file :i* includes ! orig9al illu/rations4 ,see #bdffg-;h4htm or #bdffg-;h4zip3 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/d_ /f_/f_/bdffg_/bdffg-;h_/#bdffg-;h4htm7 or 7https3_/_/www4gut5b]g4org_/dirs_/#b_/d_ /f_/f_/bdffg_/bdffg-;h4zip7 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,numb]s prec$$ by a c>at "* are sup]scripts 7example3 #cb #i74 ,numb]s prec$$ by an und]score are subscripts 7example3 ,,co#b7 ,text enclos$ by und]scores is italiciz$4 ,a detail$ transcrib]'s note is at ! end ( ! text4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,gravitation by ,,william ,,george ,,hoop]1 ,f4,s4,s4 ,illu/ration ,london ,*apman & ,hall1 ,ltd4 #aijc ,,introductory ,,notes ,! au?or 9 ?is "w endeav\rs to solve ! greate/ sci5tific problem t has puzzl$ sci5ti/s = ! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s4 ,! "q has aris5 ov] & ov] aga91 s9ce ! discov]y ( univ]sal gravitation by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 z to :at is ! physical cause ( ! attraction ( gravitation4 ,action at a di/ance has long ceas$ to be recogniz$ z a possible ph5om5on1 al?\gh up to ! pres5t1 ! m$ium & me?od ( gravitational attraction h n yet be5 discov]$4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally accept$ by sci5ti/s1 t ! only possible m$ium :i* c give rise to ! ph5om5a incid5tal to1 & associat$ ) ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 mu/ be ! univ]sal ae!r1 :i* =ms ! common m$ium ( all ph5om5a associat$ ) light1 heat1 electricity & magnetism4 ,x is impossible1 h[ev]1 to reconcile gravitational ph5om5a ) ! pres5t conception ( ! univ]sal ae!r m$ium1 & a new !ory is !re=e dem&$1 be=e ! long-s\ght-= explanation w be =?com+4 ,pr(essor ,glazebrook def9itely /ates ! necessity = a new !ory 9 8 "w on ,j4 ,c4 ,maxwell1 page #bba1 :]e he writes3 ,we are wait+ = "s "o to give u a !ory ( ! ae!r1 :i* %all include ! facts ( electricity & magnetism1 lum9\s radiation1 & x may be gravitation4 ,a new !ory ( ! ae!r is also dem&$ 9 view ( ! rec5t exp]im5tal results ( ,pr(essor ,leb$ew1 & ,ni*ols & ,hull ( ,am]ica4 ,x is logically impossible to reconcile a frictionless ae!r1 ) _! results relative to ! pressure ( light waves4 ,9 ! foll[+ pages ( ?is "w ! au?or has endeav\r$ to p]fect a !ory1 :i* w br+ ae!rial physics m into h>mony ) mod]n obs]vation & exp]im5ts2 & by s do+1 believes t he has f\nd ! key t w unlock ! problem n only ( ! cause ( univ]sal gravitation1 b also o!r problems ( physical sci5ce4 ,! au?or has tak5 ,newton's ,rules ( ,philosophy z 8 guide 9 ! mak+ ( ! new !ory1 z he believes t if any man knew any?+ ( ! rules ( ,philosophy1 t man 0 ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,! fir/ *apt] !re=e deals ) ! g5]ally recogniz$ rules :i* gov]n philosophical reason+1 ! same be+ ?ree 9 numb]2 ! fundam5tal rule be+1 t 9 mak+ any hypo!sis1 ! results ( exp]i5ce z obta9$ by obs]vation & exp]im5ts mu/ n be violat$4 ,9 apply+ ! rules to ! pres5t !ory ( ! ae!r1 he f\nd t ! !ory z at pres5t recogniz$ violat$ two ( ! mo/ important rules ( ,philosophy1 because1 :ile ae!r is suppos$ to be matt]1 yet x fail$ to fulfil ! prim>y prop]ty ( all matt]1 t is1 x is n subject to ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,if ae!r is matt]1 !n1 to be /rictly logical & philosophical1 x mu/ possess ! prop]ties ( matt] z reveal$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,^? prop]ties are giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iii41 :]e x is %[n t !y are atomicity1 heav9ess or weight1 ela/icity1 d5sity1 in]tia1 & compressibility4 ,to be /rictly logical & philosophical1 ! au?or 0 compell$ to po/ulate simil> prop]ties = ! ae!r1 or else 8 hypo!ses w\ld contrav]t ! results ( all exp]i5ce4 ,! application ( ^! prop]ties to ! ae!r w be f\nd 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 :]e ! au?or has po/ulat$ atomicity1 heav9ess or weight1 d5sity1 ela/icity1 in]tia1 & compressibility = ! ae!r1 & s br\ght ! !ory ( ! ae!r into p]fect h>mony ) all obs]vation & exp]im5ts relative to ord9>y matt]4 ,x w be %[n t ,cl]k ,maxwell also def9itely affirms ! atomicity ( ! ae!r1 :ile ,tyndall & ,huygh5s also use ! t]m p>ticles ( ae!r ov] & ov] aga94 ,moreov]1 9 view ( ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es 9 electricity made by ,sir ,william ,crookes & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 we are compell$ to accept an atomic basis = electricity1 & z ,dr4 ,lodge1 9 8 ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity1 /ates t ,ae!r is made up ( positive & negative electricity1 !n1 unless we po/ulate atomicity = ! ae!r1 we h to suppose t x is possible = a non-atomic body 7ae!r7 to be made up ( atoms or corpuscles1 :i* conclusion is absurd1 & !re=e mu/ be reject$ z illogical & unphilosophical4 ,aft] po/ulat+ atomicity = ! ae!r1 we are !n able to apply ! ,newtonian ,law ( ,gravitation to x1 :i* di/9ctly affirms t e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle1 & s we arrive at ,?omas ,"y's f\r? hypo!sis giv5 9 ! ,philosophical ,transactions ( #ahjb1 :]e he ass]ts t ,all mat]ial bodies h an attraction = ! ae!rial m$ium1 by means ( :i* x is accumulat$ )9 _! sub/ance1 & = a small di/ance ar\nd !m 9 a /ate ( great] d5sity4 ,he adds ! significant rem>k t ?is hypo!sis is oppos$ to t ( ,newton's4 ,) an atomic & gravitative ae!r x is %[n 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 h[ ! ela/icity1 d5sity1 & in]tia ( ! m$ium are br\ght into h>mony ) all obs]vation & exp]im5ts4 ,9 ! succe$+ *apt]s ! new !ory is appli$ to ! ph5om5a ( heat1 light1 electricity1 & magnetism1 & ! pr9ciples enunciat$ !re9 are !n appli$ to sol> & /ell> ph5om5a4 ,"o ( ! greate/ /umbl+-blocks to ! discov]y ( ! physical cause ( gravitation1 ap>t f ! unphilosophical !ory ( ! ae!r m$ium1 lies 9 ! fact t app>5tly ! ,law ( ,gravitation only recognizes a =ce ( "o k9d4 ,dr4 ,lodge ref]s to ?is phase ( ! subject on page #ci ( 8 ,mod]n ,views ( ,matt] j publi%$4 ,x is "h :]e sci5ti/s h fail$ to solve ! problem ( univ]sal gravitation1 z !re are two =ces at "w 9 ! sol> sy/em & n "o2 t is1 if we are to accept ! results ( up-to-date exp]im5ts 9 relation to radiant light & heat z p]=m$ by ,pr(essor ,leb$ew1 & ,ni*ols & ,hull ( ,am]ica4 ,_! exp]im5ts conclusively prove t light waves ex]t a pressure ^u all bodies on :i* !y fall1 & by no reason+ c ?is pressure be resolv$ into an attractive =ce4 ,h]s*el 9 8 ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects def9itely ref]s to ! exi/5ce ( a repulsive =ce 9 ! sol> sy/em1 & ass]ts t x (f]s ! mo/ int]e/+ prospect ( any future discov]y4 ,! au?or has !re=e attack$ ! problem ( ! cause ( gravitation1 by try+ to solve ! problem ( ! cause ( ! repulsive =ce :i* has be5 exp]im5tally demon/rat$ to exi/ by ,pr(essor ,leb$ew & o!rs4 ,9 8 ef=ts to asc]ta9 ! physical cause ( ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 he has be5 assi/$ by an unkn[n & orig9al essay writt5 by an unkn[n writ] ov] tw5ty ye>s ago4 ,t unkn[n writ] 0 ! au?or's fa!r1 :o wrote an essay on ! ,complem5t>y ,law ( ,gravitation1 & if x _h n be5 = t essay1 ! pres5t "w w\ld nev] h be5 attempt$4 ,! ma9 object ( ! au?or 9 ,*apt]s ,,vi41 ,,vii41 & ,,viii41 is to prove beyond ! possibility ( contradiction1 f ! ph5om5a ( heat1 light1 & electricity1 ! exi/5ce ( two =ces 9 ! sol> sy/em2 & by s do+1 to br+ our philosophy ( ! ae!r m$ium1 & all gravitational ph5om5a1 into h>mony ) all obs]vation & exp]im5ts1 :i* at pres5t is n ! case4 ,9 seek+ to d ?is he f\nd t ! new !ory ( ! ae!r h>moniz$ ) views giv51 by ,f>aday & ,cl]k ,maxwell 9 relation to electric & magnetic ph5om5a1 & by ! new !ory ,maxwell's hypo!sis ( ,physical ,l9es ( ,=ce receives a def9ite & physical basis4 ,9 ,*apt] ,x4 ! au?or endeav\rs to %[ :at ! ,electro-,k9etic en]gy is1 :i* t]m is us$ by ,cl]k ,maxwell1 ! t]m be+ br\ght = ! fir/ "t into h>mony ) our exp]i5ce4 ,! ,electro-,magnetic ,!ory ( ,light also receives fre% light f ! new !ory ( an atomic & gravitat+ ae!r4 ,9 ! succe$+ *apt]s ! !ory is appli$ to ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion & ,kepl]'s ,laws1 & is f\nd to h>monize ) all ! results giv5 by ^! laws4 ,su* a result is a di/9ct advance on ! application ( a frictionless ae!r to sol> & /ell> ph5om5a1 z x is impossible = ,kepl]'s ,laws to be reconcil$ 9 any way ) our pres5t !ory ( ! ae!r4 ,9 ! conclud+ *apt] on ! unity ( ! univ]se1 c]ta9 views are sugge/$ z to ! ultimate con/itution ( all matt]1 ^u an ae!rial basis1 :i* hypo!sis practically resolves itself into an electric basis = all matt]4 ,x is sugge/$ t ae!r & electricity are "o & ! same m$ium1 bo? be+ a =m ( matt]1 & bo? possess+ exactly ! same prop]ties1 viz4 atomicity1 weight1 d5sity1 ela/icity1 in]tia1 & compressibility4 ,?is view ( matt] h>monizes ) ! mo/ ,mod]n ,views ( ,matt] z sugge/$ by ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge 9 8 ,romanes ,lecture #aijc4 ,! au?or has accept$ ,newton's way ( spell+ ae!r z giv5 9 8 "w on ,optics1 & has giv5 ae!rial ! same suffix z mat]ial1 9 ord] to diff]5tiate ! ^w f e!real1 :i* is too metaphysical a t]m = a mat]ial m$ium4 ,nott+ham1 ,sept4 #aijc4 ,,cont5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,philosophy ,,( ,,gravitation ,,page ,,art4 #a4 ,,gravitation #a #b4 ,,cause ,,( ,,gravitation #a #c4 ,,newton',s ,,rules ,,( ,,philosophy #c #d4 ,,fir/ ,,rule ,,( ,,philosophy #c #e4 ,,second ,,rule ,,( ,,philosophy #d #f4 ,,?ird ,,rule ,,( ,,philosophy #g #g4 ,,application ,,( ,,rules ,,to ,,gravitation #i #h4 ,,analysis ,,( ,,law ,,( ,,gravitation #i #i4 ,,primitive ,,impulse #aj #aj4 ,,c5tripetal ,,=ce #ab #aa4 ,,c5trifugal ,,=ce #ac #ab4 ,,newton',s ,,laws ,,( ,,motion #ae #ac4 ,,=ce #af #ad4 ,,fir/ ,,law ,,( ,,motion #af #ae4 ,,second ,,law ,,( ,,motion #ai #af4 ,,?ird ,,law ,,( ,,motion #bj #ag4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,*apt] #bb ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,philosophy ,,( ,,gravitation--7cont9u$7 ,,art4 #ah4 ,,gravitation ,,attraction #bd #ai4 ,,univ]sality ,,( ,,gravitation #bd #bj4 ,,direction ,,( ,,! ,,=ces #bf #ba4 ,,proportion ,,( ,,! ,,=ces #bf #bb4 ,,law ,,( ,,inv]se ,,squ>es #bg #bc4 ,,t]re/rial ,,gravity #bi #bd4 ,,c5trifugal ,,=ce #cj #be4 ,,kepl]',s ,,laws #cb #bf4 ,,fir/ ,,law ,,( ,,kepl] #cc #bg4 ,,second ,,law ,,( ,,kepl] #cf #bh4 ,,?ird ,,law ,,( ,,kepl] #cg ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,matt] ,,art4 #bi4 ,,:at ,,is ,,matt]8 #dj #cj4 ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,matt] #db #ca4 ,,matt] ,,is ,,atomic #db #cb4 ,,:at ,,is ,,an ,,atom8 #dc #cc4 ,,! ,,atomic ,,!ory #dd #cd4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,atoms #dd #ce4 ,,elem5ts ,,( ,,matt] #dg #cf4 ,,?ree ,,k9ds ,,( ,,matt] #dg #cg4 ,,matt] ,,is ,,gravitative #ej #ch4 ,,matt] ,,possesses ,,d5sity #ea #ci4 ,,matt] ,,possesses ,,ela/icity #ea #dj4 ,,matt] ,,possesses ,,in]tia #eb ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,ae!r ,,art4 #db4 ,,ae!r ,,is ,,matt] #ed #dc4 ,,ae!r ,,is ,,univ]sal #eh #dd4 ,,ae!r ,,is ,,atomic #ei #de4 ,,ae!r ,,is ,,gravitative #fd #df4 ,,ae!r ,,possesses ,,d5sity #ga #dg4 ,,ae!r ,,possesses ,,ela/icity #gd #dh4 ,,ae!r ,,possesses ,,in]tia #gf #di4 ,,ae!r ,,is ,,impressible #gh #ej4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,its ,,motions #hj ,,*apt] ,v ,,en]gy ,,art4 #ea4 ,,en]gy #hc #eb4 ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,en]gy #hd #ec4 ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,en]gy #hf #ed4 ,,pot5tial ,,en]gy #hg #ee4 ,,k9etic ,,en]gy #hi #ef4 ,,en]gy ,,& ,,motion #ia #eg4 ,,cons]vation ,,( ,,motion #ib #eh4 ,,trans=mation ,,( ,,motion #ic #ei4 ,,motion ,,& ,,"w #ie ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,heat1 ,a ,,mode ,,( ,,motion ,,art4 #fj4 ,,heat1 ,a ,,mode ,,( ,,motion #ih #fa4 ,,heat ,,& ,,matt] #ajj #fb4 ,,radiation ,,& ,,absorption #ajd #fc4 ,,heat ,,is ,a ,,repulsive ,,motion #ajg #fd4 ,,radiant ,,heat #aji #fe4 ,,direction ,,( ,a ,,ray ,,( ,,heat #aaa #ff4 ,,law ,,( ,,inv]se ,,squ>es #aab #fg4 ,,fir/ ,,law ,,( ,,!rmodynamics #aad #fh4 ,,second ,,law ,,( ,,!rmodynamics #aaf #fi4 ,,id5tity ,,( ,,heat ,,& ,,light #aai ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,light1 ,a ,,mode ,,( ,,motion ,,art4 #gj4 ,,light1 ,a ,,mode ,,( ,,motion #abb #ga4 ,,transv]se ,,vibration ,,( ,,light #acj #gb4 ,,reflection ,,& ,,refraction #ace #gc4 ,,! ,,sol> ,,spectrum #aci #gd4 ,,direction ,,( ,a ,,ray ,,( ,,light #add #ge4 ,,int5sity ,,( ,,light #ade #gf4 ,,velocity ,,( ,,light #adh #gg4 ,,dynamical ,,value ,,( ,,light #aej #gh4 ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,!ory ,,( ,,light #aee ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,ae!r ,,& ,,electricity ,,art4 #gi4 ,,electricity1 ,a ,,mode ,,( ,,motion #afb #hj4 ,,electric ,,field #aff #ha4 ,,electric ,,induction #agd #hb4 ,,electric ,,en]gy #agi #hc4 ,,electric ,,radiation #ahb #hd4 ,,law ,,( ,,inv]se ,,squ>es #ahd #he4 ,,second ,,law ,,( ,,electricity #ahf ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,ae!r ,,& ,,magnetism ,,art4 #hf4 ,,electro-,,magnetism #aib #hg4 ,,! ,,e>? ,a ,,magnet #aie #hh4 ,,! ,,sun ,,an ,,electro-,,magnet #aii #hi4 ,,f>aday',s ,,l9es ,,( ,,=ce #bjc #ij4 ,,t]re/rial ,,magnetism #bjf #ia4 ,,sol> ,,magnets #baa #ib4 ,,cause ,,( ,,rotation ,,( ,,! ,,e>? ,,on ,,its ,,axis #bai #ic4 ,,vortex ,,motion #bba #id4 ,,relative ,,motion ,,( ,,ae!r ,,& ,,matt] #bbd #ie4 ,,vibrations ,,9 ,,! ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,!ory ,,( ,,light #bbh ,,*apt] ,x ,,ae!r ,,& ,,newton',s ,,laws ,,( ,,motion ,,art4 #if4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,c5trifugal ,,=ce #bcb #ig4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,c5tripetal ,,=ce #bcf #ih4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,newton',s ,,fir/ ,,law ,,( ,,motion #bci #ii4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,newton',s ,,second ,,law ,,( ,,motion #bdd #ajj4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,newton',s ,,?ird ,,law ,,( ,,motion #bea #aja4 ,,:y ,,planets ,,revolve ,,f ,,we/ ,,to ,,ea/ #bec ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,ae!r ,,& ,,kepl]',s ,,laws ,,art4 #ajb4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,kepl]',s ,,fir/ ,,law #bef #ajc4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,kepl]',s ,,second ,,law #bfj #ajd4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,kepl]',s ,,?ird ,,law #bfc #aje4 ,,orbital ,,motion ,,( ,,planets #bff #ajf4 ,,ecc5tricity ,,( ,,! ,,moon',s ,,orbit #bfh #ajg4 ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,kepl]',s ,,fir/ ,,law #bgj #ajh4 ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,kepl]',s ,,second ,,law #bgd #aji4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,! ,,plane ,,( ,,! ,,ecliptic #bgg #aaj4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,! ,,c5tripetal ,,=ce #bhb ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,ae!r ,,& ,,comets ,,art4 #aaa4 ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,comet8 #bia #aab4 ,,orbits ,,( ,,comets #bic #aac4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,comets #bif #aad4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,a ,,comet #bih #aae4 ,,c5trifugal ,,=ce ,,& ,,comets #cjj #aaf4 ,,=mation ,,( ,,tails #cjc ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,ae!r ,,& ,,/>ry ,,_w ,,art4 #aag4 ,,/>ry ,,_w #cjf #aah4 ,,/>s ,,& ,,kepl]',s ,,laws #cji #aai4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,nebulae #cac #abj4 ,,:at ,,is ,a ,,nebula8 #cad #aba4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,nebul> ,,hypo!sis #cag #abb4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,nebulae #cai ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,ae!r ,,& ,,! ,,univ]se ,,art4 #abc4 ,,! ,,univ]se #cbc #abd4 ,,unity ,,( ,,! ,,univ]se #cbf #abe4 ,,con/itution ,,( ,,matt] #ccd #abf4 ,,quod ,,erat ,,faci5dum #ccg #abg4 ,,god ,,& ,,! ,,univ]s #cdb ,,app5dix #cdi ,,index #cea ,,ae!r ,,& ,,gravitation ,,*apt] ,i ,,philosophy ,,( ,,gravitation ,,art4 #a4 ,gravitation4--,9 ! realm ( ,sci5ce1 !re exi/s a ,=ce or ,law t p]vades & influ5ces all ,nature1 & f ! p[] ( :i*1 no?+1 n ev5 an atom1 is free4 ,x holds toge!r ! compon5t p>ts ( ea* & e individual _w1 & 9 ! _w's revolv+ prev5ts bo? its inhabitants & its vegetation f be+ :irl$ (f its surface into space4 ,x exi/s 9 ea* & e c5tral sun1 & circles r\nd ea* sun its associat$ sy/em ( planets4 ,x rolls ea* satellite ar\nd its prim>y planet1 & regulates ! comet's my/]i\s flight into ! dep?s ( space1 :ile ! p5dulation ( ev5 ! remote/ /> is accompli%$ by ?is same =ce4 ,our own rock+ _w obeys ! same my/]i\s p[]1 t seems to grasp ! entire mat]ial creation z ) ! grasp ( ! ,inf9ite4 ,x exi/s 91 & influ5ces e atom1 ^: comb9ations compose & con/itute ! entire mat]ial creation1 or ea* & e orb t bespangle ! blue inf9ity4 ,z is readily se51 x weaves z x 7 ar\nd ea* & all1 a my/]i\s network or *a91 t b9ds /> to />1 & _w to _w1 bl5d+ all into "o entire1 va/ & complete unity4 ,x decides all _! orbits & di/ances1 regulates & controls all _! motions1 f ! mo/ simple ev5 to ! m complex & intricate1 ultimately produc+ t wondr\s & beaute\s ord]1 unity & h>mony t ev]y:]e p]vade & bl5d all ! univ]se into "o gr& & h>moni\s :ole4 ,t ,law ,i ne$ h>dly say is ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,,art4 #b4 ,cause ( ,gravitation4--,n[ ! "q arises1 & inde$ has aris5 a ?\s& times s9ce ! discov]y ( ?is law by ,sir ,isaac ,newton ov] two hundr$ ye>s ago1 z to :at is ! physical cause1 ! true explanation ( ?is univ]sal attraction4 ,mac,laurin 9 8 "w on ! philosophical discov]ies ( ,sir ,isaac ,newton says3 ,9 all cases :5 bodies seem to act ^u ea* o!r at a di/ance1 & t5d t[>ds "o ano!r )\t any app>5t cause impell+ !m1 ?is =ce has be5 commonly call$ ,attraction1 & ?is t]m is frequ5tly us$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,b he gives repeat$ caution t he pret5ds n by ! use ( ?is t]m to def9e ! nature ( ! p[]1 or ! mann] 9 :i* x acts4 ,nor does he ev] affirm or ins9uate t a body c act ^u ano!r body at a di/ance1 b by ! int]v5tion ( o!r bodies4 ,! results ( mod]n discov]y %[ t action at a di/ance1 )\t ! int]v5tion ( any m$ium1 z = example ! sun attract+ ! e>?1 is n ! univ]sal condition :i* gov]ns all s-call$ =ces4 ,x is n[ recogniz$ t light & heat are bo? =ms ( en]gy1 & !re=e =ces1 us+ ! t]m 9 ! same s5se t x is appli$ to ,gravitation4 ,bo? light & heat are transmitt$ ?r\gh space ) f9ite velocity ?r\gh ! int]v5tion ( a m$ium1 ! univ]sal ,ae!r4 ,x is !re=e only reasonable to suppose1 t if "o or m p>ticul> k9ds ( en]gy1 or =ces1 require a m$ium = _! transmission1 :y n ano!r =ce1 z = example ,gravitation8 ,gravitation is an univ]sal =ce :i* op]ates ?r\gh\t ! l5g? & bread? ( ! entire univ]se1 & if !re be a m$ium :i* is to ,gravitation1 :at ! ,ae!r is to light & heat1 ! "q at once confronts u1 z to :at are ! *>act]i/ics1 prop]ties1 & qualities ( t univ]sal m$ium1 :i* is to =m ! physical basis ( ?is univ]sal attraction8 ,newton himself sugge/$ t ,gravitation 0 due to an ae!rial subtle m$ium1 :i* fill$ all space4 ,9 8 well-kn[n lett] to ,b5tley1 ,newton writes z foll[s3 ,t ,gravity %\ld be innate1 inh]5t1 & ess5tial to matt]1 s t "o body c act ^u ano!r body at a di/ance ?r\gh a vacuum1 )\t ! m$iation ( any?+ else1 by & ?r\gh :i* _! action & =ce may be convey$ f "o to ano!r1 is to me s great an absurdity1 t ,i believe no man :o has any philosophical nature or compet5t faculty ( ?9k+ c ev] fall into x4 ,we also "k f 8 ,qu]ies 9 8 book on ,optics1 t he s\ght = ! explanation ( ,gravitation 9 ! prop]ties ( a subtle1 ae!rial m$ium diffus$ ov] ! univ]se4 ,mac,laurin on ?is po9t says3 ,x appe>s f 8 lett]s to ,boyle1 t ?is 0 8 op9ion e>ly1 & if he did n publi% 8 op9ion soon]1 x proce$$ f h5ce only1 t he f\nd he 0 n able f exp]im5t & obs]vation to give a satisfactory acc\nt ( ?is m$ium1 & ! mann] ( its op]ations 9 produc+ ! *ief ph5om5a ( ,nature4 ,!re=e1 if we accept ,newton's sugge/ion1 & endeav\r to trace ! physical cause ( ,gravitation 9 ! qualities1 prop]ties1 & motions ( ?is subtle ae!rial m$ium to :i* he ref]s1 we %all be simply work+ on ! l9es laid d[n by ,sir ,isaac ,newton himself4 ,i wi% !re=e to premise1 t ! future pages ( ?is "w w deal ) ! hypo!sis ( ?is ae!rial m$ium1 by :i* w be acc\nt$ =1 & t on a satisfactory & physical basis1 ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,,art4 #c4 ,rules ( ,philosophy4--,9 ord] t we may rightly und]/& ! mak+ ( any hypo!sis1 ,i purpose giv+ "s rules laid d[n by su* philosoph]s z ,newton & ,h]s*el1 s t we may be guid$ by "r pr9ciples 9 ! developm5t ( ?is new hypo!sis z to ! cause ( ,gravitation4 ,! rules t gov]n ! mak+ ( any hypo!ses1 s f> z ,i c disc]n1 may be summ$ up "u ! ?ree foll[+ heads-- 7#a7 ,simplicity ( conception4 7#b7 ,agreem5t ) exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 & exp]im5t4 7#c7 ,satisfactorily acc\nt+ =1 & expla9+ all ph5om5a s\ght to be expla9$4 ,,art4 #d4 #a/ ,rule4 ,simplicity ( ,conception4--,f ?is rule we le>n t ! hypo!sis mu/ be simple 9 conception1 & simple 9 its fundam5tal pr9ciples1 & fur!r1 t ! same *>act]i/ic ( simplicity mu/ m>k ea* /ep ( its developm5t4 ,?is rule ( simplicity is di/9ctly laid d[n by ,sir ,isaac ,newton 9 8 ,pr9cipia1 ,book #c1 "u ! head+ ,regulae ,philosoph&i4 ,9 t "w he writes3 ,natura simplex e/1 et r]um causis sup]fluis non luxuriat4--,nature is simple1 & does n ab\nd 9 sup]flu\s causes ( ?+s4 ,he fur!r /ates t3 ,n m ( ! natural causes ( ?+s ought to be admitt$1 ?an ^? :i* are true & suffice to expla9 ph5om5a4 ,9 ! nature ( ,philosophy no?+ is done 9 va91 & by means ( _m ?+s1 x is done 9 va9 :5 x c be done by few]4 ,= ,nature is simple1 & does n ab\nd 9 sup]flu\s causes4 ,:ile aga9 9 ,rule #c1 he adds3 ,natura simplex e/ et sibi semp] consona4--,nature is simple1 & always agrees ) itself4 ,:ewell also consid]s simplicity z a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all true hypo!ses4 ,on ?is po9t he writes3 ,all ! hypo!ses %\ld t5d to simplicity & h>mony4 ,! new suppositions resolve !mselves into ! old ones1 or at lea/ only require "s easy modification ( ! hypo!sis fir/ assum$4 ,9 false !ories ! contr>y is ! case4 ,?us1 x is ! v ess5ce ( philosophy to build ^u a f\ndation ( simplicity1 comb9$ ) ! results ( exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 & exp]im5t4 ,= example1 if we desir$ to =m a hypo!sis z to ! cause ( day & night1 two hypo!ses might be assign$ z to ! cause4 ,fir/1 t ! e>? revolves on its axis once a day1 & s pres5ts ea* "p successively to ! light & heat ( ! sun2 & second1 t ! sun revolves r\nd ! e>? once e #bd h\rs4 ,b su* an assumption z ! latt] w\ld involve ! revolution ( ! sun ?r\gh an imm5se orbit at an enorm\s velocity1 9 ord] = ! j\rney to be accompli%$ 9 ! "t4 ,s t x is mu* simpl] to conceive ( ! e>? revolv+ on its axis once e #bd h\rs1 ?an x is = ! sun to p]=m ?is j\rney 9 ! same p]iod4 ,h5ce ! rule ( simplicity is 9 fav\r ( day & night be+ caus$ by ! revolv+ ( ! e>? on its axis4 ,! same rule might be illu/rat$ 9 _m ways2 b1 h[ev] illu/rat$1 ! pr9ciple1 accord+ to ,newton1 always holds good t all effects are produc$ by ! simple/ causes1 & if !re are app>5tly two causes to ! same ph5om5on1 !n ! simpl] cause is ! true & correct "o4 ,s t 9 ! mak+ & developm5t ( any hypo!ses ( ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 ?is rule ( simplicity mu/ always be recogniz$2 &1 9 conjunction ) ! o!r rules1 we mu/ seek to make our hypo!ses1 s z to be able to acc\nt & expla9 all ph5om5a s\ght to be expla9$4 ,,art4 #e4 #bnd ,rule4 ,exp]i5ce4--,newton fully recogniz$ ! necessity ( exp]i5ce 9 ,philosophy4 ,he saw ! absolute necessity ( appeal+ to exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 & exp]im5t1 bo? z a basis = philosophical reason+1 & fur!r1 = ! data :i* 7 necess>y to v]ify p>ticul> applications ( ! hypo!ses sugge/$4 ,9 8 ,rules ( ,philosophy1 ref]r+ to exp]i5ce z a guide1 he says3 ,hoc e/ fundam5tum philosophiae4--,?is is ! basis ( philosophy4 ,h]s*el1 writ+ on ! same subject 9 8 ,natural ,philosophy1 writes ?us ) reg>d to exp]i5ce3 ,we h po9t$ out t ! great1 & inde$ ! only ultimate s\rce ( our k ( nature1 & its laws1 is exp]i5ce4 ,by :i* ,i mean1 n ! exp]i5ce ( "o man only1 or ( "o g5]ation1 b ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( all mank9d 9 all ages regi/]$ 9 books or record$ 9 tradition4 ,b exp]i5ce may be acquir$ 9 two ways1 ei!r fir/ by notic+ facts z !y occur )\t any attempt to influ5ce ! frequ5cy ( _! occurr5ce1 or to v>y ! circum/ances "u :i* !y occur4 ,?is is obs]vation4 ,second1 by putt+ 9 action causes & ag5ts ov] :i* we h no control1 & purposely v>y+ _! comb9ation1 & !n notic+ :at effects take place4 ,?is is exp]im5t4 ,to ^! two s\rces we mu/ look z ! f\nta9s ( all natural sci5ce4 ,h]s*el fur!r writes3 ,exp]i5ce once recogniz$ z ! f\nta9 ( all our k ( nature1 x foll[s1 t 9 our /udy ( nature & its laws1 we ought at once to make up our m9ds to dismiss1 z idle prejudices1 or at lea/ susp5d z premature1 all preconceiv$ notion ( :at might1 or ought to be ! ord] ( nature 9 any propos$ case1 & cont5t ourselves z a pla9 matt] ( fact ) :at is4 ,to exp]i5ce we ref] z ! only gr\nd = all physical enquiry4 ,b be=e exp]i5ce itself c be us$ to advantage1 !re is "o prelim9>y /ep to make :i* dep5ds :olly ^u ourselves4 ,x is ! absolute dismissal & cle>+ ! m9d ( all prejudices f :atev] s\rce aris+1 & ! det]m9ation to /& or fall by ! result ( direct appeal to facts 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & to /rict logical d$uction f !m aft]w>ds4 ,f extracts l ^!1 f su* m5 z ,newton & ,h]s*el1 x c at once be se5 t exp]i5ce1 & exp]i5ce alone1 %\ld be ! *ief f\nta9 f :5ce we draw all our data to =m ! bases ( any hypo!sis or !ory4 ,if ! hypo!sis =m$ is contradict$ by ! result ( any pres5t or future obs]vation or exp]im5t1 !n su* hypo!sis w ei!r become unt5able1 or mu/ be s modifi$ z to take 9 ! new fact furni%$ by t obs]vation & exp]im5t4 ,x is a s9e qu non ( all true philosophy1 t philosophy %\ld always agree ) exp]i5ce4 ,to ! ext5t t our ,philosophy ( ,nature fails to agree ) our exp]i5ce1 or ) ! results ( obs]vation & exp]im5t1 !n to t ext5t x ceases to be philosophy4 ,x may be a hypo!sis or ev5 a !ory1 b c]ta9ly x is n true ,philosophy4 ,n[1 9 ! elaboration & developm5t ( ! !ory z to ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 ,i c premise t no?+ w be po/ulat$ or suppos$1 unless su* supposition c be directly v]ifi$ by our own obs]vation & exp]im5ts4 ,any !ory or hypo!ses t are contradict$ by our own exp]i5ce 9 its wide/ =m1 w f9d no place 9 ! developm5t ( ?is "w4 ,fur!r1 any pres5t accept$ !ory 9 relation to any natural ph5om5a1 :i* is controv]t$ by exp]im5t1 or obs]vation1 w be reject$ z unt5able 9 ! s*eme ( ,natural ,philosophy to be submitt$ to ! read]4 ,:atev] else ! !ory sugge/$ may1 or may n be1 "o ?+ x c]ta9ly %all be1 & t is1 t x %all be /rictly bas$ ^u ! ,philosophical ,rules z giv5 by "s ( ! greate/ philosoph]s ! _w has ev] se54 ,i d n premise t ! hypo!ses advanc$ w be /rictly correct 9 e detail4 ,t w\ld be to assume t my exp]i5ce ( all natural ph5om5a 0 p]fect4 ,to ! ext5t t our exp]i5ce is limit$1 to t ext5t our hypo!ses w be limit$ & faulty4 ,x w\ld ne$ an ,inf9ite m9d to =m a p]fect !ory ( ! philosophy ( ! univ]se1 because only an ,inf9ite m9d possesses inf9ite exp]i5ce4 ,a f9ite m9d c1 h[ev]1 =m true philosophical conceptions ( natural ph5om5a1 if t m9d w only foll[ ! guidance ( 8 own exp]i5ce1 & be will+ to accept ! tea*+ t always arises f ! results ( t exp]i5ce4 ,9 ord] to d ?is1 h[ev]1 x mu/ be obs]v$1 z ,h]s*el po9ts out1 t all old prejudices mu/ be put away1 & ! "q or problem to be consid]$ mu/ be view$ ) an op5 m9d4 ,let me illu/rate :at ,i mean4 ,suppose1 = example1 t = two hundr$ ye>s1 *alk _h always be5 ?\ght to be a m9]al1 & !n1 ow+ to ! developm5t ( ! microscope1 & to ! increas$ magnify+ p[]s ( ! l5ses1 x 0 conclusively demon/rat$ t *alk is made up ( ! %ells & rema9s ( c]ta9 organisms t liv$ 9 ! sea ages ago4 ,w\ld x be philosophical to ?r[ ov] ! results ( ! microscopical rese>*1 &1 simply because = two hundr$ ye>s *alk _h be5 ?\ght to be a m9]al1 to argue1 & /ill reta9 ! idea t *alk 0 a m9]al8 ,su* a result w\ld be entirely oppos$ to all ! tea*+ & pr9ciples ( philosophy4 ,9 a simil> way1 suppose 9 ! developm5t ( ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 a c]ta9 conception ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r has to be put =? 9 ord] to acc\nt = ,gravitation1 & t t conception is oppos$ to "s ( ! !ories :i* h be5 held relative to ! ,ae!r m$ium = ! pa/ two hundr$ ye>s2 b t ! conception s advanc$ is support$ by ! exp]im5ts & obs]vation ( "s ( ! able/ sci5ti/s ( ! pres5t c5tury1 w\ld x be philosophical to reject ! new] conception :i* h>moniz$ ) all exp]im5t & obs]vation1 & /ill reta9 ! old conception ( ! ae!rial m$ium2 or1 to accept ! new] conception ( t m$ium1 & to reject "s ( ! ideas includ$ 9 ! old conception8 ,f a purely philosophic /&po9t1 !re c only be "o reply1 :i* w\ld be 9 fav\r ( ! new] conception1 by :i* our philosophy w\ld be br\ght into h>mony ) our exp]i5ce4 ,?is ,i premise w be done 9 ?is "w1 & ! result w be1 t = ! fir/ "t1 our philosophy ( ! ae!rial m$ium w agree ) our exp]i5ce2 &1 z ! natural result1 sev]al out/&+ problems w be expla9$ on a physical basis1 :i* at ! pres5t "t _c be satisfactorily expla9$ except f ! ma!matical /&po9t4 ,,art4 #f4 #crd ,rule4 ,satisfactory explanation ( ! ,ph5om5a s\ght to be ,expla9$4--,! ?ird rule :i* gov]ns ! mak+ ( any hypo!sis is1 t ! hypo!sis =m$ 9 accordance ) ! fir/ & second rules %all satisfactorily acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a s\ght to be expla9$4 ,newton writes on ?is po9t z foll[s3 ,no m causes ( natural ?+s are to be admitt$1 ?an su* z are true1 & suffici5t to expla9 ! ph5om5a4 ,:ile aga9 9 8 f\r? rule he /ates3 ,9 exp]im5tal philosophy1 propositions collect$ by induction f ph5om5a are to be reg>d$ z accurately true1 or v ne>ly true1 not)/&+ any contr>y hypo!sis1 till o!r ph5om5a occur by :i* !y are made m accurate1 or are r5d]$ subject to exceptions4 ,pr9cipia1 ,book #c4 ,h]s*el 9 8 ,natural ,philosophy po9ts out1 t "o ( ! *ief requirem5ts ( any assum$ hypo!sis is1 t x %all be suffici5t to acc\nt = ! ph5om5a to be expla9$1 & t x %all be sugge/$ by analogy4 ,n[ ! object ( ?is "w is to give a physical explanation ( ! cause & work+ ( ,gravitation1 & to %[ h[1 by ! prop]ties1 qualities & motions ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 ,univ]sal ,gravitation may be acc\nt$ = on a physical basis4 ,s t e ph5om5on1 associat$ )1 or includ$ 9 ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 %\ld receive a satisfactory physical explanation by ! propos$ !ory4 ,?us ! physical cause ( ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces %\ld receive = ! fir/ "t a physical explanation4 ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion1 9 s f> z !y con=m to 8 own ,rules ( ,philosophy1 %\ld also receive a physical explanation4 ,kepl]'s ,laws1 :i* gov]n ! motion ( planets 9 _! orbits1 %\ld also receive a simil> physical explanation4 ,inde$1 all ph5om5a :i* ! ,law ( ,gravitation expla9s f a ma!matical /&po9t1 ought to receive a physical explanation by ! propos$ new conception ( ! ,ae!r m$ium4 ,9 addition to ! out/&+ physical cause ( ,gravitation1 !re are o!r physical problems t yet rema9 to be solv$2 z1 = example1 !re is ! "q z to :at is ! relative motion ( ,ae!r to mov+ matt]4 ,does ! ,ae!r move ) matt] ?r\gh space z sugge/$ by ,mi*elson's & ,morley's exp]im5t ( ,am]ica1 or does x fl[ freely ?r\gh all matt]1 z x is usually ?\ght to d8 ,i premise ,i w give a satisfactory solution ( ?is problem 9 due c\rse4 ,aga91 9 relation to ! ,ph5om5a ( ,light1 !re is /ill out/&+ ! problem ( ! physical explanation z to ! transv]se vibration ( light4 ,?is problem w also be dealt ) f ! /&po9t ( our new conception ( ! ,ae!r4 ,:e!r x w be z satisfactorily solv$1 z ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 rema9s to be se54 ,fur!r1 !re is also ! important "q yet unsolv$1 z to :at ,matt] is4 ,"l ,kelv9 & ,dr4 ,l>mor h rec5tly giv5 to ! _w c]ta9 conceptions z to ! orig9 ( ,matt]1 & ,i %all endeav\r to %[ t su* conceptions receive confirmation & support by ! propos$ new conception ( ! ,ae!r4 ,ano!r problem t w be attack$ & solv$1 w be ! cause ( ! ,p]man5t ,magnetism ( ! e>?1 ) an answ] to "s ( ! que/ions prop\nd$ by ,pr(essor ,s*u/] at ! ,briti% ,association ( #ahib relative to ! magnetism ( sol> bodies4 ,!re is c]ta9ly "s physical explanation z to ! cause ( ! e>? be+ a magnet1 yet up to ! pres5t no satisfactory physical !ory has be5 giv54 ,i premise t ! new conception ( ! ,ae!r1 to be submitt$ 9 ! aft] pages1 w satisfactorily acc\nt1 & t on a philosophical basis1 = ?is ph5om5on4 ,la/ly1 "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ discov]ies ( ! pres5t day w receive an add$ confirmation & explanation 9 ! conception ( ! ,ae!r m$ium to be advanc$4 ,i ref] to ! sy/em ( ,wireless ,telegraphy t has be5 s successfully develop$ by ,signor ,m>coni1 & ,i premise t new light w be ?r[n on t discov]y by ! sugge/$ !ory ( ! ,ae!r4 ,n[1 if all ^! problems c be p>tially or :olly solv$ by ! same !ory t is advanc$ to expla9 ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 x ne$s no fur!r comm5t to %[ t t !ory is consid]ably /r5g!n$ & m firmly e/abli%$4 ,= x is a rule 9 ,philosophy1 t ! m problems any sugge/$ !ory c solve1 ! great] are ! claims ( t !ory = acceptance by sci5ti/s g5]ally4 ,=1 if two rival !ories c solve ?ree & t5 physical problems respectively1 !n1 9 giv+ a decision z to :i* is ! bett] !ory1 ! balance ( op9ion w\ld be ov]:elm+ 9 fav\r ( t !ory :i* c\ld solve ! t5 problems4 ,s t1 if 9 addition to ! satisfactory explanation ( ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 "s1 if n all ( ! o!r problems c be solv$1 z ,i premise !y c1 by ! same conception ( ! ,univ]sal ,ae!r1 !n x foll[s our ?ird rule ( ,philosophy w be m ?an fulfill$1 & ! !ory s advanc$ w be plac$ ^u su* a /rong f\ndation1 t x c only be ov]?r[n by prov+ t x contradicts ! results ( "s undiscov]$ ph5om5a4 ,,art4 #g4 ,application ( ,rules to ,gravitation4--,let u !re=e apply ,newton's own ,rules ( ,philosophy to ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 & endeav\r to f9d out if ! law1 z at pres5t und]/ood1 fully satisfies 8 own ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,no "o c reasonably object to subject+ ! ,law ( ,gravitation to ! te/ ( ^? pr9ciples :i* he lays d[n z ! fundam5tal ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,if x comes ?r\gh ! ordeal ) complete success1 t is1 if x is ess5tially simple 9 its conception & developm5t1 & if all its details are fully 9 accord ) exp]i5ce1 z reveal$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 !n !re w be no ne$ to alt] any ( its hypo!ses or axioms4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x violates any ( ! rules z laid d[n by ,newton1 !n1 to t ext5t1 an alt]ation w be necess>y1 9 ord] t ! ,law ( ,gravitation may be br\ght into con=mity ) 8 own rules1 & our ,philosophy made to agree ) our exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,,art4 #h4 ,analysis ( ,law ( ,gravitation4--,9 ord] to accompli% ?is1 let u ask ourselves1 ,:at are ! compon5t p>ts ( ?is ,law ( ,gravitation8 ,! ,law is n a simple law1 b a comp\nd "o4 ,x is comp\nd$ prim>ily ( ?ree p>ts4 #a/4 ,a ,primitive ,impulse4 #bnd4 ,a ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 #crd4 ,a ,c5trifugal ,=ce4 ,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! ?ree ,laws ( ,motion2 al?\gh !y are n directly "p ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 yet !y are ess5tial to its effectiv5ess & completion4 ,)\t any "o ( ^!1 ! ,law ( ,gravitation w\ld fail to acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a t x does acc\nt =4 ,if !re 7 no ,primitive ,impulse1 !n ! planets & meteors1 sun & />s w\ld = ev] rema9 at re/1 & ! ,laws ( ,motion w\ld rema9 inop]ative4 ,if !re 7 no ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 !n ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce w\ld hurl ! planets & comets1 a/]oids or m9or planets away into ! dep?s ( space1 nev] to return to _! c5tral sun4 ,if !re 7 no ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 !n ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce w\ld draw all bodies1 i4 e4 all planets1 etc41 to _! c5tral sun1 &1 in/ead ( ! planets cont9ually revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 !re w\ld be b "o imm5se solit>y mass 9 ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,if !re 7 no ,laws ( ,motion1 ) _! necess>y coroll>y ! ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces1 ! ,primitive ,impulse w\ld cease to act1 & ! ,law ( ,gravitation w\ld aga9 fail 9 its attempt to acc\nt = ^? ph5om5a x does acc\nt =4 ,?us1 z x may easily be se51 ,gravitation is a comp\nd ,law1 dep5d+ ^u at lea/ f\r hypo!ses1 & !re=e is n ess5tially a simple ,=ce1 or ,law4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 giv+ a physical explanation ( ! cause ( ,gravitation1 we c r$uce all ^! f\r elem5ts ( ! ,law into "o s+le physical cause1 i4 e4 ! ,univ]sal ,ae!r1 & %[ h[ !y may all be expla9$ & acc\nt$ = by ! prop]ties1 qualities & motions ( t physical m$ium1 !n su* a result w be /rictly 9 h>mony ) ! fir/ ,rule ( ,philosophy1 z laid d[n by ,newton & o!rs4 ,we w1 !re=e1 proce$ to consid] "s ( ^! p>ts ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation 9 detail4 ,,art4 #i4 ,primitive ,impulse4--,?is may be expla9$ z foll[s4 ,at ! creat+ & laun*+ ( ea* _w1 ,newton suppos$ t !re 0 giv5 to ea* _w an impulse or t5d5cy to fly (f f ! controll+ c5tre into space4 ,on ?is matt] ,mac,laurin writes z foll[s3 ,if we _h eng9es ( suffici5t =ce1 bodies might be project$ f !m1 s z n only to be c>ri$ a va/ di/ance away )\t fall+ to ! e>?1 b s z to move r\nd ! :ole e>? )\t t\*+ x2 &1 aft] return+ to ! fir/ place1 comm5ce a new revolution ) ! same =ce !y fir/ receiv$ f ! eng9e2 & aft] ! second revolution1 a ?ird1 & ?us revolve z a moon or satellite r\nd ! e>? = ev]4 ,if ?is c be effect$ ne> ! e>?'s surface1 x may be done high] 9 ! air1 or ev5 z high z ! moon4 ,by increas+ ! =ce or p[]1 a body proportionately l>g] may be ?us project$1 & by a p[] suffici5tly great1 a heavy body1 n inf]ior to ! moon1 might be put 9 motion1 :i* might revolve = ev] r\nd ! e>?4 ,?us ,sir ,isaac ,newton saw t ! curvil9eal motion ( ! moon 9 h] orbit1 & ( a projectile at ! surface ( ! e>?1 7 ph5om5a ( ! same k9d1 & might be expla9$ f ! same pr9ciple ext5d$ f ! e>? s z to rea* ! moon1 & t ! moon 0 only a great] projectile t receiv$ its motion 9 ! beg9n+ ( ?+s f ! ,almighty ,au?or ( ! ,univ]se4 ,n[ :at ,i desire to "k is1 ,:at is ! nature1 ! mode ( op]ation1 &1 above all1 ! physical cause ( ?is ,primitive ,impulse8 ,is x 9 its nature & mode ( op]ation a simple ,=ce1 or ,cause8 ,does x fulfil ! condition ( ,newton's ,fir/ ,rule ( ,philosophy8 ,p]mit me to sugge/ sev]al l9es ( ?\ght :i* may be made ! basis ( its analysis4 ,a/ronom]s tell u t !re are 9 exi/5ce millions ( />s1 & suns1 flood+ imm5sity & space ) _! light & heat4 ,n[ ! "q ,i wi% to ask reg>d+ ,primitive ,impulse 9 relation to all ^! />s is ?is3 ,0 ! ,primitive ,impulse imp>t$ to ea* sun1 & />1 & planet1 sep>ately & di/9ctly8 ,if s1 !n !re mu/ h be5 j z _m ,primitive ,impulses z !re are />s & suns & planets1 & !re w\ld be accord+ to a c]ta9 a/ronom]'s e/imate at lea/ #hjj1jjj1jjj ,primitive ,impulses1 :i* assumption is altoge!r oppos$ to1 & violates ! ,fir/ ,rule ( ,philosophy4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 x is affirm$ t !y all receiv$ _! motion at "o & ! same "t1 !n ,i ask3 ,:at 0 ! physical cause & me?od adopt$ to communicate ! impulse to ea* "o at ! same "t8 ,if ! reply is giv51 t x 0 by ,univ]sal ,gravitation1 ,i h two objections to make to su* a reply3 fir/1 t ,gravitation is altoge!r inop]ative )\t ! ,primitive ,impulse1 o!rwise :y 0 x conceiv$8 & secondly1 :at is ! physical cause ( ,gravitation8 ,aga91 sci5ti/s in=m u t !re is e reason = believ+1 t />s & suns are /ill be+ =m$ 9 ! univ]se1 & t !re are c]ta9 di/9ctive ph5om5a :i* g to prove t /atem5t4 ,n[1 if t be true1 & ,i believe x to be true1 ,i wi% to ask if ! ,primitive ,impulse z sugge/$ by ,newton1 is applicable to ! />s & suns already 9 process ( =mation 9 ! v>i\s nebulae8 &1 if s1 at :at po9t 9 ! />'s hi/ory or developm5t is t ,impulse appli$8 ,p]sonally1 ,i _c conceive ( ! ,great ,creator ( all ?+s be+ s lack+ 9 inv5tive g5ius1 if ,i may rev]5tly use t t]m1 z to necessitate a sep>ate ,impulse be+ giv5 to e sep>ate />1 or sun1 z ea* "o is creat$ or =m$ dur+ ! progress & developm5t ( ! univ]se ( worlds4 ,i w\ld mu* r believe t :i* ,i hold to be ! correct explanation1 viz4 t ,he has giv5 to a c]ta9 fundam5tal & primordial m$ium1 c]ta9 qualities & prop]ties1 by1 & ?r\gh :i* are orig9at$ & p]petuat$1 all ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies already exi/5t 9 ! univ]se1 or t are ev] likely to be exi/5t ?r\gh\t all "t4 ,! "q ( sep>ate ,primitive ,impulses = sep>ate bodies becomes m & m incongru\s & inadmissible1 z we consid] x 9 its application to su* small bodies z meteors & planetoids4 ,is x n contr>y to our fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 t a sep>ate ,impulse %\ld be necess>y = all small bodies t exi/ 9 _! myriads ?r\gh\t ! sol> sy/em1 n to speak ( ! univ]se ( :i* t sy/em =ms a "p8 ,su* a conception z ,primitive ,impulse1 to ea* sep>ate _w1 is altoge!r oppos$ to "o's idea ( t simplicity & beauty :i* gov]n ! univ]se at l>ge1 & violates ! fir/ rule ( our philosophical reason+1 & = ?is reason mu/ be reject$ f ! ,sy/em ( ,philosophy to be prop\nd$ 9 ?is "w4 ,,art4 #aj4 ,c5tripetal ,=ce4--,let u n[ look at ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 & ask ourselves :at is meant by su* a =ce1 & :at is its mode ( action & work+4 ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 /rictly1 may be def9$ z t =ce :i* is always ex]t$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! attract+ body4 ,tak+ ! e>? z an example1 ,newton po9ts out1 t ?\gh ! gravity ( bodies arises f _! gravitation t[>ds sev]al p>ts ( ! e>?2 yet1 because ?is p[] acts always t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! e>?1 x is !re=e call$ ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 ,?is =ce1 !n1 is t "p ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation :i* corresponds to ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation1 & is always ex]t$ 9 t /raight l9e f ! body attract$1 to ! c5tre ( ! attract+ body1 :i* jo9s ! c5tres ( gravity ( ! two bodies conc]n$4 ,! comb9ation & effect ( ! v>i\s =ces includ$ 9 ! ,law ( ,gravitation are illu/rat$ by ! famili> illu/ration ( ! ball :irl$ r\nd ! h& by a piece ( /r+1 or ! bucket fill$ ) wat]1 :irl$ r\nd 9 ! same way4 ,let u take ! =m]4 ,a piece ( /r+ ) a ball atta*$ to "o ( ! ends is held firmly by ! h&4 ,an impulse or motion is imp>t$ to ! ball by ! h&1 t motion be+ cont9u$ by ! movem5t f ! h&4 ,! fir/ impulse giv5 to ! ball by ! h& repres5ts ! ,primitive ,impulse4 ,! t5sion on ! /r+ :i* holds ! ball to its controll+ c5tre repres5ts ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 :ile ! opposite =ce on ! /r+1 :i* takes up ! ,primitive ,impulse & cont9ues x1 is repres5t$ by ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce4 ,! conception ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce is !re=e simple1 & entirely 9 accordance ) our exp]i5ce z ga!r$ f obs]vation & exp]im5ts4 ,bo? 9 ! sph]es ( electricity1 & magnetism1 we f9d a simil> =ce act+1 :i* t5ds t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! attract+ body1 & !re=e ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce satisfies ! fir/ two ,rules ( our ,philosophy4 ,fur!r1 x adequately acc\nts = c]ta9 di/9ctive ph5om5a :i* occur ?r\gh ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 z1 = example1 ! fall+ ( bodies to ! e>?1 & !re=e is entirely 9 h>mony ) all ! requirem5ts ( ^? pr9ciples enunciat$ by ,newton = ! successful explanation ( any ph5om5a4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out1 !re=e1 ?is be+ s1 any physical cause sugge/$ z ! explanation ( ,gravitation mu/ deal ) ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 & be able to give a physical explanation ( ! mode & mann] 9 :i* ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce op]ates4 ,! ,attraction ( ,gravitation or ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 h[ev]1 be+1 z its "n implies1 simply a draw+ or pull+ p[] to a c5tre1 t is1 a =ce t is ev] & ev] only draw+ matt] to matt]1 or body to body1 x c\ld n (1 & by itself1 accompli% ^? necess>y /ell> & planet>y motions by :i* are produc$ t univ]sal ord]1 unity & h>mony :i* *>act]ize ! univ]se4 ,x is ess5tially 9 its op]ations & influ5ces1 a "o-sid$ =ce1 ev] t5d+ & influ5c+ t[>ds self1 & !re=e by itself w\ld only be a detrim5t & an evil2 &1 unless x 7 accompani$ by "s companion or complem5t>y & c\nt] =ce1 ) :i* x acts 9 union & conc]t1 & :i* exactly c\nt]acts its pull+ p[] & influ5ce1 x w\ld soon draw /> to />1 & _w to _w1 cra%+ & heap+ !m toge!r 9 ru9\s & dire confusion4 ,s t1 in/ead ( ! inf9itude ( worlds :i* n[ exi/1 :i* fla% & sp>kle 9 ! heav5s1 & 9 _! intricate1 elaborate1 & mazy motions move ?r\gh ! va/ inf9ity l /ately armies on ! m>*1 !re w\ld only be "o agglom]ation ( matt]1 a sil5t & solit>y mass exi/+ 9 ! va/ abyss ( space4 ,!re=e1 z soon z ,sir ,isaac ,newton _h discov]$ & demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( ! p[] ( ,attraction1 z repres5t$ by ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 & its association ) ! univ]se at l>ge1 !re 0 se5 at once ! necessity ( ano!r ,=ce1 ( an opposite "*1 :i* w\ld =m ! companion & complem5t>y =ce to ,attraction2 a repulsive1 repell5t =ce1 "o t5d+ or repell+ f a c5tre1 s z to c\nt]balance ! influ5ce ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce :i* ev] t5ds t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,to fill up ! blank1 !re 0 conceiv$ to exi/ :at is call$ a ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 t is1 lit]ally1 a ,=ce act+1 & ev] act+ f a c5tre1 & ) t ,=ce we w n[ deal4 ,,art4 #aa4 ,c5trifugal ,=ce4--,9 apply+ our ,rules ( ,philosophy to ?is ,=ce1 if by ,c5trifugal ,=ce is simply meant t ,=ce :i* is ! exact opposite ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 t is1 a ,=ce :i* acts f a c5tre1 in/ead ( to a c5tre1 !n su* a ,=ce is /rictly 9 h>mony )1 & satisfies all ! conditions ( ! two fir/ ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,n only is su* a conception simple1 b x is also 9 accordance ) exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,pr(essor ,hicks 9 8 address to ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahie said3 ,:at is call$ ,c5trifugal ,=ce is an app>5t bodily ,=ce direct$ outw>ds f ! c5tre ( curvature ( ! body's pa?1 & hav+ an int5sity equal to ! di/ance f ! c5tre multipli$ by ! squ>e ( ! absolute angul> velocity4 ,9 ! sph]e ( magnetism & electricity1 ! op]ation ( two equal & opposite =ces prevails4 ,! attractive =ce ( electricity1 :i* is ex]t$ to ! c5tre1 is always accompani$ by ! g5]ation & developm5t ( a repulsive =ce1 x be+ "o ( ! fundam5tal rules ( electricity t equal & opposite quantities ( electricity are always g5]at$ at "o & ! same "t4 ,s t if ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce is view$ z be+ simply ! exact opposite ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 x fully satisfies ! te/ :5 ! fir/ two rules laid d[n by ,newton are appli$ to x4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ,c5trifugal ,=ce implies & embodies ! idea ( cont9uance ( ! ,primitive ,impulse1 z ,i believe x is suppos$ to d1 !n to t ext5t x is n con=mable to ! pr9ciples ( our ,philosophy1 z embodi$ 9 ! rules giv5 by ,newton4 ,simply because1 :ile x supposes a s\rce or orig9 ( its activity at ! fir/1 x goes on to suppose a cont9uance ( t activity1 )\t recogniz+ a cont9u+ s\rce or cause4 ,x only recognizes & supposes ! "o orig9al impulse giv5 at ! beg9n+1 to acc\nt = ! cause ( ! cont9ually exi/+1 & ex]t$ p[] ( ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce4 ,i d n = a mom5t sugge/1 t ! ,div9e ,creator ( all ?+s1 & ! ,orda9] & ,uphold] ( all p[]s1 =ces & laws c\ld n1 _h ,he *os5 to give su* a =ce1 h giv5 x & = ev] op]at+4 ,) t aspect ( ! "q ,i h no?+ to d1 & ( x no?+ to say4 ,i am deal+1 & only wi% to deal1 ) sci5tific facts1 & sci5tific tea*+ f ! purely philosophical /&po9t4 ,su* an idea ( a cont9u+ effect1 )\t a cont9u+ cause1 is altoge!r oppos$ to exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & is a violation ( ! second ,rule ( ,philosophy4 ,look :]e we w1 or at :at we w1 & n only effects & causes are se5 on e side1 & 9 e ?+1 l9k$ toge!r insep>ably1 b :]ev]1 & 9 :atev] ph5om5a !re is f\nd a cont9uance ( effect or effects1 !re is always & )\t exception f\nd also a cont9u+ s\rce or cause4 ,:]ev] ,nature1 !re=e1 gives u a cont9u\s effect ( any k9d or sort1 %e always gives u a cont9u+ cause1 t c be bo? prov$ & demon/rat$ to exi/4 ,n[h]e 9 ,nature1 amid all h] p[]s1 pr9ciples & laws1 is !re to be f\nd an effect )\t a cause1 & 9 all cont9u+ effects1 a cont9u+ & p]petuat+ cause also1 & t effect exi/s j z long z ! cause exi/s4 ,if ! effect is p]petual1 !n ! s\rce & cause is p]petual also1 bo? 9 its exi/5ce & en]gy4 ,h5ce if ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce embodies ! idea ( cont9uance ( ! ,primitive ,impulse1 )\t %[+ h[ t ,primitive ,impulse is cont9u$1 !n su* an idea is an anomaly 9 ! univ]se1 is altoge!r oppos$ to ! tea*+ ( ,nature & sci5ce1 & violates ! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciples ( our ,philosophy4 ,! philosophic explanation1 !re=e1 ( ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 is t ,=ce :i* fl[s f a c5tre1 & :i* is ! exact opposite & c\nt]p>t ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 ,fur!r1 z ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce is an attractive ,=ce ev] attract+ to a c5tre1 s ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 be+ its exact opposite1 is a repulsive ,=ce1 :i* fulfils all ! laws & conditions :i* gov]n ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 z x is 9 e phase & aspect ! exact opposite1 be+ inde$ its complem5t & c\nt]p>t4 ,any physical explanation ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 !re=e1 mu/ also give a satisfactory physical explanation ( ?is ,=ce1 & %[ its mode ( op]ation & work+4 ,?is ,i premise ,i w d )\t ! fa9te/ %ad[ ( d\bt or failure2 t is1 if we are to accept ! evid5ce ( "s ( ! mo/ delicate exp]im5ts ( mod]n times relative to ae!rial physics4 ,,art4 #ab4 ,laws ( ,motion4--,"o ( ! mo/ important factors 9 ! successful application ( ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation to ! univ]se at l>ge1 are ! ,laws ( ,motion enunciat$ by ,sir ,isaac ,newton4 ,^! are ?ree 9 numb]1 & are z foll[s-- #a/4 ,e body cont9ues 9 its /ate ( re/1 or ( uni=m motion 9 a /raight l9e1 except 9 s f> z x may be compell$ by impress$ ,=ces to *ange t /ate4 #bnd4 ,*ange ( motion is proportionate to ! impress$ ,=ce1 & takes place 9 ! direction ( ! /raight l9e 9 :i* ! ,=ce acts4 #crd4 ,to e action !re is always an equal & contr>y reaction4 ,coroll>y4--,to ^! mu/ be add$ ! fir/ ,coroll>y ( ! ?ree laws :i* is commonly kn[n z ! ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces1 :i* is z foll[s3 ,t :5 a body is act$ ^u by two ,=ces at ! same "t1 x w describe a diagonal1 by ! motion result+ f _! composition1 9 ! same "t t x w\ld describe ! sides ( ! p>allelogram4 ,n[ let u apply ,newton's ,rules ( ,philosophy to ^! laws1 & see if !y fulfil ! conditions laid d[n !re94 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !re be+ ?ree laws necess>y to cov] all ! motions involv$1 !re is n t simplicity ( conception :i* is a prim>y factor 9 ! mak+ ( any hypo!sis4 ,!n x w be obs]v$ t ev5 aft] po/ulat+ ! ?ree laws1 ,newton 0 unable to acc\nt = ! elliptic orbits ( ! planets1 until he _h add$ a ,coroll>y kn[n z ! ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces4 ,,art4 #ac4 ,=ce4--,! "q has aris5 also1 z to ! mean+ ( ! t]m ,=ce :i* ,newton uses4 ,:at is a ,=ce1 its cause & mode ( op]ation8 ,! idea ( ,=ce is convey$ to u by our muscul> s5se1 :i* gives u ! idea ( pressure1 z = example :5 we pu% or pull a body along ! gr\nd4 ,we mu/ n1 h[ev]1 limit our idea ( ,=ce to t n>r[ circle4 ,x has n[ be5 fully e/abli%$ t ,s\nd & ,heat1 ,light1 ,magnetism1 & ,electricity are ,=ces1 & !re=e capable ( do+ "w1 z w be %[n lat] on4 ,newton's use ( ! t]m ,=ce is !re=e some:at vague2 he does n def9itely say :at ! ,=ce is :i* causes ! *ange ( position1 ( ! body1 or ( ! rate ( motion ( t body4 ,t x is some?+ to d ) ,gravitation is obvi\s1 b its exact nature or "* is n reveal$4 ,s9ce ,newton's "t we h made an advance 9 ! def9ition ( ,=ce1 & h come to consid] ,=ce z a k9d ( en]gy2 ! application ( ,=ce be+ ! application ( en]gy4 ,su* t]ms z ,me*anical ,=ce1 ,*emical ,=ce1 ,vital ,=ce1 are !re=e out ( date1 & 9 _! place ! m def9ite ideas ( en]gy are sub/itut$4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( gett+ su* t]ms z ,trans=mation ( ,=ces1 we n[ get ,trans=mations ( ,en]gy4 ,9 ! *apt] on ,en]gy1 ,i hope to %[ t ev5 t is n a satisfactory solution ( ! def9ition ( a ,=ce4 ,if we are to make our ,philosophy agree ) our exp]i5ce1 !n ,=ce is due to motion1 & motion alone4 ,s t ,c5trifugal ,=ce w imply a motion f ! c5tre2 ,c5tripetal ,=ce a motion ^: effect is ev] t[>ds ! c5tre ( gravity ( any body4 ,,art4 #ad4 ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion4--,?is may naturally be divid$ into two p>ts = ! purpose ( apply+ ! ,rules ( ,philosophy4 7,i7 ,e body cont9ues 9 a /ate ( re/1 except 9 s f> z x is compell$ by impress$ ,=ces to *ange t /ate4 ,to :at ext5t is ?is /atem5t con=mable to our exp]i5ce & obs]vation8 ,if ,i place a body1 z = example a weight1 on a table1 w x rema9 9 t /ate until x is mov$ by "s o!r ,=ce8 ,i ?9k t x w s rema91 & to t ext5t ! law con=ms to exp]im5t4 ,wid] obs]vation1 & all exp]i5ce1 also prove ! con=mity ( ?is "p ( ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion to ! second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 z all exp]i5ce te/ifies to ! fact t a body rema9s at re/1 until "s o!r p[] or =ce moves x f ! position ( re/4 ,! application ( ?is position ( re/ to any ( ! planets is1 h[ev]1 v difficult to conceive4 ,mac,laurin1 9 relation to ?is fact1 /ates3 ,?is p]sev]ance ( a body 9 a /ate ( re/ c only take place 9 absolute space1 & c !n only be intelligible by admitt+ x4 ,9 deal+ ) ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 ,i hope to be able to %[ t x c n only be admitt$ z a ma!matical proposition1 b t x c be made intelligible f ! physical /&po9t4 ,! second "p ( ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,e body cont9ues 9 a /ate ( uni=m motion 9 a /raight l9e1 except 9 s f> z x is compell$ by impress$ =ces to *ange t /ate4 ,n[ :at is ! te/imony ( obs]vation & exp]im5t 9 reg>d to ?is "p ( ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion8 ,let u te/ ! "q by ! results ( our exp]i5ce4 ,if a ball is s5t roll+ along ! gr\nd1 its motion is gradually r$uc$ until x comes to re/4 ,if ! gr\nd is v r\gh inde$1 z = example a pl\gh$ field1 !n its spe$ w be v soon r$uc$1 & ! ball quickly comes to a /&/ill4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! gr\nd is smoo? & level1 l a well-kept cricket-field1 !n ! motion ( ! ball w be r$uc$ m sl[ly1 & x w travel fur!r be=e be+ br\ght to re/2 :ile1 if ! ball is ?r[n along a v smoo? surface ( ice1 x w travel a mu* long] di/ance be=e x is f9ally br\ght to re/4 ,?us we le>n1 t ! m we c get rid ( all resi/ances to ! motion ( any body1 ! great] di/ance w ! body travel1 & ! less dim9ution !re is 9 ! uni=m motion ( ! body4 ,s t1 if x 7 possible to obta9 a m$ium :i* (f]$ no resi/ance at all to a mov+ body1 !n x w\ld be a legitimate inf]5ce to inf] t a body 9 su* a m$ium1 :5 once set 9 motion1 w\ld move ) uni=m motion = ev]4 ,"u su* conditions1 !re=e1 ?is "p ( ,newton's ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion is physically conceivable4 ,! crux ( ! :ole matt]1 !re=e1 lies 9 ! problem z to :e!r !re is1 or !re is n1 9 exi/5ce1 su* a ?+ z a frictionless m$ium4 ,we w !re=e consid] ! problem ( ! exi/5ce ( a frictionless m$ium f ! philosophical /&po9t4 ,pr(essor ,lodge1 9 ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity1 p4 #cca1 writes3 ,n[1 if !re is "o ?+ ) :i* ! human race has be5 m conv]sant ?an ano!r1 & conc]n+ :i* m exp]i5ce has be5 unconsci\sly accumulat$ ?an ab\t almo/ any?+ else t c be m5tion$1 x is ! action ( "o body ^u ano!r2 ! ex]tion ( ,=ce by "o body on ano!r1 ! transf] ( motion & en]gy f "o body to ano!r1 any k9d ( effect1 no matt] :at1 :i* c be produc$ 9 "o body by means ( ano!r1 :e!r ! bodies be animate or inanimate4 ,n[ ,i wi% to appeal to ?is mass ( exp]i5ce1 & to ask1 ,is n ! direct action ( "o body on ano!r across empty space1 & ) no means ( communication :atev]1 is n ?is absolutely un?9kable8 ,we mu/ n answ] ! "q (fh&1 b mu/ give x due consid]ation1 & we %all f9d1 ,i ?9k1 t :]ev] "o body acts on ano!r body by obvi\s contact1 we are satisfi$ & h a feel+ t ! ph5om5a is simple & intelligible1 & t1 :5ev] "o body app>5tly acts on ano!r body at a di/ance1 we are irresi/ibly impell$ to look = ! connect+ m$ium4 ,aga91 on p4 #ccc ( ! same "w1 he adds3 ,rememb] !n1 t :5ev] we see a ?+ be+ mov$1 we mu/ look = ! rope4 ,x may be visible1 or x may be invisible1 b unless !re is ei!r a pu% or a pull1 !re c be no action4 ,n[1 9 relation to cele/ial ph5om5a1 we are confront$ ) ! fact ( bodies act+ on "o ano!r1 & yet app>5tly !y d n act ^u "o ano!r by or ?r\gh a m$ium1 & to t ext5t accord+ to ! above extracts1 su* ph5om5a are oppos$ to univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,aga91 we f9d planets & satellites mov+ ?r\gh space ) m or less uni=m spe$1 & yet app>5tly !re is no physical m$ium t acts ^u !m ) ei!r a pu% or a pull1 z ! pres5t conception ( ! ,ae!r is t ( a frictionless m$ium1 s t exp]i5ce 9 its wide/ =m seems altoge!r oppos$ to ! exi/5ce ( a frictionless m$ium4 ,aga91 ,tait 9 8 ,natural ,philosophy says3 ,! great] masses1 planets & comets mov+ 9 a less resi/+ m$ium1 %[ less indications ( resi/ance4 ,inde$ x _c be said t obs]vations ^u any "o ( ^! bodies1 ) ! exception ( ,encke's ,comet1 has demon/rat$ resi/ance4 ,! great] masses1 planets & comets mov+ 9 a less resi/+ m$ium1 %[ less indications4 ,no motion 9 ,nature c take place )\t meet+ resi/ance due to "s if n all ( ^! influ5ces4 ,! analogies ( ,nature & ! asc]ta9$ facts ( physical sci5ce =bid u to d\bt t e "o ( !m1 e />1 & e body ( e k9d has its relative motion imp$$ by ! air1 gas1 vap\r1 m$ium1 or :atev] we *oose to call ! sub/ance occupy+ ! space ar\nd x1 j z ! motion ( a rifle-bullet is imp$$ by ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,:at is ! te/imony ( our own p]sonal obs]vation & exp]im5ts to su* an impossible entity z a frictionless m$ium8 ,c any ( ! read]s tell me ( any m$ium1 be x solid1 liquid1 or gase\s1 t !y h ev] he>d (1 or read (1 or exp]im5t$ )1 t possesses ! quality ( be+ frictionless8 ,! answ] is unanim\sly 9 ! negative4 ,b a frictionless m$ium 0 absolutely imp]ative to ! success ( ! ,newtonian aspect ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,if ! ,ae!r _h n be5 frictionless1 !n ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion w\ld h be5 violat$1 & a body1 z = example a planet set 9 motion1 w\ld n !n h mov$ ) uni=m motion1 b w\ld h be5 br\ght to a /&/ill by ! resi/ance ( ! ,ae!r4 ,accept+ !re=e exp]i5ce z a guide1 z we are b\nd to d if we wi% to be /rictly philosophical1 z ,newton po9t$ out1 !n we are compell$ to come to ! conclusion t !re is no su* ?+ 9 ! entire univ]se z a frictionless m$ium4 ,su* a hypo!sis is contr>y to all laws & rules ( ,philosophy1 & to cont9ue to advocate its claims is to rema9 :]e we are 9 relation to ! cause ( ,gravitation1 & 9 complete ignorance ( ! beauty & h>mony ( ! wond]ful physical me*anism t und]lies ! :ole ( ! univ]se4 ,( c\rse1 if exp]i5ce & obs]vation are no guide to ,philosophy1 !n we w let imag9ation run riot1 & po/ulate ! mo/ extravagant explanations = ! v>i$ ph5om5a ( ! heav5s4 ,) exp]i5ce ( no acc\nt1 we w affirm t ! moon is made ( gre5 *eese1 t ! e>? is flat1 t ! sun revolves r\nd ! moon1 & a ho/ ( o!r absurd hypo!ses t require no correction by exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,b !re1 a truce to su* absurd imag9ations4 ,exp]i5ce is a guide to ,philosophy1 its claims are recogniz$ by ! greate/ ,philosoph] ! _w has ev] kn[n1 & !re=e z ei!r exp]i5ce or a frictionless m$ium has to g1 we w "p ) ! frictionless m$ium1 & endeav\r to make a hypo!sis ( ! ,ae!r t is 9 great] h>mony ) our ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,,art4 #ae4 ,second ,law ( ,motion4--,! application ( ,newton's ,rules ( ,philosophy to ! ,second ,law ( ,motion is att5d$ ) great] success ?an 0 ! case ) 8 ,fir/ ,law4 ,*ange ( motion1 he /ates1 is proportionate to ! impress$ ,=ce1 & takes place 9 ! direction ( ! /raight l9e 9 :i* ! ,=ce acts4 ,newton adds ?is explanation to 8 ,second ,law3 ,if a ,=ce g5]ates any motion1 a d\ble ,=ce w g5]ate d\ble motion1 & a triple ,=ce triple motion1 :e!r !y are appli$ simultane\sly or gradually & successively4 ,& ?is motion1 if ! body 7 already mov+1 is ei!r add$ to ! previ\s motion1 if x is 9 ! same direction1 or subtract$ f x if directly oppos$ to x1 or is comp\nd$ ) ! previ\s motion if ! two are incl9$ at an angle4 ,accord+ to t1 a =ce :i* presses or pu%es ) a f\r-p\nd pressure p] squ>e in*1 if d\bl$1 w\ld press ) a =ce ( eight p\nds p] squ>e in*1 :i* fact agrees ) exp]i5ce4 ,if ! =ce is appli$ gradually1 !n ! *ange ( motion w\ld be gradual2 if appli$ sudd5ly1 !n ! resultant motion w\ld be sudd5 & viol5t4 ,! impress$ =ce1 !re=e1 always produces a def9ite & correspond+ effect on any mov+ body1 h[ev] t =ce may be orig9at$1 & h[ev] x may be appli$4 ,! effect s produc$ is always a *ange ( motion1 or1 9 pres5t sci5tific t]ms1 a *ange ( mom5tum 9 ! mov+ body4 ,if ! impress$ =ce is halv$1 by an alt]ation 9 ! mass ( ! body :i* ex]ts ! impress$ =ce1 !n ! resultant mom5tum produc$ is halv$ also4 ,if ! impress$ =ce is d\bl$1 ?r\gh any alt]ation 9 ! velocity ( ! body :i* ex]ts ! =ce1 !n ! mom5tum produc$ 9 ! mov+ body w be d\bl$ also4 ,s t ! impress$ =ce is equal to ! *ange ( mom5tum 9 ! mov+ body ^u :i* x is impress$4 ,:5 simil> =ces are impress$ ^u exactly simil> bodies1 ! velocities produc$ are exactly ! same2 b1 if simil> =ces act on dissimil> bodies1 !n ! velocities produc$ 9 ! diff]5t bodies are n ! same2 yet ! total motion produc$ on all bodies1 accord+ to ! ,second ,law ( ,motion1 mu/ always be proportionate to ! impress$ =ce4 ,s t :5 we comp>e ! effect ( simil> =ces on diff]5t bodies1 we f9d t !re are two factors involv$1 viz41 ! mass & velocity ( ! mov+ body4 ,! product ( ^! two quantities is t]m$ ! mom5tum ( ! body4 ,:5 we apply ! ,second ,law ( ,motion to ! !ory ( ae!rial dynamics1 z sugge/$ 9 ?is "w1 we %all seek to %[ t ,newton's ,second ,law ( ,motion holds good 9 its application to ! new !ory4 ,) ! pres5t conception ( a frictionless ,ae!r1 h[ev]1 x is philosophically impossible = ! ,ae!r to ex]t =ce on any body t may exi/ 9 x4 ,because1 to ! ext5t t x is frictionless1 to t ext5t x ceases to possess mass4 ,if x does possess mass1 !n x _c be frictionless4 ,su* an assumption violates all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,yet ! ,ae!r is suppos$1 9 "s unkn[n mann]1 to possess in]tia1 :i* prop]ty is also dep5d5t on mass4 ,if ! ,ae!r really possesses in]tia1 !n x mu/ possess mass1 & possess+ mass x ceases to be a frictionless m$ium4 ,s t if x possesses mass1 !n x c ex]t =ce ! same z any o!r body1 & ,newton's ,second ,law ( ,motion is applicable to x4 ,,art4 #af4 ,?ird ,law ( ,motion4--,newton's ,?ird ,law ( ,motion reads z foll[s-- ,action & re-action are equal & opposite1 or1 to e action !re is always an equal & contr>y re-action4 ,?is law is also con=mable to exp]i5ce2 =1 by exp]im5t1 x has be5 prov$ to hold good = electric & magnetic action4 ,z ,mac,laurin po9ts out1 ! ,?ird ,law ( ,motion may be ext5d$ to all sorts ( p[]s t take place 9 ,nature1 & belongs to attraction & repulsion ( all k9ds1 & mu/ n be consid]$ z be+ arbitr>ily introduc$ by ,newton4 ,! mutual action betwe5 any two bodies has1 !re=e1 a d\ble action4 ,?us a piece ( /ret*$ /r+ mu/ be conceiv$ z pull+ at bo? ends2 ! pull at ! "o end be+ exactly equal & opposite to ! pull on ! o!r end4 ,a magnet w attract a piece ( iron ) a c]ta9 =ce1 b x is equally true t ! iron attracts ! magnet ) an exactly equal & opposite =ce4 ,we might ev5 ext5d ! application ( ?is ,?ird ,law to a fall+ /one 9 its relation to ! e>?4 ,?us1 if a /one is dropp$ f a high altitude to ! surface ( ! e>?1 al?\gh ! motion seems to be all 9 "o direction1 yet if ! ,?ird ,law holds good1 !n ! e>? is attract$ by ! /one 9 exactly an equal1 b opposite direction1 to t 9 :i* ! e>? attracts ! /one4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! mass ( ! e>? is v great comp>$ ) t ( ! /one1 x foll[s t ! velocity ( ! /one comp>$ ) ! velocity ( ! e>?1 mu/ be v mu* great]1 9 ord] t ! =ces %all be equal4 ,! application ( ?is ,?ird ,rule ( ,motion to planet>y & cele/ial ph5om5a is !re=e philosophical1 9 t its conception agrees ) exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,?us1 :ile x is true t ! sun attracts ea* ( ! planets 9 8 sy/em1 x is equally true t ! planets1 9 _! turn1 attract ! sun ) an exactly equal & opposite =ce4 ,b ! velocity ( motion induc$ by ! e>?'s attractive p[] ^u ! sun1 w\ld be less ?an ! velocity ( motion induc$ by ! sun's attractive p[] ^u ! e>?1 al?\gh ! two =ces w\ld be equal & opposite1 simply because =ce1 be+ a comp\nd quantity1 is dep5d5t ^u ! mass ( a body z well z ^u its velocity4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is x true t ! sun & all ! planets jo9tly attract ea* o!r1 b x is equally true t ! planets attract ea* o!r also1 ) an exactly equal & opposite effect4 ,inde$1 z ,gravitation is univ]sal1 x has to be conceiv$ t !re are no two bodies exi/+1 b :at ! ,?ird ,law ( ,motion equally applies to ^? two bodies2 s t equality ( action & re-action is z univ]sal z ! ,law ( ,gravitation itself4 ,9 com+ to a conclusion ) ref]5ce to ,philosophy & ! ,laws ( ,motion1 ,i wi% to say t ,i am /rongly ( ! op9ion t ! day has come1 or w soon come1 :5 !y w pass away & give place to a m direct & simple me?od ( work+ ( ! great ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,i look ^u ! ,laws ( ,motion z "p ( ! scaffold+ :i* has be5 us$ to build up ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,t ,law has n[ be5 erect$1 & /&s firm & secure 9 its position 9 ! univ]se4 ,:atev] *anges may take place 9 its scaffold+1 ! ,law itself w /& out ) great] beauty & cle>ness1 if we c\ld b see ! p]fect$ /ructure1 ap>t f ! props & helps :i* h assi/$ 9 its successful erection & completion4 ,z ,dr4 ,l>mor said1 9 8 address to ! ,briti% ,association1 #aijj3 ,!re has ev5 appe>$ a disposition to consid] t ! ,newtonian pr9ciples1 :i* h =m$ ! basis ( physical ph5om5a = ne>ly two c5turies1 mu/ be replac$ 9 ^! deep] subjects by a me?od ( m direct description ( ! cause ( ! ph5om5a4 ,! "q has aris51 z to h[ f> ! new me?ods ( ae!rial physics are to be consid]$ z an indep5d5t dep>ture2 or h[ f> !y =m ! natural developm5t ( exi/+ dynamical sci5ce4 ,i hope1 !re=e1 to be able 9 ?is "w to d some?+ t[>ds cle>+ ! complet$ ,law f "s ( ! outside props1 :i* h long hidd5 ! simplicity1 beauty & h>mony ( ! physical work+ ( ,gravitation f ! eyes ( ^? :o feign w\ld see its wond]ful me*anism4 ,9 ! elaboration & developm5t1 !re=e1 ( ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 x w be necess>y to conceive a m$ium1 ^: prop]ties & motions %all be able to acc\nt = all ! movem5ts ( ! planets1 comets1 suns & />s t ! ,laws ( ,motion n[ acc\nt =4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( !re be+ sev]al ,laws purely & simply ma!matical 9 _! application1 !re w be "o physical m$ium1 :i* w by its prop]ties & motions acc\nt =--& t 9 a satisfactory mann]--all ! motions ( ! heav5ly bodies4 ,t su* a m$ium is requir$ 9 ! sci5tific _w is prov$ by ! /atem5t made by ,pr(essor ,glazebrook1 9 8 "w on ,j4 ,c4 ,maxwell1 page #bba1 :]e he says3 ,we are /ill wait+ = "s "o to give u a !ory ( ! ,ae!r1 :i* %all include ! facts ( electricity & magnetism1 lum9\s radiation1 & x may be ,gravitation4 ,,art4 #ag4 ,summ>y ( ! ,*apt]4--,9 summ+ up ! cont5ts ( ?is *apt]1 we f9d !refrom1 t !re is a ,univ]sal ,law 9 exi/5ce t is kn[n z ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,! physical cause ( ?is ,law1 h[ev]1 is unkn[n2 ,newton sugge/+ t x 0 due to ! prop]ties ( an ae!rial m$ium t p]vad$ ! univ]se4 ,to =m a "r conception ( ?is m$ium1 & to develop ! hypo!ses ( ! same on /rictly philosophical l9es1 x is ess5tial = u to "k ! rules :i* gov]n ! mak+ ( any hypo!sis4 ,^? rules1 accord+ to ,newton1 & o!r philosoph]s1 are *iefly ?ree 9 numb]1 & =m ! v ess5ce ( any philosophical reason+4 ,any dep>ture f ^? rules w entail p>tial or entire failure 9 ! success ( ! und]tak+4 ,! application ( ,newton's rules to p>ts ( ! great ,law ( ,gravitation %[ t "s ( ^? p>ts are n fully 9 h>mony ) ! rules :i* ,newton laid d[n 9 8 ,pr9cipia4 ,any physical !ory t may be h]eaft] sugge/$ z ! physical basis = ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 mu/ itself n only acc\nt = ! v>i\s =ces already ref]r$ to1 b mu/ itself fulfil ! ,rules ( ,philosophy laid d[n by ,newton4 ,t is to say1 ! conception ( ! physical m$ium mu/ be simple 9 "*1 its prop]ties & motions mu/ agree ) all our exp]i5ce1 z giv5 by obs]vation1 & exp]im5ts2 & ! prop]ties & motions po/ulat$ = x mu/ satisfactorily acc\nt =1 & expla9 all ! ph5om5a t are pres5t$ to u by ! ,univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,if all ?is be done1 !n f ! /&po9t ( /rict philosophical reason+1 ! physical m$ium s sugge/$1 & ! !ory s made1 w be incapable ( be+ ov]?r[n or disprov$4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,philosophy ,,( ,,gravitation ,,art4 #ah4 ,gravitation ,attraction4--,! ,law ( ,gravitation be+ a comp\nd law1 & n a simple law 7,art4 #h71 x is necess>y t ! pr9ciples :i* gov]n univ]sal attraction %\ld n[ be consid]$4 ,! law :i* gov]ns ,gravitation ,attraction may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se attracts e o!r p>ticle ) a =ce ^: direction is t ( a l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( _! masses1 ^: magnitude is directly z ! product ( _! masses1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,?is may be divid$ into f\r p>ts4 7#a7 ,! ,univ]sality ( ,gravitation4 7#b7 ,! ,direction ( ! ,=ces involv$4 7#c7 ,! ,proportion ( ^! ,=ces4 7#d7 ,! ,law ( ,inv]se ,squ>es4 ,! !ory ( ! ,ae!r1 !re=e1 :i* w be p]fect$ 9 ?is "w1 mu/ n only satisfactorily acc\nt = ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation on a /rictly philosophical basis1 b ! laws1 gov]n+ ! pressures or t5sions ( t physical m$ium1 mu/ h>monize ) ea* ( ! p>ts ( ! complex ,law ( ,gravitation into :i* x has be5 resolv$4 ,,art4 #ai4 ,univ]sality ( ! ,attractive ,=ce4--,! pr9ciple ^u :i* ,univ]sal ,attraction re/s is f\nd 9 ! words3 ,e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se attracts e o!r p>ticle4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be admitt$ t ?is /atem5t has nev] actually be5 prov$4 ,! smalle/ body t ,newton us$ to prove 8 ,law ( ,attraction 0 our satellite ! moon4 ,cav5di%1 h[ev]1 9 #agih1 by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts1 conclusively demon/rat$ t ! =ce ( ,gravitation exi/$ 9 small bodies4 ,he took two small lead5 balls ( a c]ta9 weight1 & fix$ !m at ! ends ( a rod ab\t six feet long1 ! rod be+ susp5d$ by a piece ( wire 9 ! air4 ,l>ge lead5 balls 7 !n br\ght ne> ! small ones1 & great c>e 0 tak5 to see if !re 7 any twi/ 9 ! wire by :i* !y 7 susp5d$4 ,x 0 f\nd t ! wire _h become twi/$ on ! approa* ( ! l>ge lead5 balls1 & ?us he 0 able to prove t e p>ticle ( ! attract$ & attract+ body are mutually conc]n$ 9 ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce ( ! application ( ?is =ce 9 relation to our e>?1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,! univ]sality ( ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation is a fact t has be5 prov$ 9 a ?\s& ways1 & a ?\s& times4 ,all />s & suns1 & all planets1 satellites & comets & nebulae are subject to ?is univ]sal law4 ,a/ronomy tea*es u t its p[] ext5ds across ! va/ abysses ( space1 & t />s situat$ at di/ances t _c possibly be measur$1 are subject to ?is _w-wide law4 ,"s ( ! greate/ discov]ies 9 a/ronomical sci5ce 7 due to ! op]ations ( ?is wond]ful law1 ! gravitat+ influ5ces ( c]ta9 planets indicat+ _! exi/5ce1 al?\gh _! discov]y _h n yet be5 made4 ,! discov]y ( ,neptune ?r\gh ! ma!matical calculations ( ,le ,v]ri] & ,mr4 ,adams 9 #ahdf 0 ! cr[n+ pro( ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,mr4 ,adams 9 ,engl& _h notic$ t ! planet ,uranus 0 be+ pull$ out ( ! c\rse by "s unkn[n p[]1 & s set to "w to calculate ! position ( ! body :i* ?us influ5c$ ! motion ( ,uranus 9 its orbit4 ,he locat$ ! position ( ! suppos$ influ5c+ body /rictly by ma!matical calculations1 & !n took 8 results to ! ,a/ronom] ,royal4 ,delay1 h[ev]1 occurr$ 9 ! se>* = ! suppos$ new planet1 & no?+ 0 done fur!r 9 ! matt] = _m mon?s4 ,mean:ile ,le ,v]ri] 9 ,france1 unkn[n to ,mr4 ,adams1 _h be5 mak+ simil> calculations ) ref]5ce to ! p]turbations ( ,uranus1 & _h arriv$ at simil> results4 ,^! results 7 s5t to ! ,b]l9 a/ronom]s1 & ! heav5s 7 se>*$ = ! suppos$ new planet4 ,aft] a "t1 ! planet 0 discov]$ 9 t "p ( ! heav5s indicat$ by ,le ,v]ri]1 & = a "t 8 "n /ood out z ! sole discov]]4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 ! claims ( ,adams 7 admitt$ & recogniz$1 & to-day 8 claims to p>ticipate 9 ! hon\r ( ! wond]ful a*ievem5t are g5]ally admitt$4 ,?us ! discov]y ( ,neptune gave to ! ,law ( ,gravitation a /ability & pro( t p]haps x _h nev] receiv$ be=e4 ,fur!r evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! univ]sality ( ! attractive =ce1 is to be f\nd 9 a c]ta9 sy/em ( />s kn[n z b9>y />s1 :i* revolve ar\nd ea* o!r1 :ile !y gravitate ar\nd a common c5tre4 ,rec5t rese>*es 9 a/ronomy only seek m & m to confirm ! univ]sality & effectiv5ess ( ?is gr& law1 t seems to hold ! entire univ]se 9 its sway4 ,any m$ium1 !re=e1 :i* is po/ulat$ z ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 mu/ itself be z univ]sal z ,gravitation1 9 ord] = x to be able to fulfil ?is condition ( univ]sality4 ,we %all f9d1 z we proce$1 t ! only possible m$ium :i* c fulfil ?is condition1 is ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 ^: qualities & prop]ties are already p>tly kn[n & p>tly und]/ood4 ,,art4 #bj4 ,direction ( ! ,=ces4--,! attraction ( ,gravitation is always direct$ along ! /raight l9e :i* jo9s ! c5tres ( masses ( ! attract+ & attract$ bodies4 ,?us1 if ! e>? & moon are tak5 z examples1 an imag9>y /raight l9e drawn f ! c5tre ( ! e>?'s mass to ! c5tre ( ! mass ( ! moon w\ld be ! direction 9 :i* ! gravitative =ce w\ld be ex]t$4 ,n[ a l9e :i* jo9s ! c5tral body to its satellite we %all see :5 we come to deal ) ,kepl]'s ,laws is kn[n z ! ,radius ,vector4 ,?us ! pa? ( ! attraction betwe5 ! two bodies is along ! ,radius ,vector4 ,x is a s+ul> co9cid5ce t ! pa? ( a ray ( light f ! sun also co9cides ) ! ,radius ,vector1 z x is "o ( ! laws ( light t ! pa? ( a ray always foll[s a /raight l9e4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be assum$1 t :ile ! attractive p[] is be+ ex]t$ along any "o /raight l9e jo9+ ! c5tres ( two bodies1 !re=e ! attractive p[] is n op]ative 9 relation to any o!r "p ( ! space1 ar\nd ! body4 ,if our e>?1 = example1 _h f\r moons in/ead ( "o1 & !y 7 ea* 9 diff]5t positions 9 relation to ! e>?1 !n ! law z to ! direction ( ! =ces w\ld /ill hold good4 ,we h examples ( ?is 9 ! case ( ,jupit] ) 8 five moons1 & ,saturn ) 8 eight moons4 ,s t ! attractive =ce ( ,gravitation is aga9 l light1 x op]ates on all sides equally at "o & ! same "t4 ,a lamp 9 ! middle ( a room s5ds its light waves on e side at "o & ! same "t1 s t :ile ea* ray has = its pa? a /raight l9e1 yet ^? rays are emitt$ equally on e side4 ,9 l mann]1 ?\gh ! direction ( ! =ces betwe5 two attract+ bodies is t ( a /raight l9e1 yet ! law ( univ]sal attraction is equally ex]t$ on e side ( ! planet at "o & ! same "t4 ,9 ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r1 !re=e1 to be develop$ 9 ?is "w1 x w h to be demon/rat$ t ! direction ( ! =ces1 :i* are orig9at$ & transmitt$ by t physical m$ium1 mu/ philosophically fulfil ! conditions :i* gov]n ! direction ( ! =ces1 z obs]v$ 9 gravitational ph5om5a4 ,,art4 #ba4 ,proportion ( ! ,=ces4--,newton prov$ t ! attraction is proportional to ! product ( ! masses ( ! bodies conc]n$4 ,h5ce x is t ! sun1 :i* is ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 is capable ( attract+ ! mo/ remote planets1 because ! mass ( ! sun is great] ?an ! mass ( all ! planets put toge!r4 ,or take ano!r illu/ration4 ,suppose t ! sun & ! e>? are at equal di/ances f ,saturn4 ,n[ ! sun's mass is ab\t #cjj1jjj times t ( our e>?4 ,!re=e if ! e>? draws ,saturn ?r\gh a c]ta9 di/ance 9 "o second1 ! sun w\ld draw ,saturn ?r\gh a di/ance :i* is #cjj1jjj great] ?an ! e>? 9 ! same p]iod4 ,! gov]n+ pr9ciple1 !re=e1 :i* decides ! proportion ( ! attractive =ces betwe5 two bodies is mass1 & n simply d5sity or volume4 ,! mass ( a body is a prop]ty :i* rema9s ! same1 z long z ! in]tia ( ! body rema9s con/ant4 ,mass is really a measure ( ! in]tia ( a body1 or t prop]ty ( a body by :i* x cont9ues 9 its /ate ( motion or ( re/4 ,mass is !re=e a comp\nd quantity1 be+ equal to volume multipli$ by d5sity1 s t if ! volume ( any body is halv$1 ! d5sity is d\bl$4 ,?us1 ! proportion ( ! attractive =ce betwe5 any two bodies ev] rema9s ! same1 s long z ! masses ( ! two bodies rema9 ! same4 ,?r\gh all ! *anges ( volume & d5sity ( any body1 its attractive =ce rema9s con/ant1 z long z ! mass rema9s con/ant2 = ! simple reason1 t z ! volume ( a body is increas$1 ! d5sity is proportionately decreas$2 or1 z ! volume is decreas$1 ! d5sity is increas$4 ,= example1 ! volume ( ! sun z comp>$ ) ! volume ( ! e>?1 is ab\t #a1cjj1jjj times great]1 b ! proportion ( ! attractive =ces betwe5 ! two bodies1 is ab\t #cbd1jjj to #a4 ,?is diff]5ce is acc\nt$ = by ! fact1 t ! d5sity ( ! sun is ab\t "o qu>t] ! mean d5sity ( ! e>?1 h5ce _! masses are 9 ! proportion ( #cbd1jjj to #a4 ,?us ! proportion ( ! attractive =ces betwe5 any two bodies is dep5d5t ^u _! masses1 & n simply ^u _! volume or d5sity4 ,,art4 #bb4 ,law ( ,inv]se ,squ>es4--,! ,law ( ,inv]se ,squ>es :i* is applicable to ,gravitation is equally true ( ,s\nd1 ,light1 ,heat & ,electricity1 ! ,law be+ t ,gravitation acts inv]sely z ! squ>e ( di/ance4 ,t is to say1 if ! di/ance ( any body f ! sun1 = example1 be d\bl$1 !n ! =ce ( ,gravitation is dim9i%$ to "o qu>t] ( ! int5sity :i* w\ld be ex]t$ on ! body 9 ! fir/ position4 ,?us ! fur!r a body is f its controll+ c5tre1 ! weak] ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation ^u x becomes4 ,tak+ !re=e ,m]cury & ! e>? z examples1 we f9d t _! mean di/ances are respectively #ce1jjj1jjj miles & #ib1jjj1jjj1 :i* is a proportion ( ab\t #a to #b-a_/b4 ,s t ! int5sity ( ! sun's attraction on ! e>? is ab\t f\r-tw5ty-fif?s ( :at x is on ,m]cury1 t be+ ! inv]se squ>e ( ! relative di/ances ( ! two bodies4 ,n[ ! int5sity ( ,light & ,heat receiv$ by ! e>? is regulat$ by ! same law ( inv]se squ>es1 s t ! e>? w\ld receive ab\t f\r-tw5ty-fif?s ! int5sity ( light & heat :i* ,m]cury receives :5 !y are bo? at _! mean di/ances4 ,?is law ( inv]se squ>es is applicable to e body :i* acts z a gravitat+ s\rce ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! univ]se1 :e!r t body be small or l>ge1 & :e!r x be 9 ! =m ( meteor1 satellite1 planet1 sun or />4 ,ea* satellite1 planet or sun ex]ts an attractive influ5ce ^u e body t exi/s1 t attractive influ5ce be+ regulat$ by ! masses ( ! respective bodies1 & decreas+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! body view$ z ! c5tre ( attraction4 ,s t1 ! fur!r ! attract$ body is f ! attract+ body1 ! less is ! int5sity ( ! mutual attract+ =ces1 ?\gh t int5sity does n v>y simply z ! di/ance1 b r z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & t 9 its inv]se ratio4 ,?us if we take two masses ( any k9d or sort1 & place !m at v>i\s di/ances z repres5t$ by ! numb]s #a1 #b1 #c1 #d1 #e1 #f1 ! int5sity ( ! attract+ =ces betwe5 ! same masses at ! relative di/ances w be repres5t$ by ! numb]s #a1 #a_/d1 #a_/i1 #a_/af1 #a_/be1 #a_/cf1 :i* are ! inv]se squ>es ( ! respective numb]s repres5t+ _! di/ances4 ,z we %all see1 ! same law holds good 9 relation to heat1 light & electricity1 & inde$ to all =ms ( en]gy :i* radiate out f a c5tre equally 9 all directions4 ,!re is no ne$ to apply ,newton's ,rules ( ,philosophy to ?is ,attraction ( ,gravitation1 z x has be5 demon/rat$ to exi/1 times )\t numb]4 ,moreov] its laws are exactly ! same z ^? gov]n+ ! ph5om5a ( s\nd1 light1 heat1 & electricity1 s t ap>t f be+ prov$ by actual exp]im5ts 9 relation to ! gravity ( ! e>?1 we h a wid] exp]i5ce ( ! application ( ! same rul+ pr9ciples ( ! law 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( sci5ce4 ,! ,law ( ,univ]sal ,attraction1 :i* is /rictly ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce ( ! comp\nd ,law ( ,gravitation1 fully satisfies ! ?ree gov]n+ rules ( ,newton's ,philosophy4 ,n only is x simple 9 its conception1 b x is borne out by exp]i5ce1 & adequately acc\nts = ! di/9ctive ph5om5a :i* x seeks to expla94 ,by x1 a/ronomical obs]vations c be tak5 ) a precision & c]ta9ty t defy error or failure4 ,! motion ( a planet 9 its orbit c be s p]fectly calculat$1 t its position 9 space 9 relation to o!r planets c be =etold ye>s 9 advance4 ,! !ory ( ! ,ae!r1 !re=e1 :i* is to be p]fect$ 9 ?is "w1 mu/ philosophically %[ t ! pressures or t5sions ( t m$ium1 :i* are po/ulat$ z ! cause ( ,gravitation ,attraction1 mu/ !mselves fulfil ! laws ( inv]se squ>es1 :i* gov]n light1 heat1 electricity & ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation4 ,i premise t ?is w be done 9 ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r to be submitt$ to ! read] 9 ! aft] pages ( ?is "w4 ,,art4 #bc4 ,t]re/rial ,gravity4--,be=e pass+ f ?is phase ( ! subject1 ,i %\ld l briefly to look at ! "q ( ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation f ! /&po9t ( our own e>?1 z by s do+ we %all notice "s facts reg>d+ ! same1 hi!rto unnotic$1 9 ! prec$+ articles4 ,t]re/rial ,gravity is b a phase ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation4 ,"o ( ! mo/ famili> facts & ph5om5a ( ev]yday life is1 t :5 a body1 su* z a /one or /ick or bullet1 is ?r[n or project$ into ! air1 x always falls to ! e>? aga94 ,?is is due to ! attraction ( ! e>? & ! /one = ea* o!r4 ,x has be5 prov$ exp]im5tally t if a /one & a weight are let fall f a height ( #af feet1 !y w\ld rea* ! e>? 9 "o second ( "t4 ,aga91 a fea!r1 or cork1 or ev5 a piece ( iron w\ld take exactly ! same "t fall+ ?r\gh ! same space1 provid$ t ! fea!r or cork c\ld be scre5$ f ! resi/ance ( ! air4 ,! di/ance1 h[ev]1 ?r\gh :i* a body falls 9 "o second v>ies at diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 be+ lea/ at ! equator1 & greate/ at ! ,nor? & ,s\? ,poles4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! fact t ! pol> diamet] is only #ghii miles1 :ile ! equatorial diamet] is #gibe miles1 ?us ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! e>? to ei!r pole is ab\t #ciej miles1 or #ac miles less ?an ! equatorial radius ( ! e>?4 ,n[ ! =ce ( gravity decreases upw>ds f ! e>?'s surface inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! e>?'s c5tre ( gravity1 b decreases d[nw>ds simply z ! di/ance f ! c5tre decreases4 ,?us if a ball 7 tak5 d[n #bjjj miles1 t is half ! di/ance to ! c5tre1 x w\ld only weigh half-a-p\nd1 :ile if x 7 tak5 to ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 x w\ld h no weight at all2 :ile a p\nd weight at ! equator w\ld n weigh "o p\nd at ! poles1 because x w\ld be ne>] ! c5tre ( ! e>? by #ac miles4 ,?us a p\nd weight is n always a p\nd weight4 ,x v>ies z we c>ry x to diff]5t p>ts ( ! e>?'s surface1 dep5d+ ^u its relation to ! c5tre ( ! e>? = its exact weight4 ,! po9t :i* ,i wi% to make p]fectly cle>1 z x w be necess>y = future ref]5ce1 is1 t !re is no su* ?+ z weight ap>t f ! gravity ( ! e>?2 or1 if we apply ! pr9ciple to ! sol> sy/em1 !re is no gravitat+ =ce 9 t sy/em ap>t f ! gravitat+ =ce ( ! c5tral body1 ! sun1 or ! planets & o!r bodies :i* =m ! sol> sy/em4 ,let u look at ?is matt] f ano!r /&po9t1 9 ord] to prove ?is tru? & make ! same p]fectly cle>4 ,if a p\nd weight 7 put 9 a spr+-balance1 !n at ! surface ( ! e>? x w\ld weigh "o p\nd4 ,n[1 we w suppose t we h tak5 ! weight to a height ( #djjj miles above ! surface ( ! e>?1 t is exactly d\ble ! di/ance f ! c5tre ( ! e>?1 ! radius ( ! e>? be+ approximately #djjj miles4 ,accord+ to ! law ( inv]se squ>es1 ! =ce ( ,gravitation decreases inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,! di/ance hav+ be5 d\bl$1 ! proportion ( ! =ces at ! two places1 i4 e4 ! e>?'s surface & #djjj miles above x1 are z #a to #a_/d4 ,?us at a di/ance ( #djjj miles ! weight :i* weigh$ "o p\nd at ! e>?'s surface1 n[ only weighs a qu>t] ( a p\nd4 ,at a di/ance ( #hjjj miles1 ! di/ance w\ld be trebl$1 !re=e ! =ce ( ,gravitation is "o-n9?1 & ! weight w\ld weigh "o-n9? ( a p\nd4 ,if we c\ld take ! p\nd weight to ! moon1 ! attractive =ce ( ! e>? w\ld be r$uc$ to #a-cfjj1 z ! moon is #bdj1jjj miles di/ant1 t is sixty times ! e>?'s radius4 ,! squ>e ( #fj is #cfjj1 & if we inv]t t we get #a-cfjj1 s t ! weight :i* weighs a p\nd at ! e>?'s surface1 w\ld only weigh #a-cfjj "p ( a p\nd at ! di/ance ( ! moon4 ,?is aga9 proves1 t ap>t f ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation1 !re is no su* ?+ z weight1 & t ! weight s call$ ( any body1 su* z a planet or satellite1 increases or decreases z its di/ance increases or decreases f its c5tral attract+ body4 ,,art4 #bd4 ,c5trifugal ,=ce4--,i h already %[n 9 ,art4 #aj t ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce & ,univ]sal ,attraction are "o & ! same2 z ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce always acts t[>ds ! c5tre1 & mu/ !re=e be 9 its op]ation & influ5ce a gravitat+ or attractive p[]4 ,i h also po9t$ out 9 ! same article1 ! necessity ( ano!r =ce1 :i* is to be ! complem5t1 & ! c\nt] "p ( ,gravitation ,attraction4 ,t complem5t & c\nt] =ce 0 conceiv$ by ,newton1 & call$ by him ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce4 ,! v nature ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce dem&s & necessitates a =ce :i* 9 its mode ( op]ation is exactly ! opposite ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 ,unless !re 7 su* a =ce1 a repell5t & repulsive =ce1 !n in/ead ( !re be+ t h>moni\s work+ ( ! univ]se t n[ exi/s1 !re mu/ inevitably be a gradual draw+ toge!r ( all planets & satellites1 ( all />s & suns1 into "o va/1 solit>y1 & ru9\s body4 ,!re are also o!r ph5om5a :i* dem& a ,c5trifugal ,=ce 9 ! univ]se4 ,x is a well-kn[n fact1 t !re exi/ betwe5 ! orbits ( ,jupit] & ,m>s1 :at are call$ planetoids1 ab\t #ejj 9 numb]1 :i* are suppos$ to be ! remnants ( a brok5 or %att]$ _w4 ,z may be expect$ f su* an accumulation1 !y pres5t ! mo/ extraord9>y div]sities & ecc5tricities 9 ! orbits t c possibly be conceiv$4 ,!y are ( all %apes & sizes1 & besides _! orbits r\nd ! sun1 h orbits among !mselves4 ,!y are s clu/]$ toge!r t _! orbits int]sect ea* o!r at num]\s po9ts1 & :5 9 conjunction are said to suff] great p]turbations1 be+ pull$ great di/ances ?is way & t by ea* o!r's attractive influ5ce4 ,x is fur!r /at$ t _! orbits s int]sect ea* o!r1 t if !y 7 imag9$ to be mat]ial r+s1 !y w\ld be insep>able1 & ! :ole c\ld be susp5d$ by tak+ any "o ( !m up at r&om4 ,"h1 !n1 is pres5t$ to u a k9d or ord] ( cele/ial ph5om5a = ^: well-be+ & effectual work+ ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce or ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation _c possibly acc\nt4 ,9 _! case ano!r =ce is dem&$ :i* %all be ! exact complem5t & c\nt]p>t ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 ,!re ne$s !re=e a =ce1 n an imag9$ "o1 simply conceiv$ to fill a want1 b a real ,=ce1 z real & z pla9ly to be und]/ood z ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 ,a =ce exi/+ 9 ea* _w j l ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation1 only ! rev]se ( ,gravitation1 a repell5t1 repulsive ,=ce1 act+ 9 ! rev]se mode1 & way1 to univ]sal attraction4 ,?is ,=ce mu/ be gov]n$ by ! same rules & laws t gov]n ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 if x is to "w 9 h>mony ) ! same4 ,x mu/ be univ]sal 9 its "*1 hav+ a proportion ( =ces equal to ! product ( ! masses ( ! two bodies :i* are conc]n$1 & its pa? mu/ co9cide ) ! pa? ( gravitational attraction1 t is1 9 ! /raight l9e :i* jo9s ! c5tres ( gravity ( ! two bodies4 ,fur!r1 & :at is p]haps ! mo/ important ( all1 x mu/ act z a repell+ or repulsive =ce :i* %all be 9 ! same proportion 9 reg>d to di/ance1 z ! law gov]n+ ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 t is1 inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,aga91 & briefly1 !re are also 9 exi/5ce small bodies call$ meteors1 :i* are said to exi/ by myriads1 :i* float 9 space1 & circle r\nd ! sun4 ,!y are ( all %apes & sizes1 f "o ounce to a ton or ev5 tons1 ?\s&s ( !m com+ into contact ) our e>?'s atmosph]e e ye>1 especially 9 ,augu/ & ,novemb]4 ,all ( ^! small bodies h orbits among !mselves1 & gravitate r\nd "o ano!r1 z !y revolve r\nd ! sun4 ,n[ if ! orbits ( ! planetoids be su* an entangl$ mass1 :at mu/ be ! orbits ( ^! meteors8 ,:at an indescribable1 unimag9able mass ( labyr9?ian motions mu/ exi/ among ^! myriads ( little bodies6 ,h[ !y mu/ int]sect1 cross & int]m+le ea* o!r's orbits6 ,:at attraction & c\nt]-attraction !y mu/ ex]t ^u ea* o!r6 ,let me ask any man to sit d[n & try to imag9e h[ ! pres5t recogniz$ ,c5tripetal & ,c5trifugal ,=ces c acc\nt = ! effectual work+ ( ^! meteors4 ,z illu/rat+ ! necessity ( a real & physical ,c5trifugal ,=ce :i* is to be ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 ,i w\ld call ! att5tion ( ! read] to ,h]s*el's view ( ?is matt]4 ,9 deal+ ) ! ph5om5a ( comets' tails he writes3#a ,beyond a d\bt1 ! wide/ & mo/ int]e/+ prospect ( future discov]y1 :i* ?is /udy holds out to u1 is1 t di/9ction betwe5 gravitat+ & levitat+ matt]1 t positive & irrefutable demon/ration 9 nature ( a repulsive =ce1 co-ext5sive )1 b enorm\sly m p[]ful ?an ! attractive =ce we call gravity :i* ! ph5om5a ( _! tails af=d4 ,i premise t ?is prophecy ( ,h]s*el's w be fully demon/rat$ & prov$ 9 ! succe$+ pages ( ?is "w4 ,=1 9 ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r t is to be aft]w>ds p]fect$1 x w be philosophically prov$ t ! physical m$ium s conceiv$ w satisfactorily acc\nt = a =ce or motion f ! c5tre ( all bodies2 :i* motions fulfil all ! conditions requir$ by t ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 :i* is ! complem5t & c\nt]p>t ( ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation4 ,at ! pres5t "t1 ) ! conception ( a frictionless ,ae!r1 x is impossible to h>monize ! exi/5ce ( su* a =ce or motion ) our !ory ( ! ,ae!r4 ,yet ,pr(essor ,leb$ew ( ,mosc[1 & ,ni*ols & ,hull ( ,am]ica1 h incontrov]tibly demon/rat$ by actual exp]im5ts ! exi/5ce ( su* a =ce4 ,!re=e x foll[s1 t if our pres5t !ory ( ! ,ae!r fails to agree ) exp]im5tal evid5ce1 su* a !ory mu/ be recon/ruct$ 9 ord] t our philosophy may be made to agree ) our exp]im5ts & our exp]i5ce4 ,footnote #a3 ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects4 ,,art4 #be4 ,kepl]'s ,laws4--,a long "t be=e ,newton _h discov]$ ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 ,kepl] _h f\nd out t ! motions ( ! planets 7 gov]n$ by c]ta9 laws1 & ^! came to be kn[n z ,kepl]'s ,laws4 ,^! laws :i* 7 giv5 to ! _w by ,kepl]1 simply repres5t$ facts or ph5om5a :i* _h be5 discov]$ by obs]vation1 z ,kepl] 0 unable to acc\nt = !m1 or to give any ma!matical basis = ! same4 ,on ! discov]y1 h[ev]1 ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation1 ,newton saw at once t ^! laws 7 simply ! outcome ( ! application ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation to ! planets1 & t !y c\ld be acc\nt$ = on a ma!matical basis by ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 z !y seem$ to fl[ naturally f t law4 ,kepl]'s ,laws are ?ree 9 numb] & may be ?us /at$-- #a/ ,law4 ,ea* planet revolves r\nd ! sun 9 an elliptic orbit1 ) ! sun occupy+ "o ( ! ,foci4 #bnd ,law4 ,9 ! revolution ( a planet r\nd ! sun1 ! ,radius ,vector describes equal areas 9 equal times4 #crd ,law4 ,! squ>es ( ! p]iodic times ( planets are proportional to ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances4 ,n[ ! "q arises1 :e!r x is possible to =m a !ory ( ! ,ae!r :i* %all satisfactorily & philosophically acc\nt = all ! ph5om5a associat$ ) ,kepl]'s ,laws 9 _! relation to ! motions ( planets1 satellites1 or o!r sol> bodies8 ,on ! pres5t conception ( ! ,ae!r su* a result is an absolute impossibility4 ,) ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r1 h[ev]1 to be submitt$ to ! read] 9 ?is "w1 ! result is possible & atta9able4 ,if1 !re=e1 su* a result is philosophically prov$1 z ,i submit w be done1 !n we %all h great] evid5ce /ill t ! !ory s prop\nd$ is a m p]fect !ory ?an ! "o at pres5t recogniz$ by sci5ti/s g5]ally4 ,,art4 #bf4 ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law4--,ea* planet revolves r\nd ! sun 9 an elliptic orbit1 ! sun occupy+ "o ( ! ,foci4 ,! anci5ts ?\ght t ! pa?s ( ! planets ar\nd ! sun 7 circul> 9 =m1 because !y held t circul> motion 0 p]fect4 ,a sy/em ( circul> orbits = ! pa?s ( ! planets r\nd ! sun w\ld be v simple 9 its conception1 & w\ld be full ( beauty & h>mony4 ,b exact calculations reveal to u t ! pa? ( a planet is n exactly t ( a circle1 z ! di/ance ( a planet f ! sun 9 v>i\s p>ts ( its orbit is sometimes great]1 & sometimes less1 ?an its mean di/ance4 ,! planet ,v5us has ! ne>e/ approa* to a circul> orbit1 z !re are only #ejj1jjj miles betwe5 ! mean1 & greate/ & lea/ di/ances1 b bo? ,m]cury & ,m>s %[ great diff]5ces betwe5 _! greate/ & lea/ di/ances f ! sun4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! orbits ( a planet are n exactly circul>1 :at is _! exact %ape8 ,kepl] solv$ ?is problem1 & prov$ t ! exact pa? ( a planet r\nd its c5tral body ! sun 0 t ( an ellipse1 or an elongat$ circle4 ,?us he gave to ! _w ! fir/ ( 8 fam\s laws :i* /at$ t ea* planet revolves r\nd ! sun 9 an orbit :i* has an elliptic =m1 ! sun occupy+ "o ( ! ,foci4 ,n only is ! orbit ( a planet r\nd ! sun elliptic 9 =m1 b ! pa? ( ! moon r\nd ! e>?1 or ! pa? ( any satellite1 z = example a satellite ( ,m>s or ,jupit] or ,saturn1 is also t ( an ellipse1 ! planet r\nd :i* x revolves occupy+ "o ( ! ,foci4 ,x has also be5 f\nd t c]ta9 comets h orbits :i* _c be di/+ui%$ f t ( an elongat$ ellipse1 ! sun occupy+ "o ( ! ,foci4 ,n[ let u apply ! ,law ( ,gravitation to ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law1 & note c>efully its application4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #a4 ,let ,a1 ,b1 ,c1 ,d be an ellipse repres5t+ ! orbit ( ! e>?1 & let ,s repres5t ! sun situat$ at "o ( ! ,foci4 ,we w suppose t ! e>? is project$ into space at ! po9t ,a1 !n accord+ to ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion1 x w\ld proce$ 9 a /raight l9e 9 ! direction ( ,a ,e1 if !re 7 no o!r =ce act+ ^u ! e>?4 ,b x is act$ ^u by ! attraction ( ! sun1 t is ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce :i* is ex]t$ along ! /raight l9e ,s ,a 7,art4 #bj71 :i* cont9ues to act ^u x accord+ to ! pr9ciple already expla9$ 9 ,arts4 #ba & #bb4 ,n[1 accord+ to ! ,second ,law ( ,motion & ! ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces1 in/ead ( ! e>? go+ (f at a tang5t 9 ! direction ( ,a ,e1 x w take a mean pa? 9 ! direction ( ,a ,b1 its pa? be+ curv$ in/ead ( be+ a /raight l9e4 ,if ! sun 7 /ation>y 9 space1 !n ! mean di/ance1 t is1 ! l5g? ( ! imag9>y /raight l9e jo9+ ! sun ,s ,a to ! e>?1 w\ld rema9 unalt]$4 ,! ,radius ,vector ,s ,a1 or ! /raight l9e ref]r$ to1 w\ld !n be p]p5dicul> to ! tang5t1 & ! velocity ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun w\ld be uni=m1 its pa? be+ t ( a circle4 ,! ,radius ,vector ,s ,a1 h[ev]1 is n always p]p5dicul> to ! tang5t ,f ,e1 & !re=e ! velocity ( ! e>? is n always uni=m 9 its motion 9 its orbit1 z sometimes x travels at a less] or great] spe$ ?an its av]age spe$1 :i* is ab\t #ah miles p] second4 ,x has to be rememb]$ t ! sun itself is 9 motion1 hav+ a velocity ?r\gh space ( ab\t #d-a_/b miles p] second1 s t1 :ile ! e>? is travell+ f ,a to ,b ! sun is also travell+ 9 ! direction ( ,s ,b4 ,?us ! orbital velocity ( ! e>?1 & ! orbital velocity ( ! sun1 toge!r ) ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce or univ]sal ,gravitation ,attraction1 are all act+ 9 ! same direction :5 ! e>? is travell+ f ,a to ,b1 t is1 9 ! direction ( ! orbit situat$ at ,b4 ,?is po9t ( ! orbit is kn[n z ! p]ihelion1 & at t po9t ! velocity ( ! e>? is at its greate/1 because ! e>? is !n ne>e/ ! sun4 ,accord+ to ,newton1 ! planet :5 at ,b w\ld /ill h a t5d5cy to fly (f into space ow+ to its ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 b x is held 9 *eck by ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 s t in/ead ( x fly+ (f into space1 x is :irl$ r\nd & />ts (f on its j\rney away f ! sun 9 ! direction ( ,b1 ,c4 ,! sun1 h[ev]1 is /ill cont9u+ its j\rney 9 ! direction ( ,s1 ,h1 s t n only is ! increas$ orbital velocity ( ! e>?1 :i* x obta9$ at its p]ihelion1 urg+ ! e>? away f ! sun1 b ! sun itself 9 its advance ?r\gh space is leav+ ! e>? beh9d x4 ,! comb9$ effect ( ! two motions1 ! advanc+ motion ( ! sun1 & ! rec$+ motion ( ! e>?1 due to its increas$ orbital velocity1 drives ! e>? t[>ds ! aphelion1 :]e its di/ance f ! sun is greate/1 & its orbital velocity is ! lea/4 ,by ! "t ! planet has arriv$ at po9t ,c1 its motion ?r\gh space has gradually decreas$1 & ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce beg9s to re-ass]t itself1 ) ! result t ! e>? is sl[ly made to proce$ t[>ds ! po9t ,d ( ! ellipse1 at :i* po9t its motion is ! sl[e/ 9 orbital velocity1 only travell+ ab\t #af miles p] second1 :ile ! di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun is ! greate/ & has increas$ f #ia1jjj1jjj miles at ! p]ihelion to #id1ejj1jjj4 ,?is po9t ( ! orbit is kn[n z its aphelion4 ,aft] r\nd+ ?is po9t1 ! orbital velocity ( ! e>? beg9s to increase aga91 ow+ to ! dim9i%+ di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun1 :i* accord+ to ! law ( inv]se squ>es 7,art4 #bb7 gives an add$ int5sity to ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 ,?us by ! comb9ation ( ! ,laws ( ,motion & ! ,law ( ,gravitation discov]$ by ,newton1 he 0 able to satisfactorily acc\nt = & expla9 on a ma!matical basis1 ! reason :y ! e>? & all ! o!r planets move r\nd ! sun 9 elliptic orbits1 accord+ to ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! physical cause ( gravitation1 !re=e1 ! same physical m$ium1 :i* acc\nts = t law1 mu/ also give a satisfactory explanation ( ! fir/ ( ,kepl]'s ,laws4 ,,art4 #bg4 ,kepl]'s ,second ,law4--,?is law /ates t ! ,radius ,vector describes equal areas 9 equal times4 ,! ,radius ,vector is ! imag9>y /raight l9e jo9+ ! c5tres ( ! sun & ! e>? or planet4 ,:ile ! ,fir/ ,law %[s u ! k9d ( pa? :i* a planet takes 9 revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 ! ,second ,law describes h[ ! velocity ( ! planet v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its orbit4 ,if ! e>?'s orbit 7 a circle1 x c be readily se5 t equal areas w\ld be trav]s$ 9 equal times1 z ! di/ance f ! sun w\ld always be ! same1 s t ! ,radius ,vector be+ ( uni=m l5g?1 ! rate ( motion w\ld be uni=m1 & consequ5tly equal areas w\ld be trav]s$ 9 equal times4 ,take z an illu/ration ! e>?1 :i* describes its revolution r\nd ! sun 9 #cfe-a_/d days4 ,n[ if ! orbit ( ! e>? 7 circul>1 !n equal p>ts ( ! e>?'s orbit w\ld be trav]s$ by ! ,radius ,vector 9 equal times4 ,s t ) a p]fectly circul> orbit1 "o half ( ! orbit w\ld be trav]s$ by ! ,radius ,vector 9 half a ye>1 "o qu>t] 9 "o qu>t] ( a ye>1 "o-eigh? 9 "o-eigh? ( a ye>1 & s on2 ! area cov]$ by ! ,radius ,vector be+ always exactly proportionate to ! "t4 ,f ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law1 h[ev]1 we "k t ! planet's di/ance does v>y f ! sun1 & !re=e ! ,radius ,vector is sometimes long] & sometimes %ort] ?an :5 ! e>? is at its mean di/ance2 ! ,radius ,vector be+ %orte/ at ! p]ihelion ( ! orbit1 & longe/ at ! aphelion4 ,we le>n f ,kepl]'s ,second ,law t :5 ! ,radius ,vector is %orte/1 t is1 :5 ! planet is ne>e/ ! sun1 x acquires its greate/ orbital velocity2 & :5 ! ,radius ,vector is longe/1 t is1 :5 ! planet is f>!/ f ! sun1 ! orbital velocity ( a planet is ! sl[e/4 ,let ,a1 ,b1 ,d1 ,c repres5t ! elliptic orbit ( a planet1 ) ,s sun at "o ( ! ,foci1 & let ! triangles ,a1 ,s1 ,b & ,d1 ,s1 ,c be triangles ( equal area4 ,!n1 accord+ to ,kepl]'s ,second ,law1 ! "t tak5 = ! ,radius ,vector to trav]se ! area ,a1 ,s1 ,b is equal to ! "t t ! ,radius ,vector takes to trav]se ! area ,d1 ,s1 ,c4 ,s t ! planet w\ld take an equal "t 9 go+ f ,a to ,b ( its orbit1 z x w\ld take 9 go+ f ,d to ,c4 ,?us ! ne>] ! planet is to ! sun1 ! great] is its orbital velocity1 & ! f>!r x is away f ! sun ! sl[] is its velocity1 ! velocity be+ regulat$ by ! di/ance4 ,! mann] 9 :i* ! diff]5ce ( velocity is acc\nt$ = by ! ,law ( ,gravitation has already be5 expla9$ 9 ! prec$+ article4 ,?us ,newton prov$ t ,kepl]'s ,second ,law 0 capable ( be+ ma!matically expla9$1 & acc\nt$ =1 by ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #b4 ,if1 !re=e1 a physical cause c be giv5 = ,newton's ,law ( ,gravitation1 !n su* physical cause mu/ also be able to acc\nt =1 & t on a /rictly philosophical basis1 ! second ( ,kepl]'s ,laws z well z ! fir/4 ,,art4 #bh4 ,kepl]'s ,?ird ,law4--,! ,?ird ,law ( ,kepl] gives ! relation betwe5 ! p]iodic "t ( a planet1 & its di/ance f ! sun4 ,! p]iodic "t ( any planet is ! "t :i* x takes to g once r\nd ! sun4 ,?us ! p]iodic "t ( ! e>? is #cfe-a_/d days4 ,! p]iodic "t ( ,v5us is #bbd4g days1 :ile t ( ,m>s is #fhf4i days4 ,kepl] _h f\nd out t diff]5t planets _h diff]5t p]iodic times2 he also f\nd out t ! great] ! mean di/ance ( ! planet1 ! great] 0 ! "t :i* ! planet took to p]=m its j\rney r\nd ! sun1 & s he set to "w to f9d out ! relation%ip ( ! p]iodic "t to ! planet's mean di/ance4 ,aft] _m trials & _m failures he arriv$ at ! "r conclusion1 & at la/ discov]$ ! true law :i* is kn[n z ,kepl]'s ,?ird ,law1 :i* /ates t = ea* & e planet1 ! squ>es ( _! p]iodic times are proportional to ! cubes ( _! mean di/ances4 ,= purposes ( illu/ration let u take ! e>? & ! planet ,v5us & comp>e ^! two4 ,! p]iodic "t ( ! e>? is #cfe days1 omitt+ ! qu>t] day4 ,! p]iodic "t ( ,v5us is #bbd days approximately4 ,n[1 accord+ to ,kepl]'s ,?ird ,law1 ! squ>e ( #cfe is to ! squ>e ( #bbd1 z ! cube ( ! e>?'s mean di/ance is to ! cube ( ,v5us's mean di/ance1 :i* are #ib4g millions ( miles & #fg millions ( miles respectively4 ,! problem may be ?us /at$-- ,z #cfeb3 #bbdb33 #ib4gc3 #fgc3 ,?is work$ out gives-- #acc1bbe3 #ej1agf3 #gif1eig4ihb3 cube ( ,v5us's mean di/ance4 ,s t by ,kepl]'s ,?ird ,law1 if we h ! p]iodic "t ( any two planets1 & ! mean di/ance ( ei!r1 we c f9d out ! mean di/ance ( ! o!r by simple proportion4 ,9 mak+ a/ronomical calculations1 ! di/ances ( ! planets are g5]ally obta9$ by means ( ,kepl]'s ,?ird ,law1 z ! p]iodic "t ( ! planet is a calculation t may be made by a/ronom]s ) great c]ta9ty1 & :5 once ! p]iodic times are f\nd1 & ! mean di/ance ( a planet1 z our e>? = example1 is kn[n1 ! mean di/ances ( all ! o!r planets 9 ! sol> sy/em may soon be obta9$4 ,9 l mann] ?is ,?ird ,law ( ,kepl]'s is equally applicable to ! satellites ( any planet4 ,= example1 :5 ! p]iodic "t ( bo? ( ,m>s' satellites1 ,phobos & ,deimos1 are kn[n1 be+ ab\t #h h\rs & #cj h\rs respectively1 & ! di/ance ( ei!r is kn[n1 z ,phobos ) a mean di/ance ( #ehjj miles1 !n ! mean di/ance ( ,deimos c easily be calculat$ by ?is law1 & is f\nd to be #ad1ejj miles4 ,z discov]$ by ,kepl]1 ! ,?ird ,law 0 simply ! result ( obs]vation4 ,he 0 unable to give any ma!matical basis = its exi/5ce4 ,! ,laws z !y 7 giv5 to ! _w by ,kepl] 7 simply ?ree great tru?s :i* _h be5 discov]$ by obs]vation4 ,x re/$ ) ,newton to %[ h[ ^! laws c\ld be acc\nt$ = on a ma!matical basis1 & to %[ h[ !y all sprang f "o & ! same s\rce1 namely ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,9 8 ,pr9cipia1 he prov$ t all ,kepl]'s ,laws 7 fully exp\nd$ & expla9$ by 8 great discov]y ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation4 ,n[ :at ,newton has done = ,kepl]'s ,laws f ! ma!matical /&po9t1 we propose to d f ! physical /&po9t4 ,9 ! developm5t ( ! physical ag5cy or cause ( ,gravitation1 !re=e1 among ! ph5om5a & laws1 :i* h to be satisfactorily acc\nt$ = on a physical basis1 are ^! ?ree ,laws ( ,kepl]'s j ref]r$ to4 ,s t 9 addition to ! satisfactory explanation ( a physical cause = ! ,laws ( ,motion1 & ! ,c5tripetal & ,c5trifugal ,=ces1 ! hypo!sis ( a physical cause ( ,gravitation mu/ fully & satisfactorily acc\nt = ! ,laws ( ,kepl]1 ^: ma!matical explanation 0 giv5 by ,newton4 ,fur!r1 & :at is z equally important1 ! explanation s giv5 mu/ be /rictly 9 h>mony ) ! ,rules ( ,philosophy z laid d[n 9 ,art4 #c4 ,t is1 ! explanation mu/ be simple 9 "*1 mu/ n be contr>y to exp]i5ce or obs]vation1 & mu/ satisfactorily acc\nt = ! laws :i* ! hypo!sis ( ! physical cause ( ,gravitation seeks to expla94 ,?is ,i premise we w d z we pass f /age to /age 9 ! developm5t ( ! !ory4 ,i c safely premise t x w be simple 9 "* & conception1 t x w be entirely 9 h>mony ) all exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & t ! physical cause s advanc$ w give z physical a basis to ,kepl]'s ,laws z ,newton's ma!matical calculations gave !m a ma!matical basis4 ,9 summ+ up1 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out1 t if all t ,i h premis$ 9 ?is & ! prec$+ *apt] is accompli%$ 9 ! aft] *apt]s ( ?is book1 !n = ! fir/ "t s9ce ! discov]y ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 8 great discov]y w h receiv$ ! long-expect$ & long-desir$ physical explanation1 t explanation & cause be+ f\nd$ on 8 own ,rules ( ,philosophy giv5 9 8 immortal ,pr9cipia1 & = ! fir/ "t our ,philosophy w be br\ght /rictly into h>mony ) our univ]sal exp]i5ce4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,matt] ,,art4 #bi4 ,:at is ,matt]8--,! law ( ,univ]sal ,attraction /ates t ,e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle1 etc41 & ! "q at once arises z to :at is meant by ! t]m ,matt]1 :at are its prop]ties & its con/itution8 ,tait1 9 8 ,natural ,philosophy1 gives ! foll[+ z ! def9ition3 ,matt] is t :i* c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 or is t :i* c be act$ ^u by1 or c ex]t =ce4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out 9 ,art4 #ac t =ce is due to motion1 & t :]ev] we get motion ( any k9d or sort1 !re we get en]gy1 or :at us$ to be t]m$ =ce4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is phase ( ! "q w be m fully dealt ) 9 ! *apt] on ,en]gy & ,motion4 ,suffice to say1 t all exp]i5ce tea*es u t =ce is ! outcome ( motion4 ,accept+ ?is def9ition !re=e ( =ce1 ,tait's def9ition ( matt] w read ?us1 if br\ght up to date3 ,matt] is t :i* c be p]ceiv$ by ! s5ses1 or is t :i* c be act$ ^u by motion1 or :i* c ex]t motion4 ,! common idea t matt] c only be t :i* c be se5 or actually felt1 is n l>ge en\gh = a def9ition ( ,matt]4 ,!re are numb]s ( ?+s 9 ,nature :i* _c ei!r be se5 or felt1 yet :i* are includ$ 9 ! t]m ,matt]4 ,let u take "o or two examples4 ,e "o admits t nitrog5 & oxyg5 are matt]1 yet ,i v5ture to say t no "o has actually se5 or felt ei!r ( ^! gases4 ,bo? ( ^! gases are col\rless & invisible1 & are bo? ta/eless4 ,y may op5 y\r m\? & inspire bo? gases1 & yet if !y are pure1 y _c ta/e ei!r ( !m4 ,!y are only matt]1 9 ! s5se t !y appeal to our s5se ( =ce ?r\gh ! motion :i* !y may acquire4 ,or aga91 take air1 :i* is a me*anical mixture ( sev]al gases4 ,c y see air8 ,if x be free f vap\r & smoke1 air is invisible1 & on a cle> day y may look = miles across ! sea1 or f ! top ( a m\nta91 & yet n h y\r sight imp$$ 9 any way by ! atmosph]e4 ,nei!r c x be felt by ! s5se ( t\*4 ,op5 & %ut y\r h&1 & see if y c feel ! air :ile y d s4 ,9 simil> ways x may be demon/rat$ t ! air is ta/eless4 ,s t x is n necess>y = u to see1 or feel1 or ta/e1 or ev5 smell t :i* we t]m ,matt]1 9 ord] = x to be includ$ 9 t t]m4 ,s long z t :i* we t]m ,matt] is able to accept motion 9 any mann] f any body t is ei!r mov+1 or 9 a /ate ( vibration1 & n only accepts1 b also transmits ! vibratory1 or ! k9etic motion s call$ ( ! mov+ body1 !n t :i* accepts ! motion is legitimately t]m$ ,matt]4 ,x becomes p]fectly cle>1 !re=e1 :y air1 ae!r1 oxyg51 & hydrog5 are t]m$ ,matt]4 ,because !y c be all act$ ^u by motion1 & aft] be+ s act$ ^u1 !y c ex]t motion ^u "s o!r body4 ,heat is a =m ( motion1 & :5 heat acts ^u ! air1 ! latt] is set 9 motion1 & we h :at are commonly kn[n z w9ds4 ,x is unnecess>y = me to prove t ! motion ( w9ds c be transmitt$ to o!r matt]1 z we h num]\s examples f our obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 9 ! case ( w9dmills driv5 by ! motive p[] ( ! w9ds1 & also balloons urg$ along by ! same cause2 ap>t f ! deva/at+ effect produc$ 9 t[ns & c\ntry by a hurricane or /orm4 ,! po9t :i* ,i wi% to emphasize is1 t ,matt]1 /rictly def9$1 is t :i* c be act$ ^u by motion1 su* z heat or electricity1 bo? be+ =ms ( motion1 & :i* c ex]t ! motion s d]iv$ ^u "s o!r body4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 9 ! univ]se we f9d any body1 :e!r x be solid1 liquid or gase\s1 or any m$ium :i* c be act$ ^u by motion1 & aft] be+ s act$ ^u1 c ex]t motion1 t body or m$ium may legitimately be includ$ 9 ! t]m ,matt]1 al?\gh x may be absolutely invisible to ! eyes1 or ins5sible to ! s5se ( t\*1 or ta/e1 or smell4 ,9 ! same "w1#b ,tait /ates t 9 ! physical univ]se !re are b two classes ( ?+s1 ,matt] & ,en]gy1 & !n goes on to give examples ( bo?4 ,he adds t a /one1 piece ( brass1 wat]1 air1 ae!r1 are p>ticles ( matt]1 :ile spr+s1 wat]-p[]1 w9d1 waves1 heat & electric curr5ts are examples ( en]gy associat$ ) ,matt]4 ,n[ ,i may add "h1 t )9 ^! two /atem5ts is to be f\nd ! g]m ( ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 toge!r ) ! satisfactory explanation ( all ph5om5a t ! univ]se reveals to u1 ei!r by obs]vation or by exp]im5ts4 ,i purpose !re=e1 be=e giv+ any detail$ acc\nts ( t m$ium :i* is to =m ! physical basis = ! cause ( ,gravitation1 to look at ! t]m ,matt] 9 all its aspects1 9 ord] t we may get a "r conception ( ! univ]se1 & ( ! "p t ,matt] plays 9 ! same4 ,footnote #b3 ,tait1 ,natural ,philosophy4 ,,art4 #cj4 ,cons]vation ( ,matt]4--,! ,!ory ( ! ,inde/ructibility ( ,matt] 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,lavoisi] 9 #aghi4 ,?is !ory may be ?us summ$ up2 t ,matt] :i* fills ! univ]se is un*angeable 9 quantity1 s t ! total quantity ev] rema9s ! same4 ,*anges may take place 9 reg>d to ! /ate ( ! ,matt]1 b ! sum-total ( ,matt] ?r\gh\t all ! *anges rema9s unalt]$4 ,?us :5 we burn coal1 x is *ang$ into c>bonic acid by comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 ( ! atmosph]e2 :5 sug> is put into wat]1 x simply passes f ! solid to ! liquid condition4 ,if a piece ( iron or /eel is all[$ to ru/1 ! surface ( ! iron has ent]$ into comb9ation ) ! oxyg5 & wat] ( ! atmosph]e1 & =m$ a new sub/ance4 ,s t a body may *ange f solid to liquid1 z = example f ice to wat]1 or f liquid to a gase\s condition1 z f wat] to /eam1 & probably f a gase\s condition to an ae!rial condition z we %all see lat] on1 b ! sum-total ( ,matt] ?r\gh\t all ^! *anges ev] rema9s ! same4 ,?us1 ?r\gh\t all ! physical & *emical *anges t ,matt] may und]go 9 ! univ]se1 !re is no actual loss 9 weight or quantity4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole realm ( ,nature we d n f9d a s+le in/ance ( ! production ( absolutely new ,matt]4 ,we may1 & c produce new comb9ations ( ! =ms ( ,matt]4 ,! sub/ance s =m$ by *emical comb9ation may be diff]5t f any?+ t has ev] be5 se5 or produc$ be=e1 b ! elem5ts ( :i* x is =m$ mu/ h exi/$ 9 "s o!r =m be=e its production4 ,?is pr9ciple is ! great und]ly+ pr9ciple ( all *emical inve/igation & rese>*1 & may be prov$ at any "t by means ( ! scales or balance 9 ! laboratory4 ,lavoisi] fir/ made ! exp]im5t ) ! scales & prov$ ?is tru? by actual demon/ration4 ,,art4 #ca4 ,matt] is ,atomic4--,! hypo!sis t ,matt] is made up ( inf9itely small p>ticles :i* are t]m$ atoms1 0 fir/ propos$ by ! ,grecian philosoph]s4 ,?is hypo!sis has gradually tak5 def9ite %ape1 b x rema9$ = ,dalton to fir/ put ! hypo!sis into a connect$ =m1 & t =m is n[ kn[n z ,dalton's ,atomic ,!ory4 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 an atom ( hydrog5 0 ! lighte/ atom kn[n1 b comp>atively rec5t rese>*es by ,sir ,w4 ,crookes h %[n t !re are possibly 9 exi/5ce m9ute p>ticles :i* are ev5 light] ?an an atom ( hydrog54 ,?us ,sir ,w4 ,crookes has sugge/$ t !re are c]ta9 p>ticles associat$ ) an atom ( hydrog5 :i* are #gjj times less 9 weight ?an ! atom itself4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?ompson has fur!r sugge/$ t if we c\ld divide an atom into a ?\s& p>ts1 & c\ld take "o ( ^? p>ts1 we %\ld f9d t ?is corpuscle1 z he has t]m$ x1 w\ld be ! c>ri] ( ! *>ges 9 an electric curr5t1 s t x w be se5 t we are mov+ into ! direction ( ! cont9uity ( ,matt]4 ,let u n[ look at ! "q z to :at is meant by an atom m fully4 ,,art4 #cb4 ,:at is an ,atom8--,cl]k ,maxwell's def9ition ( an atom is1 a body t _c be cut 9 two4 ,an atom is ! smalle/ "p ( a simple sub/ance :i* c ent] into comb9ation ) ano!r elem5t1 & is incapable ( be+ fur!r subdivid$4 ,an atom ( hydrog5 is ! smalle/ "p ( t p>ticul> gas :i* c ent] into comb9ation ) any o!r elem5t1 z oxyg51 to =m a *emical comp\nd z wat]1 :i* is compos$ ( two atoms ( hydrog5 & "o ( oxyg54 ,fur!r1 an atom ( any k9d or sort1 reta9s its id5tity & rema9s ! same ?r\gh\t all *emical comb9ations or physical *anges :i* x may und]go4 ,by spectroscopic analysis1 x has be5 asc]ta9$1 = example1 t hydrog5 exi/s 9 ! sun & />s1 & ! conclusion is arriv$ at 9 connection !re)1 t an atom ( hydrog5 9 any sun or /> is ! same z an atom ( hydrog5 9 our atmosph]e1 or 9 any ( ! comp\nds1 z wat]1 9 :i* x is f\nd4 ,?us x has come to be receiv$ z an accept$ fact1 t e atom ( any sub/ance1 z oxyg51 nitrog51 & hydrog51 :e!r !y exi/ 9 ! e>? or sun1 9 meteorites or ! f>!/ />s or nebulae1 :]ev] !y are f\nd1 possesses ! same id5tity & ! same physical prop]ties4 ,atoms attract "o ano!r1 & ?is atomic attraction is kn[n z aff9ity4 ,!re is n ! lea/ possible d\bt t aff9ity is a =m ( univ]sal attraction1 except t ! aff9ity ( atoms is selective4 ,?is aff9ity ( atoms = ea* o!r gives rise to ! comb9ation ( atoms kn[n z molecules & *emical comp\nds4 ,size ( ,atoms4--,x has be5 comput$ by ,"l ,kelv9 & o!rs1 t an atom may be z small z #a_/ej1jjj1jjj ( an in* 9 diamet]1 s t if #ej1jjj1jjj ( !m 7 put side by side1 !y w\ld j measure "o in* 9 l5g?4 ,atoms are n all ( ! same size or weight4 ,an atom ( oxyg5 weighs #af times z mu* z an atom ( hydrog54 ,x has be5 prov$ by ,kir*h(f & ,buns51 t ! #c_/a1jjj1jjj "p ( a milligramme ( sodium *loride is suffici5t to give a yell[ col\r to a gas-jet4 ,f>aday prep>$ "s %eets ( gold1 s ?9 t he e/imat$ !y only measur$ ! #a_/ajj "p ( ! l5g? ( a light-wave4 ,we h to rememb] t ea* %eet ( gold mu/ h conta9$ molecules ( gold compos$ ( atoms4 ,:at mu/ h be5 ! size ( ! atoms !re=e ( :i* ! %eet 0 compos$8 ,,art4 #cc4 ,! ,atomic ,!ory4--,! ,atomic ,!ory 0 reviv$ by ,dalton 9 #ahjd1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! fact t elem5ts unite 9 c]ta9 def9ite proportions4 ,f t "t to ! pres5t1 ! !ory has gr[n & develop$ until at ! pres5t "t x is look$ ^u z a well-e/abli%$ !ory4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 simply a !ory1 & f ! v nature ( ! hypo!sis is incapable ( pro(4 ,no "o has ev] se5 an atom ( hydrog5 or oxyg51 or an atom ( any solid1 liquid1 or gase\s matt]4 ,! ,atomic ,!ory sugge/s1 !re=e1 t !re is a limit to ! divisibility ( matt]4 ,all *emical exp]im5ts l5d support to ! !ory1 & by x we are able to give an intelligible & easy me?od ( expression to :at w\ld o!rwise be difficult ph5om5a to expla94 ,anci5t philosoph]s 7 divid$ on ! "q ( ! inf9ite divisibility ( matt]4 ,! ,epicureans 7 ( ! op9ion t matt] 0 incapable ( inf9ite division1 & t ev5 if we 7 able to make ! smalle/ possible division1 x w\ld be impossible = u to rea* ! smalle/ p>ticle t]m$ ,atom4 ,,art4 #cd4 ,k9ds ( ,atoms4--,v>i\s =ms ( atoms h be5 conceiv$ by philosoph]s f "t to "t1 rang+ f ! ,h>d ,atom1 & ! simple po9t-c5tres ( ,boscovit*1 until we come to ! m mod]n ,vortex ,atom ( ,"l ,kelv91 or ! ,/ra9 ,atom ( ,dr4 ,l>mor1 :i* w be look$ at sep>ately4 ,democritus conceiv$ a h>d atom z long ago z #ejj ,b4,c41 :ile ! notion ( a h>d atom is n abs5t f ! works ( ,newton himself4 ,we f9d t ,newton sugge/$ t ! p>ticles ( air might be h>d sph]ical bodies1 at a di/ance f "o ano!r ( ab\t n9e times _! diamet]4 ,! h>d atom1 h[ev]1 seems to be refut$ by spectroscopic analysis1 :i* reveals to u 9 a mann] t has nev] be5 reveal$ be=e1 some?+ ( ! sizes & vibrations ( atoms4 ,f ! ph5om5on ( heat1 :i* is simply matt] 9 motion1 we feel compell$ to accept ! fact t an atom is n a h>d p>ticle1 b t x is some?+ :i* is m closely alli$ to ! ,vortex ,atom1 or ! ,/ra9 ,atom ( ,dr4 ,l>mor4 ,boscovit* ,atom4--,accord+ to ,boscovit*'s !ory1 ea* atom is simply an indivisible po9t 9 space capable ( motion1 & possess+ a c]ta9 mass :]eby a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy is requir$ to produce a c]ta9 *ange ( motion4 ,9 addition to ?is1 any two atoms c\ld attract or repel ea* o!r ) a =ce dep5d+ ^u _! di/ance ap>t4 ,! ,law :i* regulates ^! =ces = all di/ances great] ?an #a_/ajjj ( an in* is an attraction v>y+ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & a repulsion = less di/ances4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to suppose t 9 place ( ! h>d atom1 !re is m]ely a geometrical po9t :i* c ex]t attractive or repulsive =ces to1 or f1 ! c5tral po9t4 ,s f> z ext]nal p>ticles are conc]n$1 !y w\ld behave j ! same z a h>d atom w\ld d4 ,?is conception 0 l>gely ent]ta9$ 9 rec5t times by ,f>aday4 ,x is m a ma!matical explanation ?an a physical "o1 b has be5 f\nd conv5i5t 9 expla9+ :at takes place 9 ! int]ior ( bodies 9 _! ?ree /ates1 namely3 solid1 liquid1 & gase\s4 ,"l ,kelv9's ,vortex ,atom4--,ano!r hypo!sis :i* has be5 sugge/$ = ! con/itution ( an atom1 is t kn[n z ! ,vortex ,atom1 :i* receiv$ its bir? at ! h&s ( ,"l ,kelv94 ,! und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ?is ,vortex ,atom is1 t matt] may be entirely due to ! rotat+ p>ts ( a fundam5tal m$ium1 ! ,ae!r1 :i* fills all space4 ,! prop]ties ( vortex motion 7 fir/ ma!matically calculat$ by ,helmholtz1 b x 0 left to ,sir ,wm4 ,?ompson1 n[ ,"l ,kelv91 to give a physical idea ( ! ,vortex ,atom4 ,be=e ent]+ fur!r into ! "q ( ! ,vortex ,atom1 x may be z well to expla9 h[ vortex smoke r+s may be made4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #c4 ,all t is requir$ is a wood5 box1 ab\t "o cubic foot 9 size1 ) a r\nd hole p]=at$ 9 "o ( ! sides1 & ! opposite side cov]$ ) a piece ( l95 9 place ( ! wood5 side4 ,! bottom ( ! box %\ld !n be cov]$ ) "s /rong solution ( ammonia1 & "s hydro*loric acid p\r$ into a sauc] & put into ! box4 ,! comb9ation ( ^! two w cause ?ick cl\ds to =m 9 ! box1 & if ! l95 is %>ply tapp$ by ! h&1 a r+ ( ?is cl\d w be =c$ ?r\gh ! hole on ! opposite side ( ! box4 ,! r+ s =m$ w be circul> 9 %ape1 & w g sail+ ?r\gh ! room 9 :i* x is made4 ,:5 ! hole is circul>1 ! r+s w be f\nd circul> also1 b if ! hole is squ>e1 !n ! r+s w be irregul> 9 %ape4 ,"o rem>kable *>act]i/ic ab\t ^! r+s is1 t :5 two ( ! r+s are travell+ 9 ! same /raight l9e1 ! "o beh9d w ov]take ! front "o1 & :ile s do+1 ! diamet] ( ! front "o is enl>g$1 :ile t ( ! "o beh9d contracts4 ,! front "o w also travel sl[]1 :ile ! "o beh9d travels fa/] until x has caught up ! =m]1 & !n ! latt]1 hav+ contract$ suffici5tly1 w pass ?r\gh ! diamet] ( ! =m] z illu/rat$ 9 ! figure4 ,?is alt]nation ( contraction & expansion is cont9u$ z long z ! two r+s move 9 ! same plane & until !y are de/roy$4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! two r+s are mov+ 9 opposite directions1 & meet+ ea* o!r 9 ! same /raight l9e1 !y w repel "o ano!r1 in/ead ( attract+ ea* o!r4 ,_! rate ( progress is gradually r$uc$ z !y approa* toge!r1 & !y beg9 to exp& & enl>ge1 b !y nev] t\* ea* o!r4 ,ano!r peculi> feature ab\t ! r+s consi/s 9 ! fact1 t ! c5tral core ( air 9 ! r+ rema9s ! same all ! "t ! r+ is 9 motion ?r\gh ! room1 s t x has ! same core ( air at ! end ( its j\rney z x _h :5 x left ! box4 ,z ,"l ,kelv9 po9t$ out1 if !re 7 no friction ( ! air1 ! r+ once creat$ w\ld rotate = ev]4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re 7 su* a ?+ z a p]fect fluid1 & !re 7 vortex r+s 9 x1 no?+ c\ld de/roy ^! r+s :5 once !y 7 creat$1 & ?is is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ sugge/ions ) ref]5ce to ! ,vortex ,atom !ory ( matt]4 ,x rema9s to be se5 :e!r 9 ! univ]se we h su* a m$ium z a p]fect fluid4 ,sir ,wm4 ,?ompson has appli$ ! ,vortex ,atom !ory ( matt] to ! ,ae!r1 b f ma!matical calculation he 0 unable to arrive at a satisfactory conclusion z to ! ,ae!r be+ compos$ ( vortex atoms4 ,ano!r rem>kable prop]ty belong+ to ^! r+s1 lies 9 ! fact t !y _c be cut 9 two4 ,x w be f\nd t :5 ! knife is br\ght ne> to !m1 !y seem to recoil f ! knife4 ,9 t s5se1 x is lit]ally an atom1 a ?+ :i* _c be cut 9 two4 ,! ,vortex ,atom has _m recomm5dations 9 its fav\r4 ,_m ( ! mo/ important prop]ties ( matt] are possess$ by x1 z = example inde/ructibility1 ela/icity1 in]tia1 compressibility1 & its incapability to be cut 9 two4 ,fur!r1 x may be l9k$ ) ano!r r+1 & s give ! basis to ! comb9+ prop]ties ( atomic weights4 ,! ,vortex ,atom !ory is simple 9 "*1 z x does n po/ulate any extravagant hypo!sis1 b makes use ( ! ,ae!r z ! common basis = all matt]1 simply /at+ t ?is prop]ty ( rotation may be ! basis ( all t we call matt]4 ,we %all fur!r consid] ! relation ( ! ,vortex ,atom to matt]1 :5 we deal ) ! con/itution ( matt] & ! unity ( ! univ]se4 ,,art4 #ce4 ,elem5ts ( ,matt]4--,z is well kn[n1 mod]n *emi/ry has succe$$ 9 r$uc+ all ! complex =ms ( matt] 9 ,nature into a numb] ( simple sub/ances1 :i* are call$ elem5ts4 ,( ^! elem5ts ab\t sev5ty are at pres5t kn[n1 "s ( :i*1 h[ev]1 are v r>e4 ,an elem5t !re=e is a simple sub/ance :i* _c be decompos$ by any kn[n =ce or process1 z heat or electricity1 into o!r elem5ts4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 only ab\t f\rte5 ( ^! elem5ts t ent] l>gely into ! con/itution ( ! e>?1 ! mo/ common be+ oxyg5 & silicon4 ,by ! use ( ! spectroscope1 x has be5 prov$ t _m ( ^! elem5ts1 z = example oxyg51 hydrog51 sodium & calcium1 exi/ 9 ! sun & />s1 z well z 9 ! mo/ di/ant nebulae4 ,mo/ ( ! elem5t>y bodies are to be f\nd 9 a gase\s =m z hydrog51 oxyg51 fluor9e & *lor9e1 ?\gh x has be5 f\nd possible to liquefy ev5 ^! gases4 ,?us we see t matt] may be r\ghly divid$ into ?ree /ates1 viz4 solid1 liquid1 or gase\s4 ,! condition 9 :i* ! sub/ance is f\nd dep5ds ^u its temp]ature & pressure4 ,an example ( matt] 9 its ?ree /ages is be/ %[n 9 ! case ( wat]1 :]e 9 ! solid condition we h x z ice1 9 ! liquid condition z wat]1 & 9 ! gase\s condition z /eam4 ,by rec5t rese>*es x has be5 f\nd possible to liquefy gases at a v l[ temp]ature & increas$ pressure1 ) ! result t n[ ne>ly all kn[n gases z hydrog51 oxyg51 & c>bonic acid are to be obta9$ 9 liquid =m4 ,by /ill m rec5t exp]im5ts made by ,pr(essor ,dew>1 x has ev5 become possible to liquefy ! air we brea!1 ) ! result t at a temp]ature ( ab\t #bgj degrees bel[ freez+-po9t & at an increas$ pressure1 ! o!rwise invisible & gase\s air may be *ang$ into a liquid1 & p\r$ out f "o vessel into ano!r 9 ! same way t wat] c be p\r$ out4 ,a vessel1 h[ev]1 at ! ord9>y temp]ature into :i* su* liquid air is p\r$1 w\ld be s hot comp>$ ) ! coldness ( ! liquid air1 t z soon z ! exce$+ly cold liquid air came into contact ) ! vessel1 ! comp>atively hot vessel w\ld make ! liquid air to boil4 ,,art4 #cf4 ,?ree ,divisions ( ,matt]4--,matt] has be5 divid$ into ?ree divisions1 viz4 solid1 liquid1 & gase\s4 ,^! divisions are ea* kn[n by *>act]i/ic qualities1 :i* sep>ate ! "o division f ano!r4 ,at ! same "t1 x is possible = matt] to pass f "o division into ano!r1 z = example 9 ! case ( wat]1 :i* may exi/ 9 solid1 liquid1 & gase\s =m4 ,9 view ( ! rec5t rese>*es ( ,sir4 ,wm4 ,crookes & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?ompson1 x is v probable t be=e long we %all h to add a f\r? division to matt]1 :i* we %\ld h to call ultra-gase\s =m1 or x may possibly be ! ae!rial =m4 ,if x %\ld prove to be true t ,ae!r is matt]1 & possesses ! ess5tial qualities ( matt] z sugge/$ by ,"l ,kelv91 !n c]ta9ly we %all h rea*$ ! b\nd>y ( ano!r great division ( matt]1 & our conception ( ! divisions ( matt] w h to be enl>g$ to take 9 t =m1 s t matt] w\ld !n be divid$ into f\r great divisions1 viz4 solid1 liquid1 gase\s1 & ae!rial4 ,we w n[ consid] ! ?ree gr\ps z at pres5t recogniz$4 ,solid4--,examples ( solid bodies are common & famili>1 & are typifi$ by su* ?+s z iron1 silv]1 copp]1 & lead4 ,! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ?is condition ( matt] is t its condition or /ate is fix$1 & _c be alt]$ )\t ! exp5diture ( heat or electricity or "s o!r =m ( en]gy4 ,all solid elem5t>y sub/ances1 ) ! exception ( c>bon1 c be melt$ or r$uc$ to a molt5 condition1 al?\gh "s ( !m require a v high temp]ature to effect ?is r$uction1 z1 = example1 plat9um4 ,:5 a /ill high] temp]ature is appli$1 ! metals may be vaporiz$1 or r$uc$ f a molt5 /ate to t ( a vapor\s condition4 ,9 ! case ( solids1 ! atoms h n a free pa? 9 :i* to move4 ,x mu/ n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t ! atoms ( a solid are motionless1 z !re is no?+ absolutely motionless 9 ! univ]se4 ,9 ! case ( ! solid1 ! molecules :i* compose x1 pres]ve _! relative position & are l9k$ toge!r 9 relation to ea* o!r by ! =ce ( ,cohesion4 ,liquid4--,:5 matt] is 9 a liquid condition1 z1 = example1 wat] & oil1 ! condition ( its molecules are n s fix$ & /able z !y are 9 ! solid /ate4 ,! molecules c move freely ab\t "o ano!r1 & _! fre$om is increas$ comp>$ ) _! condition :5 9 ! solid /ate4 ,z already indicat$1 ! r$uction ( a solid body to a liquid or molt5 /ate may be effect$ by heat4 ,:5 heat is appli$ to a solid body1 sev]al results foll[1 ea* ( :i* is ! outcome ( ! o!r4 #a4 ,!re is an increase ( temp]ature :i* is due to ! increas$ en]gy ( ! molecules1 ?r\gh ! add$ heat4 #b4 ,!re is an enl>gem5t ( ! volume or size ( ! body1 & if ! addition ( heat be cont9u$1 ! molecul> =ces :i* hold ! molecules toge!r are brok5 d[n1 & !n ! molecules1 loos5$ f ^? =ces :i* 9 ! solid /ate h b\nd !m toge!r1 beg9 to move ab\t ) great] fre$om1 & ?us give rise to ! molt5 condition ( metals1 or liquid condition ( wat]4 ,?us1 x is ! heat :i* has set ! atoms :i* compose ! molecules 9 motion4 ,! atoms ( ! solid h absorb$ ! heat1 & ! heat :i* has ?us be5 absorb$ has imp>t$ vibratory en]gy to ! atoms1 :i* !y did n possess be=e4 ,n[ :5 a sub/ance is 9 ! liquid /ate1 ! atoms ( t sub/ance h n only a vibratory motion1 b h also a translatory motion1 s t !y c move 9 & out among "o ano!r4 ,?is is prov$ by ! ph5om5on ( diffusion1 :]e we h ! case ( two diff]5t-col\r$ liquids1 = example1 int]m+l+ ) ea* o!r1 :i* is conclusive evid5ce ( ! translatory motion ( ! atoms 9 liquids4 ,gase\s4--,! ?ird /ate 9 :i* matt] is f\nd is ! gase\s /ate4 ,9 ?is condition1 ! p>ticles ( matt] :i* =m ! gas h ! greate/ possible fre$om ( movem5t1 & are able to move ab\t ) inconceivable velocity4 ,!re is abundant evid5ce to prove t gases consi/ ( p>ticles ( matt] :i* are p]fectly free1 & are able to fly ab\t 9 all directions4 ,! simple/ pro( is obta9$ by mix+ two gases toge!r1 z1 = example1 :5 any gase\s sub/ance is all[$ to mix ) ! air ( a room1 :5 we f9d t ! p>ticul> gas soon mixes itself ?or\ghly ) all ! air 9 ! room4 ,?is process ( mix+ is kn[n z ,diffusion1 & ! light] a gas is1 ! m quickly does x diffuse itself4 ,! rate ( movem5t ( ! v>i\s p>ticles is v>i$1 by reason ( ! enc\nt]s :i* ea* p>ticle und]goes f "t to "t4 ,?r\gh exp]im5ts made by ,j\le1 he arriv$ at ! conclusion t p>ticles ( hydrog5 atta9$ a velocity ( #fjee feet p] second at #j ,c41 :i* is a velocity mu* great] ?an t ( a cannon-ball4 ,9 spite ( ! enorm\s velocity ) :i* a p>ticle ( hydrog5 w\ld move1 !re are su* a l>ge numb] ( p>ticles 9 a s+le cubic in* ( space1 t no "o p>ticle has an absolutely free pa? f ! "o side ( ! enclos$ space to ! o!r4 ,to ?is con/ant movem5t ( ! individual p>ticles is due ! ela/icity or pressure ( gases4 ,! outw>d pressure :i* !y ex]t on any body :i* encloses ! gas is caus$ by ! total effect ( ! impact ( ! p>ticles1 & is proportional to ! sum ( _! masses multipli$ into ! squ>e ( _! velocities4 ,if we halve ! enclos$ space1 !n we %\ld d\ble ! numb] ( impacts 9 a giv5 "t1 s t ! numb] ( impacts is inv]sely z ! volume ( ! gas4 ,?is is equival5t to ! /atem5t1 t ! pressure ( a gas v>ies inv]sely z its volume1 :i* is ,boyle & ,m>riotte's ,law4 ,,art4 #cg4 ,matt] is ,gravitative4--,if !re is "o prop]ty :i* is ess5tially *>act]i/ic to all matt]1 x is t all matt] is gravitative4 ,to ?is rule !re is no exception1 z ! univ]sal ,law ( ,attraction /ates t e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle4 ,?us1 :]ev] 9 ! :ole univ]se !re is a p>ticle ( matt] ( any k9d or sort1 :e!r su* matt] be solid1 liquid1 or gase\s1 !re ! =ce ( attraction w be ex]t$ ) a =ce proportionate to ! mass ( ! p>ticle1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 ! attract$ p>ticles4 ,gravitation1 !n1 is a prop]ty :i* is ess5tially inh]5t 9 matt]1 & any sub/ance :i* is t]m$ matt]1 or fulfils ! conditions t gov]n matt]1 mu/ be gravitative1 :atev] o!r prop]ty x may1 or may n1 possess4 ,unless ?is be s1 we %\ld h a violation ( ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation1 :i* w\ld cease at once to be a univ]sal law1 = in/ead ( read+ e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle1 we %\ld h to say t "s p>ticles ( matt] attract "s o!r p>ticles1 :i* w\ld be a violation ( t univ]sal law :i*1 ?r\gh ! g5ius ( ,newton1 has giv5 to ! univ]se an unity f ! philosophical /&po9t t x did n possess be=e4 ,"s matt] may1 or may n be ela/ic2 x may1 or may n be solid1 or liquid1 or gase\s2 b !re is ?is fact reg>d+ matt] :i* is absolutely und5iable1 & t is1 ,all matt] is gravitative4 ,t ?is is true ( ea* & all k9ds ( matt] has be5 prov$ by direct exp]im5t times )\t numb]1 & ! con/ant application ( ! law to all =ms ( matt] is a fact obs]vable f ! ph5om5a incid5tal to e-day life4 ,a/ronomical obs]vation tea*es u also1 t all />s1 suns1 planets1 satellites1 & comets are subject to ?is great ,law ( ,gravitation1 z inde$ !y mu/ be if !y are compos$ ( matt]4 ,t !y are all compos$ ( exactly simil> elem5ts ( :i* ! e>? is compos$1 has be5 prov$ aga9 & aga9 by spectroscopic analysis1 :i* tea*es t hydrog51 iron1 & calcium1 etc41 are to be f\nd 9 di/ant />s & nebulae1 z !y are equally to be f\nd 9 ! composition ( ! e>?4 ,?us ?r\gh\t ! wide univ]se s f> z obs]vation & exp]im5t c tea* u1 we le>n t )\t any exception1 ev]y?+ t is t]m$ matt] is subject to ?is univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,,art4 #ch4 ,matt] possesses ,d5sity4--,d5sity is t prop]ty ( matt] :i* decides ! weight ( a body p] unit ( volume4 ,! d5sity ( any sub/ance may be %[n 9 sev]al ways4 ,x may d5ote1 fir/ ( all1 ! numb] ( molecules 9 a giv5 body4 ,let u take z an illu/ration1 ! case ( air be+ =c$ into a vessel ( a giv5 size1 say "o cubic foot capacity4 ,we w suppose t 9 su* a vessel !re are #a1jjj1jjj molecules4 ,if we pump 9 a quantity ( air equal to ! am\nt x conta9$ at fir/1 !n x is obvi\s t we h d\bl$ ! numb] ( molecules 9 ! same vessel1 & !re=e we say we h d\bl$ ! d5sity4 ,n only s1 b ! weight ( ! air 9 ! vessel w h be5 d\bl$4 ,look$ at f ?is /&po9t1 d5sity means ! numb] ( molecules 9 unit volume su* z a cubic in*1 or cubic c5timetre4 ,aga91 z has already be5 %[n 9 ,art4 #ce1 ! diff]5t elem5ts h diff]5t atomic weights4 ,?us an atom ( c>bon weighs twelve times z mu* z an atom ( hydrog51 t is to say1 !re are twelve times z mu* matt] by weight 9 an atom ( c>bon z !re is 9 an atom ( hydrog51 s t x w\ld take twelve times z _m hydrog5 atoms to weigh a p\nd z comp>$ ) ! numb] ( atoms ( c>bon4 ,?is is only ano!r way ( /at+ t c>bon has twelve times ! d5sity ( hydrog54 ,if we comp>e lead & silv] ) hydrog5 9 ! same way1 we f9d t ! d5sity is #bjf times & #ajg times great] ?an t ( hydrog54 ,?us1 x may be se51 t all matt] possesses d5sity1 & t t d5sity dep5ds p>tly ^u its atomic con/itution4 ,if ! molecule ( matt] is compos$ ( atoms ^: atomic weights are v l>ge comp>$ ) t ( hydrog51 z iron1 silv]1 lead & gold1 !n ! molecules w h a mu* great] d5sity1 ?an a molecule =m$ ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 i4 e4 wat]4 ,?is prop]ty ( ! d5sity ( matt] plays a mo/ important "p 9 ! transmission ( any k9d ( wave-motion4 ,,art4 #ci4 ,matt] possesses ,ela/icity4--,matt] possesses ela/icity4 ,ela/icity is t prop]ty ( matt] :i* enables all bodies to resume _! orig9al %ape1 :5 ! pressure :i* has caus$ ! alt]ation ( %ape has be5 remov$4 ,= example1 suppose an ivory ball be dropp$ ^u a m>ble table1 or any o!r h>d surface4 ,x w !n reb\nd1 & rise almo/ to ! same height f :i* x 0 dropp$4 ,if ! surface ^u :i* x fell 0 fir/ cov]$ ) blacklead1 a circul> spot ( lead w be f\nd on ! ivory ball4 ,f ?is fact1 we arrive at ! conclusion t :5 ! ball came into contact ) ! table1 at ! mom5t ( contact x 0 flatt5$1 & !n ow+ to its ela/icity x reb\nd$ into ! air aga94 ,n[ ! measure ( ! ela/icity ( a body is proportionate to ! velocity ( ! wave-motion :i* x c transmit4 ,a good illu/ration ( ! transmission ( wave-motion may be %[n ) a numb] ( ivory bagatelle or billi>d balls4 ,if eight or m ( ^! be put 9 a r[1 all t\*+ ea* o!r1 & a s+le ball be plac$ ab\t an in* or s away f ! o!rs 9 a /raight l9e ) !m1 !n :5 ! s+le ball is /ruck ) a cue aga9/ ! o!r eight1 ! motion ( ! s+le ball is transmitt$ by ea* "o ( ! eight successively ) su* rapidity1 t ! end ball w\ld be set 9 motion 9 a quick] "t ?an a s+le ball w\ld take to rea* ! end ball1 if x _h be5 free to move along )\t enc\nt]+ any opposition4 ,x is a fact capable ( demon/ration1 t ! small] ! p>ticle ( matt]1 ! great] w be its vibratory motion4 ,?us ! p>ticles ( air are v1 v small1 & consequ5tly air is f\nd to be v ela/ic1 & all[s s\nd to be transmitt$ ?r\gh x ) comp>atively great velocity1 "s s\nds travell+ at ! rate ( ov] #ajjj feet p] second4 ,a mo/ important factor 9 det]m9+ ! propagation ( any wave-motion1 ?r\gh a gas or solid1 is ! relation%ip ( ! ela/icity ( ! gas or solid to its d5sity4 ,suffice to say1 t ! velocity ( any wave-motion is det]m9$ by ! relation ( ! ela/icity to ! d5sity4 ,= example1 s\nd1 :i* is a wave-motion ( ! air1 c n only be transmitt$ ?r\gh gase\s bodies z air1 b also ?r\gh liquids & solids4 ,s\nd travels fa/] ?r\gh solids ?an ?r\gh liquids1 & fa/] ?r\gh liquids ?an ?r\gh gases4 ,9 liquids1 ! relation ( ! ela/icity to d5sity is great] ?an 9 air1 & 9 solids ! relation is great] /ill4 ,!re=e s\nd travels mu* fa/] 9 liquids ?an 9 gases1 & fa/] 9 solids ?an 9 liquids4 ,?is is ! reason :y a tra9 c be he>d com+ if ! e> is put to ! railway-l9e1 :5 no indication ( its approa* is giv5 to ! e> by ! atmosph]e4 ,"s examples ( ! velocities ( s\nd ?r\gh diff]5t sub/ances are z foll[s-- ,gases ,o4 ,c4 ,liquids4 ,solids4 ,,feet ,,feet ,,feet ,air #ajij p] sec4 ,wat] #dgjh p] sec4 7#h ,c474 ,gold #egag p] sec4 ,oxyg5 #ajdj ,alcohol #dbah 7#bj ,c474 ,silv] #heec ,,art4 #dj4 ,matt] possesses ,in]tia4--,in]tia is t prop]ty ( matt]1 by :i* matt] _c ( itself alt]1 or *ange its /ate ( motion1 or ( re/4 ,newton's fir/ law ( motion /ates t a body at re/ rema9s at re/ until "s =ce or motion acts ^u x4 ,if a /one be dropp$ f a balloon1 ! /one does n fall because ( any prop]ty :i* x possesses1 b because ! =ce ( gravity acts ^u x4 ,if x 7 possible to elim9ate ?is =ce ( gravity1 !n if !re 7 no o!r =ce :i* c\ld act ^u ! /one1 x w\ld rema9 susp5d$ 9 space4 ,! in]tia ( a body is equal to ! mass ( t body1 or ! am\nt ( matt] 9 ! body z measur$ by gravity1 s t if a body is halv$1 its in]tia w be halv$ also1 & if d\bl$1 its in]tia w be d\bl$ also4 ,z ! in]tia ( matt] opposes all k9ds ( motion1 ! am\nt ( =ce requir$ to ov]come ! in]tia ( a body is proportionate to its mass4 ,s t if ! mass ( a body is d\bl$1 !n twice ! =ce w\ld be requir$ to move x1 :ile if ! body 7 halv$1 half ! =ce w\ld suffice to d x4 ,in]tia is possess$ q z mu* by a mov+ body z a body at re/4 ,! def9ition giv5 po9ts ?is out1 z x /ates t matt] _c ( itself *ange its /ate ( motion4 ,if a body !re=e is 9 motion1 x requires a c]ta9 am\nt ( resi/ance to br+ ! body to a /ate ( re/1 or ! loss ( an equal am\nt ( en]gy1 by friction or o!rwise1 equal to ! quantity :i* x absorb$ 9 ord] = x to be set 9 motion4 ,we get num]\s examples ( ?is prop]ty ( ! in]tia ( bodies 9 our daily exp]i5ce4 ,_m ( ! accid5ts t befall p 9 v>i\s ways are due to ?is prop]ty ( ! in]tia ( matt]4 ,a cycli/ is rid+ a ma*9e d[n-hill1 & loses control ov] 8 ma*9e1 ) ! result t he runs into a wall1 & is kill$4 ,n[ :at has happ5$8 ,! cycli/ has p>ticipat$ 9 ! motion ( ! ma*9e1 ) ! result t :5 ! ma*9e has be5 sudd5ly /opp$1 ! body has be5 ?r[n =w>d ow+ to ! mom5tum x _h acquir$4 ,we are con/antly be+ affect$ by ! prop]ty ( in]tia ( matt]1 9 tram & tra9 & bus4 ,:5ev] any ( ^! are sudd5ly /opp$1 or sudd5ly />t$1 we are ?r[n ei!r backw>d or =w>d1 ow+ to ! body ei!r n hav+ acquir$ ! motion ( ! tra91 or1 hav+ acquir$ x1 is unable to lose its motion z quickly z ! tra91 & is !re=e ?r[n =w>d4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,ae!r ,,is ,,matt] ,,art4 #db4 ,ae!r is ,matt]4--,! hypo!sis ( an ,ae!r :i* fills all space 0 made 9 ord] t sci5ti/s might be able to acc\nt = c]ta9 ph5om5a ( ,light1 :i* o!rwise 7 difficult to acc\nt =4 ,its exi/5ce is dem&$ n only = ! ph5om5a ( ,light1 & ,heat1 b1 9 view ( ! comp>atively rec5t rese>*es ( ,h]tz on ,electric ,waves1 ( ,electricity also4 ,! ,ae!rial ,m$ium is g5]ally assum$ to be t fundam5tal m$ium1 by means ( :i* possibly all ! prop]ties ( matt]1 & all ! ph5om5a ( motion ( ! univ]se are to be expla9$4 ,light & ,heat h be5 prov$ to be due to ! p]iodic wave-motion ( ?is univ]sal ,ae!r1 :ile f ! inve/igations & rese>*es ( su* m5 z ,cl]k ,maxwell1 ,poynt+1 ,?ompson & ,h]tz1 x has be5 prov$ t electro-magnetic ph5om5a are due to ?is same m$ium4 ,sev]al diff]5t =ms ( ,ae!r h be5 po/ulat$ by v>i\s philosoph]s f "t to "t1 b ! only ,ae!r t has surviv$1 is t :i* 0 fir/ conceiv$ by ,huygh5s to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( ,light1 ?\gh x 0 ,?omas ,"y :o f9ally succe$$ 9 plac+ ! conception ( ! ,ae!r on a s\nd basis4 ,ea* discov]y ( sci5ce has only /r5g!n$ ! hypo!sis & exi/5ce ( ! ,ae!r1 ! late/ discov]y1 t ( wireless telegraphy s successfully develop$ by ,signor ,m>coni1 be+ attribut$ to ! electro-magnetic prop]ties ( ?is self-same ,ae!r4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out t ,newton endeav\r$ to acc\nt = ,gravitation by ! pressure ( ! ,ae!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 ,gravitation be really due to ?is univ]sal m$ium x becomes necess>y to ask ourselves1 ,:at are ! prop]ties & *>act]i/ic qualities ( ?is wond]ful m$ium8 ,:at !n is ,ae!r1 & :at its prop]ties8 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out 9 ,art4 #bi t ,ae!r is matt]4 ,su* an assumption is /rictly 9 accordance ) ! ,rules ( ,philosophy1 quot$ 9 ,*ap4 ,i4 ,n only is ?is hypo!sis a simple "o1 b x is also 9 accord ) all our exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,x is a simple supposition1 because1 unless ,ae!r is assum$ to be matt]1 !n1 in/ead ( ! univ]se be+ compos$ ( two classes ( ?+s1 matt] & motion1 we h to add a ?ird class1 :i* we call ,ae!r4 ,x c be readily se51 t by ! introduction ( a ?ird class into ! composition ( ! univ]se1 su* an addition1 in/ead ( simplify+ ! con/itution ( ! univ]se1 adds great] complexity to ! same4 ,by accept+ ! hypo!sis t ,ae!r is matt]1 we d away ) ! ?ird class ( ess5tials 9 ! univ]se1 & s r$uce ! numb] to two classes4 ,if we c\ld g "o /ep fur!r1 & prove t in/ead ( !re be+ two classes ( ?+s 9 ! univ]se1 !re 0 only "o gr\p1 & %[ t all mat]ial ?+s1 & all ph5om5a c\ld come "u ! head ( ei!r matt]1 or motion1 !n we %\ld h r$uc$ ! univ]se to ! simple/ conception possible4 ,z1 h[ev]1 x is n possible1 at lea/ 9 our pres5t /ate ( k1 = u to come to ?is fundam5tal & simple hypo!sis ( unity = ! entire univ]se1 we mu/ accept ! next simpl] solution1 & affirm t ! univ]se is compos$ ( two classes ( ?+s1 viz4 matt] & motion1 & ?is z ,i h already %[n is a simpl] classification ?an by putt+ ,ae!r into a class by itself1 & !re=e is 9 accord ) our fir/ ,rule ( ,philosophy4 ,aga91 x is entirely 9 accord ) our second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 z x 9 no way violates ! results ( exp]im5t1 exp]i5ce1 or obs]vation4 ,look :]e we w1 or at :at we w1 :atev] we see1 t\*1 ta/e1 or smell is t]m$ matt]4 ,! burn+ sun1 ! gl[+ />1 ! fly+ meteor1 ! gl[+ comet1 ! e>?1 our own isl& home1 ! t[]+ rock1 ! wide ocean1 ! runn+ riv]1 ! gre5 trees ( ! =e/1 ! t9y insect1 ! lordly elephant1 all animals1 plants1 & our own physical body1 all are compos$ ( matt]1 ei!r 9 solid1 liquid or gase\s =m4 ,!re=e :5 we affirm t ,ae!r is matt]1 ! affirmation is /rictly 9 accordance ) ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( ,philosophy1 & 9 no way violates _! rules or laws4 ,to affirm t ,ae!r is n matt]1 is to affirm some?+ contr>y to all exp]i5ce1 unless x be affirm$ t ,ae!r is motion1 = :i* assumption ! evid5ce is n ne>ly s /rong or conclusive z t x is matt]4 ,!re=e ! objector to ?is assumption is himself unphilosophical1 9 t he po/ulates or supposes t ! ,ae!r is a m$ium1 ) qualities :i* lie altoge!r outside ! range ( our exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,!re is a gr[+ conviction 9 ! m9ds ( sci5tific m51 t ,ae!r belongs to t gr\p ( ?+s :i* we describe by ! t]m matt]4 ,"l ,kelv9 9 giv+ an address to ! ,briti% ,association1 #aija1 on ,clu/]+ ( ,gravitational ,matt] 9 any "p ( ! ,univ]se1 said3 ,we are all conv9c$ ) our ,presid5t 7,pr(essor ,ruck]7 t ,ae!r is ,matt]4 ,ae!r we relegate to a di/9ct species ( matt] :i* has in]tia1 rigidity1 ela/icity1 compressibility1 b n heav9ess4 ,dr4 ,l>mor 9 ,ae!r & ,matt] writes3 ,matt] mu/ be con/itut$ ( isolat$ portions1 ea* ( :i* is ( necessity a p]man5t nucleus belong+ to ! ,ae!r1 ( "s su* type z is repres5t$ = example by a m9ute vortex r+ 9 a p]fect fluid4 ,f>aday 9 relation to ?is subject writes 7,exp4 ,res41 vol4 ii473 ,! view n[ /at$ ( ! composition ( matt] w\ld seem to involve ! conclusion t matt] fills all space1 or at lea/ all space to :i* ,gravitation ext5ds1 includ+ ! sun & its sy/em1 = ,gravitation is a prop]ty ( matt] dep5dable on a c]ta9 ,=ce1 & x is ?is ,=ce :i* con/itutes matt]4 ,z ! ,ae!r fills all space1 includ+ ! sol> sy/em1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,f>aday1 ,ae!r mu/ also be ,matt]4 ,by ! hypo!sis t ,ae!r is matt]1 ) all ! prop]ties t su* a hypo!sis logically gives to ,ae!r1 ,i v5ture to premise t ! ?ird ,rule ( ,philosophy w be fulfill$1 & t !re is no ph5om5on ( ! a/ronomical _w1 & no "p ( ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation :i* su* a hypo!sis w fail to acc\nt = on a satisfactory physical basis4 ,= ! fir/ "t a physical explanation w be giv5 to ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion1 at lea/ to ^? laws :i* are /rictly 9 accordance ) ! fir/ & second ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,= ! fir/ "t a physical conception w be giv5 to all ,kepl]'s ,laws1 & :at ! ma!matical ,laws ( ,gravitation h done to ,kepl]'s ,laws1 9 giv+ !m a ma!matical basis1 ! simple hypo!sis t ,ae!r is matt]1 ) all t is logically involv$ !re91 w d = ! same laws f ! physical /&po9t4 ,= ! fir/ "t a physical conception w be giv5 to ! ,c5trifugal & ,c5tripetal ,=ces1 :i* are ! complem5t & ! c\nt]p>t ( ea* o!r1 t physical conception be+ ! outcome ( ! same hypo!sis t ,ae!r is matt]4 ,9 addition to ?is1 light is ?r[n ^u su* problems z are ref]r$ to by ,"l ,kelv9 7,phil4 ,mag41 ,july #aijb7 9 8 pap] on ,cl\ds on ! ,undulatory ,!ory ( ,light1 & fur!r light is giv5 to "s !ories ( ,electricity advanc$ by su* m5 z ,f>aday1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & ,pr(essor ,?ompson4 ,i v5ture to ?9k1 !re=e1 t ! hypo!sis advanc$1 & ! conception put =w>d t ,ae!r is matt]1 is philosophically correct1 & is w>rant$ by ! results t arise out ( su* a hypo!sis4 ,x may be ?\ght by "s t ! hypo!sis t ,i h advanc$ is already conc$$1 & t ! fact t ,ae!r is matt] is already admitt$ by sci5ti/s & advanc$ ?9k]s g5]ally4 ,b su* an idea is only p>tly correct4 ,x is already admitt$ by "s ( our mo/ advanc$ sci5ti/s t ,ae!r is matt]1 b t admission is only c>ri$ p>tially to its logical conclusion4 ,"l ,kelv9 9 an address to ! ,briti% ,association1 #aija1 gave utt]ance to ! foll[+ rem>ks on ! relation ( ,ae!r to ,matt]3 ,we are conv9c$ ) our ,presid5t 7,pr(essor ,ruck]7 t ,ae!r is ,matt]1 b we are =c$ to say t ! prop]ties ( ,matt] are n to be look$ = 9 ,ae!r1 z g5]ally kn[n to u by action result+ f =ce betwe5 atoms ( ,matt] & atoms ( ,ae!r4 ,"h ,i am ,,illogical :5 ,i say betwe5 ,matt] & ,ae!r1 z if ,ae!r 7 n ,matt]4 ,ae!r we relegate to a di/9ct species ( ,matt] :i* has in]tia1 rigidity1 ela/icity1 compressibility1 b ,,n ,,heav9ess4 ,f a quotation ( ?is k9d1 :i* is f ! lips ( "o ( ! ke5e/ intellects ( ! pres5t "t1 ,i ?9k ,i am ju/ifi$ :5 ,i make ! /atem5t1 t x is n conc$$ t ,ae!r is matt]1 ) all t t concession logically involves4 ,because1 z ,"l ,kelv9 po9ts out1 ?\gh x is admitt$ t ,ae!r is matt]1 yet t admission is only a qualifi$ admission1 & n "o :i* c>ries ) x all ! prop]ties t ess5tially belong to matt]1 or an admission :i* includes ! fact t ,ae!r is gravitative1 t is1 subject to ,gravitation4 ,to be /rictly logical & philosophical1 9 ! /atem5t t ,ae!r is matt]1 x mu/ be conc$$ n only t ,ae!r is subject to su* prop]ties z ela/icity1 in]tia1 & compressibility1 b t x is also gravitative or possesses weight4 ,= ei!r ,ae!r is matt]1 or x is n matt]4 ,x _c be bo? at "o & ! same "t4 ,su* a conception is altoge!r oppos$ to t simplicity :i* is ! *ief *>act]i/ic ( ,nature z po9t$ out by ,newton4 ,if !re=e ,ae!r be matt]1 !n1 to be /rictly logical & philosophical1 x mu/ be conc$$ t ,ae!r is gravitative1 z well z hav+ ! o!r prop]ties ( matt]1 z ela/icity & in]tia1 etc4 ,unless ?is is conc$$1 !n we h ! anomaly 9 ,nature ( matt]1 :i* is n matt]1 because x violates ! v pr9ciples :i* above all o!rs decide :at is matt]1 viz41 ,t e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle1 etc41 t is1 t x is gravitative4 ,?us by suppos+ t ! ,ae!r is matt]1 & yet n be+ gravitative1 all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy are violat$1 z su* a hypo!sis is oppos$ to bo? ! fir/ & second ,rules ( ,philosophy1 & is contr>y to all obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,if ,ae!r !re=e be matt]1 z is conc$$ by ! mo/ advanc$ ?9k]s ( ! "t1 !n x foll[s t ! only logical & philosophical conclusion t c be arriv$ at is1 t x is also subject to ^? prop]ties :i* are ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( all matt]4 ,^! prop]ties may be classifi$ z foll[s3 atomicity1 gravitation1 d5sity1 ela/icity1 in]tia1 & compressibility4 ,,art4 #dc4 ,ae!r is ,univ]sal4--,"y 9 8 fir/ ,hypo!sis on ! ,ae!r m$ium /ates t1 ,a ,lum9if]\s ,ae!r p]vades ! ,univ]se r>e & ela/ic 9 a high degree 7,phil4 ,tran41 #ahjb74 ,z ,"y po9ts out1 ?is invisible & ela/ic ,ae!r fills all space & floods ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,9 x suns blaze1 />s %9e1 worlds & planets roll1 meteors fla%1 & comets ru% 9 _! my/]i\s flight4 ,9 x all mat]ial & physical ?+s exi/1 = x is to !m n only ! prim>y m$ium ( _! exi/5ce1 b1 j z ! inf9ite & ev]-active en]gy ( ! ,div9e is to ! univ]se 9 its entirety & fulness1 ! excit+ & /imulat+ _s ( its en]gies & p[]s1 s ?is ae!rial ocean is to ! mat]ial & physical univ]se1 ! excit+ & /imulat+ m$ium ( all its activities1 en]gies1 & p[]s2 & )\t :i*1 ?\gh all mat]ial & physical ?+s 7 end[$ ) ! v>i$ capacities ( _! k9d or life1 yet !y c\ld nei!r ex]t nor ex]cise !m1 nor ev5 exhibit ! simple activity ( motion4 ,h5ce ev]y:]e1 :]e mat]ial & physical ?+s are1 !re1 z ! m$ium ( _! exi/5ce & en]gy1 ! ,ae!r is2 & :]e ! ,ae!r is n1 no mat]ial or physical ?+ is1 or c be4 ,t ! ,ae!r is univ]sal is prov$ by ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,light-waves h a velocity ( ab\t #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,n[ ! di/ance ( ! sun f ! e>? is ab\t #ib1jjj1jjj ( miles1 s t light takes ab\t eight m9utes & a half to travel f ! sun to ! e>?4 ,a ray ( light f ! ne>e/ fix$ /> takes ab\t ?ree & a half ye>s to rea* ! e>?1 :ile !re are "s />s s f> away t a/ronom]s tell u1 t ?\gh light travels ) s great a velocity1 yet x w\ld take sev]al ?\s& ye>s to rea* ! e>?4 ,?is fact implies t ?r\gh\t b\ndless space !re is to be f\nd ?is ae!rial m$ium4 ,?us int]planet>y & int]/ell> space is n empty1 b is fill$ ) ?is ev]-pres5t1 all-p]vad+ ,ae!r2 & n only s1 b e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se is surr\nd$ by ?is univ]sal ,ae!r1 :i* =ms ! excit+ & /imulat+ m$ium ( all ! activities1 en]gies1 & motions ( all ,matt]4 ,?us ! ,ae!r is bo? univ]sal & inf9ite 9 its ext5t4 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 9 8 pap] on ,action at a ,di/ance 7,collect$ ,works1 by ,niv571 ) ref]5ce to ! univ]sality ( ! ,ae!r1 writes3 ,! va/ int]planet>y & int]/ell> regions w no long] be reg>d$ z wa/e places 9 ! univ]se1 :i* ! ,creator has n se5 fit to fill ) ! symbols ( ! manifold ord] ( ,8 ,k+dom4 ,we %all f9d !m to be full ( ?is wond]ful m$ium1 s full1 t no human p[] c remove x f ! smalle/ portion ( space1 or produce ! slighte/ flaw 9 its inf9ite cont9uity4 ,x ext5ds unbrok5 f /> to />1 & :5 a molecule ( hydrog5 vibrates 9 ! ,dog ,/>1 ! m$ium receives ! impulses ( ^? vibrations1 & transmits !m to di/ant worlds4 ,b ! m$ium has o!r functions besides be>+ light f _w to _w1 & giv+ evid5ce ( ! absolute unity ( ! mat]ial sy/em ( ! univ]se4 ,its m9ute p>ts may h rotatory z well z vibratory motions1 & ! axes ( rotation =m ^? l9es ( magnetic =ce :i* ext5d 9 unbrok5 cont9uity into regions :i* no eye has se51 & :i*1 by _! action on our magnets1 are tell+ u 9 language n yet int]pret$ :at is go+ on 9 ! hidd5 _w f c5tury to c5tury4 ,n[ ,i premise1 t 9 ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r to be submitt$ 9 ?is "w1 ! physical int]pretation ( ?is /atem5t ( ,maxwell's w receive its lit]al fulfilm5t4 ,,art4 #dd4 ,ae!r is ,atomic4--,if !re is "o fundam5tal tru? :i* is applicable to all matt]1 x is1 t all matt] is atomic4 ,pr(essor ,ruck]1 9 8 ,presid5tial ,address to ! ,briti% ,association ( #aija1 9 deal+ ) ?is "q1 said3 ,! believ] 9 ! atomic !ory ass]ts t matt] exi/s 9 a p>ticul> /ate1 t x consi/s ( p>ts :i* are sep>ate & di/9ct f "o ano!r1 & z su* are capable ( indep5d5t movem5t4 ,x is c]ta9 t matt] consi/s ( discrete p>ts 9 a /ate ( motion1 :i* c p5etrate into spaces betwe5 ! correspond+ p>ts ( surr\nd+ bodies4 ,e great advance 9 *emical k dur+ ! la/ n9ety ye>s f9ds its int]pretation 9 ,dalton's ,atomic ,!ory4 ,f su* an au?ority z ?is1 & f ! facts :i* he gave 9 8 deal+ ) ! "q1 we are b\nd to admit t all matt] is atomic4 ,t be+ grant$1 :5 ! /atem5t is made1 !re=e1 t ,ae!r is matt]1 ! only logical conclusion t c be arriv$ at1 ) ref]5ce to ! "q ( ! atomicity ( ! ,ae!r1 is1 t ,ae!r is also atomic4 ,unless ?is be conc$$1 we h ! fir/ & second rules ( our ,philosophy violat$1 z an atomless ,ae!r is oppos$ to t simplicity ( conception1 :i* is an ess5tial requirem5t ( all hypo!ses1 & is moreov] contr>y to t presumptive evid5ce ga!r$ f obs]vation & exp]im5t1 :i* tea*es u t all matt] is atomic4 ,if x be argu$1 t x is impossible to decide ^u a "q z to ! atomicity ( ! ,ae!r1 my reply is t ! same argum5t may reasonably be appli$ to all matt]4 ,b1 z ,pr(essor ,ruck] /at$1 all ! evid5ce on matt] po9ts out & supports ! !ory ( its atomicity1 &1 !re=e1 ! only logical & philosophical conclusion is1 t ,ae!r is atomic also4 ,aga91 x may be sugge/$ t we _c see or t\* an atom ( ,ae!r1 & t x is n only invisible1 b app>5tly incapable ( be+ made s5sible to our s5ses4 ,9 reply to t1 z ,i h already %[n 9 ,art4 #ca1 t objection c be equally us$ aga9/ an atom ( hydrog51 or an atom ( oxyg54 ,does any "o d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ! hydrog5 atom or ! atom ( oxyg51 because x is invisible to ! s5se ( sight1 or _c be reveal$ to ! limit$ s5se ( t\*8 ,c]ta9ly n6 ,by ! same reason+1 x is j z illogical to d5y ! exi/5ce ( an atom ( ,ae!r because x _c be se5 or felt1 z x is to d5y ! exi/5ce ( an atom ( hydrog5 or oxyg54 ,an atom ( ,ae!r reveals itself to ! s5ses 9 ! same way t an atom ( hydrog5 or oxyg5 does1 t is1 by ! =ce or en]gy :i* x ex]ts4 ,its vibrations c be manife/$ to ! body 9 ! =m ( heat1 :ile ! undulatory motion :i* ! ae!rial atoms transmit 9 ! =m ( light1 reveal ! pres5ce ( ! ae!rial atom to ! s5se ( sight4 ,! "q at once arises z to :at con/itutes an ae!rial atom1 :at are its prop]ties & motions8 ,n[1 9 ord] = u to ent] successfully into ?is speculative region1 x is ess5tial t we %\ld1 z f> z possible1 con=m to ! ,rules ( ,philosophy1 & endeav\r to ga9 "s conception ( an ae!rial atom f ! results ( exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,9 do+ ?is1 we are at once confront$ ) ! difficulty1 t no "o has ev] se5 an atom1 or analyz$ ! prop]ties ( "o4 ,actual exp]im5t has reveal$ no?+ absolutely c]ta9 z to ! ultimate "* ( an atom1 & if ?is be true ( ! atoms ( matt]1 !n x mu/ also be true ( an ae!rial atom4 ,x w\ld seem at fir/1 !re=e1 t we h no results ( exp]im5t1 or obs]vation1 by :i* we may be guid$ 9 =mulat+ a "r conception z to ! con/itution ( an ae!rial atom1 & !re=e we are ?r[n simply into ! regions ( speculation z to its con/itution & prop]ties4 ,b ,i v5ture to sugge/1 t !re is a me?od :i* is /rictly philosophical 9 its application1 by :i* we may possibly arrive at a cle> conception ( an ae!rial atom4 ,all great discov]ies ( sci5ce h be5 ! outcome ( apply+ ! pr9ciple1 t :at is true ( ! visible & se51 is true ( ! invisible & unse52 t :at is true ( ! kn[n1 is true ( ! unkn[n2 t ! pr9ciples & laws :i* gov]n ! small also gov]n ! l>ge & ! great4 ,x 0 ?us t ,newton discov]$ 8 great ,law ( ,gravitation1 z he 0 able f ! fall+ ( an apple1 to rise to ! application ( ! same pr9ciple to our satellite ! moon1 & ?is l$ him on to ! discov]y ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ,philosophy1 ! laws gov]n+ ! small ?+s are also applicable to ! great ?+s1 !n ! conv]se equally holds good1 t ! laws gov]n+ great ?+s are ! reflex ( ! laws :i* gov]n ! small ?+s4 ,= example1 ! laws :i* gov]n ! light & heat ( ! sun are ! same :i* gov]n ! light & heat ( a c&le or a gl[-worm2 & ! laws :i* gov]n a planet or _w are ! same z ^? :i* gov]n an atom4 ,?us a planet or _w1 :i* is simply an agglom]ation ( atoms1 may reveal to u 9 its motions & laws1 :at are ! motions & laws :i* gov]n ! atomic _w4 ,9 look+ at ! prop]ties & motions ( a planet1 !re=e1 z our e>? = example1 we f9d t a planet is a sph]e1 or m correctly an oblate sph]oid2 t ! e>? or planet is a magnet possess+ pol>ity1 hav+ a nor? & s\? pole2 t x has rotation on an axis1 9 addition to translation 9 an orbit1 & t x is subject to ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,if1 !re=e1 x holds good 9 ,philosophy1 t ! small ?+s are ! index to ! great]1 & t ! laws gov]n+ ! small ?+s also gov]n ! great]1 !n ! conv]se holds good1 t :at is true ( ! l>ge is true ( ! small1 & t ! laws gov]n+ ! great also gov]n ! small4 ,s t ga!r+ up ^? *ief prop]ties ( ! e>? to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 & apply+ !m to an ae!rial atom1 or any o!r atom if necess>y1 we arrive at ! conclusion t an atom mu/ be sph]ical 9 %ape1 mu/ possess rotation1 & mu/ h an orbit1 mu/ possess pol>ity1 & also be subject to ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,"h1 !n1 we h giv5 to u c]ta9 data by :i* we are enabl$ to =m our conception ( an atom1 ae!rial or o!rwise4 ,! "q arises1 :e!r1 among ! =ms ( atoms :i* h be5 devis$ by sci5ti/s1 any ( ! atoms s conceiv$ fulfil all1 or ne>ly all ( ^! requirem5ts4 ,we h ,boscovit*'s ,atom1 ! ,h>d ,atom ( ,lucretius1 & ! m rec5t conception ( ! ,vortex ,atom ( ,"l ,kelv94 ,( all ! hypo!ses 9 reg>d to ! ultimate nature & con/itution ( an atom1 ! ,vortex ,!ory probably is ! "o :i* (f]s to ! m9d ! simple/ conception ( an ae!rial atom4 ,! ,vortex ,r+ ,atom1 h[ev]1 :i* has be5 s fully develop$ by ,"l ,kelv91 h>dly fulfils all ! requirem5ts ( an ae!rial atom4 ,9 ! fir/ place x is n sph]ical 9 %ape1 & ,i hold t to be "o ( ! fundam5tal bases ( ! ae!rial atom4 ,!n1 9 ! next place x does n1 s f> z ,i c read1 possess pol>ity2 t is1 x does n possess a nor? & s\? pole1 ?r\gh be+ a magnet 9 ! same way z ! e>? is a magnet4 ,we mu/ !re=e look = a modification ( ! vortex r+ to discov] ! con/itution ( our ae!rial atom1 & ,i v5ture to ?9k t su* a modification is to be f\nd 9 ,pr(essor ,hill's conception ( a ,sph]ical ,vortex ,atom 7,phil4 ,trans41 #ahid74 ,9 ! conception !re put =w>d1 & ma!matically work$ out1 ,pr(essor ,hill %[$ t 8 sph]ical vortex atom possess$ simil> prop]ties & *>act]i/ics to ! vortex r+s ( ,"l ,kelv94 ,s t ! sph]ical vortex atom w\ld possess rotation on an axis1 & x w\ld be a magnet1 z ,i %all prove lat] on1 because x rotates 9 an electro-magnetic m$ium4 ,x w\ld possess ela/icity1 compressibility1 in]tia1 &1 fur!r1 w\ld possess a c]ta9 am\nt ( mass4 ,t mass might be inf9itely small1 b nev]!less x w\ld possess mass ( an inf9itesimal ord]4 ,fur!r1 if we are to be /rictly correct1 9 our analogy betwe5 ! e>? & ! ae!rial atom1 its pol> diamet] mu/ be %ort] ?an its equatorial diamet]1 z t is "o ( ! facts obs]vable reg>d+ ! %ape ( our e>?1 s t ! %ape ( ! ae!rial atom w n be /rictly sph]ical1 b its actual %ape w\ld be t ( an oblate sph]oid1 be+ flatt] at ! poles1 & bulg+ out 9 ! equatorial regions4 ,?is exact analogy betwe5 ! e>? & an ae!rial atom may n at pres5t seem ( v great importance1 b its importance w be se5 lat] on1 :5 we come to deal ) ! ph5om5a ( heat1 light1 & electricity4 ,"h1 !n1 is our conception ( an ae!rial atom 9 ! r\gh1 bas$ n ^u any imag9ative hypo!sis1 b r ^u t /rict con=mity to obs]vation & exp]i5ce1 :i* is ! v gr\ndwork ( all true ,philosophy4 ,=1 aft] all1 :at is ! e>? b an atom on a l>ge scale8 ,9 comp>ison ) illimitable space1 ) its inf9ite di/ances1 t c alone be measur$ by ! velocity ( light1 our own e>? is b a speck ( du/1 a v atom t helps to make up ! univ]se1 &1 z su*1 %\ld tea* u ! %ape & prop]ties ( o!r atoms ( :i* ! same univ]se is compos$4 ,we h !re=e to conceive ( ! all-space-p]vad+ ,ae!r z be+ compos$ ( inf9itesimal portions ( ,ae!r1 :i* are ne>ly sph]ical 9 %ape1 & ev] 9 a /ate ( rotation2 ?is /ate ( rotation diff]5tiat+ ! atom ( ,ae!r f ! free ,ae!r1 if su* an entity exi/s4 ,s t an atom ( ,ae!r w\ld simply be an inf9itesimal portion ( ! ,ae!r 9 a /ate ( rotation4 ,if1 by any means1 we c\ld /op ! rotation1 we %\ld at once de/roy ! atom1 9 ! same way t ! smoke vortex r+ w\ld cease to be a r+1 if its rotation 7 /opp$4 ,! cessation ( ! rotation ,i1 h[ev]1 believe to be impossible4 ,s t ev5 9 ! ultimate atom ( t univ]sal m$ium ! ,ae!r1 we h an illu/ration ( ! comb9ation ( ^? two =ms :i* are insep>ably connect$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole univ]se1 viz4 matt] & motion1 & x is ! comb9ation ( ^! two t gives to ! ae!rial atom its =m1 & its v exi/5ce1 )\t :i* x has no life1 & ceases to exi/4 ,x may be necess>y 9 ! developm5t ( ?is "w z we proce$1 to slightly modify our conception ( ! ae!rial atom1 b t modification w r be ( a con/ructive "*1 ?an a de/ructive "o4 ,!re may also be c]ta9 objections to meet & expla9 away :5 we deal ) ! ph5om5a ( light1 heat1 & electricity1 & ,gravitation1 & ! "p :i* ! ae!rial atom plays 9 ^? ph5om5a1 b ^! objections ,i hope to meet & answ] z !y arise4 ,! atomicity ( ! ,ae!r has already be5 sugge/$ by su* sci5ti/s z ,cl]k ,maxwell1 ,"l ,kelv91 ,dr4 ,l>mor1 & ,pr(essors ,lodge & ,j4 ,j4 ,?ompson4 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 9 an article on ,action at a ,di/ance1#c ref]r+ to ! atomicity ( ! ,ae!r1 writes3 ,its m9ute p>ts may h rotatory z well z vibratory motions1 & ! axes ( rotation may =m ^? l9es ( magnetic =ce :i* ext5d 9 unbrok5 cont9uity into regions :i* no eye has se54 ,i premise t ,i w conclusively prove t ?is /atem5t f9ds its lit]al fulfilm5t 9 ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r t w be develop$ 9 ?is "w4 ,"l ,kelv91 9 sev]al articles on ,vortex ,motion 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9es ( rec5t ye>s1 has ma!matically dealt ) ! ,ae!r f ! atomic /&po9t1 & has endeav\r$ to prove t ! ,ae!r m$ium is compos$ ( vortex r+s1 b he 0 unable to come to any satisfactory conclusion4 ,) ! !ory t ,ae!r is matt]1 & !re=e possesses mass1 8 conception is n[ br\ght )9 ! range ( physical explanation1 z well z ma!matical calculation4 ,dr4 ,l>mor1 9 8 ,ae!r & ,matt]1 has successfully appli$ ! pr9ciple ( ! atomicity to ! ,ae!r1 on :at is t]m$ ! ,electron basis4 ,he /ates t an electron is no?+ m or less ?an a po9t s+ul>ity 9 ! electro-dynamic & optical ,ae!r4 ,s t our ae!rial atom is practically synonym\s ) ,dr4 ,l>mor's electron4 ,aga91 ,dr4 ,l>mor1 9 ! same "w1 /ates t ! atomicity ( electricity is com+ )9 ! scope ( direct exp]im5t4#d ,b ,pr(essor ,lodge1 9 8 ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity1 /ates t ! ,ae!r is compos$ ( positive & negative electricity1 ! comb9ation ( ^! two =m+ ! ,ae!r m$ium4#e ,n[1 if ! ,ae!r is compos$ ( positive & negative electricity1 & ! atomicity ( electricity is com+ )9 ! scope ( direct exp]im5t1 x foll[s z a matt] ( necessity t ! atomicity ( ,ae!r & ! atomicity ( electricity are "o & ! same1 & !re=e ! atomicity ( ,ae!r is com+ )9 ! scope ( direct exp]im5t4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?ompson1 :o has also attack$ ! problem ( ! atomicity ( electricity1 speaks ( corpuscles :i* are ! actual c>ri]s ( ! positive & negative electricity1 9 ! atoms ( ! v>i\s elem5ts4 ,^! corpuscles !re=e indicate ! fact t electricity has an atomic basis4 ,n[ if !re is any su* id5tity betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity1 z !re und\bt$ly is1 & electricity has an atomic basis1 !n ! atomicity ( ! ,ae!r foll[s z a matt] ( c\rse1 o!rwise we %all h a m$ium compos$ ( atoms :i* is itself n atomic1 :i* conclusion is absurd & !re=e unphilosophical4 ,s t ! mo/ rec5t rese>*es into electricity confirm & e/abli% ! atomicity ( ! ,ae!r4 ,footnote #c3 ,collect$ ,works1 by ,niv54 ,footnote #d3 ,preface to ,ae!r & ,matt]4 ,footnote #e3 ,page #cdh4 ,,art4 #de4 ,ae!r is ,gravitative4--,"y1 9 ! ,philosophical ,trans4 ( #ahjb1 9 reg>d to ?is "q1 /ates 9 8 ,f\r? ,hypo!sis3 ,all mat]ial bodies h an attraction = ! ae!rial m$ium1 by means ( :i* x is accumulat$ )9 _! sub/ance1 & = a small di/ance ar\nd !m1 9 a /ate ( great] d5sity1 b n great] ela/icity4 ,he adds t ?is f\r? hypo!sis is oppos$ to t ( ,newton's4 ,sci5tific rese>* has ju/ifi$ ! conception ( 8 fir/ ?ree hypo!ses ) respect to ! univ]sality1 ela/icity & vibrations ( ! ae!rial m$ium1 b up to ! pres5t ,i am n aw>e t sci5ce has accept$ 8 f\r? hypo!sis4 ,i propose to %[ h[1 f a /rictly philosophical & logical /&po9t1 8 f\r? hypo!sis is j z true z 8 fir/ ?ree hypo!ses1 & t x h5ce=? passes out ( ! realm ( ! hypo!tical into ! realms ( fact & sci5ce1 n only by philosophical reason+1 b by actual exp]im5t made by "s ( ! mo/ advanc$ sci5ti/s ( ! pres5t "t4 ,let u consid] ! "q fir/ f ! /&po9t ( ! ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,our fir/ ,rule ( ,philosophy /ates1 t any hypo!sis mu/ be simple 9 connection4 ,n[ ,i put x to any intellig5t man1 & ask him :i* is ! simpl] conception ( ,ae!r8 ,to affirm t ,ae!r is matt]1 & !re=e subject to ! prop]ties ( matt]1 z ela/icity1 d5sity1 in]tia & ,gravitation1 or to affirm t ,ae!r is matt]1 b :ile x is subject to "s ( ! prop]ties ( matt]1 z ela/icity1 d5sity & in]tia1 x is n subject to ! v prop]ty :i* ( all prop]ties is ! mo/ fundam5tal1 viz4 ,gravitation4 ,!re c1 9 my op9ion1 only be "o answ] to ! "q1 s t1 :5 we affirm t ,ae!r is matt]1 we are compell$ to affirm1 9 ord] to con=m to ! fir/ ,rule ( ,philosophy1 t x is gravitative also4 ,f>aday 0 also ( ! op9ion t ,ae!r 0 subject to ! ,law ( ,gravity1 =1 writ+ 9 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 he /ates3 ,! view n[ /at$ ( ! con/itution ( matt]1 w\ld seem to involve ! conclusion1 t matt] fills all space1 or at lea/ all space to :i* ,gravitation ext5ds1 ,,includ+ ,,! ,,sun ,,& ,,its ,,sy/em4 ,= ,gravitation is a prop]ty ( matt]1 dep5dable on a c]ta9 =ce1 & x is ?is =ce :i* con/itutes matt]4 ,let u also te/ ! "q by our second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 & we %all f9d great] evid5ce /ill = ! /atem5t t ,ae!r is gravitative4 ,:at d exp]i5ce & obs]vation tea* u ) ref]5ce to matt]8 ,z we h already se5 7,art4 #cg71 if !re is "o tru? t !y tea* u reg>d+ matt]1 x is t x is gravitative4 ,!re is n ! slighte/ evid5ce ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 z f> z our obs]vation c lead u to =m an op9ion1 t !re is any k9d ( matt] :i* is n subject to ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,!re=e to assume t ,ae!r is matt]1 & yet n to assume t x is also subject to ,gravitation1 is to assume t :i* is directly oppos$ to ! mo/ fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all philosophical tea*+ & sci5tific rese>*4 ,if ,ae!r be matt]1 !re=e1 & yet is n gravitative1 we %all h an anomaly 9 an o!rwise univ]sal law1 z we %all h "s k9d ( matt] :i* fails to come )9 ! scope ( ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,to be consi/5t1 !re=e1 we mu/ ei!r cease to call ,ae!r matt]1 or else admit t ,ae!r1 l all o!r matt]1 is gravitative4 ,x is absolutely impossible to be /rictly logical & admit t ,ae!r is matt]1 & n to admit t x is subject to ! mo/ univ]sal law t gov]ns matt]1 z ! ,law ( ,gravitation di/9ctly /ates t e p>ticle or atom ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle4 ,?is univ]sal law 9 view ( a gravitationless ,ae!r w\ld h to be am5d$ to ,"s p>ticles ( matt] attract "s o!r p>ticles4 ,?us ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation ceases at once to be a univ]sal law1 & su* a result is oppos$ to all exp]i5ce & exp]im5t4 ,aga91 let u apply our ?ird ,rule ( ,philosophy to ?is suppos$ gravitationless ,ae!r1 & see :at ! result is4 ,our ?ird rule /ates1 t any hypo!sis put =w>d mu/ satisfactorily acc\nt = ! ph5om5a s\ght to be expla9$ & acc\nt$ =4 ,! ,ae!r 0 conceiv$ 9 ord] to expla9 ! ph5om5a ( light1 & "o ( ! prop]ties x 0 conceiv$ to possess 0 ela/icity1 yet t v conception 0 devoid ( ! mo/ fundam5tal prop]ty ( matt]1 )\t :i* !re is no ela/icity1 t is1 t x 0 n atomic4 ,i h already %[n 9 ,art4 #dd1 t ,ae!r is atomic1 & !re=e !re is giv5 to ! ,ae!r a /ructure :i* is capable ( exhibit+ ela/icity1 in]tia1 d5sity1 & ev5 ,gravitation1 :ile at ! same "t1 ! conception is fully 9 h>mony ) philosophical reason+ & ,newton's ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,let u consid] ! "q :e!r ,ae!r is1 or is n gravitative1 f ano!r aspect4 ,= sev]al hundr$ ye>s1 ! physical cause ( ,gravitation has be5 out/&+1 :ile ! _w has held ! conception t ,ae!r is a gravitationless & frictionless m$ium4 ,! e>? has be5 roll+ on 9 h] orbit ye> 91 ye> out1 toge!r ) all ! o!r planets 9 _! annual m>* r\nd ! sun1 & yet ?r\gh all t "t no "o has be5 able to sugge/1 or give any satisfactory or adequate physical explanation1 z to :at moves ! e>? along4 ,i am fully aw>e t ,newton sugge/$ & prov$1 t x 0 because ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,b ,i look ^u t z a ma!matical explanation & n z a physical "o4 ,n[ ,i v5ture to pr$ict ?is1 t on ! assumption ( a gravitationless m$ium1 ! physical explanation s long$ = w always be out/&+1 z a gravitationless ,ae!r is synonym\s ) a frictionless m$ium1 & s long z we admit t !re is a frictionless m$ium1 s long w ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 & !re=e ! physical cause ( all ! movem5ts ( ! planets & comets1 be out/&+ & unexpla9$4 ,if1 h[ev]1 in/ead ( be+ illogical 9 our reason+1 we become logical1 & affirm t ,ae!r is matt]1 & because all matt] is gravitative1 !re=e ,ae!r is gravitative2 & if1 in/ead ( be+ unphilosophical1 we become philosophical1 & affirm t because a gravitationless ,ae!r violates bo? ! fir/ & second ,rules ( ,philosophy1 su* a conception mu/ be put away1 & 9 its place a m philosophical conception mu/ be =?com+1 :i* is t ,ae!r is gravitative2 !n1 ^u su* a logical & philosophical basis1 ,i v5ture to premise t ! great problem :i* is /ill out/&+ ( ! cause ( ,gravitation1 w rema9 out/&+ no long]1 & ! physical cause ( all ! movem5ts ( all cele/ial bodies w be put ^u a physical basis1 9 addition to a ma!matical "o4 ,if su* a result c be arriv$ at by ! logical & philosophical conception ( a gravitative ,ae!r1 !n ! ?ree ,rules ( ,philosophy are fully satisfi$1 & ! assumption ( a gravitative ,ae!r is w>rant$ on a /rictly philosophical basis4 ,s t ,?omas ,"y is /rictly correct f a philosophical /&po9t 9 8 f\r? hypo!sis1 :5 he /ates3 ,t all mat]ial bodies h an attraction = ! ae!rial m$ium1 by means ( :i* x is accumulat$ )9 _! sub/ance & = a small di/ance ar\nd !m 9 a /ate ( great] d5sity b n great] ela/icity4 ,he is n1 h[ev]1 correct :5 he /ates t ?\gh !re is a great] d5sity ne> ! body1 !re is n a great] ela/icity1 z su* an assumption is oppos$ to exp]im5t & obs]vation 9 relation to p]fect gases1 z ,i %all %[ :5 deal+ ) ! ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r4 ,aga91 9 view ( ! fact t ! ,ae!r is atomic1 x c n[ be easily und]/ood h[ x may be subject to ,gravitation4 ,! v ess5ce ( ,gravitation is t atoms1 or p>ticles1 attract ea* o!r4 ,if !re 7 no p>ticles1 or atoms1 x is obvi\s t !re w\ld be no attraction1 & !re=e no ,gravitation4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 !re are to be f\nd atoms ( any k9d or sort1 :e!r !y be atoms ( hydrog51 oxyg51 silv] or ae!rial atoms1 !re ! ,law ( ,gravitation holds good1 & attraction betwe5 ^! atoms is to be f\nd4 ,9 o!r words1 any sub/ance :i* is atomic1 is also gravitative4 ,n[ ,ae!r is atomic z has be5 %[n1 & !re=e f t /&po9t x is also gravitative4 ,x may1 h[ev]1 be object$ t ! assumption ( gravitative prop]ties = ! ,ae!r is aft] all b a speculation1 & t ,"y's f\r? hypo!sis 0 only a hypo!sis1 & t ! gravitat+ prop]ties ( ! ae!rial m$ium h nev] come )9 ! scope ( direct exp]im5t1 )\t :i* no hypo!sis c be fully accept$4 ,if su* an argum5t be advanc$ aga9/ a gravitat+ ,ae!r1 !n ,i mu/ diff] f ^? sci5ti/s :o advance su* an objection4 ,my cont5tion is t ! gravitat+ prop]ties ( ! ,ae!r h already be5 made ! subject ( "s ( ! mo/ ref9$ & delicate exp]im5ts t h be5 made dur+ ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,i ref] to ! exp]im5ts ( ,mi*elson & ,morley ( ,am]ica4 ,= an outl9e & explanation ( su* exp]im5ts ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! ,phil4 ,mag4 ( ,decemb] #ahhg4 ,n[ :at is ! result ( ^! exp]im5ts8 ,i believe x is almo/ unanim\sly conc$$ by all sci5ti/s1 t _! exp]im5ts prove t ! ,ae!r is c>ri$ along by ! e>?4 ,let u c>efully look at ?is conclusion & see :at x implies 9 relation to ! "q at issue4 ,if ! ,ae!r is c>ri$ along by ! e>?1 x necess>ily foll[s t !re is "s gov]n+ law or pr9ciple :i* holds x to ! e>?1 :ile ! e>? moves ?r\gh space ) its velocity ( #fh1jjj miles p] h\r4 ,n[ :at is t gov]n+ pr9ciple or law1 :i* is capable ( hold+ su* an ae!rial atmosph]e to its c5tral body8 ,if we wi% to be /rictly philosophical1 x is necess>y1 accord+ to our second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 t we %\ld n g outside exp]i5ce & ! analogy ( ,nature4 ,:]e is !re a simil> analogy 9 ,nature to t ( ! ,ae!r be+ c>ri$ along ?r\gh space by ! e>?8 ,i "k ( only "o analogy :i* c be us$1 & t is ! analogy ( ! atmosph]e1 :i* is also c>ri$ along by ! e>? ?r\gh space1 z x ru%es on 9 its orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,t be+ s1 ! "q arises1 :at pr9ciple or law holds ! atmosph]e to ! e>?8 =1 :atev] be ! law :i* gov]ns ! atmosph]e1 to be consi/5t ) ! second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 we mu/ inf] t ! same law also holds ! ,ae!r 9 its place4 ,!re is only "o answ] to ! latt] "q1 & t is ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,if x 7 n = t law1 & ! fact t ! atmosph]e is subject to t law1 ! atmosph]e w\ld simply be swept (f f its c5tral body1 ! e>?1 z ! latt] ru%$ ?r\gh space ) its comp>atively enorm\s velocity4 ,! only legitimate & philosophical conclusion t we c arrive at1 !re=e1 is t ! ,ae!r mu/ be c>ri$ along ) its c5tral body1 ! e>?1 ?r\gh be+ act$ ^u by ! self-same ,law ( ,gravitation1 & = x to be s act$ ^u x mu/ obvi\sly be gravitative4 ,x w\ld be unphilosophical to sugge/ t x 0 held 9 its place by any o!r =ce1 z t w\ld be introduc+ a new =ce or law into ,nature1 contr>y to our exp]i5ce 9 relation to an exactly simil> ph5om5on ( ,nature4 ,we h !re=e1 x seems to me1 direct pro( by actual exp]im5t t ,"y's f\r? hypo!sis 0 correct1 & t n only 9 relation to ! atomic _w1 b also 9 relation to ! planet>y _w1 & ! /ell> _w1 all bodies ex]t an attractive influ5ce ^u ! surr\nd+ ,ae!r1 by means ( :i* ! ,ae!r is accumulat$ ne> ! surfaces ( all bodies 9 a /ate ( great] d5sity1 & !re=e ( great] ela/icity4 ,let u apply ?is tru? to ! sol> sy/em1 & see :at we get4 ,if x is true t ! e>? ex]ts an attractive influ5ce ^u ! surr\nd+ ,ae!r by means ( :i* x is held 9 its place relatively to ! e>?1 !n x is equally true t ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune also ex]t gravitat+ or attractive influ5ces ^u ! surr\nd+ ,ae!r1 9 ! same way t !y d ^u _! own atmosph]es4 ,s t 9 _! cases also1 ! surr\nd+ ,ae!r is c>ri$ along by !m ?r\gh space4 ,pr(essor ,/okes has sugge/$ t ?is is s1 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! ab]ration ( light1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,n only s1 b ! sun also w\ld h an attractive p[] ov] ! ,ae!r by means ( :i* its ae!rial atmosph]e w\ld be c>ri$ ?r\gh space1 z x mov$ along 9 its progress at an e/imat$ rate ( #ag1jjj or #ah1jjj miles p] h\r4 ,i w\ld l to po9t out "h1 t ?is explanation ( ! effect ( ! planets' attractive p[] ov] ! surr\nd+ ,ae!r is only a p>tial "o1 z !re are o!r effects directly involv$ 9 ! fact t ! ,ae!r is subject to ! gravitat+ influ5ce ( all satellites & planets4 ,?is is n ! place1 h[ev]1 to g full] into ! matt]1 ! consid]ation ( ! subject be+ tak5 up 9 a lat] *apt]4 ,?us ,i h tri$ to %[ a gravitat+ ,ae!r is /rictly 9 accord ) ! ?ree ,rules ( ,philosophy1 = x is simple 9 conception1 is n contr>y to exp]i5ce1 & by x ,i premise t x is possible to expla9 ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 ) all t is involv$ 9 t law4 ,once m1 if ,ae!r is gravitative1 !n e atom & p>ticle 9 ! univ]se1 z well z e planet1 & sun1 & />1 ex]t an attractive p[] ov] ! ,ae!r1 s t e atom is envelop$ 9 an atmosph]e ( ,ae!r1 9 ! same way t e planet1 & sun1 & /> is envelop$ by ! ae!rial atmosph]e4 ,! ,ae!r1 h[ev]1 :ile x may fl[ ?r\gh ! spaces t exi/ betwe5 ! molecules ( bodies1 yet is held b\nd to ^? molecules 9 ! same way1 & by exactly ! same =ce1 t holds ! atmosph]e to a planet or _w4 ,fur!r1 if ! atoms possess diff]5t masses or weights1 z !y d1 !n ea* atom w\ld possess an ae!rial atmosph]e proportionate to its mass1 ) ! result t an atom ( c>bon1 ) its atomic weight ( #ab1 ought to possess a d5s] ae!rial atmosph]e ?an an atom ( hydrog51 & s on "r ?r\gh ! atomic scale4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out t ?is conception ( ! ,ae!r 9 relation to atoms1 & molecules ( bodies1 w solve c]ta9 problems relat+ to ! d5sity ( ,ae!r 9 connection ) matt]1 :i* problem up to ! pres5t _c be solv$ by ! pres5t conception ( a frictionless m$ium4 ,t problem may be /at$ z foll[s3 ,does ! pres5ce ( matt] affect ! ,ae!r 9 any way1 s z to load or make x d5s]8 ,pr(essor ,lodge1 9 ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity1 9 relation to ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r1 writes3 ,! neighb\rhood ( gross matt] seems to r5d] ,ae!r m d5se4 ,x is difficult to suppose t x c really cond5se an incompressible fluid1 b x may load x1 or o!rwise modify x1 s z to produce ! effect ( increas$ d5sity4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ,ae!r is gravitative1 ! reply is to be f\nd 9 ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 ,e p>ticle ( matt] attracts e o!r p>ticle ( matt]1 etc41 & z ,ae!r is matt]1 x w be attract$ by ! o!r matt] irrespective ( :e!r t matt] be 9 ! atomic1 molecul>1 or planet>y or /ell> =m4 ,we %all see t ?is is s :5 we come to deal ) ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r4 ,x may be object$ 9 relation to ?is aspect ( ,ae!r1 t ,"y also ass]t$ t ! ,ae!r fl[s z freely ?r\gh matt]1 z ! air fl[s ?r\gh ! trees ( ! =e/1 & t su* a /atem5t !re=e contradicts 8 f\r? proposition reg>d+ ! gravitat+ prop]ties ( ,ae!r4 ,a little reflection w1 h[ev]1 put a diff]5t con/ruction on ?is objection4 ,let u consid] ! analogy f ! /&po9t ( exp]i5ce1 & see :at t analogy tea*es u4 ,f exp]i5ce we le>n t ! air is gravitative1 b we also le>n t x is possible to be mov$ f place to place z w9ds1 & t z su* x c move freely betwe5 ! trees ( ! =e/1 caus+ _! b\ghs & leaves to tremble & b5d b5ea? its en]gy & p[]4 ,i h yet to le>n1 h[ev]1 t :ile x moves betwe5 ! trees z sep>ate & di/9ct objects1 su* a movem5t militates or de/roys its gravitat+ prop]ties4 ,does ! air cease to be any less gravitative1 or subject to ! ,law ( ,gravity1 :5 x is subject to c]ta9 movem5ts1 :i* give rise to c]ta9 curr5ts z w9ds8 ,su* an assumption is altoge!r oppos$ to philosophical reason+4 ,:e!r ! air is /ation>y or 9 motion1 x is ev] subject to ! great ,law ( ,gravitation1 & accept+ t z an analogy1 ! app>5t contradiction betwe5 ! (t-quot$ simile ( ,"y & 8 f\r? hypo!sis is at once remov$1 & f analogy we le>n t x is q possible = ,ae!r to move betwe5 bodies because ( c]ta9 curr5ts :i* may be orig9at$ by heat1 light or electricity1 yet at ! same "t ! exi/5ce ( su* curr5ts does n violate its gravitat+ t5d5cy4 ,"y's f\r? hypo!sis is !re=e 9 p]fect h>mony ) 8 (t-quot$ simile1 t ! ,ae!r fl[s ?r\gh ! int]/ices ( bodies z ! w9d fl[s ?r\gh a gr\p ( trees1 b l ! air-curr5ts x does n s fl[ unless ! curr5ts are g5]at$ by "s =m ( en]gy1 z heat or light1 electricity or magnetism4 ,f ^! consid]ations !re=e we are compell$ to come to ! conclusion t ,ae!r1 l all o!r matt]1 is subject to ! same univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,if fur!r evid5ce ( ! gravitat+ t5d5cy ( ! ,ae!r 7 requir$1 ,i w\ld ref] ! read] to ,"l ,kelv9's utt]ance on ?is subject4 ,"l ,kelv91 ,phil4 ,mag41 ,novemb] #ahii1 9 relation to ! ,ae!r writes3 ,we are accu/om$ to call ,ae!r impond]able4 ,h[ d we "k t x is impond]able8 ,if we _h nev] dealt ) air except by our s5ses1 air w\ld be impond]able to u1 b we "k by exp]im5t t a vacuum glass tube %[s an increas$ weight :5 air is all[$ to fl[ into x4 ,we h n ! slighte/ reason to believe t ,ae!r is impond]able4 ,x is j z likely to be attract$ by ! sun z air is4 ,at all ev5ts ! onus ( pro( re/s ) ^? :o ass]t x is impond]able4 ,i ?9k we %all h to modify our ideas ( :at ,gravitation is1 if we h a mass spread+ ?r\gh space ) mutual attraction betwe5 its p>ts1 )\t be+ attract$ by o!r bodies4 ,we h already se5 9 ! previ\s article t ,f>aday 0 ( op9ion t ! ,law ( ,gravitation ext5d$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! sol> sy/em1 & z ,ae!r fills ! sol> sy/em1 !n obvi\sly ,ae!r mu/ also be subject to ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,,art4 #df4 ,ae!r possesses ,d5sity4--,t matt] possesses d5sity has already be5 %[n 9 ,art4 #ch1 & on ! hypo!sis t ,ae!r is matt]1 ,ae!r mu/ possess d5sity also4 ,?is prop]ty has already be5 po/ulat$ = ! ,ae!r1 9 ord] to acc\nt = c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 connection ) ! reflection & refraction ( light4 ,"y assum$ diff]5t d5sities = ! ,ae!r ne> bodies ow+ to its be+ attract$ by ^? bodies 7,art4 #de74 ,reflection & refraction ( light are produc$ by a *ange ( d5sity ( ! ,ae!r4 ,x is n[ g5]ally accept$ t ! optical diff]5ce ( bodies dep5ds ma9ly on ! diff]5t d5sities ( ,ae!r 9 association ) ^? bodies4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 9 8 ,lectures on ,light1 writes on ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r z foll[s3 ,! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r is great] 9 liquids & solids ?an 9 gases1 & great] 9 gases ?an 9 vacuo4 ,a compress+ =ce seems to be ex]t$ on ! ,ae!r by ! molecules ( ^! bodies4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ! atomicity & gravitative prop]ties ( ! ,ae!r1 x is difficult to und]/& h[ !re c be d5sity ( ! m$ium1 & /ill m difficult to give a satisfactory explanation ( diff]5t degrees ( d5sity = ! same m$ium1 :i* "s sci5ti/s assume x to h4 ,if1 h[ev]1 all t is logically includ$ 9 ! /atem5t t ,ae!r is matt]1 & !re=e is atomic & gravitative1 is conc$$1 !n1 f ! analogy ( our own atmosph]e 9 relation to ! e>?1 ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r1 & diff]5t degrees ( d5sity also1 is at once put ^u a logical & philosophical basis1 z x is br\ght into h>mony ) all exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & is simple 9 its conception4 ,on ! o!r h&1 an ,ae!r :i* is n atomic or gravitative _c possess diff]5t degrees ( d5sity1 except by assum+ ! exi/5ce ( "s unkn[n law ( :i* we h no k1 :i* conception is altoge!r oppos$ to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( simplicity1 obs]vation1 & exp]im5t z laid d[n n only by ,newton b by e true philosoph]4 ,!re=e1 t ,ae!r c possess diff]5t degrees ( d5sity1 is only ! logical outcome ( ! /atem5t t ,ae!r is matt]1 see+ t su* a /atem5t )\t ! %ad[ ( a d\bt mu/ at lea/ imply t x is gravitative4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out1 t x is mu* m philosophical to be able to acc\nt = ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r 9 a reasonable & philosophical mann]1 ?an simply to po/ulate = ! ,ae!r c]ta9 prop]ties & qualities1 because c]ta9 ph5om5a dem& ! exi/5ce ( su* prop]ties4 ,! ,ae!r has be5 su* a hypo!tical m$ium1 t x has be5 easy to po/ulate = x c]ta9 prop]ties1 if c]ta9 ph5om5a h dem&$ ! exi/5ce ( ^? prop]ties4 ,?us if ! ,ae!r 7 requir$ to be ela/ic1 !n ela/icity 0 po/ulat$ = x2 if m ela/ic1 !n great] ela/icity 0 add$4 ,if d5sity 7 dem&$1 !n d5sity 0 po/ulat$1 & if less or m d5sity1 less or m d5sity 0 giv5 to x4 ,t me?od ( speculation may be satisfactory up to a c]ta9 po9t1 b no "o w admit t su* a me?od is :olly philosophical4 ,x w be a f> bett] me?od to adopt1 if1 9 deal+ ) ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 we c make x con=m to c]ta9 recogniz$ laws & pr9ciples1 & f ! application ( ^? well-kn[n laws1 be able to inf] ! exact con/itution ( ?is space-fill+ ,ae!r m$ium4 ,n[ ! "q arises1 if ,ae!r is gravitative1 :at effect has ! ,gravitation ( any body1 be x an atom1 or a meteor or planet1 sun or />1 ^u ! ,ae!r 9 :i* x moves1 & :i* surr\nds x8 ,t we may h "s light ?r[n ^u ! matt]1 ,i w\ld l n[ to take ! read] to ,newton's ,optics1 9 ord] t he may give u 8 op9ion z to ?is prop]ty ( d5sity ( ! ,ae!r4 ,9 8 n9ete5? qu]y ,newton 7,optics7 asks ?is "q-- ,is n ?is m$ium mu* r>] )9 ! d5se bodies ( ! sun1 />s1 planets & comets ?an 9 ! empty spaces betwe5 !m1 & 9 pass+ f !m to great di/ances1 do? x n gr[ d5s] & d5s] p]petually1 & !reby cause ! gravity ( ^? great bodies t[>ds "o ano!r1 & ( _! "p t[>ds ! bodies1 e body endeav\r+ to g f ! d5s] p>ts ( ! m$ium t[>ds ! r>]8 ,"h !n we h giv5 to u an indication ( :at is ! possible /ate ( ?+s 9 relation to ! gravitation ( ! ,ae!r1 & all bodies 9 sol> & /ell> space4 ,! only mi/ake t ,newton made1 0 9 inv]t+ ! "r ord] ( comp>atively d5se & r>] p>ts ( ! ae!rial m$ium1 by putt+ ! r>] p>ts ( ! m$ium ne> to ! bodies1 & suppos+ ! d5s] p>ts to be f>!r away 9 space4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ! correct view is exactly ! opposite1 t is1 if we are to =m our conception by foll[+ out ^? philosophical rules t ,newton laid d[n4 ,= ei!r ! rules are "r1 or 8 supposition is "r4 ,!y _c bo? be "r1 z 8 supposition is contr>y to ! second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 z all exp]i5ce & obs]vation f ! analogy ( ,nature tea* u t a m$ium envelop+ any body1 z planet1 /> or sun1 is d5se/ ne>e/ to ! body1 becom+ r>] ! fur!r t m$ium gets away f ! c5tral body4 ,let u take = our illu/ration ! be/ example1 t exp]i5ce & obs]vation af=d1 t ( ! atmosph]e surr\nd+ ! e>?4 ,! analogy is s p]fect1 t "o is almo/ tempt$ to believe t ! atmosph]e & ! ,ae!r are 9 "s way intimately associat$ ) ea* o!r4 ,"s ye>s ago ,"l ,kelv9 0 ( ! op9ion t ! ,ae!r 0 b an ext5sion ( ! atmosph]e1 ?\gh ,i am n c]ta9 :e!r he holds t view at ! pres5t "t4 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 writ+ 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag4 9 ,may #ahfa1 writes3 ,i h d$uc$ f ?is result ! relation betwe5 /atical or dynamical electricity1 & h %[n t ! ela/icity ( ! magnetic m$ium 9 air is ! same z t ( ! lum9if]\s m$ium1 if ^! two coexi/5t1 coext5sive1 & equally ela/ic m$ia are n r "o m$ium4 ,n[ = ! comp>ison4 ,bo? ! atmosph]e & ,ae!r are matt]4 ,bo? are atomic1 bo? are gravitative1 bo? possess ela/icity1 & bo? possess d5sity4 ,! atmosph]e also possesses diff]5t degrees ( d5sity1 s does ! ,ae!r4 ,9 ! case ( ! atmosph]e1 h[ev]1 exp]i5ce & exp]im5t tea* u t ! atmosph]e is d5s] ne>] ! e>? ?an f>!r away4 ,:5 we asc5d m\nta9s1 x is a matt] ( common k t ! high] we asc5d1 t is ! fur!r we get f ! e>?1 ! r>] ! atmosph]e becomes4 ,:5 we asc5d 9 balloons1 we f9d t ! air becomes s r>e & s light1 t ! blood w fl[ f ! nose1 on acc\nt ( ! r$uc$ pressure ex]t$ on x1 ! pressure inside ! body be+ great] ?an t outside4 ,n[ 9 accordance ) our second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 if exp]i5ce is to be any guide at all1 !n x mo/ conclusively tea*es u t ! ,ae!r be+ subject to ! same laws z ! atmosph]e1 ! same results inevitably foll[4 ,!re=e ! ,ae!r ne>e/ ! e>? is d5s] ?an any lay] imm$iately above x1 & t lay] d5s] ?an ! "o above x1 & s on = great di/ances1 ) ! result t ! only conclusion we c come to 9 reg>d to ! d5sity & r>ity ( ,ae!r 9 relation to all gravitat+ bodies is1 t ! d5se/ "p ( ! ,ae!r is ne>e/ to !m1 & ! r>e/1 ! f>!/ away f !m4 ,s t :ile ,newton's sugge/ion 9 8 n9ete5? qu]y is correct 9 pr9ciple1 x is incorrect 9 application to space4 ,i w\ld l to po9t out "h1 t :at is true ( ! e>? 9 relation to ! d5sity ( ! surr\nd+ ,ae!r1 mu/ also be true1 accord+ to our second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 ( e o!r planet1 or sun1 or />4 ,s t e planet1 satellite1 e sun or /> has its atmosph]e1 if ,i may s t]m x1 ( ,ae!r1 :i* obeys & foll[s ! same laws z ! e>?'s atmosph]e does4 ,?is is a mo/ important fact1 & has a mo/ important be>+ ^u ! physical cause ( ,gravitation z appli$ to ea* planet1 & sun & />1 z ,i %all aft]w>ds %[4 ,i wi% n[ to br+ ! read] into contact ) a ,!ory ( ,gravitation t 0 giv5 to ! _w by ,pr(essor ,*allis ( ,cambridge1 #ahgb4 ,9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e ( ,june ( t ye> he writes3 ,i assume t all ! active =ces ( ,nature are diff]5t modes ( pressure "u diff]5t circum/ances ( a univ]sal ela/ic ,ae!r1 :i* presses always proportionately to its d5sity4 ,n[ :at ,i wi% to po9t out is1 t :ile ,pr(4 ,*allis admits ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r1 & also v>y+ degrees ( d5sity1 z he /ates t ! ,ae!r presses proportionately to ! d5sity1 he does n %[ h[ t v>y+ d5sity is acc\nt$ =4 ,if !re is ?is v>y+ d5sity1 !n !re mu/ be "s und]ly+ pr9ciple :i* gov]ns ! v>iation 9 d5sity1 & ,i "k ( only "o pr9ciple or law :i* c regulate t v>iation 9 d5sity1 & t is t ,ae!r is gravitative1 & be+ gravitative x n only possesses d5sity1 b also v>iations 9 d5sity4 ,?us by admitt+ t ,ae!r is gravitative1 because x is matt]1 we h at once a satisfactory explanation = ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r & also = diff]5t degrees ( d5sity bo? 9 ! atomic _w1 & 9 ! planet>y & /ell> _w4 ,,art4 #dg4 ,ae!r is ,ela/ic4--,9 ,art4 #ci1 matt] 0 %[n to be ela/ic1 & on ! assumption t ,ae!r is matt]1 ! ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r1 :i* has be5 po/ulat$ = x by v>i\s sci5ti/s1 c be logically & philosophically acc\nt$ =4 ,9 view ( ! transmission ( light ?r\gh space ) a def9ite & f9ite velocity1 we are compell$ to reg>d ,ae!r z possess+ ela/icity1 simil> to t ( an ela/ic solid body4 ,if we take ! analogy ( s\nd1 we f9d t s\nd is transmitt$ & propagat$ ?r\gh matt]1 by waves ( alt]nate cond5sation & r>efaction1 & t transmission is regulat$ by ! relation ( ! d5sity ( ! m$ium to its ela/icity4 ,light has be5 prov$ to be due to ! undulatory wave-motions ( ! ,ae!r1 & 9 ord] to acc\nt = ! transmission ( ! wave-motion1 x is ess5tial t ! ,ae!r %\ld possess ! prop]ty ( ela/icity4 ,z ,"y po9ts out 9 8 ,fir/ ,hypo!sis1#f ! ,ae!r possesses ?is prop]ty ( ela/icity1 b ) ! advance ( sci5tific k & rese>*1 ! ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r may be said to h pass$ out ( ! hypo!tical /age1 into ! /ate ( actual fact & exp]im5t4 ,bo? ,mc,cullagh & ,fresnel h assum$ ?is prop]ty ( ela/icity = ! ae!rial m$ium 9 ord] to acc\nt = c]ta9 ph5om5a ( light4 ,ap>t1 h[ev]1 f ! atomicity ( ! ,ae!r1 x is exce$+ly difficult to und]/& h[ su* a prop]ty c belong to x4 ,atoms are exce$+ly small p>ticles1 possess+ ! prop]ty ( ela/icity1 or ! p[] to recov] _! orig9al %ape aft] di/ortion or *ange ( %ape4 ,if ! ,ae!r !re=e be atomic1 z is po9t$ out 9 ,art4 #dd1 x c at once be readily und]/ood h[ ! ,ae!r z a :ole c possess ! prop]ty ( ela/icity4 ,! atoms ( ! ,ae!r mu/ be inconceivably small1 z ! light-waves travel ) ! enorm\s velocity ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,:at mu/ !re=e be ! atomic vibration :i* su* a /atem5t implies8 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! ,ae!r is assum$ to be cont9u\s & non-atomic1 x mu/ be se5 h[ exce$+ly difficult x is to acc\nt = ! ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r1 z x seems absolutely impossible = a m$ium :i* is cont9u\s1 & non-atomic1 to be able to transmit ! waves ( light ) a f9ite velocity4 ,ap>t1 !re=e1 f atomicity ( "s k9d or o!r1 ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r is an assumption philosophically incorrect1 z x is contr>y to t simplicity ( conception laid d[n by ,newton1 & is also contr>y to all exp]i5ce1 & ?us violates ! second ,rule ( ,philosophy4 ,ae!r !re=e mu/ be said to be p]fectly ela/ic2 s p]fectly ela/ic1 t x is susceptible to ! lea/ t\* ( any natural ?+1 s t ev5 an atom1 s small t x _c be se5 ) ! mo/ p[]ful microscope1 yet s ela/ic is ?is ,ae!r m$ium1 t ! lea/ motion or vibration ( "o ( ^! atoms1 ?\gh ! motion did n exce$ ! #bj- or #dj-million? "p ( an in*1 yet ev5 ?is w\ld create 9 ! ae!rial ocean1 ,ae!r-waves1 j z a body mov+ 9 wat] creates wat]-waves1 :i*1 radiat+ f ! place ( _! bir?1 beget & create o!rs1 ! process cont9u+ until !y rea* ! m>g9 ( ! wat] 9 :i* !y 7 g5]at$4 ,x is precisely s ) ^! ,ae!r-waves1 :5 once g5]at$ & set 9 motion4 ,!y create o!rs1 ! process be+ cont9u$ & p]petuat$2 &1 unless arre/$ 9 _! c\rse1 may cont9ue until !y rea* ! v limits & conf9es ( mat]ial imm5sity & space4 ,x is1 p]haps1 only necess>y to say1 reg>d+ ! p]fection ( ! ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r m$ium1 t ?\gh x takes f #dj1jjj to #fi1jjj waves to complete ! space ( "o in* 9 ext5t1 yet x is done ) su* miracul\s rapidity1 z to spe$ ! di/ance ( #ahf1jjj miles 9 ! %ort space ( a second ( "t2 or1 tak+ ! numb] ( ,ae!r-waves to complete an in* z #ej1jjj1 its ela/icity is su* t x makes #ej1jjj #ahf1jjj #ab #ebhj vibrations 9 "o second ( "t4 ,we h already se5 9 ,art4 #ci1 t accord+ to ,boyle & ,m>riotte's ,law1 ! velocity ( a wave-motion1 z s\nd 9 ! air1 is det]m9$ by ! relation ( ! ela/icity ( ! m$ium to its d5sity4 ,if ! temp]ature ( ! atmosph]e rema9s ! same1 !n ! ela/icity v>ies 9 ! same proportion z its d5sity4 ,accord+ to ,art4 #de1 ,ae!r is gravitative1 & t fact produces diff]5t degrees ( d5sity 9 ! ae!rial atmosph]e ( an atom or planet or meteor1 sun or />2 t "p ( ! ,ae!r be+ d5se/ ne>e/ ! c5tral body1 & r>] ! fur!r we g away f t body4 ,n[ ! "q at once arises1 :at is ! effect ( ! increas$ d5sity ( ! ,ae!r ne> ! body ^u ! ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r8 ,f ! analogy ( s\nd 9 air1 we arrive at ! conclusion t ,boyle & ,m>riotte's ,law equally applies to ! ,ae!r1 z x does to ! atmosph]e ( any planet4 ,t is1 if ! temp]ature ( any /ratum or lay] ( ! ,ae!r rema9s ! same1 !n ! ela/icity ( ! ae!rial m$ium 9 t lay] is proportionate to its d5sity1 s t :ile ! gravitat+ prop]ty ( ! ,ae!r makes x d5s] ne>e/ ! c5tral body1 ! fact t ! ela/icity is proportionate to ! d5sity1 does n affect ! transmission ( any wave-motion4 ,footnote #f3 ,phil4 ,trans41 #ahjb4 ,,art4 #dh4 ,ae!r possesses ,in]tia4--,f ,art4 #dj we h se5 t all matt] possesses in]tia1 in]tia be+ t prop]ty ( matt] by :i* x _c ( itself *ange its /ate ( motion or ( re/4 ,if ,ae!r be matt]1 !re=e1 !n x mu/ also possess in]tia4 ,?is prop]ty ( in]tia is already po/ulat$ = ,ae!r by sci5ti/s1 & to t ext5t is con=mable to ! ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 ) ref]5ce to ! in]tia ( ! ,ae!r1 writes3 ,! motion ( ,ae!r communicat$ to mat]ial sub/ances ?r[s !m into motion4 ,x mu/ be !re=e itself a sub/ance4 ,ae!r is a sub/ance end[$ ) in]tia1 & capable1 9 accordance ) ! e/abli%$ laws ( motion1 ( imp>t+ its motion to o!r sub/ances4#g ,aga91 ,"l ,kelv9 9 8 ,address to ! ,briti% ,association1 #aija1 on ! ,clu/]+ ( ,gravitational ,matt] 9 any "p ( ! ,univ]se1 /ates3 ,ae!r we relegate to a di/9ct species ( matt] :i* has in]tia1 etc4 ,ae!r1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,tyndall1 is a sub/ance or m$ium end[$ ) in]tia1 & capable1 9 accordance ) ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion1 ( imp>t+ its motion to o!r sub/ances4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! ,ae!r is frictionless1 z has g5]ally be5 suppos$1 !n x _c possess in]tia1 because to ! ext5t t a body possesses in]tia1 to t ext5t x is oppos$ to be+ frictionless4 ,in]tia is really ! equival5t ( mass1 or ! am\nt ( matt] measur$ by gravity1 & if ,ae!r possesses mass 9 any s5se at all1 z x mu/ d if x is matt]1 !n1 possess+ mass or weight1 x mu/ (f] resi/ance to any body mov+ ?r\gh x1 & to t ext5t _c be frictionless4 ,to suppose t ! ,ae!r is frictionless1 & yet possesses in]tia1 is to suppose some?+ altoge!r oppos$ to all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy & !re=e ( exp]i5ce4 ,i h already %[n t a frictionless m$ium is oppos$ to all philosophy & exp]i5ce1 & is an anomaly 9 ! univ]se4 ,on ! /rictly philosophical assumption t ,ae!r is matt]1 & !re=e atomic & gravitative1 ! :ole "q ( ! in]tia ( ! ,ae!r is r$uc$ to "o ( common exp]i5ce4 ,x is1 at lea/ to my m9d1 difficult to conceive ( mass )\t weight or )\t atomicity1 & yet t is ! unphilosophical position ( ! pres5t /ate ( sci5ce 9 relation to ! ,ae!r4 ,9 o!r words1 :ile ! ,ae!r is suppos$ to possess in]tia1 :i* is dep5d5t ^u mass1 z measur$ by gravity1 yet x is suppos$ n to be gravitative1 t is1 t ! mass ( ! ,ae!r has no weight at all1 & !re=e is n mass1 :i* assumption contradicts itself4 ,f ,arts4 #dd & #de1 h[ev]1 we h se51 to be /rictly philosophical1 t ,ae!r mu/ be atomic & also gravitative4 ,x c n[ be easily und]/ood h[ x c possess in]tia l any o!r matt]1 & is !re=e capable ( receiv+ motion f o!r matt]1 & also ( imp>t+ t motion to o!r matt]4 ,s t1 :]ev] !re is motion ( any k9d 9 ! ,ae!r1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( vibratory motion z heat1 or undulatory motion z light1 or rotatory motion z electricity1 ^? motions w affect adjo9+ matt] 9 ! same way t ! motion ( any o!r mov+ matt] affects any body ) :i* x comes into contact4 ,f ! fact t ,ae!r possesses in]tia1 & is also gravitative1 we h n[ to alt] our conception ( ?is univ]sal space-fill+ m$ium1 & 9 place ( a frictionless m$ium1 :i* is incapable ( imp>t+ motion to any body1 we h n[ to rememb] h5ce=? t ! ,ae!r is matt]1 :i* possesses in]tia1 & !re=e has ! capacity n only ( (f]+ resi/ance to any body mov+ ?r\gh x1 z a comet or meteor1 b also ( imp>t+ ! motion :i* x may receive 9 any mann] to any o!r matt]1 z a planet1 satellite1 or sun1 t may be float+ 9 x4 ,) ?is philosophical view ( ! ,ae!r1 :i* is entirely 9 h>mony ) our fir/ & second ,rules ( ,philosophy1 we %all be able to give a physical explanation ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 z we h n[ a physical m$ium exi/+ 9 all atomic1 sol>1 & /ell> space1 :i* c bo? accept motion1 & transmit t motion to o!r bodies4 ,9 o!r words1 we h a m$ium :i* c bo? pu% & pull4 ,footnote #g3 ,lectures on ,light4 ,,art4 #di4 ,ae!r is ,impressible4--,ano!r *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( ?is ,ae!r m$ium is1 t x is z p]fectly impressible z x is ela/ic4 ,s p]fectly impressible1 t x receives1 reta9s1 & p]petuates = ?\s&s ( ye>s1 & = di/ances to human m9d incalculable1 e impression giv5 to x ( light1 =m1 col\r1 t9t1 & %ade2 & t1 too1 ) a p]fect fidelity t no?+ m>s1 ev5 to ! lea/ & mo/ inf9itesimal detail4 ,!re=e1 irrespective ( di/ance1 :]ev] !re is matt] to arre/ & reflect ! impressions receiv$1 !re ^? impressions ( light 7& all t 9 ! lum9osity is involv$ & conta9$7 become visible & reveal$1 & :]ev] !re is p[] ( vision to receive & conc5trate ^! ,ae!r- or light-waves1 !re1 n only lum9osity or light1 b all t con/itutes & is involv$ 9 t lum9osity1 becomes at once visible & se54 ,x is by ?is means we see ! col\r1 t9ts1 %ades1 & =ms ( suns & planets2 ( />s1 con/ellations1 etc41 ) all ! v>i$ =ms1 configurations1 & movem5ts ( ! cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,ea* & e "o1 small or great1 glitt]+ or blaz+1 sun or planet1 are ev] creat+ or g5]at+ ,ae!r-waves1 & impress+ !m ) all ! details & p>ticul>s ( _! nature & exi/5ce2 & ^! ,ae!r-waves ev] be> ^u _! my/ic w+s ! impressions receiv$1 c>ry+ ! in=mation giv5 ) lightn+ spe$ to ! v conf9es & limits ( inf9ite space or ! mat]ial univ]se2 beyond :i* exi/s no?+ b ! ev]-liv+ & active en]gy ( ! ,div9e1 ! only unlimit$1 unb\nd$1 & absolute inf9itive4 ,x is by ! int]ception & conc5tration ( ^! waves by our p]ceptive p[]s1 aid$ ) ! giant p[]s ( ! telescope1 t we obta9 ! in=mation giv51 or become cognizant ( ! nature & exi/5ce ( ! v>i$ lights1 col\rs1 t9ts1 & %ades ( ! cele/ial bodies4 ,! vision1 assi/$ by ! giant p[] ( ! telescope1 collects & conc5trates ^! ,ae!r-waves into a p]fect image ( ^? ?+s t gave !m bir?1 & by ?is means reveals to u ! k ( ?+s af>1 _! exi/5ce1 nature1 *>act]i/ics1 prop]ties1 & p[]s4 ,?us x is we see ! sol> orb1 ) its huge fires all agl[1 obta9 a k ( its "* & p[]s1 see its huge spots1 its quiv]+ fr+e ( flame1 & high-leap+ prom95ces1 or wat* its sl[ly revolv+ =m4 ,?us we see ! planets t ar\nd x sweep & roll2 swift-foot$ ,m]cury ) 8 wondr\s spe$1 & dazzl+ ,v5us ) h] silv] %e52 ,m>s ! god ( w> ) 8 ruddy gl[1 & mighty ,jupit] ) 8 orange hue1 & ! yell[ ,saturn ) h] my/]i\s r+s1 ! blue ,uranus1 & ! m di/ant ,neptune1 ) all ! satellites t to x belong4 ,!n f> f> away ! brilliant ,sirius--! ,dog ,/>1 ,cygnet1 ,c5tauri1 ! ,great ,be>1 & a ?\s& o!rs4 ,! ,pleiades & ! tw5ty millions ( suns t =m our own galaxy & ! ,milky ,way1 ) all _! v>i$ col\rs1 t9ts1 & hues ( :ite1 gold51 orange1 ruby1 r$ & blue1 gre5 & grey1 silv]1 purple & yell[1 buff & fawn1 em]ald & gre51 lilac & copp]y4 ,?us we see ! di/ant ,orion1 s f> away t swift-foot$ ,light1 ) its spe$ ( m ?an elev5 million miles p] m9ute1 has to travel = m ?an ?irty ?\s& ye>s be=e x spans ! gulf t int]v5es betwe5 x & u1 & br+s to u ! news ( its exi/5ce !re4 ,!n ! spectroscope ) its reveal+ p[] lit]ally te>s asund] wave f wave1 & reveals ! my/ic message :i* ea* do? be>1 ( ! di/ant ?+s f :i* !y come1 ( ea* & e sort & k9d4 ,?us we "k1 t 9 ! sol> fires !re ev] burn su* ?+s z hydrog51 oxyg5 & nitrog51 & also1 9 a vapor\s /ate1 alum9ium1 sodium1 iron1 magnesium1 cobalt1 calcium1 *romium1 copp]1 manganese1 z9c1 & o!rs4 ,?us light-waves are spe$+ ev]y:]e1 & f all mat]ial ?+s4 ,!y come f our own sun1 & ru% 91 & flood ! e>?'s a]ial veil1 ! atmosph]e2 & ,ea* little atom ( matt]1 l a mirror1 reflects & re-reflects !m z if 9 sport1 buffet+ ea* lum9\s ray f "o to ano!r1 increas+ & amplify+ x by an inf9ity ( rep]cussions 7,h]s*el71 & !n 9 _! entirety & :ole1 l a huge multi-mirror1 s bl5d & m+le !m t !y come to e>?'s surface 9 t s(t radiance we call ,light1 & ba! x z 9 a sea ( mell[$ glory4 ,,art4 #ej4 ,ae!r3 its ,motions4--,! "q ( ! exact motions ( ! ,ae!r is a "q :i* has involv$ ! att5tion ( sci5tific m5 = _m ye>s1 & :i* is at ! pres5t "t receiv+ ! att5tion ( "s ( our mo/ advanc$ sci5ti/s1 n only 9 ?is c\ntry b 9 o!r c\ntries also4 ,:e!r ! ,ae!r 9 space is at re/1 or is mov+ along ) all ! bodies t float 9 x1 s to speak1 is a "q ( ! greate/ importance to sci5ti/s & philosoph]s g5]ally1 z ! p>ticul> "* ( ! motions ( ! ,ae!r1 :i* are ei!r sugge/$ or ascrib$ to x f ! analogies ( ,nature1 are sure to h a mo/ important be>+ n only on ! motions ( all ! planets & satellites1 b also ^u su* que/ions z ! ab]ration ( light1 & su* difficulties z pres5t$ by ,"l ,kelv9 9 8 pap] on ,cl\ds on ! ,undulatory ,!ory ( ,light 7,phil4 ,mag41 ,july #aijb74 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out t ! hypo!sis t ,ae!r is gravitative1 is b\nd to play a mo/ important "p 9 ! consid]ation & developm5t ( ?is phase ( ! /udy ( ! univ]sal ae!rial m$ium4 ,x is n my int5tion1 h[ev]1 at ?is /age ( ! "w to g fully into ! developm5t ( ?is aspect ( ! subject4 ,! application ( ?is pr9ciple w be consid]$ at ! "r "t1 & 9 ! "r place4 ,x is1 h[ev]1 g5]ally assum$1 t ! ,ae!r is at re/ 9 space1 & t ! e>?1 ! planets1 & ! sun & all />s1 move ?r\gh x ) v>y+ velocity1 al?\gh1 z ,"l ,kelv9 po9ts out1 su* an assumption is cov]$ ) a cl\d :i* up to ! pres5t is z d5se z ev]4 ,( c\rse1 if ! ,ae!r be at re/1 & ! planets & o!r heav5ly bodies move ?r\gh x ) v>y+ velocity1 !n ! only assumption reg>d+ ! ,ae!r is1 t x is frictionless1 b1 z ,i h %[n 9 ,art4 #de1 ?is is oppos$ to all philosophical reason+1 & !re=e to exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to po/ulate = ! ,ae!r su* motions z %all fulfil all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy1 t is1 %all be simple 9 conception1 %all be 9 h>mony ) our exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & :i* %all satisfactorily acc\nt = ! ph5om5a s\ght to be expla9$1 t is1 ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation2 = x is by ! prop]ties1 comb9$ ) ! motions ( ! ,ae!r1 t ! physical cause ( ,gravitation is alone to be expla9$4 ,let u rev]t to ! "q ( a /ation>y ,ae!r = a mom5t or two1 & let u ask ourselves1 :]e is ! evid5ce = su* an assumption8 ,has ! sun ev] ceas$ to %9e1 or to s5d its light-waves ) _! enorm\s velocity spe$+ ?r\gh ! sol> sy/em8 ,s f> z exp]i5ce & obs]vation g1 ,i h nev] read ( any record ( su* a fact1 or t light-waves h ceas$ to proce$ f ! sun & fill ! sol> sy/em ) ,ae!r-waves4 ,n only is ?is true ( ! sun1 b x is equally true ( e planet & satellite1 e meteor or comet1 e /> & sun t exi/ or dwell 9 ?is ae!rial m$ium2 =1 z has already be5 %[n 7,art4 #di71 e body emits ,ae!r-waves1 & ^! waves spread out 9 all directions 9 a sph]ical =m4 ,! tru? is1 t ! univ]sal ,ae!r is 9 et]nal motion1 & t motion =ms ! physical life ( ! univ]se4 ,if x 7 possible to de/roy ! motion1 !n ! :ole fabric ( ! univ]se w\ld fall to pieces1 & ! beauty1 ord]1 & h>mony ( ! cele/ial me*anism w\ld be replac$ by disord]1 confusion1 & ultimate ru94 ,take any analogy ( ,nature1 & see :at su* an analogy tea*es u4 ,look at any planet1 sun1 or />4 ,d we f9d any "o ( ^! /ation>y or at re/8 ,:y f ! smalle/ meteorite or satellite1 to ! l>ge/ /> t %9es 9 ! firmam5t ( heav51 !re is no?+ b motion2 ea* satellite1 planet1 sun1 & /> mov+ on & on1 ev] & ev] ?r\gh ! c\ntless ages ( "t until its c\rse is run & its exi/5ce end$4 ,b re/1 nev]6 ,su* a ?+ z re/ is unkn[n 9 ! entire univ]se1 :e!r x be 9 ! atomic sy/ems ( matt]1 or ! sy/ems ( />s & suns t =m ! univ]se ( worlds4 ,take ano!r illu/ration--t ( ! ocean6 ,is t ev] at re/1 ) its unceas+ wave & tidal motion8 ,has ! read] ev] /ood on ! %ore & se5 ! ocean :5 x has be5 absolutely /ill1 or :5 ! tide has ceas$ to fl[8 ,su* a possibility is almo/ absurd to contemplate4 ,! same argum5t applies to ! air ) its regul> fl[ ( w9ds4 ,n[ 9 reg>d to ! ae!rial & univ]sal m$ium1 !re are j z regul> motions z ! fl[+ ( ! tide r\nd ! e>?1 or ! revolv+ ( a satellite r\nd a planet1 or a planet r\nd ! sun4 ,& :at is z important1 all ! motions c be z satisfactorily expla9$ & acc\nt$ = f ! physical /&po9t1 z ! fl[ ( ! tide1 or ! revolution ( a planet4 ,ye> 9 & ye> out1 ! motions ( ! ,ae!r rema9 ! same1 gov]n$ by ! same laws & produc+ ! same effects4 ,age aft] age1 ! ,ae!r has be5 mov+1 produc+ by its v>i\s motions ! cont9uity ( t beauty1 ord]1 & h>mony t gov]n ! univ]se z a :ole4 ,i h already indicat$ 9 ,art4 #de ! effect ( ,gravitation on ! ,ae!r surr\nd+ ea* satellite1 or planet1 or />1 or sun4 ,z ea* satellite1 or planet1 or /> moves ?r\gh ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 x takes ) x its surr\nd+ ,ae!r z indicat$ 9 ,art4 #de1 9 ! same way t ea* planet or sun takes ) x its own associat$ atmosph]e1 :i* is held 9 contact ) x by ! self-same =ce ( ,gravitation4 ,9 addition to ?is motion ( ! ae!rial atmosph]e ?r\gh space1 !re are o!r motions ( ?is same gravitat+ ,ae!r t h to be tak5 into consid]ation1 be=e a complete & adequate conception ( all ! motions ( ! ,ae!r c be arriv$ at4 ,i d n int5d1 h[ev]1 at ?is /age to g fully into su* motions1 b r wi% to lead up to !m f a consid]ation ( hypo!ses put =w>d by su* m5 z ,rank9e1 ,*allis1 ,maxwell1 ,"l ,kelv91 ,mc,cullagh1 & ,helmholtz1 & f a consid]ation ( su* hypo!ses 9 ! realm ( heat1 light1 & electricity to be able to =m a sci5tific conception ( ! prop] motions ( ! ,ae!r1 z well z a philosophical "o4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,en]gy ,,art4 #ea4 ,en]gy4--,9 ! days ( ,newton1 & = a long "t aft]w>ds1 all en]gy w5t by ! "n ( ,=ce4 ,?us ,newton 9 8 ,laws ( ,motion ref]s to ! action ( =ces on /ation>y or mov+ bodies1 & %[s h[ ! motion ( any body is effect$ by ! impress$ =ce4 7,art #ac47 ,z sci5ce advanc$1 & sci5tific rese>* 0 c>ri$ into ! fields ( heat1 light1 & electricity1 we f9d t ! v>i\s =ces began to be p>ticul>iz$1 ) ! result t su* t]ms z electrical =ce1 magnetic =ce1 *emical =ce1 etc41 became common & famili> t]ms4 ,z gradually x became kn[n t "o p>ticul> k9d ( =ce 0 ! outcome ( ano!r k9d1 !re 0 giv5 to ! _w su* t]ms z ! ,correlation ( ,=ces 7,grove71 9 :i* he prov$ t :5ev] "o k9d ( =ce appe>$ z heat or light1 x 0 at ! exp5se ( ano!r k9d ( =ce1 z electricity4 ,( lat] ye>s1 h[ev]1 ano!r t]m has crept into ,philosophy1 & in/ead ( ! t]m ,=ce1 :i* is v indi/9ct & indef9ite 9 "*1 !re appe>$ ! t]m ,en]gy1 al?\gh ,=ce & ,en]gy are n exactly synonym\s t]ms4 ,?us electricity1 heat1 & light are =ms ( en]gy1 & are conv]tible into "o ano!r1 9 ! same way t ! =ces 7 conv]tible4 ,?us we get trans=mations ( en]gy 9 ! same way t we _h trans=mations ( =ce1 & cons]vation ( en]gy 9 ! same way t we _h cons]vation ( =ce4 ,ev5 ! t]m ,en]gy1 h[ev]1 is be+ replac$ 9 ! pres5t times by some?+ m def9ite & simple1 & in/ead ( ! t]m ,en]gy1 we %all f9d1 9 ! developm5t ( ?is phase ( natural ph5om5a1 t t t]m is be+ replac$ by ! simple idea ( motion1 or modes ( motion1 & t all =ms ( en]gy1 z light1 heat1 magnetism1 & electricity1 & ev5 ,gravitation itself1 are due to motion ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 lead up to ?is tru? by look+ briefly at ! t]m ,en]gy1 & see :at x implies & embodies4 ,en]gy1 !re=e1 is t prop]ty :i* a body possesses1 by :i* x is capable ( do+ "w4 ,?us our ideas ( "w give u our conception ( en]gy4 ,= example1 :5 a weight is lift$1 "w is done1 & a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy is exp5d$ 9 ! process4 ,fur!r1 ! am\nt ( "w done is proportionate to ! weight lift$1 & ! height to :i* ! body is rais$4 ,"w is done aga9/ resi/ance1 s t :5ev] resi/ance is ov]come1 !n "w is ! result4 ,= example1 suppose "o p\nd is lift$ "o foot high1 9 opposition to ! =ce ( gravity1 !n "w is done1 & ?is am\nt ( "w is kn[n z a foot-p\nd4 ,if a body weighs t5 p\nds1 & is lift$ t5 feet1 ! "w done is equal to t5 p\nds multipli$ by t5 feet 7#aj #aj equals #ajj71 s t "o hundr$ times ! am\nt ( "w has be5 done 9 comp>ison ) ! lift+ ( ! "o p\nd "o foot high4 ,z all weight is ess5tially a gravitational measure1 dep5d+ ^u ! int5sity ( gravity at ! place1 !n1 :5ev] a body is rais$ or lift$1 ! "w s done is done aga9/ ! gravity ( ! e>?4 ,"w is also done1 z ,newton po9ts out 9 ! fir/ & second laws1 :5ev] we apply =ce to any body1 ei!r /ation>y or already 9 motion4 ,! results ( all obs]vation & exp]im5ts prove1 t :5ev] we h two bodies ^u :i* "w is be+ done1 ! am\nt ( "w is det]m9$ by ! am\nt ( en]gy transf]r$ f "o body to ! o!r1 & t ! actual am\nt ( en]gy ga9$ by "o is equal to ! am\nt ( en]gy lo/ by ! o!r4 ,en]gy is always f\nd 9 association ) matt]1 s t matt] has sometimes be5 t]m$ ! ,vehicle ( ,en]gy4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 we f9d en]gy ( any k9d or sort1 !re we f9d matt] also1 z ! two are insep>ably connect$ toge!r4 ,?us1 :]ev] we h heat1 we h matt] 9 a p>ticul> /ate ( motion1 g5]ally und]/ood z vibratory motion ,:]ev] we h light1 :i* is also a =m ( en]gy1 we also h matt] 9 motion1 t is ! ,ae!r1 9 a /ate ( p]iodic wave-motion2 & :]ev] we h electricity1 we h aga9 matt] possibly 9 a /ate ( rotatory motion1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,en]gy1 !re=e1 is ! p[] :i* a body possesses to d "w4 ,,art4 #eb4 ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy4--,! pr9ciple ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy 0 fir/ enunciat$ by ,may] 9 #ahdb4 ,! pr9ciple may be def9$ z foll[s3 ,! total am\nt ( all ! en]gy1 z light1 heat1 electricity & magnetism1 ,gravitation1 etc41 9 ,nature is un*angeable2 s t1 accord+ to ?is law1 ! univ]se possesses a /ore ( en]gy :i* is un*angeable 9 quantity ?r\gh\t all "t4 ,! en]gy may pass f "o =m to ano!r1 yet ! total am\nt ev] rema9s ! same4 ,x is almo/ unnecess>y to say1 t ?is is a pr9ciple :i*1 l ! cons]vation ( matt]1 is incapable ( absolute pro(1 b its assumption has greatly help$ sci5tific ?\ght & speculation f "t to "t4 ,cl]k ,maxwell says 7,!ory ( ,heat7 on ?is po9t3 ,! total en]gy ( any body is a quantity :i* c nei!r be increas$ nor decreas$ by any mutual action ( ! bodies1 ?\gh x may be trans=m$ into ^? =ms ( :i* en]gy is susceptible4 ,! cons]vation ( en]gy is insep>ably connect$ ) ! cons]vation ( matt] 7,art4 #cj74 ,!y _c be divid$1 because1 if en]gy is only to be f\nd 9 association ) matt]1 !n if ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] falls to ! gr\nd1 ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy falls ) x4 ,en]gy1 !re=e1 l matt]1 _c be de/roy$ or creat$ by any process kn[n to man4 ,z !re is no process kn[n1 ei!r 9 ! *emical or 9 ! physical _w1 by :i* new matt] may be creat$ by man1 s1 9 relation to en]gy ( any k9d or sort1 !re is no process kn[n by :i* man c create or ev5 de/roy ! smalle/ =m ( en]gy t exi/s4 ,if en]gy appe>s 9 any body or 9 any p>ticul> =m1 x is solely because ( ! loss ( en]gy 9 "s o!r body1 or 9 "s o!r =m4 ,all *anges ( en]gy1 !re=e1 are simply *anges due to ! diff]5ce 9 =m 9 :i* ! en]gy is manife/$4 ,at "o "t x w be manife/$ 9 ! =m ( light1 !n ( heat1 !n 9 me*anical motion1 & s on4 ,j\le gave u "s good illu/rations ( ?is pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,he %[$ u h[ electricity c\ld be *ang$ into heat1 & ! heat into "w4 ,:5 light1 :i* is a =m ( en]gy1 is absorb$ by any opaque body1 x is f\nd t ! body :i* has absorb$ x has become hott]4 ,! en]gy ( light has n be5 de/roy$1 b z its en]gy _c pass ?r\gh ! opaque body1 x has be5 employ$ 9 agitat+ ! p>ticles & atoms ( t body1 :i* becomes hott] 9 consequ5ce4 ,?us f ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 :i* is 9 op]ation n only 9 our planet>y _w1 b ?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! sol> & /ell> space1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole univ]se1 we arrive at ! conclusion t ! total quantity ( en]gy ?r\gh\t ! univ]se is un*angeable4 ,9 ! evolution & developm5t ( worlds1 & 9 ! de/ruction ( ^? worlds aft] long p]iods ( "t1 ?r\gh\t all ! v>i$ manife/ations ( heat1 light1 electricity1 & magnetism1 associat$ ) ! developm5t & de/ruction ( ea* globe1 ! sum-total ( ! en]gy ( ! univ]se rema9s ! same4 ,meteors may ru% into ! atmosph]e ( planets1 & be dissolv$ into ,ae!r ?r\gh ! friction1 comets may be dissolv$ into _! compon5t gases z !y ne> ! sun1 wat] may be *ang$ into vap\r by ! heat ( ! summ] sun1 vegetation may be produc$ f app>5tly dead matt]1 & !n t vegetation may itself decay & return to ! du/ by :i* x _h be5 built up1 b ?r\gh\t all ^! processes ( bir? & dea?1 ( evolution & devolution1 ! sum-total ( active liv+ en]gy :i* is associat$ ) all ! ph5om5a1 rema9s unalt]able & un*angeable4 ,su* is ! tea*+ ( ! great pr9ciple ( ! ,cons]vation ( ,en]gy z enunciat$ by ,may] & ,helmholtz4 ,,art4 #ec4 ,trans=mation ( ,en]gy4--,"o ( ! *ief *>act]i/ics ( en]gy is1 t we c trans=m x1 & x is *iefly ( use to u because ( its capability to be trans=m$1 b 9 all its trans=mations1 ! total quantity ( en]gy rema9s ! same4 ,! trans=mation ( en]gy r5d]s x necess>y to ! exi/5ce ( all life1 & to all physical *ange 9 ! univ]se4 ,may] %[$ u t all en]gy 9 ! sol> sy/em prim>ily d]ives its exi/5ce f ! sun1 & t all plant life & physical life owe _! cont9u$ exi/5ce to ! en]gy :i* is p\r$ out f ! sun ^u ! planet>y worlds4 ,s t en]gy is always fl[+ f ! sun into ! surr\nd+ space 9 ! =m ( light1 heat1 & electricity1 ! m$ium ( its passage be+ ! univ]sal ,ae!r4 ,?is pr9ciple ( trans=mation tea*es u1 t heat may be conv]t$ into electricity2 t light may be conv]t$ into heat1 or electricity may be conv]t$ into ei!r heat or light or bo?4 ,?is pr9ciple ( trans=mation naturally foll[s f ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy2 because1 if en]gy _c be de/roy$ 9 any way1 b is made to disappe> by any process1 x mu/ reappe> 9 "s o!r =m1 & !re=e has be5 trans=m$ f its orig9al /ate4 ,s t1 :5ev] "o k9d ( en]gy disappe>s1 !n x is absolutely necess>y1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( cons]vation ( en]gy1 t "s o!r k9d %all be produc$4 ,!re _c be any real loss or de/ruction4 ,t leads u to ! next po9t reg>d+ ?is pr9ciple ( trans=mation1 :i* is t all trans=mations ( en]gy take place 9 fix$ proportions4 ,:5 a c]ta9 quantity ( coal is burn$1 a c]ta9 quantity ( heat1 or !rmal en]gy z x is sometimes call$1 is produc$1 & ! quantity ( heat s produc$ is def9itely proportionate to ! quantity ( coal consum$4 ,if a c]ta9 quantity ( coal 7 burn$ 9 a p]fect /eam-eng9e1 t is "o 9 :i* !re w\ld be no loss ( heat1 !n also a def9ite am\nt ( me*anical "w w\ld be done1 :i* w\ld be /rictly proportionate to ! heat g5]at$ by ! consumption ( ! coal4 ,s t :5 coal is put into an eng9e1 ! pot5tial en]gy ( ! coal is trans=m$ into k9etic en]gy ( ! /eam1 & t is aga9 trans=m$ into actual me*anical en]gy ( ! eng9e itself1 by :i* "w is done 9 driv+ or pu%+ or pull+ ! tra9 along1 & ! am\nt ( "w done is proportionate to ! coal consum$4 ,illu/rations ( trans=mation are common1 & may be se5 by any p]son liv+ 9 a l>ge t[n4 ,?us at any electrical /ation or electric tram t]m9us1 ^! trans=mations ( v>i\s =ms ( en]gy are v famili> sights4 ,we h fir/ ! trans=mation ( ! coal 9 ! furnace into heat4 ,?is heat conv]ts wat] into /eam1 ^: motion is communicat$ by prop] ma*9]y into a dynamo1 ! product ( :i* is electricity4 ,t electricity is !n convey$ along wires1 & "w is done by x1 by mov+ trams along ! connect$ tram sy/em1 or x may be conv]t$ into heat 9 ! c>bon filam5t 9 ! c> itself1 :i*1 if heat$ en\gh1 w !n produce ! electric light4 ,s t />t+ f ! coal1 we h sev]al trans=mations !refrom into ! =ms ( heat1 light1 motion1 & f9ally me*anical en]gy1 :i* results 9 ,"w4 ,! "q arises z to :at is ! law ( equival5ce 9 reg>d to ! trans=mation ( en]gy4 ,t is1 if we h a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy ( a giv5 sort1 h[ mu* ( any o!r sort c be produc$ by x8 ,! answ] is p>tly to be f\nd 9 a /atem5t made by ,j\le 9 #ahdc1 :i* practically embodies :at is kn[n z ! fir/ law ( ,!rmo-dynamics1 & is z foll[s3 ,:5 equal quantities ( me*anical effects are produc$ by any means :atev]1 f purely !rmal s\rces1 or lo/ 9 purely !rmal effects1 !n equal quantities ( heat are put out ( exi/5ce or are g5]at$1 & = e unit ( heat measur$ by rais+ a p\nd ( wat] "o degree ,f4 9 temp]ature1 y h to exp5d #ggb foot-p\nds ( "w4 ,f ?is law we le>n t heat may be us$ to d "w1 b t a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat is always us$ up 9 ! process4 ,x c also be demon/rat$ t electric curr5ts c d "w1 b to g5]ate ! curr5ts a c]ta9 am\nt ( "w mu/ be done4 ,?is equival5ce & trans=mation prevail 9 all =ms ( en]gy1 :e!r x be me*anical en]gy1 !rmal or heat en]gy1 or electrical en]gy4 ,,art4 #ed4 ,pot5tial ,en]gy4--,en]gy has be5 divid$ into two classes1 :i* are t]m$ respectively ,pot5tial ,en]gy & ,k9etic ,en]gy4 ,we w look at ! =m] fir/4 ,pot5tial ,en]gy may be briefly def9$ z en]gy ( position4 ,?us if we lift a body f ! gr\nd1 ! en]gy :i* has be5 imp>t$ to x is en]gy ( position1 or pot5tial en]gy4 ,a glaci] high up ! m\nta9 possesses pot5tial en]gy1 because ( its position4 ,by ! m]e fact t x is situat$ high up ! m\nta91 x has a capacity = do+ "w by its desc5t1 & if t desc5t be v sudd51 ! "w done w be de/ructive "w1 z x may sweep away all h\ses & villages 9 its sudd5 desc5t4 ,?us1 by ! m]e fact ( its elevation1 x possesses a p[] ( do+ "w1 :i* x has lo/ :5 x has desc5d$4 ,aga91 "w done 9 w9d+ up ! spr+ ( a clock is /or$ up 9 ! =m ( pot5tial en]gy1 & gradually runs out 9 ! =m ( motion or k9etic en]gy4 ,pot5tial en]gy is really ! complem5t>y pr9ciple ( k9etic en]gy4 ,t is to say1 ! am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy lo/ by any body1 is equal to ! am\nt ( k9etic en]gy ga9$ by ! o!r body1 to :i* ! en]gy has be5 transf]r$4 ,9 ! case ( a body fall+1 z ! pot5tial en]gy dim9i%es1 ! k9etic en]gy increases1 b ! total am\nt ( ! two comb9$ always rema9s ! same4 ,?is is well illu/rat$ 9 ! case ( a sw++ p5dulum4 ,:5 a p5dulum is at ! highe/ po9t ( its sw+1 its velocity or k9etic en]gy is z]o1 b at t po9t its pot5tial en]gy is greate/4 ,z x desc5ds1 ! pot5tial en]gy decreases1 b ! k9etic en]gy increases4 ,:5 ! p5dulum is at ! l[e/ po9t its en]gy is :olly k9etic1 ! pot5tial en]gy be+ z]o at t po9t1 :ile x has suffici5t k9etic en]gy to raise x to ! highe/ level aga94 ,?r\gh\t ! cycle ( ^! op]ations1 ! sum-total ( ! two en]gies always rema9s ! same4 ,pr(essor ,tait po9ts out1 9 8 ,rec5t ,advances 9 ,physical ,sci5ce1 t ! available s\rces ( all pot5tial en]gy may be divid$ into f\r classes-- #a/4 ,fuel4 #bnd4 ,food ( ,animals4 #crd4 ,wat]-p[]4 #d?4 ,tidal ,wat]-p[]4 ,all ^! are diff]5t =ms ( pot5tial en]gy4 ,"u ! head ( fuel he includes n only wood1 coal1 b also all =ms ( matt] t may be us$ or burnt up by heat1 or dissolv$ by *emical ag5cies4 ,?us z9c & lead1 :i* are us$ 9 batt]ies1 are m]ely =ms ( fuel4 ,t pot5tial en]gy resides 9 su* ?+s z wood & coal is a matt] ( common exp]i5ce4 ,all our coal-fields are /ores ( en]gy1 :i* receiv$ _! en]gy :5 9 plant =m1 ages ago1 f ! sun1 & ?is en]gy is n[ be+ us$ to drive our ma*9]y1 to w>m our h\ses1 & to give light to our homes & our cities4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t a p\nd ( coal w\ld give out #ad1jjj heat units1 :i* is equal to #aa1jjj1jjj foot-p\nds ( "w1 :i* is also equal to ! am\nt ( "w a horse c d 9 five h\rs4 ,aga91 all food1 :e!r x be ! food ( animals1 z vegetables & plants1 or ( man1 z bread1 meat1 etc41 are all =ms ( pot5tial en]gy1 or en]gy :i* is /or$ up 9 matt]4 ,all =ms ( food h a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy 9 !m1 :i* is us$ up 9 ! body 9 build+ up wa/e tissue & imp>t+ en]gy to ! physical frame4 ,aga91 all =ms ( wat]-p[]1 :e!r x be 9 ! =m ( ! fl[+ riv] or ! tidal motion ( ! sea1 possess a l>ge am\nt ( pot5tial en]gy :i* may be us$ up to d me*anical "w4 ,!y also possess k9etic en]gy1 or en]gy ( motion4 ,we f9d illu/rations ( ! possession ( pot5tial en]gy by riv]s & tides1 9 ! fact t by _! fall f a high] to a l[] level !y may be made to d me*anical "w1 z 9 ! case ( ! turn+ ( ! wat]-:eel by ! fall ( ! wat]1 :i* motion is communicat$ to ma*9]y1 & v>i\s =ms ( "w are ! result4 ,9 ,switz]l& & ,am]ica advantage is be+ tak5 ( ! en]gy ( fall+ wat] to g5]ate electricity1 by means ( :i* villages & t[ns are be+ suppli$ ) electric light at a v small co/4 ,,art4 #ee4 ,k9etic ,en]gy4--,k9etic en]gy may be def9$ z en]gy ( motion1 & is ! en]gy :i* a body possesses 9 consequ5ce ( its motion4 ,a body 9 motion ?us possesses k9etic en]gy1 :i* x mu/ imp>t to "s o!r body be=e x c be br\ght to a /ate ( re/4 ,! body may be simply an atom1 z a vortex atom1 b if x be 9 motion1 z all atoms are1 !n x mu/ possess k9etic en]gy1 :i* may be transf]r$ to ano!r atom by collision1 or by "s o!r me?od4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out 9 previ\s articles1 k9etic & pot5tial en]gy are complem5t>y to "o ano!r1 ! sum-total ( ! two comb9$ always rema9+ ! same 9 any cycle ( "w1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy4 ,we get a good example ( ?is oscillation f k9etic to pot5tial1 & vice v]s1 9 ! planet>y sy/em4 ,:5 ! e>? is f>!/ f ! sun1 its velocity1 & consequ5tly its k9etic en]gy1 is at its l[e/ po9t2 b !re ! pot5tial en]gy is at its greate/4 ,z ! e>? turns r\nd 9 its orbit1 h[ev]1 & beg9s to approa* ! sun aga91 its pot5tial en]gy decreases1 :ile its k9etic en]gy increases ) its increas$ velocity4 ,s t by ! "t x has rea*$ ! ne>e/ "p ( its orbit to ! sun1 its velocity1 & consequ5tly its k9etic en]gy1 is at a maximum1 :ile ! pot5tial en]gy is at a m9imum4 ,!n z ! e>? passes r\nd its p]ihelion1 ! k9etic en]gy is us$ up 9 assi/+ ! e>? to ov]come ! attraction ( ! sun4 ,?us !re is ?is oscillation f k9etic to pot5tial1 & f pot5tial to k9etic1 ye> 9 & ye> out1 z ! e>? p]=ms its cycle r\nd its c5tral body ! sun4 ,pr(essor ,tait1 9 ! "w ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s ,article1 gives examples ( k9etic =ms ( en]gy "u ! foll[+ heads-- #a/4 ,w9ds4 #bnd4 ,curr5ts ( ,wat]4 #crd4 ,hot ,spr+s & ,volcanoes4 ,x c be readily se5 t w9ds are a =m ( en]gy1 z we h innum]able in/ances ( ! p[] & en]gy :i* !y ex]t4 ,advantage is tak5 ( t k9etic en]gy by means ( w9dmills1 9 :i* ! en]gy ( ! w9d is imp>t$ to ! revolv+ sails1 & !nce to ! ma*9]y1 v>i\s =ms ( me*anical "w be+ ! result1 z1 = example1 ! gr9d+ ( corn1 or ! pump+ ( wat]4 ,! pressure or en]gy ( w9ds has ev5 be5 calculat$1 ! foll[+ figures be+ examples-- ,,velocity ,,9 ,,miles ,,p] ,,h\r4 ,,=ce ,,9 ,,lbs4 ,,p] ,,sq4 ,,foot #a mile4 4#jje lb4 p] sq4 foot4 #e 4#abc #aj 4#dif #ae #a4aa #bj #a4ih #cj #d4e #dj #g4i #ej #ab4e ,9 ! case ( curr5ts ( wat]1 :e!r !y are 9 ! =m ( riv] curr5ts or ocean curr5ts1 z has already be5 po9t$ out 9 ! previ\s article1 ! "q ( pot5tial en]gy1 or en]gy ( position1 is associat$ ) _! k9etic en]gy4 ,wat] is tak5 at a c]ta9 elevation1 & !n all[$ to fall to a l[] level1 & 9 its fall f ! high level to ! l[] level1 its k9etic en]gy is us$ to drive mill-:eels1 & ?us "w is done1 ! k9etic en]gy ( ! wat] be+ trans=m$ into ! motion ( ! ma*9]y4 ,?is ma*9]y may be us$ to "w a dynamo1 & ?us electric light may be g5]at$1 or x may drive an electric motor :i* may p]=m all sorts ( me*anical "w4 ,! great und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ei!r k9etic or pot5tial en]gy re/s 9 ! fact1 t :]ev] we h en]gy ( any k9d or sort1 :e!r x be associat$ ) wat]1 w9d1 or ,ae!r1 !re we h ! capacity to d "w1 ! am\nt ( "w dep5d+ ^u ! am\nt ( en]gy t exi/s 9 ! matt] :i* is ! vehicle ( en]gy4 ,9 ,art4 #ej x has be5 indicat$ t ! ,ae!r possesses sev]al k9ds ( motions4 ,f ! sph]e ( light & heat1 we le>n t ! ,ae!r possesses c]ta9 motions :i* are always ex]t$ 9 a direction f ! c5tral body1 :i* gives rise to ! light- & heat-waves4 ,t be+ s1 x conclusively foll[s t ! ,ae!r possesses k9etic en]gy1 & !re=e1 possess+ ?is en]gy1 x also possesses ! p[] to d "w4 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ we are no long] deal+ ) a frictionless m$ium1 b ) a gravitat+ m$ium1 possess+ mass & in]tia1 &1 t be+ s1 :]ev] we h ! ,ae!r 9 motion1 !re we h k9etic en]gy or ! p[] to d "w2 & t "w w correspond to ! p>ticul> k9d ( motion :i* is ex]t$ on any body by ! ae!rial motions1 & w be equally subject to ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion4 ,,art4 #ef4 ,en]gy & ,motion4--,an advance1 h[ev]1 z to ! mean+ ( ! t]m ,en]gy has be5 made )9 rec5t ye>s1 :i* br+s x m into h>mony ) t simplicity ( conception1 & accordance ) exp]i5ce :i* are ! v f\ndation ( all philosophy4 ,in/ead ( ! t]m ,en]gy1 !re is n[ be+ us$ ano!r t]m to d5ote ! =ces :i* =m ! life ( ! univ]se1 & t t]m is ! ^w ,motion4 ,pr(essor ,poynt+ says3 ,all en]gy is en]gy ( motion 7,briti% ,association ,report1 #ahii74 ,?us motion is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple ( all ph5om5a4 ,if we analyze all =ms ( en]gy ) :i* we are famili>1 we %all soon f9d t !y are only *anges ( "o =m ( motion into ano!r4 ,?us we %all see t heat is a mode ( motion1 z has be5 prov$ by ,tyndall1 t light is ano!r mode ( motion1 & t electricity is also a mode ( motion4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out t ?is advance 9 our conception ( en]gy is /rictly 9 accord ) ! ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,fir/1 x is simple 9 conception4 ,:5 we say t a body possesses en]gy1 :e!r t en]gy be pot5tial en]gy or k9etic en]gy1 x does n convey to ! m9d "s def9ite concrete fact1 z does ! /atem5t t a body possesses motion4 ,e "o1 :e!r famili> ) sci5tific tea*+ or n1 und]/&s & is famili> ) ! ^w ,motion1 z x is a common ph5om5on ( ev]yday life & exp]i5ce4 ,z ,en]gy 0 simpl] 9 conception ?an ,newton's t]m ,=ce1 s ,motion is simpl] 9 conception ?an ! r vague & indef9ite t]m ,en]gy2 !re=e :5 we say t all en]gy is en]gy ( motion ( "s k9d or sort1 we /ate t :i* is philosophically correct4 ,x is also 9 accord ) ! second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 9 t x is /rictly 9 h>mony ) exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,look :]e we w1 or at :at we w1 !re we f9d motion ( "s k9d or o!r1 :e!r x be among ! innum]able />s1 or 9 our own sol> sy/em1 or any ph5om5a on ! e>?1 or ev5 among ! _w ( atoms 9 _! m9ute & atomic sy/ems4 ,su* a ?+ z absolute re/1 or /agnation1 is unkn[n 9 ! univ]se4 ,:]ev] !re is matt]1 !re we f9d motion ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,x may be vibratory motion z heat1 or wave motion z light1 or rotatory motion z electricity1 b motion ( "s sort is insep>ably connect$ ) all matt]4 ,s t :5 we say t all en]gy ( ! univ]se is ! en]gy ( motion1 & motion only1 we /ate t :i* accord+ to ! second ,rule ( ,philosophy is absolutely correct4 ,fur!r1 ,i wi% to premise t by ! use ( ! t]m modes ( motion1 9 lieu ( en]gy1 ! ?ird ,rule ( ,philosophy w be fulfill$4 ,= if all ph5om5a ( ! univ]se1 :e!r x be heat1 light1 electricity1 be due to diff]5t modes ( motion1 !n ,gravitation %\ld be expla9$ f ! physical /&po9t by "s k9d ( ae!rial motion also4 ,?is ,i c safely premise w be done1 & 9 ! lat] *apt]s ( ?is "w1 ,gravitation w be %[n to be due to ! motions ( ! ae!rial m$ium :i* floods all space4 ,by s do+1 all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy w be fully satisfi$1 & ,gravitation w !n be br\ght into l9e ) all ! o!r =ms ( motion1 z heat1 light1 electricity1 & magnetism1 :i* are 9 !mselves modes ( motion1 z w be %[n 9 subsequ5t articles4 ,,art4 #eg4 ,cons]vation ( ,motion4--,if x be true t all en]gy is ! en]gy ( motion1 !n ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy ought also to apply to all ! modes ( motion1 & 9 its place we %\ld !n h ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( ! v>i\s =ms ( motion4 ,?is def9$ w\ld be1 t ! total am\nt ( all motion 9 ! univ]se1 z heat & light1 electricity1 magnetism1 & ,gravitation also1 if t be due to ! motion ( ! ,ae!r1 is unalt]able & un*angeable4 ,!re may be *anges f "o =m ( motion to ano!r1 f heat to light1 & light back to heat2 heat into electricity1 & electricity into light or heat2 f ,gravitation into heat or into light1 or ev5 into electricity2 b ! sum-total ( ! :ole rema9s ! same4 ,aga91 z ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy is insep>ably connect$ ) ! cons]vation ( matt]1 s ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( all ! modes ( motion is also insep>ably connect$ ) ! cons]vation ( matt]4 ,!y _c be divid$1 s t :]ev] we get matt] ( any k9d or sort1 !re we get motion ( "s k9d1 ei!r 9 ! =m ( heat1 light1 or electricity1 or ^? ae!rial motions :i* produce ^? ph5om5a associat$ ) ,gravitation4 ,z matt] _c be de/roy$ by any kn[n process to man1 s motion _c be de/roy$ ei!r4 ,on ! vortex atom !ory ( matt]1 ?is pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( any mode ( motion is p]fectly intelligible1 especially if add$ to t !ory we h ,dr4 ,l>mor's electron !ory z ! basis ( ! vortex atom4 ,an atom 9 its ultimate /ate is no?+ m or less ?an ,ae!r 9 rotation1 & z ,ae!r is matt]1 we see t on ! assumption ( ?is atomic basis1 we h ev5 9 ! atomic _w an illu/ration ( ?is cons]vation ( matt] & motion1 z 9 su* an atom we h no?+ b matt] 7i4 e4 ,ae!r7 & motion4 ,c>ry+ ! idea upw>ds 9 ! atomic scale1 if atoms ( hydrog5 or oxyg5 are multiples ( ^! vortex atoms1 !n aga9 we h no?+ 9 all ! elem5ts1 or comb9ation ( ! elem5ts1 b matt] & motion4 ,aga91 z all planets & satellites1 suns & />s1 are b agglom]ations ( elem5ts1 we h /ill ! same two classes ( ?+s1 matt] & motion1 & s f ! mo/ inf9itesimal atom 9 exi/5ce1 up to ! mo/ pond]\s /> t exi/s 9 ! univ]se1 we h runn+ ?r\gh !m all ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( motion1 :i* is to matt] ! s\rce ( all its activities1 en]gies1 & p[]s4 ,motion1 !re=e1 might almo/ be said to be et]nal4 ,we h he>d f "t to "t ( ! t]m p]petual motion4 ,philosoph]s h f "t to "t endeav\r$ to discov] "s application ( ?is p]petual motion1 b all ef=ts 9 ?is direction up to ! pres5t h prov$ futile4 ,9 "o s5se !re is no su* ?+ z p]petual motion4 ,9 ano!r s5se1 t is f ! /&po9t ( ! cons]vation ( all modes ( motion1 z motion _c be de/roy$1 x mu/ !re=e be p]petual4 ,x is an absolute impossibility to obta9 motion except f "s antec$5t en]gy1 :i* is itself a =m ( motion4 ,x w\ld require ! di/9ctive fiat ( an ,almighty ,creator to produce motion f no?+1 & ,i "q :e!r su* a result is obta9able1 z ,i hold t if ! ,creator1 at any "t 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 set any sub/ance 9 motion1 ! s\rce f :i* t motion 0 d]iv$1 0 ,8 own ,div9e ,en]gy1 & 9 t s5se ! physical motion 0 n produc$ f no?+4 ,su* an assumption is altoge!r oppos$ to all philosophical reason+ & exp]i5ce4 ,i hope to deal ) ! "q ei!r 9 ! la/ *apt] ( ?is book1 or 9 ano!r "w4 ,,art4 #eh4 ,trans=mation ( ,motion4--,aga91 if en]gy be ! en]gy ( motion1 & ! pr9ciple ( ! trans=mations ( en]gy holds good1 !n x is equally true t all modes ( motion are also trans=mable4 ,?us heat is a mode ( motion1 be+ due to ! vibration ( ! atoms :i* g to make up any body4 ,light is also a mode ( motion1 be+ due1 z f> z sol> light is conc]n$1 to ! p]iodic wave motion ( ! ,ae!r4 ,:ile electricity1 z we %all see lat] on1 is also due to "s =m ( rotatory motion4 ,x has already be5 %[n 7,art4 #ed7 t light c be conv]t$ into heat1 s t ! p]iodic wave motion ( light c be trans=m$ into ! vibratory motion ( heat4 ,heat c also be conv]t$ into electricity1 & if electricity be rotatory motion1 !n ! vibratory motion ( heat c be trans=m$ into ! rotatory motion ( electricity4 ,aga91 z electricity c be conv]t$ into light1 ! rotatory motion ( electricity c ?us be trans=m$ into ! p]iodic wave motion ( light4 ,?us ?r\gh all ! =ms ( motion ) :i* we are famili>1 we f9d ?is pr9ciple ( trans=mation holds good1 s t ea* =m ( motion may be directly or indirectly trans=m$ into any "o ( ! o!r k9ds4 ,:5ev]1 !re=e1 "o k9d ( motion disappe>s1 x is absolutely necess>y1 accord+ to ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( motion1 t "s o!r k9d %all be produc$4 ,!re _c be any real loss or de/ruction ( ! motion4 ,x may be trans=m$1 b n lo/4 ,by ! use ( prop] app>atus1 !re=e1 any =m ( motion ) :i* we are famili> may be conv]t$ into ano!r =m1 & 9 ! process n ! lea/ quantity ( any =m ( motion is lo/4 ,heat may be *ang$ into light1 & light into heat2 electricity into light1 & light into electricity2 heat into electricity1 & electricity into heat4 ,inde$1 />t+ f any "o =m1 any ( ! o!r modes ( motion may be produc$1 ei!r directly or indirectly1 & me*anical effects or "w may be produc$ by ea* & all4 ,!n1 aga91 ! ord] c be rev]s$1 z by do+ "w :i* is simply appli$ motion1 any ( ! o!r modes ( motion c be produc$4 ,?us heat c be produc$ by friction1 & if ! friction :i* is ! outcome ( muscul> en]gy be cont9u$ long en\gh1 a light w be ! result1 9 ! =m ( fire4 ,:5 c]ta9 =ms ( "w are done1 z ! turn+ ( ! h&le ( an electrical ma*9e1 frictional electricity w be produc$4 ,s t n only are all ! modes ( motion conv]tible into "w1 b "w itself c be trans=m$ into ! modes ( motion kn[n z heat1 light1 electricity1 & magnetism4 ,n[1 if ,gravitation be due to motion ( ! ,ae!r1 & if x is true t all modes ( motion are conv]tible1 !n ! application ( ?is pr9ciple %\ld also hold good 9 relation to ,gravitation4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ by ,j\le & o!rs t ,gravitation c be conv]t$ into heat1 light1 & electricity4 ,x c be conv]t$ fir/ into heat4 ,j\le made a numb] ( exp]im5ts to asc]ta9 :at quantity ( heat is produc$ by fall+ bodies1 t is bodies "u ! influ5ce ( ,gravitation4 ,f exp]im5ts he has calculat$ t if "o lb4 ( wat] falls ?r\gh a space ( #ggb feet1 x w\ld raise ! temp]ature ( ! wat] "o degree ,fahr5heit--t is1 ! wat] aft] its fall w be "o degree hott] ?an :5 x />t$ to fall4 ,"h1 !n1 we h ! exact equival5ce ( a c]ta9 am\nt ( gravitational motion express$ 9 t]ms ( heat4 ,s t1 :5ev] motion ( a fall+ body produc$ by gravity is arre/$1 heat is g5]at$1 & z heat is a mode ( motion1 x foll[s t ! motion ( ,gravitation has be5 conv]t$ into ! motion ( heat4 ,aga91 ! motion ( gravity may be conv]t$ into t ( light4 ,?is may be demon/rat$ z foll[s3 ,"l ,kelv9 has sugge/$ t ! light & heat ( ! sun are ma9ta9$ by ! fall+ into ! sun ( meteorites4 ,n[ ! cause ( ! fall+ ( ^! meteorites into ! sun is ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation1 & !re=e if ! fall+ ( ^! meteorites produces light & heat1 x necess>ily foll[s t ! motion ( ,gravitation1 :atev] t may be due to1 is conv]t$ into ! motion kn[n z light & heat4 ,?us x c be se5 t ,gravitation1 look$ at f ! /&po9t ( a mode ( motion1 is itself con=mable to ! pr9ciple ( ! trans=mation ( motion1 & ?is is an indirect argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! fact t ,gravitation is itself due to c]ta9 motions ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r4 ,,art4 #ei4 ,motion & ,"w4--,9 ,art4 #eb we h se5 t en]gy is ! p[] :i* a body possesses to d "w1 ! am\nt ( "w :i* a body c p]=m be+ regulat$ by ! am\nt ( en]gy :i* su* a body possesses4 ,9 ,art4 #eg we h fur!r se5 t all en]gy is ! en]gy ( motion1 & t :]ev] we h en]gy ( any k9d or sort1 :e!r x be 9 ! =m ( light1 heat1 or electricity1 !re we h motion ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,t be+ s1 we arrive at ! conclusion1 t :]ev] 9 ! univ]se we h motion ( any k9d or sort1 :e!r x be ! motion ( ,ae!r1 or w9d1 or wat]1 !re we h ! p[] ( do+ "w1 & ! "w s done w be proportionate to ! motion :i* ! m$ium possesses4 ,! am\nt ( "w t air 9 motion c d has be5 measur$1 z we h already se5 7,art4 #ee7 t air :i* moves at ! rate ( #cj miles p] h\r ex]ts a =ce ( #d-a_/b lb4 p] squ>e foot4 ,! am\nt ( "w t wat] 9 motion c d has also be5 measur$4 ,! c>ry+ & erosive p[]s ( a riv] dep5d on ! rapidity ( its curr5ts4 ,x has be5 calculat$ t a velocity ( ?ree in*es p] second w transport f9e clay2 eight in*es p] second co>se s&2 :ile ?ree feet p] second w transport /ones z l>ge z eggs4 ,if1 !re=e1 air mov+ at ! rate ( #cj miles an h\r c ex]t a =ce ( #d-a_/b lb4 p] squ>e foot1 :at mu/ be ! =ce or pressure ( ae!rial motion1 z light-waves = example1 :i* move ) a velocity ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second8 ,! am\nt ( "w :i* su* an ae!rial motion c p]=m has actually be5 measur$ by ,pr(essor ,leb$ew ( ,mosc[1 & w be dealt ) 9 ! *apt] on ,light1 a ,mode ( ,motion1 :5 ! application ( ! "w done on a body1 z a planet = example1 w also be consid]$4 ,"w1 !re=e1 c always be done by motion aga9/ resi/ance4 ,?is is a fundam5tal pr9ciple 9 ! sph]e ( dynamics1 :i* is incontrov]tible1 z all exp]i5ce1 obs]vation1 & exp]im5t tea* u1 t :]ev] we get motion ( any k9d or sort1 !re we h ! capacity or p[] to d "w4 ,! "w done may be ei!r 9 ! =m ( pu%+ a body along1 or pull+ a body t[>ds a c5tre4 ,all exp]i5ce & obs]vation tea* u t no body moves 7:e!r x be an atom1 or moon1 or planet1 or sun1 or />71 unless "s o!r body or m$ium1 :i* is 9 direct contact ) ! mov+ body1 ex]cises "s pressure or pull ^u ! mov+ body4 ,! action is purely & simply a me*anical "o4 ,s t if ?is be true1 !n ! e>? & ! planets1 ! sun & />s1 comets & meteors1 are mov$ ?r\gh space solely because !y are be+ pu%$ by "s m$ium1 or pull$ to ! c5tre by ! motions ( ! same m$ium4 ,if ?is c be prov$ to be true1 !n1 z c be readily se51 our philosophy w !n be made to agree ) our exp]i5ce1 & ! second ,rule ( ,philosophy fully satisfi$4 ,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 !re is no su* ?+ z action at a di/ance1 !re=e ! ,law ( ,gravitation dem&s a m$ium = its op]ation1 production1 & cont9uity4 ,newton di/9ctly po9ts ?is out 9 8 ,lett]s to ,b5tley1 :]e he says3 ,t "o body %\ld act ^u ano!r ?r\gh empty space )\t ! m$iation ( any?+ else1 by & ?r\gh :i* _! action & pressure may be convey$ f "o to ano!r1 is to me s great an absurdity t ,i believe no man :o has 9 philosophical matt]s a faculty = ?9k+ c ev] fall into x4 ,x has already be5 po9t$ out 7,art4 #db71 t ! only m$ium :i* is univ]sal is ! ,ae!r m$ium1 & we h !re=e to look to ! motions & prop]ties ( t m$ium = ! solution ( ! problem z to ! physical cause ( ,gravitation4 ,t su* a m$ium has motions :i* are z regul> z ! tides ( ! sea1 or ! trade w9ds ( ! atmosph]e1 w be prov$ lat] on1 :5 x w be f\nd t ,gravitation1 ) all t t law implies1 is due1 z ,newton & ,*allis sugge/$1 to ! pressure1 prop]ties1 & motions ( ! ae!rial m$ium1 :i* is z univ]sal z ,gravitation itself4 ,?is be+ s1 x is ess5tial t we %\ld set ourselves to f9d out f ! analogies ( ,nature1 :at are ^? prop]ties & motions ( ! ,ae!r :i* give rise to ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,?is ,i propose do+ by a consid]ation ( ?ree diff]5t modes ( motion--viz4 ,heat1 a mode ( motion2 ,light1 a mode ( motion2 & ,electricity1 a mode ( motion4 ,i v5ture to premise1 f a c>eful consid]ation ( ^! ?ree tru?s1 t we %all be able logically & philosophically to arrive at ! simple1 yet gr& tru? :i* reveals ! physical s\rce ( all motion ( ! univ]se4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,heat ,,is ,,motion ,,art4 #fj4 ,heat is ,motion4--,on ! ph5om5a ( ,heat1 ,newton 9 8 eighte5? qu]y 9 ,optics asks ! que/ions3 ,is n ! heat ( a w>m room convey$ ?r\gh ! vacuum by ! vibrations ( a mu* subtl] m$ium ?an air1 & is n ! m$ium ! same z t m$ium by :i* light is reflect$ & refract$1 or by ^: vibrations light communicates heat to bodies8 ,& d n ! vibrations ( ?is m$ium 9 hot bodies1 contribute to ! int5s5ess & duration ( _! heat8 ,& d n hot bodies communicate _! heat to contigu\s cold ones by ! vibrations ( ?is m$ium propagat$ f !m into ! cold ones8 ,& is n ?is m$ium exce$+ly m r>e & subtle ?an air1 & exce$+ly m ela/ic & active8 ,?us x c be se5 t ,newton 0 ( ! op9ion t heat consi/s 9 a m9ute vibratory motion ( ! p>ticles ( bodies1 & t su* motion 0 communicat$ ?r\gh :at he calls a vacuum by ! vibrations ( an ela/ic m$ium1 ! ,ae!r1 :i* 0 also conc]n$ 9 ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,"o ( ! fir/ exp]im5tal inve/igations into ! real nature ( ,heat 0 made 9 #agih by ,c\nt ,rum=d4 ,:ile he 0 engag$ 9 bor+ brass cannon 9 ! ars5al at ,muni*1 he 0 /ruck ) ! degree ( heat :i* ! brass gun acquir$1 & ) ! /ill m int5se heat :i* ! metallic *ips1 :i* 7 ?r[n (f1 possess$4 ,( ! ph5om5a he says3 ,! m ,i m$itat$ on ^! ph5om5a1 ! m !y appe>$ to me to be curi\s & int]e/+4 ,a ?or\gh inve/igation seem$ ev5 to bid fair to give u a f>!r insight into ! hidd5 nature ( ,heat4 ,rum=d !re=e set himself to f9d out by actual exp]im5ts :at ! nature ( ,heat 04 ,= ?is purpose he con/ruct$ a cyl9d]1 & m\nt$ x s t x c\ld be made to rotate by horse-p[]4 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t ! !rmomet] /ood at #fj ,fahr5heit1 & aft] half-an-h\r1 :5 ! cyl9d] _h made #ijj revolutions1 ! temp]ature 0 f\nd to be #acj ,fahr5heit1 s t !re _h be5 an increase 9 ! temp]ature ( ! cyl9d] ( #gj ,fahr5heit4 ,! exp]im5t 0 aga9 repeat$ 9 ano!r =m ) simil> results4 ,rum=d 9 deal+ ) ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts said3 ,x appe>s to me to be extremely difficult1 if n q impossible1 to =m any di/9ct idea ( any?+ capable ( be+ excit$ & communicat$1 9 ! mann] ! ,heat 0 excit$ & communicat$1 9 ^! exp]im5ts1 except x be ,motion4 ,only a ye> lat]1 ,davy gave to ! _w "s results ( exp]im5ts :i* he _h p]=m$1 by :i* he _h arriv$ at a simil> conclusion to t ( ,rum=d1 viz4 t ,heat is motion ( "s k9d4 ,8 exp]im5t consi/$ ( rubb+ two pieces ( ice toge!r1 & by s do+ %[$ ! ice c\ld be melt$4 ,he !n caus$ two pieces ( metal to be rubb$ toge!r1 keep+ !m surr\nd$ by ice1 & /ill he f\nd t ! two pieces ( metal :5 rubb$ toge!r1 produc$ heat1 & melt$ ! ice4 ,he !re=e rightly conclud$ t heat 0 produc$ by friction1 & ( ! exp]im5t adds3 ,a motion or vibration ( ! corpuscles ( bodies mu/ necess>ily be g5]at$ by friction4 ,!re=e we may reasonably conclude t ?is motion or vibration is ,heat4 ,heat !n may be def9$ z a peculi> motion1 probably a vibration ( ! corpuscles ( bodies t5d+ to sep>ate !m4 ,x may ) propriety be call$ a repulsive motion4 ,n[ bodies exi/ 9 diff]5t /ates1 & ^? /ates dep5d ^u ! action ( ! attractive & ( ! repulsive p[]s on _! corpuscles1 or 9 o!r words1 on _! diff]5t quantities ( repulsion & attraction4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till #ahab t ,davy confid5tly /at$ t ,! imm$iate cause ( ! ph5om5a ( ,heat is motion1 & ! laws ( its communication are precisely ! same z ! laws ( ! communication ( motion4 ,! "q !re=e confronts u1 if heat be motion1 :at is ! p>ticul> "* ( t motion8 ,is x a vibratory motion z ,davy sugge/$1 or is x simil> to ! undulatory wave motion ( light8 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out1 t we h evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! hypo!sis t light is due to "s =m ( p]iodic wave motion 9 ! ,ae!r1 ! hypo!sis be+ t kn[n z ! undulatory !ory4 ,we h also simil> evid5ce 9 fav\r ( ! hypo!sis1 t heat is also due to "s =m ( motion ( ! same ae!rial m$ium4 ,inde$1 x c be %[n t heat possesses all ! prop]ties ( light1 & is subject to ! same laws1 ) ! exception t x _c affect ! s5se ( sight4 ,heat1 !n1 is due to "s motion 9 ! univ]sal ae!rial m$ium1 t n only fills all space1 b also =ms an atmosph]e ar\nd e atom or p>ticle ( matt] t exi/s 9 ! univ]se1 & t motion is g5]ally kn[n z a vibratory or backw>d & =w>d motion4 ,heat1 !n1 may be said to be due to ! vibrations ( ! ,ae!r t surr\nds all atoms & molecules1 & ( :i* ^? v atoms are compos$1 t is if we accept ! ae!rial con/itution ( all matt]4 ,s t1 :5ev] a body1 :e!r x be an atom or a molecule1 or a planet or sun or />1 is heat$ 9 any way :atev]1 su* bodies excite waves 9 ! surr\nd+ ,ae!r1 & ^! waves travel ?r\gh ! ,ae!r t[>ds u f ! heat$ body ) ! velocity ( light4 ,:5 ^! waves fall ^u any o!r body1 !y become m or less absorb$ by ! body on :i* !y fall1 & cause correspond+ vibratory motions 9 ! same1 :i* give rise to ! ph5om5on ( heat 9 t p>ticul> body4 ,x has to be rememb]$ t no?+ def9ite is actually kn[n z to ! "* ( ?is vibratory motion4 ,x is call$ a vibratory motion because x possesses a p]iodic vibratory movem5t1 b z to its exact "*1 t has n yet be5 discov]$4 ,i hope1 h[ev]1 to indicate :at ! motion is t produces heat be=e ! completion ( ?is "w4 ,,art4 #fa4 ,heat & ,matt]4--,if x be true t heat is due to ! vibrations ( ! ae!rial m$ium1 ! "q n[ arises1 z to h[ a body may become heat$1 & by s do+ be trans=m$ into ! ?ree /ages 9 :i* matt] is f\nd4 ,we h already se5 7,art4 #cf71 t matt] may be f\nd 9 ?ree =ms1 viz4 solid1 liquid1 & gase\s1 & t all ^! diff]5t =ms ( matt] are compos$ ( m9ute p>ts call$ atoms4 ,9 ! case ( ! solid1 ! atoms are held closely toge!r by "s /rong attractive p[]1 t]m$ cohesion2 9 ! case ( ! liquid1 ! atoms h a great] fre$om2 :ile 9 ! gase\s =m !y h a great] fre$om ( movem5t ?an :5 9 ei!r ! liquid or ! solid /ate4 ,accord+ to ,"y's ,f\r? ,hypo!sis 7,art4 #de71 we f9d t all matt]1 & !re=e all atoms h an attraction = ! ,ae!r1 by means ( :i* x is accumulat$ )9 _! sub/ance1 & = a small di/ance ar\nd !m 9 a /ate ( great] d5sity1 & !re=e ( great] ela/icity4 ,9 o!r words1 z ,ae!r is gravitative1 e atom possesses an atmosph]e ( ,ae!r 9 ! same way t ! e>? has its atmosph]e ( air2 & fur!r1 ! ae!rial atmosph]e ( ea* atom is d5se/ ne>e/ to ! atom1 gradually gett+ r>] & r>] ! fur!r ! atmosph]e rec$es f ! nucleus or c5tre1 ! ela/icity or pressure be+ always proportionate to ! d5sity4 ,pr(essor ,*allis1 9 8 ,dynamical ,!ory ( ,light & ,heat1 /ates t all ! =ces 9 ,nature are diff]5t modes ( pressure "u diff]5t circum/ances ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 & z heat is a ,=ce1 & !re=e a mode ( motion1 t also mu/ be due to "s =m ( pressure due to ! vibrations ( ! ,ae!r4 ,pr(essor ,*allis#h on ?is po9t says3 ,accord+ to ?is !ory1 ! atoms ( any sub/ance are kept 9 position ( equilibrium by attractions & repulsions result+ f ! dynamical action ( ! vibrations ( ! ,ae!r :i* h _! orig9 at ! atoms4 ,ea* atom is ! c5tre ( vibration propagat$ equally f x 9 all directions1 & t "p ( ! velocity ( ! vibration :i* is accompani$ by *ange ( d5sity 7( ! ,ae!r7 gives rise to a repulsive action on ! surr\nd+ atoms4 ,?is action is ! repulsion ( heat1 :i* keeps ! individual atoms asund]4 ,) all ^! facts be=e u1 we are n[ 9 a position to acc\nt = ! *anges ( matt] :i* take place :5 heat is appli$ to ei!r a solid or a liquid body4 ,we h already se5 7,art4 #cf7 t x is by ! application ( heat t matt] 9 its solid =m is *ang$ into a liquid1 & f a liquid into a vapor\s or gase\s =m4 ,x is n[ = u to endeav\r to =m a m5tal picture z to h[ ?is is done4 ,= example1 let u take an iron ball1 & apply heat to x1 ei!r by putt+ x 9 a furnace or susp5d+ x 9 "s way ov] an int5se heat4 ,z ! heat1 :i* is vibratory motion ( ! ,ae!r1 beg9s to be absorb$ by ! iron ball1 x sets ! atoms :i* compose ! ball 9 motion1 urg+ !m to sep>ate1 & ?us cause ! iron ball to exp& & increase 9 volume4 ,z great] heat is absorb$1 s great] motion among ! atoms is ! result4 ,s t ! motion ( heat is t5d+ all ! "t to exp& ! body1 :ile !y are held toge!r by ! attraction ( cohesion1 :atev] t may be4 ,z ! heat is fur!r increas$1 ! iron ball beg9s to assume a liquid or molt5 =m1 its atoms beg9n+ to move ab\t ) great] fre$om1 ?\gh held toge!r by a decreas$ attractive p[]4 ,9 ?is condition we n[ say t x is 9 ! molt5 /ate4 ,n[ dur+ all ?is "t1 :at has ! ,ae!r be5 do+1 or :at "p has x play$ 9 ! expansion & *ang+ ( ! solid to a liquid8 ,we h to rememb]1 f ,art4 #fj1 t :]ev] !re is motion ( any k9d or sort1 !re we h a capacity to d "w1 & t ! ae!rial motion :i* we t]m heat is no exception to ?is rule4 ,we are n[ no long] deal+ ) a frictionless m$ium1 b ) a m$ium :i* possesses weight1 because x is gravitative1 & consequ5tly possesses in]tia also4 ,s t :5ev] ! ,ae!r is set 9 motion by flame or heat1 its motion w\ld be transmitt$ by waves ( "s k9d to ! iron ball4 ,^! p]iodic waves1 act+ ^u ! mass ( ! ball1 attack ! molecules ( ! ball & beg9 to set !m 9 motion4 ,x is suppos$ t !y are already 9 motion1 z no?+ is absolutely cold1 & ! motion ( ! ae!rial waves imp>ts a great] motion /ill to ! molecules1 ) ! result t ! agitation becomes great] & great]1 until at l5g? ! agitation becomes s great1 t ! molecules break away f ! p[] ( attraction t holds !m toge!r1 & s beg9 to move ab\t ) great] fre$om & ) great] rapidity4 ,x is ?is /ate :i* we call molt54 ,n[ if ,ae!r be frictionless1 z has hi!rto be5 suppos$1 & if heat be due to ! vibratory motions ( ,ae!r1 ! problem confronts u1 z to h[ ! motion ( a frictionless m$ium c d "w 9 exp&+ a body1 & urg+ ! molecules ( a body fur!r & fur!r ap>t4 ,if ! ,ae!r be frictionless1 !n ! waves ( ,ae!r kn[n z ae!rial heat waves ought to pass betwe5 ! atoms z wat] passes ?r\gh a sieve1 or w9d passes ?r\gh a =e/4 ,yet x is assum$ t ! vibratory motions ( a hot body are caus$ by vibrations ( ! p]iodic waves ( ! ,ae!r1 :i* act ^u ! molecules ( ! body2 &1 9 ord] = su* an assumption to be consi/5t ) ! results1 ! only possible conception t c be accept$ ( ! ,ae!r1 is t x is gravitative1 & consequ5tly possesses mass & in]tia1 & !re=e has a capacity n only to accept motion1 b also to transmit motion to ano!r body1 & imp>t ! motion :i* x has accept$ to a cold] body4 ,by imp>t+ su* motion1 x increases ! motion ( ! cold body1 & gradually *anges its /ate f a solid to a liquid condition4 ,"h1 !n1 f ! realm ( heat we h ano!r argum5t 9 fav\r ( ! fact t ,ae!r is gravitative1 & !re=e possesses mass & in]tia4 ,9 ! exp]im5t ( r$uc+ ! iron ball f a liquid /ate1 s to speak1 to a vapor\s condition1 we h practically a cont9uation ( ! same process1 only t great] heat or great] ae!rial motion is requir$1 & :]eas 9 ! previ\s exp]im5t ! molecules ( ! ball 7 act$ ^u1 9 ?is case ! atoms are m directly act$ ^u by ! ,ae!r waves4 ,9 all ^! processes x sugge/s itself to me t ! ae!rial atmosph]e mu/ take its %>e 9 ! expansion & trans=mation ( ! liquid =m into a gase\s =m1 or ! solid into a liquid =m4 ,tak+ ! analogy ( our atmosph]e 9 its relation to ! e>?1 we "k t :5 heat is absorb$ by x1 x exp&s1 ! result be+ t a great] pressure is ex]t$ by ! exp&+ atmosph]e1 ?an w\ld be ex]t$ if x rema9$ at ! same temp]ature all ! "t4 ,if1 !re=e1 ea* atom has an ae!rial atmosph]e1 :i* is capable ( expansion1 !n ! effect ( ! absorb$ ae!rial motion ( ! heat waves on ea* atomic atmosph]e mu/ be to exp& x1 & ?us !re w be a pressure away f ! atom1 because ( ! increas$ ela/icity acquir$ by ! heat$ ae!rial atmosph]e4 ,s t ! expansion ( ! liquid is due to ! increas$ ela/icity ( ! ae!rial atomic atmosph]e1 :i* has be5 exp&$ by heat1 & :i* ex]ts an increas$ pressure on neighb\r+ atoms1 ?us seek+ to pu% !m f>!r away f ea* o!r4 ,!re are o!r motions ( ! atoms !mselves 9 addition to ?is to be consid]$1 b ,i am n[ seek+ to %[ only ! effect ( ! ae!rial atmosph]e ( ea* atom ^u ! neighb\r+ atoms4 ,?is w\ld give ea* atom a l>g] sph]e ( fre$om 9 :i* to move1 & t /ate w\ld !n be call$ a gase\s & n a liquid "o4 ,?is assumption ( ! "p :i* ! ae!rial atmosph]e plays 9 ! expansion ( a body is !re=e 9 agreem5t ) ,pr(essor ,*allis' !ory ( heat already ref]r$ to1 9 :i* he /ates t heat gives rise to ae!rial vibrations :i* act repulsively on ! neighb\r+ atoms4 ,9 fur!r confirmation ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! ae!rial atmosph]es t exi/ ar\nd atoms1 ,i w\ld l to draw ! att5tion ( ! read] to a !ory ( heat giv5 to ! _w by ,rank9e1 ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahea4 ,8 !ory is kn[n z ! ,hypo!sis ( ,molecul> ,vortices4 ,he assum$ t ea* atom ( matt] consi/s ( a nucleus or c5tral po9t1 envelop$ by an ela/ic atmosph]e1 :i* is reta9$ 9 its position by attractive =ces1 & t ! ela/icity due to heat arises f ! c5trifugal =ce ( ^? atmosph]es revolv+ or oscillat+ ab\t _! nuclei or c5tres4 ,n[ 9 ?is assumption we f9d t he admits t ea* atom has an atmosph]e1 su* atmosph]e evid5tly be+ an ae!rial "o1 & 9 t case ! hypo!sis w\ld agree ) ! /atem5t 9 ,art4 #df1 t e atom possesses an ae!rial atmosph]e4 ,he fur!r po9ts out t ! atmosph]e is reta9$ 9 its position by attractive =ces4 ,?is is also 9 h>mony ) ! hypo!sis giv5 9 ,art4 #de1 :i* proves t ,ae!r is gravitative1 & !re=e ! atmosph]e ( ! atom w\ld be held 9 its position by ! attractive =ce ( ,gravitation1 z sugge/$ by ,"y 9 8 ,f\r? ,hypo!sis4 ,fur!r1 he goes on to %[ t ! ela/icity ( ! atomic atmosph]e is proportionate to its d5sity1 :i* is also 9 con=mity ) ! /atem5t made 9 ,art4 #dg1 & is also 9 accordance ) ,boyle's ,law4 ,!n he goes on to prove t ! quantity ( heat 9 a body is measur$ by ! molecul> revolutions ( ! vortices4 ,he does n cle>ly def9e ! exact "* ( ^? molecul> vortices1 b ,i take x to mean t ea* atmosph]e is 9 a /ate ( revolution ar\nd its atomic c5tre1 9 ! same way t ! atmosph]e ( a planet is 9 a /ate ( revolution ar\nd its c5tral body4 ,su* an assumption is entirely 9 h>mony ) exp]i5ce1 z !re is an analogy = its assumption f ! planet>y sy/em2 & if an atom is a _w 9 m9iature1 z ,i believe x to be1 !n ! atmosph]e ( ! atom ought to revolve ar\nd its c5tral nucleus 9 ! same way t ! atmosph]e ( a planet revolves ar\nd its nucleus or c5tral body4 ,he !n deals ) temp]ature1 & ) ! pressure ( gases caus$ by heat1 %[+ ! relation ( ela/icity & pressure to temp]ature 9 a table ( results giv5 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag4 = #ahea4 ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! pap] itself = full] details4 ,?us f "o ( ! greate/ ?9k]s ( mod]n times we h fur!r te/imony to ! hypo!sis t ,ae!r is matt] & is !re=e gravitative1 & because ( its gravitat+ t5d5cy1 x =ms ar\nd e atom & molecule ela/ic envelopes or atmosph]es1 ^: pressure is always proportionate to _! d5sity4 ,footnote3#h ,phil ,mag41 #ahei4 ,,art4 #fb4 ,radiation & ,absorption4--,we h already se5 7,art4 #ca7 t all matt] is made up ( atoms & molecules1 ea* ( :i* is surr\nd$ by its atmosph]e ( ,ae!r4 ,by means ( ! ,ae!r1 motion 9 ! =m ( light & heat may be transmitt$ f "o atom & molecule to ano!r4 ,! transmission ( heat f "o body to ano!r is t]m$ ,radiation1 :ile ! acceptance ( heat is t]m$ ,absorption4 ,tyndall def9es ,radiation z ! communication ( molecul> motion f ! heat$ body to ! ,ae!r 9 :i* x is imm]s$1#i & ,absorption1 !re=e1 w\ld be ! acceptance ( motion by ! body f ! ,ae!r4 ,s t 9 ,radiation1 ! atom1 molecule1 or body p>ts ) motion to ! ,ae!r1 :ile 9 ,absorption x ga9s motion f ! ,ae!r4 ,n[ 9 ord] = u to und]/& ?is !ory ( ,radiation & ,absorption1 x w be well = u if we look at a simil> effect 9 ! sph]e ( music & s\nd4 ,let u suppose t we h two tun+-=ks ( ! same pit*1 plac$ on a table at a di/ance ( a foot f ea* o!r4 ,if we set "o ( ! =ks vibrat+1 ! waves :i* x radiates ?r\gh ! air w fall ^u ! o!r "o1 & w also set x 9 vibration1 because !y are ( ! same p]iod or size z ^? waves :i* x w\ld itself give (f :5 s\nd$4 ,?us :ile "o is los+ its motion1 ! o!r is ga9+ x1 or :ile "o is radiat+ motion1 ! o!r is absorb+ motion4 ,?is c readily be prov$ by /opp+ ! vibration ( ! fir/ =k1 :5 x w be f\nd t ! second =k is n[ giv+ out a simil> note to ! fir/1 al?\gh x 0 sil5t at ! comm5cem5t4 ,?us we h "h an example ( radiation & absorption ( s\nd1 ! success ( ! exp]im5t dep5d+ ^u ! fact t bo? =ks %all h ! same pit*4 ,aga91 x mu/ be not$1 t if we h two tun+-=ks bo? ( :i* are ( ! same pit*1 & bo? vibrat+ at ! same "t1 !n1 :ile "o is radiat+ s\nd & consequ5tly los+ motion to ! o!r1 yet at ! same "t x is absorb+ motion f ! o!r4 ,because1 if =k ,a c transf] motion to =k ,b1 ! latt] c equally transf] its motion to =k ,a1 & :5 bo? are vibrat+ toge!r1 ea* is ! recipi5t ( "p ( ! o!r's motion1 :ile at ! same "t giv+ (f motion 9 ! =m ( s\nd waves itself4 ,s t ! p[] ( a =k to radiate s\nd waves equals its p[] to absorb s\nd waves4 ,if n[ we apply ?is simile to ! atomic & molecul> _w1 we %all be able to =m a m5tal picture z to :at takes place 9 radiation & absorption4 ,all atoms & molecules are ev] 9 a /ate ( ceaseless motion1 ev] mov+1 nev] /ill4 ,all are creat+ ,ae!r waves :i* move away ) ! velocity ( light4 ,if1 9 ! transmission ( ! waves by ! ,ae!r1 !y fall ^u ano!r atom :i* c emit a wave ( simil> l5g?1 9 ! same way t two tun+-=ks emitt$ s\nd waves ( ! same l5g?1 !n ! atom ^u :i* ! waves /rike w be set 9 vibration1 z ! second tun+-=k 0 set 9 vibration by ! fir/4 ,we %all look aga9 at ! pr9ciple ( wave motion 9 ! next *apt]4 ,fur!r1 f ! simile ( ! two =ks1 :i* absorb s\nd at ! same "t t !y radiate s\nd1 we le>n t an atom or body radiates heat waves at ! same "t t x is absorb+ heat waves4 ,suppose t we h two bodies at equal temp]atures1 x mu/ n be ?\ght t ! radiation or absorption has ceas$1 =1 accord+ to ! simile us$1 !y bo? /ill cont9ue to vibrate & emit ! ae!rial heat waves2 b :]e we get equality ( temp]atures1 !re we get equality ( radiation & absorption4 ,be=e ?is equality ( temp]atures1 h[ev]1 is rea*$1 ! hott] body w radiate m heat waves ?an x absorbs1 :ile ! cold] body w absorb m heat waves ?an x emits4 ,all bodies1 :atev] _! temp]ature1 are incessantly radiat+ heat waves4 ,?is may be prov$ exp]im5tally ) prop] app>atus1 z = example ) an in/rum5t kn[n z ! !rmopile4 ,:51 h[ev]1 ! total heat waves radiat$ out by a body are less ?an x absorbs1 ! body gets gradually cold]1 & ! temp]ature decreases4 ,s long z ?is is cont9u$1 s long w ! body cont9ue to get cold] & cold]1 until x arrives at ! same temp]ature z ! surr\nd+ bodies1 at :i* po9t ! total heat waves radiat$ out w equal ! total heat waves absorb$1 & at t po9t ! temp]ature ( ! body w rema9 con/ant4 ,?is aspect ( temp]ature 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,prevo/ ( ,g5eva 9 #agib1 9 an article 9 :i* he tri$ to expla9 ! radiation f a cold body4 ,accord+ to 8 reason+1 a body is n simply reg>d$ z radiat+ heat :5 its temp]ature is fall+1 or absorb+ heat :5 x is ris+4 ,:at he tri$ to make cle> 01 t bo? radiation & absorption 7 go+ on at "o & ! same "t2 ! radiation dep5d+ ^u ! body itself1 b ! absorption dep5d+ ^u ! nature ( ! body4 ,:ile radiation & absorption are ?us reciprocal1 :i* implies t a good radiator is a good absorb]1 & a bad radiator is a bad absorb]1 x does n foll[ t all bodies radiate & absorb alike4 ,! capacity ( bodies to radiate & to absorb diff] consid]ably4 ,dr4 ,frankl9 made sev]al simple exp]im5ts to prove ! relative p[]s ( radiation & absorption ) sev]al pieces ( clo?4 ,^! 7 put out on ! sn[1 & expos$ to ! heat ( ! sun4 ,he f\nd t ! pieces :i* 7 d>k 9 col\r sank deepe/ into ! sn[1 :ile ^? :i* 7 lighte/ 9 col\r sank ! lea/4 ,f ?is he inf]r$ t ! d>ke/ pieces 7 ! be/ absorb]s1 & !re=e ! be/ radiators1 :ile ! light-col\r$ clo?s 7 ! wor/ absorb]s1 & !re=e ! wor/ radiators4 ,radiation1 !re=e1 may be said to be ! propagation ( a wave motion ?r\gh ! ,ae!r2 &1 z all motion is a s\rce ( p[] or en]gy1 we h 9 ! radiation ( heat f "o body to ano!r by ! ae!rial waves1 ! transmission ( a motive p[] capable ( do+ "w1 ei!r int]nal "w z increas+ ! temp]ature ( ! molecule or body1 or ext]nal "w z sep>at+ ! atoms1 or driv+ !m fur!r ap>t4 ,x c readily be se5 t if ! ,ae!r 7 frictionless1 z has g5]ally be5 suppos$1 ! ,ae!r c\ld n h any motive p[] at all1 & !re=e c\ld n transmit heat f "o body to ano!r4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall#aj on ?is po9t says1 ref]r+ to ! cool+ ( a r$-hot ball3 ,! atoms ( ! ball oscillate 9 a resi/+ m$ium1 :i* accepts _! motion & transmits x on all sides ) inconceivable velocity4 ,n[ 9 ! previ\s quotation giv5 9 ?is article f ! same au?ority1 he /ates t ! atoms are imm]s$ 9 ! ,ae!r4 ,s t evid5tly 9 8 op9ion ! ,ae!r & ! resi/+ m$ium are "o & ! same4 ,s t our assumption ( ! gravitative prop]ty ( ! ,ae!r is p]fectly 9 accord ) ,pr(essor ,tyndall's conception ( ! ,ae!r1 9 s f> z x conc]ns ! propagation ( heat waves2 &1 z w be %[n lat] on1 heat & light waves are due to ! same physical ag5t--t is1 ! ,ae!r2 !re=e1 :]ev] we get heat & light1 !re1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,tyndall's /atem5t1 we mu/ h a resi/+ m$ium1 & z ,ae!r fills all space1 ! resi/+ m$ium mu/ fill all space4 ,?is is p]fectly 9 accord ) our assumption t ! ,ae!r is gravitative & possesses in]tia--t is1 ! capacity to receive & to imp>t motion1 & be+ gravitative x possesses mass or weight1 :i* is ! v quality necess>y = ! exi/5ce ( a resi/+ m$ium4 ,footnote #i3 ,heat1 a ,mode ( ,motion4 ,footnote #aj3 ,heat1 a ,mode ( ,motion4 ,,art4 #fc4 ,heat is a ,repulsive ,motion4--,:atev] be ! p>ticul> "* ( ! vibratory motion ( ! ,ae!r t]m$ heat1 !re is "o fact reg>d+ ! same t is v pat5t & obvi\s to all2 & t is1 t ! vibratory motion ( heat is ess5tially a repulsive motion1 or a motion f a c5tre & n "o to a c5tre4 ,pr(essor ,davy po9ts ?is out 7,art4 #fj7 :]e he says ( heat1 ,x may ) propriety be call$ a repulsive motion1 :ile ,pr(essor ,*allis 7,art4 #fa7 /ates t ,ea* atom is ! c5tre ( vibrations propagat$ f x equally 9 all directions1 :i* give rise to a repulsive action on ! surr\nd+ atoms4 ,?is action 7he adds7 is ! repulsion ( heat :i* keeps ! individual atoms asund]4 ,!re h be5 _m exp]im5ts und]tak5 :i* g to prove t a repulsive action betwe5 atoms & molecules is produc$ by heat4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t c]ta9 col\r$ r+s1 kn[n z ,newton's r+s1 *ange _! %ape & position :5 ! glasses betwe5 :i* !y appe> are heat$1 ?us indicat+ ! pres5ce ( a repulsive p[] due to ! increas$ heat4 ,if we consid] ! *ange ( /ate t heat induces 9 matt]1 z1 = example1 f solid to a liquid1 or liquid to a gase\s =m1 we are compell$ to admit t heat possesses an exp&+ & !re=e a repulsive motion4 ,x is almo/ an univ]sal law t heat exp&s & cold contracts1 & ! great] ! heat absorb$1 ! great] ! expansion4 ,9 ! case ( a solid be+ conv]t$ into a liquid1 a mu* great] heat or repulsive motion is requir$ to sep>ate ! p>ticles1 on acc\nt ( ! p[] ( cohesion be+ great] 9 ! solid ?an 9 ! liquid4 ,z ,pr(essor ,tyndall#aa /ates :5 deal+ ) ! /ability ( matt] f ! molecul> /&po9t3 ,e atom is held ap>t f its neighb\r by a =ce ( repulsion4 ,:y !n d n ! mutually repell5t memb]s ( ! gr\p "p company8 ,! reason ( ?is /ability is t two =ces1 ! "o attractive & ! o!r repulsive1 are 9 op]ation betwe5 e two atoms1 & ! position ( e atom is det]m9$ by ! equilibration ( ^! two =ces4 ,! po9ts at :i* attraction & repulsion are equal to ea* o!r is ! atom's position ( equilibrium4 ,:5 ! atoms approa* too ne> ea* o!r1 repulsion pr$om9ates & drives !m ap>t2 :5 !y rec$e to too great a di/ance1 attraction pr$om9ates & draws !m toge!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re are ,,two =ces at "w 9 ! atomic _w1 viz4 attraction & repulsion1 !n ! "q arises1 ,c t repulsive p[] be increas$ 9 any way1 & if s1 by :at means8 ,su* repulsive motion1 z exp]im5t & exp]i5ce tea* u1 c be increas$1 & su* increase may be d]iv$ f ! absorption ( heat :i* gives rise to increas$ atomic motion1 & s to increas$ ae!rial motion away f ! atom1 by :i* ! repulsive action ( "o atom ^u ano!r is increas$4 ,?us an atom's repulsive p[] may be increas$ by heat2 ! great] ! heat absorb$1 ! great] ! repulsive p[] t any atom or body ex]ts ^u a neighb\r+ atom or body4 ,we c !re=e und]/& h[ x is1 t a body :5 *ang$ f a solid to a liquid condition occupies a l>g] space 9 ! latt] condition ?an 9 ! =m]2 or :y a body :5 *ang$ f a liquid to a gase\s condition occupies a /ill l>g] volume 9 ! latt] ?an 9 its previ\s condition4 ,! expansion 9 bo? cases is ess5tially ! result ( ! increas$ repulsive motion t has be5 imp>t$ to its atoms or molecules by ! increas$ heat1 & ?is increas$ repulsive p[] has ov]come ! attractive p[] ( ! atoms or molecules1 ) ! result t !y h be5 driv5 fur!r & fur!r ap>t1 until1 9 ! gase\s /ate1 ! atoms may be v f> ap>t inde$4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 we h heat ( any k9d1 !re we h a repulsive motion1 su* motion be+ proportionate to ! heat radiat$1 t is1 ! ae!rial waves propagat$ by ! body4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ! atomic _w we f9d a repulsive motion1 :i* is due to ! vibratory motions ( ! ,ae!r g5]at$ by heat1 ! "q n[ confronts u1 z to :e!r 9 ! sol> sy/em1 & inde$ all ?r\gh ! univ]se1 !re is n ! same repulsive motion f a c5tral body due to ! wave motions ( ! ,ae!r t]m$ ,heat4 ,may we n f9d 9 ! repulsive p[] ( heat 9 ! atomic _w1 an indication ( t v p[] = :i* we are seek+ 9 ! sol> sy/em--t is1 a ,c5trifugal ,=ce or motion :i* is ! exact opposite ( ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce or attractive p[] ( ,gravitation8 ,= if heat be a repulsive motion at all1 !n to be /rictly logical x mu/ be equally repulsive 9 relation to l>ge masses1 ! sun & ! planets = example1 z x is 9 ! atomic _w1 o!rwise we h a ph5om5on 9 ,nature :i* contradicts itself1 :i* assumption w\ld be contr>y to ! simplicity :i* is to gov]n our philosophy1 & also contradictory to exp]i5ce1 :i* is ! prim>y factor ( philosophical reason+4 ,n[ :at are ! facts ) ref]5ce to ! sun1 :i* is ! c5tral body ( our sol> sy/em1 & ! s\rce ( all light & heat 9 t sy/em8 ,we w look at ?is aspect ( ! "q "u ! head+ ( ,radiant ,heat4 ,footnote #aa3 ,heat1 a ,mode ( ,motion4 ,,art4 #fd4 ,radiant ,heat4--,! s\rce ( all light & heat1 n only ( our e>?1 b also ( all ! o!r planets1 is to be f\nd 9 ! sun4 ,we h !re=e to deal1 n ) an atom :i* is g5]at+ heat waves on e side1 b ) a globe ab\t #hfj1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 & ) a circumf]5ce ( ov] #b1gjj1jjj miles4 ,?is huge orb consi/s ( a c5tral body1 molt5 or p>tly solid1 ) a temp]ature s hot t x is almo/ impossible to conceive its int5sity4 ,! quantity ( heat emitt$ by ! sun has be5 asc]ta9$ by ,sir ,john ,h]s*el f exp]im5ts made at ! ,cape ( ,good ,hope1 & by ,m4 ,p\illet 9 ,p>is4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el f\nd t ! heat+ p[] ( ! sun :5 x 0 directly ov]head 0 capable ( melt+ 4#jjged ( an in* ( ice p] m9ute4 ,accord+ to ,m4 ,p\illet ! quantity 0 4#jjgjc ( an in*1 :i* is equal to ab\t half-an-in* p] h\r4 ,f ^! results x has be5 calculat$ t if ! direct heat ( ! sun 7 receiv$ ^u a block ( ice "o mile squ>e1 #bf1jjj tons w\ld be melt$ p] h\r by ! heat :i* w\ld be absorb$4 ,aga91 z ,h]s*el#ab puts x3 ,suppos+ a cyl9d] ( ice1 #de miles 9 diamet]1 to be cont9ually d>t$ into ! sun ) ! velocity ( light1 ! heat giv5 (f con/antly f ! sun by radiation w\ld be :olly exp5d$ 9 liquefaction on ! "o h&1 :ile on ! o!r1 ! actual temp]ature at ! sun's surface w\ld und]go no dim9ution4 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el fur!r says3 ,all ! heat we enjoy comes f ! sun4 ,imag9e ! heat we %\ld h to endure if ! sun 7 to approa* u1 or we ! sun1 to a po9t ! "o hundr$ & sixtie? "p ( ! pres5t di/ance4 ,x w\ld n be m]ely z if #afj suns 7 %9+ on u all at once1 b #afj times #afj suns accord+ to ! rule ( inv]se squ>es--t is1 #be1fjj4 ,imag9e a globe emitt+ heat #be1fjj times fi]c] ?an t ( an equatorial sun%9e at noonday1 ) ! sun v]tical4 ,9 su* a heat !re is no solid sub/ance we "k ( :i* w\ld n run l wat]1 boil1 or be conv]t$ into smoke or vap\r4 ,locky] po9ts out t ! heat radiat$ f e squ>e y>d ( ! sun's surface is equal to ! am\nt ( heat produc$ by ! burn+ ( six tons ( coal on t area 9 "o h\r4 ,n[ ! surface ( ! sun may be e/imat$ at #b1bhd1jjj1jjj1jjj squ>e miles1 & !re are #c1jig1fjj squ>e y>ds 9 ea* squ>e mile2 :at !re=e mu/ be ! numb] ( tons ( coal :i* mu/ be burnt p] h\r to repres5t ! am\nt ( heat radiat$ f ! sun into space8 ,! approximate result may be calculat$ by multiplication1 b ! figures arriv$ at fail to give any adequate conception ( ! actual result4 ,f ^! facts x may be se5 t ! sun has a temp]ature f> exce$+ any temp]ature t c be produc$ on ! e>? by artificial means4 ,all kn[n elem5ts w\ld be trans=m$ into a vapor\s condition if br\ght close to ! sun's surface4 ,x may readily be se51 !re=e1 t ! sun is con/antly s5d+ =? an incessant flood ( radiant heat 9 all directions1 & on e side into space4 ,n[ if heat be motion1 & be prim>ily due to ! vibratory motion ( ,ae!r1 :at mu/ be ! volume & ! int5sity ( ! ae!rial waves1 kn[n z heat waves1 g5]at$ by ! sun8 ,:5 we rememb] its pond]\s mass1 ) its volume m ?an #a1bjj1jjj times t ( our e>?1 its huge gir? ( m ?an #b-a_/b millions ( miles1 & ?is always agl[ ) fire ! mo/ ext5sive kn[n--fires s int5se t !y cov] its huge =m ) a quiv]+ fr+e ( flames :i* leap into space a di/ance ( #hj1jjj miles1 or ev5 #ajj1jjj miles1 or ov] "o-?ird ( ! di/ance ( ! moon f ! e>?1--rememb]+ all ^! facts1 :at mu/ be ! volume & int5sity ( ! ae!rial heat waves :i* !y g5]ate & s5d ^u _! c\rse into space on all sides6 ,:at a v /orm ( en]gy & p[] mu/ !re be 9 ?is ae!rial atmosph]e :i* exi/s ar\nd ! sun's huge =m1 & ) :at volume ( p[] mu/ ! ae!rial heat waves spe$ away f s great a g5]at+ s\rce6 ,"s idea z to _! velocity ( motion may be ga9$ by ! fact1 t ^! ae!rial heat waves trav]se ! di/ance ( #ib1jjj1jjj miles betwe5 ! sun & our e>? 9 ! %ort space ( #h-a_/b m9utes4 ,) su* a velocity ( motion z t1 & ) ! fact be=e u t all motion is a s\rce ( en]gy or p[]1 :at mu/ be ! en]gy possess$ by ^! heat waves6 ,!re mu/1 !re=e1 be a p[] 9 ^! ae!rial heat waves :i* is /rictly proportionate to _! int5sity & fl[4 ,s t1 :5ev] !y come into contact ) any body1 z a planet1 z !y fl[ outw>ds f ! sun1 !y mu/ ex]t a p[] ^u su* a planet :i* is direct$ away f ! sun1 & !re=e act ^u t planet by ! en]gy ( _! motion away f ! sun1 ! s\rce ( ! ae!rial heat waves4 ,!re=e1 n only 9 ! atomic _w is heat a repulsive motion1 b equally 9 ! sol> _w1 :i* is b an atomic _w on a l>ge scale1 ! same pr9ciple prevails1 & ! effect ( radiant heat is ess5tially a repulsive1 t is1 a c5trifugal motion1 z x is always direct$ f ! c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,fur!r1 x c be %[n t ! repulsive p[] ( heat 9 ! sol> sy/em has already receiv$ ! att5tion ( sci5ti/s1 especially 9 ,france4 ,?is w be se5 m fully :5 we come to deal ) ! ph5om5a ( comets' tails4 ,"o rem>kable feature ab\t comets' tails is1 t !y are always direct$ away f ! sun1 & v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 advanc$ to acc\nt = t fact4 ,among !m is ! hypo!sis ( ,m4 ,faye1 9 :i* he assumes t !re is a repulsive =ce :i* has its orig9 9 ! heat ( ! sun4 ,?is repulsive =ce is n propagat$ in/antane\sly1 b ! velocity ( propagation is ! same z t ( a ray ( light4 ,by means ( ?is repulsive p[] due to ! heat ( ! sun1 ,m4 ,faye expla9s h[ x is t ! tails ( comets are always turn$ away f ! sun4 ,"h1 !n1 we h an indication ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is repulsive =ce ( heat :i* we are consid]+--a repulsive p[] :i* f9ds its s\rce 9 ! ae!rial waves1 :i* give rise to ! ph5om5a ( ,heat1 & to :i* we mu/ look = ! ultimate s\rce ( t repulsive p[] or ,c5trifugal ,=ce :i* is to =m ! complem5t>y p[] to ! attractive =ce ( ,gravitation4 ,footnote #ab3 ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects4 ,,art4 #fe4 ,direction ( ,ray ( ,heat4--,! "q z to ! pa? :i* a ray ( heat takes may be/ be attack$ by f9d+ out :at is ! pa? :i* a ray ( light takes 9 its progress ?r\gh ! ,ae!r4 ,:5 we come to deal ) light1 we %all f9d t x has be5 exp]im5tally prov$ t ! pa? ( a ray ( light is t ( a /raight l9e ?r\gh space2 s t if we h any body emitt+ light1 ! rays ( light w proce$ f t body 9 /raight l9es1 ) decreas+ int5sity1 accord+ to ! law ( inv]se squ>es1 ! same z ,gravitation4 ,x c readily be %[n1 t :]ev] !re is light !re is heat4 ,= example1 ! radiant heat f ! sun proce$s ?r\gh space along ) ! light f ! sun1 & :5 "o set ( waves1 ! light waves = in/ance1 are int]cept$1 ! heat waves are also int]cept$4 ,or1 to take ano!r illu/ration1 :5 ! sun is eclips$1 we feel ! sun's heat z long z any portion ( ! sun is visible1 b z soon z ! sun is totally eclips$1 !n ! light waves disappe>1 & ) x ! heat waves4 ,f ?is we c readily see1 t n only d ! heat & light waves f ! sun proce$ 9 ! same /raight l9e1 b t !y also travel at ! same rate ?r\gh space1 at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,!n aga9 ! common l5s1 :i* is s famili> to e "o1 w prove ! same fact by conc5trat+ ! rays ( light to a focus1 & by s do+ w produce suffici5t heat to burn a piece ( pap]1 or ev5 set fire to wood4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! pa? ( a ray ( light be t ( a /raight l9e1 proce$+ f ! lum9\s or light$ body1 & ! pa? ( a ray ( heat co9cides ) ! pa? ( a ray ( light1 ! pa? ( ! ray ( heat mu/ also be 9 ! direction ( a /raight l9e f ! heat$ or lum9\s body1 :i*1 z we %all see 9 a subsequ5t article1 also decreases 9 int5sity accord+ to ! law ( inv]se squ>es ! same z ,gravitation ,attraction4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 on ! direction ( a ray ( heat1#ac /ates 8 op9ion on ! matt] z foll[s3 ,a wave ( ,ae!r />t+ f a radiant po9t 9 all directions 9 a uni=m m$ium con/itutes a sph]ical %ell1 :i* exp&s ) ! velocity ( light or ( radiant heat4 ,a ray ( light or a ray ( heat is a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! wave1 & 9 ! case "h suppos$1 ! rays w\ld be ! radii ( ! sph]ical %ell4 ,f ?is x c be se5 t a ray ( light or heat corresponds to :at is kn[n z ! radius vector ( a circle 7,art4 #bj71 & !re=e a ray ( light & heat takes exactly ! same pa? ?r\gh space 7if we consid] ! sun z ! s\rce ( ! light & heat7 z ! pa? ( ! attractive p[] ( ,gravitation4 ,collect+1 !re=e1 our results f ! prec$+ articles ( ?is *apt]1 we le>n t heat is due to vibrat+ wave motion ( ! ,ae!r1 & t t motion is a motion :i* is always direct$ f ! c5tral body :i* is ! s\rce ( ! heat2 & fur!r1 t ?is motion am\nts to a repulsive motion act+ 9 an opposite direction to ! attractive p[] ( gravity or to ! c5tripetal =ce ( ,gravitation4 ,:at is m rem>kable /ill1 ! pa? ( a ray ( heat corresponds )1 & takes up exactly ! same direction ?r\gh space1 :e!r x be atomic space1 sol> space1 or int]/ell> space1 z ! attractive =ce ( ,gravitation4 ,look+ at ! subject f ! /&po9t ( ! sol> sy/em1 ) ! sun z ! c5tral body1 we see t :ile we h ! sun1 :i* acts z ! controll+ c5tre ( ! p>ticul> sy/em ( planets1 hold+ all ! planets 9 _! orbits by its attractive p[]1 yet at ! same "t x is also ! s\rce ( all light & heat4 ,n[ heat be+ due to ! wave motion ( ! ae!rial m$ium1 su* motion be+ always ex]t$ f ! c5tral body1 we arrive at ! only legitimate conclusion t c be arriv$ at1 viz4 t ! sun is also ! s\rce ( a repulsive motion1 :i* motion co9cides ) ! pa? t ! attractive p[] ( ,gravitation takes1 t is1 along ! radius vector ( ! circle1 z %[n 9 ,art4 #bj4 ,,art4 #ff4 ,law ( ,inv]se ,squ>es appli$ to ,heat4--,! law ( inv]se squ>es :i* gov]ns n only ! ,law ( ,gravitation ,attraction 7,art4 #bb71 b also electricity & light1 is equally applicable to ! ph5om5a ( heat1 s t we say ! int5sity ( heat v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,?us1 if we d\ble ! di/ance ( any body f ! s\rce ( heat1 ! am\nt ( heat :i* su* a body receives at ! increas$ di/ance is "o-qu>t] ( ! heat comp>$ ) its orig9al position4 ,if ! di/ance 7 trebl$1 !n ! int5sity ( ! heat w\ld be r$uc$ to "o-n9?2 :ile if ! di/ance 7 f\r times z great1 ! int5sity ( ! heat w\ld only be "o-sixte5? ( :at x w\ld receive 9 its fir/ position4 ,?is may be prov$ f exp]im5ts z giv5 by ,tyndall 9 8 ,heat1 a ,mode ( ,motion4 ,let u apply ! law ( inv]se squ>es 9 relation to heat to ! sol> sy/em1 & see :at ! result gives4 ,9 our sol> sy/em1 we h ! sun z ! c5tral body1 ! s\rce ( all light & heat1 ) ! eight planets1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 ,neptune1 describ+ orbits ar\nd ! c5tral body1 & at ! same "t receiv+ f x ! light & heat :i* ! sun is ev] p\r+ =? into space4 ,! mean di/ance ( ,m]cury f ! sun is ab\t #cf1jjj1jjj miles1 :ile t ( ! ,e>? is ab\t #ib1jjj1jjj miles1 s t reckon+ ! di/ance ( ,m]cury z unity1 ! di/ance ( ! ,e>? is a little m ?an #b-a_/b times t ( ,m]cury f ! sun4 ,n[ ! squ>e ( #b-a_/b is #be_/d1 & t inv]t$ gives u #d_/be1 s t accord+ to ! law ( inv]se squ>es1 ! int5sity ( heat at ! ,e>?'s di/ance f ! sun is #d_/be ( :at ! int5sity ( heat is at ! mean di/ance ( ,m]cury4 ,aga91 ! mean di/ance ( ,m>s is #ada1jjj1jjj miles1 :ile ! mean di/ance ( ,saturn is #hhd1jjj1jjj miles1 & tak+ ,m>s' di/ance f ! sun z unity1 ! di/ance ( ,saturn w\ld be repres5t$ by #f-a_/d4 ,n[ ! squ>e ( #f-a_/d is 7#be_/d7b :i* gives #fbe_/af & ! inv]se ( t is #af_/fbe1 s t ! int5sity ( heat at ! di/ance ( ,saturn's mean di/ance f ! sun1 9 comp>ison ) ! int5sity ( heat at ,m>s' mean di/ance1 w\ld be ab\t #af_/fbe2 or 9 o!r words1 ! heat receiv$ by ,saturn w\ld be only #af_/fbe ( ! int5sity ( heat receiv$ by ! planet ,m>s4 ,9 ,art4 #fc we h se5 t heat is a repulsive motion1 be+ a wave motion ( ! ,ae!r :i* is propagat$ f ! heat$ & c5tral body1 :i* 9 ?is case is ! sun4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ! law ( inv]se squ>es f ! /&po9t ( heat1 we f9d 9 ! sol> sy/em a repulsive motion1 due to ! wave motion ( ! ,ae!r1 :i* is always ex]t$ away f ! sun 9 ! same pa? t ! c5tripetal =ce takes1 & :i* l t =ce dim9i%es 9 int5sity inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,s t1 :]ev] ! c5tripetal =ce1 or ! attractive =ce ( ,gravitation1 is dim9i%$ on acc\nt ( ! increas$ di/ance f ! sun1 ! repulsive motion due to heat is also dim9i%$ 9 exactly ! same proportion & along exactly ! same pa?4 ,if at any po9t 9 ! sol> sy/em ! attractive =ce is d\bl$1 !n accord+ to our repulsive !ory ( heat1 & ! law ( inv]se squ>es1 ! repulsive motion is also d\bl$4 ,if ! attractive =ce is halv$1 !n ! repulsive motion is halv$ also1 ! repulsive motion be+ always & at all places exactly proportional to ! increase or decrease ( ! attraction ( ,gravitation4 ,footnote #ac3 ,heat1 a ,mode ( ,motion4 ,,art4 #fg4 ,fir/ ,law ( ,!rmodynamics4--,! ,law ( ,!rmodynamics is bas$ on two fundam5tal tru?s :i* h ref]5ce to ! conv]sion ( ,heat into ,"w1 & ,"w into ,heat4 ,9 ,art4 #ed we h already se5 t en]gy 9 ! =m ( heat1 light1 electricity & magnetism is capable ( be+ conv]t$ into o!r =ms ( en]gy1 :ile 9 ,art4 #ei we h se5 t ,j\le gave u ! exact relation 9 foot-p\nds betwe5 heat & "w4 ,he %[$ t :5 #a lb4 ( wat] fell ?r\gh #ggb feet its temp]ature 0 rais$ "o degree ,fahr4 ,?us ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! fir/ law ( !rmodynamics /ates1 t :5ev] "w is sp5t 9 produc+ heat1 ! am\nt ( "w done is proportionate to ! quantity ( heat g5]at$2 & conv]sely1 :5ev] heat is employ$ to d "w1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( heat is us$ up1 :i* is ! equival5t ( ! "w done4 ,?is pr9ciple is also 9 accord ) ! cons]vation ( ,en]gy & ,motion 7,arts4 #eb & #eg71 :i* ass]t t :5ev] en]gy or motion disappe>s 9 "o =m1 x is manife/$ 9 "s o!r =m4 ,?us1 f ! fir/ law ( !rmodynamics1 we le>n t :]ev] we h heat we h ! p[] to d "w1 & ! am\nt ( "w s done is proportionate to ! heat us$ up4 ,heat1 !n1 has a capacity to p]=m "w1 & t p[] is kn[n z ! me*anical equival5t ( heat4 ,bo? ,may] ( ,g]many1 & ,dr4 ,j\le ( ,man*e/]1 h work$ out ?is problem1 & h giv5 u ! me*anical value ( heat4 ,by exp]im5ts ,may] f\nd out t a quantity ( heat suffici5t to raise #a lb4 ( wat] "o degree ,fahr4 9 temp]ature 0 able to raise a weight #gga4d lb4 "o foot high4 ,dr4 ,j\le ( ,man*e/]1 aft] mak+ a numb] ( exp]im5ts :i* la/$ ov] _m ye>s1 came to ! conclusion t ! me*anical equival5t ( a unit heat 0 #ggb foot-p\nds1 a unit ( heat be+ ! quantity ( heat :i* w\ld raise #a lb4 ( wat] "o degree ,fahr4 ,s t if a #a-lb4 weight fell f a height ( #ggb feet1 an am\nt ( heat is g5]at$ :i* w\ld raise #a lb4 ( wat] "o degree ,fahr42 & conv]sely1 to lift #a lb4 #ggb feet high1 "o degree ,fahr4 ( heat w\ld be consum$4 ,n[ if ?is law ( !rmodynamics is true1 x mu/ n only be true 9 relation to t]re/rial heat1 or heat produc$ by artificial means on our e>?1 b x mu/ equally hold good 9 relation to ! sol> sy/em2 & n only ! sol> sy/em1 b equally true ?r\gh\t all ! sy/ems ( worlds t flood ! univ]se4 ,s t :]ev] we get heat 9 ! univ]se1 9 ! sol> sy/em = example1 !re1 accord+ to our fir/ law ( !rmodynamics1 we %\ld h ! capacity to d "w ( "s k9d or o!r4 ,t "w may take ei!r ! =m ( exp&+ a body1 z ! atmosph]e ( a planet = example1 or x may take a me*anical =m1 t is1 actually mov+ a body by ! increas$ pressure due to ae!rial heat waves g5]at$ by ! sun4 ,we h already se5 9 ,art4 #fd1 on ,radiant ,heat1 :at a /ore ( heat ! sun has4 ,= ?\s&s & millions ( ye>s ! sun has be5 p\r+ =? its heat rays into space1 & yet its temp]ature does n seem to be dim9i%$4 ,! great ,c>bonif]\s or coal p]iod ( pa/ geological times is an indication ( ! heat & light ( ! sun1 :i* x mu/ h radiat$ out millions ( ye>s ago2 & ye> by ye>1 ^! ae!rial heat waves are /ill be+ p\r$ =? by ! sun on e side into space1 s t no matt] :]e a planet may be 9 its orbit1 !re x may be ! recipi5t ( ^! ae!rial heat waves :i* break ^u its surface4 ,n[ if !re be ?is quantity ( heat exi/+ 9 ! sun1 & heat accord+ to ! fir/ law ( !rmodynamics has a me*anical value1 :i* is t x c pu% or lift a body ?r\gh space1 ! "q arises1 z to :at is ! me*anical value ( ?is heat ( ! sun8 ,are we to suppose t if "o unit ( heat c lift #a lb4 #ggb feet1 ! millions & millions ( units ( heat :i* are con/antly be+ p\r$ out ( ! sun into space are do+ no "w at all8 ,su* an assumption is n only contr>y to t simplicity :i* gov]ns our ,philosophy1 b is entirely oppos$ to exp]i5ce1 :i* is ! v f\ndation ( all philosophical reason+4 ,if1 !re=e1 exp]i5ce is to be any guide at all1 we are compell$ to come to ! conclusion t ! heat p\r$ =? into space does d "w on ! bodies1 z comets1 meteors1 planets1 ^u :i* ! ae!rial heat waves fall4 ,! problem is1 :at is ! "* ( ! "w done8 ,i h already indicat$ "p ( ! "w1 viz4 9 ! expansion ( ! atmosph]e ( ! planets4 ,!n !re is also ! reception ( ! heat by ! animal & vegetable life ( ! planet1 b ^! d n acc\nt = all ! motive p[] ( ! ae!rial waves1 :i* break ^u ! planet or its atmosph]es4 ,! true solution ( ! fir/ law ( !rmodynamics1 9 its relation to ! sol> sy/em1 seems to me to be f\nd 9 ! fact already /at$ 9 ,art4 #fc1 viz4 t heat is a repulsive motion1 & ! law ( !rmodynamics confirms t /atem5t1 & %[s t ! "w done on a planet by ! ae!rial heat waves is t ( pu%+ x1 or urg+ x by _! v en]gy & motion away f _! controll+ c5tre1 ! sun4 ,?is w\ld practically am\nt to a repulsive =ce :i* _h its home 9 ! sun1 & ?is conception w\ld br+ our ,philosophy into h>mony ) our exp]i5ce1 :i* tea*es u t :]ev] !re is heat !re is ! capacity ( do+ "w1 ! am\nt ( "w be+ proportionate to ! heat g5]at$ & consum$4 ,,art4 #fh4 ,second ,law ( ,!rmodynamics4--,?is law 0 enunciat$ by ,sadi ,c>not 9 #ahbd1 :5 he wrote an essay on ! ,motive ,p[] ( ,heat4 ,previ\s to ! "t ( ,c>not no def9ite relation seems to h be5 sugge/$ betwe5 "w & heat2 ,c>not1 h[ev]1 discov]$ :at 7 ^? g5]al laws :i* gov]n ! relation betwe5 heat & "w4 ,9 arriv+ at 8 conclusion1 he bas$ 8 results on ! tru? ( ! pr9ciple ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy already ref]r$ to 7,art4 #eb74 ,c>not />t$ 8 reason+ on ! assumption t heat 0 matt]1 & !re=e inde/ructible4 ,! two great tru?s 9 relation to heat & "w1 enunciat$ by ,c>not1 are kn[n z1 fir/1 a ,cycle ( op]ations2 &1 secondly1 :at he t]m$ a ,rev]sible ,cycle4 ,9 ord] to be able to reason ^u ! "w done by a heat-eng9e1 say a /eam-eng9e = example1 ,c>not /at$ we mu/ imag9e a cycle ( op]ations1 by :i*1 at ! end ( su* op]ations1 ! /eam or wat] is br\ght back to exactly ! same /ate 9 :i* x 0 at its />t4 ,he calls ?is a cycle ( op]ations1 & ( x he says1 t only at ! conclusion ( ! cycle are we entitl$ to reason ^u ! relation betwe5 ! "w done & ! heat sp5t 9 do+ x4 ,8 o!r idea ( ! rev]sible cycle implies t an eng9e is rev]sible :51 in/ead ( us+ heat & gett+ "w f x1 ! eng9e may be driv5 ?r\gh ! cycle ( op]ations ! rev]se way1 t is1 by tak+ 9 "w1 x c pump back heat to ! boil] aga94 ,c>not %[$ t if y c obta9 su* a rev]sible eng9e1 x is a p]fect eng9e4 ,all p]fect eng9es1 t is all rev]sible eng9es1 w d exactly ! same am\nt ( "w ) ! same am\nt ( heat1 ! am\nt ( "w be+ /rictly proportionate to ! am\nt ( heat consum$4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out t ! rev]sible eng9e1 or ! p]fect eng9e ( ,c>not1 is only ! ideal "o1 z !re is no eng9e 9 :i* all ! heat is conv]t$ into "w1 z a great deal ( ! heat is radiat$ away & n conv]t$ into "w at all4 ,aga91 work+ f ! /&po9t t heat is matt]1 ,c>not reason$ t 9 ! heat-eng9e ! "w is p]=m$1 n by ! actual consumption ( heat1 b by its transportation f a hot body to a cold "o4 ,?us1 by ! fall ( heat f a high] to a l[] temp]ature1 "w c\ld be done 9 ! same way t "w c\ld be done by all[+ wat] to fall f a high] to a l[] level4 ,! quantity ( wat] :i* rea*es ! l[] level is exactly ! same z t :i* leaves ! high] level1 z none ( ! wat] is de/roy$ 9 ! fall4 ,he argu$1 !re=e1 t ! "w produc$ by a heat-eng9e 0 produc$ 9 a simil> mann]1 ! quantity ( heat :i* rea*es ! cond5s] be+ suppos$ to be equal to t :i* left ! s\rce4 ,?us ! "w 0 done by ! heat fl[+ f a hot body to a cold "o1 &1 9 do+ ?is "w1 x lo/ its mom5tum l fall+ wat]1 & 0 br\ght to re/4 ,"o ( ! mo/ important po9ts not$ by ,c>not is ! necessity t1 9 all eng9es :i* d]ive "w f heat1 !re mu/ be two bodies at diff]5t temp]atures1 t is1 a s\rce & a cond5s]1 :i* correspond to a hot & cold body1 s t !re may be ! passage ( heat f ! hot to ! cold body4 ,9 ord] to get "w out ( heat x is absolutely necess>y to h a hott] & a cold] body4 ,f ?is reason+ we le>n1 !re=e1 t "w is obta9$ f heat by us+ up ! heat ( ! hott] body1 "p ( :i* is conv]t$ into actual "w1 :ile "p is absorb$ by ! cold] body4 ,s t :]ev] we h two bodies at diff]5t temp]atures1 accord+ to ! second law ( !rmodynamics1 !re we h ! p[] ( do+ "w by ! transmission ( heat1 f ! body ( high] to ! "o ( l[] temp]ature4 ,t ,c>not ultimately came to believe 9 ! dynamical !ory ( heat1 is prov$ by ! foll[+ passage tak5 f 8 notes on ! ,motive ,p[] ( ,heat3 ,x w\ld be ridicul\s to suppose t x is an emission ( matt]1 :ile ! light :i* accompanies x c\ld only be a movem5t4 ,c\ld a motion produce matt]8 ,no6 und\bt$ly1 x c only produce a motion4 ,heat is !n ! result ( motion4 ,x is pla9 !n t x c\ld be produc$ by ! consumption ( motive p[]1 & t x c\ld produce ?is p[]4 ,heat is !n simply motive p[]1 or r motion :i* has *ang$ its =m4 ,x is a movem5t among ! p>ticles ( bodies4 ,:]ev] !re is a de/ruction ( motive p[]1 !re is at ! same "t production ( heat 9 quantity exactly proportional to ! quantity ( motive p[] de/roy$4 ,reciprocally1 :5ev] !re is de/ruction ( heat !re is production ( motive p[]4 ,let u apply ?is pr9ciple to ! sol> sy/em1 & endeav\r to f9d out :e!r 9 t sy/em we h1 9 relation to ! heat !re(1 ei!r a cycle ( op]ations or a rev]sible cycle4 ,we h aga9 to consid] ! sun z ! s\rce ( all light & heat 9 ! sol> sy/em1 radiat+ =? on e side1 ye> by ye>1 ! c\ntless units ( heat :i* g to =m ! cont9uance ( all planet>y life & exi/5ce4 ,"o ( ! problems t has confront$ sci5tific m5 = _m ye>s is ?is1 ,:]e does ! sun get its supply ( heat f8 ,:5 we rememb] ! incessant loss ( heat :i* ! sun suff]s ?r\gh its radiation ( heat into space1 we are compell$ to ask1 ,h[ is t supply ma9ta9$1 & h[ has x be5 kept up ?r\gh ! c\ntless ages ( ! pa/8 ,sev]al sugge/ions h be5 made1 & sev]al !ories advanc$ to acc\nt = ! fact4 ,may]1 ( ,g]many1 sugge/$ t ! heat is p>tly ma9ta9$ by ! fall+ into ! sun ( meteors1 :i*1 l comets1 pursue a pa? ?r\gh ! heav5s1 & are subject to ! attractive influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,9 ! combu/ion ( ^! meteorites1 or meteors1 he cont5d$ !re 7 ! means by :i* ! light & heat ( ! sun might be ma9ta9$4 ,:atev] !ory1 h[ev]1 may be sugge/$ z to ! ma9t5ance & ! s\rce ( ! cont9uity ( ! sun's heat1 ,i d n ?9k x has be5 sugge/$ by any sci5ti/ t ! heat emitt$ & radiat$ by ! sun is ev] return$ 9 any way back to ! sun f inf9ite space1 :e!r by reflection or by any o!r me?od4 ,s f> z ,i c le>n1 !re are no facts 9 connection ) ! sol> sy/em :i* w\ld lead u to make t assumption4 ,on ! contr>y1 exp]i5ce & exp]im5t tea* u t radiation implies loss ( heat1 & t ! body1 :i* s radiates1 ultimately becomes cold1 unless its int]nal heat is kept up by "s means or o!r4 ,s t ! t]ms introduc$ by ,c>not 9 ! second law ( !rmodynamics1 viz4 t ( a ,cycle ( ,op]ations & ( a ,rev]sible ,cycle1 d n apply to ! sol> sy/em1 & ! sol> sy/em1 view$ f ! /&po9t ( a ma*9e1 ) ! sun z ! s\rce ( ! heat1 does n repres5t a p]fect eng9e1 t is1 all ! heat is n us$ up 9 do+ "w1 "s ( x be+ radiat$ out into space4 ,:]ev]1 h[ev]1 ! heat1 t is ! ae!rial heat waves g5]at$ by ! sun1 comes into contact ) a planet1 z ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 or ,jupit]1 !n1 9 accordance ) ,c>not's reason+1 "w is done4 ,c>not po9ts out t1 9 ord] = "w to be done1 we mu/ h a s\rce & a cond5s]1 t is1 two bodies at diff]5t temp]atures1 a hot body & a cold "o4 ,n[ ^! conditions ( "w are satisfactorily fulfill$ 9 ! sol> sy/em1 & z a result "w is p]=m$4 ,we h ! sun ) its huge fires1 & its int5sity ( heat1 repres5t+ ! s\rce or ! hot body1 :ile e planet & e meteor & comet1 t come "u its influ5ce1 repres5t ! cold body1 & betwe5 ! two "w is always go+ on4 ,t "w is repres5t$ by ! repulsive p[] ( heat1 :i* ,i h already indicat$1 s t1 view$ f ,c>not's /&po9t ) relation to ! motive p[] ( heat1 we f9d t !re are 9 ! sol> sy/em ^? conditions :i* gov]n "w1 & by :i*1 f a me*anical /&po9t1 "w is p]=m$2 fur!r1 t "w takes ! =m ( a repulsive p[] on e planet or o!r body ^u :i* ! ae!rial heat waves fall4 ,!re=e1 f ! second law ( !rmodynamics we h ano!r pro( ( ?is repulsive p[] ( heat already indicat$ & ref]r$ to 9 ,art4 #fc4 ,,art4 #fi4 ,id5tity ( ,heat & ,light4--,we h se5 f ! prec$+ articles ( ?is *apt]1 t heat is due to a p]iodic wave motion ( ! ,ae!r1 & 9 ! succe$+ *apt] we %all also see t light is due to "s k9d ( p]iodic wave motion 9 ! ,ae!r4 ,s t n only heat1 b light also1 x w\ld appe>1 is due to c]ta9 p]iodic wave motions t are set up 9 ! ,ae!r by ! vibrations ( hot or lum9\s bodies4 ,! "q !re=e arises1 h[ _m wave motions are !re 9 ! ,ae!r8 ,are !re diff]5t wave motions :i* 9 "o case produce light1 & 9 ! o!r case produce heat1 or are light & heat bo? produc$ by ! same set ( ae!rial waves8 ,! id5tity ( light waves ) heat waves is manife/$ by ! fact t :]ev] we get light we get heat1 z c be prov$ 9 _m ways4 ,"o ( ! simple/ pro(s is f\nd 9 ! common l5s or burn+-glass1 by :i* ! light waves are br\ght to a focus1 & z a result1 heat is manife/$4 ,al?\gh !re is ?is close id5tity betwe5 light & heat waves1 yet !re mu/ be "s di/9ction betwe5 ! heat & light waves1 because :ile light waves affect ! eye1 heat waves d n4 ,!re is actually a diff]5ce betwe5 ! two k9ds ( waves1 & t diff]5ce is "o ( p]iod or l5g?4 ,x mu/ n1 h[ev]1 be ?\ght t !re are really two classes or sets ( waves 9 ! ,ae!r1 "o ( :i* c\ld be call$ light waves1 & ! o!r heat waves1 b r ! same wave may be manife/$ 9 two diff]5t =ms because ( its diff]5t wave l5g?s4 ,9 "o case ! waves may affect ! eye1 & we h ! s5sation ( sight1 b 9 ! o!r case !y affect ! body1 & we exp]i5ce ! s5sation ( w>m?4 ,an analogy f ! waves ( s\nd may make ^! facts mu* cle>]4 ,we "k t s\nd travels ab\t #aajj feet p] second4 ,if1 !re=e1 we h a bell :i* vibrates ab\t #aajj times p] second1 we %\ld h a wave "o foot long4 ,if x vibrat$ #ajj times p] second ! waves w\ld be #aa feet long1 :ile if x vibrat$ only #aa times p] second1 ! waves w\ld be #ajj feet long4 ,n[ ! impression made ^u ! e> dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( vibrations ! bell makes p] second1 & f ! rate ( vibration we get ! idea ( pit*4 ,if ! vibrations are v rapid1 !n we get a note ( high pit*1 & if ! vibrations are sl[1 !n we get a note ( l[ pit*4 ,a note ( high pit*1 !re=e1 w correspond to waves ( %ort l5g?1 :ile a l[ note w correspond to waves ( a great] l5g?2 s t ! great] ! rapidity ) :i* a s\nd+ bell vibrates1 ! %ort] w be ! l5g? ( ! s\nd waves :i* x g5]ates1 & vice v]s4 ,! range ( ! e> h[ev] = s\nd waves is limit$1 s t if ! vibrations be too rapid or too sl[1 ! e> may n be able to respond to ! vibrations1 & s no di/9ct impression ( ! s\nd w be convey$ to ! bra94 ,x ne$ h>dly be po9t$ out1 t bo? ! v %ort & long waves are ( exactly ! same "* z ^? ( a m$ium l5g?1 :i* ! e> c detect1 ! only diff]5ce be+ "o ( rapidity4 ,we d n !re=e sugge/ t 9 ! case ( s\nd1 :]e ! vibrations lie outside ! compass ( ! e>1 ^? :i* lie outside are n s\nd waves1 or t !y are diff]5t f ^? :i* lie )9 ! compass ( ! e>1 & :i* ! e> c detect4 ,:e!r ! s\nd waves are long or %ort1 :e!r !y c be detect$ by ! e> or n1 we /ill say t all are s\nd waves1 & t all are due to ! vibrations ( ! s\nd+ body1 :i* vibrations are transmitt$ ?r\gh ! air1 9 waves1 t fall ^u ! tympanum or drum ( ! e>1 & set t vibrat+1 :i* vibrations are transmitt$ to ! auditory n]ve & s give rise to ! s5sation ( he>+4 ,9 a simil> mann]1 e atom & e p>ticle ( matt]1 e planet1 e sun & />1 is con/antly 9 a /ate ( vibration1 s5d+ (f ae!rial waves on e side4 ,no?+ 9 ,nature is absolutely cold1 no?+ is absolutely /ill4 ,!re=e all matt]1 :e!r 9 ! atomic =m1 or 9 ! planet>y or sol> _w1 is con/antly g5]at+ ae!rial waves1 :i* travel f _! s\rce or orig9 ) ! velocity ( light4 ,if ^! ae!rial waves s g5]at$ fall )9 c]ta9 limits1 !n !y affect ! eye1 & we get ! s5sation ( sight4 ,to d ?is !y mu/ vibrate #ejjj billion times p] second1 & if !y fail to d ?is1 !y fail to give rise to ! s5sation ( sight4 ,if ! ae!rial waves fall bel[ ?is limit1 !n !y affect ! body1 & give rise to ! s5sation ( heat4 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$1 t z ! e> has a c]ta9 compass = s\nd waves1 :i* may v>y 9 diff]5t individuals1 s ! eye has also a c]ta9 compass = ae!rial waves1 ) ! result t "s waves may be too sl[ or too rapid to affect ! eye1 & consequ5tly fail to give rise to ! s5sation ( sight4 ,:5 t is s1 ! s5sation ( w>m? helps u to detect ^! long] waves1 s t ! long] waves w\ld w>m u & make _! pres5ce felt 9 t mann]4 ,we %all see 9 ! next *apt] t !re are bo? %ort] & long] waves1 :i* may be detect$ 9 o!r ways4 ,f ^! facts x c be readily se51 t we h a common orig9 = bo? light & heat1 & t !y are bo? due to p]iodic waves 9 ! ,ae!r1 & !re=e all ! laws t gov]n heat %\ld also gov]n ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,fur!r1 if heat possesses a dynamical value1 & if !re be su* a tru? z ! motive p[] ( heat1 !n !re ought equally to be a motive p[] ( light2 & fur!r1 if heat possesses a repulsive motion1 !n because ( ! id5tity ( light & heat1 light %\ld equally possess ?is repulsive p[]1 because x is due to simil> p]iodic wave motions 9 ! ,ae!r4 ,) reg>d to ! same laws gov]n+ bo? light & heat1 we %all see t ?is fact also holds good4 ,we h already se5 7,art4 #ff7 t ! int5sity ( heat is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 & we %all also see 9 ! succe$+ *apt] t ! same law holds good 9 relation to light4 ,we h se5 7,art4 #fe7 t ! pa? ( a ray ( heat is t ( a /raight l9e2 we %all see 9 ! succe$+ *apt] t ! pa? ( a ray ( light is t ( a /raight l9e also4 ,inde$1 !re is no law applicable to heat :i* is n applicable to light4 ,! law ( reflection & refraction ( heat equally holds good 9 relation to light2 & fur!r1 ,pr(essor ,=bes has %[n t heat c be pol>iz$ 9 a simil> mann] to ! pol>ization ( light4 ,?is la/ fact is consid]$ ! mo/ conclusive argum5t z to ! id5tity ( light & heat1 & proves t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is simply ! diff]5ce correspond+ to ! diff]5ce betwe5 a high note & a l[ note 9 s\nd4 ,t be+ s1 ,i hope to be able to %[ t z heat possesses a dynamical value1 s light equally possesses a dynamical value1 & t z heat is a repulsive motion1 !n light mu/ equally possess a simil> repulsive motion1 t motion always be+ direct$ f ! c5tral body1 be+ caus$ by ! same ag5cy1 viz4 ! waves ( ! ,ae!r1 ! common s\rce ( bo? light & heat4 ,i purpose to address myself to ?is subject 9 ! foll[+ *apt]1 :i* ,i h t]m$ ,light1 a ,mode ( ,motion4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,light1 ,a ,,mode ,,( ,,motion ,,art4 #gj4 ,light1 a ,mode ( ,motion4--,no subject has 9 ! pa/ receiv$ great] att5tion f philosoph]s & sci5ti/s ?an t involv$ 9 ! "q z to ,:at is ,light8 ,inde$1 x may tru?fully be said1 t ev5 to-day its exact "* is n positively kn[n4 ,t x is due l heat to "s p]iodic wave motion 9 ! ,ae!r is kn[n1 b ! exact "* ( t wave motion has yet to be det]m9$4 ,z 9 ! case ( heat1 s 9 ! case ( light1 !re h be5 two !ories :i* h cont5d$ ) ea* o!r = supremacy 9 endeav\r+ to answ] ! "q z to ,:at is ,light8 ,^? two !ories are kn[n z ! ,emission or ,corpuscul> ,!ory1 & ! ,undulatory or ,wave ,!ory4 ,! corpuscul> !ory 0 introduc$ & develop$ by ,newton 9 8 "w on ,optics1 :i* ranks second only to ! ,pr9cipia z a "w reveal+ ma/]ly rese>* & sci5tific g5ius4 ,newton suppos$ t a lum9\s or light$ body actually emitt$ m9ute p>ticles1 :i* 7 %ot out f ! body ) ! velocity ( light1 t is1 at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,^! m9ute p>ticles he t]m$ corpuscles4 ,9 ! "w j ref]r$ to reg>d+ ?is matt]1 he asks ! "q1 ,are n rays ( light v small bodies emitt$ f %9+ sub/ances8 ,^! small p>ticles or corpuscles 7 suppos$ by him to actually /rike ! ret9a ( ! eye1 & s produce ! s5sation ( ,sight1 9 ! same way t odor\s p>ticles ent]+ ! no/ril1 come into contact ) ! olfactory n]ves & produce ! s5sation ( ,smell4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 to acc\nt = c]ta9 ph5om5a ( light1 he 0 compell$ to po/ulate an ae!rial m$ium to fill all space1 9 :i* 8 lum9\s corpuscles travell$1 & :i* w\ld excite waves 9 t m$ium4 ,9 8 eighte5? qu]y on ?is po9t he asks3 ,is n ! heat ( a w>m room convey$ ?r\gh ! vacuum by ! vibration ( a mu* subtl] m$ium ?an air1 & is n ?is m$ium ! same ) t m$ium by :i* light is reflect$ or refract$1 & by ^: vibrations light communicates ,heat to bodies1 & is put into fits ( easy reflection & easy transmission8 ,! corpuscul> !ory1 h[ev]1 receiv$ its dea?-bl[ :51 9 competition ) ! wave !ory ( light1 z develop$ by ,"y1 x 0 f\nd t ! latt] !ory satisfactorily acc\nt$ = c]ta9 ph5om5a z ! refraction ( light1 :i* ! corpuscul> !ory did n adequately acc\nt =4 ,ev5 :ile ,newton 0 develop+ 8 !ory1 ,huygh5s1 a contempor>y ( ,newton1 0 develop+ ano!r !ory :i* is n[ kn[n z ! undulatory or wave !ory4 ,huygh5s drew 8 conclusions f ! analogy ( s\nd4 ,he knew t s\nds 7 propagat$ by waves ?r\gh ! air1 & f ! region ( ! kn[n1 endeav\r$ to c>ry ! pr9ciple into ! region ( ! unkn[n1 a /rictly philosophical me?od1 & "o 9 accordance ) ! second ,rule ( ,philosophy4 ,he suppos$ t light1 !re=e1 l s\nd1 might be due to wave motion1 b if x 7 wave motion1 !re mu/ h be5 a m$ium to propagate ! waves4 ,9 ord] to acc\nt = ?is wave motion1 he suppos$ all space to be fill$ ) a lum9if]\s ,ae!r1 :i* w\ld be to 8 light waves :at air is to s\nd waves4 ,9 ?is conception he 0 support$ by ,eul] ! ma!matician1 & 9 #afij he 0 able to give a satisfactory explanation ( ! reflection & refraction ( light1 on ! hypo!sis t light 0 due to wave motion 9 ! ,ae!r4 ,x 0 n1 h[ev]1 till ! adv5t ( ,?omas ,"y1 t ! undulatory or wave !ory rea*$ its p]fection1 & f9ally ov]?rew its competitor ! corpuscul> !ory4 ,"y made himself ?or\ghly acqua9t$ ) wave motion ( all k9ds1 & appli$ 8 k & exp]i5ce to ! ph5om5a ( light1 & f ! analogies s obta9$1 he gradually built up ! undulatory !ory1 & gave to x a f\ndation f :i* x has n yet be5 mov$4 ,"y made use ( ! same ae!rial m$ium 9 ord] to propagate ! wave motion ( light 9 ! same way t ,huygh5s did4 ,f t conception1 ! ,ae!r has be5 gradually p]fect$1 until we h ! conception :i* has be5 pres5t$ to ! read] 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 9 :i* ,i h endeav\r$ to %[ t ?is ae!rial m$ium is matt]1 b inf9itely m r>efi$ & inf9itely m ela/ic1 b not)/&+ its extreme r>efaction & ela/icity1 x possesses in]tia1 because x is gravitative4 ,x is ?is ,ae!r1 !n1 t is conc]n$ 9 ! propagation ( light1 & is ! univ]sal m$ium :i* is to light :at air is to s\nd4 ,"y1 !re=e1 hav+ appli$ himself to ! wave motion ( s\nd1 f su* rese>*es 0 able to expla9 ! physical cause ( col\r1 & t ph5om5on t]m$ int]f]5ce4 ,we w !re=e look at wave motion1 9 ord] to und]/& ! wave !ory ( light4 ,n[ 9 all wave motion1 :e!r x be wat] waves or s\nd waves1 t :i* is propagat$ or convey$ f place to place is en]gy1 or motion4 ,if a /one is ?r[n into wat]1 a s]ies ( conc5tric circles ( waves are g5]at$1 :i* spread out ) increas+ size1 b decreas+ p[] or motion1 regul>ly on all sides4 ,! wat]1 h[ev]1 does n move away f ! g5]at+ s\rce4 ,!re is a motion ( ! wat]1 b x is simply a wave motion1 s t ! propagation ( a wave is ! propagation ( motion1 r ?an ! transf]5ce ( ! actual wat] :i* con/itutes ! wave4 ,9 ! case ( s\nd waves1 we h aga9 an illu/ration ( ! same pr9ciple4 ,= example1 suppose we /rike a bell1 & s set ! p>ticles ( t bell 9 a /ate ( vibration4 ,^! vibrations give ! air 9 contact ) ! bell a =w>d movem5t1 & !n1 ow+ to ! ela/icity & in]tia ( ! air1 a backw>d movem5t is set up1 ) ! result t a s]ies ( waves are set 9 motion f ! bell on e side1 :i* gradually dim9i% 9 int5sity ! f>!r !y rec$e f ! g5]at+ body4 ,accord+ to ! wave !ory1 !re=e1 we h to picture all heat$ & lum9\s bodies 9 a /ate ( vibration1 & ! atoms ( su* lum9\s bodies imp>t+ ! vibrations to ! atoms ( ! ,ae!r1 9 ! same way t ! atoms ( a bell imp>t _! vibrations to ! atoms ( ! air 9 contact ) x4 ,^! vibrations are !n propagat$ ?r\gh ! ,ae!r 9 waves1 :i*1 ent]+ ! eye1 imp+e or /rike ^u ! ret9a at ! back ( ! eye1 & be+ transmitt$ to ! bra9 give rise to ! s5sation ( sight4 ,x mu/ n be =gott5 t ! waves ( ,ae!r1 z po9t$ out 9 ,art4 #fd 9 relation to heat1 really =m sph]ical %ells :i* radiate out 9 all directions f ! c5tral body :i* gives rise to !m4 ,?us x c be se51 t all po9ts 9 ! sph]ical wave :i* are at equal di/ances f ! vibratory or lum9\s body1 mu/ possess ! same int5sity1 & possess equal light+ p[]s4 ,light1 !re=e1 l heat1 is due to a p]iodic wave motion set up 9 ! ,ae!r by ! vibrat+ atomic motion ( heat$ or lum9\s bodies4 ,x mu/ be also notic$1 t if we c\ld see ! air ?r\gh :i* ! s\nd waves are pass+1 we %\ld see t ea* atom or p>ticle ( ! atmosph]e 0 vibrat+ to & fro 9 ! direction ( propagation4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we c\ld see an atom ( ,ae!r 9 vibration1 accept+ ! pr9ciple t ,ae!r is atomic1 we %\ld see t ea* ae!rial atom is n vibrat+ 9 ! direction ( propagation1 b across ! l9e 9 :i* ! wave is travell+4 ,?us ! vibration ( ! air is said to be longitud9al1 b ! vibrations ( ! ,ae!r are transv]sal4 ,an illu/ration ( ! transv]se motion ( a light wave may be obta9$ by tak+ a rope & imp>t+ to x a s]ies ( undulations by %ak+ x up & d[n1 :5 x w be obs]v$ t ! wave motion ( ! rope is transv]se to ! /raight l9e 9 :i* x is propagat$4 ,! physical explanation ( ! transv]se vibration ( light w be dealt ) 9 a subsequ5t article4 ,n[ ! "q sugge/s itself to our m9d1 z to :at effect ! atomicity ( ! ,ae!r has ^u ! undulatory !ory ( light4 ,does x e/abli% x ^u a firm] basis1 or does x 9 any way de/roy its tru? z a !ory8 ,i v5ture to ?9k t ! atomicity ( ! ,ae!r 9 no s5se de/roys any "p ( ! undulatory !ory ( light1 b r t5ds to confirm & e/abli% x ^u a logical & philosophical basis4 ,= in/ance1 z has be5 po9t$ out 9 ,art4 #dg1 9 ord] = ! undulatory !ory to h any exi/5ce at all1 x is ess5tial t ! ,ae!r %\ld possess ! prop]ty ( ela/icity4 ,b h[ ! ,ae!r possess$ ! prop]ty ( ela/icity :ile at ! same "t x 0 frictionless1 & !re=e possess$ no mass1 has be5 a problem t has tax$ ! +5uity & res\rces ( sci5ti/s = a c5tury pa/1 & up to ! pres5t is a problem :i* /ill rema9s unsolv$4 ,n[1 h[ev]1 ) our atomic ,ae!r1 x is j z easy to conceive ,ae!r transmitt+ a wave z x is = air to transmit s\nd waves1 or wat] to transmit wat] waves4 ,tyndall1 9 8 ,lectures on ,light1 seems to h appreciat$ ! difficulty1 & to avoid confusion1 aga9 & aga9 ref]s to a p>ticle ( ,ae!r4 ,:ile ,huygh5s himself 9 speculat+ ^u ! ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r 9 8 ,trait de la ,lumire1 #afgh1 makes a sugge/ion z to its orig91 :i* practically am\nts to ! fact t ! ae!rial atom :i* gives rise to ?is ela/icity is ! core or c5tre ( a vortex r+4 ,?us x c be se5 t ! ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r1 s ess5tial to ! undulatory !ory1 is a problem t _c be solv$ ap>t f recogniz+ ! hypo!sis ( an atomic ,ae!r4 ,!n1 aga91 9 ! undulatory !ory ( light1 ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r ar\nd molecules ( bodies has to be tak5 into consid]ation to acc\nt = su* ph5om5a z ! refraction & reflection ( light1 b1 z we h se5 9 ,art4 #df1 su* a prop]ty z d5sity is inconceivable 9 connection ) a m$ium :i* is nei!r atomic & possesses no mass4 ,on ! assumption1 h[ev]1 ( an atomic & gravitative ,ae!r1 ! difficulty is at once solv$1 & ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r1 & diff]5t degrees ( d5sity are at once plac$ ^u a logical & philosophical basis4 ,s t 9 relation to ! ela/icity & d5sity ( ! ,ae!r ^u :i* ! transmission & reflection ( wave motion dep5d1 an atomic & gravitative ,ae!r e/abli%es & confirms ! undulatory !ory4 ,!re is also ano!r aspect ( ! subject t is wor?y ( notice4 ,i ref] to ! effect ( an atomic & gravitative ,ae!r ^u ,newton's corpuscul> !ory ( light4 ,newton's corpuscul> !ory fail$ 9 n be+ able to acc\nt = ! relative velocity ( light 9 r>e & d5s] m$ia1 & if by an atomic ,ae!r 9 conjunction ) ! undulatory !ory1 ! ph5om5on c be acc\nt$ =1 z ,i believe x c1 !n our ae!rial vortex atoms are analog\s to ,newton's corpuscles4 ,?is di/9ction w1 h[ev]1 h to be made1 viz4 t ,newton suppos$ 8 lum9\s corpuscles to be emitt$ by ! lum9\s body1 :]eas 9 ! conception ( our ae!rial atoms1 we conceive !m to be /ation>y relatively 9 space1 & only subject to ^? vibrations & oscillations t give rise to ! ae!rial waves recogniz$ 9 ! undulatory !ory4 ,x w\ld inde$ be a consummation to be desir$1 if1 by an atomic ,ae!r1 x c be prov$ t ,newton's ,corpuscul> ,!ory 0 made to h>monize ) ! ,undulatory ,!ory1 & t x c be ,i am pr(\ndly conv9c$4 ,pr(essor ,pre/on is also ( ?is view1 = 9 8 ,!ory ( ,light1 writ+ on ?is subject1 he says1 page #ai3 ,9 conclusion1 we may /ate t we believe an +5i\s expon5t ( ! emission !ory1 by suitably fram+ 8 fundam5tal po/ulates1 might fairly meet all ! objections t h be5 rais$ aga9/ x4 ,we w n[ apply ! hypo!sis ( an atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r to ,huygh5s' pr9ciple ( wave propagation1 & see if ?is atomicity 9 any way de/roys t pr9ciple1 or :e!r x simplifies & confirms x4 ,let u briefly review our conception ( ! ,ae!r be=e mak+ ! application4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 because ,ae!r is gravitative1 we le>n$ f ,art4 #de t x surr\nds all bodies 9 ! univ]se1 f ! smalle/ atom to ! l>ge/ sun or /> 9 ! firmam5t ( heav54 ,our sun1 !n1 :i* is to our sy/em ! s\rce ( all its light1 w be surr\nd$ by :at are practically sph]ical ae!rial envelopes or %ells :i* decrease 9 d5sity z !y rec$e f ! sun 7,art4 #df74 ,^! ae!rial %ells are1 accord+ to our conception1 made up ( m9ute ae!rial sph]ical vortex atoms possess+ pol>ity & rotation 7,art4 #dc71 & ^! atoms w be clos] toge!r ! ne>] !y are to ! c5tral body1 because ( ! increas$ d5sity ( ! ,ae!r due to ! attractive influ5ce ( ! sun4 ,?us1 :5 a wave motion is set up 9 ! ,ae!r ar\nd ! sun by ! int5se atomic activity ( t inc&esc5t body1 ea* atom ( t ae!rial sph]ical %ell or envelope p>ticipates 9 ! motion or impulse receiv$1 at "o & ! same "t1 s t ! wave is transmitt$ f envelope to envelope1 by ! ela/icity ( ! ae!rial atoms :i* compose ! envelope or %ell4 ,?us ! light wave is always sph]ical 9 =m1 or ne>ly s1 z ! rotational & orbital motion ( ! sun affect ! exact %ape ( ! ae!rial envelope z we %all le>n m fully lat] on4 ,fur!r1 ! wave front always takes ! =m ( a sph]e1 z ! waves are radiat$ out f ! lum9\s body 9 all directions1 & we %all le>n1 9 ! next article1 t ! vibrations are always 9 ! wave front1 t is1 take place on ! surface ( ea* ( ^! envelopes1 & ^! vibrations are also transv]se to ! propagation ( ! wave4 ,z ^! ae!rial envelopes ext5d "r into space1 ! wave is transmitt$ f envelope to envelope by means ( ! ae!rial atoms ) ! velocity ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second1 b z ea* succe$+ envelope possesses a l>g] surface ?an ! prec$+ "o1 ! int5sity ( ! light is proportionally decreas$4 ,! surface ( su* envelope is always proportionate to ! squ>e ( ! radius1 ! o!r quantities rema9+ equal4 ,s t ! int5sity ( ! light waves1 :i* are co9cid5t ) ! surface ( ea* sph]ical envelope1 w always v>y inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! lum9\s body1 :i* agrees ) ! law ( inv]se squ>es t gov]ns light & heat4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #d4 ,we h consid]$ ! wave motion z a :ole1 t is1 we h view$ x f ! /&po9t ( ! :ole ( ! ae!rial ela/ic envelope4 ,n[ we w look at ! subject f ! atomic /&po9t1 & see if x is 9 accordance ) ,huygh5s' pr9ciple ( wave propagation4 ,we w suppose t an undulatory movem5t is />t$ by a lum9\s body at po9t ,a situat$ 9 ! ,ae!r1 & surr\nd$ by t m$ium4 ,a may repres5t a "p ( any lum9\s body1 z ! sun or />1 :ile ,b ,c & ,b' ,c' repres5t a segm5t ( ! ae!rial envelopes already ref]r$ to1 :i* exi/ ar\nd ! sun4 ,we w fur!r suppose t ! small dots surr\nd+ ! lum9\s body repres5t ! ae!rial atoms =m+ ! envelope1 :i* transmit ! impulse or en]gy receiv$ f ! atomic vibrations ( ! lum9\s body4 ,z ea* ae!rial atom is mov$ or pu%$ =w>ds1 ea* atom directly 9 contact ) x accepts & transmits ! impulse4 ,b ea* ( ^! atoms /&s 9 relation to ^? 9 front ( !m1 z !y did 9 relation to ! fir/ r[ ( atoms1 s to speak1 & !re=e ex]t a correspond+ impulse on ! front r[4 ,b ! ?ird r[ /&s 9 relation to ! f\r? r[ z ! second r[ did to ! ?ird1 & s on to inf9ity4 ,?us ea* atom be+ surr\nd$ by o!r atoms may be look$ on z ! c5tre ( a new wave sy/em1 s t e p>ticle ( ! wave sy/em is itself a c5tre ( a new wave sy/em :i* is transmitt$ 9 all directions4 ,z ^! innum]able & m9ute wave sy/ems co-op]ate ) "o ano!r1 !y =m a pr9cipal wave sy/em :i* is co9cid5t ) ! surface ( ! sph]ical envelope1 "p ( :i* is repres5t$ by ,b ,c4 ,!n if we conceive ( all ! ae!rial atoms 9 "p ( ! pr9cipal wave sy/em ,b ,c1 z !mselves becom+ ! c5tre ( wave propagation1 by _! wave sy/ems ! pr9cipal wave w be transmitt$ fur!r on into space to ano!r ae!rial envelope ,b' ,c'1 :i* repres5ts "p ( ano!r pr9cipal wave1 :i* aga9 is co9cid5t ) ! surface ( "o ( ! sph]ical ae!rial envelopes4 ,s t by ! action ( ! ae!rial atoms :i* exi/ on all sides ( ! lum9\s body1 ! ae!rial wave c be transmitt$ f atom to atom 9 m or less sph]ical =m4 ,n[ let u comp>e ?is explanation ( ! transmission ( light by an atomic ,ae!r ) ! celebrat$ ,huygh5s' pr9ciple :i* is ?us enunciat$4 ,:5 an undulatory movem5t propagates itself ?r\gh an ela/ic m$ium1 e p>ticle imitates ! movem5t ( ! p>ticle fir/ excit$4 ,b e p>ticle /&s 9 relation to ! adjo9+ ones 9 exactly ! same relation t ! fir/ p>ticle did to its neighb\rs1 & consequ5tly mu/ ex]t ^u ^? surr\nd+ x1 exactly ! same influ5ce z ! fir/ did4 ,e vibratory p>ticle is !re=e to be reg>d$ z if x 7 ! orig9ally excit$ p>ticle ( ! wave sy/em2 & z ! innum]able & simultane\s elem5t>y wave sy/ems co-op]ate ) "o ano!r at ea* in/ant1 we obta9 exactly t pr9cipal wave sy/em by :i* ! ela/ic m$ium appe>s at any mom5t to be mov$4 ,n[ "h1 9 ?is /atem5t1 we h ! def9ite t]m p>ticles us$ sev]al times by ,huygh5s4 ,b 9 ! g5]ally accept$ !ory ( ! ,ae!r1 su* a t]m is unkn[n & unrecogniz$1 ) ! obvi\s result t ! def9ite & simple /atem5t ( ,huygh5s loses all its simplicity & mean+4 ,replace1 h[ev]1 ! non-atomic ,ae!r z at pres5t recogniz$1 by an atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r1 & !n ,huygh5s' exposition or pr9ciple /&s out 9 all its simplicity & cle>ness1 & f9ds 9 an atomic ,ae!r its lit]al fulfilm5t & complete v]ification4 ,9 conclusion on ?is po9t1 viz4 t light is a mode ( ae!rial motion1 let u endeav\r to =m a m5tal picture ( our atomic & ae!rial _w4 ,we h to rememb] t e p>ticle & atom ( matt] 9 exi/5ce are ev] vibrat+1 & by _! vibrations are ev] creat+ & g5]at+ ,ae!r waves 9 ! ae!rial m$ium4 ,^! waves1 begett+ o!rs1 ! process is cont9u$ until !y are ei!r int]cept$ & br\ght to re/ by o!r matt]1 or else spe$ away until !y rea* ! b\nd>y ( space4 ,n[ x is sc>cely necess>y = me to say1 t if "o atom c create & g5]ate ^! ,ae!r waves1 a ?\s& atoms c create !m 9 great] abundance /ill1 & millions ( atoms 9 ev5 /ill great] abundance1 & s on 9 proportion to ! quantity or bulk ( ! matt] vibrat+4 ,fur!r1 z x is ) quantity1 s w x be ) int5sity1 or activity ( vibration4 ,! m int5sely an atom vibrates1 ! m int5se w\ld be ! movem5t ( ! g5]at$ ,ae!r waves1 & ! int5sity w\ld be 9 exact proportion to ! int5sity ( ! motion ( ! atoms vibrat+4 ,9 reg>d to ! p[] ( atomic motions or vibrations1 ^? are ! greate/ & mo/ int5se 9 en]gy or motion1 :i* are produc$ by combu/ion or burn+4 ,! *emical activity by :i* ! burn+ is br\ght ab\t ar\ses & excites ! atoms ( matt] subject !reto1 into an int5sity ( motion1 ?\s&s1 x may be millions ( times great] ?an c be produc$ by any o!r kn[n means4 ,!re=e x c be readily se51 t ! ,ae!r waves g5]at$ by ?is means w be great] & m abundant1 bo? 9 _! volume & int5sity1 ?an ! ,ae!r waves produc$ m]ely by a cold body4 ,= example1 take a c&le at night-"t :5 ! light has disappe>$2 look at x & feel x4 ,?\gh its atoms are all 9 motion1 g5]at+ ,ae!r waves :i* are impress$ ) its own p>ticul> =m & col\r1 yet x c sc>cely be se5 ev5 at a %ort di/ance2 b light x1 & :at a *ange takes place6 ,we c bo? see x1 & are enabl$ by its light to see o!r ?+s also4 ,by ! p[] ( combu/ion1 its atoms h be5 excit$ into great] en]gy or motion1 g5]at+ & spe$+ ,ae!r waves on e side1 & ^! ,ae!r waves be+ reflect$ & re-reflect$ by ! atoms ( ! air1 & ! walls ( ! h\se1 give light to all t are 9 ! h\se4 ,i mu/ n[ ask ! read] to ref] to ,art4 #fd on ,radiant ,heat1 9 ord] t we may recall facts reg>d+ ! heat ( ! sun4 ,rememb]+ ! int5sity ( ! heat ( ! sun z calculat$ by ,h]s*el & o!rs1 & rememb]+ t ! sun is #a1bjj1jjj times l>g] 9 volume ?an our e>?1 ! "q naturally sugge/s itself to our m9d1 :at mu/ be ! volume & int5sity ( ! light waves z !y fl[ f ! sun into space8 ,:at a /orm ( fury & ( motion mu/ !re be )9 ! ae!rial atmosph]e ar\nd ! sun1 & ) :at volume & p[] mu/ ^! light waves spe$ away f s mighty a s\rce6 ,"s idea may be ga9$ f ! fact t !y spe$ away to ! di/ant ,neptune1 a di/ance ( ne>ly ?ree ?\s& millions ( miles1 & imp>t to t planet ! en]gy ( light & heat :i* to ! planet =ms ! physical s\rce ( all its life & activities4 ,?us f ! sun1 ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 !re are ev] be+ p\r$ =? into space ^! ae!rial light waves4 ,! sol> fires are ev] gl[+1 & _! flames ev] burn+1 rob+ ! sol> disc ) its quiv]+ fr+e1 or madly leap+ on e side to a di/ance ( "o hundr$ ?\s& miles1 & by _! madness la%+ ! ae!rial atmosph]e into fury1 creat+ ae!rial waves1 myriads ^u myriads1 & s5d+ !m ) lightn+ spe$ across ! int]v5+ space4 ,z swift-foot$ mess5g]s !y come1 ! be>]s ( life & beauty to di/ant planets4 ,!y come to ?is our isl& home 9 space1 ^! ae!rial light waves1 l ri* argosies freight$ ) ! treasures ( light1 ( life1 ( beauty1 & ( glory1 & ! transmission ( ?is life & beauty is effect$ by ! incessant wave motion g5]at$ 9 ! ,ae!r by ! c5tral body ( our sol> sy/em1 ! sun4 ,let u !re=e endeav\r to =m a m5tal picture ( ?is ae!rial wave motion ) its transv]se vibrations4 ,,art4 #ga4 ,transv]se ,vibration ( ,light4--,9 ! previ\s article we saw t ! vibration ( light 0 transv]se to ! l9e ( propagation4 ,if we c\ld see ! p>ticles ( air :i* are vibrat+ :5 s\nd waves are produc$1 we %\ld f9d t ea* p>ticle or atom is vibrat+ backw>ds & =w>ds 9 ! direction ( propagation4 ,9 ! case ( an ae!rial atom1 h[ev]1 :i*1 accord+ to our own !ory1 p>ticipates 9 ! vibration1 we h to try to conceive ( ea* atom z vibrat+ across ! l9e ( propagation4 ,s t if ,a ,b repres5ts a ray ( light proce$+ f a lum9\s body1 z ! sun 7,fig4 #e71 !n ! vibration mu/ be across ! l9e1 z up & d[n & across t l9e z %[n 9 ! figure1 ea* phase ( ! vibration be+ at "r angles to ! l9e ( propagation--t is1 to ,a ,b4 ,h[ c we =m a physical conception ( ?is ph5om5on8 ,!re mu/ be "s physical explanation to x1 = if x be an effect !re mu/ be a cause = its exi/5ce & production4 ,up to ! pres5t1 h[ev]1 no physical explanation has be5 =?com+1 s t = ov] #bjj ye>s a frictionless m$ium has fail$ to acc\nt =1 or to expla91 ! transv]se vibration ( light z sugge/$ by ,fresnel4 ,if1 !re=e1 by ! hypo!sis ( an atomic & gravitative ,ae!r1 we succe$ 9 accompli%+ a result t a frictionless ,ae!r has fail$ to accompli%1 !n ! explanation w be a mo/ important factor 9 prov+ ! atomicity & consequ5t gravitative prop]ty ( ! ,ae!r4 ,let u !re=e rev]t to our hypo!sis ( ! ,ae!r z giv5 9 ,art4 #de4 ,f t we le>n1 because ,ae!r is atomic1 x is also gravitative1 & !re=e =ms ar\nd e atom & molecule1 e satellite1 planet1 sun & />1 an ae!rial atmosph]e--su* ae!rial atmosph]e be+ d\btless proportionate to ! mass ( ! atom or molecule or planet z ! case may be1 9 accordance ) ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,we %all consid] ?is view ( ! subject lat] on4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #e4 ,?us we le>n t e p>ticle ( matt]1 & e body 9 ! univ]se has its ae!rial atmosph]e s to speak1 to :i* x is held b\nd by ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,9 ! case ( a satellite or planet or sun or />1 t atmosph]e w be m or less sph]ical 9 %ape1 decreas+ 9 d5sity z x rec$es f ! attract+ body4 ,z we saw 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 ,tyndall /at$ t ! waves ( light really =m$ sph]ical %ells :i* surr\nd$ ! lum9\s body4 ,9 ! conception ( an atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r we c =m a physical conception ( ^! ae!rial %ells1 :i* c be pictur$ z ela/ic envelopes1 or r s]ies ( envelopes surr\nd+ ea* p>ticle ( matt]1 & also surr\nd+ ea* satellite1 planet1 sun1 & />2 ea* envelope gett+ gradually less & less d5se z ! di/ance f ! c5tral body is increas$4 ,n[ we le>n f exp]im5ts t ! vibration is always 9 ! wave front1 b ! wave front is co9cid5t ) ! surface ( ea* ae!rial sph]ical %ell1 !re=e ! vibration mu/ be 91 & co9cide )1 ! surfaces ( ! sph]ical %ells t are =m$ ar\nd e body 9 ! univ]se4 ,we are n[1 h[ev]1 deal+ specially ) "o body :i* is ! s\rce ( light1 viz4 ! sun1 & h !re=e to picture ! sun z be+ surr\nd$ by ^! ae!rial ela/ic envelopes1 :i* gradually get less & less d5se z !y rec$e f x4 ,:at1 !re=e1 w be ! effect ( ! heat ( t body z x is p\r$ =? into space8 ,we h already le>n$ 7,art4 #fc7 ( ! untold quantity ( heat t is cont9ually be+ p\r$ =? into space f ! sun ) its diamet] ( #hef1jjj miles1 & its circumf]5ce ( ov] #b-a_/b million miles4 ,:at int5se activity x mu/ g5]ate 9 ! ,ae!r ne> its surface6 & :at mu/ be ! direct effect ( t heat ^u ! ae!rial ela/ic envelopes or %ells :i* surr\nd x8 ,p]haps ! answ] c be be/ illu/rat$ by a simple exp]im5t4 ,let u take an ord9>y toy balloon1 ) its ela/ic envelope1 & fill x mod]ately full ) air1 & obs]ve :at ! effect on x is :5 we put x ne> ! fire4 ,gradually1 z heat is imp>t$ to ! air 9 ! balloon1 ! air :i* is also ela/ic exp&s1 ) ! result t ! envelope ( ! balloon is ext5d$1 & its size enl>g$4 ,n[ )draw x f ! fire & note :at happ5s4 ,z ! air inside gets cold aga91 ! ela/ic envelope ( ! balloon gradually %r9ks1 until x has be5 r$uc$ to its =m] size4 ,:at has be5 tak+ place dur+ ?is exp]im5t ) reg>d to ! ela/ic envelope & ! atoms !re(8 ,may we n say t !re has be5 a vibration or oscillation1 among ! p>ticles :i* g to make up ! ela/ic envelope1 t =ms ! surface ( ! balloon8 ,c]ta9ly !re has be5 "s =m ( motion1 & t motion took fir/ ! =m ( an expansion1 & !n contraction ( ! individual p>ticles2 & we h only to conceive ( ?is process be+ repeat$ quickly & cont9u\sly1 to =m a m5tal picture ( :at takes place 9 any ae!rial ela/ic envelope or %ell t surr\nds ! sun4 ,! illu/ration is n1 h[ev]1 p]fect1 because we h made ! s\rce ( heat to be outside in/ead ( inside ! ela/ic envelope1 z is ! case ) ! sun & its ae!rial atmosph]e or envelope4 ,we w !re=e slightly modify ! exp]im5t1 & take two balloons1 ,a1 ,b1 "o small] ?an ! o!r1 & put ! small] "o ,a into ! int]ior ( ! l>g] "o1 inflat+ ! small] "o1 s t x c be situat$ 9 ! middle ( ! l>g] "o1 ! latt] hav+ twice ! diamet] ( ! small] "o1 z 9 ! diagram 7,fig4 #f74 ,to ! neck ( ! small] balloon ,a we w atta* an india-rubb] tube :i* ends 9 a clos$ bulb ,c4 ,we h n[ ! two balloons inflat$4 ,let u press ! bulb ,c & notice :at happ5s4 ,! effect w be exactly ! same z x 0 :5 we br\ght ! balloon 9 contact ) ! heat ( ! fire 9 ! fir/ exp]im5t--t is1 ! ela/ic envelope w be aga9 exp&$4 ,z soon z we take ! pressure f ! bulb ,c ! envelope1 be+ ela/ic1 seeks to recov] its orig9al position1 ) ! result t x spr+s back to its orig9al size4 ,if we press$ ! bulb ,c #bj times p] m9ute1 we %\ld get #bj vibrations ( ! p>ticles ( ! envelopes p] m9ute1 & if we press$ x #ajjj times p] m9ute1 we %\ld get #ajjj vibrations among ! p>ticles ( ! ela/ic envelope1 s t ! numb] ( vibrations w\ld correspond to ! numb] ( times we press$ ! bulb4 ,n[ h[ did ?is vibration rea* ! ela/ic envelope ( ! balloon ,b f ! balloon ,a8 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #f4 ,! reply is1 by means ( ! p>ticles1 or atoms ( air t exi/ betwe5 ! two surfaces ( ! balloons1 & t transmission w\ld take ! =m ( a wave propagat$ f p>ticle to p>ticle1 s t we might put dots on ! "r side ( ,a to repres5t ! atoms ( air :i* transmit ! wave f ,a to ,b4 ,b ! vibration :i* takes place 9 ! surface ( ! envelope ( ! out] balloon is across ?is l9e ( propagation1 because z ! wave proce$s f ,a to ,b1 ! ela/ic envelope exp&s & /ret*es always across ! l9e ( propagation--t is1 x /ret*es up & d[n1 left & "r1 z x is exp&$ outw>ds1 s t ! vibration or oscillation ( ! p>ticles always takes place 9 ! surface ( ! ela/ic envelope across ! l9e ( propagation4 ,let u !re=e apply ! result ( ?is simple exp]im5t to our sol> sy/em & ! ,ae!r1 & see if x c be made to expla9 ! transv]se vibration ( light4 ,let ,a repres5t ! sun 7,fig4 #g7 & ,b an ae!rial ela/ic envelope surr\nd+ ! sun4 ,9 ?is case we disp5se ) ! bulb ,c1 z ! sun possesses )9 itself ! p[] to g5]ate heat1 & s to produce ! requir$ expansion ( ! ela/ic ae!rial envelopes ,b1 ,g1 ,h1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #g4 ,in/ead1 h[ev]1 ( hav+ air p>ticles betwe5 ,a & ,b1 we w put 9 _! place our ae!rial atoms :i* we h conceiv$ accord+ to ,art4 #dd4 ,^! surr\nd ! sun1 repres5t$ by ,a1 =m+ ela/ic sph]ical %ells or envelopes4 ,z ! sun radiates its heat into space1 x urges ! ae!rial atoms aga9/ ea* o!r1 ) ! result t !y transmit ! en]gy f atom to atom1 or p>ticle to p>ticle1 till !y come to ! ela/ic ae!rial envelopes ( ,h1 ,g1 ,b4 ,! effect on ,b1 or on any o!r ae!rial envelope1 is to exp& x outw>dly1 & ?us set ! atoms ( :i* x is compos$ into vibration4 ,! wave1 :i* is n[ an ae!rial wave travell+ ) a velocity ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second1 may be repres5t$ by ! l9e ,d ,e4 ,b :ile x is travell+ f ,d to ,e ! same en]gy is be+ radiat$ out 9 all directions1 s t a wave rea*es ! :ole surface ( ! ela/ic envelope ,b at ! same "t1 ) ! result t ! :ole ( ! %ell or envelope is set 9 vibration z x exp&s outw>dly4 ,?us ! vibration is always 9 ! wave front1 & ! wave front is always co9cid5t ) ! surface ( "o ( ^! envelopes1 & z ^! ae!rial envelopes are !mselves =m$ by ae!rial atoms1 ! wave is spread outw>dly f any c5tral po9t 9 a sph]ical =m z prov$ by exp]im5t4 ,n only1 !re=e1 is ! vibration 9 ! wave front1 b x is always transv]se to ! l9e ( propagation1 = ! simple reason t ! surface ( ! sph]ical %ell or envelope is always at "r angles to ! radius vector or /raight l9e :i* jo9s any c5tre to ! surface ( a sph]ical envelope4 ,z soon z ! ae!rial atom :i* =ms ! sph]ical ae!rial envelope has rea*$ ! limit ( its expansion1 x seeks to recov] its =m] position because ( its ela/icity1 ) ! result t ! :ole envelope contracts aga91 & arrives at its orig9al position 9 space ready to accept motion aga9 & transmit x onw>ds 9 ! same mann] z be=e4 ,?us1 by ! acceptance ( an atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r1 we may =m a physical conception ( "o ( ! greate/ problems 9 optical ph5om5a1 viz4 ! transv]se vibration ( light :i* always takes place 9 ! wave front1 & across ! l9e ( propagation4 ,:e!r ?is explanation is exactly correct 9 detail1 or n1 ,i am conv9c$ t ! true physical explanation ( ! problem is to be f\nd 9 an atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r1 z hi!rto a frictionless ,ae!r has fail$ ev5 to sugge/ to any sci5ti/ h[ su* a transv]se vibration c take place4 ,,art4 #gb4 ,reflection & ,refraction4--,a ray or wave ( light is said to be reflect$ :5 x meets ) an ob/acle :i* opposes its free passage & turns x back4 ,we h illu/rations ( ?is law ( reflection 9 ! case ( wat] waves /rik+ aga9/ a breakwat]1 or a s\nd wave /rik+ aga9/ ! wall ( a room4 ,9 ei!r case ! wave is turn$ back1 & reflection is ! result4 ,a ray or a wave ( light is said to be refract$ :51 9 pass+ f "o m$ium into ano!r1 x is turn$ f ! /raight pa? 9 :i* x 0 go+ be=e x ent]$ ! refract+ m$ium4 ,an illu/ration ( ! refraction ( light is to be f\nd 9 ! case ( ! glass l5s1 s (t5 us$ to conv]ge ! light waves into "o focus4 ,we h up to ! pres5t dealt ) only two !ories ( light1 ! ,corpuscul> !ory & ! ,undulatory or ,wave !ory4 ,we h se5 h[ bo? h>monize ) ,huygh5s' pr9ciple1 & ! "q arises z to :e!r bo? c be made to h>monize ) ! ph5om5a ( reflection & refraction4 ,9 ! ,corpuscul> !ory we h lum9\s p>ticles emitt$ by lum9\s bodies4 ,^! p>ticles we h le>n$ are practically synonym\s ) our ae!rial atoms4 ,9 ! ,wave !ory x is impossible to conceive ( a wave )\t conceiv+ ( p>ticles :i* transmit ! wave2 ev5 ,huygh5s ref]s to p>ticles ( ,ae!r1 & s does ,tyndall 9 8 ,notes on ,light4 ,9 ! ,electro-magnetic !ory ( light we h aga9 to ?9k ( atoms1 :i* are t]m$ electrons by ,dr4 ,l>mor & ,sir ,william ,crookes2 :ile ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?ompson calls !m corpuscles4 ,s t 9 all ?ree !ories we h ! same fundam5tal idea ( atoms1 ei!r express$ or imag9$1 und]ly+ all ! ?ree !ories4 ,n[ :at is ! prop]ty ( ! ,ae!r on :i* all reflection & refraction is bas$8 ,is x n ! prop]ty ( d5sity8 ,fresnel assumes t reflection & refraction ( light are dep5d5t ^u diff]5t degrees ( d5sity ( ! ,ae!r associat$ ) any body1 & has giv5 a ma!matical =mula1 :i* decides ! index ( refraction1 su* =mula be+ entirely dep5d5t ^u ! relative d5sity ( ! ,ae!r 9 association ) ! refract+ m$ium4 ,b ) a frictionless m$ium1 x is an absolute impossibility to conceive ( diff]5t degrees ( d5sity ( ! ,ae!r 9 association ) matt]4 ,if ! ,ae!r does possess diff]5t degrees ( d5sity :i* decide ! refractive index ( ! sub/ance1 !n ( a c]ta9ty !re mu/ be "s law to gov]n & decide ! d5sity1 & t law c only be ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,z ,"y po9ts out 9 8 ,f\r? ,hypo!sis1 e p>ticle ( matt] has an attraction = ! ,ae!r by :i* x is accumulat$ ar\nd x ) great] d5sity4 ,n[ on ! basis ( our conception ( a gravitative ,ae!r1 e atom & molecule1 & inde$ e body 9 ! univ]se1 possess ae!rial atmosph]es1 :i* possess v>y+ degrees ( d5sity1 ! d5s] lay]s be+ ne>e/ to ! nucleus ( ! atom or molecule z ! case may be1 ! ela/icity ( ea* lay] or envelope be+ always proportionate to its d5sity4 ,:5 we apply ! corpuscul> !ory to ! reflection ( light we f9d t x satisfactorily acc\nts = ! ph5om5on4 ,accord+ to ,newton's corpuscul> !ory1 ea* lum9\s p>ticle travels 9 a /raight l9e ?r\gh a homog5e\s m$ium4 ,:51 h[ev]1 x comes almo/ into contact ) a reflect+ surface1 :i* 9 our case we conceive to be a lay] ( "o ( ! ae!rial ela/ic envelopes surr\nd+ ! atoms or molecules ( ! reflect+ body1 !n1 accord+ to ,newton1 ! light p>ticle is repell$1 or reflect$ by ! m$ium2 ! angle ( reflection or repulsion be+ always equal to ! angle ( incid5ce4 ,s t ! emission !ory h>monizes ) ! wave !ory 9 reg>d to reflection4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we come to deal ) ! refraction ( light1 ! corpuscul> !ory app>5tly breaks d[n1 & x 0 9 relation to ?is phase ( ! ph5om5a ( light t ! undulatory !ory ov]?rew ! corpuscul> !ory4 ,accord+ to ! corpuscul> !ory1 :5 a lum9\s p>ticle or corpuscle is ne>+ ! surface ( a d5s] m$ium1 z glass or wat]1 x 0 attract$ by ! d5s] m$ium1 ) ! result t ! velocity ( ! p>ticle 9 ! d5s] m$ium 0 great] ?an its velocity 9 air4 ,b direct exp]im5ts prove exactly ! opposite1 z x is f\nd t :5 light passes f a r>e into a d5s] m$ium1 ! velocity ( light 9 ! d5s] or m refract+ m$ium is less ?an x 0 9 ! air4 ,"h !n 0 a te/ to decide ! respective m]its ( ! two !ories4 ,z ! undulatory !ory 0 able to give a satisfactory explanation ( ! ph5om5on1 ! corpuscul> !ory 0 reject$1 & ! undulatory !ory 0 accept$4 ,n[ ! "q sugge/s itself1 z to :e!r x is possible to reconcile ! two !ories 9 relation to ! refraction ( light by our conception ( an atomic & gravitative ,ae!r4 ,i believe x is possible4 ,let u look at ! case = a mom5t4 ,we h1 accord+ to our !ory ( ! ,ae!r1 to conceive ( all atoms & molecules1 ( all planets & suns & />s1 be+ surr\nd$ by ae!rial ela/ic atmosph]es1 or envelopes1 :i*1 l ! atmosph]e 9 association ) ! e>?1 are always ! d5se/ ne>e/ ! nucleus ( ! atom1 gett+ gradually less & less d5se ! fur!r !y rec$e f ! c5tral po9t4 ,fur!r1 accord+ to our !ory1 ) reg>d to ! ela/icity or pressure ( ^! ela/ic envelopes1 !y ex]t a pressure proportionate to _! d5sity4 ,s t ! ne>] ! ae!rial atmosph]e or envelope is to ! c5tral po9t or nucleus ( ! atom1 ! great] w be ! ela/icity or pressure4 ,n[ :at ,i wi% to call ! read]'s special att5tion to is1 t ! pressure 9 ea* & e case ( ! ae!rial ela/ic envelopes :i* surr\nd ! c5tral nucleus1 is always direct$ away f ! c5tral po9t1 & "h x seems to me is ! solution ( ! difficulty :i* ,newton fail$ to solve4 ,= :5 a lum9\s corpuscle ent]s any m$ium1 assum+ x to d s1 x w\ld h to ov]come ! pressure due to ! increas$ ela/icity ( ! d5s] ae!rial envelopes1 & z ! two motions1 viz4 t ( ! incid5t ray1 & ! pressure due to ! ela/icity ( ! ela/ic envelope1 w\ld be 9 opposition to ea* o!r1 ! result w\ld be t ! lum9\s corpuscle1 if x ent]$ ! m$ium at all1 w\ld be ret>d$ & n accel]at$ z sugge/$ by ,newton1 & su* a result is p]fectly 9 h>mony ) exp]im5t4 ,s t by our !ory ( an atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r1 x seems to me t x n[ becomes possible to reconcile ! two !ories4 ,!re is ano!r difficulty t ! emission !ory _h to cont5d )1 & t 01 h[ 0 x possible = ! same surface ( any sub/ance to reflect & refract a corpuscle at "o & ! same "t8 ,newton ov]came ?is difficulty by sugge/+1 f ! results ( 8 obs]vations on c]ta9 col\r$ r+s1 t ea* p>ticle _h :at he call$ c]ta9 phases or fits1 ( easy reflection or refraction1 s t at c]ta9 times !y w\ld be refract$1 & at o!r times !y w\ld be reflect$4 ,boscovit* has sugge/$ t ! fits 7 due to ! fact t ea* lum9\s corpuscle possess$ pol>ity2 :i*1 by rotat+1 alt]nately (f]$ _! diff]5t sides to ! refractive & reflect+ surfaces1 s t sometimes !y w\ld be reflect$ or repell$1 & at o!r times attract$ or refract$4 ,a simil> hypo!sis has also be5 sugge/$ by ,biot4 ,n[ if su* a hypo!sis w satisfactorily acc\nt = ! fact t ! same m$ium w reflect or refract ! lum9\s corpuscles1 z ! case may be1 !n 9 our ae!rial atom we h ! v conditions :i* w\ld satisfy bo? ,boscovit* & ,biot's hypo!sis4 ,= "o ( ! prop]ties t we sugge/$ reg>d+ our ae!rial atom 01 t x possess$ rotation l our own e>?1 & t x also possess$ pol>ity4 ,! h>moniz+ ( ! two !ories1 !re=e1 seems to re/ ^u ! atomicity or non-atomicity ( ! ,ae!r4 ,x is absolutely c]ta9 t ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light dem&s ! recognition ( "s =m ( atomicity = ! ,ae!r4 ,= if light be really an electro-magnetic ph5om5a1 z has be5 prov$ by ,maxwell & exp]im5tally demon/rat$ by ,h]tz1 !n1 9 view ( ! fact t ! atomicity ( electricity is com+ )9 ! scope ( direct exp]im5t z ass]t$ by ,dr4 ,l>mor1 unless we accept atomicity ( ! ,ae!r 9 "s way1 we %all be 9 ! unphilosophical position ( hav+ ! ,ae!r ( space n be+ compos$ ( atoms1 :ile ! electricity associat$ ) t ,ae!r 9 "s unkn[n way is compos$ ( atoms4 ,9 o!r words1 we %all h a non-atomic body compos$ ( atoms1 :i* conclusion is absurd4 ,!re=e1 f ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 we are aga9 compell$ to po/ulate atoms ( "s k9d = ! ,ae!r4 ,if !re are electrical atoms 9 association ) ! ,ae!r1 !n !y mu/ be ( two k9ds1 positive & negative1 z x is impossible to f9d positive electricity disassociat$ f negative4 ,!re=e1 f ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light we get fur!r evid5ce ( ! pol>ity ( ! ae!rial atom1 by :i* ,newton's fits ( easy reflection or refraction may be physically conceiv$4 ,i am conv9c$1 t ) ! hypo!sis ( an atomic & gravitative ,ae!r z sugge/$ by ,"y 9 8 ,f\r? ,hypo!sis1 all ?ree !ories ( light 9 relation to ! ph5om5a ( reflection & refraction c be h>moniz$4 ,i wi% only to po9t out ! direction 9 :i* to look = ! solution1 & mu/ leave x to sci5ti/s to "w out ! problem4 ,,art4 #gc4 ,! ,sol> ,spectrum4--,:5 a ray or beam ( sol> light is pass$ ?r\gh a prism1 x is brok5 up or decompos$ into its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,?is is call$ disp]sion1 & conclusively proves t ! light f ! sun is n a simple1 b a comp\nd col\r4 ,we h illu/rations ( ?is decomposition ( pure :ite light 9 ! ra9b[1 :]e ! col\rs ( ! sunlight are reveal$ aga9/ ! sky ) cle>ness & precision4 ,a simple exp]im5t to prove t ! sol> light is a comp\nd "o may be made by bor+ a small hole 9 a %utt]1 & !n all[+ ! sunlight t passes ?r\gh ! hole to fall ^u a prism1 su* z ! p5dant ( a c&elabrum4 ,:5 ?is is done1 !n on ! opposite wall ( ! room w be se51 n "o col\r1 b sev5 col\rs1 rang$ 9 ! foll[+ ord]3 ,r$1 ,orange1 ,yell[1 ,gre51 ,blue1 ,indigo1 ,violet4 ,?is is t]m$ ! ,visible ,spectrum4 ,x may be ask$1 ,:at is ! cause ( ! v>i\s col\rs 9 ! spectrum8 ,we h already se5 t light is due to a wave motion ( ! ,ae!r1 & x c be demon/rat$ t ! v>i\s col\rs ( light are due to diff]5t wave l5g?s4 ,col\r is to light :at pit* is to s\nd4 ,z has be5 %[n 9 ,art4 #fb1 ! pit* ( a note dep5ds ^u ! numb] ( air waves :i* /rike ^u ! tympanum ( ! e> 9 a giv5 "t4 ,! m rapid ! vibration1 ! high] ! note4 ,! m rapidly a s\nd+ body vibrates1 ! %ort] w be ! l5g? ( ea* wave4 ,if a viol9i/ wants to produce a note ( high] pit*1 he presses 8 f+] on ! /r+1 !reby %ort5+ x1 & by s do+ increases ! rapidity ( vibration1 & raises ! pit* ( ! note4 ,n[ ! col\rs ( ! spectrum are to ! eye :at ! notes are to ! e>4 ,! ae!rial waves :i* produce ! r$ col\r are sl[] 9 _! vibrations1 & are long] ?an ^? :i* produce ! orange col\r4 ,^? :i* produce ! orange col\r are ( sl[] vibrations1 & long] ?an ^? :i* produce ! yell[ col\r1 & s on ?r\gh all ! o!r col\rs2 until we get to ! violet & to ! ultra-violet1 or invisible violet rays1 :i* are ! mo/ rapid 9 _! vibrations1 & consequ5tly _! wave l5g?s are ! %orte/ ( ! :ole gr\p4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$ t x takes ab\t #ci1jjj waves ( r$ light to measure an in* if plac$ end to end4 ,n[ light has a velocity ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,if ?is is r$uc$ to in*es1 we f9d t !re are #aa1ghd1ifj1jjj 9 t di/ance4 ,let u !re=e multiply ?is numb] by #ci1jjj1 & we %all !n f9d h[ _m waves ( r$ light mu/ ent] ! eye to produce ! s5sation ( r$ col\r4 ,t numb] is #dei1fac1ddj1jjj1jjj1 s t all ^! waves ent] ! eye 9 "o second ( "t1 & mu/ /rike ! ret9a ( ! eye 9 ord] to produce ! s5sation ( r$ness4 ,9 ! same way1 ! numb] ( waves t mu/ /rike ! ret9a ( ! eye to produce ! s5sation ( violet c be det]m9$4 ,x takes ab\t #eg1ejj waves ( violet to measure an in*1 s t a violet wave is only #a_/egjjj "p ( an in* 9 l5g?4 ,all ! o!r col\rs ( ! spectrum :i* lie betwe5 ! violet & ! r$ waves gradually get long] & long] 9 _! wave l5g?s1 & sl[] & sl[] 9 _! vibrations1 until at ! r$ end ( ! spectrum & beyond x we h ! longe/ waves1 :i* are f #a_/cijjj "p ( an in* 9 l5g? to #a_/ajjjj "p ( an in*4 ,! sev5 col\rs se5 9 ! spectrum are call$ ! ,visible ,spectrum4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 rays ( light beyond bo? ends ( ! spectrum :i* d n affect ! optic n]ves ( ! eye1 & !re=e are invisible to sight4 ,! rays 9 ! spectrum :i* lie beyond ! r$ are t]m$ ultra-r$ rays1 :ile ^? beyond ! violet are call$ ultra-violet rays4 ,x c be prov$ ! =m] are ri* 9 heat+ p[]1 :ile ! latt] possess great *emical p[]4 ,by means ( an in/rum5t kn[n z ! !rmo-electric pile1 or !rmopile1 ! v>i\s heat+ p[] ( ! :ole spectrum1 visible & invisible1 c be det]m9$4 ,let u look = a mom5t at ^! invisible or d>k rays4 ,/rictly speak+1 all light is invisible1 z we _c see light itself1 we c only see x by reflection4 ,we h se5 t light is due to a wave motion 9 ! ,ae!r1 b we _c see t wave motion1 nei!r c we see ! ,ae!r itself1 s t x is n /rictly correct to call a ray visible or invisible4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 accept$ ! t]ms 9 relation to ! rays ( ! spectrum1 to di/+ui% betwe5 ! invisible or obscure rays ( ! spectrum & ! visible rays4 ,x 0 ,sir ,w4 ,h]s*el :o fir/ discov]$ ! exi/5ce ( ^! invisible waves4 ,he pass$ a !rmomet] ?r\gh ! v>i\s col\rs ( ! sol> spectrum1 & !n not$ ! temp]ature ( ea* col\r4 ,he did n1 h[ev]1 /op at ! limit ( ! visible spectrum1 b exp]im5t$ ) 8 !rmomet] beyond its limits1 & !n f\nd t beyond ! r$ rays !re 7 o!r rays1 ! ultra-r$ rays1 :i* possess$ great] heat+ p[] ?an any o!r rays ( ! spectrum4 ,?us 8 exp]im5ts prov$1 t side by side ) ! lum9\s or light waves1 !re 7 o!r rays1 :i*1 ?\gh !y possess$ great] heat+ p[]1 yet 7 n able to excite ! optic n]ve1 & s produce ! s5sation ( sight4 ,f ^! facts we le>n t ! sol> spectrum may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts-- #a4 ,! r$ or ultra-r$ end ( ! spectrum :i* possesses ! greate/ heat+ p[]4 #b4 ,! c5tral "p1 yell[ & gre51 :i* is ! greate/ 9 lum9\s p[] or light waves4 #c4 ,! violet or ultra-violet end1 :i* possesses great *emical or act9ic p[] z x is sometimes t]m$4 ,we h already se5 7,art4 #fi7 t ! same ae!rial waves :i* give rise to heat1 also give rise to light1 & t ! only physical diff]5ce betwe5 heat & light is1 t ! waves :i* cause ! ph5om5a ( heat are ( sl[] p]iod1 & ( great] l5g?1 ?an ^? :i* cause ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,f ! sol> spectrum we le>n t !re are a ?ird class ( ,ae!r waves1 :i* are ( m rapid vibration1 & !re=e %ort] 9 l5g? ?an ei!r ! ae!rial heat waves or ! ae!rial light waves4 ,z already /at$1 ^! are call$ *emical or act9ic waves1 because !y possess a great] *emical p[] ?an ei!r ! heat or ! light waves t =m ! c5tral "p ( ! spectrum4 ,n[ ?is "q sugge/s itself to u 9 relation to ^! *emical waves4 ,:at are ^! s-call$ *emical waves t are produc$ 9 ! ae!rial m$ium by ! activity & heat ( ! sun8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! ae!rial waves :i* give rise to bo? light & heat1 & also ^! *emical waves1 are fir/ set 9 motion by ! sun1 at lea/ z f> z our sol> sy/em is conc]n$4 ,we are p]fectly conv]sant ) ! ph5om5a & *>act]i/ics ( bo? heat & light4 ,we are able to exactly det]m9e :at _! p>ticul> effect w be on matt]1 & to describe t effect 9 a p]fectly /raight=w>d mann]4 ,! same1 h[ev]1 _c be said ( ^! s-call$ *emical waves t lie *iefly 9 ! violet & ultra-violet end ( ! sol> spectrum4 ,:at1 !n1 is a *emical wave1 its p>ticul> nature1 & its exact prop]ties8 ,t we "k x c decompose c]ta9 comp\nds1 z ,c>bonic ,acid ,gas1 ,,co#b1 & s give rise to *emical decomposition1 has be5 prov$ by ,pr(essor ,tyndall & o!rs1 b ,i h nev] yet se5 any record ( any attempt to f9d out :at ^! *emical waves are4 ,!re may h be5 su* attempts made to discov] _! orig9 & "*1 b ,i h n se5 any su* record4 ,i purpose1 !re=e1 to (f] an explanation z to ! "* & orig9 ( ^! *emical or act9ic waves1 :i* ,i hope to prove by philosophical reason+4 ,we h already se5 7,arts4 #ed & #ei7 t bo? heat & light are conv]tible1 or c be trans=m$ into electricity1 s t ! same ae!rial wave motion :i* c produce light c also produce heat1 & t 9 its turn c produce electricity4 ,?us we le>n t !re is a v close id5tity betwe5 light1 heat1 & electricity2 inde$ x c be demon/rat$ t ! same ae!rial wave motion :i* produces electricity c produce ! o!r two4 ,lor5tz1#ad 9 an article on ,! ,id5tity ( ,light ,vibrations ) ,electric ,curr5ts1 /ates t ! vibrations ( light are !mselves electric curr5ts4 ,n[ if ?is is true1 & ,i believe x to be true1 z ,i hope to prove lat] on f ,cl]k ,maxwell's works1 !n x necess>ily foll[s1 t :]ev] we get ae!rial light waves1 we mu/ at ! same "t also get ae!rial electric waves4 ,if t be s1 !n 9 ! sol> spectrum we ought to h reveal$ to u1 n only indications ( ! pres5ce ( ! heat & light vibrations1 b equally s ! pres5ce ( electric waves4 ,?is1 ,i believe1 is actually ! case1 & ! electric waves are ! s-call$ *emical waves 9 ! violet & ultra-violet end ( ! spectrum4 ,i ?9k t we %all f9d suffici5t argum5ts & analogy to support ?is hypo!sis1 z we look fur!r into ! matt]4 ,"o ( ! greate/ sci5ti/s ( ! pa/ c5tury1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 has giv5 to ! _w ! g5esis ( :at he t]m$ ! ,electro-,magnetic ,!ory ( ,light1 9 :i* he prov$ t light 0 no?+ m nor less ?an an electro-magnetic ph5om5on4 ,he po9t$ out t ! same ,ae!r :i* 0 conc]n$ 9 ! propagation ( light & heat ?r\gh space1 mu/ !re=e be equally conc]n$ 9 ! propagation ( electric displacem5ts 9 ! free ,ae!r2 z he /ates1 x w\ld be philosophically wrong to assume t !re 0 "o ae!rial m$ium = light1 & ano!r = electric ph5om5a4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is su* a !ory z ! ,electro-,magnetic ,!ory ( ,light1 & !re und\bt$ly is1 z has be5 prov$ by ! rese>*es ( ,h]tz on electric waves1 !n x foll[s1 ei!r t light waves are !mselves electric curr5ts1 z sugge/$ by ,lor5tz1 or t ! light waves are directly associat$ ) electric waves 9 ! same way t !y are associat$ ) heat waves4 ,s t ! only diff]5ce betwe5 !m w\ld be "o ( p]iod ( vibration & ( l5g?1 ! electric waves ( ! ,ae!r be+ ( great] rapidity & !re=e ( %ort] l5g? ?an ei!r ! light or heat waves4 ,! only conclusion1 !re=e1 t x seems possible to come to reg>d+ ^! *emical waves is1 t !y are ! electric waves ( ! spectrum4 ,?us1 9 ! sol> spectrum1 !re are ?ree classes ( waves indicat$ by ! v>i\s col\rs1 & beyond ! limits ( ^! col\rs1 viz4 7#a7 ,!rmal or ,heat waves 9 ! r$ or ultra-r$ end ( ! spectrum2 7#b7 ,lum9\s or ,light waves at ! middle ( ! spectrum2 & 7#c7 ,electric or ,*emical waves 9 ! violet or ultra-violet end ( ! spectrum4 ,n[ 9 look+ at ?is hypo!sis f ! /&po9t ( our ,rules ( ,philosophy1 ,i v5ture to ass]t t all ! ?ree rules are satisfactorily fulfill$1 & t be+ s1 ! hypo!sis advanc$ is philosophically correct4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 su* a conception t ! *emical waves or violet waves are really electric waves is simple 9 its hypo!sis1 & s fulfils our fir/ ,rule ( ,philosophy4 ,x is simple1 because x puts 9 ! place ( unkn[n *emical waves1 a c]ta9 k9d ( ae!rial waves ) ^: action we are def9itely famili>1 & ^: orig9 & effect c be satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 z prov$ by ,h]tz4 ,*emical waves are n simple 9 conception1 because we d n "k exactly :at !y are1 or h[ !y are orig9at$4 ,besides1 z ,newton po9ts out1 !re is no?+ sup]flu\s 9 ,nature4 ,if "o cause c effect ! desir$ end1 z electric waves1 !n ano!r cause z *emical waves is sup]flu\s & unnecess>y4 ,fur!r1 9 our hypo!sis ( ! electric "* ( ^! *emical waves1 we h a solution :i* satisfactorily fulfils ! second ,rule ( our ,philosophy4 ,exp]i5ce & exp]im5t tea* u1 t !re are electric waves con/antly be+ g5]at$ 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,inde$1 x is an absolute impossibility to p]=m ! simple/ act ( ord9>y life1 z bru%+ a hat1 or wip+ ! boots on a mat1 cutt+ an orange1 or any o!r act ( simple ev]yday life1 b t ^! ae!rial electric waves are g5]at$4 ,b z = ^! s-call$ *emical waves1 exp]i5ce has little to say ab\t !m1 & exp]im5t /ill less4 ,if we decompose wat]1 divid+ x up into two gases1 ,oxyg5 & ,hydrog51 we d x by pass+ a curr5t ( electricity ?r\gh ! wat]4 ,if we want to decompose or split up a b9>y comp\nd1 z ,h,cl1 into its two elem5ts1 ,hydrog5 & ,*lor9e1 !n we c d x by electricity--t is1 by ! decompos+ action ( ^! electric waves4 ,9 all ^! exp]im5ts & results we "k def9itely :at we are do+1 & :at ! effect w be4 ,!re is no vagu5ess ab\t ! t]ms us$4 ,:5 we speak ( *emical action we look to a def9ite s\rce = t action1 & we d n say t su* action is produc$ by *emical waves1 b r by electricity4 ,s t all exp]i5ce tea*es u1 & all exp]im5ts made by su* m5 z ,f>aday1 ,davy1 ,maxwell1 & ,h]tz confirm ! /atem5t1 t ^! ae!rial electric curr5ts c accompli% all t ! s-call$ *emical waves accompli%1 & t be+ s1 ! ?ird ,rule ( our ,philosophy is also fulfill$1 z we h 9 ! ae!rial electric waves a satisfactory explanation = ! fact :i* we seek to expla91 viz4 ! "* & orig9 ( ! *emical waves t exi/ 9 ! violet end ( ! spectrum4 ,?us1 we le>n1 t n only is ! sun ! s\rce ( all heat & light1 9 t x gives rise to ! vibrations ( ! ,ae!r :i* are propagat$ ?r\gh x 9 waves1 b t x is also ! s\rce ( all electric waves 9 ! sol> sy/em1 9 t electric curr5ts are prim>ily due to ! wave motion set up 9 ! ,ae!r1 ^? electric waves also trav]s+ space ) ! velocity ( light4 ,footnote #ad3 ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahfg4 ,,art4 #gd4 ,direction ( ,ray ( ,light4--,9 ,art4 #fe x 0 %[n t ! direction ( a ray ( heat 0 t ( a /raight l9e f ! heat$ or lum9\s body f :i* ! ,ae!r waves proce$$4 ,we h also se5 9 ,art4 #fi t ! ae!rial waves :i* give rise to ! ph5om5a ( heat are id5tical ) ^? t give rise to light1 s ! direction ( a ray ( light mu/ also be t ( a /raight l9e proce$+ f ! lum9\s body4 ,a ray ( light is a l9e p]p5dicul> to ! ,ae!r waves :i* are propagat$ ?r\gh space 9 conc5tric sph]es f ! lum9\s body1 :i*1 by its atomic vibrations1 gives rise to ! light waves4 ,x mu/1 h[ev]1 be rememb]$ t rays h no physical exi/5ce1 = x is ! waves t are propagat$1 & n ! ray1 :i* simply indicates ! direction t ! light takes1 ?is tru? be+ kn[n z ! rectil9eal propagation ( light4 ,t light proce$s 9 /raight l9es may be prov$ 9 sev]al ways4 ,= example1 we _c see r\nd corn]s1 :i* w\ld be possible if light took a curv$ pa? in/ead ( a /raight "o4 ,a bett] pro(1 h[ev]1 may be obta9$ by mak+ a small hole 9 ! w9d[-%utt]1 & all[+ ! sunlight to pass into ! d>k5$ room4 ,! beam ( light :i* passes into ! room w !n be se5 to take a /raight c\rse1 its pres5ce be+ reveal$ by ! p>ticles ( du/ t float ab\t ! room4 ,ano!r conclusive pro( t light proce$s 9 /raight l9es is to be f\nd 9 ! fact1 t all images =m$ on any scre5 by ! rays ( light aft] pass+ ?r\gh a small hole are inv]t$4 ,= example1 suppose we h a w9d[-%utt] ) a small hole 9 x1 :ile 9 ! g>d5 front+ ! w9d[ !re /&s a tree4 ,n[ if ! rays ( light :i* pass f ! tree ?r\gh ! hole 9 ! w9d[-%utt] are all[$ to fall ^u a scre5 9 ! d>k5$ room1 x w be f\nd t ! image is inv]t$4 ,?is is acc\nt$ = by ! fact1 t ! rays cross ea* o!r at ! hole1 & proce$+ 9 /raight l9es1 =m an inv]t$ picture on ! scre54 ,x c fur!r be prov$1 t ! pa? ( a ray ( light ?r\gh space z x proce$s f ! sun is also t ( a /raight l9e4 ,:5ev] !re is a sol> eclipse we h light s long z we c see ! smalle/ "p ( ! sun's surface4 ,! in/ant1 h[ev]1 t we h a total eclipse1 at t in/ant ! :ole ( ! light ( ! sun is %ut (f1 & = a brief space !re is d>kness1 until ! planet :i* is caus+ ! eclipse has pass$ on 9 its orbit & ! sun's surface reappe>s aga94 ,n[ if light did n proce$ 9 /raight l9es1 su* an ev5t z a total eclipse w\ld be impossible2 because1 if ! light proce$$ 9 curv$ l9es in/ead ( /raight ones f ! sun1 !n ev5 :5 ! planet :i* causes ! eclipse got directly betwe5 ! e>? & ! sun1 ! rays ( light be+ curv$ in/ead ( /raight w\ld b5d r\nd ! eclips+ planet1 & s w\ld n all be int]cept$1 & ?us su* an ev5t z a total eclipse w\ld be an impossibility4 ,f ?is we le>n1 !re=e1 t ! pa? ( a ray ( light z x proce$s f ! sun ?r\gh space is t ( a /raight l9e1 & t ! pa? corresponds to ! radius vector ( a circle1 :i* is also ! pa? t ! c5tripetal =ce takes4 ,view+ ! matt] f ! /&po9t ( ! sol> sy/em1 we f9d ! sun1 :i* is ! c5tre ( t sy/em1 ex]t+ an attractive =ce along ! radius vector ( all ! orbits ( ! planets1 ) a =ce :i* decreases 9 int5sity inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,at ! same "t1 be+ ! s\rce ( all light1 x is con/antly propagat+ into space ae!rial light waves ) a velocity almo/ inconceivable2 :i* also decrease 9 exactly ! same ratio z ! attractive p[] ( ! sun decreases4 ,if1 !re=e1 x c be %[n t !re is su* a tru? z ! dynamical value ( light1 9 ! same way t x has be5 %[n t !re is a dynamical value ( heat1 !n x foll[s1 t n only is ! sun ! c5tre ( an attractive p[] :i* proce$s 9 /raight l9es1 b x is equally ! c5tre ( a p[] ^: influ5ce & motion are ex]t$ along exactly ! same pa? z ! c5tripetal =ce1 b 9 an opposite direction1 t is1 away f ! sun4 ,i hope to be able to %[ t ! ae!rial light waves d possess su* a dynamical value1 & if t is accompli%$1 !n n only f ! realm ( heat1 b also f ! realm ( light1 we %all h conclusive evid5ce ( a p[] or motion ^: influ5ce is direct$ away f ! sun1 :i*1 !re=e1 w\ld correspond to a c5trifugal =ce--t is1 a =ce or motion direct$ f a c5tral body z ! sun4 ,,art4 #ge4 ,int5sity ( ,light4--,! int5sity ( light dim9i%es ) ! di/ance f ! lum9\s body1 accord+ to ! same law t gov]ns s\nd1 & heat1 & electricity4 ,we h already se5 7,art4 #fg7 t ! int5sity ( heat dim9i%es inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 s t if ! same law holds good = light t holds good = heat1 !n1 accord+ to ! law ( ! inv]se squ>es1 if we d\ble ! di/ance f ! lum9\s body1 ! int5sity ( light is only #a_/d ( :at x 0 9 its fir/ position4 ,if ! di/ance be trebl$1 !n ! int5sity w be decreas$ #a_/i4 ,?is c easily be prov$ by ! foll[+ exp]im5t3 ,suppose we h a light$ lamp1 & at a di/ance ( #a1 #b & #c feet respectively1 we h ?ree squ>e surfaces4 ,x c !n be demon/rat$ t ! light :i* falls on ! squ>e #a foot away1 if all[$ to fall ^u ! squ>e #b feet away1 w\ld cov] f\r times ! area ( ! fir/ squ>e2 & if all[$ to fall on ! squ>e #c feet away1 x w\ld cov] n9e times ! area4 ,!re=e ! int5sity ( ! light on ! squ>e #b feet away1 cov]+ f\r times ! area1 w\ld only be #a_/d ( :at x is on ! squ>e #a foot away1 :ile ! int5sity ( light on ! squ>e #c feet away1 :i* cov]s n9e times ! area1 w\ld only be #a_/i ( ! int5sity receiv$ by ! fir/ squ>e4 ,if ! diff]5ce 9 ! di/ances !re=e be repres5t$ by ! figures #a1 #b1 & #c feet respectively1 ! int5sity w\ld be repres5t$ by ! figures #a1 #a_/d1 #a_/i4 ,! decrease 9 ! int5sity ( light is really a decrease 9 motion4 ,! int5sity ( a note 9 s\nd dep5ds ^u ! vibration ( ! p>ticles ( air1 :ile ! int5sity ( light also dep5ds ^u ! vibrations ( ! ae!rial atom4 ,if1 !re=e1 we get a decrease 9 ! vibration ( ! ae!rial atom1 ! fur!r we get f ! lum9\s body1 x c be readily se5 t ! int5sity ( light really implies a decrease ( motion4 ,n[ let u apply ! law ( inv]se squ>es 9 relation to light to ! sol> sy/em4 ,we h ! sun ) its huge =m all agl[ ) fires1 z ! s\rce ( all light to ! planet>y worlds t revolve ar\nd x4 ,ye> 9 & ye> out1 = _m ages pa/1 ! sun has be5 p\r+ out its light into space on e side1 light+ up ! planets or o!r bodies t revolve r\nd x on t side only :i* is pres5t$ to ! sun4 ,?us ,m]cury1 at its di/ance ( ab\t #cf1jjj1jjj miles1 obta9s a light f ! sun :i* is ( f> great] int5sity ?an ! light :i* ,v5us receives1 :ile ,v5us receives a light ( great] int5sity ?an ! light :i* ! ,e>? receives1 & ! ,e>? receives light ( great] int5sity ?an any ( ! planets outside its orbit 9 ! sol> sy/em1 z ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 or ,neptune4 ,?is decrease 9 ! int5sity ( light is accord+ to ! inv]se squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,s t if we h "o planet at twice ! di/ance f ! sun1 z comp>$ ) ano!r planet1 ! int5sity ( light at t di/ance w be only #a_/d ( ! int5sity receiv$ by ! ne>] planet4 ,?is decrease ( ! int5sity ( light1 h[ev]1 may be comp5sat$ = by a diff]5ce 9 ! con/itu5ts ( ! planets' atmosph]e1 by means ( :i* x may be possible t ! out]mo/ planets enjoy climatic conditions simil> to our own4 ,n[ we h prov$1 9 ! previ\s *apt]1 t heat is a repulsive motion1 & z ! same ae!rial waves give rise to ! ph5om5a ( light1 !n x ought to foll[ t light has equally a repulsive p[] on ! planets ) :i* x comes into contact4 ,if t c be prov$1 & ,i submit t x c1 !n f ! ph5om5a ( light1 we le>n t !re is a =ce1 or r a motion1 ev] proce$+ f ! sun 9 /raight l9es1 z %[n 9 ! previ\s ,art41 :i* decreases 9 p[] or int5sity inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,s t n only is ! sun ! c5tre ( an attractive ,=ce1 ! ,c5tripetal =ce1 or ! attractive ,=ce ( ,gravity1 :i* proce$s 9 /raight l9es ?r\gh space1 decreas+ 9 int5sity inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 b at ! same "t x is also ! c5tre ( a motion1 t is1 ! ae!rial wave motion ( light1 :i* takes exactly ! same pa? z ,gravitation ,attraction1 & :i* is subject to exactly ! same laws4 ,unlike ,gravitation ,attraction1 h[ev]1 its p[] & motion is ev] direct$ away f ! c5tral body1 ! sun2 & if su* motion ex]ts any p[] on any planet ) :i* x comes into contact1 t p[] or motion c only be a repulsive motion 9 ! same way t heat is a repulsive motion4 ,assum+1 !re=e1 t light1 ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! ae!rial waves1 does ex]t ?is repulsive motion1 !n1 accord+ to ! law ( inv]se squ>es1 x c be se5 t if a planet's di/ance be d\bl$1 ! repell+ p[] ( ! ae!rial light waves w\ld be decreas$ #a_/d1 :ile at ! same "t ! attractive p[] ( ! c5tripetal =ce w\ld be decreas$ #a_/d also4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! planet's di/ance f ! sun be r$uc$ to #a_/b ( its =m] di/ance1 !n ! repell+ p[] ( ! ae!rial light waves w\ld be increas$ f\r times1 b contemporane\sly ) ! increase !re w\ld be an increase 9 ! attractive p[] ( gravity1 :i* w\ld exactly c\nt]balance ! increas$ repell+ p[] ( ! light waves4 ,s t 9 assum+ t !re is ?is repell+ p[] 9 ! light waves1 !re are ?us two =ces 9 exi/5ce 9 ! sol> sy/em 7:i* is a type ( all o!r sy/ems71 or r two motions1 z all =ces resolve !mselves into motions ( "s k9d1 "o motion ev] t5d+ f ! c5tral body1 t is1 ! motion ( ! ae!rial light waves1 & ! o!r t5d+ to ! c5tral body1 t is1 ! =ce ( gravity1 :i* we %all see lat] on is also a motion ( ! ,ae!r1 ^: influ5ce is ev] t[>ds ! c5tral body1 be x a sun1 />1 or planet4 ,^! two motions1 !re=e1 are subject to ! same law1 viz4 t _! p[] or int5sity is n only direct$ 9 /raight l9es f ! c5tral body1 b _! int5sity is regulat$ exactly by ! same law ( inv]se squ>es4 ,if ! repell+ motion be d\bl$1 !n ! attractive motion or p[] w\ld be d\bl$ also2 if ! repell+ motion be quadrupl$ or halv$1 !n ! attractive =ce ( gravity w\ld be quadrupl$ or halv$ 9 ! same way1 ! two =ces be+ exactly increas$ or decreas$ 9 ! same ratio accord+ to ! law ( inv]se squ>es4 ,,art4 #gf4 ,velocity ( ,light4--,! transmission ( light is n in/antane\s1 z x requires "t = its propagation ?r\gh space1 f ! lum9\s body :i* gives rise to all light1 z ! sun = example1 until x rea*es ! body :i* x lights up4 ,! velocity ( ! light waves1 h[ev]1 is s great1 t x is almo/ impossible to give any comp>ative idea ( _! rate ( transmission4 ,! velocity ( ! light waves 0 fir/ e/abli%$ by ,roem]1 a ,dani% a/ronom]1 9 #afge4 ,he asc]ta9$ ! velocity ( light by obs]vations made on ! satellites ( ,jupit]4 ,8 me?ods ( reason+ c easily be und]/ood by ref]5ce to ! foll[+ diagram4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #h4 ,let ,s repres5t ! sun1 & ,a & ,b ! orbit ( ! e>? r\nd ! sun2 ,c ,e ,d "p ( ,jupit]'s orbit r\nd ! sun2 :ile ,d ,e ,f repres5ts ! orbit ( ,jupit]'s satellite4 ,:5 ! e>?1 ,jupit]1 & ! satellite are 9 a /raight l9e ) ea* o!r1 ! satellite suff]s an eclipse ?r\gh pass+ into ! %ad[ ?r[n by ,jupit]4 ,n[ ,roem] f\nd t !re 0 a diff]5ce 9 ! "t ( ! eclipse :5 ! e>? 0 at ,b1 t is1 :5 x 0 ne>e/ to ,jupit]1 & :5 x 0 at ,a1 :i* is t "p ( ! e>?'s orbit fur!/ away f ,jupit]4 ,t diff]5ce 0 acc\nt$ = by ! fact1 t :5 ! e>? 0 at ,a ! light _h to travel fur!r f ,jupit] ?an :5 ! e>? 0 ne>e/ to ,jupit]1 t is at po9t ,b4 ,?us1 :5 ! e>? 0 ne>e/ to ,jupit]1 ! light _h a %ort] j\rney to travel ?an :5 x 0 fur!/ f ,jupit]4 ,! diff]5ce1 he f\nd1 0 ab\t #af m9utes1 & he reason$ t ?is diff]5ce 0 caus$ by ! light hav+ to cross ! e>?'s orbit f ,b to ,a1 9 its long] j\rney1 ?an :5 x only _h to rea* ! e>? at ,b4 ,! mean di/ance ( ! e>? f ! sun1 t is1 ! radius ( ! e>?'s orbit1 is ab\t #ib-a_/b million miles1 s t ! diamet] ( ! e>?'s orbit is ab\t #ahe1jjj1jjj miles1 & if x takes ab\t #af m9utes = light to trav]se ?is di/ance1 we f9d t light has a velocity1 accord+ to ,roem]1 ( #aib1ejj miles p] second4 ,! result1 h[ev]1 arriv$ at by ,roem] 0 n g5]ally accept$ at t "t1 & x 0 n till #agbh t ,bradley discov]$ :at is kn[n z ! ,ab]ration ( ,light1 & f t discov]y prov$ t light 0 n transmitt$ in/antane\sly ?r\gh space1 b t x 0 transmitt$ ) f9ite velocity2 & t t velocity correspond$ fairly well ) ! velocity giv5 by ,roem]4 ,bradley1 9 8 a/ronomical obs]vations1 notic$ t "s ( ! fix$ />s1 s call$1 did n appe> to be really fix$1 b t !y describ$ small circles 9 ! heav5s ea* ye>4 ,?is fact greatly p]plex$ him1 until at la/ he hit ^u ! true solution by tak+ into acc\nt ! motion ( ! e>? 9 its orbit1 toge!r ) ! fact t light _h a f9ite velocity4 ,?is result %[$ t ! light f ! />s travell$ ) ! same velocity z t :i* travell$ f ,jupit]'s satellites4 ,! ,ab]ration ( ,light1 z 8 discov]y 0 t]m$1 may be illu/rat$ 9 ! foll[+ way--,suppose t y are /&+ /ill1 & t x is ra9+1 ! ra9 desc5d+ v]tically on ! umbrella t y hold up to cov] y4 ,z soon z y beg9 to walk1 ! ra9-drops w app>5tly beg9 to slant1 & if ! walk is *ang$ into a run1 ! great] app>5tly w be ! slant+ direction t ! ra9-drops take4 ,9 ! same way1 ! rays ( light f a /> w\ld fall v]tically ^u ! e>? if x 7 motionless1 b z ! e>? is mov+ ?r\gh space ) v>y+ velocity1 x gives to ! rays ( light a slant+ direction4 ,by calculat+ ! spe$ ( ! e>?1 & asc]ta9+ ! exact slant+ direction ( ! rays1 ! velocity ( light may be asc]ta9$4 ,?is ,bradley did1 & %[$ t x co9cid$ almo/ ) ! result arriv$ at by ,roem]4 ,v>i\s o!r means h be5 adapt$ to te/ ! results arriv$ at by ^! two a/ronom]s4 ,fizeau1 9 #ahdi1 0 able to measure ! velocity ( light by us+1 n planet>y or /ell> di/ances1 b by simply us+ di/ances 9 ! city ( ,p>is2 :ile ,f\cault1 9 #ahfj1 devis$ a me?od ( measur+ ! velocity ( light 9 air or any o!r m$ium4 ,! results arriv$ at by ^! m5 leave no d\bt z to ! exact spe$ ( light1 :i* may n[ be reckon$ to h a velocity ( #ahf1jjj miles1 or #cjj1jjj1jjj metres p] second4 ,not)/&+ ?is great spe$ at :i* light travels1 ! ne>e/ />s are s f> (f t _! light takes ab\t #c-a_/b ye>s to rea* ! e>?1 :ile sci5ti/s tell u t "s ( ! mo/ di/ant />s are s remote1 t _! light takes ?\s&s ( ye>s to rea* our e>?1 travell+ at ! rate ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,f consid]ations l ^! we get a dim conception ( ! almo/ illimitable ext5t ( ! univ]se4 ,n[ let u try to und]/& :at ?is rate ( motion really means4 ,we h to rememb] t light is caus$ by wave motions 9 ! ,ae!r1 s t we h "h a wave motion :i* is travell+ ?r\gh ! ,ae!r at ! enorm\s rate already quot$4 ,light takes ab\t #h-a_/b m9utes to travel f ! sun to ! e>?1 a di/ance ( #ib1jjj1jjj miles4 ,our fa/e/ tra9s d n travel #hj miles an h\r1 & if a tra9 left ! sun & cont9u$ its j\rney ?r\gh space at t rate1 x w\ld take ov] #acj ye>s be=e x rea*$ our e>?1 :ile ! light w\ld p]=m ! j\rney 9 #h-a_/b m9utes4 ,we h "s idea ( ! velocity ( a tra9 travell+ at #hj miles an h\r2 :at1 h[ev]1 mu/ be ! velocity ( a wave motion :i* travels #bb1ejj times z fa/8 ,9 ,art4 #ef we h se5 t all en]gy is ! en]gy ( motion1 & !re=e :]ev] we get motion ( any k9d or sort1 !re we mu/ h en]gy accompany+ x1 or ! p[] to d "w4 ,we h "h1 !n1 a s\rce ( en]gy 9 ! ae!rial waves kn[n z light waves1 ) _! enorm\s velocity :i* is almo/ inconceivable & illimitable4 ,:at mu/ be ! en]gy :i* exi/s 9 space due to ! wave motion ( ! ,ae!r8 ,we h to rememb] on ?is po9t t we are no long] deal+ ) a frictionless m$ium1 b t we are deal+ ) matt]1 only 9 a f> m r>efi$ & f> m ela/ic =m ?an ord9>y matt]1 b nev]!less matt] j z air is consid]$ matt]1 &1 be+ matt]1 its v motion imp>ts to ! light waves a p[] & a =ce :i* make !m capable ( do+ "w4 ,! k9d ( "w done w be consid]$ lat] on1 :5 we deal ) ! dynamical value ( light4 ,t we d n feel ! p[] & en]gy ( ! light waves is due to ! well-kn[n fact t _! p[] is brok5 by ! activity ( ! atmosph]ic p>ticles1 ea* ( :i*1 9 _! myriads1 is ev] mov+ ) great velocity1 & !re=e bomb>d ! light waves1 z !y endeav\r to /rike ! e>?4 ,?us ! ae!rial light waves are brok5 up & %att]$1 & fall to ! e>? n ) _! full en]gy or p[]1 b 9 a bl5d$ =m1 or ) t reflect$ en]gy :i* we call light4 ,if !y 7 to come unbrok5 & un*eck$ ^u u1 & on ! e>?1 9 ! same way t !y app>5tly d ^u our satellite ! moon1 we d\btless %\ld exp]i5ce v diff]5t effects ( _! en]gy & p[] due to _! enorm\s velocity4 ,,art4 #gg4 ,dynamical ,value ( ,light4--,we h already le>n$ 7,art4 #fh7 t heat possesses a dynamical value1 su* value be+ measur$ by ,j\le1 & its equival5t 9 foot-p\nds be+ exactly asc]ta9$4 ,we h fur!r se5 7,art4 #fi1 on ! id5tity ( light & heat71 t ! same ae!rial waves :i* produce heat are also conc]n$ 9 ! production ( light4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! ae!rial waves :i* give rise to heat possess a dynamical action & equival5t1 x foll[s t light mu/ also possess a dynamical action & equival5t1 & su* action %\ld be capable ( be+ express$ 9 t]ms ( foot-p\nds4 ,cl]k ,maxwell has record$ ! exact dynamical equival5t ( light4 ,on ?is matt] he writes3#ae ,if 9 /rong sunlight ! en]gy ( light :i* falls ^u a squ>e foot is #hc4d foot-p\nds p] second1 ! mean en]gy ( "o cubic foot ( sunlight is ab\t 4#j1jjj1jjj1hhb ( a foot-p\nd1 & ! mean pressure on a squ>e foot is 4#j1jjj1jjj1hhb ( a p\nd weight4 ,we h "h !n ! exact dynamical equival5t1 accord+ to ,maxwell1 ( a cubic foot ( sunlight ne> ! e>?'s surface1 & ( ! pressure ex]t$ by light on a body ) :i* x comes into contact4 ,aga91 ,"l ,kelv9#af has measur$ ! exact dynamical equival5t ( a cubic mile ( sunlight1 bo? ne> ! surface ( ! sun & !n ne> ! surface ( ! e>?1 & 9 a note adds t ! relation ( ! two values is z #df1jjj to #a4 ,s t if ! dynamical value ( a cubic mile ( sunlight ne> ! e>?'s surface be repres5t$ by unity1 !n ! value ( a cubic mile ( sunlight ne> ! sun's surface w\ld be #df1jjj times great]1 :ile he fur!r adds t x w\ld take #dadj horse-p[] e m9ute1 z ! am\nt ( "w requir$ to g5]ate ! en]gy exi/+ 9 a cubic kilometre ( light ne> ! sun1 a kilometre be+ equal to ab\t #ajic y>ds4 ,pr(essor ,*allis#ag /at$ 9 #ahgb t ,light is to be rank$ ) ! physical =ces1 & its dynamical action is equally to be ascrib$ to ! pressure ( ! ,ae!r4 ,n[ ,i want to put ?is "q to ! read]3 ,if light possesses ?is dynamical action1 t is1 if x possesses a motive or driv+ p[]1 :at mu/ be ! exact effect ( ! dynamical action ( ! light waves f ! sun ^u all ! planets & meteors t revolve r\nd x8 ,we "k t ! sun is #cbd1jjj times ! mass ( our e>?1 & t x has a diamet] ( ab\t #hef1jjj miles & a circumf]5ce ( ov] two million & a half miles4 ,:at1 !re=e1 mu/ be ! en]gy ( ! ae!rial light waves t x spe$s on _! way ?r\gh space on e side8 ,/okes1#ah 9 reg>d to ! me*anical en]gy ( ,light1 /ates t ! am\nt ( en]gy p\r$ =? into space corresponds 9 r\nd numb]s to #ab1jjj horse-p[] p] squ>e foot1 & t e squ>e foot ( ! sun's surface supplies en]gy at ! above rate4 ,! numb] ( feet 9 ! sun's surface c be approximately det]m9$4 ,r\ghly1 !re are #b1bhd1jjj1jjj squ>e miles ( surface on ! sun's huge =m1 & !re are #bg1hgh1djj squ>e feet 9 a mile4 ,by multiply+ ^! two numb]s we c asc]ta9 ! exact numb] ( squ>e feet on ! surface ( ! sun4 ,if1 !re=e1 e squ>e foot possesses a me*anical value equal to #ab1jjj horse-p[]1 :at mu/ be ! me*anical equival5t ( ! sun's radiation ( light t x p\rs =? into space8 ,i want to call ! att5tion ( ! read] to ano!r fact1 & t is1 t light always proce$s 9 /raight l9es f ! sun 7,art4 #gf71 & !re=e if !re be any me*anical action 9 light at all1 t action mu/ be "o :i* is always direct$ f ! sun 9 /raight l9es4 ,n[ exp]i5ce univ]sally tea*es u1 t if a body is pu%$1 & pu%$ ) su* a =ce z has be5 indicat$1 !n t body n only moves1 b moves 9 ! direction t ! suppos$ horses w\ld pu%4 ,i h already %[n 7,art4 #gf7 t ! pa? ( light is t ( a /raight l9e correspond+ to ! pa? ( ! attractive =ce ( gravity2 !re=e ^! horses mu/ ev] pu% 9 a direction f ! sun along ! same pa? t ! sun's attractive p[] takes4 ,9 o!r words1 ! me*anical action ( ^! suppos$ horses w be a repulsive "o1 t repulsion be+ due to ! dynamical action ( ! light waves ^u ! body t !y come into contact )4 ,if ?is is correct1 !n n only is heat a repulsive motion1 z /at$ 9 ,art4 #fc1 b light is equally ! possessor ( a repulsive motion1 because its action is ev] direct$ f ! sun4 ,we might cont9ue to foll[ ! suppos$ horses z !y cont9u$ _! c\rse ?r\gh space1 & we %\ld f9d t _! en]gy decreas$ inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 p>tly because ! fur!r !y proce$$ into space ! l>g] ! area w\ld be !y w\ld h to cov]1 & !re=e _! en]gy w\ld be decreas$ proportionately4 ,pr(essor ,/okes1 9 ! same "w#ai already ref]r$ to1 9 cont9uation ( ! same idea1 /ates3 ,at ! di/ance ( ! e>? ! en]gy receiv$ w\ld correspond to ab\t "o horse-p[] = e squ>e ( #e feet1 on t side ( ! e>?'s surface fac+ ! sun1 suppos+ ! rays to fall p]p5dicul>ly4 ,t be+ s1 we c exactly calculate 9 horse-p[] ! en]gy receiv$ f light on t side ( ! e>? fac+ ! sun1 at its di/ance ( #ib1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! area ( ! e>?'s surface is1 r\ghly1 #bjj1jjj1jjj #ebhj squ>e feet1 & if ! en]gy receiv$ is equal to "o horse-p[] = e #e squ>e feet1 !n ! am\nt ( en]gy receiv$ by ! e>? on t side fac+ ! sun w\ld be equal to #bjj1jjj1jjj #ebhj #a_/b #a_/e horse-p[]4 ,?is p[]1 x mu/ be rememb]$1 is ev] direct$ away f ! sun1 & ^u t side ( ! planet t faces ! sol> orb4 ,s t we h virtually a repulsive =ce ev] direct$ aga9/ ! e>?1 e/imat$ by ,pr(essor ,/okes to be equal to ! e/imat$ horse-p[]4 ,?is assumption ( ! repulsive p[] ( light br+s ! ph5om5a ( light into h>mony ) t ( heat1 because we h already se5 7,art4 #fc7 t heat is ess5tially a repulsive motion1 z indicat$ by ,davy1 ,rum=d & o!rs2 &1 z heat & light bo? h a common orig91 !n light %\ld possess a repulsive p[] also4 ,z fur!r pro( ( ?is /atem5t1 let me aga9 quote f ,cl]k ,maxwell4 ,9 ! quotation already giv5 9 ?is ,art4 we h se5 t ! pressure ( sunlight on a squ>e foot is equal to #hc4d lb4 ,he adds ! foll[+ words to ^? already quot$3 ,a flat body expos$ to sunlight w\ld exp]i5ce ?is pressure on its illum9at$ side only1 & w\ld !re=e be repell$ f ! side on :i* ! light falls4 ,n[ if m conclusive pro( ( ! correctness ( ! argum5t ,i am advanc+ 7 requir$1 ,i d n ?9k x c\ld be giv5 f any great] au?ority ?an t j quot$4 ,com+ f ! p5 ( "o ( ! mo/ brilliant sci5ti/s t ! pa/ c5tury has kn[n1 ,i v5ture to ?9k ! op9ion w be receiv$ ) t due weight :i* x dem&s4 ,?is /atem5t ( ,cl]k ,maxwell's has receiv$1 h[ev]1 def9ite & exp]im5tal pro( f ,pr(essor ,leb$ew ( ,mosc[ ,univ]sity1 & by ,ni*ols & ,hull ( ,am]ica4 ,! =m] has giv51 9 ! ,annal5 d] ,physik = ,novemb] #aija1 ! results ( 8 exp]im5ts 9 relation to ! pressure ( light4 ,! foll[+ are ! results3 ,he prov$1 #a/1 t ! incid5t beam ( light ex]ts pressure bo? ^u an absorb+ & a reflect+ body2 #bnd1 t ! pressure ( light is proportionate to ! am\nt ( incid5t en]gy1 & is indep5d5t ( ! col\r ( light2 #crd1 t ! pressure ( light corresponds ) ! =ces ( radiation z calculat$ by ,maxwell4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 ,ni*ols & ,hull ( ,am]ica 7 engag$ ^u exp]im5ts relat+ to ! pressure ( light waves1 & _! results 7 publi%$ 9 ! ,novemb] ,physical ,review1 #aija4 ,?us1 f two sep>ate & indep5d5t s\rces1 ,maxwell's equations z to ! pressure :i* light waves ex]t ^u any body on :i* !y fall receiv$ def9ite exp]im5tal confirmation4 ,! repulsive p[] ( ! light waves receives fur!r confirmation f t !ory kn[n z ! electro-magnetic !ory1 :i* supposes light to be no?+ m or less ?an an electro-magnetic ph5om5on2 t is to say1 x is directly or indirectly due to ! action ( electric curr5ts4 ,z already indicat$1 ,lor5tz 0 ( ! op9ion t ! light waves 7 !mselves electric curr5ts1 & :e!r ?is is ! actual fact or n1 c]ta9ly x is true t ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light is no m]e fable or my?1 b t x ranks z "o ( ! mo/ advanc$ & correct hypo!ses 9 reg>d to light t has ev] be5 giv5 to ! _w4 ,accord+ to t !ory1 :i* we %all look at subsequ5tly1 we f9d t ! ae!rial m$ium is n only ! m$ium = ! light waves1 b t x is also ! m$ium :i* conveys & c>ries ! electric curr5ts ?r\gh space1 & ev5 ?r\gh all matt]4 ,fur!r1 f t !ory we %all h good reasons = assum+ t ! ae!rial light waves are ei!r !mselves electric curr5ts1 or closely id5tifi$ ) !m1 9 ! same way t ! light waves are id5tifi$ ) heat waves4 ,if ^! facts %\ld be f\nd to hold good relative to ! id5tity ( ae!rial light waves & ! ae!rial electric waves1 !n x c v readily be se5 t su* a hypo!sis gives add$ weight to ! repulsive p[] ( light4 ,"o ( ! v commone/ facts reg>d+ electricity & its curr5ts is1 t :]ev] we get electricity1 we n only get attraction1 b !re is always associat$ ) t attractive =ce a repulsive =ce1 :i* is equal 9 am\nt to ! attractive =ce4 ,s t if1 :]ev] we get electric curr5ts1 we f9d associat$ ) ^? curr5ts a repulsive =ce1 !n1 9 view ( ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 x %\ld also foll[ t on t hypo!sis we ought also to f9d a repulsive p[] 9 light4 ,f ! dynamical aspect ( light on ! bases ( facts giv5 to ! _w by su* m5 z ,pr(essor ,/okes1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 ,"l ,kelv91 & ,pr(essor ,leb$ew1 we are compell$1 !re=e1 to come to ! conclusion t light does possess su* a repulsive =ce1 su* =ce be+ due to ! dynamical action ( ! ae!rial light waves4 ,?us we le>n f ! dynamical action ( light1 t n only is ! sun ! c5tre ( an attractive =ce1 b t x is equally ! c5tre ( a repell5t or repulsive p[] or motion2 :i* repulsive p[] always foll[s ! pa? ( ! radius vector1 & dim9i%es ) an int5sity :i* is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,:at we h to ask ourselves !re=e is1 :e!r ! repulsive p[] ( light is ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce t we are try+ to discov]8 ,9 ,art4 #bd we f\nd out :at 7 ! necess>y *>act]i/ics ( ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 :i* is to =m ! companion law to ! attractive law ( gravity1 or ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 ,we !re saw t ?is c5trifugal law mu/ be univ]sal 9 "*2 t x mu/ co9cide ) ! pa? ( ! c5tripetal =ce2 t x mu/ also be subject to ! same law ( int5sity1 viz4 ! law ( inv]se squ>es2 & fur!r1 t ! =ce mu/ be proportional to ! product ( ! two masses conc]n$4 ,we f9d 9 ! repulsive p[] ( light ?ree at any rate ( ^! conditions fulfill$4 ,light is univ]sal because ,ae!r is univ]sal4 ,x is always subject to ! law ( inv]se squ>es1 & :at is m1 its repell+ p[] co9cides exactly ) ! pa? :i* ! c5tripetal =ce takes1 t is1 ! radius vector4 ,we h n1 h[ev]1 discov]$ t light fulfils ! rema9+ necess>y condition1 :i* is1 t ! repell+ p[]s ( light emitt$ by any two bodies are equal to ! product ( _! masses4 ,s t until ?is is done1 x _c be said t ! ae!rial light waves =m ! c5trifugal =ce or motion f a c5tral body t we are seek+ =4 ,b :ile t may be true1 yet if light be n ! c5trifugal motion1 x c]ta9ly indicates 9 :at direction we are to look = t =ce1 & t is to ! ,ae!r1 ^: p]iodic waves give rise to ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,=1 aft] all1 light is due to ae!rial wave motion1 &1 !re=e1 :ile light f c]ta9 /&po9ts may be conceiv$ to be ! cause ( o!r ph5om5a1 yet prim>ily ! real cause ( all ph5om5a :i* are due to light are due to ! ae!rial waves :i* !mselves give rise to ! ph5om5a ( light4 ,?us light acts z a guide-po/ to u1 po9t+ out ! direction we %\ld take 9 ord] to f9d out ! real c5trifugal =ce or motion1 & z pla9ly z x possibly c1 x indicates to u t ! true solution ( our c5trifugal motion t we are seek+ = is to be f\nd1 & alone f\nd1 9 t univ]sal ae!rial m$ium :i*1 by its vibrations & wave motions1 gives rise to t :i* we t]m ,light4 ,9 conclusion ( ?is po9t1 x may be po9t$ out t ,pr(essor ,*allis#bj also took ?is view ( light1 z he di/9ctly /ates t ,light is to be rank$ ) ! physical =ces1 & its dynamical action is equally to be ascrib$ to ! pressure ( ! ,ae!r1 & !n proce$$ to %[ h[ repulsion c\ld be ex]t$ on atoms by ! p]iodic wave motion ( ! ,ae!r4 ,footnote #ae3 ,magnetism & ,electricity4 ,footnote #af3 ,phil4 ,mag41 #aijb4 ,footnote #ag3 ,ibid41 #ahgb4 ,footnote #ah3 ,burnet ,lectures4 ,footnote #ai3 ,burnet ,lectures4 ,footnote #bj3 ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahgb4 ,,art4 #gh4 ,! ,electro-,magnetic ,!ory ( ,light4--,we h se5 7,art4 #ga7 t light is due to a p]iodic wave motion ( ! ,ae!r1 & we h previ\sly se5 t heat is also due to a p]iodic wave motion ( ! ,ae!r4 ,?us 9 ! ph5om5a ( light & heat1 ,ae!r is ! m$ium 9 :i* ! en]gy ( light is /or$1 & by :i* x is transmitt$ 9 its passage f a lum9\s body1 z ! sun1 until x comes into contact ) a planet or satellite f :i* x is reflect$1 ?us giv+ rise to light & heat4 ,:51 h[ev]1 we come to deal ) electro-magnetic ph5om5a1 :i* are ! results & effects produc$ by electricity & magnetism1 we f9d c]ta9 ph5om5a simil> to ^? t we f9d 9 relation to light & heat4 ,?us1 :5 light is emitt$ by a lum9\s body1 a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy is giv5 out by t body1 & if su* light is absorb$ by ano!r body1 ! latt] becomes heat$1 a cle> pro( t x has receiv$ en]gy or motion f "s outside s\rce4 ,f ! "t x left ! lum9\s body till x rea*$ ! light$ or absorb+ body1 x mu/ h exi/$ z en]gy1 t is1 motion 9 ! ,ae!r4 ,z we h already se51 ,newton ?\ght t ! transf]5ce ( en]gy 0 accompli%$ by ! actual transf]5ce ( c]ta9 small corpuscles or atoms giv5 out by ! lum9\s body1 :i* convey$ ! en]gy ( ! "o body to ! o!r4 ,accord+ to ! wave !ory ( light1 h[ev]1 we f9d t ! transf]5ce ( en]gy is accompli%$ by a wave motion 9 ! ,ae!r1 :i* is p]iodic bo? 9 "t & space1 by :i* wave motion ! en]gy is transf]r$ f ! lum9\s to ! illum9at$ body4 ,n[ e "o is famili> ) ! effects ( magnetism & electricity 9 "s =m or o!r1 & su* famili>ity tea*es t v>i\s k9ds ( "w may be done by electricity4 ,if an electric curr5t be g5]at$ & all[$ to fl[ ?r\gh any circuit1 z ! ramifications1 = example1 ( an electric-tram sy/em1 x c readily be se5 t by ! action ( ! curr5t l>ge masses or bodies z trams may be mov$4 ,to g5]ate ! curr5t requires ! exp5diture ( en]gy1 & = ! tram to be mov$ requires ! transmission ( t en]gy f ! g5]at+ /ation till x rea*es ! body to be mov$4 ,by :at means is su* en]gy transmitt$8 because if x disappe>s at "o place & reappe>s at ano!r1 x mu/ h pass$ ?r\gh a m$ium dur+ ! int]val4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! m$ium :i* conveys ! curr5t f place to place is ! ,ae!r1 s t z light is transmitt$ ?r\gh space by ! ,ae!r1 9 a simil> mann] electric curr5ts are transmitt$ ?r\gh space also by ! same m$ium4 ,! discov]] ( ?is great tru? 0 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & x 0 f ! consid]ation ( electro-magnetic ph5om5a t he 0 able to lay ! f\ndation ( t !ory kn[n z ! ,electro-,magnetic ,!ory ( ,light4 ,9 p>agraph #gha ( 8 greate/ "w#ba he says3 ,9 sev]al p>ts ( ?is treatise an attempt has be5 made to expla9 electro-magnetic ph5om5a by means ( me*anical action f "o body to ano!r by means ( a m$ium occupy+ space betwe5 !m4 ,! undulatory !ory ( light also assumes ! exi/5ce ( a m$ium4 ,we h n[ to %[ t ! prop]ties ( ! electro-magnetic m$ium are id5tical ) ^? ( ! lum9if]\s m$ium4 ,he !n po9ts out t1 to fill all space ) a new m$ium1 :5ev] any new ph5om5on is to be expla9$1 is by no means philosophical2 & fur!r adds1 t ,if x %\ld be f\nd t ! velocity ( propagation ( electro-magnetic di/urbances is ! same z ! velocity ( light1 & ?is n only 9 air1 b 9 o!r transp>5t m$ia1 we %all h /rong reasons = believ+ t light is an electro-magnetic ph5om5a4 ,9 ! wave !ory ( light we h se5 7,art4 #gj71 t two prop]ties are necess>y to any m$ium be=e x is capable ( transmitt+ wave motion ( any k9d4 ,^? two prop]ties are ela/icity & in]tia4 ,wat] possesses ^! prop]ties1 & s c transmit ocean waves2 air also possesses ^! prop]ties1 & s c transmit s\nd waves2 & ,ae!r1 be+ matt]1 also possesses ^! prop]ties 7,arts4 #dg & #dh71 & is !re=e capable ( transmitt+ light waves4 ,! ela/icity is ess5tial 9 ord] = ! m$ium to /ore up en]gy1 & also to enable x to resume its orig9al %ape aft] de=mation1 :ile ! in]tia is necess>y 9 ord] t ! m$ium may transmit ! impulse1 & oscillate to & fro until ! impulse receiv$ has be5 pass$ on4 ,?is ela/icity & in]tia may be well illu/rat$ by ! b5d+ ( a la? or cane4 ,if we pull "o end d[n1 hold+ ! o!r end q /ill1 we %all see t ! la? oscillates to & fro until gradually x comes to re/4 ,! ela/icity ( ! la? all[s x to be pull$ out ( its orig9al position1 & also enables x to reb\nd1 :ile its in]tia causes x to sw+ back aga9 pa/ its orig9al position4 ,bo? comb9$ toge!r cause x to sw+ backw>ds & =w>ds till its en]gy is us$ up4 ,if su* a s]ies ( spr+s c\ld be set 9 motion at equal int]vals ( space & "t1 we %\ld !n h a good illu/ration ( a wave motion4 ,:at analogy1 may be ask$1 is !re 9 electro-magnetic ph5om5a to correspond to ?is ela/icity & in]tia ( ! ,ae!r1 s ess5tial to ! propagation ( light8 ,let u look at ! famili> illu/ration ( *>g+ a ,leyd5 j>4 ,9 *>g+ a ,leyd5 j> ) electricity a c]ta9 am\nt ( en]gy is sp5t1 "w is done1 & ! result is f\nd 9 ! electrifi$ /ate ( ! j>4 ,t :i* has actually be5 accompli%$ is ! /or+ up ( en]gy 9 ! ,ae!r ar\nd ! j>4 ,?is /or+ up ( en]gy is analog\s to pull+ aside ! la?1 & is ! mak+ use ( ! ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r1 9 ord] to produce a t5d5cy to recoil4 ,:5 ! j> is dis*>g$1 :i* is analog\s to lett+ g ! la?1 ! ,ae!r seeks to recov] its =m] condition by dis*>g+ ! en]gy x receiv$4 ,9 ^! op]ations ! ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r is call$ into play4 ,aft] ! j> is dis*>g$1 h[ev]1 ! recoil ( ! ,ae!r produces a curr5t1 & ! in]tia ( ! curr5t causes x to ov]%oot its orig9al position1 & = an in/ant ! *>ge ( ! j> is rev]s$4 ,! curr5t n[ fl[s backw>ds 9 ! same way t ! la? return$ back1 & *>ges ! j> z at fir/4 ,?is dis*>g+ & re*>g+ cont9ue backw>d & =w>d1 s to speak1 until all ! en]gy :i* 0 orig9ally giv5 to ! j> has be5 exp5d$1 & x resumes its normal condition4 ,9 ?is exp]im5t ! ela/icity & in]tia ( ! ,ae!r h bo? be5 call$ into play1 s t we see 9 ?is electrical exp]im5t a simil> illu/ration ( ! ela/icity & in]tia ( ! ,ae!r1 z manife/$ 9 ! undulatory or wave !ory ( light4 ,! "q n[ arises1 :at are ! correspond+ prop]ties z giv5 by ,maxwell 9 8 electro-magnetic !ory8 ,9 ,art4 #ghb he writes3 ,9 ! !ory ( electricity & magnetism adopt$ 9 ?is treatise two =ms ( en]gy are recogniz$--! electro-/atic & ! electro-k9etic--& ^! are suppos$ to h _! seat1 n m]ely 9 ! electrifi$ or magnetiz$ bodies1 b 9 e "p ( ! surr\nd+ space :]e electric or magnetic =ce is obs]v$ to act4 ,h5ce our !ory agrees ) ! undulatory !ory 9 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a m$ium :i* is capable ( becom+ a receptacle ( two =ms ( en]gy4 ,f>aday1 9 8 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 p>agraph #cjge1 9 ref]r+ to ! "* ( magnetic ph5om5a ext]nal to ! magnet1 writes3 ,i am m incl9$ to ! notion t 9 ! transmission ( =ce !re is su* an action ext]nal to ! magnet1 ?an t ! effects are m]ely attraction & repulsion at a di/ance4 ,su* a function may be a function ( ! ,ae!r if x %\ld h o!r uses ?an simply ! conveyance ( radiations 7light & heat74 ,f ?is extract we le>n t ,f>aday 0 also ( ! op9ion t ! ,ae!r ar\nd a magnet or any electrifi$ body 0 directly conc]n$ 9 ! propagation ( ! electric & magnetic =ces1 ^! =ces accord+ to ,maxwell be+ ( two k9ds4 ,f ! illu/ration ( ! *>g+ & dis*>g+ ( ! ,leyd5 j>1 we le>n t ae!rial electrical waves c be produc$ by electric means1 & f ! alt]nate *>g+ & re*>g+ ( ! j> we le>n t ^! ae!rial waves travel to & f ! j> ) a p]iodic wave motion4 ,"h1 !re=e1 we h an ae!rial wave motion :i* is produc$ :olly by electricity1 & yet :i* answ]s our def9ition ( a wave motion ( light1 9 t x is p]iodic bo? 9 "t & space1 & 9 t ae!rial wave motion ,maxwell /ates t two =ms ( en]gy are call$ into play1 :i* he calls ,electro-,/atic & ,electro-,k9etic4 ,^! correspond respectively to ! ela/icity & in]tia 9 ! old] !ory ( ! wave motion ( light4 ,x 0 ^u ?is basis t ,maxwell built up 8 electro-magnetic !ory4 ,ev5 ?is !ory does n tell u :at is ! exact "* or nature ( ! p]iodic wave motion ( ! ,ae!r4 ,all x tells u is1 t ! electro-magnetic wave motion ( ! ,ae!r is ! same 9 nature & "* z ! wave motion :i* produces light & heat4 ,?us x %[s t light & electricity h a common orig91 & proves t light is no?+ m or less ?an an electro-magnetic ph5om5on4 ,maxwell gave a numb] ( pro(s 9 support ( 8 !ory4 ,he %[$ t ! velocity ( ! electro-magnetic waves 0 almo/ id5tical ) ! velocity ( light waves1 8 results be+ z foll[s-- ,,velocity ,,( ,,electro-,,magnetic ,,velocity ,,( ,,light ,,9 ,,waves4 ,,metres ,,p] ,,sec4 ,web] #caj1gdj1jjj metres p] sec4 ,fizeau #cad1jjj1jjj ,maxwell #bhh1jjj1jjj ,f\cault #bih1cfj1jjj ,?ompson #bhb1jjj1jjj ,f ^! figures x c readily be se5 t ! velocity ( an ae!rial wave1 g5]at$ by electric means1 is approximately ! same z an ae!rial wave g5]at$ by a lum9\s body4 ,?us "o ( ! mo/ important results ( ,maxwell's !ory 0 to %[ t electro-magnetic di/urbances produc$ 9 ! ,ae!r by an electrifi$ or magnetic body might be propagat$ ?r\gh space ) a velocity equal to t ( light4 ,x 0 left1 h[ev]1 = ,pr(essor ,h]tz to place ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light ^u a sure & c]ta9 f\ndation4 ,! results are to be f\nd 9 8 "w on ,electric ,waves1 translat$ by ,pr(essor ,jones1 #ahic4 ,9 8 pap] on ,! ,velocity ( ,propagation ( ,electro-dynamic ,action1 he gave def9ite & exp]im5tal pro( ( ! hi!rto !oretical fact t ! velocity ( ! electric waves 9 air 0 exactly ! same z t ( light1 :]eas he f\nd t 9 wires ! ratio 0 n ! same1 be+ #d to #g4 ,?is 0 aft]w>ds f\nd out to be an error by "s exp]im5ts made at ,g5eva1 :5 x 0 discov]$ t ! propagation 9 wires 0 ! same z 9 ! air4 ,among 8 exp]im5ts ,h]tz succe$$ 9 produc+ v %ort electric waves ( #cj c5timetres 9 l5g?1 t is1 ab\t "o & "o-fif? ( an in*4 ,accord+ to ,maxwell's !ory1 su* a wave ought to behave exactly z a beam ( ord9>y light does4 ,h]tz prov$ t ?is 0 ! case1 & publi%$ 8 pro(s 9 8 pap] on ,electric ,radiation4 ,9 t pap] he %[$ h[ su* electric radiation 0 propagat$ 9 /raight l9es1 l light1 & t x c\ld also be refract$ & reflect$4 ,?us he gave to ,maxwell's electro-magnetic !ory exp]im5tal demon/ration1 & plac$ x on a solid & immovable f\ndation4 ,9 summ+ up ! results ( ?is !ory1 we le>n1 !re=e1 t ,h]tz has conclusively prov$ t electric & magnetic effects are propagat$ ?r\gh ! ,ae!r :i* fills all space ) ! same velocity t light is propagat$4 ,fur!r1 he has conclusively prov$ ! id5tity betwe5 light & electricity1 & %[n t electric & light radiations are ess5tially "o & ! same1 & t !y are bo? propagat$ by p]iodic wave motions ( ! ,ae!r4 ,fur!r1 he has prov$ t ! velocity ( ! propagation ( light is ! same z t ( ! electro-magnetic waves1 & t ^! waves obey all ! laws t gov]n light & heat4 ,we h "h1 !re=e1 exp]im5tal pro( ( ! id5tity betwe5 electricity & light1 & 9 ,art4 #fi we h also prov$ ! id5tity ( light & heat1 s t we h n[ exp]im5tal pro( t light1 heat & electricity are all due to ! p]iodic wave motions & vibrations ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 :i* n only fills all space1 b :i* surr\nds e atom & e p>ticle ( matt] ?r\gh\t ! :ole univ]se4 ,hav+ e/abli%$1 !re=e1 ! id5tity ( heat1 light & electricity1 & hav+ prov$ t !y are all due to ! p]iodic wave motions or vibrations ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 x mu/ foll[ z a matt] ( necessity t :]ev] 9 int]planet>y or int]/ell> space we f9d light or heat waves we mu/ also f9d electricity4 ,we h already se5 t ae!rial light waves flood all space1 bo? int]planet>y & int]/ell> space1 s t 9 view ( ! id5tity ( ! ae!rial light waves & ae!rial electric waves1 x foll[s t ! ae!rial electric waves flood all space 9 ! same way1 & at ! same "t4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 we f9d ! light waves1 !re we f9d ! electric waves also2 & x w be impossible to f9d ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,?us1 ?r\gh\t all space1 & inde$ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 light waves w n be f\nd ap>t f electric waves4 ,!y are z incapable ( be+ dissociat$ z are light & heat waves4 ,n[ we h already se5 7,art4 #fd71 s f> z ! sol> sy/em is conc]n$1 t ! sun is ! g5]ator ( all light & heat1 & t ^! light waves spe$ f ! sun on e side ) a velocity ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,f ! id5tity ( light & electric waves1 !re=e1 giv5 to u by ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 x mu/ foll[ t ! sun is equally ! s\rce & g5]ator ( ! electric waves4 ,n only s1 b z ! light waves flood all sol> space1 ^! electric waves1 be+ id5tical ) ! light waves1 mu/ flood ! sol> sy/em also4 ,?us we le>n f ,maxwell's !ory z develop$ by ,h]tz1 t n only is ! sun ! g5]ator ( light & heat waves :i* are p\r$ =? into space cont9ually ) a velocity almo/ inconceivable1 b at ! same "t ! sun is p\r+ =? into space electric waves :i* travel outw>ds 9 sph]ical %ells 9 ! same way z light waves d1 & ) a simil> int5sity1 z we %all see 9 ! next *apt]4 ,n[ let me ask ! read] to pond] ov] ! fact giv5 to u by ?is electro-magnetic !ory 9 its relation to ! sol> sy/em1 & endeav\r to f9d out :at su* an application tea*es u4 ,let x be rememb]$ t we are look+ = a ,c5trifugal =ce or motion1 t is1 a motion f a c5tre1 :i* is to be ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! ,c5tripetal =ce1 i4 e4 motion to a c5tre2 & fur!r1 t ! ,c5trifugal motion mu/ be a repulsive motion act+ 9 ! opposite way to ! attractive p[] ( ! ,c5tripetal =ce1 t is1 ! attractive p[] ( gravity4 ,we h se5 7,art4 #gg7 t light possesses a repulsive p[]4 ,we h n[ only to prove t electricity or ! ae!rial electric waves h a repulsive motion1 :i* w be ! easie/ ( all to prove1 & !n we %all h prov$ beyond ! possibility ( contradiction1 ! exi/5ce ( t repulsive =ce ref]r$ to by ,h]s*el 9 ,art4 #bd1 :i* is to =m ! complem5t>y & c\nt]p>t ( ! attractive p[] ( gravity4 ,if x c be prov$ t electricity does possess su* a p[]1 t is1 a repulsive p[]1 ev] act+ f a c5tre1 !n 9 view ( ! id5tity ( light1 heat & electricity1 ! correctness ( ! views we h advanc$ z to ! repulsive p[] ( light & heat w be prov$ beyond ! %ad[ ( a d\bt1 o!rwise ,maxwell's electro-magnetic !ory ( light is a fable & a my?1 & ,h]tz' exp]im5ts 7 nev] p]=m$4 ,fur!r1 if all electro-magnetic ph5om5a are due to ! same ae!rial m$ium :i* gives rise by its wave motions to light1 heat & electricity1 !n we %all h discov]$ a m$ium :i* ?r\gh\t ! univ]se c by its wave motions transmit & propagate bo? repulsions & attractions1 t is1 ! ae!rial m$ium :i* is to be ! physical cause ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation4 ,9 ord] to fur!r develop & e/abli% ?is po9t we w n[ consid] ! subject ( ,electricity z a ,mode ( ,motion4 ,footnote #ba3 ,mag4 & ,elec4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,ae!r ,,& ,,electricity ,,art4 #gi4 ,electricity1 a ,mode ( ,motion4--,! "q z to ,:at is ,electricity8 is "o ( ! greate/ problems ( mod]n times4 ,9 view ( ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 h[ev]1 sci5ce is able to give a bett] def9ition z to :at electricity is1 ?an x 0 able to d previ\s to ! introduction ( ! !ory by ,maxwell1 & its practical e/abli%m5t by ,h]tz4 ,if t !ory tea*es u any?+ at all ) reg>d to ! nature ( electricity1 x tea*es u t electricity is due to c]ta9 motions ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 t n only fills all s-call$ ,space1 b surr\nds all p>ticles & atoms ( all ,matt]4 ,! "q has be5 ask$ by v>i\s sci5ti/s1 ,is ,ae!r ,electricity1 or1 9 o!r words1 are ,ae!r & ,electricity "o & ! same8 ,let u look at ! "q f ! /&po9t ( ! analogy f ! ph5om5a ( light & heat4 ,z we h already se5 7,art4 #fa71 heat is due to a p>ticul> k9d ( motion ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 g5]ally kn[n z vibratory motion1 :i* motion is communicat$ to ! ,ae!r by a lum9\s or heat$ body4 ,s t we le>n t heat at any rate has an ae!rial basis1 z x is a p>ticul> k9d ( ae!rial motion4 ,f ,art4 #gj we le>n also t light is due to an undulatory or wave motion 9 ! ,ae!r2 ! waves1 h[ev]1 9 ?is case be+ %ort]1 & ( m rapid vibration ?an ^? waves :i* give rise to heat4 ,?us light & heat bo? h an ae!rial basis1 be+ due to vibrations ( t m$ium4 ,f ^! analogies1 !re=e1 we come to ! conclusion t electricity & magnetism h an ae!rial basis1 & are also due to c]ta9 k9ds ( motion 9 ! ,ae!r4 ,t motion may be rotatory motion or vibratory motion1 z ! case may be1 b :atev] def9ition we give ( electricity1 we _c z yet say def9itely t ,ae!r is electricity4 ,we may assume1 & inde$ prove1 t ,ae!r has an electrical & magnetic basis1 9 ! same way t x has a !rmal or heat basis1 or a lum9if]\s or light basis2 b :ile we admit su* a hypo!sis1 we _c admit z yet t ,ae!r & electricity are "o & ! same ?+4 ,x is n )9 ! prov9ce ( ?is "w1 h[ev]1 to prove :at electricity is1 or %[ ! relation ( ,ae!r to all ! v>i\s =ms ( electricity ) :i* we are conv]sant1 b ,i ?9k ,i may v5ture to make ?is /atem5t1 t all =ms ( electricity1 :e!r x is electro-/atic1 t is electricity at re/1 or curr5t electricity1 or electro-magnetism1 are due to c]ta9 =ms ( motion ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 9 ! same way t light & heat are also p>ticul> =ms ( motion ( ! same m$ium4 ,i ne$ h>dly po9t out t x is an absolute impossibility = me to deal ) su* a subject z ,electricity 9 all its details & v>i\s aspects 9 "o *apt]2 s t ,i %all h to assume t ! read] is famili> ) "s ( ! elem5t>y tru?s ( ! subject4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i w endeav\r to make cle> mo/ ( ! te*nical t]ms us$ z we proce$4 ,f ! ,electro-,magnetic !ory ( light1 !re=e1 we le>n t ,ae!r has an electrical or electro-magnetic basis1 s t1 :]ev] we get ,ae!r1 !re we h ! bases & conditions :i* w produce all ! ph5om5a ) :i* we are conv]sant 9 ! sph]e ( electricity4 ,giv5 ! requir$ motions 9 ! ,ae!r necess>y to produce any p>ticul> =m ( electricity1 !n t =m is produc$ z soon z ! motions ( ! ,ae!r are g5]at$ by any *>g$ or electrifi$ body4 ,produce a circul> curr5t 9 any way 9 ! ,ae!r1 & y w h a circul> curr5t ( electricity2 produce radiations f a radiat+ body1 & y w get electric radiations :i* spe$ away ) ! velocity ( light4 ,?is phase ( ! ,ae!r is entirely 9 h>mony ) ,dr4 ,l>mor's ,hypo!sis ( ,electrons1 :i* has already be5 ref]r$ to 9 ,art4 #dd4 ,dr4 ,l>mor 9 8 "w indicates t electricity has an atomic basis1 & fur!r /ates t ! atomicity ( electricity is com+ )9 ! scope ( direct exp]im5t4#bb ,n[1 if electricity1 z ,i h indicat$1 be due to c]ta9 motions 9 ! ,ae!r1 !n x c easily be se5 t po/ulat+ atomicity = electricity w be ! same z po/ulat+ atomicity = ! ,ae!r4 ,dr4 ,l>mor#bc def9itely & cle>ly /ates1 t ea* electron has an effective mass ( ae!rial orig91 :i* =ms "p1 & may be ! :ole1 ( ! mass ( matt] to :i* x is atta*$2 & aga9 po9ts out 7p4 #fd7 t an electron is no?+ m ?an a po9t s+ul>ity or pole 9 ! electro-dynamic & optical ,ae!r4 ,?us we see t ,dr4 ,l>mor's hypo!sis z to ! atomicity ( electricity is a fur!r pro( ( ! atomicity ( ,ae!r1 & is also 9 h>mony ) ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light4 ,n[ 9 deal+ ) electricity z a mode ( motion1 x w be necess>y to %[ t electricity is also a =m ( en]gy 9 ! same way t heat & light are =ms ( en]gy4 ,if x c be demon/rat$ t electricity is a =m ( en]gy1 !n x c easily be demon/rat$ t "w c be done by x1 & t t "w may take a me*anical =m 9 ! same way t ! en]gy ( heat & light may produce me*anical results4 ,cl]k ,maxwell has giv5 u1 9 8 greate/ "w1 8 conception ( ! two k9ds ( en]gy due to electricity & magnetism4 ,on ! subject he writes3 ,9 ! !ory ( ,electricity & ,magnetism accept$ 9 ?is treatise1 two =ms ( en]gy are recogniz$1 ! ,electro-,/atic & ,electro-,k9etic 7p>agraphs #fcj & #fcf71 & ^! are suppos$ to h _! seat n m]ely 9 electrifi$ or magnetiz$ bodies1 b 9 e "p ( surr\nd+ space1 :]ev] electric or magnetic =ce is obs]v$ to act4 ,h5ce our !ory agrees ) ! undulatory !ory ( light 9 assum+ ! exi/5ce ( a m$ium :i* is capable ( becom+ susceptible to two =ms ( en]gy4#bd ,! "q has aris5 _m times z to :at is meant by ! t]ms ,electro-,/atic & ,electro-,k9etic en]gy us$ by ,maxwell1 & v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 advanc$ to expla9 ! same4 ,electro-/atic en]gy is said to be t phase ( electricity 9 :i* we deal ) /resses set up 9 ! ,ae!r by an electrifi$ body at re/1 :e!r t body be small or l>ge4 ,x fur!r deals ) ! process ( induction1 t is1 ! action ( an electrifi$ body ^u ano!r body1 su* action tak+ place ?r\gh ! m$ium betwe5 ! two bodies4 ,electro-k9etic en]gy is ! en]gy due to electricity 9 motion4 ,on ?is po9t ,maxwell says3 ,a conduct+ circuit 9 :i* ! curr5t has be5 set up has ! p[] ( do+ "w 9 virtue ( ! curr5t1 = x is really & truly en]gy4 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t a sy/em conta9+ an electric curr5t is a seat ( en]gy ( "s k9d2 &1 s9ce we c =m no conception ( electric curr5t except z a k9etic ph5om5on1 its en]gy mu/ be k9etic en]gy1 t is to say1 ! en]gy :i* a mov+ body has 9 virtue ( its motion4 7,arts4 #eea & #eeb47 ,x is n our purpose to deal ) ! electro-k9etic =m ( en]gy ref]r$ to by ,maxwell 9 ?is *apt]4 ,we %all deal ) t =m ( en]gy due to electricity 9 ! succe$+ *apt]4 ,we w consid] fir/ ! effect ( ! electro-/atic en]gy 9 relation to electrifi$ bodies1 b ,i wi% x to be di/9ctly und]/ood1 t 9 all ! diff]5t k9ds ( electric ph5om5a manife/$1 ! ,ae!r plays ! *ief "p1 & )\t x1 none ( ! ph5om5a obs]v$ c\ld be produc$2 because1 :at ,ae!r is to light & heat1 s x is to electricity1 be+ t m$ium :i* by its motions propagates & gives rise to all electrical ph5om5a4 ,?is be+ s1 we h n[ to apply "s ( ! facts taught u by electricity1 & especially by ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 to our sol> sy/em1 ) ! hope t we %all f9d fur!r evid5ce ( a ,c5trifugal ,=ce :i* is physical 9 "*1 & ^: action c be trac$ ?r\gh\t ! :ole realm ( space4 ,let u1 9 />t+ to apply "s ( ! tru?s already le>n$1 recall "s ( ! facts conc]n+ light1 its production & its propagation4 ,we recall ! fact t light is produc$ by ! action ( ! sun ^u ! ,ae!r1 giv+ rise to waves :i* spe$ away f ! g5]at+ s\rce ) a velocity ( #ahf1jjj miles p] second4 ,we fur!r rememb] t ,h]tz has def9itely prov$ t ^! light waves are id5tical ) electro-magnetic waves1 z !y ought to be if ! ,ae!r possesses an electrical basis1 z ,dr4 ,l>mor & ,pr(essor ,lodge sugge/4 ,9 ord] t !re may be no mi/ake on ?is po9t1 let me quote f "o ( ,h]tz' pap]s1 :]e1 9 8 conclusion1 he says3 ,! exp]im5ts describ$ appe> to me1 at any rate1 em95tly adapt$ to remove any d\bt ( ! id5tity ( light1 radiant heat1 & electro-magnetic wave motion4 ,n[1 :at ,i want to po9t out reg>d+ ?is fact is ?is4 ,if ! sun gives rise to ! ae!rial light waves1 & ^! light waves are id5tical ) electro-magnetic waves z prov$ by ,h]tz1 !n ! sun mu/ ei!r be an electrifi$ body or else a magnet4 ,x mu/ be "o or ! o!r1 because1 if x 7 n1 we %\ld !n h an anomaly 9 ,nature ( a body emitt+ electro-magnetic waves :i* is itself nei!r electrifi$ nor a magnet4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to our second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 su* a body w\ld be incapable ( giv+ rise to ^! waves1 z su* a result w\ld be contr>y to univ]sal exp]i5ce & exp]im5t4 ,we "k t ! e>? is a magnet1 b up to ! pres5t x has nev] be5 prov$ t ! sun is a magnet1 al?\gh1 z ,i %all %[ lat] on1 ,"l ,kelv9 & o!rs h sugge/$ su* a possibility4 ,if we assume t ! sun is a magnet1 our gr\nds = assumption w\ld n be s /rong at ?is po9t1 & our reasons s philosophical1 z !y are if we assume t ! sun is an electrifi$ body4 ,we h philosophical reason+ to prove t ! sun is an electrifi$ body 9 ! fact t x emits or gives rise to electro-magnetic waves 9 ! ,ae!r1 & no o!r hypo!sis c be made o!r ?an t ! sun is an electrifi$ body1 9 ord] to prove ! connection betwe5 ! two4 ,?us we affirm t ! sun is an electrifi$ body1 :i* l any o!r electrifi$ body is capable ( g5]at+ electric waves1 & spe$+ !m ?r\gh ! ,ae!r ) simil> velocity to t ( light4 ,n only s1 b1 l any o!r electrifi$ body1 x mu/ h its electric field & possess ! ability to electrify any o!r body by induction1 t may happ5 to be 9 its electric field1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,fur!r1 be+ an electrifi$ body1 ! electric d5sity w be greate/ ne> ! sun's surface1 & ?is fact fully accords ) our /atem5t 9 ,art4 #de1 t ,ae!r is gravitative4 ,z po9t$ out 9 t ,art41 if ,ae!r be gravitative1 x mu/ be d5se/ ne>e/ to ! attract+ body2 &1 z ,ae!r has an electric basis1 !n ) ! d5s] ,ae!r !re mu/ be an increas$ electric d5sity1 :i* c only happ5 provid$ ! sun is an electrifi$ body4 ,sir ,g4 ,/okes 0 also ( ?is op9ion1 = 9 8 ,burnet ,lectures on ,light he writes 7p4 #bab73 ,!re is no?+1 !re=e1 unreasonable 9 suppos+ t ! sun may be a p]man5tly *>g$ body4 ,s t all ! reason+ t has l$ to ?is result seems to h>monize & confirm ea* sev]al hypo!sis :i* has be5 advanc$4 ,!re c be little d\bt1 !re=e1 t ! sun is an electrifi$ body1 & x is = u n[ to c>ry out ?is fact to its logical & philosophical conclusion1 by apply+ all ! tru?s :i* circle r\nd x to ! sol> sy/em1 :5 we %all f9d great] confirmation ( ! /atem5t j advanc$ ?an any we h yet adduc$4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,"y ( ,am]ica1 ! sun is n only an electrifi$ body1 b is also ! abode ( liv+ & s5ti5t be+s4 ,?is a/ronom] has sugge/$ t ! sun is ! c5tre ( electric =ce1 & t conv]g+ /reams ( ,electricity are ev] fl[+ to x z a c5tre2 b on meet+ ) ! atmosph]e !y give rise to brilliant dis*>ges1 :i* ?us gives ! appe>ance ( a solid inc&esc5t body4 ,n[1 :e!r ?is hypo!sis is correct or n1 x is absolutely c]ta9 t ! sun is an electrifi$ body1 z x gives rise to electro-magnetic waves 9 ! ,ae!r1 z philosophically prov$ by direct exp]im5ts4 ,footnote #bb3 ,ae!r & ,matt]1 p4 #h4 ,footnote #bc3 ,ibid41 p4 #fd4 ,footnote #bd3 ,magnetism & ,electricity1 by ,c4 ,maxwell1 ,art4 #ghb4 ,,art4 #hj4 ,ae!r & ,electric ,fields4--,be=e proce$+ to apply "s ( ! facts ( ,electricity to ! sol> sy/em1 let u f9d out :at is meant by an ,electric ,field4 ,an electric field is to an electrifi$ body1 :at a !rmal or heat field is to a heat$ body1 or a lum9\s or light$ field is to a lum9\s body4 ,if a lamp1 = example1 be light$1 its light waves spread out on e side1 & ext5d = a consid]able di/ance unless imp$$ by su* ob/acles z ! wall ( a room4 ,! ext5t to :i* ! light waves rea* & fl[ might well be call$ ! light$ or lum9\s field1 & 9 t field ! effect ( ! ae!rial light waves w\ld be manife/$ & se54 ,n[1 9 a simil> mann]1 :5 any body is electrifi$1 ! electric waves spread out on e side ( ! electrifi$ body1 & ! ext5t to :i* ! waves spread out =m :at is kn[n z an electric field4 ,s t an electric field may be def9$ z any region or space 9 :i* electric en]gy is manife/$ by means ( ! ae!rial electric waves1 & across :i* induction may take place4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #i4 ,?us1 = example1 let ,e be an electrifi$ body 7,fig4 #i71 !n x w g5]ate electric waves :i* w spe$ f ! body ) a velocity equal to t ( light4 ,if ! body be a sph]e1 !n ! waves w be sph]ical 9 %ape1 & w proce$ f ! g5]at+ s\rce 9 ! %ape ( conc5tric sph]es z indicat$ 9 ! figure4 ,be=e proce$+ any fur!r1 x is necess>y t we %\ld look at ! electric field f ! physical aspect1 ) a view to discov] some?+ ( :at takes place !re94 ,z has already be5 indicat$1 all electric ph5om5a are due to motions ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r4 ,x 0 left = ,f>aday to give u a true conception ( an electric field1 & = ,maxwell to p]fect t conception & give u a physical aspect ( ! same4 ,f>aday conceiv$ t /ret*+ out f a magnet or electrifi$ body ?r\gh space1 t is1 ?r\gh ! ,ae!r1 7 :at he call$ ,l9es ( ,=ce1 & t ^! l9es ( =ce indicat$ n only ! direction ( ! magnetic & electric =ces1 b also _! int5sity or p[]4 ,:]e ! l9es ( =ce 7 close/ toge!r1 !re ! electric or magnetic en]gy 0 ! greate/ & mo/ int5se2 & :]e !y 7 ! f>!/ ap>t1 !re ! field 0 weake/ 9 en]gy4 ,an illu/ration ( ! magnetic l9es ( =ce may be obta9$ by plac+ a piece ( pap] ov] a magnet1 & !n /rew+ iron fil+s ov] ! same1 :5 x w be se5 t ! iron fil+s w arrange !mselves 9 c]ta9 curv$ l9es1 :i* ,f>aday call$ ,magnetic ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,9 ?is way ,f>aday mapp$ out ! l9es ( =ce1 relative n only to s+le magnets1 b also to magnets ) poles plac$ 9 v>i\s positions relatively to poles ( o!r magnets4 ,n[ z !re are l9es ( =ce :i* reveal ! int5sity & direction ( ! magnetic en]gy1 s !re are l9es ( =ce radiat+ out f electrifi$ bodies :i* reveal ! int5sity & p[] ( ! electric field4 ,! electric l9es ( =ce are radial1 & are %[n 9 ! figure 7,fig4 #i7 by ! /raight l9es ,d ,f1 ,d ,h1 ,d ,k4 ,if an electrifi$ pi? ball1 = example1 be hung up 9 a room1 !n ! l9es ( =ce1 :i* ext5d f ! ball1 indicate ! /ress 9 ! ,ae!r surr\nd+ ! pi? ball1 s t if a hair be plac$ across ^! l9es ( =ce1 any movem5t ( ! pi? ball w be indicat$ by ! motion ( ! hair4 ,x 0 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 h[ev]1 :o gave to ! _w a true physical conception ( ,f>aday's ,l9es ( ,=ce1 9 8 pap] on ,physical ,l9es ( ,=ce4#be ,9 ! op5+ words ( t pap] he writes z foll[s3 ,we _c help ?9k+ t 9 e place :]e we f9d ^! l9es ( =ce1 "s physical /ate or action mu/ exi/ 9 suffici5t en]gy to produce ! actual ph5om5a4 ,maxwell !n w5t on to %[ :at ^! physical actions 71 :i* took place 9 ! dielectric--t is1 ! m$ium surr\nd+ ! electrifi$ body :i* we n[ "k to be ! ,ae!r4 ,?is electric field1 he po9t$ out1 0 9 a /ate ( /ress1 :i* consi/$ ( pressures or t5sions diff]5t 9 diff]5t directions at ! same "p ( ! m$ium4 ,! relation ( ^! =ces 7 ?reefold1 & consi/$ 9 ! mo/ g5]al type ( /ress ( ?ree pressures or t5sions 9 directions at "r angles to ea* o!r4 ,?us1 9 ,maxwell's op9ion1 ! exi/5ce ( a m$ium1 :i* by its physical "* 0 able to ex]t en]gy on mat]ial bodies1 0 "o ( ! fundam5tal hypo!ses ( 8 !ory z to ! physical "* ( ,f>aday's ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,?is physical m$ium 0 to be capable ( c]ta9 motions1 & bo? electric & magnetic =ces 7 produc$ by its motions & its /resses4 ,maxwell's conception1 h[ev]1 ( ! physical l9es ( =ce 0 m or less hypo!tical1 & up to ! pres5t1 z f> z ,i c le>n1 has n receiv$ t au?ority f sci5ce t su* a hypo!sis requires to make x an accept$ !ory 9 sci5ce4 ,b :at ,i v5ture to po9t out is1 t ) ! view ( ! ae!rial m$ium t is submitt$ 9 ?is "w1 ,maxwell's hypo!sis rema9s a hypo!sis no long]1 & t ! hypo!tical "* ( 8 !ory ceases to exi/4 ,=1 by our conception ( an atomic & gravitative ,ae!r1 we are able to see t 8 physical l9es ( =ce are inde$ physical1 & t 8 brilliant hypo!sis n[ receives a true physical f\ndation :i* o!rwise x w\ld n receive f a frictionless ,ae!r4 ,!re is no?+1 ,i v5ture to pr$ict1 9 ,maxwell's hypo!sis :i* _c be acc\nt$ = on a truly physical basis1 by ! conception ( ! ,ae!r z giv5 9 ?is "w4 ,s t :5 ,f>aday saw 9 8 m9d's eye l9es ( =ce trav]s+ space1 he saw by 8 imag9ation t :i* 0 actually ! real /ate ( affairs1 & :5 ,maxwell enl>g$ ! conception by giv+ to ^? l9es ( =ce a def9ite atomic & cellul> /ructure1 he1 too1 b anticipat$ ! real nature & "* ( ! ,ae!r z giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 :i* !ory is ! direct outcome ( ,newton's philosophical rules1 & ! result ( disc>d+ ev]y?+ t is n 9 accordance ) exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,?us ! l9es ( =ce :i* exi/ & surr\nd a magnetic or electrifi$ body are z real z ocean curr5ts1 or ! waves ( ! sea1 9 t !y are ! manife/ations ( ! motions ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 :i* is z truly matt] z air or wat]4 ,let u look at ! analogy :i* exi/s betwe5 ! l9es ( =ce & ! gravitative ,ae!r1 & we %all see t a gravitative ,ae!r fully agrees ) ! conception ( an electric ,ae!r z reveal$ to u by ! l9es ( =ce 9 an electric field4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! l9es ( =ce are clos] toge!r 9 t "p ( ! electric field :]e ! int5sity ( ! field is greate/2 & ! int5sity ( a field be+ greate/ at ! surface ( an electrifi$ body1 ! l9es ( =ce are !re=e clos] toge!r ne>e/ to ! surface ( su* a body ?an fur!r away4 ,n[ accord+ to ,art4 #de ,ae!r is gravitative1 !re=e ! ,ae!r ne>e/ ! surface ( a body is d5se/1 & ! ae!rial atoms are !re=e m press$ ^u ?an ! lay] imm$iately above x4 ,su* a result is exactly :at %\ld happ5 provid$ t ,ae!r has an electric basis1 & t ,ae!r is gravitative4 ,=1 9 ,art4 #de1 we h se5 t because ,ae!r is gravitative1 !re=e x mu/ possess v>i\s degrees ( d5sity1 be+ d5se/ ne>e/ ! surface ( an attract+ body4 ,9 electricity we f9d a simil> ph5om5on :i* corresponds to ae!rial d5sity1 :i* is kn[n z ,electric ,d5sity1 by :i* t]m is meant ! am\nt or quantity ( electricity spread ov] a c]ta9 area or surface4 ,if we d\ble ! quantity ( electricity on t giv5 surface1 !n we d\ble ! d5sity1 & we say t ! electric d5sity is d\bl$1 :ile if we halve ! quantity ( electricity1 !n we say ! electric d5sity is halv$1 & s on4 ,b ?is is exactly :at happ5s 9 ! case ( ae!rial d5sity1 z prov$ 9 ,art4 #df4 ,we h only to picture ! numb] ( ae!rial atoms be+ d\bl$ on a giv5 area1 & at once ! physical conception ( electric d5sity is furni%$1 if we rememb] t ,ae!r has an electric basis z sugge/$ by ,maxwell & prov$ by ,h]tz4 ,?us we see at once :y x is ! l9es ( =ce %\ld be clos] toge!r ne>] ! electrifi$ body ?an f>!r away4 ,electric ,pot5tial4--,!re is ano!r aspect ( ! electric field t ,i wi% to call ! read]'s att5tion to1 & t is ! ,electric ,pot5tial ( su* a field4 ,electric pot5tial is to electricity :at temp]ature is to heat1 or pressure is to any m$ium ( diff]5t d5sities4 ,we h already se51 accord+ to ! laws ( !rmodynamics1 t heat w fl[ f a high] temp]ature to a l[] "o1 ) ! result t "w is done4 ,9 ! case also ( wat] at two diff]5t levels1 "w c also be done by ! wat] fl[+ f a high] to a l[] level4 ,a simil> ?+ happ5s 9 electricity2 :]e we h two conductors or two p>ts ( an electrical fluid at diff]5t pot5tials1 electricity w fl[ f ! place ( high] pot5tial1 until ! pot5tials are equaliz$1 9 ! same way t ! temp]ature ( two bodies at diff]5t temp]atures w\ld be equaliz$ by ! fl[ ( heat4 ,s t electric pot5tial agrees ) our conception ( a gravitative ,ae!r 9 t1 be+ gravitative1 x is d5s] 9 ^? p>ts ne>e/ to ! attract+ body ?an f>!r away1 & z ! ela/icity or pressure is proportionate to ! d5sity 7,art4 #dg71 !re=e we le>n t ! electric pot5tial ( ! ,ae!r1 & ! !rmal condition ( ! ,ae!r1 if ,i may use su* a t]m1 bo? agree & co9cide ) ! d5sity & ela/icity ( ! ,ae!r4 ,any equipot5tial surface :i* repres5ts a p>ticul> ae!rial d5sity1 w\ld also correspond ) a p>ticul> ela/icity or pressure ( ! ,ae!r1 :ile x w\ld fur!r correspond ) a p>ticul> temp]ature1 if su* a t]m is applicable to ! ,ae!r4 ,equipot5tial ,surfaces4--,! fact t 9 an electric field !re are diff]5t po9ts at diff]5t pot5tials1 leads u to ! tru? t 9 an electric field !re are also equipot5tial surfaces2 t is to say1 !re are surfaces :]e ! electric d5sity or ! ae!rial d5sity are equal at all po9ts on su* a surface4 ,if1 = example1 ,e be an electrifi$ body 7,fig4 #i71 & ,a ,a'1 ,b ,b'1 repres5t equipot5tial surfaces ar\nd ! body1 !n all ! po9ts on ,a ,a' w\ld be ( equal pot5tial--t is1 ( equal en]gy1 or pressure4 ,we h to rememb] t ,a ,a'1 ,b ,b'1 are sections ( a sph]e1 s t :5 ! body z ,e is a sph]e1 !n ! equipot5tial surfaces are sph]es also4 ,?is agrees ) ,art4 #gg1 9 :i* we saw t ! pressure ar\nd any body due to ae!rial d5sity also possess$ equipot5tial surfaces4 ,x c\ld equally be %[n t !re 7 equipot5tial surfaces s f> z ! ph5om5a ( heat & light are conc]n$1 z ^! also are subject to ! same laws4 ,hav+ n[ v briefly consid]$ ! mean+ ( ! ,electric ,field1 ,electric ,pot5tial1 ,electric ,d5sity1 & ,equipot5tial ,surfaces1 we are n[ 9 a position to apply ^! facts to our sol> sy/em1 at lea/ z f> z ! sun is conc]n$4 ,9 ! =ego+ ,art4 we arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! sun 0 an electrifi$ body1 !re=e1 9 accordance ) all exp]im5t & obs]vation1 x1 too1 mu/ h an electric field4 ,n only mu/ x h an electric field2 b t field mu/ possess diff]5t pot5tials1 possess+ a high] pot5tial ! ne>] ! field gets to ! sun1 & a l[] pot5tial ! f>!r away ! field is4 ,fur!r1 ar\nd ! sun !re mu/ also exi/ n imag9>y b real physical l9es ( =ce :i* indicate ! electric & magnetic =ces1 & :i* are made real by ! atomic "* ( ! ,ae!r t surr\nds x2 & ^? l9es ( =ce w\ld be clos] toge!r ! ne>] !y got to ! sun on acc\nt ( ! electric d5sity ( ! electric ,ae!r1 :i* co9cides ) ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r f ! gravitative /&po9t4 ,!re w\ld also be ae!rial equipot5tial sph]es1 or r oblate sph]oids ar\nd ! sun1 z ! sun is n /rictly a sph]e1 its pol> diamet] be+ less ?an its equatorial diamet]4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #aj4 ,let u !re=e endeav\r to picture ! sun "u ^! conditions z ! c5tre ( our sol> sy/em4 ,let ,s be ! sun 7,fig4 #aj71 & ! l9es ,a ,a'1 ,b ,b'1 ,c ,c'1 etc4 repres5t ,equipot5tial ,surfaces1 ,fig4 #aa be+ a v]tical section & ,fig4 #aj be+ an equatorial section4 ,9 ,fig4 #aa ! sections ( ! equipot5tial surfaces w\ld be v]tical1 :ile 9 ,fig4 #aj ! sections ( ! equipot5tial surfaces w\ld be horizontal1 :ile ! electric l9es ( =ce w\ld be radial1 z all electric radiations take place 9 /raight l9es1 z we %all see 0 prov$ by ,h]tz1 lat] on4 ,we w suppose t ! sun is /ation>y1 z ! "q ( ! movem5t ( ! sun1 bo? axially & ?r\gh space1 w be consid]$ 9 a subsequ5t article4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #aa4 ,!n ! "q arises1 ,h[ f> does ! sun's electric field ext5d8 ,t is r a difficult "q to answ]1 b ! correct answ] w\ld be1 ,z f> z ! sun's light ext5ds1 s f> does ! sun's electric field ext5d4 ,f ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light we "k t :]ev] !re are light waves1 !re are electro-magnetic waves1 ?\gh at ! pres5t mom5t we are only deal+ ) ! electric aspect ( ^? waves4 ,we "k t ! ae!rial light waves rea* at lea/ z f> z ,neptune1 a di/ance ( #b1gej1jjj1jjj miles1 !re=e we "k t ! sun's electric field mu/ also ext5d to t di/ance4 ,h[ mu* fur!r 9 space x ext5ds we _c tell1 because ! data on :i* to =m a basis is inadequate4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #ab4 ,?us we le>n t ! sun's electric field ext5ds ea/ & we/ = t enorm\s di/ance1 b we _c say t x ext5ds ! same di/ance nor? & s\?4 ,n[ :y is t8 ,! fir/ reason ,i %\ld give is ! well-kn[n exp]im5t ( a revolv+ body1 by :i* we le>n t :5 a body is revolv+1 z ! sun = example1 ! atmosph]e ar\nd x w\ld seek to ext5d itself ea/ & we/1 ow+ to ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce s call$4 ,b a bett] reason ?an t w be f\nd f an analogy ( a magnetiz$ body4 ,f>aday has %[n 9 8 draw+s illu/rat+ l9es ( =ce1 t if a sph]ical body is magnetiz$1 ! magnetic l9es ( =ce ext5d 9 circles ea/ & we/1 b g out into space 9 almo/ /raight l9es nor?1 & s\? z ! prec$+ figure %[s4 ,!re=e1 accept+ ,f>aday's exp]im5t z ! basis = our conception ( ! magnetic l9es ( =ce 9 ! sun's electric field1 we come to ! conclusion t ! electric field ar\nd ! sun ext5ds ea/ & we/1 :ile ! l9es ( =ce1 nor? & s\?1 are m or less radial into space z depict$ 9 ! figure4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole ( ! field1 ! electric pot5tial1 at diff]5t di/ances f ! sun1 w\ld diff] 9 accordance ) all exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,! greate/ electric pot5tial w\ld !re=e be ne>e/ ! sun's surface1 & w\ld be greate/ 9 ! equatorial regions ( ! sun1 9 accordance ) a well-kn[n rule :i* det]m9es electric d5sity & electric pot5tial on conductors4 ,z we proce$ f ! sun's surface ea/ & we/ into space1 we %\ld pass equipot5tial surfaces ( diff]5t pot5tials4 ,?us ! pressure on e po9t ( equipot5tial surfaces w\ld be regulat$ by ! electric d5sity ( ! ,ae!r1 :i* w\ld co9cide ) ! actual ae!rial d5sity at t po9t2 & z ! ae!rial d5sity is ! measure ( its ela/icity or pressure1 s ! electric pot5tial w\ld correspond ) ! ela/icity or pressure at ! same po9t4 ,?us x is possible to map out ! electric field ea/ & we/ by ev]-increas+ & wid5+ circles :i* w\ld be at l[] pot5tial ! fur!r !y rec$$ f ! sun4 ,s t by c>ry+ out ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light to its logical conclusion1 we are able to br+ ! :ole ( ! sol> sy/em into l9e ) electric ph5om5a2 &1 z we proce$1 we %all see t all o!r facts relat+ to electricity1 & magnetism also1 are equally z applicable !reto1 o!rwise ?is !ory ( light mu/ fall to ! gr\nd4 ,t ?is conception ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r 9 its application to sol> space is n extravagant may be prov$ f ! writ+s ( ,pr(4 ,tyndall & ,cl]k ,maxwell4 ,tyndall1 writ+ on ! subject ( ,f>aday's ,l9es ( ,=ce1 says3#bf ,! aspect ( ^! curves s fasc9at$ ,f>aday t ! great] "p ( 8 intellectual life 0 devot$ to pond]+ ov] !m4 ,he inve/$ ! space ?r\gh :i* !y run ) a k9d ( mat]iality1 & ! probability is t ! progress ( sci5ce1 by connect+ ! ph5om5a ( magnetism ) ! lum9if]\s ,ae!r1 w prove ^! ',l9es ( ,=ce1' z ,f>aday lov$ to call !m1 to repres5t a condition ( ?is my/]i\s sub/ratum ( all radiant action4 ,:ile ,cl]k ,maxwell1#bg writ+ on ,action at a ,di/ance1 says3 ,^! ,l9es ( ,=ce mu/ n be reg>d$ z m]e ma!matical ab/ractions4 ,!y are ! directions 9 :i* ! m$ium is ex]t+ t5sion l t ( a rope1 or r l t ( our own muscles4 ,i !re=e premise1 t bo? ^! /atem5ts w f9d a lit]al fulfilm5t 9 ! conception ( ! ,ae!r advanc$ & p]fect$ 9 ?is "w4 ,footnote #be3 ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahfa4 ,footnote #bf3 ,tyndall on ,light4 ,footnote #bg3 ,collect$ ,pap]s1 by ,niv54 ,,art4 #ha4 ,ae!r & ,induction4--,we h se5 9 ! prec$+ ,arts4 t ! sun is an electrifi$ body1 possess+ an electric field1 :i* field possesses diff]5t int5sities at diff]5t di/ances f its surfaces4 ,if su* be ! case1 ! "q at once confronts u1 z to :at is ! effect ( su* an electrifi$ body ) its electric field ^u all ! planets :i* revolve ar\nd x2 =1 if its electric field ext5ds z f> z ,neptune1 !n all ! planets & meteors1 t revolve ar\nd ! sun1 mu/ revolve 9 ! sun's electric field4 ,su* a "q c be/ be answ]$ f ! consid]ation ( exp]im5ts & !ories advanc$ fir/ by ,f>aday1 :o gave to ! _w 8 !ory ( ,induction1 :i* we %all n[ consid]4 ,let ,a be an electrifi$ body 7,fig4 #ac71 & ,c be a body n electrifi$1 b situat$ )9 ! electric field ( ,a4 ,!n x c be exp]im5tally prov$1 t ,c w also become an electrifi$ body by induction4 ,z is well kn[n1 !re are two k9ds ( electricity1 ,positive & ,negative4 ,we w suppose ,a to be *>g$ ) positive electricity4 ,!n x c be prov$ t ,c w also be *>g$ ) negative electricity on ! half ne>e/ to ,a1 :ile ! o!r half w be *>g$ ) positive electricity4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #ac4 ,n[ h[ has ?is result be5 br\ght ab\t8 ,accord+ to ,f>aday's !ory ! p>ticles ( air1 ! dielectric1 betwe5 ,a & ,c play a mo/ important "p 9 ! process4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ea* atom or p>ticle ( air is pol>iz$1 z ! process ( sep>at+ ! two k9ds ( electricity is t]m$1 s t e atom has "o half ( x cov]$ ) positive electricity1 & ! o!r half ) negative electricity4 ,= example1 let ,a & ,c be ! same brass balls ) ! p>ticles ( air betwe5 !m1 ,a be+ ! positively *>g$ ball & ,c ! unelectrifi$ ball1 ! %ad$ p>ts repres5t+ positive electricity & ! un%ad$ p>ts negative electricity4 ,!n ,a w act inductively on ! unelectrifi$ ball ,c ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ! p>ticles ( air d1 e1 f1 g1 h4 ,! electrifi$ ball ,a w act fir/ on ! lay] ( p>ticles next to x1 attract+ _! negative electricity & repell+ ! positive accord+ to ! well-kn[n law t ,unlike electricities attract1 l electricities repel ea* o!r4 ,! positive electricity 9 ! fir/ lay] !n acts 9 ! p>ticles ( ! next lay] 9 ! same way1 & ?us ! inductive action is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! p>ticles1 f lay] to lay]1 until we come to ! la/ lay] ( p>ticles next to ! ball ,c4 ,z ! half ( ea* atom or p>ticle ne>e/ to ,c is positively electrifi$1 !n ! half ( ! ball ,c ne>e/ to ! lay] becomes negatively electrifi$1 :ile ! half fur!r away is positively electrifi$4 ,?us we say t ,c has become electrifi$ by induction ?r\gh ! pol>ization ( ! p>ticles ( air :i* lie betwe5 ! two bodies4 ,f>aday on ?is po9t says3 ,?us induction appe>s to be ess5tially an action ( contigu\s p>ticles1 ?r\gh ! int]m$iations ( :i* ! ,electric ,=ce1 orig9at+ at a c]ta9 place1 is propagat$ or su/a9$ at a di/ance1 appe>+ !re z a ,=ce ( ! same k9d exactly equal 9 am\nt1 b opposite 9 its direction & t5d5cies4#bh ,:ile aga9 he /ates3#bi ,induction appe>s to consi/ 9 a c]ta9 pol>iz$ /ate ( p>ticles into :i* !y are ?r[n by ! electrifi$ body su/a9+ ! action1 ! p>ticles assum+ positive & negative p>ts :i* are symmetrically ! l9es ( ,inductive ,=ce4 ,?us 9 ! case ( any electrifi$ body1 act+ on an unelectrifi$ body at a di/ance1 x has to be def9itely und]/ood t ! action at a di/ance is alone communicat$ & propagat$ by ! dielectric or m$ium :i* exi/s betwe5 ! two bodies4 ,?\gh 9 ! case ( ,gravitation x has be5 ma!matically assum$1 t action at a di/ance is possible1 yet exp]im5tally & physically su* an assumption is philosophically incorrect1 z all exp]i5ce & exp]im5t g to prove t !re is no su* ?+ z action at a di/ance manife/$1 except su* action is propagat$ ?r\gh ! int]v5+ m$ium1 z /at$ & prov$ by ,f>aday4 ,9 ord] to br+ ,gravitation1 !re=e1 into l9e ) our exp]i5ce1 x w h to be demon/rat$ t x1 too1 is ! result ( ! action ( ! int]v5+ m$ium1 t is1 ! ,ae!r1 :i* is a result we are be+ l$ up to4 ,we h already se5 t ! sun is an electrifi$ body1 possess+ an electric field1 & z all electrifi$ bodies c act on o!r bodies 9 _! field inductively1 !n a simil> result %\ld happ5 9 ! sol> sy/em1 t happ5s 9 any electrical exp]im5t on induction1 ) ! result t all ! planets %\ld become electrifi$ bodies by induction1 su* action tak+ place1 z ,f>aday po9ts out1 ?r\gh ! m$ium :i* divides ! sun & ! planets1 t is1 ! ,ae!r4 ,( c\rse ) a frictionless & non-atomic ,ae!r su* a result w\ld be an impossibility1 b ) our conception ( an atomic & gravitative ,ae!r ! result is n[ atta9able4 ,we h !re=e to ?9k ( ! sun1 ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 be+ an electrifi$ body1 & = illu/ration we w suppose x to be a positively *>g$ body4 ,all ar\nd ! sun is ! atomic ,ae!r1 :i* is pol>iz$ 9 ! same way t ! p>ticles ( air 7 pol>iz$2 t is1 ! two k9ds ( electricities 9 ! ae!rial atom are sep>at$1 ! negative be+ on t side ne>e/ to ! sun1 & ! positive on ! side fur!r away4 ,9 ?is way ! :ole ae!rial m$ium w\ld be pol>iz$1 & any body 9 ! field w\ld be electrifi$ by induction1 ) ! result t ! side ne>e/ ! sun w\ld be negatively *>g$1 & ! opposite side positively *>g$4 ,?us let ,s 7,figs4 #aj & #aa7 be ! sun1 & ! circles repres5t equipot5tial surfaces1 !n "o half ( e surface w\ld be negatively electrifi$ & ! o!r half positively electrifi$1 t is1 assum+ ! sun to be a positively electrifi$ body4 ,if ,m repres5ts ,m]cury1 ,v repres5ts ,v5us1 & ,e repres5ts ! ,e>? 7,fig4 #aj71 !n x c readily be se5 t all ^! w\ld be negatively electrifi$ on ! side fac+ ! sun2 &1 z !y rotate on _! axes1 ea* "p ( ! planet w\ld be positively & negatively electrifi$ once ea* day4 ,we are assum+ t ! m$ium is at re/1 b accord+ to our conception 9 ,art4 #dd1 all ! ae!rial atoms are 9 rotation on _! axes1 9 ! same way t ! e>? rotates on its axis1 s t ea* ( ^! ae!rial atoms w\ld pres5t diff]5t p>ts ( its surface to ! sun z x rotates on its axis2 b1 z t does n affect ! pr9ciple ( induction1 su* a fact ne$ n n[ be fully consid]$4 ,let u n[ ask1 ,:at is ! result ( all ! planets becom+ electrifi$ bodies 9 ! same way t ! sun is an electrifi$ body8 ,argu+ f exp]i5ce1 we come to ! conclusion t ea* planet mu/ also possess its electric field1 :i* also mu/ h its l9es ( =ce1 its diff]5t pot5tials at diff]5t di/ances1 & its equipot5tial surfaces4 ,s t ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune all h _! electric fields1 ) _! own l9es ( =ce1 & ) _! equipot5tial surfaces4 ,if we c>ry ! analogy fur!r /ill1 !n x c also be prov$ t ! ,e>?1 & ^? planets :i* h moons or satellites1 also act inductively on _! satellites1 ) ! result t !y too become electrifi$ bodies1 ) _! own small] electric fields & l9es ( =ce4 ,?is may seem at fir/ sight a little confus+1 b ! confusion w gradually disappe> if we w look at x c>efully = a mom5t or two4 ,let u endeav\r to picture ! sol> sy/em f ?is new /&po9t1 & map out ! equipot5tial surfaces1 :i* ?is idea sugge/s4 ,let ,s repres5t ! sun 7,fig4 #ad71 ! initials ( all ! planets & satellites repres5t+ ! v>i\s planets2 !n we get ! foll[+ plan ( ! sol> sy/em ) ! v>i\s equipot5tial surfaces %[n by ! circul> l9es4 ,we are n[ suppos$ to be look+ d[n on all ! sol> sy/em f above x1 s to speak1 s t we %\ld be look+ at :at we call ! ,nor? ,poles ( ! sun & planets4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #ad4 ,?us we see t ! equipot5tial surfaces ar\nd ! sun are huge circles :i* /ret* out z f> z ,neptune or ev5 beyond1 b )9 ^? circles we f9d ea* ( ! planets revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 ea* ) its own equipot5tial sph]es1 :i* are circles also1 :ile ar\nd ! v>i\s planets are ! satellites1 f ! moon ( our ,e>?1 to ! two satellites ( ,m>s1 five ( ,jupit]1 eight ( ,saturn1 ea* ) its own l9es ( =ce & electric fields4 ,( c\rse we mu/ n =get t all ^! revolve r\nd ! sun1 & ! "q may sugge/ itself to ! read]'s m9d1 if su* a result is possible4 ,i %all prove lat] on1 t accord+ to ,maxwell su* an ev5t is possible1 b at pres5t we w consid] !m /ation>y4 ,n[ let u see h[ su* a conception comp>es ) our hypo!sis ( a gravitative ,ae!r4 ,if ,ae!r be gravitative1 !n ! sun mu/ h an attraction = ! ,ae!r1 & its ae!rial field w\ld /ret* out into space z f> z ,neptune at lea/4 ,s t x c readily be se5 t ! ae!rial field ( ! sun's attractive p[] co9cides ) ! electric field :i* ! sun possesses z an electrifi$ body4 ,aga91 if ,ae!r be gravitative1 !n all ! planets mu/ also h an ae!rial field1 :i* w be co-ext5sive ) _! electric field also4 ,! same pr9ciple applies to ea* ( ! satellites1 ) ! result t !y too w possess an ae!rial field :i* w be equal 9 ext5t & limit to _! electric field4 ,z ! satellites revolve ar\nd _! prim>y planet tak+ _! electric fields ) !m1 s ! planets ) _! associat$ satellites revolve ar\nd ! sun tak+ _! electric & ae!rial fields ) !m4 ,?us we get a glimpse1 ?\gh at ?is po9t v %ad[y & indi/9ct1 ( ^? motions ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 :i* help to con/itute ! h>mony1 beauty1 & ord] ( ! univ]se4 ,we h se51 !re=e1 t z ! sun is an electrifi$ body1 s all ! planets & satellites are electrifi$ bodies also1 ea* possess+ its own field1 ) all t su* a field implies4 ,we %all f9d t su* a conception is borne out by exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 :5 we come to deal ) ! ,e>? z a magnet2 because we %all aft]w>ds le>n t ! ,e>? is an electro-magnet1 possess+ its magnetic field1 :i* is co-exi/5t & equipoll5t ) its electric field4 ,footnote #bh3 ,exp4 ,res41 #abig1 #abih4 ,footnote #bi3 ,p>4 #abih4 ,,art4 #hb4 ,en]gy ( ! ,field4--,we h se5 9 ,art4 #gi t e electrifi$ body has an electric field4 ,we h fur!r le>n$1 9 c>ry+ ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light to its logical conclusion1 t all ! planets & satellites toge!r ) ! sun mu/ be electrifi$ bodies1 ea* possess+ its electric field4 ,we h n[ to det]m9e ! effect ( su* a tru? f its dynamical aspect ^u ! bodies )9 ! field1 t is to say1 we h to consid] ! en]gy ( su* electric fields1 & endeav\r to f9d out ! effect ( su* en]gy ^u o!r bodies )9 t field4 ,maxwell1#cj 9 8 introduction to a pap] on ,! ,dynamical ,!ory ( ! ,electro-magnet ,field1 writes on ! matt] ?us3 ,x appe>s !re=e t c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 electricity & magnetism lead to ! same conclusion z ^? ( optics1 namely1 t !re is an ae!rial m$ium p]vad+ all bodies & modifi$ only 9 degree by _! pres5ce2 t ! p>ts ( ?is m$ium are capable ( be+ set 9 motion by electric curr5ts & magnets2 t ?is motion is communicat$ f "o "p ( ! m$ium to ano!r by =ces aris+ f ! connection ( ^! p>ts2 t "u ! action ( ^! =ces1 !re is a c]ta9 yield+ dep5d+ ^u ! ela/icity ( ^! connections2 & t !re=e en]gy 9 two diff]5t =ms may exi/ 9 ! m$ium1 ! "o =m be+ ! actual en]gy ( motion ( its p>ts1 & ! o!r be+ ! pot5tial en]gy /or$ up 9 ! connections 9 virtue ( _! ela/icity4 ,! two =ms ( en]gy he gives u 9 8 "w on ,magnetism & ,electricity1 :]e1 9 ! quotation already giv5 9 ,art4 #gi1 he /ates !m to be electro-/atic & electro-k9etic en]gy1 :ile 9 p>agraph #gib ( ! same "w he adds3 ,! intr9sic en]gy ( ! m$ium is half electro-/atic & half electro-k9etic1 t is1 half is due to electricity & half is due to magnetism4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 only deal+ at ?is po9t ) ! electro-/atic en]gy 9 ! electric field1 z we %all deal ) ! electro-k9etic en]gy 9 ! foll[+ *apt]4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to conceive ( an electrifi$ body g5]at+ electric or electro-magnetic waves1 :i* spe$ away f ! g5]at+ s\rce on e side ) ! velocity ( light4 ,n[ we h already se5 t ! ae!rial waves :i* give rise to heat & light possess a repulsive p[]1 t is1 !y ex]t a pressure on ! body ) :i* !y come into contact4 ,if1 !re=e1 9 ! electric field !re is ?is en]gy manife/$ z prov$ by ,maxwell1 & t en]gy takes p>tly ! =m ( a pressure z /at$ by ,maxwell1 !n we h 9 ! electro-/atic en]gy ( ! electric field1 ano!r indication ( t c5trifugal =ce = :i* we are look+1 & ^: exi/5ce 0 s satisfactorily demon/rat$ to ,h]s*el by ! ph5om5a ( comets' tails4 ,t !re is ?is pressure 9 an electric field 0 conclusively prov$ by ,maxwell1 & exp]im5tally demon/rat$ by ,pr(essor ,leb$ew 7,art4 #gg74 ,maxwell di/9ctly /ates on ?is po9t1 t ! comb9$ effect ( ! electro-/atic & electro-k9etic /resses is a pressure equal to #b ,p4 9 ! direction ( ! propagation ( ! waves1 t is1 away f ! electrifi$ or *>g$ body4 ,he cont9ues3 ,?us1 if 9 /rong sunlight ! en]gy ( light :i* falls on "o squ>e foot is #hc4d foot-p\nds p] second1 ! mean en]gy 9 "o cubic foot ( sunlight is ab\t 4#j1jjj1jjj1hhb ( a foot-p\nd1 & ! mean pressure on a squ>e foot is 4#j1jjj1jjj1hhb ( a p\nd weight4 ,a flat body expos$ to sunlight w\ld exp]i5ce ?is pressure on its illum9at$ side only1 & w\ld !re=e be repell$ f ! side on :i* ! light falls4#ca ,?is pressure only gives ! result due to ! pressure ( "o cubic foot ( sunlight4 ,:at mu/ be ! pressure1 !re=e1 due to ! :ole ( ! sunlight receiv$ by ! flat body f ! sun8 ,! total pressure1 :atev] x may be1 w\ld be equal to #b ,p4 accord+ to ,maxwell1 & half ( t is due to electricity1 & half due to magnetism4 ,n[ su* a result is entirely 9 h>mony ) ! conception ( ! ,ae!r z giv5 9 ?is "w4 ,=1 if ,ae!r possess an electric basis z sugge/$ by ,maxwell1 & x is also gravitative z sugge/$ 9 ,art4 #de1 !n x mu/ foll[1 z po9t$ out 9 a previ\s ,art41 t ?r\gh\t ! field !re is a v>y+ diff]5ce 9 ! pot5tial ( ! field2 ! pot5tial be+ regulat$ by ! electric d5sity1 t d5sity be+ equival5t to ! ae!rial d5sity4 ,fur!r1 z ! ela/icity ( ! m$ium :i* regulates ! pressure is proportional to ! d5sity1 s ! pressure mu/ decrease1 z ! ela/icity decreases--t is1 z ! electric pot5tial decreases1 or ! electric d5sity is dim9i%$4 ,!re=e1 if ! sun be an electrifi$ body1 ev] g5]at+ electro-magnetic waves :i* spe$ away f x on e side1 !n1 :5ev] any ( ^! waves come into contact ) a planet or comet1 t planet or comet w\ld be repell$ f ! sun by ! pressure ( ^! electro-magnetic waves to :i* ! sun gives rise 9 its electric or electro-magnetic field4 ,?us we aga9 come to ! conclusion t ! sun is n only ! c5tre ( a c5tripetal =ce due to ,gravitation1 & subject to c]ta9 laws1 ^: physical cause is unkn[n1 b x is equally ! c5tre & s\rce ( a c5trifugal =ce1 9 t x is an electrifi$ body1 & gives rise to electric waves :i* produce a pressure on any body ^u :i* !y fall1 9 ! sun's electric or ae!rial field4 ,x has only to be demon/rat$1 !re=e1 t ?is c5trifugal =ce satisfactorily fulfils all ! laws requir$ z laid d[n 9 ,art4 #bd1 t is1 t its c\rse is along ! same pa? z ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce ( ,gravitation1 t x is subject to ! same law ( int5sity1 :i* is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance2 & fur!r 7:at is ! mo/ important at ?is /age71 t ! comb9$ effect ( ! pressure ( two bodies is equal to ! product ( _! masses1 !n we %all h discov]$ t :i* we set out to discov]1 viz4 a complem5t>y =ce to ! attractive =ce ( ,gravitation4 ,unlike ! c5tripetal =ce1 h[ev]1 ! c5trifugal =ce w be purely a physical "o1 due to a purely physical m$ium1 ! ,ae!r1 ^: prop]ties & motions c be acc\nt$ = on a physical1 & n on a hypo!tical basis4 ,fur!r1 z ! planets are also electrifi$ bodies 7,art4 #ha71 !y too w possess an electric field1 & w g5]ate electric waves1 :i* w also ex]t a c5trifugal =ce ^u all bodies ^u :i* ! waves fall4 ,s t1 l ! sun1 ! planets are n only ! c5tre ( a c5tripetal =ce1 :i* ev] acts t[>ds _! c5tre2 b !y are also ! c5tre ( a c5trifugal =ce1 due to ! ae!rial electric waves to :i* !y give rise 9 ! ,ae!r4 ,! application ( ! same pr9ciple may be ext5d$ to e satellite t exi/s 9 ! sol> sy/em1 & inde$ to e p>ticle & atom ( matt] t exi/ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 = :]ev] we f9d ! ,ae!r1 !re we f9d ?is c5trifugal =ce1 :i* is due to ! electric ae!rial waves g5]at$ by ! atom or p>ticle ( matt]1 or by any comb9ation ( atoms1 z a meteor1 satellite1 planet1 sun or />4 ,footnote #cj3 ,collect$ ,pap]s1 by ,niv54 ,footnote #ca3 ,magnetism & ,electricity1 ,arts4 #gia & #gic4 ,,art4 #hc4 ,electric ,radiation4--,we le>n1 !re=e1 t ! sun1 toge!r ) e planet & satellite 9 ! sol> sy/em1 is ! c5tre ( a c5trifugal =ce1 :i* is due to ! radiation ( electric waves by an electrifi$ body4 ,we h n[ to prove t ?is =ce fulfils all ! laws requir$1 9 ord] = x to become ! complem5t>y law to ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce ( ,gravitation4 ,we w fir/ %[ t ?is c5trifugal =ce :i* proce$s f ! electrifi$ body is radiat$ out into space 9 /raight l9es ) ! velocity ( light & radiant heat4 ,z we h already se51 x 0 due to ! g5ius ( ,h]tz to %[ ! id5tity betwe5 electric radiation & radiant light & heat4 ,9 8 pap] on ,electric ,radiation he says3#cb ,i h succe$$ 9 produc+ di/9ct rays ( electric =ce1 & 9 c>ry+ out ) !m ! elem5t>y exp]im5ts :i* are commonly p]=m$ ) light & radiant heat4 ,we h se5 9 ,arts4 #fe & #gf t radiant heat & light are propagat$ 9 /raight l9es1 s t1 accord+ to ,maxwell's electro-magnetic !ory1 a ray ( electric radiation %\ld also be propagat$ 9 /raight l9es4 ,?is ,h]tz prov$1 & gave 8 results 9 8 pap] ,on ! ,action ( a ,rectil9e> ,oscillation ^u a ,neighb\r+ ,circuit1 9 :i* he fully demon/rat$ t :5 electric action takes place betwe5 two *>g$ bodies1 ! electric =ce is radiat$ out into space 9 /raight l9es 9 ! same way t light & radiant heat are radiat$4 ,9 8 pap] on ,! ,f9ite ,velocity ( ,electro-magnetic ,actions1 he %[$ t ! velocity ( ! electro-magnetic waves 0 ! same z t ( light4 ,9 ! summ>y ( ?is pap] 7p>agraph #c7 he /ates3 ,!re are _m reasons = believ+ t ! transv]se waves ( light are electro-magnetic waves2 a firm f\ndation = ?is hypo!sis is furni%$ by %[+ ! actual exi/5ce 9 free space ( electro-magnetic transv]se waves :i* are propagat$ ) a velocity ak9 to light4 ,aga91 9 8 pap] on ,electric ,radiation1 he n only %[$ h[ ! radiation 0 propagat$ 9 /raight l9es1 l light1 b also prov$ t :ile x 0 reflect$ by metals1 ! electric beam 0 able to pass ?r\gh doors & /one walls1 & adds1 t x 0 ) a/oni%m5t t "o saw ! electric beam appe> inside a clos$ room aft] its passage ?r\gh ! door4 ,?us ,h]tz has %[n t bo? electric & magnetic effects are propagat$ ?r\gh ! ,ae!r ) f9ite velocity1 & t t velocity is exactly ! same z ! velocity ( light4 ,he fur!r prov$ t ?is propagation takes place 9 /raight l9es1 9 ! same way t radiant heat & light are propagat$4 ,?is be+ s1 x is necess>y = u to apply ^! tru?s to ! sol> sy/em1 ) a view to f9d out :at su* a result tea*es u4 ,we h se5 9 a prec$+ article1 t ! sun is an electrifi$ body2 !re=e x1 too1 mu/ g5]ate ^! electro-magnetic waves1 & radiate !m into space on e side ) ! velocity ( light4 ,let u try to picture ! sc5e4 ,let ,s repres5t ! sun1 & ! circle r\nd x repres5t ! equipot5tial sph]es :i* exi/ r\nd ! sun4 7,see ,figs4 #aj & #aa47 ,z ! int5sity ( ! electric =ce is great] ne>] ! sun ?an fur!r away1 ^! equipot5tial surfaces w be clos] ne>] ! sun ?an fur!r away4 ,!n let ! /raight l9es :i* radiate out f ! sun repres5t ! pa? ( an electric ray4 ,x c be easily se5 t ^! electric rays cut ! equipot5tial surfaces at "r angles1 z !y pass f ! c5tre ( ! sun outw>ds into space4 ,n[ ^! l9es n only repres5t ! pa? :i* ! electric ray takes 9 its j\rney ?r\gh space1 b exactly co9cide ) ! electric l9es ( =ce z conceiv$ by ,f>aday4 ,?is great ?9k] & exp]im5tali/ n only conceiv$ l9es ( magnetic =ces exi/+ 9 ! dielectric or m$ium betwe5 two electrifi$ bodies1 :i* 9 ?is case is ! ,ae!r1 b also conceiv$ l9es ( electric =ce :i* />t$ at a conductor1 or an electrifi$ body1 & radiat$ out into space4 ,?us a l9e ( electric =ce has a def9ite direction1 & always />ts f an electrifi$ body4 ,if x 7 possible to move a planet along "o ( ^! l9es ( =ce1 its pa? w\ld be t ( a /raight l9e4 ,if on ! o!r h& a planet mov$ at "r angles to "o ( ^! l9es ( =ce1 t is1 along ! surface ( an equipot5tial sph]e1 !n no "w w\ld be done aga9/ ! electric =ce1 z on su* a sph]e ! electric =ce w\ld be ( ! same int5sity4 ,s t f ,h]tz' exp]im5ts x c be demon/rat$1 t if !re be any electric =ce exi/5t 9 ! ,ae!r1 due to ! action ( ! sun ^u ! ,ae!r1 !n su* a =ce is direct$ along ! pa? ( a /raight l9e into space ) ! velocity ( light1 :i*1 z already po9t$ out1 is ! pa? tak5 by a ray ( radiant heat & light1 & co9cides ) ! pa? tak5 by ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t su* electric =ce is accompani$ by a repulsive =ce1 or m correctly a pressure1 s t "h we h fur!r evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a c5trifugal =ce :i* f9ds its g5]at+ s\rce 9 ! sun1 :i* is also ! c5tre ( ! attractive =ce ( ,gravitation 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,! application ( ,h]tz' exp]im5ts may be made n only to ! sun1 b also to e planet & satellite t exi/s 9 space ) ! same result2 &1 fur!r1 may be ext5d$ to e p>ticle & atom t exi/s ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,=1 accord+ to ,art4 #dc1 we h le>n$ t ,ae!r is univ]sal1 & we h se5 t x is gravitative1 & h le>n$ f ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light t x has an electro-magnetic basis4 ,!re=e1 to be ?or\ghly consi/5t1 we mu/ n /op 9 ! application ( ?is pr9ciple at any po9t 9 ! :ole univ]se4 ,ei!r ! :ole pr9ciple is ( univ]sal application1 or x ceases to be a univ]sal law4 ,!re=e1 if !re is ?is c5trifugal =ce op]at+ along a /raight l9e f ! c5tre ( an electrifi$ body1 su* c5trifugal =ce mu/ be 9 its application univ]sal1 9 ord] to be complete1 & 9 ord] to satisfactorily =m ! c\nt]p>t ( ! c5tripetal =ce :i* is also univ]sal1 & op]ates along ! /raight l9e jo9+ ! c5tres ( gravity ( any two bodies4 ,footnote #cb3 ,h]tz on ,electric ,waves4 ,,art4 #hd4 ,law ( ,inv]se ,squ>es4--,we h le>n$ !re=e f ! prec$+ ,arts41 t ! sol> sy/em may be look$ ^u z an electric field1 ) ! sun z ! electrifi$ body occupy+ ! c5tre4 ,we h also se5 t !re is a c5trifugal =ce 9 all electric fields1 :i* is due p>tly to electric waves1 & p>tly to ! magnetic waves ( ! ,ae!r4 ,x w be int]e/+ to f9d out1 :at law gov]ns ! int5sity ( ?is =ce 9 any "p ( ! field1 or at a giv5 di/ance f ! c5tral body4 ,we h se5 7,art4 #ff7 t ! law gov]n+ ! int5sity ( heat at any di/ance f ! sun1 is ! law ( inv]se squ>es4 ,fur!r1 f ,art4 #ge we h also le>n$ t light is subject to ! same law ( inv]se squ>es1 z inde$ x %\ld be1 if x be due to "o & ! same m$ium1 ! ,ae!r4 ,if1 !re=e1 electricity is also due to c]ta9 motions ( ! ae!rial m$ium orig9at$ by ! action ( an electrifi$ body z ! sun1 9 ! same way t light & heat waves are orig9at$1 !n x ought to foll[ t ! repulsive p[] ( electricity is also subject to ! same law ( inv]se squ>es4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 t is exactly ! /ate ( affairs1 s t we f9d ! int5sity ( ! repulsive p[] 9 ! ,ae!r f any c5tral body1 due to ! electric waves1 or ! pressure due to ! wave motions ( ! electric ,ae!r1 9 relation to t body1 is gov]n$ & controll$ by ! same law t gov]ns light & heat4 ,x may be sugge/$ t su* a co9cid5ce is n a v /rong argum5t1 z all =ces emanat+ f a c5tral body are subject to ! same law ( inv]se squ>es4 ,9 reply to t1 ,i %\ld l to po9t out1 t ev5 t objection only /r5g!ns ! conception ( ! ,ae!r t we are endeav\r+ to complete4 ,our cont5tion is1 t all physical =ces1 :e!r !y be light1 heat1 electricity1 magnetism or ,gravitation1 are all due to ! motions ( ! ae!rial m$ium2 :i* motions may be g5]at$ by a heat$ or lum9\s or electrifi$ body1 & are radiat$ f su* a body 9 waves ( conc5tric sph]ical =m1 & are all subject to ! laws ( inv]se squ>es4 ,s t ! fact ( ! int5sity ( ! c5trifugal =ce due to ! repulsive p[] ( electricity fall+ into l9e ) ! law gov]n+ light & heat is1 to my m9d at any rate1 only a cle>] pro( ( ! "o common orig9 ( all ! physical =ces4 ,! law ( inv]se squ>es 9 relation to electricity may be ?us /at$4 ,! ,c5trifugal or ,repulsive ,=ce betwe5 two *>g$ electrifi$ bodies acts inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,?is law 0 prov$ by ,c\lomb by means ( an in/rum5t kn[n z ,c\lomb's ,torsion ,balance1 & ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to any "w on electricity = a full e/abli%m5t ( ?is law4 ,suffice to say1 t x has be5 exp]im5tally demon/rat$ t ! law holds good 9 relation to ! ph5om5a ( electricity2 &1 :]ev] we get ! two k9ds ( electricity pres5t 9 any m$ium or conductor1 ow+ to ! pol>ization ( its p>ticles1 !re we h ?is law op]at+ 9 relation to ! int5sity ( ! repulsions ( ! two bodies directly conc]n$4 ,we h already le>n$ t ! sun is an electrifi$ body1 & f t hypo!sis we h arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! e>? & all ! o!r planets are electrifi$ bodies4 ,?is be+ s1 x naturally foll[s t ! int5sity ( ! c5trifugal =ce betwe5 any two ( ^! bodies1 z ! sun & ! e>? = example1 or ! sun & ,jupit]1 is subject to ! law ( inv]se squ>es2 & t ! repulsion ( ! sun & ! e>? = ea* o!r is always regulat$ by _! di/ance1 be+ inv]sely z ! squ>es ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,?us1 if ! di/ance betwe5 ! sun & any planet is r$uc$ to "o-half1 :i* is an exagg]at$ view1 ! int5sity ( ! c5trifugal =ce is increas$ f\r times2 if ! di/ance be d\bl$ ! =ce is r$uc$ to f\r times its =m] int5sity1 & s on4 ,:atev] ! di/ance may be betwe5 ! sun & any ( ! planets1 if t di/ance be increas$ or decreas$1 !n ! int5sity ( ! c5trifugal =ce due to electric waves is increas$ or decreas$ 9 accordance ) ! law ( inv]se squ>es4 ,?is agrees ) ! c5tripetal law ( ,gravitation1 z ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation is also subject to ! same law ( inv]se squ>es1 &1 z we h se5 7,art4 #hc71 its pa? co9cides ) ! pa? ( c5trifugal =ce1 z x pursues ! pa? repres5t$ by ! /raight l9es jo9+ ! two bodies4 ,s t1 :5ev]1 & :]ev]1 at any po9t 9 space 9 relation to ! c5tral body1 ! sun1 ! int5sity ( ! attractive =ce is increas$ accord+ to ! law ( inv]se squ>es by ! di/ance f ! c5tral body be+ dim9i%$1 at exactly ! same "t & 9 exactly ! same mann]1 ! repulsive =ce due to ae!rial electric waves is also increas$4 ,if ! attractive =ce is d\bl$1 !n ! repulsive =ce is d\bl$4 ,if ! attractive =ce is halv$1 ! repulsive =ce is halv$4 ,if ! attractive =ce is less5$ gradually1 !n ! repulsive =ce is less5$ gradually2 & if quickly1 by ! quick] motion ( ! planet ?r\gh space1 !n ! repulsive motion is also increas$ ) a quick] motion4 ,fur!r1 l ! repulsive p[] ( light & heat1 ! repulsive p[] ( electricity takes exactly ! same pa? z ! attractive p[] ( ,gravitation4 ,?us we le>n t ! sun is ! c5tre ( two =ces3 fir/1 a c5trifugal =ce due to ! pressure ( ! ae!rial m$ium :i* is ev] direct$ away f ! sun1 & :i* may ei!r be produc$ by electric or !rmal or light waves2 & second1 x is ! c5tre ( a c5tripetal =ce kn[n z ! ,law ( ,gravity1 :atev] t may be due to4 ,fur!r1 ! c5trifugal =ce is also subject to ! same law ( int5sity z ! c5tripetal =ce1 & moreov] takes exactly ! same pa? :i* ! c5tripetal =ce takes4 ,s t we h only to prove t !y bo? agree 9 ano!r p>ticul>1 viz4 t _! p[] is regulat$ by ! product ( _! masses1 & !n we %all h discov]$ a real physical =ce1 :i* is ! exact complem5t & c\nt]p>t ( ! c5tripetal =ce due to gravity4 ,,art4 #he4 ,second ,law ( ,electricity4 7,product ( ,masses47--,we h n[ to prove t ! c5trifugal =ce ex]t$ by any electrifi$ body op]ates ^u ano!r electrifi$ body 9 ! same proportion & ) exactly ! same =ce :i* gov]ns ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,f ,art4 #ba we le>n t ! c5tripetal =ce :i* is ex]t$ by "o body ^u ano!r is equal to ! product ( _! masses4 ,9 ord]1 !re=e1 = any c5trifugal =ce to be ! exact c\nt]p>t ( t =ce1 x too mu/ be subject to ! same law ( proportion1 t is1 ! repulsive =ce betwe5 any two bodies mu/ be equal to ! product ( _! masses4 ,we h %[n t !re is a repulsive =ce ex]t$ by ! ,ae!r f ! ph5om5a ( heat1 light1 & electricity1 & t t repulsive =ce or en]gy fulfils e condition requir$ by a c5trifugal =ce or motion1 ) ! exception ( ! "p ref]r+ to ! fact t su* a =ce mu/ be proportionate to ! product ( _! masses4 ,:at we 7 unable to accompli%1 h[ev]1 f ! ph5om5a ( heat or light we are n[ able to accompli% f ! ph5om5a ( electricity4 ,= 9 ! ph5om5a ( electricity we f9d a law :i* runs ?us3 ,! =ce ( repulsion 7:i* is ! "p ( electricity we are n[ deal+ )7 betwe5 two electrifi$ bodies is equal to ! quantities ( electricity ) :i* ! body is *>g$4 ,?is law 0 e/abli%$ & prov$ by ,c\lomb by means ( a delicate in/rum5t kn[n z ! ,torsion ,balance1 ) :i* he also e/abli%$ ! law ( inv]se squ>es4 ,x w be se5 at a glance t !re is a slight diff]5ce betwe5 /at+ ! law ( proportion ) ref]5ce to ! c5tripetal =ce1 & ! c5trifugal =ce or motion4 ,9 ! =m] we /ate ! proportion is equal to ! product ( ! masses1 :ile 9 ! latt] we say t ! proportion is equal to ! product ( ! quantities ( electricity4 ,9 ! "o case we deal ) ! mass ( ! body1 :e!r x be atom1 molecule1 planet or />2 9 ! o!r case we deal ) quantities ( electricity4 ,at fir/ sight x may seem t !re is little1 if any1 connection betwe5 ! two laws1 b a c>eful reflection ( ! hypo!ses laid d[n ) reg>d to ! ae!rial m$ium w %[ t !re is n only a close connection betwe5 ^! two laws ( proportion1 b also t ! law gov]n+ ! repulsive p[] ( ! ae!rial electric waves is ! direct outcome ( ! law ( proportion gov]n+ ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,let u re/ate our case 9 reg>d to ! ae!rial m$ium4 ,we h le>n$ t ! ,ae!r is gravitative1 & t x also has an electro-magnetic basis is prov$ f ,maxwell's electro-magnetic !ory ( light4 ,let me ask ! read] ?is "q !re=e4 ,if ! ,ae!r be gravitative1 :at mu/ be ! rule gov]n+ ! ext5t & d5sity ( ! ae!rial atmosph]e surr\nd+ any planet or sun or o!r body8 ,if ! ,law ( ,gravity tea*es u any?+ at all1 x di/9ctly tea*es u t ! gravitat+ p[] ( any body is regulat$ by ! mass ( ! body1 z ! law /ates t ! attraction is proportionate to ! product ( ! masses4 ,x /ates no?+ ab\t volume or condition ( a body4 ,! exact size or /ate ( a body has no direct result be>+ on gravitation attraction2 ! und]ly+ pr9ciple be+ t ! attractive =ce is dep5d5t on ! mass1 & only on ! mass ( a body4 ,s t if ! volume ( any body1 :e!r atom1 planet1 satellite or sun1 be d\bl$1 its attractive p[] rema9s ! same1 simply because ! mass ( ! :ole body rema9s ! same4 ,mass1 we are told by ma!maticians1 is equal to ! volume multipli$ by ! d5sity1 & :5ev] we increase ! volume ( a body we decrease ! d5sity1 ! total mass ( ! body rema9+ ! same4 ,if ! volume be d\bl$1 !n ! d5sity ( ! body w\ld be halv$1 & vice v]s1 b ?r\gh all ! *anges ( volume & d5sity t may arise f ! addition ( heat or dim9ution ( heat1 ! total mass ( a body always rema9s ! same4 ,look$ at f ! atomic /&po9t1 tak+ hydrog5 z unity1 an atom ( oxyg5 w\ld always weigh sixte5 times an atom ( hydrog51 & ?is pr9ciple applies ?r\gh\t ! :ole realm ( ! atomic _w4 ,fur!r1 ! same pr9ciple or law1 t ! mass is equal to ! volume multipli$ by ! d5sity1 is true ( ! planet>y or ev5 ! /ell> _w4 ,?us ! great regulat+ pr9ciple ( ! attractive =ce ( gravity is mass1 & n volume1 or d5sity1 or any o!r condition4 ,n[ z ,ae!r is subject to ! attractive =ce ( gravity1 ! ext5t ( ! ae!rial field1 & ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r ne> ! surface ( any body1 mu/ be subject to ! same law reg>d+ mass4 ,t is1 ! ae!rial atmosph]e ( any atom1 or molecule1 or satellite1 or planet1 or /> is dep5d5t ^u ! mass ( ! atom1 ! molecule1 or ! planet1 or ! /> z ! case may be4 ,?us an atom ( oxyg5 w\ld h a l>g] or d5s] ae!rial atmosph]e ?an an atom ( hydrog51 exactly proportionate to _! respective masses4 ,a planet ^: mass 0 repres5t$ by #a1jjj1jjj tons w\ld h twice ! quantity ( ,ae!r ar\nd x1 comp>$ to a planet weigh+ only #ejj1jjj tons1 & s on1 ! ae!rial atmosph]e always be+ proportionate to ! mass ( ! planet1 or ! satellite1 or ! sun1 or ! />4 ,! fact :i* we le>n f ^! consid]ations is t ! quantity ( ,ae!r1 :i* is attract$ by any body1 is always proportionate to ! mass ( ! body attract+ x4 ,b we h le>n$ f ,art4 #gh t ,ae!r has an electro-magnetic basis1 & t ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r is co-equal ) electric d5sity1 s t ! quantity ( ,ae!r :i* is attract$ & held b\nd by any body is really equal to ! quantity ( electricity t su* a body is cov]$ )1 or is *>g$ )4 ,if ! quantity ( ,ae!r ar\nd any body is d\bl$ because its mass is d\bl$1 !n ! quantity ( electricity is also d\bl$1 b z long z ! mass rema9s unalt]$1 ! quantity ( electricity held b\nd by t mass rema9s unalt]$ also4 ,! area ( ! mass may be d\bl$1 & 9 t case ! d5sity ( ! electricity w\ld be halv$1 b z long z ! mass rema9$ ! same1 ! quantity ( electricity w\ld rema9 ! same also4 ,s t we le>n f ?is reason+ t ! mass ( a body1 & quantities ( electricity on t mass1 are always proportionate to ea* o!r1 because ( ! fact t ,ae!r is gravitative1 & also has an electro-magnetic basis4 ,if we want$ fur!r evid5ce ( ! hypo!sis t has j be5 advanc$1 su* evid5ce is to be f\nd 9 ! hypo!sis sugge/$ by ,f>aday z to ! electro-*emical equival5ts ( all elem5ts4 ,accord+ to ?is hypo!sis e elem5t has its exact electro-*emical equival5t1 or def9ite quantities ( electricity are to be f\nd 9 association ) ea* & e p>ticul> atom ( ea* elem5t4 ,writ+ on ! subject 9 8 ,exp4 ,res41 p>4 #heb1 he says3 ,! !ory ( def9ite electro-*emical action appe>s to me to t\* ^u ! absolute quantity ( electricity or electrical p[] belong+ to diff]5t bodies4 ,al?\gh we "k no?+ ( :at an atom is1 yet we _c resi/ =m+ "s idea ( a small p>ticle :i* repres5ts x to our m9d1 & ?\gh we _c say :at electricity is1 s z to be able to say :e!r x is a p>ticul> matt] or matt]s1 or m]e motion ( ord9>y matt]1 yet !re is imm5sity ( facts :i* ju/ify u 9 believ+ t ! atoms ( matt] are 9 "s way end[$ or associat$ ) electrical p[]s to :i* !y owe _! mo/ /rik+ qualities1 & among/ !m _! *emical aff9ity4 ,fur!r1 9 ,art4 #heg1 he /ates3 ,i c h no d\bt t1 assum+ hydrog5 z #a1 & dismiss+ small fractions = ! simplicity ( expression1 ! equival5t numb] or atomic weight ( oxyg5 is #h1 ( *lor9e #cf1 ( brom9e #gh4d1 & ( lead #ajc4e1 etc41 not)/&+ t a high au?ority d\bles sev]al ( ^! numb]s4 ,!n1 writ+ ^u ! def9ite relation%ip ( ^! equival5ts 9 comp\nds1 he /ates 7,art4 #hce73 ,electro-*emical equival5ts are always consi/5t1 t is1 ! same numb] :i* repres5ts ! equival5t ( a sub/ance ,a :5 x is sep>at+ f a sub/ance ,b w also repres5t ,a :5 sep>at+ f a ?ird sub/ance ,c4 ,?us #h is ! electro-*emical equival5t ( oxyg51 :e!r sep>at+ f hydrog51 t91 or lead2 & #ajc4e is ! electro-*emical equival5t ( lead1 :e!r sep>at+ f oxyg51 or *lor9e1 or iod9e4 ,"h1 !n1 f ! p5 ( "o ( ! greate/ ?9k]s & exp]im5tali/s ( mod]n times we h confirmatory evid5ce t ! mass ( any body is practically synonym\s ) ! quantity ( electricity associat$ ) t body4 ,= if ! pr9ciple is true 9 its application to atoms1 x is true 9 its application to molecules2 & if x is true 9 relation to molecules1 x is equally true 9 relation to small bodies compos$ ( molecules4 ,& if x holds good 9 relation to small bodies1 ! pr9ciple is equally true 9 its application to l>g] bodies1 z ! e>?1 & !re=e is ( univ]sal application & proves ! /atem5t already made1 t ! masses ( bodies & quantities ( electricity 9 association ) t mass are always proportionate to ea* o!r4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to comp>e ! proportion ( ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces4 ,! attractive p[] ( ! =m]1 betwe5 two bodies1 is equal to ! product ( _! masses2 ! repulsive p[] ( ! latt] is equal to ! product ( ! quantities ( electricity b\nd to !m1 & t1 z we h se51 is regulat$ by ! respective mass ( ea* body4 ,let u apply ?is fact to ! sol> sy/em & see h[ x works4 ,tak+ ! mass ( ! e>? z unity1 we f9d t ! mass ( ! sun is #cbd1jjj great]1 s t ! attractive p[] ( ! two bodies w\ld be repres5t$ by ! product ( ! two numb]s2 b because ! sun is t numb] ( times great]1 its ae!rial &1 !re=e1 its electric field w\ld be s _m times great]1 ) ! result t ! proportion ( ! repulsive =ces betwe5 ! two bodies w\ld be exactly ! same z ! attractive =ces betwe5 ! two bodies1 t is1 if ! mean di/ance rema9s ! same4 ,9 ! same way1 x c be %[n t ! attractive =ces betwe5 ! e>? & ,jupit] exactly equal ! repulsive =ces betwe5 ! two planets at _! mean di/ance1 or ! attractive =ces betwe5 any two planets or satellites are exactly c\nt]balanc$ by ! repulsive p[] ( ! c5trifugal =ce at _! mean di/ances4 ,?us ! c5trifugal =ce ( e body is ! exact opposite ( its c5tripetal =ce at _! mean di/ance1 because ! laws gov]n+ ! c5trifugal =ce are ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! laws gov]n+ ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,a comp>ison ( ! two w prove ?is4 ,f ,arts4 #bj1 #ba1 & #bb we h se5 t ! c5tripetal =ce is ex]t$ along ! /raight l9es jo9+ ! attract+ bodies1 t ! int5sity ( ! attract+ body is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 :ile ! total =ce is proportionate to ! product ( _! masses4 ,f ! ph5om5a ( light1 heat1 & electricity1 we le>n t ! c5trifugal =ce due to ae!rial pressure is ex]t$ along /raight l9es1 t ! int5sity is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 :ile ! total =ce betwe5 two bodies is equal to ! product ( ! quantities ( electricity1 :i* are regulat$ by ! product ( _! masses4 ,?us1 if e planet & satellite c\ld be conceiv$ to be motionless 9 space1 & ^! two =ces c\ld be set 9 op]ation )\t produc+ rotation or translation 9 space1 :i* is impossible1 !n e planet & satellite w\ld occupy1 by ! jo9t ex]cise ( ^! two =ces1 ! same position 9 relation to ! sun repres5t$ by _! mean di/ances1 z long z ! sol> sy/em exi/$ z a sep>ate sy/em 9 ! realm ( ae!rial space4 ,we h !re=e discov]$ by /rict philosophical reason+1 bas$ on ,newton's ,rules ( ,philosophy1 a real tangible c5trifugal =ce exi/+ ?r\gh\t ! univ]se2 because x is entirely due to ! pressure ( an univ]sal ,ae!r1 ^: op]ation is ev] direct$ f a c5tral body1 :i* =ce 0 indicat$ by ,h]s*el1 & its exi/5ce to 8 m9d 0 demon/rat$ by ! repulsion exhibit$ 9 connection ) ! tails ( comets4 ,we h n[ to g a /ep fur!r1 & %[ t ! same pressure also includes ! magnetic ph5om5a1 z indicat$ by ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & t magnetic ph5om5a are also due to ! ae!rial m$ium1 & !n we %all h l9k$ toge!r 9 "o common m$ium ! majority ( ! =ms ( en]gy1 z light1 heat1 electricity & magnetism1 ) :i* we are famili>4 ,if x be demon/rat$ t ^! two =ces1 ! c5trifugal =ce & ! c5tripetal =ce1 c conjo9tly acc\nt = all ! motions ( ! cele/ial bodies1 !n we %all h conclusive evid5ce t "o ( ! =ces is physical & due to ! pressure ( a physical m$ium4 ,aft] t x w be comp>atively easy to %[ t ! c5tripetal =ce is also due to ! same ae!rial m$ium1 & !n we %all h accompli%$ t :i* we set out to accompli%1 viz4 ! e/abli%m5t ( a physical cause = univ]sal ,gravitation1 :i* physical cause is alone to be f\nd 9 ! pressures1 t5sions & motions ( an univ]sal ,ae!r4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,ae!r ,,& ,,magnetism ,,art4 #hf4 ,electro-magnetism4--,we h n[ to look at ! relation ( magnetism to electricity1 or1 9 o!r words1 to prove ! id5tity t exi/s betwe5 magnetism & electricity4 ,9 ,art4 #gh we h prov$ ! id5tity betwe5 electricity & light1 s t if we c n[ prove ! id5tity betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 !n1 :]ev] we get ae!rial light waves1 we mu/ also get ae!rial electro-magnetic waves4 ,z ! light waves due to ! vibrations ( ! ,ae!r are practically univ]sal 9 ext5t1 !n x mu/ foll[1 if ! id5tity ( ! light waves ) electro-magnetic waves is e/abli%$1 t ! univ]sality ( electro-magnetic waves is e/abli%$ also1 ) ! natural result1 t1 :]ev] we get ^! electro-magnetic waves1 !re we %all h ! conditions by :i* all electro-magnetic ph5om5a are produc$4 ,n[ x c be demon/rat$ by actual exp]im5t t :]ev] we get a circul> curr5t ( electricity1 !re we h magnetic ph5om5a manife/$4 ,! two are insep>ably connect$1 & x is impossible to obta9 ! "o )\t ! o!r4 ,= example1 suppose we h a wire convey+ a curr5t ( electricity & make x into a coil z 9 ,figure #ae1 :at is ! result8 ,! result is1 t ! coil ( wire has actually be5 conv]t$ into a magnet4 ,x w attract iron fil+s t are br\ght ne> x1 & also magnetize an iron b> plac$ 9 ! c5tre ( ! coils1 & conv]t t into a magnet4 ,inde$1 !re is no?+ :i* c be done by an ord9>y b> magnet :i* _c be done by a coil$ wire convey+ an electric curr5t4 ,f ?is & simil> exp]im5ts x c be demon/rat$ t :]ev] we get a circul> curr5t ( electricity1 !re1 associat$ ) t curr5t1 are all ! ph5om5a incid5tal to & associat$ ) ! ord9>y b> magnet4 ,?is leads u to ! tru? discov]$ by ,ampre1 t magnetism is no?+ m or less ?an electricity 9 rotation1 or t x is due to a :irl ( electricity circulat+ r\nd ! molecule ( any body4 ,f c]ta9 exp]im5ts :i* he made 9 relation to ! mutual action ( two circuits on ea* o!r1 ) curr5ts fl[+ ?r\gh !m1 he came to ! conclusion t ! magnetism ( ! molecule ( ea* magnet is due to electric curr5ts circulat+ r\nd x4 ,! "q arises z to :at effect our new !ory ( ! ,ae!r has ^u ,ampre's !ory3 does x confirm x1 or does x de/roy x8 ,we h le>n$ t e atom has its ae!rial atmosph]e1 s to speak1 :i* is b\nd to ! atom by ! ,law ( ,gravitation 7,art4 #de74 ,we h also le>n$ t ,ae!r has an electrical basis1 z prov$ by ,maxwell & ,h]tz1 s t we le>n t e atom has really an ae!rial electric atmosph]e 9 association ) x4 ,we h only to conceive ( ?is atmosph]e be+ set 9 rotation ei!r by ! rotation ( ! atom or molecule itself1 or by outside ag5cies1 & we h at once a physical int]pretation ( ,ampre's !ory ( magnetism 9 ! rotation ( electric curr5ts ar\nd ! atom1 su* curr5ts be+ due to ! circulat+ or rotat+ motion ( ! ,ae!r :i* surr\nds ! atom or molecule4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #ae4 ,?us we le>n f exp]im5t1 & f ,ampre's !ory also1 t magnetism is directly associat$ ) circulat+ curr5ts ( electricity1 & t :]ev] we get curr5ts ( electricity circulat+ r\nd any atom or body1 !re we get all ! ph5om5a associat$ ) magnetism4 ,t is to say1 we %all h su* ph5om5a z magnetic fields1 magnetic l9es ( =ce1 magnetic induction1 & ! production ( p]man5t magnets by electricity4 ,fur!r1 ) ref]5ce to ! id5tity ( electricity & magnetism1 ,f>aday has conclusively prov$ _! relation to ea* o!r2 & ,i w\ld /rongly advise any read] :o desires fur!r light on ! subject to c>efully read p>agraphs #cbfe-cbfi 9 8 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es1 :]e he w f9d exp]im5ts :i* place ! id5tity ( electricity & magnetism beyond ! possibility ( d\bt4 ,9 p>agraph #cbfe he writes3 ,! well-kn[n relation ( ! electric & magnetic =ces may be ?us /at$4 ,let two r+s 9 planes at "r angles to ea* o!r repres5t !m4 ,if a curr5t ( electricity be s5t r\nd ! r+ ,e 9 ! direction m>k$1 !n l9es ( magnetic =ce w be produc$4 ,z ^! r+s repres5t ! l9es ( electro-dynamic =ce & ( magnetic =ce respectively1 !y w s]ve = a /&>d ( comp>ison4 ,i h else:]e call$ ! electric curr5t or ! l9e ( electro-dynamic =ce an axis ( p[] hav+ contr>y =ces exactly equal 9 am\nt 9 contr>y directions 7#eag74 ,! l9e ( magnetic =ce may be describ$ 9 precisely ! same t]ms1 & ^! two axes ( p[] consid]$ z "r l9es are p]p5dicul> to ea* o!r1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #af4 ,aga9 9 #cbfg he adds3 ,l electric curr5ts or l9es ( =ce1 or axes ( p[] :5 plac$ side by side attract ea* o!r4 ,?is is well kn[n & well illu/rat$ :5 wires c>ry+ su* curr5ts are plac$ p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,b l magnetic axes ( p[] or l9es ( =ce repel ea* o!r4 ,! p>allel case to t ( electric curr5ts is giv5 by plac+ two magnetic ne$les side by side ) l poles 9 ! same direction4 ,!n 9 #cbfh he %[s t ^! effects are n m]ely contra/s1 b !y are contra/s :i* co9cide :5 ! two axes ( p[] at "r angles to ea* o!r are consid]$4 ,!n 9 #cbfi he adds3 ,! mutual relation ( ! magnetic l9es ( =ce & ! electric axis ( p[] has be5 kn[n s9ce ! "t ( ,o]/$ & ,ampre1 & fur!r /ates he is ( ! op9ion t ! magnetic l9es h a physical exi/5ce ! same z ! electric l9es1 & hav+ t op9ion1 asks :e!r ! l9es h a dynamic condition analog\s to ! electric axis to :i* !y are s closely & inevitably associat$1 or :e!r !y consi/ 9 a /ate ( t5sion ( ! ,ae!r r\nd ! electric axis1 & may !re=e be consid]$ z /atic 9 _! nature4 ,?us ,f>aday prov$ ! intimate & close relation%ip t exi/$ betwe5 ! electric curr5t & ! circles :i* repres5t ! magnetic =ce 9 association ) t curr5t2 &1 :at is m noticeable1 he asks :e!r su* magnetic results are due to a /ate ( t5sion 9 ! ,ae!r ar\nd ! axis ( ! electric curr5t1 evid5tly be+ ( ! op9ion t ! ,ae!r play$ an important "p 9 ! ph5om5a ( magnetism1 z well z 9 electricity1 z o!r p>ts ( 8 writ+s abundantly %[4 ,if1 !re=e1 !re is ?is close id5tity betwe5 electricity & magnetism1 !n 9 view ( ! fact t all electricity is due to ! motions ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 x mu/ foll[ t all magnetism is also due to motions ( ! same ae!rial m$ium1 :i* is z univ]sal z x is invisible4 ,:at ^! motions are has already be5 indicat$ by previ\s /atem5ts 9 ?is article1 be+ compris$ ( circul> or rotatory motions ( ! ae!rial electric m$ium ab\t any body1 :e!r t body be an atom1 planet1 or sun or />4 ,su* a conclusion z ?is is p]fectly 9 h>mony ) ,maxwell's electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 z ! conclusion t he arriv$ at 9 t !ory 01 t ! light waves 7 id5tical 9 nature & "* ) electro-magnetic waves produc$ by an electro-magnetic s\rce4 ,up to ! pres5t we h only dealt ) ! electric "* ( ^? waves1 & h !re=e n[ to deal ) ! magnetic "* ( ! same4 ,s t ?r\gh\t ! :ole realm ( space1 & inde$ :]ev] !re is ,ae!r1 !re we h ! conditions :i* give rise to magnetic ph5om5a1 su* z ^? already indicat$4 ,x matt]s n :e!r x be 9 ! atomic sy/ems ^: comb9ations comprise all mat]ial =ms ( life ) :i* we are famili>1 or :e!r x is 9 ! sy/ems ( planets t revolve ar\nd _! c5tral sun1 or :e!r x be 9 ! con/ellations t fill ! univ]se1 :]ev] we f9d ! ,ae!r1 !re we f9d ! conditions 9 t ,ae!r :i* w produce all ! results ord9>ily produc$ by magnetism1 or ) :i* magnetism is associat$1 & x is to ! application ( ^! ph5om5a to our sol> sy/em t we w n[ turn our att5tion4 ,,art4 #hg4 ,! ,e>? a ,magnet4--,if !re is any fact 9 relation to a planet t holds good1 x is t ! e>?1 ) :i* planet we are m intimately associat$ ?an any o!r1 is a magnet4 ,?is tru? 0 cle>ly expla9$ by ,dr4 ,gilb]t ab\t ! ye> #afjj 9 8 "w on ,de ,magnete4 ,n only has ! e>? geographical ,nor? & ,s\? poles1 b x has also magnetic ,nor? & ,s\? poles1 & inde$ has all ! ph5om5a incid5tal to a magnet1 su* z magnetic dip & magnetic l9es ( =ce1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,we "k1 h[ev]1 t ! e>? is simply "o ( a sy/em ( planets1 :i* revolves ) all ! o!rs ( t sy/em r\nd its c5tral body ! sun2 & ! "q arises1 :e!r ! e>? is ! only "o out ( all ! planets t is actually a magnet4 ,suppose x is affirm$ t ! e>? is ! only planet :i* is a magnet4 ,on :at basis w\ld su* a /atem5t be made8 ,! only gr\nd = mak+ su* a /atem5t t ,i c see is1 t we h nev] liv$ on ,m>s or ,jupit] or ,saturn1 or any ( ! o!r planets1 & !re=e be5 unable to exp]im5t on !m1 :i* reason is totally insuffici5t & inadequate = su* a conclusion4 ,if philosophy simply dealt ) ! results atta9$ by su* limit$ reason+1 !n ! progress ( sci5ce w\ld be ret>d$1 & w\ld be limit$ & conf9$ to actual exp]i5ce obta9$ on our own planet & 9 relation only to t planet4 ,b philosophy is n satisfi$ ) su* a n>r[ & limit$ outlook1 b draw+ its conclusions f actual exp]i5ce on our own planet1 9 accordance ) ! rules ( philosophy1 x seeks to apply su* exp]i5ce ga9$ to ! explanation ( ph5om5a ( o!r planets :i* also revolve r\nd ! sun4 ,by su* reason+ we le>n t all ! o!r planets h ,nor? & ,s\? geographical poles l our e>?1 al?\gh we h nev] actually trodd5 on ^? planets1 or discov]$ ! poles4 ,we also le>n t ,m>s possesses climatic conditions probably simil> to our own e>?1 z !re are c]ta9 *anges on ! surface ar\nd ! poles1 :i* by analogy we assume to be caus$ by increase & decrease ( sn[ dur+ ! ,arctic w9t] & summ] ( ,m>s respectively4 ,! analogy betwe5 our e>? & ! o!r planets is v full & complete1 z ! foll[+ results %[4 ,our e>? has an atmosph]e1 s h all ! re/ ( ! planets4 ,! e>? revolves on its axis f ,we/ to ,ea/1 s d all ! re/4 ,! e>? possesses two geographical poles1 s d all ! o!r planets4 ,! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun 9 an orbit ( elliptic =m1 s d ! o!r planets4 ,! e>? fulfils all ! laws ( motion z giv5 by ,newton1 & all ! o!r planets d ! same4 ,! e>? fulfils all ,kepl]'s laws1 & ?is is also true ( all ! o!rs4 ,inde$1 ! only diff]5ce app>5tly t exi/s at pres5t betwe5 ! e>? & all ! o!r planets is1 t our e>? is a magnet1 :ile at pres5t x is n conc$$ t all ! o!rs are magnets4 ,n[ su* a conclusion ,i v5ture to say is altoge!r oppos$ to e rule ( philosophy4 ,= if exp]i5ce be any guide 9 philosophy1 !n accord+ to exp]i5ce & obs]vations made 9 respect to ! only planet t we c actually exp]im5t on1 x mo/ conclusively foll[s1 t n only ! e>?1 b e planet1 & inde$ e satellite t revolves r\nd its prim>y planet1 is a magnet2 o!rwise ! rule ( philosophy :i* p]mits u to =mulate hypo!ses bas$ on exp]i5ce is entirely violat$1 & ceases at once to be an univ]sal rule4 ,s t ei!r ! e>? is n a magnet1 or else1 be+ a magnet by our second ,rule ( ,philosophy1 all ! o!r planets are magnets also4 ,?is conclusion has already be5 arriv$ at by ,"l ,kelv91 :o 9 writ+ 9 8 ,popul> ,lectures#cc on ! subject says3 ,if x is true t t]re/rial magnetism is a necess>y consequ5ce ( ! magnetism & ! rotation ( ! e>?1 o!r bodies comp>able 9 ^! qualities ) ! e>?1 & comp>able also ) ! e>? 9 respect to mat]ials & temp]ature1 su* z ,v5us & ,m>s1 mu/ be magnets1 comp>able 9 /r5g? ) ! e>?2 & !y mu/ h poles simil> to ! e>?1 ,nor? & ,s\? poles on ! ,nor? & ,s\? sides ( ! equator4 ,x seems probable also t ! sun1 because ( its great mass & its rotation 9 ! same direction z ! e>?'s rotation1 is a magnet1 ) pol>ities on ! ,nor? & ,s\? sides ( ! equator1 simil> to t]re/rial ,nor? & ,s\? magnetic poles4 ,fur!r1 su* a conclusion is entirely 9 h>mony ) ! view ( ! sol> sy/em reveal$ 9 ,art4 #ha1 :]e we saw t ea* planet 0 an electrifi$ body hav+ its own electric field1 ) its l9es ( =ce1 be+ capable ( giv+ rise to all ! ph5om5a associat$ ) electricity4 ,s t if we comb9e t view ( ! subject ) ! view t we are n[ com+ to1 we arrive at ! conclusion t ea* planet & satellite1 & inde$ all bodies t move or revolve 9 space1 are electro-magnets giv+ rise to magnetic waves 9 ! ,ae!r1 :i* assumption is fully consi/5t ) ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light4 ,we mu/ n[ g "o /ep fur!r & apply a simil> l9e ( reason+ to ! sun1 :5 we %all arrive at exactly ! same result t ,"l ,kelv9 arriv$ at1 accord+ to ! previ\s extract4 ,all planets possess an atmosph]e1 ! sun also possesses an atmosph]e4 ,all planets revolve on _! axes f ,we/ to ,ea/1 s does ! sun4 ,all planets possess a ,nor? & ,s\? pole ! same z ! sun4 ,! equatorial diamet] ( e planet is great] ?an its pol> diamet]1 & ! same tru? applies to ! sun4 ,x is hott] at ! equatorial regions ( e planet1 & ?is tru? also applies to ! sun4 ,n[1 if ! sun agrees ) all ! planets 9 ^! respects1 !n we may philosophically conclude t x agrees ) !m 9 ano!r respect1 viz4 t ! sun is also a magnet possess+ its own magnetic field1 :i* is co-equal & co-ext5sive ) its ae!rial electrical field4 ,we h already se5 t ! sun is an electrifi$ body1 possess+ its electric field1 ) its electric l9es ( =ce4 ,!re=e ! sun is also a magnet1 or1 to speak m correctly1 x is an electro-magnet1 & z su* gives rise to electro-magnetic waves4 ,! conclusion to :i* we h come1 t ! sun is an electro-magnet1 c be arriv$ at f an altoge!r diff]5t me?od ( reason+1 & z t diff]5t me?od ( reason+ w t5d to confirm ! /atem5t made1 ,i w j indicate x1 & !n leave x = full] developm5t 9 ano!r article4 ,x is a matt] ( common k to all /ud5ts1 t ! magnetism ( ! e>? v>ies 9 sev]al important p>ticul>s f "t to "t4 ,! magnetic poles ( ! e>? d n always occupy ! same place 9 relation to ! geographical poles1 s t ! magnetic =ce v>ies z reg>ds int5sity or magnitude4 ,! reasons ( ! v>iations h nev] be5 satisfactorily acc\nt$ =1 ?\gh v>i\s hypo!ses h be5 sugge/$ z a solution f "t to "t4 ,!re is1 ,i believe1 only "o satisfactory solution to ! problem1 & t is1 t ! sun is an electro-magnet1 & ?is conclusion may be arriv$ at by /rictly adh]+ to ,newton's rules ( ,philosophy4 ,= we h le>n$ t any hypo!sis put =w>d to acc\nt = any ph5om5a1 mu/ be simple 9 "*1 mu/ agree ) exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 &1 la/ly1 mu/ satisfactorily acc\nt = ! ph5om5a s\ght to be expla9$4 ,"h !n are ! v>iations 9 "t ( ! magnetic =ce ( ! e>?1 ! v>iations 9 int5sity1 & 9 ! incl9ation ( ! magnetic axis1 toge!r ) o!r v>iations4 ,:at solution %all we (f] to su* a problem8 ,! only philosophical solution t c be sugge/$ lies 9 ! /atem5t t ! sun is an electro-magnet4 ,su* /atem5t is simple 9 conception1 does n violate our exp]i5ce or obs]vation1 z we f9d a simil> revolv+ body1 ! e>?1 :i* is a magnet2 & fur!r1 su* a /atem5t ,i premise w satisfactorily acc\nt = ! :ole ( ! v>iations & *anges 9 relation to ! magnetic =ces ( ! e>?4 ,we %all see t ?is is s :5 we consid] m fully ! sun z an electro-magnet4 ,!re=e1 ap>t altoge!r f any previ\s analogies1 we c philosophically arrive at ! conclusion t ! sun is an electro-magnet1 z well z all ! planets4 ,t be+ s1 x w possess its magnetic field1 its magnetic l9es ( =ce1 & be capable ( br++ into op]ation 9 ! sol> sy/em all ! ph5om5a or effects associat$ ) any ord9>y magnet t we may exp]im5t ) on ! e>?4 ,footnote #cc3 ,popul> ,lectures1 ,vol4 ,,ii4 ,,art4 #hh4 ,! ,sun an ,electro-magnet4--,if ! sun is an electro-magnet1 z /at$ 9 ! previ\s article1 !n x is necess>y = u to apply ! ph5om5a ( magnetism to x 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :at effect su* application w h on ! sol> sy/em z a :ole4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #ag4 ,! fir/ ?+ t we w look at is ! magnetic field :i* is always associat$ ) e magnet4 ,! magnetic field may be def9$ z t region or space ar\nd e magnet 9 :i* ! magnetic =ce acts or is 9 op]ation4 ,an illu/ration ( a magnetic field may easily be obta9$ by tak+ a b> magnet & br++ ne> to x a magnetiz$ ne$le1 :5 x w be f\nd t ! ne$le w set itself 9 v>i\s positions relative to ! magnet1 on acc\nt ( ! l9es ( =ce :i* exi/ 9 ! field4 ,?us let ,a ,b 7,fig4 #ag7 be a b> magnet ) its ,nor? pole at po9t ,a & ,s\? pole at po9t ,b4 ,if a numb] ( freely susp5d$ ne$les be hung above x1 z %[n 9 ! figure1 !y assume ! positions indicat$ !re4 ,x w be se5 t at ! ,nor? & ,s\? poles ! ne$les hang v]tical1 :ile midway betwe5 ! two poles !re is no dip ( ! ne$le1 z x is p>allel to ! b> magnet2 :ile betwe5 ! place ( no dip & ! place ( v]tical dip1 :i* is directly ov] ea* pole1 ! dip gradually *anges1 becom+ m & m v]tical z x gets ne>] to ! pole4 ,if ! b> magnet be a /rong "o1 !n its magnetic field w be manife/$ at a great di/ance2 & any magnetiz$ ne$le br\ght into ! field w be1 affect$ by ! same1 & w t5d to set itself along ! l9es ( =ce4 ,z already /at$ 9 ,art4 #hj1 x 0 ,f>aday :o orig9at$ ! t]m ,l9es ( ,=ce1 & gave to ! _w "s idea ( ! motions ( ! ae!rial m$ium1 :i* plays s important a "p 9 electro-magnetic ph5om5a4 ,a visible manife/ation ( ^! l9es ( =ce :i* ga!r r\nd e magnet may be made by /rew+ iron fil+s ov] a piece ( glass1 und]nea? :i* are sev]al b> magnets1 :5 x w be f\nd t ! iron fil+s w set !mselves 9 well-def9$ l9es or curves1 :i* ,f>aday t]m$ ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #ah4 ,z ! b> magnets are plac$ 9 diff]5t positions1 ,nor? pole to ,nor? pole1 or ,nor? to ,s\?1 & s on1 ! iron fil+s w *ange ! figures assum$1 indicat+ 91 ea* case ! effect ( ! l9es ( =ce ( ea* magnet ^u "o ano!r4 ,! iron fil+s /rew$ ov] ! magnet are magnetiz$ by induction1 ) ! result t ! ,nor? pole ( "o fil+ attracts ! ,s\? pole ( ! next "o to x1 & ?is is cont9u$ along ! :ole ( "o l9e ( =ce1 z reveal$ by ! unit$ iron fil+s4 ,f>aday believ$ 9 ! real physical exi/5ce ( ^! l9es ( =ce1 & t belief has be5 p]fect$ by ,cl]k ,maxwell 9 two pap]s :i* he wrote on ,physical ,l9es ( ,=ce1 :i* w be consid]$ 9 ano!r article4 ,we w simply deal ) !m at pres5t z indications ( ! exi/5ce ( ! magnetic =ces 9 ! m$ium surr\nd+ any magnet4 ,let u apply ^! facts to ! sol> sy/em & see :at ! application yields4 ,we h ! sun revolv+ 9 ! ,ae!r m$ium repres5t$ by ! circle ,s 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,!n we h ! l9es ( =ce ext5d+ 9 curv$ l9es ,e4 & ,w41 b 9 almo/ /raight l9es ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,we w suppose ! axis ( ! sun to be v]tical = ! sake ( simplicity4 ,x may be ask$1 h[ f> w ^! l9es ( =ce /ret* out into space8 ,! reply is t !y /ret* & ext5d ?r\gh\t ! :ole sol> sy/em1 & f> away into ! dep?s ( space1 ?\gh ) ev]-decreas+ int5sity accord+ to ! law ( inv]se squ>es4 ,:]ev] ! ae!rial light waves are manife/$1 !re ! electro-magnetic waves1 ) all t !y imply1 are manife/$ also4 ,we "k t ! light waves are exi/5t at lea/ z f> z ,neptune1 a di/ance ( #bhjj millions ( miles1 !re=e at lea/ to t ext5t ! electro-magnetic waves are manife/$2 & :]ev] ! electro-magnetic waves to :i* ! sun has giv5 bir? are manife/$1 !re we h ! exi/5ce ( ! electro-magnetic field1 :i* is co-exi/5t & co-ext5sive ) ! electric field ( ! sun4 ,fur!r1 :]ev] we get ! magnetic field1 !re we get ! l9es ( =ce :i* are z real z air or ocean curr5ts1 & are caus$1 z ,maxwell indicat$ 7,art4 #dd71 by ! motions ( ! atomic ,ae!r4 ,:]ev] ^! l9es ( =ce are close/ toge!r1 !re ! int5sity ( ! magnetic =ce is at its greate/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #ai4 ,by actual exp]im5t1 x c be demon/rat$ t ! l9es ( =ce are close/ toge!r ne>e/ to ! magnet1 & !re=e apply+ t fact to ! sol> magnetic field1 ! l9es ( =ce %\ld be close/ toge!r ne>e/ to ! surface ( ! sun1 :i* is exactly :at we h already le>n$4 ,= if ,ae!r be gravitative1 !n x w be d5se/ ne>e/ to ! sun ?an fur!r away1 & ! vortex atoms :i* repres5t our ae!rial atoms w be press$ m closely toge!r ne> to ! surface ?an fur!r away4 ,we h le>n$ t ,ae!r has an electro-magnetic basis1 & x is t v fact :i* gives rise to ! exi/5ce ( ^! l9es ( =ce4 ,s t ! magnetic ph5om5a z indicat$ 9 ! l9es ( =ce conceiv$ by ,f>aday h>monize ) ! fact t ! sun is an electro-magnet2 & t ,ae!r1 :i* has an electro-magnetic basis1 is also gravitative1 ) ! result t ! l9es ( =ce are close/ toge!r ne>e/ ! surface ( ! sun1 :]e ! magnetic =ce is greate/ 9 its int5sity & p[]4 ,n[ let u apply ! pr9ciple ( ! exp]im5t to ! sol> sy/em by br++ a magnet into a magnetic field1 & let u see :at ! result is4 ,we h le>n$ f ! exp]im5t1 t if a magnet is mov$ along any "o ( ! l9es ( =ce ! dip ( ! magnet *anges1 gradually *ang+ f a horizontal to a p]p5dicul> position 9 accordance ) its relation to ! two poles ( ! magnet4 ,f ! previ\s article we h come to ! conclusion t n only is ! e>? a magnet1 b t all ! o!r planets are magnets also1 s t if any ( ^! are br\ght into ! magnetic field ( ! sun1 !n ! magnetic axis ( ! planet1 :i* corresponds to ! ne$le 9 our exp]im5t1 mu/ assume a c]ta9 dip 9 relation to ! sun1 sett+ itself along ^? l9es ( =ce :i* are 9 ! imm$iate neighb\rhood ( ! planet4 ,let u place ! e>?1 = example1 at a di/ance ( #ij millions ( miles f ! sun 9 ! magnetic equator1 or t l9e :i* exactly divides ! magnetic field into two equal halves4 ,accord+ to our exp]im5t1 ! magnetic axis w n[ be exactly p>allel ) ! axis ( ! sun1 t is1 exactly v]tical1 po9t+ ,nor? & ,s\?1 z se5 9 position #a 9 ,fig4 #ai4 ,b suppose t ! e>? is to ! ,nor? ( ! magnetic equator ( ! field1 :at happ5s !n8 ,! result w be t ! magnetic axis ( ! e>? w dip t[>ds ! magnetic ,nor? pole ( ! sun 7position #b1 ,fig4 #ai71 :ile if ! e>? be to ! ,s\? ( ! magnetic equator1 its axis w dip 9 ! opposite direction 7position #c71 ! magnetic axis sett+ itself 9 ea* case along ! l9es ( =ce :i* exi/ 9 ! ,ae!r 9 t region or space4 ,?us x c be se5 at a glance1 t if ! e>? *anges its position at any "t 9 its orbit 9 relation to ! magnetic equator1 su* a *ange w effect ! total dip ( ! magnetic axis4 ,9 o!r words1 ! magnetic poles :i* indicate ! position ( ! magnetic axis w n occupy ! same position 9 relation to ! geographical ,nor? & ,s\? poles1 sometimes appe>+ to ! ,ea/ & sometimes to ! ,we/1 & at o!r times be+ co9cid5t ) ! same z x moves to ! ,nor? or ,s\? ( ! magnetic equator ( ! sun's electro-magnetic field4 ,we h to rememb]1 also1 t ! e>? is con/antly v>y+ its di/ance 9 relation to ! sun1 be+ at a di/ance ( n9ety & a half millions ( miles at its p]ihelion1 or t "p ( its orbit ne>e/ to ! sun2 :ile x is n9ety-f\r & a half millions ( miles at its aphelion1 or t "p ( its orbit fur!/ away f ! sun4 ,?is implies t z x proce$s f t po9t 9 space fur!/ away f ! sun1 & approa*es a po9t ne>] to ! sun1 x w pass into places ( great] magnetic int5sity1 ) ! result t ! int5sity ( ! electro-magnetic waves is increas$2 & ! magnetism ( ! e>? is accord+ly affect$ by t fact4 ,:5 we come to deal ) ! e>? z a magnet m directly1 we %all see t all ! v>iations ( t]re/rial magnetism may be satisfactorily expla9$ by ! fact t ! sun is1 z we h indicat$ 9 ?is article1 an electro-magnet1 possess+ its magnetic field ) its l9es ( =ce1 & !re=e able to give rise to all ! ph5om5a incid5tal to & associat$ ) any ord9>y magnet4 ,,art4 #hi4 ,ae!r & ,f>aday's ,l9es ( ,=ce4--,we h n[ to face ! "q ( ! physical "* ( ! ,l9es ( ,=ce conceiv$ by ,f>aday4 ,we h se5 9 ,fig4 #ah illu/ration ( ^! l9es ( =ce1 :i* are manife/$ by ! iron fil+s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( a magnet1 & ! "q sugge/s itself to ! m9d1 z to :at is ! relation ( ! ,ae!r to ^? l9es ( =ce8 ,does ! ,ae!r play any "p 9 _! exi/5ce1 & if s :at8 ,f>aday 0 ( ! op9ion t ! ,ae!r did play "s "p 9 ! exi/5ce ( ! l9es1 & t !y 7 no m]e hypo!tical l9es1 b 7 caus$ by ! actual physical /ate or condition ( ! ae!rial m$ium1 :i* exi/$ ar\nd e magnet & e electrifi$ body4 ,on ?is po9t he says1 ,art4 #cbfc3cd ,to ackn[l$ge ! action 9 curv$ l9es seems to me to imply at once t ! l9es h a physical exi/5ce4 ,x may be ! vibration ( ! hypo!tical ,ae!r1 or a /ate ( t5sion ( t ,ae!r equival5t to ei!r a dynamic or /atic condition4 ,p>4 #cbgg3 ,i conceive t :5 a magnet is 9 free space1 !re is su* a m$ium1 magnetically speak+1 ar\nd x4 ,t a vacuum has its own magnetic relations ( attractions & repulsions is manife/ f =m] exp]im5tal results 7#bghg74 ,:at t surr\nd+ magnetic m$ium depriv$ ( all mat]ial sub/ance may be1 ,i _c tell1 p]haps ! ,ae!r4 ,x 01 h[ev]1 left = ,cl]k ,maxwell to develop ! idea z to _! physical "*1 & ?is he did 9 8 pap] on ,physical ,l9es ( ,=ce1 ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahfa4 ,he _h previ\sly writt5 a pap] on ,f>aday's ,l9es ( ,=ce1 deliv]$ to ! ,cambridge ,phil4 ,society 9 #ahee & #ahef1 b 8 m matur$ conception ( ,f>aday's ,l9es ( ,=ce 0 giv5 9 ! lat] article4 ,:at ,maxwell did 0 to conceive a physical !ory ( electricity & magnetism1 by :i* electrifi$ & magnetiz$ bodies c\ld act ^u ea* o!r by means ( ! /ress or /ra9 ( "s m$ium1 :i* exi/$ 9 ! space surr\nd+ ^! bodies4 ,n[ ,f>aday look$ ^u electro-/atic & magnetic induction z always tak+ place along curv$ l9es4 ,^! l9es may be conceiv$ z atoms or molecules />t+ f ! poles ( a magnet1 & act+ on all bodies 9 ! electro-magnetic field4 ,^! atoms or molecules1 jo9$ toge!r 9 a def9ite mann]1 t5d to %ort5 9 ! direction ( _! l5g?1 t is to say1 !re is a t5sion along ! l9es ( =ce :ile at ! same "t !y swell out lat]ally or sideways4 ,?us !re is a t5sion along ! l9es ( =ce1 & a pressure at "r angles to !m ow+ to _! bulg+ out sideways4 ,maxwell us$ z an illu/ration ( ! t5sion & pressure1 ! contraction & ?ick5+ ( a muscle4 ,z ! fibres ( ! muscle contract1 & ! arm or leg is drawn up1 ! muscle swells 9 its c5tre outw>dly1 & s ?ick5s4 ,?us !re w\ld be a t5sion along ! muscle1 & a pressure at "r angles to x1 :i* w\ld cause any body plac$ on x to move away f x1 ow+ to ! pressure ( ! contract$ muscle4 ,9 ! conception ( an ae!rial atom 7,art4 #dd7 drawn purely f obs]vation ( ! %ape ( ! e>?1 we came to ! conclusion t ! ae!rial atom 0 a sph]ical vortex atom1 or1 to be m correct1 t x 0 an oblate sph]oid ) its pol> diamet]1 s to speak1 %ort] ?an its equatorial diamet]1 & fur!r1 t ! ae!rial atom possess$ pol>ity4 ,n[ if we c conceive ( ^! ae!rial vortex atoms be+ jo9$ toge!r1 ,nor? pole to ,s\? pole1 & revolv+ r\nd _! axes1 we %all !n h an exact image ( ,maxwell's physical conception ( ,f>aday's ,l9es ( ,=ce4 ,we "k t :5 any liquid body is caus$ to rotate rapidly ab\t its axis1 x w exp& lat]ally & contract longitud9ally 9 ! direction ( ! axis2 & x 0 on ?is analogy t ,maxwell work$ out 8 physical conception ( ! l9es ( =ce4 ,maxwell's fundam5tal idea 01 t 9 a magnetic field !re is a rotation ( ! molecule ev] go+ on ab\t ! l9es ( =ce4 ,= example1 let ,a ,b be a magnet1 & ,a ,c ,b be a l9e ( =ce compos$ ( sph]ical vortex atoms jo9$ end to end1 t is1 ea* ,nor? pole 7assum+ ! vortex atoms to be magnets7 be+ directly associat$ ) ! ,s\? pole ( ! "o next to x1 & vice-v]s 7,fig4 #bj74 ,?us x c be readily se5 t !re w be a t5sion along ! l9e ( =ce1 :ile !re w be a pressure at "r angles to x ow+ to ! lat]al expansion1 p>tly due to ! rotation ( ! vortex atom1 & p>tly due to ! attraction ( ! vortices = ea* o!r 9 ! direction ( ! l9e ( =ce4 ,maxwell 9 8 pap] says3 ,x appe>s !re=e t ! /ress 9 ! axis ( ! l9e ( magnetic =ce is a t5sion l t ( a rope4 ,fur!r1 he adds3 ,let u n[ suppose t ! ph5om5a ( magnetism dep5d ^u ! exi/5ce ( ! t5sion 9 ! direction ( ! l9es ( =ce1 comb9$ ) a hydro/atic pressure1 or 9 o!r words1 a pressure great] 9 ! equatorial ?an 9 ! axial direction4 ,! next "q is1 ,:at me*anical explanation c we give ( ^! inequalities ( pressure 9 a fluid or mobile m$ium8 ,! explanation :i* mo/ readily occurs to ! m9d is1 t ! excess ( pressure 9 ! equatorial direction arises f ! c5trifugal =ce ( ! vortices or eddies 9 ! m$ium1 hav+ _! axes 9 ! direction p>allel to ! l9es ( =ce4 ,he adds3 ,a m$ium ( ?is k9d fill$ ) molecul> vortices1 hav+ _! axes p>allel1 diff]s f an ord9>y m$ium 9 hav+ diff]5t pressures 9 diff]5t directions4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #bj4 ,he !n goes on to develop ! idea 9 relation to diff]5t int5sities ( ! magnetic field4 ,i mu/1 h[ev]1 ref] ! read] to ! pap] itself = full] details4 ,9 8 greate/ "w1#ce writ+ on ?is subject1 he says3 ,i ?9k we h good evid5ce = ! op9ion t "s ph5om5on ( rotation is go+ on 9 ! magnetic field1 t ?is rotation is p]=m$ by a great numb] ( v small portions ( matt]1 ea* rotat+ on its own axis1 be+ p>allel to ! direction ( ! magnetic =ce1 & t ! rotations ( ^! diff]5t vortices are made to dep5d on "o ano!r by means ( "s k9d ( me*anism4 ,f ! =ego+ extracts tak5 f ,maxwell's writ+s1 we le>n t ! con/itution ( ! ,ae!r1 z giv5 9 ,art4 #dd1 exactly co9cides )1 & satisfactorily fulfils ! conditions t he lays d[n ) ref]5ce to 8 physical conception ( ! l9es ( =ce ar\nd a magnet or electrifi$ body4 ,s t ! !ory ( ,maxwell is n m]ely hypo!tical1 z is sugge/$ by sci5ti/s1 b exactly describes ! conditions & /ate ( ! atomic ,ae!r m$ium :i* surr\nds all magnets4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 se5 t ! sun is a magnet1 & !re=e x possesses ar\nd x on e side1 ! same z any o!r magnet1 ^! ae!rial l9es ( =ce compos$ ( inf9itesimal vortices1 or m]e :irl+ po9ts :i* correspond to an ae!rial atom4 ,^! ae!rial l9es ( =ce /ret* out into space on e side ( ! sun1 & 9 fact =m conc5tric magnetic %ells ar\nd ! sun2 :i* magnetic %ells co9cide ) ! equipot5tial surfaces ( ! ,ae!r view$ m]ely f ! po9t ( ela/icity & d5sity ( ! m$ium4 ,we le>n by exp]im5t1 t ^! l9es are close/ toge!r ne>e/ to ! magnet1 :i* fact agrees ) ! /atem5t t ,ae!r is gravitative1 & !re=e ! ,ae!r w\ld be d5se/ ne>e/ ! sun4 ,t is1 ! atoms w\ld be press$ clos] toge!r1 s t ! l9es ( =ce ( :i* ^! atoms are compos$ ought also to be clos] toge!r at ! surface ( ! magnet1 :i* we f9d by exp]im5t is ! case4 ,z ! sun is an electro-magnet1 !re=e1 x possesses ^! magnetic l9es ( =ce on all sides1 =m+ a s]ies ( magnetic %ells4 ,we h n[ arriv$ by ! aid ( ,maxwell's !ory to a physical conception ( ! ,ae!r f a magnetic /&po9t1 :i* fully agrees ) our physical conception ( ! ,ae!r :i* 0 arriv$ at by purely philosophical reason+1 bas$ on ,newton's ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,?us we are able to comb9e into "o :ole by our conception t ,ae!r is matt]1 & !re=e atomic & gravitative1 n only ,f>aday's ,l9es ( ,=ce1 b also ,maxwell's physical conception ( ! same1 ap>t f ! solutions giv5 to ! o!r problems ( sci5ce by ! self-same conception1 :i* solutions w be dealt ) 9 _! prop] ord]4 ,z fur!r evid5ce ( ,maxwell's belief 9 ! physical exi/5ce ( ,f>aday's ,l9es ( ,=ce1 let me aga9 quote f 8 pap] on ,action at a ,di/ance1#cf already ref]r$ to 9 ,art4 #dc4 ,he writes3 ,its m9ute p>ts may h rotatory z well z vibratory motions1 & ! axes ( rotation =m ^? l9es ( ,magnetic ,=ce :i* ext5d 9 unbrok5 cont9uity into regions :i* no eye has se54444 ,^! l9es mu/ n be reg>d$ z m]e ma!matical ab/ractions4 ,!y are ! directions 9 :i* ! m$ium is ex]t+ t5sion l t ( a rope1 or r l t ( our own muscles4 ,footnote #cd3 ,exp4 ,res4 ,footnote #ce3 ,magnetism & ,electricity4 ,footnote #cf3 ,collect$ ,works1 by ,niv54 ,,art4 #ij4 ,t]re/rial ,magnetism4--,we h already se5 t ! e>? is a magnet1 & l any o!r magnet w !re=e possess its magnetic field ) its magnetic l9es ( =ce4 ,! e>?'s magnetic field is co-exi/5t & co-equal ) its electric field 7,art4 #hj71 & t is co-exi/5t ) ! e>?'s ae!rial atmosph]e :i* is held b\nd to ! planet by ! =ce ( gravity4 ,h[ f> ! e>?'s magnetic field rea*es1 is impossible to say1 b we "k t x ext5ds at lea/ z f> z #bfj1jjj miles1 ! di/ance ( ! moon2 z we f9d t ?is satellite ( ! e>? is affect$ v consid]ably by ! electro-magnetic attractive p[] ( ! e>?4 ,any body :i* is plac$ 9 ! e>?'s magnetic field is affect$ by ! l9es ( =ce :i* exi/ 9 ! magnetic field2 = :]ev] ! field exi/s1 !re ! l9es ( =ce exi/ also4 ,^! l9es ( =ce1 :i* are associat$ ) ! e>?1 ext5d !re=e into space1 & any body su* z ! moon w\ld become a magnet1 if n already "o by ! process kn[n z magnetic induction1 :i* physical process is well illu/rat$ 9 ! action ( a magnet ^u iron fil+s /rew$ ov] x z 9 ! illu/ration 7,art4 #hh74 ,an exp]im5t :i* well illu/rates ! inductive p[] ( ! e>?'s magnetism1 may be made by plac+ a pok] 9 "o ( ^! l9es ( =ce1 ^: direction c be f\nd at any "p ( ! e>?'s surface by means ( prop] in/rum5ts4 ,:5 ! pok] is s plac$1 x w be se5 t x has actually become magnetiz$ by ! magnetism ( ! e>?1 & x is itself able to attract iron fil+s or small ne$les4 ,^! l9es ( =ce ( ! e>? are clos] toge!r ne>e/ to ! e>?'s surface ?an fur!r away 9 space1 & congregate ar\nd ! ,nor? & ,s\? magnetic poles1 :]e !y are greate/ 9 numb] 9 a giv5 area1 & !re ! magnetic int5sity is ! greate/4 ,f>aday1 writ+ on ! t]re/rial l9es ( =ce1 says3 ,! l9es ( =ce issue f ! e>? 9 ! nor!rn & s\!rn p>ts ) diff]5t b correspond+ degrees ( incl9ation1 & incl9e to1 & coalesce ) ea* o!r ov] ! equatorial p>ts4 ,!re seems reason to believe t ! l9es ( magnetic =ce :i* proce$ f ! e>? return to x1 b 9 _! circuit\s c\rse !y may ext5d ?r\gh space to a di/ance ( _m diamet]s ( ! e>?1 to t5s ( ?\s&s ( miles4#cg ,f ?is extract x w be se5 t ,f>aday 0 ( ! op9ion t ! l9es ( =ce ext5d$ beyond ! atmosph]e ( ! e>? into ! ,ae!r1 :i* /atem5t is confirm$ by o!r p>ts ( 8 writ+s2 ?\gh he 0 n able to give any physical explanation ( h[ ^! l9es ext5d$ beyond ! atmosph]e on acc\nt ( ! d\btful con/itution & "* ( ! ,ae!r1 al?\gh 9 ano!r "p ( 8 "w he def9itively ref]s to ! magnetic "* ( space4 ,9 writ+ on ! magnetic "* ( space he says3#ch ,f su* exp]im5ts1 & also f g5]al obs]vations & k1 x seems manife/ t ! l9es ( magnetic =ce c trav]se pure space1 j z gravitat+ =ce does1 & z /atic electric =ces d 7#afaf71 & !re=e space has a magnetic "* ( its own1 & "o t we %all probably f9d h]eaft] to be ( ! utmo/ importance 9 natural ph5om5a4 ,) ! view ( ! ,ae!r pres5t$ 9 ?is "w1 viz4 t ,ae!r is matt]1 ?\gh 9 an inf9itely m r>efi$ & ela/ic =m1 we c n[ see ! physical cause ( ! l9es ( =ce ) :i* by 8 imag9ation he fill$ all space4 ,aga91 f ! conception ( ! ,ae!r pres5t$ to ! read] 9 ,art4 #de1 we le>n t ar\nd any body 9 space !re are exi/+ ae!rial conc5tric sph]es or %ells :i* are equipot5tial surfaces1 or surfaces ( equal pressure1 & t ^! surfaces co9cide ) ! electric equipot5tial surfaces1 z %[n 9 ,art4 #hj4 ,n only s1 b !y co9cide ) ! magnetic %ells :i* ! l9es ( =ce actually =m ar\nd a circul> & globul> magnet1 z ! e>?4 ,= x mu/ n be =gott5 t ^! l9es ( =ce exi/ equally on all sides ( ! e>?1 & !re=e really =m a sph]ical %ell1 or to speak m correctly an ae!rial electro-magnetic %ell1 :i* is an oblate sph]oid 9 %ape1 p>tak+ ( ! %ape ( ! e>? or o!r planet :i* ! l9es ( =ce surr\nd4 ,if ^! %ells 7 divid$ into two equal halves1 ! l9e s divid+ !m w\ld be call$ ! magnetic equator1 & on t l9e any magnet w\ld set itself 9 a horizontal position1 s t all r\nd ! e>? on ! magnetic equator w\ld correspond to a l9e ( no dip4 ,at ! magnetic poles1 a magnet w\ld set itself v]tically1 or at an angle ( #ij1 & betwe5 ^! two p>ts1 ! place ( no dip1 & t ( #ij1 ! dip gradually *anges z illu/rat$ 9 ! figure4 ,aga91 9 relation to ! magnetism ( ! e>? we f9d t !re are c]ta9 v>iations 9 ! magnetic =ce1 :i* n only influ5ce ! dip at any place1 b also ! int5sity at t place4 ,! v>iations 9 ,magnetic ,=ce are *iefly ?ree-- #a/4 ,diurnal ,v>iations4 #bnd4 ,annual ,v>iations4 #crd4 ,secul> ,v>iations4 ,let u look at ^! ?ree v>iations f ! /&po9t ( ! magnetic l9es ( =ce :i* exi/ ar\nd ! e>?1 & ar\nd e planet4 ,9 relation to ! v>iations ( ! magnetic =ces ^u ! surface ( ! e>?1 ,f>aday po9ts out t ^! v>iations are caus$ by ! action ( ! sun's rays ^u ! t]re/rial l9es ( =ce4 ,he uses ! foll[+ figure to illu/rate 8 mean+4 ,let ,h be ! sun1 ,e ! e>?-- ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #ba4 ,he writes z foll[s3 ,if ! magnetic & a/ronomical poles ( our e>? be suppos$ to be co9cid5t1 !n ,nor? & ,s\? poles w also repres5t ! ,nor? & ,s\? magnetic poles1 & ! diff]5t curves cutt+ ! e>? w suffici5tly repres5t a c\rse ( magnetic l9es z !y occur at1 or ab\t1 ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,h repres5ts ! sun1 & a ! place imm$iately und]nea? x1 :i* is also co9cid5t ) ! magnetic equator4 ,po9t a w be a l9e ( no dip1 :ile at po9t b !re w be dip4 ,?is dip w be increas$ by ! action ( ! sun's rays1 because ! atmosph]e "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun's rays has exp&$ ! air1 & has ?us acquir$ a p[] to affect ! l9es ( magnetic =ce4 ,all ! l9es pass+ ?r\gh ! heat$ & exp&$ air w1 because ( its be+ a worse magnetic conductor1 t5d to op5 out1 & ! mass ( heat$ air w z a :ole assume ! condition ( diamagnetic pol>ity 7#bibc74 ,! case may be m simply /at$ = ! facility ( recollection by say+1 t ! effect ( ! sun is to raise ! magnetic circles ov] ! equatorial & neighb\r+ p>ts f _! normal position1 9 do+ :i* ! ,nor? & ,s\? dip are simultane\sly affect$ & increas$4 ,?us x c readily be se5 t e day z ! e>? turns r\nd on its axis1 & pres5ts ea* side ( ! globe successively to ! rays ( ! sun1 !re %\ld be a gradual *ange 9 ! int5sity ( ! t]re/rial magnetism4 ,9 ,art4 #bibe1 ,f>aday po9ts out t ! maximum ( dip w\ld be :5 ! sun 0 at its z5i? or directly ov]head4 ,) ref]5ce to ! ,annual ,v>iation1 ,f>aday po9ts out 7#bhhb7 t if ! axis ( ! e>? 7 p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( its orbit1 ! int5sity & direction ( ! magnetic =ces might be consid]$ con/ant1 b 7#bhhc7 z ! axis ( ! e>?'s rotation is incl9$ #bc to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 ! two hemisph]es w become alt]nately w>m] & cold] ?an ea* o!r1 & !n a v>iation 9 ! magnetic condition may arise4 ,! consid]ation ( ?is annual v>iation is fur!r consid]$ by ,f>aday 9 ! subsequ5t p>agraphs to ^? already quot$1 & ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to !m = full] details2 ,i wi% simply to indicate ! possible explanation ( ! t]re/rial magnetism1 9 s f> z t explanation is 9 con=mity ) ! aspect ( ! ,ae!r submitt$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,) reg>d to secul> v>iations ,f>aday po9ts out 7#bhhj7 t ! temp]ature ( ! air at ! equatorial p>ts ( ! e>? is great] ?an 9 latitudes nor? & s\?1 & z an elevation ( temp]ature dim9i%es ! conduct+ p[] ( magnetism1 s ! proportion ( =ce pass+ ?r\gh ^? p>ts ought to be less1 & t pass+ ?r\gh ! cool] p>ts1 great]1 ?an if ! temp]ature 7 at ! same degree ov] ! :ole surface ( ! globe4 ,n[ ) our def9ite conception ( ! ae!rial l9es ( =ce trav]s+ space1 & exi/+ on all sides ( ! e>?1 ^! sugge/ions ( ,f>aday's obta9 an increas$ value 9 relation to ! v>y+ int5sity ( t]re/rial magnetism1 & w acc\nt = ! v>iations 9 a satisfactory mann] f ! ae!rial /&po9t1 if tak5 9 conjunction ) ! electro-magnetic "* ( ! ,ae!r4 ,( c\rse1 :at applies to ! e>? equally applies to all ! o!r planets1 z !y also are magnets accord+ to ,art4 #hg1 s t !y w also possess _! magnetic fields1 ) _! own l9es ( =ce1 & _! v>iations 9 int5sity & magnetic dip4 ,hi!rto we h only consid]$ ! problem ( ! e>? & all ! o!r planets1 z magnets1 f ! /ation>y /&po9t1 & ! problem faces u z to :at effect ! movem5t ( ! e>? & all o!r planets ?r\gh ! ,ae!r w h ^u _! magnetic fields1 & _! l9es ( =ce4 ,n[ f ,cl]k ,maxwell's ma!matical calculations1 we le>n t ! movem5t ( any magnetic body ?r\gh space w practically h no effect ^u ! relation ( ! field1 & ! l9es ( =ce to ! mov+ magnet2 t is to say1 ! magnetic field & ! l9es ( =ce move ) ! e>? & ! planets ?r\gh space1 z !y j\rney r\nd ! sun ) _! v>y+ velocity4 ,maxwell has conclusively prov$ t ! ma!matical equations = mov+ bodies 9 relation to _! magnetic l9es ( =ce1 & induction1 are exactly ! same z ! equations = /ation>y bodies1 & if ?is be true1 !n x foll[s t ! physical conditions = bo? /ation>y & mov+ bodies are ! same4 ,on ?is po9t ,maxwell writes3 ,by its motions ?is 7mov+7 matt] c>ries ) x its l9es ( =ce1 & electricity & magnetism may be reg>d$ z free ends ( ^! l9es4 ,h5ce :5 bo? causes act toge!r !re c be no relative motion ( true magnetism ) ref]5ce to surr\nd+ matt]1 etc4 ,"u ^! circum/ances electricity & magnetism move ) ! matt] 9 :i* !y are pres5t z if !y 7 inde/ructible & adh]$ firmly to ! p>ts !re(4 ,s t f ,maxwell's equations & /atem5ts we le>n t ! magnetic l9es ( =ce ar\nd e planet1 & e satellite 9 space1 move ) ! planets 9 _! orbits r\nd ! sun4 ,b z ^! magnetic l9es ( =ce are compos$ ( ae!rial atoms1 z already indicat$1 x foll[s t ! ,ae!r :i* is associat$ ) ea* planet & held b\nd to x by ! s-call$ =ce ( gravity moves ) ! planet also4 ,?is result is entirely consi/5t ) our exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,we f9d t ! atmosph]e1 :i* is also gravitative1 moves ) ! e>?1 & !re=e f exp]i5ce we are compell$ to arrive at ! conclusion t ! ,ae!r :i* is also gravitative moves ) ea* planet1 & ?is result is confirm$ by ma!matical calculations giv5 by ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! same4 ,"h !n is ! key to "o ( ! problems t has be5 ! subject ( inve/igation & rese>* = _m ye>s pa/1 & "o :i* is at ! pres5t "t occupy+ ! att5tion ( "s ( our mo/ advanc$ sci5ti/s1 viz4 ! relation ( ! ,ae!r to mov+ matt]4 ,t problem 0 solv$ by ,maxwell f an electric & magnetic /&po9t1 & 8 result 0 t ! ,ae!r1 :i* we n[ "k to be ! s\rce ( all electricity & magnetism1 moves ) ! mov+ matt]4 ,:at is m1 ?is result has be5 confirm$ by actual exp]im5t made by ,mi*elson & ,morley 9 ,am]ica1 :i* exp]im5t conclusively proves t ,maxwell's result is physically correct1 & t ! ,ae!r does move ?r\gh space ) its associat$ planet1 & !re=e its magnetic field & its l9es ( =ce move ) x because ( ! electro-magnetic "* ( ! ,ae!r4 ,footnote #cg3 ,art4 #bhej1 ,exp4 ,res4 ,footnote #ch3 ,art4 #bgeg1 ,exp4 ,res4 ,,art4 #ia4 ,sol> ,magnets4--,we h n[ to attack ! problem z to ! cause ( all ! satellites & planets1 toge!r ) ! sun1 be+ electro-magnets4 ,:at is ! cont9u+ & ev]-act+ cause :i* makes all planet>y bodies1 includ+ ! sun1 _! c5tre1 to be p]man5t magnets8 ,accord+ to ! ,rules ( ,philosophy !re are two causes :i* w\ld be simple 9 conception1 :i* are sugge/$ by exp]im5t & obs]vation1 & bo? causes w\ld satisfactorily acc\nt = all ! planets be+ magnets4 ,! fir/ cause sugge/$ to our m9ds is1 t 9 view ( ! fact t ! sun is an electro-magnet1 & !re=e possesses a magnetic field ) its ae!rial l9e ( =ce1 all ! planets may become magnets by ! process ( magnetic induction1 :i* process has already be5 illu/rat$ by ! action ( ! iron fil+s plac$ ov] ! magnet4 ,su* a hypo!sis w\ld fulfil all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy1 z x w\ld be simple 9 conception1 w\ld n violate exp]i5ce1 & w\ld satisfactorily acc\nt = ! fact s\ght to be expla9$4 ,b su* a hypo!sis w\ld be bas$ ^u ! assumption t ! sun 0 an electro-magnet1 & !n we %\ld h to f9d out ! cause ( t fact also4 ,h5ce ! hypo!sis t ! planets are magnets1 because !y are situat$ 9 ! magnetic field ( ! sun1 is n a satisfactory solution ( ! :ole problem1 z x fails to acc\nt = ! fact t ! sun is also an electro-magnet4 ,we mu/ !re=e seek = ano!r solution ( ! problem1 :i*1 :ile fulfill+ all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy z laid d[n 9 ,art4 #c1 w also acc\nt = ! sun be+ an electro-magnet1 z well z e planet1 satellite1 meteor1 or any o!r body t exi/s 9 space4 ,if we c asc]ta9 su* a cause by philosophical reason+1 !n we may say we h satisfactorily solv$ ! problem z to ! cause ( all planet>y & /ell> bodies be+ electro-magnets4 ,if1 at ! same "t1 we c solve o!r out/&+ problems by ! solution ?us (f]$1 !n su* solution is m likely to be correct ?an if x simply solv$ ! problem ( sol> magnetism4 ,! only o!r solution t c possibly pres5t itself to our m9ds1 z to ! cause ( all magnetism 9 any planet1 sun1 or />1 is ! explanation :i* has already be5 giv5 9 ,art4 #hf on electro-magnetism4 ,9 t article we le>n$ t magnetism 0 really due to ! circul> motion ( an electric curr5t2 & t1 :5ev] & :]ev] we _h an electric curr5t mov+ or revolv+ ) a circul> motion1 !re we %\ld always h ^? conditions :i* w\ld give rise to an electro-magnet4 ,z long z ! curr5t cont9u$ to fl[ 9 its circul> c\rse1 s long w\ld !re be ^? conditions :i* w\ld give rise to p]man5t magnetism4 ,n[ 9 ! sol> sy/em we f9d t !re are ^! magnets1 :i* h be5 9 exi/5ce = millions ( ye>s4 ,we also le>n f ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light t ,ae!r has an electro-magnetic basis1 :i* gives rise to electro-magnetic waves :5 di/urb$1 or set 9 motion by any heat$ or lum9\s body4 ,x c readily be se51 !re=e1 t we h only to set ?is electro-magnetic ,ae!r 9 circul> motion ar\nd any planet or sun1 & we h at once a circul> curr5t ( electricity fl[+ r\nd t planet or sun1 :i* w\ld give rise to ^? conditions by :i* any body )9 its influ5ce may be =m$ into a magnet4 ,our hypo!sis1 !re=e1 to expla9 ! reason :y all ! planets & ! sun are magnets1 is t ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r moves r\nd ! sun or planet or satellite z ! case may be1 ?us giv+ rise to curr5ts ( electricity ar\nd ! planet or sun1 & s =m+ ^? conditions 9 ! ,ae!r by :i* ! p]man5cy ( any planet>y or /ell> magnetism may be ma9ta9$ & p]petuat$4 ,9 o!r words1 to put x pla9ly & t]sely1 ea* ae!rial atmosph]e revolves r\nd ! planet1 subject to c]ta9 limitations1 9 ! same way t ! a]ial atmosph]e turns r\nd ) ! e>?1 z t planet revolves on its axis4 ,at fir/ sight1 su* an assumption may seem impossible1 b a little c>eful consid]ation w %[ n only ! possibility ( su* a cause1 b w e/abli% x1 z ! only reasonable & philosophical explanation = ! ph5om5a we are seek+ to expla91 viz4 ! electro-magnetism ( all cele/ial bodies4 ,!re is no?+ extravagant 9 ?is assumption1 z we already h a simil> illu/ration 9 ! case ( ! atmosph]e :i* goes r\nd ) ! e>? z x revolves on its axis4 ,we h only to ext5d ! same pr9ciple a little fur!r1 viz4 to ! ae!rial atmosph]e1 & we at once get ! true physical conception ( ! hypo!sis sugge/$ to expla9 ! magnetism ( all cele/ial bodies4 ,we h already le>n$ t ,maxwell has prov$ t ! equations = mov+ magnetic bodies are ! same z ^? = /ation>y bodies1 f :i* we came to ! conclusion t ! electric & magnetic field ( any planet goes ) t planet z x revolves on its axis 9 its j\rney r\nd ! sun4 ,i w\ld l to ask ! read] to try to conceive ( any electric or magnetic field trav]s+ space 9 association ) any planet or sun :i* is revolv+ on its axis1 :ile t electric or magnetic field does n revolve ei!r p>tially or :olly ) ! revolv+ body4 ,! field c only be /ation>y relatively to ! planet or sun1 z x revolves ) ! planet or sun on its axis4 ,!re may be1 z !re d\btless are1 conditions gov]n+ t revolution1 z is ! case ) ! atmosph]e mov+ & revolv+ ) ! planet1 b x is an absolute impossibility = ,maxwell's equations relat+ to mov+ magnetic bodies to be c>ri$ to _! logical conclusion1 )\t affirm+ "s su* hypo!sis z we h affirm$ 9 relation to ! cause ( all sol> magnetism4 ,let me at once po9t out1 ?is solution has already be5 (f]$ by "o ^: "n has be5 ref]r$ to sev]al times4 ,i ref] to ,pr(essor ,*allis4 ,let u see :at he has to say z to ! cause ( ! e>?'s magnetism4 ,9 deal+ ) ?is subject1 & writ+ 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahgb1 p>4 #db1 he /ates3 ,) respect to all magnetism :i* has a cosmical orig91 ! view ,i n[ take is t x is due to gyrations ( ! ,ae!r1 produc$ by ! impulses :i* x receives f ! motions ( ! con/itu5t atoms ( ! bodies ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,! gyrations may ei!r be imm$iately g5]at$ by ! rotations ( ! bodies ab\t _! axes1 or directly result f di/urbances ( ! ,ae!r caus$ by _! motions ( translation4 ,?is impress$ motion w be conv]t$ into circulatory or gyratory motion4 ,su* circulatory motion w necess>ily p>take ( ! motion ( translation ( ! bodies :i* g5]ate !m1 s z to h always ! same geometrical relation to ^! bodies provid$ _! motion be uni=m4 ,9 p>agraph #df he cont9ues3 ,f :at has be5 already argu$ 7#db71 ! motions impress$ on ! ,ae!r by ! e>? 9 consequ5ce ( its rotatory or orbital motions result 9 circulat+ motions :i* w\ld be /eady motions1 hav+ always ! same geometrical relation to ! position ( ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,aga91 ,ampre & ,f>aday 7 also ( ! op9ion t ! magnetism ( ! e>? 0 due to ! circulation ( electric curr5ts r\nd x1 = 9 p>4 #ddf1 ,exp4 ,res41 ,f>aday /ates3 ,assum+ ) ,ampre t ! magnetism ( ! e>? is due to electric curr5ts circulat+ r\nd x1 p>allel to ! equator4 ,i ?9k x w be se5 f ^! extracts t ! hypo!sis sugge/$ = all planet>y & /ell> magnetic bodies is ?us confirm$ by ,pr(essor ,*allis1 & by ,f>aday & ,ampre4 ,pr(essor ,*allis 9 ^! passages cle>ly & def9itely po9ts out t !re are circulatory motions 9 ! ,ae!r1 :i* motions are produc$ by ! rotation ( ! e>? or o!r body on its axis1 & t ^! circul> motions ( ! ae!rial m$ium always ma9ta9 ! same geometrical %ape relative to ! e>?'s c5tre4 ,s t we h only to comb9e ) 8 hypo!sis ! electro-magnetic basis ( ! ,ae!r1 & we at once get ! circulat+ curr5ts ( electricity con/antly fl[+ r\nd ! heav5ly bodies1 :i* produce & give rise to ! p]man5t magnetism ( ^? bodies4 ,if we desir$ /ill fur!r confirmation z to ! circulat+ motions ( ! ,ae!r caus$ by a rotat+ body1 we f9d x 9 ! writ+s ( ,h]s*el1 :o 9 relation to ?is matt] asks3#ci ,:at is ! law ( d5sity ( ! resi/+ m$ium :i* surr\nds ! sun8 ,is x at re/ or 9 motion8 ,if ! latt]1 9 :at direction does x move8 ,circul>ly r\nd ! sun1 or trav]s+ space8 ,if circul>ly1 9 :at plane8 ,suppos+ ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun to be fill$ ) mat]ial fluid1 x is n conceivable t ! circulation ( ! planets 9 x = ages %\ld n h impress$ ^u x "s degree ( rotation 9 _! own direction1 & ?is may pres]ve !m f ! extreme effects ( accumulat$ resi/ance6 ,words l ^! f "o ( ! mo/ se>*+ intellects ( ! la/ c5tury are well wor?y ( our consid]ation1 & ! sugge/$ effect on ! ,ae!r caus$ by ! cont9u$ rotation ( ! e>? gives u ! key n only to ! problem ( cele/ial magnetism1 b also to ! o!r out/&+ sci5tific problems4 ,= example1 !re is ! problem ( ! relation ( mov+ matt] to ! ,ae!r ar\nd x :i* /ill rema9s unsolv$4 ,! physical cause ( ! rotation ( ! e>?1 & all o!r cele/ial bodies ^u _! axes1 ) unceas+ regul>ity1 /ill rema9s to be discov]$4 ,! physical explanation z to ! reason :y ! e>? moves r\nd ! sun 9 its orbit accord+ to ,kepl]'s ,laws1 has yet to be det]m9$1 &1 la/ly1 !re is ! relation ( ! magnetic vibration to ! electric vibration 9 connection ) ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light /ill to be solv$4 ,n[1 presum+ t all ^! c be solv$ by ! philosophical hypo!sis1 t ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r circulates r\nd ea* planet & sun & />1 t revolves 9 space1 !n we are ju/ifi$ 9 our conclusion t su* is ! true cause ( all electro-magnetism t exi/s 9 connection ) planet>y & /ell> bodies4 ,i v5ture to premise t all ^! problems c be solv$ by ! simple solution "h giv51 & w prove t ?is solution adequately acc\nts = all ! o!r ph5om5a ref]r$ to4 ,be=e proce$+ to d ?is1 we w endeav\r to prove ?is hypo!sis by an altoge!r diff]5t me?od ( reason+1 9 ord] to confirm ! /atem5ts made 9 ?is article4 ,let u !re=e endeav\r to =m a complete view ( ! physical /ate ( ! sol> sy/em1 & = ! sake ( simplicity we w suppose x to be at re/ 9 space4 ,we %all deal ) ! effect ( its motion ^u its own planet>y sy/em1 :5 we expla9 ,kepl]'s ,laws4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ! ,sun 9 ! c5tre 7see ,fig4 #ad7 ( ! sy/em1 ) ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune revolv+ r\nd ! sun at _! respective di/ances1 :i* are subject to v>iations ow+ to c]ta9 causes :i* c be satisfactorily expla9$4 ,b circulat+ r\nd ! sun1 9 ! same direction z ! rotation ( ! sun on its axis1 we h ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 ) its wide-spread+ fl[ & ext5sive electro-magnetic field4 ,9 l mann]1 we h ea* planet ) its ae!rial electro-magnetic field1 :i* also circulates r\nd ea* planet 9 ! same direction z ! planet revolves1 t is1 f we/ to ea/1 & 9 ! same direction z ! sun's electro-magnetic field revolves4 ,?us we h to picture ! :ole ( ! sol> sy/em 9 a /ate ( regul> & h>moni\s rotation1 :ile ea* planet adds to ! h>mony ( ! rotation by itself rotat+ 9 its own ae!rial electro-magnetic field1 :ile all rotate 9 ! same direction1 viz4 f we/ to ea/4 ,( c\rse !re are sev]al objections t c be rais$ to su* a hypo!sis1 & ^? objections w be briefly dealt ) 9 a subsequ5t article1 b ,i v5ture to ?9k t ?is hypo!sis is ! true philosophical explanation ( a problem :i* has =m$ "o ( ! greate/ out/&+ difficulties 9 reg>d to ! ,ae!r m$ium = _m ye>s1 t problem be+ ! relative motion ( ! ,ae!r & ,matt]4 ,"l ,kelv91 9 an article 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag4 = ,july #aija1 entitl$ ,cl\ds ov] ! ,dynamical ,!ory ( ,light1 ref]s to ?is v difficulty1 & /ates !re are two cl\ds ov] ! pres5t undulatory !ory ( light1 "o ( :i* has ref]5ce to ! difficulty ( conceiv+ a body l ! e>? or any planet ru%+ ?r\gh ! ,ae!r )\t subject+ ! ,ae!r to enorm\s lac]ation1 & concludes by say+ t we mu/ /ill reg>d ?is cl\d z v d5se4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! key to ! solution ( ! problem4 ,! e>? does n ru% ?r\gh ! ,ae!r1 b ! ,ae!r be+ gravitative1 x is associat$ ) & b\nd to ea* planet1 & accompanies t planet 9 its j\rney ?\gh space1 rotat+ ) x 9 ! same way t ! atmosph]e does1 z we %all prove lat] on4 ,?is conception is fully 9 accord ) our hypo!sis z to ! physical explanation ( ! cause ( ! electro-magnetic "* ( all ! heav5ly bodies1 & inde$ is ! only physical solution t c adequately acc\nt = all ! v>i$ ph5om5a hi!rto unexpla9$ 9 connection ) ! cele/ial me*anism4 ,f ! =ego+ /atem5ts1 we are n[ 9 a position to consid] ! t]m ,electro-,k9etic ,en]gy1 z us$ by ,cl]k ,maxwell4 ,:at does he mean by ,electro-,k9etic ,en]gy8 ,let u see :at he has to say ab\t ! t]m himself4 ,9 p>4 #fcf ( 8 ,magnetism & ,electricity he writes3 ,accord+ to our hypo!sis we assume k9etic en]gy to exi/ :]ev] !re is magnetic =ce1 t is1 9 g5]al1 9 e "p ( ! field4 ,?is en]gy exi/s1 !re=e1 9 "s k9d ( motion ( ! matt] 9 e portion ( space2 :ile aga91 9 p>4 #efi1 he /ates3 ,! electric curr5t _c be conceiv$ except z a k9etic ph5om5on4 ,ev5 ,f>aday speaks ( ! electric curr5t z some?+ progressive1 & n a m]e arrangem5t 7,exp4 ,res4 #bhc74 ,!n aga9 9 p>4 #eeb he writes3 ,x appe>s1 !re=e1 t a sy/em conta9+ an electric curr5t is a seat ( en]gy ( "s k9d1 &1 s9ce we c =m no conception ( an electric curr5t except z a k9etic ph5om5on1 its en]gy mu/ be k9etic en]gy1 t is to say1 ! en]gy :i* a mov+ body has 9 virtue ( its motion4 ,"h1 !re=e1 accord+ to ,cl]k ,maxwell1 ! k9etic en]gy ( an electro-magnetic field is no?+ m or less ?an ! en]gy :i* a mov+ body possesses 9 virtue ( its motion4 ,any o!r explanation ( k9etic en]gy w\ld be oppos$ to all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy2 = exp]i5ce 9 its wide/ =m incontrov]tibly proves t all k9etic en]gy is associat$1 & alone associat$1 ) a mov+ body2 !re=e 9 all electro-magnetic fields !re is ?is k9etic en]gy ev] be+ manife/$4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 le>n$ t ! sol> sy/em =ms a huge electro-magnetic field1 trav]s$ by l9es ( =ce1 z ,maxwell & ,f>aday sugge/$4 ,!re=e1 9 ! sol> sy/em1 !re mu/ be ?is k9etic en]gy due to ! motion ( a mov+ body1 :i* is ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 j arriv$ at ! conclusion t 9 ! sol> sy/em !re is ev] go+ on a circulatory or rotatory movem5t ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r =m+ curr5ts ar\nd ea* electro-magnet4 ,on ! hypo!sis ( an atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r we h1 !re=e1 a m$ium or body cont9ually circulat+1 :i* m$ium possesses in]tia & mom5tum1 & x is philosophically possible = su* a rotat+ m$ium to possess k9etic en]gy4 ,s t our explanation ( ?is t]m1 z us$ by ,cl]k ,maxwell1 is1 t ?is k9etic en]gy is inde$ due to ! mom5tum ( ! mov+ ,ae!r4 ,su* a hypo!sis is /rictly philosophical1 & lit]ally fulfils ! /atem5ts made by ,cl]k ,maxwell himself 9 ! p>agraphs already ref]r$ to4 ,a rem>kable feature ab\t ?is hypo!sis lies 9 ! fact1 t x is ! v hypo!sis t ,von ,helmholtz sugge/$ z ! explanation ( ! t]m4 ,he came to ! conclusion t ! k9etic en]gy 0 due to ! mom5tum ( ! mov+ ,ae!r4 ,b ) a frictionless ,ae!r su* a hypo!sis1 al?\gh correct1 0 philosophically unt5able4 ,9 view ( ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r pres5t$ 9 ?is "w1 h[ev]1 bo? ,cl]k ,maxwell's & ,von ,helmholtz's /atem5ts f9d _! lit]al & p]fect fulfilm5t4 ,s t 9 an atomic ,ae!r1 :i* is gravitative because atomic1 & rotatory because x is gravitative1 comb9$ ) its electro-magnetic basis z prov$ by ,h]tz1 we f9d = ! fir/ "t a correct philosophical explanation ( "o ( ! mo/ puzzl+ t]ms us$ by ,maxwell 9 8 greate/ "w on ,magnetism & ,electricity4 ,?is solution alone ought to /amp ! !ory ( an atomic & gravitat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r ) t au?ority t is always associat$ ) ! names ( two su* great ?9k]s & exp]im5tali/s z ^? j m5tion$4 ,! fact t ! ,ae!r is held b\nd to a planet has already be5 sugge/$ by ,sir ,g4 ,/okes to acc\nt = ! ab]ration ( light already ref]r$ to4 ,9 ! ,phil4 ,mag41 ,july #ahde1 he writes3 ,i %all suppose t ! e>? & ! planets c>ry a portion ( ,ae!r along ) !m1 s t ! ,ae!r close to ! surface is at re/ relatively to ! e>?1 :ile its velocity alt]s z we rec$e f its surface1 till at no great di/ance x is at re/ 9 space4 ,sir ,g4 ,/okes does n1 h[ev]1 say h[ ! ,ae!r is held b\nd to ! e>?1 & ap>t f an ,ae!r :i* is gravitative1 no satisfactory explanation c be giv54 ,fur!r1 x is noticeable1 t he sugge/s t ! o!r planets also c>ry "p ( ! ,ae!r associat$ ) !m along ) ea* planet z x pursues its j\rney4 ,x w\ld be di/9ctly unphilosophical to assume t ! e>? 0 ! only planet t c>ri$ its ae!rial field ) x4 ,s t by foll[+ ,sir ,g4 ,/okes' sugge/ion1 we practically arrive at ! same conclusion 9 relation to ! motions ( ! ,ae!r t we h already arriv$ at f magnetic ph5om5a4 ,) ?is view ( ! case we are n[ 9 a position to answ] a "q ask$ by ,pr(essor ,s*u/] at ! ,briti% ,association 9 #ahib4 ,he ask$1 ,is n e l>ge rotat+ mass a magnet8 & add$1 ,if x is1 ! sun mu/ be a p[]ful magnet4 ,! comets' tails1 :i* eclipse obs]vations %[ /ret*+ out f ! sun 9 all directions1 probably consi/ ( electric dis*>ges4 ,n[1 9 relation to ?is "q1 ! answ] is t e rotat+ body 9 ! ,ae!r is und\bt$ly an electro-magnet4 ,?us1 n only is ! sun an electro-magnet1 b e planet & satellite1 & e meteor t rotates 9 ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 is conv]t$ into a magnet1 p>tly by t rotation1 & p>tly by ! curr5ts induc$ 9 ! ,ae!r by t rotation4 ,we %all also f9d :5 we come to deal ) ! ph5om5a ( comets' tails1 t ,pr(essor ,s*u/] is also "r z to _! cause1 & t !y are due to electro-magnetic repulsions orig9at$ 9 ! ,ae!r by ! sun1 :i* is an electro-magnet4 ,footnote #ci3 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 ,h]s*el4 ,,art4 #ib4 ,cause ( ,rotation ( ! ,e>? on its ,axis4--,if !re is "o fact true 9 relation to ! e>? z a planet1 x is t ! e>? rotates on its axis e #bd h\rs4 ,day 9 & day out1 = c5turies pa/1 ?is revolution has tak5 place z ! e>? j\rneys 9 its annual pa? r\nd ! sun4 ,n only does ! e>? rotate on its axis1 b e o!r planet rotates on its axis 9 v>y+ times1 z ! foll[+ table %[s-- ,,hrs4 ,,m94 ,,sec4 ,m]cury #bd #e #j ,v5us #bc #bd #j ,! ,e>? #bc #ef #d ,m>s #bd #cg #bc ,jupit] #i #ee #j ,s>turn #aj #ad #bc ,uranus 8 ,neptune 8 ,fur!r1 ! sun also rotates on its axis 9 a p]iod ( #bf days4 ,"h1 !n1 are c]ta9 ph5om5a 9 connection ) ! sol> sy/em1 = :i* up to ! pres5t no explanation z to ! physical cause ( rotation has ev] be5 (f]$4 ,surely !re is "s physical cause1 to acc\nt = su* a rotation1 & if !re be a physical cause1 !n ! problem to be solv$ is--f9d ! physical cause to acc\nt = ! cont9u\s & ev]-recurr+ rotation ( all ! planets & ! sun on _! axes1 :i* %all be s effective & cont9ual t1 ye> 9 & ye> out1 ! rotation ( all ! planets may be cont9u$ z obs]v$4 ,9 solv+ ?is problem we h to rev]t to our reason :y ! e>? is a magnet4 ,9 ,art4 #ia we le>n$ t ! e>? & all ! o!r planets1 & inde$ all /ell> bodies1 7 electro-magnets1 because ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r 0 con/antly circulat+ r\nd !m4 ,if1 by accept+ ?is explanation1 we c at ! same "t solve ! problem ( ! rotation ( ! planets1 & ! sun1 on _! axes1 !n we %all h fur!r evid5ce t our hypo!sis is ! correct "o4 ,n[ let me ask1 ,:at is ! effect ( an electric curr5t cont9ually circulat+ r\nd any magnet 9 ! same way t ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r cont9ually circulates r\nd ! e>?1 :i* is a magnet8 ,to f9d out :at ! effect is1 we mu/ resort to exp]im5t4 ,pr(essor ,lodge1 9 8 ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity1 %[s u ! effect ( any circulat+ curr5t ( electricity revolv+ r\nd a magnet4 ,9 8 *apt] on ,electro-,magnetism he writes z foll[s3 ,h[ does a curr5t act on a magnetic pole8 ,two curr5ts attract or repel ea* o!r1 two poles attract or repel ea* o!r1 b a curr5t & a pole ex]t a mutual =ce :i* is nei!r attraction nor repulsion4 ,x is a rotatory =ce4 ,!y t5d nei!r to approa* nor to rec$e1 !y t5d to revolve r\nd ea* o!r4 ,a s+ul> action ?is & at fir/ sight unique 7p4 #ace74 ,! two ?+s w revolve r\nd ea* o!r = ev]4 ,?is af=ds & has af=d$ a f9e field = ! p]petual motioni/1 & if only ! curr5t w\ld ma9ta9 itself )\t a su/a9+ p[]1 p]petual motion 9 fact w\ld be atta9$4 ,f>aday has %[n by exp]im5t ! action ( a curr5t on ! magnet1 & vice v]s4 ,f>aday1 9 8 description ( an electro-magnetic app>atus = ! exhibition ( rotatory motion1 %[s h[ ! rotation ( a curr5t r\nd a magnet1 & a magnet r\nd a curr5t1 may be exp]im5tally prov$4 ,) ! app>atus us$ he %[s t ! curr5t ( electricity may be made to revolve r\nd ! pole ( ! magnet 9 ! direction dep5d5t on ! pole us$1 & fur!r1 illu/rates h[ ! magnet may be made to revolve r\nd ! curr5t4 7,plate #d1 ,fig4 #e1 ,exp4 ,res47 ,?us we le>n t :]ev] we h a curr5t con/antly circulat+ r\nd a magnet1 !re we h ! conditions by :i*1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,lodge1 p]petual motion may be obta9$1 t is to say1 ! two w revolve r\nd ea* o!r z long z ! curr5t is ma9ta9$4 ,"h !n we f9d 9 space ^? v conditions by :i* p]petual motion may be obta9$4 ,we f9d ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r con/antly circulat+ r\nd ! planet>y magnets1 ) ! result t n only w ! curr5t cont9ue to revolve ar\nd ! planet1 b ! planet w cont9ue to revolve ^u its axis z x revolves r\nd ! curr5t4 ,9 fact we get 9 space an example ( p]petual motion4 ,we "k t ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis has be5 9 exi/5ce = sev]al ?\s& ye>s1 & !re=e we h a "r to assume t x revolv$ on its axis ?r\gh ! untold ages ( pa/ geological times z reveal$ by ! /rata1 & rocks ( pre-hi/oric ages4 ,?us ! motion mu/ h cont9u$1 s f> z ! e>? is conc]n$1 at lea/ #ajj1jjj1jjj ye>s1 accept+ t p]iod z ! age ( ! e>?1 b no physical reason s f> z ,i "k has ev] be5 assign$ = su* cont9u$ rotation4 ,if1 !re=e1 x be true t ! jo9t action ( a curr5t & a magnet is a rotatory "o1 !n1 see+ t 9 all planet>y & /ell> space we h bo? ^! conditions ( matt]1 t is1 ! electro-magnetic ae!rial curr5t1 con/antly circulat+ r\nd an electro-magnet1 we h1 9 space1 ! conditions by :i* p]petual rotation may be ma9ta9$4 ,we h !re=e pres5t$ to u 9 t jo9t action1 ! true cause ( ! cont9u$ rotation ( ! e>? on its axis1 & !re=e ( all ! planets on _! axes1 toge!r ) ! sun on its axis2 &1 if we c>ry ! pr9ciple into ! /ell> _w1 we c philosophically come to ! conclusion t ! same conditions prevail !re t prevail 9 ! sol> sy/em1 ) ! result t we h n[ a physical cause :i* fully satisfies all ,rules ( ,philosophy to acc\nt = c]ta9 ph5om5a :i* up to ! pres5t h nev] yet be5 acc\nt$ = f ! physical /&po9t4 ,?us 9 solv+ ! problem ( ! e>?'s rotation on its axis1 we f9d great] confirmation 9 ! view pres5t$ 9 a previ\s article z to ! circulat+ motion ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r ar\nd any & e body 9 space4 ,we %all deal aga9 ) ! relation ( a curr5t & a magnet1 :5 we come to ! physical explanation ( ,kepl]'s ,laws4 ,,art4 #ic4 ,vortex ,motion4--,f ,art4 #ia we h se5 t ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r possesses a circulat+ or rotatory motion ar\nd ea* c5tral body1 & because ( ?is rotatory motion1 ! body is at once conv]t$ into a magnet4 ,we h also se5 t ,pr(essor ,*allis believ$ 9 ! circulatory or rotatory motion ( ! ,ae!r1 z also did ,ampre4 ,?us we are l$ back by sci5tific exp]im5t & philosophical reason+ to ! conception ( vortex motion ) :i* ! _w 0 famili> 9 ! days ( ,kepl]1 ,desc>tes1 ,huygh5s & ,b]n\lli4 ,!re is ?is diff]5ce1 h[ev]1 t :]eas ! vortex motion ( ^? philosoph]s 0 to displace & d away ) ,gravitation1 ! circulatory or rotatory ,ae!r sugge/$ by electro-magnetic ph5om5a is to supplem5t1 confirm & e/abli% m firmly ?an ev] ! true p[]s & laws ( ,gravitation ,attraction4 ,be=e pass+1 x w be z well to briefly glance at ! conception ( vortex motion z sugge/$ by ,kepl] & ,desc>tes & o!rs4 ,:ewell on ?is matt] 9 8 ,inductive ,sci5ces /ates t ,kepl] assum$ t a c]ta9 =ce or virtue resid$ 9 ! sun by :i* all bodies )9 8 influ5ce 7 c>ri$ r\nd him4 ,he illu/rat$ ! nature ( ! =ce 9 v>i\s ways1 comp>+ x to light1 & to ! magnetic p[] :i* x resembles 9 ! circum/ances ( op]at+ at a di/ance1 & also ( ex]cis+ a feebl] influ5ce z ! di/ance increases4 ,ano!r image to :i* he ref]r$ sugge/$ a mu* m conceivable k9d ( me*anical action by :i* ! cele/ial motions might be produc$1 viz4 a curr5t ( fluid matt] circulat+ r\nd ! sun1 & c>ry+ ! planets ) x l a boat 9 a /ream4 ,:ewell adds3 ,a ,vortex fluid con/antly :irl+ r\nd ! sun1 kept 9 ?is :irl+ motion by ! sun itself1 & c>ry+ ! planets r\nd ! sun by its revolution1 z a :irlpool c>ries /raws1 c\ld be readily und]/ood1 & ?\gh x appe>s to h be5 held by ,kepl] t ?is curr5t & ,vortex 7 immat]ial1 he ascribes to x ! p[] ( ov]com+ ! in]tia ( bodies1 & ( putt+ !m & keep+ !m 9 motion4 ,n[1 z we h se51 ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r is n immat]ial b mat]ial1 z x is matt] possess+ mass & in]tia1 ! same z any o!r matt]1 z ,tyndall & ,"l ,kelv9 /at$ 7,*ap4 ,,iv474 ,?us ! objection to ,kepl]'s immat]ial vortices is met & ov]come by our conception ( ! ,ae!r 7,*ap4 ,,iv474 ,desc>tes1 z ,:ewell po9ts out1 ass]t$1 t a vacuum 9 any "p ( ! univ]se is impossible4 ,! :ole univ]se mu/ be fill$ ) matt]1 :i* mu/ be divid$ into equal angul> p>ts4 ,?is matt] be+ 9 motion1 ! p>ts are necess>ily gr\nd$ into a sph]ical =m1 & ! corn]s ?us rubb$ (f1 =m+ a second or subtle matt]4 ,!re is besides a ?ird k9d ( matt]1 ( p>ts m co>se & less fitt$ = motion4 ,! fir/ "p makes ! lum9\s bodies z sun & />s1 ! second "p is ! transp>5t sub/ance ( ! skies1 & ! ?ird "p is ! mat]ial ( opaque bodies z ! e>?1 planets & comets4 ,we may suppose t ! motion ( ^! p>ts takes ! =m ( revolv+ circul> curr5ts or vortices4 ,by ?is means ! fir/ matt] w be collect$ to ! c5tre ( ea* vortex1 :ile ! second or subtle matt] surr\nds x1 & by its c5trifugal effect con/itutes light4 ,! planets are c>ri$ r\nd ! sun by ! motion ( ! vortex1 ea* planet be+ at su* di/ance f ! sun z to be 9 a "p ( ! vortex suitable to its solidity & mobility4 ,! satellites are 9 l mann] c>ri$ r\nd _! ord9>y planets by subord9ate vortices4 ,x w\ld almo/ seem f ?is quotation t we _h adopt$ purely & simply ,desc>tes' & ,kepl]'s ideas 9 toto1 :]eas ! tru? is t ! hypo!sis ( a rotat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r has be5 arriv$ at by foll[+ ,newton's own ,rules ( ,philosophy1 & by disc>d+ ev]y?+ n 9 h>mony ) exp]i5ce & exp]im5t4 ,fur!r1 ,desc>tes 0 unable to give1 or expla9 ! ellipticity ( ! orbits ( planets1 & _h to assume t !re 7 elliptic vortices4 ,:5 we come to deal ) ,kepl]'s ,laws1 & _! physical int]pretation1 ! correct solution ( ?is problem w be giv5 f a purely exp]im5tal & philosophical /&po9t1 & 9 a way & mann] nev] sugge/$ by ,desc>tes or any o!r believ] 9 ! !ory ( vortices z !n kn[n & und]/ood4 ,inde$ !re is no objection to ! !ory ( vortices1 :i* _c be satisfactorily expla9$ by a rotat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 z we %all see :5 we deal ) ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion & ,kepl]'s ,laws4 ,bo? ,liebnitz & ,huygh5s 7 believ]s 9 ! !ory ( vortices1 & ! fact t ,huygh5s' undulatory !ory ( light /&s to-day z an accept$ !ory1 is conclusive evid5ce t he 0 a philosoph] ( ! highe/ ord]1 & 8 adhesion to ! !ory ( vortices proves t he 0 conv9c$ t !re 0 "s tru? 9 x4 ,x is a result greatly to be desir$1 !re=e1 if x c be demon/rat$1 t 9 ! ,ae!r !re is ?is rotatory motion cont9ually go+ on ar\nd e planet1 satellite1 sun or />2 because x w !n jo9 toge!r1 9 p]fect h>mony1 two great !ories 9 relation to cele/ial ph5om5a1 t cont5d$ ) ea* o!r = supremacy = v _m ye>s4 ,x w prove t1 aft] all1 m5 l ,kepl]1 ,desc>tes1 ,huygh5s1 & ,b]n\lli _h caught glimpses ( ! great tru? :i* 0 p>tly reveal$ by cele/ial ph5om5a1 & t x 0 only = lack ( data t !y 7 unable to successfully compete ) ,newton's ma!matical g5ius1 by :i* he 0 able to br+ 8 ,law ( ,gravitation safely ?r\gh ! conflict ) ! simpl] conception ( ae!rial vortex motion4 ,( c\rse c]ta9 objections w h to be met & answ]$ be=e ?is aspect ( ae!rial dynamics c be expect$ to supplant ! m cumbr\s & some:at intricate ma!matical laws ( motion1 b ,i %all prove lat] on1 t all ^! objections c be answ]$ f a satisfactory /&po9t4 ,s t if a modifi$ =m ( ae!rial vortex motion c be successfully demon/rat$ to exi/ 9 ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 !n we %all see ! conflict t wag$ ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago1 br\ght to a satisfactory issue1 9 ! union ( ! two greate/ philosophic !ories = ! explanation ( cele/ial ph5om5a t ! _w has ev] se54 ,f t union1 !re=e1 !re w !n em]ge a tru]1 simpl]1 & yet gr&] conception ( ! motions ( ! univ]se1 :i*1 :5 p]fect$ by abl] m9ds1 w be z p]fect a !ory z human intellig5ce & philosophy c make x4 ,s t1 :at an atomic & gravitative ,ae!r has done = ,newton's corpuscul> !ory ( light1 9 %[+ t x c be unit$ & comb9$ ) ! undulatory !ory1 & by su* comb9ation1 = ! fir/ "t1 su* ph5om5a z ! transv]se action ( light c be probably demon/rat$ & expla9$1 toge!r ) o!r ph5om5a relat+ to reflection & refraction ( light1 ! enl>g$ conception ( a rotat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r w d = ! two great !ories t vi$ ) ea* o!r = supremacy = s _m ye>s4 ,?us x w be %[n t ! philosoph]s l ,kepl]1 ,desc>tes1 & ,huygh5s1 ! =m] ( :om has /amp$ 8 "n on ! ?ree laws t be> 8 "n to-day1 & ! latt] :o gave u ! inception ( ! v !ory t ov]?rew ,newton's !ory ( light1 _h aft] all a m or less true philosophic conception ( ! physical me*anism ( ! sol> sy/em & ( ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,,art4 #id4 ,relative ,motion ( ,ae!r & ,matt]4--,!re is h>dly any subject ( great] importance :i* is engag+ ! att5tion ( sci5ti/s at ! pres5t "t1 ?an ! "q z to :at is ! relative motion ( ,matt] to ! ,ae!r 9 :i* x moves4 ,i v5ture to premise ! successful solution ( ! problem w be accompani$ ) ! greate/ advance to sci5ce t has be5 kn[n = a long "t4 ,! problem to be solv$ may be /at$ ?us3 ,does ! ,ae!r surr\nd+ a planet or sun or any body 9 space move ) t body1 or does x all[ ! body to pass ?r\gh x8 ,up to ! pres5t1 op9ions on ! subject h be5 v>i$ & conflict+4 ,"s sci5ti/s hold t ! planet>y & o!r bodies 9 space pass ?r\gh ! ,ae!r )\t di/urb+ x1 :ile o!rs hold t "p ( ! ,ae!r is c>ri$ along by ! mov+ planet4 ,fresnel assum$ t ! surr\nd+ ,ae!r 0 c>ri$ along by ! e>?1 s t all relative ph5om5a w\ld be ! same z if ! e>? 7 at re/4 ,fizeau1 f exp]im5ts :i* he conduct$ on runn+ wat]1 also came to ! same conclusion4 ,) ! old idea ( a frictionless m$ium1 "s ( ! pres5t accept$ !ories are altoge!r unt5able1 because1 if ,ae!r is frictionless1 h[ c x be c>ri$ along ) ! mov+ body1 unless x is held b\nd to t body8 & h[ c x be held b\nd to t body if x is frictionless8 ,! :ole view ( ! ,ae!r is1 h[ev]1 *ang$ by ! conception ( ! ,ae!r put =w>d 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,ae!r is ,matt]1 & be+ matt] x is also gravitative1 & !re=e is j z mu* subject to ! ,law ( ,gravitation z any o!r k9d ( matt]1 z ,"y /at$ 9 8 ,f\r? ,hypo!sis 7,art4 #de74 ,we w !re=e attack ! problem ( ! relative motion ( ! e>? & ! ,ae!r ar\nd x f ?is new /&po9t4 ,9 ord] to be /rictly philosophical1 we mu/ base our hypo!sis & conception on exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,:]e 9 ! :ole ( planet>y ph5om5a d we f9d simil> conditions :i* exi/ betwe5 ! ,ae!r & ! e>?8 ,su* conditions are alone to be f\nd betwe5 ! atmosph]e & ! e>?4 ,! analogy betwe5 ! atmosph]e & ! e>?1 & ! ,ae!r & ! e>? is v /rik+1 z ! foll[+ comp>isons w prove4 ,! atmosph]e 7:5 pure7 is invisible1 s is ! ,ae!r4 ,! atmosph]e is atomic1 ! ,ae!r is also atomic4 ,bo? are subject to ! same laws ( ela/icity & d5sity1 & bo? are gravitative1 accord+ to our conception ( ! ,ae!r4 ,n[ :at is ! effect ( any l>ge revolv+ body on a liquid or gase\s m$ium surr\nd+ t revolv+ body8 ,if exp]i5ce is any guide1 we le>n t ! motion ( ! revolv+ body is ei!r p>tially or entirely transmitt$ to ! liquid or gase\s m$ium surr\nd+ su* a body4 ,s f> z our exp]i5ce tea*es u any?+1 x tea*es u t to t rule !re is no exception1 & no exp]im5t c be devis$ ( any body revolv+ 9 wat] or a gase\s m$ium z air1 )\t t body imp>t+ its rotation to ! wat] or ! air4 ,! atmosph]e 9 relation to ! e>? is no exception to ?is rule4 ,we "k t ! e>? has an equatorial circumf]5ce ( ab\t #bd1jjj miles1 & t x revolves on its axis once e day1 s t at ! equator ! surface ( ! e>? is :irl+ r\nd 9 space at ! rate ( #ajjj miles p] h\r4 ,try to conceive :at ! result w\ld be if ! atmosph]e 7 /ation>y at ! e>?'s surface 9 ! equatorial regions4 ,x w\ld mean t any body on its surface w\ld be :irl$ r\nd at t rate1 :ile ! atmosph]e1 be+ /ation>y1 w\ld ex]t a p[] equal to a w9d travell+ at ! rate ( #ajjj miles p] h\r4 ,"u ! influ5ce ( su* a hurricane1 no?+ c\ld exi/ on ! surface ( ! e>? at ! equator1 if ! e>? revolv$ on its axis & ! atmosph]e did n p>ticipate 9 t motion4 ,b ! atmosph]e is gravitative1 & be+ gravitative1 x is n only held b\nd to ! e>? z x revolves on its axis 9 its onw>d ru% ?r\gh space1 b accepts ! revolv+ motion ( ! e>?1 ) ! result t z ! e>? revolves on its axis1 ! atmosph]e revolves also4 ,?us a balloon at ! equator if all[$ to rise sev]al hundr$ feet above ! surface c\ld rema9 comp>atively /ation>y if held by a rope to ov]come its t5d5cy to rise1 :]eas su* an ev5t w\ld be impossible if ! atmosph]e fail$ to receive only half ( ! motion ( ! e>?'s surface1 z x w\ld /ill h a p[] equal to t ( a w9d bl[+ at ! rate ( #ejj miles an h\r4 ,if1 h[ev]1 we come fur!r nor?1 or g fur!r s\?1 !n we f9d t ! surface ( ! e>? does n h ! same velocity z at ! equator1 ) ! result t ! atmosph]e has n ! same velocity ei!r2 consequ5tly x w\ld travel sl[] 9 ! temp]ate regions ?an 9 ! equatorial regions1 & sl[] /ill at ! poles ?an 9 ! temp]ate regions4 ,we "k by exp]im5t :at ! effect ( increas$ velocity has ^u any :irl+ body2 x t5ds to enl>ge ! body at ^? p>ts :]e ! velocity is ! greate/1 ! consequ5ce be+ t ! bulg+ out ( ! atmosph]e w\ld be greate/ at ! equator4 ,we f9d a simil> result 9 ! %ape ( ! e>?1 :]e ! equatorial diamet] is great] ?an ! pol> diamet]1 because ( ! c5trifugal =ce be+ greate/ 9 ! equatorial regions4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to apply ^! facts to ! ae!rial m$ium :i* surr\nds all planet>y & /ell> bodies 9 ! same way z ! atmosph]e does2 & :i*1 be+ also gravitative1 is equally subject to ! same laws ( motion4 ,we h se51 !re=e1 t n only does ! e>? revolve on its axis1 b t ! atmosph]e revolves on its axis also1 & t ! velocity ( its revolution is greate/ 9 ! equatorial regions1 ! atmosph]e spread+ or bulg+ out 9 ^? p>ts m ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,let u suppose t ! atmosph]e ext5ds #bjj miles above ! e>?1 & t !re we come to ! pure ,ae!r ( univ]sal space4 ,9 view ( ! fact t ,ae!r is ,matt]1 & !re=e gravitative1 x is reasonable & logical to conclude t exactly ! same result foll[s 9 relation to ! atmosph]e & ! ,ae!r at t height1 z foll[s 9 relation to ! e>? & ! atmosph]e #bjj miles b5ea?4 ,unless ?is view is accept$1 we %\ld !n h our second ,rule ( ,philosophy violat$1 z we %\ld h matt] revolv+ 9 m r>efi$ matt]1 & fail+ to impress ^u t r>efi$ condition ( matt] ! motion ei!r p>tially or :olly :i* x itself possesses2 & su* a result be+ contradictory to all exp]i5ce _c be admitt$ f a philosophical /&po9t4 ,!re=e1 ! only solution is1 t ! rotat+ atmosph]e imp>ts "s ( its motion to ! ae!rial atmosph]e1 :i* 9 its turn rotates1 & t t rotation is gov]n$ by exactly ! same conditions z gov]n ! relation t exi/s betwe5 ! e>? & ! atmosph]e4 ,!re=e ! ,ae!r 9 space associat$ ) ea* planet or satellite or sun or />1 rotates ) ! rotat+ body1 & t rotation imp>ts to ! ,ae!r a great] bulg+ out 9 ! equatorial regions ( ! ae!rial atmosph]e ?an 9 any o!r "p !re(4 ,x is int]e/+ 9 relation to ?is po9t to note ,h]s*el's view ( ! effect ( ! rotation ( any body ^u ! ,ae!r4 ,9 8 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 9 a note1 p4 #ceh1 he /ates3 ,suppos+ ! neighb\rhood ( ! sun to be fill$ ) a mat]ial fluid2 x is n conceivable t ! circulation ( planets 9 x = ages %\ld n h impress$ ^u x "s degree ( rotation 9 _! own direction1 & ?is may pres]ve !m f ! effects ( accumulat$ resi/ance4 ,9 ?is way we arrive at ! conception ( ! motions ( ! ,ae!r sugge/$ by ,pr(4 ,*allis f ! magnetic "* ( ! e>?1 :i* he ?\ght 7 due to ae!rial curr5ts circulat+ ar\nd x1 & we le>n t su* physical conception ( ! ,ae!r fully agrees ) ! explanation ( cele/ial bodies be+ electro-magnets2 because1 we h only to add to our rotat+ ,ae!r t :i* x has be5 prov$ to possess1 viz4 an electro-magnetic basis1 & we h at once ! curr5ts ( electricity circulat+ r\nd ! e>? & o!r planet>y or sol> bodies1 by :i* is obta9$ ! true explanation ( ! p]man5t magnetism ( all cele/ial bodies4 ,n[ to "s m9ds unconv]sant ) sci5tific rese>* & k1 su* a supposition may seem to be incr$ible1 b t incr$ibility may disappe>1 :5 ,i say t ! fact t ! ,ae!r is b\nd to ! e>?1 & goes along ?r\gh space ) x1 has actually be5 prov$ by "s ( ! mo/ delicate & successful exp]im5ts t h be5 made 9 rec5t times3 exp]im5ts ( :i* ,"l ,kelv9 has /at$ t he c f9d no error or flaw 9 !m4 ,i ref] to ! sci5tific exp]im5ts ( ,mi*elson & ,morley ( ,am]ica4 ,= full p>ticul>s ( ^! exp]im5ts ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! ,am]ican ,j\rnal ( ,sci5ce1 #ahhf1 vol4 #ca1 or to ! ,phil4 ,mag41 vol4 #dd4 ,! conclusion :i* is arriv$ at f _! exp]im5ts is1 t ! ,ae!r is c>ri$ along ) ! e>? z x ru%es on its j\rney ?r\gh space4 ,( c\rse su* a result is altoge!r oppos$ to ! ord9>y conception ( a frictionless m$ium1 & inde$ to any conception ( ! ,ae!r except to t submitt$ 9 ?is "w1 :i* is also 9 h>mony ) ,"y's ,f\r? ,hypo!sis 7,art4 #de74 ,s t ,mi*elson's & ,morley's exp]im5t is a direct exp]im5tal demon/ration ( ! fact t ,ae!r is gravitative1 & because x is gravitative1 x is c>ri$ along ) ! e>?1 z t planet j\rneys ?r\gh space4 ,x fur!r conclusively proves t n only is ! ,ae!r c>ri$ along ) ! e>?1 b t ! ,ae!r circulates r\nd ! e>? 9 ! same way t ! atmosph]e circulates r\nd ! e>?4 ,?is result naturally foll[s f ! exp]im5t1 because1 if x 7 c>ri$ along by ! e>? & yet did n rotate ) ! atmosph]e1 !n we %\ld h a result oppos$ to all exp]i5ce & exp]im5t1 z ^! tea* u t :5 a body revolves 9 a m$ium :i* is held b\nd to t body by ,gravitation1 ! m$ium s held b\nd p>ticipates 9 ! rotation ( ! revolv+ body4 ,s t 9 ,mi*elson's & ,morley's exp]im5t we h exp]im5tal evid5ce ( ! fact1 already /at$1 t ! ,ae!r circulates r\nd ! e>?1 & !re=e1 9 view ( ! electro-magnetic "* ( ! ,ae!r1 ?is circulation results 9 ! production ( magnetism 9 all ! planets1 & o!r bodies ar\nd :i* x circulates4 ,?us n only does ! ,ae!r circulate r\nd ! e>?1 b x also circulates ar\nd e o!r planet1 & n only r\nd e o!r planet1 b equally s ar\nd e sun & />1 z /at$ 9 ,art4 #ia4 ,^! results are p]fectly consi/5t ) philosophical reason+1 & any o!r result w\ld be inconsi/5t ) ! analogies pres5t$ to u by ! ph5om5a ( ! ,ae!r 9 relation to our e>? z asc]ta9$ by exp]im5ts made by ! sci5ti/s ref]r$ to4 ,?us = ! fir/ "t ! exp]im5t is br\ght into h>mony ) our ,philosophy1 :i* up to ! pres5t has n be5 ! case1 a result :i* at once /amps ! exp]im5t ) t validity ( tru? & fact :i* w ultimately w9 = x univ]sal acceptance & fav\r4 ,we are n[ 9 a position to answ] "s qu]ies reg>d+ ! motions ( ! ,ae!r ask$ by ,h]s*el 9 8 "w on ,a/ronomy1 p4 #cde4 ,^! ,i give ) ! answ]s opposite4 ,,qu]ies4 ,,answ]s4 #a4 ,:at is ! law ( d5sity ,! ,law ( ,gravitation ( ! resi/+ m$ium :i* 7,art4 #de74 surr\nds ! sun8 #b4 ,is x at re/ or 9 motion8 ,9 motion4 #c4 ,if ! latt]1 9 :at ,rotates r\nd ! sun4 direction does x move8 #d4 ,circul>ly r\nd ! sun ,bo?1 z x circulates r\nd or trav]s+ space8 ! sun :ile t body trav]ses space4 #e4 ,if circul>ly1 9 :at ,! plane ( ! ecliptic4 plane8 ,,art4 #ie4 ,physical ,explanation ( ! ,vibration 9 ! ,electro-,magnetic ,!ory ( ,light4--,9 ,art4 #gh we le>n$ t light 0 an electro-magnetic di/urbance 9 ! ,ae!r :i* 0 propagat$ ?r\gh ! ,ae!r1 ) a f9ite velocity2 & f ?is we ga!r$ t light waves 7 no?+ m or less ?an electro-magnetic waves1 :i* 7 radiat$ f ! sun1 out into ! ,ae!r on e side4 ,we 7 unable1 h[ev]1 at t "t to give a def9ite physical conception ( ! ae!rial vibrations1 or ( ! relation ( ! v>i\s types ( vibration to ea* o!r4 ,s9ce1 h[ev]1 ! developm5t ( ! ,ae!r f ! electric & magnetic /&po9t1 :i* has l$ u up to ! fact t ! ,ae!r possesses a circulat+ motion r\nd ! sun 7,art4 #ia71 ! solution ( ! problem appe>s probable4 ,i am ( ! op9ion t ! physical conception ( ! v>i\s vibrations to ea* o!r is n[ )9 ! region ( possibility1 & 9 ?is article ,i wi% to endeav\r to give :at seems to me to be a correct & philosophical explanation ( ?is "p ( ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 ! physical conception ( :i* up to ! pres5t has n be5 g5]ally und]/ood4 ,! explanation may1 or may n1 be fully complete1 b ev5 if x be n p]fectly correct1 ,i am conv9c$ t x w ultimately lead to a satisfactory physical explanation ( ?is "p ( ,maxwell's ,!ory ( ,light4 ,9 =m+ a conception z to ! physical "* ( ! vibrations 9 ! electro-magnetic !ory1 we h to rememb] t !re are ?ree di/9ct vibrations1 or motions1 conc]n$ 9 ?is !ory4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #bb4 #a/4 ,!re is ! direction ( propagation4 #bnd4 ,!re is ! direction ( ! electric vibration :i* is at "r angles to ! direction ( propagation4 #crd4 ,!re is ! direction ( ! magnetic vibration or motion :i* is at "r angles to bo? ( ! o!r two4 ,n[ we h se5 t ! direction ( propagation ( any ae!rial light ray1 is t ( a /raight l9e f ! sun correspond+ to ! radius vector 7,art4 #gf74 ,we h also se5 t ! front ( a light wave is really t ( a sph]ical %ell 7,art4 #ga74 ,we h also le>n$ t ! electric & ! magnetic vibrations are 9 ! wave front1 s t ^! two vibrations1 :i* are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 are to be f\nd on ! surface1 s to speak1 ( ea* ae!rial sph]ical %ell1 t surr\nds ! sun ) ev]-decreas+ d5sity1 & ev]-decreas+ ela/icity4 ,let u try to picture ! actual fact by an illu/ration4 ,let ,s be ! sun1 ) conc5tric sph]ical ae!rial %ells surr\nd+ x 7,fig4 #bb74 ,!n ,s ,a & ,s ,c w be rays ( light be+ radiat$ out f ! sun1 & ! magnetic & electric vibrations h to be bo? at "r angles to ! l9e ( propagation & 9 ! wave front2 ! wave front be+ repres5t$ by ! circul> l9es %[+ ! section ( ! conc5tric %ells runn+ nor? & s\?4 ,n[ h[ c we picture ^! two motions at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & yet bo? at "r angles to ! l9e ( propagation8 ,fir/1 let u take ?ree /raight l9es & see h[ ?is may be done 7,fig4 #bc74 ,let ,a ,b1 ,a ,s be two /raight l9es at "r angles to ea* o!r1 & ,a ,c ano!r /raight l9e at "r angles to bo?4 ,?is c only be done by mak+ ,a ,c p]p5dicul> to ! plane ( ! pap]1 & c be illu/rat$ by suppos+ t x repres5ts a p5cil or p5 plac$ upright on ! pap]1 ! po9t ( ! p5cil be+ at po9t ,a4 ,if ?is be done1 !n n only w ,a ,b & ,a ,c be at "r angles to ea* o!r1 b bo? w be at "r angles to ,a ,s1 :i* corresponds to ! l9e ( propagation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #bc4 ,n[ ref] to ,fig4 #bb1 & we %all see t ! l9e ,a ,b & ! b\nd>y ( ! %ell w practically correspond4 ,s t any section ( a sph]ical wave front w always be at "r angles to ! ray ( light4 ,b we h le>n$ f ,art4 #hi t ^! sections ( ! ae!rial sph]ical %ell are really id5tical ) ,f>aday's ,l9es ( ,=ce1 ) ! result t along any l9e :i* /ret*es f ! ,nor? pole ( ! sun to ! ,s\? pole1 !re w ev] be an electric vibration1 :i* is put into motion by ! ela/icity ( ! ae!rial vortex atoms4 ,s t on e side ( ! sun !re is ev] go+ on ?is electric vibration1 along ! l9es ( =ce :i* correspond to a section ( ! ae!rial %ell1 ! surface ( :i* really con/itutes ! wave front4 ,!re=e x c readily be se51 t1 z ^! l9es are at "r angles to ! propagation ( ! ray ( light1 ! electric vibration is at "r angles to ! l9es ( propagation1 & is ?us 9 accordance ) ! result dem&$ by ,maxwell's !ory4 ,we h n[ to give a physical conception ( ! magnetic vibration or motion ( ! ,ae!r1 & ?is has to be at "r angles to bo? ! electric vibration & ! l9e ( propagation4 ,9 ,art4 #ia we h le>n$ t ! ,ae!r possesses a rotatory motion1 by :i* x rotates r\nd ! c5tral body ( ! sol> sy/em1 ! sun4 ,s t if we take any po9t1 = example1 9 ! pa? ( ! ray z ,s#a1 ,s#b1 ,s#c1 & ,s#d1 situat$ ^u "s def9ite equipot5tial surface or l9es ( =ce1 & if we w imag9e ^? l9es to rotate r\nd ! sun1 z ! sun rotates on its axis1 !n 9 "t ! po9ts w h describ$ half ! circle1 & w come to ! position on ! "r ( ! sun indicat$ by ! same ,nos4 ,s#a1 ,s#b1 ,s#c1 ,s#d4 ,?us !re has be5 an ae!rial motion at "r angles to ! electric motion1 z ! ,ae!r circulates r\nd ! sun1 because ?is motion may be repres5t$ z tak+ place f we/ to ea/ ( ! sun1 :ile ! electric vibration takes place f nor? to s\?1 or transv]se to ! l9e ( propagation4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 le>n$ t ! ,ae!r has an electro-magnetic basis1 & !re=e ! rotation ( ! ,ae!r gives rise to electro-magnetic curr5ts2 h5ce ! motion we/ to ea/ is really ! motion ( electro-magnetic curr5ts :i* circulate r\nd ! sun4 ,z ^! are at "r angles to ! l9e ( propagation1 & we h se5 t !y are at "r angles to ! electric vibration1 x foll[s t all ?ree are at "r angles to ea* o!r1 :i* is 9 accordance ) ! requirem5ts z laid d[n by ,maxwell4 ,we h consid]$ ^! vibrations1 fir/1 f ! view ( ! sol> sy/em z a :ole 9 its relation to ! univ]sal ,ae!r2 b ! same pr9ciple holds good if consid]$ f ! ae!rial atomic /&po9t4 ,= if we take a l9e ( =ce1 compos$ z x is ( ae!rial vortex atoms1 & suppose !m to be rotat+1 we "k t by t rotation !re w be a t5sion due to t rotation1 & ,maxwell has %[n ?is t5sion is due to magnetism1 z 9 8 /&>d "w he says3 ,?is magnetic =ce is ! effect ( ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce ( ! ,vortices4 ,s t by po/ulat+ a rotatory movem5t = ! ,ae!r ar\nd ! sun1 z we h done 9 ,art4 #ib1 we h n only solv$ ! problem ( all planet>y & sol> magnetism1 b we h also solv$ ! problem ( ! relative motion ( ! ,ae!r & ! e>?1 & also giv5 = ! fir/ "t 7?\gh x may be 9 an incomplete =m7 a physical explanation ( t "p ( ! electro-magnetic !ory ( light1 :i* has hi!rto be5 unexpla9$ f ! purely physical /&po9t4 ,su* results1 !re=e1 support$ z !y are by ! direct exp]im5t ( ,mi*elson & ,morley ( ,am]ica1 ju/ify u 9 conclud+ t ! conception ( a rotat+ ,ae!r is n only philosophically correct1 b is 9 actual accord ) exp]im5tal inve/igation & rese>*1 z inde$ x ought to be4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,ae!r ,,& ,,newton',s ,,laws ,,( ,,motion ,,art4 #if4 ,c5trifugal ,=ce4--,be=e proce$+ to apply "s ( ! pr9ciples & laws :i* gov]n ! electro-magnetic ae!rial m$ium to sol> & /ell> ph5om5a1 x w be z well j to review ! conception ( our new ae!rial ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 s t we may =m a "r view ( x 9 its complet5ess & entirety4 ,9 ,art4 #aa we premis$ t !re 0 9 exi/5ce ano!r =ce1 :i* 0 ! exact opposite ( ! c5tripetal =ce1 & t ?is =ce 0 ! complem5t>y & c\nt]p>t ( ! c5tripetal =ce or ,gravitation ,attraction2 & fur!r1 t ?is =ce 0 due to ! motion ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r :i* fill$ all space4 ,9 ,art4 #ac we saw t all =ce resolv$ itself into en]gy ( "s k9d1 ! same be+ due ei!r to pot5tial en]gy1 i4 e4 en]gy ( position1 or to k9etic en]gy1 :i* is ! en]gy belong+ to matt] actually 9 motion4 ,f ,art4 #ef we le>n$ t all en]gy 0 en]gy ( motion1 s t all =ce resolves itself into motion ( "s k9d4 ,?us our t]m ,c5trifugal ,=ce really implies1 & dem&s1 a motion ( ! ,ae!r :i* is ev] direct$ away f ! c5tre ( gravity ( any body1 :e!r t body be an atom or molecule1 satellite or planet1 sun or />4 ,f ! ph5om5a ( heat we h se5 t !re exi/s a repulsive motion1 due to ! ae!rial m$ium1 :i* is ev] ex]t$ f ! c5tral body ( any atomic1 planet>y or /ell> sy/em1 t repulsive motion be+ due to ! pressure ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 :i* n only surr\nds all atoms1 b also surr\nds all o!r bodies 9 ! univ]se4 ,f ! ph5om5a ( light we h also se5 t ! ,ae!r possesses a repulsive or c5trifugal motion1 :i* is also due to ! pressure ( ! same ,ae!r z ma!matically prov$ by ,maxwell1 & exp]im5tally prov$ by ,pr(4 ,leb$ew1 & ,ni*ols & ,hull ( ,am]ica4 ,fur!r1 f ! ph5om5a ( electricity1 we h also se5 t !re exi/s ?is c5trifugal motion1 due to ! pressure ( ! same ae!rial m$ium1 :i* pressure is ev] direct$ away f ! electrifi$ body1 z ! sun or planets4 ,s t f ^! ?ree phases ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 t is1 f its !rmal or heat manife/ation1 its lum9if]\s or light manife/ation1 & its electro-magnetic manife/ation1 we get irrefutable evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a c5trifugal motion1 :i* motion is ev] direct$ away f ! c5tral body2 & ! result ( t motion takes ! =m ( a pressure ^u any body ) :i* ! motion comes into contact4 ,aga91 x 0 premis$1 t su* a c5trifugal =ce or motion mu/ fulfil all ! laws :i* gov]n$ ! c5tripetal =ce or motion4 ,fir/1 x _h to be univ]sal 7,art4 #ai74 ,second1 x _h to foll[ exactly ! same pa? z ! c5tripetal =ce or motion1 :i* 0 t ( a /raight l9e jo9+ ! c5tre ( gravity ( two bodies1 z = example ! e>? & ! sun 7,art4 #bj74 ,?ird1 ! c5trifugal =ce or motion mu/ be equal to ! product ( ! masses1 9 ! same way t ! c5tripetal =ce 0 gov]n$ by su* a law 7,art4 #ba74 ,f\r?1 its int5sity 0 to be gov]n$ by ! law ( inv]se squ>es1 ! same z ! c5tripetal =ce or ,gravitation ,attraction 0 gov]n$ 7,art4 #bb74 ,n[ all ^! conditions are satisfactorily fulfill$1 & h be5 %[n to be satisfactorily fulfill$1 f ! ph5om5a ( heat1 light1 & electricity 9 _! relation to ! univ]sal ,ae!r4 ,= 9 ,art4 #dc we saw t ! ,ae!r 0 univ]sal1 & !re=e if ! c5trifugal motion is produc$ & orig9at$ by ! ,ae!r1 !n su* motions mu/ be z univ]sal z t m$ium1 :i* "u qualify+ conditions gives rise to ^! motions4 ,f ,arts4 #fe & #gf we h le>n$ t ! pa? ( ?is c5trifugal motion is t ( a /raight l9e1 & foll[s exactly ! same pa? t ! c5tripetal =ce ( gravity takes4 ,9 ,art4 #he we le>n$ t ! c5trifugal =ce betwe5 any two bodies 0 equal to ! product ( _! masses1 :i* is exactly ! same z ! c5tripetal =ce t exi/s betwe5 any two bodies2 &1 la/ly1 f ! ph5om5a ( heat1 light1 & electricity we le>n$ t ! int5sity ( ?is c5trifugal motion due to ae!rial pressure 0 inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance1 :i* is ! law gov]n+ ! int5sity ( its c\nt]p>t1 ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,?us we h le>n$ t !re is 9 exi/5ce ?r\gh\t univ]sal space1 a physical =ce or motion due to a physical m$ium1 ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 :i* =ce or motion is ! exact opposite ( ! c5tripetal =ce or ,gravitation ,attraction1 :i* may be /at$ z foll[s-- ,e p>ticle 9 ! univ]se repels e o!r p>ticle ) a =ce ^: direction is 9 ! l9e jo9+ ! c5tres ( gravity ( ! two bodies1 & ^: magnitude is directly z ! product ( _! masses1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m1 at _! mean di/ances4 ,we %all see t x is by ! conjo9t work+ ( ^! two =ces1 ! ,c5tripetal & ,c5trifugal1 9 comb9ation ) o!r motions ( ! ,ae!r1 t ! h>moni\s work+ ( ! :ole cele/ial me*anism is ma9ta9$ & p]petuat$4 ,9 confirmation ( ! exi/5ce ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 ,i %\ld l to draw ! att5tion ( ! read] to c]ta9 ph5om5a relative to ! sol> sy/em1 :i* ph5om5a violate ! c5tripetal =ce z at pres5t recogniz$1 & c alone be acc\nt$ = by ! exi/5ce ( ano!r =ce or motion exi/+ 9 space1 su* z ! c5trifugal motion already prov$ & demon/rat$4 ,we "k t ! law gov]n+ ! c5tripetal =ce1 or ,gravitation ,attraction1 is regulat$ by ! product ( ! masses ( ! two attract+ bodies4 ,s t if !re 7 ?ree bodies 9 space ^: masses are respectively repres5t$ by #b1 #c & #ajj1 ! proportion ( ! attractive =ce ( gravitation betwe5 ! l>ge/ & ! o!r two1 w\ld be #bjj 7#ajj #b7 & #cjj 7#ajj #c7 respectively4 ,s t if ! c5tripetal =ce1 or ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation1 is ! only gov]n+ =ce 9 ! univ]se1 !n x naturally foll[s t ! two bodies1 betwe5 :i* ! attractive =ce is great]1 w be clos] toge!r ?an ! two bodies betwe5 :i* ! attractive =ce is less4 ,?us ! two bodies1 ^: product ( _! masses is repres5t$ by #cjj1 w1 accord+ to ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 be clos] toge!r ?an ! two bodies1 ! product ( ^: masses is repres5t$ by only #bjj4 ,unless ?is is s1 we %\ld h a violation ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 & x w\ld at once cease to be a law4 ,let u !re=e apply ! c5tripetal =ce1 or ,gravitation ,attraction1 to ! sol> sy/em1 & see h[ x works out4 ,! law /rictly def9$ is giv5 9 ,art4 #ah1 f :i* we le>n t ! attractive =ce betwe5 two bodies is z ! product ( _! masses4 ,n[ :at are ! masses ( "s ( ! bodies 9 ! sol> sy/em8 ,we f9d t ! sun1 ) its diamet] ( #hfe1jjj miles1 is ab\t #cbd1jjj times great] 9 mass ?an our e>?1 s t x w\ld take ab\t #cbd1jjj bodies ( ! size & d5sity ( our e>? to equal a body ( ! size & d5sity ( ! sun4 ,x has be5 calculat$1 h[ev]1 by ,von ,a/51 f obs]vations made on comets by ! planet ,m]cury1 t ! mass ( ,m]cury is ab\t #a_/bd ( ! mass ( ! ,e>?4 ,!re=e ! mass ( ! sun mu/ exce$ ! mass ( ,m]cury #cbd1jjj #bd #g1ggf1jjj2 ! exact relation accord+ to ,von ,a/5 is #g1fcf1ddj4 ,aga91 ! planet ,jupit]1 ) its diamet] ( #he1jjj miles & its d5sity ( #ach1 is only #a_/ajdh "p ( ! mass ( ! sun1 s t x w\ld take ab\t #ajdh ,jupit]s to equal ! mass ( ! sun1 !re=e ,jupit] mu/ weigh ab\t #gdjj times ! mass ( ,m]cury4 ,if ! mass ( ,m]cury1 !re=e1 be repres5t$ by #a1 ! mass ( ! ,e>? w\ld be repres5t$ by #bd1 ! mass ( ,jupit] by #gdjj1 & ! mass ( ! sun by #g1fcf1djj4 ,s t ! attractive =ces betwe5 ! planets z reg>ds _! masses only w be repres5t$ num]ically z foll[s-- ,sun & ,m]cury #g1fcf1djj #a #g1fcf1djj4 ,sun & ,e>? #g1fcf1djj #bd #aij1jjh1jjj4 ,sun & ,jupit] #g1fcf1djj #g1djj #ef1dce1cfj1jjj4 ,?us we see t ! attractive =ce betwe5 ! sun & ! e>? exce$s #bd times ! attractive =ce betwe5 ! sun & ,m]cury1 :ile ! attractive =ce ( gravity betwe5 ! sun & ,jupit] is #gdjj times great] ?an ! attractive =ce betwe5 ! sun & ,m]cury1 relative to _! masses4 ,!re=e1 accord+ to ! ,law ( ,gravity1 z reg>ds ! masses ( bodies1 ,jupit] & ! sun %\ld be ne>] toge!r ?an ,m]cury & ! sun1 because _! attractive p[]s are great]1 & ! e>? & ! sun %\ld be ne>] toge!r ?an ,m]cury & ! sun1 because _! jo9t attractive p[]s are also great]4 ,9 ! same way x c be prov$ t all ! o!r planets ^: masses are great] ?an ,m]cury ought1 accord+ to ! ,law ( ,gravity 9 reg>d to masses only1 to be ne>] to ! sun ?an :at ,m]cury is1 simply because ! total attractive =ces betwe5 any two are great] ?an ! attractive =ce betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun4 ,! respective masses ( ! planets comp>$ ) ! sun1 tak+ ! mass ( ! sun z unity1 are z foll[s-- ,jupit] #a_/a1jdh ( mass ( sun4 ,saturn #a_/c1ebi ,neptune #a_/ah1ebj ,uranus #a_/bb1jbj ,e>? #a_/cbd1dci ,v5us #a_/cig1jjj ,m>s #a_/b1iid1gij ,m]cury #a_/g1fcf1ddj ,!re=e1 if ! total attractive =ce ( gravity is equal to ! product ( ! masses ( any two bodies1 !n ! planets ought to be 9 ! foll[+ ord] 9 relation to _! di/ance f ! sun3 ,jupit]1 fir/1 foll[$ by ,saturn1 ,neptune1 ,uranus1 ,e>?1 ,v5us1 ,m>s & ,m]cury2 t be+ ! ord] 9 :i* ! attractive p[] ( gravity is regulat$ by _! respective masses4 ,yet ! v opposite is ne>ly ! case1 z we f9d t "s ( ! fur!r planets1 z ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 possess great] masses ?an any ( ! ne>] planets2 s t "h we h a di/9ct violation ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation ,attraction1 :i* /ates t ! attraction betwe5 any two bodies is directly z ! product ( _! masses1 because we f9d c]ta9 bodies ) great] attract+ p[]s fur!r away f ! sun1 ?an o!r planets possess+ less attract+ p[]s1 because ( _! small] masses4 ,i _c recall hav+ ev] read ( any explanation :i* has be5 giv5 = su* an anomaly1 & inde$ ?is app>5t violation admits ( no o!r explanation ?an ! conception ( ! dual "* ( ! s-call$ ,law ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation1 :i* includes a repell+ or repulsive =ce or motion1 su* motion be+ due to ! pressure ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r4 ,?us 9 ! light ( ! c5trifugal motion1 comb9$ ) ! fact t ,ae!r is gravitative1 by :i* ea* body possesses an ae!rial atmosph]e & electrical equival5t proportionate to its mass1 x c be demon/rat$ )9 a reasonable limit h[ x is t su* planets z ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 ,neptune1 possess+ ae!rial atmosph]es & electrical equival5ts proportionate to _! masses1 revolve 9 orbits r\nd ! sun at mu* great] di/ances ?an ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 or ,m>s4 ,?is explanation w foll[ z we consid] ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce & ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce 9 _! relation to ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion4 ,,art4 #ig4 ,c5tripetal ,=ce4--,we h n[ to apply ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce1 toge!r ) ! new ,ae!rial ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 to ! sol> sy/em1 & %[ t by _! conjo9t work+ tak5 9 conjunction ) ! motions ( ! ,ae!r1 all cele/ial ph5om5a may be satisfactorily expla9$ on a physical basis1 9 a simil> way t ,newton prov$ ! same result f ! ma!matical /&po9t4 ,we saw 9 ,art4 #aj t ! c5tripetal =ce 0 really none o!r ?an ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation1 9 t x always act$ to a c5tre1 & 9 no o!r way1 & !re=e by ! c5tripetal =ce = ! pres5t we mu/ und]/& is meant ! attractive p[] ( ,gravitation4 ,aft]w>ds1 :5 x has be5 demon/rat$ t ! c5tripetal =ce & ! new ae!rial c5trifugal =ce c acc\nt = all cele/ial ph5om5a1 !n we %all be 9 a position to %[ :at ! physical cause ( ! c5tripetal =ce is4 ,let u aga9 ref] to ! c5tripetal =ce1 s t we may see exactly :at its gov]n+ conditions are4 ,9 ,art4 #ah we le>n$ t ?is =ce might be ?us express$3 ,e p>ticle ( matt] 9 ! univ]se attracts e o!r p>ticle ) a =ce ^: direction is t ( a l9e jo9+ _! c5tres ( gravity1 & ^: magnitude is directly z ! product ( _! masses1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,n[ we h se5 f ! previ\s ,art4 t ! c5trifugal =ce due to ! pressure ( ! ,ae!r m$ium is ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ?is1 9 e way1 s t if we comb9e ! two1 we get ! complete /atem5t ( ! univ]sal law :i* gov]ns all matt]1 & :i* we may def9e z foll[s-- ,e p>ticle 9 ! univ]se attracts & repels e o!r p>ticle 9 ! univ]se ) a =ce ^: direction is t ( a l9e jo9+ _! c5tres ( gravity1 & ^: magnitude is directly z ! product ( _! masses1 & inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance betwe5 !m4 ,?is complete law1 h[ev]1 only holds good :5 ! two =ces are 9 equilibrium4 ,) ?is conception ( ! univ]sal law :i* gov]ns all matt]1 ! h>mony & /ability ( ! univ]se becomes possible f ! physical /&po9t4 ,ap>t f ?is conjo9t work+ ( ! two =ces or motions1 a physical explanation ( ,univ]sal ,gravitation is impossible1 z ) "o =ce op]at+ only ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1 ultimate /ability is inconceivable1 & ! h>mony ( ! sph]es might at any "t be sudd5ly de/roy$4 ,) ?is conception ( ! univ]sal law :i* gov]ns all matt]1 ! great ,law ( ,gravitation is br\ght into h>mony ) all exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,look :]e we w1 or at :at we w1 !re we f9d =ces possess+ a dual "*1 z we h already se5 prov$4 ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 z we h already le>n$ 7,art4 #fc71 def9itely /ates t ! /ability ( atomic sy/ems is pres]v$ by ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( two =ces1 "o attractive & ! o!r repulsive1 & :at is true ( ! atomic _w is equally true ( sol> or /ell> worlds4 ,?us = ! fir/ "t 9 ?is respect1 our philosophy agrees ) our exp]i5ce1 & ! true relation ( ! c5trifugal =ce or motion to ! c5tripetal =ce is made manife/4 ,s t1 :]ev] 9 ! sol> sy/em ! c5tripetal =ce or ,gravitation ,attraction op]ates1 !re1 ) exactly equal int5sity & p[]1 ! ae!rial c5trifugal =ce op]ates1 at ! respective mean di/ances ( ! planets & satellites1 :]e ! two =ces are 9 equilibrium4 ,if x 7 possible to conceive ( a /ation>y sol> sy/em1 !n1 by ! conjo9t work+ ( ! two =ces1 x w\ld be equally possible to conceive ( p]fect /ability & h>mony exi/+ betwe5 ! respective planets & satellites ( t sy/em :ile /ation>y4 ,su* a conception is altoge!r impossible 9 ! pres5t /ate ( ,philosophy1 z ! /ability ( ! sy/em1 ) ! old view ( ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce1 is entirely dep5d5t ^u ! motions ( ! respective bodies 9 t sy/em2 & if su* orbital motions c\ld be /ay$1 !n ! only physical conception possible w\ld be1 t e planet & satellite1 planetoid & meteor )9 ! attractive =ce ( ! c5tral body1 ! sun1 w\ld be sl[ly b surely drawn to a fi]y dea?1 z !y w\ld all ultimately be attract$ & swall[$ up by ! sun4 ,?us we le>n1 t :ile ! sun is ! c5tre ( a c5tripetal =ce1 :i* ev] op]ates f> & wide ?r\gh\t space1 x is equally ! c5tre ( a repulsive or c5trifugal =ce or motion :i* also op]ates co-ext5sively & co-equally ) ! =m]4 ,n only s1 b e planet & satellite1 nay e p>ticle & e atom1 :ile x is ! c5tre ( a c5tripetal =ce1 is also ! c5tre ( a repulsive =ce1 z po9t$ out by ,pr(essor ,tyndall1 :i* =ce is due 9 ea* & e case to ! pressure ( ! ae!rial atmosph]e :i* surr\nds ! atom or molecule1 satellite or planet4 ,?us ! physical conception ( heat 9 its effect on molecules hav+ a repulsive =ce 7,art4 #fc7 is confirm$1 & t t =ce is due to ! pressure ( ! ,ae!r is also confirm$ by subsequ5t inve/igations into ! ph5om5a ( light & electricity1 by :i* we h arriv$ at our physical conception ( ! ,univ]sal ,c5trifugal ,=ce4 ,s t we h n[ a physical conception ( ! exp]im5t p]=m$ by ,ni*ols & ,hull ( ,am]ica1 & by ,pr(essor ,leb$ew ( ,russia1 9 :i* !y conclusively demon/rat$ ! exi/5ce ( ! pressure ( ae!rial light waves1 :i* proves beyond ! possibility ( d\bt ! exi/5ce ( ?is physical c5trifugal =ce4 ,e atom & molecule1 !re=e1 is ! c5tre ( two =ces1 :i* co-exi/ toge!r1 & e meteor & satellite & e planet is also ! c5tre ( ! same two =ces1 & ?is we %all f9d 9 its application to planet>y ph5om5a w h a mo/ important be>+ on ! physical conception ( ^? ph5om5a4 ,?us x is ! ,ae!r m$ium1 by its en]gy ( motions1 t con/itutes ! companion & complem5t>y =ce to ,gravitation ,attraction1 & :i*1 z we %all see lat]1 is ! m$ium :i* =ms ! physical basis ( t attraction also4 ,x is1 !n1 by ! comb9$ & h>moni\s work+ ( ^! two co-equal1 co-exi/5t1 & co-ext5sive =ces t worlds roll & ru%1 sweep & sw+1 move & rotate ab\t _! respective c5tres2 &1 by ^! two =ces work+ 9 p]fect h>mony1 t t ord] & /ability are produc$1 :i* ev]y:]e p]vade ! univ]se ( worlds1 & =m !m 9 _! entirety into "o gr&1 ultimate1 & h>moni\s sy/em4 ,to develop & prove ?is fact1 by expla9+ _! mann] & mode ( work+1 we %all n[ proce$ to consid] ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion1 & _! relation to ! ae!rial m$ium1 & by s do+ %all be able to %[ ! unmi/akable reality & complete effici5cy ( ?is physical conception ( ! ,ae!r m$ium1 :i* =ms ! physical basis ( all univ]sal motion & ph5om5a4 ,,art4 #ih4 ,newton's ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion4--,we w n[ apply ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces to ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion1 & endeav\r to =m a physical conception ( ! same f ! ae!rial /&po9t4 ,be=e do+ s1 we mu/ recall "s ( ! /atem5ts made 9 ,art4 #ad ) ref]5ce to ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion4 ,x w be rememb]$ t we divid$ ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion into two p>ts3 #a/1 ,e body cont9ues 9 a /ate ( re/ except 9 s f> z x is compell$ by impress$ =ces1 i4 e4 impulses or motions1 to *ange t /ate4 ,?is we saw agre$ ) our exp]i5ce1 & !re=e 0 philosophically correct1 & mu/ hold good 9 its application to ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces ( ! ,ae!r 9 _! effect ^u any body 9 space4 ,let u proce$ to apply ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion to ! planet>y _w4 ,we h se5 9 ! previ\s ,art4 s f> z ! di/ances ( ! planets are conc]n$ 9 _! relation to ! sun1 t ! ,law ( ,gravity is violat$1 & t planet>y di/ance is n regulat$ by ! law gov]n+ ! c5tripetal =ce ( ,gravitation1 o!rwise ! planets possess+ ! l>ge/ masses w\ld be ne>] to ! sun ?an ^? possess+ small] masses4 ,! "q arises1 z to :e!r !re is any law :i* gov]ns planet>y di/ance1 by :i* ! di/ance ( any planet 0 regulat$ at ! bir? or creation ( ! sol> sy/em4 ,x has be5 assum$ by "s sci5ti/s t planet>y d5sity is ! regulat+ factor :i* det]m9es ! relative di/ance ( ! respective planets f _! c5tral body1 ! sun1 b su* an assumption is n consi/5t ) sci5tific data4 ,= we f9d t ,v5us1 ) a d5sity ( #d4ha comp>$ ) wat]1 occupies a ne>] position ?an ! ,e>? ) a d5sity ( #e4ff1 :]eas ! rev]se %\ld be ! case if ! d5sity ( a planet 7 ! decid+ factor 9 regulat+ a planet's di/ance4 ,aga91 we f9d ,saturn1 :i* possesses a d5sity ( 4#ge1 occupy+ a ne>] position to ! sun ?an ,uranus1 :i* possesses a d5sity ( #a4bh2 s t "h aga91 if d5sity 7 ! regulat+ factor :i* decid$ planet>y di/ance1 su* a law is violat$4 ,accord+ to ! v>i\s d5sities ( ! planets1 ! respective positions ( ! planets 9 relation to ! sun w\ld be z foll[s3 ,! ne>e/ planet w\ld be ,m]cury1 :i* possesses a d5sity ( #f4he4 ,?is w\ld be foll[$ by ! ,e>?1 ) a d5sity ( #e4ff4 ,!n ,v5us w\ld come next1 ) a d5sity ( #d4ha1 foll[$ by ,m>s1 ) a d5sity ( #d4ja4 ,aft] ^! we %\ld h ,jupit]1 ^: d5sity is #a4ch1 ) ,uranus1 ^: d5sity is #a4bh1 foll[$ by ,neptune possess+ a d5sity ( #a4ae1 & ,saturn w\ld take ,neptune's place1 z x possesses ! lea/ d5sity ( all1 its d5sity be+ only 4#ge4 ,s t x is manife/1 t d5sity _c be ! gov]n+ condition1 z has be5 prov$ 9 ! previ\s article4 ,n[1 if all ! planets ev] =m$ "p ( ! sun1 & !y 7 hurl$ (f into space by ! c5trifugal motion ( ! ,ae!r1 !n !re c]ta9ly w\ld be "s law :i* gov]ns ! relative di/ance ( ! v>i\s planets2 b z f> z we c see1 !re is no su* law1 z a law :i* is violat$ ceases to be a law1 s t ! law ( masses or d5sities ( a planet1 gov]n+ _! di/ances1 has no place 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,?is leads up to ! "q z to :e!r ! planets ev] did =m "p ( ! sun1 z is g5]ally suppos$2 &1 9 view ( ! fact t !re is no law by :i* planet>y di/ances are regulat$1 we are compell$ to come to ! conclusion t ea* planet & satellite once exi/$ 9 an ae!rial condition 9 space1 & t x 0 by ! cond5sation ( t ,ae!r1 t ea* planet 0 =m$2 & t1 at its bir?1 ea* planet occupi$ ! relative di/ance f ! sun :i* x occupies to-day4 ,at fir/ sight ?is may appe> />tl+1 b ,i w\ld ask ! read] h[ he c acc\nt o!rwise = ! great irregul>ity :i* exi/s 9 ! di/ances ( ! planets 9 _! relation to ! sun1 z e kn[n law :i* gov]ns masses & d5sity seems to be altoge!r set at defiance4 ,i hope to prove lat] on1 t all matt] has an ae!rial orig91 & if t be correct1 !n ! orig9 ( a planet briefly outl9$ c be accept$ )\t violat+ ! results ( exp]i5ce or exp]im5t1 & to t ext5t w be philosophically correct4 ,dr4 ,l>mor speaks ( ! ae!rial con/itution ( matt]1 & ref]s to ! views ( ,f>aday & ,davy 9 support ( su* a !ory1 :ile ,"l ,kelv9 has ref]r$ to ! same pr9ciple 9 an article on ! ,cond5sation ( ,gravitational ,matt] 9 any "p ( ! ,univ]se 7,phil4 ,mag41 ,july #aijb74 ,s t if x be possible = ,ae!r to be cond5s$1 & s =m ! nucleus ( a planet or satellite1 !n1 see+ t ! ,ae!r is univ]sal1 any planet or satellite or meteor may be =m$ 9 any "p ( ! sol> sy/em2 & ! process has only to be cont9u$1 until we h planets ( v>i\s sizes at v>i\s di/ances f ! c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,"h1 !re=e1 at any rate1 is a physical hypo!sis :i* w satisfactorily acc\nt = all ! diff]5t di/ances ( ! v>i\s planets4 ,ap>t f "s su* hypo!sis1 ,i fail to see h[ we c acc\nt = ! irregul>ity t exi/s betwe5 planet>y di/ances1 :5 view$ f ! /&po9t ( _! masses & _! d5sities4 ,fur!r1 su* a conception is entirely 9 h>mony ) ! view ( ! dual "* ( ! motions or p[]s ( ! ae!rial m$ium1 t w\ld co-exi/ ) ! evolution & developm5t ( ! planet4 ,=1 z ! planet 0 evolv$ & develop$ f ! ae!rial m$ium :i* surr\nd$ x on e side1 two motions w\ld be develop$ & gr[ ) x--! c5trifugal =ce or motion1 & ! c5tripetal motion ( ! ,ae!r1 or ! attractive =ce kn[n z ,gravity4 ,?us1 ?r\gh all ! gr[? & developm5t ( a planet1 ^! two p[]s1 ! c5tripetal =ce & ! c5trifugal =ce1 w\ld be co-equal & co-exi/5t4 ,! same tru? applies to ! sun or any o!r body 9 ! univ]se2 s t1 if a planet1 z ! ,e>?1 0 =m$ 9 ! beg9n+ at its mean di/ance ( #ib1gjj1jjj miles1 !n ! jo9t c5tripetal motions produc$ by ! ,e>? & sun 9 ! ,ae!r1 w\ld always equal ! jo9t c5trifugal motions produc$ by ! same two bodies1 simply because ! two laws are ! exact opposite ( ea* o!r bo? 9 reg>d to int5sity1 di/ance1 & magnitude4 ,?us ! ,e>? w\ld always occupy its relative position 9 relation to ! sun t x occupies to-day1 z long z ! two ae!rial =ces or motions1 ! c5tripetal & ! c5trifugal1 exi/4 ,) ?is brief outl9e ( a planet's hi/ory1 we are n[ 9 a position to =m a physical picture ( ! sol> sy/em :5 x fir/ exi/$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,we f9d ! sun !n occupy+ its c5tre4 ,at v>i\s di/ances1 we f9d ! v>i\s planets situat$ )\t any reg>d to _! relative masses or d5sities1 z ! foll[+ table %[s4 7,! mass ( sun is tak5 z unity47 ,,mean ,,di/ance4 ,,mass4 ,,d5sity4 ,m]cury #ce1ijj1jjj #a_/g1fcf1ddj #f4he ,v5us #fg1jjj1jjj #a_/cig1jjj #d4ha ,e>? #ib1gjj1jjj #a_/cbd1dci #e4ff ,m>s #ada1jjj1jjj #a_/b1iid1gij #d4ja ,jupit] #dhb1jjj1jjj #a_/a1jdh #a4ch ,saturn #hhd1jjj1jjj #a_/c1ebi 4#ge ,uranus #a1ghj1jjj1jjj #a_/bb1jbj #a4bh ,neptune #b1ghj1jjj1jjj #a_/ah1ebj #a4ae ,n[1 9 ord] = any ( ^! planets to fulfil ,newton's ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion1 ! sun1 :i* occupies ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 mu/ be assum$ to h no rotatory or orbital motion ( its own2 because1 s long z x has a rotatory motion on its axis1 or an orbital motion ( its own ?r\gh space1 s long w ev5 ! fir/ "p ( ,newton's ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion be inapplicable to ! sol> sy/em4 ,b if ! sun c be assum$ to possess at "s po9t 9 its hi/ory no orbital motion1 or rotatory motion on its axis1 !n ! physical int]pretation ( ! fir/ law ( motion c be physically conceiv$1 & a planet at re/ w rema9 at re/ relatively to its c5tral body1 ! sun1 = ev]4 ,let u take ! sun & ,m]cury z an example ( ! effect ( ! two motions op]at+ 9 ! ae!rial m$ium4 ,we w consid] fir/ ! effect ( ! c5trifugal motion4 ,! sun1 ) its huge =m1 occupies ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 :ile ,m]cury has its mean di/ance ab\t #cf1jjj1jjj miles away4 ,! sol> fires are int5sely burn+1 & e atom & e p>ticle compos+ !m are excit$ !reby into ! mo/ int5se activity1 & by _! en]gy ( motion create myriads ^u myriads ( waves 9 ! surr\nd+ ,ae!r1 :i* fl[ away on e side ) ! velocity ( light4 ,) su* velocity are !y g5]at$1 t !y spe$ across ! di/ance ( #cf1jjj1jjj miles :i* exi/ betwe5 ,m]cury & ! sun 9 ! %ort "t ( ab\t ?ree m9utes1 & if x 7 n = ! ae!rial & a]ial atmosph]e ( ! planet1 w\ld fall ^u ! surface ( ,m]cury ) an int5sity ( heat t w\ld scor* up all vegetable life1 if any exi/$ !reon4 ,n[ let u = a mom5t ignore ! exi/5ce ( ! c5tripetal =ce1 & !n 9 t light view ! influ5ce ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r waves ^u ,m]cury4 ,we h se5 t :5 ae!rial light waves come into contact ) any body1 !y ex]t a pressure ^u t body 7,art4 #gg71 s t "u ! influ5ce ( ! c5trifugal =ce only1 ,m]cury w\ld be borne away f its c5tral body1 ! sun1 ) a p[] & en]gy ( motion entirely dep5d5t ^u ! int5sity ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r waves :i* give rise to ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,?us ,m]cury w\ld be c>ri$ away f ! sun1 f> f> away into ! dep?s ( space1 ) ev]-decreas+ rapidity1 ! rapidity ( its motion ?r\gh space be+ entirely dep5d5t ^u ! int5sity & en]gy ( ! ,ae!r waves2 &1 z t int5sity v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! c5tral body1 ! sun1 s ! impell+ & repell+ en]gy ( ! ,ae!rial waves w\ld v>y inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! c5tral body4 ,?us ! motion ( ,m]cury or any o!r planet ?r\gh space w\ld n be uni=m1 b w\ld gradually decrease1 & su* a result is p]fectly 9 h>mony ) all exp]i5ce & exp]im5t 9 relation to mov+ bodies on ?is e>?4 ,?is effect ( ! ,ae!rial electro-magnetic light waves ^u a planet is 9 h>mony ) ,newton's n9ete5? qu]y 9 ,optics1 & is inde$ ! physical illu/ration ( t qu]y 9 its correct$ =m :i* we h already ref]r$ to 9 ,art4 #df1 :]e ,newton says3 ,do? x 7,ae!r7 n gr[ d5s] & d5s]1 etc42 e body endeav\r+ to g f ! d5s] p>ts ( ! m$ium t[>ds ! r>]8 ,t ! ,ae!r does gr[ d5s] & d5s] ne>] to a body we h already se5 9 ,art4 #df1 & n[ we le>n t a body1 :5 "u ! influ5ce ( ! c5trifugal =ce only1 w\ld pass f ! d5s] p>ts ( a m$ium to ! r>] p>ts1 z sugge/$ by ,newton4 ,we w n[ suppose t ,m]cury has be5 repell$1 by ! pressure due to ! ae!rial waves g5]at$ by ! sun1 to ! di/ance ( ,neptune1 a di/ance ( #b1ghj1jjj1jjj miles2 & t at ?is po9t ! c5trifugal =ce is cancell$1 & 9 its place is put ! c5tripetal =ce ( ,gravitation4 ,:at w be ! effect ^u ,m]cury !n8 ,at fir/ sight ! effect w be exce$+ly slight1 b sl[ly1 yet surely1 ! attractive p[] ( ! sun w\ld beg9 to make itself manife/1 & we %\ld f9d ,m]cury retrac+ its pa? along exactly ! same /raight l9e t x _h tak5 9 its outw>d j\rney4 ,n only s1 b its motion w\ld be accel]at$ j 9 ! same proportion t x _h decreas$ on its outw>d j\rney4 ,on & on ?r\gh ! int]v5+ space ! planet w\ld ru%1 & if !re 7 no c5trifugal =ce 9 exi/5ce1 ! planet w\ld ultimately ru% into ! c5tral body1 ! sun1 & be+ swall[$ up by x1 w\ld ma9ta9 = a "t ! heat !re(4 ,let u n[ view ! case f ! conjo9t work+ ( ^! =ces1 or motions1 ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal1 & we %all see1 t "u c]ta9 conditions x is possible to conceive physically ( a planet be+ 9 a /ate ( re/ z /at$ 9 ,newton's ,fir/ ,law ( ,motion1 & also rema9+ 9 t /ate ( re/1 until x is compell$ by o!r =ces or motions to *ange t /ate4 ,m]cury is n[ situat$ at its mean di/ance ( ab\t #cf1jjj1jjj miles4 ,at ! same in/ant let bo? ! c5trifugal & ! c5tripetal =ces or motions be appli$ to x1 & to ! sun4 ,:at is ! result ( su* application8 ,w ! planet move ne>] ! sun1 :i* we are suppos+ to be p]fectly at re/1 or w x be urg$ fur!r away8 ,! effect is nil6 = ! simple reason1 t :5 we set 9 motion ! c5tripetal =ce ( ,gravitation1 at exactly ! same "t we set 9 motion an exactly opposite =ce :i* is ! exact complem5t & c\nt]p>t ( ! o!r1 s t !y exactly c\nt]balance ea* o!r1 & ,m]cury "u ! influ5ce ( bo? =ces /ill reta9s its mean position ( #cf1jjj1jjj miles2 &1 until we ei!r set ! sun rotat+1 or give x a motion ( its own ?r\gh space1 ,m]cury w\ld rema9 at its di/ance ( #cf1jjj1jjj miles comp>atively at re/4 ,! same reason+ may be appli$ to all ! o!r planets1 9 relation to _! mean di/ances1 ) ! result t !y too w\ld rema9 9 a comp>ative /ate ( re/1 s long z !y 7 only "u ! influ5ce ( ! two =ces or motions1 viz4 ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal4 ,ea* ( ^!1 be+ ! exact complem5t & c\nt]p>t ( ! o!r1 :5 appli$ toge!r to any planet ( any size or mass or d5sity1 at any di/ance1 fails to affect ! di/ance ( t planet 9 its relation to ! sun1 b simply e/abli%es x 9 t di/ance1 subject to c]ta9 regulations dep5d5t ^u o!r motions ( ! sun1 & ! ae!rial m$ium 9 :i* !y exi/4 ,?us we le>n1 t if1 9 ! beg9n+1 ,m]cury 7 =m$ at a di/ance ( #cf1jjj1jjj miles1 x w\ld = ev] rema9 at t di/ance2 & ! same is true ( ! o!r planets at _! mean di/ances1 no matt] :at _! mass or d5sity may be2 & t1 accord+ to ! fir/ law ( motion1 ! planet w\ld rema9 9 a /ate ( re/ until compell$ by o!r =ces or motions to *ange t /ate1 :5 x w\ld cont9ue mov+ ) uni=m motion s long z ! motive p[] appli$ 0 uni=m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! motive p[] appli$ 0 n uni=m1 !n ! result w\ld be an increase or decrease ( ! planet's motion1 j 9 proportion to ! increase or decrease ( ! motive p[]4 ,?is result is 9 p]fect h>mony ) our /atem5t 9 ,art4 #ae1 & is 9 accordance ) obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,,art4 #ii4 ,second ,law ( ,motion4--,accord+ to ,newton's ,second ,law ( ,motion1 ,*ange ( motion is proportional to ! impress$ =ce1 & takes place 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! =ce is impress$4 ,f a consid]ation ( ?is ,law 7,art4 #ae7 we saw t ! impress$ =ce 0 a comp\nd quantity1 be+ regulat$ by ! mass ( ! mov+ body :i* ex]t$ ! impress$ =ce1 & t x 0 also proportionate to ! velocity ( ! mov+ body2 s t if ei!r ( ^! quantities are *ang$1 ! total impress$ =ce w\ld be *ang$ also4 ,we h n[ to %[ t our ae!rial m$ium agrees ) ?is second law ( motion 9 s f> z ! second law ( motion agrees ) exp]i5ce & exp]im5ts4 ,to d ?is1 we mu/ review our conception ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 & rememb] t ,ae!r is matt]1 & be+ matt]1 x is atomic & gravitative1 possess+ d5sity1 ela/icity1 in]tia1 & k9etic en]gy1 ! same z any o!r mov+ matt]4 ,9 ?is ,ae!r m$ium we h1 accord+ to ?is conception1 some?+ t c bo? pu% & pull1 or ex]t =ce ^u any body ) :i* x comes into contact4 ,fur!r1 ! in]tia & k9etic en]gy ( ! ,ae!r at any "p ( space w be regulat$ by its mass 9 t p>ticul> "p1 & if its mass is d5s] 9 "s p>ts ?an o!rs1 t "p ( ! ae!rial m$ium possess+ ! greate/ mass w also possess ! greate/ capacity = impress+ =ce ^u any body t exi/s 9 ! m$ium4 ,n[ we h le>n$ f ,art4 #de t ,ae!r be+ gravitative1 x is d5s] ne>] to ! sun1 gett+ gradually less & less d5se1 ! fur!r x rec$es f ! c5tral body1 except :]e x is b\nd or associat$ to "s o!r planet or satellite1 & !re x gradually gets d5s]1 = ! same reason t x is d5s] ne>] to ! sun4 ,z1 !re=e1 ! ,ae!r gets gradually less d5se z x rec$es f ! sun1 ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r at ! mean di/ance ( ,m]cury1 #ce1ijj1jjj miles1 w\ld n be s great z ne> ! sun's surface2 :ile ! d5sity ( ! ae!rial m$ium at ! di/ance ( ,v5us1 #fg1jjj1jjj miles1 w\ld be less ?an ! d5sity ( ! ae!rial m$ium at ! di/ance ( ,m]cury4 ,?is pr9ciple may be appli$ "r ?r\gh ! sun's ae!rial electro-magnetic field1 until we come to ! mean di/ance ( ,neptune1 :i* is #b1ghj1jjj1jjj miles1 & !re ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r w\ld be less ?an at any o!r "p ( ! ae!rial electro-magnetic field ar\nd ! sun4 ,s t ! mass ( ! ,ae!r at ,m]cury1 :i* is equal to ! numb] ( ae!rial atoms p] unit volume1 is great] ?an ! mass at ,v5us4 ,?us ! impress$ =ce :i* ! ae!rial m$ium at ! mean di/ance ( ,m]cury c ex]t ^u any body 9 its neighb\rhood1 is great] ?an ! impress$ =ce :i* ! ,ae!r c ex]t ^u any body at ! di/ance ( ,v5us1 because ( its decreas$ mass at t di/ance4 ,9 ! same way x c be prov$ t ! impress$ =ce :i* ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r ex]ts on any body at ! di/ance ( ,v5us1 is great] ?an ! impress$ =ce :i* ! ,ae!r ex]ts ^u a body at ! mean di/ance ( ! ,e>?4 ,s t at ! respective mean di/ances ( ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 if 9 motion1 w\ld ex]t less =ce at ea* ( ! mean di/ances ( ^! planets exactly proportionate to ! decreas$ mass & decreas$ velocity ( ! ,ae!r4 ,n[ :at is ! motion :i* ! ,ae!r possesses1 s f> z ! sun is conc]n$8 because1 ^u ! p>ticul> k9d ( motion :i* x possesses w dep5d ! direction 9 :i* ! impress$ =ce w be ex]t$ accord+ to ! second law ( motion4 ,9 ,art4 #ih we suppos$ ! sun & planets to be /ation>y 9 ! sol> sy/em1 ea* planet be+ at its respective mean di/ance1 f :i* x _c move ow+ to ! equality ( ! two =ces4 ,n[ give to ! c5tral sun f :5ce ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r waves fl[1 a rotatory motion on its own axis1 :i* x really possesses1 z x rotates on its axis once 9 e tw5ty-six days ne>ly1 & ?is w give to ! ,ae!r m$ium a circul> or rotatory motion4 ,?is circul> or rotatory motion ! ,ae!r has already be5 prov$ to possess 7,art4 #ia1 :]e we le>n$ t all sol> magnets 7 caus$ by electro-magnetic ae!rial curr5ts con/antly circulat+ r\nd !m74 ,s t ! ,ae!r w actually possess two motions3 #a/1 a radial motion due to ! ,ae!r waves g5]at$ by ! sun1 :i* are radiat$ out into space ) ! velocity ( light2 & #bnd1 a circul> or rotatory motion4 ,?is result is 9 p]fect h>mony ) our hypo!sis z to ! cause ( ! electro-magnetism ( ! sun 7,art4 #ia1 :]e we saw t sol> magnetism 0 due to electric curr5ts circulat+ r\nd ! v>i\s planets71 & we h prov$ t ! ,ae!r has an electro-magnetic basis2 ?us ! rotatory ,ae!r curr5ts & ! rotatory electro-magnetic curr5ts are due to "o & ! same m$ium4 ,n[ :at w be ! effect ( ^! circul> or rotatory ,ae!r curr5ts on ! bodies situat$ )9 _! field8 ,x mu/ be rememb]$ t we are no long] deal+ ) a frictionless m$ium1 b ) a m$ium :i* possesses in]tia & k9etic en]gy ! same z any o!r mov+ matt]4 ,!re=e1 z soon z x is set 9 motion1 x w impress its motions ^u all planets t come "u its control & influ5ce1 ) ! result t z ! impress$ =ce is ev] direct$ 9 a circul> =m1 ! planet w be pu%$ along ?r\gh space by ! mov+ ,ae!r1 & ! pa? x describes w be circul> also4 ,?us ! actual result ( ! rotatory electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts w be1 t all dep5d5t & associat$ planets "u _! influ5ce w be c>ri$ by !m ar\nd ! c5tral body :i* g5]ates ! ,ae!r curr5ts4 ,s t !y w lit]ally & truly h an orbit1 & ! circle !y describe w be1 9 its size & circumf]5ce1 regulat$ by ! mean di/ance ( ea* planet1 :i* mean di/ance w =m ! radius ( ! circul> orbit4 ,fur!r1 z we %all see lat]1 if ! sun 7 always /ation>y1 & _h no orbital motion ( its own1 !n ! orbit ( ea* planet w\ld always be circul>1 ea* planet always occupy+ its mean di/ance f ! sun1 because at t mean di/ance ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces are equal4 ,t ! actual pa? ( any planet is a circle has be5 prov$ by ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,hamilton4 ,tait1 9 8 ,natural ,philosophy1 on ?is po9t writes 7,art4 #ch73 ,! ,hodograph = ! motion ( a planet or comet is always a circle1 :atev] be ! =m & dim5sions ( ! orbit4 ,?is pa? has be5 t]m$ ! ,hodograph4 ,s t we h 9 ! circl+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts a physical explanation = ! ,hodograph ( any planet4 ,9 apply+ ! rotatory ,ae!r curr5ts to ! v>i\s planets1 & 9 endeav\r+ to f9d out ! quantity ( ! =ce impress$ ^u ! v>i\s planets at _! mean di/ances1 by ^? curr5ts1 we h to take into consid]ation1 z we h already se51 two facts1 viz4 ! mass ( ! ,ae!r at any po9t 9 space1 & ! velocity ( ! ,ae!r at ! same po9t4 ,we w fir/ take ! effect ( ! diff]5ce 9 mass4 ,we h se5 t at ! di/ance ( ,m]cury f ! sun ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r is great] ?an at ! di/ance ( ,v5us1 & t ! d5sity at ,m>s is great] ?an ! ae!rial d5sity at ! ,e>?1 ! ae!rial d5sity decreas+ ! fur!r ! ,ae!r rec$es f ! sun4 ,:at1 !re=e1 is ! effect ( ! decreas$ d5sity ( ! ,ae!r on ea* planet8 ,ev5 suppos+ ! velocity ( ! mov+ ,ae!r is ! same at ! respective mean planet>y di/ances1 :i* x is n1 ! total impress$ =ce at ! respective mean planet>y di/ances w gradually be decreas$ ^u ! v>i\s planets1 proportionate to ! decrease 9 ! mass & d5sity ( ! ,ae!r4 ,s t on ,m]cury1 :i* is pu%$ along by a d5s] electro-magnetic ,ae!r ?an ,v5us1 ! impress$ =ce1 accord+ to ,newton's ,second ,law ( ,motion1 w be great] ?an ! impress$ =ce ex]t$ by ! mov+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r on ,v5us2 &1 consequ5tly1 ,m]cury %\ld h a great] velocity ?r\gh space ?an ,v5us1 due p>tly to ! diff]5ce ( ! ae!rial mass & d5sity1 by :i* ! impress$ =ce or motive p[] t acts ^u ,m]cury is produc$4 ,9 ! same way1 ,v5us %\ld h a great] velocity ?r\gh space ?an ,m>s1 & ,m>s a great] velocity ?an ! ,e>?4 ,! same pr9ciple1 :5 appli$ to ! out] planets1 equally holds good2 ) ! result1 t ! great] ! mean di/ance1 ! less ! orbital velocity ( ea* planet1 due p>tly to ! decreas$ ae!rial d5sity at ! increas$ di/ance f ! sun4 ,b ?is is only "p ( ! cause4 ,n only is !re a decrease 9 d5sity ( ! ,ae!r1 z ! di/ance f ! sun is increas$1 b !re is also a decrease 9 ! velocity ( ! mov+ ,ae!r1 ) ! result t ! ,ae!r at ! di/ance ( ,m]cury1 possesses a great] angul> velocity ?an at ! di/ance ( ,v5us4 ,x may be at once ask$1 ,h[ d we "k t8 ,well1 ,philosophy alone c give u ! key1 & ,philosophy tells u to base our !ories & hypo!ses on exp]i5ce & exp]im5t4 ,n[ :at does exp]im5t & exp]i5ce tea* u z to ! effect ( a body revolv+ 9 any m$ium ^u t m$ium8 ,if exp]i5ce tea*es u any?+ at all1 x tea*es u t ! fur!r away any m$ium is f ! revolv+ body1 ! less is ! angul> velocity ( t m$ium at t di/ance1 :ile ! ne>] ! m$ium is to ! revolv+ body1 ! great] is ! angul> velocity4 ,?is applies 9 ea* & e case1 :e!r ! m$ium is ei!r fluid or gase\s1 & ,i w *all5ge ! read] to p]=m any exp]im5t on any solid body rotat+ 9 a fluid or gase\s m$ium1 & prove by t exp]im5t t ! angul> velocity ( ! out]mo/ "p ( ! fluid or gase\s m$ium is equal to ! angul> velocity ( ! m$ium directly associat$ ) ! body1 or ev5 at a %ort di/ance f x4 ,b we h mo/ conclusive evid5ce ( ! fact t a solid body does n communicate all its rotational surface motion to ! m$ium directly 9 contact ) t body 9 ! case ( ! e>? revolv+ on its axis1 surr\nd$ by an atmosph]e4 ,if ! pr9ciple held good any:]e 9 relation to a revolv+ body1 viz4 t ! :ole ( ! rotational velocity is communicat$ to ! m$ium surr\nd+ ! body1 x %\ld c]ta9ly hold good at ! surface ( ! body :]e ! two m$ia1 ! solid & gase\s m$ia1 meet4 ,if a solid body fails to imp>t all its rotational velocity to ! m$ium !re1 !n x w c]ta9ly fail to imp>t its full rotational velocity to ! envelop+ m$ium #ajj miles away1 & fail /ill m at a di/ance ( #ajjj1 & /ill m at a di/ance ( #ajj1jjj1jjj1 & s on proportionate to ! di/ance4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! effect ( ! rotational velocity ( ! surface ( ! e>? on ! atmosph]e ne> to x8 ,we "k t ! velocity ( ! surface ( ! e>? is greate/ at ! equator1 z at t place ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? is ab\t #be1jjj miles1 b ! fur!r we get away f ! equator1 & ! ne>] we get to ! ,nor? & ,s\? poles1 ! velocity ( ! surface decreases1 simply because ! circumf]5ce ( ! e>? decreases4 ,or1 to rev]se ! /atem5t1 ! velocity ( ! surface ( ! e>? is lea/ at ! poles1 b increases ! ne>] we get to ! equator4 ,x is also famili> k t !re are curr5ts ( cold air ev] mov+ f ! ,nor? & ,s\? poles to ! equatorial regions ne> ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,?us ! cold air curr5ts1 9 pass+ f ! ,nor? & ,s\? poles1 are ev] pass+ ov] surfaces :i* are increas+ 9 velocity z !y j\rney on _! way to ! equator4 ,?is ( c\rse occurs all r\nd ! e>?1 s t ! e>? is cont9ually revolv+ 9 ^! curr5ts1 & if ! rotational velocity ( ! surface ( ! e>? 7 :olly imp>t$ to ! air directly ov] its surface1 !n ! curr5ts w\ld be always fl[+ due ,nor? & ,s\?4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! e>? fails to imp>t all its rotational velocity to ! atmosph]e1 or ! atmosph]e fails to pick up ! :ole ( ! rotational velocity at once1 !n ! result w be t ! atmosph]e z x passes ov] ! surfaces ( greate/ velocity w lag beh9d1 because its rotational velocity w be less ?an ! velocity ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,n[ ?is is exactly :at does happ5 9 reg>d to ! atmosph]e1 ) ! result1 t in/ead ( gett+ w9ds bl[+ due nor? & s\?1 we get :at are kn[n z ,trade ,w9ds1 :i* bl[ nor?-ea/ 9 ! nor!rn hemisph]e & s\?-ea/ 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,"h !n we h direct exp]im5tal pro( on a l>ge scale ( ! v pr9ciple ,i h /at$1 viz1 t a m$ium surr\nd+ any rotat+ body does n move ?r\gh ! :ole ( its ext5t ) ! same velocity z its does at ! surface4 ,?us x c be se5 t ! velocity ( ! rotat+ ,ae!r w be greate/ at ! surface ( ! sun1 b its angul> velocity w decrease ! fur!r ! m$ium rec$es f ! sun4 ,! same pr9ciple c easily be prov$ f an electrical /&po9t2 = if we consid] ! ,ae!r curr5ts z electric curr5ts1 no "o w\ld ?9k ( sugge/+ t ! int5sity ( ! curr5ts 0 ! same at a di/ance ( sev]al million miles away1 z x is ne> ! s\rce ( ! curr5ts1 :i* 9 ?is case may be look$ ^u z ! sun1 because at its surface we h ! greate/ electric pot5tial 7,art4 #hj74 ,s t we see f ?is reason+1 t n only is !re a decreas$ mass ( ! ,ae!r at ! di/ance ( ,v5us1 comp>$ ) ,m]cury1 b !re is also a decreas$ velocity 9 ! rotatory electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts1 ) ! result t ! impress$ =ce ex]t$ ^u ,v5us is less ?an ! impress$ =ce ex]t$ ^u ,m]cury1 & !re=e ,v5us %\ld move sl[] ?r\gh space ?an ,m]cury1 :i* is exactly :at happ5s1 z ,m]cury has an orbital velocity ( #bi miles p] second1 :ile ,v5us has an orbital velocity ( #bb miles p] second4 ,z ! angul> velocity decreases 9 proportion z ! di/ance increases1 x foll[s t at ! respective mean di/ances n only ( ,v5us1 b also ( ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus & ,neptune1 ! capacity ( ! ,ae!r to ex]t its impress$ =ce ^u ! v>i\s planets w decrease z ! di/ance increases1 ) ! result t ! f>!r a planet is f ! sun1 ! less =ce w ! ,ae!r curr5ts ex]t ^u t planet1 ) ! result t its orbital velocity %\ld decrease z ! di/ance increases1 & ?is is p]fectly 9 accordance ) planet>y ph5om5a4 ,"h1 !n1 we h at once a physical basis = ,newton's ,second ,law ( ,motion1 ! results ( :i* are entirely 9 h>mony ) obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & ^: conception fully satisfies all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy2 z x is simple 9 conception1 fully agrees ) obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & satisfactorily expla9s ! ,second ,law ( ,motion s\ght to be expla9$4 ,?us we f9d t f ! physical /&po9t1 z well z f ! ma!matical /&po9t1 ,*ange ( motion is proportional to ! impress$ =ce1 & takes place 9 ! direction 9 :i* ! =ce is impress$1 t is1 9 a circul> direction4 ,we h !re=e arriv$ at exactly ! same result t ,newton arriv$ at1 except t he _h to introduce a ?ird factor1 viz4 ! ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces1 :ile we h produc$ ! result by a simpl] me?od1 :i*1 accord+ to 8 own rules1 is m philosophical1 z all effects are produc$ by ! simple/ causes1 z ,newton himself /at$ 9 ,rule #a4 ,?us x is ! rotatory electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts t urge ! planets r\nd ! sun2 &1 z w be %[n lat]1 x is ! same ,ae!r curr5ts 9 comb9ation ) ! o!r motions t give rise to ! physical cause ( ,kepl]'s ,laws4 ,x is ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts t produce ! regul> decrease 9 ! velocity ( ! planets 9 _! orbits1 because ( ! regul> decrease ( ! mass & velocity ( ! ,ae!r curr5ts !mselves4 ,we h n[ a physical cause z well z a ma!matical explanation ( ! decrease ( ! velocity ( a planet 9 its orbit1 :i* physical cause is 9 p]fect h>mony ) all philosophical rules4 ,! foll[+ table %[s ! gradual decrease 9 ! velocity ( ea* planet z ! v>i\s planets rec$e f ! sun-- ,,mean ,,p]iod ,,( ,,velocity ,,9 ,,di/ance4 ,,revolution4 ,,orbit ,,p] ,,h\r4 ,m]cury #ce1ijj1jjj #hg4i days ,v5us #fg1jjj1jjj #bbd4g #gg4jjj ,e>? #ib1gjj1jjj #cfe4b #ff4ejj ,m>s #ada1jjj1jjj #fhf4i #ec4jjj ,jupit] #dhb1jjj1jjj #d1ccb4f #bh4gdd ,saturn #hhd1jjj1jjj #aj1gei4 #ba4bba ,uranus #a1ghj1jjj1jjj #cj1fhg4 #ad4ifc ,neptune #b1ghj1jjj1jjj #fj1abg4 #aa4ieh ,,art4 #ajj4 ,ae!r & ,?ird ,law ( ,motion4--,we h se5 7,art4 #af7 t action & reaction are equal & opposite1 & t x is true ( ! c5tripetal =ce 9 its application to all matt] ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! c5trifugal =ce is ! exact opposite ( ! c5tripetal =ce1 !n ! ,?ird ,law ( ,motion %\ld equally hold good 9 relation to t =ce also4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to =m a physical conception ( ! application ( ! ?ird law ( motion1 z x relates to ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,z we h already le>n$1 ?is =ce is due to ! univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 :i* be+ gravitative1 surr\nds all atoms & molecules t may exi/ ?r\gh\t ! :ole univ]se4 ,x c readily be se51 !re=e1 t if ! ,ae!r surr\nds e atom & molecule1 !n ea* atom repels ano!r atom or molecule :5 ! two =ces are 9 equilibrium ) exactly ! same int5sity ) :i* ! atom & molecule attract ea* o!r4 ,b ! c5trifugal =ce 9 ea* case is due to ! pressure ( ! ,ae!r1 :i* presses always proportionately to ! d5sity ( ! ,ae!r surr\nd+ ! atom or molecules1 z sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,*allis4 ,! mean d5sity1 h[ev]1 ( ea* atomic or molecul> atmosph]e is regulat$ solely by ! mass ( ! atom or planet1 !re=e ! pressure ex]t$ by "o atom on ano!r is proportionate to ! mass ( ea* atom1 & to t ext5t is /rictly 9 accordance ) ! law :i* gov]ns ! proportion ( ! =ces betwe5 ! two atoms or molecules4 ,if1 !re=e1 we h two atoms1 ,a & ,b1 ( diff]5t masses1 !n x is true t :ile ,a ex]ts a pressure on ,b1 :i* pressure takes ! =m ( a repulsion1 at ! same "t ,b ex]ts a pressure on ,a :i* is equal & opposite 9 its "* & int5sity1 & 9 ea* case ! pressure is due to ! ae!rial m$ium :i* surr\nds ea* atom or molecule4 ,:5 ! atoms are equal 9 mass1 !n ! resultant motion produc$ on ea* atom w\ld be exactly equal1 b :5 ! masses v>y1 ! resultant motion produc$ on ea* atom w\ld v>y also1 ?\gh ! mom5tum 9 ea* case w\ld be exactly equal & opposite1 z mom5tum is a comp\nd t]m dep5d5t p>tly ^u ! mass ( ! body conc]n$4 ,9 ,art4 #af we saw t :5 ?is ?ird law 0 appli$ to planet>y ph5om5a1 n only did ! sun attract all ! planets1 b all ! planets attract$ ! sun ) equal & opposite =ces1 & ! planets also attract$ ea* o!r ) equal & opposite =ces4 ,9 ! same way x c be prov$1 t z ! sun repels all ! planets by ! pressure ex]t$ by ! ae!rial c5trifugal =ce on ^? planets1 ! planets repel ! sun ) an exactly equal & opposite =ce at _! mean di/ances4 ,9 ,newton's conception1 h[ev]1 ( ! ?ird law ( motion1 !re 0 simply ma!matical data to deal )1 by :i* ! law 0 %[n to apply to ! planet>y & /ell> _w4 ,9 ! case1 h[ev]1 ( ! c5trifugal motion1 we h a def9ite physical m$ium1 :i* by its motions produces ! pressure on ! planets or suns t exi/ 9 space1 :i* pressure =ms ! physical c5trifugal =ce t =ms ! c\nt]p>t ( ,gravitation ,attraction4 ,let u look at ?is phase ( ! case 9 detail1 & by s do+ help to e/abli% & confirm ! physical exi/5ce ( ! =ce or motion ref]r$ to4 ,we h le>n$ f ,*apt] ,,iv4 t z ,ae!r is gravitative1 x surr\nds all satellites & planets1 suns & />s t exi/ 9 ! univ]se4 ,we h also le>n$ f ,art4 #hf t ,ae!r has an electro-magnetic basis1 z ma!matically prov$ by ,maxwell & exp]im5tally prov$ by ,h]tz4 ,?us we came to ! conclusion t ea* satellite & planet1 sun & />1 0 an electrifi$ body 7,art4 #ha71 or an electro-magnet 7,art4 #hh71 possess+ its own electric or electro-magnetic field4 ,we also le>n$ t 9 e electro-magnetic field !re 0 a pressure :i* 0 ev] direct$ away f ! body t g5]at$ ! electro-magnetic waves4 ,n[1 z e satellite & planet1 sun & />1 is a g5]ator ( ^! waves accord+ to our !ory1 x foll[s t e satellite & planet1 sun & />1 is ! c5tre ( a c5trifugal =ce1 :i* c5trifugal =ce is regulat$ by ! mass ( ! satellite1 planet1 sun or /> :i* gives rise to ! c5trifugal =ce or motion4 ,n[1 9 relation to all electro-magnetic action1 x c be exp]im5tally demon/rat$1 t action & reaction are equal & opposite1 s t if we h two electrifi$ or magnetiz$ bodies1 !n ! jo9t =ces ( attraction or repulsion betwe5 !m are equal & opposite4 ,?is be+ s1 :5 we apply ! same law ( action & reaction to ! planets' influ5ce on ea* o!r1 x foll[s t ! same law mu/ hold good 9 relation to !m4 ,s t if we comp>e ! repulsive p[]s ( two planets on ea* o!r 9 ! sol> sy/em1 say ! ,e>? & ,jupit]1 !n1 accord+ to ! ?ird law ( motion1 ! repulsive action ( ,jupit] on ! ,e>? is exactly equal & opposite to ! repulsive action ( ! ,e>? on ,jupit]4 ,if we comp>e ! ,e>? & ! sun1 ! repulsive action ( ! sun on ! ,e>? is exactly equal & opposite to ! repulsive action ( ! ,e>? on ! sun1 t action or =ce be+ caus$ directly by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r waves1 :i* are g5]at$ by ea* electric1 or electro-magnetic body4 ,?us1 z ! ?ird law ( motion is true ( ! c5tripetal =ce1 :e!r 9 relation to ! atomic _w1 or 9 relation to ! sol> sy/em1 or ev5 to ! univ]se at l>ge1 see+ t ! c5trifugal =ce is ! exact c\nt]p>t 9 e way ( ! c5tripetal =ce1 exactly fulfill+ all ! laws :i* gov]n x1 x foll[s z a matt] ( absolute necessity t ! ?ird law is also applicable to its complem5t or c\nt]p>t also1 or else x w\ld cease to be ! complem5t & c\nt]p>t ( ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,,art4 #aja4 ,:y ,planets revolve f ,we/ to ,ea/4--,9 ,art4 #ii we h se5 t ! revolution ( ! planets ar\nd ! sun is produc$ & ma9ta9$ by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts1 :i* are g5]at$ by ! axial motion ( t electro-magnetic body4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 ano!r effect produc$1 & ano!r sci5tific fact :i* c be acc\nt$ = by ! circulat+ motions ( ! ,ae!r m$ium1 viz4 t ! orbital direction ( ea* & all ! planets w\ld n only be 9 ! same direction1 b !y w\ld also be 9 ! same direction z ! sun's rotation on its axis4 ,s t1 :i*ev] way ! sun turns ^u its axis1 t way1 & t alone1 %\ld be ! orbital direction ( all ! planets 9 :i* !y are circl$ r\nd ! sun by ! circulat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts4 ,x is ! sun's axial motion t p>tly gives to ! ,ae!r curr5ts _! circl+ motion1 & x is ! circl+ motion ( ! ,ae!r curr5ts t gives rise to ! orbital motion ( ! planets1 lit]ally c>ry+ !m r\nd ! sun by _! k9etic en]gy & p[]4 ,!re=e1 if ?is be true1 :i*ev] way ! sun turns ^u its axis1 t w be ! direction 9 :i* ! ,ae!r curr5ts mu/ circle r\nd ! sun1 & 9 t direction ! planets %\ld travel 9 _! orbits4 ,z mu/ readily be se51 x is ! inevitable result ( ! e/abli%$ work+ ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts4 ,if ! sun rotat$ on its axis f ea/ to we/1 !n ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts w\ld also travel 9 ! same direction1 f ea/ to we/1 & ! planets w\ld !n revolve r\nd ! sun f ea/ to we/4 ,if ! sun1 h[ev]1 rotates on its axis f we/ to ea/1 !n1 if !re are su* electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts 9 exi/5ce1 z ^? we h already prov$ to exi/1 !y1 too1 w\ld travel f we/ to ea/1 & z a natural result ! planets1 :i* are c>ri$ r\nd ! sun by ! curr5ts1 w\ld also possess ! same orbital motion1 t is f we/ to ea/4 ,z is well kn[n1 ! sun rotates on its axis f we/ to ea/1 !re=e ! ,ae!r curr5ts also rotate f we/ to ea/1 ) ! result t ! orbital directions ( all ! planets %\ld also be 9 ! same direction1 f we/ to ea/4 ,n[1 z is well kn[n1 all ! planets )\t exception1 ,m]cury1 ,v5us1 ! ,e>?1 ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 ,saturn1 ,uranus1 & ,neptune1 all travel r\nd ! sun f we/ to ea/4 ,"h1 !n1 we h indisputable evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce & mode ( work+ ( ! electro-magnetic ae!rial curr5ts1 ^: action alone c produce ! ph5om5a ) :i* we are s famili>1 & = :i* !re mu/ be "s physical cause4 ,i am n aw>e t any reason or explanation ei!r ma!matical or o!rwise has ev] be5 giv51 or ev5 sugge/$1 z to ! cause ( ! ph5om5a :i* we h j endeav\r$ to expla94 ,inde$1 !re c be no o!r physical explanation ( ! fact1 t all ! planets revolve r\nd ! sun 9 ! same direction t ! sun rotates on its axis1 ?an ! "o "h giv51 viz4 t ! cause is to be f\nd1 & alone f\nd1 9 ! circulat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts :i* are g5]at$ 9 ! ,ae!r by ! electro-magnetic body1 ! sun4 ,aga91 9 ord] to confirm ! exi/5ce ( ^! ,ae!r curr5ts t exi/ 9 space1 n only ^? g5]at$ by ! sun1 b also by all ! o!r electro-magnetic bodies1 z all ! planets 7,art4 #hh71 we w consid] ! work+ ( ! same ^u ! satellites ( ^? planets :i* possess !m4 ,! ,e>? we "k has "o satellite1 ! moon1 ,m>s has two satellites1 ,phobos & ,deimos1 ,jupit] has five satellites1 ,saturn has eight satellites1 :ile up to ! pres5t ,uranus has be5 f\nd to possess f\r1 & ,neptune "o4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 little d\bt b t bo? ,uranus & ,neptune possess m ?an ^? already discov]$1 z x is inconceivable t ,jupit] & ,saturn1 :i* are ne>] to ! sun1 %\ld possess a great] numb] ( satellites by :i* ! nights ( ! respective planets are illum9at$1 :ile ! fur!r planets1 :i* ne$ ! increas$ light+1 because ( ! decreas$ int5sity ( ! ae!rial light waves at ! increas$ di/ance1 possess app>5tly a less numb] ( satellites1 & !re=e less illum9ation = _! respective nights4 ,b :at h ^! satellites to tea* u z to ! exi/5ce ( ! electro-magnetic ae!rial curr5ts t circulate r\nd ! planets8 ,we h to apply a simil> c\rse ( reason+ to ! planets1 z we h done 9 ! case ( ! sun4 ,if ! sun is an electro-magnetic body1 by its axial rotation x g5]ates rotat+ ,ae!r curr5ts1 & ^? ,ae!r curr5ts p>take ( ! same rotation z ! revolv+ body1 t is1 f we/ to ea/4 ,9 a l mann] ea* planet1 be+ an electro-magnet1 g5]ates electro-magnetic ae!rial curr5ts :i* also possess ! same rotation z ! planet>y body :i* gives rise to !m4 ,s t if ! planets rotate on _! axes f ea/ to we/1 ! ,ae!r curr5ts w also rotate f ea/ to we/1 b if ! rotation ( ea* planet is f we/ to ea/1 !n ! rotation ( ! ,ae!r curr5ts associat$ ) ea* planet w also be f we/ to ea/1 ) ! result t ea* satellite w be c>ri$ r\nd its prim>y planet by ! circulat+ ,ae!r curr5ts 9 exactly ! same way z ! planet rotates on its axis4 ,n[ if ?is is ! case1 !n we h fur!r evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! circulat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts1 n only ^? associat$ ) ! sun1 b ^? also associat$ ) ea* ( ! planets1 z expla9$ 9 ,art4 #ia4 ,x might h be5 urg$ 9 ! case ( ! planet's revolution r\nd ! sun be+ 9 ! same direction z ! sun's axial action1 t su* a fact 0 m]ely a co9cid5ce1 b su* an objection loses its =ce if x is prov$ t ! same pr9ciple or tru? :5 appli$ to o!r bodies equally holds good4 ,:5 we come to analyze ! direction ( ! satellites r\nd _! prim>y planets1 we f9d t ea* satellite has an orbital motion1 or is c>ri$ r\nd its c5tral & controll+ planet by t planet's ,ae!r curr5ts 9 exactly ! same direction t ! planet rotates on its axis1 viz4 f we/ to ea/4 ,s t we h 9 ! orbital direction ( ! satellites1 z we h also 9 ! orbital direction ( ! planets1 conclusive evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce & mode ( work+ ( ! ,ae!r & ( ! electro-magnetic curr5ts g5]at$ 9 t ae!rial m$ium by ! electro-magnetic bodies :i* rotate 9 x4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,ae!r ,,& ,,kepl]',s ,,laws ,,art4 #ajb4 ,ae!r & ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law4--,9 ,art4 #bf we le>n$ t accord+ to ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,kepl]1 ea* planet revolves r\nd ! sun 9 an elliptic orbit1 ) ! sun occupy+ "o ( ! foci4 ,we also saw t t elliptic orbit 0 produc$ accord+ to ,newton by ! conjo9t work+ ( ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces 9 association ) ! ?ree ,laws ( ,motion1 to :i* laws _h to be add$ a coroll>y1 :i* is t]m$ ! ,p>allelogram ( ,=ces1 be=e ! ,fir/ ,law ( ,kepl] c\ld be fulfill$4 ,9 mak+ any hypo!sis z to ! physical cause ( ,kepl]'s ,laws1 if x c be %[n t ! same ae!rial m$ium t gives rise to ! c5trifugal =ce1 also gives rise to ! c5tripetal =ce1 & t ! same m$ium by its rotatory motions also fulfils ! ?ree laws ( motion1 & gives a satisfactory physical explanation ( all ,kepl]'s ,laws2 !n1 accord+ to our ?ree ,rules ( ,philosophy1 we %all h f\nd a physical m$ium :i*1 by its motions & pressures & t5sions1 c give rise to all ! ph5om5a exhibit$ 9 ! cele/ial me*anism4 ,su* a physical explanation w be philosophically correct1 9 t x is simple 9 its conception1 is entirely 9 h>mony ) obs]vation & exp]im5t1 & satisfactorily acc\nts =1 & t on a physical basis1 all ! ph5om5a associat$ ) ! :ole ( ! cele/ial me*anism4 ,we h !re=e to apply ! motions ( ! ,ae!r m$ium to ! sol> sy/em1 & by s do+ reveal ! physical explanation ( all ,kepl]'s ,laws1 9 ! same way t ,newton reveal$ _! correctness f ! ma!matical /&po9t4 ,let u review ! conception ( ! sol> sy/em z giv5 9 ,art4 #ii1 s t we may be able to proce$ f t physical conception ( a /ation>y sol> sy/em to a mov+ sy/em4 ,?us we see ! sun 9 a /ation>y sy/em occupy+ exactly ! c5tre ( t sy/em4 ,! sol> en]gies are 9 full play1 g5]at+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r waves :i* are radiat$ =? into space ) ! velocity ( light4 ,!n1 z !re is giv5 to ! sun a rotatory motion on its axis1 t rotatory motion imp>ts to ! gravitat+ ae!rial m$ium a circulatory or rotatory motion :i* spreads out ?r\gh space ) ev]-increas+ int5sity4 ,by _! radiat+ motion ! ,ae!r waves w\ld repel all planets f _! c5tral body1 ! sun1 if !y 7 n c\nt]balanc$ by ! c5tripetal =ce2 & ! two =ces1 ! c5trifugal & ! c5tripetal =ces1 f9d _! equilibrium at ! mean di/ance ( ea* planet1 ?us fix+ & regulat+ p]man5tly ! di/ance & orbit ( ea* planet>y _w4 ,at ! same "t1 ! rotatory motion ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts1 accord+ to ! second law ( motion1 w\ld act on ! planets by _! k9etic or mov+ en]gy1 & s circle !m r\nd ! sun1 _! controll+ c5tre4 ,z long z ! sun 0 q /ation>y1 :ile /ill possess+ a rotation on its axis1 if su* a ?+ 7 possible1 s long w\ld ! conception ( ! anci5ts be fulfill$1 & ! rotation ( all ! planets w\ld be /rictly circul> 9 =m1 & _! orbits w\ld be t ( a circle only1 z prov$ by ,sir ,w4 ,r4 ,hamilton 7,art4 #ii74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #bd4 ,b1 z is well kn[n1 ! sun itself possesses an orbital motion ( its own1 s t1 :ile all ! associat$ planet>y sy/em is revolv+ r\nd x1 ! sun ) all t sy/em is be+ c>ri$ along ?r\gh space 9 an orbit :i* is also elliptic 9 =m1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,accord+ to ,h]s*el1 ! sun is mov+ t[>ds ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules ) a velocity ( ab\t #ah1jjj miles p] h\r1 & ! problem to be fac$ is1 :at is ! effect ( ! sun's orbital velocity ^u ! circul> motion ( ! planets8 ,by solv+ t problem1 we %all arrive at a physical conception = ! fir/ "t ( ,kepl]'s ,laws1 & %all see t ! fir/ ( ,kepl]'s ,laws is solv$ simply by giv+ an orbital velocity to any c5tral body1 ! result ( :i* w be t ! circul> =m ( any planet's orbit w be *ang$ f ! circul> into "o ( elliptic =m4 ,let me ask ! read] to p]=m a v simple exp]im5t to confirm ?is fact4 ,take a piece ( /r+ & a lead p5cil1 & />t to draw a circle on a piece ( pap] 7,fig4 #bd74 ,:51 h[ev]1 "o qu>t] ( ! circle has be5 drawn1 viz4 ,d ,f1 move ! end ( ! piece ( /r+ repres5t+ ! c5tre ( ! circle along ! pap]1 z repres5t$ 9 ! diagram1 f ,a to ,b4 ,! result w be t ! p5cil w n[ travel p>allel ) ! mov+ c5tre = a "t f ,f to ,g1 & !n1 :5 ! c5tre is br\ght to re/ aga91 ! o!r "p ( ! half ellipse ,g ,h may be complet$4 ,9 ! same way1 by rev]s+ ! motion1 ! o!r half ( ! ellipse may be complet$4 ,s t x is possible = an ellipse to be =m$ simply by mov+ ! c5tral po9t ( a circle1 & ! motion ( t c5tral po9t w *ange ! =m ( a circle into an ellipse4 ,x is some?+ l ?is t takes place 9 ! planet>y _w1 ) ?is diff]5ce1 t ! c5tral po9t :i* repres5ts ! sun does n return f "o focus to ano!r1 b cont9ues to j\rney on ?r\gh space1 ) ! result t ! orbit ( any planet is n /rictly an ellipse1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,we h1 !n1 ! sun occupy+ ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 ) all ! planets revolv+ r\nd x4 ,we w take ! sun & ! ,e>? z examples4 ,let ,s 9 ! diagram repres5t ! sun1 & ,e ! ,e>? at its mean di/ance ( #ib1jjj1jjj miles away 7,fig4 #be74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #be4 ,! ,e>? we "k is mov+ ) a velocity ( ab\t #fd1hjj miles p] h\r ar\nd ! sun1 or an av]age velocity ( #ah miles p] second1 s t :ile ! ,e>? is mov+ #fd1hjj miles ?r\gh space to p]=m ! half-circle1 ,e ,d ,c1 ! sun is also travell+ #ah1jjj miles t[>ds ! po9t ,d4 ,:at1 !re=e1 is ! effect ( ?is onw>d movem5t ( ! sun t[>ds ! ,e>? z x tries to complete ! half-circle ,e ,d ,c8 ,we h se5 t ! c5trifugal =ce due to ! pressure ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r waves is exactly equal to ! c5tripetal =ce ex]t$ by ! sun on any planet1 & if t be s1 x c be readily se5 t z ! sun j\rneys t[>ds ! po9t ,d ( ! ,e>?'s orbit1 x t5ds to approa* ne>] & ne>] ! ,e>?4 ,?us ! int5sity ( ! ae!rial pressure ow+ to ! decreas$ di/ance w be greatly increas$1 & ! effect ( ! increas$ pressure ( ! ,ae!r ^u ! planet w be to pu% x away f ! sun1 s t ! two =ces may be equaliz$1 & its mean di/ance1 :i* is def9itely fix$1 be ma9ta9$ z f> z possible4 ,! result w be t1 in/ead ( ! ,e>? describ+ ! half-circle ,e ,d ,c1 x actually describes ! "p ( ! ellipse ,e ,f ,c4 ,?us x c be se5 t :ile ! sun is travell+ ?r\gh space1 x is at ! same "t giv+ rise to ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r waves1 :i*1 by _! repell+ p[]1 repel ! ,e>? f ! sun 9 ! direction t ! sun is travell+1 & h5ce ! half-circle is elongat$ into t "p ( ! elliptic orbit kn[n z ! p]ihelion1 :i* is t "p ( ! orbit :]e ! di/ance ( any planet f ! sun is ! lea/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #bf4 ,! repell+ p[] ( ! ,ae!r waves is n1 h[ev]1 suffici5t to ov]come altoge!r ! c5tripetal =ce 9 conjunction ) ! ,e>?'s motion1 ) ! result t :5 ! ,e>? arrives at ,f1 its di/ance is only #ia million miles1 t be+ ! lea/ di/ance betwe5 ! sun & ! ,e>?4 ,we %all see ! result ( ?is decreas$ di/ance :5 we deal ) ,kepl]'s ,second ,law4 ,we w n[ proce$ to notice ! effect ( ! sun's orbital velocity ^u t "p ( ! ,e>?'s orbit :i* includes ! aphelion1 or t "p 9 :i* ! ,e>? occupies a position ( ! greate/ di/ance f ! sun4 ,proce$+ on ! same me?od ( reason+1 if ! sun 7 /ation>y1 ) ! ,e>? be+ circl$ r\nd x by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts1 !n ! pa? describ$ by ! ,e>? w\ld be t ( a circle1 be+ repres5t$ by ! half-circle ,c ,g ,e 7,fig4 #bf74 ,b x has to be rememb]$ t :ile ! ,e>? is be+ circl$ r\nd ! sun by ! rotatory electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts1 ! sun is /ill travell+ on t[>ds ,s ,f at ! rate ( #ah1jjj miles p] h\r1 :ile ! ,e>? is travell+ 9 almo/ an opposite direction t[>ds ,c ,g1 s t by ! "t ! ,e>? has got to ,g1 :i* we w suppose is "o qu>t] ( its ellipse1 ! sun has travell$ millions ( miles 9 t "t4 ,?us x c readily be se51 t by ! "t ! ,e>? has got to its aphelion1 x is at its fur!/ di/ance f ! sun1 simply because ! sun has be5 travell+ onw>ds ?r\gh space all ! "t1 :ile ! ,e>? has be5 rec$+ f x2 & z ! motion ( ! ,e>? has be5 9 an opposite direction1 ! mean di/ance has be5 exce$$1 & in/ead ( ! ,e>? be+ n[ at its mean di/ance f ! sun1 its di/ance is n[ #id1ejj1jjj miles4 ,at t "p ( its orbit1 its orbital velocity is at a m9imum1 because ! rotat+ ,ae!r curr5ts h !re a decreas$ fl[ & a decreas$ mass & d5sity1 & !re=e possess a decreas$ k9etic en]gy or motive p[]4 ,?us by ! rotat+ ,ae!r curr5ts work+ 9 conjunction ) ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces1 c be acc\nt$ on a physical basis ! fir/ ( ,kepl]'s ,laws 9 a mann] :i* is /rictly philosophical1 z ! explanation is simple 9 conception1 does n violate exp]i5ce or exp]im5t1 & satisfactorily acc\nts =1 on a physical basis1 ! law :i* x is requir$ to expla94 ,if we consid] ! rotat+ ,ae!r curr5ts z purely curr5ts ( electricity1 !n exactly ! same results foll[4 ,=1 z we %all see lat]1 ,pr(essor ,lodge 9 8 ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity proves t electricity possesses bo? in]tia & mom5tum1 & if electricity possesses ^! prop]ties1 !n x also possesses ! requisite prop]ties to enable ! curr5ts to propel or pu% any planet ar\nd its c5tral body1 or a satellite r\nd its prim>y planet4 ,!re=e ! same c\rse ( reason+ t applies to ! rotat+ ,ae!r curr5ts1 equally applies to ! curr5ts ( electricity t circulate r\nd ea* satellite1 planet1 & sun & />1 & by t circulation gives rise to ! electro-magnetism associat$ ) ea* body1 :ile at ! same "t !y supply ! k9etic en]gy :i* enables any dep5d5t or associat$ body to be propell$ r\nd _! controll+ c5tre4 ,,art4 #ajc4 ,second ,law ( ,kepl]4--,accord+ to ,kepl]'s ,second ,law 7,art4 #bg71 we le>n t ! radius vector1 :i* is ! imag9>y /raight l9e jo9+ any planet to ! sun1 describes1 or sweeps ov]1 equal areas 9 equal times4 ,s t1 :ile ,kelp]'s ,fir/ ,law describes ! pa? :i* a planet takes 9 revolv+ r\nd ! sun1 ! ,second ,law %[s h[ ! velocity ( t planet v>ies 9 diff]5t p>ts ( its orbit4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 !re is a diff]5ce 9 ! velocity ( any planet at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! orbit1 !re is /ill a proportion exi/+ betwe5 its v>i\s velocities1 9 t equal areas are cov]$ 9 equal times4 ,we h n[ to apply ! hypo!sis ( our rotatory ,ae!r curr5ts1 9 conjunction ) ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces1 9 ord] to see :e!r ! ,second ,law ( ,kepl] c be expla9$ on a physical basis1 9 ! same way t ,newton expla9$ x f ! ma!matical /&po9t4 ,we h aga9 to conceive ! sun z ! c5tre ( two equal b exactly opposite =ces1 & also possess+ a rotatory motion on its axis1 ) ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts ev] circulat+ r\nd x4 ,if ! sun 7 /ation>y1 x w be manife/ at once t ,kepl]'s ,second ,law w\ld be lit]ally & /rictly fulfill$1 = 9 t case ! orbit ( all ! planets w\ld be p]fect circles1 & ! motion ( planets 9 _! orbits w\ld be p]fectly uni=m1 & !re=e equal areas w\ld be cov]$ by ! radius vector 9 equal times4 ,?us any qu>t] ( ! orbit w\ld be describ$ 9 exactly a #a_/d ( a ye>1 #a_/ab 9 #a_/ab ( a ye>1 #a_/dj 9 #a_/dj ( a ye>1 & s on1 ! "t be+ exactly proportional to ! proportion ( ! area cov]$ by ! radius vector4 ,! area cov]$ w\ld always be uni=m1 because ! radius vector w\ld always be uni=m 9 l5g?4 ,b1 z we h se5 9 ! previ\s article1 ! di/ance ( a planet f ! sun1 t is1 ! l5g? ( ! radius vector1 is n uni=m1 z ! ,e>? is ne>] to ! sun at p]ihelion1 & fur!r away at aphelion1 its di/ance gradually *ang+ z x passes f ea* ( ^! po9ts to ! o!r4 ,n[ :at is ! effect ( ! decreas$ di/ance ^u ! circulat+ or rotatory ,ae!r curr5ts8 ,we h already se5 7,art4 #ii7 t ! clos] ^! ,ae!r curr5ts are to ! c5tral body1 ! sun1 ! great] is _! velocity & ! great] _! mass1 s t ! total impress$ =ce :i* !y ex]t ov] any planet is great] ! ne>] t planet is to ! sun4 ,?is is prov$ by ! fact t ,m]cury has a great] orbital velocity ?an ,v5us1 ,v5us ?an ! ,e>?1 ! ,e>? ?an ,m>s1 & s on "r ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! planet>y sy/em4 ,9 view ( ^! facts1 let u aga9 consid] ! effect ( ! sun n be+ /ation>y1 b hav+ an orbital velocity ( its own ?r\gh space4 ,?us let ! sun be at ,s & ! ,e>? be at po9t ,d ( its orbit 7,fig4 #be74 ,! circulat+ ,ae!r curr5ts are ev] act+ ^u ! ,e>?1 c>ry+ x r\nd ! sun ) !m1 :ile at ! same "t ! c5tripetal =ce is pull+ x t[>ds ! sun ) a c]ta9 int5sity1 b ! c5trifugal =ce is repell+ ! ,e>? ) exactly ! same int5sity1 & if ! sun rema9$ motionless ! two =ces w\ld exactly balance ea* o!r1 :ile ! ,e>? w\ld describe ! half-circle ,e ,d ,c4 ,b :ile ! ,e>? is mov+ t[>ds ! po9t ,d ) a velocity ( #fd1jjj miles p] h\r1 ! sun is also mov+ at ! velocity ( ab\t #ah1jjj miles p] h\r t[>ds t po9t4 ,?us ! repell+ p[] ( ! radiat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r waves has to ov]come1 n only its exact c\nt]p>t1 ! c5tripetal =ce1 b also ! onw>d motion ( ! sun z x ru%es on its c\rse ?r\gh space4 ,?is ! c5trifugal =ce is unable to d1 ) ! result t ! di/ance is gradually less5$1 & in/ead ( ! ,e>? describ+ ! arc ,e ,d1 x describes ! arc ,e ,f1 at :i* po9t its di/ance is at ! m9imum1 or ab\t #ia millions ( miles4 ,or1 to put ! same fact 9 ano!r way4 ,:5 ! ,e>? is at ,e1 ! c5tripetal =ce & ! orbital velocity ( ! ,e>? & ! sun are act+ conjo9tly1 ) ! result t !y ov]come ! c5trifugal =ce1 & ! di/ance is gradually decreas$4 ,?is decreas$ di/ance means an increas$ ae!rial d5sity & an increas$ velocity ( ! ae!rial curr5ts1 ) ! result1 t z ! di/ance is decreas$1 ! orbital velocity ( ! ,e>? is gradually increas$1 s t by ! "t ! ,e>? gets to ,f1 at its p]ihelion1 x has n[ acquir$ its greate/ orbital velocity1 & is c>ri$ r\nd ! sun by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts at its maximum velocity4 ,n[ let u look at ! ,e>? be+ circl$ r\nd ! sun by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts z x goes on to p]=m ! o!r half ( ! orbit4 ,9 ?is case we h ! orbital motion ( ! sun & ! c5trifugal =ce work+ conjo9tly1 ) ! result t toge!r !y ov]come ! c5tripetal =ce1 & ! ,e>? is repell$ & c>ri$ beyond its mean di/ance4 ,let ,s repres5t ! sun1 ! ,e>? be+ at po9t ,c ( its orbit1 aft] pass+ r\nd its p]ihelion1 & at ?is decreas$ di/ance x is c>ri$ along by ! circulat+ & d5s] ,ae!r ) its maximum velocity 7,fig4 #bf74 ,n[ :ile ! ,e>? is go+ on to describe ! half-circle ,c ,g ,e1 ! sun is /ill pursu+ its j\rney at ! rate ( ab\t #ah1jjj miles p] h\r1 only ?is "t 9 a direction away f ! ,e>?4 ,z1 h[ev]1 ! ,e>? has n yet rega9$ its mean di/ance ( #ib1jjj1jjj miles1 ! c5trifugal =ce is /ill great] ?an ! c5tripetal =ce1 s t ! c5trifugal =ce is urg+ ! planet away f ! sun ) great] int5sity ?an ! c5tripetal =ce is attract+ x1 z ! two =ces are only 9 equilibrium at ! mean di/ance ( ! ,e>?4 ,?us1 z /at$1 ! orbital motion ( ! sun & ! c5trifugal =ces are n[ work+ conjo9tly toge!r1 ) ! result t ! ,e>? is repell$ gradually fur!r & fur!r f its c5tral body1 until x rea*es its maximum di/ance ( #id1ejj1jjj miles4 ,:ile1 h[ev]1 ! di/ance is gradually be+ increas$1 x is pass+ into a "p ( ! ,ae!r possess+ n only a decreas$ mass1 b also a decreas$ velocity1 ) ! result t ! motive p[] or k9etic en]gy ( ! ae!rial curr5ts at ! increas$ di/ance is gradually less5$1 & z a natural result ! velocity ( ! ,e>? is also decreas$2 s t by ! "t ! ,e>? has got to its fur!/ di/ance f ! sun1 its orbital velocity is sl[e/1 because ( ! decreas$ mom5tum ( ! ae!rial curr5ts4 ,?us we c acc\nt = ! diff]5ce ( velocity ( a planet 9 its orbit by ! same electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts work+ 9 conjunction ) ! sun's orbital motion1 & t ^u a /rictly physical basis4 ,?is result is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ,kepl]'s ,second ,law1 :i* /ates t equal areas are describ$ by ! radius vector 9 equal times4 ,newton prov$ t by ! ,law ( ,gravitation ,attraction he c\ld acc\nt = ?is second law1 z well z all ! o!rs1 & z we h n de/roy$ t law1 b p]fect$ x by giv+ x its exact complem5t & c\nt]p>t1 ! same ma!matical reason+ t applies to ! c5tripetal =ce mu/ equally apply to ! c5trifugal =ce1 & if x is true t ! c5tripetal =ce works h>moni\sly ) ! second ( ,kepl]'s ,laws1 !n x is equally true t ! c5trifugal =ce does also1 z ! two are insep>ably & indisputably unit$ toge!r 9 ! atomic ,ae!r4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 a physical basis = ?is c5trifugal =ce1 & we h an equal physical basis = ! c5tripetal =ce1 z we %all see lat]1 & !re=e1 by ! conjo9t work+ ( ^! two =ces tak5 9 conjunction ) ! orbital motion ( ! sun1 we h n[ a physical conception = ! fir/ "t ( ,kepl]'s ,laws1 z well z a ma!matical conception1 t physical conception be+ d]iv$ f ! pressure & motions ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r4 ,,art4 #ajd4 ,ae!r & ,kepl]'s ,?ird ,law4--,9 ,art4 #bh we saw t accord+ to ! ,?ird ,law ( ,kepl]1 ! squ>e ( ! p]iodic "t 0 proportionate to ! cube ( ! mean di/ance ( t planet f its controll+ c5tre4 ,newton prov$ t ?is ,?ird ,law 0 ma!matically correct1 & t x c\ld be ma!matically acc\nt$ = by ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( ! univ]sal ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,z ! c5trifugal =ce is ! exact opposite ( t =ce 9 int5sity1 proportion & mode ( op]ation1 x foll[s t ma!matically ! c5trifugal =ce also be>s ! same relation to ! ,?ird ,law t ! c5tripetal =ce does4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 a physical basis = ! c5trifugal =ce1 & x is ) ! physical conception ( ?is ,?ird ,law r ?an ) its ma!matical "* t we are n[ deal+4 ,kepl] by 8 ,?ird ,law %[$ t ! *ief regulat+ factor 9 ! orbital velocity ( a planet 0 its mean di/ance f ! sun4 ,! great regulator ( ! velocity ( any planet 9 its orbit is simply planet>y di/ance1 & planet>y di/ance alone4 ,if !re 7 no o!r law :i* op]at$ 9 ! sol> sy/em ?an ! c5tripetal =ce1 or ! attractive =ce due to gravity1 !n su* factors z mass & d5sity ( a planet ought to play a mo/ important "p 9 ! orbital velocity ( a planet1 z ! c5tripetal =ce directly recognizes ! influ5ce ( mass1 t is1 volume & d5sity1 b says no?+ ab\t mean di/ances4 ,?is fact unmi/akably po9ts to ! exi/5ce1 & dem&s ! op]ation1 ( ano!r =ce1 :i* %all expla91 & t on a physical z well z a ma!matical basis1 h[ x is t ! mean di/ance ( a planet f any c5tre regulates ! orbital velocity ( t planet4 ,! only real & true conception ( su* a =ce is to be f\nd 9 ! radiat+ waves & circulat+ motions ( ! ae!rial m$ium1 :i* waves1 l wat] waves1 increase 9 _! radial outfl[ & ext5t ) a regul> decreas+ int5sity1 & at ! same "t decrease 9 _! angul> velocity z !y rec$e f ! sun4 ,) su* a regul> decrease ( k9etic en]gy1 !re mu/ necess>ily be imp>t$ to ! planets1 z _! mean di/ance is increas$1 a decreas$ velocity ( motion1 ) ! natural result1 t ! fur!r a planet is f ! sun1 ! less w be its orbital velocity1 & t 9 a regul> & uni=m proportion z ! di/ance is increas$4 ,n[ let u view ! matt] = a mom5t 9 its application to ! sol> sy/em1 & by s do+ %[ ! simplicity ( ! explanation1 & at ! same "t give add$ pro( to ! exi/5ce & op]ation ( ! circulat+ ae!rial curr5ts t exi/ 9 space4 ,let u aga9 picture ! sol> fires burn+ 9 all _! fi]c5ess & int5sity1 e atom & p>ticle ( ! sun be+ ?r[n !reby into ! mo/ int5se /ate ( activity1 & by _! en]gy ( motion creat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r waves 9 _! myriads1 :i* spe$ away f ! sun on e side4 ,"u _! influ5ce1 all subord9ate worlds w\ld be c>ri$ away into space1 7 x n = ! complem5t>y ,law ( ,gravitation ,attraction1 t is1 ! c5tripetal =ce4 ,b to e planet1 by ! op]ation ( "s gov]n+ & det]m9+ pr9ciple1 a mean di/ance has be5 giv51 & at t mean di/ance ! two =ces f9d _! equilibrium2 & by _! conjo9t & co-equal work+ hold ea* planet at t mean di/ance ) a p[] t _c be brok54 ,ea* p[] or =ce may be modifi$ "u c]ta9 conditions1 z %[n 9 ! two prec$+ articles2 b1 :e!r ! planet be repell$ fur!r away1 or attract$ ne>] to ! sun1 ?r\gh ! onw>d motion ( ! sun1 ! two =ces ev] seek to ma9ta9 _! equilibrium1 & to place ! planet at its mean position assign$ to x 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,! ne>] t mean position is to ! sun1 ! great] is ! velocity ( ! ae!rial curr5ts :i* circulate r\nd ! sun2 & ! great] _! mass1 volume = volume1 on acc\nt ( ! increas+ d5sity ( ! ,ae!r1 ! ne>] x is to ! sun4 ,! effect ( ?is increas$ velocity1 & ! increas$ mass ( ! circulat+ ,ae!r curr5ts1 is to imp>t to planets ne>e/ to ! sun ! greate/ orbital velocity2 :ile1 ! great] ! di/ance1 ! less w be ! orbital velocity ( ! planet4 ,t ?is is exactly 9 accordance ) obs]vation & exp]i5ce may be prov$ by consid]+ ! respective mean di/ances & orbital velocities ( ! v>i\s planets4 ,m]cury1 ) a mean di/ance ( #ce1ijj1jjj miles1 is circl$ r\nd ! sun at ! enorm\s rate ( ab\t #ajh1jjj miles p] h\r1 accompli%+ its entire j\rney 9 ! %ort p]iod ( #hh days4 ,v5us1 ^: mean di/ance is ab\t #fg1jjj1jjj miles1 is c>ri$ r\nd ! sun at ! r$uc$ rate ( #gh1jjj miles p] h\r1 complet+ h] orbit 9 ! increas$ "t ( #bbd days4 ,our own ,e>?1 at ! /ill fur!r increas$ mean di/ance ( #ib1jjj1jjj miles1 p]=ms h] j\rney at ! r$uc$ velocity ( #fd1jjj miles p] h\r1 accompli%+ ! j\rney r\nd ! sun 9 a p]iod ( #cfe days4 ,?us1 ! fur!r we get f ! sun1 ! sl[] becomes ! movem5t ( a planet 9 its orbit1 & ! long] x takes to complete its revolution r\nd its controll+ c5tre4 ,m>s1 at ! increas$ di/ance ( #ada1jjj1jjj miles1 possesses a r$uc$ velocity ( #ed1jjj miles p] h\r1 & completes its orbit 9 ! increas$ duration ( #fhf days4 ,s ! decrease ( velocity goes on1 z ! planets increase _! mean di/ance f ! sun1 z ! foll[+ figures %[-- ,,mean ,,di/ance4 ,,p]iod ,,( ,,orbital ,,velocity ,,revolution4 ,,p] ,,h\r4 ,jupit] #dhb millions #d1ccb days #bh1jjj miles ,saturn #hhd #aj1gei #ba1fjj ,uranus #a1ghj #cj1fhg #a1hjj ,neptune #b1ghj #fj4abg #ijj ,! relation ( ?is decrease ( velocity to ! mean di/ance is exactly det]m9$ by ,kepl]'s ,?ird ,law1 9 :i* he /ates t ! squ>e ( ! p]iodic "t is proportionate to ! cube ( ! mean di/ance4 ,t ?is is true has already be5 prov$ 9 ,art4 #bh4 ,9 conclusion on ?is po9t1 let me ask ! read] to try to conceive any o!r physical explanation = ?is decrease ( orbital velocity z ! mean di/ance is increas$1 ?an ! "o giv5 "h1 namely1 ! decrease 9 ! velocity & mass ( ! radiat+ & circulat+ ,ae!r curr5ts1 & if su* attempt is made1 ,i premise t its only result w be utt] failure4 ,no o!r physical conception to acc\nt on a physical basis = all ,kepl]'s ,laws c be giv5 or conceiv$1 ?an t :i* f9ds its orig9 9 ! univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 :i* by its pressures1 t5sions & motions gives rise to all ! ph5om5a incid5tal to1 & associat$ )1 planet>y & /ell> ph5om5a4 ,!re=e1 inasmu* z all ! laws ( motion1 & all ,kepl]'s ,laws c be acc\nt$ = by a gravitat+ & rotatory ,ae!r m$ium1 ^? facts alone1 ap>t f ! explanation ( o!r ph5om5a associat$ ) light & heat1 w\ld /amp ! circulat+ ,ae!r m$ium z ! physical cause ( all ! motions & ph5om5a associat$ ) ! :ole ( ! cele/ial me*anism4 ,,art4 #aje4 ,orbital ,motions ( ,satellites & ,planets4--,accord+ to ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law1 ! ,e>? & all ! o!r planets move r\nd ! sun 9 orbits :i* are 9 ! %ape ( an ellipse4 ,n only1 h[ev]1 is ! fir/ law true ( planet>y motion1 x is equally true ( ! motions ( all satellites mov+ r\nd _! prim>y planets4 ,i wi%1 h[ev]1 to po9t out1 & prove 9 an indisputable mann]1 t ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law does n suffici5tly expla9 & det]m9e ! exact orbit ( any satellite z x revolves ar\nd its prim>y planet1 or ev5 ( any planet z x revolves ar\nd ! sun4 ,simply because1 if any satellite or planet is to p]=m a p]fect ellipse z x revolves ar\nd its c5tral body1 t c5tral body mu/ only move = a "t & mu/ !n come to re/1 or p>tly return 9 its j\rney 9 ord] = a p]fect ellipse to be =m$1 z %[n 9 a previ\s figure4 ,n[ we "k f obs]vation t su* a ?+ z re/ 9 space by any planet1 or by ! sun1 is absolutely unkn[n 9 ! cele/ial me*anism4 ,f ,art4 #ib we le>n$ t ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts n only circulate r\nd ! sun1 b !y also circulate r\nd ea* planet4 ,?us we f\nd !re 7 electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts circulat+ r\nd ea* planet1 :ile ^? planets !mselves 7 circl$ r\nd ! sun by ! ,ae!r curr5ts g5]at$ by ! sun2 ! planet>y ,ae!r curr5ts 9 _! turn propel ! satellites r\nd _! prim>y planets4 ,x c easily be se51 !re=e1 t su* ph5om5a z re/ & return ( a planet 9 its j\rney are physical impossibilities1 = ei!r ! circulat+ ,ae!r curr5ts w\ld h to cease circulat+1 or w\ld h to return ^u !mselves 9 "s inconceivable mann]4 ,?us !re is ev] go+ on ?is conjo9t motion1 s to speak1 ( ! sun's ae!rial curr5ts :i* circle all ! planets r\nd t body1 & ! planet>y ae!rial curr5ts :i* circle all ! satellites r\nd _! c5tral body1 & x is ! effect ( ! conjo9t work+ ( ^! curr5ts on ! planets & satellites to :i* ,i wi% to call ! read]'s att5tion4 ,let u 9 />t+ repres5t ! e>?'s orbit by a p]fect ellipse ,a ,b ,c ,d1 ) ! sun occupy+ "o ( ! foci ,s 7,fig4 #bg74 ,we w suppose t ! e>? is at po9t ,a ( its orbit & is be+ circl$ r\nd ! sun ) uni=m velocity4 ,z x is circl$ r\nd ! sun by ! sun's ae!rial curr5ts1 at ! same "t its satellite ! moon is be+ circl$ r\nd ! e>? by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts :i* circulate r\nd t planet4 ,we w repres5t ! orbit ( ! moon by "p ( a small] circle ,d ,e ,f1 & suppose ! moon to be at po9t ,d ( t orbit4 ,! mean di/ance ( ! moon f ! e>? is ab\t #bdj1jjj miles1 s t ! diamet] ( ! orbit is #dhj1jjj miles1 !re=e ! circumf]5ce ( ! orbit is #dhj1jjj #c4adaf1 :i* gives u ab\t #a1ejj1jjj miles4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #bg4 ,t di/ance is trav]s$ 9 ab\t #bh days1 s t ! moon's av]age velocity 9 its orbit1 z x is circl$ or pu%$ r\nd ! e>?1 is ab\t #bbjj miles p] h\r4 ,:ile1 !re=e1 ! moon is travell+ #bbjj miles1 ! e>? 9 its j\rney r\nd ! sun has travell$ ab\t #fd1hjj miles 9 ! same "t4 ,s t by ! "t ! moon has travell$ half its orbit1 t is1 f ,d to ,f1 :i* w\ld take ab\t #ad days1 ! e>? has also travell$ 9 its orbit #fd1hjj #bd #ad #ba1ggb1hjj miles1 ) ! result1 t in/ead ( ! moon arriv+ at po9t ,f1 :i* x w\ld d if ! e>? 7 /ation>y1 x really arrives at a po9t ab\t #ba1ggb1hjj miles 9 front ( t po9t4 ,9 a simil> way1 :ile ! moon goes on to describe ! o!r half ( ! orbit1 ! e>? /ill proce$s on its j\rney1 s t at ! end ( #ad days x is aga9 #ba1ggb1hjj miles fur!r on1 ) ! result1 t ! c5tripetal =ce 7by :i* ! moon is attract$ to ! e>?7 keeps x at ! di/ance ( #bdj1jjj miles accord+ to ,kepl]'s ,second ,law z expla9$ 9 ,art4 #ajc4 ,! moon1 !re=e1 completes its orbit ab\t #ba1ggb1hjj miles fur!r on ?an x w\ld d if ! e>? 7 /ation>y4 ,! effect ( ?is cont9ual progress ( ! e>? on ! moon's orbit z x describes its orbit r\nd ! sun is se5 9 ! diagram4 ,z ! moon revolves r\nd ! e>? ?irte5 times 9 "o ye>1 x p]=ms ?irte5 revolutions r\nd t planet2 b x _c be said t ^! orbits are p]fect ellipses1 z ! e>? is ev] be+ circl$ r\nd its c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,ev5 ?is diagram does n accurately repres5t ! orbital motion ( ! moon ?r\gh space1 z x assumes t ! e>? returns to ! same po9t 9 space f :5ce x />t$4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is incorrect1 z we h to rememb] t ! sun has also an orbital velocity ( #ah1jjj miles p] h\r1 s t :ile ! e>? has p]=m$ "o revolution 9 its orbit1 ! sun has actually progress$ ?r\gh space to ! ext5t ( #ah1jjj #bd #cfe #aeg1fhj1jjj miles4 ,:5 we come to deal ) ! sun's motion ?r\gh space1 we %all see t ?is di/ance only repres5ts a fraction ( ! sun's orbit1 z x c be philosophically prov$1 t if ! sun moves at all1 x1 too1 obeys ,kepl]'s ,laws2 & !re=e1 accord+ to 8 ,fir/ ,law1 x also describes & possesses an orbit ( its own4 ,s t by ! "t ! e>? has made its annual revolution r\nd ! sun1 ! :ole sy/em has be5 c>ri$ #aeg1fhj1jjj miles ?r\gh space1 & !re=e ! e>? does n complete a p]fect ellipse1 b its orbital motion r\nd ! sun w be repres5t$ by a simil> k9d ( diagram to ! "o :i* repres5ts ! orbital motions ( ! moon1 or any o!r satellite r\nd its c5tral body4 ,,art4 #ajf4 ,ecc5tricity ( ,orbit ( ,moon4--,f a/ronomical obs]vation we le>n1 t all ! satellites & planets d n possess uni=mity ( motion1 z !y are c>ri$ r\nd _! controll+ c5tres by ! circulat+ ae!rial curr5ts1 because ! respective controll+ c5tres !mselves move ?r\gh space4 ,! result is1 t ! orbit ( any satellite or planet is n always ( ! same size1 b con/antly v>ies1 sometimes hav+ a l>g] circumf]5ce ?an at o!r times1 & sometimes a small] circumf]5ce4 ,?is *ange 9 ! size ( ! orbit ( a satellite or planet is kn[n z ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit1 :i* ecc5tricity is con/antly *ang+1 be+ sometimes great] & sometimes less4 ,we w look at ?is tru? 9 its relation to ! moon fir/1 & !n consid] ! same pr9ciple 9 its relation to ! e>? & o!r planets lat] on4 ,= ! purpose ( illu/ration1 we w consid] ! e>? z be+ circl$ r\nd ! sun by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts 9 a clos$ orbit1 ,a ,b ,c ,d1 :i* =ms a p]fect ellipse1 ! sun occupy+ "o ( ! foci ,s 7,fig4 #bh71 ! e>? occupy+ a position 9 ! orbit repres5t$ by po9t ,c1 ) ! moon be+ circl$ r\nd ! e>? by t planet's ae!rial curr5ts4 ,z we h already se5 9 ,art4 #ajc1 accord+ to ,kepl]'s ,second ,law1 at ?is po9t ! e>? is fur!/ f ! sun1 be+ n[ at a di/ance ( #id-a_/b millions ( miles1 & !re=e its orbital velocity w be sl[e/ at t "p ( its orbit4 ,if x 7 absolutely at re/ 9 space1 & simply revolv+ on its own axis1 !n ! result w\ld be t ! moon w\ld be circl$ r\nd ! e>? 9 an orbit ,m ,c ,f :i* is p]fectly circul> 9 =m2 b1 z ! e>? is be+ c>ri$ along sl[ly ?r\gh space by ! circulat+ ,ae!r curr5ts1 ?is onw>d movem5t *anges ! circul> orbit into an orbit ( elliptic =m4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #bh4 ,! ecc5tricity ( ! moon's orbit :5 ! e>? is at its aphelion1 or fur!/ f ! sun1 is n[ at a m9imum1 = ! simple reason t ! e>? is proce$+ sl[ly ?r\gh space1 ow+ to ! decreas$ k9etic en]gy ( ! ae!rial curr5ts at ! increas$ di/ance4 ,s t1 at ?is po9t ( ! e>?'s orbit1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two axes ( ! moon's orbit w be ! lea/1 & its orbit at t po9t w be ! ne>e/ approa* to t ( a circle4 ,b1 z we h already se51 z soon z ! e>? leaves ?is "p ( its orbit1 & beg9s to get ne>] to ! sun1 x passes into a "p ( ! ae!rial m$ium possess+ great] k9etic en]gy1 ) ! result t its own velocity is accel]at$4 ,n[ :at is ! effect ( ?is increas$ accel]ation ( ! e>? on ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit ( ! moon8 ,! e>?'s rotation on its axis rema9s unalt]$ dur+ ?is increas+ orbital velocity1 consequ5tly ! ae!rial curr5ts g5]at$ by ! e>? w rema9 uni=m1 & ! moon w /ill be circl$ r\nd ! e>? 9 ! same p]iod ( ab\t #bh days4 ,b :ile ! "t ( ! moon's revolution rema9s unalt]$1 ! orbit t %e has to describe is n[ increas$ ow+ to ! increas$ orbital velocity ( its c5tral body1 ) ! result1 t by ! "t ! e>? gets to t "p ( its orbit repres5t$ by po9t ,d1 x is !n two millions ( miles ne>] to ! sun ?an at po9t ,c1 & w be circl$ r\nd ! sun by ! ae!rial curr5ts at a mu* great] rate4 ,!re=e1 ! ecc5tricity ( ! moon's orbit is increas$ j 9 proportion to ! increas$ velocity ( ! e>? 9 its orbit r\nd ! sun4 ,by ! "t ! e>? has arriv$ at po9t ,a1 :5 x is only a di/ance ( ab\t #ia millions ( miles f ! sun1 x rea*es ! m9imum di/ance1 & is circl$ r\nd at ! decreas$ di/ance ) its maximum velocity4 ,at ?is po9t1 !re=e1 ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit ( ! moon w be at its greate/1 &1 if "o revolution c\ld be repres5t$ by an ellipse ,e ,g ,h1 !n t ellipse w\ld be m elongat$1 & ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two axes ( ! moon's orbit w\ld be great] ?an at any o!r po9t ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,?us x c readily be se5 t ! ecc5tricity ( ! moon's orbit is prim>ily due to ! diff]5t velocities ( ! c5tral body1 9 ?is case ! e>?1 z t body is c>ri$ r\nd its c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,:]e ! e>?'s motion is sl[e/1 !re ! ecc5tricity ( ! moon's orbit w be at a m9imum2 b :]e ! e>?'s velocity is greate/1 !re ! ecc5tricity ( ! moon's orbit w be at a maximum4 ,betwe5 ?is m9imum & maximum velocity ( ! e>? 9 its orbit !re is ! con/ant increase or decrease 9 ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit ( ! moon2 ! ecc5tricity increas+ z ! orbital velocity ( ! c5tral body increases1 & decreas+ z ! orbital velocity ( ! e>? decreases4 ,a fur!r fact has1 h[ev]1 to be tak5 into consid]ation1 :i* is t ! prim>y body ab\t :i* ! moon revolves is itself subject to ! same ecc5tricity ( its orbit1 & = simil> reasons1 z we %all see lat] on4 ,s t :5 ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit is at its greate/1 !n ! moon's orbit w possess its greate/ possible ecc5tricity1 & z ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit is dep5d5t ^u ! orbital velocity ( ! sun1 s ! greate/ possible ecc5tricity ( ! moon's orbit is indirectly connect$ & associat$ ) ! sun's motion ?r\gh space1 :i* motion w n[ be consid]$4 ,,art4 #ajg4 ,! ,sun & ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law4--,we h le>n$ 9 ! previ\s articles t ,kepl]'s ,laws n only apply to planet>y motion1 b are equally applicable to ! motion ( all satellites z !y revolve r\nd _! respective planets4 ,! "q n[ confronts u1 z to :e!r ,kepl]'s ,laws are equally true 9 _! application to ! sun8 ,n[ ! sun is "o ( ! ho/ ( />s t move 9 ! va/ inf9ity ( space1 & if x c be prov$ t ,kepl]'s ,laws hold good 9 relation to "o />1 z !y d 9 relation to all planets & satellites1 !n su* a result w h a mo/ important be>+ ^u ! motions ( o!r />s1 & we %all be able to det]m9e ) "s degree ( exactness :at are ! motions & orbits by :i* all ! />s 9 ! univ]se are gov]n$4 ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el fir/ attack$ ! "q z to :e!r ! sun1 l all ! o!r />s1 0 9 motion1 & if 9 motion1 :at 0 ! %ape ( its orbit1 & ! laws :i* gov]n$ its orbital velocity4 ,we "k t ! sun is ! c5tre ( ! sol> sy/em1 & ! "q to be consid]$ is1 :e!r t sy/em is circl$ r\nd a controll+ c5tre :ile ! sun is at re/ 9 space1 simply possess+ its "o axial rotation1 or :e!r1 l e planet & satellite1 x is subject to two motions1 an axial rotation & an orbital velocity ?r\gh space4 ,fur!r1 if x possesses an orbital velocity ?r\gh space1 :at is ! cause ( t orbital velocity8 ,x 0 due to ! g5ius ( ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el to fir/ solve ?is problem1 & by c>eful rese>* he 0 able to det]m9e t ! sun1 ) all its att5dant planets1 0 inde$ mov+ ?r\gh space4 ,n only did he discov] ?is fact1 b he also f\nd out ! direction 9 :i* ! :ole ( our sol> sy/em 0 mov+1 z well z ! velocity ) :i* ! g5]al movem5t 0 p]=m$4 ,h]s*el prov$ t ! onw>d m>* ( ! sol> sy/em 0 9 ! direction ( ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules1 & t ! velocity ( ! m>* ( ?is sy/em exce$s five miles p] second1 or #ejj1jjj miles p] day4 ,?us we le>n t ! :ole ( our sol> sy/em1 compris+ ! sun1 ) all its planets ) _! att5dant satellites :i* circle r\nd ea* planet1 & ! a/]oids or m9or planets1 are b\nd toge!r by ! two =ces1 ! c5tripetal & ! c5trifugal1 :ile ! sy/em z a :ole is urg$ on its way by "s =ce or p[] ?r\gh ! realms ( space4 ,:at t p[] is we %all try to f9d out z we consid] ! application ( ,kepl]'s ,laws to ?is onw>d movem5t ( ! sun4 ,if1 !n1 ! sun is mov+ ?r\gh space ) ?is enorm\s velocity1 ! "q arises z to :at is ! %ape ( ! pa? or orbit :i* x describes8 ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el attack$ ?is "q f a ma!matical /&po9t1 & came to a c]ta9 conclusion1 z we %all see4 ,we w1 h[ev]1 attack ! problem solely f ! philosophical /&po9t1 by apply+ to x ! ,rules ( ,philosophy giv5 9 our fir/ *apt]1 & we w !n see :e!r our result is 9 h>mony ) ! conclusions arriv$ at by ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el4 ,n[ :at has exp]i5ce & obs]vation to tell u reg>d+ ! orbit :i* any body mov+ 9 space assumes8 ,take1 = example1 our moon z illu/rat+ ! movem5t ( all satellites1 & our e>? z illu/rat+ all planet>y motion4 ,:at does obs]vation tea* u z to ! orbits :i* ^! bodies describe8 ,if x tea*es u any?+ at all1 x tea*es u t e satellite & planet moves ) v>y+ velocity 9 a v>y+ orbit ar\nd "s c5tral body4 ,s f> z our obs]vation goes1 !n1 9 relation to planet>y motion1 or ! motion ( satellites1 we le>n t e body :i* moves 9 space fulfils ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law1 & describes an orbit r\nd a c5tral body1 t body occupy+ "o ( ! foci4 ,?us1 :]ev] we get any body mov+ 9 space1 if !re be any tru? 9 philosophy :i* is bas$ on exp]im5t & obs]vation1 t body ought also to move 9 simil> elliptic orbits1 & be subject to exactly simil> conditions gov]n+ ^? orbits4 ,b we h le>n$ t ! sun moves ?r\gh space ) a velocity ( ab\t five miles p] second1 !re=e x foll[s1 philosophically1 t ! sun mu/ also move ar\nd "s o!r c5tral body1 & ! pa? ( su* movem5t is t ( an elliptic orbit1 ) ! c5tral body ar\nd :i* x moves occupy+ "o ( ! foci4 ,9 o!r words1 ! sun obeys ! fir/ ( ,kepl]'s ,laws1 ! same z all ! planets & satellites d4 ,suppose1 = a mom5t1 t x is d5i$ t ! sun moves 9 an elliptic orbit6 ,:at pa? w\ld x pursue 9 place ( t8 ,w\ld ! pa? be t ( a /raight l9e t[>ds ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules8 ,su* an assumption w\ld be altoge!r unphilosophical1 z x is contr>y to all exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & is !re=e unt5able4 ,be=e su* an assumption c be made1 x mu/ be prov$ t e planet & satellite moves 9 a /raight l9e1 & n till t has be5 done c x be assum$ t ! sun moves 9 a /raight l9e1 or inde$ 9 any o!r pa? ?an t /at$ 9 ! fir/ ( ,kepl]'s ,laws4 ,?is conclusion is 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! conclusion arriv$ at by ,h]s*el1 = 9 8 "w on ,a/ronomy1 9 ,arts4 #bib1 #bie & #big1 he po9ts out t ! sun's pa? is elliptic 9 =m1 & t ,kepl] also %[$ ! sun fulfill$ ! fir/ ( 8 laws1 & describ$ an orbit :i* 0 9 ! %ape ( an ellipse4 ,we h !re=e philosophically arriv$ at ! conclusion t ! sun moves 9 an elliptic orbit1 & to d s x mu/ move r\nd "s c5tral body1 :i* is to ! sun :at ! sun is to ! planets1 & :at ! planets are to ! satellites4 ,x is impossible to conceive ( ! sun mov+ 9 an elliptic orbit1 & yet n mov+ ar\nd "s c5tral body1 z we %\ld h a cele/ial ph5om5on altoge!r oppos$ to all exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,= we h already se5 t ! c5tral body is j z important a factor to ! elliptic orbit z ! planet itself1 because1 )\t ! c5tral body !re _c possibly be any elliptic orbit4 ,:]e !n 9 ! univ]se is ! c5tral body ar\nd :i* ! sun revolves8 ,:at is its di/ance away f ! sun8 ,:at is its size8 ,^! are que/ions t philosophy alone _c answ]1 z !re is no law1 s f> z ,i c see1 t regulates ! size & di/ance ( ! c5tral body 9 proportion to ! size & di/ance ( ! planets or satellites4 ,if !re 71 !n x w\ld be possible = philosophy to apply su* a law or rule4 ,t !re is a c5tral body ar\nd :i* ! sun revolves is z true z ! fact t !re is a c5tral body ab\t :i* ea* planet revolves1 or ea* satellite revolves1 & x rema9s = ! practical a/ronom]1 or ! ma!matician1 to endeav\r to discov] ! exact "p ( ! heav5s 9 :i* x is situat$1 & asc]ta9 its di/ance & possibly its size4 ,:at w be ! effect ( ! exi/5ce ( ?is c5tral body ( ! sun ^u ! sol> sy/em8 ,"o effect w be to d away ) t isolation t up to ! pres5t has app>5tly exi/$ ) reg>d to our sol> sy/em & /ell> space4 ,in/ead ( ! sol> sy/em be+ a solit>y sy/em t moves ?r\gh space subject to app>5tly no law1 & mov$ by app>5tly no physical p[]1 t sy/em1 ?r\gh ! influ5ce & effect ( ! ae!rial curr5ts orig9at$ by t c5tral body1 w be l9k$ to o!r p>ts ( ! univ]se1 & w become a "p ( "o h>moni\s :ole1 its physical connection be+ made manife/ & pla9 9 ! self-same electro-magnetic ,ae!r m$ium t =ms ! connect+ m$ium betwe5 ! satellites & planets1 or ! planets & ! sun4 ,ano!r result w be1 t z ! sun is a />1 we %all be able to apply ! self-same pr9ciples & laws ( ,kepl] to ! /ell> _w 9 exactly ! same way t we h done to ! sol> sy/em4 ,?us1 by br++ all /ell> ph5om5a "u ! influ5ce ( ,kepl]'s ,laws1 we %all be able to philosophically give an unity to ! univ]se1 & %[1 )9 rational limits1 h[ su* unity may be physically conceiv$1 :i* result w be an advance ^u any physical conception ( ! univ]se hi!rto manife/$ or reveal$4 ,fur!r1 by accept+ ! fir/ ( ,kepl]'s ,laws 9 relation to ! sun1 & admitt+ ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral body1 we %all be able !n to apply ! second ( ,kepl]'s ,laws1 & by s do+ %all be able to give a physical explanation ( two sci5tific facts :i* up to ! pres5t h nev] be5 physically expla9$1 viz4 ! physical conception ( ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 & a physical explanation ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 :i* is b ! result ( ! application ( ,kepl]'s ,second ,law to ! sun's orbital motion ar\nd its c5tral body4 ,,art4 #ajh4 ,! ,sun & ,kepl]'s ,second ,law4--,we w n[ proce$ to apply ! second ( ,kepl]'s ,laws to ! orbital motion ( ! sun1 &1 9 s do+1 %all f9d we are able to give at ! same "t a physical explanation ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,9 ord] to obta9 a physical conception ( ! sun's orbital motion accord+ to ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law1 x is ess5tial t we %\ld consid] ! effect ( ! exi/5ce ( a c5tral body ar\nd :i* ! sun revolves2 or1 to put ! matt] into ano!r =m1 we w ask ! "q z to :at is ! physical cause ( ! sun revolv+ r\nd t c5tral body8 ,let u look at ! case = a mom5t4 ,"h1 accord+ to a/ronomical obs]vation1 we f9d a c]ta9 ph5om5on :i* takes ! =m ( a huge body #hfe1jjj miles 9 diamet] mov+ ?r\gh space ) a velocity ( ne>ly #ejj1jjj miles p] day4 ,:at !n is ! physical cause ( ! movem5t ( ?is l>ge sph]e8 ,c]ta9ly !re mu/ be "s physical cause1 or else we h a violation ( all exp]i5ce1 :i* indisputably tea*es u t no body moves unless x is ei!r pu%$ or pull$4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 done away ) a pull+ p[] s f> z ! cause ( ! actual revolution ( bodies ar\nd a c5tral body is conc]n$1 & 9 its place h sub/itut$ a m$ium t pu%es or c>ries !m r\nd ea* c5tral body4 ,= ov] #bjj ye>s ! sci5tific _w has accept$ a pull+ p[]1 t is1 an attractive p[]1 solely z ! cause ( ! movem5ts ( cele/ial bodies1 ) ! result t ! physical cause ( all ! motions ( planets & satellites has be5 out/&+ & undiscov]$4 ,x w\ld1 !re=e1 be unphilosophical to rev]t to ! old conception ( a gravitat+ attractive p[] z ! sole cause ( ! sun's orbital motion ?r\gh space4 ,if we desire to "k :at is ! cause ( its revolution r\nd t c5tral body1 !n we mu/ seek to f9d ! same f ! result ( obs]vation & exp]i5ce 9 o!r directions4 ,we h le>n$ f ,art4 #ajb t ! orbital motion ( ! moon is caus$ by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts t circulate r\nd its c5tral body1 ! e>?4 ,by ! same means e satellite is circl$ r\nd its c5tral body also4 ,we h also le>n$ f ,art4 #ii t ! e>? is c>ri$ r\nd ! sun by ! circulat+ & rotat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts1 & t ^! same curr5ts also =m ! physical cause ( ! revolution ( all ! o!r planets r\nd _! c5tral body1 ! sun4 ,?us we arrive at ! fact t :]ev] !re is a body mov+ 9 space1 x is mov+ solely because x is pu%$ along1 or c>ri$ r\nd its controll+ c5tre by ! rotat+ ,ae!r curr5ts4 ,b we h j le>n$ t ! sun is mov+ ?r\gh space1 & t x describes an elliptic orbit ar\nd "s c5tral body 9 accordance ) ,kepl]'s ,fir/ ,law4 ,s t ! only philosophical conclusion t we c possibly arrive at 9 relation to ! orbital motion ( ! sun is1 t su* motion is caus$ by simil> electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts ^: circulat+ motion is p>tly caus$ by ! rotation ( t c5tral body4 ,?us we are l$ up to ! philosophical conclusion1 t x is ! ae!rial curr5ts ( ! c5tral body ar\nd :i* ! sun revolves1 t produce1 & alone produce1 ! onw>d motion ( ! sun ?r\gh space4 ,any o!r conclusion mu/ be unphilosophical1 & !re=e unt5able4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to conceive ( ! sun's c5tral body g5]at+ & giv+ rise to electro-magnetic ae!rial curr5ts t ext5d ?r\gh space to ! limits at lea/ ( ! sol> sy/em1 & ^! ae!rial curr5ts1 act+ ^u ! sun's huge =m by _! k9etic en]gy1 c>ry x ) all its associat$ worlds ?r\gh inf9ite space4 ,!re is no?+ extravagant 9 ?is conception1 :5 we rememb] t ! sol> sy/em has be5 mov+ on & on ?r\gh inf9ite space ye> aft] ye>1 & yet x nev] seems to get appreciably ne>] to ! o!r />s1 b ,i hope to %[ ! reason ( ?is by /rictly philosophical reason+ lat] on4 ,) ?is conception ( ! sun 9 its relation to its c5tral body we are n[ 9 a position to consid] ! application ( ,kepl]'s ,second ,law ^u ! sun's orbital motion1 & its resultant effect ^u ! orbit ( our e>? & all ! o!r planets4 ,f ,kepl]'s ,second ,law we "k t equal areas are describ$ by ! radius vector 9 equal times1 & if ! fir/ law ( ,kepl] is at all applicable to ! sun1 !n x mu/ foll[ t if ! sun has an orbit1 & moreov] an elliptic orbit z /at$ by ,kepl] himself1 !n1 z a natural result1 ! radius vector ( ! sun mu/ move ov] equal areas 9 equal times4 ,! physical explanation ( ,kepl]'s ,second ,law 0 giv5 9 ,art4 #ajc1 & !re is no ne$ to trav]se ! same gr\nd aga94 ,x is1 !re=e1 true t ! sun moves fa/] 9 c]ta9 p>ts ( its orbit ?an 9 o!rs1 be+ urg$ ?r\gh space at its greate/ velocity :5 x is ne>e/ its controll+ c5tre1 & sl[e/ :5 f>!/ away f t controll+ c5tre4 ,h]s*el1 9 8 "w on ,a/ronomy1 /ates3 ,! motion ( ! sun w be su* t equal areas are ?us swept ov] by ! revolv+ radius vector 9 equal times 9 :atev] "p ( ! circumf]5ce ( ! ellipse ! sun may be mov+4 ,he1 h[ev]1 sugge/$ t ! e>? =ms a focus ( ! sun's ellipse1 a sugge/ion :i* is unphilosophical1 x seems to me1 z we might equally sugge/ t ! e>? revolves r\nd ! moon1 :i* is contr>y to all obs]vation4 ,?us ! sun is n c>ri$ uni=mly ?r\gh space by ! ae!rial curr5ts ( its c5tral body1 because x is ne>] to t c5tral body at c]ta9 times2 its velocity be+ regulat$ by its di/ance f t body1 ! same be+ increas$ z ! di/ance is decreas$1 & decreas$ z ! di/ance increases4 ,n[ if ?is reason+ be correct1 & if ! sun really moves r\nd a c5tral body & is subject to ,kepl]'s ,second ,law1 !n t increase & decrease ( di/ance w be made manife/ 9 ! increase & decrease ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,s t if ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit %\ld v>y f c5tury to c5tury1 !n we h conclusive evid5ce t ! sun obeys ! fir/ & second ( ,kepl]'s ,laws1 & !re=e t x revolves ar\nd a controll+ c5tre ( its own4 ,f obs]vation we f9d t ?is is exactly :at is happ5+1 & t at ! pres5t "t ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit is gradually dim9i%+1 & 9 ab\t #bd1jjj ye>s ! orbit w be v ne>ly a circle4 ,n[1 f :at 0 /at$ 9 ,art4 #ajf1 we "k t ! moon's orbit w be ne>ly a circul> orbit :5 ! e>? is f>!/ f ! sun1 & t !n its orbital velocity is at a m9imum4 ,9 ord] = ?is result to be produc$1 ! e>? mu/ rea* t "p ( its orbit kn[n z aphelion1 :]e ! di/ance f its controll+ c5tre is greate/1 s t ! ecc5tricity ( ! moon's orbit is always an indication ( ! position ( ! e>? 9 its relation to ! sun4 ,:5 ! ecc5tricity ( ! moon's orbit is decreas+1 ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun is increas+1 b :5 ! ecc5tricity ( ! moon's orbit is increas+1 !n ! e>?'s di/ance f ! sun is decreas+4 ,n[ if we apply ?is analogy to ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 we %all be able to obta9 "s idea ( ! relation ( ! sun to its c5tral body4 ,we f9d !n t ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit is decreas+1 !re=e1 argu+ f analogy1 we arrive at ! conclusion t ! sun's di/ance f its controll+ c5tre is increas+1 & t its orbital velocity is decreas+4 ,if x be true t 9 #bd1jjj ye>s ! e>?'s orbit w be ne>ly circul>1 !n x foll[s t 9 #bd1jjj ye>s ! sun w be at t "p ( its orbit correspond+ to ! aphelion ( ! orbit ( ! e>?1 t is1 its di/ance f its controll+ c5tre w !n be at a maximum4 ,aft] t ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit w beg9 to increase1 & w cont9ue to increase = ab\t #dj1jjj ye>s1 accord+ to "s sci5ti/s1 :i* implies t ! sun w !n h />t$ f its aphelion po9t1 s to speak1 & w beg9 its return j\rney t[>ds its c5tral body1 gradually gett+ ne>] & ne>]4 ,z x gets ne>] its orbital velocity w be proportionately increas$1 ) ! result t ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit w increase also4 ,f a consid]ation ( ! movem5t ( ! major axis ( ! e>?'s orbit1 :i* is mov+ =w>d at ! rate ( #aa p] ye>1 we are told t a :ole revolution w be made 9 #ajh1jjj ye>s4 ,we h "h1 !n1 an indication ( ! "t t ! sun takes to revolve r\nd its c5tral body1 because ! "t ( ! :ole revolution ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! orbit %\ld correspond ) "o complete revolution ( ! sun ar\nd its c5tral body4 ,s t f a consid]ation ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 we are n only able to demon/rate t ! sun satisfactorily fulfils ! fir/ & second ( ,kepl]'s ,laws1 b1 conv]sely1 we are able to give a satisfactory physical explanation ( ! cause ( ! ecc5tricity ( ! e>?'s orbit1 :i* explanation is aga9 prim>ily to be f\nd 9 ! univ]sal ,ae!r m$ium4 ,,art4 #aji4 ,plane ( ! ,ecliptic & ,zodiacal ,light4--,z already po9t$ out1 ano!r ph5om5on :i* c be physically acc\nt$ = by ! sun's orbital motion ?r\gh space ar\nd its c5tral body1 is t cele/ial plane kn[n z ! ,plane ( ! ,ecliptic4 ,:at !n is ! ,plane ( ! ,ecliptic ^: physical explanation we are to attempt8 ,we "k t ! moon revolves r\nd ! e>? z ! e>? revolves r\nd ! sun1 :ile ! sun is pursu+ its way ?r\gh space4 ,x has be5 f\nd also1 t all ^! motions ( ^! diff]5t bodies take place on "o level1 s to speak2 t is to say1 !y d n g up or d[n 9 space1 b /raight on4 ,s /raight d !y move1 t _! pa? has be5 lik5$ to ! level ( ! ocean1 on :i* a %ip may sail = ?\s&s ( miles1 always keep+ ! same level & ev5 c\rse4 ,on "s su* ocean z ?is 9 space all ! planet>y sy/ems & sol> sy/ems seem to move1 ev] mov+ on & on ) ! same uni=mity ( level ?r\gh inf9ite space4 ,fur!r1 ?is plane ( ! ecliptic is to ! cele/ial sph]e :at ! sea-level is to ! e>?4 ,! height ( a m\nta9 on ! e>? is /at$ to be s mu* above ! sea-level4 ,9 a simil> way a/ronom]s say t a /> is a c]ta9 height above ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,:at !n is ! physical explanation ( ?is sci5tific t]m8 ,we w lead up to x by fir/ consid]+ ! effect t rotation has ^u a liquid body4 ,x has be5 demon/rat$ t if a mass ( oil is plac$ 9 a transp>5t liquid ( ! same d5sity1 s long z ! oil is p]fectly at re/1 its %ape w be t ( a sph]e :i* w float ab\t 9 ! liquid1 b z soon z ! oil is made to rotate by means ( a piece ( wire1 !n ! sph]ical %ape is *ang$ into t ( an oblate sph]oid4 ,fur!r1 ! fa/] x is made to rotate1 ! m x w bulge out1 s t its equatorial diamet] w greatly exce$ its pol> diamet]4 ,! same pr9ciple may be illu/rat$ by mak+ a hoop to revolve rapidly on its axis1 :5 a simil> effect ( bulg+ out w be produc$4 ,n[ let u apply ?is pr9ciple to ! e>? ) its electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts circulat+ r\nd x1 & ask :at is ! effect ( ! rotation fir/ ^u ! e>?1 & !n ^u ! rotat+ ,ae!r curr5ts8 ,x is a matt] ( common k t ! effect ( rotation ^u ! e>? :5 x 0 9 a fluid /ate 0 to make its equatorial p>ts bulge out z x rotat$1 ) ! result t z x solidifi$ ! equatorial diamet] exce$$ ! pol> diamet] by #bf miles4 ,if1 !re=e1 ! result ( rotation ^u ! e>? :5 9 its fluid /ate 0 to make x spread out great] 9 ! equatorial regions ?an 9 any o!r "p ( its surface1 :at mu/ be ! effect ( a simil> rotation ^u ! rotatory ,ae!r curr5ts8 ,x c easily be se5 t ! rotation ( ^! curr5ts w be to make !m spread out into space 9 a region :i* corresponds to ! equatorial regions ( ! e>?1 s t ! rotat+ ,ae!r curr5ts w be congregat$ m 9 ! equatorial regions ( ! e>? ?an 9 any o!r "p ( ! e>?'s surface4 ,! fur!r also !y ext5d into space ! less dep? !y w h1 gradually tap]+ (f1 z %[n 9 ! illu/ration1 :]e ,e repres5ts ! e>? & ,b ,c ! ,ae!r curr5ts 7,fig4 #bi74 ,any body1 !re=e1 situat$ )9 ! sph]e ( _! influ5ce w\ld be c>ri$ r\nd ! e>? by ! curr5ts1 & ! curr5ts w\ld be to !m _! gov]n+ & controll+ level4 ,s t ! moon1 :i* is held b\nd to ! e>? by ! two opposite & equal =ces1 w\ld always be c>ri$ ar\nd ! e>? by ^? electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts1 & outside ( ^? curr5ts x c\ld n pass4 ,b ! e>? is only #hjjj miles 9 diamet]1 !re=e if ! curr5ts gradually tap]$ (f z sugge/$1 by ! "t ! ae!rial curr5ts rea*$ ! di/ance ( ! moon1 _! dep? w\ld n exce$ #bjjj or #cjjj miles4 ,! diamet] ( ! moon is1 h[ev]1 only #bafj miles1 s t ! rotat+ ,ae!r curr5ts w\ld practically =m an ocean 9 :i* ! moon w\ld swim1 & "o con/ant level on :i* x revolves 9 space4 ,:]ev] ! e>? 0 c>ri$ by ! ae!rial curr5ts ( ! sun1 !re ! ae!rial curr5ts ( ! e>? w\ld c>ry ! moon1 its mean di/ance by ! conjo9t work+ ( ! two co-equal =ces hav+ be5 p]man5tly fix$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #bi4 ,s t x c be readily se51 z reg>ds ! moon1 t ! e>?'s ae!rial curr5ts =m ! plane on :i* x revolves ar\nd ! e>?4 ,n[ 9 exactly ! same way x c be prov$ t x is ! sun's ae!rial curr5ts :i* =m ! plane or level on :i* all ! planets revolve or are c>ri$ ar\nd _! c5tral body4 ,we h only to enl>ge our conception & ! same result foll[s4 ,in/ead ( deal+ ) a body #hjjj miles 9 diamet]1 we are n[ deal+ ) a body #hfe1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 & z ?is huge body is m or less 9 an inc&esc5t /ate1 ! ae!rial curr5ts w !re=e be proportionate 9 int5sity & fl[ to its size & atomic activity4 ,in/ead1 !re=e1 ( ! ae!rial curr5ts :i* circulate r\nd ! sun only ext5d+ a qu>t] ( a million ( miles1 _! en]gy & fl[ ext5d f> away into space1 ev5 beyond ! greate/ di/ance ( ,neptune1 a di/ance ( #b1hjj1jjj1jjj miles4 ,! same tru?s apply "h1 h[ev]1 z 9 ! case ( ! e>? & ! moon4 ,! ae!rial curr5ts :i* circulate r\nd ! sun congregate toge!r1 & possess _! greate/ dep? ne>e/ to ! equator1 :ile ! fur!r away !y rec$e1 ! less & less dep? !y possess1 ) a decreas$ int5sity & decreas$ k9etic en]gy4 ,^! ,ae!r curr5ts w be to all ! planets1 !re=e1 :at ! e>?'s ae!rial curr5ts w be to ! moon1 be+ to !m ! ocean level on :i* !y alone c move1 & by :i* !y are c>ri$ r\nd _! c5tral body4 ,?us ^! curr5ts w =m = all ! planets ! level 9 inf9ite space ^u :i* !y float1 & f :i* !y _c pass4 ,let u fur!r consid] ! movem5ts ( ^! curr5ts 9 space1 & we %all f9d fur!r confirmation ( ?is fact by s do+4 ,a/ronom]s tell u t x takes light ab\t ?ree & a half ye>s to rea* u f ! ne>e/ />4 ,by calculation1 !re=e1 we f9d t ! ne>e/ /> to our sy/em is ab\t #bje1jjj1jjj1jjj1jjj miles away1 t be+ ab\t ! di/ance t light travels 9 ?ree & a half ye>s4 ,! diamet] ( ! sun is ab\t #hfe1jjj miles1 s t ! di/ance ( ! ne>e/ /> is #bdj1jjj1jjj times ! diamet] ( ! sun4 ,we c\ld !re=e put #bdj1jjj1jjj ( our sol> sy/ems 9 ! space t exi/s betwe5 u & ! ne>e/ />4 ,h[ is x1 !n1 t all ! planets z !y revolve r\nd ! sun d n float up & d[n 9 ! space t ext5ds betwe5 u & ! ne>e/ />8 ,i c give no o!r answ]1 & c see no o!r possible physical explanation ?an ! "o already giv51 :i* is1 t !y are b\nd to ! sun by ! two co-equal =ces1 ! c5trifugal & c5tripetal =ces1 & :ile s b\nd are c>ri$ r\nd ! sun by ! electro-magnetic ae!rial curr5ts :i* ext5d out into space4 ,x has to be rememb]$ t ! ae!rial electro-magnetic curr5ts circulat+ r\nd ! e>? are situat$ )9 ! ae!rial curr5ts :i* circulate r\nd ! sun1 !re=e ! plane ( ! moon's orbit w co9cide m or less ) ! plane ( ! e>?'s orbit4 ,we h n[ only to g "o /ep fur!r to get our complete conception ( ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,9 ,arts4 #ajg & #ajh we le>n$ t ! sun 0 subject to ,kepl]'s #a/ & #bnd laws1 & z a natural result we came to ! conclusion t x1 too1 0 circl$ r\nd "s c5tral body4 ,we h only to apply a simil> c\rse ( reason+ to ! sun & its c5tral body z we h to ! moon & ! e>?1 & ! e>? & ! sun1 & !n we arrive at our physical conception ( ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 :i* is due to ! ae!rial curr5ts t circle r\nd ! sun1 :ile t body is c>ri$ r\nd "s o!r c5tral body4 ,?us by ! circulat+ ,ae!r curr5ts1 orig9at$ & outfl[+ f _! respective s\rces1 ea* s\rce be+ immutably fix$ & b\nd to ea* o!r by ! two equal & complem5t>y =ces1 c be acc\nt$ =1 ! uni=mity ( position & plane ( ! v>i\s orbits ( ! v>i\s satellites1 planets1 & ! sun1 z !y move 9 "o great plane1 t]m$ ! ,plane ( ! ,ecliptic4 ,x c\ld n be o!rwise ?an x is1 & ?us ano!r cele/ial ph5om5on c be acc\nt$ = on a real tangible basis by accept+ ! exi/5ce ( ^? ae!rial curr5ts :i* =m ! physical basis ( all ! cele/ial me*anism4 ,if fur!r evid5ce 7 requir$ ( ! exi/5ce ( ^! rotat+ ,ae!r curr5ts r\nd ! sun1 su* evid5ce is f\nd 9 t ph5om5on ( ! sol> sy/em kn[n z ! ,zodiacal ,light1 ( :i* up to ! pres5t no physical explanation has be5 =?com+4 ,9 ! conception ( ! atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r :i* rotates r\nd ! sun1 ,i v5ture to premise w be f\nd ! physical solution ( ?is ph5om5on also4 ,i w ref] ! read] to an extract tak5 out ( ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 by ,h]s*el 7,art4 #hid71 s t we may see :at 8 conception ( ! zodiacal light 01 & we w see h[ f> 8 explanation is 9 con=mity ) our hypo!sis ( an atomic1 gravitat+ & rotatory ,ae!r m$ium4 ,he writes3 ,we %all conclude ?is *apt] by ! m5tion ( two ph5om5a1 :i* to me indicate ! exi/5ce ( "s slight degree ( nebulosity ab\t ! sun itself1 & ev5 to place x 9 ! li/ ( nebul\s />s4 ,! fir/ is t call$ ! ,zodiacal ,light1 :i* may be se5 any v cle> ev5+ soon aft] sunset1 ab\t ! mon?s ( ,m>*1 ,april & ,may1 z a cone or l5ticul>ly-%ap$ light ext5d+ f ! horizon obliquely upw>ds1 & foll[+ g5]ally ! c\rse ( ! ecliptic1 or r t ( ! sun's equator4 ,! app>5t angul> di/ance ( its v]tex f ! sun v>ies1 accord+ to circum/ances1 f #dj to #ij1 & ! bread? ( its base p]p5dicul> to its axis f #h to #cj4 ,x is extremely fa9t & ill-def9$1 at lea/ 9 ?is climate1 ?\gh bett] se5 9 tropical regions1 b _c be mi/ak5 = any atmosph]ic meteor or aurora borealis4 ,x is manife/ly 9 ! nature ( a l5ticul>ly-=m$ envelope surr\nd+ ! sun1 & ext5d+ beyond ! orbits ( ,m]cury & ,v5us1 & ne>ly1 p]haps q1 atta9+ t ( ! e>?1 s9ce its v]tex has be5 se5 fully #ij f ! sun's place 9 a great circle4 ,x may be conjectur$ to be no o!r ?an ! d5s] "p ( t m$ium :i* we h "s reason to believe resi/s ! motions ( comets2 load$ p]haps ) ! actual mat]ials ( ! tails ( millions ( ^? bodies ( :i* !y h be5 /ripp$ 9 _! successive p]ihelion passage4 ,if its p>ticles h in]tia1 !y mu/ necess>ily /& ) respect to ! sun 9 ! relation ( sep>ate & indep5d5t m9ute planets1 ea* hav+ its own orbit1 plane ( motion1 & p]iodic "t4 ,let me call ! read]'s special att5tion to "o or two /atem5ts ( ,h]s*el's giv5 9 ?is extract1 9 ord] to see h[ ^! /atem5ts h>monize ) ! view ( ! ,ae!r submitt$ 9 ?is "w4 ,9 ! fir/ place he /ates its %ape is t ( a l5ticul>ly-=m$ envelope surr\nd+ ! sun1 & ext5d+ beyond ! orbits ( ,m]cury & ,v5us1 & probably to our e>?4 ,?is h>monizes ) ! %ape ( ! ae!rial envelope z giv5 9 ,art4 #gj4 ,!n ,h]s*el /ates x may be ! d5s] "p ( t m$ium :i* we h reason to believe resi/s ! motions ( comets4 ,t is exactly :at x is1 ?\gh ,h]s*el fail$ to %[ :y x %\ld be ! d5s] "p ( ! ,ae!r1 z we h se5 is ! case1 on acc\nt ( its be+ gravitative4 ,i w also prove lat] on1 t ,h]s*el 0 "r ) reg>d to ! resi/ance ( ! motion ( comets ?r\gh x4 ,!n he ref]s to its p>ticles probably possess+ in]tia1 z ?\gh he _h anticipat$ ! atomicity ( ! ,ae!r1 & assum+ t atomicity1 he 0 compell$ to po/ulate in]tia also z we h done 9 ,art4 #dh4 ,la/ly1 he po9ts out t ea* sep>ate p>ticle mu/ h its own plane ( motion1 its own orbit1 & its p]iodic "t4 ,n[ ?is view fully co9cides ) t laid d[n 9 ?is article1 :]e we h le>n$ t ! rotat+ ,ae!r has its own plane ( motion1 t plane be+ ! ,plane ( ! ,ecliptic1 & z e p>ticle or atom has its allott$ place 9 ! rotat+ ,ae!r1 !n1 z ,h]s*el po9ts out1 ! p>ticle mu/ h its own orbit1 & plane ( motion1 & also its own p]iodic "t4 ,if1 !re=e1 we _h desir$ full] confirmation ( ?is atomic gravitat+ ,ae!r1 we c\ld n h wi%$ = m conclusive pro( ?an t giv5 by "o ( ! greate/ philosophical a/ronom]s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,we %all see lat] t ,h]s*el also _h a cle>] view ( comet>y ph5om5a1 & ( ! =ces :i* play$ a "p 9 ^? ph5om5a1 ?an any ( 8 contempor>ies1 :5 we deal ) ! orig9 & motions ( all comets4 ,?us f ,h]s*el we le>n t ! zodiacal light is caus$ by ! atomic1 gravitat+1 & rotatory ,ae!r z t ae!rial m$ium revolves r\nd ! sun1 :ile at ! same "t e atom ( ! m$ium is itself 9 a /ate ( rotation on its axis1 z x p]=ms its j\rney 9 its own orbit & 9 its own plane ( motion4 ,,art4 #aaj4 ,c5tripetal ,=ce4--,we h n[ to consid] :at is ! physical cause ( t "p ( ! comp\nd ,law ( ,gravitation kn[n z ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 ,z we h already le>n$ 7,art4 #aj71 ?is =ce is really none o!r ?an ! ,attractive ,=ce ( ,gravitation1 9 t its mode ( op]ation always acts t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! attract+ body1 & h5ce 0 call$ by ,newton ! ,c5tripetal ,=ce4 ,! c5tripetal =ce is1 h[ev]1 ! exact c\nt]p>t & complem5t ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 9 ! same way t ! latt] is ! exact c\nt]p>t ( ! =m]1 z we h already le>n$ t ! c5trifugal =ce op]ates along ! same pa?1 & t x is subject to ! same law ( proportion1 be+ equal to ! product ( ! masses ( a body 7,art4 #he71 & fur!r1 t its int5sity is inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance 7,arts4 #ff1 #gd & #hd74 ,we h1 h[ev]1 discov]$ t ! physical cause ( ! c5trifugal =ce is due to ! pressure ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r 7,art4 #if74 ,if1 !re=e1 ! physical cause ( t law :i* is ! complem5t & c\nt]p>t ( ,gravitation ,attraction is to be f\nd1 & alone f\nd1 9 ! pressure & motions ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 !n x is only logical & reasonable to inf] t ! physical cause ( ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation is to be f\nd 9 ! same electro-magnetic ,ae!r4 ,t ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation is to be f\nd 9 ?is m$ium is n[ an accept$ hypo!sis among sci5ti/s4 ,because1 unless ! physical cause ( ,gravitation ,attraction is to be f\nd 9 ?is electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 !n1 9 ord] to acc\nt = t attraction1 we %\ld h to po/ulate ! exi/5ce ( ano!r m$ium 9 space1 9 lieu ( ! ,ae!r1 :i* w\ld be to ! c5tripetal =ce :at ! ,ae!r is to ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,?is w\ld be di/9ctly unphilosophical1 z x w\ld be a violation ( ! fir/ two rules ( our philosophy1 9 t x w\ld n be simple 9 its conception1 & t su* a hypo!sis w\ld imply ! exi/5ce ( two m$ia :i* w\ld occupy ! same planet>y & int]/ell> space at "o & ! same "t1 & ?is is a violation ( all exp]i5ce 9 its wide/ =m4 ,!re=e ! physical cause ( ,gravitation mu/ be s\ght = 9 ! same m$ium :i* gives ! physical cause ( ! companion =ce1 & t m$ium is ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r4 ,pr(essor ,pre/on 9 8 ,!ory ( ,light is ( ?is op9ion4 ,9 ,art4 #cbg he writes3 ,to acc\nt = ! propagation ( heat & light1 t is1 ( radiant en]gy1 we h po/ulat$ ! exi/5ce ( a m$ium fill+ all space4 ,b ! transf]5ce ( ! en]gy ( radiant heat & light is n ! only evid5ce we h 9 fav\r ( ! exi/5ce ( an ,ae!r4 ,electric1 magnetic & electro-magnetic ph5om5a & ,gravitation itself po9t 9 ! same direction4 ,pr(essor ,lodge1 9 8 ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity1 is ev5 m explicit 9 8 /atem5t ( ! case4 ,on page #cch he /ates3 ,gravitation is expla9able by diff]5ces ( pressure 9 ! m$ium 7i4 e4 ! ,ae!r7 caus$ by "s action betwe5 x & matt] n yet und]/ood4 ,fur!r1 ,newton himself sugge/$ t ! physical cause ( ,gravitation ,attraction 0 to be f\nd 9 t ae!rial m$ium :i* p]vad$ all space4 ,if1 !re=e1 we attempt to expla9 ! physical cause ( ,gravitation ,attraction by ! t5sions ( ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 we %all n only be deal+ ) ! subject f a philosophical /&po9t1 b we %all solve ! problem 9 t direction 9 :i* ,pr(essors ,pre/on & ,lodge & o!r sci5ti/s h sugge/$ we are to seek = ! solution4 ,pr(essor ,curry1 9 8 ,!ory ( ,electricity & ,magnetism1 page #djf1 /ates3 ,if we reg>d ! lum9if]\s ,ae!r1 z def9$ by ,von ,helmholtz's equations1 z ! giv5 m$ium or transmitt] ( s-call$ gravitat+ action1 we are !n able on ! "o h& to int]pret its longitud9al oscillations z gravitational waves propagat$ ?r\gh space ) ! giv5 enorm\s velocity1 & on ! o!r h&1 to =m "s conception ( ! my/]i\s =ce ( ,gravitation itself1 = we c !n conceive x z a m$ium /ress aris+ f a c]ta9 type ( ,ae!r oscillations1 its longitud9al ones1 t p]vade entire space4 ,n[ 9 ord] = u to lead up to ! physical cause ( ! c5tripetal =ce1 we mu/ recall "s ( ! facts already giv5 ) reg>d to planet>y & sol> space4 ,?us we h le>n$ t ! sun is an electro-magnet possess+ its own magnetic field1 ) its l9es ( =ce 7,art4 #hh74 ,we h also le>n$ t all ! planets are electro-magnets1 ea* possess+ its own field ) its l9es ( =ce 7,art4 #ia74 ,we h fur!r se5 t ! cause ( all ?is electro-magnetism is due to ! fact t electric curr5ts are cont9ually circulat+ r\nd ea* body1 & by _! conjo9t action ) ! magnets !re are produc$ ! electro-magnetic fields t are associat$ ) ea* body 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,f ?is hypo!sis we arriv$ at ! conclusion1 t :]ev] !re 0 ,ae!r1 !re we f\nd electricity1 because ( ! electro-magnetic basis :i* ,ae!r possesses4 ,?is result is fully confirm$ by ,maxwell's electro-magnetic !ory ( light 7,art4 #gh71 :i* has be5 s fully exp]im5tally demon/rat$ by ,h]tz4 ,inde$1 9 ! m9ds ( sev]al sci5ti/s !re is a gr[+ conviction t ,ae!r & ,electricity are possibly "o & ! same sub/ance4 ,pr(essor ,lodge1 9 ! "w already ref]r$ to1 9 relation to ?is hypo!sis1 writes 9 ! preface to t book3 ,crudely1 "o may say t z heat is a =m ( en]gy1 s electricity is a =m ( ,ae!r1 or a mode ( ae!rial manife/ation4 ,& aga93 ,a r\gh & crude /atem5t adapt$ = popul> use is t ,electricity & ,ae!r are id5tical4 ,b t is n all t has to be said1 = !re are two opposite k9ds ( electricities1 & !re are n two ,ae!rs4 ,b !re may be two aspects ( "o ,ae!r1 j z !re are two sides to a %eet ( pap]4 ,z1 !re=e1 we le>n t ,ae!r has an electro-magnetic basis1 & t electricity is a mode ( ae!rial manife/ation1 we h !re=e to consid] "o ( ! mo/ fundam5tal laws ( electricity1 & note its application to sol> & planet>y space4 ,x is "o ( ! fundam5tal laws ( electricity1 t equal & opposite quantities ( electricity are always g5]at$ at "o & ! same "t4 ,f>aday's well-kn[n ice-pail exp]im5t prov$ ?is4 ,x is an absolute impossibility = "o k9d ( electricity to be g5]at$ )\t an equal quantity ( ! opposite k9d be+ produc$1 al?\gh x is n /rictly correct to use ! t]m g5]at$ or produc$ 9 relation to electricity1 z electricity _c really be produc$ by any process :atev]4 ,ano!r way ( /at+ ?is law is1 t ! total induc$ *>ge on any body is always equal & opposite to ! induc+ *>ge4 ,s t if we look ^u ! sun z an electrifi$ body 7,art4 #hj7 surr\nd$ by ! ae!rial envelopes or %ells1 !n we c conceive ( ! inductive action ( ! sun ^u any planet z tak+ place along ! tubes ( =ce 9 ! ,ae!r1 :i* tubes are sections ( ! sph]ical envelopes t surr\nd x4 ,b ?is inductive action implies ! exi/5ce ( ! v law already enunciat$1 viz4 t equal & opposite quantities are always g5]at$ at "o & ! same "t1 & be=e t law c become op]ative 9 relation to ! ,ae!r1 x mu/ be po/ulat$ t ! ,ae!r possesses a dual "*1 t is1 x possesses a positive & negative electrical basis4 ,?is view ( ! ,ae!r has already be5 develop$ by ,dr4 ,l>mor 9 8 ,electron ,basis ( ! ,ae!r1 z 9 t hypo!sis he po/ulates bo? positive & negative electrons4 ,9 8 ,ae!r & ,matt] he writes1 page #c3 ,x assumes t ! mass ( ea* sub-atom is proportional to ! absolute numb] ( electrons1 positive & negative1 t x c>ries1 & t ! effective int]atomic =ces are entirely or ma9ly electric4 ,fur!r1 ,pr(essor ,lodge on ?is po9t writes3#dj ,we n[ proce$ a /ep fur!r & analyze ! ,ae!r into two con/itu5ts1 two equal opposite con/itu5ts1 ea* end[$ ) in]tia & ea* connect$ to ! ,ae!r by ela/ic ties4 ,! two con/itu5ts are call$ positive & negative electricity respectively1 & ( ^! two electricities we imag9e ! ,ae!r to be compos$4 ,aga91 lat] on1 p4 #cdi ( ! same "w1 he adds3 ,is ,ae!r electricity !n8 ,i d n say s1 b t !y are connect$ !re c be no d\bt4 ,:at ,i h to sugge/ is1 t positive1 & negative electricity toge!r may make up ! ,ae!r4 ,n[1 accept+ ?is z correct1 & ,i w prove t x is correct lat] on1 f exp]im5ts p]=m$ by ,f>aday1 we c see h[ ! inductive action ( ! sun may be transmitt$ ?r\gh space1 & h[ t inductive action w effect any body 9 its electrical field1 su* inductive action always tak+ place ?r\gh ! pol>ization ( ! atomic ,ae!r1 & tak+ ! =m ( an attractive p[] :i* is ex]t$ t[>ds ! c5tre ( ! attract+ body4 ,fur!r1 ?is inductive action w be subject to ! same laws ( electricity z ! c5trifugal =ce is1 :i* is ! repulsive p[] due to ! pressure ( ! ,ae!r4 ,!re=e ! inductive action ( ! sun ^u any body w1 accord+ to ! laws ( electricity1 act inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance 7,art4 #hd71 & w be directly z ! product ( ! *>ges on ! two attract+ bodies1 :i* we h se5 accord+ to ,art4 #he is equal to ! product ( _! masses4 ,n only w ?is inductive action apply to ! sun1 b x w equally apply to all planets1 satellites & />s t exi/ 9 ! heav5s1 ea* ( ^! bodies accord+ to ,art4 #hj be+ an electrifi$ body possess+ its electric field & l9es ( =ce radiat+ out into space4 ,?us we arrive at ! conclusion1 t ea* body 9 ! sol> sy/em is n only ! c5tre ( a c5trifugal =ce due to ! pressure ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 b t x is also ! c5tre ( an attractive =ce due to ! exi/5ce ( ! positive & negative elem5ts ( ! ,ae!r1 & ( _! attractive p[] = ea* o!r4 ,?is attractive p[] is also subject to exactly ! same laws t ! c5trifugal =ce is subject to 9 reg>d to int5sity1 proportion1 & ! direction :i* x takes4 ,s t we h n[ two c5tripetal =ces exi/+ 9 space1 :i* exactly correspond ) ea* o!r1 viz4 ,gravitation ,attraction & ! attraction due to ,electrical ,induction4 ,! cause ( "o1 h[ev]1 is kn[n1 be+ due to ! inductive influ5ce ( ! v>i\s electrifi$ bodies t exi/ 9 space1 :i* inductive influ5ce c be trac$ ?r\gh ! :ole ( ! atomic ,ae!r t exi/s betwe5 ! two bodies1 :]eas ! cause ( ! c5tripetal =ce or ,gravitation ,attraction is unkn[n4 ,accord+ to ! ,rules ( ,philosophy1 !re=e1 x w be mu* simpl] if we replace our ,gravitation ,attraction1 ^: cause is unkn[n1 by ! inductive p[] ( ! v>i\s bodies1 ! physical cause ( :i* lies 9 ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 or ! dielectric z ,f>aday call$ x4 ,9 o!r words1 we are compell$ to come to ! conclusion t ! c5tripetal =ce1 or ,gravitation ,attraction s call$1 is an electrical ph5om5on1 :i* f9ds its physical cause 9 ! same univ]sal ,ae!r t ! c5trifugal =ce does4 ,unless ?is view ( ! attraction ( ,gravitation is accept$1 we %\ld h two =ces op]at+ betwe5 all bodies1 bo? op]at+ at exactly ! same "t1 9 exactly ! same direction1 & ) exactly ! same int5sity1 & ?is ph5om5on accord+ to ,newton w\ld be unphilosophical4 ,9 ,art4 #d we le>n t ,newton 9 ! fir/ rule /ates t ,nature is simple1 & does n ab\nd 9 sup]flu\s causes ( ?+s4 ,& aga93 ,9 ! nature ( ,philosophy no?+ is done 9 va92 & by means ( _m ?+s1 x is done 9 va9 :5 x c be done by few]4 ,"h !n we h app>5tly two =ces :i* act 9 ! same molecul> or planet>y or int]/ell> space1 at "o & ! same "t4 ,!re=e if ?is be true1 ,nature does ab\nd 9 a sup]flu\s cause1 because we h two =ces 9 exi/5ce :]e "o w suffice1 & "o ( !m !re=e exi/s 9 va94 ,s t x w be philosophical if we d away ) "o ( ! causes1 & replace ! two causes by only "o4 ,n[ :i* %all be done away )--! electrical attraction :i* is due to a physical m$ium1 ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 or ! ,gravitation ,attraction1 t is caus$ by "s virtue ( a body ( :i* we h no k1 :i* is transmitt$ ?r\gh space 9 a way t we _c und]/&1 & acts ^u di/ant bodies 9 a mann] altoge!r outside our usual exp]i5ce & obs]vation8 ,!re c only be "o answ]4 ,if ei!r ( ! two =ces has to be done away )1 x mu/ be ! my/]i\s1 intangible1 unphilosophical attraction ( ,gravitation1 :i* mu/ be replac$ by ! philosophical & kn[n attraction ( electricity1 :i* c be trac$ to a physical m$ium1 ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r t jo9s atom to atom1 molecule to molecule1 satellite to planet1 planet to sun1 & sun to />1 & s gives unity to ! univ]se ( worlds4 ,f philosophical consid]ations1 !re=e1 we are compell$ to come to ! conclusion t ! attraction ( gravity & electrical attraction are "o & ! same4 ,f>aday arriv$ at ?is conclusion & p]=m$ c]ta9 exp]im5ts to confirm t conclusion1 b he 0 unable to exp]im5tally prove ! tru?4 ,x does n foll[1 h[ev]1 t because he fail$ to exp]im5tally e/abli% ! connection1 !re=e ! conclusion is wrong4 ,9 8 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es he writes1 p>4 #bgje1 ,on ! possible relation ( gravity to electricity3--,fir/ ( all1 a body :i* 0 to be all[$ to fall1 0 surr\nd$ by a helix1 & !n its effect 9 fall+ s\ght =4 ,?is exp]im5t ,f>aday /ates produc$ negative results 7p>4 #bgjf74 ,a solid cyl9d] ( copp] 0 introduc$ into ! helix1 & c>efully fa/5$ to x1 & ?is comp\nd arrangem5t 0 all[$ to fall4 ,! result ( ?is exp]im5t may be classifi$ z d\btful4 ,x gave v m9ute1 b rem>kable indications ( a curr5t 9 ! galvanomet]1 & ! probability ( ^! be+ relat$ to gravity appe>$ ! great]1 :5 x 0 f\nd1 9 rais+ ! helix or core1 simil> indications ( contr>y curr5ts appe>$4 ,9 p>4 #bgag ,f>aday ?us sums up3 ,"h end my trials = ! pres5t4 ,! results are negative4 ,!y d n %ake my /rong feel+ ( ! exi/5ce ( a relation betwe5 gravity & electricity1 ?\gh !y give no pro( t su* a relation exi/s4 ,"h !n we h express$ ! /rong conviction ( ! relation t und\bt$ly exi/s betwe5 gravity & electricity by "o ( ! greate/ sci5ti/s t has ev] liv$1 & ,i believe t x is a fact t he 0 engag$ ^u exp]im5ts to prove 8 conviction ab\t ! "t ( 8 dea?4 ,we w n[ endeav\r to trace ! action ( ! ,law ( ,gravitation 9 its comp\nd work+1 9 its application to ! atomic ,ae!r t fills all space1 & by its gravitat+ prop]ty surr\nds all bodies situat$ 9 t space4 ,we are deal+ no long] ) a frictionless m$ium1 :i* is incapable ( accept+ & transmitt+ motion ( any k9d or sort1 b we are n[ deal+ ) a m$ium compos$ ( atoms1 :i* c give rise to pressures & t5sions1 or repulsions & attractions f any "o "p ( space to ano!r4 ,if we c prove t an atomic ,ae!r c give rise to ^! pressures & t5sions f "o body to ano!r1 & ^? pressures & t5sions h>monize )1 & satisfactorily acc\nt =1 ! ph5om5a s\ght to be expla9$1 !n we %all h succe$$ 9 mak+ our philosophy agree ) our exp]i5ce1 & su* a result z action at a di/ance w = ev] disappe> f ! m5tal conception ( all m51 z x has long disappe>$ f ! pages ( philosophical & sci5tific works1 ?\gh t disappe>ance 0 n accompani$ ) a satisfactory solution ( ! problem4 ,let u1 !re=e1 consid] ^! pressures & t5sions1 or s-call$ repulsions & attractions t exi/ 9 ?is electro-magnetic ,ae!r f ! atomic /&po9t1 & by s do+ try to realize h[ x is t "o body1 z ! sun1 acts ^u ano!r body1 z ! e>?1 ?r\gh ! int]v5+ m$ium1 ! ,ae!r4 ,we c ei!r consid] x f ! mat]ial /&po9t1 t is1 by consid]+ ! ,ae!r z matt]1 pure & simple1 or by view+ x f ! electrical /&po9t1 :i* may be consid]$ f ,cl]k ,maxwell's physical conception ( an electric field4 ,we w briefly consid] x f ! latt] /&po9t4 ,our conception ( an ae!rial atom 0 t ( a sph]ical vortex atom possess+ pol>ity & rotation on an axis4 ,we mu/1 h[ev]1 make ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two k9ds ( ae!rial atoms t ,cl]k ,maxwell fir/ indicat$ 9 8 pap] on ,physical ,l9es ( ,=ce1 ,phil4 ,mag41 #ahfa1 & t ,dr4 ,l>mor has work$ out 9 8 ,ae!r & ,matt] f ! electron /&po9t1 viz4 t ! ,ae!r is compos$ ( positive & negative electrons4 ,or we c accept ,pr(essor ,lodge's !ory1 t ,ae!r is made up ( positive & negative electricity4 ,we are compell$ to accept ! hypo!sis ( two k9ds ( ae!rial or electrical atoms1 :atev] !y may be call$1 9 view ( ! tea*+ ( electricity1 t positive & negative electricity are always to be f\nd 9 association1 & 9 comb9ation1 :]ev] electricity exi/s4 ,we h prov$ t electricity is to be f\nd ?r\gh\t ! realm ( space 7,art4 #gh72 !re=e 9 all planet>y & /ell> regions electricity is pres5t4 ,?us x exi/s 9 ! s-call$ space betwe5 ! sun & planets1 & betwe5 ! planets & satellites1 =m+ ar\nd !m all sph]ical %ells1 t become less & less d5se z !y rec$e f ! c5tral body4 ,n[ x is by ! action ( ^! positive & negative electrical atoms1 t ! attraction ( "o body is transmitt$ across space f ! sun to ! e>?1 or f ! e>? to ! sun1 or f ! e>? to ,jupit]1 or f ,jupit] to any ( ! planets1 ! action always tak+ place along ! l9e jo9+ ! c5tres ( gravity ( ! bodies1 i4 e4 ! radius vector1 & ) a =ce equal to ! quantities ( electricity 9 association ) ^? bodies 7,art4 #he71 & ) an int5sity t always acts inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance4 ,?us ! inductive action ( any sun1 planet or satellite1 or any o!r planet or satellite1 c be m5tally trac$ f atom to atom1 across ! int]v5+ space1 t is fill$ ) ! atomic ,ae!r1 betwe5 any two attract+ bodies4 ,s t1 if ! sun attracts ! e>?1 x attracts x by & ?r\gh ! motions & prop]ties ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r t is made up ( positive & negative electricity1 & t attraction1 be+ produc$ by a physical m$ium :i* is z real & tangible z air or wat]1 is br\ght into h>mony ) our exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 z no body pu%es or pulls ano!r body1 be x :at x may1 unless bo? bodies are jo9$ toge!r by "s m$ium :i* transmits ! pu% or ! pull4 ,pr(essor ,lodge1 9 8 ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity1 has illu/rat$ f an electrical /&po9t h[ ! pressure & t5sion 9 any electrical field may be transmitt$ f p>ticle to p>ticle1 or atom to atom4 ,he supposes t a positive atom ( electricity rotates 9 "o direction :ile a negative atom rotates 9 ! opposite direction4 ,9 any electric field ^! atoms are s associat$ ) ea* o!r1 t :5 "o atom revolves1 x makes ! o!r to revolve 9 ! opposite direction1 ) ! result1 t ! sp9 or rotation is transmitt$ ?r\gh ! m$ium at a spe$ dep5d5t ^u ! d5sity ( ! m$ium4 ,= full] details ( ! description ,i mu/ ref] ! read] to ! "w already ref]r$ to4 ,:at ,i wi% to call ! read]'s att5tion to is1 t ! t5sion & pressure 9 ?is field is n transmitt$ across a vacuum1 9 "s unkn[n way1 b is transmitt$ solely by a physical m$ium4 ,! action is direct1 & is produc$1 & alone produc$1 cont9u$1 & p]petuat$ by a physical m$ium :i* is compos$ ( atoms ( negative & positive electricity4 ,s t if "o body ,a acts ^u ano!r body ,b1 x acts ^u ,b solely & entirely by ! action ( ! atoms :i* =m ! magnetic l9es ( =ce1 & ! equipot5tial surfaces ar\nd ! electrifi$ body1 & t action c be trac$ m5tally /ep by /ep across ! int]v5+ space t may exi/ betwe5 ! two bodies4 ,x is 9 an exactly simil> mann]1 t ! ,attraction ( ,gravitation1 :i* we conceive to be ! same z electrical attraction1 is transmitt$ f body to body 9 ! atomic1 molecul>1 planet>y or /ell> _w4 ,9 ea* & e case1 ! pressure & t5sions1 :i* are insep>ably connect$1 are transmitt$ by ! atoms ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 t is1 by ! positive & negative atoms ( electricity ( :i*1 accord+ to ,pr(essor ,lodge & ,dr4 ,l>mor1 ! ,ae!r is compos$4 ,s t1 if ! sun acts on ! e>?1 by ! c5trifugal =ce1 x acts on x solely ?r\gh & by ! pressures :i* are orig9at$ 9 ! atomic ,ae!r by ! c5tral body4 ,if ! sun attracts ! e>?1 by ! c5tripetal =ce1 t action c also be trac$ to ! t5sions t are orig9at$ among ! atoms ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r4 ,!re is no?+ my/]i\s ab\t ! ph5om5on 9 ei!r case1 z by accept+ ?is view ( an atomic ,ae!r ) its dual "* ( positive & negative electricity1 ! action may be trac$ m5tally f po9t to po9t across ! s-call$ int]v5+ space t exi/s betwe5 any two bodies4 ,9 ea* & e case1 :]ev] ! c5tripetal or c5trifugal =ce acts1 ! action is direct1 because x is caus$ by a physical m$ium1 :i* physical m$ium is 9 direct contact ) ea* body act$ ^u1 & also fills ! space betwe5 ^? bodies4 ,) ?is view ( ! c5tripetal =ce ( ,gravitation1 our ,philosophy is made to agree def9itely ) our exp]i5ce1 :i* tea*es u beyond contradiction1 t no body moves1 unless x is ei!r pu%$ or pull$ by a physical m$ium4 ,unless ?is view ( ! c5tripetal =ce is accept$1 we %all h to /umble on 9 d>kness z to ! physical cause ( ! c5tripetal =ce1 & m5tally accept ! unphilosophical proposition1 t a body c act on ano!r 9 a way t we _c und]/&1 & by means :i* lie outside our exp]i5ce & obs]vation1 & ?is hypo!sis1 z ,newton & ,h]s*el po9t$ out1 is di/9ctly an unphilosophical proposition4 ,footnote #dj3 ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity1 p4 #bba4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,ae!r ,,& ,,comets ,,art4 #aaa4 ,comets4 ,:at are ,comets8--,9 addition to ! planets & a/]oids :i* revolve ar\nd ! sun1 !re are also o!r bodies t]m$ ,comets1 :i* revolve r\nd ! sol> orb4 ,unlike ! planets1 h[ev]1 !y d n all keep to ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 b approa* to1 & rec$e f ! sun at all angles to t plane1 z well z 9 t plane itself4 ,comets are suppos$ to be huge masses ( gase\s matt]1 9 a m or less cond5s$ condition4 ,t !y are n compos$ ( absolutely solid matt] is prov$ by ! fact t x is possible to see ! />s ?r\gh ! gase\s matt] ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,h[ ! gase\s matt] ( :i* ^! comets are =m$ is orig9at$1 or h[ x is =m$ 9 sol> or /ell> space1 has1 ,i believe1 up to ! pres5t nev] be5 expla9$1 & inde$1 ) ! idea ( a frictionless ,ae!r1 ,i fail to see h[ any physical explanation ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( a comet c be satisfactorily giv54 ,) ! conception ( ! ,ae!r1 h[ev]1 t is put =w>d 9 ?is "w1 viz4 t ,ae!r is matt] 9 its mo/ r>efi$ & att5uat$ =m1 :i* c be cond5s$ into a gase\s condition1 ) su* a conception ( ! univ]sal ae!rial m$ium1 ! orig9 & developm5t ( gase\s matt] f ?is ,ae!r becomes a physical possibility4 ,"l ,kelv91 9 ! ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,july #aijb1 on ! ,clu/]+ ( ,gravitational ,matt] 9 any "p ( ! ,univ]se1 has already sugge/$ ! possibility ( ! cond5sation ( ! ,ae!r1 b ) ! old idea ( a frictionless ,ae!r1 t is1 an ,ae!r :i* does n possess mass1 su* a hypo!sis is improbable4 ,because1 if ! ,ae!r becomes cond5s$ at all1 x mu/ be cond5s$ into gase\s & solid matt]1 & all exp]im5ts & obs]vation tea* u t bo? ^! =ms ( matt] possess mass & weight4 ,!re=e1 if ! frictionless ,ae!r1 :i* possesses no mass & weight1 is to be cond5s$ into gase\s or solid matt]1 !re mu/ come a p]iod 9 ! process ( cond5sation :5 x mu/ pass out ( ! condition ( possess+ no mass & no weight1 into ! condition ( possess+ mass & weight1 :i* assumption is altoge!r oppos$ to ^? ,rules ( ,philosophy bas$ ^u exp]im5t & obs]vation4 ,ae!r c only pass into a gase\s or solid condition1 9 :i* condition x w possess mass & weight1 on ! assumption t 9 ! ae!rial condition x possesses ! same prop]ties1 only 9 a modifi$ =m1 :i* x possesses aft] ! process ( cond5sation has tak5 place4 ,9 a simil> way t air c pass out ( its gase\s condition into a liquid condition1 or any gas c pass out ( its gase\s into a liquid condition1 s ,ae!r1 on ! conception z giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 c pass out ( its ae!rial & r>efi$ condition into t =m ( matt] :i* is kn[n z gase\s4 ,we %all deal ) ?is aspect ( ,ae!r m fully :5 we come to deal ) ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 z ! same pr9ciple und]lies t hypo!sis z und]lies ! orig9 & developm5t ( comets4 ,?us1 comets may be =m$ at any "t 9 int]/ell> space out ( ! ,ae!r t exi/s !re1 provid$ ! conditions ( its =mation are to be f\nd !re4 ,!n1 z !y are gradually =m$1 !y w\ld1 l any o!r bodies1 come m directly "u ! influ5ce ( any l>ge bodies1 z ! sun1 & be attract$ by !m4 ,?is conception ( ! orig9 & developm5t ( a comet w also acc\nt1 & t on a logical & philosophical basis1 = ano!r fact :i* is associat$ ) comet>y ph5om5a4 ,i ref] to ! fact ( ! expulsion ( gase\s matt] out ( ! head ( a comet z x ne>s ! sun1 :i* expulsion w be dealt ) 9 ! article on ,p>ts ( a ,comet4 ,ano!r problem t might be solv$ by ?is conception ( a comet lies 9 ! "q1 z to :e!r comets %9e by _! own light8 ,if comets are really =m$ ( cond5s$ ,ae!r1 z ,i believe !m to be1 !n1 z light is due to a p]iodic wave motion ( ! ,ae!r1 z soon z ! ,ae!r 7( :i* ! comets' tails1 = example1 7 =m$7 0 made to vibrate ) t rapidity suffici5t to produce light waves 9 ! surr\nd+ ,ae!r1 ! tails w\ld !n %9e by _! own light1 9 exactly ! same way t any o!r body emits light waves1 z soon z its ae!rial vibrations rea* ! rapidity necess>y to produce ! waves ( light1 :i* vibrations w\ld lie betwe5 #bjjj to #hjjj billions p] second4 ,! numb] ( ! comets t exi/ 9 ! sol> sy/em _c be asc]ta9$ ) any degree ( accuracy1 b ! total probably ext5ds into millions4 ,!y are ( all sizes1 f ^? :i* possess diamet]s ( sev]al miles1 to ^? ext5d+ ov] ?\s&s ( miles4 ,!y also possess orbits1 ) :i* we w n[ deal4 ,,art4 #aab4 ,orbits ( ,comets4--,z has already be5 po9t$ out1 comets p]=m _! j\rney r\nd ! sun1 n only 9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 b also at all angles relatively to t plane4 ,9 ?is respect !y diff] f ! orbits ( planets & satellites1 :i* p]=m _! j\rney 9 orbits situat$ :olly 9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic 7,art4 #aji74 ,!re is ano!r important diff]5ce betwe5 ! orbits ( ! comets & ^? ( ! planets4 ,9 ! case ( ! latt] ! orbit is t ( an ellipse1 :ile 9 ! case ( ! comet ! orbit may be ei!r t ( a p>abola or a hyp]bola1 :i* may be look$ ^u z elongat$ ellipses op5 at "o end4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 "s comets ^: orbits are p]fectly elliptical1 & ^: return may be calculat$ ) a fair am\nt ( accuracy4 ,^! are kn[n ei!r z ,%ort ,p]iod ,comets1 z repres5t$ by ,faye's ,comet1 ,encke's & ,de ,vico's2 or ,long ,p]iod ,comets1 z repres5t$ by ! comets ( #ahaa1 #ahdd1 & #aheh4 ,9 ! case ( all ^!1 z _! return to our sol> sy/em c be det]m9$1 x foll[s t !y mu/ revolve ar\nd ! sun 9 "s sort ( a clos$ orbit1 probably t ( an exce$+ly elongat$ ellipse4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 o!r comets :i* appe> once1 or x may be sev]al times only1 & !n disappe> out ( ! sol> sy/em = ev]4 ,n[ ! "q arises1 z to :e!r ! orbits ( ! comets :i* are s v>iable c be expla9$ by ! motions ( ! ,ae!r :i* we h already ascrib$ to x8 ,we h se5 7,art4 #aji7 h[ x is possible to acc\nt physically = ! plane ( ! ecliptic f ! motions ( ! ,ae!r1 & h[ x is t all ! planets move )9 t plane1 b "h we h a ph5om5on ( a diff]5t k9d1 z obs]vation di/9ctly tea*es u t ! comets d n move 91 or keep )9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 b gravitate r\nd ! sun at all angles to t plane4 ,9 ord] = u1 !re=e1 to be able to acc\nt1 & t on a philosophical basis1 = ?is fact1 we mu/ rev]t to our conception ( ! sun 9 its relation to ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 ,art4 #hh we le>n$ t ! sun 0 an electro-magnet possess+ its electro-magnetic field1 & g5]at+ electro-magnetic waves :i* 7 radiat$ =? f x on e side4 ,f ,art4 #hi we le>n t an electro-magnetic body possesses l9es ( =ce1 & t ^! l9es ( =ce take v>i\s directions z !y are g5]at$ by ! body1 z prov$ by ,f>aday's illu/rations4 ,fur!r1 a mov+ electro-magnet1 z ! sun = example1 c>ries its l9es ( =ce ) x1 z prov$ by ,maxwell4 ,n[ ^! l9es ( =ce ext5d n only ea/ & we/1 b also nor? & s\?1 z depict$ 9 ,fig4 #bi4 ,hi!rto we h only dealt ) ! l9es ( =ce proce$+ f ! sun equatorially1 :i* l9es =m ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,we h1 n[1 to take into consid]ation ^? l9es :i* ext5d out into space1 nor? & s\? ( t plane4 ,^! are n s curv$ z ! o!rs1 b are m incl9$ to be /raight1 or less curv$1 z !y are really p>ts ( l>ge curves :i* ext5d mu* fur!r outw>ds into space4 ,! orbits ( ! ,%ort or ,long ,p]iod ,comets c be expla9$ by ! fact t !y p]=m _! j\rney m or less 9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 ?\gh 9 "s cases at a mu* great] angle ?an t ( any ( ! planets4 ,provid$1 h[ev]1 !y rema9 )9 ! influ5ce ( ! electro-magnetic field ( ! sun1 !re is !n a physical explanation z to _! orbital motion r\nd ! sun1 9 a simil> way to ! orbital motion ( ! planets1 ?\gh at great] angles to ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,= we h to rememb]1 t :]ev] ! electro-magnetic waves ( ! sun's electro-magnetic field ext5d1 !re we h also ! rotation ( t field r\nd its c5tral body1 ?\gh ) a cont9ually decreas+ int5sity1 z already po9t$ out4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 we get rotatory ,ae!r curr5ts1 due to ! rotation ( ! electro-magnetic field1 !re we get ! conditions :i* w\ld enable any k9d ( gase\s or mat]ial body to be circulat$ r\nd ! sun4 ,! case1 h[ev]1 ( comets :i* d n return has to be view$ f a diff]5t /&po9t4 ,"h x seems to me we are deal+ ) masses ( cond5s$ ,ae!r t come )9 ! inductive influ5ce ( ! electro-magnetic waves ( ! sun1 z t body moves ?r\gh space ) its velocity ( ab\t #ejj1jjj miles p] day4 ,we h to conceive ( ?is cond5s$ ,ae!r situat$ nor? & s\? ( ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 & situat$ probably millions ( miles away4 ,z ! sun moves onw>d 9 its j\rney ?r\gh space1 c>ry+ its electro-magnetic field ) x1 !n1 by ! inductive action ( ! sun1 ! comet w\ld be attract$ by t body1 & s w\ld be gradually drawn t[>ds x4 ,"u ?is inductive influ5ce x w\ld ru% t[>ds ! sun1 until1 approa*+ v close to x1 x w\ld be repell$ by ! electro-magnetic waves or c5trifugal =ce ( t body1 & be hurl$ aga9 by _! repulsive en]gy f> f> away into space to ! nor? or s\? ( ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,z x 0 mov+ away f ! syn1 nor? or s\? ( ! ecliptic1 ! sun w\ld be mov+ onw>ds ?r\gh space 9 ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 :i* w\ld practically be at "r angles to ! motion ( ! comet1 s t by ! "t ! comet _h rec$$ f> into ! dep?s ( space1 ! sun ) its electro-magnetic field w\ld h mov$ on also 9 a direction at "r angles to ! comet's motion4 ,! effect ( ! sun's orbital motion w\ld be1 t x w\ld be unable to aga9 ex]t suffici5t inductive p[] ^u ! comet to br+ x )9 its inductive influ5ce once m4 ,= example1 suppose !re is a mass ( ,ae!r cond5s+ at po9t ,a 9 int]/ell> space situat$ "s millions ( miles nor? ( ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 :i* is repres5t$ by ! /raight l9es ,b ,c4 ,! sun is mov+ 9 ! direction t[>ds ! "p ( space repres5t$ by po9t ,b4 ,we w suppose t :5 ! sun is ne> po9t ,c ! mass ( ,ae!r at po9t ,a is too f> away to be appreciably influ5c$ by ! inductive action ( ! sun4 ,b z ! sun moves t[>ds po9t ,f1 !n ! cond5s$ ,ae!r1 :i* practically =ms ! body ( ! comet1 w come )9 its influ5ce & be drawn t[>ds ! sun1 at an angle to ! plane ( ! ecliptic4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig3 #cj4 ,by ! "t ! body ( ! comet has rea*$ ! sun1 x w h acquir$ a mom5tum :i* enables x to ru% pa/ ! sun1 & !n x w be repell$ by ! electro-magnetic waves 9 ! direction ( ,f ,g1 :i* is /ill at an angle to ! plane ( ! ecliptic2 b its motion1 comb9$ ) ! repulsive p[] ( ! electro-magnetic waves1 is c>ry+ x outside ! sph]e & influ5ce ( ! sun's electro-magnetic field4 ,at ! same "t ! sun is proce$+ onw>ds ?r\gh space1 leav+ ! comet f> beh9d1 s t by ! "t ! comet has rea*$ ! conf9es ( ! sol> sy/em1 x has ei!r pass$ "u ! influ5ce ( ano!r />1 or has become fur!r cond5s$ to =m a meteor1 :i* beg9s to circle ar\nd ! l>ge/ & ne>e/ body4 ,i d n ass]t t ?is hypo!sis is /rictly correct1 b x seems to me t only on "s su* hypo!sis c ! appe>ance & app>5t loss ( irregul> comets be expla9$4 ,,art4 #aac4 ,%ort ,p]iod ,comets & ,long ,p]iod ,comets4--,we h se5 9 ! previ\s article1 t "s ,comets revolve r\nd ! sun 9 clos$ orbits ( exce$+ great ecc5tricity1 & ! return ( ^! may be calculat$ ) c]ta9ty4 ,!re are ab\t two doz5 comets :i* revolve ar\nd ! sun1 & :i* return at int]vals ly+ betwe5 ?ree ye>s & #gf ye>s4 ,?is class ( comets may be divid$ into two k9ds1 :i* are kn[n z ,%ort ,p]iod ,comets & ,long ,p]iod ,comets respectively4 ,! foll[+ table gives a li/ ( ! *ief ( ! ,%ort ,p]iod ,comets1 toge!r ) "s p>ticul>s relat+ to "t ( revolution1 etc43-- ,,comets4 ,,p]iod ,,( ,,p]ihelion ,,aphelion ,,revolution4 ,,di/ance4 ,,di/ance4 ,encke's 444 #c-a_/d ye>s4 #cb1jjj1jjj miles4 #chg1jjj1jjj miles4 ,de ,vico's 444 #e-a_/b #aaj1jjj1jjj #dge1jjj1jjj ,biela's 444 #f-a_/b #hb1jjj1jjj #ehe1jjj1jjj ,d',arre/'s 444 #f-a_/b ,faye's 444 #g-a_/b #aib1jjj1jjj #fjc1jjj1jjj ,halley's 444 #gf-c_/d #ef1jjj1jjj #c1bjj1jjj1jjj ,encke's ,comet 0 discov]$ by ,pr(essor ,encke ( ,b]l91 & nam$ aft] him4 ,x revolves 9 an ellipse ( great ecc5tricity1 z prov$ by ! fact t :5 ne>e/ to ! sun1 x is inside ,m]cury's orbit1 b :5 fur!/ away f ! sun1 x passes beyond ! orbit ( ,m>s1 rea*+ almo/ to ! orbit ( ,jupit]4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable facts ab\t ?is comet is1 t x has done m to e/abli% ! exi/5ce ( t resi/+ m$ium ar\nd ! sun1 ^: exi/5ce we h demon/rat$1 ?an any o!r comet4 ,encke f\nd on its p]iodical return t its mean di/ance 0 gradually gett+ less1 & 9 ord] to acc\nt = ?is1 he suppos$ t x 0 due to ! exi/5ce ( a resi/+ m$ium :i* envelop$ ! sun1 & ext5d$ "s di/ance into space4 ,?is conclusion has be5 support$ 9 rec5t ye>s by ,von ,a/51 a ,g]man ma!matician1 :o has support$ ! !ory ( a resi/+ m$ium4 ,on ?is po9t ,h]s*el writes 9 8 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy1 ,art4 #egg3 ,?is is evid5tly ! effect :i* w\ld be produc$ by a resi/ance exp]i5c$ by ! comet f a v r>e ae!rial m$ium p]vad+ ! regions 9 :i* x moves2 = su* resi/ance1 by dim9i%+ its actual velocity1 w\ld dim9i% its c5trifugal =ce4 ,accord+ly1 ?is is ! solution propos$ by ,encke1 & at pres5t g5]ally receiv$4 ,s t we h 9 ,encke's ,comet ano!r pro( ( ! exi/5ce ( t ae!rial m$ium1 :i* is n frictionless1 b has ! p[] to oppose any body :i* moves ?r\gh x1 :5 t body moves 9 an opposite direction to its own motions4 ,ano!r ,%ort ,p]iod ,comet wor?y ( notice is t ( ,biela1 nam$ aft] ,m4 ,biela1 its discov]]4 ,?is comet _h a p]iod ( six & a half ye>s1 & reappe>$ at sev]al successive int]vals until ab\t ! ye> #ahde1 :5 x seems to h be5 brok5 or split up into two p>ts4 ,9 ,decemb] #ahde ! comet divid$ into two p>ts1 :i* travell$ p>allel to ea* o!r = a long di/ance4 ,dur+ ?is sep>ation1 v s+ul> *anges 7 obs]v$ to be tak+ place 9 bo? ! orig9al comet & its (f%oot4 ,bo? _h a nucleus1 & bo? _h tails1 :i* 7 p>allel to ea* o!r4 ,! comets cont9u$ to travel toge!r until ! #ae? ,m>* #ahdf1 :5 ! new comet began to fade away1 until1 on ! #bd? ,m>*1 ! old comet only 0 visible1 :ile 9 ,april bo? _h disappe>$ entirely4 ,a simil> ph5om5on 0 aga9 obs]v$ at its next passage 9 #aheb1 b s9ce !n ,biela's ,comet has entirely disappe>$4 ,x is sugge/$ by a/ronom]s1 t ! comet has become cond5s$1 & brok5 up1 =m+ a %oal ( meteors4 ,support is l5t to ?is !ory by ! fact t 9 ,novemb] #ahgb1 :5 ! e>? 0 pass+ ?r\gh space & _h arriv$ at t "p ( its orbit :i* int]cept$ ! orbit ( ,biela's ,comet1 in/ead ( ! comet be+ se51 ! e>? came into contact ) a sw>m ( meteors1 & ?is is accept$ z evid5ce t ,biela's ,comet 0 cond5s$ f> away 9 ! cold] regions ( int]planet>y space into a m solid =m ( matt]1 kn[n z meteors4 ,"o ( ! m fam\s ( ! %ort p]iod class ( comets is t kn[n z ,halley's ,comet1 :i* has a p]iod ( ab\t #gf ye>s4 ,?is comet has be5 se5 9 its return j\rney to ! sun ab\t #be times4 ,x 0 nam$ aft] its discov]]1 ,edmund ,halley4 ,he 0 l$ to id5tify ?is comet ) t ( #aeca & #afjg1 & ?us to conclude t x _h a p]iod ( #ge or #gf ye>s4 ,he !re=e pr$ict$ its reappe>ance 9 #agei4 ,z ! ye> approa*$1 its arrival 0 eag]ly look$ =1 to see if ! pr$iction w\ld be v]ifi$4 ,x 0 ?\ght1 h[ev]1 by a c]ta9 a/ronom] nam$ ,clairaut1 t ! l>g] planets1 z ,saturn & ,jupit]1 might int]f]e ) its orbital motions1 & aft] c>eful calculations a diff]5ce ( #fah days 0 all[$1 :i* br\ght its anticipat$ reappe>ance d[n to ,april #agei4 ,x actually reappe>$ 9 ,m>* ( t ye>4 ,its next reappe>ance 0 fix$ to take place ab\t ,novemb] #ahce4 ,! comet became visible on #e? ,augu/ #ahce1 & cont9u$ to be se5 till ,april #ahcf1 :5 x aga9 disappe>$4 ,z ! reappe>ance ( ! comet 0 calculat$ by ! application ( ! ,newtonian ,law ( ,gravitation1 su* a result only gave add$ confirmation to ! application ( t law to comet>y bodies4 ,( ! ,long ,p]iod ,comets !re are sev]al kn[n4 ,t ( #aheh has a p]iod1 x is ?\ght1 ( #bjjj ye>s4 ,! #ahaa comet has a p]iod ( #cjjj ye>s1 :ile t ( #ahdd has a p]iod ( ov] #aj1jjj ye>s4 ,all ^! comets move 9 orbits ( su* great size t _! return is improbable4 ,"o ( ! *>act]i/ic features ab\t ,long ,p]iod ,comets is _! great brilliancy & size4 ,! #aheh comet1 kn[n z ,donati's ,comet1 0 fir/ se5 by t a/ronom] at ,flor5ce 9 ,june4 ,x 0 invisible1 h[ev]1 to ! nak$ eye1 z x only appe>$ ?r\gh ! telescope l a fa9t cl\d ( light1 gradually gett+ bright] & bright]4 ,t[>d ! end ( ,augu/ x began to %[ signs ( develop+ a tail1 & became visible to ! eye on ,augu/ #bi?4 ,dur+ ,septemb] & ,octob] x greatly increas$ 9 size & brilliancy1 & 0 pla9ly visible 9 ! we/]n heav5s4 ,aft] ,octob] #aj? x 0 only visible 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e1 gradually decreas+ 9 brightness4 ,x 0 se5 till ,m>* #ahei1 :5 x disappe>$1 & w probably n return till ! ye> #cheh1 z its p]iod ( revolution is ab\t #bjjj ye>s4 ,donati's ,comet pass$ betwe5 ! e>? & _m />s1 :i* c\ld be se5 v di/9ctly ?r\gh its tail4 ,"o ( ! />s 0 ,arcturus1 &1 ?\gh "s ( ! d5se/ p>ts ( ! comet pass$ ov] x1 yet ! /> c\ld be se5 all ! "t1 ?us conclusively prov+ t ! head & tail ( a comet are only compos$ ( gase\s matt]1 probably cond5s$ ,ae!r1 z sugge/$ 9 ,art4 #aaa4 ,,art4 #aad4 ,p>ts ( a ,comet4--,a comet may be divid$ into ?ree p>ts3 #a/1 ,nucleus2 #bnd1 ,head or ,coma2 & #crd1 ,tail4 ,! nucleus is ! c5tral "p ( ! head or coma1 & is g5]ally ! brighte/ "p ( ! :ole comet4 ,on ! !ory t a comet is due to ! cond5sation ( ,ae!r1 ! nucleus w\ld repres5t ! fir/ act 9 ! process ( cond5sation1 z !re w\ld h to be "s c5tre ( cond5sation1 & t c5tre w\ld be repres5t$ by ! nucleus4 ,fur!r1 ! process ( cond5sation w\ld assume a sph]ical =m1 z ! conception ( our ae!rial atom is t ( a sph]e or an oblate sph]oid4 ,z ! process ( cond5sation w5t on1 ! lay]s t w\ld be produc$ w\ld =m a k9d ( envelope ar\nd ! po9t ( cond5sation1 ) ! result t ! nucleus w\ld ultimately consi/ ( a l>ge mass ( gase\s matt]1 made up ( lay] ^u lay] ( cond5s$ ,ae!r ar\nd "s c5tral po9t1 :i* =m$ ! nucleus4 ,?is hypo!sis agrees ) obs]v$ ph5om5a1 because1 :5 we deal ) ! tails ( comets1 we %all see t ! tail is simply =m$ by ! rev]se process to t ( cond5sation1 z 9 ! case ( comet>y tails ! gase\s envelopes s =m$ w be ?r[n (f 7ei!r ?r\gh heat g5]at$ by friction1 or by ! increas$ heat z ! comet ne>s ! sun71 :i* are !n repell$ away f ! sun by ! c5trifugal =ce4 ,h]s*el1#da ref]r+ to ! nucleus1 /ates1 p>agraph #eei3 ,an atmosph]e free to exp& 9 all directions w\ld envelop ! nucleus sph]ically1 :ile 9 8 ,reflection on ,halley's ,comet1 he /ates1 ,art4 #egj1 #a/1 ,t ! matt] ( ! nucleus ( a comet is p[]fully excit$ & dilat$ into a vapor\s /ate by ! action ( ! sun's rays1 escap+ 9 /reams & jets at ^? po9ts ( its surface :i* oppose ! lea/ resi/ance4 #bnd1 ,t ! process *iefly takes place 9 t portion ( ! nucleus :i* is turn$ t[>ds ! sun1 ! vap\r escap+ 9 t direction4 #crd1 ,t :5 s emitt$1 x is prev5t$ f proce$+ 9 ! direction orig9ally impress$ ^u x1 by "s =ce direct$ f ! sun1 drift+ x back & c>ry+ x out to va/ di/ances beh9d ! nucleus =m+ ! tail4 ,:5 we come to deal ) ! "q ( ! =mation ( ! tail1 we %all f9d t e reflection made by ,h]s*el is satisfactorily fulfill$ by ! conception ( a gravitat+ & cond5s+ ,ae!r4 ,be=e consid]+ ! tail1 h[ev]1 we w deal ) ! head or coma4 ,! head or coma is t "p ( ! comet :i* exi/s r\nd ! nucleus4 ,x is less bright ?an ! nucleus1 & (t5times appe>s z a %ad[y mass ( light4 ,h]s*el1 9 8 #d? ,reflection1 /ates t a consid]able "p ( ! vap\r actually produc$ rema9s 9 ! neighb\rhood ( ! nucleus =m+ ! head or coma4 ,s t ! head ( a comet is simply ! vaporis$ "p ( ! nucleus :i* is produc$ by ! increas$ heat ( ! sun1 9 ! same way t wat] w\ld be vaporis$ by ! addition ( heat1 ! vap\r 9 t case be+ ?r[n (f 9 ! =m ( /eam4 ,?is =mation ( ! head is b a cont9uation ( ! rev]sal ( ! process ( cond5sation1 :i* orig9ally gave exi/5ce to ! mass ( matt] t]m$ ! comet4 ,! diamet] ( ?is head or coma (t5 ext5ds to ?\s&s ( miles4 ,! head ( ! #ahaa comet 0 #edj1jjj miles 9 diamet]1 :ile t ( ! #ahdc 0 #aab1jjj miles4 ,z ! nucleus is =m$ ( a s]ies ( envelopes1 s ! head also consi/s ( a s]ies ( envelopes4 ,! comet ( #aheh con/antly ?rew (f ^! envelopes1 :i* 7 fir/ expell$ t[>ds ! sun1 & !n repell$ away f ! sun1 =m+ ! tail4 ,! matt] =m+ ! head & ! nucleus is p]fectly transp>5t1 z />s h be5 se5 ?r\gh ! matt] :i* =ms ^? p>ts4 ,h]s*el1#db p>agraph #eeh1 /ates t :5ev] p[]ful telescopes h be5 turn$ on ^! bodies1 !y h n fail$ to dispel ! illusion :i* attributes solidity to t m cond5s$ "p ( ! head :i* appe>s to ! nak$ eye1 ?\gh x is true t 9 "s a v m9ute /ell> po9t has be5 se5 indicat+ ! exi/5ce ( a /ell> body4 ,tails4--,! tail ( a comet is t "p :i* fl[s f ! head1 & is aft]w>ds repell$ by ! repulsive p[] ( ! sun into space4 ,we %all deal ) ?is repulsive p[]1 ^: exi/5ce we h already demon/rat$1 & ! "p :i* x plays 9 ! =mation ( a comet's tail1 9 ! next article4 ,! tail ( a comet is (t5times consid]$ to be ! comet itself1 r ?an a "p ( ! same1 b z ! tail is ! mo/ di/9ctive feature ( a comet1 & is ! "p mo/ visible to ! nak$ eye1 !re has aris5 ! popul> b mi/ak5 idea ( id5tity betwe5 ! tail & ! comet itself4 ,tails are ( all k9ds4 ,!re are "s :i* are %ort1 :ile o!rs are long4 ,!n we h comets ) s+le tails1 or d\ble1 & 9 "s cases ev5 multiple tails4 ,occasionally comets appe> :i* h no tails at all4 ,! comet ( #agdd _h six tails1 :i* spread out 9 ! %ape ( a l>ge fan4 ,"o ( ! mo/ rem>kable features ( tails is _! abnormal l5g?1 :i* (t5times rea*es into millions ( miles4 ,! comet ( #ahdc _h a tail #aab1jjj1jjj miles long4 ,ano!r feature ab\t ! tails ( comets is t !y are always direct$ away f ! sun4 ,up to ! pres5t ,i believe no satisfactory explanation has be5 giv5 ( ?is fact1 b ) ! conception ( ! rotat+ ,ae!r z giv5 9 ,art4 #id1 we %all = ! fir/ "t be able to give a satisfactory physical explanation ( t ph5om5on4 ,9 addition to ?is1 ! =mation ( comet>y tails ( all %apes receives a physical explanation1 :5 tak5 into acc\nt ) ! fact t ! sun is an electro-magnet1 possess+ its electro-magnetic field1 & its l9es ( =ce1 z describ$ 9 ,art4 #hh4 ,footnote #da3 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,footnote #db3 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,,art4 #aae4 ,c5trifugal ,=ce & ,comets' ,tails4--,9 ord] to acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ! tails ( comets1 v>i\s repulsive =ces h be5 introduc$ f "t to "t into ! sol> sy/em1 s t ! ph5om5a ( comet>y tails might be satisfactorily acc\nt$ =4 ,x has be5 felt by e a/ronom] t "s repulsive =ce1 :i* _h its orig9 9 ! sun1 0 absolutely necess>y to expla9 ! exi/5ce ( ! tails1 & z no real =ce c\ld be demon/rat$ to exi/1 rec\rse _h to be made to repulsive =ces ( a m or less hypo!tical nature4 ,! necessity ( ?is repulsive =ce is n[h]e m pla9ly indicat$ ?an by ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el 9 8 ,lectures on ,sci5tific ,subjects1 :]e1 deal+ ) ! ph5om5a ( comets' tails1 he writes3 ,!y h furni%$ u ) a pro(1 am\nt+ to demon/ration1 ( ! exi/5ce ( a repulsive =ce direct$ f ! sun1 z well z t great & g5]al attractive =ce :i* keeps planets 9 _! orbits4 ,9 ! same "w1 ref]r+ to ! comet ( #afhj1 he writes3 ,?is comet 0 p]haps ! mo/ magnific5t ev] se54 ,x appe>$ f ,novemb] #afhj to ,m>* #afha4 ,9 its approa* to ! sun x 0 n v bright1 b began to ?r[ out its tail :5 ab\t z f> f ! sun z ! e>?4 ,x pass$ its p]ihelion on ,decemb] #h?1 & :5 ne>e/ to ! sun 0 only ab\t #a_/aj "p ( ! sun's diamet] f ! surface4 ,no wond] x gave evid5ce ( viol5t excitem5t1 com+ f ! cold region outside planet>y space4 ,already1 :5 arriv$ ev5 9 our temp]ate regions1 x began to %[ signs ( int]nal activity4 ,! head _h begun to develop & ! tail to elongate1 till ! comet 0 = a "t lo/ sight (4 ,no human eye beheld ! wondr\s spectacle :i* x mu/ h (f]$ on ,decemb] #h?4 ,only f\r days aft]w>ds1 h[ev]1 x 0 se5 aga91 & ! tail1 ^: direction 0 rev]s$1 & :i* obs]ve c\ld n possibly be ! same tail1 its tail _h already l5g!n$ out to ! ext5t ( ab\t #ij millions ( miles1 s t x mu/ h be5 %ot out ) imm5se =ce 9 a direction f ! sun4 ,! read] w h obs]v$ x took f ,novemb] #aj? to ,decemb] #h?1 or #bh days1 to fall to ! sun = ! same di/ance1 & t ) all ! velocity x _h on ,novemb] #aj? to />t )4 ,h]s*el sums up ! matt] ?us3 ,beyond a d\bt1 ! wide/ & mo/ int]e/+ prospect ( future discov]y :i* _! /udy 7comets' tails7 holds to u1 is1 t di/9ction betwe5 gravitat+ & levitat+ matt]1 t positive & unrefutable demon/ration ( ! exi/5ce 9 nature ( a repulsive =ce co-ext5sive )1 b enorm\sly m p[]ful ?an ! attractive =ce we call gravity1 :i* ! ph5om5a ( _! tails af=d4 ,?us ! philosophic m9d ( ,h]s*el saw 9 ! exi/5ce ( comet>y tails1 ! irrefutable evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a repulsive =ce1 n ( a hypo!tical "*1 b z real z ! exi/5ce ( gravity itself4 ,v>i\s attempts h be5 made to def9e t repulsive =ce :i* 0 ?us dem&$1 & ! same =ce has be5 ascrib$ by sci5ti/s to ! repulsion due to heat1 to light1 & also to electricity4 ,sev]al ,fr5* sci5ti/s h sugge/$ t ! repulsive =ce 0 due to ! heat ( ! sun4 ,m4 ,ro*e 0 "o ( ^? :o /at$ t ! ph5om5a ( comet>y tails 0 due to ! repulsive p[] ( heat1 :i* f\nd its orig9 9 ! heat ( ! sun4 ,m4 ,faye1 ano!r ,fr5* sci5ti/1 /ates t ! repulsive =ce _h its orig9 9 ! heat ( ! sun4 ,by a s]ies ( exp]im5ts he demon/rat$ t !re 0 a repulsive p[] 9 all heat waves1 :i* gave 8 !ory t exp]im5tal support t any !ory mu/ possess to make x p]man5t4 ,n[ 9 ,art4 #fc x 0 %[n t heat does possess a repulsive p[]1 b t t p[] is r due to ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r ^: vibrations produce ! heat waves1 ?an to ! repulsion ( heat2 s t1 indirectly1 ! assumption ( bo? ^! ,fr5* sci5ti/s1 t ! repulsive p[] ( heat gave rise to ! tails ( comets1 is correct4 ,!n aga9 x has be5 sugge/$ t ! repulsive p[] is produc$ by ! pressure ( ! light waves4 ,pr(essor ,leb$ew sugge/$ ?is aft] he _h exp]im5tally prov$ t light waves did possess a repulsive p[] 7,annal5 d] ,physik1 ,novemb] #aija74 ,x c easily be se51 z po9t$ out 9 ,art4 #gj1 t1 inasmu* z light is due to ! vibrations ( ! ,ae!r1 !y too possess ?is repulsive p[]1 & !re=e ,pr(essor ,leb$ew's sugge/ion z to ! nature ( ! repulsive p[] is correct1 z ! real c5trifugal =ce is really due to an ae!rial pressure4 ,:e!r1 !re=e1 we consid] x f ! /&po9t ( heat1 or light or electricity1 x ultimately resolves itself into ! same ae!rial m$ium :i* is at once ! common s\rce ( all ^! =ces4 ,aga91 x has be5 sugge/$ t ! repulsive p[] is electrical or electro-magnetic1 & ?is view is receiv+ m support ?an ei!r ( ! o!rs f mod]n sci5ti/s4 ,h]s*el sugge/$ t ! repulsive p[] 0 electrical1 :ile ,br$i*9 has work$ out a v c>eful !ory z to ! effect ( electrical repulsion ^u diff]5t elem5ts t are f\nd 9 ! comets' tails1 ) a view to expla9 ! diff]5t %apes ( ! tails4 ,b :e!r ! =ce is look$ at f ! /&po9t ( heat1 light or electricity1 x ultimately resolves itself into ! motions ( ! ,ae!r1 :i* gives rise by its diff]5t vibrations & motions to all ! ?ree =ms ( en]gy ref]r$ to4 ,:5 we also take into acc\nt ! fact t ,ae!r is gravitative1 & !re=e d5s] ne>] to ! sun ?an fur!r away1 & t x is also rotat+ r\nd ! c5tral body ! sun 7,art4 #ia71 !n we h at once e condition necess>y to expla9 all ! v>i\s k9ds ( comet>y tails1 & also = ! rem>kable fact t ! tail is always turn$ away f ! sun1 :i* is simply due to ! effect ( ! rotat+ ,ae!r ) its outfl[+ electro-magnetic waves ^u ! gase\s matt] ( ! comet4 ,?us f ! ph5om5a ( comets' tails1 we h aga9 arriv$ at ! conclusion ( ! exi/5ce ( t c5trifugal =ce1 ^: orig9 & cont9uity are to be f\nd 9 ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r :i* surr\nds ! sun1 & :i* by its electro-magnetic waves gives rise to pressure on all bodies ^u :i* !y fall4 ,,art4 #aaf4 ,=mation ( ,tails4--,) ! conception ( ! =mation ( ! comet advanc$ 9 ,art4 #aaa1 viz4 t x is no?+ m or less ?an ,ae!r 9 a /ate ( cond5sation1 & rememb]+ ! explanation giv5 ( ! p>ts ( ! comet1 z ! nucleus1 & head or coma1 we are n[ 9 a position to give a philosophical acc\nt ( ! =mation ( ! tails ( comets1 :i* w satisfactorily fulfil all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,9 addition to ! facts already ref]r$ to 9 ! previ\s articles ( ?is *apt]1 we mu/ also recall our conception ( ! ,ae!r z giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 rememb]+ t x gets d5s] ne>] ! sun1 & t x is n frictionless2 !re=e1 :5 a body is urg$ ?r\gh x1 friction is produc$1 & heat is g5]at$4 ,we mu/ also rememb] t ! ,ae!r is rotat+ r\nd ! sun z t body proce$s ?r\gh space4 ,we h1 !re=e1 to picture ! cond5s$ mass ( ,ae!r situat$ out 9 ! cold int]/ell> space1 gradually com+ "u ! influ5ce ( ! sun1 z t body ru%es on its j\rney ?r\gh space ) a velocity ( #ejj1jjj miles p] h\r4 ,sl[ly1 b surely1 ! mass ( cond5s$ ,ae!r beg9s to respond to ! attractive p[] ( ! sun1 & to move ?r\gh space t[>ds ! sun4 ,s long z x is mov+ t[>ds ! sun1 x is enc\nt]+ & hav+ to ov]come ! resi/ance ( ! ,ae!r4 ,at fir/ ?is resi/ance is v feeble1 ow+ to ! decreas$ d5sity ( ! ,ae!r1 b z x proce$s on its j\rney x is con/antly pass+ into d5s] p>ts ( ! ae!rial electro-magnetic field ar\nd ! sun4 ,! result is1 t z ! resi/ance is increas$1 s !re is great] friction betwe5 ! matt] ( ! comet & ! atomic ,ae!r 9 space1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 heat is g5]at$4 ,9 addition to ! g5]at$ heat1 ! comet is all ! :ile pass+ into regions ( great] int5sity ( heat4 ,9 bo? cases1 ! effect is only manife/$ on t side ( ! comet :i* is approa*+ ! sun2 =1 if !re be any friction at all1 x w only be on t half ( ! comet :i* enc\nt]s ! ,ae!r1 s to speak1 :ile ! same "p w receive ! add$ heat1 z ! di/ance betwe5 ! comet & ! sun is decreas$4 ,z c readily be se5 !re=e1 ?is add$ heat acts only ^u ! half ( ! comet :i* is advanc+1 & :i* faces ! sun1 & z ! effect ( heat is always to vaporise1 s ! effect on ! nucleus ( ! comet is to vaporise ! cond5s$ ae!rial matt]1 & ?is vaporis$ ae!rial matt] is ?r[n (f 9 lay]s :i* are p>tly sph]ical 9 =m1 ! lay]s always be+ expell$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance t[>ds ! sun1 on acc\nt ( t c5trifugal motion :i* has its bir? 9 ! nucleus ( ! comet4 ,?is explanation fully e/abli%es & confirms ! fir/ & second ,reflections ( ,h]s*el z giv5 9 ,art4 #aad1 &1 moreov]1 is itself e/abli%$ by ! v ph5om5a :i* comets pres5t 9 _! approa* to ! sun4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z ! vaporis$ matt] is expell$ f ! nucleus t[>ds ! sun1 x is met by ! c5trifugal motion ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r :i* proce$s f ! sun1 & ?is pressure ( ! ae!rial waves on ! advanc+ comet acts z a repell+ p[]1 lit]ally repell+ ! vaporis$ matt] f ! sun1 & ?us giv+ rise to ! exi/5ce ( its tail4 ,?is explanation fully confirms ! ?ird ,reflection ( ,h]s*el ref]r$ to 9 ,art4 #aad1 & is itself also confirm$ by actual obs]vation4 ,dur+ all ?is "t1 h[ev]1 ! comet has be5 approa*+ ! sun ) a decreas$ velocity1 = its velocity has be5 m9imis$ by ! resi/ance x has _h to ov]come 9 its approa* to ! sun4 ,z soon1 h[ev]1 z x rea*es ! sun1 x is :irl$ r\nd t body by ! rotat+ ,ae!r m$ium1 z ! int5sity ( its rotation is greate/ ne>e/ ! sun1 ) a velocity :i* (t5 exce$s ?\s&s ( miles p] h\r4 ,hav+ pass$ its p]ihelion1 9 view ( ! physical exi/5ce ( our c5trifugal motion1 let u n[ ask ourselves :at ought to happ5 to ! comet8 ,previ\s to its p]ihelion1 ! comet's motion & ! c5trifugal motion due to ! pressure ( ! ,ae!r 7 9 opposition1 b aft] pass+ ! p]ihelion1 ! comet's motion & ! c5trifugal motion w be act+ conjo9tly1 ) ! result t ! motion ( ! comet w\ld be accel]at$4 ,n[ ?is is exactly :at obs]vation tea*es u does happ5 9 reg>d to comets1 :5 !y h pass$ _! p]ihelion passage4 ,z ,h]s*el po9t$ out ) ref]5ce to ! comet ( #afhj 7,art4 #aad71 x took #bh days to fall to ! sun1 b only took f\r days to cov] ! same di/ance1 aft] x _h pass$ ! sun & r\nd$ ! p]ihelion4 ,s t we h "h1 z ,h]s*el /at$1 an irrefutable evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( ! repulsive p[] ^: exi/5ce we h demon/rat$4 ,aga91 !re is ano!r fact :i* has to be tak5 into consid]ation 9 reg>d to ! tails ( comets4 ,obs]vation tea*es u t _! tails are inv>iably turn$ f ! sun1 ?\gh :y !y always are s turn$ away is an unsolv$ problem1 ap>t f "s real or hypo!tical repulsive p[]4 ,we h1 h[ev]1 to fur!r rememb] t ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r ar\nd ! sun is ev] rotat+ ) t body1 & c>ry+ ) x 9 its rotation all associat$ planets & meteors4 ,?is rotation ( ! ,ae!r plays a mo/ important "p 9 ! ph5om5a /at$4 ,:e!r ! comet is approa*+ ! sun1 or rec$+ f ! sun1 x is /ill subject to ! influ5ce ( ?is rotatory ,ae!r m$ium4 ,! result w be t ! light] p>ticles ( ! vaporis$ matt] w be act$ ^u m p[]fully ?an ! heavi] p>ts1 s t ev5 :5 ! comet is rec$+ f ! sun1 aft] x has pass$ ! p]ihelion1 ! light] p>ts :i* g to =m ! tail w be m "u ! influ5ce ( ! repell+ ,ae!r waves ?an ! heavi] p>ts1 z ! nucleus1 z sugge/$ by ,br$i*94 ,?us ! natural result w be t ! tail w /ill be direct$ away f ! sun ev5 :5 x is rec$+ f t body4 ,gradually1 h[ev]1 z ! comet rec$es1 x passes out ( ! d5s] ,ae!r1 :]e ! int5sity ( motion & vibration are greate/1 to ^? sl[] p>ts ( ! sun's ae!rial field :]e !y are less int5se4 ,! effect ( ?is is soon made manife/ on ! tail & head ( ! comet4 ,! process :i* took place z x approa*$ ! sun is n[ exactly rev]s$1 z x is n[ pass+ out ( a d5s] into a m r>efi$ m$ium1 :]e its motions & vibrations are less int5se4 ,! tail1 !re=e1 appe>s to be drawn back to ! head1 :ile ! head w itself gradually contract into ! nucleus1 z x rec$es fur!r & fur!r into space4 ,if ! comet be situat$ )9 ! plane1 or ne>ly ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 !n x is possible = x to return aga91 & g ?r\gh ! same process1 unless x is captur$ on its outw>d j\rney by "s ( ! l>ge out] planets1 z ,jupit]4 ,if1 h[ev]1 _! planes d n co9cide ) ! plane ( ! ecliptic1 !n x is v possible t !y w n reappe> aga91 b pass on to "s o!r /ell> sy/em4 ,?us we c expla9 on a /rictly philosophical basis "o ( ! mo/ int]e/+1 & yet "o ( ! mo/ my/]i\s ph5om5a associat$ ) our sol> sy/em1 f ! simple yet truly philosophical assumption t ,ae!r is matt]1 9 conjunction ) all t t assumption logically involves4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,ae!r ,,& ,,/>s ,,& ,,nebulae ,,art4 #aag4 ,! ,/>ry ,_w4--,9 addition to ! planets & comets t are f\nd 9 ! heav5s1 !re are o!r bodies1 c\ntless 9 _! numb]1 :i* we "k z />s4 ,:o has n look$ up into ! heav5s on "s cle> night1 & notic$ h[ ! vault ( heav5 0 spangl$ ov] ) po9ts ( light1 ea* po9t repres5t+ a huge sun t exi/s 9 f>-(f space8 ,= x mu/ be rememb]$ t e /> is a sun1 :i*1 reason+ by analogy1 is ! c5tre ( a /ell> sy/em1 j 9 ! same way t our sun is ! c5tre ( our sol> sy/em4 ,l our sun1 all />s %9e by _! own light1 & ! quality ( t brilliancy decides ! magnitude ( ! />1 ! magnitude be+ indicative ( ! relative brilliancy ( a /> r ?an its size4 ,s t />s are divid$ into gr\ps accord+ to _! magnitude1 ! magnitudes rang+ f ! fir/ to ! sixte5?1 & ev5 beyond4 ,^? ( ! fir/ magnitude are m brilliant ?an ^? ( ! second1 ^? ( ! second m brilliant ?an ^? ( ! ?ird1 ea* magnitude decreas+ 9 relative brilliancy z ! numb] :i* indicates ! magnitude increases4 ,!re are ab\t sixte5 diff]5t degrees ( magnitude1 9 :i* are classifi$ ! millions ( />s t exi/ 9 inf9ite space1 b only />s up to ! six? magnitude are visible to ! nak$ eye1 ! telescope reveal+ ^? :i* lie beyond4 ,! total numb] ( />s visible to ! nak$ eye are ab\t #fjjj1 half ( :i* are visible 9 ea* hemisph]e4 ,ab\t #bj />s comprise ! gr\p ( ! fir/ magnitude1 :i* include all ! brighte/ />s visible1 z ,sirius1 ,canopus1 ,alpha1 ,arcturus1 ,rigel1 & ,capella4 ,^? ( ! second magnitude numb] ab\t #fe1 & include ! bright] />s to be f\nd 9 ! con/ellation kn[n z ! ,great ,be>4 ,/>s ( ! ?ird magnitude numb] ab\t #bjj1 ( ! f\r? magnitude ab\t #djj1 ( ! fif? magnitude #aajj1 & ( ! six? magnitude ab\t #cbjj4 ,) ! aid ( ! telescope ab\t #ac1jjj />s ( ! sev5? magnitude are reveal$ to u1 & #dj1jjj ( ! eigh? magnitude1 :ile ( ! n9? magnitude ov] #adj1jjj are reveal$ by ! telescope4 ,z ! p[] ( ! telescope is increas$1 s ! numb] reveal$ is increas$ also1 until by ! "t we h rea*$ />s ( ! f\rte5? magnitude1 at lea/ #bj1jjj1jjj are reveal$ to u4 ,if we look into ! heav5s on a cle> moonlight night1 we %all fur!r see t "h & !re are gr\ps ( />s clu/]$ toge!r4 ,^! clu/]s are t]m$ con/ellations1 & are nam$ aft] "s object :i* ! arrangem5t ( ! />s seem$ to sugge/4 ,?us e "o is famili> ) t con/ellation kn[n z ! ,great ,be>1 or ! ,pl\gh1 s call$ because ( its resemblance to a pl\gh4 ,! brighte/ />s ( ea* con/ellation are nam$ aft] ! lett]s ( ! ,greek alphabet1 ! brighte/ be+ call$ ,alpha1 ! next 9 brilliancy ,beta1 & s on1 "r ?r\gh ! ,greek alphabet4 ,= example1 ! sev5 />s 9 ! ,great ,be> are kn[n z ,alpha1 ,beta1 ,gamma1 ,delta1 ,epsilon1 ,zeta1 & ,eta4 ,! con/ellations are gr\p$ into two divisions1 kn[n z ! ,nor!rn & ,s\!rn con/ellations respectively4 ,! visible ,nor!rn con/ellations are #be 9 numb]1 & include ! foll[+ well-kn[n gr\ps-- ,ursa ,major ,! ,great ,be>4 ,ursa ,m9or ,! ,little ,be>4 ,draco ,! ,dragon4 ,h]cules ,h]cules4 ,cygnus ,! ,swan4 ,lyra ,! ,lyre4 ,! visible ,s\!rn con/ellations are #ah 9 numb]1 & include su* gr\ps z-- ,cetus ,! ,:ale4 ,orion ,orion4 ,canis ,major ,! ,great ,dog4 ,canis ,m9or ,! ,little ,dog4 ,corona ,au/ralis ,! ,s\!rn ,cr[n4 ,crux ,au/ralis ,! ,s\!rn ,cross4 ,v>iable ,/>s4--,n only are ! />s ( diff]5t magnitudes1 b ! brilliancy ( "s ( !m *anges f "t to "t4 ,?is class ( />s is kn[n z v>iable />s1 & has receiv$ ! att5tion ( mod]n a/ronom]s = _m ye>s1 9 ord] t ! cause ( _! v>iation might1 if possible1 be asc]ta9$4 ,! p]iods ( v>iation diff] 9 l5g?1 rang+ f a numb] ( days to #fj or #gj ye>s4 ,"o ( ! mo/ int]e/+ ( v>iable />s is t kn[n z ,omicron ,ceti1 ^: p]iod ( *ange is ab\t #cca days4 ,its brilliancy v>ies f "o ( ! second magnitude to "o ( ! t5?4 ,beta ,p]sei is ano!r well-kn[n v>iable />4 ,?is /> %9es z "o ( ! second magnitude = #b days & #ac h\rs1 & !n sudd5ly loses its light1 & 9 less ?an #d h\rs becomes a /> ( ! f\r? magnitude4 ,its brilliancy !n increases aga91 & 9 a simil> "t x rega9s its =m] brilliancy4 ,! conclusion t has be5 arriv$ at 9 reg>d to ! cause ( ! v>iation ( ^! />s is1 t 9 ea* case ! dim9ution ( light is due to ! exi/5ce ( d>k bodies1 probably planets1 :i* revolve r\nd ! c5tral />4 ,?is hypo!sis 0 confirm$ by ,pr(essor ,vogel ab\t #ahhi by means ( spectroscopic results4 ,ano!r int]e/+ fact ab\t />s is t !y %9e ) v>i\s col\rs4 ,! col\rs ( />s are z v>i\s z ! col\rs ( ! ra9b[1 & range ?r\gh ! :ole spectrum1 ( r$1 orange1 yell[1 gre51 blue1 indigo1 violet1 & :ite4 ,:at is m rem>kable is ! fact t ! col\rs ( ! />s seem to *ange ?r\gh great p]iods ( "t4 ,if we turn to anci5t records we le>n t ,sirius 0 r$ !n1 b is n[ gre51 :ile ,capella 0 also r$1 b is n[ pale blue4 ,d\ble & ,multiple ,/>s4--,_m />s :5 look$ at ?r\gh p[]ful telescopes are f\nd to be d\ble1 triple1 quadruple1 & ev5 multiple1 al?\gh :5 look$ at by ! nak$ eye1 !y seem to be s+le 9 appe>ance4 ,an example ( a d\ble /> is to be f\nd 9 ! con/ellation ( ,lyra4 ,a mod]ate telescope reveals ?is z a d\ble />1 :ile a /ill m p[]ful telescope reveals ! /range fact t ea* app>5tly s+le /> :i* =ms ! d\ble is itself d\ble1 s t we h 9 ?is con/ellation a sy/em ( f\r />s1 9 :i* ea* pair revolves r\nd a po9t situat$ betwe5 !m4 ,sev]al ?\s& d\ble />s are kn[n altoge!r1 :ile ! motions ( sev]al hundr$s ( !m h be5 detect$ ) p[]ful telescopes4 ,"s ( ! d\ble />s are z foll[s--,zeta ,h]cules1 ,eta ,coronae ,borealis1 ,gamma ,coronae ,borealis1 ,beta ,cygni1 ,alpha ,c5tauri4 ,! col\rs ( "s ( ! d\ble />s are v beautiful4 ,"s are yell[ & blue2 o!rs1 yell[ & purple1 :ile o!rs are orange & gre54 ,"s ( ! d\ble />s are only optical d\bles1 t is to say1 !y app>5tly seem close toge!r1 :ile z a matt] ( fact !y are imm5se di/ances f ea* o!r1 ! app>5t d\bl5ess be+ due to ! fact t !y are m or less 9 ! same l9e ( vision4 ,real d\ble />s1 :]e ! compon5t />s are situat$ close toge!r1 are kn[n z physical d\bles1 to di/+ui% !m f ! optical d\bles4 ,b9>y ,/>s4--,ano!r class ( d\ble />s are kn[n z ,b9>y ,/>s4 ,?is class ( />s is compos$ ( two />s :i* revolve ar\nd ea* o!r 9 regul> orbits1 & are among "s ( ! mo/ int]e/+ objects 9 ! heav5s4 ,ab\t #ajjj ,b9>y />s are kn[n altoge!r4 ,_! motions1 h[ev]1 are v sl[1 & only 9 a comp>atively few cases h ! dim5sions ( _! orbits be5 asc]ta9$4 ,"s ( ! ,b9>y />s are ,zeta ,h]cules1 :i* has a p]iod ( ab\t #cf ye>s2 ,eta ,coronae ,borealis1 :i* has a p]iod ( #dc ye>s2 :ile ! brighte/ />1 ,sirius1 is also a ,b9>y />1 ) a p]iod ( ab\t #ej ye>s4 ,! ,milky ,way4--,! ,milky ,way is ! "n giv5 to t b& ( light :i* /ret*es across ! sky at night-"t1 & =ms a zone or belt t completely circles ! cele/ial sph]e4 ,?is belt ( light has ma9ta9$ f ! e>lie/ ages ! same relative position among ! />s1 &1 :5 resolv$ by p[]ful telescopes1 is f\nd to consi/ entirely ( />s scatt]$ by millions across ! expanse ( ! heav5s4 ,! :ole zone or belt is compos$ ( no?+ b />s1 ^: av]age magnitude1 accord+ to ,h]s*el1 is ab\t ! t5?4 ,/>s ( all magnitudes are1 h[ev]1 f\nd 9 ?is zone4 ,( ! brighte/ />s1 ab\t twelve are f\nd 9 ?is region1 :ile ! majority ( />s ( ! second1 ?ird1 & f\r? magnitudes are also f\nd 9 or ne> x4 ,! great majority ( /> clu/]s are also f\nd along ! c\rse ( ! ,milky ,way1 :ile _m ( ! irresolvable nebulae seem to congregate ne> ! poles ( ?is />ry region4 ,! ,milky ,way is divid$ 9 "o "p ( its c\rse by a /ream ( />s1 :i* seems to bran* (f z a sep>ate /ream1 ?us divid+ x into two p>ts4 ,all ^! facts seem to po9t to ! conclusion t ! />s ( ! univ]se1 in/ead ( be+ scatt]$ ab\t haphaz>d 9 ! space1 =m a r+ or lay]1 ( :i* ! ?ickness is v small comp>$ ) its l5g? & bread?4 ,our own sol> sy/em1 accord+ to ,h]s*el1 occupies a place some:]e ab\t ! middle ( ! ?ickness ( ! zone1 & ne> ! po9t :]e x divides into two p>ts4 ,rec5t obs]vations g to %[ t !re is a t5d5cy ( ! sun's apex to drift along ! edge ( ! ,milky ,way1 & ?is drift seems to po9t to a plane ( motion ( ! sun1 ne>ly co9cid+ ) ! plane ( ! ,milky ,way4 ,,art4 #aah4 ,/>s & ,kepl]'s ,laws4--,we h le>n$ 9 a previ\s *apt] t ! sun is ! c5tre ( a sy/em :i* comprises a ret9ue ( planets1 ) _! att5dant satellites1 toge!r ) a numb] ( a/]oids or m9or planets1 ) ! addition ( meteors & comets to complete ! sy/em4 ,n[ if ! sun is a />1 !n1 accord+ to our ,fir/ & ,second ,rules ( ,philosophy1 e /> ought also to be ! c5tre ( a /ell> sy/em & ! c5tre ( two ae!rial motions1 t is1 ! ,c5trifugal & ,c5tripetal =ces1 due to ! pressures & t5sions ( ! ,ae!r m$ium4 ,fur!r1 e /ell> sy/em w\ld be compos$ ( exactly simil> bodies to ^? :i* compose our sol> sy/em1 z planets ) _! att5dant satellites1 toge!r ) meteors & comets2 ! :ole ( ! /ell> planets be+ b\nd to ! c5tral body by ! comb9ation ( ! two ae!rial motions1 & kept revolv+ r\nd ! c5tral /> by ! rotat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts4 ,su* a hypo!sis is entirely philosophical1 z x is simple 9 conception1 & fully agrees ) our exp]i5ce 9 relation to ! only /> ( :i* we h any complete k4 ,x is un?9kable to conceive ( a /> exi/+ 9 s-call$ space1 & con/antly radiat+ out its light & heat = no purpose at all4 ,all ,nature tea*es u t !re is n a s+le ?+ 9 exi/5ce b :at has a def9ite purpose1 & a def9ite place to fill 9 ! univ]se4 ,ev5 ! ae!rial atoms1 :i* =m ! f\ndation /ones ( ! univ]se1 h _! own purpose to fulfil 9 ! glori\s s*eme ( ! ,univ]se conceiv$ by ! ,et]nal ,inf9ite2 & to suppose t a /> has no purpose to fulfil1 no task to p]=m1 is to suppose some?+ altoge!r oppos$ to ! tea*+ ( all ,philosophy4 ,:y ev5 man1 ) 8 f9ite wisdom1 w\ld n be s fooli%1 s unwise1 z to make a />1 & set x 9 ! firmam5t ( heav5 = no purpose at all6 ,are we !re=e to suppose t ! ,div9e ,creator ( all ?+s possesses less wisdom ?an ! creatures :i* ,he ,himself ha? made8 ,su* an assumption w\ld be a reflection n only on ! wisdom ( an ,all ,wise ,be+1 b w\ld also be a reflection on our own ideas ( philosophical reason+4 ,!re=e ! conclusion t we are compell$ to come to1 9 relation to ! millions ( />s t exi/ 9 int]/ell> space1 is t e /> is ! c5tre ( a /ell> sy/em1 & ! c5tre ( two ae!rial motions due to ! pressures & t5sions ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r2 :ile rotat+ r\nd ea* /> are ! ev]-circulat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts1 :i* =m ! m$ium by :i* all ! /ell> planets ) _! att5dant satellites are ev] made to revolve ar\nd t c5tral body :i* supplies !m ) _! light & heat4 ,"s su* conclusion z ?is ,sir ,john ,h]s*el arriv$ at1 = 9 8 ,treatise ( ,a/ronomy1 ,art4 #eib1 he writes3 ,n[ = :at purpose are we to suppose su* magnific5t bodies scatt]$ ?r\gh ! abyss ( space8 ,surely n to illum9ate our nights1 :i* an additional moon ( ! #a_/ajjj "p ( our own moon w\ld d mu* bett]4 ,he mu/ h /udi$ a/ronomy to little purpose :o c suppose man to be ! only object ( ! ,creator's c>e1 or :o does n see 9 ! va/ & wond]ful app>atus ar\nd u1 provisions = o!r races ( animat$ be+s4 ,! />s1 d\btless1 are !mselves suns1 & may p]haps ea* 9 its sph]e be ! presid+ c5tre ar\nd :i* o!r planets or bodies may be circulat+4 ,fur!r1 ) ref]5ce to ! /ability ( ea* ( ^! /ell> sy/ems1 x is ess5tial t ! exi/5ce ( a physical c5trifugal =ce %\ld be recogniz$1 9 ord] t ! unity & h>mony ( ! sph]es %\ld be ma9ta9$4 ,pr(essor ,*allis po9ts ?is out v conclusively 9 ! ,phil4 ,mag4 ( #ahei1 :]e1 writ+ on ?is po9t1 he /ates3 ,x may also be rem>k$1 t if ! ,law ( ,gravity be absolute1 !re is no security = ! /ability ( a sy/em ( />s1 :e!r ! sy/em be a ,milky ,way or a nebul\s clu/]4 ,=1 h[ev] small ! mutual attraction betwe5 ! con/itu5t bodies may be1 9 ! c\rse ( ages x mu/ produce a g5]al movem5t t[>ds ! c5tre or d5se/ region4 ,b ! =m ( ! ,milky ,way & ( c]ta9 nebulae seems to pres5t an utt] contradiction to any su* t5d5cy4 ,) ! conception1 h[ev]1 ( a physical c5trifugal =ce or motion due to ! pressure ( a physical m$ium1 ! /ability ( ev5 ! ,milky ,way may be physically conceiv$ & und]/ood4 ,aga91 :5 we consid] ! sun z a />1 we f9d t x has two motions ( its own1 "o ( rotation on an axis1 & ! o!r ( translation 9 an orbit1 su* rotation be+ due to ! fact t x is a magnet & has ev] circulat+ r\nd x electro-magnetic ,ae!r curr5ts 7,art4 #ia74 ,by inf]5ce1 !re=e1 we arrive at ! fact t e /> is a magnet1 z sugge/$ by ,pr(essor ,s*u/]1 & possesses rotation on an axis1 su* rotation be+ due to exactly ! same cause z produces ! rotation ( any o!r planet>y or sol> body 7,art4 #ib74 ,n only has ea* /> a rotation on its axis1 b x mu/ also possess translational motion 9 an orbit1 & t orbital motion mu/ be due to exactly a simil> cause z t :i* produces ! orbital motion ( ! sun4 ,are !re any indications giv5 by a/ronomical obs]vations :i* lead u to ! conclusion t />s d possess su* orbital motions8 ,! answ] is unanim\sly 9 ! affirmative2 =1 al?\gh all ! />s & ! con/ellations reta9 app>5tly ! same relative position to ea* o!r1 yet !y are all 9 motion4 ,! actual translational motion ( ! />s is t]m$ prop] motion1 & has be5 calculat$ ) m or less success 9 relation to _m ( ! />s ne>e/ to u4 ,!re are o!r motions ( ! />s kn[n z app>5t motions1 :i* are easily not$ by any obs]v]4 ,^! app>5t motions are due to ! rotation ( ! e>? on its axis1 & its orbital motion r\nd ! sun4 ,no?+ is m c]ta91 h[ev]1 ?an t c>eful a/ronomical obs]vations h reveal$ ! fact t />s h actual orbital motions ( _! own ?r\gh space4 ,9 _m cases ! orbital velocity has be5 approximately asc]ta9$4 ,halley discov]$ prop] motions ( c]ta9 />s z f> back z #agae1 :5 he f\nd out1 by comp>+ diff]5t obs]vations1 t ,sirius1 ,arcturus1 & ,aldeb>an _h mov$ dur+ ! p]iod :i* _h elaps$ s9ce ! respective obs]vations 7 tak54 ,m rec5t obs]vations t5d to confirm ! fact t />s h inde$ prop] motions1 due to _! actual translation ?r\gh space4 ,x has be5 asc]ta9$1 = example1 t ,arcturus is travell+ at lea/ #ed miles p] second4 ,! prop] motion ( ! />s1 h[ev]1 only gives u an indication ( _! relative motion ?r\gh s-call$ space4 ,x does n tell u :e!r ! /> is app>5tly rec$+ f ! e>?1 or approa*+ x4 ,dr4 ,vogel has asc]ta9$ by a special sy/em ( photography 9 relation to ! spectra ( />s1 t ,rigel has a velocity away f ! e>? ( ne>ly #ci miles p] sec41 ,aldeb>an ( #cj miles p] sec41 & ,capella ( #ae miles p] sec41 :ile ! ,pole /> is app>5tly approa*+ ! e>? at a rate ( ne>ly #af miles p] sec4 ,n[ if all ! />s move ?r\gh space ) v>y+ velocities1 z spectroscopic & telescopic obs]vations seem to sugge/1 ! "q naturally confronts u z to :at is ! p>ticul> k9d ( orbit :i* ea* /> completes8 ,is ! orbit t ( an ellipse1 or a circle1 or a p>abola8 ,t x mu/ h "s k9d ( orbit is obvi\s f ! prop] motions exhibit$ by ! sev]al />s4 ,we h already le>n$ f ,arts4 #ajg & #ajh t ! sun possesses an orbit1 :i* orbit fulfils ! fir/ & second ( ,kepl]'s ,laws4 ,if !re=e ! sun1 z repres5t+ all />s1 is subject to ,kepl]'s ,laws1 !n1 accord+ to our ,second ,rule ( ,philosophy by :i* we base our hypo!ses on our exp]i5ce1 we are compell$ to come to ! conclusion t e /> :i* possesses any motion at all ?r\gh space mu/ also be subject to ,kepl]'s ,laws1 & !re=e mu/ ea* possess a controll+ c5tre ar\nd :i* !y sev]ally revolve4 ,kepl] himself 0 ( ! op9ion t ! />s 7 subject to ! laws :i* g by 8 "n1 & ?is view ( ! subject 0 also accept$ by ,sir ,william ,h]s*el4 ,?us f philosophical consid]ations we affirm t ea* />1 :ile x is itself ! c5tre ( a />ry sy/em1 is also dep5d5t ^u & associat$ ) "s o!r body1 to :i* x is held b\nd by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 & ar\nd :i* x is made to revolve by ! circulat+ electro-magnetic curr5ts associat$ ) t c5tral body4 ,s t by philosophical reason+ we are l$ to view ! :ole ( ! innum]able />s t flood int]/ell> space1 n z s _m individual & isolat$ units1 t h no relation to ea* o!r1 b r z p>ts ( "o great sy/em1 :i* 9 its entirety may =m 9 its ultimate unity "o h>moni\s :ole1 a univ]se4 ,z we come to consid] /> clu/]s & nebulae1 we %all see h[ ?is idea ( unity seems to be manife/$ ?r\gh\t all cele/ial ph5om5a4 ,,art4 #aai4 ,ae!r & ,nebulae4--,9 addition to ! ho/ ( />s t flood ! inf9ite space1 !re are o!r cele/ial bodies t meet ! gaze ( ! a/ronom] z ! telescope is turn$ ^u ! heav5s4 ,^! bodies1 :i* are gl[+ masses ( gase\s matt]1 are t]m$ ,nebulae4 ,! ^w ,nebulae signifies a cl\d1 b !y are n cl\ds 9 ! same s5se z we apply t t]m to masses ( vap\r t exi/ 9 our own atmosph]e4 ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el did m t[>ds ! discov]y ( nebulae ?an p]haps any o!r a/ronom]1 ei!r be=e 8 "t or s9ce4 ,8 lab\rs 9 ! direction 7 complet$ & enl>g$ by 8 son1 ,sir ,john ,h]s*el1 :o survey$ ! ,s\!rn heav5s 9 a way t _h nev] be5 accompli%$ be=e4 ,! result ( ! comb9$ lab\rs ( ! two ,h]s*els has plac$ in=mation ( ! nebulae at our disposal :i* is invaluable4 ,sev]al ?\s&s ( diff]5t nebulae are n[ kn[n to u1 & z ! telescope is improv$ & its p[]s increas$1 fre% nebulae are be+ add$ to ! numb]4 ,l />s1 nebulae v>y n only 9 size1 b also 9 col\r1 %ape1 & ev5 9 ! mat]ials ( :i* !y are compos$4 ,!y also v>y 9 brightness1 ! light f "s be+ mu* fa9t] ?an ! light f o!rs4 ,x has be5 e/imat$ by ,hugg9s t ! light receiv$ f a nebula w n exce$ ! light ( a sp]m c&le look$ at f a di/ance ( a qu>t] ( a mile4 ,x is ?\ght by "s a/ronom]s t ! light receiv$ f a nebula is indicative ( ! /age ( developm5t to :i* x has arriv$4 ,:]e ! light is fa9t1 ! nebulae are 9 _! fir/ /ages ( =mation1 & :]e x is bright] x is indicative ( a m advanc$ /age ( developm5t4 ,?us nebulae may consi/ ( nebul\s matt] 9 v>i\s /ages ( cond5sation1 b !y are n yet 9 t condition :i* corresponds to ! condition suppos$ to exi/ 9 our sun4 ,ne>ly all ! nebulae lie outside ! ,milky ,way1 s t x w\ld seem z if 9 ages pa/ all ! nebulae t _h ev] exi/$ 9 ?is />ry zone _h pass$ out ( _! nebul\s condition & be5 fur!r cond5s$ into suns or />s1 z !y are call$4 ,a/ronomical obs]vations tea* u t !re are v few nebulae inde$ to be se5 9 ?is />ry highway1 ! "p ( ! heav5s :i* are ri*e/ 9 !m ly+ f> beyond ! conf9es ( ?is zone4 ,= _m ye>s c]ta9 aggregations ( lum9\s po9ts 9 ! heav5s 7 suppos$ to be nebulae1 b by ! aid ( m p[]ful telescopes !y h n[ be5 resolv$ into clu/]s ( />s4 ,"o ( ^! clu/]s is ! clu/] 9 ,h]cules1 :ile ano!r is ! great nebula ( ,orion4 ,9 ! case ( ! =m]1 situat$ 9 ! con/ellation ( ,h]cules1 we f9d a great numb] ( v small po9ts ( light gr\p$ toge!r 9 a m or less globul> =m4 ,:5 look$ at ?r\gh a small telescope1 ?is object looks l a nebula1 b look$ at ?r\gh ,"l ,rosse's1 or "s o!r great telescope1 x becomes at once resolv$ into an imm5se numb] ( sep>ate po9ts ( light1 ea* "o repres5t+ a />1 !re be+ betwe5 "o & two ?\s& altoge!r 9 ?is con/ellation4 ,clu/]s ( />s are usually globul> 9 =m1 ?\gh "s are irregul> 9 outl9e4 ,! latt] are g5]ally ri* 9 />s1 ) a less cond5sation ( />s t[>ds ! c5tre4 ,sir ,wm4 ,h]s*el consid]$ ! irregul> clu/]s z be+ 9 a less advanc$ /age ( cond5sation1 z he 0 ( ! op9ion t all gr\ps ultimately t5d$ to clu/]s :i* 7 globul> 9 =m4 ,be=e deal+ ) ! diff]5t k9ds ( true nebulae we w n[ consid] ! "q z to ,:at are ,nebulae8 ,,art4 #abj4 ,:at are ,nebulae8--,! "q :i* pres5ts itself to ! m9d ( all a/ronom]s :5 !y h view$ ! wondr\s nebulae t exi/ 9 f>-(f space is1 ,:at are ,nebulae8 ,?is "q is s closely id5tifi$ ) ! "q z to ,:at is ,matt]8 t ! solution ( ! "o w give u ! key to ! solution ( ! o!r4 ,x is n[ g5]ally admitt$1 t nebulae are compos$ ( a gl[+ mass ( gase\s matt]1 t gase\s matt] be+ p>tly compos$ ( ! gas ,hydrog54 ,dr4 ,hugg9s 9 #ahfd fir/ made ! discov]y ( ! exi/5ce ( ,hydrog5 9 c]ta9 nebulae by means ( ! spectroscope1 :i* di/9ctly reveal$ c]ta9 l9es t prov$ ! exi/5ce ( ,hydrog5 9 ! nebulae4 ,9 ! spectra ( "s ( ! nebulae1 t ( #ca ,&rom$a1 = example1 !re are no d>k l9es %[n1 b only a cont9u\s b& ( bright light1 :i* w\ld seem to indicate t !re 0 no gl[+ gase\s matt] 9 t nebula at all4 ,b accept+ ! fact t ! nebulae are compos$ ( gl[+ gase\s matt]1 ! problem confronts u z to :]e ?is gase\s matt] comes f4 ,if1 z spectrum analysis seems to tea* u1 !re are nebulae 9 v>i\s /ages ( =mation1 !re mu/ be a p]iod 9 _! hi/ory ( developm5t :5 !y _h an orig94 ,:at1 !n1 is ! orig9 ( a nebula1 & :at ! physical explanation ( t orig98 ,f optical ph5om5a we le>n t all space is n empty1 b fill$ ) ! ,ae!r :i* is univ]sal 7,art4 #db74 ,:at is ! relation1 !n1 ( ?is gl[+ nebul\s matt] to ?is univ]sal ,ae!r8 ,if x be sugge/$ t !re is no relation1 !n we are 9 ! unphilosophical position ( hav+ to admit1 ei!r t ! nebul\s matt] ( :i* ! nebulae are compos$ nev] _h any orig91 or t x _h its orig9 9 "s unkn[n & /ill undiscov]$ m$ium :i* exi/s 9 space4 ,b bo? ( ^! hypo!ses are unphilosophical1 z ! =m] is contr>y to all exp]i5ce1 :ile ! latt] is oppos$ to t simplicity ( conception by :i* we only po/ulate "o m$ium1 ! ,ae!r1 to fill all space4 ,?us we are l$ to ! conclusion1 t ! gase\s matt]1 be x hydrog5 or nitrog51 mu/ h "s relation to ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r t is s univ]sal 9 its ext5t4 ,already ?is relation%ip has be5 dealt ) by "o :o has done m = ! developm5t ( ae!rial physics ?an any o!r sci5ti/4 ,"l ,kelv91 9 8 pap] ,on ! ,clu/]+ ( ,gravitational ,matt] 9 any "p ( ! ,univ]se1#dc has solv$ ?is relation%ip1 ?\gh 9 s do+ he has _h to dep>t some:at f ! idea ( an incompressible ,ae!r4 ,9 t pap] he writes z foll[s3 ,if we consid] ,ae!r to be matt]1 we po/ulate t x has rigidity en\gh = ! vibrations ( light1 b we h no "r to say t x is absolutely incompressible4 ,we mu/ admit t suffici5tly great pressure c\ld cond5se ! ,ae!r 9 a giv5 space1 all[+ ! ,ae!r 9 ! surr\nd+ space to come 9 t[>ds ! ideal %r9k+ surface4 ,9 ano!r "p ( ! pap]1 deal+ ) ! same "q1 he writes3 ,9 regions :]e ! d5sity 0 great] ?an 9 neighb\r+ regions1 ! d5sity w\ld become great] /ill2 9 places ( less d5sity1 ! d5sity w\ld become less1 & l>ge regions w\ld quickly become void or ne>ly void ( atoms4 ,^! l>ge void regions w\ld ext5d s z to completely surr\nd regions ( great] d5sity4 ,he !n po9ts out1 t z soon z ?is d5sity becomes some?+ l ! d5sity ( ! atmosph]e1 !n collisions w\ld take place betwe5 ! p>ticles1 & cont9ues3 ,ea* collision w\ld give rise to a tra9 ( waves 9 ! ,ae!r4 ,^! waves w\ld c>ry away en]gy1 spread+ x out ?r\gh ! void ,ae!r ( inf9ite space4 ,! loss ( en]gy ?us tak5 away f ! atoms w\ld r$uce l>ge cond5s+ clu/]s to ! conditions ( a gas 9 equilibrium "u ! influ5ce ( its own gravity1 rotat+ l our sun or mov+ at mod]ate spe$ z 9 spiral nebulae4 ,gravitational cond5sation w\ld at fir/ produce rise ( temp]ature1 foll[$ lat] by cool+1 ultimately freez+1 giv+ solid bodies1 collision betwe5 :i* w\ld produce meteoric /ones su* z we see !m4 ,"h !n we h a def9itive relation%ip betwe5 ,ae!r & nebulae giv5 to u f "o ( ! ke5e/ intellects ( ! pres5t "t1 b 9 ord] = t relation%ip to become /rictly philosophical1 ! conception ( ! ,ae!r z advanc$ 9 ?is "w mu/ be accept$4 ,= ) ! pres5t conception ( a frictionless ,ae!r1 su* a hypo!sis is altoge!r unt5able1 because x supposes some?+ t is contr>y to all exp]i5ce & obs]vation4 ,on ! basis ( a cond5s+ frictionless ,ae!r into any k9d ( solid body1 be x nebula1 meteor1 sun or />1 we h to suppose t x is possible = a m$ium 7! ,ae!r1 :i* is outside ! ,law ( ,gravitation accord+ to ! pres5t !ory7 to be cond5s$ into a body1 t is1 a nebula or meteor :i* is subject to ! ,law ( ,gravitation2 & ! "q arises1 at :at po9t 9 ! hi/ory ( its cond5sation does ?is frictionless ,ae!r pass out ( ! condition ( hav+ no weight1 to ! condition :5 x has weight2 or1 9 o!r words1 f ! condition :5 x is outside ! ,law ( ,gravitation1 to ! condition :5 x comes "u ! ,law ( ,gravitation8 ,no satisfactory solution c possibly be (f]$ to su* a problem4 ,!re=e "o ( two results mu/ foll[1 ei!r t ! ,ae!r is n frictionless1 b possesses weight2 or1 t ! cond5sation ( ! ,ae!r is n possible4 ,) ! !ory ( ,ae!r pres5t$ 9 ?is "w1 ! :ole "q receives a simple & philosophical solution4 ,z ,ae!r is matt]1 x is !re=e atomic2 & be+ atomic1 x is subject to ! ,law ( ,gravitation2 & !re=e1 possess+ mass & weight1 x c readily pass into o!r =ms ( matt]1 & ) su* a conception ,"l ,kelv9's hypo!sis becomes n only possible b probable4 ,s t x is exce$+ly probable t nebulae are no?+ m nor less ?an cond5s$ ,ae!r1 ! same z comets 7 sugge/$ to be cond5s$ ,ae!r4 ,x may be ass]t$ t su* a hypo!sis lacks t exp]im5tal evid5ce :i* is s necess>y = its e/abli%m5t1 b ,i hope to %[ 9 ! la/ *apt] t ,f>aday has giv5 ! _w t v exp]im5tal evid5ce :i* w place ?is hypo!sis ^u a firm & solid f\ndation1 & enable x to pass out ( ! region ( ! hypo!tical into ! region ( fact & exp]im5t4 ,accord+ to our hypo!sis1 !re=e1 nebulae are simply cond5sations ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r t exi/s 9 int]/ell> space1 & ! v>i\s spectra ( ! diff]5t nebulae indicate ! /age ( developm5t to :i* ! process has arriv$4 ,:]e ! spectra are bright1 & cont9u\s1 & free f any d>k l9es1 !re we h simply ! ,ae!r 9 its v fir/ /age ( cond5sation2 & :]e we h ! d>k l9es appe>+1 su* l9es indicate a m advanc$ /age to :i* ! process has arriv$4 ,footnote #dc3 ,philosophical ,magaz9e1 ,july #aijb4 ,,art4 #aba4 ,nebul> ,hypo!sis4--,! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis 0 fir/ introduc$ by ,kant 9 8 "w on ! ,hi/ory ( ! ,e>? & ,!ory ( ! ,heav5s4 ,9 t "w he attempt$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( ! univ]se on purely me*anical l9es4 ,laplace1 a ,fr5* ma!matician1 ab\t ! same "t came to simil> conclusions z ,kant _h done1 & publi%$ 8 views 9 8 "w on ,exposition du ,sy/me du ,monde1 & lat] on 9 8 m fam\s "w ! ,mcanique ,cle/e4 ,a feature common to bo? ^! !ories re/$ 9 ! fact1 t !y suppos$ t all mat]ial bodies :i* exi/ 9 ! univ]se once exi/$ 9 a nebul\s condition1 & t !y 7 =m$ out ( ?is nebul\s matt]4 ,fur!r1 t ?is nebul\s matt] gradually cond5s$1 & z x cond5s$1 a rotational motion 0 imp>t$ to !m1 :i* rotation quick5$ z ! cond5sation 0 cont9u$4 ,!n1 z ! rotation 0 accel]at$1 portions 7 flung (f by ! c5trifugal =ce1 & ^! portions ( nebul\s matt] gradually cond5s$1 =m+ ! v>i\s planets ( ! sy/em4 ,z ^! cond5s$1 !y1 9 _! turn1 p>t$ ) "s ( _! nebul\s matt] ?r\gh ! repulsive en]gy ( ! c5trifugal =ce1 & ^! second>y p>ts gave orig9 to ! v>i\s satellites t exi/ r\nd ! planets4 ,n[1 :ile ! g5]al pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis is true1 yet ! conception accord+ to ,laplace is n v]ifi$ by fact1 z we le>n t ,uranus & ,neptune are /ill 9 a /ate ( self-lum9osity1 :ile _! d5sity is ! smalle/ ( all ! planets4 ,f ?is we %\ld inf] t ! two out]mo/ planets are ! y\nge/ planets ( our sol> sy/em1 b accord+ to ,laplace's !ory1 !y ought to be ! olde/1 z !y w\ld h be5 flung (f fir/ by ! p>5t body z x rotat$2 & !re=e1 be+ flung (f fir/1 %\ld be 9 a m advanc$ /age ( developm5t ?an any ( ! inn] planets4 ,m4 ,faye has sugge/$ a rem$y = ?is defect 9 ! !ory4 ,he supposes t ! nebul\s matt] out ( :i* ! planets 7 =m$1 0 n flung (f by ! c5tral body ! sun1 b t ea* planet 0 =m$ at diff]5t c5tres ( cond5sation )9 ! nebul> mass t exi/$ 9 space4 ,?is w\ld1 und\bt$ly1 meet ! difficulty already ref]r$ to1 & solves ! problem z to h[ ! v>i\s planets 7 =m$ at diff]5t di/ances 9 space4 ,fur!r1 su* a solution is 9 p]fect h>mony ) all ! ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,x is mu* m simple to conceive ( ,ae!r cond5s+ at v>i\s po9ts 9 :at orig9ally 0 ! sol> nebula1 ?an x is to conceive ( ,ae!r cond5s+ & %r9k+ t[>ds "o c5tral po9t1 & yet :ile cond5s+ & %r9k+1 portions 7 flung (f into space :i* w\ld =m ! planet4 ,a great] objection has to be met1 :5 we come to deal ) ! orig9 ( all ! meteors & m9or planets t exi/ 9 _! numb]s 9 ! sol> sy/em4 ,9 relation to _! orig91 x is mu* easi] to conceive ( portions ( ! ,ae!r cond5s+ at diff]5t c5tres ( cond5sation1 ?an to suppose t ea* portion ( ae!rial matt] t orig9ally =m$ ! meteor1 or a/]oid1 0 flung (f z a sep>ate portion f ! c5tral body4 ,) ! conception ( an atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r1 ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 !re=e1 = ! fir/ "t is plac$ ^u a s\nd & philosophical basis1 because ! cond5sation ( ,ae!r1 :i* is matt] & possesses mass1 admits ( ! orig9 ( o!r matt] f x :i* also possesses mass1 toge!r ) o!r prop]ties1 z ela/icity1 d5sity1 compressibility & in]tia4 ,:5 !re is add$ to ! atomic ,ae!r ! conception ( a rotatory ae!rial atom1 z 0 indicat$ 9 ,art4 #dd1 we h at once a s\rce f :5ce ! rotation ( ! :ole mass may be d]iv$4 ,?us1 z ! cond5sation cont9u$1 & ! nucleus or c5tral "p ( ! body 0 gradually =m$1 ! rotation w\ld be accel]at$1 because ( ! inh]5t en]gy :i* w\ld exi/ 9 ! cond5s$ "p4 ,fur!r1 z ! cond5sation cont9u$1 ! body s =m$ w\ld be m or less sph]ical 9 =m1 z ! conception ( our ae!rial atom 0 sph]ical1 & :5 we conceive ( ! prim>y po9t ( cond5sation1 we h to ?9k ( a l>ge numb] ( sph]ical atoms com+ toge!r2 &1 z all ! motions ( ! ,ae!r :i* give rise to light1 heat1 electricity & magnetism1 & :i* n[ include gravitation1 are sph]ical 9 _! op]ations1 s _! effect ^u any cond5s+ ,ae!r w\ld take a sph]ical =m4 ,?us su* bodies z nebulae1 comets1 a/]oids1 satellites1 planets & suns %\ld possess bodies m or less ( a sph]ical =m1 subject to c]ta9 qualify+ conditions1 z rotation & orbital velocity1 & ?is is 9 h>mony ) obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,= we %all f9d t ev5 9 ! case ( nebulae1 we h globul>1 r+ or annul> nebulae1 & elliptic nebulae1 :ile 9 ! case ( comets1 ! nuclei & coma are m or less sph]ical4 ,fur!r1 x is a famili> fact t ! %ape ( all a/]oids1 satellites1 planets1 & ev5 ! sun is sph]ical or t ( an oblate sph]oid1 :i* latt] is simply due to its rotational velocity on its axis4 ,?us ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 ! nebul> hypo!sis receives its confirmation 9 ! atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r1 & ) c]ta9 modifications ( ! diff]5t hypo!ses advanc$1 is capable ( unit+ all ^? hypo!ses t h ev] be5 put =? 9 ?is direction into "o p]fect & h>moni\s :ole4 ,aga91 ! cond5sation ( ! ,ae!r1 compos$ z x is ( its atoms1 ev] 9 a /ate ( rotation1 does away ) ! ,primitive impulse :i* 0 object$ to 9 ,art4 #i4 ,= 9 t article x 0 %[n t ! conception ( a primitive impulse z conceiv$ by ,newton 0 unphilosophical1 9 t its conception 0 n simple1 & fail$ to satisfactorily acc\nt = obs]v$ ph5om5a4 ,) ! hypo!sis1 h[ev]1 ( a rotatory ae!rial atom1 we h at once ^? conditions :i* at any "t1 9 ! hi/ory ( ! univ]se1 may give rise to ^? conditions by :i* a body may be set rotat+ n only on its axis1 b also revolv+ ar\nd "s c5tral body1 z ! process ( cond5sation is cont9u$4 ,s t 9 ! primordial & univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r t exi/s 9 all space1 we get ^? conditions :i* w n only give rise to ! ph5om5a ( light1 heat1 magnetism & electricity1 b also ^? prop]ties1 qualities & motions by :i* are produc$1 ma9ta9$ & p]petuat$1 ! v>i\s bodies t exi/ 9 ! ,ae!r1 :i* is at once ! physical s\rce & cause ( ! bodies4 ,,art4 #abb4 ,k9ds ( ,nebulae4--,nebulae may be classifi$ into ! foll[+ gr\ps-- #a4 ,irregul> ,nebulae4 #b4 ,r+ & ,elliptical ,nebulae4 #c4 ,spiral or ,:irlpool ,nebulae4 #d4 ,planet>y ,nebulae4 ,irregul> ,nebulae4--,( ?is class ! mo/ conspicu\s are ^? 9 ! con/ellations ( ,orion & ,&rom$a4 ,s cle>ly def9$ are !y1 t !y are (t5times se5 by ! nak$ eye on a cle> night1 & are (t5 mi/ak5 = comets4 ,! great nebula 9 ,orion is "o ( ! mo/ noticeable objects 9 ! heav5s4 ,x is not$ = its size & brilliancy1 & also = ! successful obs]vation :i* x has be5 subject$ to f "t to "t4 ,?is l>ge nebula is situat$ 9 t "p ( ,orion :i* is occupi$ by sev]al />s kn[n z ! ,sword ,h&le4 ,^! multiple />s are kn[n by ! "n ( ,!ta4 ,ar\nd ^! multiple />s is to be se5 ! nebula1 z ?\gh ! multiple />s really 7 envelop$ by ! nebula ext5d+ = a great di/ance out into space4 ,x is ( a fa9t blui% col\r1 ) ! c5tral p>ts possess+ ! greate/ brilliancy4 ,! sugge/ion arises 9 our m9d z to :e!r ! nebulae are 9 any ways indicative ( ! pres5ce ( ! electro-magnetic ae!rial field t ea* /> und\bt$ly possesses4 ,we le>n$ 9 ,art4 #hh t ! sun is an electro-magnet1 & t x possesses its electro-magnetic field4 ,we h also se5 9 ,art4 #aji t ! zodiacal light1 :i* is to be obs]v$ 9 connection ) our sol> sy/em1 is really indicative ( ! pres5ce ( t electro-magnetic field1 z x rotates r\nd ! c5tral body4 ,n[1 if an obs]v] 7 situat$ out 9 space1 :]e ! nebula ( ,orion is situat$1 & c\ld look at our sy/em ) telescopes equally z p[]ful z ^? we possess1 w\ld n our sun pres5t an equally nebul\s light to !m because ( ! pres5ce ( its electro-magnetic field8 ,conv]sely1 if e /> possesses an electro-magnetic ae!rial field1 z !y und\bt$ly d1 !n x seems only reasonable to inf] t t electro-magnetic field possesses a nebulosity :i* corresponds ) our zodiacal light4 ,! fact t ! spectra ( ! nebulae are cont9u\s1 reveal+ no d>k l9es1 seems to indicate ! purity ( "s ( ! nebulae1 & t !re=e !y are free f all kn[n elem5ts4 ,s t spectroscopic results seem to confirm ?is hypo!sis1 z ! pure ,ae!r t w\ld surr\nd e />1 or multiples ( />s1 w\ld c]ta9ly n reveal any d>k l9es by means ( ! spectroscope4 ,su* a hypo!sis1 z to ! real nature ( a nebula1 is entirely 9 h>mony ) ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r pres5t$ 9 ,*apt] ,,iv41 because be+ gravitative x w surr\nd ea* /> or multiples ( />s1 & !re=e be d5s] ne>e/ to ^? />s1 & be+ atomic1 !re w be a c]ta9 am\nt ( nebulosity manife/$ by ! d5s] p>ts ( ! m$ium1 z is ! case 9 our own sol> sy/em4 ,r+ or ,elliptical ,nebulae4--,^! =ms ( nebulae are s nam$ f _! r+-%ap$ appe>ance1 sometimes be+ kn[n z ,annul> ,nebulae4 ,! elliptical nebulae are usually class$ ) !m1 z !y are suppos$ to be simil> k9ds ( nebulae look$ at edgeways4 ,! be/ kn[n ( ?is class is t f\nd 9 ! con/ellation ( ,lyra1 & kn[n z #eg,m1 :i* is ! numb] ( ! /> 9 ,messi]'s catalogue ( />s4 ,x is small b well-def9$1 s t x looks m l a flat oval solid r+ ?an a nebula4 ,! c5tral "p is n entirely d>k1 b is fill$ up ) a hazy light4 ,ano!r annul> nebula is t situat$ to ! s\?-we/ ( ,lambda ,scorpii4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el#dd writes ( x ?us3 ,x is a delicate b well-def9$ annulus4 ,! field is cr[d$ ) />s1 two ( :i* are nebulae4 ,a beautiful delicate r+ ( a fa9t gho/-l appe>ance1 ab\t #dj 9 diamet]1 9 a field ( ab\t #aej />s1 ( #aa & #ab magnitude & "u4 ,( ! elliptical nebulae ! be/ kn[n is ! "o 9 ! con/ellation ( ,&rom$a1 :i* goes by ! "n ( #ca,m4 ,x is visible on a cle> night1 & c be se5 by ! nak$ eye z a hazy light4 ,!re are sev]al o!r elliptical nebulae1 ly+ to ! nor?-we/ ( ?is great nebula4 ,planet>y ,nebulae4--,! planet>y nebulae repres5t a numb] ( m9ute objects visible 9 ! heav5s4 ,!y look l globes ( a blui%-col\r$ gas & are sometimes mi/ak5 = small />s4 ,sir ,j4 ,h]s*el writes ab\t !m z foll[s3 ,planet>y nebulae are v extraord9>y objects4 ,!y h1 z _! "n implies1 a resemblance to planets1 pres5t+ discs1 r\nd or slightly oval1 "s be+ q %>ply def9$1 t]m9at+ 9 o!rs a little hazy or s(t5$ at ! bord]4 ,!y are comp>atively r>e objects1 n m ?an #be hav+ be5 obs]v$1 & ( ^! ne>ly ?ree-qu>t]s are 9 ! s\!rn hemisph]e4 ,_! disc is circul> or slightly elliptic1 ) %>p1 cle>1 & well-def9$ outl9e1 hav+ exactly ! appe>ance ( a planet ) ! exception only ( its col\r1 :i* is full blue1 v>y+ some:at ^u gre54 ,m4 ,arago has surmis$ t !y may possibly be envelopes %9+ by reflect$ light f a sol> body plac$ 9 _! c5tre1 invisible to u because ( its excessive di/ance4 ,! sugge/ion :i* arises to our m9d 9 view ( ! atomic & gravitat+ ,ae!r is1 t ! planet>y nebulae are exactly :at _! names imply1 t is1 nebul\s matt] ar\nd planets4 ,we h already le>n$ t ea* satellite & planet possesses an electro-magnetic field1 :i* field takes m or less ! %ape ( a sph]ical =m1 s t if !re are planets exi/+ 9 ! f>-(f sy/ems 9 space1 z we are compell$ to believe t !re are1 !n !y too w\ld possess an electro-magnetic field1 :i* w\ld be compos$ ( sph]ical envelopes surr\nd+ ! sev]al planets4 ,^! planets w\ld %9e by reflect$ light1 z sugge/$ by ,m4 ,arago4 ,! possession by ! planet ( ! nebul\s matt]1 :i* we h already sugge/$ is compos$ ( ! d5s] p>ts ( ! ,ae!r ar\nd ! planet1 w\ld give to ! planet a nebul\s appe>ance :i* w\ld satisfactorily acc\nt = ! t]m already giv54 ,!y w\ld inde$ be :at ,sir ,john ,h]s*el sugge/$ !y 71 viz1 planet>y nebulae4 ,spiral ,nebulae4--,! ,spiral1 or ,:irlpool ,nebulae1 are rem>kable objects1 & 7 fir/ discov]$ by ,"l ,rosse ) 8 six-foot telescope4 ,"o ( ! be/ examples ( ! spiral nebulae is t kn[n z #ea,m4 ,small telescopes %[ ?is z two clu/]s1 "o ( !m be+ surr\nd$ by a r+1 at a di/ance1 :i* is divid$ into two p>ts4 ,"l ,rosse1 h[ev]1 f\nd x to be really a spiral nebula1 ! r+ runn+ into a s]ies ( spiral coils ( nebul\s matt]1 ! outly+ p>ts be+ connect$ ) ! ma9 "p by curv$ b&s4 ,hugg9s has f\nd t ! spectrum ( ?is nebula is n gase\s4 ,o!r examples ( ?is class are #ii,m & #cc,m4 ,:at ^! spiral or :irlpool nebulae are1 is unkn[n1 b1 on ! hypo!sis ( a cond5s+ & gravitat+ ,ae!r :i* is 9 a /ate ( rotation1 ! spiral nebulae c be easily pictur$4 ,=1 z ! cond5sation goes on1 rotation w set 91 & if we c picture su* a ph5om5on tak+ place 9 a plane :i* is at "r angles to ! l9e ( vision1 !n we %\ld h a full view ( a nebula :i* w\ld pres5t a spiral =m4 ,inde$1 !re is no ph5om5on 9 connection ) nebulae t _c be physically expla9$ by a cond5s+1 gravitat+ & rotatory ,ae!r2 & z ,ae!r is univ]sal1 ! same prop]ties w apply to x 9 di/ant space z !y d 9 ! sol> sy/em2 & ap>t f a gravitat+ & rotatory electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 ! ph5om5a ( our own sol> sy/em _c be physically conceiv$ or expla9$4 ,!re=e1 if su* an ,ae!r c expla9 ! ph5om5a associat$ ) our own sy/em1 x ought also to expla91 & t to ! fulle/ ext5t1 all ph5om5a incid5tal to & associat$ ) ! innum]able sy/ems t flood ! univ]se at l>ge4 ,footnote #dd3 ,outl9es ( ,a/ronomy4 ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,unity ,,( ,,univ]se ,,art4 #abc4 ,! ,univ]se4--,9 ! prec$+ *apt]s we h endeav\r$ to deal ) "s ( ! pr9cipal ph5om5a t help to give a me*anical conception to ! entire ,univ]se4 ,x n[ rema9s = u to %[1 9 ?is la/ *apt]1 h[1 und]ly+ all ! physical /ructure ( ! ,univ]se1 !re is "o fundam5tal & primordial m$ium1 9 :i* all ! =ms ( matt] & motion f9d _! ultimate unity4 ,! ,univ]se lit]ally means "o ultimate :ole1 ?\gh t :ole may be comp\nd$ ( _m p>ts1 ! v ess5ce ( ! t]m embody+ ! idea ( a complete unity :i* runs ?r\gh\t its :ole physical /ructure4 ,ap>t f "s su* hypo!sis z w be sugge/$ 9 ?is *apt]1 t ultimate unity is incapable ( a physical or me*anical conception4 ,9 ,art4 #bi we le>n$ t ! ,univ]se 0 compos$ ( two classes ( ?+s1 matt] & motion1 :ile 9 ,art4 #cj we le>n$ t ! sum total ( matt] accord+ to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] ev] rema9s ! same2 :ile fur!r1 9 ,art4 #ec1 accord+ to ! law ( ! cons]vation ( en]gy1 ! sum total ( en]gy ev] rema9s ! same4 ,we h also le>n$ t ! two are indissolubly unit$1 s t :]ev] we f\nd matt]1 :e!r t matt] 0 9 its atomic1 molecul>1 planet>y or /ell> =m1 !re1 z its necess>y complem5t & c\nt]p>t1 0 ! ev]-pres5t & unceas+ motion1 9 "o or o!r ( its _m =ms4 ,?us1 ?r\gh\t ! entire ,univ]se1 we f9d ! same two ess5tials ev] work+ 9 unison & h>mony4 ,n[h]e 9 ! realm ( inf9ite space is !re su* a ph5om5on z re/ or absolute dea?4 ,! ideal t seems to be ! key ( ! ,univ]se1 is t cont9uity ( motion :i* sci5ce tea*es u is s insep>ably connect$ ) all matt]4 ,gr\p$1 h[ev]1 "h & !re ?r\gh\t ! ,univ]se are modifications ( ?is ae!rial matt]1 t]m$ molecules1 satellites1 planets1 suns1 or />s1 :i* modifications are1 h[ev]1 n s real & abid+ z ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r f :i* !y receive _! physical orig94 ,! physical "* ( ! univ]se is progressive4 ,ev5 9 its ultimate unity !re is no su* ?+ z /agnation or /&+ /ill2 =1 :ile 9 "s p>ts ( ! ,univ]se new />s & suns & planets1 yea1 ev5 new sy/ems are be+ evolv$ out ( ! primordial ,ae!r1 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,univ]se old />s & suns1 ) all _! att5dant planets & satellites1 are pass+ on t[>ds t f9al end1 :5 !y !mselves w be aga9 resolv$ into ! orig9al =m ( matt] f :i* !y 7 fir/ made4 ,?is ass]tion is 9 p]fect h>mony n only ) sci5ce1 b also ) revelation4 ,= ev5 revelation tea*es u t all ! />s %all gr[ old z do? a g>m5t1 & z a ve/ure %all !y be fold$ up 7,heb4 i4 #aa71 & t 7out ( _! ru9s7 a new heav5 & a new e>? %all be creat$ & ! =m] %all n be rememb]$ 7,isaiah lxv4 #ag74 ,?us amid all ! modifications ( t :i* is ! real physical basis ( all matt]1 we f9d indissolubly associat$ ) ea* & all ( ! v>i$ =ms & modifications c]ta9 motions :i* are analog\s to ea* o!r4 ,9 ! ae!rial atom itself1 s inf9itesimal 9 its proportions t ev5 our imag9ation is almo/ /ra9$ 9 our attempt to conceive x1 yet ev5 "h we h rotation & translation 9 an orbit1 su* rotation & translation be+ due to ! motions ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r4 ,!n 9 ! gase\s =ms ( matt] into :i* ^! atoms may be cond5s$1 we f9d ! same two ess5tials1 ( matt] & motion1 ( rotation & translation 9 an orbit1 always work+ h>moni\sly toge!r1 ?r\gh ! motions ( ! selfsame ,ae!r1 :i* gives rise to ! attraction & repulsions ( ! atoms4 ,!n foll[+ ! pr9ciple into ! planet>y _w1 & tak+ ! planet ,saturn ) its r+ ( satellites z an example1 we f9d aga9 ! same two factors ev] work+ 9 unison & 9 h>mony1 ) _! incessant rotation & translation 9 an orbit1 =m+ a complete & p]fect unity 9 !mselves1 su* unity be+ due to ! pressures & t5sions ( ! ,ae!r comb9$ ) its rotatory "*4 ,!n go+ a /ep fur!r1 we f9d a numb] ( planets1 ) or )\t satellites1 all rotat+ ar\nd "o c5tral body1 t rotation & translation aga9 be+ due to ! motions ( ! rotat+ electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 comb9$ ) its pressures & t5sions4 ,= millions ( ye>s1 s f> z we c tell1 ?is sol> sy/em ( ours has be5 mov+ ?r\gh space z "o complete unit4 ,!n out 9 /ell> space !re are millions ( su* sy/ems1 ea* di/9ct & p]fect 9 !mselves1 ea* ( :i* is made up ( exactly simil> p>ts to our sol> sy/em1 ^! innum]able sy/ems be+ d\btless jo9$ toge!r by ! same electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 =m+ "o l>g] & gr&] unity1 kn[n z a con/ellation4 ,!n ^! con/ellations1 increas+ 9 _! numb]1 are aga9 jo9$ toge!r1 & =m a /ill l>g] unity call$ a ,galaxy2 & galaxy be+ jo9$ to galaxy1 con/ellations to con/ellations1 we get su* an ocean ( suns & />s l t kn[n z ! ,milky ,way1 ! ultimate :ole reveal+ 9 all its beauty & h>mony ! unison ( ! two ess5tials ( matt] & motion4 ,x may ev5 be t all ! oceans ( suns & />s1 t exi/ 9 f>-(f space1 are jo9$ toge!r by "o common bond1 ! univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r by its two complem5t>y motions1 ! c5tripetal & ! c5trifugal1 ! :ole =m+ "o ultimate unity :i* we call ! ,univ]se1 hav+ = its c5tre "o common po9t or c5tral orb1 :i* inde$ =ms ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! entire ,univ]se4 ,?us ! key to ! physical conception ( ! ,univ]se is to be f\nd1 & alone f\nd1 9 t beauty ( ord]1 & h>mony ( motion1 :i* are s insep>ably associat$ ) ! v>i$ =ms ( matt]1 graduat+ ?r\gh a s]ies ( units or atoms1 ea* ) its dual nature complete 9 itself1 ?r\gh a s]ies ( m9or entities t]m$ elem5ts1 :i* 9 _! aggregations =m meteorites1 satellites1 planets1 suns & />s1 & sy/ems ( />s & oceans ( suns & />s1 until all are unit$ into "o ultimate unity :]e all are bl5d$ into "o complete & p]fect :ole2 ! :ole ( ! univ]sal fabric be+ held toge!r 9 its me*anical ord] & beauty by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r4 ,!n 9 ! v c5tre ( ! ,univ]se !re dwells t ,supreme ,be+ :om we call ,god1 :o is at once ! "o real f\nta9 & s\rce ( all ! light & life ( ! ,univ]se itself4 ,= x is ,8 univ]sal ,_s t m\lds & fa%ions ! pla/ic matt] into ! _m =ms :i* x assumes1 & uses ! v>i\s modes ( motion1 z heat1 light1 electricity & magnetism1 z in/rum5ts to build up & erect 9 all _! beauty & h>mony ! innum]able sy/ems t flood imm5sity & space4 ,= if !re be a c5tre ( gravity to an atomic sy/em1 & a c5tre ( gravity to a planet>y sy/em1 & a c5tre ( gravity to a sol> sy/em1 !n !re is also a c5tre ( gravity to a gr\p ( sy/ems1 ev5 to a con/ellation1 or a galaxy2 o!rwise our philosophy relative to ! c5tres ( gravity ( masses fails 9 its application to wid] ph5om5a ( an exactly simil> k9d4 ,?us1 if !re is a c5tre ( gravity to a galaxy1 ev5 to ! ,milky ,way itself1 !n1 go+ "o /ep fur!r1 ) a fai? t laughs at sci5tific data & leaps beyond ! n>r[ b\nds ( pure reason+1 we affirm t !re mu/ ev5 be a c5tre ( gravity to ! entire ,univ]se4 ,n[ let me ask ! read]1 ,:at c be m fitt+1 m appropriate1 m reasonable ?an to inf] t ! c5tre ( gravity ( ! ,univ]se is to be f\nd 9 t cele/ial orb or orbs :]e ! ?rone ( ,god exi/s & endures1 & :]e ultimately !re w be congregat$ toge!r 9 p]fect felicity ! spirits ( j m5 made p]fect1 n only f our insignificant planet1 b all ! spirits ( all be+s f all ! planets :i* 9 _! almo/ inf9ite numb] are circl$ r\nd _! c5tral suns by ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r8 ,x is !re1 9 ^! bright orbs1 ) _! vision & p[]s spiritualiz$1 quick5$ & int5sifi$1 t all p]fect$ spirits %all look out into space1 ) increas+ wond]1 ^u ! bir? & decay ( worlds1 ! evolution & devolution ( planets & sy/ems & con/ellations1 & %all wat* ! cont9uation & work+ out ( t gr& & glori\s plan1 :i* alone f9ds its p]fection & its ultimate fulfilm5t 9 ! wisdom1 & p[]1 & glory ( ! ,et]nal ,_s ( ! ,liv+ ,god4 ,to see if ?is conception ( ! ,univ]se is borne out by sci5tific data1 we w n[ address ourselves m p>ticul>ly to ^? fundam5tal tru?s :i* und]lie ! unity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,,art4 #abd4 ,! ,unity ( ! ,univ]se4--,! ,unity ( ! ,univ]se is a dream :i* has pass$ be=e ! imag9ation ( _m philosoph]s 9 by-gone times1 & has be5 a fruitful s\rce ( speculation to old-_w1 z well z m mod]n philosoph]s4 ,! rese>*es ( su* liv+ sci5ti/s z ,sir ,william ,crookes1 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson & o!rs1 h1 h[ev]1 made ?is dream come )9 ! range ( practical rese>* & direct exp]im5t4 ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson believes t x is possible to break (f f an atom1 a "p :i* is only #a_/ajjj "p ( ! :ole1 & ^! inf9itesimal p>ts he has call$ corpuscles1 :i* he consid]s are ! c>ri]s ( ! electric curr5t4 ,if1 !re=e1 x c be philosophically prov$ t ! hypo!sis ( an atomic1 gravitat+1 & cond5s+ ,ae!r c satisfactorily acc\nt = ! physical exi/5ce ( all atoms1 & !re=e ( all matt]1 ! dream ( old-_w philosoph]s w be help$ on its way to a successful realization4 ,we h already sugge/$1 t nebulae are =m$ out ( ! cond5sation ( ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r t fills ! ,univ]se2 & z t nebula1 accord+ to ! ,nebul> ,hypo!sis1 ultimately resolves itself into a sun1 or planet1 or satellite1 z ! case may be1 x foll[s t ! cond5sation ( ?is electro-magnetic ,ae!r =ms ! basis ( all ! v>i\s elem5ts1 z ,hydrog51 ,nitrog51 ,oxyg5 & ! o!r sev5ty elem5ts ( :i* ^? bodies are compos$4 ,?us ! conclusion t we are compell$ to come to 9 reg>d to ! ultimate nature ( matt]1 9 its primordial condition1 is1 t all matt] :i* exi/s 9 its v>i$ =ms ?r\gh\t ! entire ,univ]se f9ds its physical orig9 & s\rce 9 ! univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 :i* is itself atomic1 & possesses all ! ess5tial prop]ties ( matt]4 ,) ! conception ( ! ,ae!r z advanc$ 9 ?is "w1 ?is hypo!sis is p]fectly philosophical & logical4 ,= ! conception is simple1 9 t x supposes "o =m ( matt] to spr+ out ( ano!r =m1 t is1 f an ae!rial =m to gase\s1 9 a simil> mann] to t 9 :i* a gase\s =m *anges into a liquid =m1 t is1 by cond5sation1 or a clos] draw+ toge!r ( ! ae!rial ela/ic envelopes t surr\nd ea* atom2 ea* p>ticul> gas1 z ,hydrog51 ,nitrog51 or ,oxyg51 repres5t+ diff]5t quantities ( ae!rial cond5sations1 z w be se5 9 ! next article4 ,! ae!rial con/itution ( matt] has receiv$ recognition f ! h&s ( su* sci5ti/s z ,"l ,kelv9 & ,dr4 ,l>mor4 ,! latt]1 9 8 ,ae!r & ,matt]1 writes on ! subject z foll[s 7page #g73 ,matt] mu/ be con/itut$ ( isolat$ portions1 ea* ( :i* is ( necessity a p]man5t nucleus or s+ul>ity 9 & belong+ to ! ,ae!r1 ( "s su* type z is repres5t$ = example by a m9ute vortex r+ 9 a p]fect fluid1 or a c5tre ( p]man5t /ra9 9 a rotational ela/ic m$ium4 ,& aga9 on ! same page he adds3 ,x is incumb5t on u to recognize an ae!rial sub/ratum ( matt]1 9 s f> z ?is proves conducive to simplicity & logical consi/5cy 9 our s*eme ( physical relations1 & helpful t[>ds ! discov]y ( hi!rto unnotic$ ones4 ,dr4 ,l>mor1 z has already be5 po9t$ out 9 ,art4 #dd1 speaks ( 8 ae!rial atoms z electrons1 :i* are ( two k9ds1 negative & positive1 & ( ^! he /ates 7page #ig73 ,ea* electron has an effective mass ( ae!rial orig91 :i* =ms "p1 & may be ! :ole ( ! mass ( ! matt] to :i* x is atta*$4 ,"h1 !n1 we h def9ite /atem5ts z to ! hypo!sis ( all matt] hav+ a def9ite ae!rial orig94 ,if1 !re=e1 x c be prov$ exp]im5tally t matt] does possess ?is ae!rial basis1 !n ! hypo!sis w pass out ( ! region ( speculation into ! region ( fact & sci5ce4 ,! "q1 !re=e1 sugge/s itself to our m9d1 z to :e!r among all ! exp]im5ts t h ev] be5 p]=m$ by any sci5ti/1 !re are any :i* w conclusively confirm & e/abli% ! hypo!sis z to ! ae!rial orig9 ( all matt]4 ,9 my op9ion !re are su* exp]im5ts1 :i* h be5 giv5 to ! _w by su* em95t sci5ti/s z ,f>aday & ,sir ,humphry ,davy4 ,be=e1 h[ev]1 ! value ( _! exp]im5ts c be rightly und]/ood & valu$1 we %all h to ask ourselves ano!r "q1 & t is1 ,:at is ! relation ( ,ae!r to electricity8 ,^u ! correct answ] to ?is "q dep5ds ! application ( ,f>aday's exp]im5ts to ! hypo!sis ( ! ae!rial con/itution ( all matt]1 & !re=e ( ! great und]ly+ pr9ciple ( ! unity ( ! ,univ]se4 ,is !re any relation !re=e betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity8 ,if s1 :at is t relation1 & to :at ext5t does x hold good8 ,pr(essor ,lodge1 9 8 preface to ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity1 asks a simil> "q4 ,electricity1 he /ates1 has be5 ?\ght to be a =m ( en]gy1 x has be5 %[n to be a =m ( ,ae!r4 ,!re rema9s ! "q1 ,:at is ,ae!r8 ,:ile aga9 he writes3 ,a r\gh & crude /atem5t adopt$ = popul> use is t electricity & ,ae!r are id5tical4 ,b t is n all t has to be said1 = !re are two opposite k9ds ( electricities1 & !re are n two ,ae!rs4 ,b !re may be two aspects ( "o ,ae!r1 j z !re are two sides to a %eet ( pap]4 ,t !re is a def9ite relation betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity is z c]ta9 z !re is a def9ite relation betwe5 electricity & light4 ,9 ord] to f9d out h[ f> ! relation%ip & id5tity betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity ext5d we w review our conception ( ! ,ae!r z giv5 9 ,*apt] ,,iv4 ,accord+ to ! conception advanc$ 9 t *apt]1 on ! hypo!sis t ,ae!r 0 matt]1 we philosophically came to ! conclusion t ,ae!r 0 atomic1 & !re=e gravitative4 ,because x 0 gravitative1 x possess$ d5sity1 & v>y+ degrees ( d5sity2 & hav+ mass1 x possesses ! prop]ty ( in]tia ! same z any o!r matt]2 & 0 also ela/ic4 ,we h n[ to add to ^! prop]ties t ( compressibility1 :i* prop]ty we h ascrib$ to x f philosophical consid]ations :5 deal+ ) comets1 & nebulae1 & ! orig9 ( planets & satellites4 ,n[1 if !re is any id5tity betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity1 !n x foll[s t t id5tity w be m or less manife/$1 z we f9d electricity possess+ m or less ( ! prop]ties :i* h be5 ascrib$ to ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r4 ,=1 if we f9d two app>5tly diff]5t sub/ances1 or entities1 possess+ exactly ! same prop]ties1 & occupy+ ! same space at "o & ! same "t1 !n ! only logical conclusion t we c come to is1 t ^! two app>5tly diff]5t sub/ances are n two sub/ances1 b "o4 ,we h already prov$ t !y bo? occupy exactly ! same space1 t is1 !y occupy ! planet>y & int]/ell> regions ( space1 & fill inde$ ! entire ,univ]se4 ,! electro-magnetic !ory ( ,light 7,art4 #gh7 indisputably proves ?is4 ,we w !re=e f9d out if electricity possesses ! prop]ties :i* h already be5 ascrib$ to ! ,ae!r4 ,! fir/ prop]ty1 & inde$ ! fundam5tal prop]ty1 ( ,ae!r is t x is atomic1 & ^u ! atomicity ( ! m$ium dep5ds ! :ole ( ! !ory z work$ out 9 relation to heat1 light1 electricity & s-call$ gravitational ph5om5a4 ,is !re any?+ ab\t electricity t c sugge/ ! hypo!sis t electricity is atomic8 ,! answ] is unque/ionably 9 ! affirmative4 ,_m ( ! greate/ sci5ti/s ( ! pa/ & pres5t c5tury h believ$ & work$ at ! hypo!sis ( ! atomic "* ( electricity1 & none m s ?an ,dr4 ,l>mor 9 8 ,ae!r & ,matt] & ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson4 ,n[ :at is ,dr4 ,l>mor's op9ion z to ! atomicity ( electricity8 ,^! are "s ( 8 /atem5ts quot$ 9 ! "w4 ,9 ! v fir/ words ( 8 preface he writes3#de ,! foll[+ essay 0 orig9ally und]tak5 ma9ly z a contribution t[>ds ! developm5t ( ! /&po9t :i* consid]s electricity1 z well z ! matt]1 to be con/itut$ on an atomic basis4 ,he cont9ues3 ,s9ce ,f>aday's "w on ,electrolysis1 ! notion ( ! atomic con/itution ( electrification 9 its electro-*emical aspect has nev] be5 entirely abs5t4 ,:ile lat] on he adds3 ,?us1 = example1 ! pres5t view ( ! atomic "* ( electricity1 :i* is at l5g? com+ )9 ! scope ( direct exp]im5t1 has be5 9 evid5ce ) gradually increas+ precision ev] s9ce !oretical =mulations 7 attempt$ on ! subject4 ,we are1 h[ev]1 possibly indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson = ! mo/ direct exp]im5tal evid5ce z to ! atomic nature ( electricity1 =1 z is well kn[n to sci5ti/s1 he has discov]$ :at he t]m$ corpuscles1 9 association ) electricity1 :i* he makes ! c>ri]s ( ! *>ges involv$ 9 electrical ph5om5a4 ,"h1 !n1 we h "o pro( ( ! id5tity t exi/s betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity1 9 t :ile !y bo? fill ! same space1 !y are bo? equally atomic2 ,dr4 ,l>mor's ultimate atom1 z we h already se51 be+ kn[n z positive & negative electrons4 ,ae!r1 we also le>n$1 0 gravitative 7,art4 #de71 b we h s9ce le>n$ t gravitation is itself an electrical ph5om5on1 9 t bo? ! c5tripetal & c5trifugal =ces are due to ! repulsions & attractions or pressure & t5sion ( ?is electro-magnetic ,ae!r4 ,s t :5 we affirm t ,ae!r is gravitative1 we d b affirm x is subject to ! laws ( electricity1 :i* gov]n all electrical ph5om5a1 & !re=e we might j z truly affirm t electricity is gravitative1 because su* an affirmation is simply ano!r way ( say+ t electricity gives rise to ! attractions & repulsions incid5tal to1 & associat$ )1 all electrical ph5om5a4 ,"h1 aga91 we h fur!r evid5ce ( ! id5tity t exi/s betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity4 ,!n we le>n$ t ,ae!r possess$ d5sity1 & also diff]5t degrees ( d5sity1 & ! "q arises z to :e!r !re is any?+ correspond+ to ?is prop]ty 9 electricity4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 ?is v prop]ty ( d5sity is itself recogniz$ & kn[n to all sci5ti/s by ! t]m ,electric ,d5sity1 ! electric d5sity be+ always proportionate to ! *>ge ( electricity on a giv5 area4 ,we le>n$ also 9 ,art4 #gi t ae!rial d5sity & electrical d5sity 7 id5tical 9 relation to sol> & planet>y space2 s t1 :]ev] !re 0 ! d5s] ,ae!r1 !re 0 also ! d5s] electricity1 ! d5sity ( ! "o increas+ or decreas+ exactly 9 ! same ratio z ! o!r increas$ or decreas$4 ,f ae!rial & electrical d5sity1 !re=e1 we h ano!r pro( ( ! close id5tity t exi/s betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity4 ,aga91 we le>n$ 7,art4 #dh7 t ,ae!r possess$ in]tia4 ,"h at lea/1 x may be ?\ght1 we %all f9d ! fir/ po9t ( diff]5ce betwe5 ! two entities4 ,surely su* an intangible1 ae!rial manife/ation z electricity _c possess in]tia4 ,let u see :at ,pr(essor ,lodge has to say on ! subject4 ,9 ! *apt] on electrical in]tia he writes 7p4 #hi1 p>4 #cfe ( ,mod]n ,views ( ,electricity73 ,a curr5t does n />t in/antane\sly3 x takes a c]ta9 "t1 (t5 v %ort1 to rise to its full /r5g?2 & :5 />t$ x t5ds to p]si/1 s t if its circuit be sudd5ly brok51 x refuses to /op q sudd5ly1 & bur/s ?r\gh ! introduc$ insulat+ p>tition ) viol5ce & heat4 ,x is ?is ram or impetus ( ! electric curr5t :i* causes ! sp>k se5 on break+ a circuit2 & ! m sudd5 ! breakage1 ! m viol5t is ! sp>k apt to be4 ,we %all und]/& !m bett] directly2 mean:ile !y appe> to be direct consequ5ces ( ! in]tia ( electricity2 & c]ta9ly if electricity 7 a fluid possess+ in]tia x w\ld behave to a sup]ficial obs]v] j 9 ?is way4 ,f ^! /atem5ts we le>n !n t electricity does possess in]tia1 al?\gh !re are o!r ph5om5a ( electricity t w\ld de/roy ! hypo!sis4 ,b und\bt$ly an electric curr5t possesses mom5tum1 & x is philosophically impossible to associate mom5tum ) any body t does n possess in]tia1 z "o ( ! factors ( mom5tum implies mass1 ev5 ?\gh x be a mass ( an inf9itesimal =m1 & mass is ! v ess5ce ( ! prop]ty ( in]tia 7,art4 #dj74 ,dr4 ,l>mor1 9 ! "w already ref]r$ to1 deal+ ) ! subject ( electric in]tia1 expla9s t x is conc5trat$ at ! nucleus ( ! electron 7p4 #bcj71 :ile on p4 #bjb he /ates3 ,ea* electron z x is mov$ by ! ae!rial displacem5t belong+ to ! radiation1 resi/s ) its own def9ite in]tia4 ,ap>t f ?is evid5ce1 ! philosophical evid5ce already adduc$ 9 ,*apt] ,x4 is altoge!r 9 fav\r ( ! fact t electricity possesses in]tia4 ,s t we may say t1 ?\gh ! evid5ce z to ! id5tity ( electrical & ae!rial in]tia is n fully complete1 ! balance ( op9ion lies 9 fav\r ( ! id5tity r ?an o!rwise4 ,see ,app5dix ,a4 ,x c fur!r be demon/rat$ t electricity possesses ela/icity ! same z ! ,ae!r does4 ,! *>ge & dis*>ge ( a ,leyd5 j> are conclusive evid5ce ( ! ela/icity associat$ ) electrical ph5om5a1 :ile fur!r pro( is to be f\nd 9 ! fact t ,dr4 ,l>mor attributes ela/icity to 8 electrons1 su* ela/icity be+ ( a rotational type4 ,! id5tity1 !re=e1 t exi/s betwe5 ,ae!r is n[ almo/ complete4 ,we h n[ only to prove t bo? are compressible1 & ! id5tity is fully e/abli%$4 ,?is w be done by ref]5ce to c]ta9 ( ,f>aday's exp]im5ts be=e ! conclusion ( ?is article4 ,z we h e/abli%$1 logically1 ! id5tity t exi/s betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity1 ! "q arises n[ z to :e!r !y are n "o & ! same m$ium4 ,if !y are n "o & ! same m$ium1 !n we are 9 ! di/9ctly unphilosophical position ( hav+ to admit t all int]planet>y & int]/ell> space are fill$ at "o & ! same "t by two diff]5t m$ia1 & su* an assumption is directly oppos$ to all obs]vation & exp]i5ce4 ,!re=e1 to be /rictly philosophical1 "o ( ^! m$ia mu/ be done away )1 & we may ei!r ass]t t int]planet>y & int]/ell> space is fill$ ) electricity1 or else x is fill$ ) ,ae!r1 z x is mu* simpl] to conceive ( space be+ fill$ ) "o m$ium1 ?an x is to suppose x to be fill$ ) two m$ia1 :i* are absolutely id5tical 9 all _! *>act]i/ic prop]ties & functions4 ,bo? c give rise to exactly ! same k9d ( ph5om5a1 :e!r !y are ! ph5om5a ( heat1 light1 electricity1 or magnetism1 & ev5 gravitation itself4 ,s t1 if ,sci5ce wi%es to be di/9ctly philosophical 9 h] /atem5ts 9 future1 x w be necess>y1 x seems to me1 to d away ei!r ) ! ,ae!r1 or ) ! electricity1 & z ! latt] is ! bett] kn[n entity1 ,i am ( ! op9ion t ,sci5ce w reta9 ! electric conception ( space & matt]1 & d away ) ! ae!rial1 z be+ altoge!r unnecess>y4 ,see ,app5dix ,b4 ,?us are we l$ to ! conclusion t electricity is itself a =m ( matt]1 z inde$ x mu/ be if x is atomic1 z sugge/$ by ,dr4 ,l>mor & ,pr(essor ,?omson4 ,pr(essor ,lodge1 on p4 #i ( ! "w already ref]r$ to1 /ates3 ,electricity 9 ?is respect behaves j l a sub/ance2 & aga91 p4 #cac1 he writes3 ,we _c ass]t t x is a =m ( matt]1 nei!r c we d5y x2 on ! o!r h&1 we c]ta9ly _c ass]t t x is a =m ( en]gy1 & ,i %\ld be dispos$ to d5y x4 ,x may be t electricity is an entity p] se1 j z matt] is an entity p] se4 ,:e!r electricity be a =m ( matt] or n1 z ,i believe x und\bt$ly is1 we h arriv$ at ! fact1 9 view ( ! id5tity betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity1 t1 :]ev] ! "o is pres5t1 ! o!r is pres5t also4 ,s t if x c be demon/rat$ by direct exp]im5t t matt] c be *ang$ into its equival5t quantities ( electricities1 or t equival5t quantities ( electricities c\ld produce _! equival5t =ms ( matt]1 !n ! electrical basis ( matt]1 & consequ5tly ! ae!rial basis ( matt]1 are prov$ beyond contradiction1 & we are ?us l$ "o /ep ne>] to ! ultimate unity ( ! ,univ]se1 :i* unity is to be f\nd 9 ! univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 :i* is id5tical ) univ]sal electricity4 ,= if ,ae!r be ! basis ( all modes ( motion1 z heat1 light1 & gravitation1 & x is id5tical ) electricity1 x foll[s t electricity is equally ! basis ( all ! v>i$ ph5om5a1 & if to t we add ! con/itution ( matt] itself1 !n we are )9 sight ( ! m$ium 9 :i* ! ultimate unity ( ! ,univ]se is to be f\nd4 ,?is view ( ! subject has already be5 dealt ) by a ,g]man sci5ti/1 ,pr(essor ,vogt1 9 8 book on ,! ,nature ( ,electricity & ,magnetism1 a book1 h[ev]1 :i* is n translat$ into ,engli%4 ,9 t "w ,i believe he %[s ! possibility ( all matt] hav+ its orig9 9 electricity2 & if t be s1 !n t !ory is really id5tical ) an ae!rial basis ( matt]1 see+ t ,ae!r & electricity philosophically seem to be "o & ! same m$ium4 ,let u !re=e turn to ,f>aday's exp]im5ts1 & see :at !y tea* u on ! subject ( ! electrical basis ( matt]1 & !re=e ! ae!rial basis at ! same "t4 ,9 p>agraph #heb ( 8 ,exp]im5tal ,rese>*es ,f>aday writes3 ,! !ory ( def9ite electro-*emical action appe>s to me to t\* ^u ! absolute quantity ( electricity1 or electrical p[]1 belong+ to diff]5t bodies4 ,al?\gh we "k no?+ ( :at an atom is1 yet we _c resi/ =m+ "s idea ( a small p>ticle :i* repres5ts x to our m9d1 & ?\gh we _c say :at electricity is1 s z to be able to say :e!r x is a p>ticul> matt] or matt]s1 or m]e motion ( ord9>y matt]1 yet !re is imm5sity ( facts :i* ju/ify u 9 believ+ t ! atoms ( matt] are 9 "s way end[$ or associat$ ) electrical p[]s to :i* !y owe _! mo/ /rik+ qualities1 & among/ !m _! *emical aff9ity4 ,z soon z we p]ceive1 ?r\gh ! tea*+ ( ,dalton1 t *emical p[]s are 7h[ev] v>i$ ! circum/ances 9 :i* !y are ex]t$7 def9ite = ea* body1 we le>n to e/imate ! relative degree ( ,=ce :i* resides 9 su* bodies2 & :5 ^u t k comes ! fact t electricity1 :i* we appe> to be capable ( loos5+ f its habitation = a :ile1 or convey+ f place to place1 :il/ x reta9s its *emical ,=ce1 c be measur$ out1 & be+ s measur$1 is f\nd to be z def9ite 9 its action z any ( ^? portions :i*1 rema9+ associat$ ) ! p>ticles ( matt]1 give !m _! *emical relation1 we seem to h f\nd a l9k :i* connects ! proportion ( t belong+ to ! p>ticles 9 _! natural /ate4 ,!n 9 p>agraph #hee he writes z foll[s3 ,x seems a probable & almo/ a natural consequ5ce1 t ! quantity :i* passes is ! equival5t (1 & !re=e equal to1 t ( ! p>ticles sep>at$1 i4 e4 t if ! electrical p[] :i* holds ! elem5ts ( a gra9 ( wat] 9 comb9ation 7or :i* makes a gra9 ( oxyg5 & hydrog51 9 ! "r proportions1 unite into wat] :5 !y are made to comb9e7 c\ld be ?r[n into ! condition ( a curr5t1 x w\ld exactly equal ! curr5t requir$ = ! sep>ation ( t gra9 ( wat] into its elem5ts aga94 ,fur!r1 9 ,art4 #heg1 he /ates1 ,i c h no d\bt t1 assum+ hydrog5 z #a1 & dismiss+ small fractions = ! simplicity ( expression1 ! equival5t numb] or atomic weight ( oxyg5 is #h1 ( *lor9e #cf1 ( brom9e #gh4d1 ( lead #ajc4e1 ( t9 #ei1 etc41 not)/&+ t a v high au?ority d\bles sev]al ( ^! numb]s4 ,!n1 writ+ ^u ! def9ite relation%ip ( electro-*emical equival5ts1 he /ates1 ,art4 #hce3 ,electro-*emical equival5ts are always consi/5t2 i4 e4 ! same numb] :i* repres5ts ! equival5t ( a sub/ance ,a1 :5 x is sep>at+ f a sub/ance ,b1 w also repres5t ,a :5 sep>at+ f a ?ird sub/ance ,c4 ,?us #h is ! electro-*emical equival5t ( oxyg51 :e!r sep>at+ f hydrog5 or t9 or lead2 & #ajc4e is ! electro-*emical equival5t ( lead1 :e!r sep>at+ f oxyg5 or *lor9e or iod9e4 ,s t f ,f>aday's exp]im5ts we le>n def9itely t ! electro-*emical equival5ts co9cide ) & agree ) ! ord9>y *emical equival5ts accord+ to ,dalton's !ory4 ,f ^! exp]im5tal results ( ,f>aday's we !re=e le>n t ,f>aday 0 ( ! op9ion t ea* atom _h a def9ite & c]ta9 quantity ( electricity associat$ ) x2 & if ?is be true1 !n1 9 view ( ! id5tity ( ,ae!r ) electricity1 x foll[s t ea* atom mu/ h def9ite & c]ta9 quantities ( ,ae!r associat$ ) ea* atom4 ,s t ?r\gh ,f>aday's exp]im5tal rese>*es we are aga9 l$ to ! hypo!sis enunciat$ by ,"l ,kelv9 9 8 pap] ,on ! ,clu/]+ ( ,gravitational ,matt] 9 any "p ( ! ,univ]se1 viz4 t all matt] has an ae!rial1 t is1 an electrical basis1 & t x is by ! cond5sation ( ?is electricity1 & comb9ations ( ! cond5sational p>ticles1 t all ! v>i\s elem5ts are =m$ :i* compose ! inf9ite v>iety ( =ms t con/itute ! entire ,univ]se4 ,"h1 !n1 x seems to me1 we h ! evid5ce :i* gives to ! ae!rial ,nebul> ,hypo!sis 7,art4 #aba7 t exp]im5tal evid5ce :i* places t hypo!sis ^u a firm & philosophical f\ndation1 & conclusively proves t x is possible = ,ae!r out 9 ! cold] regions ( int]/ell> space to be cond5s$ into masses ( gase\s matt]1 :i* =m nebulae1 & o!r masses 9 ! cold regions ( int]planet>y space to cond5se & =m comets & meteors4 ,footnote #de3 ,ae!r & ,matt]4 ,,art4 #abe4 ,physical ,con/itution ( ,matt]4--,9 ,art4 #ca we le>n$ t all matt] 0 made up ( m9ute p>ts call$ atoms4 ,:5 ^! atoms ent] into comb9ation ) ea* o!r1 !y =m ! smalle/ p>ticles ( elem5t>y sub/ances z well z comp\nd bodies1 ^! p>ticles or bodies be+ t]m$ molecules4 ,a molecule1 !re=e1 may consi/ ( any numb] ( atoms ( ! same elem5t1 or may be =m$ ( ! union ( ! atoms ( two diff]5t elem5ts4 ,9 ! prec$+ article we h le>n$ t ! atom ( hydrog5 or c>bon1 h[ev]1 is divisible1 at lea/ !oretically if n exp]im5tally1 z we came to ! conclusion t all atoms are compos$ ( inf9itesimal ae!rial atoms1 :i* are synonym\s ) atoms ( electricity4 ,:e!r we %all ev] be able to exp]im5tally prove ! exi/5ce ( su* an atom rema9s to be se51 ?\gh ,dr4 ,l>mor /ates t ! atomicity ( electricity is com+ )9 ! scope ( direct exp]im5t2 :ile ! rese>*es ( ,pr(essors ,crookes & ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson h und\bt$ly giv5 direct evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( corpuscles1 :i* are "p ( ! atoms ( ! v>i\s elem5ts4 ,:5 we try to conceive1 h[ev]1 ( ! mann] 9 :i* ! v>i\s elem5ts c be =m$ f "o prim>y m$ium1 t is1 ! ,ae!r or electricity1 we f9d x difficult to arrive at a simple physical conception ( ! process involv$4 ,we are indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson = :at is practically ! only simple physical conception ( ! me?od 9 :i* v>i\s elem5ts may be =m$ f t m$ium1 :i* gives unity to ! :ole ( ! univ]se4 ,9 ! ,adams ,prize ,essay ( #ahhc ,pr(essor ,?omson indicat$ a !ory bas$ on ! vortex atom 7,art4 #dc7 :i* satisfactorily acc\nt$ = ! v>i\s laws :i* gov]n$ gase\s matt]1 & also %[$ h[ ! v>i$ *emical comb9ations might be physically conceiv$ z be+ produc$ f "o prim>y m$ium4 ,9 ?is !ory we h to conceive ( ! vortex atom z possess+ a holl[ core1 :ile 9 our conception ( an ae!rial atom 7,art4 #dc7 we conceiv$ x z be+ m ( a sph]ical or globul> =m ?an r+-%ap$4 ,we h1 !n1 to consid] ! atom ( any elem5t z be+ compos$ ( a vortex r+ ( v>i\s ?ickness1 ! ?ickness ( ! r+ be+ an indication ( its atomic weight4 ,ea* vortex r+ mu/ also be conceiv$ z itself be+ compos$ ( a numb] ( ae!rial atoms1 or atoms ( electricity1 ! numb] ( su* atoms be+ proportionate to ! respective atomic weights ( ! v>i\s elem5ts4 ,dr4 ,l>mor sugge/s t a vortex r+ may h ?is con/itution 9 8 "w on ,ae!r & ,matt]4 ,accord+ to ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 !n1 any vortex r+1 :i* we h suppos$ to be con/itut$ ( ae!rial atoms1 or atoms ( electricity1 may unite ) any o!r vortex r+1 ?us produc+ a vortex r+ ( d\ble d5sity1 :i* w\ld possess d\ble ! electricity ( ! unit vortex r+4 ,if we unit$ ?ree vortex r+s1 !n ! result w\ld be an atom ( ?reefold ! d5sity & /r5g? ( ! unit vortex r+4 ,we might conceive ( f\r or any numb] ( ^! r+s unit+ toge!r to =m a sep>ate elem5t1 & !n ea* elem5t w\ld simply be a multiple ( ! unit vortex r+1 & s possess regul> multiples ( ! atoms ( electricity1 ea* multiple repres5t+ a di/9ct elem5t4 ,we w n[ let ,pr(essor ,?omson speak = himself on ! matt]1 & w describe ! !ory 9 8 own words1 always keep+ 9 m9d ! hypo!sis t ! unit vortex r+ is itself compos$ ( a def9ite numb] ( atoms ( electricity or electrons1 z prov$ by ,f>aday4 ,see ,app5dix ,c4 ,9 ! "w already ref]r$ to1 ,pr(essor ,?omson /ates3 ,we may suppose t ! union or pair+ 9 ?is way ( two vortex r+s ( diff]5t k9ds is :at takes place1 :5 two elem5ts ( :i* ^! vortex r+s are atoms comb9e *emically2 :ile1 if ! vortex r+s are ( ! same k9d1 ?is process is :at occurs :5 atoms comb9e to =m molecules4 ,n[ let u suppose t ! atoms ( diff]5t *emical elem5ts are made up ( vortex r+s1 all ( ! same /r5g?1 b t "s ( ^! elem5ts consi/ ( only "o r+1 o!rs ( two r+s l9k$ toge!r1 o!rs ( ?ree loops1 & s on4 ,!n if any ( ^! r+s comb9e to =m a p]man5t comb9ation1 ! /r5g? ( all ! prim>ies 9 ! sy/em s =m$ by ! comb9ation mu/ be equal4 ,?us an atom ( "o elem5t may comb9e ) ano!r atom ( ! same k9d1 to =m a molecule ( t sub/ance consi/+ ( two atoms4 ,aga91 ?ree ( ^! atoms may comb9e1 & =m a sy/em consi/+ ( ?ree prim>y elem5ts1 b ! *ance ( _! do+ s is small comp>$ ) ! *ance ( two pair+2 s t ! numb] ( sy/ems ( ?is k9d w be small comp>$ ) ! numb] ( ! sy/ems consi/+ only ( two atoms4 ,we might h sy/ems ( f\r atoms1 b ! numb] w\ld be small comp>$ ) ! numb] ( sy/ems t consi/ ( ?ree atoms4 ,n[1 suppose t an atom ( "o elem5t is to comb9e ) an atom ( ano!r4 ,suppose1 to fix our ideas1 t ! atom consi/+ ( two vortex r+s l9k$ toge!r1 is to comb9e ) an atom consi/+ ( "o vortex r+2 !n1 s9ce1 = ! /ability ( connection1 ! /r5g? ( all ! prim>ies :i* =m ! compon5ts ( ! comp\nd mu/ be equal1 ! atom consi/+ ( two l9ks mu/ unite ) molecules conta9+ two atoms ( ! "o ) "o l9k4 ,?us ! comp\nd =m$ w be ! simple/ comb9ation1 consi/+ ( "o ( ! atoms :i* consi/ ( two vortex r+s l9k$ toge!r ) two ( ! atoms consi/+ ( only "o vortex r+4 ,simil>ly1 if an atom consi/+ ( ?ree vortex r+s l9k$ toge!r 7 to comb9e directly ) atoms consi/+ ( only "o vortex r+1 ! comp\nd =m$ w\ld consi/ ( ! ?ree l9k$ atoms ) ?ree ( ! o!rs1 & s on = all ! comb9ations ( atoms =m$ by any numb] ( vortex r+s l9k$ toge!r4 ,?is sugge/s t ! elem5ts1 call$ by ! *emi/s monads1 dyads1 triads & s on1 consi/ ( "o1 two1 etc4 vortex r+s l9k$ toge!r1 = !n we %\ld "k t a dyad c\ld n comb9e ) less ?an two atoms ( a monad to =m a /able comp\nd1 or a triad ) less ?an ?ree1 & s on1 :i* is j ! def9ition ( ! t]ms monad1 dyad1 triad4 ,on look+ at *emical comb9ation f ?is po9t1 we expect to f9d t su* comp\nds z ,hydro*loric acid1 :]e "o atom ( ,hydrog5 has only to meet "o atom ( ,*lor9e2 or wat]1 :]e "o atom ( ,oxyg5 has only to meet two atoms or a molecule ( ,hydrog51 w\ld be mu* m easily & quickly =m$ ?an a comp\nd su* z ammonia gas1 to =m :i* an atom ( ,nitrog5 has to f9d itself close to ?ree atoms ( ,hydrog5 at once4 ,x is ! case1 ,i believe1 9 direct comb9ation1 t simple comp\nds are =m$ m quickly ?an comp\nd ones4 ,we might call ! ratio ( ! numb] ( l9ks 9 ! atom ( any elem5t1 to ! numb] 9 ! atom ( ,hydrog51 ! ,val5cy ( ! elem5t4 ,?us ! comp\nds ,h-,,cl1 ,h-,i1 ,h-,f1 %[ t ! atoms ( ,*lor9e1 ,iod9e1 ,fluor9e h ! same numb] ( l9ks z ! atom ( ,hydrog51 s t ! val5cy ( ea* ( ^! elem5ts is unity4 ,f ! comp\nd ,h#b,o we inf] t ! atom ( ,oxyg5 consi/s ( twice z _m l9ks z ! atom ( ,hydrog54 ,! comp\nd ,h#b,s indicates t ! atoms ( ,sulphur h twice z _m l9ks z ! atom ( ,hydrog54 ,! molecules ,,co#b & ,m>% ,gas h ea* ?ree prim>ies repres5t$ by ,c-,o-,o & ,c-,h-,h respectively4 ,accord+ to ! view we h tak51 atomicity corresponds to complexity ( atomic arrangem5t1 & ! elem5ts ( high atomicity consi/ ( m vortex r+s ?an ^? ^: atomicity is l[4 ,?us high atomicity corresponds to complicat$ atomic arrangem5t1 & we %\ld expect to f9d ! spectra ( bodies ( l[ atomicity mu* simpl] ?an ^? ( high4 ,?is seems to be ! case1 = we f9d t ! spectra ( ,sodium1 ,potassium1 ,li?ium1 ,hydrog51 ,*lor9e1 :i* are all monad elem5ts1 consi/ ( comp>atively few l9es4 ,"h !n1 on ! vortex !ory ( matt]1 especially :5 t vortex !ory is giv5 an electric basis1 z is ! case 9 ,dr4 ,l>mor's electron !ory1 we h a ?9kable & logical explanation ( ! physical & *emical prop]ties ( matt]1 by :i* all elem5ts & comp\nds may be =m$ f ! primordial ae!rial or electric atom4 ,z all ,nature is compos$ ( ab\t sev5ty elem5ts1 & x has be5 conclusively demon/rat$ t an atom ( ,hydrog5 is ! same all ov] ! univ]se1 no matt] :e!r x exi/s on ?is planet1 or 9 "s di/ant /> or nebula1 we arrive at ! conclusion t all ! o!r elem5ts are exactly ! same 9 _! prop]ties & qualities :]ev] !y are f\nd4 ,if1 !re=e1 we c\ple ,f>aday's exp]im5ts & results z to ! electro-*emical equival5ts ( all atoms1 ) ?is !ory ( ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson's1 !n we are aga9 compell$ to come to ! conclusion t ! unity ( ! univ]se 9 all its univ]sality1 & inf9ite v>iety ( =ms & modes ( matt]1 is to be f\nd1 & alone f\nd1 9 ! univ]sal ,ae!r1 :i* is co-exi/5t & coext5sive ) electricity4 ,,art4 #abf4 ,quod ,erat ,faci5dum4--,be=e conclud+ ?is "w let u briefly review ! :ole ( ! !ory submitt$ h]e9 to ! read]4 ,t :i* 0 to be done consi/$ prim>ily 9 asc]ta9+ ! physical cause ( ,gravitation1 by :i* w\ld be acc\nt$ = on a philosophical basis all ! ph5om5a incid5tal to & associat$ ) ! ,law ( ,gravitation4 ,su* ph5om5a includ$ ! physical cause ( ! ,c5tripetal & ,c5trifugal ,=ces1 ! physical cause ( ,kepl]'s ,laws1 toge!r ) a physical conception ( ! application ( ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion to all sol> & /ell> bodies4 ,9 addition to ?is1 !re 7 o!r out/&+ problems 9 physics t x 0 premis$ w\ld receive ei!r a p>tial or an entire physical explanation4 ,x 0 premis$1 = example1 t ! problem ( ! relative motion ( ,ae!r & matt] w\ld be solv$1 t ! cause ( ! p]man5t magnetism ( ! e>? w\ld be reveal$1 & ! great problem ( ! con/itution ( matt] attack$1 toge!r ) ! unity ( ! univ]se :i* arose f t conception4 ,9 ord]1 h[ev]1 = any !ory to be philosophical 9 its initial /ages1 ! rules ( "s ( ! greate/ philosoph]s :i* gov]n ! mak+ ( any hypo!ses 7 briefly outl9$1 & 7 f\nd to resolve !mselves into ?ree divisions4 ,! fir/ rule dealt ) ! g5]al simplicity ( ,nature's mode ( work+1 & !re=e ! g5]al simplicity :i* mu/ gov]n our hypo!ses 9 p]fect+ any !ory z to ! cause ( all ph5om5a1 gravitational or o!rwise4 ,! second rule %[$ t ! only s\nd basis f :5ce we c\ld d]ive all our data ^u :i* to speculate & reason1 lay 9 our exp]i5ce ( all natural ph5om5a4 ,:atev] else we might d1 or n d1 x 0 absolutely necess>y1 if we wi%$ to be p]fectly philosophical 9 our conclusions1 t we %\ld n trav]se ! direct results ( obs]vations & exp]im5ts4 ,! ?ird rule laid d[n 0 ! obvi\s axiom1 t ! !ory s p]fect$ by logical reason+ mu/ satisfactorily acc\nt = & expla9 all ! ph5om5a s\ght to be expla9$4 ,n[ ,i wi% to submit ! :ole !ory z prop\nd$ 9 ?is "w 9 its completion & 9 its entirety to ! read]1 & to ask him if ! ,rules ( ,philosophy h n be5 adh]$ to ?r\gh\t ! :ole "w8 ,c any !ory be m simple ?an ! "o submitt$ 9 ?is "w1 by :i* we h endeav\r$ to acc\nt = all1 & ev5 m1 ?an 0 premis$ 9 ! op5+ *apt]s8 ,! v simplicity ( ! fundam5tal hypo!sis t ,ae!r is matt]1 9 all its prop]ties & qualities1 has be5 ! *ief ob/acle to ! ret>dation ( its e>li] discov]y4 ,any proposition m simple1 m easy ( compreh5sion1 is1 to my m9d1 difficult ( conception4 ,:y1 *ildr5 9 our homes & s*ools may be taught ! tru?1 & grasp x 9 its concrete =m1 & t is ! highe/ te/ ( ! simplicity ( any hypo!sis4 ,?us ! fir/ ,rule ( ,philosophy is satisfi$ & fulfill$ 9 ! initial hypo!sis1 & ,i v5ture to affirm t ! same simplicity has *>act]iz$ ! developm5t ( ! !ory ?r\gh\t its entire progress4 ,/ep by /ep1 simple facts & simple tru?s :i* are kn[n to any ord9>y /ud5t h be5 %[n to h a wid] & m univ]sal application ?an ev5 ! writ] dream$ (1 :5 he />t$ out on 8 voyage ( discov]y 9 philosophical rese>*4 ,:5 we consid] ! second ,rule ( ,philosophy 9 its application to our !ory1 we f9d t exp]i5ce1 z reveal$ by obs]vation & exp]im5t1 is fulfill$ to ! m9ute/ detail4 ,! simple hypo!sis t ,ae!r is matt]1 fulfils to ! v fulle/ ext5t all requirem5ts dem&$ by ! exp]i5ce ( all ! sci5ti/s & exp]im5tali/s t ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,to ass]t t ,ae!r is n matt] is to ass]t a proposition contr>y to all ! accumulat$ exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ g5]ations4 ,!re=e1 if ,ae!r is matt]1 !n its fundam5tal qualities mu/ be ^? :i* belong to & are associat$ ) all matt]1 ^? qualities be+ atomicity1 gravity1 d5sity1 ela/icity1 in]tia1 & compressibility4 ,! objector to ?is /atem5t is himself violat+ ! *ief rule ( all philosophy1 9 t he is go+ contr>y to ! t5or & tea*+ ( 8 own exp]i5ce4 ,!n1 foll[+ out ! second rule /ep by /ep we arrive at ! "o gr& c5tral tru?1 t electricity is also a =m ( matt]1 & t all ! =ces ( ! entire univ]se are b diff]5t modes ( motion1 diff]5t vibrations ( ! univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r2 :ile all ! v>i$ bodies t exi/ are !mselves b diff]5t manife/ations 9 a gase\s1 liquid1 or solid =m ( ! same electro-magnetic sub/ance4 ,?us1 /ep by /ep1 we h tri$ to build up a !ory ( ! physical cause ( all ph5om5a1 :i* w satisfactorily acc\nt = ^? ph5om5a1 & ev5 = ! /ructure ( ! univ]se itself1 f ! me*anical /&po9t1 & by s do+ h fulfill$ ! ?ird ,rule ( our ,philosophy z enunciat$ by ,newton & o!rs4 ,s t by ! conception t ,ae!r is matt]1 9 its primordial /ate1 we h m ?an fulfill$ all t 0 premis$ %\ld be done4 ,?us ! long-s\ght-= & long-expect$ cause ( ,gravitation1 toge!r ) ! cause ( ! two complem5t>y =ces1 is f\nd 9 ! simple /atem5t t ,ae!r is matt]1 ) all t is logically includ$ !re94 ,kepl]'s ,laws & ,newton's ,laws ( ,motion also receive a physical explanation 9 ! same univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r4 ,9 addition to ! solution ( ^! problems1 ! transv]se vibrations ( light has receiv$ = ! fir/ "t a physical conception1 & a physical explanation1 ev5 admitt+ t t explanation may n be p]fect 9 detail4 ,! orig9 ( ! p]man5t magnetism ( ! e>? has also receiv$ a physical explanation ?r\gh ! motions ( ?is same electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 :ile c]ta9 !ories 9 relation to electricity giv5 to ! _w by ,ampre1 ,web]1 ,f>aday1 & ,cl]k ,maxwell h f\nd _! consummation 9 ?is atomic electro-magnetic m$ium4 ,fur!r1 a/ronomical hypo!ses 9 relation to comets & nebulae are n unt\*$ by ! !ory ( a compressible & cond5s+ atomic ,ae!r4 ,inde$1 !re is n a phase ( natural ph5om5a :i* is n affect$ 9 "s way or o!r by ! philosophical result arriv$ at t ,ae!r is matt] 9 its orig9al /ate4 ,!re=e1 we claim1 h[ev] imp]fectly x may h be5 done1 t n only h ! ,rules ( ,philosophy be5 fulfill$1 b t ! !ory s advanc$ has accompli%$ m ?an ev5 we 9 our wilde/ imag9ation hop$ & dream$ = x4 ,look at ! problem ( ! ,ae!r h[ we may1 ! advantages ( ! !ory ( an atomic electro-magnetic ,ae!r f> surpass & outweigh ! advantages ( a frictionless m$ium1 :i* 9 "s unkn[n way possesses mass & in]tia1 al?\gh ! conception ( su* prop]ties !mselves disproves ! exi/5ce ( su* a frictionless m$ium4 ,aft] all1 h[ mu* ( ?is !ory is !re :i* is entirely new or absolutely orig9al8 ,age aft] age1 m5 h _h exactly simil> dreams1 & se5 simil> visions4 ,9 ! old ,grecian days simil> views 7 express$ by _! philosoph]s2 &1 ev5 9 ! philosophy ( less civiliz$ c\ntries1 _m ( ! sugge/$ hypo!ses f\nd _! place 9 a m or less p]fect =m4 ,analyze ! :ole !ory f its initial /ages to ! la/ *apt]1 & we %all f9d1 ) ! exception ( "o or two features1 t e hypo!sis fir/ _h its orig9 9 ! m9d ( "s ( ! greate/ ?9k]s & philosoph]s t ! _w has ev] kn[n4 ,take sev]al hypo!ses z examples4 ,! hypo!sis t ,ae!r is atomic 0 sugge/$ by su* m5 z ,newton1 ,huygh5s1 ,desc>tes1 ,*allis1 ,cl]k ,maxwell1 & o!rs4 ,t ,ae!r is gravitative has be5 sugge/$ by ,"y1 ,grove1 ,f>aday1 & ,"l ,kelv94 ,huygh5s1 ,fresnel1 & ,"y po/ulat$ diff]5t degrees ( d5sity = ! ,ae!r1 :ile ,/okes & ,mc,cullagh h affirm$ & prov$ diff]5t degrees ( ela/icity ( ! m$ium4 ,! in]tia ( ! m$ium has receiv$ exp]im5tal evid5ce f ,tyndall1 ,maxwell1 ,f>aday1 ,lodge1 & o!rs1 & its compressibility has receiv$ ! adh]5ce ( m5 l ,f>aday1 ,maxwell1 & ,"l ,kelv94 ,!n1 :5 we come to deal ) ! causes ( ! =ces involv$ 9 gravitational ph5om5a1 we f9d t exactly simil> hypo!ses 9 reg>d to ! ,c5trifugal ,=ce h be5 po/ulat$ by ,h]s*el1 ,br$i*91 ,m4 ,faye1 & ,leb$ew2 :ile ,f>aday1 ,gauss & o!rs h sugge/$ ! close relation%ip t exi/s betwe5 electrical & gravitational ph5om5a4 ,! physical explanation ( ,kepl]'s ,laws 0 sugge/$ by ,kepl] himself1 :ile ,huygh5s1 ,b]n\lli1 ,desc>tes1 & _m ( _! contempor>ies believ$ 9 ! exi/5ce ( "s k9d ( vortices4 ,! unity ( ! univ]se has be5 a dream ( philosoph]s = g5]ations pa/1 & t dream is n[ cry/alliz$ 9 ! def9ite conception ( an atomic univ]sal electro-magnetic m$ium1 :ile ! electrical basis ( matt] receives ! support ( su* m5 z ,crookes1 ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson1 ,l>mor & ,vogt4 ,?us we le>n t all ! dreams & ?\ghts1 all ! hypo!ses & po/ulates ( old-_w z well z pres5t-day philosoph]s f9d _! consummation & ultimate realization 9 "o univ]sal1 atomic1 electro-magnetic m$ium4 ,if ?is fact does n /amp ! !ory ) t au?ority :i* is und5iably associat$ ) ! names ( "s ( ! sci5ti/s quot$1 !n all ! greate/ m5 9 ! sci5tific _w h liv$ & toil$1 ?\ght & dream$ 9 va91 :ile ! priceless gems ( _! imag9ation & rese>* are treat$ z wor?less & valueless4 ,aga91 :at %all we say ( ! discov]ies ( to-day8 ,:at is ! key to ! greate/ sci5tific discov]y ( mod]n times1 viz4 wireless or ae!rial telegraphy1 :i* is girdl+ ! e>? ) its my/]i\s communications8 ,is n ! key to t discov]y to be f\nd 9 ?is univ]sal electro-magnetic m$ium8 ,:5ce come ! ,x-rays1 ,rontg5 rays1 & o!r light rays ) _! adaptability to human suff]+1 if !y come n f ?is same electro-magnetic m$ium8 _! adaptability to human suff]+ be+ dep5d5t ^u ! intimate & close relation%ip t exi/s betwe5 ! physical body & ! electro-magnetic m$ium4 ,:]e is ! key to ! pr9ciple und]ly+ ! gramophone1 ! phonograph & ! telephone1 if x be n 9 ?is self-same atomic & easily impressible m$ium8 ,nay6 let u g fur!r1 & ask ourselves :]e is ! key to be f\nd = ! _m m>vell\s effects ( s-call$ _s ph5om5a8 ,:o c read ,f4 ,w4 ,my]'s ,human ,p]sonality & its ,survival ( ,bodily ,dea?1 & n feel t we are /&+ on ! ?re%old ( ! unse5 _w8 ,already m5 are ask+ !mselves ! mean+ ( ! /range s5sations :i* !y receive f unse5 s\rces2 already m5's spirits are vibrat+ 9 unison ) vibrations t come f ! unse5 _w2 & to-day we see spiritual ph5om5a z ?r\gh a glass d>kly1 & ! "q arises1 :at is ! m$ium ( all ?is communication1 ( all ^! vibrations8 ,is !re no m$ium at all :i* =ms ! m$ium ( communication8 ,to ass]t t w\ld be to ass]t some?+ oppos$ to all exp]i5ce & !re=e w\ld be unphilosophical4 ,may n !n ! !ory ( an atomic univ]sal electro-magnetic m$ium help u on 9 our grop+ & se>*+ aft] light 9 ?is direction8 ,:o w uplift ! veil8 ,already we pe] almo/ into ! _s _w4 ,a little m light1 a little m tru?1 & !n !re w bur/ =? ^u ! he>ts & m9ds ( m5 ! gr&e/ & mo/ glori\s tru? t ,nature c reveal ( h] ,creator1 & !n m5 %all come to "k & und]/& ! place t ,god holds 9 ! ,univ]se1 su* tru? be+ advanc$ on its way by an atomic1 univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r :i* is z truly matt] z our own bodies4 ,,art4 #abg4 ,god & ! ,univ]se4--,to ! sup]ficial read] x may appe> at fir/ sight1 t ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r sugge/$ 9 ?is "w leaves no place 9 ! ,univ]se = ! op]ations & exi/5ce ( an ,inf9ite & liv+ ,_s1 a ,god4 ,x may be object$1 t if all matt] & all modes ( motion f9d _! physical orig9 9 "o common & primordial m$ium1 ! electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 :]e is ! necessity = ! exi/5ce ( an ,et]nal & ,inf9ite ,_s8 ,at fir/ sight !re appe>s "s =ce 9 ! objection1 b x loses its po9t :5 we come to view ! ,univ]se f ! /&po9t ( _s ph5om5a4 ,! purpose ( ! writ] 9 ?is "w has be5 to deal ) natural ph5om5a only1 purely f ! philosophical & sci5tific /&po9t4 ,_s ph5om5a 7:i* is equally z real & obvi\s z natural ph5om5a7 h no "p or place 9 a "w :i* deals ) sci5tific facts & data1 b dem& & w receive 9 a future "w equal consid]ation & philosophic treatm5t4 ,a man mu/ inde$ be lack+ 9 vision :o _c see beh9d all ?+s ! evid5ce ( a ri*] & full] tru? ?an t :i* m]ely lies on ! surface1 or :o fails to read & le>n ! greate/ tru? t circles ! ,univ]se 9 its ultimate unity1 :i* indisputably po9ts to ! exi/5ce ( an ,et]nal & ev]-liv+ ,_s1 a ,god4 ,i affirm t !re is no sci5tific tru?1 ev5 includ+ ! law ( ! cons]vation ( matt] & motion1 :i* has be5 enunciat$ 9 ?is "w1 b :at is reconcilable ) ! exi/5ce ( an ,et]nal & ,inf9ite ,_s2 & al?\gh su* a /atem5t may seem a p>adox1 yet ,i am conv9c$ t be=e _m m ye>s h pass$1 ! reconciliation ( natural ) spiritual ph5om5a w be an accompli%$ fact4 ,! fool to-day may say 9 8 he>t1 !re is no ,god1 b ere long n only religion1 b ,sci5ce h]self1 %all expose 8 lack ( wisdom & 8 folly4 ,= all ?+s d]ive _! exi/5ce prim>ily1 ) all ! en]gies & p[]s !y possess1 f ,god4 ,look :]e we w1 or at :at we w1 f ! smalle/ atom or molecule up to ! mo/ /up5d\s _w1 or myriads ( worlds t roll & sp>kle 9 ! blue inf9ity1 9 ea* & all we see ! indisputable evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a my/]i\s _s1 or p[]1 t controls & gov]ns !m4 ,a _s or p[] t we _c see1 b :i* is s indisputably evid5c$ t its exi/5ce _c be d5i$4 ,= example1 we see =ms ( _m k9ds1 "s ( :i* are simple entities ( !mselves1 :ile o!rs are complex & made up ( _m p>ts1 b :ile ea* "p is insep>ably connect$ ) ! o!r1 yet ea* "p is itself di/9ct f ! o!rs 9 nature & sub/ance4 ,! :ole comb9$ =ms a complete me*anism or organism1 &1 l all me*anisms ( human make1 n only ne$s a controll+ & gov]n+ p[]1 b also evid5ces a mak]4 ,ev5 ! laws ( ,nature & modes ( motion1 :e!r x be heat1 light1 electricity1 or magnetism1 are1 h[ev]1 unable ( !mselves to control ! me*anism1 & !re=e prove !mselves to be b ! s]vants ( an inf9ite ,intellig5ce1 a ,,god4 ,?us1 beh9d & beyond all we see1 9 e liv+ =m1 !re is ! evid5ce ( a hidd5 _s1 :i* is ! gov]n+ & controll+ & su/a9+ p[]1 & )\t :i* ! organism ceases to be an organism4 ,a _s :i* animates ! me*anism1 & uses its activities & p[]s z x wills = its own purposes & ends4 ,?is _s or p[] we call its life1 :i* gives to ! =m its exi/5ce1 toge!r ) all t x possesses1 z its p[]s1 activities1 en]gies & productions1 = all are b ! effects ( ! hidd5 life4 ,if ?is my/]i\s some?+1 t]m$ its life1 becomes 9 any way sep>at$ f ! me*anism or organism1 !n z a di/9ct & sep>ate organism x ceases to be2 & ?\gh ! me*anism may /ill exi/ = a "t1 yet all its p[]s are gone1 :ile ! organism1 robb$ ( its v life1 beg9s sl[ly to decay4 ,we _c see ?is p[]2 we _c f9d x ,we may se>* = x1 r5d & te> "p f "p1 only to f9d t x baffles all our skill1 & laughs at our endeav\rs to discov] ! secret ( its exi/5ce4 ,we "k t x is !re1 j z truly z we "k t 9 ^! =ms ( ours1 ^! liv+ /oves1 ^! p]fect me*anisms call$ our bodies1 !re exi/s & dwells a _s1 a liv+1 consci\s1 self-act+ & controll+ p[]4 ,a _s :i* we "k is n ! me*anism itself1 & :i* by exp]i5ce & obs]vation we "k to be di/9ct f ! organism4 ,x is ?is my/]i\s _s :i* controls & gov]ns all our acts1 t rules & reigns z k+ ( our bodies1 & makes ! physical me*anism1 ) all its wondr\s p>ts1 obey & d its bidd+4 ,t ?is is s1 t ! _s is di/9ct f ! body1 & is ! controll+ & gov]n+ pr9ciple )9 u1 is evid5t 9 a ?\s& ways4 ,if1 h[ev]1 t _s dep>ts f ! me*anism ( our bodies1 !n ! controll+ & gov]n+ influ5ce is gone2 & ! me*anism1 robb$ ( its life1 ceases to "w1 ceases to fulfil its functions1 & ceases to exi/ 9 t p>ticul> =m4 ,j z x is ) ourselves1 s x is ) ! ,univ]se4 ,= look :]e we w1 f ! smalle/ atom to ! great aggregation ( atoms1 z our e>?1 or ev5 to ! m /up5d\s orbs ( heav51 ! work+ ( a secret & my/]i\s p[] or _s meets our gaze4 ,a _s or p[] t is n ! =m or ! me*anism1 b is sep>ate & di/9ct f ! me*anism1 :ile at ! same "t x is insep>ably connect$ ) ea* & all4 ,= ev]y?+ t we see1 f an atom to ! ,univ]se itself1 is a p]fect me*anism1 or complexity ( me*anisms4 ,! entire ,univ]se is "o va/1 intricate1 & elaborate piece ( me*anism1 beg9n+ ) ! simple ae!rial atom1 rang+ ?r\gh all ! atomic sy/ems1 graduat+ by successive /eps ?r\gh comp\nd sub/ances1 :i*1 9 _! aggregations1 =m meteors1 satellites1 planets1 suns1 & />s2 until ! ultimate :ole is rea*$1 :]e ev]y?+ is bl5d$ into "o va/ :ole2 a p]fect1 inf9ite1 complex me*anism1 a ,univ]se4 ,n[ if philosophy tea*es any?+ at all reg>d+ me*anisms ( human inv5tion1 x indisputably tea*es t e ma*9e or me*anism t has ev] be5 made1 implies ! exi/5ce ( a mak]1 & t ! mak] possess$ intellig5t attributes1 z reason1 judgm5t1 p]ception1 & imag9ation4 ,= example1 /& be=e "s elaborate ma*9e ( human inv5tion1 z a lace ma*9e1 & wat* ! work+ ( t ma*9e 9 all its details4 ,x is compos$ ( _m p>ts1 ea* ( :i* is p]fect 9 itself4 ,ea* "p may be di/9ct 9 nature & purpose1 yet ea* & all are insep>ably & unit$ly connect$ ) ea* o!r1 & all "w h>moni\sly toge!r = ! accompli%m5t ( a def9ite & specific end1 t is1 ! production ( a lace curta9 ( exquisite design & patt]n4 ,z we wat* ! ma*9e & its work+s1 we see !re9 ! evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( a _s or p[] t gave x its bir?4 ,a _s or m9d t made & =m$ ! ma*9e1 t con/itut$1 arrang$1 & gave x its gov]n+ & controll+ p[]2 fitt$ & ord]$ e "p1 gave to ea* "p its allott$ task1 & m\ld$ all to ! h>moni\s fulfilm5t ( ! def9ite end & purpose he _h 9 view4 ,?us 9 ! ma*9e we see evid5ce ( contrivance & design1 ( me?od & arrangem5t1 ( conception1 p]ception & judgm5t1 :i* are all ! effects & outfl[+s ( intellig5ce :i* belong1 & alone belong1 to m9d2 & !re=e we say1 ,! ma*9e 0 made1 & !re 0 & mu/ h be5 a mak]4 ,s univ]sally is ?is fact accept$1 t any "o :o s]i\sly *all5g$ ! /atem5t1 or d>$ to d5y x1 w\ld be at once piti$ z insane or laugh$ at z a fool4 ,?us all exp]i5ce proves1 & philosophy te/ifies1 t :]ev] we get a ma*9e or me*anism ( any k9d or sort1 !re mu/ h be5 a liv+1 consci\s be+ or p]son1 :o is di/9ct f & outside ( ! ma*9e4 ,he made x1 & !re=e mu/ h exi/$ be=e x1 9 ord] to make x4 ,:]ev]1 !re=e1 we f9d a me*anism t be>s ! m>ks ( intellig5ce & design1 ( judgm5t1 p]ception & conception1 x is only logical & philosophical to inf]1 t su* a me*anism equally evid5ces ! exi/5ce ( an intellig5t be+4 ,! m intricate & elaborate ! me*anism1 ! great] ! +5uity display$1 ! m complex & p]fect ! design1 ! m h>moni\s ! work+1 ! great] w be ! wisdom1 ! m pr(\nd ! judgm5t1 ! ke5] ! p]ception1 ! m p]fect ! und]/&+1 & ! va/]1 nobl]1 & m sublime ! ord] ( ,be+ :o orig9at$ & made x4 ,?is be+ s1 accord+ to philosophical reason+1 let u glance at ! ,univ]se 9 all its fulness & on5ess1 & we %all see ! indisputable evid5ce ( ! exi/5ce ( an ,inf9ite ,be+1 :o made1 controls & gov]ns ! inf9ite ,univ]se4 ,9 ! atomic _w we get an illu/ration ( ! p]fect me*anism t und]lies all atomic sy/ems4 ,our conception ( an ae!rial atom 0 bas$ ^u ! analogy ( our own planet1 & !re is e reason to believe t ! little _w 9 :i* all atoms live & move & h _! be+1 is analog\s to a planet>y or sol> sy/em1 9 :i* we f9d ! two ess5tials ( matt] & motion ev] associat$ toge!r1 to =m a l>g] & m complete me*anism4 ,= atoms are n simply m]e po9ts2 !y possess real dim5sions1 ) a det]m9ate & fix$ =m1 diff]+ 9 _! relative weights1 & 9 ! am\nt ( motion or =ce ) :i* ea* is end[$4 ,! v fact t !y possess atomic weights :i* are unalt]able ?r\gh\t ! long p]iods ( "t t m>k ! hi/ory ( ! ,univ]se1 & t !y comb9e 9 def9ite & fix$ proportions1 indisputably evid5ce ! fact t !y b d ! bidd+ ( an ,et]nal & ,inf9ite ,_s1 a ,god4 ,?us ea* molecule1 or atomic sy/em =ms a p]fect me*anism 9 itself1 ) its own c5tre ( gravity1 & subject to ! same laws ( repulsion & attraction1 or pressures & t5sions--due to ! vibrations & motions ( ! univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r4 ,9 ea* ( ! planet>y sy/ems we get an illu/ration ( ! same p]fect me*anism1 :i* is indicative ( all sy/ems :e!r l>ge or small2 ea* sy/em be+ *>act]is$ by ! same beauty ( ord] & h>mony ( motion :i* are equally *>act]i/ic ( atomic sy/ems4 ,our own sol> sy/em1 compos$ z x is ( _m p>ts1 ( ?\s&s ( meteors & comets1 ( numb]s ( satellites & planets1 all revolv+ ar\nd "o common c5tre1 also =ms a complete & p]fect me*anism 9 itself4 ,= millions & millions ( ye>s ?is p]fect me*anism has be5 h>moni\sly work+ toge!r 9 all its p>ts1 z x moves 9 all its unity ?r\gh ! realms ( inf9ite space4 ,yet ?r\gh all ! unkn[n ages ( ! pa/1 su* a ph5om5on z disord] 9 ! work+ ( any "p ( ! sy/em is inconceivable & unkn[n4 ,out 9 /ell> space !re are1 h[ev]1 innum]able sy/ems1 simil> to our own sol> sy/em1 ea* di/9ct & p]fect 9 itself2 ea* be+ made up ( simil> p>ts1 z meteors1 comets1 satellites1 planets1 & c5tral sun4 ,^! sy/ems are1 h[ev]1 unit$ toge!r into "o va/ aggregation ( worlds1 hav+ "o common controll+ c5tre ( _! own1 & by _! unity =m a con/ellation1 a l>g] & gr&] me*anism4 ,?r\gh\t ! :ole con/ellation !re is ! same ord]1 & h>moni\s work+ ( "p ) "p1 t *>act]ise ! sol> sy/em4 ,!n ^! con/ellations increas+ 9 _! aggregations =m a /ill l>g] complexity ( sy/ems1 call$ a ,galaxy2 & galaxy be+ add$ to galaxy1 con/ellation to con/ellation1 !re is =m$ by su* union1 an ocean ( suns & />s l our own ,milky ,way1 ! ultimate :ole be+ *>act]is$ by ! same me*anical ord] & h>moni\s work+ t *>act]ise ! sol> sy/em4 ,x may ev5 be1 t !re are numb]s ( ^! oceans ( suns & />s exi/+ 9 inf9ite space1 all b\nd toge!r by "o common bond1 ! univ]sal electro-magnetic ,ae!r1 & =m+ "o va/ ultimate :ole1 a ,univ]se2 ) all its oceans ( suns mov+ ar\nd "o c5tral ,orb or mass ( ,orbs call$ ! ,?rone ( ,,god4 ,?us ! :ole ,univ]se is a me*anism1 complete & p]fect 9 e detail1 & =m+ a sy/em1 s great1 s gr&1 s sublime1 s magnific5t t x puts all me*anisms ( human orig9 to %ame & scorn4 ,n[1 if a me*anism ( human inv5tion evid5ces ! exi/5ce ( intellig5ce & m9d1 & proves itself to be ! production ( a liv+1 s5ti5t1 consci\s1 & intellig5t be+1 h[ mu* m1 incomp>ably m1 does ! ,univ]se ) its inf9ite complexity evid5ce a ,mak] also2 & t ,mak] mu/ be z inf9itely great] 9 wisdom1 k1 p]ception & judgm5t z ! ,univ]se is inf9itely great] 9 me*anical p]fection ?an any me*anism ( human orig94 ,! ,univ]se is ,god's tea*+ 9 symbol & 9 type4 ,x is ,8 great picture-book1 :]e 9 liv+ =m ,he has portray$ ,himself1 & all t belongs to ,him--,8 nature1 "*1 wisdom2 ,8 greatness1 glory1 & ,8 p[]4 ,! ,univ]se is a temple1 :]e ,he sits en%r9$ 9 ! ?+s ,8 own h&s h made1 & :]e ^? :o h eyes to see1 & he>ts to le>n & und]/&1 may adore & wor%ip ,him4 ,?us is x true t ! heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god1 i4 e4 ! "* ( ,god1 ,8 inf9ite wisdom1 ,8 inf9ite k1 ,8 pr(\nd judgm5t1 & ,8 et]nal righte\sness2 :ile ! firmam5t %[e? ,8 h&iwork4 ,day unto day utt]e? spee*1 & night unto night %[e? 7,87 k4 ,! ,"l by wisdom ha? f\nd$ ! e>?1 by und]/&+ ha? ,he e/abli%$ ! heav5s4 ,he ha? made ! e>? by ,8 p[]4 ,he ha? e/abli%$ ! _w by ,8 wisdom1 & ha? /ret*$ out ! heav5s by ,8 discretion4 ,?\1 ,"l1 9 ! beg9n+ ha/ laid ! f\ndations ( ! e>?1 & ! heav5s are ! "w ( ,?y h&s2 !y %all p]i%1 b ,?\ rema9e/2 & !y all %all wax old1 z do? a g>m5t2 & z a ve/ure %alt ,?\ fold !m up1 & !y %all be *ang$2 b ,?\ art ! same1 & ,?y ye>s %all n fail4 ,to prove ! validity ( ^! /atem5ts f a sci5tific & philosophic /&po9t1 & to %[ ! h>mony t exi/s betwe5 ! natural & ! ,div9e revelation z giv5 9 ! ,^w ( ,god1 w =m ! subject ( a future "w4 ,,app5dix ,a ,accord+ to ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge ! fact t electricity possesses mass or in]tia has n[ pass$ out ( ! hypo!tical /age into ! realm ( fact & exp]im5t4 ,9 8 ,romanes ,lecture rec5tly publi%$1 he /ates1 page #d3 ,my fir/ !sis is t an electric *>ge possesses ! mo/ fundam5tal & *>act]i/ic prop]ty ( matt]1 viz4 mass or in]tia2 s t if any "o 7 to speak ( a milligramme or an ounce or a ton ( electricity1 ?\gh he w\ld c]ta9ly be speak+ inconv5i5tly1 he might n necess>ily be speak+ errone\sly4 ,n[ 9 view ( ! id5tity t exi/s betwe5 ,ae!r & electricity1 z prov$ by ,h]tz' exp]im5ts1 ! only logical conclusion t c be arriv$ at is1 t ,ae!r mu/ also possess mass & in]tia4 ,s t ! mo/ rec5t exp]im5ts 9 relation to electricity confirm ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r pres5t$ 9 ?is "w1 viz4 t x also possesses mass & in]tia1 o!rwise we %\ld h a massless m$ium be+ compos$ ( electrons :i* possess mass1 & t w\ld be a violation ( all exp]i5ce1 & !re=e an unphilosophical /atem5t4 ,,app5dix ,b ,! hypo!sis ( electricity be+ ! fundam5tal basis ( all matt] made 9 ! la/ *apt] on ! ,unity ( ! ,univ]se1 receives confirmation f ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge 9 8 ,mod]n ,views ( ,matt]1 :]e he writes1 page #ac3 ,! fundam5tal +r$i5t ( :i*1 9 ?is view1 ! :ole ( matt] is made up1 is no?+ m or less ?an electricity1 9 ! =m ( an aggregate ( an equal numb] ( positive & negative electric *>ges4 ,?is1 :5 e/abli%$1 w be a unification ( matt] su* z has ?r\gh all ! ages be5 s\ght2 x goes fur!r ?an _h be5 hop$1 = ! sub/ratum is n an unkn[n & hypo!tical protile1 b ! famili> electric *>ge4 ,,app5dix ,c ,! hypo!sis t all elem5ts h def9ite quantities ( electricity 9 !m1 or a def9ite numb] ( electrons1 z sugge/$ on page #cce1 receives add$ weight by ! te/imony ( ,sir ,oliv] ,lodge 9 ! "w already ref]r$ to4 ,writ+ on ! subject1 he says3 ,x is a fasc9at+ guess t ! electrons con/itute ! fundam5tal sub/ratum ( :i* all matt] is compos$4 ,t a gr\p+ ( say #gjj electrons1 #cej positive & #cej negative1 int]leav$ or int]lock$ 9 a /ate ( viol5t motion s z to produce a /able configuration "u ! influ5ce ( _! c5trifugal in]tia & _! electric =ces1 con/itutes an atom ( hydrog54 ,t sixte5 times z _m1 9 ano!r /able gr\p+1 con/itute an atom ( oxyg54 ,t "s #af1jjj ( !m g to =m an atom ( sodium2 ab\t #ajj1jjj an atom ( b>ium2 & #afj1jjj an atom ( radium4 ,f ^! extracts1 tak5 f ,mod]n ,views ( ,matt]1 ! au?or claims t ! !ory ( ! ,ae!r pres5t$ to ! read] 9 ,ae!r & ,gravitation receives add$ confirmation & support4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,errata ,! au?or regrets t ,pr(essor ,j4 ,j4 ,?omson's "n has be5 incorrectly spell$ 9 sev]al places4 ,,index ,ab]ration ( light1 #fi1 #adi1 #bah ,absorption1 #ajd-f ,accel]ation1 #bci ,act9ic rays1 #ada ,action at a di/ance1 #if1 #agd1 #agf & re-action1 #bj1 #bea ,adams' discov]y ( ,neptune1 #be ,ae!r is matt]1 #ed-h is atomic1 #ei-fg is gravitative1 #fd-i d5sity (1 #fi1 #ga1 #acf1 #bdc ela/icity (1 #gd-g in]tia (1 #gf1 #ccj its motions1 #hj compressibility (1 #bia1 #cae waves1 #gi-hj ,ae!rial basis ( matt]1 #cbf ,aff9ity1 *emical1 #dc ,aldeb>an1 #cab ,alum9ium1 #gi ,ampre1 #aib ,ampre's !ory ( magnetism1 #aic ,&rom$a1 #cad ,annual magnetic v>iation1 #bjh ,annul> nebulae1 #cbj ,aphelion ( e>?1 #cf ,arago1 ,m41 #cba ,arcturus1 #cab ,areas1 ,kepl]'s law (1 #cf ,a/51 ,von1 #bcd1 #bif ,a/]oids1 #ca ,atmosph]e1 #fh1 #gc1 #ajb1 #bbe ,atom1 vortex1 #de1 #df1 #fa :at x is1 #dc electron1 #fc ,boscovit*1 #fa h>d1 #fa size (1 #dc ,attraction1 electrical1 #b1 #bhf ( gravitation1 #ac1 #bd1 #ca magnetic1 #aie ,balance1 ,torsion1 #ahg ,b]n\lli1 #bba1 #cda ,beta ,p]sei1 #cjh ,biela's comet1 #bif-g ,b9>y comp\nd1 #adc />s1 #be1 #cji ,biot1 #ach ,boscovit* atoms1 #dd1 #ach ,boyle & ,m>riotte's law1 #gf1 #ajc ,bradley's discov]y ( ab]ration1 #adi ,br$i*9 on comets' tails1 #cjb ,brilliancy ( />s1 #cjg1 #cji ,briti% ,association ,report1 #eg1 #ei ,calcium1 #gi ,canis major1 #cjg m9or1 #cjg ,capella1 #cab ,c>bon1 #dh ,c>bonif]\s p]iod1 #aae ,c>not on heat1 #aaf-ah ,cass9i1 #cjg ,cause & effect1 #ad ( gravitation1 #a1 #bhb-i ,cav5di% exp]im5t1 #bd ,c5tauri1 #gi ,c5tre ( gravity1 #cbe ,c5trifugal =ce1 #i1 #ac1 #ae1 #cj1 #bcf-h ,c5tripetal =ce1 #i1 #ab1 #bhb ,cetus1 #cjg ,*alk1 #f ,*allis1 ,pr(41 #gd1 #if1 #ajj1 #ajg1 #aea1 #aee1 #bad1 #bbg1 #caa ,*emi/ry1 #dg1 #ccf ,coal1 #hf1 #hh ,clairaut1 #big ,clu/]s ( />s1 #cad ,cohesion1 #dh ,col\r1 #ach ,col\rs ( />s1 #cjh sev5 prim>y1 #aci ,comets1 #bia attract$ by planets1 #bih cond5sation (1 #bib ,comets & meteors1 #big %ort p]iod1 #bic-d long p]iod1 #bic-d tails (1 #bih-i orbits (1 #bic nucleus (1 #bih-i coma1 #bih-i ,compressibility ( ae!r1 #bia1 #cae ,cond5sation ( gases1 #dg ,cons]vation ( matt]1 #db ( en]gy1 #hd ( motion1 #ib ,con/ellations1 #cjg ,coroll>y1 #ae ,corona ,borealis1 #cji ,corpuscles1 #db1 #fd1 #acf ,corpuscul> !ory ( light1 #abb ,correlation ( =ces1 #hc ,c\lomb ,torsion balance1 #ahe1 #ahg ,crookes1 ,sir ,william1 #db1 #acf1 #cbf1 #cda ,curr5t1 electric1 #afc magnetic1 #aib ,curr5ts1 #ij ,curry1 ,pr(41 #bhd ,cycle ( op]ations1 #aad1 #aaf ,cygnus1 #cjg ,dalton's atomic !ory1 #db ,davy1 #ii1 #ajg ,day & night1 #d ,d',arre/'s comet1 #bif ,deimos1 #ch ,democritus1 #dd ,d5sity ( matt]1 #ea ( ae!r1 #fi electric1 #agj ( e>?1 #bdb ( sun1 #bg ( planets1 #bdb ,desc>tes1 #bba-b1 #cda ,dew>1 ,pr(41 #dg ,diamet] ( e>?1 #bi pol>1 #bi equatorial1 #bi ( sun1 #bhj ( planets1 #bi ,dielectric1 #afh1 #age ,diffusion1 #di ,dip1 magnetic1 #aii ,di/ances ( />s1 #bhj ,diurnal v>iations1 magnetic1 #bji ,dog /> 7,sirius71 #cjf ,donati's comet1 #bih ,d\ble />s1 #cjh ,draco1 #cjg ,dynamical equival5t ( heat1 #aad value ( light1 #aej ,dynamics1 laws ( !rmo-1 #aad-ah ,dynamo1 #hg1 #ij ,e>1 #abj ,e>?1 mass (1 #bce1 #bdb a magnet1 #aif-h size (1 #bi rotation (1 #bai orbit (1 #bgf p]iodic "t (1 #bea gravity (1 #bi %ape (1 #bi di/ance f sun1 #bdb1 #bea velocity 9 orbit1 #bea ,ecc5tricity ( orbits1 #bfh1 #bgf ,eclipse1 #ade1 #adh ,ecliptic1 plane (1 #bgg-i ,ela/icity1 #df ( matt]1 #ea ( ae!r1 #gd ,electric curr5t1 #aed pot5tial1 #agj induction1 #age radiation1 #ahb d5sity1 #agj en]gy1 #agi field1 #aff1 #agi l9es ( =ce1 #agc ,electricity1 #fd1 #afb two k9ds (1 #age positive1 #age negative1 #age laws (1 #ahd !ories (1 #afb ,electrons1 #acf1 #afc ,electro-/atic1 #aeh1 #afd k9etic1 #aeh1 #afd k9etic en]gy1 #bag magnetism1 #aib-e magnets1 #aii magnetic !ory ( light1 #bbi *emical equival5ts1 #ahi1 #ccc ,elem5ts ( matt]1 #dg ,ellipse1 #cd ,kepl]'s discov]y (1 #cd ,elliptical nebulae1 #cbj ,emission !ory ( light1 #abb ,encke's comet1 #bic1 #bif resi/+ m$ium1 #bbh ,en]gy1 #hc1 #hd :at x is1 #hc cons]vation (1 #hd trans=mation (1 #hf pot5tial1 #hg k9etic1 #hi1 #afd radiant1 #aji electrical1 #agi & motion1 #ia ,eng9e1 ,c>not's heat1 #aaf ,envelopes ( comets1 #bih ,epicureans1 #dd ,equal areas1 #cf times1 #cf ,equator1 ,n4 & ,s4 ,poles1 #bi magnetic1 #bjb t]re/rial1 #bi ,equipot5tial surfaces1 #aga ,equival5ts1 electro-*emical1 #ahi1 #ccc ,eul]1 #abc ,ex*anges1 !ory (1 #aje ,exp]i5ce1 #d ,exp]im5ts ( ,rum=d1 #ih ( ,mi*elson & ,morley1 #fg1 #bbg ( ,leb$ew1 #cjb ( ,ni*ols & ,hull1 #aec ( ,h]tz1 #afe ( ,f>aday1 #fe1 #bhe ( ,m4 ,faye1 #cjb ( ,j\le1 #aad ,fall+ /one1 #ba1 #bi ,f>aday1 #de1 #age1 #bbj on matt]1 #ef on ,l9es ( ,=ce1 #afh1 #bjj1 #bjc-e on magnetic space1 #bjh on gravitation1 #bhg on electricity1 #ccb on induction1 #agf ,faye1 ,m41 #aaa1 #cjb1 #cai ,faye's comet1 #bic1 #bif ,field1 electric1 #agi magnetic1 #aii ,fizeau1 #adi1 #bbd ,fluids1 #dh ,food1 #hi ,=bes1 #aba ,=ce1 #af1 #ai1 #ij c5trifugal1 #i1 #ac1 #bcf c5tripetal1 #i1 #ab1 #bhb l9es (1 #bjj ,=ces1 direction ( !1 #bf proportion ( !1 #bf ,f\cault1 #adi ,frankl91 #ajf ,fresnel1 #ge1 #aca ,frictionless m$ium1 #ag1 #aca1 #acf1 #bbd ,fundam5tal m$ium1 #ed ,galaxy1 #cbe1 #cdf ,gase\s nebulae1 #cac ,gases1 cond5sation (1 #dg liquefaction (1 #dg k9etic !ory (1 #di ,glazebrook1 ,pr(41 on ae!r & gravitation1 #bb ,globul> clu/]s ( />s1 #cad ,gravitation1 law (1 #fa1 #fe univ]sal1 #bd int5sity (1 #bg law ( proportion1 #bf cause (1 #a1 #bhb & b9>y />s1 #be ,gravity1 c5tre (1 #cbe ,great ,be>1 #cjg ,grove1 #hc ,halley's comet1 #bif-g ,hamilton1 ,sir ,w4 ,r41 #bdg ,head ( comets1 #bih ,heat is motion1 #ih a mode ( motion1 #ajg radiant1 #aji dynamical equival5t (1 #aaf effects (1 #ajg nature (1 #ih radiation (1 #aji trans=mation (1 #hg ,heat eng9e1 ,c>not's1 #aaf ( sun1 #aji & matt]1 #ajj & "w1 #aad refraction (1 #aba ,helmholtz1 ,von1 #de1 #hf ,h]cules1 #beg1 #bga1 #cjg ,h]s*el1 ,sir ,j41 #c1 #d1 #g1 #bbf1 #bbh1 #bha1 #bii1 #cja1 #caj1 #cba ,sir ,w41 #aji1 #bga-b1 #cac ,h]tz1 #ach1 #aei1 #ahb ,hicks1 ,pr(41 #ac ,hodograph ( planets1 #bdg ,hot spr+s1 #ij ,hugg9s1 #cac-ad ,huygh5s1 #ed1 #abc1 #abe1 #abh ,hydrog51 #dj1 #db1 #dd1 #fj1 #ic1 #cad1 #ccc ,hypo!ses1 #c1 #cch ,ice1 #db ,id5tity ( heat & light1 #aai light & electricity1 #aef1 #afj1 #afe ae!r & electricity1 #cca ,impond]able1 #ga ,impress$ =ce1 #bj ,impressible ae!r1 #gh ,induction1 electric1 #agd-e magnetic1 #aii ,f>aday's !ory (1 #age ,in]tia ( matt]1 #eb ( ae!r1 #ccj ,int5sity ( light1 #bh1 #adf ( heat1 #bh1 #aac ( electricity1 #ahd ( gravity1 #bh ,iron1 #db expansion by heat1 #aja contraction by cold1 #ajb ,j\le1 #he1 #aad ,jupit]1 #bf1 #fh mass (1 #bce satellites (1 #adi1 #agh rotation (1 #bai orbital velocity (1 #bea1 #bfe size (1 #bce di/ance f sun1 #bdb1 #bea d5sity (1 #bdb & comets1 #cje ,kant1 #cag ,kelv91 ,"l1 #dc1 #ga1 #gg1 #hj1 #ie1 #baf1 #bbg on ae!r1 #ef-g on vortex atom1 #fc on compressible ae!r1 #bia1 #cae on light1 #aea ,kepl]'s laws1 #cb fir/1 #cc1 #bef-i second1 #cf1 #bfj-b ?ird1 #cg1 #bfc-e on vortex motion1 #bba-b ,k9etic en]gy1 #hi electro1 #bag ,kir*h(f1 #dc ,laplace1 #cag nebul> hypo!sis1 #cag ,l>mor1 ,dr41 #bb1 #dd1 #ef1 #fc1 #ic1 #afc on electrons1 #bhd on ae!rial physics1 #bb1 #cbg-i ,lavoisi]1 #db ,law ( gravitation1 #bd ( inv]se squ>es1 #bg ,laws ( electricity1 #ahd ( light1 #ade ( heat1 #aac ( motion1 #i1 #ae1 #bcc ,lead1 #hh1 #ccc ,leb$ew1 #cb1 #gf1 #aec ,le ,v]ri]1 #be discov]y ( ,neptune1 #be ,leyd5 j>1 #aeg ,liebnitz1 #bbc ,light1 #ge a mode ( motion1 #abb corpuscul> !ory (1 #abc undulatory !ory (1 #abc1 #acf electro-magnetic !ory (1 #aef pa? ( a ray (1 #add int5sity (1 #ade reflection (1 #acf refraction (1 #ace ab]ration (1 #adi composition (1 #aci velocity (1 #adh zodiacal1 #bgg transv]se vibration (1 #acj ,l9es ( =ce1 electric1 #agc magnetic1 #bja-c ,liquefaction ( gases1 #dg ,liquid air1 #dg ,liquids1 #dh ,little ,be>1 #cjg ,dog1 #cjg ,locky]1 #aji ,lodge1 ,dr41 #bai on ae!r d5sity1 #fi on ae!r1 #bhd1 #bhi1 #cbh1 #ccb on electric in]tia1 #ccj on electricity1 #fd1 #fi1 #bhd1 #bhe on =ce1 #ag on gravitation1 #bhc ,lor5tz on light1 #aed ,lyra1 #cjg ,mac,laurin1 #b1 #aj1 #ag ,magnesium1 #gi ,magnet1 #ba ,magnets1 b>1 #aii mov+1 #baa ,magnetic axis1 #bjb field1 #aii l9es ( =ce1 #bjj %ells1 #bje equator1 #bjb induction1 #aii v>iation1 #bjh molecules (1 #aic pol>ity1 #aid ,magnetism ( e>?1 #bjg-ab ( planets1 #baa cause ( sol>1 #baa ,ampre's !ory (1 #aic ,m>s1 #fh1 #gi a magnet1 #aif rotation (1 #bai size (1 #bcf orbital velocity (1 #bea satellites (1 #agh orbit (1 #cc ,mass1 #bg1 #ec1 #ahg ( e>?1 #bce1 #bdb ( planets1 #bce1 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vortex1 #de ,rival !ories1 #h ,riv]s1 #hi-ij ,roem]1 & velocity ( light1 #adh ,rotation ( e>?1 #bai ( planets1 #bai ( sun1 #bdf ,rotatory motion1 #ic ,ruck]1 ,pr(41 #ei ,rules ( ,philosophy1 #c fir/1 #c second1 #d ?ird1 #c1 #g ,rum=d1 #ih ,runn+ wat]1 #ie ,satellites ( ,m>s1 #ch1 #agh ,jupit]1 #adi1 #agh ,uranus1 #bed ,neptune1 #bed ,saturn1 #bf-g1 #fh mass (1 #bce1 #bdb orbital velocity (1 #bea1 #bfe rotation (1 #bai d5sity (1 #bdb a magnet1 #aif satellites (1 #agh ,s*u/]1 ,pr(41 #h1 #bah1 #caa ,sirius1 #cjf1 #cjh-i ,sodium1 #dc ,sol> sy/em1 motion (1 #beg1 #bga spectrum1 #gi1 #aci magnetism1 #baa ,s\nd1 #ge waves1 #ajd1 #abj ,space1 int]/ell>1 #caj1 #cac ,spectroscope1 #dg1 #gi ,spectrum analysis1 #ej1 #aci ,spiral nebulae1 #cbb ,/>s1 fix$1 #eh numb] (1 #aa1 #cjf b9>y1 #cji di/ances (1 #bhj magnitude (1 #cjf1 #cji col\r (1 #gi1 #cjh motion (1 #caj-aa nebul\s1 #cbj prop] motions (1 #cab v>iable1 #cjg d\ble1 #cjh clu/]s (1 #cad orbits (1 #caj are magnets1 #cjg ,/okes1 ,sir ,g41 #fi1 #aeb1 #bah ,/r+1 #ba ,sun1 diamet] (1 #bhj con/itution (1 #gi a magnet1 #afd1 #aih-i mass (1 #aij heat (1 #aji motions (1 #bgj orbital velocity (1 #ce rotation (1 #bdf c5tre ( two =ces1 #ahf ,tails ( comets1 #cjj1 #cjd /raight1 #cjj curv$1 #cja multiple1 #cjj ,tait1 ,pr(41 #ah1 #dj-a1 #hh1 #bdg ,telescope1 #gi ,temp]ature1 #ajd-e ,t]re/rial magnetism1 #bjg-ab gravity1 #bi ,!ory1 atomic1 #dd rules = mak+1 #c undulatory1 #abc ( ex*anges1 #aje ,!rmodynamics1 fir/ law (1 #hg1 #aad second law (1 #aaf ,?omson1 ,j4 ,j41 ,pr(41 #dc1 #cbf1 #cce ,tidal wat]-p[]1 #hh ,tides1 #hi1 #if ,torsion balance1 #ahe ,trade w9ds1 #if1 #bdi ,trans=mation ( en]gy1 #hf ( motion1 #ic ,transv]se vibration ( light1 #acj ,tun+-=k1 #ajd ,tympanum1 #abj ,tyndall on radiation1 #ajd1 #ajf on light1 #ga on ,l9es ( ,=ce1 #agd on ae!r1 #gg on atoms1 #ajf on ae!r waves1 #aab ,ultra-violet rays1 #adj r$ rays1 #adj ,unity ( univ]se1 #cbb-i ,univ]sal gravitation1 #bd ae!r1 #eh ,univ]se1 #cac1 #cbb1 #cdg ,uranus1 #fh mass (1 #bce d5sity (1 #bdb orbital velocity (1 #bfe a magnet1 #aif ,ursa ,major1 #cjg ,m9or1 #cjg ,vap\r1 #di ,v>iation1 magnetic1 #bji-aa ,velocity ( light1 #adh ( electric waves1 #ahb ( heat waves1 #adh ( fall+ bodies1 #ba ( wave motion1 #gf ,velocity1 angul>1 #bej ,v5us1 #cc1 #fh1 #gi a magnet1 #aig mass (1 #bce rotation (1 #bai orbital velocity (1 #bea p]iodic "t (1 #bea ,vibration1 atomic1 #ge ,vibrations1 transv]se1 #acj longitud9al1 #acj ( s\nd1 #abc ,vibratory motion1 #ia ,vogel1 ,pr(41 #cjh1 #cab ,vogt1 ,pr(41 #ccb ,volume ( sun1 #bg ,von ,a/51 #bcd1 #bif ,vortex !ory1 #ib1 #ccg motion1 #bba-d atom1 #ic1 #abf1 #ccg r+s1 #abe1 #ccg ,vortices1 molecul>1 #ajc ,wat] waves1 #abd curr5ts1 p[] (1 #ie composition (1 #ada p[]1 #hh ,wave front1 #abh motion1 #abd1 #afj ,wave l5g?s1 #abj envelope1 #aab ,waves1 *emical1 #ada s\nd1 #ajd1 #abj1 #abd light1 #abf heat1 #ada electric1 #aei sph]ical1 #aab electro-magnetic1 #afe ,weight1 #bi1 #fi1 #hd v>iation (1 #bi p\nd1 #cj ,:ewell1 #c1 #bba ,w9ds1 #ha1 #ij en]gy (1 #ij trade1 #bbe ,"w1 #if & en]gy1 #hd f heat1 #aaf ,"y1 ,?omas1 #ed1 #fd1 #fg1 #abc on ae!r1 #eh f\r? hypo!sis1 #gj ,pr(41 ( ,am]ica1 on electric space1 #aff ,z9c1 #hh ,zodiacal light1 #bgg-i ,ri*>d ,clay ,s\s1 ,limit$1 ,london ,bungay4 ,"s ,new ,publications ,,( ,messrs4 ,*apman ,hall1 ,ltd4 #aijc-d 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,h4 ,g4 ,,wells',s ,,new ,,"w4 ,,mank9d ,,9 ,,! ,,mak+4 ,by ,h4 ,g4 ,,wells1 au?or ( ,anticipations1 etc4 ,cr[n #hvo1 #gs4 #f;d4 ,9 ?is new & important "w ,mr4 ,wells attempts to deal ) social & political que/ions 9 a new way & f a new />t+-po9t1 view+ ! :ole social & political _w z aspects ( "o univ]sal evolv+ s*eme1 & plac+ all social & political activities 9 a def9$ relation to t2 & x is to ?is g5]al me?od & tr5d t ! att5tion ( ! read] is especially direct$4 ,,dr4 ,,alfr$ ,,russel ,,wallace',s ,,new ,,book4 ,,man',s ,,place ,,9 ,,! ,,univ]se4 ,a /udy ( ! results ( sci5tific rese>* 9 relation to ! unity or plurality ( worlds4 ,by ,,alfr$ ,,russel ,,wallace1 ,,ll4,d41 ,d4,c4,i41 ,f4,r4,s41 au?or ( ,natural ,selection1 ,d>w9ism1 etc41 etc4 ,) ,diagrams4 ,demy #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,?is volume is an amplification & ext5sion ( ! mu*-discuss$ article contribut$ by ,dr4 ,wallace to ! ,=tnightly ,review = ,m>* #aijc1 & pres5ts ! :ole subject 9 a m complete & sy/ematic mann]1 besides conta9+ _m new & =cible argum5ts :i* a m c>eful consid]ation ( ! :ole problem has sugge/$4 ,9 ! c\rse ( ! "w ! v>i\s a/ronomical & o!r criticisms ( ! article are consid]$ & repli$ to4 ,a ,,new ,,!ory ,,( ,,gravitation4 ,,ae!r ,,& ,,gravitation4 ,by ,w4 ,g4 ,,hoop]1 ,f4,s4,s4 ,) ,diagrams4 ,demy #hvo1 #abs4 #f;d4 net4 ,?is "w seeks to (f] an acceptable solution ( ! greate/ sci5tific problem t has puzzl$ sci5ti/s = ! pa/ #bjj ye>s4 ,ev] s9ce ! discov]y ( univ]sal gravitation by ,sir ,isaac ,newton1 ! "q has aris51 ov] & ov] aga91 z to :at is ! physical cause ( ! attraction ( gravitation4 ,is x due1 z ,newton himself sugge/$1 to ! prop]ties & qualities ( ! univ]sal ae!r1 or is x due to "s /ill unkn[n & undiscov]$ m$ium8 ,by ! !ory prop\nd$ 9 ?is "w1 ! au?or has = ! fir/ "t br\ght ae!rial physics into h>mony ) all obs]vation & exp]im5ts2 s t ! in]tia1 ! d5sity1 & ! ela/icity ( ! ae!r are br\ght into h>mony ) all exp]i5ce by philosophical reason+ bas$ on ,newton's ,rules ( ,philosophy4 ,,life ,,& ,,topography ,,( ,,dick5s4 ,,! ,,real ,,dick5s ,,l&4 ,) an outl9e ( ,*>les ,dick5s's life4 ,by ,h4 ,,sn[d5 ,,w>d & ,,ca?>9e ,,w>d1 au?ors ( ,%akespe>e's ,t[n & ,times4 ,) a ,/eel ,plate ,portrait ( ,dick5s1 ,?ree ,photogravures1 & ne>ly #cjj full-page & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #dto1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,*>les ,dick5s's und]/&+ ( ! human "* is app>5t to e good read] ( 8 works2 b 8 intimate k ( ! "* ( places1 & ( ! important effect ( place ^u ! human be+1 is n s app>5t1 because ! read] has n ! necess>y k ( ! places ^u :i* to base an e/imate4 ,9 ,! ,real ,dick5s ,l& ! au?ors h attempt$ to supply ?is necess>y k1 n only by lit]>y id5tification1 b by pres5t+ "o ( ! fulle/ collections ( photographic views ?us id5tifi$ ev] got toge!r4 ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,ltd4 ,,c>lyle',s ,,life ,,& ,,topography4 ,,! ,,c>lyle ,,c\ntry4 ,) a /udy ( ,c>lyle's life4 ,by ,j4 ,m4 ,,sloan4 ,) a ,=eword by ,,sir ,,james ,,cri*ton-,,br[n1 ,m4,d41 ,,ll4,d41 ,f4,r4,s4 ,) a ,photogravure ( ! ,:i/l] ,portrait ( ,c>lyle1 ,two o!r ,photogravures1 & ab\t #ajj ,portraits1 full-page & o!r ,illu/rations4 ,cr[n #dto1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,?is new ,c>lyle ,book deals ) ! ,c>lyles 9 all _! multi=m relations to ! ,c>lyle ,c\ntry1 & ca/s mu* valuable light ^u ! complex problems rais$ by ,c>lyle's e>li] & lat] life4 ,x =ms a mo/ useful & in/ructive ,guide to ! ,c>lyle ,c\ntry1 & w appeal to old ,c>lylean ,read]s by its c>eful gr\p+ ( biographical ev5ts ar\nd ! places ) :i* !y are inextricably id5tifi$4 ,a valuable ,c>lyle ,*ronology is app5d$1 toge!r ) an ,index & ,map4 ,,hi/ory ,,( ,,*9a4 ,,*9a1 ,,pa/ ,,& ,,pres5t4 ,by ,e4 ,h4 ,,p>k]1 ,pr(essor ( ,*9ese at ! ,ow5s ,college1 ,man*e/]2 =m]ly ,h4,b4,m4 ,consul at ,kiung*[2 ,au?or ( ,*9a1 ,john ,*9aman1 etc41 etc4 ,) a ,map ( ,*9a4 ,demy #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,mr4 ,p>k] is "o ( ! great au?orities on all t conc]ns ,*9a & ! ,*9ese1 & has be5 writ+ ^u e phase ( ! subject = _m ye>s pa/4 ,9 ?is "w he deals ) ! :ole hi/ory ( ! nation f ! e>lie/ times to ! pres5t day4 ,8 volume is divid$ into n9e books3 ,i4 ,hi/orical & ,/ati/ical2 ,,ii4 ,! ,box] ,w>s2 ,,iii4 ,religi\s2 ,,iv4 ,! ,imp]ial ,p[]2 ,v4 ,! ,=eign] 9 ,*9a2 ,,vi4 ,m&>9 or ,(ficial2 ,,vii4 ,cele/ial ,peculi>ities2 ,,viii4 ,political2 ,,ix4 ,! ,seamy ,side4 ,ea* ( ^! books is divid$ into *apt]s deal+ compreh5sively ) ! :ole subject4 ,,new ,,"w ,,on ,,pagan ,,idolatry4 ,,! ,,wor%ip ,,( ,,! ,,dead4 ,! ,orig91 ,nature1 & ,hi/ory ( ,pagan ,idolatry4 ,by ,,colonel ,j4 ,,g>ni]1 ,r4,e4 ,) ,f\r full-page ,illu/rations & num]\s ,pictures 9 ! text4 ,demy #hvo1 #afs4 net4 ,! intimate relation ( ! anci5t ,paganism to ! e>ly hi/ory ( mank9d & its influ5ce on ! fate & =tunes ( ! human race gives no little int]e/ & importance to any inquiry into its orig9 & nature1 & ! facts collect$ & comp>$ 9 ! pres5t "w w be f\nd1 n only to ?r[ a rem>kable light on ! e>ly hi/ory ( ,egypt & ,babylonia b to h an especial be>+ on important que/ions ( ! pres5t day4 ,,ev]yday ,,life ,,9 ,,*9a4 ,,life ,,& ,,sport ,,9 ,,*9a4 ,by ,,oliv] ,g4 ,,ready1 ,b4,a4 ,) ,?irte5 ,illu/rations & a ,map4 ,demy #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,9 ?is "w ! au?or1 :o has resid$ 9 v>i\s p>ts ( ! c\ntry = upw>ds ( twelve ye>s1 has endeav\r$ to place be=e read]s an acc\nt ( ?+s & ev5ts z he saw !m1 & to convey to _! m9ds an idea ( h[ ,europeans live !re1 ( _! amusem5ts1 ( _! "w1 & ( ^? ?+s :i* are matt]s ( daily int]e/ to !m1 s t ! "w may s]ve z a k9d ( preface to t en?rall+ volume1 ! curr5t hi/ory ( ,*9a1 z x is daily reveal$ 9 ! ,press1 9 ,magaz9es1 & 9 le>n$ works4 ,,izaak ,,walton4 ,,izaak ,,walton ,,& ,,8 ,,fri5ds4 ,by ,,/apleton ,,m>t91 ,m4,a41 ,*ri/'s ,college1 ,cambridge1 ,b>ri/]-at-,law4 ,) ,portraits & ,illu/rations4 ,demy #hvo1 #ajs4 #f;d4 net4 ,mr4 ,/apleton ,m>t9 has writt5 ?is book ) ! prim>y object ( br++ out ! spiritual side ( ,walton's "*4 ,he traces c>efully ! inn] work+s ( ,walton's m9d1 & aims at sett+ =? ! man z he 0 be/ kn[n to ! circle ( intimates ) :om he %>$ 8 confid5ces4 ,! bett] to indicate ?is aspect1 ! volume also conta9s brief biographical sket*es ( ,walton's3 poet & ecclesia/ic fri5ds1 toge!r ) a f9e collection ( portraits & illu/rations ( places connect$ ) ,walton's life4 ,!re is also a selection f ! poetical works ( ,walton1 ,cotton1 ,donne1 ,h]b]t1 ,wotton1 ,duport4 ,,london3 ,,*apman ,,hall1 ,,ltd4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s note3 ,,art4 #da is miss+ f ! book4 ,9 sev]al in/ances *ang$ ,s1 ,w1 ,e into italics to be consi/5t ) ! re/ ( ! book4 ,page #aid3 ,fix$ typographical error = demon/at$ ,*ang$ ,figure captions s t all are ( ! =m ,fig3 numb]4 ,left unkn[n_/misspell$ ^w protile 9 app5dix b ,page #adh3 444 & ! ,index1 ,! surname ( ,ole ,*ri/5s5 ,rm] is spell$ multiple times ,roem] & once z ,rm] 9 ! index4 ,*ang$ ,rm] to ! ,engli% spell+ ,roem]4