,illu/ration3 ,a ,h\sehold ,managem5t pupil 9 uni=m ,,ont>io ,,tea*]s' ,,manuals ,,h\sehold ,,managem5t ,,au?oriz$ ,,by ,,! ,,m9i/] ,,( ,,education ,,toronto ,,! ,,copp1 ,,cl>k ,,company1 ,,limit$ ,,copyright1 ,,canada1 #aiaf1 ,,by ,,! ,,m9i/] ,,( ,,education ,,= ,,ont>io ,,cont5ts ,,page ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy--,,details #a ,,*apt] ,i ,introduction #e ,correlation ) ,o!r ,s*ool ,subjects #g ,rooms #i ,equipm5t #ab ,tables1 seats1 racks1 s9ks1 class cupbo>d1 /oves1 black-bo>ds1 illu/rative mat]ial1 book-case1 ut5sils #bc ,equipm5t = ,tw5ty-f\r ,pupils #bc ,class table1 s9k & walls1 g5]al cupbo>d equipm5t1 kit*5 l951 clean+ cupbo>d1 laundry equipm5t1 d9+-room equipm5t1 miscellane\s #bh ,equipm5t = ,ord9>y ,class-rooms #bh ,equipm5t1 ,pack+-box #cj ,= ,class #ca ,individual ,equipm5t = ,six ,pupils #cb ,,*apt] ,,ii ,sugge/ions = ,class ,managem5t #cc ,tea*]s' ,prep>ation #cc ,numb] 9 ,class #cc ,uni=ms1 etc4 #cc ,discipl9e #cd ,division ( ,p]iods #ce ,assignm5t ( ,"w #cf ,supplies #cg ,practice ,"w at ,home #cg ,sugge/ions1 ,g5]al #ch ,sugge/ions = ,s*ools ) ,limit$ or no ,equipm5t #ci ,,*apt] ,,iii4 ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,junior ,,grade ,correlations #db ,ari?metic1 geography1 nature /udy1 hygi5e1 physical tra9+1 composition1 spell+1 manual tra9+1 art1 sew+ #de ,,*apt] ,,iv4 ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,s5ior ,,grade ,scope ( ,h\sehold ,managem5t #df ,equipm5t1 ,uni=m1 etc41 ,survey ( #dg ,equipm5t1 ,use ( #dh ,clean+1 ,developm5t ( a ,lesson on ,mean+ ( ,clean+ #di ,me?ods ( ,clean+ #di ,common ,h\sehold ,cleans+ ,ag5ts #ej ,black-bo>d ,outl9e #ea ,di% ,wa%+ #eb ,table ,clean+ #ec ,s9k ,clean+ #ed ,du/+ #ed ,measures & ,recipes ,measures #ee ,equival5t ,measures & ,weights1 ,table ( #eh ,measur+1 ,plan ( ,lesson on #eh ,"t limit1 prep>ation1 developm5t1 practical "w to apply measur+1 s]v+1 note-tak+1 h\sekeep+1 recipe = cocoa #fb ,recipes #fb ,,*apt] ,v4 ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,s5ior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,cook]y ,mean+ ( ,cook+ #fd ,reasons = ,cook+ ,food #fd ,k9ds ( ,heat ,us$ #fd ,diff]5t ,ways ( ,apply+ ,dry ,heat #fd ,diff]5t ,ways ( ,apply+ ,moi/ ,heat #fd ,!rmomet]1 ,lesson on #fe ,boil+ ,c>rots1 ,plan ( ,lesson on #fh ,aim1 "t limit1 prep>ation = practical "w2 practical "w2 developm5t ( ! ideas ( boil+ z a me?od ( cook+2 s]v+1 h\sekeep+1 recipe 9 detail #gj ,simm]+ ,apples1 ,plan ( ,lesson on #gj ,introduction1 discussion ( recipe1 practical "w1 developm5t ( ideas ( simm]+2 s]v+1 h\sekeep+1 recipe 7individual7 #gb ,me?ods ( ,cook+3 ,details #gc ,boil+ #gc ,simm]+ #gd ,/eam+ #gd ,/eep+ #ge ,toa/+ #gf ,broil+ #gf ,pan-broil+ #gg ,saut+ #gh ,bak+ #gh ,fry+ #gi ,left-ov]s1 ,sugge/ions = ! ,use ( #hb ,bread1 cake1 meat1 fi%1 eggs1 *eese1 vegetables1 cann$ fruit #hd ,bev]ages #hd ,mean+ ( ,bev]ages #hd ,k9ds ( ,bev]ages #he ,tea1 c(fee1 cocoa1 *ocolate #hf ,table ,sett+ #hg ,table ,mann]s #ij ,,*apt] ,,vi4 ,,=m ,,iv4 ,,junior ,,grade ,kit*5 ,fire1 ,! #ib ,requirem5ts #ic ,heat1 oxyg51 fuels #if ,kit*5 ,/ove1 ,! #if ,fireless ,cook]1 ,! #ii ,pr9ciples ( ,fireless ,cook] #ajj ,reasons = ,use ( ,fireless ,cook] #ajj ,ways ( ,us+ ,fireless ,cook] #ajj ,home-made ,fireless ,cook]1 ,a #aja ,,*apt] ,,vii4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,junior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,food1 ,/udy ( #ajc ,uses ( ,food #ajc ,necess>y ,sub/ances 9 ,food #aje ,s\rces ( ,food #ajf ,common ,foods1 ,/udy ( #ajf ,milk #ajg ,eggs #aaj ,vegetable ,food1 ,/udy ( #aad ,comp>ative food value ( diff]5t p>ts ( plants #aai ,gre5 vegetables1 root vegetables & tub]s1 ripe se$s 7peas1 beans1 & l5tils7 #abj ,vegetables1 ,g5]al ,rules = ,cook+ #abb ,fruit1 ,g5]al ,rules = ,cook+ #abc ,fre% ,fruit #abc ,dri$ ,fruit #abc ,/>*1 ,use (1 to ,?ick5 ,liquids #abd ,fl\r1 ,use (1 to ,?ick5 ,liquids #abe ,cream ( ,vegetable ,s\ps #abf ,pr9ciples ( ,cream ,s\ps #abf ,se$s1 ,outl9e ( ,lesson on ,cook+ #abg ,c]eals #abg ,legumes3 ,peas1 ,beans1 ,l5tils #abh ,nuts #abh ,salads #abi ,+r$i5ts ( ,salads #abi ,food ,values ( ,salads #abi ,prep>ation ( ,+r$i5ts #acj ,dress+s = ,salads #acj ,m9]al ,food1 ,/udy ( #aca ,summ>y ( ,s\rces ( ,m9]al ,foods #acc ,diet #acc ,ref]5ce ,table ( ,food ,con/itu5ts #acd ,wat]1 m9]al matt]1 prote91 sug>1 />*1 fat #acd ,prep>+ & ,s]v+ ,meals3 ,rules #acf ,,*apt] ,,viii4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,junior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,h\se1 ,c>e ( ! #ach ,b$-room1 ,directions = ,c>e ( #ach ,sweep+1 ,directions = #aci ,du/+1 ,directions = #adj ,metals1 ,c>e & ,clean+ ( #adj ,iron or /eel1 t91 granite & enamel w>e1 alum9ium1 z9c1 galvaniz$ iron1 copp] or brass1 silv]1 recipe = silv] poli% #add ,,*apt] ,,ix4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,junior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,laundry ,"w #ade ,:ite ,cotton & ,l95 ,clo!s1 ,lesson on ,wa%+ #ade ,mat]ials--wat]1 alkalies1 soap1 soap sub/itutes or adjuncts1 blue+1 />* #adi ,prep>ation = ,wa%+ #aej ,process ( ,wa%+ #aea ,removal ( ,/a9s #aeb ,wooll5s1 ,outl9e ( ,lessons on ,wa%+ #aec ,exp]im5ts ) ,clo? ,made ( ,wool ,fibre #aed ,po9ts 9 ,wa%+ ,wooll5s #aef ,/eps 9 ,wa%+ ,wooll5s #aef ,,*apt] ,x4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5ior ,,grade ,foods #aeg ,food1 ,pres]vation ( #aeh ,bact]ia #aeh ,cann+ #afj ,jams & ,pres]ves #afc ,jelly #afd ,pickl+ #afe ,,*apt] ,,xi4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5ior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,cook]y #aff ,fl\r1 ,outl9e ( ,lesson on #aff ,s\rces ( fl\r1 k9ds ( fl\r made f :eat1 composition ( :ite fl\r1 k9ds ( :eat fl\r1 te/s = bread fl\r #afg ,fl\r ,mixtures1 ,outl9e ( ,s]ies ( ,lessons on #afh ,mean+ ( fl\r mixtures1 k9ds ( fl\r mixtures1 me?ods ( mix+ fl\r mixtures1 framework ( fl\r mixtures1 light5+ ag5ts us$ 9 fl\r mixtures #afi ,exp]im5ts #agj ,bak+-p[d] #agj ,cake mak+ #aga ,classes ( cake1 directions = mak+ cake1 rules = mix+ cake1 directions = bak+ cake #agc ,recipe = ,basic ,cake #agd ,v>iations ( ,recipe = ,basic ,cake #agd ,spice cake1 nut cake1 fruit cake1 *ocolate cake #agd ,recipe = ,basic ,biscuits #age ,v>iations ( ,recipe = ,basic ,biscuits #age ,sweet biscuit1 fruit biscuit1 scones1 fruit scones1 %ort cake = fruit1 dumpl+s = /ew1 /eam$ fruit pudd+ #age ,bread ,mak+ #agf ,yea/1 ,outl9e ( ,lessons on #agg ,bread ,mak+1 ,practical #agi ,+r$i5ts ( pla9 bread1 am\nt ( +r$i5ts = "o small loaf1 process 9 mak+ bread #ahj ,breads1 ,fancy #ahj ,bread-mix]1 ,! #ahb ,pa/ry #ahc ,pa/ry1 outl9e ( lesson on--+r$i5ts #ahd ,notes on fl\r1 fat1 wat]3 light5+ ag5ts us$ 9 pa/ry3 k9ds ( pa/ry3 am\nt ( +r$i5ts = pla9 pa/ry = "o pie #ahd ,,*apt] ,,xii4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5ior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,meat #ahf ,names ( ,meat #ahg ,p>ts ( ,meat #ahh ,composition ( ,fat #ahh ,composition ( ,bone #ahh ,composition ( ,muscle #aij ,meat ,exp]im5ts #aia ,selection ( ,meat #aib ,c>e ( ,meat #aic ,g5]al ,ways ( ,prep>+ ,meat #aic ,notes on ,t\gh ,meat #aic ,dige/ibility ( ,meat #aie ,g5]al ,rules = ,cook+ ,meat #aih ,bak+1 broil+1 boil+1 /ew+1 beef juice #aii ,fi% ,po9ts ( ,diff]5ce ,betwe5 ,fi% & ,ord9>y ,meat #aii ,k9ds ( ,fi% #bjj ,selection ( ,fi% #bjj ,cook+ ( ,fi% #bjj ,gelat9e #bjj ,s\rce #bja ,comm]cial ,=ms #bja ,prop]ties #bja ,/eps 9 ,dissolv+ #bja ,value 9 ,diet #bjb ,ways ( ,us+ #bjb ,froz5 ,di%es #bjc ,value #bjc ,k9ds #bjc ,wat] ice1 frapp %]bet1 ice cream1 pla9 ice cream1 m\sse #bjc ,practical ,"w #bjd ,freez+1 pack+1 m\ld+ #bjd ,plann+ ( ,meals #bje ,,*apt] ,,xiii4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5ior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,infant ,fe$+ #bjh ,modifi$ ,milk1 ,recipe = #bji ,pa/euriz+ ,milk1 ,directions = #bji ,bottles1 ,c>e ( #baj ,food1 ,c>e ( #baj ,fe$+1 ,s*$ule = #baa ,,*apt] ,,xiv4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5ior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,h\sehold ,sanitation #bab ,means ( ,bact]ia ,ent]+ ! ,body #bab ,common ,disease-produc+ ,bact]ia #bac ,me?ods ( ,sanitation #bad ,disposal ( ,wa/e 9 ,villages & ,rural ,di/ricts #bae ,me?ods ( ,dis9fect+ #bae ,home ,nurs+ #baf ,sick ,room1 ,! #baf ,location1 furniture1 v5tilation1 c>e #baf ,dis9fect+1 ,me?ods ( #bah ,pati5t1 ,! #bah ,c>e ( ! b$1 & diet #bah ,p\ltices #bba ,fom5tations #bbb ,,bibliography ,home1 ,! #bbc ,sci5ce & ,sanitation #bbc ,food & ,dietetics #bbc ,cook+ & ,s]v+ #bbd ,laundry ,"w #bbd ,home ,nurs+ #bbe ,economics #bbe ,magaz9es #bbe ,,public ,,& ,,sep>ate ,,s*ool ,,c\rse ,,( ,,/udy ,,details ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,junior ,,grade ,,bills ,,( ,,h\sehold ,,supplies3 ,furniture1 b$ & table l951 mat]ial = clo?+ ,fuel1 meat1 milk1 groc]ies ,weekly or mon?ly exp5ses ( an av]age h\sehold ,comp>ison ( home & /ore co/ ( cook$ food1 su* z cake1 bread1 meat1 cann$ fruit4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,h\sehold ,,mat]ials3 ,fuel ,timb] = build+1 & furniture ,cotton1 l951 wooll51 pap]1 *9a ,common groc]ies1 su* z salt1 sug>1 spices1 tea1 c(fee1 cocoa1 *eese1 butt]1 c]eals ,cleans+ ag5ts1 su* z coal-oil1 gasol5e1 turp5t9e1 :it+1 ba?brick1 soap4 ,,manufacture ,,( ,,h\sehold ,,mat]ials3 ,cotton1 l951 wooll5s1 pap] ,salt1 sug>1 tea1 c(fee1 cocoa1 *eese1 butt]1 c]eals4 ,,kit*5 ,,& ,,equipm5t3 ,arrangem5t ( a conv5i5t kit*5 ,necess>y ut5sils4 ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,s5ior ,,grade ,,clean+3 ,elem5t>y pr9ciples ( clean+ ,practice 9 clean+ di%es1 tables1 s9ks1 t[els4 ,,cook]y3 ,table ( cook+ measurem5ts ,a recipe 7p>ts1 /eps 9 foll[+7 ,reasons = cook+ food2 k9ds ( heat us$2 me?ods ( cook+ ,practice 9 mak+ simple di%es ( "o ma9 +r$i5t4 ,,s]v+3 ,sett+ ! table ,table s]vice & mann]s4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,junior ,,grade ,,! ,,kit*5 ,,fire3 ,requirem5ts ( a fire ,comp>ative m]its ( fuels ,con/ruction & c>e ( a practical /ove4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,foods3 ,uses ( food to ! body ,necess>y elem5ts 9 food ,composition ( ! common foods1 except+ meat & fi%4 ,,cook]y3 ,practice lessons 9 prep>+ & cook+ ! common foods1 7milk1 eggs1 meat1 fi%1 fruit1 vegetables7 ,cook+ & s]v+ a simple breakfa/ & a lun*eon4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,h\se3 ,review ( me?ods ( clean+ tak5 9 ,=m ,,iii ,clean+ & c>e ( h\sehold metals ,sweep+ & du/+ ,c>e ( a b$-room4 ,,laundry ,,"w3 ,necess>y mat]ials & ! action ( ea* ,process 9 wa%+ :ite clo!s4 ,,note4--,^! subjects are int5d$ to be taught simply 7n te*nically74 ,9 s*ools :]e !re is no laundry equipm5t1 ! ord] ( "w may be develop$ 9 class & ! practice c>ri$ on at home4 ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5ior ,,grade ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,food3 ,causes ( decay1 pr9ciples & me?ods ( pres]vation ,practice 9 cann+4 ,,cook]y3 ,practice lessons to review cook+ common foods ,fl\r 7k9ds1 composition ( :ite fl\r72 fl\r mixtures 7k9ds1 me?ods ( mix+1 light5+ ag5ts7 ,practice 9 mak+ bread & cake ,practice 9 cook+ meat ,cook+ & s]v+ a simple home d9n] at a fix$ co/4 ,,foods3 ,composition ( meat & fi% ,plann+ meals s z to obta9 a broad balance ( food elem5ts4 ,,infant ,,fe$+3 ,prop] food2 pa/euriz+ milk ,c>e ( bottles & food ,s*$ule = fe$+4 ,,h\sehold ,,sanitation3 ,disposal ( wa/e ,pr9ciples & me?ods ( /]iliz+ & dis9fect+4 ,,home ,,nurs+3 ,two simple lessons to include ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! sick-room 7location1 size1 v5tilation1 c>e7 #b4 ,c>e ( pati5t's b$1 & diet #c4 ,mak+ ( mu/>d & o!r simple p\ltices4 ,,note4--,:]e no equipm5t has be5 provid$1 a l>ge doll & doll's b$ w s]ve4 ,,laundry ,,"w3 ,wa%+ ( wooll5s 7! processes74 ,,h\sehold ,,managem5t ,,*apt] ,i ,,introduction ,until a comp>atively rec5t p]iod1 education 0 reg>d$ ma9ly z a means ( tra9+ ! intellect1 b ?is conception ( education is n[ consid]$ incomplete & inadequate4 ,our ideas ( ! purpose ( s*ools are becom+ broad]1 & we h decid$ t n only ! m5tal nature1 b all ! *ild's activities & int]e/s1 %\ld be giv5 direction by means ( ! tra9+ giv5 9 our s*ools4 ,we believe also t ^! activities & int]e/s c be us$ to advantage 9 assi/+ ! m5tal developm5t4 ,h\sehold ,managem5t aims to educate 9 ?is way1 by direct+ ! m9d to ideas connect$ ) ! home & by tra9+ ! muscles to p]=m h\sehold duties4 ,?\gh deem$ ess5tially practical1 ?is subject w1 if rightly pres5t$1 give a m5tal tra9+ simil> to o!r subjects ( ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy4 ,x %\ld d m4 ,:ile a pupil is made famili> ) ! duties ( home life & ) ! mat]ials & appliances us$ 9 ! home1 %e w be unavoidably l$ to ?9k ( ! "w ( ! l>g] _w & to realize h] relation to x4 ,:5 su* k comes1 & a girl beg9s to feel t "s "p ( ! _w's "w dep5ds on h]1 true "*-build+ w beg94 ,! purpose ( ?is ,manual is to assi/ tea*]s 9 pres5t+ ,h\sehold ,managem5t to public & sep>ate s*ool classes 9 su* a way z to atta9 ^! ends4 ,x is hop$ t x w be especially useful to ^? tea*]s ^: tra9+ 9 ! subject has be5 limit$4 ,an attempt has be5 made to expla9 ! "w ( ,=m ,,iii ,s5ior1 & ( ! ,junior & ,s5ior divisions ( ,=m ,,iv4 ,! topics ( ,=m ,,ii ,junior are n discuss$1 z ! "w ( ?is ,=m is int5d$ to be taught z in=mation lessons1 = :i* g5]al me?ods w suffice4 ,9 ! o!r ,=ms m5tion$1 ! topics ( lessons are outl9$ 9 detail1 b ! me?od ( pres5tation is n giv5 except 9 typical cases4 ,bo? outl9e & me?od are int5d$ to be m]ely sugge/ive & to leave opportunity = ! tea*]'s orig9ality4 ,9 cases :]e topics seem incompletely outl9$1 x is due to ! fact t !y are treat$ 9 o!r s*ool subjects or po/pon$ until ! pupils rea* a m advanc$ /age ( m5tal developm5t4 ,! ord] ( lessons is optional1 also ! am\nt ( "w ea* %\ld include1 unless ?is is specially /at$4 ,_m lessons are suitable = rural s*ools1 :i* h no equipm5t except :at ! +5uity ( ! tea*] may provide4 ,9 su* s*ools1 ! tea*] may p]=m ! practical "w1 :ile ! class obs]ves4 ,?r\gh\t ! lessons1 !re is ! difficulty ( pres5t+ sci5tific facts to immature m9ds 9 a way t w be simple & cle>4 ,! use ( te*nical language w\ld (t5 assi/ ! expression1 & ?is is apt to be unconsci\sly employ$1 b !re is dang] ( su* =ms ( spee* n be+ intelligible to ! pupils2 ! tea*] %\ld !re=e *oose h] words c>efully4 ,te*nical t]ms may be taught1 b ?is is n advis$ 9 ,junior classes1 unless really necess>y4 ,if ! facts are intellig5tly relat$ to ! exp]i5ces ( ! pupils1 t is all t is desir$4 ,temp]atures1 z indicat$ by ,fahr5heit !rmomet]s1 h always be5 giv51 z ?is scale is be/ kn[n 9 ! home4 ,s9ce ?is ,manual is design$ = tea*]s1 few recipes h be5 furni%$4 ,! books ( ref]5ce :i* are app5d$ w supply ^! & additional in=mation on ! subject4 ,,correlation ,,) ,,o!r ,,s*ool ,,subjects ,"o ( ! b5efits ( plac+ ,h\sehold ,managem5t 9 a ,c\rse ( ,/udy is t x relates ! k ga9$ 9 s*ool to ! home life4 ,! ,h\sehold ,managem5t tea*] has great opportunity = ?is correlation4 ,%e %\ld be m ?an a tea*] ( h\sehold duties4 ,%e %\ld lead ! pupils to see ! importance & necessity ( ma/]+ ! o!r s*ool subjects4 ,:]ev] int]e/ 9 ^! subjects has already be5 e/abli%$1 ?is int]e/ w =m a basis = developm5t 9 _m ,h\sehold ,managem5t lessons4 ,!n1 too1 ! tea*]s ( o!r subjects %\ld1 z f> z possible1 "w ) ! ,h\sehold ,managem5t tea*] 9 relat+ _! in/ruction to ! op]ations & requirem5ts 9 ! home4 ,if ! tea*]s co-op]ate 9 plann+ _! lessons1 ! pupils w receive a deep] impression ( ! facts le>n$ 9 ea* subject & w h an increas$ int]e/ 9 ! "w1 ?r\gh see+ h[ "o bran* ( k is relat$ to ano!r4 ,! foll[+ w %[ h[ "s ( ! subjects are relat$ to ! class "w ( ,h\sehold ,managem5t3 ,ari?metic4--,?is subject is us$ 9 h\sehold acc\nts1 9 measurem5ts1 9 ! division ( recipes1 & 9 comput+ ! co/ ( foods prep>$ = ! table4 ,read+4--,! pupils %\ld be ask$ to read al\d ! recipes & _! notes & %\ld be requir$ to d ?is di/9ctly & accurately4 ,spell+1 ,writ+1 ,language ,"w4--,9 writ+ recipes & notes1 9 /ories ( h\sehold topics1 & 9 writt5 answ]s1 ! tea*] %\ld insi/ on neat writ+1 correct spell+1 & good ,engli%4 ,geography4--,! /udy ( mat]ials = food1 clo?+1 & h\se furni%+s br+s be=e ! m9d our comm]cial relations ) =eign c\ntries & ! occupations ( _! inhabitants4 ,x also sugge/s consid]ation ( climate & soils4 ,hi/ory4--,! evolution ( furniture & ut5sils1 ( me?ods ( h\sekeep+1 & ( prep>+ & s]v+ food1 br+s out hi/orical facts4 ,elem5t>y ,sci5ce4--,?r\gh\t ! ,c\rse1 ?is subject is ! f\ndation ( mu* ( ! in/ruction giv51 z x expla9s ! pr9ciples und]ly+ h\sehold indu/ries4 ,soap-mak+1 bread-mak+1 pres]vation ( food1 & ! processes ( cook+ & clean+ are examples ( ?is4 ,"s k ( elem5t>y sci5ce is also necess>y to an und]/&+ ( ! con/ruction & practical work+ ( ! kit*5 /ove1 ! fireless cook]1 ! cream sep>ator1 & _m h\sehold appliances4 ,its pr9ciples det]m9e ! me?ods ( heat+1 light+1 & v5tilat+4 ,physiology & ,hygi5e4--,! /udy ( food & ! plann+ & prep>ation ( meals %\ld include a k ( ! body & its requirem5ts4 ,! sanit>y c>e ( ! h\se & its premises is directly relat$ to hygi5e4 ,nature ,/udy4--,animals & plants furni% u ) mo/ ( our food1 & famili>ity ) ^! is necess>y to ! h\sekeep]4 ,a k ( ! /ructure ( animals is ess5tial 9 /udy+ ! cuts ( meat2 ! /ructure ( plants & ! functions ( _! diff]5t p>ts give a key to ! value ( vegetable food4 ,physical ,tra9+4--,! class %\ld be c>efully tra9$ ?r\gh\t 9 correct muscul> movem5ts4 ,! position ( ! body %\ld be closely wat*$ 9 work+ & 9 sitt+1 & ! classes %\ld ent] & leave ! room 9 sy/ematic ord]4 ,manual ,tra9+4--,! practical "p ( h\sekeep+ dem&s con/ant use ( ! h&s4 ,! tea*] %\ld be wat*ful ( awkw>d h&l+ ( mat]ials & ut5sils & be c>eful to correct x4 ,%e %\ld require deft1 natural movem5ts until !y become habits4 ,art4--,ideas ( col\r & design %\ld be appli$ 9 *oos+ wall-pap]s1 c>pets1 di%es1 furniture1 & clo?+4 ,! pupils might be ask$ to make orig9al col\r$ designs = ^! h\sehold articles4 ,,rooms ,x is mo/ desirable to h ,h\sehold ,managem5t include all home op]ations &1 to make ?is possible1 m ?an "o room %\ld be provid$4 ,_m s*ool bo>ds1 h[ev]1 9 introduc+ ! "w1 f9d t "o room is all t c be af=d$4 ,:]e ?is is ! case1 x is necess>y t ?is room be equipp$ z a kit*51 ?\gh x mu/ be us$ = o!r purposes z well4 ,x w s]ve also = table-sett+ & s]v+1 = simple laundry "w1 = lessons 9 home-nurs+1 & = sew+4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,h\sehold ,managem5t class at "w ,?is kit*5 %\ld be l>ge & airy1 s t ! class c "w com=tably & conv5i5tly4 ,a room hav+ great] l5g? ?an wid? admits ( ! be/ arrangem5t4 ,on acc\nt ( ! od\rs t arise f cook+ & o!r dome/ic op]ations1 ! kit*5 %\ld be on ! top floor & %\ld h m adequate means ( v5tilation ?an ord9>y class-rooms4 ,a nor? exposure makes x cool] 9 summ]4 ,illu/ration3 ,opposite end ( ,h\sehold ,managem5t class-room1 %[+ ! black-bo>d & class cupbo>d ,,equipm5t ,9 plann+ an equipm5t1 "o mu/ be guid$ by ! conditions to be met4 ,x is difficult to be def9ite 9 details1 b c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciples %\ld be obs]v$4 ,! entire equipm5t %\ld be suit$ to ! ne$s ( ! pupils1 & x %\ld also be "o :i* x is desirable & possible = !m to h 9 _! own homes4 ,illu/ration3 ,a ,h\sehold ,managem5t class-room1 %[+ tables1 s9ks1 & /oves ,! walls & floor %\ld be wa%able1 & !y1 z well z ! furniture1 %\ld h pla91 smoo? surfaces :i* d n cat* du/ & are easily clean$4 ,! s9ks1 /oves1 tables1 & cupbo>ds %\ld be plac$ s z to save /eps4 ,,tables ,:]e economy is necess>y1 movable tables may be us$1 b ! fix$ ones are to be pref]r$4 ,! latt] may be plac$ 9 ! =m ( a holl[ squ>e or an oval1 ) op5+s f opposite sides to give conv5i5t access to a c5tre table1 :i* c be us$ = supplies or z a d9+ table4 ,illu/ration3 ,section ( a table design$ = two pupils ,draw]s & cupbo>ds to hold ! necess>y ut5sils & supplies %\ld be provid$ 9 ! tables = ea* pupil4 ,provision may also be made "u ! table top = desk bo>ds1 :i* may be pull$ out :5 notes are writt51 9 ord] to all[ ! pupils to sit com=tably 9 front ( ! cupbo>ds4 ,! table top %\ld be ( h>d wood or "s non-absorb5t mat]ial1 jo9t$ 9 n>r[ /rips 9 ord] to prev5t w>p+4 ,"p ( ?is mu/ be protect$ by a metal or glass /rip on :i* to set ! individual /oves or hot di%es4 ,illu/ration3 ,cont5ts ( a table cupbo>d equipp$ = two pupils ,a work+ draw+ & design ( ! tables us$ 9 ! ,normal ,s*ools may be obta9$ f ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education1 ,toronto4 ,illu/ration3 ,cont5ts ( an individual ut5sil draw] ,illu/ration3 ,cont5ts ( an individual supply draw] ,,seats ,! seats may be sw+ seats1 /ools1 or *airs4 ,! sw+ seats are noiseless & easily put out ( ! way1 b are uncom=table & un/eady1 s t ! pupils are incl9$ to prop !mselves by plac+ _! elb[s on ! table4 ,! /ools & *airs are noisy & occupy a great deal ( room1 b ! latt] are re/ful & conducive to ! correct position ( ! pupils1 ! importance ( :i* _c be ov]-e/imat$4 ,! =m] are inexp5sive1 if made ) a pla91 wood5 top4 ,bo? %\ld admit ( be+ pu%$ "u ! table1 & = ?is reason ! *airs %\ld h fold+ backs4 ,! legs %\ld be tipp$ ) rubb] 9 ord] to m9imize ! noise4 ,illu/ration3 ,a class t[el rack ,,racks ,t[el racks %\ld be plac$ ne> ! s9ks &1 if possible1 %\ld all[ space = hang+ ! t[els )\t fold+4 ,9 "s tables a t[el rack may be atta*$ to "o ( ! sides4 ,,s9ks ,a s9k at ea* corn] ( ! room saves mu* "t & inconv5i5ces 9 ! "w4 ,ea* ( ^! %\ld be provid$ ) hot & cold wat]4 ,!y may be made ( porcela9 or ( enamell$ iron4 ,illu/ration3 ,a class gas range1 %[+ high ov5s ,,class ,,cupbo>d ,a l>ge class cupbo>d 9 two sections1 hav+ glass doors 9 ! upp] "p to %[ ! class *9a & glass1 %\ld be plac$ :]e x w be mo/ conv5i5t & add to ! attractiv5ess ( ! room4 ,?is cupbo>d w hold ! d9n] set & extra di%es & ut5sils1 z well z ! l95 & "s /aple food supplies4 ,a refrig]ator is desirable = su* foods z butt]1 eggs1 meat1 etc4 ,illu/ration3 ,a class cupbo>d ,,/oves ,illu/ration3 ,individual table /oves 7a7 a gas /ove 7b7 an electric /ove 7c7 a blue-flame k]os5e /ove 7d7 an ord9>y k]os5e /ove ,! /oves provid$ w dep5d on ! fuel t is available 9 ! neighb\rhood4 ,wood is /ill 9 use 9 "s rural sections1 :ile coal is ! ord9>y fuel 9 small t[ns & villages4 ,:]e ei!r ( ^! fuels is commonly us$1 !re %\ld be two ranges4 ,"o %\ld be = coal or wood1 to tea* ! use ( ! home fuel1 & ! o!r an oil1 gas1 or electric /ove1 to demon/rate ! "t & lab\r sav$ ! h\sekeep] by ! use ( "o ( ^!4 ,if possible1 ! /oves %\ld h high ov5s1 to obviate ! necessity ( /oop+4 ,a section ( glass 9 ! ov5 door is a great conv5i5ce1 z x all[s ! cont5ts ( ! ov5 to be easily wat*$4 ,= individual "w small table /oves are requir$4 ,^! may be suppli$ ) oil1 alcohol1 gas1 or electricity1 z may be mo/ readily obta9$4 ,^! /oves may be arrang$ s t !y c be swung f ! table :5 n 9 use4 ,9 ?is way m room is provid$ = "w1 & ! table is m easily clean$4 ,! tops ( ! /oves %\ld be wide & flat1 s t cook+ di%es w n easily upset4 ,a fireless cook]1 ?\gh n really necess>y1 is mo/ helpful4 ,:]e funds are lack+1 "o may be made by ! pupils at small exp5se4 ,a b>rel1 wood5 box1 or l>ge pail may be fill$ ) hay or excelsior1 & small1 cov]$1 granite pails may be us$ to conta9 ! food4 ,,black-,,bo>ds ,! black-bo>ds %\ld be ( slate or glass1 & z l>ge z ! size ( ! room all[s4 ,! w9d[s & doors %\ld be s plac$ t !re w be unbrok5 /ret*es ( wall = ?is purpose4 ,"p ( ! black-bo>d %\ld be provid$ ) a slid+ bo>d :i*1 :5 requir$1 c be drawn to conceal :at is writt54 ,a sep>ate black-bo>d = curr5t prices ( common food mat]ials is an excell5t idea4 ,! responsibility ( keep+ ^! prices correct %\ld be giv5 to ! pupils4 ,,illu/rative ,,mat]ial ,a cab9et1 or display case1 = illu/rative mat]ial1 is ( great educational value &1 to ! pupils1 is "o ( ! mo/ attractive features ( ! room4 ,! foll[+ li/ ( specim5s is sugge/ive = ?is3 ,illu/ration3 ,a display cab9et--cann$ fruit #a4 ,/&>d *9a1 su* z ,cr[n ,d]by1 ,w$gewood1 ,limoges1 ,dresd51 ,beleek1 etc4 #b4 ,/&>d c>pet1 su* z ,axm9/]1 ,wilton1 ,brussels1 ,tape/ry #c4 ,woods us$ = furniture & build+ #d4 ,food mat]ials 9 v>i\s /ages ( prep>ation1 su* z sug>1 spices1 c]eals1 tea1 c(fee1 cocoa #e4 ,fruit cann$ by ! pupils #f4 ,designs = wall-pap]1 l9oleum1 di%es1 etc41 made by ! pupils4 ,o!r illu/rative mat]ial 9 ! =m ( *>ts %[+ ! comp>ative values ( ! common foods1 or illu/rat+ cuts ( meat or diff]5t k9ds ( vegetables & fi%1 w be f\nd to aid greatly 9 mak+ ! tea*+ effective4 ,!re are few ( ^! to be obta9$1 b home-made ones may be prep>$ f cuts 9 bullet9s & magaz9es4 ,pictures illu/rat+ ! production & manufacture ( food may also be m\nt$ & us$4 ,,book-,,case ,book %elves %\ld be provid$1 :]e a small libr>y ( books be>+ on ! v>i\s phases ( ! subject may be kept1 toge!r ) ! ,gov]nm5t ,bullet9s & "s well-*os5 p]iodicals & magaz9es4 ,^! may be select$ f ! ,catalogue ( ,books :i* has be5 prep>$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education4 ,,ut5sils ,9 reg>d to ! selection ( small articles requir$1 su* z di%es & ut5sils ( v>i\s k9ds1 ! greate/ c>e %\ld be ex]cis$4 ,?is "p ( ! equipm5t c be exactly duplicat$ by ! pupils 9 _! homes1 & 9 ?is way may be ( educational value to ! community4 ,! cook+ & s]v+ di%es %\ld comb9e quality1 utility1 & beauty4 ,x is n economy to buy *eap ut5sils4 ,z f> z possible1 !y %\ld be *os5 ) smoo?1 curv$ surfaces1 z seams & angles all[ lodg+ places = food & make ! clean+ difficult4 ,ev]y?+ %\ld be ( good quality1 ! late/ ( its k9d t has be5 approv$1 &1 at ! same "t1 h a %ape & col\r t is arti/ic4 ,x is wise to buy f /ock :i* c be duplicat$ if breakages occur1 s t ! equipm5t may be kept uni=m4 ,= individual "w ! ut5sils %\ld n be too l>ge4 ,col\r$ granite w>e is be/ = mo/ ( ! cook+ di%es4 ,:]e t9 is necess>y1 x %\ld be ( a good quality4 ,crock]y is desirable = "s b[ls1 j>s1 & s]v+ di%es4 ,spoons & s]v+ =ks %\ld be ( ,nevada silv]1 & knives ( ! be/ /eel ) well-made wood5 h&les4 ,! co/ ( ?is "p ( ! equipm5t & ! numb] ( articles pur*as$ mu/ ( c\rse dep5d on ! funds available4 ,! foll[+ li/ is int5d$ to give :at is really desirable 9 a specially equipp$ room1 at prices :i* are a fair av]age4 ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,tw5ty-,,f\r ,,pupils ,i4 ,,class ,,table #a4 ,,ut5sil ,,draw]3 #bd plates1 enamel1 #i in* #j4gj #ad :ite crock]y1 #g in* 4#hj #bd b[ls :ite crock]y1 #g in* #c4fj #bd #e #a_/b in* #a4bj #bd enamel b[ls1 #f in* #b4dj #bd popov] cups #a4hj #bd bak]s1 crock]y 7oval7 #a4bj #bd platt]s1 7small7 #a4ej #bd sieves 7wire b[l7 #a4cj #bd spoons1 wood5 #a4ib #bd spatulas1 wire h&le #g4bj #bd knives1 p>+ #b4jj #bd =ks1 ,nevada silv] #b4ej #bd spoons1 table1 ,nevada silv] #b4ej #dh spoons1 tea1 #a4bj #bd cups1 measur+1 t9 #b4dj #b4 ,,supply ,,draw]3 #ab boxes 7= fl\r71 t9 #aj4jj #ab 7= sug>71 #g4ej #ab *eese j>s 7= salt7 4#fh #bd %ak]s1 glass #b4dj #bd bread t9s #d4cb #bd biscuit cutt]s 4#gb #ac safety mat*-box hold]s #a4fb #c4 ,,supply ,,cupbo>d3 #ab d\ble boil]s #e4gf #bd /ew pans1 t9 cov]1 wood5 knob #d4ef #bd fry+-pans #a4bj #bd saucepans #b4af #ab knife-bo>ds #a4hj #ab meat bo>ds #c4jj #f scrub bas9s #a4ej #ab di% pans #f4jj #ab r9s+ pans #c4jj #ab dra9+ pans #c4jj #f tea-kettles #c4jj #ab scrub-bru%es #b4jj #ab vegetable bru%es 4#cj #ab soap di%es 4#ge #ab g>bage crocks 4#if #bd asbe/os mats #a4aj ,,ii4 ,,s9k ,,& ,,walls #a g>bage pail1 galvaniz$ iron #a4jj #a wa/e-pap] basket1 will[ 7l>ge7 4#ge #a soap di% 4#aa #a bru%1 h& 4#jc #a bru%1 scrub 4#ag #b bas9s1 h&1 enamel 4#dj #b bas9s1 scrub1 enamel 4#ej #a di% pan 4#gj #a crock = wa%+ soda 4#cj #b t[el racks #a4ej #a clock #e4ej #ab tablets = h\sekeep+ rules 4#gj ,,iii4 ,,g5]al ,,cupbo>d ,,equipm5t #b kettles1 granite #a4ej #a tea-kettle1 granite 4#he #a saucepan 4#bh #a saucepan 4#ce #e cov]s1 t9 4#be #a pie pan 4#aj #a c(fee-pot 4#cb #f saucepans1 #a qt4 size1 :ite enamel #a4jh #a d\ble boil] 4#ei #f cov]s1 t9 4#cj #a s\p ladle1 enamel 4#ji #b pudd+ di%es1 :ite enamel 4#dj #ab /ra9]s & ma%]s #a4hj #a knead+ pan 4#he #c /eam]s 4#fg #aj grat]s #a4jj #b vegetable baskets 4#cj #f potato ma%]s 4#dh #d muff9 pans 4#fj #bd patty-pans 4#bj #ab ,dov] egg beat]s #a4bj #a spice box 4#ej #a japann$ tray 4#be #bd wire toa/]s #b4dj #a egg spade 4#ae #a scale #c4aj #a freez] #c4jj #a ca/-iron fry+-pan 4#dj #a dripp+ pan 4#be #b roa/+ pans 4#fj #a qu>t measure1 granite 4#fj #a p9t measure1 4#de #a funnel1 t9 4#je #d bak+ %eets #g #ag 4#ib #f #aj #aj #a4jh #bd cups & sauc]s #a4cj #bd tumbl]s #a4ej #f platt]s 4#cf #f plates 4#cd #f pit*]s1 #a #a_/b pt4 #a4jj #c br[n b[ls1 #b qt4 4#ge #b br[n b[ls 4#be ne/ ( mix+ b[ls #a4jj #f glass measur+ cups 4#fj #f glass lemon ream]s 4#fj #f tea-pots 7p9t7 #a4ej #a cov]$ crock 4#be #a doz4 #a qt4 fruit j>s 4#fe #a #b qt4 4#ge #a #a pt4 4#ee #a meat *opp] #c4aj #a bread knife 4#be #a bread bo>d 4#be #b knives1 ,fr5* 4#he #b spoons1 granite 4#ba #a =k1 l>ge wood5 h&le 4#ae #b c op5]s 4#bj #a corkscrew 4#be #a bun* skew]s 4#ae #a bru%1 pa/ry 4#je #a knife %>p5] 4#be #c grat]s1 nutmeg 4#ji #a box too?picks 4#je #a pad tissue pap] 4#je #c scissors #a4be #a doz4 jelly glasses 4#ce #a cream & sug> 4#cj #bd roll+-p9s #c4jj #a butt] spade 4#ae #a file & cat* 4#fe #c doz4 te/-tubes 4#ij #a !rmomet]s 7,dairy7 #b4ej #b lamp *imneys 4#cj #a bell 4#dj ,,iv4 ,,kit*5 ,,l95 #cf y>ds t[ell+ 7#c doz4 di% t[els7 #e4dj #af 7#d doz4 wa% clo?s7 #b4dj #ac *eck t[ell+ 7#c doz4 di% clo?s7 #a4fj #f t[ell+ 4#ge #f 7#f meat clo?s7 4#fj #a #a_/b flannelette 7ov5 clo?s7 4#bc #ab *eeseclo? 4#fj #a #c_/h d5im 7/ove apron7 4#bg #b flannelette 7= poli%+ silv]7 4#bj *amois 4#be ,v4 ,,clean+ ,,cupbo>d #a /ove apron 4#bg #a /ove bru% 4#be #a daub] 4#aj #c :isk brooms 4#de #a du/-pan 4#bj #a pair /ove mitts 4#cj #a broom 4#de ,,vi4 ,,laundry ,,equipm5t #ad pony wa%-bo>ds #a4ge #f doz4 clo!s-p9s 4#aj #a clo!s-l9e 4#be ,,vii4 ,,d9+-,,room ,,equipm5t #a4 ,*9a & ,glass3 #a fl[] vase 4#be #a d9n] set1 ,limoges *9a #ae4ej #a doz4 wat] glasses 4#hj #a glass fruit set #a4ej #b4 ,silv] & ,/eel3 #b doz4 teaspoons #d4bj #a dess]t spoons #d4jj #a_/b tablespoons #a4ae #a dess]t knives #d4ej #a dess]t =ks #d4ej #a d9n] knives #d4ej #a d9n] =ks #d4ej #a c>v+ set #b4jj #a butt] pick 4#bj #c4 ,l951 etc43 #a sil5ce clo? #a4ej #a #d yd4 table-clo? #e4dj #a doz4 napk9s #b4ge #a c5tre-piece 4#dj #b doylies 4#ej #b tray clo?s #a4jj ,,viii4 ,,miscellane\s #a ,fir/ ,aid cab9et #aj4jj #a fire blanket #b4jj ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,ord9>y ,,class-,,rooms ,9 "s s*ools x is impossible to set aside a special room = ,h\sehold ,managem5t "w1 & ! ord9>y class-room is all t is available4 ,9 su* cases ! equipm5t mu/ be a movable "o1 & gas /oves & plumb+ are impossible4 ,table tops may be plac$ on tre/les or laid across ! ord9>y desks1 & oil or alcohol lamps mu/ be us$4 ,^! & ! necess>y ut5sils may be kept 9 a cupbo>d 9 ! room4 ,) c]ta9 re/rictions1 ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,education assi/s 9 equipp+ special rooms 9 villages & rural di/ricts & also 9 ma9ta9+ in/ruction 9 ?is subject4 ,illu/ration3 ,modifi$ equipm5t = rural s*ools ,! classes 9 ^! s*ools are usually small]1 s t an outfit suitable = individual "w ) a class ( twelve w g5]ally suffice4 ,! foll[+1 sugge/$ by ! ,macdonald ,in/itute1 ,guelph1 is a good basis & may be modifi$ z desir$3 #ab b[ls1 br[n #j4he #ab bread t9s 4#ie #ab tea cups & sauc]s #a4be #ab t9 measur+ cups #a4be #ab egg beat]s 4#cj #ab =ks 4#dj #ab case knives #a4be #ab p>+ knives #a4be #ab plates 4#he #ab saucepans #a4fh #ab tablespoons 4#ej #bd teaspoons 4#dj #ab wood5 spoons 4#fj #ab /ew pans #b4dj #ab /ra9]s 4#fe #b trays 4#hj #a b[l1 yell[ 4#be #a 4#ce #a 4#de #c scissors #a4ej #e tre/le tables #bj4ee #f fry+-pans 4#ij #c tea /ra9]s 4#ae #c mat*-box /&s 4#bd #a em]y knife 4#bj #c soap di%es 4#be #ab pepp] %ak]s #a4ej #ab salt %ak]s #a4ej #a bell 4#ej #d lemon ream]s 4#dj #f /oves1 k]os5e #f4jj #ab plates1 d9n] #a4be #f plates1 s\p 4#fj #d jugs 4#fj #a jug 4#de #a but*] knife 4#cj #a ,fr5* knife 4#fj #b spatulas 4#hj #f teaspoons 4#aj #c tablespoons 4#ac #d bru%es 4#bj #b /ove mitts 4#ej #d asbe/os mats 4#bj #a corkscrew 4#be #d egg beat]s 4#fj #d wa% bas9s 4#ib #c dra9+ pans 4#fi #d di% pans #b4jj #f broil]s 4#dh #c cake t9s 4#ce #d grat]s 4#dj #c /ra9]s 4#ge #bd patty pans 4#bj #b t9 dipp]s 4#dj #b fibre pails 4#gj #a col&] 4#ce #a pail1 enamel 4#gj #a pan1 enamel 4#ah #c tea-kettles #b4gj #a saucepan 4#cj #a saucepan 4#be #a saucepan 4#bc #a saucepan 4#cj #a d\ble boil] 4#he #a kettle1 cov]$ 4#fj ,a#a /ove to burn coal or wood #cj4jj -------- ,total #ajj4je ,,footnote3 ,a ,! above may be replac$ by a tw5ty-doll> wood /ove or a t5-doll>1 two burn]1 coal-oil /ove4 ,,pack+-,,box ,,equipm5t ,:5 ev5 ! exp5se ( ! modifi$ equipm5t is too great1 ! +5uity ( ! tea*] & ! pupils may be us$ to provide a pack+-box equipm5t suitable = six pupils4 ,! outlay = ?is w v>y accord+ to :at is provid$1 b x c 9 no case be l>ge4 ,! foll[+ equipm5t us$ by ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,dome/ic ,sci5ce1 ,tea*]s' ,college1 ,columbia ,univ]sity1 w be sugge/ive3 ,illu/ration3 ,pack+-box equipm5t ,,= ,,class #c bread bo>ds #j4ae #a roll+-p9 4#je #c bak+-p[d] c tops1 = cookie cutt]s 44 #a fl\r sift] 4#aj #a l>ge fry+-pan 4#be #a d\ble boil] 4#ej #a qu>t kettle 4#be #a tea-kettle 4#ej #a broil] 4#bj #a g>bage c 4#be #b pit*]s 4#be #b apple cor]s 4#aj #a *opp+ knife 4#aj #a *opp+ b[l 4#je #f muff9 t9s 4#ab #b lay]-cake t9s 4#aj #c di% pans 4#de #c r9s+ pans 4#cj #a /ra9] 4#je #f *9a plates 4#cj #c mix+ b[ls 4#cj #f sauce di%es 4#ae #f cups & sauc]s 4#cj #a c(fee-pot 4#be #a tea-pot 4#aj #c bread pans 4#ae #f qu>t j>s 4#cj #c wood5 pails ) cov]s 4#cj #f di% t[els 4#dh #c di% clo?s 4#ae #c h& t[els 4#ae #a broom 4#cj #a du/-pan 4#jh #a scrubb+-bru% 4#aj #a scrubb+ pail 4#bj #a ,dov] egg beat] 4#ji #a pepp] %ak] 4#je #a salt %ak] 4#je #a bak+ di% 4#aj #a bread knife 4#be #a corkscrew 4#aj ----- ,total #h4jb #a pack+-box table #a4jj #a pack+-box cupbo>d 4#ej ,l>ge blue-flame oil /ove #aj4jj ,,individual ,,equipm5t ,,= ,,six ,,pupils #a :ite b[l1 #a qt4 #j4jg #a measur+ cup 4#je #a granite plate 4#aj #a saucepan 4#je #a t9 cov] 4#je #a /eel =k 4#aj #a /eel knife 4#aj #a tablespoon 4#jc #b teaspoons 4#je ----- ,total 4#fj #a oil /ove 4#ge #a asbe/os mat 4#je ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,class ,,managem5t ,,tea*]s' ,,prep>ation ,9 no subject is c>eful plann+ ( ! details ( ! lesson m important ?an 9 ,h\sehold ,managem5t4 ,! def9ite l5g? ( ! p]iod all[$ 9 ! s*ool programme = ?is "w makes economy ( "t absolutely necess>y4 ,! cook+ processes _c be hurri$1 & unless !re is 9 ! tea*]'s m9d a well-arrang$ plan = ! use ( ! "t1 a "p ( ! lesson is apt to be ha/ily & c>elessly done4 ,!n1 too1 9 ! limit$ space ( "o room1 a numb] ( p _c "w )\t confusion unless !re is sy/em4 ,! pupils enjoy a well-regulat$ lesson & _! co-op]ation is ga9$1 :ile1 ?r\gh ! poor results ( a lesson indiff]5tly plann$1 !y lose self-confid5ce & ! s5se ( responsibility4 ,,numb] ,,9 ,,! ,,class ,z a ,h\sehold ,managem5t class is "o t calls = individual sup]vision1 ! numb] %\ld n exce$ tw5ty-f\r1 & a small] class ensures m ?or\gh sup]vision on ! "p ( ! tea*]4 ,neatness1 ?or\ghness1 & accuracy are important factors 9 ! "w ( ea* lesson1 & ! numb] ( pupils %\ld n be s l>ge t a lack ( ^! w pass unnotic$4 ,,uni=ms1 ,,etc4 ,! uni=m consi/s ( a l>ge1 pla91 :ite apron ) a bib l>ge en\gh to protect ! dress1 a pair ( sleevelets1 a hold]1 a small t[el = p]sonal use1 & a :ite musl9 cap to conf9e ! hair4 7,see ,frontispiece47 ,ea* pupil w also require a note-book & p5cil = class1 & a note-book to be us$ at home = re-copy+ ! class "w 9 ink4 ,^! books %\ld be neatly writt5 & kept = ref]5ce1 & %\ld be regul>ly exam9$ & m>k$ by ! tea*] = correction by ! pupils4 ,! pupils %\ld be enc\rag$ to be clean & neat 9 appe>ance4 ,!y %\ld be expect$ to h tidy hair1 clean h&s & nails1 & neat uni=ms4 ,x is a good plan = ea* pupil to h two sets ( uni=ms1 s t :5 "o is 9 ! wa% ! o!r w be ready to use4 ,x may be wise to make a rule t ! pupils )\t uni=ms w n be all[$ to "w1 b su* a rule mu/ be judici\sly en=c$1 z 9 "s cases x might result 9 mu* loss ( "t4 ,!re %\ld be lock]s or o!r prop] provision provid$ at ! s*ool = keep+ ea* uni=m sep>ately4 ,pa/ebo>d boxes may be us$ = ?is purpose1 :5 no su* provision is made4 ,,discipl9e ,! pupils %\ld be tra9$ to ent] & leave ! room 9 ! same ord] z 9 _! o!r classes4 ,ea* pupil %\ld h a def9ite work+ place & %\ld n be all[$ to visit o!rs dur+ ! class4 ,:ile at "w1 x is wise to all[ ! pupils z mu* fre$om 9 talk+ & movem5t z possible1 s z to portray ! home life4 ,!y %\ld be taught1 h[ev]1 t :5 _! conduct int]f]es ) ! ord] ( ! room or ! com=ts & rights ( o!rs1 !y mu/ suppress _! incl9ations4 ,dur+ ! "t ( tea*+ !re mu/ be p]fect quiet & att5tion4 ,m>ks are sometimes giv5 to secure punctuality & good "w1 b ! be/ way to h bo? is to try to make ea* memb] ( ! class int]e/$ & happy 9 h] "w4 ,,division ,,( ,,! ,,p]iods ,! "t giv5 to a practical lesson is usually "o & a half h\rs4 ,?is mu/ include bo? ! !oretical & ! practical "w4 ,9 divid+ ! p]iod1 x is difficult to say h[ mu* "t %\ld be giv5 to ea* ( ^!1 b1 broadly speak+1 ! !oretical "p may occupy "o ?ird ( ! "t4 ,! "t = di% wa%+ & clean+ w be includ$ 9 ! "t all[ance = practical "w4 ,^! duties %\ld require less "t z ! class advances 9 ! "w4 ,notes %\ld be copi$ at ! mo/ conv5i5t "t1 usually :ile ! food is cook+4 ,sitt+ to write notes w af=d an opportunity = re/+ aft] any practical "w4 ,if pr9t$ c>ds are us$1 mu* ( ! note-tak+ is obviat$4 ,a sample c>d is giv5 bel[4 ,,h\sehold ,,managem5t ,,junior ,,f\r? ,,c>d ,,vegetable ,,wat] ,,sauce #a c4 veg4 wat] #b tbsp4 fl\r pepp] #b tbsp4 butt] #a_/d tsp4 salt #a4 ,put ! vegetable wat] ov] a g5tle heat4 #b4 ,mix ! fl\r ) a little cold wat] until smoo? & ?ick z cream4 #c4 ,:5 ! vegetable wat] is /eam+ hot1 gradually /ir ! fl\r pa/e into x & keep /irr+ until x ?ick5s & boils4 #d4 ,add ! butt]1 salt1 & pepp]4 #e4 ,p\r ! sauce ov] ! hot vegetable4 ,,assignm5t ,,( ,,"w ,= practical "w !re are two plans 9 g5]al use--individual & gr\p "w4 ,9 individual "w1 ea* pupil p]=ms all ! processes1 h&l+ small quantities ( mat]ial4 ,9 gr\p "w1 ! pupils "w 9 gr\ps on "o di%1 ea* %>+ ! duties4 ,by ! fir/ me?od1 ! pupil has no *ance to deal ) quantities l>ge en\gh = family purposes1 & ! small am\nt does n give adequate practice 9 manipulation1 ?\gh x does give individual responsibility 9 e detail4 ,by ! second me?od1 normal quantities are us$1 b a pupil nev] has entire responsibility ?r\gh\t ! processes4 ,! co/ ( supplies is (t5 acc\ntable = gr\p "w1 b lack ( ut5sils or ov5 room may make x a necessity4 ,9 "s lessons1 individual "w ) normal quantities may be obta9$ by all[+ ! pupils to br+ ! ma9 +r$i5ts f home2 = example1 fruit = a cann+ lesson4 ,! f9i%$ product is !n ! prop]ty ( ! pupil :o has made x4 ,! clean+ :i* always foll[s ! use ( ! equipm5t is pref]ably done 9 gr\ps4 ,= in/ance1 if !re are gr\ps ( f\rs1 numb] "o c1 dur+ a lesson1 wa% all di%es us$ by ! f\r1 numb] two c wipe ! di%es1 numb] ?ree c clean ! table us$ by ! gr\p1 & numb] f\r c clean ! s9k4 ,dur+ ! next lesson numb] two is di% wa%]1 & numb] ?ree di% wip]1 & s on1 until1 9 f\r lessons1 ea* pupil has _h practice 9 f\r k9ds ( h\sehold "w & has also be5 giv5 an idea ( ! int]-dep5d5ce ( family life & int]e/s4 ,! same numb]s %\ld be kept dur+ ! t]m1 z ?is af=ds an easy way ( def9itely designat+ ! pupils = c]ta9 duties4 ,,supplies ,! supplies = a lesson may be put on a c5tre table1 or small] am\nts may be plac$ on ! work+ tables 9 front ( ! gr\ps4 ,if ! class is l>ge1 ! latt] plan is bett]1 especially :]e measurem5ts are necess>y1 z x saves "t & confusion4 ,/&>d food supplies1 su* z salt1 pepp]1 sug>1 & fl\r may be kept 9 a draw] ( ! "w-table ( ea* pupil4 7,see page #ae47 ,e memb] ( ! class %\ld be famili> ) ! cont5ts ( ! class pantry1 cupbo>ds1 & draw]s1 s t %e c get or put away ut5sils & mat]ials )\t ! help ( ! tea*]4 ,if breakages occur ?r\gh c>elessness1 ! ut5sils %\ld be replac$ at ! exp5se ( ! (f5d]4 ,?is is n only a des]v$ puni%m5t1 b x always ensures a full equipm5t4 ,,practice ,,"w ,,at ,,home ,z a lesson 9 ,h\sehold ,managem5t comes b once a week1 mu* is ga9$ by hav+ ! "w review$ by practice at home4 ,to enc\rage ?is1 9 "s s*ools a practice %eet is po/$1 on :i* ! "w done by ea* pupil1 betwe5 lessons1 is record$4 ,!re is a dang] ( ! y\ng] pupils attempt+ "w t is too difficult1 :i* w end 9 poor results & disc\ragem5t4 ,to avoid ?is1 ) pupils 9 ! ,?ird ,=m1 x may be wise to limit _! practice 9 cook]y to a review ( ! "w done 9 class4 ,! home practice "w may be tak5 at ! beg9n+ ( a lesson or dur+ ! "t ! food is cook+4 ,x may be quickly asc]ta9$ by ! pupils ris+ 9 ord] & /at+ simply ! "n ( ! duty !y h done or ! di% !y h made unless !y h _h poor results1 :5 ! nature ( ^! %\ld be told4 ,if !re h be5 failures1 ! pupils %\ld1 if possible1 give reasons = ^! & sugge/ means ( avoid+ !m 9 future4 ,,g5]al ,,sugge/ions #a4 ,! tea*] %\ld endeav\r to plan lessons :i* w be def9itely relat$ to ! home lives ( ! pupils4 ,:at is useful = "o class may n be useful = ano!r4 ,! connection betwe5 ! lessons & ! home %\ld be v real4 ,x is also important to h a sequ5ce 9 ! lessons4 #b4 ,great c>e %\ld be ex]cis$ 9 criticis+ any ( ! home me?ods t are sugge/$ by ! pupils4 ,a girl's fai? 9 h] "m %\ld n be less5$4 #c4 ,! "w %\ld be tak5 up 9 a v simple mann]2 sci5tific pres5tation %\ld be left = ! high s*ool4 #d4 ,economy %\ld be emphasiz$ 9 all home duties2 "t1 lab\r1 & money %\ld be us$ to give ! be/ possible returns4 ,:olesome sub/itutes = exp5sive foods & attractive prep>ation & s]v+ ( left-ov] foods %\ld be enc\rag$4 #e4 ,too mu* vigilance _c be ex]cis$ dur+ ! fir/ ye> ( practical "w1 :5 habits are be+ =m$4 ,x is mu* easi] to =m habits ?an to break away f !m4 #f4 ,:ile no?+ less ?an ! be/ "w %\ld be accept$ f ! pupils1 x requires mu* disc]nm5t to "k :5 fault %\ld be f\nd1 9 ord] to avoid say+ or do+ any?+ t w\ld disc\rage !m4 #g4 ,z ,h\sehold ,managem5t is a manual subject1 ! tea*] is advis$1 z f> z possible1 n to sp5d "t 9 talk+ ab\t ! "w1 b to h ! class sp5d _! "t 9 do+ ! "w4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,s*ools ,,) ,,limit$1 ,,or ,,no ,,equipm5t ,9 s*ools :]e ! ord9>y class-room mu/ be us$ = all subjects1 !re are unusual difficulties 9 tea*+ ,h\sehold ,managem5t4 ,= su* s*ools1 two modifi$ equipm5ts are outl9$4 ,s9ce su* class-rooms require special arrangem5t = practical lessons 9 ?is subject1 x w\ld be well to take ?is "w 9 ! aft]noon1 s t "p ( ! noon h\r may be tak5 = prep>ation4 ,pupils :o h e>n$ ! "r to responsibility may be appo9t$ 9 turn to assi/ 9 ?is duty4 ,9 rural s*ools1 ! aft]noon recess might be tak5 f #b4ae to #b4cj &1 dur+ ?is "t1 tables1 /oves1 & supplies may be plac$1 s z to be ready = ! lesson to foll[ 9 ! rema9+ h\r & a half4 ,= pupils :o are n 9 ! ,h\sehold ,managem5t class1 def9ite "w %\ld be plann$4 ,!y may occupy !mselves ) manual tra9+1 sew+1 art "w1 map-draw+1 composition1 etc4 ,9 summ]1 s*ool g>d5+ may be done4 ,s9ce ! end ( ! week1 9 _m s*ools1 is *os5 = a break 9 ! usual r\t9e1 ,friday aft]noon seems a suitable "t = ,h\sehold ,managem5t lessons4 ,"u su* limit$ conditions1 x w be necess>y to gr\p ! l>g] pupils into "o class = practical "w1 & x may be necess>y = ! pupils to take turns 9 work+4 ,9 "s cases1 ! tea*] mu/ demon/rate :at ! class may practise at home4 ,x w be impossible1 9 su* s*ools1 to cov] ! prescrib$ "w4 ,f ! topics sugge/$ 9 ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy ea* tea*] may arrange a programme by select+ :at is mo/ useful to ! pupils & :at is possible 9 ! s*ool4 ,ev5 9 s*ools :i* h no equipm5t1 mu* ( ! !ory ( ,h\sehold ,managem5t c be taught & "s exp]im5ts may be p]=m$4 ,on ,friday aft]noons a regul> p]iod may be devot$ to ?is subject1 :5 ! +5i\s tea*] w f9d ways & means ( tea*+ _m useful lessons4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ w be sugge/ive z suitable = lessons "u su* conditions3 #a4 ,any ( ! lessons prescrib$ 9 ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy = ,=m ,,iii1 ,junior4 #b4 ,measur+4--,table ( measures us$ 9 cook]y1 me?ods ( measur+1 equival5t measures & weights ( /&>d foods4 #c4 ,clean+4--,pr9ciples1 me?ods1 ag5ts4 #d4 ,wat]4--,uses 9 ! home1 appe>ance "u heat1 highe/ temp]ature1 ways ( us+ cook+ wat]4 #e4 ,cook+4--,reasons = cook+1 k9ds ( heat us$1 common me?ods ( conduct+ heat to food1 comp>ison ( me?ods ( cook+ z to "t requir$ & effect ( heat on food4 ,,note4--,an alcohol /ove1 saucepan1 & !rmomet] are necess>y = ?is lesson4 #f4 ,! kit*5 fire4--,exp]im5ts to %[ necessities ( a fire1 con/ruction ( a practical cook+ /ove4 #g4 ,food4--,uses1 k9ds1 common s\rces4 #h4 ,pres]vation ( food4--,cause ( decay1 me?ods ( pres]vation1 application ( me?ods to well-kn[n foods4 #i4 ,yea/4--,description1 necess>y conditions1 s\rces1 use4 ,,note4--,a few te/-tubes & a saucepan are necess>y = ?is lesson4 #aj4 ,! table4--,lay+ a table1 s]v+ at table1 table mann]s4 #aa4 ,c>e ( a b$-room4--,mak+ ! b$1 v5tilat+1 sweep+1 & du/+ ! room4 #ab4 ,sanitation4--,necessity = sanitation1 h\sehold me?ods4 #ac4 ,laundry "w4--,necess>y mat]ials1 processes4 #ad4 ,home-nurs+4--,! ideal sick-room1 c>e ( ! pati5t's b$1 & diet4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,junior ,,grade ,! pupils ( ,=m ,,iii1 ,junior1 are g5]ally too small to use ! tables & /oves provid$ = ! o!r classes & too "y to be intru/$ ) fires1 hot wat]1 etc42 b !y may be taught ! simpl] facts ( ,h\sehold ,managem5t by ! special tea*] ( ! subject1 or by ! regul> tea*] 9 correlation ) ! o!r subjects4 ,9 ei!r case a special room is n necess>y4 ,if ! latt] plan be adopt$1 ! foll[+ correlations are sugge/$3 ,,correlations ,ari?metic4--#a4 ,bills ( h\sehold supplies1 su* z furniture1 fuel1 meat1 groc]ies1 b$ & table l951 mat]ial = clo?+4 ,?is w tea* ! curr5t prices z well z ! usual quantities pur*as$4 #b4 ,mak+ out ! daily1 weekly1 or mon?ly supply & co/ ( any "o item ( food1 be+ giv5 ! numb] 9 ! family & ! am\nt us$ by ea* p] day4 ,example3 ,"o loaf co/s #f;c4 & cuts into #ah slices4 ,f9d ! co/ ( bread = two days = a family ( six1 if ea* p]son uses #a #a_/b slices at "o meal4 #c4 ,mak+ out ! total weekly or mon?ly exp5ses ( a h\sehold1 giv5 ! items ( meat1 groc]ies1 fuel1 gas1 etc4 ,?is br+s up ! "q ( ! co/ ( liv+4 #d4 ,mak+ out ! total co/ ( a cake1 a loaf ( bread1 a j> ( fruit1 or a numb] ( s&wi*es1 giv5 ! co/ ( ! ma9 mat]ials & fuel us$4 ,comp>e ! home co/ ) ! co/ at a /ore4 ,?is may be us$ to tea* economy4 99 99 99 99 99 ,geography4--#a4 ,! s\rces ( our wat] supply4 #b4 ,! geographical s\rces ( our ord9>y h\sehold mat]ials1 _! %ipp+ c5tres1 ! r\tes by :i* !y rea* u1 & ! means ( transportation4 ,examples3 ,fuels1 common m9]als us$ 9 build+ & furni%+2 timb] = floors & furniture2 manufactur$ goods1 su* z cotton1 l951 c>pets1 *9a2 dome/ic & =eign fruits2 common groc]ies1 su* z salt1 sug>1 tea1 c(fee1 cocoa1 spices1 rice1 c]eals1 & fl\r4 #c4 ,! prep>ation ( our common h\sehold commodities4 ,examples3 ,cotton1 l951 *9a1 pap]1 sug>1 tea1 c(fee1 c]eals1 fl\r4 #d4 ,! h\sehold products t are export$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,nature ,/udy4--#a4 ,! p>ts ( plants us$ z food4 #b4 ,! natural s\rces ( our common foods1 su* z corn/>*1 fl\r1 breakfa/ c]eals1 tea1 c(fee1 cocoa1 sug>1 salt1 *eese1 butt]4 #c4 ,! s\rces ( common h\sehold sub/ances1 su* z coal-oil1 gasol5e1 p>aff91 turp5t9e1 wa%+ soda1 :it+1 ba?brick1 soap4 #d4 ,! =ms ( wat]1 z ice1 /eam4 #e4 ,! composition & impurities ( ! air4 #f4 ,! ord9>y woods us$ 9 h\se build+ & furni%+4 ,hygi5e4--,! necessity = ! foll[+3 #a4 ,fre% air 9 ! home at all times--9 liv+ rooms & sleep+ rooms #b4 ,good food & pl5ty ( sleep #c4 ,cleanl9ess ( ! body #d4 ,cleanl9ess 9 prep>+ food #e4 ,cleanl9ess 9 ! home & surr\nd+s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,physical ,tra9+4--#a4 ,! value ( ex]cise ga9$ by p]=m+ h\sehold duties4 #b4 ,! importance ( correct positions 9 p]=m+ home duties1 su* z di% wa%+1 sew+1 etc4 #c4 ,! value ( conv5i5ces to save /eps4 99 99 99 99 99 ,composition4--,topics select$ f h\sehold mat]ials & activities4 ,examples3 ,food mat]ials1 cleans+ ag5ts1 plann+ a conv5i5t kit*5 or ba?-room1 sweep+ day1 bak+ day1 arrangem5t ( a kit*5 cupbo>d or clo!s closet1 etc4 99 99 99 99 99 ,spell+4--,names ( h\sehold articles & duties z foll[s3 ,furniture ( a special room1 su* z kit*5 or sitt+-room1 kit*5 ut5sils1 cont5ts ( a kit*5 cupbo>d1 di%es & food us$ at a p>ticul> meal1 etc4 ,manual ,tra9+4--,con/ruction ( h\sehold furni%+s & ut5sils = a doll's h\se f raffia1 pap]1 & pla/ic9e4 ,art4--,design+ & col\r+ c>pets1 curta9s1 wall-pap]s1 book cov]s1 di%es1 tiles1 ribbons1 & dress mat]ials4 ,sew+4--,mak+ ! uni=m = ,h\sehold ,managem5t "w4 ,if ! ,h\sehold ,managem5t tea*] takes ! "w ) ?is class1 %e %\ld foll[ ! outl9e ( "w giv5 9 ! ,c\rse ( ,/udy4 ,?is outl9e w make ! pupils famili> ) ! common h\sehold mat]ials z to _! s\rces1 prep>ation1 & co/1 & :51 9 ! next class1 !y deal ) ^! mat]ials1 !y w d s ) m int]e/ & intellig5ce4 ,x w also draw att5tion to ! importance ( economy 9 "t & en]gy4 ,! conv5i5ce ( a kit*5 & ! use ( prop] ut5sils to facilitate lab\r w impress ?is fact4 ,! lessons %\ld be taught simply z in=mation lessons & %\ld be ( ! same l5g? z ! o!r /udies--f ?irty to =ty m9utes4 ,if ! usual h\r & a half p]iod be set aside = ?is class1 ! rema9d] ( ! "t may be devot$ to sew+4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,s5ior ,,grade ,,lesson ,i ,,scope ,,( ,,h\sehold ,,managem5t ,9 introduc+ ! practical side ( ,h\sehold ,managem5t to a class1 x is an advantage to let !m h a g5]al idea ( :at ! subject includes4 ,!y w !n "w ) m intellig5ce & usually ) m int]e/4 ,!n1 too1 ! preval5t idea t ! subject means only cook+ w be correct$ f ! fir/4 ,?r\gh\t ! introduction1 ! tea*] %\ld n =get t %e is deal+ ) immature m9ds & t ! ideas mu/ be v simply express$4 ,%e might ask :at ! pupils expect to le>n 9 ?is class1 h !m "n o!r subjects !y /udy 9 s*ool1 & 9 ea* case lead up to ! "o ?+ ( :i* a p>ticul> subject treats2 = example1 ari?metic treats ( numb]s2 geography1 ( ! _w2 hi/ory1 ( pa/ ev5ts4 ,%e %\ld lead ! class to see t ! "o ?+ ( :i* ,h\sehold ,managem5t treats is ! home2 & t ! two great requirem5ts = a home are ! h\se1 & ! p :o live 9 x1 or ! occupants4 ,to get ! details relat+ to ea* ( ^! two divisions1 let ! pupils imag9e !y are bo>d+ 9 "s locality :]e !y decide to make a home = !mselves4 ,! fir/ ?+ to be done is to *oose a build+ lot4 ,!n !y mu/ decide ^u ! k9d ( h\se !y want & ! plan ( ! h\se4 ,aft] ! h\se is built1 x mu/ be furni%$4 ,:5 ! h\se is ready1 x mu/ be clean$ & kept clean4 ,z soon z ! family move 91 new consid]ations arise--!y mu/ h food1 :i* mu/ be b\ght1 prep>$1 & s]v$2 ea* memb] ( ! family mu/ be clo!d & educat$2 !y mu/ receive prop] c>e :5 sick4 ,only a few m9utes %\ld be sp5t on ?is introductory talk4 ,:ile ! class is naturally l$ to ?9k ( & "n ^! details1 !y %\ld be writt5 on ! black-bo>d 9 ! ord] ( developm5t1 some:at z foll[s3 #a4 ,h\sehold ,managem5t tea*es u ab\t ! home4 #b4 ,a home includes two ma9 ideas3 7#a7 ,a h\se1 7#b7 a family4 #c4 ,9 connection ) a h\se we mu/ consid]3 7#a7 ,! lot1 7#b7 ! plan1 7#c7 ! furni%+1 7#d7 ! clean+4 #d4 ,9 connection ) a family we mu/ consid]3 7#a7 ,food 7buy+1 cook+1 s]v+71 7#b7 clo?+ 7buy+1 sew+1 m5d+71 7#c7 education1 7#d7 home nurs+4 ,tell ! pupils t a h\sekeep] %\ld be in=m$ on all ( ^! po9ts1 b little girls c expect to /udy only a few ( !m1 su* z que/ions ( food1 clo?+1 & clean+4 ,,survey ,,( ,,equipm5t1 ,,uni=m1 ,,etc4 ,equipm5t4--,mo/ ( ! "t ( ! fir/ lesson %\ld be us$ 9 mak+ ! pupils acqua9t$ ) _! surr\nd+s & individual necessities1 s t !y w be ready = "w ! next day4 ,give ea* memb] ( ! class a def9ite work+ place1 & let h] exam9e ! cont5ts ( ! cupbo>d & draw]s :i* belong to h] place4 ,expla9 t ! p>ticul> places :i* ! pupils are giv5 w be kept ?r\gh\t ! ye>1 & t1 :ile !y h ! privilege ( us+ & enjoy+ !m1 !y are responsible = _! cleanl9ess & ord]4 ,po9t out ! rema9d] ( ! equipm5t--hot & cold wat]-taps1 t[el racks1 class cupbo>d ) its cont5ts1 refrig]ator1 l>ge & individual /oves4 ,tea* ea* pupil h[ to light h] /ove & regulate its heat4 ,uni=ms1 etc4--,tell ! pupils t y h %[n !m :at has be5 provid$ = !m1 b y want !m also to provide "s ?+s = !mselves4 ,x w be necess>y = !m to br+ a l>ge1 pla91 :ite apron1 hav+ a bib l>ge en\gh to protect ! dress2 a pair ( sleevelets2 a hold]2 a small t[el = p]sonal use2 & a :ite musl9 cap to conf9e ! hair :ile work+4 ,!y w also ne$ a note-book & p5cil = class1 & a note-book to be us$ at home = re-copy+ ! class "w 9 ink4 ,! latt] book is to be v neatly writt5 & kept = ref]5ce aft] x has be5 exam9$ by ! tea*]4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,use ,,( ,,equipm5t ,! little girls :o make up ! classes are n s f> remov$ f _! playh\se days t a survey ( ! di%es1 /oves1 & tables w n give !m an eag] desire to beg9 us+ !m4 ,?is desire %\ld be gratifi$1 b z ! use always necessitates ! clean+ z well1 x may be advisable at fir/ to make use ( ! equipm5t only = ! purpose ( %[+ prop] me?ods ( clean+4 ,a %ort lesson on clean+ may be giv5 9 a few m9utes1 & ! re/ ( ! p]iod sp5t 9 putt+ x into practice4 ,! tea*] may proce$ some:at z foll[s 9 ! developm5t ( a lesson on clean+3 ,,developm5t ,,( ,a ,,lesson ,,on ,,clean+ ,,mean+ ,,( ,,clean+ ,take two di%es--plates or sauc]s--exactly alike4 ,h "o clean & ! o!r soil$ ) butt] or "s well-kn[n sub/ance4 ,ask ! class ! diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,"o is clean & "o dirty4 ,:at sub/ance is on "o t h9d]s y\r say+ x is clean8 ,butt]4 ,:at else c\ld be on x8 ,jam4 ,:at else8 ,du/4 ,:at else8 ,gravy4 ,n[ in/ead ( tell+ ! "n ( ! p>ticul> sub/ance 9 ea* case1 let u try to f9d "o "n t w apply to all ( ! sub/ances :i*1 z y say1 make ! di% dirty4 ,let u give ^! sub/ances a "n :i* w %[ t !y d n belong to ! plate4 ,we may call ea* ( !m a =eign sub/ance4 ,& if ,i take ! sub/ance (f ! plate :at am ,i do+ to ! plate8 ,clean+ x4 ,!n :at is clean+8 ,clean+ is remov+ a =eign sub/ance4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,clean+ #a4 ,scrap+ or rubb+ away ! =eign sub/ance3 ,:at w\ld y use to remove ! butt] f ! plate8 ,a piece ( pap] or a knife4 ,:at are y do+ ) ! knife or pap]8 ,scrap+ or rubb+ (f ! =eign sub/ance4 ,!n h[ 0 x remov$8 ,x 0 remov$ by scrap+ or rubb+4 ,suppose "s "o has %>p5$ a p5cil & let ! pieces fall on ! floor1 :at w\ld y take to remove ! =eign sub/ance f ! floor8 ,a broom4 ,:at w\ld y say y are do+ ) ! broom8 ,sweep+4 ,h[ does ! movem5t ( ! broom ov] ! floor comp>e ) ! movem5t ( ! knife ov] ! plate8 ,x is simil>4 ,:at w\ld y take to remove ! du/ f ! w9d[-sill8 ,a du/]4 ,:at w\ld y say y are do+8 ,du/+4 ,h[ does ! movem5t ( ! du/] comp>e ) ! movem5t ( ! knife & ! broom8 ,x is simil>4 ,9 all ( ^! cases ( di%1 floor1 & sill1 h[ did we remove ! =eign sub/ance8 ,we scrap$ or rubb$ x (f4 ,"n "o way ( remov+ a =eign sub/ance4 ,scrap+ or rubb+ x away4 #b4 ,dissolv+ ! =eign sub/ance & !n scrap+ x away3 ,%[ a mu* soil$ t[el & ask :at is usually done to clean x4 ,x is wa%$4 ,ask ! pupils to tell j :at !y mean by t4 ,! t[el is put 9 wat] & soap us$ on x4 ,:at effect w ! soap & wat] h on ! =eign sub/ance8 ,!y w s(t5 or dissolve x4 ,!n :at mu/ be done next8 ,! t[el mu/ be rubb$ on a bo>d or ) ! h&s4 ,:at effect has ?is op]ation on ! =eign sub/ance8 ,x scrapes or rubs ! =eign sub/ance away4 ,!n we h ano!r way ( clean+3 ,by fir/ dissolv+ ! =eign sub/ance1 & !n scrap+ or rubb+ x away4 ,a numb] ( well-kn[n clean+ op]ations may !n be giv51 & ! pupils ask$ 9 ea* case to decide ! me?od us$--su* z1 :isk+ a coat1 scrubb+ a table1 clean+ ! tee?1 or wa%+ di%es4 ,,common ,,h\sehold ,,cleans+ ,,ag5ts ,next1 get li/s ( ! common cleans+ ag5ts f\nd 9 an ord9>y home1 & arrange !m 9 ord] ( co>s5ess4 ,,black-,,bo>d ,,outl9e ,! black-bo>d s*eme1 z ! lesson develops1 w appe> z foll[s3 #a4 ,mean+ ( ,clean+3 ,clean+ is remov+ any =eign sub/ance4 #b4 ,me?ods ( ,clean+3 7#a7 ,scrap+ or rubb+ away ! =eign sub/ance4 7#b7 ,dissolv+ ! =eign sub/ance & !n scrap+ or rubb+ x away4 #c4 ,h\sehold cleans+ ag5ts us$ 9 ! fir/ me?od3 7#a7 ,du/] 7#b7 ,bru% 7#c7 ,broom 7#d7 ,wa%bo>d 7#e7 ,knife 7#f7 ,:it+ 7#g7 ,ba?brick 7#h7 ,co>se salt 7#i7 ,s& 7#aj7 ,a%es4 #d4 ,h\sehold cleans+ ag5ts us$ 9 ! second me?od3 7#a7 ,wat] 7#b7 ,hot wat] 7#c7 ,soap 7#d7 ,lux 7#e7 ,ammonia 7#f7 ,borax 7#g7 ,wa%+ soda 7#h7 ,coal-oil 7#i7 ,gasol5e 7#aj7 ,acids 7#aa7 ,lye4 #e4 ,comb9ation cleans+ ag5ts3 7#a7 ,bon ,ami1 7#b7 ,dut* ,cleans]1 7#c7 ,sapolio4 ,:5 ! class h ^! ideas1 !y are ready to put !m into practice1 & ! rema9d] ( ! lesson %\ld be sp5t 9 practical "w4 ,if ! pupils h soil$ no di%es1 x may be wise to drill !m fir/ 9 table wa%+ or t[el wa%+1 s z to get !m ready = ! next lesson :5 tables & t[els w be us$4 ,,lessons ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,,etc4 ,gradually1 9 connection ) ! mak+ ( simple di%es1 ! pupils %\ld be taught special me?ods ( di% wa%+1 s9k clean+1 & du/+4 ,ea* day z !y are appo9t$ to diff]5t duties 9 clean+1 ^! me?ods %\ld be /rictly foll[$ until !y become well kn[n4 ,:ile !y are /ill new to ! class1 x w be a great help to h outl9es ( ! k9ds ( clean+ :i* are necess>y 9 e lesson po/$ conv5i5tly 9 diff]5t p>ts ( ! room = ref]5ce4 ,^! outl9es may be z foll[s3 ,,di% ,,wa%+ ,prep>ation = wa%+3 #a4 ,put away ! food4 #b4 ,scrape & pile ! di%es4 #c4 ,put ! di%es t ne$ x to soak4 #d4 ,place soap1 pans1 bru%es1 & t[els4 #e4 ,put wat] 9 ! pans4 7#a7 ,fill ! di% pan ab\t half full ( w>m wat]1 !n soap x4 7#b7 ,fill ! r9s+ pan ne>ly full ( hot wat]4 ,ord] ( wa%+3 #a4 ,glass #b4 ,silv] #c4 ,*9a #d4 ,crock]y #e4 ,granite w>e #f4 ,t9s #g4 ,pots #h4 ,/eel knives & =ks4 ,f9i%+ aft] wa%+3 #a4 ,soap a di% clo? & wa% ! sides & bottom ( ! di% pan1 be=e empty+ x4 #b4 ,empty ! di% pan1 r9se at ! s9k1 & half fill ) cle>1 w>m wat]1 to r9se ! t[els4 #c4 ,wa% ! t[els 9 ! r9s+ pan1 r9se !m 9 ! di% pan1 %ake !m /raight1 fold1 & hang4 #d4 ,soap ! di% clo?1 wa% ! inside ( ! r9s+ pan1 empty1 r9se1 & wipe ) ! di% clo?4 #e4 ,wa% & wipe ! soap di%4 #f4 ,empty ! di% pan & wipe ) ! di% clo?4 #g4 ,pile ! pans1 place ! bru%es & soap1 & set away4 #h4 ,fold ! di% clo? & hang x to dry4 ,,table ,,clean+ 7,,class ,,"w7 #a4 ,if necess>y1 scrape or bru% (f ! table /oves4 #b4 ,get a scrub clo?1 a wa%-bas9 ( w>m wat]1 & a scrub-bru%4 #c4 ,wa% ! "p ( ! table us$ by y\r gr\p1 do+ ! "p n occupi$ by ! di% wa%+ fir/2 !n get ! di% wa%]s to move along1 s t y c f9i% x1 proce$+ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,wet ! table all ov]4 7#b7 ,rub ! soap cake ov] x4 7#c7 ,scrub ) ! wet bru% ) ! gra9 ( ! wood4 7#d7 ,r9se ! soap (f ) ! cle> wat]4 7#e7 ,wipe ) ! clo? wrung dry4 #d4 ,get cle> wat]4 ,r9se ! bru% & put x away4 ,r9se ! scrub clo? & wr+ x dry4 #e4 ,take ! bas9 & clo? to ! s9k4 ,empty1 r9se ! bas91 & dry x ) ! clo?4 ,r9se ! clo? "u ! tap & wr+ x dry4 #f4 ,fold & hang ! clo? to dry4 ,br+ back a dry clo? & ?or\ghly dry ! alum9ium /rip4 #g4 ,put away ! dry clo? & bas94 ,,s9k ,,clean+ #a4 ,let ! o!r h\sekeep]s get ! wat] !y ne$4 #b4 ,get a s9k pan1 a scrub clo?1 & a bru%4 ,put w>m wat] 9 ! pan4 #c4 ,scrub ! dra9 bo>d if !re be "o1 z foll[s3 7#a7 ,wet ! bo>d all ov]4 7#b7 ,rub ! soap cake ov] x4 7#c7 ,scrub ) a wet bru% ) ! gra9 ( wood4 7#d7 ,r9se ! soap (f ) cle> wat]4 7#e7 ,wipe ) ! clo? wrung dry4 #d4 ,wa% ! nickel "p ( ! s9k 7tap & /&7 ) soap4 ,wipe ) ! clo? wrung dry4 #e4 ,wa% ! outside ( ! bas9 ( ! s9k4 #f4 ,:5 ! o!r h\sekeep]s h empti$ _! wat]1 wa% ! inside ( ! s9k bas9 & wipe ) ! clo? wrung dry4 #g4 ,wa% ! scrub clo? & pan1 r9se ! bru%1 & put all away4 #h4 ,poli% ! nickel ) a dry du/]4 ,,du/+ #a4 ,get a *eeseclo? du/]4 #b4 ,du/ ! *airs & put !m 9 place4 #c4 ,du/ ! table legs & draw] h&les4 #d4 ,du/ ! cupbo>d & refrig]ator4 #e4 ,du/ ! wood-"w1 w9d[-sills1 l$ges1 etc4 #f4 ,wa% ! du/] & hang x up to dry4 ,,measures ,,& ,,recipes ,ano!r prelim9>y "p ( ! "w w be tea*+ ! pupils to measure & foll[ a recipe4 ,,measures ,! measures us$ 9 kit*5 "w are teaspoon1 tablespoon1 p9t1 qu>t1 & gallon1 ( :i* a table %\ld be develop$ z foll[s3 #c teaspoonfuls 7tsp47 #a tablespoonful 7tbsp47 #af tbsp4 #a cup #b cups #a p9t 7pt47 #b pt4 #a qu>t 7qt47 #d qt4 #a gallon 7gal47 ,9 connection ) ?is table ! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be br\ght out3 #a4 ,t all measurem5ts are made level4 #b4 ,t 9 measur+ liquids1 ! measure %\ld be set on a level surface4 #c4 ,t to halve ! cont5ts ( a spoon1 ! division %\ld be made l5g?wise4 #d4 ,t to qu>t] ! cont5ts ( a spoon1 ! half %\ld be divid$ crosswise4 #e4 ,t 9 measur+ fl\r1 x %\ld n be %ak5 d[n to level x4 #f4 ,t 9 us+ "o measure = bo? dry & liquid +r$i5ts1 ! dry %\ld be measur$ fir/4 #g4 ,t 9 measur+ a cupful ( dry +r$i5ts1 ! cup %\ld be fill$ by us+ a spoon or scoop4 ,illu/ration3 7a7 ,divid+ ! cont5ts ( a spoon ,illu/ration3 7b7 ,divid+ a spoonful 9 halves ,illu/ration3 7c7 ,fill+ a cup ,illu/ration3 7d7 ,levell+ a cupful ,,table ,,( ,,equival5t ,,measures ,,& ,,weights ,a table ( equival5t measures & weights ( "s /aple foods w also be useful & may be giv5 to ! class3 #b cups butt] 7pack$ solidly7 #a p\nd #b c4 granulat$ sug> #a #b c4 rice 7ab\t7 #a #b c4 f9ely *opp$ meat #a #b #b_/c c4 br[n sug> #a #b #b_/c c4 p[d]$ sug> #a #b #b_/c c4 oatmeal #a #b #b_/c c4 cornmeal #a #d c4 :ite fl\r #a ,,plan ,,( ,,lesson ,,on ,,measur+ ,,"t ,,limit ,"o & "o-half h\rs to be divid$ approximately z foll[s--"o-half h\r = tea*+ ! !ory1 "o-half h\r = ! practical application ( ! !ory1 & "o-half h\r = h\sekeep+ 7wa%+ ( di%es1 tables1 s9ks1 etc41 & putt+ ! kit*5 9 ord]74 ,,prep>ation #a4 ,place a set ( measures at h&4 #b4 ,place a l>ge b[l ( fl\r on ! tea*]'s table4 #c4 ,place fl\r & sug> 9 ! boxes ( ! supply draw]s4 #d4 ,place cans ( cocoa & jugs ( milk on ! c5tre table4 ,,developm5t #a4 ,introduction4--,:at d we take = a guide :5 cook+8 ,h[ c we be sure t we use ! exact quantities ! recipes require8 ,"n "s measures t y h le>n$ 9 ari?metic4 ,9 ?is lesson we are go+ to le>n ! measures we require 9 cook+1 also ! prop] ways ( us+ !m4 #b4 ,names ( measures4--,%[ & "n ! measures1 beg9n+ at ! smalle/3 teaspoon1 tablespoon1 cup1 p9t1 qu>t1 gallon4 ,z ! measures are nam$1 place !m on ! table 9 ord] ( size4 #c4 ,me?ods ( us+ measures4--,ask two or ?ree pupils1 9 turn1 to measure a teaspoonful ( fl\r f ! b[l on ! tea*]'s table4 ,!y w n agree 9 _! measurem5ts1 & ! necessity = levell+ w be %[n4 ,:at c we use = levell+ measures8 ,h[ c we level liquids8 ,if we ne$ less ?an a spoonful1 h[ c we measure x8 ,:i* "p ( ! spoon is deep]8 ,h[ %all we divide ! spoonful to make bo? halves equal8 ,h[ mu/ we divide a spoonful into qu>t]s8 ,into eigh?s8 ,exam9e & expla9 ! divisions ( ! cup4 ,to use "o measure = bo? liquid & dry +r$i5ts1 :i* %\ld be measur$ fir/8 7,z ^! po9ts are obta9$1 !y %\ld be writt5 on ! black-bo>d47 #d4 ,table ( measures4--,9 ! tables ( measures :i* y h le>n$1 y /ate ! numb] ( times "o measure is conta9$ 9 ! next high]4 ,we %all =m a table ( ! measures le>n$ to-day4 ,by measur+ fl\r f _! boxes1 let ea* pupil f9d h[ _m teaspoonfuls fill a tablespoon4 ,h[ _m tablespoonfuls fill a cup1 a half cup1 a qu>t] ( a cup4 ,!y w /ate ! rema9d] ( ! table f memory4 ,write ! table on ! black-bo>d & tea* ! abbreviations4 ,,note4--,aft] ! lesson on measur+ is develop$1 ! class %\ld be giv5 individual "w :i* w put ^! ideas into practice4 ,a simple recipe may be dictat$ by ! tea*]1 /ep by /ep4 ,cocoa makes a good recipe = ?is lesson1 z x af=ds practice 9 measur+ liquids z well z dry +r$i5ts1 bo? p[d]$ & granul>4 ,if ea* girl makes half a cupful ( cocoa1 x w give practice 9 divid+ ! cont5ts ( a spoon4 ,,practical ,,"w ,,to ,,apply ,,measur+ ,h ea* pupil make half a cupful ( cocoa by c>ry+ out ea* /ep z x is dictat$ by ! tea*]1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,numb]s "o put two cups ( wat] 9 ! tea kettle2 numb]s two light a fire & put ! wat] to boil2 numb]s ?ree get cocoa f ! c5tre table2 numb]s f\r get milk4 #b4 ,set out sug> boxes & op5 !m4 #c4 ,ea* take a small saucepan1 a measur+ cup1 a teaspoon1 a p>+-knife1 & a small cup4 #d4 ,measure half a teaspoonful ( sug> into ! saucepan4 #e4 ,measure half a teaspoonful ( cocoa into ! saucepan4 #f4 ,mix ! sug> & cocoa by %ak+ ! saucepan4 #g4 ,measure half ( a ?ird ( a cupful ( boil+ wat] & /ir x into ! sug> & cocoa4 #h4 ,set ! mixture ov] a g5tle fire & /ir until x bubbles4 ,cook = ?ree m9utes4 #i4 ,measure half ( a ?ird ( a cupful ( milk4 #aj4 ,/ir ! milk into ! mixture & heat x until x is /eam+ hot1 b d n boil x4 #aa4 ,s]ve ! cocoa 9 ! small cups4 #ab4 ,turn out ! fires & put ! saucepans to soak4 ,,s]v+ ,ea* pupil puts h] table 9 ord] by mov+ all cook+ ut5sils to ! metal "p ( ! table & wip+ (f any soil$ spots on ! wood5 "p2 %e !n sits to dr9k ! cocoa %e has made4 ,,note-,,tak+ ,notes are copi$ f ! black-bo>d 9 p5cil 9 ! ord9>y class note-books4 ,! desk bo>ds "u ! table tops are pull$ out = ?is purpose4 ,9 ?is lesson ! notes consi/ (3 #a4 ,table ( measures1 ) abbreviations #b4 ,po9ts 9 measur+ #c4 ,recipe = cocoa 7if !re are recipe c>ds1 ^! %\ld be di/ribut$74 ,,h\sekeep+ ,?is w be done 9 gr\ps ( f\rs1 accord+ to _! previ\s lessons 9 clean+4 ,if necess>y1 "s special clean+1 z di% wa%+ or s9k clean+1 may be taught at ?is po9t ( ! lesson3 #a4 ,numb] "o w wa% di%es = h] gr\p4 #b4 ,numb] two w wipe di%es = h] gr\p4 #c4 ,numb] ?ree w clean ! entire table belong+ to h] gr\p4 #d4 ,numb] f\r w d "w outside ( h] gr\p z appo9t$1 su* z du/+1 clean+ a s9k or ! c5tre table4 ,,recipe ,,= ,,cocoa #a tsp4 sug> #a tsp4 cocoa #a_/c c4 boil+ wat] #a_/c c4 milk4 #a4 ,mix ! sug> & cocoa 9 a saucepan4 #b4 ,/ir ! boil+ wat] into ! mixture1 !n set x ov] a g5tle heat4 #c4 ,keep /irr+ until ! mixture bubbles1 !n boil g5tly = ab\t ?ree m9utes4 #d4 ,/ir 9 ! milk & heat x until x /eams1 b d n boil x4 #e4 ,s]ve ! cocoa hot or ice-cold4 ,,recipes ,9 connection ) a recipe1 ! pupils %\ld be taught to look = ?ree p>ts3 #a4 ,! "n #b4 ,! li/ & am\nt ( +r$i5ts #c4 ,! me?od4 ,9 c>ry+ out a recipe1 !y %\ld1 f ! fir/1 be taught to "w 9 ! foll[+ sy/ematic ord]3 #a4 ,to att5d to ! fire if necess>y #b4 ,to collect ! necess>y ut5sils #c4 ,to collect ! necess>y +r$i5ts #d4 ,to obey ! me?od4 ,= ?is lesson1 "s simple recipe :i* w review measur+ %\ld be cle>ly writt5 on ! black-bo>d--! recipe = apple sauce or cranb]ry sauce w\ld be suitable4 ,:ile ! pupils are le>n+ ob$i5ce 9 foll[+ a recipe1 x is bett] to keep !m toge!r 9 c>ry+ out _! "w4 ,! me?od %\ld be writt5 9 def9ite1 numb]$ /eps1 :i* may be *eck$ (f z ea* /ep is accompli%$4 ,:5 ! class has _h in/ruction 9 clean+1 measur+1 & recipes1 !y are ready = a s]ies ( lessons involv+ ! use ( simple recipes :i* w put into practice ! ideas !y h le>n$4 ,= ?is practice1 su* recipes z ! foll[+ are sugge/$3 ,boil$ potatoes1 ma%$ potatoes2 boil$ p>snips2 boil$ cel]y2 boil$ c>rots1 asp>agus1 gre5 peas2 cranb]ry sauce2 rhub>b sauce2 prep>+ & comb9+ +r$i5ts = salads 7fruit salad1 potato salad1 cabbage & nut salad1 ,waldorf salad7--! dress+ be+ suppli$2 /uff$ eggs2 s&wi*es4 ,! c>ry+ out ( ^! lessons w develop 9 ! pupils accuracy & ob$i5ce1 & make !m famili> ) ! use & c>e ( _! ut5sils1 z well z give opportunity = ! clean+ ( ^! & o!r p>ts ( ! equipm5t4 ,dur+ ^! fir/ lessons1 c>eful sup]vision %\ld be giv5 ea* pupil1 s t only correct habits may be =m$ 9 reg>d to neatness1 ?or\ghness1 quietness1 & natural use ( muscles4 ,! pupils %\ld be enc\rag$ to beg9 a book ( recipes to conta9 neatly writt5 copies ( all !y h us$ 9 s*ool4 ,! ,art tea*] might correlate ! "w "h by assi/+ !m to design a suitable cov] = ?is book4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,=m ,,iii3 ,,s5ior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,,cook]y ,,lesson ,i ,aft] a numb] ( practice lessons h develop$ 9 ! pupils a c]ta9 ability & self-confid5ce 9 work+1 =mal cook]y may be introduc$1 & ! foll[+ ideas %\ld be br\ght out3 #a4 ,! mean+ ( cook+3 ,cook+ is ! application ( suffici5t heat to make a *ange 9 ! food4 #b4 ,reasons = cook+ food3 7#a7 ,to make "s food dige/ible4 7#b7 ,to *ange flav\rs & make "s food m appetiz+4 7#c7 ,to pres]ve food4 7#d7 ,to kill h>mful g]ms 9 food4 #c4 ,k9ds ( heat us$3 7#a7 ,dry heat--heat1 only1 is convey$ to ! food4 7#b7 ,moi/ heat--heat & moi/ure are convey$ to ! food4 #d4 ,diff]5t ways ( apply+ dry heat3 ,toa/+1 broil+1 pan-broil+1 saut+1 fry+1 bak+4 #e4 ,diff]5t ways ( apply+ moi/ heat3 ,boil+1 simm]+1 /eam+1 /eep+4 ,,note4--,if ! class _c "n ^! me?ods1 ! tea*] may "n & write !m ) only a ^w ( comm5t reg>d+ ea*1 or !y may n be giv5 until ! me?ods are /udi$4 ,z ! moi/ heat me?ods are simpl] & bett] kn[n1 !y %\ld be /udi$ fir/4 ,! class %\ld be l$ to see t "s liquid mu/ be us$ to supply ! moi/ure & %\ld acc\nt = ! common use ( wat] = ?is purpose4 ,exp]im5ts %\ld !n be p]=m$ 9 heat+ wat]1 & its appe>ance & temp]ature %\ld be not$4 ,,note4--,a prelim9>y lesson on ! use ( ! !rmomet] may be necess>y to %[ h[ to read x1 & to develop ! idea t x is an in/rum5t = measur+ heat4 ,?is may be taught 9 ! regul> class "w1 previ\s to ! ,h\sehold ,managem5t lesson4 ,,lesson ,,on ,,! ,,!rmomet] #a4 ,developm5t ( ! idea ( measur+3 ,:at w\ld y use to measure ! l5g? ( ! table8 ,a foot measure4 ,:at to measure ! wat] 9 a tub8 ,a p9t1 qu>t1 or gallon measure4 ,:at to measure ! am\nt ( gas burn$8 ,a gas-met]4 #b4 ,developm5t ( ! "n !rmomet]3 ,:at d we call ! in/rum5t ,= measur+ gas8 ,a gas-met] ,= measur+ electricity8 ,an electromet] ,= measur+ spe$ ( a motor8 ,a spe$omet] 7spe$-met]7 ,= measur+ ! di/ance a bicycle travels8 ,a cyclomet] 7cycle-met]74 ,9 ea* case :at does met] mean8 ,x means an in/rum5t = measur+4 ,:at "n may ,i give to an in/rum5t = measur+ heat8 ,y may call x a heat-met]4 ,tell ! pupils t1 9 sci5ce1 _m ,greek words are us$1 & t y w put a ,greek ^w 9 place ( ! ,engli% ^w heat1 namely !rmos1 z 9 !rmos bottle4 ,:at w ! "n become8 ,!rmosmet]1 or !rmomet]4 #c4 ,practice 9 us+ !rmomet]s3 ,! unit ( measurem5t 7degree7 %\ld be giv51 & ! scale taught f ! black-bo>d4 ,!rmomet]s may !n be giv5 to ! class to exam9e & use4 ,saucepans hav+ :ite inn] surfaces are be/ to use = ! exp]im5ts1 z *anges made by ! heat are m pla9ly se54 ,obs]vations ( wat] "u heat3 7#a7 ,at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ajj degrees1 v small bubbles =m at ! bottom & sides ( ! di% & rise sl[ly to ! surface ( ! wat]4 ,^! bubbles are a film ( wat] conta9+ ! air t 0 9 solution1 :i*1 :5 exp&$1 rises to ! top ( ! wat]4 7#b7 ,at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ahj degrees1 a few l>g] bubbles =m at ! bottom ( ! di% & rise sl[ly to ! surface ( ! wat]1 mak+ a slight movem5t 9 x4 ,9 ^! bubbles air is replac$ by /eam :i* is =m$ f ! wat] by ! heat4 7#c7 ,at a temp]ature ( #bab degrees1 a great numb] ( l>ge bubbles =m & rise quickly to ! surface1 mak+ mu* movem5t 9 ! wat]4 ,! wat] is !n said to boil4 7#d7 ,! wat] w take no high] temp]ature ?an #bab degrees4 7#e7 ,aft] wat] once boils1 x requires little heat to keep x at ?is po9t1 !re=e ! heat may be r$uc$4 7#f7 ,an increase ( heat increases ! numb]1 size1 & rate ( ! bubbles & ! volume ( /eam1 b makes ! liquid no hott]4 ,application ( ^! obs]vations3 7#a7 ,if food be cook$ 9 a liquid at its greate/ heat1 :]e _m bubbles are mak+ mu* movem5t 9 x1 ! process is call$ boil+4 7#b7 ,if cook$ 9 a liquid heat$ to #ahj-bjj1 :]e !re is sc>cely any movem5t 9 ! liquid1 ! process is call$ simm]+4 7#c7 ,if cook$ 9 ! /eam ris+ f a boil+ liquid1 ! process is call$ /eam+4 7#d7 ,if boil+ liquid be p\r$ ov] food & no fur!r heat appli$1 ! process is call$ /eep+4 ,,lessons ,,ii1 ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,,etc4 ,practice %\ld !n be giv5 9 ea* ( ! moi/ heat me?ods ( cook+4 ,! common foods1 su* z vegetables1 fruit1 eggs1 & milk %\ld be us$ = ?is purpose4 ,aft] ! class has c>ri$ out a me?od = ! fir/ "t1 !y %\ld be l$ to consid] ! ord] ( "w requir$ = x4 ,! necess>y /eps %\ld be arrang$ to =m a set ( rules = ref]5ce4 ,! effects ( ! me?od 9 ea* case %\ld also be not$4 ,:5 ! moi/ heat me?ods are well kn[n1 ! dry heat me?ods %\ld be taught & practis$4 ,! outl9es on pages #gc-ha w sugge/ ! developm5t "u ea* me?od4 ,,plan ,,( ,,lesson ,,on ,,boil+ ,,c>rots ,,aim ,to apply ! pr9ciples ( boil+1 z taught 9 a previ\s lesson1 to ! cook+ ( food4 ,,"t ,,limit ,"o & "o-half h\rs to be us$ approximately z foll[s3 tw5ty-five m9utes = prep>ation = practical "w & ! fir/ "p ( ! practical "w1 tw5ty-five m9utes = ! developm5t ( ideas ( boil+ z a me?od ( cook+1 fifte5 m9utes = ! s]v+ ( food1 tw5ty-five m9utes = h\sekeep+4 ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,practical ,,"w #a4 ,review4--,"q ! pupils z foll[s3 ,:at k9d ( heat is us$ 9 cook+ food by boil+8 ,at :at temp]ature is ! food cook$ by ?is me?od8 ,"n ! k9ds ( boil+4 ,h[ mu* hott] is rapid boil+8 ,h[ is wat] made to boil rapidly8 ,:5 is rapid boil+ useful8 #b4 ,discussion ( recipe4--,h ! recipe writt5 on ! black-bo>d & read by "o ( ! pupils1 :ile ! o!rs foll[ ! read+ c>efully4 7#a7 ,h ! class decide3 7a7 ,:5 ! fires %\ld be light$ 7b7 ,! di%es requir$ = ! "w 7c7 ,! k9d ( boil+ to use4 7#b7 ,demon/rate ! scrubb+1 scrap+1 & dic+ ( a c>rot1 also ! dra9+ ( a food cook$ 9 liquid4 7#c7 ,/ate ! quantity ( +r$i5ts ea* w use4 7#d7 ,caution ! pupils z to accuracy1 neatness1 & quietness :ile work+4 ,,practical ,,"w ,h ea* pupil prep>e ! food accord+ to ! recipe & put x on to cook )9 a c]ta9 "t4 ,:ile ! class works1 c>efully obs]ve ea* pupil & give individual help to ^? :o require x4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,! ,,ideas ,,( ,,boil+ ,,z ,a ,,me?od ,,( ,,cook+ ,?is w be done :ile ! c>rots are cook+4 ,! ideas br\ght out f review & ! class "w1 by que/ion+1 w be ^? :i* are giv5 on boil+ "u ! me?ods ( cook+4 #a4 ,def9ition ( boil+ #b4 ,k9ds ( boil+ #c4 ,uses ( rapid boil+ #d4 ,rules = boil+ #e4 ,effects ( boil+4 ,z ^! ideas are obta9$ f ! class1 !y %\ld be writt5 by ! tea*] on ! black-bo>d & by ! pupils 9 _! note-books4 ,,s]v+ ,! pupils w dra91 season1 & s]ve ! food4 ,ea* girl w set "o place on ! wood5 "p ( ! table & s]ve h]self4 ,:ile ! food is be+ eat51 ! table mann]s ( ea* girl %\ld be obs]v$1 &1 if necess>y1 correct$ 9 a tactful mann]4 ,,h\sekeep+ ,! "w ( putt+ ! kit*5 9 ord] may be done 9 gr\ps ( twos or f\rs4 ,,recipe3 ,,boil$ ,,c>rots ,c>rots ,boil+ wat] ,salt & pepp] ,butt]4 #a4 ,scrub1 scrape1 & r9se ! c>rots4 #b4 ,cut !m into pieces by dic+ !m4 #c4 ,put ! pieces 9 a saucepan1 set ov] ! fire1 & p\r 9 boil+ wat] until ! food is cov]$4 #d4 ,cook ! c>rots until ! pieces are s(t at ! c5tre :5 pi]c$ ) a =k4 #e4 ,dra9 (f ! liquid1 !n season ! food ) salt1 pepp]1 & butt]4 #f4 ,s]ve 9 a hot vegetable di%4 ,,plan ,,( ,,lesson ,,on ,,simm]+3 ,,apples ,,introduction #a4 ,review3 7#a7 ,appe>ance & temp]ature ( a boil+ liquid4 7#b7 ,appe>ance & temp]ature ( a simm]+ liquid4 #b4 ,/ate ! difficulty ( keep+ a liquid at simm]+ temp]ature2 %[ ! d\ble boil] & expla9 its use = ?is purpose4 #c4 ,comp>e boil+ & simm]+ z to l5g? ( "t requir$ & difficulty4 #d4 ,tell ! pupils !y are go+ to /udy simm]+ by mak+ ,coddl$ ,apples4 ,,discussion ,,( ,,recipe #a4 ,read recipe4 #b4 ,"q reg>d+3 7#a7 ,k9d ( heat us$ 7#b7 ,:e!r to prep>e apples or syrup fir/1 & :y 7#c7 ,managem5t 9 measur+ s z to use only "o cup 7#d7 ,:y "o quantity ( syrup is suffici5t = s _m apples4 #c4 ,decide on ! di%es requir$ = ! "w4 ,,practical ,,"w ,assign "w 9 gr\ps ( twos--numb]s "o & ?ree prep>e syrup2 numb]s two & f\r prep>e apples2 all att5d to ! cook+4 ,,developm5t ,,( ,,ideas ,,( ,,simm]+ 7,to be dealt ) :ile food is cook+7 #a4 ,def9ition4--,obta9 ?is by comp>+ simm]+ ) boil+4 #b4 ,effects3 7#a7 ,comp>e a raw & simm]$ apple to get ! idea ( s(t & t5d]4 7#b7 ,tell ! pupils simm]+ temp]ature w n h>d5 & t\gh5 meat & eggs z mu* z boil+ does4 7#c7 ,ly+ long] 9 ! liquid to cook dissolves out m ( ! food sub/ance4 7#d7 ,less wat] go+ (f z vap\r does n c>ry away z mu* flav\r4 7#e7 ,less motion 9 ! liquid does n break up ! food4 ,,s]v+ ,:5 ! apples are t5d]1 let ea* girl s]ve h]self ) :at %e has cook$4 ,:ile ! fruit is be+ eat51 direct att5tion to ! flav\r ( apple 9 ! syrup4 ,,h\sekeep+ ,assign ! "w :i* is necess>y to put ! kit*5 9 ord]1 & all[ ! pupils to c>ry x out 9 gr\ps ( twos or f\rs4 ,,recipe 7,,individual73 ,,coddl$ ,,apples #a apple #a_/d c4 sug> #a_/b c4 wat]4 #a4 ,put ! sug> & wat] 9 ! inside "p ( a d\ble boil]1 set ov] ! fire1 & boil g5tly = ab\t five m9utes4 #b4 ,wa% & p>e ! apple1 cut x into halves1 & remove ! core4 #c4 ,put ! prep>$ fruit into ! syrup1 cov] ! di% closely1 & set 9 ! "u "p ( ! d\ble boil]4 #d4 ,simm] ! pieces ( apple until t5d]1 turn+ !m occasionally4 #e4 ,lift ! fruit c>efully into a s]v+ di%1 !n p\r ! syrup ov] x4 #f4 ,s]ve hot or cold4 ,,note4--,"o cup ( sug> w make suffici5t syrup = six or sev5 apples4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cook+3 ,,details ,,boil+ #a4 ,def9ition3 ,boil+ is a me?od ( cook+ 9 :i* ! heat rea*es ! food ?r\gh a boil+ liquid4 #b4 ,k9ds ( boil+3 7#a7 ,g5tle boil+--temp]ature ( #bab degrees4 7#b7 ,rapid boil+--temp]ature ( #bab degrees4 #c4 ,uses ( rapid boil+3 7#a7 ,to make mu* /eam 7#b7 ,to break up food 7#c7 ,to keep small p>ticles ( food 9 motion4 #d4 ,rules = boil+3 7#a7 ,put ! food 9 a cook+ di%1 set ov] ! heat1 & p\r 9 ! boil+ liquid to cov] ! food well4 7#b7 ,regulate ! heat to ! k9d ( boil+ requir$4 7#c7 ,keep ! food boil+ dur+ ! entire cook+4 7#d7 ,cont9ue ! cook+ until ! food is t5d] at ! c5tre :5 x is te/$1 or = ! "t requir$ by ! recipe4 7#e7 ,:5 ! food is cook$1 lift x f ! liquid or dra9 ! liquid f ! food4 #e4 ,effects ( boil+3 7#a7 ,x makes "s food s(t & t5d]--fruit1 vegetables4 7#b7 ,x makes "s food h>d & t\gh--eggs1 etc4 7#c7 ,x breaks up food4 7#d7 ,x dissolves out "s ( ! food sub/ance4 7#e7 ,x causes "s loss ( flav\r 79 ! /eam74 7#f7 ,x kills g]ms4 ,,simm]+ #a4 ,def9ition3 ,simm]+ is a me?od ( cook+ 9 a liquid at a temp]ature ( ab\t #ahj degrees4 #b4 ,rules = simm]+3 7#a7 ,use a d\ble boil] to keep ! temp]ature correct4 7#b7 ,put ! food 9 liquid 9 ! top di%1 & proce$ z 9 boil+4 #c4 ,effects ( simm]+3 7#a7 ,x makes "s foods s(t & t5d]--fruit & vegetables4 7#b7 ,x does n make ! prote9 ( animal food 7milk1 eggs1 & meat7 h>d z boil+ does4 7#c7 ,x dissolves out a good deal ( ! food sub/ance into ! cook+ liquid4 7#d7 ,x causes v little loss ( flav\r4 7#e7 ,x does n break up ! food4 ,,/eam+ #a4 ,def9ition3 ,/eam+ is a me?od ( cook+ 9 ! /eam f boil+ liquid4 #b4 ,rules = /eam+3 7#a7 ,h ! wat] boil+ rapidly 9 ! "u "p ( ! /eam]4 7#b7 ,put ! food 9 ! upp] "p1 cov] closely1 & place ov] ! l[] "p4 7#c7 ,keep ! wat] boil+ rapidly dur+ ! entire cook+4 7#d7 ,if extra wat] be ne$$1 only boil+ wat] %\ld be add$1 z quickly & z g5tly z possible4 7#e7 ,cont9ue ! cook+ accord+ to ! "t requir$ by ! recipe1 or te/ z 9 boil+1 if ! food p]mits4 #c4 ,effects ( /eam+3 7#a7 ,x makes vegetable food t5d]4 7#b7 ,x makes ! prote9 ( animal food h>d] ?an simm]+1 b n s h>d z boil+ does4 7#c7 ,x does n break up ! food4 7#d7 ,x does n dissolve out ! food sub/ance4 7#e7 ,x causes little loss ( flav\r if closely cov]$4 ,,/eep+ #a4 ,def9ition3 ,/eep+ is a me?od ( cook+1 by p\r+ boil+ wat] ov] food1 & lett+ x /& 9 a mod]ately w>m place4 #b4 ,rules = /eep+3 7#a7 ,heat ! /eep+ di%4 7#b7 ,use wat] fre%ly boil$4 7#c7 ,put ! food 9 ! hot di%1 p\r wat] ov]1 cov] closely1 & set 9 a w>m place4 7#d7 ,let ! food rema9 9 ! liquid until y h extract$ :at is desir$4 7#e7 ,/ra9 (f ! liquid & use z requir$4 #c4 ,effects ( /eep+3 7#a7 ,to heat & s(t5 ! food4 7#b7 ,to extract ! flav\r &1 sometimes1 ! sub/ance ( ! food4 ,,toa/+ #a4 ,def9ition3 ,toa/+ is a me?od ( cook+ 9 :i* ! heat rea*es ! food directly f ! fire4 ,x is us$ ma9ly = bread4 #b4 ,rules = toa/+3 7#a7 ,h a cle>1 hot fire4 7#b7 ,cut bread 9 slices f "o ?ird to "o half an in* ?ick4 7#c7 ,hold ! food at "s di/ance f ! fire1 9 a g5tle heat at fir/1 to dry & heat ! surfaces4 ,?is dry+ may be done 9 ! ov54 7#d7 ,!n hold ! dri$1 hot surfaces 9 a /rong heat1 to br[n & crisp !m4 7#e7 ,s]ve s t ! surfaces w n become /eam$ f ! moi/ure /ill conta9$ 9 ! slices4 ,put ! toa/ 9 a toa/-rack or /ack x on a hot plate4 ,butt]$ toa/ may be pil$4 #c4 ,effects ( toa/+3 7#a7 ,to heat & dry ! surface ( ! food4 7#b7 ,to br[n & crisp ! surface4 7#c7 ,to *ange ! flav\r4 7#d7 ,to *ange ! />* ( ! surface into a br[n sub/ance1 :i* is a =m ( sug>1 & m dige/ible ?an />*4 ,,broil+ #a4 ,def9ition3 ,broil+ is a me?od ( cook+ 9 :i* ! heat rea*es ! food directly4 ,x is us$ ma9ly = meat & fi% 9 slices or ?9 portions4 #b4 ,rules = broil+3 7#a7 ,h a cle>1 hot fire4 7#b7 ,grease ! broil] & trim ! food4 7#c7 ,lay ! food 9 ! broil] compactly4 7#d7 ,hold ! broil] 9 a v /rong heat to seal ! tubes ( ! food :i* hold ! juices1 & turn frequ5tly4 7#e7 ,:5 ! surface is se>$1 hold 9 a g5tl] heat to cook ! food to ! c5tre1 & turn occasionally :ile do+ ?is4 7#f7 ,"t ! cook+ to ! ?ickness ( ! food--"o in* ( ?ickness cooks r>e 9 eight m9utes4 7#g7 ,s]ve at once on a hot di%1 & spread ) butt]1 salt1 & pepp]4 #c4 ,effects ( broil+3 7#a7 ,to se> ! surface4 7#b7 ,to cook to ! c5tre :ile br[n+ ! surface4 7#c7 ,to *ange ! flav\r & develop a v delici\s "o 9 ! br[n$ surface4 7#d7 ,to make ! br[n$ surface h>d to dige/4 ,,pan-,,broil+ #a4 ,def9ition3 ,pan-broil+ is an imitation ( broil+ & is a me?od ( cook+ on a hiss+-hot1 metal surface4 #b4 ,rules = pan-broil+3 7#a7 ,h a hot fire4 7#b7 ,heat ! pan or metal surface until x hisses :5 t\*$ ) wat]4 7#c7 ,lay ! food 9 compactly1 & turn con/antly until ! entire surface is se>$4 7#d7 ,place ! pan 9 a g5tle heat & cook ! food to ! c5tre1 turn+ occasionally4 7#e7 ,"t ! cook+ to ! ?ickness ( ! food--"o in* cooks r>e 9 t5 m9utes4 7#f7 ,s]ve at once1 z 9 broil+4 #c4 ,effects ( pan-broil+3 ,! same z 9 broil+4 ,,saut,,+ #a4 ,def9ition3 ,saut+ is a me?od ( cook+ 9 :i* ! heat rea*es ! food ?r\gh a smok+-hot1 greas$ surface4 #b4 ,rules = saut+3 7#a7 ,heat ! pan en\gh to melt ! fat4 7#b7 ,put 9 j en\gh fat to keep ! food f /ick+1 & let x run ov] ! surface ( ! pan1 & get smok+ hot4 7#c7 ,put 9 ! food & let x br[n on "o side1 !n turn x & br[n ! o!r side4 7#d7 ,s]ve on a hot di%4 #c4 ,effects ( saut+3 7#a7 ,to se> ! surface ( ! food4 7#b7 ,to br[n ! surface & develop a delici\s flav\r1 :ile cook+ to ! c5tre4 7#c7 ,to make ! surface slightly fat-soak$ ) fat :i* has be5 v highly heat$4 7#d7 ,to make ! surface indige/ible4 ,,bak+ #a4 ,def9ition3 ,bak+ is a me?od ( cook+ 9 :i* ! heat is br\ght to ! food ?r\gh ! conf9$ heat ( an ov54 #b4 ,k9ds ( ov5s3 7#a7 ,sl[4 7#b7 ,mod]ate--:ite pap] br[ns 9 t5 m9utes4 7#c7 ,hot--:ite pap] br[ns 9 five m9utes4 7#d7 ,v hot--:ite pap] br[ns 9 "o m9ute4 #c4 ,rules = bak+3 7#a7 ,heat ! ov5 accord+ to ! recipe4 7#b7 ,put ! food 9 ! ov51 usually on ! l[] %elf1 to get an "u heat fir/1 !n t[>d ! la/ ( ! cook+1 set x on ! top %elf to br[n4 7#c7 ,wat* c>efully dur+ ! bak+1 b 9 op5+ ! ov5 door1 be g5tle & quick4 7#d7 ,if ! ov5 gets too hot1 set a pan ( cold wat] 9 x1 or leave ! door slightly op54 ,if br[n+ too quickly1 cov] ! surface ) br[n pap]4 7#e7 ,cook ! food accord+ to ! "t requir$ by ! recipe1 or until x is done1 z %[n by "s te/4 ,,fry+ #a4 ,def9ition3 ,fry+ is a me?od ( cook+ 9 :i* ! heat is br\ght to ! food by imm]s+ x 9 smok+-hot fat4 #b4 ,temp]ature = fry+3 7#a7 ,= cook$ foods :i* h only to br[n & w>m ?r\gh--ab\t #djj degrees4 7#b7 ,= raw foods :i* h to cook--ab\t #cej degrees4 #c4 ,rules = fry+3 7#a7 ,use a deep iron1 /eel1 or granite kettle1 :i* w hold ! heat4 7#b7 ,put 9 suffici5t fat to cov] ! food well1 b nev] fill ! kettle m ?an two-?irds full4 7#c7 ,heat ! fat to ! desir$ temp]ature4 7#d7 ,h ! food z dry z possible & n v cold4 7#e7 ,:5 ! fat beg9s to give (f a small quantity ( :ite vap\r1 te/ x = ! requir$ heat1 z foll[s3 7a7 ,= raw food1 put 9 a small squ>e ( bread1 & all[ x sixty seconds to br[n4 7b7 ,= cook$ food1 all[ a squ>e ( bread =ty seconds to br[n4 7#f7 ,put ! food c>efully into ! hot fat1 & only an am\nt :i* w n cool x too mu*4 7#g7 ,:5 ! food is nicely br[n$1 lift x f ! fat ) an op5 spoon or lift] & dra9 ov] ! pot until x /ops dripp+4 7#h7 ,lay ! food on crumpl$ br[n pap] or blott+ pap]1 to absorb any fat /ill cl++ to ! surface4 7#i7 ,/ra9 ! fat ?r\gh *eeseclo? & set x away to cool4 #d4 ,effects ( fry+3 7#a7 ,to se> ! surface & prev5t x f absorb+ fat4 7#b7 ,to cook or heat ! food to ! c5tre4 7#c7 ,to br[n ! surface ( ! food & make x crisp4 7#d7 ,to develop a delici\s flav\r 9 ! br[n$ surface4 7#e7 ,to make ! br[n$ surface indige/ible1 because x has absorb$ highly-heat$ fat4 ,,note4--,z fry+ requires ! fat us$ to be at a v high temp]ature1 x is dang]\s to let "y *ildr5 take ! responsibility 9 ?is me?od ( cook+4 ,= ?is reason1 x may be wise to def] lessons on fry+ until ! ,f\r? ,=m1 or ev5 lat]4 ,= practice 9 ! me?ods ( cook+1 ! foll[+ is sugge/ive3 ,boil+4--,cook+ ( any vegetable or fruit 9 season or rice1 mac>oni1 eggs1 c(fee ,simm]+4--,dri$ fruit1 su* z prunes1 pea*es1 apricots1 apples2 /rong-smell+ vegetables1 su* z cabbage1 onions2 porridge2 /ew ,/eam+4--,potatoes1 caulifl[]1 apples1 pea*es1 cup-pudd+s1 dumpl+s1 fi% ,/eep+4--,tea1 c(fee1 lemon r9d = sauce ,toa/+4--,bread1 rolls ,broil+4--,/eak1 fi% ,pan-broil+4--,/eak ,saut+4--,slic$ potatoes1 potato cakes1 ha% cakes1 griddle-cakes 7tea*] prep>es ! batt]7 ,bak+4--,apples1 bananas1 potatoes1 scallop$ potatoes1 scallop$ tomatoes1 *eese crack]s1 drop biscuits1 beef-loaf ,fry+4--,potatoes1 cod-fi% balls1 d\ghnuts 7tea*] prep>es ! d\gh74 ,! lessons :i* give practice 9 ! me?ods ( cook+ w also af=d excell5t drills 9 measur+1 manipulation1 & clean+4 ,?r\gh\t all ^!1 ! weak po9ts ( individual memb]s ( ! class %\ld receive c>eful att5tion4 ,9 ! case ( typical defects1 mu* "t may be sav$ by call+ ! att5tion ( ! class to ^!1 in/ead ( correct+ !m individually4 ,aft] ! pupils h consid]$ & practis$ ! me?ods ( cook+1 !y %\ld be able to prep>e any simple di% ( "o ma9 +r$i5t1 = :i* recipes %\ld be giv54 ,if ^! _c be us$ at s*ool1 !y may be ( s]vice 9 ! homes ( ! pupils4 ,economy %\ld be emphasiz$ by sugge/+ simple ways ( us+ left-ov]s1 & def9ite recipes %\ld be writt5 = ^!4 ,fancy cook+ %\ld be disc\rag$4 ,! tea*] %\ld aim to %[ h[ ! necess>y common foods may be prep>$ 9 a nutriti\s & attractive mann]4 ,9 ?is fir/ ye> ( practical "w1 ! ma9 po9t is ! =mation ( correct habits ( "w4 ,cleanl9ess1 neatness1 & accuracy %\ld be insi/$ on 9 e lesson1 & deftness %\ld be enc\rag$4 ,,sugge/ions ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,left-,,ov]s ,,bread #a4 ,toa/ = g>ni%+ /ews & ha% #b4 ,cr\tons = s\p #c4 ,bread crumbs to use = croquettes & scallop$ di%es1 or = /uff+ meat & fi% #d4 ,pudd+ 7*ocolate bread pudd+1 cab9et pudd+1 pla9 bread pudd+1 br[n betty7 #e4 ,pancakes4 ,,cake #a4 ,pudd+ 7/eam$ until j re-heat$ & s]v$ ) a sauce7 #b4 ,pudd+ 7bak$ 9 a cu/>d mixture7 #c4 ,trifle4 ,,meat #a4 ,meat pie or potato & meat pie #b4 ,meat loaf #c4 ,/ew ) dumpl+s #d4 ,ha% #e4 ,scallop$ meat #f4 ,croquettes #g4 ,meat m\ld$ 9 gelat9e #h4 ,salad 7light meats only7 #i4 ,s&wi*es4 ,,fi% #a4 ,scallop$ fi% #b4 ,salad4 ,,eggs #a4 ,/uff$ eggs #b4 ,h>d-boil$ = salad #c4 ,g>ni% = salad #d4 ,s&wi*es4 ,,*eese #a4 ,*eese crack]s #b4 ,*eese /raws #c4 ,*eese cream toa/ #d4 ,*eese omelet #e4 ,*eese salad #f4 ,wel% r>ebit #g4 ,mac>oni & *eese #h4 ,s&wi*es4 ,,vegetables #a4 ,scallop$ vegetable #b4 ,cream ( vegetable s\p 7wat] 9 :i* vegetable is cook$ %\ld be kept = ?is7 #c4 ,sautd vegetables #d4 ,salad4 ,,cann$ ,,fruit #a4 ,cup pudd+ or roly poly #b4 ,/eam$ or bak$ batt] pudd+ #c4 ,pudd+ sauce 7/ra9 juice & ?ick57 #d4 ,trifle #e4 ,fruit salad #f4 ,gelat9e m\ld4 ,,bev]ages ,aft] ! moi/ heat me?ods ( cook+ are le>n$1 a special lesson on bev]ages may be tak51 if ! tea*] ?9ks x desirable4 ,if ! subject be n tak5 z a :ole1 ea* bev]age may be taught incid5tally1 :5 a recipe requir+ little "t is useful4 ,! foll[+ w sugge/ an outl9e ( facts = a =mal lesson3 ,,mean+ ,,( ,,bev]ages ,a bev]age is a liquid suitable = dr9k+4 ,wat] is ! natural bev]age2 o!r bev]ages are wat] ) +r$i5ts add$ to supply food1 flav\r1 /imulant1 or col\r4 ,s9ce wat] is ta/eless 9 itself & also an excell5t solv5t1 x is especially useful 9 mak+ bev]ages4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,bev]ages #a4 ,refre%+4--,pure cold wat]1 all cold fruit dr9ks #b4 ,/imulat+4--,all hot dr9ks1 tea1 c(fee1 beef-tea1 alcoholic dr9ks #c4 ,nutriti\s4--,milk1 cocoa1 *ocolate1 oatmeal & b>ley wat]1 tea & c(fee ) sug> & cream4 ,,note4--,z tea1 c(fee1 & cocoa are ord9>y h\sehold bev]ages1 !y %\ld be specially /udi$4 ,_! s\rces & manufacture w h be5 le>n$ 9 ,=m ,,iii ,junior1 b _! use z bev]ages may n[ be discuss$ & practis$4 ,x is desirable t ! pupils be l$ to reason out correct me?ods ( cook+ ea*4 ,,tea #a4 ,description4--,! leaves conta91 beside a /imulant & flav\r1 an undesirable sub/ance kn[n z tann91 :i* is injuri\s to ! delicate l9+ ( ! /oma*4 ,if ! tea be prop]ly made1 ! tann9 is n extract$4 #b4 ,me?od ( cook+4--,/eep ! tea f ?ree to five m9utes1 !n sep>ate ! leaves f ! liquid 7sugge/ ways ( do+ ?is74 ,boil+ is n a correct me?od to use = mak+ tea1 z x extracts ! tann9 & causes loss ( flav\r 9 ! /eam4 ,,note4--,because ( ! /imulant1 "y p %\ld n dr9k tea or c(fee4 ,,c(fee #a4 ,description4--,! beans1 or se$s1 ( c(fee also conta9 tann9 z well z a /imulant & flav\r4 ,?is bev]age is m exp5sive ?an tea1 s9ce a mu* l>g] am\nt mu/ be us$ = "o cup ( liquid4 ,aft] ! beans are brok5 by gr9d+1 ! air causes ! flav\r to det]iorate1 s t ! h\sekeep] %\ld gr9d ! beans z requir$1 or buy 9 small quantities & keep 9 tightly cov]$ cans4 #b4 ,me?od ( cook+4--,c(fee may be cook$ 9 diff]5t ways1 accord+ to ! size ( ! pieces into :i* ! roa/$ beans are brok54 ,^! pieces are mu* h>d] ?an ! leaves ( tea1 h5ce c(fee may be giv5 a high] temp]ature & a long] "t 9 cook+ ?an tea4 ,small pieces ( beans are apt to float 9 ! liquid1 mak+ x cl\dy2 ?is may be ov]come by ! use ( egg-:ite or by c>eful h&l+4 ,co>sely gr\nd c(fee mu/ be boil$ g5tly4 ,f9ely gr\nd c(fee may be boil$ g5tly or /eep$4 ,v f9ely gr\nd1 or p[d]$ c(fee %\ld be /eep$ or filt]$ ) boil+ wat]4 ,,cocoa #a4 ,description4--,?is conta9s a /imulant1 b diff]s f tea & c(fee 9 be+ nutriti\s4 ,x makes a desirable dr9k = *ildr54 #b4 ,me?od ( cook+4--,cocoa conta9s />* & %\ld be simm]$ or g5tly boil$4 ,,*ocolate ,?is sub/ance is ! same z cocoa1 except t x conta9s a mu* l>g] am\nt ( fat4 ,,table ,,sett+ ,! s]v+ ( food is incid5tally a necess>y "p ( ne>ly e lesson 9 cook]y1 z ! pupils usually eat :at !y prep>e4 ,9 regul> class "w ! b>e "w table is us$1 & ea* pupil prep>es a place = h]self only4 ,! di%es soil$ dur+ ! lesson %\ld be plac$ on ! section cov]$ ) metal or glass at ! back ( ! table1 & ! front1 or wood5 "p1 cle>$ to be us$ z a d9+ table4 ,! tea*] %\ld insi/ on ?is "p be+ clean & neatly arrang$4 ,! few di%es us$ %\ld be ! mo/ suitable select$ f ! individual equipm5ts1 & !y %\ld be z c>efully plac$ z = a meal4 ,f ! v fir/1 ! pupils %\ld be tra9$ to habits ( neatness 9 sett+ ! table1 & 9 s]v+ ! food2 &1 :at is mo/ important1 !y %\ld be tra9$ to eat 9 a ref9$ mann]4 ,lack ( "t is sometimes giv5 z an excuse = neglect+ ?is tra9+ 9 ! usual cook]y lessons2 b if ! tea*] insi/s ^u neatness 9 "w & good table mann]s1 ! pupils w soon le>n to comply )\t loss ( "t4 ,lay+ a table may be =mally taught at any /age ( ! "w ( ,=m ,,iii1 b x is mo/ suitable aft] ! class is capable ( prep>+ ! food = a simple home meal4 ,! topics ( ! lesson may be pres5t$ z foll[s3 ,,prep>ation #a4 ,see t ! d9+-room is well air$ & 9 ord]4 #b4 ,see t ! l95 is clean & c>efully laund]$4 #c4 ,see t ! glass1 silv]1 & /eel are poli%$4 #d4 ,decide on ! numb] to be s]v$4 ,,arrangem5t #a4 ,place a sil5ce clo? ( felt1 wooll51 or ?ick cotton3 7#a7 ,to prev5t ! di%es f mak+ a noise 7#b7 ,to give ! table a bett] appe>ance 7#c7 ,to pres]ve ! table top4 #b4 ,lay ! clo?1 plac+ ! c5tre ( ! clo? 9 ! c5tre ( ! table & spread+ x smoo?ly1 hav+ its folds p>allel ) ! edges ( ! table4 #c4 ,arrange a c5tre-piece1 us+ a vase or basket ( fl[]s1 a small plant or a di% ( fruit4 #d4 ,put a plate at ea* p]son's place & lay ! cutl]y & silv] beside x ab\t "o in* f ! edge ( ! table1 9 ! ord] ( use1 ^? us$ fir/ on ! outside1 or f>!/ f ! plate4 ,at d9n] ^! plates are usually plac$ be=e ! "o :o s]ves4 7#a7 ,place ! knives at ! "r side1 ) ! %>p edges t[>d ! plate4 7#b7 ,place ! =ks at ! left side1 ) ! t9es up4 7#c7 ,place ! s\p spoons at ! "r ( ! knife1 b[l up4 7#d7 ,place ! dess]t spoons 9 front ( ! plates1 ! h&le to ! "r1 ! b[l up4 7#e7 ,place ! dess]t =ks ) ! o!r =ks1 or 9 front ( ! plates ) ! dess]t spoons4 #e4 ,place ! wat] glasses at ! end ( ! knife blades1 top up4 #f4 ,place ! bread & butt] plates at ! left ( ! =ks4 7,^! are n necess>y at d9n]47 #g4 ,place ! napk9s at ! left1 neatly fold$2 disc\rage fancy fold+4 ,illu/ration3 ,table laid = a home d9n] #h4 ,place ! salt & pepp] s t !y are conv5i5t to e "o4 #i4 ,place ! di%es t are to be s]v$ at table directly 9 front ( ! "o :o is to s]ve !m4 #aj4 ,place ! c>v+ set 9 front ( ! ho/1 & ! tablespoons z on page #hi1 or :]e food is to be s]v$4 #aa4 ,place a *air = ea* p]son4 ,illu/ration3 ,individual section ( table laid = d9n] ,,table ,,mann]s ,9 ,=m ,,iii1 ! *ildr5 are too "y to s]ve at table1 s ! lesson on ,prep>+ & ,s]v+ ,meals1 page #acf1 has be5 res]v$ = ! "w ( ,=m ,,iv1 ,junior ,grade4 ,! class %\ld1 h[ev]1 be c>efully tra9$ 9 table mann]s f ! fir/4 ,9 _! usual class "w ?is w be incid5tally taught4 ,a regul> lesson %\ld include ! foll[+3 ,,rules ,,= ,,correct ,,table ,,mann]s ,^! are bas$ ^u ! accept$ cu/oms ( well-br$ p1 & h 9 view ! conv5i5ce & com=t ( all :o are at ! table4 ,!y may be /at$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,/& beh9d ! seat assign$ y4 #b4 ,wait until ! ho/ess is seat$1 be=e tak+ a seat4 #c4 ,sit naturally erect1 )\t any support f ! elb[s1 plac+ ! feet on ! floor4 #d4 ,d n beg9 to eat until o!rs are s]v$4 #e4 ,eat & dr9k quietly1 tak+ small m\?fuls2 keep ! m\? clos$ :ile eat+4 #f4 ,d n dr9k ) food 9 ! m\?4 #g4 ,d n talk ) food 9 ! m\?4 #h4 ,use a =k pref]ably1 :5ev] x w s]ve ! purpose2 & nev] put a knife into ! m\?4 #i4 ,take s\p f ! side ( ! spoon4 #aj4 ,wipe ! m\? be=e dr9k+ f a glass4 #aa4 ,be att5tive to ! ne$s ( o!rs4 #ab4 ,if x be necess>y to leave ! table1 ask ! ho/ess to excuse y4 #ac4 ,if a gue/ = "o meal only1 leave ! napk9 unfold$ beside ! plate4 #ad4 ,nev] use a too?pick at ! table1 or 9 any company4 #ae4 ,wait = ! ho/ess to rise1 !n /&1 & replace ! *air 9 position4 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,junior ,,grade ,,! ,,kit*5 ,at ! beg9n+ ( ! ye>'s "w 9 ,=m ,,iv1 sev]al lessons %\ld be sp5t 9 review+ ! me?ods ( cook+ & clean+ taught 9 ! previ\s ye>4 ,?is may be done by review+ =m] recipes & by us+ new ones :i* require a k ( ^! me?ods4 ,z ! pupils "w1 !y %\ld be closely obs]v$1 &1 )\t ! tea*] giv+ undue assi/ance1 _! weak po9ts %\ld be c>efully /r5g!n$4 ,! l5g? ( "t sp5t on ! review w v>y accord+ to ! ability ( ! class4 ,?is c be pla9ly judg$ by _! habits ( "w4 ,! new recipes giv5 !m %\ld be su* z !y are likely to use at home1 s z to enc\rage home practice4 ,^! recipes w also enl>ge _! collection 9 _! special recipe books4 ,"s ( ! foll[+ may be useful3 cream$ potatoes1 potato omelet1 /uff$ potatoes1 /uff$ onions1 corn oy/]s1 bak$ tomatoes1 spaghetti ) tomato sauce1 mac>oni & *eese1 scallop$ apples1 pla9 rice pudd+1 g+] pudd+1 sago pudd+1 tapioca cream4 ,,! ,,kit*5 ,,fire ,up to ?is "t ! pupils h be5 all[$ to manage _! individual table /oves or a gas range4 ,!y %\ld n[ be taught to und]/& & to use an ord9>y coal or wood range4 ,two lessons w be necess>y = ?is purpose4 ,aft] ea* lesson has be5 taught1 ! rema9d] ( ! p]iod %\ld be sp5t 9 "s k9d ( practical "w :i* c be accompli%$ 9 ! "t4 ,"s cook]y :i* requires only a few m9utes may be review$1 su* z tea1 cocoa1 c(fee1 toa/1 bacon1 apple sauce2 draw]s & cupbo>ds may be clean$2 silv] & /eel may be poli%$2 designs = wall-pap]1 di%es1 curta9s1 & dress mat]ials may be drawn2 h\sehold acc\nts may be comput$2 sew+ may be f9i%$4 ,,lesson ,i ,,requirem5ts ,,( ,a ,,kit*5 ,,fire ,9 introduc+ a lesson on ! kit*5 fire1 ask ! pupils to imag9e t !y h built a new h\se1 :i* ! workm5 h j vacat$4 ,be=e !y c move 9 x mu/ be clean$4 ,:at k9d ( wat] is be/ = clean+8 ,hot wat]4 ,:at is necess>y to provide hot wat]8 ,a fire4 ,f9d out f ! pupils & !n write on ! black-bo>d :at is necess>y = a fire4 ,:at is ! fir/ requisite8 ,some?+ to burn4 ,:at d we call su* a sub/ance8 ,fuel4 ,:]e %all we put ! fuel8 ,9 a /ove4 ,:y is a /ove necess>y8 ,to conf9e ! fire4 ,us+ a c&le z fuel & a lamp *imney z a /ove1 light ! c&le & place x 9 ! *imney4 ,x burns only a %ort "t & !n dies out4 ,:y8 ,because ! oxyg5 ( ! air 9 ! *imney is all exhau/$4 ,!n :at is ano!r requisite = a fire8 ,oxyg54 ,imag9e ! room to be a /ove & ! *airs1 books1 tables1 etc41 to be fuel4 ,! air 9 ! room also conta9s mu* oxyg51 s t 9 ?is room we h ?ree requisites = a fire4 ,x is v =tunate = u t some?+ else is ne$$4 ,we %all try to f9d out :at x is4 ,wat* :ile ,i hold ^! /rips ( pap] ov] ?is light$ gas /ove high en\gh to be out ( rea* ( ! flame4 ,:at happ5$ to !m8 ,!y bur/ into a flame4 ,:at did ! pap] t ,i held receive t x did n get :5 x 0 ly+ on ! table8 ,heat4 ,we %all try a mat* 9 ! same way1 also "s ?9 %av+s4 ,!y also burn :5 !y receive heat f ! fire4 ,!n :at is ano!r requisite = a fire8 ,heat4 ,"n all ( ! requisites = a kit*5 fire4 ,fuel1 /ove1 oxyg51 & heat4 ,,note4--,j "h x is a good ?+ to impress ! c>e t is necess>y 9 reg>d to gasol5e1 coal-oil1 b5z9e1 etc41 or any sub/ance t burns at a l[ temp]ature4 ,br+ out ! fact v cle>ly t x is ! heat t makes fuel burn1 t a flame is n necess>y4 ,,heat ,exp]im5ts to %[ on :at ! am\nt ( heat requir$ dep5ds3 #a4 ,heat toge!r two /rips ( pap] ( ! same size b ( diff]5t ?icknesses & obs]ve :i* burns fir/4 #b4 ,heat toge!r a /rip ( v ?9 pap] & a mat* :i* is mu* ?ick] ?an ! pap]1 & obs]ve :i* burns fir/4 #c4 ,rub a mat* vigor\sly on "s surface & obs]ve ! result4 ,conclusions4--#a4 ,! am\nt ( heat requir$ to make fuel burn dep5ds on3 7#a7 ,! ?ickness ( ! fuel4 7#b7 ,! sub/ance compos+ ! fuel4 #b4 ,"s sub/ances burn at a v l[ temp]ature4 ,,note4--,?is w expla9 ! ord] ( lay+ ! fuel = a fire & ! use ( a mat* 9 light+ x4 ,,oxyg5 ,exp]im5ts to %[ ! means ( obta9+ oxyg53 #a4 ,light a c&le1 set ! lamp *imney ov] x & obs]ve ! result4 #b4 ,raise ! *imney by support+ x on two small pieces ( wood4 ,note ! result4 #c4 ,cov] ! rais$ *imney ) a piece ( c>dbo>d4 ,note ! result4 ,illu/ration3 ,exp]im5ts to %[ ! necessity = oxyg5 ,conclusions4--#a4 ,a fre% supply ( oxyg5 is con/antly requir$4 #b4 ,two op5+s are requir$ to ensure a con/ant supply ( oxyg51 "o bel[ ! fuel & "o above x4 #c4 ,oxyg5 is obta9$ f ! surr\nd+ air4 #d4 ,! passage ( air ?r\gh ^! op5+s creates a draught4 ,x w be necess>y next to lead ! class to see t ! supply ( oxyg5 c be controll$3 #a4 ,by ! relation ( ! op5+s3 7#a7 ,op5+s directly opposite ea* o!r cause a rapid circulation ( air or a direct draught4 7#b7 ,indirect op5+s cause a sl[] circulation ( air or an indirect draught4 #b4 ,by a cross curr5t ( air :i* t5ds to *eck ! draught4 ,,fuels ,a discussion ( ! fuels may next be tak54 ,) pupils ( ,=m ,,iv x w n be wise to g into too _m details reg>d+ ^!4 ,besides ! classification ( ! commone/ ones1 !y may be comp>$ f ! /&po9ts ( co/1 & ( ! "t & lab\r requir$ 9 _! use4 ,classes ( ,fuels3 ,liquid--coal-oil1 gasol5e1 alcohol ,solid--coal 7coke71 wood 7*>coal7 ,gase\s--natural gas1 coal gas4 ,,note4--,electricity is a means ( produc+ heat1 b _c be call$ a fuel4 ,,! ,,kit*5 ,,/ove ,,lesson ,,ii ,9 develop+ ! con/ruction ( a practical coal or wood range1 x is a good idea to use ! black-bo>d & make a r\gh draw+ to illu/rate ! details1 z !y are giv5 by ! pupils4 ,^! details %\ld be evolv$ f ! k ga9$ 9 ! prec$+ lessons1 & ! draw+ %\ld n be an illu/ration ( any p>ticul> /ove4 ,aft] ! be/ practical /ove1 accord+ to ! pupils' ideas1 has be5 ?\ght out & repres5t$ on ! black-bo>d1 !y %\ld exam9e & criticise ! s*ool range & ! /oves at home4 ,!y are !n ready to be giv5 ! responsibility ( manag+ any ord9>y range4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! foll[+ are ! necess>y details to be consid]$ reg>d+ a kit*5 /ove3 ,mat]ial4--7#a7 ,iron1 7#b7 /eel ,%ape4--,rectangul>4 ,comp>tm5ts4--7#a7 ,fire-box1 7#b7 a%-box1 7#c7 ov51 7#d7 passage = hot air1 7#e7 o!r comp>tm5ts if desir$1 su* z wat] tank1 w>m+ closet1 etc4 ,damp]s4--7#a7 ,front damp]--bel[ ! fuel1 to control ! entrance ( oxyg5 to ! fuel4 7#b7 ,ov5 damp]--above ! fuel at ! entrance to ! pipe1 to control ! heat = ! ov51 & also to control ! draught4 7#c7 ,*eck damp]--at ! front ( ! /ove above ! fuel1 to admit a cross curr5t ( air to *eck ! draught4 ,managem5t ( ! /ove4--7#a7 ,light+ ! fire1 7#b7 heat+ ! ov51 7#c7 arrang+ = ov] night1 7#d7 clean+ & c>e4 ,,note4--,op5+s bel[ ! level ( ! fire increase ! draught1 & ^? above ! level *eck x4 ,illu/ration3 ,a kit*5 coal or wood range1 %[+1 7a7 ov5 damp] op5 ,illu/ration3 ,a kit*5 coal or wood range1 %[+1 7b7 ov5 damp] clos$ ,,! ,,fireless ,,cook] ,?r\gh\t ! tra9+ giv5 9 ,h\sehold ,managem5t1 ! tea*] %\ld emphasize ! value ( lab\r-sav+ devices & aids 9 ! home4 ,h[ to economize "t & en]gy %\ld be a prom95t feature ( e practical lesson4 ,if "t p]mit1 a lesson may be tak5 to consid] specially su* aids z are readily procurable1 toge!r ) _! av]age co/4 ,9 ?is lesson ! fireless cook] is consid]$4 ,illu/ration3 ,a fireless cook] ,! pr9ciples ( ! fireless cook] are bas$ on a k ( ! laws gov]n+ ! conduction & radiation ( heat4 ,= ?is reason1 an elem5t>y sci5ce lesson relat+ to ^! laws %\ld prec$e ?is lesson4 ,su* a sci5ce lesson is "p ( ! regul> grade "w ( ,=m ,,iv1 s if a speciali/ tea*es ! ,h\sehold ,managem5t ( t grade1 %e & ! regul> tea*] %\ld arrange to co-ord9ate _! lessons4 ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,! ,,fireless ,,cook] #a4 ,x furni%es no heat1 b cons]ves ! heat :i* is 9 ! food :5 x is put into ! cook]4 #b4 ,x cons]ves ! heat 9 ! food1 by surr\nd+ x ) sub/ances :i* are poor conductors ( heat4 #c4 ,extra heat may be giv5 ! food1 aft] x is put 9 ! cook]1 by plac+ heat$ /one plates above & bel[ ! di% t conta9s ! food4 ,! /one us$ = ?is purpose mu/ be a good absorb5t ( heat4 ,,reasons ,,= ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,! ,,fireless ,,cook] #a4 ,x saves fuel & is !re=e economical4 #b4 ,x saves "t1 because x requires no wat*+4 #c4 ,x cons]ves ! flav\r ( ! food4 #d4 ,x obviates all dang] ( burn+ ! food4 #e4 ,x does n heat ! room4 ,,ways ,,( ,,us+ ,,! ,,fireless ,,cook] #a4 ,food cook$ 9 liquid3 ,9 all cook]s :]e /one plates are n us$1 only su* foods z are cook$ 9 liquids c be prep>$4 ,examples ( foods cook$ 9 ?is way are1 meat s\p1 beef-tea1 meat /ews1 vegetables1 fruit1 porridge1 c]eal1 pudd+s1 etc4 ,! prep>$ food is put into "o ( ! food receptacles belong+ to ! cook] & is plac$ ov] a fire1 until x has boil$ = a few m9utes4 ,! cov] is !n tightly adju/$1 & ! di% quickly lock$ 9 ! cook]1 to cons]ve ! heat t ! food & liquid h absorb$4 #b4 ,food cook$ 9 dry heat by ! use ( /one plates3 ,9 ?is me?od ! food is cold :5 x is plac$ 9 ! cook]1 & all ! heat is suppli$ by /one plates plac$ above & bel[ ! ut5sil conta9+ ! food4 ,^! plates are heat$ = ab\t tw5ty m9utes ov] a fire1 be=e !y are us$ 9 ! cook]4 ,examples ( food cook$ 9 ?is way are1 roa/s ( meat2 bak$ fruit1 su* z apples2 bak$ vegetables1 su* z potatoes or beans2 cakes1 su* z pla9 cake or fruit cake2 quick bread1 su* z corn-bread & biscuits4 #c4 ,food cook$ 9 liquid1 aid$ by ! heat ( "o /one plate3 ,9 cases :]e ! orig9al heat absorb$ by ! food is n suffici5t to complete ! cook+ z desir$1 a heat$ /one plate may be plac$ 9 ! cook] bel[ ! ut5sil conta9+ ! hot food4 ,! /one may be necess>y = "o ( ! foll[+ reasons-- 7#a7 ,because ! am\nt ( food put into ! cook] is too small to conta9 mu* heat4 ,x is always bett] to h ! food ne>ly fill ! di%4 7#b7 ,because ! "t requir$ is s long t ! heat ( ! food & liquid becomes exhau/$ be=e ! cook+ is complet$4 7#c7 ,because x is desirable to f9i% ! cook+ 9 less "t4 ,a ,,home-,,made ,,fireless ,,cook] ,use a l>ge wood5 box or a small trunk ) a close-fitt+ cov]4 ,make x z air-tight z possible by pa/+ ?ick pap] all ov] ! inside4 ,pack x level ) clean sawdu/ or excelsior 7! latt] pref]ably71 until j en\gh height is left to set 9 a cov]$ granite pail1 :i* is to be us$ = hold+ ! food4 ,place ! pail 9 ! c5tre1 s t its top edge is j ab\t half an in* bel[ ! top ( ! box4 ,!n pack 9 m excelsior v tightly ar\nd ! pail1 until level ) x4 ,?is w %ape ! ne/ = ! pail4 ,illu/ration3 ,a home-made fireless cook] ,make a ?ick cu%ion1 or mat1 ( excelsior to fit 9 ! space betwe5 ! level ( ! excelsior & ! inside ( ! cov]4 ,cov] ! cu%ion ) *eeseclo? or d5im to keep x intact4 ,,note4--,only food cook$ 9 a liquid c be prep>$ 9 a home-made cook]4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,junior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,,/udy ,,( ,,food ,! pupils h be5 work+ ) "s ( ! well-kn[n foods 9 all ( _! recipes & %\ld h a fair k ( h[ to prep>e !m 9 simple ways = ! table4 ,x is n[ "t = !m to le>n :at ^! foods conta9 = ! use ( _! bodies4 ,mu* ( ?is "p ( ! "w c be taught 9 rooms )\t special equipm5t4 ,an e>ne/ tea*]1 ) a few articles f home1 c make ! /udy int]e/+ & valuable4 ,a s]ies ( lessons w be necess>y = ?is purpose4 ,! am\nt ( "w to be tak5 at "o "t is sugge/$1 b ?is %\ld be judg$ by ! tea*]4 ,z 9 o!r lessons on !ory1 ! rema9+ "t ( ! lesson p]iod %\ld be us$ 9 practical "w4 ,sugge/ions = su* practical "w are giv5 "u ! lesson on ,! ,kit*5 ,fire1 page #ib4 ,practice lessons1 to give v>iety & su/a9 int]e/1 %\ld be int]sp]s$ betwe5 ^! lessons z desir$4 ,,lesson ,i ,,uses ,,( ,,food ,! lesson may be introduc$ by ask+ ! class to ?9k 9 :at way ! body ( a heal?y baby1 :o is f$ regul>ly1 w h *ang$ at ! end ( six mon?s4 ,x w be l>g]2 x w h m fle%1 m bone1 m hair1 etc4 ,we want to get a "n t w apply to any "p ( ! body4 ,no matt] :i* "p we exam9e ?r\gh a microscope we f9d ! same f9e & beautiful texture1 & to ?is we give a "n simil> to t giv5 to f9e1 ?9 pap]4 ,we call x tissue--hair tissue1 bone tissue1 fle% tissue4 ,:at has food done to ! baby's tissues8 ,x has enl>g$ its tissues2 ! *ild has gr[n l>g]4 ,to ! enl>gem5t1 or gr[?1 ( ! tissues1 we may apply ! t]m1 build1 sugge/$ by ! build+ ( a h\se4 ,!n :at may we say food does = ! tissues ( ! body8 ,we may say t food builds ! tissues ( ! body4 ,?9k ( "s p]sons :o h tak5 food e day1 & yet z long z y h kn[n !m !y h n increas$ 9 size4 ,:at has food done = _! tissues8 ,! class mu/ be told t ! tissues ( our bodies we> out ?r\gh use1 & t food has furni%$ ! mat]ial to replace ! worn-out p>ts4 ,:at d we say we are do+ to clo!s :5 we replace ! worn p>ts8 ,we are m5d+ or repair+ !m4 ,:at does food d = our worn-out tissues8 ,food repairs ! tissues ( ! body4 ,d n ?9k any m ab\t ! tissues ( ! body4 ,suppose y _h n be5 able to get any food = sev]al days4 ,9 :at way w\ld y be diff]5t f :at y are n[8 ,y w\ld n be z /rong4 ,food gives /r5g? or en]gy by be+ burn$ inside ! body4 ,!re is a fire burn+ 9 our bodies all ! "t we are alive1 ! fuel be+ food4 ,:at d we require f ! fire 9 our homes8 ,we require heat4 ,! fires 9 our bodies give u heat also4 ,any fire gives (f bo? heat & en]gy4 ,/ate ano!r use ( food to ! body4 ,food produces heat & en]gy 9 ! body4 ,b food does m = ! body2 x conta9s sub/ances to keep our bodies 9 ord]4 ,suppose ! clock gets out ( ord] & does n keep good "t1 :at does ! wat*mak] d to x8 ,he regulates x4 ,t is :at c]ta9 k9ds ( food d = u4 ,:at !n is ano!r use ( food8 ,food regulates ! body4 ,"n ! uses ( food to ! body4 #a4 ,x builds ! tissues4 #b4 ,x repairs ! tissues4 #c4 ,x produces heat & en]gy4 #d4 ,x regulates ! body4 ,h[ !n c we judge if a sub/ance be a food8 ,by decid+ t x p]=ms "o ( ^! duties 9 ! body4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,necess>y ,,sub/ances ,,9 ,,food ,! names ( ! sub/ances 9 food :i* supply ! mat]ial = ! diff]5t uses ( ! body %\ld be tak5 next4 #a4 ,= build+ & repair+4--7#a7 ,m9]al matt]--us$ l>gely 9 h>d tissues4 7#b7 ,nitrog5\s matt]1 or prote9--us$ l>gely = fle%4 7#c7 ,wat]--us$ 9 all tissues4 #b4 ,= fuel4--,c>bonace\s matt] 7/>*1 sug>1 fat74 #c4 ,= regulat+4--,m9]al matt]1 wat]4 ,,note4--,! tea*] %\ld call att5tion to ! fact t few foods conta9 all ^! sub/ances1 "s h ne>ly all1 "s h only "o1 "s two or m4 ,9 ord] to get all1 we mu/ eat a v>iety ( foods4 ,! class is n[ ready to consid] ! well-kn[n foods1 9 ord] to f9d out :i* ( ^! necess>y sub/ances ea* food conta9s1 & to obta9 a g5]al idea ( _! comp>ative food values4 ,,s\rces ,,( ,,food ,all nature supplies u ) food4 ,! ?ree great divisions ( nature are animal1 vegetable1 & m9]al1 & f ea* we obta9 food1 ?\gh mo/ l>gely f ! animal & vegetable k+doms4 ,animal food is "s "p ( an animal's body or "s product ( an animal3 examples--meat or fi%1 milk1 eggs4 ,vegetable food is "s "p ( a plant3 examples--vegetables1 fruit1 se$s4 ,m9]al food is "s con/itu5t ( ! e>?'s cru/ us$ z food4 ,?is m9]al food is obta9$ by dr9k+ wat] :i* 9 c\rs+ ?r\gh ! e>? has absorb$ c]ta9 m9]als1 by eat+ plants :i* h absorb$ ! m9]als f ! soil1 or by eat+ animal food :i* 0 built f plant food4 ,?is prelim9>y survey ( ! s\rces ( all our food gives ! pupils a basis = classify+ ! foods ) :i* !y are famili>4 ,!y may be giv5 ex]cises 9 do+ ?is1 & w n only f9d !m int]e/+1 b mo/ useful z nature /udy4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,! ,,common ,,foods ,9 beg9n+ ! analysis ( ! common foods1 x mu/ be rememb]$ t ! pupils h no k ( *emi/ry1 & t :at is f\nd 9 ea* food mu/ be discov]$ ?r\gh ! s5ses 7see+1 smell+1 ta/+1 feel+71 or ?r\gh a process ( reason+4 ,! pupils %\ld also feel q sure ( :at !y are sett+ out to d2 !y are go+ to exam9e "s p>ticul>1 well-kn[n food1 to f9d :i* ( ! necess>y food sub/ances x conta9s4 ,! food sub/ances = :i* !y are look+ are wat]1 m9]al matt]1 nitrog5\s matt]1 & c>bonace\s matt] 7sug>1 />*1 fat74 ,x is bett] to provide ea* pupil ) a sample ( ! food to be /udi$1 b :]e conditions make ?is difficult1 ! "o us$ by ! tea*] w suffice4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,milk ,,lesson ,i ,,composition ,milk is ! be/ food to exam9e fir/1 because x conta9s all ! food elem5ts except />* & because ^! c be easily f\nd4 ,! pupils may ea* be ask$ to br+ a half cup ( milk f home4 ,x may be all[$ to /& 9 glasses :ile o!r "w is tak54 ,:5 ready = ! lesson1 ask ! pupils to look at ! cont5ts ( ! glass1 & !y w obs]ve a diff]5ce ( col\r :]e ! cream has ris54 ,nature itself has divid$ ! milk into two p>ts4 ,p\r (f ! top "p & feel x4 ,x feels greasy4 ,butt] is made f ?is "p4 ,we h f\nd fat--a c>bonace\s food4 ,move ! milk ar\nd 9 ! glass & let ! pupils see t x is a liquid4 ,tell !m t all liquid 9 a natural food is mo/ly wat]4 ,we h1 !re=e1 ano!r food sub/ance--wat]1 a build] & regulator4 ,let ! pupils comp>e a glass ( wat] ) a glass ( skimm$ milk1 & !y see t some?+ is dissolv$ 9 ! wat] ( ! milk1 giv+ x ! :ite col\r4 ,%[ !m a glass ( s\r milk1 :]e ! :ite sub/ance is sep>ate f ! wat]4 ,get ! names curd & :ey4 ,tell !m h[ ! *eesemak] sep>ates sweet milk into curd & :ey4 ,if advisable1 let !m d x1 b 9 any case %[ !m "s sweet milk sep>at$ by r5net4 ,exam9e ! sweet :ey4 ,x ta/es sweet1 d5ot+ ! pres5ce ( sug>--ano!r c>bonace\s food4 ,notice ! gre5i%-yell[ col\r4 ,recall ?is same col\r 9 wat] 9 :i* potatoes1 cabbage1 or o!r vegetables h be5 cook$4 ,tell ! pupils t ?is col\r is giv5 by m9]al matt] be+ dissolv$ 9 ! wat]4 ,!re is /ill ! curd ( milk to exam9e4 ,! use ( ! s5ses does n all[ u to def9itely decide :at food sub/ance ! curd is4 ,tell ! pupils x is prote91 or f9d ! "n by a process ( reason+1 ?us3 ,recall ! fact t babies live = sev]al mon?s on milk alone & dur+ t "t build all tissues ( ! body4 ,milk1 !re=e1 mu/ conta9 all tissue-build+ sub/ances4 ,review ! food sub/ances :i* are necess>y to build all body tissues--m9]al matt]1 prote91 & wat]4 ,we h f\nd ! m9]al matt] & wat] 9 milk1 b n ! prote94 ,s9ce curd is ! only rema9+ "p ( milk1 x mu/ be l>gely prote94 ,tell ! pupils t ! scum :i* comes on ! top ( milk1 :5 x is boil$1 is ano!r k9d ( prote9 ( :i* !re is a small am\nt 9 solution 9 milk4 ,lead ! pupils to see t if />* 7 pres5t1 x w\ld be 9 a raw =m1 & 9 ?is =m is indige/ible4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,food ,,value ,! analysis ( milk gives a key to ! food value ( milk & ea* ( its by-products 7cream1 butt]1 butt]-milk1 s\r milk1 skim milk1 curd1 :ey1 *eese1 junket74 ,^! may n[ be briefly discuss$ z to composition1 food value1 & co/4 ,,c>e ,milk readily absorbs od\rs1 bact]ia1 etc41 & %\ld be kept 9 cov]$1 /]iliz$ di%es 9 a pure1 cool atmosph]e4 ,,effect ,,( ,,heat ,exp]im5ts %\ld be made to %[ ! effect ( simm]+ & boil+ temp]atures4 ,to save "t1 a diff]5t exp]im5t may be giv5 to ea* pupil1 & ! results report$4 #a4 ,simm] sweet milk & note ! flav\r4 #b4 ,boil sweet milk & note ! flav\r4 #c4 ,simm] ! curd ( milk4 ,exam9e its texture4 #d4 ,boil ! curd ( milk4 ,exam9e its texture & comp>e x ) ! simm]$ curd4 #e4 ,boil skim milk & note ! scum4 #f4 ,simm] skim milk & note ! abs5ce ( scum4 ,,note4--,f ! above exp]im5ts d$uce ! effect ( heat on prote94 ,practice lessons may n[ be giv5 9 prep>+ simple di%es 9 :i* milk is ! ma9 +r$i5t1 or1 at lea/1 recipes may be giv5 = ^! to be made at home4 ,! foll[+ w\ld be suitable3 cream sauce1 cream s\ps1 cu/>d1 junket1 cottage *eese1 album9iz$ milk4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,eggs ,,lesson ,i ,,p>ts 7#a7 ,%ell1 7#b7 ?ick membrane1 7#c7 :ite1 7#d7 ?9 membrane1 7#e7 yolk4 ,^! p>ts are easily se54 ,att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! pores 9 ! %ell1 & x %\ld be expla9$ t ^! all[ ! entrance ( bact]ia :i* spoil ! egg4 ,any means ( clos+ ^! pores helps to pres]ve ! egg4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,pres]v+ ,cov] ! holes 9 ! %ell z foll[s3 #a4 ,pack 9 salt1 bran1 sawdu/1 br9e1 or wat]-glass4 #b4 ,coat ! %ells ) fat or wax4 #c4 ,wrap ! eggs 9 pap]4 ,illu/ration3 ,te/+ eggs by float+3 7#a7 slightly /ale1 7#b7 /ale1 7#c7 v /ale ,,te/s #a4 ,9 ! %ell3 ,aft] an egg is laid1 ! liquid :i* x conta9s beg9s to evaporate ?r\gh ! pores ( ! %ell &1 z ?is cont9ues1 a noticeable space is left inside4 7#a7 ,%ake ! egg1 hold+ x ne> ! e>4 ,if ! cont5ts rattle1 x is some:at /ale4 7#b7 ,drop ! egg 9 cold wat]4 ,if x s9ks1 x is fre%4 7#c7 ,hold ! egg betwe5 y\r eye & ! light4 ,if cle>1 x is fre%4 7#d7 ,a r\gh appe>ance ( ! %ell d5otes fre%ness4 #b4 ,out ( ! %ell3 ,:ite--?is %\ld be cle> & cl+ to ! yolk4 ,yolk--?is %\ld r\nd up l a ball4 ,,c>e #a4 ,if eggs are to be us$ 9 ! ne> future1 !y %\ld be wa%$ & put 9 a pure1 cool atmosph]e4 ,! l[] %elf ( ! refrig]ator is be/1 z od\rs rise1 & eggs readily absorb ^!4 #b4 ,if eggs are to be pres]v$1 !y %\ld n be wa%$ unless _! condition compels x1 z wa%+ removes ! natural cov]+ ( ! pores4 ,!y %\ld be /or$ 9 a clean1 cool place1 & pack$ z soon z possible4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,composition ,x is wis] to develop ! food sub/ances 9 an egg by reason+1 r ?an by exam9+ ! diff]5t p>ts4 ,! %ell is n us$ = food1 s x is ! cont5ts t %\ld be /udi$4 ,! class %\ld be guid$ 9 ! foll[+ sequ5ce ( ?\ght3 #a4 ,an egg is design$ by nature to become a *ick51 s x mu/ conta9 all ( ! sub/ances necess>y to build a *ick54 #b4 ,a *ick5 is an animal1 & all animal bodies are made ( ! same sub/ances4 ,^! we h se5 to be m9]al matt]1 prote91 & wat]4 #c4 ,an egg !re=e conta9s ^! ?ree sub/ances4 #d4 ,an egg mu/ also conta9 ?ree weeks' food = ! *ick51 !re=e mu/ h fuel food z well4 ,?is fuel food is f\nd 9 ! yolk1 9 ! =m ( fat4 #e4 ,! yolk !re=e conta9s wat]1 m9]al matt]1 prote91 & fat4 #f4 ,! :ite conta9s wat]1 m9]al matt]1 & prote94 ,,effect ,,( ,,heat ,,on ,,eggs ,! foll[+ exp]im5ts w %[ ! effect on bo? yolk & :ite ( ! usual me?ods ( apply+ heat to eggs3 #a4 ,boil an egg = ?ree m9utes & note ! effect4 #b4 ,boil an egg = tw5ty m9utes & note ! effect4 #c4 ,put an egg 9 boil+ wat]1 remove f ! fire1 & let x /& cov]$ f eight to t5 m9utes4 #d4 ,fry an egg & note ! effect4 ,,note4--,! eggs may be put to boil & simm] at ! beg9n+ ( ! lesson1 & pupils designat$ to take !m f ! heat at prop] times4 ,! eggs w !n be ready to exam9e :5 requir$4 ,,conclusions #a4 ,boil+ an egg = ?ree m9utes does n all[ "t = ! heat to rea* ! yolk4 ,! :ite is h>d & t\gh j next ! %ell1 b s(t & liquid z x approa*es ! yolk4 #b4 ,boil+ an egg = tw5ty m9utes h>d5s & t\gh5s ! :ite1 s t x all becomes h>d to dissolve or dige/4 ,x also gives ! heat "t to rea* ! c5tre & h>d5s ! yolk1 b does n t\gh5 x or make x h>d to dissolve or dige/4 #c4 ,all[+ ! egg to /& 9 ! hot wat] coagulates ! :ite to a jelly-l consi/5cy )\t t\gh5+ x2 x also cooks ! yolk4 ,,lessons ,,iii1 ,,iv1 ,,etc4 ,,uses ,,( ,,eggs ,to give practice 9 prep>+ eggs & to %[ _! special uses ! foll[+ di%es w\ld be suitable3 #a4 ,:ite3 ,= food--poa*$ eggs on toa/1 simm]$ eggs ,= cohesive 7/icky7 prop]ty--potato balls1 fi% balls ,= cle>+ liquids--c(fee ,= hold+ air--foamy omelet ,= decoration--h>d-boil$ eggs cut 9 fancy %apes = g>ni%+1 m]+ue on lemon pudd+1 etc4 #b4 ,yolk3 ,= food--egg-nog1 scrambl$ eggs ,= ?ick5+ liquids--cu/>d1 salad dress+1 lemon pudd+ ,= col\r+ foods--tapioca cream ,= decoration--h>d boil$ & grat$ ov] salads4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,vegetable ,,food ,be=e beg9n+ ?is "p ( ! "w1 x w\ld be mo/ helpful if ! class _h "o or two nature /udy lessons on ! /ructure & organs ( plants4 ,) ! pupils 9 possession ( "s k ?us acquir$1 ! ,h\sehold ,managem5t tea*] has only to lead up to ideas ( ! prep>ation & value ( ^! p>ts z food4 ,^! ideas %\ld1 z f> z possible1 foll[ 9 su* a natural ord] t ! pupils may ev5 anticipate ! sequ5ce4 ,! outl9e may be z foll[s3 ,,lesson ,i ,,s\rce ,all vegetable food is obta9$ f plants2 x is "s "p ( a plant us$ z food4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,plants ,,us$ ,,z ,,food #a4 ,root--c>rot1 radi% #b4 ,tub]--potato1 arti*oke #c4 ,bulb--onion #d4 ,/em--rhub>b1 asp>agus #e4 ,leaf--sp9a*1 cabbage #f4 ,fl[]--caulifl[] #g4 ,fruit--apple1 orange #h4 ,se$--7#a7 ,( trees 7nuts7--bee*nut1 almond 7#b7 ,( grasses 7c]eals7--:eat1 corn1 rice 7#c7 ,( v9es 7legumes7--peas1 beans1 l5tils4 ,9 ask+ = examples ( ! diff]5t p>ts1 !re w be m int]e/ & value if ! que/ions correlate o!r subjects1 = in/ance3 ,= :at fruit is ,canada not$8 ,:at fruit does %e import8 ,"n a nut ! squirrels ga!r4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,composition ,,( ,,any ,,"p ,,( ,a ,,plant ,f ! =ego+1 ! pupils may inf] t !re are eight diff]5t foods to /udy4 ,!y %\ld be l$ to see t 9 reality !re is only "o1 z all p>ts ( plants are1 g5]ally speak+1 ! same 9 /ructure4 ,ref]r+ to ! animal body1 !y w "k t a bone f ! foot is ( mu* ! same /ructure z "o f ! face2 t a piece ( fle% f ! leg is ! same z a piece f any o!r "p ( ! body4 ,9 ! same way1 if we /udy "o "p ( a plant1 x w be a type ( all p>ts4 ,9 g5]al ! /ructure is z foll[s3 #a4 ,a framework1 9 cellul> =m1 made ( a sub/ance call$ cellulose4 #b4 ,mat]ial fill+ ! cells3 7#a7 ,a juice 9 ! cells ( all p>ts ( plants except se$s 7#b7 ,a solid 9 ! cells ( se$s4 ,to %[ ! framework1 "s vegetable food hav+ a :ite col\r %\ld be *os51 su* z potato1 p>snip1 or apple4 ,x mu/ be expla9$ t all plants are made ( a framework ( num]\s cells1 some?+ l a honey-comb4 ,! cells 9 plants are ( _m diff]5t %apes1 accord+ to ! plant1 or ! "p ( ! plant1 9 :i* !y are f\nd4 ,!y are usually s small t !y _c be di/+ui%$ )\t a microscope2 b occasionally !y are l>ge en\gh to be se5 )\t "o4 ,pass sections ( orange or lemon1 :]e ! cells are visible4 ,make a draw+ on ! black-bo>d ( ! cellul> =mation ( a potato4 ,lead ! class to und]/& t1 9 e case1 ! cell walls mu/ be brok5 to get out ! cell cont5ts4 ,to illu/rate ?is1 !y may use potatoes1 & break ! cell walls by grat+ ! potatoes4 ,aft] !y h brok5 up ! framework1 ! cell cont5ts %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh *eeseclo? into a glass4 ,!y h n[ two p>ts to exam9e--cell walls & cell cont5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,cellul> /ructure ( a potato ,wa% ! framework to free x ( any cell juice & /udy x fir/4 ,give its "n1 & note its col\r & texture4 ,comp>e ! framework ( potatoes1 /rawb]ries1 lettuce1 trees1 etc4 ,tell ! class t 9 "s cases "p ( ! cellulose is s fibr\s t x is us$ to make ?read1 clo?1 or tw9e2 = in/ance1 flax & hemp4 ,cellulose is mo/ difficult to dissolve1 s t practically little ( x is dige/$4 ,x s]ves a me*anical purpose 9 ! dige/ive tract by help+ to fill ! organs & dilute ! real food4 ,if fibr\s1 x acts z an irritant & ov]comes sluggi%ness ( ! inte/9es kn[n z con/ipation4 ,! out] coats ( c]eals are an example ( co>se cellulose1 z us$ 9 br[n bread & "s k9ds ( porridge4 ,exam9e next ! juice :i* 0 conta9$ 9 ! cells ( ! potato4 ,! liquid %[s mu* wat]2 ! col\r indicates m9]al matt] 9 solution2 ! od\r sugge/s a flav\r2 ! :ite s$im5t is />*4 ,,composition ,,( ,,potato ,,juice ,wat]1 m9]al matt]1 flav\r+ matt]1 />*4 ,draw att5tion to ! fact t ! potato is ! "p ( ! plant :i* acts z a /oreh\se4 ,9 su* p>ts1 />* is always f\nd z ! /or$ =m ( sug>2 b1 9 p>ts :i* are n /oreh\ses1 sug> w be f\nd 9 its /ead4 ,9 r>e cases bo? are f\nd1 z 9 ! p>snip4 ,,note4--,?is is a good "t to impress ! fact t plants are ! s\rce ( />* = manufactur+ purposes4 ,9 ,engl&1 potatoes are l>gely us$2 9 ,canada1 corn4 ,x w be int]e/+ to /ate t ! e>ly settl]s obta9$ _! />* = laundry purposes at home f potatoes1 by *opp+ or gr9d+ !m4 ,! insolubility ( />* 9 cold liquids may be effectively review$ at ?is "p ( ! lesson4 ,! />* has be5 ly+ 9 ! wat] ( ! potato cells = sev]al mon?s1 yet has n dissolv$4 ,let two or ?ree ( ! class gradually heat ! potato juice ) its />* s$im5t1 /irr+ all ! "t to di/ribute ! s$im5t ev5ly4 ,!y w f9d t a little less ?an boil+ temp]ature dissolves ! />*4 ,?is w %[ !m t heat is necess>y = ! solution ( />*1 & a heat mu* great] ?an t 9 ! body1 h5ce raw />* is indige/ible4 ,recall ! milk lesson & ! uselessness ( />* z a compon5t ( milk1 unless ! milk be cook$4 ,squeeze ! juice f a s\r apple or lemon1 & note ! ta/e4 ,expla9 t all fruit juices conta9 m or less acid4 ,! effects ( ?is acid 9 ! body are simil> to ^? ( m9]al matt]4 ,prote9 is also f\nd 9 plant juices2 b 9 su* small quantities t x may be disreg>d$ z a s\rce ( food supply4 ,,g5]al ,,composition ,,( ,,plant ,,juice ,wat]2 m9]al matt]2 flav\r+ matt]2 />* or sug>1 or bo?2 acid 79 fruit juice74 ,,lesson ,,iii ,,composition ,,( ,,solid ,,mat]ial ,,9 ,,cells ,,( ,,se$s ,?is "p ( ! lesson may be develop$ z foll[s3 #a4 ,se$s conta9 ! build+ mat]ial = new plants1 z well z _! food = a %ort "t4 #b4 ,plants & animals require mu* ! same mat]ial to build & fe$ !m4 #c4 ,animals require wat]1 m9]al matt]1 prote91 sug>1 />*1 & fat4 #d4 ,plants require ! same2 b ! se$ be+ a /oreh\se "p ( ! plant1 x w n h sug>1 & wat] has to be suppli$ :5 ! new plant is to be =m$4 #e4 ,se$s conta91 !re=e1 m9]al matt]1 prote91 />*1 & fat4 ,,note #a4--,se$s w gr[ 9 wat] until _! /or$ food is us$3 !y mu/ !n be plant$ 9 soil1 to get fur!r n\ri%m5t4 ,,note #b4--,! two fuel foods1 />* & fat1 are n f\nd toge!r 9 abundance 9 se$s2 "o or ! o!r w be mu* 9 excess4 ,= in/ance1 9 walnuts !re is a great deal ( fat1 :ile 9 peas & beans !re is sc>cely a trace ( fat1 b ! />* is abundant4 ,,comp>ative ,,food ,,value ,,( ,,diff]5t ,,p>ts ,,( ,,plants ,only a v g5]al idea ( ?is %\ld be attempt$4 ,! food value ( any "p ( a plant c be r\ghly e/imat$ by consid]+ ! (fice ( t p>ticul> "p 9 plant /ructure4 ,nature /udy w assi/ 9 ?is4 ,! root collects ! food to s5d x to ! p>ts above2 ! /em is a hallway ?r\gh :i* ! food is c>ri$ 9 a m dilut$ =m4 ,! leaves s]ve ! purpose ( lungs & w n conta9 mu* food1 ?\gh !y naturally h a good deal ( flav\r2 p>sley1 sage1 & tea are examples ( ?is4 ,! fruit is a h\se to protect ! se$s1 & is made mo/ attractive & delici\s1 s t animals w be tempt$ to eat ?is "p1 & ?us assi/ 9 ! disp]sal ( ! se$s4 ,! fruit has comp>atively little food value z build+ mat]ial4 ,! se$ conta9s ! /or$ mat]ial to build new plants1 & !re=e is ! mo/ nutritive "p ( all4 ,x is ! only "p ( ! plant :i* conta9s an appreciable supply ( build+ food1 t is1 :i* c take ! place ( eggs or meat 9 ! diet4 ,bak$ beans are sometimes call$ nuggets ( n\ri%m5t or ! poor man's beef4 ,,lesson ,,iv ,aft] discuss+ ! food value ( ! diff]5t p>ts 9 ?is broad way1 ! pupils may be ask$ to consid] ! plant foods us$ 9 _! diet & to comp>e _! nutritive value4 ,! facts conc]n+ ^! may be summ$ up z foll[s3 #a4 ,gre5 vegetables3 ,^! g5]ally conta9 mu* wat]1 h>dly any prote9 or fat1 & a small am\nt ( sug>4 ,!y are valuable ma9ly = _! m9]al matt] & cellulose4 #b4 ,root vegetables & tub]s3 ,^! are m nutriti\s ?an gre5 vegetables1 because !y conta9 mu* m sug> & />*4 #c4 ,ripe se$s 7c]eals1 legumes1 & nuts73 ,^! are highly nutriti\s1 because ( ! l>ge am\nt ( prote9 & build+ m9]al matt] !y conta91 & also ! am\nt ( fuel food4 ,,dri$ ,,vegetables ,,& ,,fruit ,x is important t ! value ( ^! be po9t$ out4 ,dri$ foods conta9 all ( ! con/itu5ts ( fre% food except+ wat] & a little flav\r lo/ 9 evaporation1 yet !y are (t5 mu* *eap]4 ,att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! be/ means ( re/or+ ! wat] &1 if necess>y1 ( giv+ an additional flav\r by ! use ( cloves1 c9namon1 etc4 ,cann+ is a bett] means ( pres]v+ food = export or = use :5 out ( season1 b :]e ! exp5se prohibits ?is me?od1 dry+ is a good sub/itute4 ,9 di/ricts :]e fruit & vegetables _c be gr[n or 9 seasons :5 !y _c be obta9$ fre%1 ! dri$ =ms are *eap & h excell5t food value4 ,,! ,,cook+ ,,( ,,vegetable ,,food ,z vegetable food is eat5 bo? raw & cook$1 ! pupils %\ld be ask$ to decide :5 cook+ is necess>y & :at !y wi% x to accompli%4 99 99 99 99 99 ,!re are only two sub/ances 9 vegetable food :i* w require cook+1 & ^! are3 #a4 ,cellulose1 if x be h>d or t\gh #b4 ,/>*1 if x be pres5t4 ,! pupils h f\nd 9 _! exp]im5t ) ! potato wat]1 t />* cooks quickly1 h5ce ! "t ( cook+ w dep5d altoge!r on ! texture ( ! cellulose4 ,:5 ! cellulose is s(t5$ at ! c5tre1 ! la/ "p :i* ! heat rea*es1 ! vegetable or fruit w be cook$4 ,if ! food is cook$ 9 wat] by boil+ or simm]+1 mu* ( ! sub/ance w pass into ! cook+ wat]4 ,z ! cell walls become s(t5$1 !y all[ ! cell cont5ts to p>tially pass out & ! cook+ wat] to pass 9 to fill ! space4 ,if ! food is long 9 cook+1 ! wat] may h m value ?an ! vegetable1 & x %\ld n be ?r[n away4 ,x may be us$ 9 two ways--z a basis = a sauce or a s\p4 ,,g5]al ,,rules ,,= ,,cook+ ,,vegetables ,,note4--,z ! pr9ciples 9 ! g5]al rules h be5 taught1 ^! rules may be dictat$ to ! class4 ,,prep>ation #a4 ,wa%1 p>e1 peel1 or scrape ! vegetable1 & cut x into conv5i5t sizes4 #b4 ,unless gre5 vegetables are fre%ly ga!r$1 soak !m 9 cold wat] = an h\r be=e cook+4 #c4 ,soak dri$ vegetables at lea/ twelve h\rs4 ,,cook+ #a4 ,put all vegetables on to cook 9 boil+ wat]1 except dri$ vegetables1 :i* %\ld be put on 9 cold wat]4 #b4 ,/rong-smell+ vegetables %\ld be cook$ at simm]+ po9t1 ! o!rs may boil g5tly4 #c4 ,= vegetables t gr[ above gr\nd 7includ+ onions71 salt ! wat] 7"o tsp4 to a qu>t74 #d4 ,= und]gr\nd vegetables1 d n salt ! wat]4 ,,vegetable ,,recipe ,prep>e & cook ! vegetables until t5d]1 accord+ to ! rules giv5 above4 ,dra9 (f & measure ! vegetable wat]4 ,= ea* #a_/b cup ( vegetable1 take #a_/d cup ( ! wat] & make into a sauce4 ,re-heat ! vegetable 9 ! sauce & s]ve 9 a hot di%4 ,,note #a4--;,= potatoes & tomatoes d n foll[ ?is recipe4 ,,note #b4--,! sauce is made by ?ick5+ ea* cup ( vegetable wat] ) two tablespoonfuls ( fl\r1 & season+ z desir$ ) salt1 pepp]1 & butt]4 ,,note #c4--;,ano!r me?od ( sav+ & us+ ! valuable vegetable wat] is to make x into a s\p4 ,,g5]al ,,rules ,,= ,,cook+ ,,fruit ,,fre% ,,fruit #a4 ,/ew$4--,put ! prep>$ fruit 9 a saucepan ) en\gh wat] to keep x f burn+4 ,cov] closely1 & /ew until t5d]1 /irr+ (t54 ,add ! sug> & let ! mixture boil a m9ute m4 #b4 ,cook$ 9 syrup4--,make a syrup ( "o "p sug> to two or ?ree p>ts wat]4 ,put ! prep>$ fruit 9 ! hot syrup1 cov] closely1 & simm] until t5d]4 ,,dri$ ,,fruit ,wa% ! fruit ?or\ghly4 ,cov] ) cold wat] & soak tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,put on to cook 9 ! same wat] 9 :i* x has soak$4 ,add spices if desir$4 ,cov] closely & simm] until t5d]4 ,add ! sug> & simm] t5 m9utes long]4 ,take out ! fruit1 &1 if necess>y1 boil d[n ! syrup1 !n p\r x ov] ! fruit4 ,,lessons ,v1 ,,vi1 ,,etc4 ,:ile /udy+ vegetable food1 practice w be giv5 9 ne>ly e lesson 9 ! prep>ation & cook+ ( vegetables or fruit1 b aft] ! completion ( ?is s]ies ( lessons1 ^! foods %\ld be prep>$ & cook$ ) m intellig5ce & int]e/4 ,= ?is reason1 !re may be1 at ! la/1 "o g5]al practical lesson devot$ to vegetables & fruit1 to review & impress ! facts t h be5 taught4 ,z potatoes1 on acc\nt ( _! l>ge am\nt ( />*1 require special c>e1 an extra lesson may be giv5 to ?is vegetable4 ,9 ! lesson on potatoes ! att5tion ( ! class %\ld be direct$ to ! foll[+3 ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,cook+ ,,potatoes #a4 ,be sure to s(t5 ! cellulose ?or\ghly4 #b4 ,aft] ! potatoes are cook$1 get rid ( all possible moi/ure1 t !y may be :ite & mealy4 7#a7 ,if potatoes are cook$ 9 wat]1 dra9 !m ?or\ghly1 remove ! cov]1 & %ake ov] ! heat to dry out ! />*4 7#b7 ,if potatoes are bak$1 break ! sk9s & all[ ! moi/ure to escape z /eam4 #c4 ,:5 s]v+ ma%$ potatoes1 pile !m lightly )\t smoo?+4 ,,use ,,( ,,/>* ,,to ,,?ick5 ,,liquids ,a lesson on ! use ( />* = ?ick5+ purposes %\ld be giv5 be=e lessons on ! mak+ ( a sauce or a s\p f ! wat] 9 :i* vegetables h be5 cook$4 ,! necessity ( sep>at+ ! />* gra9s %\ld be %[n by exp]im5ts4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,9 ,,us+ ,,/>* ,,= ,,?ick5+ 7,any p[d]$ />* may be us$7 #a4 ,boil #a_/d cup ( wat] 9 a small saucepan4 ,:ile boil+1 /ir into x #a_/b tsp4 ( corn/>* & let x boil "o m9ute4 ,obs]ve ! result4 ,break op5 a lump & exam9e x4 #b4 ,mix #a tsp4 ( corn/>* ) #b tsp4 ( cold wat]1 & /ir into #a_/d cup ( boil+ wat]4 ,note ! result4 #c4 ,mix #a tsp4 ( corn/>* ) #b tsp4 ( sug> & /ir into #a_/d cup ( boil+ wat]4 ,note ! result4 #d4 ,mix #a tsp4 ( corn/>* ) #b tsp4 ( melt$ fat 9 a small saucepan & /ir into x #a_/d cup ( boil+ wat]4 ,note ! result4 ,,conclusions ,,bas$ ,,on ,,! ,,=ego+ ,,exp]im5ts #a4 ,/>* granules mu/ be sep>at$ be=e be+ us$ to ?ick5 a liquid3 7#a7 ,by add+ a d\ble quantity ( cold liquid 7#b7 ,by add+ a d\ble quantity ( sug> 7#c7 ,by add+ a d\ble quantity ( melt$ fat4 #b4 ,! liquid :i* is be+ ?ick5$ mu/ be con/antly /irr$1 to di/ribute ev5ly ! />* gra9s until !y are cook$4 ,,basic ,,recipe ,,= ,,liquids ,,?ick5$ ,,) ,,fl\r4 ,milk ,fl\r ,butt] ,?9 cream sauce #a cup #a tbsp4 #a tbsp4 ,?ick cream sauce #a cup #b tbsp4 #b tbsp4 ,,note4--,use ?ick cream sauce to p\r ov] a food4 ,use ?9 cream sauce :5 solid food sub/ance is mix$ ) ! sauce4 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,basic ,,recipe #a4 ,tomato sauce4--,use /ra9$ tomato juice in/ead ( milk4 #b4 ,vegetable sauce4--,use vegetable wat] 9 place ( ! milk4 #c4 ,*eese sauce4--,use #a_/c to #a_/b cup ( grat$ *eese 9 #a cup ( ?ick cream sauce4 ,,cream ,,( ,,vegetable ,,s\ps ,at lea/ "o practice lesson %\ld be giv5 on ! mak+ ( ^! s\ps4 ,! value ( ! vegetable wat] %\ld be impress$ ^u ! pupils1 & x may be po9t$ out t ^! s\ps are an excell5t way ( us+ ! cook+ wat] & any left-ov] vegetable4 ,! diff]5ce betwe5 tomatoes & o!r vegetables %\ld be not$4 ,tomatoes are a fruit &1 z su*1 conta9 an acid4 ,! acid w\ld curdle milk & mu/ be neutraliz$ by ! use ( soda1 be=e milk c be add$4 ,illu/ration3 ,ut5sils us$ = cream s\ps ,,pr9ciples ,,( ,,cream ,,s\ps #a4 ,! liquid may be all milk1 "p vegetable wat] & milk1 or all vegetable wat]4 #b4 ,! am\nt ( fl\r us$ = ?ick5+ dep5ds on ! vegetable4 ,/>*y vegetables ne$ only #a_/b tbsp4 to "o cup ( liquid2 non-/>*y vegetables ne$ #a tbsp4 to a cup4 #c4 ,! +r$i5ts are comb9$ z foll[s3 7#a7 ,! liquid is heat$ & ?ick5$ ) fl\r4 7#b7 ,! season+s ( butt]1 salt1 & pepp] are add$4 7#c7 ,! vegetable pulp is add$ 9 any desir$ quantity1 usually ab\t two tbsp4 to "o cup ( liquid4 ,a special recipe %\ld be giv5 = cream ( tomato s\p1 s t ! proportion ( soda may be correct4 ,,note4--,if flav\rs ( onion1 bay-leaf1 p>sley1 etc41 are desir$1 ^! %\ld be cook$ ) ! vegetables1 s z to be extract$ 9 ! vegetable wat]4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,lessons ,,on ,,cook+ ,,se$s ,,c]eals3 ,,:eat1 ,,oats1 ,,corn1 ,,rice1 ,,rye1 ,,b>ley #a4 ,=ms 9 :i* us$3 7#a7 ,:ole or crack$ gra9s--rice1 crack$ :eat1 co>se oatmeal1 etc4 7#b7 ,granul>--corn meal1 cream ( :eat1 f9e oatmeal1 etc4 7#c7 ,roll$ or flak$ gra9s--:eat1 oats1 corn1 rice1 etc4 7#d7 ,p[d]$--:eat fl\r1 rice fl\r1 etc4 #b4 ,cook+ c]eals = breakfa/3 ,= #a cup ( wat] use #a_/d tsp4 ( salt & ! foll[+ c]eal-- ,:ole or crack$--#a_/d cup ( c]eal ,granul>--#c tbsp4 ( c]eal ,roll$ or flak$--#a_/b cup ( c]eal4 ,put salt & wat] 9 ! inn] "p ( a d\ble boil]1 & set directly ov] ! fire4 ,:5 /eam+ hot1 gradually /ir 9 ! dry c]eal1 & keep /irr+ until ! />* has ?ick5$ & boil$4 ,/ir c>efully1 s z n to break ! flakes ( roll$ c]eals4 ,!n set ! inn] di% inside ! out] "p ( ! d\ble boil]1 9 :i* !re %\ld be boil+ wat]1 & cook f two to f\r h\rs4 ,,note #a4--,rice has v t5d] cellulose & cooks 9 #c_/d hr4 ,,note #b4--,roll$ or flak$ c]eals h be5 /eam$ an h\r or m to s(t5 !m = roll+1 s require less cook+4 ,,note #c4--;,c]eals may be cook$ = breakfa/ ! day be=e1 b %\ld n be /irr$ :ile be+ re-heat$4 ,,legumes3 ,,peas1 ,,beans1 ,,l5tils #a4 ,=ms 9 :i* us$3 7#a7 ,ripe se$s 7#b7 ,meals--pea meal1 etc4 #b4 ,cook+ ( dri$ legumes3 7#a7 ,soak 9 cold1 s(t wat] = twelve h\rs or m1 & !n dra9 & r9se4 ,h>d wat] may be s(t5$ by boil+1 or by ! addition ( soda 7#a_/h tsp4 ( soda to #a pt4 ( wat]74 7#b7 ,cook by simm]+ 9 s(t5$ wat] until !y are s(t4 7#c7 ,aft] simm]+1 ! beans may be bak$4 ,,nuts ,=ms 9 :i* us$3 #a4 ,:ole or brok5 nuts--us$ z dess]t or 9 cakes1 salads1 etc4 #b4 ,butt]s--gr\nd & mix$ ) o!r +r$i5ts to make a pa/e4 #c4 ,meals--gr\nd & us$ to ?ick5 s\ps4 ,,salads ,! s]ies ( lessons on vegetable foods be+ f9i%$1 x is a good "t to take a salad lesson4 ,all salads 7 orig9ally made f fre% "y plants or salad gre5s1 & ?\gh any food mat]ial is n[ us$ = ! purpose1 ! subject seems to foll[ naturally ! lessons on plant food4 ,! pupils %\ld d]ive unusual pleasure f ?is "w4 ,! di%es made are mo/ attractive & appetiz+1 besides af=d+ an opportunity = ea* memb] ( ! class to display individual arti/ic skill4 ,none ( ! pr9ciples are new1 s t ! lesson w be really a review4 ,! outl9e ( notes = ! class w be3 ,,+r$i5ts ,,( ,,salads #a4 ,salad plants prop]1 su* z lettuce1 wat]-cress1 cel]y1 cabbage #b4 ,cook$ vegetables1 su* z peas1 beans1 asp>agus1 c>rots1 beets #c4 ,meat--cold1 ( any k9d #d4 ,fi%--cold1 ( any k9d #e4 ,eggs--h>d-boil$ #f4 ,fruit #g4 ,comb9ations ( ! above 9 great v>iety4 ,,food ,,values ,,( ,,salads ,?is dep5ds on ! +r$i5ts4 ,if salad gre5s only are us$1 ! food value is ma9ly ! m9]al matt]1 b ! di% w be refre%+ & appetiz+1 & ! oil1 butt]1 or egg us$ 9 ! dress+ adds nutrim5t4 ,salads are prep>$ ) little tr\ble & ) no exp5se = fuel4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,salad ,,+r$i5ts #a4 ,h ev]y?+ cold be=e comb9+4 #b4 ,fre%5 ! gre5s 9 cold wat] until crisp4 #c4 ,meat1 fi%1 & solid +r$i5ts %\ld be season$ "s "t be=e us+1 s t !y may absorb ! flav\rs ( ! season+4 #d4 ,9 mo/ cases d n comb9e ! +r$i5ts ) ! dress+ until j be=e s]v+4 7#a7 ,salad gre5s4--,wa% ?or\ghly1 & put 9 cold wat] until crisp1 dra9 on a t[el1 wrap 9 a damp clo?1 & put 9 a cool place4 ,cabbage & lettuce may be f9ely %r$d$4 7#b7 ,fruit & cook$ vegetables4--,cut into cubes or suitable pieces4 ,*ill & mix ) ! dress+1 to absorb x4 7#c7 ,meats4--,remove ! fat1 sk91 & gri/le4 ,cut 9 cubes & *ill4 7#d7 ,fi%4--,remove ! bones1 flake1 *ill1 & p\r dress+ ov]2 b d n mix4 ,,dress+s ,,= ,,salads #a4 ,cook$ salad dress+3 #b tbsp4 sug> #a_/b tsp4 mu/>d #a_/b tsp4 salt #a_/d cup v9eg> #b eggs #b tbsp4 butt]4 7#a7 ,mix ! fir/ f\r +r$i5ts 9 a saucepan & heat until dissolv$4 7#b7 ,beat ! eggs v light 9 a r\nd-bottom$ b[l1 us+ a ,dov] egg beat]4 7#c7 ,beat ! v9eg> mixture into ! eggs4 7#d7 ,set ! b[l1 ) its cont5ts1 ov] a di% ( boil+ wat]1 !n beat sl[ly & con/antly until ! mixture is ?ick5$4 7#e7 ,lift ! b[l f ! heat at once4 7#f7 ,beat 9 ! butt] & set away to cool4 7#g7 ,if desir$1 a half cup ( :ipp$ or pla9 cream may be add$ j be=e ! dress+ is us$4 #b4 ,uncook$ salad dress+3 #a_/d tsp4 salt #a_/h tsp4 pepp] #d tbsp4 olive oil #b tbsp4 v9eg>4 7#a7 ,/ir ! salt & pepp] into ! oil4 7#b7 ,add ! v9eg> sl[ly & /ir vigor\sly until well bl5d$ & slightly ?ick5$4 7#c7 ,s]ve ) any salad made ( salad gre5s4 ,,/udy ,,( ,,m9]al ,,food ,z ! /udy ( m9]al food involves a k ( *emi/ry1 little m c be done 9 ,junior classes ?an to tea* t c]ta9 m9]al comp\nds are requir$ = ! body1 to po9t out _! two ma9 uses1 & to lead ! pupils to "k ! foods :i* g5]ally supply ^!4 ,_! att5tion %\ld be direct$ to ! fact t all m9]al matt] is f\nd1 9 ! fir/ place1 9 ! e>?'s cru/1 b t1 ) ! exception ( salt1 animals _c use x 9 t =m4 ,plants c use x1 & !y absorb x f ! soil2 !n we eat ! plants1 & 9 t way obta9 ! m9]al sub/ance1 or we may obta9 x by eat+ ! animals :i* h eat5 ! plants4 ,wat] also1 9 mak+ its way ?r\gh ! e>?1 may dissolve c]ta9 m9]als &1 by dr9k+ ! wat]1 we obta9 ^!4 ,x w n be necess>y to tea* ! names ( ! m9]als :i* our food mu/ supply1 z mo/ ( ^! w mean no?+ to ! pupils4 ,!y might be ask$ to "n "o or two :i* are v famili>2 = in/ance1 ! lime 9 bone & ! iron 9 blood4 ,!y may be told t !re are a few o!rs :i* !y w le>n :5 !y /udy *emi/ry 9 ! high s*ool4 ,! pupils h already le>n$ t m9]al matt] s]ves two ma9 functions 9 ! body3 t is1 build+ & regulat+1 & x is a good plan to classify ! well-kn[n foods "u ^! two head+s4 ,) a little guidance ! pupils c d mo/ ( ?is = !mselves4 ,!y "k t milk s]ves all build+ purposes 9 a *ild's body1 & mu/1 !re=e1 conta9 m9]al matt]4 ,eggs build animal bodies1 & mu/ conta9 ?is sub/ance also4 ,meat is ! animal body t has be5 built1 !re=e meat has ?is sub/ance2 b we %all f9d 9 ! meat lessons t !re is no m9]al matt] 9 fat & t ! cook _c dissolve x out ( bone1 !re=e muscle or lean meat mu/ be eat5 to obta9 x4 ,se$s1 too1 conta9 build+ mat]ial = new plants2 !re=e1 ! build+ m9]al matt] mu/ be /or$ 9 _! cells4 ,h>d wat] is kn[n by ! lime x conta9s1 !re=e ?is1 if drunk1 assi/s 9 ! =mation ( bone4 ,! class mu/ be told t ! m9]al 9 ! juices ( plants is ma9ly = regulat+ purposes2 t is1 to keep our bodies 9 ord]1 or z we say1 heal?y4 ,:5 !y get out ( ord]1 we usually g to a doctor to be regulat$ or made well4 ,! m$ic9e :i* he prescribes (t5 conta9s "s m9]al 9 solution1 p]haps iron4 ,! m9]al matt] :i* is 9 ! juices ( plants1 be+ a m natural =m ?an ! m9]al matt] 9 ! m$ic9e1 is m easily made use ( 9 ! bodily processes4 ,?is is "o reason :y p %\ld eat pl5ty ( vegetables & fruit4 ,_m spr+s also furni% wat] ) l>ge quantities ( m9]al matt] 9 solution1 :i* is us$ ma9ly = m$ic9al purposes4 ,! pupils may "k "s places :]e we f9d su* spr+s1 & ^! %\ld be m5tion$1 su* z ,pre/on ,spr+s1 ,banff1 & ,m\nt ,clem5s1 :i* h become heal? resorts ?r\gh ! pres5ce ( ^! wat]s4 ,:5 ! spr+s are 9 a di/ant c\ntry & _! wat]s are kn[n to conta9 a c]ta9 m9]al :i* our bodies ne$1 ! wat] is bottl$ & %ipp$ to u1 & may be obta9$ f a druggi/4 ,hunyadi ,janos1 ,ap5ta1 ,vi*y1 & ,apoll9>is are well-kn[n m$ic9al wat]s %ipp$ f ,european spr+s4 ,,summ>y ,,( ,,s\rces ,,( ,,m9]al ,,foods #a4 ,build+ m9]al matt]4--,milk1 eggs1 lean meat1 se$s1 h>d wat] #b4 ,regulat+ m9]al matt]4--,fruit1 vegetables1 m9]al wat]s1 salt4 ,,note4--,?is classification w be mo/ useful to ! pupils 9 prep>+ well-balanc$ meals 9 _! diet lessons4 ,,diet ,aft] /udy+ 9 ?is elem5t>y way ! composition ( ! animal & vegetable foods1 ! pupils w be ready = simple lessons on diet4 ,! class may n[ be said to h a work+ k ( ! well-kn[n foods1 & !y %\ld be giv5 a *ance to use ?is k1 by comb9+ & s]v+ ^! foods = simple meals4 ,,ref]5ce ,,tables ,,( ,,food ,,con/itu5ts ,x w be helpful 9 ?is "w1 to guide ! pupils 9 mak+ out a ref]5ce table ( ! food con/itu5ts4 ,?is w give li/s ( food 9 :i* ea* con/itu5t pr$om9ates1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,wat]3 ,bev]ages 7wat]1 milk1 tea1 c(fee1 cocoa71 fruit1 vegetables4 #b4 ,m9]al matt]3 7#a7 ,= build+--milk1 eggs 7yolk & :ite71 lean meat or fi%1 se$s1 h>d wat] 7#b7 ,= regulat+--fruit1 vegetables1 m9]al wat]s4 #c4 ,prote93 ,milk 7curd71 eggs 7yolk & :ite71 lean meat or fi%1 se$s4 #d4 ,sug>3 ,fruit 7juice71 non-/>*y vegetables 7juice71 milk 7:ey71 comm]cial sug>4 #e4 ,/>*3 ,p>ts ( plants :i* s]ve z /oreh\ses3 ,tub]s--potatoes1 arti*okes ,roots--p>snip1 tapioca1 arr[root ,/em--sago ,se$s--c]eals1 legumes1 "s nuts 7peanuts1 *e/nuts74 #f4 ,fat3 ,milk 7cream71 egg-yolk1 meat or fi% 7fat71 fruit1 z ! olive 7oil71 mo/ nuts 7walnut1 butt]nut1 pecan1 peanut1 etc474 ,besides ! necess>y sub/ances 9 food1 ! pupils mu/ be told t !re are o!r po9ts = ! h\sekeep] to consid] :5 prep>+ ! meals1 namely3 #a4 ,! am\nt ( ea* food sub/ance requir$ daily4 #b4 ,special requirem5ts ( individuals accord+ to3 7#a7 age1 7#b7 occupation1 7#c7 climate1 7#d7 season4 ,"u #a1 above1 x may be expla9$1 t :5 a meal is prep>$ :i* gives ! body a correct proportion ( ea* food sub/ance1 x is said to be well balanc$4 ,f num]\s exp]im5ts ! ,diet>y ,/&>d = "o day = a gr[n p]son has be5 calculat$ to be3 ,wat]--ab\t #e p9ts1 two ( :i* are tak5 9 solid food ,m9]al matt]--#a ounce ,prote9--#c to #d #a_/b ounces ,fat--#b ounces ,sug> & />* 7toge!r7--#ad to #ah ounces4 ,al?\gh ! pupils _c be expect$ to foll[ ?is table accurately1 f lack ( suffici5t k1 x w be ( "s assi/ance to !m 9 *oos+ a comb9ation ( food = ! home meals4 ,"u #b1 above1 "s ( ! v>iations ( food are obvi\s1 b "s mu/ be taught4 ,*ildr5 require simple1 n\ri%+ food1 :i* w conta9 pl5ty ( prote9 & m9]al matt] = tissue build+ z well z mu* fuel food4 ,_! diet %\ld be v>i$ & abundant4 ,9 old age ! diet %\ld also be simple1 because ( ! lack ( vig\r 9 ! dige/ive organs1 b ! am\nt ( build+ mat]ial %\ld be decreas$4 ,! food ( old p %\ld conta9 proportionately m c>bonace\s mat]ial4 ,bra9 work]s require less food ?an ^? engag$ 9 active muscul> "w1 & x %\ld be less /imulat+ & less bulky4 ,_! diet %\ld be 9 a =m t is easily dige/$4 ,) ! =ego+ g5]al ideas 9 m9d1 ! pupils may be ask$ to prep>e m5us = simple home meals4 ,^! %\ld be assign$ z home "w1 s t pl5ty ( "t c be giv5 to _! consid]ation1 & !n !y may be br\ght to ! class = criticism4 ,! be/ ( ^! %\ld be *os5 = actual practice 9 s*ool "w4 ,,note4--,x is int5d$ t ?is "p ( ! "w %all be pres5t$ 9 a v rudim5t>y way4 ,! tea*] %\ld feel satisfi$ if %e succe$s 9 implant+ ideas ( ! importance ( ^! food consid]ations1 s t ! pupils w be ready = m specific in/ruction to be ga9$ 9 high] s*ools or f _! own read+4 ,*eap bullet9s on ,human ,nutrition1 publi%$ by ,cornell ,univ]sity1 w be excell5t read+ on ?is subject4 ,,prep>+ ,,& ,,s]v+ ,,meals ,be=e ! pupils are giv5 a meal to prep>e & s]ve1 table sett+ %\ld be review$1 & ! rules ( table s]vice taught z foll[s3 ,,rules ,,= ,,s]v+ #a4 ,! ho/ess s]ves ! s\p1 salad1 dess]t1 tea1 & c(fee2 ! ho/ s]ves ! meat & fi%4 #b4 ,vegetables & side di%es may be s]v$ by "s "o at ! table or pass$ by ! waitress4 #c4 ,di%es are s]v$ at ! left ( ea* p]son1 comm5c+ ) ! *ief gue/4 #d4 ,gue/s are s]v$ fir/2 ladies be=e g5tlem54 #e4 ,9 ea* c\rse1 remove ! di%es conta9+ ! food be=e remov+ ! soil$ plates4 #f4 ,:5 "o c\rse is f9i%$1 take ! tray 9 ! left h&1 /& on ! left side ( ! p]son1 & remove ! individual soil$ di%es ) ! "r h&1 nev] pil+ !m4 #g4 ,be=e dess]t is s]v$1 if necess>y1 remove ! crumbs f ! clo? ) a bru%1 crumb knife1 or napk94 #h4 ,tea or c(fee may be p\r$ at table or s]v$ f a side table by ! waitress4 ,,note4--,extra cutl]y & napk9s %\ld be conv5i5tly plac$ on a side table1 9 case ( accid5t4 ,:]e ! class consi/s ( twelve or m pupils1 x mu/ be divid$ = ! prep>ation & s]v+ ( a meal4 ,ea* section %\ld prep>e & s]ve a meal = ! o!rs1 until all h _h exp]i5ce4 ,z breakfa/ & lun*eon are ! simpl] meals1 !y %\ld be tak5 fir/ 9 ! ord] ( lessons4 ,! duties ( ! cook+ & s]v+ %\ld be def9itely settl$1 & ea* girl giv5 entire responsibility = a c]ta9 "p ( ! "w4 ,^? :o are s]v$ %\ld repres5t a family4 ,memb]s %\ld be *os5 to act z fa!r1 "m1 lady gue/1 g5tleman gue/1 & *ildr5 ( v>y+ ages1 s t ! duties & s]v+ ( ea* may be typifi$4 ,,*apt] ,,viii ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,junior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,,c>e ,,( ,,! ,,h\se ,! pupils ( ,=m ,,iv ,junior %\ld be urg$ to take entire c>e ( _! own b$-rooms4 ,! ,h\sehold ,managem5t tea*] c d mu* to enc\rage !m 9 ?is4 ,%e may include su* "w z "p ( ! week's practice4 ,! ord] ( "w %\ld be discuss$ & plann$ by ! pupils1 ! tea*] guid+ ! class by h] que/ion+4 ,9 lessons ( ?is k9d1 ! ma9 "w ( ! tea*] is to asc]ta9 :at ! pupil kn[s & to sy/ematize h] k4 ,a typewritt5 %eet ( directions may be giv5 ea* pupil to hang 9 h] room1 & may s]ve z an inc5tive to h] to p]=m ! duties outl9$4 ,,directions ,,= ,,! ,,daily ,,c>e ,,( ,a ,,b$-,,room #a4 ,op5 ! w9d[1 if x has be5 clos$ dur+ dress+4 #b4 ,?r[ ! b$-clo?+ ov] ! foot ( ! b$1 us+ a *air to hold x f ! floor1 or place x ov] two *airs ne> ! w9d[4 #c4 ,put night clo?+ to air4 #d4 ,put away any o!r clo?+ 9 draw]s & closet4 #e4 ,tidy & du/ ! top ( ! dress+-table4 #f4 ,make ! b$1 aft] x has be5 air$ at lea/ half an h\r4 ,once a week ! foll[+ "w %\ld be add$3 #a4 ,! blankets & com=t] %\ld be hung outside to air4 #b4 ,! mattress %\ld be turn$1 & fre% b$-l95 plac$ on ! b$4 #c4 ,! room %\ld be ?or\ghly swept & du/$4 ,aft] ! pupils h _h tra9+ 9 ! c>e ( _! b$-rooms1 ?is exp]i5ce1 toge!r ) _! lessons 9 clean+1 %\ld enable !m to keep any ( ! o!r rooms 9 ! h\se 9 good ord]4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out t1 9 ^! days ( sanit>y build+ & furni%+1 !re is no necessity = ! semi-annual h\seclean+ ( =m] times4 ,ea* week ! h\se c be ?or\ghly gone ov]1 ) ! exception ( laund]+ curta9s & wa%+ wood-"w1 & ^! duties might be tak5 9 turn1 a room at a "t e week1 s t ! "w w n accumulate4 ,! class %\ld be taught to consid] ! economy ( "t & en]gy & enc\rag$ to provide !mselves ) all ! late/ aids !y c af=d4 ,! clean+ me?ods :i* are necess>y = ?is "w & :i* h n be5 =mally taught1 %\ld n[ be def9itely outl9$4 ,^! are ! weekly sweep+1 weekly du/+1 & clean+ special metals4 ,,directions ,,= ,,weekly ,,sweep+ #a4 ,du/ & put away all small articles4 #b4 ,lift ! small rugs1 sweep !m on bo? sides1 out-(-doors if possible1 & leave !m to air4 ,rugs too l>ge to take out %\ld be bru%$ & fold$ ov] to all[ ( sweep+ ! "u side & wip+ ! floor b5ea?4 #c4 ,cov] ! furniture ) du/ %eets4 #d4 ,%ut ! doors & op5 a w9d[4 #e4 ,beg9 at ! side ( ! room f>!/ f ! door & sweep t[>d ! c5tre2 sweep f ! o!r side t[>d ! c5tre2 ga!r ! du/ 9 a du/-pan & empty x into ! g>bage pail or fire4 #f4 ,put away ! broom & du/-pan4 #g4 ,leave ! room %ut up = a few m9utes1 9 ord] to all[ ! du/ to settle4 #h4 ,use a du/less mop to du/ ! floor4 ,,directions ,,= ,,weekly ,,du/+ #a4 ,use a s(t cotton or *eeseclo? du/] v slightly damp5$4 #b4 ,roll up ! cov]s t are ov] ! furniture & c>ry !m outside1 9 ord] to %ake (f ! du/4 #c4 ,wipe ! du/ f ! furniture1 pictures1 w9d[-sills1 l$ges1 doors1 & basebo>d1 be+ c>eful n to scatt] x 9 ! air4 #d4 ,*ange ! du/] :5 necess>y4 #e4 ,replace ! small articles4 #f4 ,wa% & dry ! du/]s4 ,,c>e ,,& ,,clean+ ,,( ,,metals ,,iron ,,or ,,/eel ,ut5sils made ( ^! are heavy1 b /rong & durable1 & hold ! heat well4 #a4 ,c>e3 ,!y mu/ be kept dry & smoo?4 ,moi/ure causes ru/1 r\gh5s ! surfaces ( ! ut5sils1 & makes !m m difficult to clean4 ,if !y are n to be us$ = "s "t1 ! surfaces %\ld be greas$ or coat$ ) p>aff94 #b4 ,clean+3 7#a7 ,wa% 9 hot soap-suds1 r9se 9 hot wat]1 & dry ?or\ghly4 7#b7 ,if food is burn$ on1 sc\r ) "s gritty mat]ial or boil 9 a solution ( wa%+ soda1 r9se 9 hot wat]1 & dry ?or\ghly4 ,,t9 ,ut5sils made ( ?is are light & inexp5sive2 !y are good conductors ( heat1 b !y are also good radiators & lose heat quickly4 #a4 ,c>e3 ,z t9w>e is /eel or iron coat$ ) liquid t91 ! grades v>y accord+ to ! base-metal us$ & ! ?ickness ( ! coat+4 ,ut5sils made ( ?is metal mu/ be c>efully kept f scrat*es1 s9ce deep scrat*es expose ! base-metal & all[ ! =mation ( ru/4 #b4 ,clean+3 7#a7 ,wa% 9 hot soap-suds1 r9se1 & dry ?or\ghly4 7#b7 ,if food is burn$ on1 boil 9 a weak solution ( wa%+ soda1 r9se 9 hot wat]1 & dry ?or\ghly4 ,,note4--,:it+ may be us$ to bright5 ! t91 b sc\r+ is n recomm5d$1 z x we>s (f ! coat+4 ,,granite ,,& ,,enamel ,,w>e ,ut5sils made ( ?is are attractive1 n heavy1 & !y d n t>ni% or ru/4 #a4 ,c>e3 ,^! w>es are made by coat+ /eel or %eet-iron ) a specially prep>$ glassy sub/ance call$ enamel or glaze4 ,two or ?ree coats are appli$4 ,! durability dep5ds on ! +r$i5ts us$ 9 ! glaze & on ! numb] ( coats appli$4 ,su* ut5sils %\ld be heat$ gradually1 scrap$ c>efully1 & h&l$ )\t knock+1 to avoid *ipp+4 #b4 ,clean+3 7#a7 ,wa% 9 hot soap-suds4 7#b7 ,if /a9$1 use "s sc\r+ p[d]2 wa% & dry4 7#c7 ,if food is burn$ on1 boil 9 a solution ( wa%+ soda & !n sc\r2 wa% & dry4 ,,alum9ium ,ut5sils made ( ?is are v light 9 weight &1 z !y h no crevices1 are easily clean$4 ,!y are also good conductors ( heat4 #a4 ,c>e3 ,?is metal w>ps "u a high temp]ature1 & %\ld1 !re=e1 be us$ ) c>e4 ,d n turn ! gas on full1 or1 if us$ ov] wood or coal fires1 be sure to leave ! /ove lid on4 ,"s foods injure ! metal1 if !y are all[$ to rema9 9 x v long4 #b4 ,clean+3 7#a7 ,wa% 9 hot wat]1 ) mild soap4 ,alkalies %\ld n be us$1 z !y d>k5 ! surface4 7#b7 ,if food is burn$ on1 ! di% %\ld be soak$ 9 wat] & !n sc\r$ ) ba?brick or em]y p[d]4 7#c7 ,:it+ may be us$ to bright5 x4 ,,z9c ,?is is n us$ = ut5sils1 b = table tops & = plac+ "u /oves1 etc4 ,clean+3 7#a7 ,use hot wat] & mild soap4 ,alkalies & acids affect z9c & %\ld be us$ ) c>e4 7#b7 ,if /a9$1 rub ) coal-oil or a pa/e made ( coal-oil & soda1 & !n wa% 9 hot wat]4 ,,galvaniz$ ,,iron ,?is is us$ = g>bage pails1 a% pans1 /ove pipes1 etc4 ,x is made by dipp+ %eet-iron into melt$ z9c4 ,clean+3 ,! same z = z9c4 ,,copp] ,,or ,,brass ,ut5sils made ( ^! are heavy b durable & are good conductors ( heat4 ,!y are dang]\s1 if n prop]ly clean$4 ,clean+3 7#a7 ,wa% 9 hot wat]1 us+ a little wa%+ soda to remove any grease1 r9se well1 & dry4 7#b7 ,if /a9$ or t>ni%$1 sc\r ) salt & v9eg>1 !n r9se ?or\ghly1 & dry4 ,,silv] ,?is is us$ = spoons1 knives1 =ks1 & s]v+ di%es1 b nev] = cook+ ut5sils1 on acc\nt ( its co/4 ,x is ! be/ conductor ( heat among ! h\se metals4 ,clean+3 7#a7 ,wa% 9 hot soap-suds4 7#b7 ,if /a9$ or t>ni%$1 use :it+ or silv] poli%1 wa%1 & dry4 ,,recipe ,,= ,,silv] ,,poli% #b tbsp4 borax #a cup boil+ wat] #a_/b cup alcohol :it+4 #a4 ,dissolve ! borax 9 ! wat]4 #b4 ,:5 cold1 add ! alcohol & en\gh :it+ to make a ?9 cream4 #c4 ,bottle1 & %ake :5 us$4 ,,note4--,! c>e & clean+ ( ! metals out ( :i* ord9>y ut5sils are made1 su* z granite w>e1 t91 & /eel1 may be taught incid5tally z ! ut5sils are us$4 ,,*apt] ,,ix ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,junior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,,laundry ,,"w ,?is "w is b a cont9uation ( ! lessons on clean+4 ,x is ! process ( remov+ =eign matt] f cotton1 l951 wooll51 or silk fabrics by ! use ( wat] & additional cleans+ ag5ts4 ,x also includes ! f9i%+ ( ^! mat]ials by ! use ( blue+1 />*1 & heat$ irons1 to re/ore z f> z possible _! orig9al appe>ance4 ,! pr9ciples ( laundry "w h be5 taught 9 ! wa%+ ( di% clo?s & t[els1 & n[ ^! pr9ciples h only to be ext5d$ to :ite cotton & l95 clo!s ( any k9d4 ,! pupils may be ask$ to br+ soil$ articles ( :ite l95 or cotton f home = use at s*ool 9 exemplify+ ! necess>y processes4 ,9 s*ools :i* lack an equipm5t1 ^! processes may be discuss$ 9 class & !n practis$ at home4 ,! tea*] %\ld *oose f ! foll[+ outl9e :at is mo/ suitable to ! class3 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,lessons ,,on ,,! ,,wa%+ ,,( ,,:ite ,,cotton ,,& ,,l95 ,,clo!s ,,lesson ,i ,,mat]ials #a4 ,wat]3 7#a7 ,use3 7a7 ,to s(t5 & dissolve c]ta9 =eign sub/ances 9 ! clo!s4 7b7 ,to c>ry away all ! =eign matt] t has be5 dissolv$ or rubb$ out ( ! clo!s4 7#b7 ,k9ds3 7a7 ,h>d wat] 7b7 ,s(t wat] ,= laundry purposes1 ! wat] %\ld be s(t4 ,! quality kn[n z h>dness1 :i* "s wat] has1 is due to ! lime :i* x has dissolv$ 9 mak+ its way ?r\gh ! e>?4 ,wat] is said to be tempor>ily or p]man5tly h>d accord+ to ! k9d ( lime x has 9 solution4 ,tempor>ily h>d wat] may be s(t5$ by boil+2 ! lime w be deposit$1 z may be se5 9 ! furr+ ( tea-kettles4 ,boil+ has no effect 9 s(t5+ p]man5tly h>d wat]1 s a sub/ance kn[n z an alkali is us$ = ?is purpose4 7#c7 ,me?ods ( s(t5+ wat] by alkalies4--,= ea* gallon ( wat] use "o ( ! foll[+3 7a7 ,"o tablespoonful ( borax or ammonia dissolv$ 9 "o cup ( wat]4 7b7 ,two tablespoonfuls ( a solution made by dissolv+ "o p\nd ( wa%+ soda 9 "o qu>t ( boil+ wat]4 7c7 ,"o f\r? tablespoonful ( lye dissolv$ 9 "o cup ( wat]4 #b4 ,alkalies 7borax1 ammonia1 wa%+ soda1 lye73 7#a7 ,use3 7a7 ,to s(t5 h>d wat] 7b7 ,to assi/ 9 dissolv+ greasy sub/ances4 7#b7 ,k9ds3 7a7 ,borax4--,?is alkali is "o ( ! milde/1 & = ?is reason is less h>mful to ! clo?+4 ,x is useful :5 an alkali is requir$ to s(t5 wat] = col\r$ clo!s or wooll5s4 ,x also has a t5d5cy to keep :ite clo!s a good col\r4 7b7 ,ammonia4--,?is also is a mild alkali1 b is apt to yell[ :ite mat]ials4 ,z x is v volatile1 x %\ld n be us$ unless ! wa%+ c be done quickly4 7c7 ,wa%+ soda4--,?is is a *eap sub/ance & /rong] ?an borax or ammonia4 ,x %\ld be made into a solution be=e x is us$1 = fe> ( too great /r5g?4 7d7 ,lye1 or cau/ic soda4--,?is alkali is v /rong & %\ld be employ$ ) great c>e4 ,x mu/ n be us$ except 9 weak solutions1 o!rwise x w\ld entirely dissolve fabrics4 ,x is n advisable = home laundry "w4 #c4 ,soap3 7#a7 ,use4--,to act on greasy matt]4 ,soap-suds p5etrate fabrics m completely ?an wat] alone1 & :5 ! soap comes 9 contact ) fatty mat]ial1 x emulsifies x1 t is1 v f9ely divides x into m9ute p>ticles1 s t x c be easily remov$4 ,if a soap is us$ t conta9s free alkali1 ?is sub/ance unites ) ! greasy impurities to =m new soap :i* has cleans+ value4 7#b7 ,k9ds4--7a7 ,neutral1 7b7 m$ium1 7c7 /rong4 ,all soap is a comp\nd ( an alkali & fat1 & accord+ z "o or ! o!r ( ^! sub/ances pr$om9ates1 ! k9d ( soap is det]m9$4 ,:5 j en\gh alkali is us$ to completely saponify ! am\nt ( fat1 ! product is call$ a neutral1 or mild1 soap4 ,:5 an excess ( alkali is pres5t1 ! soap is t]m$ m$ium or /rong1 accord+ to ! am\nt ( free alkali x conta9s4 ,a mild soap %\ld be us$ :5 free alkali w\ld be injuri\s1 z 9 wa%+ wooll5s or fabrics t h delicate col\rs4 #d4 ,soap sub/itutes1 or adjuncts3 7#a7 ,use4--,to act alone or ) soap 9 ex]t+ a solv5t action on greasy impurities1 s t ! cleans+ process may be facilitat$4 7#b7 ,k9ds3 7a7 ,alkalies4--,^! mu/ be us$ 9 excess ( ! am\nt ne$$ = s(t5+ ! wat]4 7b7 ,h>mless solv5ts1 su* z turp5t9e1 p>aff91 coal-oil1 gasol5e4--,! clo?+ mu/ be well r9s$ to get rid ( any od\r4 7c7 ,wa%+ p[d]s4--,^! are prep>$ mixtures ( soap & "s o!r solv5t ( greasy matt]4 #e4 ,blue+3 7#a7 ,use4--,to make clo!s :i* h a yell[ t+e appe> :it] 9 col\r4 7#b7 ,k9ds4--,!re are sev]al k9ds on ! m>ket1 b ! names ( ^! w be ( no value to ! class4 ,,note4--,suffici5t blue+ %\ld be us$ to make ! blue+ wat] a pale sky-blue col\r :5 a little ( x is lift$ 9 ! h&4 #f4 ,/>*3 7#a7 ,use3 7a7 ,to /iff5 fabrics & ?us improve _! appe>ance4 7b7 ,to give fabrics a glaz$ surface1 s t !y w %$ du/ & o!r impurities4 7#b7 ,k9ds4--7a7 ,cold />*1 7b7 boil$ />*4 ,raw />* does n give z durable a f9i% z cook$ />*1 b x does give great] /iffness4 ,a fabric w take up m />* 9 ! raw =m1 & ! heat ( ! iron cooks ! />*1 ?us produc+ ! /iffness4 ,! body1 or /iffness1 produc$ by cook$ />* is usually pref]able1 ?\gh on acc\nt ( its prep>ation1 x is n s conv5i5t to use4 7#c7 ,recipes = />*-- 7a7 ,cold ,/>* #b tbsp4 laundry />* #a_/b tsp4 borax #b cups cold wat]4 ,dissolve ! borax 9 a little boil+ wat]4 ,add ! cold wat] gradually to ! />* & mix ?or\ghly4 ,add ! dissolv$ borax & /ir well be=e us+4 7b7 ,boil$ ,/>* #b tbsp4 />* #d tbsp4 cold wat] #a_/b tsp4 l>d1 butt]1 or p>aff9 #a qt4 boil+ wat]4 ,mix ! />* ) ! cold wat] until free f lumps4 ,add ! l>d1 !n gradually /ir 9 ! boil+ wat]1 & keep /irr+ until ?ick5$4 ,cook fifte5 m9utes & use hot4 ,,note4--,borax 9 />* gives great] gloss & increases ! /iffness4 ,x also gives m la/+ /iffness4 ,l>d1 butt]1 or wax is us$ to give a smoo!r f9i% & to prev5t ! />* f /ick+ to ! iron4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,prep>ation ,,= ,,wa%+ ,,:ite ,,l95 ,,or ,,cotton ,,clo!s #a4 ,sort ! clo!s3 7#a7 ,table l95 & clean t[els 7#b7 ,b$ & body l95 7#c7 ,h&k]*iefs 7#d7 ,soil$ t[els & clo?s4 #b4 ,m5d ! clo!s4 #c4 ,remove /a9s4 #d4 ,look aft] necess>y mat]ials4 ,,process ,,( ,,wa%+ ,,:ite ,,l95 ,,or ,,cotton ,,clo!s ,/eps ,me?od #a4 ,soak+3 ,wet ! clo!s2 rub ! soil$ p>ts ) soap & roll ea* article sep>ately2 pack 9 a tub1 plac+ ! clo?+ mo/ soil$ at ! bottom2 cov] ) w>m soapy wat] & soak f "o h\r to ov] night4 ,! soak+ s(t5s & loos5s ! fibres ( fabrics1 s t ! =eign matt] 9 !m c be m easily sep>at$4 ,x also dissolves ! soluble impurities 9 ! fabrics4 #b4 ,rubb+3 ,wr+ ! clo!s out ( ! soak+ wat]1 & place !m 9 a tub ( clean w>m wat] or soap-suds2 rub ! soil$ p>ts fir/ on "o side & !n on ! o!r1 us+ ! knuckles1 a wa%bo>d1 or a wa%+-ma*9e4 ,:5 ea* piece is clean1 wr+ x tightly4 ,! rubb+ scrapes or rubs out ! =eign matt] :i* has be5 loos5$ by ! soak+4 #c4 ,r9s+3 ,%ake out ea* piece & put x into a tub ( cle> wat]2 rub1 & move ab\t 9 ! wat] to get rid ( any soil$ wat] t ! clo!s may conta92 wr+ tightly4 #d4 ,boil+3 ,%ake out ea* piece & place x 9 a boil] ( cold wat] ) or )\t soap2 br+ to boil+ heat1 & boil briskly = tw5ty m9utes4 ,! boil+ kills any g]ms & assi/s 9 :it5+ ! clo!s4 #e4 ,r9s+3 ,lift ! clo!s f ! boil+ wat] by means ( a clo!s /ick & place !m 9 a tub ( cle>1 cold wat]2 proce$ z 9 ! fir/ r9s+4 #f4 ,blue+3 ,op5 out ea* piece & place "o or two at a "t 9 a tub ( blue+ wat] = j a mom5t2 wr+ tightly1 & %ake out ea* piece4 ,! blue+ t5ds to c\nt]act any yell[ t+e 9 ! clo!s1 mak+ !m appe> :it]4 #g4 ,/>*+3 ,dip "o piece at a "t into ! />* mixture until well saturat$2 !n wr+4 ,only c]ta9 articles or p>ts ( articles w require ?is "p ( ! process1 to give !m body or /iffness &1 x may be1 gloss9ess4 #h4 ,hang+3 ,%ake out ea* piece ?or\ghly2 fa/5 to a clo!s-l9e or hang on a rack to all[ ! moi/ure to evaporate4 ,?is %\ld be out-(-doors 9 ! sunlight if possible4 ,,removal ,,( ,,/a9s ,=eign matt] :i* is difficult or impossible to remove by ! ord9>y wa%+ process is call$ a /a94 ,su* matt] is n dissolv$ by ! usual cleans+ ag5ts us$ 9 laundry "w1 su* z wat] & soap1 b requires "s special solv5t to act on x4 ,! *oice ( ! ag5t to be us$ w dep5d on ! nature ( ! =eign matt] to be remov$4 ,9 "s cases x is difficult to f9d an ag5t :i* w n act also on ! col\r ( ! fabric2 9 o!r cases to f9d "o :i* does n injure ! fibre ( ! goods4 ,! pupils %\ld be ask$ to give in/ances f _! own exp]i5ce :]e special solv5ts 7 us$ to remove /a9s1 & be requir$ to make a li/ ( ^!4 ,if necess>y1 ! tea*] %\ld supplem5t ?is li/ ) ! names ( o!r ag5ts & ! me?ods ( us+ !m4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,lessons ,,on ,,! ,,wa%+ ,,( ,,wooll5s ,! wa%+ ( wooll5 mat]ials is "p ( ! ,c\rse = ! "w ( ! ,s5ior ,grade ( ,=m ,,iv1 b1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 ! laundry lessons ( bo? ,grades ( ,=m ,,iv are outl9$ 9 "o section ( ?is ,manual4 ,be=e all[+ ! class any practice 9 ?is bran* ( laundry "w1 x w be necess>y = ! tea*] to make c]ta9 pr9ciples v cle>3 #a4 ,t wool is an animal product4 ,z su* x t5ds to be %runk5 & h>d5$ by 7#a7 heat1 7#b7 alkalies4 #b4 ,t ! surface ( ea* wool fibre wov5 into wooll5 mat]ials is se5 "u ! microscope to be cov]$ ) not*es1 or scales4 ,if ^! not*es 9 any way become entangl$1 ! mat]ial is !reby drawn up1 or %runk54 #c4 ,t ^! not*es may be entangl$ by3 7#a7 ,wett+ ! wooll5 mat]ial & !n rubb+ or twi/+ x4 ,:5 ! fibres are wet1 !y exp& some:at & ! project+ scales1 or not*es1 are loos5$4 ,if ! mat]ial is rubb$ at ?is "t1 ! not*$ edges int]lock4 7#b7 ,! use ( /rong soaps or alkalies4 ,^! act *emically on ! fibres & s(t5 & exp& !m1 caus+ ! not*$ edges to become s prom95t t !y cat* 9 "o ano!r4 ,,note4--,! /ructure ( wooll5 fibres may be sket*$ on ! black-bo>d & comp>$ ) ^? ( cotton & l954 ,to impress ! =ego+ pr9ciples1 a few exp]im5ts w be f\nd mo/ useful4 ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,clo? ,,made ,,( ,,wool ,,fibre #a4 ,boil a piece ( new wooll5 clo? = five m9utes4 ,dry1 & comp>e ) an orig9al piece4 #b4 ,saturate a piece ( new wooll5 clo? ) a /rong solution ( wa%+ soda4 ,dry1 & comp>e ) an orig9al piece4 #c4 ,wa% a piece ( new wooll5 clo? 9 ea* ( ! foll[+ ways3 7#a7 ,by rubb+ soap directly on ! clo? & !n s\s+ ! goods 9 ! wat]4 7#b7 ,by us+ a soap solution in/ead ( ! soap1 z 9 7#a74 7#c7 ,by rubb+ on a wa%-bo>d4 ,9 ea* case dry ! clo? & comp>e ) an orig9al piece4 ,aft] ! results ( ! exp]im5ts h be5 discuss$1 ! pupils may =mulate a s]ies ( po9ts to be obs]v$ 9 ! wa%+ ( wooll5 fabrics4 ,illu/ration3 ,cotton fibres magnifi$ ,illu/ration3 ,l95 fibres magnifi$ ,illu/ration3 ,wooll5 fibres magnifi$ ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,wa%+ ,,wooll5s #a4 ,use lukew>m1 s(t wat]4 #b4 ,d n use /rong soaps or alkalies4 #c4 ,d n rub soap directly on ! wooll5 mat]ial1 b use soap solutions4 #d4 ,d n rub or twi/ wooll5 clo? :5 x is wet4 #e4 ,d n boil to /]ilize4 #f4 ,d n dry 9 extreme heat4 ,,/eps ,,9 ,,wa%+ ,,wooll5 ,,mat]ials #a4 ,%ake or bru% ! clo?+ to free x f du/4 #b4 ,put x into lukew>m1 soapy wat] to soak = a few m9utes4 #c4 ,wa% on bo? sides by squeez+ & s\s+ 9 ! wat]4 #d4 ,r9se 9 cle>1 lukew>m wat]2 use sev]al wat]s1 if necess>y1 to remove ! soap4 #e4 ,pass ?r\gh a loosely set wr+] or squeeze ! wat] out by h&4 #f4 ,%ake1 9 ord] to raise ! woolly fibres4 #g4 ,dry 9 a mod]ate temp]ature1 9 a w9d1 if possible4 ,,*apt] ,x ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5ior ,,grade ,,foods ,! ,s5ior ,f\r? class is ! prep>atory class = entrance into ! high s*ool1 & = _m girls x is ! f9al s*ool ye>4 ,= ?is reason ! ,c\rse ( ?is ye> %\ld cov] z _m ( ! rema9+ h\sehold op]ations z possible4 ,! tra9+ ( ! previ\s ye>s %\ld h =m$ good habits ( "w & h giv5 exp]i5ce 9 ord9>y clean+1 & 9 ! cook+ & s]v+ ( ! simple food mat]ials4 ,?r\gh ?is tra9+ ! pupils %\ld also h be5 impress$ ) ! value ( food1 & %\ld h le>n$ ! s\rces ( food & ( all well-kn[n h\sehold mat]ials4 ,! tra9+ ( ?is la/ ye>1 :ile cont9u+ ! ,junior "w1 %\ld also emphasize ! h\sehold processes t require great] m5tal developm5t to und]/& & great] practical skill to c>ry out4 ,x is ! bord] ye> betwe5 ! public s*ool & ! high s*ool1 & mu/ necess>ily anticipate ! elem5t>y sci5ce ( ! latt]4 ,9 ?is ye> m responsibility %\ld be giv5 to ! pupils & m orig9ality %\ld be expect$ ( !m4 ,:]e !y h hi!rto foll[$ recipes & be5 giv5 rules1 !y %\ld n[ foll[ pr9ciples & d$uce rules4 ,( ! sev]al topics outl9$ 9 ! ,c\rse = ,=m ,,iv ,s5ior1 x is advisable to />t ) ! pres]vation ( food4 ,fruit & vegetables are mo/ pl5tiful :5 ! s*ool ye> op5s1 & ,septemb] is ! mo/ opportune mon? to pres]ve ^! = w9t] use4 ,facts conc]n+ food pres]vation may h be5 tak5 incid5tally 9 previ\s lessons1 b n[ ! subject %\ld be sy/ematically taught1 s t cann+1 pres]v+1 & pickl+ may be intellig5tly practis$4 ,,pres]vation ,,( ,,food ,,cause ,,( ,,decay ,! lesson may be introduc$ by ref]r+ to ! unusual att5tion giv5 to fruit at ! "t ( rip5+4 ,! economical h\sekeep] takes c]ta9 foods :5 !y are mo/ pl5tiful & pres]ves !m = use :5 !y are n 9 season4 ,"s foods require special c>e to keep !m f decay+4 ,! decay is caus$ by ! action ( microscopic plants call$ bact]ia1 :i* get into ! food4 ,,bact]ia ,x is difficult = any "o to get a correct conception ( bact]ia2 especially is x s = *ildr54 ,! tea*] %\ld be mo/ c>eful n to attempt to give ! class unimportant details1 b ! few necess>y facts %\ld be made v cle> & real4 ,! foll[+ po9ts %\ld be impress$3 #a4 ,bact]ia are plants4 7,?is fact %\ld be kept cle>ly 9 m9d47 #b4 ,!y are microscopic 9 size & h5ce ! m difficult to deal )4 #c4 ,!y are f\nd ev]y:]e t !re is life--9 ! air1 9 wat]1 9 ! soil4 #d4 ,!y multiply v rapidly "u fav\rable conditions4 #e4 ,"s bact]ia are useful to ! h\sekeep]2 _m k9ds are h] enemies4 #f4 ,"s ( ^! enemies get into food &1 gr[+ !re1 cause a *ange 9 x--!n we say ! food is spoil$4 ,,conditions ,,( ,,bact]ial ,,gr[? ,all plants h ! same requirem5ts4 ,any well-kn[n plant may be put be=e ! class to help !m to ?9k ( ^!4 ,!y mu/ be told t microscopic plants diff] f o!r plants 9 "o respect2 !y d n ne$ light4 ,h5ce bact]ial requirem5ts are z foll[s3 7#a7 wat]1 7#b7 food1 7#c7 air 7oxyg571 7#d7 heat4 ,! class %\ld be l$ to see t if any "o ( ^! conditions is remov$1 ! rema9+ ones are insuffici5t = ! plant's activity4 ,,means ,,( ,,ov]com+ ,,bact]ia ,to ! h\sekeep]1 pres]v+ food means ov]com+ bact]ia4 ,!re are only two ways ( do+ ?is1 ei!r ( :i* may be *os53 #a4 ,kill ! bact]ia 9 ! food & exclude o!rs4 #b4 ,subject ! food to conditions :i* are unfav\rable = bact]ial gr[?4 ,9 ! fir/ way1 extreme heat is us$ to kill ! bact]ia 9 ! food1 & !n :ile hot1 ! food is seal$ to keep out o!r bact]ia3 ,example1 cann+4 ,9 ! second way1 conditions are made unfav\rable to ! bact]ia 9 ! food1 z foll[s3 #a4 ,! bact]ia are depriv$ ( wat]2 ! food is dri$4 #b4 ,! bact]ia are depriv$ ( suffici5t heat to be active2 cold /orage is us$4 #c4 ,l>ge quantities ( c]ta9 sub/ances :i* are detrim5tal to ! gr[? ( bact]ia are put into ! food1 & ! bact]ia become inactive4 ,examples3 salt1 sug>1 spices1 v9eg>1 smoke1 or c]ta9 *emicals4 ,:5 ! lesson is f9i%$1 ! class is ready to practise ! pr9ciples x involves4 ,! lessons on ! special pres]vation ( fruit may foll[ at once4 ,illu/ration3 ,ut5sils us$ 9 cann+ ,,cann+ ,z cann+ is ! me?od ( pres]vation mo/ commonly us$1 practice %\ld be giv5 9 ?is me?od4 ,9 rural s*ools ) a limit$ equipm5t1 x may be t only "o j> c be prep>$4 ,9 o!r s*ools1 x may be impossible to provide ea* pupil ) mat]ial = "w1 on acc\nt ( ! exp5se4 ,9 ! latt] case1 ! mat]ials may all be br\ght f home1 or ea* pupil may br+ h] own j> & fruit1 & ! s*ool supply ! sug>4 ,in/ruction on ! c>e ( j>s & ! prep>ation ( fruit & syrup mu/ prec$e ! practical "w4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,j>s #a4 ,see t ! j>s are air-tight2 p>tly fill ! j> ) wat]2 place rubb]s1 cov]s1 & rims2 screw tightly1 & inv]t4 ,if any wat] oozes out1 ! j> is n air-tight4 ,(t5 an extra rubb] w correct ! tr\ble4 #b4 ,wa% ! j>s ?or\ghly ) ! aid ( a small bru%4 #c4 ,/]ilize ! j>s 9 e "p2 dip !m 9 boil+ wat]1 or place !m on a re/ 7fold$ pap] or wood5 slats7 9 a kettle1 to prev5t ! j>s f t\*+ ! bottom4 ,fill & surr\nd !m ) tepid wat]1 !n place !m ov] heat until ! wat] boils4 ,keep !m 9 ! boil+ wat] until ready to fill ) fruit4 ,dip ! rubb] b&s 9 boil+ wat]1 b d n all[ !m to rema9 9 x4 ,use new rubb]s ea* season4 #d4 ,:5 fill+ ! j>s1 place !m on a fold$ clo? wrung out ( w>m wat]1 !n seal1 & inv]t until cool4 ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,fruit ,use fre%1 s\nd fruit1 n too ripe4 #a4 ,b]ries4--,pick ov]1 wa% 9 a /ra9]1 & hull4 #b4 ,currants1 gooseb]ries4--,pick ov]1 wa%1 remove ends & /ems4 #c4 ,*]ries4--,pick ov]1 wa%1 remove /ones & /ems4 #d4 ,plums4--,pick ov]1 wa%1 remove /ems1 & prick ?ree or f\r times ) a silv] =k1 9 ord] to prev5t ! /eam bur/+ ! sk94 #e4 ,pe>s1 apples4--,pick ov]1 wa%1 p>e1 &1 to prev5t discoloration1 keep 9 cold wat] until us$4 #f4 ,pea*es4--,pick ov]1 plunge into boil+ wat] a few seconds 7us+ a wire basket71 !n into cold wat]2 peel2 drop into cold wat] to prev5t discoloration4 ,,syrup ,,= ,,cann+ ,use ab\t #a cup ( wat] = ea* p9t c4 ,no4 #a ,syrup4--,equal p>ts ( sug> & wat]1 or #a cup ( wat] & #a cup ( sug>4 ,no4 #b ,syrup4--#a #a_/b cups ( wat] & #a cup ( sug>4 #a4 ,use ,no4 #a syrup = wat]y fruits & acid fruits4 #b4 ,use ,no4 #b syrup = pe>s1 pea*es1 sweet plums1 sweet *]ries1 etc4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cann+ #a4 ,fruit cook$ 9 a /eam]3 ,fill ! /]iliz$ j>s ) prep>$ fruit1 ) or )\t syrup4 ,place ! cov]s1 b d n fa/5 !m d[n4 ,/& ! j>s 9 a /eam] ov] cold wat]4 ,cov] ! /eam] & heat to ! boil+ po9t4 ,/eam at lea/ fifte5 m9utes1 or until ! fruit is t5d]4 ,remove f ! /eam]1 fill to ov]fl[+ ) boil+ syrup1 & seal at once4 ,inv]t4 #b4 ,fruit cook$ 9 a boil]3 ,put a false bottom 9 ! boil]1 to prev5t ! j>s f be+ brok54 ,fill ! j>s ) fruit1 & add syrup if desir$4 ,cov] & place ! j>s 9 ! boil] )\t t\*+ "o ano!r4 ,p\r 9 tepid wat] to )9 an in* ( ! top ( ! j>s & br+ gradually to boil+ heat4 ,cook & f9i% z direct$ 9 #a1 above4 #c4 ,fruit cook$ 9 an ov53 ,fill /]iliz$1 hot j>s ) prep>$ raw fruit & cov] ) hot syrup4 ,place ! j>s 9 a mod]ate ov51 9 a bak+ di% conta9+ ab\t an in* or two ( hot wat]4 ,cook & f9i% z 9 #a1 above4 #d4 ,fruit cook$ 9 a kettle3 ,make a syrup 9 a fairly deep kettle4 ,put ! prep>$ fruit into x & cook g5tly until t5d]4 ,:5 ! fruit is cook$1 lift c>efully into hot1 /]iliz$ j>s1 & fill to ov]fl[+ ) boil+ syrup4 ,seal at once & inv]t4 ,,note4--,by ,me?ods #a1 #b1 & #c ! fruit is kept m p]fect 9 %ape & loses less flav\r ?an by ,me?od #d4 ,me?ods #b & #d are be/ to *oose = class practice4 ,aft] ! lesson 9 ,cann+1 x may n be wise to take ! s*ool "t = fur!r practice 9 ! pres]vation ( fruit4 ,:5 su* is ! case1 ! !ory ( jam & jelly mak+ may be discuss$ 9 class = home practice4 ,! notes ( ^! lessons may appe> z foll[s3 ,,jams ,,& ,,pres]ves ,,po9ts ,,9 ,,mak+ ,,jam #a4 ,9 ?is me?od sug> is ! pres]vative1 !re=e ! am\nt us$ mu/ be l>ge4 #b4 ,! quantity ( sug> us$ is f ?ree qu>t]s to "o p\nd ( sug> to ea* p\nd ( fruit4 ,little or no wat] is us$4 #c4 ,! natural %ape & appe>ance ( ! fruit is n kept4 #d4 ,! flav\r ( ! fruit is n s natural1 on acc\nt ( ! excessive sweetness4 #e4 ,! j> ne$ n be seal$1 b m]ely cov]$4 ,,jelly ,,composition ,,( ,,jelly #a4 ,jelly is made f c]ta9 fruit juices & sug>4 #b4 ,! fruit juice mu/ conta9 a c]ta9 am\nt ( pect91 or jelly+ pr9ciple1 & also a c]ta9 am\nt ( acid4 ,,p>ts ,,( ,,fruit ,,conta9+ ,,mo/ ,,pect9 7#a7 ,sk91 7#b7 core1 7#c7 pits & se$s4 ,illu/ration3 ,ut5sils us$ 9 mak+ jelly ,,fruits ,,conta9+ ,,mo/ ,,pect9 #a4 ,currants #b4 ,crab-apples1 apples #c4 ,qu9ces #d4 ,cranb]ries1 blackb]ries1 raspb]ries #e4 ,grapes1 if r gre54 ,,me?od ,,( ,,mak+ ,,jelly #a4 ,cut up ! prep>$ fruit if necess>y1 & add b>ely en\gh wat] = cook+4 #b4 ,set ov] ! heat & simm] g5tly until ! cellulose is v s(t4 #c4 ,turn into a jelly-bag1 & dra9 = a numb] ( h\rs or ov] night1 9 ord] to get rid ( ! cellulose4 #d4 ,measure ! dra9$ juice & take ! same quantity ( sug>4 #e4 ,heat ! sug> 9 ! ov54 #f4 ,boil ! juice g5tly & /eadily = tw5ty m9utes1 skimm+ :5 requir$4 #g4 ,add ! hot sug> & boil v g5tly f ?ree to five m9utes1 or until ! mixture w jelly :5 te/$4 #h4 ,empty at once into hot glasses & set to cool4 #i4 ,:5 cold & firm1 cov] & set 9 a cool1 d>k place4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,cov]+ ,,jam ,,or ,,jelly #a4 ,melt p>aff9 & p\r a lay] on ea* glass1 cov] ) a t9 cov] or pap] pa/$ ) egg-:ite4 #b4 ,cut clean1 :ite pap] to fit ! glass1 & lay on ! jelly :5 x is firm & cold4 ,place ! cov] or pap] z 9 #a1 above4 ,,pickl+ ,:]e ! tea*] f9ds x desirable1 a lesson %\ld n[ be giv5 on pickl+1 ) or )\t class practice4 ,at lea/ "o or two good recipes may be giv5 = home use4 ,!re are no new pr9ciples to tea*4 ,! use ( v9eg>1 salt1 & spices z pres]vatives %\ld be review$4 ,,*apt] ,,xi ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5or ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,,cook]y ,! fir/ "w 9 cook]y1 = ?is ,=m1 %\ld consi/ ( practice lessons1 :i* w te/ ! ability ( ! class 9 cook+ ! simple animal & vegetable foods4 ,! recipes us$ = ^! %\ld be su* z to attract ! int]e/ ( ! pupils1 & ea* may be a comb9ation ( sev]al food mat]ials4 ,cream s\ps1 cu/>ds1 scallop$ di%es1 & %eph]d's pie1 w\ld be useful = ?is purpose4 ,x is desirable t ?is te/ %all be made 9 z few lessons z possible1 because ne>ly all ! "t 9 cook]y = ?is ye> w be requir$ = ! new "w1 namely1 a s]ies ( lessons on fl\r mixtures4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,lesson ,,on ,,fl\r ,fl\r is a food sub/ance gr\nd into a p[d]4 #a4 ,s\rces ( fl\r3 7#a7 ,c]ta9 c]eals--:eat1 rye1 b>ley1 buck:eat1 rice 7#b7 ,potatoes4 #b4 ,k9ds ( fl\r made f :eat3 7#a7 ,graham fl\r--! entire :eat se$ is gr\nd4 7#b7 ,:ole :eat fl\r--! fir/ out] coat ( cellulose ) its valuable m9]al cont5ts is remov$ be=e ! se$ is gr\nd4 7#c7 ,:ite fl\r--only ! c5tral :ite "p ( ! se$ is gr\nd4 ,,note4--,! pupils %\ld be giv5 specim5s ( fall :eat to exam9e1 s z to comp>e ! out] coat ( cellulose ) ! c5tral :ite "p ( ! gra94 #c4 ,composition ( :ite fl\r3 7#a7 ,/>*--a f9e1 granul>1 :ite sub/ance 7#b7 ,glut5--a /icky1 yell[i%1 ela/ic sub/ance 7a prote9 food74 ,to f9d ! sub/ances 9 :ite fl\r1 ea* pupil %\ld mix half a cup ( bread fl\r ) en\gh cold wat] to make a d\gh4 ,%e mu/ !n be taught to knead x4 ,?is k w be ( use lat] 9 ! bread lessons4 ,aft] x is ?or\ghly knead$ until x is smoo? & well bl5d$1 ! d\gh %\ld be wa%$ 9 sev]al wat]s4 ,! fir/ wa%+ wat] %\ld be p\r$ into a glass & all[$ to settle1 to %[ ! />*4 ,aft] all ! />* is wa%$ away1 ! glut5 w rema94 ,! glut5 may !n be put into a greas$ pan & bak$1 to demon/rate t x admits ( di/5tion1 & also to %[ t x may be /iff5$ p]man5tly by heat into any di/5d$ %ape4 ,! bak$ glut5 %\ld be res]v$ to be us$ z a specim5 9 succe$+ lessons4 #d4 ,k9ds ( :eat fl\r3 7#a7 ,bread fl\r--conta9s mu* glut54 7#b7 ,pa/ry fl\r--conta9s little glut54 ,,note4--,mac>oni is a pa/e made f :eat fl\r :i* conta9s mu* glut54 #e4 ,te/s = bread fl\r3 7#a7 ,! col\r is a deep] cream ?an pa/ry fl\r1 on acc\nt ( ! l>g] am\nt ( glut5 :i* x conta9s4 7#b7 ,:5 squeez$1 x w n hold ! impress ( ! h&4 7#c7 ,:5 ! fl\r is made into a d\gh & wa%$1 ab\t "o f\r? ( ! orig9al quantity rema9s z glut54 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,s]ies ,,( ,,lessons ,,on ,,fl\r ,,mixtures ,,lesson ,i #a4 ,mean+ ( fl\r mixtures3 ,a light5$ mixture ( fl\r & liquid1 ) or )\t o!r +r$i5ts1 is call$ a fl\r mixture4 #b4 ,k9ds ( fl\r mixtures3 7#a7 ,batt]s4--7a7 ,p\r batt]s--pancakes1 popov]s 7b7 ,drop batt]s--cake 7#b7 ,d\ghs4-- 7a7 ,s(t d\gh--cookies1 bak+-p[d] biscuits1 d\ghnuts 7b7 ,/iff d\gh--pa/ry4 #c4 ,me?ods ( mix+ fl\r mixtures3 7#a7 ,/irr+4--,a r\ndab\t movem5t :i* simply mixes ! +r$i5ts4 7#b7 ,beat+4--,an upright1 circul> movem5t1 :i* incorporates air into ! +r$i5ts :ile be+ mix$4 7#c7 ,fold+4--,a sl[1 c>eful beat+1 :i* bl5ds ! +r$i5ts )\t loss ( ! air !y conta94 7#d7 ,knead+4--,a movem5t ( ! h&s to bl5d ! +r$i5ts & also to incorporate air4 7#e7 ,cutt+4--,a hack+ movem5t ( a knife to mix fat ?r\gh fl\r4 #d4 ,framework ( fl\r mixtures3 7#a7 ,glut5 7#b7 ,glut5 & egg-:ite4 ,to %[ ! framework1 ! glut5 bak$ 9 ! fl\r lessons %\ld be us$4 ,x %\ld be po9t$ out z ! skeleton ( ! mixture :i* upholds ! entire /ructure & on :i* ! o!r +r$i5ts dep5d4 ,to h light mixtures1 ?is framework mu/ admit ( be+ exp&$ & also ( be+ /iff5$ p]man5tly into ! /ret*$ %ape4 ,s9ce egg-:ite has bo? ( ^! necess>y qualities1 x may be us$ = a framework ei!r alone or 9 comb9ation ) glut54 ,x %\ld also be obs]v$ t a mixture ( +r$i5ts light 9 weight does n prev5t ! framework f ris+ z mu* z heavy ones d4 ,! pupils w see t ! framework ( a mixture mu/ increase 9 size 9 ord] to make ! mixture light1 b x mu/ be made v cle> t1 :ile heat /iff5s any framework1 x w n di/5d x4 ,"s o!r ag5cy is requir$ = ?is4 #e4 ,light5+ ag5ts us$ 9 fl\r mixtures3 7#a7 ,air4--,incorporat$ by beat+1 knead+1 & sift+4 7#b7 ,/eam4--,incorporat$ 9 ! =m ( a liquid :i*1 :5 heat$1 *anges to /eam4 7#c7 ,c>bonic acid gas4--,=m$ 9 ! mixture by ! *emical union ( soda ) "s acid4 ,examples3 soda & s\r milk2 soda1 cream ( t>t> & wat]2 soda & molasses4 ,! light5+ ag5ts1 air & /eam1 may be taught f ! samples ( bak$ glut54 ,exp]im5ts w %[ h[ to produce ! c>bonic acid gas4 ,exp]im5ts3 #a4 ,put into a ?ick glass #a_/h tsp4 ( soda & #a_/d tsp4 ( cream ( t>t>4 ,mix1 & note ! result4 ,/ir 9 #a_/h cup ( cold wat]1 & note ! result4 #b4 ,9 ,no4 #a1 use hot wat] 9 place ( cold1 & note ! result4 #c4 ,put #a_/d cup ( s\r milk 9 a glass4 ,/ir into ! milk #a_/d tsp4 ( soda1 & note ! result4 #d4 ,put #a tbsp4 ( molasses 9 a glass4 ,/ir into ! molasses a p9* ( soda1 & note ! result4 ,bak+-p[d]3 ,x may n[ be expla9$ t1 = ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 soda & cream ( t>t> may be obta9$ already mix$1 9 accurate proportions ( two p>ts ( acid to "o ( ! soda4 ,?is mixture is kn[n z bak+-p[d]4 ,z v little moi/ure is necess>y to />t ! action ( ! p[d]1 a little corn/>* is add$ to x to keep x dry4 ,= ! same reason1 x %\ld always be kept tightly cov]$4 ,soda is made f common salt & is *eap1 b ! s\rce ( cream ( t>t> makes x exp5sive1 s t good bak+-p[d] _c be l[ pric$4 ,if su* be adv]tis$1 x is usually adult]at$4 ,z soon z ! =ego+ pr9ciples ( fl\r mixtures are und]/ood1 !y %\ld be put into practice4 ,! lessons on cake1 bread1 & pa/ry %\ld foll[ 9 ! ord] nam$1 ) z mu* practical "w 9 connection ) ea* z ! "t w all[4 ,,cake ,,mak+ ,,lessons ,,ii ,,& ,,iii #a4 ,classes ( cake3 7#a7 ,cakes )\t butt]4--,^! mixtures conta9 no heavy +r$i5ts & h little weight dep5d+ on ! framework4 ,!y are light5$ by air & /eam only4 ,examples3 sponge cake1 angel cake4 7#b7 ,cakes ) butt]4--,^! are mixtures hav+ +r$i5ts ( great] weight2 & ! ?ree light5+ ag5ts--air1 /eam1 & c>bonic acid gas are us$ to raise !m4 ,examples3 p\nd cake1 *ocolate cake1 nut cake1 etc4 ,,note4--,practice %\ld be giv5 9 mak+ at lea/ "o ( ea* k9d ( cake1 to demon/rate ! me?od ( mix+ employ$4 #b4 ,g5]al directions = mak+ cake3 7#a7 ,att5d to ! fire1 s z to h ! ov5 at a prop] heat4 7#b7 ,grease ! pans ?or\ghly2 greas$ pap] may be us$ to l9e ! bottom ( ! t91 b1 9 ! case ( fruit cake1 ! :ole t9 %\ld be l9$4 7#c7 ,h ev]y?+ ready1 s t ! mix+ may be quickly done4 7#d7 ,use pa/ry fl\r4 7#e7 ,use f9e granulat$ sug> to ensure its be+ dissolv$4 7#f7 ,bl5d ! +r$i5ts ?or\ghly1 & at ! same "t incorporate z l>ge an am\nt ( air z possible4 7#g7 ,fill ! pan ab\t two-?irds full1 pu%+ ! mixture well to ! corn]s & sides1 s z to leave a depression 9 ! c5tre4 7#h7 ,att5d c>efully to ! bak+4 #c4 ,g5]al rules = mix+ cake3 7#a7 ,cake )\t butt]-- 7a7 ,sep>ate ! yolks & :ites ( ! eggs4 7b7 ,beat ! yolks until ?ick & lemon-col\r$4 7c7 ,add sug> to ! yolks gradually & cont9ue beat+2 add ! flav\r+4 7d7 ,beat ! :ites until /iff & dry1 !n fold !m into ! fir/ mixture4 7e7 ,gradually sift & fold 9 ! fl\r until well mix$4 7#b7 ,cake ) butt]-- 7a7 ,cream ! butt] by work+ x ) a wood5 spoon4 7b7 ,add ! sug> gradually by /irr+ x 94 7c7 ,beat ! eggs until light1 & add to ! fir/ mixture4 7,! eggs may be sep>at$ & ! :ites add$ lat]47 7d7 ,add ! liquid & beat until ! sug> is ?or\ghly dissolv$4 7e7 ,mix ! fl\r & bak+-p[d] 9 a sift] & gradually sift & beat x into ! mixture until x is ?or\ghly bl5d$4 7,liquid & fl\r may be add$ alt]nately47 7f7 ,fold 9 ! /iffly beat5 :ites1 if ! eggs h be5 sep>at$4 7g7 ,if fruit1 peel1 nuts1 etc41 are us$1 !y %\ld be fl\r$ out ( ! quantity all[$ = ! cake & add$ la/4 #d4 ,g5]al directions = bak+ cake3 7#a7 ,small1 ?9 cakes %\ld be bak$ 9 a hot ov54 ,examples3 cookies1 lay] cake4 7#b7 ,all loaf cakes require a mod]ate ov54 7#c7 ,9 bak+ cakes1 divide ! "t /at$ 9 ! recipe into qu>t]s z foll[s3 ,fir/ qu>t]--mixture %\ld beg9 to rise4 ,second qu>t]--mixture %\ld cont9ue ris+4 ,?ird qu>t]--mixture %\ld beg9 to br[n & to /iff5 into %ape4 ,f\r? qu>t]--mixture %\ld f9i% br[n+ & /iff5+ & %r9k slightly f ! sides ( ! pan4 7#d7 ,mixture is cook$ :5 a slight pressure leaves no d5t1 or :5 a small skew] or f9e knitt+-ne$le put into ! c5tre comes out clean & dry4 ,to ! inexp]i5c$ m9ds ( ! girls 9 ! ,f\r? ,=m1 to :om ! /udy ( fl\r mixtures is new1 ! numb] & v>iety ( ^! seems v l>ge4 ,all cook books give an almo/ endless collection ( recipes = cakes1 cookies1 muff9s1 etc41 & to ! pupils ea* ( ^! seems an entirely new mixture4 ,9 reality1 _m ( !m are b slight v>iations ( ! same type4 ,a c]ta9 mixture ( mat]ials is us$ = a f\ndation1 & num]\s v>ieties are made f ?is by addition1 subtraction1 or sub/itution ( +r$i5ts4 ,! orig9al mixture is call$ a basic recipe4 ,in/ead ( tea*+ isolat$ mixtures1 x w be f\nd an excell5t idea to give ! class ! basic +r$i5ts = a recipe & enc\rage !m to sugge/ v>iations1 ei!r orig9al or f memory4 ,typical basic recipes = cake & biscuits are giv5 bel[3 ,,basic ,,recipe ,,= ,,cake #a_/d cup butt] #c_/d cup sug> #b eggs #a_/b cup milk #a #a_/b cup fl\r #a_/d tsp4 salt #b tsp4 bak+-p[d] #a_/b tsp4 vanilla4 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,basic ,,recipe ,,= ,,cake #a4 ,spice cake3 ,to ! basic recipe add #a tbsp4 ( spice4 ,sift 9 ! spice ) ! fl\r4 #b4 ,nut cake3 ,add #a_/b cup ( *opp$ nuts4 ,increase ! bak+-p[d] by "o ?ird4 ,put a little ( ! fl\r on ! nuts & beat !m 9 at ! la/4 #c4 ,fruit cake3 ,add #c_/d cup ( currants1 rais9s1 figs1 or dates1 or a mixture ( all4 ,increase ! bak+-p[d] by "o ?ird4 ,fl\r ! fruit & add x la/4 #d4 ,*ocolate cake3 ,add #a_/b cup grat$ *ocolate4 ,increase ! milk by #b tbsp4 ,heat ! *ocolate 9 ! milk j en\gh to dissolve x4 ,cool ! mixture & use 9 place ( milk4 ,,basic ,,recipe ,,= ,,biscuits1 ,,etc4 #b cups fl\r #a_/b tsp4 salt #d tsp4 bak+-p[d] #b tbsp4 fat 7butt]1 l>d1 or dripp+7 ,ab\t #b_/c cup milk4 ,,v>iations ,,( ,,basic ,,recipe ,,= ,,biscuits #a4 ,sweet biscuit3 ,add #b tbsp4 ( sug> aft] ! fat is add$4 #b4 ,fruit biscuit3 ,add #b tbsp4 ( sug> & #a_/b cup ( fruit1 7currants1 rais9s1 peel1 or a mixture ( all7 aft] ! fat is add$4 #c4 ,scones3 ,add #b tbsp4 ( sug>1 & use "o egg & only #a_/b cup ( milk4 ,beat ! egg until light1 add to milk1 & use ?is = liquid4 ,=m into r\nd cakes ab\t eight in*es 9 diamet]1 & cut into qu>t]s4 #d4 ,fruit scones3 ,add #a_/b cup ( fruit to ! scone recipe4 #e4 ,%ort cake = fruit3 ,same z scones1 b d\ble ! am\nt ( fat4 #f4 ,dumpl+s = /ews3 ,use ! basic recipe1 leav+ out ! fat4 #g4 ,/eam$ fruit pudd+3 ,use ! basic recipe to make ! d\gh t incases ! fruit4 ,,bread ,,mak+ ,9 beg9n+ ! bread lessons1 x w be f\nd t !re are no new pr9ciples to tea*4 ,x w1 h[ev]1 be necess>y to expla9 ! new means ( produc+ gas :i* is us$ 9 ?is p>ticul> mixture1 namely1 yea/4 ,f _! lessons on ! ,pres]vation ( ,food & ,cann+1 ! pupils are already acqua9t$ ) "o class ( microscopic plants4 ,! little plants1 9 t case1 7 a s\rce ( great inconv5i5ce to ! h\sekeep]4 ,yea/ may be introduc$ z ano!r family ( "o-cell$ plants1 b "o :i* is mo/ useful4 ,"u good conditions ^! t9y plants w produce a l>ge am\nt ( c>bon dioxide gas1 provid$ !y are giv5 suffici5t "t4 ,if1 h[ev]1 ! gas be requir$ quickly1 soda & acid mu/ be us$4 ,= ?is reason1 pla9 fl\r mixtures1 9 :i* ! c>bon dioxide is quickly made1 are call$ quick breads1 to di/+ui% !m f breads 9 :i* yea/ is us$4 ,examples ( ^! are bak+-p[d] biscuits1 gems1 corn-bread1 etc4 ,! use ( yea/ is ! simple/ & *eape/ way ( obta9+ c>bonic acid gas1 & mixtures s made rema9 moi/ long] ?an ^? 9 :i* bak+-p[d] is us$4 ,?r\gh\t ! introductory lesson1 ?is fact mu/ be kept prom95tly be=e ! class1 t yea/ is a plant &1 z su*1 requires plant conditions4 ,! necess>y conditions w be kn[n f ! lesson on ,bact]ia1 s t !y h only to be review$4 ,! pupils may be told t al?\gh !y _c see ! plants1 !y c v pla9ly see ! bubbles ( gas :i* ! plants give (f :5 ! latt] are made active "u fav\rable conditions4 ,,lesson ,i ,,outl9e ,,( ,,lessons ,,on ,,yea/ #a4 ,description ( yea/3 ,yea/ is a "o-cell$ plant :i* c be se5 only ) a microscope4 ,"u good conditions x becomes v active & multiplies rapidly by a process call$ budd+4 ,x is us$ by ! h\sekeep] = ! c>bonic acid gas x gives (f4 ,illu/ration3 ,yea/ plants magnifi$ #b4 ,conditions necess>y = ! activity ( yea/3 7#a7 ,oxyg5 7#b7 ,wat] 7#c7 ,food4--,?is mu/ be sug>1 or />* :i* x w *ange into sug>4 ,potato />* is m easily us$ by yea/ ?an fl\r />*4 ,x uses also "s nitrog5\s food & m9]al matt]4 7#d7 ,heat4--,! yea/ plant ?rives 9 a heat ( ab\t ! same temp]ature z our bodies4 ,a little extra heat w only make x gr[ fa/]2 b excessive heat w kill x4 ,freez+ w n kill ! plant1 ?\gh cold makes yea/ inactive4 #c4 ,s\rces ( yea/3 ,yea/ 0 fir/ f\nd z wild yea/ 9 ! air1 b n[ x may be obta9$ at groc]y /ores1 9 ?ree =ms3 7#a7 ,liquid yea/4--,! plants are put into a />*y liquid4 ,?is w keep only a few days1 z ! />* s\rs4 7#b7 ,dry yea/4--,! plants are put into a />*y pa/e & ! mixture is dri$4 ,?is =m w keep = mon?s1 because x is p]fectly dry b1 = ! same reason1 x takes ! plants a long "t to become active :5 us$4 7#c7 ,compress$ yea/4--,! plants are put into cakes ( a />*y mixture & left moi/4 ,!y w keep only a few days4 ,good compress$ yea/ is a pale fawn col\r1 smells sweet1 breaks clean1 & crumbles easily4 #d4 ,exp]im5ts ) yea/3 ,make a yea/ g>d5 by us+ ! plants obta9$ at ! groc]y /ore z foll[s3 ,take half a cup ( lukew>m wat] to give ! plants moi/ure1 a teaspoonful ( sug> = imm$iate food1 & ! same ( :eat />* 7fl\r7 = a res]ve food4 ,beat ! mixture to infold oxyg51 & !n put 9 "o-qu>t] cake ( yea/ plants4 ,divide ! mixture among a numb] ( te/-tubes1 s t ea* gr\p ( f\r pupils has ?ree4 7#a7 ,place "o te/-tube 9 w>m wat] & heat to boil+4 7#b7 ,place "o te/-tube 9 wat] :i* feels w>m to ! h&4 7#c7 ,place "o te/-tube 9 crack$ ice & freeze ! mixture4 ,aft]w>ds ?aw1 & place ! same te/-tube 9 lukew>m wat]4 ,obs]ve ! results1 & comp>e ! am\nt ( gas =m$ "u ! diff]5t conditions4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,practical ,,bread-,,mak+ ,+r$i5ts ( pla9 bread3 #a4 ,liquid4--7#a7 ,x wets ! mixture & causes ! +r$i5ts to adh]e4 7#b7 ,x furni%es /eam = a light5+ ag5t4 7#c7 ,x all[s ! glut5 to become /icky & ela/ic4 7#d7 ,x furni%es moi/ure = yea/ plants4 #b4 ,yea/4--,x gives (f c>bonic acid gas1 :i* light5s ! mixture4 #c4 ,salt4--7#a7 ,x gives a flav\r4 7#b7 ,x ret>ds ! gr[? ( ! yea/ plant4 #d4 ,fl\r4--7#a7 ,x ?ick5s ! mixture4 7#b7 ,x supplies food = ! yea/ plant4 7#c7 ,x supplies glut5 = a framework = ! mixture4 ,am\nt ( +r$i5ts = "o small loaf3 ,liquid--#a cup or #a_/b pt4 ,salt--#a_/b tsp4 ,fl\r--,ab\t ?ree times ! am\nt ( liquid ,yea/--,am\nt dep5ds on ! "t giv5 ! bread to rise1 z foll[s3 #ab hr4 to rise #e hr4 to rise #c hr4 to rise #a_/d yea/ cake #a_/b yea/ cake #a yea/ cake ,,note4--,"o cake ( compress$ yea/ conta9s ab\t ! same numb] ( yea/ plants z "o cake ( dry yea/ or "o cup ( liquid yea/4 ,process 9 mak+ bread3 7#a7 ,mix+ 7/irr+1 beat+1 & knead+74-- 7a7 ,?is mixes ! +r$i5ts4 7b7 ,x incorporates air to aid ! yea/ plant & to act z a light5+ ag5t4 7c7 ,x makes ! glut5 ela/ic4 7#b7 ,fir/ ris+4--,?is all[s ! yea/ plants conditions & "t to produce c>bonic acid gas1 until ! d\gh is di/5d$ to twice its orig9al size4 7#c7 ,m\ld+4--7a7 ,?is di/ributes ! gas ev5ly ?r\gh\t ! loaf4 7b7 ,x %apes ! loaf4 7#d7 ,second ris+4--,?is aga9 all[s ! yea/ plants "t to produce gas :i* w di/5d ! d\gh to twice its size4 7#e7 ,bak+4--7a7 ,! heat ( ! ov5 exp&s ! air & gas 9 ! d\gh1 :i* causes ! glut5 framework to di/5d4 7b7 ,! wat] *anges to /eam1 :i* becomes ano!r ag5t 9 di/5d+ ! glut54 7c7 ,! />* on ! outside ( ! loaf becomes br[n 9 ! dry heat ( ! ov51 :ile ! inside />* is made soluble 9 ! moi/ heat ( ! mixture4 7d7 ,! glut5 /iff5s into ! di/5d$ %ape4 7e7 ,! yea/ plants are kill$4 ,9 ?is lesson1 aft] decid+ on ! necess>y +r$i5ts1 ! pupils may be told ! am\nt ( ea* to use = _! class "w4 ,!y %\ld !n measure & mix ^! +r$i5ts & set ! d\gh away = ! fir/ ris+4 ,:ile ! bread is ris+1 ! kit*5 may be put 9 ord] & ! o!r /eps ( ! process reason$ out & writt54 ,o!r s*ool "w mu/ be tak5 !n1 until ! d\gh has fully ris51 :5 ! process may be complet$4 ,aft] ea* /age ( ! process has be5 c>ri$ out1 ! notes on x may be writt54 ,) ! =ego+ pr9ciples ( bread-mak+ 9 m9d1 ! class %\ld be able to make any bread mixture4 ,ea* pupil %\ld h entire responsibility = ! process ( mak+ "o small loaf ( pla9 bread4 ,ab\t half a cup ( liquid1 mix$ ) ! o!r necess>y +r$i5ts1 makes a good-siz$ loaf = practice4 ,small] loaves ?an ?is give little *ance = manipulation4 ,9 ,h\sehold ,managem5t c5tres1 :]e ! pupils come f o!r s*ools = ! lesson p]iod only1 ! process w h to be divid$ into two lessons4 ,! fir/ lesson may include ! fir/ two /ages--mix+ & fir/ ris+--ea* pupil us+ small quantities1 say = "o eigh? ( a loaf ( ! ord9>y size4 ,at ! end ( ! lesson1 !y may c>ry _! d\gh home = completion1 or x may be us$ by ano!r class :i* is ready = ! lat] /eps ( ! process4 ,! second lesson w include ! la/ ?ree /eps--m\ld+1 second ris+1 & bak+--& x w be necess>y = ! tea*] to h d\gh prep>$ = ! m\ld+ /age :5 ! class arrives4 ,,lesson ,,iii ,,fancy ,,breads ,^! mixtures are b v>iations ( pla9 bread4 ,! extra +r$i5ts1 su* z milk1 eggs1 butt]1 spices1 sug>1 currants1 rais9s1 peel1 etc41 are add$ at ! mo/ conv5i5t /age ( ! process4 ,,note4--,if !re is n "t to h "o fancy bread1 su* z ,p>k] ,h\se rolls or currant bread1 made 9 s*ool1 recipes = ^! may be discuss$ 9 class & ! "w done at home4 ,,! ,,bread-,,mix] #a4 ,?is ut5sil mixes & beats ! bread by means ( a l>ge beat] turn$ ) a h&le1 ?us avoid+ ! use ( ! h&s = ?is purpose4 #b4 ,x does ?is "w ) less en]gy & 9 a mu* %ort] "t ?an if ! h&s 7 us$4 #c4 ,x c be us$ only = ! fir/ two /eps ( bread-mak+1 namely1 mix+ & fir/ ris+4 #d4 ,! +r$i5ts mu/ all be put 9 at once2 h5ce1 !y mu/ be accurately measur$4 #e4 ,! am\nt ( +r$i5ts may be le>n$ by calculation f previ\s bread-mak+ done 9 ! old way1 or by us+ ! book ( recipes accompany+ ea* mix]4 ,,note4--,!re are sev]al good k9ds ( bread-mix]s :i* may be b\ght 9 ?ree sizes4 ,small size makes #a to #b loaves & co/s #a4ce 7ab\t74 ,m$ium size makes #b to #f loaves & co/s #b4jj 7ab\t74 ,l>ge size makes #d to #aj loaves & co/s #b4ej 7ab\t74 ,,pa/ry ,pa/ry is "o ( ! simple/ fl\r mixtures1 & "o t has ! l[e/ food value4 ,! intimate bl5d+ ( butt] or l>d ) ! fl\r envelopes ! />* gra9s ) fat1 & makes ! mixture difficult to dige/4 ,! same ?+ occurs 9 fry+ food & 9 butt]+ hot toa/2 s ! idea is n a new "o to ! class4 ,9 introduc+ ! lesson on pa/ry1 ?is pr9ciple ( dige/ion %\ld be review$1 & x %\ld be made pla9 t delicate pudd+ & seasonable fruits are a mu* bett] =m ( dess]t4 ,!re are no new pr9ciples to tea*1 b "s old ones to impress4 ,! object ( ! h\sekeep] %\ld be to make a mixture t is light & "o t w fall to pieces easily4 ,to ensure ! latt]1 any?+ t w\ld t\gh5 ! glut5 mu/ be avoid$4 ,f ! bread lesson1 ! pupils h le>n$ t work+ ! wat] into ! glut5 or mu* h&l+ ( fl\r aft] x is wet1 makes a mixture firm & t\gh4 ,9 pa/ry !re mu/ be en\gh glut5 to /ick ! +r$i5ts toge!r1 b its ela/ic quality is undesirable4 ,= ! latt] reason also1 a small am\nt ( wat] is us$4 ,9 ! cake mixtures1 x 0 f\nd t ! use ( fat 9 ! butt] cakes made ! framework t5d] & easily brok51 s 9 pa/ry ! same means may be employ$4 ,fat ( "s k9d is mix$ ) ! fl\r to act on ! glut5 & de/roy its t\ghness4 ,air & /eam are ! only light5+ ag5ts commonly us$ 9 pa/ry4 ,s9ce cold air occupies less room ?an w>m air & admits ( m expansion1 x is desirable t ! mixture be kept v cold4 ,! l[ temp]ature also prev5ts ! fat melt+2 h5ce1 ! necessity = ! use ( cold ut5sils & mat]ials ?r\gh\t ! process4 ,,outl9e ,,( ,,lesson ,,on ,,pa/ry #a4 ,+r$i5ts3 7#a7 ,fl\r1 7#b7 salt1 7#c7 fat1 7#d7 wat]4 #b4 ,notes on fl\r3 7#a7 ,use only pa/ry fl\r1 :i* w h a small am\nt ( glut54 7#b7 ,aft] ! fl\r is wet1 h&le ! mixture z little z possible1 to avoid work+ ! wat] into ! glut5 & mak+ x t\gh4 #c4 ,notes on fat3 7#a7 ,fat is us$ to de/roy ! ela/icity ( ! glut51 s t x w n be t\gh :5 cook$4 7#b7 ,butt]1 l>d1 or dripp+ may be us$4 7#c7 ,l>d makes m t5d] pa/ry ?an butt]4 7#d7 ,butt] gives ! be/ flav\r4 7#e7 ,half butt] & half l>d makes a good mixture4 7#f7 ,lay]s ( fat may be put 9 betwe5 lay]s ( pa/ry1 to sep>ate x into flakes4 7#g7 ,if two fats are us$1 ! s(t] is cut into ! fl\r1 & ! h>d] "o laid on ! pa/e & fold$ 94 #d4 ,notes on wat]3 7#a7 ,use ! wat] z cold z possible4 7#b7 ,use ! lea/ am\nt ( wat] necess>y to make ! +r$i5ts adh]e4 #e4 ,light5+ ag5ts us$ 9 pa/ry3 7#a7 ,air4--7a7 ,?is %\ld be z cold z possible4 7b7 ,! air may he fold$ 91 betwe5 lay]s ( pa/ry4 7#b7 ,/eam4 #f4 ,k9ds ( pa/ry3 7#a7 ,pla9 pa/ry4--,9 ?is1 "o qu>t] to "o ?ird z mu* fat z fl\r is us$1 & x is all cut 94 7#b7 ,flaky pa/ry4--,9 ?is1 ! same am\nt ( fat is us$ z 9 pla9 pa/ry1 b half ( x is laid on & fold$ 94 7#c7 ,puff pa/ry4--,9 ?is1 "o half z mu* fat z fl\r1 up to equal p>ts ( ea* is us$2 "o qu>t] ( ! fat is cut 91 & ! rema9d] is laid on & fold$ 94 #g4 ,am\nt ( +r$i5ts = pla9 pa/ry = "o pie3 #a #a_/b cup pa/ry fl\r2 #a_/d tsp4 salt2 #a_/b cup fat 7l>d & butt]72 ice wat]4 ,,*apt] ,,xii ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5ior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,,meat ,z meat is r a complex food ! tea*+ ( :i* involves a good _m lessons1 & z x does n l5d itself z well z o!r foods to ! mak+ ( di%es useful 9 practice "w1 x seems wise to def] ! /udy ( x until ! ,s5ior ,=m is rea*$2 ! ability & home ne$s ( ! pupils %\ld decide ?is4 ,! season ( ! ye> %\ld also be consid]$4 ,x is wis] to take meat lessons 9 cold wea!r because x is !n m pleasant to h&le & easi] to keep4 ,! latt] consid]ation is important 9 "s rural di/ricts1 :]e %ops are n conv5i5t4 ,m prep>ation is ne$$ = ! fir/ meat lesson ?an = mo/ foods4 ,"s days be=e1 ?9 bones su* z leg or w+ bones ( f[l1 or rib bones ( lamb %\ld be soak$ 9 dilut$ hydro*loric or nitric acid 7"o "p acid to t5 ( wat]71 to dissolve ! m9]al sub/ance :i* gives ! bone its rigidity4 ,any "t be=e ! lesson1 a l>ge solid bone ( an old animal1 su* z a knee or hip jo9t ( beef1 %\ld be burn$ = h\rs to get rid ( ! connective tissue :i* holds ! m9]al sub/ance 9 %ape4 ,?is %\ld be c>efully done1 9 ord] to reta9 ! %ape ( ! bone & to %[ ! por\s =mation ( ! m9]al sub/ance4 ,if ! bone is n black5$ by ! fire1 its :ite col\r w also indicate ! lime ( :i* x is =m$4 ,on ! day ( ! lesson x w be necess>y to h a piece ( meat %[+ ! ?ree p>ts--fat1 bone1 & muscle4 ,a l[] cut ( ! r\nd ( beef has all ^! p>ts1 & ! muscle is suffici5tly t\gh to %[ its connective tissue pla9ly4 ,= ! /udy ( fat1 a piece ( suet is be/1 z x c be easily pick$ ap>t to %[ its =mation4 ,9 exam9+ fat meat & lean meat x is ess5tial t1 at lea/1 e two pupils h a piece1 z close scrut9y is necess>y4 ,"o or two samples ( bone w suffice = ! class4 ,no def9ite am\nt ( "w c be laid d[n = any "o lesson4 ,! int]e/ & ability ( ! class mu/ be ! guide4 ,9 rural s*ools1 ! "t ( ea* lesson mu/ be comp>atively %ort1 ?\gh no ,h\sehold ,managem5t tea*] %\ld sp5d m ?an =ty m9utes on purely !oretical "w )\t a *ange ( "s k9d4 ,! foll[+ is an outl9e ( ! facts to be consid]$ 9 ?is p>ticul> /udy3 ,,lesson ,i #a4 ,names ( meat3 7#a7 ,beef1 f ! ox or c[4 ,! be/ meat comes f an animal ab\t f\r ye>s old4 7#b7 ,veal1 f ! calf4 ,x %\ld be at lea/ six weeks old4 7#c7 ,mutton1 f ! %eep4 ,spr+ lamb is f six to eight weeks old2 ye>l+ is "o ye> old4 7#d7 ,pork1 f ! pig4 7#e7 ,f[l1 p\ltry--*ick51 turkey1 duck1 goose4 7#f7 ,game1 wild animals--de]1 wild duck1 p>tridge1 etc4 #b4 ,p>ts ( meat3 7#a7 ,fat4--7a7 ,inside fat1 ar\nd ! int]nal organs1 usually call$ kidney fat1 or suet4 7b7 ,outside fat1 next ! sk91 call$ caul fat4 7#b7 ,bone1 7#c7 muscle1 or lean meat4 #c4 ,composition ( fat3 7#a7 ,connective tissue1 7#b7 true fat1 7#c7 wat]4 ,fat %\ld be ! fir/ "p /udi$1 because x is ! simple/ tissue & ! p>ts are mo/ pla9ly se54 ,pick ! specim5 ap>t1 & ! tissue t holds x toge!r is f\nd4 ,its "n is easily develop$ f its use4 ,! wat] may be %[n by heat+ pieces ( fat 9 a small saucepan &1 :5 x becomes hot1 cov]+ ! di% ) a cold plate4 ,remove ! plate be=e x gets heat$1 & moi/ure w be cond5s$ on its surface4 ,! pres5ce ( wat] 9 fat may also be reason$ out by rememb]+ t wat] ent]s into ! composition ( all body tissues4 #d4 ,composition ( bone3 7#a7 ,m9]al matt] 7lime71 7#b7 connective tissue1 7#c7 wat]4 ,nei!r ! m9]al sub/ance nor ! connective tissue 9 bone c be se5 until ei!r "o or ! o!r is elim9at$4 ,/rike ! fre% bone ) a /eel knife1 & x %[s ! quality ( h>dness4 ,bones are built f food1 & ! only food sub/ance t is s h>d is m9]al matt]4 ,%[ ! burn$ bone1 ) only ! m9]al matt] left1 & let ea* pupil exam9e x4 ,its =mation indicates ! spaces :i* ! "p burn$ out ( x occupi$4 ,let x fall or cru% "p ( x 9 ! f+]s1 to %[ h[ easily x is brok54 ,su* bones w\ld be no use z a framework to support ! body4 ,! bones ( v old p]sons get too mu* l ?is1 & we are afraid to h su* p fall4 ,! burn$ bone ne$s some?+ to hold x toge!r--a connective tissue4 ,su* a tissue 0 9 ! spaces be=e ! bone 0 burn$4 ,%[ ! bone aft] x has be5 prep>$ 9 an acid solution1 ) only ! connective tissue left4 ,expla9 h[ x 0 prep>$4 ,b5d x to %[ its pliability4 ,to be ( use 9 ! body x ne$s "s sub/ance to make x h>d & rigid--! m9]al matt] :i* 0 dissolv$ out4 ,,note4--,?is is an excell5t "t to %[ ! necessity = bone-build+ m9]al 9 ! diet ( babies & "y *ildr54 ,if !y d n get ?is m9]al sub/ance dur+ ! gr[? p]iod1 !y _c h h>d1 rigid bones1 & _! bodies are apt to become mis%ap5--b[ legs1 curv$ sp9es1 etc4 ,?is sub/ance is also necess>y = h>d1 s\nd tee?4 ,draw att5tion to ! fact t ! m9]al matt] 9 milk & eggs is 9 solution1 & !re=e ready to be us$ by ! body4 ,m9]al matt] is n 9 solution 9 bone1 & _c be dissolv$ by ! dige/ive process1 !re=e x is practically ( no use z food4 ,comp>e ! connective tissue ( bone ) t ( fat1 & let ! pupils acc\nt = ! diff]5ce 9 ?ickness4 ,lead !m to see t connective tissue c be dissolv$ 9 hot wat]1 & 9 ?is way may be extract$ f ! m9]al "p ( bone4 ,! h\sekeep] may d ?is h]self1 or %e may buy x already extract$1 z gelat9e4 #e4 ,composition ( muscle3 7#a7 ,connective tissue 7#b7 ,r$ "p1 made up ( microscopic tubes hold+ a r$ juice4 ,! juice conta9s3 7a7 ,wat] 7b7 ,r$ col\r 7c7 ,flav\r 7d7 ,muscle album5--a prote9 sub/ance simil> to egg-:ite 7e7 ,m9]al matt]4 ,illu/ration3 ,muscle fibres highly magnifi$ ,bundle ( fibres4 ,tubes ( "o fibre4 ,prop] c>v+ ( fibres--across ! gra94 ,x %\ld be made cle> t ! walls ( su* t9y tubes c nev] be ?ick en\gh to be t\gh4 ,att5tion %\ld be call$ to ! real cause ( t\ghness--! ?ick connective tissue4 ,,note4--,v small pieces ( meat w s]ve = specim5s4 ,t\gh meat is bett]1 because x %[s ! connective tissue m pla9ly4 ,:5 ! muscle is be+ exam9$1 x %\ld be c>efully scrap$ ) a knife1 until a lay] ( connective tissue is laid b>e4 ,! r$ "p t is scrap$ (f %\ld be expla9$1 & a draw+ %\ld be made to illu/rate x4 ,m9c$ lean beef %\ld he soak$ 9 a little cold wat] = at lea/ tw5ty m9utes1 to extract ! muscle juice = exam9ation4 ,! juice %\ld be /ra9$ ?r\gh a *eeseclo? & p\r$ into a glass4 ,x %[s no?+ b wat] & a r$ col\r4 ,9 ord] to f9d ! o!r sub/ances1 p\r "p ( ! juice into a small saucepan & heat x gradually until x boils g5tly4 ,! r$ col\r w disappe>1 & ! album5 :i* is dissolv$ 9 ! juice w coagulate & become pla9ly visible4 ,! pupils w recall t egg-:ite 0 affect$ 9 ! same way by heat1 & may be told t ?is coagulat$ sub/ance is simil> to egg-:ite1 & is call$ muscle album54 ,! od\r giv5 (f by heat+ sugge/s t ! flav\r is also 9 ! muscle juice1 h5ce ! importance ( cons]v+ ?is juice 9 ! cook+ process4 ,/ra9 ! boil$ juice to get rid ( ! coagulat$ album5 & !n exam9e ! liquid t is left4 ,its col\r pla9ly d5otes m9]al matt] 9 solution4 ,,lesson ,,ii #f4 ,meat exp]im5ts3 ,if "t p]mit1 ! foll[+ exp]im5ts may be tak54 ,! facts :i* ^! exp]im5ts prove may1 h[ev]1 be develop$ 9 a mu* %ort] "t by que/ion+3 7#a7 ,cut lean meat into small pieces1 cov] !m ) cold wat] & let !m /&4 ,note ! col\r ( ! wat]4 7#b7 ,cov] a piece ( lean meat ) boil+ wat] & let x /&4 ,note ! col\r ( ! wat]4 7#c7 ,spr9kle a piece ( meat ) salt4 ,:at happ5s8 7#d7 ,wrap a piece ( meat = a few m9utes 9 ord9>y br[n wrapp+-pap]4 ,:at happ5s8 7#e7 ,simm] a small piece ( v t\gh meat = ab\t an h\r & !n exam9e ! connective tissue4 7#f7 ,boil or bake a small piece ( v t\gh meat & !n exam9e ! connective tissue4 #g4 ,selection ( meat3 7#a7 ,all fle% %\ld be uni=m 9 col\r1 ( a f9e gra91 & firm & spr+y to ! t\*4 7#b7 ,beef %\ld be bright r$ 9 col\r1 well mottl$1 & surr\nd$ ) fat4 7#c7 ,mutton %\ld be a dull r$1 & its fat :ite1 h>d1 & flaky4 7#d7 ,lamb is light] 9 col\r ?an mutton1 & ! bone is r$d]4 7#e7 ,veal has p9ki%-col\r$ fle% & :ite fat4 ,v pale veal is n good4 7#f7 ,pork %\ld h firm fle% ( a pale r$ col\r4 ,! sk9 %\ld be :ite & cle>1 ! fat :ite4 7#g7 ,p\ltry3 7a7 ,*ick5s4--,"y *ick5s h ?91 %>p nails2 smoo? legs2 s(t1 ?9 sk92 & s(t c>tilage at ! end ( ! brea/bone4 ,long hairs d5ote age4 7b7 ,turkeys4--,^! %\ld be plump1 h smoo?1 d>k legs1 & s(t c>tilage4 7c7 ,geese4--,^! %\ld be plump & h _m p9 fea!rs2 !y %\ld also h pliable bills & s(t feet4 #h4 ,c>e ( meat3 7#a7 ,remove ! meat f ! wrapp+ pap] z soon z x arrives1 to prev5t ! loss ( juices4 ,! but*] %\ld use wax$ pap] next to ! meat4 7#b7 ,wipe ! meat all ov] ) a damp clo?1 b d n put x into wat]4 7#c7 ,place ! meat on an e>!n or enamel di%1 & set x 9 a cool place until requir$4 7#d7 ,froz5 meat %\ld be ?aw$ 9 a w>m room be=e be+ cook$4 ,,lesson ,,iii #i4 ,g5]al ways ( prep>+ meat3 7#a7 ,extract+ c]ta9 sub/ances4--7a7 ,s\p--sub/ances extract$ 9 wat] f lean meat1 bone1 & fat4 7b7 ,beef-tea--sub/ances extract$ 9 wat] f lean meat4 7c7 ,b\illon--sub/ances extract$ 9 wat] f lean meat & flav\r$ ) vegetable4 7d7 ,beef juice--juices extract$ f lean meat by heat only1 or by pressure4 7#b7 ,reta9+ all sub/ances4--,roa/s1 boil+ pieces1 /eaks1 *ops1 cutlets4 7#c7 ,reta9+ "p & extract+ "p4--,/ews4 #aj4 ,notes on t\gh meat3 7#a7 ,! t\ghness ( meat dep5ds on ! ?ickness ( ! connective tissue hold+ ! muscle tubes toge!r4 ,illu/ration3 ,cuts ( beef #a4 ,neck1 /ews & s\p4 #b4 ,*uck ribs1 *eap] roa/s4 #c4 ,prime ribs1 v good roa/s4 #d4 ,lo91 be/ /eaks or roa/s 7sirlo91 t5d]lo91 port]h\se74 #e4 ,rump1 roa/s & /eak4 #f4 ,brisket1 /ews or corn$ beef4 #g4 ,=e %ank1 s\p4 #h4 ,%\ld]1 /ews or pot-roa/s4 #i4 ,%ort ribs1 /ews or *eap roa/s4 #aj4 ,navel1 corn$ beef4 #aa4 ,plate1 /ews or corn$ beef4 #ab4 ,flank1 /ews or corn$ beef4 #ac4 ,r\nd1 /eaks4 #ad4 #bnd cut r\nd1 /ews & s\p4 #ae4 ,h9d %ank1 /ews & s\p4 #af4 ,tail1 s\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,bony /ructure 7#b7 ,! connective tissue is made ?ick & t\gh by two causes4--7a7 ,age--9 old animals ! connective tissue has gr[n ?ick4 7b7 ,ex]cise--9 c]ta9 p>ts ( ! body1 :]e muscles are mu* us$1 ^! muscles mu/ be m firmly b\nd toge!r1 z 9 ! neck & legs1 etc4 7#c7 ,dry heat w h>d5 connective tissue1 mak+ x m difficult to cut & *ew2 !re=e t\gh cuts %\ld n be cook$ 9 dry heat4 7#d7 ,moi/ heat w s(t5 & f9ally dissolve connective tissue1 mak+ x easy to cut & *ew2 !re=e t\gh cuts %\ld be cook$ 9 moi/ heat4 7#e7 ,t\gh meat is m abundant 9 an animal's body1 & is1 !re=e1 *eap] ?an t5d] meat4 7#f7 ,t\gh meat has ri*] juices ?an t5d] meat & %\ld be us$ = s\p1 bro?1 & beef-tea4 #aa4 ,dige/ibility ( meat3 7#a7 ,! less muscle juice is coagulat$ by heat1 ! m easily x is dige/$4 7#b7 ,because ( _! close texture1 ! liv]1 kidney1 & he>t ( animals are m difficult to dige/4 7#c7 ,mutton & lamb1 because ( _! %ort] fibres1 are m easily dige/$ ?an beef4 7#d7 ,veal is difficult to dige/1 ow+ to its /r+y fibres4 ,illu/ration3 ,cuts ( veal ,illu/ration3 ,cuts ( lamb 7#e7 ,pork has a l>ge am\nt ( fat int]m+l$ ) its fibres1 & is1 !re=e1 difficult to dige/4 7#f7 ,*ick5 & turkey are easily dige/$1 b goose & duck are indige/ible1 because ( ! fat ?r\gh ! muscle fibres4 7#g7 ,game is easy ( dige/ion4 ,! practical "w1 besides ! exp]im5ts1 9 connection ) ! meat lessons1 %\ld consi/ ( at lea/ ?ree prep>ations ( ?is food3 7#a7 ! cook+ ( t5d] meat1 7#b7 ! cook+ ( t\gh meat1 7#c7 ! mak+ ( s\p4 ,illu/ration3 ,cuts ( pork ,! object ( ea* prep>ation %\ld be made pla91 s t ! pupils may fully und]/& :at !y are try+ to accompli%4 #a4 ,object 9 cook+ t5d] meat3 7#a7 ,to *ange ! flav\r & appe>ance4 7#b7 ,to seal ! tubes to keep 9 ! juices4 7#c7 ,to cook ! meat )\t d5sely coagulat+ ! prote9 ( ! muscle juice1 s z to keep x dige/ible4 #b4 ,object 9 cook+ t\gh meat3 7#a7 ,to *ange ! flav\r & appe>ance4 7#b7 ,to s(t5 & p>tially dissolve ! connective tissue1 mak+ x easy to cut4 7#c7 ,to avoid mak+ ! muscle juice indige/ible4 #c4 ,object 9 mak+ s\p3 7#a7 ,to extract ! connective tissue f ! bone4 7#b7 ,to extract ! muscle juice f ! tubes4 ,,g5]al ,,rules ,,= ,,cook+ ,,meat #a4 ,bak+3 ,place ! meat 9 a v hot ov5 ) pieces ( ! fat or "s dripp+ 9 ! pan4 ,ba/e e t5 m9utes4 ,keep ! ov5 v hot = a small roa/4 ,= a l>ge roa/1 *eck ! fire aft] ! fir/ fifte5 m9utes4 ,bake fifte5 m9utes to ea* p\nd4 #b4 ,broil+3 7#a7 ,ov] ! coals4--,put ! meat betwe5 ! hot greas$ wires ( a broil]4 ,place ov] a v hot1 cle> fire4 ,turn ! broil] e t5 seconds4 ,beef "o in* ?ick cooks r>e 9 eight m9utes4 7#b7 ,pan ,broil+4--,heat a fry+-pan smok+ hot4 ,lay ! meat 9 flat2 turn con/antly until se>$1 !n frequ5tly1 z 9 broil+1 b d n pi]ce ! muscle "p ) a =k4 ,beef "o in* ?ick cooks r>e 9 t5 m9utes4 #c4 ,boil+3 ,cov] ! meat ) boil+ wat]4 ,boil five m9utes4 ,!n simm] until done4 ,t5d] meat takes tw5ty m9utes to ! p\nd2 t\gh meat takes f ?ree to five h\rs4 #d4 ,/ew+3 ,cut ! meat 9 pieces ( a suitable size4 ,cov] ) cold wat]4 ,br+ gradually to ! simm]+ po9t & simm] until t5d]1 usually ?ree or f\r h\rs4 ,keep ! pot closely cov]$4 #e4 ,beef juice3 ,take "o p\nd ( /eak f ! top ( ! r\nd4 ,wipe ! /eak1 remove all fat1 & cut ! lean meat 9 small pieces4 ,place 9 cann+ j>1 & cov]2 place on a re/ 9 ! kettle & surr\nd ) cold wat]4 ,all[ ! wat] to heat sl[ly1 c>e be+ tak5 n to h x rea* a high] temp]ature ?an #acj degrees4 ,let /& two h\rs2 /ra9 & press ! meat to obta9 all ! juices4 ,salt to ta/e4 ,,note4--,^! rules may be dictat$ to ! class1 z all ( ! pr9ciples :i* !y involve h be5 previ\sly discuss$4 ,,fi% ,s9ce fi% is ! fle% ( sea animals1 !re w be little new to le>n conc]n+ x4 ,ma9 po9ts ( diff]5ce betwe5 ?is fle% & ord9>y meat are3 #a4 ,fi% is less /imulat+ & n\ri%+ ?an meat1 z x conta9s m wat] & less prote9 ?an an equal quantity ( lean meat4 #b4 ,oy/]s1 & ! class call$ :ite-fi%1 are m easily dige/$ ?an meat1 h5ce !y %\ld be *os5 = invalids or ^? hav+ weak dige/ions4 ,k9ds ( fi%3 #a4 ,:ite-fi%4--,! fat is /or$ mo/ly 9 ! liv]1 mak+ ! fle% easy to dige/4 ,examples3 cod1 halibut1 haddock1 :ite-fi%4 #b4 ,oily fi%4--,! fat is di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t ! fle%1 mak+ x m difficult to dige/4 ,examples3 salmon1 h]r+1 mack]el4 #c4 ,%ell-fi%4--,because ( _! close fibres1 ^! are difficult to dige/1 ) ! exception ( oy/]s4 ,examples3 clams1 scallops1 & oy/]s4 #d4 ,cru/ace\s4--,! fle% is t\gh & h>d to dige/4 ,examples3 lob/]s1 crabs4 ,selection ( fi%3 ,fre% fi% may be recogniz$ by ! foll[+3 #a4 ,! eyes %\ld be full & bright4 #b4 ,! fle% %\ld be firm & ela/ic4 #c4 ,! gills %\ld be bright r$4 #d4 ,!re %\ld be no unpleasant od\r4 ,cook+ ( fi%3 ,fi% may be cook$ 9 any way simil> to meat4 ,z ! fle% ( fi% conta9s food sub/ances :i* are v easily dissolv$ 9 wat]1 boil+ is n a good me?od ( cook+ to *oose = ?is food4 ,/eam+1 bak+1 & fry+ are m suitable4 ,,gelat9e ,a lesson on gelat9e naturally foll[s ! lessons on meat & fi%4 ,! /udy ( bone & ! mak+ ( s\p h expla9$ ! s\rce ( ?is sub/ance1 & only a few additional facts are necess>y4 ,! gelat9e practice di%es are sure to prove attractive to ! class1 & ! common use ( ?is food 9 sickness1 & 9 salads & dess]ts1 makes x important t its food value be und]/ood4 #a4 ,s\rce ( gelat9e3 ,gelat9e is obta9$ f ! bones1 c>tilage1 & sk9 ( animals4 ,x is ! connective tissue dissolv$ out ( ^! p>ts4 ,! h\sekeep] may obta9 x = h]self or %e may buy x already extract$2 bo? are equally good4 #b4 ,comm]cial =ms3 7#a7 ,%eet gelat9e 7#b7 ,%r$d$ gelat9e 7#c7 ,granulat$ gelat9e4 #c4 ,prop]ties ( gelat9e3 7#a7 ,x s(t5s 9 cold wat]1 b w n dissolve4 7#b7 ,x dissolves 9 hot wat]4 7#c7 ,x jellies :5 cold1 if ! solution be suffici5tly /rong4 7#d7 ,good gelat9e has little ta/e1 col\r1 or od\r1 & no s$im5t :5 dissolv$4 #d4 ,/eps 9 dissolv+ gelat9e3 7#a7 ,put a small am\nt ( cold wat] or any cold liquid on gelat9e1 & let x /& until ! liquid is absorb$4 7#b7 ,add a boil+ liquid & /ir ?or\ghly until dissolv$4 #e4 ,value 9 ! diet3 7#a7 ,gelat9e is a nitrog5\s sub/ance1 b _c ( itself build tissues1 z mo/ prote9 foods d4 ,:5 eat51 x w save ! tissues already mak+ up ! body1 h5ce is call$ a prote9-sp>]4 7#b7 ,x is v easily dige/$1 & = ?is reason x gives a pleasant v>iety to ! diet ( an invalid4 7#c7 ,x makes an attractive dess]t at ! end ( a sub/antial meal1 )\t add+ mu* nutrim5t4 #f4 ,ways ( us+ gelat9e3 7#a7 ,x may assi/ 9 mak+ s\p4 7#b7 ,any liquid may be us$ to dissolve ?is sub/ance to make a pla9 jelly4 ,examples3 c(fee jelly1 tomato jelly1 w9e jelly4 7#c7 ,pla9 jelly may be v>i$ z foll[s3 ,all[ ! pla9 jelly mixture to cool until x is z ?ick z cream1 & !n beat 9 :ipp$ egg-:ite1 or fruit1 or *opp$ vegetables1 & set away until firm4 ,examples3 sn[ pudd+1 orange *>lotte1 vegetable salad4 7#d7 ,/ra9 (f ! juice f a c ( fruit1 heat x1 & use x = dissolv+ ! gelat9e4 ,:5 almo/ set1 add ! fruit1 & set away to become firm4 ,,froz5 ,,di%es ,a lesson on froz5 di%es may be tak5 at any "t1 b x seems specially opportune aft] ! gelat9e lesson4 ,x may be impossible to make ^! di%es 9 s*ool1 b ! facts ( ! lesson may be discuss$ & recipes furni%$1 aft] :i* a ,=m ,,iv pupil %\ld f9d no difficulty 9 c>ry+ out ^! recipes at home4 ,elem5t>y sci5ce %\ld be correlat$1 to expla9 ! use ( salt 9 ! freez+ process4 ,,value ,,( ,,froz5 ,,di%es #a4 ,!y are cool+1 refre%+1 & n\ri%+ :5 prop]ly tak52 !y are n good z a f9al c\rse at a meal1 z cold mixtures r$uce ! temp]ature ( ! /oma* & ?us ret>d dige/ion4 #b4 ,!y are appetiz+ 9 appe>ance & flav\r4 #c4 ,!y are economical z reg>ds co/ ( +r$i5ts1 fuel1 "t1 & en]gy4 ,,k9ds ,,( ,,froz5 ,,di%es #a4 ,wat] ice4--,fruit juice dilut$ ) wat]1 sweet5$ & froz52 /irr$ ab\t e five m9utes :ile freez+4 #b4 ,frapp4--,wat] ice froz5 to ! consi/5cy ( mu%2 9 freez+1 equal p>ts ( ice & salt are us$ to make ! mixture granul>4 #c4 ,%]bet4--,wat] ice to :i* is add$ a small quantity ( dissolv$ gelat9e or beat5 egg-:ite2 /irr$ con/antly :ile freez+4 #d4 ,ice cream4--,?9 cream1 sweet5$1 flav\r$1 & froz52 /irr$ con/antly :ile freez+4 #e4 ,pla9 ice cream4--,same z ice cream ) cu/>d add$4 #f4 ,m\sse4--,?ick cream1 beat5 until /iff1 sweet5$1 flav\r$1 plac$ 9 a m\ld1 pack$ 9 ice & salt 7two p>ts ice to "o "p salt71 & all[$ to /& ?ree h\rs4 ,a small quantity ( dissolv$ gelat9e may be add$ to ! mixture4 ,,practical ,,"w #a4 ,freez+3 7#a7 ,scald ! c & da%] & cool j be=e us+4 7#b7 ,see t all p>ts ( ! freez] are prop]ly adju/$4 7#c7 ,empty ! mixture into ! c2 nev] fill ! c m ?an ?ree-qu>t]s full1 to all[ = expansion :5 freez+4 7#d7 ,prep>e ice by *ipp+ f9ely or by cru%+ 9 a canvas bag by means ( a mallet4 7#e7 ,all[ ?ree measures ( ice to "o ( co>se rock salt & pack ?is mixture solidly ar\nd ! c4 7#f7 ,turn ! crank sl[ly & /eadily until ! mixture beg9s to freeze1 !n turn m rapidly until froz54 7#g7 ,add m ice & salt z ne$$1 b d n draw (f ! salt wat] except to keep x f gett+ inside ! c4 #b4 ,pack+3 7#a7 ,:5 ! mixture is froz51 draw (f ! wat]1 remove ! da%]1 & pack ! cont5ts ( ! c d[n solidly ) a spoon4 7#b7 ,replace ! cov]1 us+ a cork = ! op5+1 !n repack 9 ice & salt 7f\r p>ts ice to "o "p salt74 7#c7 ,cov] ) newspap]s1 blanket1 or c>pet1 & let x /& = at lea/ "o h\r be=e s]v+4 #b4 ,m\ld+3 7#a7 ,wet ! m\ld & pack ! froz5 mixture 9 solidly4 7#b7 ,place ! cov] on ! m\ld & b9d /rips ( greas$ cotton or wax$ pap] ar\nd all ! crevices4 7#c7 ,imb$ ! m\ld 9 ice & salt 7f\r p>ts ice to "o "p salt74 7#d7 ,wrap a clo? wrung f hot wat] ar\nd ! m\ld = an in/ant1 be=e remov+ ! mixture4 ,,plann+ ,,& ,,prep>ation ,,( ,,meals ,! food "w ( ! previ\s ,=ms1 f con/ant ref]5ce & use1 %\ld be s well kn[n t x may be review$ 9 "o lesson1 "u ! foll[+ heads3 #a4 ,uses ( food #b4 ,necess>y sub/ances 9 food #c4 ,composition ( ! common foods--milk1 eggs1 meat1 vegetables1 fruit1 se$s #d4 ,g5]al s\rces ( ea* food sub/ance4 ,aft] ! review1 ! class may be ask$ to prep>e m5us = "o day's meals1 keep+ 9 m9d ! foll[+3 #a4 ,daily balance ( food sub/ances #b4 ,appetiz+ appe>ance & flav\r ( ! food #c4 ,economy ( "t1 lab\r1 & money 9 provid+ ! food4 ,! prep>ation ( m5us may be cont9u$1 ev5 :ile o!r "w is be+ /udi$1 until ! tea*] feels satisfi$ ) ! ability ( ! class to prep>e m5us intellig5tly4 ,! plann+ ( m5us %\ld1 if "t p]mit1 be ext5d$ to actual practice 9 prep>+ & s]v+ ! meals call$ = by "s ( ! m5us4 ,9 ?is ,=m !re %\ld be a limit set to ! numb] ( p s]v$ & ! co/ ( ! food4 ,s9ce breakfa/ & lun*eon 7 prep>$ 9 ! ,junior ,=m1 a d9n] %\ld be tak5 9 ?is4 ,! entire responsibility ( ! meal %\ld be giv5 to ! pupils1 ea* be+ appo9t$ to p]=m def9ite duties4 ,! tea*] may advise :ile ! class is plann+ ! "w1 b n assi/ :ile x is be+ c>ri$ out4 ,ea* memb] ( ! class may be ask$ to prep>e a m5u to suit ! special conditions :i* h be5 made z to numb] & co/4 ,^! may be plann$ at home & br\ght to ! tea*] = criticism4 ,at ! fir/ lesson1 ?ree or f\r ( ! be/ may be writt5 on ! black-ho>d = comp>ison & *oice4 ,:5 ! selection is made1 memb]s ( ! class %\ld be *os5 = ! foll[+ duties3 7#a7 m>ket+1 7#b7 prep>ation ( food1 7#c7 lay+ ! table1 7#d7 s]v+1 7#e7 repres5t+ memb]s ( ! family to eat ! meal4 ,,note4--,to prev5t any suspicion ( fav\ritism1 ! duties may be writt5 on slips ( pap] & ! pupils all[$ to draw ^!4 ,at ! second lesson ! meal w be prep>$1 s]v$1 & eat54 ,9 s*ools lack+ an equipm5t1 ! meal may be plann$ & select$ 9 ! same way z above1 b ! entire responsibility ( c>ry+ x out mu/ re/ on "o pupil1 z x w be necess>y = ea* to prep>e & s]ve x 9 h] own home4 ,,*apt] ,,xiii ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5ior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,,infant ,,fe$+ ,?is subject is m suitable = old] /ud5ts ?an = ^? att5d+ ! public & sep>ate s*ools1 b1 because ( its importance & ! fact t _m girls nev] g beyond ! ,entrance class1 x is deem$ wise to pres5t1 to ! pupils ( ,=m ,,iv1 ! ma9 facts relat+ to ! fe$+ ( infants4 ,ea* tea*] mu/ h[ev] use h] judgm5t 9 ! *oice ( ^! facts = h] class & 9 ! me?od ( pres5t+ !m4 ,! in/ruction giv5 may include ! foll[+ ideas3 ,! natural food ( an infant is its "m's milk1 & too mu* /ress _c be plac$ on ! necessity ( nurs+ by ! "m4 ,ev5 if ! "m has b a small supply1 ! baby %\ld n be wean$2 ! supply %\ld be supplem5t$ by modifi$ milk4 ,9 ! r>e cases :]e a "m _c nurse h] baby1 a physician %\ld prescribe ! food4 ,9 su* a case ! be/ sub/itute is c['s milk4 ,if c['s milk be us$1 x w h to be *ang$ or modifi$ to make x z f> z possible l "m's milk4 ,c['s milk diff]s 9 ! foll[+ respects3 ,x has 7#a7 less wat] & !re=e m solids2 7#b7 a l>g] proportion ( prote9 & m9]al comp\nds2 7#c7 less sug>2 7#d7 a diff]5t comb9ation ( fats4 ,c['s milk _c be made l "m's milk1 b x is bett] food = a little baby if cream1 milk sug>1 & b>ley wat]1 are add$ 9 c]ta9 proportions1 v>y+ accord+ to ! age ( ! *ild4 ,,recipe ,,= ,,modifi$ ,,milk ,milk #g ounces ,milk sug> #a_/b ounce ,cream 7#ah7 #a ounce1 if ord9>y milk be us$ or #a_/b ounce if ,j]sey milk be us$4 ,b>ley wat] ,dilute ) b>ley wat] to make #bj ounces = ! fir/ two or ?ree weeks1 !n r$uce to #af ounces up to ab\t ?ree mon?s ( age4 ,! volume may !n be r$uc$ to #ad ounces1 & at five or six mon?s to #ab ounces4 ,mix$ milk1 & n "o c['s milk1 %\ld be us$1 = ! reason t a bett] av]age ( milk is secur$ f sev]al c[s ?an f "o4 ,! supply %\ld be fre% & clean4 ,to make sure ( ! latt]1 scrupul\s c>e %\ld be giv5 to ! cleanl9ess ( ! c[s' bodies & /ables1 ! ut5sils1 & ! clo?+ & h&s ( ! milk]s4 ,if !re is any d\bt ( ! cleanl9ess1 ! milk %\ld be pa/euriz$4 ,! pa/eurization greatly r$uces ! bact]ial life 9 ! milk by a temp]ature :i* does n *ange its composition & dige/ibility1 z is ! case 9 /]iliz+ x4 ,,directions ,,= ,,pa/euriz+ ,,milk ,/]ilize bottles z = cann+4 ,ne>ly fill ! bottles ) milk & cork !m ) absorb5t cotton :i* has be5 /]iliz$ 7by be+ bak$ a delicate br[n74 ,place ! bottles on a re/ 9 a deep kettle & surr\nd !m ) cold wat] z high z ! milk4 ,heat ! wat] gradually to #aee degrees ,fahr5heit1 or until t9y bubbles %[ 9 ! milk next ! glass4 ,remove ! kettle & cont5ts to :]e ! temp]ature ( ! milk w rema9 ! same = half an h\r4 ,!n cool ! milk quickly by putt+ ! bottles fir/ 9 lukew>m wat] & !n 9 cold wat]4 ,keep 9 a cool place & d n remove ! cotton until ready to use4 ,pa/euriz$ milk %\ld n be kept m ?an a c\ple ( days4 ,! utmo/ c>e & cleanl9ess %\ld be obs]v$ 9 prep>+ ! infant's food4 ,all ut5sils :i* come 9 contact ) ! food %\ld be /]iliz$ ea* "t !y are us$4 ,bottles ) rubb] tubes %\ld nev] be us$1 z !y _c be ?or\ghly clean$4 ,! bottle %\ld be pla9 & graduat$ )\t a neck1 & ! nipple %\ld admit ( be+ turn$ inside out4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,bottles ,aft] ! nurs+1 ! bottles %\ld at once be r9s$ ) cold wat]4 ,lat]1 ! bottles & nipples %\ld be c>efully wa%$ 9 hot1 soapy wat]1 !n r9s$ 9 cle>1 hot wat]4 ,!y %\ld !n be /]iliz$ by boil+ 9 wat] = tw5ty m9utes1 aft] :i* !y may be plac$ 9 boric acid solution 7#a tsp4 to #a qt4 wat]71 or ! bottles may be empti$ & plugg$ ) /]iliz$ absorb5t cotton until aga9 requir$4 ,,c>e ,,( ,,food ,x saves mu* "t to make suffici5t food to la/ = tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,?is may be put into a l>ge bottle1 or :at is bett]1 into ! sev]al nurs+ bottles1 & ea* plugg$ ) /]iliz$ absorb5t cotton4 ,aft] cool+1 ! bottles %\ld be put on ! ice or 9 "s cool place until requir$4 ,:]e !re is no refrig]ator1 an ice-box made on ! pr9ciple ( ! home-made fireless cook] w d excell5t s]vice4 ,:5 ! food is to be us$1 x %\ld be w>m$ slightly above body heat by plac+ ! bottle 9 w>m wat]4 ,! foll[+ table is tak5 f ,! ,c>e & ,fe$+ ( ,*ildr5 by ,l4 ,emmet ,holt1 ,m4,d41 ( ,new ,york4 ,,s*$ule ,,= ,,fe$+ ,a ,,heal?y ,,*ild ,,dur+ ,,! ,,fir/ ,,ye> ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,int]val ,night ,numb] betwe5 fe$+s ( ,quantity ,quantity ,age meals 7#f p4m4 fe$+s = "o = #bd by day to 9 #bd fe$+ h\rs #f a4m47 h\rs ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,h\rs ,ounces ,ounces #bnd to #g? day #c #b #g #a #b #g-ad ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #bnd & #crd weeks #c #b #g #b-c #a_/b #ad-bd ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #d? to #f? week #c #b #g #c-d #ba-bh ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #g? week to #c mos4 #c #b #g #c #a_/b-e #be-ce ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #c to #e mon?s #c #a #f #d #a_/b-f #bg-cf ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #e to #g mon?s #c #a #f #e #a_/b-f #a_/b #cc-ci ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- #g to #ab mon?s #d 44 #e #g-h #a_/b #ce-dc ---------------------------------------- -------------------------- ,,*apt] ,,xiv ,,=m ,,iv3 ,,s5ior ,,grade 7,cont9u$7 ,,h\sehold ,,sanitation ,z ! pr9ciples ( sanitation are bas$ on a k ( bact]ia1 ! facts conc]n+ ^! microscopic plants1 :i* 7 taught 9 ! lesson on ! ,pres]vation ( ,food1 h only to be review$ & ext5d$4 ,! foll[+ topics %\ld he quickly review$3 #a4 ,description ( bact]ia #b4 ,occurr5ce ( bact]ia #c4 ,fav\rable conditions = bact]ia #d4 ,multiplication ( bact]ia #e4 ,useful bact]ia #f4 ,h>mful bact]ia4 ,x is ) ! h>mful bact]ia t our lesson on sanitation deals4 ,! pupils already "k t "s k9ds belong+ to ?is class cause ! decay ( food1 & n[ !y are ready to be told t o!r h>mful k9ds ( microscopic plants ga9 entrance to our bodies & cause disease4 ,conc]n+ ^!1 ! foll[+ outl9e ( facts %\ld be tak53 #a4 ,,means ,,( ,,bact]ia ,,ent]+ ,,! ,,body 7#a7 ,?r\gh ! respiratory organs 7#b7 ,?r\gh ! dige/ive tract 7#c7 ,?r\gh ! brok5 sk94 #b4 ,,common ,,disease-,,produc+ ,,bact]ia 7#a7 ,^? ent]+ ! respiratory organs4--,mumps1 sc>let fev]1 :oop+-c\gh1 diph!ria1 measles1 pneumonia 7#b7 ,^? ent]+ ! dige/ive tract4--,typhoid1 *ol]a1 tub]culosis 7#c7 ,^? com+ ?r\gh cuts1 etc4--,sk9 diseases l r+worm1 blood poison+1 lockjaw 7tetanus74 ,illu/ration3 ,s9k & sew] connection ,t--,trap4 ,w--,wa/e ,pipe4 ,h4,d4--,h\se dra94 ,s4--,sew]4 ,if h\sekeep]s d n ex]cise c>e1 ^! disease-produc+ bact]ia may ent] ! home1 & f9d+ !re all ! conditions :i* !y require1 !y w multiply1 & become a m5ace to ! family4 #c4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,sanitation ,s9ce bact]ia are too small to be se51 x is v h>d to deal ) !m4 ,! h\sekeep] has ! foll[+ ways ( protect+ ! h\sehold3 7#a7 ,by hav+ all dra9 pipes trapp$3 7#b7 ,by keep+ ! h\se free f lodg+ places = bact]ia3 7a7 ,keep ! h\se clean & free ( du/4 7b7 ,wa% g>bage pails & s9ks daily & scald !m & dra9 pipes at lea/ once a week4 7c7 ,keep ! refrig]ators1 cupbo>ds1 & receptacles = food clean1 & all[ no spoil$ food to rema9 9 !m4 7d7 ,wa% & /]ilize ! soil$ clo?+ once a week4 7e7 ,keep ! cell> well air$ & clean2 all[ no decay+ mat]ial to rema9 9 x4 7f7 ,keep ! door-y>ds clean2 all[ no scraps ( food1 clean+ wat]1 or sweep+s to be ?r[n ne> ! h\se4 7#c7 ,by keep+ ! supply ( food f disease-produc+ bact]ia3 7a7 ,use scre5s to keep out flies1 :i* transf] bact]ia f _! bodies to food4 7b7 ,wa% fre% fruit & vegetables be=e us+4 7c7 ,boil = tw5ty m9utes wat] ( d\btful purity4 7#d7 ,by keep+ ! bodies ( ! family /rong & heal?y1 s t if bact]ia ga9 an entrance !y w be resi/$ & ov]come3 7a7 ,provide well-balanc$1 nutriti\s food4 7b7 ,supply suitable clo?+ to protect ! body4 7c7 ,see t !re is an abundant supply ( fre% air1 night & day4 #d4 ,,disposal ,,( ,,wa/e ,,9 ,,villages ,,& ,,rural ,,di/ricts 7#a7 ,burn all combu/ible mat]ial4 7#b7 ,bury t9s1 brok5 di%es1 etc4 7#c7 ,fe$ refuse food to animals or empty x into a pit dug = ! purpose1 & cov] ) a lay] ( e>? f "t to "t4 7#d7 ,?r[ slop wat] at a di/ance f ! h\se & well1 & plant /alky gr[?s l sunfl[]s1 :i* absorb ! wa/e4 #e4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,dis9fect+ ,:]e bact]ial disease is kn[n to exi/1 ! utmo/ c>e %\ld be tak5 to subject ev]y?+ t has come 9 contact ) ! pati5t to a process :i* w kill ! disease-produc+ plants4 ,only two ways ( do+ ?is are kn[n3 7#a7 ,subject ! bact]ia to extreme heat :i* w kill !m-- 7a7 ,burn ev]y?+ t c be burn$4 7b7 ,boil b$ & body l954 7c7 ,scald di%es4 7d7 ,scald or bake ut5sils4 7#b7 ,use *emicals to de/roy ! g]ms-- 7a7 ,use *emical solutions to wa% surfaces1 mat]ials1 or ut5sils4 7b7 ,seal ! rooms & burn *emicals to produce vap\rs :i* w de/roy bact]ia4 ,,note4--,directions = ! use ( *emicals are giv5 "u ! lesson on ,home ,nurs+4 ,,home ,,nurs+ ,?is "p ( ! "w does n require a special equipm5t1 ?\gh x is an advantage to h "o4 ,an +5i\s tea*]1 ) ! co-op]ation ( h] pupils1 w inv5t plans = provid+ :atev] is necess>y = demon/ration4 ,pupils liv+ ne> ! s*ool c supply _m ( ! ne$$ mat]ials4 ,a doll & doll's b$ may be us$ to tea* b$ mak+ & ! *ang+ ( b$-clo?+ :ile ! pati5t is 9 b$4 ,! doll may also be us$ to illu/rate ! me?od ( giv+ a pati5t a ba? 9 b$ & ( *ang+ ! body clo?+1 if su* in=mation is desir$4 ,9 "s cases1 a manual tra9+ pupil might con/ruct ! b$1 & ! sew+ class ! mattress1 b$-clo?+1 & doll's und]we>4 ,if ?is 7 ! prop]ty ( ! s*ool1 ! girls c\ld take turns 9 mak+ ! b$ e day & 9 laund]+ ! clo?+ at home once a week4 ,x is desirable t ! in/ruction 9 home nurs+ be giv5 9 two lessons4 ,^! may be outl9$ z foll[s3 ,,lesson ,i ,,! ,,sick ,,room #a4 ,location4--,! room %\ld be on ! sunny side ( ! h\se & be z l>ge & airy z possible4 ,! top floor is quiet]1 b necessitates _m /eps4 #b4 ,furniture4--,all furniture %\ld admit ( easy clean+4 ,small rugs are bett] ?an a c>pet1 z !y c be easily remov$ = clean+4 ,9 infecti\s diseases1 only b>e necessities %\ld be kept 9 ! room4 ,! b$ %\ld be s+le & plac$ s z to be accessible f bo? sides4 ,x %\ld be high en\gh to prev5t ! nurse /oop+4 ,! b$-clo?+ %\ld be ( light weight & wa%able4 ,a b$side table %\ld be provid$1 also a c\* = ! nurse4 ,a scre5 w be f\nd useful to prev5t draughts & to %ade ! light4 #c4 ,v5tilation4--,a !rmomet] %\ld be us$1 & ! temp]ature kept at #fe degrees to #fh degrees1 or1 9 special diseases1 accord+ to ! doctor's ord]s4 ,an abundant supply ( fre% air %\ld be provid$ day & night4 ,to secure ?is1 !re mu/ be two op5+s1 "o to admit pure1 fre% air1 & ! o!r to let out ! impure air4 ,^! op5+s are pref]ably on opposite sides ( ! room & at diff]5t heights4 ,if !re is only "o w9d[1 x %\ld be made to op5 at bo? top & bottom4 ,9 extreme cases1 an adjo9+ room may be air$ &1 aft] ! fre% air is w>m1 x may be admitt$ to ! sick room4 #d4 ,c>e4--,! room %\ld be kept v clean & neat4 ,all clean+ %\ld be quietly done1 s z n to annoy or di/urb ! pati5t4 ,! floor1 wood-"w1 & furniture %\ld be du/$ ) a damp clo?4 ,fl[]s %\ld be remov$ at night & %\ld h fre% wat] daily4 ,no food or m$ic9e %\ld he left 9 ! room4 ,soil$ di%es or clo?+ %\ld be remov$ z soon z possible &1 9 cases ( infecti\s diseases1 plac$ 9 wat] conta9+ a dis9fectant4 ,all excreta %\ld be tak5 away imm$iately &1 if necess>y1 dis9fect$ be=e be+ empti$4 ,,me?ods ,,( ,,dis9fect+ #a4 ,di%es or clo?+4--7#a7 ,make a solution us+ "o "p ( c>bolic acid to tw5ty p>ts ( wat] 7six teaspoonfuls to a p9t ( wat]7 & let x /& = half an h\r4 ,soak ! articles 9 ?is = two h\rs4 7#b7 ,use =mal9 accord+ to directions4 7#c7 ,use bi*loride tablets accord+ to directions4 7,?is turns clo!s yell[47 ,,note4--,^! solutions mu/ be r5ew$ e tw5ty-f\r h\rs1 if expos$ to ! air4 #b4 ,excreta4--,cov] ! excreta ) "o ( ! above solutions & all[ x to /& = half an h\r be=e empty+4 ,,lesson ,,ii ,,! ,,pati5t #a4 ,c>e ( ! b$4--,! b$ ( a sick p]son %\ld be kept specially clean & fre%4 ,! l95 %\ld be *ang$ e day1 or (t5] if soil$4 ,:]e ! supply ( l95 is limit$1 or :]e !re is pressure ( "w1 a good air+ & sunn+ may occasionally take ! place ( laund]+4 ,9 mak+ ! b$1 x %\ld be kept 9 m9d t ! "u %eet requires unusual tuck+ 9 at ! head1 to prev5t its slipp+ d[n & becom+ wr9kl$4 ,! upp] %eet %\ld receive extra att5tion at ! foot1 z x is apt to pull up4 ,:5 *ang+ ! %eets ) ! pati5t 9 b$1 "w z deftly & quietly z possible4 ,h ! clean %eets w>m$ & ! room com=tably heat$4 ,beg9 ) ! "u %eet z foll[s3 7#a7 ,to *ange ! "u %eet4--,turn ! pati5t ov] on ! side away f y & fold ! soil$ %eet 9 flat folds close to ! body4 ,lay ! clean %eet on ! side ( ! b$ ne> y1 tuck x 91 & fold half ( x aga9/ ! roll ( soil$ %eet1 s t bo? c be slipp$ "u ! body at once4 ,turn ! pati5t back to ! opposite side1 on ! clean %eet1 pull out ! soil$ %eet1 & tuck ! clean "o smoo?ly 9 place4 7#b7 ,to *ange ! upp] %eet4--,loos5 all ! clo!s at ! foot ( ! b$4 ,spread a clean %eet & blanket1 wrong side up1 on top ( ! o!r b$clo!s4 ,p9 ! clean clo!s at ! head ( ! b$ or get ! pati5t to hold !m4 ,gradually slip d[n & draw out ! soil$ %eet & blanket4 ,tuck all 9 place4 #b4 ,c>e ( ! diet4--,recov]y f sickness 9 _m cases dep5ds m ^u ! "r k9d ( food ?an on m$ic9e4 ,! importance ( prop] diet %\ld h be5 impress$ on ! m9ds ( ! pupils by _! lessons on food1 9 ! ,junior ,grade ( ,=m ,,iv4 ,!y may n[ be %[n t1 9 sickness1 ! responsibility ( ! *oice ( food is transf]r$ f ! pati5t to ! doctor or nurse4 ,h5ce x is mo/ important t a p]son act+ z nurse %\ld be tra9$ 9 food values & prop] me?ods ( cook+4 ,%e %\ld also be capable ( ex]cis+ da9t9ess & arti/ic skill 9 s]v+1 s t ! appe>ance ( ! food may tempt ! pati5t to eat x4 ,illu/ration3 ,invalid's tray ,x %\ld n be necess>y to review ! comp>ative values ( ! well-kn[n foods or ! be/ me?ods ( apply+ heat to make & keep ^! foods dige/ible2 x may be tak5 = grant$ t ! class rememb]s ^! facts4 ,! "t may be m pr(itably us$ 9 nam+ & discuss+ special di%es :i* are includ$ 9 invalid cook]y4 ,recipes may be giv5 = any ( ^! :i* ! pupils desire or ! tea*] *ooses1 & "o or two ( ! di%es :i* require v little "t to make1 may be prep>$4 ,= ! sake ( conv5i5ce1 diets = ! sick may be classifi$ z ,milk1 ,liquid1 ,light1 & ,full4 ,^! t]ms are an easy way ( indicat+ a c]ta9 range ( foods4 ,milk ,diet4--,milk1 butt]-milk1 k\myss1 kephyr4 ,,note4--,lime-wat] may be giv5 ) sweet milk1 "o "p to ?ree ( milk4 ,liquid ,diet4--,milk diet1 beef juice or beef-tea1 bro?s1 gruels1 & sometimes jelly4 ,light ,diet4--,s\p1 :ite meat ( f[l1 :ite fi%1 oy/]s1 s(t-cook$ eggs1 cu/>d1 milk pudd+s1 fruit1 gelat9e jellies4 ,full ,diet4--,any food t is n p>ticul>ly h>d to dige/4 ,,note4--,pl5ty ( wat] %\ld be giv5 9 all diets4 ,,p\ltices ,a p\ltice is us$ to r$uce inflammation & %\ld be z l>ge z ! affect$ "p4 ,! k9ds 9 ord9>y use are3 #a4 ,mu/>d p\ltice1 us$ z a c\nt] irritant4 #b4 ,l9se$1 bread1 or potato p\ltice1 us$ to soo!4 ,directions = a mu/>d p\ltice3 #a4 ,= a v /rong p\ltice1 mix pure mu/>d to a pa/e ) w>m wat]2 spread on a piece ( *eeseclo? or musl91 leav+ a m>g9 ( an in*2 fold ov] ! m>g91 & cov] ) ?ick] cotton or pap]4 #b4 ,= mild] p\ltices use fl\r to r$uce ! mu/>d z foll[s3 7#a7 #a "p fl\r to #a "p mu/>d 7#b7 #b p>ts fl\r to #a "p mu/>d 7#c7 #c p>ts fl\r to #a "p mu/>d4 ,directions = l9se$1 bread1 or potato p\ltices3 ,use boil+ wat] to mix ! above to ! consi/5cy ( ?ick porridge1 & spread z 9 ! mu/>d p\ltice1 except+ t ! lay] ( p\ltice is made mu* ?ick]1 9 ord] to reta9 ! moi/ure & heat4 ,,fom5tations ,^! are mu* ! same 9 _! effects z p\ltices1 b are sometimes m conv5i5t4 ,directions = fom5tations3 ,spread a t[el ov] a l>ge bas91 place a flannel 9 ! t[el & p\r boil+ hot wat] ov] x4 ,fold ! t[el ov] ! flannel1 ga!r ! dry ends ( ! t[el 9 ei!r h&1 & wr+4 ,c>ry to ! pati5t1 %ake out ! flannel1 & apply4 ,,bibliography ,! foll[+ books are recomm5d$ = ref]5ce1 ! m useful be+ m>k$ ) an a/]isk3 ,,! ,,home ,furni%+ ( a ,mode/ ,home4 ,daniels1 #a4jj4 ,atk9son1 ,m5tzn] ,co41 ,new ,york4 ,home ,decoration4 ,prie/man1 #a4ej4 ,:itcomb ,b>r[s1 ,bo/on4 99,c>e ( a ,h\se4 ,cl>k1 #a4ej4 ,! ,macmillan ,company ( ,canada1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 ,,sci5ce ,,& ,,sanitation 99,elem5t>y ,h\sehold ,*emi/ry4 ,snell1 #a4be4 ,! ,macmillan ,company ( ,canada1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 ,*emi/ry ( ,cook+ & ,clean+4 ,ri*>ds & ,elliott1 #a4jj4 ,:itcomb ,b>r[s1 ,bo/on4 ,fuels ( ! ,h\sehold4 ,:ite1 #ge;c4 ,:itcomb ,b>r[s1 ,bo/on4 99,/ory ( ,g]m ,life4 ,conn1 #ce;c4 ,:itcomb ,b>r[s1 ,bo/on4 99,h\sehold ,foes4 ,rav5hill1 #ge;c4 ,mc,clelland1 ,good*ild ,/ew>t1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 99,! ,s\rce1 ,*emi/ry1 & ,use ( ,food ,products4 ,bailey1 #a4ge4 ,blaki/on1 ,son ,co41 ,philadelphia4 ,,food ,,& ,,dietetics 99,food ,products4 ,%]man1 #b4jj4 ,! ,macmillan ,company ( ,canada1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 ,food ,mat]ials & _! ,adult]ations4 ,ri*>ds1 #a4jj4 ,:itcomb ,b>r[s1 ,bo/on4 99,food & ,dietetics4 ,hut*ison1 #c4jj4 ,wm4 ,wood ,co41 #ea ,fif? ,av5ue1 ,new ,york1 ,n4,y4 ,pr9ciples ( ,human ,nutrition4 ,jordan1 #a4ge4 ,! ,macmillan ,company ( ,canada1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 99,c>e & ,fe$+ ( ,*ildr54 ,dr4 ,emmet ,holt1 #ge;c4 ,d4 ,appleton1 ,n4,y4 7,mc,ainsh1 ,toronto7 ,c>e ( ! ,baby4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,p4 ,c4 ,griffi?1 #a4ej4 ,w4 ,b4 ,saund]s ,co41 ,philadelphia4 ,a ,little ,talk ab\t ! ,baby4 ,hel5 ,mac,murchy1 ,m4,d4 ,free4 ,! ,prov9cial ,bo>d ( ,heal?1 ,toronto4 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9s4 #e;c ea*4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,u4,s4,a4 ,,cook+ ,,& ,,s]v+ 99,bo/on ,cook+ ,s*ool ,cook ,book4 ,f>m]1 #b4jj4 ,mc,clelland1 ,good*ild ,/ew>t1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 99,diet 9 ,disease4 ,pattee1 #a4jj4 ,:itcomb ,b>r[s1 ,bo/on4 ,elem5ts ( ! ,!ory & ,practice ( ,cook]y4 ,williams ,fi%]4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4 ( ,canada1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 99,girls' ,home ,manual4 ,annie ,b4 ,junip]4 ,briti% ,columbia ,gov]nm5t1 ,victoria1 ,b4,c4 ,practical ,cook+ & ,s]v+4 ,hill1 #a4ej4 ,mc,clelland1 ,good*ild ,/ew>t1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 ,,laundry ,,"w ,! ,art & ,practice ( ,laundry ,"w4 ,rank91 #as4 #f;d4 ,blackie ,son1 ,limit$1 ,london1 ,engl&4 ,! ,exp]t ,clean]4 ,seaman1 #ge;c4 ,mc,clelland1 ,good*ild ,/ew>t1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 99,bullet9s on ,! ,laundry4 #e;c ea*4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,home ,economics1 ,cornell ,univ]sity1 ,i?aca1 ,n4,y4 ,,home ,,nurs+ ,em]g5cies4 ,gulick1 #dj;c4 ,g9n ,company1 ,new ,york4 99,home ,nurs+4 ,h>rison1 #a4jj4 ,! ,macmillan ,co4 ( ,canada1 ,ltd41 ,toronto4 ,h9ts & ,helps = ,home ,nurs+ & ,hygi5e4 ,cosgrave1 #dj;c4 ,/4 ,john ,ambulance ,assn41 ,toronto4 ,,economics ,home ,problems f a ,new ,/&po9t4 ,hunt1 #a4jj4 ,:itcomb ,b>r[s1 ,bo/on4 99,h\sehold ,managem5t4 ,t]rill4 ,am]ican ,s*ool ( ,home ,economics1 ,*icago1 ,ill4 99,! ,new ,h\sekeep+4 ,fr$]ick1 #a4jj4 ,musson ,book ,co41 ,toronto4 ,,magaz9es ,good ,h\sekeep+ ,magaz9e4 #b4jj p] ye>4 #aai ,we/ ,=tie? ,/41 ,new ,york4 99,! ,j\rnal ( ,home ,economics4 #c4jj p] ye>4 #ebe ,we/ #abj? ,/41 ,new ,york4 99 99 99 99 99 ,transcrib]'s ,notes3 ,obvi\s punctuation errors repair$4 ,page viii1 ,wood *ang$ to ,wool 7( ,wool ,fibre7