,transcrib]'s ,note3 ,?is book _h a numb] ( typesett+ errors su* z miss+ text1 pages1 duplicate pages1 & text4 ,! text has be5 v]ifi$ ) ! etext available ) ! ,int]net ,ar*ives 7http3_/_/www4ar*ive4org_/details_/g]man work#jamullu(t7 & correct$ ) ! addition ( miss+ text & removal ( duplicate text4 ,! ,int]net ar*ive edition is a #ahgb edition :]eas ?is is a #ahfg edition4 ,details ( corrections & additions are giv5 at ! end ( ! book4 ,,*ips ,,f ,a ,,g]man ,,work%op4 ,,by ,,max ,m,ue,l,l,e,r1 ,m4,a4 ,,fell[ ,,( ,,all ,,s\ls ,,college1 ,,ox=d4 ,,volume ,i4 ,essays on ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion4 ,,london ,,longmans1 ,,gre51 ,,& ,,co4 #ahfg 99 99 99 99 99 ,to ! ,memory ,,( ,,b>on ,,buns51 ,,my ,,fri5d ,,& ,,b5efactor4 et quanto diutius ,abes1 magis cupio tanto et magis desid]o4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,preface4 ,m ?an tw5ty ye>s h pass$ s9ce my rev]$ fri5d ,buns5 call$ me "o day into 8 libr>y at ,c>lton ,h\se ,t]race1 & ann\nc$ to me ) beam+ eyes t ! publication ( ! ,rig-v$a 0 secure4 ,he _h sp5t _m days 9 see+ ! ,directors ( ! ,ea/-,india ,company1 & expla9+ to !m ! importance ( ?is "w1 & ! necessity ( hav+ x publi%$ 9 ,engl&4 ,at la/ 8 ef=ts _h be5 successful1 ! funds = pr9t+ my edition ( ! text & comm5t>y ( ! ,sacr$ ,hymns ( ! ,brahmans _h be5 grant$1 & ,buns5 0 ! fir/ to ann\nce to me ! happy result ( 8 lit]>y diplomacy4 ',n[1' he said1 'y h got a "w = life--a l>ge block t w take ye>s to plane & poli%4' ',b m9d1' he add$1 'let u h f "t to "t "s *ips f y\r work%op4' ,i h tri$ to foll[ ! advice ( my dep>t$ fri5d1 & ,i h publi%$ almo/ e ye> a few articles on su* subjects z _h engag$ my att5tion1 :ile prosecut+ at ! same "t1 z f> z alt]$ circum/ances w\ld all[1 my edition ( ! ,rig-v$a1 & ( o!r ,sanskrit works connect$ ) x4 ,^! articles 7 *iefly publi%$ 9 ! ',ed9burgh' & ',qu>t]ly ,reviews1' 9 ! ',ox=d ,essays1' 9 ',macmillan's' & ',fras]'s ,magaz9es1' 9 ! ',saturday ,review1' & 9 ! ',times4' ,9 writ+ !m my pr9cipal endeav\r has be5 to br+ out ev5 9 ! mo/ ab/ruse subjects ! po9ts ( real int]e/ t ought to engage ! att5tion ( ! public at l>ge1 & nev] to leave a d>k nook or corn] )\t attempt+ to sweep away ! cobwebs ( false le>n+1 & let 9 ! light ( real k4 ,"h1 too1 ,i owe mu* to ,buns5's advice1 & :5 la/ ye> ,i saw 9 ,cornwall ! l>ge heaps ( copp] ore pil$ up ar\nd ! m9es1 l s _m heaps ( rubbi%1 :ile ! poor p 7 ask+ = copp]s to buy bread1 ,i frequ5tly ?\ght ( ,buns5's words1 ',y\r "w is n f9i%$ :5 y h br\ght ! ore f ! m9e3 x mu/ be sift$1 smelt$1 ref9$1 & co9$ be=e x c be ( real use1 & contribute t[>ds ! intellectual food ( mank9d4' ,i c h>dly hope t 9 ?is my endeav\r to be cle> & pla91 to foll[ ! ?reads ( e ?\ght to ! v ends1 & to place ! web ( e argum5t cle>ly & fully be=e my read]s1 ,i h always be5 successful4 ,sev]al ( ! subjects treat$ 9 ^! essays are1 no d\bt1 obscure & difficult3 b !re is no subject1 ,i believe1 9 ! :ole realm ( human k1 t _c be r5d]$ cle> & intelligible1 if we ourselves h p]fectly ma/]$ x4 ,& n[ :ile ! two la/ volumes ( my edition ( ! ,rig-v$a are pass+ ?r\gh ! press1 ,i ?\ght ! "t _h come = ga!r+ up a few armfulls ( ^! *ips & spl9t]s1 ?r[+ away :at seem$ wor?less1 & putt+ ! re/ into "s k9d ( %ape1 9 ord] to cle> my work%op = o!r "w4 ,! fir/ & second volumes :i* ,i am n[ publi%+ conta9 essays on ! e>ly ?\ghts ( mank9d1 :e!r religi\s or my?ological1 & on e>ly traditions & cu/oms4 ,!re is to my m9d no subject m absorb+ ?an ! trac+ ! orig9 & fir/ gr[? ( human ?\ght2--n !oretically1 or 9 accordance ) ! ,hegelian laws ( ?\ght1 or ! ,comtian epo*s2 b hi/orically1 & l an ,indian trapp]1 spy+ = e footpr9t1 e lay]1 e brok5 blade t might tell & te/ify ( ! =m] pres5ce ( man 9 8 e>ly w&]+s & se>*+s aft] light & tru?4 ,9 ! languages ( mank9d1 9 :i* ev]y?+ new is old & ev]y?+ old is new1 an inexhau/ible m9e has be5 discov]$ = rese>*es ( ?is k9d4 ,language /ill be>s ! impress ( ! e>lie/ ?\ghts ( man1 oblit]at$1 x may be1 buri$ "u new ?\ghts1 yet "h & !re /ill recov]able 9 _! %>p orig9al outl9e4 ,! gr[? ( language is cont9u\s1 & by cont9u+ our rese>*es backw>d f ! mo/ mod]n to ! mo/ anci5t /rata1 ! v elem5ts & roots ( human spee* h be5 rea*$1 & ) !m ! elem5ts & roots ( human ?\ght4 ,:at lies beyond ! beg9n+s ( language1 h[ev] int]e/+ x may be to ! physiologi/1 does n yet belong to ! hi/ory ( man1 9 ! true & orig9al s5se ( t ^w4 ,man means ! ?9k]1 & ! fir/ manife/ation ( ?\ght is spee*4 ,b m surpris+ ?an ! cont9uity 9 ! gr[? ( language1 is ! cont9uity 9 ! gr[? ( religion4 ,( religion1 too1 z ( language1 x may be said t 9 x ev]y?+ new is old1 & ev]y?+ old is new1 & t !re has be5 no entirely new religion s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w4 ,! elem5ts & roots ( religion 7 !re1 z f> back z we c trace ! hi/ory ( man2 & ! hi/ory ( religion1 l ! hi/ory ( language1 %[s u ?r\gh\t a succession ( new comb9ations ( ! same radical elem5ts4 ,an intuition ( ,god1 a s5se ( human weakness & dep5d5ce1 a belief 9 a ,div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 a di/9ction betwe5 good & evil1 & a hope ( a bett] life1 ^! are "s ( ! radical elem5ts ( all religions4 ,?\gh sometimes hidd51 !y rise aga9 & aga9 to ! surface4 ,?\gh frequ5tly di/ort$1 !y t5d aga9 & aga9 to _! p]fect =m4 ,unless !y _h =m$ "p ( ! orig9al d[ry ( ! human s\l1 religion itself w\ld h rema9$ an impossibility1 & ! tongues ( angels w\ld h be5 to human e>s b z s\nd+ brass or a t9kl+ cymbal4 ,if we once und]/& ?is cle>ly1 ! words ( ,/4 ,augu/9e :i* h seem$ />tl+ to _m ( 8 admir]s1 become p]fectly cle> & intelligible1 :5 he says3#a ',:at is n[ call$ ! ,*ri/ian religion1 has exi/$ among ! anci5ts1 & 0 n abs5t f ! beg9n+ ( ! human race1 until ,*ri/ came 9 ! fle%3 f :i* "t ! true religion1 :i* exi/$ already1 began to be call$ ,*ri/ian4' ,f ?is po9t ( view ! words ( ,*ri/ too1 :i* />tl$ ! ,jews1 assume _! true mean+1 :5 ,he said to ! c5turion ( ,cap]naum3 ',_m %all come f ! ea/ & ! we/1 & %all sit d[n ) ,abraham1 & ,isaac1 & ,jacob1 9 ! k+dom ( heav54' ,footnote #a3 ,augu/4 ,retr4 #a1 #ac4 ',res ipsa1 quae nunc religio ,*ri/iana nuncupatur1 erat apud antiquos1 nec defuit ab initio g5]is humani1 qu\sque ,*ri/us v5iret 9 c>nem1 unde v]a religio1 quae jam erat1 coepit appell>i ,*ri/iana4' ,dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s ! accumulation ( new & au!ntic mat]ials = ! /udy ( ! religions ( ! _w1 has be5 mo/ extraord9>y2 b su* are ! difficulties 9 ma/]+ ^! mat]ials t ,i d\bt :e!r ! "t has yet come = attempt+ to trace1 aft] ! model ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1 ! def9ite outl9es ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion4 ,by a succession ( ! mo/ =tunate circum/ances1 ! canonical books ( ?ree ( ! pr9cipal religions ( ! anci5t _w h lately be5 recov]$1 ! ,v$a1 ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 & ! ,tripitaka4 ,b n only h we ?us ga9$ access to ! mo/ au!ntic docum5ts f :i* to /udy ! anci5t religion ( ! ,brahmans1 ! ,zoroa/rians1 & ! ,buddhi/s1 b by discov]+ ! real orig9 ( ,greek1 ,roman1 & likewise ( ,teutonic1 ,slavonic1 & ,celtic my?ology1 x has become possible to sep>ate ! truly religi\s elem5ts 9 ! sacr$ traditions ( ^! nations f ! my?ological cru/ by :i* !y are surr\nd$1 & ?us to ga9 a cle>] insight into ! real fai? ( ! anci5t ,aryan _w4 ,if we turn to ! ,semitic _w1 we f9d t al?\gh no new mat]ials h be5 discov]$ f :i* to /udy ! anci5t religion ( ! ,jews1 yet a new _s ( inquiry has br\ght new life into ! /udy ( ! sacr$ records ( ,abraham1 ,moses1 & ! ,prophets2 & ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,biblical s*ol>s1 ?\gh />t+ f ! mo/ opposite po9ts1 h all help$ to br+ out ! hi/orical int]e/ ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 9 a mann] n dreamt ( by =m] !ologians4 ,! same may be said ( ano!r ,semitic religion1 ! religion ( ,mohamm$1 s9ce ! ,koran & ! lit]ature connect$ ) x 7 submitt$ to ! se>*+ criticism ( real s*ol>s & hi/orians4 ,"s new mat]ials = ! /udy ( ! ,semitic religions h come f ! monum5ts ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh4 ,! v images ( ,bel & ,nisro* n[ /& be=e our eyes1 & ! inscriptions on ! tablets may h]eaft] tell u ev5 m ( ! ?\ghts ( ^? :o b[$ _! knees be=e !m4 ,! religi\s wor%ip ( ! ,ph5icians & ,c>?ag9ians has be5 illu/rat$ by ,mov]s f ! ru9s ( _! anci5t temples1 & f scatt]$ notices 9 classical writ]s2 nay1 ev5 ! religi\s ideas ( ! ,nomads ( ! ,arabian p59sula1 previ\s to ! rise ( ,mohamm$anism1 h be5 br\ght to light by ! pati5t rese>*es ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s4 ,!re is no lack ( idols among ! ru9$ & buri$ temples ( ,egypt ) :i* to recon/ruct ! pan!on ( t primeval c\ntry3 nor ne$ we despair ( recov]+ m & m ( ! ?\ghts buri$ "u ! hi]oglyphics ( ! inscriptions1 or pres]v$ 9 hi]atic & demotic ,,mss41 if we wat* ! brilliant discov]ies t h rew>d$ ! pati5t rese>*es ( ! disciples ( ,*ampollion4 ,besides ! ,aryan & ,semitic families ( religion1 we h 9 ,*9a ?ree recognis$ =ms ( public wor%ip1 ! religion ( ,confucius1 t ( ,lao-tse1 & t ( ,fo 7,buddha72 & "h1 too1 rec5t publications h %$ new light1 & h r5d]$ an access to ! canonical works ( ^! religions1 & an und]/&+ ( _! v>i\s purports1 m easy1 ev5 to ^? :o h n ma/]$ ! intricacies ( ! ,*9ese language4 ,among ! ,turanian nations1 a few only1 su* z ! ,f9ns1 & ! ,mongolians1 h pres]v$ "s remnants ( _! anci5t wor%ip & my?ology1 & ^! too h lately be5 m c>efully collect$ & expla9$ by d',ohson1 ,ca/r51 & o!rs4 ,9 ,am]ica ! religions ( ,mexico & ,p]u _h long attract$ ! att5tion ( !ologians2 & ( late ye>s ! impulse imp>t$ to e?nological rese>*es has induc$ travell]s & mission>ies to record any traces ( religi\s life t c\ld be discov]$ among ! savage inhabitants ( ,africa1 ,am]ica1 & ! ,polynesian isl&s4 ,x w be se5 f ^! few indications1 t !re is no lack ( mat]ials = ! /ud5t ( religion2 b we %all also p]ceive h[ difficult x is to ma/] su* va/ mat]ials4 ,to ga9 a full k ( ! ,v$a1 or ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 or ! ,tripitaka1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,koran1 or ! sacr$ books ( ,*9a1 is ! "w ( a :ole life4 ,h[ !n is "o man to survey ! :ole field ( religi\s ?\ght1 to classify ! religions ( ! _w accord+ to def9ite & p]man5t crit]ia1 & to describe _! *>act]i/ic features ) a sure & discrim9at+ h&8 ,no?+ is m difficult to seize ?an ! sali5t features1 ! traits t con/itute ! p]man5t expression & real "* ( a religion4 ,religion seems to be ! common prop]ty ( a l>ge community1 & yet x n only v>ies 9 num]\s sects1 z language does 9 its dialects1 b x really escapes our firm grasp till we c trace x to its real habitat1 ! he>t ( "o true believ]4 ,we speak glibly ( ,buddhism & ,brahmanism1 =gett+ t we are g5]aliz+ on ! mo/ intimate convictions ( millions & millions ( human s\ls1 divid$ by half ! _w & by ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,x may be said t at all ev5ts :]e a religion possesses canonical books1 or a def9ite numb] ( articles1 ! task ( ! /ud5t ( religion becomes easi]1 & ?is1 no d\bt1 is true to a c]ta9 ext5t4 ,b ev5 !n we "k t ! int]pretation ( ^! canonical books v>ies1 s mu* s t sects appeal+ to ! same reveal$ au?orities1 z1 = in/ance1 ! f\nd]s ( ! ,v$anta & ! ,sankhya sy/ems1 accuse ea* o!r ( error1 if n ( wilful error or h]esy4 ,articles too1 ?\gh drawn up ) a view to def9e ! pr9cipal doctr9es ( a religion1 lose mu* ( _! hi/orical value by ! treatm5t !y receive f subsequ5t s*ools2 & !y are frequ5tly sil5t on ! v po9ts :i* make religion :at x is4 ,a few in/ances may s]ve to %[ :at difficulties ! /ud5t ( religion has to cont5d )1 be=e he c hope firmly to grasp ! facts on :i* 8 !ories are to be bas$4 ,roman ,ca?olic mission>ies :o _h sp5t _! lives 9 ,*9a1 :o _h e opportunity1 :ile /ay+ at ! c\rt ( ,pek91 ( /udy+ 9 ! orig9al ! canonical works ( ,confucius & _! comm5t>ies1 :o c\ld consult ! greate/ !ologians !n liv+1 & conv]se ) ! cr[ds t ?rong$ ! temples ( ! capital1 diff]$ diametrically 9 _! op9ions z to ! mo/ vital po9ts 9 ! /ate religion ( ,*9a4 ,lecomte1 ,f\quet1 ,prem>e1 & ,b\vet ?\ght x und5iable t ,confucius1 8 pr$ecessors & 8 disciples1 _h ent]ta9$ ! noble/ ideas on ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 & _h sacrific$ to ! true ,god 9 ! mo/ anci5t temple ( ! e>?4 ,accord+ to ,maigrot1 ,nav>ette1 on ! contr>y1 & ev5 accord+ to ! ,jesuit ,longob>di1 ! adoration ( ! ,*9ese 0 address$ to inanimate tablets1 mean+less inscriptions1 or1 9 ! be/ case1 to co>se ance/ral spirits & be+s )\t intellig5ce4#b ,if we believe ! =m]1 ! anci5t deism ( ,*9a approa*$ ! purity ( ! ,*ri/ian religion2 if we li/5 to ! latt]1 ! absurd feti*ism ( ! multitude deg5]at$ among/ ! educat$1 into sy/ematic mat]ialism & a!ism4 ,9 answ] to ! p]emptory texts quot$ by "o p>ty1 ! o!r adduc$ ! glosses ( accr$it$ int]pret]s1 & ! dispute ( ! mission>ies :o _h liv$ 9 ,*9a & knew ,*9ese1 _h to be settl$ 9 ! la/ in/ance by a decision ( ! see ( ,rome4 ,footnote #b3 ,abel ,remusat1 ',melanges1' p4 #afb4 ,!re is h>dly any religion t has be5 /udi$ 9 its sacr$ lit]ature1 & wat*$ 9 its ext]nal wor%ip ) great] c>e ?an ! mod]n religion ( ! ,h9dus1 & yet x w\ld be extremely h>d to give a fai?ful & intelligible description ( x4 ,mo/ p :o h liv$ 9 ,india w\ld ma9ta9 t ! ,indian religion1 z believ$ 9 & practis$ at pres5t by ! mass ( ! p1 is idol wor%ip & no?+ else4 ,b let u he> "o ( ! mass ( ! p1 a ,h9du ( ,b5>es1 :o 9 a lecture deliv]$ be=e an ,engli% & native audi5ce def5ds 8 fai? & ! fai? ( 8 =efa!rs aga9/ su* sweep+ accusations4 ',if by idolatry1' he says1 is meant a sy/em ( wor%ip :i* conf9es our ideas ( ! ,deity to a m]e image ( clay or /one1 :i* prev5ts our he>ts f be+ exp&$ & elevat$ ) l(ty notions ( ! attributes ( ,god1 if ?is is :at is meant by idolatry1 we disclaim idolatry1 we abhor idolatry1 & deplore ! ignorance or un*>itabl5ess ( ^? t *>ge u ) ?is grovell+ sy/em ( wor%ip4444 ,b if1 firmly believ+1 z we d1 9 ! omnipres5ce ( ,god1 we behold1 by ! aid ( our imag9ation1 9 ! =m ( an image any ( 8 glori\s manife/ations1 ought we to be *>g$ ) id5tify+ !m ) ! matt] ( ! image1 :il/ dur+ ^? mom5ts ( s9c]e & f]v5t devotion1 we d n ev5 ?9k ( matt]8 ,if at ! sight ( a portrait ( a belov$ & v5]at$ fri5d no long] exi/+ 9 ?is _w1 our he>t is fill$ ) s5tim5ts ( love & rev]5ce2 if we fancy him pres5t 9 ! picture1 /ill look+ ^u u ) 8 wont$ t5d]ness & affection1 & !n indulge our feel+s ( love & gratitude1 %\ld we be *>g$ ) (f]+ ! grosse/ insult to him--t ( fancy+ him to be no o!r ?an a piece ( pa9t$ pap]8444 ,we really lam5t ! ignorance or un*>itabl5ess ( ^? :o conf\nd our repres5tative wor%ip ) ! ,ph5ician1 ,grecian1 or ,roman idolatry z repres5t$ by ,european writ]s1 & !n *>ge u ) poly!ism 9 ! tee? ( ?\s&s ( texts 9 ! ,puranz decl>+ 9 cle> & unmi/akable t]ms t !re is b "o ,god :o manife/s ,himself z ,brahma1 ,vi%nu1 & ,rudra 7,siva71 9 ,8 functions ( creation1 pres]vation1 & de/ruction4#c ,footnote #c3 ,! mod]n p&it's reply to ! mission>y :o accuses him ( poly!ism is3 ,o1 ^! are only v>i\s manife/ations ( ! "o ,god2 ! same z1 ?\gh ! sun be "o 9 ! heav5s1 yet he appe>s 9 multi-=m reflections ^u ! lake4 ,! v>i\s sects are only diff]5t entrances to ! "o city4 ,see ,w4 ,w4 ,hunt]1 ,annals ( ,rural ,b5gal1 p4 #aaf4 ,9 support ( ^! /atem5ts1 ?is eloqu5t advocate quotes num]\s passages f ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,brahmans1 & he sums up 8 view ( ! ?ree manife/ations ( ! ,deity 9 ! words ( _! great poet ,kalidasa1 z translat$ by ,mr4 ,griffi?3-- ,9 ^? ,?ree ,p]sons ! ,"o ,god 0 %[n3 ,ea* ,fir/ 9 place1 ea* ,la/1--n "o alone2 ,( ,siva1 ,vi%nu1 ,brahma1 ea* may be ,fir/1 second1 ?ird1 among ! ,bless$ ,?ree4 ,if su* contradictory views c be held & def5d$ ) reg>d to religi\s sy/ems /ill preval5t among/ u1 :]e we c cross-exam9e liv+ witnesses1 & appeal to *apt] & v]se 9 _! sacr$ writ+s1 :at mu/ ! difficulty be :5 we h to deal ) ! religions ( ! pa/8 ,i d n wi% to disguise ^! difficulties :i* are inh]5t 9 a comp>ative /udy ( ! religions ( ! _w4 ,i r dwell on !m /rongly1 9 ord] to %[ h[ mu* c>e & caution is requir$ 9 s difficult a subject1 & h[ mu* indulg5ce %\ld be %[n 9 judg+ ( ! %ortcom+s & errors t are unavoidable 9 s compreh5sive a /udy4 ,x 0 suppos$ at "o "t t a comp>ative analysis ( ! languages ( mank9d mu/ transc5d ! p[]s ( man3 & yet by ! comb9$ & well direct$ ef=ts ( _m s*ol>s1 great results h "h be5 obta9$1 & ! pr9ciples t mu/ guide ! /ud5t ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,language are n[ firmly e/abli%$4 ,x w be ! same ) ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion4 ,by a prop] division ( labor1 ! mat]ials t are /ill want+ w be collect$ & publi%$ & translat$1 & :5 t is done1 surely man w nev] re/ till he has discov]$ ! purpose t runs ?r\gh ! religions ( mank9d1 & till he has recon/ruct$ ! true ,civitas ,dei on f\ndations z wide z ! ends ( ! _w4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,religion may be ! la/ ( ! sci5ces :i* man is de/9$ to elaborate2 b :5 x is elaborat$1 x w *ange ! aspect ( ! _w1 & give a new life to ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,! ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur*1 ?\gh liv+ 9 mu* m dang]\s proximity to ! anci5t religions ( ! ,g5tiles1 admitt$ freely t a comp>ison ( ,*ri/ianity & o!r religions 0 useful4 ,if !re is any agreem5t1 ,basilius rem>k$1 betwe5 _! 7! ,greeks'7 doctr9es & our own1 x may b5efit u to "k !m3 if n1 !n to comp>e !m & to le>n h[ !y diff]1 w help n a little t[>ds confirm+ t :i* is ! bett] ( ! two4#d ,footnote #d3 ,basilius1 ,de leg5dis ,graec4 libris1 c4 v4 ,greek3 ,ei m5 oun e/i tis oikeiotes pros allel\s tois logois1 pr\rg\ an hem9 auton he gnosis g5oito4 ei de me1 alla to ge p>allela !ntas katama!9 to diaphoron1 ou mikron eis bebaiosis beltionos4 ,b ?is is n ! only advantage ( a comp>ative /udy ( religions4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,religion w = ! fir/ "t assign to ,*ri/ianity its "r place among ! religions ( ! _w2 x w %[ = ! fir/ "t fully :at 0 meant by ! fulness ( "t2 x w re/ore to ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w1 9 its unconsci\s progress t[>ds ,*ri/ianity1 its true & sacr$ "*4 ,n _m ye>s ago great (f5ce 0 giv5 by an em95t writ] :o rem>k$ t ! "t _h come :5 ! hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity %\ld be treat$ 9 a truly hi/orical _s1 9 ! same _s 9 :i* we treat ! hi/ory ( o!r religions1 su* z ,brahmanism1 ,buddhism1 or ,mohamm$anism4 ,& yet :at c be tru]8 ,he mu/ be a man ( little fai?1 :o w\ld fe> to subject 8 own religion to ! same critical te/s to :i* ! hi/orian subjects all o!r religions4 ,we ne$ n surely crave a t5d] or m]ciful treatm5t = t fai? :i* we hold to be ! only true "o4 ,we %\ld r *all5ge = x ! sev]e/ te/s & trials1 z ! sailor w\ld = ! good %ip to :i* he entru/s 8 own life1 & ! lives ( ^? :o are mo/ de> to him4 ,9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 we c decl9e no comp>isons1 nor claim any immunities = ,*ri/ianity1 z little z ! mission>y c1 :5 wre/l+ ) ! subtle ,brahman1 or ! fanatical ,mussulman1 or ! pla9 speak+ ,zulu4 ,& if we s5d out our mission>ies to e "p ( ! _w to face e k9d ( religion1 to %r9k f no conte/1 to be appall$ by no objections1 we mu/ n give way at home or )9 our own he>ts to any misgiv+s1 t a comp>ative /udy ( ! religions ( ! _w c\ld %ake ! firm f\ndations on :i* we mu/ /& or fall4 ,to ! mission>y m p>ticul>ly a comp>ative /udy ( ! religions ( mank9d w be1 ,i believe1 ( ! greate/ assi/ance4 ,mission>ies are apt to look ^u all o!r religions z some?+ totally di/9ct f _! own1 z =m]ly !y us$ to describe ! languages ( b>b>\s nations z some?+ m l ! twitt]+ ( birds ?an ! articulate spee* ( m54 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,language has taught u t !re is ord] & wisdom 9 all languages1 & t ev5 ! mo/ degrad$ j>gons conta9 ! ru9s ( =m] greatness & beauty4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 ,i hope1 w produce a simil> *ange 9 our views ( b>b>\s =ms ( fai? & wor%ip2 & mission>ies1 in/ead ( look+ only = po9ts ( diff]5ce1 w look out m anxi\sly = any common gr\nd1 any sp>k ( ! true light t may /ill be reviv$1 any alt> t may be d$icat$ afre% to ! true ,god4 ,& ev5 to u at home1 a wid] view ( ! religi\s life ( ! _w may tea* _m a useful lesson4 ,imm5se z is ! diff]5ce betwe5 our own & all o!r religions ( ! _w--& few c "k t diff]5ce :o h n hone/ly exam9$ ! f\ndations ( _! own z well z ( o!r religions--! position :i* believ]s & unbeliev]s occupy ) reg>d to _! v>i\s =ms ( fai? is v mu* ! same all ov] ! _w4 ,! difficulties :i* tr\ble u1 h tr\bl$ ! he>ts & m9ds ( m5 z f> back z we c trace ! beg9n+s ( religi\s life4 ,! great problems t\*+ ! relation ( ! ,f9ite to ! ,inf9ite1 ( ! human m9d z ! recipi5t1 & ( ! ,div9e ,_s z ! s\rce ( tru?1 are old problems inde$2 & :ile wat*+ _! appe>ance 9 diff]5t c\ntries1 & _! treatm5t "u v>y+ circum/ances1 we %all be able1 ,i believe1 to pr(it ourselves1 bo? by ! errors :i* o!rs committ$ be=e u1 & by ! tru? :i* !y discov]$4 ,we %all "k ! rocks t ?reat5 e religion 9 ?is *ang+ & %ift+ _w ( ours1 & hav+ wat*$ _m a /orm ( religi\s controv]sy & _m a %ipwreck 9 di/ant seas1 we %all face ) great] calmness & prud5ce ! tr\bl$ wat]s at home4 ,if !re is "o ?+ :i* a comp>ative /udy ( religions places 9 ! cle>e/ light1 x is ! inevitable decay to :i* e religion is expos$4 ,x may seem almo/ l a truism1 t no religion c cont9ue to be :at x 0 dur+ ! lifetime ( its f\nd] & its fir/ apo/les4 ,yet x is b seldom borne 9 m9d t )\t con/ant re=mation1 i4 e4 )\t a con/ant return to its f\nta9-head1 e religion1 ev5 ! mo/ p]fect1 nay ! mo/ p]fect on acc\nt ( its v p]fection1 m ev5 ?an o!rs1 suff]s f its contact ) ! _w1 z ! pure/ air suff]s f ! m]e fact ( its be+ brea!d4 ,:5ev] we c trace back a religion to its fir/ beg9n+s1 we f9d x free f _m ( ! blemi%es t (f5d u 9 its lat] phases4 ,! f\nd]s ( ! anci5t religions ( ! _w1 z f> z we c judge1 7 m9ds ( a high /amp1 full ( noble aspirations1 ye>n+ = tru?1 devot$ to ! welf>e ( _! neighb\rs1 examples ( purity & unselfi%ness4 ,:at !y desir$ to f\nd ^u e>? 0 b seldom realis$1 & _! say+s1 if pres]v$ 9 _! orig9al =m1 (f] (t5 a /range contra/ to ! practice ( ^? :o pr(ess to be _! disciples4 ,z soon z a religion is e/abli%$1 & m p>ticul>ly :5 x has become ! religion ( a p[]ful /ate1 ! =eign & worldly elem5ts encroa* m & m on ! orig9al f\ndation1 & human int]e/s m> ! simplicity & purity ( ! plan :i* ! f\nd] _h conceiv$ 9 8 own he>t1 & matur$ 9 8 commun+s ) 8 ,god4 ,ev5 ^? :o liv$ ) ,buddha1 misund]/ood 8 words1 & at ! ,great ,c\ncil :i* _h to settle ! ,buddhi/ canon1 ,asoka1 ! ,indian ,con/ant9e1 _h to rem9d ! assembl$ prie/s t ':at _h be5 said by ,buddha1 t alone 0 well said2' & t c]ta9 works ascrib$ to ,buddha1 z1 = in/ance1 ! in/ruction giv5 to 8 son1 ,rahula1 7 apocryphal1 if n h]etical4#e ,) e c5tury1 ,buddhism1 :5 x 0 accept$ by nations1 diff]+ z widely z ,mongols & ,h9dus1 :5 its sacr$ writ+s 7 translat$ into languages z wide ap>t z ,sanskrit & ,*9ese1 assum$ widely diff]5t aspects1 till at la/ ! ,buddhism ( ! ,%amans 9 ! /eppes ( ,tat>y is z diff]5t f ! tea*+ ( ! orig9al ,samana1 z ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! lead] ( ! ,*9ese rebels is f ! tea*+ ( ,*ri/4 ,if mission>ies c\ld %[ to ! ,brahmans1 ! ,buddhi/s1 ! ,zoroa/rians1 nay1 ev5 to ! ,mohamm$ans1 h[ mu* _! pres5t fai? diff]s f ! fai? ( _! =efa!rs & f\nd]s1 if !y c\ld place into _! h&s & read ) !m 9 a k9dly _s ! orig9al docum5ts 9 :i* ^! v>i\s religions pr(ess to be f\nd$1 & enable !m to di/+ui% betwe5 ! doctr9es ( _! own sacr$ books & ! additions ( lat] ages1 an important advantage w\ld be ga9$1 & ! *oice betwe5 ,*ri/ & o!r ,ma/]s w\ld be r5d]$ f> m easy to _m a tru?-seek+ s\l4 ,b = t purpose x is necess>y t we too %\ld see ! beam 9 our own eyes1 & le>n to di/+ui% betwe5 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! n9ete5? c5tury & ! religion ( ,*ri/4 ,if we f9d t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! n9ete5? c5tury does n w9 z _m he>ts 9 ,india & ,*9a z x ought1 let u rememb] t x 0 ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! fir/ c5tury 9 all its dogmatic simplicity1 b ) its ov]p[]+ love ( ,god & man1 t conqu]$ ! _w & sup]s$$ religions & philosophies1 m difficult to conqu] ?an ! religi\s & philosophical sy/ems ( ,h9dus & ,buddhi/s4 ,if we c tea* some?+ to ! ,brahmans 9 read+ ) !m _! sacr$ hymns1 !y too c tea* u some?+ :5 read+ ) u ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/4 ,nev] %all ,i =get ! deep despond5cy ( a ,h9du conv]t1 a real m>tyr to 8 fai?1 :o _h pictur$ to himself f ! pages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :at a ,*ri/ian c\ntry mu/ be1 & :o :5 he came to ,europe f\nd ev]y?+ s diff]5t f :at he _h imag9$ 9 8 lonely m$itations at ,b5>es6 ,x 0 ! ,bible only t sav$ him f return+ to 8 old religion1 & help$ him to disc]n b5ea? !ological futilities1 accumulat$ dur+ ne>ly two ?\s& ye>s1 b5ea? ph>isaical hypocrisy1 infidelity1 & want ( *>ity1 ! buri$1 b /ill liv+ se$1 committ$ to ! e>? by ,*ri/ & 8 ,apo/les4 ,h[ c a mission>y 9 su* circum/ances meet ! surprise & que/ions ( 8 pupils1 unless he may po9t to t se$1 & tell !m :at ,*ri/ianity 0 meant to be2 unless he may %[ t l all o!r religions1 ,*ri/ianity1 too1 has _h its hi/ory2 t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! n9ete5? c5tury is n ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,middle ,ages1 t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,middle ,ages 0 n t ( ! e>ly ,c\ncils1 t ! ,*ri/ianity ( ! e>ly ,c\ncils 0 n t ( ! ,apo/les1 & 't :at has be5 said by ,*ri/ t alone 0 well said8' ,footnote #e3 ,see ,burn\f1 ',lotus de la bonne ,loi1' ,app5dice1 ,no4 x4 ,sec4 #d4 ,! advantages1 h[ev]1 :i* mission>ies & o!r def5d]s ( ! fai? w ga9 f a comp>ative /udy ( religions1 ?\gh important h]eaft]1 are n at pres5t ! *ief object ( ^! rese>*es4 ,9 ord] to ma9ta9 _! sci5tific "*1 !y mu/ be indep5d5t ( all extrane\s consid]ations3 !y mu/ aim at tru?1 tru/+ t ev5 unpalatable tru?s1 l unpalatable m$ic9e1 w re9vigorate ! sy/em into :i* !y ent]4 ,to ^?1 no d\bt1 :o value ! t5ets ( _! religion z ! mis] values 8 pe>ls & preci\s /ones1 ?9k+ _! value less5$ if pe>ls & /ones ( ! same k9d are f\nd 9 o!r p>ts ( ! _w1 ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion w br+ _m a rude %ock2 b to ! true believ]1 tru?1 :]ev] x appe>s1 is welcome1 nor w any doctr9e seem to be less true or less preci\s1 because x 0 se51 n only by ,moses or ,*ri/1 b likewise by ,buddha or ,lao-tse4 ,nor %\ld x be =gott5 t :ile a comp>ison ( anci5t religions w c]ta9ly %[ t "s ( ! mo/ vital articles ( fai? are ! common prop]ty ( ! :ole ( mank9d1 at lea/ ( all :o seek ! ,"l1 if haply !y might feel aft] him1 & f9d him1 ! same comp>ison alone c possibly tea* u :at is peculi> to ,*ri/ianity1 & :at has secur$ to x t pre-em95t position :i* n[ x holds 9 spite ( all obloquy4 ,! ga9 w be great] ?an ! loss1 if loss !re be1 :i* ,i1 at lea/1 %all nev] admit4 ,!re is a /rong feel+1 ,i "k1 9 ! m9ds ( all p aga9/ any attempt to treat _! own religion z a memb] ( a class1 &1 9 "o s5se1 t feel+ is p]fectly ju/ifi$4 ,to ea* individual1 8 own religion1 if he really believes 9 x1 is some?+ q insep>able f himself1 some?+ unique1 t _c be comp>$ to any?+ else1 or replac$ by any?+ else4 ,our own religion is1 9 t respect1 some?+ l our own language4 ,9 its =m x may be l o!r languages2 9 its ess5ce & 9 its relation to ourselves1 x /&s alone & admits ( no pe] or rival4 ,b 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 our religion1 l our own language1 is b "o out ( _m2 & 9 ord] to und]/& fully ! position ( ,*ri/ianity 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 & its true place among ! religions ( mank9d1 we mu/ comp>e x1 n ) ,judaeism only1 b ) ! religi\s aspirations ( ! :ole _w1 ) all1 9 fact1 t ,*ri/ianity came ei!r to de/roy or to fulfil4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ,*ri/ianity =ms "p1 no d\bt1 ( :at p call pr(ane hi/ory1 b by t v fact1 pr(ane hi/ory ceases to be pr(ane1 & rega9s ?r\gh\t t sacr$ "* ( :i* x _h be5 depriv$ by a false di/9ction4 ,! anci5t ,fa!rs ( ! ,*ur* spoke on ^! subjects ) f> great] fre$om ?an we v5ture to use 9 ^! days4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr1 9 8 ',apology' 7,a4,d #aci71 has ?is memorable passage 7',apol4' i4 #df73 ',"o article ( our fai? !n is1 t ,*ri/ is ! fir/ begott5 ( ,god1 & we h already prov$ ,him to be ! v ,logos 7or univ]sal ,reason71 ( :i* mank9d are all p>tak]s2 & !re=e ^? :o live accord+ to ! ,logos are ,*ri/ians1 not)/&+ !y may pass ) y = ,a!i/s2 su* among ! ,greeks 7 ,sokrates & ,h]akleitos & ! l2 & su* among ! ,b>b>ians 7 ,abraham1 & ,ananias1 & ,az>ias1 & ,misael1 & ,elias1 & _m o!rs1 ^: actions1 nay ^: v names1 ,i "k1 w\ld be t$i\s to relate1 & !re=e %all pass !m ov]4 ,s1 on ! o!r side1 ^? :o h liv$ 9 =m] times 9 defiance ( ! ,logos or ,reason1 7 evil1 & enemies to ,*ri/ & murd]]s ( su* z liv$ accord+ to ! ,logos2 b !y :o h made or make ! ,logos or ,reason ! rule ( _! actions are ,*ri/ians1 & m5 )\t fe> & trembl+4'#ea ,footnote #ea3 ,greek3 ,ton *ri/on pro?otokon t\ ,!\ e9ai edidha*!m51 kai proem5hysam5 ,lhogon onta1 ou pan gh5os an?rhopon me!s*e kai oi meta ,lhog\ bihosantes *ri/ianohi eisi1 kan a!oi enomhi/hesan1 oion en ,ellesi m5 ,sokrhates kai ,erhakleitos kai oi homoioi autois1 en b>b>ois de ,abraam kai ,ananias kai ,as>ias kai ,misael kai ,elhias kai alloi polloi1 on tas praxets e ta onomata katalege9 makron e9ai epi/am5oi1 tanyn p>aitoyme?a4 o/e kai oi prog5om5oi aneu ,ldg\ bihosantes1 acre/oi ka4 ',god1' says ,clem5t1#f 'is ! cause ( all t is good3 only ( "s good gifts ,he is ! prim>y cause1 z ( ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 ( o!rs ! second>y1 z ( 7,greek7 philosophy4 ,b ev5 philosophy may h be5 giv5 prim>ily by ,him to ! ,greeks1 be=e ! ,"l _h call$ ! ,greeks also4 ,= t philosophy1 l a tea*]1 has guid$ ! ,greeks also1 z ! ,law did ! ,hebrews1 t[>ds ,*ri/4 ,philosophy1 !re=e1 prep>es & op5s ! way to ^? :o are made p]fect by ,*ri/4' ,footnote #f3 ,clem4 ,alex4 ,/rom1 lib4 ,i1 cap4 v1 ,sec4 #bh4 ,greek3 ,panton m5 g> aitios ton kalon d !os1 alla ton m5 kata proeg\m5on1 hos tes te dia!kes tes palaias kai tes neas1 ton de kat epakol\!ma1 hos tes philosophias ta*a de kai proeg\m5os tois ,elles9 edo! tote pr9 e ton kurion kalesai kai t\s ,elleuas4 ,epaidagogei g> kai aute to ,ell5ikon hos o nomos t\s ,ebrai\s eis ,*ri/on4 prop>askeuixei to9un e philosophia proodopoi\sa ton hupo ,*ri/\ telei\m5on4 ,& aga93 ',x is cle> t ! same ,god to :om we owe ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts1 gave also to ! ,greeks _! ,greek philosophy by :i* ! ,almighty is glorifi$ among ! ,greeks4'#g ,footnote #g3 ,/rom1 lib4 ,,vi1 cap4 ,v1 ,sec4 #db4 ,greek3 ,eros de kai oti o autos !os ampho9 ta9 dia!ka9 *oregos1 o kai tes ,ell5ikes philosophias dot] tois ,elles91 di es o pantokrator p> ,ellesi doxazetai1 p>e/es51 delon de kan!de4 ,& ,clem5t 0 by no means ! only "o :o spoke ?us freely & fe>lessly1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 8 k ( ,greek philosophy qualifi$ him bett] ?an _m ( 8 contempor>ies to speak ) au?ority on su* subjects4 ,/4 ,augu/9e writes3 ',if ! ,g5tiles also _h possibly some?+ div9e & true 9 _! doctr9es1 our ,sa9ts did n f9d fault ) x1 al?\gh = _! sup]/ition1 idolatry1 & pride1 & o!r evil habits1 !y _h to be dete/$1 &1 unless !y improv$1 to be puni%$ by div9e judgm5t4 ,= ! apo/le ,paul1 :5 he said some?+ ab\t ,god among ! ,a!nians1 quot$ ! te/imony ( "s ( ! ,greeks :o _h said some?+ ( ! same k9d3 & ?is1 if !y came to ,*ri/1 w\ld be ackn[l$g$ 9 !m1 & n blam$4 ,sa9t ,cyprian1 too1 uses su* witnesses aga9/ ! ,g5tiles4 ,= :5 he speaks ( ! ,magians1 he says t ! *ief among !m1 ,ho/anes1 ma9ta9s t ! true ,god is invisible1 & t true angels sit at ,8 ?rone2 & t ,plato agrees ) ?is1 & believes 9 ,"o ,god1 consid]+ ! o!rs to be angels or demons2 & t ,h]mes ,trismegi/us also speaks ( ,"o ,god1 & confesses t ,he is incompreh5sible4' 7,augu/9us1 ',de ,baptismo contra ,donati/as1' lib4 ,,vi1 cap4 xliv47 ,e religion1 ev5 ! mo/ imp]fect & degrad$1 has some?+ t ought to be sacr$ to u1 = !re is 9 all religions a secret ye>n+ aft] ! true1 ?\gh unkn[n1 ,god4 ,:e!r we see ! ,papua squatt+ 9 dumb m$itation be=e 8 feti%1 or :e!r we li/5 to ,firdusi exclaim+3 ',! heigh? & ! dep? ( ! :ole _w h _! c5tre 9 ,!e1 ,o my ,god6 ,i d n "k ,!e :at ,?\ art3 b ,i "k t ,?\ art :at ,?\ alone can/ be1'--we ought to feel t ! place :]eon we /& is holy gr\nd4 ,!re are philosoph]s1 no d\bt1 to :om bo? ,*ri/ianity & all o!r religions are explod$ errors1 ?+s belong+ to ! pa/1 & to be replac$ by m positive k4 ,to !m ! /udy ( ! religions ( ! _w c\ld only h a pa?ological int]e/1 & _! he>ts c\ld nev] w>m at ! sp>ks ( tru? t light up1 l />s1 ! d>k yet glori\s night ( ! anci5t _w4 ,!y tell u t ! _w has pass$ ?r\gh ! phases ( religi\s & metaphysical errors1 9 ord] to arrive at ! safe hav5 ( positive k ( facts4 ,b if !y w\ld b /udy positive facts1 if !y w\ld b read1 pati5tly & ?\ghtfully1 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 z x is1 n z x might h be53 !y w\ld see t1 z 9 geology1 s 9 ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 !oretic uni=mity does n exi/1 & t ! pa/ is nev] altoge!r lo/4 ,! olde/ =mations ( ?\ght crop out ev]y:]e1 & if we dig b deep en\gh1 we %all f9d t ev5 ! s&y des]t 9 :i* we are ask$ to live1 re/s ev]y:]e on ! firm f\ndation ( t primeval1 yet inde/ructible granite ( ! human s\l1--religi\s fai?4 ,!re are o!r philosoph]s aga9 :o w\ld fa9 n>r[ ! limits ( ! ,div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w to ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% & ( ! ,*ri/ian nations1 :o w\ld grudge ! v "n ( religion to ! anci5t cre$s ( ! _w1 & to :om ! "n ( natural religion has almo/ become a t]m ( reproa*4 ,to !m1 too1 ,i %\ld l to say t if !y w\ld b /udy positive facts1 if !y w\ld b read _! own ,bible1 !y w\ld f9d t ! greatness ( ,div9e ,love _c be measur$ by human /&>ds1 & t ,god has nev] =sak5 a s+le human s\l t has n fir/ =sak5 ,him4 ',he ha? made ( "o blood all nations ( m51 = to dwell on all ! face ( ! e>?2 & ha? det]m9$ ! times be=e appo9t$1 & ! b\nds ( _! habitation3 t !y %\ld seek ! ,"l1 if haply !y might feel aft] him1 & f9d him1 ?\gh he be n f> f e "o ( u1' ,if !y w\ld b dig deep en\gh1 !y too w\ld f9d t :at !y contemptu\sly call natural religion1 is 9 reality ! greate/ gift t ,god has be/[$ on ! *ildr5 ( man1 & t )\t x1 reveal$ religion itself w\ld h no firm f\ndation1 no liv+ roots 9 ! he>t ( man4 ,if by ! essays "h collect$ ,i %\ld succe$ 9 attract+ m g5]al att5tion t[>ds an indep5d5t1 yet rev]5t /udy ( ! anci5t religions ( ! _w1 & 9 dispell+ "s ( ! prejudices ) :i* s _m h reg>d$ ! ye>n+s aft] tru? embodi$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,brahmans1 ! ,zoroa/rians1 & ! ,buddhi/s1 9 ! my?ology ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 nay1 ev5 9 ! wild traditions & degrad$ cu/oms ( ,polynesian savages1 ,i %all consid] myself amply rew>d$ = ! lab\r :i* !y h co/ me4 ,t !y are n free f errors1 9 spite ( a c>eful revision to :i* !y h be5 submitt$ be=e ,i publi%$ !m 9 ?is collection1 ,i am fully aw>e1 & ,i %all be grateful to any "o :o w po9t !m out1 little conc]n$ :e!r x is done 9 a seemly or unseemly mann]1 z long z "s new tru? is elicit$1 or "s old error effectually explod$4 ,?\gh ,i h ?\ght x "r 9 prep>+ ^! essays = publication1 to alt] :at ,i c\ld no long] def5d z true1 & also1 ?\gh r>ely1 to add "s new facts t seem$ ess5tial = ! purpose ( e/abli%+ :at ,i wi%$ to prove1 yet 9 ! ma9 !y h be5 left z !y 7 orig9ally publi%$4 ,i h add$ to ea* ! dates :5 !y 7 writt51 ^! dates rang+ ov] ! la/ fifte5 ye>s1 & ,i mu/ beg my read]s to be> ^! dates 9 m9d :5 judg+ bo? ( ! =m & ! matt] ( ^! contributions t[>ds a bett] k ( ! cre$s & pray]s1 ! leg5ds & cu/oms ( ! anci5t _w4 ,m4 ,m4 ,,p>ks ,,end1 ,,ox=d3 ,octob]1 #ahfg4 ,,cont5ts ,,( ,,fir/ ,,volume4 ,i4 ,,lecture ,,on ,,! ,,v$as ,,or ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,brahmans1 ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,le$s1 #ahfe ,,ii4 ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,o!r ,,ma/]s1 #aheh ,,iii4 ,,! ,,v$a ,,& ,,z5d-,,ave/a1 #ahec ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ait>eya-,,brahmana1 #ahfd ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,z5d-,,ave/a ,,9 ,,india1 #ahfb ,,vi4 ,,progress ,,( ,,z5d ,,s*ol>%ip1 #ahfe ,,vii4 ,,g5esis ,,& ,,! ,,z5d-,,ave/a1 #ahfd ,,viii4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,p>sis1 #ahfb ,,ix4 ,,buddhism1 #ahfb ,x4 ,,buddhi/ ,,pilgrims1 #aheg ,,xi4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,nirvana1 #aheg ,,xii4 ,,*9ese ,,translations ,,( ,,sanskrit ,,texts1 #ahfa ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,confucius1 #ahfa ,,xiv4 ,,popol ,,vuh1 #ahfb ,,xv4 ,,semitic ,,mono!ism1 #ahfj 99 99 99 99 99 ,i4 ,,lecture ,,on ,,! ,,v$as ,,or ,,! ,,sacr$ ,,books ,,( ,,! ,,brahmans1#h ,,deliv]$ ,,at ,,! ,,philosophical ,,in/itution1 ,,le$s1 ,,m>*1 #ahfe4 ,i h br\ght ) me "o volume ( my edition ( ! ,v$a1 & ,i %\ld n wond] if x 7 ! fir/ copy ( ! "w :i* has ev] rea*$ ?is busy t[n ( ,le$s4 ,nay1 ,i confess ,i h "s misgiv+s :e!r ,i h n und]tak5 a hopeless task1 & ,i beg9 to d\bt :e!r ,i %all succe$ 9 expla9+ to y ! int]e/ :i* ,i feel = ?is anci5t collection ( sacr$ hymns1 an int]e/ :i* has nev] fail$ me :ile devot+ to ! publication ( ?is volum9\s "w ! be/ tw5ty ye>s ( my life4 ,_m times h ,i be5 ask$1 ,b :at is ! ,v$a8 ,:y %\ld x be publi%$8 ,:at are we likely to le>n f a book compos$ ne>ly f\r ?\s& ye>s ago1 & int5d$ f ! beg9n+ = an uncultivat$ race ( m]e hea!ns & savages1--a book :i* ! natives ( ,india h nev] publi%$ !mselves1 al?\gh1 to ! pres5t day1 !y pr(ess to reg>d x z ! highe/ au?ority = _! religion1 morals1 & philosophy8 ,are we1 ! p ( ,engl& or ( ,europe1 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 likely to ga9 any new light on religi\s1 moral1 or philosophical que/ions f ! old songs ( ! ,brahmans8 ,& is x s v c]ta9 t ! :ole book is n a mod]n =g]y1 )\t any sub/antial claims to t high antiquity :i* is ascrib$ to x by ! ,h9dus1 s t all ! lab\r be/[$ ^u x w\ld n only be lab\r lo/1 b ?r[ discr$it on our p[]s ( discrim9ation1 & make u a laugh+-/ock among ! %rewd natives ( ,india8 ,^! & simil> que/ions ,i h _h to answ] _m times :5 ask$ by o!rs1 & "s ( !m :5 ask$ by myself1 be=e emb>k+ on s haz>d\s an und]tak+ z ! publication ( ! ,rig-v$a & its anci5t comm5t>y4 ,&1 ,i believe1 ,i am n mi/ak5 9 suppos+ t _m ( ^? :o to-night h hon\r$ me ) _! pres5ce may h ent]ta9$ simil> d\bts & misgiv+s :5 invit$ to li/5 to a ,lecture ',on ! ,v$as or ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,brahmans4' ,footnote #h3 ,"s ( ! po9ts t\*$ ^u 9 ?is ,lecture h be5 m fully treat$ 9 my ',hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature4' ,z ! second edition ( ?is "w has be5 out ( pr9t = sev]al ye>s1 ,i h "h quot$ a few passages f x 9 full4 ,i %all endeav\r1 !re=e1 z f> z ?is is possible )9 ! limits ( "o ,lecture1 to answ] "s ( ^! que/ions1 & to remove "s ( ^! d\bts1 by expla9+ to y1 fir/1 :at ! ,v$a really is1 &1 secondly1 :at importance x possesses1 n only to ! p ( ,india1 b to ourselves 9 ,europe1--& "h aga91 n only to ! /ud5t ( ,ori5tal languages1 b to e /ud5t ( hi/ory1 religion1 or philosophy2 to e man :o has once felt ! *>m ( trac+ t mighty /ream ( human ?\ght on :i* we ourselves are float+ onw>d1 back to its di/ant m\nta9-s\rces2 to e "o :o has a he>t = :atev] has once fill$ ! he>ts ( millions ( human be+s ) _! noble/ hopes1 & fe>s1 & aspirations2--to e /ud5t ( mank9d 9 ! fulle/ s5se ( t full & weighty ^w4 ,:oev] claims t noble title mu/ n =get1 :e!r he exam9es ! highe/ a*ievem5ts ( mank9d 9 our own age1 or ! mis]able failures ( =m] ages1 :at man is1 & 9 ^: image & aft] ^: lik5ess man 0 made4 ,:e!r li/5+ to ! %rieks ( ! ,%aman sorc]]s ( ,tat>y1 or to ! odes ( ,p9d>1 or to ! sacr$ songs ( ,paul ,g]h>d3 :e!r look+ at ! pagodas ( ,*9a1 or ! ,p>!non ( ,a!ns1 or ! ca!dral ( ,cologne3 :e!r read+ ! sacr$ books ( ! ,buddhi/s1 ( ! ,jews1 or ( ^? :o wor%ip ,god 9 _s & 9 tru?1 we ought to be able to say1 l ! ,emp]or ,maximilian1 ',homo sum1 humani nihil a me ali5um puto1' or1 translat+ 8 words some:at freely1 ',i am a man1 no?+ p]ta9+ to man ,i deem =eign to myself4' ,yes1 we mu/ le>n to read 9 ! hi/ory ( ! :ole human race some?+ ( our own hi/ory2 & z 9 look+ back on ! /ory ( our own life1 we all dwell ) a peculi> delight on ! e>lie/ *apt]s ( our *ildhood1 & try to f9d !re ! key to _m ( ! riddles ( our lat] life1 x is b natural t ! hi/orian1 too1 %\ld pond] ) mo/ int5se int]e/ ov] ! few relics t h be5 pres]v$ to him ( ! *ildhood ( ! human race4 ,^! relics are few inde$1 & !re=e v preci\s1 & ?is ,i may v5ture to say1 at ! outset & )\t fe> ( contradiction1 t !re exi/s no lit]>y relic t c>ries u back to a m primitive1 or1 if y l1 m *ild-l /ate 9 ! hi/ory ( man#i ?an ! ,v$a4 ,z ! language ( ! ,v$a1 ! ,sanskrit1 is ! mo/ anci5t type ( ! ,engli% ( ! pres5t day1 7,sanskrit & ,engli% are b v>ieties ( "o & ! same language17 s its ?\ghts & feel+s conta9 9 reality ! fir/ roots & g]ms ( t intellectual gr[? :i* by an unbrok5 *a9 connects our own g5]ation ) ! ance/ors ( ! ,aryan race1--) ^? v p :o at ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun li/5$ ) trembl+ he>ts to ! songs ( ! ,v$a1 t told !m ( bright p[]s above1 & ( a life to come aft] ! sun ( _! own lives _h set 9 ! cl\ds ( ! ev5+4 ,^? m5 7 ! true ance/ors ( our race2 & ! ,v$a is ! olde/ book we h 9 :i* to /udy ! fir/ beg9n+s ( our language1 & ( all t is embodi$ 9 language4 ,we are by nature ,aryan1 ,indo-,european1 n ,semitic3 our spiritual ki? & k9 are to be f\nd 9 ,india1 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 ,italy1 ,g]many2 n 9 ,mesopotamia1 ,egypt1 or ,pale/9e4 ,?is is a fact t ought to be cle>ly p]ceiv$1 & con/antly kept 9 view1 9 ord] to und]/& ! importance :i* ! ,v$a has = u1 aft] ! lapse ( m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 & aft] ev] s _m *anges 9 our language1 ?\ght1 & religion4 ,footnote #i3 ',9 ! sci5ces ( law & society1 old means n old 9 *ronology1 b 9 /ructure3 t is mo/ ar*aic :i* lies ne>e/ to ! beg9n+ ( human progress consid]$ z a developm5t1 & t is mo/ mod]n :i* is f>!/ remov$ f t beg9n+4'--,j4 ,f4 ,mc,lennan1 ',primitive ,m>riage1' p4 #h4 ,:atev] ! intr9sic value ( ! ,v$a1 if x simply conta9$ ! names ( k+s1 ! description ( battles1 ! dates ( fam9es1 x w\ld /ill be1 by its age alone1 ! mo/ v5]able ( books4 ,d we ev] f9d mu* beyond su* matt]s 9 ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 or 9 ,cunei=m inscriptions8 ,9 fact1 :at does ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! _w be=e ,cyrus1 be=e #ejj ,b4,c41 consi/ (1 b meagre li/s ( ,egyptian1 ,babylonian1 ,assyrian dyna/ies8 ,:at d ! tablets ( ,k>nak1 ! palaces ( ,n9eveh1 & ! cyl9d]s ( ,babylon tell u ab\t ! ?\ghts ( m58 ,all is dead & b>r51 n[h]e a sigh1 n[h]e a je/1 n[h]e a glimpse ( humanity4 ,!re has be5 b "o oasis 9 t va/ des]t ( anci5t ,asiatic hi/ory1 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,ano!r su* oasis is ! ,v$a4 ,"h1 too1 we come to a /ratum ( anci5t ?\ght1 ( anci5t feel+s1 hopes1 joys1 & fe>s1--( anci5t religion4 ,!re is p]haps too little ( k+s & battles 9 ! ,v$a1 & sc>cely any?+ ( ! *ronological framework ( hi/ory4 ,b poets surely are bett] ?an k+s1 hymns & pray]s are m wor? li/5+ to ?an ! agonies ( but*]$ armies1 & guesses at tru? m valuable ?an unmean+ titles ( ,egyptian or ,babylonian despots4 ,x w be difficult to settle :e!r ! ,v$a is '! olde/ ( books1' & :e!r "s ( ! portions ( ! ,old ,te/am5t may n be trac$ back to ! same or ev5 an e>li] date ?an ! olde/ hymns ( ! ,v$a4 ,b1 9 ! ,aryan _w1 ! ,v$a is c]ta9ly ! olde/ book1 & its pres]vation am\nts almo/ to a m>vel4 ,x is ne>ly tw5ty ye>s ago t my att5tion 0 fir/ drawn to ! ,v$a1 :ile att5d+1 9 ! ye>s #ahdf & #ahdg1 ! lectures ( ,eug5e ,burn\f at ! ,college de ,france4 ,i 0 !n look+ out1 l mo/ "y m5 at t "t ( life1 = "s great "w1 & )\t weigh+ long ! difficulties :i* _h hi!rto prev5t$ ! publication ( ! ,v$a1 ,i det]m9$ to devote all my "t to ! collection ( ! mat]ials necess>y = su* an und]tak+4 ,i _h read ! pr9cipal works ( ! lat] ,sanskrit lit]ature1 b _h f\nd little !re t seem$ to be m ?an curi\s4 ,b to publi% ! ,v$a1 a "w t _h nev] be=e be5 publi%$ 9 ,india or 9 ,europe1 t occupi$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ,sanskrit lit]ature ! same position :i* ! ,old ,te/am5t occupies 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews1 ! ,new ,te/am5t 9 ! hi/ory ( mod]n ,europe1 ! ,koran 9 ! hi/ory ( ,mohamm$anism1--a "w :i* fills a gap 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d1 & promises to br+ u ne>] ?an any o!r "w to ! fir/ beg9n+s ( ,aryan language & ,aryan ?\ght1--?is seem$ to me an und]tak+ n altoge!r unwor?y a man's life4 ,:at add$ to ! *>m ( x 0 t x _h once be=e be5 und]tak5 by ,fr$]ick ,ros51 a "y ,g]man s*ol>1 :o di$ 9 ,engl& be=e he _h f9i%$ ! fir/ book1 & t aft] 8 dea? no "o seem$ will+ to c>ry on 8 "w4 ,:at ,i _h to d1 fir/ ( all1 0 to copy n only ! text1 b ! comm5t>y ( ! ,rig-v$a1 a "w :i* :5 f9i%$ w fill six ( ^! l>ge volumes4 ,! au?or or r ! compil] ( ?is comm5t>y1 ,sayana ,akarya1 liv$ ab\t #adjj aft] ,*ri/1 t is to say1 ab\t z _m c5turies aft]1 z ! poets ( ! ,v$a liv$ be=e1 ! beg9n+ ( our era4 ,yet ?r\gh ! #cjjj ye>s :i* sep>ate ! orig9al poetry ( ! ,v$a f ! late/ comm5t>y1 !re runs an almo/ cont9u\s /ream ( tradition1 & x is f x1 r ?an f 8 own bra91 t ,sayana draws 8 explanations ( ! sacr$ texts4 ,num]\s ,,mss41 m or less complete1 m or less inaccurate1 ( ,sayana's classical "w1 exi/$ 9 ! !n ,royal ,libr>y at ,p>is1 9 ! ,libr>y ( ! ,ea/-,india ,h\se1 !n 9 ,lead5hall ,/reet1 & 9 ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d4 ,b to copy & collate ^! ,,mss4 0 by no means all4 ,a numb] ( o!r works 7 con/antly quot$ 9 ,sayana's comm5t>y1 & ^! quotations _h all to be v]ifi$4 ,x 0 necess>y fir/ to copy ^! works1 & to make indexes to all ( !m1 9 ord] to be able to f9d any passage t might be ref]r$ to 9 ! l>g] comm5t>y4 ,_m ( ^! works h s9ce be5 publi%$ 9 ,g]many & ,france1 b !y 7 n to be procur$ tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,! "w1 ( c\rse1 proce$$ b sl[ly1 & _m times ,i d\bt$ :e!r ,i %\ld be able to c>ry x ?r\gh4 ,la/ly came ! difficulty1--& by no means ! smalle/1--:o 0 to publi% a "w t w\ld occupy ab\t six ?\s& pages 9 qu>to1 all 9 ,sanskrit1 & ( :i* probably n a hundr$ copies w\ld ev] be sold4 ,well1 ,i came to ,engl& 9 ord] to collect m mat]ials at ! ,ea/-,india ,h\se & at ! ,bodleian ,libr>y1 & ?anks to ! ex]tions ( my g5]\s fri5d ,b>on ,buns51 & ( ! late ,pr(essor ,wilson1 ! ,bo>d ( ,directors ( ! ,ea/-,india ,company decid$ to defray ! exp5ses ( a "w :i*1 z !y /at$ 9 _! lett]1 'is 9 a peculi> mann] des]v+ ( ! patronage ( ! ,ea/-,india ,company1 connect$ z x is ) ! e>ly religion1 hi/ory1 & language ( ! great body ( _! ,indian subjects4' ,x ?us became necess>y = me to take up my abode 9 ,engl&1 :i* has s9ce become my second home4 ,! fir/ volume 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdi1 ! second 9 #ahec1 ! ?ird 9 #ahef1 ! f\r? 9 #ahfb4 ,! mat]ials = ! rema9+ volumes are ready1 s t1 if ,i c b make leisure1 !re is little d\bt t be=e long ! :ole "w w be complete4 ,n[1 fir/1 z to ! "n4 ,v$a means orig9ally kn[+ or k1 & ?is "n is giv5 by ! ,brahmans n to "o "w1 b to ! :ole body ( _! mo/ anci5t sacr$ lit]ature4 ,v$a is ! same ^w :i* appe>s 9 ! ,greek ,greek3 oida1 ,i "k1 & 9 ! ,engli% wise1 wisdom1 to wit4#aj ,! "n ( ,v$a is commonly giv5 to f\r collections ( hymns1 :i* are respectively kn[n by ! names ( ,rig-v$a1 ,yagur-v$a1 ,sama-v$a1 & ,a?>va-v$a2 b = our own purposes1 namely = trac+ ! e>lie/ gr[? ( religi\s ideas 9 ,india1 ! only important1 ! only real ,v$a1 is ! ,rig-v$a4 ,footnote #aj3 ,sanskrit ,greek ,go?ic ,anglo-,saxon ,g]man v$a ,greek3 oida vait wat i* weiss vet?a ,greek3 oi/ha vai/ wa/ du weis/ v$a ,greek3 oide vait wat er weiss vidva -- vitu -- -- vida?uh ,greek3 i/on vituts -- -- vidatuh ,greek3 i/on -- -- -- vidma ,greek3 ism5 vitum witon wir wiss5 vida ,greek3 i/e vitu? wite ihr wisset viduh ,greek3 isasi vitun witan sie wiss54 ,! o!r s-call$ ,v$as1 :i* des]ve ! "n ( ,v$a no m ?an ! ,talmud des]ves ! "n ( ,bible1 conta9 *iefly extracts f ! ,rig-v$a1 toge!r ) sacrificial =mulas1 *>ms1 & incantations1 _m ( !m1 no d\bt1 extremely curi\s1 b nev] likely to int]e/ any "o except ! ,sanskrit s*ol> by pr(ession4 ,! ,yagur-v$a & ,sama-v$a may be describ$ z pray]-books1 arrang$ accord+ to ! ord] ( c]ta9 sacrifices1 & int5d$ to be us$ by c]ta9 classes ( prie/s4 ,f\r classes ( prie/s 7 requir$ 9 ,india at ! mo/ solemn sacrifices3 #a4 ,! (ficiat+ prie/s1 manual lab\r]s1 & acolytes2 :o h *iefly to prep>e ! sacrificial gr\nd1 to dress ! alt>1 slay ! victims1 & p\r out ! libations4 #b4 ,! *ori/]s1 :o *ant ! sacr$ hymns4 #c4 ,! recit]s or read]s1 :o repeat c]ta9 hymns4 #d4 ,! ov]se]s or bi%ops1 :o wat* & sup]9t5d ! proce$+s ( ! o!r prie/s1 & ought to be famili> ) all ! ,v$as4 ,! =mulas & v]ses to be mutt]$ by ! fir/ class are conta9$ 9 ! ,yagur-v$a-sanhita4 ,! hymns to be sung by ! second class are 9 ! ,sama-v$a-sanhita4 ,! ,a?>va-v$a is said to be int5d$ = ! ,brahman or ov]se]1 :o is to wat* ! proce$+s ( ! sacrifice1 & to rem$y any mi/ake t may occur4#aa ,footnote #aa3 ',hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1' p4 #ddi4 ,=tunately1 ! hymns to be recit$ by ! ?ird class 7 n arrang$ 9 a sacrificial pray]-book1 b 7 pres]v$ 9 an old collection ( hymns1 conta9+ all t _h be5 sav$ ( anci5t1 sacr$1 & popul> poetry1 m l ! ,psalms ?an l a ritual2 a collection made = its own sake1 & n = ! sake ( any sacrificial p]=mances4 ,i %all1 !re=e1 conf9e my rem>ks to ! ,rig-v$a1 :i* 9 ! eyes ( ! hi/orical /ud5t is ! ,v$a p> excell5ce4 ,n[ ,rig-v$a means ! ,v$a ( hymns ( praise1 = ,ri*1 :i* be=e ! initial s(t lett] ( ,v$a is *ang$ to ,rig1 is d]iv$ f a root :i* 9 ,sanskrit means to celebrate4 ,9 ! ,rig-v$a we mu/ di/+ui% aga9 betwe5 ! orig9al collection ( ! hymns or ,mantras1 call$ ! ,sanhita or ! collection1 be+ entirely metrical & poetical1 & a numb] ( prose works1 call$ ,brahmanz & ,sutras1 writt5 9 prose1 & giv+ in=mation on ! prop] use ( ! hymns at sacrifices1 on _! sacr$ mean+1 on _! suppos$ au?ors1 & simil> topics4 ,^! works1 too1 g by ! "n ( ,rig-v$a3 b ?\gh v curi\s 9 !mselves1 !y are evid5tly ( a mu* lat] p]iod1 & ( little help to u 9 trac+ ! beg9n+s ( religi\s life 9 ,india4 ,= t purpose we mu/ dep5d entirely on ! hymns1 su* z we f9d !m 9 ! ,sanhita or ! collection ( ! ,rig-v$a4 ,n[ ?is collection consi/s ( t5 books1 & conta9s altoge!r #ajbh hymns4 ,z e>ly z ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 we f9d t 9 ! !ological s*ools ( ,india e v]se1 e ^w1 e syllable ( ! ,v$a _h be5 c>efully c\nt$4 ,! numb] ( v]ses z comput$ 9 treatises ( t date1 v>ies f #aj1djb to #aj1fbb2 t ( ! words is #aec1hbf1 t ( ! syllables #dcb1jjj4ab ,) ^! numb]s1 & ) ! description giv5 9 ^! e>ly treatises ( ea* hymn1 ( its metre1 its deity1 its numb] ( v]ses1 our mod]n ,,mss4 ( ! ,v$a correspond z closely z c\ld be expect$4 ,footnote #ab3 ',hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1' second edition1 p4 #bai seq4 ,i say1 our mod]n ,,mss41 = all our ,,mss4 are mod]n1 & v mod]n4 ,few ,sanskrit ,,mss4 are m ?an f\r or five hundr$ ye>s old1 ! fact be+ t 9 ! damp climate ( ,india no pap] w la/ = m ?an a few c5turies4 ,h[ !n1 y w naturally ask1 c x be prov$ t ! orig9al hymns 7 compos$ betwe5 #abjj & #aejj be=e ! ,*ri/ian era1 if our ,,mss4 only c>ry u back to ab\t ! same date aft] ! ,*ri/ian era8 ,x is n v easy to bridge ov] ?is gulf ( ne>ly ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 b all ,i c say is t1 aft] c>efully exam9+ e possible objection t c be made aga9/ ! date ( ! ,v$ic hymns1 _! claim to t high antiquity :i* is ascrib$ to !m1 has n1 z f> z ,i c judge1 be5 %ak54 ,i %all try to expla9 on :at k9d ( evid5ce ^! claims re/4 ,y "k t we possess no ,,ms4 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 9 ,hebrew old] ?an ab\t ! t5? c5tury aft] ! ,*ri/ian era2 yet ! ,septuag9t translation by itself w\ld be suffici5t to prove t ! ,old ,te/am5t1 su* z we n[ read x1 exi/$ 9 ,,ms4 previ\s1 at lea/1 to ! ?ird c5tury be=e our era4 ,by a simil> tra9 ( argum5t1 ! works to :i* ,i ref]r$ be=e1 9 :i* we f9d e hymn1 e v]se1 e ^w & syllable ( ! ,v$a accurately c\nt$ by native s*ol>s ab\t five or six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/1 gu>antee ! exi/5ce ( ! ,v$a1 su* z we n[ read x1 z f> back at lea/ z five or six hundr$ ye>s be=e ,*ri/4 ,n[ 9 ! works ( t p]iod1 ! ,v$a is already consid]$1 n only z an anci5t1 b z a sacr$ book2 &1 m ?an ?is1 its language _h ceas$ to be g5]ally intelligible4 ,! language ( ,india _h *ang$ s9ce ! ,v$a 0 compos$1 & le>n$ comm5t>ies 7 necess>y 9 ord] to expla9 to ! p1 !n liv+1 ! true purport1 nay1 ! prop] pronunciation1 ( _! sacr$ hymns4 ,b m ?an ?is4 ,9 c]ta9 exegetical compositions1 :i* are g5]ally compris$ "u ! "n ( ,sutras1 & :i* are contempor>y )1 or ev5 ant]ior to1 ! treatises on ! !ological /ati/ics j m5tion$1 n only are ! anci5t hymns repres5t$ z inve/$ ) sacr$ au?ority1 b t o!r class ( writ+s1 ! ,brahmanz1 /&+ half-way betwe5 ! hymns & ! ,sutras1 h likewise be5 rais$ to ! dignity ( a reveal$ lit]ature4 ,^! ,brahmanz1 y w rememb]1 are prose treatises1 writt5 9 illu/ration ( ! anci5t sacrifices & ( ! hymns employ$ at !m4 ,su* treatises w\ld only spr+ up :5 "s k9d ( explanation began to be want$ bo? = ! c]emonial & = ! hymns to be recit$ at c]ta9 sacrifices1 & we f9d1 9 consequ5ce1 t 9 _m cases ! au?ors ( ! ,brahmanz _h already lo/ ! p[] ( und]/&+ ! text ( ! anci5t hymns 9 its natural & grammatical mean+1 & t !y sugge/$ ! mo/ absurd explanations ( ! v>i\s sacrificial acts1 mo/ ( :i*1 we may *>itably suppose1 _h orig9ally "s rational purpose4 ,?us x becomes evid5t t ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! hymns 7 compos$ mu/ h be5 sep>at$ by "s c5turies1 at lea/1 f ! p]iod t gave bir? to ! ,brahmanz1 9 ord] to all[ "t = ! hymns gr[+ un9telligible & becom+ inve/$ ) a sacr$ "*4 ,secondly1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,brahmanz 7 compos$ mu/ be sep>at$ by "s c5turies f ! au?ors ( ! ,sutras1 9 ord] to all[ "t = fur!r *anges 9 ! language1 & m p>ticul>ly = ! gr[? ( a new !ology1 :i* ascrib$ to ! ,brahmanz ! same exceptional & reveal$ "* :i* ! ,brahmanz !mselves ascrib$ to ! hymns4 ,s t we want previ\sly to #fjj ,b4,c41 :5 e syllable ( ! ,v$a 0 c\nt$1 at lea/ two /rata ( intellectual & lit]>y gr[?1 ( two or ?ree c5turies ea*2 & are ?us br\ght to #aajj or #abjj ,b4,c4 z ! e>lie/ "t :5 we may suppose ! collection ( ! ,v$ic hymns to h be5 f9i%$4 ,?is collection ( hymns aga9 conta9s1 by its own %[+1 anci5t & mod]n hymns1 ! hymns ( ! sons toge!r ) ! hymns ( _! fa!rs & e>li] ance/ors2 s t we _c well assign a date m rec5t ?an #abjj to #aejj be=e our era1 = ! orig9al composition ( ^? simple hymns :i* up to ! pres5t day are reg>d$ by ! ,brahmans ) ! same feel+s ) :i* a ,mohamm$an reg>ds ! ,koran1 a ,jew ! ,old ,te/am5t1 a ,*ri/ian 8 ,gospel4 ,t ! ,v$a is n q a mod]n =g]y c be prov$1 h[ev]1 by m tangible evid5ce4 ,hi\5-?sang1 a ,buddhi/ pilgrim1 :o travell$ f ,*9a to ,india 9 ! ye>s #fbi-fde1 & :o1 9 8 di>y translat$ f ,*9ese into ,fr5* by ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 gives ! names ( ! f\r ,v$as1 m5tions "s grammatical =ms peculi> to ! ,v$ic ,sanskrit1 & /ates t at 8 "t "y ,brahmans sp5t all _! "t1 f ! sev5? to ! ?irtie? ye> ( _! age1 9 le>n+ ^! sacr$ texts4 ,at ! "t :5 ,hi\5-?sang 0 travell+ 9 ,india1 ,buddhism 0 cle>ly on ! decl9e4 ,b ,buddhism 0 orig9ally a reaction aga9/ ,brahmanism1 & *iefly aga9/ ! exclusive privileges :i* ! ,brahmans claim$1 & :i* f ! beg9n+ 7 repres5t$ by !m z bas$ on _! reveal$ writ+s1 ! ,v$as1 & h5ce beyond ! rea* ( human attacks4 ,buddhism1 :atev] ! date ( its f\nd]1 became ! /ate religion ( ,india "u ,asoka1 ! ,con/ant9e ( ,india1 9 ! middle ( ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 ,?is ,asoka 0 ! ?ird k+ ( a new dyna/y f\nd$ by ,k&ragupta1 ! well-kn[n contempor>y ( ,alex&] & ,seleucus1 ab\t #cae ,b4,c4 ,! prec$+ dyna/y 0 t ( ! ,n&as1 & x is "u ?is dyna/y t ! traditions ( ! ,brahmans place a numb] ( di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ^: treatises on ! ,v$a we /ill possess1 su* z ,saunaka1 ,katyayana1 ,asvalayana1 & o!rs4 ,_! works1 & o!rs writt5 ) a simil> object & 9 ! same /yle1 c>ry u back to ab\t #fjj ,b4,c4 ,?is p]iod ( lit]ature1 :i* is call$ ! ,sutra p]iod1 0 prec$$1 z we saw1 by ano!r class ( writ+s1 ! ,brahmanz1 compos$ 9 a v prolix & t$i\s /yle1 & conta9+ l5g?y lucubrations on ! sacrifices & on ! duties ( ! diff]5t classes ( prie/s4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree or f\r ,v$as1 or ea* ( ! ?ree or f\r classes ( prie/s1 has its own ,brahmanz & its own ,sutras2 & z ! ,brahmanz are presuppos$ by ! ,sutras1 :ile no ,sutra is ev] quot$ by ! ,brahmanz1 x is cle> t ! p]iod ( ! ,brahmana lit]ature mu/ h prec$$ ! p]iod ( ! ,sutra lit]ature4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 old & new ,brahmanz1 & !re are 9 ! ,brahmanz !mselves long li/s ( tea*]s :o h&$ d[n old ,brahmanz or compos$ new ones1 s t x seems impossible to accommodate ! :ole ( t lit]ature 9 less ?an two c5turies1 f ab\t #hjj to #fjj ,b4,c4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 a s+le ,brahmana c\ld h be5 compos$1 x 0 n only necess>y t !re %\ld h be5 "o collection ( anci5t hymns1 l t conta9$ 9 ! t5 books ( ! ,rig-v$a1 b ! ?ree or f\r classes ( prie/s mu/ h be5 e/abli%$1 ! (ficiat+ prie/s & ! *ori/]s mu/ h _h _! special pray]-books1 nay1 ^! pray]-books mu/ h und]gone c]ta9 *anges1 because ! ,brahmanz presuppose diff]5t texts1 call$ sakhas1 ( ea* ( ^! pray]-books1 :i* are call$ ! ,yagur-v$a-sanhita1 ! ,sama-v$a-sanhita1 & ! ,a?>va-v$a-sanhita4 ,! "w ( collect+ ! pray]s = ! diff]5t classes ( prie/s1 & ( add+ new hymns & =mulas = purely sacrificial purposes1 belong$ probably to ! t5? c5tury ,b4,c41 & ?ree g5]ations m w\ld1 at lea/1 be requir$ to acc\nt = ! v>i\s read+s adopt$ 9 ! pray]-books by diff]5t sects1 & inve/$ ) a k9d ( sacr$ au?ority1 long be=e ! composition ( ev5 ! e>lie/ among ! ,brahmanz4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ye>s f ab\t #ajjj to #hjj ,b4,c4 are assign$ to ?is collect+ age1 ! "t be=e #ajjj ,b4,c4 mu/ be set ap>t = ! free & natural gr[? ( :at 0 !n national & religi\s1 b n yet sacr$ & sacrificial poetry4 ,h[ f> back ?is p]iod ext5ds x is impossible to tell2 x is en\gh if ! hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a c be trac$ to a p]iod ant]ior to #ajjj ,b4,c4 ,mu* 9 ! *ronological arrangem5t ( ! ?ree p]iods ( ,v$ic lit]ature t are suppos$ to h foll[$ ! p]iod ( ! orig9al gr[? ( ! hymns1 mu/ ( necessity be hypo!tical1 & has be5 put =w>d r to invite ?an to sil5ce criticism4 ,9 ord] to discov] tru?1 we mu/ be tru?ful ourselves1 & mu/ welcome ^? :o po9t out our errors z he>tily z ^? :o approve & confirm our discov]ies4 ,:at seems1 h[ev]1 to speak /rongly 9 fav\r ( ! hi/orical "* ( ! ?ree p]iods ( ,v$ic lit]ature is ! uni=mity ( /yle :i* m>ks ! productions ( ea*4 ,9 mod]n lit]ature we f9d1 at "o & ! same "t1 diff]5t /yles ( prose & poetry cultivat$ by "o & ! same au?or4 ,a ,goe! writes trag$y1 com$y1 satire1 lyrical poetry1 & sci5tific prose2 b we f9d no?+ l ?is 9 primitive lit]ature4 ,! individual is !re mu* less prom95t1 & ! poet's "* disappe>s 9 ! g5]al "* ( ! lay] ( lit]ature to :i* he belongs4 ,x is ! discov]y ( su* l>ge lay]s ( lit]ature foll[+ ea* o!r 9 regul> succession :i* inspires ! critical hi/orian ) confid5ce 9 ! truly hi/orical "* ( ! successive lit]>y productions ( anci5t ,india4 ,z 9 ,greece !re is an epic age ( lit]ature1 :]e we %\ld look 9 va9 = prose or dramatic poetry2 z 9 t c\ntry we nev] meet ) real elegiac poetry be=e ! end ( ! eigh? c5tury1 nor ) iambics be=e ! same date2 z ev5 9 m mod]n times rhym$ h]oic poetry appe>s 9 ,engl& ) ! ,norman conque/1 & 9 ,g]many ! ,m9nesa5g] rise & set ) ! ,swabian dyna/y--s1 only 9 a mu* m decid$ mann]1 we see 9 ! anci5t & spontane\s lit]ature ( ,india1 an age ( poets foll[$ by an age ( collectors & imitators1 t age to be succe$$ by an age ( !ological prose writ]s1 & ?is la/ by an age ( writ]s ( sci5tific manuals4 ,new wants produc$ new supplies1 & no?+ sprang up or 0 all[$ to live1 9 prose or poetry1 except :at 0 really want$4 ,if ! works ( poets1 collectors1 imitators1 !ologians1 & tea*]s 7 all mix$ up toge!r--if ! ,brahmanz quot$ ! ,sutras1 & ! hymns allud$ to ! ,brahmanz--an hi/orical re/oration ( ! ,v$ic lit]ature ( ,india w\ld be almo/ an impossibility4 ,we %\ld suspect artificial influ5ces1 & look ) small confid5ce on ! hi/orical "* ( su* a lit]>y agglom]ate4 ,b he :o w\ld "q ! antiquity ( ! ,v$a mu/ expla9 h[ ! lay]s ( lit]ature 7 =m$ t are sup]-impos$ ov] ! orig9al /ratum ( ! poetry ( ! ,ri%is2 he :o w\ld suspect a lit]>y =g]y mu/ %[ h[1 :51 & = :at purpose ! #ajjj hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a c\ld h be5 =g$1 & h become ! basis ( ! religi\s1 moral1 political1 & lit]>y life ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,india4 ,! idea ( revelation1 & ,i mean m p>ticul>ly book-revelation1 is n a mod]n idea1 nor is x an idea peculi> to ,*ri/ianity4 ,?\gh we look = x 9 va9 9 ! lit]ature ( ,greece & ,rome1 we f9d ! lit]ature ( ,india saturat$ ) ?is idea f beg9n+ to end4 ,9 no c\ntry1 ,i believe1 has ! !ory ( revelation be5 s m9utely elaborat$ z 9 ,india4 ,! "n = revelation 9 ,sanskrit is ,sruti1 :i* means he>+2 & ?is title di/+ui%es ! ,v$ic hymns &1 at a lat] "t1 ! ,brahmanz also1 f all o!r works1 :i*1 h[ev] sacr$1 & au?oritative to ! ,h9du m9d1 are admitt$ to h be5 compos$ by human au?ors4 ,! ,laws ( ,manu1 = in/ance1 accord+ to ! ,brahmanic !ology1 are n revelation2 !y are n ,sruti1 b only ,smriti1 :i* means recollection or tradition4 ,if ^! laws or any o!r "w ( au?ority c be prov$ on any po9t to be at v>iance ) a s+le passage ( ! ,v$a1 _! au?ority is at once ov]rul$4 ,accord+ to ! or?odox views ( ,indian !ologians1 n a s+le l9e ( ! ,v$a 0 ! "w ( human au?ors4 ,! :ole ,v$a is 9 "s way or o!r ! "w ( ! ,deity2 & ev5 ^? :o receiv$ ! revelation1 or1 z !y express x1 ^? :o saw x1 7 n suppos$ to be ord9>y mortals1 b be+s rais$ above ! level ( common humanity1 & less liable !re=e to error 9 ! reception ( reveal$ tru?4 ,! views ent]ta9$ ( revelation by ! or?odox !ologians ( ,india are f> m m9ute & elaborate ?an ^? ( ! mo/ extreme advocates ( v]bal inspiration 9 ,europe4 ,! human elem5t1 call$ pauru%eyatva 9 ,sanskrit1 is driv5 out ( e corn] or hid+-place1 & z ! ,v$a is held to h exi/$ 9 ! m9d ( ! ,deity be=e ! beg9n+ ( "t1 e allusion to hi/orical ev5ts1 ( :i* !re are n a few1 is expla9$ away ) a zeal & +5uity wor?y ( a bett] cause4 ,b let me /ate at once t !re is no?+ 9 ! hymns !mselves to w>rant su* extravagant !ories4 ,9 _m a hymn ! au?or says pla9ly t he or 8 fri5ds made x to please ! gods2 t he made x1 z a c>p5t] makes a *>iot 7,rv4 ,i4 #acj1 #f2 ,v4 #b1 #aa71 or l a beautiful ve/ure 7,rv4 ,v4 #bi1 #ae72 t he fa%ion$ x 9 8 he>t & kept x 9 8 m9d 7,rv4 ,i4 #aga1 #b72 t he expects1 z 8 rew>d1 ! fav\r ( ! god :om he celebrates 7,rv4 ,,iv4 #f1 #ba74 ,b ?\gh ! poets ( ! ,v$a "k no?+ ( ! artificial !ories ( v]bal inspiration1 !y 7 n altoge!r unconsci\s ( high] influ5ces3 nay1 !y speak ( _! hymns z god-giv5 7'devattam1' ,rv4 ,,iii4 #cg1 #d74 ,"o poets says 7,rv4 ,,vi4 #dg1 #aj73 ',o god 7,indra7 h m]cy1 give me my daily bread6 ,%>p5 my m9d1 l ! edge ( iron4 ,:atev] ,i n[ may utt]1 long+ = !e1 d ?\ accept x2 make me possess$ ( ,god6' ,ano!r utt]s = ! fir/ "t ! fam\s hymn1 ! ,gayatri1 :i* n[ = m ?an ?ree ?\s& ye>s has be5 ! daily pray] ( e ,brahman1 & is /ill repeat$ e morn+ by millions ( pi\s wor%ipp]s3 ',let u m$itate on ! adorable light ( ! div9e ,creator3 may he r\se our m9ds4'#ac ,?is consci\sness ( high] influ5ces1 or ( div9e help 9 ^? :o utt]$ = ! fir/ "t ! simple words ( pray]1 praise1 & ?anksgiv+1 is v diff]5t1 h[ev]1 f ! artificial !ories ( v]bal inspiration :i* we f9d 9 ! lat] !ological writ+s2 x is inde$ b ano!r expression ( t deepfelt dep5d5ce on ! ,deity1 ( t surr5d] & d5ial ( all t seems to be self1 :i* 0 felt m or less by e nation1 b by none1 ,i believe1 m /rongly1 m con/antly1 ?an by ! ,indian4 ,x is ,he t has made x1--namely1 ! pray] 9 :i* ! s\l ( ! poet has ?r[n (f h] burd51--is b a v>iation (1 ,x is ,he t has made u1 :i* is ! key-note ( all religion1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n1 :e!r natural or reveal$4 ,i mu/ say no m to-night ( :at ! ,v$a is1 = ,i am v anxi\s to expla9 to y1 z f> z x is possible1 :at ,i consid] to be ! real importance ( ! ,v$a to ! /ud5t ( hi/ory1 to ! /ud5t ( religion1 to ! /ud5t ( mank9d4 ,footnote #ac3 ',tat ,savitur v>enyam bh>go devasya dhimahi1 dhiyo yo nah prakodayat4'--,colebrooke1 ',miscellane\s ,essays1' i4 #cj4 ,_m passages be>+ on ?is subject h be5 collect$ by ,dr4 ,muir 9 ! ?ird volume ( 8 ',sanskrit ,texts1' p4 #aad seq4 ,9 ! /udy ( mank9d !re c h>dly be a subject m deeply int]e/+ ?an ! /udy ( ! diff]5t =ms ( religion2 & mu* z ,i value ! ,sci5ce ( ,language = ! aid :i* x l5ds u 9 unravel+ "s ( ! mo/ complicat$ tissues ( ! human intellect1 ,i confess t to my m9d !re is no /udy m absorb+ ?an t ( ! ,religions ( ! ,_w1--! /udy1 if ,i may s call x1 ( ! v>i\s languages 9 :i* man has spok5 to 8 ,mak]1 & ( t language 9 :i* 8 ,mak] at sundry times & 9 div]s mann]s spake to man4 ,to my m9d ! great epo*s 9 ! _w's hi/ory are m>k$ n by ! f\ndation or ! de/ruction ( empires1 by ! migrations ( races1 or by ,fr5* revolutions4 ,all ?is is outw>d hi/ory1 made up ( ev5ts t seem gigantic & ov]p[]+ to ^? only :o _c see beyond & b5ea?4 ,! real hi/ory ( man is ! hi/ory ( religion--! wond]ful ways by :i* ! diff]5t families ( ! human race advanc$ t[>ds a tru] k & a deep] love ( ,god4 ,?is is ! f\ndation t und]lies all pr(ane hi/ory3 x is ! light1 ! s\l1 & life ( hi/ory1 & )\t x all hi/ory w\ld inde$ be pr(ane4 ,on ?is subject !re are "s excell5t works 9 ,engli%1 su* z ,mr4 ,maurice's ,lectures on ! ,religions ( ! ,_w1 or ,mr4 ,h>dwick's ,*ri/ & o!r ,ma/]s2 9 ,g]man1 ,i ne$ only m5tion ,hegel's ,philosophy ( ,religion1 out ( _m o!r le>n$ treatises on ! diff]5t sy/ems ( religion 9 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/4 ,b 9 all ^! works religions are treat$ v mu* z languages 7 treat$ dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,!y are rudely class$1 ei!r accord+ to ! diff]5t localities 9 :i* !y prevail$1 j z 9 ,adelung's ,mi?ridates y f9d ! languages ( ! _w classifi$ z ,european1 ,african1 ,am]ican1 ,asiatic1 etc42 or accord+ to _! age1 z =m]ly languages us$ to be divid$ into anci5t & mod]n2 or accord+ to _! respective dignity1 z languages us$ to be treat$ z sacr$ or pr(ane1 z classical or illit]ate4 ,n[ y "k t ! ,sci5ce ( ,language has sanction$ a totally diff]5t sy/em ( classification2 & t ! ,comp>ative ,philologi/ ignores altoge!r ! division ( languages accord+ to _! locality1 or accord+ to _! age1 or accord+ to _! classical or illit]ate "*4 ,languages are n[ classifi$ g5ealogically1 i4 e4 accord+ to _! real relation%ip2 & ! mo/ important languages ( ,asia1 ,europe1 & ,africa1--t is to say1 ( t "p ( ! _w on :i* :at we call ! hi/ory ( man has be5 act$1--h be5 gr\p$ toge!r into ?ree great divisions1 ! ,aryan or ,indo-,european ,family1 ! ,semitic ,family1 & ! ,turanian ,class4 ,accord+ to t division y are aw>e t ,engli%1 toge!r ) all ! ,teutonic languages ( ! ,cont95t1 ,celtic1 ,slavonic1 ,greek1 ,lat9 ) its mod]n (f%oots1 su* z ,fr5* & ,italian1 ,p]sian1 & ,sanskrit1 are s _m v>ieties ( "o common type ( spee*3 t ,sanskrit1 ! anci5t language ( ! ,v$a1 is no m di/9ct f ! ,greek ( ,hom]1 or f ! ,go?ic ( ,ulfilas1 or f ! ,anglo-,saxon ( ,alfr$1 ?an ,fr5* is f ,italian4 ,all ^! languages toge!r =m "o family1 "o :ole1 9 :i* e memb] %>es c]ta9 features 9 common ) all ! re/1 & is at ! same "t di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by c]ta9 features peculi>ly its own4 ,! ! _w on :i* :at we call ! hi/ory ( man has be5 act$1 h be5 gr\p$ toge!r into ?ree great divisions1 ! ,aryan or ,indo-,european ,family1 ! ,semitic ,family1 & ! ,turanian ,class4 ,accord+ to t division y are aw>e t ,engli% toge!r ) all ! ,teutonic languages ( ! ,cont95t1 ,celtic1 ,slavonic1 ,greek1 ,lat9 ) its mod]n (f%oots1 su* z ,fr5* & ,italian1 ,p]sian1 & ,sanskrit1 are s _m v>ieties ( "o common type ( spee*3 t ,sanskrit1 ! anci5t language ( ! ,v$a1 is no m di/9ct f ! ,greek ( ,hom]1 or f ! ,go?ic ( ,ulfilas1 or f ! ,anglo-,saxon ( ,alfr$1 ?an ,fr5* is f ,italian4 ,all ^! languages toge!r =m "o family1 "o :ole1 9 :i* e memb] %>es c]ta9 features 9 common ) all ! re/1 & is at ! same "t di/+ui%$ f ! re/ by c]ta9 features peculi>ly its own4 ,! same applies to ! ,semitic ,family1 :i* comprises1 z its mo/ important memb]s1 ! ,hebrew ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ! ,arabic ( ! ,koran1 & ! anci5t languages on ! monum5ts ( ,ph5icia & ,c>?age1 ( ,babylon & ,assyria4 ,^! languages1 aga91 =m a compact family1 & diff] entirely f ! o!r family1 :i* we call$ ,aryan or ,indo-,european4 ,! ?ird gr\p ( languages1 = we c h>dly call x a family1 comprises mo/ ( ! rema9+ languages ( ,asia1 & c\nts among its pr9cipal memb]s ! ,tungusic1 ,mongolic1 ,turkic1 ,samoy$ic1 & ,f9nic1 toge!r ) ! languages ( ,siam1 ! ,malay isl&s1 ,tibet1 & ,s\!rn ,india4 ,la/ly1 ! ,*9ese language /&s by itself1 z monosyllabic1 ! only remnant ( ! e>lie/ =mation ( human spee*4 ,n[ ,i believe t ! same division :i* has introduc$ a new & natural ord] into ! hi/ory ( languages1 & has enabl$ u to und]/& ! gr[? ( human spee* 9 a mann] nev] dreamt ( 9 =m] days1 w be f\nd applicable to a sci5tific /udy ( religions4 ,i %all say no?+ to-night ( ! ,semitic or ,turanian or ,*9ese religions1 b conf9e my rem>ks to ! religions ( ! ,aryan family4 ,^! religions1 ?\gh m important 9 ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! _w1 z ! religions ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 ( our own ,teutonic ance/ors1 & ( ! ,celtic & ,slavonic races1 are nev]!less ( great importance ev5 at ! pres5t day4 ,= al?\gh !re are no long] any wor%ipp]s ( ,zeus1 or ,jupit]1 ( ,wodan1 ,esus1#ad or ,p]kunas1#ae ! two religions ( ,aryan orig9 :i* /ill survive1 ,brahmanism & ,buddhism1 claim toge!r a decid$ majority among ! inhabitants ( ! globe4 ,out ( ! :ole population ( ! _w1 #ca4b p] c5t are ,buddhi/s1 #ac4d p] c5t are ,brahmani/s1 ---- #dd4f :i* toge!r gives u #dd p] c5t = :at may be call$ liv+ ,aryan religions4 ,( ! rema9+ #ef p] c5t1 #ae4g are ,mohamm$ans1 #h4g p] c5t non-descript ,hea!ns1 #cj4g p] c5t ,*ri/ians1 & only ,o4#c p] c5t ,jews4 ,footnote #ad3 ,momms51 ',inscriptiones ,helveticae1' #dj4 ,beck]1 ',die ins*riftli*5 ,ueb]re/e d] ,keltis*5 ,spra*e1' 9 ',beitraege zur ,v]glei*5d5 ,spra*=s*ung1' vol4 iii4 p4 #cda4 ,lucau1 ,ph>s4 #a1 #dde1 'horr5sque f]is alt>ibus ,hesus4' ,footnote #ae3 ,cf4 ,g4 ,buehl]1 ',ueb] ,p>janya1' 9 ,b5fey's ',ori5t und ,occid5t1' vol4 i4 p4 #bad4 ,n[1 z a sci5tific /udy ( ! ,aryan languages became possible only aft] ! discov]y ( ,sanskrit1 a sci5tific /udy ( ! ,aryan religion dates really f ! discov]y ( ! ,v$a4 ,! /udy ( ,sanskrit br\ght to light ! orig9al docum5ts ( ?ree religions1 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,brahmans1 ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,magians1 ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/]1 & ! ,sacr$ ,books ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,fifty ye>s ago1 ^! ?ree collections ( sacr$ writ+s 7 all b unkn[n1 _! v exi/5ce 0 d\bt$1 & !re 0 n a s+le s*ol> :o c\ld h translat$ a l9e ( ! ,v$a1 a l9e ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 or a l9e ( ! ,buddhi/ ,tripitaka4 ,at pres5t l>ge portions ( ^!1 ! canonical writ+s ( ! mo/ anci5t & mo/ important religions ( ! ,aryan race1 are publi%$ & deciph]$1 & we beg9 to see a natural progress1 & almo/ a logical necessity1 9 ! gr[? ( ^! ?ree sy/ems ( wor%ip4 ,! olde/1 mo/ primitive1 mo/ simple =m ( ,aryan fai? f9ds its expression 9 ! ,v$a4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a repres5ts 9 its language1 z well z 9 its ?\ghts1 a bran*+ (f f t m primitive /em2 a m or less consci\s opposition to ! wor%ip ( ! gods ( nature1 z ador$ 9 ! ,v$a1 & a /riv+ aft] a m spiritual1 supreme1 moral deity1 su* z ,zoroa/] proclaim$ "u ! "n ( ,ahura mazda1 or ,ormuzd4 ,buddhism1 la/ly1 m>ks a decid$ s*ism1 a decid$ antagonism aga9/ ! e/abli%$ religion ( ! ,brahmans1 a d5ial ( ! true div9ity ( ! ,v$ic gods1 & a proclamation ( new philosophical & social doctr9es4 ,)\t ! ,v$a1 !re=e1 nei!r ! re=ms ( ,zoroa/] nor ! new tea*+ ( ,buddha w\ld h be5 intelligible3 we %\ld n "k :at 0 beh9d !m1 or :at =ces impell$ ,zoroa/] & ,buddha to ! f\nd+ ( new religions2 h[ mu* !y receiv$1 h[ mu* !y de/roy$1 h[ mu* !y creat$4 ,take b "o ^w 9 ! religi\s phraseology ( ^! ?ree sy/ems4 ,9 ! ,v$a ! gods are call$ ,deva4 ,?is ^w 9 ,sanskrit means bright1--brightness or light be+ "o ( ! mo/ g5]al attributes %>$ by ! v>i\s manife/ations ( ! ,deity1 invok$ 9 ! ,v$a1 z ,sun1 or ,sky1 or ,fire1 or ,dawn1 or ,/orm4 ,we c see1 9 fact1 h[ 9 ! m9ds ( ! poets ( ! ,v$a1 deva f mean+ bright1 came gradually to mean div9e4 ,9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a ! same ^w daeva means evil _s4 ,_m ( ! ,v$ic gods1 ) ,indra at _! head1 h be5 degrad$ to ! position ( daevas1 9 ord] to make room = ,ahura mazda1 ! ,wise ,_s1 z ! supreme deity ( ! ,zoroa/rians4 ,9 8 confession ( fai? ! foll[] ( ,zoroa/] decl>es3 ',i cease to be a wor%ipp] ( ! daevas4' ,9 ,buddhism1 aga91 we f9d ^! anci5t ,devas1 ,indra & ! re/1 z m]ely leg5d>y be+s1 c>ri$ ab\t at %[s1 z s]vants ( ,buddha1 z gobl9s or fabul\s h]oes2 b no long] ei!r wor%ipp$ or ev5 fe>$ by ^? ) :om ! "n ( ,deva _h lo/ e trace ( its orig9al mean+4 ,?us ?is "o ^w ,deva m>ks ! mutual relations ( ^! ?ree religions4 ,b m ?an ?is4 ,! same ^w deva is ! ,lat9 deus1 ?us po9t+ to t common s\rce ( language & religion1 f> beyond ! heights ( ! ,v$ic ,olympus1 f :i* ! ,romans1 z well z ! ,h9dus1 draw ! names ( _! deities1 & ! elem5ts ( _! language z well z ( _! religion4 ,! ,v$a1 by its language & its ?\ghts1 supplies t di/ant backgr\nd 9 ! hi/ory ( all ! religions ( ! ,aryan race1 :i* 0 miss$ inde$ by e c>eful obs]v]1 b :i* =m]ly c\ld be suppli$ by guess-"w only4 ,h[ ! ,p]sians came to wor%ip ,ormuzd1 h[ ! ,buddhi/s came to prote/ aga9/ temples & sacrifices1 h[ ,zeus & ! ,olympian gods came to be :at !y are 9 ! m9d ( ,hom]1 or h[ su* be+s z ,jupit] & ,m>s came to be wor%ipp$ by ! ,italian peasant3--all ^! que/ions1 :i* us$ to yield mat]ial = endless & baseless speculations1 c n[ be answ]$ by a simple ref]5ce to ! hymns ( ! ,v$a4 ,! religion ( ! ,v$a is n ! s\rce ( all ! o!r religions ( ! ,aryan _w1 nor is ,sanskrit ! "m ( all ! ,aryan languages4 ,sanskrit1 z comp>$ to ,greek & ,lat91 is an eld] si/]1 n a p>5t3 ,sanskrit is ! e>lie/ deposit ( ,aryan spee*1 z ! ,v$a is ! e>lie/ deposit ( ,aryan fai?4 ,b ! religion & incipi5t my?ology ( ! ,v$a possess ! same simplicity & transp>5cy :i* di/+ui% ! gramm> ( ,sanskrit f ,greek1 ,lat91 or ,g]man gramm>4 ,we c wat* 9 ! ,v$a ideas & _! names gr[+1 :i* 9 ,p]sia1 ,greece1 & ,rome we meet ) only z full-gr[n or z fa/ decay+4 ,we get "o /ep ne>] to t di/ant s\rce ( religi\s ?\ght & language :i* has f$ ! diff]5t national /reams ( ,p]sia1 ,greece1 ,rome1 & ,g]many2 & we beg9 to see cle>ly1 :at ought nev] to h be5 d\bt$1 t !re is no religion )\t ,god1 or1 z ,/4 ,augu/9e express$1 t '!re is no false religion :i* does n conta9 "s elem5ts ( tru?4' ,i d n wi% by :at ,i h said to raise any exagg]at$ expectations z to ! wor? ( ^! anci5t hymns ( ! ,v$a1 & ! "* ( t religion :i* !y indicate r ?an fully describe4 ,! hi/orical importance ( ! ,v$a c h>dly be exagg]at$1 b its intr9sic m]it1 & p>ticul>ly ! beauty or elevation ( its s5tim5ts1 h by _m be5 rat$ f> too high4 ,l>ge numb]s ( ! ,v$ic hymns are *ildi% 9 ! extreme3 t$i\s1 l[1 common-place4 ,! gods are con/antly invok$ to protect _! wor%ipp]s1 to grant !m food1 l>ge flocks1 l>ge families1 & a long life2 = all :i* b5efits !y are to be rew>d$ by ! praises & sacrifices (f]$ day aft] day1 or at c]ta9 seasons ( ! ye>4 ,b hidd5 9 ?is rubbi% !re are preci\s /ones4 ,only 9 ord] to appreciate !m ju/ly1 we mu/ try to dive/ ourselves ( ! common notions ab\t ,poly!ism1 s repugnant n only to our feel+s1 b to our und]/&+4 ,no d\bt1 if we mu/ employ te*nical t]ms1 ! religion ( ! ,v$a is ,poly!ism1 n ,mono!ism4 ,deities are invok$ by diff]5t names1 "s cle> & intelligible1 su* z ,agni1 fire2 ,surya1 ! sun2 ,u%as1 dawn2 ,m>uts1 ! /orms2 ,pri?ivi1 ! e>?2 ,ap1 ! wat]s2 ,nadi1 ! riv]s2 o!rs su* z ,v>una1 ,mitra1 ,indra1 :i* h become prop] names1 & disclose b dimly _! orig9al application to ! great aspects ( nature1 ! sky1 ! sun1 ! day4 ,b :5ev] "o ( ^! individual gods is invok$1 !y are n conceiv$ z limit$ by ! p[]s ( o!rs1 z sup]ior or inf]ior 9 rank4 ,ea* god is to ! m9d ( ! supplicant z good z all gods4 ,he is felt1 at ! "t1 z a real div9ity1--z supreme & absolute1--)\t a suspicion ( ^? limitations :i*1 to our m9d1 a plurality ( gods mu/ entail on e s+le god4 ,all ! re/ disappe> = a mom5t f ! vision ( ! poet1 & he only :o is to fulfill _! desires /&s 9 full light be=e ! eyes ( ! wor%ipp]s4 ,9 "o hymn1 ascrib$ to ,manu1 ! poet says3 ,among y1 ,o gods1 !re is none t is small1 none t is "y2 y are all great inde$4 ,& ?is is inde$ ! key-note ( ! anci5t ,aryan wor%ip4 ,yet x w\ld be easy to f9d 9 ! num]\s hymns ( ! ,v$a1 passages 9 :i* almo/ e important deity is repres5t$ z supreme & absolute4 ,?us 9 "o hymn1 ,agni 7fire7 is call$ ! rul] ( ! univ]se1 ! "l ( m51 ! wise k+1 ! fa!r1 ! bro!r1 ! son1 ! fri5d ( man2 nay1 all ! p[]s & names ( ! o!r gods are di/9ctly ascrib$ to ,agni4 ,b ?\gh ,agni is ?us highly exalt$1 no?+ is said to disp>age ! div9e "* ( ! o!r gods4 ,9 ano!r hymn ano!r god1 ,indra1 is said to be great] ?an all3 ,! gods1 x is said1 d n rea* !e1 ,indra1 nor m52 ?\ ov]come/ all creatures 9 /r5g?4 ,ano!r god1 ,soma1 is call$ ! k+ ( ! _w1 ! k+ ( heav5 & e>?1 ! conqu]or ( all4 ,& :at m c\ld human language a*ieve1 9 try+ to express ! idea ( a div9e & supreme p[]1 ?an :at ano!r poet says ( ano!r god1 ,v>una3 ,?\ art "l ( all1 ( heav5 & e>?2 ?\ art ! k+ ( all1 ( ^? :o are gods1 & ( ^? :o are m56 ,?is surely is n :at is commonly und]/ood by ,poly!ism4 ,yet x w\ld be equally wrong to call x ,mono!ism4 ,if we mu/ h a "n = x1 ,i %\ld call x ,ka!no!ism4 ,! consci\sness t all ! deities are b diff]5t names ( "o & ! same godhead1 breaks =? inde$ "h & !re 9 ! ,v$a4 ,b x is f> f be+ g5]al4 ,"o poet1 = in/ance1 says 7,rv4 ,i4 #afd1 #df73 ,!y call him ,indra1 ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ,agni2 !n he is ! beautiful-w+$ heav5ly ,g>utmat3 t :i* is ,"o ! wise call x 9 div]s mann]s3 !y call x ,agni1 ,yama1 ,mat>isvan4 ,& aga9 7,rv4 ,x4 #aad1 #e73 ,wise poets make ! beautiful-w+$1 ?\gh he is "o1 manifold by words4 99 99 99 99 99 ,i %all read y a few ,v$ic v]ses1 9 :i* ! religi\s s5tim5t pr$om9ates1 & 9 :i* we p]ceive a ye>n+ aft] tru?1 & aft] ! true ,god1 untrammel$ z yet by any names or any traditions#af 7,rv4 ,x4 #aba73-- ,footnote #af3 ,hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1 p4 #efi4 #a4 ,9 ! beg9n+ !re arose ! gold5 ,*ild--,he 0 ! "o born "l ( all t is4 ,he /abli%$ ! e>?1 & ?is sky2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #b4 ,he :o gives life1 ,he :o gives /r5g?2 ^: comm& all ! bright gods rev]e2 ^: %ad[ is immortality1 ^: %ad[ is dea?2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #c4 ,he :o ?r\gh ,8 p[] is ! "o k+ ( ! brea?+ & awak5+ _w--,he :o gov]ns all1 man & bea/2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #d4 ,he ^: greatness ^! sn[y m\nta9s1 ^: greatness ! sea proclaims1 ) ! di/ant riv]--,he ^: ^! regions are1 z x 7 ,8 two arms2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #e4 ,he ?r\gh :om ! sky is bright & ! e>? firm--,he ?r\gh :om ! heav5 0 /abli%$1--nay1 ! highe/ heav51--,he :o measur$ out ! light 9 ! air2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #f4 ,he to :om heav5 & e>?1 /&+ firm by ,8 w1 look up1 trembl+ inw>dly--,he ov] :om ! ris+ sun %9es =?2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #g4 ,:]ev] ! mighty wat]-cl\ds w5t1 :]e !y plac$ ! se$ & lit ! fire1 !nce arose ,he :o is ! sole life ( ! bright gods2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8 #h4 ,he :o by ,8 might look$ ev5 ov] ! wat]-cl\ds1 ! cl\ds :i* gave /r5g? & lit ! sacrifice2 ,he :o alone is ,god above all gods2-- #i4 ,may ,he n de/roy u--,he ! creator ( ! e>?2 or ,he1 ! righte\s1 :o creat$ ! heav52 ,he also creat$ ! bright & mighty wat]s2--,:o is ! ,god to :om we %all (f] our sacrifice8#ag ,! foll[+ may s]ve z specim5s ( hymns address$ to individual deities ^: names h become ! c5tres ( religi\s ?\ght & leg5d>y traditions2 deities1 9 fact1 l ,jupit]1 ,apollo1 ,m>s1 or ,m9]va1 no long] m]e g]ms1 b fully develop$ =ms ( e>ly ?\ght & language3 ,footnote #ag3 ,a la/ v]se is add$1 :i* entirely spoils ! poetical beauty & ! :ole "* ( ! hymn4 ,its lat] orig9 seems to h /ruck ev5 native critics1 = ! au?or ( ! ,pada text did n receive x4 ',o ,pragapati1 no o!r ?an ?\ ha/ embrac$ all ^! creat$ ?+s2 may :at we desir$ :5 we call$ on !e1 be grant$ to u1 may we be lords ( ri*es4' ,,hymn ,,to ,,indra 7,rv4 ,i4 #ec74ah #a4 ,keep sil5ce well6#ai we (f] praises to ! great ,indra 9 ! h\se ( ! sacrific]4 ,does he f9d treasure = ^? :o are l sleep]s8 ,mean praise is n valu$ among ! munific5t4 #b4 ,?\ art ! giv] ( horses1 ,indra1 ?\ art ! giv] ( c[s1 ! giv] ( corn1 ! /rong "l ( weal?3 ! old guide ( man1 disappo9t+ no desires1 a fri5d to fri5ds3--to him we address ?is song4 #c4 ,o p[]ful ,indra1 a*iev] ( _m works1 mo/ brilliant god--all ?is weal? ar\nd "h is kn[n to be ?9e alone3 take f x1 conqu]or6 br+ x hi!r6 ,d n /9t ! desire ( ! wor%ipp] :o longs = !e6 #d4 ,on ^! days ?\ art graci\s1 & on ^! nights1#bj keep+ (f ! enemy f our c[s & f our /ud4 ,te>+#ba ! fi5d night aft] night ) ! help ( ,indra1 let u rejoice 9 food1 fre$ f hat]s4 #e4 ,let u rejoice1 ,indra1 9 treasure & food1 9 weal? ( manifold delight & spl5d\r4 ,let u rejoice 9 ! bless+ ( ! gods1 :i* gives u ! /r5g? ( (fspr+1 gives u c[s fir/ & horses4 #f4 ,^! draughts inspir$ !e1 ,o "l ( ! brave6 ^! 7 vig\r1 ^! libations1 9 battles1 :5 = ! sake ( ! poet1 ! sacrific]1 ?\ /rucke/ d[n irresi/ibly t5 ?\s&s ( enemies4 #g4 ,f battle to battle ?\ advance/ bravely1 f t[n to t[n ?\ de/roye/ all ?is ) might1 :5 ?\1 ,indra1 ) ,nami z ?y fri5d1 /rucke/ d[n f af> ! deceiv] ,namuki4 #h4 ,?\ ha/ sla9 ,k>anga & ,p>naya ) ! brighte/ spe> ( ,ati?igva4 ,)\t a help] ?\ did/ demoli% ! hundr$ cities ( ,vangrida1 :i* 7 besieg$ by ,rigisvan4 #i4 ,?\ ha/ fell$ d[n ) ! *>iot-:eel ^! tw5ty k+s ( m51 :o _h attack$ ! fri5dless ,susravas1#bb & glori\sly ! sixty ?\s& & n9ety-n9e =ts4 #aj4 ,?\1 ,indra1 ha/ succ\r$ ,susravas ) ?y succ\rs1 ,turvayana ) ?y protections4 ,?\ ha/ made ,kutsa1 ,ati?igva1 & ,ayu subject to ?is mighty y\?ful k+4 #aa4 ,we :o 9 future1 protect$ by ! gods1 wi% to be ?y mo/ bless$ fri5ds1 we %all praise !e1 bless$ by !e ) (fspr+1 & enjoy+ h5ce=? a long] life4 ,footnote #ah3 ,i subjo9 = "s ( ! hymns "h translat$1 ! translation ( ! late ,pr(essor ,wilson1 9 ord] to %[ :at k9d ( diff]5ce !re is betwe5 ! traditional r5d]+ ( ! ,v$ic hymns1 z adopt$ by him1 & _! int]pretation accord+ to ! rules ( mod]n s*ol>%ip3 #a4 ,we ev] (f] fitt+ praise to ! mighty ,indra1 9 ! dwell+ ( ! wor%ipp]1 by :i* he 7! deity7 has quickly acquir$ ri*es1 z 7a ?ief7 ha/ily c>ries 7(f ! prop]ty7 ( ! sleep+4 ,praise ill express$ is n valu$ among ! munific5t4 #b4 ,?\1 ,indra1 art ! giv] ( horses1 ( cattle1 ( b>ley1 ! ma/] & protector ( weal?1 ! =emo/ 9 lib]ality1 7! be+7 ( _m days2 ?\ disappo9te/ n desires 7address$ to !e72 ?\ art a fri5d to our fri5ds3 su* an ,indra we praise4 #c4 ,wise & respl5d5t ,indra1 ! a*iev] ( great de$s1 ! ri*es t are spread ar\nd are kn[n to be ?9e3 hav+ collect$ !m1 victor 7ov] ?y enemies71 br+ !m to u3 disappo9t n ! expectation ( ! wor%ipp] :o tru/s 9 !e4 #d4 ,propitiat$ by ^! (f]+s1 by ^! libations1 dispel pov]ty ) cattle & horses3 may we1 subdu+ our adv]s>y1 & reliev$ f enemies by ,indra1 7pleas$7 by our libations1 enjoy toge!r abundant food4 #e4 ,indra1 may we become possess$ ( ri*es1 & ( food2 & ) en]gies agreeable to _m1 & %9+ ar\nd1 may we prosp] ?r\gh ?y div9e fav\r1 ! s\rce ( pr[ess1 ( cattle1 & ( horses4 #f4 ,^? :o 7 ?y allies1 7! ,m>uts17 br\ght !e joy3 protector ( ! pi\s1 ^? libations & oblations 7t 7 (f]$ !e on slay+ ,vritra71 yield$ !e delight1 :5 ?\1 unimp$$ by foes1 did/ de/roy ! t5 ?\s& ob/acles oppos$ to him :o prais$ !e & (f]$ !e libations4 #g4 ,humiliator 7( adv]s>ies71 ?\ goe/ f battle to battle1 & de/roye/ by ?y might city aft] city3 ) ?y foe-pro/rat+ associate1 7! ?und]bolt17 ?\1 ,indra1 did/ slay af> (f ! deceiv] nam$ ,namuki4 #h4 ,?\ ha/ sla9 ,k>anga & ,p>naya ) ?y bright gleam+ spe>1 9 ! cause ( ,ati?igva3 unaid$1 ?\ did/ demoli% ! hundr$ cities ( ,vangrida1 :5 besieg$ by ,rigisvan4 #i4 ,?\1 r5[n$ ,indra1 ov]?rewe/ by ?y n-to-be-ov]tak5 *>iot-:eel1 ! tw5ty k+s ( m51 :o _h come aga9/ ,susravas1 unaid$1 & _! sixty ?\s& & n9ety & n9e foll[]s4 #aj4 ,?\1 ,indra1 ha/ pres]v$ ,susravas by ?y succ\r1 ,turvayana1 by ?y assi/ance3 ?\ ha/ made ,kutsa1 ,ati?igva1 & ,ayu subject to ! mighty ?\gh y\?ful ,susravas4 #aa4 ,protect$ by ! gods1 we rema91 ,indra1 at ! close ( ! sacrifice1 ?y mo/ =tunate fri5ds3 we praise !e1 z enjoy+ ?r\gh !e excell5t (fspr+1 & a long & prosp]\s life4 ,footnote #ai3 ,favete l+uis4 ,footnote #bj3 ,cf4 ,rv4 ,i4 #aab1 #be1 'dyubhir aktubhih1' by day & by night2 also ,rv4 ,,iii4 #ca1 #af4 ,m4 ,m41 ',todt5be/attung1' p4 v4 ,footnote #ba3 ,pr(essor ,b5fey reads durayantah1 b all ,,mss4 t ,i "k1 )\t exception1 read d>ayantah4 ,! next hymn is "o ( _m address$ to ,agni z ! god ( fire1 n only ! fire z a p[]ful elem5t1 b likewise ! fire ( ! he>? & ! alt>1 ! gu>dian ( ! h\se1 ! m9i/] ( ! sacrifice1 ! mess5g] betwe5 gods & m53 ,footnote #bb3 ,see ,spiegel1 ',eran1' p4 #bfi1 on ,khai ,khosru ,susravas4 ,,hymn ,,to ,,agni 7,rv4 ,,ii4 #f74 #a4 ,agni1 accept ?is log :i* ,i (f] to !e1 accept ?is my s]vice2 li/5 well to ^! my songs4 #b4 ,) ?is log1 ,o ,agni1 may we wor%ip !e1 ?\ son ( /r5g?1 conqu]or ( horses6 & ) ?is hymn1 ?\ high-born6 #c4 ,may we ?y s]vants s]ve !e ) songs1 ,o grant] ( ri*es1 ?\ :o love/ songs & delighte/ 9 ri*es4 #d4 ,?\ "l ( weal? & giv] ( weal?1 be ?\ wise & p[]ful2 drive away f u ! enemies6 #e4 ,he gives u ra9 f heav51 he gives u inviolable /r5g?1 he gives u food a ?\s&fold4 #f4 ,y\nge/ ( ! gods1 _! mess5g]1 _! invok]1 mo/ des]v+ ( wor%ip1 come1 at our praise1 to him :o wor%ips !e & longs = ?y help4 #g4 ,= ?\1 ,o sage1 goe/ wisely betwe5 ^! two creations 7heav5 & e>?1 gods & m571 l a fri5dly mess5g] betwe5 two hamlets4 #h4 ,?\ art wise1 & ?\ ha/ be5 pleas$2 p]=m ?\1 intellig5t ,agni1 ! sacrifice )\t int]ruption1 sit d[n on ?is sacr$ grass6 ,! foll[+ hymn1 p>tly laudatory1 p>tly deprecatory1 is address$ to ! ,m>uts or ,rudras1 ! ,/orm-gods3 ,,hymn ,,to ,,! ,,m>uts 7,rv4 ,i4 #ci74bc #a4 ,:5 y ?us f af> ca/ =w>d y\r measure1 l a bla/ ( fire1 ?r\gh ^: wisdom is x1 ?r\gh ^: design8 ,to :om d y g1 to :om1 ye %ak]s 7( ! e>?78 #b4 ,may y\r weapons be firm to attack1 /rong also to )/&6 ,may y\rs be ! m glori\s /r5g?1 n t ( ! deceitful mortal6 #c4 ,:5 y ov]?r[ :at is firm1 ,o ye m51 & :irl ab\t :at is heavy1 ye pass ?r\gh ! trees ( ! e>?1 ?r\gh ! clefts ( ! rocks4 #d4 ,no real foe ( y\rs is kn[n 9 heav51 nor 9 e>?1 ye dev\r]s ( enemies6 ,may /r5g? be y\rs1 toge!r ) y\r race1 ,o ,rudras1 to defy ev5 n[4 #e4 ,!y make ! rocks to tremble1 !y te> asund] ! k+s ( ! =e/4 ,come on1 ,m>uts1 l madm51 ye gods1 ) y\r :ole tribe4 #f4 ,y h h>ness$ ! spott$ de] to y\r *>iots1 a r$ de] draws z lead]4 ,ev5 ! e>? li/5$ at y\r approa*1 & m5 7 fright5$4 #g4 ,o ,rudras1 we quickly desire y\r help = our race4 ,come n[ to u ) help1 z ( yore1 ?us = ! sake ( ! fright5$ ,kanva4 #h4 ,:atev] fi5d1 r\s$ by y or r\s$ by mortals1 attacks u1 te> him f u by y\r p[]1 by y\r /r5g?1 by y\r aid4 #i4 ,= y1 wor%ipful & wise1 h :olly protect$ ,kanva4 ,come to u1 ,m>uts1 ) y\r :ole help1 z quickly z lightn+s come aft] ! ra94 #aj4 ,b\nte\s giv]s1 ye possess :ole /r5g?1 :ole p[]1 ye %ak]s 7( ! e>?74 ,s5d1 ,o ,m>uts1 aga9/ ! pr\d enemy ( ! poets1 an enemy1 l an arr[4 ,footnote #bc3 ,pr(essor ,wilson translates z foll[s3 #a4 ,:51 ,m>uts1 :o make 7all ?+s7 tremble1 y direct y\r awful 7vig\r7 d[nw>ds f af>1 z light 7desc5ds f heav571 by ^: wor%ip1 by ^: praise 7are y attract$78 ,to :at 7place ( sacrifice71 to :om1 inde$1 d y repair8 #b4 ,/rong be y\r weapons = driv+ away 7y\r7 foes1 firm 9 resi/+ !m3 y\rs be ! /r5g? t m]its praise1 n 7! /r5g?7 ( a trea*]\s mortal4 #c4 ,direct+ ,m>uts1 :5 y demoli% :at is /able1 :5 y scatt] :at is pond]\s1 !n y make y\r way ?r\gh ! =e/ 7trees7 ( e>? & ! defiles ( ! m\nta9s4 #d4 ,de/roy]s ( foes1 no adv]s>y ( y\rs is kn[n above ! heav5s1 nor 7is any7 ^u e>?3 may y\r collective /r5g? be quickly ex]t$1 sons ( ,rudra1 to humble 7y\r enemies74 #e4 ,!y make ! m\nta9s tremble1 !y drive ap>t ! =e/ trees4 ,g1 div9e ,m>uts1 :i!r y w1 ) all y\r prog5y1 l ^? intoxicat$4 #f4 ,y h h>ness$ ! spott$ de] to y\r *>iot2 ! r$ de] yok$ betwe5 !m1 7aids to7 drag ! c>3 ! firmam5t li/5s = y\r com+1 & m5 are al>m$4 #g4 ,rudras1 we h rec\rse to y\r assi/ance = ! sake ( our prog5y3 come quickly to ! timid ,kanva1 z y =m]ly came1 = our protection4 #h4 ,%\ld any adv]s>y1 in/igat$ by y1 or by man1 assail u1 )hold f him food & /r5g? & y\r assi/ance4 #i4 ,praketasas1 :o are to be unres]v$ly wor%ipp$1 uphold 7! sacrific]7 ,kanva3 come to u1 ,m>uts1 ) undivid$ protective assi/ances1 z ! lightn+s 7br+7 ! ra94 #aj4 ,b\nte\s giv]s1 y enjoy unimpair$ vig\r3 %ak]s 7( ! e>?71 y possess undim9i%$ /r5g?3 ,m>uts1 let loose y\r ang]1 l an arr[1 ^u ! wra?ful enemy ( ! ,ri%is4 ,! foll[+ is a simple pray] address$ to ! ,dawn3 ,,hymn ,,to ,,u%as 7,rv4 ,,vii4 #gg74 #a4 ,%e %9es ^u u1 l a "y wife1 r\s+ e liv+ be+ to g to 8 "w4 ,:5 ! fire _h to be k9dl$ by m51 %e made ! light by /rik+ d[n d>kness4 #b4 ,%e rose up1 spread+ f> & wide1 & mov+ ev]y:]e4 ,%e grew 9 brightness1 we>+ h] brilliant g>m5t4 ,! "m ( ! c[s1 7! morn+s7 ! lead] ( ! days1 %e %one gold-col\r$1 lovely to behold4 #c4 ,%e1 ! =tunate1 :o br+s ! eye ( ! gods1 :o leads ! :ite & lovely /e$ 7( ! sun71 ! ,dawn 0 se5 reveal$ by h] rays1 ) brilliant treasures1 foll[+ e "o4 #d4 ,?\ :o art a bless+ :]e ?\ art ne>1 drive f> away ! unfri5dly2 make ! pa/ure wide1 give u safety6 ,scatt] ! enemy1 br+ ri*es6 ,raise up weal? to ! wor%ipp]1 ?\ mighty ,dawn4 #e4 ,%9e = u ) ?y be/ rays1 ?\ bright ,dawn1 ?\ :o l5g!ne/ our life1 ?\ ! love ( all1 :o give/ u food1 :o give/ u weal? 9 c[s1 horses1 & *>iots4 #f4 ,?\1 daught] ( ! sky1 ?\ high-born ,dawn1 :om ! ,vasi%thas magnify ) songs1 give u ri*es high & wide3 all ye gods1 protect u always ) y\r bless+s4 ,i mu/ conf9e myself to %ort] extracts1 9 ord] to be able to %[ to y t all ! pr9cipal elem5ts ( real religion are pres5t 9 ! ,v$a4 ,i rem9d y aga9 t ! ,v$a conta9s a great deal ( :at is *ildi% & fooli%1 ?\gh v little ( :at is bad & objectionable4 ,"s ( its poets ascribe to ! gods s5tim5ts & passions unwor?y ( ! deity1 su* z ang]1 rev5ge1 delight 9 mat]ial sacrifices2 !y likewise repres5t human nature on a l[ level ( selfi%ness & worldl9ess4 ,_m hymns are utt]ly unmean+ & insipid1 & we mu/ se>* pati5tly be=e we meet1 "h & !re1 ) s5tim5ts t come f ! dep? ( ! s\l1 & ) pray]s 9 :i* we c\ld jo9 ourselves4 ,yet !re are su* passages1 & !y are ! really important passages1 z m>k+ ! highe/ po9ts to :i* ! religi\s life ( ! anci5t poets ( ,india _h rea*$2 & x is to ^! t ,i %all n[ call y\r att5tion4 ,fir/ ( all1 ! religion ( ! ,v$a kn[s ( no idols4 ,! wor%ip ( idols 9 ,india is a second>y =mation1 a lat] degradation ( ! m primitive wor%ip ( ideal gods4 ,! gods ( ! ,v$a are conceiv$ z immortal3 passages 9 :i* ! bir? ( c]ta9 gods is m5tion$ h a physical mean+3 !y ref] to ! bir? ( ! day1 ! ris+ ( ! sun1 ! return ( ! ye>4 ,! gods are suppos$ to dwell 9 heav51 ?\gh sev]al ( !m1 z1 = in/ance1 ,agni1 ! god ( fire1 are repres5t$ z liv+ among m51 or z approa*+ ! sacrifice1 & li/5+ to ! praises ( _! wor%ipp]s4 ,heav5 & e>? are believ$ to h be5 made or to h be5 e/abli%$ by c]ta9 gods4 ,elaborate !ories ( creation1 :i* ab\nd 9 ! lat] works1 ! ,brahmanz1 are n to be f\nd 9 ! hymns4 ,:at we f9d are su* passages z3 ',agni held ! e>?1 he /abli%$ ! heav5 by tru?ful words' 7,rv4 ,i4 #fg1 #c74 ',v>una /emm$ asund] ! wide firmam5ts2 he lift$ on high ! bright & glori\s heav52 he /ret*$ out ap>t ! />ry sky & ! e>?' 7,rv4 ,,vii4 #hf1 #a74 ,m frequ5tly1 h[ev]1 ! poets confess _! ignorance ( ! beg9n+ ( all ?+s1 & "o ( !m exclaims3 ',:o has se5 ! fir/-born8 ,:]e 0 ! life1 ! blood1 ! s\l ( ! _w8 ,:o w5t to ask ?is f any t knew x8 7,rv4 ,i4 #afd1 #d74bd ,or aga91 ,rv4 ,x4 #ha1 #d3 ',:at 0 ! =e/1 :at 0 ! tree out ( :i* !y %ap$ heav5 & e>?8 ,wise m51 ask ?is inde$ 9 y\r m9d1 on :at he /ood :5 he held ! worlds8' ,i n[ come to a m important subject4 ,we f9d 9 ! ,v$a1 :at few w\ld h expect$ to f9d !re1 ! two ideas1 s contradictory to ! human und]/&+1 & yet s easily reconcil$ 9 e human he>t3 ,god has e/abli%$ ! et]nal laws ( "r & wrong1 he puni%es s9 & rew>ds virtue1 & yet ! same ,god is will+ to =give2 j1 yet m]ciful2 a judge1 & yet a fa!r4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 ! foll[+ l9es1 ,rv4 ,i4 #da1 #d3 ',8 pa? is easy & )\t ?orns1 :o does :at is "r4' ,& aga91 ,rv4 ,i4 #da1 #i3 ',let man fe> ,him :o holds ! f\r 7dice71 be=e he ?r[s !m d[n 7i4 e4 ,god :o holds ! de/9ies ( m5 9 8 h&72 let no man delight 9 evil words6' ,& !n consid] ! foll[+ hymns1 & imag9e ! feel+s :i* alone c\ld h prompt$ !m3 ,,hymn ,,to ,,v>u,n,a 7,rv4 ,,vii4 #hi74 #a4 ,let me n yet1 ,o ,v>una1 ent] into ! h\se ( clay2 h m]cy1 almighty1 h m]cy6 #b4 ,if ,i g along trembl+1 l a cl\d driv5 by ! w9d2 h m]cy1 almighty1 h m]cy6 #c4 ,?r\gh want ( /r5g?1 ?\ /rong & bright god1 h ,i gone wrong2 h m]cy1 almighty1 h m]cy6 #d4 ,?ir/ came ^u ! wor%ipp]1 ?\gh he /ood 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s2 h m]cy1 almighty1 h m]cy6 #e4 ,:5ev] we m51 ,o ,v>una1 commit an (f5ce be=e ! heav5ly ho/1 :5ev] we break ! law ?r\gh ?\ghtlessness2 h m]cy1 almighty1 h m]cy6 ,footnote #bd3 ',hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1' p4 #bj note4 ,& aga91 ,rv4 ,,vii4 #hf3 #a4 ,wise & mighty are ! works ( him :o /emm$ asund] ! wide firmam5ts 7heav5 & e>?74 ,he lift$ on high ! bright & glori\s heav52 he /ret*$ out ap>t ! />ry sky & ! e>?4 #b4 ,d ,i say ?is to my own self8 ,h[ c ,i get unto ,v>una8 ,w he accept my (f]+ )\t displeasure8 ,:5 %all ,i1 ) a quiet m9d1 see him propitiat$8 #c4 ,i ask1 ,o ,v>una1 wi%+ to "k ?is my s94 ,i g to ask ! wise4 ,! sages all tell me ! same3 ,v>una x is :o is angry ) !e4 #d4 ,0 x an old s91 ,o ,v>una1 t ?\ wi%e/ to de/roy ?y fri5d1 :o always praises !e8 ,tell me1 ?\ unconqu]able "l1 & ,i w quickly turn to !e ) praise1 fre$ f s94 #e4 ,absolve u f ! s9s ( our fa!rs1 & f ^? :i* we committ$ ) our own bodies4 ,release ,vasi%tha1 ,o k+1 l a ?ief :o has fea/$ on /ol5 ox52 release him l a calf f ! rope4 #f4 ,x 0 n our own do+1 ,o ,v>una1 x 0 necessity 7or temptation71 an intoxicat+ draught1 passion1 dice1 ?\ghtlessness4 ,! old is !re to mislead ! "y2 ev5 sleep br+s unrighte\sness4 #g4 ,let me )\t s9 give satisfaction to ! angry god1 l a slave to ! b\nte\s "l4 ,! "l god enlight5$ ! fooli%2 he1 ! wise/1 leads 8 wor%ipp] to weal?4 #h4 ,o "l ,v>una1 may ?is song g well to ?y he>t6 ,may we prosp] 9 keep+ & acquir+6 ,protect u1 ,o gods1 always ) y\r bless+s6 ,! consci\sness ( s9 is a prom95t feature 9 ! religion ( ! ,v$a1 s is likewise ! belief t ! gods are able to take away f man ! heavy burd5 ( 8 s9s4 ,& :5 we read su* passages z ',v>una is m]ciful ev5 to him :o has committ$ s9' 7,rv4 ,,vii4 #hg1 #g71 we %\ld surely n all[ ! /range "n ( ,v>una to j> on our e>s1 b %\ld rememb] t x is b "o ( ! _m names :i* m5 inv5t$ 9 _! helplessness to express _! ideas ( ! ,deity1 h[ev] p>tial & imp]fect4 ,! next hymn1 :i* is tak5 f ! ,a?>va-v$a 7,,iv4 #af71 w %[ h[ ne> ! language ( ! anci5t poets ( ,india may approa* to ! language ( ! ,bible3#be #a4 ,! great "l ( ^! worlds sees z if he 7 ne>4 ,if a man ?9ks he is walk+ by /eal?1 ! gods "k x all4 #b4 ,if a man /&s or walks or hides1 if he goes to lie d[n or to get up1 :at two p sitt+ toge!r :isp]1 k+ ,v>una kn[s x1 he is !re z ! ?ird4 #c4 ,?is e>?1 too1 belongs to ,v>una1 ! k+1 & ?is wide sky ) its ends f> ap>t4 ,! two seas 7! sky & ! ocean7 are ,v>una's lo9s2 he is also conta9$ 9 ?is small drop ( wat]4 #d4 ,he :o %\ld flee f> beyond ! sky1 ev5 he w\ld n be rid ( ,v>una1 ! k+4 ,8 spies proce$ f heav5 t[>ds ?is _w2 ) ?\s& eyes !y ov]look ?is e>?4 #e4 ,k+ ,v>una sees all ?is1 :at is betwe5 heav5 & e>?1 & :at is beyond4 ,he has c\nt$ ! tw9kl+s ( ! eyes ( m54 ,z a play] ?r[s ! dice1 he settles all ?+s4 #f4 ,may all ?y fatal nooses1 :i* /& spread out sev5 by sev5 & ?reefold1 cat* ! man :o tells a lie1 may !y pass by him :o tells ! tru?4 ,footnote #be3 ,?is hymn 0 fir/ po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,ro? 9 a diss]tation on ! ,a?>va-v$a 7,tueb+51 #ahef71 & x has s9ce be5 translat$ & annotat$ by ,dr4 ,muir1 9 8 article on ! ',v$ic ,!ogony & ,cosmogony1' p4 #ca4 ,ano!r idea :i* we f9d 9 ! ,v$a is t ( fai?3 n only 9 ! s5se ( tru/ 9 ! gods1 9 _! p[]1 _! protection1 _! k9dness1 b 9 t ( belief 9 _! exi/5ce4 ,! ,lat9 ^w cr$o1 ,i believe1 is ! same z ! ,sanskrit sraddha1 & ?is sraddha occurs 9 ! ,v$a3 ,rv4 ,i4 #ajb1 #b4 ',sun & moon g on 9 regul> succession1 t we may see1 ,indra1 & believe4' ,rv4 ,i4 #ajd1 #f4 ',de/roy n our future (fspr+1 ,o ,indra1 = we h believ$ 9 ?y great p[]4' ,rv4 ,i4 #ee1 #e4 ',:5 ,indra hurls aga9 & aga9 8 ?und]bolt1 !n !y believe 9 ! brilliant god4'#bf ,footnote #bf3 ,dur+ viol5t ?und]/orms ! natives ( ,new ,holl& are s afraid ( ,w>-ru-gu-ra1 ! evil _s1 t !y seek %elt] ev5 9 caves haunt$ by ,+nas1 subord9ate demons1 :i* at o!r times !y w\ld ent] on no acc\nt4 ,!re1 9 sil5t t]ror1 !y pro/rate !mselves ) _! faces to ! gr\nd1 wait+ until ! _s1 hav+ exp5d$ 8 fury1 %all retire to ,uta 7hell7 )\t hav+ discov]$ _! hid+-place4--',transactions ( ,e?nological ,society1' vol4 iii4 p4 #bbi4 ,oldfield1 ',! ,aborig9es ( ,au/ralia4' ,a simil> s5tim5t1 namely1 t m5 only believe 9 ! gods :5 !y see _! signs & wond]s 9 ! sky1 is express$ by ano!r poet 7,rv4 ,,viii4 #ba1 #ad73 ',?\1 ,indra1 nev] f9de/ a ri* man to be ?y fri5d2 w9e-swill]s despise !e4 ,b :5 ?\ ?und]e/1 :5 ?\ ga!re/ 7! cl\ds71 !n ?\ art call$1 l a fa!r4' ,& ) ?is belief 9 god1 !re is also c\pl$ t d\bt1 t true scepticism1 if we may s call x1 :i* is meant to give to fai? its real /r5g?4 ,we f9d passages ev5 9 ^! e>ly hymns :]e ! poet asks himself1 :e!r !re is really su* a god z ,indra1--a "q imm$iately succe$$ by an answ]1 z if giv5 to ! poet by ,indra himself4 ,?us we read ,rv4 ,,viii4 #hi1 #c3 ',if y wi% = /r5g?1 (f] to ,indra a hymn ( praise3 a true hymn1 if ,indra truly exi/2 = "s "o says1 ,indra does n exi/6 ,:o has se5 him8 ,:om %all we praise8' ,!n ,indra answ]s ?r\gh ! poet3 ',"h ,i am1 ,o wor%ipp]1 behold me "h6 9 might ,i surpass all ?+s4' ,simil> visions occur else:]e1 :]e ! poet1 aft] invit+ a god to a sacrifice1 or implor+ 8 p>don = 8 (f5ces1 sudd5ly exclaims t he has se5 ! god1 & t he feels t 8 pray] is grant$4 ,= in/ance3 ,,hymn ,,to ,,v>u,n,a 7,rv4 ,i4 #be74 #a4 ,h[ev] we break ?y laws f day to day1 m5 z we are1 ,o god1 ,v>una1 #b4 ,d n deliv] u unto dea?1 nor to ! bl[ ( ! furi\s2 nor to ! wra? ( ! spiteful6 #c4 ,to propitiate !e1 ,o ,v>una1 we unb5d ?y m9d ) songs1 z ! *>iote] a we>y /e$4 #d4 ,away f me !y flee dispirit$1 int5t only on ga9+ weal?2 z birds to _! ne/s4 #e4 ,:5 %all we br+ hi!r ! man1 :o is victory to ! w>riors2 :5 %all we br+ ,v>una1 ! wide-see+1 to be propitiat$8 #f4 ,?is !y 7,mitra & ,v>una7 take 9 common2 graci\s1 !y nev] fail ! fai?ful giv]4 #g4 ,he :o kn[s ! place ( ! birds t fly ?r\gh ! sky1 :o on ! wat]s kn[s ! %ips2-- #h4 ,he1 ! uphold] ( ord]1 :o kn[s ! twelve mon?s ) ! (fspr+ ( ea*1 & kn[s ! mon? t is eng5d]$ aft]w>ds2-- #i4 ,he :o kn[s ! track ( ! w9d1 ( ! wide1 ! bright1 ! mighty2 & kn[s ^? :o reside on high2-- #aj4 ,he1 ! uphold] ( ord]1 ,v>una1 sits d[n among 8 p2 he1 ! wise1 sits !re to gov]n4 #aa4 ,f !nce p]ceiv+ all wondr\s ?+s1 he sees :at has be5 & :at w be done4 #ab4 ,may he1 ! wise ,aditya1 make our pa?s /raight all our days2 may he prolong our lives6 #ac4 ,v>una1 we>+ gold5 mail1 has put on 8 %9+ cloak2 ! spies sat d[n ar\nd him4 #ad4 ,! god :om ! sc(f]s d n provoke1 nor ! torm5tors ( m51 nor ! plott]s ( mis*ief2-- #ae4 ,he1 :o gives to m5 glory1 & n half glory1 :o gives x ev5 to our own selves2-- #af4 ,ye>n+ = him1 ! f>-see+1 my ?\ghts move onw>ds1 z k9e move to _! pa/ures4 #ag4 ,let u speak toge!r aga91 because my honey has be5 br\ght3 t ?\ may/ eat :at ?\ like/1 l a fri5d4 #ah4 ,did ,i see ! god :o is to be se5 by all1 did ,i see ! *>iot above ! e>?8 ,he mu/ h accept$ my pray]s4 #ai4 ,o he> ?is my call+1 ,v>una1 be graci\s n[2 long+ = help1 ,i h call$ ^u !e4 #bj4 ,?\1 ,o wise god1 art "l ( all1 ( heav5 & e>?3 li/5 on ?y way4 #ba4 ,t ,i may live1 take f me ! upp] rope1 loose ! middle1 & remove ! l[e/6 ,9 conclusion1 let me tell y t !re is 9 ! ,v$a no trace ( metempsy*osis or t transmigration ( s\ls f human to animal bodies :i* is g5]ally suppos$ to be a di/+ui%+ feature ( ,indian religion4 ,in/ead ( ?is1 we f9d :at is really ! s9e qua non ( all real religion1 a belief 9 immortality1 & 9 p]sonal immortality4 ,)\t a belief 9 p]sonal immortality1 religion surely is l an ar* re/+ on "o pill>1 l a bridge end+ 9 an abyss4 ,we _c wond] at ! great difficulties felt & express$ by bi%op ,w>burton & o!r em95t div9es1 ) reg>d to ! suppos$ total abs5ce ( ! doctr9e ( immortality or p]sonal immortality 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t2 & x is equally />tl+ t ! ,sadducees :o sat 9 ! same c\ncil ) ! high-prie/1 op5ly d5i$ ! resurrection4#bg ,h[ev]1 ?\gh n expressly ass]t$ any:]e1 a belief 9 p]sonal immortality is tak5 = grant$ 9 sev]al passages ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & we c h>dly ?9k ( ,abraham or ,moses z )\t a belief 9 life & immortality4 ,b :ile ?is difficulty1 s ke5ly felt ) reg>d to ! ,jewi% religion1 ought to make u c>eful 9 ! judgm5ts :i* we =m ( o!r religions1 & tea* u ! wisdom ( *>itable int]pretation1 x is all ! m important to m>k t 9 ! ,v$a passages occur :]e immortality ( ! s\l1 p]sonal immortality & p]sonal responsibility aft] dea?1 are cle>ly proclaim$4 ,?us we read3 ,footnote #bg3 ,acts xxii4 #cj1 xxiii4 #f4 ',he :o gives alms goes to ! highe/ place 9 heav52 he goes to ! gods' 7,rv4 ,i4 #abe1 #ef74 ,ano!r poet1 aft] rebuk+ ^? :o are ri* & d n communicate1 says3 ',! k9d mortal is great] ?an ! great 9 heav56' ,ev5 ! idea1 s frequ5t 9 ! lat] lit]ature ( ! ,brahmans1 t immortality is secur$ by a son1 seems impli$1 unless our translation deceives u1 9 "o passage ( ! ,v$a 7,,vii4 #ef1 #bd73 ',asme 7iti7 virah m>utah su%mi a/u gananam yah asurah vi dh>ta1 apah y5a su-k%itaye t>ema1 adha svam okah abhi vah syama4' ',o ,m>uts1 may !re be to u a /rong son1 :o is a liv+ rul] ( m53 ?r\gh :om we may cross ! wat]s on our way to ! happy abode2 !n may we come to y\r own h\se6' ,"o poet prays t he may see aga9 8 fa!r & "m aft] dea? 7,rv4 ,i4 #bd1 #a72 & ! fa!rs 7,pitris7 are invok$ almo/ l gods1 oblations are (f]$ to !m1 & !y are believ$ to enjoy1 9 company ) ! gods1 a life ( nev] end+ felicity 7,rv4 ,x4 #ae1 #af74 ,we f9d ?is pray] address$ to ,soma 7,rv4 ,,ix4 #aac1 #g73 ',:]e !re is et]nal light1 9 ! _w :]e ! sun is plac$1 9 t immortal imp]i%able _w place me1 ,o ,soma6' ',:]e k+ ,vaivasvata reigns1 :]e ! secret place ( heav5 is1 :]e ^! mighty wat]s are1 !re make me immortal6 ',:]e life is free1 9 ! ?ird heav5 ( heav5s1 :]e ! worlds are radiant1 !re make me immortal6' ',:]e wi%es & desires are1 :]e ! place ( ! bright sun is1 :]e !re is fre$om & delight1 !re make me immortal6 ',:]e !re is happ9ess & delight1 :]e joy & pleasure reside1 :]e ! desires ( our desire are atta9$1 !re make me immortal6'#bh ,:e!r ! old ,ri%is believ$ likewise 9 a place ( puni%m5t = ! wick$1 is m d\btful1 ?\gh vague allusions to x occur 9 ! ,rig-v$a1 & m di/9ct descriptions are f\nd 9 ! ,a?>va-v$a4 ,9 "o v]se x is said t ! dead is rew>d$ = 8 good de$s1 t he leaves or ca/s (f all evil1 & glorifi$ takes 8 body 7,rv4 ,x4 #ad1 #h74bi ,! dogs ( ,yama1 ! k+ ( ! dep>t$1 pres5t "s t]rible aspects1 & ,yama is ask$ to protect ! dep>t$ f !m 7,rv4 ,x4 #ad1 #aa74 ,aga91 a pit 7k>ta7 is m5tion$ into :i* ! lawless are said to be hurl$ d[n 7,rv4 ,,ix4 #gc1 #h71 & into :i* ,indra ca/s ^? :o (f] no sacrifices 7,rv4 ,i4 #aba1 #ac74 ,"o poet prays t ! ,adityas may pres]ve him f ! de/roy+ wolf1 & f fall+ into ! pit 7,rv4 ,,ii4 #bi1 #f74 ,9 "o passage we read t '^? :o break ! comm&m5ts ( ,v>una & :o speak lies are born = t deep place' 7,rv4 ,,iv4 #e1 #e74cj ,footnote #bh3 ,pr(essor ,ro?1 aft] quot+ sev]al passages f ! ,v$a 9 :i* a belief 9 immortality is express$1 rem>ks ) great tru?3 ',we "h f9d1 n )\t a/oni%m5t1 beautiful conceptions on immortality express$ 9 unadorn$ language ) *ild-l conviction4 ,if x 7 necess>y1 we might "h f9d ! mo/ p[]ful weapons aga9/ ! view :i* has lately be5 reviv$1 & proclaim$ z new1 t ,p]sia 0 ! only bir?place ( ! idea ( immortality1 & t ev5 ! nations ( ,europe _h d]iv$ x f t qu>t]4 ,z if ! religi\s _s ( e gift$ race 0 n able to arrive at x by its own /r5g?4'--7',j\rnal ( ! ,g]man ,ori5tal ,society1' vol4 iv4 p4 #dbg47 ,see ,dr4 ,muir's article on ,yama1 9 ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society1' p4 #aj4 ,footnote #bi3 ,m4 ,m41 ,die ,todt5be/attung bei d5 ,brahman5 ',zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5la5dis*5 ,gesells*aft1' vol4 ix4 p4 xii4 ,footnote #cj3 ,dr4 ,muir1 article on ,yama1 p4 #ah4 ,surely ! discov]y ( a religion l ?is1 z unexpect$ z ! discov]y ( ! jaw-bone ( ,abbeville1 des]ves to arre/ our ?\ghts = a mom5t1 ev5 9 ! ha/e & hurry ( ?is busy life4 ,no d\bt = ! daily wants ( life1 ! old division ( religions into true & false is q suffici5t2 z = practical purposes we di/+ui% only betwe5 our own "m-tongue on ! "o side1 & all o!r =eign languages on ! o!r4 ,b1 f a high] po9t ( view1 x w\ld n be "r to ignore ! new evid5ce t has come to light2 & z ! /udy ( geology has giv5 u a tru] insight into ! /ratification ( ! e>?1 x is b natural to expect t a ?\ghtful /udy ( ! orig9al works ( ?ree ( ! mo/ important religions ( ! _w1 ,brahmanism1 ,magism1 & ,buddhism1 w modify our views z to ! gr[? or hi/ory ( religion1 z to ! hidd5 lay]s ( religi\s ?\ght b5ea? ! soil on :i* we /&4 ,su* inquires %\ld be und]tak5 )\t prejudice & )\t fe>3 ! evid5ce is plac$ be=e u2 our duty is to sift x critically1 to weigh x hone/ly1 & to wait = ! results4 ,?ree ( ^! results1 to :i*1 ,i believe1 a comp>ative /udy ( religions is sure to lead1 ,i may /ate be=e ,i conclude ?is ,lecture3 #a4 ,we %all le>n t religions 9 _! mo/ anci5t =m1 or 9 ! m9ds ( _! au?ors1 are g5]ally free f _m ( ! blemi%es t atta* to !m 9 lat] times4 #b4 ,we %all le>n t !re is h>dly "o religion :i* does n conta9 "s tru?1 "s important tru?2 tru? suffici5t to enable ^? :o seek ! ,"l & feel aft] ,him1 to f9d ,him 9 _! h\r ( ne$4 #c4 ,we %all le>n to appreciate bett] ?an ev] :at we h 9 our own religion4 ,no "o :o has n exam9$ pati5tly & hone/ly ! o!r religions ( ! _w1 c "k :at ,*ri/ianity really is1 or c jo9 ) su* tru? & s9c]ity 9 ! words ( ,/4 ,paul3 ',i am n a%am$ ( ! ,gospel ( ,*ri/4' ,,ii4 ,,*ri/ ,,& ,,o!r ,,ma/]s4#ca ,9 s compreh5sive a "w z ,mr4 ,h>dwick's ',*ri/ & o!r ,ma/]s1' ! numb] ( facts /at$1 ( topics discuss$1 ( que/ions rais$1 is s consid]able t 9 review+ x we c select only "o or two po9ts = special consid]ation4 ,mr4 ,h>dwick int5ds to give 9 8 "w1 ( :i* ! ?ird volume has j be5 publi%$1 a complete panorama ( anci5t religion4 ,aft] hav+ discuss$ 9 ! fir/ volume :at he calls ! religi\s t5d5cies ( our age1 he ent]s ^u an exam9ation ( ! difficult problem ( ! unity ( ! human race1 & proce$s to draw1 9 a sep>ate *apt]1 ! *>act]i/ic features ( religion "u ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,hav+ ?us cle>$ 8 way1 & e/abli%$ "s ( ! pr9ciples accord+ to :i* ! religions ( ! _w %\ld be judg$1 ,mr4 ,h>dwick devotes ! :ole ( ! second volume to ! religions ( ,india4 ,we f9d !re1 fir/ ( all1 a %ort b v cle> acc\nt ( ! religion ( ! ,v$a1 z f> z x is kn[n at pres5t4 ,we !n come to a m matt]-(-fact repres5tation ( ,brahmanism1 or ! religion ( ! ,h9dus1 z repres5t$ 9 ! s-call$ ,laws ( ,manu1 & 9 ! anci5t portions ( ! two epic poems1 ! ,ramayana & ,mahabh>ata4 ,! next *apt] is devot$ to ! v>i\s sy/ems ( ,indian philosophy1 :i* all p>take m or less ( a religi\s "*1 & =m a natural transition to ! fir/ subjective sy/em ( fai? 9 ,india1 ! religion ( ,buddha4 ,mr4 ,h>dwick aft]w>ds discusses1 9 two sep>ate *apt]s1 ! app>5t & ! real correspond5ces betwe5 ,h9duism & reveal$ religion1 & ?r[s out "s h9ts h[ we may be/ acc\nt = ! p>tial glimpses ( tru? :i* exi/ 9 ! ,v$as1 ! canonical books ( ,buddhism1 & ! lat] ,puranz4 ,all ^! que/ions are h&l$ ) su* ability1 & discuss$ ) s mu* elegance & eloqu5ce1 t ! read] becomes h>dly aw>e ( ! great difficulties ( ! subject1 & c>ries away1 if n q a complete & correct1 at lea/ a v lucid1 picture ( ! religi\s life ( anci5t ,india4 ,! ?ird volume1 :i* 0 publi%$ 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?is ye>1 is aga9 extremely int]e/+1 & full ( ! mo/ v>i$ descriptions4 ,! religions ( ,*9a are giv5 fir/1 beg9n+ ) an acc\nt ( ! national traditions1 z collect$ & fix$ by ,confucius4 ,!n foll[s ! religi\s sy/em ( ,lao-tse1 or ! ,tao-ism ( ,*9a1 & la/ly ,buddhism aga91 only "u t modifi$ =m :i* x assum$ :5 introduc$ f ,india into ,*9a4 ,aft] ?is sket* ( ! religi\s life ( ,*9a1 ! mo/ anci5t c5tre ( ,ea/]n civilisation1 ,mr4 ,h>dwick sudd5ly transports u to ! ,new ,_w1 & introduces u to ! wor%ip ( ! wild tribes ( ,am]ica1 & to ! ru9s ( ! anci5t temples 9 :i* ! civilis$ races ( t cont95t1 especially ! ,mexicans1 once b[$ !mselves d[n be=e _! god or gods4 ,la/ly1 we h to emb>k on ! ,s\? ,sea1 & to visit ! v>i\s isl&s :i* =m a *a9 betwe5 ! we/ coa/ ( ,am]ica & ! ea/ coa/ ( ,africa1 /ret*+ ov] half ( ! globe1 & inhabit$ by ! desc5dants ( ! once unit$ race ( ! ,malayo-,polynesians4 ,footnote #ca3 ',*ri/ & o!r ,ma/]s4' ,an ,hi/orical ,inquiry into "s ( ! *ief ,p>allelisms & ,contra/s betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ! ,religi\s ,sy/ems ( ! ,anci5t ,_w1 ) special ref]5ce to prevail+ ,difficulties & ,objections4 ,by ,*>les ,h>dwick1 ,m4,a41 ,*ri/ian ,advocate 9 ! ,univ]sity ( ,cambridge4 ,p>ts ,i1 ,,ii1 ,,iii4 ,cambridge1 #aheh4 ,! acc\nt :i* ,mr4 ,h>dwick c af=d to give ( ! v>i\s sy/ems ( religion 9 s %ort a compass z he has fix$ = himself1 mu/ necess>ily be v g5]al2 & 8 rem>ks on ! m]its & defects peculi> to ea*1 :i* 7 m ample 9 ! second volume1 h dw9dl$ d[n to mu* small] dim5sions 9 ! ?ird4 ,he decl>es di/9ctly t he does n write = mission>ies4 ',x is n my lead+ object1' he says1 'to conciliate ! m ?\ghtful m9ds ( hea!ndom 9 fav\r ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,h[ev] laudable t task may be1 h[ev] fitly x may occupy ! highe/ & ! ke5e/ intellect ( p]sons :o desire to fur!r ! advance ( tru? & hol9ess among our hea!n fell[-subjects1 !re are difficulties ne>] home :i* may 9 fairness be reg>d$ z possess+ prior claims on ! att5tion ( a ,*ri/ian ,advocate4' ,we confess t we regret t ,mr4 ,h>dwick %\ld h tak5 ?is l9e4 ,if1 9 writ+ 8 criticism on ! anci5t or mod]n sy/ems ( ,pagan religion1 he _h plac$ himself face to face ) a poor helpless creature1 su* z ! mission>ies h to deal )--a man br\ght up 9 ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs1 accu/om$ to call 8 god or gods by names sacr$ to him f 8 fir/ *ildhood--a man :o _h d]iv$ mu* real help & consolation f 8 belief 9 ^! gods--:o _h ab/a9$ f committ+ crime1 because he 0 afraid ( ! ang] ( a ,div9e ,be+--:o _h p]=m$ sev]e p5ance1 because he hop$ to appease ! ang] ( ! gods--:o _h giv51 n only ! t5? "p ( all he valu$ mo/1 b ! half1 nay1 ! :ole ( 8 prop]ty1 z a free (f]+ to 8 prie/s1 t !y might pray = him or absolve him f 8 s9--if1 9 discuss+ any ( ! anci5t or mod]n sy/ems ( ,pagan religion1 ,mr4 ,h>dwick _h tri$ to address 8 argum5ts to su* a p]son1 we believe he w\ld himself h felt a m human1 real1 & he>ty int]e/ 9 8 subject4 ,he w\ld m e>ne/ly h endeav\r$ to f9d out ! good elem5ts 9 e =m ( religi\s belief4 ,no s5sible mission>y c\ld br+ himself to tell a man :o has done all t he c\ld d1 & m ?an _m :o h receiv$ ! true light ( ! ,gospel1 t he 0 exclud$ f all hope ( salvation1 & by 8 v bir? & col\r h&$ ov] irretrievably to et]nal damnation4 ,x is possible to put a *>itable int]pretation on _m doctr9es ( anci5t hea!nism1 & ! practical mission>y is con/antly oblig$ to d s4 ,let u only consid] :at ^! doctr9es are4 ,!y are n !ories devis$ by m5 :o wi% to keep out ! tru? ( ,*ri/ianity1 b sacr$ traditions :i* millions ( human be+s are born & br\ght up to believe 91 z we are born & br\ght up to believe 9 ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is ! only spiritual food :i* ,god 9 8 wisdom has plac$ )9 _! rea*4 ,b if we once beg9 to ?9k ( mod]n hea!nism1 & h[ c]ta9 t5ets ( ,lao-tse resemble ! doctr9es ( ,comte or ,sp9oza1 our equanimity1 our hi/orical ju/ice1 our ,*ri/ian *>ity1 are gone4 ,we become advocates wrangl+ = victory--we are no long] tranquil obs]v]s1 compassionate fri5ds & tea*]s4 ,mr4 ,h>dwick sometimes addresses himself to m5 l ,lao-tse or ,buddha1 :o are n[ dead & gone m ?an two ?\s& ye>s1 9 a tone ( (f5d$ or?odoxy1 :i* may or may n be "r 9 mod]n controv]sy1 b :i* entirely disreg>ds ! fact t x has pleas$ ,god to let ^! m5 & millions ( human be+s be born on e>? )\t a *ance ( ev] he>+ ( ! exi/5ce ( ! ,gospel4 ,we _c p5etrate into ! secrets ( ! ,div9e wisdom1 b we are b\nd to believe t ,god has ,8 purpose 9 all ?+s1 & t ,he w "k h[ to judge ^? to :om s little has be5 giv54 ,*ri/ianity does n require ( u t we %\ld criticise1 ) our own small wisdom1 t ,div9e policy :i* has gov]n$ ! :ole _w f ! v beg9n+4 ,we pity a man :o is born bl9d--we are n angry ) him2 & ,mr4 ,h>dwick1 9 8 argum5ts aga9/ ! t5ets ( ,buddha or ,lao-tse1 seems to u to treat ^! m5 too mu* 9 ! _s ( a policeman :o tells a poor bl9d begg> t he is only %amm+ bl9dness4 ,h[ev]1 if1 z a ,*ri/ian ,advocate1 ,mr4 ,h>dwick f\nd x impossible to ent]ta91 or at lea/ express1 any sympa?y ) ! ,pagan _w1 ev5 ! cold judgm5t ( ! hi/orian w\ld h be5 bett] ?an ! excit$ plead+ ( a p>tisan4 ,surely x is n necess>y1 9 ord] to prove t our religion is ! only true religion1 t we %\ld insi/ on ! utt] fals5ess ( all o!r =ms ( belief4 ,we ne$ n be fright5$ if we discov] traces ( tru?1 traces ev5 ( ,*ri/ian tru?1 among ! sages & lawgiv]s ( o!r nations4 ,/4 ,augu/9e 0 n fright5$ by ?is discov]y1 & e ?\ghtful ,*ri/ian w feel *e]$ by ! words ( t pi\s philosoph]1 :5 he boldly decl>es1 t !re is no religion :i*1 among its _m errors1 does n conta9 "s real & div9e tru?4 ,x %[s a want ( fai? 9 ,god1 & 9 ,8 inscrutable wisdom 9 ! gov]nm5t ( ! _w1 if we ?9k we ought to condemn all anci5t =ms ( fai?1 except ! religion ( ! ,jews4 ,a true _s ( ,*ri/ianity w r lead u to %ut our eyes aga9/ _m ?+s :i* are revolt+ to u 9 ! religion ( ! ,*9ese1 or ! wild ,am]icans1 or ! civilis$ ,h9dus1 & to try to discov]1 z well z we c1 h[ ev5 9 ^! degrad$ =ms ( wor%ip a sp>k ( light lies hidd5 some:]e--a sp>k :i* may light5 & w>m ! he>t ( ! ,g5tiles1 ':o by pati5t cont9uance 9 well-do+1 seek = glory1 & hon\r1 & immortality4' ,!re is an und]curr5t ( ?\ght 9 ,mr4 ,h>dwick's book :i* breaks out aga9 & aga91 & :i* has c]ta9ly prev5t$ him f discov]+ _m a deep lesson :i* may be le>nt 9 ! /udy ( anci5t religions4 ,he uses h>% language1 because he is ?9k+1 n ( ! helpless ,*9ese1 or ! dream+ ,h9du ^: t5ets he controv]ts1 b ( mod]n philosoph]s2 & he is evid5tly glad ( e opportunity :]e he c %[ to ! latt] t _! sy/ems are m]e re*auffes ( anci5t hea!nism4 ,?us he says1 9 8 introduction to ! ?ird volume3 ',i may also be all[$ to add1 t1 9 ! pres5t *apt]s1 ! m ?\ghtful read] w n fail to recognise ! prop] t5d5cy ( c]ta9 curr5t speculations1 :i* are recomm5d$ to u on ! gr\nd t !y accord entirely ) ! la/ discov]ies ( sci5ce1 & embody ! delib]ate v]dicts ( ! oracle )9 u4 ,not)/&+ all t has be5 urg$ 9 _! behalf1 ^? !ories are little m ?an a return to long-explod$ errors1 a resuscitation ( ext9ct volcanoes2 or at be/1 !y m]ely (f] to introduce among u an array ( civilis+ ag5cies1 :i*1 aft] trial 9 o!r c\ntries1 h be5 all f\nd want+4 ,! gov]n+ class ( ,*9a1 = example1 h long be5 famili> ) ! metaphysics ( ,sp9oza4 ,!y h also c>ri$ out ! social pr9ciples ( ,m4 ,comte ^u ! l>ge/ possible scale4 ,= ages !y h be5 :at p ( ! pres5t day are wi%+ to become 9 ,europe1 ) ?is diff]5ce only1 t ! hea!n legislator :o _h lo/ all fai? 9 ,god attempt$ to r$ress ! wrongs & elevate ! moral /atus ( 8 subjects by ! /udy ( political sci5ce1 or devis+ "s new s*eme ( g5]al sociology2 :ile ! positive philosoph] ( ! pres5t day1 :o has relaps$ into ! same positions1 is 9 e case reject+ a religi\s sy/em :i* has prov$ itself ! mightie/ ( all civilis]s1 & ! con/ant *ampion ( ! rights & dignity ( m54 ,he (f]s 9 ! /ead ( ,*ri/ianity a speci\s phase ( paganism1 by :i* ! n9ete5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/ may be assimilat$ to ! gold5 age ( ,m5cius & ,confucius2 or1 9 o!r words1 may consummate its religi\s fre$om1 & atta9 ! highe/ p9nacle ( human progress1 by rev]t+ to a /ate ( *ildhood & ( moral imbecility4' ,few s]i\s-m9d$ p]sons w l ! temp] ( ?is p>agraph4 ,! hi/ory ( anci5t religion is too important1 too sacr$ a subject to be us$ z a mask$ batt]y aga9/ mod]n infidelity4 ,nor %\ld a ,*ri/ian ,advocate ev] condesc5d to def5d 8 cause by argum5ts su* z a plead] :o is some:at sceptical z to ! m]its ( 8 case1 may be all[$ to use1 b :i* produce on ! m9d ( ! ,judge ! v opposite effect ( t :i* !y are int5d$ to produce4 ,if we want to und]/& ! religions ( antiquity1 we mu/ try1 z well z we c1 to ent] into ! religi\s1 moral1 & political atmosph]e ( ! anci5t _w4 ,we mu/ d :at ! hi/orian does4 ,we mu/ become anci5ts ourselves1 o!rwise we %all nev] und]/& ! motives & mean+ ( _! fai?4 ,take "o in/ance4 ,!re are "s nations :o h always reg>d$ dea? ) ! utmo/ horror4 ,_! :ole religion may be said to be a fight aga9/ dea?1 & ! *ief object ( _! pray]s seems to be a long life on e>?4 ,! ,p]sian cl+s to life ) int5se t5acity1 & ! same feel+ exi/s among ! ,jews4 ,o!r nations1 on ! contr>y1 reg>d dea? 9 a diff]5t light4 ,dea? is to !m a passage f "o life to ano!r4 ,no misgiv+ has ev] ent]$ _! m9ds z to a possible ext9ction ( exi/5ce1 & at ! fir/ call ( ! prie/--nay1 sometimes f a m]e selfi% ye>n+ aft] a bett] life--!y are ready to put an end to _! exi/5ce on e>?4 ,feel+s ( ?is k9d c h>dly be call$ convictions arriv$ at by ! individual4 ,!y are national peculi>ities1 & !y ex]cise an irresi/ible sway ov] all :o belong to ! same nation4 ,! loyal devotion :i* ! ,slavonic nations feel = _! sov]eign w make ! mo/ brutaliz$ ,russian peasant /ep into ! place :]e 8 comrade has j be5 /ruck d[n1 )\t a ?\ght ( 8 wife1 or 8 "m1 or 8 *ildr51 :om he is nev] to see aga94 ,he does n d ?is because1 by 8 own reflection1 he has arriv$ at ! conclusion t he is b\nd to sacrifice himself = 8 emp]or or = 8 c\ntry--he does x because he kn[s t e "o w\ld d ! same2 & ! only feel+ ( satisfaction 9 :i* he w\ld all[ himself to indulge is1 t he 0 do+ 8 duty4 ,if1 !n1 we wi% to und]/& ! religions ( ! anci5t nations ( ! _w1 we mu/ take into acc\nt _! national "*4 ,nations :o value life s little z ! ,h9dus1 & "s ( ! ,am]ican & ,malay nations1 c\ld n feel ! same horror ( human sacrifices1 = in/ance1 :i* w\ld be felt by a ,jew2 & ! volunt>y dea? ( ! wid[ w\ld inspire h] ne>e/ relations ) no o!r feel+ b t ( compassion & regret at see+ a "y bride foll[ h] husb& into a di/ant l&4 ,%e h]self w\ld feel t1 9 foll[+ h] husb& into dea?1 %e 0 only do+ :at e o!r wid[ w\ld d--%e 0 only do+ h] duty4 ,9 ,india1 :]e m5 9 ! prime ( life ?r[ !mselves "u ! c> ( ,jagg]na?1 to be cru%$ to dea? by ! idol !y believe 9--:]e ! pla9tiff :o _c get r$ress />ves himself to dea? at ! door ( 8 judge--:]e ! philosoph] :o ?9ks he has le>nt all :i* ?is _w c tea* him1 & :o longs = absorption into ! ,deity1 quietly /eps into ! ,ganges1 9 ord] to arrive at ! o!r %ore ( exi/5ce--9 su* a c\ntry1 h[ev] mu* we may condemn ^! practices1 we mu/ be on our gu>d & n judge ! /range religions ( su* /range creatures accord+ to our own m sob] code ( morality4 ,let a man once be impress$ ) a belief t ?is life is b a prison1 & t he has b to break ?r\gh its walls 9 ord] to brea! ! fre% & pure air ( a high] life--let him once consid] x c[>dice to %r9k f ?is act1 & a pro( ( c\rage & ( a firm fai? 9 ,god to ru% back to t et]nal s\rce f :5ce he came--& let ^! views be c\nt5anc$ by a :ole nation1 sanction$ by prie/s1 & hall[$ by poets1 & h[ev] we may blame & loa! ! cu/om ( human sacrifices & religi\s suicides1 we %all be b\nd to confess t to su* a man1 & to a :ole nation ( su* m51 ! mo/ cruel rites w h a v diff]5t mean+ f :at !y w\ld h to u4 ,!y are n m]e cruelty & brutality4 ,!y conta9 a religi\s elem5t1 & presuppose a belief 9 immortality1 & an indiff]5ce ) reg>d to worldly pleasures1 :i*1 if direct$ 9 a diff]5t *annel1 might produce m>tyrs & h]oes4 ,"h1 at lea/1 !re is no dang] ( mod]n h]esy ap+ anci5t paganism2 & we feel at lib]ty to express our sympa?y & compassion1 ev5 ) ! mo/ degrad$ ( our bre?r54 ,! ,fijians1 = in/ance1 commit almo/ e species ( atrocity2 b we c /ill discov]1 z ,wilkes rem>k$ 9 8 ',explor+ ,exp$ition1' t ! s\rce ( _m ( _! abhorr5t practices is a belief 9 a future /ate1 guid$ by no j notions ( religi\s or moral obligations4 ,!y immolate !mselves2 !y ?9k x "r to de/roy _! be/ fri5ds1 to free !m f ! mis]ies ( ?is life2 !y actually consid] x a duty1 & p]haps a pa9ful duty1 t ! son %\ld /rangle 8 p>5ts1 if reque/$ to d s4 ,"s ( ! ,fijians1 :5 int]rupt$ by ,europeans 9 ! act ( /rangl+ _! "m1 simply repli$ t %e 0 _! "m1 & !y 7 h] *ildr51 & !y ought to put h] to dea?4 ,on rea*+ ! grave ! "m sat d[n1 :5 !y all1 includ+ *ildr51 gr&*ildr51 relations1 & fri5ds1 took an affectionate leave ( h]4 ,a rope1 made ( twi/$ tapa1 0 !n pass$ twice ar\nd h] neck by h] sons1 :o took hold ( x & /rangl$ h]--aft] :i* %e 0 put into h] grave1 ) ! usual c]emonies4 ,!y return$ to fea/ & m\rn1 aft] :i* %e 0 entirely =gott51 z ?\gh %e _h n exi/$4 ,no d\bt ^! are revolt+ rites2 b ! phase ( human ?\ght :i* !y disclose is f> f be+ simply revolt+4 ,!re is 9 ^! immolations1 ev5 9 _! mo/ degrad$ =m1 a gra9 ( t sup]human fai? :i* we admire 9 ! temptation ( ,abraham2 & we feel t ! "t w come1 nay1 t x is com+1 :5 ! voice ( ! ,angel ( ! ,"l w rea* ^? di/ant isl&s1 & give a high] & bett] purpose to ! wild rav+s ( _! religion4 ,x is among ^! tribes t ! mission>y1 if he c speak a language :i* !y und]/&1 ga9s ! mo/ rapid influ5ce4 ,b he mu/ fir/ le>n himself to und]/& ! nature ( ^! savages1 & to translate ! wild yells ( _! devotion into articulate language4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 no race ( m5 s l[ & degrad$ z ! ,papuas4 ,x has frequ5tly be5 ass]t$ !y _h no religion at all4 ,& yet ^! same ,papuas1 if !y want to "k :e!r :at !y are go+ to und]take is "r or wrong1 squat be=e _! k>w>1 clasp ! h&s ov] ! =ehead1 & b[ repeat$ly1 at ! same "t /at+ _! int5tions4 ,if !y are seiz$ ) any n]v\s feel+ dur+ ?is process1 x is consid]$ z a bad sign1 & ! project is ab&on$ = a "t--if o!rwise1 ! idol is suppos$ to approve4 ,"h we h b to translate :at !y 9 _! helpless language call 'n]v\s feel+' by our ^w 'consci5ce1' & we %all n only und]/& :at !y really mean1 b confess1 p]haps1 t x w\ld be well = u if 9 our own he>ts ! k>w> occupi$ ! same prom95t place :i* x occupies 9 ! cottage ( e ,papua4 ,m>*1 #aheh4 ,,iii4 ,,! ,,v$a ,,& ,,z5d-,,ave/a4 ,,! ,,v$a4 ,! ma9 /ream ( ! ,aryan nations has always fl[$ t[>ds ! nor?-we/4 ,no hi/orian c tell u by :at impulse ^! adv5tur\s ,nomads 7 driv5 on ?r\gh ,asia t[>ds ! isles & %ores ( ,europe4 ,! fir/ />t ( ?is _w-wide migration belongs to a p]iod f> beyond ! rea* ( docum5t>y hi/ory2 to times :5 ! soil ( ,europe _h n be5 trodd5 by ei!r ,celts1 ,g]mans1 ,slavonians1 ,romans1 or ,greeks4 ,b :atev] x 01 ! impulse 0 z irresi/ible z ! spell :i*1 9 our own times1 s5ds ! ,celtic tribes t[>ds ! prairies or ! regions ( gold across ! ,atlantic4 ,x requires a /rong w1 or a great am\nt ( in]tness1 to be able to )/& ! impetus ( su* national1 or r e?nical1 movem5ts4 ,few w /ay beh9d :5 all are go+4 ,b to let "o's fri5ds dep>t1 & !n to set out ourselves--to take a road :i*1 lead :]e x may1 c nev] lead u to jo9 ^? aga9 :o speak our language & wor%ip our gods--is a c\rse :i* only m5 ( /rong individuality & great self-dep5d5ce are capable ( pursu+4 ,x 0 ! c\rse adopt$ by ! s\!rn bran* ( ! ,aryan family1 ! ,brahmanic ,aryas ( ,india & ! ,zoroa/rians ( ,iran4 ,at ! fir/ dawn ( traditional hi/ory we see ^! ,aryan tribes migrat+ across ! sn[ ( ! ,himalaya s\?w>d t[>ds ! ',sev5 ,riv]s' 7! ,indus1 ! five riv]s ( ! ,p5jab1 & ! ,s>asvati71 & ev] s9ce ,india has be5 call$ _! home4 ,t be=e ?is "t !y _h be5 liv+ 9 m nor!rn regions1 )9 ! same prec9cts ) ! ance/ors ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,italians1 ,slavonians1 ,g]mans1 & ,celts1 is a fact z firmly e/abli%$ z t ! ,normans ( ,william ! ,conqu]or 7 ! ,nor?m5 ( ,sc&9avia4 ,! evid5ce ( language is irrefragable1 & x is ! only evid5ce wor? li/5+ to ) reg>d to ante-hi/orical p]iods4 ,x w\ld h be5 next to impossible to discov] any traces ( relation%ip betwe5 ! sw>?y natives ( ,india & _! conqu]ors :e!r ,alex&] or ,clive1 b = ! te/imony borne by language4 ,:at o!r evid5ce c\ld h rea*$ back to times :5 ,greece 0 n yet peopl$ by ,greeks1 nor ,india by ,h9dus8 ,yet ^! are ! times ( :i* we are speak+4 ,:at au?ority w\ld h be5 /rong en\gh to p]suade ! ,grecian army1 t _! gods & _! h]o ance/ors 7 ! same z ^? ( k+ ,porus1 or to conv9ce ! ,engli% soldi] t ! same blood might be runn+ 9 8 ve9s & 9 ! ve9s ( ! d>k ,b5galese8 ,& yet !re is n an ,engli% jury n[-a-days1 :i*1 aft] exam9+ ! ho>y docum5ts ( language1 w\ld reject ! claim ( a common desc5t & a spiritual relation%ip betwe5 ,h9du1 ,greek1 & ,teuton4 ,_m words /ill live 9 ,india & 9 ,engl& t h witness$ ! fir/ sep>ation ( ! nor!rn & s\!rn ,aryans1 & ^! are witnesses n to be %ak5 by any cross-exam9ation4 ,! t]ms = ,god1 = h\se1 = fa!r1 "m1 son1 daught]1 = dog & c[1 = he>t & te>s1 = axe & tree1 id5tical 9 all ! ,indo-,european idioms1 are l ! wat*words ( soldi]s4 ,we *all5ge ! seem+ /rang]2 & :e!r he answ] ) ! lips ( a ,greek1 a ,g]man1 or an ,indian1 we recognise him z "o ( ourselves4 ,?\gh ! hi/orian may %ake 8 head1 ?\gh ! physiologi/ may d\bt1 & ! poet scorn ! idea1 all mu/ yield be=e ! facts furni%$ by language4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ! ance/ors ( ! ,celts1 ! ,g]mans1 ! ,slavonians1 ! ,greeks & ,italians1 ! ,p]sians & ,h9dus1 7 liv+ toge!r b5ea? ! same ro(1 sep>ate f ! ance/ors ( ! ,semitic & ,turanian races4 ,x is m difficult to prove t ! ,h9du 0 ! la/ to leave ?is common home1 t he saw 8 bro!rs all dep>t t[>ds ! sett+ sun1 & t !n1 turn+ t[>ds ! s\? & ! ea/1 he />t$ alone 9 se>* ( a new _w4 ,b z 9 8 language & 9 8 gramm> he has pres]v$ some?+ ( :at seems peculi> to ea* ( ! nor!rn dialects s+ly1 z he agrees ) ! ,greek & ! ,g]man :]e ! ,greek & ! ,g]man diff] f all ! re/1 & z no o!r language has c>ri$ (f s l>ge a %>e ( ! common ,aryan heirloom--:e!r roots1 gramm>1 words1 my!s1 or leg5ds--x is natural to suppose t1 ?\gh p]haps ! elde/ bro!r1 ! ,h9du 0 ! la/ to leave ! c5tral home ( ! ,aryan family4 ,! ,aryan nations :o pursu$ a nor?-we/]ly direction1 /& be=e u 9 hi/ory z ! pr9cipal nations ( nor?-we/]n ,asia & ,europe4 ,!y h be5 ! prom95t actors 9 ! great drama ( hi/ory1 & h c>ri$ to _! fulle/ gr[? all ! elem5ts ( active life ) :i* our nature is end[$4 ,!y h p]fect$ society & morals1 & we le>n f _! lit]ature & works ( art ! elem5ts ( sci5ce1 ! laws ( art1 & ! pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,9 cont9ual /ruggle ) ea* o!r & ) ,semitic & ,turanian races1 ^! ,aryan nations h become ! rul]s ( hi/ory1 & x seems to be _! mission to l9k all p>ts ( ! _w toge!r by ! *a9s ( civilisation1 comm]ce1 & religion4 ,9 a ^w1 !y repres5t ! ,aryan man 9 8 hi/orical "*4 ,b :ile mo/ ( ! memb]s ( ! ,aryan family foll[$ ?is glori\s pa?1 ! s\!rn tribes 7 sl[ly migrat+ t[>ds ! m\nta9s :i* gird ! nor? ( ,india4 ,aft] cross+ ! n>r[ passes ( ! ,h9duku% or ! ,himalaya1 !y conqu]$ or drove be=e !m1 z x seems )\t mu* ef=t1 ! aborig9al inhabitants ( ! ,trans-,himalayan c\ntries4 ,!y took = _! guides ! pr9cipal riv]s ( ,nor!rn ,india1 & 7 l$ by !m to new homes 9 _! beautiful & f]tile valleys4 ,x seems z if ! great m\nta9s 9 ! nor? _h aft]w>ds clos$ = c5turies _! ,cyclopean gates aga9/ new immigrations1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 ! waves ( ! ,indian ,ocean kept wat* ov] ! s\!rn bord]s ( ! p59sula4 ,none ( ! great conqu]ors ( antiquity1--,seso/ris1 ,semiramis1 ,nebu*adnezz>1 or ,cyrus1--di/urb$ ! peaceful seats ( ^! ,aryan settl]s4 ,left to !mselves 9 a _w ( _! own1 )\t a pa/1 & )\t a future be=e !m1 !y _h no?+ b !mselves to pond] on4 ,/ruggles !re mu/ h be5 9 ,india also4 ,old dyna/ies 7 de/roy$1 :ole families annihilat$1 & new empires f\nd$4 ,yet ! inw>d life ( ! ,h9du 0 n *ang$ by ^! convulsions4 ,8 m9d 0 l ! lotus leaf aft] a %[] ( ra9 has pass$ ov] x2 8 "* rema9$ ! same1 passive1 m$itative1 quiet1 & ?\ghtful4 ,a p ( ?is peculi> /amp 0 nev] de/9$ to act a prom95t "p 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w2 nay1 ! exhau/+ atmosph]e ( transc5d5tal ideas 9 :i* !y liv$ c\ld n b ex]cise a detrim5tal influ5ce on ! active & moral "* ( ! ,indians4 ,social & political virtues 7 little cultivat$1 & ! ideas ( ! useful & ! beautiful h>dly kn[n to !m4 ,) all ?is1 h[ev]1 !y _h1 :at ! ,greek 0 z little capable ( imag9+1 z !y 7 ( realis+ ! elem5ts ( ,grecian life4 ,!y %ut _! eyes to ?is _w ( outw>d seem+ & activity1 to op5 !m full on ! _w ( ?\ght & re/4 ,! anci5t ,h9dus 7 a nation ( philosoph]s1 su* z c\ld n[h]e h exi/$ except 9 ,india1 & ev5 !re 9 e>ly times alone4 ,x is ) ! ,h9du m9d z if a se$ 7 plac$ 9 a ho?\se4 ,x w gr[ rapidly1 its col\rs w be gorge\s1 its p]fume ri*1 its fruits precoci\s & abundant4 ,b nev] w x be l ! oak gr[+ 9 w9d & wea!r1 & /rik+ its roots into real e>?1 & /ret*+ its bran*es into real air b5ea? ! />s & ! sun ( heav54 ,bo? are exp]im5ts1 ! ho?\se fl[] & ! ,h9du m9d2 & z exp]im5ts1 :e!r physiological or psy*ological1 bo? des]ve to be /udi$4 ,we may divide ! :ole ,aryan family into two bran*es1 ! nor!rn & ! s\!rn4 ,! nor!rn nations1 ,celts1 ,greeks1 ,romans1 ,g]mans1 & ,slavonians1 h ea* "o act allott$ to !m on ! /age ( hi/ory4 ,!y h ea* a national "* to support4 ,n s ! s\!rn tribes4 ,!y are absorb$ 9 ! /ruggles ( ?\ght1 _! pa/ is ! problem ( creation1 _! future ! problem ( exi/5ce2 & ! pres5t1 :i* ought to be ! solution ( bo?1 seems nev] to h attract$ _! att5tion1 or call$ =? _! en]gies4 ,!re nev] 0 a nation believ+ s firmly 9 ano!r _w1 & s little conc]n$ ab\t ?is4 ,_! condition on e>? is to !m a problem2 _! real & et]nal life a simple fact4 ,?\gh ?is is said *iefly ) ref]5ce to !m be=e !y 7 br\ght 9 contact ) =eign conqu]ors1 traces ( ?is "* are /ill visible 9 ! ,h9dus1 z describ$ by ! companions ( ,alex&]1 nay1 ev5 9 ! ,h9dus ( ! pres5t day4 ,! only sph]e 9 :i* ! ,indian m9d f9ds itself at lib]ty to act1 to create1 & to wor%ip1 is ! sph]e ( religion & philosophy2 & n[h]e h religi\s & metaphysical ideas /ruck root s deep 9 ! m9d ( a nation z 9 ,india4 ,! %ape :i* ^! ideas took among/ ! diff]5t classes ( society1 & at diff]5t p]iods ( civilisation1 naturally v>ies f co>se sup]/ition to sublime spiritualism4 ,b1 tak5 z a :ole1 hi/ory supplies no second in/ance :]e ! inw>d life ( ! s\l has s completely absorb$ all ! o!r faculties ( a p4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t ! lit]>y works ( su* a nation1 :5 fir/ discov]$ 9 ,sanskrit ,,mss4 by ,wilk9s1 ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 & o!rs1 %\ld h attract$ ! att5tion ( all int]e/$ 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,a new page 9 man's biography 0 laid op51 & a lit]ature z l>ge z t ( ,greece or ,rome 0 to be /udi$4 ,! ,laws ( ,manu1 ! two epic poems1 ! ,ramayana & ,mahabh>ata1 ! six complete sy/ems ( philosophy1 works on a/ronomy & m$ic9e1 plays1 /ories1 fables1 elegies1 & lyrical effusions1 7 read ) int5se int]e/1 on acc\nt ( _! age n less ?an _! novelty4 ,/ill ?is int]e/ 0 conf9$ to a small numb] ( /ud5ts1 & 9 a few cases only c\ld ,indian lit]ature attract ! eyes ( m5 :o1 f ! summit ( univ]sal hi/ory1 survey ! highe/ peaks ( human excell5ce4 ,h]d]1 ,s*legel1 ,humboldt1 & ,goe!1 discov]$ :at 0 really important 9 ,sanskrit lit]ature4 ,!y saw :at 0 g5u9e & orig9al1 9 spite ( mu* t seem$ artificial4 ,= ! artificial1 no d\bt1 has a wide place 9 ,sanskrit lit]ature4 ,ev]y:]e we f9d sy/ems1 rules & models1 ca/es & s*ools1 b n[h]e individuality1 no natural gr[?1 & b few signs ( /rong orig9ality & g5ius4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 "o p]iod ( ,sanskrit lit]ature :i* =ms an exception1 & :i* w ma9ta9 its place 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 :5 ! "n ( ,kalidasa & ,sakuntala w h be5 long =gott54 ,x is ! mo/ anci5t p]iod1 ! p]iod ( ! ,v$a4 ,!re is1 p]haps1 a high] degree ( int]e/ atta*+ to works ( high] antiquity2 b 9 ! ,v$a we h m ?an m]e antiquity4 ,we h anci5t ?\ght express$ 9 anci5t language4 ,)\t insi/+ on ! fact t ev5 *ronologically ! ,v$a is ! fir/ book ( ! ,aryan nations1 we h 9 x1 at all ev5ts1 a p]iod 9 ! intellectual life ( man to :i* !re is no p>allel 9 any o!r "p ( ! _w4 ,9 ! hymns ( ! ,v$a we see man left to himself to solve ! riddle ( ?is _w4 ,we see him crawl+ on l a creature ( ! e>? ) all ! desires & weaknesses ( 8 animal nature4 ,food1 weal?1 & p[]1 a l>ge family & a long life1 are ! !me ( 8 daily pray]s4 ,b he beg9s to lift up 8 eyes4 ,he />es at ! t5t ( heav51 & asks :o supports x8 ,he op5s 8 e>s to ! w9ds1 & asks !m :5ce & :i!r8 ,he is awak5$ f d>kness & slumb] by ! light ( ! sun1 & him :om 8 eyes _c behold1 & :o seems to grant him ! daily pittance ( 8 exi/5ce1 he calls '8 life1 8 brea?1 8 brilliant ,"l & ,protector4' ,he gives names to all ! p[]s ( nature1 & aft] he has call$ ! fire ,agni1 ! sun-light ,indra1 ! /orms ,m>uts1 & ! dawn ,u%as1 !y all seem to gr[ naturally into be+s l himself1 nay1 great] ?an himself4 ,he invokes !m1 he praises !m1 he wor%ips !m4 ,b /ill ) all ^! gods ar\nd him1 b5ea? him1 & above him1 ! e>ly poet seems ill at re/ )9 himself4 ,!re too1 9 8 own brea/1 he has discov]$ a p[] t wants a "n1 a p[] ne>] to him ?an all ! gods ( nature1 a p[] t is nev] mute :5 he prays1 nev] abs5t :5 he fe>s & trembles4 ,x seems to inspire 8 pray]s1 & yet to li/5 to !m2 x seems to live 9 him1 & yet to support him & all ar\nd him4 ,! only "n he c f9d = ?is my/]i\s p[] is ,brahman2 = brahman meant orig9ally =ce1 w1 wi%1 & ! propulsive p[] ( creation4 ,b ?is imp]sonal brahman1 too1 z soon z x is nam$1 gr[s into some?+ /range & div9e4 ,x ends by be+ "o ( _m gods1 "o ( ! great triad1 wor%ipp$ to ! pres5t day4 ,& /ill ! ?\ght )9 him has no real "n2 t p[] :i* is no?+ b itself1 :i* supports ! gods1 ! heav5s1 & e liv+ be+1 floats be=e 8 m9d1 conceiv$ b n express$4 ,at la/ he calls x ,atman2 = atman1 orig9ally brea? or _s1 comes to mean ,self & ,self alone--,self :e!r div9e or human1 ,self :e!r creat+ or suff]+1 ,self :e!r "o or all1 b always ,self1 indep5d5t & free4 ',:o has se5 ! fir/-born1' says ! poet1 ':5 he :o has no bones 7i4 e4 =m7 bore him t _h bones8 ,:]e 0 ! life1 ! blood1 ! ,self ( ! _w8 ,:o w5t to ask ?is f any t knew x8' 7,rv4,i4 #afd1 #d74 ,?is idea ( a div9e ,self once express$1 ev]y?+ else mu/ ackn[l$ge its supremacy1 ',self is ! ,"l ( all ?+s1 ,self is ! ,k+ ( all ?+s4 ,z all ! spokes ( a :eel are conta9$ 9 ! nave & ! circumf]5ce1 all ?+s are conta9$ 9 ?is ,self2 all selves are conta9$ 9 ?is ,self4#cb ,brahman itself is b ,self4'#cc ,footnote #cb3 ,brihad-aranyaka1 ,,iv4 #e1 #ae ed4 ,ro]1 p4 #dhg4 ,footnote #cc3 ,ibid4 p4 #dgh4 ,kh&ogya-upani%ad1 ,,viii4 #c1 #c-d4 ,?is ,atman also grew2 b x grew1 z x 71 )\t attributes4 ,! sun is call$ ! ,self ( all t moves & re/s 7,rv4 ,i4 #aae1 #a71 & /ill m frequ5tly self becomes a m]e pron\n4 ,b ,atman rema9$ always free f my! & wor%ip1 diff]+ 9 ?is f ! ,brahman 7neut]71 :o has 8 temples 9 ,india ev5 n[1 & is wor%ipp$ z ,brahman 7mascul9e71 toge!r ) ,vi%nu & ,siva1 & o!r popul> gods4 ,! idea ( ! ,atman or ,self1 l a pure cry/al1 0 too transp>5t = poetry1 & !re=e 0 h&$ ov] to philosophy1 :i* aft]w>ds poli%$1 & turn$1 & wat*$ x z ! m$ium ?r\gh :i* all is se51 & 9 :i* all is reflect$ & kn[n4 ,b philosophy is lat] ?an ! ,v$a1 & x is ( ! ,vaidik p]iod only ,i h "h to speak4#cd ,footnote #cd3 ,9 writ+ ! above1 ,i 0 ?9k+ r ( ! m5tal process t 0 necess>y = ! production ( su* words z brahman1 atman1 & o!rs1 ?an ( _! idiomatic use 9 ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,india4 ,x might be object$1 = in/ance1 t brahman1 neut4 9 ! s5se ( creative p[] or ! pr9cipal cause ( all ?+s1 does n occur 9 ! ,rig-v$a4 ,?is is true4 ,b x occurs 9 t s5se 9 ! ,a?>va-v$a1 & 9 sev]al ( ! ,brahmanz4 ,!re we read ( '! olde/ or greate/ ,brahman :i* rules ev]y?+ t has be5 or w be4' ,heav5 is said to belong to ,brahman alone 7,a?>va-v$a ,x4 #h1 #a74 ,9 ! ,brahmanz1 ?is ,brahman is call$ ! fir/-born1 ! self-exi/+1 ! be/ ( ! gods1 & heav5 & e>? are said to h be5 e/abli%$ by x4 ,ev5 ! vital spirits are id5tifi$ ) x 7,satapa?a-brahmana ,,viii4 #d1 #i1 #c74 ,9 o!r passages1 aga91 ?is same ,brahman is repres5t$ z exi/+ 9 man 7,a?>va-v$a ,x4 #g1 #ag71 & 9 ?is v passage we c wat* ! transition f ! neutral ,brahman into ,brahman1 conceiv$ ( z a mascul9e3 ,ye puru%e brahma vidus te viduh p>ame%th9am1 ,yo v$a p>ame%th9am1 yas ka v$a pragapatim1 ,gye%tham ye brahmanam vidus1 te skambham anu samviduh4 ',!y :o "k ,brahman 9 man1 !y "k ! ,highe/1 ,he :o kn[s ! ,highe/1 & he :o kn[s ,pragapati 7! "l ( creatures71 ,& !y :o "k ! olde/ ,brahmana1 !y "k ! ,gr\nd4' ,! ^w ,brahmana :i* is "h us$1 is a d]ivative =m ( ,brahman2 b :at is mo/ important 9 ^! l9es is ! mix+ ( neut] & mascul9e words1 ( imp]sonal & p]sonal deities4 ,?is process is br\ght to p]fection by *ang+ ,brahman1 ! neut]1 ev5 grammatically into ,brahman1 a mascul9e1--a *ange :i* has tak5 place 9 ! ,aranyakas1 :]e we f9d ,brahman us$ z ! "n ( a male deity4 ,x is ?is ,brahman1 ) ! acc5t on ! fir/1 n1 z has be5 suppos$1 brahman1 ! prie/1 t appe>s aga9 9 ! lat] lit]ature z "o ( ! div9e triad1 ,brahman1 ,vi%nu1 ,siva4 ,! ^w brahman1 z a neut]1 is us$ 9 ! ,rig-v$a 9 ! s5se ( pray] also1 orig9ally :at bur/s =? f ! s\l1 &1 9 "o s5se1 :at is reveal$4 ,h5ce 9 lat] times brahman is us$ collectively = ! ,v$a1 ! sacr$ ^w4 ,ano!r ^w1 ) ! acc5t on ! la/ syllable1 is brahman1 ! man :o prays1 :o utt]s pray]s1 ! prie/1 & gradually ! ,brahman by pr(ession4 ,9 ?is s5se x is frequ5tly us$ 9 ! ,rig-v$a 7,i4 #ajh1 #g71 b n yet 9 ! s5se ( ,brahman by bir? or ca/e4 ,9 ! ,v$a1 !n1 we c /udy a !ogony ( :i* t ( ,hesiod is b ! la/ *apt]4 ,we c /udy man's natural gr[?1 & ! results to :i* x may lead "u ! mo/ fav\rable conditions4 ,all 0 giv5 him t nature c be/[4 ,we see him ble/ ) ! *oice/ gifts ( ! e>?1 "u a gl[+ & transp>5t sky1 surr\nd$ by all ! gr&eur & all ! ri*es ( nature1 ) a language 'capable ( giv+ s\l to ! objects ( s5se1 & body to ! ab/ractions ( metaphysics4' ,we h a "r to expect mu* f him1 only we mu/ n expect 9 8 y\?ful poems ! philosophy ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 or ! beauties ( ,p9d>1 or1 ) "s aga91 ! tru?s ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,few und]/& *ildr51 /ill few] und]/& antiquity4 ,if we look 9 ! ,v$a = high poetical diction1 = /rik+ comp>isons1 = bold comb9ations1 we %all be disappo9t$4 ,^! e>ly poets ?\ght m = !mselves ?an = o!rs4 ,!y s\ght r1 9 _! language1 to be true to _! own ?\ght ?an to please ! imag9ation ( _! he>]s4 ,) !m x 0 a great "w a*iev$ = ! fir/ "t to b9d ?\ghts & words toge!r1 to f9d expressions or to =m new names4 ,z to similes1 we mu/ look to ! words !mselves1 :i*1 if we comp>e _! radical & _! nom9al mean+1 w be f\nd full ( bold metaphors4 ,no translation 9 any mod]n language c d !m ju/ice4 ,z to beauty1 we mu/ discov] x 9 ! abs5ce ( all ef=t1 & 9 ! simplicity ( _! he>ts4 ,prose 01 at t "t1 unkn[n1 z well z ! di/9ction betwe5 prose & poetry4 ,x 0 ! attempt$ imitation ( ^? anci5t natural /ra9s ( ?\ght :i* 9 lat] times gave rise to poetry 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 t is to say1 to poetry z an art1 ) its c\nt$ syllables1 its num]\s epi!ts1 its rhyme & rhy?m1 & all ! conv5tional attributes ( 'measur$ ?\ght4' ,9 ! ,v$a itself1 h[ev]--ev5 if by ,v$a we mean ! ,rig-v$a only 7! o!r ?ree1 ! ,saman1 ,yagu%1 & ,a?>vana1 hav+ solely a liturgical int]e/1 & belong+ to an entirely diff]5t sph]e7--9 ! ,rig-v$a also1 we f9d mu* t is artificial1 imitat$1 & !re=e mod]n1 if comp>$ ) o!r hymns4 ,x is true t all ! #ajag hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a 7 compris$ 9 a collection :i* exi/$ z su* be=e "o ( ^? elaborate !ological comm5t>ies1 kn[n "u ! "n ( ,brahmana1 0 writt51 t is to say1 ab\t #hjj ,b4,c4 ,b be=e ! date ( _! collection ^! mu/ h exi/$ = c5turies4 ,9 diff]5t songs ! names ( diff]5t k+s occur1 & we see sev]al g5]ations ( royal families pass away be=e u ) diff]5t g5]ations ( poets4 ,old songs are m5tion$1 & new songs4 ,poets ^: compositions we possess are spok5 ( z ! se]s ( old5 times2 _! names 9 o!r hymns are surr\nd$ by a leg5d>y halo4 ,9 "s cases1 :ole books or *apt]s may be po9t$ out z m mod]n & second>y1 9 ?\ght & language4 ,b on ! :ole ! ,rig-v$a is a g5u9e docum5t1 ev5 9 its mo/ mod]n portions n lat] ?an ! "t ( ,lycurgus2 & x exhibits "o ( ! e>lie/ & rude/ phases 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d2 disclos+ 9 its full reality a p]iod ( :i* 9 ,greece we h b traditions & names1 su* z ,orpheus & ,l9us1 & br++ u z ne> ! beg9n+s 9 language1 ?\ght1 & my?ology z lit]>y docum5ts c ev] br+ u 9 ! ,aryan _w4 ,?\gh mu* "t & lab\r h be5 sp5t on ! ,v$a1 9 ,engl& & 9 ,g]many1 ! "t is n yet come = translat+ x z a :ole4 ,x is possible & int]e/+ to translate x lit]ally1 or 9 accordance ) s*ola/ic comm5t>ies1 su* z we f9d 9 ,india f ,yaska 9 ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 d[n to ,sayana 9 ! f\rte5? c5tury ( ! ,*ri/ian era4 ,?is is :at ,pr(essor ,wilson has done 9 8 translation ( ! fir/ book ( ! ,rig-v$a2 & by /rictly adh]+ to ?is pr9ciple & exclud+ conjectural r5d]+s ev5 :]e !y (f]$ !mselves mo/ naturally1 he has imp>t$ to 8 "w a def9ite "* & a la/+ value4 ,! gramm> ( ! ,v$a1 ?\gh irregul>1 & /ill 9 a r float+ /ate1 has almo/ be5 ma/]$2 ! etymology & ! mean+ ( _m words1 unkn[n 9 ! lat] ,sanskrit1 h be5 discov]$4 ,_m hymns1 :i* are m]e pray]s = food1 = cattle1 or = a long life1 h be5 translat$1 & c leave no d\bt z to _! real int5tion4 ,b ) ! exception ( ^! simple petitions1 ! :ole _w ( ,v$ic ideas is s entirely beyond our own intellectual horizon1 t in/ead ( translat+ we c z yet only guess & comb9e4 ,"h x is no long] a m]e "q ( skilful deciph]+4 ,we may collect all ! passages :]e an obscure ^w occurs1 we may comp>e !m & look = a mean+ :i* w\ld be appropriate to all2 b ! difficulty lies 9 f9d+ a s5se :i* we c appropriate1 & transf] by analogy into our own language & ?\ght4 ,we mu/ be able to translate our feel+s & ideas into _! language at ! same "t t we translate _! poems & pray]s into our language4 ,we mu/ n despair ev5 :]e _! words seem mean+less & _! ideas b>r5 or wild4 ,:at seems at fir/ *ildi% may at a happi] mom5t disclose a sublime simplicity1 & ev5 9 helpless expressions we may recognise aspirations aft] "s high & noble idea4 ,:5 ! s*ol> has done 8 "w1 ! poet & philosoph] mu/ take x up & f9i% x4 ,let ! s*ol> collect1 collate1 sift1 & reject--let him say :at is possible or n accord+ to ! laws ( ! ,vaidik language--let him /udy ! comm5t>ies1 ! ,sutras1 ! ,brahmanz1 & ev5 lat] works1 9 ord] to exhau/ all ! s\rces f :i* in=mation c be d]iv$4 ,he mu/ n despise ! tradition ( ! ,brahmans1 ev5 :]e _! misconceptions & ! causes ( _! misconceptions are palpable4 ,to "k :at a passage _c mean is frequ5tly ! key to its real mean+2 & :atev] reasons may be plead$ = decl9+ a c>eful p]usal ( ! traditional int]pretations ( ,yaska or ,sayana1 !y c all be trac$ back to an ill-conceal$ argum5tum paup]tatis4 ,n a corn] 9 ! ,brahmanz1 ! ,sutras1 ,yaska1 & ,sayana %\ld be left unexplor$ be=e we v5ture to propose a r5d]+ ( our own4 ,sayana1 ?\gh ! mo/ mod]n1 is on ! :ole ! mo/ sob] int]pret]4 ,mo/ ( 8 etymological absurdities mu/ be plac$ to ,yaska's acc\nt1 & ! optional r5d]+s :i* he all[s = metaphysical1 !ological1 or c]emonial purposes1 are mo/ly due to 8 reg>d = ! ,brahmanz4 ,! ,brahmanz1 ?\gh ne>e/ 9 "t to ! hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a1 indulge 9 ! mo/ frivol\s & ill-judg$ int]pretations4 ,:5 ! anci5t ,ri%i exclaims ) a tr\bl$ he>t1 ',:o is ! greate/ ( ! gods8 ,:o %all fir/ be prais$ by our songs8'--! au?or ( ! ,brahmana sees 9 ! int]rogative pron\n ',:o' "s div9e "n1 a place is allott$ 9 ! sacrificial invocations to a god ',:o1' & hymns address$ to him are call$ ',:oi%' hymns4 ,to make su* misund]/&+s possible1 we mu/ assume a consid]able int]val betwe5 ! composition ( ! hymns & ! ,brahmanz4 ,z ! au?ors ( ! ,brahmanz 7 bl9d$ by !ology1 ! au?ors ( ! /ill lat] ,niruktas 7 deceiv$ by etymological fictions1 & bo? conspir$ to mislead by _! au?ority lat] & m s5sible comm5tators1 su* z ,sayana4 ,:]e ,sayana has no au?ority to mislead him1 8 comm5t>y is at all ev5ts rational2 b /ill 8 s*ola/ic notions w\ld nev] all[ him to accept ! free int]pretation :i* a comp>ative /udy ( ^! v5]able docum5ts =ces ^u ! unprejudic$ s*ol>4 ,we mu/ !re=e discov] ourselves ! real ve/iges ( ^! anci5t poets2 & if we foll[ !m cauti\sly1 we %all f9d t ) "s ef=t we are /ill able to walk 9 _! foot/eps4 ,we %all feel t we are br\ght face to face & m9d to m9d ) m5 yet intelligible to u1 aft] we h fre$ ourselves f our mod]n conceits4 ,we %all n succe$ always3 words1 v]ses1 nay1 :ole hymns 9 ! ,rig-v$a1 w & mu/ rema9 to u a dead lett]4 ,b :]e we c inspire ^? e>ly relics ( ?\ght & devotion ) new life1 we %all h be=e u m real antiquity ?an 9 all ! inscriptions ( ,egypt or ,n9eveh2 n only old names & dates1 & k+doms & battles1 b old ?\ghts1 old hopes1 old fai?1 & old errors1 ! old ,man altoge!r--old n[1 b !n "y & fre%1 & simple & real 9 8 pray]s & 9 8 praises4 ,! ?\ghtful b5t ( ! ,h9du m9d is visible 9 ! ,v$a also1 b 8 my/ic t5d5cies are n yet s fully develop$4 ,( philosophy we f9d b little1 & :at we f9d is /ill 9 its g]m4 ,! active side ( life is m prom95t1 & we meet occasionally ) w>s ( k+s1 ) rivalries ( m9i/]s1 ) triumphs & defeats1 ) w>-songs & imprecations4 ,moral s5tim5ts & worldly wisdom are n yet absorb$ by phanta/ic intuitions4 ,/ill ! *ild betrays ! passions ( ! man1 & !re are hymns1 ?\gh few 9 numb]1 9 ! ,v$a1 s full ( ?\ght & speculation t at ?is e>ly p]iod no poet 9 any o!r nation c\ld h conceiv$ !m4 ,i give b "o specim51 ! #abi? hymn ( ! t5? book ( ! ,rig-v$a4 ,x is a hymn :i* long ago attract$ ! att5tion ( t em95t s*ol> ,h4 ,t4 ,colebrooke1 & ( :i*1 by ! k9d assi/ance ( a fri5d1 ,i am enabl$ to (f] a metrical translation4 ,9 judg+ x we %\ld be> 9 m9d t x 0 n writt5 by a gno/ic or by a pan!i/ic philosoph]1 b by a poet :o felt all ^! d\bts & problems z 8 own1 )\t any wi% to conv9ce or to />tle1 only utt]+ :at _h be5 weigh+ on 8 m9d1 j z lat] poets w\ld s+ ! d\bts & sorr[s ( _! he>t4 ,nor ,aught nor ,n\ght exi/$2 yon bright sky ,0 n1 nor heav5's broad wo( out/ret*$ above4 ,:at cov]$ all8 :at %elt]$8 :at conceal$8 ,0 x ! wat]'s fa?omless abyss8 ,!re 0 n dea?--yet 0 !re n\ght immortal1 ,!re 0 no conf9e betwixt day & night2 ,! only ,"o brea!d brea?less by itself1 ,o!r ?an ,x !re no?+ s9ce has be54 ,d>kness !re 01 & all at fir/ 0 veil$ ,9 gloom pr(\nd--an ocean )\t light-- ,! g]m t /ill lay cov]$ 9 ! husk ,bur/ =?1 "o nature1 f ! f]v5t heat4 ,!n fir/ came love ^u x1 ! new spr+ ,( m9d--yea1 poets 9 _! he>ts disc]n$1 ,pond]+1 ?is bond betwe5 creat$ ?+s ,& uncreat$4 ,comes ?is sp>k f e>? ,pi]c+ & all-p]vad+1 or f heav58 ,!n se$s 7 s[n1 & mighty p[]s arose-- ,nature bel[1 & p[] & w above-- ,:o kn[s ! secret8 :o proclaim$ x "h1 ,:5ce1 :5ce ?is manifold creation sprang8 ,! ,gods !mselves came lat] into be+-- ,:o kn[s f :5ce ?is great creation sprang8 ,he f :om all ?is great creation came1 ,:e!r 8 w creat$ or 0 mute1 ,! ,mo/ ,high ,se] t is 9 highe/ heav51 ,he kn[s x--or p]*ance ev5 ,he kn[s n4 ,! gramm> ( ! ,v$a 7to turn f ! cont5ts to ! /ructure ( ! "w7 is important 9 _m respects4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 x & ! gramm> ( ! epic poems w\ld be suffici5t ( itself to fix ! di/ance betwe5 ^! two p]iods ( language & lit]ature4 ,_m words h pres]v$ 9 ^! e>ly hymns a m primitive =m1 & !re=e agree m closely ) cognate words 9 ,greek or ,lat94 ,night1 = in/ance1 9 ! lat] ,sanskrit is nisa1 :i* is a =m peculi>ly ,sanskritic1 & agrees 9 its d]ivation nei!r ) nox nor ) ,greek3 nyx4 ,! ,vaidik nas or nak1 night1 is z ne> to ,lat9 z c be4 ,?us m\se 9 ! common ,sanskrit is mu%as or mu%ika1 bo? d]ivative =ms if comp>$ ) ! ,lat9 mus1 muris4 ,! ,vaidik ,sanskrit has pres]v$ ! same primitive n\n 9 ! plural mu%-z ,lat4 mures4 ,!re are o!r words 9 ! ,v$a :i* 7 lo/ altoge!r 9 ! lat] ,sanskrit1 :ile !y 7 pres]v$ 9 ,greek & ,lat94 ,dyaus1 sky1 does n occur z a mascul9e 9 ! ord9>y ,sanskrit2 x occurs 9 ! ,v$a1 & ?us be>s witness to ! e>ly ,aryan wor%ip ( ,dyaus1 ! ,greek ,zeus4 ,u%as1 dawn1 aga9 9 ! lat] ,sanskrit is neut]4 ,9 ! ,v$a x is fem99e2 & ev5 ! second>y ,vaidik =m ,u%asa is prov$ to be ( high antiquity by ! ne>ly correspond+ ,lat9 =m ,aurora4 ,decl5sion & conjugation are ri*] 9 =ms & m unsettl$ 9 _! usage4 ,x 0 a curi\s fact1 = in/ance1 t no subjunctive mood exi/$ 9 ! common ,sanskrit4 ,! ,greeks & ,romans _h x1 & ev5 ! language ( ! ,ave/a %[$ cle> traces ( x4 ,!re c\ld be no d\bt t ! ,sanskrit also once possess$ ?is mood1 & at la/ x 0 discov]$ 9 ! hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a4 ,discov]ies ( ?is k9d may seem trifl+1 b !y are z delightful to ! gramm>ian z ! appe>ance ( a />1 long expect$ & calculat$1 is to ! a/ronom]4 ,!y prove t !re is natural ord] 9 language1 & t by a c>eful induction laws c be e/abli%$ :i* enable u to guess ) great probability ei!r at ! =m or mean+ ( words :]e b scanty fragm5ts ( ! tongue itself h come d[n to u4 ,octob]1 #ahec4 ,,! ,,z5d-,,ave/a4 ,by means ( laws l t ( ! ,correspond5ce ( ,lett]s1 discov]$ by ,rask & ,grimm1 x has be5 possible to det]m9e ! exact =m ( words 9 ,go?ic1 9 cases :]e no trace ( !m occurr$ 9 ! lit]>y docum5ts ( ! ,go?ic nation4 ,s+le words :i* 7 n to be f\nd 9 ,ulfilas h be5 recov]$ by apply+ c]ta9 laws to _! correspond+ =ms 9 ,lat9 or ,old ,high-,g]man1 & ?us retranslat+ !m into ,go?ic4 ,b a mu* great] conque/ 0 a*iev$ 9 ,p]sia4 ,"h comp>ative philology has actually _h to create & reanimate all ! mat]ials ( language on :i* x 0 aft]w>ds to "w4 ,little 0 kn[n ( ! language ( ,p]sia & ,m$ia previ\s to ! ,%ahnameh ( ,firdusi1 compos$ ab\t #ajjj ,a4,d41 & x is due entirely to ! inductive me?od ( comp>ative philology t we h n[ be=e u contemporane\s docum5ts ( ?ree p]iods ( ,p]sian language1 deciph]$1 translat$1 & expla9$4 ,we h ! language ( ! ,zoroa/rians1 ! language ( ! ,a*aem5ians1 & ! language ( ! ,sassanians1 :i* repres5t ! hi/ory ( ! ,p]sian tongue 9 ?ree successive p]iods--all n[ r5d]$ intelligible by ! aid ( comp>ative philology1 :ile b fifty ye>s ago _! v "n & exi/5ce 7 que/ion$4 ,! lab\rs ( ,anquetil ,dup]ron1 :o fir/ translat$ ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 7 ^? ( a bold adv5tur]--n ( a s*ol>4 ,rask 0 ! fir/ :o1 ) ! mat]ials collect$ by ,dup]ron & himself1 analys$ ! language ( ! ,ave/a sci5tifically4 ,he prov$-- #a4 ,t ,z5d 0 n a corrupt$ ,sanskrit1 z suppos$ by ,w4 ,ersk9e1 b t x diff]$ f x z ,greek1 ,lat91 or ,li?uanian diff]$ f "o ano!r & f ,sanskrit4 #b4 ,t ! mod]n ,p]sian 0 really d]iv$ f ,z5d z ,italian 0 f ,lat92 & #c4 ,t ! ,ave/a1 or ! works ( ,zoroa/]1 mu/ h be5 r$uc$ to writ+ at lea/ previ\sly to ,alex&]'s conque/4 ,! op9ion t ,z5d 0 an artificial language 7an op9ion held by m5 ( great em95ce 9 ,ori5tal philology1 beg9n+ ) ,sir ,w4 ,jones7 is pass$ ov] by ,rask z n des]v+ ( refutation4 ,! fir/ edition ( ! ,z5d texts1 ! critical re/itution ( ! ,,mss41 ! outl9es ( a ,z5d gramm>1 ) ! translation & philological anatomy ( consid]able portions ( ! ,zoroa/rian writ+s1 7 ! "w ( ! late ,eug5e ,burn\f4 ,he 0 ! real f\nd] ( ,z5d philology4 ,x is cle> f 8 works1 & f ,bopp's valuable rem>ks 9 8 ',comp>ative ,gramm>1' t ,z5d 9 its gramm> & diction>y is ne>] to ,sanskrit ?an any o!r ,indo-,european language4 ,_m ,z5d words c be retranslat$ into ,sanskrit simply by *ang+ ! ,z5d lett]s into _! correspond+ =ms 9 ,sanskrit4 ,) reg>d to ! ,correspond5ce ( ,lett]s 9 ,grimm's s5se ( ! ^w1 ,z5d ranges ) ,sanskrit & ! classical languages4 ,x diff]s f ,sanskrit pr9cipally 9 its sibilants1 nasals1 & aspirates4 ,! ,sanskrit s1 = in/ance1 is repres5t$ by ! ,z5d h1 a *ange analog\s to t ( an orig9al s into ! ,greek aspirate1 only t 9 ,greek ?is *ange is n g5]al4 ,?us ! geographical "n hapta h5du1 :i* occurs 9 ! ,ave/a1 becomes intelligible if we retranslate ! ,z5d h into ! ,sanskrit s4 ,= sapta s9dhu1 or ! ,sev5 ,riv]s1 is ! old ,vaidik "n ( ,india itself1 d]iv$ f ! five riv]s ( ! ,p5jab1 toge!r ) ! ,indus1 & ! ,s>asvati4 ,:]e ,sanskrit diff]s 9 words or grammatical peculi>ities f ! nor!rn memb]s ( ! ,aryan family1 x frequ5tly co9cides ) ,z5d4 ,! num]als are ! same 9 all ^! languages up to #ajj4 ,! "n = ?\s&1 h[ev]1 sahasra1 is peculi> to ,sanskrit1 & does n occur 9 any ( ! ,indo-,european dialects except 9 ,z5d1 :]e x becomes hazanra4 ,9 ! same mann] ! ,g]man & ,slavonic languages h a ^w = ?\s& peculi> to !mselves2 z also 9 ,greek & ,lat9 we f9d _m common words :i* we look = 9 va9 9 any ( ! o!r ,indo-,european dialects4 ,^! facts are full ( hi/orical mean+2 & ) reg>d to ,z5d & ,sanskrit1 !y prove t ^! two languages cont9u$ toge!r long aft] !y 7 sep>at$ f ! common ,indo-,european /ock4 ,/ill m /rik+ is ! simil>ity betwe5 ,p]sia & ,india 9 religion & my?ology4 ,gods unkn[n to any ,indo-,european nation are wor%ipp$ "u ! same names 9 ,sanskrit & ,z5d2 & ! *ange ( "s ( ! mo/ sacr$ expressions 9 ,sanskrit into names ( evil spirits 9 ,z5d1 only s]ves to /r5g!n ! conviction t we h "h ! usual traces ( a s*ism :i* sep>at$ a community t _h once be5 unit$4 ,burn\f1 :o comp>$ ! language & religion ( ! ,ave/a pr9cipally ) ! lat] classical ,sanskrit1 incl9$ at fir/ to ! op9ion t ?is s*ism took place 9 ,p]sia1 & t ! diss5t+ ,brahmans immigrat$ aft]w>ds into ,india4 ,?is is /ill ! prevail+ op9ion1 b x requires to be modifi$ 9 accordance ) new facts elicit$ f ! ,v$a4 ,z5d1 if comp>$ ) classical ,sanskrit1 exhibits 9 _m po9ts ( gramm>1 features ( a m primitive "* ?an ,sanskrit4 ,b x c n[ be %[n1 & ,burn\f himself admitt$ x1 t :5 ?is is ! case1 ! ,vaidik diff]s on ! v same po9ts f ! lat] ,sanskrit1 & has pres]v$ ! same primitive & irregul> =m z ! ,z5d4 ,i /ill hold1 t ! "n ( ,z5d 0 orig9ally a corruption ( ! ,sanskrit ^w kh&as 7i4 e4 metrical language1 cf4 sc&]e71#ce :i* is ! "n giv5 to ! language ( ! ,v$a by ,panini & o!rs4 ,:5 we read 9 ,panini's gramm> t c]ta9 =ms occur 9 kh&as1 b n 9 ! classical language1 we may almo/ always translate ! ^w kh&as by ,z5d1 = ne>ly all ^! rules apply equally to ! language ( ! ,ave/a4 ,footnote #ce3 ,! d]ivation ( kh&as1 metre1 f ! same root :i* yield$ ! ,lat9 sc&]e1 seems to me /ill ! mo/ plausible4 ,an acc\nt ( ! v>i\s explanations ( ?is ^w1 propos$ by ,ea/]n & ,we/]n s*ol>s1 is to be f\nd 9 ,spiegel's ',gramm> ( ! ,p>si ,language' 7preface1 & p4 #bje71 & 9 8 translation ( ! ,v5didad 7pp4 #dd & #bic74 ,t initial kh 9 ,sanskrit may repres5t an orig9al sk1 has nev]1 z f> z ,i am aw>e1 be5 d5i$4 7,curtius1 ',grundzuege1' p4 #fj47 ,! fact t ! root kh&1 9 ! s5se ( /epp+ or /rid+1 has n be5 fix$ 9 ,sanskrit z a v]bal1 b only z a nom9al base1 is no real objection ei!r4 ,! same ?+ has happ5$ ov] & ov] aga91 & has be5 rem>k$ z ! necess>y result ( ! dialectic gr[? ( language by s anci5t a s*ol> z ,yaska4 7',zeits*rift d] ,deuts*5 ,morg5la5dis*5 ,gesells*aft1 vol4 viii4 p4 #cgc seq47 ,t sc&]e 9 ,lat91 9 ! s5se ( scann+ is a late ^w1 does n affect ! "q at all4 ,:at is ( real importance is simply ?is1 t ! pr9cipal ,aryan nations agree 9 repres5t+ metre z a k9d ( /epp+ or /rid+4 ,:e!r ?is arose f ! fact t anci5t poetry 0 accompani$ by danc+ or rhy?mic *oral movem5ts1 is a "q :i* does n conc]n u "h4 7,c>m5 desc9d5tes tripodav]unt 9 v]ba haec3 ,enos ,lases1 etc4 ,orelli1 ',inscript4' ,no4 #bbga47 ,! fact rema9s t ! p ( ,india1 ,greece1 & ,italy agree 9 call+ ! compon5t elem5ts ( _! v]ses feet or /eps 7,greek3 p\s1 pes1 ,sanskrit pad or pada2 padapankti1 a r[ ( feet1 & gagati1 i4 e4 &ante1 are names ( ,sanskrit metres74 ,x is n too mu*1 !re=e1 to say t !y may h consid]$ metre z a k9d ( /epp+ or /rid+1 & t !y may accord+ly h call$ x '/ride4' ,if !n we f9d ! "n = metre 9 ,sanskrit kh&as1 i4 e4 sk&as1 & if we f9d t sc&o 9 ,lat9 7f :i* sca7d7la71 z we may ga!r f asc5do & desc5do1 meant orig9ally /rid+1 & t sk& 9 ,sanskrit means ! same z sc&o 9 ,lat91 surely !re c be little d\bt z to ! orig9al int5tion ( ! ,sanskrit "n = metre1 viz4 kh&as4 ,h9du gramm>ians d]ive kh&as ei!r f k_h1 to cov]1 or f k_h1 to please4 ,bo? d]ivations are possible1 z f> z ! lett]s are conc]n$4 ,b are we to accept ! dogmatic int]pretation ( ! !ologians ( ! ,kh&ogas1 :o tell u t ! metres 7 call$ kh&as because ! gods1 :5 afraid ( dea?1 cov]$ !mselves ) ! metres8 ,or ( ! ,vagasaney9s1 :o tell u t ! kh&as 7 s call$ because !y pleas$ ,pragapati8 ,su* artificial int]pretations only %[ t ! ,brahmans _h no traditional feel+ z to ! etymological mean+ ( t ^w1 & t we are at lib]ty to discov] by ! ord9>y means its orig9al int5tion4 ,i %all only m5tion f among mu* t has be5 writt5 on ! etymology ( kh&as1 a mo/ happy rem>k ( ,pr(essor ,kuhn1 :o traces ! ,nor!rn skald1 poet1 back to ! same root z ! ,sanskrit kh&as1 metre4 7,kuhn's ',zeits*rift1' vol4 iii4 p4 #dbh47 ,9 my?ology also1 ! 'nom9a & num9a' ( ! ,ave/a appe> at fir/ sight m primitive ?an 9 ,manu or ! ,mahabh>ata4 ,b if reg>d$ f a ,vaidik po9t ( view1 ?is relation %ifts at once1 & _m ( ! gods ( ! ,zoroa/rians come out once m z m]e reflections & deflections ( ! primitive & au!ntic gods ( ! ,v$a4 ,x c n[ be prov$1 ev5 by geographical evid5ce1 t ! ,zoroa/rians _h be5 settl$ 9 ,india be=e !y immigrat$ into ,p]sia4 ,i say ! ,zoroa/rians1 = we h no evid5ce to be> u out 9 mak+ ! same ass]tion ( ! nations ( ,p]sia & ,m$ia 9 g5]al4 ,t ! ,zoroa/rians & _! ance/ors />t$ f ,india dur+ ! ,vaidik p]iod c be prov$ z di/9ctly z t ! inhabitants ( ,massilia />t$ f ,greece4 ,! geographical traditions 9 ! fir/ ,f>g>d ( ! ,v5didad d n int]f]e ) ?is op9ion4 ,if anci5t & g5u9e1 !y w\ld embody a remembrance pres]v$ by ! ,zoroa/rians1 b =gott5 by ! ,vaidik poets--a remembrance ( times previ\s to _! fir/ common desc5t into ! c\ntry ( ! ,sev5 ,riv]s4 ,if ( lat] orig91 & ?is is m likely1 !y may repres5t a geographical conception ( ! ,zoroa/rians aft] !y _h become acqua9t$ ) a l>g] sph]e ( c\ntries & nations1 subsequ5t to _! emigration f ! l& ( ! ,sev5 ,riv]s4#cf ,footnote #cf3 ,! purely my?ological "* ( ?is geographical *apt] has be5 prov$ by ,m4 ,mi*el ,breal1 ',j\rnal ,asiatique1' #ahfb4 ,^! & simil> que/ions ( ! highe/ importance = ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! ,aryan language & my?ology1 h[ev]1 mu/ await _! f9al decision1 until ! :ole ( ! ,v$a & ! ,ave/a %all h be5 publi%$4 ,( ?is ,burn\f 0 fully aw>e1 & ?is 0 ! reason :y he po/pon$ ! publication ( 8 rese>*es into ! antiquities ( ! ,iranian nation4 ,! same conviction is %>$ by ,we/]ga>d & ,spiegel1 :o are ea* engag$ 9 an edition ( ! ,ave/a1 & :o1 ?\gh !y diff] on _m po9ts1 agree 9 consid]+ ! ,v$a z ! safe/ key to an und]/&+ ( ! ,ave/a4 ,pr(essor ,ro?1 ( ,tueb+51 has well express$ ! mutual relation ( ! ,v$a & ,z5d-,ave/a "u ! foll[+ simile3 ',! ,v$a1' he writes1 '& ! ,z5d-,ave/a are two riv]s fl[+ f "o f\nta9-head3 ! /ream ( ! ,v$a is ! full] & pur]1 & has rema9$ tru] to its orig9al "*2 t ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a has be5 9 v>i\s ways pollut$1 has alt]$ its c\rse1 & _c1 ) c]ta9ty1 be trac$ back to its s\rce4' ,z to ! language ( ! ,a*aem5ians1 pres5t$ to u 9 ! ,p]sian text ( ! cunei=m inscriptions1 !re 0 no room = d\bt1 z soon z x became legible at all1 t x 0 ! same tongue z t ( ! ,ave/a1 only 9 a second /age ( its cont9u\s gr[?4 ,! process ( deciph]+ ^! bundles ( arr[s by means ( ,z5d & ,sanskrit has be5 v mu* l deciph]+ an ,italian inscription )\t a k ( ,italian1 simply by means ( classical & m$iaeval ,lat94 ,x w\ld h be5 impossible1 ev5 ) ! quick p]ception & pati5t comb9ation ( a ,grotef5d1 to read m ?an ! prop] names & a few titles on ! walls ( ! ,p]sian palaces1 )\t ! aid ( ,z5d & ,sanskrit2 & x seems almo/ provid5tial1 z ,lass5 rem>k$1 t ^! inscriptions1 :i* at any previ\s p]iod w\ld h be51 9 ! eyes ( ei!r classical or ori5tal s*ol>s1 no?+ b a qua9t conglom]ate ( nails1 w$ges1 or arr[s1 %\ld h be5 rescu$ f ! du/ ( c5turies at ! v mom5t :5 ! discov]y & /udy ( ,sanskrit & ,z5d _h enabl$ ! s*ol>s ( ,europe to grapple successfully ) _! difficulties4 ,^u a clos] inspection ( ! language & gramm> ( ^! m\nta9 records ( ! ,a*aem5ian dyna/y1 a curi\s fact came to light :i* seem$ to di/urb ! hi/orical relation betwe5 ! language ( ,zoroa/] & ! language ( ,d>ius4 ,at fir/1 hi/orians 7 satisfi$ ) kn[+ t ! edicts ( ,d>ius c\ld be expla9$ by ! language ( ! ,ave/a1 & t ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two1 :i* c\ld be prov$ to imply a consid]able int]val ( "t1 0 su* z to exclude = ev] ! suppos$ hi/orical id5tity ( ,d>ius ,hy/aspes & ,gu%tasp1 ! my?ical pupil ( ,zoroa/]4 ,! language ( ! ,ave/a1 ?\gh c]ta9ly n ! language ( ,z>a?u/ra1#cg display$ a gramm> s mu* m luxuriant1 & =ms s mu* m primitive ?an ! inscriptions1 t c5turies mu/ h elaps$ betwe5 ! two p]iods repres5t$ by ^! two /rata ( language4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! =ms ( ^! languages 7 subject$ to a m se>*+ analysis1 x became evid5t t ! phonetic sy/em ( ! cunei=m inscriptions 0 m primitive & regul> ?an ev5 t ( ! e>li] portions ( ! ,ave/a4 ,?is difficulty1 h[ev]1 admits ( a solution2 &1 l _m difficulties ( ! k9d1 x t5ds to confirm1 if rightly expla9$1 ! v facts & views :i* at fir/ x seem$ to ov]?r[4 ,! confusion 9 ! phonetic sy/em ( ! ,z5d gramm> is no d\bt ow+ to ! influ5ce ( oral tradition4 ,oral tradition1 p>ticul>ly if confid$ to ! safegu>d ( a le>n$ prie/hood1 is able to pres]ve1 dur+ c5turies ( gr[? & *ange1 ! sacr$ acc5ts ( a dead language2 b x is liable at lea/ to ! sl[ & imp]ceptible influ5ces ( a corrupt pronunciation4 ,n[h]e c we see ?is m cle>ly ?an 9 ! ,v$a1 :]e grammatical =ms t _h ceas$ to be intelligible1 7 c>efully pres]v$1 :ile ! orig9al pronunciation ( v[els 0 lo/1 & ! simple /ructure ( ! anci5t metres de/roy$ by ! adoption ( a m mod]n pronunciation4 ,! loss ( ! ,digamma 9 ,hom] is ano!r case 9 po9t4 ,!re are no facts to prove t ! text ( ! ,ave/a1 9 ! %ape 9 :i* ! ,p>sis ( ,bombay & ,yezd n[ possess x1 0 committ$ to writ+ previ\s to ! ,sassanian dyna/y 7#bbf ,a4,d474 ,aft] t "t x c inde$ be trac$1 & to a great ext5t be controll$ & *eck$ by ! ,huzv>e% translations made "u t dyna/y4 ,additions to x 7 made1 z x seems1 ev5 aft] ^! ,huzv>e% translations2 b _! numb] is small1 & we h no reason to d\bt t ! text ( ! ,ave/a1 9 ! days ( ,arda ,viraf1 0 on ! :ole exactly ! same z at pres5t4 ,at ! "t :5 ^! translations 7 made1 x is cle> f _! own evid5ce t ! language ( ,z>a?u/ra _h already suff]$1 & t ! ideas ( ! ,ave/a 7 no long] fully und]/ood ev5 by ! le>n$4 ,be=e t "t we may inf]1 inde$1 t ! doctr9e ( ,zoroa/] _h be5 committ$ to writ+1 = ,alex&] is said to h de/roy$ ! books ( ! ,zoroa/rians1 ,h]mippus ( ,alex&ria is said to h read !m4#ch ,b :e!r on ! revival ( ! ,p]sian religion & lit]ature1 t is to say #ejj ye>s aft] ,alex&]1 ! works ( ,zoroa/] 7 collect$ & re/or$ f extant ,,mss41 or f oral tradition1 mu/ rema9 unc]ta91 & ! di/urb$ /ate ( ! phonetic sy/em w\ld r lead u to suppose a long-cont9u$ influ5ce ( oral tradition4 ,:at ! ,z5d language might become1 if entru/$ to ! gu>dian%ip ( memory alone1 unassi/$ by grammatical /udy & ar*aeological rese>*1 may be se5 at ! pres5t day1 :5 "s ( ! ,p>sis1 :o are unable ei!r to read or write1 /ill mutt] hymns & pray]s 9 _! temples1 :i*1 ?\gh to !m m]e s\nd1 disclose to ! exp]i5c$ e> ( an ,european s*ol> ! "t-hall[$ acc5ts ( ,z>a?u/ra's spee*4 ,footnote #cg3 ,spiegel /ates ! results ( 8 la/ rese>*es into ! language ( ! diff]5t p>ts ( ! ,ave/a 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',we are n[ prep>$ to attempt an arrangem5t ( ! diff]5t portions ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a 9 ! ord] ( _! antiquity4 ,fir/1 we place ! second "p ( ! ,yasna1 z sep>at$ 9 respect to ! language ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 yet n compos$ by ,zoroa/] himself1 s9ce he is nam$ 9 ! ?ird p]son2 & inde$ ev]y?+ intimates t nei!r he nor 8 disciple ,gu%tasp 0 alive4 ,! second place mu/ unque/ionably be assign$ to ! ,v5didad4 ,i d n believe t ! book 0 orig9ally compos$ z x n[ /&s3 x has suff]$ bo? e>li] & lat] int]polations2 /ill1 its pres5t =m may be trac$ to a consid]able antiquity4 ,! antiquity ( ! "w is prov$ by its cont5ts1 :i* di/9ctly %[ t ! sacr$ lit]ature 0 n yet complet$4 ',! case is diff]5t ) ! writ+s ( ! la/ p]iod1 among :i* ,i reckon ! fir/ "p ( ! ,yasna1 & ! :ole ( ! ,ye%ts4 ,among ^! a !ological "* is unmi/akeable1 ! sep>ate div9ities hav+ _! attributes & titles dogmatically fix$4 ',altoge!r1 x is int]e/+ to trace ! progress ( religion 9 ,p>si writ+s4 ,x is a significant fact1 t 9 ! olde/1 t is to say1 ! second "p ( ! ,yasna1 no?+ is fix$ 9 ! doctr9e reg>d+ ,god4 ,9 ! writ+s ( ! second p]iod1 t is 9 ! ,v5didad1 we trace ! advance to a !ological1 &1 9 its way1 mild & sci5tific sy/em4 ,out ( ?is1 9 ! la/ place1 !re spr+s ! /]n & intol]ant religion ( ! ,sassanian epo*4'--,f ! ,rev4 ,j4 ,murray ,mit*ell's ,translation4 ,footnote #ch3 ',lectures on ! ,sci5ce ( ,language1' ,fir/ ,s]ies1 p4 #ie4 ,?us f> ! hi/ory ( ! ,p]sian language _h be5 recon/ruct$ by ! g5ius & p]sev]ance ( ,grotef5d1 ,burn\f1 ,lass51 & la/1 n lea/1 by ! compreh5sive lab\rs ( ,rawl9son1 f ! ante-hi/orical epo* ( ,zoroa/] d[n to ! age ( ,d>ius & ,artax]xes ,,ii4 ,x might h be5 expect$ t1 aft] t "t1 ! contemporane\s hi/orians ( ,greece w\ld h suppli$ ! sequel4 ,un=tunately ! ,greeks c>$ no?+ = any language except _! own2 & little = any o!r hi/ory except z be>+ on !mselves4 ,! hi/ory ( ! ,p]sian language aft] ! ,mac$onian conque/ & dur+ ! ,p>?ian occupation is inde$ b a blank page4 ,! next glimpse ( an au!ntic contemporane\s docum5t is ! inscription ( ,arde%ir1 ! f\nd] ( ! new national dyna/y ( ! ,sassanians4 ,x is writt51 ?\gh1 x may be1 ) dialectic diff]5ce1 9 :at 0 once call$ ',pehlevi1' & is n[ m commonly kn[n z ',huzv>e%1' ?is be+ ! prop] title ( ! language ( ! translations ( ! ,ave/a4 ,! leg5ds ( ,sassanian co9s1 ! bil+ual inscriptions ( ,sassanian emp]ors1 & ! translation ( ! ,ave/a by ,sassanian re=m]s1 repres5t ! ,p]sian language 9 its ?ird phase4 ,to judge f ! specim5s giv5 by ,anquetil ,dup]ron1 x 0 n to be wond]$ at t ?is dialect1 !n call$ ,pehlevi1 %\ld h be5 pron\nc$ an artificial j>gon4 ,ev5 :5 m g5u9e specim5s ( x became kn[n1 ! language seem$ s ov]gr[n ) ,semitic & b>b>\s words1 t x 0 expell$ f ! ,iranian family4 ,sir ,w4 ,jones pron\nc$ x to be a dialect ( ,*aldaic4 ,spiegel1 h[ev]1 :o is n[ publi%+ ! text ( ^! translations1 has e/abli%$ ! fact t ! language is truly ,aryan1 nei!r ,semitic nor b>b>\s1 b ,p]sian 9 roots & gramm>4 ,he acc\nts = ! l>ge infusion ( =eign t]ms by po9t+ to ! mix$ elem5ts 9 ! intellectual & religi\s life ( ,p]sia dur+ & be=e t p]iod4 ,!re 0 ! ,semitic influ5ce ( ,babylonia1 cle>ly disc]nible ev5 9 ! *>act]s ( ! ,a*aem5ian inscriptions2 !re 0 ! sl[ infiltration ( ,jewi% ideas1 cu/oms1 & expressions1 work+ sometimes 9 ! palaces ( ,p]sian k+s1 & always 9 ! baz>s ( ,p]sian cities1 on high roads & 9 villages2 !re 0 ! irresi/ible p[] ( ! ,greek g5ius1 :i* ev5 "u its rude ,mac$onian g>b embold5$ ori5tal ?9k]s to a flight into regions undream$ ( 9 _! philosophy2 !re 7 ! academies1 ! libr>ies1 ! works ( art ( ! ,seleucidae2 !re 0 ,edessa on ! ,euphrates1 a city :]e ,plato & ,ari/otle 7 /udi$1 :]e ,*ri/ian1 ,jewi%1 & ,buddhi/ t5ets 7 discuss$1 :]e ,ephraem ,syrus taught1 & ,syriac translations 7 circulat$ :i* h pres]v$ to u ! lo/ orig9als ( ,greek & ,*ri/ian writ]s4 ,! title ( ! ,ave/a "u its ,semitic =m ,ape/ako1 0 kn[n 9 ,syria z well z 9 ,p]sia1 & ! true "n ( its au?or1 ,z>a?u/ra1 is n yet *ang$ 9 ,syriac into ! mod]n ,z]du%t4 ,:ile ?is intellectual /ream1 pr9cipally fl[+ ?r\gh ,semitic *annels1 0 irrigat+ & inundat+ ! we/ ( ,asia1 ! ,p]sian language _h be5 left )\t lit]>y cultivation4 ,ne$ we wond]1 !n1 t ! m51 :o at ! ris+ ( a new national dyna/y 7#bbf7 became ! re=m]s1 tea*]s1 & prophets ( ,p]sia1 %\ld h =m$ _! language & ! :ole tra9 ( _! ideas on a ,semitic model4 ,motley z _! language may appe> to a ,p]sian s*ol> fre% f ! ,ave/a or f ,firdusi1 !re is h>dly a language ( mod]n ,europe :i*1 if closely sift$1 w\ld n produce ! same impression on a s*ol> accu/om$ only to ! pure idiom ( ,hom]1 ,cic]o1 ,ulfilas1 or ,ca$mon4 ,moreov]2 ! s\l ( ! ,sassanian language--,i mean its gramm>--is ,p]sian & no?+ b ,p]sian2 & ?\gh meagre :5 comp>$ ) ! gramm> ( ! ,ave/a1 x is ri*] 9 =ms ?an ! lat] ,p>si1 ! ,d]i1 or ! language ( ,firdusi4 ,! supposition 7once ma9ta9$7 t ,pehlevi 0 ! dialect ( ! we/]n prov9ces ( ,p]sia is no long] necess>y4 ,z well might we imag9e1 7x is ,spiegel's apposite rem>k17 t a ,turki% "w1 because x is full ( ,arabic words1 c\ld only h be5 writt5 on ! fronti]s ( ,arabia4 ,we may safely consid] ! ,huzv>e% ( ! translations ( ! ,ave/a z ! language ( ! ,sassanian c\rt & hi]>*y4 ,works also l ! ,bundehe% & ,m9okhir$ belong by language & ?\ght to ! same p]iod ( my/ic incubation1 :5 ,india & ,egypt1 ,babylonia & ,greece1 7 sitt+ toge!r & gossip+ l crazy old wom51 *att]+ ) too?less gums & silly bra9s ab\t ! dreams & joys ( _! y\?1 yet unable to recall "o s+le ?\ght or feel+ ) t vig\r :i* once gave x life & tru?4 ,x 0 a p]iod ( religi\s & metaphysical delirium1 :5 ev]y?+ became ev]y?+1 :5 ,maya & ,sophia1 ,mitra & ,*ri/1 ,viraf & ,isaiah1 ,belus1 ,z>van1 & ,kronos 7 mix$ up 9 "o jumbl$ sy/em ( inane speculation1 f :i* at la/ ! ,ea/ 0 deliv]$ by ! positive doctr9es ( ,mohamm$1 ! ,we/ by ! pure ,*ri/ianity ( ! ,teutonic nations4 ,9 ord] to judge fairly ( ! m]its ( ! ,huzv>e% z a language1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t we "k x only f ^! speculative works1 & f translations made by m5 ^: v language _h become te*nical & artificial 9 ! s*ools4 ,! idiom spok5 by ! nation 0 probably mu* less infect$ by ?is ,semitic fa%ion4 ,ev5 ! translators sometimes give ! ,semitic t]ms only z a p>aphrase or m di/9ct expression side by side ) ! ,p]sian4 ,&1 if ,spiegel's op9ion be "r t ,p>si1 & n ,huzv>e%1 0 ! language ( ! lat] ,sassanian empire1 x furni%es a cle> pro( t ,p]sian _h recov]$ itself1 _h ?r[n (f ! ,semitic +r$i5ts1 & aga9 become a pure & national spee*4 ,?is dialect 7! ,p>si7 also1 exi/s 9 translations only2 & we owe our k ( x to ,spiegel1 ! au?or ( ! fir/ ,p>si gramm>4 ,?is ?ird p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,p]sian language1 compreh5d+ ! ,huzv>e% & ,p>si1 ends ) ! d[nfall ( ! ,sassanians4 ,! ,arab conque/ qu5*$ ! la/ sp>ks ( ,p]sian nationality2 & ! fire-alt>s ( ! ,zoroa/rians 7 nev] to be light$ aga91 except 9 ! oasis ( ,yezd & on ! soil ( t c\ntry :i* ! ,zoroa/rians _h quitt$ z ! dis9h]it$ sons ( ,manu4 ,/ill ! *ange did n take place at once4 ,mohl1 9 8 magnific5t edition ( ! ,%ahnameh1 has treat$ ?is p]iod admirably1 & x is f him t ,i d]ive ! foll[+ facts4 ,= a "t1 ,p]sian religion1 cu/oms1 traditions1 & songs surviv$ 9 ! h&s ( ! ,p]sian nobility & l&$ g5try 7! ,dihkans7 :o liv$ among ! p1 p>ticul>ly 91 ! ea/]n prov9ces1 remote f ! capital & ! seats ( =eign dom9ion1 ,baghdad1 ,kufah1 & ,mosul4 ,:]e %\ld ,firdusi h collect$ ! national /ra9s ( anci5t epic poetry :i* he reviv$ 9 ! ,%ahnameh 7#ajjj ,a4,d471 if ! ,p]sian peasant & ! ,p]sian knight _h n pres]v$ ! memory ( _! old hea!n h]oes1 ev5 "u ! vigilant oppression ( ,mohamm$an zealots8 ,true1 ! fir/ collection ( epic traditions 0 made "u ! ,sassanians4 ,b ?is "w1 comm5c$ "u ,nu%irvan1 & f9i%$ "u ,yezdegird1 ! la/ ( ! ,sassanians1 0 de/roy$ by ,om>'s comm&4 ,firdusi himself tells u h[ ?is fir/ collection 0 made by ! ,dihkan ,dani%v]4 ',!re 0 a ,pehlevan1' he says1 '( ! family ( ! ,dihkans1 brave & p[]ful1 wise & illu/ri\s1 :o lov$ to /udy ! anci5t times1 & to collect ! /ories ( pa/ ages4 ,he summon$ f all ! prov9ces old m5 :o possess$ portions ( 7i4 e4 :o knew7 an anci5t "w 9 :i* _m /ories 7 writt54 ,he ask$ !m ab\t ! orig9 ( k+s & illu/ri\s h]oes1 & h[ !y gov]n$ ! _w :i* !y left to u 9 ?is wret*$ /ate4 ,^! old m5 recit$ be=e him1 "o aft] ! o!r1 ! traditions ( ! k+s & ! *anges 9 ! empire4 ,! ,dihkan li/5$1 & compos$ a book wor?y ( 8 fame4 ,?is is ! monum5t he left to mank9d1 & great & small h celebrat$ 8 "n4' ,! collector ( ?is fir/ epic poem1 "u ,yezdegird1 is call$ a ,dihkan by ,firdusi4 ,dihkan1 accord+ to ! ,p]sian diction>ies1 means 7#a7 f>m]1 7#b7 hi/orian2 & ! reason commonly assign$ = ?is d\ble mean+ is1 t ! ,p]sian f>m]s happ5$ to be well read 9 hi/ory4 ,quatrem]e1 h[ev]1 has prov$ t ! ,dihkans 7 ! l&$ nobility ( ,p]sia2 t !y kept up a c]ta9 indep5d5ce1 ev5 "u ! sway ( ! ,mohamm$an ,khalifs1 & ex]cis$ 9 ! c\ntry a sort ( jurisdiction 9 spite ( ! commission]s s5t f ,baghdad1 ! seat ( ! gov]nm5t4 ,?us ,dani%v] ev5 is call$ a ,dihkan1 al?\gh he liv$ previ\s to ! ,arab conque/4 ,) him1 ! title 0 only int5d$ to %[ t x 0 9 ! c\ntry & among ! peasants t he pick$ up ! traditions & songs ab\t ,jem%id1 ,f]idun1 & ,ru/em4 ,( 8 "w1 h[ev]1 we "k no?+4 ,x 0 de/roy$ by ,om>2 &1 ?\gh x surviv$ 9 an ,arabic translation1 ev5 ?is 0 lo/ 9 lat] times4 ,! "w1 !re=e1 _h to be recomm5c$ :5 9 ! ea/]n prov9ces ( ,p]sia a national1 ?\gh no long] a ,zoroa/rian1 feel+ began to revive4 ,! gov]nors ( ^! prov9ces became indep5d5t z soon z ! p[] ( ! ,khalifs1 aft] its rapid rise1 began to %[ signs ( weakness4 ,?\gh ! ,mohamm$an religion _h tak5 root1 ev5 among ! national p>ty1 yet ,arabic 0 no long] c\nt5anc$ by ! gov]nors ( ! ea/]n prov9ces4 ,p]sian 0 spok5 aga9 at _! c\rts1 ,p]sian poets 7 enc\rag$1 & anci5t national traditions1 /ripp$ ( _! religi\s g>b1 began to be collect$ anew4 ,x is said t ,jacob1 ! son ( ,leis 7#hgj71 ! fir/ pr9ce ( ,p]sian blood :o decl>$ himself indep5d5t ( ! ,khalifs1 procur$ fragm5ts ( ,dani%v]'s epic1 & _h x re>rang$ & cont9u$4 ,!n foll[$ ! dyna/y ( ! ,samanians1 :o claim$ desc5t f ! ,sassanian k+s4 ,!y1 z well z ! lat] dyna/y ( ! ,gaznevides1 pursu$ ! same popul> policy4 ,!y 7 /rong because !y re/$ on ! support ( a national ,p]sian _s4 ,! national epic poet ( ! ,samanians 0 ,dakiki1 by bir? a ,zoroa/rian4 ,firdusi possess$ fragm5ts ( 8 "w1 & has giv5 a specim5 ( x 9 ! /ory ( ,gu%tasp4 ,! f9al accompli%m5t1 h[ev]1 ( an idea1 fir/ *]i%$ by ,nu%irvan1 0 res]v$ = ,mahmud ! ,great1 ! second k+ ( ! ,gaznevide dyna/y4 ,by 8 comm& collections ( old books 7 made all ov] ! empire4 ,m5 :o knew anci5t poems 7 summon$ to ! c\rt4 ,"o ( !m 0 ,ad] ,b]z91 :o _h sp5t 8 :ole life 9 collect+ popul> acc\nts ( ! anci5t k+s ( ,p]sia4 ,ano!r 0 ,s]v ,azad1 f ,m]v1 :o claim$ desc5t f ,n]iman1 & knew all ! tales conc]n+ ,sam1 ,zal1 & ,ru/em1 :i* _h be5 pres]v$ 9 8 family4 ,x 0 f ^! mat]ials t ,firdusi compos$ 8 great epic1 ! ,%ahnameh4 ,he himself decl>es1 9 _m passages ( 8 poem1 t he always foll[$ tradition4 ',traditions1' he says1 'h be5 giv5 by me2 no?+ ( :at is wor? kn[+ has be5 =gott54 ,all t ,i %all say1 o!rs h said be=e me3 !y pluck$ be=e me ! fruits 9 ! g>d5 ( k4' ,he speaks 9 detail ( 8 pr$ecessors3 he ev5 indicates ! s\rces f :i* he d]ives diff]5t episodes1 & x is 8 con/ant endeav\r to conv9ce 8 read]s t :at he relates are n poetical inv5tions ( 8 own4 ,?us only c we acc\nt = ! fact1 fir/ po9t$ out by ,burn\f1 t _m ( ! h]oes 9 ! ,%ahnameh /ill exhibit ! traits1 sadly di/ort$1 x is true1 b /ill unmi/akeable1 ( ,vaidik deities1 :i* _h pass$ ?r\gh ! ,zoroa/rian s*ism1 ! ,a*aem5ian reign1 ! ,mac$onian occupation1 ! ,p>?ian w>s1 ! ,sassanian revival1 & ! ,mohamm$an conque/1 & ( :i* ! ,dihkans c\ld /ill s+ & tell1 :5 ,firdusi's poem impress$ ! la/ /amp on ! language ( ,z>a?u/ra4 ,bopp _h discov]$ already1 9 8 edition ( ,nalas 7#ahcb71 t ! ,z5d ,vivanhvat 0 ! same z ! ,sanskrit ,vivasvat2 & ,burn\f1 9 8 ',obs]vations sur la ,grammaire ,comp>ee de ,m4 ,bopp1' _h id5tifi$ a second p]sonage1 ! ,z5d ,k]esaspa ) ! ,sanskrit ,krisasva4 ,b ! simil>ity betwe5 ! ,z5d ,k]esaspa & ! ,g>%asp ( ! ,%ahnameh op5$ a new & wide prospect to ,burn\f1 & aft]w>ds l$ him on to ! mo/ /rik+ & valuable results4 ,"s ( ^! 7 publi%$ 9 8 la/ "w on ,z5d1 ',etudes sur la ,langue et les ,textes ,z5ds4' ,?is is a collection ( articles publi%$ orig9ally 9 ! ',j\rnal ,asiatique' betwe5 #ahdj & #ahdf2 & x is p>ticul>ly ! f\r? essay1 ',le ,dieu ,homa1' :i* has op5$ an entirely new m9e = rese>*es into ! anci5t /ate ( religion & tradition common to ! ,aryans be=e _! s*ism4 ,burn\f %[$ t ?ree ( ! mo/ fam\s names 9 ! ,%ahnameh1 ,jem%id1 ,f]idun1 & ,g>%asp1 c be trac$ back to ?ree h]oes m5tion$ 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a z ! repres5tatives ( ! ?ree e>lie/ g5]ations ( mank9d1 ,yima ,k%aeta1 ,?raetaona1 & ,k]esaspa2 & t ! prototypes ( ^! ,zoroa/rian h]oes c\ld be f\nd aga9 9 ! ,yama1 ,trita1 & ,krisasva ( ! ,v$a4 ,he w5t ev5 beyond ?is4 ,he %[$ t1 z 9 ,sanskrit1 ! fa!r ( ,yama is ,vivasvat1 ! fa!r ( ,yima 9 ! ,ave/a is ,vivanhvat4 ,he %[$ t z ,?raetaona 9 ,p]sia is ! son ( ,a?wya1 ! patronymic ( ,trita 9 ! ,v$a is ,aptya4 ,he expla9$ ! transition ( ,?raetaona into ,f]idun by po9t+ to ! ,pehlevi =m ( ! "n1 z giv5 by ,n]ios5gh1 ,fr$un4 ,?is *ange ( an aspirat$ d5tal into an aspirat$ labial1 :i* by _m is consid]$ a flaw 9 ?is argum5t1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce4 ,we h only to ?9k ( ,greek3 ph] & ,greek3 !r1 ( dhuma & fumus1 ( mod]n ,greek ,greek3 phelo & ,greek3 !lo--nay1 ,m55ius's 'fir/ compla9t' w\ld suffice to expla9 x4 ,burn\f aga9 id5tifi$ ,zohak1 ! k+ ( ,p]sia1 sla9 by ,f]idun1 :om ev5 ,firdusi /ill kn[s by ! "n ( ,a% dahak1 ) ! ,azhi dahaka1 ! bit+ s]p5t1 z he translates x1 de/roy$ by ,?raetaona 9 ! ,ave/a2 & ) reg>d to ! *anges :i* ^! names1 & ! ideas orig9ally express$ by !m1 _h to und]go on ! intellectual /age ( ! ,aryan nation1 he says3 ',il e/ sans contr$it =t curieux de voir une des ,div9ites indi5nes les plus v5]ees1 donn] son nom au premi] s\v]a9 de la dyna/ie ariop]sanne2 c'e/ un des faits qui atte/5t le plus evidemm5t l'intime union des deux bran*es de la gr&e famille qui s'e/ et5due1 bi5 de siecles avant notre ere1 depuis le ,gange jusqu'a l',euphrate4' ,! great a*ievem5ts ( ,burn\f 9 ?is field ( rese>* h be5 s (t5 ignor$1 & :at by "r belongs to him has be5 s confid5tly ascrib$ to o!rs1 t a fai?ful repres5tation ( ! real /ate ( ! case1 z "h giv51 w n appe> sup]flu\s4 ,!re is no int5tion1 :ile giv+ 8 due to ,burn\f1 to detract f ! m]its ( o!r s*ol>s4 ,"s m m9ute co9cid5ces1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! /ory ( ,f]idun1 h subsequ5tly be5 add$ by ,ro?1 ,b5fey1 & ,web]4 ,! fir/1 p>ticul>ly1 has devot$ two mo/ int]e/+ articles to ! id5tification ( ,yama-,yima-,jem%id & ,trita-,?raetaona-,f]idun4 ,trita1 :o has g5]ally be5 fix$ ^u z ! ,vaidik orig9al ( ,f]idun1 because ,traitana1 ^: "n corresponds m accurately1 occurs b once 9 ! ,rig-v$a1 is repres5t$ 9 ,india z "o ( ! _m div9e p[]s rul+ ! firmam5t1 de/roy+ d>kness1 & s5d+ ra91 or1 z ! poets ( ! ,v$a are fond ( express+ x1 rescu+ ! c[s & slay+ ! demons t _h c>ri$ !m (f4 ,^! c[s always move along ! sky1 "s d>k1 "s bright-col\r$4 ,!y l[ ov] _! pa/ure2 !y are ga!r$ by ! w9ds2 & milk$ by ! bright rays ( ! sun1 !y drop f _! heavy udd]s a f]tilis+ milk ^u ! p>*$ & ?ir/y e>?4 ,b sometimes1 ! poet says1 !y are c>ri$ (f by robb]s & kept 9 d>k caves ne> ! utt]mo/ ends ( ! sky4 ,!n ! e>? is )\t ra92 ! pi\s wor%ipp] (f]s up 8 pray] to ,indra1 & ,indra rises to conqu] ! c[s = him4 ,he s5ds 8 dog to f9d ! sc5t ( ! cattle1 & aft] %e has he>d _! l[+1 %e returns1 & ! battle comm5ces4 ,indra hurls 8 ?und]bolt2 ! ,m>uts ride at 8 side2 ! ,rudras ro>2 till at la/ ! rock is cleft asund]1 ! demon de/roy$1 & ! c[s br\ght back to _! pa/ure4 ,?is is "o ( ! olde/ my!s or say+s curr5t among ! ,aryan nations4 ,x appe>s aga9 9 ! my?ology ( ,italy1 9 ,greece1 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ! ,ave/a1 ! battle is f\ght betwe5 ,?raetaona & ,azhi dahaka1 ! de/roy+ s]p5t4 ,traitana takes ! place ( ,indra 9 ?is battle 9 "o song ( ! ,v$a2 m frequ5tly x is ,trita1 b o!r gods also %>e 9 ! same hon\r4 ,! demon1 aga91 :o fights aga9/ ! gods is likewise call$ ,ahi1 or ! s]p5t1 9 ! ,v$a4 ,b ! *>act]i/ic *ange t has tak5 place betwe5 ! ,v$a & ,ave/a is t ! battle is no long] a conflict ( gods & demons = c[s1 nor ( light & d>kness = ra94 ,x is ! battle ( a pi\s man aga9/ ! p[] ( evil4 ',le ,zoroa/risme1' z ,burn\f says1 'en se deta*ant plus fran*em5t de ,dieu et de la nature1 a c]ta9em5t t5u plus de compte de l'homme que n'a fait le ,brahmanisme1 et on peut dire qu'il a regagne en pr(ondeur ce qu'il p]dait en et5due4 ,il ne m'app>ti5t pas d'indiqu] ici ce qu'un sy/eme qui t5d a developp] les in/9cts les plus nobles de notre nature1 et qui impose a l'homme1 comme le plus important de ses devoirs1 celui de lutt] con/amm5t contre le pr9cipe du mal1 a pu ex]c] d'influ5ce sur les de/9ees des peuples de l',asie1 *ez lesquels il a ete adopte a div]ses epoques4 ,on peut cep5dant deja dire que le c>act]e religieux et m>tial t\t a la fois1 qui p>ait avec des traits si h]oiques dans la plup>t des ,je%ts1 n'a pas du etre sans action sur la male discipl9e s\s laquelle ont gr&i les comm5cem5ts de la mon>*ie de ,cyrus4' ,a ?\s& ye>s aft] ,cyrus 7= ,zohak is m5tion$ by ,moses ( ,khor5e 9 ! fif? c5tury7 we f9d all ?is =gott5 once m1 & ! vague rum\rs ab\t ,?raetaona & ,azhi ,dahaka are ga!r$ at la/1 & arrang$ & int]pret$ into some?+ intelligible to lat] ages4 ,zohak is a ?ree-head$ tyrant on ! ?rone ( ,p]sia--?ree-head$1 because ! ,vaidik ,ahi 0 ?ree-head$1 only t "o ( ,zohak's heads has n[ become human4 ,zohak has kill$ ,jem%id ( ! ,pe%dadian dyna/y3 ,f]idun n[ conqu]s ,zohak on ! banks ( ! ,tigris4 ,he !n /rikes him d[n ) 8 c[-head$ mace1 & is on ! po9t ( kill+ him1 :51 z ,firdusi says1 a sup]natural voice :isp]$ 9 8 e>--#ci ,slay him n n[1 8 "t is n yet come1 ,8 puni%m5t mu/ be prolong$ a:ile2 ,& z he _c n[ survive ! w\nd1 ,b9d him ) heavy *a9s--convey him /raight ,^u ! m\nta91 !re )9 a cave1 ,deep1 d>k1 & horrible--) none to soo! ,8 suff]+s1 let ! murd]] l+]+ die4 ,! "w ( heav5 p]=m+1 ,f]idun ,fir/ purifi$ ! _w f s9 & crime4 ,yet ,f]idun 0 n an angel1 nor ,compos$ ( musk & amb]gris4 ,by ju/ice ,& g5]osity he ga9$ 8 fame4 ,d ?\ b ex]cise ^! pr9cely virtues1 ,& ?\ wilt be r5[n$ z ,f]idun4 ,footnote #ci3 ,cf4 ,atk9son's ,%ahnameh1 p4 #dh4 ,z a la/ /age 9 ! my! ( ! ,vaidik ,traitana we may m5tion v]sions l ^? giv5 by ,sir ,john ,malcolm & o!rs1 :o see 9 ,zohak ! repres5tative ( an ,assyrian invasion la/+ dur+ ! ?\s& ye>s ( ,zohak's reign1 & :o *ange ,f]idun into ,arbaces ! ,m$e1 ! conqu]or ( ,s>danapalus4 ,we may !n look at ! :ole ) ! new light :i* ,burn\f's g5ius has %$ ov] x1 & wat* ! retrograde *anges ( ,arbaces into ,f]idun1 ( ,f]idun into ,phr$un1 ( ,phr$un into ,?raetaona1 ( ,?raetaona into ,traitana1--ea* a sep>ate phase 9 ! dissolv+ view ( my?ology4 ,z to ! language ( ,p]sia1 its biography is at an end ) ! ,%ahnameh4 ,:at foll[s exhibits h>dly any signs ( ei!r gr[? or decay4 ,! language becomes m & m encumb]$ ) =eign words2 b ! gramm> seems to h arriv$ at its l[e/ ebb1 & )/&s fur!r *ange4 ,f ?is /ate ( grammatical numbness1 languages recov] by a second>y =mation1 :i* gr[s up sl[ly & imp]ceptibly at fir/ 9 ! spee* ( ! p2 till at la/ ! reviv+ _s rises upw>ds1 & sweeps away1 l ! wat]s 9 spr+1 ! froz5 surface ( an effete gov]nm5t1 prie/hood1 lit]ature1 & gramm>4 ,octob]1 #ahec4 ,,iv4 ,,! ,,ait>eya-,,brahmana4#dj ,! ,sanskrit text1 ) an ,engli% translation ( ! ,ait>eya-brahmana1 j publi%$ at ,bombay by ,dr4 ,m>t9 ,haug1 ! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,sanskrit ,/udies 9 ! ,poona ,college1 con/itutes "o ( ! mo/ important additions lately made to our k ( ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,india4 ,! "w is publi%$ by ! ,director ( ,public ,in/ruction1 9 behalf ( ,gov]nm5t1 & furni%es a new in/ance ( ! lib]al & judici\s _s 9 :i* ,mr4 ,h[>d be/[s 8 patronage on works ( real & p]man5t utility4 ,! ,ait>eya-brahmana1 conta9+ ! e>lie/ speculations ( ! ,brahmans on ! mean+ ( _! sacrificial pray]s1 & ! purport ( _! anci5t religi\s rites1 is a "w :i* c\ld be prop]ly edit$ n[h]e b 9 ,india4 ,x is only a small "w ( ab\t two hundr$ pages1 b x presupposes s ?or\gh a famili>ity ) all ! ext]nals ( ! religion ( ! ,brahmans1 ! v>i\s (fices ( _! prie/s1 ! times & seasons ( _! sacr$ rites1 ! =m ( _! innum]able sacrificial ut5sils1 & ! prep>ation ( _! (f]+s1 t no am\nt ( ,sanskrit s*ol>%ip1 su* z c be ga9$ 9 ,engl&1 w\ld h be5 suffici5t to unravel ! intricate speculations conc]n+ ! matt]s :i* =m ! bulk ( ! ,ait>eya-brahmana4 ,! difficulty 0 n to translate ! text ^w = ^w1 b to ga9 a cle>1 accurate1 & liv+ conception ( ! subjects !re treat$4 ,! "w 0 compos$ by p]sons1 & = p]sons1 :o1 9 a g5]al way1 knew ! p]=mance ( ! ,v$ic sacrifices z well z we "k ! p]=mance ( our own sacr$ rites4 ,if we plac$ ! ,engli% ,pray]-book 9 ! h&s ( a /rang] :o _h nev] assi/$ at an ,engli% s]vice1 we %\ld f9d t1 9 spite ( ! simplicity & pla9ness ( its language1 x fail$ to convey to ! un9itiat$ a cle> idea ( :at he ought & :at he ought n to d 9 *ur*4 ,! anci5t ,indian c]emonial1 h[ev]1 is "o ( ! mo/ artificial & complicat$ =ms ( wor%ip t c well be imag9$2 & ?\gh its details are1 no d\bt1 mo/ m9utely describ$ 9 ! ,brahmanz & ! ,sutras1 yet1 )\t hav+ se5 ! actual site on :i* ! sacrifices are (f]$1 ! alt>s con/ruct$ = ! occasion1 ! in/rum5ts employ$ by diff]5t prie/s--! t\t-ensemble1 9 fact1 ( ! sacr$ rites--! read] seems to deal ) words1 b ) words only1 & is unable to reproduce 9 8 imag9ation ! acts & facts :i* 7 int5d$ to be convey$ by !m4 ,v>i\s attempts 7 made to induce "s ( ! m le>n$ ,brahmans to edit & translate "s ( _! own rituals1 & ?us enable ,european s*ol>s to ga9 an idea ( ! actual p]=mance ( _! anci5t sacrifices1 & to ent] m easily into ! _s ( ! speculations on ! my/]i\s mean+ ( ^! rituals1 :i* are embodi$ 9 ! s-call$ ,brahmanz1 or '! say+s ( ! ,brahmans4' ,b al?\gh1 ?anks to ! enlight5$ ex]tions ( ,dr4 ,ballantyne & 8 associates 9 ! ,sanskrit ,college ( ,b5>es1 ,brahmans might h be5 f\nd kn[+ ,engli% q suffici5tly = ! purpose ( a r\gh & ready translation f ,sanskrit into ,engli%1 su* 0 _! prejudice aga9/ divulg+ ! secrets ( _! craft t none c\ld be p]suad$ to und]take ! ungrateful task4 ,dr4 ,haug tells u ( ano!r difficulty1 :i* we _h h>dly suspect$1--! great sc>city ( ,brahmans famili> ) ! anci5t ,v$ic ritual3 ',see+ ! great difficulties1 nay1 impossibility ( atta9+ to any?+ l a real und]/&+ ( ! sacrificial art f all ! num]\s books ,i _h collect$1 ,i made ! greate/ ef=ts to obta9 oral in=mation f "s ( ^? few ,brahmans :o are kn[n by ! "n ( ,srotriyas or ,srautis1 & :o alone are ! possessors ( ! sacrificial my/]ies z !y desc5d$ f ! remote/ times4 ,! task 0 no easy "o1 & no ,european s*ol> 9 ?is c\ntry be=e me ev] succe$$ 9 x4 ,?is is n to be wond]$ at2 = ! prop] k ( ! ritual is ev]y:]e 9 ,india n[ rapidly dy+ out1 & 9 _m p>ts1 *iefly 9 ^? "u ,briti% rule1 x has already di$ out4' ,footnote #dj3 ',! ,ait>eya-brahmanam ( ! ,rig-v$a1' edit$ & translat$ by ,m>t9 ,haug1 ,ph4,d41 ,sup]9t5d5t ( ,sanskrit ,/udies 9 ! ,poona ,college4 ,bombay1 #ahfc4 ,london3 ,truebn] ,co4 ,dr4 ,haug succe$$1 h[ev]1 at la/ 9 procur+ ! assi/ance ( a real ,doctor ( ,div9ity1 :o _h n only p]=m$ ! m9or ,v$ic sacrifices1 su* z ! full & new-moon (f]+s1 b _h (ficiat$ at "s ( ! great ,soma sacrifices1 n[ v r>ely to be se5 9 any "p ( ,india4 ,he 0 induc$1 we are sorry to say by v m]c5>y consid]ations1 to p]=m ! pr9cipal c]emonies 9 a seclud$ "p ( ,dr4 ,haug's premises4 ,?is la/$ five days1 & ! same assi/ance 0 aft]w>ds r5d]$ by ! same wor?y & "s ( 8 bre?r5 :5ev] ,dr4 ,haug 0 9 any d\bt z to ! prop] mean+ ( ! c]emonial treatises :i* give ! outl9es ( ! ,v$ic sacrifices4 ,dr4 ,haug 0 actually all[$ to ta/e t sacr$ bev]age1 ! ,soma1 :i* gives heal?1 weal?1 wisdom1 inspiration1 nay immortality1 to ^? :o receive x f ! h&s ( a twice-born prie/4 ,yet1 aft] describ+ its prep>ation1 all t ,dr4 ,haug has to say ( x is3 ',! sap ( ! plant n[ us$ at ,poona appe>s :iti%1 has a v /r+5t ta/e1 is bitt]1 b n s\r2 x is a v na/y dr9k1 & has "s intoxicat+ effect4 ,i ta/$ x sev]al times1 b x 0 impossible = me to dr9k m ?an "s teaspoonfuls4' ,aft] hav+ gone ?r\gh all ^! ordeals1 ,dr4 ,haug may well say t 8 explanations ( sacrificial t]ms1 z giv5 9 ! notes1 c be reli$ ^u z c]ta92 t !y proce$ f :at he himself witness$1 & :at he 0 able to le>n f m5 :o _h inh]it$ ! k f ! mo/ anci5t times4 ,he speaks ) "s sev]ity ( ^? s*ol>s 9 ,europe :o h attempt$ to expla9 ! te*nical t]ms ( ! ,v$ic sacrifices )\t ! assi/ance ( native prie/s1 & )\t ev5 avail+ !mselves c>efully ( ! in=mation !y might h ga9$ f native comm5t>ies4 ,9 ! preface to 8 edition ( ! ,ait>eya-brahmana1 ,dr4 ,haug has ?r[n out "s new ideas on ! *ronology ( ,v$ic lit]ature :i* des]ve c>eful consid]ation4 ,beg9n+ ) ! hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a1 he admits1 inde$1 t !re are 9 t collection anci5t & mod]n hymns1 b he d\bts :e!r x w be possible to draw a %>p l9e betwe5 :at has be5 call$ ! ,kh&as p]iod1 repres5t+ ! free gr[? ( sacr$ poetry1 & ! ,mantra p]iod1 dur+ :i* ! anci5t hymns 7 suppos$ to h be5 collect$ & new ones add$1 *iefly int5d$ = sacrificial purposes4 ,dr4 ,haug ma9ta9s t "s hymns ( a decid$ly sacrificial "* %\ld be ascrib$ to ! e>lie/ p]iod ( ,v$ic poetry4 ,he takes1 = in/ance1 ! hymn describ+ ! horse sacrifice1 & he concludes f ! fact t sev5 prie/s only are m5tion$ 9 x by "n1 & t none ( !m belongs to ! class ( ! ,udgat>s 7s+]s7 & ,brahmans 7sup]9t5d5ts71 t ?is hymn 0 writt5 be=e ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! two classes ( prie/s4 ,z ^! prie/s are m5tion$ 9 o!r ,v$ic hymns1 he concludes t ! hymn describ+ ! horse sacrifice is ( a v e>ly date4 ,dr4 ,haug /r5g!ns 8 case by a ref]5ce to ! ,zoroa/rian c]emonial1 9 :i*1 z he says1 ! *ant]s & sup]9t5d5ts are entirely unkn[n1 :]eas ! o!r two classes1 ! ,hot>s 7recit]s7 & ,adhv>yus 7assi/ants7 are m5tion$ by ! same names z ,zaot> & ,ra?wisk>e4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! two new classes ( prie/s w\ld1 !re=e1 seem to h tak5 place 9 ,india aft] ! ,zoroa/rians _h sep>at$ f ! ,brahmans2 & ,dr4 ,haug w\ld ascribe ! ,v$ic hymns 9 :i* no m ?an two classes ( prie/s are m5tion$ to a p]iod prec$+1 o!rs 9 :i* ! o!r two classes ( prie/s are m5tion$ to a p]iod succe$+1 t anci5t s*ism4 ,we mu/ confess1 ?\gh do+ full ju/ice to ,dr4 ,haug's argum5t1 t he seems to u to /ret* :at is m]ely negative evid5ce beyond its prop] limits4 ,surely a poet1 ?\gh acqua9t$ ) all ! details ( a sacrifice & ! titles ( all ! prie/s employ$ 9 x1 might speak ( x 9 a m g5]al mann] ?an ! au?or ( a manual1 & x w\ld be mo/ dang]\s to conclude t :atev] 0 pass$ ov] by him 9 sil5ce did n exi/ at ! "t :5 he wrote4 ,secondly1 if !re 7 m anci5t titles ( prie/s1 ! poet w\ld mo/ likely use !m 9 pref]5ce to o!rs t _h be5 b lately introduc$4 ,?irdly1 ev5 ! anci5t prie/ly titles _h orig9ally a m g5]al mean+ be=e !y 7 re/rict$ to _! te*nical significance1 j z 9 ,europe bi%op meant orig9ally an ov]se]1 prie/ an eld]1 deacon a m9i/]4 ,9 sev]al hymns1 "s ( ^! titles--= in/ance1 t ( hot>1 invok]--are cle>ly us$ z appellatives1 & n z titles4 ,la/ly1 "o ( ! prie/s m5tion$ 9 ! hymn on ! horse sacrifice1 ! ,agnim9dha1 is admitt$ by ,dr4 ,haug himself to be ! same z ! ,agnidhra2 & if we take ?is "n1 l all ! o!rs1 9 its te*nical s5se1 we h to recognise 9 him "o ( ! f\r ,brahman prie/s4#da ,we %\ld ?us lose ! gr\nd on :i* ,dr4 ,haug's argum5t is *iefly bas$1 & %\ld h to admit ! exi/5ce ( ,brahman prie/s z e>ly at lea/ z ! "t 9 :i* ! hymn on ! horse sacrifice 0 compos$4 ,b1 ev5 admitt+ t allusions to a m or less complete c]emonial#db c\ld be po9t$ out 9 c]ta9 hymns1 ?is might help u no d\bt 9 subdivid+ & arrang+ ! poetry ( ! second or ,mantra p]iod1 b x w\ld leave ! "q1 :e!r allusions to c]emonial te*nicalities are to be consid]$ z *>act]i/ics ( lat] hymns1 entirely unaffect$4 ,dr4 ,haug1 :o holds t1 9 ! developm5t ( ! human race1 sacrifice comes e>li] ?an religi\s poetry1 =mulas e>li] ?an pray]s1 ,leviticus e>li] ?an ! ,psalms1 applies ?is view to ! *ronological arrangem5t ( ,v$ic lit]ature2 & he is1 !re=e1 naturally incl9$ to look ^u hymns compos$ = sacrificial purposes1 m p>ticul>ly ^u ! invocations & =mulas ( ! ,yagur-v$a1 & ^u ! ,nivids pres]v$ 9 ! ,brahmanz & ,sutras1 z relics ( great] antiquity ?an ! free poetical effusions ( ! ,ri%is1 :i* defy c]emonial rules1 ignore ! settl$ rank ( prie/s & deities1 & occasionally allude to subjects m appropriate = pr(ane ?an = sacr$ poetry3 ',! fir/ sacrifices he writes 7 no d\bt simple (f]+s p]=m$ )\t mu* c]emonial4 ,a few appropriate solemn words1 indicat+ ! giv]1 ! nature ( ! (f]+1 ! deity to :i*1 z well z ! purpose = :i* x 0 (f]$1 7 suffici5t4 ,all ?is w\ld be embodi$ 9 ! sacrificial =mulas kn[n 9 lat] times pr9cipally by ! "n ( ,yagu%1 :il/ ! old] "o appe>s to h be5 ,yagya4 ,! invocation ( ! deity by diff]5t names1 & its invitation to enjoy ! meal prep>$1 may be equally old4 ,x 0 ju/ly reg>d$ z a k9d ( ,yagu%1 & call$ ,nigada or ,nivid4' ,footnote #da3 ,by an accid5t two l9es conta9+ ! names ( ! sixte5 prie/s 9 my ',hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature' 7p4 #dfi7 h be5 misplac$4 ,agnidhra & ,potri ought to range ) ! ,brahmans1 ,pratih>tri & ,subrahmanya ) ! ,udgatris4 ,see ,asval4 ,sutras ,,iv4 #a 7p4 #bhf1 ',biblio!ca ,indica'72 & ,m4 ,m41 ,todt5be/attung1 p4 xlvi4 ,x might be said1 h[ev]1 t ! ,agnim9dha 0 meant z "o ( ! ,hotrasams9s1 or "o ( ! ,sev5 ,prie/s1 ! ,sapta ,hot>s4 ,see ,haug1 ,ait>eya-brahmana1 vol4 i4 p4 #eh4 ,footnote #db3 ,_m su* allusions 7 collect$ 9 my ',hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1' p4 #dhf seq42 "s ( !m h lately be5 indep5d5tly discov]$ by o!rs4 ,9 comp>+ ^! sacrificial =mulas ) ! bulk ( ! ,rig-v$a hymns1 ,dr4 ,haug comes to ! conclusion t ! =m] are m anci5t4 ,he %[s t c]ta9 ( ^! =mulas & ,nivids 7 kn[n to ! poets ( ! hymns1 z !y und\bt$ly 72 b ?is w\ld only prove t ^! poets 7 acqua9t$ ) ^! z well z ) o!r portions ( ! c]emonial4 ,x w\ld only confirm ! view advocat$ by o!rs1 t c]ta9 hymns 7 cle>ly writt5 = c]emonial purposes1 ?\gh ! c]emonial presuppos$ by ^! hymns may 9 _m cases prove m simple & primitive ?an ! c]emonial laid d[n 9 ! ,brahmanz & ,sutras4 ,b if ,dr4 ,haug tells u t ! ,ri%is tri$ _! poetical tal5t fir/ 9 ! composition ( ,yagyas1 or v]ses to be recit$ :ile an (f]+ 0 ?r[n into ! fire1 & t ! ,yagyas 7 aft]w>ds ext5d$ into little songs1 we mu/ ask1 is ?is fact or !ory8 ,& if we are told t '!re c be h>dly any d\bt t ! hymns :i* we possess are purely sacrificial1 & made only = sacrificial purposes1 & t ^? :i* express m g5]al ideas1 or philosophical ?\ghts1 or confessions ( s9s1 are comp>atively late1' we c only repeat our =m] "q4 ,dr4 ,haug1 :5 proce$+ to give 8 pro(s1 t ! purely sacrificial poetry is m anci5t ?an ei!r pr(ane songs or hymns ( a m g5]al religi\s "*1 only produces su* collat]al evid5ce z may be f\nd 9 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! ,jews & ! ,*9ese--evid5ce :i* is curi\s1 b n conv9c+4 ,among ! ,aryan nations1 x has hi!rto be5 consid]$ z a g5]al rule t poetry prec$es prose4 ,n[ ! ,yagyas & ,nivids are prose1 & ?\gh ,dr4 ,haug calls x rhy?mical prose1 yet1 z comp>$ ) ! hymns1 !y are prose2 & ?\gh su* an argum5t by itself c\ld by no means be consid]$ z suffici5t to upset any solid evid5ce to ! contr>y1 yet x is /rong] ?an ! argum5t d]iv$ f ! lit]ature ( nations :o are nei!r ( !m ,aryan 9 language or ?\ght4 ,b ?\gh we h tri$ to %[ ! insuffici5cy ( ! argum5ts advanc$ by ,dr4 ,haug 9 support ( 8 !ory1 we are by no means prep>$ to d5y ! great antiquity ( "s ( ! sacrificial =mulas & invocations1 & m p>ticul>ly ( ! ,nivids to :i* he = ! fir/ "t has call$ att5tion4 ,!re probably exi/$ v anci5t ,nivids or invocations1 b are ! ,nivids :i* we possess ! id5tical ,nivids allud$ to 9 ! hymns8 ,if s1 :y h !y no acc5ts1 :y d !y n =m "p ( ! ,sanhitas1 :y 7 !y n pres]v$1 discuss$1 & analys$ ) ! same religi\s c>e z ! metrical hymns8 ,! ,nivids :i* we n[ possess may1 z ,dr4 ,haug supposes1 h inspir$ ! ,ri%is ) ! burd5 ( _! hymns2 b !y may equally well h be5 put toge!r by lat] compil]s f ! v hymns ( ! ,ri%is4 ,!re is _m a hymn 9 ! ,sanhita ( ! ,rig-v$a :i* may be call$ a ,nivid1 i4 e4 an invitation address$ to ! gods to come to ! sacrifices1 & an enum]ation ( ! pr9cipal names ( ea* deity4 ,^? :o believe1 on m g5]al gr\nds1 t all religion began ) sacrifice & sacrificial =mulas w naturally look on su* hymns & on ! ,nivids z relics ( a m primitive age2 :ile o!rs :o look ^u pray]1 praise1 & ?anksgiv+1 & ! unfett]$ expression ( devotion & wond]m5t z ! fir/ g]ms ( a religi\s wor%ip1 w treat ! same ,nivids z productions ( a lat] age4 ,we d\bt :e!r ?is problem c be argu$ on g5]al gr\nds4 ,admitt+ t ! ,jews began ) sacrifice & end$ ) psalms1 x w\ld by no means foll[ t ! ,aryan nations did ! same1 nor w\ld ! *ronological arrangem5t ( ! anci5t lit]ature ( ,*9a help u mu* 9 =m+ an op9ion ( ! gr[? ( ! ,indian m9d4 ,we mu/ take ea* nation by itself1 & try to f9d out :at !y !mselves hold z to ! relative antiquity ( _! lit]>y docum5ts4 ,on g5]al gr\nds1 ! problem :e!r sacrifice or pray] comes fir/1 may be argu$ ad inf9itum1 j l ! problem :e!r ! h5 comes fir/ or ! egg4 ,9 ! special case ( ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,brahmans1 we mu/ be guid$ by _! own tradition1 :i* inv>iably places ! poetical hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a be=e ! c]emonial hymns & =mulas ( ! ,yagur-v$a & ,sama-v$a4 ,! /ronge/ argum5t t has z yet be5 br\ght =w>d aga9/ ?is view is1 t ! =mulas ( ! ,yagur-v$a & ! sacrificial texts ( ! ,sama-v$a conta9 occasionally m ar*aic =ms ( language ?an ! hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a4 ,x 0 suppos$1 !re=e1 t1 al?\gh ! hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a might h be5 compos$ at an e>li] "t1 ! sacrificial hymns & =mulas 7 ! fir/ to be collect$ & to be pres]v$ 9 ! s*ools by means ( a /rict mnemonic discipl9e4 ,! hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a1 "s ( :i* h no ref]5ce :atev] to ! ,v$ic c]emonial1 be+ collect$ at a lat] "t1 might h be5 /ripp$1 :ile be+ h&$ d[n by oral tradition1 ( ^? grammatical =ms :i* 9 ! c\rse ( "t _h become obsolete1 b :i*1 if once recognis$ & sanction$ 9 !ological sem9>ies1 w\ld h be5 pres]v$ !re ) ! mo/ religi\s c>e4 ,accord+ to ,dr4 ,haug1 ! p]iod dur+ :i* ! ,v$ic hymns 7 compos$ ext5ds f #adjj to #bjjj ,b4,c4 ,! olde/ hymns1 h[ev]1 & ! sacrificial =mulas he w\ld place betwe5 #bjjj & #bdjj ,b4,c4 ,?is p]iod1 correspond+ to :at has be5 call$ ! ,kh&as & ,mantra p]iods1 w\ld be succe$$ by ! ,brahmana p]iod1 & ,dr4 ,haug w\ld place ! bulk ( ! ,brahmanz1 all writt5 9 prose1 betwe5 #adjj & #abjj ,b4,c4 ,he does n attribute mu* weight to ! di/9ction made by ! ,brahmans !mselves betwe5 reveal$ & pr(ane lit]ature1 & w\ld place ! ,sutras almo/ contemporane\s ) ! ,brahmanz4 ,! only fix$ po9t f :i* he />ts 9 8 *ronological arrangem5t is ! date impli$ by ! position ( ! sol/itial po9ts m5tion$ 9 a little treatise1 ! ,gyoti%a1 a date :i* has be5 accurately fix$ by ! ,rev4 ,e4 ,ma9 at #aahf ,b4,c4#dc ,dr4 ,haug fully admits t su* an obs]vation 0 an absolute necessity = ! ,brahmans 9 regulat+ _! cal5d>3 ',! prop] "t he writes ( comm5c+ & end+ _! sacrifices1 pr9cipally ! s-call$ ,sattras or sacrificial sessions1 c\ld n be kn[n )\t an accurate k ( ! "t ( ! sun's nor!rn & s\!rn progress4 ,! k ( ! cal5d> =ms su* an ess5tial "p ( ! ritual1 t _m important conditions ( ! latt] _c be c>ri$ out )\t ! =m]4 ,! sacrifices are all[$ to comm5ce only at c]ta9 lucky con/ellations1 & 9 c]ta9 mon?s4 ,s1 = in/ance1 z a rule1 no great sacrifice c comm5ce dur+ ! sun's s\!rn progress2 = ?is is reg>d$ up to ! pres5t day z an unlucky p]iod by ! ,brahmans1 9 :i* ev5 to die is believ$ to be a mis=tune4 ,! great sacrifices g5]ally take place 9 spr+ 9 ! mon?s ( ,kaitra & ,vaisakha 7,april & ,may74 ,! ,sattras1 :i* la/$ = "o ye>1 71 z "o may le>n f a c>eful p]usal ( ! f\r? book ( ! ,ait>eya-brahmana1 no?+ b an imitation ( ! sun's ye>ly c\rse4 ,!y 7 divid$ into two di/9ct p>ts1 ea* consi/+ ( six mon?s ( ?irty days ea*2 9 ! mid/ ( bo? 0 ! ,vi%uvat1 i4 e4 equator or c5tral day1 cutt+ ! :ole ,sattra into two halves4 ,! c]emonies 7 9 bo? halves exactly ! same1 b !y 7 9 ! latt] half p]=m$ 9 an inv]t$ ord]4' ,footnote #dc3 ,see preface to ! f\r? volume ( my edition ( ! ,rig-v$a4 ,?is argum5t ( ,dr4 ,haug's seems correct z f> z ! date ( ! e/abli%m5t ( ! c]emonial is conc]n$1 & x is curi\s t sev]al s*ol>s :o h lately writt5 on ! orig9 ( ! ,v$ic cal5d>1 & ! possibility ( its =eign orig91 %\ld n h p]ceiv$ ! intimate relation betwe5 t cal5d> & ! :ole c]emonial sy/em ( ! ,brahmans4 ,dr4 ,haug is1 no d\bt1 p]fectly "r :5 he claims ! inv5tion ( ! ,nak%atras1 or ! ,lun> ,zodiac ( ! ,brahmans1 if we may s call x1 = ,india2 he may be "r also :5 he assigns ! twelf? c5tury z ! e>lie/ date = ! orig9 ( t simple a/ronomical sy/em on :i* ! cal5d> ( ! ,v$ic fe/ivals is f\nd$4 ,he calls ! !ories ( o!rs1 :o h lately tri$ to claim ! fir/ discov]y ( ! ,nak%atras = ,*9a1 ,babylon1 or "s o!r ,asiatic c\ntry1 absurd1 & takes no notice ( ! sangu9e expectations ( c]ta9 s*ol>s1 :o imag9e !y w soon h discov]$ ! v names ( ! ,indian ,nak%atras 9 ,babylonian inscriptions4 ,b does x foll[ t1 because ! c]emonial presupposes an obs]vation ( ! sol/itial po9ts 9 ab\t ! twelf? c5tury1 !re=e ! !ological works 9 :i* t c]emonial is expla9$1 comm5t$ ^u1 & furni%$ ) all k9ds ( my/]i\s mean+s1 7 compos$ at t e>ly date8 ,we see no /r+5cy :atev] 9 ?is argum5t ( ,dr4 ,haug's1 & we ?9k x w be necess>y to look = o!r an*ors by :i* to fix ! drift+ wrecks ( ,v$ic lit]ature4 ,dr4 ,haug's two volumes1 conta9+ ! text ( ! ,ait>eya-brahmana1 translation1 & notes1 w\ld probably nev] h be5 publi%$1 if !y _h n receiv$ ! patronage ( ! ,bombay ,gov]nm5t4 ,h[ev] int]e/+ ! ,brahmanz may be to /ud5ts ( ,indian lit]ature1 !y are ( small int]e/ to ! g5]al read]4 ,! great] portion ( !m is simply twaddle1 & :at is worse1 !ological twaddle4 ,no p]son :o is n acqua9t$ be=eh& ) ! place :i* ! ,brahmanz fill 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,indian m9d1 c\ld read m ?an t5 pages )\t be+ disgu/$4 ,to ! hi/orian1 h[ev]1 & to ! philosoph] !y are ( inf9ite importance--to ! =m] z a real l9k betwe5 ! anci5t & mod]n lit]ature ( ,india2 to ! latt] z a mo/ important phase 9 ! gr[? ( ! human m9d1 9 its passage f heal? to disease4 ,su* books1 :i* no circulat+ libr>y w\ld t\*1 are j ! books :i* ,gov]nm5ts1 if possible1 or ,univ]sities & le>n$ societies1 %\ld patronise2 & if we congratulate ,dr4 ,haug on hav+ secur$ ! enlight5$ patronage ( ! ,bombay ,gov]nm5t1 we may congratulate ,mr4 ,h[>d & ! ,bombay ,gov]nm5t on hav+1 9 ?is in/ance1 secur$ ! s]vices ( a bona fide s*ol> l ,dr4 ,haug4#dd ,m>*1 #ahfd4 ,footnote #dd3 ,a few p>agraphs 9 ?is review1 9 :i* allusion 0 made to c]ta9 *>ges ( :at might be call$ 'lit]>y ratt5+1' br\ght by ,dr4 ,haug aga9/ "s ,sanskrit s*ol>s1 & m p>ticul>ly aga9/ ! editor ( ! ',indis*e ,/udi5' at ,b]l91 h "h be5 omitt$1 z no long] ( any int]e/4 ,!y may be se51 h[ev]1 9 ! n9? volume ( t p]iodical1 :]e my review has be5 repr9t$1 ?\gh1 z usual1 v incorrectly4 ,x 0 n ,i :o fir/ br\ght ^! accusations1 nor %\ld ,i h felt ju/ifi$ 9 allud+ to !m1 if ! evid5ce plac$ be=e me _h n conv9c$ me t !re 0 "s f\ndation = !m4 ,i am will+ to admit t ! language ( ,dr4 ,haug & o!rs may h be5 too sev]e1 b few w ?9k t a v l\d & boi/]\s d5ial is ! be/ way to %[ t ! /rictures 7 q undes]v$4 ,if1 by allud+ to ^! matt]s & frankly express+ my disapproval ( !m1 ,i h giv5 unnecess>y pa91 ,i s9c]ely regret x4 ,s mu* = ! pa/4 ,z to ! future1 c>e1 ,i tru/1 w be tak51--= ! sake ( ! good fame ( ,g]man s*ol>%ip1 :i*1 ?\gh liv+ 9 ,engl&1 ,i h q z mu* at he>t z if liv+ 9 ,g]many1--n to give ev5 ! fa9te/ c\nt5ance to simil> suspicions4 ,if my rem>ks %\ld help 9 produc+ t result1 ,i %all be glad to b[ my head 9 sil5ce "u ! vials ( wra? t h be5 p\r$ ^u x4 ,v4 ,,on ,,! ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,z5d-,,ave/a ,,9 ,,india4#de ,sanskrit s*ol>s resid5t 9 ,india enjoy consid]able advantages ov] ^? :o devote !mselves to ! /udy ( ! anci5t lit]ature ( ! ,brahmans 9 ?is c\ntry1 or 9 ,france & ,g]many4 ,al?\gh ,sanskrit is no long] spok5 by ! great mass ( ! p1 !re are few l>ge t[ns 9 :i* we d n meet ) "s m or less le>n$ natives--! p&its1 or1 z !y us$ to be call$1 pundits--m5 :o h pass$ ?r\gh a regul> appr5tice%ip 9 ,sanskrit gramm>1 & :o g5]ally devote !mselves to ! /udy ( "s special bran* ( ,sanskrit lit]ature1 :e!r law1 or logic1 or rhetoric1 or a/ronomy1 or any?+ else4 ,^! m51 :o =m]ly liv$ on ! lib]ality ( ! ,rajahs & on ! sup]/ition ( ! p1 f9d x m & m difficult to make a liv+ among _! own c\ntrym51 & are glad to be employ$ by any civilian or (fic] :o takes an int]e/ 9 _! anci5t lore4 ,?\gh n s*ol>s 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 & !re=e ( little use z tea*]s ( ! language1 !y are extremely useful to m advanc$ /ud5ts1 :o are able to set !m to d t k9d ( "w = :i* !y are fit1 & to *eck _! lab\rs by judici\s sup]vision4 ,all our great ,sanskrit s*ol>s1 f ,sir ,william ,jones to ,h4,h4 ,wilson1 h fully ackn[l$g$ _! obligations to _! native assi/ants4 ,!y us$ to "w 9 ,calcutta1 ,b5>es1 & ,bombay ) a p&it at ea* elb[1 in/ead ( ! gramm> & ! diction>y :i* ,european s*ol>s h to consult at e difficult passage4 ,:5ev] an ,engli% ,sahib und]took to edit or translate a ,sanskrit text1 ^! p&its _h to copy & to collate ,,mss41 to make a v]bal index1 to produce p>allel passages f o!r writ]s1 &1 9 _m cases1 to supply a translation into ,h9du/ani1 ,b5gali1 or into _! own peculi> ,engli%4 ,9 fact1 if x _h n be5 = ! assi/ance ?us fully & freely r5d]$ by native s*ol>s1 ,sanskrit s*ol>%ip w\ld nev] h made ! rapid progress :i*1 dur+ less ?an a c5tury1 x has made1 n only 9 ,india1 b 9 almo/ e c\ntry ( ,europe4 ,footnote #de3 ',essays on ! ,sacr$ ,language1 ,writ+s1 & ,religion ( ! ,p>sees4' ,by ,m>t9 ,haug1 ,dr4 ,phil4 ,bombay1 #ahfb4 ,) ?is example to foll[1 x is curi\s t h>dly any attempt %\ld h be5 made by ,engli% resid5ts1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 to avail !mselves ( ! assi/ance ( ! ,p>sis = ! purpose ( ma/]+ ! anci5t language & lit]ature ( ! wor%ipp]s ( ,ormuzd4 ,if x is rememb]$ t1 next to ,sanskrit1 !re is no m anci5t language ?an ,z5d--& t1 next to ! ,v$a1 !re is1 among ! ,aryan nations1 no m primitive religi\s code ?an ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 x is surpris+ t s little %\ld h be5 done by ! memb]s ( ! ,indian ,civil ,s]vice 9 ?is important bran* ( /udy4 ,x is well kn[n t su* 0 ! en?usiasm k9dl$ 9 ! he>t ( ,anquetil ,dup]ron by ! sight ( a facsimile ( a page ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 t 9 ord] to secure a passage to ,india1 he enli/$ z a private soldi]1 & sp5t six ye>s 7#aged-agfa7 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ,we/]n ,india1 try+ to collect ,,mss4 ( ! sacr$ writ+s ( ,zoroa/]1 & to acquire f ! ,du/oors a k ( _! cont5ts4 ,8 example 0 foll[$1 ?\gh 9 a less adv5tur\s _s1 by ,rask1 a le>n$ ,dane1 :o aft] collect+ at ,bombay _m valuable ,,mss4 = ! ,dani% ,gov]nm5t1 wrote 9 #ahbf 8 essay ',on ! ,age & ,g5u95ess ( ! ,z5d ,language4' ,ano!r ,dane1 at pres5t "o ( ! mo/ le>n$ ,z5d s*ol>s 9 ,europe1 ,we/]ga>d1 likewise proce$$ to ,india 7#ahda-ahdc71 be=e he und]took to publi% 8 edition ( ! religi\s books ( ! ,zoroa/rians4 7,cop5hag51 #aheb47 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 :ile ,fr5* & ,g]man s*ol>s1 su* z ,burn\f1 ,bopp1 & ,spiegel1 7 h>d at "w 9 deciph]+ ! curi\s rema9s ( ! ,magian religion1 h>dly any?+ 0 contribut$ by ,engli% /ud5ts liv+ 9 ! v he>t ( ,p>siism at ,bombay & ,poona4 ,we are all ! m pleas$1 !re=e1 t a "y ,g]man s*ol>1 ,dr4 ,haug--:o ?r\gh ! judici\s recomm5dation ( ,mr4 ,h[>d1 ,director ( ,public ,in/ruction 9 ! ,bombay ,presid5cy1 0 appo9t$ to a ,pr(essor%ip ( ,sanskrit 9 ! ,poona ,college--%\ld h grasp$ ! opportunity1 & devot$ himself to a ?or\gh /udy ( ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,p>sis4 ,he w5t to ,india well prep>$ = 8 task1 & he has n disappo9t$ ! hopes :i* ^? :o knew him ent]ta9$ ( him on 8 dep>ture f ,g]many4 ,unless he _h be5 ma/] ( 8 subject be=e he w5t to ,poona1 ! assi/ance ( ! ,du/oors w\ld h be5 ( little avail to him4 ,b kn[+ all t c\ld be kn[n 9 ,europe ( ! ,z5d language & lit]ature1 he knew :at que/ions to ask1 he c\ld *eck e answ]1 & he c\ld le>n ) 8 eyes :at x is almo/ impossible to le>n f books--namely1 ! religi\s c]emonial & ! ritual obs]vances :i* =m s consid]able an elem5t 9 ! ,v5didad & ,visp]$4 ,! result ( 8 /udies is n[ be=e u 9 a volume ( ',essays on ! ,sacr$ ,language1 ,writ+s1 & ,religion ( ! ,p>sees1' publi%$ at ,bombay1 #ahfb4 ,x is a volume ( only ?ree hundr$ & sixty-eight pages1 & sells 9 ,engl& = "o gu9ea4 ,nev]!less1 to ! /ud5t ( ,z5d x is "o ( ! *eape/ books ev] publi%$4 ,x conta9s f\r ,essays3 #a4 ,hi/ory ( ! ,rese>*es into ! ,sacr$ ,writ+s & ,religion ( ! ,p>sees f ! e>lie/ times d[n to ! pres5t2 #b4 ,outl9e ( a ,gramm> ( ! ,z5d ,language2 #c4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a1 or ! ,scripture ( ! ,p>sees2 #d4 ,orig9 & ,developm5t ( ! ,zoroa/rian ,religion4 ,! mo/ important portion is ! ,outl9e ( ! ,z5d ,gramm>2 =1 ?\gh a m]e outl9e1 x is ! fir/ sy/ematic grammatical analysis ( t curi\s language4 ,9 o!r languages1 we g5]ally beg9 by le>n+ ! gramm>1 & !n make our way gradually ?r\gh ! lit]ature4 ,9 ,z5d1 ! grammatical t]m9ations _h fir/ to be discov]$ by a c>eful anatomy ( ! lit]ature4 ,! ,p>sis !mselves possess$ no su* "w4 ,ev5 _! mo/ le>n$ prie/s are satisfi$ ) le>n+ ! ,z5d-,ave/a by he>t1 & ) acquir+ "s idea ( its import by means ( a ,pehlevi translation1 :i* dates f ! ,sassanian p]iod1 or ( a ,sanskrit translation ( /ill lat] date4 ,h5ce ! translation ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a publi%$ by ,anquetil ,dup]ron1 ) ! assi/ance ( ,du/oor ,d>ab1 0 by no means tru/wor?y4 ,x 01 9 fact1 a ,fr5* translation ( a ,p]sian r5d]+ ( a ,pehlevi v]sion ( ! ,z5d orig9al4 ,x 0 ,burn\f :o1 aid$ by 8 k ( ,sanskrit1 & 8 famili>ity ) ! pr9ciples ( comp>ative gramm>1 approa*$1 = ! fir/ "t1 ! v words ( ! ,z5d orig9al4 ,he _h to conqu] e in* ( gr\nd = himself1 & 8 ',comm5taire sur le ,yasna' is1 9 fact1 l ! deciph]+ ( "o long inscription1 only surpass$ 9 difficulty by 8 lat] deciph]m5ts ( ! cunei=m inscriptions ( ! ,a*aem5ian mon>*s ( ,p]sia4 ,aid$ by ! lab\rs ( ,burn\f & o!rs1 ,dr4 ,haug has at la/ succe$$ 9 putt+ toge!r ! disjecta membra poetae1 & we h n[ 9 8 ,outl9e1 n inde$ a gramm> l t ( ,panini = ,sanskrit1 yet a suffici5t skeleton ( :at 0 once a liv+ language1 n inf]ior1 9 ri*ness & delicacy1 ev5 to ! idiom ( ! ,v$as4 ,!re are1 at pres5t1 five editions1 m or less complete1 ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,! fir/ 0 li?ograph$ "u ,burn\f's direction1 & publi%$ at ,p>is #ahbi-ahdc4 ,! second edition ( ! text1 transcrib$ into ,roman *>act]s1 appe>$ at ,leipzig #ahej1 publi%$ by ,pr(essor ,brockhaus4 ,! ?ird edition1 9 ,z5d *>act]s1 0 giv5 to ! _w by ,pr(essor ,spiegel1 #ahea2 & ab\t ! same "t a f\r? edition 0 und]tak5 by ,pr(essor ,we/]ga>d1 at ,cop5hag51 #aheb to #ahed4 ,!re are "o or two editions ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 publi%$ 9 ,india1 ) ,guz]ati translations1 :i* we h n se51 b :i* are frequ5tly quot$ by native s*ol>s4 ,a ,g]man translation ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a 0 und]tak5 by ,pr(essor ,spiegel1 f> sup]ior 9 accuracy to t ( ,anquetil ,dup]ron1 yet 9 ! ma9 bas$ on ! ,pehlevi v]sion4 ,portions ( ! anci5t text _h be5 m9utely analys$ & translat$ by ,dr4 ,haug1 ev5 be=e 8 dep>ture = ! ,ea/4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a is n a volum9\s "w4 ,we /ill call x ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 ?\gh we are told t its prop] title is ,ave/a ,z5d1 nor does x seem at all likely t ! n[ famili> "n w ev] be surr5d]$ = ! m correct "o4 ,:o speaks ( ,cassius ,dio1 ?\gh we are told t ,dio ,cassius is wrong8 ,nor d we feel at all conv9c$ t ! "n ( ,ave/a ,z5d is ! orig9al & only correct "n4 ,accord+ to ! ,p>sis1 ,ave/a means sacr$ text1 ,z5d its ,pehlevi translation4 ,b 9 ! ,pehlevi translations !mselves1 ! orig9al "w ( ,zoroa/] is spok5 ( z ,ave/a ,z5d4 ,:y x is s call$ by ! ,pehlevi translators1 we are n[h]e told by !mselves1 & _m conjectures h1 9 consequ5ce1 be5 />t$ by almo/ e ,z5d s*ol>4 ,dr4 ,haug supposes t ! e>lie/ portions ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a ought to be call$ ,ave/a1 ! lat] portions ,z5d--,z5d mean+1 accord+ to him1 comm5t>y1 explanation1 gloss4 ,nei!r ! ^w ,ave/a nor ,z5d1 h[ev]1 occurs 9 ! orig9al ,z5d texts1 & ?\gh ,ave/a seems to be ! ,sanskrit ava/ha1 ! ,pehlevi ape/ak1 9 ! s5se ( 'au?oris$ text1' ! etymology ( ,z5d1 z d]iv$ f a suppos$ zanti1 ,sanskrit gnati1 k1 is n free f s]i\s objections4 ,ave/a ,z5d 0 mo/ likely a traditional "n1 h>dly und]/ood ev5 at ! "t ( ! ,pehlevi translators1 :o reta9$ x 9 _! writ+s4 ,x 0 possibly mis9t]pret$ by !m1 z _m o!r ,z5d words h be5 at _! h&s1 & may h be5 orig9ally ! ,sanskrit ^w kh&as1#df :i* is appli$ by ! ,brahmans to ! sacr$ hymns ( ! ,v$a4 ,c]ta9ty on su* a po9t is impossible2 b z x is b fair to give a pref]5ce to ! conjectures ( ^? :o are mo/ famili> ) ! subject1 we quote ! foll[+ explanation ( ,dr4 ,haug3 ',! mean+ ( ! t]m ,z5d v>i$ at diff]5t p]iods4 ,orig9ally x meant ! int]pretation ( ! sacr$ texts desc5d$ f ,z>a?u/ra & 8 disciples by ! successors ( ! prophet4 ,9 ! c\rse ( "t1 ^! int]pretations be+ reg>d$ z equally sacr$ ) ! orig9al texts1 bo? 7 !n call$ ,ave/a4 ,bo? hav+ become un9telligible to ! majority ( ! ,zoroa/rians1 9 consequ5ce ( _! language hav+ di$ out1 !y requir$ a ,z5d or explanation aga94 ,?is new ,z5d 0 furni%$ by ! mo/ le>n$ prie/s ( ! ,sassanian p]iod 9 ! %ape ( a translation into ! v]nacul> language ( ,p]sia 7,pehlevi7 9 ^? days1 :i* translation be+ ! only s\rce to ! prie/s ( ! pres5t "t :5ce to d]ive any k ( ! old texts1 is !re=e ! only ,z5d or explanation !y "k (4444 ,! "n ,paz5d1 to be met ) frequ5tly 9 connection ) ,ave/a & ,z5d1 d5otes ! fur!r explanation ( ! ,z5d doctr9e44444 ,! ,paz5d language is ! same z ! s-call$ ,p>si1 i4 e4 ! anci5t ,p]sian1 z writt5 till ab\t ! "t ( ,firdusi1 #ajjj ,a4,d4' ,footnote #df3 ,see page #hd4 ,:atev] we may ?9k ( ! nom5clature ?us advocat$ by ,dr4 ,haug1 we mu/ ackn[l$ge 9 ! fulle/ mann] 8 great m]it 9 sep>at+ = ! fir/ "t ! m anci5t f ! m mod]n p>ts ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,?\gh ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t dialects 9 ! anci5t texts 0 po9t$ out by ,spiegel1 & al?\gh ! metrical portions ( ! ,yasna _h be5 cle>ly m>k$ by ,we/]ga>d1 x is nev]!less ,haug's great a*ievem5t to h extract$ ^! e>ly relics1 to h collect$ !m1 & to h attempt$ a complete translation ( !m1 z f> z su* an attempt c\ld be c>ri$ out at ! pres5t mom5t4 ,8 edition ( ! ,ga?as--= ?is is ! "n ( ! anci5t metrical portions--m>ks an epo* 9 ! hi/ory ( ,z5d s*ol>%ip1 & ! importance ( ! recov]y ( ^! g5u9e relics ( ,zoroa/]'s religion has be5 well br\ght out by ,buns5 9 ! lea/ kn[n ( 8 books1 ',gott 9 d] ,ges*i*te4' ,we by no means ?9k t ! translations "h (f]$ by ,dr4 ,haug are f9al4 ,we hope1 on ! contr>y1 t he w g on ) ! "w he has s well begun1 & t he w n re/ till he has remov$ e d>k speck t /ill cov]s ! image ( ,zoroa/]'s primitive fai?4 ,_m ( ! passages z translat$ by him are z cle> z daylight1 & c>ry conviction by _! v cle>ness4 ,o!rs1 h[ev]1 are obscure1 hazy1 mean+less4 ,we feel t !y mu/ h be5 int5d$ = some?+ else1 some?+ m def9ite & =cible1 ?\gh we _c tell :at to d ) ! words z !y /&4 ,s5se1 aft] all1 is ! great te/ ( translation4 ,we mu/ feel conv9c$ t !re 0 good s5se 9 ^! anci5t poems1 o!rwise mank9d w\ld n h tak5 ! tr\ble to pres]ve !m2 & if we _c discov] good s5se 9 !m1 x mu/ be ei!r our fault1 or ! words z we n[ read !m 7 n ! words utt]$ by ! anci5t prophets ( ! _w4 ,! foll[+ are a few specim5s ( ,dr4 ,haug's translations1 9 :i* ! read] w easily discov] ! diff]5t hues ( c]ta9ty & unc]ta9ty1 ( s5se & m]e v]biage3 #a4 ,t ,i w ask ,!e1 tell me x "r1 ?\ liv+ ,god6 :e!r y\r fri5d 7,srao%a7 be will+ to recite 8 own hymn z pray] to my fri5d 7,fra%ao/ra or ,vi/aspa71 ?\ ,wise6 & :e!r he %\ld come to u ) ! good m9d1 to p]=m = u true actions ( fri5d%ip4 #b4 ,t ,i w ask ,!e1 tell me x "r1 ?\ liv+ ,god6 ,h[ arose ! be/ pres5t life 7?is _w78 ,by :at means are ! pres5t ?+s 7! _w7 to be support$8 ,t _s1 ! holy 7,vohu mano71 ,o true wise _s6 is ! gu>dian ( ! be+s to w>d (f f !m e evil2 ,he is ! promot] ( all life4 #c4 ,t ,i w ask ,!e1 tell me x "r1 ?\ liv+ ,god6 ,:o 0 9 ! beg9n+ ! ,fa!r & ,creator ( tru?8 ,:o made ! sun & />s8 ,:o causes ! moon to increase & wane if n ,?\8 ,?is ,i wi% to "k1 except :at ,i already "k4 #d4 ,t ,i w ask ,!e1 tell me x "r1 ?\ liv+ ,god6 ,:o is hold+ ! e>? & ! skies above x8 ,:o made ! wat]s & ! trees ( ! field8 ,:o is 9 ! w9ds & /orms t !y s quickly run8 ,:o is ! ,creator ( ! good-m9d$ be+s1 ?\ ,wise8 ,?is is a %ort specim5 ( ! e>lie/ portion ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,! foll[+ is an acc\nt ( "o ( ! late/1 ! s-call$ ,ormuzd ,ya%t3 ',z>a?u/ra ask$ ,ahuramazda aft] ! mo/ effectual spell to gu>d aga9/ ! influ5ce ( evil spirits4 ,he 0 answ]$ by ! ,supreme ,_s1 t ! utt]ance ( ! diff]5t names ( ,ahuramazda protects be/ f evil4 ,!reupon ,z>a?u/ra begg$ ,ahuramazda to communicate to him ^! names4 ,he !n enum]ates tw5ty4 ,! fir/ is ,ahmi1 i4 e4 ,i am2 ! f\r?1 ,a%a-vahi/a1 i4 e4 ! be/ purity2 ! six?1 ,i am wisdom2 ! eigh?1 ,i am k2 ! twelf?1 ,ahura1 i4 e4 liv+2 ! tw5tie?1 ,i am :o ,i am1 ,mazdao4' ,ahuramazda says !n fur!r3 ',if y call me at day or at night by ^! names1 ,i %all come to assi/ & help y2 ! angel ,s]o% w !n come1 ! g5ii ( ! wat]s & ! trees4 ,= ! utt] defeat ( ! evil spirits1 bad m51 wit*es1 ,p]is1 a s]ies ( o!r names are sugge/$ to ,z>a?u/ra1 su* z protector1 gu>dian1 _s1 ! holie/1 ! be/ fire-prie/1 etc4' ,:e!r ! /rik+ co9cid5ce betwe5 "o ( ! sugge/$ names ( ,ahuramazda1 namely1 ',i am :o ,i am1' & ! explanation ( ! "n ,jehova1 ,exodus iii4 #ad1 ',i am t ,i am1' is accid5tal or n1 mu/ dep5d on ! age t c be assign$ to ! ,ormuzd ,ya%t4 ,! *ronological arrangem5t1 h[ev]1 ( ! v>i\s portions ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a is z yet m]ely t5tative1 & ^! que/ions mu/ rema9 = future consid]ation4 ,dr4 ,haug po9ts out o!r simil>ities betwe5 ! doctr9es ( ,zoroa/] & ! ,old & ,new ,te/am5ts4 ',! ,zoroa/rian religion1' he writes1 'exhibits a v close aff9ity to1 or r id5tity )1 sev]al important doctr9es ( ! ,mosaic religion & ,*ri/ianity1 su* z ! p]sonality & attributes ( ! devil1 & ! resurrection ( ! dead4' ,nei!r ( ^! doctr9es1 h[ev]1 w\ld seem to be *>act]i/ic ( ! ,old or ,new ,te/am5t1 & ! resurrection ( ! dead is c]ta9ly to be f\nd by implication only1 & is n[h]e di/9ctly ass]t$1 9 ! religi\s books ( ,moses4 ,!re are o!r po9ts on :i* we %\ld jo9 issue ) ,dr4 ,haug--z1 = in/ance1 :51 on page #ag1 he calls ! ,z5d ! eld] si/] ( ,sanskrit4 ,?is seems to u 9 ! v tee? ( ! evid5ce s c>efully br\ght toge!r by himself 9 8 ,z5d gramm>4 ,if he means ! mod]n ,sanskrit1 z di/+ui%$ f ! ,v$ic1 8 /atem5t w\ld be "r to "s ext5t2 b ev5 ?us1 x w\ld be easy to %[ _m grammatical =ms 9 ! lat] ,sanskrit m primitive ?an _! correspond+ =ms 9 ,z5d4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are m9or po9ts comp>$ ) ! great results ( 8 lab\rs :i* ,dr4 ,haug has br\ght toge!r 9 ^! f\r ,essays2 & we feel c]ta9 t all :o are int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( anci5t language & anci5t religion w look =w>d ) ! greate/ expectations to ,dr4 ,haug's cont9u$ inve/igations ( ! language1 ! lit]ature1 ! c]emonial1 & ! religion ( ! desc5dants ( ,zoroa/]4 ,decemb]1 #ahfb4 ,,vi4 ,,progress ,,( ,,z5d ,,s*ol>%ip4#dg ,!re are c]ta9 bran*es ( philological rese>* :i* seem to be con/antly *ang+1 %ift+1 &1 we hope1 progress+4 ,aft] ! key to ! int]pretation ( anci5t inscriptions has be5 f\nd1 x by no means foll[s t e ^w c at once be def9itely expla9$1 or e s5t5ce correctly con/ru$4 ,?us x happ5s t ! same hi]oglyphic or cunei=m text is r5d]$ diff]5tly by diff]5t s*ol>s2 nay1 t ! same s*ol> proposes a new r5d]+ n _m ye>s aft] 8 fir/ attempt at a translation has be5 publi%$4 ,& :at applies to ! deciph]m5t ( inscriptions applies ) equal =ce to ! translation ( anci5t texts4 ,a translation ( ! hymns ( ! ,v$a1 or ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 &1 we may add1 ( ! ,old ,te/am5t too1 requires exactly ! same process z ! deciph]+ ( an inscription4 ,! only safe way ( f9d+ ! real mean+ ( words 9 ! sacr$ texts ( ! ,brahmans1 ! ,zoroa/rians1 or ! ,jews1 is to comp>e e passage 9 :i* ! same ^w occurs1 & to look = a mean+ t is equally applicable to all1 & c at ! same "t be def5d$ on grammatical & etymological gr\nds4 ,?is is no d\bt a t$i\s process1 nor c x be free f unc]ta9ty2 b x is an unc]ta9ty inh]5t 9 ! subject itself1 = :i* x w\ld be unfair to blame ^? by ^: g5ius & p]sev]ance s mu* light has be5 %$ on ! d>ke/ pages ( anci5t hi/ory4 ,to ^? :o are n acqua9t$ ) ! ef=ts by :i* ,grotef5d1 ,burn\f1 ,lass51 & ,rawl9son unravell$ ! inscriptions ( ,cyrus1 ,d>ius1 & ,x]xes1 x may seem inexplicable1 = in/ance1 h[ an inscription :i* at "o "t 0 suppos$ to confirm ! /atem5t1 kn[n f ,h]odotus1 t ,d>ius obta9$ ! sov]eignty ( ,p]sia by ! neigh+ ( 8 horse1 %\ld n[ yield s v diff]5t a mean+4 ,h]odotus relates t aft] ! assass9ation ( ,sm]dis ! six conspirators agre$ to conf] ! royal dignity on him ^: horse %\ld neigh fir/ at sunrise4 ,! horse ( ,d>ius neigh$ fir/1 & he 0 accord+ly elect$ k+ ( ,p]sia4 ,aft] 8 election1 ,h]odotus /ates t ,d>ius erect$ a /one monum5t conta9+ ! figure ( a horseman1 ) ! foll[+ inscription3 ',d>ius1 ! son ( ,hy/aspes1 obta9$ ! k+dom ( ! ,p]sians by ! virtue ( 8 horse 7giv+ its "n71 & ( ,oib>eus1 8 groom4' ,lass5 translat$ "o ( ! cunei=m inscriptions1 copi$ orig9ally by ,niebuhr f a huge slab built 9 ! s\!rn wall ( ! great plat=m at ,p]sepolis1 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ',auramazdis magnus e/4 ,is maximus e/ deorum4 ,ipse ,d>ium regem con/ituit1 b5evol5s imp]ium obtulit4 ,ex voluntate ,auramazdis ,d>ius rex sum4 ,g5]osus sum ,d>ius rex hujus regionis ,p]sicae2 hanc mihi ,auramazdis obtulit hoc pomo]io ope equi 7,*oaspis7 cl>ae virtutis4' ,?is translation 0 publi%$ 9 #ahdd1 & ! argum5ts by :i* ,lass5 support$ x1 9 ! six? volume ( ! ',zeits*rift fu] die ,kunde des ,morg5l&es1' may be read ) int]e/ & advantage ev5 n[ :5 we "k t ?is em95t s*ol> 0 mi/ak5 9 8 analysis4 ,! fir/ /ep t[>ds a m correct translation 0 made by ,pr(essor ,holtzmann1 :o 9 #ahde po9t$ out t ,sm]dis 0 murd]$ at ,susa1 n at ,p]sepolis2 & t only six days lat] ,d>ius 0 elect$ k+ ( ,p]sia1 :i* happ5$ aga9 at ,susa1 & n at ,p]sepolis4 ,! monum5t1 !re=e1 :i* ,d>ius erect$ 9 ! ,greek3 proa/eion1 or suburb1 9 ! place :]e ! =tunate ev5t :i* l$ to 8 elevation occurr$1 & ! inscription record+ ! ev5t 9 loco1 c\ld n well be look$ = at ,p]sepolis4 ,b f> m important 0 ! evid5ce d]iv$ f a m c>eful analysis ( ! words ( ! inscription itself4 ,niba1 :i* ,lass5 translat$ z pomo]ium1 occurs 9 ?ree o!r places1 :]e x c]ta9ly _c mean suburb4 ,x seems to be an adjective mean+ spl5did1 beautiful4 ,besides1 niba is a nom9ative s+ul> 9 ! fem99e1 & s is ! pron\n hya :i* prec$es1 & ! two words :i* foll[ x--uvaspa & um>tiya4 ,pr(essor ,holtzmann translat$ !re=e ! same s5t5ce :i* ,pr(essor ,lass5 _h r5d]$ by 'hoc pomo]io ope equi 7,*oaspis7 cl>ae virtutis1' by 'quae nitida1 h]bosa1 celebris e/1' a translation :i* is 9 ! ma9 correct1 & has be5 adopt$ aft]w>ds bo? by ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son & ,m4 ,opp]t4 ,sir ,h4 ,rawl9son translates ! :ole passage z foll[s3 ',?is prov9ce ( ,p]sia :i* ,ormazd has grant$ to me1 :i* is illu/ri\s1 ab\nd+ 9 good horses1 produc+ good m54' ,?us vani%$ ! horse ( ,d>ius1 & ! curi\s confirmation :i* ! cunei=m inscription 0 at "o "t suppos$ to l5d to ! ,p]sian leg5d record$ by ,h]odotus4 ,footnote #dg3 ',a ,lecture on ! ,orig9al ,language ( ,zoroa/]4' ,by ,m>t9 ,haug4 ,bombay1 #ahfe4 ,x w\ld be easy to po9t out _m passages ( ?is k9d1 & to use !m 9 ord] to ?r[ discr$it on ! :ole me?od by :i* ^! & o!r inscriptions h lately be5 deciph]$4 ,x w\ld n require any great display ( =5sic or p>liam5t>y eloqu5ce1 to conv9ce ! public at l>ge1 by means ( su* evid5ce1 t all ! lab\rs ( ,grotef5d1 ,burn\f1 ,lass51 & ,rawl9son _h be5 9 va91 & to lay d[n once = all ! g5]al pr9ciple t ! orig9al mean+ ( inscriptions writt5 9 a dead language1 ( :i* ! tradition is once lo/1 c nev] be recov]$4 ,=tunately1 que/ions ( ?is k9d are n settl$ by eloqu5t plead+ or by ! votes ( majorities1 b1 on ! contr>y1 by ! indep5d5t judgm5t ( ! few :o are compet5t to judge4 ,! fact t diff]5t s*ol>s %\ld diff] 9 _! int]pretations1 or t ! same s*ol>s %\ld reject 8 =m] translation1 & adopt a new "o t possibly may h to be surr5d]$ aga9 z soon z new light c be ?r[n on po9ts hi!rto d\btful & obscure--all ?is1 :i* 9 ! h&s ( ^? :o argue = victory & n = tru?1 con/itutes s =midable a weapon1 & appeals s /rongly to ! prejudices ( ! _m1 produces v little effect on ! m9ds ( ^? :o und]/& ! reason ( ^! *anges1 & to :om ea* new *ange repres5ts b a new /ep 9 advance 9 ! discov]y ( tru?4 ,nor %\ld ! fact be ov]look$ t1 if !re seems to be less *ange 9 ! translation ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t = in/ance1 or ( ,hom]1 x is due 9 a great measure to ! abs5ce ( t critical exactness at :i* ! deciph]]s ( anci5t inscriptions & ! translators ( ! ,v$a & ,z5d-,ave/a aim 9 r5d]+ ea* ^w t comes be=e !m4 ,if we comp>$ ! translation ( ! ,septuag9t ) ! au?oris$ v]sion ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 we %\ld occasionally f9d discrepancies ne>ly z />tl+ z any t c be f\nd 9 ! diff]5t translations ( ! cunei=m inscriptions1 or ( ! ,v$a & ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,9 ! ,book ( ,job1 ! ,vulgate translates ! exhortation ( ,job's wife by ',bless ,god & die2' ! ,engli% v]sion by ',curse ,god & die2' ! ,septuag9t by ',say "s ^w to ! ,"l & die4' ,?\gh1 at ! "t :5 ! ,sev5ty translat$ ! ,old ,te/am5t1 ,hebrew c\ld h>dly be call$ a dead language1 yet !re 7 !n _m ( its words ! orig9al mean+ ( :i* ev5 ! mo/ le>n$ rabbi w\ld h _h great difficulty 9 def9+ ) real accuracy4 ,! mean+ ( words *anges imp]ceptibly & irresi/ibly4 ,ev5 :]e !re is a lit]ature1 & a pr9t$ lit]ature l t ( mod]n ,europe1 f\r or five c5turies "w su* a *ange t few ev5 ( ! mo/ le>n$ div9es 9 ,engl& w\ld f9d x easy to read & to und]/& accurately a !ological treatise writt5 9 ,engli% f\r hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,! same happ5$1 & happ5$ to a f> great] ext5t1 9 anci5t languages4 ,nor 0 ! sacr$ "* attribut$ to c]ta9 writ+s any safegu>d4 ,on ! contr>y1 great] viol5ce is done by successive int]pret]s to sacr$ writ+s ?an to any o!r relics ( anci5t lit]ature4 ,ideas gr[ & *ange1 yet ea* g5]ation tries to f9d its own ideas reflect$ 9 ! sacr$ pages ( _! e>ly prophets1 &1 9 addition to ! ord9>y influ5ces :i* blur & obscure ! %>p features ( old words1 artificial influ5ces are "h at "w di/ort+ ! natural expression ( words :i* h be5 inve/$ ) a sacr$ au?ority4 ,passages 9 ! ,v$a or ,z5d-,ave/a :i* d n be> on religi\s or philosophical doctr9es are g5]ally expla9$ simply & naturally1 ev5 by ! late/ ( native comm5tators4 ,b z soon z any ^w or s5t5ce c be s turn$ z to support a doctr9e1 h[ev] mod]n1 or a precept1 h[ev] irrational1 ! simple/ phrases are tortur$ & mangl$ till at la/ !y are made to yield _! ass5t to ideas ! mo/ =eign to ! m9ds ( ! au?ors ( ! ,v$a & ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,to ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 ^! matt]s we may recomm5d a small ,essay lately publi%$ by ! ,rev4 ,r4 ,g4 ,s4 ,br[ne--! ',mosaic ,cosmogony'--9 :i* ! au?or endeav\rs to e/abli% a lit]al translation ( ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,t\*+ ! fir/ v]b t occurs 9 ! ,bible1 he writes3 ',:at is ! mean+ or scope ( ! ,hebrew v]b1 9 our au?oris$ v]sion1 r5d]$ by creat$8 ,to ,engli% e>s & und]/&+s ! s\nd comes naturally1 & by long use irresi/ibly1 z ! repres5tation ( an ex nihilo creation4 ,b1 9 ! tee? ( all ! ,rabb9ical & ,cabbali/ic fancies ( ,jewi% comm5tators1 & ) rev]5tial def]5ce to mod]n criticism on ! ,hebrew ,bible1 x is n s4 ,r4 ,d4 ,kim*i1 9 8 endeav\r to asc]ta9 ! %ades ( diff]5ce exi/+ betwe5 ! t]ms us$ 9 ! ,mosaic cosmogony1 has assum$ t our ,hebrew v]b b>a has ! full signification ( ex nihilo creavit4 ,our own ,ca/ell1 a pr(\nd & self-d5y+ s*ol> has ent]ta9$ ! same gr\ndless notion4 ,& ev5 our illu/ri\s ,bryan ,walton 0 n inaccessible to ?is oblique ray ( ,rabb9ical or ignis fatuus4' ,mr4 ,br[ne !n proce$s to quote ,ges5ius1 :o gives z ! prim>y mean+ ( b>a1 he cut1 cut out1 c>v$1 plan$ d[n1 poli%$2 & he ref]s to ,lee1 :o *>act]izes x z a silly !ory t b>a meant to create ex nihilo4 ,9 ,jo%ua xvii4 #ae & #ah1 ! same v]b is us$ 9 ! s5se ( cutt+ d[n trees2 9 ,psalm civ4 #cj x is translat$ by ',?\ r5ewe/ ! face ( ! e>?4' ,9 ,arabic1 too1 accord+ to ,lane1 b>a means prop]ly1 ?\gh n always1 to create out ( pre-exi/+ matt]4 ,all ?is %[s t 9 ! v]b b>a1 z 9 ! ,sanskrit tvak% or tak%1 !re is no trace ( ! mean+ assign$ to x by lat] s*ol>s1 ( a creation out ( no?+4 ,t idea 9 its def9it5ess 0 a mod]n idea1 mo/ likely call$ =? by ! contact betwe5 ,jews & ,greeks at ,alex&ria4 ,x 0 probably 9 contradi/9ction to ! ,greek notion ( matt] z co-et]nal ) ! ,creator1 t ! ,jews1 to :om ,jehovah 0 all 9 all1 ass]t$1 = ! fir/ "t delib]ately1 t ,god _h made all ?+s out ( no?+4 ,?is became aft]w>ds ! receiv$ & or?odox view ( ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian div9es1 ?\gh ! v]b b>a1 s f> f l5d+ any support to ?is !ory1 w\ld r %[ t1 9 ! m9ds ( ^? :om ,moses address$ & ^: language he spoke1 x c\ld only h call$ =? ! simple conception ( fa%ion+ or arrang+--if1 inde$1 x call$ =? any m def9ite conception ?an ! g5]al & vague "o convey$ by ! ,greek3 poie9 ( ! ,septuag9t4 ,to f9d out h[ ! words ( ! ,old ,te/am5t 7 und]/ood by ^? to :om !y 7 orig9ally address$ is a task attempt$ by v few int]pret]s ( ! ,bible4 ,! great majority ( read]s transf] )\t hesitation ! ideas :i* !y connect ) words z us$ 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury to ! m9d ( ,moses or 8 contempor>ies1 =gett+ altoge!r ! di/ance :i* divides _! language & _! ?\ghts f ! ?\ghts & language ( ! w&]+ tribes ( ,israel4 ,h[ _m words1 aga91 !re are 9 ,hom] :i* h inde$ a traditional int]pretation1 z giv5 by our diction>ies & comm5t>ies1 b ! exact purport ( :i* is completely lo/1 is be/ kn[n to ,greek s*ol>s4 ,x is easy en\gh to translate ,greek3 polemoio gephyrai by ! bridges ( w>1 b :at ,hom] really meant by ^! ,greek3 gephyrai has nev] be5 expla9$4 ,x is extremely d\btful :e!r bridges1 9 our s5se ( ! ^w1 7 kn[n at all at ! "t ( ,hom]2 & ev5 if x c\ld be prov$ t ,hom] us$ ,greek3 gephyrai 9 ! s5se ( a dam1 ! etymology1 i4 e41 ! e>lie/ hi/ory ( ! ^w1 w\ld /ill rema9 obscure & d\btful4 ,x is easy1 aga91 to see t ,greek3 hi]os 9 ,greek means some?+ l ! ,engli% sacr$4 ,b h[1 if x did s1 ! same adjective c\ld likewise be appli$ to a fi% or to a *>iot1 is a "q :i*1 if x is to be answ]$ at all1 c only be answ]$ by an etymological analysis ( ! ^w4#dh ,to say t sacr$ may mean m>vell\s1 & !re=e big1 is say+ no?+1 p>ticul>ly z ,hom] does n speak ( cat*+ big fi%1 b ( cat*+ fi% 9 g5]al4 ,footnote #dh3 ,on ,greek3 hi]os1 ! ,sanskrit i%ira1 lively1 see ,kuhn's ',zeits*rift1' vol4 ii4 p4 #bge1 vol4 iii4 p4 #acd4 ,^! consid]ations--:i* might be c>ri$ mu* fur!r1 b :i*1 we are afraid1 h c>ri$ u away too f> f our orig9al subject--7 sugge/$ to u :ile read+ a lecture lately publi%$ by ,dr4 ,haug1 & orig9ally deliv]$ by him at ,bombay1 9 #ahfd1 be=e an almo/ exclusively ,p>si audi5ce4 ,9 t lecture ,dr4 ,haug gives a new translation ( t5 %ort p>agraphs ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 :i* he _h expla9$ & translat$ 9 8 ',essays on ! ,sacr$ ,language ( ! ,p>sees1' publi%$ 9 #ahfb4 ,to an ord9>y read] ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two translations1 publi%$ )9 ! space ( two ye>s1 might c]ta9ly be p]plex+1 & calculat$ to %ake 8 fai? 9 ! s\ndness ( a me?od t c lead to su* v>y+ results4 ,nor c x be d5i$ t1 if s*ol>s :o are engag$ 9 ^! rese>*es are b5t on repres5t+ _! la/ translation z f9al & z admitt+ ( no fur!r improvem5t1 ! public has a "r to rem9d !m t 'f9ality' is z dang]\s a ?+ 9 s*ol>%ip z 9 politics4 ,consid]+ ! difficulty ( translat+ ! pages ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 we c nev] hope to h e s5t5ce ( x r5d]$ into cle> & intelligible ,engli%4 ,^? :o = ! fir/ "t r$uc$ ! sacr$ traditions ( ! ,zoroa/rians to writ+ 7 sep>at$ by m ?an a ?\s& ye>s f ! "t ( _! orig9al composition4 ,aft] t came all ! vicissitudes to :i* manuscripts are expos$ dur+ ! process ( be+ copi$ by m or less ignorant scribes4 ,! mo/ anci5t ,,mss4 ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a date f ! beg9n+ ( ! f\rte5? c5tury4 ,x is true !re is an e>ly translation ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 ! ,pehlevi translation1 & a lat] "o 9 ,sanskrit by ,n]ios5gh4 ,b ! ,pehlevi translation1 :i* 0 made "u ! auspices ( ! ,sassanian k+s ( ,p]sia1 s]v$ only to %[ h[ completely ! lit]al & grammatical mean+ ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a 0 lo/ ev5 at t "t1 9 ! ?ird c5tury aft] ,*ri/2 :ile ! ,sanskrit translation 0 cle>ly made1 n f ! orig9al1 b f ! ,pehlevi4 ,x is true1 also1 t ev5 9 m mod]n times ! ,p>sis ( ,bombay 7 able to give to ,anquetil ,dup]ron & o!r ,europeans :at !y consid]$ z a translation ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a 9 mod]n ,p]sian4 ,b a s*ol> l ,burn\f1 :o endeav\r$ = ! fir/ "t to give an acc\nt ( e ^w 9 ! ,z5d text1 to expla9 ea* grammatical t]m9ation1 to p>se e s5t5ce1 & to e/abli% ! true mean+ ( ea* t]m by an etymological analysis & by a comp>ison ( cognate words 9 ,sanskrit1 0 able to d]ive b scant assi/ance f ^! traditional translations4 ,pr(essor ,spiegel1 to :om we owe a complete edition & translation ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 & :o has devot$ ! :ole ( 8 life to ! elucidation ( ! ,zoroa/rian religion1 attributes a high] value to ! tradition ( ! ,p>sis ?an ,dr4 ,haug4 ,b he also is oblig$ to admit t he c\ld ascribe no great] au?ority to ^! traditional translations & glosses ?an a ,biblical s*ol> might all[ to ,rabb9ical comm5t>ies4 ,all s*ol>s are agre$ 9 fact on ?is1 t :e!r ! tradition be "r or wrong1 x requires 9 ei!r case to be confirm$ by an indep5d5t grammatical & etymological analysis ( ! orig9al text4 ,su* an analysis is no d\bt z liable to error z ! traditional translation itself1 b x possesses ?is advantage1 t x gives reasons = e ^w t has to be translat$1 & = e s5t5ce t has to be con/ru$4 ,x is an excell5t discipl9e to ! m9d ev5 :]e ! results at :i* we arrive are d\btful or errone\s1 & x has imp>t$ to ^! /udies a sci5tific value & g5]al int]e/ :i* !y c\ld n o!rwise h acquir$4 ,we %all give a few specim5s ( ! translations propos$ by diff]5t s*ol>s ( "o or two v]ses ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,we _c "h ent] into ! grammatical argum5ts by :i* ea* ( ^! translations is support$4 ,we only wi% to %[ :at is ! pres5t /ate ( ,z5d s*ol>%ip1 & ?\gh we w\ld by no means disguise ! fact ( its some:at *aotic "*1 yet we d n hesitate to affirm t1 9 spite ( ! conflict ( ! op9ions ( diff]5t s*ol>s1 & 9 spite ( ! fluctuation ( sy/ems app>5tly oppos$ to ea* o!r1 progress may be report$1 & a firm hope express$ t ! ess5tial doctr9es ( "o ( ! e>lie/ =ms ( religion may 9 "t be recov]$ & plac$ be=e u 9 _! orig9al purity & simplicity4 ,we beg9 ) ! ,pehlevi translation ( a passage 9 ,yasna1 #de3 ',?us ! religion is to be proclaim$2 n[ give an att5tive he>+1 & n[ li/51 t is1 keep y\r e> 9 read9ess1 make y\r works & spee*es g5tle4 ,^? :o h wi%$ f nigh & f> to /udy ! religion1 may n[ d s4 ,= n[ all is manife/1 t ,anhuma 7,ormazd7 creat$1 t ,anhuma creat$ all ^! be+s2 t at ! second "t1 at ! 7"t ( !7 future body1 ,ah>man does n de/roy 7! life (7 ! worlds4 ,ah>man made evil desire & wick$ness to spread ?r\gh 8 tongue4' ,pr(essor ,spiegel1 9 #ahei1 translat$ ! same passage1 ( :i* ! ,pehlevi is a runn+ comm5t>y r ?an a lit]al r5d]+1 z foll[s3 ',n[ ,i w tell y1 l5d me y\r e>1 n[ he> :at y desir$1 y t came f ne> & f af>6 ,x is cle>1 ! wise 7spirits7 h creat$ all ?+s2 evil doctr9e %all n = a second "t de/roy ! _w4 ,! ,evil ,"o has made a bad *oice ) 8 tongue4' ,next foll[s ! translation ( ! passage z publi%$ by ,dr4 ,haug 9 #ahfb3 ',all ye1 :o h come f nigh & f>1 li/5 n[ & he>k5 to my spee*4 ,n[ ,i w tell y all ab\t t pair ( spirits h[ x is kn[n to ! wise4 ,nei!r ! ill-speak] 7! devil7 %all de/roy ! second 7spiritual7 life1 nor t man :o1 be+ a li> ) 8 tongue1 pr(esses ! false 7idolatr\s7 belief4' ,! same s*ol>1 9 #ahfe1 translates ! same passage some:at diff]5tly3 ',all y t h come f ne> & f> %\ld n[ li/5 & he>k5 to :at ,i %all proclaim4 ,n[ ! wise h manife/$ ?is univ]se z a duality4 ,let n ! mis*ief-mak] de/roy ! second life1 s9ce he1 ! wick$1 *ose ) 8 tongue ! p]nici\s doctr9e4' ,! pr9cipal difficulty 9 ?is p>agraph consi/s 9 ! ^w :i* ,dr4 ,haug translat$ by duality1 viz4 dum1 & :i* he id5tifies ) ,sanskrit dvam1 i4 e4 dv&vam1 pair4 ,su* a ^w1 z f> z we are aw>e1 does n occur aga9 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 & h5ce x is n likely t ! unc]ta9ty atta*+ to its mean+ w ev] be remov$4 ,o!r int]pret]s take x z a v]b 9 ! second p]son plural1 & h5ce ! decid$ diff]5ce ( int]pretation4 ,! six? p>agraph ( ! same passage is expla9$ by ! ,pehlevi translator z foll[s3 ',?us ,i proclaim$ t among all ?+s ! greate/ is to wor%ip ,god4 ,! praise ( purity is 7due7 to him :o has a good k1 7to ^?7 :o dep5d on ,ormazd4 ,i he> ,sp5to-ma9yu 7:o is7 ,ormazd2 li/5 to me1 to :at ,i %all speak 7unto y74 ,^: wor%ip is int]c\rse ) ! ,good ,m9d2 "o c "k 7exp]i5ce7 ! div9e comm& to d good ?r\gh inquiry aft] :at is good4 ,t :i* is 9 ! intellect !y tea* me z ! be/1 viz4 ! inborn 7heav5ly7 wisdom1 7t is1 t ! div9e wisdom is sup]ior to ! human74' ,pr(essor ,spiegel translates3 ',n[ ,i w tell y ( all ?+s ! greate/4 ,x is praise ) purity ( ,him :o is wise f ^? :o exi/4 ,! holie/ heav5ly be+1 ,ahuramazda1 may he> x1 ,he = ^: praise inquiry is made f ! holy _s1 may ,he tea* me ! be/ by 8 intellig5ce4' ,dr4 ,haug 9 #ahfb3 ',?us ,i w tell y ( ! greate/ ( all 7,srao%a71 :o is prais+ ! tru?1 & do+ good1 & ( all :o are ga!r$ r\nd him 7to assi/ him71 by ord] ( ! holy _s 7,ahuramazda74 ,! liv+ ,wise may he> me2 by means ( ,8 goodness ! good m9d increases 79 ! _w74 ,he may lead me ) ! be/ ( 8 wisdom4' ,dr4 ,haug 9 #ahfe3 ',i w proclaim z ! greate/ ( all ?+s t "o %\ld be good1 prais+ only tru?4 ,ahuramazda w he> ^? :o are b5t on fur!r+ 7all t is good74 ,may he ^: goodness is communicat$ by ! ,good ,m9d in/ruct me 9 8 be/ wisdom4' ,to ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! /udy ( ,z5d1 & wi% to judge = !mselves ( ! tru/wor?9ess ( ^! v>i\s translations1 we c recomm5d a mo/ useful "w lately publi%$ 9 ,g]many by ,dr4 ,f4 ,ju/i1 ',h&bu* d] ,z5dspra*e1' conta9+ a complete diction>y1 a gramm>1 & selections f ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,septemb]1 #ahfe4 ,,vii4 ,,g5esis ,,& ,,! ,,z5d-,,ave/a4#di ,o t s*ol>s c\ld h ! b5efit ( a little legal tra9+1 & le>n at lea/ ! diff]5ce betwe5 :at is probable & :at is prov56 ,:at an advantage also1 if !y _h occasionally to address a jury ( respectable tradespeople1 & 7 =c$ to acquire ! art1 or r n to %r9k f ! ef=t1 ( putt+ ! mo/ intricate & delicate po9ts 9 ! simple/ & cle>e/ =m ( :i* !y admit6 ,:at a lesson aga9 x w\ld be to m5 ( indep5d5t rese>*1 if1 aft] hav+ amass$ ev] s _m bags full ( evid5ce1 !y _h always be=e _! eyes ! fe> ( an impati5t judge :o wants to he> no?+ b :at is important & ess5tial1 & hates to li/5 to any?+ t is n to ! po9t1 h[ev] c>efully x may h be5 work$ out1 & h[ev] eloqu5tly x may be laid be=e him6 ,!re is h>dly "o book publi%$ n[-a-days :i*1 if ev]y?+ 9 x t is n to ! purpose 7 left out1 c\ld n be r$uc$ to half its size4 ,if au?ors c\ld make up _! m9ds to omit ev]y?+ t is only meant to display _! le>n+1 to exhibit ! difficulties !y _h to ov]come1 or to call att5tion to ! ignorance ( _! pr$ecessors1 _m a volume ( ?irty %eets w\ld collapse into a pamphlet ( fifty pages1 ?\gh 9 t =m x w\ld probably produce a mu* great] effect ?an 9 its m inflat$ appe>ance4 ,footnote #di3 ',eran1 das ,l& zwis*5 dem ,indus und ,tigris1 ,beitraege zur ,k5ntniss des ,l&es und se9] ,ges*i*te4' ,von ,dr4 ,fri$ri* ,spiegel4 ,b]l91 #ahfc4 ,did ! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t borr[ any?+ f ! ,egyptians1 ! ,babylonians1 ! ,p]sians1 or ! ,indians1 is a simple en\gh "q4 ,x is a "q t may be treat$ q ap>t f any !ological !ories2 = ! ,old ,te/am5t1 :atev] view ! ,jews may take ( its orig91 may surely be reg>d$ by ! hi/orian z a really hi/orical book1 writt5 at a c]ta9 "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 9 a language !n spok5 & und]/ood1 & proclaim+ c]ta9 facts & doctr9es meant to be acceptable & intelligible to ! ,jews1 su* z !y 7 at t "t1 an hi/orical nation1 hold+ a def9ite place by ! side ( _! m or less di/ant neighb\rs1 :e!r ,egyptians1 ,assyrians1 ,p]sians1 or ,indians4 ,x is well kn[n t we h 9 ! language ( ! ,new ,te/am5t ! cle> ve/iges ( ,greek & ,roman influ5ces1 & if we knew no?+ ( ! hi/orical int]c\rse betwe5 ^? two nations & ! writ]s ( ! ,new ,te/am5t1 ! v expressions us$ by !m--n only _! language1 b _! ?\ghts1 _! allusions1 illu/rations1 & similes--w\ld enable u to say t "s hi/orical contact _h tak5 place betwe5 ! philosoph]s ( ,greece1 ! lawgiv]s ( ,rome1 & ! p ( ,judea4 ,:y !n %\ld n ! same "q be ask$ ) reg>d to m anci5t times8 ,:y %\ld !re be any hesitation 9 po9t+ out 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t an ,egyptian cu/om1 or a ,greek ^w1 or a ,p]sian conception8 ,if ,moses 0 le>n$ 9 all ! wisdom ( ! ,egyptians1 no?+ surely w\ld /amp 8 writ+s z m truly hi/orical ?an traces ( ,egyptian influ5ces t might be discov]$ 9 8 laws4 ,if ,daniel prosp]$ 9 ! reign ( ,cyrus ! ,p]sian1 e ,p]sian ^w t c\ld be discov]$ 9 ,daniel w\ld be mo/ valuable 9 ! eyes ( a critical hi/orian4 ,! only ?+ :i* we may fairly require 9 inve/igations ( ?is k9d is t ! facts %\ld be cle>ly e/abli%$4 ,! subject is surely an important "o--important hi/orically1 q ap>t f any !ological consequ5ces t may be suppos$ to foll[4 ,x is z important to f9d out :e!r ! au?ors ( ! ,old ,te/am5t _h come 9 contact ) ! language & ideas ( ,babylon1 ,p]sia1 or ,egypt1 z x is to "k t ! ,jews1 at ! "t ( our ,"l's appe>ance1 _h be5 rea*$ by ! rays ( ,greek & ,roman civilisation--t 9 fact our ,"l1 8 disciples1 & _m ( 8 foll[]s1 spoke ,greek z well z ,hebrew 7i4 e4 ,*aldee71 & 7 no /rang]s to t sph]e ( ?\ght 9 :i* ! _w ( ! ,g5tiles1 ! ,greeks1 & ,romans _h be5 mov+ = c5turies4 ,h9ts h be5 ?r[n out f "t to "t by v>i\s writ]s t c]ta9 ideas 9 ! ,old ,te/am5t might be ascrib$ to ,p]sian influ5ces1 & be trac$ back to ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 ! sacr$ writ+s ( ,zoroa/]4 ,mu* progress has be5 made 9 ! deciph]+ ( ^! anci5t docum5ts1 s9ce ,anquetil ,dup]ron br\ght ! fir/ in/alm5t ( ,,mss4 f ,bombay1 & s9ce ! late ,eug5e ,burn\f1 9 8 ',comm5taire sur le ,yasna1' succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ ! gramm> & diction>y ( ! ,z5d language ^u a safe basis4 ,sev]al editions ( ! works ( ,zoroa/] h be5 publi%$ 9 ,france1 ,d5m>k1 & ,g]many2 & aft] ! lab\rs ( ,spiegel1 ,we/]ga>d1 ,haug1 & o!rs1 x might be suppos$ t su* a "q z ! influ5ce ( ,p]sian ideas on ! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t might at la/ be answ]$ ei!r 9 ! affirmative or 9 ! negative4 ,we 7 mu* pleas$1 !re=e1 on f9d+ t ,pr(essor ,spiegel1 ! le>n$ editor & translator ( ! ,ave/a1 _h devot$ a *apt] ( 8 la/ "w1 ',eran1 das ,l& zwis*5 dem ,indus und ,tigris1' to ! problem 9 "q4 ,we read 8 *apt]1 ',ave/a und die ,g5esis1 od] die ,beziehung5 d] ,erani] zu d5 ,semit51' ) ! w>me/ int]e/1 & :5 we _h f9i%$ x1 we put d[n ! book ) ! v exclamation ) :i* we began our article4 ,we d n mean to say any?+ disrespectful to ,pr(essor ,spiegel1 a s*ol> brimfull ( le>n+1 & "o ( ! two or ?ree m5 :o "k ! ,ave/a by he>t4 ,he is likewise a good ,semitic s*ol>1 & kn[s en\gh ( ,hebrew to =m an indep5d5t op9ion on ! language1 /yle1 & g5]al "* ( ! diff]5t books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,he br+s toge!r 9 8 ,essay a great deal ( int]e/+ in=mation1 & altoge!r w\ld seem to be "o ( ! mo/ valuable witnesses to give evid5ce on ! po9t 9 "q4 ,yet suppose him = a mom5t 9 a c\rt ( ju/ice :]e1 z 9 a pat5t case1 "s great issue dep5ds on ! "q :e!r c]ta9 ideas _h fir/ be5 enunciat$ by ! au?or ( ,g5esis or ! au?or ( ! ,ave/a2 suppose him subject$ to a cross-exam9ation by a br[-beat+ lawy]1 ^: bus9ess x is to disbelieve & make o!rs disbelieve e ass]tion t ! witness makes1 & we are afraid ! le>n$ ,pr(essor w\ld break d[n completely4 ,n[ x may be said t ?is is n ! _s 9 :i* le>n$ inquiries %\ld be conduct$1 t au?ors h a "r to a c]ta9 respect1 & may reckon on a c]ta9 am\nt ( will+ness on ! "p ( _! read]s4 ,su* a plea may1 p]haps1 be urg$ :5 all prelim9>y que/ions 9 a conte/ h be5 dispos$ (1 :5 all ! evid5ce has be5 prov$ to lie 9 "o direction1 & :5 ev5 ! mo/ ob/9ate among ! g5tlem5 ( ! jury feel t ! v]dict is z good z settl$4 ,b 9 a "q l ?is1 :]e ev]y?+ is d\btful1 or1 we %\ld r say1 :]e all ! prepossessions are aga9/ ! view :i* ,dr4 ,spiegel upholds1 x is absolutely necess>y = a new witness to be arm$ f top to toe1 to lay himself op5 to no attack1 to measure 8 words1 & advance /ep by /ep 9 a /raight l9e to ! po9t t has to be rea*$4 ,a writ] l ,dr4 ,spiegel %\ld "k t he c expect no m]cy2 nay1 he %\ld himself wi% = no m]cy1 b invite ! heavie/ artill]y aga9/ ! float+ batt]y :i* he has laun*$ into ! tr\bl$ wat]s ( ,biblical criticism4 ,if he feels t 8 case is n /rong en\gh1 ! wise/ plan surely is to wait1 to accumulate new /r5g? if possible1 or1 if no new evid5ce is =?com+1 to ackn[l$ge op5ly t !re is no case4 ,m4 ,breal--:o1 9 8 int]e/+ ,essay ',h]cule et ,cacus1' has lately treat$ ! same problem1 ! influ5ce ( ,p]sian ideas on ! writ]s ( ! ,old ,te/am5t--gives an excell5t example ( h[ a case ( ?is k9d %\ld be argu$4 ,he beg9s ) ! apocryphal books1 & he %[s t ! "n ( an evil _s l ,asmodeus1 :i* occurs 9 ,tobit1 c\ld be borr[$ f ,p]sia only4 ,x is a "n inexplicable 9 ,hebrew1 & x repres5ts v closely ! ,p>si ,e%em-dev1 ! ,z5d ,ae%ma daeva1 ! _s ( concupisc5ce1 m5tion$ sev]al times 9 ! ,ave/a 7,v5didad1 c4 #aj71 z "o ( ! devs1 or evil spirits4 ,n[ ?is is ! k9d ( evid5ce we want = ! ,old ,te/am5t4 ,we c easily discov] a ,fr5* ^w 9 ,engli%1 nor is x difficult to tell a ,p]sian ^w 9 ,hebrew4 ,are !re any ,p]sian words 9 ,g5esis1 words ( ! same k9d z ,asmodeus 9 ,tobit8 ,no su* evid5ce has be5 br\ght =w>d1 & ! only words we c ?9k ( :i*1 if n ,p]sian1 may be consid]$ ( ,aryan orig91 are ! names ( su* riv]s z ,tigris & ,euphrates2 & ( c\ntries su* z ,ophir & ,havilah among ! desc5dants ( ,%em1 ,javan1 ,me%e*1 & o!rs among ! desc5dants ( ,japhet4 ,^! names are probably =eign names1 & z su* naturally m5tion$ by ! au?or ( ,g5esis 9 _! =eign =m4 ,if !re are o!r words ( ,aryan or ,iranian orig9 9 ,g5esis1 !y ought to h occupi$ ! mo/ prom95t place 9 ,dr4 ,spiegel's plead+4 ,we n[ proce$1 & we are aga9 q will+ to admit t1 ev5 )\t ! pres5ce ( ,p]sian words1 ! pres5ce ( ,p]sian ideas might be detect$ by c>eful analysis4 ,no d\bt ?is is a mu* m delicate process1 yet1 z we c discov] ,jewi% & ,*ri/ian ideas 9 ! ,koran1 !re ought to be no insurm\ntable difficulty 9 po9t+ out any ,p]sian +r$i5ts 9 ,g5esis1 h[ev] disguis$ & assimilat$4 ,only1 be=e we look = su* ideas1 x is necess>y to %[ ! *annel ?r\gh :i* !y c\ld possibly h fl[$ ei!r f ! ,ave/a into ,g5esis1 or f ,g5esis into ! ,ave/a4 ,hi/ory %[s u cle>ly h[ ,p]sian words & ideas c\ld h f\nd _! way into su* late works z ,tobit1 or ev5 into ! book ( ,daniel1 :e!r he prosp]$ 9 ! reign ( ,d>ius1 or 9 ! reign ( ,cyrus ! ,p]sian4 ,b h[ did ,p]sians & ,jews come 9 contact1 previ\sly to ! age ( ,cyrus8 ,dr4 ,spiegel says t ,zoroa/] 0 born 9 ,arran4 ,?is "n is giv5 by m$iaeval ,mohamm$an writ]s to ! pla9 wa%$ by ! ,araxes1 & 0 id5tifi$ by ,anquetil ,dup]ron ) ! "n ,airyana vaega1 :i* ! ,z5d-,ave/a gives to ! fir/ creat$ l& ( ,ormuzd4 ,! ,p>sis place ?is sacr$ c\ntry 9 ! vic9ity ( ,atropat5e1 & x is cle>ly meant z ! nor!rnmo/ c\ntry kn[n to ! au?or or au?ors ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,we ?9k t ,dr4 ,spiegel is "r 9 def5d+ ! geographical position assign$ by tradition to ,airyana vaega1 aga9/ mod]n !ories t w\ld place x m ea/w>d 9 ! pla9 ( ,pam]1 nor d we hesitate to admit t ! "n 7,airyana vaega1 i4 e4 ! se$ ( ! ,aryan7 might h be5 *ang$ into ,arran4 ,we likewise ackn[l$ge ! =ce ( ! argum5ts by :i* he %[s t ! books n[ call$ ,z5d-,ave/a 7 compos$ 9 ! ,ea/]n1 & n 9 ! ,we/]n1 prov9ces ( ! ,p]sian mon>*y1 ?\gh we are h>dly prep>$ to subscribe at once to 8 conclusion 7p4 #bgj7 t1 because ,zoroa/] is plac$ by ! ,ave/a & by lat] traditions 9 ,arran1 or ! ,we/]n prov9ces1 he c\ld n possibly be ! au?or ( ! ,ave/a1 a lit]>y production :i* w\ld appe> to belong exclusively to ! ,ea/]n prov9ces4 ,! v tradition to :i* ,dr4 ,spiegel appeals repres5ts ,zoroa/] z migrat+ f ,arran to ,balkh1 to ! c\rt ( ,gu/asp1 ! son ( ,lohrasp2 &1 z "o tradition has z mu* value z ano!r1 we might well admit t ! "w ( ,zoroa/]1 z a religi\s tea*]1 began 9 ,balkh1 & f !nce ext5d$ /ill fur!r ,ea/4 ,b admitt+ t ,arran1 ! c\ntry wa%$ by ! ,araxes1 0 ! bir?place ( ,zoroa/]1 c we possibly foll[ ,dr4 ,spiegel :5 he says1 ,arran seems to be id5tical ) ,h>an1 ! bir?place ( ,abraham8 ,does he mean ! names to be id5tical8 ,!n h[ are ! aspirate & ! d\ble r to be expla9$8 h[ is x to be acc\nt$ = t ! m$iaeval corruption ( ,airyana vaega1 namely ,arran1 %\ld appe> 9 ,g5esis8 ,& if ! dissimil>ity ( ! two names is waiv$1 is x possible 9 two l9es to settle ! mu* conte/$ situation ( ,h>an1 & ?us to det]m9e ! anci5t wat]%$ betwe5 ! ,semitic & ,aryan nations8 ,! ,abbe ,bani]1 m ?an a hundr$ ye>s ago1 po9t$ out t ,h>an1 :i!r ,abraham repair$1 0 ! metropolis ( ,sabism1 & t ,magism 0 practis$ 9 ,ur ( ! ,*aldees 7',my?ology1 expla9$ by ,hi/ory1' vol4 i4 book iii4 cap4 #c74 ,dr4 ,spiegel hav+1 z he believes1 e/abli%$ ! mo/ anci5t meet+-po9t betwe5 ,abraham & ,zoroa/]1 proce$s to argue t :atev] ideas are %>$ 9 common by ,g5esis & ! ,ave/a mu/ be ref]r$ to t v anci5t p]iod :5 p]sonal int]c\rse 0 /ill possible betwe5 ,abraham & ,zoroa/]1 ! prophets ( ! ,jews & ! ,iranians4 ,n[1 "h ! c\nsel = ! def5ce w\ld rem9d ,dr4 ,spiegel t ,g5esis 0 n ! "w ( ,abraham1 nor1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,spiegel's view1 0 ,zoroa/] ! au?or ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a2 & t !re=e ! neighb\rly int]c\rse betwe5 ,zoroa/] & ,abraham 9 ! c\ntry ( ,arran _h no?+ to d ) ! ideas %>$ 9 common by ,g5esis & ! ,ave/a4 ,b ev5 if we admitt$1 = argum5t's sake1 t z ,dr4 ,spiegel puts x1 ! ,ave/a conta9s ,zoroa/rian & ,g5esis ,abrahamitic ideas1 surely !re 0 ample opportunity = ,jewi% ideas to f9d admission into :at we call ! ,ave/a1 or = ,iranian ideas to f9d admission into ,g5esis1 aft] ! date ( ,abraham & ,zoroa/]1 & be=e ! "t :5 we f9d ! fir/ ,,mss4 ( ,g5esis & ! ,ave/a4 ,! ,z5d ,,mss4 ( ! ,ave/a are v mod]n1 s are ! ,hebrew ,,mss4 ( ,g5esis1 :i* d n c>ry u beyond ! t5? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,! text ( ! ,ave/a1 h[ev]1 c be *eck$ by ! ,pehlevi translation1 :i* 0 made "u ! ,sassanian dyna/y 7#bbf-fea ,a4,d471 j z ! text ( ,g5esis c be *eck$ by ! ,septuag9t translation1 :i* 0 made 9 ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,n[1 x is kn[n t ab\t ! same "t & 9 ! same place--namely at ,alex&ria--:]e ! ,old ,te/am5t 0 r5d]$ into ,greek1 ! ,ave/a also 0 translat$ into ! same language1 s t we h at ,alex&ria 9 ! ?ird c5tury ,b4,c4 a well e/abli%$ hi/orical contact betwe5 ! believ]s 9 ,g5esis & ! believ]s 9 ! ,ave/a1 & an easy op5+ = t ex*ange ( ideas :i*1 accord+ to ,dr4 ,spiegel1 c\ld h tak5 place n[h]e b 9 ,arran1 & at ! "t ( ,abraham & ,zoroa/]4 ,x might be object$ t ?is 0 wrangl+ = victory1 & n argu+ = tru?1 & t no real s*ol> w\ld admit t ! ,ave/a1 9 its orig9al =m1 did n g back to a mu* e>li] date ?an ! ?ird c5tury be=e ,*ri/4 ,yet1 :5 su* a g5]al pr9ciple is to be laid d[n1 t all t ,g5esis & ,ave/a %>e 9 common mu/ belong to a "t be=e ,abraham _h />t$ = ,canaan1 & ,zoroa/] = ,balkh1 o!r possible means ( lat] int]c\rse %\ld surely n be entirely lo/ sight (4 ,= :at happ5s8 ,! v fir/ tradition t is br\ght =w>d z "o common to bo? ^! anci5t works--namely1 t ( ! ,f\r ,ages ( ! ,_w--is confess$ly f\nd 9 ! lat] writ+s only ( ! ,p>sis1 & _c be trac$ back 9 its def9ite %ape beyond ! "t ( ! ,sassanians 7,eran1 p4 #bge74 ,indications ( x are said to be f\nd 9 ! e>li] writ+s1 b ^! indications are extremely vague4 ,b we mu/ advance a /ep fur!r1 &1 aft] read+ v c>efully ! ?ree pages devot$ to ?is subject by ,dr4 ,spiegel1 we mu/ confess we see no simil>ity :atev] on t po9t betwe5 ,g5esis & ! ,ave/a4 ,9 ,g5esis1 ! ,f\r ,ages h nev] assum$ ! =m ( a !ory1 z 9 ,india1 ,p]sia1 or p]haps 9 ,greece4 ,if we say t ! p]iod f ,adam to ,noah is ! fir/1 t f ,noah to ,abraham ! second1 t f ,abraham to ! dea? ( ,jacob ! ?ird1 t beg9n+ ) ! exile 9 ,egypt ! f\r?1 we are transf]r+ our ideas to ,g5esis1 b we _c say t ! writ] ( ,g5esis himself laid a peculi> /ress on ?is f\rfold division4 ,! ,p>sis1 on ! contr>y1 h a def9ite sy/em4 ,accord+ to !m ! _w is to la/ #ab1jjj ye>s4 ,dur+ ! fir/ p]iod ( #c1jjj ye>s ! _w 0 creat$4 ,dur+ ! second p]iod ,gayo-m>atan1 ! fir/ man liv$ by himself1 )\t suff]+ f ! attacks ( evil4 ,dur+ ! ?ird p]iod ( #c1jjj ye>s ! w> betwe5 good & evil1 betwe5 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman1 began ) ! utmo/ fi]c5ess2 & x w gradually abate dur+ ! f\r? p]iod ( #c1jjj ye>s1 :i* is /ill to elapse be=e ! f9al victory ( good4 ,:]e "h is ! simil>ity betwe5 ,g5esis & ! ,ave/a8 ,we are ref]r$ by ,dr4 ,spiegel to ,dr4 ,w9dis*mann's ',zoroa/rian ,/udies1' & to 8 discov]y t !re are t5 g5]ations betwe5 ,adam & ,noah1 z !re are t5 g5]ations betwe5 ,yima & ,?raetaona2 t !re are twelve g5]ations betwe5 ,%em & ,isaac1 z !re are twelve betwe5 ,?raetaona & ,manuskitra2 & t !re are ?irte5 g5]ations betwe5 ,isaac & ,david1 z !re are ?irte5 betwe5 ,manuskitra & ,z>a?u/ra4 ,:at has ! le>n$ c\nsel = ! def5ce to say to ?is8 ,fir/1 t ! "n ( ,%em is put by mi/ake = t ( ,noah4 ,secondly1 t ,yima1 :o is "h id5tifi$ ) ,adam1 is nev] repres5t$ 9 ! ,ave/a z ! fir/ man1 b is prec$$ !re by num]\s ance/ors1 & surr\nd$ by num]\s subjects1 :o are n 8 (fspr+4 ,?irdly1 t 9 ord] to e/abli% 9 ,g5esis ?ree p]iods ( t51 twelve1 & ?irte5 g5]ations1 x is necess>y to c\nt ,isaac1 :o cle>ly belongs to ! ?ird1 z a memb] ( ! second1 s t 9 reality ! numb] ( g5]ations is ! same 9 "o only out ( ! ?ree p]iods1 :i* surely proves no?+4 ,z to any simil>ity betwe5 ! ,f\r ,yugas ( ! ,brahmans & ! ,f\r ,ages ( ! ,p>sis1 we c only say t1 if x exi/s1 no "o has z yet br\ght x out4 ,! ,greeks1 aga91 :o are likewise said to %>e ! primitive doctr9e ( ! ,f\r ,ages1 believe really 9 five1 & n 9 f\r1 & sep>ate !m 9 a mann] :i* does n 9 ! lea/ rem9d u ( ,h9du ,yugas1 ,hebrew patri>*s1 or ! battle betwe5 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman4 ,we proce$ to a second po9t--! ,creation z relat$ 9 ,g5esis & ! ,ave/a4 ,"h we c]ta9ly f9d "s curi\s co9cid5ces4 ,! _w is creat$ 9 six days 9 ,g5esis1 & 9 six p]iods 9 ! ,ave/a1 :i* six p]iods toge!r =m "o ye>4 ,9 ,g5esis ! creation ends ) ! creation ( man1 s x does 9 ! ,ave/a4 ,on all o!r po9ts ,dr4 ,spiegel admits ! two acc\nts diff]1 b !y are said to agree aga9 9 ! temptation & ! fall4 ,z ,dr4 ,spiegel has n giv5 ! details ( ! temptation & ! fall f ! ,ave/a1 we _c judge ( ! po9ts :i* he consid]s to be borr[$ by ! ,jews f ! ,p]sians2 b if we consult ,m4 ,breal1 :o has treat$ ! same subject m fully 9 8 ',h]cule et ,cacus1' we f9d !re no m ?an ?is1 t ! ,dualism ( ! ,ave/a1 ! /ruggle betwe5 ,ormuzd & ,ahriman1 or ! pr9ciples ( light & d>kness1 is to be consid]$ z ! di/ant reflex ( ! gr& /ruggle betwe5 ,indra1 ! god ( ! sky1 & ,vritra1 ! demon ( night & d>kness1 :i* =ms ! con/ant burd5 ( ! hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a4 ,9 ?is view !re is "s tru?1 b we d\bt :e!r x fully exhibits ! vital pr9ciple ( ! ,zoroa/rian religion1 :i* is f\nd$ on a solemn prote/ aga9/ ! :ole wor%ip ( ! p[]s ( nature invok$ 9 ! ,v$as1 & on ! recognition ( "o supreme p[]1 ! ,god ( ,light1 9 e s5se ( ! ^w--! _s ,ahura1 :o creat$ ! _w & rules x1 & def5ds x aga9/ ! p[] ( evil4 ,t p[] ( evil :i* 9 ! mo/ anci5t portions ( ! ,ave/a has n yet receiv$ ! "n ( ,ahriman 7i4 e4 angro ma9yus71 may aft]w>ds h assum$ "s ( ! epi!ts :i* 9 an e>li] p]iod 7 be/[$ on ,vritra & o!r enemies ( ! bright gods1 & among !m1 x may h assum$ ! "n ( s]p5t4 ,b does x foll[1 because ! pr9ciple ( evil 9 ! ,ave/a is call$ s]p5t1 or azhi dahaka1 t !re=e ! s]p5t m5tion$ 9 ! ?ird *apt] ( ,g5esis mu/ be borr[$ f ,p]sia8 ,nei!r 9 ! ,v$a nor 9 ! ,ave/a does ! s]p5t ev] assume t subtil & ins9uat+ =m z 9 ,g5esis2 & ! curse pron\nc$ on x1 'to be curs$ above all cattle1 & above e bea/ ( ! field1' is n 9 keep+ ) ! relation ( ,vritra to ,indra1 or ,ahriman to ,ormuzd1 :o face ea* o!r almo/ z equals4 ,9 lat] books1 su* z #a ,*ronicles xxi4 #a1 :]e ,satan is m5tion$ z provok+ ,david to numb] ,israel 7! v same provocation :i* 9 #b ,samuel xxiv4 #a is ascrib$ to ! ang] ( ! ,"l mov+ ,david to numb] ,israel & ,judah71 & 9 all ! passages ( ! ,new ,te/am5t :]e ! p[] ( evil is spok5 ( z a p]son1 we may admit ! influ5ce ( ,p]sian ideas & ,p]sian expressions1 ?\gh ev5 "h /rict pro( is by no means easy4 ,z to ! s]p5t 9 ,p>adise1 x is a conception t might h sprung up among ! ,jews z well z among ! ,brahmans2 & ! s]p5t t beguil$ ,eve seems h>dly to invite comp>ison ) ! mu* gr&] conceptions ( ! t]rible p[] ( ,vritra & ,ahriman 9 ! ,v$a & ,ave/a4 ,dr4 ,spiegel next discusses ! simil>ity betwe5 ! ,g>d5 ( ,ed5 & ! ,p>adise ( ! ,zoroa/rians1 & ?\gh he admits t "h aga9 he relies *iefly on ! ,bundehe%1 a "w ( ! ,sassanian p]iod1 he ma9ta9s t t "w may well be comp>$ to ,g5esis1 because x conta9s none b really anci5t traditions4 ,we d n = a mom5t d5y t ?is may be s1 b 9 a case l ! pres5t1 :]e ev]y?+ dep5ds on exact dates1 we decl9e to li/5 to su* a plea4 ,we value ,dr4 ,spiegel's translations f ! ,bundehe% mo/ highly1 & we believe ) him 7p4 #bhc7 t !re is little d\bt z to ! ,pi%on be+ ! ,indus1 & ! ,gihon ! ,jax>tes4 ,! id5tification1 too1 ( ! ,p]sian riv]-"n ,ranha 7! ,v$ic ,rasa7 ) ! ,araxes1 ! "n giv5 by ,h]odotus 7i4 #bjb7 to ! ,jax>tes1 seems v +5i\s & well e/abli%$4 ,b we %\ld /ill l to "k :y & 9 :at language ! ,indus 0 fir/ call$ ,pi%on1 & ! ,jax>tes1 or1 x may be1 ! ,oxus1 ,gihon4 ,we next come to ! two trees 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ed51 ! tree ( k & ! tree ( life4 ,dr4 ,w9dis*mann has %[n t ! ,iranians1 too1 7 acqua9t$ ) two trees1 "o call$ ,gaok]5a1 be>+ ! :ite ,haoma1 ! o!r call$ ! ,pa9less tree4 ,we are told fir/ t ^! two trees are ! same z ! "o fig tree out ( :i* ! ,indians believe ! _w to h be5 creat$4 ,n[1 fir/ ( all1 ! ,indians believ$ no su* ?+1 & secondly1 !re is ! same diff]5ce betwe5 "o & two trees z !re is betwe5 ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,b we confess t until we "k a good deal m ab\t ^! two trees ( ! ,iranians1 we feel no incl9ation :atev] to comp>e ! ,pa9less tree & ! tree ( k ( good & evil1 ?\gh p]haps ! :ite ,haoma tree might rem9d u ( ! tree ( life1 consid]+ t ,haoma1 z well z ! ,indian ,soma1 0 suppos$ to give immortality to ^? :o drank its juice4 ,we likewise consid] ! comp>ison ( ! ,*]ubim :o keep ! way ( ! tree ( life & ! gu>dians ( ! ,soma 9 ! ,v$a & ,ave/a1 z des]v+ att5tion1 & we %\ld l to see ! etymological d]ivation ( ,*]ubim f ,greek3 gryphes1 ,greif51 & ( ,s]aphim f ! ,sanskrit s>pa1 s]p5ts1 ei!r confirm$ or refut$4 ,! ,deluge is n m5tion$ 9 ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,zoroa/rians1 nor 9 ! hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a4 ,x is m5tion$1 h[ev]1 9 "o ( ! late/ ,brahmanz1 & ! c>efully balanc$ argum5ts ( ,burn\f1 :o consid]$ ! tradition ( ! ,deluge z borr[$ by ! ,indians f ,semitic neighb\rs1 seem to u to be /r5g!n$1 r ?an weak5$1 by ! isolat$ appe>ance ( ! /ory ( ! ,deluge 9 ?is "o passage out ( ! :ole ( ! ,v$ic lit]ature4 ,no?+1 h[ev]1 has yet be5 po9t$ out to =ce u to admit a ,semitic orig9 = ! /ory ( ! ,flood1 z told 9 ! ,satapa?a-brahmana1 & aft]w>ds repeat$ 9 ! ,mahabh>ata & ! ,puranz3 ! numb] ( days be+ really ! only po9t on :i* ! two acc\nts />tle u by _! agreem5t4 ,t ,noah's ark re/$ ^u ! m\nta9 ( ,ar>at1 & t ,ar>at may admit ( a ,p]sian etymology1 is no?+ to ! po9t4 ,! etymology itself is +5i\s1 b no m4 ,! same rem>k applies to all ! re/ ( ,dr4 ,spiegel's argum5ts4 ,?raetaona1 :o has be=e be5 comp>$ to ,noah1 divid$ 8 l& among 8 ?ree sons1 & gave ,iran to ! y\nge/1 an inju/ice :i* exasp]at$ 8 bro!rs1 :o murd]$ him4 ,n[ x is true t ,noah1 too1 _h ?ree sons1 b "h ! simil>ity ends2 = t ,t]a* _h ?ree sons1 & t "o ( !m only1 ,abram1 took possession ( ! l& ( promise1 & t ( ! two sons ( ,isaac1 ! y\nge/ became ! heir1 is aga9 ( no consequ5ce = our imm$iate purpose1 ?\gh x may rem9d ,dr4 ,spiegel & o!rs ( ! hi/ory ( ,?raetaona4 ,we agree ) ,dr4 ,spiegel1 t ,zoroa/]'s "* resembles mo/ closely ! true ,semitic notion ( a prophet4 ,he is consid]$ wor?y ( p]sonal int]c\rse ) ,ormuzd2 he receives f ,ormuzd e ^w1 ?\gh n1 z ,dr4 ,spiegel says1 e lett] ( ! law4 ,b if ,zoroa/] 0 a real "*1 s 0 ,abraham1 & _! be+ l ea* o!r proves 9 no way t !y liv$ 9 ! same place1 or at ! same "t1 or t !y borr[$ aught "o f ! o!r4 ,:at ,dr4 ,spiegel says ( ! ,p]sian "n ( ! ,deity1 ,ahura1 is v d\btful4 ,ahura1 he says1 z well z ahu1 means "l1 & mu/ be trac$ back to ! root ah1 ! ,sanskrit z1 :i* means to be1 s t ,ahura w\ld signify ! same z ,jahve1 he :o is4 ,! root 'z' no d\bt means to be1 b x has t mean+ because x orig9ally meant to brea!4 ,f x1 9 its orig9al s5se ( brea?+1 ! ,h9dus =m$ asu1 brea?1 & asura1 ! "n ( ,god1 :e!r x meant ! brea?+ "o1 or ! giv] ( brea?4 ,?is asura became 9 ,z5d ahura1 & if x assum$ ! g5]al mean+ ( ,"l1 ?is is z mu* a second>y mean+ z ! mean+ ( demon or evil _s1 :i* asura assum$ 9 ! lat] ,sanskrit ( ! ,brahmanz4 ,aft] ?is1 ,dr4 ,spiegel proce$s to sum up 8 evid5ce4 ,he has no m to say1 b he believes t he has prov$ ! foll[+ po9ts3 a v e>ly int]c\rse betwe5 ,semitic & ,aryan nations2 a common belief %>$ by bo? 9 a p>adise situat$ ne> ! s\rces ( ! ,oxus & ,jax>tes2 ! dwell+ toge!r ( ,abraham & ,zoroa/] 9 ,h>an1 ,arran1 or ,airyana vaega4 ,semitic & ,aryan nations1 he tells u1 /ill live toge!r 9 ^? p>ts ( ! _w1 & s x 0 f ! beg9n+4 ,z ! =m ( ! ,jewi% traditions comes ne>] to ! ,p]sian ?an to ! ,indian traditions1 we are ask$ to believe t ^! two races liv$ 9 ! close/ contact be=e1 f ?is anci5t he>? ( civilisation1 !y />t$ t[>ds ! ,we/ & ! ,ea/--t is to say1 be=e ,abraham migrat$ to ,canaan1 & be=e ,india 0 peopl$ by ! ,brahmans4 ,we h giv5 a fair acc\nt ( ,dr4 ,spiegel's argum5ts1 & we ne$ n say t we %\ld h hail$ ) equal pleasure any solid facts by :i* to e/abli% ei!r ! dep5d5ce ( ,g5esis on ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 or ! dep5d5ce ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a on ,g5esis4 ,x w\ld be absurd to resi/ facts :]e facts exi/2 nor c we imag9e any reason :y1 if ,abraham came into p]sonal contact ) ,zoroa/]1 ! ,jewi% patri>* %\ld h le>nt no?+ f ! ,iranian prophet1 or vice v]sa4 ,if su* an int]c\rse c\ld be e/abli%$1 x w\ld b s]ve to /r5g!n ! hi/orical "* ( ! books ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & w\ld be wor? m ?an all ! elaborate !ories t h be5 />t$ on ! purely miracul\s orig9 ( ^! books4 ,b ?\gh we by no means d5y t "s m tangible po9ts ( resemblance may yet be discov]$ betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 we mu/ prote/ aga9/ hav+ s int]e/+ & s important a matt] h&l$ 9 su* an unbus9esslike mann]4 ,april1 #ahfd4 ,,viii4 ,,! ,,mod]n ,,p>sis4#ej ,i4 ,x is n fair to speak ( any religi\s sect by a "n to :i* its memb]s object4 ,yet ! fa%ion ( speak+ ( ! foll[]s ( ,zoroa/] z ,fire-wor%ipp]s is s firmly e/abli%$ t x w probably cont9ue long aft] ! la/ believ]s 9 ,ormuzd h disappe>$ f ! face ( ! e>?4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! numb] ( ! ,zoroa/rians has dw9dl$ d[n s mu* t !y h>dly f9d a place 9 ! religi\s /ati/ics ( ! _w4 ,b]ghaus 9 8 ',physical ,atlas' gives ! foll[+ division ( ! human race accord+ to religion3 ,buddhi/s #ca4b p] c5t4 ,*ri/ians #cj4g ,mohamm$ans #ae4g ,brahmani/s #ac4d ,hea!ns #h4g ,jews #j4c ,footnote #ej3 ',! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,p>sees4' ,by ,dadabhai ,naoroji1 ,esq4 ,liv]pool1 #ahfa4 ',! ,p>see ,religion1' ,by ,dadabhai ,naoroji1 ,esq4 ,liv]pool1 #ahfa4 ,he n[h]e /ates ! numb] ( ! ,fire-wor%ipp]s1 nor does he tell u "u :at head !y are compris$ 9 8 g5]al computation4 ,! difficulties ( a religi\s c5sus are v great1 p>ticul>ly :5 we h to deal ) ,ea/]n nations4 ,ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago1 travell]s e/imat$ ! ,gab>s 7z !y are call$ 9 ,p]sia7 at eighty ?\s& families1 or ab\t #djj1jjj s\ls4 ,at pres5t ! ,p>sis 9 ,we/]n ,india am\nt to ab\t #ajj1jjj1 to :i*1 if we add #e1ejj 9 ,yazd & ,kirman1 we get a total ( #aje1ejj4 ,! numb] ( ! ,jews is commonly e/imat$ at #c1fjj1jjj2 & if !y repres5t #j4c p] c5t ( mank9d1 ! ,fire-wor%ipp]s c\ld n claim at pres5t m ?an ab\t #j4ja p] c5t ( ! :ole population ( ! e>?4 ,yet !re 7 p]iods 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w :5 ! wor%ip ( ,ormuzd ?reat5$ to rise triumphant on ! ru9s ( ! temples ( all o!r gods4 ,if ! battles ( ,m>a?on & ,salamis _h be5 lo/1 & ,greece _h succumb$ to ,p]sia1 ! /ate religion ( ! empire ( ,cyrus1 :i* 0 ! wor%ip ( ,ormuzd1 might h become ! religion ( ! :ole civilis$ _w4 ,p]sia _h absorb$ ! ,assyrian & ,babylonian empires2 ! ,jews 7 ei!r 9 ,p]sian captivity or "u ,p]sian sway at home2 ! sacr$ monum5ts ( ,egypt _h be5 mutilat$ by ! h&s ( ,p]sian soldi]s4 ,! edicts ( ! great k+1 ! k+ ( k+s1 7 s5t to ,india1 to ,greece1 to ,scy?ia1 & to ,egypt2 & if 'by ! grace ( ,auramazda' ,d>ius _h cru%$ ! lib]ty ( ,greece1 ! pur] fai? ( ,zoroa/] might easily h sup]s$$ ! ,olympian fables4 ,aga91 "u ! ,sassanian dyna/y 7#bbf-fea ,a4,d47 ! reviv$ national fai? ( ! ,zoroa/rians assum$ su* vig\r t ,%apur ,,ii1 l ano!r ,diocletian1 c\ld aim at ! extirpation ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?4 ,! suff]+s ( ! p]secut$ ,*ri/ians 9 ! ,ea/ 7 z t]rible z !y _h ev] be5 9 ! ,we/2 nor 0 x by ! weapons ( ,roman emp]ors or by ! argum5ts ( ,*ri/ian div9es t ! fatal bl[ 0 dealt to ! ?rone ( ,cyrus & ! alt>s ( ,ormuzd4 ,! p[] ( ,p]sia 0 brok5 at la/ by ! ,arabs2 & x is due to !m t ! religion ( ,ormuzd1 once ! t]ror ( ! _w1 is n[1 & has be5 = ! la/ ?\s& ye>s1 a m]e curiosity 9 ! eyes ( ! hi/orian4 ,! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,zoroa/rians1 commonly call$ ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 h = ab\t a c5tury occupi$ ! att5tion ( ,european s*ol>s1 &1 ?anks to ! adv5tur\s devotion ( ,anquetil ,dup]ron1 & ! c>eful rese>*es ( ,rask1 ,burn\f1 ,we/]ga>d1 ,spiegel1 & ,haug1 we h gradually be5 enabl$ to read & int]pret :at rema9s ( ! anci5t language ( ! ,p]sian religion4 ,! problem 0 n an easy "o1 & _h x n be5 = ! new light :i* ! sci5ce ( language has %$ on ! laws ( human spee*1 x w\ld h be5 z impossible to ,burn\f z x 0 to ,hyde1 ! celebrat$ ,pr(essor ( ,hebrew & ,arabic at ,ox=d1 to int]pret ) grammatical accuracy ! anci5t remnants ( ,zoroa/]'s doctr9e4 ,h[ t problem 0 solv$ is well kn[n to all :o take an int]e/ 9 ! advancem5t ( mod]n s*ol>%ip4 ,x 0 z great an a*ievem5t z ! deciph]+ ( ! cunei=m edicts ( ,d>ius2 & no great] complim5t c\ld h be5 paid to ,burn\f & 8 fell[-lab\r]s ?an t s*ol>s1 )\t incl9ation to te/ _! me?od1 & )\t leisure to foll[ ^! indefatigable pione]s ?r\gh all ! intricate pa?s ( _! rese>*es1 %\ld h pron\nc$ ! deciph]+ ( ! anci5t ,z5d z well z ( ! anci5t ,p]sian ( ! ,a*aem5ian p]iod to be impossible1 incr$ible1 & next to miracul\s4 ,:ile ! s*ol>s ( ,europe are ?us engag$ 9 dis9t]r+ ! anci5t records ( ! religion ( ,zoroa/]1 x is ( int]e/ to le>n :at has become ( t religion 9 ^? few settlem5ts :]e x is /ill pr(ess$ by small communities4 ,?\gh e religion is ( real & vital int]e/ 9 its e>lie/ /ate only1 yet its lat] developm5t too1 ) all its misund]/&+s1 faults1 & corruptions1 (f]s _m an in/ructive lesson to ! ?\ghtful /ud5t ( hi/ory4 ,"h is a religion1 "o ( ! mo/ anci5t ( ! _w1 once ! /ate religion ( ! mo/ p[]ful empire1 driv5 away f its native soil1 depriv$ ( political influ5ce1 )\t ev5 ! pre/ige ( a p[]ful or enlight5$ prie/hood1 & yet pr(ess$ by a h&ful ( exiles--m5 ( weal?1 intellig5ce1 & moral wor? 9 ,we/]n ,india--) an unhesitat+ f]v\r su* z is seldom to be f\nd 9 l>g] religi\s communities4 ,x is well wor? ! s]i\s consid]ation ( ! philosoph] & ! div9e to discov]1 if possible1 ! spell by :i* ?is app>5tly effete religion cont9ues to comm& ! atta*m5t ( ! enlight5$ ,p>sis ( ,india1 & makes !m turn a deaf e> to ! allurem5ts ( ! ,brahmanic wor%ip & ! e>ne/ appeals ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies4 ,we believe t to _m ( our read]s ! two pamphlets1 lately publi%$ by a di/+ui%$ memb] ( ! ,p>si community1 ,mr4 ,dadabhai ,naoroji1 ,pr(essor ( ,guz]ati at ,univ]sity ,college1 ,london1 w op5 _m problems ( a m ?an pass+ int]e/4 ,"o is a ,pap] read be=e ! ,liv]pool ,philoma?ic ,society1 ',on ! ,mann]s & ,cu/oms ( ! ,p>sees2' ! o!r is a ,lecture deliv]$ be=e ! ,liv]pool ,lit]>y & ,philosophical ,society1 ',on ! ,p>see ,religion4' ,9 ! fir/ ( ^! pamphlets1 we are told t ! small community ( ,p>sis 9 ,we/]n ,india is at ! pres5t mom5t divid$ into two p>ties1 ! ,cons]vatives & ! ,lib]als4 ,bo? are equally atta*$ to ! fai? ( _! ance/ors1 b !y diff] f ea* o!r 9 _! modes ( life--! ,cons]vatives cl++ to all t is e/abli%$ & cu/om>y1 h[ev] absurd & mis*iev\s1 ! ,lib]als desir+ to ?r[ (f ! abuses ( =m] ages1 & to avail !mselves1 z mu* z is consi/5t ) _! religion & _! ,ori5tal "*1 ( ! advantages ( ,european civilisation4 ',if ,i say1' writes our in=mant1 't ! ,p>sees use tables1 knives & =ks1 c41 = tak+ _! d9n]s1 x w\ld be true ) reg>d to "o portion1 & entirely untrue ) reg>d to ano!r4 ,9 "o h\se y see 9 ! d9+-room ! d9n] table furni%$ ) all ! ,engli% app>atus = its agreeable purposes2 next door1 p]haps1 y see ! g5tleman p]fectly satisfi$ ) 8 primitive good old mode ( squatt+ on a piece ( mat1 ) a l>ge brass or copp] plate 7r\nd1 & ( ! size ( an ord9>y tray7 be=e him1 conta9+ all ! di%es ( 8 d9n]1 spread on x 9 small heaps1 & plac$ ^u a /ool ab\t two or ?ree in*es high1 ) a small t9n$ copp] cup at 8 side = 8 dr9ks1 & 8 f+]s = 8 knives & =ks4 ,he does ?is1 n because he _c af=d to h a table1 c41 b because he w\ld n h !m 9 pref]5ce to 8 ance/ral mode ( life1 or1 p]haps1 ! ?\ght has n occurr$ to him t he ne$ h any?+ ( ! k9d4' ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( giv+ a g5]al description ( ,p>si life at pres5t1 ,mr4 ,dadabhai ,naoroji gives u two di/9ct acc\nts--fir/ ( ! old1 secondly ( ! new s*ool4 ,he describes ! incid5ts 9 ! daily life ( a ,p>si ( ! old s*ool1 f ! mom5t he gets out ( b$ to ! "t ( 8 go+ to re/1 & ! pr9cipal c]emonies f ! h\r ( 8 bir? to ! h\r ( 8 burial4 ,al?\gh we c ga!r f ! t5\r ( 8 writ+s t ! au?or himself belongs to ! ,lib]als1 we mu/ give him cr$it = ! fairness ) :i* he describes ! p>ty to :i* he is oppos$4 ,!re is no sne]1 no expression ( contempt any:]e1 ev5 :51 z 9 ! case ( ! ,nirang1 ! temptation mu/ h be5 consid]able4 ,:at ?is ,nirang is we may be/ /ate 9 ! words ( ! writ]3 ',! ,nirang is ! ur9e ( c[1 ox1 or %e-goat1 & ! rubb+ ( x ov] ! face & h&s is ! second ?+ a ,p>see does aft] gett+ out ( b$4 ,ei!r be=e apply+ ! ,nirang to ! face & h&s1 or :ile x rema9s on ! h&s aft] be+ appli$1 he %\ld n t\* any?+ directly ) 8 h&s2 b1 9 ord] to wa% out ! ,nirang1 he ei!r asks somebody else to p\r wat] on 8 h&s1 or resorts to ! device ( tak+ hold ( ! pot ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a piece ( clo?1 su* z a h&k]*ief or 8 ,sudra1 i4 e4 8 bl\se4 ,he fir/ p\rs wat] on "o h&1 !n takes ! pot 9 t h& & wa%es 8 o!r h&1 face & feet4' ,/range z ?is process ( purification may appe>1 x becomes p]fectly disgu/+ :5 we are told t wom51 aft] *ildbir?1 h n only to und]go ?is sacr$ ablution1 b h actually to dr9k a little ( ! ,nirang1 & t ! same rite is impos$ on *ildr5 at ! "t ( _! inve/iture ) ! ,sudra & ,ku/i1 ! badges ( ! ,zoroa/rian fai?4 ,! ,lib]al p>ty h completely surr5d]$ ?is objectionable cu/om1 b ! old s*ool /ill keep x up1 ?\gh _! fai?1 z ,dadabhai ,naoroji says1 9 ! efficacy ( ,nirang to drive away ,satan may be %ak54 ',! ,re=m]s1' our au?or writes1 'ma9ta9 t !re is no au?ority :atev] 9 ! orig9al books ( ,zur?o%t = ! obs]vance ( ?is dirty practice1 b t x is altoge!r a lat] introduction4 ,! old adduce ! au?ority ( ! works ( "s ( ! prie/s ( =m] days1 & say ! practice ought to be obs]v$4 ,!y quote "o passage f ! ,z5d-,ave/a corroborative ( _! op9ion1 :i* _! oppon5ts d5y z at all be>+ ^u ! po9t4' ,"h1 :atev] our own feel+s may be ab\t ! ,nirang1 tru? obliges u to side ) ! old s*ool1 & if our au?or _h consult$ ! n9? ,fasg>d ( ! ,v5didad 7page #abj1 l9e #ba1 9 ,brockhaus's edition71 he w\ld h se5 t bo? ! dr9k+ & ! rubb+ 9 ( ! s-call$ ,gaomaezo--i4 e4 ,nirang--are cle>ly enjo9$ by ,zoroa/] 9 c]ta9 purificatory rights4 ,! cu/om re/s1 !re=e1 n only on ! au?ority ( a few prie/s ( =m] days1 b on ! ipsissima v]ba ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 ! reveal$ ^w ( ,ormuzd2 & if1 z ,dadabhai ,naoroji writes1 ! ,re=m]s ( ! day w n g beyond aboli%+ & disav[+ ! c]emonies & notions t h no au?ority 9 ! orig9al ,z5d-,ave/a1 we are afraid t ! wa%+ ) ,nirang1 & ev5 ! dr9k+ ( x1 w h to be ma9ta9$4 ,a pi\s ,p>si has to say 8 pray]s sixte5 times at lea/ e day--fir/ on gett+ out ( b$1 !n dur+ ! ,nirang op]ation1 aga9 :5 he takes 8 ba?1 aga9 :5 he cleanses 8 tee?1 & :5 he has f9i%$ 8 morn+ ablutions4 ,! same pray]s are repeat$ :5ev]1 dur+ ! day1 a ,p>si has to wa% 8 h&s4 ,e meal--& !re are ?ree--beg9s & ends ) pray]1 besides ! grace1 & be=e go+ to b$ ! "w ( ! day is clos$ by a pray]4 ,! mo/ extraord9>y ?+ is t none ( ! ,p>sis--n ev5 _! prie/s--und]/& ! anci5t language 9 :i* ^! pray]s are compos$4 ,we mu/ quote ! words ( our au?or1 :o is himself ( ! prie/ly ca/e1 & :o says3 ',all pray]s1 on e occasion1 are said1 or r recit$1 9 ! old orig9al ,z5d language1 nei!r ! recit] nor ! p ar\nd int5d$ to be edifi$1 und]/&+ a ^w ( x4 ,!re is no pulpit among ! ,p>sees4 ,on sev]al occasions1 z on ! occasion ( ! ,ghumb>s1 ! bime/ral holidays1 ! ?ird day's c]emonies = ! dead1 & o!r religi\s or special holidays1 !re are assemblages 9 ! temple2 pray]s are repeat$1 9 :i* m or less jo91 b !re is no disc\rse 9 ! v]nacul> ( ! p4 ,ord9>ily1 e "o goes to ! fire-temple :5ev] he likes1 or1 if x is conv5i5t to him1 recites 8 pray]s himself1 & z long z he likes1 & gives1 if s incl9$1 some?+ to ! prie/s to pray = him4' ,9 ano!r passage our au?or says3 ',f> f be+ ! tea*]s ( ! true doctr9es & duties ( _! religion1 ! prie/s are g5]ally ! mo/ bigot$ & sup]/iti\s1 & ex]cise mu* injuri\s influ5ce ov] ! wom5 especially1 :o1 until lately1 receiv$ no education at all4 ,! prie/s h1 h[ev]1 n[ begun to feel _! degrad$ position4 ,_m ( !m1 if !y c d s1 br+ up _! sons 9 any o!r pr(ession b _! own4 ,!re are1 p]haps1 a doz5 among ! :ole body ( pr(essional prie/s :o lay claim to a k ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a3 b ! only respect 9 :i* !y are sup]ior to _! bre?r5 is1 t !y h le>nt ! mean+s ( ! words ( ! books z !y are taught1 )\t kn[+ ! language1 ei!r philosophically or grammatically4' ,mr4 ,dadabhai ,naoroji proce$s to give a cle> & graphic description ( ! c]emonies to be obs]v$ at ! bir? & ! inve/iture ( *ildr51 at ! betro?al ( *ildr51 at m>riages & at fun]als1 & he f9ally dismisses "s ( ! di/+ui%+ features ( ! national "* ( ! ,p>sis4 ,! ,p>sis are monogami/s4 ,!y d n eat any?+ cook$ by a p]son ( ano!r religion2 !y object to beef1 pork1 or ham4 ,_! prie/hood is h]$it>y4 ,none b ! son ( a prie/ c be a prie/1 b x is n obligatory = ! son ( a prie/ to take ord]s4 ,! high-prie/ is call$ ,du/oor1 ! o!rs are call$ ,mob$4 ,! pr9cipal po9ts = :i* ! ,lib]als among ! ,p>sis are1 at ! pres5t mom5t1 cont5d+1 are ! abolition ( ! fil?y purifications by means ( ,nirang2 ! r$uction ( ! l>ge numb] ( obligatory pray]s2 ! prohibition ( e>ly betro?al & m>riage2 ! suppression ( extravagance at w$d+s & fun]als2 ! education ( wom51 & _! admission into g5]al society4 ,a society has be5 =m$1 call$ '! ,rahanumaee ,mazdia%na1' i4 e4 ! ,guide ( ! ,wor%ipp]s ( ,god4 ,meet+s are held1 spee*es made1 tracts di/ribut$4 ,a c\nt] society1 too1 has be5 />t$1 call$ '! ,true ,guides2' & we readily believe :at ,mr4 ,dadabhai ,naoroji tells u--t1 z 9 ,europe1 s 9 ,india1 ! ,re=m]s h f\nd !mselves /r5g!n$ by ! intol]ant bigotry & ! weakness ( ! argum5ts ( _! oppon5ts4 ,! ,lib]als h made consid]able progress1 b _! "w is z yet b half done1 & !y w nev] be able to c>ry out _! religi\s & social re=ms successfully1 )\t fir/ ent]+ on a critical /udy ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 to :i*1 z yet1 !y pr(ess to appeal z ! highe/ au?ority 9 matt]s ( fai?1 law1 & morality4 ,we propose1 9 ano!r article1 to consid] ! /ate ( religion among ! ,p>sis ( ! pres5t day4 ,augu/1 #ahfb4 ,,ii4 ,! s-call$ ,fire-wor%ipp]s c]ta9ly d n wor%ip ! fire1 & !y naturally object to a "n :i* seems to place !m on a level ) m]e idolat]s4 ,all !y admit is1 t 9 _! y\? !y are taught to face "s lum9\s object :ile wor%ipp+ ,god 7p4 #g71 & t !y reg>d ! fire1 l o!r great natural ph5om5a1 z an emblem ( ! ,div9e p[] 7p4 #bf74 ,b !y assure u t !y nev] ask assi/ance or bless+s f an un9tellig5t mat]ial object1 nor is x ev5 consid]$ necess>y to turn ! face to any emblem :atev] 9 pray+ to ,ormuzd4 ,! mo/ hone/1 h[ev]1 among ! ,p>sis1 & ^? :o w\ld mo/ emphatically prote/ aga9/ ! idea ( _! ev] pay+ div9e hon\rs to ! sun or ! fire1 admit ! exi/5ce ( "s k9d ( national in/9ct--an indescribable awe felt by e ,p>si ) reg>d to light & fire4 ,! fact t ! ,p>sis are ! only ,ea/]n p :o entirely ab/a9 f smok+ is v significant2 & we "k t mo/ ( !m w\ld r n bl[ out a c&le1 if !y c\ld help x4 ,x is difficult to analyse su* a feel+1 b x seems1 9 "s respects1 simil> to t :i* _m ,*ri/ians h ab\t ! cross4 ,!y d n wor%ip ! cross1 b !y h peculi> feel+s ( rev]5ce = x1 & x is intimately connect$ ) "s ( _! mo/ sacr$ rites4 ,b al?\gh mo/ ,p>sis w\ld be v ready to tell u :at !y d n wor%ip1 !re are b few :o c\ld give a /raight=w>d answ] if ask$ :at !y d wor%ip & believe4 ,_! prie/s1 no d\bt1 w\ld say t !y wor%ip ,ormuzd & believe 9 ,zoroa/]1 8 prophet2 & !y w\ld appeal to ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 z conta9+ ! ,^w ( ,god1 reveal$ by ,ormuzd to ,zoroa/]4 ,if m closely press$1 h[ev]1 !y w\ld h to admit t !y _c und]/& "o ^w ( ! sacr$ writ+s 9 :i* !y pr(ess to believe1 nor c\ld !y give any reason :y !y believe ,zoroa/] to h be5 a true prophet1 & n an impo/or4 ',z a body1' says ,mr4 ,dadabhai ,naoroji1 '! prie/s are n only ignorant ( ! duties & objects ( _! own pr(ession1 b are entirely un$ucat$1 except t !y are able to read & write1 & t1 also1 (t5 v imp]fectly4 ,!y d n und]/& a s+le ^w ( _! pray]s & recitations1 :i* are all 9 ! old ,z5d language4' ,:at1 !n1 d ! laity "k ab\t religion8 ,:at makes ! old tea*+ ( ,zoroa/] s de> to !m t1 9 spite ( all diff]5ces ( op9ion among !mselves1 "y & old seem equally det]m9$ nev] to jo9 any o!r religi\s community8 ,incr$ible z x may s\nd1 we are told by ! be/ au?ority1 by an enlight5$ yet /rictly or?odox ,p>si1 t !re is h>dly a man or a woman :o c\ld give an acc\nt ( ! fai? t is 9 !m4 ',! :ole religi\s education ( a ,p>si *ild consi/s 9 prep>+ by rote a c]ta9 numb] ( pray]s 9 ,z5d1 )\t und]/&+ a ^w ( !m2 ! k ( ! doctr9es ( _! religion be+ left to be pick$ up f casual conv]sation4' ,a ,p>si1 9 fact1 h>dly kn[s :at 8 fai? is4 ,! ,z5d-,ave/a is to him a seal$ book2 & ?\gh !re is a ,guz]ati translation ( x1 t translation is n made f ! orig9al1 b f a ,pehlevi p>aphrase1 nor is x recognis$ by ! prie/s z an au?oris$ v]sion4 ,till ab\t five & tw5ty ye>s ago1 !re 0 no book f :i* a ,p>si ( an inquir+ m9d c\ld ga!r ! pr9ciples ( 8 religion4 ,at t "t1 &1 z x w\ld seem1 *iefly 9 ord] to c\nt]act ! influ5ce ( ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 a small ,dialogue 0 writt5 9 ,guz]ati--a k9d ( ,cate*ism1 giv+1 9 ! =m ( que/ions & answ]s1 ! mo/ important t5ets ( ,p>siism4 ,we %all quote "s passages f ?is ,dialogue1 z translat$ by ,mr4 ,dadabhai ,naoroji4 ,! subject ( x is ?us describ$3 ,a few ,que/ions & ,answ]s to acqua9t ! ,*ildr5 ( ! holy ,z>?o/i ,community ) ! ,subject ( ! ,mazdia%na ,religion1 i4 e4 ! ,wor%ip ( ,god4 ,"q4 ,:om d we1 ( ! ,z>?o/i community1 believe 98 ,answ]4 ,we believe 9 only "o ,god1 & d n believe 9 any besides ,him4 ,q4 ,:o is t "o ,god8 ,a4 ,! ,god :o creat$ ! heav5s1 ! e>?1 ! angels1 ! />s1 ! sun1 ! moon1 ! fire1 ! wat]1 or all ! f\r elem5ts1 & all ?+s ( ! two worlds2 t ,god we believe 94 ,him we wor%ip1 him we invoke1 him we adore4 ,q4 ,d we n believe 9 any o!r ,god8 ,a4 ,:oev] believes 9 any o!r ,god b ?is1 is an infidel1 & %all suff] ! puni%m5t ( hell4 ,q4 ,:at is ! =m ( our ,god8 ,a4 ,our ,god has nei!r face nor =m1 col\r nor %ape1 nor fix$ place4 ,!re is no o!r l him4 ,he is himself s+ly su* a glory t we _c1 praise or describe him2 nor our m9d compreh5d him4 ,s f>1 no "o c\ld object to ?is ,cate*ism1 & x mu/ be cle> t ! ,dualism1 :i* is g5]ally m5tion$ z ! di/+ui%+ feature ( ! ,p]sian religion--! belief 9 two ,gods1 ,ormuzd1 ! pr9ciple ( good1 & ,ahriman1 ! pr9ciple ( evil--is n c\nt5anc$ by ! mod]n ,p>sis4 ,:e!r x exi/s 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a is ano!r "q1 :i*1 h[ev]1 _c be discuss$ at pres5t4#ea ,! ,cate*ism cont9ues3 ,q4 ,:at is our religion8 ,a4 ,our religion is ',wor%ip ( ,god4' ,q4 ,:5ce did we receive our religion8 ,a4 ,god's true prophet--! true ,zur?o/ 7,zoroa/]7 ,asphantaman ,ano%irwan--br\ght ! religion to u f ,god4 ,"h x is curi\s to obs]ve t n a s+le "q is ask$ z to ! claim ( ,zoroa/] to be consid]$ a true prophet4 ,he is n treat$ z a div9e be+1 nor ev5 z ! son ( ,ormuzd4 ,plato1 inde$1 speaks ( ,zoroa/] z ! son ( ,oromazes 7,alc4 i4 p4 #abb a71 b ?is is a mi/ake1 n c\nt5anc$1 z f> z we are aw>e1 by any ( ! ,p>si writ+s1 :e!r anci5t or mod]n4 ,) ! ,p>sis1 ,zoroa/] is simply a wise man1 a prophet fav\r$ by ,god1 & admitt$ into ,god's imm$iate pres5ce2 b all ?is1 on 8 own %[+ only1 & )\t any sup]natural cr$5tials1 except "s few miracles record$ ( him 9 books ( d\btful au?ority4 ,?is %[s1 at all ev5ts1 h[ little ! ,p>sis h be5 expos$ to controv]sial discussions2 =1 z ?is is s weak a po9t 9 _! sy/em t x w\ld h invit$ ! attacks ( e oppon5t1 we may be sure t ! ,du/oors w\ld h fram$ "s argum5t 9 def5ce1 if su* def5ce _h ev] be5 ne$$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! next extract f ! ,cate*ism treats ( ! canonical books3 ,footnote #ea3 ,see page #adj4 ,q4 ,:at religion has our prophet br\ght u f ,god8 ,a4 ,! disciples ( our prophet h record$ 9 sev]al books t religion4 ,_m ( ^! books 7 de/roy$ dur+ ,alex&]'s conque/2 ! rema9d] ( ! books 7 pres]v$ ) great c>e & respect by ! ,sassanian k+s4 ,( ^! aga91 ! great] portion 7 de/roy$ at ! ,mohamm$an conque/ by ,khalif ,om>1 s t we h n[ v few books rema9+2 viz4 ! ,v&idad1 ! ,yaza%ne1 ! ,visp>ad1 ! ,khordeh ,ave/a1 ! ,vi/asp ,nusk1 & a few ,pehlevi books4 ,re/+ our fai? ^u ^! few books1 we n[ rema9 devot$ to our good ,mazdia%na religion4 ,we consid] ^! books z heav5ly books1 because ,god s5t ! tid+s ( ^! books to u ?r\gh ! holy ,zur?o/4 ,"h1 aga91 we see !ological sci5ce 9 its infancy4 ',we consid] ^! books z heav5ly books because ,god s5t ! tid+s ( ^! books to u ?r\gh ! holy ,zur?o/1' is n v p[]ful logic4 ,x w\ld h be5 m simple to say1 ',we consid] !m heav5ly books because we consid] !m heav5ly books4' ,h[ev]1 :e!r heav5ly or n1 ^! few books exi/4 ,!y =m ! only basis ( ! ,zoroa/rian religion1 & ! pr9cipal s\rce f :i* x is possible to d]ive any au!ntic in=mation z to its orig91 its hi/ory1 & its real "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,t ! ,p>sis are ( a tol]ant "* ) reg>d to su* ( _! doctr9es z are n ( vital importance1 may be se5 f ! foll[+ extract3 ,q4 ,^: desc5dants are we8 ,a4 ,( ,gayom>s4 ,by 8 prog5y 0 ,p]sia populat$4 ,q4 ,0 ,gayom>s ! fir/ man8 ,a4 ,accord+ to our religion he 0 s1 b ! wise m5 ( our community1 ( ! ,*9ese1 ! ,h9dus1 & sev]al o!r nations1 dispute ! ass]tion1 & say t !re 0 human population on ! e>? be=e ,gayom>s4 ,! moral precepts :i* are embodi$ 9 ?is ,cate*ism d ! highe/ cr$it to ! ,p>sis3 ,q4 ,:at comm&s has ,god s5t u ?r\gh 8 prophet1 ! exalt$ ,zur?o/8 ,a4 ,to "k ,god z "o2 to "k ! prophet1 ! exalt$ ,zur?o/1 z ! true prophet2 to believe ! religion & ! ,ave/a br\ght by him z true beyond all mann] ( d\bt2 to believe 9 ! goodness ( ,god2 n to disobey any ( ! comm&s ( ! ,mazdia%na religion2 to avoid evil de$s2 to ex]t = good de$s2 to pray five times 9 ! day2 to believe on ! reckon+ & ju/ice on ! f\r? morn+ aft] dea?2 to hope = heav5 & to fe> hell2 to consid] d\btless ! day ( g5]al de/ruction & resurrection2 to rememb] always t ,god has done :at he will$1 & %all d :at he wills2 to face "s lum9\s object :ile wor%ipp+ ,god4 ,!n foll[ sev]al p>agraphs :i* are cle>ly direct$ aga9/ ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 & m p>ticul>ly aga9/ ! doctr9e ( vic>i\s sacrifice & pray]3 ',"s deceiv]s1 ! ,cate*ism says1 ) ! view ( acquir+ exaltation 9 ?is _w1 h set !mselves up z prophets1 &1 go+ among ! lab\r+ & ignorant p1 h p]suad$ !m t1 if y commit s91 ,i %all int]c$e = y1 ,i %all plead = y1 ,i %all save y1 & ?us deceive !m2 b ! wise among ! p "k ! deceit4' ,?is cle>ly ref]s to ,*ri/ian mission>ies1 b :e!r ,roman ,ca?olic or ,prote/ant is difficult to say4 ,! answ] giv5 by ! ,p>sis is curi\s & significant3 ',if any "o commit s91' !y reply1 '"u ! belief t he %all be sav$ by somebody1 bo? ! deceiv] z well z ! deceiv$ %all be damn$ to ! day ( ,ra/a ,khez4444 ,!re is no savi\r4 ,9 ! o!r _w y %all receive ! return accord+ to y\r actions4444 ,y\r savi\r is y\r de$s1 & ,god himself4 ,he is ! p>don] & ! giv]4 ,if y rep5t y\r s9s & re=m1 & if ! ,great ,judge consid] y wor?y ( p>don1 or w\ld be m]ciful to y1 ,he alone c & w save y4' ,x w\ld be a mi/ake to suppose t ! :ole doctr9e ( ! ,p>sis is conta9$ 9 ! %ort ,guz]ati ,cate*ism1 translat$ by ,mr4 ,dadabhai ,naoroji1 /ill less 9 ! fragm5t>y extracts "h giv54 ,_! sacr$ writ+s1 ! ,yasna1 ,visp]$1 & ,v5didad1 ! productions ( mu* e>li] ages1 conta9 _m ideas1 bo? religi\s & my?ological1 :i* belong to ! pa/1 to ! *ildhood ( our race1 & :i* no educat$ ,p>si c\ld hone/ly pr(ess to believe 9 n[4 ,?is difficulty ( reconcil+ ! m enlight5$ fai? ( ! pres5t g5]ation ) ! my?ological phraseology ( _! old sacr$ writ+s is solv$ by ! ,p>sis 9 a v simple mann]4 ,!y d n1 l ,roman ,ca?olics1 prohibit ! read+ ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a2 nor d !y1 l ,prote/ants1 enc\rage a critical /udy ( _! sacr$ texts4 ,!y simply ignore ! orig9als ( _! sacr$ writ+s4 ,!y repeat !m 9 _! pray]s )\t attempt+ to und]/& !m1 & !y ackn[l$ge ! insuffici5cy ( e translation ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a t has yet be5 made1 ei!r 9 ,pehlevi1 ,sanskrit1 ,guz]ati1 ,fr5*1 or ,g]man4 ,ea* ,p>si has to pick up 8 religion z be/ he may4 ,till lately1 ev5 ! ,cate*ism did n =m a necess>y "p ( a *ild's religi\s education4 ,?us ! religi\s belief ( ! pres5t ,p>si communities is r$uc$ to two or ?ree fundam5tal doctr9es2 & ^!1 ?\gh pr(ess$ly re/+ on ! tea*+ ( ,zoroa/]1 receive _! real sanction f a mu* high] au?ority4 ,a ,p>si believes 9 "o ,god1 to :om he addresses 8 pray]s4 ,8 morality is compris$ 9 ^! words--pure ?\ghts1 pure words1 pure de$s4 ,believ+ 9 ! puni%m5t ( vice & ! rew>d ( virtue1 he tru/s = p>don to ! m]cy ( ,god4 ,!re is a *>m1 no d\bt1 9 s %ort a cre$2 & if ! :ole ( ,zoroa/]'s tea*+ 7 conf9$ to ?is1 !re w\ld be "s tru? 9 :at 8 foll[]s say ( _! religion--namely1 t 'x is = all1 & n = any p>ticul> nation4' ,if n[ we ask aga91 h[ x is t nei!r ,*ri/ians1 nor ,h9dus1 nor ,mohamm$ans h _h any consid]able success 9 conv]t+ ! ,p>sis1 & :y ev5 ! m enlight5$ memb]s ( t small community1 ?\gh fully aw>e ( ! _m weak po9ts ( _! own !ology1 & deeply impress$ ) ! excell5ce ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 morals1 & g5]al civilisation1 scorn ! idea ( ev] migrat+ f ! sacr$ ru9s ( _! anci5t fai?1 we are able to discov] "s reasons2 ?\gh !y are h>dly suffici5t to acc\nt = s extraord9>y a fact8 ,fir/1 ! v compactness ( ! mod]n ,p>si cre$ acc\nts = ! t5acity ) :i* ! exiles ( ,we/]n ,india cl+ to x4 ,a ,p>si is n tr\bl$ ) _m !ological problems or difficulties4 ,?\gh he pr(esses a g5]al belief 9 ! sacr$ writ+s ( ,zoroa/]1 he is n ask$ to pr(ess any belief 9 ! /ories incid5tally m5tion$ 9 ! ,z5d-,ave/a4 ,if x is said 9 ! ,yasna t ,zoroa/] 0 once visit$ by ,homa1 :o appe>$ be=e him 9 a brilliant sup]natural body1 no doctr9e is laid d[n z to ! exact nature ( ,homa4 ,x is said t ,homa 0 wor%ipp$ by c]ta9 anci5t sages1 ,vivanhvat1 ,a?wya1 & ,?rita1 & t1 z a rew>d = _! wor%ip1 great h]oes 7 born z _! sons4 ,! f\r? :o wor%ipp$ ,homa 0 ,p\ru%aspa1 & he 0 rew>d$ by ! bir? ( 8 son ,zoroa/]4 ,n[ ! tru? is1 t ,homa is ! same z ! ,sanskrit ,soma1 well kn[n f ! ,v$a z an intoxicat+ bev]age us$ at ! great sacrifices1 & aft]w>ds rais$ to ! rank ( a deity4 ,! ,p>sis are fully aw>e ( ?is1 b !y d n seem 9 ! lea/ di/urb$ by ! occurr5ce ( su* 'fables & endless g5ealogies4' ,!y w\ld n be %ock$ if !y 7 told1 :at is a fact1 t mo/ ( ^! old wives' fables h _! orig9 9 ! religion :i* !y mo/ dete/1 ! religion ( ! ,v$a1 & t ! h]oes ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a are ! same :o1 ) slightly *ang$ names1 appe> aga9 z ,jem%id1 ,f]idun1 ,g]%asp1 c41 9 ! epic poetry ( ,firdusi4 ,ano!r fact :i* acc\nts = ! atta*m5t ( ! ,p>sis to _! religion is its remote antiquity & its =m] glory4 ,?\gh age has little to d ) tru?1 ! l5g? ( "t = :i* any sy/em has la/$ seems to (f] a vague argum5t 9 fav\r ( its /r5g?4 ,x is a feel+ :i* ! ,p>si %>es 9 common ) ! ,jew & ! ,brahman1 & :i* ev5 ! ,*ri/ian mission>y appeals to :5 confront+ ! sy/ems ( lat] prophets4 ,?irdly1 x is felt by ! ,p>sis t 9 *ang+ _! religion1 !y w\ld n only rel9qui% ! heirloom ( _! remote =efa!rs1 b ( _! own fa!rs2 & x is felt z a d]eliction ( filial piety to give up :at 0 mo/ preci\s to ^? ^: memory is mo/ preci\s & almo/ sacr$ to !mselves4 ,if 9 spite ( all ?is1 _m p1 mo/ compet5t to judge1 look =w>d ) confid5ce to ! conv]sion ( ! ,p>sis1 x is because1 9 ! mo/ ess5tial po9ts1 !y h already1 ?\gh unconsci\sly1 approa*$ z ne> z possible to ! pure doctr9es ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,let !m b read ! ,z5d-,ave/a1 9 :i* !y pr(ess to believe1 & !y w f9d t _! fai? is no long] ! fai? ( ! ,yasna1 ! ,v5didad1 & ! ,visp]$4 ,z hi/orical relics1 ^! works1 if critically int]pret$1 w always reta9 a prom95t place 9 ! great libr>y ( ! anci5t _w4 ,z oracles ( religi\s fai?1 !y are defunct1 & a m]e ana*ronism 9 ! age 9 :i* we live4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let mission>ies read _! ,bible1 & let !m prea* t ,*ri/ianity :i* once conqu]$ ! _w--! g5u9e & un%ackl$ ,gospel ( ,*ri/ & ! ,apo/les4 ,let !m respect native prejudices1 & be tol]ant ) reg>d to all t c be tol]at$ 9 a ,*ri/ian community4 ,let !m consid] t ,*ri/ianity is n a gift to be press$ on unwill+ m9ds1 b ! highe/ ( all privileges :i* natives c receive at ! h&s ( _! pres5t rul]s4 ,natives ( indep5d5t & hone/ "* _c af=d at pres5t to jo9 ! ranks ( conv]ts )\t los+ t true ca/e :i* no man ought to lose--namely1 self-respect4 ,!y are driv5 to prop up _! tott]+ religions1 r ?an pr(ess a fai? :i* seems dictat$ to !m by _! conqu]ors4 ,su* feel+s ought to be respect$4 ,f9ally1 let mission>ies /udy ! sacr$ writ+s on :i* ! fai? ( ! ,p>sis is pr(ess$ly f\nd$4 ,let !m exam9e ! bulw>ks :i* !y mean to ov]?r[4 ,!y w f9d !m less =midable f )9 ?an f )\t4 ,b !y w also discov] t !y re/ on a f\ndation :i* ought nev] to be t\*$--a fai? 9 "o ,god1 ! ,creator1 ! ,rul]1 & ! ,judge ( ! _w4 ,augu/1 #ahfb4 ,,ix4 ,,buddhism4#eb ,if ! comm& ( ,/4 ,paul1 ',prove all ?+s1 hold fa/ t :i* is good1' may be suppos$ to ref] to spiritual ?+s1 &1 m especially1 to religi\s doctr9es1 x mu/ be confess$ t few only1 :e!r !ologians or laym51 h ev] tak5 to he>t ! apo/le's comm&4 ,h[ _m c&idates = holy ord]s are !re :o c\ld give a /raight=w>d answ] if ask$ to enum]ate ! pr9cipal religions ( ! _w1 or to /ate ! names ( _! f\nd]s1 & ! titles ( ! works :i* are /ill consid]$ by millions ( human be+s z ! sacr$ au?orities = _! religi\s belief8 ,to /udy su* books z ! ,koran ( ! ,mohamm$ans1 ! ,z5d-,ave/a ( ! ,p>sis1 ! ,k+'s ( ! ,confucians1 ! ,tao-te-,k+ ( ! ,taoi/s1 ! ,v$as ( ! ,brahmans1 ! ,tripitaka ( ! ,buddhi/s1 ! ,sutras ( ! ,ja9s1 or ! ,gran? ( ! ,sikhs1 w\ld be consid]$ by _m m]e wa/e ( "t4 ,yet ,/4 ,paul's comm& is v cle> & simple2 & to ma9ta9 t x ref]r$ to ! h]esies ( 8 own "t only1 or to ! philosophical sy/ems ( ! ,greeks & ,romans1 w\ld be to n>r[ ! horizon ( ! apo/le's m9d1 & to de/roy ! g5]al applicability ( 8 tea*+ to all times & to all c\ntries4 ,_m w ask :at possible good c\ld be d]iv$ f ! works ( m5 :o mu/ h be5 ei!r deceiv$ or deceiv]s1 nor w\ld x be difficult to quote "s passages 9 ord] to %[ ! utt] absurdity & wor?lessness ( ! religi\s books ( ! ,h9dus & ,*9ese4 ,b ?is 0 n ! _s 9 :i* ! apo/le ( ! ,g5tiles address$ himself to ! ,epicureans & ,/oics1 nor is ?is ! feel+ ) :i* a ?\ghtful ,*ri/ian & a s9c]e believ] 9 ! div9e gov]nm5t ( ! _w is likely to rise f a p]usal ( any ( ! books :i* he kn[s to be or to h be5 ! only s\rce ( spiritual light & com=t to ?\s&s & ?\s&s among ! dwell]s on e>?4 ,footnote #eb3 ',le ,b\ddha et sa ,religion4' ,p> ,j4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ,membre de l',in/itut4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 ,_m are ! advantages to be d]iv$ f a c>eful /udy ( o!r religions1 b ! greate/ ( all is t x tea*es u to appreciate m truly :at we possess 9 our own4 ,:5 d we feel ! bless+s ( our own c\ntry m w>mly & truly ?an :5 we return f abroad8 ,x is ! same ) reg>d to religion4 ,let u see :at o!r nations h _h & /ill h 9 ! place ( religion2 let u exam9e ! pray]s1 ! wor%ip1 ! !ology ev5 ( ! mo/ highly civilis$ races1--! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! ,h9dus1 ! ,p]sians1--& we %all !n und]/& m ?or\ghly :at bless+s are v\*saf$ to u 9 be+ all[$ to brea! f ! fir/ brea? ( life ! pure air ( a l& ( ,*ri/ian light & k4 ,we are too apt to take ! greate/ bless+s z matt]s ( c\rse1 & ev5 religion =ms no exception4 ,we h done s little to ga9 our religion1 we h suff]$ s little 9 ! cause ( tru?1 t h[ev] highly we prize our own ,*ri/ianity1 we nev] prize x highly en\gh until we h comp>$ x ) ! religions ( ! re/ ( ! _w4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! only advantage2 & we ?9k t ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire has =m$ too l[ an e/imate ( ! b5efits to be d]iv$ f a ?\ghtful /udy ( ! religions ( mank9d :5 he writes ( ,buddhism3 ',le seul1 mais imm5se s]vice que le ,b\ddhisme puisse n\s r5dre1 c'e/ p> son tri/e contra/e de n\s faire appreci] mieux encore la valeur ine/imable de nos croyances1 en n\s montrant t\t ce qu'il en c\te a l'humanite qui ne les p>tage po9t4' ,?is is n all4 ,if a k ( o!r c\ntries & a /udy ( ! mann]s & cu/oms ( =eign nations tea* u to appreciate :at we h at home1 !y likewise =m ! be/ cure ( t national conceit & want ( sympa?y ) :i* we are too apt to look on all t is /range & =eign4 ,! feel+ :i* l$ ! ,hell5ic races to divide ! :ole _w into ,greeks & ,b>b>ians is s deeply engra9$ 9 human nature t n ev5 ,*ri/ianity has be5 able altoge!r to remove x4 ,?us :5 we ca/ our fir/ glance into ! labyr9? ( ! religions ( ! _w1 all seems to u d>kness1 self-deceit1 & vanity4 ,x s\nds l a degradation ( ! v "n ( religion to apply x to ! wild rav+s ( ,h9du ,yog9s or ! blank blasphemies ( ,*9ese ,buddhi/s4 ,b z we sl[ly & pati5tly w5d our way ?r\gh ! dre>y prisons1 our own eyes seem to exp&1 & we p]ceive a glimm] ( light :]e all 0 d>kness at fir/4 ,we le>n to und]/& ! say+ ( "o :o m ?an anybody _h a "r to speak ) au?ority on ?is subject1 t '!re is no religion :i* does n conta9 a sp>k ( tru?4' ,^? :o w\ld limit ! ri*es ( ,god's goodness & =be>ance & long suff]+1 & w\ld h& ov] ! l>ge/ portion ( ! human race to inevitable p]dition1 h nev] adduc$ a tittle ( evid5ce f ! ,gospel or f any o!r tru/wor?y s\rce 9 support ( s unhall[$ a belief4 ,!y h g5]ally appeal$ to ! devilries & orgies ( hea!n wor%ip2 !y h quot$ ! blasphemies ( ,ori5tal ,sufis & ! immoralities sanction$ by ! successors ( ,mohamm$2 b !y h seldom1 if ev]1 endeav\r$ to discov] ! true & orig9al "* ( ! /range =ms ( fai? & wor%ip :i* !y call ! "w ( ! devil4 ,if ! ,indians _h =m$ _! notions ( ,*ri/ianity f ! soldi]s ( ,cortez & ,piz>ro1 or if ! ,h9dus _h /udi$ ! pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ian morality 9 ! lives ( ,clive & ,w>r5 ,ha/+s2 or1 to take a less extreme case1 if a ,mohamm$an1 settl$ 9 ,engl&1 7 to te/ ! practical work+ ( ,*ri/ian *>ity by ! _s display$ 9 ! j\rnals ( our religi\s p>ties1 _! notions ( ,*ri/ianity w\ld be ab\t z correct z ! ideas :i* ?\s&s ( educat$ ,*ri/ians ent]ta9 ( ! diabolical "* ( hea!n religion4 ,ev5 ,*ri/ianity has be5 deprav$ into ,jesuitism & ,mormonism1 & if we1 z ,prote/ants1 claim ! "r to appeal to ! ,gospel z ! only te/ by :i* our fai? is to be judg$1 we mu/ grant a simil> privilege to ,mohamm$ans & ,buddhi/s1 & to all :o possess a writt51 &1 z !y believe1 reveal$ au?ority = ! articles ( _! fai?4 ,b ?\gh no "o is likely to d5y ! necessity ( /udy+ ea* religion 9 its mo/ anci5t =m & f its orig9al docum5ts1 be=e we v5ture to pron\nce our v]dict1 ! difficulties ( ?is task are su* t 9 !m m ?an 9 any?+ else1 mu/ be s\ght ! cause :y s few ( our be/ ?9k]s & writ]s h devot$ !mselves to a critical & hi/orical /udy ( ! religions ( ! _w4 ,all important religions h sprung up 9 ! ,ea/4 ,_! sacr$ books are writt5 9 ,ea/]n tongues1 & "s ( !m are ( su* anci5t date t ^? ev5 :o pr(ess to believe 9 !m1 admit t !y are unable to und]/& !m )\t ! help ( translations & comm5t>ies4 ,until v lately ! sacr$ books ( ?ree ( ! mo/ important religions1 ^? ( ! ,brahmans1 ! ,buddhi/s1 & ! ,p>sis1 7 totally unkn[n 9 ,europe4 ,x 0 "o ( ! mo/ important results ( ! /udy ( ,sanskrit1 or ! anci5t language ( ,india1 t ?r\gh x ! key1 n only to ! sacr$ books ( ! ,brahmans1 ! ,v$as1 b likewise to ^? ( ! ,buddhi/s & ,zoroa/rians1 0 recov]$4 ,& no?+ %[s m /rik+ly ! rapid progress ( ,sanskrit s*ol>%ip ?an t ev5 ,sir ,william ,jones1 ^: "n has /ill1 ) _m1 a m famili> s\nd ?an ! names ( ,colebrooke1 ,burn\f1 & ,lass51 %\ld h kn[n no?+ ( ! ,v$as2 t he %\ld nev] h read a l9e ( ! canonical books ( ! ,buddhi/s1 & t he actually express$ 8 belief t ,buddha 0 ! same z ! ,teutonic deity ,wodan or ,od91 & ,sakya1 ano!r "n ( ,buddha1 ! same z ,%i%ac1 k+ ( ,egypt4 ,! same di/+ui%$ s*ol> nev] p]ceiv$ ! intimate relation%ip betwe5 ! language ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a & ,sanskrit1 & he decl>$ ! :ole ( ! ,zoroa/rian writ+s to be mod]n =g]ies4 ,ev5 at pres5t we are n yet 9 possession ( a complete edition1 mu* less ( any tru/wor?y translation1 ( ! ,v$as2 we only possess ! orig9als ( a few books ( ! ,buddhi/ canon2 & ?\gh ! text ( ! ,z5d-,ave/a has be5 edit$ 9 its entirety1 its int]pretation is beset ) great] difficulties ?an t ( ! ,v$as or ! ,tripitaka4 ,a /udy ( ! anci5t religions ( ,*9a1 ^? ( ,confucius & ,lao-tse1 presupposes an acqua9tance ) ,*9ese1 a language :i* x takes a life to le>n ?or\ghly2 & ev5 ! religion ( ,mohamm$1 ?\gh m accessible ?an any o!r ,ea/]n religion1 _c be fully exam9$ except by a ma/] ( ,arabic4 ,x is less surpris+1 !re=e1 ?an x might at fir/ appe>1 t a compreh5sive & s*ol>like treatm5t ( ! religions ( ! _w %\ld /ill be a desid]atum4 ,s*ol>s :o h ga9$ a k ( ! language1 & !reby free access to orig9al docum5ts1 f9d s mu* "w at h& :i* none b !mselves c d1 t !y grudge ! "t = collect+ & arrang+1 = ! b5efit ( ! public at l>ge1 ! results :i* !y h obta9$4 ,nor ne$ we wond] t critical hi/orians %\ld r ab/a9 f ! /udy ( ! religions ( antiquity ?an tru/ to m]e translations & second-h& au?orities4 ,"u ^! circum/ances we feel all ! m ?ankful if we meet ) a writ] l ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 :o has acquir$ a k ( ,ea/]n languages suffici5t to enable him to consult orig9al texts & to control ! rese>*es ( o!r s*ol>s1 & :o at ! same "t comm&s t wide view ( ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght :i* enables him to assign to ea* sy/em its prop] place1 to p]ceive its mo/ sali5t features1 & to di/+ui% betwe5 :at is really important & :at is n1 9 ! l5g?y lucubrations ( anci5t poets & prophets4 ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire is "o ( ! mo/ accompli%$ s*ol>s ( ,france2 & 8 reputation z ! translator ( ,ari/otle has made u almo/ =get t ! ,pr(essor ( ,greek ,philosophy at ! ,college de ,france#ec is ! same z ! active writ] 9 ! ',globe' ( #ahbg1 & ! ',national' ( #ahcj2 ! same :o sign$ ! prote/ aga9/ ! ,july ord9ances1 & :o 9 #ahdh 0 ,*ief ,secret>y ( ! ,provisional ,gov]nm5t4 ,if su* a man takes ! tr\ble to acquire a k ( ,sanskrit1 & to att5d 9 ! same ,college :]e he 0 pr(essor1 ! lectures ( 8 own colleague1 ! late ,eug5e ,burn\f1 8 publications on ,h9du philosophy & religion w naturally attract a l>ge am\nt ( public int]e/4 ,! ,sanskrit s*ol> by pr(ession works & publi%es *iefly = ! b5efit ( o!r ,sanskrit s*ol>s4 ,he is satisfi$ ) br++ to light ! ore :i* he has extract$ by pati5t lab\r f among ! du/y ,,mss4 ( ! ,ea/-,india ,h\se4 ,he seldom takes ! tr\ble to sep>ate ! metal f ! ore1 to purify or to /rike x into curr5t co94 ,he is b too (t5 apt to =get t no la/+ addition is ev] made to ! treasury ( human k unless ! results ( special rese>* are translat$ into ! univ]sal language ( sci5ce1 & r5d]$ available to e p]son ( intellect & education4 ,a division ( lab\r seems mo/ conducive to ?is end4 ,we want a class ( int]pret]s1 m5 su* z ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 :o are fully compet5t to foll[ & to control ! rese>*es ( pr(essional /ud5ts1 & :o at ! same "t h n =gott5 ! language ( ! _w4 ,footnote #ec3 ,m4 de ,/4 ,hilaire resign$ ! *air ( ,greek lit]ature at ! ,college de ,france aft] ! c\p d'etat ( #ahea1 decl9+ to take ! oa? ( allegiance to ! exi/+ gov]nm5t4 ,9 8 "w on ,buddhism1 ( :i* a second edition has j appe>$1 ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire has und]tak5 to give to ! _w at l>ge ! really tru/wor?y & important results :i* h be5 obta9$ by ! labori\s rese>*es ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s1 f ! orig9al docum5ts ( t int]e/+ & /ill my/]i\s religion4 ,x 0 a task ( no ord9>y difficulty1 = al?\gh ^! rese>*es are ( v rec5t date1 & belong to a p]iod ( ,sanskrit s*ol>%ip po/]ior to ,sir ,w4 ,jones & ,colebrooke1 yet su* is ! am\nt ( evid5ce br\ght toge!r by ! comb9$ indu/ry ( ,hodgson1 ,turn\r1 ,csoma de ,ko]oes1 ,/anislas ,juli51 ,f\caux1 ,fausboell1 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 b above all1 ( ! late ,eug5e ,burn\f1 t x requir$ no common pati5ce & discrim9ation 9 ord] to compose f su* mat]ials s accurate1 & at ! same "t s lucid & readable a book on ,buddhism z t :i* we owe to ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire4 ,! great] "p ( x appe>$ orig9ally 9 ! ',j\rnal des ,savants1' ! "t-hon\r$ organ ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 :i* c\nts on its /aff ! names ( ,c\s91 ,fl\r5s1 ,villema91 ,biot1 ,mignet1 ,littre1 c1 & admits z contributors sixte5 only ( ! mo/ illu/ri\s memb]s ( t illu/ri\s body1 la creme de la creme4 ,?\gh mu* _h be5 said & writt5 ab\t ,buddhism1--en\gh to fright5 prie/s by see+ !mselves anticipat$ 9 auricul> confession1 beads1 & tonsure by ! ,lamas ( ,tibet1#ed & to disconc]t philosoph]s by f9d+ !mselves outbid 9 positivism & nihilism by ! inmates ( ,*9ese mona/]ies1--! real beg9n+ ( an hi/orical & critical /udy ( ! doctr9es ( ,buddha dates f ! ye> #ahbd4 ,9 t ye> ,mr4 ,hodgson ann\nc$ ! fact t ! orig9al docum5ts ( ! ,buddhi/ canon _h be5 pres]v$ 9 ,sanskrit 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,nepal4 ,be=e t "t our in=mation on ,buddhism _h be5 d]iv$ at r&om f ,*9a1 ,japan1 ,burmah1 ,tibet1 ,mongolia1 & ,t>t>y2 & ?\gh x 0 kn[n t ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature 9 all ^! c\ntries pr(ess$ itself to be d]iv$1 directly or indirectly1 f ,india1 & t ! te*nical t]ms ( t religion1 n except+ ! v "n ( ,buddha1 _h _! etymology 9 ,sanskrit only1 no hope 0 ent]ta9$ t ! orig9als ( ^! v>i\s translations c\ld ev] be recov]$4 ,mr4 ,hodgson1 :o settl$ 9 ,nepal 9 #ahba1 z political resid5t ( ! ,ea/-,india ,company1 & ^: eyes 7 always op51 n only to ! natural hi/ory ( t little-explor$ c\ntry1 b likewise to its antiquities1 its languages1 & traditions1 0 n long be=e he discov]$ t 8 fri5ds1 ! prie/s ( ,nepal1 possess$ a complete lit]ature ( _! own4 ,t lit]ature 0 n writt5 9 ! spok5 dialects ( ! c\ntry1 b 9 ,sanskrit4 ,mr4 ,hodgson procur$ a catalogue ( all ! works1 /ill 9 exi/5ce1 :i* =m$ ! ,buddhi/ canon4 ,he aft]w>ds succe$$ 9 procur+ copies ( ^! works1 & he 0 able 9 #ahbd to s5d ab\t sixty volumes to ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal4 ,z no memb] ( t society seem$ incl9$ to devote himself to ! /udy ( ^! ,,mss41 ,mr4 ,hodgson s5t two complete collections ( ! same ,,mss4 to ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,london & ! ,societe ,asiatique ( ,p>is4 ,be=e allud+ to ! brilliant results :i* ! la/-nam$ collection produc$ 9 ! h&s ( ,eug5e ,burn\f1 we mu/ m5tion ! lab\rs ( o!r /ud5ts1 :i* prec$$ ! publication ( ,burn\f's rese>*es4 ,footnote #ed3 ,! late ,abbe ,huc po9t$ out ! simil>ities betwe5 ! ,buddhi/ & ,roman ,ca?olic c]emonials ) su* naivete1 t1 to 8 surprise1 he f\nd 8 delightful ',travels 9 ,tibet' plac$ on ! ',index4' ',on ne peut s'empe*] d'etre frappe1' he writes1 'de leur rapport avec le ,ca?olicisme4 ,la crosse1 la mitre1 la dalmatique1 la *ape ou pluvial1 que les gr&s ,lamas port5t en voyage1 ou lorsqu'ils font quelque c]emonie hors du temple2 l'(fice a deux *oeurs1 la psalmodie1 les exorcismes1 l'enc5soir s\t5u p> c9q *a9es1 et p\vant s'ouvrir et se f]m] a volonte2 les b5$ictions donnees p> les ,lamas en et5dant la ma9 droite sur la tete des fideles2 le *apelet1 le celibat ecclesia/ique1 les retraites spirituelles1 le culte des sa9ts1 les jeunes1 les processions1 les litanies1 l'eau b5ite2 voila autant de rapports que les ,b\ddhi/es ont avec n\s4' ,he might h add$ tonsure1 relics1 & ! confessional4 ,mr4 ,hodgson himself gave to ! _w a numb] ( valuable essays writt5 on ! spot1 & aft]w>ds collect$ "u ! title ( ',illu/rations ( ! ,lit]ature & ,religion ( ! ,buddhi/s1' ,s]ampore1 #ahda4 ,he e/abli%$ ! important fact1 9 accordance ) ! traditions ( ! prie/s ( ,nepal1 t "s ( ! ,sanskrit docum5ts :i* he recov]$ _h exi/$ 9 ! mona/]ies ( ,nepal ev] s9ce ! second c5tury ( our era1 & t ! :ole ( t collection _h1 five or six hundr$ ye>s lat]1 :5 ,buddhism became def9itely e/abli%$ 9 ,tibet1 be5 translat$ into ! language ( t c\ntry4 ,z ! art ( pr9t+ _h be5 introduc$ f ,*9a into ,tibet1 !re 0 less difficulty 9 procur+ complete copies ( ! ,tibetan translation ( ! ,buddhi/ canon4 ,! real difficulty 0 to f9d a p]son acqua9t$ ) ! language4 ,by a =tunate concurr5ce ( circum/ances1 h[ev]1 x s happ5$ t ab\t ! same "t :5 ,mr4 ,hodgson's discov]ies began to attract ! att5tion ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s at ,calcutta1 a ,hung>ian1 ( ! "n ( ,alex&] ,csoma de ,ko]oes1 arriv$ !re4 ,he _h made 8 way f ,hung>y to ,tibet on foot1 )\t any means ( 8 own1 & ) ! sole object ( discov]+ some:]e 9 ,c5tral ,asia ! native home ( ! ,hung>ians4 ,arriv$ 9 ,tibet1 8 en?usiasm f\nd a new v5t 9 acquir+ a language :i* no ,european be=e 8 "t _h ma/]$1 & 9 explor+ ! va/ collection ( ! canonical books ( ! ,buddhi/s1 pres]v$ 9 t language4 ,?\gh he arriv$ at ,calcutta almo/ )\t a p5ny1 he met ) a he>ty welcome f ! memb]s ( ! ,asiatic ,society1 & 0 enabl$ ) _! assi/ance to publi% ! results ( 8 extraord9>y rese>*es4 ,p h compla9$ ( ! l5g? ( ! sacr$ books ( o!r nations1 b !re are none t approa* 9 bulk to ! sacr$ canon ( ! ,tibetans4 ,x consi/s ( two collections1 commonly call$ ! ,kanjur & ,tanjur4 ,! prop] spell+ ( _! names is ,bkah-hgyur1 pron\nc$ ,kah-gyur1 & ,b/an-hgyur1 pron\nc$ ,tan-gyur4 ,! ,kanjur consi/s1 9 its diff]5t editions1 ( #ajj1 #ajb1 or #ajh volumes folio4 ,x comprises #ajhc di/9ct works4 ,! ,tanjur consi/s ( #bbe volumes folio1 ea* weigh+ f f\r to five p\nds 9 ! edition ( ,pek+4 ,editions ( ?is colossal code 7 pr9t$ at ,pek+1 ,lhassa1 & o!r places4 ,! edition ( ! ,kanjur publi%$ at ,pek+1 by comm& ( ! ,emp]or ,khian-,lung1 sold = ,l#fjj4 ,a copy ( ! ,kanjur 0 b>t]$ = #gjjj ox5 by ! ,buriates1 & ! same tribe paid #abjj silv] r\bles = a complete copy ( ! ,kanjur & ,tanjur toge!r4#ee ,su* a jungle ( religi\s lit]ature--! mo/ excell5t hid+-place1 we %\ld ?9k1 = ,lamas & ,dalai-,lamas--0 too mu* ev5 = a man :o c\ld travel on foot f ,hung>y to ,tibet4 ,! ,hung>ian en?usia/1 h[ev]1 ?\gh he did n translate ! :ole1 gave a mo/ valuable analysis ( ?is imm5se bible1 9 ! tw5tie? volume ( ! ',asiatic ,rese>*es1' suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact t ! pr9cipal portion ( x 0 a translation f ! same ,sanskrit orig9als :i* _h be5 discov]$ 9 ,nepal by ,mr4 ,hodgson4 ,csoma de ,ko]oes di$ soon aft] he _h giv5 to ! _w ! fir/ fruits ( 8 lab\rs1--a victim to 8 h]oic devotion to ! /udy ( anci5t languages & religions4 ,footnote #ee3 ',die ,religion des ,buddha1' von ,koepp51 vol4 ii4 p4 #bhb4 ,x 0 ano!r =tunate co9cid5ce t1 contemporane\sly ) ! discov]ies ( ,hodgson & ,csoma de ,ko]oes1 ano!r s*ol>1 ,s*midt ( ,/4 ,pet]sburg1 _h s f> advanc$ 9 ! /udy ( ! ,mongolian language1 z to be able to translate portions ( ! ,mongolian v]sion ( ! ,buddhi/ canon1 & ?us =w>d ! elucidation ( "s ( ! problems connect$ ) ! religion ( ,buddha4 ,x nev] ra9s b x p\rs4 ,:]eas = ye>s1 nay1 = c5turies1 n a s+le orig9al docum5t ( ! ,buddhi/ religion _h be5 accessible to ! s*ol>s ( ,europe1 we witness1 9 ! small space ( t5 ye>s1 ! recov]y ( f\r complete ,buddhi/ lit]atures4 ,9 addition to ! discov]ies ( ,hodgson 9 ,nepal1 ( ,csoma de ,ko]oes 9 ,tibet1 & ( ,s*midt 9 ,mongolia1 ! ,hon\rable ,george ,turn\r sudd5ly pres5t$ to ! _w ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature ( ,ceylon1 compos$ 9 ! sacr$ language ( t isl&1 ! anci5t ,pali4 ,! exi/5ce ( t lit]ature _h be5 kn[n be=e4 ,s9ce #ahbf ,sir ,alex&] ,john/on _h be5 engag$ 9 collect+ au!ntic copies ( ! ,mahavansa1 ! ,ragavali1 & ! ,ragaratnak>i4 ,^! copies 7 translat$ at 8 sugge/ion f ,pali into mod]n ,s+halese & !nce into ,engli%4 ,! publication 0 entru/$ to ,mr4 ,edw>d ,upham1 & ! "w appe>$ 9 #ahcc1 "u ! title ( ',sacr$ & ,hi/orical ,works ( ,ceylon1' d$icat$ to ,william ,,iv4 ,un=tunately1 :e!r ?r\gh fraud or ?r\gh misund]/&+1 ! prie/s :o 7 to h procur$ an au!ntic copy ( ! ,pali orig9als & translat$ !m into ! v]nacul> language1 appe> to h =m$ a compilation ( _! own f v>i\s s\rces4 ,! (ficial translators by :om ?is mutilat$ ,s+halese abridgm5t 0 to h be5 r5d]$ into ,engli%1 took /ill great] lib]ties2 & ! ',sacr$ & ,hi/orical ,books ( ,ceylon' _h h>dly be5 publi%$ be=e ,burn\f1 !n a m]e beg9n] 9 ! /udy ( ,pali1 0 able to prove ! utt] uselessness ( t translation4 ,mr4 ,turn\r1 h[ev]1 soon made up = ?is disappo9tm5t4 ,he set to "w 9 a m s*ol>like _s1 & aft] acquir+ himself a k ( ! ,pali language1 he publi%$ sev]al important essays on ! ,buddhi/ canon1 z pres]v$ 9 ,ceylon4 ,^! 7 foll[$ by an edition & translation ( ! ,mahavansa1 or ! hi/ory ( ,ceylon1 writt5 9 ! fif? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 & giv+ an acc\nt ( ! isl& f ! e>lie/ times to ! beg9n+ ( ! f\r? c5tury ,a4,d4 ,sev]al cont9uations ( t hi/ory are 9 exi/5ce1 b ,mr4 ,turn\r 0 prev5t$ by an e>ly dea? f cont9u+ 8 edition beyond ! orig9al portion ( t *ronicle4 ,! exploration ( ! ,ceylonese lit]ature has s9ce be5 tak5 up aga9 by ! ,rev4 ,d4 ,j4 ,gog]ly 7,cl\gh71 ^: essays are un=tunately scatt]$ ab\t 9 ,s+halese p]iodicals & little kn[n 9 ,europe2 & by ! ,rev4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 = tw5ty ye>s ,wesleyan ,mission>y 9 ,ceylon4 ,8 two works1 ',ea/]n ,mona*ism' & ',manual ( ,buddhism1' are full ( int]e/+ matt]1 b z !y are *iefly d]iv$ f ,s+halese1 & ev5 m mod]n s\rces1 !y require to be us$ ) caution4#ef ,footnote #ef3 ,! same au?or has lately publi%$ ano!r valuable "w1 ',! ,leg5ds & ,!ories ( ! ,buddhi/s4' ,london1 #ahff4 ,9 ! same mann] z ! ,sanskrit orig9als ( ,nepal 7 translat$ by ,buddhi/ mission>ies into ,tibetan1 ,mongolian1 &1 z we %all soon see1 into ,*9ese & ,m&%u1#eg ! ,pali orig9als ( ,ceylon 7 c>ri$ to ,burmah & ,siam1 & translat$ !re into ! languages ( ^? c\ntries4 ,h>dly any?+ has z yet be5 done = explor+ ! lit]ature ( ^! two c\ntries1 :i* op5 a promis+ field = any "o ambiti\s to foll[ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,hodgson1 ,csoma1 & ,turn\r4 ,footnote #eg3 ',melanges ,asiatiques1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cgc4 ,a v important collection ( ,buddhi/ ,,mss4 has lately be5 br\ght f ,ceylon to ,europe by ,m4 ,grimblot1 & is n[ deposit$ 9 ! ,imp]ial ,libr>y at ,p>is4 ,?is collection1 to judge f a report publi%$ 9 #ahff 9 ! ',j\rnal des ,savants' by ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 consi/s ( no less ?an eighty-sev5 works2 &1 z "s ( !m are repres5t$ by m ?an "o copy1 ! total numb] ( ,,mss4 am\nts to "o hundr$ & tw5ty-"o4 ,!y fill altoge!r #ad1jjj palm leaves1 & are writt5 p>tly 9 ,s+halese1 p>tly 9 ,burmese *>act]s4 ,next to ,ceylon1 ,burmah & ,siam w\ld seem to be ! two c\ntries mo/ likely to yield l>ge collections ( ,pali ,,mss41 & ! ,,mss4 :i* n[ exi/ 9 ,ceylon may1 to a consid]able ext5t1 be trac$ back to ^! two c\ntries4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 ! ,tamil conqu]ors ( ,ceylon are report$ to h burnt e ,buddhi/ book !y c\ld discov]1 9 ! hope ( ?us de/roy+ ! vitality ( t dete/$ religion4 ,buddhism1 h[ev]1 ?\gh p]secut$--or1 m probably1 because p]secut$--rema9$ ! national religion ( ! isl&1 & 9 ! eighte5? c5tury x _h recov]$ its =m] asc5d5cy4 ,missions 7 !n s5t to ,siam to procure au!ntic copies ( ! sacr$ docum5ts2 prie/s prop]ly orda9$ 7 import$ f ,burmah2 & sev]al libr>ies1 :i* conta9 bo? ! canonical & ! pr(ane lit]ature ( ,buddhism1 7 f\nd$ at ,dadala1 ,ambagapitya1 & o!r places4 ,! sacr$ canon ( ! ,buddhi/s is call$ ! ,tripitaka1 i4 e4 ! ?ree baskets4 ,! fir/ basket conta9s all t has ref]5ce to morality1 or ,v9aya2 ! second conta9s ! ,sutras1 i4 e4 ! disc\rses ( ,buddha2 ! ?ird includes all works treat+ ( dogmatic philosophy or metaphysics4 ,! second & ?ird baskets are sometimes compreh5d$ "u ! g5]al "n ( ,dh>ma1 or law1 & x has become usual to apply to ! ?ird basket ! "n ( ,abhidh>ma1 or by-law4 ,! fir/ & second pitakas conta9 ea* five sep>ate works2 ! ?ird conta9s sev54 ,m4 ,grimblot has secur$ ,,mss4 ( ne>ly e "o ( ^! works1 & he has likewise br\ght home copies ( ! fam\s comm5t>ies ( ,buddhagho%a4 ,^! comm5t>ies are ( great importance2 = al?\gh ,buddhagho%a liv$ z late z #dcj ,a4,d41 he is suppos$ to h be5 ! translator ( m anci5t comm5t>ies1 br\ght 9 #caf ,b4,c4 to ,ceylon f ,magadha by ,mah9da1 ! son ( ,asoka1 translat$ by him f ,pali into ,s+halese1 & retranslat$ by ,buddhagho%a into ,pali1 ! orig9al language bo? ( ! canonical books & ( _! comm5t>ies4 ,:e!r hi/orical criticism w all[ to ! comm5t>ies ( ,buddhagho%a ! au?ority due to docum5ts ( ! f\r? c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 is a "q t has yet to be settl$4 ,b ev5 z a collector ( e>li] traditions & z a writ] ( ! fif? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 8 au?ority w\ld be consid]able ) reg>d to ! solution ( "s ( ! mo/ important problems ( ,indian hi/ory & *ronology4 ,"s s*ol>s :o h writt5 on ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism h cle>ly %[n too /rong an incl9ation to treat ! /atem5ts conta9$ 9 ! comm5t>ies ( ,buddhagho%a z purely hi/orical1 =gett+ ! great int]val ( "t by :i* he is sep>at$ f ! ev5ts :i* he relates4 ,no d\bt if x c\ld be prov$ t ,buddhagho%a's works 7 lit]al translations ( ! s-call$ ,attaka?as or comm5t>ies br\ght by ,mah9da to ,ceylon1 ?is w\ld consid]ably enhance _! hi/orical value4 ,b ! :ole acc\nt ( ^! translations re/s on tradition1 & if we consid] ! extraord9>y precautions tak51 accord+ to tradition1 by ! ,,lxx translators ( ! ,old ,te/am5t1 & !n obs]ve ! discrepancies betwe5 ! *ronology ( ! ,septuag9t & t ( ! ,hebrew text1 we %all be bett] able to appreciate ! risk ( tru/+ to ,ori5tal translations1 ev5 to ^? t pret5d to be lit]al4 ,! idea ( a fai?ful lit]al translation seems altoge!r =eign to ,ori5tal m9ds4 ,grant$ t ,mah9da translat$ ! orig9al ,pali comm5t>ies into ,s+halese1 !re 0 no?+ to re/ra9 him f ins]t+ any?+ t he ?\ght likely to be useful to 8 new conv]ts4 ,grant$ t ,buddhagho%a translat$ ^! translations back into ,pali1 :y %\ld he n h incorporat$ any facts t 7 !n believ$ 9 & _h be5 h&$ d[n by tradition f g5]ation to g5]ation8 ,0 he n at lib]ty--nay1 w\ld he n h felt x 8 duty1 to expla9 app>5t difficulties1 to remove contradictions1 & to correct palpable mi/akes8 ,9 our "t1 :5 ev5 ! contemporane\s evid5ce ( ,h]odotus1 ,?ucydides1 ,livy1 or ,jorn&es is sift$ by ! mo/ uncompromis+ scepticism1 we mu/ n expect a m m]ciful treatm5t = ! annals ( ,buddhism4 ,s*ol>s engag$ 9 special rese>*es are too will+ to acquiesce 9 evid5ce1 p>ticul>ly if t evid5ce has be5 discov]$ by _! own ef=ts & comes be=e !m ) all ! *>ms ( novelty4 ,b1 9 ! broad daylight ( hi/orical criticism1 ! pre/ige ( su* a witness z ,buddhagho%a soon dw9dles away1 & 8 /atem5ts z to k+s & c\ncils eight hundr$ ye>s be=e 8 "t are 9 tru? wor? no m ?an ! /ories told ( ,ar?ur by ,ge(frey ( ,monm\?1 or ! acc\nts we read 9 ,livy ( ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,rome4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important works ( ,m4 ,grimblot's collection1 & "o t we hope w soon be publi%$1 is a hi/ory ( ,buddhism 9 ,ceylon1 call$ ! ,dipavansa4 ,! only "w ( ! same "* :i* has hi!rto be5 kn[n is ! ,mahavansa1 publi%$ by ! ,hon\rable ,george ,turn\r4 ,b ?is is pr(ess$ly bas$ on ! ,dipavansa1 & is probably ( a mu* lat] date4 ,mahanama1 ! compil] ( ! ,mahavansa1 liv$ ab\t #ejj ,a4 ,d4 ,8 "w 0 cont9u$ by lat] *ronicl]s to ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,?\gh ,mahanama wrote t[>ds ! end ( ! fif? c5tury aft] ,*ri/1 8 own %>e ( ! *ronicle seems to h end$ ) ! ye> #cjb ,a4,d41 & a comm5t>y :i* he wrote on 8 own *ronicle likewise breaks (f at t p]iod4 ,! exact date ( ! ,dipavansa is n yet kn[n2 b z x also breaks (f ) ! dea? ( ,mahas5a 9 #cjb ,a4,d41 we _c ascribe to x1 = ! pres5t1 any high] au?ority ?an c\ld be comm&$ by a writ] ( ! f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,we n[ return to ,mr4 ,hodgson4 ,8 collections ( ,sanskrit ,,mss4 _h be5 s5t1 z we saw1 to ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,calcutta f #ahbd to #ahci1 to ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society 9 ,london 9 #ahce1 & to ! ,societe ,asiatique ( ,p>is 9 #ahcg4 ,!y rema9$ dormant at ,calcutta & 9 ,london4 ,at ,p>is1 h[ev]1 ^! ,buddhi/ ,,mss4 fell into ! h&s ( ,burn\f4 ,unappall$ by _! size & t$i\sness1 he set to "w1 & 0 n long be=e he discov]$ _! extreme importance4 ,aft] sev5 ye>s ( c>eful /udy1 ,burn\f publi%$1 9 #ahdd1 8 ',introduction a l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme4' ,x is ?is "w :i* laid ! f\ndation = a sy/ematic /udy ( ! religion ( ,buddha4 ,?\gh ackn[l$g+ ! great value ( ! rese>*es made 9 ! ,buddhi/ lit]atures ( ,tibet1 ,mongolia1 ,*9a1 & ,ceylon1 ,burn\f %[$ t ,buddhism1 be+ ( ,indian orig91 ought to be /udi$ fir/ ( all 9 ! orig9al ,sanskrit docum5ts1 pres]v$ 9 ,nepal4 ,?\gh he mode/ly call$ 8 "w an ,introduction to ! ,hi/ory ( ,buddhism1 !re are few po9ts ( importance on :i* 8 indu/ry has n br\ght toge!r ! mo/ valuable evid5ce1 & 8 g5ius %$ a novel & brilliant light4 ,! dea? ( ,burn\f 9 #ahea1 put an end to a "w :i*1 if f9i%$ accord+ to ! plan sket*$ out by ! au?or 9 ! preface1 w\ld h be5 ! mo/ p]fect monum5t ( ,ori5tal s*ol>%ip4 ,a volume publi%$ aft] 8 dea?1 9 #aheb1 conta9s a translation ( "o ( ! canonical books ( ,nepal1 ) notes & app5dices1 ! latt] full ( ! mo/ valuable in=mation on "s ( ! m intricate que/ions ( ,buddhism4 ,?\gh mu* rema9$ to be done1 & ?\gh a v small brea* only _h be5 made 9 ! va/ pile ( ,sanskrit ,,mss4 pres5t$ by ,mr4 ,hodgson to ! ,asiatic ,societies ( ,p>is & ,london1 no "o has be5 bold en\gh to cont9ue :at ,burn\f left unf9i%$4 ,! only important additions to our k ( ,buddhism s9ce 8 dea? are an edition ( ! ,lalita-,vi/>a or ! life ( ,buddha1 prep>$ by a native1 ! le>n$ ,babu ,raj5dralal ,mittra2 an edition ( ! ,pali orig9al ( ! ,dhammapadam1 by ,dr4 ,fausboell1 a ,dane2 & la/1 n lea/1 ! excell5t translation by ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 ( ! life & travels ( ,hi\5-,?sang4 ,?is ,*9ese pilgrim _h visit$ ,india f #fbi to #fde ,a4,d41 = ! purpose ( le>n+ ,sanskrit1 & translat+ f ,sanskrit into ,*9ese "s important works on ! religion & philosophy ( ! ,buddhi/s2 & 8 acc\nt ( ! geography1 ! social1 religi\s1 & political /ate ( ,india at ! beg9n+ ( ! sev5? c5tury1 is invaluable = /udy+ ! practical work+ ( t religion at a "t :5 its influ5ce began to decl9e1 & :5 x 0 soon to be supplant$ by mod]n ,brahmanism & ,mohamm$anism4 ,x 0 no easy task = ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire to make himself acqua9t$ ) all ^! works4 ,! /udy ( ,buddhism w\ld almo/ seem to be beyond ! p[] ( any s+le individual1 if x requir$ a practical acqua9tance ) all ! languages 9 :i* ! doctr9es ( ,buddha h be5 writt5 d[n4 ,burn\f 0 probably ! only man :o1 9 addition to 8 k ( ,sanskrit1 did n %r9k f acquir+ a practical k ( ,tibetan1 ,pali1 ,s+halese1 & ,burmese1 9 ord] to prep>e himself = su* a task4 ,! same s*ol> _h %[n1 h[ev]1 t ?\gh x 0 impossible = a ,tibetan1 ,mongolian1 or ,*9ese s*ol> to arrive1 )\t a k ( ,sanskrit1 at a correct und]/&+ ( ! doctr9es ( ,buddha1 a k ( ,sanskrit 0 suffici5t = ent]+ into _! _s1 = compreh5d+ _! orig9 & gr[? 9 ,india1 & _! modification 9 ! diff]5t c\ntries :]e !y took root 9 lat] times4 ,assi/$ by 8 famili>ity ) ,sanskrit1 & br++ into ! field1 z a new & valuable auxili>y1 8 intimate acqua9tance ) ne>ly all ! sy/ems ( philosophy & religion ( bo? ! anci5t & mod]n worlds1 ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire has succe$$ 9 draw+ a picture1 bo? lively & correct1 ( ! orig91 ! "*1 ! /rong z well z weak po9ts1 ( ! religion ( ,buddha4 ,he has become ! fir/ hi/orian ( ,buddhism4 ,he has n be5 c>ri$ away by a temptation :i* mu/ h be5 great = "o :o is able to read 9 ! pa/ ! lessons = ! pres5t or ! future4 ,he has n us$ ,buddhism ei!r z a bugbe> or z a beau ideal4 ,he is satisfi$ ) /at+ 9 8 preface t _m lessons might be le>n$ by mod]n philosoph]s f a /udy ( ,buddhism1 b 9 ! body ( ! "w he nev] p]v]ts ! *air ( ! hi/orian into ! pulpit ( ! prea*]4 ',?is book may (f] "o o!r advantage1' he writes1 '& ,i regret to say t at pres5t x may seem to come opportunely4 ,x is ! mis=tune ( our times t ! same doctr9es :i* =m ! f\ndation ( ,buddhism meet at ! h&s ( "s ( our philosoph]s ) a fav\r :i* !y ill des]ve4 ,= "s ye>s we h se5 sy/ems aris+ 9 :i* metempsy*osis & transmigration are highly spok5 (1 & attempts are made to expla9 ! _w & man )\t ei!r a ,god or a ,provid5ce1 exactly z ,buddha did4 ,a future life is refus$ to ! ye>n+s ( mank9d1 & ! immortality ( ! s\l is replac$ by ! immortality ( works4 ,god is de?ron$1 & 9 ,8 place !y sub/itute man1 ! only be+1 we are told1 9 :i* ! ,inf9ite becomes consci\s ( itself4 ,^! !ories are recomm5d$ to u sometimes 9 ! "n ( sci5ce1 or ( hi/ory1 or philology1 or ev5 ( metaphysics2 & ?\gh !y are nei!r new nor v orig9al1 yet !y c d mu* injury to feeble he>ts4 ,?is is n ! place to exam9e ^! !ories1 & _! au?ors are bo? too le>n$ & too s9c]e to des]ve to be condemn$ summ>ily & )\t discussion4 ,b x is well t !y %\ld "k by ! example1 too little kn[n1 ( ,buddhism1 :at becomes ( man if he dep5ds on himself alone1 & if 8 m$itations1 misl$ by a pride ( :i* he is h>dly consci\s1 br+ him to ! precipice :]e ,buddha 0 lo/4 ,besides1 ,i am well aw>e ( all ! diff]5ces1 & ,i am n go+ to insult our contempor>y philosoph]s by conf\nd+ !m indiscrim9ately ) ,buddha1 al?\gh address+ to bo? ! same repro(4 ,i ackn[l$ge will+ly all _! additional m]its1 :i* are consid]able4 ,b sy/ems ( philosophy mu/ always be judg$ by ! conclusions to :i* !y lead1 :atev] road !y may foll[ 9 rea*+ !m2 & _! conclusions1 ?\gh obta9$ by diff]5t means1 are n !re=e less objectionable4 ,buddha arriv$ at 8 conclusions #bdjj ye>s ago4 ,he proclaim$ & practis$ !m ) an en]gy :i* is n likely to be surpass$1 ev5 if x be equall$4 ,he display$ a *ild-l intrepidity :i* no "o c exce$1 nor c x be suppos$ t any sy/em 9 our days c\ld aga9 acquire s p[]ful an asc5d5cy ov] ! s\ls ( m54 ,x w\ld be useful1 h[ev]1 if ! au?ors ( ^! mod]n sy/ems w\ld j ca/ a glance at ! !ories & de/9ies ( ,buddhism4 ,x is n philosophy 9 ! s5se 9 :i* we und]/& ?is great "n1 nor is x religion 9 ! s5se ( anci5t paganism1 ( ,*ri/ianity1 or ( ,mohamm$anism2 b x conta9s elem5ts ( all work$ up into a p]fectly indep5d5t doctr9e :i* ackn[l$ges no?+ 9 ! univ]se b man1 & ob/9ately refuses to recognise any?+ else1 ?\gh conf\nd+ man ) nature 9 ! mid/ ( :i* he lives4 ,h5ce all ^? ab]rations ( ,buddhism :i* ought to be a w>n+ to o!rs4 ,un=tunately1 if p r>ely pr(it by _! own faults1 !y pr(it yet m r>ely by ! faults ( o!rs4 7,introduction1 p4 vii47 ,b ?\gh ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire does n write hi/ory m]ely = ! sake ( ^? mask$ batt]ies :i* ,fr5* writ]s h us$ ) s mu* skill at all times1 b m p>ticul>ly dur+ ! late ye>s ( ,imp]ial sway1 x is cle>1 f ! rem>ks j quot$1 t our au?or is n satisfi$ ) simply *ronicl+ ! dry facts ( ,buddhism1 or turn+ into ,fr5* ! t$i\s disc\rses ( its f\nd]4 ,8 "w is an animat$ sket*1 giv+ too little r ?an too mu*4 ,x is j ! book :i* 0 want$ to dispel ! errone\s notions ab\t ,buddhism1 :i* are /ill curr5t among educat$ m51 & to excite an int]e/ :i* may lead ^? :o are naturally fright5$ by ! appall+ proportions ( ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 & ! unc\? s\nds ( ,buddhi/ t]m9ology1 to a /udy ( ! qu>tos ( ,burn\f1 ,turn\r1 & o!rs4 ,to ^? :o may wi% = m detail$ in=mation on ,buddhism1 ?an c\ld be giv5 by ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 consi/5tly ) ! plan ( 8 "w1 we c /rongly recomm5d ! "w ( a ,g]man writ]1 ',die ,religion des ,buddha1' von ,koepp51 ,b]l91 #aheg4 ,x is f\nd$ on ! same mat]ials z ! ,fr5* "w1 b be+ writt5 by a s*ol> & = s*ol>s1 x ent]s on a m m9ute exam9ation ( all t has be5 said or writt5 on ,buddha & ,buddhism4 ,9 a second volume ! same le>n$ & indu/ri\s /ud5t has lately publi%$ a hi/ory ( ,buddhism 9 ,tibet4 ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire's "w is divid$ into ?ree portions4 ,! fir/ conta9s an acc\nt ( ! orig9 ( ,buddhism1 a life ( ,buddha1 & an exam9ation ( ,buddhi/ e?ics & metaphysics4 ,9 ! second1 he describes ! /ate ( ,buddhism 9 ,india 9 ! sev5? c5tury ( our era1 f ! mat]ials suppli$ by ! travels ( ,hi\5-,?sang4 ,! ?ird gives a description ( ,buddhism z actually exi/+ 9 ,ceylon1 & z lately describ$ by an eye-witness1 ! ,rev4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy4 ,we %all conf9e ourselves *iefly to ! fir/ "p1 :i* treats ( ! life & tea*+ ( ,buddha4 ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 foll[+ ! example ( ,burn\f1 ,lass51 & ,wilson1 accepts ! date ( ! ,ceylonese era #edc ,b4,c4 z ! date ( ,buddha's dea?4 ,?\gh we _c ent] "h into long *ronological discussions1 we mu/ rem>k1 t ?is date 0 cle>ly obta9$ by ! ,buddhi/s ( ,ceylon by calculation1 n by hi/orical tradition1 & t x is easy to po9t out 9 t calculation a mi/ake ( ab\t sev5ty ye>s4 ,! m plausible date ( ,buddha's dea? is #dgg ,b4,c4 ,= ! purposes1 h[ev]1 :i* ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire _h 9 view1 ?is diff]5ce is ( small importance4 ,we "k s little ( ! hi/ory ( ,india dur+ ! six? & fif? c5turies ,b4,c41 t ! /age on :i* he repres5ts ,buddha z prea*+ & tea*+ w\ld h _h v mu* ! same backgr\nd1 ! same co/ume & accessories1 = ! six? z = ! fif? c5tury ,b4,c4 ,9 ! life ( ,buddha1 :i* ext5ds f p4 #a to #gi1 ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire foll[s almo/ exclusively ! ,lalita-,vi/>a4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ popul> works ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,x =ms "p ( ! ,buddhi/ canon2 & z we "k ( a translation into ,*9ese1 :i* ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 ascribes to ! ye> #gf ,a4,d41 we may safely ref] its orig9al composition to an ante-,*ri/ian date4 ,x has be5 publi%$ 9 ,sanskrit by ,babu ,raj5dralal ,mittra1 & we owe to ,m4 ,f\caux an edition ( ! same "w 9 its ,tibetan translation1 ! fir/ ,tibetan text pr9t$ 9 ,europe4 ,f specim5s t we h se51 we %\ld ?9k x w\ld be highly desirable to h an accurate translation ( ! ,*9ese text1 su* z ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 alone is able to give u4#eh ,few p1 h[ev]1 except s*ol>s1 w\ld h ! pati5ce to read ?is "w ei!r 9 its ,engli% or ,fr5* translation1 z may be se5 f ! foll[+ specim51 conta9+ ! beg9n+ ( ,babu ,raj5dralal ,mittra's v]sion3 ',om6 ,salutation to all ,buddhas1 ,bodhisattvas1 ,aryas1 ,sravakas1 & ,pratyeka ,buddhas ( all times1 pa/1 pres5t1 & future2 :o are ador$ ?r\gh\t ! f>!/ limits ( ! t5 qu>t]s ( ! globe4 ,?us ha? x be5 he>d by me1 t once on a "t ,bhagavat soj\rn$ 9 ! g>d5 ( ,ana?apindada1 at ,getavana1 9 ,srava/i1 accompani$ by a v5]able body ( #ab1jjj ,bhik%ukas4 ,!re likewise accompani$ him #cb1jjj ,bodhisattvas1 all l9k$ toge!r by unity ( ca/e1 & p]fect 9 ! virtues ( p>amita2 :o _h made _! comm& ov] ,bodhisattva k a pa/ime1 7 illum9$ ) ! light ( ,bodhisattva dh>anis1 & 7 ma/]s ( ! dh>anis !mselves2 :o 7 pr(\nd 9 _! m$itations1 all submissive to ! "l ( ,bodhisattvas1 & possess$ absolute control ov] samadhi2 great 9 self-comm&1 refulg5t 9 ,bodhisattva =be>ance1 & replete ) ! ,bodhisattva elem5t ( p]fection4 ,n[ !n1 ,bhagavat arriv+ 9 ! great city ( ,srava/i1 soj\rn$ !re91 respect$1 v5]at$1 rev]$1 & ador$1 by ! f\rfold congregation2 by k+s1 pr9ces1 _! c\nsellors1 prime m9i/]s1 & foll[]s2 by ret9ues ( k%atriyas1 brahmanz1 h\sehold]s1 & m9i/]s2 by citiz5s1 =eign]s1 sramanz1 brahmanz1 recluses1 & ascetics2 & al?\gh regal$ ) all sorts ( edibles & sauces1 ! be/ t c\ld be prep>$ by purveyors1 & suppli$ ) cleanly m5dicant app>el1 begg+ pots1 c\*es1 & pa9-assuag+ m$icam5ts1 ! b5evol5t "l1 on :om _h be5 %[]$ ! prime ( gifts & applauses1 rema9$ unatta*$ to !m all1 l wat] on a lotus leaf2 & ! report ( 8 greatness z ! v5]able1 ! absolute ,buddha1 ! le>n$ & well-behav$1 ! god ( happy exit1 ! great kn[] ( worlds1 ! valiant1 ! all-controll+ *>iote]1 ! tea*] ( gods & m51 ! qu9ocul> "l ,buddha fully manife/1 spread f> & wide 9 ! _w4 ,& ,bhagavat1 hav+ by 8 own p[] acquir$ all k reg>d+ ?is _w & ! next1 compris+ devas1 m>as1 brahmyas 7foll[]s ( ,brahma71 sramanz1 & brahmanz1 z subjects1 t is bo? gods & m51 soj\rn$ "h1 imp>t+ in/ructions 9 ! true religion1 & exp\nd+ ! pr9ciples ( a brahmakarya1 full & complete 9 its nature1 holy 9 its import1 pure & immaculate 9 its "*1 auspici\s is its beg9n+1 auspici\s its middle1 auspici\s its end4' ,footnote #eh3 ,! advantages to be d]iv$ f ^! ,*9ese translations h be5 po9t$ out by ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli54 ,! analytical /ructure ( t language imp>ts to ,*9ese translations ! "* almo/ ( a gloss2 & ?\gh we ne$ n foll[ implicitly ! int]pretations ( ! ,sanskrit orig9als1 adopt$ by ! ,*9ese translators1 /ill _! antiquity w\ld naturally imp>t to !m a consid]able value & int]e/4 ,! foll[+ specim5s 7 k9dly communicat$ to me by ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli53 ',je ne sais si je v\s ai communique autrefois les curieux passages qui suiv5t3 ,on lit dans le ,lotus francais1 p4 #bga1 l4 #ad1 ,c'e/ que c'e/ une *ose difficile a r5contr] que la naissance d'un b\ddha1 aussi difficile a r5contr] que la fleur de l',udumb>a1 que l'introduction du col d'une tortue dans l'ouv]ture d'un j\g =me p> le gr& ocean4 ',il y a en *9ois3 un b\ddha e/ difficile a r5contr]1 comme les fleurs ,udumb>a et ,palaca2 et en outre comme si une tortue borgne v\lait r5contr] un tr\ dans un bois flottant 7litt4 le tr\ d'un bois flottant74 ',lotus francais1 p4 #ci1 l4 #aaj 7les creatures71 en*a9ees p> la concupisc5ce comme p> la queue du ,yak1 p]petuellem5t aveuglees en ce monde p> les desirs1 elles ne *]*5t pas le ,buddha4 ',il y a en *9ois3 ,pr(ondem5t atta*ees aux c9q desirs--,elles les aim5t comme le ,yak aime sa queue4 ,p> la concupisc5ce et l'am\r1 elles s'aveugl5t elles-memes1 etc4' ,! :ole "w is writt5 9 a simil> /yle1 & :]e fact & leg5d1 prose & poetry1 s5se & nons5se1 are s mix$ toge!r1 ! plan adopt$ by ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ( mak+ two lives out ( "o1 ! "o conta9+ all t seems possible1 ! o!r :at seems impossible1 w\ld naturally recomm5d itself4 ,x is n a safe process1 h[ev]1 to di/il hi/ory out ( leg5d by simply /ra9+ ! leg5d>y ?r\gh ! sieve ( physical possibility4 ,_m ?+s are possible1 & may yet be ! m]e inv5tions ( lat] writ]s1 & _m ?+s :i* s\nd impossible h be5 reclaim$ z hi/orical1 aft] remov+ f !m ! ?9 film ( my?ological phraseology4 ,we believe t ! only use :i* ! hi/orian c safely make ( ! ,lalita-,vi/>a1 is to employ x1 n z evid5ce ( facts :i* actually happ5$1 b 9 illu/ration ( ! popul> belief preval5t at ! "t :5 x 0 committ$ to writ+4 ,)\t !re=e adopt+ ! division ( fact & fiction 9 ! life ( ,buddha1 z attempt$ by ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 we yet believe t 9 ord] to avoid a repetition ( *ildi% absurdities1 we %all be/ consult ! int]e/ ( our read]s if we foll[ 8 example1 & give a %ort & rational ab/ract ( ! life ( ,buddha z h&$ d[n by tradition1 & committ$ to writ+ n lat] ?an ! fir/ c5tury ,b4,c4 ,buddha1 or m correctly1 ! ,buddha1--= ,buddha is an appellative mean+ ,enlight5$1--0 born at ,kapilava/u1 ! capital ( a k+dom ( ! same "n1 situat$ at ! foot ( ! m\nta9s ( ,nepal1 nor? ( ! pres5t ,oude4 ,8 fa!r1 ! k+ ( ,kapilava/u1 0 ( ! family ( ! ,sakyas1 & belong$ to ! clan ( ! ,gautamas4 ,8 "m 0 ,mayadevi1 daught] ( k+ ,suprabuddha1 & ne$ we say t %e 0 z beautiful z he 0 p[]ful & j8 ,buddha 0 !re=e by bir? ( ! ,k%atriya or w>rior ca/e1 & he took ! "n ( ,sakya f 8 family1 & t ( ,gautama f 8 clan1 claim+ a k9d ( spiritual relation%ip ) ! hon\r$ race ( ,gautama4 ,! "n ( ,buddha1 or ! ,buddha1 dates f a lat] p]iod ( 8 life1 & s probably does ! "n ,siddh>?a 7he ^: objects h be5 accompli%$71 ?\gh we are told t x 0 giv5 him 9 8 *ildhood4 ,8 "m di$ sev5 days aft] 8 bir?1 & ! fa!r confid$ ! *ild to ! c>e ( 8 deceas$ wife's si/]1 :o1 h[ev]1 _h be5 8 wife ev5 be=e ! "m's dea?4 ,! *ild grew up a mo/ beautiful & mo/ accompli%$ boy1 :o soon knew m ?an 8 ma/]s c\ld tea* him4 ,he refus$ to take "p 9 ! games ( 8 playmates1 & nev] felt s happy z :5 he c\ld sit alone1 lo/ 9 m$itation 9 ! deep %ad[s ( ! =e/4 ,x 0 !re t 8 fa!r f\nd him1 :5 he _h ?\ght him lo/1 & 9 ord] to prev5t ! "y pr9ce f becom+ a dream]1 ! k+ det]m9$ to m>ry him at once4 ,:5 ! subject 0 m5tion$ by ! ag$ m9i/]s to ! future heir to ! ?rone1 he dem&$ sev5 days = reflection1 & conv9c$ at la/ t n ev5 m>riage c\ld di/urb ! calm ( 8 m9d1 he all[$ ! m9i/]s to look out = a pr9cess4 ,! pr9cess select$ 0 ! beautiful ,gopa1 ! daught] ( ,dandapani4 ,?\gh h] fa!r object$ at fir/ to h] m>ry+ a "y pr9ce :o 0 repres5t$ to him z defici5t 9 manl9ess & intellect1 he gladly gave 8 cons5t :5 he saw ! royal suitor di/anc+ all 8 rivals bo? 9 feats ( arms & p[] ( m9d4 ,_! m>riage prov$ "o ( ! happie/1 b ! pr9ce rema9$1 z he _h be5 be=e1 absorb$ 9 m$itation on ! problems ( life & dea?4 ',no?+ is /able on e>?1' he us$ to say1 'no?+ is real4 ,life is l ! sp>k produc$ by ! friction ( wood4 ,x is light$ & is ext+ui%$--we "k n :5ce x came or :i!r x goes4 ,x is l ! s\nd ( a lyre1 & ! wise man asks 9 va9 f :5ce x came & :i!r x goes4 ,!re mu/ be "s supreme intellig5ce :]e we c\ld f9d re/4 ,if ,i atta9$ x1 ,i c\ld br+ light to man2 if ,i 7 free myself1 ,i c\ld deliv] ! _w4' ,! k+1 :o p]ceiv$ ! melan*oly mood ( ! "y pr9ce1 tri$ e ?+ to div]t him f 8 speculations3 b all 0 9 va94 ,?ree ( ! mo/ ord9>y ev5ts t c\ld happ5 to any man1 prov$ ( ! utmo/ importance 9 ! c>e] ( ,buddha4 ,we quote ! description ( ^! occurr5ces f ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire3 ',"o day :5 ! pr9ce ) a l>ge ret9ue drove ?r\gh ! ea/]n gate ( ! city on ! way to "o ( 8 p>ks1 he met on ! road an old man1 brok5 & decrepit4 ,"o c\ld see ! ve9s & muscles ov] ! :ole ( 8 body1 8 tee? *att]$1 he 0 cov]$ ) wr9kles1 bald1 & h>dly able to utt] holl[ & unmelodi\s s\nds4 ,he 0 b5t on 8 /ick1 & all 8 limbs & jo9ts trembl$4 ,:o is t man8 said ! pr9ce to 8 coa*man4 ,he is small & weak1 8 fle% & 8 blood are dri$ up1 8 muscles /ick to 8 sk91 8 head is :ite1 8 tee? *att]1 8 body is wa/$ away2 lean+ on 8 /ick he is h>dly able to walk1 /umbl+ at e /ep4 ,is !re some?+ peculi> 9 8 family1 or is ?is ! common lot ( all creat$ be+s8 ',sir1 repli$ ! coa*man1 t man is s9k+ "u old age1 8 s5ses h become obtuse1 suff]+ has de/roy$ 8 /r5g?1 & he is despis$ by 8 relations4 ,he is )\t support & useless1 & p h ab&on$ him1 l a dead tree 9 a =e/4 ,b ?is is n peculi> to 8 family4 ,9 e creature y\? is defeat$ by old age4 ,y\r fa!r1 y\r "m1 all y\r relations1 all y\r fri5ds1 w come to ! same /ate2 ?is is ! appo9t$ end ( all creatures4 ',alas6 repli$ ! pr9ce1 are creatures s ignorant1 s weak & fooli%1 z to be pr\d ( ! y\? by :i* !y are intoxicat$1 n see+ ! old age :i* awaits !m6 ,z = me1 ,i g away4 ,coa*man1 turn my *>iot quickly4 ,:at h ,i1 ! future prey ( old age1--:at h ,i to d ) pleasure8 ,& ! "y pr9ce return$ to ! city )\t go+ to 8 p>k4 ',ano!r "t ! pr9ce drove ?r\gh ! s\!rn gate to 8 pleasure g>d51 :5 he p]ceiv$ on ! road a man suff]+ f illness1 p>*$ ) fev]1 8 body wa/$1 cov]$ ) mud1 )\t a fri5d1 )\t a home1 h>dly able to brea!1 & fright5$ at ! sight ( himself & ! approa* ( dea?4 ,hav+ que/ion$ 8 coa*man1 & receiv$ f him ! answ] :i* he expect$1 ! "y pr9ce said1 ,alas6 heal? is b ! sport ( a dream1 & ! fe> ( suff]+ mu/ take ?is frightful =m4 ,:]e is ! wise man :o1 aft] hav+ se5 :at he is1 c\ld any long] ?9k ( joy & pleasure8 ,! pr9ce turn$ 8 *>iot & return$ to ! city4 ',a ?ird "t he drove to 8 pleasure g>d5 ?r\gh ! we/]n gate1 :5 he saw a dead body on ! road1 ly+ on a bi]1 & cov]$ ) a clo?4 ,! fri5ds /ood ab\t cry+1 sobb+1 te>+ _! hair1 cov]+ _! heads ) du/1 /rik+ _! brea/s1 & utt]+ wild cries4 ,! pr9ce1 aga9 call+ 8 coa*man to witness ?is pa9ful sc5e1 exclaim$1 ,oh6 woe to y\?1 :i* mu/ be de/roy$ by old age6 ,woe to heal?1 :i* mu/ be de/roy$ by s _m diseases6 ,woe to ?is life1 :]e a man rema9s s %ort a "t6 ,if !re 7 no old age1 no disease1 no dea?2 if ^! c\ld be made captive = ev]6 ,!n betray+ = ! fir/ "t 8 int5tions1 ! "y pr9ce said1 ,let u turn back1 ,i mu/ ?9k h[ to accompli% deliv]ance4 ',a la/ meet+ put an end to 8 hesitation4 ,he drove ?r\gh ! nor!rn gate on ! way to 8 pleasure g>d5s1 :5 he saw a m5dicant :o appe>$ outw>dly calm1 subdu$1 look+ d[nw>ds1 we>+ ) an air ( dignity 8 religi\s ve/m5t1 & c>ry+ an alms-b[l4 ',:o is ?is man8 ask$ ! pr9ce4 ',sir1 repli$ ! coa*man1 ?is man is "o ( ^? :o are call$ bhik%us1 or m5dicants4 ,he has r5\nc$ all pleasures1 all desires1 & leads a life ( au/]ity4 ,he tries to conqu] himself4 ,he has become a devotee4 ,)\t passion1 )\t envy1 he walks ab\t ask+ = alms4 ',?is is good & well said1 repli$ ! pr9ce4 ,! life ( a devotee has always be5 prais$ by ! wise4 ,x w be my refuge1 & ! refuge ( o!r creatures2 x w lead u to a real life1 to happ9ess & immortality4 ',) ^! words ! "y pr9ce turn$ 8 *>iot & return$ to ! city4' 99 99 99 99 99 ,aft] hav+ decl>$ to 8 fa!r & 8 wife 8 int5tion ( retir+ f ! _w1 ,buddha left 8 palace "o night :5 all ! gu>ds t 7 to h wat*$ him1 7 asleep4 ,aft] travell+ ! :ole night1 he gave 8 horse & 8 ornam5ts to 8 groom1 & s5t him back to ,kapilava/u4 ',a monum5t1' rem>ks ! au?or ( ! ,lalita-,vi/>a 7p4 #bgj71 'is /ill to be se5 on ! spot :]e ! coa*man turn$ back1' ,hi\5-,?sang 7,,ii4 #ccj7 saw ! same monum5t at ! edge ( a l>ge =e/1 on 8 road to ,kusinag>a1 a city n[ 9 ru9s1 & situat$ ab\t fifty miles ,e4,s4,e4 f ,gorakpur4#ei ,footnote #ei3 ,! geography ( ,india at ! "t ( ,buddha1 & lat] at ! "t ( ,fahian & ,hi\5-,?sang1 has be5 admirably treat$ by ,m4 ,l4 ,vivi5 de ,sa9t-,m>t91 9 8 ',memoire ,analytique sur la ,c>te de l',asie ,c5trale et de l',inde1' 9 ! ?ird volume ( ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5's ',pel]9s ,b\ddhi/es4' ,buddha fir/ w5t to ,vaisali1 & became ! pupil ( a fam\s ,brahman1 :o _h ga!r$ r\nd him #cjj disciples4 ,hav+ le>nt all t ! ,brahman c\ld tea* him1 ,buddha w5t away disappo9t$4 ,he _h n f\nd ! road to salvation4 ,he !n tri$ ano!r ,brahman at ,ragagriha1 ! capital ( ,magadha or ,beh>1 :o _h #gjj disciples1 & !re too he look$ 9 va9 = ! means ( deliv]ance4 ,he left him1 foll[$ by five ( 8 fell[-/ud5ts1 & = six ye>s retir$ into solitude1 ne> a village nam$ ,uruvilva1 subject+ himself to ! mo/ sev]e p5ances1 previ\s to 8 appe>+ 9 ! _w z a tea*]4 ,at ! end ( ?is p]iod1 h[ev]1 he arriv$ at ! conviction t asceticism1 f> f giv+ peace ( m9d & prep>+ ! way to salvation1 0 a sn>e & a /umbl+-block 9 ! way ( tru?4 ,he gave up 8 ex]cises1 & 0 at once des]t$ z an apo/ate by 8 five disciples4 ,left to himself he n[ began to elaborate 8 own sy/em4 ,he _h le>nt t nei!r ! doctr9es nor ! au/]ities ( ! ,brahmans 7 ( any avail = accompli%+ ! deliv]ance ( man1 & free+ him f ! fe> ( old age1 disease1 & dea?4 ,aft] long m$itations1 & ec/atic visions1 he at la/ imag9$ t he _h arriv$ at t true k :i* discloses ! cause1 & !reby de/roys ! fe>1 ( all ! *anges inh]5t 9 life4 ,x 0 f ! mom5t :5 he arriv$ at ?is k1 t he claim$ ! "n ( ,buddha1 ! ,enlight5$4 ,at t mom5t we may truly say t ! fate ( millions ( millions ( human be+s trembl$ 9 ! balance4 ,buddha hesitat$ = a "t :e!r he %\ld keep 8 k to himself1 or communicate x to ! _w4 ,compassion = ! suff]+s ( man prevail$1 & ! "y pr9ce became ! f\nd] ( a religion :i*1 aft] m ?an #bjjj ye>s1 is /ill pr(ess$ by #dee1jjj1jjj ( human be+s4#fj ,footnote #fj3 ,?\gh tru? is n settl$ by majorities1 x w\ld be int]e/+ to "k :i* religion1 c\nts at ! pres5t mom5t ! l>ge/ numb]s ( believ]s4 ,b]ghaus1 9 8 ',physical ,atlas1' gives ! foll[+ division ( ! human race accord+ to religion3 ,buddhi/s #ca4b p] c5t4 ,*ri/ians #cj4g ,mohamm$ans #ae4g ,brahmani/s #ac4d ,hea!ns #h4g ,jews #j4c ,z ,b]ghaus does n di/+ui% ! ,buddhi/s 9 ,*9a f ! foll[]s ( ,confucius & ,lao-tse1 ! fir/ place on ! scale belongs really to ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is difficult 9 ,*9a to say to :at religion a man belongs1 z ! same p]son may pr(ess two or ?ree4 ,! emp]or himself1 aft] sacrific+ accord+ to ! ritual ( ,confucius1 visits a ,tao-sse temple1 & aft]w>ds b[s be=e an image ( ,fo 9 a ,buddhi/ *apel4 7',melanges ,asiatiques de ,/4 ,pet]sb\rg1' vol4 ii4 p4 #cgd47 ,! fur!r hi/ory ( ! new tea*] is v simple4 ,he proce$$ to ,b5>es1 :i* at all times 0 ! pr9cipal seat ( le>n+ 9 ,india1 & ! fir/ conv]ts he made 7 ! five fell[-/ud5ts :o _h left him :5 he ?rew (f ! yoke ( ! ,brahmanical obs]vances4 ,_m o!rs foll[$2 b z ! ,lalita-,vi/>a breaks (f at ,buddha's arrival at ,b5>es1 we h no fur!r consecutive acc\nt ( ! rapid progress ( 8 doctr9e4 ,f :at we c ga!r f scatt]$ notices 9 ! ,buddhi/ canon1 he 0 invit$ by ! k+ ( ,magadha1 ,bimbis>a1 to 8 capital1 ,ragagriha4 ,_m ( 8 lectures are repres5t$ z hav+ be5 deliv]$ at ! mona/]y ( ,kalantaka1 ) :i* ! k+ or "s ri* m]*ant _h pres5t$ him2 o!rs on ! ,vulture ,peak1 "o ( ! five hills t surr\nd$ ! anci5t capital4 ,?ree ( 8 mo/ fam\s disciples1 ,sariputra1 ,katyayana1 & ,maudgalyayana1 jo9$ him dur+ 8 /ay 9 ,magadha1 :]e he enjoy$ = _m ye>s ! fri5d%ip ( ! k+4 ,t k+ 0 aft]w>ds assass9at$ by 8 son1 ,agatasatru1 & !n we he> ( ,buddha z settl$ = a "t at ,srava/i1 nor? ( ! ,ganges1 :]e ,ana?apindada1 a ri* m]*ant1 _h (f]$ him & 8 disciples a magnific5t build+ = _! resid5ce4 ,mo/ ( ,buddha's lectures or s]mons 7 deliv]$ at ,srava/i1 ! capital ( ,kosala2 & ! k+ ( ,kosala himself1 ,pras5agx1 became a conv]t to 8 doctr9e4 ,aft] an abs5ce ( twelve ye>s we are told t ,buddha visit$ 8 fa!r at ,kapilava/u1 on :i* occasion he p]=m$ sev]al miracles1 & conv]t$ all ! ,sakyas to 8 fai?4 ,8 own wife became "o ( 8 foll[]s1 &1 ) 8 aunt1 (f]s ! fir/ in/ance ( female ,buddhi/ devotees 9 ,india4 ,we h full] p>ticul>s aga9 ( ! la/ days ( ,buddha's life4 ,he _h atta9$ ! good age ( ?ree score & t51 & _h be5 on a visit to ,ragagriha1 :]e ! k+1 ,agatasatru1 ! =m] enemy ( ,buddha1 & ! assass9 ( 8 own fa!r1 _h jo9$ ! congregation1 aft] mak+ a public confession ( 8 crimes4 ,on 8 return he 0 foll[$ by a l>ge numb] ( disciples1 & :5 on ! po9t ( cross+ ! ,ganges1 he /ood on a squ>e /one1 & turn+ 8 eyes back t[>ds ,ragagriha1 he said1 full ( emotion1 ',?is is ! la/ "t t ,i see t city4' ,he likewise visit$ ,vaisali1 & aft] tak+ leave ( x1 he _h ne>ly rea*$ ! city ( ,kusinag>a1 :5 8 vital /r5g? began to fail4 ,he halt$ 9 a =e/1 & :ile sitt+ "u a sal tree1 he gave up ! gho/1 or1 z a ,buddhi/ w\ld say1 ent]$ into ,nirvana4 ,?is is ! simple /ory ( ,buddha's life4 ,x reads mu* bett] 9 ! eloqu5t pages ( ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ?an 9 ! turgid language ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,if a critical hi/orian1 ) ! mat]ials we possess1 ent]$ at all on ! process ( sep>at+ tru? f falsehood1 he w\ld probably cut (f mu* ( :at our biograph] has left4 ,pr(essor ,wilson1 9 8 ,essay on ,buddha & ,buddhism1 consid]s x d\btful :e!r any su* p]son z ,buddha ev] actually exi/$4 ,he dwells on ! fact t !re are at lea/ tw5ty diff]5t dates assign$ to 8 bir?1 v>y+ f #bdbj to #dec ,b4,c4 ,he po9ts out t ! clan ( ! ,sakyas is nev] m5tion$ by e>ly ,h9du writ]s1 & he lays mu* /ress on ! fact t mo/ ( ! prop] names ( ! p]sons connect$ ) ,buddha sugge/ an allegorical signification4 ,! "n ( 8 fa!r means1 he ^: food is pure2 t ( 8 "m signifies illusion2 8 own secul> appellation1 ,siddh>?a1 he by :om ! end is accompli%$4 ,buddha itself means1 ! ,enlight5$1 or1 z ,pr(essor ,wilson translates x less accurately1 he by :om all is kn[n4 ,! same di/+ui%$ s*ol> goes ev5 fur!r1 & ma9ta9+ t ,kapilava/u1 ! bir?place ( ,buddha1 has no place 9 ! geography ( ! ,h9dus1 sugge/s t x may be r5d]$1 ! sub/ance ( ,kapila2 intimat+1 9 fact1 ! ,sankhya philosophy1 ! doctr9e ( ,kapila ,muni1 ^u :i* ! fundam5tal elem5ts ( ,buddhism1 ! et]nity ( matt]1 ! pr9ciples ( ?+s1 & ! f9al ext9ction1 are suppos$ to be plann$4 ',x seems n impossible1' he cont9ues1 't ,sakya ,muni is an unreal be+1 & t all t is relat$ ( him is z mu* a fiction1 z is t ( 8 prec$+ migrations1 & ! miracles t att5d$ 8 bir?1 8 life1 & 8 dep>ture4' ,?is is go+ f> beyond ,niebuhr1 f> ev5 beyond ,/rauss4 ,if an allegorical "n _h be5 inv5t$ = ! fa!r ( ,buddha1 "o m appropriate ?an ',clean-food' might surely h be5 f\nd4 ,8 wife is n ! only que5 kn[n by ! "n ( ,maya1 ,mayadevi1 or ,mayavati4 ,:y1 if ^! names 7 inv5t$1 %\ld 8 wife h be5 all[$ to keep ! prosaic "n ( ,gopa 7c[h]dess71 & 8 fa!r-9-law1 t ( ,dandapani1 ',/ick-h&8' ,z to 8 own "n1 ,siddh>?a1 ! ,tibetans ma9ta9 t x 0 giv5 him by 8 p>5t1 ^: wi% 7ar?a7 _h be5 fulfill$ 7siddha71 z we he> ( ,desires & ,dieu-donnes 9 ,fr5*4 ,"o ( ! m9i/]s ( ,dasara?a _h ! same "n4 ,x is possible also t ,buddha himself assum$ x 9 aft] life1 z 0 ! case ) _m ( ! ,roman surnames4 ,z to ! "n ( ,buddha1 no "o ev] ma9ta9$ t x 0 m ?an a title1 ! ,enlight5$1 *ang$ f an appellative into a prop] "n1 j l ! "n ( ,*ri/os1 ! ,ano9t$1 or ,mohamm$1 ! ,expect$4#fa ,kapilava/u w\ld be a mo/ extraord9>y comp\nd to express '! sub/ance ( ! ,sankhya philosophy4' ,b all d\bt on ! subject is remov$ by ! fact t bo? ,fahian 9 ! fif?1 & ,hi\5-,?sang 9 ! sev5? c5turies1 visit$ ! real ru9s ( t city4 ,footnote #fa3 ,see ,spr5g]1 ',das ,leb5 des ,mohamm$1' #ahfa1 vol4 i4 p4 #aee4 ,mak+ e possible all[ance = ! accumulation ( fiction :i* is sure to ga!r r\nd ! life ( ! f\nd] ( e great religion1 we may be satisfi$ t ,buddhism1 :i* *ang$ ! aspect n only ( ,india1 b ( ne>ly ! :ole ( ,asia1 _h a real f\nd]2 t he 0 n a ,brahman by bir?1 b belong$ to ! second or royal ca/e2 t be+ ( a m$itative turn ( m9d1 & deeply impress$ ) ! frailty ( all creat$ ?+s1 he became a recluse1 & s\ght = light & com=t 9 ! diff]5t sy/ems ( ,brahman philosophy & !ology4 ,dissatisfi$ ) ! artificial sy/ems ( _! prie/s & philosoph]s1 conv9c$ ( ! uselessness1 nay ( ! p]nici\s influ5ce1 ( _! c]emonial practices & bodily p5ances1 %ock$1 too1 by _! worldl9ess & ph>isaical conceit1 :i* made ! prie/hood ! exclusive prop]ty ( "o ca/e & r5d]$ e s9c]e approa* ( man to 8 ,creator impossible )\t _! int]v5tion1 ,buddha mu/ h produc$ at once a p[]ful impression on ! p at l>ge1 :5 break+ ?r\gh all ! e/abli%$ rules ( ca/e1 he assum$ ! privileges ( a ,brahman1 & ?r[+ away ! spl5d\r ( 8 royal position1 travell$ ab\t z a begg>1 n %r9k+ f ! defil+ contact ( s9n]s & publicans4 ,?\gh :5 we n[ speak ( ,buddhism1 we ?9k *iefly ( its doctr9es1 ! re=m ( ,buddha _h orig9ally mu* m ( a social ?an ( a religi\s "*4 ,buddha swept away ! web ) :i* ! ,brahmans _h encircl$ ! :ole ( ,india4 ,beg9n+ z ! de/roy] ( an old1 he became ! f\nd] ( a new religion4 ,we c h>dly und]/& h[ any nation c\ld h liv$ "u a sy/em l t ( ! ,brahmanic hi]>*y1 :i* coil$ itself r\nd e public & private act1 & w\ld h r5d]$ life intol]able to any :o _h =feit$ ! fav\r ( ! prie/s4 ,t sy/em 0 attack$ by ,buddha4 ,buddha might h taught :atev] philosophy he pleas$1 & we %\ld h>dly h he>d 8 "n4 ,! p w\ld n h m9d$ him1 & 8 sy/em w\ld only h be5 a drop 9 ! ocean ( philosophical speculation1 by :i* ,india 0 delug$ at all times4 ,b :5 a "y pr9ce assembl$ r\nd him p ( all ca/es1 ( all ranks1 :5 he defeat$ ! ,brahmans 9 public disputations1 :5 he decl>$ ! sacrifices by :i* !y made _! liv+ n only useless b s9ful1 :5 in/ead ( sev]e p5ance or excommunications inflict$ by ! ,brahmans sometimes = ! mo/ trifl+ (f5ces1 he only requir$ public confession ( s9 & a promise to s9 no m3 :5 ! *>itable gifts hi!rto monopolis$ by ! ,brahmans1 began to fl[ into new *annels1 support+ hundr$s & ?\s&s ( ,buddhi/ m5dicants1 m _h be5 a*iev$ ?an probably ,buddha himself _h ev] dreamt (2 & he ^: m$itations _h be5 h[ to deliv] ! s\l ( man f mis]y & ! fe> ( dea?1 _h deliv]$ ! p ( ,india f a degrad+ ?raldom & f prie/ly tyranny4 ,! mo/ important elem5t ( ! ,buddhi/ re=m has always be5 its social & moral code1 n its metaphysical !ories4 ,t moral code1 tak5 by itself1 is "o ( ! mo/ p]fect :i* ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,on ?is po9t all te/imonies f ho/ile & f fri5dly qu>t]s agree4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 a ,wesleyan ,mission>y1 speak+ ( ! ,dhamma ,padam1 or ! ',foot/eps ( ! ,law1' admits t a collection might be made f ! precepts ( ?is "w1 :i* 9 ! purity ( its e?ics c\ld h>dly be equall$ f any o!r hea!n au?or4 ,m4 ,lab\laye1 "o ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ memb]s ( ! ,fr5* ,academy1 rem>ks 9 ! ',debats' ( ! #d? ( ,april1 #ahec3 ',x is difficult to compreh5d h[ m5 n assi/$ by revelation c\ld h so>$ s high1 & approa*$ s ne> to ! tru?4' ,besides ! five great comm&m5ts n to kill1 n to /eal1 n to commit adult]y1 n to lie1 n to get drunk1 e %ade ( vice1 hypocrisy1 ang]1 pride1 suspicion1 gre$9ess1 gossip+1 cruelty to animals1 is gu>d$ aga9/ by special precepts4 ,among ! virtues recomm5d$1 we f9d n only rev]5ce ( p>5ts1 c>e = *ildr51 submission to au?ority1 gratitude1 mod]ation 9 "t ( prosp]ity1 submission 9 "t ( trial1 equanimity at all times1 b virtues unkn[n 9 any hea!n sy/em ( morality1 su* z ! duty ( =giv+ insults & n rew>d+ evil ) evil4 ,all virtues1 we are told1 spr+ f ,maitri1 & ?is ,maitri c only be translat$ by *>ity & love4 ',i d n hesitate1' says ,burn\f1#fb 'to translate by *>ity ! ^w ,maitri2 x does n express fri5d%ip or ! feel+ ( p>ticul> affection :i* a man has = "o or m ( 8 fell[-creatures1 b t univ]sal feel+ :i* inspires u ) good-w t[>ds all m5 & con/ant will+ness to help !m4' ,we add "o m te/imony f ! "w ( ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire3 ',je n'hesite pas a aj\t]1' he writes1 'que1 sauf le ,*ri/ t\t seul1 il n'e/ po9t1 p>mi les fondateurs de religion1 de figure plus pure ni plus t\*ante que celle du ,b\ddha4 ,sa vie n'a po9t de ta*e4 ,son con/ant h]oisme egale sa conviction2 et si la !orie qu'il preconise e/ fausse1 les exemples p]sonnels qu'il donne sont irrepro*ables4 ,il e/ le modele a*eve de t\tes les v]tus qu'il pre*e2 son abnegation1 sa *>ite son inalt]able d\ceur1 ne se dem5t5t po9t un seul in/ant2 il ab&onne a v+t-neuf ans la c\r du roi son p]e p\r se faire religieux et m5diant2 il prep>e sil5cieusem5t sa doctr9e p> six annees de retraite et de m$itation2 il la propage p> la seule puissance de la p>ole et de la p]suasion1 p5dant plus d'un demi-siecle2 et qu& il meurt entre les bras de ses disciples1 c'e/ avec la s]5ite d'un sage qui a pratique le bi5 t\te sa vie1 et qui e/ assure d'avoir tr\ve le vrai4' 7,page v47 ,footnote #fb3 ,burn\f1 ',lotus de la bonne ,loi1' p4 #cjj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re /ill rema91 no d\bt1 "s blurr$ & d\btful pages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! pr9ce ( ,kapilava/u2 b we h only to look at ! works on anci5t philosophy & religion publi%$ "s ?irty ye>s ago1 9 ord] to p]ceive ! imm5se progress t has be5 made 9 e/abli%+ ! true hi/orical "* ( ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 ,!re 0 a "t :5 ,buddha 0 id5tifi$ ) ,*ri/4 ,! ,mani*aeans 7 actually =c$ to abjure _! belief t ,buddha1 ,*ri/1 & ,mani 7 "o & ! same p]son4#fc ,b we are ?9k+ r ( ! eighte5? & n9ete5? c5turies1 :5 elaborate books 7 writt51 9 ord] to prove t ,buddha _h be5 9 reality ! ,?o? ( ! ,egyptians1 t he 0 ,m]cury1 or ,wodan1 or ,zoroa/]1 or ,py?agoras4 ,ev5 ,sir ,w4 ,jones1 z we saw1 id5tifi$ ,buddha1 fir/ ) ,od91 & aft]w>ds ) ,%i%ak1 ':o ei!r 9 p]son or by a colony f ,egypt import$ into ,india ! mild h]esy ( ! anci5t ,bauddhas4' ,at pres5t we "k t nei!r ,egypt nor ! ,walhalla ( ,g]many1 nei!r ,greece nor ,p]sia1 c\ld h produc$ ei!r ! man himself or 8 doctr9e4 ,he is ! (fspr+ ( ,india 9 m9d & s\l4 ,8 doctr9e1 by ! v antagonism 9 :i* x /&s to ! old sy/em ( ,brahmanism1 %[s t x c\ld n h sprung up 9 any c\ntry except ,india4 ,! anci5t hi/ory ( ,brahmanism leads on to ,buddhism1 ) ! same necessity ) :i* m$iaeval ,romanism l$ to ,prote/antism4 ,?\gh ! date ( ,buddha is /ill liable to small *ronological oscillations1 8 place 9 ! intellectual annals ( ,india is h5ce=? def9itely m>k$3 ,buddhism became ! /ate religion ( ,india at ! "t ( ,asoka2 & ,asoka1 ! ,buddhi/ ,con/ant9e1 0 ! gr&son ( ,k&ragupta1 ! contempor>y ( ,seleucus ,nicator4 ,! sy/em ( ! ,brahmans _h run its c\rse4 ,_! asc5d5cy1 at fir/ purely intellectual & religi\s1 _h gradually assum$ a political "*4 ,by means ( ! sy/em ( ca/e ?is influ5ce p]vad$ ! :ole social fabric1 n z a vivify+ leav51 b z a deadly poison4 ,_! increas+ p[] & self-confid5ce are cle>ly exhibit$ 9 ! successive p]iods ( _! anci5t lit]ature4 ,x beg9s ) ! simple hymns ( ! ,v$a4 ,^! are foll[$ by ! tracts1 kn[n by ! "n ( ,brahmanz1 9 :i* a complete sy/em ( !ology is elaborat$1 & claims advanc$ 9 fav\r ( ! ,brahmans1 su* z 7 seldom conc$$ to any hi]>*y4 ,! ?ird p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( _! anci5t lit]ature is m>k$ by _! ,sutras or ,aphorisms1 curt & dry =mul>ies1 %[+ ! ,brahmans 9 secure possession ( all _! claims4 ,su* privileges z !y !n enjoy$ are nev] enjoy$ = any l5g? ( "t4 ,x 0 impossible = anybody to move or to ass]t 8 fre$om ( ?\ght & action )\t f9d+ himself imp$$ on all sides by ! web ( ! ,brahmanic law2 nor 0 !re any?+ 9 _! religion to satisfy ! natural ye>n+s ( ! human he>t aft] spiritual com=t4 ,:at 0 felt by ,buddha1 _h be5 felt m or less int5sely by ?\s&s2 & ?is 0 ! secret ( 8 success4 ,t success 0 accel]at$1 h[ev]1 by political ev5ts4 ,k&ragupta _h conqu]$ ! ?rone ( ,magadha1 & acquir$ 8 supremacy 9 ,india 9 defiance ( ! ,brahmanic law4 ,he 0 ( l[ orig91 a m]e adv5tur]1 & by 8 accession to ! ?rone an important me% _h be5 brok5 9 ! intricate sy/em ( ca/e4 ,nei!r he nor 8 successors c\ld c\nt on ! support ( ! ,brahmans1 & x is b natural t 8 gr&son1 ,asoka1 %\ld h be5 driv5 to seek support f ! sect f\nd$ by ,buddha4 ,buddha1 by giv+ up 8 royal /ation1 _h brok5 ! law ( ca/e z mu* z ,k&ragupta by usurp+ x4 ,8 s*ool1 ?\gh x _h probably escap$ op5 p]secution until x rose to political importance1 c\ld nev] h be5 on fri5dly t]ms ) ! ,brahmans ( ! old s*ool4 ,! p>v5u on ! ?rone saw 8 natural allies 9 ! foll[]s ( ,buddha1 & ! m5dicants1 :o by _! uno/5tati\s behavi\r _h won gold5 op9ions among ! l[] & middle classes1 7 sudd5ly rais$ to an importance little dreamt ( by _! f\nd]4 ,^? :o see 9 ,buddhism1 n a social b *iefly a religi\s & philosophical re=m1 h be5 deceiv$ by ! lat] ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 & p>ticul>ly by ! controv]sies betwe5 ,buddhi/s & ,brahmans1 :i* 9 lat] times l$ to ! total expulsion ( ! =m] f ,india1 & to ! political re-e/abli%m5t ( ,brahmanism4 ,^!1 no d\bt1 turn *iefly on philosophical problems1 & are ( ! mo/ ab/ruse & intricate "*4 ,b su* 0 n ! tea*+ ( ,buddha4 ,if we may judge f '! f\r v]ities1' :i* ,buddha inculcat$ f ! fir/ day t he ent]$ on 8 c>e] z a tea*]1 8 philosophy ( life 0 v simple4 ,he proclaims t !re 0 no?+ b sorr[ 9 life2 t sorr[ is produc$ by our affections1 t our affections mu/ be de/roy$ 9 ord] to de/roy ! root ( sorr[1 & t he c\ld tea* mank9d h[ to eradicate all ! affections1 all passions1 all desires4 ,su* doctr9es 7 intelligible2 & consid]+ t ,buddha receiv$ p ( all ca/es1 :o aft] r5\nc+ ! _w & assum+ _! yell[ robes1 7 sure ( f9d+ a livelihood f ! *>itable gifts ( ! p1 x is n surpris+ t ! numb] ( 8 foll[]s %\ld h gr[n s rapidly4 ,if ,buddha really taught ! metaphysical doctr9es :i* are ascrib$ to him by subsequ5t writ]s--& ?is is a po9t :i* x is impossible to settle--n "o 9 a ?\s& among 8 foll[]s w\ld h be5 capable ( appreciat+ ^? speculations4 ,!y mu/ h be5 res]v$ = a few ( 8 disciples1 & !y w\ld nev] h =m$ ! nucleus = a popul> religion4 ,footnote #fc3 ,ne&]1 ',hi/ory ( ! ,*ur*1' vol4 i4 p4 #hag3 ,greek3 ,ton ,z>adan kai ,b\dan kai ton ,*ri/on kai ton ,mani*aion h5a kai ton auton e9ai4 ,ne>ly all :o h writt5 on ,buddhism1 & ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire among ! re/1 h endeav\r$ to %[ t ^! metaphysical doctr9es ( ,buddha 7 borr[$ f ! e>li] sy/ems ( ,brahmanic philosophy1 & m p>ticul>ly f ! ,sankhya sy/em4 ,! reput$ f\nd] ( t sy/em is ,kapila1 & we saw be=e h[ ,pr(essor ,wilson actually *ang$ ! "n ( ,kapilava/u1 ! bir?place ( ,buddha1 into a m]e allegory3--,kapilava/u mean+1 accord+ to him1 ! sub/ance ( ,kapila or ( ! ,sankhya philosophy4 ,?is is n all4 ,mr4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy 7p4 #acb7 quotes a leg5d 9 :i* x is said t ,buddha 0 9 a =m] exi/5ce ! ascetic ,kapila1 t ! ,sakya pr9ces came to 8 h]mitage1 & t he po9t$ out to !m ! prop] place = f\nd+ a new city1 :i* city 0 nam$ aft] him ,kapilava/u4 ,b we h look$ 9 va9 = any def9ite simil>ities betwe5 ! sy/em ( ,kapila1 z kn[n to u 9 ! ,sankhya-sutras1 & ! ,abhidh>ma1 or ! metaphysics ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,su* simil>ities w\ld be invaluable4 ,!y w\ld probably enable u to decide :e!r ,buddha borr[$ f ,kapila or ,kapila f ,buddha1 & ?us det]m9e ! real *ronology ( ! philosophical lit]ature ( ,india1 z ei!r prior or subsequ5t to ! ,buddhi/ era4 ,!re are c]ta9 notions :i* ,buddha %>es 9 common n only ) ,kapila1 b ) e ,h9du philosoph]4 ,! idea ( transmigration1 ! belief 9 ! cont9u+ effects ( our good & bad actions1 ext5d+ f our =m] to our pres5t & f our pres5t to our future lives1 ! s5se t life is a dream or a burd51 ! admission ( ! uselessness ( religi\s obs]vances aft] ! atta9m5t ( ! highe/ k1 all ^! belong1 s to say1 to ! national philosophy ( ,india4 ,we meet ) ^! ideas ev]y:]e1 9 ! poetry1 ! philosophy1 ! religion ( ! ,h9dus4 ,!y _c be claim$ z ! exclusive prop]ty ( any sy/em 9 p>ticul>4 ,b if we look = m special co9cid5ces betwe5 ,buddha's doctr9es & ^? ( ,kapila or o!r ,indian philosoph]s1 we look 9 va94 ,at fir/ x might seem z if ! v fir/ aphorism ( ,kapila1 namely1 '! complete cessation ( pa91 :i* is ( ?ree k9ds1 is ! highe/ aim ( man1' 0 m]ely a philosophical p>aphrase ( ! ev5ts :i*1 z we saw1 det]m9$ ,buddha to r5\nce ! _w 9 se>* ( ! true road to salvation4 ,b ?\gh ! />t+-po9t ( ,kapila & ,buddha is ! same1 a ke5 s5se ( human mis]y & a ye>n+ aft] a bett] /ate1 _! roads div]ge s completely & _! goals are s f> ap>t1 t x is difficult to und]/& h[1 almo/ by common cons5t1 ,buddha is suppos$ ei!r to h foll[$ 9 ! foot/eps ( ,kapila1 or to h *ang$ ,kapila's philosophy into a religion4 ,"s s*ol>s imag9e t !re 0 a m simple & primitive philosophy :i* 0 taught by ,kapila1 & t ! ,sutras :i* are n[ ascrib$ to him1 are ( lat] date4 ,x is impossible ei!r to prove or to disprove su* a view4 ,at pres5t we "k ,kapila's philosophy f 8 ,sutras only1#fd & ^! ,sutras seem to u po/]ior1 n ant]ior1 to ,buddha4 ,?\gh ! "n ( ,buddha is n m5tion$ 9 ! ,sutras1 8 doctr9es are cle>ly allud$ to & controv]t$ 9 sev]al p>ts ( !m4 ,footnote #fd3 ,( ,kapila's ,sutras1 toge!r ) ! comm5t>y ( ,vignana ,bhik%u1 a new edition 0 publi%$ 9 #ahef1 by ,dr4 ,fitz-,edw>d ,hall1 9 ! ',biblio!ca ,indica4' ,an excell5t translation ( ! ,aphorisms1 ) illu/rative extracts f ! comm5t>ies1 0 pr9t$ = ! use ( ! ,b5>es ,college1 by ,dr4 ,ballantyne4 ,x has be5 said t ,buddha & ,kapila 7 bo? a!i/s1 & t ,buddha borr[$ 8 a!ism f ,kapila4 ,b a!ism is an indef9ite t]m1 & may mean v diff]5t ?+s4 ,9 "o s5se e ,indian philosoph] 0 an a!i/1 = !y all p]ceiv$ t ! gods ( ! populace c\ld n claim ! attributes t belong to a ,supreme ,be+4 ,b all ! important philosophical sy/ems ( ! ,brahmans admit1 9 "s =m or o!r1 ! exi/5ce ( an ,absolute & ,supreme ,be+1 ! s\rce ( all t exi/s1 or seems to exi/4 ,kapila1 :5 accus$ ( a!ism1 is n accus$ ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( an ,absolute ,be+4 ,he is accus$ ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( ,isv>a1 :i* 9 g5]al means ! ,"l1 b :i* 9 ! passage :]e x occurs1 ref]s to ! ,isv>a ( ! ,yog9s1 or my/ic philosoph]s4 ,!y ma9ta9$ t 9 an ec/atic /ate man possesses ! p[] ( see+ ,god face to face1 & !y wi%$ to h ?is ec/atic intuition includ$ "u ! head ( s5su\s p]ceptions4 ,to ?is ,kapila demurr$4 ,y h n prov$ ! exi/5ce ( y\r ,"l1 he says1 & !re=e ,i see no reason :y ,i %\ld alt] my def9ition ( s5su\s p]ception 9 ord] to accommodate y\r ec/atic visions4 ,! comm5tator n>rates t ?is /rong language 0 us$ by ,kapila 9 ord] to sil5ce ! wild talk ( ! ,my/ics1 & t1 ?\gh he taunt$ 8 adv]s>ies ) hav+ fail$ to prove ! exi/5ce ( _! ,"l1 he himself did n d5y ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+4 ,kapila1 h[ev]1 w5t fur!r4 ,he endeav\r$ to %[ t all ! attributes :i* ! ,my/ics ascrib$ to _! ,"l are inappropriate4 ,he us$ argum5ts v simil> to ^? :i* h lately be5 us$ ) su* ability by a di/+ui%$ ,bampton ,lectur]4 ,! supreme "l ( ! ,my/ics1 ,kapila argu$1 is ei!r absolute & uncondition$ 7mukta71 or he is b\nd & condition$ 7baddha74 ,if he is absolute & uncondition$1 he _c ent] into ! condition ( a ,creator2 he w\ld h no desires :i* c\ld in/igate him to create4 ,if1 on ! contr>y1 he is repres5t$ z active1 & ent]+ on ! "w ( creation1 he w\ld no long] be ! absolute & un*angeable ,be+ :i* we are ask$ to believe 94 ,kapila1 l ! prea*] ( our own days1 0 accus$ ( pav+ ! road to a!ism1 b 8 philosophy 0 nev]!less admitt$ z or?odox1 because1 9 addition to s5su\s p]ception & inductive reason+1 ,kapila pr(ess$ emphatically 8 belief 9 revelation1 i4 e4 9 ! ,v$a1 & all[$ to x a place among ! recognis$ in/rum5ts ( k4 ,buddha refus$ to all[ to ! ,v$as any indep5d5t au?ority :atev]1 & ?is con/itut$ ! fundam5tal diff]5ce betwe5 ! two philosoph]s4 ,:e!r ,kapila's philosophy 0 really 9 accordance ) ! _s ( ! ,v$a1 is q a diff]5t "q4 ,no philosophy1 at lea/ no?+ l a def9ite sy/em1 is to be f\nd 9 ! sacr$ hymns ( ! ,brahmans2 & ?\gh ! ,v$anta philosophy does less viol5ce to ! passages :i* x quotes f ! ,v$a1 ! au?ors ( ! ,v$a w\ld h be5 z mu* surpris$ at ! consequ5ces d$uc$ f _! words by ! ,v$ant91 z by ! /range mean+ attribut$ to !m by ,kapila4 ,! ,v$anta philosoph]1 l ,kapila1 w\ld d5y ! exi/5ce ( a ,creator 9 ! usual s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he expla9$ ! univ]se z an emanation f ,brahman1 :i* is all 9 all4 ,kapila admitt$ two pr9ciples1 an absolute ,_s & ,nature1 & he look$ ^u ! univ]se z produc$ by a reflection ( ,nature ?r[n on ! mirror ( ! absolute ,_s4 ,bo? sy/ems seem to reg>d creation1 or ! creat$ _w1 z a mis=tune1 z an un=tunate accid5t4 ,b !y ma9ta9 t its effects c be neutralis$1 & t emancipation f ! bonds ( e>?ly exi/5ce is possible by means ( philosophy4 ,! ,v$anta philosoph] imag9es he is free :5 he has arriv$ at ! k t no?+ exi/s b ,brahman2 t all ph5om5a are m]ely ! result ( ignorance2 t aft] ! de/ruction ( t ignorance1 & ( its effects1 all is m]g$ aga9 9 ,brahman1 ! true s\rce ( be+1 ?\ght1 & happ9ess4 ,kapila taught t ! _s became free f all mundane fett]s z soon z x p]ceiv$ t all ph5om5a 7 only pass+ reflections produc$ by nature ^u ! _s1 & z soon z x 0 able to %ut its eyes to ^? illusory visions4 ,bo? sy/ems !re=e1 & ! same applies to all ! o!r philosophical sy/ems ( ! ,brahmans1 admitt$ an absolute or self-exi/+ ,be+ z ! cause ( all t exi/s or seems to exi/4 ,& "h lies ! specific diff]5ce betwe5 ,kapila & ,buddha4 ,buddha1 l ,kapila1 ma9ta9$ t ?is _w _h no absolute reality1 t x 0 a sn>e & an illusion4 ,! words1 ',all is p]i%able1 all is mis]able1 all is void1' mu/ frequ5tly h pass$ 8 lips4 ,b we _c call ?+s unreal unless we h a conception ( some?+ t is real4 ,:]e1 !n1 did ,buddha f9d a reality 9 comp>ison ) :i* ?is _w might be call$ unreal8 ,:at rem$y did he propose z an emancipation f ! suff]+s ( ?is life8 ,difficult z x seems to u to conceive x1 ,buddha admits ( no real cause ( ?is unreal _w4 ,he d5ies ! exi/5ce n only ( a ,creator1 b ( any ,absolute ,be+4 ,accord+ to ! metaphysical t5ets1 if n ( ,buddha himself1 at lea/ ( 8 sect1 !re is no reality any:]e1 nei!r 9 ! pa/ nor 9 ! future4 ,true wisdom consi/s 9 p]ceiv+ ! no?+ness ( all ?+s1 & 9 a desire to become no?+1 to be bl[n out1 to ent] into ,nirvana4 ,emancipation is obta9$ by total ext9ction1 n by absorption 9 ,brahman1 or by a recov]y ( ! s\l's true e/ate4 ,if to be is mis]y1 n to be mu/ be felicity1 & ?is felicity is ! highe/ rew>d :i* ,buddha promis$ to 8 disciples4 ,9 read+ ! ,aphorisms ( ,kapila1 x is difficult n to see 9 8 rem>ks on ^? :o ma9ta9 t all is void1 cov]t attacks on ,buddha & 8 foll[]s4 ,9 "o place 7,i4 #dc7 ,kapila argues t if p believ$ 9 ! reality ( ?\ght only1 & d5i$ ! reality ( ext]nal objects1 !y w\ld soon be driv5 to admit t no?+ at all exi/s1 because we p]ceive our ?\ghts 9 ! same mann] z we p]ceive ext]nal objects4 ,?is naturally leads him to an exam9ation ( t extreme doctr9e1 accord+ to :i* all t we p]ceive is void1 & all is suppos$ to p]i%1 because x is ! nature ( ?+s t !y %\ld p]i%4 ,kapila rem>ks 9 ref]5ce to ?is view 7,i4 #de71 t x is a m]e ass]tion ( p]sons :o are 'n enlight5$1' 9 ,sanskrit a-buddha1 a s>ca/ic expression 9 :i* x is v difficult n to see an allusion to ,buddha1 or to ^? :o claim$ = him ! title ( ! ,enlight5$4 ,kapila !n proce$s to give ! be/ answ] t c\ld be giv5 to ^? :o taught t complete annihilation mu/ be ! highe/ aim ( man1 z ! only means ( a complete cessation ( suff]+4 ',x is n s1' he says1 '= if p wi% to be free f suff]+1 x is !y !mselves :o wi% to be free1 j z 9 ?is life x is !y !mselves :o wi% to enjoy happ9ess4 ,!re mu/ be a p]man5t s\l 9 ord] to satisfy ! ye>n+s ( ! human he>t1 & if y d5y t s\l1 y h no "r to speak ( ! highe/ aim--( man4' ,:e!r ! belief 9 ?is k9d ( ,nirvana1 i4 e4 9 a total ext9ction ( be+1 p]sonality1 & consci\sness1 0 at any "t %>$ by ! l>ge masses ( ! p1 is difficult ei!r to ass]t or d5y4 ,we "k no?+ 9 anci5t times ( ! religi\s convictions ( ! millions4 ,we only "k :at a few lead+ spirits believ$1 or pr(ess$ to believe4 ,t c]ta9 individuals %\ld h spok5 & writt5 ( total ext9ction z ! highe/ aim ( man1 is intelligible4 ,job curs$ ! day on :i* he 0 born1 & ,solomon prais$ ! 'dead :i* are already dead1 m ?an ! liv+ :i* are yet alive1' ',yea1 bett] is he ?an bo? !y1' he said1 ':i* ha? n yet be51 :o ha? n se5 ! evil "w t is done "u ! sun1' ,voltaire said 9 8 own flippant way1 ',on aime la vie1 mais le neant ne laisse pas d'avoir du bon2' & a mod]n ,g]man philosoph]1 :o has f\nd mu* fav\r ) ^? :o pr(ess to despise ,kant1 ,s*ell+1 & ,hegel1 writes1 ',consid]$ 9 its objective value1 x is m ?an d\btful t life is pref]able to ! ,no?+4 ,i %\ld say ev51 t if exp]i5ce & reflection c\ld lift up _! voices !y w\ld recomm5d to u ! ,no?+4 ,we are :at ought n to be1 & we %all !re=e cease to be4' ,"u peculi> circum/ances1 9 ! agonies ( despair1 or "u ! ga!r+ cl\ds ( madness1 su* language is intelligible2 b to believe1 z we are ask$ to believe1 t "o half ( mank9d _h ye>n$ = total annihilation1 w\ld be tantam\nt to a belief t !re is a diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 man & man4 ,buddhi/ philosoph]s1 no d\bt1 held ?is doctr9e1 & x _c be d5i$ t x f\nd a place 9 ! ,buddhi/ canon4 ,b ev5 among ! diff]5t s*ools ( ,buddhi/ philosoph]s1 v diff]5t views are adopt$ z to ! true mean+ ( ,nirvana1 & ) ! mod]n ,buddhi/s ( ,burmah1 ,nigban1 z !y call x1 is def9$ simply z fre$om f old age1 disease1 & dea?4 ,we d n f9d fault ) ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire = hav+ s emphatically press$ ! *>ge ( nihilism aga9/ ,buddha himself4 ,9 "o portion ( ! ,buddhi/ canon ! mo/ extreme views ( nihilism are put into 8 m\?4 ,all we c say is t t canon is lat] ?an ,buddha1 & t 9 ! same canon#fe ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 aft] hav+ ent]$ into ,nirvana1 is /ill spok5 ( z liv+1 nay1 z %[+ himself to ^? :o believe 9 him4 ,buddha1 :o d5i$ ! exi/5ce1 or at lea/ ! div9e nature1 ( ! gods wor%ipp$ by ! ,brahmans1 0 rais$ himself to ! rank ( a deity by "s ( 8 foll[]s 7! ,aisv>ikas71 & we ne$ n wond] !re=e if 8 ,nirvana too 0 gradually *ang$ into an ,elysian field4 ,& f9ally1 if we may argue f human nature1 su* z we f9d x at all times & 9 all c\ntries1 we confess t we _c br+ ourselves to believe t ! re=m] ( ,india1 ! tea*] ( s p]fect a code ( morality1 ! "y pr9ce :o gave up all he _h 9 ord] to help ^? :om he saw afflict$ 9 m9d1 body1 or e/ate1 %\ld h c>$ mu* ab\t speculations :i* he knew w\ld ei!r be misund]/ood1 or n und]/ood at all1 by ^? :om he wi%$ to b5efit2 t he %\ld h ?r[n away "o ( ! mo/ p[]ful weapons 9 ! h&s ( e religi\s tea*]1 ! belief 9 a future life1 & %\ld n h se51 t if ?is life 0 soon] or lat] to end 9 no?+1 x 0 h>dly wor? ! tr\ble :i* he took himself1 or ! sacrifices :i* he impos$ on 8 disciples4 ,april1 #ahfb4 ,footnote #fe3 ',l'enfant eg>e1' p> ,ph4 ,ed4 ,f\caux1 p4 #ai4 ,x4 ,,buddhi/ ,,pilgrims4#ff ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 has comm5c$ ! publication ( a "w entitl$1 ',voyages des ,pel]9s ,b\ddhi/es4' ,! fir/ volume1 publi%$ 9 ! ye> #ahec1 conta9s ! biography ( ,hi\5-?sang1 :o1 9 ! middle ( ! sev5? c5tury ,a4,d41 travell$ f ,*9a ?r\gh ,c5tral ,asia to ,india4 ,! second1 :i* has j rea*$ u1 gives u ! fir/ portion ( ,hi\5-?sang's own di>y4 ,footnote #ff3 ',voyages des ,pel]9s ,b\ddhi/es4' ,vol4 ,i4 ,hi/oire de la ,vie de ,hi\5-?sang1 et de ses ,voyages dans l',inde1 depuis l'an #fbi jusqu'en #fde1 p> ,hoeili et ,y5-?song2 traduite du ,*9ois p> ,/anislas ,juli54 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,memoires sur les ,contrees ,occid5tales1 traduits du ,sanscrit en ,*9ois1 en l'an #fdh1 p> ,hi\5-?sang1 et du ,*9ois en ,francais1 pas ,/anislas ,juli54 ,p>is1 #ahec-aheg3 ,b4 ,duprat4 ,london & ,ed9burgh3 ,williams & ,norgate4 ,!re are n _m books ( travel :i* c be comp>$ to ^! volumes4 ,hi\5-?sang pass$ ?r\gh c\ntries :i* few _h visit$ be=e him4 ,he describes p>ts ( ! _w :i* no "o has explor$ s9ce1 & :]e ev5 our mod]n maps conta9 h>dly m ?an ! +5i\s conjectures ( ,alex&] von ,humboldt4 ,8 obs]vations are m9ute2 8 geographical1 /ati/ical1 & hi/orical rem>ks mo/ accurate & tru/wor?y4 ,! *ief object ( 8 travels 0 to /udy ! religion ( ,buddha1 ! great re=m] ( ,india4 ,"s ,*9ese pilgrims visit$ ,india be=e1 sev]al aft]1 8 "t4 ,hi\5-?sang1 h[ev]1 is consid]$ by ! ,*9ese !mselves z ! mo/ di/+ui%$ ( ^! pilgrims1 & ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 has rightly assign$ to him ! fir/ place 9 8 collection4 ,9 ord] to und]/& :at ,hi\5-?sang 01 & to appreciate 8 life & 8 lab\rs1 we mu/ fir/ ca/ a glance at ! hi/ory ( a religion :i*1 h[ev] unattractive & ev5 mis*iev\s x may appe> to ourselves1 inspir$ h] vot>y ) ! true _s ( devotion & self-sacrifice4 ,t religion has n[ exi/$ = exactly #b1djj ye>s4 ,to millions & millions ( human be+s x has be5 ! only prep>ation = a high] life plac$ )9 _! rea*4 ,& ev5 at ! pres5t day x c\nts among ! hordes ( ,asia a m num]\s array ( believ]s ?an any o!r fai?1 n exclud+ ,mohamm$anism or ,*ri/ianity4 ,! religion ( ,buddha took its orig9 9 ,india ab\t ! middle ( ! six? c5tury ,b4,c41 b x did n assume its political importance till ab\t ! "t ( ,alex&]'s invasion4 ,we "k little1 !re=e1 ( its fir/ orig9 & spread+1 because ! canonical works on :i* we mu/ *iefly rely = in=mation belong to a mu* lat] p]iod1 & are /rongly t+$ ) a leg5d>y "*4 ,! v exi/5ce ( su* a be+ z ,buddha1 ! son ( ,suddhodana1 k+ ( ,kapilava/u1 has be5 d\bt$4 ,b :at c nev] be d\bt$ is ?is1 t ,buddhism1 su* z we f9d x 9 ,russia#fg & ,sw$5#fh on ! v ?re%old ( ,european civilisation1 9 ! nor? ( ,asia1 9 ,mongolia1 ,tat>y1 ,*9a1 ,tibet1 ,nepal1 ,siam1 ,burmah1 & ,ceylon1 _h its orig9 9 ,india4 ,doctr9es simil> to ^? ( ,buddha exi/$ 9 t c\ntry long be=e 8 "t4 ,we c trace !m l me&]+ roots bel[ ! surface long be=e we rea* ! po9t :]e ! roots /rike up into a /em1 & ! /em bran*es (f aga9 into fruit-be>+ bran*es4 ,:at 0 orig9al & new 9 ,buddha 0 8 *ang+ a philosophical sy/em into a practical doctr9e2 8 tak+ ! wisdom ( ! few1 & co9+ z mu* ( x z he ?\ght g5u9e = ! b5efit ( ! _m2 8 break+ ) ! traditional =malities ( ! pa/1 & proclaim+ = ! fir/ "t1 9 spite ( ca/es & cre$s1 ! equality ( ! ri* & ! poor1 ! fooli% & ! wise1 ! 'twice-born' & ! outca/4 ,buddhism1 z a religion & z a political fact1 0 a reaction aga9/ ,brahmanism1 ?\gh x reta9$ mu* ( t m primitive =m ( fai? & wor%ip4 ,buddhism1 9 its hi/orical gr[?1 presupposes ,brahmanism1 &1 h[ev] ho/ile ! mutual relation ( ^! two religions may h be5 at diff]5t p]iods ( ,indian hi/ory1 x c be %[n1 )\t mu* difficulty1 t ! latt] 0 b a natural consequ5ce ( ! =m]4 ,! anci5t religion ( ! ,aryan inhabitants ( ,india _h />t$1 l ! religion ( ! ,greeks1 ! ,romans1 ! ,g]mans1 ,slaves1 & ,celts1 ) a simple & intelligible my?ological phraseology4 ,9 ! ,v$a--= !re is b "o real ,v$a--! names ( all ! s-call$ gods or ,devas betray _! orig9al physical "* & mean+ )\t disguise4 ,! fire 0 prais$ & invok$ by ! "n ( ,agni 7ignis72 ! e>? by ! "n ( ,pri?vi 7! broad72 ! sky by ! "n ( ,dyu 7,jupit]71 & aft]w>ds ( ,indra2 ! firmam5t & ! wat]s by ! "n ( ,v>una1 or ,greek3 ,ovravos4 ,! sun 0 invok$ by _m names1 su* z ,surya1 ,savitri1 ,vi%nu1 or ,mitra2 & ! dawn rejoic$ 9 su* titles z ,u%as1 ,urvasi1 ,ahana1 & ,surya4 ,nor 0 ! moon =gott54 ,= ?\gh x is m5tion$ b r>ely "u its usual "n ( ,k&ra1 x is allud$ to "u ! m sacr$ appellation ( ,soma2 & ea* ( its f\r phases _h receiv$ its own d5om9ation4 ,!re is h>dly any "p ( nature1 if x c\ld impress ! human m9d 9 any way ) ! ideas ( a high] p[]1 ( ord]1 et]nity1 or b5efic5ce1--:e!r ! w9ds1 or ! riv]s1 or ! trees1 or ! m\nta9s1--)\t a "n & repres5tative 9 ! e>ly ,h9du ,pan!on4 ,no d\bt !re exi/$ 9 ! human m9d1 f ! v beg9n+1 some?+1 :e!r we call x a suspicion1 an innate idea1 an intuition1 or a s5se ( ! ,div9e4 ,:at di/+ui%es man f ! re/ ( ! animal creation is *iefly t in]adicable feel+ ( dep5d5ce & reliance ^u "s high] p[]1 a consci\sness ( bondage1 f :i* ! v "n ( religion 0 d]iv$4 ,x is ,he t ha? made u1 & n we ourselves4 ,! pres5ce ( t p[] 0 felt ev]y:]e1 & n[h]e m cle>ly & /rongly ?an 9 ! ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 9 ! *ange ( day & night1 ( spr+ & w9t]1 ( bir? & dea?4 ,b1 al?\gh ! ,div9e pres5ce 0 felt ev]y:]e1 x 0 impossible 9 t e>ly p]iod ( ?\ght1 & ) a language incapable z yet ( express+ any?+ b mat]ial objects1 to conceive ! idea ( ,god 9 its purity & fullness1 or to assign to x an adequate & wor?y expression4 ,*ildr5 _c ?9k ! ?\ghts ( m51 & ! poets ( ! ,v$a c\ld n speak ! language ( ,ari/otle4 ,x 0 by a sl[ process t ! human m9d elaborat$ ! idea ( "o absolute & supreme ,godhead2 & by a /ill sl[] process t ! human language matur$ a ^w to express t idea4 ,a p]iod ( gr[? 0 inevitable1 & ^? :o1 f a m]e guess ( _! own1 d n hesitate to speak au?oritatively ( a primeval revelation1 :i* imp>t$ to ! ,pagan _w ! idea ( ! ,godhead 9 all its purity1 =get t1 h[ev] pure & sublime & spiritual t revelation might h be51 !re 0 no language capable z yet ( express+ ! high & immat]ial conceptions ( t ,heav5-s5t message4 ,! real hi/ory ( religion1 dur+ ! e>lie/ my?ological p]iod1 repres5ts to u a sl[ process ( f]m5tation 9 ?\ght & language1 ) its v>i\s int]ruptions1 its ov]fl[+s1 its cool+s1 its deposits1 & its gradual cle>+ f all extrane\s & =eign admixture4 ,?is is n only ! case among ! ,indo-,european or ,aryan races 9 ,india1 9 ,greece1 & 9 ,g]many4 ,9 ,p]u1 & :]ev] ! primitive =mations ( ! intellectual _w crop out1 ! process is exactly ! same4 ,! religion ( ! sun1 z x has be5 boldly said by ! au?or ( ! ,spani% ,conque/ 9 ,am]ica1 0 inevitable4 ,x 0 l a deep furr[ :i* t heav5ly lum9>y drew1 9 its sil5t procession f ea/ to we/1 ov] ! virg9 m9d ( ! gaz+ multitude2 & 9 ! impression left !re by ! fir/ ris+ & sett+ ( ! sun1 !re lay ! d>k se$ ( a fai? 9 a m ?an human be+1 ! fir/ intimation ( a life )\t beg9n+1 ( a _w )\t end4 ,manifold se$ fell aft]w>ds into ! soil once brok54 ,some?+ div9e 0 discov]$ 9 ev]y?+ t mov$ & liv$4 ,names 7 /amm]$ =? 9 anxi\s ha/e1 & no s+le "n c\ld fully express :at lay hidd5 9 ! human m9d & want$ expression--! idea ( an absolute1 & p]fect1 & supreme1 & immortal ,ess5ce4 ,?us a c\ntless ho/ ( nom9al gods 0 call$ into be+1 & = a "t seem$ to satisfy ! wants ( a ?\ghtless multitude4 ,b !re 7 ?\ghtful m5 at all times1 & _! reason prote/$ aga9/ ! contradictions ( a my?ological phraseology1 ?\gh x _h be5 hall[$ by sacr$ cu/oms & traditions4 ,t rebelli\s reason _h be5 at "w f ! v fir/1 always ready to break ! yoke ( names & =mulas :i* no long] express$ :at !y 7 int5d$ to express4 ,! idea :i* _h ye>n$ = utt]ance 0 ! idea ( a supreme & absolute ,p[]1 & t ye>n+ 0 n satisfi$ by su* names z ,kronos1 ,zeus1 & ,apollon4 ,! v s\nd ( su* a ^w z ,god1 us$ 9 ! plural1 j>r$ on ! e>1 z if we 7 to speak ( two univ]ses1 or ( a s+le tw94 ,!re are _m words1 z ,greek & ,lat9 gramm>ians tell u1 :i*1 if us$ 9 ! plural1 h a diff]5t mean+ f :at !y h 9 ! s+ul>4 ,! ,lat9 ae$es means a temple2 if us$ 9 ! plural x means a h\se4 ,deus & ,greek3 ,!os ought to be add$ to ! same class ( words4 ,! idea ( supreme p]fection exclud$ limitation1 & ! idea ( ,god exclud$ ! possibility ( _m gods4 ,?is may seem language too ab/ract & metaphysical = ! e>ly times ( :i* we are speak+4 ,b ! anci5t poets ( ! ,v$ic hymns h express$ ! same ?\ght ) p]fect cle>ness & simplicity4 ,9 ! ,rig-v$a 7,i4 #afd1 #df7 we read3-- ,t :i* is "o ! sages speak ( 9 _m ways--!y call x ',agni1' ',yama1' ',mat>isvan4' ,footnote #fg3 ,see ,w4 ,spottiswoode's ',t>antasse ,j\rney1' p4 #bbj1 ,visit to ! ,buddhi/ ,temple4 ,footnote #fh3 ,! only trace ( ! influ5ce ( ,buddhism among ! ,kudic races1 ! ,f9s1 ,laps1 c41 is f\nd 9 ! "n ( _! prie/s & sorc]]s1 ! ,%amans4 ,%aman is suppos$ to be a corruption ( ,sramana1 a "n appli$ to ,buddha1 & to ,buddhi/ prie/s 9 g5]al4 ,! anci5t my?ological religion ( ! ,kudic races has no?+ 9 common ) ,buddhism4 ,see ,ca/r5's ',lectures on ,f9ni% ,my?ology1' #ahec4 ,f9l& 0 c$$ by ,sw$5 to ,russia 9 #ahji1 ,see ! ,au?or's ',survey ( ,languages1' second edition1 p4 #aaf4 ,%amanism f\nd its way f ,india to ,sib]ia via ,tibet1 ,*9a1 & ,mongolia4 ,rules on ! =mation ( magic figures1 on ! treatm5t ( diseases by *>ms1 on ! wor%ip ( evil spirits1 on ! acquisition ( sup]natural p[]s1 on *>ms1 incantations1 & o!r bran*es ( ,%aman wit*craft1 are f\nd 9 ! ,/an-gy\r1 or ! second "p ( ! ,tibetan canon1 & 9 "s ( ! late ,tantras ( ! ,nepalese collection4 ,besides ! plurality ( gods1 :i* 0 sure to lead to _! de/ruction1 !re 0 a ta9t ( mortality :i* !y c\ld n ?r[ (f4 ,!y all d]iv$ _! be+ f ! life ( nature4 ,! god :o repres5t$ ! sun 0 liable1 9 ! my?ological language ( antiquity1 to all ! accid5ts :i* ?reat5$ ! sol> lum9>y4 ,?\gh he might rise 9 immortal y\? 9 ! morn+1 he 0 conqu]$ by ! %ad[s ( ! night1 & ! p[]s ( w9t] seem$ to ov]?r[ 8 heav5ly ?rone4 ,!re is no?+ 9 nature free f *ange1 & ! gods ( nature fell "u ! ?ralldom ( nature's laws4 ,! sun mu/ set1 & ! sol> gods & h]oes mu/ die4 ,!re mu/ be "o ,god1 !re mu/ be "o un*ang+ ,deity2 ?is 0 ! sil5t conviction ( ! human m9d4 ,!re are _m gods1 liable to all ! vicissitudes ( life2 ?is 0 ev]y:]e ! answ] ( my?ological religion4 ,x is curi\s to obs]ve 9 h[ _m v>i\s ways ^! two opposite pr9ciples 7 kept = a "t f op5 conflict1 & h[ long ! hea!n temples resi/$ ! enemy :i* 0 sl[ly & imp]ceptibly und]m9+ _! v f\ndations4 ,9 ,greece ?is mortal elem5t1 inh]5t 9 all gods1 0 elim9at$ to a great ext5t by ! conception ( h]oes4 ,:atev] 0 too human 9 ! anci5t leg5ds told ( ,zeus & ,apollon 0 transf]$ to s-call$ half-gods or h]oes1 :o 7 repres5t$ z ! sons or favorites ( ! gods1 & :o bore _! fate "u a slightly alt]$ "n4 ,! tw(old "* ( ,h]akles z a god & z a h]o is ackn[l$g$ ev5 by ,h]odotus1 & "s ( 8 epi!ts w\ld h be5 suffici5t to indicate 8 sol> & orig9ally div9e "*4 ,b1 9 ord] to make "s ( ! leg5ds told ( ! sol> deity possible or conceivable1 x 0 necess>y to repres5t ,h]akles z a m human be+1 & to make him rise to ! seat ( ! ,immortals only aft] he _h endur$ toils & suff]+s incompatible ) ! dignity ( an ,olympian god4 ,we f9d ! same idea 9 ,p]u1 only t !re x l$ to diff]5t results4 ,a ?9k+1 or1 z he 0 call$1 a free?9k+ ,inca#fi rem>k$ t ?is p]petual travell+ ( ! sun 0 a sign ( s]vitude1#gj & he ?rew d\bts ^u ! div9e nature ( su* an unquiet ?+ z t great lum9>y appe>$ to him to be4 ,& ?is misgiv+ l$ to a tradition :i*1 ev5 %\ld x be unf\nd$ 9 hi/ory1 _h "s tru? 9 itself1 t !re 0 9 ,p]u an e>li] wor%ip1 t ( an invisible ,deity1 ! ,creator ( ! _w1 ,pa*acamac4 ,9 ,greece1 also1 !re are signs ( a simil> crav+ aft] ! ,unkn[n ,god4 ,a supreme ,god 0 want$1 & ,zeus1 ! /ripl+ ( ,creta1 0 rais$ to t rank4 ,he became ,god above all gods--,greek3 hapanton kyrios z ,p9d> calls him4 ,yet m 0 want$ ?an a m]e ,zeus2 & ?us a supreme ,fate or ,spell 0 imag9$ be=e :i* all ! gods1 & ev5 ,zeus1 _h to b[4 ,& ev5 ?is ,fate 0 n all[$ to rema9 supreme1 & !re 0 some?+ 9 ! de/9ies ( man :i* 0 call$ ,greek3 hyp]moron1 or beyond ,fate4 ,! mo/ awful solution1 h[ev]1 ( ! problem belongs to ,teutonic my?ology4 ,"h1 also1 "s h]oes 7 introduc$2 b _! dea? 0 only ! beg9n+ ( ! f9al cata/rophe4 ,all gods mu/ die4 ,su* is ! la/ ^w ( t religion :i* _h gr[n up 9 ! =e/s ( ,g]many1 & f\nd a la/ refuge among ! glaci]s & volcanoes ( ,icel&4 ,! dea? ( ,sigurd1 ! desc5dant ( ,od91 c\ld n av]t ! dea? ( ,bald]1 ! son ( ,od92 & ! dea? ( ,bald] 0 soon to be foll[$ by ! dea? ( ,od9 himself1 & ( all ! immortal gods4 ,all ?is 0 inevitable1 & ,prome!us1 ! man ( =e?\ght1 c\ld safely pr$ict ! fall ( ,zeus4 ,! /ruggles by :i* reason & fai? ov]?r[ tradition & sup]/ition v>y 9 diff]5t c\ntries & at diff]5t times2 b ! f9al victory is always on _! side4 ,9 ,india ! same antagonism manife/$ itself1 b :at !re seem$ a victory ( reason ?reat5$ to become ! de/ruction ( all religi\s fai?4 ,at fir/ !re 0 h>dly a /ruggle4 ,on ! primitive my?ological /ratum ( ?\ght two new =mations arose1--! ,brahmanical philosophy & ! ,brahmanical c]emonial2 ! "o op5+ ! wide/ av5ues ( philosophical ?\ght1 ! o!r f5c+ all religi\s feel+ )9 ! n>r[e/ b>ri]s4 ,bo? d]iv$ _! au?ority f ! same s\rce4 ,bo? pr(ess$ to c>ry out ! mean+ & purpose ( ! ,v$a4 ,?us we see on ! "o side1 ! gr[? ( a num]\s & p[]ful prie/hood1 & ! e/abli%m5t ( a c]emonial :i* embrac$ e mom5t ( a man's life f 8 bir? to 8 dea?4 ,!re 0 no ev5t :i* might h mov$ ! he>t to a spontane\s outp\r+ ( praise or ?anksgiv+1 :i* 0 n regulat$ by prie/ly =mulas4 ,e pray] 0 prescrib$1 e sacrifice det]m9$4 ,e god _h 8 %>e1 & ! claims ( ea* deity on ! adoration ( ! fai?ful 7 set d[n ) su* punctili\sness1 ! dang] ( (f5d+ _! pride 0 repres5t$ 9 su* vivid colors1 t no "o w\ld v5ture to approa* _! pres5ce )\t ! assi/ance ( a well-paid /aff ( ma/]s ( div9e c]emonies4 ,x 0 impossible to avoid s9 )\t ! help ( ! ,brahmans4 ,!y alone knew ! food t might prop]ly be eat51 ! air :i* might prop]ly be brea!d1 ! dress :i* might prop]ly be worn4 ,!y alone c\ld tell :at god %\ld be invok$1 :at sacrifice be (f]$2 & ! slighte/ mi/ake ( pronunciation1 ! slighte/ neglect ab\t cl>ifi$ butt]1 or ! l5g? ( ! ladle 9 :i* x 0 to be (f]$1 might br+ de/ruction ^u ! head ( ! unassi/$ wor%ipp]4 ,no nation 0 ev] s completely prie/-ridd5 z ! ,h9dus "u ! sway ( ! ,brahmanic law4 ,yet1 on ! o!r side1 ! same p 7 all[$ to indulge 9 ! mo/ unre/ra9$ fre$om ( ?\ght1 & 9 ! s*ools ( _! philosophy ! v names ( _! gods 7 nev] m5tion$4 ,_! exi/5ce 0 nei!r d5i$ nor ass]t$2 !y 7 ( no great] importance 9 ! sy/em ( ! _w ( ?\ght ?an trees or m\nta9s1 m5 or animals2 & to (f] sacrifices to !m ) a hope ( rew>ds1 s f> f be+ m]itori\s1 0 consid]$ z dang]\s to t emancipation to :i* a cle> p]ception ( philosophical tru? 0 to lead ! pati5t /ud5t4 ,!re 0 "o sy/em :i* taught t !re exi/$ b "o ,be+1 )\t a second2 t ev]y?+ else :i* seem$ to exi/ 0 b a dream & illusion1 & t ?is illusion might be remov$ by a true k ( ! "o ,be+4 ,!re 0 ano!r sy/em :i* admitt$ two pr9ciples1--"o a subjective & self-exi/5t m9d1 ! o!r matt]1 end[$ ) qualities4 ,"h ! _w1 ) its joys & sorr[s1 0 expla9$ z ! result ( ! subjective ,self1 reflect+ itself 9 ! mirror ( matt]2 & f9al emancipation 0 obta9$ by turn+ away ! eyes f ! play ( nature1 & be+ absorb$ 9 ! k ( ! "t & absolute ,self4 ,a ?ird sy/em />t$ ) ! admission ( atoms1 & expla9$ e effect1 includ+ ! elem5ts & ! m9d1 animals1 m51 & gods1 f ! concurr5ce ( ^! atoms4 ,9 fact1 z ,m4 ,c\s9 rem>k$ _m ye>s ago1 ! hi/ory ( ! philosophy ( ,india is un abrege de l'hi/oire de la philosophie4 ,! g]ms ( all ^! sy/ems are trac$ back to ! ,v$as1 ,brahmanz1 & ! ,upani%ads1 & ! man :o believ$ 9 any ( !m 0 consid]$ z or?odox z ! dev\t wor%ipp] ( ! gods2 ! "o 0 sav$ by k & fai?1 ! o!r by works & fai?4 ,su* 0 ! /ate ( ! ,h9du m9d :5 ,buddhism arose2 or1 r1 su* 0 ! /ate ( ! ,h9du m9d :i* gave rise to ,buddhism4 ,buddha himself w5t ?r\gh ! s*ool ( ! ,brahmans4 ,he p]=m$ _! p5ances1 he /udi$ _! philosophy1 & he at la/ claim$ ! "n ( ! ,buddha1 or ! ,enlight5$1 :5 he ?rew away ! :ole c]emonial1 ) its sacrifices1 sup]/itions1 p5ances1 & ca/es1 z wor?less1 & *ang$ ! complicat$ sy/ems ( philosophy into a %ort doctr9e ( salvation4 ,?is doctr9e ( salvation has be5 call$ pure ,a!ism & ,nihilism1 & x no d\bt 0 liable to bo? *>ges 9 its metaphysical "*1 & 9 t =m 9 :i* we *iefly "k x4 ,x 0 ,a!i/ic1 n because x d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( su* gods z ,indra & ,brahma4 ,buddha did n ev5 condesc5d to d5y _! exi/5ce4 ,b x 0 call$ ,a!i/ic1 l ! ,sankhya philosophy1 :i* admitt$ b "o subjective ,self1 & consid]$ creation z an illusion ( t ,self1 imag+ itself = a :ile 9 ! mirror ( nature4 ,z !re 0 no reality 9 creation1 !re c\ld be no real ,creator4 ,all t seem$ to exi/ 0 ! result ( ignorance4 ,to remove t ignorance 0 to remove ! cause ( all t seem$ to exi/4 ,h[ a religion :i* taught ! annihilation ( all exi/5ce1 ( all ?\ght1 ( all individuality & p]sonality1 z ! highe/ object ( all endeavors1 c\ld h laid hold ( ! m9ds ( millions ( human be+s1 & h[ at ! same "t1 by en=c+ ! duties ( morality1 ju/ice1 k9dness1 & self-sacrifice1 x c\ld h ex]cis$ a decid$ b5eficial influ5ce1 n only on ! natives ( ,india1 b on ! l[e/ b>b>ians ( ,c5tral ,asia1 is a riddle :i* no "o has be5 able to solve4 ,we mu/ di/+ui%1 x seems1 betwe5 ,buddhism z a religion1 & ,buddhism z a a religion1 & ,buddhism z a philosophy4 ,! =m] address$ itself to millions1 ! latt] to a few isolat$ ?9k]s4 ,x is f ^! isolat$ ?9k]s1 h[ev]1 & f _! lit]>y compositions1 t we are apt to =m our notions ( :at ,buddhism 01 :ile1 z a matt] ( fact1 n "o 9 a ?\s& w\ld h be5 capable ( foll[+ ^! metaphysical speculations4 ,to ! p at l>ge ,buddhism 0 a moral & religi\s1 n a philosophical re=m4 ,yet ev5 its morality has a metaphysical t+e4 ,! morality :i* x tea*es is n a morality ( exp$i5cy & rew>ds4 ,virtue is n enjo9$ because x necess>ily leads to happ9ess4 ,no2 virtue is to be practis$1 b happ9ess is to be %unn$1 & ! only rew>d = virtue is t x subdues ! passions1 & ?us prep>es ! human m9d = t k :i* is to end 9 complete annihilation4 ,!re are t5 comm&m5ts :i* ,buddha imposes on 8 disciples4#ga ,!y are-- #a4 ,n to kill4 #b4 ,n to /eal4 #c4 ,n to commit adult]y4 #d4 ,n to lie4 #e4 ,n to get intoxicat$4 #f4 ,to ab/a9 f unseasonable meals4 #g4 ,to ab/a9 f public spectacles4 ,footnote #fi3 ,helps1 ,! ,spani% ,conque/1 vol4 iii4 p4 #ejc3 ,que cosa tam inquieta non le p>escia s] ,dios4 ,footnote #gj3 ,on ! s]vitude ( ! gods1 see ! ,essay on ,comp>ative ,my?ology1 ,ox=d ,essays1 #ahef1 p4 #fi4 ,footnote #ga3 ,see ,burn\f1 ',lotus de la bonne ,loi1' p4 #ddd4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 ',du ,b\ddhisme1' p4 #acb4 ,*4,f4,neumann1 ',cate*ism ( ! ,%amans4' #h4 ,to ab/a9 f exp5sive dresses4 #i4 ,n to h a l>ge b$4 #aj4 ,n to receive silv] or gold4 ,! duties ( ^? :o embrac$ a religi\s life 7 m sev]e4 ,!y 7 n all[$ to we> any dress except rags collect$ 9 cemet]ies1 & ^! rags !y _h to sew toge!r ) _! own h&s4 ,a yell[ cloak 0 to be ?r[n ov] ^! rags4 ,_! food 0 to be extremely simple1 & !y 7 n to possess any?+1 except :at !y c\ld get by collect+ alms f door to door 9 _! wood5 b[ls4 ,!y _h b "o meal 9 ! morn+1 & 7 n all[$ to t\* any food aft] midday4 ,!y 7 to live 9 =e/s1 n 9 cities1 & _! only %elt] 0 to be ! %ad[ ( a tree4 ,!re !y 7 to sit1 to spread _! c>pet1 b n to lie d[n1 ev5 dur+ sleep4 ,!y 7 all[$ to ent] ! ne>e/ city or village 9 ord] to beg1 b !y _h to return to _! =e/ be=e night1 & ! only *ange :i* 0 all[$1 or r prescrib$1 0 :5 !y _h to sp5d "s nights 9 ! cemet]ies1 !re to m$itate on ! vanity ( all ?+s4 ,& :at 0 ! object ( all ?is asceticism8 ,simply to guide ea* individual t[>ds t pa? :i* w\ld f9ally br+ him to ,nirvana1 to utt] ext9ction or annihilation4 ,! v def9ition ( virtue 0 t x help$ man to cross ov] to ! o!r %ore1 & t o!r %ore 0 n dea?1 b cessation ( all be+4 ,?us *>ity 0 consid]$ a virtue2 mode/y1 pati5ce1 c\rage1 contemplation1 & sci5ce1 all 7 virtues1 b !y 7 practis$ only z a means ( arriv+ at deliv]ance4 ,buddha himself exhibit$ ! p]fection ( all ^! virtues4 ,8 *>ity knew no b\nds4 ,:5 he saw a tigress />v$1 & unable to fe$ h] cubs1 he is said to h made a *>itable oblation ( 8 body to be dev\r$ by !m4 ,hi\5-?sang visit$ ! place on ! banks ( ! ,indus :]e ?is miracle 0 suppos$ to h happ5$1 & he rem>ks t ! soil is /ill r$ !re f ! blood ( ,buddha1 & t ! trees & fl[]s h ! same col\r4#gb ,z to ! mode/y ( ,buddha1 no?+ c\ld exce$ x4 ,"o day1 k+ ,pras5agx1 ! protector ( ,buddha1 call$ on him to p]=m miracles1 9 ord] to sil5ce 8 adv]s>ies1 ! ,brahmans4 ,buddha cons5t$4 ,he p]=m$ ! requir$ miracles2 b he exclaim$1 ',great k+1 ,i d n tea* ! law to my pupils1 tell+ !m1 ,g1 ye sa9ts1 & be=e ! eyes ( ! ,brahmans & h\sehold]s p]=m1 by means ( y\r sup]natural p[]s1 miracles great] ?an any man c p]=m4 ,i tell !m1 :5 ,i tea* !m ! law1 ,live1 ye sa9ts1 hid+ y\r good works & %[+ y\r s9s4' ,& yet1 all ?is self-sacrific+ *>ity1 all ?is self-sacrific+ humility1 by :i* ! life ( ,buddha 0 di/+ui%$ ?r\gh\t1 & :i* he prea*$ to ! multitudes t came to li/5 to him1 _h1 we are told1 b "o object1 & t object 0 f9al annihilation4 ,x is impossible almo/ to believe x1 & yet :5 we turn away our eyes f ! pleas+ picture ( t high morality :i* ,buddha prea*$ = ! fir/ "t to all classes ( m51 & look into ! d>k pages ( 8 code ( religi\s metaphysics1 we c h>dly f9d ano!r explanation4 ,=tunately1 ! millions :o embrac$ ! doctr9es ( ,buddha1 & 7 sav$ by x f ! dep?s ( b>b>ism1 brutality1 & selfi%ness1 7 unable to fa?om ! mean+ ( 8 metaphysical doctr9es4 ,) !m ! ,nirvana to :i* !y aspir$1 became only a relative deliv]ance f ! mis]ies ( human life2 nay1 x took ! bright col\rs ( a p>adise1 to be rega9$ by ! pi\s wor%ipp] ( ,buddha4 ,b 0 ?is ! mean+ ( ,buddha himself8 ,9 8 ',f\r ,v]ities' he does n1 inde$1 def9e ,nirvana1 except by cessation ( all pa92 b :5 he traces ! cause ( pa91 & tea*es ! means ( de/roy+ n only pa9 itself1 b ! cause ( pa91 we %all see t 8 ,nirvana assumes a v diff]5t mean+4 ,8 ',f\r ,v]ities' are v simple4 ,! fir/ ass]ts ! exi/5ce ( pa92 ! second ass]ts t ! cause ( pa9 lies 9 s92 ! ?ird ass]ts t pa9 may cease by ,nirvana2 ! f\r? %[s ! way t leads to ,nirvana4 ,?is way to ,nirvana consi/s 9 eight ?+s--"r fai? 7or?odoxy71 "r judgm5t 7logic71 "r language 7v]acity71 "r purpose 7hone/y71 "r practice 7religi\s life71 "r ob$i5ce 7lawful life71 "r memory1 & "r m$itation4 ,all ^! precepts might be und]/ood z "p ( a simply moral code1 clos+ ) a k9d ( my/ic m$itation on ! highe/ object ( ?\ght1 & ) a ye>n+ aft] deliv]ance f all worldly ties4 ,simil> sy/ems h prevail$ 9 _m p>ts ( ! _w1 )\t d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( an absolute ,be+1 or ( a some?+ t[>ds :i* ! human m9d t5ds1 9 :i* x is absorb$ or ev5 annihilat$4 ,awful z su* a my/icism may appe>1 yet x leaves /ill some?+ t exi/s1 x ackn[l$ges a feel+ ( dep5d5ce 9 man4 ,x kn[s ( a fir/ cause1 ?\gh x may h no?+ to pr$icate ( x except t x is ,greek3 to k9\n ak9eton4 ,a return is possible f t des]t4 ,! fir/ cause may be call$ to life aga94 ,x may take ! names ( ,creator1 ,pres]v]1 ,rul]2 & :5 ! simplicity & helplessness ( ! *ild h re-ent]$ ! he>t ( man1 ! "n ( fa!r w come back to ! lips :i* _h utt]$ 9 va9 all ! names ( a philosophical despair4 ,b f ! ,nirvana ( ! ,buddhi/ metaphysician !re is no return4 ,he />ts f ! idea t ! highe/ object is to escape pa94 ,life 9 8 eyes is no?+ b mis]y2 bir? ! cause ( all evil1 f :i* ev5 dea? _c deliv] him1 because he believes 9 an et]nal cycle ( exi/5ce1 or 9 transmigration4 ,!re is no deliv]ance f evil1 except by break+ ?r\gh ! prison walls1 n only ( life1 b ( exi/5ce1 & by extirpat+ ! la/ cause ( exi/5ce4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! cause ( exi/5ce8 ,! cause ( exi/5ce1 says ! ,buddhi/ metaphysician1 is atta*m5t--an incl9ation t[>ds some?+2 & ?is atta*m5t arises f ?ir/ or desire4 ,desire presupposes p]ception ( ! object desir$2 p]ception presupposes contact2 contact1 at lea/ a s5ti5t contact1 presupposes ! s5ses2 &1 z ! s5ses c only p]ceive :at has =m & "n1 or :at is di/9ct1 di/9ction is ! real cause ( all ! effects :i* end 9 exi/5ce1 bir?1 & pa94 ,n[1 ?is di/9ction is itself ! result ( conceptions or ideas2 b ^! ideas1 s f> f be+1 z 9 ,greek philosophy1 ! true & ev]la/+ =ms ( ! ,absolute1 are "h repres5t$ z m]e illusions1 ! effects ( ignorance 7avidya74 ,ignorance1 !re=e1 is really ! prim>y cause ( all t seems to exi/4 ,to "k t ignorance1 z ! root ( all evil1 is ! same z to de/roy x1 & ) x all effects t fl[$ f x4 ,9 ord] to see h[ ?is doctr9e affects ! individual1 let u wat* ! la/ mom5ts ( ,buddha z describ$ by 8 disciples4 ,he ent]s into ! fir/ /age ( m$itation :5 he feels fre$om f s91 acquires a k ( ! nature ( all ?+s1 & has no desire except t ( ,nirvana4 ,b he /ill feels pleasure2 he ev5 uses 8 reason+ & discrim9at+ p[]s4 ,! use ( ^! p[]s ceases 9 ! second /age ( m$itation1 :5 no?+ rema9s b a desire aft] ,nirvana1 & a g5]al feel+ ( satisfaction1 aris+ f 8 intellectual p]fection4 ,t satisfaction1 also1 is ext+ui%$ 9 ! ?ird /age4 ,indiff]5ce succe$s2 yet !re is /ill self-consci\sness1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( physical pleasure4 ,^! la/ remnants are de/roy$ 9 ! f\r? /age2 memory fades away1 all pleasure & pa9 are gone1 & ! doors ( ,nirvana n[ op5 be=e him4 ,aft] hav+ pass$ ^! f\r /ages once1 ,buddha w5t ?r\gh !m a second "t1 b he di$ be=e he atta9$ aga9 to ! f\r? /age4 ,we mu/ so> /ill high]1 & ?\gh we may feel giddy & disgu/$1 we mu/ sit out ?is trag$y till ! curta9 falls4 ,aft] ! f\r /ages ( m$itation#gc are pass$1 ! ,buddha 7& e be+ is to become a ,buddha7 ent]s into ! inf9ity ( space2 !n into ! inf9ity ( intellig5ce2 & !nce he passes into ! region ( no?+4 ,b ev5 "h !re is no re/4 ,!re is /ill some?+ left--! idea ( ! no?+ 9 :i* he rejoices4 ,t also mu/ be de/roy$1 & x is de/roy$ 9 ! f\r? & la/ region1 :]e !re is n ev5 ! idea ( a no?+ left1 & :]e !re is complete re/1 undi/urb$ by no?+1 or :at is n no?+4#gd ,!re are few p]sons :o w take ! tr\ble ( reason+ out su* halluc9ations2 lea/ ( all1 p]sons :o are accu/om$ to ! sob] language ( ,greek philosophy2 & x is ! m int]e/+ to he> ! op9ion :i* "o ( ! be/ ,ari/otelean s*ol>s ( ! pres5t day1 aft] a pati5t exam9ation ( ! au!ntic docum5ts ( ,buddhism1 has =m$ ( its sy/em ( metaphysics4 ,m4 ,b>!lemy ,sa9t-,hilaire1 9 a review on ,buddhism1 publi%$ 9 ! ',j\rnal des ,savants1' says3 ',buddhism has no ,god2 x has n ev5 ! confus$ & vague notion ( a ,univ]sal ,_s 9 :i* ! human s\l1 accord+ to ! or?odox doctr9e ( ,brahmanism1 & ! ,sankhya philosophy1 may be absorb$4 ,nor does x admit nature1 9 ! prop] s5se ( ! ^w1 & x ignores t pr(\nd division betwe5 _s & matt] :i* =ms ! sy/em & ! glory ( ,kapila4 ,x conf\nds man ) all t surr\nds him1 all ! :ile prea*+ to him ! laws ( virtue4 ,buddhism1 !re=e1 _c unite ! human s\l1 :i* x does n ev5 m5tion1 ) a ,god1 :om x ignores2 nor ) nature1 :i* x does n "k bett]4 ,no?+ rema9$ b to annihilate ! s\l2 & 9 ord] to be q sure t ! s\l may n re-appe> "u "s new =m 9 ?is _w1 :i* has be5 curs$ z ! abode ( illusion & mis]y1 ,buddhism de/roys its v elem5ts1 & nev] gets tir$ ( glory+ 9 ?is a*ievem5t4 ,:at m is want$8 ,footnote #gb3 ,vol4 i4 p4 #hi1 vol4 ii4 p4 #afg4 ,footnote #gc3 ,^! 'f\r /ages' are describ$ 9 ! same mann] 9 ! canonical books ( ,ceylon & ,nepal1 & may !re=e safely be ascrib$ to t orig9al =m ( ,buddhism f :i* ! ,s\!rn & ! ,nor!rn s*ools bran*$ (f at a lat] p]iod4 ,see ,burn\f1 ',lotus de la bonne ,loi1' p4 #hjj4 ,footnote #gd3 ,see ,burn\f1 ',lotus de la bonne ,loi1' p4 #had4 ,if ?is is n ! absolute no?+1 :at is ,nirvana8' ,su* religion1 we %\ld say1 0 made = a mad-h\se4 ,b ,buddhism 0 an advance1 if comp>$ ) ,brahmanism2 x has /ood its gr\nd = c5turies1 & if tru? c\ld be decid$ by majorities1 ! %[ ( h&s1 ev5 at ! pres5t day1 w\ld be 9 fav\r ( ,buddha4 ,! metaphysics ( ,buddhism1 l ! metaphysics ( mo/ religions1 n exclud+ our own ,gno/icism & ,my/icism1 7 beyond ! rea* ( all except a few h>d5$ philosoph]s or ec/atic dream]s4 ,human nature c\ld n be *ang$4 ,out ( ! v no?+ x made a new p>adise2 & he :o _h left no place 9 ! :ole univ]se = a ,div9e ,be+1 0 deifi$ himself by ! multitudes :o want$ a p]son :om !y c\ld wor%ip1 a k+ ^: help !y might invoke1 a fri5d be=e :om !y c\ld p\r out _! mo/ secret griefs4 ,& !re rema9$ ! code ( a pure morality1 proclaim$ by ,buddha4 ,!re rema9$ ! _s ( *>ity1 k9dness1 & univ]sal pity ) :i* he _h inspir$ 8 disciples4#ge ,!re rema9$ ! simplicity ( ! c]emonial he _h taught1 ! equality ( all m5 :i* he _h decl>$1 ! religi\s tol]ation :i* he _h prea*$ f ! beg9n+4 ,!re rema9$ mu*1 !re=e1 to acc\nt = ! rapid /rides :i* 8 doctr9e made f ! m\nta9 peaks ( ,ceylon to ! ,tundras ( ! ,samoy$es1 & we %all see 9 ! simple /ory ( ! life ( ,hi\5-?sang t ,buddhism1 ) all its defects1 has _h its h]oes1 its m>tyrs1 & its sa9ts4 ,footnote #ge3 ,see ! ',dhammapadam1' a ,pali "w on ,buddhi/ e?ics1 lately edit$ by ,v4 ,fausboell1 a di/+ui%$ pupil ( ,pr(essor ,we/]ga>d1 at ,cop5hag54 ,! ,rev4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy 7',ea/]n ,mona*ism1' p4 #afi7 writes3 ',a collection might be made f ! precepts ( ?is "w1 t 9 ! purity ( its e?ics c\ld sc>cely be equall$ f any o!r hea!n au?or4' ,mr4 ,knighton1 :5 speak+ ( ! same "w 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ,ceylon' 7p4 #gg71 rem>ks3 ',9 x we h exemplifi$ a code ( morality1 & a li/ ( precepts1 :i*1 = pur5ess1 excell5ce1 & wisdom1 is only second to t ( ! ,div9e ,lawgiv] himself4' ,hi\5-?sang1 born 9 ,*9a m ?an a ?\s& ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,buddha1 0 a believ] 9 ,buddhism4 ,he d$icat$ 8 :ole life to ! /udy ( t religion2 travell+ f 8 native c\ntry to ,india1 visit+ e place m5tion$ 9 ,buddhi/ hi/ory or tradition1 acquir+ ! anci5t language 9 :i* ! canonical books ( ! ,buddhi/s 7 writt51 /udy+ comm5t>ies1 discuss+ po9ts ( difficulty1 & def5d+ ! or?odox fai? at public c\ncils aga9/ disbeliev]s & s*ismatics4 ,buddhism _h gr[n & *ang$ s9ce ! dea? ( its f\nd]1 b x _h lo/ no?+ ( its vitality4 ,at a v e>ly p]iod a proselytiz+ _s awoke among ! disciples ( ! ,indian re=m]1 an elem5t entirely new 9 ! hi/ory ( anci5t religions4 ,no ,jew1 no ,greek1 no ,roman1 no ,brahman ev] ?\ght ( conv]t+ p to 8 own national =m ( wor%ip4 ,religion 0 look$ ^u z private or national prop]ty4 ,x 0 to be gu>d$ aga9/ /rang]s4 ,! mo/ sacr$ names ( ! gods1 ! pray]s by :i* _! fav\r c\ld be ga9$1 7 kept secret4 ,no religion1 h[ev]1 0 m exclusive ?an t ( ! ,brahmans4 ,a ,brahman 0 born1 nay1 twice-born4 ,he c\ld n be made4 ,n ev5 ! l[e/ ca/e1 t ( ! ,sudras1 w\ld op5 its ranks to a /rang]4 ,"h lay ! secret ( ,buddha's success4 ,he address$ himself to ca/es & outca/s4 ,he promis$ salvation to all2 & he comm&$ 8 disciples to prea* 8 doctr9e 9 all places & to all m54 ,a s5se ( duty1 ext5d+ f ! n>r[ limits ( ! h\se1 ! village1 & ! c\ntry to ! wide/ circle ( mank9d1 a feel+ ( sympa?y & bro!rhood t[>ds all m51 ! idea1 9 fact1 ( humanity1 7 9 ,india fir/ pron\nc$ by ,buddha4 ,9 ! ?ird ,buddhi/ ,c\ncil1 ! acts ( :i* h be5 pres]v$ to u 9 ! ',mahavansa1'#gf we he> ( mission>ies be+ s5t to ! *ief c\ntries beyond ,india4 ,?is ,c\ncil1 we are told1 took place #cjh ,b4,c41 #bce ye>s aft] ! dea? ( ,buddha1 9 ! #ag? ye> ( ! reign ( ! fam\s k+ ,asoka1 ^: edicts h be5 pres]v$ to u on rock inscriptions 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ,india4 ,!re are s5t5ces 9 ^! inscriptions ( ,asoka :i* might be read ) advantage by our own mission>ies1 ?\gh !y are n[ m ?an #bjjj ye>s old4 ,?us x is writt5 on ! rocks ( ,girn>1 ,dhauli1 & ,kapurdigiri-- ',piyadasi1 ! k+ belov$ ( ! gods1 desires t ! ascetics ( all cre$s might reside 9 all places4 ,all ^! ascetics pr(ess alike ! comm& :i* p %\ld ex]cise ov] !mselves1 & ! purity ( ! s\l4 ,b p h diff]5t op9ions1 & diff]5t incl9ations4' ,& aga93 ',a man ought to hon\r 8 own fai? only2 b he %\ld nev] abuse ! fai? ( o!rs4 ,x is ?us t he w d no h>m to anybody4 ,!re are ev5 circum/ances :]e ! religion ( o!rs ought to be hon\r$4 ,& 9 act+ ?us1 a man =tifies 8 own fai?1 & assi/s ! fai? ( o!rs4 ,he :o acts o!rwise1 dim9i%es 8 own fai?1 & hurts ! fai? ( o!rs4' ,footnote #gf3 ',mahavanso1' ed4 ,g4 ,turn\r1 ,ceylon1 #ahcg1 p4 #ga4 ,^? :o h no "t to read ! volum9\s works ( ! late ,e4 ,burn\f on ,buddhism1 8 ',introduction a l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme1' & 8 translation ( ',le ,lotus de la bonne ,loi1' w f9d a v int]e/+ & lucid acc\nt ( ^! c\ncils1 & edicts1 & missions1 & ! hi/ory ( ,buddhism 9 g5]al1 9 a "w lately publi%$ by ,mrs4 ,speir1 ',life 9 ,anci5t ,india4' ,buddhism spread 9 ! s\? to ,ceylon1 9 ! nor? to ,ka%mir1 ! ,himalayan c\ntries1 ,tibet1 & ,*9a4 ,"o ,buddhi/ mission>y is m5tion$ 9 ! ,*9ese annals z e>ly z #bag ,b4,c42#gg & ab\t ! ye> #abj ,b4,c4 a ,*9ese ,g5]al1 aft] defeat+ ! b>b>\s tribes nor? ( ! ,des]t ( ,gobi1 br\ght back z a trophy a gold5 /atue1 ! /atue ( ,buddha4#gh ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! ye> #fe ,a4,d4 t ,buddhism 0 (ficially recognis$ by ! ,emp]or ,m+-ti#gi z a ?ird /ate religion 9 ,*9a4 ,ev] s9ce1 x has %>$ equal hon\rs ) ! doctr9es ( ,confucius & ,lao-tse1 9 ! ,cele/ial ,empire1 & x is b lately t ^! ?ree e/abli%$ religions h _h to fe> ! encroa*m5ts ( a new rival 9 ! cre$ ( ! ,*ief ( ! rebels4 ,footnote #gg3 ,see ',foe ,k\e ,ki1' p4 #da1 & xxxviii4 preface4 ,footnote #gh3 ,see ',foe ,k\e ,ki1' p4 #da4 ,footnote #gi3 ',lalita-,vi/>a1' ed4 ,f\caux1 p4 xvii4 n4 ,aft] ,buddhism _h be5 introduc$ into ,*9a1 ! fir/ c>e ( its tea*]s 0 to translate ! sacr$ works f ,sanskrit1 9 :i* !y 7 orig9ally writt51 into ,*9ese4 ,we read ( ! ,emp]or ,m+-ti1#hj ( ! dyna/y ( ,han1 s5d+ ,tsai-9 & o!r high (ficials to ,india1 9 ord] to /udy !re ! doctr9e ( ,buddha4 ,!y engag$ ! s]vices ( two le>n$ ,buddhi/s1 ,matanga & ,t*\-fa-lan1 & "s ( ! mo/ important ,buddhi/ works 7 translat$ by !m into ,*9ese4 ',! ,life ( ,buddha1' ! ',lalita-,vi/>a1'#ha a ,sanskrit "w :i*1 on acc\nt ( its /yle & language1 _h be5 ref]r$ by ,ori5tal s*ol>s to a mu* m mod]n p]iod ( ,indian lit]ature1 c n[ safely be ascrib$ to an ante-,*ri/ian era1 if1 z we are told by ,*9ese s*ol>s1 x 0 translat$ f ,sanskrit into ,*9ese1 z "o ( ! canonical books ( ,buddhism1 z e>ly z ! ye> #gf ,a4,d4 ,! same "w 0 translat$ also into ,tibetan2 & an edition ( x--! fir/ ,tibetan "w pr9t$ 9 ,europe--publi%$ 9 ,p>is by ,m4,e4 ,f\caux1 reflects high cr$it on t di/+ui%$ s*ol>1 & on ! ,gov]nm5t :i* supports ^! /udies 9 ! mo/ lib]al & enlight5$ _s4 ,! intellectual int]c\rse betwe5 ! ,indian p59sula & ! nor!rn cont95t ( ,asia rema9$ un9t]rupt$ = _m c5turies4 ,missions 7 s5t f ,*9a to ,india1 to report on ! political & geographical /ate ( ! c\ntry1 b ! *ief object ( int]e/ :i* attract$ public embassies & private pilgrims across ! ,himalayan m\nta9s 0 ! religion ( ,buddha4 ,ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s aft] ! public recognition ( ,buddhism by ! ,emp]or ,m+-ti1 ! great /ream ( ,buddhi/ pilgrims began to fl[ f ,*9a to ,india4 ,! fir/ acc\nt :i* we possess ( ^! pilgrimages ref]s to ! travels ( ,fahian1 :o visit$ ,india t[>ds ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury4 ,8 travels h be5 translat$ by ,remusat1 b ,m4 ,juli5 promises a new & m correct translation4 ,aft] ,fahian1 we h ! travels ( ,hoei-s5g & ,song-yun1 :o 7 s5t to ,india1 9 #eah1 by comm& ( ! ,empress1 ) a view ( collect+ sacr$ books & relics4 ,( ,hi\5-?sang1 :o foll[s next 9 "t1 we possess1 at pres5t1 eight out ( twelve books2 & !re is reason to hope t ! la/ f\r books ( 8 ,j\rnal w soon foll[ 9 ,m4 ,juli5's translation4#hb ,aft] ,hi\5-?sang1 ! *ief works ( ,*9ese pilgrims are ! ',it9]>ies' ( ! fifty-six monks1 publi%$ 9 #gcj1 & ! travels ( ,khi-nie1 :o visit$ ,india 9 #ifd1 at ! head ( ?ree hundr$ pilgrims4 ,india 0 = a "t ! ,holy ,l& ( ,*9a4 ,!re lay ! sc5e ( ! life & dea? ( ! great tea*]2 !re 7 ! monum5ts commemorat+ ! *ief ev5ts ( 8 life2 !re ! %r9es :]e 8 relics might be wor%ipp$2 !re ! mona/]ies :]e tradition _h pres]v$ 8 say+s & 8 do+s2 !re ! books :]e 8 doctr9e might be /udi$ 9 its orig9al purity2 !re ! s*ools :]e ! t5ets ( diff]5t sects :i* _h sprung up 9 ! c\rse ( "t might be/ be acquir$4 ,footnote #hj3 ',lalita-,vi/>a1' p4 #ag4 ,footnote #ha3 ,two p>ts ( ! ,sanskrit text h be5 publi%$ 9 ! ',biblio!ca ,indica4' ,footnote #hb3 ,!y h s9ce be5 publi%$4 ,"s ( ! pilgrims & envoys h left u acc\nts ( _! travels1 &1 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ l an hi/orical lit]ature 9 ,india itself1 ^! ,*9ese works are ( ! utmo/ importance = ga9+ an insight into ! social1 political1 & religi\s hi/ory ( t c\ntry f ! beg9n+ ( our era to ! "t ( ! ,mohamm$an conque/4 ,! importance ( ,mohamm$an writ]s1 s f> z !y treat on ! hi/ory ( ,india dur+ ! ,middle ,ages1 0 soon recognis$1 & 9 a memoir lately publi%$ by ! mo/ em95t ,arabic s*ol> ( ,france1 ,m4 ,re9aud1 new & valuable hi/orical mat]ials h be5 collect$--mat]ials d\bly valuable 9 ,india1 :]e no native hi/orian has ev] not$ d[n ! pass+ ev5ts ( ! day4 ,b1 al?\gh ! exi/5ce ( simil> docum5ts 9 ,*9ese 0 kn[n1 & al?\gh m5 ( ! highe/ lit]>y em95ce--su* z ,humboldt1 ,biot1 & o!rs--_h repeat$ly urg$ ! necessity ( hav+ a translation ( ! e>ly travels ( ! ,*9ese ,pilgrims1 x seem$ almo/ z if our curiosity 0 nev] to be satisfi$4 ,france has be5 ! only c\ntry :]e ,*9ese s*ol>%ip has ev] fl\ri%$1 & x 0 a ,fr5* s*ol>1 ,abel ,remusat1 :o und]took at la/ ! translation ( "o ( ! ,*9ese ,pilgrims4 ,remusat di$ be=e 8 "w 0 publi%$1 & 8 translation ( ! travels ( ,fahian1 edit$ by ,m4 ,l&resse1 rema9$ = a long "t )\t be+ foll[$ up by any o!r4 ,nor did ! "w ( t em95t s*ol> answ] all expectations4 ,mo/ ( ! prop] names1 ! names ( c\ntries1 t[ns1 m\nta9s1 & riv]s1 ! titles ( books1 & ! :ole ,buddhi/ic phraseology1 7 s disguis$ 9 _! ,*9ese dress t x 0 frequ5tly impossible to discov] _! orig9al =m4 ,! ,*9ese alphabet 0 nev] int5d$ to repres5t ! s\nd ( words4 ,x 0 9 its orig9 a hi]oglyphic sy/em1 ea* ^w hav+ its own graphic repres5tative4 ,nor w\ld x h be5 possible to write ,*9ese 9 any o!r way4 ,*9ese is a monosyllabic language4 ,no ^w is all[$ m ?an "o consonant & "o v[el1--! v[els includ+ diph?ongs & nasal v[els4 ,h5ce ! possible numb] ( words is extremely small1 & ! numb] ( significative s\nds 9 ! ,*9ese language is said to be no m ?an #dej4 ,no language1 h[ev]1 c\ld be satisfi$ ) s small a vocabul>y1 & 9 ,*9ese1 z 9 o!r monosyllabic dialects1 ea* ^w1 z x 0 pron\nc$ ) v>i\s acc5ts & intonations1 0 made to convey a l>ge numb] ( mean+s2 s t ! total numb] ( words1 or r ( ideas1 express$ 9 ,*9ese1 is said to am\nt to #dc1dif4 ,h5ce a graphic repres5tation ( ! m]e s\nd ( words w\ld h be5 p]fectly useless1 & x 0 absolutely necess>y to resort to hi]oglyphical writ+1 enl>g$ by ! introduction ( det]m9ative signs4 ,ne>ly ! :ole imm5se diction>y ( ,*9ese--at lea/ tw5ty-n9e ?irtie?s--consi/s ( comb9$ signs1 "o "p indicat+ ! g5]al s\nd1 ! o!r det]m9+ its special mean+4 ,) su* a sy/em ( writ+ x 0 possible to repres5t ,*9ese1 b impossible to convey ei!r ! s\nd or ! mean+ ( any o!r language4 ,besides1 "s ( ! mo/ common s\nds--su* z r1 b1 d1 & ! %ort a--are unkn[n 9 ,*9ese4 ,h[1 !n1 7 ! translators to r5d] ,sanskrit names 9 ,*9ese8 ,! mo/ rational plan w\ld h be5 to select z _m ,*9ese signs z !re 7 ,sanskrit lett]s1 & to express "o & ! same lett] 9 ,sanskrit always by "o & ! same sign 9 ,*9ese2 or1 if ! conception ( a consonant )\t a v[el1 & ( a v[el )\t a consonant1 0 too mu* = a ,*9ese und]/&+1 to express at lea/ ! same syllabic s\nd 9 ,sanskrit1 by "o & ! same syllabic sign 9 ,*9ese4 ,a simil> sy/em is adopt$ at ! pres5t day1 :5 ! ,*9ese f9d !mselves "u ! necessity ( writ+ ! names ( ,"l ,palm]/on or ,sir ,john ,b[r+2 b1 in/ead ( adopt+ any def9ite sy/em ( transcrib+1 ea* translator seems to h *os5 8 own signs = r5d]+ ! s\nds ( ,sanskrit words1 & to h *os5 !m at r&om4 ,! result is t e ,sanskrit ^w z transcrib$ by ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s is a riddle :i* no +5uity is able to solve4 ,:o c\ld h guess$ t ',fo-to1' or m frequ5tly ',fo1' 0 meant = ,buddha8 ',ko-lo-ke\-lo' = ,rahula1 ! son ( ,buddha8 ',po-lo-nai' = ,b5>es8 ',h5g-ho' = ,ganges8 ',niepan' = ,nirvana8 ',*am5' = ,sramana8 ',feito' = ,v$a8 ',t*a-li' = ,k%attriya8 ',siu-to-lo' = ,sudra8 ',fan' or ',fan-lon-mo' = ,brahma8 ,sometimes1 x is true1 ! ,*9ese endeav\r$ to give1 besides ! s\nds1 a translation ( ! mean+ ( ! ,sanskrit words4 ,b ! translation ( prop] names is always v prec>i\s1 & x requir$ an intimate k ( ,sanskrit & ,buddhi/ lit]ature to recognise f ^! awkw>d translations ! exact =m ( ! prop] names = :i* !y 7 int5d$4 ,if1 9 a ,*9ese translation ( ',?ukydides1' we read ( a p]son call$ ',lead] ( ! p1' we might guess 8 "n to h be5 ,demagogos1 or ,laoegos1 z well z ,agesilaos4 ,& :5 ! "n ( ! t[n ( ,srava/i 0 writt5 ,*e-wei1 :i* means 9 ,*9ese ':]e "o he>s1' x requir$ no ord9>y p[] ( comb9ation to f9d t ! "n ( ,srava/i 0 d]iv$ f a ,sanskrit n\n1 sravas 7,greek ,greek3 kleos1 ,lat4 cluo71 :i* means 'he>+' or 'fame1' & t ! etymological mean+ ( ! "n ( ,srava/i 0 int5d$ by ! ,*9ese ',*e-wei4' ,besides ^! names ( places & riv]s1 ( k+s & sa9ts1 !re 0 ! :ole /range phraseology ( ,buddhism1 ( :i* no diction>y gives any satisfactory explanation4 ,h[ 0 ev5 ! be/ ,*9ese s*ol> to "k t ! words :i* usually mean 'd>k %ad[' mu/ be tak5 9 ! te*nical s5se ( ,nirvana1 or becom+ absorb$ 9 ! ,absolute1 t 'return-purity' _h ! same s5se1 & t a ?ird synonym\s expression 0 to be recognis$ 9 a phrase :i*1 9 ord9>y ,*9ese1 w\ld h ! s5se ( 'transport-figure-cross+-age8' ,a mona/]y is call$ 'orig9-door1' in/ead ( 'black-door4' ,! voice ( ,buddha is call$ '! voice ( ! dragon2' & 8 doctr9e goes by ! "n ( '! door ( exp$i5ts4' ,t$i\s z ^! details may seem1 x 0 almo/ a duty to /ate !m1 9 ord] to give an idea ( ! difficulties :i* ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 _h to grapple )4 ,ori5tal s*ol>s lab\r "u great disadvantages4 ,few p take an int]e/ 9 _! works1 or1 if !y d1 !y simply accept ! results1 b !y are unable to appreciate ! difficulty ) :i* ^! results 7 obta9$4 ,_m p]sons :o h read ! translation ( ! cunei=m inscriptions are glad1 no d\bt1 to h ! au!ntic & contemporane\s records ( ,d>ius & ,x]xes4 ,b if !y foll[$ ! process by :i* s*ol>s su* z ,grotef5d1 ,burn\f1 ,lass51 & ,rawl9son arriv$ at _! results1 !y w\ld see t ! discov]y ( ! alphabet1 ! language1 ! gramm>1 & ! mean+ ( ! inscriptions ( ! ,a*aem5ian dyna/y des]ves to be class$ ) ! discov]ies ( a ,kepl]1 a ,newton1 or a ,f>aday4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 ! m]e translation ( a ,*9ese "w into ,fr5* seems a v ord9>y p]=mance2 b ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 :o has long be5 ackn[l$g$ z ! fir/ ,*9ese s*ol> 9 ,europe1 _h to sp5d tw5ty ye>s ( incessant lab\r 9 ord] to prep>e himself = ! task ( translat+ ! ',travels ( ,hi\5-?sang4' ,he _h to le>n ,sanskrit1 no v easy language2 he _h to /udy ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature writt5 9 ,sanskrit1 ,pali1 ,tibetan1 ,mongolian1 & ,*9ese4 ,he _h to make va/ indices ( e prop] "n connect$ ) ,buddhism4 ,?us only c\ld he %ape 8 own tools1 & accompli% :at at la/ he did accompli%4 ,mo/ p]sons w rememb] ! int]e/ ) :i* ! travels ( ,m4,m4 ,huc & ,gabet 7 read a few ye>s ago1 ?\gh ^! two adv5tur\s mission>ies 7 oblig$ to r5\nce _! orig9al int5tion ( ent]+ ,india by way ( ,*9a & ,tibet1 & 7 n all[$ to proce$ beyond ! fam\s capital ( ,lhassa4 ,if1 !n1 x be consid]$ t !re 0 a travell] :o _h made a simil> j\rney twelve hundr$ ye>s e>li]--:o _h succe$$ 9 cross+ ! des]ts & m\nta9 passes :i* sep>ate ,*9a f ,india--:o _h visit$ ! pr9cipal cities ( ! ,indian ,p59sula1 at a "t ( :i* we h no in=mation1 f native or =eign s\rces1 z to ! /ate ( t c\ntry--:o _h le>n$ ,sanskrit1 & made a l>ge collection ( ,buddhi/ works--:o _h c>ri$ on public disputations ) ! mo/ em95t philosoph]s & !ologians ( ! day--:o _h translat$ ! mo/ important works on ,buddhism f ,sanskrit into ,*9ese1 & left an acc\nt ( 8 travels1 :i* /ill exi/$ 9 ! libr>ies ( ,*9a--nay1 :i* _h be5 actually pr9t$ & publi%$--we may well imag9e ! impati5ce ) :i* all s*ol>s int]e/$ 9 ! anci5t hi/ory ( ,india1 & 9 ! subject ( ,buddhism1 look$ =w>d to ! publication ( s important a "w4 ,hi\5-?sang's "n _h fir/ be5 m5tion$ 9 ,europe by ,abel ,remusat & ,klapro?4 ,!y _h discov]$ "s fragm5ts ( 8 travels 9 a ,*9ese "w on =eign c\ntries & =eign nations4 ,remusat wrote to ,*9a to procure1 if possible1 a complete copy ( ,hi\5-?sang's works4 ,he 0 in=m$ by ,morrison t !y 7 out ( pr9t4 ,/ill1 ! few specim5s :i* he _h giv5 at ! end ( 8 translation ( ! ',foe ,k\e ,ki' _h :ett$ ! appetite ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s4 ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 succe$$ 9 procur+ a copy ( ,hi\5-?sang 9 #ahch2 & aft] ne>ly tw5ty ye>s sp5t 9 prep>+ a translation ( ! ,*9ese travell]1 8 v]sion is n[ be=e u4 ,if !re are b few :o "k ! difficulty ( a "w l t ( ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 x becomes _! duty to speak out1 ?\gh1 aft] all1 p]haps ! mo/ intelligible eulogium w\ld be1 t 9 a bran* ( /udy :]e !re are no monopolies & no pat5ts1 ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 is ackn[l$g$ to be ! only man 9 ,europe :o c\ld produce ! article :i* he has produc$ 9 ! "w be=e u4 ,we %all devote ! re/ ( our space to a %ort acc\nt ( ! life & travels ( ,hi\5-?sang4 ,hi\5-?sang 0 born 9 a prov9cial t[n ( ,*9a1 at a "t :5 ! empire 0 9 a *ronic /ate ( revolution4 ,8 fa!r _h left ! public s]vice1 & _h giv5 mo/ ( 8 "t to ! education ( 8 f\r *ildr54 ,two ( !m di/+ui%$ !mselves at a v e>ly age--"o ( !m 0 ,hi\5-?sang1 ! future travell] & !ologian4 ,! boy 0 s5t to s*ool at a ,buddhi/ mona/]y1 &1 aft] receiv+ !re ! necess>y in/ruction1 p>tly f 8 eld] bro!r1 he 0 himself admitt$ z a monk at ! e>ly age ( ?irte54 ,dur+ ! next sev5 ye>s1 ! "y monk travell$ ab\t ) 8 bro!r f place to place1 9 ord] to foll[ ! lectures ( "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ pr(essors4 ,! horrors ( w> frequ5tly broke 9 ^u 8 quiet /udies1 & =c$ him to seek refuge 9 ! m di/ant prov9ces ( ! empire4 ,at ! age ( tw5ty he took prie/'s ord]s1 & _h !n already become fam\s by 8 va/ k4 ,he _h /udi$ ! *ief canonical books ( ! ,buddhi/ fai?1 ! records ( ,buddha's life & tea*+1 ! sy/em ( e?ics & metaphysics2 & he 0 v]s$ 9 ! works ( ,confucius & ,lao-tse4 ,b /ill 8 own m9d 0 agitat$ by d\bts4 ,six ye>s he cont9u$ 8 /udies 9 ! *ief places ( le>n+ 9 ,*9a1 & :]e he came to le>n he 0 frequ5tly ask$ to tea*4 ,at la/1 :5 he saw t none1 ev5 ! mo/ em95t !ologians1 7 able to give him ! in=mation he want$1 he =m$ 8 resolve ( travell+ to ,india4 ,! works ( e>li] pilgrims1 su* z ,fahian & o!rs1 7 kn[n to him4 ,he knew t 9 ,india he %\ld f9d ! orig9als ( ! works :i* 9 _! ,*9ese translation left s _m ?+s d\btful 9 8 m9d2 & ?\gh he knew f ! same s\rces ! dang]s ( 8 j\rney1 yet '! glory1' z he says1 '( recov]+ ! ,law1 :i* 0 to be a guide to all m5 & ! means ( _! salvation1 seem$ to him wor?y ( imitation4' ,9 common ) sev]al o!r prie/s1 he address$ a memorial to ! ,emp]or to ask leave = _! j\rney4 ,leave 0 refus$1 & ! c\rage ( 8 companions fail$4 ,n t ( ,hi\5-?sang4 ,8 own "m _h told him t1 soon be=e %e gave bir? to him1 %e _h se5 h] *ild travell+ to ! ,f> ,we/ 9 se>* ( ! ,law4 ,he 0 himself haunt$ by simil> visions1 & hav+ long surr5d]$ worldly desires1 he resolv$ to brave all dang]s1 & to risk 8 life = ! only object = :i* he ?\ght x wor? :ile to live4 ,he proce$$ to ! ,yell[ ,riv]1 ! ,hoang-ho1 & to ! place :]e ! c>avans b\nd = ,india us$ to meet1 &1 ?\gh ! ,gov]nor _h s5t /rict ord]s n to all[ any "o to cross ! fronti]1 ! "y prie/1 ) ! assi/ance ( 8 co-religioni/s1 succe$$ 9 escap+ ! vigilance ( ! ,*9ese 'd\ani]s4' ,spies 7 s5t aft] him4 ,b s frank 0 8 av[al1 & s firm 8 resolution1 :i* he express$ 9 ! pres5ce ( ! au?orities1 t ! ,gov]nor himself tore 8 hue & cry to pieces1 & all[$ him to proce$4 ,hi!rto he _h be5 accompani$ by two fri5ds4 ,!y n[ left him1 & ,hi\5-?sang f\nd himself alone1 )\t a fri5d & )\t a guide4 ,he s\ght = /r5g? 9 f]v5t pray]4 ,! next morn+ a p]son pres5t$ himself1 (f]+ 8 s]vices z a guide4 ,?is guide conduct$ him safely = "s di/ance1 b left him :5 !y approa*$ ! des]t4 ,!re 7 /ill five wat*-t[]s to be pass$1 & !re 0 no?+ to indicate ! road ?r\gh ! des]t1 except ! ho(-m>ks ( horses1 & skeletons4 ,! travell] foll[$ ?is melan*oly track1 &1 ?\gh misl$ by ! 'mirage' ( ! des]t1 he rea*$ ! fir/ t[]4 ,"h ! arr[s ( ! wat*m5 w\ld h put an end to 8 exi/5ce & 8 *]i%$ exp$ition4 ,b ! (fic] 9 comm&1 himself a zeal\s ,buddhi/1 all[$ ! c\rage\s pilgrim to proce$1 & gave him lett]s ( recomm5dation to ! (fic]s ( ! next t[]s4 ,! la/ t[]1 h[ev]1 0 gu>d$ by m5 inaccessible to bribes1 & deaf to reason+4 ,9 ord] to escape _! notice1 ,hi\5-?sang _h to make a long det\r4 ,he pass$ ?r\gh ano!r des]t1 & lo/ 8 way4 ,! bag 9 :i* he c>ri$ 8 wat] bur/1 & !n ev5 ! c\rage ( ,hi\5-?sang fail$4 ,he began to retrace 8 /eps4 ,b sudd5ly he /opp$4 ',i took an oa?1' he said1 'nev] to make a /ep backw>d till ,i _h rea*$ ,india4 ,:y1 !n1 h ,i come "h8 ,x is bett] ,i %\ld die proce$+ to ! ,we/ ?an return to ! ,ea/ & live4' ,f\r nights & five days he travell$ ?r\gh ! des]t )\t a drop ( wat]4 ,he _h no?+ to refre% himself except 8 pray]s--& :at 7 !y8 ,texts f a "w :i* taught t !re 0 no ,god1 no ,creator1 no creation1--no?+ b m9d1 m9d+ itself4 ,x is incr$ible 9 h[ exhau/$ an atmosph]e ! div9e sp>k )9 u w glimm] on1 & ev5 w>m ! d>k *amb]s ( ! human he>t4 ,com=t$ by 8 pray]s1 ,hi\5-?sang proce$$1 & arriv$ aft] "s "t at a l>ge lake4 ,he 0 9 ! c\ntry ( ! ,oig\r ,tat>s4 ,!y receiv$ him well1 nay1 too well4 ,"o ( ! ,tat> ,khans1 himself a ,buddhi/1 s5t = ! ,buddhi/ pilgrim1 & insi/$ on 8 /ay+ ) him to in/ruct 8 p4 ,remon/rances prov$ ( no avail4 ,b ,hi\5-?sang 0 n to be conqu]$4 ',i "k1' he said1 't ! k+1 9 spite ( 8 p[]1 has no p[] ov] my m9d & my w2' & he refus$ all n\ri%m5t1 9 ord] to put an end to 8 life4 ,greek3 ,?an\mai kai eleu!resomai4 ,?ree days he p]sev]$1 & at la/ ! ,khan1 afraid ( ! consequ5ces1 0 oblig$ to yield to ! poor monk4 ,he made him promise to visit him on 8 return to ,*9a1 & !n to /ay ?ree ye>s ) him4 ,at la/1 aft] a delay ( "o mon?1 dur+ :i* ! ,khan & 8 ,c\rt came daily to he> ! lessons ( _! pi\s gue/1 ! travell] cont9u$ 8 j\rney ) a num]\s escort1 & ) lett]s ( introduction f ! ,khan to tw5ty-f\r ,pr9ces ^: t]ritories ! little c>avan _h to pass4 ,_! way lay ?r\gh :at is n[ call$ ,dsung>y1 across ! ,musur-dabaghan m\nta9s1 ! nor!rn portion ( ! ,belur-tag1 ! ,yax>tes valley1 ,bactria1 & ,kabuli/an4 ,we _c foll[ !m ?r\gh all ! places !y pass$1 ?\gh ! acc\nts :i* he gives ( _! adv5tures are mo/ int]e/+1 & ! description ( ! p mo/ important4 ,"h is a description ( ! ,musur-dabaghan m\nta9s3 ',! top ( ! m\nta9 rises to ! sky4 ,s9ce ! beg9n+ ( ! _w ! sn[ has be5 accumulat+1 & is n[ trans=m$ into va/ masses ( ice1 :i* nev] melt1 ei!r 9 spr+ or summ]4 ,h>d & brilliant %eets ( sn[ are spread out till !y are lo/ 9 ! inf9ite1 & m+le ) ! cl\ds4 ,if "o looks at !m1 ! eyes are dazzl$ by ! spl5d\r4 ,froz5 peaks hang d[n ov] bo? sides ( ! road1 "s hundr$ feet high1 & tw5ty feet or ?irty feet ?ick4 ,x is n )\t difficulty & dang] t ! travell] c cle> !m or climb ov] !m4 ,besides1 !re are squalls ( w9d1 & tornadoes ( sn[ :i* attack ! pilgrims4 ,ev5 ) d\ble %oes1 & 9 ?ick furs1 "o _c help trembl+ & %iv]+4' ,dur+ ! sev5 days t ,hi\5-?sang cross$ ^! ,alp9e passes he lo/ f\rte5 ( 8 companions4 ,:at is mo/ important1 h[ev]1 9 ?is e>ly portion ( ! ,*9ese travell] is ! acc\nt :i* he gives ( ! high degree ( civilisation among ! tribes ( ,c5tral ,asia4 ,we _h gradually accu/om$ ourselves to believe 9 an e>ly civilisation ( ,egypt1 ( ,babylon1 ( ,*9a1 ( ,india2 b n[ t we f9d ! hordes ( ,tat>y possess+ 9 ! sev5? c5tury ! *ief arts & in/itutions ( an advanc$ society1 we %all soon h to drop ! "n ( b>b>ians altoge!r4 ,! !ory ( ,m4 ,opp]t1 :o ascribes ! orig9al inv5tion ( ! cunei=m lett]s & a civilisation ant]ior to t ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh to a ,turanian or ,scy?ian race1 w lose mu* ( its app>5t improbability2 = no new wave ( civilisation _h rea*$ ^! c\ntries betwe5 ! cunei=m p]iod ( _! lit]ature & hi/ory & ! "t ( ,hi\5-?sang's visit4 ,9 ! k+dom ( ,ok9i1 on ! we/]n fronti] ( ,*9a1 ,hi\5-?sang f\nd an active comm]ce1 gold1 silv]1 & copp] co9age2 mona/]ies1 :]e ! *ief works ( ,buddhism 7 /udi$1 & an alphabet1 d]iv$ f ,sanskrit4 ,z he travell$ on he met ) m9es1 ) agriculture1 includ+ pe>s1 plums1 pea*es1 almonds1 grapes1 pomegranates1 rice1 & :eat4 ,! inhabitants 7 dress$ 9 silk & wooll5 mat]ials4 ,!re 7 musicians 9 ! *ief cities :o play$ on ! flute & ! guit>4 ,buddhism 0 ! prevail+ religion1 b !re 7 traces ( an e>li] wor%ip1 ! ,bactrian fire-wor%ip4 ,! c\ntry 0 ev]y:]e /udd$ ) halls1 mona/]ies1 monum5ts1 & /atues4 ,sam>k& =m$ at t e>ly "t a k9d ( ,a!ns1 & its mann]s 7 copi$ by all ! tribes 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,balkh1 ! old capital ( ,bactria1 0 /ill an important place on ! ,oxus1 well =tifi$1 & full ( sacr$ build+s4 ,& ! details :i* our travell] gives ( ! exact circumf]5ce ( ! cities1 ! numb] ( _! inhabitants1 ! products ( ! soil1 ! articles ( trade1 c leave no d\bt 9 our m9ds t he relates :at he _h se5 & he>d himself4 ,a new page 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w is "h op5$1 & new ru9s po9t$ out1 :i* w\ld rew>d ! pickaxe ( a ,lay>d4 ,b we mu/ n l+]4 ,our travell]1 z we said1 _h ent]$ ,india by way ( ,kabul4 ,%ortly be=e he arriv$ at ,p\-l\-*a-p\-lo1 i4 e4 ! ,sanskrit ,puru%apura1 ! mod]n ,pe%aw]1 ,hi\5-?sang he>d ( an extraord9>y cave1 :]e ,buddha _h =m]ly conv]t$ a dragon1 & _h promis$ 8 new pupil to leave him 8 %ad[1 9 ord] t1 :5ev] ! evil passions ( 8 dragon-nature %\ld revive1 ! aspect ( 8 ma/]'s %ad[y features might rem9d him ( 8 =m] v[s4 ,?is promise 0 fulfill$1 & ! dragon-cave became a fam\s place ( pilgrimage4 ,our travell] 0 told t ! roads lead+ to ! cave 7 extremely dang]\s1 & infe/$ by robb]s--t = ?ree ye>s none ( ! pilgrims _h ev] return$ f ! cave4 ,b he repli$1 ',x w\ld be difficult dur+ a hundr$ ?\s& ,kalpas to meet "o s+le "t ) ! true %ad[ ( ,buddha2 h[ c\ld ,i1 hav+ come s ne>1 pass on )\t go+ to adore x8' ,he left 8 companions beh9d1 & aft] ask+ 9 va9 = a guide1 he met at la/ ) a boy :o %[$ him to a f>m belong+ to a conv5t4 ,"h he f\nd an old man :o und]took to act z 8 guide4 ,!y _h h>dly proce$$ a few miles :5 !y 7 attack$ by five robb]s4 ,! monk took (f 8 cap & display$ 8 ecclesia/ical robes4 ',ma/]1' said "o ( ! robb]s1 ':]e are y go+8' ,hi\5-?sang repli$1 ',i desire to adore ! %ad[ ( ,buddha4' ',ma/]1' said ! robb]1 'h y n he>d t ^! roads are full ( b&its8' ',robb]s are m51' ,hi\5-?sang exclaim$1 '& at pres5t1 :5 ,i am go+ to adore ! %ad[ ( ,buddha1 ev5 ?\gh ! roads 7 full ( wild bea/s1 ,i %\ld walk on )\t fe>4 ,surely1 !n1 ,i ought n to fe> y1 z y are m5 ^: he>t is possess$ ( pity4' ,! robb]s 7 mov$ by ^! words1 & op5$ _! he>ts to ! true fai?4 ,aft] ?is little incid5t1 ,hi\5-?sang proce$$ ) 8 guide4 ,he pass$ a /ream ru%+ d[n betwe5 two precipit\s walls ( rock4 ,9 ! rock itself !re 0 a door :i* op5$4 ,all 0 d>k4 ,b ,hi\5-?sang ent]$1 advanc$ t[>ds ! ea/1 !n mov$ fifty /eps backw>ds1 & began 8 devotions4 ,he made "o hundr$ salutations1 b he saw no?+4 ,he reproa*$ himself bitt]ly ) 8 =m] s9s1 he cri$1 & ab&on$ himself to utt] despair1 because ! %ad[ ( ,buddha w\ld n appe> be=e him4 ,at la/1 aft] _m pray]s & invocations1 he saw on ! ea/]n wall a dim light1 ( ! size ( a saucepan1 su* z ! ,buddhi/ monks c>ry 9 _! h&s4 ,b x disappe>$4 ,he cont9u$ pray+ full ( joy & pa91 & aga9 he saw a light1 :i* vani%$ l lightn+4 ,!n he v[$1 full ( devotion & love1 t he w\ld nev] leave ! place till he _h se5 ! %ad[ ( ! ',v5]able ( ! age4' ,aft] two hundr$ pray]s1 ! cave 0 sudd5ly ba!d 9 light1 & ! %ad[ ( ,buddha1 ( a brilliant :ite col\r1 rose maje/ically on ! wall1 z :5 ! cl\ds sudd5ly op5 &1 all at once1 display ! m>vell\s image ( ! ',m\nta9 ( ,light4' ,a dazzl+ spl5d\r light$ up ! features ( ! div9e c\nt5ance4 ,hi\5-?sang 0 lo/ 9 contemplation & wond]1 & w\ld n turn 8 eyes away f ! sublime & incomp>able object4444 ,aft] he awoke f 8 trance1 he call$ 9 six m51 & comm&$ !m to light a fire 9 ! cave1 9 ord] to burn inc5se2 b1 z ! approa* ( ! light made ! %ad[ ( ,buddha disappe>1 ! fire 0 ext+ui%$4 ,!n five ( ! m5 saw ! %ad[1 b ! six? saw no?+4 ,! old man :o _h act$ z guide 0 a/\nd$ :5 ,hi\5-?sang told him ! vision4 ',ma/]1' he said1 ')\t ! s9c]ity ( y\r fai?1 & ! en]gy ( y\r v[s1 y c\ld n h se5 su* a miracle4' ,?is is ! acc\nt giv5 by ,hi\5-?sang's biograph]s4 ,b we mu/ say1 to ! cr$it ( ,hi\5-?sang himself1 t 9 ! ',si-yu-ki1' :i* conta9s 8 own di>y1 ! /ory is told 9 a diff]5t way4 ,! cave is describ$ ) almo/ ! same words4 ,b aft]w>ds1 ! writ] cont9ues3 ',=m]ly1 ! %ad[ ( ,buddha 0 se5 9 ! cave1 bright1 l 8 natural appe>ance1 & ) all ! m>ks ( 8 div9e beauty4 ,"o might h said1 x 0 ,buddha himself4 ,= "s c5turies1 h[ev]1 x c no long] be se5 completely4 ,?\gh "o does see some?+1 x is only a feeble & d\btful resemblance4 ,if a man prays ) s9c]e fai?1 & if he has receiv$ f above a hidd5 impression1 he sees ! %ad[ cle>ly1 b he _c enjoy ! sight = any l5g? ( "t4' ,f ,pe%aw]1 ! sc5e ( ?is extraord9>y miracle1 ,hi\5-?sang proce$$ to ,ka%mir1 visit$ ! *ief t[ns ( ,c5tral ,india1 & arriv$ at la/ 9 ,magadha1 ! ,holy ,l& ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,"h he rema9$ five ye>s1 devot+ all 8 "t to ! /udy ( ,sanskrit & ,buddhi/ lit]ature1 & inspect+ e place hall[$ by ! recollections ( ! pa/4 ,he !n pass$ ?r\gh ,b5gal1 & proce$$ to ! s\?1 ) a view ( visit+ ,ceylon1 ! *ief seat ( ,buddhism4 ,baffl$ 9 t wi%1 he cross$ ! p59sula f ea/ to we/1 asc5d$ ! ,malab> coa/1 rea*$ ! ,indus1 &1 aft] num]\s excursions to ! *ief places ( ,nor?-,we/]n ,india1 return$ to ,magadha1 to sp5d !re1 ) 8 old fri5ds1 "s ( ! happie/ ye>s ( 8 life4 ,! r\te ( 8 j\rney+s is laid d[n 9 a map drawn ) exquisite skill by ,m4 ,vivi5 de ,sa9t-,m>t94 ,at la/ he 0 oblig$ to return to ,*9a1 &1 pass+ ?r\gh ! ,p5jab1 ,kabuli/an1 & ,bactria1 he rea*$ ! ,oxus1 foll[$ its c\rse ne>ly to its s\rces on ! plateau ( ,pamir1 &1 aft] /ay+ "s "t 9 ! ?ree *ief t[ns ( ,turki/an1 ,khasg>1 ,y>k&1 & ,khot51 he f\nd himself aga91 aft] sixte5 ye>s ( travels1 dang]s1 & /udies1 9 8 own native c\ntry4 ,8 fame _h spread f> & wide1 & ! poor pilgrim1 :o _h once be5 hunt$ by imp]ial spies & arm$ policem51 0 n[ receiv$ ) public hon\rs by ! ,emp]or himself4 ,8 entry into ! capital 0 l a triumph4 ,! /reets 7 cov]$ ) c>pets1 fl[]s 7 scatt]$1 & bann]s fly+4 ,soldi]s 7 drawn up1 ! magi/rates w5t out to meet him1 & all ! monks ( ! neighb\rhood m>*$ along 9 solemn procession4 ,! trophies t adorn$ ?is triumph1 c>ri$ by a l>ge numb] ( horses1 7 ( a peculi> k9d4 ,fir/1 #aej gra9s ( ! du/ ( ,buddha2 secondly1 a gold5 /atue ( ! great ,tea*]2 ?irdly1 a simil> /atue ( s&al-wood2 f\r?ly1 a /atue ( s&al-wood1 repres5t+ ,buddha z desc5d+ f heav52 fif?ly1 a /atue ( silv]2 six?ly1 a gold5 /atue ( ,buddha conqu]+ ! dragons2 sev5?ly1 a /atue ( s&al-wood1 repres5t+ ,buddha z a prea*]2 la/ly1 a collection ( #feg works 9 #ebj volumes4 ,! ,emp]or receiv$ ! travell] 9 ! ,pho5ix ,palace1 &1 full ( admiration = 8 tal5ts & wisdom1 invit$ him to accept a high (fice 9 ! ,gov]nm5t4 ,?is ,hi\5-?sang decl9$4 ',! s\l ( ! adm9i/ration1' he said1 'is /ill ! doctr9e ( ,confucius2' & he w\ld d$icate ! re/ ( 8 life to ! ,law ( ,buddha4 ,! ,emp]or !reupon ask$ him to write an acc\nt ( 8 travels1 & assign$ him a mona/]y :]e he might employ 8 leisure 9 translat+ ! works he _h br\ght back f ,india4 ,8 travels 7 soon writt5 & publi%$1 b ! translation ( ! ,sanskrit ,,mss4 occupi$ he :ole re/ ( 8 life4 ,x is said t ! numb] ( works translat$ by him1 ) ! assi/ance ( a l>ge /aff ( monks1 am\nt$ to #gdj1 9 #a1cce volumes4 ,frequ5tly he might be se5 m$itat+ on a difficult passage1 :5 sudd5ly x seem$ z if a high] _s _h enlight5$ 8 m9d4 ,8 s\l 0 *e]$1 z :5 a man walk+ 9 d>kness sees all at once ! sun pi]c+ ! cl\ds & %9+ 9 its full brightness2 &1 unwill+ to tru/ to 8 own und]/&+1 he us$ to attribute 8 k to a secret inspiration ( ,buddha & ! ,bodhisattvas4 ,:5 he f\nd t ! h\r ( dea? approa*$1 he _h all 8 prop]ty divid$ among ! poor4 ,he invit$ 8 fri5ds to come & see him1 & to take a *e]ful leave ( t impure body ( ,hi\5-?sang4 ',i desire1' he said1 't :atev] m]its ,i may h ga9$ by good works may fall ^u o!r p4 ,may ,i be born aga9 ) !m 9 ! heav5 ( ! bless$1 be admitt$ to ! family ( ,mi-le1 & s]ve ! ,buddha ( ! future1 :o is full ( k9dness & affection4 ,:5 ,i desc5d aga9 ^u e>? to pass ?r\gh o!r =ms ( exi/5ce1 ,i desire at e new bir? to fulfil my duties t[>ds ,buddha1 & arrive at ! la/ at ! highe/ & mo/ p]fect intellig5ce4 ,he di$ 9 ! ye> #ffd--;ab\t ! same "t t ,mohamm$anism 0 pursu+ its bloody conque/s 9 ! ,ea/1 & ,*ri/ianity began to %$ its pure light ov] ! d>k =e/s ( ,g]many4 ,x is impossible to d ju/ice to ! "* ( s extraord9>y a man z ,hi\5-?sang 9 s %ort a sket* z we h be5 able to give4 ,if we knew only 8 own acc\nt ( 8 life & travels--! volume :i* has j be5 publi%$ at ,p>is--we %\ld be ignorant ( ! motives :i* guid$ him & ( ! suff]+s :i* he und]w5t4 ,happily1 two ( 8 fri5ds & pupils _h left an acc\nt ( _! tea*]1 & ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 has act$ wisely 9 beg9n+ 8 collection ( ! ,buddhi/ ,pilgrims ) ! translation ( t biography4 ,!re we le>n some?+ ( ! man himself & ( t sil5t en?usiasm :i* support$ him 9 8 ardu\s "w4 ,!re we see him brav+ ! dang]s ( ! des]t1 scrambl+ along glaci]s1 cross+ ov] torr5ts1 & quietly submitt+ to ! brutal viol5ce ( ,indian ,?ugs4 ,!re we see him reject+ ! tempt+ invitations ( ,khans1 ,k+s1 & ,emp]ors1 & quietly pursu+ among /rang]s1 )9 ! bleak walls ( ! cell ( a ,buddhi/ college1 ! /udy ( a =eign language1 ! key to ! sacr$ lit]ature ( 8 fai?4 ,!re we see him ris+ to em95ce1 ackn[l$g$ z an equal by 8 =m] tea*]s1 z a sup]ior by ! mo/ di/+ui%$ s*ol>s ( ,india2 ! *ampion ( ! or?odox fai?1 an arbit] at c\ncils1 ! fav\rite ( ,indian k+s4 ,9 8 own "w !re is h>dly a ^w ab\t all ?is4 ,we d n wi% to disguise 8 weaknesses1 su* z !y appe> 9 ! same biography4 ,he 0 a cr$ul\s man1 easily impos$ ^u by crafty prie/s1 /ill m easily c>ri$ away by 8 own sup]/itions2 b he des]v$ to h liv$ 9 bett] times1 & we almo/ grudge s high & noble a "* to a c\ntry n our own1 & to a religion unwor?y ( su* a man4 ,( selfi%ness we f9d no trace 9 him4 ,8 :ole life belong$ to ! fai? 9 :i* he 0 born1 & ! objects ( 8 lab\r 0 n s mu* to p]fect himself z to b5efit o!rs4 ,he 0 an hone/ man4 ,& /range1 & /iff1 & absurd1 & outl&i% z 8 outw>d appe>ance may seem1 !re is some?+ 9 ! face ( t poor ,*9ese monk1 ) 8 yell[ sk9 & 8 small oblique eyes1 t appeals to our sympa?y--some?+ 9 8 life1 & ! "w ( 8 life1 t places him by "r among ! h]oes ( ,greece1 ! m>tyrs ( ,rome1 ! knights ( ! crusades1 ! explor]s ( ! ,arctic regions--some?+ t makes u feel x a duty to inscribe 8 "n on ! roll ( ! '=gott5 wor?ies' ( ! human race4 ,!re is a high] consangu9ity ?an t ( ! blood :i* runs ?r\gh our ve9s--t ( ! blood :i* makes our he>ts beat ) ! same indignation & ! same joy4 ,& !re is a high] nationality ?an t ( be+ gov]n$ by ! same imp]ial dyna/y--t ( our common allegiance to ! ,fa!r & ,rul] ( all mank9d4 ,x is b "r to /ate t we owe ! publication1 at lea/ ( ! second volume ( ,m4 ,juli5's "w1 to ! lib]ality ( ! ,c\rt ( ,directors ( ! ,ea/-,india ,company4 ,we h _h sev]al opportunities ( po9t+ out ! cr$itable mann] 9 :i* t body has patroniz$ lit]>y & sci5tific works connect$ ) ! ,ea/1 & we congratulate ! ,*airman1 ,colonel ,sykes1 & ! ,presid5t ( ! ,bo>d ( ,control1 ,mr4 ,v]non ,smi?1 on ! excell5t *oice !y h made 9 ?is in/ance4 ,no?+ c be m satisfactory ?an t ne>ly ! :ole edition ( a "w :i* w\ld h rema9$ unpubli%$ )\t _! lib]al assi/ance1 has be5 sold 9 little m ?an a mon?4 ,april1 #aheg4 ,,xi4 ,,! ,,mean+ ,,( ,,nirvana4 ,to ! ,editor ( ,,! ,,times4 ,sir1--,mr4 ,francis ,b>ham1 ( ,ba?1 has prote/$ 9 a lett]1 pr9t$ 9 ',! ,times' ( ! #bd? ( ,april1 aga9/ my int]pretations ( ,nirvana1 or ! summum bonum ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! ,nirvana 9 :i* ! ,buddhi/s believe1 & :i* !y repres5t z ! highe/ goal ( _! religion & philosophy1 means union & communion ) ,god1 or absorption ( ! individual s\l by ! div9e ess5ce1 & n1 z ,i tri$ to %[ 9 my articles on ! ',buddhi/ ,pilgrims1' utt] annihilation4 ,i mu/ n take up mu* m ( y\r space ) s ab/ruse a subject z ,buddhi/ metaphysics2 b at ! same "t ,i _c all[ ,mr4 ,b>ham's prote/ to pass unnotic$4 ,! au?orities :i* he br+s =w>d aga9/ my acc\nt ( ,buddhism1 & p>ticul>ly aga9/ my int]pretation ( ,nirvana1 seem =midable en\gh4 ,!re is ,ne&]1 ! great *ur* hi/orian1 ,creuz]1 ! fam\s s*ol>1 & ,hue1 ! well-kn[n travell] & mission>y1--all int]pret+1 z ,mr4 ,b>ham says1 ! ,nirvana ( ! ,buddhi/s 9 ! s5se ( an apo!osis ( ! human s\l1 z x 0 taught 9 ! ,v$anta philosophy ( ! ,brahmans1 ! ,sufiism ( ! ,p]sians1 & ! ,*ri/ian my/icism ( ,eckh>t & ,taul]1 & n 9 ! s5se ( absolute annihilation4 ,n[1 ) reg>d to ,ne&] & ,creuz]1 ,i mu/ obs]ve t _! works 7 writt5 be=e ! canonical books ( ! ,buddhi/s1 compos$ 9 ,sanskrit1 _h be5 discov]$1 or at lea/ be=e !y _h be5 s5t to ,europe1 & be5 analys$ by ,european s*ol>s4 ,besides1 nei!r ,ne&] nor ,creuz] 0 an ,ori5tal s*ol>1 & _! k ( ! subject c\ld only be second-h&4 ,x 0 9 #ahbd t ,mr4 ,brian ,h\ghton ,hodgson1 !n resid5t at ! ,c\rt ( ,nepal1 gave ! fir/ intimation ( ! exi/5ce ( a l>ge religi\s lit]ature writt5 9 ,sanskrit1 & pres]v$ by ! ,buddhi/s ( ,nepal z ! canonical books ( _! fai?4 ,x 0 9 #ahcj & #ahce t ! same em95t s*ol> & naturali/ pres5t$ ! fir/ set ( ^! books to ! ,royal ,asiatic ,society 9 ,london4 ,9 #ahcg he made a simil> gift to ! ,societe ,asiatique ( ,p>is1 & "s ( ! mo/ important works 7 transmitt$ by him to ! ,bodleian ,libr>y at ,ox=d4 ,x 0 9 #ahdd t ! late ,eug5e ,burn\f publi%$1 aft] a c>eful /udy ( ^! docum5ts1 8 classical "w1 ',introduction a l',hi/oire du ,buddhisme ,indi51' & x is f ?is book t our k ( ,buddhism may be said to date4 ,sev]al works h s9ce be5 publi%$1 :i* h add$ consid]ably to ! /ock ( au!ntic in=mation on ! doctr9e ( ! great ,indian re=m]4 ,!re is ,burn\f's translation ( ',le ,lotus de la bonne ,loi1' publi%$ aft] ! dea? ( t lam5t$ s*ol>1 toge!r ) num]\s essays1 9 #aheb4 ,!re are two int]e/+ works by ! ,rev4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy--',ea/]n ,mona*ism1' ,london1 #ahej1 & ',a ,manual ( ,buddhism1' ,london1 #ahec2 & !re are ! publications ( ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 ,e4 ,f\caux1 ! ,hon\rable ,george ,turn\r1 ,pr(essor ,h4 ,h4 ,wilson1 & o!rs1 allud$ to 9 my article on ! ',buddhi/ ,pilgrims4' ,x is f ^! works alone t we c d]ive correct & au!ntic in=mation on ,buddhism1 & n f ,ne&]'s ',hi/ory ( ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur*' or f ,creuz]'s ',symbolik4' ,if any "o w consult ^! works1 he w f9d t ! discussions on ! true mean+ ( ,nirvana are n ( mod]n date1 & t1 at a v e>ly p]iod1 diff]5t philosophical s*ools among ! ,buddhi/s ( ,india1 & diff]5t tea*]s :o spread ! doctr9e ( ,buddhism abroad1 prop\nd$ e conceivable op9ion z to ! or?odox explanation ( ?is t]m4 ,ev5 9 "o & ! same s*ool we f9d diff]5t p>ties ma9ta9+ diff]5t views on ! mean+ ( ,nirvana4 ,!re is ! s*ool ( ! ,svabhavikas1 :i* /ill exi/s 9 ,nepal4 ,! ,svabhavikas ma9ta9 t no?+ exi/s b nature1 or r sub/ance1 & t ?is sub/ance exi/s by itself 7svabhavat71 )\t a ,creator or a ,rul]4 ,x exi/s1 h[ev]1 "u two =ms3 9 ! /ate ( ,pravritti1 z active1 or 9 ! /ate ( ,nirvritti1 z passive4 ,human be+s1 :o1 l ev]y?+ else1 exi/ svabhavat1 'by !mselves1' are suppos$ to be capable ( arriv+ at ,nirvritti1 or passiv5ess1 :i* is ne>ly synonym\s ) ,nirvana4 ,b "h ! ,svabhavikas bran* (f into two sects4 ,"s believe t ,nirvritti is repose1 o!rs t x is annihilation2 & ! =m] add1 '7 x ev5 annihilation 7sunyata71 x w\ld /ill be good1 man be+ o!rwise doom$ to an et]nal migration ?r\gh all ! =ms ( nature2 ! m desirable ( :i* are little to be wi%$ =2 & ! less s1 at any price to be %unn$4'#hc ,:at 0 ! orig9al mean+ ( ,nirvana may p]haps be/ be se5 f ! etymology ( ?is te*nical t]m4 ,e ,sanskrit s*ol> kn[s t ,nirvana means orig9ally ! bl[+ out1 ! ext9ction ( light1 & n absorption4 ,! human s\l1 :5 x arrives at its p]fection1 is bl[n out1#hd if we use ! phraseology ( ! ,buddhi/s1 l a lamp2 x is n absorb$1 z ! ,brahmans say1 l a drop 9 ! ocean4 ,nei!r 9 ! sy/em ( ,buddhi/ philosophy1 nor 9 ! philosophy f :i* ,buddha is suppos$ to h borr[$1 0 !re any place left = a ,div9e ,be+ by :i* ! human s\l c\ld be absorb$4 ,sankhya philosophy1 9 its orig9al =m1 claims ! "n ( an-isv>a1 'lordless' or 'a!i/ic' z its di/9ctive title4 ,its f9al object is n absorption 9 ,god1 :e!r p]sonal or imp]sonal1 b ,mok%a1 deliv]ance ( ! s\l f all pa9 & illusion1 & recov]y by ! s\l ( its true nature4 ,x is d\btful :e!r ! t]m ,nirvana 0 co9$ by ,buddha4 ,x occurs 9 ! lit]ature ( ! ,brahmans z a synonyme ( ,mok%a1 deliv]ance2 ,nirvritti1 cessation2 ,apav>ga1 release2 ,nihsreyas1 summum bonum4 ,x is us$ 9 ?is s5se 9 ! ,mahabh>ata1 & x is expla9$ 9 ! ,am>a-,ko%a z hav+ ! mean+ ( 'bl[+ out1 appli$ to a fire & to a sage4'#he ,unless1 h[ev]1 we succe$ 9 trac+ ?is t]m 9 works ant]ior to ,buddha1 we may suppose t x 0 inv5t$ by him 9 ord] to express t mean+ ( ! summum bonum :i* he 0 ! fir/ to prea*1 & :i* "s ( 8 disciples expla9$ 9 ! s5se ( absolute annihilation4 ,footnote #hc3 ,see ,burn\f1 ',introduction1' p4 #dda2 ,hodgson1 ',asiatic ,rese>*es1' vol4 xvi4 ,footnote #hd3 ',calm1' ')\t w9d1' z ,nirvana is sometimes expla9$1 is express$ 9 ,sanskrit by ,nirvata4 ,see ,am>a-,ko%a1 sub voce4 ,footnote #he3 ,diff]5t views ( ! ,nirvana1 z conceiv$ by ! ,tir?akas or ! ,brahmans1 may be se5 9 an extract f ! ,lankavat>a1 translat$ by ,burn\f1 p4 #ead4 ,! e>lie/ au?ority to :i* we c g back1 if we want to "k ! orig9al "* ( ,buddhism1 is ! ,buddhi/ ,canon1 z settl$ aft] ! dea? ( ,buddha at ! fir/ ,c\ncil4 ,x is call$ ,tripitaka1 or ! ,?ree ,baskets1 ! fir/ conta9+ ! ,sutras1 or ! disc\rses ( ,buddha2 ! second1 ! ,v9aya1 or 8 code ( morality2 ! ?ird1 ! ,abhidh>ma1 or ! sy/em ( metaphysics4 ,! fir/ 0 compil$ by ,an&a1 ! second by ,upali1 ! ?ird by ,kasyapa--all ( !m ! pupils & fri5ds ( ,buddha4 ,x may be t ^! collections1 z we n[ possess !m1 7 f9ally arrang$1 n at ! fir/1 b at ! ?ird ,c\ncil4 ,yet1 ev5 !n1 we h no e>li]1 no m au!ntic1 docum5ts f :i* we c\ld =m an op9ion z to ! orig9al tea*+ ( ,buddha2 & ! ,nirvana1 z taught 9 ! metaphysics ( ,kasyapa1 & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,pragna-p>amita1 is annihilation1 n absorption4 ,buddhism1 !re=e1 if te/$ by its own canonical books1 _c be fre$ f ! *>ge ( ,nihilism1 :atev] may h be5 its "* 9 ! m9d ( its f\nd]1 & :atev] *anges x may h und]gone 9 lat] times1 & among races less inur$ to metaphysical discussions ?an ! ,h9dus4 ,! in]adicable feel+ ( dep5d5ce on some?+ else1 :i* is ! life-spr+ ( all religion1 0 completely numb$ 9 ! e>ly ,buddhi/ metaphysicians1 & x 0 only aft] sev]al g5]ations _h pass$ away1 & aft] ,buddhism _h become ! cre$ ( millions1 t ?is feel+ return$ ) increas$ w>m?1 *ang+1 z ,i said 9 my article1 ! v ,no?+ into a p>adise1 & deify+ ! v ,buddha :o _h d5i$ ! exi/5ce ( a ,deity4 ,t ?is has be5 ! case 9 ,*9a we "k f ! int]e/+ works ( ! ,abbe ,huc1 & f o!r s\rces1 su* z ! ',cate*ism ( ! ,%amans1 or ! ,laws & ,regulations ( ! ,prie/hood ( ,buddha 9 ,*9a1' translat$ by ,*4 ,f4 ,neumann1 ,london1 #ahca4 ,9 ,india1 also1 ,buddhism1 z soon z x became a popul> religion1 _h to speak a m human language ?an t ( metaphysical ,pyrrhonism4 ,b1 if x did s1 x 0 because x 0 %am$ into x4 ,?is we may see f ! v nicknames :i* ! ,brahmans apply to _! oppon5ts1 ! ,bauddhas4 ,!y call !m ,na/ikas--^? :o ma9ta9 t !re is no?+2 ,sunyavad9s-^? :o ma9ta9 t !re is a univ]sal void4 ,! only gr\nd1 !re=e1 on :i* we may /&1 if we wi% to def5d ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism aga9/ ! *>ges ( ,nihilism & ,a!ism1 is ?is1 t1 z "s ( ! ,buddhi/s admit1 ! ',basket ( ,metaphysics' 0 r ! "w ( 8 pupils1 n ( ,buddha himself4#hf ,?is di/9ction betwe5 ! au!ntic words ( ,buddha & ! canonical books 9 g5]al1 is m5tion$ m ?an once4 ,! prie/hood ( ,ceylon1 :5 ! manife/ errors ) :i* _! canonical comm5t>ies ab\nd1 7 br\ght to _! notice1 retreat$ f _! =m] position1 & n[ ass]t t x is only ! express words ( ,buddha t !y receive z und\bt$ tru?4#hg ,!re is a passage 9 a ,buddhi/ "w :i* rem9ds u some:at ( ! la/ page ( ,dean ,milman's ',hi/ory ( ,*ri/ianity1' & :]e we read3 ',! words ( ! prie/hood are good2 ^? ( ! ,rahats 7sa9ts7 are bett]2 b ^? ( ! ,all-kn[+ are ! be/ ( all4' ,footnote #hf3 ,see ,burn\f1 ',introduction1' p4 #da4 ',abuddhoktam abhidh>ma-sa/ram4' ,ibid4 p4 #ded4 ,accord+ to ! ,tibetan ,buddhi/s1 h[ev]1 ,buddha prop\nd$ ! ,abhidh>ma :5 he 0 fifty-"o ye>s old4 ',asiatic ,rese>*es1' vol4 xx4 p4 #cci4 ,footnote #hg3 ',ea/]n ,mona*ism1' p4 #aga4 ,?is is an argum5t :i* ,mr4 ,francis ,b>ham might h us$ ) m success1 & by :i* he might h ju/ifi$1 if n ! fir/ disciples1 at lea/ ! orig9al f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 ,nay1 !re is a say+ ( ,buddha's :i* t5ds to %[ t all metaphysical discussion 0 reg>d$ by him z va9 & useless4 ,x is a say+ m5tion$ 9 "o ( ! ,,mss4 belong+ to ! ,bodleian ,libr>y4 ,z x has nev] be5 publi%$ be=e1 ,i may be all[$ to quote x 9 ! orig9al3 ,sadasad vikaram na sahate1--',! ideas ( be+ & n be+ d n admit ( discussion1'--a t5et :i*1 if we consid] t x 0 enunciat$ be=e ! "t ( ! ,eleatic philosoph]s ( ,greece1 & long be=e ,hegel's ,logic1 might c]ta9ly h sav$ u _m an intricate & indige/ible argum5t4 ,a few passages f ! ,buddhi/ writ+s ( ,nepal & ,ceylon w be/ %[ t ! horror nihili 0 n felt by ! metaphysicians ( =m] ages 9 ! same degree z x is felt by ourselves4 ,! fam\s hymn :i* res\nds 9 heav5 :5 ! lum9\s rays ( ! smile ( ,buddha p5etrate ?r\gh ! cl\ds1 is ',all is transitory1 all is mis]y1 all is void1 all is )\t sub/ance4' ,aga91 x is said 9 ! ,pragna-p>amita1#hh t ,buddha began to ?9k t he ought to conduct all creatures to p]fect ,nirvana4 ,b he reflect$ t !re are really no creatures :i* ought to be conduct$1 nor creatures t conduct2 &1 nev]!less1 he did conduct all creatures to p]fect ,nirvana4 ,!n1 cont9ues ! text1 :y is x said t !re are nei!r creatures :i* arrive at complete ,nirvana1 nor creatures :i* conduct !re8 ,because x is illusion :i* makes creatures :at !y are4 ,x is z if a clev] juggl]1 or 8 pupil1 made an imm5se numb] ( p to appe> on ! high road1 & aft] hav+ made !m to appe>1 made !m to disappe> aga94 ,w\ld !re be anybody :o _h kill$1 or murd]$1 or annihilat$1 or caus$ !m to vani%8 ,no4 ,& x is ! same ) ,buddha4 ,he conducts an imm5se1 innum]able1 inf9ite numb] ( creatures to complete ,nirvana1 & yet !re are nei!r creatures :i* are conduct$1 nor creatures t conduct4 ,if a ,bodhisattva1 on he>+ ?is explanation ( ! ,law1 is n fright5$1 !n x may be said t he has put on ! great arm\r4#hi ,footnote #hh3 ,burn\f1 ',introduction1' p4 #dfb4 ,footnote #hi3 ,ibid4 p4 #dgh4 ,soon aft]1 we read3 ',! "n ( ,buddha is no?+ b a ^w4 ,! "n ( ,bodhisattva is no?+ b a ^w4 ,! "n ( ,p]fect ,wisdom 7,pragna-p>amita7 is no?+ b a ^w4 ,! "n is indef9ite1 z if "o says ,i1 = ,i is some?+ indef9ite1 because x has no limits4' ,burn\f gives ! gi/ ( ! :ole ,pragna-p>amita 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',! highe/ ,wisdom1 or :at is to be kn[n1 has no m real exi/5ce ?an he :o has to "k1 or ! ,bodhisattva2 no m ?an he :o does "k1 or ! ,buddha4' ,b ,burn\f rem>ks t no?+ ( ?is k9d is to be f\nd 9 ! ,sutras1 & t ,gautama ,sakya-muni1 ! son ( ,suddhodana1 w\ld nev] h become ! f\nd] ( a popul> religion if he _h />t$ ) simil> absurdities4 ,9 ! ,sutras ! reality ( ! objective _w is d5i$2 ! reality ( =m is d5i$2 ! reality ( ! individual1 or ! ',i1' is equally d5i$4 ,b ! exi/5ce ( a subject1 ( some?+ l ! ,puru%a1 ! ?9k+ sub/ance ( ! ,sankhya philosophy1 is sp>$4 ,some?+ at lea/ exi/s ) respect to :i* ev]y?+ else may be said n to exi/4 ,! g]ms ( ! ideas1 develop$ 9 ! ,pragna-p>amita1 may inde$ be discov]$ "h & !re 9 ! ,sutras4#ij ,b !y _h n yet rip5$ into t poison\s plant :i* soon became an indisp5sable n>cotic 9 ! s*ools ( ! lat] ,buddhi/s4 ,buddha himself1 h[ev]1 ?\gh1 p]haps1 n a ,nihili/1 0 c]ta9ly an ,a!i/4 ,he does n d5y di/9ctly ei!r ! exi/5ce ( gods1 or t ( ,god2 b he ignores ! =m]1 & he is ignorant ( ! latt]4 ,!re=e1 if ,nirvana 9 8 m9d 0 n yet complete annihilation1 /ill less c\ld x h be5 absorption into a ,div9e ess5ce4 ,x 0 no?+ b selfi%ness1 9 ! metaphysical s5se ( ! ^w--a relapse into t be+ :i* is no?+ b itself4 ,?is is ! mo/ *>itable view :i* we c take ( ! ,nirvana1 ev5 z conceiv$ by ,buddha himself1 & x is ! view :i* ,burn\f d]iv$ f ! canonical books ( ! ,nor!rn ,buddhi/s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,mr4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 :o 9 8 works foll[s exclusively ! au?ority ( ! ,s\!rn ,buddhi/s1 ! ,pali & ,s+halese works ( ,ceylon1 arrives at ! same result4 ,we read 9 8 "w3 ',! ,rahat 7,arhat71 :o has rea*$ ,nirvana1 b is n yet a ,pratyeka-buddha1 or a ,supreme ,buddha1 says3 ,i await ! appo9t$ "t = ! cessation ( exi/5ce4 ,i h no wi% to live2 ,i h no wi% to die4 ,desire is ext9ct4' ,footnote #ij3 ,burn\f1 ',introduction1' p4 #ebj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,9 a v int]e/+ dialogue betwe5 ,mil9da & ,nagas5a1 communicat$ by ,mr4 ,sp5ce ,h>dy1 ,nirvana is repres5t$ z some?+ :i* has no antec$5t cause1 no qualities1 no locality4 ,x is some?+ ( :i* ! utmo/ we may ass]t is1 t x is3 ,nagas5a4 ,c a man1 by 8 natural /r5g?1 g f ! city ( ,sagal to ! =e/ ( ,himala8 ,mil9da4 ,yes4 ,nagas5a4 ,b c\ld any man1 by 8 natural /r5g?1 br+ ! =e/ ( ,himala to ?is city ( ,sagal8 ,mil9da4 ,no4 ,nagas5a4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh ! fruition ( ! pa?s may cause ! accompli%m5t ( ,nirvana1 no cause by :i* ,nirvana is produc$ c be decl>$4 ,! pa? t leads to ,nirvana may be po9t$ out1 b n any cause = its production4 ,:y8 because t :i* con/itutes ,nirvana is beyond all computation1--a my/]y1 n to be und]/ood4444 ,x _c be said t x is produc$1 nor t x is n produc$2 t x is pa/ or future or pres5t4 ,nor c x be said t x is ! see+ ( ! eye1 or ! he>+ ( ! e>1 or ! smell+ ( ! nose1 or ! ta/+ ( ! tongue1 or ! feel+ ( ! body4 ,mil9da4 ,!n y speak ( a ?+ t is n2 y m]ely say t ,nirvana is ,nirvana2--!re=e !re is no ,nirvana4 ,nagas5a4 ,great k+1 ,nirvana is4 ,ano!r "q also1 :e!r ,nirvana is some?+ diff]5t f ! be+s t ent] into x1 has be5 ask$ by ! ,buddhi/s !mselves3 ,mil9da4 ,does ! be+ :o acquires x1 atta9 some?+ t has previ\sly exi/$8--or is x 8 own product1 a =mation peculi> to himself8 ,nagas5a4 ,nirvana does n exi/ previ\sly to its reception2 nor is x t :i* 0 br\ght into exi/5ce4 ,/ill to ! be+ :o atta9s x1 !re is ,nirvana4 ,9 opposition1 !re=e1 to ! m advanc$ views ( ! ,nihili/ic philosoph]s ( ! ,nor?1 ,nagas5a ma9ta9s ! exi/5ce ( ,nirvana1 & ( ! be+ t has ent]$ ,nirvana4 ,he does n say t ,buddha is a m]e ^w4 ,:5 ask$ by k+ ,mil9da1 :e!r ! all-wise ,buddha exi/s1 he replies3 ,nagas5a4 ,he :o is ! mo/ m]itori\s 7,bhagavat7 does exi/4 ,mil9da4 ,!n c y po9t out to me ! place 9 :i* he exi/s8 ,nagas5a4 ,our ,bhagavat has atta9$ ,nirvana1 :]e !re is no repetition ( bir?4 ,we _c say t he is "h1 or t he is !re4 ,:5 a fire is ext+ui%$1 c x be said t x is "h1 or t x is !re8 ,ev5 s1 our ,buddha has atta9$ ext9ction 7,nirvana74 ,he is l ! sun t has set beh9d ! ,a/agiri m\nta94 ,x _c be said t he is "h1 or t he is !re3 b we c po9t him out by ! disc\rses he deliv]$4 ,9 !m he lives4 ,at ! pres5t mom5t1 ! great majority ( ,buddhi/s w\ld probably be q incapable ( und]/&+ ! ab/ract speculation ( _! anci5t ma/]s4 ,! view tak5 ( ,nirvana 9 ,*9a1 ,mongolia1 & ,tat>y may probably be z gross z t :i* mo/ ( ! ,mohamm$ans =m ( _! p>adise4 ,b1 9 ! hi/ory ( religion1 ! hi/orian mu/ g back to ! e>lie/ & mo/ orig9al docum5ts t are to be obta9$4 ,?us only may he hope to und]/& ! lat] developm5ts :i*1 :e!r = good or evil1 e =m ( fai? has _h to und]go4 ,april1 #aheg4 ,,xii4 ,,*9ese ,,translations ,,( ,,sanskrit ,,texts4#ia ,well might ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli5 put ,greek3 heureka on ! title-page ( 8 la/ "w1 9 :i* he expla9s 8 me?od ( deciph]+ ! ,sanskrit words :i* occur 9 ! ,*9ese translations ( ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature ( ,india4 ,we endeav\r$ to expla9 ! labori\s "* & ! important results ( 8 rese>*es on ?is subject on a =m] occasion1 :5 review+ 8 translation ( ! ',life & ,travels ( ! ,buddhi/ ,pilgrim ,hi\5-?sang4' ,at t "t1 h[ev]1 ,m4 ,juli5 kept ! key ( 8 discov]ies to himself4 ,he gave u ! results ( 8 lab\rs )\t giv+ u m ?an a g5]al idea ( ! process by :i* ^? results _h be5 obta9$4 ,he has n[ publi%$ 8 ',me?ode p\r de*iffr] et transcrire les noms sanscrits qui se r5contr5t dans les livres *9ois1' & he has giv5 to ! public 8 ,*9ese-,sanskrit diction>y1 ! "w ( sixte5 ye>s ( ardu\s lab\r1 conta9+ all ! ,*9ese *>act]s :i* are us$ = repres5t+ phonetically ! te*nical t]ms & prop] names ( ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature ( ,india4 ,footnote #ia3 ',me?ode p\r de*iffr] et transcrire les noms sanscrits qui se r5contr5t dans les livres *9ois4' ,p> ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 ,membre de l',in/itut4 ,p>is1 #ahfa4 ,9 ord] fully to appreciate ! lab\rs & discov]ies ( ,m4 ,juli5 9 ?is remote field ( ,ori5tal lit]ature1 we mu/ be> 9 m9d t ! doctr9e ( ,buddha arose 9 ,india ab\t two c5turies be=e ,alex&]'s invasion4 ,x became ! /ate religion ( ,india soon aft] ,alex&]'s conque/1 & x produc$ a va/ lit]ature1 :i* 0 collect$ into a canon at a c\ncil held ab\t #bdf ,b4,c4 ,v soon aft] t c\ncil1 ,buddhism assum$ a proselytiz+ "*4 ,x spread 9 ! s\? to ,ceylon1 9 ! nor? to ,ka%mir1 ! ,himalayan c\ntries1 ,tibet1 & ,*9a4 ,9 ! hi/orical annals ( ,*9a1 on :i*1 9 ! abs5ce ( any?+ l hi/orical lit]ature 9 ,sanskrit1 we mu/ ma9ly dep5d = in=mation on ! spread+ ( ,buddhism1 "o ,buddhi/ mission>y is m5tion$ z e>ly z #bag ,b4,c42 & ab\t ! ye> #abj ,b4,c4 a ,*9ese g5]al1 aft] defeat+ ! b>b>\s tribes nor? ( ! des]t ( ,gobi1 br\ght back z a trophy a gold5 /atue--! /atue ( ,buddha4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! ye> #fe ,a4,d4 t ,buddhism 0 (ficially recognis$ by ! ,*9ese ,emp]or z a ?ird /ate religion4 ,ev] s9ce1 x has %>$ equal hon\rs ) ! doctr9es ( ,confucius & ,lao-tse 9 ! ,cele/ial ,empire2 & x is b lately t ^! ?ree e/abli%$ religions h _h to fe> ! encroa*m5ts ( a new rival 9 ! cre$ ( ! ,*ief ( ! rebels4 ,once e/abli%$ 9 ,*9a1 & well provid$ ) mona/]ies & b5efices1 ! ,buddhi/ prie/hood seems to h be5 mo/ active 9 its lit]>y lab\rs4 ,imm5se z 0 ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature ( ,india1 ! ,*9ese swell$ x to /ill m appall+ proportions4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done 0 to translate ! canonical books4 ,?is seems to h be5 ! jo9t "w ( ,*9ese :o _h acquir$ a k ( ,sanskrit dur+ _! travels 9 ,india1 & ( ,h9dus :o settl$ 9 ,*9ese mona/]ies 9 ord] to assi/ ! native translators4 ,! translation ( books :i* pr(ess to conta9 a new religi\s doctr9e is "u all circum/ances a task ( great difficulty4 ,x 0 s p>ticul>ly :5 ! subtle ab/ractions ( ! ,buddhi/ religion _h to be clo!d 9 ! solid1 matt]-(-fact idiom ( ! ,*9ese4 ,b !re 0 ano!r difficulty :i* x seem$ almo/ impossible to ov]come4 ,_m words1 n only prop] names1 b ! te*nical t]ms also ( ! ,buddhi/ cre$1 _h to be pres]v$ 9 ,*9ese4 ,!y 7 n to be translat$1 b to be translit]at$4 ,b h[ 0 ?is to be effect$ ) a language :i*1 l ,*9ese1 _h no phonetic alphabet8 ,e ,*9ese "* is a ^w2 x has bo? s\nd & mean+2 & x is unfit1 !re=e1 = ! repres5tation ( ! s\nd ( =eign words4 ,9 mod]n times1 c]ta9 *>act]s h be5 set ap>t = ! purpose ( writ+ ! prop] names & titles ( =eign]s2 b su* is ! peculi> nature ( ! ,*9ese sy/em ( writ+1 t ev5 ) ?is alphabet x is only possible to repres5t approximatively ! pronunciation ( =eign words4 ,9 ! abs5ce1 h[ev]1 ( ev5 su* an alphabet1 ! translators ( ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature seem to h us$ _! own discretion--or r indiscretion--9 appropriat+1 )\t any sy/em1 :atev] ,*9ese *>act]s seem$ to !m to come ne>e/ to ! s\nd ( ,sanskrit words4 ,n[ ! :ole ,*9ese language consi/s 9 reality ( ab\t f\r hundr$ words1 or significative s\nds1 all monosyllabic4 ,ea* ( ^! monosyllabic s\nds embraces a l>ge numb] ( v>i\s mean+s1 & ea* ( ^! v>i\s mean+s is repres5t$ by its own sign4 ,?us x has happ5$ t ! ,*9ese ,diction>y conta9s #dc1dif signs1 :]eas ! ,*9ese language comm&s only f\r hundr$ di/9ct utt]ances4 ,in/ead ( be+ re/rict$1 !re=e1 to "o "* :i* always expresses ! same s\nd1 ! ,buddhi/ translators 7 at lib]ty to express "o & ! same s\nd 9 a hundr$ diff]5t ways4 ,( ?is fre$om !y avail$ !mselves to ! fulle/ ext5t4 ,ea* translator1 ea* mona/]y1 fix$ on its own *>act]s = repres5t+ ! pronunciation ( ,sanskrit words4 ,!re are m ?an twelve hundr$ ,*9ese *>act]s employ$ by v>i\s writ]s 9 ord] to repres5t ! =ty-two simple lett]s ( ! ,sanskrit alphabet4 ,! result has be5 t ev5 ! ,*9ese 7 aft] a "t unable to read--i4 e4 to pron\nce--^! r&om translit]ations4 ,:at1 !n1 0 to be expect$ f ,*9ese s*ol>s 9 ,europe8 ,=tunately1 ! ,*9ese1 to save !mselves f _! own p]plexities1 _h "s li/s drawn up1 exhibit+ ! pr9ciples foll[$ by ! v>i\s translators 9 repres5t+ ! prop] names1 ! names ( places1 & ! te*nical t]ms ( philosophy & religion :i* !y _h borr[$ f ! ,sanskrit4 ,) ! help ( ^! li/s1 & aft] sixte5 ye>s consecrat$ to ! /udy ( ! ,*9ese translations ( ,sanskrit works & ( o!r orig9al compositions ( ,buddhi/ au?ors1 ,m4 ,juli5 at la/ caught up ! ?read t 0 to lead him ?r\gh ?is labyr9?2 & by means ( 8 k ( ,sanskrit1 :i* he acquir$ solely = t purpose1 he is n[ able to d :at n ev5 ! mo/ le>n$ among ! ,buddhi/s 9 ,*9a c\ld accompli%--he is able to re/ore ! exact =m & mean+ ( e ^w transf]r$ f ,sanskrit into ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature ( ,*9a4 ,)\t ?is labori\s process1 :i* w\ld h tir$ out ! pati5ce & dead5$ ! en?usiasm ( mo/ s*ol>s1 ! treasures ( ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature pres]v$ 9 ,*9ese 7 really useless4 ,abel ,remusat1 :o dur+ 8 lifetime 0 consid]$ ! fir/ ,*9ese s*ol> 9 ,europe1 attempt$ inde$ a translation ( ! travels ( ,fahian1 a ,buddhi/ pilgrim1 :o visit$ ,india ab\t ! end ( ! f\r? c5tury aft] ,*ri/4 ,x 0 9 _m respects a mo/ valuable "w1 b ! hopelessness ( r$uc+ ! unc\? ,*9ese t]ms to _! ,sanskrit orig9als made x mo/ tantalis+ to look ?r\gh its pages4 ,:o 0 to guess t ,ho-kia-lo 0 meant = ! ,sanskrit ,vyak>ana1 9 ! s5se ( s]mons2 ,po-to = ! ,sanskrit ,avadana1 p>ables2 ,kia-ye-i = ! ,sanskrit ,kasyapiyas1 ! foll[]s ( ,kasyapa8 ,9 "s in/ances1 ,abel ,remusat1 assi/$ by ,*ezy1 guess$ rightly2 & lat] ,sanskrit s*ol>s1 su* z ,burn\f1 ,lass51 & ,wilson1 succe$$ 9 re-e/abli%+1 ) m or less c]ta9ty1 ! orig9al =m ( a numb] ( ,sanskrit words1 9 spite ( _! ,*9ese disguises4 ,/ill !re 0 no sy/em1 & !re=e no c]ta9ty1 9 ^! guesses1 & _m errone\s conclusions 7 drawn f fragm5t>y translations ( ,*9ese writ]s on ,buddhism1 :i* ev5 n[ are n yet entirely elim9at$ f ! works ( ,ori5tal s*ol>s4 ,) ,m4 ,juli5's me?od1 ma!matical c]ta9ty seems to h tak5 ! place ( le>n$ conjectures2 & :atev] is to be le>nt f ! ,*9ese on ! orig91 ! hi/ory1 & ! true "* ( ,buddha's doctr9e may n[ be _h 9 an au!ntic & unambigu\s =m4 ,b ev5 aft] ! pr9cipal difficulties h be5 cle>$ away ?r\gh ! p]sev]ance ( ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli51 & aft] we h be5 all[$ to reap ! fruits ( 8 lab\rs 9 8 ma/]ly translation ( ! ',voyages des ,pel]9s ,b\ddhi/es1' !re /ill rema9s "o po9t t requires "s elucidation4 ,h[ 0 x t ! ,*9ese1 ^: e>s no d\bt are ( ! same con/ruction z our own1 %\ld h made su* sad "w ( ! ,sanskrit names :i* !y transcrib$ ) _! own alphabet8 ,mu* may be expla9$ by ! defects ( _! language4 ,su* common s\nds z v1 g1 r1 b1 d1 & %ort a1 are unkn[n 9 ,*9ese z initials2 no comp\nd consonants are all[$1 e consonant be+ foll[$ by a v[el2 & ! f9al lett]s are limit$ to a v small numb]4 ,?is1 no d\bt1 expla9s1 to a great ext5t1 ! di/ort$ appe>ance ( _m ,sanskrit words :5 writt5 9 ,*9ese4 ,?us1 ,buddha c\ld only be writt5 ,fo to4 ,!re 0 no sign = an initial b1 nor 0 x possible to repres5t a d\ble consonant1 su* z ddh4 ,fo to 0 ! ne>e/ approa* to ,buddha ( :i* ,*9ese1 :5 writt51 0 capable4 ,b 0 x s 9 speak+8 ,0 x really impossible = ,fahian & ,hi\5-?sang1 :o _h sp5t s _m ye>s 9 ,india1 & :o 7 acqua9t$ ) all ! intricacies ( ,sanskrit gramm>1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! s\nds ( ,buddha & ,fo to8 ,we _c believe ?is4 ,we are conv9c$ t ,hi\5-?sang1 ?\gh he wrote1 & c\ld n b write1 ,fo to ) ! ,*9ese *>act]s1 pron\nc$ ,buddha j z we pron\nce x1 & t x 0 only among ! unle>n$ t ,fo to became at la/ ! recognis$ "n ( ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism1 abbreviat$ ev5 to ! monosyllabic ,fo1 :i* is n[ ! mo/ curr5t appellation ( '! ,enlight5$4' ,9 ! same mann] ! ,*9ese pilgrims wrote ,niepan1 b !y pron\nc$ ,nirvana2 !y wrote ,fan-lon-mo1 & pron\nc$ ,brahma4 ,nor is x necess>y t we %\ld ?r[ all ! blame ( ^! di/ortions on ! ,*9ese4 ,on ! contr>y1 x is almo/ c]ta9 t "s ( ! discrepancies betwe5 ! ,sanskrit ( _! translations & ! classical ,sanskrit ( ,panini 7 due to ! corruption :i*1 at ! "t :5 ,buddhism arose1 & /ill m at ! "t :5 ,buddhism spread to ,*9a1 _h crept into ! spok5 language ( ,india4 ,sanskrit _h ceas$ to be ! spok5 language ( ! p previ\s to ! "t ( ,asoka4 ,! edicts :i* are /ill pres]v$ on ! rocks ( ,dhauli1 ,girn>1 & ,kapurdigiri are writt5 9 a dialect :i* /&s to ,sanskrit 9 ! same relation z ,italian to ,lat94 ,n[ x is true1 no d\bt1 t ! canonical books ( ! ,buddhi/s are writt5 9 a tol]ably correct ,sanskrit1 v diff]5t f ! ,italianiz$ dialect ( ,asoka4 ,b t ,sanskrit 01 l ! ,greek ( ,alex&ria1 l ! ,lat9 ( ,hung>y1 a le>n$ idiom1 writt5 by ! le>n$ = ! le>n$2 x 0 no long] ! liv+ spee* ( ,india4 ,n[ x is curi\s t 9 _m ( ! canonical ,buddhi/ works :i* we /ill possess1 ! text :i* is writt5 9 ,sanskrit prose is f "t to "t int]rupt$ by poetical portions1 call$ ,ga?as or ballads1 9 :i* ! same ?+s are told 9 v]se :i* _h be=e be5 relat$ 9 prose4 ,! dialect ( ^! songs or ballads is full ( :at gramm>ians w\ld call irregul>ities1 t is to say1 full ( ^? *anges :i* e language und]goes 9 ! m\?s ( ! p4 ,9 "* ^! corruptions are ! same z ^? :i* h be5 obs]v$ 9 ! inscriptions ( ,asoka1 & :i* aft]w>ds appe> 9 ,pali & ! mod]n ,prakrit dialects ( ,india4 ,v>i\s conjectures h be5 />t$ to expla9 ! amalgamation ( ! correct prose text & ! free & easy poetical v]sion ( ! same ev5ts1 z embodi$ 9 ! sacr$ lit]ature ( ! ,buddhi/s4 ,burn\f1 ! fir/ :o in/itut$ a critical inquiry into ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( ,buddhism1 suppos$ t !re 01 besides ! canon fix$ by ! ?ree convocations1 ano!r dige/ ( ,buddhi/ doctr9es compos$ 9 ! popul> /yle1 :i* may h develop$ itself1 z he says1 subsequ5tly to ! prea*+ ( ,sakya1 & :i* w\ld ?us be int]m$iate betwe5 ! regul> ,sanskrit & ! ,pali4 ,he aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 incl9es to ano!r view--namely1 t ^! ,ga?as 7 writt5 out ( ,india by m5 to :om ,sanskrit 0 no long] famili>1 & :o endeav\r$ to write 9 ! le>n$ language1 :i* !y ill und]/ood1 ) ! fre$om :i* is imp>t$ by ! habitual use ( a popul> b imp]fectly det]m9$ dialect4 ,o!r ,sanskrit s*ol>s h propos$ o!r solutions ( ?is /range mixture ( correct prose & incorrect poetry 9 ! ,buddhi/ lit]ature2 b none ( !m 0 satisfactory4 ,! problem seems to h be5 solv$ at la/ by a native s*ol>1 ,babu ,raj5dralal1 a curi\s in/ance ( ! reaction ( ,european antiqu>ian rese>* on ! native m9d ( ,india4 ,babu ,raj5dralal reads ,sanskrit ( c\rse ) ! greate/ ease4 ,he is a p&it by pr(ession1 b he is at ! same "t a s*ol> & critic 9 our s5se ( ! ^w4 ,he has edit$ ,sanskrit texts aft] a c>eful collation ( ,,mss41 & 9 8 v>i\s contributions to ! ',j\rnal ( ! ,asiatic ,society ( ,b5gal1' he has prov$ himself completely above ! prejudices ( 8 class1 fre$ f ! errone\s views on ! hi/ory & lit]ature ( ,india 9 :i* e ,brahman is br\ght up1 & ?or\ghly imbu$ ) ^? pr9ciples ( criticism :i* m5 l ,colebrooke1 ,lass51 & ,burn\f h foll[$ 9 _! rese>*es into ! lit]>y treasures ( 8 c\ntry4 ,8 ,engli% is rem>kably cle> & simple1 & 8 argum5ts w\ld d cr$it to any ,sanskrit s*ol> 9 ,engl&4 ,we quote f 8 rem>ks on ,burn\f's acc\nt ( ! ,ga?as1 z giv5 9 t s*ol>'s ',hi/oire du ,buddhisme ,indi53' ',burn\f's op9ion on ! orig9 ( ! ,ga?as1 we v5ture to ?9k1 is f\nd$ on a mi/ak5 e/imate ( ,sanskrit /yle4 ,! poetry ( ! ,ga?a has mu* arti/ic elegance :i* at once indicates t x is n ! composition ( m5 :o 7 ignorant ( ! fir/ pr9ciples ( gramm>4 ,! au?ors display a great deal ( le>n+1 & discuss ! subtle/ que/ions ( logic & metaphysics ) mu* tact & ability1 & x is difficult to conceive t m5 :o 7 p]fectly famili> ) ! mo/ intricate =ms ( ,sanskrit logic1 :o h express$ ! mo/ ab/ruse metaphysical ideas 9 precise & (t5 9 beautiful language1 :o compos$ ) ease & elegance 9 ,arya1 ,totaka1 & o!r difficult measures1 7 unacqua9t$ ) ! rudim5ts ( ! language 9 :i* !y wrote1 & 7 unable to conjugate ! v]b to be 9 all its =ms4444 ,! m reasonable conjecture appe>s to be t ! ,ga?a is ! production ( b>ds :o 7 contempor>ies or imm$iate successors ( ,sakya1 :o rec\nt$ to ! dev\t congregations ( ! prophet ( ,magadha1 ! say+s & do+s ( _! great tea*] 9 popul> & easy-fl[+ v]ses1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t came to be reg>d$ z ! mo/ au!ntic s\rce ( all in=mation connect$ ) ! f\nd] ( ,buddhism4 ,! high e/imation 9 :i* ! ballads & improvisations ( b>ds are held 9 ,india & p>ticul>ly 9 ! ,buddhi/ writ+s1 fav\rs ?is supposition2 & ! circum/ance t ! poetical portions are g5]ally introduc$ 9 corroboration ( ! n>ration ( ! prose1 ) ! words ,!re( ?is may be said1 af=ds a /rong presumptive evid5ce4' ,n[ ?is1 f ! p5 ( a native s*ol>1 is truly rem>kable4 ,! _s ( ,niebuhr seems to h rea*$ ! %ores ( ,india1 & ?is ballad !ory comes out m successfully 9 ! hi/ory ( ,buddha ?an 9 ! hi/ory ( ,romulus4 ,! abs5ce ( any?+ l cant 9 ! m\? ( a ,brahman speak+ ( ,buddhism1 ! bete noire ( all or?odox ,brahmans1 is highly satisfactory1 & our ,sanskrit s*ol>s 9 ,europe w h to pull h>d if1 ) su* m5 z ,babu ,raj5dralal 9 ! field1 !y are n to be di/anc$ 9 ! race ( s*ol>%ip4 ,we believe1 !n1 t ,babu ,raj5dralal is "r1 & we look ^u ! dialect ( ! ,ga?as z a specim5 ( ! ,sanskrit spok5 by ! foll[]s ( ,buddha ab\t ! "t ( ,asoka & lat]4 ,& ?is w help u to und]/& "s ( ! peculi> *anges :i* ! ,sanskrit ( ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s mu/ h und]gone1 ev5 be=e x 0 disguis$ 9 ! /range dress ( ! ,*9ese alphabet4 ,! ,*9ese pilgrims did n he> ! ,sanskrit pron\nc$ z x 0 pron\nc$ 9 ! ,p>i%ads accord+ to ! /rict rules ( _! ,sik%a or phonetics4 ,!y he>d x z x 0 spok5 9 ,buddhi/ mona/]ies1 z x 0 sung 9 ! ,ga?as ( ,buddhi/ m9/rels1 z x 0 prea*$ 9 ! ,vyak>anz or s]mons ( ,buddhi/ fri>s4 ,= in/ance4 ,9 ! ,ga?as a %ort a is frequ5tly l5g!n$4 ,we f9d na in/ead ( na1 'no4' ,! same occurs 9 ! ,sanskrit ( ! ,*9ese ,buddhi/s4 7,see ,juli51 ',me?ode1' p4 #ah2 p4 #ba47 ,we f9d !re also vi/>a in/ead ( vi/>a1 c4 ,9 ! dialect ( ! ,ga?as n\ns end+ 9 consonants1 & !re=e irregul>1 are transf]r$ to ! easi] decl5sion 9 a4 ,! same process takes place 9 mod]n ,greek & 9 ! transition ( ,lat9 into ,italian2 x is1 9 fact1 a g5]al t5d5cy ( all languages :i* are c>ri$ on by ! /ream ( liv+ spee*4 ,n[ ?is transition f "o decl5sion to ano!r _h tak5 place be=e ! ,*9ese _h appropriat$ ! ,sanskrit ( ! ,buddhi/ books4 ,! ,sanskrit nabhas becomes nabha 9 ! ,ga?as2 locative nabhe1 in/ead ( nabhasi4 ,if1 !re=e1 we f9d 9 ,*9ese lo-*e = ! ,sanskrit ragz1 du/1 we may ascribe ! *ange ( r into l to ! inability ( ! ,*9ese to pron\nce or to write an r4 ,we may admit t ! ,*9ese alphabet (f]$ no?+ ne>] to ! s\nd ( ga ?an t*e2 b ! dropp+ ( ! f9al s has no excuse 9 ,*9ese1 & f9ds its real explanation 9 ! nature ( ! ,ga?a dialect4 ,?us ! ,*9ese ,fan-lan-mo does n repres5t ! correct ,sanskrit ,brahman1 b ! vulg> =m ,brahma4 ,! ,*9ese s-po = s>va1 all1 ?omo = dh>ma1 law1 f9d no explanation 9 ! dialect ( ! ,ga?as1 b ! suppression ( ! r be=e v & m1 is ( frequ5t occurr5ce 9 ! inscriptions ( ,asoka4 ,! omission ( ! initial s 9 words l /hana1 place1 /havira1 an eld]1 is likewise f\nd$ on ! rules ( ,pali & ,prakrit1 & ne$ n be plac$ to ! acc\nt ( ! ,*9ese translators4 ,9 ! inscription ( ,girn> /havira is ev5 r$uc$ to ?aira4 ,! s ( ! nom9ative is frequ5tly dropp$ 9 ! dialect ( ! ,ga?as1 or *ang$ into o4 ,h5ce we might v5ture to d\bt :e!r x is necess>y to give to ! "* #aghj ( ,m4 ,juli5's li/1 :i* g5]ally has ! value ( ta1 a second value /a4 ,?is s is only want$ to supply ! f9al s ( kas1 ! int]rogative pron\n1 9 su* a s5t5ce z kas tadgunah8 :at is ! use ( ?is8 ,n[ "h we are incl9$ to believe t ! f9al s ( kas _h long disappe>$ 9 ! popul> language ( ,india1 be=e ! ,*9ese came to li/5 to ! /range s\nds & doctr9es ( ! disciples ( ,buddha4 ,!y probably he>d ka tadguna1 or ka tagguna1 & ?is !y repres5t$ z be/ !y c\ld by ! ,*9ese kia-to-kie\-na4 ,) ^! few sugge/ions we leave ! "w ( ,m4 ,/anislas ,juli54 ,x is 9 reality a "w done once = all--"o huge /one & /umbl+-block effectually roll$ away :i* = ye>s _h b>r$ ! approa* to "s mo/ valuable docum5ts ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,ea/4 ,n[ t ! way is cle>1 let u hope t o!rs w foll[1 & t we %all soon h complete & correct translations ( ! travels ( ,fahian & o!r ,buddhi/ pilgrims ^: works are l s _m ,murray's ',h&books ( ,india1' giv+ u an insight into ! social1 political1 & religi\s /ate ( t c\ntry at a "t :5 we look 9 va9 = any o!r hi/orical docum5ts4 ,m>*1 #ahfa4 ,,xiii4 ,,! ,,works ,,( ,,confucius4#ib ,9 review+ ! works ( mission>ies1 we h repeat$ly dwelt on ! opportunities ( sci5tific usefulness :i* are op5 to ! mess5g]s ( ! ,gospel 9 e "p ( ! _w4 ,we are n afraid ( ! common objection t mission>ies ought to devote _! :ole "t & p[]s to ! "o purpose = :i* !y are s5t out & paid by our societies4 ,mission>ies _c always be engag$ 9 tea*+1 prea*+1 conv]t+1 & baptis+ ! hea!n4 ,a mission>y1 l e o!r human creature1 ought to h 8 leisure h\rs2 & if ^? leisure h\rs are devot$ to sci5tific pursuits1 to ! /udy ( ! languages or ! lit]ature ( ! p among :om he lives1 to a c>eful description ( ! sc5]y & antiquities ( ! c\ntry1 ! mann]s1 laws1 & cu/oms ( its inhabitants1 _! leg5ds1 _! national poetry1 or popul> /ories1 or1 aga91 to ! cultivation ( any bran* ( natural sci5ce1 he may re/ assur$ t he is n neglect+ ! sacr$ tru/ :i* he accept$1 b is only brac+ & invigorat+ 8 m9d1 & keep+ x f t /agnation :i* is ! inevitable result ( a too monoton\s employm5t4 ,! /aff ( mission>ies :i* is spread ov] ! :ole globe supplies ! mo/ p]fect ma*9]y t c\ld be devis$ = ! collection ( all k9ds ( sci5tific k4 ,!y ought to be ! pione]s ( sci5ce4 ,!y %\ld n only take out--!y %\ld also br+ some?+ home2 & !re is no?+ m likely to increase & /r5g!n ! support on :i* our mission>y societies dep5d1 no?+ m sure to raise ! intellectual /&>d ( ! m5 select$ = mission>y lab\r1 ?an a =mal recognition ( ?is additional duty4 ,!re may be exceptional cases :]e mission>ies are want$ = con/ant toil among natives ready to be in/ruct$1 & anxi\s to be receiv$ z memb]s ( a ,*ri/ian community4 ,b1 z a g5]al rule1 ! mission>y abroad has m leisure ?an a cl]gyman at home1 & "t sits heavy on ! h&s ( _m ^: congregations consi/ ( no m ?an t5 or tw5ty s\ls4 ,x is h>dly necess>y to argue ?is po9t1 :5 we c appeal to s _m facts4 ,! mo/ successful mission>ies h be5 exactly ^? ^: names are rememb]$ ) gratitude1 n only by ! natives among :om !y lab\r$1 b also by ! savants ( ,europe2 & ! lab\rs ( ! ,jesuit mission>ies 9 ,india & ,*9a1 ( ! ,bapti/ mission>ies at ,s]ampore1 ( ,gog]ly & ,sp5ce ,h>dy 9 ,ceylon1 ( ,caldwell 9 ,t9nevelly1 ( ,wilson 9 ,bombay1 ( ,m(fat1 ,krapf1 & la/1 b n lea/1 ( ,liv+/one1 w live n only 9 ! j\rnals ( our academies1 b likewise 9 ! annals ( ! mission>y ,*ur*4 ,footnote #ib3 ',! ,*9ese ,classics2' ) a ,translation1 ,critical & ,exegetical ,notes4 ,by ,james ,legge1 ,d4,d41 ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society4 ,hong ,kong1 #ahfa4 ,! fir/ volume ( an edition ( ! ,*9ese ,classics1 :i* we h j receiv$ f ! ,rev4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,legge1 ( ! ,london ,mission>y ,society1 is a new pro( ( :at c be a*iev$ by mission>ies1 if enc\rag$ to devote "p ( _! "t & att5tion to sci5tific & lit]>y pursuits4 ,we d n c>e to inquire :e!r ,dr4 ,legge has be5 successful z a mission>y4 ,ev5 if he _h n conv]t$ a s+le ,*9ese1 he w\ld1 aft] complet+ ! "w :i* he has j begun1 h r5d]$ mo/ important aid to ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity into ,*9a4 ,he arriv$ 9 ! ,ea/ t[>ds ! end ( #ahci1 hav+ receiv$ only a few mon?s' in/ruction 9 ,*9ese f ,pr(essor ,kidd 9 ,london4 ,be+ /ation$ at ,malacca1 x seem$ to him !n--& he adds 't ! exp]i5ce ( tw5ty-"o ye>s has giv5 its sanction to ! correctness ( ! judgm5t'--t he c\ld n consid] himself qualifi$ = ! duties ( 8 position until he _h ?or\ghly ma/]$ ! classical books ( ! ,*9ese1 & inve/igat$ = himself ! :ole field ( ?\ght ?r\gh :i* ! sages ( ,*9a _h rang$1 & 9 :i* 7 to be f\nd ! f\ndations ( ! moral1 social1 & political life ( ! p4 ,he 0 n able to pursue 8 /udies )\t int]ruption1 & x 0 only aft] "s ye>s1 :5 ! *>ge ( ! ,anglo-,*9ese ,college _h devolv$ ^u him1 t he c\ld procure ! books necess>y to facilitate 8 progress4 ,aft] sixte5 ye>s ( assidu\s /udy1 ,dr4 ,legge _h explor$ ! pr9cipal works ( ,*9ese lit]ature2 & he !n felt t he c\ld r5d] ! c\rse ( read+ ?r\gh :i* he _h pass$ m easy to ^? :o 7 to foll[ aft] him1 by publi%+1 on ! model ( our editions ( ! ,greek & ,roman ,classics1 a critical text ( ! ,classics ( ,*9a1 toge!r ) a translation & explanatory notes4 ,8 mat]ials 7 ready1 b !re 0 ! difficulty ( f9d+ ! funds necess>y = s co/ly an und]tak+4 ,sc>cely1 h[ev]1 _h ,dr4 ,legge's wants become kn[n among ! ,briti% & o!r =eign m]*ants 9 ,*9a1 ?an "o ( !m1 ,mr4 ,joseph ,j>d9e1 s5t = ! ,doctor1 & said to him1 ',i "k ! lib]ality ( ! m]*ants 9 ,*9a1 & t _m ( !m w\ld readily give _! help to su* an und]tak+2 b y ne$ n h ! tr\ble ( canvass+ ! community4 ,if y are prep>$ to und]take ! toil ( ! publication1 ,i w be> ! exp5se ( x4 ,we make our money 9 ,*9a1 & we %\ld be glad to assi/ 9 :atev] promises to be a b5efit to x4' ,! result ( ?is comb9ation ( dis9t]e/$ devotion on ! "p ( ! au?or1 & enlight5$ lib]ality on ! "p ( 8 patron1 lies n[ be=e u 9 a spl5did volume ( text1 translation1 & comm5t>y1 :i*1 if ! life ( ! editor is sp>$ 7& ! sudd5 dea? ( ,mr4 ,j>d9e f ! effects ( ! climate is a w>n+ h[ busily dea? is at "w among ! ,european settl]s 9 ^? regions71 w be foll[$ by at lea/ six o!r volumes4 ,! edition is to comprise ! books n[ recognis$ z ( highe/ au?ority by ! ,*9ese !mselves4 ,^! are ! five ,k+'s & ! f\r ,%oo's4 ,k+ means ! w>p ?reads ( a web1 & its application to lit]>y compositions re/s on ! same metaphor z ! ,lat9 ^w textus1 & ! ,sanskrit ,sutra1 mean+ a y>n1 & a book4 ,%oo simply means writ+s4 ,! five ,k+'s are1 #a4 ! ,yih1 or ! ,book ( ,*anges2 #b4 ! ,%oo1 or ! ,book ( ,hi/ory2 #c4 ! ,%e1 or ! ,book ( ,poetry2 #d4 ! ,le ,ke1 or ,record ( ,rites2 & #e4 ! ,*un ,tsew1 or ,spr+ & ,autumn2 a *ronicle ext5d+ f #gba to #dhj ,b4,c4 ,! f\r ,%oo's consi/ (1 #a4 ! ,lun ,yu1 or ,dige/$ ,conv]sations betwe5 ,confucius & 8 disciples2 #b4 ,ta ,heo1 or ,great ,le>n+1 commonly attribut$ to "o ( 8 disciples2 #c4 ! ,*ung ,yung1 or ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 ascrib$ to ! gr&son ( ,confucius2 #d4 ( ! works ( ,m5cius1 :o di$ #bhh ,b4,c4 ,! au?or%ip ( ! five ,k+'s is loosely attribut$ to ,confucius2 b x is only ! fif?1 or '! ,spr+ & ,autumn1' :i* c be claim$ z ! "w ( ! philosoph]4 ,! ,yih1 ! ,%oo1 & ! ,%e ,k+ 7 n compos$1 b only compil$ by him1 & mu* ( ! ,le ,ke is cle>ly f lat] h&s4 ,confucius1 ?\gh ! f\nd] ( a religion & a re=m]1 0 ?or\ghly cons]vative 9 8 t5d5cies1 & devot$ly atta*$ to ! pa/4 ,he calls himself a transmitt]1 n a mak]1 believ+ 9 & lov+ ! anci5ts 7p4 #ei74 ',i am n "o :o 0 born 9 ! possession ( k1' he says1 ',i am "o :o is fond ( antiquity1 & e>ne/ 9 seek+ x !re' 7p4 #fe74 ,! mo/ frequ5t !mes ( 8 disc\rses 7 ! anci5t songs1 ! hi/ory1 & ! rules ( propriety e/abli%$ by anci5t sages 7p4 #fd74 ,:5 "o ( 8 contempor>ies wi%$ to d away ) ! (f]+ ( a lamb z a mean+less =mality1 ,confucius reprov$ him ) ! pi?y s5t5ce1 ',y love ! %eep1 ,i love ! c]emony4' ,!re 7 f\r ?+s1 we are told1 :i* ,confucius taught--lett]s1 e?ics1 devotion ( s\l1 & tru?fulness 7p4 #ff74 ,:5 speak+ ( himself1 he said1 ',at fifte51 ,i _h my m9d b5t on le>n+4 ,at ?irty1 ,i /ood firm4 ,at =ty1 ,i _h no d\bt4 ,at fifty1 ,i knew ! decrees ( heav54 ,at sixty1 my e> 0 an ob$i5t organ = ! reception ( tru?4 ,at sev5ty1 ,i c\ld foll[ :at my he>t desir$1 )\t transgress+ :at 0 "r' 7p4 #aj74 ,?\gh ?is may s\nd l boa/+1 x is rem>kable h[ seldom ,confucius himself claims any sup]iority above 8 fell[-creatures4 ,he (f]s 8 advice to ^? :o are will+ to li/51 b he nev] speaks dogmatically2 he nev] attempts to tyrannize ov] ! m9ds or he>ts ( 8 fri5ds4 ,if we read 8 biography1 we c h>dly und]/& h[ a man ^: life 0 devot$ to su* tranquil pursuits1 & ^: dea? sc>cely produc$ a ripple on ! smoo? & sil5t surface ( ! ,ea/]n _w1 c\ld h left ! impress ( 8 m9d on millions & millions ( human be+s--an impress :i* ev5 n[1 aft] #bcci ye>s1 is cle>ly disc]nible 9 ! national "* ( ! l>ge/ empire ( ! _w4 ,confucius di$ 9 #dgh ,b4,c41 compla9+ t ( all ! pr9ces ( ! empire !re 0 n "o :o w\ld adopt 8 pr9ciples & obey 8 lessons4 ,aft] two g5]ations1 h[ev]1 8 "n _h ris5 to be a p[]--! rally+ po9t ( a va/ movem5t ( national & religi\s reg5]ation4 ,8 gr&son speaks ( him z ! ideal ( a sage1 z ! sage is ! ideal ( humanity at l>ge4 ,?\gh ,tze-tze claims no div9e hon\r = 8 gr&sire1 he exalts 8 wisdom & virtue beyond ! limits ( human nature4 ,?is is a specim5 ( ! language :i* he applies to ,confucius3 ',he may be comp>$ to heav5 & e>? 9 _! support+ & conta9+1 _! ov]%ad[+ & curta9+ all ?+s2 he may be comp>$ to ! f\r seasons 9 _! alt]nat+ progress1 & to ! sun & moon 9 _! successive %9+4444 ,quick 9 appreh5sion1 cle> 9 disc]nm5t1 ( f>-rea*+ intellect & all-embrac+ k1 he 0 fitt$ to ex]cise rule2 magnanim\s1 g5]\s1 b5ign1 & mild1 he 0 fitt$ to ex]cise =be>ance2 impulsive1 en]getic1 firm1 & endur+1 he 0 fitt$ to ma9ta9 a firm hold2 self-adju/$1 grave1 nev] sw]v+ f ! ,mean1 & correct1 he 0 fitt$ to comm& rev]5ce2 accompli%$1 di/9ctive1 conc5trative1 & se>*+1 he 0 fitt$ to ex]cise discrim9ation4444 ,all-embrac+ & va/1 he 0 l heav52 deep & active z a f\nta91 he 0 l ! abyss4444 ,!re=e 8 fame ov]spreads ! ,middle ,k+dom & ext5ds to all b>b>\s tribes4 ,:]ev] %ips & c>riages rea*1 :]ev] ! /r5g? ( man p5etrates1 :]ev] ! heav5s ov]%ad[ & ! e>? su/a9s1 :]ev] ! sun & moon %9e1 :]ev] fro/ & dews fall1 all :o h blood & brea? unfeign$ly hon\r & love him4 ,h5ce x is said--,he is ! equal ( ,heav5' 7p4 #ec74 ,?is is c]ta9ly v magnific5t phraseology1 b x w h>dly convey any def9ite impression to ! m9ds ( ^? :o are n acqua9t$ ) ! life & tea*+ ( ! great ,*9ese sage4 ,^! may be /udi$ n[ by all :o c c>e = ! hi/ory ( human ?\ght1 9 ! excell5t "w ( ,dr4 ,legge4 ,! fir/ volume1 j publi%$1 conta9s ! ,confucian ,analects1 ! ,great ,le>n+1 & ! ,doctr9e ( ! ,mean1 or ! ,fir/1 ,second1 & ,?ird ,%oo's1 & w1 we hope1 soon be foll[$ by ! o!r ,*9ese ,classics4#ic ,we mu/ "h conf9e ourselves to giv+ a few ( ! sage's say+s1 select$ f ?\s&s t are to be f\nd 9 ! ,confucian ,analects4 ,_! int]e/ is *iefly hi/orical1 z ?r[+ light on ! "* ( "o ( ! mo/ rem>kable m5 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human race4 ,b !re is besides ?is a *>m 9 ! simple enunciation ( simple tru?s2 & su* is ! fe> ( truism 9 our mod]n writ]s t we mu/ g to di/ant times & di/ant c\ntries if we wi% to li/5 to t simple ,solomonic wisdom :i* is bett] ?an ! m]*&ize ( silv] & ! ga9 !re( ?an f9e gold4 ,footnote #ic3 ,dr4 ,legge has s9ce publi%$3 vol4 ii4 conta9+ ! works ( ,m5cius2 vol4 iii4 "p #a4 conta9+ ! fir/ "p ( ! ,%oo ,k+2 vol4 iii4 "p #b4 conta9+ ! fif? "p ( ! ,%oo ,k+4 ,confucius %[s 8 tol]ant _s :5 he says1 ',! sup]ior man is ca?olic1 & no p>tisan4 ,! mean man is a p>tisan1 & n ca?olic' 7p4 #ad74 ,!re is hone/ manl9ess 9 8 say+1 ',to see :at is "r1 & n to d x1 is want ( c\rage' 7p4 #ah74 ,8 def9ition ( k1 ?\gh less pr(\nd ?an t ( ,socrates1 is nev]!less full ( good s5se3 ',! ,ma/] said1 ,%all ,i tea* y :at k is8 ,:5 y "k a ?+1 to hold t y "k x2 & :5 y d n "k a ?+1 to all[ t y d n "k x--?is is k' 7p4 #ae74 ,nor 0 ,confucius unacqua9t$ ) ! secrets ( ! he>t3 ',x is only ! truly virtu\s man1' he says 9 "o place1 ':o c love or :o c hate o!rs' 7p4 #cj74 ,9 ano!r place he expresses 8 belief 9 ! irresi/ible *>m ( virtue3 ',virtue is n left to /& alone1' he says2 'he :o practises x w h neighb\rs4' ,he be>s witness to ! hidd5 connection betwe5 intellectual & moral excell5ce3 ',x is n easy1' he rem>ks1 'to f9d a man :o has le>n$ = ?ree ye>s )\t com+ to be good' 7p4 #gf74 ,9 8 e?ics1 ! gold5 rule ( ! ,gospel1 ',d ye unto o!rs z ye w\ld t o!rs %\ld d to y1' is repres5t$ z almo/ unatta9able4 ,?us we read1 ',tsze-,kung said1 ,:at ,i d n wi% m5 to d to me1 ,i also wi% n to d to m54 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,tsze1 y h n atta9$ to t1' ,! ,brahmans1 too1 _h a di/ant p]ception ( ! same tru?1 :i* is express$1 = in/ance1 9 ! ,hitopadesa 9 ! foll[+ words3 ',good p %[ m]cy unto all be+s1 consid]+ h[ l !y are to !mselves4' ,on subjects :i* transc5d ! limits ( human und]/&+1 ,confucius is less explicit2 b 8 v retic5ce is rem>kable1 :5 we consid] ! recklessness ) :i* ,ori5tal philosoph]s laun* into ! dep?s ( religi\s metaphysics4 ,?us we read 7p4 #ajg73 ',ke ,loo ask$ ab\t s]v+ ! spirits ( ! dead4 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,:ile y are n able to s]ve m51 h[ c y s]ve _! spirits8 ,ke ,loo add$1 ,i v5ture to ask ab\t dea?4 ,he 0 answ]$1 ,:ile y d n "k life1 h[ c y "k ab\t dea?8' ,& aga9 7p4 #aij73 ',! ,ma/] said1 ,i w\ld pref] n speak+4 ,tsze-,kung said1 ,if y1 ,ma/]1 d n speak1 :at %all we1 y\r disciples1 h to record8 ,! ,ma/] said1 ,does ,heav5 speak8 ,! f\r seasons pursue _! c\rses1 & all ?+s are cont9ually be+ produc$2 b does ,heav5 say any?+8' ,novemb]1 #ahfa4 ,,xiv4 ,,popol ,,vuh4 ,a book call$ ',popol ,vuh1'#id & pret5d+ to be ! orig9al text ( ! sacr$ writ+s ( ! ,indians ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 w be receiv$ by mo/ p ) a sceptical smile4 ,! ,aztec *ildr5 :o 7 %[n all ov] ,europe z desc5dants ( a race to :om1 be=e ! ,spani% conque/1 div9e hon\rs 7 paid by ! natives ( ,mexico1 & :o turn$ out to be un=tunate creatures t _h be5 tamp]$ ) by he>tless speculators1 are /ill fre% 9 ! memory ( mo/ p2 & ! ',livre des ,sauvages1'#ie lately publi%$ by ! ,abbe ,dom5e*1 "u ! auspices ( ,c\nt ,walewsky1 has some:at l[]$ ! dignity ( ,am]ican /udies 9 g5]al4 ,/ill1 ^? :o laugh at ! ',manuscrit ,pictographique ,am]ica9' discov]$ by ! ,fr5* ,abbe 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,fr5* ,ars5al1 & edit$ by him ) s mu* c>e z a preci\s relic ( ! old ,r$-sk9s ( ,nor? ,am]ica1 ought n to =get t !re w\ld be no?+ at all surpris+ 9 ! exi/5ce ( su* a ,,ms41 conta9+ g5u9e pictographic writ+ ( ! ,r$ ,indians4 ,! ,g]man critic ( ,abbe ,dom5e*1 ,m4 ,petzholdt1#if assumes mu* too triumphant an air 9 ann\nc+ 8 discov]y t ! ',manuscrit ,pictographique' 0 ! "w ( a ,g]man boy 9 ! backwoods ( ,am]ica4 ,he ought to h ackn[l$g$ t ! ,abbe himself _h po9t$ out ! ,g]man scrawls on "s ( ! pages ( 8 ,,ms42 t he _h read ! names ( ,anna & ,m>ia2 & t he nev] claim$ any great antiquity = ! book 9 "q4 ,inde$1 ?\gh ,m4 ,petzholdt tells u v confid5tly t ! :ole book is ! "w ( a naughty1 na/y1 & pr(ane little boy1 ! son ( ,g]man settl]s 9 ! backwoods ( ,am]ica1 we d\bt :e!r anybody :o takes ! tr\ble to look ?r\gh all ! pages w consid] ?is view z at all satisfactory1 or ev5 z m probable ?an t ( ! ,fr5* ,abbe4 ,we "k :at boys are capable ( 9 pictographic art f ! occasional defacem5ts ( our walls & rail+s2 b we /ill feel a little sceptical :5 ,m4 ,petzholdt assures u t !re is no?+ extraord9>y 9 a boy fill+ a :ole volume ) ^! elaborate scrawls4 ,if ,m4 ,petzholdt _h tak5 ! tr\ble to look at "s ( ! b>b>\s hi]oglyphics t h be5 collect$ 9 ,nor? ,am]ica1 he w\ld h und]/ood m readily h[ ! ,abbe ,dom5e*1 :o _h sp5t _m ye>s among ! ,r$ ,indians1 & _h himself copi$ sev]al ( _! inscriptions1 %\ld h tak5 ! pages pres]v$ 9 ! libr>y ( ! ,ars5al at ,p>is z g5u9e specim5s ( ,am]ican pictography4 ,!re is a c]ta9 simil>ity betwe5 ^! scrawls & ! figures scrat*$ on rocks1 tomb/ones1 & trees by ! w&]+ tribes ( ,nor? ,am]ica2 & ?\gh we %\ld be v sorry to endorse ! op9ion ( ! en?usia/ic ,abbe1 or to />t any conjecture ( our own z to ! real au?or%ip ( ! ',livre des ,sauvages1' we _c b ?9k t ,m4 ,petzholdt w\ld h writt5 less confid5tly1 & c]ta9ly less scornfully1 if he _h be5 m famili> ?an he seems to be ) ! little t is kn[n ( ! picture-writ+ ( ! ,indian tribes4 ,z a prelim9>y to ! "q ( ! au!nticity ( ! ',popol ,vuh1' a few words on ! pictorial lit]ature ( ! ,r$ ,indians ( ,nor? ,am]ica w n be consid]$ out ( place4 ,! ',popol ,vuh' is n inde$ a ',livre des ,sauvages1' b a lit]>y composition 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,x conta9s ! my?ology & hi/ory ( ! civilis$ races ( ,c5tral ,am]ica1 & comes be=e u ) cr$5tials t w be> ! te/ ( critical inquiry4 ,b we %all be bett] able to appreciate ! high] a*ievem5ts ( ! ,s\? aft] we h exam9$1 h[ev] cursorily1 ! rude beg9n+s 9 lit]ature among ! savage races ( ! ,nor?4 ,footnote #id3 ',popol ,vuh3' le ,livre ,sacre et les ,my!s de l',antiquite ,am]ica9e1 avec les ,livres ,h]oiques et ,hi/oriques des ,qui*es4 ,p> l',abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg4 ,p>is3 ,dur&1 #ahfa4 ,footnote #ie3 ',manuscrit ,pictographique ,am]ica91' prec$e d'une ,notice sur l',ideographie des ,peaux-,r\ges4 ,p> l',abbe ,em4 ,dom5e*4 ,ouvrage publie s\s les auspices de ,m4 le ,m9i/re d',etat et de la ,maison de l',emp]eur4 ,p>is1 #ahfj4 ,footnote #if3 ',das ,bu* d] ,wild5 im ,li*te ,franzoesis*] ,civilisation4' ,mit ,prob5 aus dem 9 ,p>is als ',manuscrit ,pictographique ,am]ica91' v]oeff5tli*t5 ,s*mi]bu*e e9es ,deuts*-,am]ikanis*5 ,h9t]waeld] ,jung54 ,von ,j4 ,petzholdt4 ,dresd51 #ahfa4 ,cold51 9 8 ',hi/ory ( ! ,five ,nations1' in=ms u t :51 9 #afif1 ! ,c\nt de ,front5ac m>*$ a well-appo9t$ army into ! ,iroquois c\ntry1 ) artill]y & all o!r means ( regul> milit>y (f5ce1 he f\nd1 on ! banks ( ! ,onondaga1 n[ call$ ,oswego ,riv]1 a tree1 on ! trunk ( :i* ! ,indians _h depict$ ! ,fr5* army1 & deposit$ two bundles ( cut ru%es at its foot1 consi/+ ( #adcd pieces2 an act ( symbolical defiance on _! "p1 :i* 0 int5d$ to w>n _! ,gallic invad]s t !y w\ld h to enc\nt] ?is numb] ( w>riors4 ,?is w>like message is a specim5 ( ,indian picture-writ+4 ,x belongs to ! l[e/ /age ( graphic repres5tation1 & h>dly diff]s f ! primitive way 9 :i* ! ,p]sian ambassadors communicat$ ) ! ,greeks1 or ! ,romans ) ! ,c>?ag9ians4 ,in/ead ( ! lance & ! /aff ( peace betwe5 :i* ! ,c>?ag9ians 7 ask$ to *oose1 ! ,r$ ,indians w\ld h s5t an arr[ & a pipe1 & ! message w\ld h be5 equally und]/ood4 ,?is1 ?\gh n yet pe9dre la p>ole1 is nev]!less a fir/ attempt at p>l] aux yeux4 ,x is a fir/ beg9n+ :i* may lead to some?+ m p]fect 9 ! end4 ,we f9d simil> attempts at pictorial communication among o!r savage tribes1 & !y seem to answ] e purpose4 ,9 ,freyc9et & ,arago's ',voyage to ! ,ea/]n ,ocean' we are told ( a native ( ! ,c>ol9a ,isl&s1 a ,tamor ( ,sa?\al1 :o wi%$ to avail himself ( ! pres5ce ( a %ip to s5d to a trad] at ,botta1 ,m4 ,m>t9ez1 "s %ells :i* he _h promis$ to collect 9 ex*ange = a few axes & "s o!r articles4 ,?is he express$ to ! capta91 :o gave him a piece ( pap] to make ! draw+1 & satisfactorily execut$ ! commission4 ,! figure ( a man at ! top d5ot$ ! %ip's capta91 :o by 8 out/ret*$ h&s repres5t$ 8 (fice z a mess5g] betwe5 ! p>ties4 ,! rays or ornam5ts on 8 head d5ote rank or au?ority4 ,! v9e b5ea? him is a type ( fri5d%ip4 ,9 ! left column are depict$ ! numb] & k9ds ( %ells s5t2 9 ! "r column ! ?+s wi%$ = 9 ex*ange--namely1 sev5 fi%-hooks1 ?ree l>ge & f\r small1 two axes1 & two pieces ( iron4 ,! inscriptions :i* are f\nd on ! ,indian gravebo>ds m>k a /ep 9 advance4 ,e w>rior has 8 cre/1 :i* is call$ 8 totem1 & is pa9t$ on 8 tomb/one4 ,a celebrat$ w>-*ief1 ! ,adjetatig ( ,wabojeeg1 di$ on ,lake ,sup]ior1 ab\t #agic4 ,he 0 ( ! clan ( ! ,addik1 or ,am]ican re9de]4 ,?is fact is symboliz$ by ! figure ( ! de]4 ,! rev]s$ position d5otes dea?4 ,8 own p]sonal "n1 :i* 0 ,:ite ,fi%]1 is n notic$4 ,b !re are sev5 transv]se /rokes on ! left1 & ^! h a mean+--namely1 t he _h l$ sev5 w> p>ties4 ,!n !re are ?ree p]p5dicul> l9es bel[ 8 cre/1 & ^! aga9 are readily und]/ood by e ,indian4 ,!y repres5t ! w\nds receiv$ 9 battle4 ,! figure ( a moose's head is said to relate to a desp]ate conflict ) an enrag$ animal ( ?is k9d2 & ! symbols ( ! arr[ & ! pipe are drawn to indicate ! *ief's influ5ce 9 w> & peace4 ,!re is ano!r gravebo>d ( ! rul+ *ief ( ,s&y ,lake on ! ,upp] ,mississippi4 ,"h ! rev]s$ bird d5otes 8 family "n or clan1 ! ,crane4 ,f\r transv]se l9es above x d5ote t he _h kill$ f\r ( 8 enemies 9 battle4 ,an analog\s cu/om is m5tion$ by ,ari/otle 7',politica1' vii4 #b1 p4 #bbj1 ed4 ,goettl+74 ,speak+ ( ! ,ib]ians1 he /ates t !y plac$ z _m obelisks r\nd ! grave ( a w>rior z he _h kill$ enemies 9 battle4 ,b ! ,indians w5t fur!r2 & ?\gh !y nev] arriv$ at ! p]fection ( ! ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 !y _h a numb] ( symbolic emblems :i* 7 p]fectly und]/ood by all _! tribes4 ,eat+ is repres5t$ by a man's h& lift$ to 8 m\?4 ,p[] ov] man is symboliz$ by a l9e drawn 9 ! figure f ! m\? to ! he>t2 p[] 9 g5]al by a head ) two horns4 ,a circle drawn ar\nd ! body at ! abdom5 d5otes full means ( subsi/5ce4 ,a boy drawn ) wav$ l9es f ea* e> & l9es lead+ to ! he>t repres5ts a pupil4 ,a figure ) a plant z head1 & two w+s1 d5otes a doctor skill$ 9 m$ic9e1 & end[$ ) ! p[] ( ubiquity4 ,a tree ) human legs1 a h]bali/ or pr(essor ( botany4 ,night is repres5t$ by a f9ely cross$ or b>r$ sun1 or a circle ) human legs4 ,ra9 is figur$ by a dot or semicircle fill$ ) wat] & plac$ on ! head4 ,! heav5 ) ?ree disks ( ! sun is und]/ood to mean ?ree days' j\rney1 & a l&+ aft] a voyage is repres5t$ by a tortoise4 ,%ort s5t5ces1 too1 c be pictur$ 9 ?is mann]4 ,a prescription ord]+ ab/95ce f food = two1 & re/ = f\r1 days is writt5 by draw+ a man ) two b>s on ! /oma* & f\r across ! legs4 ,we are told ev5 ( w>-songs & love-songs compos$ 9 ?is primitive alphabet2 b x w\ld seem z if1 9 ^! cases1 ! read] requir$ ev5 great] poetical imag9ation ?an ! writ]4 ,!re is "o w>-song consi/+ ( f\r pictures-- #a4 ,! sun ris+4 #b4 ,a figure po9t+ ) "o h& to ! e>? & ! o!r ext5d$ to ! sky4 #c4 ,! moon ) two human legs4 #d4 ,a figure p]sonify+ ! ,ea/]n woman1 i4 e4 ! ev5+ />4 ,^! f\r symbols are said to convey to ! ,indian ! foll[+ mean+3 ,i am ris+ to seek ! w> pa?2 ,! e>? & ! sky are be=e me2 ,i walk by day & by night2 ,& ! ev5+ /> is my guide4 ,! foll[+ is a specim5 ( a love-song3 #a4 ,figure repres5t+ a god 7mon$o7 end[$ ) magic p[]4 #b4 ,figure beat+ ! drum & s++2 l9es f 8 m\?4 #c4 ,figure surr\nd$ by a secret lodge4 #d4 ,two bodies jo9$ ) "o cont9u\s arm4 #e4 ,a woman on an isl&4 #f4 ,a woman asleep2 l9es f 8 e> t[>ds h]4 #g4 ,a r$ he>t 9 a circle4 ,?is poem is int5d$ to express ^! s5tim5ts3 #a4 ,x is my =m & p]son t make me great-- #b4 ,he> ! voice ( my song1 x is my voice4 #c4 ,i %ield myself ) secret cov]+s4 #d4 ,all y\r ?\ghts are kn[n to me1 blu%6 #e4 ,i c\ld draw y h5ce 7 y ev] s f>-- #f4 ,?\gh y 7 on ! o!r hemisph]e-- #g4 ,i speak to y\r nak$ he>t4 ,all we c say is1 t if ! ,indians c read ?is writ+1 !y are great] adepts 9 ! my/]ies ( love ?an ! judges ( ! old ,c\rs d'am\r4 ,b x is mu* m likely t ^! w>-songs & love-songs are kn[n to ! p be=eh&1 & t _! writ+s are only meant to revive :at exi/s 9 ! memory ( ! read]4 ,x is a k9d ( mnemonic writ+1 & x has be5 us$ by mission>ies = simil> purposes1 & ) consid]able success4 ,?us1 9 a translation ( ! ,bible 9 ! ,massa*usetts language by ,eliot1 ! v]ses f #be to #cb 9 ! ?irtie? *apt] ( ,prov]bs1 are express$ by 'an ant1 a coney1 a locu/1 a spid]1 a riv] 7symbol ( motion71 a lion1 a greyh\nd1 a he-goat & k+1 a man fooli%ly lift+ himself to take hold ( ! heav5s4' ,no d\bt ^! symbols w\ld help ! read] to rememb] ! prop] ord] ( ! v]ses1 b !y w\ld be p]fectly useless )\t a comm5t>y or )\t a previ\s k ( ! text4 ,we are told t ! fam\s ,te/]a1 bro!r ( ! *amb]la9 ( ,francois ,i1 :o came to ,am]ica eight or n9e ye>s aft] ! tak+ ( ,mexico1 f9d+ x impossible to le>n ! language ( ! natives1 taught !m ! ,bible hi/ory & ! pr9cipal doctr9es ( ! ,*ri/ian religion1 by means ( pictures1 & t ^! diagrams produc$ a great] effect on ! m9ds ( ! p1 :o 7 accu/om$ to ?is /yle ( repres5tation1 ?an all o!r means employ$ by ! mission>ies4 ,b "h aga91 unless ^! pictures 7 expla9$ by int]pret]s1 !y c\ld by !mselves convey no mean+ to ! gaz+ cr[ds ( ! natives4 ,! fulle/ in=mation on ?is subject is to be f\nd 9 a "w by ,t4 ,bapti/e1 ',hi]oglyphes de la conv]sion1 ou p> des e/ampes et des figures on appr5d aux naturels a desir] le ciel4' ,!re is no evid5ce to %[ t ! ,indians ( ! ,nor? ev] advanc$ beyond ! rude attempts :i* we h ?us describ$1 & ( :i* num]\s specim5s may be f\nd 9 ! volum9\s "w ( ,s*oolcraft1 publi%$ by au?ority ( ,congress1 ',hi/orical & ,/ati/ical ,in=mation respect+ ! ,hi/ory1 ,condition1 & ,prospects ( ! ,indian ,tribes ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1' ,philadelphia1 #ahea-ahee4 ,!re is no trace ( any?+ l lit]ature among ! w&]+ tribes ( ! ,nor?1 & until a real ',livre des ,sauvages' turns up to fill ?is gap1 !y mu/ cont9ue to be class$ among ! illit]ate races4#ig ,footnote #ig3 ',manuscrit ,pictographique1' pp4 #bf1 #bi4 ,x is v diff]5t if we turn our eyes to ! p ( ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica1 to ! races :o =m$ ! population ( ,mexico1 ,guatemala1 & ,p]u1 :5 conqu]$ by ! ,spani>ds4 ,! ,mexican hi]oglyphics publi%$ by ,"l ,k+sbor\gh are n to be plac$ 9 ! same category ) ! totems & ! pictorial scrat*es ( ! ,r$-sk9s4 ,!y are1 fir/ ( all1 ( a mu* m arti/ic "*1 m conv5tional 9 _! /ructure1 & h5ce m def9ite 9 _! mean+4 ,!y are col\r$1 writt5 on pap]1 & 9 _m respects q on a level ) ! hi]oglyphic inscriptions & hi]atic papyri ( ,egypt4 ,ev5 ! conception ( speak+ to ! e> ?r\gh ! eye1 ( express+ s\nd by means ( outl9es1 0 famili> to ! ,mexicans1 ?\gh !y seem to h appli$ _! phonetic signs to ! writ+ ( ! names ( places & p]sons only4 ,! pr9cipal object1 inde$1 ( ! ,mexican hi]oglyphic manuscripts 0 n to convey new in=mation1 b r to rem9d ! read] by means ( mnemonic artifices ( :at he _h le>nt be=eh&4 ,?is is ackn[l$g$ by ! be/ au?orities1 by m5 :o knew ! ,indians %ortly aft] _! fir/ int]c\rse ) ,europeans1 & :om we may safely tru/ 9 :at !y tell u ( ! oral lit]ature & hi]oglyphic writ+s ( ! natives4 ,aco/a1 9 8 ',hi/oria natural y moral1' vi4 #g1 tells u t ! ,indians 7 /ill 9 ! habit ( recit+ f memory ! addresses & spee*es ( _! anci5t orators1 & num]\s songs compos$ by _! national poets4 ,z x 0 impossible to acquire ^! by means ( hi]oglyphics or writt5 *>act]s su* z 7 us$ by ! ,mexicans1 c>e 0 tak5 t ^? spee*es & poems %\ld be le>nt by he>t4 ,!re 7 colleges & s*ools = t purpose1 :]e ^! & o!r ?+s 7 taught to ! "y by ! ag$ 9 ^: memory !y seem$ to be engrav$4 ,! "y m5 :o 7 br\ght up to be orators !mselves _h to le>n ! anci5t compositions ^w by ^w2 & :5 ! ,spani>ds came & taught !m to read & write ! ,spani% language1 ! ,indians soon began to write = !mselves1 a fact atte/$ by _m eye-witnesses4 ,las ,casas1 ! devot$ fri5d ( ! ,indians1 writes z foll[s3 ',x ought to be kn[n t 9 all ! republics ( ?is c\ntry1 9 ! k+doms ( ,new ,spa9 & else:]e1 !re 0 among/ o!r pr(essions1 t ( ! *ronicl]s & hi/orians4 ,!y possess$ a k ( ! e>lie/ times1 & ( all ?+s conc]n+ religion1 ! gods1 & _! wor%ip4 ,!y knew ! f\nd]s ( cities1 & ! e>ly hi/ory ( _! k+s & k+doms4 ,!y knew ! modes ( election & ! "r ( succession2 !y c\ld tell ! numb] & *>act]s ( _! anci5t k+s1 _! works1 & memorable a*ievem5ts :e!r good or bad1 & :e!r !y _h gov]n$ well or ill4 ,!y knew ! m5 r5[n$ = virtue & h]oism 9 =m] days1 :at w>s !y _h wag$1 & h[ !y _h di/+ui%$ !mselves2 :o _h be5 ! e>lie/ settl]s1 :at _h be5 _! anci5t cu/oms1 _! triumphs & defeats4 ,!y knew1 9 fact1 :atev] belong$ to hi/ory2 & 7 able to give an acc\nt ( all ! ev5ts ( ! pa/4444 ,^! *ronicl]s _h likewise to calculate ! days1 mon?s1 & ye>s2 & ?\gh !y _h no writ+ l our own1 !y _h _! symbols & *>act]s ?r\gh :i* !y und]/ood ev]y?+2 !y _h _! great books1 :i* 7 compos$ ) su* +5uity & art t our alphabet 0 really ( no great assi/ance to !m4444 ,our prie/s h se5 ^? books1 & ,i myself h se5 !m likewise1 ?\gh _m 7 burnt at ! in/igation ( ! monks1 :o 7 afraid t !y might imp$e ! "w ( conv]sion4 ,sometimes :5 ! ,indians :o _h be5 conv]t$ _h =gott5 c]ta9 words1 or p>ticul> po9ts ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e1 !y began--z !y 7 unable to read our books--to write v +5i\sly ) _! own symbols & *>act]s1 draw+ ! figures :i* correspond$ ei!r to ! ideas or to ! s\nds ( our words4 ,i h myself se5 a l>ge portion ( ! ,*ri/ian doctr9e writt5 9 figures & images1 :i* !y read z we read ! *>act]s ( a lett]2 & ?is is a v extraord9>y pro( ( _! g5ius4444 ,!re nev] 0 a lack ( ^? *ronicl]s4 ,x 0 a pr(ession :i* pass$ f fa!r to son1 highly respect$ 9 ! :ole republic2 ea* hi/orian in/ruct$ two or ?ree ( 8 relatives4 ,he made !m practise con/antly1 & !y _h rec\rse to him :5ev] a d\bt arose on a po9t ( hi/ory4444 ,b n ^! "y hi/orians only w5t to consult him2 k+s1 pr9ces1 & prie/s came to ask 8 advice4 ,:5ev] !re 0 a d\bt z to c]emonies1 precepts ( religion1 religi\s fe/ivals1 or any?+ ( importance 9 ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t k+doms1 e "o w5t to ! *ronicl]s to ask = in=mation4' ,9 spite ( ! religi\s zeal ( ,dom9ican & ,franciscan fri>s1 a few ( ^! hi]oglyphic ,,mss4 escap$ ! flames1 & may n[ be se5 9 "s ( our public libr>ies1 z curi\s relics ( a ne>ly ext9ct & =gott5 lit]ature4 ,! fir/ collection ( ^! ,,mss4 & o!r ,am]ican antiquities 0 due to ! zeal ( ! ,milanese antiqu>ian1 ,botur9i1 :o _h be5 s5t by ! ,pope 9 #agcf to regulate "s ecclesia/ical matt]s1 & :o devot$ ! eight ye>s ( 8 /ay 9 ! ,new ,_w to rescu+ :atev] c\ld be rescu$ f ! scatt]$ ru9s ( anci5t ,am]ica4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 he c\ld br+ ^! treasures safe to ,europe1 he 0 despoil$ ( 8 valuables by ! ,spani% ,vic]oy2 & :5 at la/ he made 8 escape ) ! remnants ( 8 collection1 he 0 tak5 prison] by an ,engli% cruis]1 & lo/ ev]y?+4 ,! collection1 :i* rema9$ at ,mexico1 became ! subject ( sev]al lawsuits1 & aft] pass+ ?r\gh ! h&s ( ,veytia & ,gama1 :o bo? add$ to x consid]ably1 x 0 sold at la/ by public auction4 ,humboldt1 :o 0 at t "t pass+ ?r\gh ,mexico1 acquir$ "s ( ! ,,mss41 :i* he gave to ! ,royal ,museum at ,b]l94 ,o!rs f\nd _! way into private h&s1 & aft] _m vicissitudes !y h mo/ly be5 secur$ by ! public libr>ies or private collectors ( ,europe4 ,! mo/ valuable "p ( t un=tunate %ipwreck is n[ 9 ! h&s ( ,m4 ,aub91 :o 0 s5t to ,mexico 9 #ahcj by ! ,fr5* ,gov]nm5t1 & :o devot$ ne>ly tw5ty ye>s to ! same "w :i* ,botur9i _h comm5c$ a hundr$ ye>s be=e4 ,he ei!r b\ght ! disp]s$ fragm5ts ( ! collections ( ,botur9i1 ,gama1 & ,pi*>do1 or procur$ accurate copies2 & he has br\ght to ,europe1 :at is1 if n ! mo/ complete1 at lea/ ! mo/ valuable & mo/ judici\sly arrang$ collection ( ,am]ican antiquities4 ,we likewise owe to ,m4 ,aub9 ! fir/ accurate k ( ! real nature ( ! anci5t ,mexican writ+2 & we look =w>d ) confid5t hope to 8 /ill a*iev+ 9 8 own field z great a triumph z t ( ,*ampollion1 ! deciph]] ( ! hi]oglyphics ( ,egypt4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important helps t[>ds ! deciph]+ ( ! hi]oglyphic ,,mss4 ( ! ,am]icans is to be f\nd 9 c]ta9 books :i*1 soon aft] ! conque/ ( ,mexico1 7 writt5 d[n by natives :o _h le>nt ! art ( alphabetic writ+ f _! conqu]ors1 ! ,spani>ds4 ,ixtlilxo*itl1 desc5d$ f ! royal family ( ,tetzcuco1 & employ$ z int]pret] by ! ,spani% ,gov]nm5t1 wrote ! hi/ory ( 8 own c\ntry f ! e>lie/ "t to ! arrival ( ,cortez4 ,9 writ+ ?is hi/ory he foll[$ ! hi]oglyphic pa9t+s z !y _h be5 expla9$ to him by ! old *ronicl]s4 ,"s ( ^! v pa9t+s1 :i* =m$ ! text-book ( ! ,mexican hi/orian1 h be5 recov]$ by ,m4 ,aub92 & z !y help$ ! hi/orian 9 writ+ 8 hi/ory1 t hi/ory n[ helps ! s*ol> 9 deciph]+ _! mean+4 ,x is ) ! /udy ( works l t ( ,ixtlilxo*itl t ,am]ican philology ought to beg94 ,!y are to ! /ud5t ( ,am]ican antiquities :at ,mane?o is to ! /ud5t ( ,egyptian hi]oglyphics1 or ,b]osus to ! deciph]] ( ! cunei=m inscriptions4 ,!y are writt5 9 dialects n m ?an ?ree hundr$ ye>s old1 & /ill spok5 by l>ge numb]s ( natives1 ) su* modifications z ?ree c5turies are c]ta9 to produce4 ,!y give u :atev] 0 kn[n ( hi/ory1 my?ology1 & religion among ! p :om ! ,spani>ds f\nd 9 ,c5tral & ,s\? ,am]ica 9 ! possession ( mo/ ( ! advantages ( a long-e/abli%$ civilisation4 ,?\gh we mu/ n expect to f9d 9 !m :at we are accu/om$ to call hi/ory1 !y are nev]!less ( great hi/orical int]e/1 z supply+ ! vague outl9es ( a di/ant pa/1 fill$ ) migrations1 w>s1 dyna/ies1 & revolutions1 su* z 7 *]i%$ 9 ! memory ( ! ,greeks at ! "t ( ,solon1 & believ$ 9 by ! ,romans at ! "t ( ,cato4 ,!y tea* u t ! ,new ,_w :i* 0 op5$ to ,europe a few c5turies ago1 0 9 its own eyes an old _w1 n s diff]5t 9 "* & feel+s f ourselves z we are apt to imag9e :5 we speak ( ! ,r$-sk9s ( ,am]ica1 or :5 we read ! acc\nts ( ! ,spani% conqu]ors1 :o d5i$ t ! natives ( ,am]ica possess$ human s\ls1 9 ord] to e/abli% _! own "r ( treat+ !m l wild bea/s4 ,! ',popol ,vuh1' or ! sacr$ book ( ! p ( ,guatemala1 ( :i* ! ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg has j publi%$ ! orig9al text1 toge!r ) a lit]al ,fr5* translation1 holds a v prom95t rank among ! works compos$ by natives 9 _! own native dialects1 & writt5 d[n by !m ) ! lett]s ( ! ,roman alphabet4 ,!re are b two works t c be comp>$ to x 9 _! importance to ! /ud5t ( ,am]ican antiquities & ,am]ican languages1 namely1 ! ',codex ,*imalpopoca' 9 ,nahuatl1 ! anci5t writt5 language ( ,mexico1 & ! ',codex ,cak*iquel' 9 ! dialect ( ,guatemala4 ,^!1 toge!r ) ! "w publi%$ by ! ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg "u ! title ( ',popol ,vuh1' mu/ =m ! />t+-po9t ( all critical inquiries into ! antiquities ( ! ,am]ican p4 ,! fir/ po9t :i* has to be det]m9$ ) reg>d to books ( ?is k9d is :e!r !y are g5u9e or n3 :e!r !y are :at !y pret5d to be--compositions ab\t ?ree c5turies old1 f\nd$ on ! oral traditions & ! pictographic docum5ts ( ! anci5t inhabitants ( ,am]ica1 & writt5 9 ! dialects z spok5 at ! "t ( ,columbus1 ,cortez1 & ,piz>ro4 ,:at ! ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg has to say on ?is po9t am\nts to ?is3--,! manuscript 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,fa!r ,francisco ,xim5es t[>ds ! end ( ! sev5te5? c5tury4 ,he 0 cure ( ,santo-,tomas ,*i*ica/5ango1 situat$ ab\t ?ree leagues s\? ( ,santa-,cruz del ,qui*e1 & tw5ty-two leagues nor?-ea/ ( ,guatemala4 ,he 0 well acqua9t$ ) ! languages ( ! natives ( ,guatemala1 & has left a diction>y ( _! ?ree pr9cipal dialects1 8 ',tesoro de las ,l5guas ,qui*e1 ,cak*iquel y ,tzutohil4' ,?is "w1 :i* has nev] be5 pr9t$1 fills two volumes1 ! second ( :i* conta9s ! copy ( ! ,,ms4 discov]$ by ,xim5es4 ,xim5es likewise wrote a hi/ory ( ! prov9ce ( ! prea*]s ( ,san-,v9c5te de ,*iapas y ,guatemala1 9 f\r volumes4 ,( ?is he left two copies4 ,b ?ree volumes only 7 /ill 9 exi/5ce :5 ! ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg visit$ ,guatemala1 & !y are said to conta9 valuable in=mation on ! hi/ory & traditions ( ! c\ntry4 ,! fir/ volume conta9s ! ,spani% translation ( ! manuscript :i* occupies u at pres5t4 ,! ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg copi$ t translation 9 #ahee4 ,ab\t ! same "t a ,g]man travell]1 ,dr4 ,s*]z]1 happ5$ to be at ,guatemala1 & _h copies made ( ! works ( ,xim5es4 ,^! 7 publi%$ at ,vi5na1 9 #ahef4ih ,! ,fr5* ,abbe1 h[ev]1 0 n satisfi$ ) a m]e repr9t ( ! text & its ,spani% translation by ,xim5es1 a translation :i* he qualifies z untru/wor?y & frequ5tly un9telligible4 ,dur+ 8 travels 9 ,am]ica he acquir$ a practical k ( sev]al ( ! native dialects1 p>ticul>ly ( ! ,qui*e1 :i* is /ill spok5 9 v>i\s dialects by ab\t six hundr$ ?\s& p4 ,z a prie/ he 0 9 daily int]c\rse ) ^! p2 & x 0 :ile resid+ among !m & able to consult !m l liv+ diction>ies1 t1 ) ! help ( ! ,,mss4 ( ,xim5es1 he und]took 8 own translation ( ! anci5t *ronicles ( ! ,qui*es4 ,f ! "t ( ! discov]y ( ,xim5es1 !re=e1 to ! "t ( ! publication ( ! ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 all seems cle> & satisfactory4 ,b !re is /ill a c5tury to be acc\nt$ =1 f ! end ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 :5 ! orig9al is suppos$ to h be5 writt51 to ! end ( ! sev5te5?1 :5 x 0 fir/ discov]$ by ,xim5es at ,*i*ica/5ango4 ,footnote #ih3 ,mr4 ,a4 ,helps 0 ! fir/ to po9t out ! importance ( ?is "w 9 8 excell5t ',hi/ory ( ! ,spani% ,conque/ 9 ,am]ica4' ,^! ye>s are n bridg$ ov]4 ,we may appeal1 h[ev]1 to ! au?ority ( ! ,,ms4 itself1 :i* c>ries ! royal dyna/ies d[n to ! ,spani% ,conque/1 & ends ) ! names ( ! two pr9ces1 ,don ,juan de ,rojas & ,don ,juan ,cortes1 ! sons ( ,tecum & ,tepepul4 ,^! pr9ces1 ?\gh entirely subject to ! ,spani>ds1 7 all[$ to reta9 ! insignia ( royalty to ! ye> #aeeh1 & x is %ortly aft] _! "t t ! ,,ms4 is suppos$ to h be5 writt54 ,! au?or himself says 9 ! beg9n+ t he wrote 'aft] ! ^w ( ,god 7*abal ,dios7 _h be5 prea*$1 9 ! mid/ ( ,*ri/ianity2 & t he did s because p c\ld no long] see ! ',popol ,vuh1' :]e9 x 0 cle>ly %[n t !y came f ! o!r side ( ! sea1 ! acc\nt ( our liv+ 9 ! l& ( %ad[1 & h[ we saw light & life4' ,!re is no attempt at claim+ = 8 "w any extravagant age or my/]i\s au?ority4 ,x is ackn[l$g$ to h be5 writt5 :5 ! ,ca/ilians 7 ! rul]s ( ! l&2 :5 bi%ops 7 prea*+ ! ^w ( ,dios1 ! new ,god2 :5 ! anci5t traditions ( ! p 7 gradually dy+ out4 ,ev5 ! title ( ',popol ,vuh1' :i* ! ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg has giv5 to ?is "w1 is n claim$ = x by its au?or4 ,he says t he wrote :5 ! ',popol ,vuh' 0 no long] to be se54 ,n[ ',popol ,vuh' means ! book ( ! p1 & ref]r$ to ! traditional lit]ature 9 :i* all t 0 kn[n ab\t ! e>ly hi/ory ( ! nation1 _! religion & c]emonies1 0 h&$ d[n f age to age4 ,x is to be regrett$ t ! ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg %\ld h sanction$ ! application ( ?is "n to ! ,qui*e ,,ms4 discov]$ by ,fa!r ,xim5es1 & t he %\ld app>5tly h translat$ x by ',livre sacre' in/ead ( ',livre national1' or ',libro del comun1' z propos$ by ,xim5es4 ,su* small inaccuracies are sure to produce great confusion4 ,no?+ b a desire to h a f9e s\nd+ title c\ld h l$ ! editor to commit ?is mi/ake1 = he himself confesses t ! "w publi%$ by him has no "r to ! title ',popol ,vuh1' & t ',popol ,vuh' does n mean ',livre sacre4' ,nor is !re any m reason to suppose1 ) ! le>n$ ,abbe1 t ! fir/ two books ( ! ,qui*e ,,ms4 conta9 an almo/ lit]al transcript ( ! ',popol ,vuh1' or t ! ',popol ,vuh2 0 ! orig9al ( ! ',teo-,amoxtli1' or ! sacr$ book ( ! ,toltecs4 ,all we "k is1 t ! au?or wrote 8 anonym\s "w because ! ',popol ,vuh'--! national book1 or ! national tradition--0 dy+ out1 & t he compreh5d$ 9 ! fir/ two sections ! anci5t traditions common to ! :ole race1 :ile he devot$ ! la/ two to ! hi/orical annals ( ! ,qui*es1 ! rul+ nation at ! "t ( ! ,conque/ 9 :at is n[ ! republic ( ,guatemala4 ,if we look at ! ,,ms4 9 ?is light1 !re is no?+ at all suspici\s 9 its "* & its cont5ts4 ,! au?or wi%$ to save f de/ruction ! /ories :i* he _h he>d z a *ild ( 8 gods & 8 ance/ors4 ,?\gh ! g5]al outl9e ( ^! /ories may h be5 pres]v$ p>tly 9 ! s*ools1 p>tly 9 ! pictographic ,,mss41 ! ,spani% ,conque/ _h ?r[n ev]y?+ into confusion1 & ! writ] _h probably to dep5d *iefly on 8 own recollections4 ,to extract consecutive hi/ory f ^! recollections1 is simply impossible4 ,all is vague1 contradictory1 miracul\s1 absurd4 ,consecutive hi/ory is altoge!r a mod]n idea1 ( :i* few only ( ! anci5t nations _h any conception4 ,if we _h ! exact words ( ! ',popol ,vuh1' we %\ld probably f9d no m hi/ory !re ?an we f9d 9 ! ,qui*e ,,ms4 z x n[ /&s4 ,n[ & !n1 x is true1 "o imag9es "o sees c]ta9 p]iods & l&m>ks1 b 9 ! next page all is *aos aga94 ,x may be difficult to confess t ) all ! traditions ( ! e>ly migrations ( ,cecrops & ,danaus into ,greece1 ) ! ,hom]ic poems ( ! ,trojan w>1 & ! g5ealogies ( ! anci5t dyna/ies ( ,greece1 we "k no?+ ( ,greek hi/ory be=e ! ,olympiads1 & v little ev5 !n4 ,yet ! true hi/orian does n all[ himself to indulge 9 any illusions on ?is subject1 & he %uts 8 eyes ev5 to ! mo/ plausible recon/ructions4 ,! same applies ) a =ce increas$ a hundr$fold to ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! aborig9al races ( ,am]ica1 & ! soon] ?is is ackn[l$g$1 ! bett] = ! cr$it ( ,am]ican s*ol>s4 ,ev5 ! traditions ( ! migrations ( ! ,*i*imecs1 ,colhuas1 & ,nahuas1 :i* =m ! /aple ( all ,am]ican antiqu>ians1 are no bett] ?an ! ,greek traditions ab\t ,pelasgians1 ,a,eolians1 & ,ionians2 & x w\ld be a m]e wa/e ( "t to con/ruct out ( su* elem5ts a sy/ematic hi/ory1 only to be de/roy$ aga9 soon] or lat] by "s ,niebuhr1 ,grote1 or ,lewis4 ,b if we d n f9d hi/ory 9 ! /ories ( ! anci5t races ( ,guatemala1 we d f9d mat]ials = /udy+ _! "*1 = analys+ _! religion & my?ology1 = comp>+ _! pr9ciples ( morality1 _! views ( virtue1 beauty1 & h]oism1 to ^? ( o!r races ( mank9d4 ,?is is ! *>m1 ! real & la/+ *>m1 ( su* works z t pres5t$ to u = ! fir/ "t 9 a tru/wor?y translation by ! ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg4 ,un=tunately !re is "o circum/ance :i* may de/roy ev5 ?is *>m4 ,x is j possible t ! writ]s ( ?is & o!r ,am]ican ,,mss4 may h felt m or less consci\sly ! influ5ce ( ,european & ,*ri/ian ideas1 & if s1 we h no suffici5t gu>antee t ! /ories !y tell repres5t to u ! ,am]ican m9d 9 its pri/9e & g5u9e =m4 ,!re are "s co9cid5ces betwe5 ! ,old ,te/am5t & ! ,qui*e ,,ms4 :i* are c]ta9ly />tl+4 ,yet ev5 if a ,*ri/ian influ5ce has to be admitt$1 mu* rema9s 9 ^! ,am]ican traditions :i* is s diff]5t f any?+ else 9 ! national lit]atures ( o!r c\ntries1 t we may safely treat x z ! g5u9e gr[? ( ! intellectual soil ( ,am]ica4 ,we %all give1 9 conclusion1 "s extracts to be> out our rem>ks2 b we ought n to "p ) ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg )\t express+ to him our gratitude = 8 excell5t "w1 & )\t add+ a hope t he may be able to realise 8 plan ( publi%+ a ',collection ( docum5ts writt5 9 ! indig5\s languages1 to assi/ ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory & philology ( anci5t ,am]ica1' a collection ( :i* ! "w n[ publi%$ is to =m ! fir/ volume4 ,extracts f ! ',popol ,vuh4' ,! ,qui*e ,,ms4 beg9s ) an acc\nt ( ! creation4 ,if we read x 9 ! lit]al translation ( ! ,abbe ,brasseur de ,b\rb\rg1 ) all ! unc\? names ( div9e & o!r be+s t h to act _! p>ts 9 x1 x does n leave any v cle> impression on our m9ds4 ,yet aft] read+ x aga9 & aga91 "s sali5t features /& out m di/9ctly1 & make u feel t !re 0 a gr\ndwork ( noble conceptions :i* has be5 cov]$ & di/ort$ by an aft]gr[? ( fanta/ic nons5se4 ,we %all d be/ = ! pres5t to leave out all prop] names1 :i* only bewild] ! memory & :i* convey no di/9ct mean+ ev5 to ! s*ol>4 ,x w require long-cont9u$ rese>* be=e x c be det]m9$ :e!r ! names s pr(usely appli$ to ! ,deity 7 int5d$ z ! names ( s _m di/9ct p]sonalities1 or z ! names ( ! v>i\s manife/ations ( "o & ! same ,p[]4 ,at all ev5ts1 !y are ( no importance to u till we c connect m di/9ct ideas ?an x is possible to ga!r f ! mat]ials n[ at h&1 ) su* inh>moni\s s\nds z ,tzakol1 ,bitol1 ,alom1 ,qaholom1 ,hun-,ahpu-,vu*1 ,gucumatz1 ,quax-,*o1 c4 ,_! suppos$ mean+s are 9 "s cases v appropriate1 su* z ! ,creator1 ! ,fa%ion]1 ! ,begett]1 ! ,vivifi]1 ! ,rul]1 ! ,"l ( ! gre5 planisph]e1 ! ,"l ( ! azure surface1 ! ,he>t ( heav52 9 o!r cases we _c fa?om ! orig9al int5tion ( names su* z ! fea!r$ s]p5t1 ! :ite bo>1 le tireur de s>bacane au s>igue1 & o!rs2 & !y !re=e s\nd to our e>s simply absurd4 ,well1 ! ,qui*es believ$ t !re 0 a "t :5 all t exi/s 9 heav5 & e>? 0 made4 ,all 0 !n 9 susp5se1 all 0 calm & sil5t2 all 0 immovable1 all peaceful1 & ! va/ space ( ! heav5s 0 empty4 ,!re 0 no man1 no animal1 no %ore1 no trees2 heav5 alone exi/$4 ,! face ( ! e>? 0 n to be se52 !re 0 only ! /ill expanse ( ! sea & ! heav5 above4 ,div9e ,be+s 7 on ! wat]s l a gr[+ light4 ,_! voice 0 he>d z !y m$itat$ & consult$1 & :5 ! dawn rose1 man appe>$4 ,!n ! wat]s 7 comm&$ to retire1 ! e>? 0 e/abli%$ t %e might be> fruit & t ! light ( day might %9e on heav5 & e>?4 ',=1 !y said1 we %all receive nei!r glory nor hon\r f all we h creat$ until !re is a human be+--a be+ end[$ ) reason4 ,e>?1 !y said1 & 9 a mom5t ! e>? 0 =m$4 ,l a vap\r x rose into be+1 m\nta9s appe>$ f ! wat]s l lob/]s1 & ! great m\nta9s 7 made4 ,?us 0 ! creation ( ! e>?1 :5 x 0 fa%ion$ by ^? :o are ! ,he>t ( heav51 ! ,he>t ( ! e>?2 = ?us 7 !y call$ :o fir/ gave f]tility to !m1 heav5 & e>? be+ /ill in]t & susp5d$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! wat]s4' ,!n foll[s ! creation ( ! brute _w1 & ! disappo9tm5t ( ! gods :5 !y comm& ! animals to tell _! names & to hon\r ^? :o _h creat$ !m4 ,!n ! gods said to ! animals3 ',y w be *ang$1 because y _c speak4 ,we h *ang$ y\r spee*4 ,y %all h y\r food & y\r d5s 9 ! woods & crags2 = our glory is n p]fect1 & y d n invoke u4 ,!re w be be+s /ill t c salute u2 we %all make !m capable ( obey+4 ,d y\r task2 z to y\r fle%1 x w be brok5 by ! too?4' ,!n foll[s ! creation ( man4 ,8 fle% 0 made ( e>? 7t]re glaise74 ,b man 0 )\t cohesion or p[]1 in]t & aque\s2 he c\ld n turn 8 head1 8 sight 0 dim1 & ?\gh he _h ! gift ( spee*1 he _h no intellect4 ,he 0 soon consum$ aga9 9 ! wat]4 ,& ! gods consult$ a second "t h[ to create be+s t %\ld adore !m1 & aft] "s magic c]emonies1 m5 7 made ( wood1 & !y multipli$4 ,b !y _h no he>t1 no intellect1 no recollection ( _! ,creator2 !y did n lift up _! heads to _! ,mak]1 & !y )]$ away & 7 swall[$ up by ! wat]s4 ,!n foll[s a ?ird creation1 man be+ made ( a tree call$ tzite1 woman ( ! m>r[ ( a re$ call$ sibac4 ,!y1 too1 did nei!r ?9k nor speak be=e him :o _h made !m1 & !y 7 likewise swept away by ! wat]s & de/roy$4 ,! :ole nature--animals1 trees1 & /ones--turn$ aga9/ m5 to rev5ge ! wrongs !y _h suff]$ at _! h&s1 & ! only remnant ( t e>ly race is to be f\nd 9 small monkeys :i* /ill live 9 ! =e/s4 ,!n foll[s a /ory ( a v diff]5t "*1 & :i* completely int]rupts ! progress ( ev5ts4 ,x has no?+ to d ) ! creation1 ?\gh x ends ) two ( its h]oes be+ *ang$ into sun & moon4 ,x is a /ory v mu* l ! fables ( ! ,brahmans or ! ,g]man ,maehr*54 ,"s ( ! pr9cipal actors 9 x are cle>ly div9e be+s :o h be5 br\ght d[n to ! level ( human nature1 & :o p]=m feats & tricks s /range & incr$ible t 9 read+ !m we imag9e ourselves 9 ! mid/ ( ! ,arabian ,nights4 ,9 ! /ruggles ( ! two fav\rite h]oes aga9/ ! cruel pr9ces ( ,xibalba1 !re may be rem9isc5ces ( hi/orical ev5ts2 b x w\ld be p]fectly hopeless to attempt to extricate ^! f ! mass ( fable by :i* !y are surr\nd$4 ,! *ief int]e/ ( ! ,am]ican tale consi/s 9 ! po9ts ( simil>ity :i* x exhibits ) ! tales ( ! ,old ,_w4 ,we %all m5tion two only--! repeat$ resuscitation ( ! *ief h]oes1 :o1 ev5 :5 burnt & gr\nd to p[d] & scatt]$ on ! wat]1 are born aga9 z fi% & *ang$ into m52 & ! introduction ( animals end[$ ) reason & spee*4 ,z 9 ! ,g]man tales1 c]ta9 peculi>ities 9 ! appe>ance & natural habits ( animals are frequ5tly acc\nt$ = by ev5ts t happ5$ 'once ^u a "t'--= in/ance1 ! /umpy tail ( ! be>1 by 8 mis=tune :5 he w5t out fi%+ on ! ice--s we f9d 9 ! ,am]ican tales1 't x 0 :5 ! two pr9cipal h]oes 7,hun-,ahpu & ,xbalanque7 _h caught ! rat & 7 go+ to /rangle x ov] ! fire1 t le rat comm5ca a port] une queue sans poil4 ,?us1 because a c]ta9 s]p5t swall[$ a frog :o 0 s5t z a mess5g]1 !re=e auj\rd'hui encore les s]p5ts engl\tiss5t les crapauds4' ,! /ory1 :i* well des]ves ! att5tion ( ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! orig9 & spread+ ( popul> tales1 is c>ri$ on to ! end ( ! second book1 & x is only 9 ! ?ird t we he> once m ( ! creation ( man4 ,?ree attempts1 z we saw1 _h be5 made & _h fail$4 ,we n[ he> aga9 t be=e ! beg9n+ ( dawn1 & be=e ! sun & moon _h ris51 man _h be5 made1 & t n\ri%m5t 0 provid$ = him :i* 0 to supply 8 blood1 namely1 yell[ & :ite maize4 ,f\r m5 are m5tion$ z ! real ance/ors ( ! human race1 or r ( ! race ( ! ,qui*es4 ,!y 7 nei!r begott5 by ! gods nor born ( woman1 b _! creation 0 a wond] wr\ght by ! ,creator4 ,!y c\ld reason & speak1 _! sight 0 unlimit$1 & !y knew all ?+s at once4 ,:5 !y _h r5d]$ ?anks to _! ,creator = _! exi/5ce1 ! gods 7 fright5$ & !y brea!d a cl\d ov] ! eyes ( m5 t !y might see a c]ta9 di/ance only1 & n be l ! gods !mselves4 ,!n :ile ! f\r m5 7 asleep1 ! gods gave !m beautiful wives1 & ^! became ! mo!rs ( all tribes1 great & small4 ,^! tribes1 bo? black & :ite1 liv$ & spread 9 ! ,ea/4 ,!y did n yet wor%ip ! gods1 b only turn$ _! faces up to heav51 h>dly kn[+ :at !y 7 meant to d "h bel[4 ,_! features 7 sweet1 s 0 _! language1 & _! intellect 0 /rong4 ,we n[ come to a mo/ int]e/+ passage1 :i* is int5d$ to expla9 ! confusion ( tongues4 ,no nation1 except ! ,jews1 has dwelt mu* on ! problem :y !re %\ld be _m languages in/ead ( "o4 ,grimm1 9 8 ',essay on ! ,orig9 ( ,language1' rem>ks3 ',x may seem surpris+ t nei!r ! anci5t ,greeks nor ! anci5t ,indians attempt$ to propose or to solve ! "q z to ! orig9 & ! multiplicity ( human spee*4 ,holy ,writ /rove to solve at lea/ "o ( ^! riddles1 t ( ! multiplicity ( languages1 by means ( ! t[] ( ,babel4 ,i "k only "o o!r poor ,e/honian leg5d :i* might be plac$ by ! side ( ?is biblical solution4 ,! old god1 !y say1 :5 m5 f\nd _! fir/ seats too n>r[1 resolv$ to spread !m ov] ! :ole e>?1 & to give to ea* nation its own language4 ,= ?is purpose he plac$ a caldron ( wat] on ! fire1 & comm&$ ! diff]5t races to approa* x 9 ord]1 & to select = !mselves ! s\nds :i* 7 utt]$ by ! s++ ( ! wat] 9 its conf9em5t & torture4' ,grimm might h add$ ano!r leg5d :i* is curr5t among ! ,?l9ki?ians1 & 0 cle>ly fram$ 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( diff]5t languages4 ,! ,?l9ki?ians are "o ( ! f\r pr9cipal races inhabit+ ,russian ,am]ica4 ,!y are call$ ,kalju%1 ,kolju%1 or ,kolo% by ! ,russians1 & inhabit ! coa/ f ab\t #fj deg4 to #de deg4 ,n4,l41 rea*+ !re=e across ! ,russian fronti] z f> z ! ,columbia ,riv]1 & !y likewise hold _m ( ! neighb\r+ isl&s4 ,w5iam9[ e/imates _! numb]1 bo? 9 ! ,russian & ,engli% colonies1 at #bj to #be1jjj4 ,!y are evid5tly a decreas+ race1 & _! leg5ds1 :i* seem to be num]\s & full ( orig9al ideas1 w\ld well des]ve ! c>eful att5tion ( ,am]ican e?nologi/s4 ,wrangel suspect$ a relation%ip betwe5 !m & ! ,aztecs ( ,mexico4 ,^! ,?l9ki?ians believe 9 a g5]al flood or deluge1 & t m5 sav$ !mselves 9 a l>ge float+ build+4 ,:5 ! wat]s fell1 ! build+ 0 wreck$ on a rock1 & by its own weight bur/ into two pieces4 ,h5ce arose ! diff]5ce ( languages4 ,! ,?l9ki?ians ) _! language rema9$ on "o side2 on ! o!r side 7 all ! o!r races ( ! e>?4#ii ,footnote #ii3 ,holmb]g1 ',e?nographis*e ,skizz5 ueb] die ,voelk] des ,russis*5 ,am]ika1' ,hels+=s1 #ahee4 ,nei!r ! ,e/honian nor ! ,?l9ki?ian leg5d1 h[ev]1 (f]s any /rik+ po9ts ( co9cid5ce ) ! ,mosaic acc\nts4 ,! analogies1 !re=e1 z well z ! discrepancies1 betwe5 ! n9? *apt] ( ,g5esis & ! *apt] "h translat$ f ! ,qui*e ,,ms4 require special att5tion3 ',all _h b "o language1 & !y did n invoke z yet ei!r wood or /ones2 !y only rememb]$ ! ^w ( ! ,creator1 ! ,he>t ( heav5 & e>?4 ',& !y spoke :ile m$itat+ on :at 0 hidd5 by ! spr+ ( day2 & full ( ! sacr$ ^w1 full ( love1 ob$i5ce1 & fe>1 !y made _! pray]s1 & lift+ _! eyes up to heav51 !y ask$ = sons & daught]s3 ',hail6 ,o ,creator & ,fa%ion]1 ?\ :o see/ & he>e/ u6 d n =sake u1 ,o ,god1 :o art 9 heav5 & e>?1 ,he>t ( ! sky1 ,he>t ( ! e>?6 ,give u (fspr+ & desc5dants z long z ! sun & dawn %all advance4 ,let !re be se$ & light4 ,let u always walk on op5 pa?s1 on roads :]e !re is no ambu%4 ,let u always be quiet & 9 peace ) ^? :o are ours4 ,may our lives run on happily4 ,give u a life secure f reproa*4 ,let !re be se$ = h>ve/1 & let !re be light4 ',!y !n proce$$ to ! t[n ( ,tulan1 :]e !y receiv$ _! gods4 ',& :5 all ! tribes 7 !re ga!r$ toge!r1 _! spee* 0 *ang$1 & !y did n und]/& ea* o!r aft] !y arriv$ at ,tulan4 ,x 0 !re t !y sep>at$1 & "s w5t to ! ,ea/1 o!rs came "h4 ,ev5 ! language ( ! f\r ance/ors ( ! human race became diff]5t4 ,alas1 !y said1 we h left our language4 ,h[ has ?is happ5$8 ,we are ru9$6 ,h[ c\ld we h be5 l$ into error8 ,we _h b "o language :5 we came to ,tulan2 our =m ( wor%ip 0 b "o4 ,:at we h done is n good1 repli$ all ! tribes 9 ! woods & "u ! lianas4' ,! re/ ( ! "w1 :i* consi/s altoge!r ( f\r books1 is tak5 up ) an acc\nt ( ! migrations ( ! tribes f ! ,ea/1 & _! v>i\s settlem5ts4 ,! f\r ance/ors ( ! race seem to h _h a long life1 & :5 at la/ !y came to die1 !y disappe>$ 9 a my/]i\s mann]1 & left to _! sons :at is call$ ! ,hidd5 ,maje/y1 :i* 0 nev] to be op5$ by human h&s4 ,:at x 0 we d n "k4 ,!re are _m subjects ( int]e/ 9 ! *apt]s :i* foll[1 only we mu/ n look !re = hi/ory1 al?\gh ! au?or evid5tly accepts z truly hi/orical :at he tells u ab\t ! successive g5]ations ( k+s4 ,b :5 he br+s u d[n at la/1 aft] sundry migrations1 w>s1 & rebellions1 to ! arrival ( ! ,ca/ilians1 we f9d t betwe5 ! fir/ f\r ance/ors ( ! human or ( ! ,qui*e race & ! la/ ( _! royal dyna/ies1 !re int]v5e only f\rte5 g5]ations1 & ! au?or1 :oev] he 01 ends ) ! confession3 ',?is is all t rema9s ( ! exi/5ce ( ,qui*e2 = x is impossible to see ! book 9 :i* =m]ly ! k+s c\ld read ev]y?+1 z x has disappe>$4 ,x is ov] ) all ^? ( ,qui*e6 ,x is n[ call$ ,santa-,cruz6' ,m>*1 #ahfb4 ,,xv4 ,,semitic ,,mono!ism4#ajj ,a "w su* z ,m4 ,r5an's ',hi/oire ,g5]ale et ,sy/eme ,comp>e des ,langues ,semitiques' c only be review$ *apt] by *apt]4 ,x conta9s a survey n only1 z its title w\ld lead u to suppose1 ( ! ,semitic languages1 b ( ! ,semitic languages & nations2 &1 consid]+ t ! :ole hi/ory ( ! civilis$ _w has hi!rto be5 act$ by two races only1 ! ,semitic & ! ,aryan1 ) occasional int]ruptions produc$ by ! inroads ( ! ,turanian race1 ,m4 ,r5an's "w compreh5ds 9 reality half ( ! hi/ory ( ! anci5t _w4 ,we h receiv$ z yet ! fir/ volume only ( ?is important "w1 & be=e ! au?or _h "t to f9i% ! second1 he 0 call$ ^u to publi% a second edition ( ! fir/1 :i* appe>$ 9 #aheh1 ) important additions & alt]ations4 ,footnote #ajj3 ',hi/oire ,g5]ale et ,sy/eme ,comp>e des ,langues ,semitiques4' ,p> ,erne/ ,r5an1 ,membre de l',in/itut4 ,seconde edition1 ,p>is1 #aheh4 ',n\velles ,consid]ations sur le ,c>act]e ,g5]al des ,peuples ,semitiques1 et en p>ticuli] sur leur ,t5dance au ,mono!isme1' ,p> ,erne/ ,r5an4 ,p>is1 #ahei4 ,9 writ+ ! hi/ory ( ! ,semitic race x is necess>y to lay d[n c]ta9 g5]al *>act]i/ics common to all ! memb]s ( t race1 be=e we c speak ( nations s widely sep>at$ f ea* o!r z ! ,jews1 ! ,babylonians1 ,ph5icians1 ,c>?ag9ians1 & ,arabs1 z "o race or family4 ,! mo/ important bond :i* b9ds ^! scatt]$ tribes toge!r into "o ideal :ole is to be f\nd 9 _! language4 ,!re c be z little d\bt t ! dialects ( all ! ,semitic nations are d]iv$ f "o common type z !re is ab\t ! d]ivation ( ,fr5*1 ,spani%1 & ,italian f ,lat91 or ( ,lat91 ,greek1 ,g]man1 ,celtic1 ,slavonic1 & ,sanskrit f ! primitive idiom ( ! ance/ors ( ! ,aryan race4 ,! evid5ce ( language w\ld by itself be q suffici5t to e/abli% ! fact t ! ,semitic nations desc5d$ f common ance/ors1 & con/itute :at1 9 ! sci5ce ( language1 may be call$ a di/9ct race4 ,b ,m4 ,r5an 0 n satisfi$ ) ?is s+le crit]ion ( ! relation%ip ( ! ,semitic tribes1 & he has endeav\r$ to draw1 p>tly f 8 own obs]vations1 p>tly f ! sugge/ions ( o!r s*ol>s1 su* z ,ewald & ,lass51 a m complete portrait ( ! ,semitic man4 ,?is 0 no easy task4 ,x 0 l draw+ ! portrait ( a :ole family1 omitt+ all t is peculi> to ea* individual memb]1 & yet pres]v+ ! features :i*1 con/itute ! g5]al family lik5ess4 ,! result has be5 :at might be expect$4 ,critics mo/ famili> ) "o or ! o!r bran* ( ! ,semitic family h ea* & all prote/$ t !y c see no lik5ess 9 ! portrait4 ,x seems to "s to conta9 features :i* x ought n to conta91 :]eas o!rs miss ! v expression :i* appe>s to !m mo/ /rik+4 ,! foll[+ is a %ort ab/ract ( :at ,m4 ,r5an consid]s ! sali5t po9ts 9 ! ,semitic "*3 ',_! "*1' he says1 'is religi\s r ?an political1 & ! ma9spr+ ( _! religion is ! conception ( ! unity ( ,god4 ,_! religi\s phraseology is simple1 & free f my?ological elem5ts4 ,_! religi\s feel+s are /rong1 exclusive1 intol]ant1 & su/a9$ by a f]v\r :i* f9ds its peculi> expression 9 prophetic visions4 ,comp>$ to ! ,aryan nations1 !y are f\nd defici5t 9 sci5tific & philosophical orig9ality4 ,_! poetry is *iefly subjective or lyrical1 & we look 9 va9 among _! poets = excell5ce 9 epic & dramatic compositions4 ,pa9t+ & ! pla/ic arts h nev] arriv$ at a high] ?an ! decorative /age4 ,_! political life has rema9$ patri>*al & despotic1 & _! inability to organise on a l>ge scale has depriv$ !m ( ! means ( milit>y success4 ,p]haps ! mo/ g5]al feature ( _! "* is a negative "o1--_! inability to p]ceive ! g5]al & ! ab/ract1 :e!r 9 ?\ght1 language1 religion1 poetry1 or politics2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 a /rong attraction t[>ds ! individual & p]sonal1 :i* makes !m mono!i/ic 9 religion1 lyrical 9 poetry1 mon>*ical 9 politics1 abrupt 9 /yle1 & impractical = speculation4' ,"o _c look at ?is bold & rapid outl9e ( ! ,semitic "* )\t p]ceiv+ h[ _m po9ts x conta9s :i* are op5 to d\bt & discussion4 ,we %all conf9e our rem>ks to "o po9t1 :i*1 9 our m9d1 &1 z f> z we c see1 9 ,m4 ,r5an's m9d likewise1 is ! mo/ important ( all--namely1 ! suppos$ mono!i/ic t5d5cy ( ! ,semitic race4 ,m4 ,r5an ass]ts t ?is t5d5cy belongs to ! race by in/9ct1--t x =ms ! rule1 n ! exception2 & he seems to imply t )\t x ! human race w\ld nev] h arriv$ at ! k or wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,god4 ,if su* a rem>k _h be5 made fifty ye>s ago1 x w\ld h r\s$ little or no opposition4 ',semitic' 0 !n us$ 9 a m re/rict$ s5se1 & h>dly compreh5d$ m ?an ! ,jews & ,arabs4 ,( ?is small gr\p ( p x might well h be5 said1 ) su* limitations z are tacitly impli$ 9 e g5]al proposition on ! "* ( individuals or nations1 t ! "w set ap>t = !m by a ,div9e ,provid5ce 9 ! hi/ory ( ! _w 0 ! prea*+ ( a belief 9 "o ,god4 ,?ree religions h be5 f\nd$ by memb]s ( t m circumscrib$ ,semitic family--! ,jewi%1 ! ,*ri/ian1 ! ,mohamm$an2 & all ?ree proclaim1 ) ! /ronge/ acc5t1 ! doctr9e t !re is b "o ,god4 ,( late1 h[ev]1 n only h ! limits ( ! ,semitic family be5 consid]ably ext5d$1 s z to embrace sev]al nations notori\s = _! idolatr\s wor%ip1 b ! hi/ory ( ! ,jewi% & ,arab tribes has be5 explor$ s mu* m fully1 t ev5 !re traces ( a wide-spread t5d5cy to poly!ism h come to light4 ,! ,semitic family is divid$ by ,m4 ,r5an into two great bran*es1 diff]+ f ea* o!r 9 ! =m ( _! mono!i/ic belief1 yet bo?1 accord+ to _! hi/orian1 imbu$ f ! beg9n+ ) ! in/9ctive fai? 9 "o ,god3 #a4 ,! nomad bran*1 consi/+ ( ,arabs1 ,hebrews1 & ! neighb\r+ tribes ( ,pale/9e1 commonly call$ ! desc5dants ( ,t]ah2 & #b4 ,! political bran*1 includ+ ! nations ( ,ph5icia1 ( ,syria1 ,mesopotamia1 & ,yem54 ,c x be said t all ^! nations1 compris+ ! wor%ipp]s ( ,elohim1 ,jehovah1 ,sabao?1 ,molo*1 ,nisro*1 ,rimmon1 ,nebo1 ,dagon1 ,a%t>o?1 ,baal or ,bel1 ,baal-peor1 ,baal-zebub1 ,*emo%1 ,milcom1 ,adrammele*1 ,annamele*1 ,nibhaz & ,t>tak1 ,a%ima1 ,n]gal1 ,succo?-b5o?1 ! ,sun1 ,moon1 planets1 & all ! ho/ ( heav51 7 end[$ ) a mono!i/ic in/9ct8 ,m4 ,r5an admits t mono!ism has always _h its pr9cipal bulw>k 9 ! nomadic bran*1 b he ma9ta9s t x has by no means be5 s unkn[n among ! memb]s ( ! political bran* z is commonly suppos$4 ,b :]e are ! crit]ia by :i*1 9 ! same mann] z _! dialects1 ! religions ( ! ,semitic races c\ld be di/+ui%$ f ! religions ( ! ,aryan & ,turanian races8 ,we c recognise any ,semitic dialect by ! trilit]al "* ( its roots4 ,is x possible to discov] simil> radical elem5ts 9 all ! =ms ( fai?1 prim>y or second>y1 primitive or d]ivative1 ( ! ,semitic tribes8 ,m4 ,r5an ?9ks t x is4 ,he imag9es t he he>s ! key-note ( a pure mono!ism ?r\gh all ! wild %\t+s ( ! prie/s ( ,baal & o!r ,semitic idols1 & he d5ies ! pres5ce ( t key-note 9 any ( ! religi\s sy/ems ( ! ,aryan nations1 :e!r ,greeks or ,romans1 ,g]mans or ,celts1 ,h9dus or ,p]sians4 ,su* an ass]tion c\ld n b r\se consid]able opposition1 & s /rong seems to h be5 ! remon/rances address$ to ,m4 ,r5an by sev]al ( 8 colleagues 9 ! ,fr5* ,in/itute t1 )\t await+ ! publication ( ! second volume ( 8 great "w1 he has ?\ght x "r to publi% "p ( x z a sep>ate pamphlet4 ,9 8 ',n\velles ,consid]ations sur le ,c>act]e ,g5]al des ,peuples ,semitiques1 et en p>ticuli] sur leur ,t5dance au ,mono!isme1' he endeav\rs to sil5ce ! objections rais$ aga9/ ! lead+ idea ( 8 hi/ory ( ! ,semitic race4 ,x is an essay :i* exhibits n only ! compreh5sive k ( ! s*ol>1 b ! w>m? & alacrity ( ! advocate4 ,) ,m4 ,r5an ! mono!i/ic "* ( ! desc5dants ( ,%em is n only a sci5tific t5et1 b a moral conviction4 ,he wi%es t 8 :ole "w %\ld /& or fall ) ?is !sis1 & x becomes1 !re=e1 all ! m ! duty ( ! critic1 to inquire :e!r ! argum5ts :i* he br+s =w>d 9 support ( 8 fav\rite idea are valid or n4 ,x is b fair to ,m4 ,r5an t1 9 exam9+ 8 /atem5ts1 we %\ld pay p>ticul> att5tion to any slight modifications :i* he may himself h adopt$ 9 8 la/ memoir4 ,9 8 hi/ory he ass]ts ) great confid5ce1 & some:at broadly1 t 'le mono!isme resume et explique t\s les c>act]es de la race ,semitique4' ,9 8 lat] pamphlet he is m capti\s4 ,z an exp]i5c$ plead] he is ready to make _m concessions 9 ord] to ga9 all ! m readily our ass5t to 8 g5]al proposition4 ,he po9ts out himself ) great c&\r ! weak] po9ts ( 8 argum5t1 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 only 9 ord] to return ) unabat$ c\rage to 8 fir/ position1--t ( all ! races ( mank9d ! ,semitic race alone 0 end[$ ) ! in/9ct ( mono!ism4 ,z x is impossible to d5y ! fact t ! ,semitic nations1 9 spite ( ?is suppos$ mono!i/ic in/9ct1 7 frequ5tly addict$ to ! mo/ degrad$ =ms ( a poly!i/ic idolatry1 & t ev5 ! ,jews1 ! mo/ mono!i/ic ( all1 frequ5tly provok$ ! ang] ( ! ,"l by burn+ inc5se to o!r gods1 ,m4 ,r5an rem>ks t :5 he speaks ( a nation 9 g5]al he only speaks ( ! intellectual ari/ocracy ( t nation4 ,he appeals 9 self-def5ce to ! mann] 9 :i* hi/orians lay d[n ! "* ( mod]n nations4 ',! ,fr5*1' he says1 'are repeat$ly call$ une nation spirituelle1 & yet no "o w\ld wi% to ass]t ei!r t e ,fr5*man is spirituel1 or t no "o c\ld be spirituel :o is n a ,fr5*man4' ,n[1 "h we may grant to ,m4 ,r5an t if we speak ( 'esprit' we naturally ?9k ( ! intellectual m9ority only1 & n ( ! :ole bulk ( a nation2 b if we speak ( religion1 ! case is diff]5t4 ,if we say t ! ,fr5* believe 9 "o ,god only1 or t !y are ,*ri/ians1 we speak n only ( ! intellectual ari/ocracy ( ,france b ( e man1 woman1 & *ild born & br$ 9 ,france4 ,ev5 if we say t ! ,fr5* are ,roman ,ca?olics1 we d s only because we "k t !re is a decid$ majority 9 ,france 9 fav\r ( ! unre=m$ sy/em ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,b if1 because "s ( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ writ]s ( ,france h p>ad$ _! contempt = all religi\s dogmas1 we 7 to say broadly t ! ,fr5* are a nation )\t religion1 we %\ld ju/ly be call$ to ord] = abus+ ! legitimate privileges ( g5]alization4 ,! fact t ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,elijah1 & ,j]emiah 7 firm believ]s 9 "o ,god c\ld n be consid]$ suffici5t to support ! g5]al proposition t ! ,jewi% nation 0 mono!i/ic by in/9ct4 ,& if we rememb] t among ! o!r ,semitic races we %\ld look 9 va9 = ev5 f\r su* names1 ! case w\ld seem to be desp]ate to any "o b ,m4 ,r5an4 ,we _c believe t ,m4 ,r5an w\ld be satisfi$ ) ! admission t !re _h be5 among ! ,jews a few lead+ m5 :o believ$ 9 "o ,god1 or t ! exi/5ce ( b "o ,god 0 an article ( fai? n q unkn[n among ! o!r ,semitic races2 yet he has h>dly prov$ m4 ,he has collect$1 ) great le>n+ & +5uity1 all traces ( mono!ism 9 ! annals ( ! ,semitic nations2 b he has tak5 no pa9s to discov] ! traces ( poly!ism1 :e!r fa9t or di/9ct1 :i* are disclos$ 9 ! same annals4 ,9 act+ ! "p ( an advocate he has = a "t dive/$ himself ( ! nobl] "* ( ! hi/orian4 ,if ,m4 ,r5an _h look$ ) equal zeal = ! scatt]$ ve/iges bo? ( a mono!i/ic & ( a poly!i/ic wor%ip1 he w\ld h drawn1 p]haps1 a less /rik+1 b we believe a m fai?ful1 portrait ( ! ,semitic man4 ,we may accept all ! facts ( ,m4 ,r5an1 = 8 facts are almo/ always to be tru/$2 b we _c accept 8 conclusions1 because !y w\ld be 9 contradiction to o!r facts :i* ,m4 ,r5an places too mu* 9 ! backgr\nd1 or ignores altoge!r4 ,besides1 !re is some?+ 9 ! v conclusions to :i* he is driv5 by 8 too p>tial evid5ce :i* j>s on our e>s1 & betrays a want ( h>mony 9 ! premises on :i* he builds4 ,tak+ 8 /& on ! fact t ! ,jewi% race 0 ! fir/ ( all ! nations ( ! _w to arrive at ! k ( "o ,god1 ,m4 ,r5an proce$s to argue t1 if _! mono!ism _h be5 ! result ( a p]sev]+ m5tal ef=t--if x _h be5 a discov]y l ! philosophical or sci5tific discov]ies ( ! ,greeks1 x w\ld be necess>y to admit t ! ,jews surpass$ all o!r nations ( ! _w 9 intellect & vig\r ( speculation4 ,?is1 he admits1 is contr>y to fact3 ',ap>t la sup]iorite de son culte1 le peuple juif n'en a aucune autre2 c'e/ un des peuples les mo9s d\es p\r la sci5ce et la philosophie p>mi les peuples de l'antiquite2 il n'a une gr&e position ni politique ni militaire4 ,ses in/itutions sont purem5t cons]vatrices2 les prophetes1 qui repres5t5t excellemm5t son g5ie1 sont des hommes ess5tiellem5t reactionnaires1 se reportant t\j\rs v]s un ideal ant]ieur4 ,comm5t expliqu]1 au se9 d'une societe aussi etroite et aussi peu developpee1 une revolution d'idees qu',a!nes et ,alex&rie n'ont pas reussi a accomplir8' ,m4 ,r5an !n def9es ! mono!ism ( ! ,jews1 & ( ! ,semitic nations 9 g5]al1 z ! result ( a l[1 r ?an ( a high /ate ( intellectual cultivation3 ',il s'en faut1' he writes 7p4 #dj71 'que le mono!isme soit le produit d'une race qui a des idees exaltees en fait de religion2 c'e/ en realite le fruit d'une race qui a peu de beso9s religieux4 ,c'e/ comme m9imum de religion1 en fait de dogmes et en fait de pratiques ext]ieures1 que le mono!isme e/ surt\t accommode aux beso9s des populations nomades4' ,b ev5 ?is m9imum ( religi\s reflection :i* is requir$1 accord+ to ,m4 ,r5an1 = ! p]ception ( ! unity ( ,god1 he grudges to ! ,semitic nations1 & he is driv5 9 ! end 7p4 #gc7 to expla9 ! ,semitic ,mono!ism z ! result ( a religi\s in/9ct1 analog\s to ! in/9ct :i* l$ ea* race to ! =mation ( its own language4 ,"h we miss ! usual cle>ness & precision :i* di/+ui% mo/ ( ,m4 ,r5an's works4 ,x is always dang]\s to transf] expressions f "o bran* ( k to ano!r4 ,! ^w 'in/9ct' has its legitimate application 9 natural hi/ory1 :]e x is us$ ( ! unconsci\s acts ( unconsci\s be+s4 ,we say t birds build _! ne/s by in/9ct1 t fi%es swim by in/9ct1 t cats cat* mice by in/9ct2 &1 ?\gh no natural philosoph] has yet expla9$ :at in/9ct is1 yet we accept ! t]m z a conv5tional expression = an unkn[n p[] work+ 9 ! animal _w4 ,if we transf] ?is ^w to ! unconsci\s acts ( consci\s be+s1 we mu/ necess>ily alt] its def9ition4 ,we may speak ( an in/9ctive motion ( ! arm1 b we only mean a motion :i* has become s habitual z to require no long] any special ef=t ( ! w4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we transf] ! ^w to ! consci\s ?\ghts ( consci\s be+s1 we /ra9 ! ^w beyond its natural capacities1 we use x 9 ord] to avoid o!r t]ms :i* w\ld commit u to ! admission ei!r ( innate ideas or inspir$ tru?s4 ,we use a ^w 9 ord] to avoid a def9ition4 ,x may s\nd m sci5tific to speak ( a mono!i/ic in/9ct r ?an ( ! inborn image or ! reveal$ tru? ( ! ,"o liv+ ,god2 b is in/9ct less my/]i\s ?an revelation8 ,c !re be an in/9ct )\t an in/igation or an in/igator8 ,& ^: h& 0 x t in/igat$ ! ,semitic m9d to ! wor%ip ( "o ,god8 ,c\ld ! same h& h in/igat$ ! ,aryan m9d to ! wor%ip ( _m gods8 ,c\ld ! mono!i/ic in/9ct ( ! ,semitic race1 if an in/9ct1 h be5 s frequ5tly obscur$1 or ! poly!i/ic in/9ct ( ! ,aryan race1 if an in/9ct1 s completely annihilat$1 z to all[ ! ,jews to wor%ip on all ! high places r\nd ,j]usalem1 & ! ,greeks & ,romans to become believ]s 9 ,*ri/8 ,fi%es nev] fly1 & cats nev] cat* frogs4 ,^! are ! difficulties into :i* we are l$2 & !y arise simply & solely f our us+ words = _! s\nd r ?an = _! mean+4 ,we beg9 by play+ ) words1 b 9 ! end ! words w play ) u4 ,!re are1 9 fact1 v>i\s k9ds ( mono!ism1 & x becomes our duty to exam9e m c>efully :at !y mean & h[ !y arise4 ,!re is "o k9d ( mono!ism1 ?\gh x w\ld m prop]ly be call$ !ism1 or h5o!ism1 :i* =ms ! bir?right ( e human be+4 ,:at di/+ui%es man f all o!r creatures1 & n only raises him above ! animal _w1 b removes him altoge!r f ! conf9es ( a m]ely natural exi/5ce1 is ! feel+ ( son%ip inh]5t 9 & insep>able f human nature4 ,t feel+ may f9d expression 9 a ?\s& ways1 b !re brea!s ?r\gh all ( !m ! inext+ui%able conviction1 ',x is ,he t ha? made u1 & n we ourselves4' ,t feel+ ( son%ip may ) "s races manife/ itself 9 fe> & trembl+1 & x may drive :ole g5]ations into religi\s madness & devil wor%ip4 ,9 o!r c\ntries x may tempt ! creature into a fatal famili>ity ) ! ,creator1 & end 9 an apo!osis ( man1 or a headlong plung+ ( ! human into ! div9e4 ,x may take1 z ) ! ,jews1 ! =m ( a simple ass]tion t ',adam 0 ! son ( ,god1' or x may be clo!d 9 ! my?ological phraseology ( ! ,h9dus1 t ,manu1 or man1 0 ! desc5dant ( ,svayambhu1 ! ,self-exi/+4 ,b1 9 "s =m or o!r1 ! feel+ ( dep5d5ce on a high] ,p[] breaks ?r\gh 9 all ! religions ( ! _w1 & expla9s to u ! mean+ ( ,/4 ,paul1 't ,god1 ?\gh 9 times pa/ ,he suff]$ all nations to walk 9 _! own ways1 nev]!less ,he left n ,himself )\t witness1 9 t ,he did good & gave u ra9 f heav51 & fruitful seasons1 fill+ our he>ts ) food & gladness4' ,?is primitive intuition ( ,god & ! in]adicable feel+ ( dep5d5ce on ,god1 c\ld only h be5 ! result ( a primitive revelation1 9 ! true/ s5se ( t ^w4 ,man1 :o ow$ 8 exi/5ce to ,god1 & ^: be+ c5tr$ & re/$ 9 ,god1 saw & felt ,god z ! only s\rce ( 8 own & ( all o!r exi/5ce4 ,by ! v act ( ! creation1 ,god _h reveal$ ,himself4 ,!re ,he 01 manife/$ 9 ,8 works1 9 all ,8 maje/y & p[]1 be=e ! face ( ^? to :om ,he _h giv5 eyes to see & e>s to he>1 & into ^: no/rils ,he _h brea!d ! brea? ( life1 ev5 ! ,_s ( ,god4 ,?is primitive intuition ( ,god1 h[ev]1 0 9 itself nei!r mono!i/ic nor poly!i/ic1 ?\gh x might become ei!r1 accord+ to ! expression :i* x took 9 ! languages ( man4 ,x 0 ?is primitive intuition :i* suppli$ ei!r ! subject or ! pr$icate 9 all ! religions ( ! _w1 & )\t x no religion1 :e!r true or false1 :e!r reveal$ or natural1 c\ld h _h ev5 its fir/ beg9n+4 ,x is too (t5 =gott5 by ^? :o believe t a poly!i/ic wor%ip 0 ! mo/ natural unfold+ ( religi\s life1 t poly!ism mu/ ev]y:]e h be5 prec$$ by a m or less consci\s !ism4 ,9 no language does ! plural exi/ be=e ! s+ul>4 ,no human m9d c\ld h conceiv$ ! idea ( gods )\t hav+ previ\sly conceiv$ ! idea ( a god4 ,x w\ld be1 h[ev]1 q z great a mi/ake to imag9e1 because ! idea ( a god mu/ exi/ previ\sly to t ( gods1 t !re=e a belief 9 ,"o ,god prec$$ ev]y:]e ! belief 9 _m gods4 ,a belief 9 ,god z exclusively ,"o1 involves a di/9ct negation ( m ?an "o ,god1 & t negation is possible only aft] ! conception1 :e!r real or imag9>y1 ( _m gods4 ,! primitive intuition ( ! ,godhead is nei!r mono!i/ic nor poly!i/ic1 & x f9ds its mo/ natural expression 9 ! simple/ & yet ! mo/ important article ( fai?--t ,god is ,god4 ,?is mu/ h be5 ! fai? ( ! ance/ors ( mank9d previ\sly to any division ( race or confusion ( tongues4 ,x might seem1 inde$1 z if 9 su* a fai? ! on5ess ( ,god1 ?\gh n expressly ass]t$1 0 impli$1 & t x exi/$1 ?\gh lat5t1 9 ! fir/ revelation ( ,god4 ,hi/ory1 h[ev]1 proves t ! "q ( on5ess 0 yet undecid$ 9 t primitive fai?1 & t ! intuition ( ,god 0 n yet secur$ aga9/ ! illusions ( a d\ble vision4 ,!re are1 9 reality1 two k9ds ( on5ess :i*1 :5 we ent] into metaphysical discussions1 mu/ be c>efully di/+ui%$1 & :i* = practical purposes are well kept sep>ate by ! def9ite & indef9ite articles4 ,!re is "o k9d ( on5ess :i* does n exclude ! idea ( plurality2 !re is ano!r :i* does4 ,:5 we say t ,cromwell 0 a ,protector ( ,engl&1 we d n ass]t t he 0 ! only protector4 ,b if we say t he 0 ! ,protector ( ,engl&1 x is und]/ood t he 0 ! only man :o enjoy$ t title4 ,if1 !re=e1 an expression _h be5 giv5 to t primitive intuition ( ! ,deity1 :i* is ! ma9spr+ ( all lat] religion1 x w\ld h be5--',!re is a ,god1' b n yet ',!re is b ,"o ,god4' ,! latt] =m ( fai?1 ! belief 9 ,"o ,god1 is prop]ly call$ mono!ism1 :]eas ! t]m ( h5o!ism w\ld be/ express ! fai? 9 a s+le god4 ,we mu/ be> 9 m9d t we are "h speak+ ( a p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( mank9d :51 toge!r ) ! awak5+ ( ideas1 ! fir/ attempts only 7 be+ made at express+ ! simple/ conceptions by means ( a language mo/ simple1 mo/ s5su\s1 & mo/ unwieldy4 ,!re 0 z yet no ^w suffici5tly r$uc$ by ! we> & te> ( ?\ght to s]ve z an adequate expression = ! ab/ract idea ( an immat]ial & sup]natural ,be+4 ,!re 7 words = walk+ & %\t+1 = cutt+ & burn+1 = dog & c[1 = h\se & wall1 = sun & moon1 = day & night4 ,e object 0 call$ by "s quality :i* _h /ruck ! eye z mo/ peculi> & *>act]i/ic4 ,b :at quality %\ld be pr$icat$ ( t ,be+ ( :i* man knew z yet no?+ b its exi/5ce8 ,language possess$ z yet no auxili>y v]bs4 ,! v idea ( be+ )\t ! attributes ( quality or action1 _h nev] ent]$ into ! human m9d4 ,h[ !n 0 t ,be+ to be call$ :i* _h reveal$ its exi/5ce1 & cont9u$ to make itself felt by ev]y?+ t mo/ p[]fully impress$ ! awak5+ m9d1 b :i* z yet 0 kn[n only l a subt]rane\s spr+ by ! wat]s :i* x p\r$ =? ) inexhau/ible /r5g?8 ,:5 /orm & lightn+ drove a fa!r ) 8 helpless family to seek refuge 9 ! =e/s1 & ! fall ( mighty trees cru%$ at 8 side ^? :o 7 mo/ de> to him1 !re 71 no d\bt1 feel+s ( t]ror & awe1 ( helplessness & dep5d5ce1 9 ! human he>t :i* bur/ =? 9 a %riek = pity or help f ! only ,be+ t c\ld comm& ! /orm4 ,b !re 0 no "n by :i* ,he c\ld be call$4 ,!re might be names = ! /orm-w9d & ! ?und]bolt1 b ^! 7 n ! names applicable to ,him t ride? ^u ! heav5s ( heav5s1 :i* 7 ( old4 ,aga91 :5 aft] a wild & te>ful night ! sun dawn$ 9 ! morn+1 smil+ on man--:5 aft] a dre>y & dea?like w9t] spr+ came aga9 ) its sun%9e & fl[]s1 !re 7 feel+s ( joy & gratitude1 ( love & adoration 9 ! he>t ( e human be+2 b ?\gh !re 7 names = ! sun & ! spr+1 = ! bright sky & ! brilliant dawn1 !re 0 no ^w by :i* to call ! s\rce ( all ?is gladness1 ! giv] ( light & life4 ,at ! "t :5 we may suppose t ! fir/ attempts at f9d+ a "n = ,god 7 made1 ! div]g5ce ( ! languages ( mank9d _h comm5c$4 ,we _c dwell "h on ! causes :i* l$ to ! multiplicity ( human spee*2 b :e!r we look on ! confusion ( tongues z a natural or sup]natural ev5t1 x 0 an ev5t :i* ! sci5ce ( language has prov$ to h be5 inevitable4 ,! ance/ors ( ! ,semitic & ! ,aryan nations _h long become un9telligible to ea* o!r 9 _! conv]sations on ! mo/ ord9>y topics1 :5 !y ea* 9 _! own way began to look = a prop] "n = ,god4 ,n[ "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ diff]5ces betwe5 ! ,aryan & ! ,semitic =ms ( spee* 0 ?is3--,9 ! ,semitic languages ! roots expressive ( ! pr$icates :i* 7 to s]ve z ! prop] names ( any subjects1 rema9$ s di/9ct )9 ! body ( a ^w1 t ^? :o us$ ! ^w 7 unable to =get its pr$icative mean+1 & reta9$ 9 mo/ cases a di/9ct consci\sness ( its appellative p[]4 ,9 ! ,aryan languages1 on ! contr>y1 ! significative elem5t1 or ! root ( a ^w1 0 apt to become s completely absorb$ by ! d]ivative elem5ts1 :e!r prefixes or suffixes1 t mo/ sub/antives ceas$ almo/ imm$iately to be appellative1 & 7 *ang$ into m]e names or prop] names4 ,:at we mean c be/ be illu/rat$ by ! fact t ! diction>ies ( ,semitic languages are mo/ly arrang$ accord+ to _! roots4 ,:5 we wi% to f9d ! mean+ ( a ^w 9 ,hebrew or ,arabic we fir/ look = its root1 :e!r trilit]al or bilit]al1 & !n look 9 ! diction>y = t root & its d]ivatives4 ,9 ! ,aryan languages1 on ! contr>y1 su* an arrangem5t w\ld be extremely inconv5i5t4 ,9 _m words x is impossible to detect ! radical elem5t4 ,9 o!rs1 aft] ! root is discov]$1 we f9d t x has n giv5 bir? to any o!r d]ivatives :i* w\ld ?r[ _! conv]g+ rays ( light on its radical mean+4 ,9 o!r cases1 aga91 su* seems to h be5 ! boldness ( ! orig9al "n-giv] t we c h>dly ent] into ! idiosyncrasy :i* assign$ su* a "n to su* an object4 ,?is peculi>ity ( ! ,semitic & ,aryan languages mu/ h _h ! greate/ influ5ce on ! =mation ( _! religi\s phraseology4 ,! ,semitic man w\ld call on ,god 9 adjectives only1 or 9 words :i* always convey$ a pr$icative mean+4 ,e "o ( 8 words 0 m or less pr$icative1 & he 0 !re=e re/rict$ 9 8 *oice to su* words z express$ "s "o or o!r ( ! ab/ract qualities ( ! ,deity4 ,! ,aryan man 0 less fett]$ 9 8 *oice4 ,let u take an in/ance4 ,be+ />tl$ by ! s\nd ( ?und]1 he w\ld at fir/ express 8 impression by ! s+le phrase1 ,x ?und]s1--,greek3 br\ta4 ,"h ! idea ( ,god is und]/ood r ?an express$1 v mu* 9 ! same mann] z ! ,semitic prop] names ,zabd 7pres5t71 ,abd 7s]vant71 ,aus 7pres5t71 are habitually us$ = ,zabd-allah1 ,abd-allah1 ,aus-allah1--! s]vant ( ,god1 ! gift ( ,god4 ,x w\ld be m 9 accordance ) ! feel+s & ?\ghts ( ^? :o fir/ us$ ^! s-call$ imp]sonal v]bs to translate !m by ,he ?und]s1 ,he ra9s1 ,he sn[s4 ,aft]w>ds1 in/ead ( ! simple imp]sonal v]b ,he ?und]s1 ano!r expression naturally sugge/$ itself4 ,! ?und] came f ! sky1 ! sky 0 frequ5tly call$ ,dyaus 7! bright "o71 9 ,greek ,greek3 ,zeus2 & ?\gh x 0 n ! bright sky :i* ?und]$1 b ! d>k1 yet ,dyaus _h already ceas$ to be an expressive pr$icate1 x _h become a traditional "n1 & h5ce !re 0 no?+ to prev5t an ,aryan man f say+ ,dyaus1 or ! sky ?und]s1 9 ,greek ,greek3 ,zeus br\ta4 ,let u "h m>k ! almo/ irresi/ible influ5ce ( language on ! m9d4 ,! ^w ,dyaus1 :i* at fir/ meant bright1 _h lo/ its radical mean+1 & n[ meant simply sky4 ,x !n ent]$ into a new /age4 ,! idea :i* _h fir/ be5 express$ by ! pron\n or ! t]m9ation ( ! ?ird p]son1 ,he ?und]s1 0 tak5 up into ! ^w ,dyaus1 or sky4 ,he ?und]s1 & ,dyaus ?und]s1 became synonym\s expressions1 & by ! m]e habit ( spee* ,he became ,dyaus1 & ,dyaus became ,he4 ,h5ce=? ,dyaus rema9$ z an appellative ( t unse5 ?\gh ev] pres5t ,p[]1 :i* _h reveal$ its exi/5ce to man f ! beg9n+1 b :i* rema9$ )\t a "n long aft] e bea/ ( ! field & e f[l ( ! air _h be5 nam$ by ,adam4 ,n[1 :at happ5$ 9 ?is in/ance ) ! "n ( ,dyaus1 happ5$ aga9 & aga9 ) o!r names4 ,:5 m5 felt ! pres5ce ( ,god 9 ! great & /rong w9d1 9 ! e>?quake1 or ! fire1 !y said at fir/1 ,he /orms1 ,he %akes1 ,he burns4 ,b !y likewise said1 ! /orm 7,m>ut7 bl[s1 ! fire 7,agni7 burns1 ! subt]rane\s fire 7,vulcanus7 upheaves ! e>?4 ,& aft] a "t ! result 0 ! same z be=e1 & ! words mean+ orig9ally w9d or fire 7 us$1 "u c]ta9 re/rictions1 z names ( ! unkn[n ,god4 ,z long z all ^! names 7 rememb]$ z m]e names or attributes ( "o & ! same ,div9e ,p[]1 !re 0 z yet no poly!ism1 ?\gh1 no d\bt1 e new "n ?reat5$ to obscure m & m ! primitive intuition ( ,god4 ,at fir/1 ! names ( ,god1 l feti%es or /atues1 7 hone/ attempts at express+ or repres5t+ an idea :i* c\ld nev] f9d an adequate expression or repres5tation4 ,b ! eidolon1 or lik5ess1 became an idol2 ! nom51 or "n1 laps$ into a num51 or demon1 z soon z !y 7 drawn away f _! orig9al int5tion4 ,if ! ,greeks _h rememb]$ t ,zeus 0 b a "n or symbol ( ! ,deity1 !re w\ld h be5 no m h>m 9 call+ ,god by t "n ?an by any o!r4 ,if !y _h rememb]$ t ,kronos1 & ,uranos1 & ,apollon 7 all b s _m attempts at nam+ ! v>i\s sides1 or manife/ations1 or aspects1 or p]sons ( ! ,deity1 !y might h us$ ^! names 9 ! h\rs ( _! v>i\s ne$s1 j z ! ,jews call$ on ,jehovah1 ,elohim1 & ,sabao?1 or z ,roman ,ca?olics implore ! help ( ,nunziata1 ,dolores1 & ,notre-,dame-de-,grace4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,aryan & ,semitic nom5clature = ! ,deity8 ,:y are we told t ! pi\s invocations ( ! ,aryan _w turn$ into a blasphem\s mock+ ( ! ,deity1 :]eas ! ,semitic nations are suppos$ to h f\nd f ! fir/ ! true "n ( ,god8 ,be=e we look any:]e else = an answ] to ! "q1 we mu/ look to language itself1 & "h we see t ! ,semitic dialects c\ld nev]1 by any possibility1 h produc$ su* names z ! ,sanskrit ,dyaus 7,zeus71 ,v>una 7,uranos71 ,m>ut 7,/orm1 ,m>s71 or ,u%as 7,eos74 ,!y _h no d\bt names = ! bright sky1 = ! t5t ( heav51 & = ! dawn4 ,b ^! names 7 s di/9ctly felt z appellatives1 t !y c\ld nev] be ?\ght ( z prop] names1 :e!r z names ( ! ,deity1 or z names ( deities4 ,?is peculi>ity has be5 illu/rat$ ) great skill by ,m4 ,r5an4 ,we diff] f him :5 he tries to expla9 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! my?ological phraseology ( ! ,aryan & ! !ological phraseology ( ! ,semitic races1 by assign+ to ea* a peculi> !ological in/9ct4 ,we _c1 9 fact1 see h[ ! admission ( su* an in/9ct1 i4 e4 ( an unkn[n & incompreh5sible p[]1 helps u 9 any way :atsoev] to compreh5d ?is curi\s m5tal process4 ,8 problem1 h[ev]1 is exactly ! same z ours1 & x w\ld be impossible to /ate t problem 9 a m tell+ mann] ?an he has done4 ',! ra91' he says 7p4 #gi71 'is repres5t$1 9 all ! primitive my?ologies ( ! ,aryan race1 z ! fruit ( ! embraces ( ,heav5 & ,e>?4' ',! bright sky1' says ,a,eschylus1 9 a passage :i* "o might suppose 0 tak5 f ! ,v$as1 'loves to p5etrate ! e>?2 ! e>? on h] "p aspires to ! heav5ly m>riage4 ,ra9 fall+ f ! lov+ sky impregnates ! e>?1 & %e produces = mortals pa/ures ( ! flocks & ! gifts ( ,c]es4' ,9 ! ,book ( ,job1#aja on ! contr>y1 x is ,god :o te>s op5 ! wat]sk9s ( ,heav5 7xxxviii4 #cg71 :o op5s ! c\rses = ! floods 7ibid4 #be71 :o eng5d]s ! drops ( dew 7ibid4 #bh73 ',he draws t[>ds ,him ! mi/s f ! wat]s1 ,:i* p\r d[n z ra91 & =m _! vap\rs4 ,aft]w>ds ! cl\ds spread !m out1 ,!y fall z drops on ! cr[ds ( m54' 7,job xxxvi4 #bg1 #bh47 ,footnote #aja3 ,we give ! extracts accord+ to ,m4 ,r5an's translation ( ! ,book ( ,job 7,p>is1 #ahei1 ,mi*el ,levy74 ',he *>ges ! night ) damp vap\rs1 ,he drives be=e ,him ! ?und]-be>+ cl\d4 ,x is driv5 to "o side or ! o!r by ,8 comm&4 ,to execute all t ,he orda9s ,on ! face ( ! univ]se1 ,:e!r x be to puni% ,8 creatures ,or to make !re( a pro( ( ,8 m]cy1' 7,job xxxvii4 #aa-ac47 ,or1 aga91 ,prov]bs xxx4 #d3 ',:o ha? ga!r$ ! w9d 9 ,8 fi/s8 ,:o ha? b\nd ! wat]s 9 a g>m5t8 ,:o ha? e/abli%$ all ! ends ( ! e>?8 ,:at is ,8 "n1 & :at is ,8 ,son's "n1 if ?\ can/ tell8' ,x has be5 %[n by ample evid5ce f ! ,rig-v$a h[ _m my!s 7 sugge/$ to ! ,aryan _w by v>i\s names ( ! dawn1 ! day-spr+ ( life4 ,! language ( ! anci5t ,aryans ( ,india _h ?r[n out _m names = t heav5ly app>ition1 & e "n1 z x ceas$ to be und]/ood1 became1 l a decay+ se$1 ! g]m ( an abundant gr[? ( my! & leg5d4 ,:y %\ld n ! same h happ5$ to ! ,semitic names = ! dawn8 ,simply & solely because ! ,semitic words _h no t5d5cy to phonetic corruption2 simply & solely because !y cont9u$ to be felt z appellatives1 & w\ld inevitably h defeat$ e attempt at my?ological phraseology su* z we f9d 9 ,india & ,greece4 ,:5 ! dawn is m5tion$ 9 ! ,book ( ,job 7ix4 #aa71 x is ,god ':o comm&e? ! sun & x rise? n1 & seale? up ! />s4' ,x is ,8 p[] :i* cause? ! day-spr+ to "k its place1 t x might take hold ( ! ends ( ! e>?1 t ! wick$ might be %ak5 out ( x 7,job xxxviii4 #ab1 #ac2 ,r5an1 ',livre de ,job1' pref4 #ga74 ,%ah>1 ! dawn1 nev] becomes an indep5d5t ag5t2 %e is nev] spok5 ( z ,eos ris+ f ! b$ ( h] husb& ,ti?onos 7! sett+ sun71 solely & simply because ! ^w reta9$ its p[] z an appellative1 & ?us c\ld n ent] into any my?ological metamorphosis4 ,ev5 9 ,greece !re are c]ta9 words :i* h rema9$ s pellucid z to prove unfit = my?ological refraction4 ,sel5e 9 ,greek is s cle>ly ! moon t h] "n w\ld pi]ce ?r\gh ! d>ke/ cl\ds ( my! & fable4 ,call h] ,hecate1 & %e w be> any disguise1 h[ev] fanciful4 ,x is ! same ) ! ,lat9 ,luna4 ,%e is too cle>ly ! moon to be mi/ak5 = any?+ else1 b call h] ,luc9a1 & %e w readily ent] into v>i\s my?ological phases4 ,if1 !n1 ! names ( sun & moon1 ( ?und] & lightn+1 ( light & day1 ( night & dawn c\ld n yield to ! ,semitic races fit appellatives = ! ,deity1 :]e 7 !y to be f\nd8 ,if ! names ( ,heav5 or ,e>? j>r$ on _! e>s z names unfit = ! ,creator1 :]e c\ld !y f9d m appropriate t]ms8 ,!y w\ld n h object$ to real names su* z ,jupit] ,optimus ,maximus1 or ,greek3 ,zeus kydi/os megi/os1 if su* words c\ld h be5 fram$ 9 _! dialects1 & ! names ( ,jupit] & ,zeus c\ld h be5 s gr\nd d[n z to become synonym\s ) ! g5]al t]m = ',god4' ,n ev5 ! ,jews c\ld h giv5 a m exalt$ def9ition ( ! ,deity ?an t ( ,optimus ,maximus--! ,be/ & ! ,greate/2 & _! v "n ( ,god1 ,jehovah1 is g5]ally suppos$ to mean no m ?an :at ! ,peleiades ( ,dodona said ( ,zeus1 ,greek3 ,zeus en1 ,zeus e/91 ,zeus essetai o megale ,zeu1 ',he 01 ,he is1 ,he w be1 ,oh great ,zeus6' ,n be+ able to =m su* sub/antives z ,dyaus1 or ,v>una1 or ,indra1 ! desc5dants ( ,%em fix$ on ! pr$icates :i* 9 ! ,aryan pray]s foll[ ! "n ( ! ,deity1 & call$ ,him ! ,be/ & ! ,greate/1 ! ,"l & ,k+4 ,if we exam9e ! num]\s names ( ! ,deity 9 ! ,semitic dialects we f9d t !y are all adjectives1 expressive ( moral qualities4 ,!re is ,el1 /rong2 ,bel or ,baal1 ,"l2 ,beel-sam91 ,"l ( ,heav52 ,adonis 79 ,ph5icia71 ,"l2 ,m>nas 7at ,gaza71 our ,"l2 ,%et1 ,ma/]1 aft]w>ds a demon2 ,molo*1 ,milcom1 ,malika1 ,k+2 ,eliun1 ! ,highe/ 7! ,god ( ,mel*is$ek72 ,ram & ,rimmon1 ! ,exalt$2 & _m m names1 all orig9ally adjectives & expressive ( c]ta9 g5]al qualities ( ! ,deity1 b all rais$ by "o or ! o!r ( ! ,semitic tribes to be ! names ( ,god or ( t idea :i* ! fir/ brea? ( life1 ! fir/ sight ( ?is _w1 ! fir/ consci\sness ( exi/5ce1 _h = ev] impress$ & implant$ 9 ! human m9d4 ,b d ^! names prove t ! p :o inv5t$ !m _h a cle> & settl$ idea ( ! unity ( ! ,deity8 ,d we n f9d among ! ,aryan nations t ! same sup]latives1 ! same names ( ,"l & ,k+1 ( ,ma/] & ,fa!r1 are us$ :5 ! human m9d is br\ght face to face ) ! ,div9e1 & ! human he>t p\rs out 9 pray] & ?anksgiv+ ! feel+s inspir$ by ! pres5ce ( ,god8 ,brahman1 9 ,sanskrit1 meant orig9ally ,p[]1 ! same z ,el4 ,x resi/$ = a long "t ! my?ological contagion1 b at la/ x yield$ l all o!r names ( ,god1 & became ! "n ( "o ,god4 ,by ! fir/ man :o =m$ or fix$ ^! names1 ,brahman1 l ,el1 & l e "n ( ,god1 0 meant1 no d\bt1 z ! be/ expression t c\ld be f\nd = ! image reflect$ f ! ,creator ^u ! m9d ( ! creature4 ,b 9 none ( ^! words c we see any decid$ pro( t ^? :o fram$ !m _h arriv$ at ! cle> p]ception ( ,"o ,god1 & 7 ?us secur$ aga9/ ! dang] ( poly!ism4 ,l ,dyaus1 l ,indra1 l ,brahman1 ,baal & ,el & ,molo* 7 names ( ,god1 b n yet ( ! ,"o ,god4 ,& we h only to foll[ ! hi/ory ( ^! ,semitic names 9 ord] to see t1 9 spite ( _! sup]lative mean+1 !y prov$ no /rong] bulw>k aga9/ poly!ism ?an ! ,lat9 ,optimus ,maximus4 ,! v names :i* we saw expla9$ be=e z mean+ ! ,highe/1 ! ,"l1 ! ,ma/]1 are repres5t$ 9 ! ,ph5ician my?ology z /&+ to ea* o!r 9 ! relation ( ,fa!r & ,son4 7,r5an1 p4 #fj47 ,!re is h>dly "o s+le ,semitic tribe :i* did n at times =get ! orig9al mean+ ( ! names by :i* !y call$ on ,god4 ,if ! ,jews _h rememb]$ ! mean+ ( ,el1 ! ,omnipot5t1 !y c\ld n h wor%ipp$ ,baal1 ! ,"l1 z diff]5t f ,el4 ,b z ! ,aryan tribes b>t]$ ! names ( _! gods1 & 7 glad to add ! wor%ip ( ,zeus to t ( ,uranos1 ! wor%ip ( ,apollon to t ( ,zeus1 ! wor%ip ( ,h]mes to t ( ,apollon1 ! ,semitic nations likewise 7 ready to try ! gods ( _! neighb\rs4 ,if !re _h be5 9 ! ,semitic race a truly mono!i/ic in/9ct1 ! hi/ory ( ^? nations w\ld become p]fectly un9telligible4 ,no?+ is m difficult to ov]come ?an an in/9ct3 naturam furca expellas1 tam5 usque recurret4 ,b ! hi/ory ev5 ( ! ,jews is made up ( an almo/ un9t]rupt$ s]ies ( relapses into poly!ism4 ,let u admit1 on ! contr>y1 t ,god _h 9 ! beg9n+ reveal$ ,himself ! same to ! ance/ors ( ! :ole human race4 ,let u !n obs]ve ! natural div]g5ce ( ! languages ( man1 & consid] ! peculi> difficulties t _h to be ov]come 9 fram+ names = ,god1 & ! peculi> mann] 9 :i* !y 7 ov]come 9 ! ,semitic & ,aryan languages1 & ev]y?+ t foll[s w be intelligible4 ,if we consid] ! abundance ( synonymes into :i* all anci5t languages bur/ out at _! fir/ />t+--if we rememb] t !re 7 hundr$s ( names = ! e>? & ! sky1 ! sun & ! moon1 we %all n be surpris$ at meet+ ) m ?an "o "n = ,god bo? among ! ,semitic & ! ,aryan nations4 ,if we consid] h[ easily ! radical or significative elem5ts ( words 7 absorb$ & obscur$ 9 ! ,aryan1 & h[ !y /ood out 9 bold relief 9 ! ,semitic languages1 we %all appreciate ! difficulty :i* ! ,%emites exp]i5c$ 9 fram+ any "n t %\ld n seem to take too "o-sid$ a view ( ! ,deity by pr$icat+ b "o quality1 :e!r /r5g?1 dom9ion1 or maje/y2 & we %all equally p]ceive ! sn>e :i* _! v language laid = ! ,aryan nations1 by supply+ !m ) a numb] ( words :i*1 ?\gh !y seem$ h>mless z mean+ no?+ except :at by tradition or def9ition !y 7 made to mean1 yet 7 full ( mis*ief ow+ to ! recollections :i*1 at any "t1 !y might revive4 ,dyaus 9 itself 0 z good a "n z any = ,god1 & 9 "s respects m appropriate ?an its d]ivative deva1 ! ,lat9 deus1 :i* ! ,romance nations /ill use )\t mean+ any h>m4 ,b ,dyaus _h meant sky = too long a "t to become entirely dive/$ ( all ! old my!s or say+s :i* 7 true ( ,dyaus1 ! sky1 b c\ld only be reta9$ z fables if transf]r$ to ,dyaus1 ,god4 ,dyaus1 ! ,bright1 might be call$ ! husb& ( ! e>?2 b1 :5 ! same my! 0 repeat$ ( ,zeus1 ! god1 !n ,zeus became ! husb& ( ,demet]1 ,demet] became a goddess1 a daught] sprang f _! union1 & all ! sluices ( my?ological madness 7 op5$4 ,!re 7 a few m51 no d\bt1 at all times1 :o saw ?r\gh ?is my?ological phraseology1 :o call$ on ,god1 ?\gh !y call$ him ,zeus1 or ,dyaus1 or ,jupit]4 ,x5ophanes1 "o ( ! e>lie/ ,greek h]etics1 boldly ma9ta9$ t !re 0 b '"o ,god1 & t ,he 0 n l unto m51 ei!r 9 body or m9d4'#ajb ,a poet 9 ! ,v$a ass]ts di/9ctly1 ',!y call ,him ,indra1 ,mitra1 ,v>una1 ,agni2 !n ,he is ! well-w+$ heav5ly ,g>utmat2 t :i* is ,"o ! wise call x _m ways--!y call x ,agni1 ,yama1 ,mat>isvan4'#ajc ,footnote #ajb3 ,x5ophanes1 ab\t contempor>y ) ,cyrus1 z quot$ by ,clem5s ,alex41 ,/rom4 v1 p4 #fja1--;,greek3 eis !os en te !oisi kai an?ropoisi megi/os1 oute demas ?netois9 homoiios oude noema4 ,footnote #ajc3 ',hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1' by ,m4 ,m41 p4 #efg4 ,b1 on ! :ole1 ! *>m ( my?ology prevail$ among ! ,aryan nations1 & a return to ! primitive intuition ( ,god & a total negation ( all gods1 wore r5d]$ m difficult to ! ,aryan ?an to ! ,semitic man4 ,! ,semitic man _h h>dly ev] to resi/ ! allurem5ts ( my?ology4 ,! names ) :i* he invok$ ! ,deity did n trick him by _! equivocal "*4 ,nev]!less1 ^! ,semitic names1 too1 ?\gh pr$icative 9 ! beg9n+1 became subjective1 & f be+ ! v>i\s names ( ,"o ,be+1 laps$ into names ( v>i\s be+s4 ,h5ce arose a dang] :i* ?reat5$ well-nigh to b> to ! ,semitic race ! approa* to ! conception & wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,god4 ,n[h]e c we see ?is dang] m cle>ly ?an 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,! ,jews _h1 no d\bt1 pres]v$1 f ! beg9n+ ! idea ( ,god1 & _! names ( ,god conta9$ no?+ b :at might by "r be ascrib$ to ,him4 ,!y wor%ipp$ a s+le ,god1 &1 :5ev] !y fell into idolatry1 !y felt t !y _h fall5 away f ,god4 ,b t ,god1 "u :atev] "n !y invok$ ,him1 0 especially _! ,god1 _! own national ,god1 & ,8 exi/5ce did n exclude ! exi/5ce ( o!r gods or demons4 ,( ! ance/ors ( ,abraham & ,na*or1 ev5 ( _! fa!r ,t]ah1 we "k t 9 old "t1 :5 !y dwelt on ! o!r side ( ! flood1 !y s]v$ o!r gods 7,jo%ua xxiv4 #b74 ,at ! "t ( ,jo%ua ^! gods 7 n yet =gott51 & in/ead ( d5y+ _! exi/5ce altoge!r1 ,jo%ua only exhorts ! p to put away ! gods :i* _! fa!rs s]v$ on ! o!r side ( ! flood & 9 ,egypt1 & to s]ve ! ,"l3 ',*oose ye ?is day1' he says1 ':om y w s]ve2 :e!r ! gods :i* y\r fa!rs s]v$ t 7 on ! o!r side ( ! flood1 or ! gods ( ! ,amorites1 9 ^: l& ye dwell2 b z = me & my h\se1 we w s]ve ! ,"l4' ,su* a spee*1 exhort+ ! p to make _! *oice betwe5 v>i\s gods1 w\ld h be5 unmean+ if address$ to a nation :i* _h once conceiv$ ! unity ( ! ,godhead4 ,ev5 images ( ! gods 7 n unkn[n to ! family ( ,abraham1 =1 ?\gh we "k no?+ ( ! exact =m ( ! t]aphim1 or images :i* ,ra*el /ole f h] fa!r1 c]ta9 x is t ,laban calls !m 8 gods 7,g5esis xxxi4 #ai1 #cj74 ,b :at is mu* m significant ?an ^! traces ( poly!ism & idolatry is ! hesitat+ tone 9 :i* "s ( ! e>ly patri>*s speak ( _! ,god4 ,:5 ,jacob flees be=e ,esau into ,padan-,aram & awakes f 8 vision at ,be!l1 he does n pr(ess 8 fai? 9 ! ,"o ,god1 b he b>ga9s1 & says1 ',if ,god w be ) me1 & w keep me 9 ?is way t ,i g1 & w give me bread to eat1 & raim5t to put on1 s t ,i come aga9 to my fa!r's h\se 9 peace1 !n %all ! ,"l be my ,god3 & ?is /one1 :i* ,i h set = a pill>1 %all be ,god's h\se3 & ( all t ?\ %alt give me1 ,i w surely give ! t5? unto !e' 7,g5esis xxviii4 #bj-bb74 ,language ( ?is k9d ev9ces n only a tempor>y want ( fai? 9 ,god1 b x %[s t ! conception ( ,god _h n yet acquir$ t complete univ]sality :i* alone des]ves to be call$ mono!ism1 or belief 9 ! ,"o ,god4 ,to him :o has se5 ,god face to face !re is no long] any escape or d\bt z to :o is to be 8 god2 ,god is 8 god1 :atev] befall4 ,b ?is ,jacob le>nt n until he _h /ruggl$ & wre/l$ ) ,god1 & committ$ himself to ,8 c>e at ! v "t :5 no "o else c\ld h sav$ him4 ,9 t /ruggle ,jacob ask$ = ! true "n ( ,god1 & he le>nt f ,god t ,8 "n 0 secret 7,g5esis xxxii4 #bi74 ,aft] t1 8 ,god 0 no long] "o ( _m gods4 ,8 fai? 0 n l ! fai? ( ,je?ro 7,exodus xxvii4 #aa71 ! prie/ ( ,midian1 ! fa!r-9-law ( ,moses1 :o :5 he he>d ( all t ,god _h done = ,moses ackn[l$g$ t ,god 7,jehovah7 0 great] ?an all gods 7,elohim74 ,?is is n yet fai? 9 ! ,"o ,god4 ,x is a fai? h>dly above ! fai? ( ! p :o 7 halt+ betwe5 ,jehovah & ,baal1 & :o only :5 !y saw :at ! ,"l did = ,elijah1 fell on _! faces & said1 ',! ,"l ,he is ! ,god4' ,& yet ?is limit$ fai? 9 ,jehovah z ! ,god ( ! ,jews1 z a ,god m p[]ful ?an ! gods ( ! hea!n1 z a ,god above all gods1 betrays itself aga9 & aga9 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,jews4 ,! idea ( _m gods is !re1 & :]ev] t idea exi/s1 :]ev] ! plural ( god is us$ 9 e>ne/1 !re is poly!ism4 ,x is n s mu* ! names ( ,zeus1 ,h]mes1 c41 :i* con/itute ! poly!ism ( ! ,greeks2 x is ! plural ,greek3 !oi1 gods1 :i* conta9s ! fatal spell4 ,we d n "k :at ,m4 ,r5an means :5 he says t ,jehovah ) ! ,jews 'n'e/ pas le plus gr& entre plusieurs dieux2 c'e/ le ,dieu unique4' ,x 0 s ) ,abraham1 x 0 s aft] ,jacob _h be5 *ang$ into ,israel1 x 0 s ) ,moses1 ,elijah1 & ,j]emiah4 ,b :at is ! mean+ ( ! v fir/ comm&m5t1 ',?\ %alt h no o!r gods be=e me8' ,c\ld ?is comm& h be5 address$ to a nation to :om ! plural ( ,god 0 a non5tity8 ,x might be answ]$ t ! plural ( ,god 0 to ! ,jews z revolt+ z x is to u1 t x 0 revolt+ to _! fai?1 if n to _! reason4 ,b h[ 0 x t _! language tol]at$ ! plural ( a ^w :i* excludes plurality z mu* z ! ^w = ! c5tre ( a sph]e8 ,no man :o _h cle>ly p]ceiv$ ! unity ( ,god1 c\ld say ) ! ,psalmi/ 7lxxxvi4 #h71 ',among ! gods !re is none l unto ,!e1 ,o ,"l1 nei!r are !re any works l unto ,?y works4' ,?\gh ! same poet says1 ',?\ art ,god alone1' he c\ld n h comp>$ ,god ) o!r gods1 if 8 idea ( ,god _h really rea*$ t all-embrac+ "* :i* x _h ) ,abraham1 ,moses1 ,elijah1 & ,j]emiah4 ,nor w\ld ,god h be5 prais$ z ! 'great k+ above all gods' by a poet 9 ^: eyes ! gods ( ! hea!n _h be5 recognis$ z :at !y 7--mighty %ad[s1 ?r[n by ! mighty works ( ,god1 & int]cept+ = a "t ! pure light ( ! ,godhead4 ,we ?us arrive at a diff]5t conviction f t :i* ,m4 ,r5an has made ! basis ( ! hi/ory ( ! ,semitic race4 ,we c see no?+ t w\ld ju/ify ! admission ( a mono!i/ic in/9ct1 grant$ to ! ,semitic1 & )held f ! ,aryan race4 ,!y bo? %>e 9 ! primitive intuition ( ,god1 !y are bo? expos$ to dang]s 9 fram+ names = ,god1 & !y bo? fall into poly!ism4 ,:at is peculi> to ! ,aryan race is _! my?ological phraseology1 sup]add$ to _! poly!ism2 :at is peculi> to ! ,semitic race is _! belief 9 a national god--9 a god *os5 by 8 p z 8 p _h be5 *os5 by him4 ,no d\bt1 ,m4 ,r5an might say t we ignor$ 8 problem1 & t we h n remov$ ! difficulties :i* drove him to ! admission ( a mono!i/ic in/9ct4 ,h[ is ! fact to be expla9$1 he might ask1 t ! ?ree great religions ( ! _w 9 :i* ! unity ( ! ,deity =ms ! key-note1 are ( ,semitic orig91 & t ! ,aryan nations1 :]ev] !y h be5 br\ght to a wor%ip ( ! ,"o ,god1 invoke ,him ) names borr[$ f ! ,semitic languages8 ,b let u look m closely at ! facts be=e we v5ture on !ories4 ,mohamm$anism1 no d\bt1 is a ,semitic religion1 & its v core is mono!ism4 ,b did ,mohamm$ inv5t mono!ism8 ,did he inv5t ev5 a new "n ( ,god8 7,r5an1 p4 #bc47 ,n at all4 ,8 object 0 to de/roy ! idolatry ( ! ,semitic tribes ( ,arabia1 to de?rone ! angels1 ! ,j91 ! sons & daught]s :o _h be5 assign$ to ,allah1 & to re/ore ! fai? ( ,abraham 9 "o ,god4 7,r5an1 p4 #cg47 ,& h[ is x ) ,*ri/ianity8 ,did ,*ri/ come to prea* a fai? 9 a new ,god8 ,did ,he or ,8 disciples inv5t a new "n ( ,god8 ,no1 ,*ri/ came n to de/roy1 b to fulfil2 & ! ,god :om ,he prea*$ 0 ! ,god ( ,abraham4 ,& :o is ! ,god ( ,j]emiah1 ( ,elijah1 & ( ,moses8 ,we answ] aga91 ! ,god ( ,abraham4 ,?us ! fai? 9 ! ,"o liv+ ,god1 :i* seem$ to require ! admission ( a mono!i/ic in/9ct1 graft$ 9 e memb] ( ! ,semitic family1 is trac$ back to "o man1 to him '9 :om all families ( ! e>? %all be bless$' 7,g5esis xii4 #c1 ,acts iii4 #be1 ,galatians iii4 #h74 ,if f our e>lie/ *ildhood we h look$ ^u ,abraham1 ! fri5d ( ,god1 ) love & v5]ation2 if our fir/ impressions ( a truly god-fe>+ life 7 tak5 f him1 :o left ! l& ( 8 fa!rs to live a /rang] 9 ! l& :i!r ,god _h call$ him1 :o always li/5$ to ! voice ( ,god1 :e!r x convey$ to him ! promise ( a son 9 8 old age1 or ! comm& to sacrifice t son1 8 only son ,isaac1 8 v5]able figure w assume /ill m maje/ic proportions :5 we see 9 him ! life-spr+ ( t fai? :i* 0 to unite all ! nations ( ! e>?1 & ! au?or ( t bless+ :i* 0 to come on ! ,g5tiles ?r\gh ,jesus ,*ri/4 ,& if we are ask$ h[ ?is "o ,abraham possess$ n only ! primitive intuition ( ,god z ,he _h reveal$ ,himself to all mank9d1 b pass$ ?r\gh ! d5ial ( all o!r gods to ! k ( ! "o ,god1 we are cont5t to answ] t x 0 by a special ,div9e ,revelation4 ,we d n indulge 9 !ological phraseology1 b we mean e ^w to its fulle/ ext5t4 ,! ,fa!r ( ,tru? *ooses ,8 own prophets1 & ,he speaks to !m 9 a voice /rong] ?an ! voice ( ?und]4 ,x is ! same inn] voice ?r\gh :i* ,god speaks to all ( u4 ,t voice may dw9dle away1 & become h>dly audible2 x may lose its ,div9e acc5t1 & s9k into ! language ( worldly prud5ce2 b x may also1 f "t to "t1 assume its real nature1 ) ! *os5 ( ,god1 & s\nd into _! e>s z a voice f ,heav54 ,a 'div9e in/9ct' may s\nd m sci5tific1 & less !ological2 b 9 tru? x w\ld nei!r be an appropriate "n = :at is a gift or grace accord$ to b few1 nor w\ld x be a m sci5tific1 i4 e4 a m intelligible ^w ?an 'special revelation4' ,! important po9t1 h[ev]1 is n :e!r ! fai? ( ,abraham %\ld be call$ a div9e in/9ct or a revelation2 :at we wi% "h to insi/ on is t t in/9ct1 or t revelation1 0 special1 grant$ to "o man1 & h&$ d[n f him to ,jews1 ,*ri/ians1 & ,mohamm$ans1 to all :o believe 9 ! ,god ( ,abraham4 ,nor 0 x grant$ to ,abraham entirely z a free gift4 ,abraham 0 tri$ & tempt$ be=e he 0 tru/$ by ,god4 ,he _h to break ) ! fai? ( 8 fa!rs2 he _h to d5y ! gods :o 7 wor%ipp$ by 8 fri5ds & neighb\rs4 ,l all ! fri5ds ( ,god1 he _h to he> himself call$ an infidel & a!i/1 & 9 our own days he w\ld h be5 look$ ^u z a madman = attempt+ to slay 8 son4 ,x 0 ?r\gh special fai? t ,abraham receiv$ 8 special revelation1 n ?r\gh in/9ct1 n ?r\gh ab/ract m$itation1 n ?r\gh ec/atic visions4 ,we want to "k m ( t man ?an we d2 b1 ev5 ) ! little we "k ( him1 he /&s be=e u z a figure second only to "o 9 ! :ole hi/ory ( ! _w4 ,we see 8 zeal = ,god1 b we nev] see him cont5ti\s4 ,?\gh ,mel*is$ek wor%ipp$ ,god "u a diff]5t "n1 invok+ ,him z ,eliun1 ! ,mo/ ,high1 ,abraham at once ackn[l$g$ 9 ,mel*is$ek a wor%ipp] & prie/ ( ! true ,god1 or ,elohim1 & paid him ti!s4 ,9 ! v "n ( ,elohim we seem to trace ! conciliatory _s ( ,abraham4 ,elohim is a plural1 ?\gh x is foll[$ by ! v]b 9 ! s+ul>4 ,x is g5]ally said t ! g5ius ( ! ,semitic languages c\nt5ances ! use ( plurals = ab/ract conceptions1 & t :5 ,jehovah is call$ ,elohim1 ! plural %\ld be translat$ by '! ,deity4' ,we d n d5y ! fact1 b we wi% = an explanation1 & an explanation is sugge/$ by ! v>i\s phases ?r\gh :i*1 z we saw1 ! conception ( ,god pass$ 9 ! anci5t hi/ory ( ! ,semitic m9d4 ,eloah 0 at fir/ ! "n = ,god1 & z x is f\nd 9 all ! dialects ( ! ,semitic family except ! ,ph5ician 7,r5an1 p4 #fa71 x may probably be consid]$ z ! mo/ anci5t "n ( ! ,deity1 sanction$ at a "t :5 ! orig9al ,semitic spee* _h n yet bran*$ (f into national dialects4 ,:5 ?is "n 0 fir/ us$ 9 ! plural1 x c\ld only h signifi$1 l e plural1 _m ,eloahs1 & su* a plural c\ld only h be5 =m$ aft] ! v>i\s names ( ,god _h become ! names ( indep5d5t deities1 i4 e4 dur+ a poly!i/ic /age4 ,! transition f ?is into ! mono!i/ic /age c\ld be effect$ 9 two ways--ei!r by d5y+ altoge!r ! exi/5ce ( ! ,elohim1 & *ang+ !m into devils1 z ! ,zoroa/rians did ) ! ,devas ( _! ,brahmanic ance/ors2 or by tak+ a high] view1 & look+ ^u ! ,elohim z s _m names1 inv5t$ ) ! hone/ purpose ( express+ ! v>i\s aspects ( ! ,deity1 ?\gh 9 "t div]t$ f _! orig9al purpose4 ,?is is ! view tak5 by ,/4 ,paul ( ! religion ( ! ,greeks :5 he came to decl>e unto !m ',him :om !y ignorantly wor%ipp$1' & ! same view 0 tak5 by ,abraham4 ,:atev] ! names ( ! ,elohim1 wor%ipp$ by ! num]\s clans ( 8 race1 ,abraham saw t all ! ,elohim 7 meant = ,god1 & ?us ,elohim1 compreh5d+ by "o "n ev]y?+ t ev] _h be5 or c\ld be call$ div9e1 became ! "n ) :i* ! mono!i/ic age 0 rightly inaugurat$1--a plural1 conceiv$ & con/ru$ z a s+ul>4 ,jehovah 0 all ! ,elohim1 & !re=e !re c\ld be no o!r ,god4 ,f ?is po9t ( view ! ,semitic "n ( ! ,deity1 ,elohim1 :i* seem$ at fir/ n only ungrammatical b irrational1 becomes p]fectly cle> & intelligible1 & x proves bett] ?an any?+ else t ! true mono!ism c\ld n h ris5 except on ! ru9s ( a poly!i/ic fai?4 ,x is easy to sc(f at ! gods ( ! hea!n1 b a cold-he>t$ philosophical negation ( ! gods ( ! anci5t _w is m likely to lead to ,deism or ,a!ism ?an to a belief 9 ! ,"o liv+ ,god1 ! ,fa!r ( all mank9d1 ':o ha? made ( "o blood all nations ( m51 = to dwell on all ! face ( ! e>?2 & ha? det]m9$ ! times be=e appo9t$1 & ! b\nds ( _! habitation2 t !y %\ld seek ! ,"l1 if haply !y might feel aft] ,him1 & f9d ,him1 ?\gh ,he be n f> f e "o ( u3 = 9 ,him we live1 & move1 & h our be+2 z c]ta9 also ( y\r own poets h said1 ,= we are also ,8 (fspr+4' ,tak+ ?is view ( ! hi/orical gr[? ( ! idea ( ,god1 _m ( ! difficulties :i* ,m4 ,r5an has to ov]come by mo/ elaborate & sometimes hair-splitt+ argum5ts1 disappe> at once4 ,m4 ,r5an1 = in/ance1 dwells mu* on ,semitic prop] names 9 :i* ! names ( ! ,deity occur1 & he ?9ks t1 l ! ,greek names ,!odorus or ,!odotus1 in/ead ( ,z5odotus1 !y prove ! exi/5ce ( a fai? 9 "o ,god4 ,we %\ld say !y may or may n4 ,z ,devadatta1 9 ,sanskrit1 may mean ei!r 'giv5 by ,god1' or 'giv5 by ! gods1' s e prop] "n :i* ,m4 ,r5an quotes1 :e!r ( ,jews1 or ,edomites1 ,i%maelites1 ,ammonites1 ,moabites1 & ,!manites1 :e!r f ! ,bible1 or f ,arab hi/orians1 f ,greek au?ors1 ,greek inscriptions1 ! ,egyptian papyri1 ! ,himy>itic & ,s9aitic inscriptions & anci5t co9s1 are all op5 to two int]pretations4 ',! s]vant ( ,baal' may mean ! s]vant ( ! ,"l1 b x may also mean ! s]vant ( ,baal1 z "o ( _m lords1 or ev5 ! s]vant ( ! ,baalim or ! ,lords4 ,! same applies to all o!r names4 ',! gift ( ,el' may mean '! gift ( ! only /rong ,god2' b x may likewise mean '! gift ( ! ,el1' z "o ( _m gods1 or ev5 '! gift ( ! ,els1' 9 ! s5se ( ! /rong gods4 ,nor d we see :y ,m4 ,r5an %\ld take su* pa9s to prove t ! "n ( ,orotal or ,orotulat1 m5tion$ by ,h]odotos 7,,iii4 #h71 may be int]pret$ z ! "n ( a supreme deity2 & t ,alilat1 m5tion$ by ! same travell]1 %\ld be tak51 n z ! "n ( a goddess1 b z a fem99e n\n expressive ( ! ab/ract s5se ( ! deity4 ,h]odotos says di/9ctly t ,orotal 0 a deity l ,bac*us2 & ,alilat1 z he translates h] "n by ,greek3 ,ouranie1 mu/ h appe>$ to him z a goddess1 & n z ! ,supreme ,deity4 ,"o v]se ( ! ,koran is suffici5t to %[ t ! ,semitic inhabitants ( ,arabia wor%ipp$ n only gods1 b goddesses also4 ',:at ?9k ye ( ,allat1 al ,uzza1 & ,manah1 t o!r ?ird goddess8' ,if our view ( ! developm5t ( ! idea ( ,god be correct1 we c p]fectly und]/& h[1 9 spite ( ?is poly!i/ic phraseology1 ! primitive intuition ( ,god %\ld make itself felt f "t to "t1 long be=e ,mohamm$ re/or$ ! belief ( ,abraham 9 "o ,god4 ,! old ,arabic pray] m5tion$ by ,abulf>ag may be p]fectly g5u9e3 ',i d$icate myself to ?y s]vice1 ,o ,god6 ,?\ ha/ no companion1 except ?y companion1 ( :om ?\ art absolute ma/]1 & ( :atev] is 84' ,! v]se po9t$ out to ,m4 ,r5an by ,m4 ,causs9 de ,p]ceval f ! ,moallaka ( ,zoheyr1 0 c]ta9ly ant]ior to ,mohamm$3 ',try n to hide y\r secret feel+s f ! sight ( ,allah2 ,allah kn[s all t is hidd54' ,b ^! quotations s]ve no m to e/abli% ! univ]sality ( ! mono!i/ic in/9ct 9 ! ,semitic race ?an simil> quotations f ! ,v$a w\ld prove ! exi/5ce ( a consci\s mono!ism among ! ance/ors ( ! ,aryan race4 ,!re too we read1 ',agni kn[s :at is secret among mortals' 7,rig-v$a ,,viii4 #ci1 #f73 & aga91 ',he1 ! uphold] ( ord]1 ,v>una1 sits d[n among 8 p2 he1 ! wise1 sits !re to gov]n4 ,f !nce p]ceiv+ all wondr\s ?+s1 he sees :at has be5 & :at w be done4'#ajd ,b 9 ^! v hymns1 bett] ?an any:]e else1 we le>n t ! idea ( supremacy & omnipot5ce ascrib$ to "o god did by no means exclude ! admission ( o!r gods1 or names ( ,god4 ,all ! o!r gods disappe> f ! vision ( ! poet :ile he addresses 8 own ,god1 & he only :o is to fulfil 8 desires /&s 9 full light be=e ! eyes ( ! wor%ipp] z ! supreme & only ,god4 ,footnote #ajd3 ',hi/ory ( ,anci5t ,sanskrit ,lit]ature1' by ,m4 ,m41 p4 #ecf4 ,! ,sci5ce ( ,religion is only j beg9n+1 & we mu/ take c>e h[ we imp$e its progress by preconceiv$ notions or too ha/y g5]alizations4 ,dur+ ! la/ fifty ye>s ! au!ntic docum5ts ( ! mo/ important religions ( ! _w h be5 recov]$ 9 a mo/ unexpect$ & almo/ miracul\s mann]4 ,we h n[ be=e u ! canonical books ( ,buddhism2 ! ,z5d-,ave/a ( ,zoroa/] is no long] a seal$ book2 & ! hymns ( ! ,rig-v$a h reveal$ a /ate ( religion ant]ior to ! fir/ beg9n+s ( t my?ology :i* 9 ,hom] & ,hesiod /&s be=e u z a m\ld]+ ru94 ,! soil ( ,mesopotamia has giv5 back ! v images once wor%ipp$ by ! mo/ p[]ful ( ! ,semitic tribes1 & ! cunei=m inscriptions ( ,babylon & ,n9eveh h disclos$ ! v pray]s address$ to ,baal or ,nisro*4 ,) ! discov]y ( ^! docum5ts a new era beg9s 9 ! /udy ( religion4 ,we beg9 to see m cle>ly e day :at ,/4 ,paul meant 9 8 s]mon at ,a!ns4 ,b z ! excavator at ,babylon or ,n9eveh1 be=e he v5tures to recon/ruct ! palaces ( ^! anci5t k+doms1 s9ks 8 %afts into ! gr\nd sl[ly & circumspectly le/ he %\ld injure ! walls ( ! anci5t palaces :i* he is dis9t]r+2 z he wat*es e corn]-/one le/ he mi/ake _! d>k passages & gall]ies1 & z he removes ) awe & trembl+ ! du/ & clay f ! brittle monum5ts le/ he de/roy _! outl9es1 & oblit]ate _! inscriptions1 s x behoves ! /ud5t ( ! hi/ory ( religion to set to "w c>efully1 le/ he %\ld miss ! track1 & lose himself 9 an inextricable maze4 ,! relics :i* he h&les are m preci\s ?an ! ru9s ( ,babylon2 ! problems he has to solve are m important ?an ! que/ions ( anci5t *ronology2 & ! sub/ructions :i* he hopes "o day to lay b>e are ! _w-wide f\ndations ( ! et]nal k+dom ( ,god4 ,we look =w>d ) ! highe/ expectations to ! completion ( ,m4 ,r5an's "w1 & ?\gh ,engli% read]s w diff] f _m ( ! au?or's views1 & feel (f5d$ n[ & !n at 8 blunt & ungu>d$ language1 we d\bt n t !y w f9d 8 volumes bo? in/ructive & sugge/ive4 ,!y are writt5 9 t cle> & brilliant /yle :i* has secur$ to ,m4 ,r5an ! rank ( "o ( ! be/ writ]s ( ,fr5*1 & :i* ?r[s its *>m ev5 ov] ! dry & ab/ruse inquiries into ! grammatical =ms & radical elem5ts ( ! ,semitic languages4 ,april1 #ahfj4 99 99 99 99 99 ,note3 ,li/ ( corrections4 ,duplication ( p>agraphs4 ,page xix ,duplication ( pages4 #c pages aft] #bcf ,miss+ text ,page xviii - la/ p>agraph ,page xxviii - la/ p>agraph ,page #ah ,page #df ,page #hi ,page #ia ,page #ii ,page #aaf ,pages miss+ #c pages aft] #bcc ,! page numb]s h gone awry because ( ! corrections4 ,any ref]5ce to page numb]s may be made to ! ,int]net ,ar*ive edition4 99 99 99 99 99