,,bromide ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,enl>g+ ,a ,,practical ,,guide ,,to ,,! ,,mak+ ,,( ,,bromide ,,pr9ts ,,by ,,contact ,,& ,,bromide ,,enl>g+ ,,by ,,daylight ,,& ,,artificial ,,light1 ,,) ,,! ,,ton+ ,,( ,,bromide ,,pr9ts ,,& ,,enl>gem5ts ,,t5nant ,,& ,,w>d ,,new ,,york ,copyright #aiab by ,,t5nant ,,& ,,w>d1 ,,new ,,york ,,cont5ts ,*apt] ,i ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,bromide ,,pap]s ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,*oose ,,among ,,!m ,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,illum9ation ,*apt] ,,iii ,,mak+ ,,contact ,,pr9ts ,,on ,,bromide ,,pap]2 ,,pap] ,,negatives ,*apt] ,,iv ,,enl>g+ ,,by ,,daylight ,,me?ods ,*apt] ,v ,,enl>g+ ,,by ,,artificial ,,light ,*apt] ,,vi ,,dodg+1 ,,vignett+1 ,,composite ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,bolt+ ,,silk ,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,r$uction ,,& ,,ton+ ,,( ,,bromide ,,pr9ts ,,& ,,enl>gem5ts ,,*apt] ,i ,,v>ieties ,,( ,,bromide ,,pap]s ,,& ,,h[ ,,to ,,*oose ,,among ,,!m ,:at is bromide pap]8 ,x is simply pap] coat$ ) gelat9o-bromide ( silv] emulsion1 simil> to t :i*1 :5 coat$ on glass or o!r transp>5t support1 =ms ! famili> dry-plate or film us$ 9 negative-mak+4 ,! emulsion us$ 9 mak+ bromide pap]1 h[ev]1 is less rapid 7less s5sitive7 ?an t us$ 9 ! manufacture ( plates or films ( ord9>y rapidity2 h5ce bromide pap] may be manipulat$ ) m abundant light ?an w\ld be safe ) plates4 ,x is us$ = mak+ pr9ts by contact ) a negative 9 ! ord9>y pr9t+ frame1 & z ! simple/ means = obta9+ enl>g$ pr9ts f small negatives4 ,sometimes bromide pap] is spok5 ( z a developm5t pap]1 because ! picture-image does n pr9t out dur+ exposure1 b requires to be develop$1 z 9 negative-mak+4 ,! prep>ation ( ! pap] is beyond ! skill & equipm5t ( ! av]age photograph]1 b x may be readily obta9$ f deal]s 9 photographic supplies4 ,:at are ! practical advantages ( bromide pap]8 ,9 ! fir/ place1 x r5d]s ! photograph] indep5d5t ( daylight & wea!r z f> z mak+ pr9ts is conc]n$4 ,x has excell5t keep+ qualities1 i4e41 x does n spoil or det]iorate z readily z o!r pr9t+ pap]s1 ev5 :5 /or$ )\t special c>e or precaution4 ,its manipulation is extremely simple1 & closely resembles ! developm5t ( a negative4 ,x does n require a special sort ( negative1 b is adapt$ to give good pr9ts f negatives widely diff]5t 9 quality4 ,x is obta9able 9 any desir$ size1 & ) a great v>iety ( surfaces1 f extreme gloss to t ( r\gh draw+ pap]4 ,x (f]s great latitude 9 exposure & developm5t1 & yields1 ev5 9 ! h&s ( ! novice1 a great] p]c5tage ( good pr9ts ?an any o!r pr9t+ pap] 9 ! m>ket4 ,x (f]s a range ( tone f deepe/ black to ! mo/ delicate ( plat9otype grays1 :i* may be modifi$ to give a fair v>iety ( color effects :]e ?is is desirable4 ,x af=ds a simple means ( mak+ enl>gem5ts )\t ! necessity ( an enl>g$ negative4 ,x gives u a ready means ( produc+ _m pr9ts 9 a v %ort "t1 or1 if desir$1 we may make a pro( or enl>gem5t f ! negative fre% f ! wa%+ tray4 ,&1 f9ally1 if we d our "w fai?fully & well1 x w give u p]man5t pr9ts4 ,! bromide pap]s available 9 ?is c\ntry at pres5t are conf9$ to ^? ( ! ,ea/man ,kodak ,company1 ! ,def5d] ,photo ,supply ,company & ,j4 ,l4 ,lewis1 ! la/ h&l+ ,engli% pap]s only4 ,bett] pap]s c\ld n be desir$4 ,broadly speak+1 all bromide pap]s are made 9 a few well-def9$ v>ieties2 9 consid]+ ! manipulation ( ! pap]s made by a s+le firm1 !re=e1 we practically cov] all ! pap]s 9 ! m>ket4 ,z a matt] ( conv5i5ce1 !n1 we w glance ov] ! diff]5t v>ieties ( bromide pap] available1 z repres5t$ by ! ,ea/man pap]s1 ) ! und]/&+ t :at is said ( any "o v>iety is g5]ally applicable to pap]s ( ! same sort put out by o!r manufactur]s4 ,fir/ we h ! ,/&>d or ord9>y bromide pap] made = g5]al use4 ,?is comes 9 five diff]5t weights3 ,a1 a ?9 pap] ) smoo? surface1 useful :]e detail is desirable2 ,b1 a heavi] pap] ) smoo? surface1 = l>ge pr9ts or = illu/ration purposes2 & ,c1 a /ill heavi] pap] ) a r\gh surface = broad effects & pr9ts ( l>ge size4 ,,bb1 heavy smoo? d\ble weight2 ,,cc1 heavy1 r\gh1 d\ble weight4 ,ea* ( ^! v>ieties may be _h 9 two grades1 accord+ to ! negative 9 h& or ! effect desir$ 9 ! pr9t1 viz43 h>d1 = use ) s(t negatives :]e we desire to get vigor or contra/ 9 ! pr9t1 & s(t1 = use ) h>d negatives :]e s(tness ( effect is desir$ 9 ! pr9t4 ,= g5]al use ! s(t grade is pref]able1 al?\gh x is advisable to h a supply ( ! h>d pap] at h& z useful 9 c]ta9 classes ( "w4 ,! tones obta9able on ! ,/&>d pap] range to pure black1 & are acceptable = ord9>y purposes4 ,= pictorial "w or special effects o!r pap]s are pref]able4 ,plat9o-,bromide pap] gives delicate plat9otype tones1 & :]e negative1 pap] & manipulation are 9 h>mony1 ! pr9ts obta9$ on ?is pap] w be indi/+ui%able f good plat9otypes 9 quality & attractiv5ess4 ,?is pap] comes 9 two weights1 ,plat9o ,a1 a ?9 pap] suitable = small pr9ts1 & hav+ a smoo? surface useful = detail-giv+2 & ,plat9o ,b1 a heavy pap] ) r\gh surface1 peculi>ly suit$ = l>ge contact pr9ts or enl>gem5ts4 ,bo? v>ieties are obta9able 9 h>d or s(t grades1 *>act]iz$ z above4 ,matte ,enamel1 m$ium weight2 ,enamel$1 m$ium weight2 ,velvet1 m$ium weight4 ,royal ,bromide is a capital pap] 9 its prop] place1 i4e41 = pr9ts n small] ?an #h #aj in*es1 & !n only :5 bread? ( effect is desir$ 9 ! picture4 ,x is a v heavy cream-color$ pap]1 r\gh 9 texture1 & giv+ black tones by developm5t1 b design$ to give sepia or br[n tones on a t9t$ gr\nd by subsequ5t ton+ ) a ba? ( hypo & alum4 ,?is pap]1 also1 may be _h 9 two grades = h>d or s(t effects2 x is fur!r adapt$ = be+ pr9t$ on ?r\gh silk or bolt+ clo?1 ?is modification add+ to ! effect ( bread? ord9>ily giv5 by ! pap] itself4 ,i h se5 pr9ts on ?is pap] :i* 7 altoge!r pleas+1 b subject & negative %\ld be c>efully consid]$ 9 its use4 ,r\gh ,buff pap]s are v simil> 9 "*4 ,monox ,bromide1 made by ! ,def5d] ,photo ,supply ,company1 is obta9able 9 six surfaces2 ,no4 #c1 ,monox ,r\gh2 ,no4 #d1 ,monox ,gloss2 ,no4 #e1 ,monox ,matte2 ,no4 #f1 ,monox ,lu/re2 ,no4 #g1 ,monox ,buff1 heavy r\gh4 ,! ,b>net bromide pap]s1 compris+ t5 diff]5t v>ieties1 diff]+ 9 weight & surface texture b v simil> to ! k9ds already describ$1 are import$ by ,j4 ,l4 ,lewis1 ,new ,york4 ,z a sugge/ion to ! read] desir+ to h at h& a /ock ( bromide pap]s1 ,i w\ld advise ,plat9o ,a1 or a simil> s(t pap] = pr9ts "u #e #g in*es2 ,matte-,enamel = s(t effects1 or a simil> pap]1 z an alt]native2 ,plat9o ,c & ,royal ,bromide = s(t effects1 or simil> pap]s1 = pr9ts #h #aj in*es or l>g]1 & = enl>gem5ts4 ,to ^! might be add$ a package ( ,/&>d ,b1 & ano!r ( "o ( ! above v>ieties = h>d effects1 to complete a supply = g5]al purposes4 ,! beg9n]1 h[ev]1 w d well to avoid ! indiscrim9ate use ( sev]al v>ieties ( pap]1 al?\gh he is advis$ to get in=mation ( all ! diff]5t v>ieties 9 ! m>ket4 ,x is bett] to select t v>iety :i* is be/ suit$ to ! g5]al "* ( "o's negatives & "w1 & to ma/] t be=e *ang+ to ano!r4 ,x is true t an exp]t c get m good pr9ts on bromide pap]1 f a giv5 numb] ( bad negatives1 ?an ano!r exp]t c get ) ! same negatives & any o!r pr9t+ pap]2 b x is also true t = ! be/ results on bromide pap] ! v>iety ( pap] us$ %\ld be suitable = ! negative4 ,x w be f\nd1 h[ev]1 t ?is ^w suitable cov]s1 9 bromide pr9t+1 a mu* wid] range ?an is (f]$ by _m pr9t+ pap]s4 ,9 fact !re are only two sorts ( negatives :i* w n yield desirable pr9ts on bromide pap]3 fir/1 an exce$+ly weak1 ?9 negative lack+ 9 contra/ & altoge!r flat2 & second1 a v d5se negative 9 :i* ! contra/s are hopelessly emphatic4 ,ev5 9 su* cases1 h[ev]1 x may be possible to modify ! negatives & s get pres5table pr9ts4 ,! ideal negative = contact pr9t+ on bromide pap] is "o )\t excessive contra/s on ! "o h&1 & )\t excessive flatness on ! o!r4 ,a mod]ately /rong negative1 su* z w require f ?ree to five m9utes 9 ! sunlight ) a pr9t out pap]1 fairly describes x4 ,9 o!r words1 ! negative %\ld be fully expos$ & s develop$ t !re is a fair am\nt ( d5sity 9 ! %ad[s4 ,i h nev] be5 able1 ) bromide pap]1 to get ! detail 9 ! %ad[s ( "u-expos$ negatives1 su* z we see 9 a good pr9t made on glossy pr9t\t pap]4 ,= ?is reason ! use ( bromide pap]s ) "u-expos$ negatives is n advisable4 ,b !re are a great _m negatives :i*1 :ile unsuitable z !y come f ! dry+ rack1 c be easily adapt$ to ! process by slight modifications4 ,a v d5se negative1 = in/ance1 may be r$uc$ ei!r ) ! f]ricyanide ( pota% or p]sulphate ( ammonia r$uc]2 & a ?9 negative ) prop] graduations c frequ5tly be int5sifi$ to advantage 9 ! pr9t4 ,:ile1 z has be5 said1 !re is great latitude 9 ! matt] ( ! negative1 ?is latitude %\ld only be avail$ ( :5 necess>y4 ,local r$uction or int5sification ( ! negative is seldom necess>y1 z bett] results c usually be obta9$ ) bromide pap] by dodg+ 9 ! pr9t+4 ,,*apt] ,,ii ,,! ,,"q ,,( ,,light ,,& ,,illum9ation ,?us f> we h ga9$ a g5]al und]/&+ ( ! diff]5t pap]s & ! *>act]i/ics desirable 9 negatives4 ,be=e we take up ! actual manipulation ( bromide pap] !re are a few elem5t>y pr9ciples be>+ on ! important detail ( illum9ation :i* we mu/ ma/]4 ,^! may necessitate a little ?9k+1 b a practical grasp ( !m w make our aft]-"w mu* easi]1 & ensure t fairly good pr9ts f poor negatives w be ! rule in/ead ( ! exception4 ,9 ! fir/ place we h (t5 read t a /rong light ov]comes contra/s1 :ile a weak light increases !m4 ,yet h[ _m ( u realize :5 we come to make pr9ts by any process exactly :at ?is means2 9 o!r words1 h[ _m ( u apply ! rule 9 ev]yday practice8 ,x is v easy to see :at is meant by ! rule if we w take an ord9>y negative1 su* z a l&scape ) cle> sky1 & hold x fir/ six in*es f a gas-flame & !n six feet4 ,x w be f\nd 9 ! fir/ case t ! sky portion is transluc5t :ile ! cle> glass w1 ( c\rse1 be cle>2 9 ! second ! sky w be opaque & ! cle> glass /ill cle>4 ,! contra/s h be5 r5d]$ great] by remov+ ! negative fur!r f ! light-s\rce4 ,z ?is is true 9 ! extreme case giv51 s x is true 9 a small] degree :]e ! di/ances are only slightly v>i$1 z well z :]e we deal ) ! grad$ portions ( ! negative in/ead ( ) only cle> glass & ! d5se/ portions4 ,x is ?is fact t we utilize 9 bromide pr9t+2 & x is because we h su* unlimit$ control ov] ! /r5g? ( our light t x is possible ) x to get equally good pr9ts f a wide range ( negatives4 ,x is v mu* simpl] & m practicable to regulate ! /r5g? ( ! light by increas+ or dim9i%+ its di/ance ?an by int]pos+ %eets ( pap]1 gr\nd glass1 or opal1 z is occasionally done ) o!r processes4 ,! necessity1 h[ev]1 = occasionally *ang+ ! /r5g? ( our light 9 ?is mann] may seem to introduce an elem5t ( unc]ta9ty into ! problem ( exposure2 b !re is ano!r rule :i* br+s x back aga9 to simplicity itself1 & enables u to quickly calculate equival5t exposures at v>y+ di/ances f ! light-s\rce4 ,?is rule is3 ,! int5sity ( illum9ation v>ies inv]sely z ! squ>e ( ! di/ance f ! s\rce ( light4 ,= in/ance if a giv5 negative requires five seconds exposure at "o foot f ! light1 x w h an equival5t exposure if expos$ = tw5ty seconds at two feet1 ! squ>e ( "o be+ "o1 & ( two be+ f\r4 ,x rema9s !n only to apply ^! two rules to our actual "w ) bromide pap]4 ,! %ad[s 9 a c]ta9 negative w receive full exposure1 say1 9 eight seconds at "o foot f ! light2 b ! high lights ( ! negative are s d5se t no light w p5etrate !m at t di/ance f ! light 9 t l5g? ( "t4 ,h5ce a /rong] light mu/ be us$1 or ! action ( ! same light cont9u$ = a long] "t2 b ! latt] w n d s9ce ! effect w\ld be to ov]-expose ! %ad[s4 ,h5ce1 kn[+ t a /rong light ov]comes contra/s1 we move ! negative to ! di/ance ( six in*es1 :]e ! rule tells u ! equival5t exposure w be "o-f\r? t at twelve in*es1 9 ?is case two seconds4 ,"h ! %ad[s get no m light1 b x is possible t ! high lights ( ! negative w be p5etrat$ by reason ( ! additional =ce ( ! light4 ,on ! o!r h& we h a ?91 flat negative requir+ = ! %ad[s two seconds exposure at "o foot f ! light4 ,kn[+ t a weak light increases contra/s we move ! negative ?ree feet f ! light1 & in/ead ( two1 give eighte5 seconds exposure1 ! rule tell+ u t ?is is equival5t4 ,?us we are enabl$ to regulate ! /r5g? ( our light to suit ! "* ( our negative4 ,b a /&>d di/ance ( "o foot w n suit ) all k9ds ( lights or ) all sizes ( negatives4 ,if1 = in/ance1 our light is a ,welsba* burn]1 giv+ an int5se & comp>atively :ite light1 we w f9d t a normal negative w pr9t too flat if expos$ at "o foot4 ,9 su* a case two or ev5 ?ree feet w\ld be a bett] /&>d4 ,exp]i5ce ) our light w1 h[ev]1 furni% ! be/ /&>d1 always tak+ a /&>d negative = ! te/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a ,! size ( ! negative also has its influ5ce on ! unit ( exposure4 ,= in/ance1 we may h a half-in* oil-burn]1 9 :i* case we w\ld probably h to expose a /&>d negative at f\r in*es 9 ord] to get ! prop] contra/s4 ,b ?is is out ( ! "q ) a negative ( #e #g or ov]1 z a ref]5ce to ! diagram1 ,fig4 #a1 w cle>ly %[4 ,"h we f9d t :ile ! c5tre ( a negative is f\r in*es f ! light ! extreme edges w be ov] five in*es f x1 ! rule z to int5sities tell+ u t ! light at ! edges w be only #af_/be ( t at ! c5tre4 ,?is w\ld result 9 a m>k$ fall+ (f ( light at ! corn]s1 & w\ld necessitate a con/ant motion ( ! pr9t+ frame ?r\gh\t exposure1 :i* is n :olly satisfactory4 ,! rem$y w\ld be to use a /rong] light at a great] di/ance4 ,b ano!r ref]5ce to ,fig4 #a w %[ t if a #e #g negative be held at sev5 in*es f ! light ! diff]5ce w be only z #di is to #ef1 :i* c 9 practice be disreg>d$1 ?\gh x w\ld be bett] to h x ev5 less4 ,h5ce we see t x is nev] safe to h our unit less ?an ! base-l9e ( our plate1 & x is bett] to h x ev5 great]1 z we w frequ5tly be oblig$ to halve ! di/ance to ov]come contra/s4 ,x foll[s f ?is t ! l>g] our negatives ! /rong] mu/ be our light4 ,n[ all ( ^! consid]ations may make v dry read+1 b ! read] :o has foll[$ !m closely w see h[ vital !y are to successful "w4 ,x %\ld n be ?\ght1 h[ev]1 t e exposure on bromide pap] mu/ involve an ari?metical calculation4 ,on ! contr>y1 once ! prop] di/ance f ! light = ! normal negative has be5 asc]ta9$1 x w be f\nd t n9e negatives out ( t5 w require no *ange 9 ! di/ance f ! s\rce ( light4 ,?is1 ( c\rse1 presum+ t we classify our negatives & enl>ge f ^? ( ! same quality at ! same "t4 ,"o great objection to ! use ( bromide pap] is t x mu/ be h&l$ 9 a d>k-room4 ,b ?is objection is n z s]i\s z x may seem4 ,an ord9>y liv+ room at night furni%es a delightful place 9 :i* to make pr9ts1 if we h&le our solutions ) reasonable c>e4 ,! ruby glass c be remov$ f ! d>k-room lamp1 & ! orange glass us$ alone4 ,b 9 ?is case1 z inde$ ) ! ruby light1 c>e mu/ be tak5 to gu>d aga9/ too mu* light4 ,developm5t %\ld be conduct$ at a di/ance ( sev]al feet f ! light1 & :5 almo/ complet$1 ! tray c be br\ght close "u ! light to enable ! work] to /op x at exactly ! "r mom5t4 ,ord9>y bromide pap] is ab\t z s5sitive z ! process or sl[ dry plate or ! av]age lant]n-slide plate1 & requires z mu* c>e z ei!r1 b n ne>ly s mu* z ! mo/ rapid dry plates4 ,if fogg+ is notic$1 ( c\rse additional precautions %\ld be tak5 at once4 ,,*apt] ,,iii ,,contact ,,pr9t+ ,,on ,,bromide ,,pap] ,no?+ m ?an w be f\nd 9 an ord9>y d>k-room w be f\nd necess>y 9 bromide pr9t+ by contact1 unless x be "s arrangem5t = det]m9+ readily ! di/ance ( ! negative f ! s\rce ( light4 ,= ?is purpose & ) an oil-lamp1 use a bo>d a foot wide & ab\t ?ree feet long plac$ on ! develop+ b5* aga9/ ! base ( ! d>k-room lamp4 ,x %\ld be m>k$ ) black l9es six in*es ap>t4 ,see ,fig4 #b4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b ,great] uni=mity 9 light+ w be ga9$ if a piece ( :ite c>dbo>d be plac$ imm$iately beh9d ! flame4 ,"s lamps h reflectors1 9 :i* case ! c>d is unnecess>y1 provid$ t !y reflect ! light uni=mly2 o!rwise su* reflectors are worse ?an useless4 ,hav+ arrang$ ! ne$ful app>atus to our satisfaction1 ! la/ prep>atory /ep be=e manipulation is ! mak+ up ( a develop]4 ,almo/ any ( ! mod]n develop]s 7pyro except$7 w give good results ) bromide pap]4 ,9 e package ( pap] w be f\nd ! develop]s advis$ by ! manufactur] ( ! pap] us$4 ,inv>iably !re is among ^! a =mula = f]r\s oxalate develop]4 ,?is is probably ! be/ ( all develop]s = pure black tones1 b ,i _c advise ! novice to take x up 9 ! e>ly /ages ( 8 "w ) bromide pap]4 ,:5 ?is develop] is us$ an acid cle>+ ba? is necess>y1 & ?is invites complications :i* may be disa/r\s to ! pr9ts4 ,:5 exp]i5ce has be5 ga9$1 & a l>ge numb] ( pr9ts are to be made at "o "t1 x w be f\nd advantage\s z work+ long] ) great] effici5cy & m uni=mity ?an "s ( ! o!r develop]s4 ,x is tr\blesome to prep>e & does n keep well1 ap>t f :i* !re is ! disadvantage t x does n p]mit ( control 9 developm5t 9 z l>ge a measure z o!r develop]s4 ,a reliable metol & hydroqu9one =mula is z foll[s3 ,?or\ghly dissolve metol1 #a_/d ounce2 hydroqu9one1 #a_/d ounce2 9 wat]1 #hj ounces2 add sulphite ( soda 7cry/471 #d ounces2 & c>bonate ( soda 7cry/471 #b-a_/b ounces4 ,bottl$ 9 #d-ounce vials & well cork$1 ?is develop] reta9s its work+ p[] indef9itely4 ,= normal exposures ,i take #b ounces ( ! above & add to x #b ounces ( wat]4 ,?is w suffice = ! developm5t ( ?ree #h #aj %eets ( pap]1 or _! equival5t 9 small] %eets4 ,x is n wise to attempt to make x d m1 z gre5i% tones w result4 ,= ! same reason1 contr>y to common op9ion1 ,i d n advise ! addition ( potassium bromide to ! develop]4 ,x does n improve ! develop]1 & may d h>m4 ,an excell5t develop] :i* mu/ be us$ fre%ly mix$1 & may be made up 9 a mom5t1 is z foll[s3 ,take #a-a_/b ounces ( a #be p] c5t solution ( sodium sulphite2 dry amidol1 #cj gra9s2 #e to #aj drops ( a #aj p] c5t solution ( potassium bromide1 & dilute ) #d-a_/b ounces ( wat]4 ,a supply ( new develop] %\ld be add$ z ?is is se5 to become exhau/$4 ,o!r develop+ =mulae c\ld be giv51 b ^! two w be f\nd to fill all requirem5ts if prop]ly comp\nd$ & intellig5tly us$4 ,! greate/ difficulty 9 develop+ bromide pap] is to get ri* black tones :5 desir$1 b ?is c be completely ov]come by us+ entirely fre% develop] f "t to "t1 & nev] ov]-work+ ! develop]1 :atev] x may be4 ,z comp>$ ) ! pap]1 develop] is *eap1 & x is poor economy to save on ! latt]4 ,except 9 r>e in/ances ! develop] is bett] )\t any modifications :atev]4 ,9 case ( ov]-exposure1 ei!r g5]al or p>tial1 ! develop] aft] hav+ be5 dilut$ z /at$ %\ld be aga9 dilut$ ) its bulk ( wat]4 ,?is gives black] tones & m dep? & life to ! %ad[s4 ,:5 ?r\gh inadv]t5ce we "u-expose a pr9t x may frequ5tly be sav$ aft] p>tial developm5t 9 ! weak solution by flood+ ) a /rong undilut$ develop]4 ,! temp]ature ( ! develop] is ( ! greate/ importance4 ,9 summ] ! aim %\ld be to keep x approximately at #fe degrees ,fahr41 9 w9t]1 #gj degrees1 b x %\ld nev] be all[$ to g ov] ! latt]4 ,?is c readily be accompli%$ by plac+ ! graduate 9 a receptacle conta9+ ice-wat] 9 summ] or hot wat] 9 w9t]4 ,! pap] is fir/ op5$ at a safe di/ance f ! d>k-room light1 & x is well at fir/ to cut up "o %eet into sev]al slips to use z te/-/rips4 ,if any difficulty is f\nd 9 det]m9+ :i* is ! s5sitive side1 x w be well to ?r[ a piece ( ! pap] on a plane surface :5 x w be se5 t x has a slight t5d5cy to curl4 ,! concave is ! s5sitive side4 ,tak+ a /&>d negative we fir/ take "o ( ! te/-slips & place x ^u ! negative s t x cov]s a portion conta9+ bo? high lights & %ad[s4 ,) an oil-lamp hav+ a #a-;in* burn]1 expose ! te/-/rip beh9d ! negative 9 ! pr9t+ frame at "o foot = t5 seconds4 ,close ! lamp & flood ! expos$ /rip ) ! develop]4 ,! image %\ld appe> 9 a few seconds1 & if prop]ly expos$ developm5t w be complet$ 9 f "o to two m9utes1 usually "o4 ,r9se = a mom5t1 & place ! /rip 9 a fix+ ba? made up by dissolv+ #c ounces ( hypo 9 #af ounces ( wat]4 ,aft] a few mom5ts exam9e ! /rip 9 full light1 & see :e!r ! contra/s are "r4 ,if s1 expose a full %eet ( pap]1 ?is "t r9s+ ! expos$ %eet be=e developm5t to avoid ! =mation ( air-bubbles4 ,if ! contra/s are too great try a /rip at six in*es f ! light & two & a half seconds exposure4 ,if /ill too great1 use a /rong] light or try a long] exposure & use a v dilute develop]4 ,if /ill too great ! negative is hopeless & %\ld be r$uc$ unless dodg+ w help x1 z set out fur!r on4 ,x w be notic$ t ?is me?od calls = a "o-m9ute developm5t4 ,?is is desirable = sev]al reasons3 fir/1 because x gives a unit & assi/s u 9 det]m9+ ! correct exposure ( o!r negatives1 & second1 because x is a comp>atively %ort developm5t1 & yet gives suffici5t "t aft] ! image has acquir$ ! prop] dep? to p\r (f ! develop] & flu% ) wat]1 ?us /opp+ developm5t4 ,x also leaves suffici5t m>g9 9 ! ev5t ( ov]- or "u-exposure4 ,) "o m9ute z ! unit1 ov]-exposure w result 9 a fully develop$ image 91 say1 ?irty seconds4 ,?is pr9t we c\ld save2 b if our unit 7 ?irty seconds x w\ld be extremely difficult to save a pr9t :i* _h complet$ developm5t 9 fifte5 seconds4 ,! *ances are t ! developm5t w\ld g on to a ru9\s ext5t be=e we c\ld p\r (f ! develop] & flood ! pr9t1 or t x w\ld g on ev5 aft] ! wat] 0 p\r$ on x4 ,moreov]1 9 case ( "u-exposure1 two m9utes w\ld n be s v tiresome1 b f\r m9utes w\ld1 besides :i* we w\ld risk /ra9+ ! pr9t by su* prolong$ developm5t4 ,:ile ,i am n prep>$ to ass]t x z a rule1 yet x has be5 my exp]i5ce t ! "t ( developm5t v>ies almo/ inv]sely ) ! l5g? ( exposure2 s t if ! te/-/rip concludes developm5t 9 half a m9ute ) t5 seconds exposure1 ,i give ! next five seconds exposure 9 ! expectation t x w take a m9ute to develop4 ,?is assi/s greatly 9 less5+ ! numb] ( te/-/rips requir$ to asc]ta9 ! correct exposure ( a giv5 negative4 ,%\ld we wi% to see a pro( be=e ! negative is dry1 x is tak5 f ! fix+ ba? & well r9s$1 ?\gh n necess>ily ?or\ghly wa%$4 ,x is !n plac$ face up 9 a tray ( wat]1 on :i* we place face d[n a %eet ( bromide pap]4 ,! two are remov$ toge!r & squeez$ lightly into contact to remove air bubbles4 ,! back ( ! negative is !n wip$ to remove sup]flu\s wat]1 & an exposure ( sev]al times ! normal giv51 pref]ably ! normal exposure at half ! /&>d di/ance f ! light4 ,! pap] is !n remov$ & develop$ z usual4 ,9 ?is way x is possible to %[ a pr9t 9 fifte5 or tw5ty m9utes aft] ! exposure ( ! plate 0 made4 ,! purpose ( ! r9s+ be=e developm5t is to avoid ! possibility ( air-bells4 ,! pap] %\ld be r9s$ 9 cold wat]1 z w>mi% wat] w cause air-bells in/ead ( prev5t+ !m4 ,?is r9s+ c be disp5s$ ) if ?\ght desirable4 ,! r9s+ aft] developm5t is = ! purpose ( /opp+ developm5t imm$iately1 & also 9 ord] t ! pr9ts may n g into ! fix+ ba? full ( develop]1 z /a9+ w\ld be likely to result 9 su* case4 ,) ! iron oxalate develop] an acid r9s+ ba? is necess>y1 b x is n necess>y ) any ( ! o!r develop]s4 ,! fix+ is important1 z ^u ?is dep5ds 9 a l>ge measure ! p]man5ce ( ! pr9ts4 ,! ba? %\ld be fre%ly made up1 #c ounces ( hyposulphite ( soda to #af ounces ( wat]4 ,pr9ts are plac$ 9 ?is ba? face d[n1 & "o "u1 in/ead ( on top ( ano!r4 ,! tray %\ld be occasionally rock$4 ,) a fre% ba? pr9ts w fix 9 t5 m9utes1 b :]e _m pr9ts are made at "o "t x w be well to use a second fix+ ba?4 ,! emulsion ( an unfix$ pr9t w appe> a yell[i% t+e 9 ! unfix$ portions :5 exam9$ by transmitt$ light2 b ?is is n an easy or c]ta9 te/4 ,x is bett] to make absolutely c]ta9 ( ?or\gh fix+ by cont9u$ imm]sion1 occasional rock+ &1 :]e _m pr9ts are made1 a second ba?4 ,! fix+ ba? %\ld n be all[$ to get too w>m 9 hot wea!r4 ,bli/]+1 /a9+ & frill+ w result 9 su* a case1 & ,i h kn[n a pr9t :i* 0 left 9 a w>m fix+ ba? = an h\r or m to be r$uc$ beyond r$emption4 ,) fre%ly made hypo ba?s at a suitable temp]ature !re is absolutely no dang] ( ! pap] frill+ or bli/]+4 ,! f9al wa%+ mu/ be ?or\gh1 z ! hypo is difficult to elim9ate f bo? ! emulsion & ! pap]4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 to see t ! pr9ts are well sep>at$ :ile wa%+4 ,?is ensures uni=m wa%+4 ,x frequ5tly happ5s t a negative may require m or less dodg+ 9 pr9t+4 ,) bromide pap] ?is is p>ticul>ly easy4 ,we w take ! simple case ( a negative ) d5se sky :i* w n pr9t out 9 ! ord9>y way4 ,all t we ne$ 9 ?is case is a piece ( pap] cut r\ghly to ! sky l9e & kept mov+ dur+ "p ( ! exposure ov] ! "p :i* is to be held back4 ,if necess>y1 cut d[n ! light 9 ord] to prolong ! exposure1 or expose at a great] di/ance f ! light4 ,"o or m te/-/rips w be requir$ = ?is purpose 9 ord] to asc]ta9 ! relative times ( exposure4 ,a modification ( ?is me?od is :5 a small portion ( ! negative only ne$s extra pr9t+--a face or h& = in/ance4 ,"h we take a piece ( pap] a little l>g] ?an ! negative & cut a small hole 9 x1 mov+ x 9 front ( ! light s z to ?r[ ! latt] only ^u ! portions ne$+ ! extra pr9t+4 ,/ill ano!r modification is :]e a portion only ne$s hold+ back4 ,"h we use a small piece ( pap] or c>dbo>d /uck on a knitt+ ne$le1 mov+ ! latt] s t x w n int]cept ! light too long at "o place4 ,9 all ^! & simil> in/ances :i* w occur to ! read]1 ! dodg+ %\ld be done dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! exposure4 ,! subsequ5t exposure seems to oblit]ate traces ( su* dodg+ bett] ?an :5 x is done at ! end ( ! exposure1 j z 9 cl\d-pr9t+ bett] results are a*iev$ by pr9t+ ! sky fir/ & ! =egr\nd aft]w>d4 ,x is q possible to make bromide negatives 9 ! cam]a4 ,!y h _! advantages 9 classes ( "w n requir+ ! f9e/ def9ition1 are mu* light]1 *eap]1 m easily /or$ & less liable to breakage or o!r mi%aps4 ,!y are be/ made on a ?91 smoo? pap]1 a s(t pap] be+ bett] ?an ! h>d4 ,!y are plac$ 9 ! plate-hold] by means ( ! ord9>y cut film hold]4 ,! exposure requir$ is asc]ta9$ by a trial or two1 b r\ghly speak+ is ab\t "o-tw5tie? t ( a rapid plate4 ,aft] developm5t 9 ! usual way--x be+ c>ri$ only a little fur!r ?an usual--& aft] fix+1 wa%+ & dry+1 ! pap] negative c be spott$ or ret\*$1 aft] :i* x is wax$4 ,,*apt] ,,iv ,,enl>g+--,,daylight ,,me?ods ,9 tak+ up enl>g+ a full k ( :at has be5 said z to ! manipulation ( bromide pap] w be necess>y1 z ! pr9ciples gov]n+ exposure apply "h z 9 contact pr9t+1 errors be+ ev5 m s]i\s1 ow+ to ! great] wa/e ( mat]ial4 ,= ! illum9ant us$ 9 enl>g+1 we may employ ei!r daylight or artificial light4 ,! =m] is *eap1 b v>iable2 ! fir/ co/ ( ! latt] is q a little sum1 b ! light is uni=m4 ,a daylight enl>g+ app>atus c be made = a doll> or two1 & h5ce is )9 ! rea* ( all2 & if ! process be giv5 up1 ! loss is n s]i\s4 ,if ! co/ is ( little or no mom5t1 v s]viceable enl>g+ cam]as c be b\ght = ab\t tw5ty-five doll>s4 ,su* a cam]a is adapt$ = r$uc+ z well z enl>g+1 & s w be f\nd useful = lant]n slide mak+1 copy+1 etc4 ,z a matt] ( fact1 few ?+s are z useful to ! amateur z a good enl>g+ outfit4 ,we w fir/ consid] enl>g+ by daylight ) home-made app>atus4 ,= ?is purpose a room ) at lea/ "o w9d[ w be ne$$4 ,x %\ld pref]ably be conv5i5t to ! d>k-room4 ,if ! w9d[ ( ?is room comm&s a view unob/ruct$ by build+s1 trees or ! l1 s mu* ! bett]4 ,i p]sonally pref] a s\? light4 ,) ?is "o c get s(t enl>gem5ts f ! mo/ contra/y negatives1 :ile by %ield+ ! negatives f ! direct rays ( ! sun we c "w f negatives :i* are q flat & lack+ 9 contra/s4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c ,b :atev] ! room *os51 all w9d[s b ! "o at :i* we are to "w mu/ be block$ up4 ,?is c be done by heavy d>k curta9s1 or by specially con/ruct$ frames cov]$ ) light-tight mat]ial & made to fit closely 9 ! w9d[s4 ,if !re are any transoms ^! %\ld likewise be cov]$4 ,:ite light ent]+ "u ! doors c be %ut out by plac+ a rug along ! bottom ( ! door4 ,c>e mu/ be tak5 t ! w9d[-frames fit closely1 z ! light f op5+s at ! w9d[s w\ld soon fog a %eet ( bromide pap] if x fell ^u x ev5 = a few mom5ts4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d ,assum+ t ! room *os5 c be made practically light-tight1 we w ne$ "s arrangem5t to hold ! negative4 ,! details ( a box = ?is purpose c be/ be %[n by a diagram 7,fig4 #c74 ,,abcd is a /rong & neatly made box op5 at bo? ends1 & ab\t two in*es l>g] ea* way ?an ! l>ge/ negative f :i* enl>gem5ts are to be made4 ,e repres5ts a section ( a bo>d :i* =ms "p ( a w9d[ frame1 a g5]al view ( :i* is giv5 9 ,fig4 #d4 ,rev]t+ to ,fig4 #c1 ,f is an op5+ cut 9 ! side ( ! negative box two in*es or a little less f ! back ( ! box1 ,,ad1 & wide en\gh to admit ! free passage ( a negative 9 a kit or o!r hold]4 ,on ! inside ( ! box are tack$ /rips1 ,,gggg1 to s]ve z a guide to ! kit :5 plac+ x 9 ! box4 ,an op5+ simil> to ,f %\ld be made 9 ! o!r side ( ! box to p]mit lat]al adju/m5ts :5 we come to use ! app>atus1 besides enabl+ u to put ! negative 9 or )draw x f ei!r side4 ,a conv5i5t modification ( ! /rips1 ,g1 is f\nd by plac+ ! front ones a %ort di/ance fur!r =w>d1 to wit1 t[>d ,,bc1 z !y are %[n 9 ! cut 7,fig4 #c71 & tack+ to !m a piece ( wat* spr+1 ,h1 ?is !n s]v+ bo? z a guide & z a means ( press+ ! kit or negative hold] aga9/ ! o!r /rips1 ,,gg 7,fig4 #e74 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e ,j is a %eet ( gr\nd-glass1 :i* is tack$ ov] ! op5+ :5 ! box is firmly set 9 ! bo>d1 ,e4 ,x is well to h ?is gr\nd-glass fix$ 9 place s t x c be readily remov$ if desir$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f ,! necessity = hav+ ! box at lea/ two in*es l>g] ea* way ?an ! l>ge/ negative f :i* enl>gem5ts are to be made is %[n 9 ,fig4 #f4 ,"h ,,ab repres5ts ! negative 9 place1 ,,ca1 ,,db & ,,eg repres5t rays ( light ent]+ ! box4 ,x w be se5 t ! rays ,,ca & ,,db /rike ! gr\nd-glass at an angle1 b nev]!less at an angle :i* results 9 _! pass+ ?r\gh x 9 a consid]able degree4 ,!y /rike ! negative ,,ab1 b if ! negative 7 ! full size ( ! box1 to wit ,,fg1 x w be se5 t :ile ! section ,,ab w\ld be fully light$1 ! sections ,,af & ,,bg w\ld receive no oblique rays at all1 & h5ce ! negative w\ld n be ev5 approximately uni=mly light$4 ,?is po9t is too (t5 ov]look$ 9 ! con/ruction ( app>atus ( ?is "*1 b is necess>y 9 all cases ( daylight enl>g+ & especially :5 direct sunlight is us$4 ,n[ ) ! negative box 9 place1 "s arrangem5t mu/ be made = hold+ ! l5s1 :i* c be ! l5s us$ = mak+ ! negative4 ,?is = enl>gem5ts ( a fix$ size f negatives ( a giv5 size c be accompli%$ by simply ext5d+ ! section ,,bggc ,fig4 #c1 to a prop] di/ance & plac+ ! l5s 9 ! end ( x2 b ?is p]mits too little opportunity = adju/m5ts & is n advisable4 ,a d\ble box1 "o slid+ )9 ! o!r1 w\ld be bett]1 b /ill n q satisfactory4 ,x is f> bett] to adapt "o's cam]a to ! app>atus1 & ?is c always be done2 x be+ v simple ) a rev]sible back cam]a1 :i* c be back$ "r up to ! op5+1 & m difficult b always possible ) o!rs4 ,fig4 #g %[s ! entire app>atus 9 place1 & ! mann] 9 :i* x is us$4 ,,ab is ! w9d[ bo>d1 ,c is ! negative box1 ,d is ! cam]a adju/$ to ! latt]1 ,e is ! enl>g+ scre5 on an easel to hold ! bromide pap]1 & ,f is ! reflector4 ,! scre5 on ! easel c be made ei!r to re/ on ! floor or on a table4 ,x c be made to run on a track or o!rwise1 & x c also be made s z to admit ( ei!r v]tical or lat]al adju/m5t or bo?1 or x c be no?+ m ?an an ord9>y box set on a table4 ,b h[ev] con/ruct$ x mu/ be consid]ably l>g] ?an ! l>ge/ %eet ( bromide pap] :i* is to be us$1 ?us all[+ = ne>ly all necess>y adju/m5ts ( ! pap]4 ,x is pref]ably cov]$ ) :ite pap] or f9e blott] to aid 9 focus+4 ,! reflector ,f is consid]ably l>g] ?an ! negative-box1 & adju/$ at an angle :i* w reflect ! light f ! sky or sun ev5ly ^u ! gr\nd glass4 ,x is be/ cov]$ ) good :ite blott+ pap]4 ,g is a hood :i* ,i h f\nd useful 9 sunlight enl>g+1 especially 9 summ] :5 ! sun is almo/ ov]head4 ,x is plac$ on ! outside ( ! w9d[-frame1 "s di/ance above ! gr\nd-glass1 & %ields ! latt] f ! direct rays ( ! sun1 :i* w\ld o!rwise cause unev5 illum9ation ow+ to _! too great obliquity4 ,! direct sun on ! :ite reflector w give a light ( high int5sity4 ,9 w9t]1 h[ev]1 :5 ! sun is l[1 x w fall directly on ! gr\nd-glass1 & ?is1 if ! negative box be con/ruct$ z advis$1 is n objectionable1 b on ! contr>y an advantage4 ,9 ,fig4 #d ! op5+1 ,,fghi1 repres5ts a %eet ( ruby glass1 & c be scre5$ :ile focus+ if f\nd to int]f]e ) ! work]'s conv5i5ce 9 t op]ation4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g ,! app>atus z sket*$ w suffice = all ord9>y "w4 ,modifications ( x w dep5d ^u ! +5uity ( ! man :o attempts to design or con/ruct "o4 ,x %\ld be not$ t ! di/ance ( ! gr\nd-glass f ! negative has its influ5ce 9 ! /r5g? ( ! light1 & x is bett] to h ?is di/ance n ov] two in*es4 ,if less ?an "o in*1 h[ev]1 ! diffusion ( light is n s good4 ,:5 ! light is weak ! gr\nd-glass c be remov$ entirely2 ! negative w ?us be view$ directly aga9/ ! :ite reflector4 ,v /rong negatives giv+ undue contra/s may also be dealt ) 9 ?is way4 ,or1 if ! light is too /rong = flat negatives1 ! reflector c be remov$ entirely1 or to ! same end a %eet ( yell[ glass c be sub/itut$ = ! gr\nd-glass1 ?us increas+ contra/s4 ,9 fact1 a v useful & easily arrang$ modification ( ! negative-box consi/s ( an op5+ 9 ! top ( ! box inside ! room ?r\gh :i* c be dropp$ an extra %eet ( gr\nd-glass or opal to cut d[n ! light1 or ( yell[ glass to increase contra/4 ,?is op5+ %\ld be at ! po9t ,k1 ,fig4 #c4 ,i h ref]r$ to a kit z be+ ! prop] arrangem5t = hold+ ! negative4 ,?is1 aft] mu* tribulation 9 work+ ) home-made contrivances1 ,i h f\nd to be ! be/ arrangem5t4 ,!y come a size or two l>g] ?an ! negative ) :i* !y are to be us$1 & c easily be cut d[n to ! prop] dim5sions4 ,) x1 also1 o!r kits to hold small] negatives c readily be us$4 ,x is also simple ) !m to fa/5 ! negatives 9 place4 ,if !y ext5d beyond ! box on ei!r side s mu* ! bett]2 great] lat]al adju/m5t c !n be made4 ,! negative box1 ,fig4 #c1 is be/ pa9t$ dead black inside 9 ! section ,,gbcg1 & :ite 9 ! section ,,aggd4 ,! reasons = ?is w be obvi\s at a glance4 ,9 enl>g+ f films x is well to place !m betwe5 two %eets ( glass ( prop] size1 & fa/5 ! :ole 9 ! kit or negative-hold]4 ,= ?is purpose use ?9 glass )\t flaws or scrat*es4 ,if ! films are small] ?an ! op5+ 9 ! kit1 x is well to pa/e a black mat on "o ( ! glasses1 :51 aft] prop] adju/m5t1 ! film w rema9 9 place betwe5 ! two glasses ) v little pressure4 ,enl>g$ negatives are v easily made ) ! app>atus describ$4 ,a contact positive c be made1 pref]ably on c>bon transp>5cy tissue1 & f ?is ! enl>gem5t made1 or an enl>g$ positive made fir/1 & f ?is a contact negative4 ,! latt] plan is pref]able1 s9ce x admits ( ret\*+ on bo? positive & negative4 ,sl[ plates %\ld be us$ ?r\gh\t4 ,= ^? :o d n c>e to g to ! exp5se ( exp]im5t+ ) l>ge plates1 ,i w\ld sugge/ t good contact positives be fir/ made & f ^! negatives on bromide pap]1 ,/&>d ,a1 s(t4 ,^! negatives are treat$ z already describ$4 ,! be/ positive = ?is purpose is a ?9 "o ) full gradations ( tone f cle> high light to deep %ad[1 )\t veil or fog1 b free f any suspicion ( flatness4 ,,*apt] ,v ,,enl>g+ ,,by ,,artificial ,,light ,! app>atus = enl>g+ ) artificial light is1 z has be5 /at$1 m exp5sive ?an t = use ) daylight4 ,! negative box & scre51 h[ev]1 rema9 z giv54 ,b we ne$ 9 addition two extra pieces1 a light-box & a pair ( cond5s+ l5ses4 ,! =m ( light-box presupposes ! *oice ( illum9ant1 & 9 ?is !re is a wide range4 ,suffice x to say t a k]os5e lamp ) "o or m "o-&-a-half in* burn]s w be f\nd suitable = v small "w or weak negatives4 ,= l>g] "w or /rong] negatives a /rong] light w be ne$$4 ,( ^!1 ! fir/ 9 po9t ( /r5g? is ! arc-light1 :i* is too /rong = ord9>y negatives to be enl>g$ n m ?an f\rfold on ord9>y bromide pap]4 ,us$ ) any ( ! sl[] pap]s x w be f\nd v s]viceable & satisfactory4 ,next comes ! lime-light1 :i* has pretty mu* ! same advantages & disadvantages4 ,aft] ^! come acetyl5e1 a gas giv+ an int5se light ( high act9ic p[]4 ,?is is )9 ! rea* ( ne>ly all1 z a fir/-class g5]ator co/s only ab\t twelve doll>s1 & ! uses ( ! gas are manifold4 ,! same g5]ators & burn]s c be us$ ) a project+ lant]n & w be f\nd f> m satisfactory ?an oil4 ,acetyl5e burn]s c be _h 9 v>i\s sizes1 rang+ 9 p[] f ?irty to sev]al hundr$ c&le-p[]4 ,! c>bide f :i* ! gas is g5]at$ is n exp5sive & co/s only a few c5ts ea* "t ! ma*9e is load$4 ,by an adju/m5t atta*$ to ! g5]ator ! gas is kept at a con/ant pressure1 & h5ce ! light is unusually /eady4 ,all 9 all ?is light has _m advantages4 ,aft] x 9 /r5g? comes ! ,welsba* burn]1 suitable = ^? hav+ gas 9 ! h\se4 ,aft] ?is comes ! ord9>y gas-burn]1 & !n oil4 ,! read]1 kn[+ n[ :at w be requir$ ( 8 light1 c take 8 *oice4 ,p]haps ! simple/ =m ( light-box is :]e ! light is plac$ 9 "o room & ! enl>g+ done 9 an adjo9+ "o1 ! light be+ admitt$ ?r\gh a suitable op5+4 ,?is prev5ts ! possibility ( /ray light rea*+ ! pap] & is productive ( no additional heat 9 a room presumably already hot en\gh4 ,if ?is is n feasible a light-box mu/ be con/ruct$4 ,z ^! v>y s mu* 9 mat]ial & design1 & mu/ be alt]$ ) diff]5t =ms ( light 9 use1 ,i w m]ely /ate ! requirem5ts4 ,fir/ ( ^! is t x mu/ be light-tight1 & second1 t x mu/ h adequate v5tilation & be fire-pro(4 ,foll[+ ^! 9 importance1 !re %\ld be a simple arrangem5t = look+ at ! light f "t to "t to see t x is burn+ prop]ly & "s means = readily att5d+ to x if x is n4 ,hav+ ! light-box1 ! burn]s mu/ be plac$ 9 x prop]ly4 ,"h ! %orte/ way out ( ! difficulty is to g to an exp]t4 ,if electricity is us$ g to an electrical supply h\se2 if gas1 g to a gas-fitt]4 ,z w be se5 lat] ! flame itself mu/ be plac$ 9 a c]ta9 relation to o!r portions ( ! app>atus1 & provision mu/ be made accord+ly4 ,9 look+ ov] ! magaz9es & annuals we w n[ & !n see "s new me?od giv5 = illum9at+ ev5ly ! back ( a negative 9 enl>g+ or r$uction4 ,! mo/ ( ^! ! writ] has tri$1 b he has nev] f\nd "o ( !m :i* c\ld be reli$ ^u to give ev5 reasonable satisfaction4 ,if ! light is app>5tly ev5ly diffus$ x is too weak4 ,if /rong en\gh x is n ev5ly diffus$4 ,h5ce ,i w recomm5d no?+ %ort ( a pair ( cond5s+ l5ses1 z ^! h be5 prov$ by exp]i5ce to be satisfactory 9 e respect if prop]ly h&l$ & c>$ =4 ,! diamet] ( ^! mu/ be slightly great] ?an ! diagonal ( ! l>ge/ negative f :i* enl>gem5ts are to be made4 ,^! c be b\ght 9 pairs1 m\nt$ or unm\nt$1 at ab\t ! foll[+ prices3 ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,diamet] ,focus ,pair ( ,l5ses ,p] ,s+le ,l5s ,in*es ,in*es ,m\nt$ ,unm\nt$ ---------------------------------------- -------------------- #d #e-a_/b or #f-a_/b #d4jj #a4be #d-a_/b #e-a_/b or #f-a_/b #f4jj #a4ej #e #f-a_/b #g4ej #a4ge #f #h #ab4jj #c4jj #h #ab #cb4jj #g4ej #i #ad #dj4jj #aj4jj ---------------------------------------- -------------------- ,! prices ask$ = cond5s]s v>y consid]ably 9 diff]5t price-li/s4 ,!y c (t5 be _h at second-h& at a decid$ sav+ ( exp5se4 ,if x is desir$ to save ! additional co/ ( ! m\nt$ cond5s+ l5ses1 !y c be comp>atively easily m\nt$ by anyone at all famili> ) tools 9 ! foll[+ mann]3 ,a piece ( qu>t]-in* p9e or popl> is cut to a squ>e ab\t an in* l>g] ?an ! diamet] ( ! l5ses4 ,9 ! c5t] ( ?is is saw$ out a circul> op5+ ! exact size ( ! l5s4 ,9 ano!r bo>d ( ! same dim5sions is cut a circle a qu>t] ( an in* less 9 diamet]4 ,^! bo>ds are plac$ toge!r ) ! gra9 runn+ 9 opposite directions1 to prev5t w>p+1 & ! l5s kept 9 place by a wire b5t 9 a circle & clamp$ 9 place s z to hold ! l5s1 or o!r simil> arrangem5t4 ,see ,fig4 #h4 ,! o!r l5s is m\nt$ 9 ! same way4 ,! two are m\nt$ ) _! convex sides fac+ ea* o!r & a slight di/ance ap>t4 ,x is bett] to place betwe5 !m a ?9 %eet ( f9ely gr\nd glass1 z ?is ov]comes ! bad effects ( slight flaws 9 ! l5ses1 :i* are n uncommon4 ,! comb9ation is !n box$ up4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h ,hav+ n[ our light-box1 cond5s]s1 negative box1 cam]a & scre51 !y are next arrang$ 9 ! ord] %[n by ,fig4 #i4 ,a long table especially con/ruct$ = ! purpose makes ! be/ base = ?is purpose4 ,9 putt+ ! app>atus toge!r !re are sev]al po9ts to be notic$4 ,fir/1 ! planes ( ! l5ses1 negative1 project+ l5ses & scre5 mu/ all be p>allel2 second1 ! c5t]s ( all ^! %\ld be 9 a s+le /raight l9e1 & ?ird1 ei!r ! light or ! cond5s]s %\ld be s m\nt$ z to easily slide backw>d or =w>d1 s9ce e "t ! project+ l5s is rack$ backw>d or =w>d x necessitates a correspond+ motion ( ! cond5s]s to or f ! light4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i ,9 con/ruct+ ! app>atus1 = use ) cond5s]s & artificial light1 ! same provision %\ld be made 9 ! negative box = ins]t+ a piece ( color$ or gr\nd glass z 0 made 9 ! daylight app>atus4 ,:5 ! diamet] ( ! cond5s]s is b little great] ?an ! diagonal ( ! negative x w be necess>y to h ! latt] q close to ! =m]1 z ! cone ( light f ! cond5s]s has its apex at ! l5s1 & h5ce if ! negative 9 su* a case is at a di/ance f ! cond5s]s ! corn]s w receive no light4 ,ref]5ce to ,fig4 #i w %[ ?is pla9ly4 ,= ?is & o!r reasons x is always be/ to h ! cond5s]s ( ample size = a giv5 negative4 ,9 fact1 be=e beg9n+ to make enl>gem5ts ! work] %\ld "w ) "o good negative until he f9ds out exactly :at light-int5sity is be/ suit$ to x4 ,?is w !n s]ve z a /&>d = all o!r negatives ( ! same g5]al grade1 & v>iations ( ! light c be made z requir$ = p>ticul> negatives1 or :]e ! ext5t ( enl>gem5t is mat]ially *ang$ = v>i\s purposes4 ,9 us+ ! daylight app>atus1 :i* we w n[ consid]1 ! negative is plac$ 9 ! hold] opposite ! c5t] ( ! gr\nd-glass1 upside d[n & fac+ into ! "w room4 ,! room is d>k5$ & l5s uncapp$4 ,an image m or less blurr$ w appe> on ! scre54 ,if ! enl>g$ picture is to be only slightly l>g] ?an ! negative1 ! l5s mu/ be rack$ out until its di/ance f ! negative is b little less ?an its di/ance f ! scre54 ,to make ! enl>gem5t great] we simply rack back ! l5s & move ! scre5 fur!r (f4 ,!re are tables :i* %[ exactly ! di/ance :i* ! l5s mu/ be f ! negative & scre5 9 ord] to get an enl>gem5t ( a giv5 size3 ,! table "h ins]t$ cov]s ! ord9>y requirem5ts & may be ( s]vice 9 con/ruct+ ! app>atus3 ,,times ,,( ,,enl>gem5t ,total di/ances f ! negative1 9 in*es4 ---------------------------------------- --------------------------------------- ,times ( #b #c #d #f ,enl>gem5t ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,focus ( ,to ,to ,to ,to ,to ,to ,to ,to ,l5s ,easel ,l5s ,easel ,l5s ,easel ,l5s ,easel ,l5s ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- #f in*es #bg #i #cb #h #cg-a_/b #g-a_/b #di #g #h #cf #ab #db-b_/c #aj-b_/c #ej #aj #fe-a_/c #i-a_/c #aj #de #ae #ec-a_/c #ac-a_/c #fb-a_/b #ab-a_/b #ha-b_/c #aa-b_/c #ab #ed #ah #fd #af #ge #ae #ih #ad ---------------------------------------- ----------------------------------- ,a table = enl>gem5ts ( f "o to tw5ty-five times1 ) l5ses v>y+ 9 focal l5g? f ?ree to n9e in*es is "h giv54 ,,enl>gem5ts ,f ! ,briti% ,j\rnal ( ,photography ,almanac4 ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------------- - ,focus ( ,l5s ,times ( ,enl>gem5t & ,r$uction ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,in*es #a #b #c #d #e #f #g #h in* in*es in*es in*es in*es in*es in*es in*es ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #c #f #i #ab #ae #ah #ba #bd #bg #f #d-a_/b #d #c-c_/d #c-c_/e #c-a_/b #c-c_/g #c-c_/h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #c-a_/b #g #aj-a_/b #ad #ag-a_/b #ba #bd-a_/b #bh #ca-a_/b #g #e-a_/d #d-b_/c #d-c_/d #d-a_/e #d-a_/ab #d #c-i_/aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #d #h #ab #af #bj #bd #bh #cb #cf #h #f #e-a_/c #e #d-d_/e #d-b_/c #d-d_/g #d-a_/b ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #d-a_/b #i #ac-a_/b #ah #bb-a_/b #bg #ca-a_/b #cf #dj-a_/b #i #f-c_/d #f #e-c_/e #e-b_/e #e-a_/d #e-a_/g #e-a_/af ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #e #aj #ae #bj #be #cj #ce #dj #de #aj #g-a_/b #f-b_/c #f-a_/d #f #e-e_/f #e-e_/g #e-e_/h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #e-a_/b #aa #af-a_/b #bb #bg-a_/b #cc #ch-a_/b #dd #di-a_/b #aa #h-a_/d #g-a_/c #f-d_/e #f-a_/b #f-e_/ab #f-b_/g #f-c_/aj ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #f #ab #ah #bd #cj #cf #db #dh #ed #ab #i #h #g-a_/b #g-a_/e #g #f-f_/g #f-c_/d ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #g #ad #ba #bh #ce #db #di #ef #fc #ad #aj-a_/b #i-a_/c #h-c_/d #h-b_/e #h-a_/f #h #g-g_/h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #h #af #bd #cb #dj #dh #ef #fd #gb #af #ab #aj-b_/c #aj #i-c_/e #i-a_/c #i-a_/g #i ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- #i #ah #bg #cf #de #ed #fc #gb #ha #ah #ac-a_/b #ab #aa-a_/d #aj-d_/e #aj-a_/b #aj-b_/g #aj-a_/h ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,! object ( ?is table is to enable any manipulator :o is ab\t to enl>ge 7or r$uce7 a copy any giv5 numb] ( times to d s )\t tr\blesome calculation4 ,x is assum$ t ! photograph] kn[s exactly :at ! focus ( 8 l5s is1 & t he is able to measure accurately f its optical c5t]4 ,! use ( ! table w be se5 f ! foll[+ illu/ration3 ,a photograph] has a c>te to enl>ge to f\r times its size1 & ! l5s he int5ds employ+ is "o ( #f in*es equival5t focus4 ,he mu/ !re=e look = #d on ! upp] horizontal l9e & = #f 9 ! fir/ v]tical column1 & c>ry 8 eye to :]e ^! two jo91 :i* w be at #cj-g-a_/b4 ,! great] ( ^! is ! di/ance ! s5sitive plate mu/ be f ! c5t] ( ! l5s2 & ! less]1 ! di/ance ( ! picture to be copi$4 ,9 practice x is conv5i5t1 aft] hav+ once f\nd ! focus = a giv5 enl>gem5t f a giv5 negative ) ! l5s 9 use1 to m>k on ! base ( ! app>atus ! po9t to :i* ! l5s has be5 ext5d$4 ,!n 9 mak+ future enl>gem5ts ( ! same size1 x is only necess>y to set ! l5s at t po9t & move ! easel backw>d or =w>d until an approximate focus is obta9$1 :5 ! image w be ( ! prop] size on ! scre54 ,z an approximate guide x is suffici5t to "k t ! ne>] ! l5s is to ! negative ! great] w be ! enl>gem5t1 z may be se5 9 ,fig4 #g4 ,if a piece ( ?9 c>dbo>d1 or a %eet ( pap] cut to ! exact size ( ! enl>gem5t desir$1 is plac$ ^u ! easel-scre51 little difficulty w be exp]i5c$ 9 gett+ an enl>g$ image ( ! prop] size & correctly focus$4 ,x is advisable to focus ! enl>gem5t ) ! l>ge/ ap]ture ( ! l5s4 ,if ! l5s1 :5 work+ at its l>ge/ ap]ture1 cov]s ! plate f :i* ! enl>gem5t is be+ made1 x w give prop] def9ition ov] ! enl>gem5t4 ,) a l5s ( ! bett] sort1 ( c\rse1 ! def9ition w be equally good :e!r a l>ge or small ap]ture is us$2 b ) a l[-pric$ l5s x is bett] to /op d[n to ,no4 #h 7f_/#aa4c7 or ,no4 #af 7f_/#af71 to avoid sph]ical ab]ration4 ,/opp+ ! l5s d[n increases ! "t ( exposure1 & enables "o to h great] control ov] ! op]ation ( expos+ ! pap]1 p]mitt+ "t to %ade or locally increase ! exposure at any portion ( ! image4 ,?is is sometimes useful1 b z a g5]al ?+ /opp+ ! l5s d[n is n advisable1 z int]f]+ ) "o's judgm5t 9 calculat+ exposures = v>i\s negatives4 ,hav+ secur$ ! image correct 9 size & focus1 place ?umb-tacks at all f\r sides ( ! %eet ( pap] or c>d us$ to focus ! image4 ,^! w s]ve z a guide to ! plac+ ( ! s5sitive pap]4 ,adju/ ! l5s /op z desir$ & cap ! l5s1 leav+ ! room totally d>k save = su* safe light z we may h = work+4 ,place ! bromide pap] on ! scre51 us+ ! ?umb-tacks z a guide to ! correct position 9 ?is4 ,9 mak+ 8 fir/ enl>gem5ts1 ! beg9n] %\ld avail himself ( ! help ( te/-/rips4 ,^! %\ld be ab\t "o in* wide & ! l5g? ( ! pap]4 ,! exposure dep5ds on a numb] ( factors1 among :i* are light1 negative1 focal l5g? ( l5s1 size ( enl>gem5t1 /ops1 s5sitiv5ess ( pap]1 develop]1 temp]ature ( develop]1 & l5g? ( developm5t4 ,! fir/ exp]im5t _h be/1 !re=e1 be made on a purely arbitr>y basis1 = :i* we w take t5 seconds4 ,p9n+ a te/-/rip on ! scre51 we uncap ! l5s & ) a piece ( c>dbo>d %ade two-?irds ( ! /rip dur+ five seconds2 move ! c>dbo>d1 & give ! next section five seconds mak+ t5 = ! fir/2 !n remove ! c>dbo>d entirely & give five seconds m1 mak+ fifte5 = ! fir/1 t5 = ! second1 & five = ! ?ird4 ,n[ develop ! /rip4 ,if ! fifte5 seconds portion f9i%es developm5t 9 less ?an "o m9ute1 & ! t5 takes approximately a m9ute1 we w "k t our basis 0 correct4 ,b if all ?ree 7 ov]-expos$ or "u-expos$1 z %[n by "o m9ute's developm5t1 we c expose ! next te/-/rip accord+ly4 ,9 det]m9+ ! correct exposure1 ! me?od already set =? = contact exposures is a reasonably good "o4 ,if ! pap] ) a giv5 exposure takes half ! prop] "t to develop1 halve ! next exposure2 if d\ble ! "t1 or m1 d\ble x4 ,m c\ld be said on ! subject ( exposure1 & possibly to advantage2 = in/ance1 !re are tables %[+ ! exact relation ( exposure to ! numb] ( times ( enl>gem5t1 b complicat$ calculations 9 ! d>k-room are tr\blesome & a te/-/rip is simpl]4 ,aft] a :ile "o gets ! ability to det]m9e ! approximate exposure requir$ by look+ at ! enl>g$ image on ! scre51 correct+ slight errors by l5g? ( developm5t1 & great] ones by modify+ ! develop] by dilut+ or /r5g!n+4 ,x %\ld be rememb]$1 h[ev]1 t 9 judg+ exposure by ref]5ce to ! scre51 we mu/ consid] ! high lights1 z well z ! %ad[s4 ,x is 9 ! high lights t we ne$ ! detail if we are to h s(t pictures4 ,if ?is detail 9 ! high lights is pl5tiful & cle> we may "k t our light is /rong en\gh = a v %ort exposure4 ,if x is v fa9t1 we w h to give a long exposure & use dilut$ develop] to save ! ov]-expos$ %ad[s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 if ! image on ! scre5 is a flat "o1 we may "k t our light is too /rong = ! negative1 & x mu/ be modifi$ by remov+ ! reflector or by int]pos+ gr\nd or yell[ glass2 & if nei!r ( ^! suffice1 we c simply lay ! negative aside = a d>k day :5 ! light w be v mu* weak]4 ,frequ5tly all necess>y contra/s c be obta9$ by ! use ( ! h>d pap] be=e ref]r$ to4 ,z "u-exposure t5ds to increase contra/s1 we %\ld also give ! m9imum exposure 9 ! case ( flat negatives1 ab&on+ = a "t our /&>d "o-m9ute developm5t4 ,z w be se5 by ?is "t1 !re are _m wr9kles ab\t us+ bromide pap]1 & x w be f\nd t new ones appe> at e seance 9 ! enl>g+ room4 ,b :y is x t s _m ( our enl>gem5ts are black 9 ! %ad[s & *alky 9 ! high lights8 ,:y1 simply because our light is too weak = our negative4 ,we =get t if we _c modify our negative we mu/ modify our light4 ,x is ?is *>act]i/ic ( ! bromide enl>gem5t :i* has prev5t$ ! process f enjoy+ ! popul>ity x des]ves4 ,& ,i sometimes wond] :e!r ?is *alk9ess is due to ! use ( ! nor? light6 ,,*apt] ,,vi ,,dodg+1 ,,vignett+1 ,,composite ,,pr9t+ ,,& ,,! ,,use ,,( ,,bolt+ ,,silk ,( all pr9t+ processes1 bromide enl>g+ (f]s ! be/ opportunities = successful dodg+ & modification4 ,we c cut our light d[n & take all ! "t we want1 or we c take z little "t z we want4 ,a h&1 a f+]1 a slip ( pap]1 or any?+ )9 rea*1 w suffice to %ade ! light j z we want x4 ,9 ?is connection x is well to always hold ! %ade ne>] ! l5s ?an ! easel1 z great] diffusion results & !re is less dang] ( %>p l9es4 ,9 %ad+ a =egr\nd to br+ up a d5se sky1 fir/ make a te/-/rip or two1 not+ h[ long ! %ad+ is c>ri$ on & h[ long ! light is all[$ to act on ! :ole4 ,if ! sky is !n ov]- or "u-pr9t$ we c modify x 9 ! enl>gem5t prop]4 ,! be/ arrangem5t = vignett+ 9 enl>g+ is a piece ( c>dbo>d ! size ( ! negative1 ) an op5+ cut out at ! prop] place & ab\t ! size ( ! portion ( ! negative to be vignett$4 ,?is is held ne> ! l5s & mov$ backw>d & =w>d betwe5 ! latt] & ! scre51 ! op5+ %[+ l>g] z we ne> ! l5s & small] z we rec$e f x4 ,v ta/eful vignettes c be made 9 ?is way4 ,a favorite me?od ( ! writ]'s is to use a %eet ( bromide pap]1 pref]ably t ) r\gh surface1 & pr9t on x a small vignette ( a portion ( a negative4 ,^! %eets be+ ( a uni=m size are !n b\nd 9 book =m1 & make v attractive s\v5irs4 ,v>iety c be add$ to ! collection by pr9t+ "s ( ! pictures ?r\gh a mat fa/5$ on ! scre5 ov] ! pap]1 :51 ( c\rse1 !y are b\nd$ by /raight1 %>p l9es4 ,d\ble pr9t+ 9 enl>g+ is n at all difficult4 ,assum+ t te/-/rips h be5 made det]m9+ ! prop] exposure = ea* negative1 ,i w briefly outl9e ! process4 ,tak+ a l&scape negative ) cle> sky 9 :i* we wi% to pr9t cl\ds1 we fir/ tack on ! scre5 a %eet ( pap] ! size ( our bromide1 & aft] prop]ly adju/+ & focus+ x1 trace ) a p5cil ! outl9e ( ! skyl9e4 ,we !n remove ! =egr\nd negative &1 aft] trac+1 cut out a mask con=m+ to ! size & %ape ( ! =egr\nd1 cutt+ away ! sky4 ,we n[ put 9 ! box ! sky negative1 & readju/ our %eet ( pap] until aft] prop] focus+ ! desir$ portion ( ! sky occupies ! portion res]v$ = x1 leav+ ! ?umb-tacks z a guide :5 we put our bromide on ! scre54 ,n[ us+ ! %eet ( pap] z a guide1 place on ! edges ( ! bromide pap] two little p5cil m>ks to %[ h[ f> we %all %ade ! l[] portion ( ! pap]4 ,our mask be+ ! size ( ! =egr\nd negative1 x is n[ only necess>y to hold x at ! prop] di/ance f ! l5s to h its edge con=m to ! sky-l9e :5 enl>g$4 ,b ?is w\ld leave a %>p l9e if held exactly at t po9t1 s us+ ! p5cil m>ks on ! m>g9 z a guide1 we sl[ly raise & l[] ! mask v slightly & j suffici5t to cause an agreeable bl5d+ ( ! sky into no?+4 ,! prop] exposure giv51 we cap ! l5s1 remove ! pap] & ins]t ! =egr\nd negative4 ,n[ we mu/ aga9 adju/ our %eet ( pla9 pap] until ! sky l9e m>k$ on x co9cides ) ! sky-l9e on ! scre51 leav+ ?umb-tacks z usual4 ,regi/ry be+ ?us secur$1 we simply expose ! =egr\nd & develop ! composite pr9t4 ,ne$less to say1 our cl\ds mu/ be light$ f ! same g5]al direction z ! l&scape4 ,b if 9 ! negative !y are n s light$ x c be rev]s$ 9 ! hold] & w !n pr9t prop]ly4 ,9 almo/ all cl\d pr9t+ ! t5d5cy is to give undue prom95ce to ! cl\ds by pr9t+ ! sky to too deep a tone4 ,?is1 besides mak+ ! bl5d+ v noticeable at ! horizon1 results 9 unnatural effects & %\ld be avoid$4 ,if ! sky portion ( ! l&scape negative is ?91 x might pr9t slightly & spoil ! effect ( ! cl\ds4 ,?is c be ov]come by us+ a weak] light 9 enl>g+4 ,:]e ?is is n desirable1 a mask c be cut = ! sky portion & us$ slightly :ile ! =egr\nd is be+ pr9t$4 ,by us+ x a v little dur+ ! fir/ "p ( ! exposure ! t9t w be ov]come1 :ile objects project+ above ! horizon w be suffici5tly pr9t$4 ,x w be f\nd easi]1 no d\bt1 to pr9t ! l&scape fir/ & sky aft]w>ds4 ,b ?is does n result 9 good "w4 ,! l&scape %\ld inv>iably be pr9t$ aft] ! sky portion4 ,bolt+ silk enl>gem5ts 7 = a "t v popul>4 ,sometimes !y 7 arti/ic4 ,!n e-"o began mak+ !m1 too (t5 f unsuitable negatives1 & !y fell into disrepute4 ,?is me?od ( enl>g+ is1 9 fact1 suitable = v few negatives & only :]e broad effects ( light & %ade are desir$4 ,to cut up a spotty negative ) a succession ( l9es does n necess>ily give a broad effect 9 ! picture4 ,b = s(t5+ d[n heavy masses ( %ad[s1 & bl5d+ !m h>moni\sly ) masses ( light or half light1 ! process is )\t an equal4 ,! bolt+ silk c be b\ght by ! squ>e y>d ( deal]s 9 photographic supplies1 & %\ld be /ret*$ ev5ly ov] a frame made ( qu>t]- & half-in* wood1 be+ tack$ betwe5 ! two /rips4 ,?is frame c be easily adju/$ to fit ov] ! pap] on ! scre54 ,by us+ ! side1 br++ ! clo? )9 a qu>t] ( an in* ( ! pap]1 ! l9es are m evid5t1 :i* is n s objectionable = v l>ge "w4 ,b = ! s(te/ effects1 rev]se ! frame & use x at half an in* f ! pap]4 ,9 ?is way we get a s(t diffusion ( ! l9es & mu* great] g5]al s(tness4 ,x %\ld nev] be us$ ne>] ?an a qu>t] ( an in*1 z ! l9es !n become too evid5t1 & h5ce fail 9 ! effect desir$4 ,! bolt+ silk comes 9 ?ree grades1 f9e1 m$ium & co>se4 ,! m$ium is ! be/ = g5]al "w4 ,x %\ld n1 h[ev]1 be us$ = sizes "u #h #aj4 ,! int]position ( ! clo? requires ab\t "o-half additional exposure4 ,focus+1 ( c\rse1 mu/ be done )\t ! frame 9 place4 ,! bolt+ silk %\ld only be us$ ) pap] :i* is to be ton$ to "s color o!r ?an black1 z !re is some?+ incongru\s 9 its use ) black tones4 ,few bran*es ( photographic "w1 outside ( negative-mak+1 are z fasc9at+ly int]e/+ z ! mak+ ( enl>g$ pr9ts on bromide pap] f small negatives4 ,e amateur has negatives wor?y ( enl>gem5t 9 8 collection1 & ! process is s simple z to be )9 ! capacity ( ! amateur :o is /ill 9 8 fir/ ye> 9 photography4 ,its practice w /imulate 8 int]e/ & help him 9 all 8 o!r photographic "w4 ,especially w x help him 9 picture-mak+1 ! m]its & defects ( composition be+ a hundr$ fold m pla9ly evid5t 9 an enl>gem5t ?an 9 ! small pr9t f ! h&-cam]a negative4 ,moreov]1 9 its ess5tials1 bromide enl>g+ calls = no special equipm5t o!r ?an ! ord9>y h&- or view-cam]a1 & a d>k-room or o!r conv5i5t "w-room f :i* all :ite light c be exclud$ on occasion4 ,,*apt] ,,vii ,,! ,,r$uction ,,& ,,ton+ ,,( ,,bromide ,,pr9ts ,! subsequ5t manipulations ) bromide pap] d n diff] mat]ially f ^? ) negatives4 ,! support be+ pap] ( c\rse makes "s diff]5ce & ! fact t :ile 9 ! negative we aim to get pr9t+ d5sity & pr9t+ color only1 9 ! positive we aim to please ! eye1 makes ano!r4 ,b g5]ally speak+1 x may be said t :atev] we c d ) ! negative we c d ) bromide pap]1 t is1 9 s f> z ! emulsion itself is conc]n$4 ,! fir/ op]ation to be tak5 up is ! r$uction ( pr9ts :i* are too d>k4 ,?is c be/ be effect$ j aft] ! pr9ts come f ! hypo4 ,a few gra9s ( r$ prussiate ( pota% are dissolv$ 9 a suitable quantity ( wat]1 ! latt] be+ b>ely t+$1 n ( a /rong yell[ color4 ,if ! pr9t is too d5se ?r\gh\t1 x c be imm]s$ )\t previ\s wa%+ 9 ?is solution4 ,r$uction %\ld take place gradually1 & ?is is be/ accompli%$ ) a weak r$uc]4 ,if ! tray be rock$ g5tly ! r$uction w be q uni=m4 ,if1 h[ev]1 only a portion ( ! pr9t ne$s r$uction1 ?is c be effect$ by apply+ ! f]ricyanide solution locally ) a bru% or bit ( absorb5t cotton4 ,extreme c>e is ne$$ 9 ?is op]ation4 ,9 ?is way unduly deep %ad[s c be s(t5$1 veil$ high lights bright5$1 or almo/ any modification obta9$ :i* may be deem$ desirable4 ,:5 r$uction is almo/ complet$ quickly r9se ! pr9t 9 runn+ wat] & !n wa% ?or\ghly4 ,if ! pr9t has be5 dri$1 x is only necess>y to soak x = a few mom5ts 9 a fre% fix+ ba?1 :5 ! f]ricyanide c be appli$ z be=e4 ,latt]ly ! ton+ ( bromide pr9ts has become popul>4 ,!re are _m me?ods & innum]able =mulae4 ,"h we %all conc]n ourselves ) ! sulphide me?od :i* be/ fulfills ! ?ree *ief requirem5ts1 namely3 7#a7 ,c]ta9ty ( results2 7#b7 ! use ( few ba?s2 7#c7 ! production ( p]man5t pr9ts4 ,processes :i*1 z reg>ds color1 vigor1 etc41 are beyond ! control ( ! work]1 are ( v little practical use4 ,equally s1 if ! ton+ involves a :ole /r+ ( op]ations1 ! f9al outcome ( :i* is usually--a spoilt pr9t4 ,&1 la/ly1 a process :i*--h[ev] satisfactory x may be 9 o!r respects--impairs ! und\bt$ p]man5cy ( a black-develop$ pr9t is n "o wor?y ( adoption4 ,9 "o or two o!r respects1 processes v>y *iefly z reg>ds ! dep? or int5sity :i* ! pr9t mu/ h 9 ord] to produce ! mo/ satisfactory result :5 ton$4 ,?us1 pr9ts to be ton$ ) uranium require to be di/9ctly on ! pale side1 :il/ ^? = sulphide ton+ are be/ a little vigor\s4 ,"o or two o!r me?ods1 on ! o!r h&1 require ! use ( ! co/ly gold or plat9um salts4 ,! latt]1 except "u exceptional circum/ances1 are f> bett] employ$ 9 ! legitimate =m ( plat9otype or o!r plat9um pap]2 bromide pr9ts ton$ ) plat9um w probably co/ m1 & w nev] h ! absolute p]man5ce peculi> to ! plat9um pr9t4 ,plac$ 9 r\gh ord] ( m]it1 ! processes available are3 ,sulphide ton+ 7hypo-alum ton+ is a *eap]1 sl[]1 & n q s effective =m ( ?is me?od1 :il/ ! ?io processes repres5t sulphide ton+ at its be/72 copp] ton+2 ton+ by re-developm5t4 ,^! me?ods diff]1 n only 9 ! results :i* !y give1 b also z reg>ds ! p]fection ) :i* ea* atta9s its p>ticul> effect2 on ! pr9ciple ( ! lady 9 ! play :o spoke ! absolute tru? "u ! circum/ances1 ea* may claim to be includ$ among ! really s]viceable processes4 ,9 ! sulphide process1 ! image :i*1 9 a black-develop$ pr9t1 consi/s ( metallic silv] 9 f9e division1 is conv]t$ into silv] sulphide1 a sub/ance :i* 9 ! ord9>y way is also black1 b :5 produc$ 9 a f9e condition on a photographic pr9t is br[n to sepia color4 ,silv] sulphide is a mo/ p]man5t sub/ance4 ,!re=e a sulphide-ton$ pr9t %\ld be p]man5t1 too1 a conclusion :i* is fully borne out 9 practice4 ,a sulphide-ton$ pr9t is at lea/ z p]man5t z ! bromide f :i* x is made4 ,! image ( ! latt] is susceptible to practically only "o ag5t likely to come 9 contact ) x1 namely1 sulphur fumes f burn+ gas1 :i* p>tially sulphurize x & give rise to iridesc5t m>k+s resembl+ ^? due to /ale pap]4 ,n[1 z ! sulphide-ton$ pr9t is ! result ( ?is sulphuriz+ process c>ri$ out ) int5tion to a /ate ( complet5ess1 ! result %\ld be--& proves to be 9 practice--immune to ?is "o cause ( defacem5t4 ,9 conv]t+ ! silv] image into "o ( silv] sulphide1 ! me?od is to fir/ act on 7blea*7 ! silv] image ) "s reag5t :i* w *ange x into a comp\nd ( silv] susceptible to ! action ( sulphide4 ,iod9e has be5 us$ = ?is1 giv+ an image ( silv] iodide4 ,brom9e gives "o ( silv] bromide4 ,a mixture ( potass bi*romate & hydro*loric acid gives silv] *loride1 z does also a solution ( *lor9e1 ?\gh 9 ! =m] case ! pres5ce ( ! *romium comp\nds affects ! color obta9$4 ,b ! be/ ( ! lot is a solution ( ! two sub/ances potassium f]ricyanide & potassium bromide1 :i* =ms an image ( silv] f]rocyanide & silv] bromide4 ,bo? ( ^! are conv]t$ into silv] sulphide :5 treat$ ) a solution ( sodium sulphide4 ,9 ! case ( ! hypo-alum process1 9 :i* ! pr9ts are ton$ direct 7)\t blea*+7 9 a mixture ( hypo & alum1 ! image is also *ang$ into silv] sulphide1 b only to a p>tial ext5t4 ,!oretically1 ! me?od is n s good z sulphide prop]2 x is mu* m inconv5i5t 9 practice except on a comm]cial scale1 :ile ! results _c be said to q equal ^? by ! sulphide process z reg>ds p]man5cy4 ,s mu* by way ( !ory4 ,we w n[ give ! =mulae = ! two solutions requir$ 9 ! sulphide process4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! blea*1 or oxidiz+ mixture ( bromide & f]ricyanide4 ,)9 reasonable limits1 ! proportions ( ^! salts & ! quantity ( ea* 9 ! solution does n matt] v mu*4 ,ea* *emical c1 if desir$1 be kept 9 a sep>ate solution if c>e be tak5 to keep ! mixture 9 ! d>k1--t is1 9 a cupbo>d :]e x w n be expos$ con/antly to daylight4 ,! f]ricyanide suff]s 9 "t by exposure to daylight2 b1 z bo? x & ! bromide are comp>atively *eap & s]ve = a l>ge numb] ( pr9ts1 !re is no ne$ to take excessive c>e4 ,! f]ricyanide-bromide mixture1 h[ev]1 keeps v mu* bett] ?an a pla9 solution ( f]ricyanide alone4 ,=mulae :i* place ! salts 9 sep>ate solutions are a mi/ake4 ,z good a =mula z any is3 ,potass f]ricyanide1 #cjj gra9s2 potass bromide1 #ajj gra9s1 wat] #bj ounces2 ,ammonium bromide may be us$ 9 place ( ! potassium salt 9 ! above =mula2 ! diff]5ce is n m>k$1 b ! ammonium comp\nd t5ds to give a some:at w>m] br[n or sepia4 ,9 ! case ( _m =mulae1 x w be notic$ t equal quantities ( bromide & f]ricyanide are recomm5d$4 ,al?\gh1 z j /at$1 v>iations 9 ! =mula are n at all m>k$ 9 _! effects1 a proportion ( bromide ov] "o-qu>t] ( ! f]ricyanide does t5d t[>ds ! yell[i% color ( :i* compla9ts are n[ & aga9 he>d4 ,i want to make x cle> t ! opportunities = go+ wrong ) ! blea*] are v small inde$4 ,)\t enc\rag+ ! read] to be c>eless let x be said t any old =mula 7( f]ricyanide & bromide7 = ! blea*] w prove successful4 ,n s1 h[ev]1 9 ! case ( ! sulphide solution1 :i* requires to be v c>efully made up & us$4 ,sulphide1 n sulphite4 ,! mat]ial = ! ton+ or d>k5+ ( ! blea*$ pr9t is ! *emical sub/ance1 sodium sulphide1 ( ! =mula ,na#b,s4#i;,h#b,o4 ,?is is pur*as$ z small cry/als :i* gre$ily absorb wat] & rapidly become almo/ liquid if n prop]ly cork$4 ,n t ?is totally unfits ! sulphide = use4 ,sulphide :i* has gone liquid w at all times be f\nd to "w p]fectly1 b x is ( c\rse op5 to suspicion1 &1 9 any case1 x is n possible to "k :at is ! /r5g? ( a solution made up ) su* a supply4 ,= ?is reason1 x is be/ to make up ! sulphide into solution ( #bj p] c5t /r5g?1 & add ?is to wat] to make ! ton+ ba?4 ,& x is "h t a caution mu/ be not$4 ,! weak work+ solution1 :i* is only ab\t #a to #b p] c5t /r5g?1 keeps v badly inde$1 & %\ld be made up fre% f ! /ock solution at ! "t ( ton+ ea* bat* ( pr9ts4 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ necess>y items to be> 9 m9d 9 us+ ! sulphide process4 ,sodium sulphide is sold 9 v>i\s degrees ( purity1 & ! label on ! bottle is n always 9 exact correspond5ce ) ! condition ( ! sub/ance inside1 b ! two =ms :i* mu/ be adh]$ to = sulphide ton+ are ! ord9>y pure & ! pure = analysis4 ,! =m] c be obta9$ f any reliable drug /ore or photographic deal]4 ,x comes 9 small lumps1 yell[i% to gre5i% 9 color2 :5 dissolv$ 9 wat] ! solution w be yell[1 & w usually %[ a deposit :i* mu/ be filt]$ (f4 ,?is sulphide w give tones :i* are sepia br[n ) mo/ pap]s4 ,9 ! case ( ! pure-=-analysis sulphide1 :i* is ! recry/alliz$ v>iety1 ! salt w be pure :ite & w =m a q colorless & cle> solution 9 wat]4 ,! tone giv5 by ?is k9d ( sulphide is usually ( a m purpli% color4 ,! di/9ct diff]5ce betwe5 ! two comm]cial v>ieties ( sulphide %\ld n be ov]look$1 z x all[s ! work] to modify ! process usefully :5 deal+ ) pap]s diff]+ 7z all pap]s d7 to a slight ext5t 9 _! adaptability to sulphide ton+4 ,! pur] =m has c]ta9ly mu* bett] keep+ prop]ties ?an ! o!r1 b ei!r1 if made up 9 #bj p] c5t solution1 keeps = a mon? or two at lea/--:i* is en\gh = all purposes4 ,! *ief diff]5ce betwe5 ! two is notic$ 9 ! dilut$ or work+ solutions4 ,t ( ! pure/ sulphide may be kept & us$ aga91 ?\gh x is n really good policy to d s4 ,! supply ( sulphide %\ld !re=e be dissolv$ z soon z pur*as$1 z foll[s3 ,/ock sulphide solution--#bj p] c5t2 sodium sulphite #d ounces2 wat] to make #bj ounces4 ,! actual ton+ solution is made up at ! "t ( treat+ ! pr9ts by mix+ ! above /ock ) wat]1 z foll[s3 ,sulphide ton+ ba?4--,/ock #bj p] c5t solution #c ounces2 wat] to make #bj ounces4 ,?is makes a ba? :i* conta9s ab\t "o p] c5t real sulphide1 correspond+ ) ab\t a #c p] c5t solution ( ! sulphide z pur*as$4 ,if ! ba? is mu* weak]1 ! tone obta9$ is usually n q s good2 :ile1 if x is /rong]1 !re is dang] ( ! pr9t's bli/]+ :ile ton+1 or aft]w>d 9 ! wa%+ wat]4 ,inde$1 "s pap]s ne$ to be ton$ 9 a weak] ba?1 & require also to be fix$ 9 an alum-hypo fix+ ba? 7see lat]71 s t ! /r5g? ( ! ton+ ba? giv5 above may be tak5 z ! maximum1 & us$ at half or "o-?ird /r5g?1 z circum/ances %[ to be necess>y4 ,&1 to repeat ! caution once m1 ! ton+ ba? is to be ?r[n away z soon z ! pr9ts h be5 pass$ ?r\gh x4 ,) ^! po9ts 9 our m9d z to ! mak+ up ( ! solution1 we c come to ! process prop]4 ,! pr9ts require to be well wa%$ & free f hypo be=e be+ plac$ 9 ! bromide-f]ricyanide blea*]1 because any hypo 9 conjunction ) ! f]ricyanide w =m ! well-kn[n ,f>m]'s r$uc]1 & cause pat*9ess ( ! pr9ts4 ,x is immat]ial :e!r ! pr9ts are tak5 direct ?r\gh ! ton+ process or dri$ 9 ! meantime4 ,"s work]s cont5d t ! ton+ process is m regul> if ! pr9ts are dri$ be=e blea*+4 ,9 ei!r case1 imm]sion 9 ! blea*] w cause ! fully develop$ bromide to disappe>1 leav+ only a fa9t br[n image beh9d4 ,9 "s cases ! image is fa9t] ?an 9 o!rs1 ! diff]5ce appe>+ to dep5d *iefly on ! develop] employ$4 ,develop]s ) a liability to /a9 w give pr9ts :i* d n blea* out s completely z ^? made ) clean] work+ develop]s4 ,b1 9 all cases1 two to ?ree m9utes' action ( ! blea*+ solution w be ample2 if all pure black is n gone 9 ?is "t1 x is a sign t ! blea* is becom+ exhau/$4 ,! pr9ts %\ld be kept con/antly on ! move :il/ 9 ! solution1 & turn$ ov] & ov] to ensure equal action4 ,!y are !n giv5 q a brief r9se 9 runn+ wat]--half a m9ute to a m9ute--& !n transf]r$ to ! sulphide solution1 :]e !y %\ld d>k5 to ! full br[n or sepia tone 9 a few seconds4 ,x is well always to leave !m "h = twice to ?ree times ! p]iod requir$ to give ! full tone4 ,a wa% ( half an h\r w remove ! salts left 9 ! film4 ,grant$ t blea*] & sulphide are 9 prop] work+ ord]1 !re is "o fur!r factor 9 ! mak+ ( sepia pr9ts :i* is ( vital importance1 & t is ! prop] prep>ation ( ! pr9t itself4 ,a good sulphide tone presupposes a good black & :ite bromide4 ,n only t1 defects 9 ! bromide :i* may lie lat5t :ile ! pr9t is unton$ come to light 9 ! sulphide ba?4 ,?is applies to unev5 fixation 7due to omission to keep pr9ts mov+ 9 ! hypo ba?7 & f+]+ ( ! surface2 :ile1 z reg>ds ! orig9al developm5t ( ! pr9t1 mak+ ! be/ ( a wrong exposure w n d :5 sulphide ton+ is 9 view4 ,a pr9t t is =c$ by long developm5t w suff] 9 tone1 ! result be+ cold] & less satisfactory z reg>ds vigor4 ,full exposure1 & developm5t :i* is complete 9 ! normal "t = a p]fect black pr9t1 are ! conditions = a good sepia tone1 &1 :5 a bat* ( pr9ts is be+ put ?r\gh1 x is well to take /eps to pres]ve a uni=m "t ( developm5t 9 ord] to secure an id5tical tone ?r\gh\t4 ,!re are _m diff]5t =mulas = ! uranium ton+ ( bromide pr9ts1 & ,i suppose t mo/ ( !m h giv5 good results ) ! work]s :o publi%$ _! me?ods4 ,( ^? :i* ,i h tri$1 h[ev]1 none has yield$ ! results :i* ,i h be5 enabl$ to obta9 f my own =mula--my own 9 t ,i arriv$ at x by pati5t exp]im5t+4 ,x may be t ?is =mula is n :olly orig9al ) myself4 ,at any rate1 ,i d n claim any?+ = x except t x works1 ) me1 bett] ?an o!rs ,i h tri$4 ,! requirem5ts = ton+ bromide pr9ts ) uranium are3 #a ounce ( uranium nitrate2 #a ounce ( potassium f]ricyanide 7! r$ cry/als72 #a_/b p\nd bottle ( acetic acid--c4 p4 glacial pref]r$2 wat]2 a supply ( blott+ pap]1 to be kept exclusively = ?is purpose1 & a few absolutely & *emically clean trays4 ,! exp5se atta*$ to ^! ton+ processes is slight4 ,uranium nitrate co/s f =ty to sixty c5ts p] ounce1 & an ounce w la/ a long "t4 ,potassium f]ricyanide co/s ab\t tw5ty c5ts p] p\nd1 & a p\nd is ample = a lifetime4 ,glacial acetic acid is a little m co/ly1 b a half-p\nd bottle w prove a good inve/m5t4 ,x is us$ also1 z ! read] w recall1 9 mak+ acid hypo = acid fix+4 ,to prep>e ! ton+ ba?s1 dissolve ! ounce ( uranium nitrate 9 #aj ounces ( wat]4 ,! wat] %\ld be di/ill$ if ?is is easily obta9able1 & ! solution %\ld be kept 9 an orange-glass bottle or an ord9>y bottle protect$ f light by a non-act9ic pap] wrapp+4 ,dissolve ! ounce ( potassium f]ricyanide 9 #aj ounces ( wat]4 ,keep ?is also 9 an orange-glass bottle1 well cork$4 ,!re are _m cautions ab\t ?is p>ticul> salt1 & x has be5 said t x w n keep 9 solution4 ,9 my practice ,i f9d no difficulty :atev] 9 ! use ( a solution six mon?s old1 despite ! difficulties m5tion$ 9 ! text-books4 ,to tone ! bromide pr9ts1 fir/ note t ! pr9ts %\ld h be5 develop$ & fix$ & wa%$ j z usual4 ,x is necess>y t pr9ts to be ton$ %all conta9 no trace ( hypo4 ,to secure ?is1 ! pr9ts %\ld be specially prep>$ = ton+ by be+ aga9 ?or\ghly wa%$1 z any hypo rema9+ 9 ! pr9t w cause spots & /reak9ess4 ,) c>e at ?is /age ! ton+ w give clean & bright pr9ts1 :i* %\ld be z p]man5t z ! orig9al bromide pr9t4 ,i _c give ! reason :y1 b1 z a g5]al rule1 bromide pr9ts tone bett] if ! pr9t has be5 dri$ aft] wa%+ & rewet j be=e ton+4 ,!re may be a *emical reason = ?is1 b ,i am incl9$ to ?9k t x is a physical "o1 viz41 t ! emulsion is s(t] aft] its fir/ wa%+ ?an aft] hav+ be5 dri$ & wet1 s t x all[s ton+ solution to get into ! film m quickly4 ,?is naturally results 9 m rapid ton+1 & quick ton+ does n yield z good pr9ts z a sl[] & m gradual build+ up ( ! color image4 ,hav+ ! pr9t ready = ton+ z "h outl9$1 take #a dram ( ! uranium solution1 add #a_/b dram ( acetic acid & !n #e ounces ( wat]4 ,9 a sep>ate graduate put #a dram ( f]ricyanide solution & #e ounces ( wat]4 ,j be=e ton+1 p\r ^! two solutions toge!r into ! ?ird graduate & use imm$iately4 ,to proce$1 lay ! rewett$ pr9t face up 9 a clean tray & fl[ ! fre%ly made ton+ ba? 7! two solutions comb9$7 ov] ! pr9t4 ,! pr9t & tray mu/ be kept 9 motion by g5tle rock+ dur+ ! ton+ op]ation4 ,! ton+ solution t5ds to ?r[ a r$ precipitate z x works4 ,?is precipitate %\ld n be p]mitt$ to settle on ! face ( ! pr9t4 ,"s work]s tone _! pr9ts face d[n1 b ,i d n advocate ?is1 z x is important to take ! pr9t f ! ton+ ba? at j ! "r mom5t1 &1 z ! ton+ process is %ort 7six or sev5 m9utes is usually suffici5t ev5 = ! deepe/ r$7 y ne$ to wat* ! pr9t all ! "t4 ,9 ! ton+ op]ation note t a con/ant quiet motion ( ! tray1 to keep ! solution mov+ ov] ! pr9t1 is ess5tial to success4 ,i h already giv51 9 an e>li] p>agraph1 ! ord] 9 :i* ! colors come4 ,b t ord] 0 = a normal pr9t4 ,"s pr9ts behave diff]5tly1 & x is 9 ! control ( ^! unavoidable v>iations ) diff]5t pr9ts t skill & success come4 ,a pr9t ( a half-tone subject aga9/ a jet-black backgr\nd1 a portrait1 = in/ance1 w h>dly foll[ ! normal ord] 9 ! appe>ance ( colors4 ,?is because ! half-tones w be br[n & ev5 r$-br[n be=e ! ton+ solution has *ang$ ! d5se black deposit ( ! backgr\nd at all4 ,if ! ton+ 0 /opp$ at ?is /age1 "s v pretty effects 9 d\ble ton+ might result4 ,f ?is explanation ( ! ton+ process1 ! disc]n+ read] w p]ceive ! ne$ = caution 9 select+ ! be/ k9d ( a pr9t = uranium ton+4 ,?us a pr9t :i* has a bald-head$ sky w tone only 9 ! body ( ! pr9t1 b if !re is any t9t at all to ! sky1 x also w tone1 giv+ an effect n mu* to be desir$ except = sunset or sunrise pictures4 ,if :ite high-lights are desir$ 9 ! ton$ pr9t1 !y mu/ be :ite orig9ally & n ! lea/ bit fogg$4 ,z d\ble-ton$ effects 9 a pr9t are n usually desirable1 ^? pr9ts hav+ deep black %ad[s or d>k masses w be avoid$4 ,! be/ k9d ( pr9t = ?is me?od ( ton+ is "o fully expos$ & slightly "u-develop$1 s9ce1 :5 ! uranium does take hold ( ! %ad[s1 x makes = an increase ( contra/4 ,exp]i5ce is ! be/ tea*]1 & ,i c\ld n beg9 to describe 9 detail :at ! read] c himself asc]ta9 f a few exp]im5ts4 ,"s pr9ts ne$+ contra/ %\ld be c>ri$ f> 9 ! ton+ solution2 o!rs1 n ne$+ contra/1 w give bett] results if !y are ton$ only ?r\gh ! br[ns1 & s on4 ,! read] :o c sp5d a ,saturday aft]noon ) a few bromide pr9ts1 v>y+ 9 "*1 w le>n m f 8 exp]im5t+ ?an ,i c\ld tell him 9 _m pages4 ,= ^! exp]im5ts wa/e or imp]fect black pr9ts c be us$ ) practical economy1 ! *ief object be+ to wat* ! progress ( ton+ & *emical *anges4 ,:5 ! desir$ tone is rea*$1 remove ! pr9t f ! ton+ solution & wa% quickly & well 9 runn+ wat] = fifte5 m9utes4 ,if wa%$ too long1 ! color ( ! pr9t w fade & a dead & lifeless pr9t w result4 ,if n wa%$ long en\gh1 ! yell[ ( ! f]ricyanide w rema9 9 ! pr9t1 robb+ its gradations ( brightness & purity ( color & impair+ ! p]man5cy ( ! pr9t4 ,a big advantage 9 ?is me?od ( ton+ is its wond]ful adaptability4 ,!re is no h>d & fa/ rule z to ! proportion ( ! *emicals to ! bulk ( wat] us$4 ,try two drams ( ea* ( ! two solutions2 !n ?ree drams ( ea*1 b wat* t ! pr9t does n get beyond y 9 ton+4 ,! only practical diff]5ce 9 my =mula & o!rs t ,i h se5 is t ,i make my /ock solution weak] ?an t ord9>ily advis$ & use less ( x to a c]ta9 am\nt ( wat]1 because ,i pref] sl[ ton+ & ! accompany+ ease ( control :i* ! fla%-9-!-pan =mula does n admit4 ,quick ton+1 l quick developm5t1 t5ds to block ! %ad[s 9 ! pr9t1 & if y once get bronz$ %ad[s ! pr9t is practically hopeless4 ,n q ru9$1 h[ev]1 z a ba? 9 a #e p] c5t solution ( sodium c>bonate w dis*>ge ! color & !n1 if ! pr9t is fad$1 x may be r$evelop$ 9 an alkal9e develop] su* z metol-hydro4 ,b be=e x is reton$ ! pr9t mu/ be ?or\ghly wa%$1 z ! pres5ce ( sodium c>bonate does n p]mit ! ton+ solution to d its "w4 ,f9ally1 ,i may say t1 :ile a ba? ( acetic acid & wat] is (t5 advis$ to /op ! ton+ action 9 ?is me?od1 ,i h nev] f\nd x necess>y4 ,all ! ?9 v>ieties ( bromide pap] curl badly 9 dry+4 ,if !y are to be kept unm\nt$ x is well to imm]se !m 9 wat] to :i* has be5 add$ a few drops ( glyc]9e4 ,?is w ensure _! ly+ flat aft] dry+4 ,a solution ( #b ounces ( glyc]9e 9 #be ounces ( wat] is advis$ :5 x is desir$ to make bromides on heavy r\gh pap] rema9 flat1 aft] dry+1 = book illu/ration & simil> purposes4 ,if "o is try+ to ru% ?r\gh a bromide pr9t1 x c be trimm$ :ile wet by plac+ x on a %eet ( /iff pap] & cutt+ ?r\gh bo?4 ,! pap] w be f\nd to cockle ! m\nts badly 9 dry+4 ,aside f ! glue m\ntant1 =mula = :i* accompanies ! pap]1 ,i "k no prev5tive except to m\nt ! pr9ts :ile dry ) ! dry m\nt+ tissue4 ,z ! pap] :5 wet /ret*es "o way consid]ably1 z mu* z a ?ird ( an in* on a t5- or twelve-in* l5g?1 provision mu/ be made 9 trimm+1 especially if m\nts ) c5t]s ( a giv5 size are us$4 ,! pap] be+ cov]$ ) an emulsion :i* 9 w>m wea!r is v s(t :ile wet1 m\nt+ is some:at m difficult ?an ) "s ( ! o!r pap]s4 ,my me?od is to m\nt n m ?an half a doz5 at once1 plac+ !m face d[n1 "o on top ( ! o!r1 on a glass or f]rotype plate1 blott+ (f ! surface wat] & spread+ ! pa/e ov] ! top "o 9 ! usual way4 ,i place ?is on ! m\nt & !n /ret* ov] x smoo?ly a damp h&k]*ief or piece ( v ?9 rubb] clo?1 rubb+ ! pr9t d[n ) my h&s1 seldom us+ ! squeegee & !n v lightly4 ,by ?is me?od abrasion ( ! surface seldom results & air-bells are unkn[n4 ,ow+ to ! /rong contract+ p[] ( ! pap] 9 dry+1 ! m\nt+ pa/e mu/ be us$ freely1 especially at ! edges ( ! pr9t4 ,ap>t f ! me?ods ( proc$ure "h giv51 !re are innum]able modifications cov]+ e detail ( contact pr9t+ & enl>g+ on bromide pap]4 ,mo/ ( ^! h be5 giv5 c>eful trial z publi%$1 b few h q fulfill$ ! expectations !y creat$4 ,,books4 ,manuals deal+ ) ! manipulation ( ! v>i\s br&s ( pap] may also be obta9$1 g5]ally gratis1 f ! v>i\s manufactur]s ( bromide pap] or _! ,am]ican ag5ts z foll[s3 ,! ,ea/man ,kodak ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y42 ,! ,def5d] ,photo ,supply ,co41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y42 ,j4 ,l4 ,lewis1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,,royal ,,albums comb9e all ! good features y seek 9 an album = ! prop] display & pres]vation ( y\r ,,unm\nt$ ,,photographs ,,& ,,po/ ,,c>ds ,quality 9 ,mat]ials ,! ,be/ ( ,workman%ip ,pleas+ 9 ,design & ,appe>ance ,durability 9 ,s]vice ,mod]ate 9 ,price ,a ,wide ,v>iety 9 ,/yles & ,sizes ,b9d+s 9 ,all ,desirable ,colors & ,f9i%es ,leaves & ,cov]s ( ,h>moni\s ,color+ ,ask ,y\r ,deal] to ,%[ ,y ,,royal ,,albums ,,manufactur$ ,,by ,f4 ,l4 ,,s*afuss ,,company #bjj ,,fif? ,,av5ue1 ,,new ,,york ,mak]s ( ,albums ,exclusively ,,to ,,pr(essional ,,& ,,amateur ,,photograph]s ,write u at once = p>ticul>s reg>d+ our new ,multi-,spe$ ,fla%light ,atta*m5t = our ,,multi-,,spe$ ,,%utt] ,x is a simple device op]at+ 9 conjunction ) ! ,multi-,spe$ ,%utt] & atta*$ to same ) a screw on ! back ( ! %utt]4 ,illu/ration ,illu/ration ,x makes high spe$ photography practicable "u all conditions4 ,takes photographs ( mov+ objects 9 #a-ajjj? second4 ,especially valuable = mak+ in/antane\s full-tim$ pictures ( babies1 ag$ & n]v\s p1 gr\ps1 etc4 ,invaluable to press photograph]s = mak+ race />ts at night1 indoor a?letic ev5ts & all k9ds ( newspap] illu/rations hi!rto impossible4 ,s5d = a free ,specim5 ,photograph & ,detail$ ,in=mation 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,multi-,,spe$ ,,%utt] ,,junior ,simple1 ,effici5t1 ,mod]ate 9 ,price ,bas$ on ! pr9ciple ( ! fam\s ,multi-,spe$ ,%utt]4 ,gives accurate exposures up to #a-ejj? second1 9 addition to ! usual sl[] spe$s4 ,extremely compact = ! small cam]a4 ,easy 9 op]ation4 ,highe/ effici5cy 9 illum9ation & def9ition4 ,widely endors$ z ! simple/ & be/ %utt] sold ev5 at a high] price4 ,illu/ration ,s5d = ,detail$ ,in=mation & ,,free ,illu/rat$ ,catalogue ,,multi-,,spe$ ,,%utt] ,,co41 #cag-cbc ,ea/ #cd? ,/reet ,,new ,,york ,,l&e',s ,pat5t ,enl>g+ ,lamp ,,pat5t$ ,puts ,enl>g$ ,pictures ,)9 ,rea* ( ,ev]yone4 ,conv]ts any ,cam]a into an ,enl>g+ ,lant]n )\t ! use ( ,cond5s]s4 ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ,cam]a & ,enl>g] 9 position ,illu/ration3 ,%[+ ,back ,op5 & ,int]ior ,arrangem5t ,enl>gem5ts made at home 9 any room :i* c be d>k5$4 ,by means ( ?is lamp & 8 regul> cam]a any amateur is equipp$ to make enl>gem5ts on bromide pap]4 ,x is fitt$ ) two inc&esc5t gas lamps4 ,! light is reflect$ s z to give a p]fect ev5 illum9ation ov] ! entire surface ( ! negative4 ,! "t ( exposure v>ies accord+ to ! p[] ( ! light1 ! d5sity ( ! negative & size ( ! enl>gem5t4 ,approximately an av]age negative enl>g$ to f\r times ! orig9al size w take ab\t "o to "o & "o-half m9utes4 ,prices ,no4 #a4 ,= #e #g & small] negatives #ab4jj ,no4 #b4 ,= #h #aj & small] negatives #ae4jj ,ask y\r deal] to %[ y ,,manufactur$ ,,by ,,george ,,murphy1 ,inc41 #eg ,e4 ,n9? ,/41 ,new ,york ,*eap ,blott+ ,pap]s are exp5sive 9 use & may ru9 y\r pr9ts4 ,!re is practical economy & com=t 9 ! use ( ,,photo ,,f9i% ,,_w ,,blott+ ,! ,be/ = ,tw5ty ,ye>s ,made expressly = photographic use4 #ajj pure cotton fibre1 v absorbtive & non-l9t+4 ,absolutely free f any?+ t c injure ! photographic pr9t4 ,notable = its smoo?1 h>d f9i%1 giv+ durability 9 use4 ,try x & y'll use no o!r4 ,,unequall$ ,,9 ,,quality ,,economy & ,,satisfaction ,y\r deal] c supply y if y w insi/ on gett+ ,photo ,f9i% ,_w4 ,x is wor? insi/+ ^u4 ,manufactur$ by ,,! ,,albem>le ,,pap] ,,mfg4 ,,co4 ,ri*mond1 ,va41 ,u4 ,s4 ,a4 ,,duratol ,,non-,,poison\s ,,rapid ,,develop] ,produces ess5tially ! same results z o!r coal-t> develop]s4 ,x is economic by reason ( sl[ exhau/ion1 & its solutions are /able = _m mon?s1 ! bottles ne$ n be kept fill$ to ! neck4 ,x produces fog-free negatives ) ! "r am\nt ( d5sity 9 ! high lights1 a weal? ( detail 9 ! %ad[s & great s(tness4 ,,be/ ,,=mula ,,= ,,plates1 ,,films ,,& ,,sl[-,,work+1 ,,contra/y ,,gaslight ,,pap]s3 ,hot ,wat] #cb oz4 ,duratol #ae gra9s ,soda ,sulphite dry #c_/d oz4 ,potassium ,c>bonate dry #a oz4 ,hydroqu9one #ge gra9s ,developm5t complete 9 f #b to #e m9utes4 ,,an ,,excell5t ,,=mula ,,= ,,s(t-,,work+ ,,pap]s 7,,arturo1 ,,cyko ,,& ,,artex73 ,hot ,wat] #ce oz4 ,duratol #ae gra9s ,soda ,sulphite dry #a-b oz4 ,potassium ,c>bonate dry #c_/d oz4 ,hydroqu9one #fj gra9s ,developm5t complete 9 ab\t #b m9utes4 ,sample ^u reque/ f ,,s*]+ ,,glatz #aej ,maid5 ,lane--,new ,york ,make ,y\r ,own ,enl>gem5ts ,illu/ration ,! ,,graphic ,enl>g+ & ,r$uc+ ,cam]a ,) ?is cam]a y c make enl>gem5ts ( any size ) ei!r daylight or artificial light4 ,no cond5s+ l5ses are requir$4 ,! reflect+ cone suppli$ ) ea* cam]a di/ributes ! light ev5ly ov] ! entire surface ( ! negative4 ,,price ,includ+ ,negative ,c>ri] & ,kits & ?ree %eets ( diffus+ ,gr\nd ,glass4 ,no4 #a4 ,= ,negatives #e #g & small] #bh4jj ,no4 #b4 #h #aj #ce4jj ,no4 #c4 #aa #ad #de4jj ,,folm] ,,s*w+ ,,division ,ea/man ,kodak ,co4 ,,ro*e/]1 ,,new ,,york ,,we ,,recomm5d ,agfa ,,amidol ,,= ,,develop+ ,,bromide ,,"w ,s5d an ,agfa ,label & #aj c5ts = a copy ( ! ,agfa ,=mul ,book4 ,x conta9s complete =mul = all makes ( pap] & o!r valuable in=mation4 ,,b]l9 ,,anil9e ,,works #bae ,,wat] ,,/reet ,,new ,,york #ae4jj ,illu/ration ,f a ,small ,negative ,y ,c ,pr9t a ,picture ,any ,size ,! ,radion ,enl>g+ ,pr9t] is a device :i*1 us$ 9 connection ) y\r cam]a1 produces pr9ts f ei!r film or glass negatives 9 any dim5sions y wi%4 ,! pr9t+ is almo/ z quick z contact pr9t+1 & ! size ( ! pr9ts c be v>i$ in/antly4 ,,! ,,radion ,,enl>g+ ,,pr9t] enables y to get all ! results ( a big cam]a ) a small & inexp5sive equipm5t4 ,x comes to y complete & ready to op]ate at any "t ( day or night4 ,x is equipp$ ) new1 specially con/ruct$ ,mazda lamps ready to atta* to any electric light socket4 ,! ,radion ,enl>g+ ,pr9t] works )\t ! use ( cond5s]s1 :i* !reby r$uces ! co/ ( ! ma*9e & secures a bett] detail on ! pr9t4 ,,price #ae4jj ,mo/ deal]s 9 photographic supplies c sell y a ,radion ,enl>g+ ,pr9t]4 ,if y\rs _c1 write direct to u4 ,write anyway = descriptive circul>s t w be ( great int]e/ to e cam]a us]4 ,h4 ,c4 ,,:ite ,,co4 ,l5s ,gr9d]s & ,mak]s ( ,optical ,in/rum5ts = ov] ,=ty ,ye>s #ejc ,,riv] ,,/41 ,,nor? ,,b5n+ton1 ,,v]mont ,bran*es3 #de ,w4 #cd? ,/41 ,new ,york ,city ,san ,francisco ,london ,! ,fir/ ,ess5tial 9 ,enl>g+ is ! ,curry ,utility ,enl>g+ & ,copy+ ,bo>d & ,spr+s ,illu/ration ,x is #bj #cj in*es1 made ( well-season$ wood1 nicely f9i%$4 ,w hold )\t injury any size copy ( any ?ickness4 ,utility ,spr+s are made ( ! be/ nickel$ /eel4 ,price1 includ+ #bd ,spr+s1 #c4ej4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,curry ,,/]eon ,ana/igmat ,l5s ,s]ies ,a--,f #d4e ,s]ies ,b--,f #f4c ,illu/ration ,! f9e/ l5s at any price = portraits1 views or enl>g+4 ,s5d = ,price ,li/ & ,photo ,developm5ts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,frank ,j4 ,,curry ,import]1 ,manufactur] & ,deal] 9 ,photo ,goods ( ,e ,description4 #hab ,*e/nut ,/reet ,philadelphia1 ,pa4 ,= ,enl>g+ ,baus* ,lomb-,zeiss ,tess> ,i,ib-,f3#f4c because ( its excell5t optical corrections4 ,! ,tess> has a flat field all[+ exposures at full ap]ture4 ,no dang] f vibration because ( long exposure4 ,saves exposure "t on d5se negatives4 ,= ,sale by ,deal]s4 ,s5d = ,booklet #gj ,h1 ,useful ,tables = ! ,photograph]1 free on reque/4 ,conta9s tables on enl>g+4 ,our "n1 back$ by ov] half a c5tury ( exp]i5ce1 is on all our products--l5ses1 microscopes1 field glasses1 projection app>atus1 eng9e]+ & o!r sci5tific in/rum5ts4 ,illu/ration ,baus* ,lomb ,optical ,co4 ,,new ,,york ,,wa%+ton ,,*icago ,,san ,,francisco ,,london ,,ro*e/]1 ,n4,y4 ,,frank=t ,y see ! picture be=e y on ! gr\nd glass1 "r up to ! mom5t ( exposure & are sure ( success if y use ,,reflex ,,cam]as ,,= ,,y\r ,,cam]a ,,"w ,,out-,,(-,,doors ,,& ,,at ,,home ,illu/ration ,,reflex ,,cam]as ,,excel all o!r simil> types 9 curta9 velocity1 ease & spe$ ( op]ation1 simplicity ( con/ruction1 fre$om f outside me*anism1 p]fect workman%ip4 ,,regul> #de & #eg ,,long-,,focus #de & #eg ,,junior ,,reflex #c-a_/dd-a_/d 7fix$ focus7 ,price #ab1 ) ei!r "o ,hold] or ,adapt]4 ,ask any indep5d5t deal] or write = catalogue & sample pr9t to ,,reflex ,,cam]a ,,co4 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,go]z ,,cam]as ,,are ,,unique ,,9 ,,! ,,h& ,,cam]a ,,l9e ,,our ,,new ,,ve/-,,pocket ,,t5ax is ! f9e/ pocket cam]a ev] made4 ,x measures1 clos$1 #c_/db-c_/dc-a_/b in*es4 ,equipp$ ) ,comp\nd ,%utt]1 all spe$s up to #a-bej second4 ,we furni% ) x a purse case conta9+ six nickel hold]s = plates #a-c_/db-e_/af in*es4 ,our f9e enl>g+ app>atus1 made especially = use ) ?is cam]a1 w af=d good enl>gem5ts ( v>i\s sizes up to #e #g in*es4 ,our ,ango1 ,manufoc ,t5ax & ,fold+ ,reflex are all spl5did cam]as = ! pr(essional photograph] & ambiti\s amateur4 ,!y %[ ! same high qualities ( workman%ip :i* di/+ui% ,,go]z ,,l5ses ,get our new illu/rat$ catalog f y\r deal] or direct f ,c4 ,p4 ,,go]z ,,am]ican ,,optical ,,co4 ,,(fice ,,& ,,factory3 #cag ,,ea/ #cd,,? ,,/reet1 ,,new ,,york ,deal]s' ,di/ribut+ ,ag5cies3 ,= ,middle ,we/1 ,burke ,james1 ,*icago4 ,pacific ,coa/1 ,hirs* ,kais]1 ,san ,francisco4 ,illu/ration ,,h[ ,,to ,,make ,,y\r ,,cam]a ,,pay ,"h are books y'll surely want to read6 ,= !y %[ h[ y c increase y\r ability to make money ) y\r cam]a4 ,!y tell h[ to make pr9ts = book1 magaz9e & newspap] publi%]s1 & %[ h[ y c make money dur+ sp>e "t4 ,! ,,libr>y ( ,,amateur ,,photography conta9s ! boil$-d[n exp]i5ce ( ye>s4 ,colli]'s1 ,leslie's & doz5s ( publications are always glad to consid] any int]e/+ photographs4 ,!y pay f ?ree to five doll>s apiece4 ,a score ( o!r pr(itable bran*es are cov]$4 ,"h are ! money-mak+ facts y h want$4 ,^! books are j f ! press4 ,n[ is ! "t = y to get full in=mation4 ,we h int]e/+ lit]ature to mail ^u receipt ( y\r po/al4 ,write n[ = our special (f] to ,,live ,,amateurs4 ,,am]ican ,,photo ,,textbook ,,co4 #fjh ,adams ,av5ue ,,scranton1 ,,pa4 ,enl>g+ ,simplifi$ ,! all by daylight way ( mak+ enl>gem5ts is ) ! ,br[nie ,enl>g+ ,cam]a ,no focus+--no d>k-room--no exp]i5ce necess>y :5 ,velox is us$4 ,j ! few simple directions = f9i%+ ! pr9ts4 ,! enl>gem5t reta9s all ! quality ( ! negative4 ,! results are c]ta94 ,illu/ration ,,! ,,price ,no4 #b ,br[nie ,enl>g+ ,cam]a1 = #e #g ,enl>gem5ts f #b-a_/d #c-a_/d negatives1 #b4jj ,no4 #c1 ditto1 = #f-a_/b #h-a_/b ,enl>gem5ts f #c-a_/d #d-a_/d negatives1 #c4jj ,no4 #d1 ditto1 = #h #aj ,enl>gem5ts f #d #e negatives 7w also take #c-a_/d #e-a_/b negatives71 #d4jj ,,ea/man ,,kodak ,,company1 ,,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,all ,deal]s4 ,illu/ration ,pr9ts by ,gaslight ,,velox increases ! numb] ( negatives t are wor? pr9t+ f4 ,! results f contra/y negatives are s(t5$ by ! use ( ,special ,,velox--improv$ brilliancy is secur$ f flat negatives by us+ ,regul> ,,velox4 ,,ask ,,= ,,! ,,velox ,,book4 ,,nep]a ,,division1 ,,ea/man ,,kodak ,,company1 ,,ro*e/]4 ,n4 ,y4 ,all ,deal]s4