,,amateur ,,fish ,,culture  ,,by        
,,charles ,,edward ,,walker  ,,author   
,,of ,,old ,,flies ,,in ,,new ,,dresses 
,,shooting ,,on ,a ,,small ,,income1    
,,etc   ,,westminster ,,archibald       
,,constable  ,,co ,,ltd #b ,,whitehall  
,,gardens  #aija     ,butler  ,tanner1  
,the ,selwood ,printing ,works1 ,frome1 
and ,london4     ,,preface   ,my aim1 in
 this little book1 has been to give     
information and hints which will prove  
useful to the amateur4 ,some of the     
plans and apparatus suggested would not 
be suitable for fish culture on a large 
scale1 but my object has been to confine
 myself entirely to operations on a     
small scale4 ,i have to thank the       
,editor of ,land and ,water for         
permission to publish in book form what 
first appeared as a series of articles4 
,,charles ,,walker4  ,mayfield1 ,sussex4
 ,march1 #aija4     ,,contents          
,,chapter ,,page       ,i ,introductory 
#a      ,,ii ,stocking ,waters with     
,food                                   

#g     ,,iii ,suitable ,fish and        
,suitable ,waters                       
#ad      ,,iv ,trout4 ,preliminary      
,hints and ,advice                      
#bj       ,v ,trout4 ,rearing ,ponds1   
,boxes1 and ,hatching ,trays            
#bg      ,,vi ,trout4 ,management of the
 ,ova and ,alevins                      
#cd     ,,vii ,trout4 ,management of the
 ,fry                                   
#db    ,,viii ,trout4 ,the ,management  
of the ,fry 7,continued7                
#ea      ,,ix ,trout4 ,the ,friends and 
,enemies of the ,fish ,culturist        
#eh       ,x ,trout4 ,management1       
,feeding1 and ,turning out of ,yearlings
        #fg      ,,xi ,the ,rearing of  
the ,rainbow ,trout1 ,american ,brook   
,trout1        and ,char                
#gb     ,,xii ,salmon and ,sea-,trout   
#ha    ,,xiii ,coarse ,fish             
#hh         ,appendix                   
#ic         ,index                      
#ig     ,,chapter ,i  ,,introductory    
,fish culture of a certain kind dates   

from very early times1 but its          
scientific development has only come    
about quite recently4 ,most people know 
that in our own country the monks had   
stew ponds1 where they kept fish1       
principally carp1 and also that the     
,romans kept fish in ponds4 ,in the     
latter case we hear more often of the   
eel than of other fish4 ,the breeding of
 trout and salmon1 and the artificial   
spawning and hatching of ova1 are1      
however1 an innovation of our own time4 
,much has been discovered about the     
procreation of fish1 and in no case have
 scientists worked so hard and          
discovered more than in the case of     
,salmonid4 ,fish culture1 particularly  
trout culture1 has become a trade1 and a
 paying one4 ,to any one who has the    
least idea of the difficulties to be    
overcome in rearing ,salmonid1 this fact
 alone proves that fish culture must    
have progressed to a very advanced stage
 as a science4  ,this advance has in    
very many1 if not in the majority of    

cases1 been made by the bitter          
experience gained through failures and  
mishaps1 for these have led fish        
culturists to try many different means  
to prevent mischances1 or to rectify    
them if they have happened4 ,some of the
 most serious difficulties experienced  
by the early fish culturists who bred   
,salmonid can now be almost disregarded1
 for they hardly exist for the modern   
fish culturist1 with the knowledge he   
possesses of the experience of others4  
,so much of what has been done in fish  
culture is generally known to those who 
have studied and practised it1 that the 
beginner can nowadays commence far ahead
 of the point whence the first fish     
culturists started4 ,many of his        
difficulties have been overcome for him 
already1 and though he will not1 of     
course1 meet with the success of the man
 of experience1 still he ought with the 
exercise of an average amount of        
intelligence to avoid such failures as  
would completely disgust him4  ,there   

are many pieces of water containing     
nothing but coarse fish which are very  
suitable for trout of some kind4 ,ponds1
 particularly those which have a stream 
running through them1 will1 as a rule1  
support a good head of trout if properly
 managed4 ,again a water which contains 
trout may become more or less depleted1 
and here it is necessary to supply the  
deficiency of trout by some means4 ,the 
easiest way is1 of course1 to buy       
yearling or two-year-old fish from a    
piscicultural establishment1 of which   
there are many in the kingdom1 but ,i   
know that there are many fishermen who  
would much prefer to rear their own fish
 from the ova1 than to buy ready-made   
fish4 ,any one who has the time and     
opportunity to rear his own fish will be
 amply repaid by the amusement and      
interest gained1 and it should be the   
cheaper method of stocking or           
re-stocking a water4  ,the same remarks 
apply to a certain extent to waters     
which will not support trout1 or where  

the owner wants more coarse fish4 ,the  
stock of coarse fish may be improved by 
fish culture just as much as a stock of 
trout4  ,in his first year or two1 it is
 very possible that the amateur will not
 save very much by being his own        
pisciculturist4 ,if1 however1 he is     
careful1 and works with intelligence1 it
 is quite possible that he may succeed  
better than he had hoped and rear a good
 head of fish at a less cost than the   
purchase of yearlings4 ,in any case he  
will have had a great deal of pleasure  
and gained experience as well as reared 
some fish4  ,in the present little      
volume1 ,i propose to try and deal with 
fish culture in such a way as to help   
the amateur who wishes to rear fish to  
stock his own water4 ,much of the       
existing literature of the subject deals
 with it on such a large scale that the 
amateur is frightened to attempt what is
 apparently so huge an undertaking4     
,fish culture may1 however1 be carried  
out on a small scale with success1 and  

though considerable attention is        
necessary1 particularly with young      
,salmonid1 it is not a task which       
involves a very great proportion of the 
time of any one undertaking it4 ,it is  
absolutely necessary1 however1 that the 
amateur fish culturist should live on   
the spot1 or have some one who is       
intelligent and perfectly trustworthy   
who does4 ,in every case in my          
experience1 trusting the care of young  
fish to a keeper or servant has resulted
 in failure1 and in every failure ,i    
have seen where the fish have not been  
trusted to the care of a servant1 the   
cause has been very obvious1 and could  
easily have been avoided4  ,the rearing 
of trout is the most important branch of
 fish culture to the amateur1 and       
fortunately but slight modifications are
 necessary in rearing other fish4 ,what 
is good enough for trout is good enough 
for most fish1 therefore ,i think that  
,i shall be right in describing trout   
culture at considerable length1 and     

dealing with other fish in a somewhat   
summary manner4 ,the difference in the  
management1 etc41 of other fish ,i shall
 point out after describing how to rear 
trout4  ,to begin with1 the amateur must
 not suppose that because he puts fish  
into a stream or pond he will succeed in
 stocking that water or increasing the  
head of fish4 ,there are many other     
things to be considered4 ,the river1    
stream1 or pond must be of a suitable   
character for the fish1 and there must  
be plenty of food4 ,i am sure that it is
 much more important to consider        
carefully whether the water is suitable1
 and contains a proper supply of food1  
than to consider how the fish are to be 
obtained1 for recourse may always be had
 to a professional fish culturist--fish 
of almost any kind and any age can be   
bought ready made4  ,the point ,i would 
impress upon the amateur more forcibly  
than anything else1 is that he should be
 sure that there is plenty for his fish 
to eat in the water1 before he thinks of

 putting them into it4 ,it is for this  
reason that ,i devote my next chapter   
chiefly to the stocking of waters with  
food and to the improvement of the food 
supply in waters where some food already
 exists4     ,,chapter ,,ii  ,,stocking 
,,waters ,,with ,,food   ,it may seem   
somewhat superfluous to say that fish   
cannot live in any water unless that    
water contains the food supply necessary
 for them to thrive upon1 and yet this  
is the point most often overlooked in   
stocking waters with fish4 ,small       
attempts at stocking with creatures     
suitable for food1 particularly after   
the fish have been already introduced1  
are not at all likely to succeed4 ,such 
an important matter when treated as a   
small afterthought is almost sure to end
 in failure of the whole business of    
stocking4  ,but a small amount of       
thought will convince any one that in   
order that there may be a sufficient    
amount of animal life in a water1 there 
must be an adequate vegetable life1 for 

weeds are almost always necessary to the
 well-being of the creatures which serve
 as food for fishes4  ,in the case of a 
pond it is generally fairly easy to     
introduce a good stock of suitable      
weeds4 ,the best method is to let the   
pond down as low as possible1 and then  
to plant some weeds round the margin2   
the water is then allowed to gradually  
fill up the pond1 and as it rises weeds 
are planted round the rising margin of  
the water4 ,in ponds which cannot be    
emptied at all1 or not sufficiently to  
carry out this plan1 weeds may be       
planted in an easy but not quite so     
effectual a manner4 ,they may be planted
 in shallow baskets containing some mud 
from the bottom of the pond1 and then   
lowered in suitable places from a boat1 
or bundles of the weed may be tied to   
stones and dropped into the water in a  
similar manner4  ,these latter methods  
are1 of course1 not so good as actually 
planting the weeds round the advancing  
margin of the water1 for success depends

 to a certain extent upon chance4 ,some 
of the weeds thus planted are1 however1 
sure to take root and grow4 ,plants of  
different kinds1 of course1 are         
necessary at different depths and on    
different kinds of bottoms1 and good    
kinds are necessary at the margin of the
 water as well4 ,i give a list of some  
suitable plants of each kind at the end 
of this chapter4  ,similar methods are  
used in planting weeds in rivers and    
streams to those used in ponds4 ,if the 
weeds are planted in baskets1 the       
baskets must1 of course1 be weighted    
when put in a position where the current
 can act upon them4  ,besides vegetation
 in the water1 vegetation on the bank is
 of considerable importance4 ,i shall   
deal with this at a later period more   
fully1 as trees and bushes1 besides     
harbouring many insects which serve as  
food for fish1 have also considerable   
importance in giving cover to the fish  
and to the fisherman who is pursuing    
them4  ,i think that in the case of a   

bare water1 a year at least should be   
devoted to developing a good supply of  
vegetation4 ,this will generally produce
 a considerable amount of animal life1  
without any artificial help1 but        
judicious help will be sure to          
accelerate matters to a considerable    
extent4 ,i would1 however1 advise the   
amateur not to attempt to introduce a   
quantity of creatures into his water1   
until the vegetable life therein is well
 established4 ,for instance1 though     
fresh-water snails are desirable in     
every trout water1 if introduced in     
large numbers into a water in which the 
vegetation is small and not well        
established1 they will eat down the     
weeds too much and then die off from    
disease caused by want of sufficient    
nourishment4  ,having established the   
vegetable life well in a water1 and     
developed it to a considerable extent1  
the amateur may begin to examine his    
water1 and find out how much animal life
 exists there1 and to stock with        

creatures suitable for food1 according  
to what he finds in the water4          
,fresh-water snails are always          
desirable4 ,in streams1 or in ponds with
 streams running into them1 the         
fresh-water shrimps 7,gammarus pulex7   
should always be tried4 ,it does not do 
in some waters1 but where it does thrive
 it increases very rapidly1 and forms   
about the best article of food that can 
be given to trout4 ,corix1 which thrive 
in ponds and sluggish waters1 should    
always be introduced4 ,they increase    
rapidly1 and are taken by most fish1    
particularly by trout4 ,the amateur     
should be careful when he introduces    
these creatures to make sure that he is 
putting in the right creature4 ,the     
water-boatman 7,nautonecta glauca7 is a 
member of the same family1 but is no use
 as food for the fish4 ,he swims on his 
back1 is longer and narrower than are   
,corix1 which do not swim on their      
backs1 are smaller1 broader1 and live   
much more under water than the          

water-boatman4 ,it is generally         
advisable to avoid water-beetles1 as    
most of them are more likely to do harm 
than good1 such a number of our         
water-beetles being carnivorous4 ,they  
will probably not harm adult fish1 but  
they will destroy ova and fry4 ,i have  
known a ,dytiscus marginalis kill a     
trout of nearly a quarter of a pound in 
weight4  ,in order to make sure of not  
introducing carnivorous water-beetles   
into a water1 ,i think it best as a rule
 not to introduce beetles at all4 ,corix
 are1 however1 so like beetles1 that    
many people call them beetles1 and      
therefore ,i will give a few points     
which will make them easily             
distinguishable from each other4 ,in    
beetles1 the wing-cases 7elytra7 meet   
exactly in the middle line1 in ,corix   
and other water-bugs1 the anterior      
wings1 which resemble the elytra of     
beetles1 overlap1 which causes the line 
on the back to curve away to one side at
 the lower end4 ,in beetles the wings   

which lie under the wing-cases are      
folded up on themselves1 and when spread
 out are much larger than the           
wing-cases4 ,the wings are transparent  
and very delicate4 ,in ,corix the       
posterior wings1 which lie under the    
hard and horny anterior wings1 are a    
little shorter than the anterior wings2 
they are not folded up on themselves and
 are not so delicate and transparent as 
the wings of the beetle4  ,such small   
creatures as ,daphnia pulex1 ,cyclops   
quadricornis and ,rotifera should be    
introduced into ponds4  ,snails         
7,gasteropoda7 may be roughly divided   
into three classes1 according to the    
shape of their shells3 7#a7 ,flat-shaped
 coils 7type ,planorbis corneus72 7#b7  
,oblong-shaped1 somewhat like a trumpet 
7type ,limna stagnalis72 and 7#c7       
,ear-shaped 7type ,limna auricularia74  
,limna auricularia is particularly      
suitable for deep waters1 and ,l4       
pereger1 whose shell is of type #b1 is a
 most valuable addition to the food     

supply in any fish pond4 ,it is one of  
the commonest of our fresh-water snails4
  ,mussels 7,conchifera7 are another    
valuable article of food4 ,there are a  
great many different kinds1 and the     
larger ones should1 as a rule1 be       
avoided4 ,sphriid and ,pisidia are      
probably the best4  ,in many cases it is
 advisable to attempt the introduction  
of some flies which are not present4    
,there are several cases in which the   
,may-fly has been successfully          
introduced1 and also the ,grannom4      
,small ,ephemerid seem to me preferable 
to any other flies4  ,with regard to    
suitable plants for comparatively deep  
water in ponds or lakes1 lakewort and   
stonewort grow on the bottom1 and do    
not1 as a rule1 attain any considerable 
height4 ,white and yellow water-lilies  
also grow in fairly deep water2 the     
water-lobelia is also an excellent plant
 for ponds4  ,in streams some of the    
best plants are water-crowfoot1         
water-starwort1 and the great water     

moss4 ,anacharis should not be          
introduced into any water1 either pond  
or stream1 unless it can be kept down   
easily4 ,it will otherwise become an    
unmitigated nuisance4  ,marginal plants 
are a very important consideration1 and 
plenty of them should be grown4         
,water-celery and water-cress are       
perhaps the best food-producing marginal
 plants that can be grown4 ,bullrushes  
and brooklime are also good1 but the    
bullrushes must be planted judiciously4 
,,chapter ,,iii  ,,suitable ,,fish ,,and
 ,,suitable ,,waters   ,having stocked  
his water with suitable vegetation and  
food1 the next matter which should      
engage the attention of the amateur1 is 
what fish he had better introduce4 ,he  
should1 where there is a fair chance of 
success1 introduce a trout of some sort1
 as they give better sport than coarse  
fish4  ,the introduction of salmon into 
a river is not likely to be attempted by
 the amateur1 but the head of salmon    
frequenting a river is undoubtedly      

affected in the most marvellous manner  
by artificial means4 ,in ,canada and the
 ,united ,states this is particularly   
remarkable1 but the operations are      
conducted on a gigantic scale4  ,in the 
case of a stream or river where brown   
trout already exist1 or have recently   
existed1 in fair numbers1 re-stock with 
these fish1 for they can hardly be      
bettered in our waters4 ,there are1     
however1 some sluggish rivers where     
brown trout do not thrive when they are 
introduced4 ,in such rivers and in many 
ponds in the ,south of ,england ,i      
believe that no better fish exists than 
the rainbow trout4 ,i say particularly  
in the south1 because ,i do not think   
that the rainbow trout will ever really 
thrive and breed in cold waters4 ,i have
 at other times given numerous examples 
which go to show that the rainbow will  
only thrive in warm waters4#a ,i will   
therefore only quote the case of ,new   
,zealand4 ,the rainbow trout was        
introduced into both islands1 but while 

it thrived amazingly in the warm waters 
of the ,north ,island1 it has proved a  
comparative failure in the cold waters  
of the ,south ,island4  #a ,the ,rainbow
 ,trout4 ,lawrence  ,bullen1 ,london4   
,while the common or brown trout 7,salmo
 fario7 and the rainbow trout 7,salmo   
irideus7 are1 in my opinion1 to be      
strongly encouraged in the waters       
suitable to their respective qualities1 
the ,american brook trout 7,salvelinus  
fontinalis7 does not seem to have met   
with the approval of most of the        
authorities on pisciculture in this     
country4 ,my experience of this fish is 
not sufficient for my holding any very  
strong views with regard to its         
suitability to ,british waters4 ,in one 
case ,i know that it was a great success
 for two seasons1 but ,i have not had   
any opportunity of following it up in   
this particular instance4 ,in another   
case it was a decided failure4 ,i am    
sure that it should not be introduced   
into streams where brown trout thrive1  

and ,i am doubtful of its ever          
succeeding in waters which are suitable 
to the rainbow trout4  ,of all the      
trout1 the rainbow is the hardiest1 and 
the one with which the amateur          
pisciculturist is most likely to be     
successful4 ,it is also the fish most   
likely to supply a want felt by very    
many fishermen1 a good sporting fish in 
waters where the common trout will not  
thrive4  ,in large and deep ponds with a
 good stream1 or in lakes1 char may be  
tried with a prospect of success4 ,they 
require cold waters1 and ,i have never  
heard of their being successfully       
introduced in the ,south of ,england4   
,they are a more difficult fish to rear 
than trout4  ,grayling have many violent
 opponents1 but ,i am inclined to think 
that they do but little if any harm in a
 trout stream1 and they supply excellent
 fishing during part of the close season
 for trout4 ,they seem to thrive best in
 chalk streams1 but there are no doubt  
many waters which would carry a good    

head of grayling which at present       
contain only trout4 ,they probably do   
much less harm than most of the coarse  
fish constantly found in trout streams4 
,the great crime attributed to them is  
that they eat the spawn of the trout1   
but ,i am inclined to think that the    
harm they do in this way is much over   
estimated4 ,they spawn at a different   
time and would not be likely to frequent
 the spawning places at the same time as
 the trout4 ,i have no doubt that an    
infinitely greater proportion of trout  
ova are eaten by the trout themselves   
than by grayling in rivers which contain
 both fish4 ,chalk streams and those    
rivers with gravelly bottoms and with   
alternate shallows and pools seem to be 
the most suited to the grayling4  ,among
 coarse fish the rudd is one of the best
 from the fly-fisher's point of view4   
,it takes the fly readily1 is very      
prolific and very easy to introduce4 ,it
 thrives remarkably well in ponds which 
contain a good supply of food4 ,its fry 

serve as excellent food for other fish1 
particularly trout1 but ,i have known   
cases where it increased rapidly in a   
pond at the expense of the trout4 ,it   
can1 however1 be kept under by judicious
 netting4  ,the dace is another fish    
which gives sport to the fly-fisherman4 
,it will not thrive in ponds4 ,in some  
rivers1 however1 where trout--brown     
trout1 at any rate--will not thrive1 the
 dace does very well4 ,in the case of   
the ,sussex ,ouse this is most          
remarkable4 ,little more than ten years 
ago there were no dace in that river1   
now it swarms with them4 ,their presence
 is attributed to the fact that some    
dace1 brought there as live-baits for   
pike1 escaped destruction and           
established the present stock4 ,sluggish
 and muddy rivers seem to produce the   
best dace4 ,chubb1 which also possess   
many points to recommend them to the    
fisherman1 will also do well in such    
rivers4  ,to those who enjoy bottom     
fishing and possess a pond1 even a small

 one1 ,i can recommend no fish more     
highly than the king-carp4 ,it is a much
 bolder-feeding and gamer fish than the 
common carp1 and is just as easy to     
introduce4 ,while dealing with carp ,i  
may mention that the goldfish1 when     
introduced into a suitable pond1 grows  
to a very large size4 ,i have caught    
them over a pound in weight4  ,the perch
 is a very prolific fish1 and will      
thrive in ponds with a very small stream
 running into them1 and in sluggish     
rivers4 ,other coarse fish are as a rule
 easy to introduce into a water4 ,though
 perch fry form excellent food for      
trout1 perch1 and of course pike1 should
 be kept out of a trout water4  ,the    
suitability of a water depends to a     
great extent 7as to its capacity of     
supporting a healthy stock of fish7 upon
 its having plenty of suitable          
vegetation upon the banks4 ,therefore if
 the banks are bare of vegetation1      
willows and alders1 as being quick      
growing and easily established trees1   

should be freely planted upon the banks4
 ,this fortunately is very easily done1 
for willow and alder sticks cut and put 
into the ground in the spring are pretty
 sure to do well4 ,it is needless to say
 that the moister spots should be chosen
 for the willows1 though they will do   
well in suitable soil in comparatively  
dry places4 ,besides giving shade and   
shelter to the fish1 which is always an 
important consideration1 a considerable 
quantity of food is bred upon trees and 
shrubs at the water side4 ,i have found 
as many as eighteen caterpillars in the 
stomach of a trout which ,i caught under
 an overhanging oak tree4     ,,chapter 
,,iv  ,,trout4 ,,preliminary ,,hints    
,,and ,,advice   ,the amateur who is    
beginning trout culture had better by   
all means buy eyed ova from a fish      
cultural establishment4 ,there are many 
of these in the ,british ,isles1 and    
nowadays eyed ova are packed and sent   
safely all over the country4 ,the       
artificial spawning of trout is not an  

undertaking in which the beginner is    
likely to achieve great success1 and    
therefore ,i should advise him to avoid 
relying upon it when he commences his   
operations as a fish culturist4         
,collecting the ova of wild trout is    
also an operation of some difficulty1   
and lays the beginner open to much more 
disappointment than if he deals with    
eyed ova purchased from a reliable      
establishment4 ,instead of having to    
watch and care for the ova through a    
critical and dangerous period1 he       
receives them shortly before the young  
fish hatch out1 when the ova are not in 
the most delicate stage4  ,it is of the 
greatest importance that everything     
should be ready for the ova long before 
they are expected1 as hurry and new     
apparatus are likely to cause failure4  
,any concrete and varnished or enamelled
 woodwork should be exposed to the      
action of a current of water for at     
least five or six weeks before they are 
brought into actual use4  ,the choice of

 a suitable spot in which to make his   
hatchery is a serious point for the     
consideration of the amateur4 ,a spring 
is the best water supply as a rule1 for 
the water is usually of a fairly even   
temperature1 and does not require       
filtering1 but water from a stream where
 trout are known to live is quite safe4 
,a few years ago it would have been     
necessary for any one wishing to take up
 fish culture1 to erect a building in   
which to place his hatchery if he       
intended to hatch any number of eggs1 in
 order to guard against frosts4 ,at the 
present time1 the eyed ova of even the  
brown trout 7,salmo fario7 can be       
obtained sufficiently late to be safe   
against a frost severe enough to cause  
any damage1 and as the rainbow trout    
7,salmo irideus7 spawns in ,february and
 ,march1 the amateur is1 at the time he 
receives the eyed ova1 quite safe from  
frost4  ,the best method to pursue is to
 make long narrow ponds1 with a current 
running through them1 and to hatch the  

eggs out in trays and boxes suspended in
 these ponds4 ,when the young fish hatch
 out1 the trays which contained the ova 
can be removed1 and the young fish kept 
in the boxes4 ,later on the young fish  
can be released from the boxes into the 
ponds4 ,i shall subsequently describe   
how these ponds1 trays1 and boxes should
 be made4  ,the rearing ponds should be 
made1 if possible1 at a fall in the     
level of the water supply1 so that they 
may be easily emptied4 ,this is an      
important point which is frequently     
overlooked by amateurs4 ,there should be
 an outlet on a level with the bottom of
 the pond1 and if the water escapes     
through a pipe1 that pipe should incline
 downwards4 ,this1 in a series of ponds1
 of course necessitates the ponds being 
at different levels1 but the water is   
thus under much better control than if  
the outlet is at a higher level1 and the
 ponds are easily emptied4 ,ponds may1  
however1 be worked successfully with the
 outlet in mid-water1 or even near the  

surface1 though this does not ensure    
such a certainty of change of water     
throughout the pond4 ,it is not1        
however1 always possible to obtain such 
a difference in level between the supply
 and waste4 ,in such cases the ponds    
should be made shallower near the       
outlet4  ,a popular idea seems to be    
that a gravel bottom is necessary for   
the well-being of trout2 this is quite a
 mistake4 ,personally1 ,i believe that a
 good earth bottom is best in a rearing 
pond1 and even in a pond lined with     
concrete ,i should always put a layer of
 mould1 preferably turf mould1 at the   
bottom4 ,with the use of this mould     
during the subsequent operations in     
rearing trout ,i shall deal later on4   
,the size of the ponds1 of course1      
depends upon the number of trout to be  
reared4 ,it is better to have several   
medium sized ponds than one large one1  
as then accident or disease occurring in
 a pond will only affect a portion of   
the stock of fish4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4         

,armistead in ,an ,angler's ,paradise1  
and ,how to ,obtain ,it1 says3 ,a pond  
sixty feet long1 four feet wide1 and    
about three feet deep1 will hold ten or 
fifteen thousand fry at first1 and give 
them plenty of room to grow1 but by the 
end of ,july the number should be       
reduced to five thousand1 which may be  
left till ,october1 when they should    
again be thinned out1 or1 better still1 
put into larger pond4  ,i should advise 
the amateur who is dealing with only a  
few thousand fish to work on a smaller  
scale in these proportions1 and to make 
these changes gradually1 and yet more   
gradually as the season advances4 ,that 
is to say1 work with a third of the     
number of fry in ponds half the size and
 move some fish several times before the
 end of ,july4 ,as ,october approaches1 
make changes of smaller numbers of fish 
more frequently4  ,late in the autumn   
is1 in my opinion1 the best time to put 
the young fish into the water they are  
to inhabit permanently4 ,it must be a   

mistake to rear them artificially longer
 than is necessary1 and by the end of   
,november they should be fairly capable 
of looking after themselves4  ,trout1   
which are artificially reared on chopped
 meat and other soft foods1 suffer from 
a lack of development in the stomach    
walls1 and also1 probably1 in the rest  
of their digestive apparatus4 ,the first
 case ,i saw of the stomach of an       
artificially reared trout was a         
two-year-old trout1 upon which ,dr4 ,c4 
,s4 ,patterson performed an autopsy4    
,the stomach walls were as thin as a    
sheet of tissue paper4 ,at the time ,i  
believed1 and1 if ,i remember rightly1  
he also thought that this was due to    
atrophy1 but ,i am inclined to think    
that this idea was only partially       
correct4 ,the stomach walls of the      
autumn yearling trout1 which is         
artificially reared on soft food1 do not
 show any marked abnormality in the way 
of thinness2 but as the trout's age     
increases1 so does the thickness of the 

stomach wall decrease in proportion to  
its size4 ,this leads me to believe that
 the development of the stomach wall1 at
 any rate1 and probably also of the     
glands secreting the gastric juice and  
the digestive apparatus generally1      
gradually ceases when at about the age  
of eight or nine months if the trout is 
fed upon soft food4 ,probably1 also1 a  
certain amount of atrophy and dilatation
 of the stomach wall is produced4 ,if my
 observations are correct1 so also is   
the conclusion that a trout which cannot
 digest hard food1 of which a great part
 of his natural food consists1 will not 
have a really fair chance when turned   
out4 ,therefore1 ,i say1 turn out your  
trout in ,november1 unless you can feed 
them on such food as shrimps1 snails1   
bivalves and ,corix2 and if you stock   
with ready made fish1 stock with        
yearlings in the late autumn4  ,the     
turning out of his fish in ,november    
will also allow the amateur plenty of   
time to prepare his ponds and apparatus 

for next year's operations4 ,if the     
ponds are made on a stream1 probably the
 very best place that can be chosen is  
where there is a fairly sharp bend in   
the stream just below a fall4 ,an       
artificial fall can often be made where 
the banks are high by damming up the    
stream several feet4 ,care must be      
taken1 however1 to avoid any risk of the
 ponds being flooded4     ,,chapter ,v  
,,trout4 ,,rearing ,,ponds1 ,,boxes1    
,,and ,,hatching ,,trays   ,having      
decided upon a suitable spot1 the       
amateur must now proceed to make his    
ponds4 ,whether he derive his water     
supply from a spring or from a stream1  
the amateur had better bring it into his
 ponds through a pipe4 ,a three-inch    
pipe will be large enough for a pond    
thirty feet long1 three feet wide1 and  
two feet deep at the deepest part4 ,it  
is a good thing for the water to fall1  
some inches at any rate1 through the air
 before it reaches the pond1 and in a   
series of ponds with only one supply1   

the water should flow through an open   
trough with stones and other impediments
 in it1 between the ponds4 ,the ponds   
may be lined entirely with brickwork    
faced with cement1 and in this case the 
sides should be made perpendicular4 ,the
 cement should1 however1 be exposed     
freely to the action of the running     
water for a couple of months at least   
before any ova or fry are introduced4   
,another plan1 and a simpler and less   
expensive one1 is to face only the ends 
of the ponds with brick and cement work1
 carrying the brickwork into the earth  
on each side1 as shown in ,fig4 #a4 ,in 
this case the sides of the ponds should 
be slightly sloped as shown in ,figs4 #b
 and #c4 ,it is advisable if possible to
 make the outlet at the level of the    
bottom of the pond1 if the pond is lined
 with cement1 but if the pond is only   
cemented at the ends1 it is better to   
have one in mid-water or even near the  
surface4 ,as ,i have said before        
however1 an outlet should be made at the

 level lowest part of the bottom1 so as 
to facilitate the emptying of the pond4 
,the pond should however be made        
shallower at the lower end4 ,fig4 #b    
shows a section of the upper end1 and   
,fig4 #c of the lower end of such a     
pond4  ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4         
,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4  ,illustration3
 ,fig4 #c4  ,the open trough between    
ponds in a series should be at least    
three yards in length1 but it is better 
if not straight4 ,stones and gravel     
should be put in these troughs in order 
to make the water as rough as possible1 
and if some fresh-water shrimps can be  
introduced so much the better4  ,if the 
water is taken from a stream1 a leaf    
screen must be placed at some distance  
in front of the inlet4 ,this may be made
 of a hurdle fastened to strong stakes  
sunk into the bed of the stream4 ,the   
opening of the inlet should be at least 
double the size of the sectional area of
 the pipe through which the water is    
carried to the ponds1 and should be some

 distance1 a couple of feet if possible1
 below the surface of the water4 ,it is 
a good thing to put a wire cage over the
 inlet1 and under this a perforated zinc
 screen is necessary4 ,the inlet from   
the stream should be so placed that it  
is easy to get at and clean4 ,the best  
form of covering for the inlet into the 
pond ,i have seen1 is a zinc cylinder1  
the base of which fits over the end of  
the inlet pipe4 ,the part of this       
cylinder1 which projects #ah inches     
beyond the pipe1 is perforated1 as is   
also the flat end4 ,this can easily be  
taken off and cleaned1 and breaks up the
 water1 making it fall into the pond    
like a shower bath1 causing considerable
 aeration4  ,the inlet from the stream  
should have a trap with which the water 
may be shut off1 as also should the     
outlet from the pond4 ,when the cylinder
 on the inlet into the pond is taken off
 for a minute or so to be cleaned out1  
both these traps must be closed4 ,this  
lessens the chance of any creatures     

likely to do harm getting in during the 
cleaning4 ,the perforated zinc screen at
 the inlet from the stream will probably
 stop any such creatures1 but too great 
care cannot be exercised1 and it is     
always best to be on the safe side4     
,movable covers of netting over the     
ponds are most certainly advisable1     
particularly if the rearing ponds are in
 an unfrequented spot near a stream4 ,on
 one occasion ,i caught four kingfishers
 during a period of three weeks1 all of 
which had in some way got under some    
herring net1 which was pegged out       
carefully over a rearing pond containing
 trout fry4 ,i never found out how they 
got in1 but once in they were unable to 
escape4  ,ponds such as ,i have         
described are of course for the fry when
 they have reached a certain size1 and  
have already begun to feed well4 ,other 
appliances are necessary for hatching   
out the ova and for the young fish when 
first hatched4 ,a very good apparatus   
may be made from a champagne case4 ,this

 should have large square holes sawn    
through each end1 leaving enough wood to
 ensure strength and solidity to the    
box4 ,the box should then have two coats
 of asphalt varnish1 and the square     
apertures covered with fine perforated  
zinc4 ,a still better box may be made at
 a small cost4 ,this consists of a box  
with a wooden bottom and perforated zinc
 sides which are supported by a stout   
wooden frame4  ,beyond these boxes all  
that are required are some perforated   
zinc hatching trays4 ,these should be   
#a-a_/b inches deep4 ,they are very     
easily made1 and the ova hatch out well 
in them4 ,though ova sometimes hatch out
 very successfully even when piled up in
 two or three layers1 it is safer to    
have them in a single layer4 ,the trays 
should be suspended in the boxes1 and   
the boxes in the ponds close to the     
inlets1 so that a good current of water 
may flow through them4 ,the bottom of   
the boxes should be covered with a thick
 layer of gravel1 but the trays are to  

be used without gravel4 ,it is advisable
 to have as much grass as possible round
 the ponds1 and such trees as willows   
and alders should also be planted round 
them4 ,willows and alder sticks planted 
in the early part of the year come into 
leaf in the same spring1 and afford     
shade to the young fish in the summer4  
,some suitable weeds should also be     
grown in the rearing ponds4             
,water-cress1 water-celery1             
water-lobelia1 starwort1 and            
water-milfoil1 are all good4 ,they      
should be arranged1 however1 so as to   
prevent as much as possible the little  
fish finding hiding places1 and it is   
for this reason also that ,i have       
recommended slightly sloping banks when 
the sides of the ponds are not made of  
cement4 ,the weeds should be planted    
some time before the little fish are    
turned out of the boxes4  ,finally1 ,i  
must caution my readers again on one or 
two points before ,i leave the subject  
of the hatching trays1 rearing boxes1   

and ponds4 ,enamel1 varnish1 or charr   
all woodwork thoroughly1 leaving no     
speck of wood bare and no crack open4   
,let the water run through and over all 
your ponds and apparatus for as long as 
possible before you begin operations4   
,,chapter ,,vi  ,,trout4 ,,management   
,,of ,,the ,,ova ,,and ,,alevins        
,everything should now be ready for the 
reception of the ova4 ,the rearing boxes
 are resting upon stones placed at the  
bottom of the ponds1 with the edges some
 six inches above the level of the      
water1 and moored to the sides to       
prevent their being moved by the        
current4 ,the hatching trays are        
suspended in the rearing boxes1 or      
placed upon movable rests in the boxes1 
with their edges just above the level of
 the water4  ,notice is usually sent a  
day or two before the ova are despatched
 from fish cultural establishments1 so  
the amateur has no excuse for not being 
absolutely ready for their reception4   
,they are packed in various ways1 and   

nowadays suffer but little in the       
transit4 ,the ova should always be      
carefully washed before they are placed 
in the hatching trays4 ,mr4 ,armistead1 
in ,a ,handy ,guide to ,fish ,culture1  
says3--,if just turned out of a packing 
case there may be small pieces of moss  
or other material amongst them4 ,in any 
case a wash will do them no harm1 and   
the process is a very simple one4 ,take 
a pail1 half-filled with ova1 and then  
fill up with water1 and with a small    
lading-can lift some of the water out1  
and pour it back again1 so as to cause a
 downward current1 which will agitate   
the ova4 ,their specific gravity being  
greater than that of water1 they        
immediately retire again to the bottom  
of the pail1 and by at once pouring off 
as much water as is practicable1 any    
floating particles of moss1 etc41 may be
 carried off4 ,should any be left1 the  
process should be repeated1 and it may  
even be necessary to repeat it several  
times4 ,when all is right take a ladle1 

or small vessel of some kind1 say a     
good-sized tea-cup1 and gently ladle out
 the eggs1 and place them roughly on the
 grills1 where they may be roughly      
spread by means of a feather4  ,to these
 instructions ,i would add some for the 
amateur1 who will probably deal with a  
comparatively small number of ova4 ,the 
ova should be washed in some large      
vessel full of water in the manner above
 described4 ,when the water is quite    
clear1 and the ova clean1 they may be   
caught in mid-water as they are sinking 
either in the hatching trays or in a    
cup4 ,if caught in a cup they should be 
transferred with great care to the      
hatching trays1 and spread out in a     
single and somewhat spare layer4 ,they  
must on no account be poured into the   
trays from a height4 ,while under water 
well-eyed ova will stand a good deal of 
gentle tumbling about1 but if dropped   
into the water from even a little height
 the concussion is likely to kill them4 
,mr4 ,armistead recommends glass grills 

rather than trays such as ,i have       
described1 but ,i have found the trays  
work very well1 and they are very simple
 and clean4 ,glass grills are1 however1 
very excellent1 though they necessitate 
a somewhat greater initial outlay than  
do the perforated zinc trays4  ,a       
,german fish culturist has recently     
recommended keeping a stock of          
fresh-water shrimps 7,gammarus pulex7 in
 the hatching trays and rearing boxes4  
,he says that the shrimps eat only the  
dead ova1 and never touch the living    
ones4 ,they also eat any vegetable or   
animal dbris4 ,i have never tried the   
experiment myself1 and so cannot speak  
from experience4  ,dead ova should be   
always removed at once1 and the hatching
 trays should be gone over carefully    
once or twice a day to see if any are   
present in them4 ,dead ova are easily   
recognized from the fact that they      
become opaque and white4 ,they are best 
removed with a glass tube4 ,the thumb is
 placed over one end of the tube1 and   

the other end brought directly over the 
dead ovum4 ,when the thumb is removed   
from the end of the tube held in the    
hand the water will rush up into the    
tube1 carrying with it the dead ovum4   
,the thumb is then replaced over the end
 of the tube1 which is lifted from the  
water with the ovum retained in it4     
,this tube may also be used for removing
 any extraneous bodies which may get    
into the trays or boxes4  ,a form of    
fungus known as ,byssus grows upon dead 
ova1 and it is principally for this     
reason that they must be removed4       
,livingstone ,stone says of             
,byssus3--,with trout eggs in water at  
#dj or #ej ,fahrenheit1 it generally    
appears within forty-eight hours after  
the egg turns white1 and often sooner1  
and the warmer the water the quicker it 
comes4 ,it is never quite safe to leave 
the dead eggs over twenty-four hours in 
the hatching boxes4 ,the peculiarity of 
,byssus is that it stretches out its    
long1 slender arms1 which grow rapidly  

over everything within its reach4 ,this 
makes it peculiarly mischievous1 for it 
will sometimes clasp a dozen or even    
twenty eggs in its ,briarean grasp      
before it is discovered1 and any egg    
that it has seized has received its     
death warrant4 ,mr4 ,armistead has known
 it appear within twenty-four hours4    
,byssus develops only on dead ova4      
,saprolegnia1 known to fish culturists  
as fungus1 attacks both living or dead  
ova4 ,if the woodwork is properly       
varnished or charred1 and the ova       
managed thoroughly1 there should1       
however1 be but little risk of fungus4  
,light is favourable to the growth of   
fungus1 and1 therefore1 wooden lids     
should be placed over the rearing boxes4
 ,these should be kept partially on     
after the young fish have hatched out1  
and be replaced by covers of fine wire  
netting spread on closely-fitting       
frames1 when the fry have begun to feed4
 ,these obviate the necessity of        
covering up the ponds during the first  

stages4  ,many small creatures such as  
caddis-worms will eat the ova1 and      
therefore a careful watch should be kept
 upon the hatching trays as it is       
marvellous how such creatures find their
 way in1 in spite of all precautions4   
,birds of several kinds are also likely 
to cause great damage unless the ova and
 young fish are carefully guarded from  
their depredations4  ,in a short time1  
probably within a few days of receiving 
the ova1 the amateur will find that the 
young fish are beginning to hatch out4  
,they generally come out tail first1 and
 in wriggling this about in their       
attempts to get further out1 they propel
 the ovum about the bottom of the tray4 
,when the little fish attempts to come  
out head first1 he sometimes gets into  
difficulties and if this is observed1 he
 may be helped by a gentle touch with a 
feather or a camel's hair brush4  ,when 
first hatched out the young fish have a 
large translucent protuberance on the   
under-surface4 ,this is the umbilical or

 yolk-sac1 and contains the nourishment 
upon which the little fish lives during 
the first stage of its life after it is 
hatched4 ,this sac is gradually absorbed
 but until it is absorbed the young fish
 are called alevins4 ,at first the      
little fish do not require any food1 but
 they generally begin to feed in about  
six weeks1 and before the yolk-sac is   
completely absorbed4 ,the rearing boxes 
should be kept partly covered1 and the  
alevins will crowd into a pack in the   
darker parts at the bottom of the       
hatching tray4  ,the shells of the ova  
must be removed from the hatching trays4
 ,as they are lighter than the alevins1 
the current will generally carry them to
 the lower end of the tray1 whence they 
may be removed with a piece of gauze    
spread on a wire ring1 or by raising and
 lowering the tray gently in the water  
in alternately slanting directions4     
,the alevin stage is the stage in which 
the least mortality should be expected1 
and the little fish give but little     

trouble4 ,there are1 however1 several   
diseases besides fungus 7of which ,i    
have spoken already when dealing with   
the ova7 from which the alevins may     
suffer4  ,i was1 ,i believe1 the first  
to describe 7in the ,rainbow ,trout7 a  
peculiar disease from which alevins     
suffered4 ,when hatched out and kept in 
water containing a very large quantity  
of air in solution1 ,i found that       
sometimes alevins developed an air      
bubble in the yolk-sac4 ,on developing  
this bubble they are unable to stay at  
the bottom as they usually do1 but swim 
about on their backs at the surface1    
with part of the yolk-sac out of the    
water4 ,an effectual cure for this is to
 put the affected alevins into still    
water for about thirty-six hours4 ,i    
have observed this affection in the     
alevins of the rainbow trout 7,salmo    
irideus71 the common trout 7,s4 fario7  
and the ,quinnat or ,californian ,salmon
 7,onchorynchus conicha74  ,blue        
,swelling of the yolk-sac is another    

disease from which alevins sometimes    
suffer1 but ,i have never heard of any  
cure for this4 ,another1 paralysis1 may 
be caused by lack of sufficient current 
and by insufficient aeration of the     
water4 ,sickly alevins will1 as a rule1 
drop out of the pack1 and lie on the    
bottom or against the end of the        
hatching tray1 where they are carried by
 the current4  ,dead alevins should be  
removed at once1 and for this reason it 
is necessary that the hatching trays    
should be examined at least once a day4 
,,chapter ,,vii  ,,trout4 ,,management  
,,of ,,the ,,fry   ,a greatly varying   
period of time having elapsed and the   
yolk-sacs of the alevins being nearly   
absorbed1 the fish culturist will see   
that some of the little fish begin to   
leave the pack at the bottom of the     
tray1 and to swim up against the        
current4 ,when this is observed some    
very finely divided food should be      
offered to these alevins4 ,they will    
probably dart at the minute pieces of   

food floating past and a little more may
 then be given to them4 ,if1 however1   
they do not take any notice of little   
pieces of food or any other matter which
 floats past them1 they should not be   
tried again till the next day4 ,in a few
 days from the first of the alevins     
beginning to feed1 all of them will be  
working up with their heads to the      
current1 darting at any particles       
floating in the water4 ,the tray should 
now be lowered so that its edge is some 
three or four inches below the surface  
and the little fish allowed to swim out 
into the box4  ,as soon as the yolk-sacs
 of the alevins are absorbed the little 
fish cease to be alevins1 and are called
 fry4  ,the alevin stage was that in    
which the fish give least trouble1 the  
stage ,i am now describing is that in   
which they give most4 ,they must be fed 
frequently--at least four times a day4  
,little and often is the maxim which    
should rule the actions of the fish     
culturist with regard to feeding the    

fry4 ,if he can only feed his fish four 
times a day1 he must spend some time on 
each of these four occasions4 ,the food 
must not be thrown in all at once4 ,if  
this be done the little fish will not   
get half of it2 the other half will sink
 to the bottom4  ,the food should be    
introduced in small quantities at a     
time1 and if the amateur has several    
boxes he should put a little food into  
each in succession1 coming back to the  
first when he has put some into the     
last1 repeating this operation at least 
half a dozen times4 ,the less he puts in
 at each time1 and the oftener he does  
it1 the better4 ,the ideal plan would be
 to put a very small quantity of food in
 each time1 and to go on doing this at  
intervals of from five to ten minutes   
all day4  ,livingstone ,stone says1 ,you
 need not be afraid of the young fry's  
eating too much4 ,and again1 ,i never   
knew any healthy young fry of mine      
decline eating but once1 and then ,i had
 fed them incessantly for two hours1 at 

the end of which time they gave up1     
beaten4 ,personally1 ,i have found no   
limit to the time that the fry will     
continue feeding4 ,i have kept on       
putting small quantities of food into a 
rearing box for a whole afternoon1 and  
,i was tired of feeding before the fry  
were tired of eating4 ,my reader will   
infer from this that ,i believe that the
 fry cannot be over-fed1 and this is to 
a certain extent true4 ,if finely       
divided food is given in such small     
quantities that practically none of it  
sinks to the bottom without their having
 a fair chance at it1 ,i believe that in
 a box containing only a couple of      
thousand fry1 it would be found that    
they never stopped feeding during the   
whole day4 ,if1 however1 too large      
pieces of food are offered to the little
 fish1 many of them are likely to be    
choked and to die1 from trying to       
swallow a piece a little too big for    
them4  ,the amateur will observe that   
shortly after the fry have been let out 

into the box and are feeding freely1    
they will separate into two more or less
 distinct groups4 ,one at the upper end 
where the current comes in and is       
strongest1 and one at the lower end4    
,the fish at the upper end are the      
strongest and largest4 ,this difference 
becomes more marked as time goes on1 and
 in six or eight weeks after they have  
begun to feed the larger fish will be   
almost double the size of the smaller4  
,in the middle of ,april1 if many fry   
are in each box1 they should be thinned 
out1 and other boxes brought into use4  
,the smaller fish may then be taken from
 one or two boxes and put into another  
by themselves4 ,in feeding care should  
be taken that the small and weakly fish 
get a fair share of the food4  ,no      
matter how carefully the feeding is     
managed1 some of the food is sure to    
escape the young fish and sink to the   
bottom4 ,this1 if left as it is1 will   
decay and cause great mischief4 ,a very 
simple and easily applied remedy for    

this evil exists in the use of mould    
dissolved in the water4 ,livingstone    
,stone recommends the mould under a sod1
 and ,i have always used this with the  
most beneficial effect4 ,earth1 besides 
covering up and deodorizing the         
decomposing food at the bottom1 also    
contains some materials which are       
apparently necessary to the well-being  
of trout4 ,to quote again from          
,livingstone ,stone1 who was the        
discoverer of this use of mould3 ,earth 
or mud is the last thing one would      
suppose suitable for a fish so          
associated in our minds with pure1 clean
 water2 yet it is an indispensable      
constituent in the diet of young trout1 
and unless they get it1 either naturally
 or artificially1 they will not thrive4 
,the effect of earth given in this way  
upon the young fish is simply           
marvellous4 ,they become more lively and
 feed more freely4 ,this is the effect  
of a spate--which is1 after all1 only a 
dose of earth--upon wild trout4  ,the   

mould should be mixed with water in a   
bucket1 and1 when the water is very     
thick and muddy1 poured into the rearing
 boxes4 ,the water in the rearing boxes 
should be so thick that neither the     
bottom nor the young fish1 except when  
they come to the surface to take some   
passing particle of food1 can be seen4  
,the amateur should not wait till       
something goes wrong before giving this 
dose of earth2 it is advisable to give  
it once a week at any rate1 and oftener 
if the fish seem to be ailing in any    
way4  ,in dealing with the subject of   
food for the young fish1 ,i would begin 
by impressing upon my reader that the   
greater variety of food he can give the 
better it will be for the fish4 ,he     
should also give them1 at any rate after
 they have been feeding some weeks1 a   
certain proportion of natural food4     
,probably the best of all food for the  
fry is pounded shrimps or other         
crustaceans4 ,it is1 however1 difficult 
in the very early stages of the trout's 

life to pound shrimps up small enough1  
and the little fish are much given to   
trying to swallow pieces of food which  
are too large for them to manage4 ,this 
evil proclivity often causes the death  
of the fry1 and therefore great care    
must be taken that no pieces of food    
which are too large1 get into the       
rearing box4 ,pounded liver shaken up in
 a bottle with water1 and after the     
larger particles have been allowed to   
settle at the bottom1 poured into the   
rearing box in small quantities1 is a   
good form of food for the alevins when  
they first begin to feed4 ,the yolks of 
eggs boiled for about half an hour and  
pounded up1 dog biscuit very finely     
pounded1 or the fine food supplied by   
several of the fish cultural            
establishments are also excellent4 ,in  
giving moist food such as pounded       
shrimps1 liver1 meat1 or the yolks of   
eggs1 a good plan while the fry are very
 small is to put the food in a small net
 made of fine muslin mounted on a wire  

ring1 and dipping the end of this net   
into the water1 allow small particles to
 escape through the muslin4 ,this       
ensures no large pieces getting into the
 rearing boxes4 ,as the fry grow larger1
 these precautions are of course        
modified1 as the little fish are capable
 of swallowing larger pieces of food4   
,with regard to natural food1 the       
amateur should take care to ensure a    
good stock for the young fish4 ,many of 
the creatures suitable for food may be  
cultivated in separate ponds at the same
 time as the fish1 if a natural supply  
is not at hand4 ,the ,daphnia pulex     
7water flea7 and the ,cyclops           
quadricornis may be introduced into the 
boxes very soon after the fish have     
began to feed4 ,daphnia breeds at the   
rate which is almost inconceivable4 ,the
 female produces her first brood of     
young when she is ten days old1 and goes
 on breeding at an average of three or  
four times a month4 ,the female and her 
progeny are rendered fertile by one act 

of coition1 probably for fifteen        
generations at least1 without any       
further intervention of the male4 ,both 
,daphnia and ,cyclops are bred in       
stagnant water in which there should be 
a good stock of weeds4  ,the fresh water
 shrimp 7,gammarus pulex7 is an         
excellent form of food for young and old
 trout1 and should be given to the fry  
as soon as they are old enough to manage
 them4 ,corix and other small insects   
should also be given as often as        
possible4 ,the fresh-water shrimp is    
bred in running water1 ,corix in still  
or slow running water4 ,weeds are       
necessary to the well-being of both4    
,the boxes must be kept carefully       
covered1 as ,i have already pointed out4
 ,a kingfisher would make short work of 
a box of fry1 and other birds and beasts
 of various kinds are partial to them4  
,there are only two courses open to the 
fish culturist in dealing with these    
enemies--to protect his fish or kill the
 enemies4 ,i prefer to protect the fish 

first and kill the enemies afterwards4  
,the greatest care must be taken not to 
introduce1 or allow to intrude1 any     
water beetles or the larger carnivorous 
aquatic larv of insects1 into the       
rearing boxes4 ,i have known cases where
 the larv of the ,dytiscus marginalis1  
the largest of our carnivorous water    
beetles1 have destroyed almost all the  
fry in a rearing pond4 ,the adult ,d4   
marginalis itself is not a whit less    
voracious1 and much stronger than its   
larva4  ,if the wooden parts of the     
apparatus have been properly prepared1  
according to my previous instructions1  
there should be no risk of the fry      
developing fungus4 ,quite a small spot  
of woodwork1 however1 left uncovered by 
asphalt-varnish1 or enamel1 or          
uncharred1 will render the chance of the
 development of this disease probable4  
,should by any misfortune fungus get    
into the rearing boxes1 a dose of salt  
may very likely cure it4 ,sea water is  
the best1 but if this is not obtainable1

 a solution of salt and water run       
through the boxes will probably cure the
 disease4 ,considerable good may also be
 done to the young fish by occasionally 
putting a lump of rock salt in at the   
inlet1 and the water allowed to run over
 and dissolve it4     ,,chapter ,,viii  
,,trout4 ,,the ,,management ,,of ,,the  
,,fry 7,continued7   ,in the last       
chapter ,i brought my reader up to the  
point where the fry1 which had been     
feeding for some time in the rearing    
boxes1 had been judiciously separated1  
the weaker and smaller fish which took  
up their positions at the lower ends of 
the boxes having been put into separate 
boxes and induced as much as possible to
 keep at the head near to where the     
current enters4  ,it is difficult to lay
 down any certain rule as to what is the
 best time at which to take the next    
step--that of turning the fry out into  
the rearing ponds4 ,when the fry have   
got into more or less regular habits1   
and showing no fear of whoever it is who

 feeds them1 come up readily and seize  
the food boldly1 is probably the best   
time to let them out into the larger    
space of the pond4 ,i do not mean to say
 that when a certain proportion of the  
fish have got over their natural        
shyness1 and feed boldly and without    
hesitation1 the whole of them should be 
set free4 ,what ,i mean is1 that when   
the habit of associating the appearance 
of a certain individual with a meal has 
been well established among them for a  
week or so1 they should be allowed to   
escape from the box into the pond4      
,this is best done in the same way that 
the alevins were allowed to escape from 
the hatching tray into the box--by      
lowering the level of the box so that   
its upper edges are some two or three   
inches below the surface of the water4  
,the food should now be thrown into the 
pond higher up1 so that the little fish 
may be induced to swim up and station   
themselves as near the inlet as         
possible4 ,probably some of the little  

fish will not leave the box at all of   
their own free will4 ,these1 of course1 
will have to be turned out4 ,the box    
should not1 however1 be lifted out of   
the water and the fish and water        
together be poured out1 as this is very 
likely to cause them severe injury4 ,the
 box should be gradually tilted over and
 lifted out of the water bottom first1  
so that the fish are hardly disturbed at
 all and certainly not injured in any   
way4  ,an important matter to consider  
before turning the little fish out into 
the pond is1 how the ponds are to be    
protected so that their many enemies may
 be kept away from the fry4             
,kingfishers1 herons1 and other         
creatures are very partial to young     
trout and will cause enormous           
destruction if not prevented4           
,kingfishers have1 in my experience1    
been the worst offenders4 ,some years   
ago ,i was rearing some trout in a part 
of the country where many of the        
inhabitants bewailed the extermination  

of the kingfisher4 ,before ,i began     
rearing trout ,i agreed with these      
people1 for a kingfisher flitting along 
a stream looking like a little mass of  
jewels is a pleasing sight1 and one     
which ,i had never enjoyed in that      
particular part of the country4  ,when  
the time came to set my little fish free
 in the rearing ponds1 as a matter of   
principle ,i covered the ponds with     
herring-net1 closely pegged down on the 
banks so that ,i could not even get my  
hand under the edge4 ,i did not think   
that there were any kingfishers or      
herons about1 and so was very surprised 
when one morning1 on going down to feed 
the fish1 ,i found a kingfisher under   
the net1 flying up and down the pond    
trying to get out4 ,by carefully        
introducing a landing-net under the     
netting over the pond1 ,i was able to   
catch the intruder1 and caught four more
 in the same way in about three weeks4  
,since that time ,i have not agreed with
 the people who have stated that the    

kingfisher is almost extinct1 at least  
in that part of the country4 ,i may say 
that there are but few streams there1   
and that it is not at all an apparently 
likely place for kingfishers4 ,i am     
quite sure that wherever any one begins 
to rear fish there he will find that    
kingfishers are fairly common4 ,the     
amateur will probably be also surprised 
at the way herons appear1 if he conducts
 his fish-rearing operations1 as he     
should do1 in a secluded spot4  ,many of
 the directions ,i gave as to the       
management of the fry and the rearing   
boxes1 apply also to the fry after they 
have been turned out into the ponds4    
,the doses of earth should still be     
given regularly1 and salt may be applied
 also in the way ,i have already        
described4 ,the little fish will be     
found to scatter over the pond or to    
divide again into two bodies1 one at the
 upper and one at the lower end of the  
pond1 as they did in the boxes4 ,the    
fish culturist should try to induce     

these fish to come to the head of the   
pond as much as possible4 ,it is a good 
thing to place some boards across the   
head of the pond to give shade and      
shelter to the fry4 ,it will probably be
 found that if much artificial food is  
given to the little fish1 a scum will be
 formed on the surface of the water4    
,this scum is composed of grease1 and   
should be removed1 as soon as it is     
observed1 with a gauze net4  ,all the   
time that these operations have been    
going on with regard to the little fish 
themselves1 due attention should have   
been given to the vegetation round the  
ponds4 ,the alders and willows which ,i 
before recommended to be planted round  
the ponds should be induced as much as  
possible to overhang the water4 ,grass  
and other vegetation should be allowed  
to grow freely round the margins1 as    
many insects are then likely to fall    
into the water4  ,this vegetation will  
supply the little fish with a certain   
amount of natural floating food1 without

 any interference on the part of the    
fish culturist2 but he should1 however1 
give them other floating food1 both     
natural and artificial1 as much as      
possible1 for this will get them in     
their youth to adopt the habit of       
feeding freely at the surface4 ,when the
 alders and willows have grown          
sufficiently and are well covered with  
leaves1 they will probably give enough  
shelter to the fish to make the boards  
at the upper end of the pond            
unnecessary4  ,as time goes on1 and the 
little fish grow1 they should be thinned
 out1 the smaller and weaker being      
removed into another pond4 ,despite the 
best endeavours of the fish culturist1 a
 certain number of these small fish are 
sure to keep to the lower end of the    
pond1 and it is these which should be   
removed first4 ,if they are left1 the   
difference in size between the smaller  
and the larger will soon become so great
 that the large fish will very likely be
 tempted to eat the small ones1 thus    

developing a cannibalistic habit which  
they will keep always4  ,at the end of  
,august or the beginning of ,september  
the little fish will have got over the  
most dangerous part of their lives4     
,after this time they are called        
yearlings1 are much more hardy and not  
subject to nearly as many risks as up to
 that time4  ,the great points to       
remember are3--,that the food should be 
varied as much as possible2 and as much 
natural food1 of a hard description such
 as shrimps1 corix1 snails1 bivalves1   
etc41 be given4 ,that the little fish   
should be well protected from enemies4  
,that they should not be over-crowded1  
but the weakly and small fish be        
separated from the larger fish4 ,that   
frequent doses of earth should be given 
to keep the bottom sweet and clean4#b   
,that the inlets and outlets should be  
frequently cleaned and kept clear1 to   
ensure a good flow of water through the 
ponds1 and that a careful watch should  
be kept for such misfortunes as fungus  

and dead fish1 in order that they may be
 dealt with at once4  #b ,see two       
letters in ,appendix4--,page #ic        
,,chapter ,,ix  ,,trout4 ,,the ,,friends
 ,,and ,,enemies ,,of ,,the ,,fish      
,,culturist   ,the creatures which are  
sometimes found in and around rearing   
ponds containing ova or young fish are  
very numerous1 and it is advisable that 
the fish culturist should have some     
knowledge of them4 ,it is for this      
reason1 that while ,i cautioned my      
readers against the creatures which are 
dangerous1 and enumerated some of those 
most serviceable as food1 ,i left       
detailed descriptions of these enemies  
and friends of the little fish1 in order
 that ,i might deal with them in a      
separate chapter4  ,illustration3       
,,larva ,,of ,,dytiscus ,,and ,,young   
,,trout4  ,among the worst enemies of   
both ova and fry is the ,dytiscus       
marginalis1 whether this insect be in   
the larval or adult stage4 ,i think that
 ,i should hardly be wrong in going even

 further and saying that ,d4 marginalis 
is very dangerous to trout early in     
their yearling stage4 ,the accompanying 
illustration shows a larva of ,dytiscus 
which has caught a young trout4 ,this   
illustration is taken from a photograph 
of a specimen lent to me by ,mr4 ,f4 ,m4
 ,halford1 and both the fish and the    
larva were alive when they were caught4 
,unfortunately the trout is a little    
shrivelled1 and the legs of the         
,dytiscus have been broken4 ,d4         
marginalis lays its eggs in the stems of
 rushes4 ,the larva1 when hatched1 makes
 its way out1 and proceeds to lead a    
predatory life4 ,the larva when         
full-grown is about two inches long1 and
 is quite the most rapacious creature   
which lives in our waters4 ,the adult   
beetle is also purely carnivorous1 but  
is perhaps not quite so rapacious4 ,it  
would1 however1 probably attack a larger
 fish4  ,the largest of ,english water  
beetles is ,hydrophilus piceus4 ,this   
beetle is not1 in the adult stage at    

least1 carnivorous1 but the larva1 which
 is about half an inch longer and       
considerably fatter than that of ,d4    
marginalis1 is carnivorous4 ,it may be  
told from the larva of ,dytiscus not    
only by its size1 which is hardly a     
reliable point for discrimination1 but  
by the smaller size of the head in      
comparison to the rest of the body4 ,the
 claws1 with which ,hydrophilus seizes  
its prey1 are1 too1 considerably smaller
 than those of ,dytiscus4 ,this larva   
should be kept out of the rearing ponds 
with just as much care as that of the   
more voracious ,d4 marginalis4  ,with   
the kingfisher ,i have already dealt at 
some length1 so that ,i need say but    
little more with regard to it4 ,one of  
the worst features in this bird's       
character is that it will go on killing 
many more little fish than it can       
possibly eat4 ,as ,i have before said1  
it is surprising how these birds will   
appear in considerable numbers where a  
fish hatchery is started1 even in       

localities where they have before been  
considered rare4 ,i have already        
described how the ponds should be       
protected from their ravages4  ,herons  
do a great deal of harm to fish ponds1  
even when the fish have got well into   
the yearling stage4 ,i have on one or   
two occasions known of herons wounding  
trout of at least a pound in weight4    
,besides the actual damage they do by   
killing fish1 they put all the other    
fish in the pond off their feed through 
frightening them4 ,after a heron or     
kingfisher has been about a rearing pond
 the little fish will not feed for a    
considerable time1 sometimes even for   
days4 ,notwithstanding their very evil  
proclivities1 both herons and           
kingfishers are very interesting4 ,a    
kingfisher1 if he catches a fish which  
is a little too big for him to swallow  
whole1 will knock the head of the fish1 
which he always catches by the middle of
 the body1 against a stone1 in order to 
kill it1 or at least to stop it         

struggling2 it might otherwise in its   
struggles escape1 as the kingfisher can 
only swallow a fish head first4 ,there  
are stories which tell how herons       
sometimes pluck small feathers from     
their breasts and1 floating these       
feathers upon the water1 catch the trout
 as they rise to it2 it is supposed that
 the trout takes the feather for a fly4 
,personally1 ,i do not think that much  
credence should be attached to the      
latter story4  ,other birds1 usually    
found on or near the water1 are also    
likely to do much harm to the ova and   
young fish4 ,almost every creature which
 is found near the water seems to have a
 great liking for the ova of fishes4    
,all the wading and swimming birds are  
to be dreaded by the fish culturist4    
,they will1 all of them1 eat ova in     
enormous quantities1 and many of them   
will also eat the little fish4  ,besides
 birds1 small larv of several insects   
will eat1 or at any rate kill1 the ova  
in considerable numbers4 ,caddis-worms  

are among these larv which eat ova4     
,this seems to be one of the few cases  
in which nature is just1 for            
caddis-worms are taken very readily by  
even small trout4 ,large trout will take
 them very greedily1 cases and all4     
,therefore1 ,i should advise the fish   
culturist to cultivate them as food for 
the fish he is rearing1 but to be very  
careful that they do not get into the   
rearing boxes or hatching trays when he 
has ova in them4 ,the caddis-worms kill 
the ova by making a small hole in them  
and sucking some of the contents out2   
from this hole some more of the contents
 escapes1 and as it comes into contact  
with the water becomes opaque4          
,caddis-worms are the larv of an order  
of four-winged flies commonly known as  
sedges1 caddis-flies1 or water-moths4   
,the latter appellation is of course a  
misnomer1 as these flies 7,trichoptera7 
have nothing whatever to do with moths4 
,they resemble moths1 however1 in that  
they have four wings which when at rest 

lie in much the same position as do     
those of moths1 and as many of them have
 their wings thickly covered with hairs1
 this resemblance is sometimes very     
marked4 ,the larv 7caddis-worms71 being 
eagerly sought as food by many fish1 and
 having very soft bodies1 make for      
themselves cases4 ,some of these cases  
are made from small sticks1 some from   
little pieces of stone or sand1 and some
 from a mixture of all of these         
substances4 ,as these cases resemble    
such small pieces of rubbish as are     
frequently found in streams1 care should
 be taken that they do not get into the 
hatching trays containing ova4  ,many of
 the water beetles1 and practically all 
of their larv1 will attack the ova2 they
 should therefore be carefully excluded 
from the hatching trays4 ,as there are  
about #aad different species of beetles 
in the family of ,dytiscid alone1 my    
readers will appreciate my reason for   
not attempting to enumerate them4 ,it   
will be a sufficient warning to state   

the fact that they are all carnivorous1 
and their relative sizes is the only    
thing which will decide whether the     
beetle will eat the fish1 or the fish   
the beetle4  ,very similar to beetles   
are some of the water-bugs4 ,they may1  
however1 easily be distinguished from   
beetles1 as the outer or anterior wings 
of the bugs cross each other at their   
lower ends1 while the elytra of beetles1
 which much resemble the horny1 anterior
 wings of some of the water-bugs1 meet  
exactly in the middle line4 ,these      
water-bugs1 though some of them are     
excellent food for even the small fish1 
will attack the ova1 and therefore they 
should be kept out of the hatching      
trays4 ,the fish culturist should1      
however1 whenever it is possible1       
cultivate such of these water-bugs as   
are good food for the fry in separate   
ponds1 as ,i have before recommended4   
,the best of these water-bugs are       
,corix4 ,others1 such as the            
water-boatman1 water-scorpions and      

pond-skaters1 are not of any value as   
food for the fish4  ,the larv of        
,ephemerid are very good food for the   
fish1 and should be cultivated in       
separate ponds if possible1 and some    
turned into the ponds containing the    
little fish occasionally4 ,a fair       
proportion should1 however1 be kept in  
the ponds and protected1 so that a good 
stock of the flies may be available next
 year4  ,the larv of ,ephemerid may be  
obtained in many streams1 and are best  
caught with a fine gauze net4 ,some of  
them swim1 but most are generally       
captured with such a net at the bottom  
of the water among the dbris4 ,eggs of  
,ephemerid may be obtained sometimes    
from another locality if they cannot be 
got on the spot4 ,these should be       
carefully preserved for the first year  
at any rate1 and a good fly may thus be 
introduced into a water where it was    
before unknown4  ,i have already spoken 
of the fresh-water shrimp and the       
water-flea 7,daphnia pulex74 ,these     

valuable articles of diet should be     
introduced whenever it is possible4     
,daphnia must be reared in a stagnant   
pond1 the fresh-water shrimp 7,gammarus 
pulex7 in running water1 with plenty of 
weeds4  ,other useful creatures besides 
those snails and mussels which ,i       
described in a previous chapter1 are the
 water-louse 7,asellus aquaticus71      
,cyprid1 and ,cyclops quadricornis4     
,asellus is very similar in size and    
shape to the common garden-louse1 which 
is found in decaying wood4 ,it will live
 either in stagnant or running water4   
,cyprid are very much smaller1 being    
generally only as large as a large pin's
 head4 ,they have a bivalve shell which 
makes them look something like a small  
mussel4 ,they are1 however1 very active1
 swimming by means of two pairs of legs4
 ,they also possess two pairs of antenn 
and one eye4 7,the species belonging to 
the genus ,candona of the family        
,cyprid1 do not swim47 ,cyclops is      
another very small crustacean1 shaped   

like a large-headed club4 ,it swims very
 actively1 and1 like the ,cyprid1 is an 
excellent article of diet for very young
 fish4 ,both these crustacea live in    
stagnant water1 and must1 therefore1 be 
kept in a separate pond1 whence they may
 be taken as required to be given to the
 fry4     ,,chapter ,x  ,,trout4        
,,management1 ,,feeding1 ,,and ,,turning
 ,,out ,,of ,,yearlings   ,as ,i pointed
 out to my readers in ,chapter ,,viii41 
the young trout have after ,august      
passed the critical period of their     
existence1 and may be considered safe   
and hardy4 ,naturally1 as they get      
older1 they require more food1 but this 
need not be given so frequently as the  
fish grow older4 ,while it was necessary
 to feed the fry at least four times a  
day1 it will be found quite sufficient  
if the fish in ,august are fed only     
twice during the twenty-four hours4 ,i  
must here again impress upon my reader  
the importance of feeding the trout upon
 as natural a food as possible4 ,their  

future well-being depends upon this1    
much more than is generally realized    
even by fish culturists4 ,of course1    
trout fed entirely upon soft food may   
turn out all right1 particularly if they
 are turned out as very young yearlings1
 but it is better not to leave anything 
to chance and make sure of being on the 
safe side4  ,as was the case with the   
fry during the whole of the earlier part
 of their lives1 the yearlings will     
divide into two more or less separate   
packs1 though the fish may have been    
separated several times before in order 
to divide those which kept at the head  
from those which kept at the lower end  
of the pond4 ,those trout at the lower  
end must be coaxed to the upper end as  
much as possible1 care being taken when 
feeding that all the fish get a fair    
share of food4 ,should any of the fish  
remain obstinately at the lower end1 and
 those at the upper end outgrow them to 
a marked extent1 the smaller ones must  
be again separated from the larger4     

,when1 in ,september or ,october1 the   
little fish have grown active and       
strong1 they may be turned out into the 
water they are to occupy for the rest of
 their lives4 ,there is really no reason
 why1 if they are well-grown and strong1
 they should not be turned out in       
,august if the water they have to be    
taken to is quite close to the rearing  
ponds1 but if they have to be carried   
any distance1 it is better to keep them 
in the rearing ponds for a few weeks    
longer1 till the weather gets cool      
enough to make it quite safe to allow   
for a possible delay in the transit4    
,the turning out of the fish requires   
some little care4 ,i have seen fish     
which had been sent by rail1 poured out 
with the water contained in the cans1 in
 as hurried a manner as possible4       
,though of course it is important to get
 the fish out of the cans used for      
transport as soon as is compatible with 
safety2 still1 undue haste in this      
operation is likely to do much harm4    

,young fish of any kind require delicate
 handling1 and young trout particularly4
 ,the cans should1 when possible1 be    
partly emptied1 and some water from that
 into which they are to be turned put   
into the can4 ,this is of course not    
necessary if the rearing ponds are      
supplied from the same source as the    
water into which the fish are turned4   
,the cans should then be partially      
immersed in the water1 and the edges    
brought gradually below the surface4    
,this allows the fish to swim out of the
 cans of their own accord1 and the few  
which will not go out may be forced to  
do so by gently turning the can upside  
down4  ,it is a very good thing to give 
each of the fish a dose of salt before  
turning them out1 particularly if they  
have travelled any distance4 ,this is   
easily managed by catching the fish1 a  
few at a time1 in a landing-net from the
 travelling can1 and then1 instead of   
putting them straight into the water1   
putting them into a bucket of salt and  

water for a short time4 ,sea water is of
 course better if it is available4 ,this
 does away with any risk of their       
developing fungus on the spots which    
have very likely got bruised during the 
journey4  ,the yearlings are best taken 
from the rearing ponds by netting them4 
,a net which is more than broad enough  
to go across the rearing pond is        
necessary4 ,too many should not be taken
 out at a time in each haul of the net1 
as they are thus more likely to be      
injured or dropped on the ground4 ,the  
amateur should not forget1 that though  
the little fish will stand a good deal  
of moving about as long as they are in  
water1 they are likely to be killed1 or 
at least severely injured1 by a shock1  
particularly if that shock is sustained 
while they are out of the water for a   
second or two during their being moved  
from one place to another4  ,if the     
amateur intends to keep any of his      
yearlings longer than ,december1 he will
 have to make a larger pond4 ,this pond 

need not be a long1 narrow one like     
those in which the fry were kept4       
,though the fish of course still require
 a sufficient supply of well-aerated    
water1 a larger pond without the same   
marked current through it will do       
perfectly well4 ,they must be well fed1 
and if any grow markedly bigger than the
 rest these should be separated4 ,if    
they are not well supplied with food    
they are very likely to try and eat each
 other1 that is to say1 the largest will
 try to eat the smallest4     ,,chapter 
,,xi  ,,the ,,rearing ,,of ,,the        
,,rainbow ,,trout1 ,,american ,,brook   
,,trout1 ,,and ,,char   ,as the methods 
used in hatching out the ova and rearing
 the young fish are very similar in the 
case of different species of trout to   
those ,i have already described in      
dealing with the common trout 7,salmo   
fario71 ,i will confine myself to       
pointing out the most marked differences
 in the habits of such species as are   
suitable to our waters1 and which are   

likely to be of use to the fish         
culturist4 ,the salmon- or sea-trout    
will be dealt with under salmon4  ,first
 and foremost among the trout1 excluding
 of course our own brown trout1 ,i put  
the rainbow trout 7,salmo irideus74     
,there are several varieties of this    
species1 but that which is now being so 
freely introduced into many waters in   
,england is the ,mc,cloud ,river rainbow
 7,s4 irideus1 var4 shasta74 ,as ,i have
 before stated1 the rainbow spawns long 
after the ,s4 fario4 ,it therefore will 
give the fly-fishermen good sport after 
the season for the common trout is over4
 ,it is a very free feeder1 and grows   
more rapidly than our trout2 great care 
must therefore be taken to give it      
plenty of food4 ,i would draw my        
readers' attention particularly to this 
fact as to the feeding and quick-growing
 qualities of the rainbow1 for they make
 it1 if possible1 even more necessary   
that the water into which they are      
turned should contain a good supply of  

food than it was in the case of the     
common trout2 though even in the case of
 the common trout1 this is quite the    
most important consideration in stocking
 a water with fish4  ,another advantage 
possessed by the rainbow is1 that it is 
less liable to the attacks of fungus    
than any other of the ,salmonid4        
,though1 of course1 this is not such an 
important consideration nowadays as it  
would have been even a few years ago1   
still it is one which deserves some     
consideration1 particularly from the    
amateur4 ,this freedom from fungus is   
very marked in the rainbow1 for ,i know 
of a case where some dace suffering from
 fungus were put into a rearing pond    
containing a few rainbows4 ,though the  
dace died of the disease1 the rainbows  
remained healthy and free from it4 ,the 
amateur will probably receive the ova of
 the rainbow towards the end of ,april  
or during ,may4 ,the ova should hatch   
out within a few days of their being    
received4  ,a few years1 ,i might almost

 say months ago1 the great majority of  
disinterested persons1 whose opinion was
 of any consequence1 were inclined to   
condemn the general introduction of this
 fish into our waters4 ,i was1          
unfortunately1 supposed to be among a   
certain class of people who advocated   
the general introduction of this fish   
into all our waters indiscriminately4   
,this1 ,i have always said1 was a very  
short-sighted policy1 for1 to begin     
with1 the evidence at our disposal seems
 to show that the rainbow will never    
thrive in cold waters1 and at the best  
can only be expected to really thrive   
and spawn in the warm waters in the     
south of ,england4 ,i never advocated   
more for the rainbow than that it should
 have a fair trial in waters where our  
own trout had been tried and found not  
to be a success4 ,now1 however1 ,i in my
 turn stand a chance of being converted 
by converts from among the very people  
who1 a short time ago1 were condemning  
me for holding too favourable an opinion

 of the fish in question4 ,i am inclined
 to think that in the case of a pond in 
the south1 even when it is supplied by a
 good stream1 the rainbow is the better 
fish with which to stock4 ,i have been  
led to believe this1 partly through my  
own experience1 and partly on account of
 the opinion of ,mr4 ,senior1 for ,i    
consider his opinion on such a matter of
 the greatest possible value4  ,another 
point about the rainbow1 which in many  
cases will recommend it particularly to 
the amateur1 is that though of course an
 abundant supply of water is an         
advantage1 it may be reared with a      
smaller supply4  ,a fish which has been 
very freely introduced into ,british    
waters is the ,american brook-trout     
7,salvelinus fontinalis74 ,though this  
fish is not really a trout but a char ,i
 have included it among trout1 because  
it is so very generally known to        
fishermen as the ,american brook-trout4 
,the fontinalis1 as it is commonly      
called by fish culturists1 is a very    

satisfactory fish to rear artificially1 
but there seems to be some doubt as to  
its suitability to ,british waters4 ,it 
grows to a considerable size under      
favourable conditions1 and is one of the
 best of table fishes4 ,it is1 however1 
undoubtedly one of the worst of         
cannibals among sporting fishes1 and    
does not apparently rise freely to the  
fly when about two years old and older4 
,the spawning season is extended over an
 even longer period than that of our own
 brown trout1 beginning1 in its native  
country1 in ,october1 and sometimes     
lasting till ,march4 ,it shows a very   
marked tendency1 at any rate in         
,america1 to go down to the sea1 and in 
some parts of ,canada is called a       
sea-trout4 ,the fish are easy to rear1  
but ,i should recommend great caution   
with regard to their introduction into  
any waters in ,england4 ,the remarks and
 instructions which ,i gave with regard 
to the common trout1 apply also to the  
fontinalis1 but ,i would lay particular 

stress upon the necessity of separating 
the fish1 as soon as some grow larger   
than the rest4 ,the only drawback to    
this fish1 from the fish culturist's    
point of view1 is that though a very    
free feeder1 it is very dainty1         
sometimes refusing a particular kind of 
food for no apparent reason4 ,as the    
spawning season is extended over such a 
considerable period of time1 it is      
obvious that the amateur will be able to
 obtain the ova1 ready to hatch out1    
during a similarly lengthy period4  ,a  
fish which ,i should very much like to  
see tried in ,england1 is the cut-throat
 trout 7,salmo mykiss74 ,it is also     
known as the red-throat trout4 ,i should
 think1 from the description given in   
the report of the ,commission of        
,fisheries1 ,game1 and ,forests for the 
,state of ,new ,york1 that it would do  
well in many of our waters4 ,there are  
many varieties of this species of trout4
 ,the common name of them all is ,salmo 
mykiss1 the black-spotted trout of the  

,rocky ,mountains4 ,the cut-throat trout
 proper1 so called from the red colour  
of its throat1 is simply ,s4 mykiss1 but
 there are many varieties described4    
,among these are the ,columbia ,river   
trout 7,s4 mykiss1 var4 clarkii71 the   
,lake ,tahoe trout 7,s4 mykiss1 var4    
henshawi71 the ,rio ,grande trout 7,s4  
mykiss1 var4 spilurus71 and the         
,colorado ,river trout 7,s4 mykiss1 var4
 pleuriticus74 ,as these names show1 the
 black-spotted trout has a very wide    
range and is found in what are totally  
different climates4 ,i should very much 
like to see the cut-throat and the      
,columbia ,river varieties tried in our 
waters1 particularly the former1 as they
 would probably succeed in waters which 
are too cold for the rainbow1 and might 
very likely thrive where our own trout  
7,s4 fario7 is not a success4 ,as it is 
found in climates which vary so much as 
do ,alaska and ,california1 it would    
probably be easy to find one variety1 if
 not two or three1 which would thrive in

 ,england4 ,it is a particularly fine   
trout1 and the ordinary maximum weight  
is five or six pounds1 though some of   
the varieties grow much larger4  ,char1 
proper1 are not at all satisfactory fish
 to rear4 ,they are very delicate1 and  
require much more care and attention    
than do any of the fish ,i have already 
described4 ,from the very first period  
of their coming under the care of the   
amateur fish culturist1 that is to say1 
from the ova1 just before hatching out1 
till they are yearlings1 the mortality  
among them will be much greater than in 
the case of any of the trout4  ,the two 
kinds of char1 most commonly to be      
obtained by the amateur1 are the ,alpine
 and the ,windermere char4 ,the ova of  
these fish will be received shortly     
before they are ready to hatch out1 as  
was the case with the trout ova4 ,the   
amateur's difficulties will1 however1   
begin almost at once1 for in the act of 
hatching out considerable mortality     
among the char often occurs4 ,trout     

almost invariably emerge from the egg   
tail first4 ,as soon as the tail is free
 the little fish begins to move it      
rapidly1 using it as a propeller with   
which to swim about and thus soon works 
completely out of the egg4              
,occasionally1 however1 trout hatch out 
head first1 and in these cases the young
 fish generally dies before it can set  
itself free from the coverings of the   
ovum4 ,buckland observed that the       
alevins of the char very frequently     
hatch out head first1 and consequently  
that many of them die before they can   
work themselves free from the eggs4 ,if 
it were possible to have some one       
constantly watching the ova at the time 
that they are hatching out1 it would be 
possible to save a very large proportion
 of them1 as they may be very           
effectually helped out of the egg with a
 feather or soft camel's-hair brush2 but
 this is1 of course1 quite              
impracticable1 unless there is some one 
constantly watching the ova1 as the     

delay of even a few minutes will mean   
the death of the fish4 ,this peculiarity
 in the hatching out of the char has    
also been observed by ,mr4 ,j4 ,j4      
,armistead1 and ,i have been able to    
verify it personally4  ,the mortality   
which occurs in the actual hatching out 
of the alevins does not1 however1 by any
 means end the trouble which the fish   
culturist has to encounter in the       
rearing of char4 ,they require much more
 persuasion and care when they begin to 
feed and throughout the whole of the    
summer4 ,the percentage of deaths is    
always greater than in the case of the  
trouts1 not excluding the fontinalis1   
which is1 as ,i have already explained1 
not really a trout but a char4  ,though 
there must be some doubt as to its      
success1 ,i should like to see a really 
serious attempt at introducing char into
 some deep and large ponds in the south 
of ,england4 ,char have been very       
successfully reared in shallow water1   
which was certainly not kept at a       

particularly low temperature1 so ,i see 
no reason why this fish should not do in
 some of our more southern waters4 ,one 
drawback to the chance of this attempt  
being made1 however1 is that the char   
cannot be considered as being a fish    
which gives very good sport1 and ,i very
 much doubt whether any one is likely to
 try the experiment simply to find out  
whether they would or would not succeed 
in the south of ,england4     ,,chapter 
,,xii  ,,salmon ,,and ,,sea-,,trout     
,in many ways nature is apparently very 
wasteful1 and in nothing is this more   
marked than in the case of the salmon4  
,probably not more than one egg in a    
thousand produces a fish which reaches  
the smolt stage1 and a still smaller    
proportion grows to the spawning stage4 
,this great mortality which occurs among
 the eggs and young fish when left to   
nature may be very considerably reduced 
by artificial means1 so that a very fair
 proportion of the eggs deposited by the
 female fish will not only be hatched   

out successfully1 but the little fish   
will reach the smolt stage safely and   
have a good chance of reaching the sea4 
,how successful artificial intervention 
may be has been proved over and over    
again in the ,united ,states and in     
,canada4 ,in the case of more than one  
river in ,canada1 the artificial        
propagation and protection of salmon has
 resulted in what is apparently the     
actual manufacture of a salmon river1   
yielding an annual haul of fish far     
beyond anything known in ,europe1 from a
 river which before yielded no salmon1  
or hardly any4  ,these operations1      
carried out by the ,state1 were of      
course far beyond anything which could  
be undertaken by the amateur1 but ,i am 
sure that if several riparian owners on 
a salmon river carried on artificial    
hatching and rearing operations for     
several seasons1 a marked increase in   
the number of fish in the river would   
ensue4 ,the objection of most people to 
this course is that it is unfortunately 

only too apparent that they are         
benefiting chiefly1 not the rod         
fisherman1 but the netsman at the mouth 
of the river4  ,the different artificial
 means used to help nature in producing 
a good head of salmon in a river vary   
chiefly in the amount of the help given 
by each4 ,it will suffice to say that   
the best is that which provides for the 
protection and feeding of the young fish
 till it is ready to take its first     
journey to the sea4 ,the reason of this 
is obvious1 as every day passed in      
safety is a day gained1 both in strength
 and in power of self-preservation4     
,though it is possible to purchase a    
certain number of salmon ova1 this is   
not at all a satisfactory way of        
obtaining them4 ,to begin with1 it is   
impossible to get them in sufficient    
numbers to carry out operations on a    
large enough scale4 ,salmon ova are also
 expensive2 and it is no use working    
with less than half a million in several
 stations if the river is of any size4  

,it is advisable that the ova should be 
obtained from the fish4 ,this may be    
done either by collecting the ova       
deposited by the fish in the spawning   
beds or from the gravid females4 ,the   
latter course necessitates the ripe     
female and male fish being caught and   
artificially spawned4 ,as in nature1 at 
best but a comparatively small          
percentage of the ova are impregnated1  
and by artificial spawning over ninety  
per cent4 of them may be successfully   
hatched out1 there can be but little    
doubt as to which is the better way4 ,it
 is difficult to make sure of catching  
the fish just at the time they are ripe1
 so it is advisable to impound them in a
 fenced-off portion of the river1 where 
they may be got at easily4  ,in the ripe
 female the ova flow out very readily1  
and but little pressure is necessary4   
,hard pressure on the abdomen should    
never be applied1 as it is sure to      
injure the fish4 ,a ripe female having  
been obtained1 from which the ova flow  

readily1 the female is held over a      
perfectly clean tin or earthenware      
dish--wet1 but containing no water--and 
the ova are caused to flow into it by   
gently but firmly pressing the hand on  
the abdomen1 and stroking it down       
towards the vent4 ,milt from a ripe male
 fish is then allowed to run over the   
ova in the dish1 and is made to run well
 between them by tilting the dish about 
from side to side4 ,the ova will now    
adhere together1 and some water should  
be added4 ,this water should be poured  
off and fresh added till the superfluous
 milt is washed away1 when the ova      
should be left in the water till they   
separate1 which will be in about twenty 
minutes or half an hour4  ,the          
fertilized ova thus obtained may either 
be laid down in artificially protected  
hatching beds1 or may be transferred to 
a hatchery4 ,the latter proceeding1 of  
course1 requires a hatching house       
specially built and arranged1 and as    
this is outside the scope of the present

 work1 ,i would refer my readers to     
larger works upon the subject1 such as  
,an ,angler's ,paradise1 by ,j4 ,j4     
,armistead4 ,of course1 by using a      
hatchery a large number of the eggs will
 be saved1 ninety per cent4 of them     
should hatch out4 ,this is1 therefore1  
obviously the best way to proceed4 ,a   
very much larger number of eggs will1   
however1 be hatched out in              
properly-chosen artificial beds than    
would be the case if they were left to  
nature4  ,the necessary qualities of a  
good artificial bed are1 a good supply  
of clean water which is not liable if   
there is a spate to deposit sediment on 
the eggs1 protection from light1 and    
protection from the many creatures which
 prey upon the ova4 ,the hatching beds  
may be so arranged that the young fish  
may escape as soon as they like after   
hatching out1 but it is best to watch   
and protect them for at any rate the    
first few weeks after they have begun to
 feed1 and while continuing the feeding1

 to allow those of the fish that wish to
 escape4  ,the rearing of young salmon  
and sea-trout is practically the same as
 that of the common trout1 except that  
they require more water4 ,if kept in    
rearing ponds they grow more quickly    
than they do when left to find food for 
themselves4 ,while young1 the salmon is 
marked with transverse bars of a darker 
colour than the rest of the body4       
,during the time it bears these marks it
 is known as a parr4#c ,in about fifteen
 months it loses these marks and becomes
 quite silvery1 being now known as a    
smolt4 ,shortly after assuming the smolt
 dress1 the young salmon takes its      
departure to the sea4 ,in some cases the
 young salmon do not appear to go down  
to the sea till over two years after    
being hatched out1 but they should      
always be set at liberty in ,march1     
,april1 or ,may in the year following   
that in which they were hatched out1    
according to how far they have developed
 the smolt or silver appearance4  #c    

,all the trouts go through this stage1  
which is distinguished by finger marks  
upon the sides4  ,if spring water is    
obtainable1 particularly if the water1  
as is usually the case1 is of an even   
temperature throughout the year1 the    
troubles of the fish culturist are      
considerably lessened4 ,without a       
building for the hatching troughs it is 
almost impossible in many places to     
guard against frost unless such a spring
 is available4 ,sediment may be avoided 
by putting frames covered with flannel  
at the inlets to the hatching beds1     
these will1 if kept clean1 prevent any  
sediment from coming into the ponds1 and
 will allow plenty of water to flow in4 
,if hatching trays are not used1 the    
bottom of the artificial bed should be  
covered with clean gravel4  ,the time   
which elapses from the impregnation of  
the eggs to their hatching out varies   
according to the temperature of the     
water1 a fairly average time is about   
ninety days4 ,the ova should be watched 

during this time1 and the dead ones     
removed4 ,for a short time after they   
are impregnated they are fairly hardy1  
but from then till shortly before they  
hatch out the very slightest concussion 
will kill or seriously injure them4     
,the management of sea-trout ova is     
similar to that of salmon1 and the ova  
are obtained in the same way4 ,as in the
 case of the salmon it is best to rear  
the little fish artificially1 till they 
are ready to go down to the sea2 they   
will thus escape dangers likely to cause
 the loss of about eighty per cent4 of  
their number4  ,the same methods and the
 same precautions as advised in the     
chapters on rearing trout should be     
adopted in the case of salmon and       
sea-trout as far as is possible1 and if 
this is done a very large percentage of 
the ova should be successfully reared to
 the smolt stage4     ,,chapter ,,xiii  
,,coarse ,,fish   ,compared to what is  
known about the early part of the life  
history of the ,salmonid1 our knowledge 

of coarse fish is small4 ,fortunately1  
however1 such lengthy and complicated   
proceedings as are necessary to obtain a
 good stock of trout are not necessary  
to obtain a good stock of coarse fish4  
,if even a few rudd1 perch1 dace1 pike1 
or carp are put into water where they   
have a good supply of food to begin     
with1 and which is suitable otherwise   
for their well-being1 the amateur's     
chief trouble after a few years1 if the 
water is not heavily fished1 will be to 
keep down the stock of coarse fish in   
proportion to the supply of food4  ,i   
have seen many cases where rudd1 perch1 
dace and carp have increased to an      
enormous extent from a few fish         
introduced into the water4 ,some four   
years ago we put a few small rudd into a
 mill-pond at home1 thinking that the   
fry they produced would serve admirably 
as food to the trout which also         
inhabited the pond4 ,in about twenty    
months the pond was full of small rudd1 
and last year we netted out many        

hundred1 as the water was terribly      
over-stocked with them4 ,the same thing 
has happened in almost every case which 
has come to my knowledge2 that is1 of   
course1 where the waters have been      
stocked with food1 and suitable to the  
fish introduced4  ,the way in which dace
 will increase when put into a suitable 
water is1 if possible1 even more        
remarkable than what happens in the case
 of the rudd4 ,i will quote one         
instance1 which proves this very        
conclusively4 ,a few years ago there    
were no dace in the ,sussex ,ouse4 ,pike
 fishermen1 however1 used to bring live 
dace to use as baits4 ,some of these    
escaped1 or were set free by the        
fishermen at the end of their day's     
fishing1 and now the ,sussex ,ouse      
contains more dace for its size than any
 other river ,i have ever seen4  ,while 
rudd thrive best in a pond or lake into 
which a stream flows1 dace require a    
river or stream to do well4 ,they will1 
however1 thrive and increase rapidly in 

a river where trout are not a success4  
,a muddy bottom with occasional quickly 
running shallows1 seem to constitute the
 best kind of water for dace4 ,the      
largest1 and by far the best conditioned
 dace ,i have seen1 have come from the  
tidal parts of rivers1 where the water  
is brackish at high water4 ,dace from   
such a water have also the advantage of 
being very good eating1 as they have1 as
 a rule1 not got the unpleasant muddy   
taste usual in this fish4  ,perch and   
pike will thrive both in rivers and in  
ponds or lakes which have a supply of   
water from a stream or from springs4    
,they both increase in numbers very     
rapidly1 and when protected1 are more   
likely to require thinning down every   
few years1 than artificial assistance   
from the amateur4  ,the king-carp is the
 best fish for the amateur who wishes to
 obtain good bottom fishing from an     
absolutely stagnant pond4 ,this fish is 
much bolder and a more free feeder than 
the common carp4 ,it increases so       

rapidly in numbers1 and is a hard       
fighting and lively fish4  ,most of the 
coarse fish deposit a much larger number
 of eggs than do any of the             
,salmonid--that is to say1 in proportion
 to their size4 ,in stocking a water    
which contains no fish1 the amateur may 
wish to hurry on the process of nature  
in the case of coarse fish2 and1        
fortunately1 this is fairly easily      
managed4 ,in the case of perch1 rudd1   
pike1 and carp1 but little change of    
water is required to hatch out the eggs4
 ,the eggs of these fish take but a     
short time to hatch2 and if they are    
protected1 and this protection is also  
given to the little fish for a few      
weeks1 it will generally be found that  
an amply sufficient result is obtained4 
,the eggs should be spread out carefully
 on wicker-work or the lids of baskets  
and kept in the light4 ,a trickle of    
water which is sufficient to change the 
body of water in the pond in which the  
ova are put will1 as a rule1 be enough4 

,the amateur must be careful that the   
pond in which he hatches the eggs does  
not contain any of the many enemies ,i  
have described in former chapters4 ,if  
it is at all possible to protect the    
eggs and the little fish1 it is best to 
hatch out the eggs in the pond which it 
is intended to stock1 for it is         
exceedingly difficult to keep the       
newly-hatched fish in a rearing-pond on 
account of their very small size4 ,it   
will be necessary to use muslin or      
flannel screens instead of perforated   
zinc4 ,care must be taken that there is 
not too great a flow of water1 as this  
will cause the little fish to be drowned
 at the outlet screen4     ,,appendix   
,,the ,,use ,,of ,,earth ,,in ,,rearing 
,,ponds  ,from a correspondence upon the
 subject which appeared in ,land and    
,water   ,,sir1--,in your last issue ,i 
have read with pleasure the eminently   
practical notes on fish culture by ,mr4 
,charles ,walker4 ,he is perfectly right
 in all he says with reference to the   

useful and preventive results of the use
 of common garden earth1 or vegetable   
mould in checking any fungoid           
development1 ,saprolegnia or other4 ,it 
must1 however1 be admitted that the said
 addition is not an element of beauty in
 a box2 therefore it should be avoided1 
or only used when necessity dictates4   
,however1 the fry1 when thoroughly      
restored to health1 may be transferred  
by muslin net to another box free from  
earth should it be necessary to count   
out certain numbers for the satisfaction
 of customers' orders4 ,again1 the earth
 employed may1 and in some waters does1 
give rise to other ill effects on the   
health of the fry or young fishes4      
,affection of the eye is not unheard of 
as the result of over-use of earth4     
,perhaps the best way to obviate any    
trouble of this nature would be to pound
 and dry the earth1 and keep it in a    
canister or other closed vessel till    
required for use4 ,spores of fungi are  
nearly1 if not quite1 omnipresent2 and  

their effects are so insidious that too 
many precautions cannot well be taken to
 avert the introduction of trouble in   
the hatchery4 ,indeed1 were it not for  
the risks arising from attacks of fungi1
 pisciculture1 as now understood and    
carried on1 would be an unalloyed       
pleasure and unbounded success4 ,we can 
practically hatch #iie out of #a1jjj    
eggs1 or thereabouts4 ,it is the risks  
of rearing that stand in our road1 and  
these1 as time goes on1 and experience  
increases1 must diminish4 ,there would  
appear1 then1 to be a good time coming  
for fish culture1 and those who         
earnestly follow it4  ,practice is the  
only safe guide1 as circumstances1      
geological1 physical1 and meteorological
 so vary the conditions of works that no
 definite rule of procedure will avail4 
,earnest work and close observation1    
combined with ready resource1 are the   
only safe guides to success4 ,troubles  
of some sort are sure to supervene2 the 
man who succeeds is he who can          

anticipate1 and so remedy them4 ,to be  
always on the watch and notice the first
 indication is a very safe maxim1 more  
easy to inculcate than to put in        
practice4  ,there can be no question but
 that the practical removal of          
difficulties in the path of fish culture
 is work of the highest value1 well     
worthy the attention and acknowledgment 
of those in authority at ,whitehall and 
elsewhere at home1 as has been the case 
abroad4  ,c4 ,c4 ,c4   ,,sir1--,your    
correspondent ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 in ,land and  
,water of last week disagrees with the  
constant and free use of earth1 which ,i
 had advocated in my article on fish    
culture which appeared the preceding    
week4 ,naturally one must admit that    
earth at the bottom of a pond is not so 
great an element of beauty as is clean  
gravel1 but the advantages are so many1 
that beauty must give way to usefulness4
 ,besides this1 ,c4 ,c4 ,c4 must know   
that it is almost impossible to keep the
 gravel clean enough to look pretty1    

when the water is inhabited by a large  
number of little fish which are being   
constantly fed4 ,i cannot at all agree  
with his advice that earth should be    
avoided1 or only used when necessity    
dictates4 ,i believe that one of the    
first principles of success in fish     
culture is always to prevent any disease
 or mishap1 rather than to wait for1 and
 then try to remedy it4 ,trout in their 
natural surroundings get a dose of earth
 every time that there is a spate4 ,it  
is very evident that the earth contains 
some ingredients which are not only     
beneficial but almost a necessity to the
 fish4  ,i have never heard of earth as 
an actual cure for fungus and should    
hardly think that it is active enough4  
,there is1 however1 no doubt that it is 
one of the best preventatives to fungus1
 for if it is properly and freely used  
it stops all chance of any decomposing  
material being exposed to the action of 
the water1 and laying the fish open to  
the chance of a great many evils4  ,if  

suitable earth is used once a week1 and 
even oftener on occasions1 it can do no 
harm1 and will keep the fish safe from a
 great many risks besides doing them    
very material good4 ,i do not of course 
mean that the usual weekly dose should  
be a large one1 as this would fill up   
the pond before the end of the season1  
but that a small dose should be given   
generally1 and a large dose             
occasionally4 ,i am quite sure1 too1    
that clean earth with some nice weeds   
growing in it1 looks better than gravel 
which is dirty4 ,gravel shows the dirt  
so much1 that it is almost impossible to
 keep it looking nice where there are   
many fish1 and it also gives the water  
free access to any decomposing matter4  
,i have never come across a case of     
disease caused by the use of earth1 and 
should like to hear the details of ,c4  
,c4 ,c4's experiences with regard to    
this matter4  ,,charles ,,walker4       
,,index     ,advantages of rainbow      
trout1 #gb-e    ,air bubble in yolk sac1

 #dj    ,alders round rearing ponds1 #cb
     at water side1 importance of1 #ai  
,alevins1 #ci-da     diseases of1 #dj-a 
,alpine char1 #gh    ,american brook    
trout1 #ae     rearing of1 #ge-f        
spawning of1 #gf    ,aquatic creatures1 
serving as food for fish1 #aj-b1 #fb-f  
,aquatic plants suitable for deep water1
 #ac     suitable for margins1 #ac      
,aquatic vegetation1 importance of1 #g  
development of1 #i    ,arrangement of   
rearing boxes1 #cd    ,artificial       
spawning of salmon1 #hc-d    ,asellus   
aquaticus1 #fe     ,black spotted trout 
of the ,rocky ,mountains1 #gf-h    ,blue
 swelling1 #da    ,breeding char1       
difficulties in1 #gh-hj    ,breeding4   
7,see ,rearing47    ,brown trout1       
suitable water for1 #ad    ,bullrushes1 
#ac    ,byssus1 #cg-h     ,caddis-worms1
 #fa-c     in hatching trays1 #ch-i     
,carp1 suitable water for1 #ah    ,char1
 #af1 #gh-hj     ,alpine1 #gh           
difficulties in breeding1 #gh-hj        
hatching out of1 #gh-i     introduction 

of1 to the south1 #hj     kinds of1 #gh 
rearing1 #gi-hj     suitable water for1 
#af     ,windermere1 #gh    ,charring   
wood1 importance of1 #cc1 #ej    ,chub1 
suitable water for1 #ah    ,coarse fish1
 #hh-ib     ova of1 #ij-a    ,colorado  
,river trout1 #gg    ,columbia ,river   
trout1 #gg    ,conchifera1 #ab          
,corix1 #aj1 #di1 #fc    ,covers for    
rearing ponds1 #ca    ,creatures1       
aquatic1 serving as food for fish1      
#aj-b1 #fa-f    ,crowfoot1 water1 #ac   
,cure for fungus1 #ej    ,cut-throat    
trout1 #gf-h    ,cyclops quadricornis1  
#ab1 #dh1 #fe-f    ,cyprid1 #fe-f       
,dace1 #ah1 #hi-ij     suitable water   
for1 #ah    ,daphnia pulex1 #ab1 #dh1   
#fe    ,dead alevins1 removal of1 #da   
,dead ova1 removal of1 #cg              
,difference between beetles and ,corix1 
#aa    ,diseases of alevins1 #dj-a      
ova1 #cg-i    ,dytiscus marginalis1 #aa1
 #di1 #eh-fj1 #fc     ,earth in rearing 
boxes1 #df1 #ic-f     doses of1 in      
rearing pond1 #ed1 #ic-f    ,effects of 

soft food on trout1 #bd    ,ephemerid1  
#ab1 #fd-e     larv of1 #fd-e           
catching larv of1 #fd     ,feeding of   
the fry1 #db-i    ,feeding yearlings1   
#fg    ,food1 importance of1 in waters1 
#e1 #g    ,fresh-water shrimp1 #aj1 #di1
 #fe     snails1 #aj-b    ,friends and  
enemies of the fish1 #eh-ff    ,fry1    
feeding of1 #db-i     separating large  
from small1 #de     turning out of      
rearing box1 #ea-b    ,fungus1 #ch-i    
cure for1 #ej     ,gammarus pulex1 #aj1 
#di1 #fe    ,gold-fish1 suitable water  
for1 #ah    ,grannom1 introduction of1  
#ab    ,grass round rearing ponds1 #cb  
,grayling1 possible harm done by1 to    
trout1 #af     suitable water for1 #ag  
,great water moss1 #ac     ,hatchery1   
suitable spot for1 #ba-f    ,hatching   
out char1 #gh-i     ova of coarse fish1 
#ia-b    ,hatching trays1 arrangement   
of1 #cd     caddis-worms in1 #ch-i      
construction of1 #cb     placing ova in1
 #cd-f     removal of1 #db-c     shrimps
 in1 #cf    ,herons1 #fj-a              

,hydrophilus piceus1 #ei-fj             
,important points in rearing young      
trout1 #ef-g    ,inlet to rearing ponds1
 #bi-cj     ,king carp1 suitable water  
for1 #ah    ,kingfisher1 #di1 #ec1 #fj  
,lake ,tahoe trout1 #gg    ,lakewort1   
#ac    ,leaf screen to rearing ponds1   
#bi    ,lobelia1 water1 #ac     ,may    
fly1 introduction of1 #ab    ,moss1     
great water1 #ac    ,mussels1 #ab       
,nautonecta glauca1 #aj1 #fd    ,natural
 food1 importance of1 #bd     natural   
food for fry1 #dh-i    ,netting for     
rearing ponds1 #ca     ,ova beds1       
artificial salmon1 #he    ,ova1 care of1
 #cf-i     dead1 removal of1 #cg        
hatching of1 #ci     of coarse fish1    
#ij-a     of sea-trout1 #hg     placing 
in hatching trays1 #cd-f     ,perch1    
#ai1 #ij-a     suitable water for1 #ai  
,pike1 #ah-i1 #ij-a    ,planting weeds  
in ponds1 #g     in streams1 #h         
,ponds for yearlings1 #gj-a     ,rainbow
 trout1 #ad-e1 #gb1 #ge     advantage   
of1 #gb-e     freedom from fungus1 #gc-d

     rearing of1 #gb-e     suitable     
water for1 #ad     spawning time of1 #ba
    ,rearing1 important points in1 #ef-g
    ,rearing box1 arrangement of1 #cd   
construction of1 #ca     cover for1 #ch1
 #di    ,rearing char1 difficulties in1 
#gi-hj     fry of salmon1 #he-g     fry 
of sea-trout1 #he-g     rainbow trout1  
#gb-e    ,rearing ponds1 alders round1  
#cb2       grass round1 #cb             
construction of1 #bb1 #bg-i     covers  
for1 #ca     gravel in1 #bc             
importance of allowing water to run     
through for some weeks1 #ba     inlet   
to1 #bi-cj     netting for1 #ca         
pipes to1 #bb1 #bg     removal of       
yearlings from1 #gj     separating fish 
in1 #ed-f     size of1 #bc-d     use of 
earth in1 #ed1 #ef1 #ic-f     vegetation
 round1 #cc1 #ee     willows round1 #cb1
 #ee    ,restocking1 best time for1 #bd 
,rio ,grande trout1 #gg    ,rudd1 #ag1  
#hh-i1 #ia     suitable water for1 #ag  
,salmo irideus1 #ad-e1 #gb-e     fario1 
#ae     mykiss1 #gf-h    ,salmon and    

sea-trout1 #ha-g    ,salmon1 artificial 
spawning of1 #hc-d     artificial ova   
beds1 #he     mortality among ova and   
young fish1 #ha     rearing fry1 #he-g  
scale upon which rearing should be      
carried out1 #hc     success in         
artificial intervention in stock of1    
#ha-b    ,salt1 as cure for fungus1 #ej 
dose of1 for yearlings1 #fi-gj          
,salvelinus fontinalis1 #ae4     7,see  
,american brook trout47    ,saprolegnia1
 #ch-i4     7,see ,fungus47             
,sea-trout1 ova of1 #hg     rearing fry 
of1 #he-g    ,sea-water as cure for     
fungus1 #ej    ,separating yearlings1   
#fh    ,shrimp1 fresh-water1 #aj1 #di1  
#fe    ,shrimps in hatching trays1 #cf  
,snails1 fresh-water1 #aj-ab    ,soft   
food1 effects of1 on trout1 #bd         
,spawning time of ,american brook trout1
 #gf    ,stocking waters with food1 #g  
,stonewort1 water-1 #ac    ,suitable    
fish and suitable water1 #ad     ,trout1
 collecting wild ova of1 #bj     ova1   
management of1 #bj1 #cd-i    ,turning   

fry out of rearing box1 #ea-b     out   
yearlings1 #fh-i     ,varnishing wood1  
importance of1 #cc1 #ej    ,vegetation1 
aquatic1 importance of1 #g     aquatic1 
development of1 #i     importance of1 at
 water side1 #ai     on banks of water1 
#i1 #ai     round rearing ponds1 #cb1   
#ee     ,water-boatman1 #aj1 #fd        
beetles1 #aa1 #eh-fj1 #fc     bugs1     
#fc-d     celery1 #ac     cress1 #ac    
crowfoot1 #ac     flea1 #ab1 #dh        
lilies1 #ac     lobelia1 #ac     louse1 
#fe     scorpion1 #fd     starwort1 #ac 
,weeds1 importance of1 in waters1 #g    
planting in ponds1 #g     in streams1 #h
    ,willow round rearing ponds1 #cb1   
#ee     at water side1 #ai              
,windermere char1 #gh     ,yearling     
trout1 #ef    ,yearlings1 feeding of1   
#fg     removal of1 from rearing pond1  
#gj     separating1 #fh     turning out1
 #fh-i     ,butler  ,tanner1 ,the       
,selwood ,printing ,works1 ,frome1 and  
,london4     ,shooting on a ,small      
,income  ,by ,,charles ,,walker         

,illustrated4 ,crown #hvo1 #es4  ,a     
pleasant little surprise awaited us when
 we found on our table 444 ',shooting on
 a ,small ,income4' ,the marked         
individuality of this book lies in the  
fact that in the course of #cjj odd     
pages it gives in concise language an   
enormous body of information fully      
justifying the title chosen4444 ,the    
amount of really useful all-round       
information presented in such a readable
 form would be almost impossible to beat
 in any single work that has come to our
 notice4--,land and ,water4   ,on ,plain
 and ,peak  ,sport in ,bohemia and      
,tyrol  ,by ,,randolph ,,llewellyn      
,,hodgson  ,illustrated by ,h4,s4,h4    
,,princess ,,mary ,,of ,,thurn ,,and    
,,taxis1 and from ,photographs  ,demy   
#hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4   ,days in ,thule with 
,rod1 ,gun1 and ,camera  ,by ,,john     
,,bickerdyke  ,with ,numerous           
,illustrations4 ,cloth1 #bs4 #f;d42     
paper cover1 #as4 #f;d4   ,motor        
,vehicles and ,motors  ,their ,design1  

,construction1 and ,working by ,steam1  
,oil1 and ,electricity  ,by ,w4 ,,worby 
,,beaumont  ,m4,,inst4,c4,e4            
,m4,,inst4,m4,e4 ,m4,,inst4,e4,e4       
,price #dbs4 net  ,about six hundred    
pages and more than four hundred and    
fifty illustrations and working         
drawings4   ,the ,eighth ,duke of       
,beaufort  ,,and ,,the ,,badminton      
,,hunt  ,with a ,sketch of the ,rise of 
the ,somerset ,family  ,by ,t4 ,f4      
,,dale1 ,m4,a4  ,,author ,,of ,,the     
,,history ,,of ,,the ,,belvoir ,,hunt1  
,,the ,,game ,,of ,,polo1 ,,etc4  ,demy 
#hvo1 #bas4 ,fully ,illustrated4   ,the 
,history of the ,belvoir ,hunt  ,by ,t4 
,f4 ,,dale1 ,m4,a4  ,with #e            
,photogravures and #dh ,full-page       
,plates1 and #b ,maps of the ,country   
hunted1 showing all the principal meets 
and historic runs4 ,also ,appendices    
giving the ,stud ,book ,entries from the
 year #agia to #ahgf1 pedigrees of      
celebrated hounds1 and a bibliography4  
#a ,vol4 ,demy #hvo4 #bas4 net  ,mr4    

,dale's book must be read through and   
through--by the sportsman for pleasure1 
the historian for facts1 and by the     
breeders of all animals for the results 
of judicious mating4 ,it is about the   
best work on a hunting subject ever     
written4--,sporting ,life4  ,he has     
produced a book which is much more than 
its title promises1 and he has indeed   
been fortunate in his subject4 ,while   
,mr4 ,dale's record centres upon the    
hunting field and kennel with scrupulous
 care for detail that hunt history      
demands1 he invests it with stronger    
claims still upon attention4--,bailey's 
,magazine4   #b ,,whitehall ,,gardens1  
,,westminster