file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #bdgbf-;h4htm or #bdgbf-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/d_ /g_/b_/bdgbf_/bdgbf-;h_/#bdgbf-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/d_ /g_/b_/bdgbf_/bdgbf-;h4zip7 ,a ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,art ,,= ,,beg9n]s ,,& ,,/ud5ts ,pa9t+--,sculpture--,ar*itecture ,) ,complete ,indexes & ,num]\s ,illu/rations by ,,cl>a ,,ersk9e ,,clem5t ,au?or ( ,h&book ( ,leg5d>y & ,my?ological ,art1 ,pa9t]s1 ,sculptors1 ,engrav]s1 ,ar*itects & ,_! ,works1 ,arti/s ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury1 ,etc4 ,illu/ration ,new ,york ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,/okes ,company ,,mdcccxci ,copyright1 #ahhg1 by ,fr$]ick ,a4 ,/okes1 ,successor to ,:ite1 ,/okes1 ,all54 ,,cont5ts4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,page ,,anci5t ,,pa9t+1 ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,to ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,era1 #a ,,egypt1 #c ,,assyria1 #i ,,babylon1 #aa ,,anci5t ,,greece ,,& ,,italy1 #ac ,,mosaics1 #cd ,,pa9t+s ,,on ,,/one1 #cf ,,vase-,,pa9t+1 #cf ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,m$i,,val ,,pa9t+1 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,era ,,to ,,! ,,r5aissance1 #da ,,! ,,e>ly ,,p]iod1 #db ,,! ,,c5tral1 ,,or ,,romanesque ,,p]iod1 #ej ,,! ,,f9al1 ,,or ,,go?ic ,,p]iod1 #ed ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,italy1 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,c5tury1 #gb ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,fl&]s1 ,,holl&1 ,,& ,,g]many1 #aee ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,spa91 #bjg ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,france1 #bcd ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,engl&1 #bdi ,,index1 #cje ,,li/ ,,( ,,illu/rations4 ,,page ,h>p-play] 7f an ,egyptian pa9t+71 #c ,k+ ,ramesses ,,ii4 & 8 ,sons ,/orm+ a ,=tress 7f ,ab\simbel71 #e ,fragm5t ( an ,assyrian ,tile-pa9t+1 #aj ,sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia 7f a ,pompeian wall-pa9t+71 #af ,etruscan ,wall-pa9t+1 #bb ,human ,sacrifice ,(f]$ by ,a*illes to ! ,%ade ( ,patroklos 7f an ,etruscan wall-pa9t+71 #bd ,! ,aldobr&9i ,m>riage 7f a wall-pa9t+ 9 ! ,vatican71 #bf ,l&scape ,illu/ration to ! ,odyssey 7f a wall-pa9t+ discov]$ on ! ,esquil9e at ,rome71 #bh ,! ,flight ( neas 7f a wall-pa9t+71 #cj ,demet] ,en?ron$ 7f a ,pompeian wall-pa9t+71 #ca ,pompeian ,wall-pa9t+1 #cb ,ne/ ( ,cupids 7f a ,pompeian wall-pa9t+71 #cc ,doves ,seat$ on a ,b[l 7f a mosaic picture 9 ! ,capitol1 ,rome71 #ce ,niobe 7f a picture on a slab ( granite at ,pompeii71 #cg ,! ,dodwell ,vase1 #ch ,sc5e 9 ! ,l[] ,_w 7f a vase ( ! /yle ( ,l[] ,italy71 #ci ,moses 7f a pa9t+ 9 ! ,catacomb ( ,s4 ,agnes71 #dc ,decoration ( a ,ro( 7,catacomb ( ,s4 ,domitilla71 #dd ,ju/9ian1 ,!odora1 & ,att5dants 7f a mosaic picture at ,s4 ,vitalis1 ,rav5na71 #df ,! ,discov]y ( ! ,h]b ,m&ragora 7f a ,,ms4 ( ,dioskorides1 at ,vi5na71 #dh ,k+ ,david 7f a w9d[ 9 ,augsburg ,ca!dral71 #ea ,w9d[ 7f ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,d5is71 #eb ,figure ( ,h5ry ,i4 9 we/ w9d[ ( ,/rasb\rg ,ca!dral1 #ee ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 7f ! ,gr&es ,heures ( ! ,duc de ,b]ri71 #eg ,! ,annunciation 7f ! ,m>iale ( ,ar*bi%op ,arne/us ( ,prague71 #ei ,pa9t$ ,w9d[ at ,konigsfeld51 #fj ,portrait ( ,cimabue1 #fa ,! ,madonna ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 #fc ,portrait ( ,dante1 pa9t$ by ,giotto1 #fe ,giotto's ,campanile & ! ,duomo 7,flor5ce71 #fg ,fra ,angelico 7f ! repres5tation ( him 9 ! fresco ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t by ,fra ,b>tolommeo71 #gd ,an ,angel 7,fra ,angelico71 #gg ,*ri/ 7,gio4 ,bell9i71 #ha ,madonna 7,p]ug9o71 #hc ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #he ,! ,la/ ,supp] 7,da ,v9ci71 #hh ,mona ,lisa 7,da ,v9ci71 #ia ,portrait ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ie ,! ,prophet ,j]emiah 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #aja ,/atue ( ,moses 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #ajb ,! ,madonna del ,sacco 7,s>to71 #ajf ,portrait ( ,raphael1 pa9t$ by himself1 #aji ,! ,si/9e ,madonna 7,raphael71 #aac ,/4 ,cecilia ,li/5+ to ! ,s++ ( ,angels 7,raphael71 #aag ,portrait ( ,titian 7,c>acci71 #abb ,portrait ( ,lav9ia 7,titian71 #abe ,portrait ( ,correggio1 #acc ,upp] ,"p ( a ,fresco by ,correggio1 #acf ,l[] ,"p ( a ,fresco by ,correggio1 #ach ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome 7,dom5i*9o71 #adb ,aurora 7,guido ,r5i71 #add ,beatrice ,c5ci 7,guido ,r5i71 #adf ,! ,an*orites 7,van ,eyck71 #aeg ,! ,sibyl & ! ,emp]or ,augu/us 7,van d] ,weyd571 #aei ,rub5s & 8 ,second ,wife1 #afc ,! ,return f ,egypt 7,rub5s71 #aff ,portrait ( an ,(fic] 7,hals71 #agh ,"o ( ,rembr&t's ,portraits ( ,himself1 #ahb ,! ,lecture on ,anatomy 7,rembr&t71 #ahc ,burgoma/] ,mei] ,madonna 7,holbe971 #aia ,f ,holbe9's ,dance ( ,dea?1 #aic ,a ,sc5e f ,dr]'s ,wood ,engrav+s ( ! ,life ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 #aif ,! ,f\r ,apo/les 7,dr]71 #bjj ,laugh+ ,peasant 7,velasquez71 #bag ,! ,top]s 7,velasquez71 #bai ,! ,immaculate ,conception 7,murillo71 #bbf ,arcadian ,%eph]ds 7,p\ss971 #bce ,! ,sab9e ,wom5 7,david71 #bda ,dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,guise 7,del>o*e71 #bdc ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 #bej ,! ,m>riage ,contract 7,hog>?71 #bec ,muscipula 7,reynolds71 #bef ,portrait ( ,turn]1 #bgb ,nantes 7,turn]71 #bgf ,illu/ration f ,rog]s's ,poems1 #bhe ,! ,slave ,%ip 7,turn]71 #bhi ,! ,eagle & ,dead ,/ag 7,l&se]71 #big ,,pa9t+4 ,,*apt] ,i4 ,,anci5t ,,pa9t+1 ,,f ,,! ,,e>lie/ ,,times ,,to ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,era4 ,9 speak+ ( art we (t5 contra/ ! useful or me*anical arts ) ! ,f9e ,arts2 by ^! t]ms we d5ote ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! arts :i* are us$ 9 mak+ su* ?+s z are necess>y & useful 9 civiliz$ life1 & ! arts by :i* ornam5tal & beautiful ?+s are made4 ,! f9e arts are ,ar*itecture1 ,sculpture1 ,pa9t+1 ,poetry1 & ,music1 & ?\gh we c\ld live if none ( ^! exi/$1 yet life w\ld be f> f ! pleasant exp]i5ce t x is (t5 made to be ?r\gh ! enjoym5t ( ^! arts4 ,9 speak+ ( ,pa9t+1 j "h ,i wi% to include ! m g5]al idea ( pictures ( v>i\s sorts1 & x seems to me t :ile picture-mak+ belongs to ! f9e or beautiful arts1 x is n[ made a v useful art 9 _m ways4 ,= example1 :5 a s*ool-book is illu/rat$1 h[ mu* m easily we und]/& ! subject we are /udy+ ?r\gh ! help we get f pictures ( objects or places t we h n se51 & yet wi% to "k ab\t4 ,pictures ( natural sc5]y br+ all c\ntries be=e our eyes 9 su* a way t by look+ at !m1 :ile read+ books ( travel1 we may "k a great deal m ab\t l&s we h nev] se51 & may nev] be able to visit4 ,:o does n love pictures8 & :at a pleasure x is to op5 a magaz9e or book fill$ ) f9e illu/rations4 ,/4 ,augu/9e1 :o wrote 9 ! f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 said t pictures are ! books ( ! simple or unle>n$2 ?is is j z true n[ z !n1 & we %\ld reg>d pictures z "o ( ! mo/ agreeable means ( education4 ,?us "o ( ! uses ( pictures is t !y give u a cle> idea ( :at we h n se52 a second use is t !y excite our imag9ations1 & (t5 help u to =get disagreeable circum/ances & unpleasant surr\nd+s4 ,! cultivation ( ! imag9ation is v important1 because 9 ?is way we c add mu* to our individual happ9ess4 ,?r\gh ?is p[]1 if we are 9 a d>k1 n>r[ /reet1 9 a h\se :i* is n to our lik+1 or 9 ! mid/ ( any unpleasant happ5+s1 we are able to fix our ?\ghts ^u a photograph or picture t may be !re1 & by /udy+ x we are able to imag9e ourselves f>1 f> away1 9 "s spot :]e nature makes ev]y?+ pleasant & soo!s u into =getfulness ( all t c di/urb our happ9ess4 ,_m an invalid--_m an un=tunate "o is ?us made cont5t by pictures dur+ h\rs t w\ld o!rwise be wret*$4 ,?is is ! result ( cultivat+ ! p]ceptive & imag9ative faculties1 & :5 once ?is is done1 we h a s\rce ( pleasure )9 ourselves & n dep5d5t on o!rs :i* c nev] be tak5 f u4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #a4--;,,h>p-,,play]4 ,f an ,egyptian pa9t+4 ,x (t5 happ5s t we see two p]sons :o d ! same "w & are situat$ 9 ! same way 9 ! _w :o are v diff]5t 9 _! mann]2 "o is light-he>t$ & happy1 ! o!r heavy & sad4 ,if y c f9d out ! tru?1 x w result t ! sad "o is matt]-(-fact1 & has no imag9ation--he c only ?9k ( 8 "w & :at conc]ns him p]sonally2 b ! m]ry "o w\ld surprise y if y c\ld read 8 ?\ghts--if y c\ld "k ! di/ances !y h pass$ ov]1 & :at a va/ diff]5ce !re is betwe5 8 ?\ght & 8 "w4 ,s :ile x is natural = almo/ e "o to exclaim joyfully at ! beauty ( pictures1 & to enjoy look+ at !m simply1 ,i wi% my read]s to ?9k ( _! uses also1 & und]/& ! b5efits t may be d]iv$ f !m4 ,i h only h9t$ at a few ( ^! uses1 b _m o!rs w occur to y4 ,:5 pictures are compos$ ( beautiful colors1 su* z we usually ?9k ( :5 we speak ( ! art ( pa9t+1 ! greate/ *>m ( pictures is rea*$1 & all civiliz$ p h admir$ & enc\rag$ ?is art4 ,x is true t ! rema9s ( anci5t art n[ exi/+ are pr9cipally ^? ( ar*itecture or sculpture1 yet !re are a suffici5t numb] ( pictures 9 color to prove h[ old ! art ( pa9t+ is4 ,,egypt4 ,egyptian pa9t+ is pr9cipally f\nd on ! walls ( temples & tombs1 ^u columns & cornices1 & on small articles f\nd 9 burial places4 ,!re is no d\bt t x 0 us$ z a decoration2 b x 0 also int5d$ to be useful1 & 0 s employ$ z to tell ! hi/ory ( ! c\ntry2--its w>s1 ) _! conque/s & triumphs1 & ! lives ( ! k+s1 & _m o!r /ories1 are j z di/9ctly told by pictures z by ! hi]oglyphics or ,egyptian writ+s4 ,we c sc>cely say t ,egyptian pa9t+ is beautiful2 b x c]ta9ly is v int]e/+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #b4--,,k+ ,,ramesses ,,ii4 ,,& ,,8 ,,sons ,,/orm+ ,a ,,=tress4 ,f ,ab\simbel4 ,! ,egyptians _h ?ree k9ds ( pa9t+3 "o on flat surfaces1 a second on bas-reliefs1 or designs a little rais$ & !n color$1 & a ?ird on designs 9 intaglio1 or holl[$ out f ! flat surface & ! colors appli$ to ! figures ?us cut out4 ,!y _h no k ( :at we call p]spective1 t is1 ! art ( repres5t+ a v>iety ( objects on "o flat surface1 & mak+ !m appe> to be at diff]5t di/ances f u--& y w see f ! illu/rations giv5 "h t _! draw+ & _! mann] ( express+ ! mean+ ( :at !y pa9t$ 7 v crude4 ,z f> z ! pictorial effect is conc]n$1 !re is v little diff]5ce betwe5 ! ?ree modes ( ,egyptian pa9t+2 _! g5]al appe>ance is v ne>ly ! same4 ,! ,egyptian arti/ sacrific$ ev]y?+ to ! "o consid]ation ( tell+ 8 /ory cle>ly2 ! way 9 :i* he did ?is 0 sometimes v amus+1 su* z ! mak+ "o man twice z tall z ano!r 9 ord] to signify t he 0 ( high position1 su* z a k+ or an (fic] ( high rank4 ,:5 figures are repres5t$ z foll[+ ea* o!r1 ^? t are beh9d are frequ5tly tall] ?an ^? 9 front1 & sometimes ^? t are f>!/ back are rang$ 9 r[s1 ) ! feet ( "o r[ entirely above ! heads ( ! o!rs4 ,?is illu/ration ( ! /orm+ ( a =t by a k+ & 8 sons w %[ y :at ,i mean4 ,! sons are int5d$ to be repres5t$ z foll[+ ! fa!r1 & are 9 a r[1 "o above ! o!r 7,fig4 #b74 ,= ! repres5tation ( wat]1 a /rip ( blue fill$ 9 ) p]p5dicul> zigzag black l9es 0 us$4 ,f ^! few facts y c und]/& h[ un=m$ & awkw>d ,egyptian pictures seem if we comp>e !m ) ! exi/+ idea ( :at is beautiful4 ,!re appe> to h be5 c]ta9 fix$ rules = ! use ( colors1 & c]ta9 objects 7 always pa9t$ 9 ! colors prescrib$ = !m4 ,! backgr\nd ( a picture 0 always ( a s+le1 solid color2 ,egyptian m5 7 pa9t$ 9 a r$di% br[n1 & horses 7 ( ! same %ade2 wom5 7 g5]ally yell[1 sometimes a light] br[n ?an ! m52 negroes 7 black1 ! ,asiatic races yell[1 & b "o in/ance is kn[n ( a :ite sk91 blue eyes1 & yell[ hair4 ,! drap]ies ab\t ! figures 7 pa9t$ 9 pleas+ colors1 & 7 sometimes transp>5t1 s t ! figures c\ld be se5 ?r\gh !m4 ,! execution ( ,egyptian pa9t+s 0 v me*anical4 ,"o set ( workm5 prep>$ ! pla/] on ! wall = ! reception ( ! colors2 ano!r set drew all ! outl9es 9 r$2 !n1 if *isell+ 0 to be done1 ano!r class p]=m$ ?is labor2 &1 f9ally1 /ill o!rs put on ! colors4 ,( c\rse no?+ c\ld be m matt]-(-fact ?an su* pa9t+ z ?is1 & "u su* rules an arti/ ( ! mo/ l(ty g5ius & imag9ation w\ld f9d x impossible to express 8 conceptions 9 8 "w4 ,we "k all ?is because "s ( ^! pictures exi/ 9 an unf9i%$ condition1 & are left 9 ! v>i\s /ages ( execution2 !n1 too1 !re are o!r pictures ( ! pa9t]s at _! "w1 & all ^! diff]5t processes are %[n 9 !m4 ,! outl9e draw+ is ! be/ "p ( ,egyptian pa9t+1 & ?is is frequ5tly v clev]ly done4 ,z ,i h intimat$1 ! greate/ value ( ,egyptian pa9t+ is t x gives u a cle> record ( ! habits & cu/oms ( a v anci5t p--( a civilization :i* has long s9ce pass$ away1 & ( :i* we %\ld h a comp>atively vague & unsatisfactory notion b = ?is picture-hi/ory ( x4 ,! religion1 ! political hi/ory1 & ! dome/ic life ( ! anci5t ,egyptians are all plac$ be=e u 9 ^! pa9t+s4 ,?r\gh a /udy ( !m we "k j h[ !y hunt$ & fi%$1 ga!r$ _! fruits1 till$ ! soil1 & cook$ ! food1 play$ games1 danc$1 & practis$ gymna/ics1 conduct$ _! sc5es ( fe/ivity & m\rn+--9 %ort1 h[ !y liv$ "u all circum/ances4 ,?us y see t ,egyptian pa9t+ is a v important example ( ! way 9 :i* pictures c tea* u2 y w also notice t x is n ev5 necess>y t !y %\ld be pretty 9 ord] t we may le>n f !m4 ,ano!r use made ( ,egyptian pa9t+ 0 ! illu/ration ( ! papyrus rolls ^u :i* hi/orical & o!r docum5ts 7 writt54 ,^! rolls1 f\nd 9 ! tombs1 are n[ plac$ 9 museums & collections ( curi\s ?+s2 ! pa9t+s ^u !m may be call$ ! olde/ book illu/rations 9 ! _w4 ,sometimes a s+le color is us$1 su* z r$ or black2 b o!rs are 9 a v>iety ( colors :i* h be5 put on ) a bru%4 ,inde$1 "s rolls exi/ :i* h pictures only1 & are entirely )\t hi]oglyphics or writ+ *>act]s2 "o su* is m ?an tw5ty y>ds long1 & conta9s no?+ b pictures ( fun]al c]emonies4 ,! anci5t ,egyptians 7 s s]i\s a p t x is a pleasant surprise to f9d t "s ( ^! pictures are int5d$ = jokes & satires1 some:at l ^? ( ! comic pap]s ( to-day2 = example1 !re is "o 9 ! ,briti% ,museum1 ,london1 repres5t+ cats & rats fight+1 :i* is int5d$ to ridicule ! soldi]s & h]oes ( ! ,egyptian army4 ,"o _c /udy ,egyptian pa9t+ )\t feel+ sorry = ! pa9t]s2 = 9 all ! enorm\s am\nt ( "w done by !m no "o man 0 recogniz$--no "o is n[ rememb]$4 ,we "k "s ( ! names ( great ,egyptian ar*itects :i* are writt5 9 ! hi/orical rolls2 b no pa9t]'s "n has be5 ?us pres]v$4 ,! fact t no great] progress 0 made is a pro( ( ! disc\rag+ influ5ces t mu/ h be5 ar\nd ^! arti/s1 = x is n possible t none ( !m _h imag9ation or orig9ality3 !re mu/ h be5 "s ^: s\ls 7 fill$ ) poetic visions1 = "s ( ! ,egyptian writ+s %[ t poetry exi/$ 9 anci5t ,egypt4 ,b ( :at use c\ld imag9ation be to arti/s :o 7 gov]n$ by ! laws ( a n>r[ prie/hood1 & h$g$ ab\t by a sup]/iti\s religion :i* ev5 laid d[n rules = art8 ,= ^! reasons we "k some?+ ( ,egyptian art & no?+ ( ,egyptian arti/s1 & f all ^! influ5ces x foll[s t ,egyptian pa9t+ is little m ?an an illum9at$ alphabet or a *ild's picture-hi/ory4 ,9 ! hi]oglyphics1 or writ+ *>act]s ( ,egypt1 x (t5 occurs t small pictures ( c]ta9 animals or o!r objects /& = :ole words1 & x appe>s t ?is idea 0 c>ri$ into ,egyptian pa9t+1 :i* by ?is means became simply a picture *ronicle1 & nev] rea*$ a po9t :]e x c\ld be call$ truly arti/ic or a high art4 ,,assyria4 ,! rema9s ( ,assyrian pa9t+ are s few t !y sc>cely s]ve any o!r purpose ?an to prove t ! ,assyrians 7 accu/om$ to decorate _! walls ) pictures4 ,sometimes ! walls 7 prep>$ ) pla/]1 & ! designs 7 pa9t$ on t2 9 o!r cases ! pa9t+ 0 done ^u ! brick itself4 ,! pa9t+s on pla/] 7 usually on ! inn] walls1 & _m ( ^! :i* h be5 discov]$ dur+ ! excavations h disappe>$ :5 expos$ to ! air aft] _! long burial f ! sight & k ( ! _w4 ,speak+ ( ^! pictures1 ! writ] on art1 ,j4 ,opp]t1 says t "s pa9t+s 7 f\nd 9 ! ,palace ( ,s>gon2 !y repres5t$ gods1 lions1 rosettes1 & v>i\s o!r designs2 b :5 he rea*$ ,n9eveh1 "o ye> aft] ^! discov]ies1 ! pictures _h all disappe>$--! colors :i* _h be5 buri$ tw5ty-five hundr$ ye>s la/$ b a few days aft] !y 7 uncov]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #c4--;,,fragm5t ,,( ,,an ,,assyrian ,,tile-,,pa9t+4 ,assyrian tile-pa9t+ 0 m durable ?an ! wall-pa9t+2 b 9 all ! excavations t h be5 made ^! h be5 f\nd only 9 fragm5ts1 & f ^! fragm5ts no complete picture has be5 put toge!r4 ,! l>ge/ "o 0 f\nd at ,nimrud1 & our illu/ration is tak5 f x4 ,x repres5ts a k+1 z we "k by ! ti>a he we>s1 & two s]vants :o foll[ him4 ,! pictures to :i* ! exi/+ fragm5ts belong c\ld n h be5 l>ge3 ! figures 9 our picture are b n9e in*es high4 ,a few pieces h be5 f\nd :i* mu/ h belong$ to l>g] pictures1 & !re is "o :i* %[s a "p ( a face belong+ to a figure at lea/ ?ree feet high2 b ?is is v unusual4 ,! ,assyrian pa9t+s h a broad outl9e :i* is ( a light] color ?an ! re/ ( ! picture2 x is g5]ally :ite or yell[4 ,!re are v few colors us$ 9 !m4 ,?is does n accord ) our notions ( ! dresses & /uffs ( ! ,assyrians1 = we suppose t !y 7 ri* & v>i$ 9 color--probably !y _h s few pigm5ts t !y c\ld n repres5t 9 _! pa9t+s all ! colors !y knew4 ,no "o c give a v satisfactory acc\nt ( ,assyrian pa9t+2 b1 judg+ f ! little ( x :i* rema9s1 & f ! imm5se numb] ( ,assyrian sculptures :i* exi/1 we may conclude t ! *ief aim ( ,assyrian arti/s 0 to repres5t ea* object !y saw ) absolute realism4 ,! ,dut* pa9t]s 7 rem>kable = ?is trait & = ! pati5t att5tion :i* !y gave to ! details ( _! "w1 & = ?is reason ,opp]t has call$ ! ,assyrians ! ,dut*m5 ( antiquity4 ,,babylon4 ,9 ,babylon1 9 ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 "u ! reign ( ,nebu*adnezz>1 ! art ( tile-pa9t+ rea*$ a high /ate ( p]fection4 ,! ,babylonians _h no su* spl5did alaba/] z _h ! ,assyrians1 nei!r _h !y lime-/one2 s !y c\ld n make f9e sculptur$ slabs1 su* z are f\nd at ,n9eveh & 9 o!r ,assyrian ru9s4 ,b ! ,babylonians _h a f9e clay1 & !y le>n$ h[ to use x to ! be/ advantage4 ,! city ( ,babylon %one ) ri*ly color$ tiles1 & "o travell] writes3 ,by ! side ( ,assyria1 h] cold] & sev]] si/] ( ! ,nor?1 ,babylon %[$ h]self a true *ild ( ! ,s\?1--ri*1 gl[+1 c>eless ( ! rules ( ta/e1 only desir+ to awak5 admiration by ! dazzl+ brilliance ( h] appe>ance4 ,_m ( ! ,babyloni% tiles are 9 regul>1 set patt]ns 9 ri* t9ts2 "s are simply 9 solid colors4 ,^! la/ are f\nd 9 ! fam\s t]race-temple ( ,borsipp1 ne> ,babylon4 ,we "k f anci5t writ+s t !re 7 decorative pa9t+s 9 ,babylon :i* repres5t$ hunt+ sc5es & l subjects1 &1 accord+ to ! prophet ,ezekiel1 *ap4 xxiii41 v]se #ad1 !re 7 m5 portray$ ^u ! wall1 ! images ( ! ,*aldeans portray$ ) v]milion1 gird$ ) girdles ^u _! lo9s1 exce$+ 9 dy$ attire ^u _! heads1 all ( !m pr9ces to look to1 aft] ! mann] ( ! ,babylonians ( ,*aldea1 ! l& ( _! nativity4 ,"s writ]s assume t ?is mu/ h be5 a description ( tape/ries2 b mo/ au?orities believe !m to h be5 glaz$ tile-pa9t+s4 ,a :ole c>go ( fragm5ts ( ,babyloni% tile-pa9t+s 0 once collect$ = ! gall]y ( ! ,l\vre at ,p>is1 &1 :5 on bo>d a %ip & ready to be s5t away1 by "s accid5t ! :ole 0 sunk4 ,f ! descriptions ( !m :i* 7 writt51 we f9d t !re 7 portions ( pictures ( human faces & o!r p>ts ( ! body1 ( animals1 m\nta9s1 & =e/s1 ( wat]1 walls1 & trees4 ,judg+ f :at /ill rema9s1 ! art ( pa9t+ 0 f> less important & mu* less advanc$ among ! ,ea/]n or ,ori5tal nations ?an 7 ^? ( ar*itecture & sculpture4 ,x is v /range t ^! peoples1 :o seem to h obs]v$ nature closely1 & to h ma/]$ ! ma!matical sci5ces1 made no /eps t[>d ! discov]y ( ! laws ( p]spective2 nei!r did !y "k h[ to give any expression ( ?\ght or feel+ to ! human face4 ,9 tru?1 _! pictures 7 a m]e repetition ( set figures1 & 7 only valuable z pieces ( color$ decorations = walls1 add+ a pleas+ ri*ness & v>iety by _! diff]5t t9ts1 b almo/ wor?less z works ( art4 ,,anci5t ,,greece ,,& ,,italy4 ,! pa9t+ ( ,greece & t ( anci5t ,italy are s mu* ! same t x is almo/ impossible to speak ( !m sep>ately2 ! art ( pa9t+ 0 c>ri$ f ,greece to ,italy by ! ,etruscans1 & ! art ( anci5t ,rome 0 simply t ( ,greece transplant$4 ,if ,greek arti/s 7 employ$ by ,romans1 c]ta9ly _! works 7 ,greek2 & if ,romans pa9t$ !y aim$ to imitate ! ,greeks exactly1 s t ,italian pa9t+ be=e ! "t ( ! ,*ri/ian era mu/ be consid]$ toge!r ) t ( ,greece4 ,9 ar*itecture & sculpture ! anci5t ,greeks accept$ :at _h be5 done by ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians z a f\ndation1 & w5t on to p]fect ! "w ( ! old] nations ?r\gh ! aid ( poetic & arti/ic imag9ations4 ,b 9 pa9t+ ! ,greeks foll[$ no?+ t _h prec$$ !m4 ,!y 7 ! fir/ to make pictures :i* 7 a life-l reproduction ( :at !y saw ab\t !m3 !y 7 ! fir/ to sep>ate pa9t+ f sculpture1 & to give x su* importance z w\ld p]mit x to h its own place1 q free f ! influ5ce ( any o!r art1 & 9 its own way z gr& & z beautiful z its si/] arts4 ,!re are writ]s :o trace ! orig9 & progress ( ,greek pa9t+ f ! v e>lie/ times2 b ,i %all beg9 ) ,apollodorus1 :o is spok5 ( z ! fir/ ,greek pa9t] wor?y ( fame1 because he 0 ! fir/ "o :o knew h[ to make 8 pictures appe> to be real1 & to foll[ ! rules ( p]spective s z to h a backgr\nd f :i* 8 figures /ood out1 & to %ade 8 colors & s(t5 8 outl9es4 ,he 0 v fam\s1 & 0 call$ skiagraphos1 :i* means %ad[ pa9t]4 ,apollodorus 0 an ,a!nian1 & liv$ at ab\t ! close ( ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,al?\gh he 0 a rem>kable arti/ !n1 we mu/ n fancy t 8 pictures w\ld h satisfi$ our idea ( ! beautiful--9 fact1 ,pl9y1 ! hi/orian1 :o saw 8 pictures six hundr$ ye>s lat]1 at ,p]gamos1 says t ,apollodorus 0 b ! gatekeep] :o ?rew op5 ! gates ( pa9t+ to ! fam\s arti/s :o liv$ aft] him4 ,zeuxis 0 a pupil ( ,apollodorus1 & a great arti/ also4 ,he 0 born at ,h]aclea1 probably 9 ,l[] ,italy4 ,:5 "y he l$ a w&]+ life2 he /udi$ at ,a!ns "u ,apollodorus1 & settl$ 9 ,ephesus4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( putt+ 8 pictures on exhibition1 & *>g+ an admittance fee1 j z arti/s d n[3 he call$ himself ! unsurpassable1 & said & did _m va9 & fooli% ?+s4 ,ne> ! end ( 8 life he consid]$ 8 pictures z beyond any price1 & s gave !m away4 ,^u "o ( 8 works he wrote1 ,easi] to c>p at ?an to copy4 ,x is said t he actually laugh$ himself to dea? f amusem5t at "o ( 8 own pictures1 :i* repres5t$ an old woman4 ,zeuxis _h a rival 9 ! pa9t] ,p>rhasius1 & _! names are (t5 associat$4 ,on "o occasion !y made trial ( _! arti/ic skill4 ,zeuxis pa9t$ a bun* ( grapes s naturally t ! birds came to peck at !m4 ,!n ,p>rhasius pa9t$ a hang+ curta91 & :5 8 picture 0 expos$ to ! public ,zeuxis ask$ him to draw aside 8 curta91 fully believ+ x to be ( clo? & conceal+ a picture beh9d x4 ,?us x 0 judg$ t ,p>rhasius 0 ! be/ arti/1 = he _h deceiv$ ,zeuxis1 :ile ! latt] _h only deceiv$ ! birds4 ,f ^! /ories x appe>s t ^! arti/s tri$ to imitate objects ) great exactness4 ,p>rhasius1 too1 0 a va9 man1 & w5t ab\t 9 a purple robe ) a gold wrea? ab\t 8 head & gold clasps on 8 s&als2 he pa9t$ 8 own portrait1 & call$ x ! god ,h]mes1 or ,m]cury2 he wrote praises ( himself 9 :i* he call$ himself by _m high-s\nd+ names1 = all ( :i* he 0 mu* ridicul$ by o!rs4 ,h[ev]1 bo? ^! arti/s 7 surpass$ by ,timan!s1 accord+ to ! anci5t writ]s1 :o relate t he engag$ 9 a trial ( skill ) ,p>rhasius1 & came (f ! victor 9 x4 ,! fame ( 8 picture ( ! ,sacrifice ( ,iphig5ia 0 v great1 & its "o excell5ce seems to h be5 9 ! v>i$ expression ( its faces4 ,! descriptions ( ?is great "w lead to ! belief t ?is ,pompeian wall-pa9t+1 f :i* we give a cut1 closely resembles t ( ,timan!s1 :i* no long] exi/s4 ,! /ory ( ,iphig5ia says t :5 h] fa!r1 ,k+ ,agamemnon1 kill$ a h>t :i* 0 sacr$ to ,diana1 or ,artemis1 t goddess becalm$ 8 fleet s t he c\ld n sail to ,troy4 ,!n ! se]1 ,cal*as1 advis$ ! k+ to sacrifice 8 daught] 9 ord] to appease ! wra? ( ,diana4 ,agamemnon cons5t$2 b x is said t ! goddess 0 s sorry = ! maid5 t %e bore h] away to ,tauris1 & made h] a prie/ess1 & left a h>t to be sacrific$ in/ead ( ,iphig5ia4 ,9 our cut y see ,cal*as on ! "r2 two m5 are be>+ ! maid5 to h] doom1 :ile h] fa!r /&s on ! left ) 8 head veil$ f sight 7,fig4 #d74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #d4--,,sacrifice ,,( ,,iphig5ia4 ,f a ,pompeian wall-pa9t+4 ,zeuxis1 ,p>rhasius1 & ,timan!s belong$ to ! ,ionian s*ool ( pa9t+1 :i* fl\ri%$ dur+ ! ,peloponnesian w>4 ,?is s*ool 0 excell$ by t ( ,sikyon1 :i* rea*$ its highe/ prosp]ity betwe5 ! end ( ! ,peloponnesian w> & ! dea? ( ,alex&] ! ,great4 ,! *ief reason :y ?is ,dorian s*ool at ,sikyon 0 s f9e 0 t "h1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! pupils foll[$ a regul> c\rse ( /udy1 & 7 tra9$ 9 draw+ & ma!matics1 & taught to obs]ve nature ) ! /ricte/ att5tion4 ,! mo/ fam\s ma/] ( ?is s*ool 0 ,pausias2 "s ( 8 works 7 c>ri$ to ,rome1 :]e !y 7 mu* admir$4 ,8 picture ( ! g>l&-weav]1 ,glyk]a1 ga9$ him a great "n1 & by x he e>n$ ! e>lie/ reputation z a fl[]-pa9t] t is kn[n 9 ! hi/ory ( art4 ,nikoma*os1 :o liv$ at ,!bes ab\t #cfj ,b4,c41 0 fam\s = ! rapidity ) :i* he pa9t$ pictures t 7 excell5t 9 _! complet5ess & beauty4 ,ari/ides1 ! son or bro!r ( ,nikoma*os1 0 s good an arti/ t ,attalus1 k+ ( ,p]gamos1 (f]$ m ?an tw5ty ?\s& p\nds1 or ab\t "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s1 = 8 picture ( ,dionysus1 or ,bac*us4 ,?is wond]ful picture 0 c>ri$ to ,rome1 & pres]v$ 9 ! temple ( ,c]es2 b x no long] exi/s4 ,euphranor 0 ano!r great pa9t]1 & 0 di/+ui%$ = 8 p[] to give great expression to ! faces & a manly =ce to ! figures :i* he pa9t$4 ,nikias1 ! ,a!nian1 is said to h be5 s devot$ to 8 art t he c\ld ?9k ( no?+ else3 he w\ld ask 8 s]vants if he _h ba!d or eat51 n be+ able to rememb] = himself4 ,he 0 v ri*1 & :5 ,k+ ,ptolemy ( ,egypt (f]$ him m ?an sixty ?\s& doll>s = 8 picture ( ,ulysses 9 ! "u-_w1 he refus$ ?is great sum1 & gave ! pa9t+ to 8 native city4 ,nikias seems to h greatly exalt$ & respect$ 8 art1 = he cont5d$ t pa9t]s %\ld n fritt] away "t & tal5t on insignificant subjects1 b ought r to *oose "s gr& ev5t1 su* z a battle or a sea-fight4 ,8 figures ( wom5 & 8 pictures ( animals1 especially ^? ( dogs1 7 mu* prais$4 ,"s ( 8 pa9t+s 7 encau/ic1 t is to say1 ! colors 7 burn$ 92 ?us !y mu/ h be5 made on pla/] or pott]y ( "s sort4 ,nikias outliv$ ,alex&] ! ,great1 & saw ! beg9n+ ( ! s*ool ( pa9t]s to :i* ! great ,apelles belong$--t :i* is call$ ! ,hell5ic s*ool1 9 :i* ,greek art rea*$ its highe/ po9t4 ,apelles 0 ! greate/ ( all ,greek pa9t]s4 ,he 0 born at ,kolophon2 b z he made 8 fir/ /udies at ,ephesus he has be5 call$ an ,ephesian3 lat] he /udi$ 9 ! s*ool ( ,sikyon1 b ev5 :5 a pupil !re he 0 said to be ! equal ( all 8 in/ructors4 ,philip ( ,mac$on he>d ( 8 fame1 & p]suad$ ,apelles to remove to 8 capital city1 :i* 0 call$ ,pella4 ,:ile !re ,apelles became ! fri5d ( ! "y ,alex&]1 & :5 ! latt] came to ! ?rone he made ,apelles 8 c\rt-pa9t]1 & is said to h issu$ an edict =bidd+ all o!r arti/s f pa9t+ 8 portrait4 ,lat] on ,apelles remov$ to ,ephesus4 ,dur+ ! e>ly "p ( 8 arti/ic life ,apelles did little else ?an pa9t su* pictures z exalt$ ! fame ( ,philip1 & aft]w>d t ( ,alex&]4 ,he pa9t$ _m portraits ( bo? ^! great m52 = "o ( ,alex&] he receiv$ ne>ly tw5ty-five ?\s& doll>s2 9 x ! mon>* 0 repres5t$ z grasp+ ! ?und]bolt1 z ,jupit] might h done1 & ! h& appe>$ to be /ret*$ out f ! picture4 ,?is portrait 0 9 ! spl5did temple ( ,diana1 or ,artemis1 at ,ephesus4 ,alex&] 0 accu/om$ to say ( x1 ,!re are two ,alex&]s1 "o inv9cible1 ! liv+ son ( ,philip--! o!r immutable1 ! picture ( ,apelles4 ,lat] 9 8 life ,apelles pa9t$ _m pictures ( my?ological subjects4 ,he visit$ ,alex&ria1 9 ,egypt2 he did n w9 ! favor ( ,k+ ,ptolemy1 & 8 enemies 9 ! ,egyptian c\rt play$ cruel practical jokes ^u him4 ,on "o occasion he receiv$ an invitation to a fea/ at :i* ! k+ _h n desir$ 8 pres5ce4 ,! mon>* 0 angry2 b ,apelles told him ! tru?1 & appeas$ 8 wra? by sket*+ on ! wall ! exact lik5ess ( ! s]vant :o _h c>ri$ ! invitation to him4 ,h[ev]1 ,ptolemy rema9$ unfavorable to him1 & ,apelles pa9t$ a great picture1 call$ ,calumny1 9 :i* he repres5t$ ^? :o _h be5 8 enemies1 & ?us held !m up to ! scorn ( ! _w4 ,apelles visit$ ,rhodes & ,a!ns1 b is ?\ght to h di$ 9 ! isl& ( ,kos1 :]e he _h pa9t$ two v beautiful pictures ( ! goddess ,v5us4 ,"o ( ^! is call$ ! ,v5us ,anadyom5e1 or ,v5us ris+ f ! sea4 ,! emp]or ,augu/us c>ri$ ?is picture to ,rome1 & plac$ s high a value on x t he less5$ ! tribute-money ( ! p ( ,kos a hundr$ tal5ts on acc\nt ( x4 ,?is sum 0 ab\t equal to "o hundr$ ?\s& doll>s ( our money4 ,! art ( ,apelles 0 full ( grace & sweetness1 & ! f9i% ( 8 pictures 0 exquisite4 ,! say+1 leave (f 9 "t1 orig9at$ 9 8 criticism ( ,protog5es1 ( :om he said t he 0 8 sup]ior except t he did n "k :5 to leave (f1 & by too mu* f9i%+ less5$ ! effect ( 8 "w4 ,apelles 0 mode/ & g5]\s3 he 0 ! fir/ to praise ,protog5es1 & conf]r$ a great b5efit ^u ! latt] by buy+ up 8 pictures1 & giv+ out ^w t he 0 go+ to sell !m z 8 own4 ,apelles 0 nev] afraid to correct ^? :o 7 ignorant1 & 0 equally ready to le>n f any "o :o c\ld tea* him any?+4 ,x is said t on "o occasion1 :5 ,alex&] 0 9 8 /udio1 & talk$ ( art1 ,apelles advis$ him to be sil5t le/ 8 color-gr9d] %\ld laugh at him4 ,aga91 :5 he _h pa9t$ a picture1 & expos$ x to public view1 a cobbl] po9t$ out a defect 9 ! %oe-lat*et2 ,apelles *ang$ x1 b :5 ! man next proce$$ to criticise ! leg ( ! figure1 ,apelles repli$1 ,cobbl]1 /ick to y\r la/4 ,^! say+s h desc5d$ to our own day1 & h become classical4 ,all ^! anecdotes f s remote a "t are 9 a s5se d\btful2 b !y are v int]e/+--"y p ought to be famili> ) !m1 b x is also "r to say t !y are n kn[n to be positively true4 ,protog5es ( ,rhodes1 to :om ,apelles 0 s fri5dly1 came to be ?\ght a great pa9t]4 ,x is said t :5 ,demetrius made w> aga9/ ,rhodes ! arti/ did n tr\ble himself to leave 8 h\se1 :i* 0 9 ! v mid/ ( ! enemy's camp4 ,:5 que/ion$ z to 8 fe>lessness he repli$1 ,demetrius makes w> aga9/ ! ,rhodians1 & n aga9/ ! ,arts4 ,x is also said t aft] he>+ ( ?is reply ,demetrius refra9$ f burn+ ! t[n1 9 ord] to pres]ve ! pictures ( ,protog5es4 ,! anci5t writ]s m5tion _m o!r ,greek pa9t]s1 b none z important z ^? ( :om we h spok54 ,greek pa9t+ nev] rea*$ a high] po9t ?an x _h ga9$ at ! beg9n+ ( ! ,hell5i/ic age4 ,e k9d ( pa9t+ except l&scape-pa9t+ _h be5 practis$ by ,greek arti/s2 b t receiv$ no att5tion until figure-pa9t+ _h decl9$4 ,vitruvius m5tions t ! anci5ts _h "s v important wall-pa9t+s consi/+ ( simple l&scapes1 & t o!rs _h l&scape backgr\nds ) figures illu/rat+ sc5es f ! poems ( ,hom]4 ,b we h no reason to believe t ,greek l&scape-pa9t+ 0 ev] m ?an sc5ic or decorative "w1 & ?us fell f> %ort ( :at is n[ ! /&>d = su* pa9t+4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! e>ly ,romans 0 pr9cipally d]iv$ f or ?r\gh ! e>ly ,etruscans1 & ! ,etruscans are believ$ to h fir/ le>n$ _! art f ,greek arti/s1 :o introduc$ pla/ic art into ,italy z e>ly z ,b4,c4 #fee1 :5 ,dem>atus 0 expell$ f ,cor9?--& lat]1 ,etruscan art 0 influ5c$ by ! ,greek colonies ( ,magna ,grcia4 ,s x is fair to say t ,etruscan art & e>ly ,roman art 7 ess5tially ,greek art4 ,! e>lie/ arti/s :o are kn[n to h pa9t$ 9 ,rome _h ,greek names1 su* z ,ekphantos1 ,damophilos1 & ,g>gasos4 ,lat] on 9 hi/ory !re are pa9t]s m5tion$ ) ,lat9 names1 b !re is little ( int]e/ relat$ conc]n+ !m2 9 tru?1 ,ludius 7:o is also call$ by v>i\s au?ors ,tadius & ,/udius7 is ! only really int]e/+ anci5t ,roman pa9t] ( :om we "k4 ,he liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,augu/us1 & ,pl9y said ( him3 ,ludius1 too1 :o liv$ 9 ! age ( ! div9e ,augu/us1 mu/ n be *eat$ ( 8 fame4 ,he 0 ! fir/ to br+ 9 a s+ul>ly delightful fa%ion ( wall-pa9t+--villas1 colonnades1 examples ( l&scape-g>d5+1 woods & sacr$ groves1 res]voirs1 /raits1 riv]s1 coa/s1 all accord+ to ! he>t's desire--& amid/ !m pass5g]s ( all k9ds on foot1 9 boats1 driv+ 9 c>riages1 or rid+ on asses to visit _! c\ntry prop]ties2 fur!rmore fi%]m51 bird-cat*]s1 hunt]s1 v9tag]s2 or1 aga91 he exhibits /ately villas1 to :i* ! approa* is ?r\gh a swamp1 ) m5 /agg]+ "u ! weight ( ! fright5$ wom5 :om !y h b>ga9$ to c>ry on _! %\ld]s2 & _m ano!r excell5t & ent]ta9+ device ( ! same k9d4 ,! same arti/ also set ! fa%ion ( pa9t+ views--& t wond]fully *eap--( seaside t[ns 9 broad daylight4 ,we _c ?9k t ,ludius 0 ! fir/ pa9t]1 ?\gh he may h be5 ! fir/ ,roman pa9t]1 :o made ?is sort ( pictures1 & he probably is ! only "o ( ^: "w any "p rema9s4 ,brunn & o!r good au?orities believe t ! wall-pa9t+ ( ,prima ,porta1 9 ,rome1 0 execut$ by ,ludius4 ,x repres5ts a g>d51 & cov]s ! f\r walls ( a room4 ,x is ( ! decorative ord] ( pa9t+1 z ,pl9y well und]/ood1 = he speaks ( ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! "w ( ,ludius & t ( ! true arti/s :o pa9t$ panel pictures & n wall-pa9t+s4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,ludius we c give no tru/wor?y acc\nt ( any f9e1 ,roman pa9t]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #e4--;,,etruscan ,,wall-,,pa9t+4 ,! works ( ! anci5t pa9t]s :i* /ill rema9 9 v>i\s c\ntries are wall-pa9t+s1 pa9t+s on vases1 mosaics1 pa9t+s on /one1 & c]ta9 s-call$ m9iatures2 & besides ^! pr9cipal works !re are _m small articles1 su* z mirrors1 toilet-cases1 & o!r useful objects1 :i* are decorat$ 9 colors4 ,we w fir/ speak ( ! mural1 or wall-pa9t+s1 z !y are ! mo/ important & int]e/+ rema9s ( anci5t pa9t+4 ,we %all only consid] su* z h be5 f\nd 9 ,italy1 z ^? ( o!r c\ntries are few & unimportant4 ,! ,etruscan tombs :i* h be5 op5$ conta9 _m beautiful objects ( v>i\s k9ds1 & 7 frequ5tly decorat$ ) mural pictures4 ,!y (t5 consi/ ( sev]al rooms1 & h ! appe>ance ( be+ prep>$ z a home = ! liv+ r ?an = ! dead4 ,i %all give y no long or wordy description ( !m2 because if :at ,i tell y leads y to wi% to "k m ab\t !m1 !re are _m excell5t books describ+ !m :i* y c read4 ,s ,i w simply give y two cuts f ^! ,etruscan pa9t+s1 & tell y ab\t !m4 ,fig4 #e is 9 a tomb kn[n z ! ,grotta della ,qu]ciola4 ,! upp] "p repres5ts a fea/1 & ! l[] portion a bo>-hunt 9 a wood1 :i* is indicat$ by ! few trees & ! little twigs :i* are int5d$ to repres5t ! und]bru% ( ! =e/4 ,if we comp>e ^! pictures ) ! works ( ! be/ ,italian ma/]s1 !y seem v crude & almo/ *ildi% 9 _! simplicity2 b1 if we contra/ !m ) ! pa9t+s ( ! ,egyptians & ,assyrians1 we see t a great advance has be5 made s9ce ! e>lie/ pa9t+s ( :i* we "k 7 done4 ,! pose & action ( ! figures & _! grace ( movem5t1 z well z ! fold+ ( ! drap]ies1 are f> bett] ?an any?+ e>li] ?an ! ,greek pa9t+ ( :i* !re is any k2 =1 z we h said1 ^! ,etruscan works are ess5tially ,greek4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #f4--;,,human ,,sacrifice ,,(f]$ ,,by ,,a*illes ,,to ,,! ,,%ade ,,( ,,patroklos4 ,f an ,etruscan wall-pa9t+4 ,fig4 #f belongs to a lat] p]iod ?an ! o!r1 & is tak5 f a tomb at ,vulci :i* 0 op5$ 9 #aheg by ,franois4 ,?is tomb has sev5 diff]5t *amb]s1 sev]al ( :i* are decorat$ ) wall-pa9t+s ( my?ological subjects4 ,a squ>e *amb] at ! end ( ! tomb has ! mo/ important pictures4 ,on "o side ! human sacrifices :i* 7 cu/om>y at ,etruscan fun]als are repres5t$3 ! pictures are v pa9ful1 & ! t]ror & agony ( ! poor victims :o are be+ put to dea? make !m really repulsive to see4 ,on an opposite wall is ! pa9t+ f :i* our cut is tak54 ,?is repres5ts ! sacrifices made be=e ,troy by ,a*illes1 on acc\nt ( ! dea? ( 8 de> fri5d ,patroklos4 ,! figure ) ! hamm] is ,*>on1 :o /&s ready to receive ! sacrifice :i* is int5d$ to w9 8 favor4 ,y\r my?ology w tell y ! /ory1 :i* is too long to be giv5 "h4 ,! realism ( ?is picture is %ock+ 9 its effect1 & yet !re is some?+ ab\t ! mann] ( ! draw+ & ! arrangem5t ( ! :ole design t fixes our att5tion ev5 :ile x makes u %udd]4 ,! anci5t wall-pa9t+s :i* h be5 f\nd 9 ,rome are f> m v>i$ ?an are ^? ( ,etruria2 =1 :ile "s ( ! ,roman pictures are f\nd 9 tombs1 o!rs are tak5 f ba?s1 palaces1 & villas4 ,!y g5]ally belong to "o p]iod1 & t is ab\t ! close ( ! ,republic & ! beg9n+ ( ! ,empire4 ,mod]n excavations h reveal$ _m ( ^! anci5t pa9t+s2 b s _m ( !m crumble & fade away s soon aft] !y are expos$ to ! air1 t few rema9 9 a condition to af=d any satisfaction 9 see+ !m4 ,b =tunately draw+s h be5 made ( ne>ly all ^! pictures be=e !y fell into decay4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #g4--,,! ,,aldobr&9i ,,m>riage4 ,f a wall-pa9t+ 9 ! ,vatican4 ,"s ( ! anci5t pa9t+s h be5 c>efully remov$ f ! walls :]e !y 7 f\nd1 & plac$ 9 museums & o!r collections4 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( ^! is 9 ! ,vatican1 & is call$ ! ,aldobr&9i ,m>riage4 ,x receiv$ ?is "n f ! fact t ,c>d9al ,aldobr&9i 0 its fir/ possessor aft] its discov]y1 ne> ! ,ar* ( ,galli5us1 9 #afjf4 ,z y w see f ,fig4 #g1 f x1 !re are ?ree di/9ct gr\ps repres5t$4 ,9 ! c5tre ! bride veil$1 ) h] head mode/ly b[$ d[n1 is seat$ on a c\* ) a woman beside h] :o seems to be arrang+ "s "p ( h] toilet1 :ile ano!r /&s ne> hold+ o9tm5t & a b[l4 ,at ! head ( ! c\* ! bridegroom is seat$ on a ?re%old4 ,! upp] "p ( 8 figure is b>e1 & he has a g>l& ^u 8 head4 ,on ! "r ( ! picture an ante-room is repres5t$ 9 :i* are ?ree wom5 ) musical in/rum5ts1 s++ sacrificial songs4 ,to ! left1 9 ano!r ap>tm5t1 ?ree o!r wom5 are prep>+ a ba?4 ,?is is *>m+ on acc\nt ( ! sweet1 s]i\s way 9 :i* ! :ole /ory is plac$ be=e u2 b z a pa9t+ x is an inf]ior "w ( art--n 9 ! lea/ above ! /yle :i* we %\ld call h\se decoration4 ,al?\gh anci5t writ]s _h spok5 ( l&scape pa9t+s1 x 0 n until #ahdh-ahej1 :5 a s]ies ( !m 0 discov]$ on ! ,esquil9e 9 ,rome1 t any v satisfactory specim5s c\ld be %[n4 ,^! pictures numb] eight3 six are complete1 ( ! sev5? b half rema9s1 & ! eigh? is 9 a v imp]fect /ate4 ,!y may be call$ hi/orical l&scapes1 because ea* "o has a complete l&scape z well z figures :i* tell a /ory4 ,!y illu/rate c]ta9 passages f ! ,odyssey ( ,hom]4 ,! "o f :i* our cut is tak5 %[s ! visit ( ,ulysses to ! l[] _w4 ,:5 on ! wall ! pictures 7 divid$ by pila/]s1 & f9i%$ at ! top by a bord] or frieze4 ,! pila/]s are bright r$1 & ! *ief colors 9 ! picture are a yell[i% br[n & a gre5i% blue4 ,9 ?is sc5e ! way 9 :i* ! light /reams ?r\gh ! entrance to ! l[] _w is v /rik+1 & %[s ! _m figures !re ) ! be/ possible effect4 ,ev5 ^? 9 ! f> di/ance on ! "r are di/9ctly se54 ,?is collection ( ,esquil9e wall-pa9t+s is n[ 9 ! ,vatican ,libr>y4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #h4--,,l&scape ,,illu/ration ,,to ,,! ,,odyssey4 ,f a wall-pa9t+ discov]$ on ! ,esquil9e at ,rome4 ,besides ! anci5t mural pa9t+s :i* h be5 plac$ 9 ! museums ( ,rome1 !re are o!rs :i* /ill rema9 :]e !y 7 pa9t$1 9 palaces1 villas1 & tombs4 ,p]haps ^? 9 ! h\se ( ,livia are ! mo/ int]e/+2 !y repres5t my?ological /ories1 & "o frieze has diff]5t sc5es ( /reet life 9 an anci5t t[n4 ,?\gh ^! decorations are done 9 a me*anical sort ( pa9t+1 su* z is practis$ by ! ord9>y fresco pa9t]s ( our own "t1 yet !re 0 suffici5t arti/ic feel+ 9 _! au?ors to prev5t _! repeat+ any "o design4 ,"o circum/ance proves t ?is class ( picture 0 n ?\ght v important :5 x 0 made1 :i* is t ! "n ( ! arti/ is r>ely f\nd ^u 8 "w3 9 b "o in/ance ei!r 9 ,rome or ,pompeii has ?is occurr$1 namely1 9 a *amb] :i* 0 excavat$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ! ,f>nes9a ,palace at ,rome1 & ! "n is ,seleucus4 ,we h n space to speak ( all ! ,italian cities 9 :i* ^! rema9s are discov]$1 &1 z ,pompeii is ! "o mo/ frequ5tly visit$ & t 9 :i* a v l>ge proportion ( ! anci5t pictures h be5 f\nd1 ,i w give a few illu/rations f !m1 & leave ! subject ( anci5t1 mural pa9t+s !re4 ,_m ( ! ,pompeian pictures h be5 remov$ to ! ,museum ( ,naples1 ?\gh _m /ill rema9 :]e !y 7 fir/ pa9t$4 ,! v>iety ( subjects at ,pompeii is l>ge3 !re are l&scapes1 hunt+ sc5es1 my?ological subjects1 num]\s k9ds ( s+le figures1 su* z danc+ girls1 ! h\rs1 or seasons1 graces1 satyrs1 & _m o!rs2 devotional pictures1 su* z repres5tations ( ! anci5t div9ities1 l>es1 p5ates1 & g5ii2 pictures ( tav]n sc5es1 ( me*anics at _! "w2 rope-danc]s & repres5tations ( v>i\s games1 gladiatorial conte/s1 g5re sc5es f ! lives ( *ildr51 y\?s1 & wom51 fe/ival c]emonies1 actors1 poets1 & /age sc5es1 & la/1 b n lea/1 _m c>icatures1 ( :i* ,i "h give y an example 7,fig4 #i74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #i4--,,! ,,flight ,,( ,,neas4 ,f a wall-pa9t+4 ,! l>ge/ dog is neas1 :o leads ! little ,ascanius by ! h& & c>ries 8 fa!r1 ,an*ises1 on 8 %\ld]4 ,frequ5tly 9 ! anci5t c>icatures monkeys are made to take ! "p ( hi/orical & imag9>y h]oes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aj4--;,,demet] ,,en?ron$4 ,f a ,pompeian wall-pa9t+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #aa4--,,pompeian ,,wall-,,pa9t+4 ,fig4 #aa %[s y h[ ^! pa9t$ walls 7 sometimes divid$2 ! pr9cipal subjects 7 surr\nd$ by ornam5tal bord]s1 & ! spaces betwe5 fill$ 9 ) all sorts ( little comp>tm5ts4 ,! small spaces 9 ?is picture are q regul> 9 =m2 b frequ5tly !y are ( v>i$ %apes1 & give a v decorative effect to ! :ole "w4 ,! colors us$ ^u ^! diff]5t panels1 z !y may be call$1 7 usually r$1 yell[1 black1 & :ite--m r>ely blue & gre54 ,sometimes ! entire decoration consi/$ ( ^! small1 v>i\sly color$ spaces1 divid$ by "s graceful little bord]1 ) a v small figure1 plant1 or o!r object 9 ! c5tre ( ea* space4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ab4--,,ne/ ,,( ,,cupids4 ,f a ,pompeian wall-pa9t+4 ,fig4 #aj1 ( ,demet]1 or ,c]es1 en?ron$ is an example ( su* devotional pa9t+s z 7 plac$ above ! alt>s & %r9es = private wor%ip 9 ! h\ses ( ,pompeii1 or at ! /reet corn]s1 j z we n[ see pictures & sacr$ figures 9 /reet %r9es 9 ,roman ,ca?olic c\ntries4 ,9 anci5t days1 z n[1 ^! pictures 7 (t5 done 9 a co>se & c>eless mann]1 z if religi\s use1 & n art1 0 ! object 9 ! m9d ( ! arti/4 ,fig4 #ab1 ( a ,ne/ ( ,cupids is a v int]e/+ example ( ,pompeian pa9t+1 & to my m9d x m ne>ly resembles pictures ( lat] times ?an does any o!r anci5t pa9t+ ( :i* ,i "k4 ,,mosaics4 ,! pictures kn[n z mosaics are made by fitt+ toge!r bits ( m>ble1 /one1 or glass ( diff]5t colors & s arrang+ !m z to repres5t figures & objects ( v>i\s k9ds1 s t at a di/ance !y h mu* ! same effect z t ( pictures pa9t$ ) bru% & colors4 ,! art ( mak+ mosaics is v anci5t1 & 0 probably inv5t$ 9 ! ,ea/1 :]e x 0 us$ = bord]s & o!r decorations 9 regul> set patt]ns4 ,x 0 n until aft] ! "t ( ,alex&] ! ,great t ! ,greeks us$ ?is process = mak+ pictures4 ,at fir/1 too1 mosaics 7 us$ = floors or pavem5ts only1 & ! designs 9 !m 7 some:at l ^? ( ! tile pavem5ts ( our own "t4 ,?is picture ( doves w give y a good idea ( a mosaic2 ?is subject is a v int]e/+ "o1 because x is said to h be5 fir/ made by ,sosos 9 ,p]gamos4 ,x 0 (t5 repeat$ 9 lat] days1 & t f :i* our cut is tak5 0 f\nd 9 ! ru9s ( ,hadrian's villa at ,tivoli1 ne> ,rome2 x is kn[n z ! ,capitol9e ,doves1 f ! fact t x is n[ 9 ! ,capitol9e ,museum 9 ,rome4 ,few works ( anci5t art are m admir$ & z frequ5tly copi$ z ?is mosaic3 x is n unusual to see ladies we> broo*es ) ?is design 9 f9e mosaic "w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ac4--;,,doves ,,seat$ ,,on ,a ,,b[l4 ,f a mosaic picture 9 ! ,capitol1 ,rome4 ,a few examples ( anci5t mosaics :i* 7 us$ = wall decorations h be5 f\nd2 !y may almo/ be said n to exce$ a doz52 b pavem5t mosaics are v num]\s1 & are /ill se5 9 ! places = :i* !y 7 design$ & :]e !y h be5 dur+ _m c5turies1 z well z 9 museums to :i* !y h be5 remov$4 ,!y are s h>d 9 outl9e & s me*anical 9 e way t !y are n v attractive if we ?9k ( !m z pictures1 & _! *ief int]e/ is 9 ! skill & pati5ce ) :i* mosaic work]s comb9e ! numb]less p>ticles ( "o sub/ance & ano!r :i* g to make up ! :ole4 ,mosaic pictures1 z a rule1 are n l>ge2 b "o f\nd at ,pale/r9a1 :i* is call$ ! ,nile mosaic1 is six by five metres inside4 ,its subject is ! inundation ( a village on ! riv] ,nile4 ,!re are an imm5se numb] ( figures & a v>iety ( sc5es 9 x2 !re are ,egyptians hunt+ ! ,nile horse1 a p>ty ( revell]s 9 a b[] drap$ ) v9es1 b&s ( w>riors & o!r gr\ps ( m5 occupi$ 9 diff]5t pursuits1 & all repres5t$ at ! season :5 ! ,nile ov]fl[s its banks4 ,?is is a v rem>kable "w1 & x has be5 prov$ t a portion ( ! orig9al is 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & has be5 replac$ by a copy at ,pale/r9a4 ,,pa9t+s ,,on ,,/one4 ,x is well kn[n t mu* ( ! decoration ( ,greek edifices 0 9 colors4 ,( c\rse ^! pa9t+s 7 put ^u ! m>ble & /one ( :i* ! /ructures 7 made4 ,! ,greeks also made small pictures & pa9t$ !m on /one1 j z canvas & panels ( wood are n[ us$4 ,su* pa9t$ slabs h be5 f\nd 9 ,h]culaneum1 9 ,corneto1 & 9 diff]5t ,etruscan tombs2 b ! mo/ important & satisfactory "o 0 f\nd at ,pompeii 9 #ahgb4 ,s9ce !n ! colors h almo/ vani%$2 b ,fig4 #ad1 f x1 w %[ y h[ x appe>$ :5 f\nd4 ,x repres5ts ! my?ological /ory ( ! puni%m5t ( ,niobe1 & is v beautiful 9 its design4 ,,vase-,,pa9t+4 ,vase-pa9t+ 0 ano!r art v mu* practis$ by ! anci5ts4 ,s mu* c be said ( x t x w\ld require m space ?an we c give = its hi/ory ev5 9 outl9e4 ,s ,i %all only say t x fills an important place 9 hi/oric art1 because f ! ?\s&s ( anci5t vases t h be5 f\nd 9 "o c\ntry & ano!r1 mu* has be5 le>n$ conc]n+ ! hi/ory ( ^! l&s & ! mann]s & cu/oms ( _! p2 occasionally inscriptions are f\nd ^u decorat$ vases :i* are ( great value to s*ol>s :o /udy ! hi/ory ( ! pa/4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ad4--,,niobe4 ,f a picture on a slab ( granite at ,pompeii4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ae4--,,! ,,dodwell ,,vase4 ,at ,muni*4 ,! ,dodwell vase %[s y ! m simple /yle ( decoration :i* 0 us$ 9 ! e>li] times4 ,gradually ! designs came to be m & m elaborate1 until :ole /ories 7 z di/9ctly told by ! pictures on vases z if !y _h be5 writt5 out 9 books4 ,! next cut1 :i* is made f a vase-pa9t+1 w %[ :at ,i mean4 ,! subject ( ,fig4 #af is connect$ ) ! s]vice ( ! dead1 & %[s a sc5e 9 ! "u _w1 su* z accord$ ) anci5t religi\s notions4 ,9 ! upp] portion ! fri5ds ( ! deceas$ are gr\p$ ar\nd a little temple4 ,s*ol>s trace ! manufacture ( ^! vases back to v anci5t days1 & d[n to its decl9e1 ab\t two c5turies be=e ,*ri/4 ,i d n mean t vase-pa9t+ ceas$ !n1 = its late/ traces come d[n to #fe ,b4,c42 b l all o!r anci5t arts1 x 0 !n 9 a /ate ( decad5ce4 ,?\gh vase-pa9t+ 0 "o ( ! less] arts1 its importance c sc>cely be ov]e/imat$1 & x fully m]its ! devot$ /udy & admiration :i* x receives f ^? :o are le>n$ 9 its hi/ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #af4--,,sc5e ,,9 ,,! ,,l[] ,,_w4 ,f a vase ( ! /yle ( ,l[] ,italy4 ,f :at we "k ( anci5t ,greek pa9t+ we may believe t ?is art fir/ rea*$ p]fection 9 ,greece4 ,if we c\ld see ! be/ works ( ,apelles1 :o rea*$ ! highe/ excell5ce ( any ,greek pa9t]1 we might f9d "s lack ( ! true/ sci5ce ( ! art :5 judg$ by m mod]n /&>ds2 b ! ,greeks mu/ /ill be cr$it$ ) hav+ be5 ! fir/ to create a true art ( pa9t+4 ,aft] ! decl9e ( ,greek art fifte5 c5turies elaps$ be=e pa9t+ 0 aga9 rais$ to ! rank :i* ! ,greeks _h giv5 x1 & if1 accord+ to our ideas1 ! lat] ,italian pa9t+ is 9 any s5se sup]ior to ! ,greek1 we mu/ at lea/ admit t ! /udy ( ! works ( antiquity :i* /ill rema9$ 9 ,italy1 excit$ ! great ma/]s ( ! ,r5aissance to ! spl5did a*ievem5ts :i* !y atta9$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii4 ,,m$i,,val ,,pa9t+1 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,*ri/ian ,,era ,,to ,,! ,,r5aissance4 ,! ,middle ,ages ext5d f ! latt] "p ( ! fif? c5tury to ! "t ( ! ,r5aissance1 or ab\t ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,! pa9t+ ( ?is p]iod has little to attract att5tion if reg>d$ only f an arti/ic /&-po9t1 = we may truly say t1 comp>+ x ) ! ,greek art :i* _h prec$$ x1 or ) ! ,italian art :i* foll[$ x1 t ( ! ,middle ,ages _h no claim to ! beautiful4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x is full ( int]e/ to /ud5ts1 because x has its "p 9 ! hi/ory ( art2 !re=e ,i %all give a m]e outl9e ( x1 s t ?is l9k 9 ! *a9 :i* unites anci5t & mod]n pa9t+ may n be entirely want+ 9 our book4 ,e>ly m$ival pa9t+1 d[n to ab\t ,a4,d4 #iej1 consi/s pr9cipally ( pa9t+s 9 burial-places1 mosaics 7usually 9 *ur*es71 & ( m9iatures1 or ! illu/ration & illum9ation ( ,,mss41 :i* 7 ! books ( t "t1 & 7 almo/ )\t exception religi\s writ+s4 ,?is p]iod is call$ ! ,e>ly ,p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ! pictures are (t5 call$ ! works ( ,e>ly ,*ri/ian ,art4 ,ab\t #ajej a revival ( intellectual pursuits began 9 "s p>ts ( ,europe1 & f t "t x may be said t ! ,r5aissance1 or new bir? ( art & lett]s1 0 9 its ,a ,b ,cs1 or v smalle/ beg9n+s4 ,! p]iod betwe5 #iej & #abej is (t5 call$ ! ,c5tral or ,romanesque ,p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & x 0 dur+ ?is "t t glass-pa9t+ orig9at$2 x is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ features ( art 9 m$ival times4 ,f #abej to #adjj comes ! ,f9al or ,go?ic ,p]iod ( ! ,middle ,ages1 & ?is has "s v int]e/+ features :i* =etell ! com+ glory ( ! great ,r5aissance4 ,,! ,,e>ly ,,p]iod4 ,! pa9t+s ( ! catacombs date f ! ?ird & f\r? c5turies aft] ,*ri/4 ,! catacombs1 or burial-places ( ! e>ly ,*ri/ians1 consi/ ( long1 n>r[1 subt]ranean passages1 cut ) regul>ity1 & cross+ ea* o!r l /reets 9 a city4 ,! graves are 9 ! sides ( ^! passages1 & !re are "s l>g] rooms or *amb]s into :i* ! n>r[ passages run4 ,!re are ab\t sixty ( ! catacombs 9 & ne> ,rome2 !y are g5]ally call$ by ! "n ( "s sa9t :o is buri$ 9 !m4 ,! pa9t+s are 9 ! *amb]s1 ( :i* !re are sometimes sev]al q ne> ea* o!r4 ,! reason = _! be+ 9 ^! und]gr\nd places 0 t ,*ri/ians 7 s p]secut$ "u ! ,romans1 t !y 7 oblig$ to d secretly all t !y did z ,*ri/ians1 s t no att5tion %\ld be attract$ to !m4 ,! pr9cipal *>act]i/ics ( ^! pictures are a simple maje/y & e>ne/ness ( effect2 p]haps spirituality is ! ^w to use1 = by ^! pa9t+s ! e>ly ,*ri/ians desir$ to express _! belief 9 ! religion ( ,*ri/1 & especially 9 ! immortality ( ! s\l1 :i* 0 a v preci\s doctr9e to !m4 ,! catacombs ( ,rome 7 m num]\s & important ?an ^? ( any o!r city4 ,_m ( ! pa9t+s 9 ! catacombs _h a symbolic mean+1 beyond ! pla9] int5tion :i* appe>$ at ! fir/ sight ( !m3 y w "k :at ,i mean :5 ,i say t n only 0 ?is picture ( ,moses /rik+ ! rock int5d$ to repres5t an hi/orical fact 9 ! life ( ,moses1 b ! fl[+ wat] 0 also reg>d$ z a type ( ! bless+ ( ,*ri/ian baptism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ag4--,,moses4 ,f a pa9t+ 9 ! ,catacomb ( ,s4 ,agnes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ah4--;,,decoration ,,( ,a ,,ro(4 ,catacomb ( ,s4 ,domitilla4 ,! walls ( ! *amb]s ( ! catacombs are laid out 9 su* a mann] z to h ! effect ( decorat$ ap>tm5ts1 j z 0 done 9 ! pagan tombs1 & sometimes ! pictures 7 a /range union ( pagan & ,*ri/ian devices4 ,! above cut1 f ! ,catacomb ( ,s4 ,domitilla1 has 9 ! c5tre ! pagan god ,orpheus play+ 8 lyre1 :ile 9 ! alt]nate comp>tm5ts ( ! bord] are ! foll[+ ,*ri/ian subjects3 #a1 ,david ) ! ,sl+2 #b1 ,moses ,/rik+ ! ,rock2 #c1 ,daniel 9 ! ,lion's ,d52 #d1 ,! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us4 ,! o!r small divisions h pictures ( sacrificial animals4 ,^! two cuts w give y an idea ( ! catacomb wall-pa9t+s4 ,! mosaics ( ! ,middle ,ages 7 ( a purely ornam5tal "* d[n to ! "t ( ,con/ant9e4 ,!n1 :5 ! protection ( a ,*ri/ian emp]or enabl$ ! ,*ri/ians to express !mselves )\t fe>1 ! doctr9es ( ! *ur* & ! /ories ( ! life ( ,*ri/ & ! hi/ories ( ! sa9ts1 z well z _m o!r in/ructive religi\s subjects1 7 made 9 mosaics1 & plac$ 9 prom95t places 9 *ur*es & basilicas4 ,mosaics are v durable1 & _m belong+ to ! e>ly ,*ri/ian era /ill rema94 ,! mosaics at ,rav5na =m ! mo/ connect$ s]ies1 & are ! be/ pres]v$ ( ^? t /ill exi/4 ,:ile x is true 9 a c]ta9 s5se t ,rome 0 always ! art c5tre ( ,italy1 x is also true t at ,rav5na ! works ( art h n suff]$ f deva/ation & re/oration z h ^? ( ,rome4 ,aft] ! invasion ( ! ,visigo?s 9 ,a4,d4 #djd1 ,honorius transf]r$ ! imp]ial c\rt to ,rav5na1 & t city !n became di/+ui%$ = its le>n+ & art4 ,! ,rav5na mosaics are s num]\s t ,i %all only speak ( "o s]ies1 f :i* ,i give an illu/ration 7,fig4 #ai74 ,?is mosaic is 9 ! *ur* ( ,s4 ,vitalis1 :i* 0 built betwe5 ,a4,d4 #ebf & #edg4 ,9 ! dome ( ! *ur* !re is a gr& repres5tation ( ,*ri/ en?ron$2 bel[ ,him are ! sacr$ riv]s ( ,p>adise2 ne> ,him are two angels & ,s4 ,vitalis1 to :om ! ,savi\r is pres5t+ a cr[n2 ,bi%op ,ecclesius1 ! f\nd] ( ! *ur*1 is also repres5t$ ne> by ) a model ( ! *ur* 9 8 h&4 ,on a l[] wall !re are two pictures 9 :i* ! ,emp]or ,ju/9ian & ! ,empress ,!odosia are repres5t$3 our cut is f "o ( ^!1 & %[s ! emp]or & empress 9 magnific5t co/umes1 ea* foll[$ by a tra9 ( att5dants4 ,?is emp]or nev] visit$ ,rav5na2 b he s5t su* ri* gifts to ?is *ur* t he & 8 wife are repres5t$ z its donors4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ai4--;,,ju/9ian1 ,,!odora1 ,,& ,,att5dants4 ,f a mosaic picture at ,s4 ,vitalis1 ,rav5na4 ,aft] ! "t ( ,ju/9ian 7,a4,d4 #ebg-efe7 mosaics began to be less arti/ic1 & ^? ( ! lat] "t deg5]at$1 z did ev]y?+ else dur+ ! ,middle or ,d>k ,ages1 & at la/ all works ( art %[ less & less ( ! ,greek or ,classic influ5ce4 ,:5 we use ! ^w m9iature z an art t]m1 x does n mean simply a small picture z x does 9 ord9>y conv]sation2 x means ! pictures execut$ by ! h& ( an illum9ator or m9iator ( manuscripts1 & he is s call$ f ! m9ium or c9nab> :i* he us$ 9 mak+ colors4 ,9 ! days ( antiquity1 z ,i h told y 9 speak+ ( ,egypt1 x 0 cu/om>y to illu/rate manuscripts1 & dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ?is art 0 v ext5sively practis$4 ,_m monks sp5t _! :ole lives 9 illum9at+ religi\s books1 & 9 ,con/ant9ople & o!r ea/]n cities ?is art rea*$ a high degree ( p]fection4 ,"s manuscripts h simple bord]s & color$ initial lett]s only2 sometimes b a s+le color is us$1 & is g5]ally r$1 f :i* comes our ^w rubric1 :i* means any writ+ or pr9t+ 9 r$ ink1 & is d]iv$ f ! ,lat9 rubrum1 or r$4 ,?is 0 ! orig9 ( illum9ation or m9iature-pa9t+1 :i* w5t on f "o /ep to ano!r until1 at its highe/ /ate1 mo/ beautiful pictures 7 pa9t$ 9 manuscripts 9 :i* ri* colors 7 us$ on gold or silv] backgr\nds1 & ! effect ( ! :ole 0 z ri* & ornam5tal z x is possible to imag9e4 ,_m ( ^! old manuscripts are se5 9 museums1 libr>ies1 & v>i\s collections2 !y are v preci\s & co/ly1 z well z int]e/+2 _! /udy is fasc9at+1 = almo/ e "o ( ! numb]less designs t are us$ 9 !m has its own symbolic mean+4 ,! mo/ anci5t1 arti/ic m9iatures ( :i* we "k are ^? on a manuscript ( a "p ( ! book ( ,g5esis2 x is 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,vi5na1 & 0 made at ! end ( ! fif? c5tury4 ,9 ! same collection !re is a v extraord9>y manuscript1 f :i* ,i give an illu/ration4 ,?is manuscript is a treatise on botany1 & 0 writt5 by ,dioskorides = 8 pupil1 ! ,pr9cess ,juliana ,anicia1 a gr&daught] ( ! ,emp]or ,val5t9e ,,iii4 ,z ?is pr9cess di$ at ,con/ant9ople ,a4,d4 #ebg1 ?is manuscript dates f ! beg9n+ ( ! six? c5tury4 ,?is picture f x repres5ts ,dioskorides dress$ 9 :ite robes & seat$ 9 a *air ( gold2 be=e him /&s a woman 9 a gold tunic & sc>let mantle1 :o repres5ts ! g5ius ( discov]y2 %e pres5ts ! leg5d>y m&rake root1 or m&ragora1 to ! le>n$ man1 :ile betwe5 !m is ! dog t has pull$ ! root1 & falls dead1 accord+ to ! fabul\s /ory4 ,?is manuscript 0 pa9t$ by a ma/]ly h&1 & is curi\s & int]e/+2 ! plants1 snakes1 birds1 & insects mu/ h be5 pa9t$ f nature1 & ! :ole is mo/ skilfully done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bj4--,,! ,,discov]y ,,( ,,! ,,h]b ,,m&ragora4 ,f a ,,ms4 ( ,dioskorides1 at ,vi5na4 ,dur+ ! ,middle ,ages ! arts z practis$ 9 ,rome 7 c>ri$ into all ! diff]5t c\ntries 9 :i* ! ,romans made conque/s or s5t _! monks & mission>ies to e/abli% *ur*es1 conv5ts1 & s*ools4 ,?us ! m$ival arts 7 practis$ 9 ,gaul1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & ,great ,brita94 ,no wall-pa9t+s or mosaics rema9 f ! e>ly ,g]man or ,celtic peoples2 b _! illum9at$ manuscripts are v num]\s3 m9iature-pa9t+ 0 ext5sively done 9 ,irel&1 & _m ,iri% manuscripts rema9 9 ! collections ( ,great ,brita94 ,:5 ,*>lemagne became ! k+ ( ! ,franks 9 #gfh1 !re 0 little k ( any art among 8 nor!rn subjects2 9 #hjj he made himself emp]or ( ! ,romans1 also1 & :5 ! ,franks saw all ! spl5dor ( ,rome & o!r p>ts ( ,italy1 x 0 n difficult = ! great emp]or to introduce ! arts into ! ,franki% portion ( 8 empire4 ,all sorts ( beautiful objects 7 c>ri$ f ,italy by ! ,franks1 & great work%ops 7 e/abli%$ at ,aix-la-,*apelle1 ! capital1 & 7 plac$ "u ! c>e ( ,eg9h>d1 :o 0 skill$ 9 bronze-ca/+1 modell+1 & o!r arts2 he 0 call$ ,bezaleel1 aft] ! build] ( ! ,tab]nacle4 ,we h _m acc\nts ( ! wall-pa9t+s & mosaics ( ! ,franks2 b !re are no rema9s ( !m t c be id5tifi$ ) positive accuracy4 ,m9iature-pa9t+ fl\ri%$ "u ! rule ( ,*>lemagne & 8 family1 & rea*$ a po9t ( great magnific5ce 9 effect1 ?\gh x 0 nev] z arti/ic z ! "w ( ! ,italian m9iators2 &1 inde$1 gradually ev]y?+ connect$ ) art 0 decl9+ 9 all p>ts ( ! _w2 & z we /udy its hi/ory1 we c und]/& :y ! t]ms ,d>k ,ages & ,middle ,ages are us$ to d5ote ! same epo*1 rem>kable z x is = ! decay & ext9ction ( s _m beautiful ?+s4 ,,! ,,c5tral1 ,,or ,,romanesque ,,p]iod4 ,dur+ ! ,romanesque ,p]iod 7#iej-abej7 ar*itecture 0 pursu$ accord+ to laws :i* _h gr[n out ( ! a*ievem5ts & exp]i5ces ( e>li] ages1 & _h rea*$ su* a p]fection z entitl$ x to ! rank ( a noble art4 ,b ?is 0 n true ( pa9t+1 :i* 0 !n b little m ?an ! pa9t+ ( ! ,egyptians _h be51 t is1 a sort ( picture-writ+1 :i* 0 pr9cipally us$ to illu/rate ! doctr9es ( religion1 & by ?is means to tea* !m to peoples :o _h no books1 & c\ld n h read !m _h !y exi/$4 ,dur+ all ?is "t ! art ( pa9t+ 0 l>gely "u ! control ( ! prie/s4 ,"s arti/s 7 prie/s !mselves1 & ^? :o 7 n 7 "u ! direction ( "s *ur* dignit>y4 ,popes1 bi%ops1 abbots1 & s on1 7 ! pr9cipal patrons ( art1 & !y sugge/$ to ! arti/s ! subjects to be pa9t$1 & !n ! pictures 7 us$ = ! decoration ( *ur*es & o!r build+s us$ by ! religi\s ord]s4 ,! monks 7 l>gely occupi$ 9 m9iature-pa9t+2 arti/s frequ5t$ ! mona/]ies1 &1 inde$1 :5 !y 7 engag$ ^u religi\s subjects1 !y 7 frequ5tly "u ! same discipl9e z t ( ! monks !mselves4 ,next to ! influ5ce ( ! *ur* came t ( ! c\rt2 b 9 a way x 0 mu* ! same1 = ! cl]gy _h great influ5ce at c\rt1 &1 al?\gh pa9t+ 0 us$ to s]ve ! luxury ( sov]eigns & nobles1 x 0 also true t ^! high p]sonages (t5 employ$ arti/s to decorate *apels & to pa9t alt>-pieces = *ur*es at _! exp5se1 = dur+ ! ,romanesque p]iod !re 0 "s pa9t+ on panels4 ,at fir/ ^! panel-pictures 7 plac$ on ! front ( ! alt> :]e drap]ies _h =m]ly be5 us$3 lat] !y 7 rais$ above ! alt>1 & also put 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! *ur*4 ,! pa9t+ ( ! ,romanesque p]iod 0 m]ely a decl9e1 & !re c be little m said ( x ?an is told by t "o ^w4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ba4--,,k+ ,,david4 ,f a w9d[ 9 ,augsburg ,ca!dral4 ,glass-pa9t+ dates f ?is "t4 ,! v e>lie/ specim5s ( :i* we "k are f ! elev5? c5tury4 ,be=e t "t !re _h be5 transp>5t mosaics made by putt+ toge!r bits ( color$ glass1 & arrang+ !m 9 simple1 set & ornam5tal patt]ns4 ,su* mosaics date f ! e>lie/ days ( ,*ri/ianity1 & 7 9 use z soon z glass 0 us$ = w9d[s4 ,f anci5t writ+s we "k t "s w9d[s 7 made ) pictures ^u !m z long ago z ,a4,d4 #ihi2 b no?+ n[ rema9s f t remote date4 ,!re is a d\bt z to :e!r glass-pa9t+ orig9at$ 9 ,france or ,g]many4 ,"s ,fr5* au?ors ascribe its inv5tion to ,g]many1 :ile "s ,g]man writ]s accord ! same honor to ,france4 ,rema9s ( glass-pa9t+ ( ! elev5? c5tury h be5 f\nd 9 bo? ^! c\ntries2 b x is probable t five w9d[s 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,augsburg date f #ajfe1 & are a little old] ?an any o!rs ( :i* we "k4 ,?is picture ( ,david is f "o ( !m1 & is probably z old z any pa9t$ w9d[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bb4--,,w9d[4 ,f ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,d5is4 ,! olde/ glass-pa9t+ 9 ,france is probably a s+le fragm5t 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,le ,mans4 ,?is ca!dral 0 complet$ 9 #ajic1 b 0 badly burn$ 9 #aacf1 s t b a s+le piece ( its w9d[s rema9s2 ?is has be5 ins]t$ 9 a new w9d[ 9 ! *oir1 & is ?us pres]v$4 ,) ! beg9n+ ( ! twelf? c5tury1 glass-pa9t+ became m frequ5t 9 ,europe1 & ne> ! end ( ?is c5tury x 0 introduc$ into ,engl&1 toge!r ) ! ,go?ic /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,v soon a highly decorative effect 0 giv5 to glass-pa9t+1 & ! designs ^u _m w9d[s 7 v mu* l ^? us$ 9 ! m9iatures ( ! same "t4 ,! /a9$ glass 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,d5is1 ne> ,p>is1 is v important4 ,x dates f ab\t #aadj-aaea1 & 0 execut$ "u ! c>e ( ! fam\s ,abbot ,sug]4 ,he employ$ bo? ,fr5* & ,g]man workm51 & decorat$ ! entire l5g? ( ! walls ) pa9t$ w9d[s4 ,/4 ,d5is 0 ! fir/ ,fr5* ca!dral 9 ! full ,go?ic /yle ( ar*itecture4 ,! pres5t w9d[s 9 ,/4 ,d5is c sc>cely be said to be ! orig9al ones1 z ! ca!dral has suff]$ mu* f revolutions2 b "s ( !m h be5 re/or$ z ne>ly z possible1 & our illu/ration 7,fig4 #bb7 w give y a good idea ( :at its w9d[s 74 ,! /ripes :i* run across ! gr\nd 9 ?is w9d[ are r$ & blue1 & ! leaf bord] is 9 a light tone ( color4 ,!re are n9e m$allions2 ! ?ree upp] ones h simply ornam5tal designs ^u !m1 & ! six l[] ones h pictures ( sacr$ subjects4 ,! "o giv5 "h is an ,annunciation1 9 :i* ! ,abbot ,sug] kneels at ! feet ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y4 ,8 figure int]f]es ) ! bord] ( ! m$allion 9 a v unusual mann]4 ,p]haps ! mo/ important anci5t glass-pa9t+ rema9+ 9 ,france is t ( ! we/ front ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,*>tres4 ,x dates f ab\t #aabe1 :5 ?is front 0 begun2 !re are ?ree w9d[s1 & _! color is f> sup]ior to ! glass ( a lat] p]iod1 :i* is 9 ! same ca!dral4 ,! e>lie/ pa9t$ glass 9 ,engl& dates f ab\t #aahj4 ,"s ( ! w9d[s 9 ,cant]bury ,ca!dral correspond to ^? 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,/4 ,d5is4 ,9 ! ,/rasb\rg ,ca!dral !re are "s spl5did rema9s ( pa9t$ glass ( ! ,romanesque p]iod1 al?\gh !y 7 mu* injur$ by ! bomb>dm5t ( #ahgj4 ,fig4 #bc is f "o ( ! we/ w9d[s1 & repres5ts ,k+ ,h5ry ,i4 ,?is is an unusually f9e example ( ! /yle ( ! p]iod be=e ! m elaborate ,go?ic mann] _h aris52 ! quiet regul>ity ( ! drap]y & ! dignifi$ air ( ! :ole figure is v impressive4 ,an entirely diff]5t sort ( color$ w9d[s 0 us$ 9 ! *ur*es & edifices :i* belong$ to ! ,ci/]cian ord] ( monks4 ,! rule ( ?is ord] 0 sev]e1 & :ile !y wi%$ to s(t5 ! light )9 _! *ur*es1 !y believ$ x to be wrong to use any?+ :i* d5ot$ pomp or spl5dor 9 ! decoration ( ! h\se ( ,god4 ,= ^! reasons !y inv5t$ :at is call$ ! grisaille glass3 x is pa9t$ 9 regul> patt]ns 9 gray tones ( color4 ,sometimes ^! w9d[s are v>i$ by a leaf patt]n 9 %ades ( gre5 & br[n1 ) occasional t\*es ( bright color2 b ?is is us$ v sp>+ly4 ,"s ( ^! grisaille w9d[s are se5 9 ,france2 b ! f9e/ are 9 ,g]many 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,heilig5kreuz3 !y date f ! fir/ half ( ! ?irte5? c5tury4 ,,! ,,f9al1 ,,or ,,go?ic ,,p]iod4 ,! ,go?ic ord] ( ar*itecture1 :i* 0 p]fect$ dur+ ?is p]iod1 _h a decid$ influ5ce ^u ! pa9t+ & sculpture ( ! "t2 b ?is influ5ce 0 n felt until ,go?ic ar*itecture _h rea*$ a high po9t 9 its developm5t4 ,france 0 n[ ! lead+ c\ntry ( ! _w1 & ,p>is came to be ! mo/ important ( all cities3 x 0 ! c5tre f :i* w5t =? edicts z to ! cu/oms ( society1 ! laws ( dress & conduct1 & ev5 ( ! art ( love4 ,f ,france came ! codes ( *ivalry1 & ! crusades1 :i* spread to o!r l&s1 orig9at$ !re4 ,?us1 = ! "t1 ,p>is ov]%ad[$ ,rome & ! old] c5tres ( art1 indu/ry1 & sci5ce1 ) a _w-wide influ5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bc4--;,,figure ,,( ,,h5ry ,i4 ,,9 ,,we/ ,,w9d[ ,,( ,,/rasb\rg ,,ca!dral4 ,al?\gh ! pa9t+ ( ?is p]iod _h l>gely ! same *>act]i/ics z t ( ! ,romanesque p]iod1 x _h a diff]5t _s1 & x 0 no long] "u ! control ( ! cl]gy4 ,be=e ?is "t1 too1 pa9t]s _h frequ5tly be5 skill$ 9 o!r arts2 n[ x became ! cu/om = !m to be pa9t]s only1 & besides ?is !y 7 divid$ into c]ta9 classes ( pa9t]s1 & 7 !n associat$ ) o!r craftsm5 :o 7 engag$ 9 ! trade :i* 0 connect$ ) _! art4 ,t is1 ! glass-pa9t]s pa9t$ glass only1 & 7 associat$ ) ! glass-bl[]s2 ^? :o decorat$ %ields1 ) ! %ield or scut*eon mak]s1 & s on2 :ile ! pa9t]s1 pure & simple1 work$ at wall-pa9t+1 & a little lat] at panel-pa9t+ also4 ,f ?is association ( arti/s & tradesm5 !re grew up bro!rhoods :i* support$ _! memb]s 9 all difficulties1 & /ood by ea* o!r l fri5ds4 ,ea* bro!rhood _h its alt> 9 "s *ur*2 !y _h _! fun]als & fe/ivals 9 common1 & f ^! bro!rhoods grew up ! m p[]ful societies :i* 7 call$ guilds4 ,^! guilds became p[]ful organizations2 !y _h def9ite rights & duties1 & ev5 judicial au?ority z to su* matt]s z belong$ to _! special trades4 ,all ?is l$ to mu* great] individuality among arti/s ?an _h ev] exi/$ be=e3 x came to be und]/ood t a pa9t] c\ld1 & _h a "r to1 pa9t a picture z he wi%$1 & 0 n gov]n$ by any prie/ly law4 ,religi\s subjects 7 /ill pa9t$ m frequ5tly ?an o!rs1 & ! decoration ( religi\s edifices 0 ! *ief employm5t ( ! arti/s2 b !y work$ ) m indep5d5ce ( ?\ght & _s4 ,! pa9t]s /udi$ m f nature1 & ?\gh ! *ange 0 v sl[1 x is /ill true t a c]ta9 s(tness ( effect1 an easy fl[ ( drap]y1 & a new grace ( pose did appe>1 & ab\t ,a4,d4 #acej a new idea ( ! uses & aims ( pa9t+ influ5c$ arti/s ev]y:]e4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bd4--;,,bir? ,,( ,,! ,,virg94 ,f ! ,gr&es ,heures ( ! ,duc de ,b]ri4 ,ab\t t "t !y attempt$ to repres5t di/ances1 & to create diff]5t planes 9 _! works2 to reproduce su* ?+s z !y repres5t$ f> m exactly ?an !y _h done be=e1 & to put !m 9 j relations to surr\nd+ places & objects2 9 a ^w1 !y seem$ to awake to an appreciation ( ! true (fice ( pa9t+ & to its inf9ite possibilities4 ,dur+ ?is ,go?ic p]iod "s ( ! mo/ exquisite manuscripts 7 made 9 ,france & ,g]many1 & !y are n[ ! *oice/ treasures ( _! k9d 9 v>i\s ,european collections4 ,fig4 #bd1 ( ! bir? ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 is f "o ( ! mo/ spl5did books ( ! "t :i* 0 pa9t$ = ! ,duke de ,b]ry & call$ ! ,great ,book ( ! ,h\rs4 ,! weal? ( ornam5t 9 ! bord] is a *>act]i/ic ( ! ,fr5* m9iatures ( ! "t4 ,! ,g]mans us$ a simpl] /yle1 z y w see by ,fig4 #be1 ( ! ,annunciation4 ,! influ5ce ( ! ,go?ic ord] ( ar*itecture ^u glass-pa9t+ 0 v pron\nc$4 ,"u ?is ord] ! w9d[s became mu* m important ?an !y _h be51 & x 0 n unusual to see a s]ies ( w9d[s pa9t$ 9 su* pictures z illu/rat$ ! :ole tea*+ ( ! doctr9es ( ! *ur*4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ! cu/om arose ( donat+ memorial w9d[s to religi\s edifices4 ,sometimes !y 7 ! gift ( a p]son or a family1 & ! portraits ( ! donors 7 pa9t$ 9 ! l[] "p ( ! w9d[1 & usually 9 a kneel+ po/ure2 at o!r times w9d[s 7 giv5 by guilds1 & x is v odd to see craftsm5 ( v>i\s sorts at "w 9 a ca!dral w9d[3 su* pictures exi/ at ,*>tres1 ,b\rges1 ,ami5s1 & o!r places4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #be4--,,! ,,annunciation4 ,f ! ,m>iale ( ,ar*bi%op ,arne/us ( ,prague4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #acjj x began to be ! cu/om to repres5t ar*itectural effects ^u color$ w9d[s4 ,our cut is f a w9d[ at ,konigsfeld51 & w %[ exactly :at ,i mean 7,fig4 #bf74 ,?is /yle ( decoration 0 n z effective z ! e>li] ones _h be51 &1 inde$1 f ab\t ?is "t glass-pa9t+ became less satisfactory ?an be=e1 f ! fact t x _h m resemblance to panel-pa9t+1 & s lo/ a "p ( ! individuality :i* _h belong$ to x4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bf4--,,pa9t$ ,,w9d[ ,,at ,,konigsfeld54 ,wall-pa9t+s 7 r>e 9 ! ,go?ic p]iod1 = its ar*itecture left no good spaces :]e ! pictures c\ld be plac$1 & s ! int]ior pa9t+ ( ! *ur*es 0 almo/ entirely conf9$ to bord]s & decorative patt]ns scatt]$ "h & !re & us$ ) great effect4 ,9 ,g]many & ,engl& wall-pa9t+ 0 m us$ = ! decoration ( ca/les1 halls1 *amb]s1 & *apels2 b z a :ole mural pa9t+ 0 ( little importance at ?is "t 9 comp>ison ) its e>li] days4 ,ab\t ,a4,d4 #acej panel pictures began to be m num]\s1 & f ?is "t !re are vague acc\nts ( s*ools ( pa9t+ at ,prague & ,cologne1 & a few remnants exi/ :i* prove t su* works 7 execut$ 9 ,france & ,fl&]s2 b ,i %all pass ov] :at is (t5 call$ ! ,transitional ,p]iod1 by :i* we mean ! "t 9 :i* new influ5ces 7 beg9n+ to act1 & h]eaft] ,i w tell our /ory by giv+ acc\nts ( ! lives ( sep>ate pa9t]s2 = f ab\t ! middle ( ! ?irte5? c5tury x is possible to trace ! hi/ory ( pa9t+ ?r\gh ! /udy ( individual arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bg4--,,portrait ,,( ,,cimabue4 ,,giovanni ,,cimabue1 ! fir/ pa9t] ( :om ,i %all tell y1 0 born 9 ,flor5ce 9 #abdj4 ,he is sometimes call$ ! ,fa!r ( ,mod]n ,pa9t+1 because he 0 ! fir/ :o re/or$ t art to any degree ( ! beauty to :i* x _h atta9$ be=e ! ,d>k ,ages4 ,! ,cimabui 7 a noble family1 & ,giovanni 0 all[$ to foll[ 8 own ta/e1 & became a pa9t]2 he 0 also skill$ 9 mosaic "w1 & dur+ ! la/ ye>s ( 8 life held ! (fice ( ma/] ( ! mosaic work]s 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,pisa1 :]e "s ( 8 own mosaics /ill rema94 ,( 8 wall-pa9t+s ,i %all say no?+ except to tell y t ! f9e/ are 9 ! ,upp] ,*ur* at ,assisi1 :]e "o sees ! fir/ /ep 9 ! developm5t ( ! art ( ,tuscany4 ,b ,i wi% to tell ! /ory ( "o ( 8 panel pictures1 :i* is v int]e/+4 ,x is n[ 9 ! ,rucellai ,*apel ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 9 ,flor5ce1 & x is only j 9 me to say t if "o ( my read]s walk$ ?r\gh t *ur* & did n "k ab\t ?is picture1 x is d\btful if he w\ld /op to look at x--c]ta9ly he w\ld n admire x4 ,! /ory is t :5 ,cimabue 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s old he 0 busy 9 pa9t+ ?is picture ( ! ,madonna ,en?ron$1 & he w\ld n all[ any "o to see :at he 0 do+4 ,x happ5$1 h[ev]1 t ,*>les ( ,anj\1 be+ on 8 way to ,naples1 /opp$ 9 ,flor5ce1 :]e ! nobles did ev]y?+ 9 _! p[] = 8 ent]ta9m5t4 ,among o!r places !y took him to ! /udio ( ,cimabue1 :o uncov]$ 8 picture = ! fir/ "t4 ,_m p]sons !n flock$ to see x1 & 7 s l\d 9 _! joyful expressions ( admiration = x t ! "p ( ! city 9 :i* ! /udio 0 has s9ce be5 call$ ! ,borgo ,allegri1 or ! joy\s qu>t]4 ,:5 ! picture 0 complet$ ! day 0 celebrat$ z a fe/ival2 a procession 0 =m$2 b&s ( music play$ joyful airs2 ! magi/rates ( ,flor5ce honor$ ! occasion ) _! pres5ce2 & ! picture 0 borne 9 triumph to ! *ur*4 ,cimabue mu/ h be5 v happy at ?is great appreciation ( 8 art1 & f t "t he 0 fam\s 9 all ,italy4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bh4--,,! ,,madonna ,,( ,,! ,,*ur* ,,( ,,santa ,,m>ia ,,novella4 ,ano!r madonna by ?is ma/] is 9 ! ,academy ( ,flor5ce1 & "o attribut$ to him is 9 ! ,l\vre1 9 ,p>is4 ,cimabue di$ ab\t #acjb1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore1 or ! ,ca!dral ( ,flor5ce4 ,above 8 tomb ^! words 7 inscrib$3 ,cimabue ?\ght himself ma/] ( ! field ( pa9t+4 ,:ile liv+1 he 0 s4 ,n[ he holds 8 place among ! />s ( heav54 ,o!r arti/s :o 7 important 9 ?is e>ly "t ( ! revival ( pa9t+ 7 ,,&rea ,,tafi1 a mosai/ ( ,flor5ce1 ,,m>g>itone ,,( ,,arezzo1 ,,guido ,,( ,,si5a1 & ( ! same city ,,duccio1 ! son ( ,buon9segna4 ,?is la/ pa9t] fl\ri%$ f #abhb to #acbj2 8 alt>-piece = ! ,ca!dral ( ,si5a 0 also c>ri$ to its place 9 solemn procession1 ) ! s\nd ( trumpet1 drum1 & bell4 ,,giotto ,,di ,,bondone 0 ! next arti/ 9 :om we h an unusual int]e/4 ,he 0 born at ,del ,colle1 9 ! commune ( ,vespignano1 probably ab\t #abff1 ?\gh ! date is usually giv5 t5 ye>s lat]4 ,"o ( ! be/ reasons = call+ ,cimabue ! ,fa!r ( ,pa9t+ is t he act$ ! "p ( a fa!r to ,giotto1 :o prov$ to be s great an arti/ t f 8 "t pa9t+ made a rapid advance4 ,! /ory is t "o day :5 ,cimabue rode 9 ! valley ( ,vespignano he saw a %eph]d-boy :o 0 draw+ a portrait ( "o ( 8 %eep on a flat rock1 by means ( a po9t$ bit ( slate = a p5cil4 ,! sket* 0 s good t ,cimabue (f]$ to take ! boy to ,flor5ce1 & tea* him to pa9t4 ,! boy's fa!r cons5t$1 & h5ce=? ! little ,giotto liv$ ) ,cimabue1 :o in/ruct$ him 9 pa9t+1 & put him to /udy lett]s "u ,brunetto ,lat9i1 :o 0 also ! tea*] ( ! great poet1 ,dante4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #bi4--,,portrait ,,( ,,dante1 ,,pa9t$ ,,by ,,giotto4 ,! picture :i* we give "h is f ! e>lie/ "w by ,giotto ( :i* we h any k4 ,9 x 7 ! portraits ( ,dante1 ,lat9i1 & sev]al o!rs4 ,?is picture 0 pa9t$ on a wall ( ! ,pode/ at ,flor5ce1 & :5 ,dante 0 exil$ f t city 8 portrait 0 cov]$ ) :itewa%2 9 #ahda x 0 re/or$ to ! light1 hav+ be5 hidd5 = c5turies4 ,x is a preci\s mem5to ( ! fri5d%ip betwe5 ! great arti/ & ! div9e poet1 :o express$ 8 admiration ( ,giotto 9 ^! l9es3-- ,9 pa9t+ ,cimabue fa9 _h ?\ght ,to "l ! field2 n[ ,giotto has ! cry1 ,s t ! o!r's fame 9 %ade is br\ght4 ,giotto did mu* "w 9 ,flor5ce2 he also1 ab\t #acjj1 execut$ frescoes 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur* at ,assisi2 f #acjc-acjf he pa9t$ 8 beautiful pictures 9 ! ,cappella dell' ,ar5a1 at ,padua1 by :i* ! g5ius ( ,giotto is n[ mo/ fully %[n4 ,he work$ at ,rim9i also1 & ab\t #accj 0 employ$ by ,k+ ,rob]t ( ,naples1 :o conf]r$ _m honors ^u him1 & made him a memb] ( 8 own h\sehold4 ,9 #accd ,giotto 0 made ! *ief ma/] ( ! ca!dral works 9 ,flor5ce1 z well z ( ! city =tifications & all ar*itectural und]tak+s by ! city au?orities4 ,he held ?is high position b ?ree ye>s1 z he di$ on ,janu>y #h1 #accg4 ,giotto 0 also a great ar*itect1 z is well kn[n f 8 t[] 9 ,flor5ce1 = :i* he made all ! designs & a "p ( ! work+ models1 :ile "s ( ! sculptures & reliefs ^u x prove t he 0 skill$ 9 modell+ & c>v+4 ,he work$ 9 mosaics also1 & ! fam\s ,navicella1 9 ! ve/ibule ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome1 0 orig9ally made by him1 b has n[ be5 s mu* re/or$ t x is d\btful if any "p ( :at rema9s 0 done by ,giotto's h&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cj4--;,,giotto',s ,,campanile ,,& ,,! ,,duomo4 ,flor5ce4 ,! works ( ,giotto are too num]\s to be m5tion$ "h1 & 8 m]its z an arti/ too important to be discuss$ 9 our limits2 b 8 advance 9 pa9t+ 0 s great t he des]v$ ! great complim5t ( ,c5n9o1 :o said t ,giotto _h done or translat$ ! art ( pa9t+ f ,greek into ,lat94 ,i %all1 h[ev]1 tell y ( "o excell5t ?+ t he did1 :i* 0 to make ! repres5tation ( ! crucifix f> m ref9$ & ,*ri/-l ?an x _h ev] be54 ,be=e 8 "t e ef=t _h be5 made to picture physical agony alone4 ,giotto gave a g5tle face1 full ( suff]+1 x is true1 b also expressive ( t5d]ness & resignation1 & x w\ld n be easy to pa9t a bett] crucifix ?an ^? ( ?is ma/]4 ,9 p]son ,giotto 0 s ugly t 8 admir]s made jokes ab\t x2 b he 0 witty & attractive 9 conv]sation1 & s mode/ t 8 fri5ds 7 always glad to praise him :ile he liv$1 & s9ce 8 dea? 8 fame has be5 *]i%$ by all :o h writt5 ( him4 ,!re are _m anecdotes told ( ,giotto4 ,"o is t on a v hot day 9 ,naples1 ,k+ ,rob]t said to ! pa9t]1 ,giotto1 if ,i 7 y1 ,i w\ld leave "w1 & re/4 ,giotto quickly repli$1 ,s w\ld ,i1 sire1 if ,i 7 y4 ,:5 ! same k+ ask$ him to pa9t a picture :i* w\ld repres5t 8 k+dom1 ,giotto drew an ass be>+ a saddle on :i* 7 a cr[n & sceptre1 :ile at ! feet ( ! ass !re 0 a new saddle ) a %9+ new cr[n & sceptre1 at :i* ! ass 0 eag]ly smell+4 ,by ?is he int5d$ to %[ t ! ,neapolitans 7 s fickle t !y 7 always look+ = a new k+4 ,!re is a /ory :i* has be5 (t5 repeat$ :i* says1 t 9 ord] to pa9t 8 crucifixes s well1 he p]suad$ a man to be b\nd to a cross = an h\r z a model2 & :5 he _h him !re he /abb$ him1 9 ord] to see su* agony z he wi%$ to pa9t4 ,:5 ! ,pope saw ! picture he 0 s pleas$ ) x t he wi%$ to h x = 8 own *apel2 !n ,giotto confess$ :at he _h done1 & %[$ ! body ( ! dead man4 ,! ,pope 0 s angry t he ?reat5$ ! pa9t] ) ! same dea?1 ^u :i* ,giotto bru%$ ! picture ov] s t x seem$ to be de/roy$4 ,!n ! ,pope s regrett$ ! loss ( ! crucifix t he promis$ to p>don ,giotto if he w\ld pa9t him ano!r z good4 ,giotto exact$ ! promise 9 writ+1 & !n1 ) a wet sponge1 remov$ ! wa% he _h us$1 & ! picture 0 z good z be=e4 ,accord+ to tradition all fam\s crucifixes 7 drawn f ?is picture ev] aft]4 ,:5 ,boniface ,,viii4 s5t a mess5g] to invite ,giotto to ,rome1 ! mess5g] ask$ ,giotto to %[ him some?+ ( ! art :i* _h made him s fam\s4 ,giotto1 ) a p5cil1 by a s+le motion drew s p]fect a circle t x 0 ?\ght to be a miracle1 & ?is gave rise to a prov]b /ill mu* us$ 9 ,italy3--,piu tondo *e l',o di ,giotto1 or1 ,r\nd] ?an ! ,o ( ,giotto4 ,giotto _h a wife & eight *ildr51 ( :om no?+ is kn[n b t 8 son ,francesco became a pa9t]4 ,giotto di$ 9 #accg1 & 0 buri$ ) great honors 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,fiore4 ,lor5zo de ,m$ici erect$ a monum5t to 8 memory4 ,! pupils & foll[]s ( ,giotto 7 v num]\s1 & 7 call$ ,giottes*i2 among ^! ,,taddeo ,,gaddi1 & 8 son ,,agnolo1 are mo/ fam\s3 o!rs 7 ,,maso & ,,b]n>do ,,di ,,daddo2 b ,i %all n speak 9 detail ( ^! arti/s4 ,:ile ,giotto 0 mak+ ! art ( ,flor5ce fam\s1 !re 0 an arti/ 9 ,si5a :o rais$ ! s*ool ( t city to a place ( great honor4 ,?is 0 ,,simone ,,m>t9i1 :o liv$ f #abhc to #acdd1 & is (t5 call$ ,,simone ,,memmi because he m>ri$ a si/] ( ano!r pa9t]1 ,,lippo ,,memmi4 ,! mo/ important works ( ,simone :i* rema9 are at ,si5a 9 ! ,palazzo ,pubblico & 9 ! ,l[] ,*ur* at ,assisi4 ,!re is "o beautiful "w ( 8 9 ! ,royal ,in/itution1 at ,liv]pool1 :i* illu/rates ! text1 ,behold1 ?y fa!r & ,i h s\ght ,!e1 sorr[+4 ,:ile ! ,papal c\rt 0 at ,avignon1 9 #acch1 ,simone remov$ to t city4 ,"h he became ! fri5d ( ,petr>* & ( ,laura1 & has be5 prais$ by ?is poet z ,giotto 0 by ,dante4 ,ano!r em95t ,flor5t9e arti/ 0 ,,&rea ,,orcagna1 z he is call$1 ?\gh 8 real "n 0 ,,&rea ,,arcagnuolo ,,di ,,cione4 ,he 0 born ab\t #acbi1 & di$ ab\t #acfh4 ,x has long be5 ! cu/om to attribute to ,orcagna "s ( ! mo/ important frescoes 9 ! ,campo ,santo at ,pisa2 b x is s d\btful :e!r he work$ !re t ,i %all n speak ( !m4 ,8 fa!r 0 a goldsmi?1 & ,orcagna fir/ /udi$ 8 fa!r's craft2 he 0 also an ar*itect1 sculptor1 mosai/1 & poet1 z well z a pa9t]4 ,he made an advance 9 color & 9 ! pa9t+ ( atmosph]e t gives him high rank z a pa9t]2 z a sculptor1 8 tab]nacle 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,or ,san ,mi*ele speaks 8 praise4 ,mr4 ,c4 ,c4 ,p]k9s ?us describes x3 ,built ( :ite m>ble 9 ! ,go?ic /yle1 enri*$ ) e k9d ( ornam5t1 & /ori$ ) bas-reliefs illu/rative ( ! ,madonna's hi/ory f h] bir? to h] dea?1 x rises 9 /ately beauty t[>d ! ro( ( ! *ur*1 &1 :e!r consid]$ f an ar*itectural1 sculptural1 or symbolic po9t ( view1 mu/ excite ! w>me/ admiration 9 all :o c appreciate ! p]fect unity ( conception ?r\gh :i* its bas-reliefs1 /atuettes1 bu/s1 intaglios1 mosaics1 & incru/ations ( pietre dure1 gild$ glass1 & enamels are weld$ into a unique :ole4 ,b p]haps x is z an ar*itect t ,orcagna is mo/ int]e/+ to u1 = he x 0 :o made ! designs = ! ,loggia de ,lanzi 9 ,flor5ce4 ,?is 0 built z a place = public assembly1 & ! discussion ( ! topics ( ! day 9 ra9y wea!r2 x receiv$ its "n on acc\nt ( its ne>ness to ! ,g]man gu>d-h\se :i* 0 call$ t ( ! ,l&skne*ts 79 ,g]man71 or ,lanzi1 z x 0 giv5 9 ,italian4 ,orcagna probably di$ be=e ! ,loggia 0 complet$1 & 8 bro!r ,b]n>do succe$$ him z ar*itect ( ! commune4 ,?is ,loggia is "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ places 9 ,flor5ce1 fully 9 sight ( ! ,palazzo ,signoria1 ne> ! gall]y ( ! ,uffizi1 & itself ! /oreh\se ( preci\s works ( sculpture4 ,!re 7 also 9 ^! e>ly days ( ! f\rte5? c5tury s*ools ( art at ,bologna & ,mod5a2 b we "k s little ( !m 9 detail t ,i %all n attempt to give any acc\nt ( !m "h1 b w pass to ! e>ly arti/s :o may be said to belong to ! true ,r5aissance 9 ,italy4 ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,italy1 ,,f ,,! ,,beg9n+ ,,( ,,! ,,r5aissance ,,to ,,! ,,pres5t ,,c5tury4 ,! reawak5+ ( ,art 9 ,italy :i* foll[$ ! d>kness ( ! ,middle ,ages1 dates f ab\t ! beg9n+ ( ! fifte5? c5tury & is call$ ! ,r5aissance4 ,! ,italians h a me?od ( reckon+ ! c5turies :i* diff]s f ours4 ,?us we call #ahjj ! fir/ ye> ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 b !y call x ! fir/ ( ! eighte5?2 s ! pa9t]s ( :at 0 to u ! fifte5? c5tury are call$ by ,italians ! quattroc5ti/i1 or m5 ( ! f\rte5? c5tury1 & :ile to u ! t]m c9quec5to means ! /yle ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 to ! ,italians ! same c5tury1 :i* beg9s ) #aejj1 is ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,i %all use our own me?od ( reckon+ 9 my writ+2 b ?is fact %\ld be kn[n to all :o read or /udy art4 ,! fir/ pa9t] ( :om ,i %all n[ speak is kn[n to u z ,,fra ,,angelico4 ,8 "n 0 ,guido1 ! son ( ,pietro1 & he 0 born at ,vic*io 9 ! prov9ce ( ,mugello1 9 ! ye> #achg4 ,we "k t 8 family 0 9 su* circum/ances t ! "y ,guido c\ld h l$ a life ( ease2 b he e>ly det]m9$ to become a prea*+ fri>4 ,meantime1 ev5 z a boy1 he %[$ 8 ta/e = art1 & !re are six ye>s 9 8 life1 f ! age ( f\rte5 to tw5ty1 ( :i* no "o c tell ! /ory4 ,h[ev]1 f :at foll[$ x is pla9 t dur+ ?is "t he mu/ some:]e h devot$ himself to ! /udy ( pa9t+ & to prep>ation = 8 life z a monk4 ,be=e he 0 fully tw5ty ye>s old1 he ent]$ ! conv5t at ,fiesole1 & took ! "n ( ,fra1 or ,bro!r ,giovanni2 soon aft]1 8 eld] bro!r jo9$ him !re1 & became ,fra ,b5$etto4 ,lat] on our arti/ 0 call$ ,fra ,angelico1 & aga9 ,il ,beato ,angelico1 & !n1 accord+ to ,italian cu/om1 ! "n ( ! t[n f :i* he came 0 add$1 s t he 0 at la/ call$ ,il ,beato ,giovanni1 detto ,angelico1 da ,fiesole1 :i* means1 ,! ,bless$ ,john1 call$ ! ,angelic1 ( ,fiesole4 ,! title ,il ,beato is usually conf]r$ by ! *ur*1 b x 0 giv5 to ,fra ,angelico by ! p1 because ( 8 sa9tly "* & works4 ,x 0 9 #adjg t ,fra ,angelico 0 admitt$ to ! conv5t 9 ,fiesole1 & aft] sev5 ye>s ( peaceful life !re he 0 oblig$ to flee ) 8 companions to ,foligno4 ,x 0 at ! "t :5 ?ree diff]5t popes claim$ ! au?ority ov] ! ,*ur* ( ,rome1 & ! city ( ,flor5ce decl>$ itself 9 favor ( ,alex&] ,v42 b ! monks ( ,fiesole adh]$ to ,gregory ,,xii41 & = ?is reason 7 driv5 f _! conv5t4 ,six ye>s !y dwelt at ,foligno2 !n ! plague broke out 9 ! c\ntry ab\t !m1 & aga9 !y fl$ to ,cortona4 ,pictures pa9t$ by ,fra ,angelico at ?is "t /ill rema9 9 ! *ur*es ( ,cortona4 ,aft] an abs5ce ( t5 ye>s ! monks return$ to ,fiesole1 :]e our arti/ pass$ ! next eighte5 ye>s4 ,?is 0 ! ri*e/ p]iod ( 8 life3 8 en]gy 0 untir+1 & 8 zeal bo? z an arti/ & z a prie/ burn$ ) a /eady fire4 ,8 works 7 s\ght = f> & wide1 & mo/ ( 8 easel-pictures 7 pa9t$ dur+ ?is "t4 ,fra ,angelico w\ld nev] accept ! money :i* 0 paid = 8 "w2 x 0 giv5 into ! treasury ( 8 conv5t2 nei!r did he accept any commission )\t ! cons5t ( ! prior4 ,naturally1 ! monk-arti/ execut$ works = ! adornm5t ( 8 own conv5t4 ,"s ( ^! h be5 sold & c>ri$ to o!r cities & c\ntries1 & ^? :i* rema9 h be5 too mu* injur$ & too mu* re/or$ to be consid]$ important n[4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ca4--;,,fra ,,angelico4 ,f ! repres5tation ( him 9 ! fresco ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t1 by ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 9 ,santa ,m>ia ,nuova1 ,flor5ce4 ,he pa9t$ s _m pictures dur+ ?is second resid5ce at ,fiesole1 n only = public places1 b = private citiz5s1 t ,vas>i wrote3 ,?is ,fa!r pa9t$ s _m pictures1 :i* are disp]s$ ?r\gh ! h\ses ( ! ,flor5t9es1 t sometimes ,i am lo/ 9 wond] :5 ,i ?9k h[ works s good & s _m c\ld1 ?\gh 9 ! c\rse ( _m ye>s1 h be5 br\ght to p]fection by "o man alone4 ,9 #adcf ! great ,cosimo de ,m$ici insi/$ t ! monks ( ,fiesole %\ld aga9 leave _! conv5t1 & remove to t ( ,san ,m>co1 9 ,flor5ce4 ,mo/ unwill+ly ! bre?r5 submitt$1 & imm$iately ,cosimo set ar*itects & build]s to "w to erect a new conv5t1 = ! old "o 0 9 a ru9\s /ate4 ,! new cloi/]s (f]$ a noble field to ! g5ius ( ,fra ,angelico1 & he labor$ = _! decoration ) 8 :ole s\l2 ?\gh ! rule ( ! ord] 0 s /rict t ! pictures 9 ! cells c\ld be se5 only by ! monks1 he put all 8 skill into !m1 & labor$ z devot$ly z if ! :ole _w c\ld see & praise !m1 z inde$ has s9ce be5 done4 ,8 pictures 9 ?is conv5t are s num]\s t we mu/ n describe !m1 b w say t ! ,crucifixion 9 ! *apt]-room is usually call$ 8 ma/]piece4 ,x is ne>ly tw5ty-five feet squ>e1 &1 besides ! usual figures 9 ?is subject1 ! ,savi\r & ! ?ieves1 ) ! execution]s1 !re are holy wom51 ! f\nd]s ( v>i\s ord]s1 ! patrons ( ! conv5t1 & companies ( sa9ts4 ,9 ! frame !re are m$allions ) sev]al sa9ts & a ,sibyl1 ea* be>+ an inscription f ! prophecies relat+ to ,*ri/'s dea?2 :ile bel[ all1 ,/4 ,dom9ic1 ! f\nd] ( ! arti/'s ord]1 be>s a g5ealogical tree ) _m portraits ( ^? :o _h be5 em95t among 8 foll[]s4 ,= ?is reason ?is picture has great hi/oric value4 ,at la/1 9 #adde1 ,pope ,eug5ius ,,iv41 :o _h d$icat$ ! new conv5t ( ,san ,m>co & se5 ! works ( ,angelico1 summon$ him to ,rome4 ,x is said t ! ,pope n only wi%$ = "s ( 8 pa9t+s1 b he also desir$ to honor ,angelico by giv+ him ! ar*bi%opric ( ,flor5ce2 b :5 ?is high position 0 (f]$ him1 ,fra ,angelico w\ld n accept ( x3 he decl>$ himself unequal to its duties1 & begg$ ! ,pope to appo9t ,fra ,anton9o 9 8 /ead4 ,?is reque/ 0 grant$1 & ,angelico w5t on ) 8 "w z be=e1 9 all humility fulfill+ 8 heav5-born mission to lead m5 to bett] lives ?r\gh ! sweet influ5ce ( 8 div9e art4 ,! honor :i* _h be5 t5d]$ him 0 great--"o :i* ! noble/ m5 7 /riv+ =--b if he realiz$ ?is he did n regret 8 decision1 nei!r 0 he made bold or va9 by ! royal tribute :i* ! ,pope _h paid him4 ,f ?is "t ! mo/ important works ( ,fra ,angelico 7 done 9 ! *apel ( ,pope ,ni*olas ,v41 9 ! ,vatican1 & 9 ! *apel :i* he decorat$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,orvieto4 ,he work$ !re "o summ]1 & ! "w 0 cont9u$ by ,luca ,signorelli4 ,! rema9d] ( 8 life 0 pass$ s quietly t little c be told ( x4 ,x is n ev5 kn[n ) c]ta9ty :e!r he ev] return$ to ,flor5ce1 & by "s /range fate ! key to ! *apel :i* he pa9t$ 9 ! ,vatican 0 lo/ dur+ two c5turies1 & ! pictures c\ld only be se5 by ent]+ ?r\gh a w9d[4 ,?us x w\ld seem t 8 la/ ye>s 7 pass$ 9 ! quiet "w :i* he be/ lov$4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cb4--;,,an ,,angel4 ,9 ! ,uffizi1 ,flor5ce4 ,by ,fra ,angelico4 ,:5 8 f9al illness 0 ^u him1 ! bre?r5 ( ,santa ,m>ia ,sopra ,m9]va1 :]e he resid$1 ga!r$ ab\t him1 & *ant$ ! ,salve ,reg9a4 ,he di$ on ! #ah? ( ,febru>y1 #adee1 :5 sixty-sev5 ye>s old4 ,8 tomb/one is 9 ! *ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,sopra ,m9]va1 9 ,rome2 on x lies ! figure ( a ,dom9ican monk 9 m>ble4 ,pope ,ni*olas ,v4 wrote 8 epitaph 9 ,lat94 ,! foll[+ translation is by ,pr(essor ,norton3 ,n m9e be ! praise t ,i 0 a second ,apelles1 ,b t ,i gave all my ga9s to ?9e1 ,o ,*ri/6 ,"o "w is = ! e>?1 ano!r = heav54 ,! city1 ! ,fl[] ( ,tuscany1 bore me--,john4 ,9 ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,m>co 9 ,flor5ce !re are tw5ty-five pictures by ?is ma/]2 9 ! ,academy ( ,flor5ce !re are ab\t sixty2 !re are elev5 9 ! *apel ( ,ni*olas ,v41 & /ill o!rs 9 ! ,vatican gall]y4 ,! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 ,flor5ce1 ! ,ca!dral ( ,orvieto1 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,dom5ico 9 ,p]ugia1 & t ( ,cortona1 are all ri* 9 8 works4 ,besides ^! a few exi/ 9 "s ( ! pr9cipal ,european gall]ies2 b ,i love be/ to see !m 9 ,san ,m>co1 :]e he pa9t$ !m = 8 bre?r51 & :]e !y seem mo/ at home4 ,! *ief m]it ( ! pictures ( ,fra ,angelico is ! sweet & t5d] expression ( ! faces ( 8 angels & sa9ts1 or any be+s :o are holy & good2 he nev] succe$$ 9 pa9t+ evil & s9 9 su* a way z to t]rify "o2 8 g5tle nature did n p]mit him to repres5t t :i* x c\ld n compreh5d1 & ! v _s ( purity seems to brea! ?r\gh e picture4 ,two o!r ,flor5t9e arti/s ( ! same era ) ,fra ,angelico 7 ,,masol9o1 ^: real "n 0 ,,panicale1 & ,,tommaso ,,guidi1 call$ ,,masaccio on acc\nt ( 8 want ( neatness4 ,! /yle ( ^! two ma/]s 0 mu* ! same1 b ,masaccio became s mu* ! great] t little is said ( ,masol9o4 ,! pr9cipal works ( ,masaccio are a s]ies ( frescoes 9 ! ,brancacci ,*apel 9 ,flor5ce4 ,!y repres5t ,! ,expulsion f ,p>adise1 ,! ,tribute ,money1 ,pet] ,baptiz+1 ,pet] ,cur+ ! ,bl9d & ,lame1 ,! ,dea? ( ,ananias1 ,simon ,magus1 & ! ,resuscitation ( ! ,k+'s ,son4 ,!re is a fresco by ,masol9o 9 ! same *apel2 x is ,! ,prea*+ ( ,pet]4 ,masaccio 0 9 fact a rem>kable pa9t]4 ,"s "o has said t he seem$ to hold ,giotto by "o h&1 & rea* =w>d to ,raphael ) ! o!r2 & consid]+ ! pictures :i* 7 pa9t$ be=e 8 "t1 8 works are z wond]ful z ,raphael's are beautiful4 ,he di$ 9 #adbi4 ,,paolo ,,uccello 7#acif-adgi7 & ,,filippo ,,lippi 7#adab-adfi7 7 also good pa9t]s1 & ,,s&ro ,,botticelli 7#addg-aeae71 a pupil ( ,filippo1 0 call$ ! be/ ,flor5t9e pa9t] ( 8 "t4 ,,fillip9o ,,lippi 7#adfj-aeje7 0 a pupil ( ,botticelli & a v important arti/4 ,,&rea ,,v]roc*io1 ,,lor5zo ,,di ,,cr$i1 & ,,antonio ,,pollajuolo 7 all good pa9t]s ( ! ,flor5t9e s*ool ( ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,( ! same p]iod 0 ,,dom5ico ,,ghirl&ajo 7#addi-adid71 :o ranks v high on acc\nt ( 8 skill 9 ! composition ( 8 works & z a colori/4 ,he made 8 pictures v int]e/+ also to ^? ( 8 own "t1 & to ^? ( lat] days1 by introduc+ portraits ( c]ta9 citiz5s ( ,flor5ce into pictures :i* he pa9t$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella & o!r public places 9 ! city4 ,he did n usually make !m actors 9 ! sc5e he repres5t$1 b plac$ !m 9 deta*$ gr\ps z if !y 7 look+ at ! picture !mselves4 ,:ile 8 sc5es 7 laid 9 ! /reets kn[n to u1 & 8 ar*itecture 0 famili>1 he did n run into ! fanta/ic or lose ! picturesque effect :i* is always pleas+4 ,)\t be+ "o ( ! greate/ ( ! ,italian ma/]s ,ghirl&ajo 0 a v important pa9t]4 ,he 0 also a tea*] ( ! great ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,o!r prom95t ,flor5t9e pa9t]s ( ! close ( ! fifte5? c5tury 7 ,,francisco ,,granacci 7#adgg-aedc71 ,,luca ,,signorelli 7#adda-aeba71 ,,b5ozzo ,,gozzoli 7#adbd-adhe71 & ,,cosimo ,,rosselli 7#adci-aejf74 ,"s good pa9t]s work$ 9 ,v5ice f ! la/ half ( ! f\rte5? c5tury2 b ,i %all beg9 to speak ( ! ,v5etian s*ool ) "s acc\nt ( ! ,bell9i4 ,! fa!r ( ?is family 0 ,,jacopo ,,bell9i 7#acie-adgj71 & 8 sons 7 ,,g5tile ,,bell9i 7#adba-aejg7 & ,,giovanni ,,bell9i 7#adbf-aeaf74 ,! sket*-book ( ! fa!r is "o ( ! treasures ( ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x has #ii pages1 #ag by #ac in*es 9 size1 & conta9s sket*es ( almo/ ev]y?+--/ill & animal life1 nature1 anci5t sculpture1 build+s & human figures1 /ories ( ! ,scriptures1 ( my?ology1 & ( ! lives ( ! sa9ts are all illu/rat$ 9 its sket*es1 z well z hawk+ p>ties1 village sc5es1 apes1 eagles1 dogs1 & cats4 ,9 ?is book ! excell5ce ( 8 draw+ is se52 b s few ( 8 works rema9 t we _c judge ( him z a colori/4 ,x is c]ta9 t he laid ! f\ndation ( ! excell5ce ( ! ,v5etian s*ool1 :i* 8 son ,giovanni & ! great ,titian c>ri$ to p]fection4 ,! eld] son1 ,g5tile1 0 a good arti/1 & ga9$ su* a reputation by 8 pictures 9 ! great c\ncil-*amb] ( ,v5ice1 t :51 9 #adgi1 ,sultan ,mehemet1 ! conqu]or ( ,con/ant9ople1 s5t to ,v5ice = a good pa9t]1 ! ,doge s5t to him ,g5tile ,bell9i4 ,) him he s5t two assi/ants1 & gave him honorable conduct 9 galleys belong+ to ! ,/ate4 ,9 ,con/ant9ople ,g5tile 0 mu* honor$1 & he pa9t$ ! portraits ( _m rem>kable p4 ,at l5g? x happ5$ t :5 he _h f9i%$ a picture ( ! head ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 9 a *>g]1 & %[$ x to ! ,sultan1 t rul] said t ! neck 0 n well pa9t$1 & :5 he saw t ,g5tile did n agree ) him he call$ a slave & _h 8 head in/antly /ruck (f1 to prove to ! arti/ :at w\ld be ! true action ( ! muscles "u su* circum/ances4 ,?is act made ,g5tile unwill+ to rema9 ne> ! ,sultan1 & aft] a ye> 9 8 s]vice he return$ home4 ,mehemet1 at p>t+1 gave him _m gifts1 & begg$ him to ask = :atev] w\ld be/ please him4 ,g5tile ask$ b = a lett] ( praise to ! ,doge & ,signoria ( ,v5ice4 ,aft] 8 return to ,v5ice he work$ mu* 9 company ) 8 bro!r4 ,x is said t ,titian /udi$ ) ,g5tile3 x is c]ta9 t he 0 always occupi$ ) important commissions1 & work$ until ! day ( 8 dea?1 :5 he 0 m ?an eighty ye>s old4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cc4--;,,*ri/4 ,by ,gio4 ,bell9i4 ,b ,giovanni ,bell9i 0 ! greate/ ( 8 family1 & mu/ /& z ! f\nd] ( true ,v5etian pa9t+4 ,8 works may be divid$ into two p]iods1 ^? t 7 done be=e1 & ^? aft] he le>n$ ! use ( oil colors4 ,8 ma/]pieces1 :i* c /ill be se5 9 ! ,academy & ! *ur*es ( ,v5ice1 7 pa9t$ aft] he 0 sixty-five ye>s old4 ,! works ( ,giovanni ,bell9i are num]\s 9 ,v5ice1 & are also se5 9 ! pr9cipal gall]ies ( ,europe4 ,he did n pa9t a great v>iety ( subjects1 nei!r 0 8 imag9ation v poetical1 b !re 0 a moral beauty 9 8 figures2 he seems to h made humanity z elevat$ z x c be1 & to h /opp$ j on ! l9e :i* sep>ates e>?ly excell5ce f ! heav5ly4 ,he (t5 pa9t$ ! s+le figure ( ,*ri/1 ( :i* ,lbke says3 ,by gr& nobl5ess ( expression1 solemn be>+1 & an excell5t arrangem5t ( ! drap]y1 he rea*$ a dignity :i* has r>ely be5 surpass$4 ,ne> ! close ( 8 life he pa9t$ a few subjects :i* repres5t gay & fe/ive sc5es1 & are m y\?ful 9 _s ?an ! works ( 8 e>li] ye>s4 ,! two bro!rs 7 buri$ side by side1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo1 9 ,v5ice4 ,!re 7 also good pa9t]s 9 ,padua1 ,f]r>a1 & ,v]ona 9 ! fifte5? c5tury4 ,,&rea ,,mantegna1 ( ,padua 7#adcj-aejf71 0 a v important arti/4 ,he sp5t ! be/ "p ( 8 life 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,duke ( ,mantua2 b 8 influ5ce 0 felt 9 all ,italy1 = 8 m>riage ) ! daught] ( ,jacopo ,bell9i br\ght him into relations ) _m arti/s4 ,8 s]vices 7 s\ght by v>i\s sov]eigns1 ^: (f]s he refus$ until ,pope ,innoc5t ,,viii4 summon$ him to ,rome to pa9t a *apel 9 ! ,vatican4 ,aft] two ye>s !re he return$ to ,mantua1 :]e he di$4 ,8 pictures are 9 all l>ge collections2 8 f9e/ works are madonnas at ! ,l\vre1 ,p>is1 & 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,z5o at ,v]ona4 ,mantegna 0 a f9e engrav] also1 & 8 plates are n[ v valuable4 ,9 ! ,umbrian s*ool ,pietro ,p]ug9o 7#addf-aebd7 0 a notable pa9t]2 he 0 important on acc\nt ( 8 own "w1 & because he 0 ! ma/] ( ! great ,raphael4 ,8 pictures 7 simple & dev\t 9 _! _s1 & brilliant 9 color2 9 fact1 he is consid]$ z ! f\nd] ( ! /yle :i* ,raphael p]fect$4 ,8 works are 9 ! pr9cipal gall]ies ( ,europe1 & he _h _m foll[]s ( :om we h n space to speak4 ,,francisco ,,francia 7#adej-aeah7 0 ! f\nd] ( ! s*ool ( ,bologna4 ,8 true "n 0 ,francisco di ,m>co ,raibol9i1 & he 0 a goldsmi? ( repute be=e he 0 a pa9t]4 ,he 0 also ma/] ( ! m9t to ! ,b5tivoglio & to ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 at ,bologna4 ,x is n possible to say :5 he began to pa9t2 b 8 e>lie/ kn[n "w is dat$ #adij or #adid1 & is 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,bologna4 ,8 pictures resemble ^? ( ,p]ug9o & ,raphael1 & x is said t he di$ ( sorr[ because he felt himself s inf]ior to ! great pa9t] ( ,urb9o4 ,raphael s5t 8 ,/4 ,cecilia to ,francia1 & ask$ him to c>e = x & see x hung 9 its place2 he did s1 b did n live long aft] ?is4 ,x is well kn[n t ^! two ma/]s 7 good fri5ds & correspond$1 b x is n c]ta9 t !y ev] met4 ,francia's pictures are num]\s2 8 portraits are excell5t4 ,_m ( 8 works are /ill 9 ,bologna4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cd4--,,madonna4 ,by ,p]ug9o4 ,9 ! ,pitti ,gall]y1 ,flor5ce4 ,we come n[ to "o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ma/]s ( ,italy1 ,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci 7#adeb-aeai71 ! head ( ! ,lomb>d or ,milanese s*ool4 ,he 0 n ! equal ( ! great ma/]s1 ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 & ,titian2 b he /&s betwe5 !m & ! pa9t]s :o prec$$ him or ^? ( 8 own day4 ,9 "s respects1 h[ev]1 he 0 ! mo/ extraord9>y man ( 8 "t4 ,8 tal5ts 7 _m-sid$2 = he 0 n only a great arti/1 b also a f9e s*ol> 9 ma!matics & me*anics2 he wrote poetry & compos$ music1 & 0 ) all ?is s attractive p]sonally1 & s brilliant 9 8 mann]1 t he 0 a favorite :]ev] he w5t4 ,x is probable t ?is v]satility prev5t$ 8 be+ v great 9 any "o ?+1 :ile he 0 rem>kable 9 _m ?+s4 ,:5 /ill v "y ,leon>do %[$ 8 arti/ic tal5t4 ,! pap] ^u :i* he work$ out 8 sums 0 frequ5tly bord]$ ) little pictures :i* he drew :ile ?9k+ on 8 lessons1 & ^! sket*es at la/ attract$ 8 fa!r's att5tion1 & he %[$ !m to 8 fri5d ,&rea ,v]roc*io1 an arti/ ( ,flor5ce1 :o advis$ t ! boy %\ld become a pa9t]4 ,accord+ly1 9 #adgj1 :5 eighte5 ye>s old1 ,leon>do 0 plac$ "u ! c>e ( ,v]roc*io1 :o 0 l a k9d fa!r to 8 pupils3 he 0 n only a pa9t]1 b also an ar*itect & sculptor1 a musician & a geomet]1 & he especially excell$ 9 mak+ exquisite cups ( gold & silv]1 crucifixes & /atuettes su* z 7 9 great dem& = ! use ( ! prie/hood 9 ^? days4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ce4--,,leon>do ,,da ,,v9ci4 ,f a draw+ 9 r$ *alk by himself4 ,9 ! ,royal ,libr>y1 ,tur94 ,pietro ,p]ug9o 0 a fell[-pupil ) ,leon>do1 & !y two soon surpass$ _! ma/] 9 pa9t+1 & at la/1 :5 ,v]roc*io 0 pa9t+ a picture = ! monks ( ,vallambrosa1 & desir$ ,leon>do to execute an angel 9 x1 ! "w ( 8 pupil 0 s mu* bett] ?an 8 own t ! old pa9t] desir$ to ?r[ 8 bru% aside =ev]4 ,! picture is n[ 9 ! ,academy ( ,flor5ce1 & repres5ts ,! ,baptism ( ,*ri/4 ,) all 8 ref9em5t & sweetness1 ,leon>do _h a lik+ = ! horrible4 ,x once happ5$ t a c\ntryman br\ght to 8 fa!r a circul> piece ( wood cut f a fig-tree1 & desir$ to h x pa9t$ = a %ield2 x 0 h&$ ov] to ,leon>do1 :o collect$ 9 8 room a numb] ( liz>ds1 snakes1 bats1 h$gehogs1 & o!r frightful creatures1 & f ^! pa9t$ an unkn[n mon/] hav+ c]ta9 *>act]i/ics ( ! horrid ?+s he _h ab\t him4 ,! hide\s creature 0 surr\nd$ by fire1 & 0 brea?+ out flames4 ,:5 8 fa!r saw x he ran away 9 a fright1 & ,leon>do 0 greatly pleas$ at ?is4 ,! c\ntryman receiv$ an ord9>y %ield1 & ?is ,rotello del ,fico 7or %ield ( fig-tree wood7 0 sold to a m]*ant = "o hundr$ ducats1 & aga9 to ! ,duke ( ,milan = ?ree times t sum4 ,?is %ield has n[ be5 lo/ = m ?an ?ree c5turies2 b ano!r horror1 ! ,m$usa's ,head1 is 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y 9 ,flor5ce1 & is a head surr\nd$ by int]lac+ s]p5ts1 ! eyes be+ glassy & dea?like & ! m\? mo/ revolt+ 9 expression4 ,:ile 9 ,flor5ce ,leon>do accompli%$ mu*1 b 0 at times div]t$ f 8 pa9t+ by 8 love ( sci5ce1 sometimes mak+ /udies 9 a/ronomy & aga9 9 natural hi/ory & botany2 he also w5t mu* into society1 & liv$ extravagantly4 ,he _h ! p[] to rememb] faces t he _h se5 accid5tally1 & c\ld make f9e portraits f memory2 he 0 also accu/om$ to invite to 8 h\se p f ! l[] classes2 he w\ld amuse !m :ile he sket*$ _! faces1 mak+ good portraits at times1 & aga9 ridicul\s c>icatures4 ,he ev5 w5t s f>1 = ! sake ( 8 art1 z to accompany crim9als to ! place ( execution1 9 ord] to /udy _! expressions4 ,aft] a "t ,leon>do wi%$ to secure "s fix$ income1 & wrote to ! ,duke ( ,milan1 ,ludovico ,s=za1 call$ ,il ,moro1 (f]+ 8 s]vices to t pr9ce4 ,?is result$ 9 8 go+ to ,milan1 :]e he receiv$ a g5]\s sal>y1 & became v popul> ) ! ,duke & all ! c\rt1 bo? z a pa9t] & z a g5tleman4 ,! ,duke gov]n$ z ! reg5t = 8 "y nephew1 & ga!r$ ab\t him tal5t$ m5 = ! b5efit ( ! "y pr9ce4 ,he also l$ a gay life1 & 8 c\rt 0 ! sc5e ( con/ant fe/ivities4 ,leon>do's v>i$ tal5ts 7 v useful to ! ,duke2 he c\ld assi/ him 9 ev]y?+--by advice at 8 c\ncil1 by plans = adorn+ 8 city1 by music & poetry 9 8 leisure h\rs1 & by pa9t+ ! portraits ( 8 favorites4 ,"s ( ^! la/ are n[ fam\s pictures--t ( ,lucrezia ,crevelli is believ$ to be 9 ! ,l\vre at ,p>is1 :]e x is call$ ,la ,belle ,f]ronire4 ,! ,duke conf]r$ a great honor on ,leon>do by *oos+ him to be ! f\nd] & director ( an academy :i* he _h long wi%$ to e/abli%4 ,x 0 call$ ! ,academia ,leon>di ,v9ci1 & _h = its purpose ! br++ toge!r ( di/+ui%$ arti/s & m5 ( lett]s4 ,leon>do 0 appo9t$ sup]9t5d5t ( all ! ftes & ent]ta9m5ts giv5 by ! c\rt1 & 9 ?is dep>tm5t he did "s m>vell\s ?+s4 ,he also sup]9t5d$ a great "w 9 eng9e]+ :i* he br\ght to p]fection1 to ! wond] ( all ,italy3 x 0 no less an und]tak+ ?an br++ ! wat]s ( ! ,adda f ,mortisana to ,milan1 a di/ance ( ne>ly two hundr$ miles4 ,9 spite ( all ^! occupations ! arti/ f\nd "t to /udy anatomy & to write "s valuable works4 ,at l5g? ,il ,moro became ! e/abli%$ duke1 & at 8 brilliant c\rt ,leon>do l$ a mo/ agreeable life2 b he 0 s occupi$ ) _m ?+s t he pa9t$ comp>atively few pictures4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cf4--,,! ,,la/ ,,supp]4 ,by ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,at l5g? ! ,duke desir$ him to pa9t a picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp] on ! wall ( ! refectory 9 ! ,conv5t ( ! ,madonna delle ,grazie4 ,?is 0 8 greate/ "w 9 ,milan & a wond]ful ma/]piece4 ,x 0 comm5c$ ab\t #adif1 & 0 f9i%$ 9 a v %ort "t4 ,we mu/ n[ judge ( x f copies & engrav+s1 = x has be5 s injur$ z to give no satisfaction to "o :o sees x4 ,"s good copies 7 made be=e x 0 ?us ru9$1 & num]\s engrav+s make x famili> to all ! _w4 ,a copy 9 ! ,royal ,academy1 ,london1 0 made by "o ( ,leon>do's pupils1 & is ! size ( ! orig9al4 ,x is said t ! prior ( ! conv5t compla9$ to ! ,duke ( ! l5g? ( "t ! arti/ 0 sp5d+ ^u ?is picture2 :5 ! ,duke que/ion$ ! pa9t] he said t he 0 greatly tr\bl$ to f9d a face :i* pleas$ him = t ( ,judas ,isc>iot2 he add$ t he 0 will+ to all[ ! prior to sit = ?is figure & ?us ha/5 ! "w2 ?is answ] pleas$ ! ,duke & sil5c$ ! prior4 ,aft] a "t mis=tunes ov]took ! ,duke1 & ,leon>do 0 r$uc$ to pov]ty2 f9ally ,il ,moro 0 imprison$2 & 9 #aejj ,leon>do return$ to ,flor5ce1 :]e he 0 honorably receiv$4 ,he 0 n happy "h1 h[ev]1 = he 0 n ! "o important arti/4 ,he _h be5 abs5t n9ete5 ye>s1 & great *anges _h tak5 place2 ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael 7 j becom+ fam\s1 & !y ) o!r arti/s welcom$ ,leon>do1 = 8 fame _h rea*$ !m f ,milan4 ,h[ev]1 he pa9t$ "s f9e pictures at ?is "t2 among !m 7 ! ,adoration ( ! ,k+s1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 & a portrait ( ,g9evra ,b5ci1 also 9 ! same gall]y4 ,?is lady mu/ h be5 v beautiful2 ,ghirl&ajo introduc$ h] portrait into two ( 8 frescoes4 ,b ! mo/ rem>kable portrait 0 t kn[n z ,mona ,lisa del ,giocondo1 :i* is 9 ! ,l\vre1 & is call$ by "s critics ! f9e/ "w ( ?is ma/]4 ,! lady 0 ! wife ( ,francesco del ,giocondo1 a lovely woman1 & "s suppose t %e 0 v de> to ,leon>do4 ,he work$ ^u x = f\r ye>s1 & /ill ?\ght x unf9i%$3 ! face has a deep1 ?\ghtful expression--! eyelids are a little we>y1 p]haps1 & ?r\gh x all !re is a sugge/ion ( some?+ n q und]/ood--a my/]y3 ! h&s are graceful & ( p]fect =m1 & ! rocky backgr\nd gives an unusual fasc9ation to ! :ole picture4 ,leon>do mu/ h lov$ ! picture himself1 & x is n /range t he lavi%$ m "t ^u x ?an he gave to ! great picture ( ! ,la/ ,supp] 7,fig4 #cg74 ,leon>do sold ?is picture to ,francis ,i4 = n9e ?\s& doll>s1 :i* 0 !n an enorm\s sum1 ?\gh n[ "o c\ld sc>cely fix a price ^u x4 ,9 #ahfj ! ,emp]or ( ,russia paid twelve ?\s& doll>s = a ,/4 ,seba/ian by ,leon>do1 & 9 #ahfe a madonna by him 0 sold 9 ,p>is = ab\t sixte5 ?\s& doll>s4 ,( c\rse 8 pictures are r>ely sold2 b1 :5 !y are1 great sums are giv5 = !m4 ,9 #aejb ,cs> ,borgia appo9t$ ,leon>do 8 eng9e] & s5t him to travel ?r\gh ,c5tral ,italy to inspect 8 =tresses2 b ?is usurp] soon fl$ to ,spa91 & 9 #aejc our pa9t] 0 aga9 9 ,flor5ce4 ,9 #aejd 8 fa!r di$4 ,f #aejg to #aeab ,leon>do 0 at ! summit ( 8 greatness4 ,l\is ,,xii4 appo9t$ him 8 pa9t]1 & he labor$ = ?is mon>* also to improve ! wat]-works ( ,milan4 ,= sev5 ye>s he dwelt at ,milan1 mak+ frequ5t j\rneys to ,flor5ce4 ,b ! political tr\bles ( ! "t made ,lomb>dy an uncong5ial home = any arti/1 & ,leon>do1 ) a few pupils1 w5t to ,flor5ce & !n on to ,rome4 ,pope ,leo ,x4 receiv$ him cordially en\gh1 & told him to "w = ! glory ( ,god1 ,italy1 ,leo ,x41 & ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,b ,leon>do 0 n happy 9 ,rome1 :]e ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael 7 9 great favor1 & :5 ,francis ,i4 made 8 successes 9 ,italy 9 #aeae1 ,leon>do ha/5$ to ,lomb>dy to meet him4 ,! new k+ ( ,france re/or$ him to ! (fice to :i* ,l\is ,,xii4 _h appo9t$ him1 & gave him an annual p5sion ( sev5 hundr$ gold cr[ns4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #cg4--,,mona ,,lisa4--,,la ,,belle ,,joconde4 ,:5 ,francis return$ to ,france he desir$ to cut out ! wall on :i* ! ,la/ ,supp] 0 pa9t$1 & c>ry x to 8 own c\ntry3 ?is prov$ to be impossible1 & x is mu* to be regrett$1 z x is probable t if x c\ld h be5 ?us remov$ x w\ld h be5 bett] pres]v$4 ,h[ev]1 n be+ able to take ! arti/'s great "w1 ! k+ took ,leon>do himself1 toge!r ) 8 favorite pupils & fri5ds & 8 devot$ s]vant4 ,9 ,france1 ,leon>do 0 treat$ ) consid]ation4 ,he resid$ ne> ,amboise1 :]e he c\ld m+le ) ! c\rt4 ,x is said t1 old ?\gh he 01 he 0 s mu* admir$ t ! c\rti]s imitat$ 8 dress & ! cut ( 8 be>d & hair4 ,he 0 giv5 ! *>ge ( all arti/ic matt]s 9 ,france1 & d\btless ,francis hop$ t he w\ld f\nd an ,academy z he _h done at ,milan4 ,b he seems to h left all 8 en]gy1 all desire = "w1 on ! ,italian side ( ! ,alps4 ,he made a few plans2 b he br\ght no great ?+ to pass1 & soon 8 heal? fail$1 & he fell into a decl9e4 ,he gave great att5tion to religi\s matt]s1 receiv$ ! sacram5t1 & !n made 8 w1 & put 8 worldly affairs 9 ord]4 ,! k+ 0 accu/om$ to visit him frequ5tly1 & on ! la/ day ( 8 life1 :5 ! sov]eign ent]$ ! room1 ,leon>do desir$ to be rais$ up z a matt] ( respect to ! k+3 sitt+1 he conv]s$ ( 8 suff]+s1 & lam5t$ t he _h done s little = ,god & man4 ,j !n he 0 seiz$ ) an attack ( pa9--! k+ rose to support him1 & ?us1 9 ! arms ( ,francis1 ! great ma/] brea!d 8 la/4 ,?is has sometimes be5 d\bt$2 b ! mod]n ,fr5* critics agree ) ! anci5t writ]s :o give ?is acc\nt ( 8 end4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,flor5t9 at ,amboise1 & x is n kn[n t any monum5t 0 erect$ ov] him4 ,9 #ahjh ! *ur* 0 de/roy$2 9 #ahfc ,ars9e ,h\ssaye1 ) o!rs1 made a se>* = ! grave ( ,leon>do1 & x is believ$ t 8 rema9s 7 f\nd4 ,9 #ahgc a noble monum5t 0 erect$ 9 ,milan to ! memory ( ,da ,v9ci4 ,x is ne> ! entrance to ! ,arcade ( ,victor ,emmanuel3 ! /atue ( ! ma/] /&s on a high p$e/al 9 a ?\ghtful attitude1 ! head b[$ d[n & ! arms cross$ on ! brea/4 ,bel[ are o!r /atues & ri* bas-reliefs1 & "o inscription speaks ( him z ! ,r5ew] ( ! ,arts & ,sci5ces4 ,_m ( 8 writ+s are 9 ! libr>ies ( ,europe 9 manuscript =m3 8 be/ kn[n "w is ! ,trattato della ,pittura1 & has be5 translat$ into ,engli%4 ,z an eng9e] 8 canal ( ,mortesana 0 en\gh to give him fame2 z an arti/ he may be call$ ! ,poet ( ,pa9t]s1 &1 if ^? :o foll[$ him surpass$ him1 x %\ld be rememb]$ t x is easi] to advance 9 a pa? once op5$ ?an to discov] a new pa?4 ,p]sonally he 0 mu* belov$1 &1 ?\gh he liv$ :5 morals 7 at a l[ e/imate1 he l$ a prop] & reputable life4 ,8 pictures 7 pure 9 _! _s1 & he seem$ only to desire ! progress ( art & sci5ce1 & x is a pleasure to read & le>n ( him1 z x is to see 8 works4 ,o!r good arti/s ( ! ,lomb>d s*ool 9 ! fifte5? c5tury 7 ,,b]n>d9o ,,lu9i 7ab\t #adfj-aecj71 :o 0 ! be/ pupil ( ,leon>do1 ,,giovanni ,,antonio ,,beltraffio 7#adfg-aeaf71 ,,gaud5zio ,,f>r>i 7#adhd-aedi71 ,,ambrogio ,,borgognone 7works dat$ ab\t #aejj71 & ,,&rea ,,sol>io1 ^: age is n kn[n4 ,we return n[ to ! ,flor5t9e s*ool at a "t :5 ! mo/ rem>kable p]iod ( its exi/5ce 0 ab\t to beg94 ,we %all speak fir/ ( ,,fra ,,b>tolommeo or ,,baccio ,,della ,,porta1 also call$ ,,il ,,frate 7#adfi-aeag74 ,he 0 born at ,savignano1 & /udi$ at ,flor5ce "u ,cosimo ,rosselli1 b 0 mu* influ5c$ by ! works ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,?is pa9t] became fam\s = ! beauty ( 8 pictures ( ! ,madonna1 & at ! "t :5 ! great ,savon>ola w5t to ,flor5ce ,b>tolommeo 0 employ$ 9 ! ,conv5t ( ,san ,m>co1 :]e ! prea*] liv$4 ,! arti/ became ! devot$ fri5d ( ! prea*]1 &1 :5 ! latt] 0 seiz$1 tortur$1 & burn$1 ,b>tolommeo became a fri>1 & left 8 pictures to be f9i%$ by 8 pupil ,alb]t9elli4 ,= f\r ye>s he liv$ ! mo/ au/]e life1 & did n t\* 8 bru%3 !n 8 sup]ior comm&$ him to resume 8 art2 b ! pa9t] _h no int]e/ 9 x4 ,ab\t ?is "t ,raphael s\ght him out1 & became 8 fri5d2 he also in/ruct$ ! monk 9 p]spective1 & 9 turn ,raphael le>n$ f him1 = ,fra ,b>tolommeo 0 ! fir/ arti/ :o us$ lay figures 9 arrang+ 8 drap]ies2 he also told ,raphael "s secrets ( colors4 ,ab\t #aeac ,b>tolommeo w5t to ,rome1 & aft] 8 return to 8 conv5t he began :at promis$ to be a wond]ful arti/ic c>e]2 b he only liv$ f\r ye>s m1 & ! am\nt ( 8 "w 0 s small t 8 pictures are n[ r>e4 ,8 madonnas1 sa9ts1 & angels are holy 9 _! effect2 8 repres5tations ( ar*itecture are gr&1 & :ile 8 works are n /rong or p[]ful1 !y give mu* pleasure to ^? :o see !m4 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,buon>roti 0 born at ! ,ca/le ( ,caprese 9 #adge4 ,8 fa!r1 :o 0 ( a noble family ( ,flor5ce1 0 !n gov]nor ( ,caprese & ,*iusi1 &1 :5 ! ,buon>roti h\sehold return$ to ,flor5ce1 ! little ,angelo 0 left ) 8 nurse on "o ( 8 fa!r's e/ates at ,settignano4 ,! fa!r & husb& ( 8 nurse 7 /one-masons1 & ?us 9 infancy ! future arti/ 0 9 ! mid/ ( blocks ( /one & m>ble & ! implem5ts :i* he lat] us$ ) s mu* skill4 ,= _m ye>s rude sket*es 7 %[n ^u ! walls ( ! nurse's h\se made by h] baby *>ge1 & he aft]w>d said t he imbib$ a love = m>ble ) 8 e>lie/ food4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ch4--,,portrait ,,( ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,buon>roti4 ,at ! prop] age ,angelo 0 tak5 to ,flor5ce & plac$ 9 s*ool2 b he sp5t 8 "t mo/ly 9 draw+1 & hav+ made ! acqua9tance ( ,francesco ,granacci1 at t "t a pupil ) ,ghirl&ajo1 he borr[$ f him designs & mat]ials by :i* to c>ry on 8 belov$ pursuits4 ,mi*ael ,angelo's desire to become an arti/ 0 viol5tly oppos$ by 8 fa!r & 8 uncles1 = !y desir$ him to be a silk & wooll5 m]*ant1 & su/a9 ! comm]cial reputation ( ! family4 ,b s det]m9$ 0 he t f9ally 8 fa!r yield$1 & 9 #adhh plac$ him 9 ! /udio ( ,ghirl&ajo4 ,"h ! boy ( ?irte5 work$ ) great dilig5ce2 he le>n$ h[ to prep>e colors & to lay ! gr\ndwork ( frescoes1 & he 0 set to copy draw+s4 ,v soon he we>i$ ( ?is1 & began to make orig9al designs aft] 8 own ideas4 ,at "o "t he correct$ a draw+ ( 8 ma/]'s3 :5 he saw ?is1 sixty ye>s lat]1 he said1 ,i almo/ ?9k t ,i knew m ( art 9 my y\? ?an ,i d 9 my old age4 ,:5 ,mi*ael ,angelo w5t to ,ghirl&ajo1 t ma/] 0 employ$ on ! re/oration ( ! *oir ( ,santa ,m>ia ,novella1 s t ! boy came at once into ! mid/ ( important "w4 ,"o day he drew a picture ( ! scaffold+ & all t belong$ to x1 ) ! pa9t]s at "w !reon3 :5 8 ma/] saw x he exclaim$1 ,he already und]/&s m ?an ,i d myself4 ,?is excell5ce 9 ! s*ol> r\s$ ! jeal\sy ( ! ma/]1 z well z ( 8 o!r pupils1 & x 0 a relief to ,mi*ael ,angelo :51 9 answ] to a reque/ f ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 he & ,francesco ,granacci 7 nam$ by ,ghirl&ajo z 8 two mo/ promis+ s*ol>s1 & 7 !n s5t to ! ,academy :i* ! duke _h e/abli%$4 ,! art treasures :i* ,lor5zo gave = ! use ( ! /ud5ts 7 arrang$ 9 ! g>d5s ( ,san ,m>co1 & "h1 "u ! in/ruction ( ! old ,b]toldo1 ,angelo =got pa9t+ 9 8 en?usiasm = sculpture4 ,he fir/ copi$ ! face ( a faun2 b he *ang$ x some:at1 & op5$ ! m\? s t ! tee? c\ld be se54 ,:5 ,lor5zo visit$ ! g>d5 he prais$ ! "w1 b said1 ,y h made y\r faun s old1 & yet y h left him all 8 tee?2 y %\ld h kn[n t at su* an advanc$ age !re are g5]ally "s want+4 ,! next "t he came !re 0 a gap 9 ! tee?1 & s well done t he 0 delight$4 ,?is "w is n[ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y4 ,lor5zo n[ s5t = ! fa!r ( ,angelo1 & ask$ t ! son might live 9 ! ,m$ici palace "u 8 own c>e4 ,some:at reluctantly ! fa!r cons5t$1 & ! duke gave him an (fice 9 ! cu/om-h\se4 ,f ?is "t = ?ree ye>s1 ,angelo sat daily at ! duke's table1 & 0 treat$ z "o ( 8 own family2 he 0 prop]ly clo!d1 & _h an all[ance ( five ducats a mon? = pocket-money4 ,x 0 ! cu/om ) ,lor5zo to give an ent]ta9m5t e day2 he took ! head ( ! table1 & :oev] came fir/ _h a seat next him4 ,x (t5 happ5$ t ,mi*ael ,angelo _h ?is place4 ,lor5zo 0 ! head ( ,flor5ce1 & ,flor5ce 0 ! head ( art1 poetry1 & all s*ol>ly ?\ght4 ,?us1 9 ! home ( ! ,m$ici1 ! "y arti/ he>d le>n$ talk ^u all subjects ( int]e/2 he saw !re all ! celebrat$ m5 :o liv$ 9 ! city or visit$ x1 & 8 life s ne> ,lor5zo1 = a ?\ghtful y\?1 z he 01 am\nt$ to an education4 ,! society ( ,flor5ce at ?is "t 0 n ( a high moral tone1 & 9 ! ye> 9 :i* ,mi*ael ,angelo ent]$ ! palace1 a monk call$ ,savon>ola came to ,flor5ce to prea* aga9/ ! cu/oms & ! crimes ( ! city4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 mu* affect$ by ?is1 & ?r\gh\t 8 long life rememb]$ ,savon>ola ) true respect & affection1 & 8 bro!r1 ,leon>do ,buon>roti1 0 s f> influ5c$ t he )drew f ! _w & became a ,dom9ican monk4 ,mi*ael ,angelo's dilig5ce 0 great2 he n only /udi$ sculpture1 b he f\nd "t to copy "s ( ! f9e old frescoes 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,c>m9e4 ,he gave great att5tion to ! /udy ( anatomy1 & he 0 kn[n ?r\gh\t ! city = 8 tal5ts1 & = 8 pride & bad temp]4 ,he held himself alo( f 8 fell[-pupils1 & "o day1 9 a qu>rel ) ,pitro ,torrigiano1 ! latt] gave ,angelo a bl[ & cru%$ 8 nose s badly t he 0 disfigur$ = life4 ,torrigiano 0 bani%$ = ?is (f5ce & w5t to ,engl&2 he end$ 8 life 9 a ,spani% prison4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #adib ,lor5zo de ,m$ici di$4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 deeply griev$ at ! loss ( 8 be/ fri5d2 he left ! ,m$ici palace1 & op5$ a /udio 9 8 fa!r's h\se1 :]e he work$ dilig5tly = two ye>s1 mak+ a /atue ( ,h]cules & two madonnas4 ,aft] two ye>s !re came a great sn[-/orm1 & ,pi]o de ,m$ici s5t = ! arti/ to make a sn[ /atue 9 8 c\rt-y>d4 ,he also invit$ ,mi*ael ,angelo to live aga9 9 ! palace1 & ! invitation 0 accept$2 b all 0 s *ang$ !re t he embrac$ ! fir/ opportunity to leave1 & dur+ a political di/urbance fl$ f ! city ) two fri5ds1 & made 8 way to ,v5ice4 ,!re he met ! noble ,aldovr&i ( ,bologna1 :o invit$ ! sculptor to 8 home1 :]e he rema9$ ab\t a ye>1 & !n return$ to 8 /udio 9 ,flor5ce4 ,soon aft] ?is he made a beautiful1 sleep+ ,cupid1 & :5 ! "y ,lor5zo de ,m$ici saw x he advis$ ,mi*ael ,angelo to bury x 9 ! gr\nd = a season1 & ?us make x look l an antique m>ble2 aft] ?is 0 done1 ,lor5zo s5t x to ,rome & sold x to ! ,c>d9al ,ri>io1 & gave ! sculptor ?irty ducats4 ,9 "s way ! tru? ( ! matt] rea*$ ! e>s ( ! ,c>d9al1 :o s5t 8 ag5t to ,flor5ce to f9d ! arti/4 ,:5 ,mi*ael ,angelo he>d t two hundr$ ducats _h be5 paid = 8 ,cupid1 he knew t he _h be5 deceiv$4 ,! ,c>d9al's ag5t invit$ him to g to ,rome1 & he gladly w5t4 ,! olde/ exi/+ writ+ f ! h& ( ,mi*ael ,angelo is ! lett] :i* he wrote to ,lor5zo to in=m him ( 8 arrival 9 ,rome4 ,he 0 !n tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 & spoke ) joy ( all ! beautiful ?+s he _h se54 ,n long aft] he rea*$ ,rome he made ! /atue ( ! ,drunk5 ,bac*us1 n[ 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 & !n ! ,virg9 ,m>y sitt+ ne> ! place ( ! cross & hold+ ! body ( ! dead ,*ri/4 ,! art-t]m = ?is subject is ,la ,piet4 ,f ! "t t ,mi*ael ,angelo made ?is beautiful "w he 0 ! fir/ sculptor ( ! _w1 ?\gh he 0 b tw5ty-f\r ye>s old4 ,! ,piet 0 plac$ 9 ,/4 ,pet]'s ,*ur*1 :]e x /ill rema9s4 ,! next ye> he return$ to ,flor5ce4 ,he 0 occupi$ ) bo? pa9t+ & sculpture1 & 0 soon employ$ on 8 ,david1 "o ( 8 greate/ works4 ,?is /atue weigh$ eighte5 ?\s& p\nds1 & its removal f ! /udio 9 :i* x 0 made to ! place :]e x 0 to /&1 next ! gate ( ! ,palazzo ,vec*io1 0 a difficult und]tak+4 ,x 0 at la/ put 9 place on ,may #ah1 #aejd2 !re x rema9$ until a few ye>s ago1 :51 on acc\nt ( its crumbl+ f ! effect ( ! wea!r1 x 0 remov$ to ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts by means ( a railroad built = ! purpose4 ,ab\t ?is "t a rivalry sprang up betwe5 ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,leon>do da ,v9ci4 ,!y 7 v unlike 9 _! *>act]s & mode ( life4 ,mi*ael ,angelo 0 bitt]1 ironical1 & lik$ to be alone2 ,leon>do lov$ to be gay & to see ! _w2 ,mi*ael ,angelo liv$ s t :5 he 0 old he said1 ,ri* z ,i am1 ,i h always liv$ l a poor man2 ,leon>do enjoy$ luxury1 & kept a f9e h\se1 ) horses & s]vants4 ,!y _h ent]$ into a competition :i* 0 likely to result 9 s]i\s tr\ble1 :5 ,pope ,julius ,,ii4 summon$ ,mi*ael ,angelo to ,rome4 ,! ,pope gave him an ord] to build him a spl5did tomb2 b ! enemies ( ! sculptor made tr\ble = him1 & "o morn+ he 0 refus$ admission to ! ,pope's palace4 ,he !n left ,rome1 s5d+ ?is lett] to ! ,pope3 ,mo/ ,holy ,fa!r1 ,i 0 ?is morn+ driv5 f ! palace by ! ord] ( y\r ,hol9ess4 ,if y require me 9 future y c seek me else:]e ?an at ,rome4 ,!n he w5t to ,flor5ce1 & ! ,pope s5t = him aga9 & aga92 b he did n g4 ,meantime he f9i%$ 8 design1 & receiv$ ! commission t he & ,leon>do _h /riv5 =1 :i* 0 to decorate ! hall ( ! ,gr& ,c\ncil ) pictures4 ,at la/1 9 #aejf1 ! ,pope 0 9 ,bologna1 & aga9 s5t = ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,he w5t1 & 0 =giv5 = 8 (f5ce1 & receiv$ an ord] = a colossal /atue ( ! ,pope 9 bronze4 ,:5 ?is 0 f9i%$ 9 #aejh1 & put be=e ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,petronio1 ,mi*ael ,angelo return$ to ,flor5ce4 ,he _h n made fri5ds 9 ,bologna2 8 =bidd+ mann] did n enc\rage o!rs to associate ) him2 b we n[ "k f 8 lett]s t he _h great trials4 ,8 family 0 poor1 & all reli$ on him2 inde$1 8 life 0 full ( c>e & sadness4 ,9 #aejh he 0 aga9 summon$ to ,rome by ! ,pope1 :o insi/$ t he %\ld pa9t ! ceil+ ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 9 ! ,vatican4 ,mi*ael ,angelo did n wi% to d ?is1 z he _h done no great pa9t+4 ,x prov$ to be "o ( 8 mo/ fam\s works2 b he _h a great deal ( tr\ble 9 x4 ,on "o occasion ! ,pope ?reat5$ to ?r[ ! arti/ f ! scaffold+4 ,! ,pope compla9$ also t ! pictures look$ poor2 to ?is ! arti/ repli$3 ,!y are only poor p :om ,i h pa9t$ !re1 & did n we> gold on _! g>m5ts4 ,8 subjects 7 f ! ,bible4 ,:5 ! arti/ w\ld h a leave ( abs5ce to g to ,flor5ce1 ! ,pope got s angry t he /ruck him2 b1 9 spite ( all1 ?is great pa9t+ 0 f9i%$ 9 #aeab4 ,grimm1 9 8 life ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 says3 ,x ne$$ ! meet+ ( ^! two m52 9 ! "o su* p]sev]ance 9 requir+1 & 9 ! o!r su* p[] ( fulfill+1 to produce ?is monum5t ( human art4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ci4--,,! ,,prophet ,,j]emiah4 ,by ,m4 ,angelo4 ,f ! ,si/9e ,*apel4 ,x is impossible "h to foll[1 /ep by /ep1 ! life & works ( ?is ma/]4 ,among ! o!r great ?+s :i* he did are ! tomb ( ,julius ,,ii4 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,s4 ,pietro 9 ,v9coli1 9 ,rome1 ( :i* ! fam\s /atue ( ,moses makes a "p 7,fig4 #dj74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dj4--,,/atue ,,( ,,moses4 ,by ,m4 ,angelo4 ,he made ! /atues 9 ! ,m$ici ,*apel 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo1 9 ,flor5ce1 ! pa9t+ ( ! ,la/ ,judgm5t on a wall ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 & _m works z an ar*itect2 = he 0 call$ ^u to att5d to =tifications bo? 9 ,flor5ce & ,rome1 & at la/1 z 8 greate/ "w ( ?is sort1 he 0 ! ar*itect ( ,/4 ,pet]'s at ,rome4 ,_m diff]5t arti/s _h _h a %>e 9 ?is "w2 b z x n[ is ,mi*ael ,angelo may be c\nt$ z its real ar*itect4 ,8 works are num]\s & only a small "p ( !m is "h m5tion$2 b ,i h spok5 ( ^? by :i* he is mo/ rememb]$4 ,8 life1 too1 0 a /ormy "o = _m reasons t we h n space to tell4 ,:ile he liv$ !re 7 w>s & great *anges 9 ,italy2 he s]v$ also "u n9e popes1 & dur+ 8 life ?irte5 m5 occupi$ ! papal *air4 ,besides be+ great z a pa9t]1 an ar*itect1 & a sculptor1 he 0 a poet1 & wrote sonnets well wor?y ( su* a g5ius z 84 ,8 :ole life 0 s s]i\s & sad t x gives "o joy to "k t 9 8 old age he =m$ an intimate fri5d%ip ) ,vittoria ,colonna1 a wond]ful woman1 :o made a sweet return to him = all ! t5d] devotion :i* he lavi%$ ^u h]4 ,italians associate ! "n ( ,mi*ael ,angelo ) ^? ( ! div9e poet ,dante & ! pa9t] ,raphael1 & ^! ?ree are spok5 ( z ! ?ree greate/ m5 ( _! c\ntry 9 :at are call$ ! mod]n days4 ,mi*ael ,angelo di$ at ,rome 9 #aefd1 :5 eighty-n9e ye>s old4 ,he desir$ to be buri$ 9 ,flor5ce2 b 8 fri5ds fe>$ to let ?is be kn[n le/ ! ,pope %\ld =bid 8 removal4 ,he 0 !re=e buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ! ,holy ,apo/les2 b 8 nephew1 ,leon>do ,buon>roti1 convey$ 8 rema9s to ,flor5ce secretly1 disguis$ z a bale ( m]*&ise4 ,at ,flor5ce1 on a ,sunday night1 8 body 0 borne to ,santa ,croce1 9 a tor*light procession1 & foll[$ by _m ?\s&s ( citiz5s4 ,!re 8 fri5ds once m gaz$ ^u ! face :i* _h n be5 se5 9 ,flor5ce = ?irty ye>s2 he look$ z if quietly sleep+4 ,"s days lat] a spl5did memorial s]vice 0 held 9 ,san ,lor5zo1 att5d$ by all ! c\rt1 ! arti/s1 s*ol>s1 & em95t m5 ( ! city4 ,an oration 0 pron\nc$2 r>e /atues & pa9t+s 7 collect$ 9 ! *ur*2 all ! %ops ( ! city 7 clos$2 & ! squ>es 7 fill$ ) p4 ,above 8 grave 9 ,santa ,croce1 :]e he lies ne> ,dante1 ,ma*iavelli1 ,galileo1 & _m o!r great m51 ! ,duke & ,leon>do ,buon>roti erect$ a monum5t4 ,x has /atues ( ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 & ,ar*itecture1 & a bu/ ( ! great man :o sleeps b5ea?4 ,9 ! c\rt ( ! ,uffizi 8 /atue /&s toge!r ) ^? ( o!r great ,flor5t9es4 ,8 h\se 9 ! ,ghibell9e ,/reet n[ belongs to ! city ( ,flor5ce1 & conta9s _m treasur$ mem5toes ( 8 life & works2 x is op5 to all :o wi% to visit x4 ,9 #ahge a gr& fe/ival 0 held 9 ,flor5ce to celebrate ! f\r hundr$? anniv]s>y ( 8 bir?4 ,! c]emonies 7 v impressive1 & at t "t "s docum5ts :i* relat$ to 8 life1 & _h nev] be5 op5$1 71 by comm& ( ,victor ,emmanuel1 giv5 to prop] p]sons to be exam9$4 ,?us x is t ! great de$s ( great m5 live on & on1 ?r\gh all "t1 & x is a joy to "k t ?\gh ! f\rscore & n9e ye>s ( ! life ( ?is arti/ _h mu* ( c>e & sorr[ 9 !m1 8 "n & memory are /ill *]i%$1 & mu/ cont9ue to be1 :ile f 8 life _m lessons may be drawn to b5efit & enc\rage o!rs--lessons :i* we _c "h write out2 b !y tea* pati5ce1 indu/ry1 & fai?fulness to duty1 :ile !y also w>n u to avoid ! bitt]ness & r\ghness :i* are blemi%es on ! memory ( ?is great1 good man4 ,,daniele ,,de ,,volt]ra 7#aeji-aeff7 0 ! be/ s*ol> ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,8 pr9cipal pictures are ! ,desc5t f ! ,cross1 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,tr9it di ,monti1 9 ,rome1 & ! ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts1 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y2 bo? are celebrat$ works4 ,! next important ,flor5t9e pa9t] 0 ,,&rea ,,del ,,s>to 7#adhh-aecj74 ,8 family "n 0 ,vannuc*i2 b because 8 fa!r 0 a tailor1 ! ,italian t]m = "o ( 8 trade1 un s>to1 came to be us$ = ! son4 ,e>ly 9 life ,&rea 0 a goldsmi?1 z 7 s _m arti/s2 b1 :5 he 0 able to /udy pa9t+ "u ,pietro di ,cosimo1 he became devot$ to x1 & soon develop$ 8 own /yle1 :i* 0 v s(t & pleas+4 ,8 pictures _c be call$ great works ( art1 b !y are favorites ) a l>ge numb] ( p4 ,he succe$$ 9 fresco-pa9t+1 & decorat$ sev]al build+s 9 ,flor5ce1 among !m ! ,scalzo1 :i* 0 a place :]e ! ,b>efoot$ ,fri>s held _! meet+s1 & 0 nam$ f !m1 z !y are call$ ,scalzi4 ,^! frescoes are n[ mu* injur$2 b !y are ?\ght 8 be/ works ( ?is k9d4 ,probably ,&rea del ,s>to w\ld h come to be a bett] pa9t] if he _h be5 a happi] man4 ,8 wife1 ( :om he 0 v fond1 0 a mean1 selfi% woman :o wi%$ only to make a great %[1 & did n value h] husb&'s tal5ts except = ! money :i* !y br\ght him4 ,%e ev5 influ5c$ him to des]t 8 p>5ts1 to :om he _h ev] be5 a dutiful son4 ,ab\t #aeah ,francis ,i41 k+ ( ,france1 invit$ ,&rea to ,p>is to execute "s works = him4 ,! pa9t] w5t1 & 0 well e/abli%$ !re & v popul>1 :5 8 wife insi/$ t he %\ld return to ,flor5ce4 ,francis ,i4 0 v unwill+ to sp>e him1 b ,&rea d>$ n refuse to g to 8 wife2 s he solemnly took an oa? to return to ,p>is & br+ 8 wife1 s t he c\ld rema9 z long z pleas$ ! k+1 & !n t sov]eign cons5t$4 ,francis also gave ! arti/ a l>ge sum ( money to buy = him all sorts ( beautiful objects4 ,:5 ,&rea rea*$ ,flor5ce 8 wife refus$ to g to ,france1 & p]suad$ him to give h] ! k+'s money4 ,%e soon sp5t x1 & ,&rea1 :o liv$ t5 ye>s m1 0 v unhappy1 :ile ! k+ nev] =gave him1 & to ?is day ?is wret*$ /ory mu/ be told1 & cont9ues ! remembrance ( 8 di%one/y4 ,aft] all he _h sacrific$ = 8 wife1 :5 he became v ill1 9 #aecj1 ( "s contagi\s disease1 %e des]t$ him4 ,he di$ alone1 & ) no pray] or fun]al 0 buri$ 9 ! ,conv5t ( ! ,nunziata1 :]e he _h pa9t$ "s ( 8 frescoes4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #da4--,,! ,,madonna ,,del ,,sacco4 ,by ,&rea del ,s>to4 ,8 pictures are v num]\s2 !y are correct 9 draw+1 v s(tly f9i%$1 & h a peculi> gray tone ( color4 ,he pa9t$ a great numb] ( ,holy ,families1 "o ( :i* is call$ ! ,madonna del ,sacco1 because ,/4 ,joseph is lean+ on a sack 7,fig4 #da74 ,?is is 9 ! conv5t :]e he is buri$4 ,8 be/ "w is call$ ! ,madonna di ,san ,francesco & hangs 9 ! tribune ( ! ,uffizi ,gall]y4 ,?is is a mo/ honorable place1 = ne> x are pictures by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 ,titian1 & o!r great pa9t]s1 z well z "s v celebrat$ /atues1 su* z ! ,v5us de ,m$ici & ! ,danc+ ,faun4 ,&rea del ,s>to's pictures ( ! ,madonna & ,*ild are almo/ numb]less2 !y are sweet1 attractive works1 z are also 8 ,/4 ,b>b>a1 ,/4 ,agnes1 & o!rs ( 8 s+le figures4 ,we w n[ leave ! ,flor5t9e s*ool ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 & speak ( ! great ma/] ( ! ,roman s*ool1 ,,raphael ,,sanzio1 or ,,santi 7#adhc-aebj71 :o 0 born at ,urb9o on ,good ,friday4 ,8 fa!r 0 a pa9t]1 & ,raphael %[$ 8 ta/e = art v e>ly 9 life4 ,bo? 8 p>5ts di$ :ile he 0 /ill a *ild1 & ?\gh he mu/ h le>n$ some?+ f see+ 8 fa!r & o!r pa9t]s at _! "w1 we say t ,p]ug9o 0 8 fir/ ma/]1 = he 0 b twelve ye>s old :5 he ent]$ ! /udio ( t pa9t] 9 ,p]ugia4 ,"h he rema9$ m ?an eight ye>s1 & ab\t ! "t ( leav+ pa9t$ ! v celebrat$ picture call$ ,lo ,sposalizio1 or ! ,m>riage ( ! ,virg91 n[ 9 ! ,br]a at ,milan4 ,?is picture is fam\s ! _w ov]1 & is v important 9 ! life ( ! pa9t]1 because x %[s ! highe/ po9t he rea*$ "u ,p]ug9o1 or dur+ :at is call$ 8 fir/ mann] 9 pa9t+4 ,be=e ?is he _h execut$ a l>ge numb] ( beautiful pictures1 among :i* 0 ! s-call$ ,/affa ,madonna4 ,?is is a circul> picture & repres5ts ! ,virg9 walk+ 9 a spr+time l&scape4 ,x rema9$ 9 ! ,/affa ,palace 9 ,p]ugia ?ree hundr$ & sixty-eight ye>s1 & 9 #ahga 0 sold to ! ,emp]or ( ,russia = sev5ty ?\s& doll>s4 ,9 #aejd ,raphael return$ to ,urb9o1 :]e he became ! favorite ( ! c\rt1 & 0 mu* employ$ by ! ducal family4 ,to ?is "t belong ! ,/4 ,george ,slay+ ! ,dragon & ! ,/4 ,mi*ael ,attack+ ,satan1 n[ 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,l\vre4 ,b ! "y arti/ soon grew we>y ( ! n>r[ness ( 8 life1 & w5t to ,flor5ce1 :]e1 amid ! treasures ( art ) :i* t city 0 cr[d$1 he felt z if he 0 9 an en*ant$ l&4 ,x is wor? :ile to rec\nt ! wond]ful ?+s he saw2 !y 7 ! ca!dral ) ! dome ( ,brunelles*i1 ! t[] ( ,giotto1 ! m>bles & bronzes ( ,donatello1 ! bapti/]y gates ( ,ghib]ti1 ! pictures ( ,masaccio1 ,ghirl&ajo1 ,fra ,angelico1 & _m o!r old] ma/]s1 :ile ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,leon>do 7 surpris+ !mselves & all o!rs ) _! beautiful works4 ,at ?is "t ! second mann] ( ,raphael begun4 ,dur+ 8 fir/ w9t] "h he pa9t$ ! s-call$ ,madonna della ,gran ,duca1 n[ 9 ! ,pitti ,gall]y1 & ?us nam$ because ! ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 ,f]d9& ,,iii41 c>ri$ x ) him on all 8 j\rneys1 & said 8 pray]s be=e x at morn+ & ev5+4 ,he made a visit to ,urb9o 9 #aeje1 & :]ev] he 0 he work$ cont9ually1 & f9i%$ a great numb] ( pictures1 :i* z yet 7 ( religi\s subjects ) few & unimportant exceptions4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #db4--,,portrait ,,( ,,raphael4 ,pa9t$ by ,himself4 ,:5 he return$ to ,flor5ce 9 #aejf1 ! c>toon ( ,leon>do da ,v9ci's ,battle ( ! ,/&>d & ,mi*ael ,angelo's ,ba?+ ,soldi]s reveal$ a new _w ( art to ,raphael4 ,he saw t h]oic1 excit+ sc5es c\ld be repres5t$ by pa9t+1 & t vigor & passion c\ld speak f ! canvas z p[]fully z ,*ri/ian love & resignation4 ,/ill he did n attempt any new ?+ imm$iately4 ,9 ,flor5ce he mov$ 9 ! be/ circles4 ,he receiv$ ord]s = "s portraits ( nobles & weal?y m51 z well z = madonnas & ,holy ,families4 ,be=e long he visit$ ,bologna1 & w5t aga9 to ,urb9o1 :i* _h become a v important city "u ! reign ( ,duke ,guidobaldo4 ,! k+ ( ,engl&1 ,h5ry ,,viii41 _h s5t to ?is duke ! decoration ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]4 ,9 return = ?is honor1 ! duke s5t ! k+ ri* gifts1 among :i* 0 a picture ( ,/4 ,george & ! ,dragon by ,raphael4 ,:ile at ,urb9o1 at ?is "t1 he pa9t$ 8 fir/ classic subject1 ! ,?ree ,graces4 ,soon aft]1 he return$ ! ?ird "t to ,flor5ce1 & n[ held mu* int]c\rse ) ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 :o gave ! y\ng] arti/ valuable in/ruction z to 8 color & drap]y4 ,9 #aejh1 among a great numb] ( pictures he pa9t$ ! madonna :i* is call$ ,la ,belle ,j>d9ire1 & is n[ "o ( ! treasures ( ! ,l\vre4 ,! ,virg9 is pictur$ 9 ! mid/ ( a fl[]y l&scape1 & x has be5 said t a beautiful fl[]-girl to :om ,raphael 0 atta*$ 0 8 model = ! picture4 ,?is picture is also a l&m>k 9 ! hi/ory ( ,raphael1 = x %[s ! p]fection ( 8 second mann]1 & ! *ange t _h come ov] him f 8 ,flor5t9e exp]i5ce & associations4 ,8 e>li] pictures _h be5 full ( a sweet1 une>?ly feel+1 & a color :i* c\ld be call$ spiritual 0 spread ov] !m2 n[ 8 madonnas 7 l beautiful1 e>?ly mo!rs1 8 colors 7 deep & ri*1 & 8 l&scapes 7 (t5 replac$ by ar*itectural backgr\nds :i* gave a /ately air :]e all be=e _h be5 simplicity4 ,8 skill 9 gr\p+1 9 color1 & 9 drap]y 0 n[ m>vell\s1 & :5 9 #aejh ! ,pope1 :o _h se5 "s ( 8 works1 summon$ him to ,rome1 he w5t1 fully prep>$ = ! great future :i* 0 be=e him1 & n[ began 8 ?ird1 or ,roman mann] ( pa9t+4 ,?is pope 0 ,julius ,,ii41 :o held a magnific5t c\rt & 0 ambiti\s = glory 9 e dep>tm5t ( life--z a temporal z well z a spiritual rul]1 & z a patron ( art & lett]s z well z 9 8 (fice ( ! ,protector ( ! ,holy ,*ur*4 ,he _h va/ designs = ! adornm5t ( ,rome1 & imm$iately employ$ ,raphael 9 ! decoration ( ! fir/ ( ! ,/anze1 or halls ( ! ,vatican1 f\r ( :i* he ornam5t$ ) magnific5t frescoes be=e 8 dea?4 ,he also execut$ wall-pa9t+s 9 ! ,*igi ,palace1 & 9 a *apel ( ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia della ,pace4 ,) ! exception ( a %ort visit to ,flor5ce1 ,raphael pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 life 9 ,rome4 ,! am\nt ( "w :i* he did z an ar*itect1 sculptor1 & pa9t] 0 m>vell\s1 & w\ld require ! space ( a volume to foll[ x1 & "n all 8 a*ievem5ts1 /ep by /ep1 s ,i %all only tell y ( "s ( 8 be/-kn[n works & ^? :i* are mo/ (t5 m5tion$4 ,:ile he 0 work+ ^u ! halls ( ! ,vatican ,julius ,,ii4 di$4 ,he 0 succe$$ by ,leo ,x41 :o also 0 a g5]\s patron to ,raphael1 :o ?us suff]$ no loss ( occupation f ! *ange ( popes4 ,! arti/ became v popul> & ri*2 he _h _m pupils1 & 0 assi/$ by !m 9 8 great frescoes1 n only 9 ! ,vatican1 b also 9 ! ,f>nes9a ,villa or ,*igi ,palace4 ,raphael _h ! p[] to atta* m5 to him ) devot$ affection1 & 8 pupils gave him p]sonal s]vice gladly2 he 0 (t5 se5 9 ! /reet ) numb]s ( !m 9 att5dance1 j z ! nobles 7 foll[$ by _! squires & pages4 ,he built himself a h\se 9 a qu>t] ( ! city call$ ! ,borgo1 n f> f ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,pet]'s1 & dur+ ! rema9d] ( 8 life 0 att5d$ by prosp]ity & success4 ,"o ( ! important works :i* he did = ,leo ,x4 0 ! mak+ ( c>toons1 or designs to be execut$ 9 tape/ry = ! decoration ( ! ,si/9e ,*apel1 :]e ,mi*ael ,angelo _h pa9t$ 8 great frescoes4 ,! ,pope ord]$ ^! tape/ries to be wov5 9 ! looms ( ,fl&]s1 f ! ri*e/ mat]ials1 & a quantity ( gold ?read 0 us$ 9 !m4 ,!y 7 complet$ & s5t to ,rome 9 #aeai1 & 7 exhibit$ to ! p ! day aft] ,*ri/mas1 :5 all ! city flock$ to see !m4 ,9 #aebg1 :5 ! ,con/able de ,b\rbon all[$ ! ,fr5* soldi]s to sack ,rome1 ^! tape/ries 7 c>ri$ away4 ,9 #aeec !y 7 re/or$2 b "o 0 miss+1 & x is believ$ t x _h be5 de/roy$ = ! sake ( ! gold ?read :i* 0 9 x4 ,aga91 9 #agih1 ! ,fr5* c>ri$ !m away & sold !m to a ,jew 9 ,leghorn1 :o burn$ "o ( ! pieces2 b 8 ga9 9 gold 0 s little t he pres]v$ ! o!rs1 & ,pius ,,vii4 b\ght !m & re/or$ !m to ! ,vatican4 ,! c>toons1 h[ev]1 are f> m important ?an ! tape/ries1 because !y are ! "w ( ,raphael himself4 ,! weav]s at ,arras toss$ !m aside aft] us+ !m1 & "s 7 torn2 b a c5tury lat] ! arti/ ,rub5s le>n$ t !y exi/$1 & advis$ ,k+ ,*>les ,i4 ( ,engl& to buy !m4 ,?is he did1 & ?us ! c>toons met ) z _m ups & d[ns z ! tape/ries _h _h4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ,engl& !y 7 9 /rips2 ! workm5 _h cut !m = _! conv5i5ce4 ,aft] ! k+ 0 execut$ ,cromwell b\ght ! c>toons = ?ree hundr$ p\nds4 ,:5 ,*>les ,,ii4 0 k+ & 9 great ne$ ( money he 0 sorely tempt$ to sell !m to ,l\is ,,xiv41 :o covet$ !m1 & wi%$ to add !m to ! treasures ( ,france2 b ,"l ,danby p]suad$ ,*>les to keep !m4 ,9 #afih !y 7 b>ely sav$ f fire at ,:itehall1 & f9ally1 by comm& ( ,william ,,iii41 !y 7 prop]ly repair$ & a room 0 built at ,hampton ,c\rt to receive !m1 by ! ar*itect1 ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,at pres5t !y are 9 ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 ,london4 ,( ! orig9al elev5 only sev5 rema94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dc4--,,! ,,si/9e ,,madonna4 ,bo? ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,francis ,i4 _h receiv$ pres5ts ( pictures by ,raphael3 we h told ( ! occasion :5 ! ,/4 ,george 0 s5t to ,engl&4 ,! ,ar*angel ,mi*ael & ! ,l>ge ,holy ,family ( ! ,l\vre 7 giv5 to ,francis ,i4 by ,lor5zo de ,m$ici1 :o s5t !m ov]l& on mules to ! ,palace ( ,fonta9ebleau4 ,francis 0 s *>m$ ) ^! works t he pres5t$ ,raphael s l>ge a sum t he 0 unwill+ to accept x )\t s5d+ ! k+ /ill o!r pictures2 s he s5t ! sov]eign ano!r pa9t+1 & to ! k+'s si/]1 ,que5 ,m>g>et ( ,nav>re1 he gave a picture ( ,/4 ,m>g>et ov]com+ ! dragon4 ,!n ,francis gave ,raphael _m ?anks & ano!r ri* gift ( money4 ,besides ?is he invit$ ,raphael to come to 8 c\rt1 z did also ! k+ ( ,engl&2 b ! arti/ pref]r$ to rema9 :]e he 0 already s prosp]\s & happy4 ,ab\t #aebj ,raphael pa9t$ ! fam\s ,si/9e ,madonna1 n[ ! pride ( ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,x is nam$ f ,/4 ,sixtus1 = ^: conv5t1 at ,piac5za1 x 0 pa9t$3 ! picture ( ?is sa9t1 too1 is 9 ! l[] "p ( ! picture1 ) t ( ,/4 ,b>b>a4 ,no sket* or draw+ ( ?is "w 0 ev] f\nd1 & x is believ$ t ! great arti/1 work+ z if inspir$1 sket*$ x & f9i%$ x on ! canvas :]e x is4 ,x 0 orig9ally int5d$ = a drappellone1 or procession /&>d1 b ! monks us$ x = an alt>-piece 7,fig4 #dc74 ,:ile ,raphael accompli%$ s mu* z a pa9t]1 he by no means gave all 8 "t or ?\ght to a s+le art4 ,he 0 made sup]9t5d5t ( ! build+ ( ,/4 ,pet]'s 9 #aead1 & made _m ar*itectural draw+s = t *ur*2 he 0 also mu* int]e/$ 9 ! excavations ( anci5t ,rome1 & made imm5se numb]s ( draw+s ( v>i\s sorts4 ,z a sculptor he made models & designs1 & !re is 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia del ,popolo1 9 ,rome1 a /atue ( ,jonah sitt+ on a :ale1 said to h be5 modell$ by ,raphael & put into m>ble by ,lor5zetto ,latti4 ,raphael 0 also int]e/$ 9 :at 0 happ5+ outside ! _w ( art2 he correspond$ ) s*ol>s ( diff]5t c\ntries1 & s5t m5 to make draw+s ( places & objects :i* he c\ld n g to see4 ,he 0 also g5]\s to ^? less =tunate ?an himself1 & gave enc\ragem5t & occupation to _m ne$y m54 ,at "o "t he expect$ to m>ry ,m>ia de ,bibi5a1 a niece ( ,c>d9al ,bibi5a2 b %e di$ be=e ! "t = ! m>riage came4 ,:ile ,raphael 0 mak+ 8 great successes 9 ,rome1 o!r fam\s arti/s also 7 !re1 & !re came to be mu* discussion z to _! m]its1 & especially z to ! comp>ative wor? ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raphael4 ,at la/1 :5 ?is feel+ ( rivalry 0 at its height1 ! ,c>d9al ,giulio de ,m$ici1 aft]w>d ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii41 gave ord]s to ,raphael & ,seba/ian del ,piombo to pa9t two l>ge pictures = ! ,ca!dral ( ,n>bonne4 ,! subject ( ,seba/ian's picture 0 ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us1 & x has always be5 said t ,mi*ael ,angelo made ! draw+ = x4 ,raphael's picture 0 ! ,transfiguration1 & prov$ to be 8 la/ "w1 = be=e x 0 f9i%$ he 0 attack$ by fev]1 & di$ on ,good ,friday1 #afbj1 :i* 0 ! ?irty-sev5? anniv]s>y ( 8 bir?4 ,all ,rome m\rn$ = him2 8 body 0 laid 9 /ate1 & ! ,transfiguration 0 plac$ ne> x4 ,^? :o _h kn[n him w5t to weep :ile !y gaz$ ^u 8 face = ! la/ "t4 ,he _h *os5 8 grave 9 ! ,pan!on1 ne> to t ( ,m>ia ,bibi5a1 8 betro!d bride4 ,! c]emonies ( 8 burial 7 magnific5t1 & 8 body 0 foll[$ by an imm5se ?rong dress$ 9 m\rn+4 ,above 8 tomb 0 plac$ an inscription 9 ,lat91 writt5 by ,pietro ,bembo1 :i* has = its la/ s5t5ce ^! words3 ,?is is t ,raphael by :om ,nature fe>$ to be conqu]$ :ile he liv$1 & to die :5 he di$4 ,raphael _h also reque/$ ,lor5zo ,lor5zetti to make a /atue ( ! ,virg9 to be plac$ above 8 re/+-place4 ,he left a l>ge e/ate1 & gave 8 works ( art to 8 pupils ,giulio ,romano & ,francesco ,p5ni2 8 h\se to ,c>d9al ,bibi5a2 a sum to buy ano!r h\se1 ! r5t ( :i* %\ld pay = twelve masses to be said mon?ly1 = ! repose ( 8 s\l1 f ! alt> ne> 8 grave2 ?is 0 obs]v$ until #agje1 :5 ! income f ! h\se 0 n en\gh to support ^! s]vices4 ,= _m ye>s !re 0 a skull at ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke1 9 ,rome1 :i* 0 call$ t ( ,raphael2 b !re 0 no pro( ( ?is1 & 9 #ahcc "s antiqu>ians receiv$ ! cons5t ( ! ,pope to _! se>*+ = ! bones ( ,raphael 9 8 grave 9 ! ,pan!on4 ,aft] five days ( c>eful "w1 & remov+ ! pavem5t 9 sev]al places1 ! skeleton ( ! great ma/] 0 f\nd1 & ) x su* pro(s ( its be+ 8 z left no room = d\bt4 ,!n a second great fun]al s]vice 0 held2 ! ,pope1 ,gregory ,,xvi41 gave a m>ble s>cophagus 9 :i* ! bones 7 plac$1 & rev]5tly re/or$ to _! fir/ re/+-place4 ,m ?an ?ree ?\s& p]sons 7 pres5t at ! s]vice1 includ+ arti/s ( all nations1 z well z ,romans ( ! highe/ rank4 ,!y mov$ 9 procession ab\t ! *ur*1 be>+ tor*es 9 _! h&s1 & keep+ "t to beautiful *ants f an invisible *oir4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dd4--,,sa9t ,,cecilia ,,li/5+ ,,to ,,! ,,s++ ,,( ,,angels4 ,by ,raphael4 ,raphael left two hundr$ & eighty-sev5 pictures & five hundr$ & sev5ty-six /udies & draw+s1 & all done 9 s %ort a life4 ,9 consid]+ him & ! /ory ( 8 life1 we f9d t x 0 n any "o trait or tal5t t made 8 greatness2 b x 0 ! r>e union ( gifts ( g5ius ) a p]sonal *>m t won all he>ts to him4 ,8 fam\s picture ( ,/4 ,cecilia1 ) its sweetness ( expression & lovely color--its union ( e>?ly beauty ) spiritual feel+1 is a symbol ( ! h>moni\s & v>i$ qualities ( ?is pr9ce ( pa9t]s 7,fig4 #dd74 ,,giulio ,,romano 7#adib-aeef7 0 ! favorite pupil ( ,raphael1 & ! heir ( a "p ( 8 e/ate2 b 8 rema9+ works w\ld n repay u = a /udy ( !m4 ,( c\rse1 ! influ5ce ( s great a ma/] z ,raphael 0 felt outside ( 8 own s*ool1 &1 9 a s5se1 all ,italian art ( 8 "t 0 modifi$ by him4 ,8 effect 0 v noticeable ^u a ,si5ese pa9t]1 ,,bazzi1 or ,,razzi1 call$ ,,il ,,sodoma 7#adgg-aedi71 :o w5t to ,rome & 0 "u ! imm$iate influ5ce ( ,raphael's works4 ,he 0 almo/ unrivall$ 9 8 p[] to repres5t beautiful female heads4 ,8 important works 7 frescoes1 _m ( :i* are 9 ! *ur*es ( ,si5a4 ,d\btless ,bazzi 0 lo/ 9 ! %ad[ ( ! great ,raphael1 & _h he exi/$ at a "t a little m di/ant f t great man1 he w\ld h be5 m fam\s 9 8 life4 ,dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ! ,v5etian s*ool rea*$ its highe/ excell5ce4 ,! great diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! s*ool ( ,flor5ce 01 t ! latt] made beauty ( =m ! "o object ( its art1 :ile ! ,v5etian pa9t]s comb9$ ) grace & ease ! add$ *>m ( ri*1 brilliant color4 ,,giorgio ,,b>b>elli1 call$ ,,giorgione 7#adgg-aeaa71 0 ! fir/ great arti/ ( ,v5ice :o ca/ (f ! rigid mann] ( ! ,bell9i s*ool1 & us$ 8 bru% & colors freely1 guid$ only by 8 own ideas1 & inspir$ by 8 own g5ius4 ,he 0 born at ,ca/elfranco1 & 0 e>ly di/+ui%$ = 8 p]sonal beauty4 ,giorgione means ,george ! ,great1 & ?is title 0 giv5 him on acc\nt ( 8 noble figure4 ,he 0 fond ( music1 play$ ! lute well1 & compos$ _m ( ! songs he sang2 he _h also an int5se love ( beauty--9 %ort1 8 :ole nature 0 full ( s5tim5t & h>mony1 & ) all ^! gifts he 0 a man ( pure life4 ,mrs4 ,jameson says ( him3 ,if ,raphael be ! ,%akspe>e1 !n ,giorgione may be /yl$ ! ,byron ( pa9t+4 ,!re is little t c be told ( 8 life4 ,he 0 devot$ to 8 art1 & passionately 9 love ) a "y girl1 ( :om he told "o ( 8 arti/ fri5ds1 ,morto da ,feltri4 ,?is la/ prov$ a traitor to ,giorgione1 = he too admir$ ! same girl1 & induc$ h] to =sake ,giorgione1 & g away ) him4 ,! d\ble trea*]y ( 8 belov$ & 8 fri5d caus$ ! pa9t] su* grief t he c\ld n ov]come 8 sadness1 & :5 ! plague visit$ ,v5ice 9 #aeaa1 he fell a victim to x 9 ! v fl[] ( 8 age4 ,mu* ( ! "w ( ,giorgione has disappe>$1 = he execut$ frescoes :i* ! damp atmosph]e ( ,v5ice has de/roy$ or s injur$ t !y are ( no value4 ,8 small] pictures 7 n num]\s1 & !re is mu* dispute z to ! g5u95ess ( ^? t are call$ by 8 "n4 ,he pa9t$ v few hi/orical subjects2 8 works are pr9cipally portraits1 sibyls1 & religi\s pictures4 ,among ! la/1 ! alt>-piece at ,ca/elfranco holds ! fir/ place2 x repres5ts ! ,virg9 & ,*ild betwe5 ,/s4 ,francis & ,lib]ale1 & 0 pa9t$ be=e #aejd4 ,giorgione gave an elevat$ tone to 8 heads & figures2 x seem$ z if he pa9t$ only ! be+s ( a sup]ior race1 & z if !y mu/ all be fitt$ to d great de$s4 ,8 fancy 0 v fruitful1 & 9 "s ( 8 works he pictur$ demons1 sea-mon/]s1 dogs1 apes1 & su* creatures ) great effect4 ,9 cle>ness & w>m? ( color ,giorgione is at ! head ( ! ,v5etian pa9t]s2 9 tru?1 x seems z if ! color 0 )9 !m & %[$ itself )\t 9 a deep1 lum9\s gl[4 ,! mo/ important ( ,giorgione's s*ol>s 0 call$ ,,fra ,,seba/iano ,,del ,,piombo2 8 real "n 0 ,luciani1 & he 0 a native ( ,v5ice 7#adhe-aedg74 ,?is arti/ excell$ 9 8 color+ & 9 ! effect he gave to ! atmosph]e ( 8 "w1 mak+ x a broad *i>o-scuro1 or cle>-obscure1 z x really means4 ,?is is an art t]m :i* is frequ5tly us$1 & d5otes a sort ( mi/9ess :i* has "s light 9 x1 & is gradually %ad$ (f1 ei!r into a full light or a deep %ad[4 ,b f ! e>lie/ ef=ts ( ?is arti/1 x 0 pla9 t he _h no gift ( composition1 nei!r c\ld he give 8 pictures an elevat$ tone or effect4 ,= ?is reason 8 portraits 7 8 be/ works1 & ^! 7 v f9e4 ,a portrait ( 8 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 & ano!r 9 ! ,/del ,gall]y at ,frank=t1 are bo? said to be ( ,giulia ,gonzaga1 ! mo/ beautiful woman ( h] day 9 ,italy4 ,9 #aeec1 ,ippolito de ,m$ici1 :o 0 madly 9 love ) h]1 s5t ,seba/ian ) an arm$ =ce to ,fondi to pa9t h] portrait2 x 0 f9i%$ 9 a mon?1 & 0 said to be ! be/ ev] pa9t$ by ,seba/ian4 ,x 0 s5t to ,france z a gift to ,francis ,i41 & its pres5t abid+-place is n kn[n4 ,:ile ,raphael 0 at ! height ( 8 fame 9 ,rome1 ! bank] ,*igi invit$ ,seba/ian to t city1 & 9 ! ,f>nes9a he pa9t$ works :i* 7 v inf]ior beside ,raphael's4 ,!n ,seba/ian tri$ to improve by /udy "u ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,?is la/ great ma/] w\ld n compete ) ,raphael himself1 b he 0 v jeal\s ( ! fame ( ! y\ng] man1 & x is said t he aid$ ,seba/ian1 & ev5 made 8 designs = him1 9 ! hopes t ?us he might eclipse ,raphael4 ,we h spok5 ( "o l>ge picture ( ! ,rais+ ( ,laz>us said to h be5 made f ,mi*ael ,angelo's design1 :i* ,seba/ian color$2 x 0 pa9t$ 9 competition ) ,raphael's ,transfiguration1 & ev5 beside t mo/ spl5did "w ! ,laz>us 0 mu* admir$4 ,?is is n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london4 ,aft] ,raphael's dea? ,seba/ian 0 call$ ! fir/ pa9t] 9 ,rome1 & 0 made a piombatore4 ,x 0 necess>y to be an ecclesia/ic to hold ?is (fice1 & x is on acc\nt ( ?is t he gave up 8 real "n1 & became a fri>4 ,he wrote to ,mi*ael ,angelo3 ,if y 7 to see me z an honorable "l1 y w\ld laugh at me4 ,i am ! f9e/ ecclesia/ic 9 all ,rome4 ,su* a ?+ _h nev] come into my m9d4 ,b ,god be prais$ 9 et]nity6 ,he seem$ especially to h ?us decre$ x4 ,&1 !re=e1 s be x4 ,x is n /range t he %\ld h be5 s resign$ to a high (fice & a sal>y ( eight hundr$ scudi a ye>6 ,ano!r ,v5etian1 ( ! same "t ) ,giorgione1 0 ,,jacopo ,,palma1 call$ ,,il ,,vec*io1 or ! eld] 7ab\t #adhj-aebh74 ,he 0 born ne> ,b]gamo1 b z an arti/ he 0 a ,v5etian4 ,we d n "k ) :om he /udi$1 & he 0 n a v great man1 nor 0 he employ$ by ! /ate--b he dwelt mu* 9 ! palaces ( noble families & did mu* "w = !m4 ,:5 he di$ he left =ty-f\r unf9i%$ pa9t+s4 ,8 female figures are 8 be/ works1 & "o ( 8 f9e pictures at ,dresd51 call$ ! ,?ree ,graces1 is said to repres5t 8 daught]s4 ,! "w :i* is usually call$ 8 ma/]piece is an alt>-piece 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,=mosa1 9 ,v5ice2 ! ,/4 ,b>b>a 9 ! c5tre is v beautiful1 & is said to h be5 pa9t$ f 8 daught] ,violante4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #de4--,,portrait ,,( ,,titian4 ,f ! et*+ by ,ago/9o ,c>acci4 ,! greate/ ma/] ( ! ,v5etian s*ool is call$ ,,titian1 ?\gh 8 real "n 0 ,,tiziano ,,vecelli1 & sometimes ,cadore is add$ to ?is1 because ( 8 hav+ be5 born 9 t village 7#adgg-aegf74 ,8 family 0 noble & _! ca/le 0 call$ ,lodore1 & 0 9 ! mid/ ( a l>ge e/ate surr\nd$ by small h\ses2 9 "o ( ^! la/1 :i* is /ill pres]v$1 ! pa9t] 0 born4 ,z a *ild he 0 fond ( draw+1 & s anxi\s to color 8 pictures t he squeez$ ! juices f c]ta9 fl[]s1 & us$ !m z pa9ts4 ,:5 b n9e ye>s old he 0 tak5 to ,v5ice to /udy1 & f ?is "t 0 call$ a ,v5etian2 he is said by "s writ]s to be ! fir/ portrait-pa9t] ( ! _w4 ,he fir/ /udi$ "u ,seba/ian ,zuccato1 & !n "u ! ,bell9i1 :]e he 0 a fell[-pupil ) ,giorgione1 & ! two became devot$ fri5ds1 at ! "t :5 !y 7 j com+ to be m5 & 7 fill$ ) glad hopes ( future greatness4 ,aft] a "t1 :5 ,titian 0 ab\t ?irty ye>s old1 ! two 7 employ$ on ! ,fondaco dei ,t$es*i1 or ! ex*ange = ,g]man m]*ants 9 ,v5ice4 ,"h ! frescoes ( ,titian 7 m admir$ ?an ^? ( ,giorgione1 & ! latt] became s jeal\s t !y ceas$ to live toge!r1 z !y _h done1 & !re is cause = believ+ t !y 7 nev] good fri5ds aga94 ,b aft] ! e>ly dea? ( ,giorgione1 ,titian complet$ ! works he _h left unf9i%$1 &1 no d\bt1 s9c]ely m\rn$ = him4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ pictures by ,titian is ! ,pres5tation 9 ! ,temple1 :i* 0 pa9t$ = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,bro!rhood ( ,*>ity1 call$ 9 ,italian ,la ,scuola della ,c>it2 ?is *ur* is n[ ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts 9 ,v5ice1 :]e ! picture /ill rema9s4 ,x repres5ts ! ,virg9 ,m>y :5 ?ree ye>s old ent]+ ! temple & ! high prie/ receiv+ h] at ! entrance4 ,all ar\nd bel[ ! /eps is a company ( fri5ds :o h be5 invit$ by h] fa!r & "m to att5d !m on ?is important occasion4 ,! picture is full ( life & action1 & is gorge\s 9 its color+4 ,sev]al ( ! figures are said to be portraits1 "o be+ t ( ,titian himself4 ,among 8 female portraits1 t ( ,cat]9a ,corn>o1 ,que5 ( ,cyprus1 is celebrat$2 also "o call$ ,flora2 bo? ( ^! are 9 ! ,uffizi ,gall]y1 9 ,flor5ce1 :ile ne> by1 9 ! ,pitti1 is ,la ,bella1 or ! beautiful lady ( ,titian4 ,he also made _m portraits ( 8 daught] ,lav9ia1 :o 0 v beautiful2 sometimes he repres5t$ h] z a fruit or fl[]-girl1 aga9 z ,h]odias & 9 v>i\s *>act]s 7,fig4 #df74 ,"o ( ! f9e/ ( ^! is at ,b]l91 :]e %e is 9 a v ri* dress1 & holds up a plate ( fruit2 x is "o ( 8 be/ works4 ,titian's fame ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ,italy1 & ev5 all ov] ,europe1 & ! ,duke ( ,f]r>a invit$ him to 8 c\rt4 ,! arti/ w5t1 & !re pa9t$ two v fam\s my?ological pictures1 besides portraits & o!r works4 ,"o ( ^! important subjects 0 ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 & x is n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london2 ! second 0 a ,v5us1 surr\nd$ by m ?an sixty *ildr5 & cupids2 "s are climb+ trees1 o!rs %oot arr[s 9 ! air1 :ile /ill o!rs tw9e _! arms ar\nd ea* o!r2 ?is is n[ 9 ,madrid4 ,:ile at ,f]r>a ! ,pope1 ,leo ,x41 ask$ ,titian to g to ,rome2 b he long$ = 8 home--he wi%$ = 8 ye>ly visit to ,cadore1 & he decl9$ ! honorable invitation1 & return$ to ,v5ice4 ,9 #aecj ,titian's wife di$1 leav+ him ) two sons1 ,pomponio & ,orazio1 & 8 daught]1 ,lav9ia4 ,9 ?is same sad ye> ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 & ,pope ,clem5t ,,vii4 met at ,bologna4 ,all ! mo/ brilliant m5 ( ,g]many & ,italy 7 also !re1 & ,titian 0 summon$ to pa9t portraits ( ! two great heads ( ,*ur* & ,/ate1 & ( _m ( ! notable m5 among _! foll[]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #df4--,,portrait ,,( ,,lav9ia4 ,by ,titian4 ,:5 ! pa9t] return$ to ,v5ice he 0 load$ ) honors & ri*es4 ,he b\ght a new h\se at ,b]igr&e1 opposite ! isl& ( ,murano2 x comm&$ f9e views & its g>d5 0 beautiful4 ,! l&scapes ( 8 pictures soon grew bett] ?an !y _h be51 & no wond]1 :5 he c\ld always see ! ,friuli ,alps 9 ! di/ance ) _! sn[-capp$ peaks ris+ to ! cl\ds2 ne>] him 0 ! ,murano1 l ano!r city ) its t[]s & domes1 & !n ! canals1 :i* at night 7 gay ) light$ gondolas be>+ fair ladies hi!r & ?i!r4 ,"h ,titian ent]ta9$ _m p1 & "s ( !m 7 exalt$ 9 /ation4 ,! h\se 0 call$ ,casa ,gr&e1 & on "o occasion1 :5 a c>d9al & o!rs invit$ !mselves to d9e ) him1 ,titian flung a purse to 8 /ew>d1 say+1 ,n[ prep>e a fea/1 s9ce all ! _w d9es ) me4 ,:ile liv+ at ,casa ,gr&e1 ! arti/ saw ! mo/ glori\s ye>s ( 8 life4 ,x seem$ t e p]son ( note 9 all ,europe1 bo? m5 & wom51 desir$ _! portraits at 8 h&4 ,"o only1 ,cosmo ,i41 ,gr& ,duke ( ,flor5ce1 refus$ to sit to him4 ,if ^! pictures c\ld be collect$ toge!r1 mo/ ( ! fam\s p]sons ( 8 "t w\ld be repres5t$ 9 !m4 ,aft] he 0 sixty ye>s old ,titian made a second j\rney to ,f]r>a1 ,urb9o1 & ,bologna4 ,?is "t he pa9t$ a portrait ( ,*>les ,v41 ) a favorite dog by 8 side4 ,aft] ?is1 9 #aede1 at an invitation f ,pope ,paul ,,iii41 ! great ma/] w5t to ,rome2 :ile !re he pa9t$ _m wond]ful pictures--among !m1 "o ( ! pope ) 8 two gr&sons 0 v rem>kable2 x is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,naples4 ,he left ,rome :5 he 0 sixty-n9e ye>s old4 ,9 #aedh ,*>les ,v4 summon$ ,titian to ,augsburg1 & :ile !re made him a c\nt1 & gave him a ye>ly p5sion ( two hundr$ gold ducats4 ,! emp]or 0 v fond ( ,titian1 & sp5t a good deal ( "t ) him4 ,on "o occasion ! pa9t] dropp$ 8 bru%2 ! emp]or pick$ x up1 & return$ x to him4 ,! etiquette ( c\rts =bade any "o to receive su* a s]vice f ! sov]eign1 & ,titian 0 mu* emb>rass$1 :5 ,*>les said1 ,titian is wor?y to be s]v$ by ,cs>1 ?is be+ "o ( ! great rul]'s titles4 ,*>les cont9u$ 8 favors to ,titian ?r\gh life1 & :5 he resign$ 8 cr[n1 & retir$ to ! mona/]y ( ,yu/e1 he took n9e pictures by ?is ma/] into 8 solitude4 ,"o ( ^!1 a portrait ( ! ,empress ,isabella1 0 s hung t ! emp]or gaz$ ^u x :5 dy+2 ?is is n[ 9 ! museum at ,madrid1 :]e are also _m f9e works by ,titian1 = ,philip ,,ii4 0 8 patron z 8 fa!r _h be54 ,:5 eighty-five ye>s old he f9i%$ 8 wond]ful picture ( ! ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce = ! ,*ur* ( ! ,jesuits 9 ,v5ice1 & 8 old age 0 "o ( /r5g? & m5tal cle>ness4 ,?\gh he _h se5 great prosp]ity & receiv$ _m honors1 he _h n escap$ sorr[4 ,aft] ! dea? ( 8 wife1 8 si/] ,orsa1 :o 0 v de> to him1 _h kept 8 h\se2 %e too sick5$ & di$2 8 son ,pomponio 0 a wor?less fell[1 & caus$ him mu* grief2 ,lav9ia _h m>ri$1 & ! old man 0 left ) ,orazio alone1 :o 0 a dutiful son4 ,he also 0 an arti/1 b pa9t$ s frequ5tly on ! same canvas ) 8 fa!r t 8 works _c be spok5 ( sep>ately4 ,at l5g? ,titian's "w began to %[ 8 ye>s1 & "s "o told him t 8 ,annunciation did n resemble 8 usual pictures4 ,he 0 v angry1 &1 seiz+ a p5cil1 wrote ^u x1 ,tizianus fecit fecit--mean+ to say by ?is1 ,truly1 ,titian did ?is6 ,:5 he 0 n9ety-six ye>s old he 0 visit$ by ,h5ry ,,iii4 ( ,france1 att5d$ by a tra9 ( pr9ces & nobles4 ,! ag$ pa9t] appe>$ ) su* grace & dignity z to excite ! admiration ( all1 & :5 ! k+ ask$ ! price ( "s pictures1 ,titian pres5t$ !m to him z "o sov]eign might make a gift to ano!r :o 0 8 equal1 & no m4 ,9 #aegf ! plague broke out 9 ,v5ice1 & bo? ,titian & ,orazio fell victims to x4 ,naturally ! man ( n9ety-eight ye>s c\ld n recov]1 &1 ?\gh ,orazio 0 borne (f to ! hospital & c>$ = z well z possible1 he also di$4 ,aft] ,titian 0 left alone robb]s ent]$ 8 h\se :ile he /ill liv$1 & c>ri$ away jewels1 money1 & pictures4 ,he di$ ,augu/ #bg?1 & all ,v5ice m\rn$ = him4 ,!re 0 a law t no p]son :o di$ ( ! plague 9 ,v5ice %\ld be buri$ )9 ! city2 b ,titian 0 s mu* honor$ & belov$ t exception 0 made1 & he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia ,gloriosa de ,fr>i2 or z x is usually call$1 ! ,fr>i4 ,he _h pa9t$ a great picture ( ! ,assumption = ?is *ur*1 :i* has s9ce be5 remov$ to ! ,academy ( ,v5ice2 b ano!r "w ( 81 call$ ! ,pes>o alt>-piece1 /ill rema9s ne> 8 grave4 ,8 burial-place is m>k$ by a simple tablet1 inscrib$ ?us3 ,"h lies ! great ,tiziano di ,vecelli1 rival ( ,zeuxis & ,apelles4 ,a little m ?an two c5turies aft] 8 dea? ! citiz5s ( ,v5ice det]m9$ to erect a monum5t to ,titian1 & ,canova made a design = x2 b political tr\bles int]f]$1 & prev5t$ ! execution ( ! plan4 ,9 #aheb ! ,emp]or ( ,au/ria1 ,f]d9& ,i41 plac$ a co/ly monum5t ne> 8 grave2 x consi/s ( a ,cor9?ian canopy b5ea? :i* is a sitt+ /atue ( ! pa9t]1 :ile sev]al o!r allegorical figures are add$ to increase its magnific5ce4 ,?is monum5t 0 d$icat$ ) impos+ c]emonies1 & x is curi\s to note t n f> away f x ! sculptor ,canova is buri$1 & 8 own monum5t is made f ! design :i* he made = t ( ,titian4 ,"s writ]s consid] ! ,entombm5t ( ,*ri/1 9 ! ,manfr9i ,palace1 z ! greate/ "w ( ,titian4 ,at all ev5ts1 x is ! be/ exi/+ repres5tation ( ?is subject1 & is a picture :i* has _h a great effect ^u art2 its *ief feature is ! g5]al expression ( sorr[ :i* p]vades ! :ole "w4 ,titian gave a new importance to l&scape-pa9t+ by mak+ backgr\nds to 8 pictures f natural sc5]y1 & t n z if x 0 m]ely = ! sake ( a backgr\nd1 b 9 a mann] :i* %[$ 8 love = ,nature1 &1 9 fact1 he (t5 r5d]$ x ) poetical significance4 ,! works ( ,titian are v seldom sold4 ,"o subject :i* he (t5times repeat$ 0 t ( ,dane ) ! %[] ( gold fall+ ab\t h]2 "o ( ^! 0 pur*as$ by ! ,emp]or ( ,russia = six hundr$ ?\s& francs4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important ( 8 religi\s pictures 0 t ( ,/4 ,pet] ,m>tyr2 ?is 0 burn$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,,ss4 ,giovanni e ,paolo 9 ,v5ice 9 #ahfh4 ,an excell5t copy ( x _h be5 = a long "t 9 ! ,museum ( ,flor5ce1 & ?is 0 pres5t$ to ! ,v5etians 9 ord] to repair _! loss z f> z possible4 ,victor ,amadeus ( ,s>d9ia pres5t$ n9e pictures by ,titian to ! ,duke ( ,m>lbor\gh1 & ^! 7 all de/roy$ 9 #ahfa :5 ! *teau ( ,bl5heim 0 burn$4 ,kugl] says3 ,9 ! multif>i\sness ( 8 p[]s ,titian takes prec$5ce ( all o!r pa9t]s ( 8 s*ool2 inde$1 !re is sc>cely a l9e ( art :i* 9 8 long & v active life he did n enri*4 ,8 la/ "w 0 n q complet$ by himself1 & is n[ 9 ! ,academy ( ,v5ice4 ,x is a ,piet1 & al?\gh ! h& ( n9ety-eight ye>s guid$ ! bru% unc]ta9ly1 yet x has ! wond]ful light ?is ma/] ?rew ar\nd 8 figures1 & ! :ole is conceiv$ ) 8 accu/om$ animation4 ,! pupils & foll[]s ( ,titian 7 too num]\s to be spok5 ( "o by "o1 & none ( !m 7 s great z to require _! m5tion 9 detail "h2 yet !y 7 s good t1 :ile ! o!r s*ools ( ,italy 7 decreas+ 9 importance dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury1 t ( ,v5ice 0 fl\ri%+1 & "s great ma/]s /ill exi/$ !re4 ,among ^! 0 ,,jacopo ,,robu/i 7#aeab-aeid71 :o 0 call$1 & is be/ kn[n z ,t9toretto1 :i* "n 0 giv5 him because 8 fa!r 0 a dy]4 ,he /udi$ "u ,titian = a "t1 & !n he attempt$ to foll[ ,mi*ael ,angelo1 & x is said t 8 motto 01 ,! color+ ( ,titian1 ! draw+ ( ,mi*ael ,angelo4 ,8 be/ pictures are slightly treat$1 & o!rs are co>se & unf9i%$ 9 ! mann] ( pa9t+4 ,8 portraits seem to be 8 be/ works1 probably because !y are m c>efully f9i%$4 ,sev]al works ( 8 are simply enorm\s2 "o is sev5ty-f\r by ?irty feet2 ! s*ool ( ,/4 ,ro* has fifty-sev5 l>ge pictures by him1 9 _m ( :i* ! figures are ( life size4 ,8 two mo/ fam\s works are ! ,miracle ( ,/4 ,m>k1 9 ! ,academy ( ,v5ice1 & ! ,crucifixion1 9 ! s*ool ( ,/4 ,ro*4 ,! la/ is1 = e reason1 8 be/ "w2 !re are cr[ds ( p 9 x1 on foot & on horseback1 :ile _! faces %[ e possible k9d ( expression1 & _! movem5ts are inf9itely v>i$4 ,! imm5se pa9t+ m5tion$ above is 9 ! ,doge's ,palace1 & is call$ ,p>adise4 ,8 daught]1 ,,m>ietta ,,robu/i 7#aefj-aeij71 0 a pupil ( h] fa!r's1 & became s good a portrait-pa9t] t %e 0 invit$ to ! ,c\rt ( ,spa9 by ,philip ,,ii41 b h] fa!r c\ld n cons5t to a sep>ation f h]4 ,"s excell5t pictures ( h]s /ill exi/1 & h] portraits ( ,m>co dei ,vescovi & ! antiqu>ian ,/rada 7 celebrat$ pictures4 ,:5 ! ,emp]or ,maximilian & ! ,ar*duke ,f]d9&1 ea* 9 turn1 desir$ h] pres5ce at _! c\rts1 h] fa!r ha/5$ to m>ry h] to ,m>io ,augu/i1 a weal?y ,g]man jewell]1 ^u ! condition t %e %\ld rema9 9 h] fa!r's h\se4 ,%e 0 celebrat$ = h] beauty1 _h f9e musical tal5ts1 & 0 sprightly & en?usia/ic2 h] fa!r 0 s fond ( hav+ h] ) him t he sometimes all[$ h] to dress z a boy1 & g ) him to /udy :]e "y girls 7 n admitt$4 ,:5 b ?irty ye>s old ,m>ietta ,robu/i di$2 %e 0 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia dell ,orto1 :]e are sev]al works by h] fa!r4 ,bo? he & h] husb& m\rn$ = h] all _! rema9+ days4 ,_m pictures ( ,t9toretto pa9t+ 8 daught]'s portrait aft] h] dea? h be5 made by lat] arti/s4 ,,paoli ,,cagli>i1 or ,,cali>i1 call$ ,,paul ,,v]onese 7#aebh-aehh71 0 born at ,v]ona1 b z he liv$ mo/ly at ,v5ice1 he belongs to ! s*ool ( t city4 ,he 0 an imitator ( ,titian1 :om he did n equal2 /ill he 0 a f9e pa9t]4 ,8 excell5ces 7 9 8 h>moni\s color1 8 good arrangem5t ( 8 figures 9 ! =egr\nd1 & 8 f9e ar*itectural backgr\nds4 ,he tri$ to make 8 works magnific5t1 & to d ?is he pa9t$ fe/ive sc5es1 ) _m figures 9 spl5did co/umes4 ,he is buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,seba/ian1 :]e !re are _m ( 8 works4 ,9 ! gall]y ( ! ,l\vre is 8 ,m>riage at ,cana4 ,x is ?irty by tw5ty feet 9 size1 & _m ( its figures are portraits4 ,8 pictures are num]\s & are se5 9 ! ,european gall]ies4 ,! ,family ( ,d>ius1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 co/ t in/itution ! enorm\s sum ( ?irte5 ?\s& six hundr$ & fifty p\nds2 x 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,pisani ,palace1 ,v5ice1 & 0 said to h be5 left !re by ,v]onese z paym5t = 8 ent]ta9m5t dur+ a visit he _h made 9 ! palace4 ,9 #ahfh1 at ! ,demid(f sale1 a portrait ( 8 daught] sold = two ?\s& five hundr$ & tw5ty-f\r p\nds4 ,at ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury a family ( a fa!r & f\r sons 7 busy pa9t+ :at may rightfully be t]m$ ! e>lie/ g5re pictures ( ,italy4 ,?is t]m is us$ to d5ote pictures t /& betwe5 hi/orical & utt]ly imag9>y subjects2 t is to say1 ! repres5tation ( some?+ t seems real to u because x is s famili> to our imag9ation1 or because x is some?+ t we "k might h happ5$1 t x has all ! naturalness ( an actual reproduction ( a fact4 ,!re may be int]ior or l&scape g5re pictures4 ,! fir/ repres5t famili> 9-door sc5es--! latt] are l&scapes ) animals or figures to give a life elem5t & to tell a /ory4 ,! "n ( ! family ( :i* ,i speak 0 ,da ,ponte1 b x 0 call$ ,bassano1 f ! bir?-place ( ,,jacopo ,,da ,,ponte ,,bassano 7#aeaj-aeib71 ! fa!r1 :o 0 ! mo/ important ( ! family4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,v5ice1 b return$ to 8 native t[n4 ,8 portraits are f9e2 among !m are ^? ( ! ,doge ( ,v5ice1 ,ario/o1 & ,tasso4 ,8 works are v num]\s & are se5 9 all gall]ies4 ,he introduc$ l&scapes & animals into mo/ ( 8 pictures1 sometimes ) great impropriety4 ,we come n[ to ,,antonio ,,allegri1 call$ ,,correggio 7#adic-aecd71 :o 0 born at ! end ( ! fifte5?1 b did 8 "w 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,8 "n ( ,correggio is t ( 8 bir?-place1 & z he 0 n born at any ( ! great art c5tres1 & did n adopt ! precise mann] ( any s*ool1 he1 ) 8 foll[]s1 /& by !mselves1 & yet1 because 8 pr9cipal works 7 done at ,p>ma1 he is sometimes said to be ( ! s*ool ( ,p>ma4 ,:5 ,correggio 0 ?irte5 ye>s old he _h le>n$ to draw well4 ,he /udi$ "u ,&rea ,mantegna & 8 son ,francesco ,mantegna4 ,f ^! ma/]s he le>n$ to be v skilful 9 draw+1 especially 9 =e%ort5+1 or 9 repres5t+ objects se5 aslant4 ,b ?\gh he le>n$ mu* ( ! sci5ce ( art f 8 tea*]s1 8 grace & movem5t & 8 exquisite light & %ade are all 8 own1 = !y did n possess ^! qualities4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dg4--,,portrait ,,( ,,correggio4 ,=e%ort5+ is s important t ,i mu/ try to expla9 x2 &1 z ,correggio is said to be ! greate/ ma/] 9 ?is art s9ce ! days ( ! ,greeks1 x is q prop] = me to speak ( x 9 connection ) him4 ,! art ( =e%ort5+ is t :i* makes diff]5t objects pa9t$ on a plane or flat surface appe> z if !y 7 at diff]5t di/ances f ! eye ( ! p]son :o is look+ at ! picture1 or z sc5es 9 nature appe>1 :]e "o "p is mu* f>!r (f ?an ano!r4 ,to produce ?is effect x is (t5 necess>y to make an object--let u say1 = example1 an arm or a leg1 look z if x 0 /ret*$ =w>d1 out ( ! canvas1 directly t[>d ! p]son :o is look+ at x4 ,n[1 ! tru? is t 9 ord] to produce ?is effect ! object is (t5 ?r[n backw>d 9 ! draw+2 sometimes also x is d\bl$ up 9 an unnatural mann]1 & occupies a small space on ! canvas1 :ile x appe>s to be ( life size :5 "o looks at x4 ,a ,*ri/ 9 ,glory pa9t$ by ,correggio 9 ! cupola ( ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,giovanni ,evangeli/a1 9 ,p>ma1 is a f9e piece ( =e%ort5+4 ,! head is s ?r[n back1 & ! knees are s ?r[n =w>d1 t ! :ole figure seems to be ( life size2 yet if ! space f ! top ( ! head to ! soles ( ! feet 7 measur$1 x w\ld be f\nd to be mu* less ?an ! height ( ! same figure w\ld be if x 7 drawn 9 an erect position4 ,i h already expla9$ ! mean+ ( *i>o-scuro1 & ?is delicate mann] ( pass+ f light to %ade 0 ano!r quality 9 ! works ( ,correggio4 ,x is ev5 se5 9 8 e>ly works1 z1 = in/ance1 9 ! beautiful ,madonna di ,san ,francesco1 n[ at ,dresd51 :i* he pa9t$ :5 he 0 b eighte5 ye>s old4 ,:5 ?is ma/] 0 tw5ty-six ye>s old he m>ri$ ,girolama ,nurl9i1 & ab\t ! same "t he 0 summon$ to ,mantua by ! ,duke ,f$]igo ,gonzaga4 ,dur+ elev5 ye>s aft] 8 m>riage he 0 occupi$ ) works 9 ,mantua1 & ) 8 great frescoes at ,p>ma4 ,9 #aecj he return$ to ,correggio1 & !re pass$ ! rema9d] ( 8 life4 ,t he held a high position is prov$ by c]ta9 records ( 8 life1 among :i* is ! fact t 9 #aecc he 0 invit$ to be "o ( ! witnesses ( ! m>riage ( ! ,"l ( ,correggio4 ,x is said t :5 ?is pa9t] saw "o ( ! great works ( ,raphael1 he exclaim$1 en?usia/ically & ?ankfully1 ,i1 too1 am a pa9t]6 & no d\bt he !n felt himself mov$ to attempt su* works z %\ld make 8 "n kn[n to all ! _w ?r\gh future c5turies4 ,:5 ,titian saw ,correggio's frescoes at ,p>ma1 he said3 ,7 ,i n ,titian1 ,i %\ld wi% to be ,correggio4 ,annibale ,c>acci1 also a great arti/1 said ( ,correggio1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 ,he 0 ! only pa9t]6 & decl>$ t ! *ildr5 he pa9t$ seem$ to brea! & smile ) su* grace t "o 0 =c$ to smile & be happy ) !m4 ,9 #aecd ,correggio di$ ( a fev]1 & 0 buri$ 9 8 family tomb 9 ! ,franciscan ,conv5t ( 8 native city4 ,8 grave is simply m>k$ ) 8 "n & ! date ( 8 dea?4 ,"s ( 8 oil-pa9t+s are v fam\s4 ,"o at ,dresd51 repres5t+ ! ,nativity ( ! ,savi\r1 is call$ ! ,notte1 or night1 because ! only light on ! picture comes f ! halo ( glory ar\nd ! head ( ! ,holy ,*ild4 ,correggio's ,read+ ,magdal5 is 9 ! same gall]y2 probably no "o picture exi/s :i* has be5 m univ]sally admir$ ?an ?is4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #dh4--,,upp] ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,fresco ,,by ,,correggio4 ,!re 0 a l>ge "w ( 8 repres5t+ ,! ,%eph]ds ,ador+ ! ,infant ,savi\r1 at ,seville1 9 ,spa94 ,dur+ ! ,p59sul> ,w> 7#ahjh-ad7 ! p ( t city s5t _m valuable ?+s to ,cadiz = safety1 & ?is picture1 on acc\nt ( its size1 0 cut 9 two4 ,by "s accid5t ! two p>ts 7 sep>at$2 b bo? 7 sold1 & ! pur*as] ( ea* 0 promis$ t ! o!r portion %\ld be giv5 him4 ,f ?is mu* tr\ble arose1 because bo? pur*as]s det]m9$ to keep :at !y _h1 & ea* claim$ t ! :ole belong$ to him1 & z !y 7 equally ob/9ate1 ! two p>ts ( ! same "w h nev] be5 reunit$4 ,=tunately1 ea* half makes a picture by itself4 ,! frescoes at ,p>ma are ! greate/ works ( ?is ma/]1 & x is v int]e/+ to visit t qua9t old city2 8 works are 9 ! ,ca!dral1 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john ! ,evangeli/1 & 9 ! p>lor ( ! ,conv5t ( ! ,b5$ict9e ,nuns4 ,?is la/ is a wond]ful room4 ,! ceil+ is ar*$ & high1 & pa9t$ to repres5t an arbor ( v9es ) sixte5 oval op5+s1 out ( :i* frolicsome *ildr5 are peep+1 z if1 9 pass+ ar\nd beh9d ! v9es1 !y _h /opp$ to look d[n into ! room4 ,! pictures "h w make y und]/& ! effect 7,figs4 #dh & #di74 ,b5ea? ea* ( ^! op5+s or lunettes is a half-circul> picture ( "s my?ological /ory or p]sonage4 ,^u ! wall ( ! p>lor1 above ! mantel1 !re is a picture ( ,diana1 ! goddess ( ! moon & ! protector ( "y animals1 :i* is a beautiful picture4 ,:5 ,correggio work$ on ! frescoes at ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john1 he liv$ mu* 9 ! mona/]y connect$ ) x4 ,! monks became v fond ( him1 & made him a memb] ( ! ,congregation ,cass95si2 ! poet ,tasso also 0 a memb] ( ?is frat]nity4 ,?is memb]%ip gave him ! "r to %>e 9 ! masses1 pray]s1 & alms ( ! community1 & aft] 8 dea? ! same (fices = ! repose ( 8 s\l w\ld be p]=m$ z if he _h be5 a true monk4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #di4--,,l[] ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,fresco ,,by ,,correggio4 ,! works ( ,correggio are v r>ely sold4 ,! madonna 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 kn[n z ,la ,vi]ge au ,pani]1 0 =m]ly 9 ! ,royal ,gall]y at ,madrid4 ,dur+ ! ,fr5* invasion ( ,spa91 ,mr4 ,wallace1 an ,engli% arti/1 obta9$ x4 ,x is pa9t$ on a panel1 & is #ac in*es high by #aj in*es wide4 ,9 #ahac x 0 (f]$ = sale 9 ,london at twelve hundr$ p\nds4 ,9 #ahbe x 0 sold 9 ,p>is = eighty ?\s& francs1 & soon aft] sold to ! ,national ,gall]y = ?irty-eight hundr$ p\nds1 or ne>ly n9ete5 ?\s& doll>s4 ,a copy ( ! ,read+ ,magdal5 0 sold to ,e>l ,dudley = sixte5 hundr$ p\nds1 or m ?an sev5 ?\s& doll>s4 ,correggio _h b few pupils1 b he _h _m imitators4 ,! "o mo/ wor?y ( m5tion 0 ,,francesco ,,mazzuoli 7#aejc-aedj71 call$ ,,il ,,p>migiano1 or ,,p>migian9o4 ,he 0 n a great pa9t]4 ,! ,vision ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 is "o ( 8 be/ works4 ,x is said t dur+ ! sack ( ,rome1 9 #aebg1 he 0 pa9t+ ! figures ( ! ,virg9 & ,*ild 9 ?is picture1 & 0 s engross$ by 8 "w t ! invad]s ent]$ 8 /udio1 & surr\nd$ him be=e he 0 aw>e ( _! approa*4 ,& !y1 = _! "p1 7 s mov$ by :at !y saw t !y w5t away1 & left him undi/urb$4 ,art writ]s (t5 use ! t]m e>ly ma/]s4 ,?is d5otes ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,raphael1 & o!r m5 s great t !y 7 v prom95t 9 ! hi/ory ( art1 & 7 imitat$ by s _m foll[]s t !y _h an unusual effect ^u ! _w4 ,titian may be call$ ! la/ ( ^! great ma/]s ( ! e>ly s*ool1 & 8 life 0 s long t he liv$ to see a great decl9e 9 art4 ,! pa9t]s ( ! close ( ! sixte5? c5tury are call$ ,mann]i/s1 :i* means t !y adopt$ or imitat$ ! mann] or /yle ( "s great ma/] :o _h prec$$ !m--& ?is 0 done 9 s cold & spiritless a way t x may be said t true arti/ic inspiration 0 dead 9 ,italy4 ,no "o liv$ :o1 out ( 8 own imag9ation1 c\ld fix ^u ! wall or ! canvas su* sc5es z w\ld befit a poet's dream or s]ve to ar\se ! en?usiasm ( ^? :o saw ! pa9t$ /ory born 9 ! arti/'s bra94 ,ab\t #afjj1 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 !re arose a new movem5t 9 ,italian art1 :i* result$ 9 =m+ two s*ools betwe5 :i* !re came to be mu* bitt]ness ( feel+1 & ev5 deadly hatr$4 ,on "o side !re 7 ^? :o wi%$ to cont9ue ! /udy & imitation ( ! works ( ! old ma/]s1 b ) ?is !y unit$ a /udy ( nature4 ,^! m5 7 call$ ,eclectics1 because !y elect$ or *ose c]ta9 p>ts ( diff]5t sy/ems ( pa9t+1 & f ^! =m$ a new mann] ( _! own4 ,oppos$ to ! ,eclectics 7 ! ,naturali/s1 :o insi/$ t nature only %\ld be /udi$1 & t ev]y?+ %\ld be repres5t$ 9 ! mo/ reali/ic way1 & made to appe> 9 ! picture exactly z x did 9 reality1 n be+ beautifi$ or adorn$ by any play ( fancy or imag9ation4 ,! *ief s*ool ( ! ,eclectics1 ( :om ,i w fir/ speak1 0 at ,bologna1 & is kn[n also z ! s*ool ( ! ,c>acci1 because ,,ludovico ,,c>acci 7#aeee-afai7 0 at ! head ( a l>ge academy !re1 & 0 assi/$ by 8 nephews1 ,,ago/9o ,,c>acci 7#aeeh-afja7 & ,,annibale ,,c>acci 7#aefj-afji71 ! latt] be+ ! greate/ arti/ ( ! ?ree4 ,! lives ( ! ,c>acci are n ( su* int]e/ z to require an acc\nt ( !m "h1 nei!r are _! works s int]e/+ t we may n leave ^! arti/s by say+ t !y h great consid]ation z ! heads ( ! ,eclectic ,academy1 & = ! "w !y did 9 x at an important era 9 ! hi/ory ( ,italian art2 b ! fruits ( _! "w are %[n 9 t ( _! s*ol>s r ?an 9 _! own pa9t+s1 & 9 ?is view _! influ5ce c sc>cely be ov]valu$4 ,! greate/ ( _! s*ol>s 0 ,,dom5ico ,,zampi]i 7#aeha-afda71 call$ ,,dom5i*9o1 :o 0 born at ,bologna1 & 0 in/ruct$ by ,d5is ,calv]t1 :o =bade 8 draw+ aft] ! works ( ,annibale ,c>acci4 ,dom5ico disobey$ ?is comm&1 & 0 s sev]ely treat$ by ,calv]t t he p]suad$ 8 fa!r to take him f t ma/]1 & place him 9 ! s*ool ( ! ,c>acci4 ,:5 he ent]$ ! ,academy he 0 s dull t 8 fell[-pupils nicknam$ him ,! ,ox2 b ,annibale ,c>acci said3 ,take c>e3 ?is ox w surpass y all by & by1 & w be an honor to 8 art4 ,dom5i*9o soon began to w9 _m prizes 9 ! s*ool1 & left x well tra9$ & prep>$ = a brilliant c>e]4 ,he gave mu* ?\ght to 8 art1 %unn$ private society1 & if he w5t out at all he frequ5t$ public places :]e l>ge numb]s ( p 7 ga!r$1 ?us af=d+ him an opportunity to /udy _! v>y+ expressions4 ,he also tri$ to feel 9 himself ! emotions ( ! p]son he 0 pa9t+4 ,= in/ance1 x is said t :5 he 0 pa9t+ ! ,sc\rg+ ( ,/4 ,&rew1 he ?rew himself into a passion1 & us$ ?reat5+ ge/ures & high words4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is 8 ma/]1 ,annibale ,c>acci1 surpris$ him1 & 0 s impress$ ) 8 me?od t he ?rew 8 arms ab\t 8 pupil's neck1 exclaim+1 ,to-day1 my ,dom5i*9o1 ?\ art tea*+ me6 ,! mo/ celebrat$ "w by ,dom5i*9o is ! ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 9 ! ,vatican4 ,x is univ]sally consid]$ ! second picture 9 ,rome1 ! ,transfiguration1 by ,raphael1 be+ ! only "o t is plac$ be=e x4 ,! sc5e x repres5ts is j be=e ! dea? ( ! sa9t1 :5 he 0 borne into ! *apel to receive ! sacram5t ( ! communion = ! la/ "t 7,fig4 #ej74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ej4--;,,communion ,,( ,,/4 ,,j]ome4 ,dom5i*9o 0 made v unhappy 9 ,rome1 on acc\nt ( ! jeal\sy ( o!r arti/s1 & he return$ to ,bologna4 ,h[ev]1 8 fame _h rea*$ ! c\rt at ,naples1 & ! vic]oy ( t city invit$ ! arti/ to decorate ! ,*apel ( ,/4 ,janu>ius4 ,!re 0 9 ,naples at t "t an association ( arti/s :o _h det]m9$ t no /range arti/ %\ld be all[$ to d "w ( any acc\nt 9 _! city4 ,z soon z ,dom5i*9o began 8 "w1 !re=e1 he receiv$ lett]s ?reat5+ 8 life4 ,8 colors 7 spoil$ by hav+ ru9\s *emicals mix$ ) !m1 8 sket*es 7 /ol5 f 8 /udio1 & all sorts ( insults & indignities 7 heap$ ^u him4 ,aft] a "t1 ! pa9t] 0 s di%e>t5$ t he fl$ to ,rome2 b ! vic]oy s5t = him & took e precaution possible to protect him & enable him to "w 9 peace4 ,b j z all seem$ to be go+ well he sick5$ & di$1 & x has always be5 said t he 0 poison$4 ,be ?is z x may1 !re is no d\bt t ! fe>1 vexation1 & anxiety ( 8 life caus$ 8 dea?1 & on ?is acc\nt 8 torm5tors 7 8 murd]]s4 ,! works ( ,dom5i*9o are n num]\s1 & are n se5 9 z _m gall]ies z are ^? ( "s ,italian pa9t]s2 b !re are a consid]able numb] scatt]$ ov] ,europe & v beautiful ones 9 sev]al gall]ies 9 ,rome4 ,! next pa9t] ( importance 9 ! ,eclectic s*ool 0 ,,guido ,,r5i 7#aege-afdb71 born at ,bologna1 & ! son ( a pr(essor ( music4 ,8 fa!r int5d$ t ,guido also %\ld be a musician1 & ! poor boy 0 mu* p]secut$ on acc\nt ( 8 love = draw+4 ,b aft] _m /ruggles ! boy came into ! ,c>acci s*ool1 & 0 soon a favorite pupil !re4 ,:5 /ill "y he li/5$ ) great att5tion to a lecture f ,annibale1 9 :i* he laid d[n ! rules :i* %\ld gov]n a true pa9t]4 ,guido resolv$ to foll[ ^! rules closely1 & soon he pa9t$ s well t he 0 accus$ ( try+ to e/abli% a new sy/em ( pa9t+4 ,at la/ ,ludovico ,c>acci turn$ aga9/ him & dismiss$ him f 8 s*ool4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ea4--;,,aurora4 ,by ,guido ,r5i4 ,! "y arti/ w5t to ,rome2 b 8 p]secutions did n cease1 & x seem$ to be 8 fate to excite ! jeal\sy ( o!r pa9t]s4 ,n[1 :5 s mu* "t has elaps$1 we "k t ,guido 0 n a v great ma/]1 & _h he pa9t$ 9 ! days ( ,mi*ael ,angelo he w\ld n h be5 ?\ght s4 ,b art _h l[]$ its /&>d1 & ,guido's works 7 suit$ to ! ta/e ( 8 "t2 he _h a high conception ( beauty1 & he tri$ to rea* x 9 8 pictures4 ,9 ! c\rse ( 8 c>e] ,guido really pa9t$ 9 ?ree /yles4 ,8 e>lie/ pictures are ! /ronge/2 ^? ( 8 middle p]iod are weak]1 because he seem$ only to /rive to repres5t grace & sweetness2 8 late/ pictures are c>eless & unequal 9 execution1 = he grew indiff]5t to fame1 & became s fond ( gam+ t he only pa9t$ 9 ord] to get money to sp5d 9 ?is s9ful folly4 ,8 ma/]piece 9 ,rome 0 ! ,aurora1 on a ceil+ ( ! ,rospigliosi ,palace2 x repres5ts ! goddess ( ! dawn z float+ be=e ! *>iot ( ,apollo1 or ,phoebus1 ! god ( ! sun4 ,%e scatt]s fl[]s ^u ! e>?1 he holds ! re9s ov] f\r piebald & :ite horses1 :ile ,cupid1 ) 8 light$ tor*1 floats j above !m4 ,ar\nd ! *>iot dance sev5 graceful female figures :i* repres5t ! ,h\rs1 or ,hor4 ,i h be5 ask$ :y sev5 0 ! numb]2 ! anci5ts _h no fix$ numb] = ! ,h\rs2 sometimes !y 7 spok5 ( z two1 aga9 ?ree1 & ev5 9 "s cases z t54 ,x has always seem$ to me t t5 0 ! numb] *os5 by ,guido1 = 9 t case !re w\ld naturally be ?ree out ( sight1 on ! side ( ! *>iot :i* is n se5 7,fig4 #ea74 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eb4--;,,beatrice ,,c5ci4 ,! portrait ( ,beatrice ,c5ci is ano!r v celebrat$ picture by ,guido2 x is 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,b>b]9i ,palace1 9 ,rome 7,fig4 #eb74 ,! int]e/ 9 ! portrait ( ?is unhappy girl is _w-wide4 ,%e 0 ! daught] ( a weal?y ,roman noble1 :o aft] ! dea? ( h] "m m>ri$ a second "t1 & treat$ ! *ildr5 ( 8 fir/ m>riage 9 a brutal way4 ,x is ev5 said t he hir$ assass9s to murd] two ( 8 sons on _! return f a j\rney to ,spa94 ,! /ory also relates t 8 cruelty to ,beatrice 0 su* t1 ) ! aid ( h] /ep-"m & h] bro!r1 %e kill$ him4 ,at all ev5ts1 ^! ?ree 7 accus$ ( ?is crime & 7 execut$ = x 9 #aeii4 ,o!r acc\nts say t he 0 murd]$ by robb]s1 & 8 wife & *ildr5 7 made to appe> z if guilty4 ,clem5t ,,vii4 0 ! pope at t "t1 & 9 spite ( 8 k ( ! cruelty ( ! fa!r he w\ld n p>don !m1 ?\gh m]cy 0 implor$ ( him = ?is lovely girl4 ,! reason giv5 = ?is action ( ! pope's is t he wi%$ to confiscate ! ,c5ci e/ates1 :i* he c\ld d if ! family suff]$ ! dea? p5alty4 ,s _m reproductions ( ?is sad face h be5 made t x is v famili> to u1 & almo/ seems to h be5 ! face ( "s "o :om we h kn[n4 ,guido did n pa9t 8 ,/4 ,mi*ael = ! ,cappuc9i 9 ,rome until aft] he return$ to 8 native city4 ,:5 he s5t ! picture to ! monks1 he wrote3 ,i wi% ,i _h ! w+s ( an angel to h asc5d$ into ,p>adise1 & !re to h behold5 ! =ms ( ^? beautifi$ spirits f :i* ,i might h copi$ my ar*angel2 b n be+ able to m\nt s high1 x 0 9 va9 = me to se>* = 8 resemblance "h bel[1 s t ,i 0 =c$ to make an introspection into my own m9d1 & into t idea ( beauty :i* ,i h =m$ 9 my own imag9ation4 ,we are told t he always tri$ to pa9t 8 ideal ( beauty r ?an to reproduce any human beauty t he _h se54 ,he w\ld pose 8 color-gr9d]1 & draw 8 outl9es f him1 & !n fill 9 ) 8 own conceptions ( :at ! head he 0 pa9t+ %\ld be2 ?is acc\nts = ! sam5ess 9 8 heads & faces4 ,8 passion = gam+ degrad$ ! close ( 8 life4 ,x l$ him into great di/resses1 & = ! sake ( money he pa9t$ _m pictures :i* are n wor?y ( 8 "n4 ,he _h always receiv$ g5]\s prices = 8 pictures1 b he left _m debts z a blot ^u 8 memory4 ,8 works are se5 9 ! gall]ies ( ,europe1 & are always admir$ = _! feel+1 beauty1 & grace4 ,,francesco ,,albani 7#aegh-affj71 born at ,bologna1 0 ano!r s*ol> ( ! ,c>acci s*ool1 & a fri5d ( ,guido ,r5i4 ,!re are _m works ( 8 9 ,rome4 ,8 pictures ( l&scapes ) figures 7 8 be/ works1 & beauty 0 8 *>act]i/ic4 ,8 own home _h all ! advantages = pa9t+ su* works z he be/ succe$$ 91 su* z ,v5us & ! ,loves1 maids & boys1 *ildr5 & ,cupids 9 un5d+ v>iety4 ,8 villa 0 surr\nd$ by *>m+ views4 ,8 wife 0 v h&some1 & !y _h twelve lovely *ildr51 s lovely t x is said t o!r arti/s besides himself made use ( !m = models4 ,!re 7 sev]al o!r ,eclectics ( "s importance ( :om we %all n speak1 b %all leave !m ) an acc\nt ( ,,elisabetta ,,sirani 7#afdj-affe71 :o also 0 born at ,bologna1 & is wor?y ( att5tion on acc\nt ( h] tal5ts1 :ile ! /ory ( h] life adds ano!r int]e/ ?an t :i* %e has z an arti/4 ,%e 0 an imitator ( ! attractive mann] ( ,guido ,r5i4 ,! heads ( h] madonnas & magdal5s are *>m+1 &1 inde$1 all h] "w speaks ( ! innate ref9em5t ( h] nature4 ,h] indu/ry 0 m>vell\s1 s9ce %e made "o hundr$ & fifty pictures & et*+s 9 a p]iod ( ab\t t5 ye>s4 ,mu* has be5 said ( ! rapidity ) :i* %e work$1 & "o /ory relates t on a c]ta9 day ! ,du*ess ( ,brunswick1 ! ,du*ess ( ,mir&ola1 & ! ,duke ,cosimo de ,m$ici1 ) o!r p]sons1 met 9 h] /udio1 & %e sket*$ & %ad$ draw+s ( subjects :i* !y nam$ to h]1 ) a skill & cel]ity :i* a/oni%$ & delight$ h] gue/s4 ,h] ma/]piece is a picture ( ,/4 ,an?ony ,ador+ ! ,virg9 & ,*ild1 :i* is 9 ! ,p9acoteca ( ,bologna4 ,!re are pictures by h] 9 ! ,belv$]e & ,li*t5/e9 ,gall]ies at ,vi5na1 9 ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 & 9 ! ,sci>ra ,palace1 ,rome4 ,9 p]son ,elisabetta ,sirani 0 beautiful1 & h] "* comm&$ ! affection ( all :o knew h]4 ,%e 0 a sweet s+]1 & h] biograph]s increase h] virtues by prais+ h] ta/e 9 dress1 & ev5 h] mod]ation 9 eat+6 ,%e 0 skilful 9 dome/ic affairs1 & 0 9 ! habit ( ris+ e>ly to p]=m h] %>e 9 ! h\sehold duties1 nev] all[+ h] art to displace any occupation :i* prop]ly made a "p ( h] life4 ,h] "n has come d[n ?r\gh m ?an two c5turies z "o ^: devot$ filial affection1 fem99e grace1 & artless b5ignity ( mann] add$ a lu/re to h] great tal5ts1 & complet$ a p]sonality :i* h] fri5ds reg>d$ z an ideal ( p]fection4 ,%e di$ v sudd5ly1 & ! cause ( h] dea? has nev] be5 kn[n2 b ! !ory t %e 0 poison$ has be5 g5]ally accept$4 ,sev]al reasons = ! crime h be5 giv52 "o is t %e 0 ! victim ( jeal\s arti/s1 z ,dom5i*9o _h be52 ano!r1 t a pr9cely lov] :om %e _h scorn$ ?us rev5g$ himself4 ,a s]vant-girl 9 h] family 0 suspect$ ( ! crime1 tri$1 & bani%$2 b aft] a "t %e 0 recall$ to ,bologna at ! reque/ ( ! fa!r ( ,elisabetta1 = he saw no pro( ( ! girl's guilt4 ,?us ! my/]y 0 nev] solv$1 b ! :ole city ( ,bologna 0 sadd5$ by h] dea?4 ,! day ( h] burial 0 "o ( public m\rn+2 h] fun]al 0 att5d$ ) great pomp1 & %e 0 buri$ beside ,guido ,r5i 9 ! spl5did *ur* ( ! ,dom9icans4 ,poems & orations 9 h] praise 7 num]\s1 & a book 0 publi%$1 call$ ,il ,p5ello ,lagrimate1 :i* conta9$ ^!1 ) odes1 anagrams1 & epitaphs1 9 bo? ,lat9 & ,italian1 all sett+ =? h] *>ms & virtues4 ,h] portrait 9 ! ,ercolani ,gall]y at ,bologna repres5ts h] :5 occupi$ 9 pa9t+ h] fa!r's portrait2 accord+ to ?is picture %e _h a tall1 elegant figure1 & a v pretty face4 ,%e _h two si/]s1 ,b>b>a & ,anna ,m>ia1 :o also 7 arti/s1 b h] fame 0 s mu* great] ?an !irs t %e q ov]%ad[$ !m4 ,! e>lie/ ma/] ( ! ,naturali/s 0 ,,mi*ael ,,angelo ,,am]igi1 call$ ,,c>avaggio1 f ! "n ( 8 bir?-place 7#aefi-afji74 ,8 life & "* 0 n su* z to make him an attractive /udy4 ,8 subjects & 8 mann] ( repres5t+ !m comb9$ 9 produc+ :at has be5 call$ ! poetry ( ! repulsive4 ,he 0 wild 9 8 nature & liv$ a wild life4 ,8 religi\s subjects1 ev51 7 co>se1 ?\gh 8 color 0 vivid & 8 figures arrang$ ) good effect4 ,8 ,false ,play]s is "o ( 8 be/ works2 x repres5ts two m5 play+ c>ds1 :ile a ?ird looks ov] ! %\ld] ( "o z if advis+ him :at to play4 ,naturally1 8 mann] ( pa9t+ 0 be/ suit$ to sc5es f common life1 ?\gh he made ^? co>se & sometimes pa9ful2 b :5 he attempt$ subjects ( a high] ord] 8 works are positively (f5sive4 ,"s ( 8 sacr$ pictures 7 remov$ f ! alt>s = :i* !y 7 pa9t$ on acc\nt ( _! co>s5ess4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ "w is ! ,entombm5t ( ,*ri/1 at ! ,vatican2 9 ! ,gall]y ( ! ,capitol 9 ,rome !re is a ,=tune ,tell]1 :i* is also a f9e "w4 ,next to ,c>avaggio came ,,giuseppe ,,rib]a1 call$ ,,il ,,spagnoletto 7#aehh-afef74 ,he 0 a native ( ,val5cia1 & :5 v "y made 8 way to ,rome1 s t1 al?\gh 8 education z an arti/ 0 :olly ,italian1 8 famili> "n arose f 8 ,spani% orig94 ,:ile liv+ 9 mis]able pov]ty 9 ,rome1 & indu/ri\sly copy+ su* frescoes z he c\ld ga9 access to1 he attract$ ! att5tion ( a c>d9al1 :o took him to 8 home1 & made him com=table4 ,b ! "y pa9t] soon ran away1 & return$ to 8 /reet life4 ,! c>d9al s\ght him out1 & call$ him an ungrateful little ,spani>d2 b ,rib]a excus$ 8 conduct by say+ t z soon z he 0 made com=table & 0 well f$ he lo/ all ambition to "w1 add+ t x w\ld require ! spur ( pov]ty to make him a good pa9t]4 ,! c>d9al respect$ 8 c\rage1 & ! /ory be+ repeat$ to o!r arti/s1 mu* int]e/ 0 attract$ to him4 ,lat] he w5t to ,naples1 & jo9$ ! cabal !re :i* _h agre$ to p]secute ! /range arti/s :o %\ld come to "w 9 t city4 ,if ,rib]a did n actually commit _m ( ! crimes :i* 7 done !re1 he 0 responsible = !m ?r\gh 8 influ5ce4 ,8 works are frequ5tly s brutal 9 _! subjects & treatm5t t "o feels t he :o pa9t$ !m mu/ h lo/ all ! k9dl9ess ( 8 nature4 ,he m>ri$ ! daught] ( a ri* picture deal]1 & became v ri* himself4 ,9 #afcj he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke1 at ,rome1 & 9 #afdh ,pope ,innoc5t ,x4 s5t him ! cross ( ! ,ord] ( ,*ri/4 ,few ,italian arti/s 7 bett] kn[n 9 _! own c\ntry1 & _m ( 8 pictures 7 s5t to ,spa94 ,8 greate/ excell5ce 0 9 8 k ( anatomy1 & he pa9t$ subjects t enabl$ him to %[ ?is4 ,among 8 fam\s works are a ,desc5t f ! ,cross2 ,! ,flay+ ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew2 ,ixion on ! ,:eel2 & ,cato ( ,utica4 ,8 works are 9 all ! fam\s gall]ies ( ! _w4 ,rib]a's greate/ pupil 0 ,,salvator ,,rosa 7#afae-afgc71 ! l&scape pa9t]1 :o 0 a v gift$ man1 be+ a poet & musician z well z an arti/4 ,8 fa!r 0 an educat$ man1 & ) 8 o!r relatives enc\rag$ 8 son 9 8 ta/e = art4 ,:5 tw5ty ye>s old he w5t to ,rome1 & ) ! exception ( "s int]vals rema9$ !re dur+ 8 life4 ,x is said t z a y\? he associat$ mu* ) b&its1 &1 :5 "o consid]s ! wildness ( _m ( 8 sc5es & ! "* ( ! figures 9 _! mid/1 x is n difficult to believe t ?is may h be5 true4 ,x is c]ta9 t he pa9t$ ! portrait ( ! fam\s ,masaniello m ?an once1 & he is believ$ to h jo9$ ! ,compagnia della ,morte1 ( :i* ,falcone1 "o ( 8 ma/]s1 0 ! capta94 ,salvator made _m enemies by 8 indep5d5ce & 8 incl9ation to satire4 ,he wrote satires on v>i\s subjects :i* 7 n publi%$ until aft] 8 dea?1 b x 0 kn[n t he _h writt5 !m4 ,he m>ri$ a ,flor5t9e woman1 :o 0 ! "m ( 8 two sons4 ,:5 he di$ he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia degli ,angeli1 :]e a monum5t is erect$ to 8 memory4 ,he pa9t$ "s hi/orical subjects & portraits 9 :i* he foll[$ ! ,naturali/s1 b 8 pr9cipal works 7 l&scapes4 ,jagg$ rocks & m\nta9s1 wild dells & lonely defiles1 ) "h & !re robb]s1 h]mits1 or soldi]s1 make 8 mo/ effective pictures4 ,!re is a deep s5se ( desolation1 almo/ ( fe>1 9 !m :i* is v impressive4 ,sometimes he pa9t$ s]5e l&scapes & poetic figures2 b 8 be/ works are n ( ?is sort4 ,8 pictures are 9 ! pr9cipal public & 9 "s private gall]ies4 ,he also left ab\t n9ety et*+s :i* are ma/]ly 9 execution & full ( expression 9 ! heads1 :ile ! atmosph]e is s(t4 ,:5 8 works are sold !y br+ great prices4 ,a l>ge l&scape ) ,apollo & ! ,sibyl 9 ! =egr\nd br\ght eight ?\s& five hundr$ doll>s 9 ,engl& ye>s ago1 & is n[ wor? mu* m ?an t4 ,e>ly 9 ! eighte5? c5tury an arti/ nam$ ,,antonio ,,canale 7#afig-agfh71 call$ ,,canaletto1 began to make views ( ! city ( ,v5ice & sc5es on ! canals4 ,he _h two foll[]s1 ,,b]n>do ,,bellotti 7#agbj-aghj71 :o 0 8 nephew1 & ,,francesco ,,gu>di 7#agab-agic71 & ^! ?ree pa9t]s execut$ a l>ge numb] ( ^! pictures1 :i* are f\nd 9 _m ,european gall]ies1 & x is n always easy to di/+ui% _! au?or%ip4 ,!re is no d\bt t _m :i* 7 once attribut$ to ! fir/ ma/] 7 really pa9t$ by 8 pupils4 ,be=e ! comm5cem5t ( ! eighte5? c5tury ! decl9e ( ! ,r5aissance s*ool 9 ,italy _h begun2 9 fact1 ! pa9t+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury came to be m]e me*anical realism4 ,= ?is reason ! portraits 7 ! be/ pictures ( ! "t1 z 9 !m x 0 requisite to be true to ! object repres5t$4 ,late 9 ! eighte5? c5tury a new impulse 0 giv5 to ,italian pa9t+1 *iefly ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( =eign arti/s su* z ,raphael ,m5gs1 & ! ,fr5* pa9t] ,david4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( our own c5tury ,,lor5zo ,,b5v5uti 7#agfi-ahdd7 execut$ "s excell5t frescoes 9 ,flor5ce1 ,si5a1 & ,arezzo1 :i* 0 8 native city4 ,he decorat$ ! ceil+ ( ! ,m$ici ,*apel 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,lor5zo 9 ,flor5ce1 & ,leopold ,,ii41 ,gr& ,duke ( ,tuscany1 erect$ a tomb to ?is pa9t] 9 ! same *ur* :]e he _h sp5t s mu* "t & tal5t4 ,8 portrait1 pa9t$ by himself1 is 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,uffizi1 at ,flor5ce4 ,,v9c5zio ,,cammucc9i 7#agge-ahdd71 too1 0 a celebrat$ ma/] ( 8 "t4 ,he 0 a ,roman by bir?1 & became ,presid5t ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke2 he 0 also a memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 & receiv$ decorations f sov]eigns ( v>i\s c\ntries4 ,he made _m copies f ! works ( ! great ma/]s4 ,8 portraits 7 s mu* admir$ z to be comp>$ to ^? ( ,rub5s & ,t9toretto1 & 8 ceil+ frescoes 9 ! ,torlonia ,palace1 ,rome1 7 among 8 important works1 z 0 a ,pres5tation ( ,*ri/ 9 ! ,temple1 pa9t$ = ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,giovanni 9 ,piac5za4 ,b !re has be5 no true re/oration ( ,italian art4 ,! pa9t+ ( ,italy 9 our "t has be5 l>gely a comm]cial ent]prise r ?an an outcome f arti/ic g5ius or impulse1 & ! few works :i* are exceptions to ?is rule are n suffici5t to enc\rage ! hope t ?is nation c aga9 atta9 to h] =m] rank or rega9 ! fame ( h] pa/ 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n art4 ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,fl&]s1 ,,holl&1 ,,& ,,g]many4 ,fl&]s =m]ly embrac$ a l>g] "p ( ,belgium ?an is conta9$ 9 ! pres5t ,belgian prov9ces ( ,ea/ & ,we/ ,fl&]s4 ,x also cov]$ a portion ( ,holl& & "s t]ritory 9 ! nor?we/ ( ,france4 ,! pr9cipal ,flemi% t[ns connect$ ) ! /ory ( ,flemi% art 7 ,bruges1 ,t\rnai1 ,l\va91 ,gh5t1 ,antw]p1 ,brussels1 ,me*l91 ,liege1 & ,utre*t4 ,!re are "s records ( ,flemi% pa9t+ mu* e>li] ?an ! fifte5? c5tury1 b !y are s vague & unc]ta9 t ,i %all pass !m ov]1 & beg9 ) ! family ( ,van ,eyck1 9 :i* !re 7 f\r pa9t]s--?ree bro!rs & a si/]4 ,! elde/1 ,,hub]t ,,van ,,eyck 7#acff-adbf71 effect$ a great *ange 9 ! art ( 8 "t & c\ntry4 ,v little is kn[n ( him z a "y man1 or inde$ ( 8 p]sonal hi/ory at all1 except t he pass$ 8 middle life at ,bruges & 8 lat] ye>s at ,gh5t4 ,! subjects ( 8 pictures 7 mo/ly scriptural4 ,i d n suppose t ! pictures ( ?is ma/] w\ld seem v beautiful to y if y saw !m1 b !y are ( great value4 ,8 greate/ "w 0 an alt>-piece = ,judocus ,vyts & 8 wife ,lisabetta2 x 0 = ! decoration ( _! fun]al *apel 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,bavon 9 ,gh5t4 ,x 0 an imm5se "w1 ) a c5tre-piece & w+s t c\ld be clos$2 ! inside 0 divid$ into twelve diff]5t pictures1 & ! outside also 0 pa9t$4 ,we d n "k h[ mu* ( ?is 0 complet$ :5 ,hub]t di$ & left x to be f9i%$ by 8 bro!r ,john4 ,philip ,i4 ( ,spa9 wi%$ to buy ?is alt>-piece1 & :5 he c\ld n d s1 he employ$ ,mi*ael ,coxie to copy x2 ?is arti/ sp5t two ye>s on ! "w1 & 0 paid f\r ?\s& flor9s4 ,( ! orig9al "w1 a l>ge portion rema9s 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,bavon2 ! w+s1 consi/+ ( six beautiful1 tall panels1 are 9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum1 & two out] comp>tm5ts are 9 ! ,brussels ,museum4 ,! picture ( holy m5 :o h s]v$ ,god is on "o ( ! w+s ( ?is alt>-piece 7,fig4 #ec74 ,b ! pr9cipal int]e/ atta*$ to ,hub]t van ,eyck comes f ! fact t he made su* discov]ies 9 ! use ( colors z l$ to :at we call ! ,inv5tion ( ,oil-,pa9t+1 & ?is inv5tion is always attribut$ to ! ,van ,eycks1 = x is probable t ! discov]ies ( ,hub]t 7 p]fect$ by ,,jan ,,van ,,eyck 7#acij-addj71 :o became a celebrat$ pa9t]4 ,oil-pa9t+ _h be5 kn[n1 x is true1 a long "t1 b ! mann] ( prep>+ ! colors & ! v>ni% us$ be=e ! "t ( ! ,van ,eycks 0 v unsatisfactory1 & ! improvem5t ( ^! sub/ances 0 ! "w ( ^! ma/]s4 ,! pictures ( ,hub]t van ,eyck are /rong] ?an ^? ( ,jan1 :o 0 really ! f\nd] ( a s*ool rem>kable = delicacy & f9e f9i% r ?an = p[]4 ,x 0 aft] ! dea? ( ,hub]t t ! fame ( ! new colors spread abroad1 & ?us x happ5$ t x 0 to ,jan t o!r arti/s w5t to le>n 8 secrets4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ec4--,,! ,,an*orites4 ,9 ,s4 ,bavon at ,gh5t4 ,jan van ,eyck 0 some?+ ( a diplomat z well z a pa9t]1 = :5 he 0 9 ! s]vice ( ,philip ! ,good1 ,duke ( ,burgundy1 he 0 s5t on sev]al secret missions1 & 9 #adbh he accompani$ ! ambassadors ( ! duke to ,portugal 9 ord] to pa9t ! portrait ( ,isabella ( ,portugal1 :o 0 betro!d to ! duke4 ,!re is a goodly numb] ( works by ,jan van ,eyck 9 v>i\s gall]ies4 ,! portrait ( himself & wife 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 ,london1 is v int]e/+2 !y /& h& 9 h&1 ) a t]ri] dog at _! feet2 _! dress & all ! details ( _! surr\nd+s are pa9t$ ) great c>e4 ,x is said t ! ,pr9cess ,m>y1 si/] ( ,*>les ,v41 gave a b>b] :o own$ x a position ) a h&some sal>y 9 ex*ange = ! picture4 ,jan van ,eyck1 be+ tw5ty ye>s y\ng] ?an 8 bro!r ,hub]t1 naturally le>n$ all t ! eld] knew1 & ! /ory ( 8 life gives him ! appe>ance ( be+ ! m important arti/1 ?\gh 9 po9t ( highe/ m]it he 0 n ! sup]ior4 ,( ,,lamb]t ,,van ,,eyck v little is kn[n4 ,x is believ$ t he made ! copy ( ,hub]t's great "w :i* is 9 ! ,antw]p ,museum2 ano!r "w call$ by 8 "n is 9 ,l\va94 ,,m>g>e?a ,,van ,,eyck is said to h be5 a skilful arti/1 b no "o picture c be ascrib$ to h]2 %e 0 buri$ beside h] bro!r ,hub]t 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,gh5t4 ,( c\rse ! ,van ,eycks _h _m foll[]s4 ,among !m 7 ,,petrus ,,*ri/us 7records #addd-adga71 ,,g]>d ,,van ,,d] ,,meire 7records #addg-adgd71 ,,hugo ,,von ,,d] ,,goes 7#adje8-adhb71 & ,,ju/us ,,( ,,gh5t 7#adfh-871 all ( :om 7 good arti/s1 b ,i %all pass to a m important "o1 ,,rogi] ,,van ,,d] ,,weyd5 7#adjj-adfd71 :o 0 himself ! head ( a s*ool ( z great importance z 0 t ( ! ,van ,eycks4 ,8 realism 0 8 *ief *>act]i/ic1 & ?is 0 s great z to make "s ( 8 works repulsive1 especially 8 m>tyrdoms1 9 :i* he detail$ horrors ) great exactness4 ,he also lov$ to pa9t pictures :i* illu/rat$ ! my?s ( ! ,middle ,ages4 ,our illu/ration is f "o ( ^! works 7,fig4 #ed74 ,?is picture is f ! /ory t :5 ! ,roman ,s5ate decre$ div9e honors to ! ,emp]or ,augu/us1 he consult$ ! ,tiburt9e ,sibyl z to :e!r he ought to receive !m or no4 ,%e repli$ to him t x 0 m becom+ = him to g away sil5tly1 & told him t a ,hebrew *ild %\ld be born :o %\ld reign ov] ! gods !mselves1 or t a k+ %\ld come f heav5 ^: p[] %\ld nev] end4 ,ano!r v]sion1 :i* is ! "o ?is picture repres5ts1 says t ! heav5s op5$1 & a vision ( ! ,virg9 ) ! ,savi\r 9 h] arms1 /&+ on an alt>1 0 %[n ! emp]or4 ,he wor%ipp$ x1 & he>d a voice say+1 ,haec ara filii ,dei 7,?is is ! alt> ( ! ,son ( ,god74 ,augu/us report$ ?is to ! ,s5ate1 & erect$ an alt> ^u ! spot 9 ,rome :]e ! ,*ur* ( ,santa ,m>ia 9 ,capitolio1 or ! ,ara ,coeli1 n[ /&s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ed4--,,! ,,sibyl ,,& ,,! ,,emp]or ,,augu/us4 ,by ,rogi] van d] ,weyd54 ,9 ! ,b]l9 ,museum4 ,_m pictures by ,van d] ,weyd5 are se5 9 ,european gall]ies4 ,he 0 also a f9e m9iaturi/4 ,he 0 (ficial pa9t] to ! city ( ,brussels1 & 0 buri$ 9 its ca!dral4 ,8 son1 ,,rogi] ,,van ,,d] ,,weyd5 ! y\ng]1 became v ri* & b5evol5t4 ,he di$ at ,brussels 9 #aebi4 ,8 works are n num]\s 9 public gall]ies4 ,! eld] ,van d] ,weyd5 _h a pupil1 ,,hans ,,meml+ 7records #adej-adii71 :o became ! greate/ ma/] 9 ,belgium4 ,i %all n give y a long acc\nt ( him2 b %all tell y ( 8 greate/ "w1 :i* 0 ! ,%r9e ( ,/4 ,ursula1 at ! ,hospital ( ,bruges1 & is ! be/ example ( ?is type ( e>ly ,flemi% art :i* /ill exi/s4 ,x is divid$ into six comp>tm5ts1 ) two ends1 & o!r panels on top1 all ( :i* are f9i%$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 & give ! :ole /ory ( ,/4 ,ursula & h] elev5 ?\s& virg9s1 :i* is t ,ursula 0 a daught] ( a k+ ( ,brittany :o 0 a ,*ri/ian4 ,! "y girl 0 educat$ ) ! greate/ c>e1 & ! fame ( h] beauty & wisdom spread all ov] ,europe4 ,at l5g? ! k+ ( ,engl& ask$ = h] to be ! wife ( 8 son4 ,! pr9cess repli$ t %e w\ld w$ him on ?ree conditions3 fir/1 t he %\ld give h] t5 virg9s ( noble blood = h] companions1 !n to ea* ( ^! virg9s & to h]self he %\ld give a ?\s& maid5s z att5dants2 second1 he %\ld all[ h] ?ree ye>s ) ^! companions1 ) :om %e %\ld visit ! %r9es :]e ! bodies ( ! sa9ts repose2 & ?ird1 ! ,engli% k+ & 8 c\rt %\ld receive baptism4 ,i _c give space = all ! details ( ?is /ory1 :i* is ( great int]e/2 b ! result 0 t ,ursula receiv$ all t %e ask$1 & />t$ on h] j\rney to ,rome1 9 ! c\rse ( :i* %e & ! elev5 ?\s& maid5s met ) _m adv5tures4 ,at la/1 hav+ rea*$ ,cologne on _! return1 !y enc\nt]$ an army ( b>b>ians :i* 0 besieg+ ! city1 & all 7 sla94 ,! subjects ( ! pictures z !y 7 pa9t$ by ,meml+ 73 #a1 ! fir/ l&+ at ,cologne 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! j\rney2 #b1 ! l&+ at ,basle2 #c1 ! arrival 9 ,rome2 #d1 ! second arrival at ,basle on h] return t[>d home2 #e1 comm5cem5t ( ! m>tyrdom1 :5 ,ursula & h] tra9 are fir/ se5 by ! b>b>ians2 #f1 dea? ( ,ursula4 ,! works ( ,meml+ :i* /ill rema9 are num]\s1 & are se5 9 _m public gall]ies4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ?is ma/] ! purity ( ,flemi% pa9t+ decl9$4 ,_m arti/s visit$ ,italy1 & ! mann] ( ,flemi% pa9t]s 0 influ5c$ by association ) ,italian art & arti/s4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 pass ov] a p]iod :5 no v important ma/]s appe>$1 & speak next ( a great man1 ,,qu9t9 ,,matsys 7#adff-aebi71 :o began life z a blacksmi?4 ,he 0 born at ,antw]p1 & !re are specim5s ( iron "w !re said to h be5 execut$ by him4 ,x is said t he fell 9 love ) ! daught] ( an arti/ :o refus$ to all[ him to m>ry h] because he 0 n a pa9t]2 = ?is reason ,matsys devot$ himself to ! /udy ( art1 & became ! be/ ,belgian ma/] ( 8 "t4 ,8 pictures ( religi\s subjects are full ( t5d] e>ne/ness & deep feel+1 & 8 mo/ important "w 0 an alt>-piece :i* is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,antw]p4 ,8 sc5es f common life1 8 mis]s & lov]s are spirit$ & tru?ful4 ,8 portrait & t ( 8 second wife1 bo? pa9t$ by himself1 are 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,uffizi 9 ,flor5ce4 ,8 works are n v num]\s1 b !y are se5 9 ! pr9cipal gall]ies4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,antw]p1 & a slab is ins]t$ 9 ! wall :i* tells 8 /ory2 "o s5t5ce is1 ,connubialis amor de mulcibre fecit ,apell5e 7,true love *ang$ ! smi? to an ,apelles74 ,rub5s is ! next great ma/] ( :om ,i %all speak1 b ,i wi% to say t dur+ ! la/ "p ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re 7 _m ,flemi% pa9t]s ( consid]able note ^: pictures are se5 9 gall]ies1 & are well wor? consid]ation1 b ^: lives _h no circum/ances ( especial int]e/4 ,among ! be/ ( ^! arti/s 7 ,,antonio ,,moro1 ,,pet] ,,p\rbus 7#aeaj-aehc71 & 8 son & gr&son1 bo? nam$ ,frans1 ,,piet] ,,breughel 7#aecj-aefi71 & 8 sons ,jan & ,piet] ! y\ng]1 & ,,paul ,,bril1 an e>ly ,flemi% l&scape pa9t]4 ,all ! e>ly ,flemi% pictures are v int]e/+1 b 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury a new mann] ( pa9t+ 0 introduc$ ?r\gh ! g5ius ( ,,pet] ,,paul ,,rub5s 7#aegg-afdj74 ,?is ma/] 0 desc5d$ f two good families3 8 "m 0 ( ! di/+ui%$ family ,pypel+1 & 8 fa!r1 ,john ,rub5s1 0 "o ( ! two pr9cipal magi/rates ( ,antw]p4 ,?is city 0 ! home ( ,rub5s1 al?\gh he 0 born at ,sieg51 9 ! c\nty ( ,nassau1 dur+ a "t :5 8 fa!r 0 9 exile on acc\nt ( a civil w> :i* 0 !n rag+4 ,he 0 born ,june #bi?1 ! fea/ ( ,/s4 ,pet] & ,paul1 & h5ce 0 nam$ = ^? apo/les4 ,he 0 a bright1 s*ol>ly boy1 & soon %[$ 8 love = draw+4 ,:5 he began to /udy art "u ,adam van ,noort he _h already a good education4 ,dur+ ! f\r ye>s he pass$ ) ?is tea*] he le>n$ ?or\ghly all ! te*nical "p ( pa9t+2 !n1 9 ano!r f\r ye>s "u ,otto ,vnius1 he cultivat$ 8 ta/e & ! m poetical elem5ts ( 8 nature1 = ,vnius 0 a v le>n$ & elegant man4 ,9 #aeih1 :5 tw5ty-"o ye>s old1 ,rub5s 0 admitt$ to ! guild ( pa9t]s 9 ,antw]p4 ,two ye>s lat] he w5t to ,v5ice1 &1 aft] /udy+ ! works ( ,titian & ,paul ,v]onese !re1 he ent]$ ! s]vice ( ! ,duke ( ,mantua1 to :om he _h be5 recomm5d$ by ! gov]nor ( ! ,ne!rl&s4 ,:ile 9 ,mantua he pa9t$ "s f9e pictures1 & ! duke s5t him to ,rome to copy celebrat$ works !re4 ,rub5s also execut$ "s o!r ord]s 9 ,rome1 f :i* place he 0 recall$ by ! duke1 :o wi%$ to s5d an envoy to ,spa91 & _h *os5 ! "y arti/ = t duty4 ,he %[$ great political ability 9 ! way he conduct$ 8 embassy1 & ?r\gh 8 p]sonal *>ms made _m fri5ds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ee4--,,rub5s ,,& ,,8 ,,second ,,wife4 ,aft] 8 return f ,spa9 he w5t aga9 to ,rome & !n to ,g5oa1 & f9ally1 on acc\nt ( ! illness ( 8 "m1 he return$ to ,antw]p1 hav+ be5 abs5t sev5 ye>s4 ,8 "m di$ be=e he rea*$ h]4 ,he !n decid$ to rema9 9 ,antw]p1 & built himself a f9e h\se ) a *>m+ /udio4 ,he soon m>ri$ 8 fir/ wife1 ,isabella ,brant1 & dur+ ! next fifte5 ye>s l$ a v regul> & indu/ri\s life1 & execut$ _m important works4 ,he also receiv$ a l>ge numb] ( pupils into 8 /udio1 & he has be5 accus$ ( all[+ !m to pa9t pictures :i* he call$ by 8 own "n2 b x is true t ,rub5s1 ) 8 own h&1 complet$ pictures ( almo/ e k9d1 & s prov$ 8 p[] z an arti/4 ,he 0 fond ( /udy1 & c\ld read & speak sev5 languages4 ,he 0 9 ! habit ( hav+ "s "o read al\d to him :ile he pa9t$1 & pref]r$ books ( hi/ory & poetry4 ,9 #afbj he 0 invit$ to ,france by ,m>ie de ,m$icis1 = :om he execut$ _m works4 ,among !m ! mo/ important 7 sc5es illu/rat+ ! life ( ?is que5 :i* decorate "s ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,9 #afbh ! ,infanta ,isabella s5t him on a second mission to ,spa91 & :ile !re he pa9t$ _m gr& & important pictures1 :i* are f9e examples ( 8 gorge\s color+4 ,he prov$ himself s good a diplomati/ t he 0 s5t to ,engl& to try to make peace betwe5 t c\ntry & ,fl&]s1 9 :i* he 0 successful4 ,he 0 knight$ by ,k+ ,*>les 9 #afcj1 & receiv$ ! same honor f ! k+ ( ,spa94 ,9 #afcj he m>ri$ ,hel5a ,=m5t1 a niece ( 8 fir/ wife1 :o 0 b sixte5 ye>s old4 ,%e became ! "m ( five *ildr52 he _h two sons by 8 fir/ m>riage1 to :om ,gev>tius 0 tutor4 ,rub5s made s _m portraits ( bo? 8 wives & s (t5 us$ !m z models 9 pa9t+ 8 l>ge pictures1 t _! faces are famili> to all ! _w 7,fig4 #ee74 ,rub5s made a valuable collection ( all sorts ( beautiful objects1 & liv$ luxuri\sly4 ,aft] 8 dea? a portion ( 8 collection 0 sold at private sale = m ?an sev5ty-five ?\s& doll>s4 ,8 dea? occurr$ 9 #afdj1 & he 0 buri$ 9 a private *apel 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,james 9 ,antw]p2 he _h decorat$ ?is *apel ) "s works ( 8 own4 ,8 family erect$ a monum5t to him1 ^u :i* an epitaph writt5 by ,gev>tius 0 inscrib$4 ,9 pa9t+ ,rub5s 0 almo/ a univ]sal g5ius1 = he left a great v>iety ( works z well z a great numb]4 ,ab\t "o ?\s& eight hundr$ are ascrib$ to him3 d\btless 8 pupils did mu* "w on ^!2 b !re is some?+ ( himself 9 all4 ,!y include hi/orical1 scriptural1 & my?ological subjects1 portraits1 animals1 g5re pictures1 & l&scapes4 ,8 /yle is a /range m+l+ ( nor!rn & s\!rn elem5ts4 ,8 h&l+ & 8 arrangem5t ( 8 subjects 0 l t ( ! ,italians2 b 8 figures1 ev5 :5 he repres5t$ ,*ri/ & ! holie/ m51 7 l ,spani% k+s or ,g]man peasants1 or somebody :om he _h se54 ,we h n space to speak 9 detail ( ! works ( ,rub5s4 ,"s critics insi/ t "o class ( 8 pictures is be/1 & "s ano!r4 ,( c\rse ?is dep5ds l>gely ^u ! ta/e ( ^? :o make ! judgm5t4 ,x is c]ta9 t he 0 a wond]ful pa9t]1 & _m ( 8 pictures give great pleasure to ^? :o visit ! gall]ies :]e !y are se54 ,8 pictures ( *ildr5 7 s pa9t$ t !y seem to h be5 done f pure love ( ! "w4 ,8 portraits are spl5did1 8 g5re sc5es delightful1 & 8 l&scapes f9e2 9 %ort1 ! am\nt & v>iety ( 8 "w is a pro( ( 8 great g5ius & indu/ry1 su* z c sc>cely be equall$ 9 ! hi/ory ( pa9t+4 ,yet x _c be d5i$ t !re is mu* incorrect draw+1 unnatural color+1 & co>se1 bad ta/e 9 "s ( 8 works4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! f]tility ( 8 imag9ation1 8 bold design & effective execution1 z well z 8 brilliant color1 are all to be admir$1 & ! "n ( ,rub5s /&s high on ! li/ ( ,flemi% arti/s :o are fam\s ! _w ov]4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ef4--,,! ,,return ,,f ,,egypt4 ,by ,rub5s4 ,,frans ,,snyd]s 7#aegi-afeg7 0 born at ,antw]p & liv$ 9 ! "t ( ,rub5s4 ,he 0 a fam\s pa9t] ( animals1 & x sometimes happ5$ t !y work$ toge!r1 ,rub5s pa9t+ ! l&scapes & figures & ,snyd]s ! animals 9 ! same pictures4 ,snyd]s1 l ,rub5s1 excell$ 9 repres5t+ animals 9 ! mo/ excit+ mom5t ( ! combat or ! *ase1 & 8 pictures are full ( life4 ,!y are se5 9 all l>ge ,european gall]ies1 & are mu* priz$4 ,,jan ,,fyt 7#afji-affa71 also born at ,antw]p1 is ! greate/ ,flemi% animal pa9t] aft] ,snyd]s4 ,8 greyh\nds _c be equall$1 :ile 8 live dogs are wond]ful2 b 8 be/ pictures repres5t dead game4 ,! fur & fea!rs 9 8 pa9t+s are m>vell\sly done1 & 8 pictures are among ! be/ 9 ! _w 9 :i* su* subjects are treat$4 ,,jacob ,,jorda5s 7#aeic-afgh71 ano!r native ( ,antw]p1 /udi$ "u ,adam van ,noort at ! same "t ) ,rub5s1 b lat] 9 life he became a foll[] & a sort ( assi/ant ( 8 =m] fell[-pupil4 ,he m>ri$ a daught] ( _! old ma/] & nev] visit$ ,italy4 ,8 color 0 f9e2 9 tru?1 he sometimes excell$ ,rub5s himself 9 ! gold5 gl[ :i* is mu* admir$ 9 8 works4 ,_m sacr$ pictures by ,jorda5s are se5 9 ! *ur*es ( ,fl&]s4 ,a f9e hi/orical "w ( 8 repres5ts sc5es f ! life ( ,pr9ce ,fr$]ick ,h5ry ( ,orange1 & is 9 ! ,h\se ( ! ,wood1 ne> ! ,hague2 b ! l>g] "p ( 8 pictures repres5t ! mann]s & cu/oms ( ! common p1 & are se5 9 public gall]ies4 ,! greate/ arti/ among ! pupils ( ,rub5s1 z well z "o ( ! greate/ ( ,fl&]s1 0 ,,an?ony ,,v&yck 7#aeii-afda74 ,he 0 born 9 ,antw]p1 & 0 ! son ( a silk m]*ant1 ?is hav+ be5 ! occupation ( ! ,v&ycks = sev]al g5]ations4 ,! "m ( ! pa9t] 0 extremely skill$ 9 v>i\s k9ds ( embroid]y1 & _h su* arti/ic ta/es z enabl$ h] to make _m orig9al designs1 :i* %e work$ out ) h] ne$le 9 delicate & elaborate tape/ry "w4 ,"s p believe t to ?is ta/e & tal5t ( 8 "m's ,v&yck ow$ ! in/9ct = draw+ :i* he e>ly %[$2 at all ev5ts1 %e did all %e c\ld to develop 8 ta/e1 & :5 he 0 /ill a boy %e p]suad$ h] husb& to place him "u ! tea*+ ( ,h5ry van ,bal54 ,he 0 /ill q "y :5 he ent]$ ! /udio ( ,rub5s1 & 0 soon s mu* tru/$ by ! ma/] z to be all[$ to make draw+s f 8 works = ! use ( ! engrav]s4 ,?is sort ( draw+ mu/ be done ) great c>e & exactness1 & ,v&yck mu/ h _h mu* skill to be fitt$ = x4 ,8 fell[-pupils also _h great fai? 9 him1 z is %[n by ! /ory t "o day1 :5 ,rub5s _h gone out1 ! "y /ud5t brib$ 8 old s]vant to %[ !m ! pa9t+ ) :i* ! ma/] 0 !n occupi$4 ,:ile jo/l+ ea* o!r x happ5$ t "o ( !m hit ! fre% picture1 & injur$ x4 ,!y 7 mu* al>m$1 & begg$ ,v&yck to repair x4 ,aft] "s hesitation he did s1 & 0 s successful t at fir/ ,rub5s did n detect ! fact t ano!r _h work$ on ! picture4 ,:5 he did discov] x1 & le>n$ ! tru? ab\t x he =gave ! (f5ce he>tily4 ,:5 ,v&yck 0 n9ete5 ye>s old he 0 admitt$ to ! ,society ( ,arti/s 9 ,antw]p1 an unusual honor to "o ( 8 age4 ,9 #afbj ,v&yck w5t to ,engl&1 hav+ be5 invit$ !re ?r\gh ! ,e>l ( ,arundel4 ,little is kn[n ( ?is visit1 & two ye>s lat] he 0 invit$ to ! ,hague1 :]e he sp5t sev]al mon?s4 ,:5 ,v&yck 0 pass+ ?r\gh ,ha>lem he w5t to ! /udio ( ,franz ,hals1 :o 0 at a tav]n j !n4 ,a message 0 s5t him say+ t a /rang] desir$ to h 8 portrait made1 & _h b two h\rs to sp>e = x4 ,hals ha/5$ home & da%$ (f ! portrait )9 ! "t /at$4 ,v&yck !n said1 ,portrait-pa9t+ seems to be a simple ?+2 take my place1 & give me ! bru% = a:ile4 ,hals compli$ ) ! reque/ & ,v&yck made 8 portrait ) great cel]ity4 ,see+ ?is1 ,hals cri$ out1 ,y are ,v&yck2 he alone c d su* "w4 ,! "y arti/ 0 sudd5ly call$ to ! dea?-b$ ( 8 fa!r1 :o comm&$ him to pa9t a picture = ! ,dom9ican ,si/]s :o _h c>$ = 8 fa!r 9 8 illness4 ,sev5 ye>s lat] ,v&yck pres5t$ ! ,si/]s ) a ,crucifixion4 ,at ! foot ( ! cross 0 a rock ^u :i* 0 inscrib$1 9 ,lat91 ,le/ ! e>? %\ld be heavy ^u ! rema9s ( 8 fa!r1 ,an?ony ,v&yck mov$ ?is rock to ! foot ( ! cross1 & gave x to ?is place4 ,:5 ! mona/]ies 7 brok5 up1 ?is picture 0 pur*as$ = two ?\s& sev5 hundr$ doll>s = ! ,antw]p ,academy1 :]e x n[ is4 ,at l5g? ,v&yck prep>$ to set out = ,italy4 ,:5 he paid 8 f>ewell visit to ,rub5s he pres5t$ ! ma/] ) ?ree ( 8 pictures1 & 9 return ,rub5s gave him "o ( 8 f9e/ horses4 ,z ,v&yck 0 on 8 way f ,antw]p to ,brussels he halt$ at ! village ( ,sav5!m1 :]e he fell 9 love ) ,anna van ,ophem1 & s /ay$ on 9 ! lovely valley ( ,fl&]s1 week aft] week1 z if he _h =gott5 t ,italy exi/$4 ,anna p]suad$ him to pa9t a picture = ! village *ur*1 & he execut$ a ,holy ,family 9 :i* ! ,virg9 0 a portrait ( ,anna1 & ,/4 ,joa*im & ,/4 ,anna 7 drawn f h] fa!r & "m4 ,?is picture pleas$ ! *ur* au?orities s mu* t !y gave ! "y pa9t] an ord] = ano!r1 :i* repres5t$ ,/4 ,m>t9 divid+ 8 cloak ) begg>s4 ,9 ?is "w ! sa9t 0 a portrait ( ,v&yck1 & ! horse on :i* he rode 0 l t :i* ,rub5s _h giv5 him4 ,?is picture has q a hi/ory4 ,9 #ageh ! prie/ agre$ to sell x to a collector f ! ,hague = "o ?\s& eight hundr$ doll>s2 b :5 ! villag]s knew ( x !y surr\nd$ ! *ur* ) clubs & pit*=ks1 & drove ! pur*as] away4 ,9 #ahjf1 :5 ! ,fr5* invad]s tri$ to c>ry x away1 ! p aga9 prev5t$ x1 & !y 7 =c$ to call m soldi]s f ,brussels be=e !y succe$$ 9 tak+ x4 ,! ,/4 ,m>t9 0 plac$ 9 ! ,gall]y ( ! ,l\vre1 at ,p>is1 b 0 re/or$ to ,sav5!m 9 #ahae4 ,ab\t #ahej a ri* ,am]ican (f]$ tw5ty ?\s& doll>s = ! picture1 no matt] :o br\ght x to him4 ,^u ?is a set ( rogues tri$ to /eal x at night2 b ! dogs ( ! village gave su* an al>m t ! t[n 0 r\s$1 & ! robb]s escap$ ) difficulty4 ,s9ce !n a gu>dian sleeps 9 ! *ur*1 & ! ,/4 ,m>t9 is /ill !re4 ,! news t ,v&yck 0 ?us l+]+ on 8 way to ,italy rea*$ ! e>s ( ,rub5s1 & he s5t su* urg5t messages to 8 pupil z induc$ him to cont9ue 8 j\rney1 & he also s5t him lett]s ( introduction to arti/s & to nobles :om ! ma/] _h kn[n :5 he made 8 /udies beyond ! ,alps4 ,v&yck w5t fir/ to ,v5ice1 :]e he work$ h>d to copy & le>n to imitate ! ri* color & ref9$ mann] ( ,titian & o!r ,v5etian ma/]s4 ,he also pa9t$ "s orig9al pictures 9 ,v5ice1 & made _m portraits :i* gave him fame 9 t & o!r cities4 ,he 0 ask$ to g to o!r places = ! pa9t+ ( portraits2 b he rema9$ 9 ,v5ice until 8 money 0 sp5t1 & !n w5t to ,g5oa1 :]e he 0 well receiv$ & g5]\sly employ$ by ! old fri5ds ( ,rub5s4 ,8 works are /ill to be se5 9 "s ( ! palaces ( t city1 :ile "s h be5 sold & c>ri$ to o!r c\ntries--!y 7 s f9e t !y /ill ma9ta9 ! "n :i* !y ga9$ = him :5 !y 7 execut$4 ,! pr9cipal "w done 9 ,g5oa 0 a picture ( ! ,lomell9i family :i* is n[ 9 ,ed9burgh2 x is ab\t n9e feet squ>e4 ,8 diff]5t visits to ,g5oa dur+ 8 abs5ce 9 ,italy make up a p]iod ( ab\t ?ree ye>s1 & he did a va/ am\nt ( "w !re4 ,:5 he fir/ w5t to ,rome ,v&yck 0 invit$ to ! h\se ( ,c>d9al ,b5tivoglio1 :o _h be5 papal nuncio to ,fl&]s1 & = :om our arti/ made a picture ( ! ,crucifixion4 ,! full-l5g? portrait :i* ,v&yck pa9t$ ( ! c>d9al is n[ 9 ,flor5ce2 a copy ( x is 9 "o ( ! halls ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,x is "o ( ! f9e/ among ! _m spl5did portraits by ?is great ma/]4 ,v&yck 0 fasc9at$ ) ,rome1 b he 0 s unpopul> ) ! o!r ,flemi% pa9t]s !re t he %ort5$ 8 /ay 9 ! ,et]nal ,city 9 ord] to escape ! vexations he !re receiv$4 ,! arti/s dislik$ him = 8 o/5tation1 & he 0 call$ ,il pittore cavali]esco--& he (f5d$ !m by decl9+ to associate ) !m at tav]ns or to jo9 _! co>se fe/ivities4 ,aft] leav+ ,rome he visit$ ,pal]mo1 f :i* place he 0 driv5 away by ! appe>ance ( ! plague4 ,he return$ to ,g5oa1 visit$ ,flor5ce & o!r cities 9 ! nor? ( ,italy1 & f9ally return$ to ,antw]p aft] an abs5ce ( f\r ye>s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ ye>s aft] 8 return he met ) small success--,rub5s 0 s great t he fill$ all ! space ab\t him--b at la/1 9 #afbh1 ,v&yck began to receive important commissions1 & f ?is "t 0 con/antly busy ) works = ! *ur*es ( ! ,l[ ,c\ntries4 ,he also pa9t$ portraits ( _m notable p]sons1 & made great numb]s ( !m 9 br[n & :ite = ! use ( engrav]s4 ,:ile ,v&yck 0 ?us execut+ great numb]s ( f9e pictures = ! embelli%m5t ( ,fl&]s1 he became s unpopul> & 8 rivals said su* h>d ?+s ( him t he det]m9$ to g away4 ,"o ( 8 un=tunate exp]i5ces 0 9 ! h\se ( ! bi%op1 :o _h s5t = him to pa9t 8 portrait4 ,v&yck _h fir/ s5t 8 implem5ts to ! c>e ( ! port] ( ! palace4 ,:5 he w5t himself he 0 tak5 into ! pres5ce ( ! bi%op1 :o 0 recl9+ on a s(a1 & gave little att5tion to ! arti/4 ,at la/ ! bi%op ask$ if he _h n come to pa9t 8 portrait4 ,v&yck decl>$ himself to be q at ! s]vice ( 8 lord%ip4 ,:y1 !n1 said ! bi%op1 d y n g = y\r implem5ts8 ,d y expect me to fet* !m = y8 ,v&yck calmly repli$1 ,s9ce y h n ord]$ y\r s]vants to br+ !m ,i suppos$ t y wi%$ to d x y\rself4 ,!n ! bi%op leap$ up 9 ang] & cri$ out1 ,an?ony1 ,an?ony1 y are a little asp1 b y h a great deal ( v5om6 ,v&yck ?\ght x safe to make 8 escape1 & aft] he cross$ ! ?re%old he call$ back1 ,my "l ,van d] ,bur*1 y are a volum9\s p]sonage1 b y are l ! c9namon tree4 ,! b>k is ! be/ "p ( y4 ,9 #afbi ,v&yck w5t to ,engl& ) ! hope ( be+ employ$ by ,k+ ,*>les ,i42 b he 0 n able ev5 to get an introduction to ! sov]eign1 & w5t to ! cont95t fill$ ) mortification4 ,at l5g?1 h[ev]1 ,*>les call$ him to ,london1 :i!r he w5t 9 #afcb1 & soon became ! fri5d ( ! k+ z well z 8 favorite arti/4 ,he 0 assign$ a city & a c\ntry resid5ce1 & )9 ?ree mon?s ( ! "t ( 8 arrival at c\rt ! k+ knight$ him1 & gave him a gold *a9 ) a portrait ( himself set 9 brilliants susp5d$ f x4 ,*>les 0 9 ! habit ( pass+ mu* "t ) ,v&yck1 & ! /udio ( ! c\rt-pa9t] became "o ( ! mo/ fa%ionable resorts 9 ,london = ! c\rti]s & o!r di/+ui%$ p4 ,v&yck kept up a f9e e/abli%m5t1 & liv$ luxuri\sly4 ,he _h a habit ( ask+ 8 sitt]s to d9n]2 ?us he c\ld /udy _! faces & ret\* _! portraits ) ! m natural expressions ( _! conv]sational h\rs1 = x is r>e t "o is natural :5 pos+ be=e an arti/ :o is pa9t+ "o's portrait4 ,b 9 ! mid/ ( 8 busy life z an arti/ & 8 gay life z a man ( ! _w1 ,sir ,an?ony did n =get ! ne$s ( 8 bro!r pa9t]s4 ,!re 0 at t "t no club or place :]e arti/s met socially to consult & aid ea* o!r 9 _! pr(ession4 ,v&yck f\nd$ ! ,club ( ,/4 ,luke2 x met at ! ,rose ,tav]n1 & all pa9t]s ( tal5t liv+ 9 ,london jo9$ x4 ,"o ( ! m p]sonal acts ( k9dness :i* are relat$ ( him is t hav+ se5 by *ance a picture :i* 0 pa9t$ by ,william ,dobson1 ,v&yck s\ght him out1 f\nd him 9 a poor g>ret1 in/ruct$ him ) great c>e1 introduc$ him to ! k+1 &1 9 %ort1 by 8 k9d (fices s prep>$ ! way t ,dobson 0 made s]geant-pa9t] to ! k+ aft] ,v&yck's dea?1 & won ! title ( ! ,engli% ,t9toretto4 ,! portraits :i* ,v&yck execut$ 9 ,engl& are numb]$ by hundr$s & are magnific5t pictures4 ,^? ( ! royal family are v num]\s & important1 & !re is sc>cely a man or woman belong+ to ?is p]iod ^: "n has come d[n to u 9 hi/ory or lit]ature1 ^: portrait he did n pa9t4 ,he also made ?irte5 portraits ( himself :i* are /ill pres]v$4 ,he 0 v skilful 9 pa9t+ horses & dogs1 & frequ5tly introduc$ ^! animals into 8 portrait gr\ps4 ,!re is a l>ge collection ( ! pictures ( ,v&yck at ,w9dsor ,ca/le2 !re are _m also 9 ! private gall]ies ( ,great ,brita9 & o!r c\ntries1 besides a goodly numb] 9 ! public gall]ies ( ,europe4 ,he execut$ at lea/ ?irty-six portraits ( ,*>les ,i41 z _m z tw5ty-five ( ,que5 ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 & he also pa9t$ sev]al gr\ps ( ! *ildr5 ( ! royal pair4 ,pr9ce ,rup]t ( ! ,rh9e & ,?omas ,w5twor?1 ,e>l ( ,/raf=d1 7 also frequ5tly portray$ by him1 & "o ( 8 mo/ important l>ge works 0 a family picture ( ! ,e>l ( ,pembroke & 8 h\sehold4 ,x is call$ ! ,wilton ,family1 z x is 9 a salon at ,wilton ,h\se2 x conta9s elev5 figures1 & has be5 call$ ! fir/ & mo/ magnific5t hi/oric portraiture 9 ! _w4 ,aga91 x is said to be /iff1 want+ 9 h>mony1 bad 9 color1 & s on1 b aft] all x /ill rema9s a spl5did monum5t to ! skill & g5ius ( ,v&yck4 ,! picture is tw5ty feet long by twelve feet high4 ,v&yck pa9t$ no portraits ( ! ,puritans nor popul> lead]s ( 8 day2 nei!r did he ( ! lit]>y m5 :o fl\ri%$ at t "t1 ) ! exception ( ! c\rt poets1 ,sir ,john ,suckl+ & ,?omas ,c>ew4 ,i %all n give a li/ ( ,v&yck's hi/orical & religi\s pictures1 ?\gh !y are q num]\s4 ,!y are n z int]e/+ z 8 portraits1 & we h n space to give !m4 ,8 ambition1 h[ev]1 0 nev] satisfi$1 = he wi%$ to d "s great hi/orical "w4 ,at "o "t 8 opportunity seem$ to h come1 = ! great banquet+-room ( ,:itehall ,palace1 ! ceil+ ( :i* ,rub5s _h pa9t$1 /ill rema9$ ) pla9 walls4 ,v&yck desir$ to pa9t on !m ! hi/ory ( ! ,ord] ( ! ,g>t]4 ,! project 0 laid be=e ! k+1 & he desir$ sket*es to be made = ! "w1 & "o ( !m1 ! ,procession ( ! ,knights ( ! ,g>t]1 0 sold aft] ! execution ( ! k+ = five p\nds4 ,x 0 own$ by ,sir ,pet] ,lely & ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 & is n[ at ,belvoir 9 ! collection ( ! ,duke ( ,rutl&4 ,we _c help be+ sorry = ,v&yck's great disappo9tm5t :5 he knew t 8 "w c\ld n be done4 ,he 0 weak 9 heal? & mu* 9 debt1 = ! k+ c\ld n pay him 8 p5sion nor :at he ow$ him = pictures4 ,! arti/ grew sad & disc\rag$4 ,he s\ght relief 9 ! /udy ( al*emy1 & indulg$ ! va9 hope ( discov]+ "s *emical means ( mak+ gold f base metals4 ,all ?is wa/$ 8 "t & means1 & x is to be regrett$ t he 0 less wise ?an 8 ma/]1 = :5 an al*emi/ tri$ to int]e/ ,rub5s 9 ! same subject1 t great arti/ repli$3 ,y come too late1 my good fell[2 ,i h long s9ce discov]$ ! philosoph]'s /one4 ,my palette & bru%es are wor? f> m ?an any o!r secret4 ,! k+ & all ,v&yck's fri5ds 7 tr\bl$ by 8 /ate ( heal? & m9d1 & a m>riage 0 br\ght ab\t = him ) ! hope t he w\ld be a happi] man4 ,8 wife 0 ,m>ia ,ru?v51 a lovely ,scot* girl :o held a high position among ! att5dants ( ! que54 ,n long aft] 8 m>riage ,v&yck took h] to ,fl&]s1 :]e he enjoy$ mu* ! honorable reception :i* he met ) 9 revisit+ ! sc5es ( 8 *ildhood & y\?4 ,b hav+ le>n$ t ,l\is ,,xiii4 0 ab\t to adorn a l>ge gall]y 9 ! ,l\vre1 ,v&yck ha/5$ to ,p>is hop+ to obta9 ! commission4 ,he 0 too late--! "w _h be5 giv5 to ,p\ss91 & ,v&yck return$ to ,london greatly di%e>t5$4 ,:ile at ,antw]p he _h receiv$ mu* att5tion1 z1 inde$1 _h be5 ! case be=e1 = 9 #afcd he _h be5 elect$ ,dean ( ! ,confrat]nity ( ,/4 ,luke & a great fea/ 0 held 9 8 honor4 ,:5 he came n[ to ,london ! social atmosph]e 0 full ( sadness4 ,! political tr\bles1 :i* 7 f9ally s t]rible 9 ,engl&1 _h already become al>m+4 ,9 a few mon?s ! ,e>l ( ,/raf=d 0 execut$1 & ,v&yck saw ! royal family1 to :om he 0 s mu* atta*$1 surr\nd$ ) dang] & at la/ sep>at$4 ,8 physical heal? 0 already delicate1 & 8 sorr[s br\ght on a disease f :i* he soon di$4 ,he cont9u$ to "w until ! v la/ days ( 8 life4 ,eight days be=e 8 dea? 8 daught] 0 born2 %e 0 nam$ ,ju/9iana1 & :5 %e grew up m>ri$ an ,engli% b>onet1 ,sir ,john ,/epney4 ,a %ort "t be=e ,v&yck di$ ! k+ came f ! ,nor? to ,london1 & ?\gh he 0 ov]burd5$ ) 8 own c>es & griefs he f\nd "t to sorr[ = ! condition ( 8 fri5d & arti/4 ,he (f]$ 8 physician ?ree hundr$ p\nds if he w\ld save ! life ( ,sir ,an?ony2 b no?+ avail$ to baffle 8 disease1 & he di$ ,decemb] #i1 #afda4 ,two days lat] he 0 buri$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,x is said t _m nobles & arti/s att5d$ 8 fun]al1 :i* 0 conduct$ ) impressive c]emony4 ,! fire :i* de/roy$ ,/4 ,paul's made x impossible to say exactly :]e ,v&yck 0 laid1 b 8 c(f9-plate 0 f\nd at ! "t ( ! burial ( ,b5jam9 ,we/4 ,!re 7 no arti/s ( importance aft] ! "t ( ,rub5s & 8 foll[]s :om we call ,flemi% arti/s4 ,!re 7 good pa9t]s1 c]ta9ly1 belong+ to ! s*ools ( ,fl&]s2 b ^! s*ools _h rea*$ _! highe/ excell5ce & 7 on ! decl9e1 & s we pass to ! ,dut* s*ool1 or ! pa9t]s ( ,holl&4 ,!re 0 d\btless a v e>ly s*ool ( ,dut* pa9t]s1 dat+ back to ! f\rte5? c5tury ev52 b ! records ( x are s imp]fect1 & s few pictures rema9 f its e>ly days1 t = our purpose x is be/ to pass ov] ! fifte5? c5tury & say t dur+ ! sixte5? c5tury ! pa9t]s ( ,holl& gave up ! pa9t+ ( sacr$ subjects v l>gely1 & began to take on ! *>act]i/ics ( :at is g5]ally kn[n n[ z ! ,dut* ,s*ool4 ,?is s*ool is di/+ui%$ = its portraits1 :i* =m a l>ge & important "p ( its pa9t+2 next = its dome/ic sc5es1 :i* are reali/ic & true to life 9 an a/oni%+ degree4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5te5? c5tury ,holl& _h obta9$ a position z a nation t fre$ its arti/s f ! influ5ce ( ! ,romi% ,*ur* & ! fe> ( ! ,inquisition1 & !y soon us$ _! fre$om to e/abli% a national art1 & "o :i* became v important to ! _w4 ,,franz ,,hals 7#aehd-afff7 0 ! mo/ notewor?y ( ! portrait-pa9t]s4 ,he 0 born at ,me*l91 b pass$ mo/ ( 8 life at ,ha>lem4 ,!re 0 a cu/om 9 ,holl& ( pa9t+ portraits ( ! memb]s ( guilds & societies 9 gr\ps1 & "s su* works ( 8 at ,ha>lem are v f9e4 ,i h told a /ory ( 8 rapid mann] 9 ! sket* ( ,v&yck4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ma/] to introduce t free1 bold1 sleight-(-h& mann] :i* 0 aft]w>d us$ by ! ,dut* ma/]s1 & is s /rong 9 its effect4 ,?is pa9t] l$ a m]ry1 c>eless life4 ,8 portraits ( s+le heads or figures are r>e1 & 8 small g5re subjects /ill m s4 ,9 ! ,htel de ,ville at ,ha>lem !re are z _m z eight ( 8 l>ge works1 mo/ ( !m hav+ t5 or a doz5 portraits4 ,! ,dut* pa9t]s ( /ill-life--fl[]s1 dead game & p\ltry1 & metals1 glass1 & o!r beautiful objects--7 v skilful1 & h nev] be5 surpass$4 ,! names ( ^! ma/]s w\ld make a long li/4 ,!re is little to be told ( ! circum/ances ( _! lives1 ?\gh _! works are se5 9 mo/ ,european gall]ies1 & well repay "o = c>eful exam9ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eg4--,,portrait ,,( ,,an ,,(fic]4 ,by ,franz ,hals4 ,ano!r =m ( ,dut* art is ! repres5tation ( sc5es f peasant life1 & !re 7 "s v em95t pa9t]s :o devot$ !mselves to ^! subjects entirely4 ,! int]iors ( inns ) m5 smok+ & dr9k+1 play+ c>ds or mak+ jokes1 7 subjects _m times repeat$2 danc+ villag]s1 ftes1 & fairs 7 (t5 pictur$1 & 9 all ^! sc5es ev]y?+ 0 giv5 exactly to ! life4 ,x foll[s t ^! pictures ( co>se1 vulg> p engag$ 9 rude amusem5ts _c be beautiful2 b !y are (t5times wond]ful4 ,among ! mo/ not$ names 9 ?is k9d ( pa9t+ are ^? ( ,adrian ,brauw]1 ! ,van ,o/ades1 ! ,t5i]s1 & ,jan ,/e54 ,mo/ ( ^! arti/s execut$ small pictures only4 ,i %all speak p>ticul>ly ( b "o ( ^! ,dut* g5re pa9t]s--,,david ,,t5i]s ! y\ng] 7#afaj-afid71 :o became ! greate/ pa9t] ( 8 "t ( sc5es f common life4 ,?is is v great praise1 because !re 7 _m ,dut* & sev]al ,flemi% pa9t]s :o 7 not$ = su* pictures4 ,?is ,t5i]s /udi$ ) 8 fa!r1 b 8 works %[ t he 0 mu* influ5c$ by ,rub5s4 ,he excell$ 9 gu>d-h\se sc5es & peasant life 9 e aspect4 ,9 repres5tations ( ! al*emi/ also he 0 unequall$1 z well z 9 fairs & fe/ivals ( e sort4 ,he sometimes pa9t$ sacr$ subjects1 b !y are ! lea/ praisewor?y ( all 8 works4 ,! pictures ( ,t5i]s are v num]\s4 ,"o au?or describes n9e hundr$ ( 8 works :i* are kn[n to be g5u9e1 & x is believ$ t !re may be "o hundr$ m4 ,he (t5 repres5t$ a great numb] ( figures on "o canvas4 ,at ,s*leis%eim !re 0 a l>ge picture1 ?irte5 & a half feet by t5 feet 9 size1 :i* conta9$ "o ?\s& "o hundr$ & ?irty-eight figures4 ,x 0 n unusual = him to pa9t f "o hundr$ & fifty to ?ree hundr$ figures 9 a s+le picture ( mod]ate size4 ,he _h a light1 brilliant t\*1 8 color 0 exquisite1 & 8 arrangem5t ( 8 subjects 0 v picturesque4 ,8 *ief fault 0 a resemblance 9 8 heads1 & = ?is reason ^? pictures ) ! fewe/ figures are 8 be/ works4 ,t5i]s _h sev]al royal patrons1 & e>n$ suffici5t money to live 9 h&some /yle 9 8 home 9 ,p]ck1 n f> f ,me*l94 ,he *ose ?is place 9 ord] to be ne> ! peasant classes1 ^: life 0 8 *ief /udy4 ,he also excell$ 9 8 ability to imitate ! /yles ( o!r ma/]s4 ,9 ! ,vi5na ,gall]y !re is a curi\s "w ( 8 :i* repres5ts ! walls ( a room hung ) fifty pictures1 imitat+ ^? ( v>i\s ,italian ma/]s2 9 ! =egr\nd are portraits ( ,t5i]s & ! ,ar*duke ,leopold ,william1 :o are repres5t$ z conv]s+ ) ea* o!r4 ,t5i]s rea*$ 8 excell5ce e>ly 9 life1 & 0 b tw5ty-two ye>s old :5 he 0 admitt$ to ! ,guild ( ,pa9t]s at ,antw]p4 ,t ,rub5s 0 8 fri5d is prov$ by ! fact t :5 ,t5i]s m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,jan ,breughel1 9 #afcg1 t great ma/] 0 "o ( ! witnesses to ! c]emony4 ,9 #afef he m>ri$ 8 second wife1 ! daught] ( ! ,secret>y ( ,/ate = ,brabant4 ,by 8 arti/ic & p]sonal m]its ,t5i]s ga9$ a high] place 9 society ?an 0 ev] held by any o!r g5re pa9t] ( ! ,flemi% or ,dut* s*ools4 ,he 0 eighty-f\r ye>s old :5 he di$1 & 0 active & indu/ri\s up to ! close ( 8 life4 ,al?\gh ,t5i]s _h su* good =tune dur+ 8 life1 ,i fancy he w\ld h be5 surpris$ if he c\ld h kn[n :at 8 fame w\ld be n[1 or :at prices w\ld be paid = 8 pictures ab\t two c5turies aft] 8 dea?4 ,! ,flemi% ,k]mes 0 b\ght = ! ,brussels ,museum 9 #ahfg = tw5ty-five ?\s& doll>s1 & at ! ,san ,donato sale1 9 #ahhj1 ! ,prodigal ,son sold = sixte5 ?\s& two hundr$ doll>s1 & ! ,five ,s5ses = fifte5 ?\s& doll>s4 ,x is difficult to di/+ui% ! et*+s ( ! son f ^? ( ! fa!r1 ,david ,t5i]s ! eld]1 ?\gh x is well kn[n t ! son execut$ su* works4 ,,g]>d ,,hon?or/ 7#aeib-affj7 0 also a pa9t] ( g5re sc5es1 & _m ( 8 works _h figures ( life size4 ,8 *ief di/9ction1 h[ev]1 0 t ( pa9t+ ! effects ( artificial lights4 ,he 0 fam\s 9 ,engl& & ,italy z well z 9 8 own c\ntry1 & ! ,italians call$ him ,gh]>do della ,notte1 or ,g]>d ( ! ,night1 because he pa9t$ s _m night-sc5es light$ by c&les1 lamps1 & tor*es4 ,!n !re 0 a class ( ,dut* arti/s :o repres5t$ ! int]iors ( f9e h\ses--rooms ) all sorts ( beautiful furniture & ornam5ts1 ) ladies & g5tlem5 9 spl5did co/umes4 ,!y tri$ to %[ ! effects ( light ^u sat9s1 glass1 metals1 & o!r %9+ objects4 ,!y pa9t$ ) great c>e1 & f9i%$ _! pictures 9 ! mo/ p]fect mann]4 ,,g]h>d ,,t]burg 7#afjh-afha71 ,,g]h>d ,,d[ 7#afac-afge71 & ,,gabriel ,,metsu 7#afae-;aft] #affg7 7 all rem>kable = works ( ?is k9d4 ,,piet] ,,de ,,hooge1 :o work$ f #afbh to #afga1 & ( ^: life little is kn[n1 pa9t$ simil> pictures ( c\rt-y>ds z well z ( rooms 9 h\ses4 ,! li/ ( ! names ( all ^! ,dut* ma/]s _c be giv5 "h1 & ,i ha/5 to tell y ( "o ^: "n & fame is s great t :5 we he> ( ,dut* art we always ?9k fir/ ( him1 because he /&s out z its head4 ,,rembr&t ,,van ,,ryn 7#afjg-affi7 0 born at ,leyd51 & 0 educat$ by 8 p>5ts ) ! hope t he w\ld be a s*ol> & a prom95t man 9 ,leyd54 ,b 8 ta/e = draw+ & pa9t+ w\ld n be put aside1 & 9 #afbj he ent]$ ! /udio ( ,j4 ,j4 van ,swan5burg1 :]e he le>n$ ! fir/ lessons 9 8 art1 & 0 !n plac$ "u ! tea*+ ( ,piet] ,la/man 9 ,am/]dam1 :]e he rema9$ only six mon?s1 aft] :i* he return$ to 8 fa!r's h\se1 & !re liv$ = sev5 ye>s4 ,he 0 n f> f sev5te5 ye>s old :5 he ?us left ! usual c\rse ( /udy4 ,f ?is "t he gave himself up to close obs]vation ( nature 9 e =m4 ,he /udi$ broad l&scapes--f>ms1 groves1 g>d5s1 riv]s1 canals1 sun%9e1 cl\ds1 & %ad[s1 & ) & above all ^!1 ! human faces t he saw1 z well z ! v>y+ =ms1 movem5ts1 & peculi>ities ( ! m5 & wom5 ab\t him4 ,t no?+ escap$ 8 obs]vation is prov$ by ! works he did 9 lat] life4 ,9 #afcj ,rembr&t settl$ 9 ,am/]dam1 :i* 0 call$ ! ,v5ice ( ! ,nor?1 & 0 ! c5tre ( nor!rn comm]ce1 civilization1 & ! activity ( political & intellectual life4 ,rembr&t 0 no soon] e/abli%$ 9 8 /udio on "o ( ! we/]n quays ?an he 0 press$ ) ord]s = pictures & applications f "y m5 :o desir$ 8 in/ructions4 ,! ye>s foll[+ 7 cr[d$ ) "w--) pa9t+ & engrav+4 ,rembr&t is call$ ! ,pr9ce ( ,et*]s1 & he us$ ! et*+ ne$le mo/ skilfully1 b he also employ$ ! dry-po9t & ev5 ! grav] 9 f9i%+4 ,?us he may be said to h e/abli%$ a new s*ool ( engrav+ ( great excell5ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #eh4--,,"o ,,( ,,rembr&t',s ,,portraits ,,( ,,himself4 ,x w\ld seem t 9 ^! e>ly ye>s "o ( 8 amusem5ts 0 to make et*+s ( himself4 ,9 "o ye>1 #afcj-ca1 he made n9ete5 ( ^! portraits 9 diff]5t co/umes & positions1 ) z _m k9ds ( expression on 8 face4 ,he (t5 repeat$ ! portrait ( 8 "m also4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ei4--,,! ,,lecture ,,on ,,anatomy4 ,by ,rembr&t4 ,9 #afcb he pa9t$ ! ,s*ool ( ,anatomy1 n[ "o ( ! gems ( ! f9e gall]y at ! ,hague4 ,x repres5ts a lecture by ,pr(essor ,tulp1 :o is dissect+ ! arm ( a dead body & expla9+ its /ructure to sev5 o!r surgeons4 ,x is a wond]ful picture & "o ( ! mo/ fam\s works ( ?is great ma/]4 ,9 #ahbh x 0 sold = ! b5efit ( ! fund = surgeons' wid[s1 & ! ,dut* ,gov]nm5t paid ?irty-two ?\s& flor9s = x4 ,?is picture is 9 a c]ta9 way a portrait picture1 & comes )9 ! class ( ,dut* pictures ( :i* ,i h spok5 z portraits ( guilds & societies2 = ,tulp 0 v fam\s1 & ,rembr&t probably att5d$ 8 lectures1 & 0 *os5 by him to be ! pa9t] ( ?is celebrat$ portrait ( himself surr\nd$ by memb]s ( 8 guild4 ,rembr&t's influ5ce ^u ! art ( 8 "t 0 v great almo/ f ! beg9n+ ( 8 c>e]4 ,ab\t #afcd he introduc$ 8 mann] ( portrait-pa9t+1 ) d>k backgr\nds & deep %ad[s on ! face1 ) a bright light on ! *eek & nose pass+ d[n to ! %\ld]1 & imm$iately o!r arti/s adopt$ ?is mann]4 ,!y consid]$ x a necessity to imitate him1 s mu* 0 he admir$4 ,9 #afcd ,rembr&t m>ri$ ,saskia van ,ul5burg1 :o 0 v beautiful & ( an ari/ocratic & weal?y family4 ,%e 0 only tw5ty-"o ye>s ( age :5 %e m>ri$1 & ,rembr&t pa9t$ _m portraits ( h] besides mak+ h] 8 model = beautiful figures 9 8 my?ological & sacr$ subjects4 ,%e liv$ b eight ye>s aft] h] m>riage1 :i* 7 ! happie/ ( ! arti/'s life4 ,%e left b "o *ild1 a son nam$ ,titus1 & %[$ h] confid5ce 9 h] husb& by leav+ all h] =tune to him1 ) ! s+le /ipulation t _! son %\ld be prop]ly educat$4 ,aft] ! dea? ( ,saskia x seems t ! only ?\ght ( ! ma/] 0 to "w )\t re/1 & 9 ?is way to dr[n ! remembrance ( 8 sorr[4 ,!re is little mat]ial = a /ory ( 8 life--x is told 9 8 pictures4 ,! h\se 9 :i* ,saskia liv$ 0 v f9e1 & ,rembr&t 0 s fond ( collect+ all sorts ( curi\s & beautiful objects t he f9ally made himself poor1 & 8 collection 0 sold4 ,he nev] travell$1 & "s writ]s h said t he 0 ignorant ( classic art2 b ! li/ ( 8 collections proves t he _h bu/s ( ,hom] & ,socrates & copies ( anci5t sculptures1 su* z ! ,lacoon1 a ,cupid1 & s on4 ,he also _h pictures ( "s ( ! be/ ,italian ma/]s4 ,aft] ! sale ( 8 home & all 8 r>e objects he hir$ a h\se on ! ,ros5gra*t ne> ! ,we/ ,*ur*4 ,?is h\se /ill /&s1 & has a %ield dat$ #afeb1 ?\gh ! arti/ did n live !re until #afeh4 ,8 life "h 0 n lonely or desolate4 ,he _h _m fri5ds 9 ,am/]dam :o did n =get him4 ,he 0 ne> ! ba/ions ( ! city1 & _h n f> to g to sket*1 z he lov$ to d1 & he 0 busy ) 8 bru% until #affb1 :5 he did no?+ ( :i* we "k4 ,9 #afff he execut$ f\r pictures4 ,among 8 works ( #affg !re is a portrait ( himself :i* is ( great int]e/4 ,9 ,octob]1 #affh1 ,rembr&t di$ aft] a %ort illness4 ,he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,we/ ,*ur*1 & 8 fun]al 0 s simple t its co/ 0 regi/]$ z only fifte5 flor9s4 ,rembr&t's pictures are s num]\s & s v>i$ 9 _! subjects t no adequate li/ or acc\nt ( !m c be giv5 "h4 ,& 8 num]\s engrav+s are z int]e/+ z 8 pictures1 s t a volume w\ld sc>cely suffice to d him ju/ice2 b ,i w try to tell some?+ ( 8 /yle4 ,8 managem5t ( light 0 8 mo/ /rik+ *>act]i/ic4 ,he g5]ally ?rew a /rong1 vivid light ^u ! c5tral or important object1 :e!r x 0 a s+le figure or a gr\p1 & ! re/ ( ! picture 0 9 %ad[4 ,?is is true ( all 8 works1 almo/ )\t exception--portraits1 pictures bo? l>ge & small1 & et*+s4 ,rembr&t lov$ to pa9t unusual ?+s4 ,we are apt to ?9k t an unusual ?+ is n natural2 b if we closely obs]ve nature1 especially ! effect ( light & %ade1 we %all f9d t no imag9ation c\ld make pictures m wond]ful ?an ! reality we see4 ,rembr&t _h t ke5 obs]vation t help$ him to seize ^u ! %>p features--! /rong po9ts 9 a sc5e or a p]son--& !n he _h ! skill to reproduce ^! ?+s on 8 canvas ) great tru?4 ,8 et*+s are mu* priz$4 ,"o ( ! mo/ fam\s repres5ts ,*ri/ heal+ ! sick1 & is call$ ! ,hundr$ ,guild]s ,pr9t1 because t sum 0 ! price he fix$ = x2 n[ a good impression ( x is wor? t5 times z mu*4 ,at 8 dea? he left ab\t six hundr$ pictures & f\r hundr$ engrav+s4 ,8 l&scapes are 8 r>e/ subjects4 ,mo/ ( ^! are 9 private collections1 b ,i h se5 "o 9 ! ,cassel ,gall]y2 ! color ( x is bright & gl[+--! sky magnific5t4 ,9 ! =egr\nd !re is a bridge1 & on an em95ce are ! ru9s ( a ca/le4 ,"s f9e works by ,rembr&t are 9 ,engl&1 & v l>ge prices h be5 paid = !m4 ,9 #ahfg ,*ri/ ,bless+ ,little ,*ildr5 0 sold = sev5 ?\s& p\nds4 ,at ! ,san ,donato sale 9 ,flor5ce1 9 #ahhj1 ,lucretia br\ght tw5ty-n9e ?\s& two hundr$ doll>s1 & a ,portrait ( a ,"y ,woman ne>ly z mu*4 ,among ,rembr&t's pupils ,g]br&t van d] ,eeckh\t holds a high rank1 & 8 pictures are se5 9 _m gall]ies4 ,among ! l&scape pa9t]s ( ,holl& ,,alb]t ,,cuyp 7#afje-afia7 is v fam\s4 ,he sometimes introduc$ figures & animals into 8 pictures1 b !y 7 ( second>y importance2 ! sc5]y 0 8 *ief ?\ght4 ,8 works are 9 _m gall]ies1 & ! increase 9 _! value is m>vell\s4 ,sir ,rob]t ,peel b\ght a l&scape1 twelve by tw5ty in*es 9 size1 = :i* he paid ?ree hundr$ & fifty gu9eas3 x 0 orig9ally sold 9 ,holl& = ab\t "o ,engli% %ill+6 ,dur+ ! fir/ c5tury aft] 8 dea? no picture by ,cuyp br\ght m ?an ?irty flor9s2 n[ !y co/ almo/ _! weight 9 gold4 ,o!r f9e l&scape pa9t]s 7 ,jan & ,&ries ,bo?1 ,jan van ,goy51 ,jan ,wynants1 ,adrian van de ,velde1 &1 f9ally1 ,,philip ,,w\v]man 7#afai-affh71 :o introduc$ mu* life into 8 works4 ,he pa9t$ battles1 hunt+ p>ties1 & su* subjects z all[$ him to introduce :ite horses1 = :i* he became not$4 ,8 works1 z well z ^? ( ! o!r pa9t]s la/ m5tion$1 are valuable4 ,!re are s _m 9 gall]ies :i* are attribut$ to ,w\v]man t x is d\btful if !y are all g5u9e4 ,he _h animation & f9e feel+ = ! picturesque4 ,8 execution 0 light & delicate1 & !re is mu* t5d]ness %[n 9 8 works4 ,!re 7 _m excell5t ,dut* l&scape pa9t]s :om we h n m5tion$4 ,,paul ,,pott] 7#afbe-afed7 0 born at ,enkhuys51 & ?\gh he di$ "y he made himself a great & endur+ reputation by 8 pictures ( animals4 ,paul ,pott]'s ,bull1 :i* is 9 ! gall]y at ! ,hague1 is z well kn[n z any "o picture ! _w ov]4 ,he left "o hundr$ & eight pictures & eighte5 et*+s4 ,he 0 mo/ successful 9 repres5t+ cattle & %eep2 8 horses are n z f9e4 ,he nev] cr[d$ 8 pictures2 !y h an op5 l&scape1 b few animals1 & p]haps a %eph]d1 & t is all4 ,"s ( 8 pictures h be5 valu$ z high z fifty ?\s& doll>s4 ,,jacob ,,ruysdael 7#afbe-afha7 0 born 9 ! same ye> ) ,paul ,pott]4 ,8 bir?-place 0 ,ha>lem4 ,he came to be ! v be/ ( all ,dut* l&scape pa9t]s1 & ?\gh mo/ ( 8 pictures repres5t ! dull1 un9t]e/+ sc5]y ( ,holl&1 !y are s skilfully drawn & pa9t$ t !y are really mo/ attractive1 if n *e]ful4 ,8 works numb] ab\t f\r hundr$ & =ty-eight pictures & sev5 f9e1 spirit$ et*+s4 ,he 0 fond ( giv+ a broad1 expansive effect to 8 pictures1 & frequ5tly plac$ *ur* spires 9 ! di/ance4 ,he pa9t$ a few m>9e views ) r\gh seas & cl\dy skies4 ,?\gh _m ( 8 works are gloomy1 he sometimes pa9t$ sun%9e ) mu* effect4 ,"s ( 8 f9e/ works are 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,,m9d]t ,,hobbema 0 a pupil ( ,jacob ,ruysdael1 & ?is is almo/ all t is kn[n ( him p]sonally2 b 8 pictures %[ t he 0 a great l&scape pa9t]4 ,!y sell = enorm\s sums1 & _m ( ! be/ are 9 ,engl&4 ,mo/ ( ^? se5 9 ! cont95tal gall]ies are n ^? he %\ld be judg$ by4 ,at ! ,san ,donato sale 9 ,flor5ce1 8 picture ( ! ,w9d-,mills sold = =ty-two ?\s& doll>s4 ,! numb] ( reputable ,dut* pa9t]s is v l>ge1 b ,i %all m5tion no m names4 ,aft] ! great m5 :om we h spok5 ( !re comes an army ( ^? :o are call$ little ,dut* ma/]s1 & _! pr9cipal "w 0 mak+ copies f ! pictures ( ! great] arti/s4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( :at we "k z ,g]man art we f9d a v e>ly s*ool at ,cologne1 b ! records ( x are s sc>ce & imp]fect t ,i %all give no acc\nt ( x "h4 ,at ,augsburg !re 0 an important s*ool ( art :i* comm5c$ ) ! ,holbe9s4 ,! fir/ ,hans ,holbe9 is kn[n z ,old ,holbe91 & s little is kn[n ( him t ,i %all m]ely give 8 "n4 ,! second ,,hans ,,holbe91 call$ ! eld] 7#adfj-aebc71 pa9t$ a great numb] ( religi\s pictures1 :i* are se5 9 v>i\s *ur*es & gall]ies 9 ,g]many4 ,"s ( ! be/ are 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,augsburg4 ,9 "o salon ( ! ,muni* ,p9ako!k !re are sixte5 panels pa9t$ by him4 ,b x 0 ,,hans ,,holbe9 ! ?ird1 kn[n z ! y\ng]1 :o rea*$ ! p]fection ( 8 s*ool 7#adie-aedc74 ,?is pa9t] 0 in/ruct$ by 8 fa!r & by ,hans ,burgkmair4 ,he 0 b fifte5 ye>s ( age :5 he began to receive commissions = pictures4 ,:5 he 0 ab\t tw5ty-"o ye>s old he remov$ to ,basle1 & !re he pa9t$ _m pictures1 ?\gh n ne>ly z _m z h be5 call$ by 8 "n4 ,ab\t a ye> aft] ,holbe9 w5t to ,basle he 0 call$ to ,luc]ne to decorate a h\se1 & he execut$ o!r works !re & at ,altorf4 ,9 #aeai1 :5 he _h be5 ?ree ye>s 9 ,basle1 he became a citiz5 ( t t[n & a memb] ( its guild ( pa9t]s4 ,8 works at ,basle 7 mo/ly decorative1 & he pa9t$ few easel pictures !re4 ,holbe9 m>ri$ a wid[ ) "o son2 h] "n 0 ,elizabe? ,s*mid4 ,%e _h a v bad temp]4 ,x is said t %e made ,holbe9's life s mis]able t he left ,basle = t reason4 ,he visit$ h] sometimes1 & always gave h] money1 b liv$ away f h]4 ,9 #aebf ,holbe9 w5t to ,engl&1 & 8 fri5d ,erasmus said t he w5t because he _h s little to d 9 ,basle4 ,he c>ri$ a lett] to ,sir ,?omas ,m1 :o receiv$ him ) great k9dness1 & ! arti/ made _m portraits ( ,sir ,?omas & 8 family4 ,!re is a /ory ab\t "o ( ^! portraits ( t nobleman4 ,he _h refus$ to be pres5t at ! m>riage ( ,anne ,boleyn to ,k+ ,h5ry ,,viii41 & %e nev] =gave him4 ,on ! day t ,m 0 execut$ %e look$ at "o ( ,holbe9's portraits ( ! ex-*ancellor & exclaim$1 ,ah1 me6 ! man seems to be /ill alive2 & seiz+ ! picture %e ?rew x into ! /reet4 ,9 #aecj ,holbe9 return$ to ,basle to complete "s unf9i%$ frescoes1 & ?is be+ done he w5t aga9 to ,london4 ,ab\t ?is "t he began to be employ$ by ! k+1 & did _m pictures = him f "t to "t4 ,9 #aech ,h5ry s5t ,holbe9 to ,brussels to make a portrait ( ! ,du*ess ( ,milan1 ( :om ! k+ 0 ?9k+ = 8 f\r? wife4 ,no citiz5 ( ,basle 0 all[$ to ent] ! s]vice ( a =eign sov]eign )\t ! cons5t ( ! c\ncil1 s 9 #aech ! arti/ w5t home to ask p]mission to s]ve ! ,k+ ( ,engl&4 ,great ef=ts 7 made to keep him 9 ,basle1 b at la/ he receiv$ p]mission to rema9 two ye>s 9 ,engl&3 ! arti/ nev] w5t aga9 to ,basle4 ,h5ry ,,viii4 became fond ( ,holbe91 & 0 g5]\s to him1 ev5 giv+ him a pa9t+-room 9 ! palace ( ,:itehall4 ,9 #aeci ! arti/ 0 s5t to pa9t a portrait ( ,anne ( ,cleves1 :om ! k+ m>ri$ ! next ye>4 ,x has be5 said t ! picture 0 s flatt]+ t :5 ! k+ saw ! lady he 0 disappo9t$2 we "k t he 0 soon divorc$ f h]4 ,9 #aedc ! plague rag$ 9 ,london1 & on ! #g? ( ,octob] ,holbe9 prep>$ 8 w4 ,he di$ be=e ! #bi? ( ,novemb]1 b ! facts conc]n+ 8 dea? & burial are n kn[n4 ,!re are sev]al int]e/+ anecdotes ( ,holbe94 ,"o relates t :5 pass+ ?r\gh ,/rasburg he visit$ ! /udio ( an arti/1 & f9d+ him out1 pa9t$ a fly on a picture :i* 0 on an easel4 ,:5 ! pa9t] saw ! fly he tri$ to bru% x away1 & :5 he f\nd :o _h pa9t$ x he se>*$ ! city = ,holbe92 b he _h already left = ,engl&4 ,ano!r /ory %[s ! reg>d :i* ,h5ry ,,viii4 _h = him4 ,"o day a nobleman w5t to ,holbe9's /udio1 & insi/$ ^u ent]+1 ?\gh ! arti/ told him t he 0 pa9t+ ! portrait ( a lady by 8 ,maje/y's ord]s4 ,! nobleman p]si/+1 ,holbe9 ?rew him d[n ! /airs ) great viol5ce1 & !n ru%$ to ! k+1 & told him :at he _h done4 ,soon aft] ! nobleman 0 borne to ! pres5ce ( ! k+2 he 0 unable to walk1 & 0 l\d 9 8 compla9ts4 ,! k+ ridicul$ him1 & ! nobleman 0 angry1 & ?reat5$ to puni% ! arti/ legally4 ,!n ,h5ry got angry1 & said3 ,n[ y h no long] to deal ) ,holbe91 b ) me1 y\r k+4 ,d y ?9k t ?is man is ( s little consid]ation ) u8 ,i tell y1 my "l1 t out ( sev5 peasants ,i c make sev5 e>ls 9 a day2 b out ( sev5 e>ls ,i c\ld n make "o su* arti/ z ,hans ,holbe94 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fj4--;,,burgoma/] ,,mei] ,,madonna4 ,by ,holbe94 ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,at ,basle "o may see "s ( ! mo/ important ( ! e>ly portraits ( ,holbe92 ^! are 9 ! gall]y :]e are also 8 t5 well-kn[n sc5es f ! ,passion ( ,*ri/4 ,:ile at ,basle he probably made ! designs = ! ,dance ( ,dea?4 ,= a long "t x 0 believ$ t he pa9t$ ?is subject bo? at ,basle & at ,bonn1 b we n[ "k t he only made designs = x4 ,he also decorat$ ! ,t[n ,hall at ,basle2 ( ?is "w1 h[ev]1 b little rema9s4 ,! mo/ celebrat$ "w by ,holbe9 is ! ,mey] ,madonna 9 ! royal palace ( ,d>m/adt1 ( :i* !re is a copy 9 ! ,dresd5 ,gall]y4 ,x takes its "n f t ( ! ,burgoma/] ,mey]1 = :om x 0 pa9t$4 ,! ,madonna1 ) ! infant ,jesus 9 h] arms1 /&s 9 a ni*e 9 ! c5tre ( ! picture2 ! burgoma/] & 8 family kneel be=e h]4 ,?is is :at is call$ a votive picture1 :i* means a picture made 9 ! fulfilm5t ( a v[1 9 gratitude = "s signal bless+ or to turn away "s dang]4 ,_m ( ^! works commemorate an escape f accid5t or a recov]y f sickness4 ,! picture is v beautiful1 & x seems z if ! ,virg9 wi%$ to %>e h] peace ) ! kneel+ family1 s sweet is ! expression ( h] face1 :ile ! *ild seems to be/[ a bless+ ) 8 lift$ h&4 ,! orig9al 0 probably pa9t$ = a ,*apel ( ,our ,lady4 ,8 ,dance ( ,dea? 0 v curi\s1 ! idea be+ t ,dea? is always ne> u & try+ to /rike d[n 8 prey4 ,! pictures repres5t a skeleton clut*+ at 8 victims1 :o are ( all ages & occupations1 f ! lovely "y bride at ! alt> to ! h>d-work+ p$l> 9 ! cut we give "h1 & all ( !m are hurri$ away by ?is frightful figure :i* /&s = ,dea? itself4 ,holbe9 made _m wood engrav+s1 b none s important z ^!4 ,:5 ! set is complete !re are fifty-?ree cuts1 b x is r>e to f9d m ?an =ty-six4 ,holbe9 0 "o ( ! =emo/ ( ,g]man ma/]s4 ,all 8 pictures are reali/ic1 & _m ( !m are fanta/ic2 he gave graceful movem5t & beauty ( =m to _m ( 8 subjects2 8 drap]y 0 well arrang$2 8 color & mann] ( pa9t+ 7 good4 ,he pa9t$ 9 fresco & oil colors1 execut$ m9iatures & engrav+s4 ,8 portraits 7 8 be/ works1 & 9 !m he equall$ ! greate/ ma/]s4 ,! mo/ reliable portrait ( ?is arti/ is 9 ! ,basle ,museum4 ,x is done 9 r$ & black *alk1 & repres5ts him z a man ) regul>1 well-%ap$ features1 ) a *e]ful expression :i* also %[s decision ( "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fa4--;,,f ,,holbe9',s ,,dance ,,( ,,dea?4 ,!re 7 o!r good arti/s 9 ! ,augsburg s*ool aft] ! "t ( ! ,holbe9s2 b ,i %all pass imm$iately to ! ,franconian s*ool1 or t ( ,nuremburg1 & to its great ma/]1 ,,alb]t ,d,,r] 7#adga-aebh71 ^: life 0 v int]e/+1 & :o /&s1 z an arti/1 among ! greate/ pa9t]s ( ! _w4 ,! city ( ,nuremburg 0 a gr&1 ri* old place ev5 9 ,dr]'s "t1 & z a boy he 0 famili> ) its sc5]y & ar*itecture1 :i* help$ him to cultivate 8 arti/ ta/es1 & to make him ! great man t he became4 ,he 0 an au?or ( books z well z an ar*itect1 sculptor1 pa9t]1 & engrav]4 ,8 fa!r 0 a goldsmi?1 & ,alb]t 0 appr5tic$ to ! same trade2 b he 0 s anxi\s to /udy pa9t+ t at l5g? 8 fa!r plac$ him z appr5tice to ! pa9t] ,mi*ael ,wohlgemu?4 ,at ?is "t ,alb]t 0 fifte5 ye>s old1 & ! two ye>s he _h sp5t ) ! goldsmi? _h d\btless be5 ( great advantage to him2 = 9 t "t he _h be5 tra9$ 9 ! modell+ ( small1 delicate objects1 & 9 ! accurate design necess>y 9 mak+ ! small articles 9 preci\s metals :i* are ! pr9cipal "w ( t trade4 ,alb]t ,dr] _h a v /rong nature1 & ,mi*ael ,wohlgemu? 0 n a man :o c\ld ga9 mu* influ5ce ov] su* a y\?4 ,dur+ ! ?ree ye>s :i* ,dr] pass$ "u 8 tea*+ he le>n$ all ! modes ( prep>+ & us+ colors1 & acquir$ mu* skill 9 h&l+ ! bru%2 he also le>n$ ! fir/ lessons 9 wood-engrav+1 9 :i* he aft]w>d rea*$ s high a p]fection t a l>ge "p ( 8 pres5t fame re/s ^u 8 skill 9 t art4 ,"o ( ! e>lie/ portraits pa9t$ by ,dr] is 9 ! ,alb]t9a at ,vi5na1 & be>s ?is inscription3 ,?is ,i h drawn f myself f ! look+-glass1 9 ! ye> #adhd1 :5 ,i 0 /ill a *ild4 ,,alb]t ,d,,r]4 ,six ye>s lat] he pa9t$ ! beautiful portrait ( 8 fa!r :i* is n[ 9 ! gall]y at ,flor5ce2 & x is a "q :e!r ?is is n z f9ely execut$ z any portrait ( 8 lat] ye>s4 ,:5 ,dr] left ,wohlgemu? he />t$ ^u ! /ud5t j\rney :i* 0 !n ! cu/om ) all ,g]man y\?s1 & is /ill practis$ 9 a modifi$ degree4 ,^! y\?s1 aft] s]v+ _! appr5tice%ip 9 ! occupation !y 7 to foll[1 travell$1 & work$ at _! trade or pr(ession 9 ! cities ( o!r c\ntries4 ,dr] 0 abs5t f\r ye>s1 b we "k little ( :at he did or saw1 = 9 8 own acc\nt ( 8 life he says only ?is3 ,& :5 ! ?ree ye>s 7 out my fa!r s5t me away4 ,i rema9$ abroad f\r ye>s1 :5 he recall$ me2 &1 z ,i _h left j aft] ,ea/] 9 #adij1 ,i return$ home 9 #adid1 j aft] ,:itsuntide4 ,9 ! same ye>1 9 ,july1 ,dr] 0 m>ri$ to ,agnes ,frey4 ,he 0 also admitt$ to ! guild ( pa9t]s1 & we may say t he 0 n[ settl$ = life4 ,x is a s+ul> fact t1 al?\gh ,dr] pa9t$ sev]al portraits ( 8 fa!r & himself1 he is n kn[n to h made any ( 8 wife4 ,"s ( 8 sket*es are call$ by h] "n1 b !re is no good reason = ?is4 ,dr] 0 s indu/ri\s1 & execut$ s _m pictures1 copp]-plates1 & wood engrav+s )9 ! six ye>s next aft] 8 return to ,nuremburg1 t x is n possible to give an exact acc\nt ( !m "h4 ,9 #aejj an ev5t occurr$ :i* add$ mu* to 8 happ9ess & to 8 opportunities = enl>g+ 8 influ5ce4 ,x 0 ! return to ,nuremburg ( ,willibald ,pirkheim]1 "o ( ! fri5ds ( ,dr]'s *ildhood1 betwe5 :om & himself !re _h always exi/$ a /rong affection4 ,pirkheim] 0 ri* & influ5tial1 & at 8 h\se ,dr] saw _m em95t m51 arti/s1 s*ol>s1 re=m]s1 & !ologians1 & 9 _! society he ga9$ mu* broad] k ( ! _w1 :ile he receiv$ ! respect :i* 0 due to 8 g5ius & "*4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fb4--;,a ,,sc5e ,,f ,d,,r]',s ,,wood ,,engrav+s ,,( ,,! ,,life ,,( ,,! ,,virg9 ,,m>y4 ,dr]'s heal? 0 n good1 & 8 cont9ual "w prov$ m ?an he c\ld be>4 ,8 fa!r di$ 9 #aejb1 & ?is loss 0 a deep grief to ! arti/4 ,s little money 0 left = 8 "m & y\ng] bro!r t _! support came ^u him4 ,at l5g?1 9 #aeje1 he made a j\rney to ,v5ice1 p>tly = 8 heal?1 & 9 ord] to /udy ,v5etian pa9t+4 ,he 0 well receiv$ by ! pa9t]s ( ,v5ice4 ,giovanni ,bell9i & ,c>paccio 7 ! lead+ pa9t]s ( t "t4 ,!y 7 bo? q old1 b ,giorgione & ,titian 7 already com+ into notice & prep>+ to fill ! places ( ! old] m54 ,bell9i 0 especially delight$ ) ! exquisite mann] 9 :i* ,dr] pa9t$ hair1 & ask$ ! ,g]man to give him ! bru% he us$ = t purpose4 ,dr] gave him all 8 bru%es1 b ,bell9i insi/$ ^u hav+ ! "o = pa9t+ hair4 ,dr] took a common bru%1 & pa9t$ a long tress ( f9e hair3 ,bell9i decl>$ t _h he n se5 ?is done he c\ld n h believ$ x4 ,:ile 9 ,v5ice ,dr] receiv$ an ord] to pa9t a picture = ! ,fondaco de' ,t$es*i1 or ,g]man ,ex*ange4 ,x is believ$ t ?is "w 0 ! fam\s ,fea/ ( ,rose ,g>l&s1 n[ 9 ! ,mona/]y at ,/rah[1 9 ,bohemia4 ,! ,emp]or ,rudolph ,,ii4 b\ght x1 & _h x c>ri$ f ,v5ice to ,prague on m5's %\ld]s4 ,9 #aghb x 0 pur*as$ = ! ,abbey ( ,/rah[1 & 0 almo/ lo/ to ! _w = _m ye>s4 ,x is a beautiful picture1 & ! praise x receiv$ 0 a great pleasure to ,dr]1 because h]et(ore _m pa9t]s _h said t he 0 a good engrav]1 b c\ld n use colors4 ,dr] wrote to ,pirkheim]3 ,!re is no bett] picture ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y 9 ! l&1 because all ! arti/s praise x1 z well z ! nobility4 ,!y say !y h nev] se5 a m sublime1 a m *>m+ pa9t+4 ,! ,v5etian ,gov]nm5t (f]$ ,dr] a h&some p5sion if he w\ld rema9 9 ,v5ice1 & he decl9$ _m ord]s = ! sake ( return+ to ,g]many1 :i* he believ$ to be 8 duty4 ,f ! "t ( 8 return1 9 #aejg1 to #aebj1 !re is v little to tell ( ! p]sonal hi/ory ( ?is arti/4 ,almo/ all t c be said is t he labor$ ) great indu/ry2 x 0 ! gold5 p]iod ( 8 art2 he _h _m "y m5 9 8 /udio1 :i* 0 ! c5tre ( art to ,nuremburg4 ,at ?is "t he probably execut$ ! be/ c>v+s :i* he ev] did4 ,dur+ sev5 ye>s he made =ty-eight engrav+s & et*+s & m ?an a hundr$ wood-cuts4 ,! l>ge dem& = ^! works 0 a s\rce ( good income to ,dr]1 & gave him a position ( com=t4 ,! ,re=mation 0 at h&1 & ,dr]'s ,virg9s & ,sa9ts & 8 pictures ( ! suff]+s ( ,*ri/ 7 v well suit$ to ! religi\s excitem5t ( t p]iod4 ,! h\se 9 :i* ,dr] liv$ & work$ = _m ye>s is /ill pres]v$ 9 ,nuremburg z public prop]ty1 & is us$ z an art gall]y4 ,! /reet on :i* x /&s is n[ call$ ! ,albre*t-,dr] ,/rasse4 ,on ! squ>e be=e ! h\se /&s a bronze /atue ( ! ma/] :i* 0 erect$ by ! ,nuremburg]s on ! ?ree hundr$? anniv]s>y ( 8 dea?4 ,ab\t #aeji ,dr] occupi$ himself consid]ably 9 writ+ poetry2 b1 al?\gh !re 0 mu* e>ne/ feel+ 9 8 v]se1 x 0 n su* z to give him great fame z a poet4 ,x 0 at ! same p]iod t he c>v$ ! wond]ful bas-relief ( ! ,bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/1 n[ 9 ! ,briti% ,museum4 ,x is cut out ( /one1 is sev5 & "o-half by five & "o-half in*es 9 size1 & is a m>vell\s piece ( "w4 ,two ?\s& five hundr$ doll>s 7 paid = x ne>ly a c5tury ago4 ,he made _m exquisite little c>v+s 9 /one1 ivory1 & boxwood1 & 9 ^! articles ! result ( 8 "w z a goldsmi? is be/ se54 ,9 #aeab ,dr] 0 fir/ employ$ by ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 & = ! next sev5 ye>s !re 0 a close relation betwe5 ! sov]eign & ! arti/2 b !re are few records conc]n+ x4 ,x is said t "o day :5 ! pa9t] 0 mak+ a sket* ( ! emp]or ! latt] took a *>coal crayon1 & tri$ to draw a picture himself3 he con/antly broke ! crayon1 & made no progress t[>d 8 end4 ,aft] wat*+ him = a "t ,dr] took ! *>coal f ,maximilian1 say+1 ,?is is my sceptre1 y\r ,maje/y2 & he !n taught ! emp]or h[ to use x4 ,dr] execut$ "s v rem>kable draw+s & engrav+s4 ,among !m 0 ! ,triumphal ,ar* ( ,maximilian1 compos$ ( n9ety-two blocks4 ,! :ole cut is t5 & "o-half feet high by n9e feet wide4 ,x %[s all ! rem>kable ev5ts 9 ! emp]or's life1 j z su* subjects 7 c>v$ ^u ! triumphal ar*es ( ! ,romans & o!r nations4 ,hi]onymus ,rs* did ! engrav+ ( ?is great "w f ,dr]'s blocks1 & :ile x 0 9 progress ! emp]or w5t (t5 to see x4 ,dur+ "o ( ^! visits sev]al cats ran into ! room1 f :i* happ5+ arose ! prov]b1 ,a cat may look at a k+4 ,! emp]or grant$ ,dr] a p5sion2 b x 0 nev] regul>ly paid1 & aft] ! emp]or's dea? ! ,c\ncil ( ,nuremburg refus$ to pay x unless x 0 confirm$ by ! new sov]eign1 ,*>les ,v4 ,= ! purpose ( obta9+ ?is confirmation ,dr] made a j\rney to ! ,ne!rl&s 9 ! ye> #aebj4 ,8 wife & h] maid ,susanna w5t ) him4 ,8 di>y gives a qua9t acc\nt ( ! places !y visit$1 ! p :om !y met1 & ( ! honors :i* 7 paid him4 ,9 ,antw]p he 0 receiv$ ) great k9dness1 & ! gov]nm5t ( ! city (f]$ him a h\se & a lib]al p5sion if he w\ld rema9 !re2 b 8 love = 8 native t[n w\ld n all[ him to leave x4 ,aft] sev]al mon?s ,dr] receiv$ ! confirmation ( 8 p5sion & also ! appo9tm5t ( c\rt-pa9t]4 ,?is la/ (fice 0 ( v little acc\nt to him4 ,! emp]or sp5t little "t at ,nuremburg1 & x 0 n until he 0 old] t he 0 seiz$ ) ! passion ( hav+ 8 portrait pa9t$1 & !n ,dr] _h di$1 & ,titian 0 pa9t] to ! c\rt4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fc4--,,! ,,f\r ,,apo/les4 ,by ,dr]4 ,:5 ,dr] return$ to 8 home !re 0 q an excitem5t ov] ! collection ( curi\s & r>e objects :i* he _h made :ile abs5t4 ,"s ( ^! he _h b\ght1 & _m o!rs 7 gifts to him1 & he gave mu* pleasure to 8 fri5ds by display+ !m4 ,!re _h be5 a great *ange 9 ,nuremburg1 = ! doctr9es ( ! ,re=mation 7 accept$ by _m ( its p1 & x 0 ! fir/ free city t decl>$ itself ,prote/ant4 ,! *ange1 too1 0 quietly made2 its conv5ts & *ur*es 7 sav$ f viol5ce1 & ! art treasures ( ! city 7 n de/roy$4 ,among ! mo/ important ,lu!rans 0 ,pirkheim]1 ,dr]'s fri5d4 ,we d n "k t ,dr] became a ,lu!ran1 b he wrote ( 8 admiration = ! great re=m] 9 8 di>y1 & x is a mean+ fact t dur+ ! la/ six ye>s ( 8 life ,dr] made no m pictures ( ! ,madonna4 ,^! la/ ye>s 7 n z full ( "w z ! e>li] ones _h be54 ,a few portraits & engrav+s & ! pictures ( ! ,f\r ,apo/les 7 ab\t all ! works ( ?is "t4 ,he gave mu* att5tion to ! arrangem5t & publication ( 8 writ+s ^u v>i\s subjects connect$ ) ! arts4 ,^! books gave him mu* fame z a s*ol>1 & "s ( !m 7 translat$ into sev]al languages4 ,z an ar*itect ,dr] execut$ b little "w2 b 8 writ+s ^u ar*itectural subjects prove t he 0 le>n$ 9 its !ories4 ,dur+ sev]al ye>s 8 heal? 0 feeble1 & he ex]t$ himself to make provision = 8 old age if he %\ld live1 or = 8 wife aft] 8 dea?4 ,he 0 sadd5$ by ! ?\ght t he _h nev] be5 rew>d$ z he %\ld h be5 = 8 h>d1 fai?ful labors1 & 8 late/ lett]s 7 sad & t\*+4 ,he di$ 9 ,april1 #aebh1 aft] a brief illness1 & 0 buri$ 9 ! cemet]y ( ,/4 ,john1 beyond ! walls1 :]e a simple epitaph 0 inscrib$ ^u 8 monum5t4 ,?is cemet]y is an int]e/+ place1 & conta9s ! graves ( _m m5 not$ 9 ! *ronicles ( ,nuremburg4 ,on ,ea/] ,sunday 9 #ahbh1 ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] 8 dea?1 a ,dr] celebration 0 held 9 ,nuremburg4 ,arti/s came f all p>ts ( ,g]many4 ,a solemn procession proce$$ to 8 grave1 :]e hymns 7 sung1 & ! /atue by ,rau*1 ne> ,dr]'s h\se1 0 d$icat$4 ,i c give y no description ( ,dr]'s _m works1 & al?\gh x is true t he 0 a v great ma/]1 yet x is also true t 8 pictures & engrav+s are n not$ = _! beauty s mu* z = _! /r5g? & p[]4 ,8 subjects 7 (t5 ugly & repulsive r ?an beautiful1 & 8 imag9ation 0 full ( weird1 /range fancies t c sc>cely be und]/ood4 ,inde$1 "s ( !m nev] h be5 expla9$1 & "o ( 8 mo/ fam\s engrav+s1 call$ ,! ,knight1 ,dea?1 & ! ,devil1 has nev] yet be5 satisfactorily int]pret$1 & _m diff]5t !ories h be5 made ab\t x4 ,_m ( ! pr9cipal gall]ies ( ,europe h ,dr]'s pa9t+s1 ?\gh !y are n z num]\s z 8 engrav+s1 &1 inde$1 8 fame re/s m ^u ! latt] ?an ! =m]1 & v l>ge sums are paid by collectors = good impressions ( 8 m important plates4 ,dr] _h sev]al foll[]s4 ,8 mo/ gift$ s*ol> 0 ,,lucas ,,sund] 7#adgb-aeec71 :o is call$ ,lucas ,crana*1 f ! place ( 8 bir?4 ,he e/abli%$ a s*ool ( pa9t+ 9 ,saxony1 & 0 appo9t$ c\rt-pa9t]4 ,al?\gh !re 7 a goodly numb] ( ,g]man pa9t]s late 9 ! sixte5? c5tury1 !re 7 none ( great em95ce1 &1 9 tru?1 !re h be5 few s9ce t "t ^: lives 7 ( suffici5t int]e/ to be rec\nt$ "h1 s ,i %all tell y ( b "o m be=e pass+ to ! arti/s ( ,spa94 ,,angelica ,,kauffman 7#agdb-ahjh7 0 a v int]e/+ woman :o ga9$ a good reputation z an arti/2 b !re is su* a diff]5ce ( op9ion among judges z to h] m]its z a pa9t] t x is difficult to decide :at to say ( h]4 ,z a p]son1 %e excit$ an int]e/ 9 h] lifetime :i* has nev] di$ out1 & ,miss ,?ack]ay's novel1 ,miss ,angel1 tells :at is claim$ to be h] /ory1 z ne>ly z su* /ories are told 9 novels4 ,%e 0 born at ,coire1 9 ! ,grisons4 ,h] fa!r 0 an arti/1 a native ( ,s*w>z5burg1 & :5 ,angelica 0 born he 0 occupi$ 9 execut+ "s frescoes at ,coire4 ,:5 ! *ild 0 a ye> old he settl$ at ,morbegno1 9 ,lomb>dy1 & t5 ye>s lat]1 :5 %e _h %[n a ta/e = music1 h] p>5ts aga9 remov$ to ,como1 :]e !re 7 bett] opportunities = h] in/ruction4 ,h] progress 9 music 0 rem>kable1 & = a "t %e 0 unable to say :e!r %e lov$ ?is art or t ( pa9t+ ! bett]4 ,lat] 9 life %e pa9t$ a picture 9 :i* %e repres5t$ h]self1 z a *ild1 /&+ betwe5 allegorical figures ( ,music & ,pa9t+4 ,! beautiful sc5]y ab\t ,como1 ! /ately palaces & *>m+ villas1 ! lake ) its pleasure boats1 & all ! poetry ( ! life !re1 t5d$ to develop h] tal5ts rapidly1 &1 ?\gh %e rema9$ b two ye>s1 ! recollection ( ?is "t 0 a pleasure to h] ?r\gh all h] life4 ,%e 0 next tak5 to ,milan1 :]e a _w ( art 0 op5$ to h]1 & %e saw pictures :i* excell$ all h] imag9ations4 ,! works ( ,leon>do & o!r great ,lomb>d ma/]s /irr$ h] s\l to its v dep?s4 ,%e soon attract$ att5tion by h] pictures1 & ,rob]t d',e/e became h] patron1 & plac$ h] "u ! c>e ( ! ,du*ess ( ,c>r>a4 ,%e 0 n[ daily associat$ ) p ( culture & elegance1 & ?us e>ly 9 h] life acquir$ ! mode/ dignity & self-possession :i* enabl$ h] 9 h] future life to accept becom+ly ! honors & att5tions :i* 7 paid h]4 ,h] "m's dea? occurr$ at ,milan1 & h] fa!r return$ to ,s*w>z5burg4 ,! p ab\t h] 7 s co>se & disagreeable to ,angelica t %e pass$ mu* ( h] "t 9 ! gr& =e/s4 ,at ?is "t %e pa9t$ frescoes ( ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 copi$ f ! engrav+s aft] ,piazetta4 ,h] fa!r 0 n cont5t to rema9 away f ,italy1 & !y w5t aga9 to ,milan1 !n to ,flor5ce1 & at la/ to ,rome4 ,%e 0 n[ eighte5 ye>s old1 & f\nd mu* pr(it 9 ! fri5d%ip ( ! great s*ol> ,w9ckelmann1 :o all[$ h] to pa9t 8 portrait4 ,angelica visit$ ,naples & ,bologna also1 & f9ally ,v5ice1 :]e %e met ,lady ,w5twor?1 :o became h] fri5d1 & aft]w>d took h] to ,engl&4 ,%e _h a mo/ brilliant c>e] 9 ,london1 :]e h] fri5ds 7 9 ! highe/ rank ( society4 ,de ,rossi describ$ h] appe>ance at ?is "t1 & said t %e 0 n v tall1 b _h a slight1 elegant figure4 ,h] complexion 0 d>k & cle>1 h] m\? well =m$1 h] tee? :ite & ev51 & all h] features good4 ,he speaks ( h] azure eyes1 s placid & bright t _! expression _h a *>m :i* c\ld n be describ$4 ,no "o felt l criticis+ h]4 ,o!r arti/s paid h] _m honors1 & %e 0 made a memb] ( ! ,academy ( ,arts4 ,x has be5 said t ,fuseli1 ! le>n$ art critic1 & ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 ! great arti/1 bo? ask$ h] h& 9 m>riage4 ,"s memb]s ( ! royal family became h] fri5ds1 & %e 0 at ! height ( honorable success & ( happ9ess4 ,x is pa9ful to turn f ?is bright picture ( h] life to all ! sorr[ & d>kness :i* foll[$ x4 ,%e made an unhappy m>riage1 h] husb& prov+ to be an adv5tur] :o _h assum$ a di/+ui%$ "n4 ,= a "t %e 0 cru%$ by ?is sorr[2 b h] fri5ds rema9$ true to h]1 & %e f\nd relief 9 absolute devotion to h] art4 ,= twelve ye>s %e support$ h]self & h] fa!r2 !n 8 heal? fail$1 & x 0 ?\ght be/ = him to g to ,italy4 ,angelica 0 n[ =ty ye>s old1 & be=e leav+ ,engl& %e m>ri$ ,antonio ,zuc*i1 an arti/ :o _h long be5 h] fri5d4 ,he devot$ himself to h] & to h] fa!r ) untir+ affection1 & :5 ! old man di$ he 0 happy 9 ! ?\ght t 8 belov$ daught] _h s true a fri5d z ,zuc*i4 ,f ?is "t _! home 0 9 ,rome1 :]e ,angelica 0 ! c5tre ( an arti/ic & lit]>y society ( a high ord]4 ,among h] visitors 7 su* m5 z ,h]d] & ,goe!4 ,! latt] wrote ( h]3 ,! light & pleas+ 9 =m & color1 9 design & execution1 di/+ui% ! num]\s works ( our arti/4 ,no liv+ pa9t] excels h] 9 dignity or 9 ! delicate ta/e ) :i* %e h&les ! p5cil4 ,%e 0 v indu/ri\s1 & h] life seems to h be5 divid$ betwe5 two pleasures1 h] "w & ! society ( h] fri5ds1 until ! dea? ( h] husb&1 :i* occurr$ 9 #agie4 ,%e liv$ twelve ye>s long]1 b !y 7 ye>s ( great sadness4 ,%e made j\rneys 9 ord] to rega9 h] spirits4 ,%e visit$ ! sc5es ( h] *ildhood1 & rema9$ "s "t 9 ,v5ice ) ! family ( ,signor ,zuc*i4 ,ev5 aft] h] la/ return to ,rome %e work$ z mu* z h] /r5g? w\ld p]mit1 b h] life 0 n long4 ,%e 0 m\rn$ s9c]ely 9 ,rome2 h] fun]al 0 att5d$ by ! memb]s ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke2 & h] late/ works 7 borne 9 ! procession4 ,%e 0 buri$ beside h] husb& 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,&rea dei ,frati4 ,h] bu/ 0 plac$ 9 ! ,pan!on4 ,v>i\s critics h prais$ h] works 9 ! mo/ lib]al mann]2 o!rs c say no?+ good ( !m4 ,= myself1 ,i _c f9d ! extreme ( praise or blame a j e/imate ( h]4 ,no "o c d5y ! grace ( h] design1 :i* 0 also cr$itably correct4 ,h] portraits 7 good2 h] poetical subjects are v pleas+2 h] hi/orical pictures are n /rong2 h] color 0 z h>moni\s & mell[ z t ( ! be/ ,italians1 except+ a few ( ! greate/ ma/]s1 & 9 all h] pictures !re is some?+ :i* w9s = h] a c]ta9 fondness & praise1 ev5 :ile h] faults are pla9ly se54 ,h] pictures are to be f\nd 9 gall]ies 9 ,rome1 ,flor5ce1 ,vi5na1 ,muni*1 & ,engl&2 _m are also 9 private collections4 ,%e pa9t$ sev]al portraits ( h]self2 "o 9 ! ,uffizi1 at ,flor5ce1 is v pleas+4 ,%e repres5ts h]self seat$ 9 a solit>y l&scape1 ) a portfolio 9 "o h& & a p5cil 9 ! o!r4 ,%e has an air ( p]fect unconsci\sness1 z if %e ?\ght ( h] "w only4 ,h] et*+s are mu* valu$1 & sell = l>ge prices4 ,_m ( h] pictures 7 engrav$ by ,b>tolozzi1 & good pr9ts ( !m are r>e4 ,on "o ( h] pictures %e wrote3 ,i w n attempt to express sup]natural ?+s by human inspiration1 b wait = t till ,i rea* heav51 if !re is pa9t+ done !re4 ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,spa94 ,spani% pa9t+ _h its bir? dur+ ! reign ( ,f]d9& & ,isabella1 & may be said to h be5 d]iv$ f ,italy1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ! ,italian pa9t]s :o w5t to ,spa91 & ! ,spani% arti/s :o made _! /udies 9 ,italy4 ,b 9 spite ( ?is /rong ,italian influ5ce ,spani% pa9t+ has its own *>act]i/ics :i* sep>ate x f all o!r s*ools1 & give x a high position on its own m]its4 ,,antonio ,,del ,,r9con 7#addf-aejj7 0 ! fir/ ,spani% pa9t] ( :om we "k4 ,if any works ( 8 rema9 !y are portraits ( 8 augu/ sov]eigns n[ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,granada2 b x is probable t ^! pictures are copies ( ! orig9als by ,r9con4 ,dat+ ! beg9n+ ( ! ,spani% s*ool f ! la/ half ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 x is ! ?ird s*ool 9 ,europe z to age1 x be+ ab\t two c5turies lat] ?an ! ,italian1 & "o c5tury lat] ?an ! ,flemi% s*ool4 ,its importance is only exce$$ by t ( ,italy4 ,! di/+ui%+ feature ( ,spani% art is its gravity1 or we may almo/ say its /rictly religi\s "*1 =1 except+ portraits1 !re 7 few pictures ( consequ5ce t _h n a religi\s mean+4 ,"s arti/s 7 also prie/s1 &1 z ! (fic]s ( ! ,inquisition appo9t$ inspectors ^: duty x 0 to report = puni%m5t any arti/ :o did n foll[ ! rules ( ! ,inquisition1 x is easy to und]/& t ! pa9t]s 7 c>eful to keep )9 ! rules fix$ = !m4 ,:atev] flights ( imag9ation "o might h 9 secret1 he w\ld sc>cely run ! risk ( be+ excommunicat$ f ! *ur*1 s5t into exile = a ye>1 & f9$ "o ?\s& five hundr$ ducats = ! pleasure ( putt+ 8 fancies on canvas4 ,pa*eco1 :o 0 an inspector at ,seville1 publi%$ m9ute rules = ! repres5tation ( sacr$ subjects & p]sons1 & o!r writ]s did ! same4 ,!re 0 a long & grave discussion ov] ! propriety ( pa9t+ ! devil ) horns & a tail4 ,x 0 decid$ t he %\ld h horns because1 accord+ to ! leg5d ( ,/4 ,!resa1 he _h horns :5 he appe>$ to t sa9t2 & he 0 all[$ to h a tail because x 0 ?\ght to be a suitable app5dage to a fall5 angel :o _h lo/ 8 w+s4 ,"o v /rict rule 0 t ! feet ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y %\ld be cov]$1 & nude figures or portions ( ! figure 7 /rictly =bidd54 ,ano!r important influ5ce ^u ! ,spani% arti/s 0 _! belief t ! ,virg9 ,m>y & o!r holy spirits appe>$ to inspire !m & aid !m 9 pa9t+ _! pictures4 ,9 fact1 ! *ur* 0 ! *ief patron ( art1 & ! arti/ 0 "o ( h] mo/ valuable tea*]s4 ,a le>n$ ,spani% writ] said3 ,= ! ignorant1 :at ma/] is l pa9t+8 ,!y may read _! duty 9 a picture ?\gh !y may n se>* = x 9 books4 ,! pa9t]s ( ,spa9 7 divid$ betwe5 ! s*ools ( ,ca/ile1 ,seville1 & ,val5cia4 ,t ( ,ca/ile 0 f\nd$ at ,tol$o e>ly 9 ! fifte5? c5tury1 & 0 ma9ta9$ ab\t two hundr$ ye>s4 ,claudio ,coello 0 ( ?is s*ool2 he di$ 9 #afic1 & has well be5 call$ ! la/ ( ! old ma/]s ( ,spa94 ,,alonzo ,,b]reguette 7#adhj-aefa71 born at ,p>ades de ,nava1 9 ,ca/ile1 0 ! mo/ em95t ,spani% arti/ ( 8 "t4 ,he is call$ ! ,mi*ael ,angelo ( ,spa91 because he 0 pa9t]1 sculptor1 & ar*itect4 ,he 0 pa9t] to ,philip ,i4 ,lat] he w5t to ,italy1 & j\rney$ f ,flor5ce to ,rome ) ,mi*ael ,angelo 9 #aeje4 ,he /udi$ 9 ,italy _m ye>s4 ,he 0 appo9t$ pa9t] & sculptor to ! ,emp]or ,*>les ,v4 ,b]reguette receiv$ f\r ?\s& f\r hundr$ ducats = ! alt> 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,b5ito el ,real 9 ,valladolid1 :]e he settl$4 ,:5 he 0 almo/ eighty ye>s old he w5t to ,tol$o to erect a monum5t 9 ! ,hospital ( ,/4 ,john ,bapti/4 ,he 0 lodg$ 9 ! hospital1 & di$ !re4 ,he left a l>ge =tune1 & 0 buri$ ) spl5did c]emonies at ! exp5se ( ! emp]or4 ,,luis ,,de ,,morales 7#aeaj-aehf7 0 call$ ! div9e4 ,he belong$ to ! s*ool ( ,ca/ile1 & v little is kn[n ( 8 e>ly life4 ,:5 he 0 fifty-five ye>s old ,philip ,,ii4 invit$ him to c\rt4 ,:5 ,morales appe>$ he 0 s spl5didly dress$ t ! k+ 0 angry1 & gave ord]s t he %\ld be paid a c]ta9 sum & dismiss$4 ,b ! poor pa9t] expla9$ t he _h sp5t all t he _h 9 ord] to come be=e ! k+ 9 a dress befitt+ ,philip's dignity4 ,!n ,philip p>don$ him1 & all[$ him to pa9t "o picture2 b z ?is 0 n hung 9 ! ,escorial1 ,morales 0 ov]come by mortification1 & almo/ =sook 8 pa9t+1 & fell into great pov]ty4 ,9 #aeha ! k+ saw ,morales at ,badajoz1 9 a v diff]5t dress f t he _h worn at c\rt4 ,! k+ said3 ,morales1 y are v old4 ,yes1 sire1 & v poor1 repli$ ! pa9t]4 ,! k+ !n comm&$ t he %\ld h two hundr$ ducats a ye> f ! cr[n r5ts ) :i* to buy 8 d9n]s4 ,morales he>+ ?is1 exclaim$1 ,& = supp]1 sire8 ,?is pleas$ ,philip1 & he add$ "o hundr$ ducats to ! p5sion4 ,! /reet 9 ,badajoz on :i* ,morales liv$ be>s 8 "n4 ,ne>ly all 8 pictures 7 ( religi\s subjects1 & on ?is acc\nt he 0 call$ ! div9e4 ,he avoid$ gha/ly1 pa9ful pictures1 & 0 "o ( ! mo/ spiritual ( ! arti/s ( ,spa94 ,v few ( 8 pictures are se5 out ( ,spa91 & !y are r>e ev5 !re4 ,8 ma/]piece is ,*ri/ ,cr[n$ ) ,?orns1 9 ! ,que5 ( ,spa9's ,gall]y at ,madrid4 ,9 ! ,l\vre is 8 ,*ri/ ,be>+ ! ,cross4 ,at ! sale ( ! ,s\lt collection 8 ,way to ,calv>y sold = n9e hundr$ & eighty p\nds /]l+4 ,,alonso ,,san*ez ,,coello 7ab\t #aeae-aeij7 0 ! fir/ great portrait pa9t] ( ,spa94 ,he 0 pa9t]-9-ord9>y to ,philip ,,ii41 & t mon>* 0 s fond ( him t 9 8 lett]s he call$ him my belov$ son4 ,at ,madrid ! k+ _h a key to a private entrance to ! ap>tm5ts ( ,coello1 s t he c\ld surprise ! pa9t] 9 8 /udio1 & at times ev5 ent]$ ! family rooms ( ! arti/4 ,coello nev] abus$ ! confid5ce ( ,philip1 & 0 a favorite ( ! c\rt z well z ( ! mon>*4 ,among 8 fri5ds 7 ! ,popes ,gregory ,,xiii4 & ,sixtus ,v41 ! ,c>d9al ,alex&] ,f>nese1 & ! ,dukes ( ,flor5ce & ,savoy4 ,_m noble & ev5 royal p]sons 7 accu/om$ to visit him & accept 8 hospitality4 ,he 0 oblig$ to live 9 /yle becom+ 8 position1 & yet :5 he di$ he left a =tune ( fifty-five ?\s& ducats4 ,he _h liv$ 9 ,lisbon1 & ,philip sometimes call$ him 8 ,portuguese ,titian4 ,v few ( 8 portraits rema92 !y are graceful 9 pose & f9e 9 color4 ,he knew h[ to repres5t ! repose & ref9em5t ( g5tle blood & delicate nurture4 ,_m ( 8 works 7 burn$ 9 ! ,prado4 ,8 ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e is 9 ! ,gall]y ( ,madrid4 ,a ,/4 ,seba/ian pa9t$ = ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,j]ome1 at ,madrid1 is consid]$ 8 ma/]piece4 ,lope de ,vega wrote ,coello's epitaph1 & call$ 8 pictures ,et]nal sc5es ( hi/ory div9e1 ,:]e9 = aye 8 memory %all %9e4 ,,juan ,,f]n&ez ,,nav>rete 7#aebf-aegi71 call$ ,el ,mudo1 because deaf & dumb1 is a v int]e/+ pa9t]4 ,he 0 n born a mute1 b became deaf at ?ree ye>s ( age1 & c\ld n le>n to speak4 ,he /udi$ "s ye>s 9 ,italy1 & 0 9 ! s*ool ( ,titian4 ,9 #aefh he 0 appo9t$ pa9t] to ,philip ,,ii4 ,8 pr9cipal works 7 eight pictures = ! ,escorial1 ?ree ( :i* 7 burn$4 ,8 picture ( ! ,nativity is celebrat$ = its lights1 ( :i* !re are ?ree2 "o is f ! ,div9e ,babe1 a second f ! glory above1 & a ?ird f a tor* 9 ! h& ( ,/4 ,joseph4 ,! gr\p ( %eph]ds is ! be/ "p ( ! picture1 & :5 ,tibaldi saw ! picture he exclaim$1 ,o6 gli belli pa/ori6 & x has s9ce be5 kn[n z ! ,beautiful ,%eph]ds4 ,8 picture ( ,abraham & ! ,?ree ,angels 0 plac$ ne> ! door :]e ! monks ( ! ,escorial receiv$ /rang]s4 ,! pictures ( ,nav>rete are r>e4 ,aft] 8 dea? ,lope de ,vega wrote a lam5t = him1 9 :i* he said1 ,no c\nt5ance he pa9t$ t 0 dumb4 ,:5 ! ,la/ ,supp] pa9t$ by ,titian rea*$ ! ,escorial1 x 0 f\nd to be too l>ge = ! space x 0 to occupy 9 ! refectory4 ,! k+ ord]$ x to be cut1 :i* s di/ress$ ,el ,mudo t he (f]$ to copy x 9 six mon?s1 9 r$uc$ size1 & to =feit 8 head if he did n fulfil 8 promise4 ,he also add$ t he %\ld hope to be knight$ if he copi$ 9 six mon?s :at ,titian _h tak5 sev5 ye>s to pa9t4 ,b ,philip 0 resolute1 & ! picture 0 cut1 to ! int5se grief ( ! dumb ,nav>rete4 ,:ile ! pa9t] liv$ ,philip did n fully appreciate him2 b aft] 8 dea? ! k+ (t5 decl>$ t 8 ,italian arti/s c\ld n equal 8 mute ,spani>d4 ,,juan ,,c>re,o ,,de ,,mir&a 7#afad-afhe7 is commonly call$ ,c>reo4 ,he 0 ( an anci5t noble family4 ,8 e>lie/ works 7 = ! *ur*es & conv5ts ( ,madrid1 & he acquir$ s good a "n t be=e ! dea? ( ,philip ,,iv4 he 0 appo9t$ "o ( 8 c\rt-pa9t]s4 ,9 #afga ! "y k+ ,*>les gave ,c>reo ! cross ( ,santiago1 & to 8 (fice ( c\rt-pa9t] add$ t ( ,deputy ,apos5tador4 ,he w\ld all[ no o!r arti/ to pa9t 8 lik5ess unless ,c>reo cons5t$ to x4 ,! pictures ( ,c>reo 7 mo/ excell5t1 & 8 "* 0 su* z to m]it all 8 good =tune4 ,8 dea? 0 s9c]ely m\rn$ by all :o knew him4 ,x is said t on "o occasion he 0 9 a h\se :]e a copy ( ,titian's ,/4 ,m>g>et hung ^u ! wall1 & ^? pres5t unit$ 9 say+ t x 0 abom9ably done4 ,c>reo said3 ,x has at lea/ "o m]it2 x %[s t no "o ne$ despair ( improv+ 9 art1 = ,i pa9t$ x myself :5 ,i 0 a beg9n]4 ,gregorio ,ut&e1 a poor arti/1 _h pa9t$ a ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,&rew = ! nuns ( ,alcal1 & dem&$ "o hundr$ ducats = x4 ,! nuns ?\ght ! price too mu*1 & wi%$ to h ,c>reo value ! "w4 ,ut&e took ! picture to ,c>reo1 & fir/ pres5t+ ! great ma/] ) a j> ( honey1 ask$ him to t\* up 8 ,/4 ,&rew = him4 ,c>reo cons5t$1 &1 9 fact1 almo/ repa9t$ ,ut&e's picture4 ,a %ort "t aft] ,c>reo 0 ask$ to value ! ,/4 ,&rew1 b decl9$4 ,!n ,h]r]a valu$ x at two hundr$ ducats1 :i* price ! nuns paid4 ,aft] ,ut&e receiv$ 8 money he told ! :ole /ory1 & ! picture 0 !n kn[n z ,la ,cant>illa de ,miel1 or ! pot ( honey4 ,,claudio ,,coello 7#afce-afic71 :o1 z we h said1 has be5 call$ ! la/ ( ! old ,spani% ma/]s1 0 int5d$ by 8 fa!r = 8 own pr(ession1 t ( bronze-ca/+4 ,b ,claudio p]suad$ 8 fa!r to all[ him to /udy pa9t+1 & be=e ! close ( 8 life he became ! mo/ fam\s pa9t] 9 ,madrid4 ,he 0 n only ! c\rt-pa9t]1 b also ! pa9t] to ! ,ca!dral ( ,tol$o & keep] ( ! royal gall]ies4 ,x 0 n /range t he %\ld feel t he m]it$ ! honor ( pa9t+ ! walls ( ! ,escorial1 & :5 ?is 0 refus$ him & ,luca ,giordano 0 select$ = ! "w1 ,coello ?rew aside 8 bru%es & pa9ts1 grew sad1 !n ill1 & di$ a ye> lat]4 ,8 ma/]piece is n[ 9 ! ,escorial2 x repres5ts ! ,collocation ( ! ,ho/4 ,8 own portrait pa9t$ by himself is 9 ! gall]y ( ! ,h]mitage at ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,! s*ool ( ,seville 0 ! mo/ important s*ool ( ,spa94 ,x is also kn[n z ! s*ool ( ,&alusia4 ,x dates f ! middle ( ! fifte5? c5tury1 & its late/ ma/]1 ,alonso ,miguel de ,tob>1 di$ 9 #ageh4 ,,luis ,,de ,,v>gas 7#aejb-aefh71 "o ( ! e>lie/ ( ! pa9t]s ( ! s*ool ( ,seville1 0 a dev\t & holy man4 ,he 0 accu/om$ to d p5ance1 & 9 8 room aft] 8 dea? sc\rges 7 f\nd ) :i* he _h beat5 himself1 & a c(f9 9 :i* he _h be5 accu/om$ to lie & m$itate ^u dea? & a future life4 ,x is said t ,v>gas /udi$ tw5ty-eight ye>s 9 ,italy4 ,8 pictures 7 f9e4 ,8 female heads 7 graceful & pure1 8 color good1 & ! :ole effect t ( gr& simplicity4 ,8 picture ( ! ,temporal ,g5]ation ( ,our ,"l is 8 be/ "w 9 ,seville4 ,adam is kneel+ 9 ! =egr\nd1 & 8 leg is s well pa9t$ t ! picture has be5 call$ ,la ,gamba4 ,9 spite ( 8 s]i\sness ,v>gas 0 a witty man4 ,on "o occasion he 0 ask$ to give 8 op9ion ( a v poor picture ( ,*ri/ on ! ,cross4 ,v>gas repli$3 ,he looks z if he 7 say+1 ',=give !m1 ,"l1 = !y "k n :at !y d6' ,,pablo ,,de ,,cesp$es 7#aech-afjh7 0 born at ,cordova1 & is an important p]son 9 ! hi/ory ( 8 "t1 = he 0 a div9e1 a poet1 & a s*ol>1 z well z an ar*itect1 sculptor1 & pa9t]4 ,he 0 a graduate ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,alcal1 & excell$ 9 ,ori5tal languages4 ,he /udi$ art 9 ,rome1 & :ile !re made a head ( ,s5eca 9 m>ble1 & fitt$ x to an antique trunk2 on acc\nt ( ?is "w he 0 call$ ,victor il ,spagnuolo4 ,zucc>o 0 ask$ to pa9t a picture = ! spl5did ,ca!dral ( ,cordova2 he decl9$1 & said t :ile ,cesp$es 0 9 ,spa9 !y _h no ne$ ( ,italian arti/s4 ,! pictures ( ,cesp$es :i* n[ rema9 are s fad$ & injur$ t a good judgm5t c sc>cely be =m$ ( !m2 b !y d n seem to be z f9e z !y 7 ?\ght to be 9 8 day4 ,8 ,la/ ,supp] is 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,cordova4 ,9 ! =egr\nd !re are "s j>s & vases s well pa9t$ t visitors prais$ !m4 ,cesp$es 0 s mortifi$ at ?is t he comm&$ 8 s]vant to rub !m out1 & only ! mo/ judici\s admiration = ! re/ ( ! picture & e>ne/ entreaty = ! pres]vation ( ! j>s sav$ !m f de/ruction4 ,he left _m writ+s ^u arti/ic subjects & an essay ^u ! antiquity ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,cordova4 ,he 0 z mode/ z he 0 le>n$1 & 0 mu* belov$4 ,he 0 made a canon 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,cordova1 & 0 receiv$ ) full approbation ( ! ,cordovese bi%op & *apt]4 ,,francisco ,,pa*eco 7#aega-afed7 0 born at ,seville4 ,he 0 a writ] on art1 & is m fam\s z ! ma/] ( ,velasquez & on acc\nt ( 8 books ?an = 8 pictures4 ,he e/abli%$ a s*ool :]e y\ng] m5 ?an himself c\ld h a ?or\gh art education4 ,pa*eco 0 ! fir/ 9 ,spa9 to prop]ly gild & pa9t /atues & bas-reliefs4 ,"s specim5s ( 8 "w 9 ?is specialty /ill exi/ 9 ,seville4 ,,francisco ,,de ,,h]r]a1 ! eld] 7#aegf-afef71 0 a v orig9al pa9t]4 ,he 0 born at ,seville1 & nev] /udi$ out ( ,&alusia4 ,he _h s bad a temp] t he drove 8 *ildr5 & 8 pupils away f him4 ,he knew h[ to engrave on bronze1 & made false co9s2 :5 8 =g]y 0 discov]$1 he took refuge ) ! ,jesuits4 ,:ile 9 _! conv5t ,h]r]a pa9t$ ! hi/ory ( ,/4 ,h]m5gild1 "o ( ! patron sa9ts ( ,seville4 ,:5 ,philip ,,iv4 saw 8 picture he =gave him 8 crime1 & set him at lib]ty4 ,,francisco ,,zurb>an 7#aeih-affb7 0 "o ( ! fir/ among ,spani% pa9t]s4 ,he 0 skilful 9 ! use ( colors1 & knew h[ to use sob] t9ts & give !m a brilliant effect4 ,he did n (t5 pa9t ! ,madonna4 ,8 female sa9ts are l portraits ( ! ladies ( 8 day4 ,he 0 v successful 9 pa9t+ animals1 & 8 pictures ( drap]y & /ill-life 7 exact 9 _! repres5tation ( ! objects he us$ = models4 ,he pa9t$ hi/orical & religi\s pictures1 portraits & animals2 b 8 be/ pictures 7 ( monks4 ,/irl+ says3 ,he /udi$ ! ,spani% fri>1 & pa9t$ him ) z high a reli% z ,titian pa9t$ ! ,v5etian noble1 & ,v&yck ! g5tleman ( ,engl&4 ,zurb>an 0 appo9t$ pa9t] to ,philip ,,iv4 be=e he 0 ?irty-five ye>s old4 ,he 0 a great favorite ) ,philip1 :o once call$ ,zurb>an ! pa9t] ( ! k+1 & k+ ( pa9t]s4 ,zurb>an's f9e/ works are 9 ! ,museum ( ,seville4 ,he left _m pictures1 & ! ,l\vre claims to h n9ety-two ( !m 9 its gall]y4 ,,diego ,,rodriguez ,,de ,,silva ,y ,,velasquez 7#aeii-affj7 0 born at ,seville1 & di$ at ,madrid4 ,8 p>5ts 7 ( noble families2 8 fa!r 0 ,juan ,rodriguez de ,silva1 & 8 "m ,g]onima ,velasquez1 by ^: "n1 accord+ to ! cu/om ( ,&alusia1 he 0 call$4 ,8 pat]nal gr&fa!r 0 a ,portuguese1 b s poor t he 0 compell$ to leave 8 own c\ntry1 & seek 8 =tune at ,seville1 & to ?is circum/ance ,spa9 owes h] greate/ pa9t]4 ,velasquez's fa!r became a lawy]1 & liv$ 9 com=t1 & 8 "m devot$ h]self to 8 education4 ,! *ild's great love ( draw+ induc$ 8 fa!r to place "y ,velasquez 9 ! s*ool ( ,h]r]a1 :]e ! pupil acquir$ some?+ ( 8 free1 bold /yle4 ,b ,velasquez soon became we>y1 & ent]$ ! s*ool ( ,francisco ,pa*eco1 an inf]ior pa9t]1 b a le>n$ & poli%$ g5tleman4 ,"h ,velasquez soon le>n$ t untir+ indu/ry & ! /udy ( nature 7 ! sure/ guides to p]fection = an arti/4 ,until #afbb he pa9t$ pictures f c>eful /udies ( common life1 & always ) ! model or subject be=e him--adh]+ /rictly to =m1 color1 & outl9e4 ,he is said to h kept a peasant lad = a /udy1 & f him execut$ a v>iety ( heads 9 e po/ure & ) e possible expression4 ,?is gave him wond]ful skill 9 tak+ lik5esses4 ,to ?is p]iod belong ! ,wat] ,c>ri] ( ,seville1 n[ at ,apsley ,h\se1 sev]al pictures ( begg>s1 & ! ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 :]e is also a ,begg> ,boy mun*+ a piece ( ,pa/ry4 ,at ,vi5na is a ,laugh+ ,peasant hold+ a fl[] 7,fig4 #fd71 & 9 ,muni* ano!r ,begg> ,boy4 ,9 #afbb 8 /rong desire to see ! pa9t+s 9 ! ,royal ,gall]ies l$ him to ,madrid4 ,lett]s :i* he c>ri$ gave him admission to ! works ( art2 b except+ secur+ ! fri5d%ip ( ,fonesca1 a not$ patron ( art1 & an ord] to pa9t a portrait ( ! poet ,gongora1 he 0 unnotic$1 & s he return$ 9 a few mon?s to ,seville4 ,subsequ5tly ,fonesca int]e/$ ! m9i/] ,oliv>ez 9 8 behalf4 ,?is result$ 9 a lett] summon+ ,velasquez to c\rt1 ) an enclosure ( fifty ducats = ! j\rney4 ,he 0 att5d$ by 8 slave1 ,juan ,p>eja1 a mulatto lad1 :o 0 8 fai?ful att5dant = _m ye>s1 & :o became an excell5t pa9t]4 ,8 =m] in/ructor1 ,pa*eco1 n[ 8 fa!r-9-law1 also accompani$ him4 ,8 fir/ "w at ! capital1 naturally1 0 a portrait ( 8 fri5d ,fonesca1 :i* s pleas$ ! k+1 ,philip ,,iv41 t he appo9t$ ,velasquez to 8 s]vice1 9 :i* he rema9$ dur+ 8 life4 ,?is gave him full opportunity to p]fect himself1 = ! k+ 0 nev] we>y ( multiply+ pictures ( himself4 ,velasquez also pa9t$ _m portraits ( ! o!r memb]s ( ! royal family1 9 gr\ps & s+ly4 ,8 life 0 ev5 & prosp]\s1 & he made /eady advances t[>d p]fection4 ,he 0 s5t to ,italy to /udy & to visit ! gall]ies & works 9 all ! cities4 ,a second "t ! k+ s5t him to ,italy to pur*ase works ( art1 ) ord]s to buy any?+ he ?\ght wor? hav+4 ,he 0 ev]y:]e receiv$ ) consid]ation & k9dness4 ,! pope sat to him = 8 portrait2 ! c>d9als ,b>b]9i & ,rospigliosi2 ! sculptors ,b]n9i & ,alg>di2 ! pa9t]s ,nicolas ,p\ss91 ,pietro da ,cortona1 ,claude & ,matteo ,prete 7 8 fri5ds & associates4 ,^u 8 return to ,madrid1 ,velasquez 0 appo9t$ apos5tador-major1 ) a ye>ly sal>y ( ?ree ?\s& ducats1 & a key at 8 girdle to unlock e door 9 ! palace4 ,he sup]9t5d$ ! c]emonies & fe/ivals ( ! royal h\sehold2 he arrang$ 9 ! halls ( ! ,alcaz> ! bronzes & m>bles pur*as$ 9 ,italy2 he also ca/ 9 bronze ! models he br\ght f abroad1 & he yet f\nd "t to pa9t 8 la/ great picture1 ,las ,m5iz1 or ! ,maids ( ,honor1 :i* repres5ts ! royal family1 ) ! arti/1 maids ( honor1 ! dw>fs1 & a sleep+ h\nd4 ,x is said t :5 ! k+ saw ! picture he decl>$ b "o ?+ 0 want+1 & ) 8 own h& significantly pa9t$ ! cross ( ,santiago ^u ! brea/ ( ! arti/4 ,:5 ! c\rts ( ,france & ,spa9 met on ! ,isle ( ,pheasants = ! betro?al ( ! ,infanta ,m>ia ,t]esa to ,l\is ,,xiv41 ,velasquez sup]9t5d$ all ! c]emonies & all ! fe/ivities4 ,^! 7 ( surpass+ spl5dor1 = ^! two c\rts 7 at ?is "t ! mo/ luxuri\s 9 ,europe4 ,/irl+ says ! fatigues ( ! life ( ,velasquez %ort5$ 8 days4 ,he arriv$ at ,madrid on 8 return1 on ,june #bf?1 & f t "t 0 gradually s9k+4 ,he di$ ,augu/ #f?4 ,he 0 buri$ ) magnific5t c]emonies 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,san ,juan4 ,8 wife surviv$ him b eight days2 %e 0 buri$ 9 ! same grave4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fd4--,,laugh+ ,,peasant4 ,velasquez4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fe4--,,! ,,top]s4 ,by ,velasquez4 ,! "* ( ,velasquez 0 a r>e comb9ation ( fre$om f jeal\sy1 p[] to conciliate1 sweetness ( temp]1 /r5g? ( w & intellect1 & /eadfa/ness ( purpose4 ,he 0 ! fri5d ( ,rub5s & ( ,rib]a1 ! protector ( ,cano & ,murillo1 :o succe$$ & 71 next to him1 ! greate/ pa9t]s ( ,spa94 ,z ! favorite ( ,philip ,,iv41 9 fact1 8 m9i/] = arti/ic affairs1 he fill$ 8 (fice ) purity & dis9t]e/$ness4 ,,juan ,,de ,,p>eja 7#afaj-afgj7 0 born 9 ,spani% ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,he 0 nev] a great arti/2 b ! circum/ances ( 8 life make him int]e/+4 ,he 0 ! slave ( ,velasquez1 & 0 employ$ z color-gr9d]4 ,he /udi$ pa9t+ secretly1 & at la/1 on an occasion :5 ! k+ visit$ ! /udio ( 8 ma/]1 ,p>eja %[$ him a picture ( 8 own pa9t+1 & ?r[+ himself at ,philip's feet begg$ p>don = 8 audacity4 ,bo? ,philip & ,velasquez treat$ him v k9dly4 ,velasquez gave ,p>eja 8 fre$om2 b x is said t he cont9u$ to s]ve 8 old ma/] fai?fully z long z he liv$4 ,p>eja succe$$ be/ z a portrait pa9t]4 ,8 works are n num]\s1 & are se5 9 few collections out ( ,spa94 ,,b>tolom ,,e/,,ban ,,murillo 7#afah-afhb7 0 born at ,seville4 ,8 p>5ts 7 ,gasp> ,e/ban & ,m>ia ,p]ez1 & ! "n ( 8 mat]nal gr&mo!r1 ,elvira ,murillo1 0 add$ to 8 own1 accord+ to ,&alusian cu/om4 ,f *ildhood he %[$ 8 incl9ation = art1 & al?\gh ?is at fir/ sugge/$ to 8 p>5ts t he %\ld be educat$ z a prie/1 ! idea 0 soon ab&on$1 z x 0 f\nd t 8 int]e/ 9 ! pa9t+s :i* adorn$ ! *ur*es 0 arti/ic r ?an religi\s4 ,he 0 !re=e1 at an e>ly age1 plac$ 9 ! /udio ( 8 mat]nal uncle1 ,juan de ,ca/illo1 "o ( ! lead]s ( ! s*ool ( art ( ,seville4 ,ca/illo 0 !n ab\t fifty ye>s old1 & _h z a /ud5t ) ,l\is ,f]n&ez acquir$ ! ,flor5t9e /yle ( ! sixte5? c5tury--comb9+ *a/e design+ ) cold & h>d color+4 ,murillo 0 ?us e>ly in/ruct$ n only 9 gr9d+ colors & 9 indisp5sable me*anical details1 b 0 ?or\ghly gr\nd$ 9 ! important elem5ts ( purity ( conception & dignity ( treatm5t & arrangem5t4 ,seville at ?is "t 0 ! ri*e/ city 9 ! ,spani% empire4 ,its comm]ce ) all ,europe1 & especially ) ,spani% ,am]ica1 0 at its height4 ,! ,guadalquivir 0 alive ) its %ipp+4 ,its palaces ( semi-,moori% orig9 7 occupi$ by a weal?y & luxuri\s nobility4 ,! va/ ca!dral _h be5 f9i%$ a c5tury be=e4 ,! t[] ,la ,giralda1 ?ree hundr$ & =ty feet 9 height1 is to ?is day "o ( ! greate/ m>vels 9 ,*ri/5dom1 & ) its ,s>ac5ic ornam5t & its lace "w 9 /one is beyond all comp>e4 ,! royal palace ( ! ,alcaz>1 design$ by ,moori% ar*itects1 rivall$ ! ,alhambra1 & 0 fill$ ) ! f9e/ workman%ip ( ,gr5ada4 ,!re 7 "o hundr$ & =ty *ur*es1 ( :i* _m _h be5 mosques1 & 7 lad5 ) ! exquisite ornam5ts ( _! orig9al build]s4 ,su* a city 0 sure to /imulate arti/s & be _! home4 ,! poor] ones 7 9 ! habit ( expos+ _! works on balconies1 on ! /eps ( *ur*es or ! ca!dral1 or 9 any place :]e !y w\ld attract att5tion4 ,?us x (t5 happ5$ on fe/ival days t a good "w w\ld comm& fame = an arti/1 & ga9 = him ! patronage ( "s ca!dral *apt] or g5]\s nobleman4 ,ca/illo remov$ to ,cadiz 9 #afdj1 & ,murillo1 :o 0 v poor1 c\ld only br+ himself be=e ! public1 & e>n suffici5t = ! b>e necessities ( life by ?us expos+ 8 pictures 9 ! m>ket ( ! ,f]ia1 z x 0 call$1 9 front ( ! ,*ur* ( ,all ,sa9ts4 ,he /ruggl$ along 9 ?is way = two ye>s4 ,e>ly 9 #afdj1 ,murillo met ) an old fell[-pupil1 ,moya1 :o _h be5 campaign+ 9 ,fl&]s 9 ! ,spani% army1 & _h !re become impress$ ) ! wor? ( ! cle> & /rong /yle ( ! ,flemi% ma/]s4 ,especially 0 he pleas$ ) ,v&yck1 s t he foll[$ him to ,engl&1 & !re /udi$ z 8 pupil dur+ ! la/ six mon?s ( ,v&yck's life4 ,mov$ by ,moya's romanc+ /ories ( travel1 adv5ture1 & /udy1 ,murillo resolv$ to see bett] pictures ?an 7 to be f\nd at ,seville1 &1 if possible1 to visit ,italy4 ,z a fir/ /ep he pa9t$ a quantity ( bann]s1 madonnas1 fl[]-pieces--any?+ & ev]y?+--& sold !m to a %ip own]1 :o s5t !m to ,spani% ,am]ica2 & x is said t ?is & simil> trades orig9at$ ! /ory t ,murillo once visit$ ,mexico & o!r ,spani%-,am]ican c\ntries4 ,?us equipp$ ) funds1 & )\t in=m+ 8 fri5ds 78 p>5ts 7 dead71 he />t$ on foot across ! m\nta9s & ! equally dread$ pla9s = ,madrid1 :i* he ent]$ at ! age ( tw5ty-five1 fri5dless & poor4 ,he s\ght out ,velasquez1 & ask$ him = lett]s to 8 fri5ds 9 ,rome4 ,b ,velasquez1 !n at ! height ( 8 fame & influ5ce1 0 s mu* int]e/$ 9 ! "y en?usia/ t he (f]$ him lodg+s & an opportunity to /udy & copy 9 ! gall]ies ( ,madrid4 ,! ,royal ,gall]ies conta9$ c>efully select$ pictures f ! ,italian & ,flemi% s*ools1 s t ,murillo 0 at once plac$ 9 ! v be/ possible conditions = success4 ,murillo ?us sp5t m ?an two ye>s1 mo/ly "u ! direction ( ,velasquez1 & work$ e>ly & late4 ,he copi$ f ! ,italian & ,flemi% ma/]s1 & drew f ca/s & f life4 ,?is = a "t s influ5c$ 8 /yle t ev5 n[ connoisseurs are said to disc]n rem9isc5ces ( ,v&yck & ,velasquez 9 ! pictures pa9t$ by him on 8 fir/ return to ,seville4 ,at ! end ( two ye>s ,velasquez advis$ ,murillo to g to ,rome1 & (f]$ to assi/ him4 ,b ,murillo decid$ fir/ to return to ,seville1 & p]haps _h come to ! resolution n to g to ,italy2 b ?is may be d\bt$4 ,he knew ! progress he _h made2 he 0 reasonably c]ta9 t1 if n ! sup]ior1 he 0 ! equal ( any ( ! arti/s he _h left beh9d 9 ,seville4 ,he 0 sure ( ! weal?1 & ta/e1 & love = art 9 8 native city4 ,8 only si/] 0 liv+ !re4 ,! ri* & noble lady he aft]w>d m>ri$ resid$ ne> !re4 ,& s we c h>dly wond] t ! arti/ gave up a *]i%$ j\rney to ,italy1 & return$ to ! sc5e ( 8 e>ly /ruggles ) pov]ty4 ,! fir/ works :i* ,murillo pa9t$ aft] 8 return 7 = ! ,franciscan ,conv5t4 ,!y br\ght him little money b mu* fame4 ,!y 7 elev5 9 numb]1 b ev5 ! names ( "s are lo/4 ,"o repres5ts ,/4 ,francis re/+ on 8 iron b$1 li/5+ 9 ec/acy to ! notes ( a viol9 :i* an angel is play+ to him2 ano!r portrays ,/4 ,diego ( ,alcal1 ask+ a bless+ on a kettle ( bro? he is ab\t to give to a gr\p ( begg>s clu/]$ be=e him2 ano!r repres5ts ! dea? ( ,/4 ,cl>a ( ,assisi1 9 ! raptur\s trance 9 :i* h] s\l pass$ away1 surr\nd$ by pale nuns & emaciat$ monks look+ upw>d to a contra/+ gr\p ( ,*ri/ & ! ,madonna1 ) a tra9 ( cele/ial virg9s be>+ h] %9+ robe ( immortality4 ,! companion picture is a ,franciscan monk :o passes into a cele/ial ec/acy :ile cook+ 9 ! conv5t kit*51 & :o is kneel+ 9 ! air1 :ile angels p]=m 8 cul9>y tasks4 ,^! pictures br\ght ,murillo into spe$y notice4 ,arti/s & nobles flock$ to see !m4 ,ord]s = portraits & alt>-pieces foll[$ 9 rapid succession1 & he 0 full ( "w4 ,not)/&+ ! fact t he 0 ackn[l$g$ to be at ! head ( 8 pr(ession 9 ,seville1 8 /yle at ?is "t 0 cold & h>d4 ,x is call$ frio 7cold71 to di/+ui% x f 8 lat] /yles4 ,! ,franciscan ,conv5t pictures 7 c>ri$ (f by ,m>%al ,s\lt1 & =tunately2 = ! conv5t 0 burn$ 9 #ahaj4 ,8 second /yle1 call$ calido1 or w>m1 dat$ f ab\t ! "t ( 8 m>riage1 9 #afdh1 to a lady ( di/+ui%$ family1 nam$ ,da ,beatriz de ,cabr]a y ,sotomayor4 ,%e 0 possess$ ( consid]able prop]ty1 & _h liv$ 9 ! village ( ,pilas1 a few leagues s\?we/ ( ,seville4 ,h] portrait is n kn[n to exi/2 b sev]al ( ,murillo's madonnas :i* resemble ea* o!r are s evid5tly portraits1 t ! belief is ^! idealiz$ faces 7 drawn f ! c\nt5ance ( ! wife ( ! ma/]4 ,8 home n[ became fam\s = its hospitable reunions1 & 8 social position1 add$ to 8 arti/ic m]its1 procur$ = him ord]s beyond 8 utmo/ ability to fill4 ,"o aft] ano!r 9 quick succession1 l>ge1 gr& works 7 s5t out f 8 /udio to be ! pride ( *ur*es & conv5ts4 ,at ?is "t 8 pictures 7 not$ = a portrait-l naturalness 9 _! faces1 p]haps lack+ 9 idealism1 b )al pure & pleas+2 ! drap]y graceful & well arrang$1 ! lights skilfully dispos$1 ! t9ts h>moni\s1 & ! cont\rs s(t4 ,8 fle% t9ts 7 height5$ by d>k gray backgr\nds1 s amaz+ly true t an admir] has said !y 7 pa9t$ 9 blood & milk4 ,! calido1 or w>m mann]1 0 pres]v$ = eight or t5 ye>s4 ,9 ?is /yle 7 pa9t$ an ,immaculate ,conception1 = ! ,franciscan ,conv5t2 ,! ,nativity ( ! ,virg91 = ! high alt> ( ! ,seville ,ca!dral2 a ,/4 ,an?ony ( ,padua = ! same *ur*1 & v _m o!rs equally fam\s4 ,9 #ahgd ! ,/4 ,an?ony 0 /ol5 f ! ca!dral1 & = "s "t 0 unhe>d (1 until two m5 (f]$ to sell x = two hundr$ & fifty doll>s to ,mr4 ,s*aus1 ! picture deal] 9 ,new ,york4 ,he pur*as$ ! "w & turn$ x ov] to ! ,spani% ,consul1 :o imm$iately return$ x to ! ,seville ,ca!dral1 to ! great joy ( ! ,sevillians4 ,9 #afeh ,murillo turn$ 8 att5tion to ! f\nd+ ( an ,academy ( ,art1 &1 ?\gh he met ) _m ob/acles1 ! in/itution 0 f9ally op5$ = in/ruction 9 #affj1 & ,murillo 0 its fir/ presid5t4 ,at ?is "t he 0 tak+ on 8 late/ mann]1 call$ ! vaporoso1 or vapory1 :i* 0 fir/ us$ 9 "s ( 8 pictures execut$ = ! ,*ur* ( ,/a4 ,m>ia la ,blanca4 ,9 ?is mann] ! rigid outl9es ( 8 fir/ /yle is gone2 !re is a fea!ry lightness ( t\* z if ! bru% _h swept ! canvas smoo?ly & ) unbrok5 ev5ness3 ?is s(tness is enhanc$ by frequ5t contra/s ) h>d] & heavi] gr\ps 9 ! same picture4 ,b ! highe/ po9t 9 ! art 0 rea*$ by ,murillo 9 ! elev5 pictures :i* he pa9t$ 9 ! ,hospital de la ,c>idad4 ,six ( ^! are n[ 9 _! orig9al places2 five 7 /ol5 by ,s\lt & c>ri$ to ,france2 "s 7 return$ to ,spa91 b n to ! hospital4 ,! conv5t ( ! ,capu*9s at ,seville at "o "t possess$ tw5ty pictures by ?is ma/]4 ,! l>g] "p ( !m are n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,seville1 & =m ! f9e/ exi/+ collection ( 8 works4 ,?is museum 0 once a *ur*1 & ! /atue ( ,murillo is plac$ 9 front ( x4 ,al?\gh ! light+ ( ?is museum is f> inf]ior to t ( ,madrid & _m o!rs1 yet "h "o mu/ g to realize fully ! glory ( ?is ma/]4 ,among ! pictures is ! ,virg5 de la ,sevillet1 or ,virg9 ( ! ,napk94 ,x is said t ! cook ( ! conv5t _h become ! fri5d ( ! pa9t]1 & begg$ ( him "s mem5to ( 8 good feel+2 ! arti/ _h no canvas1 & ! cook gave him a napk9 ^u :i* ?is great "w 0 done4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ff4--,,! ,,immaculate ,,conception4 ,by ,murillo4 ,9 ! ,l\vre4 ,murillo's repres5tation ( t extremely spiritual & my/ical subject call$ ! ,immaculate ,conception1 has s f> excell$ t ( any o!r arti/ t he has sometimes be5 call$ ! pa9t] ( ! ,conception4 ,8 att5tion 0 especially call$ to ?is subject by ! fact t ! doctr9e x sets =? 0 a pet ) ! cl]gy ( ,seville1 :o1 :5 ,pope ,paul ,v41 9 #afag1 publi%$ a bill mak+ ?is doctr9e obligatory1 celebrat$ ! occasion ) all possible pomp 9 ! *ur*es2 ! nobles also gave ent]ta9m5ts1 & ! :ole city 0 alive ) a f]vor ( religi\s zeal & a desire to manife/ its love = ?is dogma4 ,! directions giv5 by ! ,inspector ( ! ,holy ,(fice = ! repres5tation ( ?is subject 7 extremely precise2 b ,murillo compli$ ) !m 9 g5]al effect only1 & disreg>d$ details :5 x pleas$ him3 = example1 ! rules prescrib$ ! age ( ! ,virg9 to be f twelve to ?irte51 & ! hair to be ( gold5 hue4 ,murillo sometimes pictur$ h] z a d>k-hair$ woman4 ,x is said t :5 he pa9t$ ! ,virg9 z v "y 8 daught] ,francesca 0 8 model2 lat] ! daught] became a nun 9 ! conv5t ( ! ,madre de ,dios4 ,! few portraits pa9t$ by ,murillo are above all praise2 8 pictures ( humble life1 too1 w\ld ( !mselves h suffic$ to make him fam\s4 ,no ,spani% arti/1 except ,velasquez1 has pa9t$ bett] l&scapes ?an he4 ,b s gr& & va/ 7 8 religi\s works t 8 fame re/s pr9cipally on !m4 ,x is true1 h[ev]1 t 9 ,engl& & 9 o!r c\ntries out ( ,spa9 he 0 fir/ made fam\s by 8 begg> boys & k9dr$ subjects4 ,murillo & ,velasquez may be said to hold equival5t positions 9 ! annals ( ,spani% ,art--,murillo z ! pa9t] = ! *ur*1 & ,velasquez z t ( ! c\rt4 ,z a del9eator ( religi\s subjects ,murillo rank$ only a v little bel[ ! greate/ ,italian ma/]s1 & ev5 beside !m he excels 9 "o direction2 = he is able m g5]ally & fully to ar\se religi\s emotions & sympa?ies4 ,?is /amps 8 g5ius z t ( ! fir/ ord]1 & x %\ld also be plac$ to 8 cr$it1 9 e/imat+ 8 native tal5t1 t he nev] saw any?+ ( all ! ,classic ,art :i* 0 su* a s\rce ( inspiration to ! arti/s ( ,italy4 ,/irl+ says3 ,all 8 ideas 7 ( home gr[?3 8 mode ( expression 0 purely national & ,spani%2 8 model--nature1 z x exi/$ 9 & ar\nd ,seville4 ,:ile pa9t+ a m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca!r9e = ! ,capu*9 ,*ur* ( ,cadiz1 ,murillo fell f ! scaffold1 & soon di$ f 8 injuries3 he 0 buri$ 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,/a4 ,cruz1 & x is a sad co9cid5ce t ?is *ur* & t ( ,san ,juan1 at ,madrid1 9 :i* ,velasquez 0 int]r$1 7 bo? de/roy$ by ! ,fr5* "u ! comm& ( ,s\lt4 ,! "* ( ,murillo 0 su* z to comm& ! greate/ respect1 & ?\gh he 0 n associat$ ) z _m royal p]sonages z ,velasquez1 he 0 invit$ to c\rt1 & receiv$ _m flatt]+ ackn[l$gm5ts ( 8 g5ius4 ,8 fame 0 n conf9$ to 8 own c\ntry1 & 8 portrait 0 engrav$ 9 ,fl&]s dur+ ! la/ ye> ( 8 life4 ,he _h _m /rong p]sonal fri5ds1 & 8 int]e/ 9 ! academy & 8 g5]osity to o!r arti/s prove him to h be5 above all mean jeal\sies3 he lov$ ,art because x 0 ,art1 & did all 9 8 p[] = its elevation 9 8 own c\ntry4 ,x is probable t s9ce 8 dea? m money has be5 paid = a s+le picture by him ?an he receiv$ = ! entire "w ( 8 life4 ,! ,immaculate ,conception1 n[ 9 ! ,l\vre1 0 sold f ! ,s\lt collection = six hundr$ & fifte5 ?\s& ?ree hundr$ francs1 or m ?an "o hundr$ & tw5ty-?ree ?\s& doll>s4 ,at ! "t ( its sale x 0 believ$ to be ! l>ge/ price ev] paid = a picture4 ,,seba/ian ,,gomez 7ab\t #afbj7 0 a mulatto slave ( ,murillo's1 & l ,p>eja he secretly le>n$ to pa9t4 ,at la/ "o day :5 ,murillo left a sket* ( a head ( ! ,virg9 on 8 easel ,gomez d>$ to f9i% x4 ,murillo 0 glad to f9d t he _h made a pa9t] ( 8 slave1 & ?\gh ! pictures ( ,gomez 7 full ( faults 8 color 0 mu* l t ( 8 ma/]4 ,two ( 8 pictures are 9 ! ,museum ( ,seville4 ,he did n live long aft] ,murillo's dea? 9 #afhb4 ,,don ,,alonso ,,miguel ,,de ,,tob> 7#afgh-ageh7 nev] atta9$ to greatness4 ,8 be/ orig9al pictures 7 portraits4 ,he made a great numb] ( copies ( ! works ( ,murillo1 & 0 *iefly fam\s = ^! pictures4 ,!re is little d\bt t _m pictures attribut$ to ,murillo are replicas1 or copies by ! h& ( ,tob>4 ,! s*ool ( ,val5cia fl\ri%$ f #aejf to #afhj4 ,,vic5te ,,de ,,joanes 7ab\t #aejf-aegi7 0 a pa9t] ( religi\s pictures :o is sc>cely kn[n out ( ,spa91 & 9 t c\ntry 8 pictures are1 almo/ )\t exception1 9 *ur*es & conv5ts4 ,he 0 v dev\t1 & began 8 works ) fa/+ & pray]4 ,x is relat$ t on "o occasion a ,jesuit ( ,val5cia _h a vision 9 :i* ! ,virg9 ,m>y appe>$ to him1 & comm&$ him to h a picture pa9t$ ( h] 9 a dress l t %e !n wore1 :i* 0 a :ite robe ) a blue mantle4 ,%e 0 to be repres5t$ /&+ on a cresc5t ) ! my/ic dove float+ above h]2 h] ,son 0 to cr[n h]1 :ile ! ,fa!r 0 to lean f ! cl\ds above all4 ,! ,jesuit select$ ,joanes to be ! pa9t] ( ?is "w1 & ?\gh he fa/$ & pray$ mu* he c\ld n pa9t x s z to please himself or ! ,jesuit4 ,at la/ 8 pi\s zeal ov]came all ob/acles1 & 8 picture 0 hung above ! alt> ( ! ,immaculate 9 ! conv5t ( ! ,jesuits4 ,x 0 v beautiful--! arti/s prais$ x1 ! monks believ$ t x _h a miracul\s p[]1 & x 0 kn[n z ,la ,purisima1 or ! p]fectly pure "o4 ,joanes excell$ 9 8 pictures ( ,*ri/4 ,he seem$ to h conceiv$ ! v ,*ri/ ( ! ,scriptures1 ! realization ( ! visions ( ,/4 ,john1 or ( ! poetry ( ,solomon4 ,9 ^! pictures he comb9$ maje/y ) grace & love ) /r5g?4 ,joanes frequ5tly repres5t$ ! ,la/ ,supp]1 & introduc$ a cup :i* is kn[n z ! ,holy ,*alice ( ,val5cia4 ,x is made ( agate & adorn$ ) gold & gems1 & 0 believ$ to h be5 us$ by ,*ri/ at 8 ,la/ ,supp] ) 8 disciples4 ,"s ( ! portraits pa9t$ by ,joanes are v f9e4 ,9 mann] & g5]al effect 8 works are /rangely l ^? ( ! great ,raphael4 ,,francisco ,,de ,,ribalta 7#aeej-afbh7 0 really ! head ( ! s*ool ( ,val5cia1 & "o ( ! be/ hi/orical pa9t]s ( ,spa94 ,he /udi$ 8 art fir/ 9 ,val5cia1 & !re fell 9 love ) ! daught] ( 8 ma/]4 ,! fa!r refus$ him 8 suit1 & ! "y c\ple p>t$ 9 deep sorr[4 ,ribalta w5t to ,italy1 :]e he made su* progress1 & ga9$ su* fame t :5 he return$ to ,val5cia he _h no tr\ble 9 m>ry+ 8 old ma/]'s daught]4 ,val5cia has m pictures by ,ribalta ?an are f\nd else:]e4 ,out ( ,spa9 !y are v r>e4 ,"o ( 8 works is at ,magdal5e ,college1 ,ox=d4 ,"o peculi>ity ( ! ,spani% pa9t]s 0 t !y pa9t$ ! extremes ( emotion4 ,_! subjects repres5t$ ! ec/acy ( bliss or ! mo/ excruciat+ agony4 ,!y did n seem to h z mu* middle gr\nd or to "k z mu* ( mod]ate emotions z ! pa9t]s ( o!r nations4 ,ribalta 0 no exception to ?is rule1 & "s ( 8 pictures are pa9ful to look at4 ,8 portraits are f9e1 & repres5t ! mo/ p[]ful m5 ( ,val5cia ( ! "t 9 :i* he liv$4 ,,josef ,,de ,,rib]a 0 a native ( ,val5cia1 b liv$ & /udi$ 9 ,italy1 & s became m ( an ,italian ?an a ,spani% ma/]4 ,i h spok5 ( him 9 connection ) ! ,naturali/s & _! s*ool at ,naples4 ,,alonso ,,cano 7#afja-affg7 0 a v important arti/1 & _c be said to belong to any s*ool4 ,he 0 born at ,granada1 & /udi$ "u ma/]s ( ,seville1 bo? 9 pa9t+ & sculpture4 ,he became ! be/ ,spani% arti/ :o /udi$ 9 ,spa9 only4 ,he 0 some?+ ( an ar*itect also1 & 8 v>i\s tal5ts acquir$ a high place = him among arti/s2 b 8 temp] 0 su* z to cause him mu* tr\ble1 & x s int]f]$ ) 8 life t he did n atta9 to ! position to :i* 8 arti/ic gifts entitl$ him4 ,9 #afcg he f\ght a duel1 & 0 oblig$ to flee f ,madrid1 & 9 #afdd 8 wife 0 f\nd murd]$ 9 h] b$4 ,cano 0 suspect$ ( ! crime1 & al?\gh he fl$ he 0 f\nd1 & br\ght back1 & put to ! torture4 ,he made no confession1 & 0 set at lib]ty2 b _m p believ$ 9 8 guilt4 ,he /ill held 8 (fice z pa9t] to ! k+1 & 0 sometimes employ$ on important works2 b he det]m9$ to remove to 8 native ,granada & become a prie/4 ,philip ,,iv4 appo9t$ him canon1 & aft] he held ?is (fice he 0 /ill employ$ z a pa9t] & sculptor by private p]sons1 z well z by religi\s bodies1 & 0 ev5 s5t to ,malaga to sup]9t5d improvem5ts 9 ! ca!dral !re4 ,b 8 temp] l$ him into s _m broils t at l5g?1 9 #afei1 ! *apt] ( ,granada depriv$ him ( 8 (fice4 ,he w5t to ! k+ ) 8 compla9ts1 & 0 aga9 made a canon2 b he 0 s angry t he nev] w\ld use 8 bru% or 8 *isel 9 ! s]vice ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,granada4 ,8 life 0 n[ devot$ to *>ity & good works4 ,he gave away all 8 money z soon z he receiv$ x4 ,:5 8 purse 0 empty he w\ld g into a %op1 & beg a p5cil & pap]1 & sket*+ a head or o!r design w\ld m>k ! price on x1 & give x to a begg> ) directions = f9d+ a pur*as] = x4 ,aft] 8 dea? l>ge numb]s ( ^! *>ity works 7 collect$4 ,"o ( 8 /rong *>act]i/ics 0 hatr$ ( ! ,jews4 ,he w\ld cross ! /reet1 9 ord] n to meet "o ( !m1 & w\ld ?r[ away a g>m5t t _h bru%$ aga9/ "o ( ! race4 ,"o day he w5t home1 & f\nd 8 h\sekeep] b>ga9+ ) a ,jew2 he *as$ him away ) great fury1 s5t ! woman (f to be purifi$1 repav$ ! spot :]e ! ,jew _h /ood1 & gave ! %oes 9 :i* he _h *as$ him to a s]vant4 ,:5 ab\t to die ,cano w\ld n receive ! sacram5t f ! prie/ :o 0 pres5t1 because he _h communicat$ ) ,jews1 & :5 a rude crucifix 0 held be=e him he pu%$ x away4 ,:5 he 0 reprov$ = ?is he said3 ,vex me n ) ?is ?+2 b give me a simple cross t ,i may adore x1 bo? z x is1 & z ,i c figure x 9 my m9d4 ,:5 ?is 0 done1 x is said t he di$ 9 a mo/ edify+ mann]4 ,v few ( ,cano's ar*itectural works rema92 a few draw+s ( ?is sort are 9 ! ,l\vre :i* are simple & elegant 9 /yle4 ,! f9e/ c>v+ by him is a small figure ( ! ,virg91 n[ 9 ! ,ca!dral ( ,granada4 ,eight ( 8 pictures are 9 ! ,que5 ( ,spa9's gall]y at ,madrid1 & ! ,*ur* ( ,getafe1 ! ,ca!dral ( ,granada & t ( ,malaga h 8 works4 ,a beautiful madonna1 :i* 0 "o ( 8 late/ works1 is 9 ! *apel ( ! ,ca!dral ( ,val5cia1 & is light$ by votive tap]s only4 ,8 pictures are r>e out ( ,spa94 ,"o ( 8 portraits is 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,o!r works are 9 ,b]l91 ,dresd51 ,muni*1 & ! ,h]mitage1 ,/4 ,pet]sburg4 ,! la/ ,spani% pa9t] ( :om ,i %all speak belongs to a mu* lat] p]iod4 ,,francisco ,,goya ,y ,,luci5tes 7#agdf-ahbh7 0 a /ud5t 9 ,rome1 & aft] 8 return to ,spa9 liv$ 9 f9e /yle 9 a villa ne> ,madrid4 ,he 0 pa9t] to ,*>les ,,iv41 & 0 always employ$ on ord]s f ! nobility4 ,he pa9t$ portraits & religi\s pictures1 b 8 *ief excell5ce 0 9 pa9t+ c>icatures4 ,he 0 nev] we>y ( pa9t+ ! prie/s & monks 9 all sorts ( ridicul\s ways4 ,he made !m 9 ! =m ( apes & asses1 & may be call$ ! ,hog>? ( ,spa91 s well did he hold up ! p ab\t him to ridicule4 ,he pa9t$ ) great boldness & c\ld use a sponge or /ick 9 place ( a bru%4 ,sometimes he made a picture ) 8 palette-knife1 & put 9 ! f9e t\*es ) 8 ?umb4 ,he execut$ engrav+s also1 & publi%$ eighty pr9ts :i* he call$ ,caprices4 ,^! 7 v fam\s2 !y 7 satires ^u all ,spani% laws & cu/oms4 ,he also made a s]ies ( plates ab\t ! ,fr5* invasion1 ?irty-?ree pr9ts ( sc5es 9 ! bull-r+1 & et*+s ( "s ( ! works ( ,velasquez4 ,portraits ( ,*>les ,,iv4 & 8 que5 by ,goya are 9 ! museum at ,madrid4 ,works ( 8 are 9 ! ,l\vre & 9 ! ,national ,gall]y 9 ,london4 ,8 pictures sell = l>ge prices4 ,9 #ahgj 8 picture ( ,*>lotte ,corday sold = five hundr$ & eighty-f\r p\nds4 ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,france4 ,! ,fr5* s*ool ( pa9t+ does n date e>li] ?an ! sixte5? c5tury1 & ! pa9t]s ( t "t 7 few 9 numb]1 & little is kn[n ( !m4 ,be=e ! "t :5 a ,fr5* s*ool c\ld be said to exi/ ! k+s ( ,france employ$ =eign arti/s to decorate _! palaces & *ur*es1 & !y naturally turn$ to ! ,italians = all t !y ne$$4 ,h5ce x happ5$ t 9 its e>lie/ days ! ,fr5* s*ool 0 almo/ entirely "u ,italian influ5ce1 & ,i %all fir/ speak ( ,fr5* ma/]s :o /udi$ 9 ,italy4 ,,ni*olas ,,p\ss9 7#aeid-affe7 may be said to belong to ! sev5te5? c5tury1 s9ce he 0 born s late 9 ! prec$+ "o4 ,p\ss9 0 born 9 ,norm&y1 & e>ly began to draw & pa9t4 ,he /udi$ some:at 9 ,france1 & :5 ?irty ye>s old w5t to ,rome1 :]e1 9 reality1 8 arti/ic c>e] began4 ,he 0 a pupil ( ,&rea ,sac*i1 & receiv$ "s in/ruction f ,dom5i*9o also2 b he =m$ 8 /yle pr9cipally by /udy+ ! works ( ! anci5ts & ^? ( ! great ,raphael4 ,he 0 s devot$ to ! /udy ( ! habits & cu/oms ( ! ,greeks t he almo/ became "o ( !m 9 8 modes ( ?\ght4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fg4--;,,arcadian ,,%eph]ds4 ,p\ss94 ,he 0 v poor :5 he fir/ w5t to ,rome2 b he work$ h>d1 & began to be kn[n & to receive ord]s = pictures4 ,l\is ,,xiii4 he>d ( ,p\ss91 & invit$ him to ,p>is1 :]e he gave him ap>tm5ts 9 ! ,tuil]ies4 ,b ! arti/ long$ to return to ,rome1 & made a plea ( go+ = 8 wife4 ,soon aft] he left1 ,l\is di$1 & ,p\ss9 nev] return$ to ,france4 ,p\ss9 0 always busy2 b he ask$ su* mod]ate prices t he 0 nev] ri*1 &1 :5 a great man piti$ ! arti/ because he _h s few s]vants1 ,p\ss9 piti$ him 9 return = hav+ s _m4 ,8 portrait pa9t$ by himself is 9 ! ,l\vre1 :]e are _m ( 8 my?ological pictures4 ,8 love = ! classic mann] makes ^! subjects 8 be/ works4 ,8 pa9t+s are se5 9 _m ,european gall]ies4 ,,claude ,,lorra9e 7#afjj-afhb71 ^: real "n 0 ,claude ,gele1 0 born 9 ,*ampagne 9 ,lorra9e4 ,8 p>5ts 7 v poor1 & di$ :5 he 0 /ill "y3 he 0 appr5tic$ to a pa/ry-cook1 & s travell$ to ,rome z s]vant to "s "y g5tlem54 ,n long aft] 8 arrival he engag$ himself to ! pa9t] ,ago/9o ,tassi1 = :om he cook$1 & mix$ colors4 ,aft] a "t he himself began to pa9t4 ,nature 0 8 tea*]2 he /udi$ h] ) un*ang+ devotion2 he knew all h] *anges1 & 0 9 ! habit ( sitt+ = a :ole day wat*+ "o sc5e1 s t he c\ld pa9t f memory its diff]5t aspects at ! v>i\s h\rs ( ! day4 ,8 works br\ght him into notice :5 he 0 /ill "y4 ,he receiv$ _m ord]s1 & :5 ab\t tw5ty-sev5 ye>s old "s pictures he pa9t$ = ,pope ,urban ,,viii4 e/abli%$ 8 fame z an arti/ ( high rank4 ,8 "* 0 above reproa*1 & 8 feel+s 7 z t5d] z _m ( 8 pictures4 ,he 0 attractive 9 p]son1 ?\gh 8 face 0 grave 9 its expression4 ,x w\ld seem t he %\ld h left a l>ge =tune1 b he did n4 ,?is 0 p>tly because he suff]$ mu* f g\t1 & 0 (t5 unable to pa9t2 b a bett] reason probably is t he gave s mu* to 8 ne$y relations t he c\ld n save l>ge sums4 ,claude ,lorra9e has be5 call$ ! pr9ce & poet ( l&scape pa9t]s4 ,lbke1 ! ,g]man art writ]1 praises him v mu*1 & 8 praise is m valuable ?an x w\ld be if x came f "o ( ,claude's own c\ntrym54 ,he says3 ,f> m pr(\ndly ?an all o!r ma/]s did ,claude ,gele p5etrate into ! secrets ( nature1 & by ! en*ant+ play ( sunlight1 ! fre%ness ( 8 dewy =egr\nds1 & ! *>m ( 8 atmosph]ic di/ances1 he obta9$ a tone ( feel+ :i* influ5ces ! m9d l an et]nal ,sabba? re/4 ,9 8 works !re is all ! spl5dor1 light1 untr\bl$ brightness1 & h>mony ( ! fir/ morn+ ( creation 9 ,p>adise4 ,8 masses ( foliage h a glori\s ri*ness & fre%ness1 & ev5 9 ! deepe/ %ad[s are int]wov5 ) a gold5 glimm] ( light4 ,b !y s]ve only z a mighty framework1 =1 m freely ?an ) o!r ma/]s1 ! eye w&]s ?r\gh a ri* =egr\nd into ! f> di/ance1 ! utmo/ limits ( :i* fade away 9 gold5 mi/4 ,8 two great *>ms are ! imm5se space :i* he repres5ts 9 8 pictures & 8 beautiful color4 ,! latt] appe>s z if he _h fir/ us$ a silv]y gray1 & !n put 8 o!r colors ov] t1 :i* gives 8 works a s(t1 lovely atmosph]ic effect1 su* z no o!r arti/ has surpass$4 ,:5 he introduc$ build+s into 8 pictures !y 7 well done2 b 8 figures & animals 7 s imp]fect t he 0 accu/om$ to say t he sold ! l&scape1 & gave away ! figures4 ,be=e 8 dea? 8 pictures 7 s mu* valu$ t o!r arti/s tri$ to imitate !m1 & he 0 accu/om$ to keep a book ( sket*es by :i* 8 works c\ld be prov$4 ,he call$ ?is book ,lib] ,v]itatis1 & be=e 8 dea? x rea*$ six volumes2 "o ( ^! conta9+ two hundr$ draw+s is at ,*atswor?4 ,a catalogue ( 8 works describes m ?an f\r hundr$ l&scapes4 ,all ! pr9cipal gall]ies ( ,europe h 8 pictures1 & !re are a great numb] ( !m 9 ,engl&1 bo? 9 public & private collections4 ,,seba/ian ,,b\rdon 7#afaf-afga71 :o 0 born at ,montpeli]1 made 8 /udies 9 ,rome4 ,he br\ght himself into notice by a picture ( ! ,crucifixion ( ,/ ,pet]1 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,academy4 ,b\rdon resid$ 9 ,sw$5 = "s ye>s2 b 0 9 ,p>is1 & held ! position ( ,rector ( ! ,academy :5 he di$4 ,he pa9t$ a few g5re subjects1 & two ( 8 portraits by himself are 9 ! ,l\vre2 b 8 be/ works 7 l&scapes1 & 9 ^! 8 /yle 0 l t ( ,salvator ,rosa4 ,x has be5 said t ,rigaud assi/$ him 9 8 portraits ( himself4 ,b\rdon made "s engrav+s1 & collectors prize 8 plates v mu*4 ,!re 7 o!r ,fr5* pa9t]s :o /udi$ 9 ,italy1 b ^? t ,i h m5tion$ are ! important ones4 ,( ^? :o /udi$ 9 _! own c\ntry only1 ,,eu/a*e ,,le ,,sueur 7#afag-afee7 0 ! fir/ ( any importance2 b 8 life 0 %ort & unev5tful1 & he 0 n appreciat$4 ,8 mo/ important works are 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,,*>les ,,le ,,brun 7#afai-afij7 0 v prom95t 9 8 day4 ,8 fa!r 0 a sculptor1 & 0 employ$ by ! ,*ancellor ,segni]4 ,?is nobleman's att5tion 0 attract$ to ! son1 & he at l5g? s5t ! "y ,le ,brun to ,italy to /udy4 ,he rema9$ !re six ye>s1 & aft] 8 return to ,p>is he 0 made pa9t] to ! k+1 & became ! favorite ( ! c\rt4 ,he us$ 8 opportunities to p]suade ,l\is ,,xiv4 to f\nd ! ,royal ,academy at ,p>is1 :i* 0 done 9 #afdh4 ,all 8 pr9cipal pictures are 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,,pi]re ,,mign>d 7#afab-afie7 has be5 call$ ! ,roman1 because he liv$ 9 ,rome tw5ty-two ye>s1 & :ile !re 0 patroniz$ by ?ree successive popes4 ,9 #affd he 0 made ,presid5t ( ! ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke 9 ,rome4 ,at l5g? ,l\is ,,xiv4 invit$ him to return to ,france4 ,9 #afij he succe$$ ,le ,brun z c\rt pa9t]1 & 0 made ,*ancellor ( ! ,academy4 ,8 portraits are 8 be/ works1 & ^! are se5 9 ! gall]ies ( v>i\s ,european c\ntries4 ,,hyac9! ,,rigaud 7#afei-agdc7 became ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ,fr5* portrait pa9t] ( 8 "t2 b 8 pictures are n v attractive or int]e/+ 9 our day4 ,he f9i%$ !m too mu*1 & s gave !m an artificial appe>ance4 ,!n1 too1 ! co/ume ( 8 day 0 su* t 8 portraits seem to be ! portraits ( wigs & n ( p4 ,!y are v num]\s4 ,he (t5 pa9t$ ! portrait ( ,l\is ,,xiv41 & _h illu/ri\s p f all p>ts ( ,europe among 8 sitt]s4 ,,anto9e ,,watteau 7#afhd-agba7 0 ! fir/ to practise a new /yle ( pa9t+4 ,! habit ( ! ,fr5* c\rt 0 to pass mu* "t 9 elegant out-door amusem5ts4 ,watteau repres5t$ ! sc5es ( ! ftes galantes & reunions !n s mu* 9 fa%ion4 ,8 pictures are cr[d$ ) figures 9 beautiful co/umes4 ,!re are gr\ps ( ladies & g5tlem5 prom5ad+1 danc+1 love-mak+1 & l\ng+ 9 pleasant gr\nds ) temples & f\nta9s & ev]y?+ beautiful ab\t !m4 ,! pictures ( ,watteau are f9e1 & are se5 9 _m gall]ies4 ,8 color is brilliant1 & to _! wor? z pictures is add$ ! hi/orical int]e/ :i* belongs to !m1 because !y give u ! be/ idea ( c\rt life1 dress1 & mann]s ( ! reign ( ,l\is ,,xiv4 :i* c be _h f any pa9t+s4 ,! foll[]s ( ,watteau 7 num]\s1 b are n ( great importance4 ,!re 7 a few pa9t]s ( animals & fl[]s 9 ! ,fr5* s*ool2 b we %all pass to ! g5re pa9t]s1 among :om ,,jean-,,bapti/e ,,greuze 7#agbe-ahje7 0 important4 ,he pa9t$ v beautiful pictures ( "y girls & *ildr54 ,8 color is v agreeable1 & "s ( 8 works are f9i%$ z f9ely z if !y 7 done on ivory4 ,mo/ ( 8 pictures are 9 private gall]ies1 b !y are se5 9 "s public collections4 ,probably ! ,brok5 ,jug1 9 ! ,l\vre1 is 8 be/ kn[n "w4 ,8 pictures sell = v l>ge prices4 ,at ! ,=/] sale 9 #ahgf1 ,a ,little ,girl ) a ,lap ,dog 9 h] ,arms br\ght six ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds2 9 #aggb ! same picture 0 sold = ?ree hundr$ p\nds1 & 9 #ahcb x 0 aga9 sold = sev5 hundr$ & ?ree p\nds4 ,?us we see t 9 fifty-f\r ye>s its value _h increas$ to m ?an n9e times its price1 & 9 "o hundr$ & f\r ye>s x br\ght tw5ty-two times z mu* z x 0 fir/ sold =4 ,,claude ,,joseph ,,v]net 7#agad-aghi7 0 ! be/ m>9e pa9t] ( ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,l\is ,,xv4 commission$ him to pa9t ! seaports ( ,france4 ,fifte5 ( ^! pictures are 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,!re h be5 _m engrav+s aft] 8 works4 ,8 pictures ( ,italian seaports & views ne> ,rome & ,tivoli are among 8 be/ pa9t+s4 ,8 color has little v>iety2 b 8 draw+ is correct1 & 8 f9i% is v c>eful & f9e4 ,v]net also made a few et*+s4 ,9 ! e>ly "p ( ! eighte5? c5tury ,,joseph ,,m>ie ,,vi5 7#agaf-ahji7 return$ to ! classic /yle ( pa9t+1 & creat$ a feel+ aga9/ ! pretty mann] :i* _h be5 ! *ief feature ( ,fr5* pictures = "s "t4 ,8 pictures are v num]\s 9 ! *ur*es & gall]ies ( ,p>is4 ,he 0 n a great pa9t]1 b he m>ks a *ange 9 ! _s ( ,fr5* pa9t+4 ,vi5 0 ! tea*] ( ,,jacques ,,l\is ,,david 7#agdh-ahbe71 :o 0 consid]$ ! fir/ pa9t] 9 mod]n art at ! close ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,he 0 s devot$ to ! classic /yle t he took ! rema9s ( anci5t art z models = ! figures 9 8 pictures4 ,8 gr\ps are l gr\ps ( /atues1 & 8 fle% looks l m>ble1 x is s h>d & lifeless4 ,dur+ ! "t ( ! fir/ ,napoleon ?is /yle 0 c>ri$ to excess 9 ev]y?+ connect$ ) ! arts4 ,david 0 su* a favorite ) ! emp]or t aft] ! return ( ! ,b\rbons he 0 bani%$1 & 8 family 7 n all[$ to bury him 9 ,france4 ,he liv$ 9 ,brussels1 & execut$ _m ( 8 be/ pictures !re4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fh4--,,! ,,sab9e ,,wom54 ,david4 ,,anto9e ,,jean ,,gros 7#agga-ahce7 0 a great admir] ( ,david1 & fir/ attract$ att5tion 9 #ahja by a picture ( ,bonap>te on ! ,bridge ( ,arcola4 ,aft] ?is ,gros pa9t$ _m su* works1 & pr9cipally repres5t$ milit>y ev5ts4 ,_m ( 8 pictures are v co>se4 ,! ,plague at ,jaffa & ! ,field ( ,eylau are ( ?is type1 & ! fir/ is disgu/+4 ,among 8 be/ works is ,francis ,i4 & ,*>les ,v4 visit+ ! ,tombs at ,/4 ,d5is4 ,b al?\gh he receiv$ _m honors1 & 0 made a b>on by ,*>les ,x41 he c\ld n be> ! criticism :i* 0 made ^u 8 pictures1 & f9ally dr[n$ himself 9 ! ,se9e ne> ,meudon4 ,,paul ,,del>o*e 7#agig-ahef7 0 born at ,p>is1 & /udi$ "u ,b>on ,gros4 ,he became a celebrat$ arti/ & 0 made a memb] ( ! ,in/itute ( ,france1 a ,pr(essor 9 l'cole des ,beaux-,arts1 & an (fic] ( ! ,legion ( ,honor4 ,8 pr9cipal works repres5t sc5es ( important hi/orical int]e/1 & he s arrang$ !m t !y appeal to "o's sympa?ies ) great p[]4 ,among ^! pictures are ! ,condemnation ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette1 ! ,dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,guise1 ,cromwell ,contemplat+ ! ,rema9s ( ,*>les ,i41 & o!r simil> hi/orical incid5ts4 ,8 design 0 accord+ to academical rules2 b he 0 n entirely conv5tional1 & 9 "s ( 8 religi\s pictures !re 0 mu* expression & deep feel+4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #fi4--;,,dea? ,,( ,,! ,,duke ,,( ,,guise4 ,del>o*e4 ,8 l>ge/ & mo/ fam\s "w is ! ,hemicycle1 9 l'cole des ,beaux-,arts1 ,p>is4 ,he 0 occupi$ ) ?is pa9t+ dur+ ?ree ye>s2 x conta9s sev5ty-five figures ( life size4 ,! arts ( diff]5t c\ntries & ages are repres5t$ 9 x by portraits ( ! arti/s ( ! times & nations typifi$4 ,?us x is v int]e/+ :5 consid]$ m]ely z a great collection ( portraits4 ,del>o*e m>ri$ ! daught] ( ,horace ,v]net1 & x is said t ! figure :i* /&s = ,go?ic ,ar*itecture is a portrait ( h]4 ,! ,hemicycle is ri*ly color$1 & has a great deal ( f9e pa9t+ 9 x2 b f its v nature x has no dramatic p[]1 & does n ar\se any deep s5tim5t 9 "o :o /udies x4 ,del>o*e 0 paid only ab\t fifte5 ?\s& doll>s = ?is great labor1 & refus$ to h any fur!r rew>d4 ,p]haps none ( 8 works are m p[]ful ?an ! ,dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,guise4 ,y w easily recall ! circum/ances ( 8 assass9ation3 ! pa9t] has s repres5t$ x t "o really =gets t x is a picture1 & c only rememb] ! horror ( ! crime4 ,! corpse ( ! duke is on "o side ( ! imm5se *amb]1 ne> ! b$2 ! assass9s are 9 a t]rifi$ gr\p on ! o!r side1 & ) !m ! c[>dly k+1 :o 0 absolutely afraid ( ! dead body ( 8 victim4 ,! picture is a rem>kable in/ance ( ! p[] t may be giv5 to :at is sometimes call$ hi/orical-g5re art4 ,?is picture 0 sold 9 #ahec = t5 ?\s& five hundr$ doll>s 7,fig4 #fi74 ,,jean ,,l\is ,g,,ricault 7#agia-ahbd74 ,he 0 born at ,r\51 & /udi$ fir/ "u ,gur9 & !n 9 ,rome4 ,he 0 ! fir/ ma/] ( any p[] :o entirely dismiss$ ! influ5ce ( ! art ( ,david ) its m>ble fle% & /atuesque effect4 ,! "o great "w by :i* he is kn[n is ! ,wreck ( ! ,m$usa1 :i* is 9 ! ,l\vre1 & :i* may be said to m>k ! adv5t ( ! mod]n ,fr5* s*ool4 ,,eug5e ,,delacroix 7#agii-ahfc7 0 ! son ( a ,m9i/] ( ,=eign ,affairs1 & 0 born to position & weal?4 ,b ?r\gh mis=tunes all ?is 0 *ang$1 & he 0 =c$ to "w h>d = 8 liv+4 ,at la/ he manag$ to /udy "u ,gur91 & 9 ! /udio ( ! ma/] became ! fri5d ( ,gricault4 ,! fir/ "w :i* br\ght ,delacroix fame 0 a picture ( a sc5e f ,dante's ,inf]no1 9 :i* ,dante sees "s ( 8 old acqua9tances :o 7 condemn$ to float ^u ! lake :i* surr\nds ! inf]nal city4 ,?is "w 0 exhibit$ 9 #ahbb1 & 0 b\ght = ! ,gall]y ( ! ,luxemb\rg4 ,b>on ,gros tri$ to be 8 fri5d2 b ,delacroix wi%$ to foll[ 8 own c\rse1 & = "s "t _h b small success4 ,he travell$ 9 ,spa91 ,algi]s1 & ,morocco1 & at l5g? 0 commission$ by ,?i]s to d "s decorative "w 9 ! ?rone-room ( ! ,*amb] ( ,deputies4 ,he 0 mu* criticis$1 b at l5g? 0 accept$ z a great arti/1 & 0 made a memb] ( ! ,in/itute 9 #aheg4 ,he receiv$ ano!r important ord] = ! ,*amb] ( ,pe]s4 ,"s ( 8 works are at ,v]sailles1 & o!rs are se5 9 v>i\s *ur*es ( ,p>is4 ,:5 !y are consid]$ z a :ole !y are effective1 b !y d n be> exam9ation2 8 design 0 free & spirit$ & 8 color good1 & he pa9t$ a v>iety ( subjects1 & 0 able to v>y ! expression ( 8 "w to suit ! impression he wi%$ to produce4 ,,mile ,,jean ,,horace ,,v]net 7#aghi-ahfc7 0 born 9 ! ,l\vre4 ,he /udi$ "u 8 fa!r1 ,c>le ,v]net1 :o 0 ! son ( ,claude ,joseph ,v]net4 ,c>le 0 a witty man1 & x is said t :5 he 0 dy+ he exclaim$1 ,h[ mu* ,i resemble ! ,gr& ,dauph9--son ( a k+1 fa!r ( a k+1 & nev] a k+ myself6 ,9 spite ( 8 be+ less ?an 8 fa!r or 8 son1 he 0 a good pa9t] ( horses4 ,:5 ,horace ,v]net 0 b fifte5 ye>s old he support$ himself by draw+2 he /udi$ ) ,v9c5t1 & drew f liv+ models4 ,9 #ahad he %[$ su* brav]y at ! ,b>ri]e ( ,cli*y t he 0 decorat$ ) ! ,cross ( ! ,legion ( ,honor3 be=e he di$ he 0 a gr& (fic] ( ! ord] on acc\nt ( 8 arti/ic m]its4 ,he 0 also a memb] ( ! ,in/itute & ,director ( ! ,academy ( ,rome4 ,8 be/ works 7 execut$ 9 ,rome1 :]e he sp5t sev5 ye>s2 he travell$ 9 ,algi]s1 ,syria1 ,egypt1 ,pale/9e1 ,russia1 & ,engl&1 & 0 ev]y:]e receiv$ ) ! honors :i* 8 g5ius m]it$4 ,8 works embrac$ a great v>iety ( subjects1 & x is said t he (t5 f9i%$ 8 picture ! fir/ "t he w5t ov] x1 & did n ret\* x4 ,!re is no d\bt t 9 c]ta9 ways ! excell5ce ( ,v]net has be5 ov]e/imat$1 & he has be5 too mu* prais$2 b 8 rem>kable memory1 :i* enabl$ him tru?fully to pa9t sc5es he _h witness$1 & 8 facility ( execution1 are wor?y ( honorable m5tion4 ,:5 tw5ty ye>s old ,v]net 0 m>ri$1 & f ?is "t he kept an exp5se acc\nt 9 :i* all ! prices he receiv$ = 8 works are set d[n4 ,! smalle/ is tw5ty-f\r s\s = a tulip2 ! l>ge/ is fifty ?\s& francs = ! portrait ( ! ,empress ( ,russia4 ,ab\t #ahag ,v]net became ! favorite ( ! ,duke ( ,orleans1 & 0 !re=e unpopul> ) ! royal p>ty4 ,9 #ahbj he _h made himself s displeas+ to ! k+ by "s li?ographs :i* 7 scatt]$ among ! p1 t x 0 ?\ght be/ = him to leave ,p>is4 ,h[ev]1 he ov]came all ?is1 & f\r ye>s lat] ,*>les ,x4 sat to him = 8 portrait4 ,f ?is "t ord]s & money fl[$ 9 f all sides4 ,! ,v]nets _h orig9at$ 9 ,avignon1 & 9 #ahbf1 :5 ! museum !re 0 op5$1 ,horace & 8 fa!r 7 invit$ to be pres5t4 ,e honor 0 %[n !m2 poems 7 read 9 _! praise2 !y 7 conduct$ to ! home ( _! ance/ors1 :i* !y pi\sly salut$1 & inscrib$ _! names ^u ! door-po/s4 ,aft] !y return$ to ,p>is !y receiv$ ri* gifts 9 return = ! pictures !y _h giv5 to ,avignon4 ,! ,gall]y ,v]net1 :i* conta9s works by ,anto9e1 ,franois1 ,joseph1 ,c>le1 & ,horace ,v]net1 is reg>d$ z a sacr$ place by ! p ( t region4 ,:5 ,horace ,v]net 0 ,director ( ! ,academy 9 ,rome he held salons weekly2 !y 7 v gay1 & all p ( di/9ction :o liv$ 9 ,rome or visit$ t city 7 se5 at ^! receptions1 danc+ & amus+ !mselves 9 ! lively ,fr5* mann]4 ,b aft] #ahcj he felt t ! ,villa ,m$ici 0 a prison4 ,he wi%$ to foll[ ! ,fr5* army 9 ! ,ea/1 & ?ree ye>s lat] did g to ,algi]s4 ,9 ! same ye> ! k+ decid$ to conv]t ! palace at ,v]sailles into an hi/orical museum1 & f ?is "t ,v]net _h b two ideas1 ! ,ea/ & ,v]sailles4 ,almo/ e "w he did 0 connect$ ) ^! two ?\ghts4 ,l\is ,philippe n[ desir$ him to pa9t f\r battle-pieces2 b ,v]net object$ t no room 0 l>ge en\gh to please him3 = ?is reason a floor 0 remov$1 two /ories turn$ into "o1 & ! gr& ,gall]y ( ,battles made4 ,at l5g? he _h a difficulty ) ! k+ & w5t to ,russia2 b he>+ t 8 fa!r 0 dy+ he return$ to ,p>is1 & 0 made welcome back to ,v]sailles1 :]e he 0 really necess>y4 ,we _c /ay to rec\nt ! honors :i* 7 %[]$ ^u him1 & :i* he always receiv$ ) great mode/y ( demeanor4 ,he w5t f "o triumph to ano!r until #ahdh1 :5 ! ,revolution almo/ broke 8 he>t2 he work$ on1 b 8 happ9ess 0 ov]4 ,9 ! great ,exposition ( #ahee he _h a :ole salon devot$ to 8 works1 & m5 f all ! _w came to see & to praise4 ,he liv$ /ill eight ye>s2 he made pictures ( incid5ts 9 ! ,crimean ,w>2 he pa9t$ a portrait ( ,napoleon ,,iii41 b he wrote ( himself3 ,:5 "t has worn out a portion ( our faculties we are n entirely de/roy$2 b x is necess>y to "k h[ to leave ! fir/ rank & cont5t "o's self ) ! f\r?4 ,8 indu/ry & ! am\nt ( "w he did are simply m>vell\s4 ,he lov$ excitem5t & adv5ture1 & ! works :i* h ^! elem5ts 7 8 be/--& he lik$ be/ to d !m4 ,8 color _c be prais$2 he _h no l(ty intellectual aims2 he 0 clev] to a high degree1 b he 0 n great2 he 0 "o to :om ! happy m$ium ( praise %\ld be giv51 = he nei!r m]its sev]ity ( criticism nor immod]ate praise2 he 0 simply a gift$ pa9t] & ! greate/ & la/ ( ! ,v]nets4 ,he is also ! la/ ,fr5* pa9t] ( :om we %all speak1 z we d n propose to take up ! excell5t arti/s ( our own day1 :o w\ld require a volume devot$ /rictly to !mselves4 ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,pa9t+ ,,9 ,,engl&4 ,9 e>ly days 9 ,engl& !re 7 m9iature-pa9t]s1 & 9 ! la/ half ( ! sixte5? c5tury !re 7 "s v important ,engli% pa9t]s ( ?is k9d4 ,be=e ! days ( ,*>les ,i4 ! ,engli% k+s 7 mu* 9 ! habit ( invit+ =eign arti/s to ,engl&1 & commissions 7 giv5 to !m4 ,! pa9t]s :o 7 mo/ prom95t 9 ,engl& 7 ( ! ,flemi% s*ool1 & ev5 "u ,*>les ,i41 z we h se51 ,rub5s & ,v&yck 7 ! pr9cipal pa9t]s 9 ,engl&4 ,b 9 ! reign ( ?is k+ "s native arti/s made names = !mselves1 & :at we call ! ,engli% s*ool ( pa9t+ may really be dat$ f ?is "t4 ,be=e speak+ ( pa9t]s ,i mu/ m5tion "o m9iaturi/ ^: works 7 9 dem& 9 o!r c\ntries1 z well z 9 ,engl&4 ,,samuel ,,coop] 7#afji-afgb7 has be5 call$ ! ,v&yck 9 little1 & !re is f> m bread? 9 8 works ?an is usual 9 m9iature4 ,he pa9t$ lik5esses ( _m em95t p]sons1 & 8 works n[ h an honorable place 9 _m collections4 ,,william ,,dobson 7#afaj-afdf7 has be5 m5tion$ 9 our acc\nt ( ,v&yck z a pa9t] :om ! great ma/] befri5d$ & recomm5d$ to ,*>les ,i4 ,he became a good portrait-pa9t]1 & aft] ,v&yck's dea? 0 appo9t$ s]geant-pa9t] to ! k+4 ,8 portraits are full ( dignity2 ! face %ad[s are d>k1 & 8 color excell5t4 ,he did n excel 9 pa9t+ hi/orical subjects4 ,v&yck 0 succe$$ at c\rt by two =eign arti/s :o are s closely associat$ ) ,engl& t !y are always spok5 ( z ,engli% arti/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gj4--,,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds4 ,,pet] ,,van ,,d] ,,faes 7#afah-afhj71 :o 0 born 9 ,we/phalia1 is kn[n to u z ,sir ,,pet] ,,lely4 ,he became ! mo/ celebrat$ portrait-pa9t] aft] ,v&yck1 & 8 ,beauties at ,hampton ,c\rt are pictures :i* are kn[n ! _w ov]4 ,he has be5 accus$ ( n pa9t+ eyes z he ought2 b ! ladies ( 8 day _h an affectation 9 ! use ( _! eyes4 ,!y tri$ to h ! sleepy eye t spoke ! melt+ s\l1 s ,sir ,pet] ,lely 0 n to blame = pa9t+ !m z ^! ladies wi%$ !m to be4 ,he 0 knight$ by ,*>les ,,ii41 & became v ri*4 ,8 portraits ( m5 7 n equal to ^? ( wom54 ,:5 ,cromwell gave him a commission to pa9t 8 portrait1 he said3 ,mr4 ,lely1 ,i desire y w use all y\r skill to pa9t my picture truly l me1 & n flatt] me at all2 b rem>k all ^! r\ghnesses1 pimples1 w>ts1 & ev]y?+ z y see me1 o!rwise ,i w nev] pay y a f>?+ = x4 ,sir ,pet] ,lely 0 buri$ 9 ,cov5t ,g>d51 :]e !re is a monum5t to 8 memory ) a bu/ by ,gibbon4 ,sir ,,godfrey ,,knell] 7#afdf-agbc71 born at ,lbeck1 0 a rival to ,sir ,pet] ,lely1 & _h ! honor ( pa9t+ ! portraits ( eight cr[n$ heads & a v great numb] ( o!r p ( importance4 ,he _h /udi$ bo? ! ,dut* & ,italian mann]2 = he 0 ! pupil ( ,rembr&t & ,bol1 ( ,c>lo ,m>atti & ,b]n9i4 ,"s critics praise 8 pictures v mu*1 :ile o!rs po9t out _m defects 9 !m4 ,he pa9t$ v rapidly1 & he sometimes hurri$ 8 pictures (f = ! sake ( money2 b 8 f9i%$ works are wor?y ( rem>k4 ,he especially excell$ 9 pa9t+ hair2 8 draw+ 0 correct2 "s ( 8 gr\ps ( *ildr5 are f9e pictures2 & "s madonnas t he pa9t$1 us+ 8 sitt]s z models1 are works ( m]it4 ,8 monum5t 0 made by ,rysbra*1 & 0 plac$ 9 ,we/m9/] ,abbey4 ,bo? ,sir ,pet] ,lely & ,sir ,godfrey ,knell] _h pupils & foll[]s2 b !re 0 no orig9al ,engli% arti/ be=e ! "t ( ,,william ,,hog>? 7#afig-agfd71 & he may really be nam$ z ! fir/ ma/] ( a purely ,engli% s*ool ( pa9t+4 ,:5 ,hog>? 0 fifte5 ye>s old he 0 appr5tic$ to a silv]smi?1 & ! grotesque designs :i* he copi$ = armorial be>+s help$ to increase 8 natural love = all t 0 ridicul\s & /range4 ,aft] #agah he 0 mu* occupi$ 9 engrav+ = booksell]s1 & at l5g? he began to pa9t small g5re pictures & "s portraits1 9 :i* he made good success1 b he felt t he 0 fitt$ = o!r "w4 ,9 #agcj he m>ri$ ! daught] ( ! arti/1 ,sir ,james ,?ornhill1 )\t ! cons5t ( h] fa!r4 ,soon aft] ?is he began 8 s]ies ( pictures call$ ! ,h>lot's ,progress1 & :5 ,sir ,james saw !m he 0 s satisfi$ ) ! tal5t ( ,hog>? t he decl>$ t su* an arti/ c\ld support a wife :o _h no d[]1 & ! two pa9t]s 7 soon reconcil$ to ea* o!r4 ,be=e #agdd ,hog>? _h also pa9t$ ! s]ies ( ! ,rake's ,progress & ,m>riage la ,mode 7,fig4 #ga74 ,^! are all pictures :i* hold up ! cu/oms ( ! "t to ridicule & satire1 & 8 works ( ?is k9d are almo/ numb]less4 ,he expla9s z foll[s ! cause ( 8 pa9t+ 9 ?is way3 ,! reasons :i* induc$ me to adopt ?is mode ( design+ 7 t ,i ?\ght bo? critics & pa9t]s _h1 9 ! hi/orical /yle1 q ov]look$ t int]m$iate species ( subjects :i* may be plac$ betwe5 ! sublime & ! grotesque4 ,i !re=e wi%$ to compose pictures on canvas simil> to repres5tations on ! /age2 & fur!r hope t !y w be tri$ by ! same te/ & criticis$ by ! same criticism4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ga4--,,! ,,m>riage ,,contract4 ,no4 #a ( ,! ,m>riage la ,mode4 ,by ,hog>?4 ,9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,x 0 9 ?is sort ( picture t ,hog>? made himself great1 ?\gh he support$ himself = sev]al ye>s by portrait-pa9t+1 9 :i* art he holds a reputable place4 ,mo/ ( 8 important pictures are 9 public gall]ies4 ,hog>? 0 a f9e engrav]1 & left _m plates aft] 8 own works1 :i* are f> bett] & m spirit$ ?an ano!r arti/ c\ld h made !m4 ,! pictures ( ,hog>? h good qualities aside f _! peculi> features4 ,he made 8 int]iors spaci\s1 & ! furniture & all ! details 7 well arrang$2 8 co/umes 7 exact1 z 0 also ! expression ( 8 faces2 8 pa9t+ 0 good1 & 8 color excell5t4 ,9 #agec he publi%$ a book call$ ! ,analysis ( ,beauty4 ,ev] aft] 8 fir/ success 8 c>e] 0 a prosp]\s "o4 ,he rode 9 8 c>riage1 & 0 ! associate & fri5d ( m5 9 good positions4 ,hog>? 0 buri$ 9 ,*iswick ,*ur*y>d1 & on 8 tomb/one are ^! l9es1 writt5 by ,david ,g>rick3 ,f>ewell1 great pa9t] ( mank9d6 ,:o rea*'d ! noble/ po9t ( ,art1 ,^: pictur'd morals *>m ! m9d1 ,& ?r\gh ! eye1 correct ! he>t4 ,if ,g5ius fire !e1 read]1 /ay2 ,if ,nature t\* !e1 drop a te>2 ,if nei!r move !e1 turn away1 ,= ,hog>?'s hon\r'd du/ lies "h4 ,! next important ,engli% pa9t] 0 ,,ri*>d ,,wilson 7#agac-aghb71 & he 0 important n s mu* = :at he pa9t$ z = ! fact t he 0 "o ( ! e>lie/ l&scape-pa9t]s among ,engli% arti/s4 ,he nev] atta9$ weal? or great reputation1 al?\gh aft] 8 return f /udy+ 9 ,italy he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,we come n[ to ,sir ,,jo%ua ,,reynolds 7#agbc-agib71 born at ,plympton1 9 ,devon%ire4 ,8 fa!r 0 a cl]gyman & ! ma/] ( ! gramm> s*ool at ,plympton4 ,jo%ua 0 de/9$ = ! m$ical pr(ession by 8 p>5ts2 b 8 love ( draw+ 0 s m>k$ t1 z ! opportunity (f]$ = him to g to ,london & /udy "u ,hudson1 8 fa!r all[$ him to d s4 ,aft] v>i\s *anges1 9 #agdi he 0 able to g to ,rome1 & rema9$ 9 ,italy ?ree ye>s 7,fig4 #gj74 ,:5 he return$ to ,engl& he soon attract$ att5tion to 8 pictures1 & x 0 n long be=e bo? fame & =tune 7 secur$ to him4 ,8 life 0 a v quiet "o1 ) little ( incid5t t c be relat$ "h4 ,8 si/] kept 8 h\se = him1 & he liv$ g5]\sly1 hav+ company to d9n] almo/ daily4 ,8 fri5ds 7 among ! be/ p ( ! "t1 includ+ su* p]sons z ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,p]cy1 ,goldsmi?1 ,g>rick1 ! ,burkes1 & _m o!rs4 ,! day be=e ,johnson di$ he told ,reynolds t he _h ?ree reque/s to make ( him3 t he w\ld =give him ?irty p\nds :i* he _h l5t him1 w\ld read ! ,scriptures daily1 & w\ld n pa9t on ,sunday4 ,sir ,jo%ua promis$ to d ^! ?+s1 & rememb]$ 8 promise4 ,sir ,jo%ua 0 skilful 9 complim5ts4 ,:5 he pa9t$ 8 fam\s picture ( ,mrs4 ,siddons z ! ,tragic ,muse he put 8 "n on ! bord] ( h] g>m5t4 ,! actress w5t ne> ! picture to exam9e x1 & :5 %e saw ! "n %e smil$4 ,! arti/ said3 ,i c\ld n lose ! opportunity ( s5d+ my "n to po/]ity on ! hem ( y\r g>m5t4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gb4--,,muscipula4 ,by ,reynolds4 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds' fame re/s ^u 8 portraits1 & 9 ^! he is almo/ unrivall$4 ,8 pictures ( *ildr5 are especially f9e4 ,x 0 8 cu/om to receive six sitt]s daily4 ,he kept a li/ ( ^? :o 7 sitt+ & ( o!rs :o wait$ = an opportunity to h _! portraits made by him4 ,he also _h sket*es ( ! diff]5t portraits he _h pa9t$1 & :5 new-com]s _h look$ !m ov] & *os5 ! position !y wi%$1 he sket*$ x on canvas & !n made ! lik5ess to correspond4 ,9 ?is way1 :5 at 8 be/1 he 0 able to pa9t a portrait 9 ab\t f\r h\rs4 ,8 sitt]s' *airs mov$ on ca/]s1 & 7 plac$ on a plat=m a foot & a half above ! floor4 ,he work$ /&+1 & us$ bru%es ) h&les eighte5 in*es long1 mov+ !m ) great rapidity4 ,9 #agfh ,sir ,jo%ua 0 made ! fir/ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy1 & x 0 !n t he 0 knight$ by ! k+4 ,he read lectures at ! ,academy until #agij1 :5 he took 8 leave4 ,dur+ ^! ye>s he s5t two hundr$ & =ty-f\r pictures to ! v>i\s exhibitions4 ,9 #aghb he _h a slight %ock ( p>alysis1 b 0 q well until #aghi1 :5 he fe>$ t he %\ld be bl9d1 & f ?is "t he did n pa9t4 ,he 0 ill ab\t ?ree mon?s be=e 8 dea?1 :i* occurr$ 9 ,febru>y1 #agib4 ,8 rema9s 7 laid 9 /ate at ! ,royal ,academy1 & !n buri$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 ne> ! tomb ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] ,wr54 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! colors us$ by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds are n[ mu* fad$ 9 _m ( 8 pictures4 ,^? 9 ! ,national ,gall]y1 9 ,london1 are1 h[ev]1 9 good pres]vation4 ,naturally1 s9ce s _m ( 8 pictures 7 portraits !y are 9 ! collections ( private families 9 ,engl&1 & b few ( !m are se5 9 ,european gall]ies4 ,!re is an excell5t opportunity to /udy 8 mann] 9 ! pictures at ! ,s\? ,k5s+ton ,museum1 :]e !re are sev]al portraits1 "s pictures ( *ildr51 & ! ,graces ,decorat+ a ,/atue ( ,hym54 ,x is v satisfactory to ?9k ( a great arti/ z a g5ial1 happy man1 :o is de> to 8 fri5ds1 & has a full1 ri* life outside ( 8 pr(ession4 ,su* a life _h ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 & "o writ] says ( him3 ,!y made him a knight--?is fam\s pa9t]2 !y buri$ him ') an empire's lam5tation2' b no?+ honors him m ?an ! 'folio ,engli% diction>y ( ! la/ revision' :i* ,johnson left to him 9 8 w1 ! d$ication t poor1 lov+ ,goldsmi? plac$ 9 ! ',des]t$ ,village1' & ! te>s :i* five ye>s aft] 8 dea? ev5 ,burke c\ld n =be> to %$ ov] 8 memory4 ,,?omas ,,ga9sbor\gh 7#agbg-aghh7 0 born 9 ,sudbury1 9 ,suffolk1 & :5 /ill q "y w5t to ,london1 & /udi$ "u ,francis ,hayman1 :o 0 n an em95t pa9t]4 ,ga9sbor\gh became "o ( ! mo/ important ma/]s ( ! ,engli% s*ool1 especially 9 l&scape pa9t+ & ! repres5tation ( ru/ic figures4 ,8 portraits 7 n z good 9 color z ^? ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds2 !y h a blui%-gray hue 9 ! fle% t9ts2 b !y are always graceful & *>m+4 ,8 l&scapes are n l ^? ( any o!r ma/]4 ,!y are n exact 9 ! detail ( leaves & fl[]s--a botani/ c\ld f9d _m faults 9 !m--b !y are l nature 9 _s3 !y seem to h ! air bl[+ ?r\gh !m1 !y are fre% & dewy :5 x is morn+ 9 !m1 & quiet & peaceful :5 ev5+ comes "u 8 bru%4 ,9 _m ( 8 pictures he put a c>t & a :ite animal4 ,8 ru/ic figures h ! true c\ntry life 9 !m3 !y seem to h f$ ^u ! air1 & w>m$ !mselves 9 ! sun until !y are plump & rosy z c\ntry lads & lasses %\ld be4 ,8 be/ g5re pictures are ! ,cottage ,girl1 ! ,woodman & ,dog 9 a ,/orm1 ! ,cottage ,door1 & ! ,%eph]d ,boy 9 a ,%[]4 ,he pa9t$ a picture ( a ,girl & ,pigs1 = :i* ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds paid him "o hundr$ gu9eas4 ,9 "* ,ga9sbor\gh 0 v attractive1 ?\gh some:at contradictory 9 8 moods4 ,he 0 g5]\s & g5ial1 lovable & affectionate2 he 0 also contradictory & impulsive1 n to say caprici\s4 ,8 wife & he _h little qu>rels :i* !y settl$ 9 ?is wise3 ,:5 ,ga9sbor\gh _h spok5 to h] unk9dly1 he w\ld quickly rep5t1 & write a note to say s1 & address x to 8 wife's spaniel1 call$ ,tri/ram1 & sign x ) ! "n ( 8 pet dog1 ,fox4 ,!n ,m>g>et ,ga9sbor\gh w\ld answ]3 ,my own1 de> ,fox1 y are always lov+ & good1 & ,i am a naughty little female ev] to worry y z ,i too (t5 d1 s we w kiss1 & say no m ab\t x2 y\r own affectionate ,tris4 ,l ,reynolds1 ,ga9sbor\gh _h _m w>m fri5ds1 & :5 he di$ ,sir ,jo%ua himself wat*$ by 8 b$side1 & b5t to cat* 8 la/ ^w1 :i* 0 ! "n ( ,v&yck4 ,,john ,,s+leton ,,copley 7#agcg-ahae7 0 born 9 ,bo/on1 ,mass41 ,u4 ,s41 to :i* place 8 p>5ts are said to h immigrat$ f ,lim]ick1 ,irel&4 ,! fa!r 0 desc5d$ f ! ,copleys ( ,york%ire1 ,engl&1 & ! "m f ! ,s+letons ( ,c\nty ,cl>e1 bo? families ( note4 ,:5 "y ,copley 0 elev5 ye>s old 8 "m 0 m>ri$ to ,pet] ,pelham1 a wid[] ) ?ree sons--,pet]1 ,*>les1 & ,william--& :o subsequ5tly became ! fa!r ( ano!r son1 ,h5ry1 by ?is second m>riage4 ,mr4 ,pelham 0 a portrait pa9t] & a mezzot9t engrav] ( unusual m]it4 ,"o au?ority calls him ! f\nd] ( ^? arts 9 ,new ,engl&4 ,mr4 ,pelham 0 also a man ( education1 a l& surveyor1 & a ma!matician4 ,he 0 ?us well qualifi$ to educate1 assi/1 & /imulate "y ,copley 9 ! pursuit ( /udies s natural & cong5ial to him4 ,he is said to h be5 /udi\s & quiet1 & to h made rapid advances4 ,:5 he 0 fifte5 ye>s old he pa9t$ a portrait ( 8 /ep-bro!r1 ,*>les ,pelham1 n[ 9 ! family ( a great-gr&son1 ,mr4 ,*>les ,pelham ,curtis1 ( ,bo/on4 ,at sixte5 he publi%$ an engrav+ ( ,rev4 ,william ,wel/e$1 f a portrait pa9t$ by himself4 ,! same ye> he pa9t$ ! portrait ( a *ild--aft]w>d ,dr4 de ,m\nt=t--n[ own$ 9 ,detroit4 ,9 #aged he pa9t$ an allegorical picture ( ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ,vulcan1 ?irty in*es long by tw5ty-five wide1 n[ own$ 9 ,bridgewat]1 ,mass4 ,! next ye> he pa9t$ a m9iature ( ,george ,wa%+ton1 :o 0 on a visit to ,gov]nor ,%irley at ! "t4 ,?is picture n[ belongs to ! family ( ! late ,george ,p4 ,putnam1 ( ,new ,york ,city4 ,9 #agef he pa9t$ a ?ree-qu>t]s l5g? portrait ( ,g5]al ,william ,brattle1 life size1 sign$ & dat$1 & n[ own$ by ,mr4 ,william ,s4 ,appleton4 ,he n[ improv$ rapidly4 ,a crayon portrait ( ,miss ,rebecca ,g>d9]1 aft]w>d ,mrs4 ,philip ,dum>esq1 an oil pa9t+ ( ,mrs4 ,edmund ,p]k9s1 a portrait ( ,rebecca ,boyl/on1 aft]w>d wife ( ,gov]nor ,gill1 portraits ( ,colonel & ,mrs4 ,lee1 gr&p>5ts ( ,g5]al ,william ,raymond ,lee1 all exi/ & atte/ ! cont9u$ gr[? ( 8 p[]s4 ,^! date betwe5 #agfc & #agfi4 ,dur+ ?is "t he _h access to & 0 a visitor 9 h\ses :]e 7 portraits by ,s>ibe/1 ,blackburn1 ,liopoldt1 & ev5 by ,v&yck & ,sir ,godfrey ,knell]4 ,mr4 ,augu/us ,?orndike ,p]k9s1 9 8 c>efully writt5 monograph on ,copley1 says t our arti/ mu/ h se5 all ^! pictures1 s9ce1 z ,dr4 ,g>d9] says1 8 g5ial disposition & 8 c\rtly mann]s make him a welcome gue/ ev]y:]e4 ,mr4 ,p]k9s rem>ks t ,copley mu/ h /udi$ ) ,blackburn2 t he imitat$1 b 9 "s respects surpass$ him4 ,bo? frequ5tly us$1 ei!r z ! l9+ ( a dress or z drap]y1 a c]ta9 %ade ( mauve p9k2 ,blackburn uses ?is %ade feebly1 :ile ,copley da%es x on ) ! h& ( a ma/]4 ,on ,novemb] #af1 #agfi1 ,copley m>ri$ ,susan 7or ,susannah1 z x is sometimes writt571 ! daught] ( ,mr4 ,ri*>d ,cl>ke1 a di/+ui%$ m]*ant ( ,bo/on1 to :om1 z ag5t ( ! ,ea/ ,india ,company ( ,london1 0 consign$ ! tea ?r[n ov]bo>d 9 ,bo/on h>bor4 ,f all acc\nts he soon began to live 9 good /yle2 & z1 9 #agga1 ,colonel ,trumbull f\nd him liv+ opposite ! ,common1 x is probable t he pur*as$ at ab\t t "t ! prop]ty :i* aft]w>d became s valuable1 al?\gh long aft] ,copley _h ceas$ to be ! own]4 ,9 #aggc1 says ! late em95t conveyanc]1 ,na?aniel ,+]soll ,b[dit*1 ,copley own$ all ! l& b\nd$ on ! we/ by ,*>les ,riv]1 !nce by ,beacon ,/reet to ,walnut ,/reet1 !nce by ,walnut ,/reet to ,mt4 ,v]non ,/reet1 !nce by ,mt4 ,v]non ,/reet to ,l\isburg ,squ>e1 !nce by ,l\isburg ,squ>e to ,p9ckney ,/reet1 !nce by ,p9ckney ,/reet to ! wat]1 conta9+ ab\t elev5 acres ( l&4 ,?is l& is n[ cov]$ ) h&some resid5ces1 & is ( great value4 ,an ag5t ( ,copley's sold 8 prop]ty aft] he w5t abroad )\t be+ au?oriz$ to d s1 &1 al?\gh 8 son came ov] 9 #agie to look into ! matt]1 he 0 only able to secure a compromise by :i* a fur!r sum ( ?ree ?\s& gu9eas 0 paid 9 f9al settlem5t4 ,soon aft] 8 m>riage ,copley pa9t$ 8 picture ( a ,boy ) a ,squirrel1 :i* he s5t anonym\sly to ,b5jam9 ,we/1 9 ,london1 = exhibition4 ,we/ judg$ f ! wood on :i* ! picture 0 /ret*$ & f ! k9d ( squirrel t ! "w 0 ,am]ican1 & s excell5t 0 ! pa9t+ t a rule ( ! in/itution 0 set aside1 & ! picture exhibit$4 ,?is picture is n[ 9 ! possession ( ,mrs4 ,james ,s4 ,amory1 ( ,bo/on1 a gr&daught] ( ! arti/4 ,! boy 9 ! picture 0 8 half-bro!r ,h5ry4 ,! picture 0 s favorably receiv$ t ,copley 0 advis$ to g to ,engl&4 ,he sail$ 9 #aggd1 & nev] return$4 ,mr4 ,copley1 soon aft] 8 arrival 9 ,london1 pass$ ov] to ! ,cont95t1 & ?r\gh ,italy1 /udy+ 9 ,p>ma & 9 ,rome4 ,he visit$ ,naples & ,p/um also4 ,x is said t he /udi$ s dilig5tly t he 0 ) difficulty p]suad$ to pa9t two portraits 9 ,rome4 ,9 #agge he travell$ & /udi$ 9 ,g]many1 9 ,holl&1 & 9 ,france4 ,?is same ye> 8 wife & family jo9$ him 9 ,engl&4 ,^! consi/$ ( 8 wife1 8 son1 ,john ,s+leton1 :o aft]w>d became ! fam\s ,"l ,*ancellor ,lyndhur/2 8 daught] ,elizabe?1 aft]w>d m>ri$ to a di/+ui%$ m]*ant 9 ,bo/on1 & :o surviv$ to a great age2 ,m>y ,copley1 :o liv$ unm>ri$ to ! great age ( n9ety-f\r2 & ano!r son :o di$ "y4 ,9 #aggg he 0 made an ,associate ( ! ,royal ,academy1 & six ye>s lat] an ,academician4 ,he 0 n[ 9 ! full tide ( success4 ,he 0 (f]$ five hundr$ gu9eas to pa9t a family gr\p ( six p]sons4 ,! well-kn[n gr\p ( ,copley's family1 call$ ! ,family ,picture1 ! ,dea? ( ,"l ,*a?am1 & ,watson & ! ,%>k1 7 on 8 easel 9 #aghj4 ,! picture ( ,"l ,*a?am fall+ s5seless 9 ! ,h\se ( ,lords 0 comm5c$ soon aft] 8 dea? 9 #aggh4 ,x 0 engrav$ by ,b>tolozzi1 & tw5ty-five hundr$ copies 7 sold 9 a few weeks4 ,copley exhibit$ ! picture1 to 8 own pr(it z well z fame4 ,9 #agha occurr$ ! dea? ( ,major ,pi]son1 %ot 9 ! mom5t ( victory ov] ! ,fr5* troops :o _h invad$ ! isl& ( ,j]sey4 ,8 dea? 0 in/antly av5g$ by 8 black s]vant1 & ( ?is sc5e ,copley made "o ( 8 f9e/ pictures4 ,he took pa9s1 ) 8 usual hone/y1 to g to ,/4 ,heli]'s1 & make a draw+ ( ! locality4 ,! picture is ?or\ghly reali/ic1 al?\gh pa9ful4 ,8 l>ge picture ( ! ,repulse & ,defeat ( ! ,spani% ,float+ ,batt]ies at ,gibralt> 0 pa9t$ on commission f ! city ( ,london4 ,x is tw5ty-five feet long by tw5ty-two & a half feet high2 b !re are s _m figures & s mu* di/ance to be %[n 9 ! pa9t+ t ! arti/ really ne$$ m room4 ,( ! comm&]1 ,"l ,hea?field1 ,sir ,rob]t ,royd1 ,sir ,william ,gre51 & "s twelve or fifte5 o!rs1 ! arti/ made c>eful portraits4 ,! /ory told by ,elkanah ,watson %[s ,copley's /rong sympa?y = ,am]ica4 ,9 #aghb ,watson 0 9 ,london1 & ,copley made a full-l5g? portrait ( him1 & 9 8 j\rnal ,watson says3 ,! pa9t+ 0 f9i%$ 9 mo/ exquisite /yle 9 e "p1 except ! backgr\nd1 :i* ,copley & ,i design$ to repres5t a %ip be>+ to ,am]ica ! ackn[l$gm5ts ( our indep5d5ce4 ,! sun 0 j ris+ ^u ! /ripes ( ! ,union /ream+ f h] gaff4 ,all 0 complete save ! flag1 :i* ,copley did n deem prop] to hoi/ "u ! pres5t circum/ances1 z 8 gall]y 0 ! con/ant resort ( ! royal family & ! nobility4 ,i d9$ ) ! arti/ on ! glori\s #e? ( ,decemb]1 #aghb4 ,aft] li/5+ ) him to ! spee* ( ! k+ =mally recogniz+ ! ,unit$ ,/ates ( ,am]ica z 9 ! rank ( nations1 previ\s to d9n]1 & imm$iately aft] our return f ! ,h\se ( ,lords1 he invit$ me into 8 /udio1 & !re1 ) a bold h&1 a ma/]'s t\*1 &1 ,i believe1 an ,am]ican he>t1 he atta*$ to ! %ip ! />s & /ripes4 ,?is 01 ,i imag9e1 ! fir/ ,am]ican flag hoi/$ 9 ,old ,engl&4 ,copley pur*as$1 = a ,london resid5ce1 ! mansion-h\se 9 ,george ,/reet belong+ to ,"l ,fauconburg4 ,x aft]w>d became m widely kn[n z ! resid5ce ( 8 son1 ,"l ,lyndhur/4 ,"l ,mansfield's resid5ce 0 ne> by1 & among ! _m commissions f public m5 0 "o to pa9t 8 lord%ip's portrait4 ,p]haps "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( all 8 commissions 0 "o to pa9t ! picture ( ,*>les ,i4 dem&+ ! five obnoxi\s memb]s f ! ,long ,p>liam5t1 = :i* a numb] ( g5tlem5 9 ,bo/on paid "o ?\s& five hundr$ p\nds4 ,x is said t e face 9 ?is great picture 0 tak5 f a portrait at t "t extant2 & ,mrs4 ,g>d9] ,gre5e n>rates t %e & h] fa!r 7 driv5 9 a po/-*aise ov] a consid]able "p ( ,engl&1 visit+ e h\se 9 :i* !re 0 a picture ( a memb] ( ! fam\s ,p>liam5t1 & 7 always receiv$ z honor$ gue/s4 ,copley's pa9t+ ( ! dea? ( ,"l ,*a?am 0 mu* admir$4 ,s num]\s 7 ! subscriptions = ! engrav+ t x is said ,copley mu/ h receiv$ ne>ly1 or q1 elev5 ?\s& p\nds = ! picture & ! engrav$ copies4 ,x 0 q natural = ,copley to be popul> ) ,new ,engl&]s2 inde$1 almo/ e ,bo/onian1 at "o "t1 on visit+ ,london1 made a po9t to br+ home 8 portrait by ,copley1 if possible4 ,!re are kn[n to exi/ 9 ?is c\ntry two hundr$ & sixty-n9e oil-pa9t+s1 ?irty-five crayons1 & f\rte5 m9iatures by him4 ,^! pictures are c>efully *]i%$1 z are inde$ all memorials ( ?is g5]\s & k9dly g5tleman4 ,al?\gh 8 life 0 mo/ly pass$ 9 ,engl&1 :]e he obta9$ weal? & r5[n1 yet 9 a /rong s5se he c\ld be claim$ = ,bo/on1 z x 0 !re he 0 born2 x 0 !re he receiv$ 8 arti/ic bias & education2 x 0 !re he 0 m>ri$1 & _h ?ree *ildr5 born to him2 &1 f9ally1 x 0 !re t he acquir$ a fair am\nt ( fame & prop]ty solely by 8 bru%4 ,x w be wor? :ile = ! read]s ( ?is volume to take pa9s to see "s ( ! m notewor?y ,copleys4 ,a portrait ( ,john ,adams1 full l5g?1 pa9t$ 9 ,london 9 #aghc1 is n[ 9 possession ( ,h>v>d ,college4 ,a portrait ( ,samuel ,adams1 ?ree-qu>t]s l5g?1 spirit$ & beautiful1 /&+ by a table1 & hold+ a pap]1 hangs 9 ,faneuil ,hall4 ,ano!r picture ( ,samuel ,adams is 9 ,h>v>d ,college1 :i* also owns sev]al o!r ,copleys4 ,a portrait ( ,james ,all51 a man ( =tune1 a patriot1 & a s*ol>1 is n[ own$ by ! ,massa*usetts ,hi/orical ,society4 ,! ,copley ,family1 "o ( ! arti/'s v be/ pictures1 is n[ own$ 9 ,bo/on by ,mr4 ,amory1 &1 9 fact1 ,mrs4 ,james ,s4 ,amory owns a numb] ( 8 be/ works4 ,copley 0 a man ( elegance & dignity1 fond ( ! beautiful1 p>ticul> 9 8 dress1 hospitable1 & a lov] ( poetry & ! arts4 ,8 favorite book 0 said to be ,p>adise ,lo/4 ,8 la/ picture 0 on ! subject ( ! ,resurrection4 ,,b5jam9 ,,we/ 7#agch-ahbj7 0 born at ,spr+field1 ,p5nsylvania1 ( ,quak] p>5tage4 ,9 ! v>i\s n>ratives ( 8 successful life _m /ories are told :i* appe> some:at fabul\s1 & mo/ ( :i* h no?+ to d ) 8 subsequ5t c>e]4 ,he is said to h made a p5-&-ink portrait ( 8 little niece at ! age ( sev5 ye>s2 to h %av$ ! cat's tail = pa9t bru%es2 to h receiv$ in/ruction 9 pa9t+ & ar*]y f ! ,indians2 to h s f> conqu]$ ! prejudices ( 8 relatives & _! co-religioni/s to 8 adoption ( an arti/'s life t he 0 solemnly consecrat$ to x by ! lay+ on ( h&s by ! m51 & ! simultane\s kiss+ ( ! wom54 ,8 love = art mu/ h be5 v /rong1 & he 0 f9ally indulg$1 & assi/$ 9 x by 8 relatives1 s t at ! age ( eighte5 he 0 e/abli%$ z a portrait-pa9t] 9 ,philadelphia4 ,by ! k9dness ( fri5ds 9 t city & 9 ,new ,york he 0 enabl$ to g to ,italy1 :]e he rema9$ ?ree ye>s1 mak+ fri5ds & reputation ev]y:]e4 ,p>ma1 ,flor5ce1 & ,bologna elect$ him a memb] ( _! ,academies4 ,he 0 only tw5ty-five ye>s old :5 he w5t to ,engl&1 on 8 way back to ,am]ica4 ,b he 0 s well receiv$ t he f9ally det]m9$ to rema9 9 ,engl&1 & a "y lady nam$ ,elizabe? ,%ewell1 to :om he _h become engag$ be=e go+ abroad1 0 k9d & judici\s en\gh to jo9 him 9 ,london1 :]e %e became 8 wife1 & 0 8 fai?ful helpmate = fifty ye>s4 ,9 #agff he exhibit$ 8 ,ore/es & ,pylades1 :i* on acc\nt ( its novelty & m]it produc$ a s5sation4 ,he pa9t$ ,agripp9a weep+ ov] ! ,urn ( ,g]manicus1 & by ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,york 0 introduc$ to ,george ,,iii4 z its au?or4 ,he imm$iately ga9$ favor ) ! k+1 & 0 in/all$ at ,w9dsor z ! c\rt-pa9t] ) a sal>y ( "o ?\s& p\nds p] annum4 ,?is sal>y & position 0 cont9u$ = ?irty-?ree ye>s4 ,he pa9t$ a s]ies ( subjects on a gr& scale f ! life ( ,edw>d ,,iii4 = ,/4 ,george's ,hall1 & tw5ty-eight scriptural subjects1 besides n9e portrait pictures ( ! royal family4 ,9 #agib1 on ! dea? ( ,reynolds1 he 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy1 a position :i*1 except a brief int]regnum1 he held until 8 dea? 9 ,m>*1 #ahbj4 ,he 0 greatly prais$ 9 8 day1 & d\btless ?\ght himself a great arti/4 ,he pa9t$ a va/ numb] ( portraits & q a numb] ( pictures ( classical & hi/orical subjects4 ,8 ,le> is 9 ! ,bo/on ,a!num2 8 ,hamlet & ,ophelia is 9 ! ,longwor? collection 9 ,c9c9nati2 ,*ri/ ,heal+ ! ,sick is 9 ! ,p5nsylvania ,hospital2 & ! ,reject$ ,*ri/ is or 0 own$ by ,mr4 ,h>rison1 ( ,philadelphia4 ,!re are two portraits ( ,we/1 "o by ,all/on & "o by ,leslie1 9 ! ,bo/on ,a!num1 & a full-l5g?1 by ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce1 9 ! ,wadswor? ,gall]y 9 ,h>t=d1 ,conn4 ,"o ( ,we/'s pictures did a great deal = 8 reputation1 al?\gh x 0 q a dep>ture f ! treatm5t & ideas !n 9 vogue2 ?is 0 ! ,dea? ( ,g5]al ,wolfe on ! ,pla9s ( ,abraham4 ,:5 x 0 kn[n to arti/s & amateurs t 8 purpose 0 to depict ! sc5e z x really might h happ5$ he 0 greatly ridicul$4 ,ev5 ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds express$ an op9ion aga9/ x2 b :5 he saw ! picture he own$ t ,we/ 0 "r4 ,hi!rto no "o _h pa9t$ a sc5e f contempor>y hi/ory ) figures dress$ 9 ! co/ume ( ! day4 ,b ,we/ depict$ ea* (fic] & soldi] 9 8 uni=m1 & gave e man 8 pig-tail :o wore "o4 ,! picture is spirit$ & well gr\p$4 ,we/ 0 j su* a practical1 ?\ghtful1 & k9dly man z we might expect f 8 ance/ry & surr\nd+s4 ,,george ,,romney 7#agcd-ahjb71 born 9 ,beckside1 ne> ,dalton1 9 ,cumb]l&4 ,he m>ri$ :5 he 0 tw5ty-two1 & 9 8 tw5ty-sev5? ye> w5t to ,london ) only ?irty p\nds 9 8 pocket1 leav+ 8 wife ) sev5ty p\nds & two "y *ildr54 ,he return$ home to die 9 #agii1 & 9 ! meantime saw 8 wife b twice4 ,! ye> aft] 8 arrival 9 ,london he c>ri$ (f ! fifty-gu9ea prize on ! subject ( ! ,dea? ( ,wolfe f ! ,society ( ,arts4 ,?r\gh ! influ5ce ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds ?is 0 reconsid]$1 & ! fifty-gu9ea prize 0 aw>d$ to ,mortim] = 8 ,edw>d ! ,confessor1 :ile ,romney 0 put (f ) a gratuity ( tw5ty-five gu9eas4 ,?is produc$ a feud betwe5 ! two arti/s4 ,romney %[$ 8 res5tm5t by exhibit+ 9 a h\se 9 ,spr+ ,g>d5s1 & nev] s5d+ a picture to ! ,academy1 :ile ,reynolds w\ld n s mu* z m5tion 8 "n1 b spoke ( him z ! man 9 ,cav5di% ,squ>e4 ,?is 0 aft] 8 return f ! ,cont95t2 b be=e go+ to ,italy he 0 di/9ctly ! rival ( ,sir ,jo%ua1 s mu* s t !re 7 two factions1 & ,romney's /udio1 9 ,great ,newport ,/reet1 0 cr[d$ ) sitt]s1 among :om 0 ! fam\s ,"l ,*ancellor ,?url[1 ^: full-l5g? portrait is ! pride ( its possessor4 ,at ?is "t he 0 mak+ ab\t twelve hundr$ p\nds a ye>1 a v good income = ^? days4 ,9 #aggc he w5t to ,rome ) a lett] to ! ,pope f ! ,duke ( ,ri*mond4 ,8 di>y1 :i* he kept = a fri5d1 %[s h[ consci5ti\s & close 0 8 obs]vation & h[ great 8 zeal4 ,he made a copy ( ! ,transfiguration1 = :i* he refus$ "o hundr$ gu9eas1 & :i* f9ally sold = six gu9eas aft] 8 dea?4 ,on 8 return to ,london 9 #agge he took ! h\se 9 ,cav5di% ,squ>e1 :]e he _h great success4 ,he pa9t$ a s]ies ( portraits ( ! ,g[] family1 ! l>ge/ be+ a gr\p ( *ildr5 danc+1 :i* ,allan ,cunn+ham comm5d$ z be+ ma/]ly & graceful4 ,"s ( 8 portraits h a *>m beyond 8 rivals4 ,he pa9t$ portraits ( ,lady ,hamilton1 ! fri5d ( ,"l ,nelson--! maid ( all "w1 model1 mi/ress1 ambassadress1 & paup]--scores ( times1 & 9 diff]5t attitudes & a v>iety ( *>act]s1 z ,hebe1 a ,bac*ante1 a ,sibyl1 z ,joan ( ,arc1 z ,s5sibility1 z a ,/4 ,cecilia1 z ,cass&ra1 z ,iphig5ia1 z ,con/ance1 z ,calypso1 z ,circe1 & z ,m>y ,magdal51 & 9 "s ( ^! *>act]s _m times4 ,he (t5 work$ ?irte5 h\rs a day1 & did 8 fancy sket*es :5 sitt]s disappo9t$ him4 ,he w\ld pa9t a portrait ( a g5tleman 9 f\r sitt+s4 ,he 0 extremely fond ( portray+ ,%akespe>e's *>act]s1 & contribut$ to ! ,%akespe>e ,gall]y =m$ by ,ald]man ,boydell4 ,he w5t to ,p>is 9 #agij1 :]e ,"l & ,lady ,g[] introduc$ him to ,l\is ,philippe1 & ?r\gh him to all ! art treasures ( ! ,fr5* capital4 ,on 8 return to ,london he =m$ a plan ( an art museum1 to be furni%$ ) ca/s ( ! f9e/ /atues 9 ,rome1 & sp5t a good deal ( money 9 ! erection ( a l>ge build+ = ! purpose4 ,8 p[]s z an arti/ gradually wan$4 ,he left 8 ,cav5di% ,squ>e resid5ce 9 #agig1 & 9 #agii return$ to 8 family & home at ,k5dall4 ,f ?is "t to ! close ( 8 life 9 #ahjb he 0 a m]e wreck1 & 8 arti/ life 0 ov]4 ,,george ,,morl& 7#agfc-ahjd7 0 born 9 ,london1 & ! son ( an arti/4 ,8 fa!r 0 unsuccessful1 & poor ,george 0 articl$ to 8 fa!r1 aft] ! ,engli% fa%ion1 & 0 kept close at home & at "w4 ,x is said t 8 fa!r /imulat$ him ) ri* food & dr9k to coax him to "w4 ,he 0 v precoci\s1 & really _h unusual tal5ts4 ,8 subjects 7 ^? ( ru/ic life1 & 8 pictures conta9 animals wond]fully well pa9t$1 b 8 pigs surpass all4 ,8 "* 0 pitiful2 he 0 simply1 at 8 be/1 a m]e ma*9e to make pictures4 ,z = goodness1 tru?1 or nobl5ess ( any sort1 !re is n a syllable record$ 9 8 favor4 ,/range to say1 ! pictures ( 8 be/ "t are ma/]pieces 9 _! way1 & h be5 sold at l>ge prices4 ,sir ,,?omas ,,lawr5ce 7#agfi-ahcj71 born at ,bri/ol1 ,engl&1 9 ! ,:ite ,h>t ,inn1 ( :i* 8 fa!r 0 l&lord4 ,he 0 wond]fully precoci\s1 & z a *ild ( five ye>s w\ld recite odes1 & declaim passages f ,milton & ,%akespe>e4 ,ev5 at ?is e>ly p]iod he made *alk or p5cil portraits1 & at n9e he f9ally decid$ to become a pa9t] f hav+ se5 a picture by ,rub5s4 ,at ?is p]iod he made a color$ *alk portrait ( ! beautiful ,georgiana1 ,du*ess ( ,devon%ire1 :i* /ill hangs 9 ,*iswick ,h\se1 9 ! room 9 :i* ,*>les ,fox di$4 ,8 fa!r 0 ! son ( a cl]gyman1 & 0 br$ a lawy]1 b _h nev] prosp]$2 /ill 8 culture & education gave a c]ta9 ze/ & tone to ! m9d ( "y ,lawr5ce1 & made him1 ) 8 elegant figure & h&some face1 ! successful c\rti] t he aft]w>d became4 ,he work$ h>d1 ) consid]able success1 & ) b little in/ruction until1 at ! age ( eighte51 he w5t to ,london = ! fir/ "t4 ,at t p]iod he 0 describ$ z be+ extremely h&some 9 p]son1 ) f9e1 regul> features1 brilliant eyes1 & long1 *e/nut-color$ hair fall+ to 8 %\ld]s4 ,he lodg$ close by ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds--!n ne> ! end ( 8 c>e]1 & f him receiv$ mu* valuable advice4 ,dur+ ,lawr5ce's fir/ ye>s 9 ,london he attempt$ pictures illu/rat+ classic art1 b )\t mu* success4 ,inde$ he 0 nev] successful 9 l>ge1 imag9ative pictures1 & dur+ mo/ ( 8 c>e] ( m ?an =ty ye>s1 conf9$ himself to portraits4 ,! "t 0 propiti\s = him3 ,ga9sbor\gh 0 dead2 ,reynolds 0 almo/ bl9d1 & _h giv5 up pa9t+2 & ,romney _h no hold on ! c\rt & ! lead]s ( fa%ion4 ,lawr5ce rais$ 8 prices1 & _h all he c\ld d4 ,he adopt$ a m exp5sive /yle ( dress1 & 9 fact liv$ s extravagantly t he nev] arriv$ at :at may be call$ easy circum/ances--8 op5-h&$ g5]osity contribut$ to ?is result4 ,he e>ly receiv$ commissions f ! royal family4 ,9 #agia he 0 elect$ an ,associate1 & 9 #agid an ,academician4 ,! next ye> ,george ,,iii4 appo9t$ him pa9t] 9 ord9>y to 8 ,maje/y4 ,he 0 ?us fairly laun*$ on a c>e] t promis$ ! highe/ success4 ,9 a c]ta9 s5se he _h x1 b l>gely 9 a limit$ s5se4 ,he pa9t$ ! portraits ( p z he saw !m2 b he nev] look$ beh9d ! co/ume & ! artificial society mann]4 ,he reproduc$ ! pyramidically %ap$ coats & coll>s1 ! ov]lapp+ wai/coats ( diff]5t colors1 ! ,hessian boots1 & ! velvet coats1 adorn$ ) furs & frogs1 ( ! f9e g5tlem52 & ! turbans ) birds-(-,p>adise fea!rs1 ! g[ns )\t wai/s1 ! b>e arms & long gloves1 ! %ort leg-(-mutton sleeves1 & o!r mon/rosities ( ! ladies4 ,& = ?irty ye>s 8 sitt]s 7 attir$ 9 r$1 or gre51 or blue1 or purple4 ,he absolutely revell$ 9 ! ugl9ess ( fa%ion4 ,occasionally ,lawr5ce did "s v good ?+s1 z :5 he pa9t$ ! ,iri% orator & patriot1 ,curran1 9 "o sitt+1 9 :i*1 accord+ to ,williams1 he f9i%$ ! mo/ extraord9>y lik5ess ( ! mo/ extraord9>y face )9 ! memory ( man4 ,he always pa9t$ /&+1 & (t5 kept 8 sitt]s = ?ree h\rs at a /ret*1 & sometimes requir$ z _m z n9e sitt+s4 ,on "o occasion he is said to h work$ all ?r\gh "o day1 ?r\gh t night1 ! next day1 & ?r\gh all ! night foll[+6 ,by comm& ( ! pr9ce reg5t he pa9t$ ! alli$ sov]eigns1 _! /atesm51 pr9ces1 & g5]als--all ! lead+ p]sonages1 9 fact1 9 alliance aga9/ ,napoleon4 ,8 pictures 9 ! exhibition ( #ahae 7 ,mrs4 ,wolfe1 ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t1 ,mett]ni*1 ! ,duke ( ,well+ton1 ,blu*]1 ! ,hetman ,plat(f1 & ,mr4 ,h>t ,davis4 ,dur+ ! ,congress t met at ,aix-la-,*apelle 9 #ahah1 ,lawr5ce 0 commission$ by ! ,pr9ce ,reg5t to pa9t its pr9cipal heads = an especial gall]y4 ,he ?us _h = sitt]s ne>ly all ! lead+ /atesm5 ( ,europe4 ,f ,aix-la-,*apelle he w5t to ,vi5na1 & !nce to ,rome 9 #ahai1 :]e among o!rs he pa9t$ lik5esses ( ! ,pope1 ( ,c>d9al ,gonsalvi1 & ( ,canova4 ,( ! latt]1 ,canova cri$ out1 ,p] ,bac*o1 *e nomo e que/o6 ,x 0 consid]$ a m>vell\s lik5ess2 & )\t violat+ good ta/e he work$ into ! picture crimson velvet & damask1 gold1 preci\s m>ble1 & fur1 ) a mo/ brilliant effect4 ,be=e rea*+ home 9 ,london he 0 elect$ ,presid5t ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,at ?is "t he _h be5 elect$ a memb] ( ! ,roman ,academy ( ,/4 ,luke's1 ( ! ,academy ( ,f9e ,arts 9 ,flor5ce1 & ( ! ,f9e ,arts 9 ,new ,york4 ,he cont9u$ to improve z a pa9t]1 & betwe5 #ahbe & ! ye> ( 8 dea?1 pa9t$ & exhibit$ "s ( 8 f9e/ works4 ,he usually exhibit$ eight pictures ea* ye>1 & al?\gh )\t a rival1 gave evid5ce ( anxi\s c>e to su/a9 8 reputation4 ,he 0 especially successful ) *ildr51 & _m ( ^! pictures--z well z ( celebrities--7 engrav$1 & h ?us become kn[n all ov] ! _w4 ,( 8 eight pictures exhibit$ 9 #ahbi--! la/ he ev] contribut$--,williams says3 ,x is difficult to imag9e a m undeviat+ excell5ce1 an infallible accuracy ( lik5ess1 ) an elevation ( art bel[ :i* x seem$ impossible = him to desc5d4 ,lawr5ce di$ on ! morn+ ( ! #g? ( ,janu>y1 #ahcj1 ) b little w>n+1 f ossification ( ! he>t2 he 0 buri$ ) mu* pomp & honor 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 by ! side ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gc4--,,portrait ,,( ,,turn]4 ,,joseph ,m4 ,w4 ,,turn]1 ,r4,a4 7#agge-ahea74--;,x is believ$1 by ^? :o h inve/igat$ ! "q mo/ c>efully1 t ?is em95t arti/ & mo/ rem>kable man 0 born 9 ,maid5 ,lane1 ,london1 ,april #c1 #agge1 al?\gh ! arti/ himself has /at$ t he 0 born 9 ,devon%ire1 ,april #bc1 #agfi4 ,turn]'s fa!r1 ,william ,turn]1 0 a native ( ,devon%ire1 b came to ,london :ile "y1 & did a fair bus9ess 9 ! ,cov5t ,g>d5 di/rict z a hair-dress]1 wig-mak]1 & 9 %av+ p4 ,! fa!r 0 g>rul\s1 l ! traditional hair-dress]1 ) a pleasant laugh1 & a fre%1 smil+ face4 ,he _h a p>rot nose & a project+ *94 ,turn]'s "m 0 a ,miss ,mallord 7or ,m>%all71 ( good family1 b a viol5t-temp]$ woman1 ) a hawk nose & a fi]ce visage4 ,h] life end$ 9 a lunatic asylum4 ,! arti/1 :o 0 always impati5t ( inquiry into 8 dome/ic matt]s1 res5t$ any allusion to 8 "m1 & nev] spoke ( h]4 ,! manife/ peculi>ities ( 8 p>5ts _h an impression ^u ,turn]1 & w\ld h made him ecc5tric _h !re be5 no o!r influ5ces ( a k9dr$ nature4 ,! p>5ts 7 "u-siz$1 & ( limit$ m5tal range2 !y 7 ( v little p]sonal assi/ance to _! gift$ son1 al?\gh ! fa!r 9 lat] ye>s busi$ himself 9 mix+ colors1 adju/+ pictures to frames1 & sometimes he 0 entru/$ ) c]ta9 r\gh "w at fill+ 9 backgr\nds4 ,:5 ,turn] 0 b five ye>s old he is said to h made1 f memory1 a fair copy ( a lion rampant engrav$ on a silv] salv]1 :i* he _h se5 :ile accompany+ 8 fa!r to ! h\se ( a cu/om]4 ,pres5tly ! boy began to copy pictures 9 wat]-colors1 & !n to make sket*es f nature ( sc5es along ! riv] ,?ames4 ,9 8 n9? ye> he drew a picture ( ,m>gate ,*ur*4 ,:5 he 0 t5 ye>s old he 0 s5t to s*ool at ,br5t=d-,butts1 :]e he rema9$ two ye>s1 bo>d+ ) 8 uncle1 ! local but*]4 ,8 leisure h\rs 7 sp5t 9 dreamy w&]+s & 9 mak+ c\ntless sket*es ( birds1 trees1 fl[]s1 & dome/ic f[ls4 ,he acquir$ a smatt]+ ( ! classics & "s k ( leg5ds & anci5t hi/ory4 ,on 8 return to ,london he receiv$ in/ruction f ,palice 9 pa9t+ fl[]s1 &1 aft] a ye> or two1 0 s5t to ,m>gate1 9 ,k5t1 to ,coleman's s*ool4 ,"h he _h m scope & a wid] range1 & made pictures ( ! sea1 ! *alk cliffs1 ! undulations ( ! coa/1 & ! glori\s effects ( cl\d sc5]y4 ,on 8 return f ,m>gate he began to e>n money by color+ engrav+s & by pa9t+ skies 9 amateurs' draw+s & 9 ar*itects' plans at half a cr[n an ev5+4 ,he always deem$ ?is good practice1 z he ?us acquir$ facility & skill 9 gradations4 ,8 fa!r at "o "t ?\ght to make an ar*itect ( him1 & s5t him to ,tom ,malton to /udy p]spective4 ,b he fail$ 9 ! exact bran* ( ! pr(ession1 & nei!r ) ,malton nor ) ! ar*itect ,h>dwick did he give satisfaction4 ,:ile ) ,h>dwick he drew c>eful sket*es ( old h\ses & *ur*es1 & ?is practice mu/ h be5 ( mu* use to him 9 aft]-life4 ,8 fa!r f9ally s5t him to ! ,royal ,academy1 :]e he /udi$ h>d1 draw+ f ,greek models & ! =mal classic ar*itecture4 ,ab\t ?is "t he 0 employ$1 at half a cr[n an ev5+1 ) supp] ?r[n 91 to make copies ( pictures by ,dr4 ,munro1 ( ,adelphi ,t]race4 ,munro 0 "o ( ! physicians employ$ 9 ! c>e ( ,george ,,iii4 :5 he _h a crazy spell1 & own$ _m valuable pictures by ,salvator-,rosa1 ,rembr&t1 ,snyd]1 ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,he>ne1 ,coz5s1 & o!rs4 ,he _h also portfolios full ( draw+s ( ca/les & ca!drals1 & ( ,swiss & ,italian sc5]y1 & ( sket*es by ,claude & ,titian4 ,turn] 0 also employ$ to sket* f nature 9 all directions ab\t ,london4 ,9 ^! tasks he _h = a con/ant companion ,hone/ ,tom ,girt91 a "y fell[ ( ,turn]'s own age1 :o aft]w>d m>ri$ a weal?y lady1 _h ri* patrons1 & di$ be=e he 0 ?irty4 ,_h he liv$ to mature ye>s1 ,girt9 w\ld h be5 a p[]ful rival to ,turn]4 ,!y 7 mo/ excell5t fri5ds1 & :5 ,girt9 di$ 9 ,rome1 ,turn] 0 "o ( 8 mo/ s9c]e m\rn]s4 ,t[>d ! close ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds' life1 ,turn] frequ5t$ 8 /udio1 copi$ pictures1 & acquir$ "s art secrets4 ,he began to tea* wat]-color draw+ 9 s*ools1 :ile /ill a boy1 at f a cr[n to a gu9ea a lesson4 ,he made hundr$s ( sket*es 9 a "p ( ,london n[ built ov] compactly ) h\ses 9 /reets & squ>es1 b !n picturesque 9 hills & dells1 9 wood$ fields & gre5 lanes4 ,) all 8 baggage ti$ 9 a h&k]*ief on ! end ( 8 walk+-/ick1 he made a sket*+ t\r ?r\gh ! t[ns ( ,ro*e/]1 ,cant]bury1 ,m>gate1 & o!rs1 9 ,k5t1 9 #agic1 & ab\t ?is "t began to pa9t 9 oil4 ,8 fir/ contribution to ! ,royal ,academy 0 a wat]-color sket* 9 #agij4 ,)9 ! next t5 ye>s he exhibit$ ov] sixty pictures ( ca/les1 ca!drals1 & l&scapes4 ,all ?r\gh 8 life he made sket*es4 ,:]ev] he 01 if he saw a f9e or an unusual effect1 he treasur$ x up = use4 ,he sket*$ on any bit ( pap]1 or ev5 on 8 ?umb-nail1 if he _h no?+ bett]4 ,no?+ escap$ 8 att5tion1 :e!r ( e>?1 or sea1 or sky4 ,probably no arti/ t ev] liv$ gave nature su* c>eful & pr(\nd /udy4 ,8 /udies ( cl\d sc5]y 7 almo/ a revelation to mank9d4 ,9 all ?is ,turn] drew 8 in/ruction z well z 8 inspiration f nature4 ,! critics did no?+ = him2 he r op5$ ! eyes ( ev5 su* m5 z ,rusk9 to ! wond]s ( ! natural _w4 ,b ^! results all came lat]1 & 7 ! fruit ( & result$ f 8 con/ant & incessant /udies4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gd4--,,nantes4 ,by ,turn]4 ,9 #agid & #agie he made elaborate draw+s ( ,ro*e/]1 ,*ep/[1 ,birm+ham1 ,worce/]1 ,guild=d1 ,cambridge1 & o!r t[ns1 = magaz9es4 ,9 #agif he did ! same = ,*e/]1 ,bri/ol1 ,lei?1 ,pet]bor\gh1 & ,w9dsor4 ,)9 ! next f\r ye>s he complet$ ! circuit ( tw5ty-six c\nties 9 ,engl& & ,wales1 & he also exhibit$ tw5ty-?ree highly f9i%$ draw+s ( ca!drals & *ur*es4 ,he 0 sl[ to und]take oil-pa9t+1 pref]r+ ! m rapid t\* & ! light-&-%ade effect ( ! crayon1 or ! delicate & beautiful effects ( wat]-colors4 ,he 0 always great] z a pa9t] 9 wat]-colors ?an 9 oils1 & x is claim$ by ,r$grave t ! art all b began ) him1 & t 8 wat]-color pa9t+s epitomize ! :ole my/]y ( l&scape art4 ,"s ( 8 pa9t+s 9 ?is l9e h be5 sold at enorm\s prices1 & ev5 9 8 own day 8 wat]-color picture ( ,tivoli sold = eighte5 hundr$ gu9eas4 ,turn] became z fond ( ,nor!rn ,york%ire--:i* he fir/ visit$ 9 #agig--;z he 0 ( ,s\!rn ,k5t4 ,he f\nd !re a great v>iety ( sc5]y1 f ! sweet & peaceful to ! ennobl+ & gr&4 ,he visit$ & made /udies f all ! old ca!drals1 ca/les1 & abbeys1 & 9 #agih he exhibit$ pictures ( ,f\nta9 & ,kirk/all ,abbeys1 ,holy ,isl& ,ca!dral1 ,butt]m]e ,lake1 ,dun/anbor\gh ,ca/le1 z well z ,morn+ ,among ! ,corri/on ,fells4 ,he f\nd 9 ,york%ire also "s ( 8 w>me/ fri5ds & mo/ munific5t patrons1 notably ,mr4 ,hawkeswor? ,fawkes1 ( ,f>nley ,hall1 ^: h\se 0 adorn$ ) fifty ?\s& doll>s' wor? ( ,turn]'s pictures4 ,"s additions to ,f>nley ,hall 7 design$ by ,turn]1 & he 0 always a welcome visitor4 ,"h he sket*$1 & at int]vals enjoy$ himself greatly 9 hunt+ & fi%+4 ,x is said t ! ,f>nley portfolios /ill conta9 sket*es n only ( ! hall & its prec9cts1 b ( coa/ sc5es1 ,swiss views1 draw+s ( birds1 illu/rations ( ! ,civil ,w>1 &1 m especially1 ( fifty-?ree rem>kable draw+s ( ! ,rh9el& regions1 done at ! rate ( ?ree a day2 ^! la/ 7 (f]$ by ,turn] to ,mr4 ,fawkes on 8 return f ! ,cont95t = ! sum ( five hundr$ p\nds1 & ! b>ga9 0 clos$ at once4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,fawkes visit$ ,london he sp5t h\rs 9 ,turn]'s private gall]y1 b 0 nev] %[n into ! pa9t+-room4 ,inde$1 v few p]sons 7 ev] all[$ !re4 ,once1 :5 ,turn] d9$ at a hotel ) ,mr4 ,fawkes1 ! arti/ took too mu* w9e1 & reel$ ab\t1 exclaim+1 ,hawkey1 ,i am ! real lion--,i am ! great lion ( ! day1 ,hawkey4 ,:5 ,mr4 ,fawkes di$1 end$ ,turn]'s visits to ,f>nley4 ,he nev] w5t !re aga91 b :5 ! y\ng] ,fawkes br\ght ! ,rh9e draw+s up to ,london = him to see aga91 he pass$ 8 h& ov] ! ,lorelei ,twilight1 say+1 ) te>s 9 8 eyes1 ,b ,hawkey6 b ,hawkey6 ,:5 ,mr4 ,wells1 an arti/ ( ,addiscomb1 di$ he m\rn$ 8 loss bitt]ly1 & exclaim$ to 8 daught]3 ,oh1 ,cl>a1 ,cl>a1 ^! are iron te>s6 ,i h lo/ ! be/ fri5d ,i ev] _h 9 my life6 ,9 ?is family all ! *ildr5 lov$ him4 ,he w\ld lie on ! floor1 & play ) !m1 & ! olde/ daught] aft]w>d said3 ,( all ! light-he>t$1 m]ry creatures ,i ev] knew1 ,turn] 0 ! mo/ s4 ,b 9 #agig ,turn] _h a bitt] disappo9tm5t :i* w>p$ & di/ort$ all 8 aft]-life4 ,a "y lady to :om he _h become atta*$ :ile a s*oolboy at ,m>gate1 0 engag$ to be m>ri$ to him4 ,he _h be5 abs5t = two ye>s on sket*+ t\rs1 & ! /ep-"m ( ! "y lady _h int]cept$ & de/roy$ 8 lett]s1 s t at la/ %e believ$ ! repres5tations made t ,turn] _h des]t$ h]4 ,%e became engag$ to ano!r1 & 0 ab\t to be m>ri$1 :5 ,turn] appe>$1 & plead$ passionately t %e w\ld return to him4 ,%e ?\ght t %e _h be5 trifl$ )1 & held by h] refusal1 & did n f9d out ! wrongs done by ! /ep-"m until x 0 too late4 ,?is disappo9tm5t l$ to great] self-conc5tration & /+y money-gett+ until x became ! absorb+ passion ( 8 life1 s t ! arti/ passion 0 dom9at$ by x4 ,x w\ld take up too l>ge a portion ( ?is book to describe ev5 briefly ,turn]'s travels & works4 ,only a b>e outl9e c be giv54 ,9 #ahjj he became an ,associate ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,he mov$ into a m commodi\s h\se at #fd ,h>ley ,/reet4 ,dur+ ?is ye> he exhibit$ pictures ( ,ca]n>von ,ca/le & ! ,fif? ,plague ( ,egypt2 also f9e views ( ,fon?ill ,abbey1 ! new palace ( ,beck=d1 ) :om he sp5t mu* "t4 ,! only portrait = :i* ,turn] ev] sat 0 pa9t$ 9 #ahjj by ,george ,dance4 ,x %[s a h&some "y man1 ) a full b rec$+ =ehead1 ar*$ eyebr[s1 a prom95t nose1 a massive *91 & a s5sual m\?4 ,8 ?ick & wiry hair is ti$ beh9d1 & he we>s a coat ) an imm5se cape4 ,by ?is "t full-bottom$ wigs _h gone out ( fa%ion1 & ! old b>b] ab&on$ 8 bus9ess to g & live ) 8 arti/ son4 ,9 #ahja ,turn] exhibit$ pictures ( ,/4 ,donat's ,ca/le & ,pembroke ,ca/le 9 ,wales1 ! ,salisbury ,*apt]-h\se1 an autumn morn+ 9 ,london1 ! de/ruction ( ! ,m$ian army1 & ,dut* fi%+-boats 9 a gale4 ,he _h begun 8 conte/ ) ,claude by pa9t+ pictures ( classical subjects 9 ,claude's mann]4 ,turn] 0 elect$ ,royal ,academician 9 #ahjb1 & exhibit$ sev]al notable oil-pa9t+s1 sign$ ) all 8 initials1 :i* he !nce=? us$4 ,! ,academy _h be5 quick to recognize ,turn]'s g5ius1 & he 0 always its fai?ful1 cons]vative1 & zeal\s fri5d4 ,z an auditor1 c\ncillor1 or a visitor he 0 scrupul\s1 & he att5d$ g5]al meet+s & =mal d9n]s ) ! same promptitude & c]ta9ty ) :i* = =ty-five ye>s he s5t 8 pictures to ! annual exhibitions4 ,he 0 a peacemak] 9 debates1 b 9 bus9ess he 0 irresolute4 ,9 #ahjb he visit$ ! ,cont95t = ! fir/ "t1 travell+ 9 ,france1 ,switz]l&1 & ,italy1 & ev]y:]e mak+ sket*es4 ,at ?is "t he c>ri$ sket*-books 9 :i* he jott$ ev]y?+--all mann] ( draw+s & outl9es ( nature & ar*itecture1 notes ( local gossip1 *emical memor&a1 notes ( exp5ses1 tav]n bills1 views ( coa/s & cities1 ru9s1 ca/les1 manufactur+ works1 & deta*$ figures4 ,"o book gives views ab\t ! ,simplon ,pass1 ano!r ! sea-coa/ f ,nice to ,g5oa1 ano!r conta9s c\ntless jott+s f ! pictures 9 ! ,vatican1 ano!r is tak5 up ) views 9 ,p>is & ,r\51 & sev]al are devot$ to ,scotti% sc5]y4 ,9 #ahjf ,turn] began 8 ,lib] ,/udiorum1 9 rival%ip ( ,claude's ,lib] ,v]itatis2 x 0 issu$ 9 p>ts 9 d>k blue cov]s1 ea* "p conta9+ five plates4 ,x 0 discont9u$ 9 #ahad1 aft] sev5ty plates _h be5 issu$4 ,al?\gh n remun]ative at ! "t1 9 lat] days z high z ?ree ?\s& p\nds has be5 paid = a s+le copy ( ! ,lib]1 :ile ! subscription price 0 only sev5te5 p\nds t5 %ill+s2 ev5 be=e ,turn] di$ a copy ( x 0 wor? ov] ?irty gu9eas4 ,*>les ,turn]1 ! engrav]1 us$ ! pro(s = k9dl+-pap]2 b "s ye>s lat] ,colnaghi1 ! pr9t deal]1 paid him fifte5 hundr$ p\nds = 8 rema9+ rubbi%1 z he consid]$ x4 ,good ,god6 cri$ ! old engrav]2 ,i h be5 burn+ bank-notes all my life6 ,9 #ahgh ,pr(essor ,norton1 ( ,h>v>d ,univ]sity1 publi%$ a set ( ?irty-?ree ( ! be/ ( ! ,lib] /udies1 reproduc$ 9 ,bo/on by ! heliotype process4 ,! ,lib] ,/udiorum 0 int5d$ to manife/ ,turn]'s comm& ( ! :ole compass ( ! l&scape art1 & 0 divid$ into six heads3 hi/orical1 pa/oral1 elegant pa/oral1 m\nta91 m>9e1 & ar*itectural4 ,9 #ahjh ,turn] 0 appo9t$ ,pr(essor ( ,p]spective 9 ! ,royal ,academy4 ,dur+ two or ?ree ye>s only1 out ( ! ?irty 9 :i* he held ! pr(essor%ip1 did he deliv] lectures4 ,he spoke 9 a deep & mumbl+ voice1 0 confus$ & t$i\s 9 mann]1 & frequ5tly became hopelessly entangl$ 9 bl9d mazes ( obscure words4 ,sometimes :5 he _h writt5 out 8 lectures he 0 unable to read !m4 ,once1 aft] fumbl+ 9 8 pockets1 he exclaim$3 ,g5tlem51 ,i've be5 & left my lecture 9 ! hackney-coa*4 ,/ill he 0 int]e/$ 9 ?is "w1 & ,rusk9 says3 ,! zeal\s c>e ) :i* ,turn] endeavor$ to d 8 duty is prov$ by a l>ge exi/+ s]ies ( draw+s1 exquisitely t9t$1 & (t5 completely color$1 all by 8 own h&1 ( ! mo/ difficult p]spective subjects--illu/rat+ n only directions ( light1 b effects ( light1 ) a c>e & completion :i* w\ld put ! "w ( any ord9>y tea*] to utt] %ame4 ,dur+ ?is ye> he took a h\se at ,hamm]smi?1 ,upp] ,mall1 ! g>d5 ( :i* ran d[n to ! ,?ames1 b /ill reta9$ 8 resid5ce 9 ,h>ley ,/reet4 ,9 #ahab he fir/ occupi$ ! h\se ,no4 #dg ,que5 ,anne ,/reet1 & ?is h\se he reta9$ = =ty ye>s4 ,x 0 dull1 d+y1 unpa9t$1 wea!r-beat51 sooty1 ) unwa%$ w9d[s & %aky doors1 & seem$ ! v abode ( pov]ty1 & yet :5 ,turn] di$ 8 e/ate 0 sworn z "u "o hundr$ & =ty ?\s& p\nds--sev5 hundr$ ?\s& doll>s4 ,:5 ,turn]'s fa!r di$ 9 #ahcj he 0 succe$$ by a )]$ & slutti% old woman nam$ ,danby4 ,! :ole h\se 0 dre>y1 dirty1 damp1 & full ( litt]4 ,! ma/] _h a fancy = tailless--,manx--cats1 & ^! made _! b$s ev]y:]e )\t di/urbance4 ,9 ! gall]y 7 ?irty ?\s& f9e pro(s ( engrav+s pil$ up & rott+4 ,8 /udio _h a fair nor? light f two w9d[s1 & 0 surr\nd$ by wat]-color draw+s4 ,8 %]ry-bottle 0 kept 9 an old second-h& buffet4 ,ab\t #ahac or #ahad ,turn] pur*as$ a place at ,twick5ham2 he rebuilt ! h\se1 & call$ x ,solus ,lodge4 ,! rooms 7 small1 & conta9$ models ( rigg$ %ips :i* he us$ 9 8 m>9e views2 9 8 jungle-l g>d5 he grew aquatic plants :i* he (t5 copi$ 9 =egr\nds4 ,he kept a boat = fi%+ & m>9e sket*+2 also a gig & an old cropp$-e>$ horse1 ) :i* he made sket*+ excursions4 ,he made at ?is "t ! acqua9tance ( ,rev4 ,mr4 ,trimm]1 ! rector ( ! *ur* at ,he/on1 :o 0 a lov] ( art1 & (t5 took j\rneys ) ,turn]4 ,:ile visit+ at ! rectory ,turn] regul>ly att5d$ *ur* 9 prop] =m2 & f9ally he wrote a note to ,mr4 ,trimm]1 allud+ to 8 affection = "o ( ! rector's k9swom51 & sugge/+3 ,if ,miss ---- w\ld b waive ba%fulness1 or 9 o!r words make an (f] in/ead ( expect+ "o1 ! same ,lodge might *ange occupi]s4 ,b ,turn] 0 doom$ to disappo9tm5t1 & nev] made ano!r attempt at matrimony4 ,9 #ahad ,turn] comm5c$ 8 contributions ( draw+s to illu/rate ,cook's ,s\!rn ,coa/1 & cont9u$ ?is cong5ial "w = twelve ye>s1 mak+ =ty draw+s at ! rate ( ab\t tw5ty gu9eas ea*2 ! draw+s 7 return$ to ! arti/ aft] be+ engrav$4 ,9 #ahae he exhibit$ ! ,dido ,build+ ,c>?age1 & 9 #ahag a companion picture1 ! ,decl9e ( ! ,c>?ag9ian ,empire1 & = ^! two pictures ! arti/ refus$ five ?\s& p\nds1 hav+ secretly will$ !m to ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,rusk9 divides ,turn]'s art life into ?ree p]iods3 t ( /udy1 f #ahjj to #ahbj2 t ( work+ out art !ories t[>d an ideal1 f #ahbj to #ahce2 & t ( record+ 8 own impressions ( nature1 f #ahce to #ahde1 prec$$ by a p]iod ( developm5t1 & foll[$ by a p]iod ( decl9e1 f #ahde to #ahej4 ,besides 8 pictures pa9t$ on private commission1 ,turn] exhibit$ two hundr$ & sev5ty-five pictures at ! ,academy4 ,! ,riv]s ( ,engl& 0 publi%$ 9 #ahbd1 ) sixte5 engrav+s aft] ,turn]2 ano!r s]ies conta9$ six illu/rations ( ! ,ports ( ,engl&--second-class cities4 ,9 #ahbf ! ,prov9cial ,antiquities ( ,scotl& 0 publi%$1 ) ?irte5 illu/rations by ,turn]4 ,! same ye> he sold 8 h\se at ,twick5ham1 because1 he said1 ,dad 0 always work+ 9 ! g>d51 & cat*+ abom9able colds4 ,9 #ahbg ,turn] comm5c$ ! ,engl& & ,wales on 8 own acc\nt1 & cont9u$ x = elev5 ye>s4 ,x consi/$ ( a hundr$ plates1 illu/rat+ ports1 ca/les1 abbeys1 ca!drals1 palaces1 coa/ views1 & lakes4 ,9 #ahbh ,turn] w5t to ,rome by way ( ,nismes1 ,avignon1 ,m>seilles1 ,nice1 & ,g5oa2 & ?is ye> pa9t$ 8 ,ulysses ,divid+ ,polyphemus1 ( :i* ,?ornbury says3 ,= color1 = life & %ade1 = composition1 ?is seems to me to be ! mo/ wond]ful & admirable ( ,turn]'s realisms4 ,rusk9 calls x 8 c5tral picture1 illu/rat+ 8 p]fect p[]4 ,( ,turn]'s wond]ful v]satility1 ,rusk9 says3 ,!re is ar*itecture1 includ+ a l>ge numb] ( =mal 'g5tlem5's seats2' !n l[l& pa/oral sc5]y ( e k9d1 includ+ ne>ly all f>m+ op]ations1 pl[+1 h>r[+1 h$g+ & dit*+1 fell+ trees1 %eep-wa%+1 & ,i "k n :at else2 !re are all k9ds ( t[n life1 c\rt-y>ds ( inns1 />t+ ( mail coa*es1 int]iors ( %ops1 h\se-build+s1 fairs1 & elections2 !n all k9ds ( inn] dome/ic life1 int]iors ( rooms1 /udies ( co/umes1 ( /ill-life & h]aldry1 includ+ multitudes ( symbolical vignettes2 !n m>9e sc5]y ( e k9d1 full ( local incid5t--e k9d ( boat1 & ! me?ods ( fi%+ = p>ticul> fi% be+ specifically drawn--r\nd ! :ole coa/ ( ,engl&2 pil*>d-fi%+ at ,/4 ,ives1 :it+-fi%+ at ,m>gate1 h]r+ at ,lo* ,fyne1 & all k9ds ( %ipp+1 includ+ /udies ( e sep>ate "p ( ! vessels1 & _m m>9e battle-pieces2 !n all k9ds ( m\nta9 sc5]y1 "s idealiz$ into compositions1 o!rs ( def9ite localities1 toge!r ) classical compositions2 ,romes & ,c>?ages1 & su* o!rs by ! myriad1 ) my?ological1 hi/orical1 or allegorical figures2 nymphs1 mon/]s1 & spectres1 h]oes & div9ities4444 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole p]iod ) :i* we are at pres5t conc]n$1 ,turn] appe>s z a man ( sympa?y absolutely inf9ite--a sympa?y s all-embrac+ t ,i "k no?+ b t ( ,%akespe>e comp>able ) x4 ,a soldi]'s wife re/+ by ! roadside is n b5ea? x2 ,rizpah wat*+ ! dead bodies ( h] sons1 n above x4 ,no?+ c possibly be s mean z t x w n int]e/ 8 :ole m9d & c>ry 8 :ole he>t2 no?+ s great or solemn b t he c raise himself into h>mony ) x2 & x is impossible to prophesy ( him at any mom5t :e!r ! next he w be 9 laught] or te>s4 ,9 #ahcb ,turn] made a w 9 :i* he bequea!d ! bulk ( 8 e/ate = ! f\nd+ ( an in/itution = ! ,ma9t5ance & ,support ( ,poor & ,decay$ ,male ,arti/s be+ born 9 ,engl& & ( ,engli% p>5ts only1 & ( lawful issue4 ,x 0 to be call$ ,turn]'s ,gift1 & = ! next tw5ty ye>s ! arti/ p9*$1 & economiz$ to increase ! fund = 8 noble purpose4 ,at ?is "t he 0 ent]+ ^u 8 ?ird mann]--t ( 8 highe/ excell5ce1 :5 he w5t to ! cat>act = its iris1 & ! conflagration = its flames2 ask$ ( ! sky its int5se/ azure1 ( ! sun its cle>e/ gold4 ,x is rem>k$ by ,rusk91 :o has made mo/ pr(\nd /udy ( ,turn]'s works1 t he _h an und]ly+ mean+ or moral 9 8 gr\ps ( =eign pictures2 9 ,c>?age1 he illu/rat$ ! dang] ( ! pursuit ( weal?2 9 ,rome1 ! fate ( unbridl$ ambition2 & 9 ,v5ice1 ! vanity ( pleasure & luxury4 ,! ,v5etian pictures began 9 #ahcc1 ) a pa9t+ ( ! ,doge's ,palace1 ,dogana1 ,campanile1 & ,bridge ( ,sighs2 & ) ^! 7 exhibit$ ,van ,tromp ,return+ f ,battle1 ! ,rott]dam ,f]ry-boat1 & ! ,m\? ( ! ,se9e4 ,9 #ahcj or #ahca he made1 on commission f ! publi%] ,cadell1 tw5ty-f\r sket*es to illu/rate ,walt] ,scott's poems--publi%$ 9 #ahcd--;& :ile do+ ?is he 0 ent]ta9$ royally at ,abbots=d1 & made excursions ) ,scott & ,lockh>t to ,dryburgh ,abbey & o!r po9ts ( int]e/4 ,he w5t z f> nor? z ! ,isle ( ,skye1 :]e he drew ,lo* ,corrisk91 & ne>ly lo/ 8 life by a fall4 ,ab\t ?is "t he made a s]ies ( illu/rations = ,scott's ,life ( ,napoleon4 ,turn] sp5t "s "t 9 ,ed9burgh1 frequ5tly sket*+ ) ,?omson1 a cl]gyman & local arti/1 :o 0 pref]r$ by "s ( ! ,scot* amateurs to ,turn]4 ,he "o day call$ at ,?omson's h\se to exam9e 8 pa9t+s1 b in/ead ( expect$ praises he m]ely rem>k$1 ,y beat me 9 frames4 ,turn] made ?irty-?ree illu/rations = ,rog]s's ,poems 7,fig4 #ge71 & sev5te5 = an ext5d$ edition ( ,byron4 ,he 0 9 ! habit at ?is "t ( frequ5tly walk+ to ,c[ley ,hall1 ! resid5ce ( a ,mr4 ,rose1 :]e he 0 k9dly welcom$4 ,he 0 !re call$ ,old ,pogey4 ,"o day ,mrs4 ,rose ask$ him to pa9t h] favorite spaniel2 9 amazem5t he cri$1 ,my de> madam1 y d n "k :at y ask2 & always aft] ?is ! lady w5t by ! title ( ,my de> madam4 ,mr4 ,rose tells h[ he & ,turn] sat up "o night until two o'clock dr9k+ cognac & wat]1 & talk+ ( _! travels4 ,:5 ,mrs4 ,rose & a lady1 a fri5d1 visit$ ,turn] 9 a h\se 9 ,h>ley ,/reet1 9 mid-w9t]1 !y 7 ent]ta9$ ) w9e & biscuits 9 a cold room1 )\t a fire1 :]e !y saw sev5 tailless cats1 :i* ,turn] said 7 br\ght f ! ,isle ( ,man4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #ge4--;,,illu/ration ,,f ,,rog]s',s ,,poems4 ,= ?ree ye>s ,turn] travell$ 9 ,france1 & made /udies & sket*es up & d[n its riv]s4 ,^! 7 fir/ publi%$ z ,turn]'s ,annual ,t\r1 b 7 aft]w>d br\ght out by ,bohn z ,lib] ,fluviorum4 ,^! sket*es h be5 highly prais$ by ,rusk92 b ,hamm]ton1 :o c]ta9ly kn[s ,fr5* sc5]y f> m accurately ?an ,rusk91 :ile prais+ ! exquisite beauty ( ,turn]'s "w1 *all5ges its accuracy1 & especially z to color1 say+ t ,turn]1 z a colori/1 0 spl5did & p[]ful1 b utt]ly unfai?ful4 ,leit* ,rit*ie1 :o 0 associat$ ) ,turn] 9 ?is "w1 c\ld n travel ) him1 _! ta/es 7 s unlike2 & he says t ,turn]'s draw+s 7 m>vell\sly exagg]at$1 t he w\ld make a spl5did picture ( a place )\t a s+le correct detail1 trebl+ ! height ( spires & ?r[+ 9 imag9>y accessories4 ,turn] always claim$ ! "r to *ange ! gr\p+s ( 8 l&scapes & ar*itecture at w1 pref]r+ to give a g5]al & idealiz$ view ( ! l&scape r ?an a precise copy !re(4 ,9 #ahce he exhibit$ ,heidelb]g ,ca/le 9 ! ,old5 ,"t1 ,ehr5breit/e91 ,v5ice f ! ,salute ,*ur*1 & ,l9e-fi%+ (f ,ha/+s4 ,9 #ahcf he exhibit$ a ,view ( ,rome f ! ,av5t9e ,hill1 & ! ,burn+ ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords & ,commons1 :i* la/ 0 almo/ entirely pa9t$ on ! walls ( ! exhibition4 ,at ?is "t x 0 ! cu/om to h :at 7 call$ v>ni%+ days at ! exhibition1 dur+ :i* "t arti/s ret\*$1 & f9i%$ up _! pictures4 ,!y 7 p]iods ( fun & practical jokes1 & ,turn] always enjoy$1 & made ! mo/ ( !m4 ,he frequ5tly s5t 8 canvas to ! ,academy m]ely sket*$ out & gr\nd$1 & !n com+ 9 z e>ly z f\r 9 ! morn+ on v>ni%+ days1 he w\ld put 8 nose to ! sket* & "w /eadily ) ?\s&s ( imp]ceptible t\*es until nightfall1 :ile 8 picture w\ld beg9 to gl[ z by magic4 ,ab\t ?is "t he exhibit$ _m pictures f\nd$ on classical subjects1 or ) ! sc5es laid 9 ,italy or ,greece1 z ,apollo & ,daphne 9 ! ,vale ( ,tempe1 ,regulus ,leav+ ,rome to ,return to ,c>?age1 ! ,p>t+ ( ,h]o & ,le&]1 ,phryne ,go+ to ! ,public ,ba?s z ,v5us1 ! ,bani%m5t ( ,ovid f ,rome1 ) ,views ( ! ,bridge & ,ca/le ( ,/4 ,angelo4 ,a ye> lat] he exhibit$ pictures ( ,anci5t ,rome1 a va/ dreamy pile ( palaces1 & ,mod]n ,rome1 ) a view ( ! ,=um 9 ,ru9s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ celebrat$ ( ,turn]'s pictures 0 t ( ! ,old ,tmraire1 an old & fam\s l9e-(-battle %ip1 :i* 9 ! battle ( ,trafalg> ran 9 betwe5 & captur$ ! ,fr5* frigates ,r$\btable & ,f\gueux4 ,turn] saw ! ,tmraire 9 ! ,?ames aft] %e _h become old1 & 0 condemn$ to be dismantl$4 ,! sc5e is laid at sunset1 :5 ! sm\ld]+1 r$ light is vividly reflect$ on ! riv]1 & contra/s ) ! quiet1 gray & pe>ly t9ts ab\t ! l[-hung moon4 ,! maje/ic old %ip looms up ?r\gh ^! *ang+ lights1 ba!d 9 spl5dor4 ,! arti/ refus$ a l>ge price = ?is picture by ,mr4 ,l5nox1 ( ,new ,york1 & f9ally bequea!d x to ! nation4 ,9 #ahdj ,turn] exhibit$ ! ,bac*us & ,ariadne1 two m>9e sc5es1 & two views 9 ,v5ice2 also ! well-kn[n ,slav]s ,?r[+ ,ov]bo>d ! ,dead & ,dy+1 a ,typhoon ,com+ ,on 7,fig4 #gf71 :i* is n[ 9 ! ,museum ( ,f9e ,arts ( ,bo/on4 ,( ?is picture ,?ack]ay says3 ,i don't "k :e!r x is sublime or ridicul\s4 ,b ,rusk91 9 ,mod]n ,pa9t]s1 says3 ,i believe if ,i 7 r$uc$ to te/ ,turn]'s immortality ^u any s+le "w1 ,i %\ld *oose ! ',slave ,%ip4' ,its d>+ conception1 ideal 9 ! highe/ s5se ( ! ^w1 is bas$ on ! pure/ tru?1 & wr\ght out ) ! conc5trat$ k ( a life4 ,its color is absolutely p]fect1 n "o false or morbid hue 9 any "p or l9e1 & s modulat$ t e squ>e in* ( canvas is a p]fect composition2 its draw+ z accurate z fe>less2 ! %ip buoyant1 b5d+1 & full ( motion2 its tones z true z !y are wond]ful2 & ! :ole picture d$icat$ to ! mo/ sublime ( subjects & impressions 7complet+ ?us ! p]fect sy/em ( all tru? :i* we h %[n to be =m$ by ,turn]'s works71 ! p[]1 maje/y1 & dea?fulness ( ! op51 deep1 illimitable sea4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gf4--,,! ,,slave ,,%ip4 ,by ,turn]4 ,no pa9t] ( mod]n times1 or p]haps ( any "t1 has ev] provok$ ! discussion ( 8 m]its :i* ,turn] did4 ,:5 he 0 at 8 be/ 8 great m]its & 8 orig9ality procur$ = him ! /ronge/ def5d]s1 & f9ally br\ght 8 pictures into favor ) ! weal?y middle class ( ,engl&1 s t he obta9$ high prices1 & s9ce 8 dea? ^! prices h d\bl$1 & ev5 quadrupl$4 ,at a sale ( ,mr4 ,bicknell's collection 9 #ahcf1 t5 ( ,turn]'s pictures1 :i* _h be5 b\ght = ?ree ?\s& sev5 hundr$ & =ty-n9e p\nds1 7 sold = sev5te5 ?\s& & n9ety-f\r p\nds4 ,z ,turn] grew old] & 8 mann] det]iorat$ he 0 assail$ by ! wits1 ! art critics1 & ! amateurs ) cruel bad9age1 & to ^! c5sures ,turn] 0 morbidly s5sitive4 ,b ev5 ,rusk9 admits t ! pictures ( 8 la/ five ye>s are ( :olly inf]ior value1 ) unsatisfactory foliage1 *alky faces1 & g5]al indications ( feebl5ess ( h&4 ,wornum1 9 8 ,epo*s ( ,pa9t+1 said3 ,9 ! la/ t5 ye>s ( 8 c>e]1 & occasionally be=e1 ,turn] 0 extravagant to an extreme degree2 he play$ equally ) nature & ) 8 colors4 ,light1 ) all its prismatic v>ieties1 seems to h be5 ! *ief object ( 8 /udies2 individuality ( =m or color he 0 :olly indiff]5t to4 ,! loos5ess ( execution 9 8 late/ works has n ev5 ! apology ( hav+ be5 attempt$ on sci5tific pr9ciples2 he did n "w ^u a p>ticul> po9t ( a picture z a focus & leave ! re/ obscure1 z a foil to enhance x1 on a pr9ciple ( unity2 on ! contr>y1 all is equally obscure & wild alike4 ,^! la/ productions are a calamity to 8 reputation2 yet we may1 p]haps1 safely ass]t t s9ce ,rembr&t !re has be5 no pa9t] ( su* orig9ality & p[] z ,turn]4 ,dr4 ,waag5 says 9 8 ,treasury ( ,art 9 ,great ,brita93 ,no l&scape pa9t] has yet appe>$ ) su* v]satility ( tal5t4 ,8 hi/orical l&scapes exhibit ! mo/ exquisite feel+ = beauty ( hues & effect ( light+1 at ! same "t t he has ! p[] ( mak+ !m express ! mo/ v>i$ moods ( nature4 ,t[>d ! la/ "p ( 8 life ,turn]'s peculi>ities increas$2 he became m morose1 m jeal\s4 ,he 0 always unwill+ to h ev5 8 mo/ intimate fri5ds visit 8 /udio1 b he f9ally )drew f 8 own h\se & home4 ,( late ye>s he _h frequ5tly left 8 h\se = mon?s at a "t1 & secret$ himself 9 "s di/ant qu>t]1 tak+ c>e t he %\ld n be foll[$ or kn[n4 ,:5 ! great ,exhibition ( #ahea op5$1 ,turn] left ord]s ) 8 h\sekeep] t no "o %\ld be admitt$ to see 8 pictures4 ,= tw5ty ye>s ! ra9 _h be5 /ream+ 9 ^u !m ?r\gh ! leaky ro(1 & _m 7 hopelessly ru9$4 ,he s5t no pictures to ! exhibition ( t ye>1 & he 0 h>dly to be recogniz$ :5 he appe>$ 9 ! gall]y4 ,f9ally 8 prolong$ abs5ce f ! ,academy meet+s al>m$ 8 fri5ds2 b no "o d>$ seek him out4 ,8 h\sekeep] alone1 ( all t _h kn[n him1 _h ! int]e/ to hunt up ! old arti/4 ,tak+ a h9t f a lett] 9 "o ( 8 coats1 %e w5t to ,*elsea1 &1 aft] c>eful se>*1 f\nd 8 hid+-place1 ) b "o m day ( life 9 him4 ,x is said t1 feel+ ! ne$ ( pur] air ?an t ( ,que5 ,anne ,/reet1 he w5t out to ,*elsea & f\nd an eligible1 little cottage by ! side ( ! riv]1 ) a rail$-9 ro( :5ce he c\ld obs]ve ! sky4 ,! l&lady dem&$ ref]5ces f ! %abby1 old man1 :5 he te/ily repli$1 ,my good woman1 ,i'll buy ! h\se outright4 ,%e !n dem&$ 8 "n--9 case1 sir1 any g5tleman %\ld call1 y "k4 ,"n8 said he1 :at's y\r "n8 ,my "n is ,mrs4 ,boo?4 ,!n ,i am ,mr4 ,boo?4 ,& s he 0 kn[n1 ! boys along ! riv]-side call+ him ,puggy ,boo?1 & ! tradesm5 ,admiral ,boo?1 ! !ory be+ t he 0 an old admiral 9 r$uc$ circum/ances4 ,9 a l[ /udd$1 attic room1 poorly furni%$1 ) a s+le ro( w9d[1 ! great arti/ 0 f\nd 9 8 mortal sickness4 ,he s5t = 8 favorite doctor f ,m>gate1 :o frankly told him t dea? 0 at h&4 ,g d[n /airs1 exclaim$ ,turn]1 take a glass ( %]ry1 & !n look at me aga94 ,b no /imulant c\ld *ange ! v]dict ( ! physician4 ,an h\r be=e he di$ he 0 :eel$ to ! w9d[ = a la/ look at ! ,?ames1 ba!d 9 sun%9e & dott$ ) sails4 ,up to ! la/ sickness ! lonely1 old man rose at daybreak to wat*1 f ! ro( ( ! cottage1 ! sun rise & ! purple flu% ( ! com+ day4 ,! fun]al1 f ! h\se 9 ,que5 ,anne ,/reet1 0 impos+1 ) a long l9e ( c>riages1 & conduct$ ) ! ritual ( ! ,engli% ,*ur* 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral4 ,dean ,milman read ! s]vice1 & at its conclusion ! c(f9 0 borne to ! catacombs1 & plac$ betwe5 ! tombs ( ,james ,b>ry & ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds4 ,turn]'s w1 ) its codicils1 0 s confus$ & vague t ! lawy]s f\ght x 9 ! c\rts = f\r ye>s1 & x 0 f9ally settl$ by compromise4 ,! real e/ate w5t to ! heir-at-law1 ! pictures & draw+s to ! ,national ,gall]y1 "o ?\s& p\nds = a monum5t 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral1 & tw5ty ?\s& p\nds to ! ,royal ,academy = annuities to poor arti/s4 ,turn]'s gift to ! ,briti% nation includ$ n9ety-eight f9i%$ pa9t+s & two hundr$ & sev5ty pictures 9 v>i\s /ages ( progress4 ,rusk91 :ile arrang+ & classify+ ,turn]'s draw+s1 f\nd m ?an n9ete5 ?\s& sket*es & fragm5ts by ! ma/]'s h&1 "s cov]$ ) ! du/ ( ?irty ye>s4 ,sir ,,david ,,wilkie 7#aghe-ahda7 has be5 call$ ! pr9ce ( ,briti% g5re pa9t]s4 ,8 fa!r 0 a m9i/]1 & ,david 0 plac$ 9 ! ,tru/ees' ,academy 9 ,ed9burgh 9 #agii4 ,9 #ahje he ent]$ ! ,royal ,academy 9 ,london1 & 0 mu* notic$ on acc\nt ( 8 ,village ,politicians1 exhibit$ ! next ye>4 ,f ?is "t 8 fame & popul>ity 7 e/abli%$1 & ea* new "w 0 simply a new triumph = him4 ,! ,c>d ,play]s1 ,r5t ,day1 ! ,village ,fe/ival1 & o!rs 7 rapidly pa9t$ & exhibit$4 ,9 #ahbe ,wilkie w5t to ! ,cont95t1 & rema9$ ?ree ye>s4 ,he visit$ ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy1 & ,spa91 & aft] 8 return he pa9t$ a new class ( subjects 9 a new mann]4 ,he made _m portraits1 & 8 o!r works 7 hi/orical subjects4 ,8 mo/ celebrat$ works 9 ?is second mann] 7 ,john ,knox ,prea*+1 ,napoleon & ! ,pope at ,fonta9ebleau1 & ,peep-o'-,day ,boy's ,cab94 ,! portrait ( ! l&scape pa9t] ,william ,daniell is a good picture4 ,9 #ahcj ,wilkie succe$$ ,sir ,?omas ,lawr5ce z pa9t] to ! k+1 z he _h be5 limn] to ! ,k+ ( ,scotl& s9ce #ahbb4 ,he 0 n knight$ until #ahcf4 ,9 #ahdj he visit$ ,con/ant9ople1 & made a portrait ( ! sultan2 he w5t !n to ! ,holy ,l& & ,egypt4 ,:ile at ,alex&ria1 on 8 way home1 ,wilkie compla9$ ( illness1 & on %ipbo>d1 (f ,gibralt>1 he di$1 & 0 buri$ at sea4 ,?is burial is ! subject ( "o ( ,turn]'s pictures1 & is n[ 9 ! ,national ,gall]y4 ,! "n ( ,l&se] is an important "o 9 ,briti% art4 ,,john ,,l&se] 7#agfa-aheb7 0 an em95t engrav]2 8 son ,,?omas 7#agie-ahhj7 foll[$ ! pr(ession ( 8 fa!r & arriv$ at great celebrity 9 x4 ,,*>les1 born 9 #agii1 ano!r son ( ,john ,l&se]1 became a pa9t] & devot$ himself to a sort ( hi/orical g5re l9e ( subjects1 su* z ,cromwell at ! ,h\se ( ,sir ,walt] ,/ew>t 9 #afea1 ,surr5d] ( ,arundel ,ca/le 9 #afdc1 & v>i\s o!rs ( a l nature4 ,*>les ,l&se] travell$ 9 ,portugal & ,brazil :5 a "y man2 he 0 made a memb] ( ! ,royal ,academy 9 #ahde2 f #ahea to #ahga he 0 keep] ( ! ,academy1 & has be5 an indu/ri\s & respect$ arti/4 ,b ! great g5ius ( ! family 03 ,sir ,,edw9 ,,l&se] 7#ahjb-ahgc71 ! y\nge/ son ( ,john ,l&se]1 ! engrav]4 ,he receiv$ 8 fir/ draw+ lessons f 8 fa!r1 & f a v e>ly age %[$ a great tal5t = sket*+ & t love = ! brute creation :i* h be5 8 *ief *>act]i/ics z an arti/4 ,he _h ! p[] to und]/& 8 dumb subjects z well z if !y spoke "s language toge!r1 & !n he _h ! ability to fix ! mean+ ( all !y _h told him ^u 8 canvas1 by means ( ! sket*+ l9es :i* gave ! precise =m ( x all & by 8 f9i%+ %ades :i* put 9 ! expression4 ,if 8 animals 7 prosp]\s & gladsome1 he repres5t$ _! good =tune ) he>ty pleasure2 if !y 7 suff]+1 sad1 or b]eav$1 he pa9t$ _! woes ) a sympa?y su* z none b a true fri5d c give4 ,:5 ,edw9 & ,?omas 7 old en\gh t _! fa!r ?\ght o!r in/ruction ?an 8 own %\ld be giv5 !m1 he plac$ !m ) ,haydon1 & 9 ^! e>ly days ! ma/] pr$ict$ t ,edw9 ,l&se] w\ld be ! ,snyd]s ( ,engl&4 ,edw9 s5t 8 fir/ picture to ! ,royal ,academy :5 he 0 b ?irte5 ye>s old1 & dur+ ! foll[+ fifty-eight ye>s !re 7 b six exhibitions to :i* he did n contribute4 ,:5 he began 8 /udies at ! ,royal ,academy he 0 f\rte5 ye>s old1 & already fam\s z an animal pa9t]4 ,he 0 a bright1 curly-head$1 manly lad1 & ! ag$ ,fuseli1 !n keep] ( ! ,academy1 grew to be v fond ( him2 he w\ld (t5 ask1 ,:]e is my little dog-boy8 ,edw9 ,l&se] n[ work$ on dilig5tly & quietly2 8 works 7 con/antly prais$1 & he receiv$ all ! patronage t he desir$4 ,?r\gh ! advice ( 8 ma/]1 ,haydon1 he _h ! habit ( dissect+ animals1 & le>n+ _! anatomy ) all ! exactness ) :i* o!r arti/s /udy t ( human be+s4 ,ab\t #ahbj a lion di$ 9 ! ,exet] ,*ange ,m5ag]ie1 & ,edw9 ,l&se] secur$ ! body = dissection4 ,he !n pa9t$ ?ree l>ge pictures ( lions1 & dur+ ! ye> 9 :i* he became eighte5 ye>s old1 he exhibit$ ^! pictures & o!rs ( horses1 dogs1 donkeys1 de]1 goats1 wolves1 & vultures4 ,:5 n9ete51 9 #ahba1 he pa9t$ ,po9t]s1 ,to-ho6 a hunt+ sc5e1 :i* 0 sold 9 #ahgb1 ! ye> be=e 8 dea?1 = two ?\s& & sixte5 p\nds4 ,9 #ahbb ,l&se] ga9$ ! prize ( ! ,briti% ,in/itution1 "o hundr$ & fifty p\nds1 by 8 picture ( ,! ,l>d] ,invad$4 ,he made ! fir/ sket* = ?is on a *ild's slate1 :i* is /ill pres]v$ z a treasure4 ,b ! mo/ fam\s ( ?is ma/]'s e>ly works is ! ,cat's ,paw1 9 :i* a monkey uses a cat's paw to draw *e/nuts f a hot /ove4 ,l&se] 0 paid "o hundr$ p\nds2 its pres5t value is ?ree ?\s& p\nds1 & x is kept at ! seat ( ! ,e>l ( ,essex1 ,ca%iobury4 ,?is picture ( ! ,cat's ,paw _h an important result = ! "y arti/1 z x happ5$ t x 0 exhibit$ :5 ,sir ,walt] ,scott 0 9 ,london1 & he 0 s mu* pleas$ ) x t he made ,l&se]'s acqua9tance1 & invit$ him to visit ,abbots=d4 ,accord+ly1 9 #ahbd1 ,l&se] visit$ ,sir ,walt] 9 company ) ,leslie1 :o !n pa9t$ a portrait ( ! great noveli/1 :i* n[ belongs to ! ,ticknor family ( ,bo/on4 ,x 0 at ?is "t t ,sir ,walt] wrote 9 8 j\rnal3 ,l&se]'s dogs 7 ! mo/ magnific5t ?+s ,i ev] saw1 leap+1 & b\nd+1 & gr9n+ all ov] ! canvas4 ,out ( ?is visit came a picture call$ ,a ,sc5e at ,abbots=d1 9 :i* ! dog ,maida1 s lov$ by ,scott1 0 ! prom95t figure2 six weeks aft] x 0 f9i%$ ! dog di$4 ,at ?is "t ,sir ,walt] 0 n kn[n z ! au?or ( ! ,wav]ley ,novels1 b 9 lat] ye>s ,l&se] pa9t$ a picture :i* he call$ ,extract f a ,j\rnal :il/ at ,abbots=d1 to :i* ! foll[+ 0 atta*$3 ,f\nd ! great poet 9 8 /udy1 laugh+ at a collie dog play+ ) ,maida1 8 favorite old greyh\nd1 giv5 him by ,gl5g>ry1 & quot+ ,%akespe>e--',crabb$ old age & y\? _c agree4' ,on ! floor 0 ! cov] ( a pro(-%eet1 s5t = correction by ,con/able1 ( ! novel !n 9 progress4 ,n4 ,b4--,?is took place be=e he 0 ! ackn[l$g$ au?or ( ! ',wav]ley ,novels4' ,l&se] e>ly suspect$ ,scott ( ! au?or%ip ( ! novels1 & )\t d\bt he came to ?is conclusion f :at he saw at ,abbots=d4 ,l&se] repeat$ 8 visits to ,scotl& = _m ye>s1 & saw all p>ts ( t c\ntry at v>i\s seasons4 ,f ! "t ( 8 fir/ visit !re 0 a new feel+ 9 8 works--a bread? & p[] 0 9 !m :i* he ga9$ f nature1 & a ref9em5t & elevation :i* he und\bt$ly receiv$ f 8 fri5d%ip ) ,sir ,walt] & ! impetus x gave him4 ,he also became s int]e/$ 9 ! ,gaelic p t he pa9t$ good pictures ( !m4 ,at fir/ ^! m5 did n "k :at to make ( a huntsman :o w\ld ?r[ away 8 gun :5 f9e game appe>$1 & draw out p5cils & pap] to make pictures ( :at o!rs 7 s eag] to %oot4 ,?is t5d5cy made him a poor hunt]2 b he 0 int5sely int]e/$ 9 ! *ase1 & especially 9 de]-/alk+4 ,he insi/$ t de] _h intellig5ce1 & ! "q 0 :e!r ! game or ! hunt] happ5$ to h ! sup]ior m9d4 ,:5 9 ,london ! arti/ 0 a quiet1 society g5tleman2 b ea* ye> he broke away f all city habits1 & w5t to ! ,highl&s1 :]e he divid$ 8 days betwe5 ! *ase & pa9t+ portraits ( 8 fri5ds !re ) _! *ildr5 & pets1 or putt+ frescoes on ! walls ( _! h\ses4 ,l&se] cont9u$ to live 9 8 fa!r's h\se long aft] he 0 a fam\s man4 ,! s5ior arti/ conduct$ all bus9ess matt]s--sold pictures1 & took ! money = !m z if 8 son 0 /ill a boy4 ,at l5g?1 ?r\gh ! advice ( a fri5d1 ,edw9 ,l&se] remov$ to ,no4 #a ,/4 ,john's ,wood ,road1 to :i* he gave ! "n ( ,maida ,vale2 he enl>g$1 & improv$ ?is home f "t to "t1 & _h no o!r = ne>ly fifty ye>s4 ,illu/ration3 ,,fig4 #gg4--,,! ,,eagle ,,& ,,dead ,,/ag4 ,by ,l&se]4 ,9 #ahbf ,l&se] pa9t$ ,*evy ,*ase2 x 0 ! only hi/orical pa9t+ he ev] did1 & /ill rema9s at ,woburn ,abbey1 :]e x orig9ally w5t4 ,! animals 9 ! picture are excell5t ( c\rse1 b ?is sort ( pa9t+ 0 n t 9 :i* ,l&se] %[$ 8 be/4 ,?is ye> ( #ahbf 0 an important "o to ?is ma/]4 ,he 0 tw5ty-f\r ye>s old1 & 0 imm$iately admitt$ an ,associate ( ! ,royal ,academy4 ,no "o c be a c&idate = ?is honor at a y\ng] age1 & v few o!rs h atta9$ x s e>ly4 ,be=e he 0 ?irty ,l&se] 0 a full memb]1 & 8 diploma picture1 ,! ,dead ,w>rior is 9 ! ,royal ,academy4 ,b ?is ye> saw a great *ange 9 8 pictures1 z may be se5 9 t ( ,! ,*ief's ,return f ,de]-/alk+1 :i* he s5t to ! next exhibition4 ,x 0 free1 broad1 & effective beyond any previ\s "w1 & ?is mann] 0 8 be/4 ,_m judges fix ! ye> #ahcd z ! v prime 9 ! art ( ,l&se]1 & "o ( ! works ( t ye>1 call$ ,bolton ,abbey 9 ! ,old5 ,"t1 is v fam\s4 ,x repres5ts ! vassals ( ! abbey br++ 9 _! tributes ( game1 fi%1 & fruits1 :i* ! jolly1 old monks gladly receive4 ,!re is no "q b t ,l&se]'s be/ pictures are ( dogs1 & we c b e*o ! words ( ,ham]ton :5 he says3 ,! be/ comm5tators on ,l&se]1 ! be/ def5d]s ( 8 g5ius1 are ! dogs !mselves2 & s long z !re exi/ t]ri]s1 de]-h\nds1 blood-h\nds1 8 fame w ne$ little assi/ance f writ]s on art4 ,l&se] _h a long & happy intimacy ) ,que5 ,victoria & ! royal family4 ,he pa9t$ portraits ( ! v>i\s memb]s ( ! que5's h\sehold 9 all possible ways1 ) dogs & on horseback1 9 fancy dress & hunt+ co/ume--9 %ort1 ^! portraits are f> too num]\s to be m5tion$ 9 detail4 ,ev] aft] #ahce ,l&se] 0 call$ ^u to pa9t pictures ( ! pets ( ! royal family1 & ^! works became v num]\s4 ,:ile he 0 ?us favor$ z an arti/ he 0 also a fri5d ( ! que5 & h] imm$iate family2 he 0 (t5 summon$ to play billi>ds ) ,pr9ce ,alb]t4 ,! que5's ,j\rnal ( ,life 9 ! ,highl&s frequ5tly m5tions him1 & we are sure t if we c\ld read ,l&se]'s di>y x w\ld tell u _m int]e/+ ?+s ( ! que5 & h] family4 ,naturally x foll[$ t an arti/ ?us favor$ by ! que5 w\ld be patroniz$ by ! nobility1 & x is true t mu* ( ,l&se]'s "t1 bo? z an arti/ & z a g5tleman ( society1 0 pass$ 9 ! company ( p ( ! highe/ positions 9 ,great ,brita92 & ) ! "o exception ( ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 no arti/ 9 ,engl& 0 ev] visit$ by s _m p ( rank4 ,8 h\se 0 really a social c5tre1 & no "o felt above accept+ 8 ha/y invitations to 8 p>ties1 :i* 7 almo/ always gott5 up on an impulse & ! gue/s invit$ at ! la/ possible mom5t4 ,among ,l&se]'s fri5ds 7 ,dick5s & ,?ack]ay1 & ,sydney ,smi? 0 v fond ( ! arti/2 & x is said t :5 ! great wit 0 ask$ to sit to ,l&se] = 8 portrait1 he repli$ 9 ! words ( ! haughty ,syrian3 ,is ?y s]vant a dog t he %\ld d ?is ?+8 ,:5 at 8 be/ ,l&se] _h a facility 9 draw+ & pa9t+ t 0 m>vell\s4 ,he c\ld draw two entirely diff]5t objects at ! same mom5t1 8 left h& be+ equally skilful ) ! "r4 ,he 0 se5 to draw a horse's head ) "o h& & a /ag's head ) antl]s at exactly ! same "t--& ?is at an ev5+ p>ty to prove t x c\ld be done4 ,he once s5t to an exhibition a picture ( rabbits "u :i* he wrote1 ,pa9t$ 9 ?ree-qu>t]s ( an h\r4 ,he pa9t$ a life-size picture ( a fall[-de] 9 ?ree h\rs1 & x requir$ no ret\*+4 ,"o ( 8 comrades said3 ,sir ,edw9 has a f9e h&1 a correct eye1 ref9$ p]ceptions1 & c d almo/ any?+ b dance on ! slack wire4 ,he is a f9e billi>d play]1 plays at *ess1 s+s :5 ) 8 intimate fri5ds1 & has consid]able humor4 ,we h pass$ ov] ! be/ & mo/ pleasant "p ( ! life ( ?is great pa9t]1 = 9 #ahdj he _h an attack ( illness f :i* he nev] recov]$4 ,he travell$1 & endeavor$ 9 e way to g on ) 8 "w2 b he 0 always subject to attacks ( depression :i* 7 sometimes s s]i\s t 8 fri5ds fe>$ loss ( reason4 ,( c\rse !re 0 a diff]5t tone 9 8 works--a s]i\sness & pa?os1 & at times a religi\s elem5t1 :i* 0 v acceptable to "s p]sons1 & he ga9$ admir]s :]e he _h n f\nd !m be=e4 ,b x c sc>cely be said t 8 la/ days 7 8 be/ days1 ?\gh he execut$ "s fam\s pictures4 ,9 #ahff he exhibit$ a model ( a /ag at bay :i* 0 aft]w>d ca/ 9 bronze4 ,! lions at ! base ( ! ,nelson monum5t 9 ,trafalg> ,squ>e may be call$ ! "w ( ,sir ,edw91 = he modell$ "o ( ! colossal bea/s f :i* ! o!rs 7 =m$ ) b slight *anges1 & ! :ole 7 ca/ "u ! c>e ( ,b>on ,m>o*etti4 ,9 #ahgb he pa9t$ ,! ,font1 :i* is a religi\s subject4 ,x repres5ts ! %eep & lambs ( ! ,gospel ga!r+ r\nd a font1 ^u ! edge ( :i* are doves4 ,a ra9b[ spans ! sky2 on ! sides ( ! font are a mask ( ! face ( ,*ri/ & ! symbols ( ! ,atonem5t4 ,?is is a pa9ful picture1 = :ile x is exquisite 9 conception its execution %[s ! weakness ( ! pa9t]1 :o s soon aft] he made x 0 releas$ f all 8 d>kness & suff]+4 ,sir ,edw9 ,l&se] 0 buri$ 9 ,/4 ,paul's ,ca!dral ) all ! honors :i* 8 g5ius & "* m]it$4 ,8 works are kn[n to almo/ e *ild 9 ,am]ica by means ( ! engrav+s :i* h be5 made f !m4 ,8 bro!r ,?omas engrav$ hundr$s ( ! designs ( ,edw9 & made !m popul> all ov] ! _w1 & a l>ge "p ( ?is success 0 due to ! skill & sympa?y :i* ,?omas devot$ to :at 0 l>gely a "w ( love4 ,( c\rse _m o!r engrav]s h work$ aft] ,l&se]1 & almo/ all 8 pictures h be5 reproduc$ 9 "o /yle ( engrav+ or ano!r4 ,!re are n9e portraits ( ,sir ,edw9 ,l&se] 9 exi/5ce--"o by ,j4 ,hayt] :5 ,l&se] 0 ?irte5 ye>s old & is repres5t$ z a cricket]2 "o pa9t$ a ye> lat] by ,leslie1 9 :i* ,edw9 ,l&se] is ! ,rutl& 9 ! "w call$ ,h5ry ,,vi4 ,x is own$ by ! ,philadelphia ,academy4 ,! next 7 n made until #ahdc1 :5 ,c\nt d',orsay pa9t$ two portraits ( him2 9 #ahcj ,dupp] _h made a draw+1 & 9 #ahce a photograph 0 tak52 ,b>on ,m>o*etti made a bu/ portrait ( ,l&se] :i* is 9 ! ,royal ,academy1 & 9 8 picture call$ ! ,connoisseurs ,sir ,edw9 pa9t$ 8 own portrait1 ) dogs on ea* side :o /& z critics ( 8 "w4 ,?is 0 pa9t$ 9 #ahfe4 ,sir ,edw9 ,l&se] left an e/ate ( two hundr$ & fifty ?\s& p\nds1 & ! works unsold at 8 dea? br\ght ab\t sev5ty ?\s& p\nds4 ,8 w made b a few beque/s1 & ! rema9d] ( ?is l>ge sum 0 divid$ betwe5 8 bro!r & ?ree si/]s4 ,) ! acc\nt ( ,sir ,edw9 ,i %all close ! acc\nt ( pa9t]s giv5 9 ?is volume4 ,we h se5 h[ few actual rema9s ( ! pa9t+ ( anci5t nations are n[ 9 exi/5ce4 ,almo/ no?+ is left ev5 f ! times ( ! ,greeks2 9 tru?1 !re is m ^u ! tombs ( ,egypt ?an 9 ! l& ( ,hellas4 ,we read acc\nts ( classic pa9t+ :i* ar\se our deepe/ int]e/ "o mom5t1 only to rememb] 9 ! next t we c see b ! m]e/ scraps ( all ?is weal? ( beauty :i* mov$ ! cultur$ ,greeks to write ( x ) su* en?usiasm4 ,aft] ! days ( classic art we h endeavor$ to trace pa9t+ ?r\gh a p]iod :5 x c\ld sc>cely be t]m$ an art1 s little ( x 0 done1 & t little 0 s f> bel[ our ideal4 ,aga91 ?is decl9e 0 foll[$ by a ,r5aissance--an awak5+--& f t day 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury :5 ! ,madonna ( ,cimabue 0 c>ri$ 9 triumph ?r\gh ! /reets ( ,flor5ce1 ?is art mov$ on ) progressive /eps until ,mi*ael ,angelo1 ,leon>do1 ,raphael1 ,titian1 & o!rs highly gift$1 _h set up ! /&>ds :i* h rema9$ z beacons & guides to all ! _w4 ,9 trac+ ?is progress we h se5 t ,italy1 ! ,g]man nations1 ,spa91 ,france1 & ,engl& h all /riv5 to dream dreams ( beauty & gr&eur1 ( t5d]ness & love1 & to fix !m 9 fitt+ colors :]e all ! _w c\ld see !m4 ,! pa/ is always fasc9at+4 ,no /ories are s pleasantly begun z ^? t say1 ,a long "t ago !re liv$1 etc4 ,"o c h ! mo/ complete satisfaction 9 ! /udy ( :at has happ5$ s f> 9 ! pa/ t we c see all its effects & judge ( x by ! te/s :i* "t is sure to br+ to ev]y?+4 ,x is su* a /udy t has be5 made 9 ^! pages1 & ,i w\ld sugge/ t x has a second use sc>cely less important ?an ! /udy ( hi/ory--t is1 ! prep>ation x af=ds = judg+ ( :at is done 9 ! pres5t4 ,a k ( :at has be5 a*iev$ enables u by comp>ison to decide ^u ! m]its ( new works4 ,! pa9t+ ( to-day (f]s an imm5se field = inve/igation4 ,:5 we rememb] t five c5turies ago ! pa9t]s ( ! _w c\ld be c\nt$ by t5s1 & are told t n[ !re is an av]age ( tw5ty-five hundr$ pa9t]s 9 "s =eign cities1 we see t a lifetime is sc>cely suffici5t 9 :i* to /udy ! pa9t+ ( our own era4 ,h we n reason to hope t works are n[ be+ produc$ :i* %all be /udi$ & admir$ 9 ! future z we /udy & admire ^? ( ! pa/8 ,is x n true t ! arti/ic works ( any p]iod %[ =? ! _s ( ! "t8 ,if1 !n1 ! close ( ! ,d>k ,ages & ! dawn ( a bett] life c\ld br+ =? ! treasures :i* rema9 f ^? days1 :at ought to be ! result ( ! m univ]sal le>n+ & ! advanc+ civilization ( ! n9ete5? c5tury8 ,& s1 9 leav+ ?is book1 ,i hope t x may be useful to all :o read x = "o purpose t ,i h sugge/$ or ! o!r2 ei!r to pres5t an outl9e ( :at has be5 done 9 ! pa/1 or aid 9 ! und]/&+ ( ! pa9t+ ( ! pres5t4 ,,index4 ,,by ,l4 ,e4 ,,jones4 ,abraham & ! ,?ree ,angels 7,nav>rete71 #baa ,academia ,leon>di ,v9ci1 #hg ,adams1 ,john1 portrait by ,copley1 #bfd ,adams1 ,samuel1 portrait by ,copley1 #bfd ,adoration ( ! ,k+s 7,v9ci71 #hi ,adoration ( ! ,%eph]ds 7,velasquez71 #baf ,agripp9a ,weep+ ov] ! ,urn ( ,g]manicus 7,we/71 #bfe ,albani1 ,francesco1 #adh ,aldobr&9i ,m>riage1 #bg ,alex&] ! ,great1 portrait by ,apelles1 #ah ,all51 ,james1 portrait by ,copley1 #bfd ,all/on1 portrait ( ,we/1 #bff ,analysis ( ,beauty 7,hog>?71 #bed ,anci5t pa9t+1 #a-dj ,anci5t ,rome 7,turn]71 #bhg ,&alusia s*ool ( pa9t+1 #bac ,angelico1 ,fra1 #gb-gh ,animal pa9t]s-- ,snyd]s & ,fyt1 #afg2 ,pott]1 #ahg2 ,l&se]1 #bic ,anne ( ,cleves1 portrait by ,holbe91 #aij ,annunciation 7,titian71 #abg ,apelles1 #ah-bj1 #dj ,apollo & ,daphne 9 ! ,vale ( ,tempe 7,turn]71 #bhg ,apollodorus1 #ac-ad ,ar*angel ,mi*ael 7,raphael71 #aad ,ar*itecture1 a f9e art1 #a2 m advanc$ ?an pa9t+ among ,ori5tal nations1 #ab2 developm5t ( ,greek1 f ,egyptian & ,assyrian1 #ac2 dur+ ! ,romanesque p]iod1 #aej4 ,see also ,go?ic ,ario/o1 portrait by ,bassano1 #acb ,ari/ides1 #ag ,assisi1 wall-pa9t+s ( ,cimabue 9 ,upp] ,*ur* at1 #fb2 frescoes ( ,giotto 9 ,l[] ,*ur* at1 #ff ,assyrian pa9t+1 #i-aa ,augsburg ,ca!dral conta9s e>lie/ pa9t$ w9d[s1 #ea ,augsburg s*ool ( art1 #ahh ,augu/9e1 ,/41 quot$1 #b ,aurora 7,guido ,r5i71 #ade ,avignon1 ! ,v]net ,gall]y at1 #bdg ,babylonian pa9t+1 #aa-ac ,bac*us & ,ariadne 7,titian71 #abd ,bac*us & ,ariadne 7,turn]71 #bhh ,bal51 ,h5ry van1 #afh ,bani%m5t ( ,ovid f ,rome 7,turn]71 #bhg ,baptism ( ,*ri/1 #hd-hf ,b>b>elli1 ,giorgio1 #aah-abj ,b>tolommeo1 ,fra1 #ic-id2 & ,raphael1 #aaj ,b>tolozzi1 engrav$ pictures ( ,angelica ,kauffman1 #bjf ,bas-reliefs 9 ,egyptian pa9t+1 #c-e ,bassano family1 #acb ,ba?+ ,soldi]s 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #ajh ,battle ( ! ,/&>d 7,v9ci71 #ajh ,bazzi1 or ,razzi1 #aah ,beauties at ,hampton ,c\rt 7,lely71 #bea ,begg> ,boy 7,velasquez71 #baf ,begg> ,boy ,mun*+ a ,piece ( ,pa/ry 7,velasquez71 #baf ,belgium4 ,see ,fl&]s ,bella1 ,la 7,titian71 #abd ,belle ,f]ronire1 ,la 7,v9ci71 #hg ,belle ,j>d9ire1 ,la 7,raphael71 #aaj ,bell9i1 ,g5tile1 #hj-ha ,bell9i1 ,giovanni1 #hj1 #ha-hb2 & ,titian1 #abc2 & ,dr]1 #aig ,bell9i1 ,jacopo1 #hj ,bellotti1 ,b]n>do1 #aec ,beltraffio1 ,giovanni ,antonio1 #ic ,bembo1 ,pietro1 epitaph on ,raphael1 #aaf ,b5ci1 ,g9evra 7,v9ci71 #hi ,b5tivoglio1 ,c>d9al1 & ,v&yck1 #aga ,b5v5uti1 ,lor5zo1 #aec ,b]n>do di ,daddo1 #fi ,b]reguette1 ,alonzo1 #bjh-bji ,b]toldo1 #if-ig ,bir? ( ,john ! ,bapti/ 7,dr]71 #aih ,bir? ( ! ,virg9 ,m>y1 #eh ,blu*]1 portrait by ,lawr5ce1 #bgj ,boleyn1 ,anne1 & ,holbe91 #ahi ,bologna s*ool1 #ga1 #hb ,bolton ,abbey 9 ! ,old5 ,"t 7,l&se]71 #bih ,bonap>te on ! ,bridge ( ,arcola 7,gros71 #bdb ,borgia1 ,cs>1 appo9ts ,da ,v9ci eng9e]1 #ij ,borgognone1 ,ambrogio1 #ic ,bo?1 ,jan & ,&ries1 #ahg ,botticelli1 ,s&ro1 #gi ,b\rdon1 ,seba/ian1 #bch ,b[dit*1 ,n4 ,i41 quot$1 #bfa ,boy ) a ,squirrel 7,copley71 #bfa ,boyl/on1 ,miss ,rebecca1 portrait by ,copley1 #bfj ,brattle1 ,g5]al ,william1 portrait by ,copley1 #bfj ,brauw]1 ,adrian1 #agh ,br5ghel1 ,jan1 #afb ,br5ghel1 ,piet]1 #afb ,bril1 ,paul1 #afb ,brok5 ,jug 7,greuze71 #bdj ,brunn1 cit$1 #ba ,bull1 ,! 7,pott]71 #ahg ,bur*1 ,bi%op ,van d]1 & ,v&yck1 #agb ,burgkmair1 ,hans1 in/ructor ( ,holbe91 #ahi ,burial-places1 m$ival pa9t+s 91 #da4 ,see also ,catacombs ,burn+ ( ! ,h\se ( ,lords & ,commons 7,turn]71 #bhg ,byron's ,works illu/rat$ by ,turn]1 #bhf ,calumny 7,apelles71 #ai ,calv]t1 ,d5is1 in/ructor ( ,dom5i*9o1 #ada ,cammucc9i1 ,v9c5zio1 #aec ,canaletto1 #aec ,cano1 ,alonso1 #bcj-bcb ,canova1 design$ a monum5t = ,titian1 #abh2 portrait by ,lawr5ce1 #bga ,cant>illa de ,miel1 ,la 7,ut&e71 #bab ,capitol9e ,doves1 #cd ,caprices 7,goya71 #bcc ,c>acci1 ,annibale1 #adj2 quot$ on ,correggio1 #ace2 on ,dom5i*9o1 #ada2 in/ructor ( ,guido ,r5i1 #adc ,c>acci family & s*ool1 #adj ,c>avaggio1 #aej ,c>d ,play]s 7,wilkie71 #bib ,c>ew1 ,?omas1 portrait by ,v&yck1 #agd ,c>reo1 ,juan de1 #baa-bab ,c>v+s ( ,dr]1 #aih ,casa ,gr&e1 ! home ( ,titian1 #abf ,ca/elfranco1 alt>-piece pa9t$ by ,giorgione1 #aai ,ca/ile s*ool ( pa9t+1 #bjh ,ca/illo1 ,juan de1 in/ructor ( ,murillo1 #bba ,catacombs1 pa9t+s (1 #db-de ,cato ( ,utica 7,rib]a71 #aea ,cat's ,paw 7,l&se]71 #bie ,celtic illum9at$ ,,mss41 e>ly1 #di ,c5ci1 ,beatrice1 portrait by ,guido ,r5i1 #ade-adg ,c5n9o1 quot$1 #fh ,c5tral p]iod ( ,middle ,ages4 ,see ,romanesque ,cesp$es1 ,pablo de1 #bac-bad ,*>les ,i41 & ,rub5s1 #afd2 & ,v&yck1 #agb-agc2 portraits by ,v&yck1 #agd2 & ,dobson1 #bdi ,*>les ,,ii4 & ,lely1 #bea ,*>les ,,iv4 & ,goya1 #bcb ,*>les ,v41 & ,titian1 #abd1 #abf-abg2 & ,dr]1 #aii-bja2 & ,b]reguette1 #bji ,*>les ,x41 & ,gros1 #bdb2 & ,v]net1 #bdf ,*>tres ,ca!dral1 glass-pa9t+ 91 #ec ,*evy ,*ase 7,l&se]71 #bif-bih ,*ief's 7,!7 ,return f ,de]-/alk+ 7,l&se]71 #bih ,*ri/1 pa9t+s by ,joanes (1 #bbi ,*ri/ ,be>+ ! ,cross 7,morales71 #baj ,*ri/ ,bless+ ,little ,*ildr5 7,rembr&t71 #ahf ,*ri/ ,cr[n$ ) ,?orns 7,morales71 #baj ,*ri/ ,heal+ ! ,sick 7,we/71 #bff ,*ri/ 9 ,glory 7,correggio71 #acd ,*ri/ian art4 ,see ,e>ly ,*ur* decoration 9 ,go?ic p]iod ( ,middle ,ages1 #fj ,cimabue1 ,g41 #fa-fd ,ci/]cian monks1 pa9t$ w9d[s 9 *ur*es (1 #ed ,clay us$ by ,babylonian tile-pa9t]s1 #ab ,clem5t ,,vii41 portrait by ,titian1 #abd ,club ( ,/4 ,luke f\nd$ by ,v&yck1 #agc ,coello1 ,alonso ,san*ez1 #baj ,coello1 ,claudio1 #bjh1 #bab-bac ,collocation ( ! ,ho/ 7,coello71 #bac ,cologne s*ool ( art1 #ahh ,colonna1 ,vittoria1 fri5d%ip ) ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ajc ,colors1 ,egyptian rules = use (1 #e-g2 9 ,assyrian pa9t+s1 #aa2 9 ,pompeian wall-pa9t+s1 #cb2 9 illum9ation1 #dg2 ,raphael's skill 91 #aaj2 discov]ies by ,hub]t van ,eyck 9 use (1 #aef ,communion ( ,/4 ,j]ome 7,dom5i*9o71 #ada ,condemnation ( ,m>ie ,anto9ette 7,del>o*e71 #bdb ,consalvi1 ,c>d9al1 portrait by ,lawr5ce1 #bga ,cook's ,s\!rn ,coa/1 illu/rat$ by ,turn]1 #bhb ,coop]1 ,samuel1 #bdi ,copley1 ,john ,s+leton1 #bei-bfd ,copley ,family 7,copley71 #bfd ,corday1 ,*>lotte1 portrait by ,goya1 #bcc ,corn>o1 ,cat]9a1 portrait by ,titian1 #abd ,correggio1 #acb-aci ,cottage ,door 7,ga9sbor\gh71 #beh ,cottage ,girl 7,ga9sbor\gh71 #beh ,c\rt influ5ce ^u art dur+ ,romanesque p]iod1 #ej ,coxie1 ,mi*ael1 copies ,van ,eyck's alt>-piece = ,philip ,i41 #aef ,crana*1 ,lucas1 #bjb ,cromwell at ! ,h\se ( ,sir ,walt] ,/ew>t 7,l&se]71 #bic ,cromwell ,contemplat+ ! ,rema9s ( ,*>les ,i4 7,del>o*e71 #bdb ,cromwell's directions to ,lely = pa9t+ 8 portrait1 #bea ,crucifixion z repres5t$ by ,giotto1 #fh-fi ,crucifixion 7,fra ,angelico71 #ge-gf ,crucifixion 7,t9toretto71 #acj ,crucifixion 7,v&yck71 #afi1 #aga ,crucifixion ( ,/4 ,pet] 7,b\rdon71 #bch ,cunn+ham1 ,allan1 quot$1 #bfg ,cupid1 /atue (1 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ih-ii ,curran1 portrait by ,lawr5ce1 #bgj ,cuyp1 ,alb]t1 #ahf-ahg ,damophilos1 #ba ,dane 7,titian71 #abi ,dance1 ,george1 portrait ( ,turn]1 #bgi ,dance ( ,dea? 7,holbe971 #aib-aic ,daniell1 ,william1 portrait by ,wilkie1 #bic ,dante1 portrait by ,giotto1 #fd-ff2 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ajc ,dante's ,inf]no1 pa9t+ by ,delacroix ( sc5e f1 #bde ,david1 ,jacques ,l\is1 #bdj-bdb ,david 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #ii ,dead ,w>rior1 ,! 7,l&se]71 #bih ,dea? ( ! ,duke ( ,guise 7,del>o*e71 #bdb1 #bdd ,dea? ( ,"l ,*a?am 7,copley71 #bfb ,dea? ( ,wolfe 7,romney71 #bfg ,dea? ( ,wolfe 7,we/71 #bff ,decl9e ( ! ,c>?ag9ian ,empire 7,turn]71 #bhb ,decoration ( a ,ro(1 #dd-de ,delacroix1 ,eug5e1 #bdd-bde ,del>o*e1 ,paul1 #bdb ,demet] ,en?ron$1 #cd ,desc5t f ! ,cross 7,rib]a71 #aea ,desc5t f ! ,cross 7,volt]ra71 #ajd ,dido ,build+ ,c>?age 7,turn]71 #bhb ,dionysus1 or ,bac*us 7,ari/ides71 #ag ,discov]y ( ! ,h]b ,m&ragora1 #dg-dh ,dobson1 ,william1 #bdi-bea2 & ,v&yck1 #agc ,dodwell ,vase 7,!71 #ch ,dom5i*9o1 #ada-adc2 & ,p\ss91 #bcd ,dorian s*ool ( ,sikyon1 #ae-ag ,d[1 ,g]h>d1 #aha ,draw+ fir/ regul>ly taught 9 ,sikyon s*ool1 #ag ,drunk5 ,bac*us 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #ii ,duccio1 #fd ,dupp]1 portrait ( ,l&se]1 #cja ,dr]1 ,alb]t1 #aic-bjb ,dut*4 ,see ,holl& ,e>ly ,*ri/ian art1 #da1 #db-di ,e>ly p]iod ( ,middle ,ages4 ,see ,e>ly ,*ri/ian art ,ea/]n4 ,see ,ori5tal ,eclectics ( ! sev5te5? c5tury1 #adj ,edw>d ! ,confessor 7,mortim]71 #bfg ,edw>d ,,iii41 pa9t+s by ,we/ f ! life (1 #bff ,eeckh\t1 ,g]br&t van d]1 #ahf ,eg9h>d1 #di ,egyptian mosaics1 #cf ,egyptian pa9t+1 #c-i ,ehr5breit/e9 7,turn]71 #bhg ,ekphantos1 #ba ,encau/ic pa9t+s ( ,nikias1 #ah ,engl&1 pa9t+ 91 #bdi-cjc2 glass-pa9t+ 91 #ec2 wall-pa9t+ 91 #fj ,engl& & ,wales 7,turn]71 #bhb ,engrav+s1 by ,rembr&t1 #ahe2 by ,dr]1 #aid1 #aih2 by ,hog>?1 #bed4 ,see also ,et*+s ,entombm5t ( ,*ri/ 7,c>avaggio71 #aej ,entombm5t ( ,*ri/ 7,titian71 #abh-abi ,erasmus & ,holbe91 #ahi ,escorial1 ,giordano pa9t$ walls (1 #bac ,et*+1 ,rembr&t's use (1 #ahb ,et*+s1 ( ,salvator ,rosa1 #aeb2 ( ,t5i]s1 #ahj2 ( ,rembr&t1 #ahf ,etruscan tombs1 decorat$ ) mural pa9t+s1 #bc2 /one-pa9t+s f\nd 91 #cf ,etruscans introduc$ pa9t+ into ,italy f ,greece1 #ac1 #bj-ba ,euphranor1 #ag ,extract f a ,j\rnal :il/ at ,abbots=d 7,l&se]71 #bie ,eyck1 ,hub]t van1 #aee-aef ,eyck1 ,jan van1 #aef-aeh ,eyck1 ,lamb]t van1 #aeh ,eyck1 ,m>g>e?a van1 #aeh ,faes1 ,pet] van d]1 #bea ,false ,play]s 7,c>avaggio71 #aej ,family ( ,d>ius 7,v]onese71 #aca ,family ,picture 7,copley71 #bfb ,f>nes9a ,villa1 frescoes by ,raphael 91 #aaa ,f>r>i1 ,gaud5zio1 #ic ,fawkes1 ,h41 fri5d & patron ( ,turn]1 #bgg ,fea/ ( ,rose ,g>l&s 7,dr]71 #aig ,f]n&ez1 ,l\is1 #bba ,f]r>a1 ,duke (1 & ,titian1 #abd ,field ( ,eylau 7,gros71 #bdb ,fif? ,plague ( ,egypt 7,turn]71 #bgh-bgi ,figure-pa9t+ 9 anci5t ,greece1 #bj ,f9al p]iod ( ,middle ,ages4 ,see ,go?ic ,five ,s5ses 7,t5i]s71 #ahj ,fl&]s1 pa9t+ 91 #aee-agf ,flay+ ( ,/4 ,b>?olomew 7,rib]a71 #aea ,flemi% ,k]mes 7,t5i]s71 #ahj ,flora 7,titian71 #abd ,flor5t9e s*ool1 #gb-hj1 #ic ,fonesca1 portrait by ,velasquez1 #baf ,font1 ,! 7,l&se]71 #cjj ,=e%ort5+ ( ,correggio1 #acd ,=tune ,tell] 7,c>avaggio71 #aej ,f\r ,apo/les1 ,! 7,dr]71 #bja ,france1 pa9t+ 91 #bcd-bdh2 glass-pa9t+ 91 #ea4 ,see also ,gaul ,francia1 ,francisco1 #hb-hc ,francis ,i41 & ,da ,v9ci1 #ij-ib2 & ,s>to1 #aje2 & ,raphael1 #aad ,francis ,i4 & ,*>les ,v4 ,visit+ ! ,tombs at ,/4 ,d5is 7,gros71 #bdb ,franconian s*ool1 #aic ,fr$]ick ,h5ry1 ,pr9ce1 sc5es f ! life (1 pa9t$ by ,jorda5s1 #afg ,fuseli1 & ,angelica ,kauffman1 #bjd2 & ,l&se]1 #bid ,fyt1 ,jan1 #afg ,gaddi1 ,a41 #fi ,gaddi1 ,t41 #fi ,ga9sbor\gh1 ,?omas1 #beh ,gamba1 ,la 7,v>gas71 #bac ,g>d9]1 quot$1 #bfj ,g>d9]1 ,miss ,rebecca1 portrait by ,copley1 #bfj ,g>gasos1 #ba ,g>rick1 ,david1 epitaph on ,hog>?1 #bed ,gaul1 m9iature-pa9t+ 91 #di ,george ,,iii41 & ,we/1 #bfe2 & ,lawr5ce1 #bgj ,gricault1 ,jean ,l\is1 #bdd ,g]man illum9at$ ,,mss41 e>ly1 #di ,g]many1 pa9t+ 91 #ahh-bjf2 glass-pa9t+ 91 #ea2 wall-pa9t+ 91 #fj ,gele1 ,claude4 ,see ,lorra9e ,ghirl&ajo1 ,dom5ico1 #gi-hj1 #if ,giordano1 ,luca1 #bac ,giorgione1 #aah-abj2 & ,titian1 #abc ,giottes*i1 #fi ,giotto di ,bondone1 #fd-fi ,girl & ,pigs 7,ga9sbor\gh71 #beh ,girt91 ,tom1 #bgd ,glass-pa9t+1 #ea-ed1 #eh-fj ,glyk]a 7,pausias71 #ag ,goes1 ,hugo van d]1 #aeh ,goe!1 quot$1 #bje ,goldsmi?1 ,oliv]1 & ,reynolds1 #beh ,gomez1 ,seba/ian1 #bbh-bbi ,gongora1 portrait by ,velasquez1 #baf ,gonzaga1 ,giulia1 portraits by ,piombo1 #abj ,go?ic ar*itecture1 its influ5ce ^u pa9t+ & sculpture 9 ,middle ,ages1 #ed2 its influ5ce ^u glass-pa9t+1 #eh ,go?ic p]iod ( ,middle ,ages1 #db1 #ed-ga ,g[] family1 portraits by ,romney1 #bfg ,goya y ,luci5tes1 ,francisco1 #bcb-bcc ,goy51 ,jan van1 #ahg ,gozzoli1 ,b5ozzo1 #hj ,graces ,decorat+ a ,/atue ( ,hym5 7,reynolds71 #beg ,granacci1 ,francisco1 #hj1 #if ,great ,book ( ! ,h\rs1 illum9ation (1 #eh ,greek pa9t+1 anci5t1 #ac-cd1 #dj2 on /one1 #cf ,greuze1 ,jean-,bapti/e1 #bci-bdj ,grimm1 quot$1 #ajj-aja ,grisaille glass1 #ed ,gros1 ,anto9e ,jean1 #bdb ,gu>di1 ,francesco1 #aec ,gur91 in/ructor ( ,gricault1 #bdd2 ( ,delacroix1 #bde ,guido1 ,tommaso1 #gh-gi ,guido ( ,si5a1 #fd ,guido ,r5i1 #adc-adh ,guilds among pa9t]s 9 ,go?ic p]iod ( ,middle ,ages1 #ef ,hals1 ,franz1 #agg2 & ,v&yck1 #afi ,ham]ton1 on ,turn]1 #bhf2 on ,l&se]1 #bih ,hamilton1 ,lady1 portraits by ,romney1 #bfg-bfh ,hamlet & ,ophelia 7,we/71 #bff ,h>lot's ,progress 7,hog>?71 #beb ,haydon1 in/ructor ( ,l&se]1 #bid ,hayman1 ,francis1 in/ructor ( ,ga9sbor\gh1 #beh ,hayt]1 ,j41 portrait ( ,l&se]1 #cja ,heidelb]g ,ca/le 9 ! ,old5 ,"t 7,turn]71 #bhg ,hell5ic s*ool1 #ah ,hemicycle 7,del>o*e71 #bdb-bdd ,h5rietta ,m>ia1 ,que51 portraits by ,v&yck1 #agd ,h5ry ,i41 #ed-ee ,h5ry ,,iii4 & ,titian1 #abg ,h5ry ,,viii4 & ,holbe91 #ahi-aib ,h]cules1 /atue (1 by ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ih ,h]r]a1 ,francisco de1 #bab1 #bad-bae1 #baf ,hobbema1 ,m9d]t1 #ahh ,hog>?1 ,william1 #beb-bed ,holbe91 ,hans1 #ahh-aic ,holl&1 pa9t+ 91 #agf-ahh2 fidelity to detail1 #aa ,holy ,family 7,v&yck71 #afi-agj ,hon?or/1 ,g]>d1 #ahj ,hooge1 ,piet] de1 #aha ,h\ssaye1 ,a41 #ib ,hudson1 in/ructor ( ,reynolds1 #bee ,hundr$ ,guild]s ,pr9t 7,rembr&t71 #ahf ,illum9ation ( ,,mss41 #da1 #df-di1 #eh ,illu/rations us$ 9 ,egyptian papyrus rolls1 #h ,immaculate ,conception 7,murillo71 #bbd1 #bbe-bbg1 #bbh ,inquisition1 its influ5ce on ,spani% pa9t+1 #bjg-bjh ,intaglios 9 ,egyptian pa9t+1 #f ,int]iors1 ,dut* pa9t]s (1 #ahj-aha ,ionian s*ool1 #ae ,irel&1 m9iature-pa9t+ 9 anci5t1 #di ,isabella1 ,empress1 portrait by ,titian1 #abg ,isabella1 ,infanta1 s5ds ,rub5s to ,spa91 #afd ,isabella ( ,portugal1 portrait by ,jan van ,eyck1 #aef ,italy1 pa9t+ 91 #ac-cd1 #dj1 #gb-aed ,ixion on ! ,:eel 7,rib]a71 #aea ,jameson1 ,mrs41 quot$1 #aai ,joanes1 ,vic5te de1 #bbi ,john ,knox ,prea*+ 7,wilkie71 #bic ,johnson1 ,samuel1 & ,sir ,jo%ua ,reynolds1 #bee ,jonah1 /atue (1 modell$ by ,raphael1 #aae ,jorda5s1 ,jacob1 #afg-afh ,julius ,,ii41 ,pope1 & ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #ii-ajj2 & ,raphael1 #aaa ,julius ,,ii41 ,tomb (1 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #ajj1 #aja ,ju/9ian1 ,!odora1 & ,att5dants1 #de-df ,ju/us ( ,gh5t1 #aeh ,kauffman1 ,angelica1 #bjc-bjf ,k+ ,david1 #ea ,knell]1 ,sir ,godfrey1 #bea-beb ,knight 7,!71 ,dea?1 & ! ,devil 7,dr]71 #bjb ,kugl]1 quot$1 #abi ,l&se]1 ,*>les1 #bic ,l&se]1 ,sir ,edw91 #bic-cja ,l&se]1 ,john1 #bic ,l&se]1 ,?omas1 #bic ,l&scape-pa9t+1 9 anci5t ,greece1 #bj2 9 anci5t ,rome1 #bg-bi2 9 ,holl&1 #ahf-ahg ,l>d] ,invad$ 7,l&se]71 #bie ,l>ge ,holy ,family ( ! ,l\vre 7,raphael71 #aad ,la/ ,judgm5t 7,mi*ael ,angelo71 #aja ,la/ ,supp] 7,v9ci71 #hg-hi1 #ib ,la/ ,supp] 7,titian71 #baa ,la/ ,supp] 7,cesp$es71 #bad ,la/ ,supp]1 pa9t+s by ,joanes (1 #bbi-bcj ,la/man1 ,piet]1 #aha ,laugh+ ,peasant 7,velasquez71 #baf ,lawr5ce1 ,sir ,?omas1 #bfi-bga2 portrait ( ,we/1 #bff ,le> 7,we/71 #bff ,le ,brun1 ,*>les1 #bch ,lee1 ,colonel & ,mrs41 portraits by ,copley1 #bfj ,lely1 ,sir ,pet]1 #bea ,leo ,x41 & ,da ,v9ci1 #ij2 & ,raphael1 #aaa2 & ,titian1 #abd ,leon>do da ,v9ci1 #hd-ic ,leopold ,william1 ,ar*duke1 portrait by ,t5i]s1 #agi ,leslie1 portrait ( ,we/1 #bff2 portrait by ,l&se]1 #cja ,le ,sueur1 ,eu/a*e1 #bch ,lib] ,fluviorum 7,turn]71 #bhf ,lib] ,/udiorum 7,turn]71 #bhj ,lib] ,v]itatis 7,claude ,lorra9e71 #bcg ,l9e-fi%+ (f ,ha/+s 7,turn]71 #bhg ,lippi1 ,fillip9o1 #gi ,lippi1 ,filippo1 #gi ,little ,girl ) a ,lap ,dog 9 h] ,arms 7,greuze71 #bdj ,lomb>d s*ool1 #ic ,lomell9i ,family 7,v&yck71 #aga ,lorelei ,twilight 7,turn]71 #bgh ,lor5zo di ,cr$i1 #gi ,lorra9e1 ,claude1 #bcf-bch ,l\is ,,xii4 & ,da ,v9ci1 #ij ,l\is ,,xiii4 & ,p\ss91 #bcd-bcf ,l\is ,,xiv41 & ,le ,brun1 #bch2 & ,mign>d1 #bci2 portraits by ,rigaud1 #bci ,l\is ,,xv4 & ,v]net1 #bdj ,l\is ,philippe & ,v]net1 #bdf ,lbke1 quot$1 #hb1 #bcg ,lucretia 7,rembr&t71 #ahf ,ludius1 #ba-bc ,lu9i1 ,b]n>d9o1 #ic ,lu!r1 ,dr]'s admiration =1 #bja ,madonna del ,sacco 7,s>to71 #ajg ,madonna della ,gran ,duca 7,raphael71 #ajh ,madonna di ,san ,francesco 7,correggio71 #acd ,madonna di ,san ,francesco 7,s>to71 #ajg ,madonna ,en?ron$ 7,cimabue71 #fb ,madonnas ( ,fra ,b>tolommeo1 #ic ,madonnas ( ,raphael1 #aaj ,madonnas ( ,elisabetta ,sirani1 #adh ,maids ( ,honor 7,velasquez71 #bah ,mann]i/s1 #aci-adj ,mansfield1 ,"l1 portrait by ,copley1 #bfc ,mantegna1 ,&rea1 #hb1 #acb ,mantua1 ,duke (1 a patron ( ,rub5s1 #afb-afd ,manuscripts4 ,see ,illum9ation ,m>g>itone ( ,arezzo1 #fd ,m>o*etti1 ,b>on1 portrait ( ,l&se]1 #cja ,m>riage at ,cana 7,v]onese71 #aca ,m>riage la ,mode 7,hog>?71 #beb ,m>riage ( ,/4 ,ca?>9e 7,coello71 #baj ,m>s1 ,v5us1 & ,vulcan 7,copley71 #bei-bfj ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,&rew 7,ut&e71 #bab ,m>tyrdom ( ,/4 ,lawr5ce 7,titian71 #abg ,masaccio1 #gh-gi ,maso1 #fi ,masol9o1 #gh-gi ,massacre ( ! ,innoc5ts 7,volt]ra71 #ajd ,matsys1 ,qu9t91 #afa ,maximilian1 ,emp]or1 & ,dr]1 #aih-aii ,mazzuoli1 ,francesco1 #aci ,m$ival pa9t+1 #da-ga ,m$ici1 ,lor5zo de1 patron ( ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #if-ig ,m$usa's ,head 7,v9ci71 #hf ,meire1 ,g]>d van d]1 #aeh ,meml+1 ,hans1 #afj-afa ,memorial w9d[s1 orig9 (1 #eh ,m5gs1 ,raphael1 #aec ,m5iz1 ,las 7,velasquez71 #bah ,metsu1 ,gabriel1 #aha ,mey] ,madonna 7,holbe971 #aib ,mi*ael ,angelo1 #id-ajd2 8 frescoes ( ,si/9e ,*apel1 #aab2 & ,raphael1 #aae2 & ,piombo1 #abj-aba ,middle ,ages4 ,see ,m$ival ,mign>d1 ,pi]re1 #bch-bci ,milan1 ,academia ,leon>di ,v9ci1 #hg ,m9iaturi/s 9 ,engl&1 #bdi4 ,see also ,illum9ation ,miracle ( ,/4 ,m>k 7,t9toretto71 #acj ,mir&a1 ,juan ,c>reo de1 #baa-bab ,mod5a s*ool1 #ga ,mod]n ,rome 7,turn]71 #bhg ,mona ,lisa 7,v9ci71 #hi-ij ,morales1 ,luis de1 #bji-baj ,m1 ,sir ,?omas1 portraits by ,holbe91 #ahi ,morl&1 ,george1 #bfh ,morn+ ,among ! ,corri/on ,fells 7,turn]71 #bgg ,moro1 ,antonio1 #afb ,mosaics1 f\nd 9 anci5t ,italy1 #cd-cf2 ( ! ,middle ,ages1 #da1 #de-df2 none by e>ly ,g]mans or ,celts left1 #di2 transp>5t1 #ea ,moses1 #db-dd ,m\nt=t1 ,dr4 de1 portrait by ,copley1 #bei ,m\? 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be/ "p ( ,egyptian pa9t+1 #g ,pa*eco1 ,francisco1 #bjh1 #bad1 #baf ,palma1 ,jacopo1 #aba ,panel-pictures1 #bc1 #ej-ea1 #fj1 #fa ,papyrus rolls1 ,egyptian illu/rations 91 #h ,p>adise 7,t9toretto71 #acj ,p>eja1 ,juan de1 #bbj ,p>migian9o1 #aci ,p>rhasius1 #ad-ae ,p>t+ ( ,h]o & ,le&] 7,turn]71 #bhg ,paul ,,iii41 portrait by ,titian1 #abf ,pausias1 #ag ,pavem5t mosaics1 #ce-cf ,peep-o'-,day ,boy's ,cab9 7,wilkie71 #bic ,pelham1 ,*>les1 portrait by ,copley1 #bei ,pembroke1 ,e>l (4 ,see ,wilton ,family ,p]k9s1 ,a4 ,t41 quot$1 #bfj ,p]k9s1 ,c4 ,c41 quot$1 #gj ,p]k9s1 ,mrs4 ,edmund1 portrait by ,copley1 #bfj ,p]spective1 unkn[n to ,egyptians1 #e2 & to ,ori5tal nations1 #ac2 fir/ us$ by ,apollodorus1 #ad2 its use 9 ,middle ,ages1 #eh2 ,turn]'s lectures on1 #bhj-bha ,p]ug9o1 ,pietro1 #hb1 #hd1 #ajg ,petrus1 ,*ri/us1 #aeh ,philip ,i41 & ,b]reguette1 #bji2 employs ,coxie to copy ,van ,eyck's alt>-piece1 #aef ,philip ,,ii41 & ,titian1 #abg2 & ,morales1 #bji2 & ,coello1 #baj2 & ,nav>rete1 #baa ,philip ,,iv41 & ,c>reo1 #bab2 & ,zurb>an1 #bae2 & ,h]r]a1 #bae2 & ,velasquez1 #baf-bah2 & ,cano1 #bca ,philip ( ,burgundy1 employs ,jan van ,eyck1 #aef ,philip ( ,mac$on1 portraits by ,apelles1 #ah ,phryne ,go+ to ! 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,infant ,savi\r 7,correggio71 #ace-acg ,%r9e ( ,/4 ,ursula 7,meml+71 #afj-afa ,sibyl 7,!7 & ! ,emp]or 7,van d] ,weyd571 #aeh-aei ,siddons1 ,mrs41 portrait by ,reynolds1 #bee ,signorelli1 ,luca1 #gf1 #hj ,sikyon s*ool1 #ae-ag ,simone1 ,m>t9i1 #fi-gj ,sirani1 ,elisabetta1 #adh-aej ,si/9e ,madonna 7,raphael71 #aad ,slave ,%ip 7,turn]71 #bhh-bhi ,smi?1 ,sydney1 & ,l&se]1 #bii ,snyd]s1 ,frans1 #afg ,sol>io1 ,&rea1 #ic ,sosos1 #cd ,spa91 pa9t+ 91 #bjg-bcc ,sposalizio1 ,lo 7,raphael71 #ajg-ajh ,/affa ,madonna 7,raphael71 #ajh ,/e51 ,jan1 #agh ,/ill-life1 ,dut* excell5ce 9 pa9t+1 #agg ,/irl+1 quot$1 #bae1 #bah1 #bbh ,/one1 pa9t+s on1 #cf ,/rada1 portrait by ,m>ietta ,robu/i1 #acj ,/raf=d1 ,e>l (4 ,see ,w5twor?1 ,?omas ,/udius4 ,see ,ludius ,suckl+1 ,sir ,john1 portrait by ,v&yck1 #agd ,sug]1 ,abbot1 #ec ,sund]1 ,lucas1 #bjb ,surr5d] ( ,arundel ,ca/le 7,l&se]71 #bic ,swan5burg1 ,j4 ,j4 van1 in/ructor ( ,rembr&t1 #aha ,tadius4 ,see ,ludius ,tafi1 ,a41 #fd ,tasso1 portrait by ,bassano1 #acb ,temporal ,g5]ation ( ,our ,"l 7,v>gas71 #bac ,t5i]s1 ,david1 #agh-ahj ,t]burg1 ,g]h>d1 #aha ,?ack]ay's 7,miss7 ,miss ,angel ! /ory ( ,angelica ,kauffman1 #bjc ,?ornbury1 quot$1 #bhc ,?ornhill1 ,sir ,james1 #beb ,?ree ,graces 7,palma71 #aba ,?ree ,graces 7,raphael71 #aaj ,?url[1 ,"l ,*ancellor1 portrait by ,romney1 #bfg ,tile-pa9t+1 ,assyrian1 #i-aa2 ,babylonian1 #aa-ab ,timan!s1 #ae ,t9toretto1 #acj ,titian1 #aba-acj2 & ,correggio1 #ace2 8 ,la/ ,supp]1 #baa2 in/ructor ( ,nav>rete1 #baa2 ,c>reo's copy ( 8 ,/4 ,m>g>et1 #bab ,tob>1 ,alonzo ,miguel de1 #bac1 #bbi ,tol$o1 ,coello pa9t] to ! ,ca!dral (1 #bac ,torrigiano1 ,pitro1 #ih ,tragic ,muse 7,reynolds71 #bee ,transfiguration 7,raphael71 #aae ,transitional p]iod1 #fa ,trattato della ,pittura 7,v9ci71 #ic ,triumphal ,ar* ( ,maximilian 7,dr]71 #aii ,tulp1 ,pr(essor1 portrait by ,rembr&t1 #ahd ,turn]1 ,*>les1 #bhj ,turn]1 ,j4 ,m4 ,w41 #bga-bib ,turn]'s ,annual ,t\r1 #bhf ,uccello1 ,paolo1 #gi ,ulysses ,divid+ ,polyphemus 7,turn]71 #bhc ,ulysses 9 ! ,"u-_w 7,nikias71 #ag ,umbrian s*ool1 #hb ,urban ,,viii4 & ,claude ,lorra9e1 #bcf ,ut&e1 ,gregorio1 #bab ,vnius1 ,otto1 in/ructor ( ,rub5s1 #afb ,velde1 ,adrian van de1 #ahf ,val5cia s*ool1 #bjh1 #bbi ,v&yck1 ,an?ony1 #afh-agf2 9 ,engl&1 #bdi ,v>gas1 ,luis de1 #bac ,v>ni%1 improvem5ts by ! ,van ,eycks 9 ! use (1 #aef ,vas>i1 quot$1 #ge ,vase-pa9t+ by ! anci5ts1 #cf-dj ,vatican1 decoration by ,raphael ( ! halls (1 #aaa ,vega1 ,lope de1 on ,coello1 #baj2 on ,nav>rete1 #baa ,velasquez1 #bae-bbj2 & ,murillo1 #bbb1 #bbg ,v5ice f ! ,salute ,*ur* 7,turn]71 #bhg ,v5etian s*ool1 #hj-hb1 #aah ,v5us 7,titian71 #abd ,v5us ,anadyom5e 7,apelles71 #ai ,v]net1 ,c>le1 #bde ,v]net1 ,claude ,joseph1 #bdj ,v]net1 ,horace1 #bde-bdh ,v]onese1 ,paul1 #aca ,v]roc*io1 ,&rea1 #gi1 #hd ,vescovi1 ,m>co dei1 portrait by ,m>ietta ,robu/i1 #acj ,victoria1 ,que51 & ,l&se]1 #bih-bii ,vi51 ,joseph ,m>ie1 #bdj ,vi]ge1 ,la1 au ,pani] 7,correggio71 #acg-aci ,view ( ,rome f ! ,av5t9e ,hill 7,turn]71 #bhg ,village ,fe/ival 7,wilkie71 #bib ,village ,politicians 7,wilkie71 #bib ,v9c5t1 in/ructor ( ,horace ,v]net1 #bde ,v9ci1 ,leon>do da1 #hd-ic1 #ii ,virg91 pictures by ,murillo (1 #bbg2 by ,joanes1 #bbi ,virg5 de la ,sevillet 7,murillo71 #bbe ,vision ( ,/4 ,j]ome 7,p>migian9o71 #aci ,vitruvius1 quot$1 #bj ,volt]ra1 ,daniele de1 #ajd ,von ,tromp ,return+ f ,battle 7,turn]71 #bhd ,waag51 ,dr41 on ,turn]1 #bij ,walls4 ,see ,mural ,wa%+ton1 ,george1 portrait by ,copley1 #bfj ,wat]1 ,egyptian pa9t+ (1 #e ,wat] ,c>ri] ( ,seville 7,velasquez71 #baf ,watson1 ,elkanah1 portrait by ,copley1 #bfb-bfc ,watson & ! ,%>k 7,copley71 #bfb ,watteau1 ,anto9e1 #bci ,way to ,calv>y 7,morales71 #baj ,well+ton1 ,duke (1 portrait by ,lawr5ce1 #bgj ,wells & ,turn]1 #bgh ,wel/e$1 ,rev4 ,william1 portrait by ,copley1 #bei ,w5twor?1 ,?omas1 portrait by ,v&yck1 #agd ,w5twor?1 ,lady1 & ,angelica ,kauffman1 #bjd ,we/1 ,b5jam91 #bfe-bff2 & ,copley1 #bfa ,weyd51 ,rogi] van d]1 #aeh-aei ,weyd51 ,rogi] van d]1 ! y\ng]1 #aei-afj ,wilkie1 ,sir ,david1 #bib-bic ,williams1 quot$1 #bgj ,wilson1 ,ri*>d1 #bed ,wilton ,family1 ,! 7,v&yck71 #agd ,w9ckelmann & ,angelica ,kauffman1 #bjd ,w9d-,mills 7,hobbema71 #ahh ,w9d[-pa9t+4 ,see ,glass ,wohlgemu?1 ,mi*ael1 in/ructor ( ,dr]1 #aid ,woodman & ,dog 9 a ,/orm 7,ga9sbor\gh71 #beh ,wornum1 on ,turn]1 #bij ,w\v]man1 ,philip1 #ahg ,wreck ( ! ,m$usa 7,gricault71 #bdd ,wynants1 ,jan1 #ahg ,zeuxis1 #ad-ae ,zucc>o1 on ,cesp$es1 #bad ,zuccato1 ,seba/ian1 in/ructor ( ,titian1 #abc ,zurb>an1 ,francisco1 #bae