mat]ial f ! ,google ,pr9t project47     
,a ,,!ory ,,( ,,creation4   ,a  ,,review
  ,,(  ,,ve/iges ,,( ,,! ,,natural      
,,hi/ory ,,(  ,,creation4   ,,f ,,!     
,,nor? ,,am]ican ,,review ,,= ,,april1  
#ahde4   ,,bo/on3 ,,otis1 ,,broad]s1 ,,&
 ,,company1 #abj ,,wa%+ton ,,/reet4     
#ahde4   ,,cambridge3 ,,metcalf ,,&     
,,company1 ,,pr9t]s ,,to ,,!            
,,univ]sity4     ,a  ,,!ory ,,(         
,,creation4       ,ve/iges ( ! ,natural 
,hi/ory ( ,creation4 ,new ,york3 ,wiley 
,putnam4 #ahde4 #abmo4 pp4 #bia4   ,?is 
is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ & +5i\s sci5tific   
romances t we h ev] read4 ,! writ] ( x  
is a bold man2 he has und]tak5 to give a
 hypo!tical hi/ory ( creation1 beg9n+1 z
 ! title-pages say1 at ! e>lie/ p]iod1 &
 com+ d[n to ! pres5t day4 ,x is n q s  
au!ntic z t ( ,moses1 nor is x writt5 ) 
su* an air ( simplicity & confid5ce z ! 
n>rative ( ! ,jewi% hi/orian2 b x is mu*
 long]1 & goes into a f> great] v>iety (
 int]e/+ p>ticul>s4 ,x contradicts !    
,jewi% cosmogony 9 a few p>ticul>s1 & is

 at v>iance ) probability & ! ord9>y    
laws ( human reason+ 9 _m o!rs4 ,b ! r  
lib]al rules ( int]pretation1 :i* x is  
n[ ! fa%ion to apply to ! fir/ *apt] (  
,g5esis1 w relieve ! read] f any        
scruples on ! =m] acc\nt2 & z to !      
latt]1 9 ^! days ( sci5tific quack]y1 x 
w\ld be q too h>% to make any great     
compla9t ab\t su* peccadilloes4 ,! writ]
 has tak5 up almo/ e que/ionable fact & 
/>tl+ hypo!sis1 t h be5 promulgat$ by   
pr(ici5ts or pret5d]s 9 sci5ce dur+ !   
pres5t c5tury1 except animal magnetism2 
& = ?is omission we h reason to be      
?ankful4 ,! nebul> hypo!sis1 ,laplace's 
or ,compte's !ory ( planets %ell$ (f f !
 sun1 spontane\s g5]ation1--"s ( ^!     
vag>ies1 we admit1 are ( mu* old] date  
?an ! ye> #ahjj1--! ,macleay sy/em1 dogs
 play+ dom9oes1 negroes born ( :ite     
p>5ts1 mat]ialism1 phr5ology1--he adopts
 !m all1 & makes !m play an important "p
 9 8 own magnific5t !ory1 to !          
exclusion1 9 a great degree1 ( !        
well-accr$it$ facts & e/abli%$ doctr9es 

( sci5ce4  ,we speak lightly ( ! au?or's
 plan1 z "o c h>dly fail to d ( a s*eme 
s magnific5t1 & go+ app>5tly s f> beyond
 ! ord9>y s\rces ( in=mation & ! range (
 ! human intellect4 ,b ! execution ( !  
"w is ( s high an ord]1 z fairly to     
*all5ge att5tion & respect4 ,! writ]1 :o
 has n *os5 to give 8 "n to ! _w1 is    
evid5tly a man ( great +5uity & correct 
ta/e1 a ma/] ( /yle1 a plausible1 ?\gh n
 a pr(\nd1 reason]1 & hav+ q a g5]al1 b 
sup]ficial1 acqua9tance ) ! sci5ces4 ,8 
mat]ials are arrang$ ) admirable me?od1 
! illu/rations are copi\s & int]e/+1 !  
transitions are skilfully manag$1 & !   
sev]al portions ( ! !ory are s well     
fitt$ to ea* o!r1 & =m su* a r\nd &     
p]fect :ole1 t x seems a pity to subject
 x to sev]e analysis & se>*+ criticism4 
,x is a v pleasant hypo!sis1 set =? 9 a 
mo/ agreeable mann]2 & ?\gh x conta9s _m
 objectionable features1 ^! are         
cauti\sly veil$ & kept 9 ! backgr\nd1 & 
! read] is s$uc$ into accept+ mo/ ( !   
conclusions1 be=e he is aw>e ( _! true  

"* & t5d5cy4  ,be=e a j op9ion c be =m$ 
( ! correctness ( ! writ]'s views1 x is 
necess>y to take to pieces ?is skilful  
fabric1 & to br+ ! p>ts toge!r 9 a      
diff]5t connection & ) great]           
succ9ctness1 foll[+ out ea* doctr9e to  
its inevitable1 b mo/ remote1           
conclusions1 s z to obta9 a j idea ( !  
position 9 :i* we %\ld be plac$ by !    
acceptance ( ! !ory z a :ole4 ,= obvi\s 
reasons1 ! au?or has n *os5 to give a   
g5]al summ>y ( 8 views1 or to m5tion    
explicitly all ! inf]5ces t may be drawn
 f !m4 ,he m]ely puts ! read] ^u !      
track1 indicat+ its g5]al direction1 &  
leav+ x = him to f9d out :at objects w  
be enc\nt]$ by ! way1 & :]e ! j\rney w  
end4 ,we propose to f9i% ! "w t is ?us  
left incomplete1 & to set =? ! doctr9e 9
 its pla9e/ t]ms4 ,we w\ld r$uce ! !ory 
at once to its n>r[e/ compass & simple/ 
expression2 b at ! same "t1 w\ld        
incorporate into x e doctr9e :i* prop]ly
 belongs to x1 & foll[ out ea* hypo!sis 
to its remote1 ?\gh necess>y1 inf]5ces &

 conclusions4 ,to ?is end1 x is         
requisite to sep>ate1 z f> z possible1 !
 doctr9es !mselves f ! evid5ce adduc$ 9 
support ( !m2 & to consid] ! =m] z a    
:ole1 be=e proce$+1 to discuss ! cog5cy 
( ! latt]4 ,! foll[+ may be tak5 z ! mo/
 concise ab/ract t we c =m ( ! hi/ory ( 
! creation1 accord+ to ?is au?or4  ,9 ! 
beg9n+--we use ?is ^w 9 a k9d (         
pret]-p]fect s5se--9 ! v beg9n+ ( ?+s1  
imm5se portions ( inf9ite space 7 fill$ 
) f9ely diffus$ nebul\s matt]1 heat$ to 
an int5sity t is altoge!r inconceivable4
 ,! p>ticles ( ?is fire mi/1 z x is     
appropriately call$1 7 ! true primordia 
r]um1--! elem5ts ( ! univ]se1--!        
pr9ciples ( all ! =ms ( inorganic matt] 
& all organic ?+s4 ,at ! outset1 !      
,creator end[$ ^! p>ticles ) c]ta9      
qualities & capacities1 & !n /ood aside 
f 8 "w1 z !re 0 no?+ f>!r = him to d4 ,!
 subsequ5t progress ( creation is only !
 successive developm5t1 ^u me*anical &  
necess>y pr9ciples1 & z fa/ z prop]     
occasions 7 (f]$1 ( ^! qualities ?us    

made inh]5t 9 ! primitive con/itution ( 
matt]4 ,! atoms ?us m>vell\sly end[$ h  
gone on1 )\t any fur!r aid f ,almighty  
p[]1 to =m suns1 & a/ral sy/ems1 &      
planets ) _! satellites1 & worlds t5ant$
 by successive g5]ations & races (      
vegetable & animal ?+s4 ,& ?is "w (     
creation1 or r ( developm5t1 is /ill 9  
progress all ar\nd u1 & 9 all its v>i\s 
/ages1 ?\gh 9 ! portion mo/ directly    
expos$ to ! obs]vation ( man x is f>    
advanc$ t[>ds p]fection4 ,^u ?is e>?1 ! 
unaid$ action ( ^! atoms is /ill evolv+ 
all ! ph5om5a ( g5]ation1 progress1 &   
decay1 ( vegetable & animal life1 (     
in/9ct & ( m9d4 ,9 ! abyss ( space1 x is
 also =m+ new suns1 & sol> sy/ems1 &    
worlds t are to pass ?r\gh ! same /ages 
& wond]ful trans=mations to :i* our own 
planet has already be5 subject$4 ,all t 
has occurr$ ) respect to ?is e>?1 & !   
sy/em ( :i* x =ms a "p1 is b a type (   
:at is con/antly go+ on 9 ! c\ntless o!r
 sy/ems ( />s t p ! firmam5t4  ,! fir/  
/age 9 ! hi/ory ( ^! fi]y p>ticles is ! 

=mation among !m1 9 "s unacc\ntable way1
 ( nuclei1 or c5tres ( aggregation1 l ! 
bright po9ts t are n[ visible 9 "s ( !  
nebulae ( ! heav5s4 ,z soon z ^! c5tres 
are =m$1 gravity1 "o ( ! orig9al        
pr9ciples ( matt]1 beg9s to act1 & !    
atoms 9 all ! neighb\r+ p>ts ( space are
 attract$ t[>ds ! nucleus & heap$ ^u x4 
,9 ?is mann]1 a c5tral sun ( va/        
dim5sions is =m$1 :i* soon assumes a    
motion ( rotation ^u its axis f ! g5]al 
law :i* gives a circul> movem5t to all  
fluids t are drawn t[>ds a common c5tre4
 ,! c5trifugal =ce ?us g5]at$ t5ds to   
?r[ (f matt] f ! equatorial regions ( ! 
great orb1 b is re/ra9$ by ! attraction 
( gravitation1 :i* w\ld prev5t any      
sep>ation ( ! p>ts1 if ! sun itself did 
n n[ beg9 to cool d[n1 & consequ5tly to 
%r9k 9 size4 ,"u ?is cool+ process1 a   
cru/ is =m$ ^u ! surface1 too rigid to  
yield to ! =ce ( gravity1 & ! p>ts )91  
cont9u+ to %r9k1 sep>ate f ?is envelope2
 s t !re is n[ a c5tral orb1 revolv+ m  
rapidly f its great] d5sity & small]    

diamet]1 & surr\nd$ by an ext]ior %ell1 
or b&1 l ,saturn's r+1 rotat+ at its    
orig9al spe$4 ,z we _c suppose t ! r+   
w\ld usually be ( uni=m ?ickness &      
/r5g?1 x ev5tually breaks up into       
fragm5ts1 ! l>g] ( :i* attracts ! small]
 into itself1 & ! :ole is =m$ by its    
revolv+ motion into an oblate sph]oid   
circl+ r\nd ! contract$ sun 9 ! c5tre4  
,9 ?is mann]1 ! planet ,uranus 0 %ell$  
(f f our sun1 :i* orig9ally fill$ ! :ole
 ( ! va/ sph]e1 ( :i* ! di/ance f       
,uranus to ! c5tre ( ! pres5t sun is b !
 radius4 ,! planet itself1 by ! same    
process ( cool+1 %r9k+1 & ?us =m+       
ext]ior r+s1 ?rew (f successively all   
its six satellites2 & ! sun1 also1      
cont9u+ to contract f ! loss ( heat1 =m$
 ano!r r+1 & ?us con/itut$ ! planet     
,saturn4 ,9 ?is way 7 =m$ successively  
all ! planets & satellites ( ! pres5t   
sol> sy/em4 ,! orig9al diamet] ( our e>?
 0 equal1 ( c\rse1 to ! pres5t diamet] (
 ! moon's orbit4 ,9 ! case ( ,saturn1 ! 
two r+s =m$ ar\nd x happ5$ to be (      

unusual homog5eity & equal ?ickness1 s t
 !y 7 n brok5 up1 b h pres]v$ _!        
primitive %ape4 ,a r+ 0 =m$ f ! sun 9 ! 
space betwe5 ! pres5t orbits ( ,m>s &   
,jupit]2 b :5 x 0 brok5 up1 ! fragm5ts  
did n congregate into "o1 b sph]ifi$    
sep>ately1 s z to =m ! f\r small]       
planets :i* n[ revolve 9 t op5+4        
,we h no means ( judg+ ( ! s5iority (   
sy/ems2 b x is      reasonable to       
suppose1 t1 among ! _m1 "s are old] ?an 
ours4 ,!re is1 inde$1 "o piece ( evid5ce
 = ! probability      ( ! comp>ative y\?
 ( our sy/em1 altoge!r ap>t f human     
traditions & ! geogno/ic appe>ances ( ! 
surface ( our      planet4 ,?is consi/s 
9 a ?9 nebul\s matt]1 :i* is diffus$    
ar\nd ! sun to ne>ly ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 
( a v oblately      sph]oidal %ape4 ,?is
 matt]1 :i* sometimes appe>s to our nak$
      eyes1 at sunset1 9 ! =m ( a cone  
project+ upw>ds 9 !      l9e ( ! sun's  
pa?1 & :i* be>s ! "n ( ,zodiacal ,light1
      has be5 ?\ght a residuum or la/   
remnant ( ! conc5trat+      matt] ( our 

sy/em1 & ?us may be suppos$ to indicate 
!      comp>ative rec5tness ( ! pr9cipal
 ev5ts ( our cosmogony4      ,suppos+ ! 
surmise & inf]5ce to be correct1 & !y   
may be      held z s f> support$ by m   
famili> evid5ce1 we might )      ! m    
confid5ce speak ( our sy/em z n among/ !
 eld]      born ( ,heav51 b "o ^: v>i\s 
ph5om5a1 physical &      moral1 z yet   
lay undevelop$1 :ile myriads ( o!rs 7   
fully      fa%ion$ & 9 complete         
arrangem5t4 ,?us1 9 ! sublime           
*ronology to :i* we are direct+ our     
inquiries1 we fir/ f9d      ourselves   
call$ ^u to consid] ! globe :i* we      
inhabit z a      *ild ( ! sun1 eld] ?an 
,v5us & h] y\ng] bro!r ,m]cury1      b  
po/]ior 9 date ( bir? to ,m>s1 ,jupit]1 
,saturn1 &      ,uranus2 next1 to reg>d 
our :ole sy/em z probably ( rec5t       
=mation 9 comp>ison ) _m ( ! />s ( our  
firmam5t4 ,we      mu/1 h[ev]1 be on our
 gu>d aga9/ suppos+ ! e>? z a      rec5t
 globe 9 our ord9>y conceptions ( "t4 ,f
 evid5ce      aft]w>ds to be adduc$1 x w

 be se5 t x _c be      presum$ to be    
less ?an _m hundr$s ( c5turies old4--pp4
 #bb1      #bc4  ,hav+ ?us expla9$ !    
g5esis ( ! sol> sy/em1 we come d[n to ! 
hi/ory ( our own e>?1 s9ce x %ell$ (f ! 
r+ :i* =m$ our moon4 ,cont9u+ to cool   
d[n & %r9k1 a ?9 b rigid cru/ ( prim>y  
rocks1 /ill be>+ m>ks ( ! int5se heat to
 :i* !y h be5 subject$1 0 =m$ ^u its    
surface2 & !n ! vapors1 ) :i* !         
atmosph]e _h be5 *>g$1 7 cond5s$1 & =m$ 
seas1 :i* cov]$ ! :ole1 or ! great] "p1 
( ! e>?'s r9d4 ,! cont9ual agitation (  
^! wat]s1 & _! high temp]ature1 z !y 7  
/ill ne>ly at ! boil+ po9t1 dis9tegrat$ 
& wore d[n _m ( ^! rocks1 &1 9 ! lapse (
 ages1 deposit$ _! rema9s1 9 ?ick lay]s 
( s& & mud1 at ! bottom ( ! seas4 ,bak$ 
by ! heat f b5ea?1 & press$ by ! weight 
( sup]9cumb5t wat]s1 ^! lay]s sl[ly     
h>d5$ into /ratifi$ rocks4 ,=ms (       
vegetable & animal life1 ?\gh only ( !  
l[e/ type1 ! orig9 ( :i* is to be       
expla9$ h]eaft]1 n[ began to appe>4 ,"s 
sea-plants1 zooephytes1 infusory        

animalcules1 & a few ( ! mollusc\s      
tribe1 all l[ d[n 9 ! ord] ( be+1 b     
important f _! imm5se numb]s & jo9t     
action1 comm5c$ _! "w ( absorb+ !       
c>bonic acid ) :i* ! air 0 ov]*>g$1 &   
build+ up va/ pi]s & m\nds ( /one f _!  
own rema9s4 ,mean:ile1 ! int]nal fires (
 ! e>? occasionally broke ?r\gh ! rocky 
cru/ t imprison$ !m1 ?rew up liquid     
primitive rock ?r\gh ! r5ts1 & di/ort$ &
 tilt$ up ! /rata t _h be5 =m$ above4   
,we may rem>k1 9 pass+1 t ! *ronology ( 
! ev5ts ( :i* we n[ speak is n v        
accurately det]m9$2 ! only ?+ c]ta9 ab\t
 x is1 t a s]ies ( ages1 s protract$ t !
 imag9ation _c conceive _! numb]1 elaps$
 betwe5 ! successive epo*s 9 ! hi/ory ( 
! e>?'s cru/4 ,"s ( ! convulsions caus$ 
by ! fi]y mass )9 ?rew up rock above !  
surface ( ! wat]s1 & ?us ! dry l& began 
to appe>4 ,isl&s 7 =m$1 & imm$iately    
l&-plants made _! appe>ance1 ( excessive
 luxuriance1 "u ! tropical temp]ature t 
/ill prevail$ all ov] ! globe1 & began  
_! (fice ( absorb+ c>bon1 & /or+ x up = 

future use4 ,l&-animals z yet 7 n1 = !  
excess ( c>bonic acid 9 ! atmosph]e     
r5d]$ x incapable ( support+ animal     
life4 ,b ! ri*ness ( ?is isl& vegetation
 gradually purifi$ ! air2 :ile ! decay+ 
plants !mselves1 be+ accumulat$ into va/
 b$s & /rata1 & subject$1 ?r\gh ! *anges
 ( ! e>?'s surface1 to ! pressure (     
mighty wat]s1 gradually =m$ imm5se      
deposits ( coal1 = ! subsequ5t s]vice ( 
man4 ,animals ( a high] grade 7 n[ =m$2 
fi%es became abundant1 & amphibi\s      
mon/]s1 huge liz>ds & o!r reptiles1 ) an
 imp]fect app>atus ( respiration1 began 
to brea! an atmosph]e n yet fitt$ =     
birds & mammif]s4  ,x is n necess>y to  
trace out ! comp>atively well kn[n facts
 & !ories ( geological sci5ce1 t are    
incorporat$ into ?is hi/ory4 ,x is      
en\gh1 = ! pres5t purpose1 to po9t out a
 few ( ! g5]al conclusions ( ! geologi/ 
respect+ ! sev]al great *anges t ! e>?'s
 cru/ has und]gone1 & ! di/9ct races (  
vegetables & animals :i* h successively 
t5ant$ ! e>?'s surface4 ,^! *anges & ^! 

races h borne a con/ant relation to ea* 
o!r2 z ! sc5es %ift$1 ! inhabitants also
 *ang$1 ! latt] be+ always adapt$ to !  
circum/ances 9 :i* !y 7 plac$4 ,!re has 
be5 a con/ant progress1 ! soil & !      
atmosph]e becom+ m & m fitt$ = ! support
 ( ! high] =ms ( life2 & :5 all ?+s 7   
?us made ready = !m1 ^! high] =ms h     
appe>$1 & ! l[] ord]s ( be+1 :i* =m]ly  
occupi$ ! sc5e1 h entirely di$ out1 s t 
_! rema9s1 entomb$ 9 ! solid rock1 are  
n[ ! only indications ( _! pa/ exi/5ce4 
,9 ! era ( ! prim>y rocks1 z we h se51  
!re 0 no organization or life1 z !re 0  
no?+ to support x4 ,9 ! succe$+ p]iod1  
zooephytes & mollusca appe>$2 ^! 7      
foll[$ by fi%es1 & !n l& rose above !   
surface ( ! wat]s4 ,l&-plants & animals 
came next1 ?\gh ( a l[ type2 cont9ually 
advanc+ ord]s ( be+s1 reptiles1 birds1 &
 mammif]s1 suit$ to ! improv$ condition 
( ?+s1 successively appe>$1 until1 at ! 
late/ epo*1 man ent]$ ^u ! sc5e1 ! head 
( animat$ nature z at pres5t con/itut$1 
) p[]s & capacities well adapt$ = ! full

 enjoym5t ( ! augm5t$ ri*es ( ! e>?4 ,& 
! end is n yet4 ,! pres5t race1 rude &  
impulsive z x is1 is p]haps ! be/ adapt$
 to ! pres5t /ate ( ?+s 9 ! _w2 b !     
ext]nal _w goes ?r\gh sl[ & gradual     
*anges1 :i* may leave x 9 "t a mu* s]5] 
field ( exi/5ce4 ,!re may !n be occasion
 = a nobl] type ( humanity1 :i* %all    
complete ! zooelogical circle on ?is    
planet1 & realize "s ( ! dreams ( !     
pure/ spirits ( ! pres5t race4  ,! "q n[
 occurs1 ,h[ are we to acc\nt = ! orig9 
( life1 bo? 9 ! vegetable & animal      
k+doms8 ,! answ] c readily be giv51 if  
we foll[ out resolutely to _! remote/   
consequ5ces ! pr9ciples t h already be5 
e/abli%$4 ,! evolution ( natural laws1 !
 necess>y action ( ! qualities ) :i*    
atoms 7 at fir/ end[$1 has suffic$ to   
produce ?is complex sy/em ( mutually    
dep5d5t worlds1 & all ! successive      
trans=mations ( ! e>?'s r9d1 :i* h fitt$
 x = ! support ( successive races (     
organic be+s4 ,may n ! same causes h    
produc$ ! be+s !mselves8 ,! "o process  

w\ld seem to be n mu* m elaborate &     
intricate ?an ! o!r4 ,if ! inh]5t       
qualities ( matt] h built up a sol>     
sy/em1 !y may h creat$1 also1 ! fir/    
animalcule1 ! fir/ fi%1 ! fir/ quadrup$1
 & ! fir/ man4 ,!re has be5 a m>k$      
progress1 9 ei!r case1 f ! *aotic1 !    
rude1 ! imp]fectly develop$1 up to !    
ord]ly1 ! complex1 ! matur$ =ms4 ,! fir/
 essays1 ! rude ef=ts1 ( nature h       
gradually be5 p]fect$4 ,! *aotic _w t 0 
fir/ %ell$ (f f ! sun diff]$ n less     
widely f ! admirably furni%$ planet we  
n[ inhabit1 ?an does ! zooephyte1 ^:    
rema9s are n split out ( ! rock1 f man1 
! pres5t head ( ! animal tribe4 ,at any 
rate1 geology in=ms u1 t ! causes1      
:atev] !y may be1 :i* produce life1 h   
be5 long & frequ5tly 9 op]ation4 ,!y 7 n
 exhau/$ 9 ! fir/ ef=t2 !y are probably 
/ill at "w ?r\gh\t ! univ]se4 ,n m]ely  
successive g5]ations1 b successive      
races1 bo? ( plants & animals1 widely   
di/+ui%$ f ea* o!r1 h1 at diff]5t       
p]iods1 t5ant$ ! e>?'s surface4 ,^? (   

:i* we possess ! fossil rema9s belong1  
almo/ )\t exception1 to ext9ct species4 
,!y 7 cr[d$ out ( exi/5ce1 z x 71 by !  
new =ms1 m p]fectly organiz$1 :i* came  
to take _! places 9 ! improv+ condition 
( ?+s4 ,?is cont9u\s ag5cy ( !          
life-produc+ causes1 effect+ /ill high] 
results by ea* successive ef=t1 seems to
 po9t directly to ! gradual expansion & 
developm5t ( ! qualities ) :i* matt] 0  
fir/ end[$4  ,we actually see natural   
ag5ts n[ at "w ar\nd u1 produc+ results 
:i* c\nt]feit life1 if !y d n con/itute 
x4 ,_m sub/ances cry/allize into %apes  
be>+ a /rong resemblance to vegetable   
=ms1 z 9 ! well kn[n *emical exp]im5t   
produc+ ! arbor ,dianae4 ,! passage ( ! 
electric fluid leaves m>ks t are l !    
bran*es & foliage ( a tree1 & ! same    
fluid ex]ts a direct influ5ce on !      
g]m9ation ( plants4 ,"s ( ! proximate   
pr9ciples ( vegetable & animal bodies1  
su* z urea & alanto91 are said to h be5 
produc$ artificially by ! *emi/2 & 9 !  
comb9ation ( ! simple elem5ts1 su* z    

c>bon & oxyg51 into ^! proximate        
pr9ciples1 x is n[ ackn[l$g$ t !re is no
 violation ( ! ord9>y laws ( *emical    
aff9ity4 ,! orig9 ( all vegetable &     
animal life1 s f> z x c be trac$1 is 9  
g]m9al vesicles1 or little cells conta9+
 granules4 ,su* are ! ova ( all animals2
 & bo? vegetable & animal tissues are   
entirely =m$ f !m4 ,:5 ! p>5t cells come
 to maturity1 !y bur/ & lib]ate !       
granules1 :i* imm$iately develope       
!mselves into new cells1 ?us repeat+ !  
life ( _! orig9al4 ,n[1 x has be5       
ass]t$1 t globules c be produc$ 9 album5
 by electricity2 & if ^! globules are   
true g]m9al vesicles1 ! difficult       
problem ( produc+ life by artificial    
means is entirely solv$4  ,b ! burd5 (  
?is "p ( ! !ory re/s on ! evid5ce t has 
be5 produc$ ( late ye>s to favor !      
doctr9e ( equivocal g5]ation1 or !      
production ( liv+ be+s )\t ! ag5cy1 ei!r
 direct or indirect1 ( p>5ts ( ! same   
species4 ,c su* be+s1 orphans 9 !       
/ricte/ s5se1 n[ be produc$ or discov]$8

 ,we h n space to repeat our au?or's    
argum5t on ?is difficult moot$ "q 9     
sci5ce1 nor is x necess>y2 he sums up ! 
evid5ce on 8 own side1 & ( c\rse f9ds x 
satisfactory1 ?\gh ! weight ( au?ority  
is aga9/ him4 ,he adduces ! exp]im5ts ( 
,mr4 ,crosse1 repeat$ by ,mr4 ,weekes1  
:o claim to h produc$ animalcules 9     
consid]able numb]s1 ( a species be=e    
unkn[n1 by pass+ a voltaic curr5t ?r\gh 
silicate ( pota%1 & ?r\gh nitrate (     
copp]4 ,! exi/5ce ( entozoa1 or p>asitic
 animals1 f\nd 9 ! int]ior ( ! bodies ( 
o!r animals1 & f\nd n[h]e else1 is ?\ght
 to support ! same doctr9e4 ,! "q is1   
,h[ came !y !re8 ,be+ too l>ge1 ei!r 9  
_! p]fect =m1 or 9 ! egg1 to h pass$    
?r\gh ! capill>y blood-vessels1 h[ came 
!y )9 ! body ( ano!r animal1--itself b a
 few weeks or a few days old1 or ev5 9 !
 embryo /age1--unless !y 7 creat$ !re   
)\t p>5tage ( _! own species8  ,^! facts
 & reason+s1 x is true1 only g to prove1
 t animalcules1 or be+s ( v small size1 
& l[ 9 ! scale ( animat$ exi/5ce1 c be  

produc$ 9 ?is way by ! inh]5t qualities 
( matt]4 ,no "o w pret5d1 t a dog1 a    
horse1 or a man c ?us be creat$4 ,h[ c  
we acc\nt = ! exi/5ce ( ^! l>g] animals 
( a high] type1 admitt$ to h be5 d5iz5s 
( ! e>? only s9ce ! late/ geological    
epo*s1 & !re=e ( comp>atively rec5t     
orig98 ,"h we come to ano!r po9t 9 our  
au?or's !ory1--! transmutation (        
species1 or ! successive developm5t (   
high] & high] ord]s ( be+ out ( !       
species imm$iately bel[ !m1 ?r\gh !     
accid5tal or natural fulfilm5t ( c]ta9  
conditions1 9 ! c\rse ( a long p]iod (  
ye>s4  ,natural hi/ory tea*es u1 t !re  
is q a regul> gradation among ! sev]al  
tribes ( vegetables & animals2 ?\gh we  
may n be able to range all ! species1 z 
con/antly advanc+ 9 a s+le l9e1 !re is  
c]ta9ly ! g5]al appe>ance ( a scale1    
beg9n+ ) ! mo/ simple1 & go+ on to ! mo/
 complex =ms4 ,:ile ! ext]nal           
*>act]i/ics are v diff]5t1 all are b    
v>iations ( a s+le plan1 :i* exi/s z !  
basis ( all1 & is v>i$ 9 ea* individual 

only s z to accommodate x to !          
conditions "u :i* ! individual is to    
live4 ,! g]m ( a high] animal--a        
mammif]1 = in/ance--is ! repres5tative (
 a l[] animal full-gr[n1 l ! volvox     
globator2 ! latt] rema9+ 9 ?is initial  
/age1 z an animalcule1 ?r\gh its :ole   
exi/5ce2 :ile ! =m] is develop$ out ( x1
 by successive /ages1 into a quadrup$1  
or ev5 into a man4 ,simil> functions are
 p]=m$ 9 diff]5t animals by v diff]5t   
organs1 ! gills ( fi%es p]=m+ ! same    
(fice z ! lungs ( ! mammalia2 & ^!      
diff]5t organs sometimes exi/1 at       
diff]5t p]iods1 accord+ to ! degree (   
developm5t1 9 ! same animal4 ,?us1 !    
tadpole1 s long z x cont9ues to be a    
fi%1 brea!s by gills1 :i* disappe> &    
give place to lungs :5 x becomes a frog4
 ,simil> trans=mations ( ! insect tribe 
are famili> to all4 ,imp]fect or        
rudim5t>y organs are f\nd 9 c]ta9       
animals1 z ! mammae ( a man2 a p>ticul> 
organ be+ "h develop$ to a c]ta9 ext5t1 
?\gh x is n ne$$2 b be+ develop$ a      

little fur!r1 x becomes useful 9 ! next 
set ( animals 9 ! scale4 ,! same        
peculi>ity is f\nd among plants2 !      
skilful g>d5] be+ able actually to      
develope ^! rudim5t>y organs by supply+ 
! requisite conditions1 & ?us1 z x 71 to
 raise ! plant "o /ep 9 ! scale4        
,we h yet to adv]t to ! mo/ int]e/+     
class ( facts      connect$ ) ! laws (  
organic developm5t4 ,x is only 9        
rec5t times t physiologi/s h obs]v$ t   
ea* animal      passes1 9 ! c\rse ( its 
g]m9al hi/ory1 ?r\gh a s]ies (          
*anges resembl+ ! p]man5t =ms ( ! v>i\s 
ord]s (      animals inf]ior to x 9 !   
scale4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 an insect1      
/&+ at ! head ( ! articulat$ animals1   
is1 9 ! l>va      /ate1 a true annelid1 
or worm1 ! annelida be+ ! l[e/ 9      ! 
same class4 ,! embryo ( a crab resembles
 ! p]fect animal      ( ! inf]ior ord]  
myriapoda1 & passes ?r\gh all ! =ms     
( transition :i* *>act]ize ! int]m$iate 
tribes (      cru/acea4 ,! frog1 = "s "t
 aft] its bir?1 is a fi% )      ext]nal 

gills & o!r organs1 fitt+ x = an aquatic
 life1      all ( :i* are *ang$ z x     
advances to maturity1 & becomes a       
l& animal4 ,! mammif] only passes ?r\gh 
/ill m /ages1      accord+ to its high] 
place 9 ! scale4 ,nor is man himself    
exempt f ?is law4 ,8 fir/ =m is t :i* is
 p]man5t 9      ! animalcule4 ,8        
organization gradually passes ?r\gh     
conditions g5]ally resembl+ a fi%1 a    
reptile1 a bird1 & !      l[] mammalia1 
be=e x atta9s its specific maturity4 ,at
 "o (      ! la/ /ages ( 8 foetal c>e]1 
he exhibits an      int]maxill>y bone1  
:i* is *>act]i/ic ( ! p]fect ape2       
?is is suppress$1 & he may !n be said to
 take leave ( !      simial type1 &     
become a true human creature4 ,ev51 z we
 %all      see1 ! v>ieties ( 8 race are 
repres5t$ 9 ! progressive               
developm5t ( an individual ( ! highe/1  
be=e we see !      adult ,caucasian1 !  
highe/ po9t yet atta9$ 9 ! animal       
scale4       ,to come to p>ticul> po9ts 
( ! organization4 ,! bra9 (      man1   

:i* exce$s t ( all o!r animals 9        
complexity (      organization & fulness
 ( developm5t1 is1 at "o e>ly p]iod1    
only 'a simple fold ( n]v\s matt]1 )    
difficulty      di/+ui%able into ?ree   
p>ts1 :ile a little tail-l              
prolongation t[>ds ! h9d] p>ts1 & :i* _h
 be5 ! fir/      to appe>1 is ! only    
repres5tation ( a sp9al m>r[4 ,n[1 9    
?is /ate1 x p]fectly resembles ! bra9 ( 
an adult fi%1 ?us      assum+ 9 transitu
 ! =m t 9 ! fi% is p]man5t4 ,9 a        
%ort "t1 h[ev]1 ! /ructure is become m  
complex1 !      p>ts m di/9ct1 ! sp9al  
m>r[ bett] m>k$2 x is n[      ! bra9 ( a
 reptile4 ,! *ange cont9ues2 by a s+ul> 
motion1      c]ta9 p>ts 7corpora        
quadragem9a71 :i* _h hi!rto appe>$      
on ! upp] surface1 n[ pass t[>ds ! l[]2 
! =m] is      _! p]man5t situation 9    
fi%es & reptiles1 ! latt] 9      birds &
 mammalia4 ,?is is ano!r advance 9 !    
scale1 b m      rema9s yet to be done4  
,! complication ( ! organ increases2    
cavities1 t]m$ v5tricles1 are =m$1 :i* d

 n exi/ 9      fi%es1 reptiles1 or      
birds2 curi\sly organiz$ p>ts1 su* z !  
corpora /riata1 are add$2 x is n[ ! bra9
 ( ! mammalia4      ,its la/ & f9al     
*ange alone seems want+1--t :i* %all    
r5d] x ! bra9 ( man4'--pp4 #aej-aeb4    
,usually1 x is true1 ea* species        
produces only its l1--e creep+ ?+ & bea/
 ( ! e>? br++ =? "y aft] 8 k9d4 ,b !    
developm5t ( a s+le animal1 "u ! ord9>y 
law1 takes place 9 a few weeks or days2 
:ile ! developm5t ( di/9ct races &      
species is ! "w ( a :ole creation1 & is 
spread ov] c\ntless ages4 ,x is         
reasonable to suppose1 t ! latt] is     
effect$ by means ( a high] law1 manife/+
 itself only at long int]vals4 ,its     
infrequ5t manife/ation is no argum5t    
aga9/ ! regul>ity & necessity ( its     
occurr5ce1--aga9/ its be+ a law at all4 
,! comet t visits our sy/em only once 9 
five hundr$ ye>s is controll$ by ! same 
inflexible pr9ciple :i* causes ! return 
( ano!r comet once 9 five ye>s4 ,!      
conditions requisite = a developm5t m   

p]fect ?an usual1--t is1 = ! production 
( a new species1--in/ead ( a new        
individual ( ! same species1 may be     
fulfill$ only at long int]vals2 b :5 !y 
are fulfill$1 ! result--! m p]fect      
developm5t--takes place z necess>ily1 z 
mu* by ! virtue ( law1 z ! m ord9>y     
ph5om5on ( ! propagation ( "o race4 ,^! 
conditions may be answ]$ 9 ! successive 
/ages ( improvem5t1 ?r\gh :i* ! e>? &   
its atmosph]e pass1 dur+ ! va/ p]iods ( 
"t contemplat$ 9 geology4 ,9 ! era ( !  
old r$ s&-/one1 = in/ance1 !re 7 no     
high] animals ?an fi%es1 because !      
atmosph]e 0 highly *>g$ ) c>bonic acid1 
& c\ld n support respiration by lungs4  
,:5 ! air became pur]1 ! gills 7 *ang$  
into ! imp]fect lungs ( ! amphibi\s     
tribes1 su* z ! huge saurians & ! frogs4
 ,deprive ^! latt] animals1 9 _! l[]    
/age1 ( all access to ! light1 & !y w n 
advance to _! high] /age4 ,put a tadpole
 into a p]=at$ box1 & s9k x to ! bottom 
( a riv]1 & ! animal w nev] be p]fect$  
into a frog2 he w gr[ to an enorm\s     

size1 b he w cont9ue a tadpole4  ,we    
see1 !n1 ! process ( an organic creation
 by law1 or by virtue ( ! inh]5t        
qualities ( inorganic matt]4 ,! ord9>y  
*emical aff9ities ( diff]5t sub/ances   
may draw !m toge!r into su* comp\nds z  
album5 & fibr91 :i* are ! proximate     
pr9ciples ( organic tissues4 ,! action (
 electricity1 heat1 light1 or "s o!r    
my/]i\s impond]able ag5t1 on ^!         
proximate pr9ciples1 may produce        
globules1 or g]m9al vesicles4 ,^! g]ms1 
multiply+ !mselves by fissip>\s         
g5]ation1 w con/itute a /ock ( animals (
 a l[ type1 su* z a tribe ( infusory    
animalcules4 ,!n ?is simple/ & mo/      
primitive type1 "u a law to :i* t ( l   
production is subord9ate1 gives bir? to 
! type next above x1 ?is aga9 produces !
 next high]1 & s on to ! v highe/1 !    
/ages ( advance be+ 9 all cases v       
small1--namely1 f "o species only to    
ano!r2 s t ! ph5om5on has always be5 ( a
 simple & mode/ "*4 ,?us1 ! fir/ reptile
 0 born f a fi%1 ! fir/ bird 0 g5]at$ by

 a reptile1 & ! fir/ mammif] _h birds = 
its p>5ts4 ,! trans=mations appe> r     
a/\nd+1 z we pass f "o class to ano!r2 b
 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! species1 ev51 is   
(t5 s great1 t ! transition appe>s h>dly
 less difficult4 ,9 :at quadrup$1 =     
in/ance1 d we f9d ! fir/ ance/or ( !    
huge & sagaci\s elephant8 ,:at humble   
liz>d gave bir? to ^? mon/]s ( ! fossil 
_w1 ! plesiosaurus & megalosaurus1 ?irty
 or =ty feet 9 l5g?8 ,man1 ( c\rse1 ^u  
?is !ory1 is only a m p]fectly develop$ 
monkey1 or *impanzee4 ,) a nod (        
approbation to ,"l ,monboddo's !ory1 our
 au?or obs]ves1 t man has ev5 ! rudim5ts
 ( a caudal extremity 9 ! os coccygis4  
,t ! in/9ct ( animals & ! m9d ( man are 
! results ( no?+ b mat]ial organization 
is an obvi\s coroll>y f ?is doctr9e4 ,! 
diff]5ce1 says ?is writ]1 betwe5 m9d 9 !
 l[] animals & 9 man is a diff]5ce 9    
degree only2 x is n a specific diff]5ce4
 ,m5tal ph5om5a1 app>5tly s v>i\s &     
un/able 9 ! individual1 are r$uc$ at    
once to regul>ity1 & become subject to  

calculation1 if consid]$ 9 ! mass4 ,?is 
%[s1 t1 l ! ph5om5a ( ! wea!r1 !y are "u
 ! presid5cy ( natural laws4 ,!         
phr5ologi/s are ! only p]sons :o h      
foll[$ ! ord] ( nature 9 ! /udy ( m9d2  
!y h ev5 det]m9$ ! functions ( ! diff]5t
 p>ts ( ! bra94 ,an exp]im5t is m5tion$ 
) a newly kill$ animal1 ^: bra9 0 tak5  
out & its place fill$ ) sub/ances       
produc+ electric action1 :5 ! process ( 
dige/ion1 t _h be5 int]rupt$1 0 in/antly
 resum$1 ?us %[+ ! absolute id5tity ( ! 
bra9 ) a galvanic batt]y4 ,! exp]im5t ( 
induc+ muscul> action 9 a corpse1 by    
apply+ galvanism1 is suffici5tly well   
kn[n4 ,to borr[ an illu/ration f ,sidney
 ,smi?1 x w\ld seem1 t1 if we only knew 
to :at organs ( ! bra9 to direct an     
electric curr5t1 an automaton1 or a dead
 man1 might be made to hold an argum5t1 
at lea/ z well z mo/ c\ntry p>sons4  ,a 
p]son :o %\ld he> = ! fir/ "t ?is nak$  
exposition ( ! writ]'s !ory w\ld be     
tempt$ at once to reject ! :ole1 z too  
extravagant & absurd to des]ve fur!r    

notice4 ,b he w\ld be mu* mi/ak5 9 ?is  
conclusion4 ,! !ory is a v plausible "o2
 x is "o ( ! be/ cosmogonies t ! wit (  
man has ev] fram$4 ,x is a revival ( !  
old a!i/ic hypo!sis1--! ,epicurean      
doctr9e ( ! =mation ( ! univ]se by a    
=tuit\s conc\rse ( atoms1--) all !      
modifications & improvem5ts t 7 r5d]$   
necess>y by ! discov]ies ( mod]n sci5ce4
 ,we call x an a!i/ic !ory1 because1    
?\gh ! writ] supposes t primitive matt] 
0 fir/ end[$ by div9e p[] ) its my/]i\s 
qualities & capacities1 ?is supposition 
is gratuit\s & arbitr>y1 & only m>s !   
simplicity ( ! s*eme1 & injures !       
consi/5cy & coh]5ce ( ! p>ts ) ea* o!r4 
,we c m easily believe t ^! qualities   
are necess>ily inh]5t 9 ! con/itution ( 
matt]1 =m+ a "p ( its v ess5ce1 j l !   
prop]ties ( imp5etrability & ext5sion1  
?an t !y subsequ5tly develop$ !mselves  
by =m+ myriads ( intricate              
organizations1 )\t fur!r aid f ! div9e  
ar*itect4 ,if we c cr$it ! hypo!sis1 t  
bricks & mort> came toge!r ( _! own     

accord1 & arrang$ !mselves into ! fir/  
h\se meet = ! habitation ( man1 we c v  
readily admit1 also1 t ! bricks fir/    
assum$ ! prop] %ape1 & mort> ! prop]    
t5acity & h>dness1 )\t ! int]v5tion (   
human labor & skill4 ,if !re is no ne$ (
 a bricklay]1 we may disc>d also !      
brick-mak]4  ,putt+ aside1 !re=e1 ?is   
gratuit\s addition to ! !ory1 we come to
 exam9e ! plausibility ( ! doctr9e :i*  
assumes1 t mat]ial atoms1 con/itut$ z !y
 n[ are1 are capable1 )\t ov]sight or   
direction1 ( =m+ a univ]se l our own1 & 
produc+ all ! animat$ tribes :i* t5ant  
x4 ,9 all ! a!i/ic reason+ ^u ?is       
subject1 & especially 9 ! "w n[ be=e u1 
!re is a con/ant confusion betwe5 :at   
may be1 = aught we "k to ! contr>y1 &   
:at is1 s f> z we are able positively to
 det]m9e x f our pres5t means (         
obs]vation & exp]im5t2 betwe5 !         
possibility t is measur$ only by human  
ignorance1 & ! probability t is fairly  
inf]r$ by ! legitimate ex]cise ( !      
und]/&+4 ,effects h unque/ionably be5   

produc$1 su* z ! =mation ( a sol> sy/em1
 & ! production ( new & p]fectly di/9ct 
ord]s ( be+1 :i* we are :olly unable to 
acc\nt = by ! pres5t & ord9>y op]ation (
 :at are call$ second>y causes4 ,if a   
!ori/ *ooses to assume1 t ^! second>y   
causes1 "u c]ta9 conditions1 :i* we nev]
 h se51 & nev] c see1 realiz$1 might    
produce v extraord9>y results1 might ev5
 fully acc\nt = ! wond]ful effects 9 "q1
 we h a "r to say1 9 reply1 t he is     
deal+ 9 pure speculation & hypo!sis2 t1 
hav+ _h no exp]i5ce "u ! conditions or  
po/ulates ( 8 !ory1 he is necess>ily    
speak+ f ignorance & appeal+ to         
ignorance2 t1 ev5 if we c\ld n po9t out 
a s+le difficulty1 a s+le false         
assumption1 9 8 :ole s*eme & argum5t1 x 
w\ld /ill rema9 a m]e hypo!sis1 alike   
incapable ( pro( or dispro(2 & t1 at !  
be/1 ! argum5ts br\ght aga9/ x mu/ be ( 
ne>ly ! same wir$rawn1 speculative1 &   
f>-fet*$ "* ) ^? adduc$ 9 its support4  
,on a m]e s&bank1 unsuppli$ ei!r ) arms 
or tools1 ! only edifice t c be built is

 "o ( s&1 & s& af=ds ! only means = its 
de/ruction4 ,! fallacy to :i* su*       
speculati/s con/antly h resort is1 t !  
weakness or ! entire abs5ce ( all       
consid]ations aga9/ _! !ory con/itutes a
 positive argum5t 9 its support4 ,no su*
 ?+2 x af=ds only a fair presumption ( !
 baseless "* ( ! :ole fabric4  ,?is may 
be made m cle> by examples4 ,if a *ild1 
:o has _h little exp]i5ce ( ! laws (    
nature1 & has le>n$ no?+ f books1 is    
gravely assur$ by 8 in/ructor1 t 9 a    
di/ant region ( ! ocean !re is an isl&  
:]e /ones fly upw>d in/ead ( d[nw>d1 &  
m5 walk on _! heads in/ead ( _! feet1 ! 
"y philosoph]1 h[ev] acute & +5i\s we   
may suppose him to be1 c]ta9ly c\ld n   
(f] "o valid argum5t aga9/ ! alleg$     
fact4 ,he c\ld only />e1 & wond]1 & say 
t x might be s = all t he knew to !     
contr>y4 ,j s1 :5 ! a!i/ tells u1 t f>  
(f 9 inf9ite space is a region1 ( :i* we
 c see no?+1 ev5 ) our be/ telescopes1  
except a fa9t glimm] ( light1 float+ l a
 cl\dlet 9 ! heav5s1 :]e ! primitive    

atoms ( matt]1 direct$ by gravity alone1
 are sl[ly congregat+ toge!r1 & =m+     
suns1 & planets1 & second>y satellites1 
& giv+ bir? to su* intricate h>monies ( 
mutually dep5d5t & revolv+ worlds z ^?  
:i* h prevail$ = ages 9 our own sy/em2  
or t1 ?\s&s ( ye>s ago1 ! same unassi/$ 
laws ( matt]1 :i* we n[ see produc+ only
 su* comp>atively meagre & insuffici5t  
results1 actually caus$ animalcules to  
be produc$ f pure s&1 & fi%es to be     
creat$ out ( oy/]s1 & birds to be g5]at$
 by slimy & grovell+ reptiles1 & m5 to  
be born f monkeys2--if he %\ld tell u   
all ?is1 c]ta9ly we c\ld (f] no direct  
confutation ( ! wond]ful tale4 ,9 reg>d 
to alleg$ facts ( ?is "*1 ! wise/ ( m5  
are1 & always mu/ be1 m]e *ildr54 ,b x  
w\ld be mon/r\s to say1 t ?is wild      
ass]tion d]iv$ any support f _! admitt$ 
bewild]m5t & incapacity4 ,?is w\ld be to
 attempt to f\nd k ^u ignorance4 ,! dim 
analogies re/+ on que/ionable facts1 !  
bold assumptions & slipp]y argum5ts on  
:i* su* d>+ hypo!ses mu/ be bas$1 c be  

refut$1 = ! mo/ "p1 only by reason+ 9   
k9d1--by argum5ts ne>ly z unc]ta91 x may
 be1 z ^? :i* !y are br\ght to answ]4   
,we _c prove a negative2 we c only %[ ! 
insuffici5cy ( ! gr\nd on :i* ! opposite
 assumption is made to re/2 & en\gh is  
done = ?is end1 :5 x is made to appe>1 t
 ! :ole s*eme is a m]e hypo!sis4  ,we   
make ^! g5]al rem>ks only to relieve "s 
read]s ( ?is volume f ! d\bt & p]plexity
 :i* its p]usal may h caus$1 solely     
because !y 7 unable to detect any "o    
gl>+ fallacy or inconsi/5cy 9 ! writ]'s 
!ory4 ,x appe>s plausible en\gh2 =1 ?\gh
 !re is v little 9 its favor1 x seems at
 fir/ sight z if !re 0 little or no?+ to
 say aga9/ x4 ,on clos] scrut9y1 x w be 
f\nd1 p]haps1 t x is disprov$ by a      
multitude ( consid]ations1 any "o ( :i* 
w\ld be fatal to x2 z ! hypo!sis is (   
su* a "*1 t1 :5 a s+le brea* is made 9  
x1 ! :ole edifice mu/ tumble4 ,if !     
int]v5tion ( an extrane\s cause be      
absolutely necess>y at any "o /age or   
process 9 ! creation1 x may z well be   

admitt$ 9 all2 ! pr9ciple mu/ be giv5   
up1 & ! :ole purpose ( ! !i/ is answ]$4 
,we %all endeav\r to %[ t ?is hypo!tical
 hi/ory ( creation is n only faulty 9 e 
po9t1 :5 view$ f ! au?or's own gr\nd1 b1
 :5 exam9$ 9 ! prop] direction1 is      
absolutely un9telligible1 or is 9 fact  
no hi/ory at all4  ,let u look fir/ at !
 nebul> hypo!sis4 ,c]ta9 spots & tracts 
9 ! heav5s1 ( a :iti% color1 appe>+ to !
 nak$ eye to be nebulae1 on be+ exam9$  
?r\gh a telescope1 in/antly resolve     
!mselves into a multitude ( di/9ct &    
p]fectly =m$ />s4 ,su* is ! greate/     
nebula ( all1--! galaxy1 or milky way4  
,o!r spots ( a l "*1 if view$ ?r\gh     
glasses ( mod]ate p[]1 /ill appe> z     
nebulae2 b :5 se5 ?r\gh m p]fect        
in/rum5ts1 !y imm$iately seem1 l ! o!rs1
 to be a m]e cr[d ( />s4 ,o!rs1 aga91   
are n sep>at$ or resolv$ by ! be/       
telescopes2 b :at is ! natural inf]5ce f
 ?is fact8 ,surely1 we inf] t !y are    
m]ely cr[d$ collections ( />s1 j l !    
o!rs1 except t !y are too di/ant or too 

small to be se5 z di/9ct bodies1 ev5 ) !
 mo/ p[]ful in/rum5ts t we possess4 ,if 
telescopes ( a great] range %\ld h]eaft]
 be con/ruct$1 !re is e reason to       
believe t ^! also w be resolv$ to ! eye 
into _! compon5t p>ts z />s2 & 9 fact1  
if newspap] acc\nts may be cr$it$1 :5   
,"l ,rosse's new & magnific5t telescope 
0 fir/ turn$ t[>ds "s ( ^! spots1 :i* _h
 always pres]v$ _! nebul\s appe>ance :5 
exam9$ by inf]ior in/rum5ts1 x 0        
imm$iately app>5t1 t !y 7 compos$ (     
di/9ct />s4 ,yet ! hypo!sis we are n[   
consid]+ assumes1 t ^! remote & fa9tly  
se5 nebulae are n cr[ds ( />s1 b        
primitive lum9\s matt]1 ! p>ticles ( :i*
 are sl[ly congregat+ toge!r1 & =m+ "o  
new />1 or sev]al4 ,c]ta9ly1 nev] 0 a   
bold !ory built ^u a n>r[] basis4 ,x is 
due1 h[ev]1 to ! two ,h]s*els1 ! *ief   
support]s ( ?is !ory1 to say1 t !y h    
always spok5 ( x only z a hypo!sis1 & by
 no means z an e/abli%$ fact 9          
a/ronomical sci5ce4 ,&1 z a hypo!sis1 x 
labors "u ?is peculi> difficulty1 t x   

evid5tly nev] c be v]ifi$4 ,x mu/ ev]   
rema9 a m]e guess1 directly oppos$ by an
 obvi\s induction f ^? nebulae :i* are  
resolvable into p]fect />s4  ,! fact1 t 
"o or two bright po9ts1 assum$ to be    
c5tres ( aggregation1 are se5 9 "s ( ^! 
nebulae1 is ( no importance4 ,if a      
bright /> be se5 f ?is e>? 9 ! same l9e 
( vision ) ! nebula1 x w be project$ on 
! gr\nd ( t nebula1 & w appe> z a "p (  
x1 ?\gh x may be _m millions ( miles on 
?is side1 & h no m connection ) x ?an ! 
planet ,jupit] w\ld h1 if x %\ld happ5  
to be 9 conjunction ) ! nebula1 & ?us   
appe> = a %ort "t to be project$ ^u its 
disc4  ,!re is "o consid]ation ( "s     
weight1 ?\gh we h nev] se5 x adv]t$ to1 
:i* t5ds directly to confute ! nebul>   
hypo!sis4 ,t fa9t radiance call$ !      
zodiacal light1 :i* is se5 to /ream up 9
 ! =m ( a cone f our sun1 is assum$ by  
our au?or to be a residuum ( ! nebul\s  
matt] belong+ to our sy/em1 :i* has n   
yet be5 drawn into ! sun1 ?\gh x is on  
its way ?i!r4 ,o!rs h suppos$1 ) f> m   

probability1 t x is ! sun's atmosph]e1 &
 !re=e its pres5t %ape & size w nev]    
*ange1--z !y nev] h *ang$1 dur+ ! p]iod 
9 :i* !y h be5 obs]v$ by man4 ,b no     
matt]2 we are n[ reason+ ^u our au?or's 
hypo!sis4 ,if ! zodiacal light be       
compos$ ( primitive nebul\s matt]1 x mu/
 n[ be comp>atively ?ick & d5se1 s9ce ! 
process ( aggregation has be5 go+ on =  
c\ntless ages1 &1 9 our sy/em1 is       
consid]$ z ne>ly complet$2 j z :5 a     
s$im5t is =m+ 9 a tumbl] full ( turbid  
wat]1 aft] ! upp] portion ( ! fluid has 
become entirely cle>1 !re w be a /ratum 
( wat] next to ! s$im5t m turbid ?an !  
:ole 0 be=e ! deposition began4 ,yet ?is
 light is v fa9t1 :5 se5 only f !       
di/ance ( our e>?2 & at ! b\nd>ies ( our
 sy/em1 f ! orbit ( ,uranus1 = in/ance1 
we _c believe t x is visible at all4 ,is
 x likely1 !n1 t a portion ( ?is nebul\s
 matt]1 9 :i* ! process ( deposition has
 h>dly begun1 & :i* is se5 f a di/ance s
 va/1 t 9 comp>ison ) x ! :ole diamet] (
 our sol> sy/em is b a po9t1 w\ld be    

visible f ?is e>?8 ,9 ! case ( ! o!r    
nebulae1 a multitude ( p]fectly =m$     
suns1 unit+ _! respective beams1 are se5
 only z a fa9t1 :iti% speck on ! blue   
ar*4 ,& yet we are requir$ to believe1 t
 ! lum9\s matt] :i* w ultimately =m b "o
 sun1 or p]haps two1 :ile /ill ?9ly     
diffus$ ov] an imm5se tract ( space1 !  
process ( aggregation hav+ h>dly        
comm5c$1 is yet visible to our eyes at  
?is va/ di/ance4              ,cr$at    
,judaeus ,apella2     ,non ego4  ,we    
pass to ! next *apt] 9 ! hi/ory1 :i*    
pr(esses to expla9 ! gradual =mation ( a
 sol> sy/em by a process ( cool+ &      
%r9k+1 to :i* ! c5tral orb is expos$4 ,&
 "h we are met by a difficulty at !     
outset2 = ! exi/5ce ( comets ) _! v     
ecc5tric orbits is :olly irreconcilable 
) ! !ory4 ,at _! p]ihelion1 _m ( ^!     
bodies pass )9 ! orbit ( ,m]cury1 :ile !
 aphelion ( "s lies )\t ! pa? ( ,uranus4
 ,:]e 7 !y1 :5 ! body ( ! sun fill$ up !
 :ole ( ! va/ sph]e circumscrib$ by !   
orbit ( ! remote/ planet8 ,if we suppose

 t !y are late com]s1 aft] ! re/ ( our  
sy/em 0 p]fect$1--t !y 7 g5]at$ by      
!mselves 9 di/ant regions ( space1 &1   
hav+ /ray$ ab\t1 orphan-l1 = a :ile1 !y 
accid5tally cross$ our track1 & 7 tak5 z
 adopt$ *ildr5 into our family1 ano!r "q
 rema9s to be answ]$4 ,:y did !y n rema9
 9 _! fir/ position1 absorb _! full %>e 
( nebul\s matt]1 beget a respectable    
family ( planets1 & take rank z *iefs ( 
_! own clan8 ,^! comp>atively anomal\s  
bodies are great /umbl+-blocks = !      
soi-disant hi/orians ( creation4  ,aga91
 if an imm5se orb be =m$1 ! p>ts ( :i*  
coh]e /rongly en\gh = ! :ole to turn ^u 
its axis z "o body1 ! process ( cool+ c 
g on only f ! surface4 ,a cru/ may      
f9ally be =m$ !re2 b we see n h[ !      
refrig]ation & %r9k+ ( ! int]ior p>ts c 
!n g on sep>ately1 until ! mass 9 !     
c5tre f9ally becomes deta*$ f its       
envelope1 l a %rivell$ nut f its %ell4  
,our e>? is cool+ d[n at ?is mom5t1     
unless ! w>m? :i* x receives f ! sun    
exactly c\nt]balances ! loss by         

radiation ( int]nal heat4 ,b ! ext]ior &
 int]ior d n cool by diff]5t radiations1
 nor is !re1 s f> z we "k1 ! lea/ t5d5cy
 9 ! c5tral mass to %r9k sep>ately1 s z 
to deta* itself f ! surr\nd+ cru/4 ,z   
deep z we c p5etrate t[>ds ! c5tre1 we  
f9d ! heat regul>ly increase1--j z we   
might expect1 if ! only absolute loss ( 
heat be f ! surface4  ,if ! matt] n[    
conc5trat$ 9 ! sun1 & t :i* =ms ! sev]al
 planets ) _! second>ies1 7 all m\ld$   
into "o mass1 & !n dilat$ s z to fill ! 
va/ sph]e ( :i* ! orbit ( ,uranus =ms a 
circumf]5ce1 ! sub/ance w\ld evid5tly be
 9 a /ate ( extreme t5uity & diffusion4 
,imm5se z ! mass ( ! sun n[ is1 x is b a
 m]e nut at ! c5tre ( ! gr& globe :i* we
 are n[ consid]+4 ,exp&$ to su* va/     
dim5sions1 we _c conceive ( x z a solid 
sph]oid turn+ ^u its axis1 b only z a   
mass ( fluid or vapor1 9 :i* a circul>  
motion w\ld g5]ate only vortices or     
:irlw9ds4 ,9 su* an aggregation (       
subtile matt]1 no cru/ c\ld be solidifi$
 on ! out] r+1 & !n deta*$ f ! mass )92 

inde$1 any sep>ation ( ! p>ts "u su*    
circum/ances is inconceivable4 ,ev5 a   
rot>y motion c\ld n be e/abli%$ 9 x1    
except by an impulse receiv$ f )\t2 =   
!re is e reason to believe1 t ! movem5t 
( a homog5e\s fluid t[>ds its c5tre1 if 
x c\ld take place )\t di/urb+ causes1   
w\ld be 9 radial l9es1 & n 9 a spiral4  
,our au?or br+s into view all !         
ma!matical proportions & uni=m relations
 :i* exi/ betwe5 ! con/itu5t bodies ( ! 
sol> sy/em1 9 ord] to indicate !        
probability ( _! =mation f ! con/ant    
work+ ( "o mat]ial cause4 ,?us he       
rem>ks1 t ! prim>y planets all move     
ne>ly 9 "o plane1 & %[ a progressive    
increase ( bulk & dim9ution ( d5sity1 f 
! "o ne>e/ to ! sun to t :i* is mo/     
di/ant4 ,b he passes ov] o!r *>act]i/ics
 ( ^! bodies1 equally important1 :i* are
 q irregul>1 & _c be trac$ to ! op]ation
 ( "o law4 ,comp>e ! p]iods ( rotation  
on _! respective axes1 & we f9d no      
correspond5ce1 no indication t ! revolv+
 motion 0 imp>t$ to all by "o inflexible

 law4 ,! fir/ f\r planets1 c\nt+ f !    
sun1 p]=m _! rotation 9 ne>ly ! same "t1
 namely1 tw5ty-f\r h\rs4 ,b ,jupit]'s   
p]iod is a little less1 & ,saturn's a   
little m1 ?an t5 h\rs4 ,aga91 ,jupit]'s 
axis ( rotation is ne>ly p]p5dicul> to !
 plane ( ! ecliptic1 :ile t ( ,m>s is   
incl9$ at an angle ( fifty-n9e degrees  
=ty-two m9utes4 ,ano!r irregul>ity1 /ill
 m fatal to ! !ory1 is f\nd 9 ! numb] ( 
satellites by :i* ! respective planets  
are att5d$4 ,saturn has sev51 beside !  
two r+s2 ,jupit] has f\r1 ,m>s has none1
 & ! e>? has b "o4 ,on ! s+le hypo!sis1 
t our sy/em 0 =m$ by r+s successively   
?r[n (f f a c5tral body by a process (  
refrig]ation & contraction1 ^!          
irregul>ities are inexplicable4 ,m>s1 x 
seems1 did n %r9k at all1 :ile ,jupit]  
ca/ (f f\r sep>ate r+s1 & ! e>? produc$ 
its s+le moon4 ,! di/ances ( ^! bodies f
 _! prim>ies are also q irregul>2 9 !   
case ( ,jupit]1 ! out]mo/ ( ! satellites
 revolves at a di/ance :i* is only      
tw5ty-sev5 times ! radius ( ! prim>y1 & 

! inn]mo/ is di/ant b six times t       
radius4 ,?is planet1 consequ5tly1 has   
%runk to "o tw5ty-sev5? "p ( its orig9al
 diamet]1 & 9 s do+1 has =m$ f\r moons2 
! e>? has %runk to "o sixtie? "p ( its  
fir/ diamet]1 & /ill has produc$ b "o   
satellite4 ,if ! same law _h prevail$ 9 
! two cases1 we ought to h n9e or t5    
moons4  ,we ne$ n analyze ) any great   
m9ut5ess ! geological facts & hypo!ses  
incorporat$ into ?is magnific5t hi/ory (
 creation4 ,z w be se5 h]eaft]1 ! viol5t
 & sweep+ trans=mations & convulsions t 
! e>?'s cru/ has und]gone directly      
conflict ) our au?or's !ory1 & af=d !   
/ronge/ presumption1 t an extrane\s     
cause has frequ5tly int]f]$1 at diff]5t 
p]iods1 to repair ! desolation produc$  
by ! unassi/$ work+ ( natural laws1 to  
br+ ord] out ( *aos1 & to p ! des]t e>? 
anew ) animat$ tribes4 ,! only g5]al    
fact ( mu* mom5t1 :i* our au?or has     
drawn f ! discov]ies ( geologi/s1 = !   
confirmation ( 8 own hypo!sis1 is1      
accord+ to 8 own acc\nt1 "o ( ! mo/     

que/ionable doctr9es 9 ! :ole           
sci5ce1--"o ( a negative "*1 on :i* we c
 nev] rely ) full assurance1 till !     
rese>*es ( man h prob$ e fold1 & exam9$ 
e ?read 9 ! texture1 ( ! e>?'s g>m5t1 & 
?us %[n t no evid5ce c possibly be      
discov]$ to ! contr>y4 ,! alleg$ fact is
 t1 9 ! e>ly =mations ( rock--! fir/    
pages 9 ! hi/ory ( ! e>?'s surface--are 
f\nd ! rema9s ( animals & vegetables    
only ( ! l[e/ type & mo/ imp]fect       
developm5t2 :ile1 9 ! lat] /rata1 =ms m 
& m advanc$ are discov]$2 s t !re seems 
to h be5 a con/ant progress along ! l9e 
lead+ to ! high] =ms ( organization4 ,! 
te/imony :i* goes to support ?is        
ass]tion is :olly negative4 ,! geologi/ 
reasons ?us3 ,! m p]fect organisms h n  
be5 discov]$ 9 ! e>li] /rata2 !re=e1 !y 
d n exi/ 9 !m4 ,:51 9 a diff]5t         
connection1 x suits our au?or's purpose 
to ?r[ d\bt on ! v po/ulate :i* is "h   
admitt$1 he holds ! foll[+ language4    
,^!1 x mu/ be own$1 are less /rong      
traces ( ! birds ?an      we possess ( !

 reptiles & o!r tribes2 b x mu/ be      
rememb]$1 t ! evid5ce ( fossils1 z to ! 
abs5ce ( any      class ( animals f a   
c]ta9 p]iod ( ! e>?'s hi/ory1 c         
nev] be consid]$ z m ?an negative4      
,animals1 ( :i* we      f9d no rema9s 9 
a p>ticul> =mation1 may1 nev]!less1 h   
liv$ at ! "t1 & x may h only be5 f      
unfavorable      circum/ances t _!      
rema9s h n be5 pres]v$ = our            
inspection4 ,! s+le circum/ance ( _! be+
 little liable to      be c>ri$ d[n into
 seas might be ! cause ( _!             
non-appe>ance 9 our qu>ries4--p4 #ie4   
,9 tru?1 ! rese>*es ( geologi/s are e   
day br++ to light new facts1 :i* compel 
!m to modify or ab&on _m ( ! positions  
!y =m]ly held2 s t a consid]able portion
 ( ! sci5ce is a m]e quicks& ( %ift+    
!ories4 ,we ne$ only allude to ! v>i\s  
suppositions respect+ ! orig9 ( drift1 &
 to ! num]\s modifications ( ! glacial  
!ory4 ,important discov]ies h be5 made  
)9 a %ort "t1 %[+ t c]ta9 animal tribes 
_h _! orig9 mu* f>!r back ?an 0 at fir/ 

suppos$4 ,a few ye>s ago1 reptiles 7    
believ$ to be ! highe/ type ( life t    
exi/$ dur+ ! era ( ! new r$ s&-/one4 ,b 
,pr(essor ,hit*cock's rec5t discov]y 9  
?is /one ( ! footpr9ts ( gigantic birds 
has add$ a high] class to ! zooelogy ( !
 p]iod2 & )9 a few mon?s1 9 ! same r$   
s&-/one ( ! ,connecticut valley1 tracks 
( two or ?ree species ( quadrup$s h be5 
f\nd1 "s ( !m be+ probably mammif]s ( a 
l[] grade4 ,x is true1 no fossil rema9s 
( ^! animals h be5 br\ght to light2 b   
?is want only r5d]s ! discov]y m        
significant = our pres5t purpose4 ,x %[s
 t c]ta9 animals mu/ h liv$ at ! p]iod 9
 "q1 ?\gh _! rema9s h n yet be5 f\nd2 & 
f ! great] age ( ! rocks !n =m$1 & !    
consequ5t great] numb] ( convulsions ( !
 e>?'s surface to :i* !y h be5 subject$1
 ^! rema9s may h entirely disappe>$4 ,x 
is a curi\s fact1 also1 t ! animal      
rema9s ( t p]iod1 :i* h come d[n to u1  
belong to g5]a s con/itut$1 t _! bodies 
might well survive1 if we may s speak1 !
 %ocks :i* w\ld h de/roy$ e trace ( "s m

 delicate1 or m f9ely organiz$1 be+s4   
,we f9d rema9s ( ! fl9t-%ield$          
animalcules1 ! h>d-%ell$ mollusca1 & !  
c>tilag9\s fi%es2 b ! bodies ( mammalia1
 birds1 & ev5 ! high] species ( fi%es1  
"s ( :i* we may suppose to h be5 m t5d] 
& corruptible1 h utt]ly p]i%$4 ,"h &    
!re1 an individual ( _! numb] left !    
pr9t ( its foot on ! s&1 :i* subsequ5tly
 h>d5$ into rock1 & br\ght d[n to our   
times a fa9t ve/ige ( its pa/ exi/5ce4  
,we are n attempt+ to impugn ! cr$it (  
geological sci5ce 9 g5]al1 :i* w\ld be a
 :olly futile task4 ,! multitude ( facts
 respect+ ! pres5t con/itution ( ! e>?'s
 cru/1 rec5tly made kn[n by labor]s 9   
?is dep>tm5t1 are among ! mo/ curi\s &  
mo/ pregnant discov]ies ( mod]n times4  
,b :5 we come to ! =mation ( !ories     
respect+ ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! e>?1 9 ord] to
 acc\nt = ! ph5om5a at pres5t visible on
 its surface1 we are evid5tly afloat on 
a sea ( conjecture1 ea* hypo!sis be+    
valid only till a m plausible "o is     
propos$1--:i* happ5s v frequ5tly1--or   

till x is effectually disprov$ by "s new
 discov]y 9 ! rocky /rata4 ,a f]tile    
imag9ation & a bold face are among ! mo/
 /rik+ traits ( our m d>+ geologi/s4    
,grant to "o ( ?is "* a few mode/       
po/ulates1--give him c]ta9 millions (   
ye>s1 a suffici5t numb] ( e>?quakes1 a  
:ole batt]y ( volcanoes1 a few ocean    
deluges1 & ! rise & fall ( half a doz5  
cont95ts1--& he w frame a !ory (f-h&1   
:i* w acc\nt = ! mo/ p]plex+ ph5om5a4   
,our au?or is c]ta9ly entitl$ to take 8 
place at ! v head ( ?is class (         
speculati/s4  ,9 acc\nt+ = ! "w (       
creation by ! natural & unassi/$        
developm5t ( ! inh]5t qualities ( brute 
matt]1 ! great difficulty is f\nd at !  
fir/ l9k 9 ! *a9 ( animat$ be+4 ,h[ c we
 expla9 ! comm5cem5t ( life8 ,we mu/ h a
 cle> idea ( ! :ole scope ( ?is problem1
 be=e we c make any attempt at its      
solution4 ,life1 !n1 is n m]e           
organization1 ?\gh mo/ mat]iali/s1      
philosoph]s1 l our au?or1 will+ly       
conf\nd ! two ?+s2 to he> !m reason1 "o 

w\ld almo/ suppose t !re 0 no diff]5ce  
betwe5 a dead man & a liv+ "o4          
,organization is subs]vi5t to life1     
m9i/]s to x1 manife/s x1--supports x1 if
 y please1--b does n con/itute x4 ,he   
mu/ be a bold] man ?an we are1 :o w     
und]take to say :at x is2 b we c v      
safely decl>e :at x is n2 & 9 any       
p>ticul> =m or aggregation ( matt]1 :e!r
 organic or inorganic1 we c give a %rewd
 guess z to its pres5ce or abs5ce4 ,x   
may be said1 t we beg ! "q by assum+ t  
organization is n life2 x may be s2 b x 
is q too mu* to all[ ! mat]iali/ quietly
 to take ! opposite doctr9e = grant$4   
,he mu/ "k ! full ext5t ( 8 task1--t x  
is necess>y = him n only to con/ruct !  
ma*9e1 b actually to set x 9 motion1 s t
 x %all aft]w>ds run on ( its own       
accord4 ,x is v easy to frame a p>tial  
def9ition ( life1 by m]ely describ+ "o  
or two ( its *>act]i/ic functions2 & !n1
 because "s action c be detect$ betwe5 !
 p>ticles ( brute matt]1 :i* resembles !
 ex]cise ( ^! functions1 boldly to      

decl>e t ! :ole my/]y is solv$4 ,?us x  
is said1 t life is no?+ b ! accretion ( 
simil> sub/ances1 or ! addition ( l unto
 l2 & z ?is occurs 9 cry/allization1 :i*
 is confess$ly a ph5om5on ( inorganic   
matt]1 !re=e !re is no fundam5tal       
diff]5ce betwe5 ! prop]ties ( liv+ &    
dead sub/ances4 ,we d5y ! fir/          
proposition2 nutrition is n ! only      
*>act]i/ic ( life1 & ! nutritive        
process1 :e!r 9 vegetables or animals1  
is n m]e accretion1 b assimilation4 ,x  
has be5 said1 ?\gh ! ass]tion is by no  
means fully prov$1 t assimilation is    
only a f9] k9d ( *emi/ry1 ! con/itu5t   
pr9ciples be+ br\ght toge!r only by _!  
natural aff9ities4 ,ev5 if ?is 7 true1  
if ! /oma* & ! dige/ive app>atus 7 only 
a well furni%$ *emical laboratory1 fit =
 conduct+ ! mo/ delicate exp]im5ts1 !   
great difficulty w\ld /ill rema94 ,! "q 
might yet be ask$1 ,:]e is ! *emi/8 ,&  
?is is ! fundam5tal "q1 :i* ! mat]iali/s
 nev] attempt to answ]1 b quietly evade4
  ,! diff]5ce betwe5 an inorganic & an  

organic body has be5 expla9$ by         
,col]idge cle>ly en\gh = our purpose4 ,9
 ! =m]1--a %eaf ( corn1 = in/ance1--!   
:ole is no?+ m ?an a collection ( !     
individual p>ts2 9 ! latt]1--an         
animal1--! :ole is ! effect (1 or       
results f1 ! p>ts4 ,9 ! latt] case1 !   
:ole is e ?+1 & ! p>ts are comp>atively 
no?+4 ,"o ( ! great effects ( life is to
 keep ! p>ts 9 subjection to ! :ole1    
mak+ !m contribute to its support &     
gr[?1 & ?us ma9ta9+ ! unity ( ! sy/em4  
,! /oma* dige/s1 ! lungs inhale air1 !  
he>t beats1 & ! blood circulates2 & z ! 
jo9t effect1 or z ! common support]1--x 
matt]s n :i*1--( ^! op]ations1 life     
cont9ues1 & ! animat$ be+ is a unit2 x  
has n m]ely virtual1 b ess5tial unity4  
,! reciprocal action ( ! respiratory1   
circulat+1 & n]v\s sy/ems is absolutely 
necess>y to life4 ,! animal dies1 & ?is 
unity1 ?is subs]vi5ce ( ! p>ts to !     
:ole1 imm$iately ceases4 ,9 ! functions 
( ! liv+ body1 x may be t ! ord9>y laws 
( *emi/ry are pres]v$1 & t ! elem5ts (  

c>bon1 oxyg51 & hydrog5 comb9e & sep>ate
 accord+ to _! ord9>y aff9ities1 & 9 no 
unusual proportions4 ,b aft] dea?1 at   
any rate1 q a diff]5t set ( *emical laws
 come into play1 & produce a result :i* 
is ! v opposite ( t be=e effect$4 ,!re  
is no long] any unanimity or            
cooep]ation2 in/ead ( su/a9+ or build+  
up ! animal tissues1 ! aff9ities n[ 9   
op]ation te> d[n1 de/roy1 & resolve !m  
into _! ultimate elem5ts1--ea* "p foll[+
 out its own law ( de/ruction or        
resolution1 irrespectively ( ! o!rs4    
,!re is 9 liv+ organic matt] a pr9ciple 
con/antly 9      action1 ! op]ations (  
:i* are 9 accordance ) a rational       
plan1 s t ! individual p>ts :i* x       
creates 9 ! body are      adapt$ to !   
design ( ! :ole2 & ?is x is :i*         
di/+ui%es organism4 ,kant says1 ',!     
cause ( ! p>ticul>      mode ( exi/5ce (
 ea* "p ( a liv+ body resides 9 !       
:ole1 :ile 9 dead masses ea* "p conta9s 
?is cause )9      itself4' ,?is expla9s 
:y a m]e "p sep>at$ f an organiz$       

:ole g5]ally does n cont9ue to live2 :y1
 9 fact1 an      organiz$ body appe>s to
 be "o & indivisible4 ,& s9ce !         
diff]5t p>ts ( an organiz$ body are     
het]og5e\s memb]s (      "o :ole1 &     
ess5tial to its p]fect /ate1 ! trunk _c 
live aft] ! loss ( "o ( ^!              
p>ts4--,muell]'s ,physiology1      ,vol4
 ,i41 p4 #ai4  ,! app>5t exceptions to  
?is /atem5t--z 9 ! case ( ! polypes1 :i*
 multiply by fissip>\s g5]ation1 or by  
spontane\s division ( _! bodies into    
p>ts1 ea* "p becom+ a p]fect animal--are
 only app>5t4 ,^! creatures1 :i* are l[ 
d[n 9 ! scale ( be+1 exemplify :at ,mr4 
,ow5 calls ! law ( vegetative or        
irrelative repetition1 z !y h _m organs 
p]=m+ ! same function1 & n relat$ to ea*
 o!r by comb9ation = ! p]=mance ( a     
high] function4 ,?us1 a ,polyga/rian has
 _m assimilative sacs1 ea* p]=m+ ! (fice
 ( a /oma* irrespective ( ! re/4 ,9 !   
insect tribe1 ! respiratory function1   
in/ead ( be+ p]=m$ by "o set ( lungs = !
 :ole body1 is c>ri$ on ?r\gh a s]ies ( 

m9ute & highly ramifi$ tubes1 :i*       
trav]se e "p ( ! body1 & op5 to ! air by
 a great numb] ( orifices4 ,9 "s        
in/ances1 bo? respiration & dige/ion    
seem to take place ov] ! :ole surface ( 
! body2 = ,trembley f\nd at lea/ "o     
case1 9 :i* ! animal dige/$ its food    
equally well1 aft] x _h be5 turn$ inside
 out4 ,a numb] ( simil> p>ts be+ repeat$
 9 ea* segm5t ( ! individual1 ! body c  
be divid$1 & ! sev]al portions1 ea* /ill
 conta9+ "s ( all ! organs ess5tial to !
 :ole1 w cont9ue to live sep>ately4 ,!  
sev]$ p>ts w ev5 cont9ue to gr[1 & to   
develope o!r organs conv5i5t =          
individual exi/5ce4 ,b mo/ animals1     
especially ! m p]fect1 d n con/itute an 
aggregate ( simil> p>ts unit$ by "o     
trunk1 & !re=e propagation by division  
is 9 !m impossible4 ,! ovum1 :5 sep>at$ 
f ! p>5t1 is an entire animal only      
pot5tially2 dur+ its developm5t1 !      
ess5tial p>ts :i* con/itute ! actual    
:ole are produc$4 ,9 ! case ( ! polyps1 
we h only to suppose t ! ovum rema9s    

connect$ ) ! p>5t be+1 till all1 or     
ne>ly all1 its ess5tial p>ts are        
produc$4 ,x is !n %$ n z a m]e ovum1 b z
 an animal ne>ly or :olly complete4     
,n[1 all ! in/ances adduc$ by our au?or1
 to %[ simil>ity ( action 9 ! organic & 
! inorganic _w1 are irrelevant4 ,!      
analogies are n m]ely imp]fect2 !y are  
no analogies at all4 ,cry/als increase  
by ! aggregation ( new p>ticles on !    
ext]nal surfaces ( ! p>ts already =m$2  
!re is no cons5tane\s op]ation ( ! p>ts 
on ! :ole4 ,! molecules ( cry/als are   
homog5e\s ?r\gh\t1 & ! sev]al aggregates
 ( ^! molecules are indep5d5t ( ea* o!r2
 :ile organiz$ bodies are compos$ ( p>ts
 p]fectly dissimil> f ea* o!r1 b all (  
:i* conspire to "o end4 ,! gr[? (       
organiz$ bodies1 says ,muell]1 takes    
place 9 all p>ticles ( _! sub/ance at ! 
same "t1 :ile ! increase ( ! mass 9     
inorganic bodies is produc$ by ext]nal  
apposition4 ,fro/work on ! w9d[s may    
resemble vegetable =ms2 b x has no      
resemblance :atev] to vegetable life4   

,electricity may c\nt]feit ! action (   
life1 = a mom5t1 on a p>ticul> limb1 by 
caus+ ! muscles to twit*2 b x does n    
c\nt]feit life itself1 by caus+ all !   
p>ts aga9 to contribute to ! su/5tation 
( ! :ole4 ,a ,fr5* *emi/1 by electric   
action1 may h produc$ globules 9 album52
 !re is no?+ v wond]ful 9 t2 any "o may 
bl[ bubbles 9 a viscid fluid4 ,!        
resemblance betwe5 ^! globules & prop]  
g]m9al vesicles am\nts to no?+ m ?an    
simil>ity ( outw>d %ape2 !re is no m    
real resemblance betwe5 !m ?an betwe5 ! 
oval lump ( *alk :i* f>m]s sometimes put
 into a h5's ne/1 9 ord] to deceive poor
 ,dame ,p>tlet1 & ! real egg :i* ! h5   
deposits by ! side ( x4 ,c]ta9ly1 !     
impond]able ag5ts1 heat1 light1 &       
electricity1 are 9 "s my/]i\s way       
connect$ ) life1 s z to contribute to   
its support2 !re is no?+ m 9 ?is        
ass]tion ?an 9 ! famili> proposition1 t 
a se$ w g]m9ate only "u ! prop]         
conditions ( soil & climate2 b t ^!     
ag5ts1 act+ on inorganic matt]1 ev]     

create or comm5ce life is a pure        
hypo!sis1 n support$ ev5 by ! %ad[ ( a  
fact4  ,hav+ ?us %[n h[ weak are ! g5]al
 consid]ations 9 favor ( ! !ory1 t      
animat$ be+s may be creat$ out (        
inorganic matt] by m]e natural laws1 we 
%\ld proce$ to consid] ! direct evid5ce 
adduc$ to prove t life has actually be5 
produc$ 9 ?is way4 ,"h ! :ole "q is op5$
 respect+ ! alleg$ in/ances ( equivocal 
g5]ation1 & we h nei!r space nor ability
 to discuss !m at l5g?4 ,^? :o are      
curi\s respect+ ! "q may f9d a brief    
summ>y ( ! evid5ce on bo? sides 9 a =m] 
numb] ( ?is ,j\rnal4#a ,we c m5tion only
 a few facts & argum5ts1 :i* %[ !       
extreme improbability ( ! doctr9e       
support$ by our au?or & a few o!r       
!ori/s4  ,9 ! fir/ place1 x is          
rem>kable1 t all ! races ( animat$ be+s1
 :i* are entirely )9 ! range ( our p[]s 
( obs]vation1--:i* h su* a size &       
locality t we c /udy & accurately       
det]m9e _! organization & habits1--are  
unque/ionably produc$ f p>5ts ( _! own  

k9d4 ,only ! m9ute microscopic animals  
are n[ suppos$ to be g5]at$             
spontane\sly2 & ?is alleg$ fact re/s n  
on direct pro(1 b only on our inability 
9 c]ta9 cases to trace ! process ( _!   
production 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,z _m ( ^!   
animals1 9 _! p]fect /ate1 are n m ?an !
 twelve ?\s&? "p ( an in* 9 diamet]1 x  
is n mu* to be wond]$ at1 t we %\ld n be
 able 9 all cases to discov] _! ova1 or 
to foll[ ^! ova ?r\gh all _! /ages (    
developm5t into ! complete be+4 ,x is   
f>!r rem>kable1 t ^! animalcules1 :5    
once produc$1 :e!r by spontane\s or     
natural g5]ation1 are all f\nd to be    
provid$ ) ! organs or requisite means = 
cont9u+ _! species1 &1 9 fact1 =        
multiply+ _! numb] f !mselves ) a/oni%+ 
rapidity4 ,z !y c]ta9ly h *ildr51 x     
seems reasonable to suppose1 accord+ to 
! analogy ( all ! high] animat$ tribes1 
t !y also _h p>5ts4 ,! anci5ts suppos$1 
t ! worms & insects :i* appe> 9 decay+  
organic matt] 7 g5]at$ !re by !         
decomposition ( ! sub/ance1 )\t !       

previ\s ag5cy ( individuals ( ! same    
/ock4 ,e s*oolboy is acqua9t$ )         
,virgil's mode ( obta9+ a new sw>m (    
bees f ! decay+ c>cass ( a heif]4       
,subsequ5t rese>*es1 made ) m c>e1 &    
p]haps ) bett] in/rum5ts ( obs]vation1 h
 entirely disprov$ ! hypo!sis1 & %[ t ! 
maggots 7 produc$ 9 e case f eggs       
deposit$ by flies or o!r insects1 & 7   
aft]w>ds !mselves develop$ into ! /ate (
 p]fect insects4 ,!n x seems reasonable 
to believe1 t ! improv$ obs]vations (   
future times w cle> up ! only rema9+    
difficulty1 & %[ h[ ! infusory          
animalcules also are g5]at$ f be+s ( _! 
own k9d4  ,^! m9ute creatures are       
prolific to a degree t transc5ds all    
calculation2 & !y exi/1 ei!r 9 ! egg or 
maturely develop$1 9 inconceivable      
numb]s4 ,a s+le :eel-animalcule1        
,hydat9a s5ta1 :i* 0 wat*$ = m ?an      
eighte5 days1 & :i* lives /ill long]1 is
 capable ( a f\rfold increase 9         
tw5ty-f\r or ?irty h\rs2 a rate (       
propagation :i* w\ld af=d 9 t5 days a   

million ( be+s4 ,f _! t5acity ( life1   
extraord9>y p[]s ( reproduction1 &      
incalculable numb]s1 _! unit$ influ5ce  
may be said to be f> m important1 9 all 
! great op]ations ( nature1 ?an t ( !   
l>g] & m p]fectly develop$ organisms4   
,!y sw>m 9 all ! seas1 & play an        
important "p 9 *ok+ up h>b\rs & =m+     
great deposits at ! m\?s ( riv]s4 ,!    
rema9s ( ^? :i* h p]i%$ =m great b$s &  
/rata 9 ! cru/ ( ! e>?4 ,! silici\s     
/one1 call$ ,tripoli1 is entirely       
compos$ ( su* rema9s2 at ,bil91 9       
,bohemia1 !re is "o /ratum ( ?is        
sub/ance1 f\rte5 feet ?ick1 "o cubic in*
 ( :i* is e/imat$ to conta9 =ty-"o ?\s& 
millions ( individuals4 ,_! extreme     
t5acity ( life is ev9c$ by ! fact1 t _m 
( !m may be entirely desiccat$1 &       
pres]v$ 9 pure s& = sev]al ye>s1 aft]   
:i*1 on ! application ( a drop ( wat]1  
!y may be re/or$ to life4 ,9 ?is dri$   
/ate1 ,m4 ,doy]e expos$ "s ( !m to a    
heat equal to t ( boil+ wat]1 & aft]w>ds
 reviv$ !m2 ?\gh1 9 an active /ate1 if  

subject$ to a mu* l[] temp]ature1 !y    
p]i%4 ,if1 !n1 ! fully develop$ & mature
 c resi/ su* p[]ful extrane\s causes (  
de/ruction1 h[ mu* m mu/ ! ova possess !
 p[] ( endur+ !m )\t los+ _! lat5t life6
 ,! foll[+ extract f ,pr(essor ,ow5's   
,lectures %[s ! be>+ ( ^! facts ^u ! "q 
( equivocal g5]ation4       ,! act (    
ovip>\s g5]ation1 t s5d+ =? ( c\ntless  
ova ?r\gh ! fatal lac]ation or          
dissolution ( ! p>5t's      body1 is mo/
 commonly obs]v$ 9 ! well-f$            
,polyga/ria1      :i* cr[d toge!r z _!  
little ocean evaporates2 & ?us      ea* 
leaves1 by ! la/ act ( its life1 ! means
 ( p]petuat+      & diffus+ its species 
by ?\s&s ( f]tile g]ms4 ,:5 !      once 
?ickly t5ant$ pool is dri$ up1 & its    
bottom conv]t$      into a lay] ( du/1  
^! inconceivably m9ute & light ova w    
be rais$ ) ! du/ by ! fir/ puff ( w9d1  
diffus$ ?r\gh      ! atmosph]e1 & may   
!re rema9 long susp5d$2 =m+1            
p]haps1 _! %>e ( ! p>ticles :i* we see  
flick]+ 9      ! sunbeam1 ready to fall 

into any collection ( wat]1 beat5       
d[n by e summ] %[] into ! /reams or     
pools :i* receive      or may be =m$ by 
su* %[]s1 &1 by virtue ( _! t5acity     
( life1 ready to develope !mselves :]ev]
 !y may f9d !      requisite conditions 
= _! exi/5ce4       ,! possibility1 or1 
r1 ! high probability1 t su* is      !  
design ( ! ovip>\s g5]ation ( !         
,infusoria1 & su*      ! common mode ( !
 diffusion ( _! ova1 r5d]s !            
hypo!sis ( equivocal g5]ation1 :i* has  
be5 s frequ5tly      invok$ to expla9 _!
 orig9 9 new-=m$ natural or artificial  
infusions1 q gratuit\s4 ,if organs (    
g5]ation might1 at      fir/ sight1 seem
 sup]flu\s 9 creatures propagat+ _! k9d 
by gemmation & spontane\s fission1      
equivocal g5]ation is      surely /ill  
less requir$ to expla9 ! orig9 ( be+s s 
ri*ly provid$ ) ! ord9>y & recogniz$    
modes (      propagation4--pp4 #ca1 #cb4
  ,rec5t acc\nts %[1 t ! du/ collect$ f 
! atmosph]e at sea1 _m miles f l&1      
g5]ally conta9s "s ( ^! dri$ animalcules

 & _! ova4 ,_m ( ^! g]ms c be develop$  
only 9 p>ticul> localities1 or "u c]ta9 
conditions :i* are r>ely fulfill$4      
,consequ5tly1 if !re 7 b few ( !m1 !    
species might p]i%1 because ^? few might
 n f9d _! appropriate home4 ,b su* an   
accid5t is gu>d$ aga9/ by ! va/         
multiplication ( ^! g]ms & _! wide      
disp]sion2 =1 unlike all ! high] tribes 
( be+s except man1 ! same species is (t5
 f\nd 9 all regions ( ! globe4 ,v few1 9
 comp>ison ) ! :ole numb]1 may f9d a    
prop] nidus2 b ^! few !n propagate ) su*
 m>vell\s rapidity1 z fully to repl5i%1 
if n to increase1 ! orig9al /ock4 ,?us  
!y h be5 enabl$1 z species1 to survive  
ev5 ^? de/roy+ causes :i* ext]m9at$ all 
! high] =ms ( animals4 ,sev]al species  
/ill exi/1 :i* 7 9 be+ at ! "t ( !      
cretace\s =mation1 ?\gh all ! o!r       
animat$ races belong+ to t p]iod h      
p]i%$4 ,^! animalcules1 says ,ehr5b]g1  
con/itute a *a91 :i*1 ?\gh 9 !          
individual x be microscopic1 yet 9 !    
mass is a mighty "o1 connect+ ! organic 

life ( di/ant ages ( ! e>?4  ,9 view (  
facts l ^!1 we may surely say1 t !      
exi/5ce ( ! infusory animalcules1 & ev5 
( ! entozoa1 is conceivable1 suppos+ !y 
c\ld only h be5 produc$ by p>5ts ( _!   
own k9d1 & )\t hav+ rec\rse to !        
anomal\s & hypo!tical doctr9e (         
equivocal g5]ation4 ,we may n be able to
 trace _! l9e ( p>5tage1 = our imp]fect 
vision _c foll[ ! motes :i* play 9 !    
sunbeam1 nor track !m f _! bir?-place to
 _! f9al home4 ,b we "k t !y mu/ be     
deposit$ 9 e lay] ( du/ t falls f !     
atmosph]e1 t !y mu/ be inhal$ ) e brea? 
:i* an animal draws1 & be swall[$ ) e   
morsel & drop ( its food4 ,! exp]im5ts  
:i* seem to prove t liv+ be+s may be    
produc$ f pure inorganic matt] are all  
explicable on ! supposition1 t adequate 
precautions 7 n tak5 to exclude e animal
 & g]m capable ( developm5t f !         
sub/ances exp]im5t$ ^u1 & f ! air :i* 0 
admitt$ into ! app>atus4 ,on ?is gr\nd1 
! exp]im5ts ( ,crosse & ,weekes1 cit$ by
 our au?or1 h be5 q g5]ally reject$ by  

sci5tific m51 z h>dly des]v+ ( notice4  
,we le>n t ! =m] 0 disc\rag$ by !       
reception ( 8 exp]im5ts1 & soon         
discont9u$ !m2--) good reason1 = x does 
n appe> f our au?or's acc\nt1 t he      
adopt$ any precautions at all4 ,mr4     
,weekes seems to h be5 a little m       
cauti\s1 & ! consequ5ce 01 t he did n   
obs]ve any appe>ance ( life among !     
sub/ances exp]im5t$ ^u = elev5 mon?s1 at
 ! end ( :i* "t we may reasonably       
suppose1 t 8 precautions ceas$ to h     
p]fect effect4 ,! only exp]im5t1 9 :i*  
adequate means to gu>d aga9/ causes (   
error 7 tak51 0 t ( ,pr(essor ,s*ulze1 (
 ,b]l91 :i* _h a contr>y result4 ,we    
extract ,mr4 ,ow5's acc\nt ( x4         
,he fill$ a glass flask half full (     
di/ill$ wat]1 9 :i*      7 v>i\s animal 
& vegetable sub/ances3 he !n clos$ x    
) a good cork1 ?r\gh :i* 7 pass$ two    
glass tubes1 b5t      at "r angles1 !   
:ole be+ air-tight3 x 0 next plac$ 9 a  
s& ba?1 & heat$ until ! wat] boil$      
viol5tly4 ,:ile !      wat]y vapor 0    

escap+ by ! glass tubes1 ! ,pr(essor    
fa/5$ at ea* end an app>atus :i* *emi/s 
employ =      collect+ c>bonic acid3 t  
at ! "o end 0 fill$ )      conc5trat$   
sulphuric acid1 & ! o!r ) a solution (  
pota%4 ,by means ( ! boil+ heat1 x is to
 be presum$ t      e ?+ liv+1 & all g]ms
 9 ! flask or 9 ! tubes 7      de/roy$2 
:il/ all access 0 cut (f by ! sulphuric 
acid on      ! "o side1 & by ! pota% on 
! o!r4 ,! app>atus 0      !n expos$ to !
 influ5ce ( summ] light & heat2 at !    
same      "t1 !re 0 plac$ ne> x an op5  
vessel1 ) ! same      sub/ances t _h be5
 introduc$ into ! flask1 & also aft]    
hav+ subject$ !m to a boil+ temp]ature4 
,9 ord] to r5ew      con/antly ! air )9 
! flask1 ! exp]im5t] suck$ )      8 m\? 
sev]al times a day ! op5 end ( !        
app>atus1 fill$      ) ! solution (     
pota%1 by :i* process ! air ent]$ 8     
m\? f ! flask ?r\gh ! cau/ic liquid1 & !
      atmosph]ic air f )\t ent]$ ! flask
 ?r\gh !      sulphuric acid4 ,! air 0 (
 c\rse n at all alt]$ 9 its             

composition by pass+ ?r\gh ! sulphuric  
acid 9 ! flask2 b      all ! portions ( 
liv+ matt]1 or ( matt] capable ( becom+ 
animat$1 7 tak5 up by ! sulphuric acid &
 de/roy$4 ,f      ! #bh? ( ,may until ! 
beg9n+ ( ,augu/1 ,pr(essor ,s*ulze      
cont9u$ un9t]rupt$ly ! r5ewal ( ! air 9 
! flask1      )\t be+ able1 by ! aid ( !
 microscope1 to discov] any      liv+   
animal or vegetable sub/ance2 al?\gh1   
dur+ ! :ole (      ! "t1 obs]vations 7  
made almo/ daily on ! edge ( !          
liquid2 & :51 at la/1 ! ,pr(essor       
sep>at$ ! diff]5t      p>ts ( !         
app>atus1 he c\ld n f9d 9 ! :ole liquid 
!      slighte/ trace ( ,infusoria or   
,conf]vae1 or ( m\ld2 b all      ?ree   
pres5t$ !mselves 9 great abundance a few
 days aft] he      _h left ! flask /&+  
op54 ,! vessel :i* he plac$ ne>      !  
app>atus conta9$ on ! foll[+ day        
,vibriones &      ,monads1 to :i* 7 soon
 add$ l>g] ,polyga/ric ,infusoria1      
& aft]w>ds ,rotif]a4--pp4 #cb1 #cc4  ,= 
read]s :o are n famili> ) ^! subjects1 x

 may be well to m5tion1 t ! weight (    
au?ority is decid$ly aga9/ ?is doctr9e (
 spontane\s g5]ation4 ,x is reject$ by  
,muell]1 :o ranks among ! fir/          
physiologi/s ( ,g]many2 by ,ehr5b]g1 "o 
( ! mo/ di/+ui%$ microscopi/s 9 ! _w2 & 
by ,ow51 :o /&s at ! head ( ! s*ool (   
comp>ative anatomy 9 ,engl&1 if n 9     
,europe4 ,! rem>k made by ,cuvi]1 m ?an 
?irty ye>s ago1 is /ill true at ! pres5t
 day1 t1 al?\gh ! impossibility (       
spontane\s g5]ation _c be absolutely    
demon/rat$1 yet all ! ef=ts ( ^?        
physiologi/s :o believe 9 ! possibility 
( x h n succe$$ 9 %[+ u a s+le in/ance4 
,pass+ ov]1 !n1 our au?or's !ory ( !    
orig9ation ( life f inorganic matt] z   
utt]ly unt5able1 we come to ! next po9t 
9 8 sy/em1--! mo/ *im]ical ( all1--!    
gradual developm5t ( ! high] ord]s ( be+
 out ( ^? next b5ea? !m 9 ! scale4 ,x is
 n pret5d$1 t !re is any kn[n in/ance ( 
! transmutation ( species1 or ( !       
evolution1 9 ! ord9>y way1 ( any be+    
specifically diff]5t f its p>5ts4 ,!    

same animal1 inde$1 may pass ?r\gh      
diff]5t grades ( developm5t2 b ^! *anges
 affect only ! individual1 n ! race4 ,! 
prog5y ( ?is animal mu/ beg9 at ! same  
po9t :]e its p>5t did1 & run precisely !
 same cycle4 ,! tadpole becomes a frog1 
b ! "y ( t frog are tadpoles2 ! worm    
becomes a w+$ insect1 b ! eggs ( t      
insect are hat*$ into no?+ b worms4 ,^! 
*anges 9 ! life ( ! individual1 l !     
successive p]iods ( ! embryotic /ate1 ( 
infancy1 & manhood 9 ! human be+1 are   
p]fectly consi/5t ) p]si/5ce ( type 9 ! 
race1 & d n indicate ev5 ! possibility t
 a new species may be develop$ out ( an 
old "o4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! g]m mu/ be     
consid]$ z pot5tially equival5t to !    
:ole future be+1 = x is inv>iably       
develop$ into t be+4 ,if !re be any "o  
fact unque/ionably e/abli%$ by          
obs]vation1 x is t ea* species inv>iably
 produces its l4 ,all ! ph5om5a1 says   
,muell]1 at pres5t obs]v$ 9 ! animal    
k+dom1 seem to prove t ! species 7      
orig9ally creat$ di/9ct1 & indep5d5t (  

ea* o!r4 ,!re is no remote possibility (
 "o species be+ produc$ f ano!r4  ,!    
doctr9e ( our au?or1 !n1 is confess$ly a
 pure hypo!sis1 &1 z su*1 x might be    
summ>ily dismiss$ into ! region (       
cl\d-l& & dreams1 :]e x _h its orig94 ,!
 burd5 ( pro( is ^u him1 & z he has     
fail$ to produce a s+le in/ance 9 :i* 8 
!ory is exemplifi$1 he may be rightfully
 deb>r$ ! privilege ( discussion4 ,b    
waiv+ ?is po9t1 if we look into ! gr\nds
 ( 8 conjecture1 we f9d bold assumptions
 m ?an once sub/itut$ = ! pla9 /atem5t (
 facts1 :i* w\ld de/roy e %ade (        
cr$ibility 9 8 doctr9e4 ,true1 !re is an
 appe>ance1 bo? 9 ! animal & vegetable  
k+doms1 ( an asc5d+ scale ( be+1 f      
simply organiz$ =ms & imp]fect          
developm5ts up to ! complex arrangem5ts 
& nice adaptations ( ! advanc$ tribes4  
,b ! progress is n regul>1 nor are !    
int]vals ( con/ant l5g?4 ,! l9e is (t5  
brok5 & d\bl$1 &1 9 fact1 ! individuals 
are f> m naturally arrang$ 9 a numb] (  
p>allel l9es1 beg9n+ successively at a  

some:at l[] po9t1 ?an 9 a s+le s]ies4   
,man1 ( c\rse1 is plac$ at ! head ( !   
animal tribes2 b ! int]val :i* sep>ates 
him f ! *impanzee _c easily be cle>$ at 
"o b\nd4 ,he =ms b "o g5us1 & t g5us is 
! only "o ( its ord]4 ,b ev5 if ! l9e ( 
gradation 7 s+le & p]fect1 ! fact w\ld  
be ( no s]vice to ! hypo!sis we are n[  
consid]+2 = ! int]val betwe5 two species
 mo/ ne>ly alli$ to ea* o!r seems to be 
q z impassable z ! broade/ gulf (       
sep>ation4  ,! po9t *iefly reli$ ^u to  
%[ ! cr$ibility ( ?is doctr9e is ! fact1
 accord+ to our au?or1 t ! high] animals
 pass ?r\gh a s]ies ( *anges resembl+ ! 
p]man5t =ms ( ! l[] tribes4 ,! fir/ =m (
 man himself is t :i* is p]man5t 9 !    
animalcule2 & !nce he comes to resemble 
successively a fi%1 a reptile1 a bird1 &
 ! l[] mammif]s1 be=e he atta9s 8       
specific maturity4 ,x is held1 !n1 t a  
premature bir? f an animal ( a high] k9d
 might h in/itut$ a new race ( a l[]    
type2 & t a bir? unusually delay$1      
p]mitt+ an embryo to be /ill f>!r       

advanc$ 9 ! l9e ( organization1 might h 
creat$ a new species ( a high] ord] ?an 
! p>5t4 ,"h1 e ?+ dep5ds on ! absolute  
id5tity ( ! g]ms ( all animals1 9 ! l[] 
/ages ( _! gr[?4 ,g5]al resemblances &  
analogies are ( no weight :atev]2 !     
ess5tial int]nal organization ( ! ova ( 
diff]5t species mu/ be ! same2 o!rwise1 
h[ev] rip5$ into a mature be+1 :e!r !   
bir? be advanc$ or po/pon$1 ! individual
 mu/ /ill belong to its p>5ts' species1 
( :i* x possesses ! di/9ctive           
peculi>ity4 ,n[1 ?is po9t ( ! id5tity ( 
g]ms is a m]e assumption2 n only is x   
de/itute ( pro(1--! :ole evid5ce is     
aga9/ x4 ,!re is a degree ( outw>d      
resemblance1 b !re is no sam5ess4 ,:5 we
 trace ! orig9 ( life back to ! remote/ 
po9t to :i* our p[]s ( obs]vation ext5d1
 :5 we come to microscopic vesicles t c 
be disc]n$ only by ! highe/ magnifi]s1  
g5]al simil>ity ( outw>d %ape is all t c
 be pr$icat$ ( !m4 ,! specific diff]5ces
 lie bel[ ?is g5]al resemblance ( outw>d
 =m2 we _c disc]n !m1 b we "k t !y mu/  

exi/1 & t !y are ess5tial diff]5ces1 =  
ea* "o ( ^! vesicles is inv>iably       
develop$1 if at all1 into an individual 
( ! species to :i* its p>5t belongs4 ,! 
g]m9al vesicles ( a tree & a quadrup$   
are some:at alike1 outw>dly2 s1 to !    
h5's eyes1 !re is no diff]5ce betwe5 h] 
own eggs & ! duck's eggs :i* ! f>m]'s   
wife has put into h] ne/4 ,b :5 %e has  
hat*$ h] brood1 "p ( !m are f\nd to be  
web-foot$1 & ^!1 to h] great a/oni%m5t &
 di/ress1 imm$iately take to ! wat]4    
,our au?or commits ! same blund] z !    
poor h54 ,?is want ( consci\sness t he  
has got to ! end ( 8 te!r1 ?is inability
 to believe t any diff]5ce c exi/ :]e he
 is n able to see x1 ?\gh x is inv>iably
 indicat$ by future consequ5t diff]5ces 
( ! mo/ /rik+ nature1 is p]fectly       
*>act]i/ic ( ! ra% !ori/ 9 sci5ce4  ,!  
ass]tion1 t man's fir/ =m is t :i* is   
p]man5t 9 ! animalcule1--ev5 if we d n  
look to ! pot5tiality ( developm5t into 
a high] be+1 :i* exp]i5ce %[s to exi/ 9 
! human g]m1 b n 9 ! infusorial1--is a  

positive mis/atem5t4 ,! l[e/ monad has a
 m\? & means = propagat+ its k9d1 :i* d 
n belong to ! primitive ovum ( any high]
 animal4 ,ab\t ! succe$+ /ages 9 ! gr[? 
( ! embryo our au?or's language is m    
cauti\s4 ,he only says1 t !y resemble1  
or typify1 "s ( ! l[] ord]s ( be+2 & ?is
 is virtually admitt+ a specific        
diff]5ce1 & giv+ up 8 own !ory = all !  
conditions po/]ior to t ( ! g]m4 ,! bra9
 & he>t ( ! embryo successively resemble
 ! correspond+ organs 9 a fi%1 a        
reptile1 a bird1 & a quadrup$2 b !y are 
n id5tical1 ev5 9 outw>d appe>ance1 ) ^?
 organs4 ,( c\rse1 if arre/$ at any /age
 ( its gr[?1 & prematurely born1 !      
embryo w\ld n be "o ( ! l[] animals1 b  
only some?+ resembl+ x 9 outw>d %ape2 & 
conv]sely1 if x 7 possible = ! bir? ( a 
bird to be delay$ till x _h rea*$ a     
high] /age ( developm5t 9 ! same l9e 9  
:i* x 0 proce$+1 x w\ld n become a      
quadrup$1 b x w\ld be an anomal\s       
creature some:at l "o4 ,consequ5tly1 no 
"o species n[ on ! e>? c h be5 evolv$   

out ( any o!r exi/+ race2 because ! g]ms
 ( any two1 at a v e>ly /age 9 _!       
hi/ory1 accord+ to our au?or's own      
confession1 are specifically unlike4    
,to avoid ?is difficulty1 he is driv5 to
 a fur!r supposition1 /ill m gratuit\s &
 improbable2 namely1 t ! g]m de/9$ to   
become "o ( a diff]5t race f its p>5ts1 
hav+ advanc$ along its usual l9e (      
developm5t s f> z t l9e co9cides ) ! "o 
belong+ to ! new species1 !re div]ges1 &
 foll[s a diff]5t pa? up to ! p]iod (   
its bir? into a new creature2 t is1 !   
embryo ( a reptile1 hav+ gr[n = a c]ta9 
"t z if x 7 to be a reptile1 sudd5ly    
turns aside1 l a "y man *ang+ 8 m9d ab\t
 ! *oice ( a pr(ession1 & = ! re/ ( its 
foetal life foll[s ! prop] l9e (        
progress 9 ord] to be develop$ into a   
bird4 ,?is is m]e dream+1 & rem9ds "o   
only ( ! wond]ful trans=mations effect$ 
by en*antm5t 9 an ,arabian tale4 ,we    
might j z plausibly suppose1 t !        
reptile1 aft] x became mature1 0 sudd5ly
 trans=m$ into a bird1 z t x und]w5t ?is

 *ange be=e x 0 hat*$4 ,all ! evid5ce   
atta9able goes to %[1 t ! law (         
developm5t is z immutable be=e z aft]   
bir?1 ! sev]al /ages ( progress succe$+ 
ea* o!r 9 a con/ant ord]1 & affect+ !   
individual only1 n ! race4 ,a "y monkey 
is no m likely to be transmut$ into a   
man ?an an old "o2 nor is su* a         
metamorphosis at all m probable 9 !     
c\rse ( its foetal life4  ,! view we h  
n[ obta9$ ( ! specific diff]5ces betwe5 
di/9ct races ( be+ at sep>ate p]iods (  
_! exi/5ce is precisely :at might h be5 
anticipat$ f ! law ( gradual developm5t1
 :i* holds ?r\gh\t ! organic k+doms4    
,betwe5 two mature animals1 ^! diff]5ces
 are p]fectly obvi\s & well m>k$4 ,z we 
g a /ep back 9 _! hi/ory1 ! di/9ction   
becomes a little m obscure2 two worms   
may resemble ea* o!r v closely1 ?\gh !  
two w+$ insects subsequ5tly produc$ f !m
 may be v unlike4 ,rec$+ /ill f>!r1 "s (
 ^! specific diff]5ces may entirely     
disappe>1 ! organs or p>ts :i* %\ld     
exhibit !m be+ n yet develop$4 ,& :5 we 

come to ! primitive g]ms1 s m9ute z to  
be visible only ?r\gh ! microscope1 no  
outw>d di/9ction1 p]haps1 is any long]  
p]ceptible1 & ! radical diff]5ce ( _!   
int]nal organization is indicat$ only by
 ! fact1 to be v]ifi$ by subsequ5t      
obs]vation1 t ! two are inv>iably       
develop$ into p]fectly di/9ct animals1  
belong+ respectively to ! same races )  
_! p>5ts4 ,a !ori/1 ^: :ole sy/em is    
bas$ ^u ! inv>iable op]ation ( natural  
ag5cies1 _c reasonably object to ?is    
conclusion4  ,t our /atem5ts 9 ! c\rse (
 ?is argum5t may n appe> ( ! same       
que/ionable "* z ^? advanc$ by our      
au?or1 we w =tify !m ) a few brief      
citations f a "w ( su* unque/ionable    
au?ority z ! ,lectures ( ,pr(essor ,ow54
       ,no d\bt ! m9ute infusoria1 :i*  
seem to h _!      developm5t arre/$ at !
 fir/ or ne>e/ /age f !      primitive  
cell =mation1 (f] close & /rik+         
analogies to !      primitive cells out 
( :i* ! high] animals & all _!          
tissues are develop$2 b ! v fir/ /ep :i*

 !      infusoria take beyond !         
primitive cell /age inve/s !m ) a       
specific "* z indep5d5t & di/9ct 9 its  
nature z      t ( ! highe/ & mo/        
complicat$ organisms4 ,no m]e organic   
cell1 de/9$ = ult]ior *anges 9 a liv+   
organization1 has a      m\? arm$ )     
tee?1 or provid$ ) long t5tacula2 ,i w n
      lay /ress on ! alim5t>y canal &   
app5d$ /oma*s1 :i*      _m /ill reg>d z 
'sub judice'2 b ! end[m5t ( di/9ct      
organs ( g5]ation1 = propagat+ _! k9d by
 f]tile ova1      raises ! polyga/ric   
infusoria mu* above ! m]e organic       
cell4--pp4 #be1 #bf4       ,9 comp>+ !  
sev]al /ages 9 ! v int]e/+              
developm5t ( ! cyanaea aurita to !      
infusoria & polypes1 x      mu/ be      
und]/ood t su* comp>isons are w>rant$   
only by a      simil>ity ( outw>d =m1 & 
( ! in/rum5ts ( locomotion      &       
preh5sion4 ,! ess5tial int]nal          
organization ( !      p]si/5t l[] =ms ( 
! zooephyta is entirely want+ 9 !       
transitory /ates ( ! high] ones4 ,a     

progress ?r\gh !      inf]ior gr\ps is  
sket*$ out1 b no actual transmutation ( 
species is effect$4 ,! "y m$usa1 be=e x 
atta9s its      de/9$ condition (       
maturity1 successively resembles1 b nev]
      becomes1 a polyga/rian1 a rotif]1 
& a bryozoon4--p4 #aab4       ,?us e    
animal 9 ! c\rse ( its developm5t       
typifies or      repres5ts "s ( !       
p]man5t =ms ( animals inf]ior to        
itself2 b x does n repres5t all !       
inf]ior =ms1 nor      acquire !         
organization ( any ( ! =ms :i* x        
transitorily      repres5ts4 ,_h !      
animal k+dom =m$1 z 0 once suppos$1 a   
s+le & cont9u\s *a9 ( be+1 progressively
 asc5d+ f      ! monad to ! man1 unity (
 organization might !n h be5            
demon/rat$ to ! ext5t 9 :i* ! !ory has  
be5 ma9ta9$      by ! disciples ( !     
,ge(froyan s*ool4--p4 #cgj4  ,if ^!     
simil>ities ( /ructure 9 ! g]m _h any   
be>+ on ! subject1 !y w\ld indicate !   
possibility only ( retrogression 9 !    
scale4 ,( c\rse1 ! immature ovum1 arre/$

 9 its developm5t1 c\ld n =m a m p]fect 
be+ ?an its p>5t4 ,!re is no pret5ce t !
 embryo1 at any /age ( its progress1    
images an animal ( a high] grade ?an its
 own family4 ,!n :at aid d ^!           
simil>ities ( /ructure af=d to ! !ory1 t
 all ! high] organisms h be5 evolv$ by  
successive /eps out ( ! l[e/ monad8 ,at 
! be/1 y h only %[n1 t a retreat is     
possible2 y h /ill to po9t out any      
likelihood1 ev5 ! remote/1 ( an advance 
9 ! scale ( be+4 ,!re is no fact :atev] 
to confirm ! supposition1 t bir? may    
possibly be delay$ till ! animal be     
develop$ into "o ( a high] species2 & ! 
law ( immature bir?s seems to be1 t1 if 
! (fspr+ escapes at all--= !re is great 
risk consequ5t on su* an accid5t1--x    
becomes z p]fect z its prog5itors4      
,nature seems to gu>d ! di/9ctions      
betwe5 ! sev]al races ) peculi> c>e2 s  
f> z we "k1 mon/]s ei!r d n survive _!  
bir?1 or are incapable ( cont9u+ _! k9d1
 or 9 ! c\rse ( a s+le g5]ation are     
reunit$ to ! orig9al family4  ,to say t 

^! laws1 di/9ct & inv>iable z f> z !    
obs]vation ( man has ext5d$1 may        
possibly h be5 sup]s$$ 9 ! lapse ( ages 
by a high] pr9ciple1 manife/+ itself    
only at long int]vals1 is aga9 to h     
rec\rse to a blank hypo!sis1 incapable  
alike ( pro( or dispro(1 & unsupport$ by
 ! fa9te/ intimations f ! _w ( exp]i5ce4
 ,to build up a !ory 9 ?is way is n to  
acc\nt = ! "w ( creation by ! natural   
ag5cies & inh]5t qualities ( matt]1 z at
 pres5t obs]vable1 b to fly (f to ! wild
 supposition1 t matt] & life 7 m ri*ly  
end[$ ages ago ?an !y are 9 our own day4
 ,y affirm1 t ?is high] pr9ciple (      
developm5t did n ov]ride ! inf]ior laws 
at ! e>li] p]iods 9 "t's hi/ory1        
because1 9 ! infancy ( ! univ]se1 !     
conditions 7 want+ :i* are requisite =  
its manife/ation1--because ! e>? 0 n    
ready1 ! atmosph]e 0 n purifi$1 = !     
nobl] races ( be+4 ,v well2 b ^!        
conditions are answ]$ n[4 ,all ?+s are  
ready at ! pres5t day = ! innate en]gies
 ( matt] to put =? _! utmo/ /r5g?4 ,:y d

 n fi%es g5]ate reptiles1 & birds       
produce mammif]s1 n[8 ,ah6 b ! e>? be+  
n[ suppli$ ) bo? k9ds ( t5ants 9 great  
abundance1 we c\ld only expect to f9d ! 
life-orig9at+ p[] at "w 9 "s v special &
 extraord9>y circum/ances4 ,x seems1 !n1
 t ^! inh]5t qualities ( matt]1 once    
suppos$ to be bl9d1 absolute1 &         
inv>iable 9 _! op]ation1 are really v   
judici\s & reasonable2 !y suit ! supply 
to ! dem&1 & actually cease work+ :5 !  
m>ket is likely to be ov]/ock$4 ,!      
results ( su* natural ag5cies z ^! are v
 l ! effects produc$ by ! volitions ( a 
wise & ?9k+ be+4  ,x happ5s t we are n  
oblig$ to grant to our au?or an         
indef9ite lapse ( ages = ! sake ( br++  
all 8 high] pr9ciples into action4 ,"o (
 ! late/ ev5ts 9 ! geological hi/ory ( !
 e>? 0 a great subm]sion ( ! l&1 by :i* 
t]re/rial animal life 0 ext5sively1 if n
 univ]sally1 de/roy$2 s t ! creation ( !
 species n[ 9 be+--at lea/1 all ! high] 
species--0 a comp>atively rec5t ev5t1 & 
"o po/]ior1 g5]ally speak+1 to all !    

great natural transactions *ronicl$ by  
geology4 ,sci5ce does n contradict1 x r 
confirms1 t voice ( revelation or       
tradition1 :i* assigns ab\t six ?\s&    
ye>s z ! p]iod ( man's resid5ce ^u !    
e>?4 ,! action ( ! drama1 !n1 is        
re/rict$ )9 mod]ate limits z to "t1 & ! 
natural ag5cies & high] pr9ciples mu/ "w
 fa/ 9 ord] to accompli% _! task )9 !   
prescrib$ p]iod4 ,"o condition = !      
creation ( a new & p]man5t species1     
belong+ to any ( ! high] ord]s1 seems to
 h escap$ our au?or's notice2 at lea/   
two individuals1 a male & a female1 mu/ 
h be5 evolv$ out ( ! next l[] race1 be=e
 ! new species c\ld cont9ue its k9d4    
,apply ^! consid]ations to ! creation ( 
man1 :o1 accord+ to our au?or's         
,scripture1 0 born ( a monkey4 ,to      
suppose1 t1 at ! fir/ trial1 an ,adam & 
an ,eve 7 born ne> ea* o!r1 s t !y might
 h a *ance ( meet+ 9 ! c\rse ( _! lives1
 w\ld look too mu* l ! op]ation (       
intellig5ce & design4 ,on ! !ory ( an   
organic creation by law1 z ! monkey race

 is spread ov] l>ge regions ( ! globe1  
we mu/ suppose t _m ( ea* sex 7 produc$1
 & di$ *ildless1 be=e any ,adam 0 happy 
en\gh to f9d an ,eve4 ,!n1 at no v      
di/ant p]iod1 )9 a few ?\s& ye>s1 ! bir?
 ( a man f an animal ( a l[] type 0 no v
 /range ev5t4 ,probably x occurr$ s (t51
 t ! monkeys !mselves ceas$ to be       
a/oni%$ at x4 ,& yet1 ?is tribe (       
animals1 ) all ! b5efit ( l>ge exp]i5ce1
 ) increas$ numb]s1 & ) all ! requisite 
conditions fulfill$ at lea/ z p]fectly z
 !y 7 at ! e>li] p]iod ( _! hi/ory1 h n 
succe$$1 9 ! ?ree or f\r ?\s& ye>s dur+ 
:i* !y h be5 subject to ! obs]vation (  
intellig5t be+s1 9 produc+ ev5 a dec5t  
semblance ( a man4  ,) ! exposure ( ?is 
cr[n+ absurdity1 we mu/ close our direct
 exam9ation ( ?is ,hi/ory ( ,creation4  
,we h n room to consid] "s ( ! app5dages
 to ! !ory1 su* z ! ass]tion ( !        
ess5tial unity ( ! human & ! brute      
intellect1 ! d5ial ( ! immat]ial nature 
( m9d1 & ! advocacy ( ! sy/em (         
phr5ology4 ,^! absurd & degrad+ doctr9es

 are naturally connect$ ) ! a!i/ic      
hypo!sis we h be5 consid]+4 ,!y are its 
legitimate *ildr54 ,b !y h already be5  
refut$ s (t5 & s conclusively1 t any    
revival ( !m at ! pres5t day is h>dly   
des]v+ ( notice4 ,if we %\ld /op "h1 !n1
 x may fairly be left to ! judgm5t ( our
 read]s1 :e!r we h n fulfill$ ! pl$ge   
giv5 at ! outset1 by %[+ t ?is !ory is  
faulty at e po9t1 ev5 :5 view$ f !      
au?or's own gr\nd4 ,! proposal ( x is no
 new ?+4 ,9 "o or ano!r =m1 v>y+ 9      
p>ticul>s1 b agree+ 9 sub/ance1 x has   
be5 be=e ! _w ev] s9ce ! days (         
,democritus1 & m especially ( 8 foll[]1 
,epicurus4 ,lucretius clo!d x 9 sonor\s 
& maje/ic v]se1 = x is a !me fitt$ above
 all o!rs to excite ! fancy1 & to       
receive ! ri*e/ embelli%m5ts f !        
imag9ation4 ,mod]n au?ors h promulgat$ x
 aga9 & aga91 ) little o!r *ange ?an :at
 0 requisite to adapt x to rec5t        
improvem5ts 9 sci5ce1 & to engraft ^u x 
"s ( _! own favorite hypo!ses & fancies4
 ,! v]sion ( x by ! ,fr5* naturali/     

,lam>ck 0 ! late/ & ! mo/ 9 vogue1 till 
! appe>ance ( ! pres5t volume4 ,s       
frequ5tly has x be5 confut$1 t ! revival
 ( x at ?is late p]iod seems little m   
?an a h>mless ex]cise ( +5uity1 a       
poetical & sci5tific dream1 & "o ne$    
h>dly take ! pa9s to expose its         
assumptions & fallacies4 ,! viol5t      
suppositions :i* x involves only rem9d  
"o ( ! rem>k quot$ f ,pascal on a =m]   
page1 t unbeliev]s are ! mo/ cr$ul\s    
p]sons 9 ! _w4 ,if set =? only z a novel
 & pleas+ fancy1 x may be class$ ) o!r  
+5i\s fictions1 t are publi%$ )\t a     
?\ght ( deception4 ,b if s]i\sly        
propos$1 x c be fitly *>act]iz$ only by 
borr[+ ! homely b en]getic language (   
,dr4 ,b5tley4       ,& n[ t ,i h f9i%$  
all ! p>ts :i* ,i propos$ to            
disc\rse (1 ,i w conclude all ) a %ort  
application to !      a!i/s4 ,& ,i w\ld 
advise !m1 z a fri5d1 to leave (f ?is   
dabbl+ & smatt]+ 9 philosophy1 ?is      
%uffl+ & cutt+      ) atoms4 ,x nev]    
succe$$ well ) !m1 & !y always come     

(f ) ! loss4 ,_! old ma/]1 ,epicurus1   
seems to h _h      8 bra9s s muddl$ &   
conf\nd$ ) !m1 t he sc>ce ev]      kept 
9 ! "r way2 ?\gh ! ma9 maxim ( 8        
philosophy 0      to tru/ to 8 s5ses1 & 
foll[ 8 nose4 ,i w n take notice      ( 
8 dot+ conceit1 t ! sun & moon are no   
bigg] ?an      !y appe> to ! eye1 a foot
 or half a y>d ov]2 & t !      />s are  
no l>g] ?an s _m gl[-worms4 ,b let u see
 h[ he      manages 8 atoms1 ^? almighty
 tools t d e ?+ (      !mselves1 )\t !  
help ( a workman4 ,:5 ! atoms1 says he1 
desc5d 9 inf9ite space 7v +5i\sly spok51
 to make high      & l[ 9 inf9ity71 !y d
 n fall plumb d[n1 b decl9e a           
little f ! p]p5dicul>1 ei!r obliquely or
 9 a curve2 &      ?is decl9ation1 says 
he1 f ! direct l9e is ! cause ( our     
lib]ty ( w4 ,b1 ,i say1 ?is decl9ation (
 atoms 9 _!      desc5t 0 itself ei!r   
necess>y or volunt>y4 ,if x 0           
necess>y1 h[ !n c\ld t necessity ev]    
beget lib]ty8 ,if x      0 volunt>y1 !n 
atoms _h t p[] ( volition be=e2 &       

:at becomes !n ( ! ,epicurean doctr9e ( 
! =tuit\s      productions ( worlds8 ,! 
:ole bus9ess is contradiction &         
ridicul\s nons5se4--,b5tley's ,works1   
,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #dg1 #dh4  ,cu/om &   
conv5i5ce lead u to speak ( ! laws (    
nature1 & ( ! p[]s & =ces ( brute matt]2
 & few p]sons1 9 adopt+ ^! phrases1 are 
aw>e t !y are us+ a figure ( spee*4 ,yet
 no?+ is m c]ta9 ?an t all ! rese>*es ( 
sci5ce h n be5 able to po9t out )       
c]ta9ty a s+le active cause ap>t f !    
op]ation ( m9d4 ,we disc]n no?+ b       
regul>ity & simil>ity ( sequ5ces2 & !   
attribution ( ^! effects to "s occult   
qualities 9 ! atoms or molecules 9 :i*  
!y are manife/$ is :olly hypo!tical1 &  
ev51 :5 closely exam9$1 is              
inconceivable4 ,= ?is reason we affirm1 
t ! !ory ( our au?or1 pr(ess+ to acc\nt 
= ! :ole "w ( creation by ! op]ation (  
law1 is n only uns\nd & baseless 9 its  
p>ticul>s1 b1 :5 scrut9iz$ z a :ole1 is 
absolutely un9telligible4 ,he attempts  
to acc\nt = a /r+ ( hypo!tical effects1 

su* z spontane\s g5]ation & !           
transmutation ( species1 by a s]ies (   
hypo!tical & inconceivable causes1 su* z
 ! en]gies ( lifeless matt]4 ,let any "o
 conceive1 if he c1 ( any p[]1 en]gy1 or
 =ce inh]5t 9 a lump ( matt]1--a /one1 =
 in/ance1--except ?is m]ely negative "o1
 t x always & necess>ily rema9s 9 its   
pres5t /ate1 :e!r ?is be ( re/ or       
motion4 ,let him po9t out1 if he c1 !   
nexus betwe5 :at are usually d5om9at$   
cause & effect 9 matt]1--z :5 two bodies
 are drawn t[>ds ea* o!r1 if !y are 9   
opposite /ates ( electricity4 ,:5 he    
says t x is ! nature1 or law1 ( bodies  
?us electrifi$ to attract ea* o!r1 he   
(f]s no explanation ( ! ph5om5on2 he    
only ref]s x to a class ( o!r results1 (
 a simil> "*1 previ\sly obs]v$4 ,x is n 
pret5d$1 t all or any ( ^! results1     
=m]ly kn[n1 are m intelligible or       
explicable ?an ! "o 9 "q4 ,b ! latt] is 
class$ ) !m1 because1 f _! g5]al        
simil>ity1 f _! tak+ place "u ! same    
outw>d circum/ances1 x is reasonably    

suppos$ t "o cause1 :atev] x may be1 is 
common to !m all4 ,& ?is is ! :ole      
bus9ess ( ! /ud5t ( nature1 to place    
toge!r results :i* are s simil>1 t we   
may attribute !m to a common cause1 )\t 
assum+ to "k :at t cause is4 ,! sole    
(fice ( sci5ce is ! !ory1 n ( causation1
 b ( classification4 ,x is all r$ucible 
to natural hi/ory1 ! ess5ce ( :i*       
consi/s 9 arrangem5t4  ,we are n        
attempt+ to p]plex a pla9 matt] ( sci5ce
 by introduc+ into its discussion a     
metaphysical subtilty4 ,! pr9ciple "h   
cont5d$ = is "o ( ! fir/ dictates ( !   
inductive philosophy1 & z su* x has be5 
frankly ackn[l$g$ & act$ ^u by all !    
great improv]s ( sci5ce 9 mod]n days4   
,:5 ,newton discov]$ t ! planets circle 
r\nd ! sun 9 ! same mann] 9 :i* a /one  
?r[n by ! h& describes a curve be=e     
rea*+ ! e>?1 he may be said to h expla9$
 ! =m] ph5om5on by br++ x into ! same   
class ) c]ta9 results :i* h long be5    
famili> to u4 ,b ! explanation 0 only   
relative1 n absolute4 ,! latt] ph5om5on 

is1 9 reality1 no m explicable ?an !    
=m]2 he did n pret5d to "k ! cause ( !  
/one's fall+ to ! gr\nd1 any m ?an ( !  
revolution ( ! planets4 ,x 0 some?+ to  
be able to arrange ^! app>5tly          
het]og5e\s results 9 ! same class1 &    
gravity 0 a conv5i5t "n to apply to !   
:ole4 ,b ! supposition1 t gravity 0 an  
occult cause1 inh]5t 9 matt]1 he e>ne/ly
 repell$1 & decl>$ t x 0                
inconceivable4#b ,frankl9 %[$1 t a      
?und]-cl\d & ! *>g$ conductor ( an      
electrical ma*9e manife/$ ! same        
ph5om5a1 & might !re=e be class$ toge!r2
 sp>ks 7 obta9$ f bo?1 ,leyd5 j>s 7 *>g$
 f !m1 o!r bodies 7 attract$ & repell$ 9
 a simil> way1 s t x 0 reasonable to    
believe t ! same ag5cy 0 act+ 9 bo?     
cases4 ,:at ?is ag5cy 0 he did n ev5    
guess4 ,! cause ( electric action1 :e!r 
9 ! excit$ cl\d1 or ! excit$ tube1 0 j z
 obscure z ev]4 ,*emi/s obs]v$1 t       
diff]5t sub/ances1 :5 br\ght into close 
contact1 sometimes rema9$ di/9ct1 &     
sometimes unit$ ) ea* o!r 9 v>i\s b     

regul> proportions2 & ^! capacities (   
coalesc+ ) "o class ( bodies1 & ( rema9+
 unaffect$ by ano!r1 are call$ *emical  
aff9ities4 ,?is is a conv5i5t           
g5]alization1 & has prop]ly receiv$ a   
specific "n2 ?\gh ! common appellation  
?r[s no light on ! cause ( ! ph5om5a1   
:i* rema9s an imp5etrable secret4 ,to   
say t c]ta9 action is caus$ by !        
op]ation ( *emical aff9ities is only to 
arrange x ) a l>ge class ( o!r obs]v$   
appe>ances1 equally obscure z to _!     
orig9 & ess5tial "*4  ,let u g a /ep    
fur!r1 & suppose t ! progress ( discov]y
 has made kn[n c]ta9 facts ly+ beh9d !  
ph5om5a 9 "q1 to :i* !y may all be      
ref]r$4 ,let u suppose1 t all bodies :i*
 gravitate t[>ds ea* o!r are f\nd to be 
embosom$ 9 a subtile1 ambi5t fluid1 :i* 
connects !m1 z x 71 into "o sy/em2 t !  
positive & negative /ates ( electricity 
are resolvable into ! pres5ce ( two     
fluids /&+ 9 c]ta9 relations to ea* o!r2
 & t sub/ances %[ *emical aff9ity = ea* 
o!r only :5 !y are 9 opposite electrical

 conditions4 ,/ill1 we h only advanc$ a 
/ep 9 ! g5]alization1 & ! real1 effici5t
 cause ( ! appe>ances is /ill hidd5 f u 
by an imp5etrable veil4 ,gravitation is 
n[ ref]r$ to ! communication ( motion by
 impulse2 electricity1 to ! comb9ation &
 sep>ation ( diff]5t fluids2 aff9ity1 to
 ! attraction or repulsion ( ^! fluids4 
,! latt] classes ( ph5om5a are m g5]al1 
b n a :it m explicable1 ?an ! =m]4 ,we h
 n[ few] causes to seek =1 b n "o ( ^!  
few has be5 discov]$4 ,:5 we h resolv$  
electricity or gravitation into !       
pres5ce ( an ela/ic m$ium1 x is a m]e   
figure ( spee* to say1 t we h discov]$ !
 cause ( ! electric ph5om5a or (        
gravity4 ,t is j z f> (f z ev]2 = we h  
yet to discov] ! pr9ciple :5ce fl[      
necess>ily all ! ph5om5a obs]vable 9    
fluids4 ,x is ! sole end & ! highe/     
ambition ( sci5ce to discov] z _m z     
possible ( ! relation%ips :i* b9d facts 
toge!r1 & ?us to c>ry ! g5]alization to 
! f>!/ po9t4 ,its (fice is n to discov] 
causes1 b to g5]alize effects4 ,!       

inve/igation ( real causes is q giv5 up1
 z a hopeless und]tak+4  ,obs]ve1 n[1 h[
 all ! phraseology employ$ 9 speak+ ( ^!
 successive g5]alizations ( sci5ce is   
borr[$ f ! action ( m9d4 ,! ^w action   
itself has no real significance1 except 
:5 appli$ to ! do+s ( an intellig5t     
ag5t2 we _c speak ( ! do+s ( matt]1 z we
 c\ld if ! ^w action 7 applicable to x 9
 any o!r ?an a figurative s5se4 ,aga91 9
 speak+ ( ! simil>ity ( facts & !       
regul>ity ( sequ5ces1 we ref] !m to a   
law ( nature1 j z if !y 7 s5ti5t be+s   
act+ "u ! w ( a sov]eign4 ,p>ts ( pure  
matt]--! *emical elem5ts1 = in/ance--d n
 act at all2 be+ brute & in]t1 x is only
 by a /rong metaphor t !y are said to be
 subject to law4 ,aga91 we attribute    
=ce1 p[]1 c41 to ! primitive p>ticles ( 
matt]1 & speak ( _! natural ag5cies4 ,j 
s1 we talk ( tone 9 color+1 & ( a heavy 
or light s\nd2 ?\gh1 ( c\rse1 9 _! prop]
 significance1 tone belongs only to     
s\nd1 & heav9ess to gravitat+ bodies4   
,^! modes ( spee* are prop] en\gh1 if _!

 figurative "* be kept 9 view2 b x is a 
little too bad1 :5 a :ole sci5tific !ory
 is made to re/ ^u a metaphor z its sole
 support4 ,ag5cy is ! employm5t ( "o    
intellig5t be+ to act = ano!r2 =ce & p[]
 are applicable only to w2 !y are       
*>act]i/ic ( volition4 ,x is a viol5t   
trope to apply ei!r ( ^! words to       
s5seless matt]4 ,*emical aff9ities are  
spok5 (1 z if mat]ial elem5ts 7 unit$ by
 family ties1 & manife/$ *oice1 &       
affection or av]sion4  ,an obvi\s       
coroll>y f ^! rem>ks is1 t all causation
 is an ex]tion ( m9d1 & is only         
figuratively appli$ to matt]4 ,x        
necess>ily implies p[]1 w1 & action4 ,an
 effici5t cause--we are n speak+ n[ ( a 
m]e antec$5t--is t :i* is necess>ily    
foll[$ by ! effect1 s t1 if x 7 kn[n1 ! 
effect might be pr$ict$ antec$5tly to   
all exp]i5ce4 ,cic]o describes x )      
philosophical accuracy4 ,causa ea e/1   
quae id efficit1 cujus e/ causa4 ,non   
sic causa intelligi debet1 ut quod      
cuique antec$at1 id ei causa sit2 s$    

quod cuique ,,effici5t] antec$at4       
,causis enim effici5tibus quamque rem   
cognitis1 posse d5ique sciri quid       
futurum esset4 ,n[1 9 ! _w ( matt]1 we  
discov] no?+ b antec$5ts & consequ5ts2 !
 =m] are ! m]e signs1 n ! causes1 ( !   
latt]2 no necess>y connection--no       
connection at all1 except sequ5ce 9     
"t--c be disc]n$ betwe5 !m4             
,consequ5tly1 f an exam9ation ( ! =m]1  
we c\ld n det]m9e a priori1 t !y mu/ be 
foll[$ by ! latt]1 or by any o!r result 
:atev]4 ,our k "h1 if k x c be call$1 is
 :olly empirical1 or f\nd$ on exp]i5ce4 
,z we h se51 x is absurd to say1 t "o   
atom ( matt] lit]ally acts on ano!r4 ,on
 ! o!r h&1 9 ! _w ( m9d1 we are directly
 consci\s ( action1 & ev5 ( causation4  
,all m5tal ex]tion is true action2 e    
det]m9ation ( ! w implies ef=t1 or !    
direction & use ( p[]4 ,! result to be  
accompli%$ is preconsid]$1 or m$itat$1 &
 !re=e is kn[n a priori1 or be=e        
exp]i5ce2 ! volition succe$s1 :i* is a  
true ef=t1 or a p[] 9 action2 & ?is1 if 

! p[] be suffici5t1 is necess>ily foll[$
 by ! effect4 ,volition is a true cause2
 b 9 a f9ite m9d x is n always an       
adequate cause4 ,if ,i w to %ut my eyes1
 ! effect imm$iately foll[s z a necess>y
 consequ5ce4 ,b if ,i w to /op ! beat+ (
 my he>t1 or to move a p>alyz$ limb1 !  
effect does n foll[1 because ! p[] ex]t$
 is inadequate to ! end propos$4 ,!     
action ( ! w is /ill causative1 b x is  
insuffici5t4  ,x 0 f ov]look+ !         
di/9ction "h made1 t ,hume1 ,kant1 & o!r
 metaphysicians 7 l$ to d5y all k (     
causation ev5 9 ! action ( m9d4 ,!y     
conf\nd$ suffici5cy ) effici5cy1 &      
suppos$1 because ! p[] did n always     
accompli% ! end propos$1 t x did n t5d  
t[>ds x1 or ex]t any effect ^u x4 ,z !  
suffici5cy ( ! volition c only be kn[n a
 po/]iori1 or aft] exp]i5ce1 !y imag9$ t
 !re c\ld be no cause b t :i* is        
inf9ite1 or "o :i* is inv>iably foll[$  
by ! :ole effect contemplat$4 ,!y       
ov]look$ ! fact1 t1 9 ! consci\sness (  
ef=t1--z 9 ! attempt to control ! action

 ( m9d1 to comm& ! att5tion1 c41--we h  
direct & full evid5ce ( p[] 9 action1   
:i* is necess>ily causal 9 its nature4  
,! m5tal nisus is true =ce1 ex]t$ ) a   
=ekn[l$ge ( ! effect to be produc$1 &   
necess>ily foll[$ by a result1--a p>tial
 "o x may be1--b "o :i* is a true       
effect1 :e!r x answ]s ! :ole int5tion1  
or n4 ,"h1 !n1 we disc]n t necess>y     
connection betwe5 two ev5ts1 t absolute 
effici5t ag5cy1 :i* 0 va9ly s\ght 9 ! _w
 ( matt]4  ,if ^! consid]ations are well
 f\nd$1 ! :ole framework ( :at are call$
 second>y causes falls to pieces4 ,!    
laws ( nature are only a figure ( spee*2
 ! p[]s & active inh]5t prop]ties (     
mat]ial atoms are m]e fictions4 ,m9d    
alone is active2 matt] is :olly passive 
& in]t4 ,!re is no su* ?+ z :at we      
usually call ! c\rse ( nature2 x is no?+
 b ! w ( ,god produc+ c]ta9 effects 9 a 
con/ant & uni=m mann]2 :i* mode (       
action1 h[ev]1 be+ p]fectly arbitr>y1 is
 z easy to be alt]$ at any "t z to be   
pres]v$4 ,all ev5ts1 all *anges1 9 !    

ext]nal _w1 f ! lea/ ev5 unto ! greate/1
 are attributable to 8 w & p[]1 :i*1 be+
 inf9ite1 is always & necess>ily        
adequate to ! end propos$4 ,! laws (    
motion1 gravitation1 aff9ity1 & ! l1 are
 only expressions ( ! regul>ity &       
cont9uity ( "o inf9ite cause4 ,! ord] ( 
nature is ! effect ( div9e wisdom1 its  
/ability is ! result ( div9e b5efic5ce4 
,e/ne ,dei s$es nisi t]ra1 et pontus1 et
 a]1     ,et coelum1 et virtus8 ,sup]os 
quid qua]imus ultra8     ,jupit] e/     
quodcunque vides1 quocunque mov]is4  ,x 
may be ask$1 if div9e p[]1 in/ead (     
op]at+ imm$iately ?r\gh\t ! univ]se1    
might n h end[$ mat]ial atoms at !      
outset ) c]ta9 prop]ties & en]gies1 !   
gradual evolution ( :i* 9 aft] ages w\ld
 produce all ! ph5om5a ( nature1 )\t !  
necessity ( 8 incessant pres5ce1 ag5cy1 
& control4 ,c]ta9ly1 we may n put b\nds 
to omnipot5ce2 ?\gh we may ass]t ( a    
giv5 hypo!sis respect+ its ex]cise1 t x 
is inconceivable1 or involves :olly     
incongru\s ideas4 ,! necess>y attributes

 ( matt]1 accord+ to our conception ( x1
 are ext5sion1 figure1 imp5etrability1 &
 in]tness2 ! prop]ties ( m9d are ?\ght1 
s5sation1 activity1 & w4 ,^! attributes 
are ess5tial1 n arbitr>y or cont+5t2 =  
!y make up our :ole idea ( ! sub/ances 9
 :i* !y inh]e4 ,we c no m suppose !m to 
be int]*angeable1 ?an we c lit]ally     
attribute dim5sions to an odor1 or      
capacity to a s\nd4 ,to speak ( an      
ext5d$ ?\ght1 an imp5etrable s5sation1  
an in]t activity1 is to talk nons5se2 x 
is equally absurd to attribute ?\ght to 
ext5sion1 s5sation to figure1 activity  
to in]tness1#c or causal ag5cy to matt]4
 ,true1 m9d may be sup]add$ to matt]1   
)\t be+ conf\nd$ ) x1 & )\t any ex*ange 
( prop]ties4 ,& 9 fact1 ?is is ! only   
conceivable =m ( ! hypo!sis n[ be=e u2  
namely1 ! !ory ( ! anci5t               
metaphysicians1 t e p>ticle ( matt] & e 
aggregate ( x is accompani$1 or animat$1
 by a di/9ct m9d4 ,ea quoque sid]a      
rectissime et animantia esse1 et s5tire 
atque intellig]e1 dicantur4 ,if ?is be a

 m intelligible & plausible supposition 
?an t ( "o inf9ite m9d1 p]vad+ !        
univ]se1 & produc+ all physical *anges  
by its irresi/ible p[]1 ! mat]iali/ is  
welcome to ! b5efit ( x4  ,z respects ! 
mann] 9 :i* all physical effects are    
produc$ by ! direct action ( ! ,deity1  
we are n b\nd to (f] any explanation1 z 
! subject confess$ly transc5ds ! limit (
 ! human faculties4 ,x is en\gh = u1 t !
 supposition is ! only conceivable "o1 !
 only mode ( acc\nt+ = ! ph5om5a ( !    
mat]ial _w4 ,b z man is made 9 ! image (
 8 ,creator1 9 ! union = a "t ( 8 _s ) 8
 corporeal frame we may f9d at lea/ an  
intelligible illu/ration ( ! connection 
( ,god ) ! univ]se4 ,disc>d+ ! ^w m9d1 z
 ! fruitful s\rce ( vague speculation & 
error1 let u look = a mom5t at t ( :i* x
 is a m]e synonyme1--at ! man himself4  
,! s5ti5t1 ?9k+ be+1 :i* ,i call self1  
is an absolute unit4 ,duality or        
complexity _c be pr$icat$ ( x 9 any     
intelligible s5se4 ,p]sonality is       
indivisible2 ,i am "o4 ,?is be+ is      

capable ( act+ 9 diff]5t ways2 & =      
conv5i5ce ( spee* & classification1 ^!  
modes ( action h be5 arrang$ z ! results
 ( diff]5t faculties2 ?\gh1 9 tru?1 x is
 no m prop] to attribute to ! p]son     
di/9ct p[]s & organs = comp>ison1       
memory1 & judgm5t1 ?an to give to ! body
 sep>ately a walk+ faculty1 a lift+     
faculty1 a jump+ faculty1 & s on4 ,9 !  
"o case1 ^! faculties are b diff]5t     
aspects ( m5tal p[]2 9 ! o!r1 b diff]5t 
applications ( muscul> /r5g?4 ,( c\rse1 
! complex mat]ial frame1 ) its numb]less
 adaptations & arrangem5ts1 9 :i* ?is   
be+ is lodg$1 is truly =eign f ! man    
himself1 hav+ a k9d ( connection ) him1 
9 reality1 b "o degree m intimate ?an t 
( 8 clo!s4 ,! body is ! curi\sly        
contriv$ ma*9e ?r\gh :i* ! man          
communicates ) ! mat]ial _w4 ,! eye is b
 8 in/rum5t to see )1 ! e> is 8 trumpet 
= communicat+ s\nd to him1 ! leg is 8   
/e$1 & ! arm 8 soldi]4 ,_m ( ^!         
in/rum5ts & p>ts may be remov$1 or      
become unfit = use1 )\t impair+1 9 !    

slighte/ degree1 8 di/9ct p]sonality &  
intellig5ce4 ,! p>ticles ( all ( !m are 
9 a /ate ( con/ant flux & r5ovation1 s t
 man *anges 8 body only a little m      
frequ5tly ?an he does 8 coat4 ,8 :ole   
corporeal frame is connect$ ) him b = a 
:ile1 & is !n ?r[n aside1 l an old      
g>m5t1 = :i* he has no f>!r use4  ,b    
dur+ ! p]iod ( its exi/5ce1 h[ close &  
intimate 9 appe>ance is ?is union ) !   
body6 ,s5sation ext5ds to e "p ( x1 e   
fibre is in/9ct ) life1 & ! direction ( 
! w is absolute & imm$iate ov] e muscle 
& jo9t1 z if ! :ole fabric & its t5ant 7
 "o homog5e\s sy/em4 ,! w tires n ( its 
supremacy1 & is n we>i$ ) ! numb] (     
volitions requir$ ( x to keep e jo9t 9  
action1 & e organ p]=m+ its prop]       
function4 ,x w\ld n delegate ! control (
 ! f+]s to an inf]ior p[]1 nor contrive 
me*anical or automatic means = mov+ !   
extremities4 ,)9 its sph]e1 x is sole   
sov]eign1 & is n p]plex$ ) ! v>iety &   
con/ant succession ( its duties1 ext5d+ 
to e "p ( ! complex /ructure ( :i* x is 

! animat+ & direct+ _s4 ,s5sation is n  
cumb]$ ) ! multitude ( impressions x    
receives1 nor is ! f95ess ( p]ception   
dull$ by repeat$ ex]cise4 ,! %>pness (  
its edge r improves by use1 & we become 
m he$ful ( its lighte/ intimations4 ,is 
x irrev]5t1 !n1 to suppose t ?is union (
 body & s\l %ad[s =? ! connection betwe5
 ! mat]ial univ]se & ! ,inf9ite ,"o8 ,h[
 else1 inde$1 c we atta* any mean+ to ! 
attributes ( omnipres5ce & omnipot5ce8  
,! unity ( action1 ! regul>ity (        
antec$5ce & consequ5ce 9 outw>d ev5ts1  
:i* we commonly designate by ! lame     
metaphor ( law1 !n become ! fitt+       
expression ( ! consi/5t do+s ( an       
all-wise ,be+1 9 :om !re is no          
v>iabl5ess1 nei!r %ad[ ( turn+4 ,!      
,creator1 !n1 is no long] bani%$ f 8    
creation1 nor is ! latt] an orphan1 or a
 des]t$ *ild4 ,x is n a great ma*9e1 t 0
 w\nd up at ! beg9n+1 & has cont9u$ to  
run on ev] s9ce1 )\t aid or direction f 
its artific]4 ,z well might we conceive 
( ! body ( a man mov+ ab\t1 & p]=m+ all 

its appropriate functions1 )\t !        
pr9ciple ( life1 or ! indwell+ ( an     
immortal s\l4 ,! univ]se is n lifeless  
or s\lless4 ,x is in=m$ by ,god's _s1   
p]vad$ by 8 p[]1 mov$ by 8 wisdom1      
direct$ by 8 b5efic5ce1 controll$ by 8  
ju/ice4      ,spiritus intus alit1      
totamque infusa p] artus     ,m5s agitat
 molem1 et magno se corpore miscet4  ,! 
h>mony ( physical & moral laws is n a   
m]e fancy1 nor a =c$ analogy2 !y are bo?
 expressions ( ! same w1 manife/ations (
 ! same _s4  ,! objection1 t x is b5ea? 
! dignity ( ! ,almighty--,greek3        
aut\rge9 hapanta--to put 8 h& to e      
?+--is f\nd$ on a false analogy1 z is   
se5 by ! =m 9 :i* ,ari/otle /ates x4 ,if
 x befit n ! /ate & maje/y ( ,x]xes1 !  
great k+ ( ,p]sia1 t he %\ld /oop to d  
all ! meane/ (fices himself1 mu* less c 
?is be ?\ght suitable = ,god4 ,! two    
cases d n correspond 9 ! v feature      
ess5tial to ! argum5t4 ,an e>?ly        
pot5tate1 unable to execute ) 8 own h&  
all ! affairs ( :i* he has control1 is  

oblig$ to delegate ! l>g] portion ( !m  
to 8 s]vants2 select+ ! lighte/ "p =    
himself1 he gratifies 8 pride by call+ x
 also ! noble/1 ?\gh ! di/9ction is     
factiti\s1 !re be+ no real diff]5ce1 9  
po9t ( honor or dignity1 betwe5 !m4     
,omnipot5ce ne$s no m9i/]1 & is n       
exhau/$ or we>i$ by ! c>es ( a univ]se4 
,p[] 9 action is m truly sublime ?an p[]
 9 repose2 & surely x is n d]ogatory to 
div9e en]gy to su/a9 & cont9ue t :i* x 0
 c]ta9ly n b5ea? div9e wisdom to create 
& appo9t4 ,rightly consid]$1 to guide ! 
fall+ ( a leaf f a tree is an (fice z   
wor?y ( omnipot5ce1 z ! creation ( a _w4
 ,are n two sp>r[s sold = a f>?+8 & "o (
 !m %all n fall on ! gr\nd )\t y\r      
,fa!r4 ,b ! v hairs ( y\r head are all  
numb]$4  ,equally lame is ! (t-repeat$  
comp>ison ( ! univ]se to a ma*9e ( man's
 device1 :i* is consid]$ ! m p]fect !   
less m5d+ or int]position x requires4 ,a
 ma*9e is a labor-sav+ contrivance1     
fitt$ to supply ! weakness & defici5cies
 ( him :o uses x4 ,:]e ! want does n    

exi/1 x is absurd to suppose ! creation 
( ! rem$y4 ,human conceptions ( ! ,deity
 are = ev] at fault 9 imput+ to him !   
errors & defici5cies :i* belong to our  
own limit$ faculties & dep5d5t          
condition4 ,h5ce ! idea ( ! ,epicureans1
 t sublime indiff]5ce & unbrok5 repose  
are ! only /ates ( be+ wor?y ( ! gods4  
,view$ 9 ! light ( true philosophy1 no  
less ?an ( ,*ri/ianity1 h[ base &       
grovell+ does ?is conception appe>6 ,!  
sublime description ( ! pagan poet      
becomes ! fitt+ expression & def5ce ( ! 
v !ory x 0 design$ to controv]t3--      
,nam 7proh sancta ,deum tranquilla      
pectora pace1     ,quae placidum degunt 
aevum1 vitamque s]5am67     ,quis reg]e 
imm5si summam1 quis hab]e pr(undi       
,indu manu validas potis e/ mod]ant]    
hab5as8     ,quis p>it] coelos omneis   
conv]t]e8 et omneis     ,ignibus ae!riis
 t]ras suffire f]aceis8     ,omnibus    
inque locis esse omni tempore pre/o8    
,nubibus ut t5ebras faciat1 coelique    
s]5a     ,concutiat sonitu8 tum fulm9a  

mittat1 et a$eis     ,saepe suas        
di/urbet8  ,return+ to ! !ory ( our     
au?or1 may we n n[ *>act]ize x z at once
 unf\nd$ 9 its details1 inconceivable 9 
its op]ation1 & vulg> & me*anical 9 its 
design8 ,consid]$ 9 _! prop] aspect1 &  
by ! light ( a s\nd philosophy1 :atev]  
well accr$it$ facts or legitimate       
d$uctions he has glean$ f ! :ole field (
 mod]n sci5ce af=d ! mo/ /rik+ evid5ce &
 illu/ration ( t view ( creation :i* is 
directly at v>iance ) 8 own hypo!sis4   
,he has1 9 fact1 expos$ ! insuffici5cy (
 :at are call$ organic or me*anical laws
 to supply ! losses1 & bridge ov] !     
int]ruptions1 t h occurr$ 9 ! _w's      
hi/ory4 ,geology has r5d]$ at lea/ "o   
signal s]vice to ! cause ( natural      
religion1 by effectually do+ away ) !   
old a!i/ic objection1 t1 = aught we "k1 
! pres5t con/itution ( ?+s nev] _h a    
beg9n+1 b has gone on = ev] r5ew+ itself
 9 an endless s]ies ( g5]ations4 ,sci5ce
 n[ tells u di/9ctly1 t "t 0 :5 ! e>? 0 
)\t =m & void1 no animat$ ?+ appe>+ ^u !

 face ( ! deep2 t aft]w>ds1 ! wat]s 7   
ga!r$ toge!r unto "o place1 & ! dry l&  
appe>$4 ,!n ! e>? br\ght =? grass1 & h]b
 yield+ se$ aft] 8 k9d1 & ! tree yield+ 
fruit1 ^: se$ 0 9 itself1 aft] 8 k9d4   
,next 0 fulfill$ ! comm&1 ,let ! wat]s  
br+ =? abundantly ! mov+ creature t ha? 
life1 & f[l t may fly above ! e>? 9 !   
op5 firmam5t ( heav54 ,!n appe>$ ! bea/ 
( ! e>? aft] 8 k9d1 & cattle aft] _!    
k9d1 & e ?+ t creepe? ^u ! e>? aft] 8   
k9d4 ,la/ ( all1 ,god creat$ man 9 8 own
 image1 male & female creat$ he !m4 ,we 
are n m]ely quot+ ,scripture2 we are    
repeat+ ! facts positively affirm$ by ! 
geologi/s1 & incorporat$ by our au?or   
into 8 hi/ory--z au!ntic leaves tak5 f !
 /one book--9 ! same ord] 9 :i* !y are  
n>rat$ 9 ! fir/ *apt] ( ,g5esis4 ,!     
co9cid5ce 9 ! ord] ( succession is      
c]ta9ly rem>kable4  ,geology f>!r in=ms 
u1 t1 at diff]5t times1 all ! animat$   
tribes :i* _h peopl$ ! e>?'s surface    
pass$ away1 or became ext9ct1 & 7       
replac$ by new species ( diff]5t        

organization & *>act]i/ics2 & probably  
at _m o!r p]iods1 z well z on occasions 
( "s great cata/rophe 9 ! e>?'s cru/1   
races :olly unlike any t _h prec$$ !m 7 
introduc$1 f "t to "t1 z new inhabitants
 ( ! globe4 ,"h1 !n1 0 an absolute      
necessity = ! cont9u\s op]ation ( an    
intellig5t creative p[]1 ap>t f ! bl9d  
me*anical laws1 :i*1 at ! utmo/1 c\ld   
only all[ ea* species1 once introduc$1  
to cont9ue its k9d4 ,! m>vell\s         
adaptations ( ^! new races to ! alt]$   
conditions ( ! e>?'s surface :5 !y      
appe>$1 !n1 become additional pro(s ( ! 
wisdom & con/ant ov]sight ( a design+   
,creator4 ,!y came n till all ?+s 7     
ready2 !y appe>$ :5 ! ext9ction ( =m]   
tribes _h left a gap = !m 9 ! scale (   
be+4 ,! gradual developm5t ( :at are    
call$ ! p[]s ( nature1--or1 to speak m  
intelligibly1 ! successive improvem5ts 9
 ! habitations int5d$ = high] & high]   
races ( animat$ life1--& ! simil>ity (  
plan on :i* ^! races 7 organiz$1 ! s*eme
 be+ pres]v$ 9 all its ess5tial features

 ?r\gh c\ntless g5]ations1 %[ unity (   
design1 & prove t ! works ( creation1   
h[ev] sep>at$ 9 "t1 mu/ be attribut$ to 
"o intellig5t au?or4 ,! same conclusion 
foll[s almo/ irresi/ibly f ! gradations 
at pres5t obs]vable bo? 9 ! animal &    
vegetable k+doms1 s t all ! races may be
 arrang$1 n inde$ 9 a l9e> s]ies1 b 9   
families or gr\ps1 be>+ analog\s        
relations to ea* o!r1 & %[+ a g5]al     
progress f ! m simple to ! m complex    
=ms4 ,surely1 ^! facts1 s cle>ly expla9$
 by our au?or1 in/ead ( su/a9+ !        
corpuscul> philosophy1 directly militate
 ) x1 & af=d ! mo/ satisfactory pro( ( !
 doctr9e ( ! !i/1 & ! !ory ( cont9u\s   
div9e ag5cy4 ,we h h>dly ev] met ) a    
book t furni%$ m complete mat]ials = its
 own refutation4  ,aft] all1 ! "q is a v
 simple "o4 ,we h only to decide :e!r x 
is m likely1 t ! complex sy/em ( ?+s 9 !
 mid/ ( :i* we live1--! beautiful       
h>monies betwe5 ! organic & inorganic   
_w1 ! nice arrangem5ts & curi\s         
adaptations t obta9 9 ea*1 ! simplicity 

& uni=mity ( ! g5]al plan to :i* ! va/  
multitude ( details may be r$uc$1--0    
built up1 & is n[ su/a9$1 by "o all-wise
 & all-p[]ful ,be+1 or by p>ticles (    
brute matt]1 act+ ( !mselves1 )\t       
direction1 int]f]5ce1 or control4 ,we _c
 n[ say1 t possibly ! sy/em nev] _h a   
beg9n+1 b has always exi/$ "u ! =m 9 :i*
 x n[ appe>s to u2 geology has disprov$ 
t supposition mo/ effectually4 ,*oose   
ye1 !n1 betwe5 m9d & matt]1 betwe5 an   
intellig5t be+ & a /one1 = ! p>5tage &  
support ( ?is wond]ful sy/em4 ,= our own
 "p1 we w adopt ! conclusion ( "o ( !   
mo/ eloqu5t ( ^? old pagan philosoph]s1 
on ^: eyes ! light ( imm$iate revelation
 nev] dawn$3--,hic ego non mir] esse    
quemquam1 qui sibi p]suadeat1 corpora   
qua$am solida atque individua vi et     
gravitate f]ri1 mundumque effici        
ornatissimum et pul*]rimum ex corum     
corporum concursione =tuita8 ,quod si   
mundum effic]e pote/ concursus atomorum1
 cur porticum1 cur templum1 cur domum1  
cur urbem non pote/1 quae sunt m9us     

op]osa1 et multo quidem faciliora8 ,c]te
 ita tem]e de mundo effutiunt1 ut mihi  
quidem nunquam hunc admirabilem coeli   
ornatum1 qui locus e/ proximus1         
suspexisse videantur4   ,,footnotes3    
,footnote #a3 ,n4 ,a4 ,review1 ,vol4    
,,lvi41 pp4 #cci-cea4  ,footnote #b3 ,x 
is inconceivable1 t inanimate brute     
matt] %\ld1 )\t ! m$iation ( some?+     
else1 :i* is n mat]ial1 op]ate ^u &     
affect o!r matt] )\t mutual contact1 z x
 mu/1 if gravitation1 9 ! s5se (        
,epicurus1 be ess5tial & inh]5t 9 x4 ,& 
?is is "o reason :y ,i desir$ y w\ld n  
ascribe innate gravity to me4 ,t gravity
 %\ld be innate1 inh]5t1 & ess5tial to  
matt]1 s t "o body may act ^u ano!r at a
 di/ance ?r\gh a vacuum1 )\t ! m$iation 
( any ?+ else1 by & ?r\gh :i* _! action 
& =ce may be convey$ f "o to ano!r1 is  
to me s great an absurdity1 t ,i believe
 no man1 :o has 9 philosophical matt]s a
 compet5t faculty ( ?9k+1 c ev] fall    
into x4 ,gravity mu/ be caus$ by an ag5t
 act+ con/antly accord+ to c]ta9        

laws4--,newton's lett] 9 ,b5tley's      
,works1 ,vol4 ,,iii41 pp4 #baa1 #bab4   
,footnote #c3 ,& yet1 s /rong is !      
prop5sity to metaphor1 t sci5tific m5   
talk ( ! vis in]tiae z a true =ce1 ?\gh 
! ideas express$ by ! two ,lat9 words   
are c]ta9ly incongru\s4 ,! mi/ake "h    
arises f conf\nd+ in]tness1 or resi/ance
 to =ce1--a m]ely negative idea1--) !   
true =ce :i* is necess>y to ov]come x2  
or r1 s9ce =ce c only be measur$ by its 
results1 & mu/ always be adequate to !  
effect produc$1 inquir]s h adopt$ !     
conv5i5t hypo!sis ( two antagoni/ic     
=ces1 n always recollect+ t "o ( !m is  
m]ely passive4