,,james ,,cutbu%     ,,james ,,cutbu%   
,,an ,,am]ican ,,*emi/  #aghh-ahbc  ,,by
 ,,edg> ,f4 ,,smi? ,,provo/ ,,( ,,!     
,,univ]sity ,,( ,,p5nsylvania   ,let u  
pres]ve ! memory ( ! des]v+2 p]haps x   
may prompt o!rs likewise to des]ve--    
,,philadelphia1 ,,pa4 #aiai  ,,pr9t$    
,,by ,j4 ,b4 ,,lipp9cott ,,company      
,,to ,,my ,,fell[-,,*emi/s     ,,preface
   ,!re is no?+ ?rill+ 9 ! foll[+ pages4
 ,!y conta9 ! /ory ( ! life-"w ( a v    
mode/ man deeply int]e/$ 9 & enam\r$ ) !
 sci5ce ( *emi/ry1 :o s\ght also to     
inspire o!rs & to famili>ize ! g5]al    
public ( 8 "t ) ! intimate connection ( 
*emi/ry ) manufactures & ?+s :i* ent] s 
l>gely into e-day occupations4 ,he 0 an 
active memb] ( a small gr\p ( *emi/s :o1
 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( eighte5 hundr$1 caus$  
?\s&s ( ! laity to give ?\ght to !      
possibilities ( ,*emi/ry1 & 9 addition 0
 a pione] 9 pyrote*nics1 on :i* acc\nt  
he is des]v$ly entitl$ to e recognition4
 ,m ?an a c5tury has pass$ s9ce 8 mo/   
s]i\s ef=ts 7 put =?4 ,h[ev]1 x w n be  

long until t e>ly galaxy ( *emical      
en?usia/s ( :i* he 0 a memb] w be       
accord$ a high place 9 ! hi/ory ( !     
developm5t ( ! sci5ce 9 ,am]ica4        
,,james ,,cutbu%  ,,an ,,am]ican ,,*emi/
  #aghh-ahbc   ,x is sc>cely conceivable
 t any?+ p]ta9+ to ! developm5t (       
*emical sci5ce 9 ,am]ica w\ld fail to   
int]e/ its *emi/s4 ,! response to ! ne$s
 ( ! ,nation 9 ! la/ few ye>s has %[n h[
 m>vel\sly !y wr\ght & ! wond]ful ?+s   
:i* !y br\ght to light4 ,yet 9 ! long   
ago--9 ! days ( :i* we only "k by       
he>say1 & ?r\gh desultory read+1 !re    
liv$ *emi/s ) en?usiasm1 k & initiative1
 ^: aim x 0 to h _! *os5 sci5ce         
contribute to ! welf>e ( humanity4 ,9 ! 
labors ( su* m5 z ,james ,woodh\se1     
,rob]t ,h>e1 ,adam ,seyb]t1 ,h5ry       
,seyb]t1 ,john ,r$man ,coxe1 ,joseph    
,cl\d1 ,g]>d ,troo/1 & _m o!rs1 !       
sci5tific _s pr$om9at$1 al?\gh ) x w5t !
 purpose1 m or less %>ply def9$1 ( mak+ 
_! acquirem5ts useful4 ,p>ticul>ly      
noticeable 0 ?is 9 ! in/ance (          

,woodh\se4  ,! g5]al cons5sus ( op9ion  
among pres5t-day *emi/s is t *emi/ry    
%\ld be helpful to all4 ,x may & %\ld be
 sci5tific1 b its pr9ciples ought to be 
sci5tifically appli$ 9 e useful mann]4  
,! read]1 desir\s ( le>n+ ! aims &      
ambitions ( ! fa!rs ( ! sci5ce 9 our    
c\ntry1 w pr(it by turn+ to ! files ( ! 
,aurora1 an old daily pap] (            
,philadelphia1 = ! ye> #ahjh1 & beg9n+  
ab\t ! middle ( ,july w !re enc\nt] a   
mo/ int]e/+ s]ies ( articles on !       
applications ( *emi/ry "u ! g5]al head+ 
,,application ,,( ,,*emi/ry ,,to ,,arts 
,,& ,,manufactures  ,!re are fifte5     
sep>ate pap]s4 ,9 consid]+ !            
p]iod--#ahjh1--! age ( ! "y ,republic1 &
 t ! times 7 f> f quiet2 t unre/ &      
unc]ta9ty prevail$ z to ! fate ( !      
,republic1 x does n surprise t ?\ght    
%\ld h be5 giv5 to means ( protection2  
h5ce gunp[d] 0 ! v fir/ product to      
engage ! au?or ( ! s]ies ( articles4 ,! 
prov+ & analysis ( ! p[d] are discuss$  
at l5g?4 ,! me?ods appe> v primitive 9 !

 light ( pres5t-day k1 b "o mu/ n =get !
 p]iod4 ,"o hundr$ ye>s h5ce !          
ma/]pieces ( pres5t-day *emi/s w p]haps 
provoke smiles ^u ! c\nt5ances ( ^? :o  
p]*ance read !m4 ,9 ?is pione]          
contribution on gunp[d] analysis !      
*>coal ( ! p[d] is (t5 call$ oxid (     
c>bon4 ,9 ref]r+ to ! sep>ation (       
potassium & sodium x is recomm5d$ to    
precipitate out ! fir/ 9 ! =m ( t>trate4
 ,naturally1 nitre itself comes 9 =     
s]i\s ?\ght & ! explosibility ( !       
mixture ( *>coal1 nitre & sulphur arre/s
 ! au?or's att5tion1 = he emphasizes !  
fact--      t1 indep5d5t ( ! =mation (  
gases or airs1 !     ag5cy ( caloric1 or
 matt] ( heat1 g5]at$ 9 !     process ( 
combu/ion1 consid]ably facilitates !    
/r5g?     ( ! p[d]1 9 consequ5ce (      
produc+ ! expansion (     ^! airs4      
,rec5tly1 "u ! pressure ( a national    
necessity1 :i* w n soon be =gott51 !    
problem ( gett+ nitre--nitrates & k9dr$ 
bodies--_h ! e>ne/ att5tion ( *emi/s4   
,s1 9 ! p]iod be=e & aft] #ahjh1 me?ods 

( =m+ nitre _h grave consid]ation4 ,=   
in/ance1 ?is "q1 n[ amus+1 0 prop\nd$-- 
,h[ mu* nitre c\ld be manufactur$ f !   
refuse animal     & vegetable matt] ( ! 
,city ( ,philadelphia 9 case (          
em]g5cy8 ,:at quantity c\ld be prep>$ by
 elixat+ or     wa%+ ! rubbi% ( old     
build+s1 ! e>? ( /ables1     cell>s1    
etc41 & ! soil ( c]ta9 tracts ( ! ,unit$
     ,/ates8  ,x is q prop] t m5tion    
%\ld h also be5 made ( ! natural nitre  
b$s1 z well z ( ! artificial b$s built  
up f sl[ exp]i5ce4 ,ref]5ce is made t 9 
,france nitre 0 won f ! lime & rubbi% ( 
old1 ru9\s build+s1 & f ! floors (      
/ables & pigeon h\ses1 :ile x is also   
record$ t dur+ ! ,am]ican ,revolution1 !
      same means1 by ! h& ( economy &   
indu/ry1 af=d$     quantities ( ?is     
article 9 c]ta9 ( ! !n ,colonies1     & 
t 9 ! ,s\!rn portions x 0 obta9$ f !    
e>!n floors ( tobacco h\ses4  ,!        
pres5tation ( ! e>lie/ me?ods ( gett+   
nitre is extremely int]e/+1 ext5d$ &    
elaborate1 giv+ ! read] a full view (   

pione] conditions & endeavor4 ,! s*eme (
 purification ( nitre = gunp[d] use is  
illum9at+ & attractive4 ,att5tion is    
direct$ to ! saltpetre rock & caves ( ! 
we/]n portion ( our c\ntry4  ,!         
prep>ation ( *>coal is discuss$4 ,!     
adaptability ( *>coal f v>i\s s\rces    
receives c>eful ?\ght 9 connection ) its
 use 9 gunp[d]2 s1 too1 ! sulphur us$ = 
?is p>ticul> purpose1 & !re is recomm5d$
 z a s\rce ( ?is +r$i5t1 ! common       
pyrites s abundant ?r\gh\t ! ,/ates4    
,among o!r topics1 ( vital int]e/ 9 ^!  
days1 discuss$ 9 ! cont9u+ articles1 is 
! manufacture ( _s f potatoes4 ,! me?od 
employ$ 9 ,g]many is pres5t$ 9 detail   
aft] :i* x is said--      ,potato _s (  
excell5t quality has be5 made 9 ?is     
city 7,philadelphia74 ,x is f\nd1 n only
 to be mu* *eap]     ?an gra9 us$       
entirely1 b to af=d bett] flav\r$       
liquor & o!r qualities :i* give x a     
decid$     pref]5ce4  ,f]m5tation1 yea/ 
& bak+ receive m5tion4 ,brew+ & !       
diff]5t k9ds ( be] are fully exam9$4 ,9 

^? days adult]ation 0 practic$1 =       
wormwood & quassia 7 f\nd z sub/itutes4 
,! prep>ation ( be] & ale = home        
consumption w\ld v likely f9d little    
favor 9 ! dry-bone _s ( ! pres5t1 mu*   
less w\ld ! ref9+ ( w9es & o!r spiritu\s
 liquors ( high alcohol cont5t meet )   
approbation4 ,h[ev]1 su* prohibitory    
que/ions z are n[ discuss$ did n vitally
 conc]n our =efa!rs1 s t x 0 mo/ prop] &
 praisewor?y to advise ! public h[1     
?r\gh ! in/rum5tality ( *emi/ry1 _m ( ! 
ne$$ articles ( life might be made 9 !  
highe/ degree ( purity4 ,9 _m homes !re 
exi/$ m9iature brew+ plants4  ,at ! o!r 
extreme1 among useful commodities1 7 !  
manufacture ( fi% glue1 common glue1    
gelat9e1 album51 magnesia alba1 etc4  ,!
 sev]al articles ?us publi%$ 9 "o ( !   
mo/ respect$ & influ5tial pap]s ( t e>ly
 day--#ahjh--;_h = _! purpose !         
education ( ! g5]al public 9 !          
application ( a sci5ce to _! use1 b !re 
0 also a desire to ar\se a deep & /eady 
int]e/ 9 sci5ce 9 g5]al1 :i* seems q    

pla9 f a quotation f t rem>kable address
 ( ,dr4 ,john ,morgan--at "o "t         
,physician-9-,*ief ( ! ,am]ican ,army4  
,! passage 0--      ,oh6 let x nev] be  
said 9 ?is ,city or 9 ?is ,prov9ce1     
s happy 9 its climate & 9 its soil1 :]e 
,comm]ce has     long fl\ri%$ & pl5ty   
smil$1 t sci5ce1 ! amiable     daught] (
 lib]ty & si/] ( opul5ce1 droops h]     
languid head1 or foll[s beh9d ) a sl[1  
unequal pace4  ,d\btless deeply mov$    
himself by ?is impassion$ appeal1 !     
au?or ( ! ,aurora pap]s exclaim$--      
,i pron\nce ) confid5ce ?is %all nev] be
 ! case4     ,e useful k9d ( le>n+ %all 
"h fix a favorite seat     & %9e =? 9   
m]$ian spl5d\r1 to accompli% :i*     may
 e he>t & e h& be unit$4  ,& !n1        
probably ov]p[]$ by an inn]1 compell+   
=ce & consci\s ( ! possibilities ( 8    
sci5ce 9 ! cause ( man & ! undevelop$   
res\rces ( our c\ntry1 quietly await+ ! 
oncom+ alt]ations to be p]=m$ by apply+ 
*emi/ry1 he cont9ues ) l _s--      ,if  
ev] !re 0 a "t to br+ ! ,arts &         

,manufactures     to p]fection 9 ?is    
,c\ntry1 x is ! pres5t2 = !     season  
is approa*+1 :51 ( necessity1 :i* is !  
"m ( inv5tion1 our int]nal res\rces1 & !
     application ( !m to our wants1 w   
advance a brilliant     & glori\s epo* 9
 ! annals ( our ,c\ntry--second to      
none b ! decl>ation ( indep5d5ce4 ,:o is
 to e/abli%     ! *a9 ( manufactures--to
 conv]t ! crude productions     (       
,nature into useful articles2 b y       
enlight5$ citiz5s1     m5 ( sci5ce &    
improvem5t1 arti/s &     manufactur]s4  
,! laboratory ( ,nature w be ?r[n op5   
to y1 & to use ! scriptural phrase1 ',ye
 %all "k     ev5 z ye are kn[n4'        
,?r\gh\t ! :ole s]ies ( ^! pap]s !re is 
manife/ t noble patriotic _s :i* %[s    
itself 9 ! la/ p>agraph4 ,!re exi/s also
 an intellig5t & unselfi% _s1 s t z "o  
f9i%es 8 read+ !re comes to m9d a qu]y z
 to ! au?or :o wrote ?us 9 #ahjh--:o 0  
?is e>ly advocate ( appli$ *emi/ry--?is 
en?usia/ 9 *emi/ry8 ,ea* article be>s at
 its conclusion ! initials ,j4,c41 :i* 9

 sev]al ( ! e>li] articles are          
errone\sly giv5 z ,i4,c4 ,!y ?r[ no     
light on our curiosity & probably no "o 
w\ld ev] h kn[n :om ,j4,c4 repres5t$ _h 
n ! man himself 9 lat] life confess$ t z
 a lad ( tw5ty ye>s he p5n$ ^! pap]s4   
,!y are exce$+ly well compos$4 ,!y %[ a 
wide1 g5]al k & also great famili>ity ) 
! sci5ce ( *emi/ry4 ,_! "y au?or 0      
,james ,cutbu%4  ,:5 ,rob]t ,h>e 0 tw5ty
 ye>s ( age he gave to ! _w "o ( ! f9e/ 
discov]ies made by a *emi/4 ,cutbu%     
pres5t$ kn[n *emical facts = ! use &    
improvem5t ( natural conditions4 ,might 
n ! "y m5 ( ^! days1 surr\nd$ by e sort 
( help1 make simil> e>ne/ & wor?:ile    
contributions8 ,!y surely c d ?is if !y 
are imbu$ ) ! _s ( ! =efa!rs--! ,am]ican
 _s 9 *emi/ry4  ,additional evid5ce (   
,cutbu%'s *emical activity at ?is e>ly  
age may be se5 9 a contribution to !    
,philadelphia ,m$ical ,museum 7#ahjh7 ^u
 m]cury fulm9ate4 ,?is int]e/+ body he  
decl>$ to be m]cury oxalate & cit$ z 8  
au?ority ,aik9's ,*emical & ,m9]alogical

 ,diction>y4 ,he believ$ t its oxalic   
acid cont5t 0 due to ! action ( nitric  
acid ^u alcohol4 ,su* be+ ! case1 he    
argu$ t he saw no reason :y ! salt c\ld 
n be prep>$ 9 a way by :i* no alcohol is
 employ$4 ,accord+ly1 he mix$ intimately
 two p>ts ( salt ( sorrel & "o "p ( r$  
precipitate4 ,^u ?is mixture he p\r$    
sixte5 p>ts ( wat]1 & rubb$ ! solid mass
 intimately toge!r4 ,9 "t ! r$-color$   
mass assum$ an a% color1 :5 x 0 collect$
 on a filt] & dri$4 ,9 8 own words--    
,on try+ a "p ( ?is p[d] on an anvil ) a
 hamm]1     x explod$ v viol5tly1 !     
comp>ison ( :i* to t     prep>$ by      
,h[>d's process 0 ne>ly equal4  ,:ile   
,cutbu% 0 9 error1 relative to ! true   
composition ( ! fulm9ate1 he at lea/    
gave to ! sci5tific _w a *>act]i/ic     
prop]ty ( m]curic oxalate1 :i* does     
explode ) consid]able viol5ce1 :ile at  
#ahj ,c4 x quickly breaks d[n ) a mild  
explosive effect4 ,s+ul>ly en\gh1 he    
seems n to h ab&on$ ! view t !          
int]action ( alcohol & nitric acid give 

rise to oxalic acid4  ,:ile do+         
exp]im5tal "w1 ,cutbu% 0 active 9 !     
dissem9ation ( sci5ce facts ?r\gh !     
m$ium ( 8 p54 ,?us x 0 9 ?is ye> 7#ahjh7
 t he publi%$ ! ,useful ,cab9et4  ,!    
surr\nd+s ( ,cutbu% 7 cong5ial4         
,woodh\se 0 at ! z5i? ( 8 c>e]4 ,john   
,r$man ,coxe figur$ l>gely 9            
,philadelphia sci5ce circles4 ,!        
delightful & widely tra9$ ,b5jam9 ,smi? 
,b>ton 0 a prime favorite ) ! y\ng] m5 (
 sci5ce2 ,adam ,seyb]t 0 lay+ !         
f\ndations ( m9]alogical *emi/ry & ,g]>d
 ,troo/ 0 soon to appe> & give          
additional ze/ & impetus to *emical     
rese>*4 ,to all ^! m5 ,cutbu% 0 kn[n &  
favorably kn[n1 judg+ f 8 own allusions 
to !m 9 8 scatt]$ writ+s4 ,( !m all he  
seems to h ent]ta9$ ! /ronge/ atta*m5t  
to ! celebrat$ ,b>ton & ! tal5t$ ,coxe1 
al?\gh he wrote ( ,dr4 ,woodh\se z an   
exp]im5t] unequall$4 ,x is /range1      
h[ev]1 t 8 ref]5ces to ,rob]t ,h>e are  
few & meagre4 ,x is n easy to und]/& :y 
?is %\ld be ! case4 ,true1 !re exi/$    

local prejudices & cliques 9 ! clos+    
decades ( ! #ah? ,c5tury & ! op5+       
decades ( ! #ai? ,c5tury4 ,!y are to be 
deplor$1 b humanity is frail & p]haps x 
is wise/ to pass !m by1 yet s _m ?+s    
c\ld be bett] und]/ood if all ! facts 7 
laid b>e4 ,frequ5t favorable m5tion 0   
made by ,cutbu% ( ,john ,r$man ,coxe1   
h5ce probably ! appe>ance ( sev]al ( 8  
contributions 9 ! pages ( !             
,philadelphia ,m$ical ,museum1 edit$ at 
?is p>ticul> "t by ,coxe4 ,= example1 9 
#ahji1 ,cutbu% publi%$ an article on !  
=mation ( e!r 9 ?is j\rnal1 & sugge/$ t 
! product ( ! int]action ( sulphuric    
acid & alcohol c\ld be be/ purifi$ by   
di/ill+ x ov] manganese or lead dioxide 
& n ov] cau/ic pota% z 0 cu/om>y4 ,he   
also dwelt on ! production ( e?yl5e 9   
?is process1 attribut+ its pres5ce to ! 
dehydrat+ action ( sulphuric acid ^u !  
alcohol4 ,mom5t>ily1 he rejoic$ ov] ?is 
obs]vation1 believ+ x 0 new1 b promptly 
subsid$ :5 he discov]$ t ,f\rcroy &     
,vauquel9 _h long be=e made ! same      

obs]vations & giv5 ! same explanation4  
,two ye>s lat] 7#ahaa71 9 ! same j\rnal1
 ,cutbu% report$ results ga!r$ f        
exp]im5ts to det]m9e ! value ( ! hop to 
brew]s4 ,he said mu* 9 reg>d to its     
ess5tial oil 9 ! prep>ation ( malt      
liquor & repeat$ e>li] p]sonal          
obs]vations ^u ! importance ( *emi/ry 9 
! brew+ op]ations--      ,an art 9 :i*1 
to ! pr9ciples ( *emi/ry1 _m            
improvem5ts h be5 made4 ,to our wor?y & 
+5i\s     c\ntryman1 ,mr4 ,h>e1 mu*     
praise is due = v>i\s     improvem5ts 9 
?is art1 :i*1 we may add1 7 9           
consequ5ce ( 8 correct pr9ciples 9      
*emi/ry &     natural philosophy4  ,"h  
is "o ( ! few ref]5ces to ,rob]t ,h>e   
made by ,cutbu%4 ,x 0 :5 ,h>e 0 devot+  
mo/ ( 8 "t & m5tal en]gies to !         
developm5t & improvem5t ( 8 fa!r's      
bus9ess4 ,he appli$ 8 sci5tific k to x1 
only 9 ! end to h x fail ?r\gh !        
conditions :i* came ^u ! c\ntry dur+ !  
p]iod ( ! ,w> ( #ahab4 ,"o _c easily    
=get ! filial devotion ( ,rob]t ,h>e to 

8 fa!r 9 ?is p>ticul> bus9ess4 ,gladly  
w\ld he h pursu$ pure sci5ce1 b he knew 
8 duty & assum$ x1 al?\gh unable to     
devote mu* "t to sci5ce until #ahah4 ,b 
t /ory has be5 told4 ,ano!r appreciation
 f ,cutbu% :i* appe>s ye>s lat] reads z 
foll[s3      ,! deflagrator ( ,pr(essor 
,h>e ( ,philadelphia is an     app>atus 
well calculat$ = _m int]e/+ exp]im5ts   
on galvanism4 ,to t g5tleman we are     
indebt$ = !     comp\nd bl[pipe1 :i*    
produces a v int5se heat by !           
combu/ion ( hydrog5 9 contact ) oxyg5   
gas4     ,not)/&+ ,pr(essor ,cl>k (     
,engl& has laid claim to     ! app>atus1
 & ! use ( hydrog5 gas 9 ?is way1 !     
m]it ( ! discov]y is due to our le>n$ & 
+5i\s     c\ntryman4  ,! next few ye>s 9
 ! life ( ,cutbu% 7 mo/ int]e/+4 ,he    
enjoy$ m+l+ ) 8 fell[s1 & x is record$ t
 9 #ahaj he became a memb] ( ,lodge ,no4
 #b1 ,free & ,accept$ ,masons1 compris+ 
9 its memb]%ip ,g5]al ,pet] ,muhl5b]g & 
_m o!r di/+ui%$ ,philadelphians 9 v>i\s 
walks ( life4 ,^u !m he made an exce$+ly

 favorable impression1 because 9 ,june (
 #ahaa1 ,cutbu% 0 made presid+ (fic] ( 8
 ,lodge & frequ5tly !reaft] he 0 invit$ 
to address 8 bre?r5 ^u "s ( ! topics ( !
 mom5t4 ,x is q c]ta9 t he also avail$  
himself 9 8 dignifi$ position to        
inculcate a k ( sci5ce1 & 8 favorite    
sci5ce *emi/ry 9 p>ticul>1 = on ! pages 
( ! ,freemason's ,magaz9e = #ahaa may be
 se5 ,subjects & ,importance (          
,*emi/ry--an article = laym5 9 :i* is   
pla9ly set =? h[ ! sci5ce ent]s e walk (
 life4 ,9 _m respects x recalls !       
introductory *apt] ( ,p>ke's ,*emical   
,cate*ism1 = x advises h[ *emi/ry       
removes ! veil f ! fabric ( ,nature1 &  
makes u     acqua9t$ ) all ! ph5om5a :i*
 happ5 ar\nd u4  ,! (f]+s ( ,cutbu% 7   
fitt+ & mo/ timely4 ,!y ar\s$ ! int]e/ (
 8 audi5ce & induc$ _m to ent] ^u       
sci5tific pursuits4 ,at "o place he     
enl>g$ ^u ! wond]ful m$ic9al prop]ties (
 a *alybeate wat] ne> ,cole/[n1 ,n4 ,j41
 giv+ its analysis & ! heal?ful effect x
 seem$ to produce on ^? :o us$ x4       

,aga91 9 ! ,decemb] issue ( !           
,freemason's ,magaz9e 7#ahha71 he       
pres5t$ a mo/ int]e/+1 readable &       
succ9ct hi/orical sket* ( our sci5ce :i*
 concludes z foll[s3      ,?us *emi/ry  
is become an entirely new sci5ce4 ,x is 
no     long] conf9$ to ! laboratory ( ! 
arts3 x has     ext5d$ its flights to ! 
sublime/ heights ( philosophy1     &    
pursues pa?s =m]ly reg>d$ z imp5etrable 
my/]ies4 ,plac$ =ev] 9 ! elevat$ rank x 
n[ holds1     ri* ) all its new         
conque/s1 x is become ! sci5ce     mo/  
adapt$ to ! sublime speculations (      
philosophy1 !     mo/ useful 9 advanc+  
all ! op]ations ( ! arts1 &     ! mo/   
rational = sci5tific amusem5t4 ,exact 9 
its     process1 sure 9 its results1    
v>i$ 9 its op]ations1     )\t limits 9  
its applications & its views1 sev]e &   
geometrical 9 its reason+1 !re is       
sc>cely any human     occupation :i* x  
does n enlight51 & ^u !     p]fection ( 
:i* x may n h great influ5ce4 ,x        
be/[s great enjoym5t to e class (       

individuals3 &     :o w\ld n be ambiti\s
 ( becom+ acqua9t$ ) a     sci5ce :i*   
enlight5s almo/ e species ( human     k8
  ,imag9e = a mom5t ! effect ( su* an   
en?usia/ic proclamation ( ! p[]s (      
*emi/ry on ! read]s ( ! ,magaz9e6 ,x    
w\ld be & no d\bt 0 contagi\s1 ) !      
consequ5ce t our sci5ce 0 call$ ^u to   
aid infant indu/ries4 ,cutbu% 0         
f>-vision$ & dream$ ( ! developm5t ( our
 ,c\ntry's national res\rces4 ,he _h !  
_s ( ,woodh\se1 ,seyb]t & o!rs1 :o1 too1
 7 actuat$ = our ,c\ntry's welf>e1 = its
 developm5t physically & spiritually1 & 
h[ bett] c\ld ?is be accompli%$ ?an     
?r\gh ! m$ium ( sci5ce1 & 9 l>ge measure
 by *emical sci5ce8  ,9 8 hi/orical     
resume ,cutbu% m5tions "s      ( !      
philosoph]s :o h 444 cultivat$ & enri*$ 
!     new !ory ( *emi/ry ) discov]ies   
:i* w =ev]     give immortality to _!   
names1 we h to notice ,aik91            
,bab+ton1 ,bancr(t1 ,b$does1 ,blagdon1  
,cav5di%1 ,*5evix1     ,cri*ton1        
,cruick%ank1 ,davy1 ,"l ,dundonald1 ,"l 

,dundas1     ,=dyce1 ,g>nett1 ,hat*ett1 
,h5ry1 ,higg9s1 ,hope1 ,h[>d1           
,kirvan1 ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 ,murray1     
,ni*olson1 ,pe>son1     ,t5nant1        
,tillo*1 ,?ompson1 ,w$gwood1 &          
,wolla/on2 &     ,a*>d1 ,crell1 ,gilb]t1
 ,gr51 ,goetl+1 ,humboldt1 ,h]mb/adt1   
,klapro?1 ,l[itz1 ,ri*t]1 ,s*]]1        
,tromsdorff1 ,we/rumb1     ,wiegleb1    
,b]?olet1 ,*aptal1 ,f\rcroy1 ,lagrange1 
,guiton1 ,van     ,mons1 ,pr\/1 ,sequ91 
,vauquel91 etc41 etc4  ,to ! mod]n *emi/
 ^! names probably repres5t little4     
,p]haps a few s\nd famili>1 b ! majority
 are unkn[n to him4 ,= in/ance1 :o w\ld 
be apt to say mu* ab\t ! ,bi%op (       
,ll&aff1 :o wrote to ,h5ry1 au?or ( "o (
 ! e>lie/ & mo/ delightful texts3       
,,cambridge1 ,oct4 #bh1 #aghg4          
,sir--      ,all[ me to return y my     
?anks ( ! oblig+ mann] 9     :i* y      
convey$ to me ! k9d notice1 :i* !       
,lit]>y     & ,philosophical ,society 7 
pleas$ to take ( my essay2     & to     
assure y at ! same "t t x w give me     

great     pleasure to be acqua9t$ ) a   
g5tleman :o is s     em95tly di/+ui%$ = 
8 skill 9 *emi/ry1 z y     h %ewn       
y\rself to be4 ,i h be5 told by good    
au?ority1 ( an odd fact relative to     
calc9$ m]cury1 !     fact is ?is3 ,a    
bottle :i* conta9$ "s calc9$ m]cury     
:i* _h be5 pur*as$ 9 ,london 0 left /&+ 
)\t     its cork = ne> ?irty ye>s )\t   
be+ look$ at4 ,:5     x 0 exam9$1 !     
great] "p ( x 0 revivifi$4      ,i h !  
hon\r to be1 ,sir1               ,yr    
oblig$ s]vt                       ,,bp4 
,,ll&aff4  ,& ?is celebrat$ ,bi%op 0 no 
less a p]sonage ?an ,dr4 ,watson1 ^:    
,*emical ,essays are mo/ *>m+1          
in/ructive read+ at ! pres5t mom5t4     
,/ud5ts ( ! hi/ory ( our sci5ce w f9d !m
 to be s4  ,b all ^! e>ly               
*emi/s--anci5t1 if y please--are gone4  
,!y cultivat$ *emi/ry ) pleasure &      
ardor4 ,"s left visible impr9ts1 :ile   
sc>ce a ve/ige rema9s ( o!rs4 ,_! lab\rs
 h made our pa? easi]4 ,a c5tury h5ce1  
_m hon\r$ to-day & respect$ = _!        

a*ievem5ts1 w receive scant             
consid]ation1 ?\gh ! "w ( ! pres5t looms
 up l>ge 9 our judgm5t4  ,! f\nd+ ( !   
,columbian ,*emical ,society 9 #ahaa 0  
an ev5t 9 ! *emical circles (           
,philadelphia4 ,! old ,*emical ,society 
( ,philadelphia w5t out ( exi/5ce 9     
#ahji1 ) ! dea? ( ,woodh\se4 ,! new     
organization 0 f\nd$ by a numb] ( p]sons
 desir\s ( cultivat+ *emical sci5ce4 ,x 
compris$ _m "y m5 zeal\s 9 rese>*4 ,!   
names ( em95t =eign]s & di/+ui%$        
,am]icans are ^u its rolls4 ,its meet+s 
7 mon?ly4 ,ea* ye>1 at ! fall op5+1 an  
oration on "s *emical subject 0 deliv]$4
 ,e mon? "s memb] 0 appo9t$ to read an  
orig9al *emical essay4 ,x 0 record$ t   
any p]son desir\s ( memb]%ip 444 previ\s
 to 8     election 444 %all read an     
orig9al essay on "s *emical     subject 
on :i* any memb] may speak n m ?an t5   
m9utes4  ,?is feature 0 held to be      
important2 at lea/ ! daily pap]s made   
note ( x1 z is evid5t f ! subjo9$       
exc]pt3      ,! foll[+ g5tlem5 h be5    

elect$ ,junior memb]s (     ! ,columbian
 ,*emical ,society1 dur+ ! la/ ye>1 aft]
     hav+ read orig9al diss]tations1 !  
subjects ( :i* are     atta*$ to _!     
respective names3      ,mr4 ,t4 ,w4     
,rob]tson1 ',objections to ! ,exi/5ce ( 
a     ,pr9ciple ( ,repulsion4'      ,mr4
 ,francis ,brogn>d1 ',on ,*emical       
,aff9ity4'      ,mr4 ,lewis ,g]h>dt1    
',on ,light4'      ,mr4 ,dudley         
,burwell1 ',on ! ,*emical ,prop]ties &  
,m$ical     ,uses ( ,ars5ic4'      ,mr4 
,j]emiah ,j4 ,fo/]1 ',on ! ,hi/ory1     
,nature &     ,prop]ties ( ,oxyg5 ,gas4'
      ,mr4 ,j4 ,c4 ,fo/]1 ',objections  
to ! ,antiphlogi/ic ,!ory     (         
,combu/ion4'      ,mr4 ,*>les           
,gignilliat1 ',on ,hydrog5 ,gas4'       
,mr4 ,john ,b5t1 ',on ,oxyg5 ,gas4'  ,! 
mon?ly meet+s 7 ann\nc$ 9 ! city pap]s4 
,! ann\ncem5ts appe>$ at int]vals ?r\gh 
a p]iod ( ye>s1 h5ce x may be assum$ !  
,society 0 an active organization & t   
its memb]s reg>d$ x z ( consequ5ce4 ,!  
p]sonnel ( its (ficial family is n      

devoid ( int]e/ at pres5t4 ,a s+le      
volume ( memoirs1 pr9t$ 9 #ahac1 is /ill
 extant & may occasionally be se52 f x w
 be le>n$ t ! ,hon4 ,?omas ,jeff]son1   
,esq41 0 ! ,patron ( ! ,society & its   
,presid5t 0 ,james ,cutbu%1 ,esq41      
,pr(essor ( ,natural ,philosophy1       
,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy 9 ,/4 ,john's      
,college4  ,turn+ to ! table ( cont5ts  
two contributions f ! ,presid5t are     
obs]v$4 ,! fir/ relates to ! ,progno/ic 
,signs ( ! ,wea!r & ! second is ,on !   
,oxyacetite ( ,iron z a ,te/ or ,reag5t 
= ! ,discov]y ( ,ars5ic4 ,!re is little 
*emi/ry 9 ! fir/ contribution1 & !      
second possesses value *iefly 9 !       
qualitative way4 ,!y 7 evid5tly da%$ (f 
) ! idea ( ar\s+ discussion1 9 ! hope t 
s]i\s ef=ts might be set 9 op]ation 9   
c]ta9 directions4  ,! ?\ght :i* intrudes
 itself 9 look+ ?r\gh ! ,memoirs1 not+ !
 "* ( ! individuals 9 ! memb]%ip1 & ^u  
recall+ ! *emical activities ( ,cutbu%1 
is z to ! man himself4 ,:y %\ld he1     
b>ely tw5ty-?ree ye>s ( age1 be *os5 to 

su* an important & prom95t /ation z t ( 
,presid5t ( ! ,columbian ,*emical       
,society8 ,:at mann] ( man 0 he8 ,:at 8 
qualifications1 8 fitness & 8 position 9
 ! sci5ce _w ( ,philadelphia8 ,a se>*   
?r\gh anci5t volumes 9 _m libr>ies fail$
 to br+ to light any facts be>+ on ^!   
po9ts4 ,! only fact discov]$ t _h any   
value came f a newspap] adv]tisem5t be>+
 ! date ,octob]1 #ahai4 ,x read3        
,blea*+ ,liquor1 ,artificial ,musk1     
,phosphate ( ,m]cury     & o!r *emical  
,prep>ations1 prep>$ & sold by  ,,james 
,,cutbu% ,*emi/ & ,apo!c>y ,no4 #be ,s\?
 ,f\r? ,/reet1 ,phila4      :]e complete
 collections ( *emical reag5ts are kept 
z     usual4  ,"h is a h9t z to !       
occupation ( ,cutbu%4 ,he 0 a           
*emi/--presumably a manufactur+ *emi/1  
supply+ ! necess>y reag5ts to p]sons    
desir+ !m = _! *emical /udies2 & fur!r  
he 0 a ph>maci/ s]v+ ! v>i\s requirem5ts
 ( ! m$ical m5 ( ! ,city4  ,?or\gh se>* 
?r\gh newspap] files disclos$ t f ! ye> 
#ahaa & p]haps two ye>s e>li]1 & ext5d+ 

up to ! ye> #ahac--v>i\s ann\ncem5ts 7  
made by ,cutbu% z to lectures ( a public
 nature4 ,^! help u realize ! "* ( !    
individual & 8 "w4 ,= example--         
,dr4 ,cutbu%'s c\rse ( ,ev5+ ,lectures  
on ,*emi/ry w     comm5ce e>ly 9 !      
second week 9 ,novemb]1 at !            
,laboratory 9 ,videl's ,c\rt1 9 ,second1
 ne> ! ,corn] (     ,*e/nut ,/4  &      
sev]al mon?s lat] ! foll[+ notice 0     
f\nd--      ,,lectures     on           
,,!oretical ,,& ,,practical ,,ph>macy   
,! subscrib]1 at ! solicitation ( sev]al
 m$ical     g5tlem51 proposes to give a 
s]ies ( ,lectures on !     ,!ory &      
,practice ( ,ph>macy1 accompani$ ) !    
necess>y *emical elucidations4          
,tickets may be _h at #be ,s\? ,f\r? ,/4
      ,price #bj doll>s4                
,,james ,,cutbu%4  ,?is 0 9 ! ye> #ahab4
 ,e>ly 9 #ahac1 a ye> aft] ! prec$+     
ann\ncem5t1 !re appe>$--      ,j4       
,cutbu% has ! pleasure to ann\nce to !  
ladies &     g5tlem5 compos+ 8 class t !
 lectures on ,*emi/ry1     z well z ^?  

:i* are to foll[ on ,m9]alogy &         
,natural ,philosophy1 w be giv5 9 ,/4   
,john's ,lyceum 9 a     build+ lately   
erect$ at ! ,corn] ( ,*e/] & ,race1     
betwe5 ,eigh? & ,n9? ,/s4      ,n4,b4 ,!
 next lecture w be deliv]$ ?is ev5+     
7,saturday7 :51 at ! reque/ ( sev]al    
ladies1 !     nitr\s oxide or !         
exhil>at+ gas w be exhibit$4  ,^!       
ann\ncem5ts exhibit a phase 9 !         
developm5t ( *emical sci5ce :i* is wor?y
 ( pause & reflection4 ,sci5ce subjects 
_h tak5 hold ( _m p]sons 9 ! e>ly ye>s (
 ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury4 ,"s ( !m became    
ard5t en?usia/s & mission]s 9 ! ext5sion
 ( ^? subjects4 ,z e>ly z #ahjh ,m4     
,godon gave lectures on ,m9]alogy1 & 9  
#ahaj ann\nc$ a "w ( two volumes ) a    
qu>to supplem5t ( *>ts4 ,! sci5ce (     
*emi/ry also _h its advocates4 ,cutbu% 0
 evid5tly "o ( !m1 al?\gh n ! fir/4 ,?is
 honor belongs to ,dr4 ,patrick ,k]r    
,rog]s1 fa!r ( ,william ,b4 ,rog]s1     
f\nd] & fir/ presid5t ( ,massa*usetts   
,in/itute ( ,te*nology & ,presid5t ( !  

,national ,academy ( ,sci5ce1 ( ,dr4    
,h5ry ,d4 ,rog]s1 ! em95t geologi/1 & ( 
,james ,b4 & ,rob]t ,e4--bo? di/+ui%$ 9 
! *emical field4  ,x 0 9 #ahjb t        
,patrick ,k4 ,rog]s receiv$ 8 m$ical    
degree & emb>k$ ^u practice4 ,hav+ sp>e 
"t1 he began public lectures on !       
sci5ces1 conf9+ himself f #ahjg to      
*emi/ry4 ,he 0 v successful4 ,"o ( 8    
adv]tisem5ts z x appe>$ 9 ! ,aurora1 9  
#ahji1 read3      ,,ev5+ ,,lectures     
,,m$ical ,,& ,,*emical     ,= ,g5tlem5  
,,dr4 ,p4 ,k4 ,,rog]s      ,hav+ comm5c$
 a c\rse ( exp]im5tal lectures on       
,*emi/ry to ladies1 proposes to give a  
simil> c\rse to     g5tlem5 at a diff]5t
 h\r4 ,twelve o'clock is ! h\r     fix$ 
= ! =m]1 b z ! g5tlem5 ( ! city are     
v>i\sly engag$ 9 bus9ess dur+ ! day1 an 
ev5+ h\r     w be m conv5i5t = !m4 ,!   
ev5+ c\rse is     p>ticul>ly int5d$ to  
accommodate m5 :o h a ta/e =            
sci5tific in=mation & :o _c1 on acc\nt (
 _!     respective engagem5ts dur+ !    
day1 att5d ! lectures     9 !           

,univ]sity4      ,a c\rse = g5tlem5 w   
comm5ce on ,tuesday & w     t]m9ate 9 ! 
la/ week ( ,febru>y4 ,! h\r w be        
sev5 o'clock 9 ! ev5+4 ,two lectures at 
lea/1     sometimes ?ree1 w be deliv]$ e
 week4 ,ab\t #aejj     int]e/+ exp]im5ts
 w be exhibit$ & submitt$ to     !      
famili> inspection ( ! class4 ,sev]al   
important     exp]im5ts n hi!rto        
introduc$ 9 any s]ies ( *emical         
demon/rations 9 ?is place w be display$ 
9 !     illu/rations ( diff]5t subjects4
      ,! laboratory is 9 ! lectur]'s    
h\se 9 ,s\? ,n9?     ,/reet1 opposite ! 
,univ]sity & is furni%$ ) an            
excell5t *emical app>atus4      ,!      
tickets = ?is c\rse w be t5 doll>s4 ,!  
p]sons     to take tickets w be entitl$ 
to ! use ( !     lectur]'s excell5t     
m$ical & *emical libr>y dur+ !          
season4      ,p]sons wi%+ to att5d ?is  
c\rse w please call at     ! lectur]'s  
home at any "t be=e next ,tuesday 9 ord]
     to ent] ! names on ! li/4          
,ladies are in=m$ t ! li/ ( subscrib]s  

to _!     c\rse w n be clos$ until next 
,monday at twelve o'clock     at ! h\r !
 next lecture1 prop]ly ! fir/ ( !       
regul> s]ies1 w be deliv]$4 ,g5tlem5 are
 n admitt$     to ^! lectures4  ,9 #ahaj
 ,dr4 ,rog]s gave out a ,syllabus ( #ab 
octavo pages ,on ,exp]im5tal ,lectures  
on ,natural ,philosophy & ,*emi/ry1 9   
:i* great emphasis 0 laid on ! practical
 application ( ^! sci5ces4 ,x also /at$ 
t x is ev5 e/eem$1 9 "s measure1 a cause
 ( %ame1 = p]sons ( respectable         
education1 to be ignorant ( _! g5]al    
pr9ciples4 ,9 "o newspap] ann\ncem5t    
,rog]s said t 9 ord] to get suffici5t   
space = 8 audi5ce he _h procur$ ! use ( 
! elegant & spaci\s ball room ( ,m4     
,guill\4 ,9 ?is special "w he 0 repeat+ 
! labors ( ,sir ,humphrey ,davy 9       
,london4 ,9 reality1 ,rog]s & 8         
contempor>ies & coadjutors 7 pione]     
,univ]sity ,ext5sion ,lectur]s4 ,!y     
s\ght to popul>ize ! natural & physical 
sci5ces & also broad5 ! vision or       
outlook ( _! he>]s4 ,9 ! case ( ,cutbu% 

!re 0 a /rong desire to utilize *emi/ry 
9 manufacture4 ,?is he emphasiz$ m      
/rongly ?an any o!r lectur]4  ,ano!r    
p>ticipant 9 ! sci5ce propag&a 0 ,dr4   
,?omas ,p4 ,jones1 :o devot$ himself to 
,*emi/ry4 ,! foll[+ notice ( 8 lecture  
c\rse is n devoid ( int]e/3      ,on    
,saturday1 ! #ac? in/41 at sev5 o'clock 
9 !     ev5+1 at ,dr4 ,jones' ,*emical  
,lecture ,room1 ,s4,w4 ,corn] (         
,f\r? & ,*e/nut ,/reets1 a lecture w be 
deliv]$ on     ! prop]ties ( nitr\s     
oxide1 or ! exhil>at+ gas1              
accompani$ ) a numb] ( exp]im5ts4 ,a    
l>ge quantity     w be prep>$ to exhibit
 its effects :5 inhal$4      ,tickets at
 fifty c5ts ea* may be _h at ,a4        
,f9ley's     ,book/ore1 ,s4,e4 ,cor4 (  
,*e/nut & ,f\r? ,/reets1 or at     !    
lecture room on ! /at$ ev5+4  ,on p]us+ 
e>ly *emical texts & adv]tisem5ts1 su* z
 ^? j giv51 att5tion is po9t$ly call$ to
 nitr\s oxide1 especially to its        
exhil>at+ prop]ties1 = !n x 0 laugh+    
gas6 ,"o ,philip ,h4 ,nickl9 publi%$ a  

bro*ure entitl$      ,,! ,,only ,,g5teel
 ,,way ,,( ,,gett+ ,,drunk      ,a "*   
repres5tation ( ! effects produc$ by    
inhal+ nitr\s oxide gas4 ,! accuracy (  
:i* no man     brea?+ c d5y4 ,price #be 
cts4  ,to-day1 nitr\s oxide means a     
b5ign an/hetic1 s helpful & m]ciful :5  
"o is br\ght "u ! knife ( ! skillful    
surgeon4  ,! honor accord$ ,cutbu% by 8 
election to ! ,presid5cy ( ! ,columbian 
,*emical ,society 0 m]it$4 ,he 0 n only 
an active1 intellig5t *emi/1 devot$ to !
 advancem5t ( 8 sci5ce 9 all directions1
 b he seems to h be5 an ard5t en?usia/ 9
 ! cause ( education1 = on ! #g? (      
,novemb]1 #ahaa1 he deliv]$ an ,oration 
on ,education be=e ! ,society = !       
,promotion ( a ,rational ,sy/em (       
,education4 ,8 audi5ce 0 l>ge & consi/$ 
( ! v be/ p ( ! city4 ,! pr9t$ oration  
%[s t 9 addition to 8 *emical k he 0    
v]s$ 9 ! humanities1 9 ma!matics1 9     
philosophy & anci5t hi/ory4 ,to-day !   
intellig5t read] w\ld pron\nce ! oration
 s*ol>ly 9 e p>ticul>4 ,8 *ief purpose  

seems to h be5 to introduce into :at 0  
!n ! cu/om>y curriculum 9 s*ools a      
def9ite am\nt ( sci5ce--natural &       
physical4 ,?is is m>k$ 9 ! title ( !    
organization be=e :i* he appe>$ on !    
occasion ref]r$ to1 9 ,old ,/4 ,john's  
,*ur*4 ,! :ole community 0 int]e/$ 9    
education4 ,a society ( educators _h    
exi/$ = a numb] ( ye>s4 ,neef _h = a    
long "t be5 advocat+ a sy/em :i* 0 9    
reality a modification ( ! ,pe/allozian 
,sy/em1 & m5 9 e walk ( life 7 s]i\sly  
consid]+ ! innovations & advancem5ts 9  
?is all-important subject4  ,little c be
 f\nd 9 reg>d to ! ,society = !         
,promotion ( a ,rational ,sy/em (       
,education1 b x may be inf]r$ t !       
society _h bran*es ?r\gh\t ! city &     
p]haps f> beyond1 because else:]e       
,cutbu% spoke ( ! society z "u !        
,presid5cy ( ,john ,goodman1 ,esq41 & t 
its purpose 0 to br+ ab\t a re=mation 9 
education4 ,fur!r1 ,goodman 0 a prom95t 
layman 9 ! ,*ur* ( ,old ,/4 ,john1 :o ) 
8 associates1 ,messrs4 ,gre9] &         

,braeutigam1 fell[ *ur*m51 deeply       
impress$ ) ! new ?\ght1 seem to h       
e/abli%$ a s*ool =m$ out ( ! ,lu!ran    
congregation ( ! ,*ur* ( ,/4 ,john 444  
in/itut$ sev]al pr(essor%ips 444 "o (   
:i*1 t ( ,*emi/ry1 ,m9]alogy & ,natural 
,philosophy 0 conf]r$ ^u ,cutbu%1 :o    
proce$$ to deliv] c\rses on ^! subjects4
  ,desir\s ( le>n+ some?+ 9 reg>d to ,/4
 ,john's ,college1 ! au?orities ( ,/4   
,john's ,lu!ran ,*ur* 7 consult$4 ,x mu/
 be rememb]$ t ?is is ! olde/           
,engli%-speak+ ,lu!ran ,*ur* 9 ,am]ica4 
,x 0 f\nd$ by ,g5]al ,pet] ,gabriel     
,muhl5b]g1 & a unique di/9ction ( ?is   
*ur* is t 9 a p]iod ( #aac ye>s x has _h
 b ?ree pa/ors4 ,no?+ 9 ! m9utes ( !    
*ur* %[$ t a movem5t t[>d ! e/abli%m5t (
 a college _h ev] be5 made4 ,moreov]1   
se>* 9 ! ar*ives ( ! ,/ate ,dep>tm5t    
fail$ to br+ to light ! grant+ ( a *>t] 
= an in/itution be>+ ! "n ( ,/4 ,john's 
,college1 al?\gh 9 an old directory (   
,philadelphia1 ref]5ce is made to ,/4   
,john's ,college1 & to ! fact t ,cutbu% 

0 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry1 ,m9]alogy &     
,natural ,philosophy 9 x4 ,! same s\rce 
( in=mation decl>$ t ! lectures 7 held  
back ( ,/4 ,john's ,*ur* 9 ,race ,/reet4
 ,x may be que/ion$ :e!r ,messrs4       
,goodman1 ,gre9] & ,braeutigam1 :o 7 !  
lead]s ( ! congregation 9 ! e>ly ye>s ( 
#ahjj1 & en?usia/s 9 reg>d to !         
re=mation 9 education1 did n1 p]haps1   
c>ry out _! ?\ght )\t consult+ ! re/ (  
_! *ur* associates4 ,9 ! hi/ory ( ! *ur*
 !re is a s+ul> ref]5ce to ! pur*ase (  
h\ses & lots :i* 7 kn[n z ! f\rte5      
*imneys & ! /atem5t is made t ! object (
 ! pur*ase is n giv54 ,^! f\rte5 *imneys
 may h be5 ! build+s back ( ,/4 ,john's 
,*ur* on ,race ,/reet4  ,b5jam9 ,smi?   
,b>ton 0 ano!r pr(essor 9 ,/4 ,john's   
,college1 :o devot$ himself to ,natural 
,hi/ory & ,botany4 ,mr4 ,gre9]1 :o 0    
associat$ ) ,messrs4 ,goodman &         
,braeutigam also taught 9 ! in/itution1 
& ! head ( ! college or s*ool 0 a ,mr4  
,ba*man1 :o lat] became a ,lu!ran       
cl]gyman & naturali/ ( high repute 9    

,s\? ,c>ol9a4  ,x is int]e/+ at ?is     
f>-away day to note ! purposes ( !      
,society = ! promotion ( education z set
 =? 9 its con/itution4 ,among o!r ?+s1 x
 is said ! education ( y\? 9 useful k   
ought to be a prim>y object ) p>5ts &   
fri5ds1 t m especially ought e endeav\r 
to be made 9 a religi\s community to lay
 a sure & solid f\ndation = e moral &   
social virtue4 ,impress$ ) a conviction 
( ?is important tru?1 a numb] ( ! memb]s
 ( ,/4 ,john's congregation1 will+ to   
give e aid )9 _! p[] t[>d ! e/abli%m5t &
 support ( a ,rational ,sy/em (         
,education1 h =m$ !mselves into a       
,society = t purpose4  ,! copy (        
,oration on ,education1 pr9t$ by        
,cutbu%1 :i* x 0 ! privilege ( ! writ]  
to p]use1 0 ! copy h&$ by ,cutbu% ,to   
,dr4 ,seyb]t ) ! complim5ts ( ! au?or4  
,9 spite ( age1 ^! words are v cle> &   
legible1 & if ! only relic by :i* to    
judge ( ! "* ( ,cutbu%1 w\ld indicate   
him to be a man ( intellig5ce4  ,!re 7  
_m o!r societies extant at ?is p]iod &  

?r\gh subsequ5t ye>s :i* _h = _! object 
! promotion ( sci5tific education4      
,among ^! 0 ! ,l9nean ,society1 ( :i*   
,james ,cutbu% 0 ,vice-,presid5t4       
,cutbu% _h ! honor ( be+ "o ( ! few ( ! 
orig9al ,society ( ,philadelphia = !    
,promotion ( ,national ,indu/ry1 ^:     
essays excit$ ! att5tion ( ! citiz5s ( !
 ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,samuel ,jackson1       
,m4,d41 ,pr(essor 9 ! ,college (        
,apo!c>ies1 0 "o ( ! mo/ active memb]s4 
,amid/ all ! activities ( ,cutbu% z a   
manufactur+ *emi/1 z a tea*] ( ! sci5ce1
 z a promot] ( educational re=ms1 z a   
memb] ( _m organizations1 he 0 v busy 9 
a lit]>y direction4 ,= example1 9 #ahab 
he publi%$ a bro*ure on ,hydro/atics1 9 
:i* 7 describ$ v>i\s hydromet]s & _!    
application4 ,num]\s tables appe> 9 x z 
well z _m int]e/+ & s]viceable problems4
 ,x 0 design$ = & 0 helpful to artisans 
& to beg9n]s 9 ! sci5ce ( physics &     
*emi/ry4 ,x is appropriately d$icat$ to 
! ,columbian ,*emical ,society4  ,9 !   
ye> #ahac1 ,cutbu% plac$ be=e ! public 8

 ,philosophy ( ,exp]im5tal ,*emi/ry 9   
two volumes4 ,x 0 d$icat$ to !          
,pr(essors & ,/ud5ts ( ! ,univ]sity (   
,p5nsylvania & to ! ,tru/ees ( ,/4      
,john's ,college4 ,"o _c fail to wond]  
:y ,cutbu% %\ld h s hon\r$ ! ,univ]sity 
:5 !re is no record any:]e t he ev]     
pursu$ /udies "u ! gis ( ! ,univ]sity4  
,inde$1 x w probably rema9 a qu]y z to  
:]e he 0 educat$4 ,he is (t5 spok5 ( z  
,doctor ,cutbu% & 9 at lea/ two in/ances
 ! title ,m4,d4 is plac$ aft] 8 "n1 yet 
x is a fact t 9 no place :]e he         
p]sonally 0 responsible = ! pr9t+ ( 8 "n
 is !re any title affix$ to x4 ,e s\rce 
( in=mation f :i* x 0 hop$ to asc]ta9   
:]e ,cutbu% might h obta9$ ! ,doctorate 
9 ! fir/ decade ( ! #ai? ,c5tury fail$  
to produce ! fact4 ,libr>ies 7 se>*$ &  
volumes t ord9>ily convey su* in=mation 
7 /udi$ )\t positive result4  ,! little 
contribution on ! ,philosophy ( ,*emi/ry
 0 favorably kn[n1 = ,silliman1 9 8     
ref]5ce to ,gorham's ,*emi/ry z ! fir/  
book ^u ?is subject by a native         

,am]ican1 cr$its ,cutbu% ) hav+ writt5 a
 simil> "w1 b speaks ( ! ef=t ( ,cutbu% 
z m elem5t>y & n z exhau/ive z t (      
,gorham4 ,! introduction 9 ! fir/ volume
 ( ,cutbu%'s "w w always be int]e/+ to  
,am]ican /ud5ts ( ! sci5ce4 ,= example1 
?is quotation3      ,sev]al orig9al     
works h1 accord+ly1 appe>$1 & "s        
editions ( ,european treatises h be5    
publi%$ )     revisions1 corrections &  
additions by our c\ntrym54 ,!           
,*emical & ,economical ,essays (        
,p5n+ton1 ! edition (     ,*aptal enl>g$
 by ! late ,james ,woodh\se 444 t (     
,h5ry's ,*emi/ry by ,pr(essor ,silliman 
( ,yale ,college1 )     "s o!rs1 ev9ce n
 only ! le>n+ & tal5ts ( our            
c\ntrym51 b a gr[+ ta/e = ! enc\ragem5t 
(     le>n+ & ! acquisition ( *emical k4
 ,besides     ^!1 9 ! ,transactions (   
our ,societies & 9 !     j\rnals1 or    
p]iodical works1 sev]al valuable pap]s h
     appe>$4 ,! g5ius ( ! m$ical /ud5ts 
( !     ,univ]sity ( ,p5nsylvania1 9    
p>ticul>1 has be5 %[n 9     a numb] (   

excell5t inaugural diss]tations1 "s (   
:i*     h add$ to ! improvem5t ( *emical
 sci5ce4      ,! fir/ tea*] ( *emi/ry 0 
,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,ru% 444 :o     may ju/ly  
be /yl$ ! fa!r ( *emi/ry 9 ,am]ica4 ,he 
comm5c$ a c\rse ( lectures on ?is sci5ce
 9 ! !n     ,college ( ,philadelphia2 & 
al?\gh *emi/ry at t day     7#agfh7 may 
be said to h be5 9 its infancy1 yet !   
,doctor did hon\r to ! *air1 ! s*ool1 & 
8 c\ntry4     ,we n[ speak ( him only z 
a *emi/4444 ,! advancem5t (     *emi/ry 
9 our city 444 is also indebt$ to o!r   
in/itutions4 ,! ,am]ican ,philosophical 
,society1 ! ,college     ( ,physicians1 
in/itut$ 9 #aghg1 ! ,m$ical ,society1   
=m$ 9 #agga2 ! ,*emical ,society "u !   
patronage (     ,doctors ,woodh\se &    
,seyb]t1 :i* has s9ce be5     dissolv$2 
! ,l9nean ,society1 in/itut$ "u !       
presid5cy ( ! le>n$ ,dr4 ,b5jam9 ,smi?  
,b>ton2 !     ,columbian ,*emical       
,society1 f\nd$ 9 #ahaa2 ! ,academy (   
,natural ,sci5ce--all %[ ! zeal = useful
 k &     philosophical inquiry4444 ,= ! 

introduction ( popul>     *emi/ry1 !    
citiz5s ( ,philadelphia are also indebt$
 to     ,doctors ,rog]s & ,jones1 & to  
,b5jam9 ,tuck]1 :o h     taught ,*emi/ry
 ) mu* zeal & tal5ts4  ,_m attractions  
are f\nd 9 ! ,philosophy ( ,exp]im5tal  
,*emi/ry4 ,! fir/ discussion is t on    
,*emical ,aff9ity4 ,two exp]im5ts are   
introduc$4 ,9 ! fir/ x is /at$      ,if 
equal p>ts1 by weight1 ( sulphur &      
m]cury be     introduc$ into a crucible1
 & 9 ?is situation expos$ to     a      
suffici5t heat2 a comp\nd w be =m$1     
call$     sulphuret ( m]cury4  ,9 !     
second exp]im5t ! /ud5t is advis$ to    
,mix toge!r sulphur & pota%1 & ?r[ !m   
into wat]2     ! sulphur w sep>ate4 ,if 
! same articles be put into a           
crucible & melt$1 & !n ?r[n into wat]1 !
 sulphur     z well z ! pota% w be      
dissolv$4  ,& next comes !              
,rationale4 ,9 ! fir/ exp]im5t !re is an
 in/ance (     *emical action1 z well z 
( s+le aff9ity1 = !     sulphur & m]cury
 w\ld rema9 sep>ate if heat 0 n         

appli$4 ,9 consequ5ce ( ?is ag5t1 !y    
unite into an     uni=m :ole1 totally   
insep>able by me*anical means1 &        
possess+ *>act]s di/9ct f ei!r ( its    
con/itu5t     p>ts4      ,9 ! second    
exp]im5t1 ! union ( sulphur ) pota%     
is effect$ by heat2 = if a sulphuret 0 n
 =m$1 no     solution ( ! sulphur w\ld  
take place4 ,h5ce x is t     *emical    
action is ! consequ5ce ( a p[]1 )\t :i* 
x c\ld nev] ensue1 & ) :i* x always acts
 9     unison4 ,?is p[] is aff9ity4  ,!n
 x is rem>k$3      ,*emi/ry is a sci5ce1
 :i* has = its object to discov]     !  
con/itu5t prop]ties ( bodies1 ! result (
 !     v>i\s comb9ations1 & ! laws by   
:i* ^?     comb9ations are effect$4 ,its
 op]ations be+ ei!r     analytical or   
syn!tical1 consi/ ( composition1 or     
decomposition4 ,! laws :i* gov]n *emical
 *anges h     be5 resolv$ into ^? (     
attraction or aff9ity4 ,aff9ity     (   
composition ( *emical aff9ity diff]s f t
 (     aggregation or cohesion or       
corpuscul> attraction1 by act+     ^u   

matt] ( a diff]5t k9d2 or by tak+ place 
betwe5     ! ultimate con/itu5t p>ts (  
bodies1 produc+ by its     action1      
sub/ances possess+ prop]ties frequ5tly v
     diff]5t1 & sometimes contr>y to ^? 
( ! con/itu5t     p>ts4  ,?r\gh\t ! book
 ! ord] ( pres5tation is ! exp]im5t1    
rationale1 & rem>ks4 ,a /udy ( !        
,philosophy %[s cle>ly t ,cutbu% pres5t$
 8 mat]ial 9 a r orig9al fa%ion4 ,8     
me?od is n obs]vable 9 any ( !          
text-books ( t date4  ,9 discuss+ pota%1
 ,cutbu% wrote3      ,x has be5 suppos$ 
ev] s9ce our c\ntryman1 ,dr4            
,woodh\se1 made an exp]im5t ) pota% t   
?is alkali     _h an inflammable base4  
,i am dispos$ to believe t !     ,doctor
 0 ! fir/ "o :o haz>d$ ?is conjecture z 
to     ! inflammable nature ( pota% :5  
treat$ 9 c]ta9     ways4 ,! ,doctor f\nd
 t a mixture ( pe>l a% )     soot1      
calc9$ by a v int5se heat 9 a cov]$     
crucible1     :5 cold caught fire on !  
affusion ( wat]4 ,!     exp]im5t 0      
repeat$ ) *>coal ) ! same result     & !

 inflammation probably arose f ! action 
( !     base ( ! alkali on ! wat]4  ,he 
says3      ,t ,?omas ,coop] 444 repeat$ 
?is exp]im5t1 &     succe$$1 ,i ?9k1    
aft] sev]al attempts1 9 procur+ !       
metal4 ,dr4 ,john ,r$man ,coxe & myself 
also p]=m$ x1 b     9 our attempt we    
fail$4 ,! pr(essor1 h[ev]1 p]sev]$1     
& f9ally procur$ x4444 ,my bro!r1 ,dr4  
,edw>d ,cutbu%1     succe$$ 9 procur+ x 
by us+ ! heat ( a     black-smi?'s =ge4 
,i h n he>d ( any o!r attempts     9 ?is
 c\ntry except by a g5tleman 9 ,new     
,york1 :o 0     also successful4  ,^!   
/atem5ts sub/antiate ! idea t ,woodh\se 
isolat$ ! metal potassium q indep5d5tly 
f any ,european *emi/2 x ev5 looks z if 
he may h isolat$ x 9 ! mann] ref]r$ to  
be=e ,sir ,humphrey ,davy _h sep>at$ x )
 ! aid ( ! electric curr5t4  ,9 ! fir/  
volume ( ! ,philosophy !re is a         
frontispiece1 a lamp furnace1 consi/+ ( 
a brass rod1 fa/5$ to a piece ( metal1  
furni%$ ) r+s ( diff]5t diamet]s1 & ?umb
 screws to raise or l[] ! lamp & r+s :5 

9 use4 ,by ?is furnace evaporation1     
dige/ion1 solution1 sublimation1        
di/illation & o!r processes1 :i* require
 a l[ temp]ature1 may be p]=m$4  ,& 9 ! 
second volume !re is a frontispiece     
repres5t+ a portable univ]sal furnace1  
made ( /rong wr\ght iron plates & l9$ ) 
bricks b$d$ 9 fire-pro( loam4 ,! height 
( ! furnace is two feet4 ,! body ( !    
furnace is elliptical4 ,!re are ?ree    
op5+s 9 front ( ! furnace1 "o above !   
o!r1 furni%$ ) slid+ doors1 & fitt$ )   
/opp]s made ( crucible w>e4  ,bo? pieces
 ( app>atus repres5t a m>k$ advancem5t4 
,!y 7 evid5tly exce$+ly useful4 ,by _!  
means x 0 possible to execute excell5t  
"w4  ,x w\ld repay "o to exam9e ) c>e ! 
v>i\s ,am]ican text-books on *emi/ry1   
beg9n+ ab\t #aggj & cont9u+ d[n to      
#ahcj4 ,!re w\ld arise a picture be=e   
"o's m9d ( ! successive /eps 9 !        
developm5t ( *emical app>atus1 & aga91 !
 k d]iv$ f ! pres5tation ( *emical !ory 
& data w\ld be refre%+ & inspirational4 
,x is to be hop$ t ! "t is n f> di/ant  

:5 "s libr>y1 public or univ]sity       
libr>y1 w g to ! tr\ble ( ga!r+ !       
,am]ican texts on ,*emi/ry = ! p]iod j  
allud$ to4 ,x is n likely t an alcove   
fill$ ) ?is lit]ature w\ld be l>gely    
patroniz$1 yet x w\ld be possible = !   
en?usia/ on ! developm5t ( *emi/ry 9 ?is
 c\ntry to collect f su* a s\rce a great
 deal ( valuable mat]ial :i* might be   
pres5t$ ) pr(it to ! ris+ g5]ation (    
,am]ican *emi/s4  ,cutbu% _h little     
leisure dur+ ! ye> #ahac1 z he 0 engag$ 
) ! duties ( ! ,college & 0 conduct+    
popul> lectures on an ext5d$ scale4 ,x 0
 necess>y = him to invite 8 fri5d1 ,dr4 
,george ,f4 ,lehman1 to assi/ 9 ! v>i\s 
demon/rations4 ,!y emphasiz$ n only !   
!ory b ! practice ( *emi/ry ) its       
application to ! useful arts4 ,_!       
exp]im5ts 7 num]\s & 7 ( su* a "* z to  
appeal to ! g5]al public4 ,! c\rse (f]$ 
by ,pr(essor ,cutbu% & ,dr4 ,lehman 0   
remun]ative4 ,x is said ! co/ ( tickets 
= ladies 0 #e4jj & ^? = g5tlem5 #h4jj4  
,9 addition to ! devotion ( ,cutbu% to  

^! didactic c\rses 9 *emi/ry1 he sp5t   
mu* "t 9 a lit]>y way4 ,"o ( ! be/-kn[n 
publi%]s ( ! city ann\nc$ ! purpose (   
pr9t+ ! ,am]ican ,arti/'s ,manual "u !  
editor%ip ( ,cutbu%4 ,! adv]tisem5t     
/at$--      ,to manufactur]s1 h[ev]1 :o 
are presum$ to be int]e/$     9         
practical k ! value ( su* works is      
greatly     dim9i%$ by ! multiplicity ( 
!ories1 te*nical t]ms     & complicat$  
processes :i* !y 9 g5]al conta94 ,x     
is1 !re=e1 unnecess>y to expatiate on ! 
advantages to     be d]iv$ f su* a      
publication z is n[ propos$ 9 !         
pres5t "w4 ,:ile x is int5d$ to embrace 
mo/ ( !     ,arts & ,manufactures1      
p>ticul> att5tion w be paid to     ^? ( 
agriculture1 brew+1 blea*+1 dye+ 9 its  
v>i\s bran*es1 ! manufacture ( glass1   
pott]y & all     o!rs :i* ! situation ( 
our c\ntry r5d]s obvi\sly     ( prim>y  
conc]n & importance4  ,?is ext5sive &   
helpful publication appe>$ 9 #ahad 9 two
 octavo volumes ( m ?an #fjj pages ea*4 
,! read] %\ld note t      ,! price to   

subscrib]s w be #g4jj 9 bo>ds or #h4jj  
sub/antially b\nd1 payable on deliv]y4  
,^? :o procure     subscriptions ( n9e  
copies & become acc\ntable = _!         
paym5t %all be entitl$ to "o copy = _!  
tr\ble4  ,! book 0 d$icat$ to ,b5jam9   
,smi? ,b>ton4 ,no title ( any k9d appe>s
 aft] ! au?or's "n1 indicat+ t he _h    
probably by ! ye> #ahad sev]$ 8         
connection ) all 8 educational projects 
9 ,philadelphia4 ,9 ! preface ! au?or   
speaks (      ,hav+ devot$ ! great] "p (
 8 life to *emical     pursuits4        
,glanc+ ?r\gh ^! volumes ! impression   
made ^u ! read] 0 t ! au?or _h read     
widely 9 ! sci5ces1 b p>ticul>ly 9 8    
favorite sci5ce1 *emi/ry4 ,! book is    
really a popul> diction>y ( *emical     
te*nology4 ,:ile x is sp>sely illu/rat$1
 e>ly =ms ( *emical glassw>e are        
pictur$4 ,f ^! may be ga!r$ ! /ory ( !  
gradual developm5t ( v useful app>atus1 
= example1 su* z is us$ 9 v>i\s k9ds (  
di/illation4  ,t ,cutbu% _h probably    
ceas$ 8 pr(essional duties by ! ye>     

#ahad1 z has j be5 h9t$1 is fur!r       
emphasiz$ on not+ t he 0 appo9t$        
,assi/ant ,apo!c>y ,g5]al 9 ! ,u4 ,s4   
,army on ! twelf? day ( ,augu/ 9 ! ye>  
#ahad4 ,:at 8 duties z su* may h be5 has
 n be5 discov]$4 ,x w\ld n be fair to   
call x a radical *ange 9 position1 b x 0
 a *ange :i* necessitat$ ,cutbu% giv+ m 
?\ght & att5tion to ph>macy1 :i* 9 8    
e>li] c>e] 0 a second>y subject1 b 9 :i*
 he 0 s pr(ici5t t he attract$ to       
himself ! att5tion ( lead+ m5 9 m$ical  
circles4 ,he 0 9 ,philadelphia1         
prosecut+ 8 duties z late z ! ye> #ahai4
 ,x is kn[n t dur+ ?is p]iod he 0 atta*$
 to ! ,nor!rn ,division ( ! ,army4  ,9  
#ahbj ,dr4 ,james ,lovell1 ,surgeon     
,g5]al ( ! ,army1 sugge/$ to ,g5]al     
,?ay]1 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,milit>y ,academy
 at ,we/ ,po9t1 t ,cutbu% be appo9t$    
,*ief ,m$ical ,(fic] at ! ,academy &    
,po/ ( ,we/ ,po9t4 ,9 ?is capacity he   
s]v$ = sev5te5 mon?s1 :5 he became ,act+
 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry & ,m9]alogy 9 !   
,academy4 ,! fir/ lecture 9 8 new       

position 0 deliv]$ ,octob] #i1 #ahbj4 ,9
 a s5se1 x m>k$ ! beg9n+ ( a new c>e] = 
,cutbu%4 ,he resum$ tea*+ duties1 b gave
 himself m p>ticul>ly to ! /udy1 n only 
( gunp[d]1 :i* nev] ceas$ to be int]e/+ 
to him1 b to explosives ( high] "*1 & 9 
?is latt] field he rea*$ 8 greate/      
em95ce & may confid5tly be reg>d$ z a   
pione] 9 x4  ,j be=e leav+              
,philadelphia1 9 ! ye> #ahbj1 ,cutbu%   
wrote ,b5jam9 ,silliman at "s l5g? on an
 improvem5t ( ! ,voltaic electrical     
lamp4 ,x 0 an +5i\s modification &      
con/itut$ ! fir/ contribution made by   
,cutbu% to ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce4
  ,b1 return+ to 8 life at ,we/ ,po9t1 x
 may be obs]v$ t 9 #ahbb he contribut$ 8
 second article to ! ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 
:i* did n appe> 9 pr9t1 h[ev]1 until    
#ahbd4 ,?is article relat$ to !         
composition & prop]ties ( ! ,*9ese fire 
& ! s-call$ brilliant fires4 ,x 0 v     
int]e/+4 ,x display$ a ?or\gh & wide k (
 pyrote*nics ) :i* ,cutbu%1 9 previ\s   
ye>s1 _h be5 gradually famili>iz+       

himself4 ,at "o po9t he said3      ,mo/ 
if n all ! compositions us$ 9 fireworks1
     includ+ milit>y fireworks1 7 m !   
result ( !     lab\rs ( ! artisan :o 0  
nei!r controll$ by fix$     pr9ciples   
nor by a k ( ! effects & prop]ties     (
 bodies & ( ! sy/ematic exp]im5ts ( !   
*emi/1     & yet 9 consequ5ce ( "s      
=tuit\s & repeat$ trials     we f9d t he
 has be5 successful1 & moreov] has      
amass$     a body ( facts :i* we may    
reasonably inf] may ei!r be     r5d]$ m 
p]fect by k or improv$ ^u by !     exact
 aid ( *emical sci5ce4  ,"h is e pro( ( 
8 purpose to apply 8 und]/&+ ( *emical  
pr9ciples & 8 own exp]i5ce to ! solution
 ( pyrote*nic problems1 = he cont9ues3  
,pyrote*nics is at pres5t consid]$ "u   
two heads1     namely1 fireworks =      
exhibition & milit>y fireworks4 ,!      
latt] is und\bt$ly ! mo/ useful1 z x    
embraces a     v>iety ( propositions    
calculat$ = attack & def5ce     bo? =   
naval & l& s]vice4  ,almo/ simultane\sly
 !re appe>$ 9 ! same ,j\rnal ( ,arts &  

,sci5ce ano!r contribution by ,cutbu%1  
entitl$      ,,rem>ks ,,conc]n+ ,,!     
,,composition ,,& ,,prop]ties ,,( ,,!   
,,greek ,,fire  ,9 ! light ( rec5t ev5ts
 & ! use ( all sorts ( *emical bodies = 
w>f>e & de/ruction x w n be un9t]e/+ to 
introduce "h a few p>agraphs f ?is      
rem>kable contribution4 ,he says3       
,! ,greek fire 0 inv5t$ by ,call9icus ( 
,heliopolis1 a     t[n 9 ,syria1 :o us$ 
x ) s mu* skill & effect     dur+ a     
naval engagem5t t he de/roy$ a :ole     
fleet (     ! enemy1 9 :i* 7 emb>k$     
#cj1jjj m54      ,x appe>s t 9 ! reign (
 ,l\is ,,xv1 a *emi/ (     ,gr5oble1    
,dupre de ,may51 discov]$ a composition 
simil> 9     effect to ! ,greek fire (  
,call9icus1 :i* 0 exhibit$     at ,bre/1
 & prov$ successful1 b ! prep>ation 0   
kept     secret4 ,! orig9al ,greek fire 
0 us$ 9 #abia1 & also 9     #afgi4444   
,writ]s h def9$ x to be a sort (        
artificial     fire1 :i* burns )        
increas$ viol5ce :5 x mixes )           
wat]4444 ,t x 0 a liquid composition1 we

 may inf] f     ! modes ( us+ x1 :i* 7  
sev]al4 ,x 0 employ$     *iefly on bo>d 
( %ips1 & ?r[n on ! vessels ( !         
enemy by l>ge eng9es4 ,x 0 sometimes    
k9dl$ 9     p>ticul> vessels1 :i* might 
be call$ fire %ips1 &     :i* 7         
introduc$ among a ho/ile fleet4         
,sometimes x     0 put into j>s & o!r   
vessels1 & ?r[n at ! enemy     by means 
( projectile ma*9es1 & sometimes x 0    
squirt$ by soldi]s f h& eng9es1 or bl[n 
?r\gh     pipes4 ,?is fire 0 also       
dis*>g$ f ! =ep>ts (     %ips by a ma*9e
 con/ruct$ ( copp] & iron1 !            
extremity ( :i* is said to h resembl$ ! 
op5 m\?     & jaws ( a lion or o!r      
animal4 ,!y 7 pa9t$1 &     ev5 gild$1 & 
7 capable ( project+ ! liquid fire      
to a great di/ance4      444 ,john      
,cam5iata1 speak+ ( 8 native city1      
,!ssalonica1 :i* 0 tak5 by ! ,s>ac5s 9 !
 ye>     #ijd1 says t ! enemy ?rew fire 
into ! wood5 works (     ! besieg$1 :i* 
0 bl[n into !m by means ( tubes1     &  
?r[n f o!r vessels4444 ,?is proves t !  

,greeks1 9 ! beg9n+ ( ! ,t5? ,c5tury1 7 
no     long] ! only p acqua9t$ ) ! art (
 prep>+     ?is fire1 ! precursor ( our 
gunp[d]4 ,! ,emp]or ,leo1     :o ab\t ! 
same p]iod wrote 8 ,art ( ,w>1 recomm5ds
     su* eng9es1 ) a metal cov]+1 to be 
con/ruct$ 9 !     =ep>ts ( %ips1 & he   
twice aft]w>ds m5tions eng9es     = ?r[+
 out ,greek fire4444 ,= _m c5turies !   
me?od     ( mak+ ?is dreadful article ( 
de/ruction 0 lo/2 b     x has j be5     
discov]$ by ! libr>ian ( ! elector     (
 ,bav>ia1 :o has f\nd a v old ,lat9     
manuscript :i*     conta9s directions = 
prep>+ x4      444 ,on ! subject (      
inc5di>y & o!r milit>y     fireworks1 ! 
,fr5* h c]ta9ly laid ! f\ndation =     !
 v prep>ations n[ us$ by ! ,briti%1 = ! 
=mul = su* prep>ations may be trac$ to !
 ,fr5*     s]vice4444      ,! ,moors 7 9
 possession ( ! secret = prep>+ !       
,greek fire 9 #adcb1 accord+ to !       
te/imony ( ,brocquire4     ,b]tr&on de  
la ,brocquire 0 9 ,pale/9e 9 #adcb z    
c\nsellor to ! ,duke ( ,burgundy4 ,he 0 

pres5t at ,b>rat     dur+ "o ( ! ,moori%
 celebrations4 ',x began1' he           
rem>ks1 '9 ! ev5+ at sunset4 ,num]\s    
companies     scatt]$ "h & !re 7 s++1 & 
utt]+ l\d     cries4 ,:ile ?is 0 pass+1 
! cannon ( ! ca/le 0     fir$1 & ! p ( !
 t[n laun*$ into ! air     be9 haut et  
be9 lo91 une mani]e de fue plus gros    
fellot     que je veisse oncques allume4
 ,!y told me !y made use (     su* at   
sea1 to set fire to ! sails ( an enemy's
 vessel4     ,x seems to me t x is a ?+ 
easy to be made1 & at a     little      
exp5se x may be equally well employ$ to 
burn a     camp or a ?at*$ village1 or 9
 an engagem5t ) cavalry     to fright5  
_! horses4 ,curi\s to "k its            
composition1 ,i     s5t ! s]vant ( my   
ho/ to ! p]son :o made ?is fire1     &  
reque/$ him to tea* me 8 me?od4 ,he     
return$ =     answ]1 t he d>e n1 = t he 
%\ld run great dang]     7 x kn[n2 b !re
 is no?+ a man w n d =     money4 ,i    
(f]$ him a ducat1 :i* quiet$ 8 fe>s1 &  
he     taught me all he knew1 & ev5 gave

 me ! m\lds 9 wood1     ) ! o!r +r$i5ts1
 :i* ,i h br\ght to ,france4'     444   
,:5 ,con/ant9ople 0 attack$1 ! ,emp]or  
,leo burnt     ! vessels or boats1 to ! 
numb] ( "o ?\s& eight     hundr$1 by    
means ( ! ,greek fire4444 ,its          
composition 0     kept secret at        
,con/ant9ople1 pret5d+ t ! k     ( x    
came f an angel to ! fir/ & greate/ ( ! 
,con/ant9es1 ) a sacr$ injunction n to  
divulge x     "u any pretext1 etc4 ,x   
444 0 kept secret above #djj     ye>s   
444 0 /ol5 by ! ,mahometans1 :o employ$ 
x     aga9/ ! ,crusad]s4 ,a knight1 x   
appe>s1 :o despis$ !     swords & lances
 ( ! ,s>ac5s1 relates1 ) he>tfelt       
s9c]ity1 8 own fe>s at ! sight & s\nd ( 
!     mis*iev\s eng9e t dis*>g$ a torr5t
 ( fire4 ',x     came fly+ ?r\gh ! air1 
l a w+$1 long-tail$     dragon1 ab\t !  
?ickness ( a hog%ead1 ) a report (      
?und]1 & ! velocity ( lightn+2 & !      
d>kness (     ! night 0 dispell$ by ?is 
deadly illum9ation4 ,! use     ( !      
,greek1 or z x might n[ be call$ !      

,s>ac5 fire1     0 cont9u$ to ! middle (
 ! ,f\rte5? ,c5tury1 :5     ! sci5tific 
or casual comp\nd ( nitre1 sulphur &    
*>coal effect$ a new revolution 9 ! art 
( w>1 & !     hi/ory ( mank9d4' 444 ,we 
d n "k ( any imitation (     ! orig9al  
,greek fire hav+ be5 us$ 9 mod]n w>f>e1 
b h no hesitation 9 believ+ t naph?a    
prep>$ z     already /at$ w\ld 9 _m     
cases prove advantage\s4 ,x     seems to
 be well calculat$ = close naval combat1
 if !     object be to de/roy ! sails & 
rigg+ ( an enemy's     %ip4 ,! rapidity 
& ext5t ( its combu/ion1 add$ to !      
circum/ances ( its peculi> prop]ties1 t 
( resi/+     ! action ( wat] 9 p>ticul>1
 contribute altoge!r to     ?is op9ion4 
,! entire article f :i* ^! exc]pts h be5
 made is wor?y ( /udy1 ev5 at ?is late  
date4 ,x is sugge/ive & c>ries ) x _m   
hi/orical ref]5ces ( value4 ,! en?usiasm
 ( ,cutbu% = pyrote*nic bodies is       
manife/ 9 e l9e ( ?is publication4      
,ab\t a ye> lat] 7#ahbc7 ,cutbu%        
discuss$ ! =mation ( cyanog5 9 processes

 n previ\sly notic$4 ,he spoke ( !      
appe>ance ( ?is gas 9 ! putrefaction (  
animal & vegetable matt]1 mak+ ! foll[+ 
rem>kable & 9 "s respects />tl+ /atem5t3
      ,i believe x w\ld be f\nd t !     
comp\nd 7c>buret (     azote7 is ! basis
 ( ! miasmata :i* produces malignant1   
bili\s diseases4444 ,m>% miasmata are   
g5]ally ! cause     ( int]mitt5t fev]s4 
,n[ "u p>ticul> circum/ances (          
action may we n admit ! g5]ation (      
c>buret ( azote     or cyanog51 & if s1 
z x readily unites ) hydrog51     may x 
n be ! miasma :i* produces malignant    
bili\s     fev]s1 s9ce x is kn[n t      
hydrocyanic acid is     de/ructive to   
animal life & a mo/ virul5t poison8444  
,miasmata ( "s k9d are ! cause ( yell[  
fev]4 ,= our     "p we believe x to be  
c>buret ( azote1 or ( "s ( its          
comb9ations1 & ( ^! t ) hydrog51 f its  
delet]i\s "*1 seems to be ! "o4  ,ano!r 
obs]vation made 9 ?is connection 0 t    
cyanog5 is produc$ :5 *>coal is heat$ ) 
nitric acid4 ,cutbu% /at$ t he plac$    

*>coal & nitric acid toge!r 9 a retort &
 subject$ !m to di/illation1 collect+ ! 
product 9 ,w\lfe's bottles1 aft] :i* !  
result+ solutions 7 impregnat$ ) pota%1 
&      common sulphate & p]sulphate (   
iron introduc$4 ,!     col\r in/antly   
*ang$ & became m or less blue1     prov+
 ! exi/5ce ( ! p]f]rocyanite ( iron &1  
consequ5tly1 ( cyanog54  ,hav+ nev] met 
?is me?od ( prep>+ cyanog51 exp]im5ts 7 
made 9 ! writ]'s laboratory to v]ify !  
/atem5t4 ,a blue1 or :at _h ! semblance 
( a blue color1 c\ld be obta9$ at ! po9t
 giv5 by ,cutbu%1 b j z soon z !        
solution 0 acidulat$1 z is always done1 
! precipitate disappe>$ & !re 0 n !     
slighte/ indication t ,prussian blue _h 
be5 =m$4 ,ev5 aft] h\rs ( re/ !re 0 n a 
sign ( x4  ,association on ! "p (       
,cutbu% ) ! m5 ( sci5ce 9 ,philadelphia 
dur+ ! fir/ decade ( ! ,n9ete5? ,c5tury 
l$ to an ext5sion ( 8 int]e/ 9 sci5ce   
circles1 s t dur+ leisure mom5ts at ,we/
 ,po9t 7#ahbd7 he wrote ( ! foll[+      
m9]als obs]v$ by him 9 & ne> t place3   

,molybd5ite1 kaol91 tremolite1 s*orl1   
adul>ia1 g>net1     act9olite1 preci\s  
s]p5t9e 7rem>kably elegant71 epidote    
& diallage4  ,rec5tly1 att5tion has be5 
call$ to a volume by ,cutbu% entitl$    
,lectures on ! ,adult]ation ( ,food &   
,cul9>y ,poisons4444 ,) a ,means (      
,discov]+ ,!m & ,rules = ,det]m9+ !     
,purity ( ,sub/ances4 ,x 0 publi%$ at   
,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y41 9 #ahbc4 ,! writ]   
has nev] se5 ?is volume4 ,8 se>* = x has
 be5 unsuccessful4  ,ano!r publication 0
 ,a ,synopsis ( ,*emi/ry1 ,arrang$      
,alphabetically1 ,compreh5d+ ! ,names1  
,synonyms1 & ,def9itions 9 t ,sci5ce4   
,new ,york3 ,e4 ,lewis1 #ahba4 ,?is book
 is also exce$+ly r>e4  ,! real magnum  
opus ( ,cutbu% result$ 9 ,a ,sy/em (    
,pyrote*ny 7#ahbe71 :i* volum9\s        
publication did n appe> until aft] 8    
decease1 & !n l>gely ?r\gh ! ef=ts ( 8  
wife & =m] /ud5ts 9 ! ,cadet ,corps1 =1 
9 ,silliman's ,j\rnal1 ?is note appe>$3 
,mrs4 ,cutbu%1 wid[ ( ! late ,dr4       
,cutbu%1 ( ,we/ ,po9t1     proposes to  

publi% by subscription a ,treatise on   
,pyrote*ny     by h] husb&1 ,dr4 ,james 
,cutbu%4444 ,by ! reputation :i*        
,dr4 ,cutbu% su/a9$1 z well z by !      
ability :i* 8     elaborate treatises on
 ^! subjects already publi%$ 9     ?is  
j\rnal display1 !re c be no d\bt t ?is  
po/hum\s "w w be wor?y ( ! public       
patronage1 :i*     we hope w be lib]ally
 be/[$4  ,ev5 to-day ?is publication /&s
 out prem95tly & = ye>s has be5 ref]r$  
to by artisans & by sci5ti/s4 ,*apt]s   
deal+ ) milit>y fireworks h be5 s]i\sly 
/udi$4 ,9 ! light ( ! viol5t fires1     
gr5ades1 etc41 us$ 9 ! late w> ! writ+s 
( ,cutbu% become v fasc9at+4 ,!y %[ t he
 truly blaz$ ! way 9 ?is field4 ,9 !    
introduction to ?is spl5did volume he   
wrote3      ,on ?is head1 t ( !         
application ( *emi/ry to     pyrote*ny1 
we claim s mu* orig9ality1 z1 s f> z we 
"k1 to h be5 ! fir/1 :o appli$ !        
pr9ciples (     *emi/ry4444 ,z ?is      
subject1 h[ev] int]e/+ to !             
!oretical pyrote*ni/1 _c be und]/ood )\t

 a     k ( *emi/ry1 x is obvi\s t t     
sci5ce is a     p[]ful aid to           
pyrote*ny4444 ,view+ pyrote*ny ei!r z a 
sci5ce or an art1 !re is und\bt$ly      
requir$ 9 its     prosecution mu* skill 
& practice4 ,! m]e artific] or          
firework] by con/ant habit may und]/&1 x
 is true1 h[     to mix m9]als1 prep>e  
composition1 *>ge cases1 etc41 444     b
 )\t a k ( *emi/ry he _c und]/& !       
!ory4444 ,inde$1 *emi/ry is indisp5sable
 to pyrote*ny4  ,mu* "t & ?\ght 7 giv5  
by ,cutbu% 9 ! exp]im5tal developm5t (  
?is p>ticul> subject 9 8 own laboratory4
 ,9 read+ ^u ! subject he _h collect$ a 
va/ mat]ial :i* 0 !n put to crucial     
exp]im5tal te/s4 ,^!1 outside ( 8 tea*+ 
h\rs1 occupi$ 8 :ole att5tion4  ,an     
outl9e ( h[ ! "w 9 ! *emical dep>tm5t ( 
! ,unit$ ,/ates ,milit>y ,academy 0     
conduct$ w n be devoid ( int]e/4        
,fir/ ,ye>          ,!ory & ,exp]im5tal 
,*emi/ry4      ,second ,ye>             
,application ( ,*emi/ry to ! ,arts1     
,manufactures &         ,dome/ic        

,economy1 con/itut+ along ) ,m9]alogy ! 
second c\rse4  ,pyrote*ny naturally 0   
develop$ q ext5sively4 ,tea*]s ( *emi/ry
 w note ) pleasure ! que/ions :i*       
,cutbu% arrang$ = 8 /ud5t corps1        
p>ticul>ly ^? que/ions :i* _h to d )    
pyrote*ny3      ,:at is saltpetre8 ,:at 
is nitric acid8 ,:at are ! s\rces     ( 
saltpetre1 & h[ x is obta9$8 ,h[ is x   
=m$ 9     nitre b$s1 extract$1 & ref9$8 
,:at circum/ances are     necess>y to   
produce nitre1 & h[ does animal matt]   
act 9     its production8 ,:at is !     
diff]5ce betwe5 ! old &     new process 
= ref9+ saltpetre8 ,:at reag5ts are us$ 
to     discov] ! pres5ce ( =eign        
sub/ances 9 nitre8 ,:at     are nitre   
caves8 ,:]e d !y exi/8 ,:at are ! nitre 
caves ( ! we/]n c\ntry1 & h[ is nitre   
extract$ f     ! e>?8 ,:at proportion ( 
nitre does ! saltpetre ( !     nitrate  
caves af=d8 ,:at is ! !ory ( ! process =
     extract+ saltpetre f nitr\s e>?1 or
 nitrate ( lime8     ,:at is sulphur8   
,h[ is x obta9$1 & h[ is x purifi$     =

 ! manufacture ( gunp[d]8 ,( :at use is 
sulphur 9     ! composition ( gunp[d]8  
,does x add to ! effective     =ce (    
gunp[d]8 ,:at is *>coal8 ,:at is ! be/  
mode     ( c>boniz+ wood = ! purpose (  
gunp[d]8 ,:at woods     are pref]r$ =   
?is purpose8 ,9 ! *>r+ ( wood1 :at      
"p is conv]t$ into coal1 & :at gas &    
acid are     dis5gag$8 ,:at is ! use (  
*>coal 9 gunp[d]8 ,:at is     gunp[d]8  
,:at are consid]$ ! be/ proportions =   
=m+ x1 & :at con/itutes ! diff]5ce      
betwe5     p[d] = w>1 = gunn+1 & = m9+8 
,h[ does !     combu/ion ( gunp[d] take 
place8 ,c y expla9 :y     combu/ion     
takes place )\t ! pres5ce ( a gase\s    
support] ( combu/ion1 z gunp[d] w       
inflame 9 vacuo8     ,:at are ! products
 ( ! combu/ion ( gunp[d]8 ,:at     gases
 are g5]at$8 ,to :at is ! =ce ( fir$    
gunp[d]     ow+8 ,:at are ! exp]im5ts ( 
,mr4 ,rob9s on ! =ce (     gunp[d]8 ,h[ 
w\ld y sep>ate ! compon5t p>ts (        
gunp[d] s z to det]m9e _! proportions8  
,:at are     gunp[d] pro(s8 ,:at is     

und]/ood by ! comp>ative =ce     (      
gunp[d]8 ,:at are epr\vettes1 etc48 ,9  
notic+ 9 !     same mann] ! prep>ations 
us$ = fireworks1 & = w>1     z ! rocket1
 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ que/ions 7         
prop\nd$2 viz41 ,:at is a rocket8 ,h[ is
 x =m$8 ,is !     case always made (    
pap]8 ,:at is ! w> rocket8 ,:at is     !
 composition = rockets1 & h[ does x act8
 ,:at     p>ticul> c>e is requir$ 9 *>g+
 a rocket8 ,:at is !     cause ( !      
asc5sion ( rockets8 ,:at is ! use ( !   
conical cavity1 made 9 a rocket at ! "t 
x is *>g$1     or bor$ out aft] x is    
*>g$8 ,h[ d cases *>g$ )     composition
 imp>t motion to :eels1 & o!r pieces (  
fireworks8 ,:at is und]/ood by ! rocket 
pr9ciple8 ,:at     is ! rocket /ick &   
its use8 ,is ! c5tre ( gravity     fix$1
 or is x %ift+ 9 ! flight ( rockets8 ,h[
 are     rockets dis*>g$8 ,:at is ! head
 ( a rocket8 ,:at is     usually put 9 !
 head8 ,are all rockets furni%$ ) a     
head8 ,:at is und]/ood by ! furniture ( 
a rocket8 ,h[     are ! s]p5ts1 />s1    

fire-ra91 etc41 =m+ !     furniture ( a 
rocket1 dis*>g$ into ! air1 :5 !        
rocket has t]m9at$ its flight1 or arriv$
 at its maximum     ( asc5sion8 ,:at =ms
 ! diff]5ce betwe5 a balloon1 9         
fireworks1 & a rocket8 ,z ! balloon     
conta9s also     furniture1 & is        
project$ v]tically f a mort>1 h[ is     
fire communicat$ to x1 s z to bur/ x 9 !
 air8 ,is     ! fuse us$1 9 ?is case1 ! 
same z t = bombs1     h[itz]s1 &        
gr5ades8 ,:at is ! ,asiatic rocket8 ,!  
f\gette ( ! ,fr5*8 ,9 :at siege 7 !y    
employ$ )     success by ! native troops
 ( ,india8 ,:at 0 ! nature (     _!     
w>-rocket8 ,:at is ! murd]+ rocket ( !  
,fr5*8     ,is ! conical head holl[1    
solid1 blunt1 or po9t$8 ,:y is     x    
call$ ! murd]+ rocket8 ,:at is !        
,congreve rocket8     ,is ,congreve !   
inv5tor or improv] ( ?is rocket8 ,:at   
are     ,congreve rockets load$ or arm$ 
)8 ,9 :at "p is !     load plac$8 ,is ! 
case made up ( pap] or %eet-iron8 ,:at  
are ! sizes ( ,congreve rockets8  ,9 !  

introduction to ,pyrote*nics ,cutbu%    
rem>k$ t he _h consult$ _m au?orities   
)\t mu* advantage1 f9d+ ! ,fr5* ! mo/   
helpful4 ,( ! ,engli% he said3      ,z  
respects ! turtle torp$o & catam>9      
subm>9e     ma*9es1 x appe>s t ,bu%nel  
claims ! orig9ality (     ! discov]y f !
 date ( 8 inv5tion1 al?\gh     simil>   
contrivances _h long ago be5 sugge/$4   
,fulton's     improvem5ts1 9 ! torp$o1  
are des]v+ ( p>ticul>     att5tion1 b x 
is pla9 t ! ,catam>9 ( ! ,engli%     is 
! same 9 pr9ciple & application z       
,fulton's torp$o     & t ,fulton des]ves
 ! m]it ( x4  ,! ,sy/em ( ,pyrote*ny    
be>s ! e>-m>ks ( mu* c>eful exp]im5tal  
/udy4 ,x is a mo/ wor?y contribution1 & 
is /rong pro( ( ! dom9at+ =ce 9 ! m9d ( 
,cutbu%1 namely1 to make 8 sci5ce z     
widely useful z possible4 ,*emi/s may   
ju/ly take pride 9 ?is e>ly contribution
 9 ! application ( *emical pr9ciples4   
,! life /ory ( ,cutbu% has n[ be5 told4 
,x is really ! /ory ( 8 life activities1
 = regrettable z x is1 !re does lack a  

picture ( ! man's p]sonality4 ,! p>5ts (
 ,james ,cutbu% 7 ,edw>d ,cutbu% & ,anne
 ,m>riat4 ,! fa!r 0 a /one-cutt] or     
c>v]4 ,to ^! good p 7 giv5 f\r *ildr53  
,edw>d1 born 9 #aggb2 ,ann1 9 #aghb 7:o 
di$ 9 #agih72 ,william1 born 9 #aghe1 & 
,james 9 #aghh4 ,edw>d became prom95t z 
a naval surgeon1 :ile ,william graduat$ 
f ,we/ ,po9t 9 #ahab1 & atta9$ em95ce z 
an eng9e]4  ,inde$1 at an e>ly age1     
,william 0 a mid%ipman 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates
 ,navy1 & 0 tak5 prison] by ! ,alg]9es  
at ! "t ! frigate ,philadelphia ran     
agr\nd 9 ! h>bor ( ,tripoli1 f :i* he 0 
releas$ aft] two ye>s' conf9em5t 9      
prison1 & return$ to ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :5
 he became a cadet 9 ! ,milit>y         
,academy4  ,james ,cutbu% mu/ h be5 a   
man ( m>k among 8 neighbors--z indicat$ 
by sundry positions ( tru/ :i* he held4 
,fur!r1 he mu/ h be5 a favorite ) !     
,cadet ,corps at ,we/ ,po9t1 :]e he 0   
buri$4 ,8 tomb !re be>s ?is inscription3
      ,sacr$ to ! memory ( ,dr4 ,james  
,cutbu%1 ,memb] ( !     ,am]ican        

,philosophical ,society1 ,late ,surgeon1
 ,u4 ,s4 ,army &     ,pr(essor (        
,*emi/ry at ! ,u4 ,s4 ,milit>y ,academy1
 ,we/     ,po9t1 ,n4 ,y41 :o dep>t$ ?is 
life ,decemb] #ae1 #ahbc1 ag$     #ce   
ye>s4 ,an hon\rable tribute ( respect f 
8 grateful     pupils4  ,! "w ( ,cutbu% 
0 ( ! g5u9e pione] "*1 & enri*$ ! annals
 ( ,am]ican *emi/ry4 ,:ile x w\ld be    
delightful to "k m ( ! man1 cruel fate  
compels u to be cont5t ) ! e/imate1     
brief ?\gh x is1 giv5 9 ,p\ls5's        
,am]ican ,daily ,adv]tis]1 ,decemb] #bc1
 #ahbc3      ,a man n only kn[n = 8     
ext5sive k (     *emi/ry1 b di/+ui%$ = 8
 philosophy &     patriotism4           
99       99       99       99       99  
,transcrib]'s ,notes  ,! foll[+ typos h 
be5 correct$3  ,page #bh3 ,socity *ang$ 
to ,society4  ,page #dd3 ,braeutigram   
*ang$ to ,braeutigam4  ,page #ea3       
responsibile *ang$ to responsible4      
,page #fg3 beg9nig *ang$ to beg9n+4