ at a rapidity ( eight met]s1 & ,blo* at a rapidity ( #aid met]s1 9 ! same unit ( "t4 ,9 spite ( ?is />tl+ contra/ betwe5 ! precision ( ! means ( rese>* & ! huge v>iations 9 ! results1 :i* 7 %[n by ma!matical law to be absurd1 exp]im5tal psy*ology c>ri$ on ext5sive /udies1 "u ! illusion t x re/$ ^u a ma!matical basis4 ,x is f ?is sci5ce t a bran* has be5 deta*$ ) :i* to p5etrate into ! s*ool1 = ! purpose ( giv+ spiritual help to ! s*ol>1 & fre% vigor to p$agogy4 ,me?ods ( rese>* are no long] m]ely ^? antiquat$ psy*o-physical & psy*o-physiological me?ods =m]ly 9 favor2 exp]im5tal psy*ology1 h5ce=? emancipat$ f its orig9s1 has develop$ indep5d5tly4 ,x n[ relies on purely psy*ological te/s = its rese>*es1 & al?\gh x does n exclude ! me?ods adopt$ 9 ! laboratory1 & ! use ( su* accurate & tru/wor?y in/rum5ts z ! e/hesiomet] & ! ergograph1 ! s*ool itself has become ! *ief field ( exp]im5t4 ,= example3 "o ( ! mo/ famili> te/s ( att5tion is to give a pr9t$ page to be read ov]1 ) directions to /rike out e a on ! page2 ! "t tak5 to complete ?is task is measur$ by *ronomet]4 ,c\nt+ al\d f "o to a hundr$1 & at ! same "t c>ry+ on ari?metical op]ations 9 writ+1 is a measure ( ! di/ribution ( ! att5tion1 provid$ ! "t tak5 be calculat$ by ! *ronomet]1 & all errors be not$4 ,to make sev]al p]sons p]=m simil> ex]cises at ! same "t enables u to /udy comp>ative individual activities4 ,9 s*ools1 ex]cises 9 dictation :i* h be5 previ\sly det]m9$1 may be giv5 to a gr\p ( s*ol>s1 c>e be+ tak5 to note ! "t occupi$ 9 p]=m+ ! ex]cise & to comp>e ! errors4 ,?is is also an easy & practical means ( obta9+ collective results4 ,^! exp]im5ts all psy*ologi/s agree %\ld be c>ri$ out )\t int]rupt+ ! usual r\t9e ( ! s*ool4 ,!y are to be reg>d$ z an addition1 an extra1 & may be summ$ up z a means ( sci5tific rese>*1 ?r[+ light ^u ! regul> psy*ical conditions ( s*ool /udies4 ,! pr9cipal results ( su* exp]im5ts h be53 ! multiplicity ( mi/akes made1 & ! difficulty ( fix+ att5tion2 t is to say1 !y reveal ! we>9ess1 ! degree ( fatigue1 9 *ildr54 ,?is gave ! al>m6 ,old-fa%ion$ p$agogy 0 conc]n$ solely ) :at *ildr5 ought to d4 ,! idea t _! n]v\s en]gies might be impair$ 0 fir/ call$ into be+ by ! w>n+ note ( sci5ce4 ,rese>*es into ! causes ( fatigue became m & m frequ5t1 & c\pl$ ) su* rese>*es 0 ! less imm$iate enquiry z to h[ fatigue c\ld be combat$ or alleviat$4 ,all ! factors relat+ to ! "q 7 /udi$3 age1 sex1 ! degree ( intellig5ce1 ! type ( individual1 ! influ5ce ( ! seasons1 ! influ5ce ( ! v>i\s times ( ! day1 ( ! v>i\s days ( ! week1 ( habit1 int]vals ( relaxation1 int]e/1 v>iety ( "w1 ! position ( ! body1 &1 f9ally1 position 9 ref]5ce to ! c>d9al po9ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,sci5ce is confront$ by a mass ( unsolv$ problems4--,! outcome ( all ^! rese>*es is a gr[+ mass ( unsolv$ problems4 ,x has n be5 e/abli%$ :e!r males are m easily fatigu$ ?an females2 :e!r ! intellig5t are m subject to fatigue ?an ! un9tellig5t4 ,) reg>d to ! individual type1 ,tissi's conclusion seems to be ! mo/ notewor?y3 ,ea* individual becomes fatigu$ or n accord+ to 8 degree ( w4 ,9 connection ) ! seasons x appe>s t fatigue increases f ! fir/ to ! la/ day ( s*ool1 b x is unc]ta9 :e!r ?is is due to ! influ5ce ( ! seasons1 or :e!r1 z ,s*uyt5 affirms1 ! s*ol>'s gradual exhau/ion is due to ! s*ola/ic sy/em4 ,) reg>d to ! "t ( day1 x is /ill a "q :e!r ! fatigue produc$ is less :5 ! pupil works spontane\sly1 b ?is problem is a difficult "o to solve4 ,! days ( ! week :5 fatigue is lea/ evid5t are ,monday & ,friday1 b rese>*es made 9 ?is connection are n def9itive2 z to habit1 int]vals ( re/1 int]e/3 9 connection ) ^! factors :i* are antagoni/ic to fatigue1 x has be5 que/ion$ :e!r !y actually dim9i% fatigue1 or m]ely cloak x1 b no decision has be5 rea*$4 ,a great v>iety ( int]e/+ rese>*es h be5 made into ! "q ( *ange ( "w ) id5tical results--namely1 t frequ5t *ange ( "w causes great] fatigue ?an cont9u\s "w ( "o k9d1 & t a sudd5 int]ruption is m fatigu+ ?an p]si/5ce4 ,! foll[+ exp]im5t 7quot$ by ,clap>de7 0 made by ,s*ultze3 "o day ! girls 7 requir$ to add up figures = tw5ty-five m9utes1 & !n to copy out passages = ano!r tw5ty-five m9utes4 ,ano!r day !y p]=m$ ! same "w1 b x 0 diff]5tly divid$2 !y _h to add = fifty m9utes & to copy = ano!r fifty m9utes4 ,n[ ^! la/ te/s gave results inf9itely sup]ior to ! fir/4 ,& yet x is well kn[n t1 9 spite ( su* results1 con/ant int]ruption & *ange ( "w are commonly practis$ 9 s*ools1 z "p ( a sci5tific plan = combat+ fatigue4 ,"o ( ! rese>*es directly relat+ to s*ools is t ( ! ponog5ic co-effici5t ( ! v>i\s subjects ( in/ruction1 t is to say1 ( ! degrees ( fatigue induc$ by ^!4 ,wagn] is ( op9ion a priori t "o hundr$1 ! maximum co-effici5t1 mu/ be assign$ to ma!matics2 9 ?is case1 we %\ld get ! foll[+ ponog5ic co-effici5ts 9 s*ools1 = ea* subject3 ,ma!matics #ajj ,lat9 #ia ,greek #ij ,gymna/ics #ij ,hi/ory & ,geography #he ,fr5* & ,g]man #hb ,natural ,hi/ory #hj ,draw+1 ,religion #gg ,we may note ! arbitr>y & surpris+ mann] 9 :i* su* results are e/abli%$2 nev]!less1 9 ! "n ( exp]im5tal sci5ce x is possible to make su* d$uctions z ! foll[+3 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to enquire if ! ord] ( ! ponog5ic co-effici5ts v>ies ) ! age ( ! *ildr51 :i* w\ld enable u to "k on ! "o h& :5 ! bra9 is be/ fitt$ = ! /udy ( any p>ticul> subject & :5 !re=e x w\ld be mo/ judici\s to make x pr$om9ate 9 ! program2 on ! o!r h&1 x w\ld help u 9 ! arrangem5t ( ! daily "t-table2 we %\ld take1 if possible1 ! mo/ fatigu+ subjects at ! beg9n+ ( ! day 7,clap>de1 op4 cit474 ,ano!r ord] ( rec5t rese>*es is t made into ! tox9es produc$ by fatigue2 ,wei*>dt succe$$ 9 isolat+ ^! tox9es1 & 9 fabricat+ anti-tox9es ) :i* he exp]im5t$ successfully on rats4 ,! exp]im5ts 7 also repeat$ 9 a cl9ic4 ,) reg>d to ! appe>ance ( ! tox9es1 x 0 f\nd t !y 7 abundantly produc$ dur+ ! p]=mance ( we>isome "w1 :]eas !re 7 only traces ( !m to be f\nd :5 ! "w 0 int]e/+4 ,?r\gh\t ?is sci5ce s pack$ ) rese>*es :i* give z _! result unsolv$ problems1 we p]ceive t n "o ( ! factors tak5 into consid]ation c alleviate fatigue2 int]ruption & *ange ( "w m]ely aggravate x4 ,! "o means by :i* surmnage 7exhau/ion due to ov]work7 c be elim9at$ is to make "w pleasant & int]e/+1 to give joy 9 "w r ?an pa94 ,! necessity ( mak+ education & in/ruction attractive has be5 prop\nd$ by all p$agogi/s wor?y ( ! "n1 su* z ,fnelon1 ,r\sseau1 ,pe/alozzi1 ,h]b>t1 & ,sp5c]1 says ,clap>de1 b x is /ill unrecogniz$ 9 ! ev]yday practise ( ! s*ools 7op4 cit474 ,by common cons5t1 ! fir/ duty ( ! educator is t ( do+ no h>m3 fir/ d no h>m1 a precept also accept$ 9 ! practise ( m$ic9e4 ,to obey x to ! lett] is1 inde$1 impossible1 because e me?od ( s*ola/ic education is 9 "s way prejudicial to ! normal developm5t ( ! *ild4 ,b ! educator w seek to alleviate ! injury :i* in/ruction necess>ily entails 7op4 cit474 ,?is is inde$ cold com=t1 aft] all ^! /udies & rese>*es6 ,a confession t problems h aris5 at e /ep1 & t n a s+le "o has be5 solv$6 ,inde$1 und]ly+ all ?is is ! problem ( problems3 h[ to make t place attractive & joy\s :]e hi!rto ! body has be5 tortur$ & contort$1 & ! blood poison$ by we>9ess6 ,x is impossible to educate )\t do+ h>m2 b we mu/ d h>m t w give pleasure6 ,?is is truly an emb>rass+ position6 ,& ?is is :y an int]m9able /r+ ( notes ( int]rogation s]ves z ! decorative motive ( ?is new sci5ce1 :i* might be m appropriately /yl$3 ignorabimus4 ,& x is = ?is reason t ! consid]ations indicat$ by hygi5e & psy*ology n[ t5d to d away altoge!r ) ! sum total ( irrep>able evils1 commut+ ! s5t5ce1 t is to say1 abbreviat+ h\rs ( /udy1 cutt+ d[n ! curriculum1 avoid+ writt5 ex]cises4 ,?us a new spect]1 t ( ignorance1 & h5ce=? ! ab&onm5t ( ! *ild = ! great] "p ( ! day1 pres5t !mselves z a sub/itute = ! spect] ( de/ruction4 ,mean:ile our epo* dem&s an int5sive c>e ( ! new g5]ation1 & ! prep>ation ( a culture ev] va/] & m complex4 ,true1 x w\ld appe> t to-day a way ( escape may be (f]$ by ! discov]y ( ! anti-tox9e = fatigue4 ,j ?9k6 exclaims ,clap>de1 a s]um aga9/ fatigue4 ,h[ valuable ?is w\ld be6 ,f ?is po9t ( view1 ,i %\ld say t ! ponog5ic co-effici5ts might f9d a m practical & rational application ?an t ( ! revelation ( programs2 inde$ ^! co-effici5ts indicat+ ! production ( tox9es w\ld appe> de/9$ to det]m9e ! dose ( anti-tox9e necess>y to nullify ! evil effects result+ f ea* diff]5t subject ( in/ruction4 ,9 ! n f> di/ant future1 :5 ^! auxili>y sci5ces ( ! s*ool & p$agogy %all h made due progress1 we %all p]haps see1 side by side ) ! or?opa$ic w>d1 a physio-*emical cl9ic1 :]e e ev5+ ! pupils1 z !y leave ! b5efic5t susp5sory app>atus :i* c\nt]acts injury to _! skeletons1 may ent] ) a k9d ( ponog5ic prescription regulat$ by ! tea*+ !y h und]gone1 & receive an injection :i* w deliv] !m f ! poison\s effects ( fatigue6 ,?is reads l an irony ( ! wor/ k9d1 p]haps2 b ?is is n ! case4 ,:]e ! or?opa$ic in/itution is already an accompli%$ fact1 we may v soon see ! *emical cl9ic e/abli%$4 ,if a problem ( lib]ty is to be solv$ ) ma*9es1 & if a problem ( ju/ice is to be reg>d$ f ! *emical po9t ( view1 simil> consequ5ces w be ! logical end ( sci5ces develop$ ^u su* errors4 ,x is obvi\s t a real exp]im5tal sci5ce1 :i* %all guide education & deliv] ! *ild f slav]y1 is n yet born2 :5 x appe>s1 x w be to ! s-call$ sci5ces t h sprung up 9 connection ) ! diseases ( m>tyr$ *ildhood z *emi/ry to al*emy1 & z positive m$ic9e to ! empirical m$ic9e ( bygone c5turies4 ,i ?9k x w be ( int]e/ "h to record ! impressions ( a p]son :o1 leav+ ! field ( ma!matics1 ent]$ ^u ! /udy ( biology & exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,x is an acc\nt ( a "y ,engli% eng9e]1 :o _h evid5tly mi/ak5 8 vocation1 & :o1 aft] /udy+ my me?od = two ye>s1 return$ to ! univ]sities ( 8 own great c\ntry z a /ud5t ( biology4 ,?is is 8 op9ion ( exp]im5tal psy*ology3 ,9 psy*ology we are /udy+ ! mo/ mod]n exp]im5tal rese>*es4 ,at pres5t we are engag$ ^u ,?\ght & ,imag9ation4 ,i mu/ confess t ,i d n f9d ?is c\rse v illum9at+1 ?\gh ,i agree t x is necess>y to "k some?+ ( ^! rese>*es4 ,9 mod]n psy*ology !re is no?+ at all adequate to ! subject ( our me?od4 ,^! inve/igators seem to me l p]sons look+ at a tree1 & not+ ! mo/ obvi\s ( its ext]nal =ms3 ! %ape ( a leaf1 a /em1 etc41 do+ all ?is ) great gravity & us+ v precise language 7p]haps believ+ t ?is con/itutes sci5ce71 b (t5 confus+ ! function ( def9ition ) t ( description4 ,9 ?is mann] descriptions ( wond]ful & fasc9at+ ?+s are r$uc$ to arid def9itions1 9 ord] to be clo!d 9 _! sci5ce1 & ?us are r5d]$ p[]less to inspire ?\ght4 ,!y nev] m$itate2 !y read a great deal2 !y ?9k 9 m5tal images :i* no m repres5t facts ?an a diagram on ! blackbo>d repres5ts a liv+ organ2 & ^! images diff] among diff]5t psy*ologi/s1 b _! language is always ! same4 ,!y d all ?is believ+ !y are mak+ progress1 & in/ead ( tra9+ _! pupils to obs]ve = !mselves )\t prejudice1 !y in/il _! own prejudices into ! m9ds ( ! /ud5ts1 cramm+ !m ) def9itions & descriptions ( ! /range/ & mo/ amorph\s k9d1 :i* effectually prev5t !m f ?9k+ = !mselves4 ,b )9 ! tree !re is ! fundam5tal /ructure :i* !y h n begun to exam9e1 ?\gh ! revelation ( ?is w\ld expla9 all ! ext]nal data4 ,! details w\ld dim9i% 9 importance2 all ^! details issu+ f a s+le root might be classifi$ 9 ! simple/ mann]4 ,?is sci5ce rem9ds me ( t antiquat$ lore :i* dealt ) ! con/ellations1 :5 ! laws ( planet>y motion 7 n yet kn[n1 & ! s-call$ sci5ce conf9$ itself to descriptions ( ! ,great ,be>1 ! ,crab1 ! ,goat1 etc4 ,i dete/ ^? dryasdu/s :o1 unaw>e ( _! own ignorance1 write enorm\s arid tomes ) an air ( great maje/y1 z if !y 7 reveal+ absolute k1 books t lie heavy on ! m9ds ( ! /ud5ts1 mak+ !m dry z _! tea*]s4 ,b ! /ud5ts seem to me to c>e only ab\t pass+ _! exam9ations & to h no ?\ght ( discov]+ new k2 & ! pr(essors s]ve !m to ?is end4 ,?us we are all 9 a /ate ( s]vitude due to a mi/ak5 sy/em ( education1 :i* calls l\dly = re=m4 ,,iii ,,my ,,contribution ,,to ,,exp]im5tal ,,sci5ce ,! organization ( psy*ical life beg9s ) ! *>act]i/ic ph5om5on ( att5tion4--,my exp]im5tal "w ) little *ildr5 f ?ree to six ye>s old has be51 9 fact1 a practical contribution to rese>* :i* has = its aim ! discov]y ( ! treatm5t requir$ by ! s\l ( ! *ild1 a treatm5t analog\s to t :i* hygi5e prescribes = its body4 ,i ?9k1 !re=e1 t x is ess5tial to record ! fundam5tal fact :i* l$ me to def9e my me?od4 ,i 0 mak+ my fir/ essays 9 apply+ ! pr9ciples & "p ( ! mat]ial ,i _h us$ = _m ye>s previ\sly 9 ! education ( defici5t *ildr51 to ! normal *ildr5 ( ! ,san ,lor5zo qu>t] 9 ,rome1 :5 ,i happ5$ to notice a little girl ( ab\t ?ree ye>s old deeply absorb$ 9 a set ( solid insets1 remov+ ! wood5 cyl9d]s f _! respective holes & replac+ !m4 ,! expression on ! *ild's face 0 "o ( su* conc5trat$ att5tion t x seem$ to me an extraord9>y manife/ation2 up to ?is "t none ( ! *ildr5 _h ev] %[n su* fixity ( int]e/ 9 an object2 & my belief 9 ! *>act]i/ic in/ability ( att5tion 9 "y *ildr51 :o flit incessantly f "o ?+ to ano!r1 made me peculi>ly alive to ! ph5om5on4 ,i wat*$ ! *ild int5tly )\t di/urb+ h] at fir/1 & began to c\nt h[ _m times %e repeat$ ! ex]cise2 !n1 see+ t %e 0 cont9u+ = a long "t1 ,i pick$ up ! little arm*air 9 :i* %e 0 seat$1 & plac$ *air & *ild ^u ! table2 ! little creature ha/ily caught up h] case ( insets1 laid x across ! arms ( h] *air1 & ga!r+ ! cyl9d]s into h] lap1 set to "w aga94 ,!n ,i call$ ^u all ! *ildr5 to s+2 !y sang1 b ! little girl cont9u$ undi/urb$1 repeat+ h] ex]cise ev5 aft] ! %ort song _h come to an end4 ,i c\nt$ =ty-f\r repetitions2 :5 at la/ %e ceas$1 x 0 q indep5d5tly ( any surr\nd+ /imuli :i* might h di/ract$ h]1 & %e look$ r\nd ) a satisfi$ air1 almo/ z if awak+ f a refre%+ nap4 ,i ?9k my nev]-to-be-=gott5 impression 0 t exp]i5c$ by "o :o has made a discov]y4 ,?is ph5om5on gradually became common among ! *ildr53 x may !re=e be record$ z a con/ant reaction occurr+ 9 connection ) c]ta9 ext]nal conditions1 :i* may be det]m9$4 ,& ea* "t t su* a pol>isation ( att5tion took place1 ! *ild began to be completely trans=m$1 to become calm]1 m intellig5t1 & m expansive2 x %[$ extraord9>y spiritual qualities1 recall+ ! ph5om5a ( a high] consci\sness1 su* z ^? ( conv]sion4 ,x 0 z if 9 a saturat$ solution1 a po9t ( cry/allization _h =m$1 r\nd :i* ! :ole *aotic & fluctuat+ mass unit$1 produc+ a cry/al ( wond]ful =ms4 ,?us1 :5 ! ph5om5on ( ! pol>isation ( att5tion _h tak5 place1 all t 0 disord]ly & fluctuat+ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! *ild seem$ to be organiz+ itself into a spiritual creation1 ! surpris+ *>act]i/ics ( :i* are reproduc$ 9 e individual4 ,x made "o ?9k ( ! life ( man :i* may rema9 diffus$ among a multiplicity ( ?+s1 9 an inf]ior /ate ( *aos1 until "s special ?+ attracts x int5sely & fixes x2 & !n man is reveal$ unto himself1 he feels t he has begun to live4 ,?is spiritual ph5om5on :i* may co-involve ! entire consci\sness ( ! adult1 is !re=e only "o ( ! con/ant elem5ts ( ! ph5om5a ( int]nal =mation4 ,x occurs z ! normal beg9n+ ( ! inn] life ( *ildr51 & accompanies its developm5t 9 su* a mann] z to become accessible to rese>*1 z an exp]im5tal fact4 ,x 0 ?us t ! s\l ( ! *ild gave its revelations1 & "u _! guidance a me?od exemplify+ spiritual lib]ty 0 evolv$4 ,! /ory ( ?is initiatory episode soon spread ?r\gh\t ! _w1 & at fir/ x seem$ l ! /ory ( a miracle4 ,!n by degrees1 z exp]im5ts 7 made among ! mo/ div]se races1 ! simple & evid5t pr9ciples ( ?is spiritual treatm5t 7 manife/$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,psy*ical developm5t is organiz$ by ! aid ( ext]nal /imuli1 :i* may be det]m9$ exp]im5tally4--,! contribution ,i h made to ! education ( "y *ildr5 t5ds1 9 fact1 to specify by means ( ! revelations due to exp]im5t1 ! =m ( lib]ty 9 int]nal developm5t4 ,x w\ld n be possible to conceive lib]ty ( developm5t1 if by its v nature ! *ild 7 n capable ( a spontane\s organic developm5t1 if ! t5d5cy to develop 8 en]gies 7expansion ( lat5t p[]s71 ! conque/ ( ! means necess>y to a h>moni\s innate developm5t1 did n already exi/4 ,9 ord] to exp&1 ! *ild1 left at lib]ty to ex]cise 8 activities1 ought to f9d 9 8 surr\nd+s some?+ organiz$ 9 direct relation to 8 int]nal organization :i* is develop+ itself by natural laws1 j z ! free insect f9ds 9 ! =m & qualities ( fl[]s a direct correspond5ce betwe5 =m & su/5ance4 ,! insect is und\bt$ly free :51 seek+ ! nect> :i* n\ri%es x1 x is 9 reality help+ ! reproduction ( ! plant4 ,!re is no?+ m m>vel\s 9 nature ?an ! correspond5ce betwe5 ! organs ( ^! two ord]s ( be+s de/9$ to su* a provid5tial coop]ation4 ,! secret ( ! free developm5t ( ! *ild consi/s1 !re=e1 9 organiz+ = him ! means necess>y = 8 int]nal n\ri%m5t1 means correspond+ to a primitive impulse ( ! *ild1 comp>able to t :i* makes ! new-born infant capable ( suck+ milk f ! brea/1 :i* by its ext]nal =m & elaborat$ su/5ance1 corresponds p]fectly to ! requirem5ts ( ! infant4 ,x is 9 ! satisfaction ( ?is primitive impulse1 ?is int]nal hung]1 t ! *ild's p]sonality beg9s to organize itself & reveal its *>act]i/ics2 j z ! new-born infant1 9 n\ri%+ itself1 organizes its body & its natural movem5ts4 ,we mu/ n !re=e set ourselves ! educational problem ( seek+ means :]eby to organize ! int]nal p]sonality ( ! *ild & develop 8 *>act]i/ics2 ! sole problem is t ( (f]+ ! *ild ! necess>y n\ri%m5t4 ,x is by ?is means t ! *ild develops an organiz$ & complex activity :i*1 :ile x responds to a primitive impulse1 ex]cises ! intellig5ce & develops qualities we consid] l(ty1 & :i* we suppos$ 7 =eign to ! nature ( ! "y *ild1 su* z pati5ce & p]sev]ance 9 "w1 & 9 ! moral ord]1 ob$i5ce1 g5tl5ess1 affection1 polit5ess1 s]5ity2 qualities we are accu/om$ to divide into diff]5t categories1 & z to :i*1 hi!rto1 we h *]i%$ ! illusion t x 0 our task to develop !m gradually by our direct int]position1 al?\gh 9 practise we h nev] kn[n by :at means to d s successfully4 ,9 ord] t ! ph5om5on %\ld come to pass x is necess>y t ! spontane\s developm5t ( ! *ild %\ld be accord$ p]fect lib]ty2 t is to say1 t its calm & peaceful expansion %\ld n be di/urb$ by ! int]v5tion ( an untimely & di/urb+ influ5ce2 j z ! body ( ! new-born infant %\ld be left 9 peace to assimilate its n\ri%m5t & gr[ prop]ly4 ,9 su* an attitude ought we to await ! miracles ( ! inn] life1 its expansions & also its un=ese5 & surpris+ explosions2 j z ! intellig5t "m1 only giv+ h] baby n\ri%m5t & re/1 contemplates x1 see+ x gr[1 & awaits ! manife/ations ( nature3 ! fir/ too?1 ! fir/ ^w1 & f9ally ! action by :i* ! baby w "o day rise to 8 feet & walk4 ,b to ensure ! psy*ical ph5om5a ( gr[?1 we mu/ prep>e ! environm5t 9 a def9ite mann]1 & f ?is environm5t (f] ! *ild ! ext]nal means directly necess>y = him4 ,?is is ! positive fact :i* my exp]im5t has r5d]$ concrete4 ,hi!rto ! lib]ty ( ! *ild has be5 vaguely discuss$2 no cle>ly def9$ limit has be5 e/abli%$ betwe5 lib]ty & ab&onm5t4 ,we 7 told3 ,lib]ty has its limits1 ,lib]ty mu/ be prop]ly und]/ood4 ,b a special me?od indicat+ h[ lib]ty %\ld be int]pret$1 & :at is ! intuitive quid :i* ought to co-exi/ ) x1 _h n be5 det]m9$4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( su* a me?od %\ld op5 up a new pa? to all education4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is !re=e necess>y t ! environm5t %\ld conta9 ! means ( auto-education4 ,^! means _c be tak5 at r&om2 !y repres5t ! result ( an exp]im5tal /udy :i* _c be und]tak5 by all1 because a sci5tific prep>ation is necess>y = su* delicate "w2 besides1 l all exp]im5tal /udy1 x is labori\s1 prolong$1 & exact4 ,_m ye>s ( rese>* are requir$1 be=e ! means really necess>y = psy*ical developm5t c be set =?4 ,^? educationali/s :o leave ! great "q ( ! lib]ty ( ! pupil to ! good s5se or to ! prep>ation ( ! ma/] are v f> f solv+ ! problem ( lib]ty4 ,! greate/ sci5ti/1 or ! p]son mo/ fitt$ by nature to tea*1 c\ld nev] ( himself discov] su*1 because1 to prep>ation & natural gifts1 ! fur!r factor ( "t mu/ be add$--! long p]iod ( prep>atory exp]im5t4 ,!re=e a sci5ce :i* has already provid$ ! means = self-education mu/ exi/ be=eh&4 ,to-day1 he :o speaks ( lib]ty 9 ! s*ools ought at ! same "t to exhibit objects--approximat+ to a sci5tific app>atus--:i* w make su* lib]ty possible4 ,! sci5tific in/rum5t mu/ be con/ruct$ ^u a basis ( exactitude4 ,j z ! l5ses ( ! physici/ are con/ruct$ 9 accordance ) ! laws ( ! refraction ( light1 s ! p$agogic in/rum5t %\ld be bas$ on ! psy*ical manife/ations ( ! *ild4 ,su* an in/rum5t may be comp>$ to a sy/ematiz$ m5tal te/4 ,x is n1 h[ev]1 e/abli%$ ^u a basis ( ext]nal measurem5t1 = ! purpose ( e/imat+ ! am\nt ( in/antane\s psy*ical reaction :i* x produces2 x is1 on ! contr>y1 a /imulus :i* is itself det]m9$ by ! psy*ical reactions x is capable ( produc+ & ma9ta9+ p]man5tly4 ,x is ! psy*ical reaction1 !re=e1 t 9 ?is case det]m9es & e/abli%es ! sy/ematic m5tal te/4 ,! psy*ical reaction :i* con/itutes ! sole basis ( comp>ison 9 ! det]m9ation ( ! te/s1 is a pol>ization ( ! att5tion1 & ! repetition ( ! actions relat$ to x4 ,:5 a /imulus corresponds 9 ?is mann] to ! reflex p]sonality1 x s]ves1 n to measure b to ma9ta9 a lively reaction2 x is !re=e a /imulus to ! int]nal =mation4 ,inde$1 ^u su* activity1 awak5$ & ma9ta9$1 ! accompany+ organism initiates its int]nal elaborations 9 relation to ! /imuli4 ,?is does n p5etrate into ! anci5t ambit ( p$agogy z a sci5ce t measures ! p]sonality1 z ! exp]im5tal psy*ology introduc$ 9 s*ools has hi!rto done1 b z a sci5ce t trans=ms ! p]sonality1 & is !re=e capable ( tak+ its /& z a true & real p$agogy4 ,:]eas ! anci5t p$agogy 9 all its v>i\s int]pretations />t$ f ! conception ( a receptive p]sonality--"o1 t is to say1 :i* 0 to receive in/ructions & to be passively =m$1 ?is sci5tific dep>ture />ts f ! conception ( an active p]sonality--reflex & associative--develop+ itself by a s]ies ( reactions induc$ by sy/ematic /imuli :i* h be5 det]m9$ by exp]im5t4 ,?is new p$agogy accord+ly belongs to ! s]ies ( mod]n sci5ces1 & n to antique speculations1 al?\gh x is n directly bas$ on ! purely metric /udies ( positive psy*ology4 ,b ! me?od1 :i* in=ms x--namely1 exp]im5t1 obs]vation1 evid5ce or pro(1 ! recognition ( new ph5om5a1 _! reproduction & utilization1 und\bt$ly place x among ! exp]im5tal sci5ces4 99 99 99 99 99 ,ext]nal /imuli may be det]m9$ 9 quality & quantity4--,no?+ c be m int]e/+ ?an su* exp]im5ts4 ,by _! means ext]nal /imuli may be det]m9$ ) ! greate/ precision1 bo? z reg>ds quality & quantity4 ,= in/ance1 v small objects ( v>i\s geometric =ms w only attract ! fugitive att5tion ( a *ild ( ?ree ye>s old2 b by increas+ ! dim5sions gradually1 we arrive at ! limit ( size :5 ^! objects w fix ! att5tion2 !n su* objects excite an activity :i* becomes p]man5t1 & ! result+ ex]cise becomes a factor ( developm5t4 ,! exp]im5t is repeat$ ) a numb] ( *ildr51 & ?us ! dim5sions ( a s]ies ( objects are e/abli%$4 ,x is ! same ) colors & ) e k9d ( quality4 ,9 ord] t a quality %\ld be felt to su* a degree z to fix ! att5tion1 a c]ta9 ext5sion & a c]ta9 int5sity ( ! /imulus are necess>y1 :i* may be det]m9$ by ! degree ( psy*ical reaction %[n by ! *ild2 z1 = in/ance1 ! m9imum *romatic ext5sion suffici5t to attract ! att5tion to ! color$ tablets1 etc4 ,quality1 !re=e1 is det]m9$ by a psy*ical exp]im5t demon/rat+ ! activity x produces 9 a *ild1 :o w cont9ue ! ex]cise ) ! same object = a long "t1 ?us elaborat+ a ph5om5on ( int]nal developm5t1 ( self-=mation4 ,among ! *>act]i/ics ( ! objects1 "o mu/ be po9t$ out1 :i* dem&s ! highe/ degree ( activity 9 ! intellig5ce3 !y conta9 9 !mselves control ( error4 ,to make ! process "o ( self-education1 x is n en\gh t ! /imulus %\ld call =? activity1 x mu/ also direct x4 ,! *ild %\ld n only p]si/ = a long "t 9 an ex]cise2 he mu/ p]si/ )\t mak+ mi/akes4 ,all ! physical or intr9sic qualities ( ! objects %\ld be det]m9$1 n only by ! imm$iate reaction ( att5tion !y provoke 9 ! *ild1 b also by _! possession ( ?is fundam5tal *>act]i/ic1 ! control ( error1 t is to say ! p[] ( evok+ ! effective collaboration ( ! highe/ activities 7comp>ison1 judgm5t74 ,= in/ance1 "o ( ! fir/ objects :i* attract ! att5tion ( ! *ild ( ?ree ye>s old1 ! solid insets 7a s]ies ( cyl9d]s ( v>i\s dim5sions to be plac$ 9 or tak5 out ( a block ) correspond+ holes7 conta9s ! mo/ me*anical control1 because if a s+le mi/ake be made 9 plac+ ! cyl9d]s1 "o ( ^! mu/ be left out at ! end ( ! ex]cise4 ,h5ce a mi/ake is an ob/acle only to be ov]come by correction1 = )\t x ! ex]cise _c be complet$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! correction is s easy t ! *ild makes x himself4 ,! little problem sudd5ly pres5t+ itself to ! *ild1 almo/ l ! unexpect$ object ( a jack-9-!-box1 has int]e/$ him4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 notewor?y t ! problem ?us pres5t$ is n 9 itself ! /imulus to int]e/2 x is n t :i* incites to ! repetition ( ! act--to ! progress ( ! *ild4 ,:at int]e/s ! *ild is ! s5sation1 n only ( plac+ ! objects b ( acquir+ a new p[] ( p]ception1 enabl+ him to recognize ! diff]5ce ( dim5sion 9 ! cyl9d]s1 a diff]5ce :i* he did n at fir/ notice4 ,! problem pres5ts itself solely 9 connection ) ! error1 x does n accompany ! normal process ( developm5t4 ,an int]e/ /imulat$ m]ely by curiosity1 by a problem1 w\ld n be t =mative int]e/ :i* wells up f ! ne$s ( life itself1 & !re=e directs ! build+ up ( ! spiritual p]sonality4 ,if x 7 only ! problem :i* %\ld lead ! s\l to f9d itself1 ord] might be dissipat$ by x1 z by any o!r ext]nal cause :i* t5ds to s$uce life into false pa?s4 ,i lay1 p]haps1 excessive /ress ^u ?is po9t1 9 answ] to v important objections & obs]vations t h be5 made to me4 ,inde$ 9 ! second s]ies ( objects design$ to educate ! eye to appreciate dim5sions1 ! control ( error is n me*anical1 b psy*ological2 ! *ild himself1 ^: eye has be5 educat$ to recognize diff]5ces ( dim5sion1 w see ! error1 provid$ ! objects be ( a c]ta9 size & attractively color$4 ,x is = ?is reason t ! next objects conta91 s to say1 ! control ( error 9 _! own size & 9 _! bright colors4 ,a control ( error ( a totally diff]5t k9d1 & ( a mu* high] ord]1 is t (f]$ by ! mat]ial ( ! ari?metical frame1 9 :i* ! control w consi/ 9 ! comp>ison ( ! *ild's own "w ) t ( a model1 a comp>ison :i* d5otes a rem>kably intellig5t ef=t ( w on ! "p ( ! *ild1 & places him !nce=? 9 ! true conditions ( consci\s auto-education4 ,b1 h[ev] slight ! control ( error may be1 & 9 spite ( ! fact t ?is div]ges m & m f an ext]nal me*anism1 to rely ^u ! int]nal activities :i* are gradually develop+1 x always dep5ds1 l all ! qualities ( ! objects1 ^u ! fundam5tal reaction ( ! *ild1 :o accords x prolong$ att5tion1 & repeats ! ex]cises4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! exp]im5tal crit]ion is diff]5t1 9 det]m9+ ! quantity ( ! objects4 ,:5 ! in/rum5ts h be5 con/ruct$ ) great precision1 !y provoke a spontane\s ex]cise s coord9at$ & s h>moni\s ) ! facts ( int]nal developm5t1 t at a c]ta9 po9t a new psy*ical picture1 a species ( high] plane 9 ! complex developm5t1 is reveal$4 ,! *ild turns away spontane\sly f ! mat]ial1 n ) any signs ( fatigue1 b r z if impell$ by fre% en]gies1 & 8 m9d is capable ( ab/ractions4 ,at ?is /age ( developm5t1 ! *ild turns 8 att5tion to ! ext]nal _w1 & obs]ves x ) an ord] :i* is ! ord] =m$ 9 8 m9d dur+ ! p]iod ( ! prec$+ developm5t2 he beg9s spontane\sly to make a s]ies ( c>eful & logical comp>isons :i* repres5t a v]itable spontane\s acquisition ( k4 ,?is is ! p]iod h5ce=? to be kn[n z ! p]iod ( discov]ies1 discov]ies :i* evoke en?usiasm & joy 9 ! *ild4 ,?is m elevat$ level ( developm5t is extremely fruitful 9 its la/ asc5t ,x is ess5tial t ! *ild's att5tion %\ld n be direct$ to ! objects :5 ! delicate ph5om5on ( ab/raction beg9s4 ,= in/ance1 ! tea*] :o invites ! *ild to cont9ue 8 op]ations ) ! mat]ial at su* a mom5t1 w ret>d 8 spontane\s developm5t & place an ob/acle 9 8 way4 ,if ! en?usiasm :i* leads ! *ild to rise to great] heights & exp]i5ce s _m intellectual emotions be ext+ui%$1 a pa? ( progress has be5 clos$4 ,n[ ! same error may be committ$ by an excessive quantity ( ! educative mat]ial2 ?is may dissipate ! att5tion1 r5d] ! ex]cises ) ! objects me*anical1 & cause ! *ild to pass by 8 psy*ological mom5t ( asc5t )\t p]ceiv+ x & seiz+ x4 ,moreov]1 su* objects are !n futile1 &1 by _! futility1 ! *ild may lose 8 s\l4 ,! ?+ to be exactly det]m9$ is3 :at is necess>y & suffici5t z a response to ! int]nal ne$s ( a life 9 process ( developm5t1 t is1 ( upw>d progression1 ( asc5t8 ,n[ 9 det]m9+ ! quantity we mu/ be guid$ by ! expression & at ! same "t by ! active manife/ations ( ! *ild4 ,^? *ildr5 :o h long be5 occupi$ ) ^! det]m9$ objects1 %[+ e sign ( absorb$ att5tion1 w1 all ( a sudd51 beg9 to rise gradually & ins5sibly1 l an a]oplane :5 x completes its %ort j\rney ^u ! gr\nd4 ,_! app>5t indiff]5ce to ! objects is reveal$ 9 its true ess5ce by ! int5se & radiant expression ( ! face1 :i* is animat$ by ! livelie/ joy4 ,! *ild may seem to be do+ no?+1 b ?is w only be = a mom5t2 v soon he w speak1 & s w reveal :at is happ5+ )9 him1 & !n 8 ebulli5t activity w c>ry him along 9 a s]ies ( explorations & discov]ies4 ,he is sav$4 ,n[ take ! case ( o!r *ildr5 9 :om ! same primitive ph5om5on is tak+ place1 b :o are surr\nd$ by too great a pr(usion ( objects4 ,at ! mom5t ( maturity !y are se5 to be caught1 ob/ruct$1 almo/ palpably entangl$ 9 ! toils t b9d !m to e>?4 ,a dim9ution ( ! absorb$ att5tion be/[$ ^u ! new objects1 in/ability1 & consequ5tly fatigue1 manife/ !mselves 9 an obvi\s ext9ction ( int]nal activity4 ,! *ild's be>+ det]iorates1 he indulges 9 l\d1 empty laught]1 rude actions1 & indol5ce4 ,he dem&s o!r objects1 & !n aga9 o!r objects1 because he has rema9$ imprison$ 9 ! vici\s circle ( vanities1 & is no long] s5sible to any?+ b ! desire to alleviate 8 we>9ess4 ,l ! adult :o dur+ a *aotic life commits k9dr$ errors1 he becomes undiscipl9$1 feeble1 & 9 p]il ( p]dition4 ,if "s "o does n help him by wre/+ f him ! futile objects1 & po9t+ out 8 heav5 to him1 he w h>dly h ! en]gy to save himself4 ,^! two extreme types w give an idea ( ! crit]ia by :i* we exp]im5tally det]m9e ! quantity ( ! mat]ial necess>y = developm5t4 ,ov]-abundance debilitates & ret>ds progress2 ?is has be5 prov$ aga9 & aga9 by my collaborators4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! mat]ial be insuffici5t1 & ! prim>y auto-ex]cise incapable ( lead+ ! *ild on to t maturity :i* causes him to asc5d1 !re w be no explosion ( t spontane\s ph5om5on ( ab/raction :i* is ! second /age ( an auto-education advanc+ 9 inf9ite progression4 ,! same fundam5tal ph5om5on ( absorb$ & prolong$ att5tion :i* leads to repetition ( ! acts1 guides u 9 det]m9+ ! /imuli suitable to ! age ( ! *ild4 ,a /imulus :i* w cause a *ild ( ?ree ye>s old to repeat an act =ty times 9 succession1 may only be repeat$ t5 times by a *ild ( six2 ! object :i* ar\ses ! int]e/ ( a *ild ( ?ree no long] int]e/s a *ild ( six4 ,nev]!less ! *ild ( six is capable ( fix+ 8 att5tion = a mu* long] p]iod ?an a *ild ( ?ree1 :5 ! /imulus is suit$ to 8 activities2 if1 inde$1 a little *ild ( ?ree may a*ieve z 8 maximum ! repetition ( an act =ty times 9 succession1 ! *ild ( six is capable ( repeat+ two hundr$ times an act :i* int]e/s him4 ,if ! maximum p]iod ( cont9u\s "w on ! same object may be half an h\r = ! *ild ( ?ree1 x may be ov] two h\rs = ! *ild ( six4 ,h5ce1 to e/abli% sy/ematic te/s = a c]ta9 purpose1 su* z t ( prep>+ *ildr5 to write1 )\t tak+ _! ages into acc\nt1 is valueless4 ,= example1 my sy/em ( writ+ is bas$ ^u ! direct prep>ation ( ! movem5ts :i* physiologically concur to produce writ+3 i4e4 manipulation ( ! in/rum5t ( writ+ & ! trac+ ( ! lett]s ( ! alphabet4 ,! *ildr51 fill+ 9 ! cont\rs ( ! insets ) innum]able p>allel /rokes 9 ! "o case1 & t\*+ ! s&-pap] lett]s 9 ! o!r1 fix ! two muscul> me*anisms s p]fectly1 t ! f9al result is an explosion ( spontane\s writ+ extraord9>ily uni=m 9 all ! *ildr5--because1 z if all mold$ to a common =m1 !y h fix$ ! necess>y movem5ts by t\*+ ! same alphabet1 & !re=e reproduce its =ms fai?fully4 ,to br+ ?is ab\t1 to e/abli% a real motor-me*anism1 x is ess5tial t ! ex]cise %\ld be repeat$ ov] & ov] aga94 ,n[ ! *ildr5 :o take mo/ int]e/ 9 fill+ 9 ! figures ) p>allel /rokes1 &1 above all1 9 t\*+ ! lett]s1 are1 at mo/1 betwe5 f\r & five ye>s old4 ,if we (f] ! same mat]ial to a *ild ( six he w n t\* ! lett]s (t5 en\gh1 & he w always write imp]fectly1 9 comp>ison ) ! *ild :o has begun ! ex]cise at a suitable age4 ,?is applies also to all ! o!r details ( ! sy/em4 ,x is !re=e possible to det]m9e exp]im5tally1 )1 ,i believe1 a precision n hi!rto atta9$1 :at is ! m5tal attitude ( ! *ild at v>i\s ages1 & h5ce1 if ! fitt+ mat]ial = developm5t be (f]$1 :at w be ! av]age level ( intellectual developm5t accord+ to age4 ,"h we h an indication ( ! possibility ( det]m9+ ! means ( developm5t s exactly z to e/abli% a true correspond5ce betwe5 int]nal ne$s & ext]nal /imuli1 j z actual z ! correspond5ce :i* exi/s betwe5 ! insect & ! fl[]4 ,he :o has all ?is mat]ial ready to 8 h& has an easy task 9 br++ ab\t ! natural developm5t ( ! psy*ic life ( ! *ild4 ,) su* objects at 8 disposal1 e tea*] may realize ! ideal ( lib]ty 9 ! s*ool4 ,?is long1 occult exp]im5t--sugge/$ to me1 z ,i h already said1 by ,it>d & ,sgu9--is1 9 fact1 my initial contribution to education4 ,all ?is prep>atory "w has s]v$ = ! det]m9ation ( ! me?od n[ well kn[n1 b x is also ! key to its cont9uation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! mat]ial ( developm5t is necess>y only z a />t+ po9t4--,9 ! organization ( ! ext]nal means ( developm5t1 !re rema9s a mat]ial impress ( ! int]nal developm5t1 & ( t :i* ! s\l ne$s 9 its progress1 dur+ its c\rse1 & 9 its flights4 ,! mat]ial "p does n conta9 ! impress ( ! :ole s\l1 any m ?an ! impress ( ! foot is ! impress ( ! :ole body2 ! aviation-gr\nd is n ! sph]e ( action prop] to ! a]oplane1 b x is ! "p ( t]ra-firma necess>y = flight1 & x is also ! re/+-place1 ! refuge1 ! hang> to :i* ! a]oplane mu/ always return4 ,?us 9 psy*ical =mation !re is a necess>y mat]ial "p f :i* ! _s rises1 & :]e x %\ld f9d repose1 refuge1 & a po9t ( support1 ,)\t ?is x c\ld n gr[ & rise freely4 ,9 ord] t x may be a true support x ought to reproduce its =ms & conta9 !m 9 ! "p correspond+ to ! peculi> functions ( ! mat]ial aid4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ! psy*ical life1 ! mat]ial corresponds to ! primitive ex]cises ( ! s5ses--x is 9 quality & quantity det]m9$ by ! s5sory ne$s giv5 by nature--& p]mits an ex]cise ( ! activities suffici5t to mature a sup]ior psy*ical /ate ( obs]vation & ab/raction4 ,vice v]sa1 no?+ corresponds 9 ! mat]ial to ! subsequ5t c>e] :i* ! *ildi% _s accompli%es ) su* delight & ) s mu* acquisition ( k4 ,b we !n see ! _s eag] = high] k9ds ( ex]cise--& n[ we witness ! same primitive ph5om5on ( att5tion1 :i* w ex]cise itself h5ce=? ^u ! alphabet & ari?metical mat]ial1 repeat+ 9 a m complex =m me?odical ex]cises ( ! intellig5ce by l9k+ auditory images ) ! visible & motor images ( ! spok5 & writt5 ^w2 & 9 ! positive /udy ( quantities1 proportions1 & numb]4 ,! same concomitant ph5om5a ( pati5ce & p]sev]ance !n manife/ !mselves1 toge!r ) ^? ( vivacity1 activity1 & joy1 *>act]i/ic ( ! _s :5 ! int]nal en]gies h f\nd _! keybo>d1 ! gymnasium 9 :i* !y ex]cise !mselves freely & tranquilly4 ,& ! _s1 organiz$ 9 ?is mann] "u ! guidance ( an ord] :i* corresponds to its natural ord]1 becomes =tifi$1 gr[s vigor\sly1 & manife/s itself 9 ! equilibrium1 ! s]5ity1 ! self-control :i* produce ! wond]ful discipl9e *>act]i/ic ( ! behavior ( our *ildr54 ,! ext]nal mat]ial1 !n1 %\ld pres5t itself to ! psy*ical requirem5ts ( ! *ild z a /aircase :i* helps him to asc5d1 /ep by /ep1 & on ! /eps ( ?is /aircase !re w ( necessity be dispos$ ! means ( culture1 & ( ! high] =mation4 ,!re=e ! psy*ical ex]cises require new mat]ial1 & ?is1 if x is to fulfil its purpose1 mu/ conta9 new & m complex =ms ( objects capable ( fix+ ! att5tion1 ( mak+ ! intellig5ce rip5 9 ! cont9ual ex]cise ( its own en]gies1 & ( produc+ ^? ph5om5a ( p]si/5ce 9 application & ( pati5ce to :i* w be add$ ela/icity1 psy*ical equilibrium1 & ! capacity = ab/raction & spontane\s creation4 ,?us1 9 ! subsequ5t developm5t ( ! *ildr51 we see !m apply+ !mselves to ^? ex]cises ( ! memory :i* seem to u mo/ arid1 because a desire has be5 born 9 !m1 n only to reta9 ! images !y enc\nt] 9 ! _w1 b also to acquire k rapidly by a det]m9$ ef=t4 ,an example ( ?is is se5 9 ! surpris+ yet common ph5om5on ( committ+ ! multiplication table to memory1 :]eas ! memoriz+ ( poems & prose extracts1 al?\gh ?is is sometimes a passion1 causes u no surprise4 ,v int]e/+ aga91 is ! deta*m5t ! *ild %[s at a c]ta9 po9t f ! aids to ari?metical calculation2 at a c]ta9 /age ( maturity he desires to reason 9 ! ab/ract & make ab/ract calculations ) numb]s1 z if obey+ an int]nal impulse :i* seeks to lib]ate ! s\l f e mat]ial bond & at ! same "t to effect an economy ( "t4 ,h]eupon we see *ildr5 ( eight ye>s old become eag] & precoci\s calculators4 ,*ildr5 ?us laun*$ ^u ! ent]prises ( self-education acquire a rem>kable s5sibility z to _! own int]nal ne$s4 ,j z ! new-born infant ^: food is rationally regulat$1 is sil5t & tranquil dur+ ! two h\rs ( dige/ion & assimilation1 & cries out ! mom5t ! h\r = a fre% meal has /ruck1 s d ^! *ildr5 ask = help1 ask = new mat]ials1 new =ms ( "w1 z soon z !y h accompli%$ _! my/]i\s ph5om5a ( int]nal maturation1 & ask = !m det]m9ately1 indicat+ _! mo/ imm$iate ne$1 j z "o 9 physical want w\ld be able to /ate di/9ctly :e!r he 7 hungry1 ?ir/y1 or sleepy4 ,a *ild1 9 l mann]1 asks = read+1 or grammatical ex]cises1 or means = obs]v+ ,nature4 ,8 s5sibility manife/s itself 9 a lucid & int5se desire1 to :i* ! tea*] has only to respond4 ,x is evid5t t "s ext]nal basis is necess>y 9 ! progressive developm5t ( su* ph5om5a1 & t ! tea*]1 :o is to respond to ! reque/s ( ! *ild 9 consci\s evolution1 _c d s adequately by haphaz>d means2 he mu/ be guid$ by conditions previ\sly det]m9$ by exp]i5ce4 ,9 o!r words1 ^? ext]nal means already allud$ to sev]al times1 t /aircase1 ! /eps ( :i* lead ! s\l upw>ds1 mu/ h be5 already e/abli%$ by exp]i5ce1 j z all ! prec$+ means ( ! fir/ developm5t ( ! infant 7 e/abli%$4 ,! con/ruction ( ! asc5d+ /airway1 ( ! ext]nal means ( support = ! s\l 9 process ( evolution1 is gradually amplifi$1 l an inv]t$ cone1 ! apex ( :i* t\*es ! v beg9n+s ( psy*ical life1 re/+ ^u t primitive impulse :i* attracts ! *ild ( two & a half to ! s5sory /imuli1 j z hung] leads ! new-born infant to p]=m ! wond]ful complex action ( suck+4 ,& z ^! ext]nal means multiply1 !y are complicat$ m & m by ! gr[+ psy*ical ne$s ( ! *ild1 & comprise )9 !mselves ! pr9ciples ( culture4 ,! highe/ ext]nal organization is n bas$ solely ^u psy*ological necessities1 b also ^u ^? factors :i* take into acc\nt ! cultural aspect itself4 ,ea* subject ( /udy1 z1 = in/ance1 ari?metic1 gramm>1 geometry1 natural sci5ce1 music1 lit]ature1 %\ld be pres5t$ by means ( ext]nal objects ^u a well-def9$ sy/ematic plan4 ,! ess5tially psy*ological "* ( ! prelim9>y "w mu/ n[ be supplem5t$ by ! collaboration ( speciali/s 9 ea* subject1 9 ord] to ensure ! e/abli%m5t ( t aggregate ( means necess>y & suffici5t to incite to auto-education4 ,?is is ! exp]im5tal prep>atory "w1 :i* e/abli%es ^? means ( developm5t1 ^? ext]nal impressions1 necess>y to unfold ! inn] life1 & an exact correspond5ce to ! psy*ical ne$s ( =mation is ess5tial 9 _! con/ruction4 ,up to a c]ta9 po9t1 !y might correspond ) ! s-call$ didactic or objective mat]ial ( ! old me?ods4 ,_! significance1 h[ev]1 is pr(\ndly diff]5t4 ,! objective mat]ial ( ! old s*ools 0 an aid to ! tea*]1 9 mak+ 8 explanations compreh5sible to a collective class li/5+ passively to him4 ,! objects 7 relat$ solely to ! ?+s to be expla9$1 & ^! 7 *os5 at r&om1 t is to say1 )\t any sci5tific crit]ion ( _! relation to ! psy*ical ne$s ( ! *ild4 ,"h1 on ! o!r h&1 ! means ( developm5t are exp]im5tally det]m9$ ) ref]5ce to ! psy*ical evolution ( ! *ild2 & _! aim is n to give m]e in/ruction2 !y repres5t ! means :i* induce a spontane\s int]pretation ( ! int]nal en]gies4 ,! ext]nal mat]ial is !n (f]$1 & left freely to ! natural individual en]gies ( ! *ildr54 ,!y *oose ! objects !y pref]2 & su* pref]5ce is dictat$ by ! int]nal ne$s ( psy*ical gr[?4 ,ea* *ild occupies himself ) ea* object *os5 = z long z he wi%es2 & ?is desire corresponds to ! ne$s ( ! intimate maturation ( ! _s1 a process :i* dem&s p]sev]+ & prolong$ ex]cise4 ,no guide1 no tea*] c div9e ! intimate ne$ ( ea* pupil1 & ! "t ( maturation necess>y to ea*2 b only leave ! *ild free1 & all ?is w be reveal$ to u "u ! guidance ( nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,psy*ical tru?s4--,x is necess>y to adopt a sci5tific po9t ( view 9 ord] to int]pret ! facts t reveal !mselves 9 *ildr5 :5 !y are develop$ ^u ?is sy/em1 & to dive/ oneself completely ( ! old s*ola/ic conception accord+ to :i* ! progress ( ! *ild is assess$ accord+ to 8 pr(ici5cy 9 ! v>i\s subjects ( /udy4 ,"h1 almo/ l ! naturali/1 x is ess5tial to obs]ve ! developm5t ( c]ta9 ph5om5a ( life4 ,x is true t we prep>e special ext]nal conditions2 b ! psy*ical effects are directly b\nd up ) ! spontane\s developm5t ( ! int]nal activity ( ! *ild4 ,h5ce !re is no direct correspond5ce betwe5 tea*] & *ild2 in/ruction is c]ta9ly n a cause ( ! effects obs]v$4 ,x is ! objects ( ! me?od :i*1 z re-ag5ts1 provoke special psy*ical reactions2 ^! may be summ$ up z an awak5+1 z an organization ( ! p]sonality4 ,discipl9e1 z ! fir/ result ( an ord] e/abli%+ itself )91 is ! pr9cipal ph5om5on to be look$ = z ! ext]nal sign ( an int]nal process t has be5 initiat$4 ,dur+ ! fir/ days :5 a new s*ool is op5$1 we may consid] a c]ta9 initial disord] z *>act]i/ic1 especially if ! tea*] is mak+ h] fir/ exp]im5t1 & consequ5tly is h&icapp$ by h] ov]-sangu9e expectations4 ,! imm$iate response ( ! *ild to ! mat]ial does n take place2 ! tea*] is p]haps discomfit$ by ! fact t ! *ildr5 d n ?r[ !mselves1 z %e _h hop$1 ^u ! objects1 *oos+ !m accord+ to _! individual ta/e4 ,if1 inde$1 ! pupils are v poor *ildr51 ?is ph5om5on does ne>ly always happ5 at once2 b if !y are well-to-d *ildr51 already sat$ by ! v>iety ( _! possessions1 & by ! mo/ co/ly toys1 !y are v r>ely attract$ at fir/ by ! /imuli pres5t$ to !m4 ,?is naturally leads to disord] :5 ! mi/ress makes a k9d ( *a9 ( t lib]ty %e is to respect1 & a dogma ( ! correlation exi/+ betwe5 ! /imulus & ! *ildi% s\l4 ,exp]i5c$ tea*]s1 on ! o!r h&1 und]/& bett] t lib]ty beg9s :5 ! life t mu/ be develop$ 9 ! *ild is initiat$1 & !y possess a tact :i* greatly facilitates ori5tation 9 ! initial p]iod4 ,h[ev]1 an exp]i5ce "u ! mo/ difficult conditions1 z betwe5 a tea*] mak+ h] fir/ exp]im5t1 & a class ( weal?y *ildr51 is m in/ructive1 & gives u a cle>] picture ( ! fundam5tal psy*ical ph5om5on1 :i* may be comp>$ to ! ord] :i* spr+s up out ( *aos4 ,i quote1 9 ?is connection1 v>i\s descriptions1 "s ( :i* already h be5 publi%$1 among !m t giv5 by ,miss ,george1 ( h] fir/ s*ool 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t ( ,mlle4 ,dufresne 9 ,engl&4 ,! initial disord] is eloqu5tly set =? by ,miss ,george3 ,!y 7! *ildr57 at fir/ snat*$ ! objects out ( ea* o!r's h&s2 if ,i tri$ to %[ an object to any p>ticul> pupil1 ! o!rs dropp$ :at !y !mselves 7 hold+ & ga!r$ aimlessly & noisily r\nd u4 ,:5 ,i _h f9i%$ expla9+ ! nature ( an object1 all ! *ildr5 snat*$ at x & qu>rel$ = its possession4 ,! *ildr5 %[$ no int]e/ 9 ! mat]ial3 !y pass$ f "o object to ano!r )\t p]sev]+ 9 ! use ( any4444 ,"o ( ! *ildr5 0 s incapable ( keep+ /ill t he c\ld n rema9 seat$ long en\gh to run 8 f+]s r\nd "o ( ! little circul> objects we give ! *ildr54 ,9 _m cases1 ! movem5ts ( ! *ildr5 7 q aimless1 !y ran r\nd ! room )\t any app>5t object4 ,dur+ ^! movem5ts1 !y made no attempt to respect ! objects ab\t !m2 inde$1 !y /umbl$ aga9/ ! table1 upset ! *airs & /epp$ ^u ! mat]ial2 sometimes !y began an occupation at "o spot1 & !n ran (f 9 ano!r direction2 !y took up ! objects & ca/ !m aside caprici\sly4 ,miss ,dufresne describes ! initial disord] ( h] fir/ attempt z foll[s3 ,i mu/ confess t ! fir/ f\r weeks 7 di%e>t5+2 ! *ildr5 c\ld n settle to a task = m ?an a few mom5ts2 !y %[$ no p]sev]ance1 no initiative2 at times !y foll[$ "o ano!r l a flock ( lambs2 :5 "o *ild took up an object1 all ! o!rs want$ to imitate him1 sometimes !y roll$ on ! floor & ov]turn$ ! *airs4 ,f an exp]im5t ) ri* *ildr5 "h 9 ,rome1 we get ! foll[+ laconic description3 ,! greate/ difficulty 0 ! "q ( discipl9e4 ,! *ildr5 %[$ a complete lack ( attraction to _! "w1 & seem$ dis9cl9$ to beg9 ^u x4 ,^! p]sons1 :o 7 all work+ indep5d5tly1 are all agre$ lat] 9 _! acc\nts ( ! initiation ( ord]3 ! ph5om5on is id5tical2 at a giv5 mom5t1 a *ild beg9s to %[ an int5se int]e/ 9 "o ( ! ex]cises4 ,x is by no means necess>y t x %\ld be t ex]cise p]ta9+ to ! object det]m9$ z ! fir/ s]ies2 x may be any o!r object t fixes ! att5tion ( ! *ild s deeply2 ! important factor is n ! ext]nal object1 b ! int]nal action ( ! s\l1 respond+ to a /imulus1 & arre/$ by x4 ,n[ :5 a *ild once %[s ?is deep int]e/ 9 any "o ( ! objects we pres5t to him z some?+ answ]+ to 8 psy*ical ne$s1 he goes on to %[ a l int]e/ 9 all ! objects1 & beg9s to develop activities z by a natural ph5om5on4 ,:5 once ! initiation has tak5 place1 x leads to progression :i* goes on /eadily1 & develops ( its own accord4 ,moreov]1 ! ph5om5on is n t ( ! sl[ & gradual progression t might be produc$ by a measur$ & sy/ematic ext]nal action2 r x has ! explosive "* ( unsuspect$ facts t e/abli% !mselves sudd5ly1 & make u ?9k ( ! crises ( physiological life1 s *>act]i/ic 9 ! p]iod ( gr[?4 ,?us x is f "o day to ano!r t ! baby cuts a too?1 f "o day to ano!r t he utt]s 8 fir/ ^w1 f "o day to ano!r t he takes 8 fir/ /ep2 & :5 ! fir/ too? has be5 cut1 ! :ole set ( tee? w come2 :5 ! fir/ ^w has be5 utt]$1 language w be develop$2 :5 ! fir/ /ep has be5 tak51 ! p[] ( walk+ has be5 e/abli%$ once = all4 ,simil> crises occur 9 ! fir/ a*ievem5t ( psy*ic ord]1 :i* is ! beg9n+ ( progressive evolution 9 ! inn] life4 ,i quote ! foll[+ s5t5ces f ,miss ,george's description ( ! adv5t ( discipl9e3 ,9 a few days t nebul\s mass ( :irl+ p>ticles--! disord]ly *ildr5--began to take def9ite =m4 ,! *ildr5 seem$ to beg9 to f9d _! own way2 9 _m ( ! objects !y _h at fir/ despis$ z silly play?+s1 !y began to discov] a novel int]e/1 &1 z a result ( ?is new int]e/1 !y began to act z indep5d5t individuals4 ,miss ,george's subsequ5t expression is3 ,!y became extremely individual4 ,?us x came to pass t an object ( absorb+ int]e/ to "o *ild _h n ! slighte/ attraction = ano!r2 ! *ildr5 7 /rongly diff]5tiat$ 9 _! manife/ations ( att5tion4444 ,! battle is only def9itively won1 :5 ! *ild discov]s "s p>ticul> object :i* spontane\sly excites great int]e/ 9 him4 ,sometimes ?is en?usiasm awak5s unexpect$ly1 or ) curi\s rapidity4 ,on "o occasion ,i _h tri$ a *ild ) ne>ly all ! objects ( ! s]ies )\t excit+ ! smalle/ sp>k ( int]e/2 !n ,i casually %[$ him ! two tablets ( r$ & blue colors1 & call$ 8 att5tion to ! diff]5ce ( t9t4 ,he seiz$ !m at once ) a k9d ( ?ir/9ess1 & le>n$ five diff]5t colors 9 a s+le lesson2 dur+ ! foll[+ days he took ne>ly all ! objects ( ! s]ies :i* he _h at fir/ despis$1 & little by little ma/]$ !m all4 ,a *ild :o at fir/ _h v little p[] ( conc5trat+ 8 att5tion1 f\nd an outlet f ?is /ate ( *aos by means ( "o ( ! mo/ complex objects ( ! mat]ial1 ! s-call$ l5g?-rods2 he play$ ) ^! cont9ually = a :ole week & le>n$ to c\nt & make simple additions4 ,he !n began to turn to ! cyl9d]s & ! insets1 ! simpl] objects1 & %[$ int]e/ 9 e "p ( ! sy/em4 ,directly ! *ildr5 f9d _! objects int]e/+1 _! disord]l9ess disappe>s at once2 _! m5tal re/lessness is at an end1 & !y amuse !mselves ) ! blocks1 ! colors1 etc4 ,x is v int]e/+ to foll[ ,miss ,george aga9 9 h] description ( ! special qualities t develop aft] su* a ph5om5on4 ,%e illu/rates ! bir? ( individuality by a pretty anecdote3 ,!re 7 two si/]s1 "o ( ?ree ye>s old1 ! o!r ( five4 ,! *ild ( ?ree c\ld h>dly be said to exi/ z an individual1 s m9utely did %e imitate h] eld] si/]2 = example1 ! eld] *ild _h a blue p5cil & ! little "o 0 n happy till %e too _h a blue p5cil2 :5 ! eld] si/] ate bread & butt]1 :atev] ! little "o _h ( a diff]5t k9d1 %e w\ld t\* no?+ b bread & butt]1 & s on4 ,?is *ild took no int]e/ 9 any?+ 9 ! s*ool1 b m]ely foll[$ h] si/]1 imitat+ ev]y?+ %e did4 ,"o day ! little "o became int]e/$ 9 ! p9k cubes1 built up ! t[] ) ! livelie/ int]e/1 repeat$ ! ex]cise sev]al times1 & completely =got h] si/]4 ,! old] girl 0 s a/oni%$ at ?is1 t %e call$ h] little si/] & said to h]3 ',h[ is x t :ile ,i am fill+ 9 a circle y are build+ ! t[]8' ,f t day ! y\ng] *ild became a p]sonality2 %e began to develop indep5d5tly1 & 0 no long] m]ely ! %ad[ or reflection ( h] si/]4 ,^! int]e/+ facts conc]n+ ! spontane\s developm5t ( qualities :i* hi!rto 7 non-exi/5t 9 ! individual1 & :i* explod$ aft] ! fundam5tal ph5om5on--( int5se & prolong$ int]e/ 9 a task--_h manife/$ itself1 h be5 confirm$ by repeat$ exp]im5ts 9 a great v>iety ( places made by p]sons :o _h _h no sort ( communication "o ) ano!r4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 ,miss ,dufresne speaks ( a little girl ( f\r ye>s old1 :o seem$ q incapable ( c>ry+ a glass ( wat] ev5 only half full1 )\t spill+ x2 s mu* s t %e turn$ away f su* a task1 kn[+ %e c\ld n accompli% x4 ,"o day %e became absorb$ 9 "w ) "o or o!r ( ! objects1 & aft] ?is1 %e began to c>ry glasses ( wat] ) ! greate/ ease2 & z "s ( h] companions 7 n[ pa9t+ ) wat]-colors1 x became h] great delight to c>ry wat] to !m all )\t spill+ a s+le drop4 ,ano!r mo/ significant fact is relat$ by ,miss ,b>ton1 an ,au/ralian tea*]4 ,among h] pupils 0 a little girl :o _h n yet develop$ articulate spee*1 & only gave utt]ance to in>ticulate s\nds2 h] p>5ts _h _h h] exam9$ by a doctor to f9d out if %e 7 normal2 ! doctor decl>$ ! *ild to be p]fectly normal1 & consid]$ t ?\gh %e _h n z yet develop$ spee*1 %e w\ld d s 9 "t4 ,?is *ild became int]e/$ 9 ! solid insets1 & amus$ h]self = a long "t tak+ ! cyl9d]s out ( ! cavities & putt+ !m back 9 _! places2 & aft] repeat+ ! "w ) int5se int]e/1 %e ran to ! tea*]1 say+3 ,come & see6 ,a ph5om5on ( con/ant occurr5ce :5 ! *ildr5 beg9 to be int]e/$ 9 ! "w & to develop !mselves is ! lively joy :i* seems to possess !m4 ,c]ta9 psy*ologi/s w\ld say1 x is ! s5tim5tal note correspond+ to ! intellectual acquisition2 a physiologi/1 mak+ an exact comp>ison1 might affirm t joy is ! indication ( int]nal gr[?1 j z an increase 9 weight is ! indication ( bodily gr[?4 ,! *ildr5 !mselves seem to h ! s5sation ( _! spiritual gr[?1 a consci\sness ( ! acquisitions !y are mak+ by ?us amplify+ _! own p]sonalities2 !y demon/rate ) joy\s effusion ! high] process :i* is beg9n+ )9 !m4 ,all ! *ildr51 says ,miss ,george1 %[ t pride we ourselves exp]i5ce :5 we h really produc$ some?+ novel4 ,!y skip r\nd me1 & ?r[ _! arms ab\t my neck1 :5 !y h le>n$ to d "s simple ?+1 say+3 ',i did x all alone1 y did n ?9k ,i c\ld h done t2 ,i did x bett] to-day ?an ye/]day1' ,x is aft] ^! manife/ations t a true discipl9e is e/abli%$1 ! mo/ obvi\s results ( :i* are closely relat$ to :at we w call respect = ! "w ( o!rs & consid]ation = ! rights ( o!rs4 ,h5ce=w>d a *ild no long] attempts to take away ano!r's "w2 ev5 if he covet x1 he waits pati5tly until ! object is free2 & v (t5 a *ild becomes int]e/$ 9 wat*+ a companion at "w on "s object he w\ld l to use himself4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 discipl9e has be5 e/abli%$ by ^! int]nal processes1 x w happ5 all at once t a *ild w "w q indep5d5tly ( ! o!rs1 almo/ z if to develop 8 own p]sonality2 b no moral isolation results f su* "w2 on ! contr>y1 !re is a mutual respect & affection betwe5 ! *ildr51 a s5tim5t :i* unites in/ead ( sep>at+2 & h5ce is born t complex discipl9e :i*1 moreov]1 conta9s )9 itself ! s5tim5t t mu/ accompany ! ord] ( a community4 ,miss ,dufresne says3 ,aft] ! ,*ri/mas holidays1 :5 s*ool began aga91 !re 0 a great *ange 9 ! class4 ,x seem$ t discipl9e 0 e/abli%+ itself1 )\t any ef=t on my "p4 ,! *ildr5 appe>$ to be too mu* absorb$ 9 _! "w to indulge 9 any ( ! disord]ly actions :i* _h m>k$ _! conduct 9 ! beg9n+4 ,!y w5t spontane\sly to ! cupbo>ds to *oose ! objects :i* _h bor$ !m =m]ly4 ,!y took ! geometrical insets1 ! graduat$ cyl9d]s1 & began to t\* ! outl9es ( ! wood5 =ms ) _! f+]s2 ! y\ng] *ildr5 %[$ a pref]5ce = ! button+ & lac+ frames2 !y took "o aft] ! o!r )\t any signs ( fatigue1 & seem$ delight$ ) ! new objects4 ,an atmosph]e ( indu/ry p]vad$ ! s*oolroom4 ,! *ildr5 :o _h hi!rto *os5 objects on ! impulse ( ! mom5t1 h5ce=? manife/$ a desire = "s sort ( rule1 a p]sonal & int]nal rule2 !y conc5trat$ _! ef=ts on _! task1 work+ accurately & me?odically1 & %[+ real satisfaction 9 surm\nt+ difficulties4 ,?is precision 9 "w produc$ an imm$iate effect on _! *>act]s4 ,!y became capable ( controll+ _! n]ves4 ,! in/ance :i* /ruck ,miss ,dufresne mo/ 0 t ( a little boy ( f\r & a half1 :o at fir/ _h seem$ v n]v\s & excitable & _h di/urb$ ! :ole class3 ,! imag9ation ( ?is *ild _h be5 develop$ 9 an extraord9>y mann]1 s t :5 an object 0 giv5 to him1 he took no notice ( ! actual =m ( ! object1 b p]sonifi$ x1 & fur!r p]sonifi$ himself1 talk+ p]petually1 pret5d+ to be "s "o else1 & seem+ incapable ( fix+ 8 att5tion ^u ! objects4 ,:ile 8 m9d 0 9 ?is *aotic /ate he 0 unable to p]=m any precise action2 he c\ld n1 = in/ance1 button a s+le button4444 ,all at once a miracle seem$ to take place )9 him4 ,i not$ ! great *ange 9 him ) a/oni%m5t4 ,he took "o ( ! ex]cises z 8 favorite task1 !n w5t on to *oose all ! o!rs 9 succession1 & ?us calm$ 8 n]ves4 ,i w *oose f v>i\s individual /udies made by two mi/resses ( a ,*ildr5's ,h\se at ,rome = well-to-d *ildr51 ^? ( two *ildr5 ( v diff]5t *>act]s4 ,"o ( ^! *ildr5 came to ! s*ool too late1 :5 he 0 too old1 & _h already develop$ 9 ano!r environm5t4 ,! o!r is a little creature ( ! normal age = entrance to ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses4 ,! old] *ild 7a boy ( five7 _h already be5 to a ,froebelian ,k9d]g>t51 :]e he 0 consid]$ v tr\blesome because ( 8 re/lessness4 ,= ! fir/ few days he 0 a torm5t to u1 because he want$ to "w1 b c\ld n settle to any occupation4 ,he said ( ev]y?+3 ',?is is a game1' & ran ab\t ! class-room1 or annoy$ 8 companions4 ,at la/ he began to take an int]e/ 9 draw+4 ,al?\gh normally draw+ comes aft] ! s5sory ex]cises1 he 0 left at lib]ty to d :at he wi%$2 ! tea*]s rightly ?\ght t x w\ld be useless to insi/ t ! *ild %\ld apply himself to a diff]5t task4 ,inde$1 ?is *ild1 hav+ pass$ ! age :5 ! prim>y mat]ials answ] to ! psy*ical ne$s ( *ildhood1 0 = ! fir/ "t attract$ by an ex]cise ( a high] ord]1 t ( draw+4 ,:]eas at fir/ ! *ild _h pass$ f "o occupation to ano!r1 & _h ev5 tak5 up ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 b _h nev] settl$ to "w ) any "o ( ! objects1 n[ sudd5ly discipl9e 0 e/abli%$4 ,we d n "k exactly at :at mom5t ! *ange took place1 b discipl9e 0 ma9ta9$ & p]fect$1 & rea*$ a high] level 9 proportion to ! gr[+ int]e/ ( ! *ild 9 e k9d ( occupation4 ,int]e/ hav+ be5 prim>ily ar\s$ by draw+1 ! *ild spontane\sly w5t on to ! rods us$ 9 ! tea*+ ( l5g?1 !n to plac+ ! plane geometric insets1 & s gradually work$ ?r\gh all ! e>li] s5sory /imuli :i* ! tea*] _h pass$ ov]4 ,?us we see t ! old] *ild *ooses ! objects 9 inv]se ord]1 proce$+ almo/ me?odically f ! mo/ difficult to ! elem5t>y4 ,! o!r *ild ( ?ree 0 also q undiscipl9$4 ,! tea*]s 7 beg9n+ to despair ( produc+ ord] 9 ?is case1 :5 ! *ild began to take an int]e/ 9 ! solid insets & 9 "o ( ! frames4 ,!reupon he work$ /eadily & ceas$ to di/urb 8 companions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 our ,*ildr5's ,h\ses = poor *ildr5 9 ,rome1 direct$ by ,signor9a ,mac*]oni1 x 0 possible to make m me?odical obs]vations1 & ^! 7 repres5t$ by diagrams1 9 ord] to demon/rate ! c\rse ( ! ph5om5a m cle>ly4 ,! transv]se l9e ,a ,b repres5ts ! quiesc5t /ate2 ! ph5om5a ( ord] 7"w7 are repres5t$ above2 ^? ( disord] bel[4 ,:5 a *ild has become calm aft] ! fir/ /rong attraction to a task1 a p]man5t /ate ( ord] may be e/abli%$ 9 him4 ,at ?is /age ! conditions mo/ favorable to "w may be /udi$4 ,,primitive ,,curve ,,( ,,ord]$ ,,"w ,?is is ! mann] 9 :i* x develops2 individual type ( a morn+ ( discipl9$ "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,primitive ,curve ( ,ord]$ ,"w ,! *ild keeps /ill = a :ile1 & !n *ooses "s task he f9ds easy1 su* z arrang+ ! colors 9 gradation2 he cont9ues work+ at ?is = a "t1 b n = v long2 he passes on to "s m complicat$ task1 su* z t ( compos+ words ) ! movable lett]s1 & p]sev]es ) ?is = a long "t 7ab\t half an h\r74 ,at ?is /age he ceases work+1 walks ab\t ! room1 & appe>s less calm2 to a sup]ficial obs]v] he w\ld seem to %[ signs ( fatigue4 ,b aft] a few m9utes he und]takes "s mu* m difficult "w1 & becomes s deeply absorb$ 9 ?is1 t he %[s u he has rea*$ ! acme ( 8 activity 7additions & writ+ d[n ! results74 ,:5 ?is "w is f9i%$1 8 activity comes to an end 9 all s]5ity2 he contemplates 8 h&iwork = a long "t1 !n approa*es ! tea*]1 & beg9s to confide 9 h]4 ,! appe>ance ( ! *ild is t ( a p]son :o is re/$1 satisfi$1 & uplift$4 ,! app>5t fatigue ( ! *ild betwe5 ! fir/ & second p]iod ( "w is int]e/+2 at t mom5t ! aspect ( ! *ild is n calm & happy z at ! end ( ! curve2 inde$1 he %[s signs ( agitation1 moves ab\t1 & walks1 b does n di/urb ! o!rs4 ,x may be said t he is 9 se>* ( ! maximum satisfaction = 8 int]e/1 & is prep>+ = 8 great "w4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! cycle is complet$1 ! *ild deta*es himself f 8 int]nal conc5tration2 refre%$ & satisfi$1 he exp]i5ces ! high] social impulses1 su* z desir+ to make confid5ces & to hold intimate communion ) o!r s\ls4 ,a simil> process became 9 "t ! g5]al process 9 a class ( discipl9$ *ildr54 ,signor9a ,mac*]oni sums up ?is complex ph5om5on z foll[s3 ,illu/ration3 ,:ole ,class at ,"w ,9 ! fir/ p]iod ( ! morn+1 up to ab\t #aj a4m41 ! occupation *os5 is g5]ally an easy & famili> task4 ,at #aj o'clock !re is a great commotion2 ! *ildr5 are re/less1 !y nei!r "w nor g 9 que/ ( mat]ials4 ,! onlook] gets an impression ( a tir$ class1 ab\t to become disord]ly4 ,aft] a few m9utes ! mo/ p]fect ord] reigns once m2 ! *ildr5 are promptly absorb$ 9 "w aga92 !y h *os5 new & m difficult occupations4 ,:5 ?is "w ceases1 ! *ildr5 are g5tle1 calm1 & happy4 ,if 9 ! p]iod ( false fatigue at #aj a4m4 an inexp]i5c$ tea*]1 int]pret+ ! ph5om5on ( susp5sion or prep>ation = ! culm9at+ "w z disord]1 int]v5es1 call+ ! *ildr5 to h]1 & mak+ !m re/1 etc41 _! re/lessness p]si/s1 & ! subsequ5t "w is n und]tak54 ,! *ildr5 d n become calm3 !y rema9 9 an abnormal /ate4 ,9 o!r words1 if !y are int]rupt$ 9 _! cycle1 !y lose all ! *>act]i/ics connect$ ) an int]nal process regul>ly & completely c>ri$ out4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! s+le curve ( individual ord]ly "w is n g5]al1 nor /rictly con/ant 9 ! type describ$4 ,b x may be consid]$ z ! av]age type ( "w 9 ! level ( ord] a*iev$4 ,x w be int]e/+1 fir/ ( all1 to consid] ! curve ( *ildr5 9 :om ord] has n yet be5 e/abli%$4 ,poor *ildr5 h>dly ev] %[ !mselves to be 9 su* a /ate ( utt] confusion z ri* ones2 !y are always m or less attract$ by ! objects1 & respond to !m ) a c]ta9 int]e/ f ! v fir/ mom5t4 ,su* int]e/1 h[ev]1 is at fir/ sup]ficial4 ,!y are attract$ ma9ly by curiosity1 by a desire to h&le pretty ?+s4 ,!y amuse !mselves = "s "t1 x is true1 ) s+le objects1 *ang+ & select+ !m1 b )\t develop+ any deep int]e/4 ,! *>act]i/ic ( ?is p]iod1 :i* may be altoge!r lack+ 9 a class ( well-to-d *ildr51 is t ( alt]nations ( disord]4 ,! foll[+ diagram repres5ts ?is p]iod4 ,,individual ,,diff]5ces ,,/age ,,prec$+ ,,! ,,evolution ,,( ,,ord] ,illu/ration3 ,individual curve ( a poor *ild ,! v>i\s curves ( "w are to be f\nd bel[ ! l9e ( quiesc5ce1 9 /ate ( disord]4 ,x 0 only :5 ! *ildr5 7 call$ to ord] collectively t ?is *ild 0 /ill1 unless x 0 ris+ t[>ds "w2 9 ?is case1 h[ev]1 x did n p]sev]e1 & ! curve drops sudd5ly bel[4 ,x %\ld be not$ t 9 ! irregul> c\rse ( ?is diagram we may trace a p]iod ( easy "w prec$+ a p]iod ( difficult "w 7frame1 plane insets7 & betwe5 ^! two ! maximum decl9e into disord]4 ,,curve ,,( ,,"w ,,( ,a ,,v ,,poor ,,*ild1 ,,almo/ ,,entirely ,,neglect$ ,,by ,,its ,,p>5ts1 ,,& ,,v ,,turbul5t ,illu/ration3 ,p]iod ( ,disord] ,! *ild 9 "q 7,o7 seem$ to h a t5d5cy to le>n f o!rs2 he ran away f "w or 0 attract$ by x only = a brief mom5t2 & seem$ incapable ( receiv+ direct tea*+4 ,if any attempt 0 made to tea* him some?+1 he grimac$ & ran away4 ,he w&]$ ab\t1 di/urb+ 8 companions1 & seem$ q intractable2 b he li/5$ att5tively to ! lessons ! tea*] gave to ! o!r *ildr54 ,illu/ration3 ,advance t[>ds ,ord] ,:5 he began to "w1 aft] hav+ le>n$ h[ to d s1 he p]sev]$1 & ! normal process is app>5t 9 ! diagram2 t is to say1 prelim9>y "w1 a pause 7dur+ :i* ! *ild relaps$ slightly & mom5t>ily into 8 habit ( di/urb+ 8 companions71 !n ! curve ( great application1 & ( f9al repose 7dur+ :i*1 h[ev]1 he aga9 relaps$ into 8 *>act]i/ic defect74 ,! summits ( ! diagram %[ n only int]e/ 9 ! "w1 b a m>k$ k9dl9ess2 ! *ild 0 n only calm1 b seem$ full ( beatitude & g5tl5ess2 :5 at ! height ( 8 labors he frequ5tly look$ r\nd at 8 companions1 & blew little kisses to !m on 8 f+]s1 b )\t relax+ 8 att5tion4 ,x seem$ z if a f\nt ( love 7 gu%+ up f ! fulness ( 8 int]nal satisfaction1 f ! dep?s ( a s\l t _h appe>$ at fir/ s r\gh & unc\?4 ,illu/ration3 ,,curve ,,( ,,"w ,,( ,a ,,weakly ,,*ild ,! diagram is made up ( curves t fall ^u ! l9e ( quiesc5ce2 unity ( curve is lack+1 h5ce unity ( ef=t4 ,! culm9at+ po9t ( "w is rea*$ aft] a prelim9>y task ( an easi] k9d2 & ! supreme task 7color7 is briefly resum$1 aft] ! great impetus has be5 exhau/$4 ,! phase ( re/ is n cle>ly def9$2 ! *ild turns to a v easy task 7solid insets74 ,a c]ta9 feebl5ess ( "* seems to manife/ itself 9 ! half-he>t$ m5tal processes4 ,! *ild makes _m successive ef=ts to rise2 b he c nei!r make ! decisive1 vigor\s ef=t1 nor come to a def9ite decision to cease work+4 ,! *ild is calm1 b 8 /ate ( calm has no v>iations2 he is nei!r lively1 nor s]5e1 nor does he %[ /rong affectionate impulses4 ,,c\rse ,,( ,,progress ,:5 ! :ole class is discipl9$1 ! c\rse ( developm5t ( ! int]nal activities may be obs]v$4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! mat]ial ( developm5t af=ds graduat$ ex]cises pass+ f ! mo/ rudim5t>y s5sory ex]cises to ex]cises 9 writ+1 calculat+1 & read+4 ,! *ildr5 are free to *oose ! ex]cises !y pref]2 b ( c\rse1 z ! tea*] initiates !m 9 ea* ex]cise1 !y only *oose ! objects !y "k h[ to use4 ,! tea*]1 obs]v+ !m1 sees :5 ! *ild is suffici5tly matur$ = m advanc$ ex]cises1 & introduces !m to him1 or p]haps ! *ild beg9s !m = himself1 aft] wat*+ o!r *ildr5 m advanc$4 ,we mu/ be> su* conditions 9 m9d 9 ord] to foll[ progress 9 "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,c\rse ( ,progress ,! two curves repres5t /ages ( greate/ developm5t z comp>$ ) ! prim>y curve ( ord]ly "w4 ,! /age ( unre/ betwe5 ! easy & ! m difficult "w t5ds to disappe>2 ! *ild seems m sure ( himself2 he goes m directly & readily to ! *oice ( 8 culm9at+ ex]cise4 ,consequ5tly1 two successive phases ( un9t]rupt$ "w are left2 "o may be call$ ! phase ( prep>ation1 ! o!r ! phase ( s]i\s "w4 ,! phase ( prep>ation la/s a v %ort "t1 ! s]i\s "w is ( mu* long] duration2 x is notewor?y t ! p]iod ( re/1 ) its *>act]i/ic air ( com=t & s]5ity1 sets 9 aft] ! maximum ef=t has spontane\sly sp5t itself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x happ5s inv>iably t any ext]nal int]ruption ( ! ef=t causes ! *ild to %[ signs ( fatigue 7re/lessness71 or to become inatt5tive4 ,9 ! fir/ curve1 ! initial "w consi/s ( two easy tasks1 c>ri$ on = a %ort "t1 & f ^! ! *ild passes directly to ! s]i\s "w4 ,! f9ale is a spell ( re/ full ( ?\ght2 ! *ild ceases to "w1 b contemplates 8 f9i%$ task = a long "t 9 sil5ce2 be=e prep>+ to put x away1 or1 aft] hav+ contemplat$ 8 own "w1 he goes quietly to wat* t ( ! o!rs4 ,9 ! second curve !re is a v noticeable p>allelism ) ! l9e ( repose2 ! *ild pursues 8 labors almo/ uni=mly1 & ! sole diff]5ce betwe5 ! initial "w & ! s]i\s "w is 9 _! diff]5t duration4 ,! contemplative p]iod becomes h5ce=? an obvi\s p]iod ( int]nal "w1 almo/ a p]iod ( assimilation or int]nal maturation4 ,obs]vation ( ! "w ( o!rs becomes increas+ly frequ5t1 z if x 7 a spontane\s comp>ative /udy betwe5 ! *ild himself & 8 companions2 or z if an active int]e/ 9 ! contemplation ( ! ext]nal surr\nd+s 7 develop+3 ! p]iod ( discov]y4 ,we may say t ! *ild /udies himself 9 8 own productions & puts himself into communion ) 8 companions & 8 environm5t4 ,at ?is /age ! completion ( an entire cycle w ex]cise an influ5ce m & m f>-rea*+ on ! p]sonality ( ! *ild4 ,n only is he spurr$ on to a "w ( intimate conc5tration imm$iately aft] 8 culm9at+ ef=t2 he pres]ves a p]man5t attitude ( ?\ght1 ( int]nal equilibrium1 ( su/a9$ int]e/ 9 8 environm5t4 ,he becomes a p]sonality :o has rea*$ a high] degree ( evolution4 ,?is is ! p]iod :5 ! *ild beg9s to be ma/] ( himself & ent]s ^u t *>act]i/ic ph5om5on ,i h call$ ! ph5om5on ( ob$i5ce4 ,he c obey1 t is1 he c control 8 actions1 & !re=e c direct !m 9 accordance ) ! desires ( ano!r p]son4 ,he c break (f a piece ( "w :5 int]rupt$1 )\t becom+ disord]ly or %[+ symptoms ( fatigue4 ,moreov]1 "w has become 8 habitual attitude1 & ! *ild c no long] be> to be idle4 ,:51 = in/ance1 we call "s ( ! *ildr5 :o are 9 ?is /age to ! lessons = tea*]s1 9 :i* !y are to s]ve z ! subjects ( /udy1 !y l5d !mselves ) ready docility to t :i* we ask ( !m1 !y submit to ! measurem5ts ( height1 heads1 etc41 & !y p]=m ! ex]cises we sugge/1 respond+ always ) int]e/1 & n m]ely ) resignation1 z if !y 7 consci\s ( collaborat+ ) u4 ,b :5 !y h to wait1 seat$ on "o side till !y are call$ =w>d1 !y _c sit idle2 !y "w at some?+4 ,inactivity has become intol]able to !m4 ,v (t51 :ile ,i am giv+ ! lesson1 ! *ildr5 take ! lac+ or ty+ frames1 or cov] ! floor ) words made ) ! movable lett]s2 & :]e ?is is feasible1 "s ( ! *ildr5 w draw or pa9t 9 ^! mom5ts ( wait+4 ,all ^! ?+s h n[ become expressions ( intellig5t activity1 :i* =m "p ( _! psy*ical organism4 ,b to ensure ! cont9uance ( ?is attitude & ( ! developm5t ( p]sonality x is ess5tial t "s real task %\ld be p]=m$ ea* day2 = x is f ! complet$ cycle ( an activity1 f me?odical conc5tration1 t ! *ild develops equilibrium1 ela/icity1 adaptability1 & ! result+ p[] to p]=m ! high] actions1 su* z ^? :i* are t]m$ acts ( ob$i5ce4 ,?is makes "o ?9k ( ! me?od prescrib$ by ! ,ca?olic religion = ! pres]vation ( ! =ces ( spiritual life3 t is1 a p]iod ( spiritual conc5tration1 :i* op5s up ! possibility ( acquir+ moral p[]s4 ,x is f me?odical m$itation t moral p]sonality mu/ draw its p[]s ( solidification1 )\t :i* ! inn] man1 incoh]5t & unbalanc$1 fails to possess itself & dispose ( itself = noble ends4 ,*ildr5 h always ne$ ( ! p]iod ( conc5tration1 & s]i\s "w f :i* !y d]ive ! capacity = f9al developm5t4 ,! foll[+ diagram repres5ts a v l(ty /age ( *ildi% developm5t3 ,illu/ration3 ,,sup]ior ,,/age ,av]age type ,ev5 ! prep>atory "w is n[ ( a high] k9d3 z soon z ! *ild comes into s*ool1 he w *oose1 = in/ance1 ! lett]s ( ! alphabet1 or w write1 !n 78 /r5u\s "w7 he w read4 ,= recreation he w *oose an intellig5t pa/ime1 su* z look+ at illu/rat$ books4 ,all 8 intellectual occupations are ( a high] ord]1 z are also 8 moral attributes 7ob$i5ce1 s]5ity1 p]sev]ance74 ,tak+ ! l9e ( quiesc5ce z a level ( developm5t1 x foll[s t ! level has become high]4 ,illu/ration3 ,l9e ( "w ,9 a sup]ior /age1 ! l9e ( "w t5ds to become /raight1 p>allel to ! l9e ( quiesc5ce4 ,mean:ile x has be5 e/abli%$ t x is possible to det]m9e degrees ( developm5t1 or av]ages ( int]nal developm5t1 by means ( :i* individual v>iations may be /udi$4 ,9 ! primordial type ! *>act]i/ics are disord]ly conduct1 & incapacity to conc5trate att5tion2 9 su* a case !re is no real l9e ( "w1 & ! ma9 "p ( ! diagram rema9s bel[ ! l9e ( quiesc5ce4 ,= ! type 9 :i* ! ph5om5on ( p]man5t conc5tration ( att5tion on a task has manife/$ itself1 ! av]age *>act]i/ic diagram ( normal ord]ly "w ( ! fir/ degree is n[ e/abli%$3 i4 e4 prelim9>y "w foll[$ by a p]iod ( re/lessness1 & !n /r5u\s "w foll[$ by a /ate ( repose4 ,aft]w>ds we di/+ui% a second degree1 :]e ! av]age is *>act]iz$ by ! disappe>ance ( ! p]iod ( unre/1 & ! /r5u\s "w is br\ght to a close 9 contemplation2 ?is is ! /age ( discov]ies1 ( g5]aliz$ obs]vation1 ( ob$i5ce2 "w has become a habit4 ,?is is foll[$ by a g5]al elevation1 to be recogniz$ by ! *oice ( high] prelim9>y "w2 discipl9$ behavior has become a habit4 ,dur+ ?is progression ! diagram ( "w t5ds to become /raight1 & p>allel to ! l9e ( quiesc5ce4 ,illu/rations3 ,a ,,recapitulatory ,,table ,,( ,,developm5t ,diagrams ( av]age developm5ts ,! rise 9 ! level ( ! plane is relat$ to ! qualities ( m advanc$ intellectual "w2 & ! /raight5+ ( ! l9e is relat$ to qualities ( int]nal con/ruction & ( ! organization ( ! p]sonality2 qualities :i* w\ld be consid]$ ( a moral ord]1 su* z s]5ity1 discipl9e1 self-ma/]y z manife/$ 9 ob$i5ce & 9 ! v>i\s activities ( ! *ild4 ,:5 "w has become a habit1 ! intellectual level rises rapidly1 & organiz$ ord] causes good conduct to become a habit4 ,*ildr5 !n "w ) ord]1 p]sev]ance1 & discipl9e1 p]si/5tly & naturally2 ! p]man5t1 calm1 & vivify+ "w ( ! physical organism resembles ! respiratory rhy?m4 ,! pivot1 ! m$ium ( ?is con/ruction ( ! p]sonality1 is work+ 9 fre$om1 9 accordance ) ! natural wants ( ! inn] life2 ?us fre$om 9 intellectual "w is f\nd to be ! basis ( int]nal discipl9e4 ,! great a*ievem5t ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses 7,case dei ,bamb9i7 is to produce discipl9$ *ildr54 ,x is ?is int]nal organization :i* gives !m a special type1 or "*1 ! type or "* requir$ to cont9ue ! free ex]cise ( activities = ! conque/s ( culture 9 successive /ages4 ,! elem5t>y s*ool p]iod pres5ts itself ins5sibly z a cont9uation ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses4 ,9 ^!1 behavior is a habit sup]pos$ on & fus$ ) ! e>li] habit ( "w4 ,h5ce=? x w be suffici5t to pres5t ! mat]ial ( fur!r culture1 & ! *ild1 gradually ex]cis+ himself ^u x1 w pass f "o intellectual /age ( culture to ano!r4 ,! diff]5ce %[n 9 ! successive ages arises f an intellectual int]e/ :i* is no long] m]ely ! impulse to ex]cise oneself by repetition ( ! ex]cises1 b is a high] int]e/ direct$ to ! "w itself1 & t5d+ to complete an ext]nal "w1 or to complete a bran* ( k z a :ole4 ,?us ! *ild creates & seeks = ?+s organiz$ 9 !mselves2 = in/ance1 he desires to compose a design by means ( comb9ations ( geometrical figures ) ! metal insets1 & devotes himself to ?is "w ) ! greate/ int5sity until he has complet$ x4 ,aga91 we see a *ild occupi$ = sev5 or eight consecutive days ) ! same "w4 ,ano!r *ild becomes int]e/$ 9 ! pot5tialities ( numb]s or 9 ! ari?metical frame1 & p]sev]es ) ! same "w = days1 until 8 k ( x has matur$4 ,^u a basis ( int]ior ord] produc$ by int]nal organization1 ! m9d !n builds up its ca/le ) ! same leisurely calm ) :i* a liv+ organism gr[s spontane\sly aft] bir?4 ,we c give b a prim>y idea at pres5t ( ! practical possibility ( det]m9+ av]age levels ( int]ior developm5t accord+ to age4 ,we %all fur!r require _m p]fect exp]im5ts1 9 :i* homog5e\s *ildr51 completely suitable environm5t1 & tra9$ tea*]s w af=d adequate mat]ial = obs]vation4 ,!n /ud5ts w be able to und]take a sci5tific "w1 :i* w p]haps be *>act]iz$ by a precision sup]ior ev5 to t ) :i* x is at pres5t possible to measure ! body1 & give ! ma!matical av]ages ( gr[?4 ,we mu/ consid]1 h[ev]1 t ! indications available to-day repres5t a long1 sy/ematic toil1 & t !y re/ ^u ! /ill great] labor ( f9d+ ext]nal mat]ial means = natural developm5t4 ,?is w give "s idea ( ! difficulty ( sci5tific rese>*es1 :i* _m /ill believe x possible to make by means ( arbitr>y & sup]ficial te/s su* z ^? ( ,b9et & ,simon6 99 99 99 99 99 ,! /udy ( ! *ild _c be accompli%$ by an in/antane\s process2 8 *>act]i/ics c only be illu/rat$ c9ematographically4 ,ext]nal means1 organiz$ 9 accordance ) ! ne$s ( psy*ical life1 are ( fundam5tal importance2 = h[ is x possible to judge ( individual diff]5ces 9 ! acquisition ( int]nal ord]1 9 ! asc5t to ab/raction1 9 ! progressive /ages ( intellectual developm5t1 9 ! a*ievem5t ( discipl9e1 )\t ! exi/5ce ( pre-det]m9$ & unv>y+ ext]nal means :i*1 l s _m po9ts ( support1 lead ! *ild 9 process ( =mation t[>ds 8 goal8 ,9 ord] to det]m9e individual diff]5ces logically1 !re mu/ be a con/ant "w or aim2 & ?is is ! ext]nal means on :i* ea* p]sonality builds itself up4 ,:5 ! ext]nal support is ! same1 & corresponds 9 g5]al to ! psy*ical ne$s ( a giv5 age1 a diff]5ce ( int]nal con/ruction is due to ! individual himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! means 7 diff]5t1 ! v>iations 9 reaction might be attribut$ to diff]5ces 9 ! means4 ,f9ally1 x is obvi\s t 9 all sci5tific rese>*1 ! in/rum5t ( measurem5t mu/ be fix$4 ,b ea* ?+ to be measur$ requires a special in/rum5t1 & ! con/ant in/rum5t 9 psy*ical measurem5t %\ld be ! me?od ( education4 ,a s]ies ( =mulae1 su* z ! ,b9et-,simon te/s1 c nei!r measure any?+1 nor give ev5 an approximate idea ( intellectual levels ( intellig5ce accord+ to age2 z to ! *ildr5 :o respond1 :5ce is _! response d]iv$8 ,h[ f> is ?is due to ! intr9sic activity ( ! individual1 & h[ f> to ! action ( environm5t8 ,& if ! portion due to environm5t be ignor$1 :o c det]m9e :at intr9sic psy*ical value %\ld be giv5 to ! response8 ,9 ea* p]sonality we mu/ recognize two p>ts3 "o is ! individual1 natural1 spontane\s activity by means ( :i* elem5ts may be tak5 f ! environm5t :]e) ! p]sonality may be elaborat$ int]nally1 con/ruct$ & augm5t$1 & h5ce *>act]iz$2 ano!r "p is ! ext]nal in/rum5t ) :i* all ?is may be done4 ,= in/ance1 a *ild :o at ! age ( f\r c recognize sixty-f\r colors1 %[s t he possesses rem>kable activity 9 ! p]ception ( colors1 & 9 ! arrangem5t ( !m 9 gradation 9 8 m9d1 etc42 b he also %[s t he has _h ! means to accompli% ?is a*ievem5t2 he has _h1 = in/ance1 sixty-f\r color-tablets1 ) :i* he has be5 able to practise at 8 leisure & undi/urb$1 z long z 0 necess>y = su* assimilation4 ,! psy*ical factor ,p is ! sum ( two factors1 "o int]nal1 ! o!r ext]nal3 ,p ,i ,e ( ^! ! unkn[n1 non-directly measurable factor ,i may be indicat$ by ,x3 ,p ,x ,e ,if we 7 to comp>e two *ildr51 "o ( :om has _h at 8 disposal ! sixty-f\r colors 9 ! conditions describ$ above1 & ano!r :o has be5 left to himself 9 poor surr\nd+s1 :]e gray & br[n t9ts prevail1 & :o seems dull & unobs]vant1 etc41 we %\ld f9d a v rem>kable psy*ical diff]5ce4 ,su* a diff]5ce is n1 h[ev]1 intr9sic2 x might well be t1 subject$ to ! same conditions z ! fir/ *ild1 ! second w\ld recognize ! sixty-f\r colors4 ,! judgm5t we %\ld give 9 su* a case w\ld be bas$ ^u an ext]nal factor1 n ^u int]nal pot5tialities4 ,we %\ld really be apprais+ two diff]5t environm5ts1 n two diff]5t individuals4 ,to enable u to judge ( individual diff]5ces1 x w\ld be necess>y = ! two *ildr5 to h _h ! same means ( developm5t4 ,9 ?is case1 if at ! same age !y 7 n equally capable ( di/+ui%+ ! sixty-f\r colors1 b if1 = in/ance1 "o ( ! two c\ld recognize only ?irty ( ^!1 a true individual psy*ical diff]5ce w\ld be app>5t4 ,"o ( ! te/s propos$ by "o ( ! greate/ au?orities on exp]im5tal psy*ology 9 ,italy1 to det]m9e ! intellectual level ( sub-normal 7backw>d or defici5t7 *ildr51 0 to make a *ild pick out ! l>ge/ & ! smalle/ cube 9 a s]ies4 ,?is *oice1 9 common ) ne>ly all ! te/s propos$ = ! same purpose1 we consid]$ q indep5d5tly ( ! influ5ce ( culture & education2 & x 0 appreciat$ z ! expression ( an intimate1 p]sonal activity ( ! intellig5ce itself4 ,b if "o ( ! defici5t *ildr5 ,i _h educat$ on my me?od _h be5 subject$ to ! te/1 he w\ld1 9 virtue ( a long s5sory tra9+1 h *os5 ! l>ge/ & ! smalle/ cube v mu* m easily ?an ! *ildr5 select$ by ! psy*ologi/ f 8 special s*ools2 & my defici5t *ild might ev5 h be5 n only y\ng]1 b ev5 m backw>d intellectually ?an ! o!r4 ,! te/ w\ld !re=e h measur$ ! diff]5t me?ods ( education1 :]eas ! psy*ical diff]5ces betwe5 ! two *ildr51 really exi/5t by reason ( age or ( intellectual atta9m5t1 w\ld h rema9$ absolutely obscure4 ,man is a fusion ( p]sonality & education1 & education includes ! s]ies ( exp]i5ces he und]goes dur+ 8 life4 ,! two ?+s _c be sep>at$ 9 ! individual3 intellig5ce )\t acquirem5t is an ab/raction4 ,t :i* holds good ( all liv+ be+s3 t ! individual _c be divorc$ f 8 environm5t1 is m pr(\ndly true 9 its application to psy*ical life1 because ! cont5t ( environm5t1 con/itut+ ! means ( auto-exp]i5ce :i* evolves man1 is an ess5tial "p ( him1 &1 inde$1 is ! individual himself4 ,nev]!less1 we all "k t ! psy*ical individual is n 8 environm5t1 b a life 9 himself4 ,giv5 ! =mula ,p ,x ,e 9 :i* ,x is ! int]nal & intr9sic "p peculi> to ! individual life1 x may be said t e individual has 8 ,x4 ,b 9 ord] to approa* to direct k ( ,x1 x is ess5tial to "k ,p & ,e4 ,he :o c>ries out an exam9ation1 or supposes himself to be p]=m+ a psy*ical measurem5t by dwell+ on psy*ical results1 is 9 reality measur+ a mixture ( two unkn[n quantities1 "o ( :i*1 be+ ext]nal to ! individual1 nullifies ! results ( rese>*4 ,h5ce1 to /udy individual diff]5ces 9 isolat$ activities1 su* z ! p]ception ( colors1 musical s\nds1 ! lett]s ( ! alphabet2 or ! capacity = obs]vation ( surr\nd+s & ! detection ( errors2 or coord9ation ( movem5ts1 language1 etc41 x is ess5tial to h fir/ det]m9$ a con/ant elem5t3 ! means ( developm5t (f]$ by environm5t4 ,"h a simple & cle>ly def9$ diff]5ce betwe5 p$agogy & psy*ology manife/s itself3 p$agogy det]m9es exp]im5tally ! means ( developm5t & ! me?od ( apply+ !m :ile respect+ ! int]nal or p]sonal lib]ty ( ! individual2 psy*ology /udies av]age reactions or individual reactions 9 ! species or ! individual4 ,b ! two ?+s are two aspects ( a s+le fact1 :i* is ! developm5t ( man2 ! individual & ! environm5t are ! two factors ,x & ,e ( ! same product3 ! psy*ical entity4 ,isolat$ psy*ical rese>*es ( a moral ord] mu/ also1 if !y are to be ( any real value1 be bas$ ^u prolong$ obs]vation1 aft] ! int]nal activities h become ord]ly2 because x is easy to make errors ( judgm5t 9 a *aos4 ,9 cl9ical psy*iatry or 9 crim9al pa?ology1 :5 we speak ( keep+ a subject "u obs]vation = purposes ( diagnosis1 we mean plac+ him 9 special surr\nd+s1 "u hygi5ic & discipl9>y conditions1 etc41 & obs]v+ him = "s "t 9 su* an environm5t4 ,su* a process has a value /ill m ext5sive & pr(\nd 9 ! case ( normal individuals 9 process ( evolution4 ,9 su* a case x is necess>y n only to (f] ord]ly ext]nal surr\nd+s1 b to r$uce ! *aotic int]nal _w ( ! *ild to ord]1 &1 aft] ?is1 to obs]ve him = a consid]able "t4 ,we may (f] z an illu/ration ! foll[+ obs]vations made ^u two ( ! mo/ int]e/+ *ildr5 :o att5d$ our s*ools4 ,!y 7 admitt$ into ! tra9+ s*ool = tea*]s dur+ my la/ ,int]national ,c\rse 9 ,rome4 ,,aspects ,,( ,,! ,,two ,,*ildr5 ,dur+ ! p]iod !y 7 reta9$ z subjects = an?ropological obs]vation 9 ! class-room = tea*]s ,!re 0 a consid]able clamor among ! /ud5ts2 "s 7 talk+1 "s laugh+4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ! room /ood a p$omet]4 ,! behavior ( ! two *ildr5 0 almo/ id5tical4 ,!y 7 sitt+ ap>t quietly1 work+ at ! lac+ frames :i* !y _h gone spontane\sly to fet* f a neighbor+ room2 !y did n look up at ! noise1 nor jo9 9 ! laught]4 ,_! attitude 0 t ( p]sons at "w & anxi\s n to lose any "t4 ,:5 invit$ by a s+le ge/ure to come & be measur$1 !y obey$ 9 a wond]ful mann]1 leav+ (f "w at once1 & mov+ ) smiles1 z if fasc9at$2 !y evid5tly felt pleasure 9 obey+1 & an int]nal delight :i* came f ! consci\sness ( be+ able to "w1 & ( be+ ready to leave some?+ t !y lik$ do+1 at a summons to some?+ ( a high] ord]4 ,!y arrang$ !mselves v c>efully on ! p$omet] to be measur$2 :5 any modification 0 necess>y 9 ! position ( ! body1 x suffic$ to murmur a ^w 9 _! e>s & ! almo/ imp]ceptible movem5t requir$ 0 made ) ! utmo/ exactitude2 !y c\ld control _! volunt>y movem5ts & direct !m2 !y 7 able to translate ! words !y he>d into actions3 ?is enabl$ !m to obey1 & ?is con/itut$ = !m a fasc9at+ int]nal conque/4 ,:5 ! measur+ 0 ov]1 no?+ 0 said2 !y wait$ expectantly = a mom5t1 !n gave an intellig5t glance & a smile1 :i* 01 z x 71 _! greet+2 !y _h und]/ood1 & !y return$ volunt>ily to _! corn] to take up _! frames & resume _! "w4 ,pres5tly !y 7 want$ aga91 & ! same actions 7 repeat$4 ,:5 we ?9k t *ildr5 ( _! age 7ab\t f\r & a half71 :5 left to !mselves1 w roam ab\t1 upsett+ objects almo/ unconsci\sly1 & requir+ ei!r "s "o to submit to _! caprices1 or to call !m r\ghly to ord]1 we %all recognize ! int]nal p]fection a*iev$ 9 ^! two little ones1 :o h arriv$ at t /age ( developm5t 9 :i* "w has become a habit1 & ob$i5ce a fasc9at+ acquisition4 ,! an?ropometric measurem5ts _h %[n t "o ( ! *ildr51 ,o1 0 normal 9 measurem5t 7weight1 /ature1 l5g? ( torso7 & ! o!r1 ,a1 bel[ ! normal measurem5ts4 ,"h are "s notes made by ! tea*] on ! conduct ( ^! two *ildr5 :5 !y 7 9 ! /ate ( disord]1 or undiscipl9$3 ,o3 viol5t1 turbul5t1 spiteful to 8 companions1 nev] applies to any?+1 b looks on at :at ! o!rs are do+ & !n int]rupts !m2 or li/5s to ! individual lessons giv5 by ! tea*] ) a scornful & cynical expression4 ,! fa!r ( ! *ild says t at home he is viol5t1 ov]be>+1 & intractable4 ,a3 is quiet4 ,b he has almo/ a mania = spy+ on 8 companions1 & po9t+ out to ! tea*] e little action t might be consid]$ wrong or incorrect4 ,bo? ( ! *ildr5 are v poor4 ,o is almo/ entirely neglect$ by 8 family4 99 99 99 99 99 ,lat] judgm5t ! tea*] 0 enabl$ to =m ( ^! two *ildr5 aft] !y _h r$uc$ !mselves to ord] by means ( "w3 ,o3 all ! turbul5ce %[n by ,o 9 8 home resolv$ itself into a /ruggle = bread2 ! fa!r1 :o 0 v poor1 b also neglectful1 d5i$ ! *ild bread2 ! *ild did n resign himself1 did n cry1 b /ruggl$ con/antly1 ) all ! means at 8 disposal1 9 ord] to obta9 8 portion ( bread4 ,:5 ! tea*] ask$ ! fa!r :y he d5i$ ! *ild bread1 he repli$3 ,because1 :5 he has eat5 x1 he asks = m4 ,9 s*ool1 ?is *ild ran f gr\p to gr\p1 f lesson to lesson1 di/urb+ ! o!rs & pass+ ov] ev]y?+1 because he 0 /ruggl+ to w9 8 spiritual food aft] ! same fa%ion4 ,he is a *ild :o has an ov]p[]+ w to live3 self-pres]vation seems to be 8 mo/ /rongly develop$ t5d5cy4 ,:5 8 life 0 assur$1 ! *ild became n only g5tle1 b rem>kable = 8 sweetness & delicacy ( feel+4 ,he 0 ! *ild :o1 9 8 joy :5 he _h le>n$ or complet$ "s task1 look$ r\nd lov+ly at 8 companions1 & blew little kisses to !m f 8 f+]s4 ,:]eas = ! o!r *ildr5 :o _h ent]$ into ! phase ( ord] or discipl9e1 ! tea*]'s note is3 "w1 = ,o ! note is3 "w & k9dness4 ,be=e ! daily hot meal 0 in/itut$1 ! *ildr5 us$ to br+ _! own lun*eons1 :i* v>i$ v mu*2 two or ?ree ( ! *ildr5 7 v g5]\sly provid$1 & _h meat1 fruit1 etc4 ,o 0 seat$ next to "o ( ^!4 ,! table 0 set1 & ,o _h no?+ to put ^u 8 plate b ! piece ( bread he _h s /r5u\sly acquir$2 he glanc$ at 8 neighbor z if to regulate himself by ! "t ! latt] w\ld take ov] 8 meal1 b ) no trace ( envy2 on ! contr>y1 ) great dignity he tri$ to eat 8 piece ( bread v sl[ly1 9 ord] t he might n f9i% be=e ! o!r1 & ?us make x evid5t t he _h no?+ m to eat :ile ! o!r 0 /ill busy4 ,he nibbl$ 8 bread sl[ly & s]i\sly4 ,:at a s5se ( 8 own dignity--subdu+ ! desires ( an appetite expos$ to temptation--exi/$ 9 ?is *ild1 toge!r ) 8 s5se ( ! fundam5tal ne$s ( 8 own life1 by :i* he 0 impell$ to /ruggle & to conqu] :at 0 necess>y4 ,& !re 0 fur!r t exquisite s5sibility1 :i* manife/$ itself 9 ! affectionate expression ( 8 mobile face1 & 9 ! effusion ( a g5]al t5d]ness :i* look$ = no return4 ,a v rem>kable ?+ 0 t ?is *ild1 :om we might h expect$ to f9d ill-n\ri%$1 gave normal an?ropological measurem5ts & weight = 8 age4 ,born 9 pov]ty & neglect1 he _h def5d$ himself2 ! normality ( 8 body 0 due to an h]oic ef=t4 ,a3 ?is *ild 0 always calm & quiet2 he v soon ent]$ ^u ! phase ( active1 ord]$1 will+ & ?or\gh "w4 ,he appli$ himself ) int5se e>ne/ness & p]sev]ance4 ,he w\ld be ! type ( ! clev]1 well-behav$ *ild ( ! ord9>y s*ool4 ,v (t5 he came to s*ool )\t any food4 ,8 goodness _h a positive "* :i* became a mortal dang] to himself2 he accept$ mal-nutrition )\t revolt2 he pr(it$ greatly by ! means ( psy*ical life t 7 (f]$ him1 b he w\ld nev] h be5 able to conqu] !m = himself4 ,8 goodness cont9u$ to be ( ! same type aft] z be=e ! p]iod ( ord]2 he %[$ nei!r agitation nor expansion4 ,8 an?ropological measurem5ts1 :i* 7 bel[ ! normal1 already indicat$ t he _h />t$ on life's pilgrimage ) ! gait ( ! victim2 he belong$ to ! company ( ^? :o mu/ be sav$ by o!rs4 ,! *>act]i/ic moral trait 0 espionage4 ,! tea*]1 :5 obs]v+ him1 notic$ t ! *ild did n "w simply l ! o!rs1 b came to h] v frequ5tly to "k if :at he 0 do+ 0 well or ill done4 ,& ?is n only dur+ 8 "w ) ! mat]ials1 b also 9 ref]5ce to e act ( a moral nature he accompli%$2 8 great preoccupation seem$ to be to "k :e!r he 0 do+ "r or wrong4 ,!n he endeavor$ to d "r ) ! mo/ scrupul\s exactitude4 ,) reg>d to 8 spy+ t5d5cies1 ! tea*] not$ ! *ild nev] %[$ any animosity t[>ds 8 companions2 he wat*$ !m att5tively1 & !n proce$$ to say ( !m z he w\ld say ( himself3 ,s & s did ?is2 0 x "r or wrong8 ,! *ild 0 !n c>eful to avoid :at _h be5 pron\nc$ wrong 9 o!rs4 ,:at appe>$ to be 8 spy+ proclivities 71 9 fact1 a manife/ation ( ! problem t dom9at$ 8 *ildi% consci5ce3 ! problem ( "r & wrong4 ,! limit$ exp]i5ce ( 8 own life did n suffice him2 he want$ to b5efit by ! exp]i5ce ( all ! o!rs 9 ord] to le>n :at ?+s 7 "r & :at 7 wrong2 almo/ z if ! "o feel+ t absorb$ him 0 ! desire to d "r & avoid wrong1 & z if ?is 7 8 sole aspiration4 ,! case ( ?is *ild recalls a popul> sup]/ition express$ 9 su* t]ms z too good to live4 ,! *ild ,a seem$ de/9$ = ! fate ?us sugge/$4 ,! ne$s ( ! body did n greatly conc]n him1 & he seem$ equally indiff]5t to ^? ( ! m9d2 goodness 0 ! ma9spr+ ( 8 be+4 ,if society does n note su* dispositions1 & assume ! special protection ( su* frail lives1 *ildr5 ( ?is type g =w>d to premature dea? l angels gaz+ heav5w>ds4 ,^! two acc\nts1 due to ,signor9a ,mac*]oni's obs]vation1 correct a sup]ficial judgm5t :i*1 9 an ord9>y s*ool1 w\ld h become a p]man5t record ( "*3 ! "o *ild w\ld h be5 br&$ z viol5t1 ! o!r z a spy4 ,if we call t sci5ce :i* l$ to ! translation ( ^! words into h]o & angel1 & t\*$ s _m he>ts 9 ! vic9ity ( ^! two *ildr51 :5 !y _h be5 int]pret$ by _! wond]ful in/ructress1 we %all be able to ass]t t ! judgm5t ( love is ! judgm5t ( k4 ,! m]cy ( ,*ri/ 9 judg+ is "h illu/rat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,psy*ical action1 !n1 />ts f a pr9ciple :i* may be translat$ ?us3 t ! *ild lives4 ,all ! re/ comes z a consequ5ce4 ,?is action ( fundam5tal life manife/s itself z a pol>ization ( ! int]nal p]sonality3 almo/ at a po9t ( cry/allization1 ar\nd :i*1 provid$ !re be homog5e\s mat]ial & an undi/urb$ environm5t1 ! def9itive =m composes itself4 ,?is initial action is a task repeat$ ) a special int5sity ( att5tion4 ,9 my biographical *>t1 !re=e1 ,i d n give a long =mula ( analytical /udies1 b ,i give a guide to psy*ological obs]vations1 f\nd$ ^u ! syn!tical conception :i* ,i h s\ght to illu/rate4 ,^? :o h n be5 initiat$ into ?is me?od ( obs]vation w ga9 no light f su* a guide1 :i* lies entirely outside ! conceptions ( psy*ological /udy n[ obta9+ 9 connection ) ! obs]vation ( pupils4 ,b ^? :o h be5 initiat$ w und]/& x )\t ! aid ( illu/ration4 ,our tea*]s h also a t]m9ology by means ( :i* !y und]/& ea* o!r1 )\t hav+ rec\rse to ! ord9>y expressions1 :i* d n convey an exact idea ( ! action !y see 9 process ( developm5t4 ,?us !y nev] say3 ,! *ild is develop+1 or progress+1 ! *ild is good or naughty1 etc4 ,! only phraseology !y use is3 ,! *ild is becom+ discipl9$ or is n becom+ discipl9$4 ,x is int]nal ord] t !y await2 & on ?is pr9ciple ( be+ or n be+1 all or no?+ dep5ds4 ,?is evokes a mu* deep] conception ?an t ( gr[?4 ,to say t a liv+ creature gr[s is to make a v sup]ficial /atem5t1 see+ t he gr[s inde$1 b 9 virtue ( ! fact t1 )91 an ord]ly & regul> disposition ( sub/ances is 9 progress4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ! embryo ( an animal is =m$1 x gr[s2 b any "o :o has obs]v$ x int]nally mu/ h be5 /ruck by a fact mu* m m>vel\s ?an t ( ! visible ext]nal gr[?4 ,a wond]ful int]nal gr\p+ ( ! cells takes place2 "s =m1 z x 71 a leaf :i* folds ov] & makes ! inte/9es1 o!rs sep>ate to =m ! n]v\s sy/em1 "o gr\p isolates & specializes itself to make ! liv]1 & ?us an organization ( p>ts1 m & m pron\nc$1 toge!r ) a m9ute diff]5tiation ( ea* individual arrangem5t ( ! cells1 is c>ri$ on4 ,! future functions ( ! body all dep5d ^u ! possibility ( ! cells s e/abli%+ !mselves4 ,! important po9t is1 n t ! embryo gr[s1 b t x coord9ates4 ,gr[? comes ?r\gh & by ord]1 :i* also makes life possible4 ,an embryo :i* gr[s )\t coord9at+ its int]nal organs is n vital4 ,"h we h n only ! impulse1 b ! my/]y ( life4 ,! evolution ( int]nal ord] is ! ess5tial condition = ! realization ( vital exi/5ce 9 a life :i* possesses ! impulse to exi/4 ,n[ ! sum ( ! ph5om5a indicat$ 9 ! guide to psy*ological obs]vation actually repres5ts ! evolution ( spiritual ord] 9 ! *ild4 99 99 99 99 99 ,guide to psy*ological obs]vation4 ,,"w4--,note :5 a *ild beg9s to occupy himself = any l5g? ( "t ^u a task4 ,:at ! task is & h[ long he cont9ues work+ at x 7sl[ness 9 complet+ x & repetition ( ! same ex]cise74 ,8 individual peculi>ities 9 apply+ himself to p>ticul> tasks4 ,to :at tasks he applies himself dur+ ! same day1 & ) h[ mu* p]sev]ance4 ,if he has p]iods ( spontane\s indu/ry1 & = h[ _m days ^! p]iods cont9ue4 ,h[ he manife/s a desire to progress4 ,:at tasks he *ooses 9 _! sequ5ce1 work+ at !m /eadily4 ,p]si/5ce 9 a task 9 spite ( /imuli 9 8 environm5t :i* w\ld t5d to di/ract 8 att5tion4 ,if aft] delib]ate int]ruption he resumes ! task f :i* 8 att5tion 0 di/ract$4 ,,conduct4--,note ! /ate ( ord] or disord] 9 ! acts ( ! *ild4 ,8 disord]ly actions4 ,note if *anges ( behavior take place dur+ ! developm5t ( ! ph5om5a ( "w4 ,note :e!r dur+ ! e/abli%m5t ( ord]$ actions !re are3 crises ( joy2 int]vals ( s]5ity2 manife/ations ( affection4 ,! "p ! *ild takes 9 ! developm5t ( 8 companions4 ,,ob$i5ce4--,note if ! *ild responds to ! summons :5 he is call$4 ,note if & :5 ! *ild beg9s to take "p 9 ! "w ( o!rs ) an intellig5t ef=t4 ,note :5 ob$i5ce to a summons becomes regul>4 ,note :5 ob$i5ce to ord]s becomes e/abli%$4 ,note :5 ! *ild obeys eag]ly & joy\sly4 ,note ! relation ( ! v>i\s ph5om5a ( ob$i5ce 9 _! degrees 7a7 to ! developm5t ( "w2 7b7 to *anges ( conduct4 ,,iv ,,! ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,! ,,tea*] ,! possibility ( obs]v+ ! developm5ts ( ! psy*ical life ( ! *ild z natural ph5om5a & exp]im5tal reactions trans=ms ! s*ool itself 9 action into a k9d ( sci5tific laboratory = ! psy*o-g5etic /udy ( man4 ,x w become--p]haps 9 ! ne> future--! exp]im5tal field p> excell5ce ( ! psy*ologi/4 ,to prep>e su* a s*ool z p]fectly z possible1 is !re=e n only to prep>e a bett] me?od = ! education ( *ildr51 b also to prep>e ! mat]ials = a r5ovat$ sci5ce4 ,e "o n[ kn[s t /ud5ts ( natural sci5ce require 9 _! laboratories an organization direct$ to ! prep>ation ( ! mat]ial to be obs]v$4 ,to obs]ve a simple cell 9 movem5t1 x is necess>y to h a holl[ glass slide ) cavity = ! hang+ drop2 to h ready fre% solutions 9 :i* ! liv+ cells may be imm]s$1 to ensure _! cont9u$ vitality2 to h ready soils = cultures1 etc4 ,= all ^! ends !re are special avocations1 ^? ( ! s-call$ prep>]s1 :o are n ! assi/ants or help]s ( ! pr(essor1 b employs :o 7 at "o "t upp] s]vants1 & !n become sup]ior workm54 ,at ! pres5t day !y are1 h[ev]1 ne>ly always !mselves sci5tific graduates4 ,=1 inde$1 _! task is a mo/ delicate "o2 !y mu/ possess biological1 physical1 & *emical k1 & ! m ?or\ghly !y are prep>$ by a culture analog\s to t ( ! ma/]s ( rese>* !mselves1 ! m rapid & secure is ! m>* ( sci5ce4 ,x is /range to ?9k t among all ^! laboratories ( natural sci5ce1 only t ( exp]im5tal psy*ology has judg$ x possible to disp5se ) an organization = ! prep>ation ( ! subjects to be obs]v$4 ,if to-day a psy*ologi/ 7 told to arrange ! "w ( 8 prep>]1 he w\ld take ?is to mean ! prep>ation ( 8 in/rum5ts1 ?us adopt+ m or less ! /&>d ( laboratories ( physics4 ,b ! idea ( prep>+ ! liv+ be+ :i* produces ! ph5om5on w\ld n ent] 8 m9d2 & yet1 if m]ely to obs]ve a cell1 a liv+ microbe1 ! sci5ti/ ne$s a prep>]1 h[ mu* great] mu/ be ! necessity = su* an assi/ant :5 ! subject to be obs]v$ is man6 ,psy*ologi/s consid] t !y c prep>e _! subjects by arre/+ _! att5tion ) a ^w1 & expla9+ to !m h[ !y are to proce$ 9 ord] to respond to ! exp]im5t2 any unkn[n p]son met by *ance 9 ! laboratory w s]ve _! purpose4 ,9 %ort1 ! psy*ologi/ ( to-day behaves some:at l ! *ild :o cat*es a butt]fly 9 flight1 obs]ves x = a second & !n lets x fly away aga92 n l ! biologi/ :o takes c>e t 8 prep>ations are prop]ly c>ri$ out 9 a sci5tific laboratory4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! picture ( psy*ological developm5t1 ev5 ?\gh x be incomplete1 :i* is %[n to u 9 our exp]im5ts1 demon/rates ! subtlety ) :i* x is necess>y to pres5t to ! *ild ! means ( 8 developm5t &1 above all1 to respect 8 lib]ty2 conditions :i* are ess5tial to ensure t psy*ical ph5om5a be reveal$ & may con/itute a true mat]ial = obs]vation2 all ?is dem&s a special environm5t1 & ! prep>ation ( a practical /aff1 =m+ a :ole inf9itely sup]ior 9 complexity & 9 organization to ! ord9>y natural sci5ce laboratories4 ,su* a laboratory c only be ! mo/ p]fect s*ool1 organiz$ accord+ to sci5tific me?ods1 :]e ! tea*] is a p]son answ]+ to ! prep>] graduate4 ,true1 all s*ools w\ld n a*ieve ?is l(ty sci5tific ideal4 ,b x is indisputable t s*ools & tea*]s %\ld all be direct+ _! ef=ts t[>ds ! doma9 ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ces4 ,! psy*ical salvation ( *ildr5 is bas$ ^u ! means & ! lib]ty to live1 & ^! %\ld become ano!r ( ! natural rights accord$ to ! new g5]ations2 e/abli%$ z a social & philosophic conception1 x %\ld sup]s$e ! pres5t obligation to provide in/ruction1 :i* is a burd5 n only on ,/ate economy b also on ! vigor ( po/]ity4 ,if ! psy*ical ph5om5a ( ! *ildr5 9 ! national s*ools d n t5d to enri* psy*ology1 !y become ends 9 !mselves1 j z ! beauty ( ,nature is an end 9 itself4 ,! new s*ool1 inde$1 mu/ n be creat$ = ! s]vice ( a sci5ce1 b = ! s]vice ( liv+ humanity2 & tea*]s w be able to rejoice 9 ! contemplation ( lives unfold+ "u _! eyes1 )\t %>+ ! spectacle ) sci5ce1 wrapp$ 9 a holy egoism :i* w exalt _! spirits z does e intimate contact ) liv+ s\ls4 ,x is unque/ionable t ) ?is me?od ( education ! prep>ation ( ! tea*] mu/ be made ex novo1 & t ! p]sonality & social importance ( ! in/ructress w be trans=m$ !reby4 ,ev5 aft] ! fir/ desultory exp]im5ts hi!rto made1 a new type ( mi/ress has be5 evolv$2 in/ead ( facility 9 spee*1 %e has to acquire ! p[] ( sil5ce2 in/ead ( tea*+1 %e has to obs]ve2 in/ead ( ! pr\d dignity ( "o :o claims to be infallible1 %e assumes ! ve/ure ( humility4 99 99 99 99 99 ,?is trans=mation has a p>allel 9 t und]gone by ! univ]sity pr(essor1 :5 ! positive sci5ces began to play _! "p 9 ! _w4 ,:at a diff]5ce betwe5 ! dignifi$ old-_w pr(essor1 drap$ 9 a robe (t5 erm9e-trimm$1 seat$ on 8 high *air z on a ?rone1 & speak+ s au?oritatively t /ud5ts 7 n only b\nd to believe all he said1 b to swe> 9 v]bo magi/ri1 & ! pr(essor ( to-day1 :o leaves ! high places to ! /ud5ts t !y may be able to see1 res]v+ = himself ! l[e/ /ation1 on ! b>e floor2 :ile ! /ud5ts are all seat$1 he alone /&s1 (t5 clad 9 a gray l95 bl\se l a workman4 ,! /ud5ts "k t !y w be on ! way to ! highe/ degree ( progress :5 !y are capable ( v]ify+ ! !ses ( ! pr(essor--nay1 m1 ( giv+ a fur!r impetus to sci5ce1 & inscrib+ _! own names among ^? quot$ z hav+ contribut$ to its weal? or hav+ discov]$ new tru?s4 ,dignity & hi]>*y 9 ^! s*ools h be5 sup]s$$ by int]e/ 9 ! *emical or physical or natural ph5om5a to be produc$2 & 9 pres5ce ( ?is all ! re/ disappe>s4 ,! :ole arrangem5t ( ! laboratory is subject to ! same purpose2 if ! ph5om5on requires light1 all ! walls are ( glass2 if d>kness be necess>y1 ! laboratory is s con/ruct$ t x may be trans=m$ into a cam]a obscura4 ,! "o ?+ ( importance is ! production ( ! ph5om5on1 be ?is a bad smell or a p]fume1 an electric sp>k or ! colors ( ,geissl]'s tubes1 a resonance ) ,helmholtz's rev]b]ators1 or ! geometrical arrangem5t ( f9e du/ on a metallic plate 9 vibration2 ! %ape ( a leaf or ! contraction ( a frog's muscle2 ! /udy ( ! bl9d spot 9 ! eye or ! rhy?m ( c>diac pulsation2 all is equal & all is includ$2 ! eag] & absorb+ que/ is ! que/ ( tru?4 ,x is ?is :i* ! new g5]ation dem&s f sci5ce1 n ! oratorical art ( ! pr(essor1 ! noble ge/ure1 ! quip t light5s ! weight ( ! disc\rse1 ! lively p]oration ( ! c>efully elaborat$ h>angue1 & all ^? exp$i5ts :i* 7 once develop$ by a special art = ! express purpose ( captur+ ! att5tion4 ,x is passion = k r ?an att5tion :i* n[ animates our "y p1 :o (t5 come out ( univ]sity halls rememb]+ nei!r ! voice nor ! appe>ance ( _! pr(essor4 ,b ?is does n connote ! abs5ce ( love & respect = ! ma/]4 ,only1 ! v5]ation a mod]n /ud5t feels 9 ! dep?s ( 8 he>t = ! great sci5ti/ & b5efactor ( humanity1 :o /&s be=e him unassum+ly dress$ 9 a l95 bl\se1 diff]s ess5tially f ! fe> temp]$ by ridicule :i* ! g[n & wig once inspir$4 ,! trans=mation ( s*ools & tea*]s mu/ n[ proce$ on ! same l9es4 ,:5 9 a s*ool ev]y?+ revolves ar\nd a fundam5tal fact1 & ?is fact is a natural ph5om5on1 ! s*ool w h ent]$ ! orbit ( sci5ce4 ,!n ! tea*] mu/ assume ^? *>act]i/ics :i* are necess>y 9 ! pres5ce ( sci5ce4 ,among its devotees we f9d *>act]i/ics indep5d5t ( ! cont5t ( ?\ght2 9 %ort1 physici/s1 *emi/s1 a/ronom]s1 botani/s1 & zoologi/s1 ?\gh _! cont5t ( k is entirely diff]5t1 are nev]!less all /ud5ts ( ! positive sci5ces1 & h *>act]i/ics :i* diff]5tiate !m f ! metaphysicians ( ! pa/4 ,^! *>act]i/ics are relat$1 n to ! cont5t1 b to ! me?od ( ! sci5ces4 ,if1 !re=e1 p$agogy is to take its place among ! sci5ces1 x mu/ be *>act]iz$ by its me?od2 & ! tea*] mu/ prep>e h]self1 n by means ( ! cont5t1 b by means ( ! me?od4 ,9 %ort1 %e %\ld be di/+ui%$ by quality ev5 m ?an by culture4 ,! fundam5tal quality is ! capacity = obs]vation2 a quality s important t ! positive sci5ces 7 also call$ sci5ces ( obs]vation1 a t]m :i* 0 *ang$ into exp]im5tal sci5ces = ^? 9 :i* obs]vation is comb9$ ) exp]im5t4 ,n[ x is obvi\s t ! possession ( s5ses & ( k is n suffici5t to enable a p]son to obs]ve2 x is a habit :i* mu/ be develop$ by practise4 ,:5 an attempt is made to %[ untra9$ p]sons /ell> ph5om5a by means ( ! telescope1 or ! details ( a cell "u ! microscope1 h[ev] mu* ! demon/rator may try to expla9 by ^w ( m\? :at ought to be se51 ! layman _c see x4 ,:5 p]sons :o are conv9c$ ( ! great discov]y made by ,de ,vries g to 8 laboratory to obs]ve ! mutations 9 ! v>i$ m9ute plants ( ! ,a5o!ra1 he (t5 expla9s 9 va9 ! inf9itesimal yet ess5tial diff]5ces1 d5ot+1 inde$1 a new species1 among se$l+s :i* h h>dly g]m9at$4 ,x is well kn[n t :5 a new discov]y is to be expla9$ to ! public1 x is necess>y to set =? ! co>s] details2 ! un9itiat$ _c take 9 ^? m9ute details :i* con/itut$ ! real ess5ce ( ! discov]y4 ,& ?is1 because !y are unable to obs]ve4 ,to obs]ve x is necess>y to be tra9$1 & ?is is ! true way ( approa* to sci5ce4 ,= if ph5om5a _c be se5 x is z if !y did n exi/1 :ile1 on ! o!r h&1 ! s\l ( ! sci5ti/ is entirely possess$ by a passionate int]e/ 9 :at he sees4 ,he :o has be5 tra9$ to see1 beg9s to feel int]e/1 & su* int]e/ is ! motive-p[] :i* creates ! _s ( ! sci5ti/4 ,z 9 ! little *ild int]nal coord9ation is ! po9t ( cry/allization r\nd :i* ! entire psy*ical =m w coalesce1 s 9 ! tea*] int]e/ 9 ! ph5om5on obs]v$ w be ! c5t] r\nd :i* h] complete new p]sonality w =m spontane\sly4 ,! quality ( obs]vation comprises v>i\s m9or qualities1 su* z pati5ce4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! sci5ti/1 ! untra9$ p]son n only appe>s to be a bl9d man :o c see nei!r ) ! nak$ eye nor ) ! help ( l5ses2 he appe>s z an impati5t p]son4 ,if ! a/ronom] has n already got 8 telescope 9 focus1 ! layman _c wait until he has done s2 :ile ! sci5ti/ w\ld be p]=m+ ?is task )\t ev5 p]ceiv+ t he 0 c>ry+ out a long & pati5t process1 ! layman w\ld be fum+1 & ?9k+1 9 great p]turbation3 ,:at am ,i do+ "h8 ,i _c wa/e "t l ?is4 ,:5 microscopi/s expect visits f a lay public1 !y prep>e a long r[ ( microscopes already 9 focus1 because !y "k t _! visitors w wi% to see at once & quickly1 & t !y w wi% to see a great deal4 ,we c easily imag9e a sci5ti/ ^: contributions to ! "w ( ! laboratory are ( ! highe/ ord]1 :o holds *airs & possesses civil dignities & honors ( e sort1 amiably cons5t+ to %[ a lady a cellul> tissue "u ! microscope4 ,z if x 7 ! mo/ natural ?+ 9 ! _w1 he w\ld proce$ z foll[s1 ) solemn & s]5e gravity4 ,he w\ld cut (f a m9ute portion ( a piece ( tissue pres]v$ 9 _s1 & w\ld c>efully clean ! slide on :i* ! subject 0 to be plac$ & ! slide t 0 to cov] x2 he w\ld clean aga9 ! l5ses ( ! microscope1 focus ! prep>ation1 & make ready to expla94 ,b und\bt$ly ! lady all ?is "t w h be5 on ! po9t ( say+ a hundr$ times3 ,excuse me1 ,pr(essor1 b really 444 ,i h an engagem5t 444 ,i h a great deal to d4444 ,:5 %e has look$ )\t see+ any?+1 h] lam5tations are bitt]3 ,:at a lot ( "t ,i h wa/$6 ,& yet %e has no?+ to d1 & fritt]s away all h] "t6 ,:at %e lacks is n "t b pati5ce4 ,he :o is impati5t _c appraise ?+s prop]ly2 he c only appreciate 8 own impulses & 8 own satisfactions4 ,he reckons "t solely by 8 own activity4 ,t :i* satisfies him may be absolutely empty1 valueless1 nugatory2 no matt]1 its value lies 9 ! satisfaction x gives him2 & if x gives him satisfaction1 x _c be said to be a wa/e ( "t4 ,b :at he _c endure1 & :at impresses him z a loss ( "t is a t5sion ( ! n]ves1 a mom5t ( self-control1 an int]val ( wait+ )\t an imm$iate result ,!re is1 inde$1 a popul> ,italian prov]b3 aspett>e e non v5ire una cosa da morire 7to wait = :at does n come is a kill+ bus9ess74 ,^! impati5t p]sons are l ^? busybodies :o always make (f :5 !re is really "w to be done4 ,a ?or\gh education is inde$ necess>y to ov]come ?is attitude2 we mu/ ma/] & control our own wills1 if we w\ld br+ ourselves into relation ) ! ext]nal _w & appreciate its values4 ,)\t ?is prep>ation we _c give due weight to ! m9ute ?+s f :i* sci5ce draws its conclusions4 ,! capacity = su/a9$ & accurate application to a task ! object ( :i* is app>5tly ( v small importance1 is inde$ a mo/ valuable asset to him :o hopes to advance 9 sci5ce4 ,let u call to m9d :at a physici/ does to place an in/rum5t absolutely level2 h[ pati5tly he turns fir/ "o screw & !n ano!r1 tries aga9 & aga91 sl[ly & c>efully3 & to :at end8 to procure an absolutely horizontal direction = a surface4 ,:5 ?is measure ( comp>ison is e/abli%$ 9 h>d metal1 h[ c>efully x mu/ be pres]v$ to ensure t ! oscillations ( temp]ature %all n modify ! l5g? ev5 9 ! mo/ inf9itesimal degree2 = ?is w\ld be fatal to ! sci5tific use ( ! in/rum5t 9 measur+ horizontals4 ,& yet h[ slight a ?+ 9 itself is involv$6 ! pres]vation ( a measure6 ,:5 ! great *emi/ wi%es to f9d out :e!r traces ( a sub/ance c give a reaction he seems to be play+ ) 8 phials l a little boy2 he takes a retort & fills x ) ! sub/ance he wi%es to /udy1 & !n empties x2 aft]w>ds he fills x ) wat]1 & wat*es = ! reaction2 ! reaction takes place2 !n aga9 he empties ! retort1 fills x anew ) wat]1 & sees :e!r !re is a fur!r reaction4 ,?us he e/abli%es ! degree ( dilution 9 :i* ! sub/ance w leave traces4 ,9 ?is case ! m9imum is ! important ?+2 x 0 to f9d ?is imp]ceptible1 negligible m9imum t ! great man act$ l a *ild4 ,?is attitude ( humility is an elem5t ( pati5ce4 ,9 all ?+s ! sci5ti/ is humble3 f ! ext]nal action ( desc5d+ f 8 pr(essional ?rone to "w /&+ at a little table1 f ! tak+ (f ( 8 robes to don ! workman's bl\se1 f hav+ laid aside ! dignity ( "o :o /ates an au?oritative & indisputable tru? to assume ! position ( "o :o is seek+ ! tru? toge!r ) 8 pupils1 & invit+ !m to v]ify x1 to ! end n t !y %\ld le>n a doctr9e b t !y %\ld be spurr$ to activity by ! tru?--f all ?is1 d[n to ! tasks he c>ries out 9 8 laboratory4 ,he consid]s no?+ too small to absorb all 8 p[]s1 to claim 8 entire att5tion1 to occupy all 8 "t4 ,ev5 :5 social honors are heap$ ^u him1 he ma9ta9s ! same attitude1 :i* is to him ! only true honor1 ! real s\rce ( 8 greatness4 ,a microbe1 an excretion1 any?+1 may int]e/ ! man ( sci5ce1 ev5 ?\gh he be a s5ator or a ,m9i/] ( ,/ate4 ,! example ( ,c9c9natus is n to be comp>$ ) t ( ! mod]n sci5ti/1 = ^! work]s surpass ,c9c9natus immeasurably1 9 _! p[] ( br++ glory & salvation to humanity4 ,b ! highe/ =m ( humility 9 m5 ( sci5ce is _! ready self-abnegation1 n only 9 ext]nals1 b ev5 9 spiritual ?+s1 su* z a *]i%$ ideal1 convictions t h g]m9at$ 9 _! m9ds4 ,confront$ ) tru?1 ! man ( sci5ce has no pre-conceptions2 he is ready to r5\nce all ^? *]i%$ ideas ( 8 own t may div]ge !refrom4 ,?us1 gradually1 he purifies himself f error1 & keeps 8 m9d always fre%1 always cle>1 nak$ z ! ,tru? ) :i* he desires to bl5d 9 a sublime union4 ,is n ?is1 p]haps1 ! reason :y ! speciali/ 9 infantile diseases has at pres5t a social dignity & au?ority f> sup]ior to ^? ( a s*oolma/]8 ,yet ! speciali/ m]ely seeks = tru? among ! excretions ( ! *ild's diseas$ body2 b ! ma/] veils its s\l ) errors4 ,b h[ w\ld x be if ! ma/] %\ld seek ! tru? 9 ! s\l ( ! *ild8 ,:at an incomp>able dignity w\ld be 86 ,to raise himself to ?is height1 h[ev]1 he w\ld h to be initiat$ into ! ways ( humility1 ( self-abnegation1 ( pati5ce2 & to de/roy ! pride :i* is built on ! void ( vanity4 ,aft] ?is he1 too1 might put on ! spiritual ve/ure ( ! sci5ti/1 say+ to ! p3 ,:at did y see 9 ! o!r true sci5ces8 ,re$s %ak5 by ! w9d8 ,m5 clo!d 9 s(t raim5t8 ,no1 y saw prophets2 b ,i am m ?an a prophet2 ,i am he :o crie? 9 ! wild]ness3 prep>e ye ! way ( ! ,"l1 make ,8 pa?s /raight4 99 99 99 99 99 ,m1 inde$1 ?an ! o!r m5 ( sci5ce2 = !y mu/ always rema9 extrane\s to ! object ( _! /udy3 electric en]gy1 *emical en]gy1 ! life ( microbes1 ! />s1 are all ?+s div]se & remote f ! sci5ti/4 ,b ! object ( ! s*oolma/] is man himself2 ! psy*ical manife/ations ( *ildr5 evoke some?+ m 9 him ?an int]e/ 9 ! ph5om5on2 he obta9s f !m ! revelation ( himself1 & 8 emotions vibrate at ! contact ( o!r s\ls l 8 own4 ,all life may be 8 portion1 n m]ely a "p ( life4 ,!n ^? virtues1 su* z humility & pati5ce1 :i* spr+ up 9 ! man ( sci5ce )9 ! limitations ( ! ext]nal aims he has fix$ = himself1 may "h enfold ! entire s\l4 ,!n x w no long] be a "q ( ! pati5ce ( ! man ( sci5ce1 or ! humility ( ! man ( sci5ce1 b ( ! virtues ( man 9 all _! pl5itude4 ,t spiritual expansion ( ! man ( sci5ce :i* is1 z x 71 compress$ into a tube1 l rays ( light pass+ ?r\gh ! cyl9d]s ( ! telescope1 may "h be diffus$ on ! horizon l ! dazzl+ spl5dor ( ! sun4 ,! s-call$ virtues are ! necess>y means1 ! me?ods ( exi/5ce by :i* we atta9 to tru?2 b ! delight ( ! sci5ti/ 9 8 "w mu/ v>y 9 proportion z ?is tru? is manife/$ 9 a physical =ce1 a protozoan1 or ! s\l ( man4 ,! "o "n seems sc>cely suitable = ! two =ms4 ,we und]/& at once t1 9 comp>ison ) ! s*oolma/]1 ! sci5ti/ mu/ be to "s ext5t a limit$ & arid be+4 ,! nobility ( 8 _s is l(ty z man1 b its dim5sions are ^? ( a brute =ce or an inf]ior life4 ,! spiritual life ( man may bl5d ) ! virtues ( ! man ( sci5ce only :5 ! /ud5t & ! subject ( /udy c be fus$ toge!r4 ,!n sci5ce may become a wellspr+ ( wisdom1 & true positive sci5ce may become "o ) ! true k ( ! sa9ts4 ,!re is a real me*anism ( correspond5ce betwe5 ! virtues ( ! man ( sci5ce & ! virtues ( ! sa9ts2 x is by means ( humility & pati5ce t ! sci5ti/ puts himself 9 contact ) mat]ial nature2 & x is by means ( humility & pati5ce t ! sa9t puts himself 9 contact ) ! spiritual nature ( ?+s1 & z a consequ5ce1 ma9ly ) man4 ,! sci5ti/ is virtu\s only )9 ! limits ( 8 mat]ial contacts2 ! sa9t is all compact ( su* virtue2 8 sacrifices & 8 enjoym5ts are alike illimitable4 ,! sci5ti/ is a se] )9 ! limits ( 8 field ( obs]vation2 ! sa9t is a spiritual se]1 b he also sees mat]ial ?+s & _! laws m cle>ly ?an o!r m51 & inve/s !m ) _s4 ,! mod]n sci5ti/ kn[s t e liv+ ?+ is m>vel\s1 & t ! simple/ & mo/ primitive mo/ readily reveal natural laws :i* help u to int]pret ! mo/ complicat$ be+s4 ,/4 ,francis inde$ knew ?is3 ,come clos]1 ,o my si/]1 he said to ! gras%opp] *irp+ b5ea? ! fig-tree ne> ! w9d[ ( 8 cell2 ! small] ! creature ! m p]fectly does x reveal ! p[] & goodness ( ! ,creator4 ,ea* t9y ?+ is wor?y ( ! sci5ti/'s m9ute att5tion2 he c\nts ! articulations :i* make up ! claws ( an insect1 & kn[s ! ve9+s ( its mo/ delicate w+s2 he f9ds int]e/+ details :]e ! ord9>y eye w\ld n l+] = a mom5t4 ,/4 ,francis also obs]v$ ^! ?+s1 b !y awoke 9 him a feel+ ( spiritual joy & call$ =? a hymn ( praise3 ,:o1 :o gave me ^! little fairy feet1 furni%$ ) heal?y & flexible little bones1 to enable me to spr+ swiftly f bran* to bran*1 f twig to twig8 ,:o fur!r gave me eyes1 cry/al globes t revolve & see be=e & beh9d1 to spy out all my enemies1 ! pr$atory kite1 ! black cr[1 ! gre$y goose8 ,& he gave me w+s1 delicate tissues ( gold & gre5 & blue1 :i* reflect ! color ( ! skies & ( my trees4 ,! vision ( ! tea*] %\ld be at once precise l t ( ! sci5ti/1 & spiritual l t ( ! sa9t4 ,! prep>ation = sci5ce & ! prep>ation = sanctity %\ld =m a new s\l1 = ! attitude ( ! tea*] %\ld be at once positive1 sci5tific1 & spiritual4 ,positive & sci5tific1 because %e has an exact task to p]=m1 & x is necess>y t %e %\ld put h]self into imm$iate relation ) ! tru?1 by means ( rigor\s obs]vation1 t %e %\ld /rip (f all illusions1 all ! idle creations ( ! fancy1 t %e %\ld di/+ui% tru? f falsehood un]r+ly1 t1 9 fact1 %e %\ld foll[ ! example ( ! sci5ti/1 :o takes acc\nt ( e m9ute p>ticle ( matt]1 e elem5t>y & embryonic =m ( life1 b elim9ates all optical delusions1 all ! confusion :i* impurities & =eign sub/ances might introduce into ! se>* = tru?4 ,to a*ieve su* an attitude long practise is necess>y1 & a wide obs]vation ( life "u ! guidance ( ! biological sci5ces4 ,spiritual1 because x is to man t 8 p[]s ( obs]vation are to be appli$1 & because ! *>act]i/ics ( ! creature :o is to be 8 p>ticul> subject ( obs]vation are spiritual4 ,i w\ld !re=e initiate tea*]s into ! obs]vation ( ! mo/ simple =ms ( liv+ ?+s1 ) all ^? aids :i* sci5ce gives2 ,i w\ld make !m microscopi/s2 ,i w\ld give !m a k ( ! cultivation ( plants & tra9 !m to obs]ve _! physiology2 ,i w\ld direct _! obs]vation to insects1 & w\ld make !m /udy ! g5]al laws ( biology4 ,& ,i w\ld n h !m conc]n$ ) !ory alone1 b w\ld enc\rage !m to "w indep5d5tly 9 laboratories & 9 ! bosom ( free ,nature4 ,?is complex program ( obs]vation mu/ n exclude ! physical aspects ( ! *ild4 ,?us ! direct & imm$iate prep>ation = a high] task %\ld be ! k ( ! physical ne$s ( ! *ild1 f bir? to ! age :5 psy*ical life is beg9n+ to develop 9 8 organization & becomes susceptible to treatm5t4 ,by ?is ,i d n mean m]ely a !oretical c\rse ( anatomy1 physiology1 & hygi5e2 b a practise among little *ildr51 :i* aims at foll[+ _! developm5t closely1 & =esees all _! physical ne$s4 ,! tea*]1 9 o!r words1 %\ld prep>e h]self accord+ to ! me?ods ( ! biological sci5ces1 ent]+ ) simplicity & objectivity into ! v doma9 9 :i* /ud5ts ( ! natural sci5ces & ( m$ic9e are initiat$1 :5 !y make _! fir/ exp]im5ts 9 ! laboratory1 be=e p5etrat+ into ! m pr(\nd problems ( life relat$ to _! special /udy4 ,9 l mann] ^? "y m51 :o 9 our univ]sities are de/9$ to /udy va/ & complex sci5ces1 mu/ 9 ! beg9n+ und]take ! quiet & re/ful "w ( prep>+ an infusion1 or ! section ( a rose-/alk1 & ?us exp]i5ce1 z !y obs]ve ?r\gh ! microscope1 t emotion born ( wond]1 :i* awak5s ! consci\sness & attracts x to ! my/]ies ( life ) a passionate en?usiasm4 ,x 0 ?us t we1 accu/om$ hi!rto to read 9 s*ool only pond]\s & arid pr9t$ books1 felt t ! book ( ,nature 0 op5+ be=e our _s1 inf9ite 9 its possibilities ( creation & ( miracle1 & respond+ to all our lat5t & uncompreh5d$ aspirations4 ,?is %\ld also be ! book ( ! new tea*]1 ! prim] t %\ld mold h] = h] mission ( direct+ infant life4 ,su* a prep>ation %\ld g5]ate 9 h] consci\sness a conception ( life capable ( trans=m+ h]1 ( call+ =? 9 h] a special activity1 an aptitude :i* %all make h] effici5t = h] task4 ,%e %\ld become a provid5tial =ce1 a mat]nal =ce4 ,b all ?is is b a "p ( ! prep>ation4 ,! tea*] mu/ n rema9 ?us on ! ?re%old ( life1 l ^? sci5ti/s :o are de/9$ to obs]ve plants & animals1 & :o are accord+ly satisfi$ ) :at morphology & physiology c (f]4 ,nor is x h] mission to rema9 int5t ^u d]angem5ts 9 ! functions ( ! body1 l ! m$ical speciali/ 9 infantile disease1 :o is cont5t ) pa?ology4 ,%e mu/ recognize t ! me?ods ( ^? sci5ces are limit$4 ,:5 %e *ants h] introit & sets foot ^u ^? /eps :i* 9 ! temple ( life asc5d to ! spiritual tab]nacle1 %e %\ld look upw>ds1 & feel t among ! ador+ ho/ 9 ! va/ temple ( sci5ce1 %e is a prie/ess4 ,h] sph]e is to be va/] & m spl5did2 %e is ab\t to obs]ve ! inn] life ( man4 ,! arid field :i* is limit$ to ! m>vels ( organic matt] w n suffice = h]2 all ! spiritual fruits ( ! hi/ory ( humanity & ( religion w be necess>y = h] n\ri%m5t4 ,! l(ty manife/ations ( art1 ( love1 ( hol9ess1 are ! *>act]i/ic manife/ations ( t life :i* %e is n only ab\t to obs]ve b to s]ve1 & :i* is h] own life2 n a ?+ /range to h]1 & !re=e cold & arid2 b ! intimate life %e has 9 common ) all m51 ! true & only real life ( ,man4 ,! sci5tific laboratory1 ! field ( ,nature :]e ! tea*] w be initiat$ into ! obs]vation ( ! ph5om5a ( ! inn] life %\ld be ! s*ool 9 :i* free *ildr5 develop ) ! help ( mat]ial design$ to br+ ab\t developm5t4 ,:5 %e feels h]self1 aflame ) int]e/1 see+ ! spiritual ph5om5a ( ! *ild1 & exp]i5ces a s]5e joy & an insatiable eag]ness 9 obs]v+ !m1 !n %e w "k t %e is initiat$4 ,!n %e w beg9 to become a tea*]4 ,v ,,environm5t ,n only mu/ ! tea*] be trans=m$1 b ! s*ool environm5t mu/ be *ang$4 ,! introduction ( ! mat]ial ( developm5t into an ord9>y s*ool _c con/itute ! entire ext]nal r5ovation4 ,! s*ool %\ld become ! place :]e ! *ild may live 9 fre$om1 & ?is fre$om mu/ n be solely ! intimate1 spiritual lib]ty ( int]nal gr[?4 ,! entire organism ( ! *ild1 f 8 physiological1 vegetative "p to 8 motor activity1 ought to f9d 9 s*ool ! be/ conditions = developm5t4 ,?is includes all t physical hygi5e has already put =w>d z aids to ! life ( ! *ild4 ,no place w\ld be bett] adapt$ ?an ^! s*ools to e/abli% & popul>ize re=m 9 ! clo?+ ( *ildr51 :i* %\ld meet ! requirem5ts ( cleanl9ess & ( a simplicity facilitat+ fre$om ( movem5t1 :ile x %\ld be s made z to enable *ildr5 to dress !mselves4 ,no bett] place c\ld be f\nd to c>ry out & popul>ize infant hygi5e 9 its relation to nutrition4 ,x w\ld be a "w ( social reg5]ation to conv9ce ! public ( ! economy !y might effect by su* practises1 to %[ !m t elegance & propriety 9 !mselves co/ no?+--nay1 m1 t !y dem& simplicity & mod]ation1 & !re=e exclude all t sup]fluity :i* is s exp5sive4 ,! above applies m especially to s*ools :i*1 l ! orig9al ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 might be in/itut$ 9 ! v build+s inhabit$ by ! p>5ts ( ! pupils4 ,c]ta9 special requirem5ts mu/ be recogniz$ 9 ! rooms ( a free s*ool3 psy*ical hygi5e mu/ play its "p "h z physical hygi5e has already done4 ,! great increase 9 ! dim5sions ( mod]n class-rooms 0 dictat$ by physical hygi5e2 ! ambi5t air space is measur$ by cubature 9 relation to ! physical ne$s ( respiration2 & = ! same reason1 lavatories 7 multipli$1 & ba?rooms 7 in/all$2 physical hygi5e fur!r decre$ ! introduction ( concrete floors & wa%able dadoes1 ( c5tral heat+1 & 9 _m cases ( meals1 :ile g>d5s or broad t]races are already look$ ^u z ess5tials = ! physical well-be+ ( ! *ild4 ,wide w9d[s already admit ! light freely1 & gymnasia ) spaci\s halls & a v>iety ( complex & co/ly app>atus 7 e/abli%$4 ,f9ally1 ! mo/ complicat$ desks1 sometimes v]itable ma*9es ( wood & iron1 ) foot-re/s1 seats1 & desks revolv+ automatically1 9 ord] to preclude alike ! movem5ts ( ! *ild & ! di/ortions aris+ f immobility1 are ! economically disa/r\s contribution ( a false pr9ciple ( s*ool-hygi5e4 ,9 ! mod]n s*ool1 ! uni=m :it5ess & ! wa%able quality ( e object d5ote ! triumph ( an epo* 9 :i* ! campaign aga9/ microbes w\ld seem to be ! sole key to human life4 ,psy*ical hygi5e n[ pres5ts itself on ! ?re%old ( ! s*ool ) its new precepts1 precepts :i* economically are c]ta9ly no m on]\s ?an ^? entail$ by ! fir/ triumphant entry ( physical hygi5e4 ,!y require1 h[ev]1 t s*oolrooms be enl>g$1 n 9 def]5ce to ! laws ( respiration1 = c5tral heat+1 :i* makes x possible to keep w9d[s op51 r5d]s calculations bas$ on cubic measure negligible2 b because space is necess>y = ! lib]ty ( movem5t :i* %\ld be all[$ to ! *ild4 ,h[ev]1 z ! *ild's walk+ ex]cise w n be tak5 indoors1 ?is increase ( space w be suffici5t if x p]mits free movem5t among ! furniture4 ,/ill1 if an ideal p]fection is to be a*iev$1 we may say t ! psy*ical class-room %\ld be twice z l>ge z ! physical class-room4 ,we all "k ! s5se ( com=t ( :i* we are consci\s :5 a good half ( ! floor space 9 a room is un5cumb]$2 ?is seems to (f] u ! agreeable possibility ( mov+ ab\t freely4 ,?is s5sation ( well-be+ is m intimate ?an ! possibility ( brea?+ (f]$ to u 9 a room ( m$ium size cr[d$ ) furniture4 ,scant9ess ( furniture is c]ta9ly a p[]ful factor 9 hygi5e2 "h physical & psy*ical hygi5e are at "o4 ,9 our s*ools we recomm5d ! use ( light furniture1 :i* is correspond+ly simple1 & economical 9 ! extreme4 ,if x be wa%able1 s mu* ! bett]1 especially z ! *ildr5 w !n le>n to wa% x1 ?us p]=m+ a pleas+ & v in/ructive ex]cise4 ,b :at is above all ess5tial is1 t x %\ld be arti/ically beautiful4 ,9 ?is case beauty is n produc$ by sup]fluity or luxury1 b by grace & h>mony ( l9e & color1 comb9$ ) t absolute simplicity necessitat$ by ! lightness ( ! furniture4 ,j z ! mod]n dress ( *ildr5 is m elegant ?an t ( ! pa/1 & at ! same "t inf9itely simpl] & m economical1 s is ?is furniture4 ,9 a ,*ildr5's ,h\se 9 ! c\ntry1 at ,palidano1 built to commemorate ! ,m>*ese ,c>lo ,gu]ri]i ,gonzaga1 we initiat$ ! /udy ( arti/ic furni%+4 ,x is well kn[n t e little corn] ( ,italy is a /oreh\se ( local art1 & !re is no prov9ce :i* 9 bygone times did n conta9 graceful & conv5i5t objects1 due to a comb9ation ( practical s5se & arti/ic in/9ct4 ,ne>ly all ^! treasures are n[ be+ disp]s$1 & ! v memory ( !m is dy+ out1 "u ! tyranny ( ! /upid & uni=m hygi5ic fa%ions ( our day4 ,x 0 !re=e a delightful und]tak+ on ! "p ( ,m>ia ,m>a9i to make c>eful inquiries into ! ru/ic local art ( ! pa/1 & to give x new life by reproduc+1 9 ! furniture ( ! ,*ildr5's ,h\ses1 ! =ms & colors ( tables1 *airs1 sidebo>ds1 & pott]y1 ! designs ( textiles & ! *>act]i/ic decorative motives to be met ) 9 old c\ntry-h\ses4 ,?is revival ( ru/ic art w br+ back into use objects us$ by ! poor 9 ages less weal?y ?an ours1 & mean:ile may be a revelation 9 economy4 ,if1 in/ead ( s*ool b5*es1 su* simple & graceful objects 7 manufactur$1 ev5 ?is s*ool furniture w\ld %[ h[ beauty may be evolv$ f ugl9ess by elim9at+ sup]flu\s mat]ial2 = beauty is a "q1 n ( mat]ial1 b ( inspiration4 ,h5ce we mu/ n look to ri*ness ( mat]ial1 b to ref9em5t ( _s = ^! practical re=ms4 ,if simil> /udies %\ld be made "s day ^u ! ru/ic art ( all ! ,italian prov9ces1 ea* ( :i* has its special arti/ic traditions1 types ( furniture might arise :i* w\ld 9 !mselves d mu* to elevate ! ta/e & ref9e ! habits4 ,!y w\ld br+ to ! enlight5m5t ( ! _w an educational mode1 because ! "t-honor$ arti/ic feel+ ( a p ) a v anci5t civilization w\ld brea! new life into ^? mod]ns :o seem$ to be suffocat+ "u ! obsession ( physical hygi5e1 & to be actuat$ solely by a despair+ ef=t to combat disease4 ,we %\ld witness ! humanization ( art1 ris+ amid/ ! ugl9ess & d>kness ( ^? :o h accu/om$ !mselves to ?9k only ( dea?4 ,inde$1 ! hygi5ic h\ses ( to-day1 ) _! b>e walls1 & :ite wa%able furniture1 look l hospitals2 :ile ! s*ools seem v]itable tombs1 ) _! desks rang$ 9 r[s l black catafalques--black1 m]ely because !y h to be ( ! same color z ink to hide ! /a9s :i* are look$ ^u z a necessity1 j z c]ta9 s9s & c]ta9 crimes are /ill consid]$ to be inevitable 9 ! _w2 ! alt]native ( avoid+ !m has nev] occurr$ to any "o4 ,class-rooms h black desks1 & b>e1 gray walls1 m devoid ( ornam5t ?an ^? ( a mortu>y *amb]2 ?is is to ! end t ! />v$ & fami%+ _s ( ! *ild may accept ! indige/ible intellectual food :i* ! tea*] be/[s ^u x4 ,9 o!r words1 e di/ract+ elem5t has to be remov$ f ! environm5t1 s t ! tea*]1 by 8 oratorical art1 & ) ! help ( 8 labori\s exp$i5ts1 may succe$ 9 fix+ ! rebelli\s att5tion ( 8 pupils on himself4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! spiritual s*ool puts no limits to ! beauty ( its environm5t1 save economical limits4 ,no ornam5t c di/ract a *ild really absorb$ 9 8 task2 on ! contr>y1 beauty bo? promotes conc5tration ( ?\ght & (f]s refre%m5t to ! tir$ _s4 ,inde$1 ! *ur*es1 :i* are p> excell5ce places ( m$itation & ( repose = ! life ( ! s\l1 h call$ ^u ! highe/ inspirations ( g5ius to ga!r e beauty )9 _! prec9cts4 ,su* words may seem /range2 b if we wi% to keep 9 t\* ) ! pr9ciples ( sci5ce1 we may say t ! place be/ adapt$ to ! life ( man is an arti/ic environm5t2 & t1 !re=e1 if we want ! s*ool to become a laboratory = ! obs]vation ( human life1 we mu/ ga!r )9 x ?+s ( beauty1 j z ! laboratory ( ! bact]iologi/ mu/ be furni%$ ) /oves & soils = ! culture ( bacilli4 ,furniture = *ildr51 _! tables & *airs1 %\ld be light1 n only t !y may be easily c>ri$ ab\t by *ildi% arms1 b because _! v fragility is ( educational value4 ,! same consid]ation leads u to give *ildr5 *9a plates & glass dr9k+-vessels1 = ^! objects become ! d5\nc]s ( r\gh1 disord]ly1 & undiscipl9$ movem5ts4 ,?us ! *ild is l$ to correct himself1 & he accord+ly tra9s himself n to knock aga9/1 ov]turn1 & break ?+s2 s(t5+ 8 movem5ts m & m1 he gradually becomes _! p]fectly free & self-possess$ director4 ,9 ! same way ! *ild w accu/om himself to d 8 utmo/ n to soil ! gay & pretty ?+s :i* enliv5 8 surr\nd+s4 ,?us he makes progress 9 8 own p]fection1 or1 9 o!r words1 x is ?us he a*ieves ! p]fect coord9ation ( 8 volunt>y movem5ts4 ,x is ! same process by :i*1 hav+ enjoy$ sil5ce & music1 he w d all 9 8 p[] to avoid discordant noises1 :i* h become unpleasant to 8 educat$ e>4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 a *ild comes into collision a hundr$ times ) an enorm\sly heavy iron-b\nd desk1 :i* a port] w\ld h difficulty 9 mov+2 :5 he makes ?\s&s ( invisible ink-/a9s on a black b5*2 :5 he lets a metal plate fall to ! gr\nd a hundr$ times )\t break+ x1 he rema9s imm]s$ 9 8 sea ( defects )\t p]ceiv+ !m2 8 environm5t mean:ile is s con/ruct$ z to hide & !re=e to enc\rage 8 errors1 ) ,mephi/ophelean hypocrisy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,free movem5t4--,x is n[ a hygi5ic pr9ciple univ]sally accept$ t *ildr5 require movem5t4 ,?us1 :5 we speak ( free *ildr51 we g5]ally imply t !y are free to move1 t is1 to run & jump4 ,no "m n[adays fails to agree ) ! *ildr5's doctor t h] *ild %\ld g into p>ks & mead[s1 & move ab\t freely 9 ! op5 air4 ,:5 we talk ( lib]ty = *ildr5 9 s*ool1 "s su* conception ( physical lib]ty z ?is rises at once 9 ! m9d4 ,we imag9e ! free *ild mak+ p]il\s leaps ov] ! desks1 or da%+ madly aga9/ ! walls2 8 lib]ty ( movem5t seems necess>ily to imply ! idea ( a wide space1 & accord+ly we suppose t1 if conf9$ to ! n>r[ limits ( a room1 x w\ld inevitably become a conflict betwe5 viol5ce & ob/acles1 a disord] incompatible ) discipl9e & "w4 ,b 9 ! laws ( psy*ical hygi5e1 lib]ty ( movem5t is n limit$ to a conception s primitive z t ( m]ely animat$ bodily lib]ty4 ,we might1 inde$1 say ( a puppy or a kitt5 :at we say ( *ildr53 t !y %\ld be free to run & jump1 & t !y %\ld be able to d s1 z 9 fact !y (t5 d1 9 a p>k or a field1 ) & l ! *ildr54 ,if1 h[ev]1 we wi% to apply ! same conception ( motor lib]ty to our treatm5t ( a bird1 we %\ld make c]ta9 arrangem5ts = x2 we %\ld place )9 its rea* ! bran* ( a tree1 or cross$ /icks :i* w\ld af=d foo?old = its claws1 s9ce ^! are n design$ to be spread out on ! gr\nd l ! feet ( creep+ ?+s1 b are adapt$ to gripp+ a /ick4 ,we "k t a bird left free to move ov] a va/1 illimitable pla9 w\ld be mis]able4 ,h[ !n is x t we nev] ?9k ?us3 if x be necess>y to prep>e diff]5t environm5ts = a bird & a reptile 9 ord] to ensure _! lib]ty ( movem5t1 mu/ x n be a mi/ake to provide ! same =m ( lib]ty = our *ildr5 z t prop] to cats & dogs8 ,*ildr51 inde$1 :5 left to !mselves to take ex]cise1 %[ impati5ce1 & are prone to qu>rel & cry2 old] *ildr5 feel x necess>y to inv5t some?+ :]eby !y may conceal f !mselves ! intol]able bor$om & humiliation ( walk+ = walk+'s sake1 & runn+ = runn+'s sake4 ,!y try to f9d "s object = _! ex]tions2 ! y\ng] *ildr5 play pranks4 ,! activity ( *ildr5 ?us left to !mselves has r>ely a good result2 x does n aid developm5t1 save z reg>ds ! physical advantage ( g5]al nutrition1 t is1 ( ! vegetative life4 ,_! movem5ts become ungraceful2 !y inv5t unseemly cap]s1 walk ) a /agg]+ gait1 fall easily1 & break ?+s4 ,!y are evid5tly q unlike ! free kitt51 s full ( grace1 s fasc9at+ 9 its movem5ts1 t5d+ to p]fect its action by ! light jump+ & runn+ :i* are natural to x4 ,9 ! motor in/9ct ( ! *ild !re appe>s to be no grace1 no natural impulse t[>ds p]fection4 ,h5ce we mu/ conclude t ! movem5t :i* suffices = ! cat does n suffice = ! *ild1 & t if ! nature ( ! *ild is diff]5t1 8 pa? ( lib]ty mu/ also be diff]5t4 ,if ! *ild has no intellig5t aim 9 8 movem5ts1 he is )\t int]nal guidance1 ?us movem5t tires him4 ,_m m5 feel ! dreadful empt9ess ( be+ compell$ to move )\t an object4 ,"o ( ! cruel puni%m5ts inv5t$ = ! *a/isem5t ( slaves 0 to make !m dig deep holes 9 ! e>? & fill !m up aga9 repeat$ly1 9 o!r words1 to make !m "w )\t an object4 ,exp]im5ts on fatigue h %[n t "w ) an intellig5t object is f> less fatigu+ ?an an equal quantity ( aimless "w4 ,s mu* s1 t ! psy*iatri/s ( to-day recomm5d1 n ex]cise 9 ! op5 air1 b "w 9 ! op5 air1 to re/ore ! individuality ( ! neura/h5ic4 ,recon/ructive "w--"w1 t is to say1 :i* is n ! product ( a m5tal ef=t1 b t5ds to ! coord9ation ( ! psy*o-muscul> organism4 ,su* are ! activities :i* are n direct$ to ! production ( objects1 b to _! pres]vation1 z1 = in/ance1 du/+ or wa%+ a little table1 sweep+ ! floor1 lay+ or cle>+ ! table1 clean+ %oes1 spread+ out a c>pet4 ,^! are ! tasks p]=m$ by a s]vant to pres]ve ! objects belong+ to 8 ma/]1 "w ( a v diff]5t ord] to t ( ! artific]1 :o1 on ! o!r h&1 produc$ ^? objects by an intellig5t ef=t4 ,! two classes ( "w are pr(\ndly diff]5t4 ,! "o is simple2 x is a coord9at$ activity sc>cely high] 9 degree ?an ! activity requir$ = walk+ or jump+2 = x m]ely gives purpose to ^? simple movem5ts1 :]eas productive "w entails a prelim9>y intellectual "w ( prep>ation1 & comprises a s]ies ( v complicat$ motor movem5ts1 toge!r ) an application ( s5sory ex]cises4 ,! fir/ is ! "w suitable = little *ildr51 :o mu/ ex]cise !mselves 9 ord] to le>n to coord9ate _! movem5ts4 ,x consi/s ( ! s-call$ ex]cises ( practical life :i* correspond to ! psy*ical pr9ciple ( lib]ty ( movem5t4 ,= ?is x w be suffici5t to prep>e a suitable environm5t1 j z we %\ld place ! bran* ( a tree 9 an avi>y1 & !n to leave ! *ildr5 to foll[ _! in/9cts ( activity & imitation4 ,! surr\nd+ objects %\ld be proportion$ to ! size & /r5g? ( ! *ild3 light furniture t he c c>ry ab\t2 l[ dress]s )9 rea* ( 8 arms2 locks t he c easily manipulate2 *e/s t run on ca/ors2 light doors t he c op5 & %ut readily2 clo!s-pegs fix$ on ! walls at a height conv5i5t = him2 bru%es 8 little h& c grasp2 pieces ( soap t c lie 9 ! holl[ ( su* a h&2 bas9s s small t ! *ild is /rong en\gh to empty !m2 brooms ) %ort1 smoo?1 light h&les2 clo!s he c easily put on & take (f himself2 ^! are surr\nd+s :i* invite activity1 & among :i* ! *ild w gradually p]fect 8 movem5ts )\t fatigue1 acquir+ human grace & dext]ity1 j z ! little kitt5 acquires its graceful movem5t & fel9e dext]ity solely "u ! guidance ( in/9ct4 ,! field ?us op5$ to ! free activity ( ! *ild w enable him to ex]cise himself & to =m himself z a man4 ,x is n movem5t = its own sake t he w d]ive f ^! ex]cises1 b a p[]ful co-effici5t 9 ! complex =mation ( 8 p]sonality4 ,8 social s5tim5ts 9 ! relations he =ms ) o!r free & active *ildr51 8 collaborators 9 a k9d ( h\sehold design$ to protect & aid _! developm5t2 ! s5se ( dignity acquir$ by ! *ild :o le>ns to satisfy himself 9 surr\nd+s he himself pres]ves & dom9ates--^! are ! co-effici5ts ( humanity :i* accompany lib]ty ( movem5t4 ,f 8 consci\sness ( ?is developm5t ( 8 p]sonality ! *ild d]ives ! impulse to p]si/ 9 ^! tasks1 ! indu/ry to p]=m !m1 ! intellig5t joy he %[s 9 _! completion4 ,9 su* an environm5t he und\bt$ly works himself & =tifies 8 spiritual be+1 j z :5 8 body is ba!d 9 fre% air & 8 limbs move freely 9 ! mead[s1 he works at ! gr[? ( 8 physical organism & /r5g!ns x4 ,,vi ,,att5tion ,! ph5om5on to be expect$ f ! little *ild1 :5 he is plac$ 9 an environm5t favorable to 8 spiritual gr[?1 is ?is3 t sudd5ly ! *ild w fix 8 att5tion ^u an object1 w use x = ! purpose = :i* x 0 con/ruct$1 & w cont9ue to repeat ! same ex]cise indef9itely4 ,"o w repeat an ex]cise tw5ty times1 ano!r =ty times1 & yet ano!r two hundr$ times2 b ?is is ! fir/ ph5om5on to be expect$1 z initiatory to ^? acts ) :i* spiritual gr[? is b\nd up4 ,t :i* moves ! *ild to ?is manife/ation ( activity is evid5tly a primitive int]nal impulse1 almo/ a vague s5se ( spiritual hung]2 & x is ! impulse to satisfy ?is hung] :i* !n actually directs ! consci\sness ( ! *ild to ! det]m9$ object & leads x gradually to a primordial1 b complex & repeat$ ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce 9 comp>+1 judg+1 decid+ ^u an act1 & correct+ an error4 ,:5 ! *ild1 occupi$ ) ! solid insets1 places & displaces ! t5 little cyl9d]s 9 _! respective places ?irty or =ty times consecutively2 &1 hav+ made a mi/ake1 sets himself a problem & solves x1 he becomes m & m int]e/$1 & tries ! exp]im5t aga9 & aga92 he prolongs a complex ex]cise ( 8 psy*ical activities :i* makes way = an int]nal developm5t4 ,x is probably ! int]nal p]ception ( ?is developm5t :i* makes ! ex]cise pleas+1 & induces prolong$ application to ! same task4 ,to qu5* ?ir/1 x is n suffici5t to see or to sip wat]2 ! ?ir/y man mu/ dr9k 8 fill3 t is to say1 mu/ take 9 ! quantity 8 organism requires2 s1 to satisfy ?is k9d ( psy*ical hung] & ?ir/1 x is n suffici5t to see ?+s cursorily1 mu* less to he> !m describ$2 x is necess>y to possess !m & to use !m to ! full = ! satisfaction ( ! ne$s ( ! inn] life4 ,?is fact /&s reveal$ z ! basis ( all psy*ical con/ruction1 & ! sole secret ( education4 ,! ext]nal object is ! gymnasium on :i* ! _s ex]cises itself1 & su* int]nal ex]cises are prim>ily 9 !mselves ! end & aim ( action4 ,h5ce ! solid insets are n int5d$ to give ! *ild a k ( dim5sions1 nor are ! plane insets design$ to give him a conception ( =ms2 ! purpose ( ^!1 z ( all ! o!r objects1 is to make ! *ild ex]cise 8 activities4 ,! fact t ! *ild really acquires by ^! means def9ite k1 ! recollection ( :i* is vivid 9 proportion to ! fixity & int5sity ( 8 att5tion1 is a necess>y result2 &1 inde$1 x is precisely ! s5sory k ( dim5sions1 =ms & colors1 etc41 ?us acquir$1 :i* makes ! cont9uation ( su* int]nal ex]cises 9 fields progressively va/] & high]1 a possible a*ievem5t4 ,hi!rto1 all psy*ologi/s h agre$ t in/ability ( att5tion is ! *>act]i/ic ( little *ildr5 ( ?ree or f\r ye>s old2 attract$ by ev]y?+ !y see1 !y pass f object to object1 unable to conc5trate on any2 & g5]ally ! difficulty ( fix+ ! att5tion ( *ildr5 is ! /umbl+-block ( _! education1 ,william ,james speaks ( t extreme mobility ( ! att5tion ) :i* we are all famili> 9 *ildr51 & :i* makes _! fir/ lessons su* r\gh affairs4444 ,! reflex & passive "* ( ! att5tion 444 :i* makes ! *ild seem to belong less to himself ?an to e object :i* happ5s to cat* 8 notice1 is ! fir/ ?+ :i* ! tea*] mu/ ov]come4444 ,! faculty ( volunt>ily br++ back a w&]+ att5tion1 ov] & ov] aga9 is ! v root ( judgm5t1 "* & w4444 ,an education :i* %\ld improve ?is faculty w\ld be ! education p> excell5ce4 ,?us man1 act+ by himself alone1 nev] successfully arre/s & fixes t inquir+ att5tion :i* w&]s f object to object4 ,9 fact1 9 our exp]im5t ! att5tion ( ! little *ild 0 n artificially ma9ta9$ by a tea*]2 x 0 an object :i* fix$ t att5tion1 z if x correspond$ to "s int]nal impulse2 an impulse :i* evid5tly 0 direct$ solely to ! ?+s necess>y = its developm5t4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ^? complex coord9at$ movem5ts a*iev$ by a new-born infant 9 ! act ( suck+1 are limit$ to ! fir/ & unconsci\s ne$ ( nutrition2 !y are n a consci\s acquisition direct$ to a purpose4 ,inde$1 ! consci\s acquisition direct$ to a def9ite purpose w\ld be impossible 9 ! movem5ts ( a new-born infant's m\?1 z also 9 ! fir/ movem5ts ( ! *ild's _s4 ,!re=e x is ess5tial t ! ext]nal /imulus :i* fir/ pres5ts itself %\ld be v]ily ! brea/ & ! milk ( ! _s1 & !n only %all we behold t surpris+ ph5om5on ( a little face conc5trat$ 9 an int5sity ( att5tion4 ,behold a *ild ( ?ree ye>s old capable ( repeat+ ! same ex]cise fifty times 9 succession2 _m p]sons are mov+ ab\t beside him2 "s "o is play+ ! piano2 *ildr5 are s++ 9 *orus2 b no?+ di/racts ! little *ild f 8 pr(\nd conc5tration4 ,j s does ! suckl+ keep hold ( ! "m's brea/1 un9t]rupt$ by ext]nal incid5ts1 & desi/s only :5 he is satisfi$4 ,only ,nature accompli%es su* miracles4 ,if1 !n1 psy*ical manife/ations h _! root 9 ,nature1 x 0 necess>y1 9 ord] to und]/& & help ,nature1 to /udy x 9 its initial p]iods1 ^? :i* are ! simple/1 & ! only ones capable ( reveal+ tru?s :i* w\ld s]ve z guides = ! int]pretation ( lat] & m complex manife/ations4 ,?is1 inde$1 _m psy*ologi/s h done2 b1 apply+ ! analytical me?ods ( exp]im5tal psy*ology1 !y did n />t f t po9t :5ce ! biological sci5ces d]ive _! k ( life3 t is1 ! lib]ty ( ! liv+ creatures !y desire to obs]ve4 ,if ,fabre _h n made use ( insects1 :ile leav+ !m free to c>ry out _! natural manife/ations1 & obs]v+ !m )\t all[+ 8 pres5ce to int]f]e 9 any way ) _! functions2 if he _h caught insects1 _h tak5 !m into 8 /udy1 & subject$ !m to exp]im5t1 he w\ld n h be5 able to reveal ! m>vels ( insect life4 ,if bact]iologi/s _h n in/itut$1 z a me?od ( rese>*1 an environm5t simil> to t :i* is natural to microbes1 bo? z reg>ds nutritive sub/ances & conditions ( temp]ature1 etc41 to ! end t !y might live freely & ?us manife/ _! *>act]i/ics2 if !y _h conf9$ !mselves to fix+ ! g]ms ( a disease "u ! microscope1 ! sci5ce :i* to-day saves ! lives ( innum]able m5 & protects :ole nations f epidemics w\ld n exi/4 ,fre$om to live is ! true basis = e me?od ( obs]vation appli$ to liv+ creatures4 ,lib]ty is ! exp]im5tal condition = /udy+ ! ph5om5a ( ! *ild's att5tion4 ,x w be en\gh to rememb] t ! /imuli ( infant att5tion1 be+ ma9ly s5sory1 h a p[]ful physiological concomitant ( accommodation 9 ! organs ( s5se2 an accommodation1 physiologically incomplete 9 ! "y *ild1 :i* requires to develop itself accord+ to ,nature4 ,an object n adapt$ to become a useful /imulus to ! p[]s ( accommodation 9 process ( developm5t w\ld n only be incapable ( su/a9+ att5tion z a psy*ical fact1 b w\ld also1 z a physiological fact1 we>y or actually injure ! organs ( accommodation su* z ! eye & e>4 ,b ! *ild :o *ooses ! objects1 & p]sev]es 9 _! use ) ! utmo/ int5sity ( att5tion1 z %[n 9 ! muscul> contractions :i* give mimetic expression to 8 face1 evid5tly exp]i5ces pleasure1 & pleasure is an indication ( heal?y functional activity2 x always accompanies ex]cises :i* are useful to ! organs ( ! body4 ,att5tion also requires a prep>ation ( ! ideative c5t]s 9 relation to ! ext]nal object = :i* x is to be dem&$3 9 o!r words1 an int]nal1 psy*ical adaptation4 ,! c]ebral c5t]s %\ld be excit$ 9 _! turn by an int]nal process1 :5 an ext]nal /imulus acts4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 any "o :o is expect+ a p]son1 sees him arriv+ f a consid]able di/ance2 n only because ! p]son pres5ts himself to ! s5ses1 b because he 0 expect$4 ,! di/ant figure claim$ att5tion because ! c]ebral c5t]s 7 already excit$ to t end4 ,by means ( simil> activities a hunt] is consci\s ( ! slighte/ s\nd made by game 9 woods4 ,9 %ort1 two =ces act ^u ! c]ebral cell1 z ^u a clos$ door3 ! ext]nal s5sory =ce :i* knocks1 & ! int]nal =ce :i* says3 ,op54 ,if ! int]nal =ce does n op51 x is 9 va9 t ! ext]nal /imulus knocks at ! door4 ,& !n ! /ronge/ /imuli may pass unhe$$4 ,! abs5t-m9d$ man may /ep into a *asm4 ,! man :o is absorb$ 9 a task may be deaf to a b& play+ 9 ! /reet4 ,! c5tral action t con/itutes att5tion is ! factor ( ! greate/ psy*ological & philosophic value1 & ! "o :i* has always repres5t$ ! maximum among ! practical values 9 p$agogy4 ,! :ole art ( tea*]s has consi/$1 9 sub/ance1 9 prep>+ ! att5tion ( ! *ild to make x expectant ( _! in/ruction1 & 9 secur+ ! coop]ation ( ^? int]nal =ces :i* %\ld op5 ! door :5 !y knock4 ,& z ! ?+ :i* is q unkn[n1 or t :i* is inaccessible to ! und]/&+1 c awak5 no int]e/1 ! fundam5tals ( ! art ( tea*+ 7 to g gradually f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 f ! easy to ! difficult4 ,x is ! preexi/5t kn[n :i* excites expectation & op5s ! door to ! novel unkn[n2 & x is ! already pres5t easy "w :i* op5s new ways = p5etration1 & puts ! att5tion into a /ate ( expectation4 ,?us1 accord+ to ! conceptions ( p$agogy1 x %\ld be possible to prep>e good (fices = oneself1 ! coop]ation ( ! psy*ical concomitants ( ! att5tion4 ,ev]y?+ w\ld dep5d on skilful manipulation betwe5 ! kn[n & ! unkn[n & simil> ?+s3 ! clev] tea*] w\ld be l ! great milit>y /rategi/1 :o prep>es ! plan ( a battle ^u a table2 & man w\ld be able to direct man1 lead+ him :]esoev] he pleases4 ,?is1 moreov]1 has long be5 ! mat]iali/ic pr9ciple :i* gov]ns psy*ology4 ,accord+ to ,h]b]t ,sp5c]1 ! m9d is at fir/1 z x 71 an indiff]5t day1 on :i* ext]nal impressions ra91 leav+ traces m or less pr(\nd4 ,exp]i5ces are1 accord+ to him & ! ,engli% empirici/s1 ! con/ructive factors ( ! m9d ev5 9 its highe/ activities4 ,man is :at exp]i5ce has made him2 h5ce1 9 education1 by prep>+ a suitable /ructure ( exp]i5ces1 x is possible to build up ! man4 ,a conception n less mat]iali/ic ?an t :i* pres5t$ itself = a mom5t be=e ! m>vel\s progress ( organic *emi/ry1 :5 ! s]ies ( syn!ses succe$$ t ( analyses4 ,x 0 !n believ$ t a species ( album5 might be manufactur$ syn!tically1 & z album5 is ! organic basis ( ! cells1 & z ! human ovum is no?+ b a cell1 man himself might "o day be manufactur$ on ! *emi/'s table4 ,! conception ( man z ! creator ( man 0 quickly discr$it$ 9 ! mat]ial doma92 b ! psy*ical homunculus /ill p]si/s among ! practical conceptions ( p$agogy4 ,no *emical syn!sis c\ld put into ! cell1 app>5tly no?+ m ?an a simple clot ( nucleat$ protoplasm1 t activity s9e matt]1 t pot5tial vital =ce1 t my/]i\s factor :i* causes a cell to develop into man4 ,& ! elusive att5tion ( *ildr5 w\ld seem to tell u t ! psy*ical man is subject to analog\s laws ( auto-creation4 ,! mo/ mod]n s*ool ( spirituali/ic psy*ologi/s1 to :i* ,william ,james belong$1 recogniz$1 9 ! concomitant ( att5tion1 a fact b\nd up ) ! nature ( ! subject1 a spiritual =ce1 "o ( ! my/]i\s factors ( life4 444 ,f :5ce 8 intellect ,d$uc$ its primal notices ( ?\ght1 ,man !re=e kn[s n2 or 8 appetites ,_! fir/ affection2 su* ,9 y z zeal ,9 bees to ga!r honey4 7,c>ey's translation1 ,dante's ,purgatorio1 ,canto ,,xviii47 ,!re is 9 man a special attitude to ext]nal ?+s1 :i* =ms "p ( 8 nature1 & det]m9es its "*4 ,! int]nal activities act z cause2 !y d n react & exi/ z ! effect ( ext]nal factors4 ,our att5tion is n arre/$ by all ?+s indiff]5tly1 b by ^? :i* are cong5ial to our ta/es4 ,! ?+s :i* are useful to our inn] life are ^? :i* ar\se our int]e/4 ,our int]nal _w is creat$ ^u a selection f ! ext]nal _w1 acquir$ = & 9 h>mony ) our int]nal activities4 ,! pa9t] w see a prepond]ance ( colors 9 ! _w1 ! musician w be attract$ by s\nds4 ,x is ! quality ( our att5tion :i* reveals ourselves1 & we manife/ ourselves ext]nally by our aptitudes2 x is n our att5tion :i* creates u4 ,! individual "*1 ! int]nal =m1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 "o man & ano!r1 are also obvi\s among m5 :o h liv$ 9 ! same environm5t1 b :o f t environm5t h tak5 only :at 0 necess>y = ea*4 ,! exp]i5ces ) :i* ea* con/ructs 8 ego 9 relation to ! ext]nal _w d n =m a *aos1 b are direct$ by 8 intimate individual aptitudes4 ,if !re 7 any d\bt z to ! natural =ce :i* directs psy*ical =mation1 our exp]i5ces ) little *ildr5 w\ld furni% a decisive pro(4 ,no tea*] c\ld procure su* ph5om5a ( att5tion by any artifices2 !y h evid5tly an int]nal orig94 ,! p[] ( conc5tration %[n by little *ildr5 f ?ree to f\r ye>s old h no c\nt]p>t save 9 ! annals ( g5ius4 ,^! little ones seem to reproduce ! infancy ( m5 possess+ an extraord9>y p[] ( att5tion1 su* z ,ar*im$es1 :o 0 sla9 :ile b5d+ ov] 8 circles1 f :i* rumors ( ! tak+ ( ,syracuse _h fail$ to di/ract him2 or ,newton1 :o1 absorb$ 9 8 /udies1 =got to eat2 or ,vittorio ,alfi]i1 :o1 :5 writ+ a poem1 he>d no?+ ( ! noisy w$d+ procession :i* 0 pass+ ) %\ts & clamor be=e 8 w9d[s4 ,n[1 ^! *>act]i/ics ( ! att5tion ( g5ius c\ld n be evok$ by an int]e/+ tea*]1 h[ev] subtle 8 art2 nor c\ld any accumulation ( passive exp]i5ces become su* an accumulator ( psy*ical en]gies4 ,if !re be a spiritual =ce work+ )9 ! *ild1 by :i* he may op5 ! door ( 8 att5tion1 ! problem :i* necess>ily pres5ts itself is a problem ( lib]ty1 r ?an a problem ( p$agogic art effect+ ! con/ruction ( 8 m9d4 ,! be/[al ( ! n\ri%m5t suitable to psy*ical ne$s1 by means ( ! ext]nal objects1 & read9ess to respect lib]ty ( developm5t 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann] possible1 are ! f\ndations :i*1 f a logical po9t ( view1 %\ld be laid d[n = ! con/ruction ( a new p$agogy4 ,x is no long] a "q ( attempt+ to create ! homunculus1 l ! *emi/s ( ! n9ete5? c5tury2 b r ( tak+ ! lant]n ( ,diog5es & go+ 9 se>* ( ! man4 ,a sci5ce %\ld e/abli% by means ( exp]im5ts :at is necess>y to ! primordial psy*ical requirem5ts ( ! *ild2 & !n we %all witness ! developm5t ( complex vital ph5om5a1 9 :i* ! intellig5ce1 ! w1 & ! "* develop toge!r1 j z ! bra91 ! /oma*1 & ! muscles ( ! rationally n\ri%$ *ild develop toge!r4 ,toge!r ) ! fir/ psy*ical ex]cises1 ! fir/ coord9at$ cognitions w be fix$ 9 ! *ild's m9d1 & ! kn[n w beg9 to exi/ 9 him1 provid+ ! fir/ g]ms ( an intellectual int]e/1 supplem5t+ 8 in/9ctive int]e/4 ,:5 ?is takes place1 a /ate ( ?+s beg9s to e/abli% itself :i* has "s analogy ) t me*anism ( att5tion :i* ! p$agogi/s ( to-day take z ! basis ( ! art ( tea*+4 ,! transition f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n1 f ! simple to ! complex1 f ! easy to ! difficult1 is reproduc$1 f a c]ta9 po9t ( view2 b ) special *>act]i/ics4 ,! progression f ! kn[n to ! unkn[n does n proce$ f object to object1 z w\ld be assum$ by ! ma/] :o does n br+ ab\t ! developm5t ( ideas f a c5t]1 b m]ely unites !m 9 a *a91 )\t any def9ite object1 all[+ ! m9d to w&] aimlessly1 ?\gh b\nd to himself4 ,"h1 on ! o!r h&1 ! kn[n e/abli%es itself 9 ! *ild z a complex sy/em ( ideas1 :i* sy/em 0 actively con/ruct$ by ! *ild himself dur+ a s]ies ( psy*ical processes1 repres5t+ 9 !mselves an int]nal =mation1 a psy*ical gr[?4 ,to br+ ab\t su* a progress we mu/ (f] ! *ild a sy/ematic1 complex mat]ial1 correspond+ to 8 natural in/9cts4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 by means ( our s5sory app>atus we (f] ! *ild a s]ies ( objects capable ( draw+ 8 in/9ctive att5tion to colors1 =ms1 & s\nds1 to tactile & b>ic qualities1 etc41 & ! *ild1 by means ( ! *>act]i/ically prolong$ ex]cises ) ea* object1 beg9s to organize 8 psy*ical p]sonality1 b at ! same "t acquires a cle> & ord]ly k ( ?+s4 ,!nce=? all ext]nal objects1 = ! reason t !y h =ms1 dim5sions1 colors1 qualities ( smoo?ness1 weight1 h>dness1 etc41 are no long] =eign to ! m9d4 ,!re is some?+ 9 ! consci\sness ( ! *ild :i* prep>es him to expect ^! ?+s1 & invites him to receive !m ) int]e/4 ,:5 ! *ild has add$ a cognition to ! primitive impulse :i* directs 8 att5tion to ext]nal ?+s1 he has acquir$ o!r relations ) ! _w1 o!r =ms ( int]e/2 ^! are no long] m]ely ^? primitive ones :i* are b\nd up ) a species ( primordial in/9ct1 b h become a disc]n+ int]e/1 bas$ ^u ! conque/s ( ! intellig5ce4 ,x is true t all ^! new conque/s are fundam5tally & pr(\ndly bas$ ^u ! psy*ical ne$s ( ! individual2 b ! intellectual elem5t has n[ be5 add$1 trans=m+ an impulse into a consci\s & volunt>y que/4 ,! old p$agogic conception1 :i* assum$ t to call ! att5tion ( ! *ild to ! unkn[n x is necess>y to connect x ) ! kn[n1 because x is ?us t 8 int]e/ may be won = ! new k to be imp>t$1 grasp$ b a s+le detail ( ! complex ph5om5on we n[ witness aft] our exp]im5ts4 ,if ! kn[n is to repres5t a new s\rce ( int]e/ direct$ t[>ds ! unkn[n1 x is ess5tial t x %\ld itself h be5 acquir$ 9 accordance ) ! t5d5cy ( nature2 !n prec$+ k w l5d int]e/ to objects ( ev]-increas+ complexity & ( l(ty significance4 ,! culture ?us creat$ ensures ! possibility ( an indef9ite cont9uation 9 ! successive evolution ( su* =mative ph5om5a4 ,moreov]1 ?is culture itself creates ord] 9 ! m9d3 :5 ! tea*]1 giv+ h] pla9 & simple lesson1 says3 ,?is is long1 ?is is %ort1 ?is is r$1 ?is is yell[1 etc41 %e fixes ) a s+le ^w ! cle>ly m>k$ ord] ( ! s5sations1 classifies1 & catalogues !m4 ,& ea* impression is p]fectly di/9ct f ! o!r1 & has its own det]m9$ place 9 ! m9d1 :i* may be recall$ by a ^w2 !nce=?1 new acquisitions w n be ?r[n aside or mix$ toge!r *aotically1 b w be duly deposit$ 9 _! prop] places1 side by side ) previ\s acquisitions ( ! same k9d1 l books 9 a well-arrang$ libr>y4 ,?us ! m9d n only has )9 itself ! propulsive =ce requir$ to increase its k1 b also an e/abli%$ ord]1 :i* w be /eadily ma9ta9$ ?r\gh\t its successive & illimitable enri*m5t by new mat]ial2 & z x gr[s & ga9s /r5g?1 x reta9s its equilibrium4 ,^! cont9ual ex]cises 9 comp>ison1 judgm5t1 & *oice c>ri$ out among ! objects1 fur!r t5d to place ! int]nal acquisitions s logically into relation "o ) ano!r1 t ! results are a s+ul> facility & accuracy ( reason+ p[]1 & a rem>kable quickness ( compreh5sion3 ! law ( ! m9imum ( ef=t is truly c>ri$ out z x is ev]y:]e :]e ord] & activity reign4 ,! int]nal coord9ation1 l physiological adaptation1 e/abli%es itself z a result ( ! spontaneity ( ! ex]cises2 ! free developm5t ( a p]sonality :i* gr[s & organizes itself is t :i* det]m9es su* an int]nal condition1 j z 9 ! body ( ! embryo ! he>t1 9 process ( developm5t1 makes a place = itself 9 ! space ( ! dia/9um betwe5 ! lungs1 & ! diaphragm assumes its ar*$ =m z a result ( pulmon>y dilation4 ,! tea*] directs ^! ph5om5a2 b1 9 s do+1 %e is c>eful to avoid call+ ! *ild's att5tion to h]self1 s9ce ! :ole future dep5ds ^u 8 conc5tration4 ,h] art consi/s 9 und]/&+ & 9 avoid+ int]f]5ce ) natural ph5om5a4 ,t :i* has be5 cle>ly demon/rat$ z reg>ds ! nutrition ( ! new-born infant & ! fir/ coord9at$ activities ( ! _s w be repeat$ at e p]iod ( life1 ) ! necess>y modifications induc$ by ! increas$ complexity ( ! ph5om5a4 ,cont9u+ ! p>allel ) physical nutrition1 let u consid] ! gr[+ infant :i* has cut its tee?1 develop$ its ga/ric juice1 & s gradually requires a m complicat$ diet1 until we come to ! adult man1 n\ri%+ himself by means ( all ! complications ( mod]n kit*5 & table2 to keep himself 9 heal?1 he %\ld eat only ! ?+s :i* correspond to ! intimate ne$s ( 8 organism2 & if he introduces ov]-ri* or unusual1 unsuitable or poison\s sub/ances1 ! result w be impov]i%m5t1 self-poison+1 a malady4 ,n[ x 0 ! /udy ( ! *ild's nutrition dur+ ! p]iod ( suckl+ & dur+ ! fir/ ye>s ( life :i* creat$ alim5t>y hygi5e1 n only = ! *ild b = ! adult1 & po9t$ out ! p]ils to :i* all 7 alike expos$ dur+ ! epo* :5 infantile hygi5e 0 unkn[n4 ,!re is a s+ul> p>allel 9 psy*ical life3 ! man w h an inf9itely m complex life ?an ! *ild2 b = him1 too1 !re %\ld always be a correspond5ce betwe5 ! ne$s ( 8 nature & ! mann] 9 :i* 8 _s is n\ri%$4 ,a rule ( int]nal life w always promote ! heal? ( ! man4 ,turn+ to att5tion1 ! primitive fact ( correspond5ce betwe5 nature & /imulus :i* is ! fundam5tal ( life %\ld prevail1 h[ev] modifi$1 :5 deal+ ) old] *ildr51 & %\ld rema9 ! basis ( education4 ,i am prep>$ = ! objections ( exp]ts4 ,*ildr5 mu/ be accu/om$ to pay att5tion to ev]y?+1 ev5 to ?+s :i* are di/a/eful to !m1 because practical life dem&s su* ef=ts4 ,! objection is bas$ on a prejudice analog\s to t :i* at "o "t made good fa!rs ( families say3 ,*ildr5 %\ld be accu/om$ to eat ev]y?+4 ,9 j ! same way1 moral tra9+ is put outside its rightful sph]e--a fatal confusion4 ,:5 ideas ( ?is ord]1 n[ happily obsolete1 obta9$1 fa!rs w\ld all[ _! *ildr5 to fa/ all day1 if !y refus$ a di% !y dislik$ at ! mid-day meal1 =bidd+ !m any?+ b ! reject$ portion1 :i* became ev] cold] & m disgu/+1 until at la/ hung] weak5$ ! *ild's w & de/roy$ 8 caprice1 & ! plateful ( cold food 0 swall[$4 ,?us1 argu$ su* a fa!r1 9 ! v>i\s circum/ances 9 :i* he may be plac$ ?r\gh\t 8 life1 my son w be ready to eat :atev] comes to h&1 & w n be gre$y & caprici\s4 ,9 ^? days also1 sweets 7 =bidd5 to *ildr5 7^: organisms require sug>1 because ! muscles consume a great deal ( ?is dur+ gr[?71 9 ord] to tea* !m to ov]come gre$9ess1 & an easy & conv5i5t me?od ( correct+ naughty *ildr5 0 to s5d !m to b$ )\t any supp]4 ,v simil> me?ods are n[ adopt$ by ^? :o insi/ t *ildr5 %\ld pay att5tion to ?+s !y dislike1 9 ord] to accu/om !m to ! necessities ( life4 ,b z 9 ! case ( psy*ical n\ri%m5t hung] is nev] br\ght to be> ^u ! cold & di/a/eful vi&s1 ! indige/ible & heavy food weak5s & poisons ! unwill+ recipi5t4 ,n ?us %all we prep>e ! robu/ _s1 ready = all ! difficult ev5tualities ( life4 ,! boy :o swall[$ ! cold s\p & w5t fa/+ to b$ 0 ! "o ^: body develop$ badly1 :o 0 too weak to resi/ infection :5 he enc\nt]$ x1 & fell ill2 & morally x 0 he :o1 hav+ a /ore ( unsatisfi$ appetites )9 him1 look$ ^u x z ! greate/ joy ( 8 lib]ty1 :5 he became an adult1 to eat & dr9k to excess4 ,h[ unlike 0 he to ! boy ( to-day1 :o1 rationally f$ & made robu/ ( body1 becomes ! ab/emi\s man1 :o eats to live 9 heal?1 & combats alcoholism & excessive & injuri\s fe$+2 ! mod]n man1 :o c def5d himself by s _m means aga9/ infecti\s diseases1 & :o is s ready = ef=t t1 )\t any compulsion1 he braves ! ardu\s ex]tion ( sport1 & attempts & c>ries out great ent]prises1 su* z ! discov]y ( ! ,poles & ! asc5t ( l(ty m\nta9s4 ,s1 too1 ! man capable ( brav+ ! icy wa/es ( moral conflict1 ( und]tak+ spiritual asc5ts1 w be he ^: w is /rong1 ^: _s is well balanc$1 ^: decisions are prompt & /$fa/4 ,& ! m a man's inn] life %all h gr[n normally1 organiz+ itself 9 accordance ) ! provid5t laws ( nature1 & =m+ an individuality1 ! m ri*ly w he be end[$ ) a /rong w & a well-balanc$ m9d4 ,to be ready = a /ruggle1 x is n necess>y to h /ruggl$ f "o's bir?1 b x is necess>y to be /rong4 ,he :o is /rong is ready2 no h]o 0 a h]o be=e he _h p]=m$ 8 h]oic de$4 ,! trials life has 9 /ore = u are un=ese51 unexpect$2 no "o c prep>e u directly to meet !m2 x is only a vigor\s s\l t c be prep>$ = ev]y?+4 ,:5 a liv+ be+ is 9 process ( evolution1 x is ess5tial to provide = ! special requirem5ts ( ! mom5t1 9 ord] to ensure its normal developm5t4 ,! foetus mu/ be n\ri%$ ) blood2 ! new-born infant ) milk4 ,if dur+ its intra-ut]9e life ! foetus %\ld lack blood ri* 9 album9\s sub/ances & oxyg51 or if poison\s sub/ances %\ld be introduc$ into its tissues1 ! liv+ be+ w n develop normally1 & no aft]-c>e w /r5g!n ! man evolv$ f ?is impov]i%$ s\rce4 ,%\ld ! infant lack suffici5t milk1 ! mal-nutrition ( ! initial /age ( life condemns him to a p]man5t /ate ( inf]iority4 ,! suckl+ prep>es himself to walk by ly+ /ret*$ out1 & sp5d+ long1 quiet h\rs 9 sleep4 ,x is by suck+ t ! babe beg9s 8 tee?+4 ,s1 too1 ! fl$gl+ 9 ! ne/ does n prep>e = flight by fly+1 b rema9s motionless 9 ! little w>m %ell :]e its food is provid$4 ,! prep>ations = life are indirect4 ,! prelude to su* ph5om5a ( ,nature z ! maje/ic flight ( birds1 ! f]ocity ( wild bea/s1 ! song ( ! night+ale1 ! v>iegat$ beauty ( ! butt]fly's w+s1 is ! prep>ation 9 ! secret places ( a ne/ or a d51 or 9 ! motionless intimacy ( ! cocoon4 ,omnipot5t ,nature asks only peace = ! creature 9 process ( =mation4 ,all ! re/ %e gives h]self4 ,!n ! *ildi% _s %\ld also f9d a w>m ne/ :]e its nutrition is secure1 & aft] ?is we %\ld await ! revelations ( its developm5t4 ,x is ess5tial1 !re=e1 to (f] objects :i* correspond to its =mative t5d5cies1 9 ord] to obta9 ! result :i* education makes its goal3 ! developm5t ( ! lat5t =ces 9 man ) ! m9imum ( /ra9 & all possible fulness4 ,,vii ,,w ,:5 ! *ild *ooses f among a consid]able numb] ( objects ! "o he pref]s1 :5 he moves to g & take x f ! sidebo>d1 & !n replaces x1 or cons5ts to give x up to a companion2 :5 he waits until "o ( ! pieces ( ! app>atus he wi%es to use is laid aside by ! *ild :o has x 9 8 h& at ! mom5t2 :5 he p]si/s = a long "t & ) e>ne/ att5tion 9 ! same ex]cise1 correct+ ! mi/akes :i* ! didactic mat]ial reveals to him2 :51 9 ! sil5ce-ex]cise1 he reta9s all 8 impulses1 all 8 movem5ts1 & !n1 ris+ :5 8 "n is call$1 controls ^! movem5ts c>efully to avoid mak+ a noise ) 8 feet or knock+ aga9/ ! furniture1 he p]=ms s _m acts ( ! w4 ,x may be said t 9 him ! ex]cise ( ! w is cont9u\s2 nay1 t ! factor :i* really acts & p]si/s among 8 aptitudes is ! w1 :i* is built up on ! int]nal fundam5tal fact ( a prolong$ att5tion4 ,let u analyze "s ( ! co-effici5ts ( w4 ,! :ole ext]nal expression ( ! w is conta9$ 9 movem5t3 :atev] action man p]=ms1 :e!r he walks1 works1 speaks or writes1 op5s 8 eyes to look1 or closes !m to %ut out a sc5e1 he acts by motion4 ,an act ( ! w may also be direct$ to ! re/riction ( movem5t3 to re/ra9 ! disord]ly movem5ts ( ang]2 n to give way to ! impulse :i* urges u to snat* a desirable object f ! h& ( ano!r1 are volunt>y actions4 ,!re=e ! w is n a simple impulse t[>ds movem5t1 b ! intellig5t direction ( movem5ts4 ,!re c be no manife/ation ( ! w )\t complet$ action2 he :o ?9ks ( p]=m+ a good action1 b leaves x undone2 he :o desires to atone = an (f5se1 b takes no /ep to d s2 he :o proposes to g out1 to pay a call1 or to write a lett]1 b goes no f>!r 9 ! matt]1 does n accompli% an ex]cise ( ! w4 ,to ?9k & to wi% is n en\gh4 ,x is action :i* c\nts4 ,! way to ,hell is pav$ ) good int5tions4 ,! life ( volition is ! life ( action4 ,n[ all our actions repres5t a resultant ( ! =ces ( impulse & inhibition1 & by con/ant repetition ( actions ?is resultant may become almo/ habitual & unconsci\s4 ,su* is ! case1 = in/ance1 ) reg>d to all ^? cu/om>y actions1 ! sum ( :i* con/itute ! behavior ( a well-br$ p]son4 ,our impulse might be to pay a c]ta9 visit1 b we "k t we might di/urb our fri5d1 t x is n h] day = receiv+1 & we refra92 we may be com=tably seat$ 9 a corn] ( ! draw+-room1 b a v5]able p]son ent]s1 & we rise to our feet2 we are n mu* attract$ by ?is lady1 b nev]!less we also b[ or %ake h] h&2 ! sweetmeat to :i* our neighbor helps h]self is j ! "o we desir$1 b we are c>eful to give no sign ( ?is4 ,all ! movem5ts ( our body are n m]ely ^? dictat$ by impulse or we>9ess2 !y are ! correct expression ( :at we consid] decor\s4 ,)\t impulses we c\ld take no "p 9 social life2 on ! o!r h&1 )\t inhibitions we c\ld n correct1 direct1 & utilize our impulses4 ,?is reciprocal equilibrium betwe5 opposite motor =ces is ! result ( prolong$ ex]cises1 ( anci5t habits )9 u2 we no long] h any s5se ( ef=t 9 p]=m+ ^!1 we no long] require ! support ( reason & k to accompli% !m2 ^! acts h almo/ become reflex4 ,& yet ! acts 9 "q are by no means reflex actions2 x is n ,nature b habit :i* produces all ?is4 ,we "k well h[ ! p]son :o has n be5 br\ght up to obs]ve c]ta9 rules1 b has be5 ha/ily in/ruct$ 9 ! k ( !m1 w too (t5 be guilty ( blund]s & lapses1 because he is oblig$ to p]=m !re & !n all ! necess>y coord9ation ( volunt>y acts1 & !re & !n direct !m "u ! vigilant & imm$iate control ( ! consci\sness2 & su* a p]petual ef=t _c c]ta9ly compete ) ! habit ( di/+ui%$ mann]s4 ,! w /ores up its prolong$ ef=ts outside ! consci\sness1 or at its extreme m>g91 & leaves ! consci\sness itself un5cumb]$ to make new acquisitions & fur!r ef=ts4 ,?us we cease to consid] z evid5ces ( w ^? habits 9 :i* we nev]!less see ! consci\sness1 z x 71 hang+ ov] & wat*ful ( ea* act1 t x may accord ) ! p]fect rule ( an ext]nal code ( mann]s4 ,an educat$ man :o acts ?us is m]ely a man 9 himself1 m]ely a man ( heal?y m9d4 ,x is1 9 fact1 only disease :i* c dis9tegrate ! p]sonality organiz$ ^u its adaptations1 & induce a man ( society to cease to act 9 a becom+ mann]2 x is well kn[n t a neura/h5ic subject :o beg9s to %[ ! fir/ symptoms ( p>anoia1 may at fir/ seem to be m]ely "o :o fails 9 good bre$+4 ,b he1 on ! o!r h&1 :o rema9s )9 ! limits ( good bre$+1 is no?+ m ?an a normal man4 ,we w n v5ture to call him a man ( w2 ! consci\sness ( su* a man is always be+ put to ! te/1 & ! me*anisms /or$ up 9 ! m>g9 ( consci\sness no long] possess a volitive value4 ,b ! *ild is mak+ 8 fir/ trial ( arms1 & 8 p]sonality is a v diff]5t ?+ f t j describ$4 ,9 comp>ison ) ! adult1 he is an unbalanc$ creature1 almo/ inv>iably ! prey ( 8 own impulses & sometimes subject to ! mo/ ob/9ate inhibitions4 ,! two opposite activities ( ! w h n yet comb9$ to =m ! new p]sonality4 ,! psy*ical embryo has /ill ! two elem5ts sep>ate4 ,! great ess5tial is t ?is comb9ation1 ?is adaptation1 %\ld take place & e/abli% itself z a support+ girdle at ! m>g9 ( consci\sness4 ,h5ce x is necess>y to induce active ex]cise z soon z possible1 s9ce ?is is ess5tial to su* a degree ( developm5t4 ,! aim 9 view is n to make ! *ild a little precoci\s g5tleman1 b to induce him to ex]cise 8 p[]s ( volition1 & to br+ ab\t z soon z possible ! reciprocal contact ( impulses ) inhibitions4 ,x is ?is con/ruction itself :i* is necess>y1 n ! result :i* may be a*iev$ ext]nally by means ( ?is con/ruction4 ,x is1 9 fact1 m]ely a means to an end3 & ! end is t ! *ild %\ld act toge!r ) o!r *ildr51 & practise ! gymna/ics ( ! w 9 ! daily habits ( life4 ,! *ild :o is absorb$ 9 "s task1 inhibits all movem5ts :i* d n conduce to ! accompli%m5t ( ?is "w2 he makes a selection among ! muscul> coord9ations ( :i* he is capable1 p]si/s 9 !m1 & ?us beg9s to make su* coord9ations p]man5t4 ,?is is a v diff]5t matt] to ! disord]ly movem5ts ( a *ild giv+ way to uncoord9at$ impulses4 ,:5 he beg9s to respect ! "w ( o!rs2 :5 he waits pati5tly = ! object he desires in/ead ( snat*+ x f ! h& ( ano!r2 :5 he c walk ab\t )\t knock+ aga9/ 8 companions1 )\t /amp+ on _! feet1 )\t ov]turn+ ! table--!n he is organiz+ 8 p[]s ( volition1 & br++ impulses & inhibitions into equilibrium4 ,su* an attitude prep>es ! way = ! habits ( social life4 ,x w\ld be impossible to br+ ab\t su* a result by keep+ *ildr5 motionless1 seat$ side by side2 "u su* conditions relations betwe5 *ildr5 _c be e/abli%$1 & infantile social life does n develop4 ,x is by means ( free int]c\rse1 ( real practise :i* obliges ea* "o to adapt 8 own limits to ! limits ( o!rs1 t social habits may be e/abli%$4 ,diss]tations on :at ought to be done w nev] br+ ab\t ! con/ruction ( ! w2 to make a *ild acquire graceful movem5ts1 x w n suffice to inculcate ideas ( polit5ess & ( rights & duties4 ,if ?is 7 s1 x w\ld suffice to give a m9ute description ( ! movem5ts ( ! h& necess>y 9 play+ ! piano1 to enable an att5tive pupil to execute a sonata by ,bee?ov54 ,9 all su* matt]s ! =mation is ! ess5tial factor2 ! p[]s ( w are e/abli%$ by ex]cise4 ,9 education1 x is ( v great value to organize all ! me*anism useful 9 ! production ( p]sonality at an e>ly /age4 ,j z movem5t1 ! gymna/ics ( *ildr51 is necess>y1 because1 z is well kn[n1 muscles :i* are n ex]cis$ become incapable ( p]=m+ ! v>iety ( movem5ts ( :i* ! muscul> sy/em is capable1 s an analog\s sy/em ( gymna/ics is necess>y to ma9ta9 ! activity ( ! psy*ical life4 ,! un$ucat$ organism may be easily direct$ t[>ds subsequ5t defici5cies2 he :o is weak ( muscle is incl9$ to rema9 motionless1 & s to p]i%1 :5 an action is necess>y to ov]come dang]4 ,?us ! *ild :o is weak ( w1 :o is hypobulic or abulic1 w readily adapt himself to a s*ool :]e all ! *ildr5 are kept seat$ & motionless1 li/5+1 or pret5d+ to li/54 ,_m *ildr5 ( ?is k9d1 h[ev]1 end 9 ! hospital = n]v\s disord]s & h ! foll[+ notes on _! s*ool reports3 ,conduct excell5t2 no progress 9 /udies4 ,( su* *ildr5 "s tea*]s conf9e !mselves to su* a rem>k z3 ,!y are s good1 & by ?is !y t5d to protect !m f any int]v5tion1 & leave !m to s9k undi/urb$ into ! weakness :i* ?reat5s to engulf !m l a quicks&4 ,o!r *ildr51 ^: natural impulses are /rong1 are not$ m]ely z creators ( disord]1 & are set d[n z naughty4 ,if we enquire into ! nature ( _! naught9ess1 we %all be told almo/ inv>iably t !y w nev] keep /ill4 ,^! turbul5t spirits are fur!r /igmatiz$ z aggressive to _! companions1 & _! aggressions are ne>ly always ( ?is k9d3 !y try by e possible means to r\se _! companions f _! quiesc5ce1 & draw !m into an association4 ,!re are also *ildr5 9 :om ! inhibitory p[]s are dom9ant2 _! timidity is extreme3 !y sometimes seem z if !y _c make up _! m9ds to answ] a "q2 !y w d s aft] "s ext]nal /imulus1 b 9 a v l[ voice1 & w !n bur/ into te>s4 ,! necess>y gymna/ic 9 all ^! ?ree cases is free action4 ,! con/ant & int]e/+ movem5t ( o!rs is ! be/ ( incitem5ts to ! abulic2 motion direct$ into ! *annel ( ord]ly ex]cise develops ! inhibitory p[]s ( ! too impulsive *ild1 & ! *ild :o is too mu* 9 subjection to 8 inhibitory p[]s1 :5 lib]at$ f ! bondage ( surveillance1 & free to act privately on 8 own initiative--9 o!r words1 :5 he is remov$ f all ext]nal inducem5ts to ex]cise inhibition1 is able to f9d an equilibrium betwe5 ! two opposite volitional =ces4 ,?is is inde$ ! way ( salvation = all m53 t :]e9 ! weak ga9 /r5g? t :]e9 ! /rong atta9 p]fection4 ,! want ( balance z betwe5 impulse & inhibition is n only a famili> & int]e/+ fact 9 pa?ology2 x is fur!r met )1 ?\gh 9 a m9or degree1 among normal p]sons1 j z frequ5tly z defici5cies ( education are to be met ) 9 ! ext]nal social sph]e4 ,impulse leads crim9als to commit evil actions aga9/ o!r m52 b h[ (t5 normal p]sons h to regret ?\ghtless acts & n]v\s outbur/s :i* h sad consequ5ces to !mselves6 ,= ! mo/ "p ! normal impulsive p]son h>ms himself only1 compromises 8 c>e]1 & is unable to br+ 8 tal5ts to fruition2 he suff]s f a consci\s s]vitude1 z f a mis=tune f :i* he might p]haps h be5 sav$4 ,he :o is pa?ologically ! victim ( 8 own p[]s ( inhibition is c]ta9ly ! m unhappy suff]]2 he rema9s immobile & sil5t2 b int]nally he longs to move4 ,a ?\s& impulses :i* c f9d no outlet torture ! s\l :i* aspires to art1 to "w2 & eloqu5t spee* on 8 own mis=tunes w\ld fa9 fl[ f 8 lips to implore help f a physician1 or com=t f "s l(ty s\l2 b 8 lips are seal$4 ,he feels ! horrible oppression ( "o buri$ alive4 ,b h[ _m normal p]sons suff] f some?+ ( ! same k9d6 ,on "s propiti\s occasion 9 _! lives !y ought to h come =w>d & %[n _! wor?1 b !y 7 unable to d s4 ,a ?\s& times !y h ?\ght t a s9c]e expression ( feel+ might h /raight5$ out a difficult situation2 b ! he>t has clos$ & ! lips h rema9$ mute4 ,h[ passionately !y h long$ to speak to "s noble s\l :o w\ld h und]/ood !m1 illum9at$ & com=t$ !m6 ,b :5 !y h be5 face to face ) ?is p]son1 !y h be5 unable to speak a ^w4 ,! long$-= individual enc\rag$ !m1 que/ion$ !m1 urg$ !m to express !mselves1 b ! sole response to ! invitation 0 an int]nal angui%4 ,speak6 ,speak6 said impulse 9 ! dep?s ( _! consci\sness2 b inhibition 0 inexorable z a resi/less mat]ial =ce4 ,x is 9 ! education ( ! w by means ( free ex]cises :]e9 ! impulses balance ! inhibitions t ! cure ( su* subjects might be f\nd1 provid$ su* a cure c\ld be und]tak5 at ! age :5 ! w is 9 process ( =mation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* an equilibrium e/abli%$ z a me*anism at ! m>g9 ( consci\sness1 :i* makes a man ( ! _w correct 9 8 conduct1 is by no means t :i* con/itutes ! p]son ( w4 ,x has be5 said above t ! consci\sness rema9s free = o!r volunt>y requirem5ts4 ,! mo/ ref9$ & ari/ocratic lady might nev]!less be a p]son )\t w & )\t "*1 al?\gh %e might h acquir$ ! mo/ rigor\s me*anisms productive ( a me*anical w direct$ solely to ext]nal objects4 ,!re is a volunt>y fundam5tal quality ^u :i* n only are ! sup]ficial relations betwe5 man & man bas$1 b on :i* ! v edifice ( society is erect$4 ,?is quality is kn[n z cont9uity4 ,! social /ructure is f\nd$ ^u ! fact t m5 c "w /eadily & produce )9 c]ta9 av]age limits on :i* ! economic equilibrium ( a p is con/ruct$4 ,! social relations :i* are ! basis ( ! reproduction ( ! species are f\nd$ ^u ! cont9u\s union ( p>5ts 9 m>riage4 ,! family & productive "w3 ^! are ! two pivots ( society2 !y re/ ^u ! greate/ volitive quality3 con/ancy1 or p]si/5ce4 ,?is quality is really ! expon5t ( ! un9t]rupt$ concord ( ! inn] p]sonality4 ,)\t x1 a life w\ld be a s]ies ( episodes1 a *aos2 x w\ld be l a body dis9tegrat$ into its cells1 r ?an an organism :i* p]si/s ?r\gh\t ! mutations ( its own mat]ial4 ,?is fundam5tal quality1 :5 x embraces ! s5tim5t ( ! individual & ! direction ( 8 ideation1 t is to say1 8 :ole p]sonality1 is :at we h call$ "*4 ,! man ( "* is ! p]si/5t man1 ! man :o is fai?ful to 8 own ^w1 8 own convictions1 8 own affections4 ,n[ ! sum ( ^! v>i\s manife/ations ( con/ancy has an expon5t ( imm5se social value3 p]si/5ce 9 "w4 ,! deg5]ate1 ev5 be=e he gave way to crim9al impulse1 be=e he betray$ ! incon/ancy ( 8 affections1 be=e he broke 8 ^w1 be=e he made havoc ( all ! convictions t ennoble ! s\l ( man1 _h a c]ta9 /igma :i* m>k$ him z "o lo/ & dis9tegrat$3 ?is 0 laz9ess1 incapacity to p]si/ 9 "w4 ,directly an hone/ & well-behav$ man beg9s to suff] f bra9-disease1 be=e he %[s any viol5t impulses1 disord] 9 conduct1 or signs ( delirium1 he has a premonitory symptom3 he c no long] apply himself to "w4 ,among ! masses1 x is ju/ly ?\ght t a girl w make a good wife :5 %e is indu/ri\s1 & a man is said to be an hone/ fell[ & "o :o c (f] good prospects to ! girl :o is to be 8 wife1 :5 he is a good workman4 ,?is goodness is n a matt] ( ability2 x implies /ead9ess1 p]sev]ance4 ,= in/ance1 a pseudo-arti/ ( great skill 9 produc+ small arti/ic objects1 b lack+ ! w to "w1 w\ld n be consid]$ a good mat*4 ,e "o kn[s t he is n only incapable ( economic production1 b t he is a suspici\s & dang]\s "*1 t he might become a bad husb&1 a bad fa!r1 a bad citiz54 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! humble/ artisan :o works und\bt$ly conta9s )9 himself all ! elem5ts :i* make = happ9ess & security 9 life4 ,?is unque/ionably 0 ! mean+ ( ! great ,roman encomium3 ,%e /ay$ indoors & spun ! wool1 t is to say1 %e 0 a woman ( "*1 a wor?y companion = ! conqu]ors ( ! _w4 ,n[ ! little *ild :o manife/s p]sev]ance 9 8 "w z ! fir/ con/ructive act ( 8 psy*ical life1 & ^u ?is act builds up int]nal ord]1 equilibrium1 & ! gr[? ( p]sonality1 demon/rates1 almo/ z 9 a spl5did revelation1 ! true mann] 9 :i* man r5d]s himself valuable to ! community4 ,! little *ild :o p]si/s 9 8 ex]cises1 conc5trat$ & absorb$1 is obvi\sly elaborat+ ! con/ant man1 ! man ( "*1 ! man :o w f9d 9 himself all human values1 cr[n+ t unique fundam5tal manife/ation3 p]si/5ce 9 "w4 ,:atev] task ! *ild may *oose x w be all ! same1 provid$ he p]si/s 9 x4 ,= :at is valuable is n ! "w itself1 b ! "w z a means = ! con/ruction ( ! psy*ic man4 ,he :o int]rupts ! *ildr5 9 _! occupations 9 ord] to make !m le>n "s pre-det]m9$ ?+2 he :o makes !m cease ! /udy ( ari?metic to pass on to t ( geography & ! l1 ?9k+ x is important to direct _! culture1 confuses ! means ) ! end & de/roys ! man = a vanity4 ,t :i* x is necess>y to direct is n ! culture ( man1 b ! man himself4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if p]si/5ce be ! true f\ndation ( ! w1 we nev]!less recognize decision z ! act ( ! w p> excell5ce4 ,9 ord] to accompli% any consci\s act :atev]1 x is necess>y t we %\ld decide4 ,n[ a decision is always ! result ( a *oice4 ,if we h sev]al hats1 we mu/ decide :i* "o we w put on :5 we g out2 x may n 9 ! lea/ matt] :e!r x be ! br[n hat or ! gray1 b we mu/ *oose "o ( !m4 ,= su* a *oice we mu/ h our motives1 :e!r !y be 9 favor ( ! gray or ! br[n2 b f9ally "o ( ! motives w prevail & ! *oice w be made4 ,obvi\sly1 ! habit ( tak+ a hat & go+ out w facilitate our *oice2 we are almo/ unconsci\s :i* ( ! motives /irr$ & /ruggl$ )9 u4 ,x is ! "q ( a m9ute & leaves no impression ( ef=t4 ,our k z to :i* hat w be suitable = ! morn+ or ! aft]noon1 = ! !at] or = sport1 saves u f any m5tal conflict4 ,b ?is w n be ! case if1 = in/ance1 we are ab\t to sp5d a c]ta9 sum ( money on a pres5t4 ,:at %all we buy among ! v>i\s objects f :i* x w be possible to *oose8 ,if we h no v def9ite k ( ! ?+s1 our task may become an anxiety4 ,we %\ld l to *oose some?+ arti/ic1 b we d n "k mu* ab\t art1 & we fe> to be deceiv$ & s to cut a sorry figure2 we "k n :at is cu/om>y & h no idea :e!r a piece ( lace or a silv] b[l w\ld be suitable4 ,we !n feel ! ne$ ( "s "o to enlight5 u z to all ^! unkn[n details1 & we g to ask advice4 ,x does n1 h[ev]1 foll[ t we %all take ! advice we receive4 ,to tell ! tru?1 ! advice 0 to deal ) our ignorance2 we requir$ an aid to k r ?an an incitem5t to an ef=t ( ! w4 ,volition is some?+ :i* we jeal\sly res]ve = ourselves1 & is a v diff]5t matt] f ! k indisp5sable to a decision4 ,! *oice :i* we make aft] ! advice ( "o or m p]sons w be> our own impress1 x w be ! decision ( our ego4 ,! *oice :i* ! mi/ress ( a h\se w make to prep>e a d9n] = gue/s is ( ! same nature2 b !re %e has a p]fect k ( ! subject1 & good ta/e1 & ! decision w be made ) pleasure & )\t any extrane\s aid4 ,b :o does n "k t 9 e case ?is mak+ a decision is an int]nal labor1 a g5u9e ef=t2 s mu* s t p]sons ( feeble w try to avoid x1 z a ?+ irksome to !m4 ,if possible1 ! mi/ress ( ! h\se w leave ! decisions to ! cook1 & to a dressmak] all ! argum5ts necess>y to make "o ( ! _m motives t come into play 9 ! *oice ( a g[n prevail ov] ! re/2 ! dressmak]1 see+ t a decision w only be rea*$ aft] long hesitation1 w say at a c]ta9 mom5t3 ,*oose ?is :i* suits y s well1 & ! lady w agree1 m to evade ! ef=t ( a decision ?an because ! g>m5t pleases h]4 ,our entire life is a cont9ual ex]cise ( decisions4 ,:5 we g out ( ! h\se aft] hav+ lock$ ! door1 we h a cle> consci\sness ( ?is act1 a c]ta9ty t ! h\se is well protect$1 & we decide to /ep out & walk away f x4 ,! /rong] we are 9 su* ex]cises1 ! m indep5d5t we %all be ( o!rs4 ,cl>ity ( ideas1 ! me*anism ( ! habit ( decision1 give u a s5se ( lib]ty4 ,! heavie/ *a91 :i* may b9d u 9 a humiliat+ =m ( slav]y1 is an incapacity to make our own decisions1 & ! consequ5t ne$ to ref] to o!rs2 ! fe> ( mak+ a mi/ake1 ! s5se ( grop+ 9 ! d>k1 ( hav+ to be> ! consequ5ces ( an error we are n c]ta9 to recognize1 makes u run beh9d ano!r p]son l a dog on a *a94 ,f9ally1 we %all fall into an extremity ( dep5d5ce2 we %all no long] be able to despat* a lett] or buy a pocket-h&k]*ief )\t ask+ advice4 ,b :5 an actual conflict arises 9 su* a consci\sness1 & ! decision has to be in/antane\s1 irresolution is ! portion ( "o ^: weakness has plac$ him 9 subjection to ano!r /rong] w1 & !n we behold a subjection :i* has almo/ imp]ceptibly become an incubus3 ! victim has tak5 ! fir/ /ep t[>ds an abyss :]e ! feeble 9 w run ! risk ( p]dition4 ,?us ! m ! "y are plac$ 9 subjection1 )\t p[] to ex]cise _! own wills1 ! m easily d !y fall a prey to ! p]ils ( :i* ! _w is full4 ,t :i* gives /r5g? to resi/ is n ! moral vision1 x is ! ex]cise ( w-p[]2 & ?is ex]cise is to be f\nd 9 ! r\t9e ( life itself4 ,! "m ( a family1 mu* occupi$ 9 h] mission ( dome/ic "w1 & accu/om$ to decide 9 all matt]s p]ta9+ to ! daily r\nd1 is m likely to ga9 ! victory 9 ! ev5t ( moral conflict ?an a *ildless woman :o lives 9 an en]vat+ atmosph]e ( dome/ic idl5ess1 & has accu/om$ h]self to accept h] husb&'s w z h] own4 ,yet bo? ( ^! wom5 might h ! same moral vision4 ,! fir/-m5tion$1 if left a wid[1 might make h]self conv]sant ) bus9ess & c>ry on ! und]tak+ manag$ by h] husb&2 b ! second 9 l circum/ances w\ld require tutelage1 & w\ld run e risk ( disa/]4 ,to ensure moral salvation1 x is prim>ily necess>y to dep5d on oneself1 because 9 ! mom5t ( p]il we are alone4 ,& /r5g? is n to be acquir$ in/antane\sly4 ,he :o kn[s t he w h to fight1 prep>es himself = box+ & duel+ by /r5g? & skill2 he does n sit /ill ) fold$ h&s1 because he kn[s t he w !n ei!r be lo/ or he w h to dep5d1 l ! %ad[ ( a body1 on "s "o to protect him /ep by /ep ?r\gh\t 8 life1 :i* 9 practise is impossible4 ,"o s+le mom5t s]v$ to conqu] u1 says ,francesca1 9 ,dante's ,inf]no4 ,temptation1 if x is n to conqu]1 mu/ n fall l a bomb aga9/ ano!r bomb ( in/antane\s moral explosions1 b aga9/ ! /rong walls ( an impregnable =tress /rongly built up1 /one by /one1 beg9n+ at t di/ant day :5 ! f\ndations 7 fir/ laid4 ,p]si/5t "w1 cl>ity ( ideas1 ! habit ( sift+ conflict+ motives 9 ! consci\sness1 ev5 9 ! m9ute/ actions ( life1 decisions tak5 e mom5t on ! smalle/ ?+s1 ! gradual ma/] ov] "o's actions1 ! p[] ( self-direction increas+ by degrees 9 ! sum ( successively repeat$ acts1 ^! are ! /\t little /ones on :i* ! /rong /ructure ( p]sonality is built up4 ,?is may !n be inhabit$ by morality1 z by a pr9cess :o lives among ! embattl$ t[]s & moats ( a m$ieval =tress t is 9 a p]petual /ate ( def5se1 always "u arms1 b ) e probability ( rema9+ ! lady1 ! *tela9e4 ,if to build up ! h\se :i* morality w inhabit1 "s ma/]y ( ! body is also necess>y1 su* z ab/95ce f alcohol1 :i* is ! *ief example ( poison tak5 f )\t & t5d+ to weak51 & movem5t 9 ! op5 air1 :i* facilitates mat]ial recup]ation by free+ u f ! poisons :i* we ourselves manufacture & :i* weak5 u1 h[ mu* m ess5tial mu/ be ! cont9ual ex]cise ( ! w z a vivify+ means ( psy*ical recup]ation8 ,our little *ildr5 are con/ruct+ _! own wills :51 by a process ( self-education1 !y put 9 motion complex int]nal activities ( comp>ison & judgm5t1 & 9 ?is wise make _! intellectual acquisitions ) ord] & cl>ity2 ?is is a k9d ( k capable ( prep>+ *ildr5 to =m _! own decisions1 & "o :i* makes !m indep5d5t ( ! sugge/ions ( o!rs2 !y c !n decide 9 e act ( _! daily life2 !y decide to take or n to take2 !y decide to accompany ! rhy?m ( a song ) movem5t2 !y decide to *eck e motor impulse :5 !y desire sil5ce4 ,! con/ant "w :i* builds up _! p]sonality is all set 9 motion by decisions2 & ?is takes ! place ( ! primitive /ate ( *aos1 9 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 actions 7 ! outcome ( impulses4 ,a volunt>y life develops gradually )9 !m2 & d\bt & timidity disappe>1 toge!r ) ! d>kness ( ! primitive m5tal confusion4 ,su* a developm5t ( ! w w\ld be impossible if1 in/ead ( all[+ ord] & cl>ity to mature 9 ! m9d1 we %\ld seek to encumb] x ) *aotic ideas1 or ) /ores ( lessons le>nt by he>t1 & !n prev5t *ildr5 f mak+ decisions by decid+ ev]y?+ = !m4 ,tea*]s :o adopt ^! me?ods are ju/ifi$ 9 say+ t a *ild ought n to h a w ( 8 own1 & 9 tea*+ him t !re is no su* plant z ',i w4' ,inde$1 !y prev5t ! infant9e w f develop+4 ,"u su* conditions *ildr5 are consci\s ( a p[] :i* inhibits all _! actions2 !y become timid1 & h no c\rage to und]take any?+ )\t ! help & cons5t ( ! p]son on :om !y dep5d entirely4 ,:at color are ^! *]ries8 a lady once ask$ a *ild1 :o knew q well t !y 7 r$4 ,b ! timid1 n]v\s *ild1 d\btful z to :e!r x w\ld be "r or wrong to answ]1 murmur$3 ,i w ask my tea*]4 ,! volitive me*anism :i* prep>es = decision is "o ( ! mo/ important me*anisms ( ! w2 x is valuable 9 itself1 & %\ld be e/abli%$ & /r5g!n$ 9 itself4 ,pa?ology illu/rates x = u ap>t f ! o!r factor ( ! w1 & ?us places x be=e our eyes z a pill> ( ! great vault :i* supports ! human p]sonality4 ,! s-call$ mania ( d\bt is "o ( ! mo/ frequ5t phases 9 ! deg5]ative =ms ( psy*opa?y1 & sometimes prec$es c]ta9 obsessions1 :i* urge ! suff]] on irresi/ibly to ! commission ( immoral or h>mful acts4 ,b !re may also be a mania ( d\bt simple & g5u9e1 :i* is conf9$ to ! impossibility ( tak+ a decision1 & :i* produces a s]i\s /ate ( di/ress1 ?\gh x induces no moral lapses1 & may ev5 arise f a moral scruple4 ,9 a hospital = n]v\s disord]s ,i once enc\nt]$ a *>act]i/ic case ( ! mania ( d\bt :i* _h a moral basis4 ,! pati5t 0 a man ^: bus9ess x 0 to g r\nd to h\ses collect+ refuse2 he 0 seiz$ ) misgiv+s le/ "s useful object %\ld h accid5tally fall5 into ! rubbi%-baskets1 & t he w\ld be suspect$ ( appropriat+ x4 ,h]eupon ! unhappy man1 j :5 he 0 ab\t to g (f ) 8 load1 climb$ all ! /airs aga91 & knock$ aga9 at all ! doors1 ask+ :e!r some?+ valuable might n p]haps h *anc$ to be 9 ! baskets4 ,go+ away aft] assurances to ! contr>y1 he w\ld return & knock aga91 & s on4 ,9 va9 he appli$ to ! doctor = "s means ( /r5g!n+ 8 w4 ,we told him repeat$ly t !re 0 no?+ ( any value 9 ! baskets1 t he might be q easy on ?is po9t1 & c>ry on 8 bus9ess )\t any preoccupations4 ,!n a gleam ( hope %one 9 8 eyes4 ,i may be q easy6 he repeat$1 go+ away4 ,9 a m9ute he 0 back aga94 ,!n ,i may really be easy8 ,9 va9 we reassur$ him4 ,yes1 inde$1 q easy4 ,8 wife l$ him away1 b f ! w9d[ we saw ! man /op at a c]ta9 po9t 9 ! /reet1 /ruggle ) h]1 & come back 9 great agitation4 ,once m he appe>$ at ! door to ask3 ,i may be q easy !n8 ,b h[ (t5 normal p]sons h>bor 9 _! m9ds ! g]ms ( su* a mania6 ,"h1 = in/ance1 is a p]son :o is go+ out2 he locks ! door & %akes x2 b :5 he has gone a few /eps he is assail$ by d\bt3 did he fa/5 ! door8 ,he kn[s t he did1 he p]fectly rememb]s hav+ %ak5 x1 b an irresi/ible impulse makes him g back to see if ! door is really fa/5$4 ,!re are *ildr5 :o1 be=e gett+ into b$ at night1 always look "u x to see if !re are any animals !re--cats1 = in/ance2 !y see !re are none1 & q und]/& !re are none4 ,nev]!less1 aft] a :ile !y get out aga9 to see if !re is any?+4 ,^! g]ms are c>ri$ ab\t enclos$ l tub]cul> bacilli 9 "s t9y lymphatic gl&2 ! :ole organism is weak4 ,b ! mis*ief is hidd5 & causes no uneas9ess1 j z ! pallor ( ! face may be conceal$ = a "t by r\ge4 ,if we consid] t ! w mu/ manife/ itself 9 actions :i* ! body mu/ c>ry out effectively1 we %all und]/& t a =mative ex]cise is necess>y to develop x by means ( its me*anisms4 ,!re is a p]fect p>allel betwe5 ! =mation ( ! w & ! coord9ation ( movem5t ( its physiological /ructure1 ! /riat$ muscles4 ,x is evid5t t ex]cise is necess>y to e/abli% precision 9 our movem5ts4 ,we "k t we _c le>n to dance )\t prelim9>y ex]cises1 t we _c play ! piano )\t practis+ ! movem5ts ( ! h&2 b prior to ?is1 ! fundam5tal coord9ation ( movem5ts1 t is to say1 ambulation & preh5sion1 mu/ h already be5 e/abli%$ f infancy4 ,x is n yet s evid5t to u t simil> gradual prep>ations are necess>y to develop ! w4 ,9 ! purely physiological functions ( ! muscul> app>atus1 our volunt>y muscles d n all act 9 ! same mann]1 b r 9 two opposite s5ses2 "s1 = in/ance1 s]ve to ?ru/ ! arm out f ! body1 o!rs to draw x ne>2 "s s]ve to b5d1 o!rs to /raight5 ! knee2 !y are1 t is to say1 antagoni/ic 9 _! action4 ,e movem5t ( ! body is ! result ( a comb9ation betwe5 antagoni/ic muscles1 9 :i* n[ "o1 n[ ! o!r prevails 9 a k9d ( collaboration by :i* ! greate/ div]sity ( movem5ts is made possible to u3 movem5ts en]getic1 graceful1 elegant4 ,x is ?us we are enabl$ to e/abli% n only a noble attitude ( ! body1 b a delightful motor correspond5ce ) musical rhy?m4 ,to br+ ab\t ?is intimate comb9ation betwe5 antagoni/ic =ces1 all t is necess>y is ex]cise 9 movem5t4 ,true1 we c educate movem5t2 b ?is only aft] ! natural coord9ation has already tak5 place2 !n we c provoke special movem5ts z 9 sport+ games1 dances1 etc41 :i* movem5ts mu/1 h[ev]1 be repeat$ly execut$ by ! p]=m] himself 9 ord] to produce 9 him ! possibility ( new comb9ations ( movem5t4 ,n only 9 ! case ( movem5ts ( grace & agility1 b also 9 ^? ( /r5g?1 x is necess>y t ! p]=m] himself %\ld act repeat$ly4 ,! w c]ta9ly comes into play "h3 ! p]=m] wi%es to devote himself to sport1 or to danc+1 or to ! arts ( self-def5se1 to compete 9 mat*es1 etc4444 b 9 ord] to w ?is x is necess>y t he %\ld h practis$ cont9ually1 ?us mak+ ready ! app>atus on :i* ! volitive act w f9ally dep5d1 & to :i* x w issue its comm&s4 ,movem5t is always volunt>y1 bo? :5 ! fir/ movem5ts e/abli%$ by muscul> coord9ation take place1 & :5 ex]cises design$ to produce fre% comb9ations ( movem5ts 7skill7 foll[ ea* o!r--z1 9 %ort1 :5 ! w acts l a comm&] ^: ord]s are c>ri$ out by a well organiz$1 discipl9$1 & highly skill$ army4 ,volunt>y action1 9 respect ( its p[]s1 increases 9 degree z its dep5d5t muscles p]fect !mselves & s a*ieve ! necess>y conditions = second+ its ef=ts4 ,x w\ld c]ta9ly nev] occur to any "o t 9 ord] to educate ! volunt>y motility ( a *ild1 x w\ld be well fir/ ( all to keep x absolutely motionless1 cov]+ its limbs ) cem5t 7,i w n say fractur+ !m67 until ! muscles become atrophi$ & almo/ p>alyz$2 & !n1 :5 ?is result _h be5 atta9$1 t x w\ld suffice to read to ! *ild wond]ful /ories ( cl[ns1 acrobats & *ampion box]s & wre/l]s1 to fire him by su* examples1 & to inspire 9 him an ard5t desire to emulate !m4 ,x is obvi\s t su* a proce$+ w\ld be an inconceivable absurdity4 ,& yet we d some?+ ( ! same k9d :51 9 ord] to educate ! *ild's w1 we fir/ ( all attempt to annihilate x1 or1 z we say1 break x1 & ?us hamp] ! developm5t ( e factor ( ! w1 sub/itut+ ourselves = ! *ild 9 ev]y?+4 ,x is by our w t we keep him motionless1 or make him act2 x is we :o *oose & decide = him4 ,& aft] all ?is we are cont5t to tea* him t to w is to d 7vol]e pot]e74 ,& we pres5t to 8 fancy1 9 ! guise ( fabul\s tales1 /ories ( h]oic m51 giants ( w1 "u ! illusion t by committ+ _! de$s to memory a vigor\s feel+ ( emulation w be ar\s$ & w complete ! miracle4 ,:5 ,i 0 a *ild1 att5d+ ! fir/ classes ( ! elem5t>y s*ools1 !re 0 a k9d tea*] :o 0 v fond ( u4 ,( c\rse1 %e kept u captive & motionless on our seats1 & talk$ incessantly h]self1 ?\gh %e look$ pale & exhau/$4 ,h] fix$ idea 0 to make u le>n by he>t ! lives ( fam\s wom51 & m especially h]o9es1 9 ord] to incite u to imitate !m2 %e made u /udy an imm5se numb] ( biographies2 9 ord] to demon/rate to u all ! possibilities ( becom+ illu/ri\s & also to conv9ce u t x 0 n beyond our p[]s to be h]o9es1 s9ce ^! 7 s num]\s4 ,! exhortation :i* accompani$ ^! n>ratives 0 always ! same3 ,y1 too1 %\ld try to become fam\s2 w\ld n y1 too1 l to be fam\s8 ,oh1 no6 ,i answ]$ "o day1 drily2 ,i %all nev] d s4 ,i c>e too mu* = ! *ildr5 ( ! future to add yet ano!r biography to ! li/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! unanim\s reports ( ! educationi/s f all p>ts ( ! _w :o att5d$ ! la/ p$agogic & psy*ological int]national congresses lam5t$ ! lack ( "* 9 ! "y z con/itut+ a great dang] to ! race4 ,b x is n t "* is lack+ 9 ! race2 x is t s*ool di/orts ! body & weak5s ! _s4 ,all t is ne$$ is an act ( lib]ation2 & ! lat5t =ces ( man w !n develop4 ,! mann] 9 :i* we are to make use ( our /rong w is a high] "q1 :i*1 h[ev]1 c re/ only ^u "o basis3 t ! w exi/s--t is1 has be5 develop$1 & has become /rong4 ,"o ( ! examples usually giv5 to our *ildr51 to tea* !m to admire /r5g? ( w1 is t ( ,vittorio ,alfi]i1 :o began to educate himself late 9 life1 ov]com+ ! drudg]y ( ! rudim5ts by a great ef=t4 ,he1 :o _h hi!rto be5 a man ( ! _w1 set to "w to /udy ! ,lat9 gramm>1 & p]sev]$ until he became a man ( lett]s1 &1 9 virtue ( 8 ard5t g5ius1 "o ( our greate/ poets4 ,! phrase by :i* he expla9$ 8 trans=mation is j ! phrase e *ild 9 ,italy has he>d quot$ by 8 tea*]s3 ,i will$1 p]petually ,i will$1 ) all my /r5g? ,i will$4 ,n[1 be=e he made ! great decision1 ,vittorio ,alfi]i 0 ! victim ( a caprici\s society lady :om he lov$4 ,alfi]i felt t he 0 ru9+ himself by rema9+ ! slave ( 8 passion2 an int]nal impulse urg$ him to raise himself2 he felt ! great man lat5t )9 him1 full ( p[]s n yet develop$1 b pot5tial & expansive2 he w\ld fa9 h turn$ !m to acc\nt1 respond$ to _! inn] call1 & d$icat$ himself to !m2 b !n a sc5t$ note f ! lady w\ld summon him to jo9 h] 9 h] box at ! play1 & ! ev5+ w\ld be wa/$4 ,! p[] ?is lady ex]cis$ ov] him ov]came 8 own w1 :i* w\ld gladly h resi/$4 ,nev]!less1 ! rage & we>9ess he endur$ z he sat ?r\gh ! silly p]=mances at ! !at] caus$ him su* acute suff]+ t at la/ he felt t he hat$ ! fasc9at+ lady4 ,8 det]m9ation took a mat]ial =m3 he resolv$ to create an insurm\ntable ob/acle betwe5 himself & h]2 he accord+ly cut (f ! ?ick plait ( hair :i* adorn$ 8 head1 ! badge ( g5tle bir?1 )\t :i* he w\ld h be5 a%am$ to leave ! h\se2 !n he _h himself b\nd ) ropes to 8 arm*air1 :]e he sp5t sev]al days 9 su* agitation t he 0 unable ev5 to read a l9e2 x 0 only ! mat]ial impossibility ( mov+1 & ! ?\ght ( cutt+ a ridicul\s figure1 :i* kept him !re1 9 spite ( ! impulse to ha/5 to ! belov$ "o4 ,x 0 ?us t he will$1 will$ p]petually1 ) all 8 /r5g?1 & s left ! man )9 him free to exp&2 x 0 ?us he sav$ himself f futility & p]dition & work$ = 8 own immortality4 ,& x is some?+ ( ! same sort t we desire to br+ ab\t 9 our *ildr5 by ! education ( ! w2 we wi% !m to le>n to save !mselves f ! vanities t de/roy man1 & conc5trate on "w :i* causes ! inn] life to exp&1 & leads to great und]tak+s2 we wi% !m to "w = _! own immortality4 ,?is lov+ & anxi\s desire incl9es u to draw !m along %ield$ by u4 ,b is !re n )9 ! *ild himself a p[] :i* enables him to save himself8 ,! *ild loves u ) all 8 he>t & foll[s u ) all ! devotion ( :i* 8 little s\l is capable2 nev]!less he has some?+ )9 himself :i* gov]ns 8 inn] life3 x is ! =ce ( 8 own expansion4 ,x is ?is =ce1 = in/ance1 :i* leads him to t\* ?+s 9 ord] to become acqua9t$ ) !m1 & we say to him1 ,d n t\*2 he moves ab\t to e/abli% 8 equilibrium1 & we tell him to keep /ill2 he que/ions u to acquire k1 & we reply1 ,d n be tiresome4 ,we relegate him to a place at our side1 vanqui%$ & subdu$1 ) a few tiresome play?+s1 l an ,alfi]i 9 ! box at ! !at]4 ,he might well ?9k3 ,:y does %e1 :om ,i love s de>ly1 want to annihilate me8 ,:y does %e wi% to oppress me ) h] caprices8 ,x is caprice :i* makes h] prev5t me f develop+ ! expansive =ces )9 me1 & relegate me to a place among va9 & we>isome ?+s1 m]ely because ,i love h]4 ,?us1 to save himself1 ! *ild %\ld be a /rong _s1 l ,vittorio ,alfi]i2 b too (t5 he _c4 ,we d n p]ceive t ! *ild is a victim & t we are annihilat+ him2 & !n we dem& ev]y?+ f 8 nullity by a fiat1 by an act ( our omnipot5ce4 ,we want ! adult man1 b )\t all[+ him to gr[4 ,_m w ?9k1 :5 !y read ! /ory ( ,vittorio ,alfi]i1 t !y w\ld h wi%$ some?+ m 9 _! sons2 !y w\ld h wi%$ x to be unnecess>y to set up mat]ial ob/acles aga9/ temptation1 su* z ! cutt+ (f ( ! hair & ! b9d+ to ! arm*air ) ropes2 & w\ld h hop$ t a spiritual =ce w\ld h suffic$ to resi/ x4 ,l "o ( our great poets :o1 s++ ( ! ,roman ,lucrezia1 reproves h] = hav+ kill$ h]self2 s9ce %e ought to h di$ ( grief at ! outrage1 _h %e be5 ev5 m virtu\s ?an %e 04 ,n[ t fa!r ) ! spiritual ideals w\ld n1 9 all probability1 ask himself :at he himself _h done to enable 8 son to become /rong & rise to ! level ( spiritual aid4 ,v likely he is a fa!r :o did 8 utmo/ to break ! w ( 8 son & make him submissive to 8 own w4 ,no e>?ly fa!r c make ! _s rise to su* heights2 ?is c only be accompli%$ by ! my/]i\s voice :i* speaks )9 ! he>t ( ! man 9 ! sil5ce4 ,a voice :i* is /rid5t because x is rais$ aga9/ ! laws ( ,nature1 l ! voice ( ! fa!r :o wi%es to subdue ano!r creature to himself1 di/urbs t sil5ce :]e1 9 peace & lib]ty1 ! div9e works are be+ accompli%$4 ,)\t ! /rong man all is va94 ,x is record$ t a prie/ once pres5t$ to ,sa9t ,t]esa a "y girl :o wi%$ to become a ,c>melite nun1 & :o1 accord+ to him1 _h angelic qualities4 ,sa9t ,t]esa1 accept+ ! neophyte1 repli$3 ,see1 my fa!r1 our ,"l has giv5 ?is maid5 devotion1 b %e has no judgm5t1 & nev] w h any2 & %e w always be a burd5 to u4 ,"o ( ! greate/ ( contempor>y !ologians1 :o dur+ ! proce$+s to obta9 ! canonisation ( ,joan ( ,arc _h made a pr(\nd /udy ( h] p]sonality1 says1 9 ref]5ce to ! sugge/ion t %e 0 simply ! in/rum5t ( div9e inspiration3 ,let no "o deceive himself4 ,joan ( ,arc 0 no bl9d & passive in/rum5t ( a sup]natural p[]4 ,! lib]ator ( ,france _h entire comm& ( h] p]sonality2 %e gave pro( ( ?is by h] indep5d5t action1 bo? 9 decisions & 9 de$s4 ,i believe t ! "w ( ! educator consi/s prim>ily 9 protect+ ! p[]s & direct+ !m )\t di/urb+ !m 9 _! expansion2 & 9 ! br++ ( man into contact ) ! _s :i* is )9 him & :i* %\ld op]ate ?r\gh him4 ,,viii ,,intellig5ce ,let u pause a mom5t to consid] :at is ! key by means ( :i* we may br+ ab\t ! realization ( ! lib]ty ( ! *ild2 t key :i* sets 9 motion ! me*anisms ess5tial to education4 ,! *ild :o is free to move ab\t1 & :o p]fects himself by s do+1 is he :o has an intellig5t object 9 8 movem5ts2 ! *ild :o is free to develop 8 inn] p]sonality1 :o p]sev]es 9 a task = a consid]able "t1 & organizes himself ^u su* a fundam5tal ph5om5on1 is su/a9$ & guid$ by an intellig5t purpose4 ,)\t ?is 8 p]si/5ce 9 "w1 8 inn] =mation1 & 8 progress w\ld n be possible4 ,:5 we refra9 f guid+ ! subjugat$ *ild /ep by /ep1 :51 lib]at+ ! *ild f our p]sonal influ5ce1 we place him 9 an environm5t suit$ to him & 9 contact ) ! means ( developm5t1 we leave him confid5tly to 8 own intellig5ce4 ,8 motor activity w !n direct itself to def9ite actions3 he w wa% 8 h&s & face1 sweep ! room1 du/ ! furniture1 *ange 8 clo!s1 spread ! rugs1 lay ! table1 cultivate plants1 & take c>e ( animals4 ,he w *oose ! tasks conducive to 8 developm5t & p]si/ 9 !m1 attract$ & guid$ by 8 int]e/ t[>ds a s5sory mat]ial :i* leads him to di/+ui% "o ?+ f ano!r1 to select1 to reason1 to correct himself2 & ! acquirem5ts ?us made are n only a cause ( int]nal gr[? b a /rong propulsive =ce to fur!r progress4 ,?us1 pass+ f simple objects to objects ( ev] increas+ complexity1 he becomes possess$ ( a culture2 moreov]1 he organizes 8 "* by means ( ! int]nal ord] :i* =ms itself )9 him1 & by ! skill :i* he acquires4 ,!re=e1 :5 we leave ! *ild to himself1 we leave him to 8 intellig5ce1 n1 z is commonly suppos$1 to 8 in/9cts1 mean+ by ! ^w in/9cts ^? designat$ z animal in/9cts4 ,we are s accu/om$ to2 treat *ildr5 l dogs & o!r dome/ic animals1 t a free *ild makes u ?9k ( a dog1 b>k+1 jump+1 & /eal+ da9ties4 ,& s accu/om$ are we to reg>d z manife/ations ( evil in/9cts ! rebellions ( ! *ild treat$ z a bea/1 8 obscure prote/s & desp]ations1 or ! protective devices he has to inv5t to save himself f su* a humiliat+ situation1 t1 by way ( elevat+ him1 we fir/ comp>e him to plants & fl[]s1 & !n actually try to keep him z f> z possible 9 ! /ate ( physical immobility ( vegetables1 subject+ him to ! same s5sations1 r$uc+ him to slav]y4 ,b he nev] becomes ! plant ) angelic p]fume we w\ld fa9 believe him to be2 r d signs ( corruption gradually manife/ !mselves z 8 human sub/ance mortifies & dies4 ,b :5 we leave ! *ild free z a man 9 ! pale/ra ( 8 own intellig5ce1 8 type *anges entirely4 ,x is ( ?is type we mu/ =m new conceptions 9 discuss+ ! "q ( lib]ty4 ,t ( intellig5ce %\ld also1 ,i believe1 be ! key to ! problem ( ! social lib]ty ( man4 ,we h he>d mu* talk ( late ye>s1 ( a v sup]ficial k9d1 conc]n+ lib]ty ( ?\ght4 ,! issue be+ obscur$ by prejudices ak9 to ^? preval5t conc]n+ *ildr51 x has be5 suppos$ t man w\ld be lib]at$ 7 he ab&on$ to 8 own ?\ghts4 ,b 0 he capable ( ?9k+8 ,0 n ! epo* ( su* fre$om also t ( c]ebral neura/h5ia8 ,0 x n also t epo* :5 laws = ext5d+ social rights to illit]ates 7 "u discussion8 ,n[ let u take an example3 if we told a sick p]son to *oose betwe5 disease & heal?1 w\ld ?is make him free to d s8 ,if we (f] an un$ucat$ peasant good & bad pap] money1 leav+ him free to *oose :i* he w take1 & he *ooses ! bad notes1 he is n free1 he is *eat$2 if he *ooses ! good1 he is n free1 he is lucky4 ,he w be free :5 he has suffici5t k n only to di/+ui% ! good f ! bad1 b to und]/& ! social utility ( ea*4 ,x is ! giv+ ( ?is int]nal =mation :i* makes a man free1 irrespective ( a social sanction :i* is m]ely an ext]nal conque/ ( lib]ty4 ,if ! lib]ty ( man 7 su* a simple problem1 we %\ld only ne$ to pass a law1 enabl+ ! bl9d to see & ! deaf to he>1 9 ord] to re/ore poor humanity to heal?4 ,our hone/y ought to make u recognize "o day t ! fundam5tal rights ( man are ^? ( 8 own =mation1 free f ob/acles1 free f slav]y1 & free to draw f 8 environm5t ! means requir$ = 8 developm5t4 ,9 %ort1 x is 9 education t we %all f9d ! fundam5tal solution ( ! social problems connect$ ) p]sonality4 ,deeply in/ructive is ! revelation made to u by ! *ildr51 t ! intellig5ce is ! key :i* reveals ! secrets ( _! =mation1 & is ! actual means ( _! int]nal con/ruction4 ,! hygi5e ( ! intellig5ce ?us assumes c>d9al importance4 ,:5 intellig5ce is recogniz$ z ! means ( =mation1 ! pivot ( life itself1 x c no long] be exhau/$ = dubi\s ends1 or oppress$ & suffocat$ )\t disc]nm5t4 ,at a n-f>-di/ant day1 ! intellig5ce ( *ildr5 mu/ become ! object ( treatm5t mu* wis] & m elaborate ?an t :i* we n[ be/[ on _! bodies1 to adjuncts ( :i*1 su* z tee?1 nails1 & hair1 we devote co/ly & labori\s processes4 ,:5 we reflect t a "m :o is p]fectly consci\s ( ! dang]s & rem$ies connect$ ) ! hair ( h] *ild1 c oppress & enslave 8 intellig5ce q unkn[+ly1 we are at once oblig$ to admit t ! new road lead+ to civilization mu/ ne$s be a long "o1 if su* contra/s 9 our attitude to ! sup]fluities & ! ess5tials ( life are /ill possible at ! pres5t day4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:at is intellig5ce8 ,)\t ris+ to ! heights ( ! def9itions giv5 by ! philosoph]s1 we may1 = ! mom5t1 consid] ! sum ( ^? reflex & associative or reproductive activities :i* enable ! m9d to con/ruct itself1 putt+ x into relation ) ! environm5t4 ,accord+ to ,ba91 ! consci\sness ( diff]5ce is ! beg9n+ ( e intellectual ex]cise2 ! fir/ /ep ( ! m9d is appreciation ( di/9ction4 ,! bases ( its p]ceptive functions t[>ds ! ext]nal _w are ! s5sations4 ,to collect facts & di/+ui% betwe5 !m is ! initial process 9 intellectual con/ruction4 ,let u try to infuse a little m precision & cl>ity into ! analysis ( intellig5ce4 ,! fir/ *>act]i/ic :i* pres5ts itself to u z an indication ( intellectual developm5t is relat$ to "t4 ,! masses are s mu* alive to ?is primitive *>act]i/ic1 t ! popul> expression quick is synonym\s ) intellig5t4 ,to be rapid 9 react+ to a /imulus1 9 ! association ( ideas1 9 ! capacity ( =mulat+ a judgm5t--?is is ! mo/ obvi\s ext]nal manife/ation ( intellig5ce4 ,?is quickness is c]ta9ly relat$ to ! capacity = receiv+ impressions f ! environm5t1 elaborat+ images1 & ext]naliz+ ! int]nal results4 ,all ^! activities may be develop$ by means ( an ex]cise comp>able to a sy/em ( m5tal gymna/ics to collect num]\s s5sations1 to put !m con/antly 9 relation "o ) ano!r1 to d$uce judgm5ts !refrom1 to acquire ! habit ( manife/+ ^! freely1 all ?is ought1 z ! psy*ologi/s w\ld say1 to r5d] ! conductive *annels & ! associative *annels m & m p]meable1 & ! p]iod ( reaction ev] brief]4 ,z 9 intellig5t muscul> movem5t1 ! repetition ( ! act n only r5d]s x m p]fect 9 itself1 b m rapid 9 execution4 ,an intellig5t *ild at s*ool is n only "o :o und]/&s1 b "o :o und]/&s quickly4 ,on ! o!r h&1 "o :o le>ns ! same ?+s1 b :o takes a long] "t 9 s do+1 say two ye>s in/ead ( "o1 is sl[4 ,( a quick *ild1 ! p say t no?+ escapes him2 8 att5tion is always on ! al]t1 & he is ready to receive e k9d ( /imulus3 z a s5sitive scale w %[ ! slighte/ v>iation 9 weight1 s ! s5sitive bra9 w respond to ! slighte/ appeal4 ,x is ,equally rapid 9 its associative processes3 ,he und]/&s 9 a fla% is a famili> say+ to indicate accurate conception4 ,n[ an ex]cise :i* puts 9 motion ! intellectual me*anisms c only be an auto-ex]cise4 ,x is impossible t ano!r p]son1 ex]cis+ himself 9 our /ead1 %\ld make u acquire skill4 ,! s5sory ex]cises ar\se & int5sify ! c5tral activities 9 our *ildr54 ,:51 s5se & /imulus duly isolat$1 ! *ild has cle> p]ceptions 9 8 consci\sness2 :5 s5sations ( heat1 cold1 r\ghness1 smoo?ness1 weight1 & lightness1 :5 a s\nd1 an isolat$ noise1 are p]ceiv$ by him1 :51 9 almo/ complete sil5ce1 he closes 8 eyes & waits = a voice to murmur a ^w1 x is z if ! ext]nal _w _h knock$ at ! door ( 8 s\l1 awak5+ its activities4 ,& fur!r1 :5 ! multitud9\s s5sations are all conta9$ 9 ! ri*ness ( ! environm5t1 ! two react h>moni\sly "o ^u ! o!r1 int5sify+ ! activities t h be5 awak5$3 ?is is exemplifi$ 9 ! case ( ! *ild absorb$ 9 color+ 8 designs1 :o w *oose ! mo/ beautiful t9ts :ile music is be+ play$1 or 9 t ( ano!r :o1 contemplat+ ! gay & graci\s environm5t ( ! s*ool & ! fl[]+ plants1 w s+ 8 song to p]fection4 ,! fir/ *>act]i/ic :i* manife/s itself 9 our *ildr51 aft] _! process ( auto-education has be5 initiat$1 is t _! reactions become ev] m ready & m rapid3 a s5sory /imulus :i* might be=e h pass$ unobs]v$ or might h r\s$ a languid int]e/1 is vividly p]ceiv$4 ,! relation betwe5 ?+s is easily recogniz$1 & ?us errors 9 _! use are quickly detect$1 judg$1 & correct$4 ,by means ( ! s5sory gymna/ics ! *ild c>ries out j ?is primordial & fundam5tal ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce1 :i* awak5s & sets 9 motion ! c5tral n]v\s me*anisms4 ,:5 we see ^! ext]nal manife/ations ( our quick & active *ildr5--s5sitive to ! slighte/ call1 ready to run swiftly t[>ds u )\t relax+ ! att5tion !y give to _! own movem5ts & to all ! ext]nal objects !y enc\nt]--& comp>e !m ) ! torpid *ildr5 9 ! ord9>y s*ools--clumsy 9 _! movem5ts1 indiff]5t to /imuli1 incapable ( spontane\s association ( ideas--we are l$ to ?9k ( ! civilization ( our own days z comp>$ ) t ( old5 times4 ,! civil environm5t ( bygone ye>s1 z comp>$ ) our own1 0 m leisurely3 we h le>nt h[ to save "t4 ,! /age-coa* 0 once ! means ( transport1 :]eas n[ we travel 9 motor-c>s & ev5 9 a]oplanes2 ! voice 0 ! m$ium ( spee* f a di/ance1 :]eas n[ we speak ?r\gh ! telephone2 m5 kill$ ea* o!r "o by "o1 :]eas n[ !y kill ea* o!r en masse4 ,all ?is makes u realize t our civilization is n bas$ ^u respect = life & respect = ! s\l1 b r is x bas$ ^u respect = "t4 ,x is solely 9 an ext]nal s5se t civilization has pursu$ its c\rse4 ,x has become m rapid1 x has set 9 motion ma*9]y4 ,b man has n _h ! same prep>ation to keep up ) x3 individuals h n accel]at$ !mselves me?odically2 ! *ildr5 ( ?is bewild]+ environm5t are n new m51 m active1 readi]1 m intellig5t4 ,! trans=m$ human p]sonality has n yet aris5 ready to meet all ev5tualities & to utilize = 8 own b5efit ! ext]nal conque/s ( 8 environm5t4 ,torpid man saves "t & money 9 ?is civilization2 b 8 s\l rema9s defraud$ & oppress$4 ,if he does n rise to ! task ( re=m+ himself 9 h>mony ) ! new _w he has creat$1 he runs ! risk ( be+ "s day ov]?r[n & cru%$ by x4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! swift reactions occurr+ among our *ildr5 are n m]ely an ext]nal manife/ation ( ! intellig5ce4 ,!y are relat$ n only to ! ex]cise1 b also to ! ord] :i* has be5 e/abli%$ )93 & x is ?is intimate "w ( re>rangem5t :i* is 9 itself a m exact indication ( intellectual =mation4 ,ord] is1 9 %ort1 ! true key to rapidity ( reaction4 ,9 a *aotic m9d1 ! recognition ( a s5sation is no less difficult ?an ! elaboration ( a reason$ disc\rse4 ,9 all ?+s1 social z well z o!rs1 x is organization & ord] :i* make x possible to proce$ rapidly4 ,to be able to di/+ui% is ! *>act]i/ic sign ( intellig5ce3 to di/+ui% is to arrange & also1 9 life1 x is to prep>e = creation4 ,creation f9ds its expansion 9 ord]4 ,we f9d ?is conception 9 ! ,g5esis ( ,scripture4 ,god did n beg9 to create )\t prep>ation2 & ?is prep>ation 0 ! introduction ( ord] into *aos4 ,& ,god divid$ ! light f ! d>kness4 ,& he said3 ,let ! wat]s be ga!r$ toge!r into "o place1 & let ! dry l& appe>4 ,! consci\sness may possess a ri* & v>i$ cont5t2 b :5 !re is m5tal confusion1 ! intellig5ce does n appe>4 ,its appe>ance is exactly l ! k9dl+ ( a light :i* makes x possible to di/+ui% ?+s cle>ly3 ,let !re be light4 ,?us we may ju/ly say t to help ! developm5t ( ! intellig5ce is to help to put ! images ( ! consci\sness 9 ord]4 ,we ought to ?9k ( ! m5tal /ate ( ! little *ild ( ?ree ye>s old1 :o has already look$ ^u a _w4 ,h[ (t5 he has fall5 asleep utt]ly we>y f hav+ se5 s _m ?+s4 ,x has n occurr$ to any "o t = him to walk is1 9 fact1 to "w2 t see+ & he>+1 :5 ! organs are n z yet accommodat$1 s t he is oblig$ to be p]petually correct+ ! errors ( 8 s5ses1 & v]ify+ ) 8 h& :at he _c z yet appraise correctly ) 8 eye1 is a great ex]tion4 ,h5ce ! little "o :o is ov]-tax$ by /imuli1 9 places :]e ^! ab\nd1 cries or falls asleep4 ,! little *ild ( ?ree ye>s old c>ries )9 him a heavy *aos4 ,he is l a man :o has accumulat$ an imm5se quantity ( books1 pil$ up )\t any ord]1 & :o asks himself ,:at %all ,i d ) !m8 ,:5 w he be able to arrange !m 9 su* fa%ion z to enable him to say3 ,i possess a libr>y8 ,by means ( our s-call$ s5sory ex]cises we make x possible = ! *ild to di/+ui% & to classify4 ,our s5sory mat]ial1 9 fact1 analyses & repres5ts ! attributes ( ?+s3 dim5sions1 =ms1 colors1 smoo?ness or r\ghness ( surface1 weight1 temp]ature1 flavor1 noise1 s\nds4 ,x is ! qualities ( ! objects1 n ! objects !mselves :i* are important2 al?\gh ^! qualities1 isolat$ "o f ! o!r1 are !mselves repres5t$ by objects4 ,= ! attributes long1 %ort1 ?ick1 ?91 l>ge1 small1 r$1 yell[1 gre51 hot1 cold1 heavy1 light1 r\gh1 smoo?1 sc5t$1 noisy1 resonant1 we h a l numb] ( correspond+ objects arrang$ 9 graduat$ s]ies4 ,?is gradation is important = ! e/abli%m5t ( ord]2 inde$1 ! attributes ( ! objects diff] n only 9 quality1 b also 9 quantity4 ,!y may be m or less high or m or less l[1 m or less ?ick or m or less ?92 ! s\nds h v>i\s tones2 ! colors h v>i\s degrees ( int5sity2 ! %apes may resemble ea* o!r 9 v>y+ degrees2 ! /ates ( r\ghness & smoo?ness are by no means absolute4 ,! mat]ial = ! education ( ! s5ses l5ds itself to ! purpose ( di/+ui%+ betwe5 ^! ?+s4 ,fir/ ( all x enables ! *ild to asc]ta9 ! id5tity ( two /imuli by means ( num]\s ex]cises 9 mat*+ & fitt+4 ,aft]w>ds diff]5ce is appreciat$ :5 ! lessons direct ! *ild's att5tion to ! ext]nal objects ( a s]ies3 light1 d>k1 long1 %ort4 ,at la/ he beg9s to di/+ui% ! degrees ( ! v>i\s attributes1 arrang+ a s]ies ( objects 9 gradation1 su* z ! tablets :i* %[ ! v>i\s degrees ( int5sity ( ! same *romatic tone2 ! bells :i* produce ! notes ( an octave1 ! objects :i* repres5t l5g? 9 decimal proportions1 or ?ickness 9 c5timetric proportions1 etc4 ,^! ex]cises1 :i* are s attractive to *ildr51 are1 z we h se51 repeat$ by !m indef9itely4 ,! tea*] puts ! seal ^u ea* acquisition ) a ^w2 ?us ! classification is complete1 & f9ally has its s*$ule3 t is1 x becomes possible to recall ! attribute & its image by a "n4 ,n[ z we h no possible means ( di/+ui%+ ?+s o!r ?an by _! attributes1 ! classification ( ^! entails a fundam5tal ord] ( arrangem5t compreh5d+ ev]y?+4 ,h5ce=? ! _w is no long] a *aos = ! *ild2 8 m9d be>s "s resemblance to ! ord]ly %elves ( a libr>y or a ri* museum2 ea* object is 9 its place1 9 its prop] category4 ,& ea* acquisition he makes w be no long] m]ely /or$1 b duly allocat$4 ,?is primitive ord] w nev] be di/urb$1 b only enri*$ by fre% mat]ial4 ,?us ! *ild1 hav+ acquir$ ! p[] ( di/+ui%+ "o ?+ f ano!r1 has laid ! f\ndations ( ! intellig5ce4 ,x is unnecess>y to repeat :at an int]nal impulse ! acquir$ ord] contributes t[>ds ! seek+ aft] objects 9 ! environm5t2 h5ce=? ! *ild recognizes ! objects :i* surr\nd him4 ,:5 he discov]s ) s mu* emotion t ! sky is blue1 t 8 h& is smoo?1 t ! w9d[ is rectangul>1 he does n 9 reality discov] sky1 nor h&1 nor w9d[1 b he discov]s _! position 9 ! ord] ( 8 m9d by arrangem5t ( 8 ideas4 ,& ?is det]m9es a /able equilibrium 9 ! int]nal p]sonality1 :i* produces calm1 /r5g?1 & ! possibility ( fre% conque/s1 j z ! muscles :i* h coord9at$ _! functions enable ! body to ma9ta9 its equilibrium1 & to acquire t /ability & security :i* facilitate all movem5ts4 ,?is ord] conduces to an economy ( "t & /r5g?2 l a well-arrang$ museum1 x saves ! "t & /r5g? ( inquir]s4 ,! *ild c !re=e p]=m a great] quantity ( "w )\t fatigue1 & c react to /imuli 9 a brief] space ( "t4 99 99 99 99 99 ,to be able to di/+ui%1 classify1 & catalogue ext]nal ?+s on ! basis ( a secure ord] already e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d--?is is at once intellig5ce & culture4 ,?is is1 inde$1 ! popul> conception2 :5 an educat$ p]son c recognize an au?or by 8 /yle1 or ! *>act]i/ics ( ! lit]>y compositions ( a p]iod1 he is pron\nc$ v]s$ 7intellig5te7 9 lit]ature4 ,9 ! same way we say ( "o :o c recognize a pa9t] by ! mann] 9 :i* he lays 8 colors on ! canvas1 or fix ! p]iod ( a sculptor f ! fragm5t ( a bas-relief1 t he is v]s$ 7intellig5te7 9 art4 ,! sci5ti/ is ( ! same type4 ,he is able to obs]ve ?+s1 & to give due value ev5 to _! m9ute/ details2 h5ce ! diff]5ces betwe5 ! *>act]i/ics ( ?+s are cle>ly p]ceiv$ & classifi$4 ,! sci5ti/ di/+ui%es objects 9 accordance ) ! ord]ly cont5t ( 8 m9d4 ,a se$l+1 a microbe1 an animal or ! rema9s ( an animal1 are n enigmas to him1 ?\gh 9 !mselves !y may be /range to him4 ,we may say ! same ( ! *emi/1 ! physici/1 ! geologi/1 ! ar*aeologi/4 ,x is n ! accumulation ( a direct k ( ?+s :i* =ms ! man ( lett]s1 ! sci5ti/1 & ! connoisseur2 x is ! prep>$ ord] e/abli%$ 9 ! m9d :i* is to receive su* k4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! uncultivat$ p]son has only ! direct k ( objects2 su* a p]son may be a lady :o sp5ds a great "p ( ! night read+ books1 or a g>d5] :o sp5ds 8 life mak+ mat]ial di/9ctions betwe5 ! plants 9 8 g>d54 ,! k ( su* uncultur$ m9ds is n only disord]ly1 b x is conf9$ to ! objects ) :i* x comes into direct contact1 :]eas ! k ( ! sci5ti/ is inf9ite1 because1 possess+ ! p[] ( classify+ ! attributes ( ?+s1 he c recognize !m all1 & det]m9e n[ ! class1 n[ ! relation%ips1 n[ ! orig9s ( ea*2 facts mu* m pr(\nd ?an ! actual ?+s c\ld ( !mselves reveal4 ,n[ our *ildr51 aft] ! mann] ( ! connoisseur ( art & ! man ( sci5ce1 recognize objects 9 ! ext]nal _w by means ( _! attributes & classify !m2 h5ce !y are s5sitive to all objects2 ev]y?+ possesses a value = !m4 ,uncultur$ *ildr51 on ! o!r h&1 pass bl9d & deaf close to ?+s1 j z an ignorant man passes by a "w ( art or li/5s to a p]=mance ( classical music )\t recognition or enjoym5t4 ,! educational me?ods n[ 9 use proce$ on l9es exactly ! rev]se ( ours2 hav+ fir/ aboli%$ spontane\s activity1 !y pres5t objects ) _! accumulation ( attributes directly to ! *ild1 call+ att5tion to ea* attribute1 & hop+ t f all ?is mass ! m9d ( ! *ild w be able to ab/ract ! attributes !mselves1 )\t any guidance or ord]4 ,?us !y create 9 a passive be+ an artificial *aos1 m limit$ ?an t :i* ! natural _w w\ld (f]4 ,! objective me?od n[ 9 use1 :i* consi/s 9 pres5t+ an object & not+ all its attributes--t is1 describ+ x1 is no?+ b a s5sory v>iation on ! cu/om>y mnemonic me?od2 in/ead ( describ+ an abs5t object1 a pres5t object is describ$2 in/ead ( ! imag9ation alone work+ to effect its recon/ruction1 ! s5ses int]v5e2 ?is is done s t ! di/9ctive qualities ( ! object itself %\ld be bett] rememb]$4 ,! passive m9d receives images1 :i* are limit$ to ! objects pres5t$2 & :i* are /or$ up )\t any ord]4 ,z a fact1 e object may h inf9ite attributes2 & if1 z (t5 happ5s 9 object-lessons1 ! orig9s & ultimate ends ( ! object itself are includ$ among ^! attributes1 ! m9d has lit]ally to range ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,if1 = in/ance1 9 an object lesson on c(fee1 :i* ,i he>d giv5 9 a ,k9d]g>t5 s*ool1 ! object is describ$ & ! att5tion ( ! *ildr5 direct$ to its size1 its color1 its %ape1 its aroma1 its flavor1 its temp]ature2 & !n if ! tea*] goes on to describe ! plant & ! mann] 9 :i* ! sub/ance 0 br\ght to ,europe across ! ocean1 &1 f9ally1 light+ a _s-lamp1 boils ! wat]1 gr9ds ! b]ries & prep>es ! bev]age1 ! m9d has be5 l$ to w&] 9 inf9ite spaces1 b ! subject has n be5 exhau/$4 ,= x w\ld be possible to g on to describe ! excit+ effects ( c(fee1 caffe9e1 :i* is extract$ f ! b]ry1 & _m o!r ?+s4 ,su* an analysis w\ld spread l spilt oil until f9ally disp]s$1 & ! outcome w\ld be ( no use 9 any way4 ,if1 inde$1 we %\ld ask a *ild s in/ruct$3 ,:at is c(fee1 !n8 he might well reply3 ,x is su* a long /ory t ,i _c rememb] x4 ,a notion s vague 7,i _c c]ta9ly say s complete67 fatigues & encumb]s ! m9d & c nev] trans=m itself into a dynamic excitation ( simil> associations4 ,! ef=ts ! *ild makes w be1 at ! mo/1 ef=ts ( memory to recall ! hi/ory ( c(fee4 ,if associations are =m$ 9 8 m9d1 !y w be inf]ior associations ( contiguity3 8 m9d w w&] f ! tea*] :o is speak+ to ! ocean t 0 trav]s$1 to ! d9+-table at home on :i* c(fee appe>s 9 cups e day2 9 o!r words1 x w /ray aimlessly z does ! idle m9d :5 x all[s itself to w&] f ! cont9uity ( its passive associations4 ,9 ?is k9d ( rev]ie to :i* ! m9ds ( *ildr5 give !mselves up1 !re is no sign ( int]nal activity1 f> less ( any individual diff]5ce4 ,*ildr5 subject$ to ! object-lesson sy/em always rema9 purely receptive be+s2 or1 if we pref] to put x s1 /oreh\ses 9 :i* new objects are cont9ually deposit$4 ,no activity is ?us ar\s$ & direct$ t[>ds ! object1 9 ord] to recognize its qualities 9 su* a mann] t ! *ild himself =ms an idea ( x2 nor c ! possibility ( connect+ o!r objects ) ! fir/ by _! common *>act]i/ics arise 9 8 m9d4 ,= 9 :at p>ticul> does any object resemble ! o!rs8 ,9 its use8 ,:5 we associate ! images ( diff]5t objects by simil>ity1 we %\ld extract f ! :ole ! qualities :i* ! objects !mselves h 9 common4 ,if1 = in/ance1 we say t two rectangul> tablets are alike1 we h fir/ extract$ f ! num]\s qualities ( ^! tablets su* facts z t !y are ( wood1 t !y are poli%$1 smoo?1 color$1 ( ! same temp]ature1 etc41 ! quality relat+ to _! %ape4 ,!y are alike 9 %ape4 ,?is may sugge/ a long s]ies ( objects3 ! top ( ! table1 ! w9d[1 etc42 b be=e su* a result z ?is c be a*iev$1 x is necess>y t ! m9d %\ld fir/ be capable ( ab/ract+ f ! num]\s attributes ( ^! objects ! quality ( rectangul> %ape4 ,! "w ( ! m9d 9 ?is que/ mu/ necess>ily be active2 x analyzes ! object1 extracts a det]m9$ attribute !refrom1 & "u ! guidance ( ?is det]m9$ attribute makes a syn!sis associat+ _m objects by ! same m$ium ( connection4 ,if ?is capacity = ! select+ ( s+le attributes among all ^? prop] to ! object be n acquir$1 association by means ( simil>ity1 syn!sis1 & all ! high] "w ( ! intellig5ce becomes impossible4 ,moreov]1 ?is is intellectual "w 9 reality1 because ! ess5tial quality ( ! intellig5ce is n to photograph objects1 & keep !m "o ^u ! o!r l ! pages ( an album1 or juxtapos$ l ! /ones 9 a pavem5t4 ,su* a labor ( m]e deposit is an outrage on ! intellectual nature4 ,! intellig5ce1 ) its *>act]i/ic ord]l9ess & p[] ( discrim9ation1 is capable ( di/+ui%+ & extract+ ! dom9ant *>act]i/ics ( objects1 & x is ^u ^! t x proce$s to build up its int]nal /ructures4 ,n[ our *ildr51 ^: m9ds are ?us ord]$ 9 relation to ! classification ( attributes by ! p$agogic aid !y h receiv$1 are l$1 n only to obs]ve objects accord+ to all ! attributes !y h analyz$1 b also to di/+ui% id5tities1 diff]5ces1 & resemblances2 & ?is "w r5d]s ! extraction ( "o ( ! qualities correspond+ to "o ( ! s5sory gr\ps :i* h be5 consid]$ ap>t1 easy & spontane\s4 ,t is to say1 x w be easy = ! *ild ?us to recognize ! v>i\s qualities ( an object1 to note1 = in/ance1 t c]ta9 objects are alike 9 =m1 or alike 9 color2 because =ms & colors h already be5 gr\p$ into v di/9ctive categories1 & !y !re=e recall s]ies ( objects by simil>ity4 ,?is classification ( attributes is a k9d ( load/one2 x is an attractive =ce ( a det]m9$ gr\p ( qualities2 & ! objects :i* h ?is quality are attract$ !reto & unit$ "o ) ano!r2 ?is is association by similitude1 almo/ ( a me*anical k9d4 ,books are ( ! %ape ( prisms1 "o ( our *ildr5 might say2 & su* a pron\ncem5t w\ld be ! conclusion arriv$ at by a v complex m5tal process1 7 x n t prismatic =ms already exi/$ z a well-def9$ s]ies 9 8 m9d1 attract+ to itself all ! surr\nd+ objects :i* possess ! same "*4 ,?us ! :it5ess ( %eets ( pap]1 int]rupt$ by d>k signs1 may be attract$1 by ! colors sy/ematiz$ 9 ! m9d1 into a syn!tic :ole1 :i* might make ! *ild say3 ,books are %eets ( :ite pr9t$ pap]4 ,x is 9 ?is active "w t individual diff]5ces may manife/ !mselves4 ,:at w be ! gr\p ( attributes :i* w attract simil> objects8 ,& :at w be ! prevail+ *>act]i/ic *os5 = ! purpose ( association by simil>ity8 ,"o *ild w note t a curta9 is light gre52 ano!r t ! same curta9 is light 9 weight2 "o w be /ruck by ! :it5ess ( a h&1 ano!r by ! smoo?ness ( its sk94 ,= "o *ild ! w9d[ w be a rectangle2 to ano!r x is some?+ ?r\gh :i* ! blue ( ! sky may be se54 ,! *oice ( prevail+ *>act]i/ics made by *ildr5 becomes a natural selection h>moniz+ ) _! own innate t5d5cies4 ,9 l mann]1 a sci5ti/ w *oose ! *>act]s mo/ useful to 8 associations4 ,an an?ropologi/ may *oose ! %ape ( ! head to di/+ui% ! human races1 & ano!r might *oose ! cutane\s pigm5t--ei!r w s]ve ! purpose4 ,ea* an?ropologi/ may h ! mo/ accurate k ( ! ext]nal *>act]i/ics ( m52 b ! important matt] consi/s 9 f9d+ a *>act]i/ic :i* w s]ve z a basis = classification3 t is to say1 a *>act]i/ic on :i* x w be possible to gr\p num]\s *>act]i/ics 9 ! ord] ( similitude4 ,purely practical p]sons w\ld consid] man f ! utilit>ian r ?an f ! sci5tific po9t ( view2 a mak] ( hats w\ld s+le out ! dim5sions ( ! head f among o!r human *>act]i/ics2 an orator w\ld consid] man f ! po9t ( view ( 8 susceptibility to ! spok5 ^w4 ,b selection is ! fundam5tal necessity :i* enables u to realize ?+s2 to em]ge f ! vague into ! practical1 f aimless contemplation into ! sph]e ( action4 ,e creat$ ?+ 9 exi/5ce is *>act]iz$ by ! fact t x has limitations4 ,our own psy*o-s5sory organization is f\nd$ ^u a selection4 ,:at are ! functions ( ! s5ses1 b to respond to a det]m9$ s]ies ( vibrations & to no o!rs8 ,?us ! eye limits light & ! e> s\nds4 ,9 =m+ ! cont5ts ( ! m9d ! fir/ /ep is1 !re=e1 a selection1 necess>ily & mat]ially limit$4 ,nev]!less1 ! m9d imposes /ill fur!r limits on ! selection possible to ! s5ses1 fa%ion+ x ^u ! activity ( int]nal *oice4 ,?us att5tion is fix$ ^u det]m9$ objects & n ^u all objects2 & ! volition *ooses ! actions :i* are really to be p]=m$ f among a multitude ( possible actions4 ,x is 9 l fa%ion t ! l(ty "w ( ! intellig5ce is accompli%$2 by an analog\s action ( att5tion & int]nal w1 x ab/racts ! dom9ant *>act]i/ics ( ?+s1 & ?us succe$s 9 associat+ _! images1 & keep+ !m 9 ! =egr\nd ( consci\sness4 ,x ceases to consid] an imm5se am\nt ( balla/ :i* w\ld r5d] its context =mless & confus$4 ,e sup]ior m9d di/+ui%es ! ess5tial =m f ! sup]flu\s1 reject+ ! latt]1 & ?us x is enabl$ to a*ieve its *>act]i/ic1 cle>1 delicate1 & vital activities4 ,x is capable ( extract+ t :i* is useful to its creative life1 & ?us f9ds 9 ! cosmos ! means ( salvation4 ,)\t ?is *>act]i/ic activity1 ! intellig5ce _c con/ruct itself2 x w\ld be l an att5tion t w&]s f ?+ to ?+ )\t ev] fix+ ^u any "o ( !m1 & l a w t c nev] decide ^u any def9ite action4 ,x is possible to suppose1 says ,james1 t a ,god c\ld1 )\t impair+ 8 activity1 simultane\sly behold all ! m9ute/ portions ( ! _w4 ,b if our human att5tion %\ld be ?us dissipat$1 we %\ld m]ely contemplate all ?+s vacu\sly1 )\t ev] f9d+ occasion to d any p>ticul> act4 ,x is "o ( ! m>vel\s ph5om5a ( life t x is impossible to realize any?+1 )\t det]m9+ limits2 t my/]i\s law :i* orda9s t e liv+ be+ has its =m & /ature1 unlike ! m9]als1 :i* are indef9ite 9 =m & dim5sions1 is repeat$ 9 ! psy*ical life4 ,its developm5t1 its auto-creation1 is no?+ b a det]m9ation ev5 m precise1 a progressive conc5tration2 x is ?us t f ! primitive *aos our int]nal *>act]i/ic =m is gradually %ap$ & *isell$4 ,! capacity = =m+ a conception ( a ?+1 = judg+ & reason+1 has always ?is f\ndation4 ,:51 aft] hav+ not$ ! usual qualities ( a column1 we ab/ract ! g5]al tru? t ! column is a support1 ?is syn!tic idea is bas$ ^u a select$ quality4 ,?us 9 ! judgm5t we may pron\nce3 columns are cyl9drical1 we h ab/ract$ "o quality f among ! _m o!rs we c\ld h adduc$1 z1 columns are cold1 !y are h>d1 !y are a composition ( c>bonate ( lime1 etc4 ,x is only ! capacity = su* a selection :i* makes reason+ possible4 ,:51 = example1 9 ! demon/ration ( ! !orem ( ,py?agoras1 *ildr5 h&le ! v>i\s pieces ( ! metal insets1 !y %\ld />t f ! po9t at :i* !y become aw>e t a rectangle is equal to ! rhomb1 & a squ>e is equal to ! same rhomb4 ,x is ! p]ception ( ?is tru? :i* makes x possible to g on to ! foll[+ reason+3 !re=e ! squ>e & ! rectangle are equal to ea* o!r4 ,if x _h n be5 possible to det]m9e ?is attribute1 ! m9d c\ld n h arriv$ at any conclusion4 ,! m9d has succe$$ 9 discov]+ an attribute common to two dissimil> figures2 & x is ?is discov]y :i* may lead to a s]ies ( conclusions by means ( :i* ! !orem ( ,py?agoras w be f9ally demon/rat$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[1 z 9 ! case ( w1 decision presupposes a me?odical ex]cise ( ! impulsive & inhibitory =ces1 only to be p]=m$ by ! individual himself1 until habits h be5 e/abli%$1 s 9 case ( ! intellig5ce1 ! individual mu/ ex]cise himself 9 8 activities ( association & selection1 guid$ & aid$ by ext]nal means1 until he has develop$1 by ! def9itive elim9ation ( c]ta9 ideas & ! *oice ( o!rs1 m5tal habits *>act]i/ic ( ! individual1 *>act]i/ic ( ! type4 ,because1 und]ly+ all ! int]nal activities ! m9d c con/ruct1 !re is1 z ! ph5om5a ( att5tion %[ u1 ! individual t5d5cy1 ! nature4 ,!re is1 und\bt$ly1 a fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 und]/&+ & le>n+ ! reason+ ( o!rs1 & be+ able to reason1 betwe5 le>n+ h[ an arti/ may see ! ext]nal _w accord+ to 8 prevail+ int]e/ 9 color1 h>mony1 & =m1 & actually see+ ! ext]nal _w ab\t a fulcrum :i* su/a9s "o's own /hetical creation4 ,9 ! m9d ( "o :o le>ns ! ?+s ( o!rs we may f9d1 z 9 a sack ( old clo!s hang+ ov] ! %\ld]s ( a hawk]1 solutions ( ! problems ( ,euclid1 toge!r ) ! images ( ,raphael's works1 ideas ( hi/ory & geography1 & rules ( /yle1 huddl$ toge!r ) a l indiff]5ce & a l s5sation ( weight4 ,:ile1 on ! o!r h&1 he :o uses all ^! ?+s = 8 own life1 is l ! p]son :o is assi/$ 9 atta9+ 8 own welf>e1 8 own relief1 8 own com=t by ^? same objects :i* are m]ely burd5s :5 9 ! sack ( ! hawk]4 ,su* objects are1 h[ev]1 no long] huddl$ toge!r )\t ord] & )\t purpose 9 a clos$ bag1 b set out 9 ! spaci\s rooms ( a well-ord]$ h\se4 ,! m9d :i* con/ructs may conta9 a great deal m ?an t m9d 9 :i* pieces ( k are heap$ up z 9 ! bag2 & 9 t m9d1 z 9 ! h\se1 ! objects are cle>ly divid$ "o f ano!r1 h>moni\sly arrang$1 & di/9ctive 9 _! uses4 ,betwe5 und]/&+ because ano!r p]son seeks to impress ^u u ! explanation ( a ?+ by spee*1 & und]/&+ ! ?+ ( ourselves1 !re is an immeasurable di/ance2 ! two are comp>able to ! impression made 9 s(t wax1 :i* w subsequ5tly be effac$ & replac$ by o!r impressions1 & ! =m *isell$ 9 ! m>ble by an arti/1 z 8 creation4 ,he :o und]/&s ( himself has an un=ese5 impression2 he feels t 8 consci\sness has be5 lib]at$1 & some?+ lum9\s %9es =? )9 him4 ,und]/&+1 !n1 is n a matt] ( indiff]5ce2 x is ! beg9n+ ( some?+2 sometimes x is ! beg9n+ ( a life :i* r5ews itself )9 u4 ,p]haps no emotion is m fruitful = man ?an ! intellectual emotion4 ,he :o makes a discov]y ri* 9 results c]ta9ly enjoys ! greate/ ( human felicities2 b ev5 he :o m]ely und]/&s gets a l(ty enjoym5t :i* w rise sup]ior to & ov]come ! mo/ acute suff]+4 ,inde$1 he :o is oppress$ by a mis=tune1 if he c be br\ght to diff]5tiate 8 own case f t ( ano!r1 or to see a reason = 8 affliction1 exp]i5ces relief1 & a s5se ( salvation4 ,amid/ ! confus$ d>kness 9 :i* he 0 plung$1 a consol+ ray ( intellectual light has rea*$ him4 ,! difficult matt]1 inde$1 is to f9d ! way ( escape 9 ! h\r ( d>kness4 ,:5 we reflect t a dog may die ( grief on ! grave ( 8 ma/]1 & t a "m c survive on ! grave ( h] only son1 we see at once t x is ! light ( reason :i* makes ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two4 ,! dog _c reason on ! matt]2 x may die because no light c p5etrate ! d>kness ( its intellig5ce to ov]come ! depression ( its grief4 ,b ! ?\ght ( a univ]sal ju/ice1 ! liv+ memory ( ! lo/ "o :i* rema9s to u1 saves ! human be+4 ,& by degrees1 n =getfulness1 :i* alone c save ! animal1 b ! connection :i* ! intellig5ce e/abli%es ) ! univ]se1 re/ores calm to ! suff]+ s\l4 ,su* com=t c\ld nev] be d]iv$ f ! dry lesson ( a pr(essor1 f memoriz+ ! !ory ( a savant :o is n 9 sympa?y ) ! /ate ( our s\l4 ,:5 we say1 to give ourselves a reason1 to d]ive /r5g? f a pr9ciple1 we imply t ! ev]-inquir+ intellig5ce %\ld be left at lib]ty to p]=m its "w ( recon/ruction & salvation4 ,n[ if intellig5ce 9 compreh5d+ may actually prove our salvation :5 9 dang] ( dea?1 :at a s\rce ( enjoym5t x %\ld prove to man6 ,:5 we talk ( ! op5+ ( ! m9d1 we mean a creative ph5om5on1 :i* is n ! weak result ( an impression viol5tly made f )\t4 ,! op5+ ( ! m9d is ! active compreh5sion :i* accompanies great emotions1 & :i* is !re=e felt z a spiritual ev5t4 ,i once knew a mo!rless girl1 :o 0 s mu* depress$ by ! arid tea*+ ( h] s*ool1 t %e _h become almo/ incapable ( /udy & ev5 ( und]/&+ ! ?+s :i* 7 taught h]4 ,h] life ( solitude1 lack+ 9 natural affection1 0 a fur!r aggravation ( h] m5tal fatigue4 ,h] fa!r decid$ t %e %\ld live = a ye> or two 9 ! op5 c\ntry l a little savage2 he !n br\ght h] back to t[n1 & plac$ h] "u ! private direction ( a numb] ( pr(essors4 ,! girl /udi$ & le>n$1 b rema9$ passive & we>y4 ,e n[ & !n h] fa!r w\ld say3 ,is y\r m9d op5+ aga98 & ! girl always repli$3 ,i d n "k4 ,:at d y mean8 ,ow+ to a curi\s co9cid5ce 9 my life1 ?is girl 0 confid$ to my sole c>e2 & x 0 ?us t ,i1 :5 ,i 0 /ill a m$ical /ud5t1 made my fir/ p$agogic exp]im5t1 ^u :i* ,i _c l+] n[1 ?\gh x w\ld be wor?y ( int]e/4 ,"o day we 7 toge!r & :5 %e 0 at "w on organic *emi/ry1 %e broke (f1 & look+ at me ) beam+ eyes1 said3 ,"h x is n[6 ,i d und]/&6 ,%e !n got up & w5t away1 call+ out al\d3 ,fa!r1 fa!r6 ,my m9d has op5$6 ,i1 n !n kn[+ ! girl's hi/ory1 0 a/oni%$ & agitat$4 ,%e _h tak5 h] fa!r's h&1 & 0 say+3 ,n[ ,i c tell y1 yes1 yes2 ,i did n "k :at x meant be=e2 my m9d has op5$4 ,! joy ( fa!r & daught] & _! union at t mom5t made me ?9k ( ! joys & wellspr+s ( life :i* we de/roy by enslav+ ! intellig5ce4 ,inde$1 e intellectual conque/ is a wellspr+ ( joy to our free *ildr54 ,?is is ! pleasure to :i* !y are n[ mo/ susceptible1 & :i* makes !m scorn l[] pleasures2 x is aft] hav+ ta/$ ( ?is t2 our little ones despise sweetmeats1 toys1 & vanities4 ,x is ?is :i* makes !m sublime to ! eyes ( ^? :o contemplate !m4 ,_! pleasure is t l(ty pleasure :i* di/+ui% man f ! brute1 & c save u ev5 f ! desolation ( grief & d>kness4 ,:5 x is made a reproa* to our me?od t x seeks to promote ! pleasure ( ! *ild1 & t ?is is immoral1 x is ! *ild & n ! me?od :i* is insult$4 ,= ! ess5ce ( ?is reproa* is ! calumny aga9/ ! *ild1 :o is consid]$ by all z on a level ) ! bea/s1 & ^: pleasure is suppos$ to lie solely 9 gluttony & idl5ess1 & worse4 ,b none ( ^! c\ld keep ! *ild's pleasure alive = h\rs & days & ye>s4 ,x is only :5 he has laid hold on humane pleasure t he p]si/s 9 x1 & lives ) a joy :i* is comp>able to t ( ! "y girl :o ran to h] fa!r to proclaim ! end ( ! d>kness 9 :i* %e _h langui%$ = ye>s4 ,may x n p]haps be t ^? crises1 :i* are to-day b ! intellectual illum9ations ( g5ius :5 x discov]s a tru?1 repres5t a natural ph5om5on ( psy*ical life8 ,may n ! manife/ation ( ! g5ius be b ! manife/ation ( a vigor\s life1 sav$ f p]ils by its exceptional individuality1 & !re=e itself alone capable ( reveal+ ! true nature ( man8 ,8 type w\ld !n be ! common "o1 & all m51 9 a great] or less degree1 w\ld seem to be ( ! same species4 ,! pa?s ! *ild foll[s 9 ! active con/ruction ( 8 individuality are inde$ id5tical ) ^? foll[$ by ! g5ius4 ,8 *>act]i/ics are absorb$ att5tion1 a pr(\nd conc5tration :i* isolates him f all ! /imuli ( 8 environm5t1 & corresponds 9 int5sity & duration to ! developm5t ( spiritual activities4 ,z 9 g5ius1 ?is conc5tration is n )\t results1 b is ! s\rce ( intellectual crises1 ( rapid int]nal developm5ts1 &1 above all1 ( an ext]nal activity :i* expresses itself 9 "w4 ,we may say1 !n1 t ! g5ius is ! man :o has bur/ 8 bonds asund]1 :o has ma9ta9$ 8 lib]ty1 & :o has upheld be=e ! eyes ( ! multitude ! /&>d ( ! humanity conqu]$ by him4 ,ne>ly all ! manife/ations ( ^? m5 :o lib]at$ !mselves f ! ext]nal bondage ( _! times are to be not$ 9 our *ildr54 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is t sublime spiritual ob$i5ce1 at pres5t /ill unkn[n to ! majority ( mank9d1 ) ! exception ( monks1 :o1 h[ev]1 (t5 recognize x only 9 !ory1 & contemplate x only 9 ! examples giv5 by ! sa9ts2 su* aga9 are ^? means necess>y to ! con/ruction ( a /rong int]nal life :i* =m "p ( ! prep>ation = ! cloi/]$ life 9 ! me?odical m$itations ( ^? ab\t to ent] ^u x4 ,no p]sons1 ) ! exception ( monks1 practise m$itation4 ,we c h>dly di/+ui% m$itation f me?ods = le>n+ intellectually4 ,we "k1 = example1 t to read a great numb] ( books consecutively1 dissipates our p[]s & our capacity = ?\ght2 & t to le>n a piece ( poetry by he>t means to repeat x until x is engrav5 on our m9ds3 & t all ?is is n m$itation4 ,he :o commits a v]se ( ,dante to memory & he :o m$itates ^u a v]se ( ! gospel1 p]=ms a totally diff]5t task4 ,! canto w adorn ! m9d on :i* x is impress$ = a c]ta9 "t1 )\t leav+ any la/+ trace ^u x4 ,! v]se :i* has be5 ! subject ( m$itation w h a trans=m+ & edify+ effect4 ,he :o m$itates cle>s 8 m9d z f> z possible ( e o!r image1 & tries to conc5trate ^u ! subject ( m$itation 9 su* a mann] t all ! int]nal activities w be pol>is$ !reby3 or1 z ! monks say1 all ! p[]s ( ! m9d4 ,! expect$ result ( ! m$itation is an int]nal fruit ( /r5g?2 ! s\l is /r5g!n$ & unifi$1 x becomes active2 x c !n act ^u ! se$ ar\nd :i* x has conc5trat$ & cause x to become fruitful4 ,n[ ! me?od *os5 by our *ildr5 9 foll[+ _! natural developm5t is m$itation1 = 9 no o!r way w\ld !y be l$ to l+] s long ov] ea* individual task1 & s to d]ive a gradual int]nal maturation !refrom4 ,! aim ( ! *ildr5 :o p]sev]e 9 _! "w ) an object1 is c]ta9ly n to le>n2 !y are drawn to x by ! ne$s ( _! inn] life1 :i* mu/ be organiz$ & develop$ by its means4 ,9 ?is mann] !y imitate & c>ry on _! gr[?4 ,?is is ! habit by :i* !y gradually coord9ate & enri* _! intellig5ce4 ,z !y m$itate1 !y ent] ^u t pa? ( progress :i* w cont9ue )\t end4 ,x is aft] an ex]cise ( m$itation on ! objects t our *ildr5 become capable ( enjoy+ ! sil5ce ex]cise2 & !n1 hav+ be5 r5d]$ delicately susceptible to impressions1 !y try to make no noise :5 !y move1 to refra9 f awkw>d actions1 because !y are enjoy+ ! fruit ( ! conc5tration ( ! _s4 ,x is ?us t _! p]sonality is unifi$ & /r5g!n$4 ,! ex]cise :i* s]ves z ! means to ?is end is design$ gradually to p]fect ! accuracy ) :i* !y p]ceive ! ext]nal _w1 obs]v+1 reason+1 & correct+ ! errors ( ! s5ses 9 a su/a9$ & spontane\s activity4 ,x is !y :o act1 !y :o *oose ! objects1 !y :o p]sev]e 9 _! "w1 !y :o seek to w9 f _! environm5t ! possibility ( conc5trat+ _! m9ds ^u x4 ,ea* "o ( !m moves 9 ob$i5ce to ! motor p[] )9 him4 ,!y are n di/urb$ by a tea*]1 by a be+ obvi\sly sup]ior to !mselves1 :o intimidates ! %r9k+ pov]ty ( ^? :o are beg9n+ life by h] l(ty intellectual ri*es1 :o d>k5s r ?an illum9ates1 :o we>ies r ?an refre%es2 b !y live 9 peace ) h] :o1 almo/ a prie/ess1 is yet a s]vant4 ,z 9 "s ideal conv5t1 humility1 simplicity1 & "w make up ! environm5t :]e he :o m$itates w "s day feel )9 himself ! cle>ness ( vision1 ! intuition1 almo/ ! s5sibility1 :i* make "o ready to receive ! tru?4 ,to a diff]5t end1 b by ! same road1 amid/ ! sil5ce1 ! simplicity1 & ! humility ( ! mona/]y1 ! _s prep>es itself to receive ! fai? at ! outset ( life4 ,_m ye>s ago1 :5 ,i fir/ receiv$ ! impression t our *ildr5 reveal$ g5]al pr9ciples ( life :i* 9 practise we are only privileg$ to enc\nt] among ! intellectual & spiritual lite ( society1 & t = ?is reason !y 7 at ! same "t ! reveal]s ( a =m ( unconsci\s oppression :i* weigh$ d[n humanity1 de=m+ ! inn] life1 ,i spoke at l5g? ^u ! matt] to an intellectual lady1 :o 0 mu* int]e/$ 9 my !ories1 & v anxi\s t ,i %\ld make !m ! subject ( an elaborate philosophical treatise2 b %e c\ld n br+ h]self to accept ! idea t x 0 a "q ( an exp]im5tal process4 ,:5 ,i spoke ( ! *ildr51 %e %[$ "s impati5ce3 ,oh1 yes1 ,i q und]/& all ab\t ^! *ildr52 9 intellig5ce !y are s _m g5iuses1 & 9 goodness s _m angels4 ,b :51 aft] "s p]suasion1 ,i succe$$ 9 mak+ h] come & see = h]self1 %e took my h&s & look$ e>ne/ly 9 my face3 ,h y nev] ?\ght1 %e ask$1 t y may die at any mom5t8444 ,write at once1 anyh[1 9 all ha/e1 z y w\ld write a w1 a simple description ( ! facts1 t y may n c>ry away ?is secret ) y to ! grave4 ,nev]!less1 ,i 0 9 excell5t heal?4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if we exam9e ! m5tal labors ( m5 ( g5ius to :om we owe discov]ies :i* h op5$ new pa?s to ?\ght1 & h giv5 u new s\rces ( well-be+ & social progress1 we %all h to admit t 9 !mselves !y _c be describ$ z extraord9>y processes1 inaccessible to m$iocrity4 ,g5ius co9cides ) ! possession 9 a v high degree ( ! p[] ( association by simil>ity4 ,?is is ! ess5tial quality ( g5ius1 says ,ba94 ,ev5 at ! c5tral po9t ( discov]y1 x is only by accurate obs]vation & a v simple process ( reason+1 ( :i* mo/ p]sons w\ld consid] !mselves capable1 t ! discov]y is made4 ,at mo/ x is due to a m>%all+ ( evid5ces :i*1 h[ev]1 pass$ unnotic$ by all b ! discov]]4 ,we may say t g5ius has ! faculty ( isolat+ a fact 9 ! consci\sness1 & ( s di/+ui%+ x f all o!rs t x is z if a s+le ray ( light %\ld fall ^u a diamond 9 a d>k room4 ,?is s+le idea1 !n1 causes a complete revolution 9 ! consci\sness1 & is capable ( con/ruct+ some?+ inf9itely great & preci\s = all humanity4 ,b x is ! int5se significance ( ord9>y ?+s1 & n ! abnormal1 :i* is ! ma9 factor2 x is ! isolation 9 a homog5e\s field1 n ! intr9sic value ( ! ?+1 :i* det]m9es ! m>vel\s ph5om5on4 ,p]haps )9 c\ntless ?\s&s ( *aotic p]ceptions ! gem _h exi/$1 /or$ up amid/ a multitude ( useless & cumbr\s objects1 & _h nev] succe$$ 9 arre/+ att5tion2 mean:ile in]tia cont9u$ to all[ new objects to p5etrate cont9ually )9 ! di/5d$ & impot5t walls4 ,aft] a discov]y1 _m w p]ceive t !y !mselves held ! same tru? )9 !m2 b 9 ?is case x is n ! tru? itself t has value1 b ! man :o is capable ( appreciat+ x & br++ x into relation ) action4 ,b v (t5 x is n ! case t ! newly discov]$ tru? already exi/s 9 ! *aos ( obscure consci\sness2 & !n ! new light1 simple ?\gh x be1 c f9d no way by :i* to p5etrate into ! m9d4 ,x is reject$ z some?+ /range & fallaci\s2 & a c]ta9 lapse ( "t is necess>y1 a c]ta9 coord9ation ( ! intellig5ce1 to enable ! novelty to ent]4 ,yet "s day x w be consid]$ cle> z cry/al4 ,x 0 n ! nature ( man :i* %rank f x1 b 8 errors4 ,^! errors n only make man incapable ( production1 b are 9 !mselves ho/ile to receptivity4 ,?us x (t5 happ5s t ! pione]s ( salvation are p]secut$ by a sort ( unconsci\s +ratitude1 :i* is ! fruit ( spiritual d>kness4 ,:at 0 ! argum5t ( ,*ri/oph] ,columbus8 ,he ?\ght3 ,if ! e>? is really r\nd1 he :o />ts f a c]ta9 po9t & advances /eadily1 w return to ! po9t ( dep>ture4 ,?is 0 ! sum ( ! intellectual "w :i* enri*$ mank9d ) a new _w4 ,t a great cont95t %\ld h la9 9 ! track ( ,columbus1 & t he %\ld h enc\nt]$ ?is & n dea?1 0 ! de/9y due to ! *ance ( environm5t4 ,! environm5t sometimes rew>ds small reason+s ( ?is k9d 9 a surpris+ mann]4 ,x 0 c]ta9ly n a great labor ( human intellig5ce :i* br\ght ab\t ^! great results2 x 0 ! triumph ( ?is idea ov] ! :ole consci\sness1 & ! h]oic c\rage ( ! man1 :i* gave x its value4 ,! great difficulty1 = ! man :o _h conceiv$ ! idea1 0 to p]sev]e until he c\ld p]suade o!rs to help him 9 8 ent]prise1 to give him %ips & foll[]s4 ,x 0 ! fai? & n ! idea ( ,columbus :i* triumph$4 ,t simple & logical reason+ k9dl$ )9 him some?+ inf9itely m preci\s ?an intellig5ce1 & enabl$ a s+le man ( humble orig91 & almo/ un$ucat$1 to pres5t a _w to a que54 ,we are told t ,aless&ro ,volta's wife 0 ill ) fev]1 & t he1 9 accordance ) ! practise ( 8 day1 0 prep>+ ! usual febrifuge1 a bro? ( sk9n$ frogs2 x 0 a ra9y day1 & :5 he hung up ! dead frogs on ! iron b> ( ! w9d[1 he notic$ t _! legs contract$4 ,if dead muscles contract1 x mu/ mean t "s ext]nal =ce has p5etrat$ !m4 ,?is 0 ! simple argum5t ( ! g5ius1 ! great discov]]4 ,& seek+ ?is =ce1 ,volta1 by means ( 8 piles1 0 able to wre/ f ! e>? electricity1 :i* is1 lit]ally z well z figuratively1 ! gleam ( an imm5se progress4 ,lay+ due weight ^u a little fact1 su* z t ( a dead be+ hav+ mov$1 consid]+ x sob]ly )\t any fanciful additions1 & fix+ ! m9d ^u ! result+ problem3 ,:y does x move8--su* 0 ! l5g?y process by :i* "o ( ! greate/ conque/s ( civilization 0 a*iev$4 ,ak9 to ?is 0 ,galileo's discov]y1 :51 /&+ 9 ,pisa ,ca!dral1 he wat*$ ! oscillations ( a hang+ lamp4 ,he obs]v$ t ! oscillations 7 all complet$ 9 ! same space ( "t1 & ! iso*ronism ( ! p5dulum 0 ! beg9n+ ( ! measurem5t ( "t = all m51 & ( ! measurem5t ( worlds = ! a/ronom]4 ,h[ simple1 too1 is ! /ory ( ,newton1 :o felt an apple fall ^u him z he lay "u a tree1 & ?\ght to himself3 ,:y did t apple fall8 ,su* 0 ! simple orig9 ( ! !ory ( ! gravity ( bodies1 & t ( univ]sal gravitation4 ,:5 we /udy ( ! life ( ,pap91 we m>vel at ! culture :i* plac$ him on a level ) ! mo/ le>n$ m5 ( 8 times3 z physician1 physiologi/1 & ma!matician1 he 0 di/+ui%$ & honor$ by ! univ]sities ( ,engl& & ,g]many4 ,nev]!less1 :at gave him 8 value to humanity1 & h5ce 8 greatness1 0 ! fact t 8 att5tion _h be5 arre/$ by ! sight ( ! lid ( a saucepan ( boil+ wat] rais$ by ! /eam4 ,/eam is a =ce :i* c\ld lift a pi/on z x lifts ! cov] ( a saucepan1 & become ! motor p[] ( a ma*9e4 ,pap9's fam\s saucepan is a k9d ( magic w& 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 :i* !nce=? began to "w & travel )\t fatigue4 ,h[ wond]ful are su* /ories ( great discov]ies aris+ f humble beg9n+s1 & work+ miracles ?r\gh\t ! _w6 ,^!1 9 _! orig9s1 resemble ^? liv+ creatures1 born ( two imp]ceptible microscopic cells1 ! fusion ( :i* inevitably t5ds to ! creation ( complex lives4 ,to p]ceive exactly & to connect ! ?+s p]ceiv$ logically is ! "w ( ! highe/ intellig5ce4 ,b ?is "w is *>act]iz$ by a peculi> p[] ( att5tion1 :i* causes ! m9d to dwell ^u a subject 9 a species ( m$itation1 ! *>act]i/ic m>k ( g5ius2 ! outcome is an int]nal life ri* 9 activities1 j z ! g]m9ative cells are ! fruit ( int]nal exi/5ces4 ,x w\ld seem t su* m5talities are di/+ui%$ f ^? ( ! ord9>y type1 n by _! =m1 b by _! =ce4 ,x is ! vigor\s life f :i* ^? two small intellectual sp>ks arise1 :i* makes !m s m>vel\s4 ,if !y _h n sprung f /rong1 indep5d5t p]sonalities1 capable ( p]si/5t ef=t & h]oic self-sacrifice1 ^? little intellectual works w\ld h rema9$ z ?+s in]t & negligible4 ,h5ce all t /r5g!ns ! spiritual man may lead him 9 ! foot/eps ( ! g5ius4 ,?us1 z reg>ds ! intellig5ce 9 itself1 ! "w x has to accompli% is a small matt]1 b x is cle>ly def9$1 & /ripp$ ( sup]flu\s complications4 ,simplicity is ! guide to discov]y2 simplicity :i*1 l tru?1 %\ld be nak$4 ,v little is necess>y2 b ?is little mu/ con/itute a p[]ful unity2 ! re/ is vanity4 ,& ! great] ?is vanity1 t is to say1 ! futile encumbrance ( ! m9d1 ! m w ! light ( ! _s be d>k5$ & its =ces dissipat$1 mak+ x difficult or impossible n only to reason & act1 b ev5 to p]ceive reality1 to see4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to make a rapid survey ( ^? collective individual errors by :i* ! progress ( a new discov]y ( a simple k9d1 (f]+ relief to suff]+ humanity1 has be5 imp$$2 errors :i* h ev5 caus$ p]si/5t d5ial ( ! exi/5ce ( obvi\s facts1 m]ely because ^! 7 n g5]ally kn[n4 ,let u consid] = a mom5t ! discov]y ( ! cause ( mal>ia4 ,?is discov]y1 due to ! ,engli%man1 ,ross1 9 connection ) birds1 & to ! ,italian1 ,grassi1 9 connection ) man1 consi/s 9 hav+ f\nd out t ! plasmodium ( mal>ia1 :i* produces ! malady1 is inoculat$ 9 man & 9 ! v>i\s animals subject to x1 by a special k9d ( mosquito4 ,let u inquire :at 0 ! /ate ( sci5ce prior to ?is discov]y4 ,9 #ahhj ,lav]an _h describ$ an animal micro-organism1 :i* prey$ ^u ! r$ corpuscles ( ! blood1 produc+ an attack ( fev] ) ! cycle ( its exi/5ce4 ,subsequ5t /udies confirm$ & elucidat$ ?is fact1 & ! plasmodium mal>iae became a matt] ( common k4 ,x 0 kn[n t animal micro-organisms1 unlike vegetable micro-organisms1 aft] a cycle ( life 9 :i* reproduction takes place by scission--t is1 by subdivision ( a s+le body into sev]al o!r bodies equal to ! fir/1 give place to sexual =ms1 mascul9e & fem99e1 :i* are sep>ate1 & incapable ( scission1 b are design$ = fusion into "o ano!r1 aft] :i* ! organism recomm5ces its cycle ( scissions until x aga9 rea*es ! sexual =ms4 ,lav]an _h f\nd t 9 ! blood ( suff]]s :o recov] spontane\sly f mal>ial fev] !re are a great numb] ( corpuscles :i* h no long] ! r\nd$ =ms ( ! plasmodia1 b are cresc5t-%ap$ & ray$4 ,he took ^! to be trans=mations ( ! plasmodia1 modifi$ 9 =m & incapable ( produc+ disease1 & pron\nc$ !m to be deg5]ate organisms1 almo/ z if !y _h be5 de=m$ & exhau/$ by ! excess ( "w !y _h previ\sly p]=m$4 ,^! organisms 7 describ$ z ,lav]an's deg5]ative =ms4 ,aft] ! discov]y ( ! transmission ( mal>ia 9 #aijj1 ,lav]an's deg5]ative =ms 7 recogniz$ z ! sexual individuals ( ! reproductive cycle3 individuals :i* 7 incapable ( conjugation 9 ! blood ( man1 & c\ld only produce new organisms 9 ! body ( ! mosquito4 ,we may well wond]3 ,:y did n ,lav]an simply recognize ^? sexual =ms1 & :y did he n seek = ! p]iod ( conjugation 9 ! plasmodia1 :i* 7 animal micro-organisms8 ,if he _h borne 9 m9d ! complete cycle ( ! protozoa1 he w\ld h recogniz$ !m4 ,b evid5tly ,morel's !ories ( ! deg5]ation ( man _h made a mu* liveli] impression on 8 imag9ation2 & 8 leap f ^! remote !ories to 8 int]pretation ( ! plasmodia seem$ an a*ievem5t ( g5ius4 ,x may be said t ?is feat ( g5ius1 ?is vision>y g5]alization1 prev5t$ ,lav]an f see+ ! tru?4 ,a =m ( arrogance & levity is app>5t 9 su* errors4 ,moreov]1 we are a/oni%$ by some?+ /ill m s]i\s3 h[ came x t hundr$s & ?\s&s ( /ud5ts ?r\gh\t ! _w accept$ ,lav]an's error ) _! eyes %ut1 t n "o among s _m took into consid]ation on 8 own acc\nt ! cycle ( ! protozoa1 & t n "o 0 suffici5tly indep5d5t to set ab\t /udy+ ! ph5om5on = himself8 ,:at is ?is m5tal =m ( in]tia8 & :y does x produce itself 9 man8 ,all ^! disciples1 he$less ( ! problem pres5t$ to _! m9ds by ! sexual =m ( ! plasmodium1 left x alone1 al?\gh x _h n yet be5 solv$1 & c]ta9ly _h no intuition ( ! fame1 ! progress 9 sci5ce1 & ! b5efit to humanity :i* w\ld h be5 ! outcome1 _h ! problem con/itut$ an ob/acle :i* _h arre/$ _! att5tion1 say+3 ,solve me4 ,!y pass$ on indiff]5tly1 comm5d+ ,lav]an's ef=t ( g5ius1 repeat+ ) him3 ,!y are deg5]ate =ms4 ,a futile ef=t1 :i* only increas$ a cr[d ( p]sons :o _h resign$ _! own individuality all unconsci\sly4 ,ano!r biological acquisition 0 ! assurance t ! circulatory sy/em ( ! blood is a clos$ sy/em ( vessels1 & t ! enclos+ epi!lium is n p]meable by non-incisive solid bodies su* z vegetable microbes1 & /ill less by r\nd$ protozoa1 :i* are mu* l>g] ?an microbes & s(t 9 sub/ance4 ,?is well-kn[n & cle>ly demon/rat$ fact ought to h sugge/$ a problem to ! m9ds ( /ud5ts3 ,h[ d ! protozoa ( mal>ia ent] ! circulatory curr5t ( ! blood8 ,b ev] s9ce ! days ( ,hippocrates1 ,pl9y1 ,celsius & ,gal5 x _h be5 held t ?is fev] 0 caus$ by ! poison\s atmosph]e ( m>% l&s1 ! bad air ( ! morn+ & ! ev5+1 s mu* s t ev5 a few ye>s be=e ! discov]y ( ! real cause ( mal>ia1 eucalyptus trees 7 plant$ 9 ! belief t !y w\ld filt] & dis9fect ! air4 ,h[ 0 x t no "o ask$ himself h[ x 0 possible t ! plasmodia c\ld ent] ! curr5t ( ! blood f ! air8 ,:at 0 ! species ( torpor :i* took possession ( ! intellig5ce ( p]sons :o _h specializ$ 9 intellectual "w8 ,"h 0 a colossal sum ( intellig5ce1 )\t any individuality4 ,until ,ross discov]$ t birds are inoculat$ ) mal>ia by a p>ticul> k9d ( mosquito4 ,& !n1 behold6 we h at la/ ! fundam5tal argum5t f :i* ! k ( ! tru? sprang =?3 ,if birds are inoculat$ ) mal>ia by mosquitoes1 !n ! same ?+ mu/ happ5 to man4 ,a simple argum5t1 :i* sp$ l an arr[ to ! f9al discov]y4 ,no?+ seem$ m incr$ible ?an ! fact t 9 ! mal>ial regions good air & f]tile soil 7 to be f\nd1 t x 0 possible to brea! t air morn+ & ev5+ & rema9 9 p]fect heal?1 s long z "o 0 n bitt5 by mosquitoes1 & t ! innum]able peasants :o 7 wa/$ by mal>ial anemia w\ld be sav$ & re/or$ if !y protect$ !mselves by mosquito-nett+4 ,b aft] ! fir/ /upefaction1 :5 m5 7 conv9c$ ( ! facts1 !re 0 an outcry f all ! intellig5t3 ,h[ 0 x possible t we did n f9d x out be=e8 ,0 n ! cycle ( ! protozoa a well-kn[n fact8 ,did n e "o decl>e t ! sy/em ( circulation 0 clos$ & imp]vi\s to micro-organisms8 ,0 x n natural to ?9k t only a blood-suck+ insect c\ld innoculate x8 ,h[ _m /ud5ts felt t glory _h pass$ close to !m1 & 7 amaz$ & sadd5$ by ! k1 l ! disciples ( ,emmu1 :o said to ea* o!r :5 ! ,ma/] disappe>$ be=e !y recogniz$ ,him3 ,did n our he>ts burn )9 u :5 ,he spoke & exp\nd$ ! ,scriptures to u8 ,_m mu/ h ?\ght3 ,we work$ s labori\sly only to encumb] our m9ds1 & yet b "o ?+ 0 ne$ful3 we %\ld h be5 humble & simple1 b indep5d5t4 ,in/ead1 we fill$ our s\ls ) d>kness1 & ! ray t w\ld h made u see1 c\ld n p5etrate to u4 ,let u take "s gross] errors4 ,z f> back z ! days ( ! ,greek civilization x 0 kn[n empirically t /ones c fall f ! sky4 ,falls ( arolites are record$ 9 ! mo/ anci5t ,*9ese *ronicles4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages & 9 mod]n times intimations ( ! fall ( arolites h increas$ 9 frequ5cy4 ,rem>kable facts are inde$ record$ 9 hi/ory 9 connection ) simil> ph5om5a3 ! meteorite :i* fell 9 #adib s]v$ ! ,emp]or ,maximilian ,i ( ,g]many z a pretext to excite ,*ri/5dom to a w> aga9/ ! ,turks4 ,nev]!less1 ! ph5om5on 0 n admitt$ by m5 ( sci5ce until ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,"o ( ! l>ge/ meteorites on record 0 t :i* fell ne> ,agram 9 #agea2 x weigh$ ab\t =ty kilogrammes1 & 0 deposit$ & catalogu$ 9 ! c\rt m9]alogical museum at ,vi5na4 ,?is is :at ,/tz1 a ,g]man savant1 _h to say on ! subject 9 #agij3 ,^? ignorant ( natural hi/ory may believe t iron has fall5 f ! sky1 & ev5 educat$ m5 9 ,g]many may h believ$ ?is 9 #agea1 tak+ into acc\nt ! univ]sal ignorance !n preval5t z to natural hi/ory & physics2 b 9 our times x w\ld be unp>donable to admit ev5 ! plausibility ( su* fables4 ,9 ! same ye> #agij1 an arolite weigh+ t5 kilogrammes fell 9 ,gascony4 ,x 0 obs]v$ by a l>ge numb] ( p]sons1 & an (ficial report1 sign$ by ?ree hundr$ witnesses1 0 s5t to ! ,academy ( ,p>is4 ,! reply 0 t x _h be5 v amus+ to receive a legal docum5t deal+ ) su* an absurdity4 #g ,footnote #g3 ,b a great physici/1 unable to %>e amusem5t1 wrote3 ,x is sad to see a municipality giv+ cr$5ce to ! babble ( ! vulg> 9 a protocol1 & to see au!ntic te/imonies to an occurr5ce :i* is obvi\sly impossible4 ,:51 a few ye>s lat]1 ,*ladni ( ,witt5b]g1 ! f\nd] ( sci5tific ac\/ics1 began to admit ! ph5om5on & to believe 9 ! exi/5ce ( arolites1 he 0 /igmatiz$ z a man :o 0 ignorant ( e law & :o did n consid] ! damage he 0 do+ 9 ! moral _w2 & "o savant decl>$ t if he _h himself se5 iron fall f ! sky at 8 own feet1 he w\ld n h believ$ x4 ,?is 0 incr$ulity great] ?an t ( ,/ ,?omas1 :o said3 ,unless ,i c t\* ,i w n believe4 ,"h 7 pieces ( iron weigh+ t5 & =ty kilogrammes1 :i* c\ld be t\*$1 b ! savant said3 ,ev5 if ,i t\* !m1 ,i w n believe4 ,x is1 !re=e1 n en\gh to see 9 ord] to believe2 we mu/ believe 9 ord] to see4 ,x is fai? :i* leads to sight1 n sight :i* produces fai?4 ,:5 ! bl9d man 9 ! gospel utt]$ ! anxi\s cry3 ,make me to see1 he ask$ = fai?1 because he knew t x is possible to h eyes & n to see4 ,! fact ( be+ ins5sible to evid5ce is little consid]$ 9 psy*ology1 mu* less is x tak5 into acc\nt 9 p$agogic laws4 ,& yet _m simil> facts1 ?\gh ( an inf]ior psy*ological ord]1 are notori\s1 z1 = in/ance1 t /imuli w appeal 9 va9 to ! s5ses1 if ! int]nal coop]ation ( att5tion be lack+4 ,a ?\s& exp]i5ces ( ?is k9d ent] 9 to make up ! sum ( common k4 ,x is n en\gh t an object %\ld be be=e our eyes to make u see x2 x is necess>y t we %\ld fix our att5tion ^u x2 an int]nal process1 prep>+ u to receive ! impression ( ! /imulus1 is ess5tial4 ,9 a l(ti] & purely spiritual sph]e some?+ ( ! same k9d takes place3 an idea _c ent] triumphantly into ! consci\sness1 if x is n accompani$ by a prep>ation ( fai?4 ,lack+ ?is1 x may knock viol5tly & brutally1 ) clamor\s insi/5ce1 )\t be+ able to p5etrate4 ,x is necess>y t ! field ( consci\sness %\ld be n only free1 b expectant4 ,he :o is bewild]$ by a *aos ( ideas _c accept a tru? :i* arrives unexpect$ly 9 ! unprep>$ field4 ,?is fact is n only analog\s to o!r psy*ical facts ( less importance1 su* z t ( s5sory p]ception 9 relation to att5tion2 x is also analog\s to ! spiritual facts :i* are s well kn[n 9 ! field ( religion4 ,9 va9 w a fact1 h[ev] rem>kable1 be expla9$ or ev5 demon/rat$ :]e !re is no fai?2 x is n evid5ce b fai? :i* op5s ! m9d to tru?4 ,! v s5ses are useless z a m$ium if ! int]nal activity does n op5 ! doors to receive x4 ,:5 ! mo/ /rik+ miracles ( ,*ri/ are relat$ 9 ! gospel1 ! n>rative always concludes )3 ,& _m ( ^? :o saw1 believ$4 ,! p>able ( ! invitation to ! fea/1 to :i* ^? :o 7 absorb$ 9 _! own affairs c\ld n respond1 seems to indicate a fact simil> to ?is intellectual fact1 t ! preoccupations ( complicat$ pre-exi/+ ideas prev5t ! new & obvi\s tru? t pres5ts itself1 f ent]+ 94 ,x is = ?is reason t we ne$ ! ,precursor to make ready = ! ,messiah4 ,& = ?is reason ! ,messiah1 & also new ideas1 are readily receiv$ by ! simple1 by ^? :o are n lad5 ) heavy preoccupations1 b h pres]v$ ! natural *>act]i/ics ( ! _s3 to be pure & always expectant4 ,:5 9 #afbh ,h>vey discov]$ ! circulation ( ! blood1 physiology 0 almo/ unkn[n1 & m$ic9e 0 9 ! full tide ( empiricism4 ,x is well kn[n t ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e ( ,p>is refus$ to believe 9 circulation1 9 spite ( exp]im5ts1 & t x p]secut$ & calumniat$ ,h>vey4 ,t :i* pleases me 9 my son1 said ,diafoirus1 & 9 :i* he foll[s my example1 is1 t he rema9s fai?ful to ! op9ions ( our anci5t tea*]s1 & t he has always refus$ ei!r to und]/& or to li/5 to ! argum5ts & exp]im5ts ( ! pret5d$ discov]ies ( our c5tury1 especially z reg>ds ! circulation ( ! blood4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! hi/ory ( ! discov]y ( g]m9ative foliations 9 ! embryonic developm5t ( v]tebrates =ms "o ( ! mo/ impressive ( human docum5ts4 ,9 #agjj ! !ory ( pre-=mation 0 vigor\sly upheld among/ ! _m ideas relat+ to g5]ation3 t is to say1 x 0 believ$ t ! g]ms conta9$ little organisms completely =m$ :i* w\ld ev5tually unfold & increase ! p>ts ( inf9itesimal dim5sions :i* 7 pack$ "o )9 ! o!r4 ,?is !ory appli$ to e liv+ creature1 animal1 vegetable1 & human4 ,x _h l$1 by its own logical developm5t1 to ! m f>-rea*+ !ory ( mutual inclusion--t is1 ! doctr9e t1 z all liv+ organisms are pre-=m$1 !y mu/ ( necessity all h exi/$ f ! ,creation1 ! "o includ$1 or wrapp$ up1 9 ! o!r4 ,all humanity mu/ h la9 9 ! ov>ies ( ,eve4 ,:5 9 #afij ,leuw5hoek discov]$ sp]matozoa by ! aid ( ! microscope1 ! idea 0 evolv$ t ea* male cell conta9$ a complete microscopic man1 ! homunculus2 & !n x 0 ann\nc$ t n ,eve1 b ,adam _h conta9$ all humanity )9 himself4 ,h5ce ! two contradictory !ories :i* 9 ! eighte5? c5tury kept _! adh]5ts %>ply divid$1 ! !ories ( ! ovuli/s & ^? ( ! animalculi/s1 & ! dispute seem$ to (f] little hope ( a possible decision4 ,! names ( fam\s sci5ti/s & philosoph]s 7 associat$ ) ^! diss5sions1 ^?1 = in/ance1 ( ,spallanzani & ( ,liebnitz1 :o appli$ ! pr9ciples ( g5]ation ev5 to ! s\l4 ,?us ,i %\ld ?9k1 said ,liebnitz1 t ! s\ls :i* w "o day become human s\ls1 7 pres5t 9 ! g]m2 t !y h always exi/$ z organiz$ bodies 9 _! prog5itors f ,adam onw>ds--t is1 f ! beg9n+ ( ?+s4 #h ,hall]1 ! ovuli/1 :o _h great au?ority z a physiologi/1 9 a fam\s "w1 ,elem5ta physiologiae1 upheld ! pr9ciple vigor\sly3 ,nulla e/ epig5esis4 ,nulla 9 corpore animale p>s ante aliam facta e/ et omnes simul creatae exi/unt 7no?+ is creat$ anew1 no "p ( ! human body is made be=e any o!r "p1 all are creat$ at ! same "t74 ,mak+ a calculation bas$ on ,biblical cosmogony ( ! numb] ( human be+s :o 7 pack$ 9 ! ov>ies ( ,eve1 he reckons !m at two hundr$ ?\s& millions4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ?\ght :5 9 #agei ,k4 ,f4 ,wolff publi%$ "s ( 8 /udies 9 ! "w ,!oria g5]ationis1 :]e he ma9ta9$1 on ! /r5g? ( exp]im5ts & microscopic obs]vations made on ! embryos ( f[ls1 t new organisms are n pre-=m$1 b t !y create !mselves entirely1 />t+ f no?+--t is1 f a microscopic cell1 simple z are all primitive cells4 ,he describ$ ! simple process by :i* ! real evolution ( individuals is br\ght ab\t3 f a s+le cell1 by division1 two1 & !n f\r & !n eight1 are =m$1 & s on4 ,& ! cells ?us g]m9at$ divide !mselves into two or ?ree t9y folds ( primitive folioles f :i* all ! organs are evolv$1 beg9n+ ) ! alim5t>y canal4 ,?is ass]tion1 says ,wolff is n a fanciful !ory2 x is a description ( facts collect$ by means ( ! mo/ tru/wor?y obs]vations4 ,footnote #h3 ,f ,haeckel's ,an?ropog5ie4 ,all ! sci5ti/s ( 8 day knew & made use ( ! microscope2 all might h tak5 an egg1 t is1 ! embryo ( a f[l1 z a subject = obs]vation2 !y 7 n indiff]5t to ! problem ( individual g5esis1 b 9 _! case x _h m]ely excit$ ! mo/ complex ef=ts ( ! imag9ation1 & _h divid$ !m into factions1 z adv]s>ies 9 a battle ( ?\ght4 ,c\ld any "o ( !m attempt to exp]im5t & obs]ve save at ! risk ( de/roy+ himself toge!r ) 8 adv]s>ies1 z ,samson de/roy$ himself ) ! ,phili/9es8 ,! possibility t !re might be "s tru? 9 :at _h be5 se5 & describ$1 & t x might recur1 %\ld inde$ h induc$ "s "o to v5ture ^u a road :i*1 if x prov$ to be ! "r "o1 w\ld h be5 a glori\s pa? to a future ( discov]ies & di/9ctions4 ,b no4 ,a d5se fog obscur$ all m9ds1 & ! dazzl+ tru? c\ld n pi]ce x2 ?us all progress 9 embryology 0 preclud$4 ,fifty ye>s _h pass$1 & ,wolff1 poor & p]secut$1 _h di$ at ,petrograd1 an exile f 8 native l&1 :5 ,p&] & ,erne/ von ,ba] grappl$ anew ) ! !ory ( bla/od]mic foliation4 ,!n ! sci5tific _w p]ceiv$ ! tru? & accept$ ! evid5ce1 inaugurat+ ^? /udies 9 embryology :i* %$ s mu* lu/] on ! n9ete5? c5tury4 ,:y 0 x necess>y t fifty ye>s %\ld elapse be=e m5 c\ld see :at 0 evid5t8 ,:at _h happ5$ 9 ^! fifty ye>s8 ,! "w ( ,wolff1 dead & =gott51 c h _h no influ5ce :atev]4 ,! fact 0 m]ely t m5 saw subsequ5tly :at x _h be5 previ\sly impossible = !m to see4 ,a k9d ( int]nal maturity mu/ h come ab\t 9 !m1 by virtue ( :i* _! spiritual eyes 7 op5$1 & !y saw4 ,:5 ^? eyes 7 clos$1 evid5ce 0 useless4 ,fifty ye>s e>li]1 a direct attack w\ld h sp5t itself on insup]able ob/acles2 b ) ! lapse ( "t ! subject pres5t$ itself1 & 0 simply & univ]sally accept$1 n only )\t a /ruggle1 b )\t any excitem5t4 ,?is fact might be arguable 9 relation to ! int]nal maturation ( ! masses2 b x is beyond "q 9 its relation to ! individual4 ,:5 an obvi\s tru? _c be se51 we mu/ retire1 & leave ! individual to mature4 ,a /ruggle to br+ ab\t p]ception ( evid5ce w\ld be bitt] & exhau/+4 ,b :5 maturity comes1 we %all f9d ! se] fill$ ) en?usiasm1 & be>+ fruit l ! v9es ( ! ,l& ( ,promise4 ,:5 9 #ahei ,*>les ,d>w9 exp\nd$ ! !ory ( evolution 9 8 book1 ,! ,orig9 ( ,species1 he recogniz$ ! great influ5ce x _h _h ^u ! ?\ght ( 8 day1 = he wrote 9 8 note-book3 ,my !ory w lead to a philosophy4 ,8 conception ( ! /ruggle = life & ( ! natural selection ( *>act]i/ics1 s widely adopt$ by ! ?9k]s ( 8 day1 popul>iz$ ! pr9ciples ( ,lam>ck z to ! casual =mation ( new *>act]i/ics 9 a species by adaptation to environm5t2 ,d>w9's conception c>ri$ ^! pr9ciples along ) x--& almo/ fus$ !m 9 its own cont5t4 ,^! pr9ciples1 exclud+ bo? creation & its f9alities1 implicitly d5i$ ! immortality ( ! s\l4 ,! effect ( su* a revolution may be imag9$2 = _m c5turies ! s\l _h be5 ! object ( life1 & :5 ! fundam5tal fai? ( exi/5ce 0 %ak51 ! life ( ! consci5ce itself 0 convuls$4 ,x may be suppos$ t !re 0 an anxi\s se>* = contradictions 9 ! de/ructive !ory1 if on no o!r gr\nds ?an t ( ! in/9ct to pres]ve anci5t beliefs1 :i* lies deeply root$ 9 ! human race4 ,b let u take into consid]ation ! two revolution>y pr9ciples :i* s greatly impress$ & fir$ ! consci\sness ( ! univ]sity /ud5ts ( sev]al g5]ations4 ,"o pr9ciple 03 ,!re c be no function )\t an organ4 ,! o!r pr9ciple :i* creat$ mu* en?usiasm among /udi\s y\?s 03 ,! function creates ! organ4 ,:at6 ,!re is no function )\t an organ1 nor c ! function ev5 exi/ )\t ! organ2 & yet1 on ! o!r h&1 ! function )\t ! organ c exi/ s vigor\sly z to create8 ,no su* gl>+ & tangible contradiction _h ev] exi/$ 9 any !ory4 ,& x _c be said t ,d>w9ism & ! pr9ciples ( ,lam>ck 7 ha/ily /udi$ & confus$ 9 a v>i$ s]ies ( philosophical !ories1 = ,d>w9ism _h isolat$ itself z a victori\s idea :i* drives out all o!r ideas1 z ! light ( day disp]ses ! d>kness ( night4 ,& /ud5ts dwelt ^u x1 anxi\s to con/ruct a new morality & a new consci5ce2 !re=e ^! two pr9ciples 7 n /udi$ coldly & languidly4 ,moreov]1 !y p5etrat$ toge!r into ! consci\sness & excit$ en?usiasm ea* on its own acc\nt2 on su* a triumphant contradiction x 0 propos$ to de/roy a _w & create ano!r4 ,! f9al conclusion ( ?\ght1 !n1 0 ?is3 ,we are m]e bea/s1 !re is no sub/antial diff]5ce betwe5 ! animals & ourselves2 we are apes1 b our m remote ance/ors 7 e>?worms4 ,) :at ardor did pr(essors f _! *airs analyze ! psy*ology ( m51 to prove t1 try z we may1 we c f9d no?+ 9 ourselves :i* we d n %>e ) animals1 & ) :at en?usiasm did _! pupils applaud !m6 ,:5 pr(essors ( psy*iatry remov$ ! bra9s ( pigeons & monkeys by vivisection1 &1 aft] cur+ ! creatures1 exhibit$ !m at int]national psy*ological congresses1 devot+ ! mo/ s9c]e att5tion to ! /udy ( _! psy*ical reactions1 obs]v+ ! attitudes ( _! bodies1 _! activity ( p]ception1 & simil> ?+s--all really believ$ t an animal )\t a bra9 c\ld ?r[ light ^u ! psy*ology ( man6 ,:5 we ?9k t ?is 0 ! epo* ( positivism--t is to say1 ( ^? :o c\ld n believe )\t t\*+1 we are pr(\ndly impress$ by ?is reflection3 ,! intellig5ce1 !n1 is ?reat5$ by dang]s1 l ! _s4 ,x may be obscur$1 x may conta9 a contradiction1 an error1 )\t p]ceiv+ x1 & z a result ( a s+le unnotic$ error x may ru% into a species ( delirium1 a mortal ab]ration4 ,l ! _s1 !n1 x has its way ( salvation1 & x ne$s to be su/a9$ le/ x %\ld p]i%4 ,! support x requires is n t ( ! s5ses4 ,l ! _s1 x ne$s a cont9ual purification1 :i*1 l ! fi% ( ,tobias1 heals ! eyes ( _! bl9dness4 ,t self-c>e :i* ! hygi5e ( to-day prescribes = ! body1 & :i* makes u sp5d s mu* "t ev5 on clean+ & poli%+ our nails1 %\ld be ext5d$ to ! inn] man1 t ?is may pres]ve its heal? & its integrity4 ,?is %\ld be ! object ( ! education ( ! intellig5ce4 ,to educate ! intellig5ce is to save x f its peculi> p]ils ( disease & dea?2 x is to purge x ( its (f5ses4 ,we %all n educate ! intellig5ce if we we>y x by mak+ x le>n ?+s4 ,?is is pat5t 9 ^! days ( ours1 :5 ! victims ( n]v\s disord]s & lunacy ab\nd1 & :51 ev5 among ^? :o are consid]$ heal?y1 ! mat]ial consequ5ces ( madness may explode1 ?reat5+ ! :ole ( humanity ) ru94 ,our c>e ( ! *ild %\ld be gov]n$1 n by ! desire to make him le>n ?+s1 b by ! endeavor always to keep burn+ )9 him t light :i* is call$ ! intellig5ce4 ,if to ?is end we mu/ consecrate ourselves z did ! ve/als ( old1 x w be a "w wor?y ( s great a result4 ,,ix ,,imag9ation ,! creative imag9ation ( sci5ce is bas$ ^u tru?4--,if1 a c5tury ago1 "s "o _h told ! m5 :o 7 travel+ 9 /age-coa*es & us+ oil-lamps t "s day ,new ,york w\ld blaze ) light at midnight2 t m5 w\ld ask = succor 9 mid-ocean & t _! message w\ld be und]/ood on l&1 t _! flight 9 ! air w\ld surpass t ( ! eagle--our good =efa!rs w\ld h smil$ incr$ul\sly4 ,_! imag9ations w\ld nev] h be5 able to conceive ^! ?+s4 ,to !m1 mod]n m5 w\ld h seem$ almo/ l m5 ( ano!r species4 ,?is is because ! imag9ation ( mod]n m5 is bas$ ^u ! positive rese>*es ( sci5ce1 :]eas ! m5 ( pa/ ages all[$ _! m9ds to w&] 9 ! _w ( unreality4 ,?is s+le fact has *ang$ ! face ( ! _w4 ,:5 man loses himself 9 m]e speculations1 8 environm5t w rema9 un*ang$1 b :5 imag9ation />ts f contact ) reality1 ?\ght beg9s to con/ruct works by means ( :i* ! ext]nal _w becomes trans=m$2 almo/ z if ! ?\ght ( man _h assum$ a m>vel\s p[]3 ! p[] to create4 ,x is ?us we imag9e ! ?\ght ( ,god2 all creation is ! div9e ?\ght1 :i* has ! prop]ty ( realiz+ itself4 ,god ?\ght3 & behold6 light1 ! ord] ( creation1 liv+ ?+s1 appe>$4 ,mod]n man by ! me?od ( positive sci5ce seems to h f\nd ! secret trace ( ?\ght :i* puts him 9 ! div9e pa?1 :i* gives him ! revelation ( 8 true nature1 z indicat$ 9 ! words ( ,scripture3 ,let u make man 9 our image & lik5ess4 ,?us human intellig5ce said3 ,let !re be light--& !re 0 a magic effulg5ce :i* comes & goes at a t\*4 ,let man fly 9 ! air & rise f> above all ! birds ( creation--& x 0 s4 ,let ! voices ( %ipwreck$ m>9]s travel my/]i\sly & )\t s\nd1 & rea* di/ant places--& x 0 s4 ,let ?+s multiply1 plants 9 _! v>ieties1 s t all m5 may h ! means ( life m abundantly--& x 0 s4 ,! imag9ation has creat$ :5 x has />t$ f creation3 t is1 :5 x has fir/ tak5 9 exi/+ tru?4 ,only !n has x accompli%$ m>vel\s ?+s4 ,l ! t9y bird :i* hid "u ! w+ ( an eagle ab\t to so>1 & :5 x _h be5 ?us borne up to an imm5se height1 dis5gag$ itself f ! eagle & began to fly /ill high] by its own ef=ts--s too is man1 :o at fir/ holds fa/ to ,nature1 atta*es himself to h] by means ( ! mo/ sev]e speculations1 & ) h] so>s al(t 9 se>* ( tru?2 !n he dis5gages himself f h]1 & 8 imag9ation creates ov] & above ,nature h]self4 ,9 ?is mann] man seems to reflect div9e attributes2 ! m>vel\s & miracul\s issue f him 9 su* gr&iose =m t ! man ( ! pa/1 ! wr5 )\t ! eagle1 c\ld n ev5 h conceiv$ x4 ,orig9al s9 is an allegory ( ?is et]nal /ory1 ( ! man :o wi%$ to act = himself1 to sub/itute himself = ,god1 to emancipate himself f ,him1 & to create4 ,:]eupon he fell into impot5ce1 slav]y & mis]y4 ,! m9d t works by itself1 indep5d5tly ( tru?1 works 9 a void4 ,its creative p[] is a means = work+ ^u reality4 ,b x confuses ! means ) ! end1 x is lo/4 ,?is k9d ( s9 ( ! intellig5ce1 s ak9 to orig9al s91 ! s9 ( conf\nd+ ! means ) ! end1 recurs 9 e =m z a =ce ( in]tia :i* p]vades ! psy*ical life4 ,?us man conf\nds ! means1 :i* is simpl]1 easi] & m compreh5sible1 ) ! end 9 _m ( 8 functions4 ,?us1 = example1 :5 nutrition is made a pretext = gluttony1 & ! appetite an end 9 itself1 ! body1 in/ead ( r5ew+ itself 9 heal? & purity1 is poison$4 ,aga91 :5 9 ! reproduction ( species ! sexual emotion becomes an end 9 itself r ?an a means = ! r5ewal ( life1 deg5]ation & /]ility result4 ,man is guilty ( a l s9 aga9/ ! intellig5ce :5 he employs 8 creative activity ( ?\ght = its own sake1 )\t bas+ x ^u tru?2 by s do+ he creates an unreal _w1 full ( error1 & de/roys ! possibility ( creat+ 9 reality1 l a god1 produc+ ext]nal works4 ,?us positive sci5ce repres5ts to u ! r$emption ( ?\ght2 its purification f orig9al s91 a return to ! natural laws ( psy*ical en]gy4 ,sci5ti/s are l ^? m5 ( ! ,bible /ory :o1 aft] ,israel _h come out ( ,egypt1 7 p]mitt$ to explore ! ,l& ( ,promise1 & :o came back ) su* a huge clu/] ( grapes t x took two m5 to c>ry x1 & ! p saw x ) amazem5t4 ,s h ! sci5ti/s ( to-day p5etrat$ into ! ,promis$ ,l& ( tru?1 :]e lies ! secret :i* enables man to scrut9ize ,nature2 & !y h come out !refrom1 be>+ m>vel\s fruits = all m5 to see4 ,! secret is a simple "o3 x consi/s ( an exact me?od bas$ on obs]vation1 prud5ce1 & pati5ce4 ,all m5 might be all[$ to %>e ! secret1 = inde$ su* virtues correspond to ! occult1 intimate ne$s ( _! spiritual life4 ,x may be ask$3 ,:y %\ld only explor]s ent] 91 :ile ! p rema9 outside1 passively enjoy+ ! fruits ( _! labors8 ,is x because ! me?od ( positive sci5ce1 :i* puts man 9 ! way ( kn[+ ! tru?1 ( ga!r+ up realities--& h5ce ( build+ up 8 own imag9ation !reupon--is a monopoly1 ! privilege ( ! *os5 few8 ,t me?od :i* d5otes ! r$emption ( ! intellig5ce ought to be ! me?od by :i* all new humanity is mold$--! =mative me?od ( ! new g5]ation4 ,9 ! ,bible /ory1 ! explor]s 7 ! mess5g]s1 & ! witnesses to ! exi/5ce ( ! ,promis$ ,l&1 into :i* ! :ole p 0 to ent]4 ,& s x is "h3 all m5 %\ld come "u ! influ5ce ( ! sci5tific me?od2 & e *ild %\ld be able to exp]im5t at fir/ h&1 to obs]ve1 & to put himself 9 contact ) reality4 ,?us ! flights ( ! imag9ation w />t f a high] plane h5ce=?1 & ! intellig5ce w be direct$ into its natural *annels ( creation4 99 99 99 99 99 ,tru? is also ! basis ( arti/ic imag9ation4--,! "w ( ! intellig5ce is n limit$ to ! exact obs]vation & ! simple1 logical reason+ ^u :i* great sci5tific discov]ies may be f\nd$4 ,!re is a m exalt$ "w1 confront+ :i* none c say1 z 9 ! pres5ce ( c]ta9 sci5tific discov]ies2 ,i also might h be5 able to d ?is4 ,dante1 ,milton1 ,goe!1 ,raphael1 ,wagn]1 are mighty my/]ies1 miracles ( intellig5ce1 :i* _c be class$ ) ! simple processes ( obs]vation & reason+4 ,nev]!less1 e man has 8 %>e ( arti/ic imag9ation1 he has ! in/9ct to create ! beautiful ) 8 m9d2 & f ?is in/9ct duly develop$ come all ! va/ treasures ( art1 scatt]$ almo/ l crumbs ( gold :]ev] !re 0 an int5sity ( civil life1 :]ev] ! intellig5ce _h "t to mature 9 peace4 ,9 e prov9ce :i* has pres]v$ traces ( anci5t peoples we f9d local arti/ic types ( "w1 ( furniture1 ( poetic songs & popul> music4 ,?is multi=m creation ( ! inn] man1 !n1 enfolds him & protects 8 _s 9 its intellectual ne$s1 j z ! iridesc5t %ell encloses ! mollusc4 ,9 addition to ! "w ( obs]v+ mat]ial reality1 !re is a creative "w :i* lifts man up f e>? & transports him into a high] _w :i* e s\l may atta91 )9 its individual limits4 ,yet no "o c say t man creates arti/ic products out ( no?+4 ,:at is call$ creation is 9 reality a composition1 a con/ruction rais$ ^u a primitive mat]ial ( ! m9d1 :i* mu/ be collect$ f ! environm5t by means ( ! s5ses4 ,?is is ! g5]al pr9ciple summ$ up 9 ! anci5t axiom3 ,nihil e/ 9 intellectu quod prius non fu]it 9 s5sa 7,!re is no?+ 9 ! intellect :i* 0 n fir/ 9 ! s5ses74 ,we are unable to imag9e ?+s :i* d n actually pres5t !mselves to our s5ses2 ev5 language w\ld be lack+ to u to expla9 ?+s ly+ beyond ^? cu/om>y limits by :i* our consci\sness is b\nd$4 ,! imag9ation ( ,mi*elangelo 0 unable to picture ,god o!rwise ?an z a v5]able old man ) a :ite be>d4 ,:5 we try to imag9e ! et]nal torm5ts ( hell1 we talk ( fire2 we ?9k ( ,p>adise z a place ( light4 ,^? born bl9d & deaf c =m no def9ite idea ( s5sations !y h nev] be5 able to p]ceive4 ,x is well kn[n t p]sons bl9d f _! bir? imag9e colors by comp>+ !m to s\nds3 = in/ance1 !y imag9e r$ z ! s\nd ( a trumpet1 blue z ! sweet music ( ! viol94 ,! deaf1 :5 !y read descriptions ( delici\s music1 imag9e ! classic beauty ( a pa9t$ picture4 ,! temp]am5ts ( poets & arti/s are pre-em95tly s5sorial4 ,& all ! s5ses d n contribute 9 equal measure to give a type to ! individual imag9ation2 b c]ta9 s5ses are (t5 pr$om9ant4 ,musicians are auditive1 & are incl9$ to describe ! _w f ! s\nds x conveys to !m2 ! w>bl+ ( ! night+ale 9 ! sil5ce ( a wood2 ! patt] ( ! ra9 9 ! solitude ( ! c\ntry-side1 may be z spr+s ( inspiration = great musical compos]s2 & "s ( !m1 describ+ a tract ( c\ntry1 w dwell only on its sil5ces & noises4 ,o!rs aga91 ^: susceptibilities are pr$om9antly visual1 are impress$ by ! =ms & colors ( ?+s4 ,or x may be ! motion1 ! flexuosity1 ! impetus ( ?+s2 ! tactile impressions ( s(tness & h>%ness1 :i* make up ! descriptive cont5t ( imag9ative types 9 :om ! tactile & muscul> s5sations pr$om9ate4 ,!re are p]sons :o h _h non-s5sorial impressions1 & !y are p]sons ^: spiritual life 0 ( v great int5sity4 ,!y h int]nal impressions :i* _c be acc\nt$ fruits ( ! imag9ation1 b mu/ be accept$ z realities simply p]ceiv$4 ,t !y are realities is affirm$ n only by ! introspection ( normal subjects1 b by ! effect ^u _! int]nal p]sonality4 ,! revelations v\*saf$ by ,god1 says ,sa9t ,t]esa1 are di/+ui%$ by ! great spiritual b5efits ) :i* !y enri* ! s\l2 !y are accompani$ by light1 disc]nm5t1 & wisdom4 ,b if su* p]sons wi% to describe ^! impressions :i* d n p5etrate by means ( ! s5ses1 !y are oblig$ to borr[ ! language ( s5sorial impression4 ,i he>d a voice1 says ! ,bless$ ,raymond ( ,capua1 :i* 0 n 9 ! air1 & :i* pron\nc$ words t rea*$ my _s1 b n my e>2 nev]!less ,i und]/ood x m di/9ctly ?an if x _h come to me f an ext]nal voice4 ,i c\ld n reproduce ?is voice1 if ,i c call t a voice :i* _h no s\nd4 ,?is voice =m$ words & pres5t$ !m to my _s4 ,! ,life ( ,sa9t ,t]esa ab\nds 9 simil> descriptions1 9 :i* %e tries to convey1 by ! inappropriate language ( ! s5ses1 :at %e saw1 n ) h] eyes1 b ) h] s\l4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 ^! int]nal impressions1 :i* occur 9 o!rs z well z 9 sa9ts 7& c]ta9ly d n con/itute sa9tl9ess71 & ! halluc9ations ( ! insane1 is cle>ly m>k$4 ,9 ! madman1 an excitem5t ( ! c]ebral cortex reproduces old images deposit$ by ! s5sorial memory1 :i* project !mselves into ! ext]nal _w :5ce !y 7 tak51 ) ext]nal s5sorial *>act]i/ics2 s t ! suff]] really believes t he sees 8 phantasms ) 8 actual eyes1 & t he he>s ! voices :i* p]secute him2 he is ! victim ( a pa?ological condition2 ! :ole p]sonality reveals signs ( 8 organic decad5ce1 ! concomitants ( 8 psy*ical dis9tegration4 ,sett+ aside1 !n1 direct spiritual impressions ( v r>e occurr5ce1 n to be look$ ^u ev5 z aids to sanctity1 impressions :i* may =m suitable subjects ( /udy = speciali/s su* z teleologi/s or ! memb]s ( ! ,engli% ,society ( ,psy*ical ,rese>*1 b :i* d n ent] into educational conceptions1 !re rema9s = our consid]ation b a s+le mat]ial ( con/ruction = intellectual activities3 t ( ! s5ses4 ,imag9ation c h only a s5sory basis4 ,! s5sory education :i* prep>es = ! accurate p]ception ( all ! diff]5tial details 9 ! qualities ( ?+s1 is !re=e ! f\ndation ( ! obs]vation ( ?+s & ( ph5om5a :i* pres5t !mselves to our s5ses2 & ) ?is x helps u to collect f ! ext]nal _w ! mat]ial = ! imag9ation4 ,imag9ative creation has no m]e vague s5sory support2 t is to say1 x is n ! unbridl$ divagation ( ! fancy among images ( light1 color1 s\nds & impressions2 b x is a con/ruction firmly alli$ to reality2 & ! m x holds fa/ to ! =ms ( ! ext]nal creat$ _w1 ! l(ti] w ! value ( its int]nal creations be4 ,ev5 9 imag9+ an unreal & sup]human _w1 ! imag9ation mu/ be conta9$ )9 limits :i* recall ^? ( reality4 ,man creates1 b on ! model ( t div9e creation 9 :i* he is mat]ially & spiritually imm]s$4 ,9 lit]>y works ( ! highe/ ord]1 su* z ! ,div9a ,comm$ia1 we admire ! cont9ual recurr5ce to ! m9d ( ! supreme poet ( mat]ial & tangible ?+s :i* illu/rate by comp>ison ! ?+s imag9$3 ,z doves ,by fond desire invit$1 on wide w+s ,& firm to _! sweet ne/ return+ home1 ,cleave ! air1 waft$ by _! w along2 ,?us issu$ f t troop :]e ,dido ranks1 ,!y1 ?r\gh ! ill air spe$+4 7,c>ey's translation ( ,dante's ,inf]no1 ,canto ,v47 ,& z a man ) difficult %ort brea? ,=esp5t ) toil+1 'scap$ f sea to %ore1 ,turns to ! p]il\s wide wa/e1 & /&s ,at gaze2 e'en s my _s1 t yet fail'd ,/ruggl+ ) t]ror1 turn'd to view ! /raits ,t none ha? pass$ & liv$4 7,c>ey's translation ( ,dante's ,inf]no1 ,canto ,i47 ,z %eep t /ep f =? _! fold by "o ,or pairs1 or ?ree at once2 mean:ile ! re/ ,/& fe>fully1 b5d+ ! eye & nose ,to gr\nd1 & :at ! =emo/ does1 t d4 ,! o!rs1 ga!r+ r\nd h] if %e /ops1 ,simple & quiet1 nor ! cause disc]n2 ,s saw ,i mov+ to advance ! fir/ ,:o ( t =tunate crew 7 at ! head1 ,( mode/ mi51 & graceful 9 _! gait4 7,c>ey's translation ( ,dante's ,purgatorio1 ,canto ,,iii47 ,z ?\gh transluc5t & smoo? glass or wave ,cle> & unmov$1 & fl[+ n s deep ,z t its b$ is d>k1 ! %ape returns ,s fa9t ( our impictur$ l9eam5ts ,t on :ite =ehead set1 a pe>l z /rong ,comes to ! eye2 su* saw ,i _m a face ,all /ret*'d to speak4 7,c>ey's translation ( ,dante's ,p>adiso1 ,canto ,,iii47 ,dante's metaphors are pr(use & m>vel\s1 b e l(ty writ] & e great orator p]petually l9ks ! fruits ( ! imag9ation ) ! obs]vation ( fact2 & !n we say t he is a g5ius1 full ( imag9ation & k1 & t 8 ?\ght is cle> & vital4 ,z a pack ( h\nds1 aft] va9ly pursu+ a h>e1 returns 9 mortification to ! ma/] ) hang+ heads & droop+ tails1 s on t tumultu\s night did ! m]c5>ies return to ,don ,rodrigo's /ronghold 7,manzoni1 ,i promessi ,sposi74 ,imag]y is conf9$ to actual figures2 & x is ?is measure & ?is =m :i* give p[] to ! creations ( ! m9d4 ,! imag9ative writ] %\ld possess a ri* /ore ( p]ceptive obs]vations1 & ! m accurate & p]fect ^! are1 ! m vigor\s w be ! =m he creates4 ,! insane talk ( fanta/ic ?+s1 b we d n !re=e say t !y h a great deal ( imag9ation2 !re is a va/ gulf betwe5 ! deliri\s confusion ( ?\ght & ! metaphorical eloqu5ce ( ! imag9ation4 ,9 ! fir/ case !re is a total incapacity to p]ceive actual ?+s correctly1 & also to con/ruct organically ) ! intellig5ce2 9 ! second1 ! two ?+s are co-exi/5t z =ms closely b\nd up "o ) ! o!r4 ,! value ( imag9ative spee* is det]m9$ by ^! conditions3 t ! images us$ %\ld be orig9al1 t _! au?or %\ld himself l9k toge!r ! actual & ! creat$ images1 8 own skill mak+ him susceptible to _! j & h>moni\s association4 ,if he repeats or imitates ! images ( o!rs1 he a*ieves no?+4 ,h5ce x is necess>y t e arti/ %\ld be an obs]v]2 & s1 speak+ ( ! g5]ality ( intellig5ces1 x may be said t 9 ord] to develop ! imag9ation x is necess>y = e "o fir/ ( all to put himself 9 contact ) reality4 ,! same ?+ holds good 9 art4 ,! arti/ imag9es 8 figure2 he does n copy x1 he creates x4 ,b ?is creation is 9 fact ! fruit ( ! m9d :i* is root$ 9 ! obs]vation ( reality4 ,! pa9t] & ! sculptor are1 p> excell5ce1 types ( visual susceptibility to ! =ms & colors ( _! environm5t1 capable ( p]ceiv+ its h>monies & contra/s2 & x is by ref9+ 8 p[]s ( obs]vation t ! arti/ f9ally p]fects himself & succe$s 9 creat+ a ma/]piece4 ,! immortal art ( ,greece 0 above all an art bas$ on obs]vation2 ! scanty clo?+ :i* 0 ! fa%ion ( 8 day enabl$ ! ,greek arti/ to contemplate ! human =m freely2 & ! exquisite s5sibility ( 8 eye enabl$ him to di/+ui% ! beautiful body f t :i* lack$ h>mony1 until "u ! impulse ( g5ius1 he 0 able to create ! ideal figure1 conceiv$ by ! fusion ( individual beauties *os5 f details 9 ! s5sorial /oreh\se ( ! m9d4 ,! arti/1 :5 he creates c]ta9ly does n compose by putt+ toge!r ! p>ts :i* are to =m ! :ole z 9 a mosaic2 9 ! ardor ( inspiration he sees ! complete new figure1 born ( 8 g5ius2 b details he has accumulat$ h s]v$ to n\ri% x1 z ! blood n\ri%es ! new man 9 ! bosom ( 8 "m4 ,raphael cont9ually visit$ ! ,tra/ev]e1 a popul> qu>t] :]e ! mo/ beautiful wom5 9 ,rome 7 to be f\nd1 9 ord] to seek ! type ( a ,madonna4 ,x 0 "h he became acqua9t$ ) ! ,=n>9a & 8 models4 ,b :5 he pa9t$ ! ,madonna he reproduc$ ! image ( 8 s\l4 ,we are told t ,mi*elangelo w\ld sp5d entire ev5+s gaz+ into space2 & :5 !y ask$ him at :at he 0 gaz+1 he repli$3 ,i see a dome4 ,x 0 aft] ?is =m1 s m>vel\sly creat$ )9 him1 t ! fam\s cupola ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 ,rome 0 fa%ion$4 ,b x c\ld nev] h be5 born1 ev5 9 ! m9d ( ,mi*elangelo1 if 8 ar*itectural /udies _h n prep>$ ! mat]ial = x4 ,no g5ius has ev] be5 able to create ! absolutely new4 ,we h only to ?9k ( c]ta9 =ms mu* us$ 9 art1 & heavy & grotesque z ! human fancy :i* is incapable ( ris+ above ! e>?4 ,x seems to me amaz+ t ! figure ( ! w+$ angel %\ld /ill p]si/1 & t no arti/ %\ld h yet improv$ ^u x4 ,to repres5t a be+ m diaphan\s ?an man1 & )\t corporeal weight1 we h robu/ be+s ^: backs are furni%$ ) colossal w+s cov]$ ) heavy fea!rs4 ,/range inde$ is ?is fusion 9 a s+le creature ( su* incompatible natural features z hair & fea!rs1 & ?is attribution to a human be+ ( six limbs--arms1 legs & w+s1 z to an insect4 ,?is /range conception cont9ues to be s mat]ializ$1 n c]ta9ly z an arti/ic idea1 b z ! result ( pov]ty ( language4 ,inde$1 we talk ( angels fly+ because our language is human & e>?ly1 & we _c imag9e ! attributes ( angels4 ,few inde$ are ! arti/s :o 9 pictures ( ! ,annunciation repres5t ! ,angel z a lum9\s1 delicate1 & evanesc5t figure4 ,! m p]fect ! approximation to tru?1 ! m p]fect is art4 ,:51 = in/ance1 9 a draw+-room1 "s "o pays u a complim5t1 if ?is is f\nd$ ^u "o ( our real qualities1 & t\*es x closely1 we feel legitimate satisfaction1 because :at has be5 said is relevant1 & we may conclude t ! p]son has obs]v$ u & feels a s9c]e admiration = u4 ,we accord+ly ?9k ( su* a p]son3 ,he is subtle & intellectual2 & we feel dispos$ to reciprocate 8 fri5dl9ess4 ,b if ! complim5t praises u = qualities we d n possess1 or di/orts or exagg]ates our true attributes1 we ?9k ) disgu/3 ,:at a co>se creature6 & feel ev5 m coldly to him ?an be=e4 ,dante's sublime sonnet mu/ c]ta9ly h t\*$ ! he>t ( ,beatrice pr(\ndly3 ,my lady looks s g5tle & s pure ,:5 yield+ salutation by ! way1 ,t ! tongue trembles & has n\ght to say1 ,& ! eyes1 :i* fa9 w\ld see1 may n endure4 ,& /ill1 amid ! praise %e he>s secure1 ,%e walks ) humbl5ess = h] array2 ,seem+ a creature s5t f ,heav51 to /ay ,on e>?1 & %[ a miracle made sure4 ,%e is s pleasant 9 ! eyes ( m5 ,t ?r\gh ! sight ! inmo/ he>t do? ga9 ,a sweetness :i* ne$s pro( to "k x by2 ,& f betwe5 h] lips !re seems to move ,a soo?+ ess5ce t is full ( love1 ,say+ = ev] to ! _s3 ,sigh6 7,rossetti's translation1 ,dante's ,vita nuova1 section ,,xxvi47 ,a v diff]5t impression mu/ h be5 made on ! self-respect & delicate s5sibility ( a fem99e s\l by ?is o!r sonnet1 :i* is clumsy & bomba/ic because x is full ( inappropriate & exagg]at$ metaphors3 ,y\r salutation & y\r glances bright ,deal dea? to him :o greets y on y\r way2 ,love my assailant1 he$less ( my plight1 ,c>es n\ght if :at he does %all heal or slay4 ,/raight to ! m>k 8 arr[ flew apace ,pi]c+ my he>t & cleav+ x 9 twa92 ,i 0 z "o :o sees ,dea? face to face2 ,no ^w ,i spake--s great my burn+ pa94 ,z ?r\gh ! w9d[ ( ! lordly t[] ,! missile hurtles1 %att]+ all )91 ,s did ! arr[ ent] ?r\gh my eye2 ,b]eft ( life & _s 9 t h\r ,i /ood !re1 to a man ( brass ak91 ,t mocks ) semblance ( humanity4 7,gu9izelli1 #acjj47 ,if1 !n1 ! true basis ( ! imag9ation is reality1 & its p]ception is relat$ to exactness ( obs]vation1 x is necess>y to prep>e *ildr5 to p]ceive ! ?+s 9 _! environm5t exactly1 9 ord] to secure = !m ! mat]ial requir$ by ! imag9ation4 ,fur!r1 ! ex]cise ( ! intellig5ce1 reason+ )9 %>ply def9$ limits1 & di/+ui%+ "o ?+ f ano!r1 prep>es a cem5t = imag9ative con/ructions2 because ^! are ! m beautiful ! m closely !y are unit$ to a =m1 & ! m logical !y are 9 ! association ( individual images4 ,! fancy :i* exagg]ates & inv5ts co>sely does n put ! *ild on ! "r road4 ,a true prep>ation digs ! b$s :]e ! wat]s :i* well up f intellectual creation w fl[ 9 smil+ or maje/ic riv]s1 )\t ov]fl[+ & s de/roy+ ! beauty ( int]nal ord]4 ,9 ! matt] ( caus+ ! spr++ up ( ^! ru%+ wat]s ( int]nal creation we are p[]less4 ,nev] to ob/ruct ! spontane\s outbur/ ( an activity1 ev5 ?\gh x spr+s =? l ! humble trickle ( "s almo/ invisible s\rce1 & to wait--?is is our task4 ,:y %\ld we delude ourselves ) ! idea t we c create an intellig5ce1 we :o c d no?+ b obs]ve & await ! blade ( grass :i* is spr\t+1 ! microbe :i* is divid+ itself8 ,we mu/ consid] t creative imag9ation mu/ rise l an illum9at$ palace1 on d>k f\ndations deeply imb$d$ 9 ! rock1 if x is to be any?+ b a h\se ( c>ds1 an illusion1 an error2 & ! salvation ( ! intellig5ce is to be able to plant ! feet on firm gr\nd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,imag9ation 9 *ildr54--,x is a v common belief t ! "y *ild is *>act]iz$ by a vivid imag9ation1 & !re=e a special education %\ld be adopt$ to cultivate ?is special gift ( nature4 ,8 m5tality diff]s f ours2 he escapes f our /rongly m>k$ & re/rict$ limits1 & loves to w&] 9 ! fasc9at+ worlds ( unreality1 a t5d5cy :i* is also *>act]i/ic ( savage peoples4 ,?is *ildi% *>act]i/ic1 h[ev]1 gave rise to ! g5]alization ( a mat]iali/ic idea n[ discr$it$3 ,ontog5esis sums up philog5esis3 t is1 ! life ( ! individual reproduces ! life ( ! species2 j z ! life ( man reproduces ! life ( civilization1 s 9 "y *ildr5 we f9d ! psy*ical *>act]i/ics ( savages4 ,h5ce ! *ild1 l ! savage1 is attract$ by ! fanta/ic1 ! sup]natural1 & ! unreal4 ,in/ead ( indulg+ 9 su* flights ( sci5tific fancy z ^!1 x w\ld be mu* simpl] to decl>e t an organism z yet immature1 l t ( ! *ild1 has remote aff9ities ) m5talities less mature ?an our own1 l ^? ( savages4 ,b ev5 if we refra9 f int]f]+ ) ! belief ( ^? :o int]pret *ildi% m5tality z a savage /ate1 we may po9t out t z1 9 any case1 ?is savage /ate is transi5t1 & mu/ be sup]s$$1 education %\ld help ! *ild to ov]come x2 x %\ld n develop ! savage /ate1 nor keep ! *ild !re94 ,all ! =ms ( imp]fect developm5t we enc\nt] 9 ! *ild h "s resemblance to correspond+ *>act]i/ics 9 ! savage2 = in/ance1 9 language1 pov]ty ( expression1 ! exi/5ce only ( concrete t]ms1 & ! g5]alization ( words1 by means ( :i* a s+le ^w s]ves sev]al purposes & indicates sev]al objects1 ! abs5ce ( inflections 9 v]bs1 caus+ ! *ild to use only ! inf9itive4 ,b no "o w\ld ma9ta9 t = ?is reason we ought to re/rict ! *ild artificially to su* primitive language1 to enable him to pass ?r\gh 8 prehi/oric p]iod easily4 ,& if "s peoples rema9 p]man5tly 9 a /ate ( imag9ation 9 :i* unrealities pr$om9ate1 our *ild1 on ! contr>y1 belongs to a p = :om ! delights ( ! m9d are to be f\nd 9 ! great works ( art1 & ! civiliz+ con/ructions ( sci5ce1 & 9 ^? products ( ! high] imag9ation :i* repres5t ! environm5t 9 :i* ! intellig5ce ( our *ild is de/9$ to =m itself4 ,x is natural t 9 ! hazy p]iod ( 8 m5tal developm5t ! *ild %\ld be attract$ by fanta/ic ideas2 b ?is mu/ n make u =get t he is to be our cont9uator1 & = t reason %\ld be sup]ior to u2 & ! lea/ we ought to give him to ?is end is ! maximum at our disposal4 ,a =m ( imag9ation suppos$ to be prop] to *ildhood1 & almo/ univ]sally recogniz$ z creative imag9ation1 is t spontane\s "w ( ! infant m9d by :i* *ildr5 attribute desirable *>act]i/ics to objects :i* d n possess !m4 ,:o has n se5 a *ild rid+ ^u & :ipp+ 8 fa!r's walk+-/ick1 z if he 7 m\nt$ ^u a real horse8 ,!re we h a pro( ( imag9ation 9 ! *ild6 ,:at pleasure x gives to *ildr5 to con/ruct a spl5did coa* ) *airs & arm*airs2 & :ile "s recl9e inside1 look+ out ) delight at an imag9>y l&scape1 or b[+ to an applaud+ cr[d1 o!r *ildr51 p]*$ on ! backs ( *airs1 beat ! air z if !y 7 :ipp+ fi]y horses4 ,"h is ano!r pro( ( imag9ation4 ,b if we obs]ve ri* *ildr51 :o own quiet ponies1 & drive out habitually 9 c>riages & motor-c>s1 we %all f9d t !y look ) a t\* ( contempt at ! *ild :o is runn+ ab\t :ipp+ a /ick 9 great excitem5t2 !y w\ld be a/oni%$ to see ! delight ( *ildr5 :o imag9e !mselves to be drawn along by /ation>y arm*airs4 ,!y w\ld say ( su* *ildr53 ,!y are v poor2 !y act ?us because !y h no horses or c>riages4 ,an adult resigns himself to 8 lot2 a *ild creates an illusion4 ,b ?is is n a pro( ( imag9ation1 x is a pro( ( an unsatisfi$ desire2 x is n an activity b\nd up ) gifts ( nature2 x is a manife/ation ( consci\s1 s5sitive pov]ty4 ,no "o1 we may be sure1 w say t 9 ord] to educate a ri* *ild we %\ld take away 8 pony & give him a /ick4 ,nor is x necess>y to prev5t ! poor *ild f be+ cont5t ) 8 /ick4 ,if a poor man1 a begg>1 _h no?+ b dry bread to eat1 & if he plac$ himself by ! grat$ w9d[ ( a ri* und]gr\nd kit*5 because :5 he smelt its savory odors he imag9$ himself to be eat+ excell5t di%es toge!r ) 8 bread1 :o c\ld prev5t him8 ,b no "o w\ld say t 9 ord] to develop ! imag9ative activity ( ! =tunate p]sons = :om ! actual di%es 7 de/9$1 x w\ld be well to take away _! meat & give !m bread & fragrance4 ,a poor "m :o 0 devot$ to h] little *ild (f]$ him ! piece ( bread :i* 0 all %e _h to give 9 ?is mann]3 %e divid$ x into two portions1 & gave !m to him 9 succession1 say+3 ,?is is ! bread1 ?is is ! meat4 ,! *ild 0 q cont5t4 ,b no "m w\ld deprive h] *ild ( food 9 ord] to develop 8 imag9ation 9 ?is way4 ,& yet ,i 0 once s]i\sly ask$ by "s "o if x w\ld be injuri\s to give a piano to a *ild :o 0 cont9ually practis+ ) 8 f+]s ^u ! table1 z if he 7 play+ ! piano4 ,& :y %\ld x be injuri\s8 ,i ask$4 ,because1 if ,i d s1 he w le>n music1 x is true1 b 8 imag9ation w no long] be ex]cis$1 & ,i d n "k :i* w\ld be be/ = him4 ,"s ( ,froebel's games are bas$ ^u simil> beliefs4 ,a wood5 brick is giv5 to a *ild ) ! words3 ,?is is a horse4 ,bricks are !n arrang$ 9 a c]ta9 ord]1 & he is told3 ,?is is ! /able2 n[ let u put ! horse into ! /able4 ,!n ! bricks are diff]5tly arrang$3 ,?is is a t[]1 ?is is ! village *ur*1 etc4 ,9 su* ex]cises ! objects 7bricks7 l5d !mselves to illusion less readily ?an a /ick us$ z a horse1 :i* ! *ild c at lea/ be/ride & beat1 mov+ along ! :ile4 ,! build+ ( t[]s & *ur*es ) horses br+s ! m5tal confusion ( ! *ild to its culm9ation4 ,moreov]1 9 ?is case x is n ! *ild :o imag9es spontane\sly & works ) 8 bra9s1 = at ! mom5t he is requir$ to see t :i* ! tea*] sugge/s4 ,& x is impossible to "k :e!r ! *ild really ?9ks t ! /able has become a *ur*1 or :e!r 8 att5tion has w&]$ else:]e4 ,he w\ld1 ( c\rse1 l to move1 b he _c1 because he is oblig$ to contemplate ! k9d ( c9ematograph ( :i* ! tea*] speaks 9 ! s]ies ( images %e sugge/s1 ?\gh !y exi/ only 9 ! %ape ( pieces ( wood all ( ! same size4 ,:at is x t is ?us be+ cultivat$ 9 ^! immature m9ds8 ,:at d we f9d ak9 to ?is 9 ! adult _w :i* w enable u to und]/& = :at def9itive =ms we prep>e ! m9d by su* a me?od ( education8 ,!re are1 inde$1 m5 :o really take a tree = a ?rone1 & issue royal comm&s3 "s believe !mselves to be ,god1 = false p]ceptions1 or ! grav] =m1 illusions1 are ! beg9n+ ( false reason+1 & ! concomitants ( delirium4 ,! insane produce no?+1 nor c ^? *ildr51 condemn$ to ! immobility ( an education :i* t5ds to develop _! innoc5t manife/ations ( unsatisfi$ desires into mania1 produce any?+ ei!r = !mselves or o!rs4 ,we1 h[ev]1 suppose t we are develop+ ! imag9ation ( *ildr5 by mak+ !m accept fanta/ic ?+s z realities4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 9 ,lat9 c\ntries1 ,*ri/mas is p]sonifi$ by an ugly woman1 ! ,befana1 :o comes ?r\gh ! walls & d[n ! *imneys1 br++ toys = ! good *ildr51 & leav+ only lumps ( coal = ! naughty ones4 ,9 ,anglo-,saxon c\ntries1 on ! o!r h&1 ,*ri/mas is an old man cov]$ ) sn[ :o c>ries a huge basket conta9+ toys = *ildr51 & :o really ent]s _! h\ses by night4 ,b h[ c ! imag9ation ( *ildr5 be develop$ by :at is1 on ! contr>y1 ! fruit ( our imag9ation8 ,x is we :o imag9e1 n !y2 !y believe1 !y d n imag9e4 ,cr$ulity is1 inde$1 a *>act]i/ic ( immature m9ds :i* lack exp]i5ce & k ( realities1 & are z yet devoid ( t intellig5ce :i* di/+ui%es ! true f ! false1 ! beautiful f ! ugly1 ! possible f ! impossible4 ,is x1 !n1 cr$ulity we wi% to develop 9 our *ildr51 m]ely because !y %[ !mselves to be cr$ul\s at an age :5 !y are naturally ignorant & immature8 ,( c\rse1 cr$ulity may exi/ 9 adults2 b x exi/s 9 contra/ ) intellig5ce1 & is nei!r its f\ndation nor its fruit4 ,x is 9 p]iods ( intellectual d>kness t cr$ulity g]m9ates2 & we are pr\d to h outliv$ ^! epo*s4 ,we speak ( cr$ulity z a m>k ( ! unciviliz$4 ,"h is a piquant anecdote ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,! ,pont ,neuf 9 ,p>is 0 ! ma9 highway = foot-pass5g]s1 & a meet+-place = l\ng]s4 ,_m m\ntebanks & *>latans m+l$ ) ! cr[d4 ,!re 0 "o ( ^! *>latans :o 0 mak+ a =tune2 he sold an o9tm5t f ,*9a :i* enl>g$ ! eyes1 decreas$ ! size ( ! m\?1 l5g!n$ noses t 7 too %ort1 & %ort5$ ^? t 7 too long1 ,de ,s>t9e1 ,*ief ( ! ,police1 call$ up ?is *>latan to h him imprison$1 & said to him3 ,m>iolo1 h[ d y manage to attract s _m p & ga9 s mu* money8 ,sir1 repli$ ! o!r1 h[ _m p]sons1 d y suppose1 cross ! bridge 9 "o day8 ,f t5 to twelve ?\s&1 repli$ de ,s>t9e4 ,well1 sir1 h[ _m intellig5t p]sons d y suppose !re are among !m8 ,a hundr$1 repli$ ! (ficial4 ,t's a lib]al all[ance1 said ! *>latan1 b let u leave x at t4 ,i w rely on ! o!r n9e ?\s& n9e hundr$ = my liv+4 ,! situation has s f> *ang$ betwe5 ^? days & our own t !re are n[ m intellig5t & few] cr$ul\s p]sons4 ,education1 !re=e1 %\ld n be direct$ to cr$ulity b to intellig5ce4 ,he :o bases education on cr$ulity builds ^u s&4 ,i "k ( an incid5t :i* is p]haps reproduc$ 9 our society ?\s&s ( times4 ,two girls ( noble family _h be5 educat$ 9 a conv5t1 :]e1 to safegu>d !m f ! s$uctions & vanities ( ! life = :i* !y 7 de/9$1 ! nuns _h p]suad$ !m t ! _w is full ( deceit1 & t if1 :5 p praise u1 we c\ld conceal ourselves & li/5 to :at !y say :5 we h disappe>$1 we %\ld he> v *a/5+ ?+s4 ,:5 !y 7 ( an age to be pres5t$ 9 ,society1 ! two y\?ful pr9cesses made _! fir/ appe>ance at an ev5+ reception1 to :i* _! "m _h invit$ a great _m gue/s4 ,all lavi%$ praises on ! *>m+ "y girls4 ,9 ! draw+-room !re 0 an alcove conceal$ by a l>ge curta94 ,curi\s to he> :at w\ld be said ( !m :5 !y disappe>$1 ! two agre$ to slip out & hide beh9d ! curta94 ,sc>cely _h ! attractive objects ( ! g5]al admiration vani%$ :5 ! praises :i* _h be5 kept )9 due b\nds 9 _! pres5ce1 7 r$\bl$4 ,! two girls told me t !y exp]i5c$ an indescribable revulsion ( feel+ at ! mom5t2 !y ?\ght t ev]y?+ ! nuns _h made !m believe 0 false2 !y r5\nc$ religion !re & !n1 & made up _! m9ds to ?r[ !mselves into ! pleasures ( society4 ,we aft]w>ds _h to recon/ruct our lives ourselves1 embrace ! tru?s ( religion afre%1 & und]/& = ourselves ! empt9ess ( social brilliance4 ,cr$ulity gradually disappe>s ) exp]i5ce1 & z ! m9d matures3 in/ruction helps t[>ds ?is end4 ,9 nations z 9 p]sons1 ! evolution ( civilization & ( s\ls t5ds to dim9i% cr$ulity2 k1 z is commonly said1 dispels ! d>kness ( ignorance4 ,9 ! void :i* is ignorance1 ! fancy easily w&]s1 j because x lacks ! support :i* w\ld enable x to rise to a high] level4 ,?us ! ,pill>s ( ,h]cules disappe>$ :5 ! ,/raits ( ,gibralt> became ! gates ( ! oceans2 & no ,columbus c\ld n[ p]suade ! ,r$ ,indians1 :om ! great ,am]ican _s ( democracy receives into its civiliz+ s*ools1 t ! heav5s are ob$i5t to him1 d>k5+ ! sun at 8 comm&2 = eclipses are ph5om5a z well kn[n to !m z to ! :ite races4 ,is ?is illusory imag9ation1 bas$ ^u cr$ulity1 a ?+ we ought to develop 9 *ildr58 ,we c]ta9ly h no wi% to see x p]si/2 9 fact1 :]e we are told t a *ild no long] believes 9 fairy-tales1 we rejoice4 ,we say !n3 ,he is no long] a baby4 ,?is is :at %\ld happ5 & we await x3 ! day w come :5 he w no long] believe ^! /ories4 ,b if ?is maturation takes place1 we ought to ask ourselves3 ,:at h we done to help x8 ,:at support did we (f] to ?is frail m9d to enable x to gr[ /raight & /rong8 ,! *ild ov]comes 8 difficulties 9 spite ( our endeavor to keep him 9 ignorance & illusion4 ,! *ild ov]comes himself & u4 ,he goes :]e 8 int]nal =ce ( developm5t & maturation lead him4 ,he might1 h[ev]1 say to u3 ,h[ mu* y h made u suff]6 ,! "w ( rais+ ourselves 0 h>d en\gh already1 & y oppress$ u4 ,w\ld n su* conduct be mu* z if we compress$ ! gums to prev5t ! tee? f com+1 because x is *>act]i/ic ( babies to be too?less1 or prev5t$ ! little body f /&+ erect1 because at fir/ ! *>act]i/ic ( ! infant is t x does n rise to its feet8 ,inde$1 we d some?+ ( ! same sort :5 we delib]ately prolong ! pov]ty & inaccuracy ( *ildi% spee*2 in/ead ( help+ ! *ild by mak+ him li/5 int5tly to ! di/9ct enunciation ( spee* s\nds1 & wat* ! movem5ts ( ! m\?1 we adopt 8 rudim5t>y language1 & repeat ! primordial s\nds he utt]s1 lisp+ & p]v]t+ ! consonants 9 ! mann] habitual to ^? mak+ fir/ ef=ts to articulate words4 ,?us we prolong a =mative p]iod full ( difficulty & ex]tion = ! *ild1 ?ru/+ him back into ! fatigu+ infant /ate4 ,& we are behav+ 9 exactly ! same mann] to-day ) reg>d to ! s-call$ education ( ! imag9ation4 ,we are amus$ by ! illusions1 ! ignorance1 & ! errors ( ! immature m9d1 j z at no v remote date we 7 amus$ to see an infant laugh :5 x 0 toss$ up & d[n1 a proce$+ n[ condemn$ by infantile hygi5e z wrong & dang]\s 9 ! extreme4 ,9 %ort1 x is we :o are amus$ by ! ,*ri/mas fe/ivities & ! cr$ulity ( ! *ild4 ,if we confess ! tru?1 we mu/ admit t we are some:at l ! f9e lady :o took a sup]ficial int]e/ 9 a hospital = poor *ildr51 b :o kept on decl>+3 ,if !re 7 to be no m sick *ildr51 ,i %\ld be q unhappy4 ,we1 too1 might say3 ,if ! cr$ulity ( *ildr5 7 to cease1 a great pleasure w\ld be tak5 f our lives4 ,x is "o ( ! c>eless errors ( our day to arre/ artificially a /age ( developm5t = our amusem5t2 z 9 ! anci5t c\rts ! bodily gr[? ( c]ta9 victims 0 arre/$ to make !m dw>fs & ! pa/ime ( ! k+4 ,su* a /atem5t may seem sev]e1 b x re/s on an actual fact4 ,we are unconsci\s ( x1 x is true2 yet we speak ( x cont9ually :5 we say among ourselves ) l(ty scorn ( ! age ( immaturity3 ,really1 we are n *ildr54 ,if we w\ld refra9 f prolong+ ! *ild's immaturity 9 ord] to be able to contemplate 8 inf]ior /ate 9 immobility1 & w\ld1 on ! contr>y1 all[ free gr[? admir+ ! m>vels ( 8 progression ev] on ! road ( high] conque/s1 we %\ld say ( him1 ) ,*ri/3 ,he :o w\ld be p]fect mu/ become z a little *ild4 ,if :at is call$ infant imag9ation is ! product ( immaturity ( ! m9d1 comb9$ ) ! pov]ty 9 :i* we leave ! *ild & ! ignorance 9 :i* he f9ds himself1 ! fir/ ?+ to d is to enri* 8 life by an environm5t 9 :i* he w become ! own] ( some?+1 & to enri* 8 m9d by k & exp]i5ce bas$ on reality4 ,& hav+ giv5 him ^!1 we mu/ all[ him to mature 9 lib]ty4 ,x is f fre$om ( developm5t t we may expect ! manife/ations ( 8 imag9ation4 ,to enri* ! *ild1 :o is ! poore/ among u1 because he has no?+ & is ! slave ( all--?is is our fir/ duty t[>ds him4 ,x w be said3 ,mu/ we1 !n1 give horses1 c>riages1 & pianos to all *ildr58 ,by no means4 ,rem$ies are nev] direct :5 a complex life is 9 "q4 ,! *ild :o has no?+ is ! "o :o dreams ( ?+s ! mo/ impossible ( atta9m5t4 ,! de/itute dream ( millions1 ! oppress$ ( a ?rone4 ,b he :o possesses some?+ atta*es himself to t :i* he possesses to pres]ve & increase x reasonably4 ,a p]son )\t employm5t w dream ( becom+ a pr9ce2 b a tea*] 9 a s*ool dreams ( becom+ a head ma/]4 ,?us ! *ild :o has a h\se ( 8 own1 :o possesses brooms1 rubb]s1 pott]y1 soap1 dress+-tables & furniture1 is happy 9 ! c>e ( all ^! ?+s4 ,8 desires are mod]at$1 & ! peace he d]ives f !m op5s up a life ( expansion to 8 int]nal creative activities4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is liv+ among real possessions ( 8 own :i* calms ! *ild1 & assuages ^? desires :i* consume 8 preci\s p[]s 9 ! vanity ( illusion4 ,su* a result is n to be a*iev$ by imag9+ t he is liv+ among possessions ( 8 own4 ,"s tea*]s 9 *>ge ( a model orphanage once said to me3 ,we too make our *ildr5 p]=m ! ex]cises ( practical life :i* y describe2 come & see4 ,i w5t4 ,"s ( ! au?orities 7 also pres5t1 & a univ]sity pr(essor ( p$agogy4 ,"s *ildr5 seat$ at a little table ) play?+s 7 lay+ ! table = a doll's meal2 _! faces 7 q )\t expression4 ,i look$ 9 amazem5t at ! p]sons :o _h invit$ me2 !y seem$ q satisfi$2 !y evid5tly ?\ght t !re 0 no diff]5ce betwe5 lay+ a table 9 play & lay+ x = an actual meal2 = !m imag9>y life & real life 7 ! same ?+4 ,may n ?is subtle =m ( error be in/ill$ 9 infancy & aft]w>ds p]si/ z a m5tal attitude8 ,x 0 p]haps ?is error :i* caus$ a fam\s ,italian p$agogi/ to say to me3 ,lib]ty a new ?+8 ,pray read ,com5ius--y w f9d t x 0 already discuss$ 9 8 times4 ,i repli$3 ,yes1 _m talk ( x1 b ! lib]ty ,i mean is a =m ( lib]ty actually realiz$4 ,he seem$ n to und]/& ! diff]5ce4 ,i ought to h ask$3 ,d y n believe t !re is any diff]5ce betwe5 him :o talks ( millions & him :o possesses !m8 ,to be cont5t$ ) ! imag9>y1 & to live z if :at we imag9e actually exi/$2 to run aft] illusion1 & n to recognize reality1 is a ?+ s common t sc>cely is x appreh5d$1 & ! cry ( al>m rais$3 ,awake to tru?1 ,o man6 :5 ! consci\sness becomes aw>e ( a k9d ( gnaw+ p>asite :i* has worm$ itself subtly into our intellig5ce4 ,! p[] to imag9e always exi/s1 :e!r or n x has a solid basis on :i* to re/ & mat]ials ) :i* to build2 b :5 x does n elaborate f reality & tru?1 in/ead ( rais+ a div9e /ructure x =ms incru/ations :i* compress ! intellig5ce & prev5t ! light f p5etrat+ !reto4 ,h[ mu* "t & /r5g? man has lo/ & is los+ by ?is error6 ,j z vice1 :i* is an ex]cise ( function )\t purpose1 wa/es ! body until x becomes diseas$1 s imag9ation unsu/a9$ by tru? consumes ! intellig5ce until x assumes *>act]i/ics ak9 to ! m5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! insane4 99 99 99 99 99 ,fable & religion4--,i h frequ5tly he>d x said t ! education ( ! imag9ation on a basis ( fancy prep>es ! s\l ( ! *ild = religi\s education2 & t an education bas$ on reality1 z 9 ?is me?od we w\ld adopt1 is too arid1 & t5ds to dry up ! f\nts ( spiritual life4 ,su* reason+1 h[ev]1 w n be accept$ by religi\s p]sons4 ,!y "k well t fai? & fable are z ! poles ap>t1 s9ce fable is 9 itself a ?+ )\t fai?1 & fai? is ! v s5tim5t ( tru?1 :i* %\ld accompany man ev5 unto dea?4 ,religion is n a product ( fanta/ic imag9ation1 x is ! greate/ ( realities1 ! "o tru? to ! religi\s man4 ,x is ! f\nt & basis ( 8 life4 ,! man )\t religion is n1 c]ta9ly1 a p]son )\t imag9ation1 b r "o :o lacks int]nal equilibrium2 comp>$ ) ! religi\s man he is less calm1 less /rong 9 adv]sity2 n only ?is1 b he is m unsettl$ 9 8 own ideas4 ,he is weak] & m unhappy2 & x is 9 va9 t he cat*es at imag9ation to create a _w = himself outside reality4 ,some?+ )9 him cries al\d 9 ! words ( ,david3 ,my s\l is a-?ir/ = ,god4 ,& if he hopes to rea* ! goal ( 8 real life by ! help ( imag9ation alone1 he may feel 8 feet giv+ way among quicks&s at a supreme mom5t ( ef=t4 ,:5 an apo/le seeks to w9 a s\l to religion1 :]e man may plant 8 falt]+ feet on a rock1 he appeals to und]/&+1 n to imag9ation1 = he kn[s t 8 task is n to create some?+1 b to call al\d to t :i* is slumb]+ 9 ! dep?s ( ! he>t4 ,he kn[s t he mu/ %ake (f ! torpor f a feeble life z he w\ld %ake ! sn[ f a liv+ body buri$ 9 a drift1 n build up a puppet ( ice :i* w melt "u ! rays ( ! sun4 ,x is true t fanta/ic imag9ation p5etrates religion1 b 9 ! guise ( error4 ,9 ! ,middle ,ages1 = in/ance1 epidemics 7 ascrib$ ) great simplicity1 to a direct act ( div9e *a/isem5t2 to-day !y are attribut$ to ! direct action ( microbes4 ,pap9's /eam ma*9es sugge/$ diabolical int]v5tion4 ,b ^! are precisely ! k9d ( prejudices :i*1 l all fantasies1 sw>m 9 ! void ( ignorance4 ,all religion is n ?us con/ruct$ l a fanta/ic ca/le erect$ on a basis ( ignorance4 ,o!rwise we %\ld see savage peoples religi\s & civiliz$ peoples )\t religion2 :]eas savages h a frail & fanta/ic religion1 ma9ly con/ruct$ ^u ! t]ror inspir$ by ! my/]i\s activities ( ,nature1 & civiliz$ peoples h a positive religion1 :i* becomes /rong] z x becomes pur]1 :ile ! sci5ce ( tru?1 p5etrat+ into ,nature1 s]ves to exalt & illu/rate its my/]ies4 ,&1 above all1 to-day1 :5 !re is a movem5t 9 favor ( elim9at+ religion altoge!r f ! s*ool1 c we propose to introduce x by cultivat+ fable8 ,x is su* a simple matt] to op5 ! door directly to religion itself & all[ its radiance to p5etrate1 w>m+ & invigorat+ life4 ,b x %\ld ent] l ! sun into creation1 n l ! ,befana f ! *imney-top4 ,fable c\ld prep>e to "s ext5t = pagan religion1 :i* split up ! div9ity into innum]able m9or gods1 symboliz+ ! ext]nal _w2 ?is1 be+ appreh5d$ by ! s5ses1 may l5d itself to illusion2 b fable c\ld c]ta9ly nev] prep>e = ,*ri/ianity1 :i* br+s ,god into contact ) ! inn] life ( man1 "o & indivisible1 & tea*es ! laws ( a life :i* is felt by m54 ,if ! positive sci5ces be extrane\s to religion1 x _c be said t x is ! /udy ( reality 9 itself :i* ali5ates u !refrom4 ,hi!rto ! positive sci5ces h /udi$ ! ext]nal _w 9 its analytical details1 & if !y c\ld h made a sympa!tic1 religion t religion might be ! pagan cre$4 ,inde$1 s f> sci5ce has br\ght a v p]ceptive brea? ( paganism among u4 ,b :5 x %all h succe$$ 9 p5etrat+ ! inn] man1 & !re mak+ manife/ ! laws ( life & ! realities ( exi/5ce1 a great ,*ri/ian light w surely %9e ^u m52 & maybe *ildr51 l ! angels ov] ,be?lehem1 w s+ ! hymn invok+ peace betwe5 sci5ce & fai?4 ,sa9t ,john 9 ! des]t made /raight ! way ( ! ,"l & purg$ m5 ( ! grosse/ errors4 ,& ?us a me?od :i* gives int]nal equilibrium & disp]ses ! grosse/ errors :i* suffocate ! spiritual en]gies1 makes ready = ! reception ( tru? & ! recognition ( ! way ( life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! education ( ! imag9ation 9 s*ools = old] *ildr54--,:at is ! me?od adopt$ 9 ! ord9>y elem5t>y s*ools = ! education ( ! imag9ation8 ,! s*ool is1 9 mo/ cases1 a b>e1 nak$ place :]e ! gray color ( ! walls & ! :ite musl9 curta9s ov] ! w9d[s preclude any alleviation = ! s5ses4 ,! object ( ?is depress+ environm5t is to prev5t ! di/raction ( ! s*ol>'s att5tion by /imuli1 & conc5trate x ^u ! tea*] :o speaks4 ,! *ildr51 seat$1 li/5 motionless h\r aft] h\r4 ,:5 !y draw1 !y h to reproduce ano!r draw+ exactly4 ,:5 !y move1 x is 9 ob$i5ce to an ord] giv5 by ano!r p]son4 ,_! p]sonalities are apprais$ solely by ! /&>d ( passive ob$i5ce2 ! education ( _! wills consi/s ( ! me?odical r5unciation ( volition4 ,our usual p$agogy1 said ,clap>de1 oppresses *ildr5 ) a mass ( in=mation :i* c nev] help !m to direct _! conduct2 we make !m li/5 :5 !y h no desire to he>2 speak1 write1 n>rate1 compose & disc\rse :5 !y h no?+ to say2 we make !m obs]ve :5 !y h no curiosity1 reason :5 !y h no desire to discov] any?+4 ,we incite !m to ef=ts :i* are suppos$ to be volunt>y )\t ! prelim9>y acquiesc5ce ( _! ego 9 ! task impos$1 t inn] cons5sus :i* alone gives moral value to submission to duty4 ,! *ildr5 ?us r$uc$ to slav]y use _! eyes to read1 _! h&s to write1 _! e>s to he> :at ! tea*] says4 ,_! bodies1 inde$1 are /ation>y2 b _! m9ds are unable to dwell ^u any?+4 ,!y mu/ be cont9ually ex]t+ !mselves to run aft] ! m9d ( ! tea*]1 :o1 9 8 turn1 is urg$ on by a program drawn up at r&om1 & :i* is c]ta9ly reg>dless ( *ildi% t5d5cies4 ,! m9d has to pass f ?+ to ?+4 ,images fugitive & unc]ta9 z dreams appe> f "t to "t be=e ! eyes ( ! *ild4 ,! tea*] draws a triangle on ! blackbo>d & !n erases x2 x 0 a mom5t>y vision repres5t$ z an ab/raction2 ^? *ildr5 h nev] held a concrete triangle 9 _! h&s2 !y h to rememb]1 by an ef=t1 a cont\r ar\nd :i* ab/ract geometrical calculations w pres5tly ga!r ?ickly2 su* a figure w nev] a*ieve any?+ )9 !m2 x w n be felt1 comb9$ ) o!rs1 x w nev] be an inspiration4 ,x is ! same ) ev]y?+ else4 ,! object w\ld seem to be fatigue = its own sake1 t fatigue :i* has engross$ almo/ ! sum ( ef=t ( exp]im5tal psy*ology4 ,9 ?is environm5t1 :]e free ex]cise is prohibit$1 z also ! *oice ( "w1 & m$itation1 :]e e s5tim5t is oppress$1 & f :i* e ext]nal /imulus :i* might enri* ! intellig5ce ) spontane\s acquisitions is elim9at$1 an attempt is made to excite ! imag9ation by giv+ compositions to be writt54 ,?is means t ! *ild has to produce )\t hav+ ! necess>y mat]ial2 to give1 )\t possess+2 a*ieve int]nal activities :i* he is prev5t$ f develop+4 ,& production is to come f ! ex]cise ( production2 con/ant practise 9 composition is to develop ! imag9ation2 f ! /]ility ( ! void ! mo/ complex products ( ! intellig5ce are to be evolv$6 ,x is well kn[n t composition repres5ts ! great difficulty ( our s*ools4 ,all tea*]s h decl>$ t *ildr5 are poor 9 ideas1 t !y h disord]ly m9ds1 t !y are absolutely )\t orig9ality4 ,! exam9ation 9 writt5 composition has always be5 ! mo/ pa9ful ( all2 e "o kn[s ! expression ( ! *ild :o he>s ! title ( an obligatory !me dictat$2 & :o 9 a few h\rs mu/ h& 9 a writt5 composition1 a product ( ! imag9ation2 x is ) angui%1 ) oppression ( ! he>t1 ) cold h&s & eyes anxi\sly int]rogat+ ! clock 9 t]ror ( ! fleet+ h\r1 "u ! di/ru/ful surveillance ( a tea*] :o = ! occasion is trans=m$ into a spy-w>d] l ^? 9 p5al prisons1 t he und]goes 8 torture to ! end4 ,woe to him if he does n h& 9 8 composition6 ,he w be ru9$1 = ?is is ! pr9cipal te/1 ! "o 9 :i* he is free to manife/ 8 own wor?1 to give ! true individual fruit by :i* o!rs w measure 8 intellig5ce4 ,x is 9 ?is way t our "y g5]ations (t5 f9d neura/h5ia & ev5 suicide4 ,s*ol>s _c answ] z did ! greate/ poet ( our times1 ,c>ducci1 :5 he 0 reque/$ to write an ode on ! occasion ( ! dea? ( a p]sonage3 ,x is inspiration1 n an occasion1 :i* w\ld make me write an ode4 ,x is int]e/+ to /udy ! me?ods by :i*1 9 mod]n s*ools1 :]e "s elem5ts ( psy*ical hygi5e h p5etrat$1 attempts are made to help ! pupils by dim9i%+ _! exhau/+ ef=t & lead+ !m on gradually to composition4 ,composition 7we mu/ pass ov] ! contradiction 9 t]ms = ! mom5t7 is taught4 ,! tea*] gives collective lessons 9 composition1 j z %e w\ld expla9 ari?metic3 ?is is call$ collective oral composition4 ,we w all[ speciali/s 9 ?is me?od to speak1 giv+ a passage conta9+ a prep>ation ( tea*]s = su* lessons3 ,,me?od ,,to ,,be ,,foll[$ ,,9 ,,! ,,mann] ,,( ,,indicat+ ,,! ,,!me ,let u take1 by way ( illu/ration1 ! foll[+ brief n>rative1 :i* consi/s ( ?ree phases3 #a4 ,erne/o did n "k 8 lesson2 #b4 ,! tea*] scold$ ! *ild sev]ely2 #c4 ,erne/o wept & promis$ to d bett]4 ,if we indicate ! n>rative by ! words3 ',erne/o did n "k 8 lesson' 7fir/ fact1 cause71 ! pupil w g on easily to ! effect1 consi/+ ( ! two o!r phases :i*1 logically & 9 *ronological ord]1 foll[ ! cause4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 we give z ! !me ! indication correspond+ to ! second phase3 ',! tea*] scold$ ! *ild1' we oblige ! pupil to g back to ! cause & to make ! ?ird phase foll[ ^u ! second4 ,we place ! pupil 9 a m difficult position if we give z ! !me3 ',erne/o wept & promis$ to d bett]1' s9ce he w !n be oblig$ to g back to ! second & !nce to ! fir/ phase4 ,h5ce ! fir/ phase 9 e brief n>rative ought to s]ve to indicate ! !me4 ,me?od4 ,! tea*] %\ld write ! !me on ! blackbo>d1 & invite ! pupils to ?9k ( 7n to say7 a possible consequ5ce ( ! fact indicat$ 9 ! !me4 ,! tea*] mu/ let x be und]/ood t ! pupils are to "w indep5d5tly1 )\t ! help ( sugge/ion4 ,let u see3 ,luisa ?rew a piece ( wool into ! fire 7!me74 ,?9k ( a possible consequ5ce1 say :at happ5$ 9 consequ5ce4 ,! wool caus$ a bad smell4 ,v good4 ,y repeat ! n>rative3 ,luisa ?rew a piece ( wool into ! fire4 ,! wool caus$ a bad smell4 ,c any "o add ano!r little ?\ght1 ano!r possible consequ5ce8 ,! tea*] reprov$ ,luisa4 ,a pupil op5$ ! w9d[4 ,! tea*] repeats ! ex]cise us+ ! !mes ,a4 ,b4 ,c4 & caus+ ! result arriv$ at ) ! collaboration ( ! s*ol>s to be writt5 9 _! copy-books4 ,a !me may be propos$ & ! pupils may be left free to develop x )\t any fur!r explanations4 ,!me ,a4--,luisa ?rew a piece ( wool into ! fire4 7,! wool caus$ a bad smell4 ,! tea*] reprov$ ,luisa4 ,a companion op5$ ! w9d[ to all[ ! bad odor to escape47 ,!me ,b4--,erne/o upset ! ink on ! floor4 7,! floor 0 /a9$4 ,! tea*] reprov$ ! *ild4 ,erne/o promis$ to be m c>eful47 ,!me ,c4--,elisa read ! /ory well4 7,! tea*] prais$ h] & gave h] a good m>k4 ,elisa 0 v mu* pleas$47 ,!me ,d4--,m>io made a blot on 8 copy-book4 7,! tea*] did n correct 8 ex]cise2 %e scold$ him4 ,! boy w5t home cry+47 ,aft] all ?is collective practise ! tea*] gives a free !me su* z ! foll[+3 ',m>ia knew h] lesson well4' ,9 develop+ x1 ! *ildr5 are expect$ to foll[ ! above examples3 t is to say1 !y are to indicate 9 two s5t5ces ! logical effects ( su* a cause 7! tea*] gave h] t5 m>ks & prais$ h]2 !n %e told h] to p]sev]e 9 h] indu/ry74 99 99 99 99 99 ,sometimes ! tea*+ has a psy*ological purport r ?an a logical "o4 ,9 su* a case ! little ?\ghts are n l9k$ toge!r z cause & effect1 b by ! display ( psy*ical activities 9 ?ree sph]es3 kn[+1 feel+1 & will+4 ,examples3 ,amelia made me smell "s ammonia 7fact p]ceiv$74-- ,:at a horrible smell6 7s5tim5t74--,i w n smell x aga9 7volition74 ,gigi pull$ my hair 7fact p]ceiv$74--,x hurt me 7s5tim5t74 ,i pull$ my companion's h& away quickly 7volition7 7,i ,diritti della ,scuola1 ,ye> xiv1 ,no4 #af1 p4 #bcb74 ,) me?ods su* z ^! x is obvi\s t e possibility ( inspiration & creation w be de/roy$4 ,! *ild has to foll[ phrase by phrase :at ! tea*] indicates2 ?us e sp>k ( aptitude = orig9al composition is qu5*$4 ,n only does ! *ild rema9 empty ( mat]ial :]e) to create1 z 9 ! pa/1 b ! v capacity = creation disappe>s1 s t if1 to-morr[1 mat]ial %\ld be =m$ 9 8 m9d1 he w\ld no long] h ! impulse to utilize x1 & 8 ?\ght w\ld be fett]$ by 8 s*ool r\t9e4 ,intellectual education c>ri$ on by ! tea*] on su* a sy/em makes "o ?9k ( a *auffeur :o %\ld %ut up ! motor ( an automobile & try to propel x by ! /r5g? ( 8 arms4 ,he w\ld 9 ?is case be a port]1 & ! automobile a useless ma*9e4 ,:51 on ! o!r h&1 ! motor is op51 ! int]nal =ce moves ! c> & ! *auffeur only has to guide x t x may g safely along ! /reet1 n run into ob/acles or ru% into dit*es1 & n injure any "o ^u its c\rse4 ,?is guidance is ! only ?+ necess>y2 b ! real progression is due solely to ! int]nal impulse1 :i* no "o c create4 ,x 0 ?us t ! fir/ ,italian lit]>y ,r5asc5ce came ab\t1 :5 ! new sweet /yle arose ) ,dante z ! spontane\s expression ( feel+3 ,c\nt ( me b z "o ,:o am ! scribe ( ,love1 t :5 he brea!s ,take up my p5 & z he dictates1 write4 7,c>ey's translation1 ,purgatorio1 ,canto ,,xxiv47 ,! *ild mu/ create 8 int]ior life be=e he c express any?+2 he mu/ take spontane\sly f ! ext]nal _w con/ructive mat]ial 9 ord] to compose2 he mu/ ex]cise 8 intellig5ce freely be=e he c be ready to f9d ! logical connection betwe5 ?+s4 ,we ought to (f] ! *ild t :i* is necess>y = 8 int]nal life1 & leave him free to produce4 ,p]haps x w\ld n !n be impossible to meet a *ild runn+ ) sp>kl+ eyes to write a lett]1 or walk+ & m$itat+ z he cultivates a nasc5t inspiration4 ,we ought to t5d & n\ri% ! int]nal *ild1 & await 8 manife/ations4 ,if imag9ative creation comes late1 x w be because ! intellig5ce is n suffici5tly mature to create until late2 & we %\ld no m =ce x ) a fiction ?an we w\ld put a false mu/a*e on a *ild because o!rwise he w n h "o till he is tw5ty4 ,,! ,,moral ,,"q ,:5 we said1 to beg9 )1 t positive sci5ce _h only giv5 ! re=m ( physical life1 toge!r ) ! mod]n rules ( hygi5e1 z its contribution to society1 we 7 unju/ to positive sci5ce4 ,x has consid]$ n only physical life1 b moral life4 ,x is en\gh to ?9k ( ^? /udies 9 bact]iology :i* ref] to ! vehicles ( infecti\s maladies 9 ! environm5t1 9 ord] to recognize !refrom a prim>y tok5 ( ! important place :i* is assign$ to ! community ( human int]e/s1 & ?is is n[ affirm$ ) an emphasis nev] be=e display$4 ,microbes multiply *iefly 9 damp & dirty places2 und]f$ p are m prone to illness ?an o!rs1 & s are ^? :o are ov]tir$4 ,!re=e illness & e>ly dea? mu/ be ! h]itage ( ! poor :o1 und]f$ & ov]tir$1 live 9 damp & dirty places8 ,no4 ,x is a "q ( vehicles4 ,microbes spread 9 all directions f ! s\rces ( infection1 by means ( du/1 insects & all ! usual objects ( life1 9 fact by all ! means ( transport4 ,!y exi/ 9 inconceivable & fabul\s numb]s2 & e sick p]son is an almo/ incr$ible s\rce ( illness & dea?4 ,"o s+le p]son w\ld suffice to contam9ate ! :ole ( ,europe4 ,! means ( transport all[ microbes to cross oceans & cont95ts 9 e s5se4 ,we ne$ only obs]ve ! transatlantic l9es1 & ^? ( ! railways ( ! _w1 9 ord] to realize ! l9es ( communication betwe5 ! maladies :i* afflict humanity 9 all ! places ( ! e>?4 ,we ne$ only /udy ! indu/rial *anges ( matt] 9 ord] to foll[ 9 detail ! daily pa? ( ! microbes1 :i* put all classes ( society into intimate communication4 ,! ri* lady we>s l95 on h] p]son :i* comes f ! h&s ( ! poor1 & is con/antly 9 _! keep+2 %e _c put food into h] m\? unless x is (f]$ to h] by ! poor :o h h&l$ x ov] & ov] aga94 ,! air :i* is brea!d by ! ri* may conta9 9 its du/ ! desiccat$ g]ms :i* a consumptive workman has scatt]$ on ! gr\nd4 ,!re is no way ( escape4 ,/ati/ics prove ?is3 ! dea? rate f infecti\s diseases is trem5d\sly high 9 all c\ntries1 among bo? ri* & poor1 al?\gh ! poor die 9 a d\ble proportion to ! ri*4 ,h[ c we deliv] ourselves f ?is sc\rge8 ,only on condition t !re be no m s\rces ( infection1 t is to say1 t !re be no long] unheal?ful places 9 ! _w1 & no und]f$ p con/ra9$ to "w beyond _! /r5g?4 ,! only way by :i* ! individual may escape is t by :i* all humanity may be sav$4 ,?is is a great pr9ciple1 :i* seems to r+ l a trumpet call3 ,m51 help "o ano!r1 or y w die4 ,x is a fact t sci5ce has inaugurat$ works ( sanitation z its practical contribution to ! fight aga9/ mortality2 t[ns h be5 op5$ out1 wat] has be5 laid on1 h\ses h be5 built = ! poor1 & labor has be5 protect$4 ,all ! environm5t t5ds to ameliorate ! conditions ( life ( ! population4 ,no works ( *>ity1 no expression ( love or ( pity1 has ev] be5 able to d s mu*4 ,sci5ce has %[n u t ^? works :i* 7 call$ *>itable1 & 7 look$ ^u m]ely z a moral virtue1 repres5t$ ! fir/ /ep1 al?\gh a re/rict$ & insuffici5t "o1 t[>ds ! real salvation ( ! heal? ( humanity4 ,x 0 t :i* _h to be done 9 ord] to fight aga9/ dea?4 ,b1 9 ord] to rea* ! goal1 su* "w %\ld be univ]sal1 & %\ld con/itute a re=mation ( society4 ,!n x becomes social progress1 :5 !re w be no b5efactors or b5efit$1 b m]ely humanity :i* has increas$ its own well-be+4 ,?is pr9ciple3 ,all m5 are bro!rs2 let !m love & help "o ano!r1 & let n ! "r h& "k :at ! left h& doe?1 w h be5 translat$ into practise4 ,9 s5tim5tal times1 pov]ty 0 a /imulus to :i* ! ri* man react$4 ,! poor did n really t5d to educate ! ri* man's feel+s4 ,if1 9 ^? times1 ! poor man _h said1 ,give me necessities1 or ?\ %alt die1 ! ri* man w\ld h be5 indignant4 ,he 0 v f> f realiz+ t ! poor man 0 8 bro!r1 ) :om he %>$ 8 rights1 z well z ! dang] ( dea?4 ,to-day sci5ce has put ?+s on a diff]5t foot+4 ,x has realiz$ t *>ity b5efits bo? ri* & poor1 & has con/itut$ a pr9ciple ( civilization t :i* =m]ly 0 a moral pr9ciple entru/$ to s5tim5t4 ,9 ! case ( morals1 too1 hygi5e has p5etrat$1 & has giv5 individual rules ( life4 ,x is ?r\gh hygi5e t debau*]y has become less common1 t ^? epicurean fea/s :i* 7 celebrat$ 9 anci5t times are replac$ to-day by hygi5ic meals1 ! value ( :i* consi/s 9 ! wise proportion betwe5 ! ne$s ( ! body & ! food :i* is prep>$4 ,w9e & alcohol are reject$ by ! ri* m ?an by ! poor4 ,we eat 9 ord] to keep ourselves 9 good heal?1 & !re=e )\t excess & )\t poison4 ,?is is :at ! anci5t morality prea*$ :5 x f\ght aga9/ ! vice ( gluttony & proclaim$ fa/+ & ab/95ce to be virtues4 ,no "o 9 ^? times c\ld h imag9$ t ! day w\ld come :5 millionaires w\ld volunt>ily sub/itute lemonade = w9e1 & t great banquets w\ld disappe> entirely1 leav+ only ! acc\nts ( !m z a curiosity ( ! pa/4 ,nay1 m3 none ( ^! mod]n ascetics are pr\d ( _! virtue1 !y seem to respond ) simplicity to ! gospel precept3 ,:5 ye fa/1 be n z ! hypocrites1 ( a sad c\nt5ance 444 b ano9t ?9e head1 t ?\ appe> n unto m5 to fa/1 b unto ?y ,fa!r :i* see? 9 secret4 ,if "o ( ! anci5t prea*]s c\ld talk to ^! ascetics1 he w\ld also be mu* edifi$ by _! conv]sation4 ,:at has become ( ^? pleasantries :i* =m$ life & delight & gaiety 9 ! "t ( ,m>gu]ite ( ,valois8 ,! tales ( ,boccaccio c\ld n n[ be discuss$ 9 ,engli% society1 or 9 any mod]n ari/ocratic society ev5 ( mu* l[] social rank ?an t :i* surr\nd$ ,m>gu]ite ( ,valois4 ,n[adays p are afraid ( utt]+ an incorrect ^w1 ev5 ( h9t+ at ! mo/ innoc5t functions ( ! body1 or ( nam+ ^? p>ts ( _! clo?+ :i* come 9 contact ) ! sk94 ,!y only talk ab\t elevat$ ?+s1 & only ^? p :o in/ruct u are look$ ^u z brilliant conv]sationali/s2 ^? :o1 9 speak+ ( _! travels1 tell u ab\t ! cu/oms ( ! p1 or :o1 speak+ ( politics1 tell u ( ! curr5t situation4 ,excessive laught]1 jokes1 & viol5t ge/ures are n p]mitt$4 ,e "o keeps 8 limbs quiet1 ev5 avoid+ ^? vivaci\s & in(f5sive ge/ures :i* are ! natural accompanim5t ( conv]sation2 ! tone ( voice is s modulat$ z to be sc>cely audible4 ,! anci5t prea*] w\ld say1 ,^! p h c>ri$ out ,/4 ,paul's exhortation to an exagg]at$ degree3 ',b =nication & all uncleanness1 let x n once be nam$ among y1 z become? sa9ts2 nei!r fil?9ess nor fooli% talk+ nor je/+ :i* are n conv5i5t4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,& among ^! evolutions ( mann]s we f9d t x is once m hygi5e :i*1 mak+ itself ! guide ( fa%ion1 has by degrees simplifi$ clo!s1 done away ) pomatum & r\ge1 aboli%$ cr9ol9es1 modifi$ /ays & %oes1 caus$ long-tra9$ dresses to disappe> f ! /reets1 & has introduc$ uni=mity 9 clo?+4 ,if a man :o liv$ 9 anci5t times 7 to appe> among u1 he w\ld ask3 ,:y are ! p do+ p5ance8 ,i see m5 )\t any ornam5ts & ) _! hair cut %ort2 & wom5 :o1 ) an edify+ r5unciation ( vanity1 g along ! /reet )\t wigs & )\t pat*es on _! faces1 ) _! hair simply knott$ up2 ,i see c\ntesses dress$ 9 inexp5sive co/umes1 9 simple1 d>k1 mona/ic dresses1 almo/ l ^? ( ! poor4 ,! c>riages are d>k1 l fun]al c>s1 & ! s]vants we> m\rn+ liv]y4 ,c>nival no long] enliv5s ! /reets4 ,e "o goes ab\t sil5tly & gravely4 ,:o c\ld ev] h p]suad$ ! p ( old times1 :o us$ to prea* aga9/ excessive vanity1 t su* a picture z ?is does n repres5t a "t ( p5ance1 b ord9>y daily life8 ,^! mod]n p1 on _! side1 are f> f ?9k+ t !y are condemn$ to a life ( suff]+2 on ! contr>y1 !y look back ) horror on ! society ( ! pa/2 !y w\ld nev] g back to ^? days :5 m5 7 enslav$ by gr& dresses & by r\ge1 poison+ !mselves ) debau*]y & dy+ ( infecti\s diseases4 ,!y h fre$ !mselves f a great _m useless bonds & h realiz$ a high] enjoym5t ( life4 ,all ! com=t :i* makes life s delici\s to-day w\ld h be5 an incompreh5sible secret to ! nobility ( pa/ c5turies4 ,x is ! secret ( life4 ,possibly1 at "o "t1 monks & ^? :o 7 liv+ 9 ! _w ?\ght ( ea* o!r 9 a simil> way4 ,^? :o _h r5\nc$ ! bondage ( ! _w & all its vanities possess$ a secret ( life :i* 0 full ( hi!rto unkn[n delights1 & !y look$ ) horror ^u ! s-call$ pleasure ( _! c5tury2 :ile ^? unconsci\s m5 :o 7 slaves f ! tops ( _! be-wigg$ heads to _! feet compress$ 9 n>r[ boots1 call$ ! ways ( dea? life & enjoym5t4 ,positive sci5ce has made yet ano!r contribution p5etrat+ directly into ! sph]e ( morality4 ,by /ati/ic me?ods ( sociology ! social problems ( immorality & crime h be5 op5$ up1 & ext]nal facts h be5 /udi$2 & crim9al an?ropology has reveal$ ! inf]ior types :o by h]$it>y ta9t are ^? :o h a pr$isposition to all ! moral infection ( _! surr\nd+s4 ,morel's !ories conc]n+ deg5]ation & ! result+ !ories ( ,lombroso conc]n+ crim9als h und\bt$ly br\ght light into ?is *aos1 :]e9 op9ion z to human goodness & wick$ness 0 divid$4 ,=ms ( deg5]ation are *iefly root$ 9 ! n]v\s sy/em1 & all ! abnormal p]sonalities produc$ !reby deviate f ! ord9>y type4 ,!y h a diff]5t intellig5ce & diff]5t morality4 ,false p]ceptions1 false reason+1 illusions1 anomalies ( ! w su* z impulses1 irresolutions1 & crazes1 ! defici5t moral s5se on :i* ! abnormal intellig5ce builds up sy/ematic delusions1 :i* are int]pret$ z philosophical pr9ciples1 place ^! p]sons 9 a category ap>t z extra-social be+s4 ,! g5]al n]v\s weakness & ! w&]+ intellig5ce :i* preclude an int]e/ 9 "w make ( ^! p]sons individuals incapable ( production1 :o !re=e try to live ^u ! productions ( o!rs4 ,?is fundam5tal fact1 :i* t5ds to unite a dislike ( productive labor ) impulses t[>ds rap9e1 causes !m to make use ( all ^? surr\nd+ causes :i* prep>e ! ext]nal means = crime4 ,^! m5 are bad4 ,b if we obs]ve m closely we see t x is n wick$ness ) :i* we h to deal b morbid conditions & social errors4 ,if su* be ! case1 ^! bad m51 :o f no fault ( _! own 7 born 9 ^! unhappy conditions1 & :o are driv5 to p]dition by society1 are really victims4 ,_! :ole hi/ory1 :5 closely inve/igat$1 reveals ?is fact4 ,!y are hunt$ & neglect$ f babyhood4 ,incapable ( mak+ !mselves belov$ ow+ to m5tal defici5cy1 volitive disord]s1 to ! anomaly ( ! affections & also to lack ( physical attraction1 !y pass f mat]nal p]secution to t ( ! s*ool1 & f9ally to t ( society1 br++ on !mselves e k9d ( puni%m5t4 ,! fir/ picture :i* ,morel drew ( ^! dead ones ( ! race 0 an impressive "o4 ,accord+ to 8 orig9al !ory1 conta9+ a syn!sis :i*1 if n v exact1 yet sums up ! ph5om5on ) compreh5sive cle>ness1 :5 a cause ( deg5]ation acts ^u a man1 he may h defective *ildr51 ^: defici5cy increases 9 ! two or ?ree foll[+ g5]ations1 until x is ext+ui%$ 9 ! f9al /]ility ( exce$+ly debas$ individuals4 ,accord+ to ,morel1 madm51 crim9als1 epileptics & idiots =m ! sad s]ies 9 ?is ext9ction ( man4 ,! man :o dies leav+ /rong desc5dants1 does n really die1 b is r5ew$ 9 !m1 y\? succe$+ to age4 ,x is only ! deg5]ate :o dies1 = 8 k9d is ext+ui%$1 ! few mis]able g5]ations :om he produces repres5t a liv+ agony4 ,?is dy+ species1 :i* lives among ! heal?y1 exhibit+ its weakness1 its delusions1 its convulsions1 irritability & egoism1 is f9ally driv5 into ^? tombs ( ! liv+1 lunatic asylums & prisons4 ,:at a liv+ picture1 & :at a w>n+ to man6 ,"o fault may be a mortal "o to him1 =1 l ! ,biblical curse1 x transmits itself to g5]ations1 & leads to et]nal p]dition4 ,h[ t]rible x is to ?9k ( puni%m5t fall+ on ! innoc5t head ( a *ild6 & h[ evid5t x is t our pres5t life is n ev]y?+1 b t x has a cont9uation1 :5 we %all reap ! true rew>ds or ! true puni%m5ts ( our exi/5ce4 ,! *oice lies to a great ext5t 9 our own h&s4 ,%all we h a beautiful1 heal?y1 prolific son1 or a de=m$1 unheal?y1 b>r5 son1 incapable ( lov+ & und]/&+ u8 ,! hygi5e ( g5]ation is ! mo/ important "p ( moral hygi5e4 ,if ! salvation ( ! individual life c only be obta9$ by c>+ = ! hygi5ic life ( ! :ole ( humanity1 x is only by rigor\sly foll[+ ! laws ( heal? & ! laws ( life t ! salvation ( ! species c be obta9$4 ,alcoholism1 all poisons1 ov]work1 con/itutional maladies1 dissipation ( n]v\s =ce1 vice1 & idl5ess1 are all causes ( deg5]ation4 ,x 0 sci5ce :i* w5t on prea*+ ^! ?+s = ! salvation ( mank9d1 & by ^! means propagat+ virtue4 ,b above all1 x inculcat$ ! great pr9ciple ( p>don1 :i* hi!rto _h be5 "o ( ! my/]ies ( religi\s morality4 ,a few ye>s ago1 no "o1 h[ev] pitiful & g5]\s1 c\ld h look$ ^u ! del9qu5t ) ! same ju/ice & pity z sci5ce has done4 ,x has po9t$ out t we are all responsible = ?is victim ( social causes1 t we mu/ all accuse ourselves ( ! s9s committ$ by ! inf]ior individual1 & ex]t ourselves = 8 reg5]ation by all ! means 9 our p[]4 ,x 0 only ! sa9ts :o _h an intuition ( ?is tru?1 :5 !y (f]$ _! m]its = all m5 9 common & accept$ responsibility = ! (f5ses ( all4 ,y w hold y\rselves acc\ntable1 said ,/4 ,john ,*ryso/om1 n only = y\r own salvation1 b = univ]sal salvation2 he :o prays mu/ take ^u himself ! burd5 ( ! int]e/s ( ! :ole human race4 ,x is c]ta9 t if a ,tages _h cleans$ our :ole race ( its de=mities1 & if an analog\s morality _h r5d]$ u indiff]5t to ! illnesses1 weaknesses1 & suff]+s ( humanity1 reg5]ative sci5ce w\ld n h be5 able to arise4 ,x is only by recogniz+ ! effects t we c g back to ! unheal?y causes1 & save humanity f dang]4 ,! causes ( dea? are z invisible & intangible z microbes2 man may dr9k poison :5 he ?9ks he is dr9k+ nect>4 ,woe to u if ! diseas$ & deg5]ate did n exhibit !mselves to u z an advance gu>d1 to te/ify to ! unconsci\s errors :i* ?reat5 u ) p]dition4 ,sci5ce does n exactly limit itself to t5d+ ! sick1 l ! p]sonnel ( a hospital1 b x p5etrat$ by t goodly door1 & made its way 9 a contr>y direction t[>ds a normal humanity1 unconsci\s ( its dang]4 ,! ultimate result ( sci5ce is n ! c>e ( ! sick b univ]sal heal?4 ,we owe ! hygi5ic com=t :i* ensures our heal?1 & dim9i%es g5]al mortality to s great an ext5t1 to ! fact t sick p 7 collect$ toge!r & t5d$4 ,! promise ( reg5]ation giv5 u by eug5ics1 :i* (f]s u ! univ]sal hope ( a m fl\ri%+ & happi] g5]ation ?an t ( ! pa/ has be5 made possible because we m]cifully collect all ! feeble-m9d$1 ! epileptics & ! unheal?y4 ,x 0 to ?is we _h to look 9 ord] to f9d ! roads :i* lead to heal?1 & arrive at ! gates ( a bett] _w4 ,:5 ,*ri/ %[$ ! way ( salvation to m5 ,he po9t$ to ^? :o 7 reject$ by society1 9 :om ! obvi\s effects ( evil c\ld be se51 because ! causes ( evil are too subtle1 & are n always directly visible3 ,y he> ) y\r e>s & d n und]/&2 y behold ) y\r eyes & d n see4 ,b1 on ! o!r h&1 ! extreme consequ5ces are obvi\s1 & x is en\gh t ! w ( man %\ld agree to ga!r !m 9 *>itably & )\t repugnance 9 ord] to obta9 salvation4 ,/4 ,mat!w says t at ! ,la/ ,judgm5t ^? :o are lo/ w be sep>at$ f ^? :o are sav$1 & t ! ,k+ w call ! latt] to 8 "r h&1 say+1 ,come1 ye bless$ ( my ,fa!r1 inh]it ! k+dom prep>$ = y f ! f\ndation ( ! _w4 ,= ,i 0 an-hung]$1 & ye gave me meat3 ,i 0 ?ir/y & ye gave me dr9k 444 ,i 0 nak$ & ye clo!d me4444 ,i 0 9 prison1 & ye came unto me4 ,& :51 repli$ ! j1 saw we !e1 ,o ,"l1 an-hung]$ or ?ir/y or nak$8 ,:5 saw we !e sick or 9 prison & came unto !e8 & ! ,k+ %all answ] & say unto !m1 ,inasmu* z ye h done x unto ! lea/ ( ^! my bre?r51 ye h done x unto me4 ,!n %all he say also unto !m on ! left h&1 ,dep>t f me1 ye curs$1 into ev]la/+ fire 444 = ,i 0 an-hung]$1 & ye gave me no meat3 ,i 0 ?ir/y1 & ye gave me no dr9k 444 sick & 9 prison & ye visit$ me n4 ,!n %all !y answ] him1 say+1 ,:5 saw we !e an-hung]$1 or a-?ir/1 or a /rang]1 or nak$1 or sick1 or 9 prison1 & did n m9i/] unto !e8 ,!n %all he answ] !m1 say+1 ,inasmu* z ye did x n to "o ( ! lea/ ( ^!1 ye did x n to me4 ,?is is ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 hea!n & ,*ri/ian morality2 betwe5 intellectual ,greek philosophy & practical mod]n sci5ce2 betwe5 ! /hetic ideal & ! ideal ( life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,positive sci5ce1 !re=e1 has made u realize a "p ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,we might almo/ say t ! mona/ic ord]s practically repres5t$1 ?r\gh\t ! c5turies & ! diff]5t civilizations1 ! only =m ( life :i* is really life--t :i* sci5ce has reveal$ to-day4 ,!y alone1 at a p]iod ( disord]ly excess1 _h a diet>y :i* beg9s to be g5]ally recogniz$ z hygi5ic2 !y ate co>se bread1 fre% fruit1 milk fre% f ! c[1 _m vegetables1 little meat1 at frugal b regul> repa/s4 ,)draw+ f ! pollut$ air ( cr[d$ cities1 !y *ose l>ge1 spaci\s h\ses 9 ! op5 c\ntry or1 at any rate1 r isolat$--if possible1 /&+ on a height4 ,_! luxury 0 n heavy1 padd$ furniture b l>ge gr\nds :]e x 0 possible to live 9 ! op5 air4 ,loose clo?+1 com=table s&als1 or b>e feet1 wool5 g[ns1 physical ex]cise1 agricultural "w1 travel+1 made !m almo/ ! precursors ( ! mod]n life ( sport4 ,e conv5t spread b5efactions all ar\nd--receiv$ ! poor1 t5d$ ! sick1 z if to %[ t ?is fre] & m privileg$ life 0 b a phase1 :i* mu/ necess>ily be accompani$ by help to humanity4 ,!y repres5t$ ! social & intellectual lite2 x 0 ! ,b5$ict9es :o pres]v$ manuscripts & treasur$ ! arts2 x 0 ! foll[]s ( ,sa9t ,b]n>d :o practis$ agriculture1 & x 0 ! sons ( ,sa9t ,francis :o prea*$ peace4 ,or x might be said t mod]n society1 guid$ by positive /udy ( ! laws ( life & ( ! means ( sav+ x1 has enc\nt]$ ! religi\s laws :i* reveal ! pa?s ( life2 & realizes a =m ( civilization :i* recalls &1 9 "s ways1 reproduces ! anci5t oases ( ! _s4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we 7 to risk a p>allel betwe5 mod]n society & a conv5t1 :at k9d ( conv5t w\ld ! =m] be8 ,"h is a mona/]y :]e ! bre?r5 eat accord+ to rule1 we> hygi5ic clo?+1 are correct 9 _! language1 nev] indulge 9 noisy qu>rels1 h all _! int]e/s 9 life 9 common1 & disp5se _! *>ities coldly1 z if !y 7 a cu/om or an obligation ( _! ord]2 !y m$itate on et]nal life1 on salvation1 & rew>ds & puni%m5ts 9 a future life1 b )\t be+ t\*$ by ^! ?\ghts4 ,! real tru? is t !y h lo/ _! fai?1 & t !y d n love "o ano!r2 ambition1 ang]1 envy & ev5 hatr$1 drive away int]nal peace2 & corruption beg9s to filt] 9 "u ^! o!r s9s2 a sign ( a deep] decad5ce n[ beg9s to %[ itself1 = *a/ity has be5 lo/4 ,t :i* is1 p> excell5ce1 ! /&>d ( ,*ri/ianity1 ! sign ( respect = life1 ! consecration ( ! purity :i* leads to et]nal life1 has be5 ov]?r[n toge!r ) fai?4 ,! love ( man is n compatible ) ! excesses ( ! bea/4 ,x is ?r\gh purity t an ard5t love to all mank9d1 & compreh5sion ( o!rs1 & intuition ( tru?1 arise l a p]fume4 ,x is t ard5t fire call$ *>ity or love1 :i* keeps life k9dl$1 & gives value to all ?+s4 ,?\gh ,i be/[ all my goods to fe$ ! poor1 & ?\gh ,i give my body to be burn$1 says ,/ ,paul1 & h n *>ity1 x pr(ite? me no?+4 ,& ?\gh ,i h ! gift ( prophecy & und]/& all my/]ies & all k1 & h n *>ity1 ,i am no?+4 ,?\gh ,i speak ) ! tongues ( m5 & ( angels & h n *>ity1 ,i am became z s\nd+ brass or a t9kl+ cymbal 7#a ,cor4 xiii474 ,9 deg5]ate conv5ts ! greate/ & mo/ elevat$ acquirem5ts1 & ! highe/ level ( p]fection rea*$1 are lo/2 j z a p]son puni%$ by degradation fir/ loses ! la/ & highe/ acquisitions1 & only keeps ! l[]4 ,9 social conv5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ultimate atta9m5t has n yet be5 rea*$2 t is ! diff]5ce & ! contra/4 ,! social elevation t[>ds ,*ri/ianity is only on its fir/ /eps4 ,love is lack+1 & !nce *a/ity2 & all ?is is abs5t ow+ to ! arid void left by ! abs5ce ( fai?1 & ! oppression ( spiritual life4 ,positive sci5ce has n yet t\*$ ! inn] man1 & ! social environm5t does n !re=e realize1 9 its =ce ( univ]sal civilization1 ! l(ti] human acquisitions4 ,:5 we occupy ourselves ) ! moral education ( our *ildr51 we ought to ask ourselves if we really love !m & if we are s9c]e 9 our wi%es = _! morality4 ,let u be practical4 ,fa!rs & mo!rs1 :at c y hope = f y\r *ildr58 ,! ,european w> is f> less dang]\s to _! bodies ?an ! spiritual risks :i* !y run4 ,we mu/ imag9e a mu* great] w>1 a univ]sal "o1 to :i* all "y m5 are call$1 & :]e ! survivors are po9t$ out z absolutely exceptional4 ,!re=e y are educat+ y\r sons = dea?4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! use ( tr\bl+ s mu* ab\t !m8 ,is x n useless to take c>e ( _! s(t hair1 & _! rosy nails1 & ! fre% & bewit*+ beauty ( _! vigor\s little bodies1 if !y are to die be=e long8 ,ah6 all ^? :o love *ildr5 mu/ fight 9 ?is deadly w>1 & /ruggle = peace3 ,! cre$ :i* ,mme4 de ,hric\rt sets =? 9 h] book1 ,la ,femme ,affran*ie1 ab\t ! "t ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution1 is v eloqu5t4 ,mo!rs1 y admoni% y\r *ildr51 say+1 ',d n tell lies1 because ?is is unwor?y ( a p]son :o respects himself4 ,d n /eal3 w\ld y l x if p /ole y\r ?+s8 ,x is a di%one/ ?+ to d4 ,d n oppress ^? ( y\r companions :o are weak] ?an y\rself1 & d n be rude to !m1 = t w\ld be a c[>dly act4' ,^! are excell5t pr9ciples4 ,b :5 ! *ild has become a "y man 8 "m says1 ',he mu/ s[ 8 wild oats4' ,& s[+ 8 wild oats means t he mu/ p]=ce be a s$uc]1 an adult]]1 & a frequ5t] ( bro!ls4 ,:at8 ,is ?is "m1 :o told h] boy n to tell lies1 ! same p]son :o p]mits him n[ t he is a man1 to betray a woman l h]self8 ,&1 al?\gh %e taught h] *ild n to /eal ano!r *ild's toy1 %e ?9ks x lawful = h] son to rob a woman l h]self ( h] life & h] honor4 ,& %e :o advis$ him nev] to oppress ! weak1 n[ p]mits him to range himself among ! oppressors ( a human be+ :om society has made into a slave4 99 99 99 99 99 ,^! mo!rs acquiesce 9 ! degrad+ fact :i* p]v]ts all humanity4 ,!re is a /rong social movem5t to-day aga9/ ! :ite slave traffic2 & at ! same "t ! sci5ce ( eug5ics has aris5 :i* t5ds to protect ! heal? ( po/]ity4 ,^! are excell5t ?+s4 ,b ! "q :i* lies at ! root ( all ^! que/ions is a spiritual "q4 ,x is n ! :ite slaves :o are ! lo/ human be+s2 !y are ! victims ( a univ]sal act ( p]dition & slav]y4 ,if su* a grave spiritual dang] is hang+ ov] u1 :at ext]nal hygi5e c save u1 unless x is prec$$ by a direct /ruggle aga9/ ?is dang]8 ,! really lo/ are ^? :o p]si/ 9 a /ate ( dea?1 )\t p]ceiv+ x4 ,if any "o p]ceives ! dang]1 he may by ?is m]e fact f9d himself 9 ! way ( salvation4 ,! s-call$ :ite slaves1 held 9 scorn by society & oppress$ by puni%m5t1 cry v5geance 9 ! sight ( ! univ]se1 & cov] mank9d ) %ame2 b !y are n ! really lo/--!y are n ! only slaves4 ,he :o is lo/ is ! innoc5t1 well-educat$ "y man :o1 )\t remorse1 unconsci\s ( 8 own degradation1 takes advantage ( a human be+ :o is made a slave = him1 &1 moreov]1 cov]s h] ) contempt1 )\t he>+ ! voice ( consci5ce :i* admoni%es him3 ,:y beholde/ ?\ ! mote :i* is 9 ?y bro!r's eye8 ,ca/ out ! beam :i* is 9 ?9e own eye4 ,?is man1 :o seeks1 p]haps1 to protect 8 own body f disa/r\s consequ5ces1 al?\gh v (t5 x is n possible to escape !m1 & !re=e risks1 = no?+1 suicide ( 8 own p]son & ( 8 species2 & :o only c>es to seek a social position = himself & an honor$ family--?is is ! man :o is really lo/ 9 d>kness1 & r$uc$ to slav]y4 ,& 8 "m is also a slave1 = %e _c foll[ h] son1 :om %e br\ght up ) s mu* c>e = 8 body1 & :o c>$ = 8 moral good ) all ! passionate love ( h] he>t2 %e is a slave1 :5 h] son is =c$ away f h]1 to g p]haps to dea? or to ! ru9 ( 8 physical heal?1 & to desc5d into moral degradation1 :ile %e c d no?+ b wat* him1 sil5t & immovable4 ,%e excuses h]self sadly1 say+ t h] dignity & purity =bid h] to foll[ h] son 9 ^! pa?s4 ,x is z if %e 7 to say1 ,!re is my son1 w\nd$ & ble$+2 b ,i _c foll[ him1 because ! road is muddy1 & ,i might dirty my boots4 ,:]e is ! he>t ( a true "m8 ,h[ c mat]nal s5tim5t fall s l[8 ,%e only is dignifi$ & pure1 cries ,madame de ,hric\rt1 :o is capable ( br++ up h] son 9 su* a way t he w nev] h any?+ %ameful to confess to 8 "m4 ,! "m :o has lo/ all h] au?ority is h]self lo/4 ,mat]nal dignity1 on ! o!r h&1 is great & p[]ful4 ,behold 9 anci5t times ! ,roman matron1 ,veturia1 ! "m ( ,coriolanus6 ,hav+ he>d t h] son1 a traitor to 8 c\ntry1 0 com+ to attack ,rome at ! head ( an ali5 army1 %e w5t bravely out f ! protect+ walls ( ! city1 advanc$ t[>ds ! p[]ful lead] ?r\gh ! ho/ile ho/1 & ask$ him1 ,art ?\ my son1 or art ?\ a traitor8 ,at ^? words ,coriolanus r5\nc$ 8 unwor?y und]tak+4 ,9 ! same way1 9 ^! days1 ! true "m %\ld pass beyond ! walls ( prejudice & ! fronti]s ( slav]y1 & h suffici5t dignity to be able to confront h] son1 say+ to him3 ,?\ wilt n be a traitor to humanity6 ,:at pressure c h be5 br\ght to be> on a woman to h made h] lose ! sacr$ "r ( sav+ h] son8 & :at c h s weak5$ affection z to lead a y\? to despise ! mat]nal au?ority 9 ord] to make himself a "y man8 ,x is ?is dea? ( ! s\l & n ext]nal facts :i* pron\nce our s5t5ce4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if positive sci5ce1 :i* has limit$ itself to ! /udy ( ! ext]nal causes ( maladies1 or ! causes ( deg5]ation1 & has conf9$ itself to ! inculcation ( physical hygi5e--t is to say1 ! protection ( mat]ial life--has contribut$ s l>gely to morality1 h[ mu* m may we hope = moral elevation f a positive sci5ce :i* conc5trates ^u ! protection ( ! inn] life ( man8 ,& if ! fir/ "p1 scrupul\sly foll[+ ! tru? by exact rese>*1 has arriv$ at ! social realization ( ,*ri/ian pr9ciples1 we may presume t its cont9uation1 conduct$ ) ! same loyalty & exactitude ( rese>*1 w 9 l mann] succe$ 9 fill+ up ! voids :i* /ill exi/ 9 mod]n civilization4 ,?is is1 ,i believe1 ! cle>e/ & mo/ direct reply to ^? :o ask :at c be hop$ = 9 ! morality & religion ( ! new g5]ations1 f our pov]-ositive me?od ( education4 ,if exp]im5tal m$ic9e1 by go+ back to ! causes ( diseases1 has succe$$ 9 solv+ ! problems :i* conc]n heal?1 an exp]im5tal sci5ce :i* conc5trates ^u ! /udy ( normal man's psy*ical activities %\ld lead to ! discov]y ( ! sup]ior laws ( life & ( ! heal? ( mank9d4 ,?is sci5ce has n yet be5 e/abli%$1 & awaits its inve/igators2 b we may =esee t if univ]sal hygi5e1 :i* gives humanity a guide to physical life1 has come f m$ical rese>*1 !n ?is new sci5ce %\ld produce a hygi5e :i* w give to all m5 practical guidance 9 moral life4 ,& if positive m$ic9e arose 9 ! hospitals1 :]e sick p 7 collect$ by private & public g5]osity1 ) *>itable int5tions & "u ! guidance ( empiricism1 ?is sci5ce %\ld1 above all1 conc5trate & f9d its exp]i5ces 9 s*ools3 t is to say1 9 ! places :]e all *ildr5 are ga!r$ toge!r = _! social elevation1 & ) ! empirical guidance ( education4 ,:at 0 ! elevat$ note ( sci5tific m$ic9e :i* gradually sup]s$$ ! empirical me?od8 ,:ile empirical m$ic9e believ$ 9 blood-lett+ & bli/]+1 sci5tific m$ic9e elevat$ & illu/rat$ ! anci5t pr9ciple :i* _h be5 =gott51 & :i* conta9$ all ! new wisdom 9 a syn!sis3 ! m$ic9al =ce ( nature1 vis m$icatrix naturae4 ,a natural p[] ( fight+ & conqu]+ illness exi/s 9 ! liv+ organism1 & x is to ?is t we mu/ look 9 ord] to con/ruct rational m$ic9e2 he :o believes t ! doctor & ! m$ic9e cure ! sick is an empirici/2 b he :o kn[s t x is only ! organism t c produce ! cure1 & t !re=e we mu/ protect & assi/ ! =ce :i* nature gives = our salvation1 is a sci5ti/4 ,n[ ! sum ( treatm5ts necess>y to protect ! natural =ces ( def5se & reorganization 9 positive m$ic9e1 are mu* m m9ute & are diffus$ 9 mu* va/] fields ?an ! old empiricism4 ,! great numb] ( speciali/s :o replace ! s+le type ( doctor ( ! la/ c5tury1 is suffici5t to emphasize ! enorm\s diff]5ce 9 practise :i* ! new t5d5cy involves4 ,x is int]e/+ also to give a glance at ! progress :i* has be5 made 9 m$ic9e2 x has begun to cure diseases2 & !nce x has gone on to discov] ! laws ( normal physical life1 & to %[ ! heal?y h[ to pres]ve _! heal?4 ,:5 x rea*$ ?is po9t x f\nd t ! same measures :i* are necess>y = pres]v+ heal? are ! be/ = cur+ disease2 because x is ! same s\rce ( life :i* gives heal? & ! vis m$icatrix naturae4 ,?us1 = example1 ! rational diet ( to-day is n only a hygi5ic measure :i* all %\ld adopt 9 ord] to keep !mselves 9 heal?1 b ! mo/ important factor 9 ! cure ( illness4 ,dietetics1 :e!r = ! victims ( g\t1 pellagra1 fev]1 tub]culosis1 or diabetes1 is ( prim>y importance2 li?ia salts1 caffe9e1 & creosote are useless 9 comp>ison4 ,! mod]n t5d5cy is to reject ^! poison\s rem$ies altoge!r1 & to sub/itute ! natural rem$ies ( re/1 m$ical gymna/ics1 hydropa?ic treatm5t1 &1 above all1 climatic treatm5t4 ,psy*iatry & neuropa?ology h introduc$ ! treatm5t ( "w3 t is1 a c\rse ( ord]ly intellig5t activity1 to give occupation to individuals :o beg9 to %[ signs ( m5tal failure4 ,by degrees1 z progress is made 9 ?is direction1 ! conception ( natural heal+ w triumph--! ev] cle>] conception1 t is to say1 ( ! =ces :i* su/a9 life4 ,x is only ,nature :i* c d ev]y?+1 & if ! doctor is to become useful he mu/ foll[ 9 h] foot/eps & s]ve h] ) increas+ fidelity4 ,x is natural t inve/igation %\ld lead to attempts at int]pret+ ^! =ces ^u :i* heal? dep5ds1 & ^! /udies ( immunity h be5 ! mo/ brilliant1 widely diffus$ & sci5tific ( all m$ical /udies4 ,:5 ,met*nik(f believ$ he _h discov]$ t ! leucocytes 9 ! blood absorb & dige/ microbes & ?us save man f infection1 x seem$ z if a ray ( cle> & simple light _h illum9at$ all ! my/]y4 ,b no soon] 0 8 !ory promulgat$ ?an x 0 demoli%$ by ! successive /udies 9 :i* x 0 subject$ to a de/ructive criticism1 because ! leucocytes are n always able to absorb liv+ microbes2 c]ta9 conditions ( ! organism are requisite 9 ord] t !y may h ?is p[]1 & s ! knotty po9t 0 m]ely %ift$4 ,moreov]1 x is n ! actual microbes :i* cause disease1 b _! tox9es4 ,?us ! !ories ( tox9es seem$ to be ! true guide = rese>*es2 b !n we ent]$ into a sea ( complications1 & x is obvi\s t only aspects & attributes ( immunity are accessible to u1 b t ! sub/ance1 ! la/ ^w1 und]ly+ all ^? aspects :i* rese>* has reveal$ is3 my/]y4 ,= ?is reason1 !re is sil5ce to-day z to que/ions ( immunity2 t :i* 0 once famili> z a popul> idea rema9s among ! obscure /udies :i* n ev5 ! /ud5ts ( ! univ]sity %\ld approa*4 ,nev]!less1 x is impossible t ! m$ical sci5ce f\nd$ ^u natural =ces %\ld develop1 unless ! imp]ative necessity be recogniz$ ( /udy+ ! my/]y ( life :i* conceals its s\rce1 b cont9ually exp&s its =ces4 ,! invisible b real s\rce ( heal? & heal+ is always !re1 at ! climax ( all ef=ts2 & ! palpitat+ en]gy :i* spr+s inexhau/ibly !refrom is ! only reality :i* makes evid5t ?is revival ( ! liv+4 ,?is m$ical sci5ce & ?is my/]y _c b =m a unity4 ,x is probable t ?is w be br\ght ab\t by t sci5ce :i* /udies ! heal? & ! maladies ( ! s\l4 ,if ?is %\ld discov] t ! s\l1 too1 is corruptible1 subject to disease & dea?1 t x has its laws ( heal? & its vis m$icatrix naturae1 treatm5ts t5d+ to respect & aid ?is preci\s =ce ( life %\ld multiply immeasurably2 & at ! same "t ! my/]i\s s\rce :5ce x gu%es %\ld impose itself on mod]n m$ic9e1 z ! "q ( immunity has done4 ,!n life1 morality & religion w be indissolubly unit$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,let u n[ turn to *ildr5 ( two & a half & ?ree ye>s old1 :o t\* ev]y?+1 b especially ^? objects :i* !y evid5tly pref]1 ! mo/ simple objects1 z1 = example1 a squ>e block ( pap]1 a squ>e ink/&1 or a r\nd1 %9y bell4 ,all ?+s :i* are n meant = !m4 ,!n ! "m comes & takes !m away2 half c>ess+1 & at ! same "t tapp+ ! little h&s1 %e calls out1 ,don't t\*6 naughty6 ,i once 0 pres5t at "o ( ^! _m family sc5es1 :i* pass unnotic$4 ,! fa!r1 :o 0 a doctor1 0 sitt+ at ! writ+-table2 ! "m 0 hold+ 9 h] arms a v small *ild1 :o 0 /ret*+ out its little h&s to ! v>i\s objects ^u ! table4 ,! doctor said1 ,t *ild is incorrigibly naughty1 al?\gh x is s "y4 ,h[ev] mu* its "m & ,i try to cure x ( ?is fault ( t\*+ my ?+s1 we nev] succe$4 ,naughty6 naughty6 repeat$ ! "m1 hold+ its little h&s tightly1 :ile ! *ild ?rew itself back1 h[l+1 & ?r[+ its feet ab\t z if x wi%$ to kick4 ,:5 *ildr5 are ?ree or f\r ye>s old]1 ! /ruggle becomes m sev]e3 !y want to d ?+s4 ,^? :o obs]ve !m c>efully discov] t !y h "s t5d5cy4 ,!y wi% to imitate :at _! "m does1 if _! "m is a h\sewife4 ,!y will+ly foll[ h] into ! kit*51 !y wi% to %>e h] "w1 to t\* h] ?+s1 & !y try furtively to knead & cook & wa% clo!s1 & sweep ! floor4 ,! "m feels we>i$ by !m2 %e keeps on repeat+1 ,be quiet2 leave x alone4 ,don't tease me4 ,g away4 ,!n ! *ild makes a great noise1 ?r[s himself on ! gr\nd1 & kicks2 b !n he beg9s aga9 to d z mu* z he c )\t be+ se51 z quickly z possible2 & by try+ to wa% ?+s 9 a hurry1 gives himself a ba?2 try+ to conceal "s contrab& rag\t1 he makes ! floor dirty4 ,! "m's ang]1 cries1 & repro(s increase2 & ! *ild reacts ) naught9ess & te>s2 b beg9s aga9 almo/ at once4 ,:]e ! "m does n d h] own "w1 ! *ild1 if intellig5t1 is /ill m un=tunate4 ,he looks = some?+ :i* he _c f9d1 & cries = no reason1 he flies into a passion = :i* no "o c acc\nt2 "s fa!rs lam5t ?is1 almo/ ) despair4 ,my *ild is v intellig5t1 b s naughty6 no?+ w satisfy him4 ,x is no use to buy toys = him1 he is really ov]done ) !m2 no?+ is ( any use4 ,! "m asks anxi\sly1 ,:at d y advise me to d :5 ! *ild is naughty8 & :5 he gets into passions8 ,he is s naughty1 he nev] keeps /ill2 ,i _c cont5d ) him any m4 ,x is r>e to he> a "m say1 ,my baby is good--x is always asleep4 ,:o has n he>d "s poor "m %\t 9 a ?reat5+ voice to ! cry+ babe 9 h] arms1 ,be quiet1 be quiet1 ,i tell y6 & !n1 naturally ! *ild is fright5$1 & r$\bles its cries4 ,?is is ! fir/ conte/ ( ! man :o ent]s ! _w3 he has to /ruggle ) 8 p>5ts1 ) ^? :o h giv5 him life4 ,& ?is occurs because 8 infant life is diff]5t f t ( 8 p>5ts2 ! *ild has to =m himself1 :]eas 8 p>5ts are already =m$4 ,! *ild mu/ move ab\t a great deal1 to coord9ate 8 movem5ts1 :i* are n yet "u control2 ! p>5ts1 on ! o!r h&1 h _! volunt>y mobility organiz$1 & c control _! movem5ts2 p]haps also !y are (t5 tir$ aft] _! "w4 ,! *ild's s5ses are n yet fully develop$2 8 p[]s ( accommodation are insuffici5t1 & ne$ help f t\*+ & feel+1 9 ord] to take acc\nt ( objects z well z ( spaces2 & 8 eyes are rectifi$ by ! exp]i5ce ( 8 h&s4 ,! p>5ts1 on ! contr>y1 h develop$ s5ses1 & h already correct$ ! primitive illusions ( ^!2 _! p[]s ( accommodation are p]fect1 if !y h n spoilt !m by abuse2 9 e way c]ebral activity leads ! s5ses to receive an exact impression2 !y h no ne$ to t\*4 ,*ildr5 are anxi\s to get k ( ! ext]nal _w2 _! p>5ts "k x too well already4 ,!re=e !y d n und]/& ea* o!r4 ,p>5ts want _! *ildr5 to d z !y d1 & any div]sity is call$ naught9ess4 ,?9k ( ! "m :o drags h] *ild along ) h]2 he has to run :ile %e walks2 8 legs are %ort1 :ile h]s are long2 weak1 :ile h]s are /rong1 he has to be> ! weight ( 8 body & 8 disproportionately l>ge head1 :ile ! "m has a head & body :i* are proportionally light] & small]4 ,! *ild is tir$ & /&s & cries1 & ! "m exclaims1 ,come on1 y naughty little ?+6 ,i won't h any nons5se4 ,d y want me to c>ry y1 lazybones8 ,no1 ,i won't give 9 to y4 ,or aga91 we see mo!rs :o1 :5 _! *ildr5 sit d[n on ! gr\nd--or lay !mselves flat on _! /oma*s ) _! feet 9 ! air1 & support !mselves on _! elb[s1 :ile !y look r\nd !m1 call out1 ,(f ! gr\nd6 ,y are mak+ y\rself dirty1 naughty *ild4 ,all ?is may be translat$ 9 ?is way3 ,! *ild is diff]5t f ! adult4 ,! =mation ( 8 body is su* t 8 head & 8 body are enorm\sly l>ge 9 comp>ison ) 8 small1 sl5d] legs1 because !y are ! "p :i* w gr[ mo/4 ,h5ce ! *ild _c endure walk+1 & pref]s to lie at full l5g?1 :i* is ! mo/ heal?y position = him4 ,he has a wond]ful t5d5cy t[>ds developm5t2 he gets 8 fir/ ideas ( ext]nal life & assi/s 8 s5ses ( sight & he>+ by t\*+1 9 ord] to realize ! =ms ( objects & di/ance4 ,he moves cont9ually1 because he mu/ coord9ate & adapt 8 mobility4 ,h5ce he moves a great deal1 walks v little1 ?r[s himself on ! gr\nd1 & t\*es ev]y?+1 & ^! are signs t he is alive1 & t he is gr[+4 ,no--all ?is is look$ ^u z naught9ess4 ,?is is evid5tly n a moral "q4 ,we d n seek = means to correct ^! deprav$ t5d5cies ( ! man :o is b j born4 ,no1 x is n a moral "q4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 a "q ( life4 ,! *ild seeks to live & we want to h9d] him4 ,9 t s5se x does become a moral "q1 z reg>ds ourselves1 s9ce we h begun to exam9e ^? errors on our "p :i* d h>m1 & infr+e ! rights ( o!rs4 ,moreov]1 our own egotism is conceal$ b5ea? our errors ( treatm5t2 :at we really res5t 9 ! *ild is t he gives u tr\ble2 we /ruggle aga9/ him 9 ord] to protect our own com=t1 our own lib]ty4 ,h[ (t5 at ! bottom ( our he>ts we h felt t we h be5 unju/1 b h /ifl$ ?is impression4 ,! little rebel does n accuse u or be> u malice4 ,on ! contr>y2 j z he p]si/s 9 8 naught9esses :i* are =ms ( life1 s does he p]si/ 9 lov+ u1 9 =giv+ u ev]y?+1 9 =gett+ our (f5ses1 9 long+ to be ) u1 to embrace u1 to sit ^u our knees1 to fall asleep on our bosom4 ,?is1 too1 is a =m ( life4 ,& we1 if we are tir$ or satiat$1 repulse him1 mask+ ?is excess ( selfi%ness "u a hypocritical pret5se ( conc]n = ! *ild himself3 ,don't be s silly6 ,insult & calumny are always on our lips 9 ! et]nal refra93 ,naughty1 naughty4 ,& yet ! figure ( ! *ild might /& = t ( p]fect goodness1 :i* ?9ke? no evil1 delighte? n 9 iniquity1 be>e? all ?+s1 believe? all ?+s1 hope? all ?+s4 ,z to u--no1 we _c always say z mu* ( ourselves4 ,if ! /ruggle betwe5 ! adult & ! *ild c\ld be br\ght to an end 9 peace1 & ! adult1 accept+ ! conditions ( infant life1 w\ld seek to help ! *ild1 ! =m] w\ld be able to advance t[>ds "o ( ! mo/ sublime enjoym5ts :i* ,nature c be/[3 t ( foll[+ ! natural developm5t ( ! *ild1 & see+ ! man evolv$4 ,if ! op5+ rosebud has become a commonplace ( poetry1 h[ mu* great] is ! poetry ( ! infant s\l 9 its manife/ations8 ,n[ ?is ineffable gift :i* 0 plac$ beside u1 9 ord] t ! miracle might accompany u & com=t u1 we trample "u foot 9 our wra?1 blasphem+ z if dem5t$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 ! *ild desires to t\* & to act1 9 spite ( puni%m5ts ( e k9d1 he p]si/s 9 ex]cises necess>y to 8 developm5t1 & displays a /r5g? ( w 9 ! matt] aga9/ :i* we are (t5 p[]less2 he %[s ! same p]si/5ce z 9 brea?+1 9 cry+ :5 he is hungry1 & 9 rais+ himself :5 he wants to walk4 ,?us ! *ild turns to ext]nal objects :i* respond to 8 ne$s3 if he f9ds !m1 he displays 8 p[]s 9 muscul> or s5sory ex]cises1 & !n he is joy\s2 & if he does n f9d !m1 he is re/less z :5 8 desires are unsatisfi$4 ,toys are too light to satisfy arms :i* require to make ! ef=ts necess>y 9 lift+ & mov+ objects2 !y are too complex to satisfy s5ses :i* ne$ to analyze a s+le s5sation4 ,!y are vanity1 & 9 !mselves !y repres5t simulacra & p>odies ( actual life4 ,& yet !y =m ! _w ( our *ildr51 9 :i* !y are con/ra9$ to consume _! pot5tial p[]s 9 a cont9u\s exasp]ation1 :i* incites !m to de/roy ?+s4 ,happily1 *ildr5 d n he> ! pron\ncem5t ( ! common =mula1 t *ildr5 h an in/9ct = de/ruction4 ,nor are !y famili> ) ! o!r axiom :i* contradicts ?is3 ,t ! in/9ct ( prop]ty1 9 o!r words1 selfi%ness1 is /rongly develop$ 9 !m4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! *ild has m]ely ! ov]p[]+ in/9ct to gr[1 & !re=e to raise & to p]fect himself2 9 e p]iod ( life he seeks in/9ctively to prep>e himself = ! next p]iod4 ,?is fact is v mu* m compreh5sible ?an ! /range in/9cts we calumni\sly attribute to him4 ,j try ! exp]im5t ( all[+ *ildr5 to act = !mselves2 !y are at once trans=m$4 ,9 ! ,gu]ri]i ,gonzaga ,*ildr5's ,h\se1 x suffic$ to provide a comb1 to trans=m ! naughtie/1 mo/ rebelli\s ( ! *ildr51 ! "o :om ! tea*] designat$ z 9 ne$ ( tam+1 into a lively & attractive little girl1 :o comb$ ! hair ( h] companions mo/ c>efully1 ) evid5t delight4 ,we _h only to say to an awkw>d1 le?>gic *ild1 :o came =w>d hold+ out h] arms to h h] sleeves pull$ d[n = h]3 ,d x y\rself1 & !re 0 a fla% ( intellig5ce 9 h] eyes1 h] we>y face 0 light$ up by an expression ( satisfi$ pride & amazem5t1 & %e began to pull d[n h] sleeves ) positive delight4 ,:5 ^! *ildr5 7 giv5 a little bas9 & a piece ( soap1 h[ c>efully !y empti$ & replac$ ! receptacle1 fe>+ to break x1 & h[ c>ess+ly !y h&l$ ! soap1 lay+ x d[n v g5tly6 ,x seem$ z if ! task _h be5 confid$ to a me*anism ( mov+ figures1 ) an accompanim5t ( music3 ! figures 7 ! *ildr51 ! music 0 _! own joy4 ,^! *ildr51 occupi$ 9 dress+1 clean+1 wa%+1 comb+1 cleans+1 & arrang+ _! environm5t1 "w !mselves4 ,z a result1 !y love useful objects s mu* t !y w pres]ve a piece ( pap] = ye>s1 & in/ead ( knock+ aga9/ furniture1 & break+ objects1 !y p]fect _! movem5ts4 ,b we place ourselves beside ^! lives :i* are ha/5+ triumphantly to _! salvation1 & seek to b9d !m to ourselves1 9 spite ( ! /ruggle :i* has begun & ! fe> we h already provok$4 ,we approa* !m g5tly & s$uctively2 & because :5 a *ild breaks ?+s he is obvi\sly griev$1 & !re=e w\ld endeavor to correct & p]fect 8 movem5ts1 we sp>e him ?is grief1 :i* w\ld be 9 ! nature ( an act ( rep5tance on ! "p ( ! muscles :i* h transgress$1 & give him unbreakable objects3 plates1 bas9s1 & dr9k+ vessels made ( metal1 toys made ( /uff1 woolly be>s1 india-rubb] dolls4 ,h5ce=? 8 errors w be conceal$4 ,e error ( ! muscles w pass unnotic$ by ! *ild3 he w no long] feel ! pa9 ( evil-do+1 rep5tance1 an ef=t to p]fect himself4 ,he w be able to s9k into error2 behold him1 clumsy1 heavy1 )\t expression 9 8 face1 a /uff$ be> 9 8 arms6 ,he is n[ b\nd fa/ to vanity & error1 & has lo/ all consci\sness !re(4 ,! adult hems him 9 ev] m closely3 he does ev]y?+ = ! *ild1 dresses him1 ev5 fe$s him4 ,b ! *ild's desire is n to be dress$ & mat]ially n\ri%$3 8 deep desire is to d1 to ex]cise 8 own p[]s intellig5tly1 & ?us to rise to 8 high] level4 ,) :at subtle ins9uations does ! adult seek to conf\nd him6 ,y are ex]t+ y\rself & :y8 ,t y may be wa%$8 ,t y may put on y\r p9a=e8 ,y c h all ?is done = y )\t any ef=t4 ,y w f9d x all done ) great] p]fection & ease4 ,)\t mov+ a f+] y %all h a hundr$ times m done = y ?an y c\ld accompli% = y\rself1 ev5 ) all ! ex]tion ( :i* y are capable4 ,y ne$ n ev5 put ! bread into y\r m\?1 y %all be sp>$ ev5 ?is tr\ble1 & y w take 9 n\ri%m5t all ! m copi\sly4 ,! devil 0 less cruel :5 he tempt$ ,*ri/ 9 ! wild]ness1 %[+ ,him all ! k+doms ( ! _w & ! glory ( !m4 ,all ^! ?+s w ,i give ,!e if ?\ wilt fall d[n & wor%ip me4 ,b ! *ild has n ! p[] to answ] l ,*ri/3 ,get !e h5ce1 ,satan2 = x is writt53 ,?\ %alt wor%ip ! ,"l ?y ,god1 & ,him only %alt ?\ s]ve4 ,! *ild ought to obey ,god1 :o has prescrib$ t 8 nature %all dem& action2 & t he %\ld conqu] 8 _w z he has conqu]$ life1 to ! end t he may elevate himself & n to ! end t he may acquire ext]nal spl5dor & com=t4 ,:5 tempt$1 h[ev]1 he _c resi/4 ,he ends by possess+ ! objects1 ! pretty1 ready-made ?+s2 8 s\l makes no progress2 he loses sight ( ! goal4 ,behold ! *ild clumsy1 un/eady1 inept1 enslav$6 ,^? incapable muscles encase a captive s\l4 ,he is oppress$ f> m by ?is fatal in]tia ?an by ! physical conte/s :i* initiat$ 8 relations ) ! adult4 ,(t5 he has fits ( rage l ! s9n]2 he bites ! be> t he _c break1 cries desp]ately :5 he is wa%$ & has 8 hair comb$1 rebels & /ruggles :5 he is dress$4 ,! only movem5ts all[$ by ! devil are ^? ( ang]4 ,b gradually he s9ks into ! depression ( impot5ce4 ,adults say3 ,*ildr5 are ungrateful2 !y h none ( ! high] feel+s z yet2 !y c>e only = _! own pleasure4 ,:o has n se5 pati5t mo!rs & nurses1 be>+ f morn+ till night ! humors ( f\r or five discont5t$ *ildr51 :o are scream+ & play+ pranks ) _! metal plates & rag dolls8 ,!y seem to say3 ,*ildr5 are l ?is1 & a b5evol5t compassion takes ! place ( ! natural reaction ( impati5ce4 ,( su* p]sons we say3 ,h[ good !y are6 h[ pati5t !y are6 ,b ! devil1 too1 is pati5t aft] ?is fa%ion3 he too c contemplate ! agonies & impot5t rebellions ( ! s\ls :i* are 9 8 p[]1 :i* are pro/rate among vanities1 oppress$ by a great quantity ( means1 ! ends ( :i* !y h lo/1 s\ls 9 :i* ! consci\sness ( s9 is ext+ui%$1 & :i* are gradually s9k+ into an abyss ( mortal error4 ,he is pati5t 9 contemplat+ !m1 9 support+ _! cries--& he too (f]s !m be>s & rubb] dolls1 & fe$s !m1 /uff+ !m1 t is to say1 ) new vanities :i* mask _! errors1 & n\ri% _! bodies4 ,he :o1 seiz$ ) d\bt1 %\ld ask conc]n+ ^! mo!rs & nurses3 ,are !y really good8 might get an idea f ! reply ( ,*ri/3 ,none is good save ,god1 t is1 ! ,creator4 ,goodness is ! attribute ( ,god4 ,he :o creates is good1 only creation is good4 ,h5ce he only is good :o helps creation to a*ieve its ends4 99 99 99 99 99 ,n[ we come to ! s*ool4 ,conceptions ( goodness & naught9ess mu/ be v def9ite "h1 = :5 a tea*] has to leave ! class-room1 %e calls "o ( ! *ildr51 :o1 dur+ h] abs5ce1 is *>g$ to write ! names ( ! ,good & ! ,naughty 9 two columns on ! blackbo>d "u ^! head+s4 ,! *ild1 h[ev]1 :o is call$ out is q capable ( judg+1 = no?+ is easi] ?an to di/+ui% betwe5 goodness & naught9ess 9 s*ools4 ,! good are ^? :o are quiet & motionless2 ! naughty are ^? :o talk & move4 ,! results ( ! classification are n v s]i\s4 ,! tea*] gives good or bad conduct m>ks4 ,! consequ5ces are n disa/r\s2 !y are1 s to speak1 ak9 to ! social judgm5ts pass$ ^u m5 ^: conduct is apprais$ z good or bad4 ,?is does n affect society1 & ! judgm5t entails nei!r honors nor imprisonm5t4 ,x is m]ely a pron\ncem5t4 ,b e/eem & ev5 honor dep5d ^u x1 ?+s :i* h a high moral value4 ,9 s*ool good conduct means in]tia1 & bad conduct means activity4 ,! e/eem ( ! head mi/ress1 ( ! tea*] & ( s*oolfell[s1 ! :ole moral "p1 9 fact1 ( ! sy/em ( rew>ds & puni%m5ts1 dep5d ^u ^! appreciations4 ,z 9 society1 !y require no judicial qualifications1 no au?ority 9 ^? :o =m !m2 !y are bas$ on some?+ t all c see & judge2 !y are ! true moral judgm5t ( ! environm5t2 inde$1 any "o ( ! *ildr5 !mselves1 or ev5 ! class-room att5dant1 may write ! li/ on ! blackbo>d4 ,!re is1 9 fact1 no?+ my/]i\s or philosophical 9 conduct2 x is ! sum ( acts committ$1 ! facts ( life itself1 accessible to all1 :i* det]m9e x4 ,& all c see x & pron\nce ^u x4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re are mu* m s]i\s acts1 ! consequ5ces ( :i* affect ! community & t\* ^? pr9ciples ( ju/ice on :i* all are entitl$ to rely2 !y !re=e require au?oritative judgm5ts aga9/ :i* !re is no appeal2 a k9d ( ,supreme ,c\rt ha/ily convok$4 ,:5 9 an exam9ation ! *ildr51 seat$ side by side1 h !re & !n to give samples ( :at !y h le>nt1 t is1 to h& 9 t v]itable legal docum5t1 an evid5ce visible & accessible to all judgm5ts1 ! writt5 task1 be x dictation1 composition or problem2 if !n "o *ild helps ano!r1 he is n m]ely naughty1 b wick$1 = he has n only display$ activity1 b activity = ! b5efit ( ano!r4 ,! puni%m5t may be v s]i\s3 ! annulm5t ( ! exam9ation1 :i* may sometimes mean ! loss ( a :ole ye>'s s*ool+1 ! repetition ( t ye>'s c\rse4 ,a *ild :o c help ano!r is k9d2 well1 he may be puni%$ by hav+ to pass ! exam9ation aga91 sev]al mon?s lat]1 or ev5 by hav+ to g back = a :ole ye> ( 8 life & beg9 ov] aga94 ,!re are _m cases ( ?is k9d3 ! family ( ?is k9d-he>t$ *ild may h be5 v poor1 & ! *ild may h be5 mak+ a great ef=t to come out well1 & s to be able soon to help 8 family by 8 own *ildi% "w2 :o kn[s h[ 8 compreh5sion ( ?is family condition may t\* ! he>t ( a *ild8 ,he may h se5 9 8 bewild]$ s*oolfell[ ano!r poor boy 9 l circum/ances4 ,h[ (t5 "s qu>rel 9 8 home1 or insuffici5t food1 may h caus$ him to lie 9 b$1 sleepless & excit$1 = h\rs8 ,9 ! morn+ 8 m9d 0 confus$4 ,p]haps 8 un=tunate s*oolfell[ _h be5 9 l case j on ! eve ( ! exam9ations4 ,x is ess5tial to und]/& c]ta9 situations3 ! "m at home c\nts ! days ( ea* s*ool ye> t passes1 because to h] ^! are s _m days sacrific$2 %e is c]ta9ly foll[+ h] boy at ! exam9ation ) a he>t full ( anxiety2 h] face at ! w9d[ :5 ! *ild comes 9 sight asks1 :5 he is yet af>3 ,h[ did x g8 ,?is picture 0 p]haps pres5t 9 ! he>t ( ! good-natur$ *ild :5 he help$ 8 comrade4 ,he might1 ( c\rse1 keep all ?is to himself1 p]fect 8 own "w1 or h& x 9 fir/4 ,= ju/ice decrees t ! "t sp5t on ! "w %\ld be c\nt$ by ! m9ute1 almo/ z by ! *ronomet]s ( psy*ological exp]im5t4 ,ju/ice is rigor\s4 ,on ! pap] h&$ 9 by ! *ild ! tea*] writes ! h\r3 h&$ 9 at #aj4cb1 h&$ 9 at #aa4e4 ,if two pap]s are ab\t equal 9 m]it1 s t x c h>dly be said f ! cont5ts :i* is ! bett] ( ! two1 ?\gh bo? are sup]ior to all ! re/1 a difficult case arises3 x mu/ be decid$ :i* is to be ! fir/4 ,x is a matt] ( great weight1 because ! prize is 9 "q4 ,:5 !re is a d\bt1 ! h\r decides4 ,"o pap] 0 h&$ 9 at #aj4cj1 ! o!r at #aj4ce4 ,! "o h&$ 9 at #aj4cj is pron\nc$ ! fir/1 because ! writ] 0 able to d "w ( equal m]it 9 five m9utes less ?an 8 rival4 ,on :at may n a prize sometimes dep5d6 ,h5ce a dilig5t *ild mu/ be v c>eful 9 8 prep>ations = an exam9ation2 ! two 9 "q 7 equally clev] & equally quick2 b "o _h tak5 c>e to h good p5s & fl[+ ink1 & ! o!r _h n4 ,?us 8 neglig5ce co/ him ! prize4 ,x is true t ! p>5ts & n ! *ildr5 provide ! p5s4 ,9 /rict ju/ice all %\ld h ! same p5s1 b "h we ent] into a sea ( scruples :i* might obscure ju/ice4 ,no1 ju/ice mu/ be rigor\s1 b )\t scruples4 ,n[ ! clev] *ild :o help$ 8 companion lo/ "t1 & s by ?is alone he lo/ "p ( 8 m]it2 he !re=e sacrific$ himself = a comrade4 ,no consid]ations1 no ext5uat+ circum/ances w be all[$ to mitigate ! puni%m5t4 ,family conditions1 ! "m 444 no?+ c avail aga9/ ! cancel+ ( an exam9ation4 ,ev5 9 ! case ( great crim9als ext5uat+ circum/ances are admitt$ 9 mitigation ( puni%m5t4 ,b s*ool is ano!r matt]2 "h we h to deal ) def9ite facts3 !re has be5 an infiltration ( "o m9d into ano!r1 & we are no long] able to judge ! *ildr5 individually by _! "w4 ,moreov]1 ! exam9ation is ! individual te/4 ,if ! cancel+ occurs at ! f9al exam9ation1 ! culprit mu/ g ?r\gh ! ye> aga91 & :5 a ye> is repeat$ x is ! entire ye>4 ,x is n z ) convicts1 :]e mon?s & weeks are tak5 into acc\nt4 ,"h ! unit ( measurem5t is ! s*ool ye>4 ,& !n !re is ano!r po9t to consid] 9 ! case ( convicts3 _! crimes may h be5 induc$ by irresi/ible =ces & conditions1 driv+ !m to d evil4444 ,b :o is !re :o _c refra9 f do+ good8 ,to d good is c]ta9ly n an irresi/ible impulse6 ,h[ev]1 to obviate su* inconv5i5t impulses1 s*ool educates *ildr5 to refra9 f mutual aid ?r\gh\t ! ye>4 ,x goes ev5 f>!r3 x directly prev5ts ! *ildr5 f communicat+ "o ) ano!r4 ,:at a *ase x is6 ,! clev]1 practical tea*] adopts regul> /rategic tactics1 & is famili> ) all ! *ild's devices 9 ?is cov]t & deceitful conte/4 ,*ildr5 are capable ( any?+ to support "o ano!r & communicate "o ) ano!r4 ,if prompt+ :5 "o *ild is repeat+ a lesson might rea* ! tea*]'s e>1 we f9d a companion sitt+ 9 front ( him ) ! op5 book fa/5$ to 8 %\ld]s1 :]e ! o!r is able to read x4 ,or if ! wily tea*] makes ! pati5t come out f among ! desks 9 ord] to prev5t him f receiv+ any help1 8 companions may make signs to him1 p]haps by means ( ! deaf-&-dumb alphabet4 ,!n we f9d ! tea*] us+ ! blackbo>d z a pretext = turn+ ! pupil ) 8 face to ! wall1 ! :ile %e keeps h] burn+ eyes fix$ on ! class4 ,?us ! pati5t is isolat$4 ,no?+ escapes a clev] tea*]2 %e is capable ( surpris+ a roll$-up note slipp$ by "o *ild "u ! desk ( ano!r2 & ( confiscat+ a piece ( blott+-pap] :i* two *ildr5 int]*ange on ! pretext ( us+ x1 :5 !y h writt5 ^u x4 ,= ?is reason prop]ly con/ruct$ desks %\ld be op5 9 front1 because o!rwise x is s easy to pass ?+s "u !m2 :]eas ) desks :i* are n only hygi5ic b moral1 su* subt]fuges w\ld be difficult to c>ry out4 ,inde$1 ^! desks :i* are op5 9 front also facilitate surveillance ( ! s*ol>s f ! moral po9t ( view2 because1 always seat$1 plac$ side by side )\t any possibility ( spiritual communion1 _! heads daz$ by ! cont9u\s vocif]ation ( ! tea*]1 ^! *ildr5 v (t5 contract vici\s habits1 su* z onanism1 :i* orig9ate 9 ! s*ool itself4 ,^! are less op5ly discuss$ ?an sp9al curvature1 myopia1 & exhau/ion f ov]work1 b ! evil has long be5 recogniz$1 ev5 be=e sci5ce ent]$ ^u ! sc5e to make a /udy ( ! maladies eng5d]$ by s*ool conditions4 ,! s$5t>y habit imp$es circulation 9 ! pelvic bas91 & induces /agnation ( ! blood2 moreov]1 :at o!r outlet is provid$ = ! n]v\s en]gies8 ,& ! evil spreads 9 an al>m+ mann]4 ,b op5 desks make subt]fuges impossible4 ,all moral devices = combat+ abuses fl\ri% 9 ! s*ool4 ,9 ! s*ools 9 ,rome1 = example1 ord] & surveillance are s p]fect t *ildr5 are n ev5 all[$ to g to ! lavatory4 ,x is well kn[n :at disord] 0 caus$ by ?is '"q ( ! lavatory4' ,if a *ild became tir$ ( sitt+ /ill or li/5+ to ! tea*]1 he ask$ leave to g out3 he 0 capable ( rema9+ %ut up 9 ! lavatory = a consid]able "t1 9 ord] to raise 8 spirits a little 9 a place he pref]r$ to t he _h j left1 = pupils are n all[$ to l+] 9 ! corridors2 ! att5dants are always on ! wat*4 ,b ^! visits to ! lavatory _h become su* an abuse t x 0 decid$ to take rem$ial measures4 ,to-day ! physiological "t is reckon$ m or less exactly1 & at a /at$ h\r ! :ole ( ! pupils1 accompani$ by ! tea*]1 m>*+ 9 l9e two by two1 l soldi]s drill+1 proce$ to ! lavatories4 ,! *ildr5 ( ! fir/ file ent] 9 succession & ! o!rs halt1 b cont9ue to m>k "t2 z by degrees ! *ildr5 come out ( ! lavatory1 !y =m 9 file aga91 & beg9 once m to m>k "t toge!r ) _! companions4 ,! movem5t seems1 inde$1 appropriate to ! occasion4 ,we w say no?+ ( ! /ate 9 :i* ! la/ *ildr5 9 ! file ( =ty or fifty 7:o did n g 9 z a pret5ce1 s9ce ! 'physiological "t' _h be5 reckon$7 w f9d ! lavatory2 nor w we ask :at has become ( hygi5e4 ,let u look at ! ext]ior ( ! lavatories2 !y h little doors ) a l>ge space above & a l>ge space bel[2 ?us mode/y1 & at ! same "t morality1 are safegu>d$2 )91 no?+ b ! prop] duty c be p]=m$4 ,! m mod]n lavatories 9 s*ools1 h[ev]1 are made )\t seats2 ) an ap]ture 9 ! gr\nd to obviate contact & ensure hygi5e3 ! uncom=table position prev5ts a long] soj\rn ?an is necess>y4 ,x appe>s t ?is is ! be/ practical me?od = in/allations ( ?is k9d 9 common lodg+-h\ses1 casual w>ds1 & s*ools4 99 99 99 99 99 ,s*ool is ! place :]e ! social s5tim5t is develop$2 x is ! *ild's society4 ,z a fact1 x is n ! s*ool 9 itself1 nor ! int]c\rse ( ! s*ol>s1 b ! education giv5 9 ! mann] describ$ above :i* is design$ to develop ?is s5tim5t4 ,h5ce :5 my me?od became kn[n1 al?\gh ,i _h spok5 !re9 ( places :]e *ildr5 live toge!r agreeably & "w1 ,i 0 ask$ 9 a critical tone3 ,& h[ w ! social s5tim5t be develop$ if ea* *ild works indep5d5tly8 ,we mu/ !re=e conclude t ?is sy/em ( regim5tation 9 :i* ! *ildr5 d ev]y?+ at ! same mom5t1 ev5 to visit+ ! lavatory1 is suppos$ to develop ! social s5tim5t4 ,! society ( ! *ild is !re=e ! anti!sis ( adult society1 :]e sociability implies a free & well-br$ int]*ange ( c\rtesies & mutual aid1 al?\gh ea* individual att5ds to 8 own bus9ess2 9 ! society ( ! *ild x implies id5tity ( physical attitudes & uni=mity ( collective actions1 toge!r ) a total disreg>d ( all pleasant & c\rte\s relations2 mutual help :i* is a virtue 9 adult society1 is "h consid]$ ! grave/ fault1 ! wor/ (f5se aga9/ discipl9e4 ,mod]n me?ods ( in/ruction recomm5d ! tea*] to conclude e lesson ) a moral1 l ! classic fables4 ,:e!r ! lesson treats ( birds1 butt]1 or triangles1 x mu/ always end by po9t+ a moral4 ,! tea*] mu/ miss no opportunity1 says ! p$agogi/2 moralization is ! true aim ( ! s*ool4 ,mutual aid is ! burd5 ( ! p$agogi/ic refra91 = ! leitmotif ( all moralities1 n except+ t ( ! s*ool1 is to love "o ano!r4 ,to exhort *ildr5 to help "o ano!r & %[ mutual affection ! tea*] p]haps adopts a psy*ological me?od 9 ?ree p]iods di/+ui%+ p]ception1 association1 & volition2 or %e may adopt ! me?od ( cause 9 its relation to effect2 ?is is left to h] discretion2 b %e mu/ always keep h] class 9 a /ate ( discipl9e & goodness1 = ^! are its ess5tial con/itu5ts4 ,b ! factor :i* af=ds ! mo/ sub/antial support to ! educative organism ( ! s*ool is ! sy/em ( prizes & puni%m5ts4 ,p$agogi/s make ?is ! ma9 feature ( _! treatm5t4 ,all admit m or less ! ne$ ( "s ext]nal /imulus to induce s*ool-*ildr5 to /udy & behave well1 al?\gh "s are ( op9ion t x w\ld be well to in/il into ! *ild ! love ( good = its own sake1 & t a s5se ( duty r ?an ! fe> ( puni%m5t %\ld det] f evil4 ,?is op9ion is g5]ally recogniz$ z l(ty1 b impracticable4 ,to imag9e t ! *ild c\ld be /imulat$ to "w m]ely by a desire to d 8 duty is a p$agogic absurdity2 nor is x cr$ible t a *ild c\ld p]sev]e 9 ! pa?s ( indu/ry & good conduct m]ely ) a view to a di/ant end1 su* z ! f9e social position he might "s day w9 = himself 9 ! _w by means ( /udy4 ,"s direct /imulus1 "s imm$iate tok5 ( approval1 is necess>y4 ,true1 x has be5 deem$ advisable to make puni%m5ts less rigor\s & ! be/[al ( prizes less o/5tati\s1 & su* modifications h n[ become g5]al4 ,inde$1 ^? fu/igations & corporal puni%m5ts :i* n v long ago 7 usual 9 prisons1 lunatic asylums1 & s*ools h be5 ab&on$ 9 s*ools2 ! p5alties ( to-day are slight3 bad m>ks1 repro(s1 unfavorable reports to ! family1 susp5sion ( att5dance4 ,! c]emonial prize-giv+ is also a ?+ ( ! pa/1 ! solemn function at :i* ! s*ol>s m\nt$ ! plat=m z 9 triumph to receive _! prizes f ! h&s ( ! noble/ & mo/ di/+ui%$ p]sons ( ! neighborhood1 :o accompani$ ! pres5tation ) amiable words ( enc\ragem5t :ile ! public1 consi/+ ma9ly ( pr\d & agitat$ p>5ts1 murmur$ _! approval & admiration4 ,all ^! sup]fluities h be5 aboli%$2 ! prize1 ! object1 is simply h&$ to ! w9n] 9 an ante-room ( ! s*ool4 ,! important matt] is t ! *ild %all receive ! object he has des]v$4 ,! m$als1 too1 ) :i* pupils 7 =m]ly able to adorn _! brea/s1 are n[ aboli%$2 ! prize is a book1 a useful object4 ,a s5se ( ! practical has f\nd its way ev5 into our s*ools4 ,p]haps ! good *ildr5 w pres5tly be rew>d$ by ! pres5tation ( a piece ( soap1 or ! mat]ial = an apron1 9 a tte-a-tte betwe5 giv] & recipi5t4 ,b a prize !re mu/ ne$s be4 ,h[ev]1 ?r\gh\t all ! discussions ( ! p$agogi/s & ! evolutions ( puni%m5ts & prizes1 no "o has dreamt ( ask+ himself :at is ! good :i* is rew>d$1 & :at ! evil :i* is puni%$1 or :e!r1 be=e urg+ *ildr5 on to an und]tak+1 x w\ld n be well to ca/ a glance at ! und]tak+ itself1 & judge ( its value4 ,at la/ positive /udies on ! s*ool "q h %$ suffici5t light to enable u to con/ruct a new base = ! old "q4 ,is x well to allure *ildr5 by a prize1 to incite !m to exhau/ _! n]v\s sy/ems & injure _! eyesight8 ,& is x well to *eck !m by means ( puni%m5ts1 :51 urg$ by an ov]p[]+ in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 !y seek to avoid ^! p]ils8 ,at la/ we all "k t ! prize-w9n]s ( ! elem5t>y s*ools are ! m$iocre pupils ( ! high s*ool2 t ! prize-w9n]s ( ! high s*ool are ! exhau/$ /ud5ts ( ! academies2 & t ^? :o ga9 prizes ?r\gh\t _! s*ool c>e] are ^? :o are mo/ easily vanqui%$ 9 ! battle ( life4 ,kn[+ ?is1 is x well to /imulate on ! "o h& & to repress on ! o!r1 to ! end t *ildr5 may rema9 9 ?is ru9\s condition8 ,are n ! p]ils ( s*ool life already s]i\s en\gh1 )\t add+ /imuli to induce !m to ?r[ !mselves into ^! p]ils ) all _! en]gies8 ,a numb] ( deeply int]e/+ comp>ative /udies h be5 made ( late on clev] & /upid s*ool-*ildr51 ^? :o ga9 prizes & ^? :o incur puni%m5t4 ,c]ta9 an?ropologi/s1 some:at +5i\s 9 matt]s ( sci5ce1 h /udi$ ! "q 9 su* good fai? t !y h ev5 propos$ to inquire :e!r ! m brilliant prize-w9n]s %[ evid5ces ( morphological sup]iority1 cong5ital m>ks ( a natural privilege1 a bra9 m highly develop$ ?an t ( m$iocrity4 ,on ! contr>y1 an?ropological notes reveal _! physical inf]iority1 i4e4 _! l[ /ature & _! rem>kably n>r[ *e/ measurem5ts4 ,_! heads are 9 no way di/+ui%$ f ^? ( less clev] s*ol>s2 _m ( !m we> spectacles4 ,?us we get a cle>] picture ( ! life ( a *ild :o dilig5tly p]=ms all 8 tasks ) a dread ( mak+ mi/akes :i* may become positive angui%2 :o le>ns all 8 lessons1 ?us ( necessity depriv+ himself ( a walk1 a saunt]1 an h\r ( re/4 ,obsess$ by anxiety to be ! fir/1 or ev5 /imulat$ by illusions ( a future m brilliant ?an t ( 8 companions1 exhil>at$ by ! praises & prizes :i* make him believe himself to be "o ( ! hopes ( 8 c\ntry1 & ! solace ( 8 p>5ts1 he ru%es =w>d to future impot5ce1 z if daz$ by a fairy vision4 ,8 c>eless companions1 on ! o!r h&1 h well-develop$ *e/s1 & are ! m]rie/ boys 9 ! class4 ,o!r types ( clev] pupils are ^? :o are help$ at home by tutors1 or educat$ mo!rs :o devote !mselves to _! advancem5t2 :ile o!r types ( dull pupils1 (t5 puni%$1 are poor *ildr5 :o are n made welcome 9 _! homes1 b are left to !mselves1 sometimes 9 ! /reets2 or :o are already work+ = _! bread 9 ! e>ly h\rs ( ! morn+1 be=e com+ to s*ool4 ,9 an inquiry ,i made1 ! *ildr5 :o 7 prais$ & pass$ )\t exam9ation 7 9 ! category ( ^? :o br\ght a good lun*eon ) !m2 ! *ildr5 at ! bottom ( ! class1 :o incurr$ puni%m5ts1 7 ^? :o br\ght no provisions1 or only a piece ( bread4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ! above is an exhau/ive enum]ation ( ! causes :i* contribute to ! deceptive ph5om5on connect$ ) prizes & puni%m5ts2 b x is obvi\s t a cle>ly def9$ road has be5 m>k$ out :i* %\ld lead u to compreh5sion ( ! facts4 ,prizes & puni%m5ts are n m]ely f9al episodes1 !y are expon5ts ( ! moral organization ( ! s*ool4 ,j z ! annulm5t ( ! exam9ation ( a pupil :o has help$ a companion is b ! extreme in/ance ( an education :i* t5ds to isolate ! individual 9 8 egotism2 s ! prize & ! puni%m5t are ! extreme incid5ts ( ! con/ant pr9ciple on :i* ! organism ( ! s*ool is bas$3 emulation4 ,! pr9ciple is t *ildr51 see+ o!rs clev]] ?an !mselves1 :o get high m>ks1 praises & prizes1 w be /imulat$ to imitate ^!1 to d bett]1 to ov]take _! companions4 ,?us :at may be describ$ z a k9d ( me*anism is evolv$1 :i* uplifts ! :ole s*ool1 n m]ely t[>ds "w1 b t[>ds ef=t4 ,x is ! moral purpose to accu/om *ildr5 to suff]4 ,let u take an example ( su* emulation4 ,:5 ! obs]vant doctor ent]$ ! s*ool1 8 att5tion 0 direct$ to ! organs ( s5se1 & he f\nd _m slightly deaf *ildr5 among ! pupils4 ,he>+ less ?an ! o!rs1 !y appe>$ less intellig5t1 & z a puni%m5t !y _h be5 relegat$ to ! desks at ! v back ( ! s*oolroom4 ,!y 7 (t5 set to repeat because !y _h nev] le>nt to write f dictation1 & made incr$ible & unp>donable mi/akes4 ,emulation & puni%m5t _h alike prov$ p[]less2 n ev5 :5 !y 7 plac$ z f> z possible f ! tea*] did ^! deaf *ildr5 improve6 ,!re 7 also lively *ildr51 :o 7 repeat$ly puni%$ to induce !m to keep /ill1 & :o 7 va9ly exhort$ to imitate companions ^: conduct 0 exempl>y4 ,a l>ge numb] ( *ildr5 suff]+ f ad5oids1 :o consequ5tly brea!d ?r\gh _! m\?s1 & 7 incapable ( fix+ _! att5tion1 got bad m>ks & puni%m5ts because !y 7 nev] att5tive2 mean:ile ?is defect ( ! op5 m\? 0 va9ly combat$ by ! k9d & c>eful tea*]1 :o multipli$ moral tales conc]n+ ! ugl9ess ( *ildr5 :o keep _! m\?s op51 &1 t]rible to relate1 ev5 sit ) _! f+]s 9 _! m\?s6 ,_m ( ! lazy *ildr51 :o w\ld n d ! gymna/ic ex]cises l ! re/1 :o made pretexts = /opp+ & ?us set a bad example1 7 f\nd to be suff]+ f he>t affections1 anemia1 or liv] compla9ts4 ,yet "o ( ! mo/ brilliant examples ( emulation is t ( ! gymna/ic competitions1 competitions 9 endurance & competitions 9 spe$4 ,! *ildr5 are enc\rag$ to cont9ue ! ex]cise z long z possible2 or to cov] ! gr\nd 9 ! %orte/ possible "t2 "h ef=t is ! basis ( ! ex]cise4 ,n[ an?ropological /udy has reveal$ ! fact t !re are two pr9cipal types ( con/itution3 "o 9 :i* ! *e/ pr$om9ates1 ! o!r 9 :i* ! legs pr$om9ate4 ,:5 ! *e/ is well develop$ & ! lungs & he>t /rong1 endurance is m natural ?an agility2 ! opposite holds good ( ! o!r type1 9 :i*1 by reason ( ! l5g? ( ! legs & ! slightness ( ! *e/1 agility prevails4 ,no emulation c *ange "o type into ! o!r4 ,morphological /udy ( ! *ild1 ^: body is trans=m$ 9 successive ages1 %\ld be ! basis = ! organization ( gymna/ic ex]cises1 & n emulation4 ,t :i* has its orig9 9 ! body1 z con/itution or disease1 %\ld be consid]$ 9 ! body4 ,no miracle c be p]=m$ by ! s5tim5t ( emulation4 ,?is prejudice 9 favor ( emulation is s deeply root$ t :51 9 #ahih1 ,i began my campaign 9 ,italy to procure ! =mation ( sep>ate classes = defici5t *ildr5 9 connection ) ! elem5t>y s*ools1 ! pr9ciple ( emulation 0 urg$ aga9/ me3 ! defici5t *ildr5 w\ld no long] be help$ by ! example ( ! clev]1 indu/ri\s *ildr52 & :5 ^! weakl+s _h be5 depriv$ ( ! /imulus ( emulation1 !y w\ld accompli% absolutely no?+4 ,b emulation c only avail among equals4 ,:5 competitions take place1 *ampions are *os54 ,to a defici5t *ild1 ! example ( a clev] companion is m]ely humiliat+2 8 inf]iority1 8 impot5ce are p]petually ca/ 9 8 tee? by ! victori\s c>e] ( 8 comrade4 ,he becomes m & m disc\rag$ z ! zeal\s tea*] scolds & puni%es him = 8 weakness & po9ts out ! radiant example (f]$ by ! /rong4 ,:at w\ld give him a ray ( light1 a glimpse ( hope1 w\ld be = him to see ! possibility ( do+ some?+ )9 ! limits ( 8 own p[]s :i* might nev]!less h a value ( its own2 to p5etrate into "s sph]e :]e he too might compete ) "s "o & be enc\rag$4 ,!n he w\ld be l o!rs1 he w\ld be exhil>at$ & com=t$2 & ! feeble fl[] )9 him might exp&4 ,he has inf9itely great] ne$ ( enc\ragem5t1 solace1 & ext]nal /imuli to excite him to activity ?an ! normal *ild4 ,& :at happ5s to ! normal *ild1 ! clev] boy1 :o s]ves z an example to 8 inf]iors8 ,:om does he emulate8 ,:o c>ries him along t he may asc5d8 ,if all ne$ to be drawn upw>ds 9 ord] to climb1 :o is to draw him :o /&s above all8 ,?is "t ! "q is out ( place4 ,9 8 case1 ! impulse w be retrograde4 ,"h we h ! ?rice happy type ( him :o competes ) 8 inf]iors6 ,?is makes me ?9k ( a description giv5 by ,vois9 ( a competition arrang$ by "o ( ! idiots 9 8 asylum4 ,?is boy1 :o 0 v tall1 select$ all ! %orte/ & y\nge/ ( ! idiots1 & *all5g$ !m to a race2 he always came 9 fir/ & 0 delight$4 ,su* an example is n1 h[ev]1 peculi> to ,vois9's asylum2 x is ! moral attitude ( all :o are ambiti\s1 b idle1 & are anxi\s to out%9e o!rs )\t too mu* fatigue1 )\t p]fect+ !mselves1 c\nt+ mu* on ! ph5om5a ( contra/4 ,?us we f9d a flu5t orator seek+ to be prec$$ by an unskilful speak]2 & pretty girls :o h n ! means to adorn !mselves & ?us set (f _! beauty1 are fond ( go+ ab\t ) _! pla9] fri5ds4 ,i h read an amus+ fable1 :i* 0 evid5tly a p>ody ( ?is ph5om5on4 ,!re 0 once a k+ :o _h su* a long nose t x 0 positively ridicul\s4 ,:5 a neighbor+ k+ propos$ to visit him1 he 0 mu* p]turb$1 be+ a%am$ to exhibit 8 defect to a neighbor+ p4 ,!n ! prime m9i/] ?\ght ( an exp$i5t1 & prop\nd$ ?is practical plan to ! k+3 ,y\r ,maje/y1 on ?is occasion let y\r noble c\rt retire2 ,i w se>* ?r\gh\t ! k+dom = ! m5 ) ! mo/ prom95t noses1 & = ! "t !y %all con/itute y\r c\rt4 ,?is 0 done2 & su* noses appe>$ on ! sc5e t t ( ! k+ seem$ q normal 9 comp>ison4 ,?us ! augu/ colleague notic$ t ! c\rt 0 rem>kable = its noses1 b did n p]ceive t ! k+ _h a nose ( abnormal l5g?4 ,^! /ories ( ! competition betwe5 idiots & ! c\rt ( noses make u smile2 b ! normal competitions betwe5 our *ildr5 are n matt]s = mir?4 ,! heal?y *ildr5 :o1 :5 side by side ) ! deaf1 ! sickly1 & ! defici5t are only consci\s ( _! sup]iority2 ! =tunate *ildr5 :o h ! help ( educat$ mo!rs & are br\ght into contact ) poor1 unhappy1 neglect$ *ildr51 m]ely feel t !y are examples to ^!2 well-f$ *ildr5 refre%$ by a long sleep 9 com=table b$s1 plac$ side by side ) little busy work]s :o get up be=e sunrise to sell newspap]s1 or deliv] milk1 & arrive at s*ool already tir$1 imag9e !mselves to be sup]ior to ^!1 & to s]ve z a /imulus to !m to d bett]--all ^! normal *ildr5 are on ! wrong moral track4 ,!y are be+ misl$ into an unconsci\s acceptance ( inju/ice4 ,!y are be+ deceiv$4 ,!y are n bett]1 !y are only m =tunate ?an _! companions2 _! k9dly he>ts %\ld be l$ to recognize ! tru?2 to pity !1 sickly1 to console ! un=tunate1 to admire ! h]oes4 ,x is n _! fault if1 in/ead ( all ?is1 vanity1 ambition1 & error spr+ up 9 _! he>ts4 ,x is true t ! tea*] makes an attempt to educate _! he>ts aright1 rem9d+ !m ( ail+1 un=tunate1 & h]oic *ildr5 by means ( moral /ories :i* all le>n )\t di/9ction 9 ! same mann]4 ,%e lays /ress ^u incid5ts illu/rat+ ! good feel+ ( mank9d4 ,yet no "o ev] consid]s t ! ail+1 ! un=tunate1 & ! h]oic are all !re among !m1 s9ce all *ildr5 g to s*ool2 b !y _c communicate ) ea* o!r & recognize ea* o!r2 & ?us ^! subjects :o are actually pres5t are di/+ui%$ only z ! ones :o receive all ! scold+s1 puni%m5ts1 & humiliations :ile _! m =tunate companions "l x ov] !m arrogantly z _! examples1 ga9+ prizes & praise1 b los+ _! own s\ls 9 ! process4 ,9 ?is moral confusion1 :]e man loses sight ( ,god1 z 9 hell1 :at /rong _s is /imulat$ to develop all 8 preci\s activities & cultivate 8 own he>t8 ,all are lo/1 ! /rong z well z ! weak2 few inde$ are ^? :o possess an individual in/9ct capable ( sav+ !m1 :o d n succumb to ! temptations ( prizes1 ?reats ( puni%m5t1 to ! cont9ual sugge/ions ( emulation & ( fraudul5t rivalry1 & :o come out ) _! p[]s /ill intact & _! he>ts pure1 s5sible ( ! great facts ( humanity4 ,^? :o pass ?r\gh ! ordeal unt\*$ by its empty glories & p]secutions1 & set =? on ! pa? ( a productive life :i* atta9s to beauty & goodness by int]nal en]gy & is susceptible to tru?--^! are !y :om we hail z m5 ( g5ius1 z b5efactors ( ! human race4 99 99 99 99 99 ,:5 we come to analyze good & evil positively1 we feel t 9 reality mu* ( ! evil we !oretically deplore 9 individuals may be resolv$ into ext]nal causes4 ,! depravity ( ! masses resolves itself into ! comb9$ effects ( paup]ism & drunk5ness2 crime into deg5]ation2 ! faults ( *ildr5 & s*ol>s arise f ! d>kness ( prejudice4 ,b z ^! causes are n absolute & immutable1 b are relat$ to transitory /ates :i* may be alt]$1 ! anci5t philosophic conception ( evil resolves itself p>tially into s _m social que/ions & actions4 ,to give "w & combat ! dr9k habit--?is x is :i* contributes l>gely to morality by remov+ s _m causes ( evil4 ,to und]take ! reg5]ation & education ( ! deg5]ate1 is to combat crime1 & !re=e to promote morality4 ,?us1 if 9 s*ools ! d5se d>kness ( prejudice is ! cause ( innum]able moral ills1 to re=m ! s*ool by ! help ( natural pr9ciples w be ! fir/ /ep t[>ds its moralization4 ,x is 9 ?is direction1 !n1 t we mu/ face ! great "q1 n by analytical exam9ation ( ! sy/em ( prizes & puni%m5ts1 ( ! pr9ciple ( emulation1 ( ! mo/ opportune & practical mann] ( inculcat+ moral pr9ciples1 nor by ! creation ( new decalogues4 ,t :i* we h hi!rto reg>d$ s lightly z a didactic problem is1 on ! contr>y1 a great & v]itable social "q4 ,:5 a moral problem is limit$ to ! effects ( prev5table causes1 x is m]ely app>5t4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 let u imag9e = a mom5t a popul\s qu>t]1 :]e paup]ism is rampant & ! poor w fight = a piece ( bread2 :]e dirt1 dr9k+-%ops & civic neglect degrade ! inhabitants2 :]e all1 m5 & wom5 alike1 give way readily to vice4 ,our sole impression ( su* p at ! mom5t is3 ,:at wick$ p6 ,on ! o!r h&1 let u take ! mod]n qu>t] ( an indu/ri\s city1 :]e ! h\ses ( ! p are hygi5ic1 :]e ! workpeople receive a fair remun]ation = _! labor1 :]e popul> !at]s1 conduct$ ) a true s5se ( art1 h tak5 ! place ( public-h\ses1 & let u ent] "o ( ! re/aurants :]e workpeople are enjoy+ _! food 9 a quiet1 civiliz$ fa%ion2 we %\ld be incl9$ to say3 ,:at good p6 ,b h !y really become good8 ,^? :o ameliorat$ _! social conditions 7 ! good p4 ,b ! individuals :o h b5efit$ by _! ex]tions live bett]2 !y are n1 /rictly speak+1 m m]itori\s 9 ! moral s5se4 ,if !y 71 we %\ld only ne$ to imag9e a society 9 :i* ! economic problem _h be5 solv$1 to behold m5 :o h become moral solely 9 virtue ( hav+ be5 born 9 a diff]5t age4 ,x is obvi\s t ! moral "q is a v diff]5t "o2 x is a "q ( life1 a "q ( nature1 & "o :i* _c be solv$ by ext]nal ev5tualities4 ,m5 may be m or less =tunate1 !y may be born 9 m or less civiliz$ surr\nd+s1 b !y w always be m5 confront$ by a moral "q1 :i* goes d[n deep] ?an =tune or civilization4 ,x is v easy to be conv9c$ t ! s-call$ naught9ess ( *ildr5 is ! expression ( a /ruggle = spiritual exi/5ce2 !y want to make ! m5 )9 !m live1 & we try to h9d] !m2 we (f] !m ! poisons ( d>kness & error4 ,!y fight = _! spiritual bread z ! poor fight = mat]ial bread2 & degrade !mselves by fall+ victims to our s$uctions j z ! poor degrade !mselves by succumb+ to ! fasc9ation ( alcohol2 & 9 ?is /ruggle & ?is degradation *ildr5 h reveal$ !mselves z ! poor & ne$y1 neglect$ & de/itute4 ,none has ev] demon/rat$ m cle>ly ?an !y t man does n live by bread alone1 & t ! "q ( bread is n ! real "q ( man4 ,all ! suff]+1 all ! /ruggles1 all ! claims ( society 9 ! pa/ ) reg>d to bodily ne$s are repeat$ "h ) amaz+ cl>ity 9 connection ) spiritual ne$s4 ,*ildr5 want to gr[1 to p]fect !mselves1 to n\ri% _! intellig5ce1 to develop _! int]nal en]gies1 to =m _! *>act]s & to ^! ends !y ne$ to be lib]at$ f slav]y1 & to conqu] ! means ( life4 ,x is n en\gh to n\ri% _! bodies3 !y are hungry = intellectual food2 ! clo!s :i* protect _! limbs f ! cold are n en\gh = *ildr53 !y dem& ! g>m5ts ( /r5g? & ! ornam5ts ( grace to protect & adorn ! _s4 ,:y h we adults /ifl$ ^! wants till we h almo/ come to believe t ! economic "q is ! true solution ( ! problem ( human life8 ,& :y h we nev] imag9$ t1 ev5 aft] su* a solution1 /rife1 ang]1 despair1 & degradation might reappe> z a result ( high] desires left unsatisfi$8 ,su* /rife1 ang]1 despair & degradation we enc\nt] cont9ually 9 ! *ildr5 ( to-day1 :o are nev]!less well f$1 well clo!d & well w>m$1 9 accordance ) ! /&>ds ( p]fect$ physical hygi5e4 ,to respond to ! intellectual ne$s ( man 9 su* a mann] z to satisfy !m is to make an important contribution to morality4 ,inde$ our *ildr51 :5 !y h be5 able to occupy !mselves freely ) intellig5t "w1 & h also be5 free to respond to _! int]nal wants1 to occupy !mselves = a long "t ) *os5 /imuli1 to p]=m ab/ract op]ations :5 !y 7 suffici5tly mature1 to conc5trate _! m9ds 9 m$itation1 h %[n t ord] & s]5ity h be5 evolv$ )9 !m2 & aft] ?is1 grace ( movem5t1 ! capacity = enjoym5t ( ! beautiful1 s5sibility to music1 & f9ally1 am5ity 9 _! relations to ea* o!r1 h sprung up l a jet ( wat] f an int]nal f\nt4 ,all ?is has be5 a "w ( lib]ation4 ,we h n made our *ildr5 moral by any special means2 we h n taught !m to ov]come _! caprices & to sit quietly at "w2 we h n inculcat$ calm & ord] by exhort+ !m to foll[ ! examples ( o!rs1 & expla9+ h[ necess>y ord] is to man2 we h n lectur$ !m on mutual c\rtesy1 to in/il ! respect due to ! "w ( o!rs1 & ! pati5ce ) :i* !y %\ld wait 9 ord] n to infr+e ! rights ( o!rs4 ,!re has be5 none ( all ?is2 we h m]ely set ! *ild free1 & help$ him to live4 ,x is he :o has taught u h[ ! *ild lives1 & :at o!r ne$s he has besides 8 mat]ial wants4 ,!reupon an activity =m]ly unkn[n among little *ildr51 toge!r ) ! virtues ( indu/ry1 p]sev]ance & pati5ce1 manife/$ !mselves amid/ crises ( joy1 9 an atmosph]e ( habitual s]5ity4 ,^! *ildr5 _h ent]$ ^u ! pa?s ( peace4 ,an ob/acle hi!rto oppos$ to nature _h be5 remov$4 ,& j z m5 satisfi$ by n\ri%+ food & remov$ f ! dang]s ( poisons1 h gr[n calm]1 & h %[n !mselves capable ( pref]r+ ! high] pleasures to base & degrad+ indulg5ce1 s ! *ild1 8 int]nal ne$s satisfi$1 has ent]$ ! sph]e ( s]5ity & has %[n 8 t5d5cy to asc5d4 ,all ?is1 h[ev]1 has n t\*$ ! roots ( ! moral "q2 b x has /ripp$ & purg$ x ( all ! dross t encumb]$ x4 ,! m fully a man's wants are satisfi$1 ! happi] he is2 b he is n already full ( m]it1 z we div9e t a man gift$ ) a l(ty moral s5se ought really to be4 ,r h we depriv$ man ( 8 m]its2 goodness has disappe>$ z well z wick$ness at ! adv5t ( social re=m4 ,:5 we discov]$ t _m =ms ( goodness 7 =ms ( good =tune1 & _m =ms ( evil-do+ 7 =ms ( mis=tune1 we left man absolutely nak$1 /ripp$ b>e by tru?4 ,he mu/ !n take up 8 real life at its roots & acquire m]it4 ,at ?is po9t he w beg9 to be born anew morally1 em]g+ f ! pure & ess5tial *rysalis ( ! hygi5ically liv+ man4 99 99 99 99 99 ,if ! :ole /ructure ( our educative me?od />ts f an act ( conc5trat$ att5tion to a s5sory /imulus1 & builds itself up on ! education ( ! s5ses1 limit+ itself to ?is1 x w\ld evid5tly n take ! :ole man into consid]ation4 ,= if man does n live by mat]ial bread alone1 nei!r does he live solely by intellectual bread4 ,! /imuli ( ! environm5t are n only ! objects1 b also ! p]sons1 ) :om our relations are n m]ely s5sory4 ,9 fact1 we are n cont5t to admire 9 !m t beauty to :i* ! ,greeks 7 s s5sitive1 or to li/5 to _! spee* or _! song4 ,! true relations betwe5 man & man1 ?\gh !y are initiat$ by means ( ! s5ses1 are e/abli%$ 9 sympa?y4 ,! moral s5se ( :i* positive sci5ce speaks is to a great ext5t ! s5se ( sympa?y ) our fell[s1 ! compreh5sion ( _! sorr[s1 ! s5tim5t ( ju/ice3 ! lack ( ^! s5tim5ts convulses normal life4 ,we _c become moral by committ+ codes & _! applications to memory1 = memory might fail u a ?\s& times1 & ! slighte/ passion might ov]come u2 crim9als1 9 fact1 ev5 :5 !y are mo/ a/ute & w>y /ud5ts ( codes1 (t5 violate !m2 :ile normal p]sons1 al?\gh entirely ignorant ( ! laws1 nev] transgress !m1 ow+ to an int]nal s5se :i* guides !m4 ,positive sci5ce includes 9 ! t]m moral s5se some?+ complex :i* is1 at ! same "t1 s5sibility to public op9ion1 to law1 & to religion2 & multiply+ x ?us1 x does n cle>ly def9e 9 :at moral s5se consi/s4 ,we talk ( x intuitively2 ea* "o has )9 himself some?+ t responds to ! appellation2 & by ?is int]nal response he mu/ und]/& & decide 9 :at ?is moral s5se consi/s4 ,b religion is simple & precise3 x calls ?is int]nal s5se :i* lies at ! root ( life1 ,love4 ,social laws d n ent] into ?is any m ?an does ! entire univ]se4 ,love is ! contact betwe5 ! s\l & ,god2 & :5 ?is exi/s1 all ! re/ is vanity4 ,good spr+s !refrom naturally1 z sunbeams radiate f ! sun4 ,creation itself has be5 giv5 9 *>ge ( ?is wellspr+ ( love1 & x is love :i* ma9ta9s x1 z ! contribution ( ! creature to ! provid5t =ces ( nature4 ,^? biological /udies :i* seek to probe ! secrets ( nature h also recogniz$ love z ! key ( life4 ,sci5ti/s h at la/ p]ceiv$1 aft] mu* rese>*1 ?is mo/ evid5t fact3 t x is love :i* pres]ves ! animal species1 & n ! /ruggle = exi/5ce4 ,9 fact1 ! /ruggle = exi/5ce t5ds to de/roy2 & z reg>ds survival1 ?is is n ! exclusive privilege ( ! fitte/1 z 0 at fir/ suppos$4 ,b exi/5ce is inde$ b\nd up ) love4 ,inde$1 ! individuals :o /ruggle & conqu] are adults2 b :o is x t protects ! new-born creature & infant life 9 process ( =mation8 ,if a h>d & horny cov]+ is ! natural protection ( 8 species1 he does n possess x2 if x is /r5g? ( muscle1 he is weak2 if x is tusks1 he is )\t !m2 if x is agility1 he _c yet move2 if x is fecundity1 he is n yet mature4 ,!re=e1 all species %\ld h become ext9ct1 = !re is none s /rong b t he once 0 weak2 & !re is no infancy :i* is n m feeble ?an any adult life4 ,x is love :i* protects all ?is weakness1 & expla9s survival4 ,mat]nal love1 inde$1 is /udi$ to-day ) ! deepe/ att5tion by our sci5ti/s z a natural ph5om5on4 ,if ! /ruggle = exi/5ce pres5t$ to u a uni=m picture ( de/ruction1 ! ph5om5a ( mat]nal love are to-day reveal$ to u 9 ! ri*e/ & mo/ fasc9at+ =ms1 :i* almo/ repres5t ! occult & s5tim5tal aspect ( ! m>vel\s v>ieties ( =ms 9 nature4 ,x is se5 at la/ to be "o ( ! fundam5tal *>act]i/ics ( ! species1 :i* %\ld be recogniz$ by all /ud5ts4 ,ev5 insects1 :i* ,fabre has describ$ ) su* a weal? ( detail1 small & remote z !y are f ourselves1 exhibit wond]ful ph5om5a ( mat]nal love4 ,"o ( ! fir/ articles publi%$ by a naturali/ on ^! ph5om5a1 ,la ,psy*ologie d'une ,araigne 7,! ,psy*ology ( a ,spid]7 might s]ve z ! motive ( a drama4 ,! spid]1 z is well kn[n1 makes a bag ( ?reads1 :i* %e g5]ally atta*es to ! backs ( leaves1 & 9 x %e deposits & pres]ves h] eggs2 %e gets into x h]self toge!r ) ! eggs1 to protect ! treasure ( ! species4 ,if ! bag %\ld be brok5 at any po9t1 ! spid] promptly repairs x4 ,by way ( exp]im5t1 a spid] 0 tak5 out ( ! bag1 & kept at a di/ance = tw5ty days4 ,:at is a spid]8 ,a few cubic millimetres ( a d>k1 flabby sub/ance )\t bra9 or he>t1 ^: life is s %ort t tw5ty days con/itute a v long int]val = x2 b ?is small creature nev] relax$ h] ef=ts to escape1 & h] agitation nev] abat$2 f9ally1 :5 %e 0 lib]at$ at ! end ( ! tw5ty days1 %e fl$ to ! bag1 hid h]self 9 x1 & repair$ ! walls4 ,:]e 0 all ?is love & memory conc5trat$8 ,?is "m-spid] 0 !n remov$ f ! ne/1 & ano!r spid] 0 introduc$1 :i* at once adopt$ ! (fspr+1 act$ ! "m1 def5d$ ! ne/ f attack1 & repair$ ! walls if !y 7 damag$4 ,!re mu/ !re=e be a mat]nal in/9ct 9 ! species1 indep5d5t ( actual mat]nity4 ,b :5 ! real "m approa*$ ! adopt$ bag1 n only did ! fo/]-"m make no attempt to def5d x1 b %e fl$ & gave up h] place4 ,by :at ph5om5on ( telepa?y did ! visitor conceal$ 9 ! bag feel ! mat]nal p[] approa*+8 ,! foll[+ 0 ! end ( ! exp]im5t3 ! little spid]s 7 hat*$1 & rema9$ 9 ! bag toge!r ) _! "m2 ! exp]im5t] tore ! bag to see :at w\ld happ52 ! little spid]s fl$ 9 e direction1 b ! "m rema9$ cr\*+ on ! tatt]$ fragm5ts ( ! ne/1 & di$1 almo/ viol5tly1 kill$ by ! de/ruction ( h] (fspr+4 ,mat]nal love1 !re=e1 does n require complicat$ organs2 x ne$s nei!r bra91 he>t1 nor s5ses1 & seems almo/ to exi/ )\t matt]2 x is ! =ce :i* life assumes to protect & pres]ve itself1 a =ce :i* seems to exi/ be=e & to accompany creation1 l t wisdom ( :i* ,solomon speaks3 ,! ,"l possess$ me 9 ! beg9n+ ( 8 way1 be=e 8 works ( old4444 ,:5 !re 7 no dep?s1 ,i 0 br\ght =?4444 ,!n ,i 0 by him z a ma/] workman1 & ,i 0 daily 8 delight1 rejoic+ always be=e him4444 ,:oso f9de? me f9de? life4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b long be=e biologi/s p]ceiv$ t love is ! p[]ful =ce :i* protects ! species1 & expla9s its survival1 religion _h po9t$ to love z ! =ce :i* pres]ves life4 ,9 ord] to live1 x is n en\gh to be creat$2 ! creature mu/ also be lov$4 ,?is is ! law ( nature4 ,he :o love? n 444 abide? 9 dea?4 ,:5 ,moses gave ! decalogue :i* 0 to guide ! ,hebrews to salvation1 he prec$$ x by ! law3 ,?\ %alt love ! ,"l ?y ,god ) all ?y he>t1 & ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,:5 ! ,ph>isees came to ,*ri/1 ask+ ,him to decl>e ! ,law1 ,he answ]$3 ,d y n "k8 ,?\ %alt love ?y neighbor z ?yself2 z if to say3 ! law is evid5t & unique1 x is ! law ( life1 & = ?is reason mu/ always h exi/$1 f ! v beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,b to ,/4 ,pet]1 :o 0 to be ! head ( ! new religion1 love ! transition f ! old to ! new ord] 0 m fully expla9$3 ,love1 said ,*ri/1 ev5 z ,i h lov$ y1 t is to say1 n z y are capable ( lov+1 b z ,i am capable ( lov+4 ,!re is a deep gulf betwe5 ! mann] 9 :i* m5 are able to love !mselves & t 9 :i* ,*ri/ c love m54 ,m5 (t5 ru% headlong to _! own p]dition2 !y are capable ( conf\nd+ good ) evil1 life ) dea?1 food ) poison4 ,little confid5ce c !re=e be felt 9 ! injunction3 ,love ?y neighbor z ?yself4 ,& x 0 9 tru? a new comm&m5t t ,jesus gave1 :5 ,he said3 ,love ev5 z ,i h lov$ y4 ,moses1 inde$1 _h be5 oblig$ to supplem5t ! law ( love by a decalogue ( practical injunctions3 ,honor ?y fa!r & "m1 ,?\ %alt d no murd]1 ,?\ %alt n /eal1 ,?\ %alt n be> false witness1 ,?\ %alt n covet4 ,*ri/1 on ! o!r h& taught t x w be en\gh if we d n dem& measure = measure 9 love1 & t !re w no long] be any ne$ ( ! support ( rules4 ,we mu/ let ! measure ov]fl[2 & behold6 ?is 9 itself op5s to man ! door ( salvation4 ,if ye love !m :i* love y1 :at ?ank h ye8 = s9n]s also love ^? t love !m4 ,& if ye d good to !m :i* d good to y1 :at ?ank h ye8 = s9n]s also d ev5 ! same4 ,& if ye l5d to !m ( :om ye hope to receive1 :at ?ank h ye8 = s9n]s also l5d to s9n]s to receive z mu* aga94 ,b love ye y\r enemies1 & d good1 & l5d1 hop+ = no?+ aga91 & ye %all be ! *ildr5 ( ! ,highe/ 7,/4 ,luke vi1 #cb-ce74 ,set y\rselves free f all bonds & all measurem5ts & lay hold ( ! "o ?+ ne$ful3 to be alive1 to feel2 ?is 0 ! revelation made by ,*ri/ :51 l ,moses1 ,he w5t up into ! m\nta91 b )\t hid+ ,himself f ! p1 call+ ! cr[d inde$ to foll[ ,him1 & op5ly exp\nd+ all ! secrets ( tru?3 ,bless$ are ^? :o feel1 ev5 if !y suff]1 = to suff] is to feel1 to live4 ,bless$ are ^? :o weep1 bless$ are ^? :o hung] = righte\sness1 bless$ are ! p]secut$1 bless$ are ^? ^: he>ts are pure & free f d>kness4 ,= he :o feels %all be satisfi$2 b he :o _c feel is lo/2 woe to ^? :o lie d[n 9 com=t1 woe to ^? :o are full1 woe to ^? :o laugh--!y h lo/ _! s5sibility4 ,& !n all is vanity4 ,:at is ! use ( kn[+ all ! moral laws1 & ev5 practis+ !m1 if ! he>t be dead8 ,x is z if we %\ld :it5 ! tomb ( a corpse4 ,! moral1 self-satisfi$ man1 )\t a he>t1 is a tomb4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! education ( ! moral s5se4--,?us ! conception ( moral education1 l t ( intellectual education1 mu/ include a basis ( feel+1 & be built up !reupon1 if we are n to lead ! *ild t[>ds illusion1 falsity & d>kness4 ,! education ( ! s5ses1 & lib]ty to raise ! intellig5ce accord+ to its own laws on ! "o h&2 ! education ( feel+1 & spiritual lib]ty to raise oneself1 on ! o!r--^! are two analog\s conceptions & two p>allel roads4 ,consid] our position 9 relation to *ildr54 ,we are _! /imuli1 by :i* _! feel+1 :i* is develop+ s delicately1 %\ld be ex]cis$4 ,= ! intellect1 we h ! v>i\s objects1 colors1 =ms1 etc42 b = ! _s1 ! objects are ourselves4 ,! pure s\ls ( *ildr5 mu/ d]ive n\ri%m5t f u2 !y %\ld fix !mselves on u ) _! he>ts1 z _! att5tion is fix$ ^u "s favorite /imulus2 & by lov+ u !y %\ld exalt !mselves 9 _! intimate spiritual creation4 ,:5 int]e/ leads ! *ild to take ! box ( colors1 & keeps him absorb$ 9 !m1 ! objects l5d !mselves passively to 8 manipulation1 b ! colors reflect ! lum9\s rays ( ! sun1 :i* !n /rike ! virg9 ret9ae ( eyes n z yet completely matur$ & adapt$4 ,s1 too1 :5 ! *ild's he>t turns to u1 & fixes itself1 ask+ n\ri%m5t f our s\ls1 we ought to be always ready1 l passive objects1 inasmu* z we %\ld nev]1 ?r\gh our egotism1 fail to respond to ! *ild's ne$s2 we %\ld respond ) all our intimate en]gies1 to reflect ^u him ! lum9\s rays requir$ by 8 pure s\l1 z yet unadapt$ to life4 ,we ought n to call him by "n1 & (f] him our affection1 invit+ him to accept our help2 b1 l ! mat]ial objects :i* attract him by _! smoo?ness1 _! lu/]1 & _! v>i$ & int]e/+ =ms1 & by ocul> demon/ration ( ! means ( l(ty intellectual ex]cise1 z 9 ! color$ alphabets & ! rods :i* conta9 ! fir/ secrets ( num]ation--we1 too1 %\ld wait2 n coldly1 b r mak+ ! *ild feel t we conta9 a ri* mat]ial :i* is at 8 disposal1 ready to be tak5 z soon z he /ret*es out 8 h& to grasp x4 ,our response to ! *ild %\ld be z full1 z prompt & z complete z t ( ! objects :i* he may manipulate1 b :i* at e t\* give an upw>d impetus to ! intellectual life ( ! *ild4 ,h[ _m p]sons mu/ h not$ t on "s occasion :5 !y h c>ess$ *ildr51 ! little ones h retreat$1 z if repell$ & (f5d$2 & _m mu/ also h rem>k$ t :5 ! affectionate impulse ( a *ild has be5 *eck$1 he %r9ks into himself1 humiliat$1 l ! mimosa :5 t\*$4 ,n[ ! respect we owe to ! spiritual lib]ty ( ! *ild %\ld manife/ itself z foll[s3 we mu/ nev] =ce our c>esses on him1 greatly z we may be attract$ by 8 fasc9at+ graces2 nor mu/ we ev] repel 8 outbur/s ( affection1 ev5 :5 we are n dispos$ to receive !m1 b mu/ respond ) s9c]e & delicate devotion4 ,we are ! objects ( 8 love1 ! objects by means ( :i* he is organiz+ 8 life4 ,! mo/ p]fect tea*]s & mo!rs w be ^? :o w take ! didactic mat]ial = _! model1 & imitate ?is by fill+ !mselves 9 e s5se ) moral ri*es & be+ full ( response 9 e detail2 passive 9 abnegation1 yet active z wellspr+s ( affection4 ,& if all ! s5sorial objects comb9e all possible vibrations accessible to man--! vibrations ( light & color1 z also ^? ( s\nd & heat1 s too %\ld !y comb9e 9 !mselves all ! vibrations ( int]nal s5sibility1 wait+ = ! ?ir/y s\l to *oose among !m4 ,x may be ask$3 ,& h[ %all we make ! *ild love u2 h[ %all we make ! *ild feel8 ,if a *ild c\ld n see colors he w\ld be bl9d2 & no "o c\ld give him sight4 ,& s if ! *ild c\ld n feel1 no "o c\ld give him s5sibility2 b s9ce ,nature has unit$ "m & *ild n only by ! fle%1 b ev5 m closely by love1 x is indubitable t at bir? ! *ild br+s ) him n only fle% b love4 ,n[ he :o loves1 ev5 ?\gh x be only a s+le object1 has 9 himself a s5se :i* is capable ( receiv+ impressions ad inf9itum2 he :o sees an object possesses sight1 !re=e he :o sees an object w see4 ,he :o loves a "m or a son1 loves2 t int]nal s5se vibrates1 & c]ta9ly n only to ! object pres5t to x at ! mom5t4 ,ev5 t poor spid]1 artificially deposit$ 9 ! bag ( ano!r "m1 adopt$ & def5d$ ! ali5 eggs1 because ! spid] is capable ( mat]nal love4 ,!re=e ! *ild :om 8 "m has lov$ & :o 0 help$ by t love1 has t int]nal s5se by means ( :i* he is capable ( love4 ,! human objects :i* pres5t !mselves to t s5se h reflections f x4 ,we %\ld wait to be se5 by him2 ! day w come :51 among all ! intellectual objects1 ! *ild w p]ceive our _s1 & w come to u to take 8 ease )9 u4 ,x w be to him a new bir?1 ak9 to t o!r awak5+1 :5 "s "o ( ! objects fir/ attract$ him & held him4 ,x is impossible t t day1 t mom5t1 %\ld n arrive4 ,we h p]=m$ a delicate "w ( love t[>ds ! *ild1 pres5t+ to him ! means :i* satisfy 8 intellectual ne$s1 )\t mak+ ourselves felt1 keep+ ourselves 9 ! backgr\nd1 b always pres5t & ready to help4 ,we h giv5 great satisfaction to ! *ild by succor+ him2 :5 he ne$$ to cl>ify ! ord] ( 8 m9d /ill fur!r by language1 we (f]$ him ! names ( ?+s1 b only ^!1 retir+ at once )\t ask+ any?+ f him1 )\t putt+ =w>d any?+ f ourselves4 ,we h reveal$ to him ! s\nds ( ! alphabet1 ! secret ( numb]s1 we h put him into relation ) ?+s b re/rict+ ourselves to :at 0 useful to him1 almo/ conceal+ our body1 our brea?+1 our p]son4 ,:5 he felt a desire to *oose1 he nev] f\nd an ob/acle 9 u2 :5 he occupi$ himself = a long "t ) an ex]cise1 we 7 c>eful to protect ! tranquillity ( 8 "w1 z a "m protects ! refre%+ sleep ( h] babe4 ,:5 he made 8 fir/ plunge into ab/raction1 he felt no?+ 9 u b ! e*o ( 8 joy4 ,! *ild f\nd u always indefatigable :5 he call$ ^u u1 almo/ z if our mission to him 7 to (f] him :at he requires1 j z x is ! mission ( ! fl[] to give p]fume )\t limit or int]mission4 ,he f\nd ) u a new life1 no less sweet ?an ! milk he drew f 8 "m's brea/1 ) :i* 8 fir/ love 0 born4 ,!re=e he w "o day become s5sitive to ?is be+ :o lives to make him live1 f ^: self-sacrifice 8 fre$om to live & exp& is d]iv$4 ,& und\bt$ly ! day w come :5 8 _s w become s5sitive to our _s2 & !n he w beg9 to ta/e t supreme delight :i* lies 9 ! intimate contact ( s\l ) s\l1 & our voice w no long] be he>d by 8 e> alone4 ,! p[] to obey u1 to communicate 8 conque/s to u1 to %>e 8 joys ) u1 w be ! new elem5t 9 8 life4 ,we %all see ! *ild :o sudd5ly becomes aw>e ( 8 companions1 & is almo/ z deeply int]e/$ z we are 9 _! progress & _! "w4 ,x w be delightful to witness su* a sc5e z t ( f\r or five *ildr5 sitt+ ) spoons arre/$ ov] ! smok+ b[l1 & no long] s5sible to ! /imulus ( hung] because !y are absorb$ 9 contemplation ( ! ef=ts ( a v little companion :o is try+ to tuck 8 napk9 "u 8 *91 & f9ally succe$s 9 do+ s2 & !n we %all see ^! spectators assume an expression ( relief & pride1 almo/ l t ( a fa!r :o is pres5t at ! triumph ( 8 son4 ,*ildr5 w recomp5se u 9 ! mo/ amaz+ mann] by _! progress1 _! spiritual effusions1 & _! sweet ob$i5ce4 ,! fruit !y w cause u to ga!r w be abundant beyond any?+ we c imag9e4 ,?us x comes to pass :5 ! secrets ( life are int]pret$4 ,give & x %all be giv5 unto y3 good measure1 press$ d[n & %ak5 toge!r1 & runn+ ov] %all m5 give into y\r bosom4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! ess5ce ( moral education4--,to keep alive & to p]fect psy*ical s5sibility is ! ess5ce ( moral education4 ,ar\nd x1 z 9 ! intellectual education :i* proce$s f ! ex]cise ( ! s5ses1 ord] e/abli%es itself3 ! di/9ction betwe5 "r & wrong is p]ceiv$4 ,no "o c tea* ?is di/9ction 9 all its details to "o :o _c see x4 ,b to see ! diff]5ce & to "k x are n ! same ?+4 ,b 9 ord] t ! *ild may be help$ x is ess5tial t ! environm5t %\ld be rightly organiz$1 & t good & evil %\ld be duly diff]5tiat$4 ,an environm5t :]e ! two ?+s are confus$1 :]e good is conf\nd$ ) apa?y & evil ) activity1 good ) prosp]ity & evil ) mis=tune1 is n "o adapt$ to assi/ ! e/abli%m5t ( ord] 9 ! moral consci\sness1 mu* less is "o :]e acts ( flagrant inju/ice & p]secutions occur4 ,"u su* conditions ! *ildi% consci\sness w become l wat] :i* has be5 made turbid1 & m poison\s ?an is alcohol to ! life ( ! foetus4 ,ord] may p]haps be bani%$ = ev]1 toge!r ) ! cl>ity ( ! consci\sness2 & we _c tell :at may be ! consequ5ces to ! moral man4 ,:oev] %all (f5d "o ( ^! little ones1 x 7 bett] = him 444 t he 7 dr[n$ 9 ! dep? ( ! sea4 ,if ?y h& or ?y foot (f5d !e1 cut x (f & ca/ x f !e4 ,h[ev]1 ! prop]ly organiz$ environm5t is n ev]y?+4 ,ev5 9 intellectual education x 0 n ! spontane\s ex]cise alone :i* refre%$ ! intellig5ce2 b fur!r1 ! lessons ( ! tea*] :i* confirm$ & illum9at$ ! int]nal ord] 9 process ( developm5t4 ,on ^! occasions %e said3 ,?is is r$1 ?is is gre54 ,n[ %e w say3 ,?is is "r1 ?is is wrong4 ,& x w n be unusual to f9d *ildr5 l ! "o describ$ above1 :o make good & evil ! c5t] ( consci\sness1 &1 plac+ x above mat]ial bread & intellectual n\ri%m5t1 w prop\nd ! "q m vital to !m ?an any o!r3 ,:at is good8 & :at is evil8 ,b we mu/ n =get t moral lessons %\ld be brief2 & t ,moses1 ! fa!r ( ! sages1 9 ord] to inculcate morality1 n 9 a *ild1 b 9 a race1 gave t5 simple comm&m5ts1 :i* to ,*ri/ seem$ sup]flu\s4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t at ! head ( ^! 0 ! law ( love2 & t ,*ri/ sub/itut$ = ! ,decalogue an amplification ( t law1 :i* comprises )9 itself all legislations & moral codes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,x is possible t good & evil may be di/+ui%$ by means ( an int]nal s5se1 ap>t f cognitions ( morality2 & 9 su* a case1 ( c\rse1 ! good & evil 9 "q w\ld be absolute2 t is to say1 !y w\ld be b\nd up ) life itself & n ) acquir$ social habits4 ,we always speak ( a voice ( consci5ce :i* tea*es u f )9 to di/+ui% ! two ?+s3 good conf]s s]5ity1 :i* is ord]2 en?usiasm1 :i* is /r5g?2 evil is signaliz$ z an angui% :i* is at times unbe>able3 remorse1 :i* is n only d>kness & disord]1 b fev]1 a malady ( ! s\l4 ,x is c]ta9 t ! laws ( society1 public op9ion1 mat]ial well-be+1 & ?reats ( p]il w\ld all be p[]less to produce ^! v>i\s s5sations4 ,(t5 s]5ity is to be f\nd among ! un=tunate1 :]eas ! remorse ( ,lady ,macbe?1 :o saw ! spot ( blood ^u h] h&1 gnaw$ at ! he>t ( "o :o _h acquir$ a k+dom4 ,x is n surpris+ t !re %\ld be an int]nal s5sation :i* w>ns u ( p]ils1 & causes u to recognize ! circum/ances favorable to life4 ,if sci5ce 9 ^! days demon/rates t ! means = pres]v+ ev5 mat]ial life correspond to ! moral virtues1 we may conclude t we %all be able to div9e :at is necess>y to life by means ( ! int]nal s5sibility4 ,h n ! biological sci5ces demon/rat$ an analog\s fact8 ,! biomet] appli$ to man has made x possible to recon/ruct ! absolutely av]age man1 t is to say1 ! man ^: body gives av]age measurem5ts 9 e "p2 & ^! av]age measurem5ts h be5 f\nd1 by means ( ! /ati/ical & morphological /udies ( m$ic9e1 to correspond to normality4 ,?us ! av]age man w\ld be a man s p]fectly con/ruct$ t he has no morphological pr$isposition to disease ( ! organs4 ,:5 ! figure ( a man 0 recon/ruct$ 9 accordance ) av]age biometrical proportions1 x 0 f\nd to correspond 9 a rem>kable mann] to ! proportions ( ,greek /atues4 ,?is fact help$ to give a new int]pretation to /hetic s5tim5t4 ,x 0 evid5tly by means ( /hetic feel+ t ! eye ( ! ,greek arti/ 0 able to extract ! av]age measurem5t ( e organ1 & to con/ruct a m>vel\s & exact :ole !re)4 ,! enjoym5t ( ! arti/ 0 8 enjoym5t ( ! beautiful2 b he felt ev5 m pr(\ndly t :i* conta9$ ! triumph ( life1 & di/+ui%$ x f ! errors ( nature1 :i* pr$ispose to illness4 ,! triumph ( creation c give an intimate pleasure to him :o c feel x2 errors1 ev5 slight1 w !n be p]ceiv$ z discords4 ,ae/hetic education is1 9 %ort1 ak9 to ! ma!matical approximation t[>ds ! absolute av]age2 ! m x is possible to approa* to ! true measure 9 its extreme limits1 & ! clos] we c get to ?is1 ! m possible does x become to h an absolute means ( comp>ison = ! consid]ation ( deviations4 ,! great arti/ is ?us able to recognize ! beautiful 9 a detail ev5 9 ! mid/ ( o!r discordant details2 & ! m capable he is ( possess+ an absolute s5se ( ! beautiful1 ! m readily w he p]ceive any disproportion ( =m4 ,some?+ ( ! same sort may happ5 9 ! consci5ce 9 relation to ! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil2 ! m s z ! good /&s = real utility 9 life f> m directly ?an ! beautiful1 & ! evil may be r\ghly said to repres5t dang]4 ,h n animals1 p]haps1 an acute in/9ct ( self-pres]vation1 :i* dictates inf9ite details ( conduct to !m1 bo? = ! ma9t5ance ( life & = its protection8 ,dogs1 horses1 & cats1 & g5]ally speak+1 all dome/ic animals1 d n await ! imm95t e>?quake quietly & unconsci\sly1 z does man1 b become agitat$4 ,:5 ! ice is ab\t to crack1 ! ,esquimaux dogs :i* draw ! sleighs deta* !mselves "o f ! o!r1 z if to avoid fall+ 92 :ile man c only obs]ve _! amaz+ in/9ct ) /upefaction4 ,man has n by nature ^! int5se in/9cts2 x is by means ( intellig5ce & ! s5sibility ( 8 consci5ce to good & evil t he con/ructs 8 def5ses & recognizes 8 p]ils4 ,& if ?is intellig5ce ( 81 :i* is actually capable ( trans=m+ ! _w1 raises him to su* a supreme height above animals1 to :at a l(ty em95ce might he raise himself by develop+ 8 moral consci\sness6 ,b on ! contr>y1 man to-day is r$uc$ to ! po9t ( ask+ himself s]i\sly :e!r animals are n bett] ?an he4 ,:5 man wi%es to exalt himself1 he says3 ,i am fai?ful z a dog1 pure z a dove1 /rong z a lion4 ,inde$1 animals h always t in/9ct :i* is admirable1 = x conf]s on !m a my/]i\s p[]2 b if man lacks s5sibility ( consci5ce he is inf]ior to ! animals2 no?+ c !n save him f excesses2 he may ru% ^u 8 own ru91 ^u havoc & de/ruction 9 a mann] t might fill animals ) /upefaction & t]ror2 & if x 7 9 _! p[] !y might set !mselves to tea* man1 t he might become equal to !mselves4 ,m5 )\t consci5ce are l animals )\t ! in/9ct ( self-pres]vation2 madm5 ru%+ on de/ruction4 ,:at %all x pr(it man to discov] by means ( sci5ce ! law ( physical self-pres]vation 9 its mo/ m9ute details1 if he has no c>e = t :i* corresponds 9 man to ! in/9ct ( 8 own salvation8 ,if an individual has a p]fect k ( hygi5ic fe$+1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* to weigh himself 9 ord] to foll[ ! c\rse ( 8 own heal?1 ( ba?+ & ( massage1 b %\ld lose ! in/9ct ( humanity & kill a fell[-creature1 or take 8 own life1 :at w\ld be ! use ( all 8 c>e8 ,& if he feels no?+ m 9 8 he>t8 if ! void draws him to x1 plung+ him into melan*oly1 :at does 8 well-n\ri%$ & well wa%$ body avail him8 ,good is life2 evil is dea?2 ! real di/9ction is z cle> z ! words4 ,our moral consci5ce is1 l our intellig5ce1 capable ( p]fection1 ( elevation2 ?is is "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal ( its diff]5ces f ! in/9cts ( animals4 ,! s5sibility ( ! consci5ce may be p]fect$1 l ! /hetic s5se1 till x c recognize & at la/ enjoy good1 up to ! v limits ( ! absolute1 & also until x becomes s5sitive to ! v slighte/ deviations t[>ds evil4 ,he :o feels ?us is sav$2 he :o feels less mu/ be m vigilant1 & d 8 utmo/ to pres]ve & develop t my/]i\s & preci\s s5sibility :i* guides u 9 di/+ui%+ good f evil4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ important acts ( life to exam9e our own consci5ces me?odically1 hav+ z our s\rce ( illum9ation n only a k ( moral codes1 b ( love4 ,x is only ?r\gh love t ?is s5sibility c be p]fect$4 ,he ^: s5se has n be5 educat$ _c judge himself4 ,a doctor1 = example1 may be p]fectly in=m$ z to ! symptoms ( a disease1 & may "k exactly h[ c>diac s\nds & ! resi/ance ( ! pulse are affect$ 9 diseases ( ! he>t2 b if 8 e> _c p]ceive ! s\nds1 if 8 h& _c appreciate ! tactile s5sations :i* give ! pulse1 ( :at use is 8 sci5ce to him8 ,8 p[] ( und]/&+ diseases is d]iv$ f 8 s5ses2 & if ?is p[] is lack+1 8 k 9 relation to ! sick man is vanity4 ,! same holds good ( ! diagnosis ( our own consci5ce2 if we are bl9d & deaf1 innum]able symptoms w pass unobs]v$1 & we %all n "k on :at to f\nd our judgm5t4 ,! t$ium ( futile und]tak+s w oppress u f ! fir/ mom5t4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is feel+ :i* spurs u on t[>ds p]fection4 ,!re h be5 p]sons ) an extraord9>y p[] ( recogniz+ good & evil1 j z ! ,greek arti/s %[$ extraord9>y p[]s ( recogniz+ ! normal =ms ( ! body "u ! guidance ( ! /hetic s5se4 ,sa9t ,t]esa tells u t :5 "s worldly p]son :o 0 n good approa*$ h]1 %e suff]$ z if %e 7 inhal+ a bad smell4 ,%e expla9$ t ( c\rse %e did n smell any?+ at all1 9 ! mat]ial s5se2 b t %e actually suff]$1 n m]ely 9 imag9ation2 h] suff]+ 0 a real spiritual di/ress :i* %e c\ld n tol]ate4 ,m int]e/+ /ill is ! foll[+ /ory :i* ref]s to ! e>ly ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 :o liv$ 9 ! des]t4 ,we 7 seat$ at ! feet ( our ,bi%op1 says "o ( ! monks1 li/5+ to & admir+ 8 holy & salut>y tea*+4 ,sudd5ly !re appe>$ on ! sc5e ! lead+ 'mime1' ! mo/ beautiful ( ! public danc]s ( ,antio*1 cov]$ ) jewels2 h] b>e legs 7 almo/ conceal$ by pe>ls & gold2 h] head & %\ld]s 7 uncov]$4 ,a ?rong ( p]sons accompani$ h]2 ! m5 ( ! p]iod nev] we>i$ ( dev\r+ h] ) _! eyes4 ,an exquisite p]fume :i* exhal$ f h] p]son sc5t$ ! air we brea!d4 ,:5 %e _h pass$1 our ,fa!r1 :o _h look$ /eadfa/ly at h]1 said to u3 ',7 y n fasc9at$ by s mu* beauty8' ,we 7 all sil5t4 ',i1' cont9u$ ! ,bi%op1 'exp]i5c$ great pleasure 9 look+ at h]1 = ,god has appo9t$ t "s day %e %all judge u4 ,i see h]1' he add$1 'z a soil$ & black5$ dove2 b ?is dove %all be wa%$ & %all fly heav5w>ds1 :ite z sn[4' ,z a fact1 ?is woman return$ & ask$ to be baptiz$4 ',my "n is ,pelagia1' %e said1 'or su* is ! "n my p>5ts gave me1 b ! p ( ,antio* call me ,! ,pe>l1 because ( ! quantities ( jewels ) :i* my s9s h adorn$ me4' ,two days lat] %e gave all h] goods to ! poor1 put on a hair %irt1 & took up h] abode 9 a cell on ,monte ,oliveto1 :i* %e nev] left until h] dea?4 7,montalemb]t1 ,les ,mo9es d',occid5t1 vol4 #a1 p4 #hf47 99 99 99 99 99 ,our ins5sibility4--,h[ remote are we f t delicate s5sibility :i* responds to evil by suff]+ & to ! good p]ceiv$ 9 o!rs z x 7 miracul\sly1 by a feel+ ( pleasure6 ,9 our society x is possible = u to live = a long "t ) a crim9al1 to e/eem him1 press 8 h&1 etc41 until he is at la/ expos$ by ! sc&al\s discov]y ( 8 misde$s4 ,!n we say3 ,:o w\ld h ?\ght x8 ,he always seem$ an excell5t p]son4 ,& yet x is impossible t ! crim9al %[$ no signs1 no p]v]sities ( feel+1 no he>tlessness :i* %\ld h reveal$ him to u f ! outset4 ,no "o w say t we ought all to become wond]ful ae/hetes l ! ,greek sculptors1 or z s5sitive z ! sa9ts2 b if we admit t x is a b>b>\s ?+ to pass by ! beauties ( art )\t p]ceiv+ !m2 t x is ! m>k ( defective civilization to conf\nd horrible co>s5ess & mon/rosity ) ideal beauty1 to be unable to di/+ui% ! /rid5t noise ( ! tram-c> :eels1 or ! deaf5+ cra% ( ill-tun$ in/rum5ts f ! h>monies ( ,bell9i or ,wagn]2 t ea* ( u w\ld blu% = su* ins5sibility1 & w\ld conceal x--h[ is x we d n p]ceive t su* obtus5ess is habitual to u 9 moral matt]s8 ,we see t we are capable ( confus+ virtu\s p]sons & crim9als1 )\t any =ebod+4 ,h[ is x t s (t5 9 ! case ( judicial errors1 ! voice ( ! innoc5t did n res\nd 9 our e>s1 al?\gh 8 trial 0 a public "o1 & we all[$ him to langui% 9 prison = ye>s8 ,h[ is x t goodness %\ld be s obscure a ?+ t we conf\nd x ) prosp]ity8 ,h[ is x t ^? ri* m5 ( :om ! gospel says ,woe unto y1 ri* m51 = ye h y\r rew>d1 c ?9k ( improv+ ! morals ( ! poor1 )\t any exam9ation ( _! own moral lives or ! lives ( ^? belong+ to !m8 almo/ z if !y believ$ t ! ri* are ess5tially good & ! poor ess5tially bad4 ,if su* d>kness z ?is reign$ 9 ! intellectual field1 we %\ld be unable to conceive ! =m ( madness :i* w\ld pres5t itself to our eyes4 ,!re are confusions 9 ! moral field :i* x is impossible to imag9e 9 any o!r doma9 ( life4 ,if "s day ! y\? ( ! nations1 m cle>-sight$ ?an ^? ( to-day1 he> t ! ,*ri/mas fea/ 0 kept on ! battlefields ( ! ,european w>1 !y w und]/& ! orig9s ( ! w> itself4 ,9 su* a situation1 ,david 7to :om inde$ x w\ld h be5 inconceivable7 w\ld h accept$ ! taunt ( 8 enemies z well des]v$1 :5 !y ask$ him3 ,:]e is n[ ?y ,god8 ,we h lo/ ,god w\ld h be5 a fitt+ lam5tation4 ,b to celebrate ,8 fe/ival indiff]5tly "u su* conditions is to be unconsci\s ( hav+ lo/ ,him4 ,h[ long ago did ! s\l die1 & :5 did ! build+ up on dea? beg98 ,:at a t]rible episode ( madness is ?is mon/r\s slaught]1 ^u :i* ! tree ( peace 0 plant$ 9 honor ( ! ,savior6 ,f> inde$ are we f ! delicate s5sibility to evil ( ,santa ,t]esa1 or ! ke5ness ( spiritual vision :i* enabl$ ! man ( ,god to see ! :ite dove b5ea? ! soil$ fea!rs ( ! s9ful woman4 ,! diff]5ce is n z t betwe5 ! ta/e ( a peasant & t ( an arti/1 b z t betwe5 a corpse & a liv+ man4 ,x is evid5t t we h suff]$ dea?1 albeit we are unconsci\s ( hav+ di$4 ,"h1 !n1 & n 9 hygi5e1 mu/ we f9d ! secret ( our life4 ,we h some?+ m corruptible ?an our bodies1 a life m fragile ?an our physical life2 & ! p]il ( d>kness hangs ov] u4 ,?is is ! secret ( man4 ,if man loses ! light t leads him on t[>ds a bett] _w1 he falls into an abyss f> bel[ all creat$ animals4 ,he :o loves1 !re=e1 w be/[ all 8 c>e on ^! wellspr+s ( life2 h[ frail are ! lungs ( a new-born infant1 h[ easily c an unnatural "m deprive him ( air & s suffocate him6 ,yet :at is ?is easily accompli%$ act1 :i* nev]!less de/roys a life1 9 comp>ison ) ! inf9itely easi] & m deadly act by :i* we may procure ! dea? ( ! s\l8 ,! dea? ( ! s\l1 l t ( ! body1 may be readily di/+ui%$ f a /ate ( ins5sibility2 9 va9 d we apply a r$-hot iron to a corpse2 !re is no response4 ,he :o is alive1 h[ev]1 is n only capable ( react+ to a /imulus v mu* less int5se ?an a r$-hot iron2 he :o lives & feels may p]fect himself--& ?is is life4 ,x is en\gh t s\ls %\ld feel4 ,h[1 !n1 c\ld !y live quietly amid/ evil8 ,if "u ! w9d[s ( our h\se p 7 pil+ up refuse until we felt t ! air 0 be+ vitiat$1 c\ld we be> ?is )\t prote/+1 & insi/+ on ! removal ( t :i* 0 caus+ u to suff]8 ,if1 moreov]1 we _h a *ild1 we %\ld clamor /ill m l\dly1 & %\ld ev5 set to "w to cle> away ! nuisance ) our own h&s1 9 our solicitude = 8 heal?4 ,b if ! bodies ( "m & *ild lay dead1 !y w\ld no long] be consci\s ( ! pe/il5tial air4 ,x is *>act]i/ic ( life to purge ! environm5t & ! s\l ( sub/ances injuri\s to heal?4 ,*ri/ 0 call$ ! ,lamb t take? away ! s9s ( ! _w1 n ! ,ma/] :o prea*es1 b ,he :o purifies4 ,& ?is is ! morality t spr+s f s5sibility3 ! action ( purify+ ! _w1 ( remov+ ! ob/acles t beset life1 ( lib]at+ ! _s f ! d>kness ( dea?4 ,! m]its ( :i* e man feels he owes an acc\nt to 8 consci5ce are n su* ?+s z hav+ enjoy$ music or made a discov]y2 he mu/ be able to say :at he has done to save & ma9ta9 life4 ,^! purify+ m]its1 l progress1 h no limits4 ,leave all ties & foll[ ,me1 said ,*ri/ to ^? :o ask$ ,him :at !y %\ld d4 ,= man c re9=ce 8 own /r5g? by o!r p[]s :i* w urge him on upw>ds t[>ds ! inf9ite2 be=e him :o sleeps is ! invisible ladd] ( ,jacob1 trodd5 by angels :o call him heav5w>ds1 t is1 t[>ds ! sup]natural life4 ,yes1 to be m ?an man4 ,?is is a dream to him :o lacks fai?2 b x is ! realizable goal1 ! aim ( life1 to him :o has fai?4 ,to ,fri$ri* ,nietzs*e1 ! sup]man 0 an idea )\t practical consequ5ce1 /range & errone\s ev5 :5 te/$ by ! v !ories ( evolution :i* inspir$ him4 ,8 conception (f]$ no help 9 ov]com+ ! ills ( humanity2 r 0 x z a *a9 b9d+ man to e>?1 !re to seek means to create ( himself ! man sup]ior to himself2 & ?us lead+ him a/ray into egotism1 cruelty & folly4 ,b innum]able sa9ts h felt & act$ 9 accordance ) _! pr(ession ( fai?3 ,i live2 yet n ,i1 b ,*ri/ live? 9 me4 ,if1 z our poet says1 man is ! *rysalis de/9$ to become ! angelic butt]fly1 !re is no d\bt z to ! road he mu/ take3 spiritually1 he mu/ ei!r asc5d or die4 ,h5ce x is n ! :ole ( life to obey ! laws ( hygi5e1 physical & psy*ical2 b x is only life :i* c draw f its environm5t ! means ( its own purification & salvation2 t life1 h[ev]1 :i* is sup]natural1 asks ( love & div9e light ! /r5g? necess>y = its trans=mation4 ,( a tru?1 x is n ec/asy :i* *>act]izes ! sa9ts2 x is ! real & victori\s /ruggle ( ! high] aga9/ ! l[] nature4 99 99 99 99 99 ,morality & religion4--,x is well kn[n t 9 /rong religi\s impressions1 su* z ! crises ( :at is call$ conv]sion1 ! ph5om5on is *>act]iz$ by an inn] light1 an ord] :i* sudd5ly e/abli%es itself1 & by means ( :i* t :i* 0 be=e unse5 becomes manife/3 ! di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 & h5ce ! revelation ( oneself4 ,inde$1 ! conv]t$1 at ! mom5t :5 ! revelation takes place1 seem little conc]n$ ) div9ity1 or dogmas1 or rites2 !y are p]sons giv5 ov] to a viol5t commotion1 :o seem =getful ( all _! physical & intellectual life1 & :o are absorb$ 9 contemplation ( !mselves 9 relation to a c5tral po9t ( _! consci\sness1 :i* seems to be illum9at$ by "s prodigi\s radiance4 ,! cry ( ! conv]t 9 ! majority ( cases is3 ,i am a s9n]6 ,x seems z if d>kness _h fall5 away f him1 toge!r ) all ! evil :i* 0 corrod+1 weak5+1 & suffocat+ him1 & :i* at l5g? he saw1 :5 x 0 sep>at$ f him1 t]rible1 obscure1 & full ( hide\s dang]s4 ,x is ?is :i* agitates him1 & makes him weep2 x is ?is :i* urges him to seek "s "o :o c und]/&1 com=t1 & help him4 ,! conv]t$ want help1 z d ! newly born2 !y weep & /ruggle l m5 :o are born to a new life1 & :o are re/ra9$ by no human respect1 by no re/riction4 ,x is _! own life !y feel2 & ! value ( _! own life seems to !m great] ?an ! ri*es & conv5i5ce ( ! :ole _w4 ,!y feel an ec/asy ( relief at hav+ escap$ f a great p]il2 _! *ief anxiety is t !y may be lib]at$ f ! evil t oppresses !m4 ,be=e !y c take ano!r /ep =w>d !y are oblig$ to reconsid] ! t]rible "t :5 evil 0 root$ )9 !m1 & !y felt no?+ ( x4 ,& z a man ) difficult %ort brea? ,=esp5t ) toil+1 'scap$ f sea to %ore1 ,turns to ! p]il\s wide wa/e1 & /&s ,at gaze2 e'en s my _s t yet fail'd ,/ruggl+ ) t]ror1 turn'd to view ! /raits ,t none ha? pa/ & liv$4 7,c>ey's translation ( ,dante's ,inf]no1 ,canto ,i47 ,?is evil _h held captive all ! treasures ( ! _s1 :i*1 set free at la/1 seem to refre% & reanimate ! :ole _w be=e _! eyes3 ,& :at ,i saw seem$ ev5 z a smile4 ,irradiat+ all ! univ]se4444 7,dante's ,p>adiso1 ,canto ,,xxvii47 ,"o ( ! mo/ s+ul> cases ( conv]sion ,i ev] he>d describ$ 0 ! foll[+3 ,a monk1 fam\s = 8 oratorical gifts1 0 prea*+ 9 a cr[d$ *ur* to a congregation :i* 0 li/5+ to him ) dev\t admiration4 ,sudd5ly he 0 int]rupt$ by a l\d sob1 & a man 9 ! cr[d cri$ al\d1 /ret*+ out 8 h&s t[>ds ! pulpit3 ,i am a great s9n]6 ,! monk1 z is usual 9 su* cases1 came to ! help ( ! conv]t1 & receiv$ all ! outp\r+s ( t s\l1 z x /ripp$ itself ( ! evil :i* _h be5 corrod+ x4 ,!n1 curi\s to "k :at argum5t _h t\*$ ! he>t ( ?is man1 he ask$ him :at "p ( ! s]mon _h specially borne ^u ! prodigy4 ,ah6 answ]$ ! conv]t1 ,i nev] he>d a s+le ^w ( :at y 7 say+2 ,i ent]$ ! *ur* )\t kn[+ :y2 at t mom5t y po9t$ y\r f+] at me emphatically4 ,yes1 x is true1 ,i cri$1 ,i am a s9n]1 & ,i felt z if a heavy cloak ( lead :i* _h be5 oppress+ me _h fall5 f my %\ld]s2 !n an uncontrollable flood ( te>s rose f my he>t4 ,?us no intellectual elem5t play$ any "p 9 ?is conv]sion2 x 0 n a conviction1 nor ev5 new k1 :i* _h act$2 :at _h happ5$ 0 purely a spontane\s ph5om5on ( ! consci5ce1 :i*1 p]haps aft] an unconsci\s prep>ation1 divid$ ! light f ! d>kness & initiat$ ! creation ( ! new man4 ,! conv]t feels m cle>ly ?an any o!r t evil is an ob/acle to a =m ( enjoym5t high] ?an ! l(tie/ enjoym5ts man c ta/e4 ,he has n only be5 purifi$1 b 8 purification has trans=m$ him4 ,he is l a diamond emb$d$ 9 dross & mire :i* is sudd5ly sep>at$ f ! ov]ly+ sub/ances1 & br\ght to ! surface1 cle> & brilliant2 x is n only a purifi$ & magnific5t /one2 :at really trans=ms x is ! sun1 :i* c n[ be reflect$ 9 x & make x sp>kle4 ,?is is ! unsuspect$ spl5dor :i* is add$ to x naturally1 & has no?+ to d ei!r ) ! dross t has be5 remov$1 or ) ! intr9sic qualities ( ! gem4 ,! dross n only defil$ x1 b prev5t$ x f enc\nt]+ ! rays :i* %\ld give x its *>act]i/ic beauty4 ,all dev\t p]sons "k t evil is a *a9 = u1 hold+ u d[n b5ea? ! e>? z 9 a tomb1 & t s5tim5ts ho/ile to love are s _m ob/acles :i* imp$e our expansion & our free contact ) ! div9e ess5ce :i* is )9 u4 ,! slighte/ alloy1 ! mo/ m9ute infiltration1 suffices to impair our brilliance & to cause our ejection f ! casket ( ! elect3 a s+le glance :i* judges our bro!r in/ead ( absolv+ him1 a feel+ :i* h>d5s our he>t aga9/ him1 or1 f9ally1 ! envy :i* g5]ates dev\r+ hatr$ & fury4 ,! works ( ! fle% are manife/1 :i* are ^!3 444 hatr$1 v>iance1 emulations1 wra?1 /rife1 s$itions1 h]esies1 envy+s1 wit*craft1 murd]s4 ,to approa* ! alt> ) a he>t suff]+1 be x ev] s slightly1 f "s s$uctive /imulus aga9/ *>ity is va92 x is z if a w\nd$ h>e %\ld ru% to h] =m1 be>+ ! arr[ t has pi]c$ h] ?r\gh & ?r\gh2 %e goes1 n to save h]self1 b to die 9 h] =m4 ,likewise ?\1 if ?\ br+ ?y gift to ! alt>1 & !re rememb]e/ t ?y bro!r ha? aught aga9/ !e 444 g ?y way2 fir/ be reconcil$ to ?y bro!r1 & !n come & (f] ?y gift4 ,he :o =gives an (f5se does n p]=m a logical act ( ju/ice1 nor does he b5efit ! p]son he =gives2 h5ce x is wa/e ( "t to consid] :e!r ! (f5se des]ves p>don or n1 & :e!r ! p]son :o committ$ x ne$s absolution f u or n4 ,we mu/ p>don1 n f a s5se ( ju/ice nor = ! b5efit ( ! (f5d]1 b = our own sakes2 he :o =gives has dive/$ himself ( envy & res5tm5t1 ( all t oppress$ & fett]$ ! _s1 mak+ x p[]less to rise4 ,?is is :y we mu/ =give3 t s we may bur/ ! bonds :i* imp$e our free movem5t1 our asc5t4 ,:5 we cut ! cable ( a balloon1 we d n consid] :e!r ?is is j t[>ds ! e>?1 & :e!r ! cable des]ves x2 we d x because x is necess>y1 to enable ! balloon to rise4 ,he :o asc5ds1 moreov]1 enjoys ! m>vels ( a spectacle :i* _c be enjoy$ on e>?4 ,:o w\ld /rike a balance betwe5 ?is ga9 & ! sacrifice ( ! cable8 ,=give1 & y w feel univ]sal absolution ris+ to y f ! :ole _w1 9 tok5 ( y\r asc5t ,haec e/ v]a frat]nitas1 quae vicit mundi crim9a4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! religi\s s5tim5t 9 *ildr54--,b few rese>*es h be5 made into ! crises ( consci5ce & ! spontane\s religi\s s5tim5t ( *ildr54 ,x is true t ( late ye>s1 dur+ ! rem>kable religi\s movem5t :i* took place 9 ,engl&1 mo/ surpris+ in/ances ( religiosity 9 *ildr5 occurr$2 x 0 aft] ! little ,nelly1 ag$ five1 ask$ = ! ,eu*>i/ on h] dea?-b$ t ,pius ,x all[$ x to be adm9i/]$ to *ildr51 irrespective ( _! age4 ,b ! subject =ms a v inconsid]able "p ( ! positive /udies ( to-day4 ,! solit>y /udy ( ?is k9d :i* has be5 br\ght =w>d 9 public congresses on psy*ology 0 t :i* 0 consid]$ dur+ ! ,premi] ,congrs ,int]national de ,pdologie1 ,bruxelles1 aot1 #aiaa3 ,quelques obs]vations sur le dveloppem5t de l'motion morale et religieuse *ez un enfant1 ,ghidionescu1 ,doct4 en ,philosophie 7,bu*>e/74 ,! *ild :o 0 ! subject ( obs]vation _h receiv$ no religi\s education :atev]4 ,"o day he 0 se5 to bur/ into a sudd5 fit ( weep+1 = no app>5t reason4 ,:5 8 "m ask$ :y he 0 cry+1 ! *ild repli$3 ,because ,i rememb] h[ ,i saw a puppy ill-treat$ two mon?s ago1 & at ?is mom5t ,i feel x4 ,a ye> & a half lat] a simil> crisis took place4 ,he 0 look+ at ! moon "o ev5+ f ! w9d[1 :5 he sudd5ly bur/ into te>s4 ,d n scold me1 said ! *ild 9 great agitation2 :ile ,i 0 look+ at ! moon ,i felt h[ (t5 ,i _h griev$ y1 & ,i und]/ood t ,i _h (f5d$ ,god4 ,?is int]e/+ /udy reveals successive phases ( a spontane\s ph5om5on ( moral consci\sness3 ! fir/ 0 ! revelation ( ! lively feel+ :i* provok$ a fit ( weep+ two mon?s aft] ! ev5t :i* di/ress$ ! *ild3 he felt ! suff]+s ( ! cruelly treat$ puppy4 ,& a long "t aft] ?is activity ( ! consci5ce _h be5 initiat$ comes ! e/abli%m5t ( ord]3 ! *ild di/+ui%es betwe5 good & evil actions1 & recognizes ! fact t he has incurr$ ! displeasure ( 8 p>5ts2 ?is displeasure 0 probably n v s]i\s1 inde$ x 0 s slight t ! *ild _h be5 unconsci\s ( x at ! "t2 b at ! mom5t :5 he is purg+ himself ( ^! trivial impurities he feels ,god3 ,i und]/ood t ,i _h (f5d$ ,god1 he said1 & he knew well t he _h n (f5d$ 8 p>5ts4 ,n[1 no "o _h ev] talk$ to him ab\t ,god1 or tra9$ him to exam9e 8 consci5ce4 ,dur+ my exp]i5ce ,i h _h no opportunity ( witness+ a simil> cycle ( spiritual developm5t4 ,my exp]i5ces 9 religi\s education h necess>ily be5 limit$ hi!rto2 inde$1 9 ! ,*ildr5's ,h\se kept by ! ,franciscan ,si/]s ( ! ,via ,giu/i ! religi\s education 0 giv5 by ! ord9>y me?ods1 & x 0 n possible to make orig9al /udies or obs]vations4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! dom9ant political p>ty 9 ! municipalities has aboli%$ religion f ! public s*ools ) a sect>ian rigor :i* causes ! ^w ,god to be fe>$ z bigots fe> ! ^w devil4 ,my exp]i5ce has1 !re=e1 be5 limit$ to "s ( ! *ildr5 ,i h receiv$ privately 9 my own h\se1 *ildr5 belong+ to non-religi\s families1 :o _h consequ5tly und]gone no religi\s influ5ce4 #i ,"o ( my little pupils 0 j ov] sev5 ye>s old1 :5 a fri5d ( 8 family1 notic+ 8 intellig5ce1 & kn[+ t he _h be5 educat$ 9 fre$om1 ?\ght he w\ld te/ him by describ+ to him briefly animal evolution accord+ to ! pr9ciples ( ,lam>ck & ,d>w94 ,! *ild foll[$ 8 explanation v att5tively & !n ask$3 ,well1 !n1 man comes f ! monkey1 & ! monkey f "s o!r animal1 & s on2 b f :om did ! fir/ creature come8 ,! fir/1 answ]$ 8 fri5d1 0 =m$ by *ance4 ,! *ild laugh$ al\d1 &1 call+ 8 "m1 said excit$ly3 ,j li/52 :at nons5se6 ,life 0 =m$ by *ance6 ,t is impossible4 ,!n h[ 0 life =m$8 ,x is ,god1 repli$ ! *ild1 ) conviction4 ,footnote #i3 ,at pres5t "s v int]e/+ exp]im5ts 9 religi\s education are be+ c>ri$ out 9 ! ,escola ,montessori at ,b>celona1 "u ! direction ( ! ,prov9cial ,deputies ( t city4 ,?is same *ild 0 prep>$1 ) 8 "m's cons5t1 = ,holy ,communion1 toge!r ) 8 si/]2 a highly educat$ "y prie/ ( mu* /hetic k und]took ! task4 ,i 0 curi\s to he> :at objections ! *ild _h rais$2 b ,i 0 n admitt$ to 8 lessons4 ,i 0 only pres5t on "o occasion1 :5 ! c\rse ( in/ruction 0 almo/ at an end4 ,! prie/ spoke ( ! res]vation ( ! w9e & ( ! practical situations 9 :i* ! celebrant may f9d himself dur+ ! holy (fice4 ,i ?\ght su* a diss]tation entirely unsuitable = *ildr51 & "o :i* 0 likely to di/ract _! att5tion f ! end 9 view2 b ,i saw ) amazem5t t _! faces 7 turn$ int5tly to ! alt>2 !y 7 evid5tly unfamili> ) su* m9ute explanations1 b !y 7 p5etrat$ by a s5tim5t :i* attract$ !m2 ! *alice ) ! div9e blood appeal$ to ^! s\ls ready to receive x1 z x did to ! innoc5t ,p>sifal4 ,:5 !y made _! fir/ ,communion1 ,i 0 conv9c$ t _! s\ls receiv$ ! my/]ies ) ! sweete/ fai? & ) absolute simplicity1 z if all t is ( ,god 7 compreh5sible to !m1 & only t :i* d5ies ,him an absurdity4 ,_! spiritual conque/ accompani$ !m 9 life4 ,a little c\s9 ( ^! *ildr51 :o 0 prep>$ to receive ! ,communion a long "t aft] !m1 & :o _h _h no religi\s tra9+ 9 h] own home1 said "o day1 :5 %e 0 work+ en?usia/ically 9 class3 ,h[ beautiful ! anatomy ( a fl[] is6 ,i l ari?metic & geometry s mu*6 ,b religion is ! mo/ beautiful ?+ ( all4 ,!re 0 an old] *ild 9 ! s*ool1 ^: p>5ts1 bo? fa!r & "m1 7 positively ho/ile to religion4 ,?is *ild1 al?\gh %e %[$ great int]e/ 9 ! s*ool ex]cises1 0 always re/less4 ,lat]1 :5 "s wond]ful *ildr5's p>ties 7 giv5 9 ! villa :]e %e liv$1 :i* 7 arrang$ ) great skill & 7 v]itable works ( art1 %e became /ill m re/less & cynical1 almo/ z if %e 7 suff]+ f "s disillusionm5t4 ,"o day %e call$ an orphan *ild f ,mess9a1 :o 0 "o ( our *ildr5 :o _h come f ! s*ool 9 ! ,via ,giu/i1 & took h] away into a quiet corn]1 ask+ h] to repeat ! ,"l's ,pray]4 ,! orphan recit$ x1 :ile ! ri* *ild gaz$ at h] eag]ly4 ,!n1 z if 9 ob$i5ce to an inspiration1 %e w5t to ! piano to play2 b h] h&s trembl$2 %e ?rew h]self on "o side1 ) h] elb[ on ! keybo>d & h] head hang+1 unable to conceal h] agitation any long]4 ,h] s\l 0 seek+ to satisfy its ye>n+2 no?+ c\ld give h] peace b ! "o ?+ ^? :o lov$ h] wi%$ to )hold f h]4 ,h] he>t 0 /ill alive & eag]3 ,l z ! he>t desire? ! wat] brooks1 s longe? my s\l aft] !e1 ,o ,god4 ,z yet ! co>se scoria evolv$ f d>kness1 :i* makes x s difficult = ! adult to embrace ! my/]ies ( ! _s l a little *ild1 _h n =m$ ar\nd h]4 ,lat]1 su* my/]ies become incompreh5sible2 z to ,nicodemus1 :o repli$ to ,*ri/3 ,h[ c a man be born aga98 ,c he ent] a second "t into 8 "m's womb8 ,b ?is rapid survey w suffice to make u und]/& t ! little *ild has o!r ne$s1 9 addition to 8 intellectual wants1 & t long be=e 8 intellig5ce is develop$ & satisfi$1 8 pure & op5 _s reflects ! div9e light4 ,he is p]haps ! ,p>sifal = :om we are wait+1 depress$ & sick at he>t1 :ile because ( ! impurity ( our h&s ! dove c no long] desc5d 9 ! ,holy ,grail t[>ds ! *alice fill$ ) ! blood ( ,peace4 #aj ,footnote #aj3 ,! moral "q is b>ely indicat$ & is n ev5 compreh5sively indicat$4 ,su* a "w1 inde$1 repres5ts an exp]im5tal contribution to ! education ( ! intellig5ce4 ,at pres5t an exp]im5tal /udy ( ! moral & religi\s education ( *ildr5 has only j be5 initiat$ at ,b>celona 7,spa974 ,a book on ?is subject %\ld =m a sequel to ?is volume4 ,i _c =esee :e!r ,i & my colleagues w be able to br+ su* a heavy task to a successful conclusion4