file which includes the original illustrations4 ,see #bdgjh-;h4htm or #bdgjh-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ d_/g_/j_/bdgjh_/bdgjh-;h_/#bdgjh-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gutenberg4org_/dirs_/#b_/ d_/g_/j_/bdgjh_/bdgjh-;h4zip7 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,transcriber's ,note3 ,inconsistent hyphenation in the original document has been preserved4 ,obvious typographical errors have been corrected4 ,for a complete list1 please see the end of this document4 ,text enclosed by equal signs was in bold face in the original 7example3 bold74 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,,the ,,biology1 ,,physiology ,,and ,,sociology ,,of ,,reproduction 99 99 99 99 99 ,letters from ,prominent ,educators4 ,i consider the treatment of the subject the most sane and practical that ,i know of1 and therefore feel that ,i can conscientiously recommend the book most heartily4 ,there is no subject so much hampered by ignorance1 misconception and prejudice as that with which the book deals4 ,i am sure the treatment of the matter will result in a more wholesome and healthful conception of the entire subject4--,dr4 ,henry ,f4 ,kallenberg1 ,the ,institute and ,training ,school of ,young ,men's ,christian ,associations4 ,chapter four naturally brings everything to a practical focus and seems to me admirable4 ,chapter five1 too1 impressed me as very useful4 ,the topical questions and their answers in the appendix was a very happy thought and adds materially to the value of the book4--,dr4 ,g4 ,stanley ,hall1 ,president ,clark ,university4 ,i have gone through the book carefully and ,i am greatly pleased with it4 ,i think it is admirably adapted to the needs and temperament of college men1 and possibly all men4 ,the topics discussed are of prime importance and interest for young men1 the method of presentation is in all respects commendable1 and the style is practical and concrete4 ,the book ought to find its way into the hands of a great many young men4 ,it should be in the hands of fathers and even mothers who have sons in the adolescent period4--,prof4 ,m4,v4 ,o',shea1 ,university of ,wisconsin4 ,i have no hesitancy in saying that it is by far the best presentation of this very important subject that ,i have ever seen4 ,it answers many important questions for which ,i have seen no answer elsewhere4--,prof4 ,william ,r4 ,manning1 ,purdue ,university4 ,i have heard the lecture and read the book and do not hesitate to recommend it4 ,it is all that a young man needs to read to inform him of his duties and his perils in this matter4 ,the ethical ideals are high and the advice sensible and wise4--,dr4 ,charles ,r4 ,henderson1 ,department of ,sociology1 ,university of ,chicago4 ,some day ,sexual ,hygiene will have a place in the curriculum of every college4 ,it is a subject that every college man does consider in one way or another1 but often ignorantly1 or under unwise guidance4 ,dr4 ,hall's book is so simple and sane as well as scientific1 that ,i wish it might be in the hands of every college man in the country4--,dr4 ,george ,a4 ,coe1 ,northwestern ,university4 ,i consider it admirable in both conception and execution4 ,so far as ,i know1 it is unique in its presentation of these matters1 especially on the hygienic side and shall be pleased to recommend it at every opportunity4--,dr4 ,william ,t4 ,belfield1 ,bush ,medical ,college1 ,university of ,chicago4 ,the book seems to me calculated to be very useful1 and should be in the hands of a large number of college undergraduates4--,dr4 ,isaac ,sharpless1 ,president ,haverford ,college4 ,i have read the book and had other priests read it and all concur in my opinion that it is destined to become a powerful auxiliary to our young men in their struggle for a purer life4 ,the language is not vague1 but to the point1 and every young man will understand it4--,rev4 ,a4,m4 ,kirsch1 ,university of ,notre ,dame4 ,i have the strongest praise for the book as a whole--the biological foundation1 directness1 freedom from cant and prudery and the practical way in which the author gets to the level of his readers4--,dr4 ,c4 ,judson ,herrick1 ,denison ,university1 ,ohio4 ,i have read ,dr4 ,hall's book with the keenest curiosity and interest4 ,why could not such a book have been in the hands of the youth of the past generations8 ,we should have been all the better for it4 ,the work seems to me to be simply and plainly stated4 ,with such apparent thoroughness and good sense1 good taste1 ,i am sure the book will commend itself to every thoughtful reader4--,dr4 ,chas4 ,m4 ,stuart1 ,garrett ,biblical ,institute1 ,evanston1 ,illinois4 ,illustration3 7signed7 ,yours sincerely ,winfield ,s4 ,hall 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,biology1 ,,physiology ,,and ,,sociology ,,of ,,reproduction ,also ,sexual ,hygiene with ,special ,reference to the ,male4 by ,,winfield ,s4 ,,hall1 ,ph4,d4 7,leipzig71 ,m4,d41 7,leipzig71 ,professor of ,physiology1 ,northwestern ,university ,medical ,school1 ,chicago2 ,member of the ,american ,physiological ,society2 ,chairman of the ,section of ,pathology and ,physiology1 ,american ,medical ,association #aijd-e2 ,fellow of ,the ,american ,academy of ,medicine1 ,president #aije-f2 ,fellow of ,american ,association for the ,advancement of ,science1 ,etc41 ,etc4 ,twelfth ,edition #aiaa ,wynnewood ,publishing ,co4 #bdba ,dearborn ,st41 ,chicago4 ,copyright #aijg by ,winfield ,s4 ,hall ,to the ,,young ,,man1 who is devoting years of his life to secure the ,,highest ,,degree ,,of ,,development of those powers of ,,body and ,,mind that are to be ,,his ,,instruments in solving ,,life',s ,,problems1 this little volume is ,,dedicated in the spirit of ,,fraternity4 ,,the ,,author4 ,,preface ,,to ,,sixth ,,edition4 ,the cordial reception given to this little book by the medical profession1 by educators1 and especially by the young men of the country1 have by their demands for the book necessitated the appearance of new editions in such rapid succession that no far-reaching changes in the text have been possible even if they had been needed4 ,happily1 no extensive changes have been required4 ,in the second edition several corrections1 typographical and verbal1 were made and additions made to the appendix4 ,to the third edition the chapter on ,development was added4 ,the fourth and fifth editions received verbal changes here and added paragraphs there4 ,the sixth edition differs from the fifth in the addition of the author's portrait as a frontispiece1 the addition of an answered question to the appendix and the listing of certain lecture topics1 with press notices and letters4 ,the book seems to be meeting a demand for accurate information briefly and clearly stated4 ,,the ,,author4 ,chicago1 ,november #a1 #aijh4 ,,foreword4 ,several years ago the author was asked by his students to present to them some of the facts of ,sexual ,physiology and ,hygiene4 ,the plea of not a specialist in that line was not accepted2 so after a few weeks devoted to a careful study of the literature the subject was presented4 ,it seemed to be acceptable1 and other invitations followed in successive years not only from the author's own institution but from many others4 ,in the last few years the subject has been presented at all of the leading institutions of learning in the middle west--at some of them several times and always to large audiences4 ,in response to repeated requests for a book the author has finally prepared this brief volume in which he has endeavored to present a difficult subject in the true university spirit1 frankly calling things by their right names1 always keeping in close accord with the latest researches4 ,it is hoped that the chapter on ,hygiene will in itself be a justification for the book4 ,,winfield ,s4 ,,hall1 ,december1 #aijf4 ,chicago4 ,,contents4 ,chapter ,i4 ,,reproduction ,,from ,,the ,,standpoint ,,of ,,biology4 #a4 ,general ,activities of ,living ,organisms #aa ,a4 ,the ,egoistic ,activities #ab ,b4 ,the ,phyletic ,activities #ac a4 ,reproduction #ac b4 ,support and ,protection of ,offspring #ac c4 ,support and ,protection of ,weaker ,members of ,society #ae #b4 ,some ,general ,principles of ,biology #ae ,a4 ,sacrifice and ,compensation in ,egoistic ,activities #ae ,b4 ,sacrifice and ,compensation in the ,phyletic ,activities #af a4 ,lower ,organisms #af b4 ,higher ,organisms #ai ,c4 ,summary of ,principles #bd a4 ,the propagation of offspring and the protection and support of the young and defenseless1 always involve sacrifice on the part of the parents and the stronger members of the race #bd b4 ,sacrifice made consciously for the race is1 in the natural order of things1 compensated #bd ,chapter ,,ii4 ,,adolescence ,,in ,,the ,,male4 #a4 ,physical ,changes #bh ,a4 ,general ,changes in the ,body #bh a4 ,pilosity #bh b4 ,the ,voice #bi c4 ,bone1 ,muscle and ,gland #cj ,b4 ,the ,genital ,system #cb a4 ,structural ,changes #cb b4 ,functional ,changes #cb #b4 ,psychical ,changes #cc ,a4 ,play and ,work #cc a4 ,sports #cc b4 ,productive ,employment #cd ,b4 ,society #ce ,c4 ,religion #cf ,chapter ,,iii4 ,,anatomy ,,and ,,physiology ,,of ,,the ,,male ,,genital ,,organs4 #a4 ,anatomy #ci a4 ,the ,penis #ci b4 ,the ,testes #da c4 ,the ,spermatozoon #dd d4 ,the ,epididymis #dd e4 ,the ,seminal ,vesicles #de f4 ,the ,prostate ,gland #de #b4 ,physiology #df a4 ,urethra #df b4 ,cowper's ,glands #df c4 ,the ,prostate ,gland #dh d4 ,the ,seminal ,vesicles #dh e4 ,testes #ee #c4 ,virility #fj ,chapter ,,iv4 ,,sexual ,,hygiene ,,of ,,the ,,adolescent ,,male4 #a4 ,illicit ,intercourse with ,women #gd a4 ,chancroid or ,soft ,chancre #gh b4 ,gonorrhea #gi c4 ,syphilis #hj #b4 ,masturbation #hd #c4 ,continence #ij ,chapter ,v4 ,,hygiene4 #a4 ,diet #ie a4 ,choice of ,food #ie b4 ,stimulants and ,narcotics #ig c4 ,the ,dietetic ,control of the ,bowels #ajd d4 ,the ,dietetic ,control of ,sleep #aaj e4 ,the ,dietetic ,control of the ,kidneys and ,skin #aaa f4 ,the ,dietetic ,method of ,curing a ,cold #aaa #b4 ,baths #aab a4 ,the ,bath for ,cleanliness #aab b4 ,the ,tonic ,bath #aad #c4 ,exercise #aae #d4 ,the ,hygienic ,requirements of ,sleep #aah #e4 ,the ,control of the ,thoughts #abj ,chapter ,,vi4 ,,development4 #a4 ,the ,child #abe #b4 ,maternity #abh #c4 ,paternity #acj ,,appendix4 ,answers to questions #ace-adi ,,chapter ,i4 ,,reproduction ,,from ,,the ,,standpoint ,,of ,,biology4 ,,reproduction ,,from ,,the ,,standpoint ,,of ,,biology4 ,i4 ,,general ,,activities ,,of ,,living ,,organisms4 ,the casual observer1 even if he watches thoughtfully the various activities of plants and animals1 would hardly believe these activities capable of classification into two general classes4 ,he notes the germination of the plant seed and its early growth1 step by step approaching a stage of maturity2 it blossoms1 produces seed1 and if it is an annual plant1 withers and dies4 ,if it is a perennial plant its leaves only1 wither and die at the approach of winter1 the plant passing into a resting stage from which it awakes the following spring to repeat again its annual cycle4 ,if he observes an animal he finds that it similarly develops to a stage of maturity1 reproduces its kind1 withers and dies2 but incident to these general activities he notes numerous others that seem to have no relation to the activity of the plant4 ,he sees men tilling the fields1 felling the forests1 building houses1 factories and railroads2 he sees them build hospitals1 colleges and churches4 ,is it possible to group all of these activities of plants and animals into two general groups8 ,a more critical view of these activities makes it evident that they are all directed either to the maintenance and protection of the individual1 or the maintenance and protection of the race4 ,those directed towards the maintenance of self are called egoistic activities1 while those directed to the maintenance of the race are called phyletic activities4 ,the ,egoistic ,activities4 ,the term egoistic implies that the effort is directed towards the ego or self1 and includes all of those activities directed to the support1 protection1 defense and development of oneself4 ,as illustrated in the plant organism1 the taking of nourishment from the air and soil1 the development of the stem1 branches1 roots and leaves1 are egoistic activities4 ,in the animal--we may take1 for example1 man--the egoistic activities begin with the drawing of nourishment from the mother's breast and include all those activities of early childhood usually called play1 the real significance of which is to develop the neuro-muscular system and the special senses1 to that condition of alertness and strength that will make the growing individual self-supporting4 ,a very large part of the activities of the self-supporting human subject are directed towards the earning of his daily bread1 and of clothing and shelter4 ,the activities of the school and college period1 devoted1 as they are1 almost exclusively to the development of the youth's powers1 intellectual or physical1 are also egoistic4 ,even the pursuit of pleasure and of sense gratification on the part of the individual belongs to this same group of activities4 ,the ,phyletic ,activities4 ,as the etymology of the term suggests1 these activities are devoted to the propagation1 maintenance and protection of the race4 a4 ,reproduction4--,the most fundamental one of the activities for the maintenance of the race is reproduction4 ,every living organism1 whether plant or animal1 possesses the power to reproduce its kind4 ,some plants produce spores and some produce seeds4 ,reference was made above to the production of the flower in plants4 ,the flower represents the reproductive organ of the plant1 and the real object of the flower is to produce the seed4 ,animals produce eggs from which the young develop1 either through a process of incubation outside of a maternal body or an analogous process within the maternal body4 ,in the latter case the young are brought forth as living organisms4 b4 ,support and ,protection of ,offspring4--,whether we consider the plant seed1 or the animal egg or newborn--in any case the parental organism must provide for the support and protection of the offspring during those stages of development when it is unable to support and protect itself4 ,the plant deposits in or about the seed a supply of nourishment sufficient to support it during the germinating process and until it is able to gain its own support from the soil and air4 ,furthermore1 the plant protects the seed by means of the various seed envelopes1 against the cold and moisture of winter4 ,in a similar way the young animal is supplied by its parents with nourishment4 ,the young bird is incubated within the egg where a supply of nourishment is provided sufficient to develop the bones1 muscles1 nervous system1 blood1 glands and covering--all developed to a point that makes the bird able to take from the mother during the early weeks after its release from the shell1 such nourishment as the mother may provide4 ,in the meantime it must be brooded and protected in the parental nest until it is able to provide for its own protection4 ,similarly the young mammal is developed within the body of the maternal organism to a point where it is able to perform the primitive functions of life4 ,for weeks1 months or even years1 according to the class of the animal1 it must be supported and protected by its parents4 ,the human young receives milk from its mother's breast and protection in its mother's arms during its first year1 after which it continues to receive nourishment1 clothing and protection under the parental roof for a period varying from eighteen to twenty years1 or even longer4 c4 ,support and ,protection of ,weaker ,members of ,society4--,young animals are supported and protected because they are unable to support and protect themselves4 ,if they were not thus cared for the race would become extinct4 ,now1 there are certain individuals1 orphans for example1 who have1 through some accident1 been deprived of their natural support and protection4 ,if these weaker members of society1 not yet able to support and protect themselves1 were not provided for1 they would perish and become thus lost to the race4 ,from the time of primeval man to the present1 these weaker individuals of society who have been deprived of their natural protectors1 have been cared for by the stronger members of society and afforded such support and protection as they may need to make them independent4 ,in a similar way the sick and defective members of society are cared for by the strong4 ,thus we see that the building and maintenance of orphanages1 hospitals1 asylums and homes1 are activities that belong clearly to the group of phyletic or altruistic activities4 #b4 ,,some ,,general ,,principles ,,of ,,biology4 ,sacrifice and ,compensation in ,egoistic ,activities4 ,the thoughtful student is very likely to ask--,why does man till the fields8 ,why does man fell the forest trees8 ,why does he cultivate domestic animals8 ,why does he delve in the earth for minerals8 ,these are all strenuous activities that require the outlay of time1 talent and strength4 ,we may say that they are sacrifices that he makes and1 apparently1 willingly4 ,we have only to study the problem more closely to see that he tills the fields and cultivates his domestic animals for food2 that he fells the forest trees to make for himself shelter2 that he cultivates certain plants and animals to procure for himself clothing2 that he delves in the earth to bring out mineral products to use in the various industries that supply various elements of his livelihood4 ,it becomes manifest then that the egoistic activities of an organism represent sacrifice followed by compensation4 ,the individual sacrifices in order that he may reap his reward or receive his compensation4 ,it may be stated as a general biological truth that1 nature demands sacrifice or work on the part of all living organisms2 and1 under normal conditions1 metes out a compensation commensurate with the sacrifice made4 ,sacrifice and ,compensation in the ,phyletic ,activities4 a4 ,lower ,organisms4--,as an example of a lower organism we may take the amoeba4 ,if one watches an amoeba under the microscope he may see it move about the field1 creeping along the surface of the glass plate2 throwing out a pseudopodium here2 invaginating a mouth or stomach there2 taking in and digesting minute plant organisms2 transporting itself across the field of the microscope through the aid of improvised locomotory organs4 ,all these activities are egoistic4 ,the amoeba is putting forth effort to gain its sustenance2 it is sacrificing energy to receive compensation in the form of support4 ,if we continue to watch this minute organism we will find that sooner or later it goes into a resting stage which does not last long before we can observe important internal changes making themselves manifest first at the nucleus1 which slowly divides into two equal portions that separate1 each carrying with it about half of the protoplasm of the parent organism4 ,as these two young amoebae lie side by side under the microscope the thoughtful student will inquire--what has become of the parent organism8 ,whereas at first there was one mature amoeba1 now we have before us two young amoebae of the next succeeding generation4 ,the parent organism has sacrificed its substance and its individuality absolutely and completely for the next generation4 ,illustration3 ,plate ,i ,reproduction in the ,amoeba4 ,it may be said in general that reproduction always involves a division of the parent organism4 ,in the case of the amoeba the division is into two equal portions4 ,in the case of some of the lower plants and animals the substance of the parent organism is divided into many equal minute spores or eggs1 each of which develops a new organism4 b4 ,higher ,organisms4--,these also suffer a division of their body protoplasm4 ,however1 instead of dividing into two or more equal parts and merging their individuality immediately into the next generation1 the higher organisms divide off a very small portion of their protoplasm to make an egg or seed while the parent organism lives on to produce eggs or seeds on subsequent occasions4 ,while the parental sacrifice in eggs or spermatozoa is minute and inconsiderable in the higher animals1 the sacrifices subsequent to this initial division are incalculably greater in higher animals than in the lower organisms4 ,we can cite no better example than the human subject4 ,the human ovum1 divided off from the maternal organism1 is a minute globule of protoplasm1 almost microscopic in size4 ,the sacrifice of the mother in producing the ovum is inconsiderable1 but the production of the ovum is simply the first step in the sacrifice which the maternal organism makes4 ,the fertilized ovum makes a lodgment on the inner surface of the uterus or womb and begins immediately to absorb its nourishment from the maternal organism4 ,it soon develops a heart and blood vessels so related to the blood vessels of the mother that throughout its intra-uterine existence the mother's blood supplies the growing child all of the substance that is built up into bone1 muscle1 brain and glands1 preparing the young child to come into the world a living1 breathing1 sentient organism4 ,these draughts upon the vitality of the maternal organism are so great that they frequently result in a very sensible depletion of the mother's physical power1 particularly manifest in the depletion of the blood4 ,during the period when the young child is developing within the body of the mother1 she must make other sacrifices1 viz41 the withdrawal from society more closely within the four walls of her home where she busies herself many days in preparation of the wardrobe for the expected child4 ,then there are sacrifices incident to childbirth represented especially in the pain and travail of parturition4 ,during the first year of the child's life in normal cases1 it draws its nourishment from its mother's breast4 ,this nourishment in turn is elaborated by the milk-secreting glands from the mother's blood--still further depleting her system4 ,during its childhood and youth the mother prepares the food1 clothing and shelter of her child at no small expense of her own time and strength4 ,for years the mother holds herself ready to watch by the bedside of her child should he fall sick1 and there is hardly a mother in the land who has not spent many nights in this vigil by the bed of her sick child4 ,we might turn now briefly to the consideration of the sacrifices that the father makes4 ,as is the case with mother so with the father1 the initial sacrifice in the division of a portion of his body is too small to be considered1 but in his case as in the case of the mother1 the sacrifice for the coming progeny is only initiated with the act of procreation and continues through a period of fifteen1 twenty or even thirty years--sometimes progressively increasing to the last4 ,these sacrifices take the form1 for the most part1 of support and protection1 and begin soon after conception on the part of the mother--as the pregnant woman usually requires much greater solicitude and care on the part of the husband than she does on other occasions4 ,the normal father1 like the normal mother1 holds himself in readiness to watch by the bedside of the sick child should the occasion arise1 and to make other sacrifices incident to the protection and support of the child4 ,it is shown above that sacrifices incident to the egoistic activities receive their compensation4 ,the question next demanding our attention is--do the sacrifices which are made incident to our phyletic activities receive a compensation8 ,the most striking solution of this question would be a personal solution4 ,let any young man ask his parents if they have been compensated for all the sacrifices they have made for him4 ,if this son is such a one as brings pride and satisfaction to the parents it is very evident what their unhesitating answer would be1 viz41 that they have been compensated many times over for all the sacrifices they have made4 ,in what does such compensation consist8 ,it can be expressed most briefly3 ,,love ,,of ,,offspring4 ,this principle of love of offspring seems to be a more or less general one in the whole realm of conscious living nature4 ,that a tree could possess this no one would suggest2 that a sea urchin could possess it no one would be likely to contend4 ,it is probably possessed by all of those animals that are conscious of sacrifices2 that is1 if an animal is conscious of sacrifice he is capable of being conscious of this compensation which we term1 love of offspring4 ,for organisms too low in the scale of life to be conscious of either sacrifice or love of offspring1 nature seems to have arranged another scale of sacrifices and compensations--sacrifice taking the form of contention for possession of females and sacrifice in their support and protection1 the recompense being the gratification incident to sexual intercourse4 ,that this last factor may enter1 to a certain extent1 as a determining factor among the higher animals cannot be questioned4 ,the higher we get in the scale of animal life the less the part played by sexual gratification and the greater the part played by love of offspring4 ,in some of the higher animals1 especially those in which the family circle is maintained or the community life highly developed1 there is frequently at work still another consideration that may play no small part in ameliorating or compensating the sacrifice incident to reproduction4 ,reference is here made to the expectation on the part of the parents that support and protection will be provided for them in their old age when they are unable to support or protect themselves4 ,that this plays any great part in determining the procreation in the first place is not probable2 but that it later becomes a matter of consideration is not to be doubted4 ,however1 in so far as these considerations of personal welfare enter into the compensation of the parents for the sacrifices that they have made for their offspring1 in just so far do we remove these considerations from the realm of the phyletic and place them within the realm of the egoistic4 ,reverting again to a discussion of the lower organisms--we have yet to consider the character and extent of the compensation which these organisms1 which are unconscious of sacrifice1 receive4 ,the conscious sacrifice of higher animals receives a conscious compensation2 similarly the unconscious sacrifice of lower organisms receives an unconscious compensation4 ,it will be remembered that the amoeba did not die1 but that it was rejuvenated in its offspring4 ,in the next and every succeeding generation there is no death1 but a rejuvenation4 ,it thus transpires that these lowly organisms enjoy immortality2 or perhaps it may be better stated1 that the protoplasm of these organisms enjoys immortality and this immortality is the compensation for the sacrifice which each successive individual makes unconsciously in the division of its protoplasm4 ,this principle of biology was first discovered and formulated by the great ,german ,biologist1 ,weissmann4 ,summary of ,principles4 a4 ,the propagation of offspring and the protection and support of the young and defenseless always involve sacrifice on the part of the parents and the stronger members of the race4 b4 ,sacrifice made consciously for the race is1 in the natural order of things1 compensated4 ,,chapter ,,ii ,,adolescence ,,in ,,the ,,male ,,adolescence ,,in ,,the ,,male4 ,the period of a young man's life from about fifteen to twenty-five years1 when he is growing from boyhood to mature adult life1 is called the period of adolescence4 ,the period of adolescence is ushered in by a series of physical and psychical changes which make a well defined initial period called puberty4 ,the period of puberty is about two years in length1 and in the average case among ,american boys1 covers the period between the fifteenth and seventeenth years1 and is completed when the youth can produce fertile semen capable of fertilizing the human ovum4 ,it is now universally recognized1 however1 that when the youth reaches this point in his development1 while he may be called a man1 he represents manhood in its lowest terms4 ,he has not reached either a physical or mental development or maturity which justifies him in undertaking the responsibilities incident to procreating his kind4 ,it requires in the average case a period of eight more years to develop the young man to the full stature of adult manhood1 possessing his full physical and mental powers and the strength required of one who should assume the responsibilities of parenthood1 so that at the age of twenty-five in the average case the young man may be said to have reached this period of complete development and to have finished the adolescent period4 ,we may profitably now consider more in detail some of the changes incident to this most important period4 #a4 ,,physical ,,changes4 ,general ,changes in the ,body4 a4 ,pilosity4--,the human being belongs to the vertebrate class1 mammalia1 and as a member of that class he possesses over the cutaneous surface of the body1 excepting the palms of the hands and soles of the feet1 hair follicles which produce the hairy covering typical of mammals4 ,a careful study of the distribution of the hair on the surface of the human body1 comparing it with that of the anthropoid apes1 demonstrates that the distribution is identical2 and the lay of the hair in any one region of the human body corresponds exactly with that of the same region in the ape4 ,for example--the hair on the forearm points outward and upward2 on the upper arm down-ward and outward and so on throughout in the human and simian types4 ,every child comes into the world with a coat of rudimentary hair which is shed at once4 ,aside from the growth of hair on the head1 including the brows and the lashes1 the skin is quite free from any noticeable growth of hair for months or even years4 ,beginning at the age of puberty1 however1 the growth of hair is very much accelerated over the whole pilous surface of the body1 particularly upon the face1 in the axilla and over the pubic region4 ,it is a generally recognized law of biology1 that1 at the period of sexual development1 the hairy mammalian character becomes accentuated4 ,the increase in the growth of hair at this time can have only one interpretation1 viz41 that the ancestors of man represented a very much higher degree of pilosity than is the case with man at the present time4 ,it is interesting to note in this connection the almost universal attempt of men to rid the face of this hairy growth by various devices1 either pulling the beard or shaving it4 ,the origin of this custom of depilation probably dates back to the remote past and has been observed as a custom among both savages and civilized peoples4 b4 ,the ,voice4--,in all animals the voice plays an important part in sexual and social relations4 ,in many animals the voice seems to have almost no other function than as a sex call1 or a communication between mates and between parents and young4 ,the human subject illustrates this general biological principle in the profound changes which the voice undergoes at the time of puberty4 ,these changes in the male subject consist in increasing the depth of the larynx1 thereby increasing the length of the vocal cords which in turn modifies the pitch of the voice1 usually about an octave1 making it not only lower but much more pleasing in quality and greatly increased in volume4 c4 ,bone1 ,muscle and ,gland4--,of incalculably greater importance than the changes described above though perhaps less noticeable to the casual observer1 are those physical changes which the body undergoes during the first half of the period of adolescence4 ,i refer to the growth of bone1 of muscles and of those internal organs associated with nutrition4 ,the first step in these profound physical changes is a rapid growth in height that makes itself manifest about the fifteenth year4 ,it is not at all unusual for a boy to grow from four to six inches in a year4 ,this increase in height is very largely due to a lengthening of the thigh and leg bones4 ,in serial homology with the thigh and leg are the bones of the arm and we find that these are undergoing an increase in length commensurate with the increase of the legs4 ,so the boy outgrows his clothes2 his coat sleeves are drawn up half way to his elbows and his trousers half way to his knees4 ,the muscles scarcely keep pace with the bones in their growth1 and tend to be flabby and to lack usual tonicity4 ,it is difficult for the youth to hold his back straight and his shoulders back2 he is awkward and ungainly in his movements and becomes easily fatigued because of the condition of his muscles4 ,but the muscles follow immediately in their development and rapidly gain volume and tonicity1 filling out the arms1 legs1 back and shoulders with large masses of firm muscular tissue4 ,the growth of these muscle masses changes the dimensions of the youth and he fills out in his girths as rapidly as1 in the previous period1 he increased in length measurements4 ,all of this increase in bulk can only be accomplished by increased activity of all the nutritive processes4 ,the appetite is practically insatiable2 the boy can eat three square meals in the day and lunches between meals4 ,if he wakes up in the night he is hungry4 ,to accomplish the digestion and absorption of this food material1 the alimentary tract throughout1 and particularly the stomach is greatly increased in size4 ,to accomplish the distribution of the food 7blood7 the heart also is increased in size and strength4 ,with increased bulk of muscle and increased quantity of food we have increased oxidation in the tissues4 ,this requires increased respiration1 which demand is satisfied by rapid development of the respiratory system4 ,the thorax increases in dimensions in all directions2 it becomes deeper1 broader and longer4 ,not only does the thorax become more capacious but also more mobile and more responsive to the varying requirements of the system4 ,if we are interested in the biology of all these changes1 we need not go far to discover the natural causes at work to produce them4 ,nature is preparing in the youth a home builder2 it is preparing an individual who can support and protect not only himself1 but also a family4 ,this equipment in the case of primitive man must necessarily be one of bone and brawn4 ,while under the conditions of modern society the necessity for bone and brawn is somewhat less marked1 the plan of nature is no less evident and no less interesting4 ,the ,genital ,system4 a4 ,structural ,changes4--,the external genitals1 besides showing the pudendal pilosity referred to above1 are all greatly increased in size4 ,the penis is increased in all of its dimensions1 the testes become very much increased in size1 the scrotum1 probably because of the increased weight of the testes1 is also lengthened4 b4 ,functional ,changes4--,the testes and associated glandular bodies gradually develop the power of forming perfect semen1 capable of fertilizing the human ovum4 ,when these organs thus become capable of procreation1 the period of puberty is complete4 ,in this connection it is important to note that the development of the testes produces a profound effect upon both the physical and mental characteristics of the young man4 ,this effect is produced through a substance formed in the testes and reabsorbed into the body1 thus gaining access to the blood where it exerts its mysterious but profound influence4 ,just how this affects the mind and body will be discussed in detail in a subsequent chapter4 #b4 ,,psychical ,,changes4 ,play and ,work4 a4 ,sports4--,most of the higher animals1 particularly man1 and all races of men1 devote a large part of the energies of the adolescent period to sports or games in which individuals contend with each other or teams of individuals contend with opposing teams in games that bring into play the various powers of the neuro-muscular system3 such as alertness of all the senses1 readiness and correctness of judgment1 agility1 speed and strength of movement4 ,sports might be criticised by some because they represent non-productive expenditure of energy4 ,on the other hand1 no energy ever expended by man is so highly productive of so precious a material as results from manly athletic sports4 ,the products of these games are the substances consumed by them1 paradoxical as that may at first appear4 ,the use of brain1 muscle and glands and the consumption of the cell substances of these tissues results in the development of the nerve1 muscle and gland cells into a condition larger1 better equipped and more responsive than before such use4 ,thus1 athletic sports1 while they make draughts upon the nerves1 muscles and glands1 develop all of these tissues to a high degree of efficiency4 ,the plan of nature in this instinctive indulgence in sports must be evident4 ,nature is educating and developing the male animal 7man7 to the highest possible degree of efficiency1 so that sports1 instead of being non-productive1 lead to the development of structures possessing a high degree of value1 not only to the individual1 but also to society4 ,furthermore1 those qualities of mind that are encouraged on the athletic field between contestants in a game are the qualities that in the later serious struggles of life make most for success4 b4 ,productive ,employment4--,hardly less important than the influence of sports is that of productive employment for the adolescent4 ,that the adolescent youth should not be assigned tasks that overtax his physical or mental powers goes without saying1 nor should he be assigned tasks that consume so much of his time that he is unable to take an active part with his fellows in field sports4 ,however1 experience demonstrates that the youth undergoes a more wholesome all around development if he takes some active part in a productive employment1 than if allowed to devote all of his energies to play4 ,the simple fact that he is held responsible for some duty about the home or the shop develops in the youth not only a knowledge of how to do things and a sympathy with the adults who are devoting their strength largely to similar tasks1 but--more important than either of these considerations--these tasks develop in him the ability to accomplish promptly and efficiently some piece of work as a duty--to do it regularly and promptly because it is a duty without any reference to a personal enjoyment in the task4 ,if this important lesson in life is learned during the early adolescent period1 it will make the path of life much less rugged than some seem to find it4 ,society4 ,incident to the activities of the athletic field1 the youth is brought into more or less intimate contact with fellows of his kind1 both of the same and of the opposite sex4 ,while the boy of ten to fifteen delights in the forming of cliques1 gangs and crowds1 the boy of seventeen delights equally in widening his circle of acquaintances4 ,the athletic contest gives him an opportunity not only to measure his powers with those of the other young men1 but also to win the respect of his young lady acquaintances4 ,there is no doubt but that the approbation of his young lady friends for his prowess and strength as manifested in sports1 serves as a strong factor in the stimulation of athletic contests and in bringing the sexes together in a purely social capacity4 ,religion4 ,while in his social relations the young man is seeking points of tangency with those in his own plane1 in his religious experience he seeks to come into relation with his ,god2 that is1 with the power that exists in the plane above his own4 ,in the researches of ,coe and of ,starbuck1 made several years ago they discovered the following truth and demonstrated it as a general principle3 7#a7 ,a vast majority of professing ,christians acknowledged their allegiance to ,god during the early part of the adolescent period2 and 7#b7 a vanishingly small percentage of professing ,christians became so after the age of twenty-five4 ,,chapter ,,iii4 ,,anatomy ,,and ,,physiology ,,of ,,the ,,male ,,genital ,,organs4 ,,anatomy ,,and ,,physiology ,,of ,,the ,,male ,,genital ,,organs4 #a4 ,,anatomy4 ,the external genitals of the human male consist of the penis and scrotum1 the latter containing the testes4 ,the penis of the young man who has completed the stage of puberty consists 7#a7 of the two corpora cavernosa1 as they are called1 or erectile bodies1 called cavernosa because they contain numerous blood sinuses which when filled cause the organ to erect4 7#b7 ,between and beneath the corpora cavernosa lies the corpus spongiosum which consists principally of the urethra4 ,around these three cylindrical bodies there is a sheath of loose connective tissue1 outside of which is the skin4 ,about one inch of the distal end of the organ is differentiated into a sort of head which is called the glans over which1 in the young child1 the skin is redoubled and called the prepuce or foreskin4 ,the glans is covered and the prepuce is lined by mucous membrane4 ,over the glans the mucous membrane is red1 thin and moist and possesses numerous nerve papill4 ,the prepuce1 as stated above1 usually covers the glans penis in young children and may do so throughout life4 ,it is sometimes adherent to the glans4 ,this is abnormal1 and as soon as it is discovered the adhesions should be broken up by a physician4 ,the normal prepuce of the adolescent male should be free from the glans and should be sufficiently loose easily to retract back of the glans1 a position it is likely to take in erection4 ,if the prepuce extends half an inch or more beyond the glans penis as a little flap of skin1 or if it is constricted at the opening so that it is difficult to clear the glans or to replace the prepuce when it is once back of the glans1 the condition is not normal1 and should have the attention of a competent surgeon4 ,one can easily understand the need of a prepuce in the case of primeval man1 who was practically unprotected by clothing1 but in the present condition of civilized races the prepuce is certainly an unnecessary appendage1 and there are several good reasons why the prepuce should be removed4 ,this operation circumcision is not1 in any sense1 to be looked upon as a mutilation1 but simply a hygienic measure made advisable1 if not necessary1 by the unnatural conditions under which we are now existing4 ,beneath the prepuce cheesy secretions from the glands back of the head of the penis collect1 and if the organ is not frequently cleansed these accumulated secretions may serve as an irritant4 ,such local irritation is one of the most prevalent causes of masturbation in boys4 ,the removal of the prepuce in young children is an exceedingly simple operation and not by any means difficult or dangerous in the adult4 ,if the prepuce is removed the organ will need no especial care1 as contact with the clothing will remove the secretions as they appear4 ,furthermore1 the glans penis becomes less sensitive and therefore less subject to local irritation thus simplifying the young man's problems in sexual hygiene4 ,the penis in its flaccid state varies considerably in size1 due not only to varying conditions of temperature but also to individual peculiarities4 ,the organ may vary between #b-a_/b inches and #f inches in length in the flaccid state and between #e inches and #h inches in the erected condition4 ,the size of the generative organs is not an index of virility in the male4 ,the testes are the male generative glands and are described as about #a-a_/b inches in length1 #a-a_/d inches in width and nearly #a inch in thickness4 ,the testes are contained within the scrotal sac1 the outside coat of which is a thin wrinkled skin1 within which are four thin coats4 ,next to the testes and enveloping the spermatic cord is a thin covering which is carried down into the scrotum when the testicle leaves the abdomen1 where it is formed4 ,this descent of the testes from the abdomen takes place normally in the later weeks of intrauterine life4 ,the testes may1 however1 through some unusual condition1 be retained and make their descent months or even years later4 ,if the testes have not descended by the end of the age of puberty1 the advice of a competent surgeon should be sought4 ,,testicular ,,spermatozoa ,,contribution4 ,,seminal ,,granules ,,mucin ,,and ,,water ,,semen ,,vesicular ,,albumin ,,contribution4 ,,alkaline ,,salts 7,in quantity greater ,,water than all the rest47 ,,prostatic ,,proteins ,,contribution4 ,,alkaline ,,salts 7,viscid and opalescent47 ,,water ,illustration3 ,plate ,,ii ,male ,sexual ,apparatus ,the outer coat of the testis is called the tunica albuginea4 ,see ,plate #b4 ,this tunic or coat sends fibrous partitions into the testis which divide the organ into lobules1 each one being conical in shape with the apex directed towards the epididymis1 which is that mass of blood vessels and tissues which one can feel on one side of each testis4 ,within these lobules the spermatozoa are formed by a complex process of cell division and cell germination upon whose description we need not enter here4 ,the spermatozoon may be described as the male sexual cell whose function is to fertilize the female ovum4 ,the spermatozoon is about #a_/bj of an inch in length and consists of a head1 body and a vibratile tail4 ,in the human spermatozoon the head is ovoid1 appearing pear-shaped or pointed in one view and elliptical in another4 ,the epididymis referred to above1 consists of a mass of coiled tubes and blood vessels4 ,after the secretion passes through the tortuous coils of ciliated tubes of the epididymis1 it is collected into a single tube called the vas deferens1 which passes as a part of the spermatic cord from the scrotum1 up through the groin and over the pubic arch into the pelvic cavity1 passing down back of the bladder where it is slightly dilated into an ampulla1 beyond which the duct is again contracted into a narrow tube1 and the two ducts1 one from either side1 converge and pass into the prostate gland1 where they empty into the urethra4 ,the seminal vesicles4--,the seminal vesicles are small bladder-like organs supposed originally to contain the secreted semen collected from the testes4 ,there are two of these vesicles1 from each a small duct joins the vas deferens making up what is known as the ejaculatory duct4 ,the two ejaculatory ducts coming together in the prostate gland open into the urethra4 ,the seminal vesicles possess glandular walls and secrete the substance which they contain1 no part of the secretion of the testes normally finding its way into the vesicles4 ,the prostate gland1 a portion of which is homologous with the female uterus and called uterus masculinus1 is situated around the neck of the bladder and is traversed not only by the urethra 7prostatic portion71 but also by the ejaculatory ducts4 ,there are numerous gland ducts which--collecting the secretion of the prostate gland--open into the urethra in the prostatic portion4 ,just beyond the prostate are two small glands called ,cowper's ,glands whose ducts enter the urethra some distance beyond the prostate1 at the root of the penis4 #b4 ,,physiology4 ,in the treatment of the physiology of the various structures just described1 we may well reverse the order of treatment1 thus leading up step by step to a consideration of the more important organs4 a4 ,urethra4 ,the canal or duct of the penis is called the urethra1 and it is important in considering its physiology to remember that it has not only a double function to perform1 but that the performance of one function in a measure temporarily unfits it for performance of the other and makes it necessary for a special measure of preparation4 ,the urinary excretion from the kidneys collecting in the urinary bladder is passed out periodically through the urethra4 ,this same channel must transmit periodically secretions from the sexual apparatus4 b4 ,cowper's ,glands secrete only under sexual excitement1 and usually they secrete only when the sexual excitement reaches a stage which induces an erection4 ,the secretion is composed of a clear alkaline mucus4 ,the purpose served in the natural economy by this alkaline mucus is a very important one and it is essential that every young man should understand it4 ,it will be remembered that the male urethra affords passage not only for the urine1 but also for the generative products4 ,the urine is acid in reaction and the frequent passage of urine along the urethra leaves that duct acid in reaction under usual conditions4 ,the spermatozoa are very sensitive to acid and their vitality is seriously impaired by acid of any kind1 particularly the acid of the urine4 ,nature has provided that the secretion from ,cowper's glands should precede the generative products along the urethra1 thus neutralizing the acid and insuring for the spermatozoa an alkaline passage from the body4 ,besides this important function of the secretion from ,cowper's glands1 the slimy transparent mucus appearing at the glans penis under sexual excitement serves as a natural lubricant covering the glans of the male organ4 ,a secretion from the female similarly prepares her organs for sexual contact so that the delicate mucous membrane1 particularly of the female organs1 shall not suffer abrasion4 ,many young men have experienced the appearance of the secretion from ,cowper's glands and wholly misunderstanding its nature have feared that they were losing some vital fluid4 ,this misunderstanding of the nature of this fluid makes the young man especially subject to the misrepresentations of the advertising quack and charlatan who allege that he is losing vital fluid and will1 if not treated1 undergo general debility and loss of procreative power4 ,this brief explanation of the significance of the secretion of ,cowper's glands will protect the young man from any such misrepresentations4 c4 ,the ,prostate ,gland4--,that the prostate gland is intimately associated with reproduction is evident from the fact that in those male animals that have suffered castration before puberty1 the prostate gland withers and practically disappears4 ,what then is the role that this gland plays8 ,like ,cowper's glands1 it secretes only during sexual excitement4 ,under such excitement its ducts become gorged with a secretion peculiar to it and at the moment of the emission or the ejaculation of the semen the numerous ducts empty their contents into the urethra to be mingled with and made a part of the semen4 ,the secretion of the prostate is composed of a watery solution of protein and of alkaline salts and so closely similar to the secretion of the seminal vesicles that we will consider its action along with that of the secretion from the vesicles4 d4 ,the ,seminal ,vesicles4--,the seminal vesicles secrete continuously4 ,the secretion is composed of an aqueous solution of albumin and of alkaline salts4 ,this secretion together with the secretion from the prostate gland is poured into the urethra at the moment of sexual orgasm2 they become mixed in their transit through the urethra with the secretion from the testes4 ,this mixture is known as semen4 ,see pg4 #db4 ,it used to be supposed that the semen was secreted wholly by the testes2 that the testes were secreting continuously and that the seminal vesicles were receptacles for the gradually accumulating semen from the testes4 ,the researches of ,steinach and others have made the old theory untenable and demonstrate that the semen is a mixture from three distinct sources2 that the testicles secrete their contribution to the semen only during sexual stimulation2 while the seminal vesicles secreting their products continuously become periodically filled and distended4 ,let us inquire regarding the function of this alkaline albuminous secretion from the vesicles and prostate4 ,for what purpose does ,nature prepare such a secretion8 ,the spermatozoa frequently remain several days in the organs of the female before the ovum is found and fertilized4 ,during these several days the spermatozoa are exerting no small amount of energy in their vigorous flagellate movement4 ,for such an expenditure of energy they must receive nourishment and stimulation4 ,the nourishment is supplied by the albumin and proteid of the vesicular and prostatic secretions4 ,the stimulation is supplied by the salts also secreted by these glands4 ,the recent researches of ,loeb and others have demonstrated the importance of mineral salts in stimulating the activity of living cells4 ,one can cite no better example of this stimulant action than the influence of these vesicular and prostatic salts upon the activity of the spermatozoa4 ,the vesicles and prostate may be looked upon as the commissariat of the army of spermatozoa2 the vesicles accumulating a stock of supplies to be drawn upon at short notice2 the prostate representing a factory where a considerable quantity of supplies can be prepared at short notice4 ,this periodic distention of the seminal vesicles is a matter of very considerable hygienic importance and must be thoroughly understood by every young man who would lead a normal sexual life4 ,these organs in common with all other organs of the body are supplied with two sets of nerves1 one set passing away to the spinal cord and carrying messages which indicate the condition of the organ or the presence and character of any local stimulus2 the other passing away from the spinal cord to the organ and carrying secretory and motor impulses4 ,the secretory impulses are more or less continuous and as a result1 these glands secret continuously and become periodically distended as described above4 ,the motor impulses pass to the muscles within the walls of the vesicles1 causing a strong spasmodic contraction of these muscles at the moment of emission of semen1 thus throwing the contents of the vesicles into the urethra at the same moment when the epididymis the vas deferens and the ducts of the prostate are emptying their secreted contents into the urethra4 ,now the sensory nerves passing from the seminal vesicles up to the erection and emission centers are stimulated by any unusual pressure within the vesicles4 ,unusual pressure may be caused either by distention due to accumulated secretion or by pressure upon the vesicles from over-distended rectum or bladder4 ,it sometimes happens that two or more of these influences are acting at the same time4 ,these impulses are most likely to be effective when the subject is asleep1 and particularly if he is lying upon his back4 ,the result of the stimulus is to cause an erection1 accompanied usually by an erotic dream1 the whole phenomenon culminating in an emission of the contents of the seminal vesicles and followed1 of course1 by a relief of the pressure which was the cause of the condition4 ,this phenomenon has been variously called nocturnal emission1 pollution and dreaming-off4 ,vecki1 a specialist in physiology1 hygiene and pathology of the sexual apparatus1 says that the nocturnal emission is a normal physiological phenomenon1 the object of which is to relieve pressure in the seminal vesicles1 and that in normal cases it occurs in fairly regular periods1 these periods varying in length with different individuals1 according to their physical condition and habits1 the period being two to four weeks1 usually2 though a considerably longer or shorter period would not be looked upon as pathological4 ,vecki describes the normal nocturnal emission as being accompanied by an erection1 erotic dreams1 and an orgasm1 the subject being wholly unconscious of the condition until he is awakened at the moment of orgasm4 ,normally1 the subject experiences on the following day a feeling of relief and well-being and should1 normally1 be wholly free from headache1 depression or languor4 ,inquiry among a large number of normal healthy men convinces the author that it is not at all unusual for these emissions to occur as infrequently as once in two months in normal healthy men4 ,on the other hand1 it is not unusual for them to occur as frequently as once in ten days or even once a week and still be within the physiological limit4 ,however1 when the emission occurs as frequently as once per week1 it should be looked upon as abnormal if it is followed by depression1 headache or lassitude4 ,cases are not unusual in which the nocturnal emission is experienced as often as three times in a week after which there will be a period of two to four weeks without an emission1 followed again by very frequent emissions1 and a free period4 ,this phenomenon is an individual peculiarity1 and is not to be looked upon as abnormal4 ,cases of too frequent nocturnal emissions accompanied by languor and headache are usually caused by irritability or lack of tonicity of the sexual apparatus1 particularly of the seminal vesicles and the ducts4 ,this irritability and loss of tone is not infrequently caused by masturbation1 though it may also be caused by excessive sexual intercourse1 making itself manifest1 of course1 in either case1 on cessation of the habit of masturbation or the excessive sexual intercourse4 ,another cause of too frequent nocturnal emissions and one wholly separate from any abuse of the sexual function is irritability and mechanical irritation of the sexual apparatus--perhaps especially the membranous and prostatic portion of the urethra--caused by the presence of an excessive amount of oxalates in the urine4 ,oxalates occur in the urine in sharp angular crystals and would seem to be in a high degree irritating to the tender mucous membrane of the upper part of the urethra4 ,the almost invariable presence of these crystals in excess in those cases that have not been accounted for by abuse of the sexual function leads one to adopt the plausible theory that the crystals are the cause of the irritability4 ,however1 we must not lose sight of the fact that these crystals may be simply an accompaniment of the too frequent emissions1 and that the presence of oxalates in the urine may be caused by some disturbance in the nutritive processes that go on in the body1 which disturbance causes not only the irritability of the sexual apparatus1 but also the presence of the crystals4 ,when the seminal vesicles are much distended it occurs not infrequently that the passage of a hard mass of fecal material through the rectum will1 by simple mechanical pressure on the seminal vesicles1 force out a few drops1 perhaps as much as a teaspoonful1 of the contents of the vesicles4 ,this would be called an involuntary emission1 but the liquid passed out must not be looked upon as semen4 ,it is simply the secretion of the seminal vesicles1 and in losing it1 one is not losing a vital fluid or a fluid1 any portion of which would be reabsorbed2 he is simply losing a fluid which would1 in the natural course of events1 have passed away within the next few days as a nocturnal emission4 ,these details have been explained in order that the young man may fully understand the physiology of his sexual apparatus and not be disturbed by the advertisements or the pamphlet literature of charlatans who make a business of frightening young men into the belief that in these experiences they are losing vital fluid--that they are victims of lost manhood1 or that they are entering into a condition of general debility and impotence4 ,as an actual fact1 involuntary loss of vital fluid 7spermatorrhea71 is a rare case even in the practice of specialists in genito-urinary diseases1 and in these rare cases1 the condition is usually a result of very great excesses1 sexual debauchery or one of the sequel of venereal disease4 ,read3 ,appendix #a1 #ac and #ag4 e4 ,testes4 ,no rational idea of the physiology of the testes can be given without laying down as a fundamental physiological law1 that the testes secrete under sexual stimulation only4 ,this same general principle applies to all glands1 i4e41 that they secrete only under the influence of some special stimulation4 ,in harmony with that law1 the testes secrete only under the influence of sexual stimulation4 ,the sexual stimulation may be sub-divided into two general categories1 i4e41 conscious sexual stimulation and subconscious sexual stimulation4 ,conscious sexual stimulation is partly psychical and partly physical4 ,the physical stimulation is produced by physical proximity of a member of the opposite sex4 ,the physical and psychical phases of conscious sexual stimulation are so intimately interwoven that it is exceedingly difficult to discuss one without constant reference to the other1 and it may be said in this connection that the psychical attitude of the two individuals of opposite sex who are brought into close physical proximity will modify very greatly their local sexual responses4 ,reverting to the lower animals3 when a female in rut or heat is brought into proximity to the male1 there seems to be on the part of each animal a consciousness of the character and attitude of the other animal and both animals are step by step excited by various physical contacts and probably also psychical conditions to a high state of sexual excitement1 leading to the natural ultimate result1 coitus1 in which event the sexual excitement culminates in the orgasm of the male1 which empties the secreted semen into the organs of the female4 ,it will be easily understood that1 in human subjects whose social relations permit them to indulge in coitus1 close physical proximity1 and various caresses lead1 step by step in the normal course of nature to sexual excitement and sexual desire which culminates as described above for the lower animals4 ,to revert to the function of the testes1 we may say that during these various stages of sexual stimulation and excitement the testes are actively secreting thousands upon thousands of nascent spermatozoa1 which being released1 are hurried along1 partly by their own flagellate movements and partly by the action of the cilia in the ducts of the epididymis and the peristaltic contractions of the vas deferens--hurried along the vas to the ampulla4 ,if the period of sexual excitement extends over fifteen to thirty minutes1 the whole duct system from the epididymis to the ampulla becomes gorged with the secreted testicular product4 ,this secretion consists of active motile spermatozoa1 of spermatic granules and of mucus4 ,the latter is secreted by the ducts of the epididymis and the vas deferens1 the testicle itself furnishing only spermatozoa1 spermatic granules and a small amount of liquid1 just sufficient in quantity to float the spermatozoa out of the testes into the ducts4 ,at the moment of sexual orgasm occurs what is known as1 the emission of semen4 ,in this act the whole contents of the ampulla1 vas deferens and ducts of the epididymis1 the contents of the seminal vesicles1 and the contents of the ducts of the prostate gland are all poured out by spasmotic muscular contractions into the urethra and by contraction of the walls of the urethra1 ejected from that tube through the mouth of the urethra4 ,thus1 in the act of emission1 there is an intimate mixing together of the three contributions to the semen1 i4e41 the testicular1 vesicular and prostatic4 ,sub-conscious ,sexual ,stimulation4--,sub-conscious sexual stimulation is not accompanied by erection or any mental or physical manifestation of sexual excitement4 ,when a sexually mature individual is brought into more or less intimate relations with a sexually mature individual of the opposite sex under conditions where the secondary sexual qualities may have free and unrestricted play1 there can be no reasonable doubt that both individuals experience a sub-conscious sexual stimulation which will influence them both physically and psychically through sub-conscious response of their sexual apparatus4 ,one can easily imagine1 for example1 that a young man may meet upon the skating rink in winter a young lady for whom he has a very sincere admiration and respect2 she on the other hand entertains for him a similar admiration and respect4 ,they may skate together the whole afternoon and converse upon politics1 art or philosophy1 the young woman feeling herself swung along--almost actually carried on her companion's strong arm4 ,the whole experience is1 in the highest degree1 pleasurable and exhilarating to her1 yet she may be conscious of absolutely no sexual stimulation4 ,on the other hand1 the young man experiences most exalted pleasure in the company of his young lady friend--through the pressure of her hand upon his arm1 the lithe1 graceful movement of body and limbs1 the smile1 the light in the eye and the soft voice4 ,all of these give him an exquisite pleasure that he will be unable to analyze1 even if he were inclined to do so4 ,in his case1 as in the case of the young woman1 there has been absolutely no conscious sexual stimulation2 in the case of neither individual has there been a thought of sex as such or of their sexual apparatus1 yet without a shadow of doubt1 the sexual organs of both individuals have been more or less active during this period--they have been subject to sub-conscious sexual stimulation4 ,in the case of the male1 his testes have been awakened into an activity of probably considerably less degree than in the case of conscious sexual stimulation1 and during this activity of the gland a certain amount of the secretion has been formed4 ,the most natural question at this point is--,what becomes of this secretion8 ,it is not likely that any great number of spermatozoa are released1 those that are probably make their way along the vasa deferentia to the ampull4 ,the liquid secretion of the testes probably does not leave the testes but is reabsorbed4 ,while there are many features of this mysterious influence of the testes which have never yet been cleared up1 this seems certain1 that the testes elaborate what may be called an internal secretion1 and that the elaboration of this internal secretion is influenced by such stimulation as has just been described above1 under the head of sub-conscious sexual stimulation4 ,an internal secretion is a secretion formed by a gland1 to be poured into the blood or lymph system1 while an external secretion is poured out through ducts to the exterior4 ,the thyroid and adrenal glands form internal secretions only1 which secretions1 poured into the blood and lymph1 profoundly affect the nutrition of the body4 ,the salivary glands and gastric glands form external secretions only2 which1 when poured upon the food1 digest it4 ,the liver1 pancreas and testes form both external and internal secretions4 ,the external secretion of the testes is that which is poured out in a sexual emission1 as described above2 the internal secretion of the testes consists of substances formed by the testes of sexually mature individuals1 which substances1 poured into the blood1 profoundly affect the development of the individual and his whole physical and psychical character4 ,,virility4 ,the best example that can be cited of the effect of this internal secretion is the male of the horse kind4 ,most young men have seen either at horse shows or upon farms or ranches pedigreed stallions4 ,no person can see one of these splendid animals without admiring1 if not actually standing in awe of his inimitable physical force1 beauty of form and grace and power of action4 ,he is a physical ideal of the horse kind4 ,what is the source of his strength and beauty8 ,the physical features that one notes peculiar to the stallion are1 first1 the great breadth and depth of chest1 great mass of shoulder and hip muscles1 and the high arched neck1 fiery eye and luxuriant mane and tail4 ,second1 the functional features next noticeable are the greater alertness and evident physical exuberance as manifested especially in the gait and the frequent whinnying4 ,the thoughtful observer at the horse show or on the ranch cannot but compare these animals with the gelding4 ,two colts on the ranch may be full brothers1--from the same pedigreed stallion and the same pedigreed dam4 ,at the age of two years these two young horses may be as alike as two peas in a pod4 ,one of these promising young animals is chosen1 because of some commendable peculiarity of temperament or action1 to remain unmutilated1 as a procreator of his kind upon the ranch4 ,the other is subjected to the veterinarian's knife and ecraseur and deprived of the testes1--the male sexual glands4 ,from the day of this operation these two animals 7in every respect alike1 except that one is unmutilated while the other is deprived of the glands mentioned above7 develop along radically different lines4 ,the stallion develops during his third year into the noble animal described above4 ,this third year is his period of puberty and the changes which he undergoes physically and psychically are closely parallel to the changes which the human subject undergoes during his period of puberty4 ,the gelding1 on the other hand1 develops into an animal that is in every respect a neuter4 ,physically this animal develops a body almost identical with that of the female of the same species4 ,temperamentally the gelding is a patient1 plodding1 beast of burden1 and though under good grooming he may show considerable life1 while under the control of his driver1 he seldom shows any interest in other members of the horse family1 either male or female1 and in the pasture or on the ranch his neutral sex temperament is ever apparent4 ,while he may contend mildly for a place at the feeding trough1 he never essays the defense of any weaker members of the herd1 and one stallion would put a hundred like him to flight4 ,the thoughtful observer of this phenomenon cannot help wondering what has made this radical difference in the development of these two animals4 ,the solution is not far to seek4 ,from the beginning of puberty to the beginning of senile decay1 the stallion derives from the testes what is referred to above as an internal secretion4 ,physiologists have endeavored to determine exactly what substance formed by the testes is reabsorbed into the lymph and blood4 ,it may be a substance called spermin1 but whatever the substance is1 the physiologists agree that the testes form some substance which is absorbed by the blood and lymph1 is carried to the brain and spinal cord and there produces these profound effects indicated above4 ,so we have discovered the source of the stallion's strength and beauty4 ,what is true of the horse is true of man4 ,the young man at puberty begins to receive from his testes the internal secretion which leads to the development of his full manly powers4 ,the sum total of the qualities peculiar to manhood has been called ,,virility4 ,for want of a better word1 this term has been applied to the sum total of the male qualities of any animal whatsoever1 so that the male qualities of the stallion are also compassed in the term virility4 ,the thoughtful and inquiring young man will naturally wish to know at this point if this lesson from the beast of the field can be applied in all its details to the human subject2 if man1 without any artificial or unnatural means would develop a full and complete virility2 if like the horse1 he can maintain a strict continence for months or even years without suffering any abatement of virility and of physical powers in general4 ,the unequivocal answer of the medical profession to these questions would be in the affirmative4 ,an exact parallel to the gelding referred to above can be found in the eunuch of the ,orient4 ,if the human male is castrated before puberty he develops into a being as different from a virile man as the gelding is different from the stallion2--a being whose physique resembles in many respects that of a woman1 and whose temperament manifests qualities of cringing servility and lack of initiative4 ,the external secretion of the testes differs from the internal secretion in containing spermatozoa2 it may be that there are other differences4 ,it is1 however1 generally believed that one or more of the substances found in the external secretion appear in the internal secretion4 ,if this is true1 it must be evident that excessive sexual indulgence or masturbation can draw away from the system this precious vital substance that is necessary to produce or maintain the virility4 ,it cannot be assumed that the condition of virility once attained will necessarily always continue--it must be maintained4 ,to be maintained1 this vital substance produced by the testes must be continuously absorbed into the blood4 ,when once the man or boy understands this1 it must be evident to him that he has1 to a certain extent1 the making or marring of his own virility2 that it is not simply an inexhaustible endowment of nature2 but1 like such a natural resource as a forest or a coal mine1 may be exhausted and will be exhausted if not husbanded carefully4 ,it is a well known fact in the medical profession that the ovaries of the female exert upon her development an influence analogous to that which the testes exert on the development of the male4 ,for that reason1 a surgeon should1 under no condition1 remove both ovaries 7sexual glands7 unless they are diseased in such a way as to necessitate their complete removal in order to save the life of the individual4 ,if a woman of twenty-five were to suffer the loss of both ovaries1 she would go very early into a condition of senile decay4 ,if a female before puberty is deprived of both ovaries1 it leads her to develop masculine physical characteristics and her temperament is wholly lacking in those characteristics which1 summed up1 might1 for the want of a better term1 be called ,,femininity4 ,,chapter ,,iv4 ,,sexual ,,hygiene ,,of ,,the ,,adolescent ,,male4 ,,sexual ,,hygiene ,,of ,,the ,,adolescent ,,male4 ,no rational or acceptable system of sexual hygiene for the human male can be worked out without constant reference to the lower ranks of the mammalian class and to primitive social conditions4 ,in our study of the anatomy and physiology of the sexual apparatus of the human male1 it must have become evident that man has many things in common with other mammals1 and that no adequate knowledge of man's physical or psychical attributes can be obtained without a study of similar phases of life among related animals4 ,all of the changes which ,nature introduced into the physical and psychical development of the adolescent male were of a character to equip the individual for the maintenance and protection of a wife and children4 ,this development has been reached by the time the young man is twenty-one to twenty-three years of age1 when1 in the average case1 he would be able1 so far as concerns his physique and temperament1 to establish and maintain a home4 ,the fact that his adolescent development is complete by the age of twenty-five1 and that he has1 by the time he arrives at that age1 grown into the full stature of all his physical and mental powers1 may certainly be interpreted as nature's indication that his home-building should be begun not later than the twenty-fifth year4 ,this means1 then1 that young men ought1 if possible1 to marry as young as twenty-five4 ,but the conditions of society at the present time are such that a large proportion of the young men1 particularly those who are preparing for any of the learned professions 7theology1 medicine1 law1 pedagogy1 etc47 are hardly through their professional courses by the time they reach that age1 and most of them feel that they must make a start in their profession before they assume the responsibilities of supporting a home4 ,this means that a large proportion of them marry as late as thirty years of age4 ,if we consider now those commercial1 financial and industrial vocations which involve considerable preparation in technical institutions or a long apprenticeship 7engineering1 pharmacy1 manufacturing chemists1 banking1 journalism1 etc41 etc47 we find that the young man is hardly able to establish such a home as most such young men feel that they must maintain on any salary that they receive before they are twenty-eight to thirty years old4 ,this consideration applies particularly to college and university men1 as1 almost without exception1 these men are preparing for some of the above mentioned professions or vocations4 ,now the conditions of college life1 the field sports and athletics1 together with the social conditions1 tend to develop in college circles a body of most virile young men4 ,the problem which now confronts us is3 ,how may these young men live a hygienic life under these unnatural circumstances8 ,if a man becomes able to procreate his kind at seventeen but is hardly able to marry before he is thirty he must solve the problem as to what his attitude shall be regarding matters of sex4 ,the earlier this problem is solved the better it is for the young man4 ,unfortunately1 a large proportion of young men do not realize that they have any problem in this field to solve until circumstances1 more or less accidental1 have already established in them a mental attitude and1 perhaps1 a habit of life that may not be either wholesome or wise4 ,from what has preceded1 it must be evident that from the early months of the period of puberty1 through the adolescent and adult period1 even until some progress is made in the senile period1 every normal male will experience sexual desires4 ,it has been shown that these particular experiences are linked1 more or less intimately1 with the condition of the sexual apparatus2 but whatever the cause1 we are confronted with the question1 ,what shall be done about it8 ,when a man experiences a sexual desire does it necessarily follow that the desire must be satisfied8 ,some have reasoned that the muscles of the arm1 if not exercised1 wither and become weak1 therefore the sexual desires1 if not exercised will become weak1 and the sexual apparatus1 if it does not exercise its function1 must become withered and atrophied4 ,while this course of reasoning may seem rational and the conclusion may seem tenable1 it is well known to physiologists and sociologists that the reasoning is fallacious2 the fallacy rests in the premises4 ,it was assumed above that the activity of the sexual glands was comparable with that of muscles4 ,we must not lose sight of the fact that the male sexual glands are continuously active1 and in this continuous activity get their exercise4 ,this activity develops them and keeps them physically perfect after the onset of the period of puberty4 ,their activity consists very largely in the formation of an internal secretion1 the office of which is to develop in the male the highest possible state of virility4 ,nor must we lose sight of the fact that every procreative act is performed at a sacrifice of some of this vital fluid on the part of the male4 ,a wanton sacrifice of vital fluid either in the act of self abuse or in excessive venery is not justifiable under any consideration2 nor may these acts1 under any circumstances1 be looked upon as sustaining to the gland a relation similar to that which muscular exercise sustains to muscle tissue4 ,in the light of these facts every normal man would admit that frequent masturbation or excessive sexual intercourse1 in wedlock or out1 should certainly not be recommended as a method of developing the sexual apparatus4 ,most men1 however1 raise the question3 ,is any indulgence or any artificial means for satisfying the sexual inclination to be discouraged8 ,this inclination comes to us in the course of nature4 ,man in the primitive state would seek a mate as soon as he felt this inclination2 would fight for the possession of her as soon as he had reached a sufficient stage of muscular development1 and once in possession of his mate1 would take her to his perch in the trees or to his cave4 ,in his primitive home he would follow his sexual inclination1 impregnate his wife and protect her against all dangers4 ,under our present social conditions the young man experiences all these desires the same as his primitive ancestor1 but he may not be able to choose a mate and begin with her the building of a home for a whole decade after he experiences the desire to do so4 ,what is the solution8 ,it must be evident that the solution lies in the acceptance of one or another of three alternatives--either the young man may seek illicit intercourse with women to satisfy his sexual desire1 or he may adopt some artificial measure1 such as masturbation 7self abuse7 or1 finally1 he may lead what is known as a continent life4 ,by continence we mean to adopt neither one of the first two alternatives mentioned1 but to leave the care of the sexual apparatus wholly with ,nature4 ,we may now consider these three alternatives in turn4 #a4 ,,illicit ,,intercourse ,,with ,,women4 ,by illicit intercourse with women we mean1 sexual intercourse out of wedlock4 ,the term applies either to intercourse between any man and a prostitute1 between an unmarried man and a married woman1 between an unmarried man and an unmarried woman or between a married man and a married woman not his wife4 ,the term1 illicit intercourse1 applies to all sexual intercourse that is illegal4 ,in our discussion of the young man's problem1 we may confine our consideration particularly to intercourse with professional prostitutes and with clandestines1 or women who are willing to accept the sexual embrace for their own gratification or for money4 ,in this phase of sexual gratification1 it is assumed that the woman has these relations with various men4 ,we purposely eliminate from this discussion the deliberate seduction of pure girls for the purpose of sexual gratification1 as such seduction is a heinous offense against the victim and against society1 for which offense the man is legally responsible4 ,we are here discussing not the crimes of men1 but their vices4 ,the question that the young man naturally asks is--,why should society hold these relations as a vice when the woman1 who is party to the act1 gives her free consent1 perhaps even soliciting the relation1 and has given herself up to this sort of a life1 either as a sole occupation 7prostitute7 or as an auxiliary occupation 7clandestine7 to supplement a wage on which she may not be able to live in luxury8 ,the answer to this question is not far to seek4 ,women so occupied have1 as a rule1 made themselves incapable of maternity4 ,they are outcasts from society1 unfortunately exerting a most harmful influence on all those who come into relation with them4 ,furthermore1 they are centers for the dissemination of venereal diseases which wreck the health of all those who become infected4 ,but for the uncontrolled passions of men1 there would be no such women4 ,so while we1 individually1 as men1 may not be responsible for the ruin of any one woman1 we must confess that men as a class are responsible for this condition of prostitution and clandestine intercourse4 ,an overwhelming majority of women would1 if following their inclinations1 seek these relations in wedlock only and for procreation only4 ,but many a young woman1 under promise of marriage1 sometimes even under a bogus marriage1 is brought into a condition of hypnotism or into a mental state that puts her in the power of the man whom she loves and respects4 ,if he deceives her and betrays her1 continuing such betrayal until the victim becomes pregnant1 he will1 in the average case1 leave her to bear her child in shame1 while he slips away to other scenes of activity4 ,we cannot wonder then1 that the girl--deserted1 humiliated1 crushed by the one in whom she reposed absolute confidence2 cast out of society1 perhaps thrust from the protection of her own father's roof--gives up the struggle and says--,what's the use8 ,a vast majority of such poor girls make their way to houses of ill fame and give themselves over to a life of prostitution4 ,hardly one of these women1 if married by the man who brought her to this condition1 would have failed to make a true and loving wife and mother4 ,so society1 while it casts these women out1 has come to recognize that men are the real sinners in such cases4 ,it may be added here1 that an occasional girl goes wrong through temperamental shortcomings within herself--perhaps she may even be a degenerate2 but the proportion of women who would willingly and deliberately sacrifice their virtue is vanishingly small as compared with the proportion of young men who seem to be willing to sacrifice their virtue4 ,this is probably in part due to their training4 ,mothers1 as a rule1 instruct their daughters carefully regarding their relations with boys and men4 ,it is in part due to the instinctive and inherent purity of mind of the normal woman4 ,nature has devised a retribution for illicit intercourse in the form of venereal disease4 ,if the parties observe fidelity to the marriage vows venereal disease is experienced in wedlock only on very rare occasions1 and then through some accidental infection1 as from contact with some public utensils1 as a public water closet1 a public towel or drinking cup4 ,so rare is this unfortunate accident1 however1 that we may say1 that intercourse in undefiled wedlock results normally in pleasure and gratification to both parties1 while intercourse out of wedlock1 or illicit intercourse1 is destined1 as a rule1 to be visited with retribution4 ,what form does this retribution that nature metes out to the vice of illicit intercourse take8 ,besides the various psychic punishments1 the principal of which are remorse1 and impure thoughts1 there are physical punishments in the form of venereal diseases4 ,so prevalent are these venereal diseases among lewd women1 whether prostitutes or clandestines1 that specialists in this field say that all lewd women are diseased part of the time and some lewd women are diseased all the time4 ,these sexual diseases are contagious--that is1 transmitted by contact4 ,they are all germ diseases2 one of them is practically local1 one is capable of spreading the infection to contiguous organs and one is systemic4 a4 ,chancroid or ,soft ,chancre4--,this is the least dangerous of the venereal diseases4 ,it is a contagious disease of purely local type1 usually acquired during the sexual act1 the infection taking place through a break in the continuity of the mucous membrane4 ,chancroid may be single1 though most often is multiple4 ,it makes its appearance in from one to five days after exposure1 anywhere on the penis1 but most frequently on the under side of the glans beside the frnulum as a small red spot4 ,this rapidly takes the form of a blister containing serum and pus1 and in a few days may become the size of a ten-cent piece4 ,when the roof is removed the ulcer has the appearance of having been punched out1 the floor being covered with pus4 ,it is surrounded by a zone of inflammation and is painful4 ,if uncomplicated the disease runs its course in from two to five weeks4 ,the most common complication is swollen and suppurating glands of the groin on one or both sides4 ,this condition is termed bubo or blue ball in common language4 ,sometimes serious complications arise which may prove dangerous and require the individual to be confined to his bed for weeks4 b4 ,gonorrhea4--,this is incomparably more serious than chancroid4 ,this disease is very prevalent among the incontinent1 and it is claimed by some specialists in this field that from sixty to seventy-five per cent4 of men have had gonorrhea before the age of thirty4 ,it is a contagious disease1 acquired usually during intercourse1 though the individual may become infected innocently from water closets1 bath tubs1 etc4 ,to become infected it is not necessary that there be an abrasion of the mucous membrane4 ,the disease manifests itself in from three to seven days after exposure by swelling of the orifice of the urethra1 peculiar sensations between tickling and itching1 and smarting or burning during urination4 ,the peculiar sensations fix the attention to the genitals1 thus causing frequent passage of urine4 ,these symptoms increase for about a week1 when the disease reaches its maximum degree of severity1 which is maintained a variable time1 the discharge from the urethra being thick1 creamy and of a greenish yellow color4 ,in the majority of carefully treated cases1 the discharge ceases in from three to six weeks with apparent recovery4 ,unfortunately1 however1 there is frequently a tendency for the disease to become chronic4 ,the discharge becomes thin and more watery and persists for an indefinite period4 ,this condition--chronic gonorrhea--is commonly known as gleet4 c4 ,syphilis1 popularly termed the pox1 is a constitutional affection of the type known as blood diseases4 ,it is by far the most important and most greatly to be feared of the venereal diseases4 ,no disease has been so wide-spread in its dissemination or more potent in its influence upon humanity4 ,it has been known for centuries1 having been mentioned by ,japanese historians and in ,chinese writings two thousand years ago4 ,syphilis is contagious and is transmitted by inoculation4 ,the infectious material enters the broken surface of either the skin or mucous membrane1 called contact or acquired syphilis4 ,when it is transmitted by the mother to the embryo1 it is called hereditary or inherited syphilis4 ,the disease manifests itself first in a primary lesion which is a local ulcer 7hard chancre7 at the point or points of inoculation at a period ranging from ten to thirty days after exposure4 ,it may appear as an erosion or as a dry scaling and indurated papule1 varying in size from a pin-head to a silver dollar4 ,the base of the ulcer is indurated4 ,it is oval in shape1 perhaps somewhat irregular1 with a raw surface and red colored base devoid of pus4 ,immediately following the appearance of the chancre1 the glands in direct connection with it become enlarged1 hard and rarely painful1 but they have no tendency to suppurate like the enlarged glands of chancroid4 ,the chancre disappears in a few weeks and then there is a period when the individual has no outward manifestations of the disease4 ,in about six weeks after the chancre the so-called secondary symptoms make their appearance4 ,they are heralded by headache1 pains in the limbs and back1 nausea1 sleeplessness and nervous irritability and fever1 followed by the appearance of a rash upon the face and body1 falling out of the hair1 sore throat and mouth4 ,these symptoms disappear to be again followed by a period free from symptoms4 ,after a longer or shorter time the so-called tertiary symptoms make their appearance1 which are many and varied4 ,the disease presents a succession of morbid constitutional disturbances1 appearing at variable intervals1 and pursues a chronic course4 ,this disease remains in the body for years and affects the most vital organs1 particularly the brain and spinal cord4 ,when one is infected with this disease he should seek the services of a reputable physician4 ,the treatment of this extends over a long period1 usually about three years1 and must be strictly and conscientiously carried out4 ,marriage upon the part of an individual once infected should be only upon the approval of a physician4 ,after having detailed1 as above1 the terrible consequences of the venereal diseases1 it is hardly necessary to add that the young man who deliberately seeks any of the usual chances for illicit intercourse1 is more than taking his life in his hands4 ,if infection with a venereal disease meant simply the death of the infected individual1 it would really be very much less deleterious to society than is the present condition4 ,when the young man sows wild oats and catches incidently gonorrhea1 that twenty years ago was considered a sort of a good joke1 he will1 in a large proportion of cases1 lay the foundation for broken health and will run a serious risk of transmitting the disease to an innocent1 pure wife4 ,when a woman catches this disease1 particularly from her husband1 she is very likely to interpret the discharge as a leucorrhea1 may say nothing about it to her husband or her physician1 but adopt simple home treatment with antiseptic and astringent douches4 ,such treatment will usually result in allaying the inflammation in the superficial organs1 but will not eradicate it from the deeper organs4 ,it spreads to the uterus1 ,fallopian tubes and ovaries and may even affect peritoneal tissues1 first of the pelvis1 then of the abdomen--may even finally affect the heart and joints4 ,of course1 these are rather the extreme limit1 but they are not at all rare cases4 ,once this terrible disease gets into a woman's organs1 it is very likely to lead to a sojourn in a hospital where she loses some portion of her body as a sacrifice to this mogul of gonorrhea4 ,it is claimed by specialists in this field that at least sixty-five per cent4 of the operations that women are subjected to in the hospitals for diseases of the pelvic organs are the results of gonorrheal infection4 ,besides the cases that require operation1 a large proportion of cases of sterility is due to gonorrheal infection1 either in the man or woman1 or both4 ,if we consider the revolting sequences of syphilis with its train of operations1 and progeny of scrofulous children1 it would seem to make the natural retribution for illicit intercourse infinitely outweigh any brief pleasures derived from the enjoyment of the stolen fruits4 ,it hardly seems possible that any young man who knows the whole truth about these venereal diseases and their terrible after-effects could be tempted to indulge in illicit intercourse4 #b4 ,,masturbation4 ,the vice of masturbation or self-abuse is very likely to be learned in boyhood1 perhaps even by boys of six or eight years of age through their associations with obscene playmates4 ,it not infrequently happens1 however1 that the habit is learned independent of these evil associations4 ,it has been explained above that secretions frequently accumulate under the prepuce and accumulating there serve as a local irritation1 causing itching of the organ4 ,this local irritation leads the boy to attempt to allay the irritation through rubbing4 ,such manipulation of the organ is very likely to excite it and to lead to the discovery on the part of the boy that such local manipulation may lead to pleasurable sensations of momentary duration4 ,if he has not been instructed by his parents that these organs are sacred to the uses of manhood and that they will be injured if handled during childhood1 he is very likely to repeat this act until it becomes a more or less fixed habit4 ,while it must be admitted that anything short of extreme excess in this habit among little boys will not be permanently injurious if the habit is stopped at puberty1 it must be perfectly evident that if a boy enters puberty with this habit1 the psychical and physical conditions of puberty are such as to make the habit very difficult to stop4 ,if it is not stopped a serious injury may result4 ,so the necessity hardly need be further urged for explaining to young boys that these organs should not be handled4 ,after the boy enters puberty1 the habit of masturbation either acquired during puberty or carried into that stage from early boyhood1 begins to have a distinctly deleterious effect4 ,let us now consider just what is the character of this deleterious effect4 ,from what we know of the physiology of the sexual apparatus1 it must be evident that a sexual orgasm could be produced during waking hours only through strong stimulation of the activity of the testes1 accompanied by liberation of spermatozoa and of the other elements of the vital fluid4 ,let us not forget in this connection1 the statement made above3 that the testis produces two forms of secretion1 the internal secretion and the external secretion1 the internal secretion being absorbed1 produces those male characteristics which we group together under virility1 while the external secretion is used for procreation4 ,spermatozoa do not make any part of the internal secretion4 ,one reason for this must be evident1 i4e41 that being cellular elements1 they could not pass through the vessel walls and be absorbed into the blood current1 and if they could1 by some special adaptation1 get into the blood current1 there is no conceivable action which they could perform in the body4 ,we must then look upon the internal secretion as composed of the liquid elements of the testicular secretion4 ,so far as physiologists know at present1 the external secretion differs from the internal secretion only in possessing spermatozoa4 ,when we say that the testes form their external secretion under sexual excitement only1 we simply mean that they liberate or release spermatozoa under sexual excitement4 ,the spermatozoa must be looked upon as the fertilizing element of the semen1 while the liquid portion of the semen probably contains that mysterious element which1 absorbed into the body1 produces virility and which1 passed out with the spermatozoa1 may have an important role to perform in the fertilizing function4 ,if the adolescent young man is leading a continent life1 we may assume that from time to time he is subjected to conditions which serve as strong sexual stimuli1 arousing in him a definite desire for sexual intercourse2 but leading a continent life1 he curbs his desire and fixes his thoughts upon other subjects4 ,in this way1 though the sexual excitement is brought quickly under abeyance1 we can rest assured that a certain number of spermatozoa have been released from the testes2 and that the other secretions have been increased in volume4 ,the excitement may be sufficient even to cause an erection1 and produce a few drops of the secretion of ,cowper's glands4 ,the spermatozoa1 together with a small amount of the liquid secretion1 will make their way gradually along the vasa deferentia and collect in the ampull4 ,the bulk of the liquid secretion1 however1 will1 in the course of the following hours or days1 be reabsorbed1 thus making for virility4 ,the small advance guard of spermatozoa that may have made their way to the ampull will undergo a gradual decrease of their nascent activity1 as the days go by4 ,on the occasion of the next nocturnal emission the ampull will empty along with the seminal vesicles and these spermatozoa pass out4 ,if they be examined under the microscope as a part of a normal nocturnal emission1 they will be found to be almost motionless or very greatly lacking in typical spermatozoon activity4 ,now let us suppose that the young man1 instead of curbing his sexual appetite1 resorts1 after a season of erotic imaginations1 to the act of masturbation4 ,we may picture the seminal ducts1 vasa deferentia and ampull as being gorged with the secretion of the testes1 including1 of course1 myriads of just released and nascent spermatozoa1 together with several cubic centimeters of the liquid portion of the testicular secretion4 ,the act of masturbation causes an orgasm and leads to a complete emptying of all these ducts4 ,thus we note that in this case the virile fluid is wasted1 not being used in the procreative act or reabsorbed to exert its influence on virility4 ,nature's ends have been defeated4 ,the system suffers a certain degree of depletion from which it recovers only after hours or even days4 ,it must be evident from this picture of the processes that go on in the male sexual apparatus incident to the act of masturbation that the act cannot be performed repeatedly1 as it naturally is when it becomes a habit1 without interfering with the virility of the adolescent male4 ,in the study of a large number of cases the author has found that the principal physical changes that occur in a young man as the result of this habit are1 flabbiness of muscle and clamminess of hands4 ,the really virile man possesses firm muscles and clear1 direct eyes and a strong grip2 usually also a warm grip4 ,it has been thought by some that pimples on the face are a sign of masturbation in the youth1 but such is not the case4 ,they are a sign of lack of elimination through the kidneys and bowels and are not to be interpreted as having any essential relation to masturbation4 ,there may possibly be an incidental relation growing out of the fact that in some cases of masturbation that habit seems to affect the nutrition and that in turn may cause the appearance of pimples on the face of the adolescent4 ,however1 one must be very slow to pass judgment in these cases4 ,not the least important among the results of masturbation is the attitude of the victim to society in general4 ,this psychical change is noticed in immoderate cases of masturbation and takes the form of disinclination to enter into any physical contests1 or games2 and disinclination to cultivate the society of the opposite sex4 ,here again one must be conservative in his judgment1 because there are individuals who possess a very retiring temperament naturally1 and who may become so engrossed in study or productive work that they take little share in the society of either sex1 so that individuals who may be wholly innocent of any abuse of their sexual apparatus would suffer a very grave injustice if they were classed among the masturbators4 ,so allow the author at this place to emphasize the importance of never passing judgment on anybody in these matters on circumstantial evidence4 ,while the damage that one may do to his system through the practice of masturbation may not be very serious1 in many cases that have come under the author's observation in which the habit has reached extreme limits1 very serious1 sometimes irretrievable damage has been done1 yet the encouraging feature of this whole matter is1 that if the adolescent youth1 who is practicing this habit1 is warned of its danger and stops at once absolutely1 nature comes to his rescue1 and gradually1 step by step1 but surely1 rebuilds the whole fabric of his virility1 bringing back gradually the flush of perfect health into his cheek1 the light of perfect manhood into his eye and the tone of perfect virility into his muscles4 ,this change can be wrought in from one to three years of absolute continence4 ,nature1 like a loving mother1 heals the wounds of her child with a kiss4 #c4 ,,continence4 ,such frequent reference has been made above to continence in antithesis to illicit intercourse and masturbation that little need be said in addition to that which has preceded4 ,the young man who holds before his mental vision an ideal of the home he hopes some day to establish--in which a pure wife reigns as queen1 sovereign of his life1 and gently hovers over a brood of lusty boys and fair girls--cannot for a moment consider as a sane solution of his sexual problem1 periodic visits to the house of ill fame or the periodic lapse into illicit intercourse with clandestines2 nor can he expect to develop his powers1 physically or intellectually to the highest possible degree if he permits himself to contract that habit masturbation which1 step by step1 undermines his development4 ,there is open to the young man only one of the three alternatives mentioned above1 i4e41 ,,to ,,lead ,,the ,,continent ,,life4 ,the continent life is a goal which every healthy young man should strive to reach4 ,to arrive at a goal that is before us and above us requires sacrifice and brings compensation4 ,the sacrifice takes the form of the exertion of the whole will power of the man and the painstaking observance of those rules of hygiene which make continent living more easily attainable4 ,the compensations of continence are those that come from the assurance that the young man has of his virility1 of his worthiness to take the hand of a pure wife in wedlock1 of the consciousness of his ability to establish and maintain a home1 and to protect this home against all dangers4 ,,chapter ,v4 ,,hygiene4 ,,hygiene4 ,it is proposed in this chapter to outline1 very briefly1 a few simple rules of hygiene1 the observance of which will tend to bring the young man into the highest possible state of physical development4 ,assuming that he wishes to lead a continent life1 the observance of these rules will make that much desired condition more easily attainable4 #a4 ,,diet4 a4 ,choice of ,food4--,the young man who is boarding at a restaurant or in a boarding club can modify his diet only within the range of the menu provided4 ,fortunately1 the young man can observe the most important rule of diet1 i4e41 to eat abstemiously4 ,wherever one is boarding he can eat temperately2 he can avoid highly spiced foods1 tea and coffee4 ,the observance of these simple rules will go a long way towards simplifying his sexual problem4 ,it has been discovered by the study of the influence of diet upon sexual appetite1 that the heavy eating of rich and highly spiced foods1 indulgence in stimulants and narcotics1 all tend to excite the sexual desires4 ,the author presents a menu that would be looked upon as a temperate one for a student3 ,breakfast4 ,fruit ,well cooked cereal breakfast food with cream or a slice of bacon1 an egg1 with bread and butter ,glass of milk1 cocoa or cereal coffee ,dinner4 ,soup ,meat1 potatoes and gravy ,one vegetable ,dessert3 7,custards1 tapioca pudding1 rice pudding1 gelatin pudding or bread pudding7 ,water ,supper4 ,creamed potatoes ,salmon or sardines ,bread and butter ,canned or stewed fruit ,cocoa or milk ,if lunch is served at noon and dinner at night1 the supper and dinner as given above would correspond with lunch and dinner when dinner is served at night4 ,if the young man is training heavily for foot ball or other heavy athletics in which a training table is provided1 he may eat a much heavier diet than the one above outlined1 having either eggs or meat three times a day instead of once or twice and larger portions of each food4 ,however1 even the man in athletic training needs less food than is customary for men in training to take4 ,if the foot ball teams would eat somewhat less than they do and a smaller proportion of meat1 they would be much less likely to train stale4 b4 ,stimulants and ,narcotics4--,it will be noted that no provision is made for coffee or tea in the above menu4 ,the general conditions of life in a student community serve as a sufficient stimulation4 ,tea and coffee are stimulants1 and on general principles1 it is not wise to use stimulants unless one needs them4 ,the college student does not need any other stimulant than is afforded by the conditions in a college community4 ,it may be fairly said that stimulants never benefit anybody who does not need them4 ,on the other hand1 they may easily injure a person who does not need them4 ,coffee for example1 or tea1 not only does not assist digestion but actually retards it4 ,all stimulants produce a quickening of brain activity which is uniformly followed by a reaction in which the brain activity is either slowed or confused4 ,the coffee drinker is almost certain to experience within an hour after a cup of strong coffee an exhilaration1 with heightened brain activity4 ,if one could experience this stimulation without any reaction1 it might be advisable1 especially for those who need just such stimulation at just such a time4 ,however1 when one considers that he cannot experience stimulation without experiencing a compensatory depression1 he will see that it certainly does not pay to get the one at the expense of the other1 except under unusual conditions4 ,now the question may naturally arise3 ,what occasion would justify the drinking of a strong cup of coffee8 ,suppose that one were due in an examination and that he had only one examination in a day2 suppose it came at #h o'clock4 ,let the student retire early the night before1 rise early1 take a walk before breakfast and eat a very light breakfast4 ,he may take a cup of strong unsweetened black coffee with the breakfast4 ,he will find that this coffee proves a strong stimulant1 particularly if he has not been using it regularly1 and that it produces the stimulation just when he wants it4 ,he will find that he is better able to marshal his thoughts and to recall the various facts that he may need to use in formulating his answers to the examination questions4 ,under such conditions the author believes that it is justifiable for a student to use coffee4 ,but we must not forget that the coffee is a drug2 used for its drug action2 used to produce a physiological effect at a definite time4 ,having produced that effect1 one may expect the depression to follow after the examination4 ,now the natural tendency1 and a tendency which causes many people to pass step by step into an excessive use of this stimulation1 is to relieve the depression which follows the first cup of coffee by taking another cup and so on1 taking coffee at each meal and perhaps occasionally between meals4 ,while some people of phlegmatic temperament can stand such a drug habit for years without being very seriously injured1 it is certainly a habit to be strongly discouraged4 ,a person who does not use coffee or tea regularly1 but wishes on rare occasions to get a stimulation1 can resort to it to produce that effect1 but after having gotten the effect let him get over the depression as best he can1 and not relieve it by taking a second cup4 ,if he has a week of examinations1 it might be permissible to follow such a regime as suggested above throughout the week4 ,on the whole1 however1 the use of these stimulants is to be discouraged4 ,narcotics are those drugs which cause narcosis or a dulling of the senses and a decreased activity of both the muscular and nervous system4 ,one of the most common and typical narcotics is opium4 ,derived from opium is morphine4 ,cocaine belongs also to the narcotics as do the ansthetics1 such as chloroform1 ether and common alcohol4 ,it is hardly necessary to say anything about the use of alcohol to intelligent college men4 ,very seldom do college and university students resort to alcoholic drinks1 either for their drug effect or in a spirit of conviviality4 ,the intelligent people of the country realize the dangers that follow the use of alcoholic beverages4 ,it is very rare that educated people use any alcohol and when used it is only in most moderate quantities1 and usually1 on special occasions4 ,it is only comparatively recently that the absolute truth of the ,bible dictum that1 ,wine is a mocker has been realized4 ,brandy and whiskey were taken for generations to make one warm on a cold day because it gave one temporarily a flush of warm blood to the skin1 only to cool down the temperature of the body later1 so that instead of raising the temperature of the body1 alcohol actually lowers the temperature of the body4 ,many people took alcohol when excessively hot to cool the body1 but if the temperature of the outside air is higher than the temperature of the body1 as is the case on excessively hot days in summer1 the rush of blood to the surface would only have the effect desired in the first few minutes of the action of the alcohol4 ,the skin would tend to become dry1 the temperature of the blood to rise1 subject to the influence of the hot air4 ,this heated blood striking the vital organs accounts for the fact that on those excessively hot days1 when there are many sunstrokes1 most of them are among men who not only habitually take alcohol1 but who are under the influence of alcohol at the time4 ,many people have taken alcohol to improve digestion1 but scientific observations on digestion under the influence of alcohol have shown that the digestion is actually retarded4 ,many people have taken alcohol to make their muscles strong1 and one does actually imagine that he is stronger after a moderate dose of alcohol1 but many careful experiments on the part of numerous observers have shown that the muscles are really less strong and can do progressively less work the larger the dose of alcohol4 ,many thought that alcohol would stimulate the action of the brain and have taken it for that purpose2 but experiments have shown that while there is temporarily a greater activity of the brain1 this activity is less under control of the higher brain centers4 ,the after dinner champagne may loosen the tongue of the post-prandial speaker but he may say many things which the judgment would not commend4 ,so1 in all those applications that men have made of alcohol through the ages1 we find on careful examination1 that in every case the alcohol actually has an effect opposite to that which has been attributed to it4 ,how true then are the words of the ,bible3 ,wine is a mocker4 ,if an alcoholic beverage actually helped the muscles1 the brain or the glands1 one would find it seriously commended by athletic trainers and coaches for preparation in athletic contests2 one would find it commended by the trainers of prize fighters to help them in their preparation and in the final encounter2 one would find it recommended by mountain climbers and by ,arctic explorers1 to stimulate the muscles for the exhausting ordeal of mountain climbing or to protect the system from the penetrating cold of the northern latitudes2 alcoholic beverages are1 however1 not only not advised by these men for these purposes1 but on the other hand1 all participants in these activities are positively forbidden to use any alcoholic beverages1 even in the smallest quantities4 ,so the young man who would develop a clear thinking brain and a sound body must leave alcoholic beverages alone4 ,further1 the young man who would have absolute control of his sexual desires1 must leave alcohol alone1 for the first thing that alcohol does is to throw down the lines of control4 ,it is under the influence of alcohol that the young man is almost sure to make his first visit to the house of prostitution4 ,if a girl lose her virtue1 it takes place in a majority of cases when she is under the influence of alcohol2 but for this influence lessening her control1 she could not be seduced4 ,hence one of the requirements of continence is ,,total ,,abstinence4 ,under the head of narcotics must be classed also tobacco1 though tobacco has several other effects than the narcotic one4 ,it exerts upon the mucous membranes an irritation and that is the reason why the mucous glands of the mouth secrete so freely when one chews or smokes1 but the influence upon the nervous system is distinctly of a narcotic character1 and while tobacco is a mild narcotic1 and while it can be used by the adult moderately without serious results2 this is certain1 that no man has ever been benefited by the use of tobacco4 ,and while many men have been injured1 even by the moderate use1 all men are injured by the excessive use4 ,furthermore1 boys and young men who have not attained the full stature of their physical development are very seriously injured and retarded in their development through even the moderate use of tobacco4 ,there is not an educator in ,america who will not testify to the fact that the use of tobacco in any form by young boys1 retards both the physical and mental growth4 ,so tobacco certainly is another thing that is altogether proper to leave alone1 and its use at the very best cannot be defended on any grounds other than that it is a sense gratification4 ,and while it must be admitted that it may serve as a sense gratification in the case of the individual who participates in it1 it must also be remembered that tobacco smoke or the smell of tobacco is1 in a very high degree distasteful if not actually loathsome1 to a large proportion of society1 and the young man who gratifies sense at the expense of his neighbors1 certainly is on the defensive4 ,in so far as tobacco is a narcotic1 in just so far does it disarm and put to sleep those aesthetic and moral impulses which are so helpful in the maintenance of the continent life4 c4 ,the ,dietetic ,control of the ,bowels4--,a most important hygienic rule is to maintain a strict regularity of the bowels4 ,by regularity of the bowels we mean1 a free1 normal passage of the bowels at least once in twenty-four hours4 ,two or three passages in twenty-four hours are not too many4 ,a tendency towards constipation may be hereditary4 ,the writer finds that at least one case in four of persistent chronic constipation among college men seems to be due to a hereditary tendency4 ,those individuals who have from early infancy and throughout their whole life suffered from a tendency to constipation and perhaps from actual chronic constipation1 find it exceedingly difficult to produce normal regular daily movements of the bowels4 ,whether constipation is chronic or occasional or whether it is hereditary or acquired1 in any case1 it should be corrected if possible through modification of the diet1 and of daily habits4 ,first of all1 one must remember in this connection that the lower bowel or rectum is subject to education1 and not by any means the least important factor in overcoming a tendency to constipation1 is the regular morning visit to the water closet4 ,the author would discourage the habit which some have of straining at stool4 ,this act of straining at stool together with the pressure which the hard fecal masses make on the blood vessels1 increases the blood pressure in the veins of the rectum to such a high degree that it is likely to cause hemorrhoids or piles4 ,but if the position favorable to the passage of the bowels be taken regularly1 every morning1 and a reasonable time spent in that position1 and if the daily passage is brought about at that time1 the muscles of the rectum will be educated to the point of contracting upon its contents at that time and under those conditions regularly1 and this will be a strong factor towards regulating the movements of the bowels4 ,but the most important thing to consider in this condition is the dietetic regulation of the bowels4 ,there are some foods that tend to constipate while others act as a laxative4 ,such foods for example1 as contain a considerable portion of tannin1 are always constipating4 ,strong teas have a constipating effect1 particularly such as the bitter ,english ,breakfast teas1 in which there is a very large proportion of tannin4 ,this large percentage of tannin accounts for the prevalence of constipation among female tea drinkers4 ,unripe fruits contain a high percentage of tannin which1 in the ripening processes of the fruit1 becomes changed into cellulose and sugar4 ,any fruit that quickly turns brown after a cut surface is exposed to the air and that stains a steel-bladed knife black quickly when the fruit is cut1 possesses a high percentage of tannin1 and is not in a wholesome condition to eat4 ,unripe peaches and apples possess this characteristic4 ,these fruits should be eaten only when ripe4 ,if one's diet contains too small a percentage of cellulose or pulp material1 a tendency to constipation will be noticed4 ,it has been found from investigation of this subject that the cellulose or undigested material of the cereals1 vegetables and fruits1 is an absolute essential to good bowel action4 ,the cellulose makes bulk in the bowels and the simple presence of this bulk of undigested material stimulates the muscular contractions4 ,if one were to choose for example1 a diet of meat1 eggs1 nuts1 corn starch1 tapioca1 sugar1 fats and oils1 i4e41 diets which will be almost completely digested and absorbed1 leaving a very small amount of undigested material in the intestines1 the bulk of the material in the intestines would be so small that they would not be stimulated to contract4 ,therefore this small bulk of material1 together with certain excretions from the liver and other organs1 would be retained in the bowel and undergo fermentation there4 ,injurious substances which result from the fermentation would be absorbed1 causing what is known as autointoxication1 complicated with constipation4 ,if one1 however1 mixes with the condensed foods named above a good proportion of cereals1 fruits and vegetables1 all of which possess a considerable percentage of undigestible material1 the presence of this undigestible material in the intestines leads to strong peristaltic movements1 causing the passage of this material along the intestinal tract to the rectum1 which will be periodically evacuated4 ,in such cereal foods as the coarser meals 7like oatmeal1 various wheat preparations and corn meal71 the proportion of bran substance serves as a local stimulation to the intestinal activity4 ,the little bran scales being sharp-cornered and rough1 serve as a local irritant or mechanical stimulation4 ,what has just been said regarding the advisability of eating some coarser cereals must not be taken to mean that white bread is not wholesome4 ,on the other hand1 white bread made from the roller process flour is in a high degree nutritious and wholesome1 and may well make an important part of any dietary4 ,it is not hygienic to eat white bread or biscuits hot out of the oven4 ,these hot breads tend to form doughy masses which are almost completely impervious to the digestive juices1 and while they are eventually digested1 it takes a very much longer time to do so than would be the case with stale bread1 which is so readily masticated into a creamy consistency4 ,if one is subjected to conditions where he must either eat hot biscuits or perhaps embarrass a most hospitable hostess1 there is only one thing for him to do1 i4e41 to eat the biscuits4 ,it is possible1 though difficult1 to masticate hot bread so perfectly that it is reduced to a smooth1 creamy consistency1 and no one should ever swallow any bread which has not been so masticated4 ,among the fruits1 figs1 prunes and apples seem to have the most clearly marked laxative effect1 though all ripe fruits generally1 and especially those that are taken uncooked1 have a moderate laxative effect4 ,belonging to this class of foods is rhubarb which1 though not a fruit1 is usually served as a fruit either stewed or in puddings or pies4 ,there is no doubt that it exerts its laxative effect better if taken stewed rather than with pastry4 ,if one then who is annoyed by a tendency to constipation wishes to correct it1 a rational change of diet would be1 to eat freely of cereals and coarse breads and of various fruits1 particularly apples1 figs and prunes4 ,the most effective way to use these laxative fruits is to eat freely of them just before retiring4 ,the apples and figs may be eaten just as they are received from the market4 ,prunes may be soaked in cold water for twenty-four hours1 then taken directly from the cold water and eaten4 ,if this is not effective a supplementary regime may be adopted that is only in part dietetic1 i4e41 to rise ,,one ,,hour ,,before ,,breakfast1 drink two glasses of cold water and take a brisk walk of fifteen to thirty minutes4 ,the cold water has a tonic effect upon the stomach1 preparing it for a rapid digestion of the breakfast4 ,it also washes out the accumulation of mucus in the stomach1 which may easily equal a pint in volume4 ,this pint of mucous plus the pint of water1 making a quart of liquid altogether1 pours through the pylorus1 and during the rapid walk1 works its way rapidly down through the alimentary tract1 washing the whole tract and preparing it to receive and rapidly to digest the next meal4 ,this slimy water1 having washed out the stomach and small intestine1 then passes into the large intestine1 moistening and lubricating its contents and causing it to move gradually towards the rectum1 where it stimulates a normal free passage of the bowels after breakfast4 ,any usual case of constipation will yield to this treatment4 ,such a treatment is incomparably more rational than the taking of medicines4 d4 ,the ,dietetic ,control of ,sleep4--,most students study evenings4 ,if their heavy meal is a dinner at #e3cj or #f p4m4 they are likely to feel very drowsy by #g3cj or #h o'clock4 ,this is a perfectly natural experience1 all animals manifesting a drowsiness after a heavy meal4 ,if one could lie down and sleep for an hour while his dinner is digesting1 he could probably rise at #i o'clock and put in two or three hours of good hard work4 ,he would find himself at #aa or #ab o'clock so thoroughly awake1 however1 that he might have difficulty in getting to sleep if he retired at that hour4 ,if1 on the other hand1 one has his dinner in the middle of the day and a light supper at night1 he is able to begin studying within an hour after supper and keep it up until he is ready to retire4 ,in this case also1 he is likely to be so wide awake at the time of retiring that he may have difficulty in getting to sleep4 ,in either of these cases1 it is altogether proper and advisable to take a light lunch before retiring4 ,a double purpose can be served by this lunch4 ,in the first place1 the taking of anything into the stomach that requires digestion tends to deplete the circulation from other organs 7brain in this case7 to the stomach4 ,in the second place1 the food may be so chosen as to exert a definite somnolent effect4 ,such foods are1 celery1 lettuce1 onions1 warm milk4 ,it may not be convenient to get warm milk at midnight1 but it would hardly be inconvenient to provide one's self with two or three graham crackers and a stalk of celery4 ,these with a drink of water and a little brisk exercise before an open window ought so far to divert the circulation from the brain as to enable one to fall asleep quickly4 e4 ,the ,dietetic ,control of the ,kidneys and ,skin4--,the stimulation of excretion through the kidneys and skin may be an exceedingly important thing1 particularly if one has just caught a cold and wishes to establish free excretion4 ,the food which has a most clearly marked effect upon both kidneys and skin is the juice of the citrus fruits4 ,these fruits1 as they appear in our markets1 are lemons1 oranges and grape fruit4 ,all of these fruits are in a high degree wholesome as an addition to the dietary4 ,lemon juice is far more wholesome than vinegar in salads4 ,the juices of lemons and oranges make most refreshing and deliciously cooling drinks in summer1 and on occasions where one wishes to get a strong stimulation of the kidneys and skin1 he has only to drink large quantities of hot lemonade4 f4 ,the ,dietetic ,method of ,curing a ,cold4--,a whole quart of hot lemonade may be taken on retiring after one has caught cold4 ,the effect in such a case would be to cause a free sweating and copious urination4 ,both the action of the kidneys and the skin would tend to carry away from the system the effete materials that have been retained as a result of the cold4 ,it is hardly necessary to add in this connection that care should be taken that during the sweating or immediately following it1 the body should not be exposed to catch more cold4 ,in this method of treating a cold1 one should take a strong cathartic such as two or three teaspoonfuls of castor oil1 and should remain in bed twenty-four hours4 ,during this twenty-four hours no other food than a little light broth should be taken4 ,this treatment usually completely breaks up a cold and one is able1 in two or three days1 to make good the loss of the twenty-four hours1 during which time he was confined to his room4 ,this dietetic method of caring for an acute catarrhal cold is incomparably wiser and more economical than to drag around1 hoping to wear out the cold1 only to be worn out by it4 #b4 ,,baths4 a4 ,the ,bath for ,cleanliness4--,little need be said regarding the bath for cleanliness except that it should be taken at least once in a week during the colder portion of the year and perhaps as frequently as once a day during that portion of the year when there is free perspiration4 ,where one is bathing for cleanliness he may well use soap and warm water over the whole surface of the body4 ,if he takes this bath just before retiring1 it is not necessary to take a cold shower or sponge at the end of the bath4 ,if1 however1 one takes a warm soap bath in the morning the relaxing effect of the bath upon the skin makes it necessary to take a cold shower or a cold sponge after the warm bath in order to secure the tonic effect upon the skin and fortify one against catching cold4 ,during the hot weather when one may bathe daily for cleanliness he should guard against an excessive use of soap1 as a daily soap bath may have a tendency to remove the oils from the skin so completely as to make the skin rough4 ,with the daily bath for cleanliness it is possible that warm water and soap need not be used more frequently than once or twice a week and that a laving of the whole surface with cold water followed by a vigorous rub down with a coarse towel may serve the double purpose of insuring absolute cleanliness1 and at the same time serving as a skin tonic4 ,in this connection the author would emphasize the importance of insuring absolute cleanliness of the sexual apparatus4 ,in primeval conditions less attention was necessary as these organs were more or less exposed1 but the present method of dress is such as to permit the accumulation of the skin secretions4 ,while these may in part be removed by the friction against the clothing1 it is advisable to wash the external genitals and all neighboring surfaces as a regular part of the daily toilet4 b4 ,the ,tonic ,bath4--,in warm weather when one takes a daily bath to insure cleanliness1 at least five of these baths each week may be in cold water1 sufficiently cold to secure the tonic effect as described above4 ,in cold weather1 when one takes not more than one or two warm soap baths a week1 the cold tonic bath can be made to serve a most important purpose in the hygiene4 ,some have followed the custom of immersing the body completely in a tub of cold water4 ,this method of taking the cold bath is not to be recommended except for those who are in the most robust health1 and in these cases1 so vigorous a treatment is not necessary nor particularly beneficial4 ,the author has seen many people who were injured by this method of taking the tonic bath4 ,there are two methods to be recommended3 ,those who have access to a cold shower may stand for a moment1 and for a moment only1 under the cold shower1 then step at once upon a warm rug and rub the whole surface of the body vigorously with a dry crash towel until the whole surface of the body glows with the warmth of the reaction4 ,if one does not have access to the cold shower1 he may take a most effective tonic bath in his room1 using cold water1 the coldest obtainable1 and a bath sponge1 or even a wash cloth1 dipping the sponge into the cold water1 then pressing out enough of the water so that there will be no excess of water to run over the surface of the body from the sponge4 ,begin by sponging face1 neck1 shoulders1 arms and chest1 then wipe these parts dry1 subject them to vigorous friction with the crash towel until the arms1 shoulders and chest particularly glow with the warmth of the reaction4 ,while the upper half of the body is receiving its bath the lower half may be kept covered1 and conversely4 ,this tonic bath should be taken immediately upon arising in the morning1 and as a part of the morning toilet4 ,if one takes such a tonic bath on arising1 then dresses hurriedly and takes a brisk walk of fifteen or thirty minutes1 the regime quickly brings his body into the most vigorous and robust state of health2 unless there is something wrong with his digestion or his excretion1 and even moderate derangements of these will be very likely to be corrected by the regime just suggested4 #c4 ,,exercise4 ,incident to the above topic mention has been made of the brisk morning walk before breakfast4 ,this has a most salutary tonic effect besides the influence that it exerts upon the bowel movements4 ,not the least important result of this morning exercise depends on the fact that the lungs are repeatedly and completely inflated with the pure out-of-door air4 ,this naturally exerts a most valuable influence upon the development of the lungs in the youth or the maintenance of their vigor in middle age4 ,the increased heart action is also advantageous as it leads to hastened circulation through the muscles1 glands and brain4 ,this hurrying blood current not only carries nutriment to these organs1 but carries away their accumulations of effete material to the excretory glands4 ,the student must be cautioned not to overdo this early morning exercise4 ,the mile run1 the mile row or any other strenuous exercise is strongly to be discouraged at this time of the day4 ,if one overdoes morning exercise1 he is likely to feel somewhat depleted and fatigued1 throughout the remainder of the forenoon1 and his ability to do a high grade of mental work is decreased rather than increased4 ,besides the morning exercise1 every person who wishes to live a vigorous physical life should have from one to two hours of heavier exercise during the latter part of the day or evening4 ,this exercise may take any one of many forms4 ,it may be golf1 tennis1 foot-ball1 base-ball1 cricket1 rowing1 lacrosse1 basket-ball1 cross country running1 track or gymnasium work1 etc41 etc4 ,the immediate results of this exercise should be largely to increase lung and heart action and to cause a sufficient fatigue of the muscular system so that rest is sought and may be followed by dreamless1 recuperative sleep4 ,it might at first seem paradoxical that to build up strong muscles we must first fatigue them1 but that seems to be ,nature's plan4 ,the only way to build up a strong physique is to use that physique and use it to its maximum capacity4 ,if one exercises thus freely and eats abstemiously he ought not to lay on fat4 ,if he does lay on fat1 he may know that he is eating more than he needs and he should make his diet more temperate4 ,the youth of eighteen or nineteen who is tall and rather spare1 and whose muscular system has not reached its full development would1 of course1 increase his weight incident to the growth of his muscular system4 ,this increase in weight must not be confused with increase of weight through fat deposit4 ,the latter should be avoided--the former should be encouraged4 ,not by any means the least important thing accomplished by physical exercise is the association with his fellows incident to his exercise4 ,the courage1 nerve control1 quick judgment1 agility and strength required on the foot-ball field make no small part of the young man's equipment to fight the battles of life4 ,the conditions of these games give frequent opportunities for the young man to cultivate the spirit of honesty and fair play--the spirit1 without which1 no man can reach his highest success in the real contests of life4 #d4 ,,the ,,hygienic ,,requirements ,,of ,,sleep4 ,the personal hygiene of sleep is by no means an unimportant topic1 though it may be briefly treated4 ,the amount of sleep that each individual requires and should take can only be determined by the individual4 ,some seem to require ten hours1 others eight1 others six1 while rarely individuals are found who seem to thrive on even so little as five hours of sleep out of twenty-four4 ,the average requirement seems to be about eight hours4 ,if one has by experience or experiment determined the amount of sleep which he requires1 he should so plan his daily regime that he can secure that amount of sleep4 ,while a brief departure from this regime may be without serious results1 any prolonged departure from it will certainly bring its natural retribution4 ,so1 the young man having determined how much sleep he needs1 should adopt a daily program that will provide for just that many hours in bed1 and he should early establish the habit of going to sleep at once upon retiring1 and of arising at once upon awakening4 ,dallying in bed has led many a young man to lapse into habits of thought and of action that are in a high degree deleterious1 morally and physically4 ,so far as one may choose the equipment of his sleeping apartment1 he should choose a hard bed and a cover as light as possible and yet be comfortable4 ,one should never retire with cold feet4 ,a most effective way to warm the feet is to dip them for a moment in cold water and then rub them vigorously with a coarse towel until they glow with warmth4 ,furthermore1 no more effective remedy for habitual cold feet could be devised than this nightly tonic bath4 ,one will add greatly to his comfort and decrease largely the danger of taking cold if he provides himself with a pair of warm bed room slippers1 which should always be worn during one's excursions to the bath room1 and during his tonic sponge bath4 ,as to posture in bed1 the experience of men in general is1 that the most comfortable posture and the most hygienic one is to lie upon the side4 ,the right side is to be preferred to the left because in this position1 the heart being on the upper side1 is not embarrassed in its free movement by the superincumbent lung tissue4 ,furthermore1 this position facilitates the passage of digesting foods from the stomach4 ,to maintain comfortably this side position1 requires that the knees be at least moderately drawn up4 ,this posture when asleep is practically identical with that of nearly all higher animals1 and is unquestionably the most hygienic one for man4 ,no animal but man ever lies upon its back unless it is dead4 ,furthermore1 the dorsal position puts tendons1 nerves and muscles on a stretch1 while the flexed lateral position puts these in a more or less relaxed position1 which is most favorable to rest4 ,it goes without saying that sleeping rooms should always be thoroughly ventilated4 ,the occupant should take care that he does not lie in a direct draught from a window or door1 because it has been found by experience that one is less likely to catch cold if he sleeps out of doors than he is if he sleeps in a direct draught from a window or door4 ,just why this is has not been satisfactorily accounted for1 but the fact remains4 ,so if you must sleep in the house1 secure perfect ventilation without direct draughts4 #e4 ,,the ,,control ,,of ,,the ,,thoughts4 ,there is no more effective safeguard for the man who wishes to lead a continent life than the control of the thoughts4 ,it goes without saying that the man who thinks about sexual matters1 especially the one whose imagination runs wild upon all kinds of sexually stimulating images1 is only inviting temptation to relax his continence4 ,if he controls his thoughts during those times when he is less amenable to temptation1 he is far more likely to be able to control his acts at those times when his physical condition makes him most amenable to temptation4 ,the most effective way to control the thoughts is so to plan one's work as to insure the complete occupation of the mind with affairs that are wholly independent of sexual experiences or considerations4 ,one should set a mark for himself so high above his present position that he is compelled to put forth strenuous and unremitting efforts in order to accomplish his aim4 ,the old saying that1 ,satan finds work for idle hands to do is all too true4 ,anyone may observe the influence of idleness or even the influence of a partially occupied program upon the habits of the youth and young man4 ,beard and ,rockwell1 in their valuable work on this subject say3 ,go to work2 develop your muscles and brain2 resolve to become at least useful if not famous4 ,the activity which will be necessary in carrying out these ambitions will divert the mind from imaginary evils1 if they are imaginary1 and will be one of the best means to cure the real ones4 ,,chapter ,,vi4 ,,development4 ,,development4 ,the development of the child within the uterus of the mother represents a chapter in the life history of every individual so important in its relations to maternity and paternity that every young man should be acquainted with at least its general features4 ,as stated in the chapter on ,reproduction1 every living organism begins life as a single cell1 or globule of protoplasm4 ,in the case of the human subject1 the cell from which each child begins its development is formed by the fusion of two cells or globules of protoplasm1 one furnished by the mother1 and called the ovum1 or egg2 the other furnished by the father1 and called the spermatozoon4 ,the egg is very much larger than the spermatozoon1 and contains enough yolk material to afford nourishment for the embryo for a number of days4 ,when the ovum reaches the finished state1 which is called maturity1 it leaves the ovary1 and is carried along the fallopian tube 7see accompanying figure7 into the uterus1 where it usually finds a lodgment in the upper part1 as shown in ,figure ,i4 ,once the minute ovum has been caught in the projections of the velvety inner surface of the uterus1 this thick velvety lining of the uterus in the neighborhood of the ovum begins a rapid growth1 gradually enveloping the rapidly expanding ovum1 as shown in ,figures ,i and ,,ii of the accompanying plate4 ,within the ovum there are taking place some of the most marvelous changes in the whole life history of the individual4 ,the nucleus of the fertilized egg1 and the protoplasm which surrounds it1 divide into two cells1 then into four1 eight1 sixteen1 etc4 ,these divisions follow each other in such rapid succession that there are many hundreds of cells by the end of the first twenty-four hours4 ,these cells soon begin to arrange themselves into layers and groups1 which1 step by step1 develop the different tissues and organs of the body4 ,by the end of thirty days the little embryo1 about as large as one inch of the end of a lead pencil1 would be recognized as the embryo of some mammalian animal1 but it would be quite impossible to say whether it would develop into a human being or some other animal1 if it were seen quite apart from its immediate surroundings4 ,by the end of another thirty days1 however1 the little embryo has multiplied its size several times1 and has reached a form instantly recognizable as the young of the human kind1 as shown in ,figure ,,iv4 ,it still1 however1 retains the vestige of a little tail1 which within the next thirty days will have been completely absorbed4 ,illustration3 ,,the ,,female ,,organs ,,of ,,generation ,note that the little two months embryo has projecting from its abdomen a large structure which is labeled cord4 ,this cord is a part of what is called the umbilical cord1 and it is this that joins the embryo to the mother4 ,note in ,figure ,,iii the large stalk of this cord passing upward from the body of the embryo and merging into the structures in the top of the uterus4 ,note further that there are little branching structures passing from the base of this stalk up into the base of the uterus4 ,these branching structures are loops of blood-vessels1 and they form part of the placenta1 or afterbirth4 ,through this cord the embryo receives its nourishment from the mother4 ,the blood of the mother bathes these loops of blood-vessels1 and the embryo absorbs from the mother's blood the nourishment which builds its bones1 muscles1 brain1 spinal-cord1 and glands4 ,from the same source the embryo receives the oxygen necessary for the maintenance of its life4 ,from the third month on to the end of the nine months1 the amount of material which the mother must provide for the development of the child within her womb amounts to no small draft on her physical resources4 ,it is not at all uncommon for a mother in the later months of pregnancy to become quite pale1 her blood having been impoverished to provide material for the development of her child4 ,,maternity4 ,what has been said above regarding the contributions which the maternal organism must make toward the development of the offspring must have impressed on the mind of the reader that maternity means1 first of all1 sacrifice4 ,this sacrifice begins when the girl first enters upon womanhood4 ,with the expulsion of the ripened ovum comes1 each month1 a week of special physical drain1 when work must be lightened and vigorous exercise curtailed1 when exposure to cold or dampness may mean loss of health4 ,under these circumstances a woman should at this time deny herself the pleasure of dancing2 of skating or swimming2 of sleigh-rides or cross-country walks and the young man should make it less difficult for her by acquiescing without question or demur in her request to be excused from such recreation4 ,it is a fact that more sacrifice is involved in maternity among the more highly cultivated nations of the human race than is true of aboriginal peoples1 or among the lower animals4 ,conditions of modern life1 and particularly urban life1 leave the female organism less able to endure the drafts made upon the system by maternity1 so that to bear a child may mean not only the sacrifice of comfort1 but even the sacrifice of health4 ,the highly sensitive1 delicately adjusted nervous system of the woman is perhaps more profoundly influenced than any other part of her being4 ,this manifests itself particularly in a heightened degree of sensitiveness4 ,it goes without saying that the pregnant woman deserves at the hands of all who come in contact with her1 and particularly at the hands of her husband1 most considerate and sympathetic treatment4 ,her little whims and vagaries1 however unreasonable1 must always be treated seriously1 and with delicate and tactful consideration4 ,the members of her family1 particularly the husband1 owe it to her and to her child to keep her in as happy a frame of mind as possible4 ,when we consider the real significance of maternity to the race1 to society1 and to the family1 we must feel that1 of all human relations1 maternity is the most sacred1 and that no condition should be allowed to mar it1 and no consideration to take precedence of it4 ,,paternity4 ,after the husband had contributed the male sexual cells1 or spermatozoa1 in this wonderful process above outlined1 it might seem that there is little he can do1 except to wait1 while nature carries on the process4 ,the reader will remember1 however1 from the chapter on ,reproduction1 that the contribution of the spermatozoa only initiates the sacrifices that the paternal organism must make in this process4 ,are there any demands on paternity between the time of conception of the new life and its birth8 ,as already mentioned under the preceding topic1 the pregnant mother needs gentle and loving care4 ,she needs to have her little whims and foibles overlooked4 ,she needs to be protected1 so far as possible1 from every influence that might depress or make her unhappy4 ,she needs to be guarded against any unusual physical exertion1 and above all1 she needs at this time more than at any other time1 the manifested affection and sympathy of her husband4 ,there is another sacrifice1 if it may be so called1 which the husband is called upon to make during the pregnancy of his wife1 namely1 to abstain absolutely from sexual intercourse during the period of pregnancy and for two or three months following4 ,this means practically one year of continent living4 ,all other animals observe this period of continence4 ,nature demands that man observe it in common with other animals4 ,man is the only animal that has transgressed this fundamental law of nature4 ,the retribution which nature metes out to the transgression of this law is various4 ,sometimes1 but rarely1 the sexual excitement on the part of the woman may cause an abortion1 or a miscarriage4 ,the more usual result makes itself manifest in the drain on the nervous energy of the woman4 ,when we consider that maternity in the human race involves greater sacrifice than in any other animal1 it would seem that the addition of this last demand1 namely1 of satisfying the sexual desires of the husband during the period of pregnancy1 might prove the straw that breaks the camel's back1 and result in the more or less complete nervous breakdown of the woman4 ,the author submits this question to all fair-minded men3 ,is it not due to the wife that she be not asked to satisfy the recurring sexual desires of the husband during the period when her life and its energies are so sacred to the race1 to society1 and to the family8 ,the author submits this question because some men are known to transgress this law of nature4 ,fortunately the proportion of men who thus transgress is not large4 ,let us stand for these things3 7#a7 ,an equal standard of purity for men and women1 7#b7 ,a strenuous1 virile1 continent manhood1 7#c7 ,sexual temperance in wedlock4 ,,appendix ,,appendix4 ,personal conferences and correspondence with young men regarding the solution of their problems have brought out several questions that are so frequently repeated as to make it evident that the answering of them would serve the purpose of clearing up certain questions or doubts1 more or less important in the minds of many young men4 ,it has been decided to group these answers in an appendix rather than to incorporate them in the body of the book1 as many of them seem not quite relevant to the topics outlined under the several chapters4 #a4 ,how do we know that during the nocturnal emission the products of the testes are not present8 ,the spermatozoa found in the nocturnal emission1 if present at all1 are found to be very much less active than the spermatozoa of semen secreted during sexual excitement4 ,the seminal vesicles are not receptacles for the testicular secretion4 ,the ampull seem to serve that purpose in a limited degree4 ,considering all these facts1 it seems to be a tenable conclusion that the few and sluggish spermatozoa seen in the product of the nocturnal emission are those that have1 from time to time1 collected in the ampull1 and that during the time immediately preceding the nocturnal emission the testes are not actively releasing nascent spermatozoa4 ,this function of the testes seems to be reserved for periods of conscious sexual stimulation4 #b4 ,how may one control too frequent emissions8 ,if emissions are too frequent for the individual case1 they are followed by depletion and malaise4 ,even if they occur as infrequently as once in two weeks and are followed by the above symptoms1 they must be considered as too frequent1 or abnormal in that case4 ,on the other hand1 they may occur as frequently as twice a week in plethoric robust individuals1 and especially in men who have had frequent sexual intercourse1 and who have for some reason discontinued it4 ,and even though they occur as frequently as twice a week1 if they are followed by a feeling of relief and wellbeing1 they must not be considered as too frequent for that individual under the conditions4 ,so the frequency limit of nocturnal emissions is more or less independent of the time and quite dependent upon the reaction of the individual to the emission4 ,if1 following the criterion above outlined1 one finds that his emissions are too frequent1 because of accompanying depletion and malaise1 this frequency may be modified either by changes of the diet or by changes of hygiene4 ,for a more extended discussion1 see text above on nocturnal emissions4 #c4 ,do the organs of reproduction actually develop after the age of seventeen or nineteen or even to the twenty-fifth year as is the case with the physical and mental powers8 ,the brain of an individual adds no nerve cells after a very early age4 ,the brain increases only very slightly in size and weight after the age of puberty1 and then only under special conditions and this increase in weight and size is not due to the addition of any new cells1 but simply to a slight increase in the bulk of those cells already present4 ,in a similar way the sexual apparatus undergoes1 during the period of puberty 7fifteen to seventeen7 a very rapid growth1 reaching by the end of the period of puberty 7seventeenth or nineteenth year7 their full size4 #d4 ,are enlarged veins in the scrotum dangerous8 ,enlarged veins of the scrotum represent dilatation of the veins of the epididymis4 ,these are thin walled vessels that respond to any increased internal blood pressure1 perhaps showing a special tendency in this direction during that period of rapid growth of the sexual apparatus in the early part of the adolescent period4 ,if the enlargement is only moderate1 it may disappear1 or at least become spontaneously arrested in its growth1 in which case it need cause no concern4 ,if these veins1 however1 dilate until they form a considerable mass1 known as ,,varicocele1 they may affect the sexual apparatus deleteriously in two ways3 7#a7 ,the increased weight in the scrotal sac may cause the sac to become elongated and to annoy the subject by its traction on the spermatic cord4 ,this lengthened scrotum with its contents may also be exposed to mechanical pressure or even to injury from the clothing1 etc41 which would not occur if the scrotal sac were short1 holding the testes close to the body4 7#b7 ,of far more importance is the danger of the varicocele gradually encroaching by pressure upon the testis1 perhaps to cause a partial atrophy of that gland4 ,this condition is a comparatively rare one1 and inasmuch as it seldom occurs in both testes1 the possibility of causing sterility on the part of a man is remote4 ,the extension of the scrotum and the bearing-down sensation may be relieved through the wearing of a suspensory bandage4 ,such a bandage may be obtained at any drug store or surgical instrument house1 and if properly fitted1 will usually relieve any such discomfort as described above4 ,if the varicocele is quite large1 the subject will do well to consult a competent surgeon and to take his advice4 #e4 ,is the emptying of the seminal vesicles thru nocturnal emission a universal phenomenon among continent men8 ,the nocturnal emission is not a universal method of emptying the seminal vesicles4 ,some continent men never have nocturnal emissions4 ,the reason may be sought in one of two directions3 7#a7 ,the usual cause of absence of nocturnal emissions is to be found in the fact that in the man in question the seminal vesicles are periodically drained by involuntary diurnal emissions1 occurring usually when the individual is at stool4 ,these emissions are likely to occur once in two to four weeks and take the place of the nocturnal emission4 7#b7 ,rarely we find virile1 continent men whose vesicular secretion is so scanty that they are never conscious of its emission4 #f4 7a7 ,should a man who for three to six years of his boyhood practiced masturbation think of wedlock8 7b7 ,if one has not lived a pure life but has reformed1 may he ask a pure woman to be his wife8 ,such questions as these are very frequently asked and with most serious motives4 ,a vast majority of boys and young men who practice self-abuse1 do so either wholly ignorant of the fact that it is wrong or cognizant only in a vague way of the evil of the practice4 ,to consign a man to the ,hades of homelessness and the sorrow of childlessness because through ignorance he lapsed from purity during a few months or years of his life1 would be meting out a retribution far in excess of the sin4 ,if nature intended such a retribution to be meted out she would have led the way by causing an atrophy or some other form of disease in the subject who had abused his sexual organs4 ,but nature does not do that4 ,if the young man who1 from his twelfth to his eighteenth year1 has practiced masturbation1 is shown the error of his way and breaks the habit absolutely1 nature quickly comes to his rescue and rehabilitates his virility completely1 unless he has been guilty of extreme excess in the habit4 ,this rehabilitation of virility after self-abuse is usually experienced in from one to three years1 according to the case and the extent of the practice4 ,the complete mastery of a habit after it has through years been forging its chains about the youth1 is in itself no small victory and should go a long way towards extenuating his lapse4 ,the young man who can conquer himself and learn to lead a pure life1 free from his early habit and above reproach not only in his acts toward womankind but also in all his thoughts of woman deserves his well-earned reward4 ,he deserves the respect of all pure women and should be able to win the love of one whom he may with clear conscience ask to be his wife1 and with whom he may confidently expect to build a typical home4 #g4 ,should a man have intercourse for any purpose other than for procreation8 ,in the normal course of events1 if intercourse is indulged in for procreation only1 it would come as often as once1 perhaps twice in a month2 that is1 either just before the menstrual period of the woman or just after1 the woman being most easily impregnated at these two periods4 ,a man who has led a continent life before marriage should have no difficulty in controlling his sexual appetite to that extent4 ,if the sexual intercourse occurs as infrequently as once or twice in a month1 the man1 by living thus continently1 will find it much more easy to maintain his continence during the twelve-month period after his wife becomes pregnant before he can properly have intercourse with her again1 than would be the case if he had had sexual relations much more frequently4 ,that the man desires intercourse much more frequently than as above outlined and that the woman1 in the vast majority of cases1 does not desire intercourse except for procreation and about as frequently as above indicated is1 without any reasonable doubt1 due to hereditary tendencies4 ,under primeval conditions1 and in fact1 until comparatively recent times1 the vast majority of mankind were polygamous1 the strong men of the race--those who procreated their kind--having as many wives as they could support and protect1 the weak men of the race being crowded aside1 sometimes castrated1 to become the burden bearers for the strong4 ,under conditions of polygamy the woman is rarely subjected to sexual intercourse for other than procreative purposes1 and even granting that the man has intercourse for procreation only1 if he had twelve wives1 he would be having it twelve times as frequently as any one of them4 ,that these experiences on the part of a long line of maternal ancestors should lead the women of today to desire sexual intercourse for procreation only1 is easy to understand2 that the impulses transmitted along the paternal line of ancestors should lead the men of today to desire intercourse far more frequently than this can1 under monogamous conditions be indulged1 is also easy to understand4 #h4 ,how frequently may sexual intercourse be indulged1 in the marriage state8 ,if one is to overstep the bounds mentioned above1 i4e41 to indulge in sexual intercourse once or twice in a month for procreation only and not at all during the period of pregnancy and childbed period1 the limit is then set1 not by strictly normal and anthropological considerations1 but by the health of the individuals4 ,the author has seen young married couples who had carried their sexual intercourse to such extremes as seriously to deplete the physical vigor and menace the health of both parties4 ,just how frequent indulgence will have this effect in any particular case is impossible to say4 ,in some cases twice a week may have this effect2 in other cases once in twenty-four hours might be borne for a considerable time4 ,in any case the condition is an unnatural one and is certain to bring a natural retribution in some form--either broken health1 or sterility of the wife1 and depleted powers of the husband1 or weak and sickly children1 separated by long intervals4 #i4 ,how long is it possible for a young man to waste his vital fluid and yet be able to raise healthy children8 ,this question cannot be answered in other than most general terms4 ,the author has known one case of a young man who1 for several years1 practiced masturbation several times a day1 so far depleting his powers that he could not walk erect1 his muscles were flabby1 his testes were very soft and small1 his eyes shifty1 his hands clammy and his mind incoherent in its working4 ,he seemed to be a candidate for the asylum and would probably have gone there if radical means had not been adopted to break him of the habit4 ,he was broken1 however1 absolutely1 and never performed the act after his nineteenth birthday4 ,within three years he had completely recovered his virility4 ,he had nearly doubled in weight and in lung capacity and a large part of his increased weight was in great bulk of muscle of high tonicity--muscle which he had gained by heavy physical work upon a ranch4 ,his sexual organs had completely regained their tonicity and without doubt1 their virility4 ,he had so far recovered mentally that he finished a course of professional study and entered with great success upon the practice of his chosen profession4 ,on the other hand1 a middle-aged man consulted the author regarding the sterility of his wife4 ,after examination1 it was found that the husband had practiced masturbation about twice a week from the age of puberty to his twenty-fourth year1 when he was married4 ,he assured the author that at the time of his marriage his testicles were1 as far as he had known1 similar to the testicles of other young men1 and that during his married life he had never had intercourse with his wife more frequently than once in a month1 but that during that time he had noticed a gradual atrophy of the testes4 ,at the time of the examination only small atrophied remains of these testes could be discovered4 ,the sterility of the wife was due1 without any question1 to the absolute impotence of the husband1 and so far as the history of the case would suggest1 there was no other assignable cause of this impotence than the eight years of masturbation4 ,from these two cases1 it must be evident that no rules can be laid down4 ,in one case the subject recovered fully from a case of extreme masturbation2 in the other-case1 a habit that would not be called extreme resulted in impotence4 ,it must be evident that the practice is a dangerous one after puberty1 as no individual can tell to which of the above cases his may be similar4 #aj4 ,granting that masturbation is harmful through loss of semen1 is there any compensation for this loss of semen in case of intercourse with a woman8 ,there is no doubt that an emission of semen following sexual excitement is a draught upon the virile powers of the male animal4 ,if this sexual excitement is the artificial one cultivated by the masturbator1 the depletion seems to be more marked than is the case with the normal1 natural stimulation incident to sexual intercourse4 ,some have suggested that the reciprocal influence of the woman can in some way compensate for the vital fluid contributed by the male4 ,it is hardly likely that such a reciprocal influence is other than psychical1 but that is certainly sufficient to account for any difference in these two forms of sexual gratification4 ,nature calls upon the male animal to make a contribution for procreation1 which contribution is1 always has been1 and1 in the very nature of the case1 always must be a certain tax upon the powers of the male animal4 ,when the intercourse is indulged for procreation only1 the male animal can well afford to make the contribution4 ,even with that1 the contribution which the male makes to procreation is incomparably less depleting for him than are the contributions which the female makes for her4 #aa4 ,will vital fluid flow with every sexual intercourse8 ,if vital fluid is present1 and if the sexual intercourse is carried to the point of causing an orgasm1 there would1 in all normal conditions1 be an emission of semen or vital fluid4 #ab4 ,is there any way to regulate intercourse so as to control the sex of the offspring8 ,while there are many theories upon this subject no one of them is generally accepted by medical men4 #ac4 ,will an intense and continuous desire on the part of a young man for sexual intercourse cause a loss of seminal fluid8 ,an intense and continuous desire for sexual intercourse will1 without question1 cause an active secretion on the part of the testes1 an increased secretion on the part of the seminal vesicles and an active secretion on the part of the prostate gland and of ,cowper's glands4 ,the secretion from ,cowper's glands will make its way along the urethra and appear at the opening of that duct1 probably soiling the linen of the subject4 ,the accumulated semen from the other glands will tend rather to aggravate than allay the sexual desires4 ,such a condition of the sexual apparatus is likely to cause a nocturnal emission1 relieving this tension and emptying the gorged gland ducts4 ,if the nocturnal emission does not occur1 the sexual desires are certain to return to occupy the waking hours more or less completely4 ,if the nocturnal emission does occur1 it will carry away not alone the vesicular secretion1 but also more or less of the nascent spermatozoa and other constituents of the vital fluid4 ,seasons of intense and prolonged sexual excitement are in a high degree inimical to continence1 and even though the subject does not fully submit to his inclination1 his nocturnal emissions1 which are likely to come frequently1 carry away the product of the testicular secretion1 thereby depleting to a certain extent1 his virility4 ,it is hardly necessary to urge the importance of resisting these onslaughts of sexual passion in their very incipiency4 #ad4 ,how may the habit of masturbation best be brought under control8 ,the first thing to accomplish is the purification of the thoughts4 ,the most effective way to purify the thoughts is to divert them to a pure and strictly non-sexual subject--e4g41 pure mathematics4 ,the young man who is trying to break this habit will do well to follow very closely the rather strenuous regime outlined under hygiene in the body of the book4 ,if his condition is complicated because of the presence of a very long loose foreskin1 he will be wise to have this removed by the simple operation of circumcision4 ,if he should awake in the night and feel the temptation to resort to his old habit1 he should resist the temptation in its first stage and instantly put his mind on some subject quite foreign to his sexual apparatus4 ,if he does not succeed by force of will in diverting his mind from himself1 the best thing to do is to arise1 dress and walk4 ,if walking will not do it let him run1 and keep moving in the open air1 under ,god's blue sky until he is so tired he can hardly put one foot before the other4 ,then if he will retire to his room1 he will probably have no further difficulty at that time4 #ae4 ,what influence has dancing upon the young man's solution of his sexual problems8 ,it hardly seems possible that a virile1 husky young man1 in his early twenties1 could be subjected for several hours to the conditions of the modern dance hall1 where he is brought into very close physical contact with young women1 dressed to expose their secondary sexual features1 perfumed to excite in a man his hereditary sexual instincts2 held so close to his partner in the round dance that he is conscious of every movement of her limbs1 and all of these under the influence of artificial light and music--,i say1 it is hardly possible for a virile young man to be subjected to all these conditions without experiencing an extreme sexual excitement4 ,that such an experience often repeated not only does not simplify the young man's problem1 but seriously complicates it is not a matter of doubt on the part of anyone who has studied these problems4 ,all specialists in this field1 without a single exception1 concur in the belief that the dance is a device of the devil so far as the young man is concerned4 ,that the young women are1 for the most part1 quite innocent of the effect of all these conditions upon their young men friends is also believed by those who have studied the problem4 ,if they were conscious of it1 a large majority of them would not longer consent to be the party to such unfortunate conditions4 ,the ,square ,dance1 the ,virginia ,reel and similar dances of the times of our grandparents are not remotely to be compared in this matter with the modern ,round ,dance4 #af4 ,may lost ,virility be regained by use of ,remedies or medicines of any kind8 ,no4 ,positively and absolutely1 ,no4 ,many such nostrums are advertised in the public prints4 ,many are sold by charlatans and quacks4 ,no reputable physician would hold out to his patient the hope that any drug could bring back lost manhood4 ,lost manhood or lost virility may be regained by right living only4 ,the prescription for right living is as follows3 ,live a continent life and follow a strenuous and sane regime of personal hygiene1 such as outlined in chapter ,v above4 #ag4 ,is the production of semen modified by nutrition8 ,the production of semen is greatly modified by the state of nutrition4 ,remember in this connection that semen is partly from the testes 7,spermatozoa7 and partly from the vesicles and prostate4 ,the formation and release of spermatozoa is only slightly modified by the condition of nutrition2 while the rate of secretion from the vesicles is greatly modified in quantity4 ,this accounts for the fact that well nourished men who eat heavily are very likely to experience frequent nocturnal emissions1 when living continently4 ,,lectures by the ,author of ,reproduction and ,sexual ,hygiene4 ,,the ,,young ,,man',s ,,problem4 ,heard by #bj1jjj men last year4 ,,what ,,is ,,said ,,about ,,it4 ,the ,young ,men's ,christian ,association of ,philadelphia4 ,walter ,m4 ,wood1 ,general ,secretary ,october #ag1 #aijh4 ,to ,whom it ,may ,concern3 ,it is with great pleasure that ,i pay a tribute of appreciation to the excellent service of ,dr4 ,winfield ,s4 ,hall1 in his presentation to audiences of young men of the vital problems of sexual hygiene4 ,with the intelligence of a trained and experienced physician1 with the thoroughness and frankness of an expert teacher and with the delicacy and motive of a ,christian gentleman1 he presents the ,young ,man's ,problem in such a way as to make him1 in my judgment1 one of the most helpful counselors of young men on the ,american platform today4 ,sincerely1 ,w4,m4 ,,wood4 ,university of ,notre ,dame4 ,winfield ,scott ,hall1 ,m4,d41 ,northwestern ,university ,medical ,school4 ,my ,dear ,dr4 ,hall3 ,in your lecture on ,the ,young ,man's ,problem and in your book on ,sexual ,hygiene you are doing a great service for the rising generation4 ,i am convinced that one great source of vice is ignorance about the matters touched upon in your lecture and book4 ,priests are constantly giving instruction on these same points1 but it is a distinct advantage to have their teaching reinforced by a distinguished physician1 expressing himself with the plainness of the laity and speaking always in a most reverential spirit4 ,for students seventeen years of age or more your presentation of this difficult subject will be a ,god-send1 for it abates curiosity1 dissipates ignorance1 warns of perils and arouses a manly desire for a clean life4 ,very sincerely yours1 ,,john ,,cavanaugh1 ,c4,s4,c41 ,president4 ,central ,department1 ,young ,men's ,christian ,association1 ,chicago4 ,october #ba1 #aijh4 ,dr4 ,winfield ,s4 ,hall1 ,northwestern ,university ,medical ,school4 ,my ,dear ,dr4 ,hall3 ,our committee wants to know if we cannot arrange a date with you this year to deliver your lecture on ,the ,young ,man's ,problem4 ,i also want some more of your books on ,reproduction and ,sexual ,hygiene4 ,i cannot forbear to express my very hearty appreciation of the splendid service you have done and are doing to the young manhood of our country in this lecture and this book4 ,i have never heard a presentation of the subject which takes hold so deeply upon thoughtful men1 and your book is by all odds the best thing in print on this subject4 ,your scientific1 yet popular method and the absence of vague moralizing are convincing and inspiring in their effects4 ,i trust we may hear you this year4 ,very truly yours1 ,,herbert ,w4 ,,gates1 ,secy41 ,religious ,work4 ,,the ,,secret ,,of ,,manhood ,given to many audiences of boys in ,high-,school1 ,academy1 ,y4,m4,c4,a4 and ,summer ,camp4 ,the ,institute and ,training ,school of ,young ,men's ,christian ,associations1 ,chicago and ,lake ,geneva4 ,october #g1 #aijh4 ,dr4 ,winfield ,s4 ,hall1 ,northwestern ,medical ,school1 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,my ,dear ,dr4 ,hall3 ,i want to express my appreciation of your talk to boys on ,sexual ,hygiene4 ,i listened with the greatest of interest to your presentation before the ,boys' ,conference at ,lake ,geneva the past summer and it seemed to me that both in substance and in form of presentation you hit the nail on the head in a way ,i had never before seen it done4 ,i believe that your contribution to boys in this direction is to be even greater than that which you have been making to young men4 ,sincerely yours1 ,,frank ,h4 ,,burt1 ,president4 ,state ,agricultural ,college of ,colorado4 ,dr4 ,winfield ,s4 ,hall1 ,fort ,collins1 ,colo41 ,october #bg1 #aijh4 ,northwestern ,university ,medical ,school1 ,chicago4 ,dear ,doctor3 ,i wish to testify to the value of your lecture to boys from #ab to #af years of age4 ,you have touched a vital subject in a most original way that impresses every boy that hears you4 ,you lead up to your ,secret of ,manhood in a manner that holds the attention1 impresses the truth you want to teach1 so that it is sure to be of lasting good4 ,this lecture ,i regard as the very best of its kind1 which ,i have ever heard4 ,sincerely yours1 ,w4,h4 ,,olin4 ,vice ,dean1 ,state ,agricultural ,college of ,colorado4 ,princeton ,township ,high ,school4 ,princeton1 ,ill41 ,october #f1 #aijh4 ,dr4 ,winfield ,s4 ,hall of the ,northwestern ,university ,medical ,school recently gave a talk to our high school boys along physiological lines1 setting forth very scientifically but plainly many delicate and important truths which every boy should know4 ,dr4 ,hall is a master of his subject and his manner is so dignified and yet sympathetic that he commands respect and holds the closest attention4 ,i feel sure that such a talk given to boys and young men does a great amount of good4 ,sincerely1 ,h4,s4 ,,magill1 ,,jr41 ,principal4 ,international ,committee1 ,young ,men's ,christian ,association4 ,w4,s4 ,hall1 ,m4,d41 ,chicago1 ,ill4 ,chicago1 ,ill41 ,october #d1 #aijh4 ,my dear ,doctor3 ,i am more than glad to speak a word in commendation of your lecture to boys on the ,secret of ,manhood4 ,to me it is the most sane1 safe and logical presentation of a much avoided subject that ,i have ever heard4 ,the boys at the ,lake ,geneva ,conference were strongly impressed without the undue excitement and morbid curiosity that so often accompany the presentation of the subject of ,personal ,purity4 ,and not only were the boys benefited1 but all the fifty boy workers present1 representing the entire ,central ,west1 had nothing but words of highest praise for the way you handled the subject before two hundred older boys4 ,i am glad that you are getting out material for a booklet on the ,secret of ,manhood1 and shall be pleased to see the manuscript4 ,we are much in need of such a thing and believe the ,international ,committee can aid you in getting it out if necessary4 ,yours cordially1 ,f4,a4 ,,crosby1 ,boys' ,work ,secy41 ,international ,committee4 ,y4,m4,c4,a4 99 99 99 99 99 ---------------------------------------- ------------------- ,typographical errors corrected in text3 ,page #f3 ,spermatazoon replaced with ,spermatozoon ,page #dd3 spermatazoon replaced with spermatozoon ,page #hg3 spermatozoan replaced with spermatozoon ,page #acb3 trangress replaced with transgress ---------------------------------------- -------------------