---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,eleventh ,,annual ,,meeting ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,october #g ,,and #h1 #aibj ,,contents ,officers and ,committees of the ,association #d ,state ,vice-,presidents #e ,members of the ,association #f ,constitution and ,by-,laws #aa ,proceedings of the ,eleventh ,annual ,convention #ac ,report of the ,secretary-,treasurer #ac ,chestnut ,work at ,bell ,experiment ,plot1 ,dr4 ,walter ,van ,fleet1 ,glendale1 ,maryland #af ,report of ,prof4 ,close and ,discussion #bb ,constitution and ,by-,laws ,amended #bf ,report of ,committee on ,importation1 ,mr4 ,littlepage #bg ,excursion to ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's and ,mr4 ,littlepage's ,places #bi ,nut ,culture in the ,united ,states1 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #cc ,address of ,dr4 ,david ,fairchild #db ,president's ,address #ef ,the ,place of ,nut ,trees in ,our ,northern ,nut ,culture1 ,dr4 ,william ,a4 ,taylor1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ff ,address by ,charles ,lathrop ,pack1 ,president ,american ,forestry ,association #gj ,a ,nursery of ,improved ,filberts1 ,conrad ,vollertsen1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 #gc ,nuts ,needed as ,supplementary ,foods1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan #hc ,propagated ,hickories1 ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 #ic ,selecting and ,handling ,scions1 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 #ii ,address of ,f4 ,e4 ,brooks on ,some ,insects that ,injure ,nuts #aja ,top ,working ,hickories1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york #aje ,selection and ,propagation for ,improvement of ,pecans1 ,theodore ,bechtel1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,mississippi #aab ,georgia's ,pecan ,industry1 ,a4 ,s4 ,perry1 ,cuthbert1 ,ga4 #aah ,appendix #aca ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president ,,william ,s4 ,,linton ,saginaw1 ,michigan ,vice-,president ,,james ,s4 ,,mcglennon ,rochester1 ,new ,york ,secretary ,,william ,c4 ,,deming ,wilton1 ,connecticut ,treasurer ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby ,baldwin1 ,nassau ,co41 ,new ,york ,,committees ,auditing--,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed ,executive--,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed ,,and ,,the ,,officers ,finance--,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage1 ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,hybrids--,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,j4 ,g4 ,,rush ,membership--,,james ,s4 ,,mcglennon1 ,h4 ,r4 ,,weber1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,w4 ,o4 ,,potter1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming4 ,nomenclature--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,press and ,publication--,r4 ,t4 ,,olcott1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming4 ,programme--,w4 ,c4 ,,deming1 ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris1 ,w4 ,g4 ,,bixby ,promising ,seedlings--,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,alabama ,h4 ,m4 ,robertson #bjbf #ast ,ave41 ,birmingham ,arkansas ,prof4 ,n4 ,f4 ,drake ,university of ,arkansas1 ,fayetteville ,california ,t4 ,c4 ,tucker #caa ,california ,st41 ,san ,francisco ,canada ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan #fc ,avenue ,road1 ,toronto ,china ,p4 ,w4 ,wang1 ,kinsan ,arboretum ,chuking ,kiangsu ,province ,colorado ,c4 ,l4 ,cudebec ,boulder1 ,box #bcc ,connecticut ,francis ,a4 ,bartlett ,stamford ,dist4 of ,columbia ,b4 ,g4 ,foster #ijb ,g4 ,st41 ,washington ,england ,howard ,spence ,eskdale ,knutsford ,cheshire ,georgia ,a4 ,s4 ,perry ,cuthbert ,illinois ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl ,alton ,indiana ,j4 ,f4 ,wilkinson ,rockport ,iowa ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder ,center ,point ,kansas ,james ,sharp ,council ,grove ,kentucky ,sam ,c4 ,baker ,beaver ,dam1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b ,maine ,alice ,d4 ,leavitt #gi ,high ,st41 ,bridgton ,maryland ,c4 ,p4 ,close ,college ,point ,massachusetts ,james ,h4 ,bowditch #ijc ,tremont ,building1 ,boston ,michigan ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg ,battle ,creek ,missouri ,p4 ,c4 ,stark ,louisiana ,nebraska ,william ,caha ,wahoo ,new ,hampshire ,henry ,b4 ,stevens1 ,college of ,agriculture ,durham ,nevada ,c4 ,g4 ,swingle ,hazen ,new ,jersey ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway ,lumberton ,new ,york ,dr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,buist #c ,hancock ,st41 ,brooklyn ,north 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,john ,f4 ,h41 #ciag ,grand ,blvd41 ,chicago ,librarian1 ,university of ,illinois1 ,urbana ,poll1 ,carl ,j41 #ajji ,maple ,st41 ,danville ,potter1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,o41 ,marion ,riehl1 ,e4 ,a41 ,godfrey1 ,route #b ,sundstrand1 ,mrs4 ,g4 ,d41 #iaf ,garfield ,ave41 ,rockford ,uran1 ,b4 ,f41 ,mattoon ,wells1 ,oscar1 ,farina ,,indiana ,crain1 ,donald ,j41 #acac ,north ,st41 ,logansport ,jackson1 ,francis ,m41 #abb ,n4 ,main ,st41 ,south ,bend ,reed1 ,w4 ,c41 ,vincennes ,redmon1 ,felix1 ,rockport1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #b1 ,box #cb ,simpson1 ,h4 ,d41 ,vincennes ,staderman1 ,a4 ,l41 #abj ,s4 ,seventh ,st41 ,terre ,haute ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,rockport ,,iowa ,bricker1 ,c4 ,w41 ,ladora ,finnell1 ,j4 ,f4 ,c41 ,hamburg ,skromme1 ,l4 ,j41 7,skromme ,seed ,company71 ,roland ,snyder1 ,d4 ,c41 ,center ,point 7,linn ,co4 ,nurseries7 ,,kansas ,bishop1 ,s4 ,l41 ,conway ,springs ,sharpe1 ,james1 ,council ,grove1 7,morris ,co4 ,nurseries7 ,,kentucky ,baker1 ,sam ,c41 ,beaver ,dam1 ,r4 ,d4 #b ,livengood1 ,frank ,m41 ,berea ,,maine ,leavitt1 ,alice ,d41 #gi ,high ,st41 ,bridgton ,,maryland ,hoopes1 ,wilmer ,p41 ,forest ,hill ,keenan1 ,dr4 ,john ,f41 ,brentwood ,littlepage1 ,miss ,louise1 ,bowie ,o',connor1 ,p4 ,j41 ,bowie ,,massachusetts 99 ,bowditch1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,building1 ,boston ,cleaver1 ,c4 ,leroy1 #dif ,commonwealth ,ave41 ,boston ,poynter1 ,horace ,m41 ,the ,farrar ,house1 ,andover ,scudder1 ,dr4 ,charles ,l41 #bji ,beacon ,st41 ,boston ,,michigan ,beck1 ,j4 ,p41 #be ,james1 ,saginaw ,cross1 ,john ,l41 #ajd ,division ,st41 ,bangor ,graves1 ,henry ,b41 #bacd ,dime ,bank ,bldg41 ,detroit ,henshall1 ,h41 #abgf ,brush ,st41 ,detroit ,house1 ,george ,w41 ,ford ,building1 ,detroit ,kellogg1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h41 #bjb ,manchester ,st41 ,battle ,creek ,linton1 ,w4 ,s41 ,president ,board of ,trade1 ,saginaw ,mc,kale1 ,h4 ,b41 ,lansing1 ,route #f ,penny1 ,senator ,harvey ,a41 #dbe ,so4 ,jefferson ,ave41 ,saginaw ,schram1 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,e41 ,galesburg1 ,box #ffb ,smith1 ,edward ,j41 #hf ,so4 ,union ,st41 ,battle ,creek ,,missouri ,hazen1 ,josiah ,j41 7,neosho ,nurseries ,co47 ,neosho ,mosnat1 ,h4 ,r41 #chhc ,east #fb ,st41 ,kansas ,city ,spellen1 ,howard ,p41 #deje;a ,w4 ,papin ,st41 ,st4 ,louis ,stark1 ,p4 ,c41 ,louisiana ,ward1 ,miss ,daisy1 #bjai ,allen ,ave41 ,st4 ,louis ,,nebraska ,caha1 ,wm41 ,wahoo ,,new ,,hampshire ,stevens1 ,henry ,b41 ,n4 ,h4 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,durham ,,nevada ,swingle1 ,c4 ,g41 ,hazen ,,new ,,jersey ,brown1 ,jacob ,b41 ,elmer1 ,salem ,co4 99 ,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,waverly ,st41 ,jersey ,city ,heights ,landmann1 ,miss ,m4 ,v41 ,cranbury1 ,r4 ,d4 #b ,marshall1 ,s4 ,l41 ,vineland ,marston1 ,edwin ,s41 ,florham ,park1 ,box #gb ,phillips1 ,irving ,s41 #eja ,madison ,st41 ,west ,new ,york1 ,n4 ,j4 ,price1 ,john ,r41 #cf ,ridgedale ,ave41 ,madison ,ridgeway1 ,c4 ,s41 ,floralia1 ,lumberton ,westcoat1 ,wilmer1 #bcj ,knight ,ave41 ,collingswood ,,new ,,york ,abbott1 ,frederick ,b41 #abaa ,tabor ,court1 ,brooklyn ,adams1 ,sidney ,i41 #dah ,powers ,bldg41 ,rochester ,andrews1 ,w4 ,s41 ,newburgh1 ,r4 ,d4 ,no4 #b ,ashworth1 ,fred ,l41 ,heuvelton ,atwater1 ,c4 ,g41 ,the ,barrett ,co41 #ag ,battery ,place1 ,new ,york ,city ,babcock1 ,h4 ,j41 ,lockport ,bixby1 ,willard ,g41 #cb ,grand ,ave41 ,baldwin1 ,nassau ,co4 ,brown1 ,ronald ,k41 #cbj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,buist1 ,dr4 ,george ,j41 #c ,hancock ,st41 ,brooklyn ,crane1 ,alfred ,j41 ,monroe1 ,box #cdb ,diprose1 ,alfred ,h41 #dfh ,clinton ,ave41 ,south1 ,rochester ,ellwanger1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,gillett1 ,dr4 ,henry ,w41 #adj ,w4 #eg ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,goeltz1 ,mrs4 ,m4 ,h41 #bebd ,creston ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,hall1 ,l4 ,w4 ,jr4 7,l4 ,w4 ,hall ,company71 #eji ,cutler ,bldg41 ,rochester ,harper1 ,g4 ,w41 ,jr41 #aae ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,hicks1 ,henry1 ,westbury1 ,long ,island ,hodgson1 ,casper ,w41 ,world ,book ,co41 ,yonkers ,hoffmann1 ,arthur ,s41 #cf ,church ,st41 ,white ,plains 99 ,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #ae ,west #hast ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,kains1 ,m4 ,g41 ,pomona ,mc,glennon1 ,james ,s41 #ebh ,cutler ,building1 ,rochester ,meyers1 ,charles1 #caf ,adelphi ,st41 ,brooklyn ,olcott1 ,ralph ,t41 ,editor ,american ,nut ,journal1 ,ellwanger and ,barry ,building1 ,rochester ,pomeroy1 ,a4 ,c41 ,lockport ,solley1 ,dr4 ,john ,b41 #ifh ,lexington ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,stephen1 ,john ,w41 ,new ,york ,state ,college of ,forestry1 ,syracuse ,tallinger1 ,j4 ,f41 ,barnard ,teele1 ,a4 ,w41 #abj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,vollertsen1 ,conrad1 #cge ,gregory ,st41 ,rochester ,whitney1 ,arthur ,c41 #i ,manila ,st41 ,rochester ,whitney1 ,leon ,f41 #fe ,barclay ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,wile1 ,m4 ,e41 #iee ,harvard ,st41 ,rochester ,williams1 ,dr4 ,charles ,mallory1 #dh ,e4 #dith ,st41 ,new ,york ,city 99 ,wissman1 ,mrs4 ,f4 de,r41 ,westchester1 ,new ,york ,city ,,north ,,carolina ,barrett1 ,dr4 ,harvey ,p41 #baa ,vail ,ave41 ,charlotte ,hutchings1 ,miss ,lida ,g41 ,pine ,bluff ,matthews1 ,c4 ,w41 ,north ,carolina ,dept4 of ,agriculture1 ,raleigh ,van ,lindley1 ,j41 ,j4 ,van ,lindley ,nursery ,co41 ,pomona ,,ohio ,burton1 ,j4 ,howard1 ,casstown ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 ,storrs ,harrison ,co41 ,painesville ,fickes1 ,w4 ,r41 ,wooster ,jackson1 ,a4 ,v41 #cbge ,linwood ,road1 ,cincinnati ,ketchum1 ,c4 ,s41 ,middlefield ,ramsey1 ,john1 #ahjc ,freeman ,ave41 ,cincinnati ,truman1 ,g4 ,g41 ,perrysville1 ,box #afg ,weber1 ,harry ,r41 #abc ,east #fth ,st41 ,cincinnati ,yunck1 ,e4 ,g41 #gjf ,central ,ave41 ,sandusky ,,oklahoma ,beitmen1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,e41 ,skedee ,,oregon ,marvin1 ,cornelia 7,librarian71 ,oregon ,state ,library1 ,salem ,pearcy1 ,knight1 ,salem1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c1 ,box #ahg ,,pennsylvania ,allaman1 ,r4 ,p41 ,bedford1 ,r4 ,r4 ,no4 #d ,bolton1 ,chas4 ,g41 ,zieglerville1 ,pa4 ,clark1 ,d4 ,f41 #adg ,n4 #ac ,st41 ,harrisburg ,druckemiller1 ,w4 ,h41 ,sunbury ,fagan1 ,prof4 ,f4 ,n41 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,state ,college ,fritz1 ,ammon ,p41 #ce ,e4 ,franklin ,st41 ,ephrata ,heffner ,h41 ,highland ,chestnut ,grove1 ,leeper ,hess1 ,elam ,c41 ,manheim ,hile1 ,anthony1 ,curwensville ,national ,bank1 ,curwensville ,irwin1 ,ernest ,c41 #ff ,st4 ,nicholas ,blvd41 ,pittsburg ,jenkins1 ,charles ,francis1 ,farm ,journal1 ,philadelphia 99 ,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,lancaster1 ,box #ebg ,kaufman1 ,m4 ,m41 ,clarion ,leas1 ,f4 ,c41 ,merion ,station ,murphy1 ,p4 ,j41 ,vice ,president ,l4 ,w4 ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,scranton ,o',neill1 ,william ,c41 #cbh ,walnut ,st41 ,philadelphia ,patterson1 ,j4 ,e41 #gg ,n4 ,franklin ,st41 ,wilkes-,barre 99 ,rick1 ,john1 #dch ,pennsylvania ,square1 ,reading ,rife1 ,jacob ,a41 ,camp ,hill ,rose1 ,william ,j41 #dac ,market ,st41 ,harrisburg1 ,personal ,rush1 ,j4 ,g41 ,west ,willow ,russell1 ,dr4 ,andrew ,l41 #gbi ,wabash ,bldg41 ,pittsburgh ,smedley1 ,samuel ,l41 ,newtown ,square1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #a ,smith1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,swarthmore 99 ,sober1 ,col4 ,c4 ,k41 ,lewisburg ,taylor1 ,lowndes1 ,west ,chester1 ,box #c1 ,route #a ,walther1 ,r4 ,g41 ,willow ,grove1 ,doylestown1 ,pike ,weaver1 ,william ,s41 ,mc,cungie ,wilhelm1 ,dr4 ,edward ,a41 ,clarion 99 ,wister1 ,john ,c41 ,wister ,st4 ,clarkson ,ave41 ,germantown ,,south ,,carolina ,shanklin1 ,prof4 ,a4 ,g41 ,clemson ,college ,,texas ,burkett1 ,j4 ,h41 ,nut ,specialist1 ,state ,department of ,agriculture1 ,clyde ,trumbull1 ,r4 ,s41 ,agricultural ,agent1 ,el ,paso ,s4 ,w4 ,system ,morenci ,southern ,r4 ,r4 ,co41 ,el ,paso ,,vermont ,holbrook1 ,f4 ,c41 ,brattleboro ,,virginia ,parish1 ,john ,s41 ,university ,,washington ,baines1 ,william1 ,okanogan ,,west ,,virginia ,brooks1 ,fred ,e41 ,french ,creek ,cannaday1 ,dr4 ,john ,egerton1 ,charleston1 ,box #fic ,hartzell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,shepherdstown ,mish1 ,a4 ,f41 ,inwood ,,wisconsin ,lang1 ,robert ,b41 ,racine1 ,box #ajc ,patchen1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,w41 ,manitowoc 99 ,life member4 ,honorary member4 ,,constitution ,,article ,i ,name4 ,this society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association4 ,,article ,,ii ,object4 ,its object shall be the promotion of interest in nutbearing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the rules and regulations of the committee on membership4 ,,article ,,iv ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 a secretary and a treasurer1 who shall be elected by ballot at the annual meeting2 and an executive committee of six persons1 of which the president1 the two last retiring presidents1 the vice-president1 the secretary and the treasurer shall be members4 ,there shall be a state vice-president from each state1 dependency1 or country represented in the membership of the association1 who shall be appointed by the president4 ,,article ,v ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the following year4 ,,article ,,vi ,meetings4 ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,,article ,,vii ,quorum4 ,ten members of the association shall constitute a quorum1 but must include two of the four elected officers4 ,,article ,,viii ,amendments4 ,this constitution may be amended by a two-thirds vote of the members present at any annual meeting1 notice of such amendment having been read at the previous annual meeting1 or a copy of the proposed amendment having been mailed by any member to each member thirty days before the date of the annual meeting4 ,,by-,,laws ,,article ,i ,committees4 ,the association shall appoint standing committees as follows3 ,on membership1 on finance1 on programme1 on press and publication1 on nomenclature1 on promising seedlings1 on hybrids1 and an auditing committee4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,,article ,,ii ,fees4 ,the fees shall be of two kinds1 annual and life4 ,the former shall be two dollars1 the latter twenty dollars4 ,,article ,,iii ,membership4 ,all annual memberships shall begin either with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the ,association1 or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member and the ,treasurer4 ,,article ,,iv ,amendments4 ,by-laws may be amended by a two-thirds vote of members present at any annual meeting4 ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,eleventh ,,annual ,,convention ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,washington ,d4 ,c4 ,october #g and #h #aibj ,the ,association was called to order at #aj a4 m4 ,thursday ,october #gth by the ,president1 ,hon4 ,william ,s4 ,linton1 of ,saginaw1 ,michigan1 in the auditorium of the ,new ,national ,museum4 ,,the ,,president3 ,it has been something of an effort for me to reach here at ten o'clock in order to meet the obligations of the program as it was only a few days ago that ,i was in lower ,california very near the ,pacific ,ocean in old ,mexico4 ,as ,i turned about to come back toward the ,east the thought came into my mind that ,i must be in ,washington ,d4 ,c4 at the annual meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association at ten o'clock on ,thursday morning ,october #g4 ,traveling over three thousand miles ,i was fortunate enough to get here just two minutes before the ten o'clock hour so the connections you will see were close4 ,the paper that your president is to present comes at a later place on the program so we will proceed with the business session at once4 ,the first thing on the program is the report of the ,secretary and ,treasurer4 ,,receipts ---------------------------------------- ---------------------------------- ,dec4 #a1aiai;,jan4 #a1aibj to to ,total ,balance ,dec4#ca1aiai,sep4#cj1aibj ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------ ,balance on hand date of last report1 ,dec4 #a1 #aiai3 ,special hickory prize #be4jj1 ,life membership #be4jj1 ,for regular expenses #ajf4ec #aef4ec ,from annual members including joint subscription to the ,american ,nut ,journal #be4be #cfh4aj #cic4ce #i4jj #i4jj ,reports #be4jj #be4jj ,contributions for prizes3 ,contribution for special hickory prize #be4jj #be4jj ,bulletin ,no4 #e #eg4fj #eg4fj ----------------------------- #be4be #dhd4gj #eji4ie #eji4ie ------- #fff4dh ,,expenditures ---------------------------------------- ------------------------------- ,american ,nut ,journal1 their portion of joint subscriptions #bb4jj #ih4jj #abj4jj #aiai ,convention #h4ge #acg4fh #adf4dc ,printing ,bulletin ,no4 #e #fc4ej #fc4ej ,clasp envelopes for ,bulletin ,no4 #e and for reports #cj4bj #cj4bj ,stationery1 printing and supplies #aaf4de #aaf4de ,postage1 express1 etc4 #df4jd #df4jd ,prizes #aiai contest 7not all sent out before ,oct4 #a7 #ac4jj #ac4jj ,special hickory prize ,eugene ,j4 ,clark1 ,ludlow1 ,mass4 #be4jj #be4jj ,advertising #aibj ,nut ,contest 7not all paid before ,oct4 #a7 #cj4fj #cj4fj -------------------------------- #cj4ge #efj4dg #eia4bb #eia4bb #cj4ge #efj4dg #eia4bb ,balance on hand ,oct4 #a1 #aibj #eia4bb ,special hickory prize #be4jj ,life membership #be4jj ,for regular expenses #be4bf -------- #fff4dh ,verified by ,c4 ,p4 ,,close1 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,auditing ,committee4 ,the above are records of receipts and expenditures for #aj months and are about #hb of those for the period covered by the previous report1 #b years #c months4 ,there has been an earnest attempt to carry on the work of the ,secretary-,treasurer in a more aggressive manner than before4 ,a bulletin aiming to give up to date information on nut growing1 ,bulletin ,no4 #e1 has been issued and has gone well4 ,while it has been sold1 no attempt has been made to make money on it but simply to make it pay its way and apparently it is going to do that and assist in spreading information about the work of the ,association4 ,sixty-six new members have joined the ,association since the date of the last meeting1 making #dgf since organization1 of which we have #aii1 and of whom #bgg have dropped out4 ,a few former members have joined since the date of the last report which apparently accounts for the strange fact that increase in membership 7#abh to #aii7 is greater than the number of new members4 ,following out the plan outlined at the ,battle ,creek ,convention1 the work of the ,secretary-,treasurer has begun to be divided1 the undersigned taking the duties of ,treasurer and the ,nut ,contests and ,dr4 ,deming taking the ,conventions and the work of the ,secretary proper until the expected action of the present convention shall formally divide the work of the ,secretary-,treasurer and create the offices of ,secretary and ,treasurer4 ,respectfully submitted1 ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby4 ,secretary-,treasurer4 ,,the ,,president3 ,this is a very good report1 complete in every detail1 and unless other action is desired1 it will be received and recorded in the minutes of the meeting4 ,mr4 ,reed1 you are chairman of the committee that had in charge the tree-planting bill in order that it might be made uniform throughout the country4 ,have you a report to make8 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,president1 the committee members have been over that individually but have not had an opportunity to discuss it together4 ,if a full report can be had a little later ,i think that would be more satisfactory4 ,so far as ,i have been able to go into it the law seems to about cover the ground4 ,i could not make any suggestions as to how it could be improved4 ,i happen to know that the author of the bill1 who is our president1 has been called upon by several other states to discuss such a law for those states1 and ,i think he is in the best position to tell us if there are any holes in it4 ,if we can have the consent of the house we will defer a full report until we can discuss the matter with our president and with our committee as a whole4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we will take that course unless there are objections4 ,the communications received by the acting secretary will be filed and printed in the proceedings4 ,if there are no vice-presidents present who are prepared to make reports that order will be passed4 ,at this time should come the appointment of committees but ,i think it would be well to defer that business until we can consult as to the membership of the committees4 ,the next in order will be some remarks by ,mr4 ,littlepage about the proposed afternoon excursion4 ,,the ,,acting ,,secretary3 ,the speakers are ,dr4 ,van ,fleet1 ,mr4 ,littlepage and ,professor ,close4 ,i have here the resume of ,dr4 ,van ,fleet and ,i think that it would be better perhaps to read the report of ,dr4 ,van ,fleet at once as it may have some bearing on the remarks of ,mr4 ,littlepage and ,professor ,close4 ,,chestnut ,,work ,,at ,,bell ,,experiment ,,plot ,,dr4 ,,walter ,,van ,,fleet1 ,,glendale1 ,,maryland ,our breeding work with chestnuts began as far back as #ahid when pistillate blooms of the ,paragon variety1 then a novelty just coming into use1 were dusted with pollen from a native sweet chestnut bearing good-sized nuts4 ,the ,paragon stigma were protected from the influence of other pollen by bagging and gave a good set of fruits4 ,the idea was to improve the quality of the ,paragon nuts even at the expense of size4 ,the resulting seedlings were grown at ,little ,silver1 ,new ,jersey1 and rapidly ran up into good-sized trees1 coming into bearing twelve years later4 ,in fruit and tree characters they proved a complete blend of the parent species1 the nuts being double the size of the wild parent and of sweet1 rich quality4 ,the trees were very shapely and bid fair to become extremely productive but a year or two later were all attacked by the dreaded blight or bark disease1 then spreading from its original starting point in ,long ,island4 ,the work of destruction was very rapid and by the third year all were hopelessly crippled1 but a few individuals continued to send up suckers as late as #aiaf4 ,the success of this pollination experiment encouraged the writer to attempt breeding the dwarf early-bearing chinquapin with the large-fruited foreign varieties in the hope of securing hybrids with nuts of fair size and good quality that might come quickly into bearing4 ,as the chinquapin does not naturally grow in ,northern ,new ,jersey1 and plants were rarely offered by nurserymen1 recourse was had to growing them from seed and a quantity of newly collected nuts were furnished by a friend in ,washington in #ahii4 ,it required three years time to bring the seedlings into fruit and it was not until #aijc that a start was actually made in the work of hybridization4 ,a selection was made of a compact dwarf bush that bore very sweet nuts of a good size for the species and gave promise1 which was later fulfilled1 of becoming very prolific4 ,the male1 or staminate tassels were carefully removed each day before maturity and1 to ward off undesired foreign pollen1 a cloth tent was used to cover the bush in addition to bagging many of the flowering branches4 ,pollen for crossing was secured from ,paragon and ,numbo1 of the ,european species1 and of several named varieties of ,japan chestnut including ,parry's ,giant1 ,killen and ,hale1 and in addition a few blooms were intentionally fertilized with pollen from local sweet chestnut trees4 ,nearly one hundred hybrid seedlings resulted from the work in two succeeding seasons1 some of which came into bearing in #aijh1 just as the ,endothia blight began to invade ,new ,jersey4 ,the hybrids between the chinquapins and native and ,european chestnuts were quickly infected1 but those with ,japan varieties appeared far more resistant4 ,all work with the susceptible native and ,europeans ceased1 but crosses with ,japans and the ,chinese chestnut1 ,castanea ,molissima1 have been continued until now there are over eight hundred in existence4 ,in late years we have used the ,southern creeping chinquapin1 ,c4 alnifolia1 as a seed parent to some extent1 as it appears more resistant than the common species1 ,c4 pumila1 though it cannot be considered immune4 ,the southern chinquapin is hardy in the ,north1 bears good-sized1 sweet nuts for its type1 but is very late in ripening4 ,the ,rush chinquapin1 and other large-fruited1 tall growing varieties have also been used to some extent4 ,the resulting hybrids make handsome trees of rapid growth and bear profuse crops of very attractive nuts1 but are greatly injured by blight4 ,as experience accumulated it was found that the extreme caution used in the earlier trials to keep out foreign pollen were scarcely needed and that merely covering the pistillate blooms as soon as they could be distinguished with cotton batting is all that is necessary1 and also that hybrids may be produced with considerable certainty in open pollination if the tree or branch is kept entirely free from staminate tassels and the selected pollen is promptly applied as soon as the stigmas become receptive4 ,quite a number of chance or self-pollinated seedlings from choice hybrids have been raised in the hope that their good qualities might be perpetuated and the trouble and expense of grafting largely obviated but1 as with most other hybrids between distinct species1 the seedlings lacked sufficient uniformity to be of especial value4 ,a few individuals turned out superior to the parent but on the whole degeneracy1 from the nut-producers standpoint1 appears among seedlings of hybrid chestnuts4 ,in #aiji the unfruited chinquapin hybrids1 #fh in number1 were transferred to ,arlington ,farm1 ,virginia1 and two years later ,bell ,experiment ,plot was established near ,glendale1 ,maryland1 largely for the purpose of developing blight-resistant varieties of chestnuts as far as this can be done by breeding and testing of wild forms4 ,there are now over #bjjj hybrids and seedlings of species at ,bell ranging from one to ten years of age4 ,of the original trees planted at ,arlington about #bj remain4 ,they have formed handsome trees twenty feet high with tops almost as wide in diameter and have borne many profuse crops of nuts mostly of good quality and from three to six times as large and heavy as those of the parent chinquapin4 ,all have been attacked by blight1 the most promising one only this spring1 after thirteen years of resistance to this virulent disease4 ,all the hybrids carrying blood of native or ,european chestnuts were quickly killed1 but those with the ,japanese species as a pollen parent are still growing vigorously and bearing well1 though considerably disfigured by blight4 ,of the various species used the native sweet chestnut1 ,castanea ,americana1 and the ,european1 ,c4 vesca1 appear entirely useless in breeding for disease resistance1 as the hybrids are destroyed by the blight fungus as soon as1 or even before1 they reach bearing age4 ,the tall1 or tree1 forms of native chinquapin1 sometimes grouped under the botanical name of ,castanea arborea but which appear to be only natural hybrids between the sweet chestnut and the bush chinquapin1 may also be regarded as useless for the purpose4 ,the hybrid progeny show slight powers of recuperation but1 in our plantings1 do not sufficiently recover to make useful trees4 ,the ,rush chinquapin sometimes resists infection under natural conditions for several years but quickly succumbs when attacked1 but its hybrid seedlings develop practically no resistance4 ,the common bush or dwarf chinquapin1 ,castanea pumila1 widely distributed over the ,atlantic ,states1 is not as readily infected by blight as the chestnut1 many individuals under cultivation and in the wild resisting attack for an indefinite time1 while the creeping species of ,florida and ,south ,georgia1 ,c4 alnifolia1 appear practically immune in nature but succumb to artificial inoculation with the blight virus ,the smooth bark and shrubby forms of these dwarf chinquapins probably account to a very great extent for the limited damage caused by blight under natural conditions4 ,next in degree of resistance comes the wooly-twigged ,chinese chestnut1 ,c4 molissima4 ,there are established at ,bell ,experiment ,plot over nine hundred ,molissima trees grown from nuts collected near ,tien-,tsin1 ,china1 in #aiaa4 ,these trees in their eighth year of growth have borne excellent nuts1 rather larger than those of our native species1 in some quantity for three successive years though1 owing to extensive locust injury last season1 there is practically no crop this year4 ,the trees average twelve or more feet high and are thrifty growers when not too greatly afflicted by blight4 ,no summary of disease injury has been taken1 but probably over #hj per cent of the trees show infection many of which are making attempts to heal which are often very successful4 ,this species is native to ,eastern ,china and has long been accustomed to the ,endothia fungus1 developing in the course of time a very considerable degree of resistance to it4 ,from present appearances the ,chinese chestnut may be grown in orchard form with no greater loss from disease than the pear from its particular form of blight4 ,it hybridizes well with the ,japan chestnut and both of the dwarf chinquapins1 but this progeny is not yet sufficiently developed to warrant judgment4 ,castanea crenata1 the familiar ,japan chestnut1 appears everywhere to show greater blight resistance than any other species that has been tried out and is therefore the most hopeful parent to be used for developing a useful race of disease-resistant hybrids and cross-breeds4 ,it has the further merit of bearing very profuse crops of large nuts at an early age1 but they are often lacking in quality1 being usually harsh to the taste in the raw state though palatable when cooked4 ,a few varieties bear well-flavored nuts1 but these appear to be hybrids with our native species and are notably less resistant to blight4 ,pure ,japan varieties grown from imported nuts are rarely injured by blight1 and by many are regarded as immune1 but those grown from nuts produced in situations exposed to the effects of native pollen are occasionally attacked and even killed outright by the ,endothia fungus4 ,it has considerable power to transmit its resisting qualities to its hybrids with the chinquapins1 and a few individuals among the latter appear to retain resistance to such a degree that we may yet find among them some of the best nut-producing chestnut varieties of the future4 ,from the purely horticultural standpoint these hybrids between chinquapins and chestnut species must be considered as most striking successes4 ,if this terribly destructive disease1 probably the most virulent that afflicts any tree in the temperate climate1 could be controlled there would be little need to look further for varieties suited for commercial and home culture1 some of which can be as readily grown as peach trees and come into bearing as young4 ,as the situation stands we must search further for individuals that combine good cropping capacity with practical disease-resistance4 ,at this writing the most promising outlook appears among selected seedlings of pure ,crenata blood1 or hybrids of this species that have again been pollinated with resistant ,japan varieties4 ,there are at ,bell many seedlings of both these types of great attractiveness and promise4 ,five successive generations of selected ,crenata seedlings have been grown since #aijd1 quite a number producing their first nuts the year succeeding germination4 ,this unusual precocity is no indication of merit1 as it tends to stunt the trees4 ,the most promising individuals seldom bear until three or four years old by which time the trees have attained fair size4 ,no high quality has yet been attained among the nuts of the pure strains1 but it is quite evident where there is a dash of chinquapin blood4 ,the nuts are1 however1 large1 attractive and excellent for cooking or roasting1 and moreover1 ripen uniformly in ,september and early ,october1 practically without the aid of frost4 ,as opportunities for natural infection lessen from the dying out of our stands of native chestnut the ,oriental chestnuts and their hybrids will be more extensively planted and may experience little difficulty in combating disease4 ,owing to the readiness with which seedlings can be grown abundant new varieties will arise in time1 even though they do not now exist1 that will meet all reasonable requirements of the planter and it is to be anticipated that the production of edible chestnuts will at no distant day be placed on a stable basis4 ,aside from its usefulness as a nut tree the value of our stand of native chestnuts1 though already half destroyed1 can scarcely be estimated4 ,every one knows the ease with which a healthy chestnut woodland reproduces itself by sprouts and the extreme value of its timber for posts1 telegraph and telephone poles1 for furniture and for tanning extracts1 now made from both bark and wood4 ,we scarcely have a forest tree as useful1 but if some natural handicap1 not yet in sight1 does not stay the spread of the blight fungus1 our much valued chestnuts appear to be doomed4 ,a few small colonies of diseased1 but living sweet chestnut trees1 numbering scarcely fifty1 have been located in ,new ,york ,city parks and neighboring localities in ,long ,island1 carrying infection at least eighteen years old1 where the accompanying stands have completely vanished4 ,this affords the single ray of hope amid the otherwise complete destruction marking the spread of blight4 ,in the hope that the marked resistance shown by these scarred veterans can be transmitted seedlings have been raised and scions established at ,bell from the most promising individuals1 and on this slender chance for perpetuating this prized species in its native habitat we must1 for the present1 rest content4 ,recently there has been brought to light in the interior of ,china a chestnut species that may restore our timber production of this most desirable wood if it should prove immune to disease4 ,unlike other ,old ,world chestnuts1 which form relatively small trees1 this species1 known as ,castanea ,vilmoriniana1 grows eighty to one hundred feet high with a straight1 symmetrical trunk well adapted for all timber uses4 ,the nuts1 according to the scant herbarium material that has reached this country1 are of little consequence1 except for propagation as they are only slightly larger than those of our wild chinquapins4 ,this species is now established at the ,arnold ,arboretum near ,boston1 ,massachusetts1 and scions worked on ,c4 ,molissima stocks are now vigorously growing at ,bell ,experiment ,plot1 making fine upright shoots4 ,the reaction of ,c4 ,vilmoriniana to blight has not been tested owing to the scarcity of material in this country1 but it is fervently to be hoped that the species will resist the disease4 ,no infections have occurred in several years exposure either at ,boston or at ,bell4 ,should the much desired resistance be established rapid propagation of the species by seed and scions1 and an extended test for forestry purposes1 would be in order4 ,the breeding experiments at ,bell must be regarded as about the only constructive attempt in existence to replace a most highly prized nut and timber that is being swept from the face of the earth4 ,unless unforseen natural conditions should stay the ravages of blight our chestnut stands will vanish1 most likely within the view of the present generation4 ,although our progress in finding and developing blight-resistants is not as striking as might be hoped something has been accomplished1 and the idea of salvaging useful nut and timber chestnuts from available material and developing better ones than now exist should not be abandoned4 ,,the ,,president3 ,unless other action is desired this interesting paper will be received and recorded in the proceedings4 ,,mr4 ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,members of the ,association4 ,i will attempt in a few words to give you some suggestions about your afternoon rambles4 ,there will be a special car assigned exclusively to the nut growers on the tracks at #adth ,st4 and ,new ,york ,avenue at #ab3de1 which will take you to ,bell ,station where you will see ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's roses and chestnut orchard4 ,a short walk from there is the old place of ,judge ,gabriel ,duvall1 a former ,associate ,justice of the ,united ,states ,supreme ,court1 member of ,congress and a great friend of ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,the unpublished manuscripts of ,jefferson show that he took to ,judge ,duvall a bundle of paccan trees1 as he called them4 ,jefferson was one of our great horticulturists and gave the first complete botanical classification of the pecan4 ,those three big trees that ,jefferson gave ,judge ,duvall are growing out there today and from them are scores of other small trees4 ,i was very much surprised when ,i read these notes of ,jefferson and in looking through ,washington's dairy about the same time ,i read where he said that ,thomas ,jefferson gave him a bundle of paccan trees4 ,now those of you who are to visit ,mount ,vernon on this trip look and you will find that three of the most beautiful trees there are pecan trees4 ,two of them this year have nuts on them one with a rather full crop and one with a light crop4 ,they are undoubtedly the western or northern pecan4 ,they show that in the character of the nuts and bark4 ,when ,jefferson was over in ,paris he wrote to his friend ,hopkins to send him a box of pecans and told him to send them in sand4 ,those of you who are going to ,paris next summer look around and you may find some of ,thomas ,jefferson's pecan trees4 ,it was perfectly apparent that he wanted those nuts for planting4 ,after visiting at ,bell ,station we will take the car up to my place where there really is not much to see4 ,i have thirty acres there of northern pecan trees1 twelve acres two years old and they run all the way up to six years of age4 ,most of the six-year old trees this year set pecans which dropped off about the middle of the summer4 ,they were all full of catkins4 ,one ,busseron tree had fifty pecans on it and a number of ,major and ,butterick trees had pecans but ,i do not believe they stuck4 ,i had a ,stuart which had a sprinkling of pecans on it and they also fell off4 ,i can show you how not to grow trees4 ,some of them had no care whatever and some had pretty fair care4 ,you can see dead chestnut trees up there showing that the blight is as bad as ,dr4 ,van ,fleet says4 ,we find where they stand in the woods for ten years surrounded by trees with the blight and do not blight and the next year die4 ,so the fact that a tree stands in a nursery row and does not blight does not indicate anything4 ,the only hope we have is the work ,dr4 ,van ,fleet is doing4 ,,the ,,president3 ,upon the same subject we will be glad to hear from ,professor ,close4 ,,professor ,,close3 ,i will just take a few minutes in telling some of the things ,i have been trying to do at home4 ,my work is necessarily on a very small scale4 ,i am away from home so much of the time that some things ,i start ,i cannot follow through properly4 ,in grafting1 for instance1 ,i get the grafting done as ,i can do it from time to time in the spring and then ,i have to leave on a ,government trip and am not at home to take care of the growing grafts as ,i would like to be4 ,while my extension work for the ,government is primarily connected with fruit ,i look into nut work as much as possible4 ,dr4 ,van ,fleet has given me a number of hybrid chinkapins and this year three of them have fruited for the first time1 one being of fairly good size4 ,i have a couple of ,japan walnut trees and the surprising thing is that although they were planted in #aiaj they are fruiting this year for the first time4 ,usually those trees begin bearing very early4 ,they have grown rapidly1 are probably twenty feet high and have a breadth of equal distance but have been disappointing in that they have been so late in fruiting4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage4 ,do they winter-kill any8 ,,professor ,,close3 ,no1 they have not winter-killed at all4 ,one was supposed to be a heart nut but both are ,sieboldianas4 ,i think the most satisfactory and interesting thing ,i have is one of these large filberts or hazel nuts4 ,it is a pretty good size for an eastern-grown nut4 ,this is a seedling from ,new ,jersey4 ,i received the scions four years ago and was successful in having three or four of them live and last year they produced for the first time1 three years from the graft4 ,they are well filled and of pretty good quality4 ,i have them grafted on some bushes of ,european type secured from a nursery about #aiaj1 and which until grafted did not fruit at all4 ,after the grafts began blooming last year these bushes have been producing nuts of small size4 ,while the nuts are small they are right interesting4 ,in connection with the blight resistant chestnuts ,i will say that last ,friday ,i visited ,mr4 ,john ,killen of ,felton1 ,delaware4 ,some of you know that ,mr4 ,killen has been working with nuts for a good many years and has many very interesting things there4 ,he finds that the blight has taken everything except his ,japanese seedlings and here 7showing specimens7 are specimens of two of the ,japanese seedlings4 ,this you see is a very large nut4 ,i presume the tree must be twenty years old or more4 ,it is productive and he says it is commercially successful1 which means that it blights a little but not very seriously4 ,he has another seedling1 a smaller one1 that is up to the present time absolutely blight proof4 ,he has planted twenty-five or thirty pounds of these nuts for growing trees for sale and he believes that the seedling from this parent tree will be absolutely free from blight4 ,you will be interested to know that up to the time ,i was there last ,friday he had shipped seven hundred pounds of chestnuts and was receiving twenty-five cents a pound wholesale4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,what is the variety8 ,,professor ,,close3 ,they are all seedlings4 ,in fact all of his varieties are dead4 ,he has nothing but seedlings4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,has that been called to ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's attention8 ,,professor ,,close3 ,not that ,i know of4 ,i doubt if ,dr4 ,van ,fleet has seen this blight proof one4 ,i will be glad to tell him about them when ,i have an opportunity4 ,mr4 ,killen has one ,japan walnut tree that is interesting4 ,it must be #be or #cj years old4 ,i do not know where he got it4 ,one limb we measured extends out #cf feet4 ,the limbs on the other side of the tree are not quite so long but the tree is nearly #gj feet in diameter4 ,two years ago he sold the crop for #ed4jj1 and he thinks he will get more this year4 ,he has contracted the crop to a nurseryman4 ,mr4 ,killen has quite a number of seedling ,persian walnuts and some of them1 perhaps all1 blight more or less4 ,he is very much exercised over the blight4 ,he worries more over this than he does over the chestnut blight4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,does the blight attack the nuts or the twigs8 ,,professor ,,close3 ,both but mostly it attacks the nuts4 ,at ,beltsville #d miles north of ,college ,park there is one of the best seedling walnuts ,i have run across4 ,it fruits every year and sometimes a part of the crop is injured by blight4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,the husks turn black8 ,,professor ,,close3 ,yes4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,that is not blight2 that is a fly injury ,,professor ,,close3 ,mr4 ,killen thinks that this year he partially controlled walnut blight with ,bordeaux spray4 ,one particular tree stands near where the spray tank was filled and one side of it was sprayed every time the spray rig passed it4 ,the nuts from the sprayed side were really better than those from the other side4 ,just below ,dover1 ,delaware1 at ,woodside1 ,i was at ,mr4 ,sam ,derby's place last ,saturday and found something very valuable in the line of ,persian walnuts1 ,i think one of the best ,i have seen at all in the ,east4 ,one particular tree was purchased for a ,franquette but it is not4 ,it probably is a ,mayette seedling4 ,some of the men who tested the samples think this was one of the most desirable they had seen in the ,east4 ,mr4 ,derby bought about a dozen trees eight or nine years ago from some nurseryman4 ,the trees are not alike in shape and size of nuts4 ,they evidently are from the same bunch of seedlings but were sold for ,franquette and ,mayette4 ,they are probably all ,mayette seedlings4 ,now1 coming back to ,college ,park1 four years ago ,mr4 ,littlepage was good enough to give me some pecan scions which ,i grafted into a seedling tree in a neighbor's chicken yard4 ,the grafts practically all lived and last year1 three years from the graft1 about a dozen ,major nuts were produced4 ,these are probably the first ,major pecans produced in ,maryland4 ,this year the ,busseron and ,major grafts bloomed but we had so many late frosts that the blossoms were killed and now there are only two ,major nuts on the tree4 ,my own trees are not old enough to bloom except one ,mantura which bloomed this year but did not set fruit4 ,i presume it was largely due to the late frosts4 ,in the fall of #aiaj ,professor ,lake gave me some buds of ,persian walnut and ,i put three buds into a young black walnut tree4 ,during the following ,february we had a drop in temperature to #be below zero1 something almost unknown in this section of the country1 but two of the buds lived through it4 ,after growth started in the spring ,i cut one out and the other grew into a tree which produced three nuts in #aiae4 ,my area for nut trees is small so ,i am planting pecans1 black and ,persian walnuts1 and hickory twenty feet apart with the idea of keeping them pruned4 ,i have ten varieties of pecans and several of walnuts4 ,between these ,i have chinkapins and hazelnuts4 ,there are eight or ten varieties of hazels and about sixty seedlings for grafting later on4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,did the young pecan trees bloom4 ,,professor ,,close3 ,only the ,mantura and it must be about ten years old4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,what kind of bloom8 ,,professor ,,close3 ,both kinds4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,which hazels are these8 ,,professor ,,close3 ,they were undoubtedly ,european4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i think that is a very important point4 ,some time ago ,i said that our wild hazel drove the cows out of the pasture4 ,it is a worthless weed with us in ,connecticut and it is an important thing for us to transform our hazel pasture lands that are full of thickets of this weed over into good bearing propositions4 ,i grafted a lot of hazelnut bushes with ,european scions4 ,there are ,chinese hazelnut trees that grow to be more than a hundred feet in height and six feet in trunk diameter4 ,the ,jacquemont goes to one hundred feet1 and the ,colurna frequently grows to fifty feet4 ,i believe it is going to be a very important matter to top work these large kinds of hazel trees which do not send runners out from the root and which are not inclined to send large suckers up from the stock4 ,so the kind of stock upon which hazels are to be grafted is a very important matter for nurserymen4 ,but we can also use the worthless pasture bushes profitably4 ,,the ,,president3 ,in order that we may keep the business of our program up to the minute we should complete the naming of the ,nominating ,committee4 ,in order to quickly bring it about and in order that all may have a voice in the matter ,i would suggest that five be nominated from the floor for the positions1 that the nominations then close and that the ,secretary cast the ballot for the members of the nominating committee4 ,the names suggested were3 ,mr4 ,olcott1 ,mr4 ,littlepage1 ,dr4 ,morris1 ,mr4 ,reed and ,professor ,close4 ,the nominations closed and the ,secretary cast the ballot for the above named persons4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we still have a few minutes and might take up the proposed changes in the constitution that were suggested at the ,battle ,creek meeting almost one year ago4 ,i will request ,mr4 ,bixby to state to you what the proposed changes are4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,at the meeting at ,battle ,creek last ,november notice was given for proposed changes in the constitution1 as follows4 ,at this meeting it was voted that ,article ,,iv1 ,,officers1 be presented to the members at the next meeting for the purpose of voting on a change to read3 ,there shall be a ,president1 a ,vice-,president1 a ,treasurer and a ,secretary1 who shall be elected at the annual meeting2 an ,executive ,committee of six persons of which the ,president1 the last two retiring ,presidents1 ,vice-,president1 ,treasurer and ,secretary shall be members4 ,there shall be a state ,vice-,president from each state1 dependency or country represented in the membership of the ,association who shall be appointed by the ,president4 ,article ,,vii4 ,,quorum1 to be changed to read3 ,ten members shall constitute a quorum but must include two of the four elected officers4 ,by ,laws3 ,article ,,iii4 ,,membership--,all annual memberships shall begin either with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of joining the ,association1 or with the first day of the calendar quarter preceding that date as may be arranged between the new member and the ,treasurer4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i make a motion that the changes in the constitution as read be acted upon now4 ,,professor ,,close3 ,i second the motion4 ,,mr4 ,,foster3 ,may ,i offer a suggestion in connection with the proposed change4 ,it is relatively an immaterial one and ,i presume will be included4 ,as a member here from the ,district of ,columbia ,i think the ,district of ,columbia should be included with the states4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i think that has been done4 ,grouped among the states appears the ,district of ,columbia4 ,,the ,,acting ,,secretary3 ,that is1 you would have the words ,district of ,columbia inserted in connection with state1 dependency or country8 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i accept that4 ,the change in the constitution1 as recommended1 was carried4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,as we have another minute or two there is one matter that we might dispose of4 ,there was a committee appointed once upon a time on incorporation4 ,it was thought by some of the members that if this association were incorporated1 making it thereby a perpetual1 tangible organization1 it might be to its advantage4 ,there might be some man who would be good enough to bequeath some funds to the ,association for investigational work4 ,as we are just a voluntary organization without any particular responsibility1 it was thought by some that an incorporation would be desirable4 ,i was appointed as a member of the corporative committee4 ,the committee consisted of ,mr4 ,webber of ,ohio1 and ,i do not recall the other member but ,mr4 ,webber and ,i had several conferences4 ,it seems to me that perhaps the best and most feasible way would be to incorporate under the laws of the ,district of ,columbia4 ,the code of the ,district of ,columbia provides for incorporations of this kind for educational1 scientific and benevolent purposes at a very nominal expense4 ,for commercial corporations they must1 of course1 have a capital stock and ten per cent of it must be paid in in cash1 but there is no such requirement under the code of the ,district of ,columbia for scientific and benevolent corporations4 ,there is a provision in the code for an incorporation of this kind by having the proper articles drawn up1 setting forth the purpose of the organization1 its line of work and its membership1 naming for the time being three trustees1 two of which at that particular time must be residents of the ,district of ,columbia1 and filing those articles with the ,recorder of ,deeds4 ,it is approved and that becomes the charter4 ,the ,association is then a body corporate with all of the rights and privileges of any other organization of that kind4 ,a great many organizations have been formed in the ,district of ,columbia under that provision of the code4 ,it seems to me about as simple and as comprehensive as any of the laws of any of the states1 and about as free from any burdens or obligations of reports or matters of that kind4 ,if it is the sense of this meeting1 and ,i think you have quite a representative membership here1 that this organization be so incorporated ,i shall take pleasure1 after this meeting1 in drafting proper papers1 presenting them to some of the members for signature and perfecting a corporation4 ,,the ,,president3 ,that seems to be an excellent suggestion4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i move that this recommendation be adopted4 ,,mr4 ,,foster3 ,i second the motion4 ,the motion was carried4 ,the convention adjourned at #ab o'clock4 ,,afternoon ,,excursion ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers' ,,association ,,october #g1 #aibj1 #ab3de ,the members of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association1 in convention at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,october #g1 #aibj1 made an excursion which included visits to the thirty-acre bearing northern pecan plantation of ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage2 ,dr4 ,walter ,van ,fleet's ,government ,station for the production of blight-resisting chestnuts and chickapins and other new hybrids1 at ,bell ,experiment ,plot1 ,glendale1 ,maryland2 and the old ,jefferson pecan trees at ,marietta4 ,the following notes were taken at points along the route3 ,,dr4 ,,van ,,fleet3 ,these are hybrids between the chinkapin and the ,japan chestnut showing the blight even after thirteen years immunity4 ,we do not do anything to check the disease at all4 ,there is a ,japan variety said not to take it but you see how it affects it4 ,it girdles it and the new wood builds it up4 ,the tree is doomed4 ,it is gone now but it has made a tremendous attempt to recovery4 ,you see the new growth that has tried to come out there trying to bridge it and make it up4 ,of course even that is hopeful4 ,in view of that we feel justified in breeding4 ,the ,chinese resist it much better4 ,they take it more readily but they resist it far better4 ,the efforts at self-bridging are quite successful4 ,this is one of the hybrids we have at ,arlington4 ,the parent tree got along for thirteen years without a sign of blight4 ,by artificial inoculation we have given it the disease but it does not get it in the trunk4 ,this is a ,chinese chestnut seven years old and has had three crops4 ,we took the most virulent virus and made a few inoculations and with absolutely no care the wound is closing up4 ,the tree is apparently quite healthy4 ,this is the ,chinese ,molissima1 not of real good quality4 ,these are only seven years old and have already borne three very good crops4 ,the nuts are somewhat larger than the wild native and ripen about six weeks earlier4 ,there are #a1ajj trees here and ,i think about a hundred have been killed outright and probably #ge per cent of them show infections but there are a few individuals that do not seem to get it4 ,it seems almost impossible to inoculate them4 ,we are letting the disease run its way purely through elimination4 ,it is only those that can stand it through a series of years that are supposed to be worth anything at all4 ,probably no species is immune from it2 ,i do not think we can use the word immunity in connection with it4 ,the party then visited the old ,jefferson place at ,marietta1 and viewed the immense pecan trees which were given to ,judge ,duval by ,thomas ,jefferson4 ,thence to ,mr ,littlepage's plantation4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,these trees are set #ajj by #abj4 ,the ,butterick is a good grower4 ,there is a great difference in the growth of the cultivated and the uncultivated ones4 ,i would quit working about the first of ,august4 ,the first of ,august here they are growing actively4 ,question3 ,is that the habit of the pecan to set a crop and then drop off8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,yes1 young trees will do that4 ,this is a typical ,busseron4 ,they were all sprinkled with nuts2 this tree had fifty nuts on this spring4 ,there are some caterpillars on the ,stuart4 ,this is the work of the caterpillars on the ,stuart4 ,it set a number of nuts4 ,this ,greenriver is a little larger than the ,major4 ,it is one of the prettiest nuts1 one of our medium sized northern pecans4 ,the ,greenriver grows in a forest in the ,green ,river district in ,kentucky4 ,this is the first transplanted pecan tree this far north that has grown nuts4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,in two or three years you will have a crop on them4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,that is a ,major1 they grow like the ,cedars of ,lebanon4 ,you don't see a winter-killed twig on a tree4 ,they were full of nuts this spring4 ,,mr4 ,,morris3 ,that is so thrifty and so hardy that it might have some species of hickory in it4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,the ,stabler black walnut is much better than the ,thomas4 ,all black walnuts are reasonably easy to propagate4 ,i have them all around over the farm2 ,i stick pecans around the fences1 or wherever ,i have a space4 ,this chestnut is a ,european variety4 ,it bears a big striped nut4 ,it tastes a little better than the sweet potato4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it is good for cooking4 ,it is the same as the ,marron4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,they are the ,indiana hazels1 and this is an ,european filbert4 ,,evening ,,session ,,thursday ,,october #g #aibj #h ,p4 ,m4 ,the convention was called to order by the ,president1 ,mr4 ,linton1 at #h o'clock4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the presentation of the next speaker will be made by ,mr4 ,littlepage4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i want to take just one or two minutes in introducing ,mr4 ,reed1 the next speaker on the program4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture1 as we all know1 is an aggregation of many of the very brightest men in this country4 ,those of us who are here in ,washington know that at times it is sadly in need of organization4 ,it is perfectly apparent to anybody who has judgment enough to make observations that there is a great deal of very valuable material down there going to waste for the lack of organization4 ,perhaps it will always be so4 ,i do not know4 ,institutions are not perfect because the individuals constituting these institutions are not perfect4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture is1 taken as a whole1 a most wonderful institution4 ,i do wish1 however1 that the ,department officials would not always wait until they think they know exactly all the facts about a thing before they publish it4 ,i sometimes wish they had enough nerve to say3 ,now1 this is what we found out today4 ,we may change our minds tomorrow and if we do we will tell you so1 the same as any other honest citizen4 ,why in the world they collect all the data they do1 file it away day after day1 month after month and year after year1 and publish it after it is of no use to anyone on this earth1 ,i never could figure out6 ,i know it is a difficult problem because if the ,department of ,agriculture should say today that ,winesap apples grow beautifully on ,maryland hills some fellow would promptly capitalize that and go to selling the ,maryland hills1 the water underneath1 the air above them and everything around them for the modest sum of ten times what it was worth4 ,so that is the other side of it4 ,it makes it necessary for the ,department of ,agriculture1 of course1 to be cautious4 ,i know1 however1 that you all think as ,i do because you have said so to me but you do not all have the nerve to get up here and say as ,i do that the ,department of ,agriculture ought to give us more of these data2 that they ought to give it to us for what it is worth today and in this lifetime1 leaving it to us to have a little common sense to know that what they say must be taken as they say it4 ,however1 ,i did not get up here to say all of those things4 ,my purpose is to introduce the speaker4 99 99 99 99 99 ,now1 ,i happen to know a great deal about ,mr4 ,reed's work4 ,i know that he is one of the most active men in the ,department and one of the men who has1 as much as anybody in the ,department of ,agriculture1 the confidence of those of us who know about the project that he is working on4 ,mr4 ,reed has more work in the ,department of ,agriculture than he can do and ,i have been trying to lay out some additional work for him4 ,for example1 we have found in ,southwestern ,illinois a larger pecan than any propagated in the ,north4 ,i saw it in a bunch of ,schleys which is the premier pecan of the ,south4 ,it was larger than many of the ,schleys4 ,we don't know anything more about the pecan but ,i would like to know about this and several others4 ,that is one little job that comes under ,mr4 ,reed's supervision and he ought to have more time and more help4 ,as a matter of fact everybody in the ,department thinks he should have more money for his particular project4 ,those of us who are interested in nut work think the nut people should have more money4 ,the ,department was very fortunate in receiving ,mr4 ,reed who came from ,michigan4 ,i have talked to him many times and ,i have never found him yet to make a statement about anything in the nut world that he could not back up4 ,in an illustrated lecture of this kind you have the good fortune to get a great many data that you cannot get in any other way4 ,i wish the whole country that has an interest in these matters could hear it4 ,if ,i could think of anything else good to say about ,mr4 ,reed ,i would say it4 ,he is entitled to it4 7,applause47 ,,nut ,,culture ,,in ,,the ,,united ,,states4 ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,we are annually importing into the ,united ,states from #cj1jjj1jjj to more than #eb1jjj1jjj worth of nuts4 ,in this country1 production is of leading importance with but three species1--the ,persian 7,english7 walnut1 the pecan1 and the almond4 ,of these together1 we are producing in the neighborhood of #bf1jjj1jjj worth of nuts4 ,in addition to these three species1 two others now bid fair to become of considerable importance within the next decade4 ,these are the filbert of the ,northwest and the ,eastern black walnut4 ,in the ,northwest1 the filbert is receiving intensive attention at the hands of a considerable number of skilled horticulturists4 ,the species is making rapid strides and in a short while will probably rank fourth in importance with reference to the extent to which it has been developed horticulturally4 ,possibly because of the extent to which it is common over the ,united ,states1 the black walnut might properly now be rated as fourth as that nut has as great1 if not a greater1 range and is of interest to more people in this country than is any other one species of nut4 ,it remains1 however1 to be seen how rapidly it will be developed by the pomologists4 ,the view before you is one which some of you have seen before4 ,it was taken in the famous ,vrooman orchard of ,persian walnut trees at ,santa ,rosa1 ,california4 ,this is the largest and most noted orchard of ,franquette variety in the country4 ,it is from this orchard that scions have been obtained for the propagation of a great part of the ,franquette orchards in this country4 ,in the ,willamette ,valley of ,western ,oregon1 the walnut has received a large amount of attention during recent years2 its development there has made rapid strides1 and in the better soils1 the trees grow rapidly and ordinarily bear very well4 ,the photograph before you was taken in ,february1 #aibj1 in an orchard near ,hillsboro4 ,it was situated on low but rich land and ,i regret to say that it was practically wiped out of existence by an unusual cold spell occurring from the #abth to the #aeth of ,december in #aiai4 ,during that spell1 the temperatures went down in some points of the ,willamette ,valley to #bd degrees below zero4 ,as nearly as could be told at the time the picture was taken the trees were all killed to the snowline which was from a foot and a half to two feet above ground4 ,the owner has since reported that he cut the trees down to that line4 ,to some extent1 the ,persian walnut is grown in the eastern part of the ,united ,states4 ,it was introduced here long before it was on the ,atlantic ,coast1 but this side of the ,rocky ,mountains1 it has nowhere become of great commercial importance4 ,the photograph before you was taken in #aiaa4 ,it shows a seedling orchard of twenty-three ,persian walnut trees in ,bucks ,county in the northwestern part of ,pennsylvania4 ,the orchard then appeared to be in first-class condition with no sign of winter-injury1 but so far as we have been able to ascertain1 the trees have never borne important crops of nuts4 ,this tree before us is the parent1 or original tree of the ,nebo variety from ,southern ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania1 a variety first propagated by ,messrs4 ,rush and ,jones4 ,it is one of the old historical trees of that section1 and while the nut it produces is very good in many respects1 for various reasons1 the variety is no longer being propagated to great extent4 ,this is the parent ,rush tree1 another variety now not propagated as much as formerly1 but one which1 nevertheless1 is a good sort and regarded as being well worthy of planting about the home grounds in sections of the eastern part of the country to which the species is adapted4 ,the ,persian walnut is evidently quite at home from the eastern shore of ,maryland up through ,delaware and ,new ,jersey to ,long ,island and lower ,connecticut4 ,from this strip west inland to well toward ,york and ,harrisburg in ,southern ,pennsylvania1 it is by no means uncommon4 ,to some extent1 it is grown in ,western ,new ,york and close to ,lake ,erie in ,northern ,ohio4 ,there are some trees in ,eastern ,michigan and a very few in what is known as the ,niagara ,peninsula of ,ontario1 but with few exceptions1 the crops they bear are uncertain4 ,the tree before us is the parent of the ,aurand variety named in honor of ,mr4 ,geo4 ,d4 ,aurand of ,lewistown1 ,mifflin ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,the gentleman in the foreground is ,mr4 ,aurand in the act of examining a split in the bark caused by winter-injury4 ,this trouble is fairly prevalent over a great part of the east4 ,leaving the walnut industry for the time being1 we will take a fleeting glance at the pecan industry4 ,the greater part of our pecan crop comes from wild trees in the ,southwest4 ,the view before us is typical of ,texas scenes especially in such towns as ,san ,saba1 ,brownwood and others where nuts are brought from the country in wagon loads much the same as are cereals in the northern states4 ,pecan orchard development has taken place almost wholly in states east of the limits of the native range4 ,in sections to which the pecan has been indigenous development has been very slow4 ,the greatest and most extensive development of any section happens to be in ,southwestern ,georgia4 ,the view before us was taken in an orchard of ,frotscher trees in ,thomasville some #bj miles north of the ,georgia-,florida state line4 ,the trees were planted in #aije1 set fifty feet apart1 and last spring1 because of crowding1 the alternate trees were removed4 ,the lower limbs had begun to die and the nuts from the lower branches had1 for several years1 been inferior in both size and filling quality4 ,the trees in the orchard before you were three years planted when photographed4 ,this is an orchard in the ,albany district of southwestern ,georgia4 ,it is in the immediate ,albany district that more pecan planting has taken place than in any other one district of the whole ,south4 ,it is possible to go from ,albany in most any direction and to pass through orchards on both sides of the road with rows of pecan trees extending as far as the eye can see in each direction4 ,there is more or less1 of a prevailing idea that the pecan is a ,california product but it is the exception rather than the rule to find thrifty and productive trees in that state4 ,the tree before you is one which bore enough nuts during a recent year to bring #abe in the market1 at #bj cents a pound4 ,coming considerably nearer home1 we find the parent tree of the ,butterick variety situated on the ,illinois side of the ,wabash ,river a short distance below ,vincennes1 ,indiana4 ,the range of the pecan1 as the most of you probably know1 extends well up into ,iowa along the bank of the ,mississippi ,river and also into ,central ,illinois along the ,illinois and other rivers and north to ,terre ,haute1 ,indiana1 along the ,wabash4 ,the ,butterick has been regarded as one of the most promising northern varieties4 ,reports which seem to be fairly well authenticated are to the effect that this fine tree has since partially died because of having its roots cut in the digging of a ditch4 ,two years ago1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,curtis 7who is present in the audience7 and myself spent a week's vacation in ,eastern ,maryland4 ,at ,easton we were greatly surprised to find what we agreed was the largest planted pecan tree we had ever seen4 ,during the past summer1 this tree has been photographed and its measurements taken3 ,it has a girth measurement at breast height of #ae feet4 ,its spread is #abi by #ach feet4 ,its height was estimated at approximately #ace feet4 ,it is not one of the largest pecan trees of the country as larger trees are not uncommon in many sections from ,southern ,indiana1 south and west to ,texas but they are native and not planted trees4 ,we know this to be a planted tree as there are no native pecans in the state of ,maryland4 ,this tree bears with a fair degree of regularity4 ,we are told that in #aiag it yielded approximately twelve bushels of nuts which1 although small1 were exceedingly good and a delight to the children of the whole neighborhood4 ,taking up the almond industry1 the view before you is of interest because of historical reasons rather than otherwise4 ,it is one of the few remaining large orchards planted by the late ,mr4 ,a4 ,t4 ,hatch known as father of the principal varieties of ,california today4 ,mr4 ,hatch planted several hundred acres of almonds in the vicinity of ,suisun about midway between ,sacramento and ,san ,francisco but cold winds from ,san ,francisco ,bay prevent almond trees in that section from being commercially productive1 and as result1 the section has been abandoned as an almond center4 ,nevertheless1 this picture is of interest because it was in these very orchards that were originated the famous ,hatch varieties1 the ,ne ,plus ,ultra1 ,nonpareil1 ,i4 ,x4 ,l4 and the ,drake4 ,a great part of this orchard has since been topworked with prunes4 ,almond orchards in bloom afford some of ,california's most beautiful sights during ,february4 ,the two trees in the foreground are typical specimens of ,i4 ,x4 ,l4 while in full bloom4 ,the almond begins bearing at about the same age as does the peach2 at #e or #f years from the time the trees are planted1 they begin to pay a little more than the cost of up-keep1 and at #h years1 they are regarded as being in full bearing4 ,this scene was taken in one of the oldest orchards in the state of ,california4 ,the trees were planted in about #ahgj4 ,the picture affords a typical illustration of one of the methods of harvesting4 ,the nuts are being thrashed or knocked from the trees to heavy canvas sheets spread upon the ground which are drawn from tree to tree by horse power4 ,the nuts are loaded loose in wagons or in sacks and taken to some central plant where they are run through hulling machines and the nuts separated from the hulls after which they are spread out in trays and left in the sun to dry4 ,at that season of the year1 there is practically no danger of dew or rain and1 after being exposed for several days and nights during which they are frequently stirred1 they are taken to the nearest exchange point1 bleached and put forth into final shape for the market4 ,a very important factor in the success of almond production is the honey-bee4 ,bee keepers shift their hives from orchard to orchard during the blossoming period making a profit out of the honey and at the same time charging a rental to the orchard owners4 ,the bees1 of course1 attend to the matter of interpollination4 ,in some sections1 it is necessary to equip the orchards with smudge or fire pots which are kept filled with crude oil and fired at the moment the temperature goes down to below the freezing point during the blossoming period4 ,in one district these pots were this last year fired again and again but after all the temperature went down to a point such that a great part of the crop was lost4 ,we are told that it is possible to raise the temperature #bf to #cd degrees4 ,it is tedious work and a dirty job4 ,the oil is placed in the pots in the daytime and the firing usually takes place in the latter part of the night1 very often after #e o'clock in the morning4 ,we come now to the filbert industry4 ,one of the reasons why filberts were planted in the northwest was because the native hazels grow there with great vigor4 ,this picture shows a typical stool of the native hazel as it is commonly seen in the western parts of ,oregon and ,washington4 ,not infrequently it attains a height of #cj or #ce feet and when trained to single stems1 the trees not infrequently develop trunk diameters of from #f to #h inches4 ,the ,mr4 ,vollertsen of the ,northwest is ,mr4 ,a4 ,a4 ,quarnberg of ,vancouver1 ,washington4 ,in #ahic ,mr4 ,quarnberg read an article by the late ,professor ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman in which the latter urged the experimental planting of the filbert in the ,northwest4 ,mr4 ,quarnberg ordered two trees of the ,du ,chilly variety from ,mr4 ,felix ,gillett1 a ,frenchman and then proprietor of the ,barren ,hill ,nurseries1 ,nevada ,city1 ,california4 ,these were planted in ,february of #ahid and are believed to have been the first trees of that variety shipped to the ,northwest4 ,they are so close together that they are considerably crowded but still they have done fairly well1 bearing in some years as much as #de pounds together4 ,this is a view of the first filbert orchard planted in the ,northwest4 ,it consists of three hundred trees mainly of the ,barcelona and ,du ,chilly varieties obtained from ,mr4 ,gillett in ,january of #aija by ,mr4 ,quarnberg and planted by him for a neighbor1 ,mr4 ,john ,e4 ,norelius4 ,in this connection1 it is interesting to note that the ,barcelona variety had already become fairly well established in the ,northwest when ,mr4 ,quarnberg first introduced the ,du ,chilly to that section4 ,the picture before you is of one of the oldest ,barcelona trees that has come to my personal attention4 ,it shows a tree in ,portland measuring #de inches in circumference one foot above ground4 ,it is perhaps the largest filbert tree in the ,united ,states4 ,when visited during the past ,september1 the limbs were bending down with nuts and an estimate was made that it would have from #ej to #gj pounds of mature nuts4 ,the tree before us was another ,barcelona of good size4 ,in #aiai it matured a crop of #de pounds of nuts4 ,however1 unfortunately it was caught by the cold spell already referred to and the tree about half killed4 ,it stands in a low place in an orchard of some fifty trees and was one of the most seriously affected4 ,returning to the ,east1 we have before us a picture of an ,italian ,red filbert tree in the orchard of ,messrs4 ,vollertsen and ,mc,glennon north of ,rochester1 ,new ,york4 ,it is a young tree not over two years old4 ,each terminal has a cluster of nuts4 ,mr4 ,vollertsen is observing it closely and thus far regards it favorably4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rush of ,west ,willow1 ,pennsylvania has brought out a native hazel which offers considerable promise to nut planters4 ,it is a remarkably prolific variety and the nuts are both large and thin-shelled4 ,this picture illustrates something of its heavy bearing tendency4 ,we come now to the black walnut4 ,one of the first varieties propagated was the ,thomas4 ,this picture is one of several hundred grafted trees of that variety owned by ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl of ,godfrey1 ,illinois4 ,as here shown1 they are very prolific and these hundred trees grown mainly on hillsides and untillable lands are furnishing ,mr4 ,riehl with a very fair income4 ,on the whole1 the ,thomas is a good variety4 ,it cracks much better than does the average black walnut but still there are some others which are a shade better in the matter of cracking quality4 ,the picture before you shows the parent tree of the variety first known as ,rush but later changed to ,herman in order to avoid confusion of names with the ,rush ,persian walnut4 ,this variety has been propagated to some extent but according to recent accounts1 the parent tree has been cut down4 ,the tree now before you is the parent of a well known variety1 the ,stabler4 ,it is situated in ,montgomery ,county1 ,maryland1 some #bj miles from the city of ,washington4 ,reports have it that this tree bore #cj bushels of nuts in one mythical year1 but the present owner states that the maximum yield of any year since he has known the tree has been #aj or #aa bushels of hulled nuts4 ,the variety is being propagated by several nurserymen and trees are available for planting4 ,another variety now being propagated by the nurserymen is the ,ohio1 the parent tree of which is some #bj or #cj miles out of ,toledo in the state after which it was named4 ,this picture1 7showing seven nuts7 illustrates a remarkable tendency on the part of young grafted trees to bear at an early age4 ,this tree in the nursery of ,mr4 ,jones of ,lancaster1 ,pa41 was grafted in ,may and photographed in ,september one year following4 ,of course early bearing is not wholly desirable but in a way it will refute the common belief that black walnuts are necessarily tardy in coming into bearing4 ,col4 ,j4 ,c4 ,cooper1 ,mc,minnville1 ,oregon1 ,president of the ,western ,walnut ,growers ,association has on his home grounds two black walnut trees grown from nuts obtained in the ,east which were #f years old when this picture was taken4 ,each of these trees which you will notice are from #bj to #cj feet high bore approximately a peck of nuts during the year when photographed4 ,the native butternut is a species which has been quite neglected by our horticulturists but through the efforts of ,mr4 ,bixby1 a few varieties have been brought out and are now being propagated by the nurserymen4 ,in spite of its thick shell1 the flavor of the butternut is preferred by many people to that of any other nut on the market4 ,it is our most hardy species of nut tree4 ,it grows as far north as ,maine and ,nova ,scotia4 ,two or three recognized varieties are being propagated4 ,probably those which will soonest be available for dissemination to the public are the ,aiken from ,new ,hampshire and the ,deming from ,connecticut4 ,one of our most decorative native trees is the ,american beech4 ,as fine a specimen as is often seen is this one not far from ,easton1 ,maryland photographed during the past summer4 ,it is an enormous tree and very productive4 ,it is one of forty or fifty trees on the grounds of one of the numerous large estates of ,eastern ,maryland and was planted1 so we are told1 in #ahcj4 ,the lady giving this information said that her mother had the trees dug up in the forest by slaves and hauled to their present location in ox carts4 ,now1 ninety years later1 they form a magnificent avenue of trees4 ,fine crops of nuts are borne each year4 ,the nuts are small and most too tedious to extract from the shell to be useful for human consumption1 but they go a long way in the finishing off of the turkeys and other poultry in the fall4 ,another species of nut which is quite neglected is the ,japanese walnut4 ,it has been on trial in this country for perhaps fifty or seventy-five years4 ,it has indicated its adaptability to a wide range of the country2 it succeeds on a great variety of soils and it is both hardy and early to come into bearing4 ,it has this disadvantage1 however1--the nuts are small2 but in flavor the kernals can hardly be distinguished from those of the butternut4 ,very often it forms a most attractive tree and it should be used to a much greater extent than it is on home lawns4 ,in ,michigan1 hickory and black walnut trees have been used along the highways as avenue trees for a considerable period4 ,in ,pennsylvania occasionally the ,persian walnut is used as an avenue tree4 ,one of the beauty spots along the roadway of ,lancaster ,county is this stretch of roadway under the spreading branches of ,persian walnut trees4 ,senator ,mc,nary of ,oregon thought so well of the beauty of the filbert that he induced his brother to plant several trees on his lawn in the city of ,salem4 ,it is no exageration to say that there are no prettier trees in the city then are these before you4 ,to a considerable extent1 nut raising is being combined with the poultry industry in the ,northwest4 ,the poultry raisers claim that some kind of trees are essential to furnish shade in the poultry yards4 ,they say that fruit trees are not desirable for the reason that at harvest time the chickens not only pick and ruin the fruit but themselves get internal disorders4 ,nut trees1 they argue1 fit in very well1 as the chickens cannot hurt the nuts nor the nuts the chickens4 ,furthermore1 the trees in chicken parks salvage a great deal from the chicken manure which would otherwise be lost4 ,the use of nut trees in this way is a practice which it would seem could well be introduced to good advantage in the eastern states4 ,among the ornamentals1 it is difficult to imagine a species which could more effectively be used than the pecan4 ,the picture before you was taken of a comparatively young tree perhaps #cj or #dj years old on the home grounds of a private citizen near ,easton1 ,maryland at practically our own latitude4 ,it is a most beautiful tree4 ,rightly used1 the black walnut is also one of our most effective species in the landscape4 ,the picture before you is of a tree #ea years old4 ,it stands in front of the home residence of a sister to ,united ,states ,senator ,charles ,l4 ,mc,nary of ,salem1 ,oregon4 ,when photographed1 this tree measured #aj feet1 #f inches in girth at breast height4 ,it would be hard to imagine a more noble and graceful nut4 ,along the roadways of ,california1 we not uncommonly find the native black walnut used as an avenue tree4 ,it is very refreshing and cooling on a hot day to drive under trees of the sort illustrated in the picture before you4 ,this avenue of trees is along the ,lincoln ,highway less than a mile west of the ,university grounds at ,davis4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,the next speaker on the program will be presented by ,dr4 ,morris4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,they say that a biographer unconsciously writes his autobiography4 ,that is not tautology4 ,some one writing of the late ,frank ,n4 ,mayer said3 ,the plant hunter and explorer is the unsung ,columbus of horticulture4 ,our next speaker was the one who wrote that in ,mr4 ,meyer's biography4 ,we all recognize it as autobiography4 ,emerson tells us that every successful institution is the lengthened shadow of one man4 ,there were heroes before ,agamemnon and botanists before ,dr4 ,fairchild1 but with the beginning of the new century there came into existence the development of a new idea1 that of exploration in foreign countries for the purpose of bringing to us their valuable plant products4 ,it was one of those things which we may say makes the whole world kin because the economists tell us that basically the food supply is fundamental to all subsequent human activities4 ,dr4 ,fairchild organized the machinery of exploration for purposes of introduction into this country of valuable plants from foreign lands4 ,there is perhaps at the present time no one who serves better as peace maker than does the one who gives the world more food4 ,from the economist's standpoint the food supply subtends all advances in civilization4 ,now the hour is late and we all know what ,dr4 ,fairchild has done4 ,any remarks on my part are made because they belongs to the form of polite procedure rather than because of need for telling of things which ,dr4 ,fairchild has accomplished4 ,,dr4 ,,fairchild3 ,ladies and ,gentlemen of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,when ,i face men and women who are doing things in agriculture ,i feel a peculiar degree of embarrassment4 ,i do not know why but ,i suppose it is because what ,i have done1 what little ,i have done in bringing in these new things1 has never enabled me to get to the bottom of any of the things that ,i have brought in4 ,in other words ,i feel that ,i am in the presence of a number of men who know down to the very smallest minutiae the business that they are engaged in4 ,now ,i do not know these minutiae about plants4 ,i wish ,i did4 ,there is nothing more fascinating in the world than to take one crop and learn to know it down to the ground4 ,it is coming to be one of the greatest things in the imagination of man1 this grappling with the fundamental problems of agriculture which are wrapped up in the varieties of the plants that we grow4 ,i have had a very severe education in that matter of varieties and ,i want to congratulate you as a body of men and women who are individually going to find out what these best varieties are4 ,i suppose that the talk that ,mr4 ,reed and ,i had in a bamboo grove out in ,chico41 ,california1 when we were trying to find out uses for the bamboo and ,reed said3 ,well1 the pecan and almond growers want to knock the nuts off their trees with these bamboo poles1 is what led up to this talk1 and ,i want to thank ,mr4 ,reed for the opportunity to show slides of a few of the new plants which we are working on in the ,department of ,agriculture4 ,we brought in so many of them1 7#dg1jjj different kinds7 in these #bb years that the office of ,plant ,introduction has been in operation that ,mr4 ,reed suggested that the nut growers would like to have thrown on the screen pictures of the nuts of foreign countries4 ,i said that we did not have any4 ,then ,i began to dig into our own literature1 project reports1 experimenters cards1 correspondence and the other recording machinery that we have and ,i found that we had a good many4 ,i want to make it perfectly plain to you that what ,i am going to do tonight is simply to open a door and show you the possibilities of some of these foreign nuts4 ,there are a great many more that we have not succeeded in landing on the shores of ,america1 and if any one of you will come to my office on #acth and ,f streets ,i will throw all the correspondence and photographs on the table and let you look through it4 ,it has been said that the ,department's work is badly organized4 ,yes1 it is badly organized4 ,but ,i do not know how you are going to very well organize with a small body of men a group of projects every one of which is a life job for a man1 especially when you cannot get the men1 and when you do get them they do not stay on the job for life4 ,so there is the great difficulty4 ,mr4 ,littlepage has hit the nail on the head4 ,the ,department of ,agriculture is not well organized but it is not an easy thing to organize experimental work on at least #aej different kinds of industries with the money and the men we have4 ,the fact that the investigations require the men to be on the land close to their work and that we are all in city buildings1 is a great handicap4 ,we have scarcely a tree or shrub or plant of any kind that bears on our work within two or three miles of the ,department of ,agriculture building4 ,we need the land4 ,we need a great many more men1 and we need more money4 ,i landed in ,greece in #aija4 ,in ,athens ,i saw them selling on the streets these pistache nuts which ,i opened with my fingers4 ,the kernels are a brilliant green4 ,i had never seem them before4 ,i had heard of them4 ,they were sold around the streets by the ,greek peddlers and called pistachios4 ,the pistache or pistachio industry is one which ,i wish some young1 energetic man of seventy would take up4 ,i say #gj because it requires a young man of seventy to take up one of these nut industries1 the boys of #bf are too old4 ,some young fellow of seventy should go into the pistache industry and find out what there is in it and develop it into a great industry4 ,the ,american ,consul in ,palestine told me six or eight years ago that there was no plant culture in all ,palestine that paid so well as a pistache orchard4 ,trees have been known to yield as much as #dj to #ej dollars apiece4 ,the ,grecian pistaches are different from those of ,tunis and ,algeria and others of the ,mediterranean countries4 ,there are a good many different varieties4 ,this picture shows a piece of praline made of pistaches4 ,this is sold on the streets of ,athens and compares very favorably with our pralines made in ,new ,orleans from the kernel of the pecan4 ,mr4 ,chisholm1 who was connected with the ,consulate in ,athens and who spoke ,greek very well1 took me out and showed me what these pistache trees looked like and when ,i found this miscellaneous lot of grafted pistache trees ,i made an arrangement to purchase the whole collection and send it to this country4 ,i had great difficulty in getting the ,american ,consul in ,piraeus to help me ship them4 ,i could not wait indefinitely and it took a good while to have them dug and packed4 ,i asked him if he would send them and he said he was very busy4 ,i told him this was a matter which concerned the people of the ,united ,states and if he did not have time to do it ,i would telegraph to the ,secretary of ,agriculture and tell him that the ,consul in ,athens was too busy to ship these plants4 ,finally he consented to ship them and this was the first shipment of grafted pistache trees to arrive in ,america4 ,they were badly grafted1 badly packed and badly prepared and ,i think only one of this whole collection survived and is now growing in the ,gallespie grounds at ,montecito1 ,california4 ,mr4 ,kearney ought to be here tonight and ,mr4 ,swingle and ,dr4 ,rixford4 ,these three men have given more attention to the pistache than ,i have4 ,mr4 ,kearney was studying the date palm industry of ,southern ,tunis and in connection with it he made a study of the pistache industry of the desert region of the coast of ,tunis4 ,this picture represents an ,arab standing beside an old pistache tree that probably is forty or fifty years of age4 ,it represents the pistache in its winter dress4 ,they are deciduous trees4 ,they plant one male tree to about twenty females4 ,we have had a great real of difficulty in propagating these pistache trees4 ,we have five different species of stock on which to grow them1 and we ought to learn all the best varieties in the world4 ,but unfortunately some of the best varieties in ,sicily are infested with a moth which lays its eggs in the twigs just below the leaf scar and it is impossible for the entomologist to detect these eggs without destroying the buds4 ,that apparently trivial circumstance has made it impossible for us to get these cuttings in from ,sicily without sending a trained horticulturist there for them4 ,we never have had the money to send a man there who could do it1 a man who had had the necessary experience4 ,as a consequence we have not as big a collection of these pistache varieties as we ought to have4 ,these men in the photograph are getting the scions for ,mr4 ,kearney1 and ,i am glad to say that these particular scions which they cut are now growing in ,california4 ,mr4 ,kearney also on this same trip visited the ,duke de ,bronte estate on the slopes of ,mount ,etna4 ,it was an estate bequeathed by the ,king of ,italy to ,lord ,nelson1 who was made the ,duke de ,bronte and it is still the property of the ,nelson family4 ,mr4 ,beck1 who was the manager for this estate and with whom we have had correspondence for nearly #ah years1 gave us perhaps more information than we have gotten from any other foreign source on the cultivation of the pistache4 ,the ,trabonella1 which was one of the best commercial varieties1 came from the ,bronte estate on the slopes of ,mount ,etna1 where pistache growing is a paying industry4 ,in ,europe the nuts are very largely used1 outside of the ,mediterranean region for making the pistache ice cream because of the green color in the seed itself1 and in the ,mediterranean region both the yellow and green varieties as we are coming to use them in this country1 as table nuts4 ,the highest price is paid for the green pistache nuts which are used in ice creams and confectioneries4 ,here are two ,sicilian horticulturists1 one of them holding a bundle of bud sticks4 ,this ,trabonella variety is now growing in ,america4 ,we have collected pistache nuts from many parts of the world4 ,a very interesting man by the name of ,jewett who became acquainted with the late ,ameer of ,afghanistan procured for us the ,afghanistan pistache4 ,i got in correspondence with him through the ,consul in ,calcutta4 ,through a mistake made in sending some of this correspondence direct instead of to ,calcutta it nearly cost him his life4 ,i did not know the conditions there and asked ,jewett in my letter what the possibilities were of sending an ,agricultural explorer there4 ,the letter fell into the hands of the ,ameer and aroused his suspicions4 ,jewett was one of the two ,english speaking persons at that time in the country4 ,one ,sunday morning my door bell rang1 and ,jewett came to my house in ,connecticut ,avenue with two big saddle bags filled with seed sent by the ,ameer4 ,this collection of pistache seeds with its ,afghanistan label composed part of the collection of seeds4 ,very few of the seeds grew however and the seedlings1 which like many nut trees do not come true to seed1 have not produced any varieties of particular value4 ,a year ago ,i had the pleasure of making a motor tour through ,california4 ,i went to see ,leonard ,coats1 one of those real pioneers of #fe or #gj years of age1 who has perhaps done as much for ,california horticulture as any other one nurseryman1 and he took me up into his orchard on the hill side overlooking his nursery where no drops of rain had fallen between the months of ,march and ,october when ,i was there and where they only have #bb inches of rainfall anyway1 and ,i found growing there this collection of pistache trees which we had sent him about ten years ago4 ,the nuts are borne towards the ends of the branches4 ,the tree is able to withstand any amount of drought and as ,i sat there and he told me how prohibition had wiped out the vineyards of the surrounding country1 how the ,italians had deserted them and gone back to ,italy1 ,i could not help feeling that in this beginning on his hillsides we had the possibility of covering those thousands of acres of hillsides which exist in ,california today1 from which the grape vines have been taken out1 with a nut crop of the very first importance4 ,these little beginnings are really the most interesting things in life4 ,i read in the paper today that this is the ninety-fourth anniversary of the first railroad in ,america and my mind went back to a conversation ,i had with ,edward ,everett ,hale when he told me that his father was the first man to bring over an ,english locomotive to ,america4 ,what do you suppose was the principal objection that the people had to railway exploitation in this country8 ,they could not see how two trains could pass each other on the same track4 ,so his father brought over from ,england a little model switch and put it down in his parlor and took people in there and showed them that two trains could pass if one ran off on a siding4 ,that story of ,edward ,everett ,hale has helped me to understand why it is that most people hesitate to go ahead into any new industry always seeing some impossibility in its development4 ,i could probably prove to you beyond a shadow of a doubt that not a single one of these nut trees ,i am showing you tonight could ever be made a success4 ,notwithstanding that they are successful4 ,this is one of the ,sfax varieties from ,tunis growing in our plant introduction gardens at ,chico4 ,we had to establish gardens where we could grow these trees and send out the young plants to growers and in these gardens we have test nurseries or test orchards as we call them where we grow these fruits4 ,this is an ,assyrian variety brought in by old ,dr4 ,fuller who spent some time as a missionary in ,asia ,minor and became convinced of the importance of the pistache industry1 and has been one of the pioneers in these small beginnings4 ,this is a six years old tree4 ,this is #ae years old a seedling tree near ,fresno4 ,it has borne a good many crops of fair sized pistache nuts as large as the ,trabonella1 the ,sfax1 the ,tunis and the ,alleppo and those forms which are going to be the real pistaches of the future in this country4 ,the pistache in fruit is a most interesting sight4 ,the nuts are pinkish4 ,they have the pinkness of the peach1 almost1 without the fuz and they are covered with a thin skin which is taken off usually with the fingers4 ,the nut inside has a texture that makes it very attractive4 ,when they are first gathered it is very difficult to crack them with the fingers but if they are put in the oven and roasted they open up and leave a little suture into which you put your thumb nails and pry the ends open4 ,this picture gives you some idea of the yield of the pistache4 ,it is a fair yielder1 as much as fifty pounds of nuts having been borne by eight or nine year old trees4 ,ours have not done as well as that4 ,the price of course ranges like the price of all other nuts4 ,they sold last year for #ge cents a pound here in ,washington4 ,the kernels sell for #a4ej4 ,this gives you a good idea of the pistache fruit with its outer shell1 the nut and the green interior4 ,if any of you are going to ,california and do not like the idea of taking up hazel nuts1 walnuts and pecans1 if you will take up this industry we will help you all we can4 ,it will grow in ,arizona1 ,new ,mexico1 and we have records of them growing in ,arkansas4 ,they will stand a temperature below zero4 ,trees have been known to live through several winters even in ,southern ,kansas4 ,in all these investigations we have found the stock problem is very important4 ,here we have the ,pistachia atlantica which has much smaller seeds4 ,it is this that we are using most commonly as a stock for the pistaches that are being grown in ,california4 ,frank ,n4 ,meyer brought back from ,china the seeds of the ,chinese pistache1 the hardiest of all pistaches1 a tree which has been almost hardy even as far north as ,washington and central ,kansas4 ,it is not only a nut tree but a magnificent ornamental tree and grows to a very large size4 ,we have used it as an avenue tree leading to our plant introduction gardens in ,chico because it colors up so beautifully in the autumn and the spring4 ,in the spring the tips of these leaves and branches are a brilliant pink and in the autumn it turns a gorgeous scarlet4 ,it is destined to be one of the best landscape trees of ,california in our opinion4 ,it grows to be centuries old4 ,frank ,meyer standing beside a tree which has stood three centuries at least4 ,imagine what pleasure he would have had had he only lived to walk under this great avenue in his old age4 ,the question of congeniality between the true pistache and the ,chinese pistache is shown here4 ,we rather jumped to the conclusion1 when we found that the ordinary pistache overgrew the ,chinese pistache1 that perhaps it was not so good a stock as we first thought1 but ,i notice1 looking back at my photograph taken in ,greece in #aija1 that the regular stocks used by the ,greeks for the pistache are overgrown in the same way by the true pistache4 ,we have much larger trees than these now in ,chico and as the ,chinese pistaches are very old and large trees we have come to the conclusion that in all probability the pistache will be successful on this ,chinese stock4 ,i was walking through a market in ,hong ,kong in #aijb and ,i saw a few bushels of nuts that ,i had never heard of or seen before4 ,the nuts looked like acorns but when ,i picked them up ,i found them as hard as hickory nuts4 ,i cracked one of them with a brick and it was almost as hard to crack as a hickory nut4 ,it was unmistakably an acorn1 ,i thought1 and ,i bought a bushel of the nuts and sent them to this country4 ,it is called ,pisania by botanists and it has many of the characteristics of an acorn4 ,the kernel of this nut comes out whole and for that reason it would be very easily cracked by mechanical means4 ,it has a sweetness which does not suggest an acorn4 ,it does not remind you of the acorn4 ,it is a commercial product in ,southern ,china shipped down the ,west river and it seemed to me well worth while trying to grow it in the ,united ,states4 ,we have had a great deal of trouble with it4 ,we did not find the right place for it at first4 ,it was hardy here in ,washington1 even1 for a few seasons but the temperature at seventeen1 eighteen and twenty below zero finally killed it out4 ,it is now growing down in ,mississippi4 ,here is a photograph sent me from ,honkong1 the only one ,i have of the tree as it appears on the hills of ,honkong4 ,this tree which is now #aa feet tall on the place of ,mr4 ,joe ,williams at ,langdon1 ,mississippi1 is one of the few that is now growing in the ,united ,states4 ,there is one in ,southern ,california4 ,it probably would be perfectly hardy along the ,gulf coast4 ,just how good a bearer it is going to prove ,i do not know but it is very interesting even to register the fact that the plant is established in the ,southern ,states4 ,the ,macadamia ternifolia1 or ,queensland nut1 is not quite so well known in ,queensland as ,i thought it was4 ,a very brilliant young man from ,australia1 by the name of ,johnston1 passed through my office the other day and ,i showed him the photograph of the ,macadamia and to my chagrin he did not know much about it1 although he was a very good botanist and a very keen man4 ,he said ,we do not pay much attention to these things over there4 ,that is really characteristic of many of the foreign plants that we have brought in4 ,they are not developed in their own countries any more than some of the fruits which we have in this country are not developed by us4 ,mr4 ,littlepage and ,i are going out in a day or two to see if we can find some larger papaws4 ,now the papaw has been just as badly neglected by the ,americans as the ,macadamia by the ,australians and it may be that the only way to get the papaw developed is to send it to some other country and get them to develop it4 ,we do not always develop our own possibilities4 ,this is a tree grown in ,avon ,park1 ,florida4 ,it interests me very much because it looks as if it would be a good bearer1 is suited to the sandy lands of southern and central ,florida1 seems to be quite hardy and is a beautiful nut4 ,it will vie with any other edible nut that ,i know of4 ,this tree is in the ,royal ,palm ,gardens in ,palm ,beach4 ,the trees were brought in by us about #aije or #aijf4 ,this is a tree in ,cuba where it is perfectly at home4 ,this gives you an idea of the character of the nut in a bunch4 ,this is the nut4 ,the shells when opened are as attractive as anything ,i know of4 ,this is a very thick walled variety4 ,we have much thinner walled forms that have come from ,hawaii where it is now being grown4 ,the dark part is a maroon brown and the lighter part is a brilliant creamy yellow4 ,altogether it is an extremely attractive nut1 an excellent eating nut and has very good food qualities4 ,we have had them analyzed1 and all the data are at the disposal of you gentlemen at any time you wish to consult our files4 ,one of the first pieces of foreign work ,i was asked to do for the government was to get and import the hard-shelled almonds of ,spain4 ,most of you have eaten the ,jordan almond and ,i imagine most of you think it comes from ,california1 but there are very few ,jordans grown in ,california and1 so far as the investigations go which ,i have been able to make in ,california in co-operation with the candy manufacturers1 ,i have discovered that the ,california growers are not growing the best almond in the world4 ,that the ,,ixl and the ,nonpareil and other almonds are not considered sufficiently good for such men as ,lowney to use in the manufacture of their almond candies was a surprise to me4 ,and the reason8 ,in the first place the skin of the kernel itself is too thick1 the nut is too brittle and it has not the flavor of the imported nut4 ,i was shocked the other day to read from cover to cover a bulletin on the subject of ,almonds1 and to find that not one word was said of flavor4 ,it had to be a good cracker2 but the marketable qualities did not take into consideration the question of the flavor of the kernel1 its hardness or the thickness of skin4 ,this picture on the screen was taken in southeastern ,spain4 ,these are the almond crackers of ,spain and a poorer lot of people ,i have never visited in my life4 ,the little children1 not over four years old1 instead of playing as ours play1 carry around with them in their hands little bundles of wheat straw which they braid with their hands as they play1 making sombreros which are shipped to the ,argentine4 ,it is a very poor country where these grow4 ,the soil ,is very thin and very dry and these almond trees grow on the hillsides4 ,it was with an unpleasant feeling that ,i took these cuttings from southeastern ,spain1 and brought them to ,america4 ,i got them from the trees that were bearing these almonds1 they were budded in ,california and we know where the trees are growing in ,california from these buds4 ,this is a view in one of these hillside plantations of southeastern ,spain with two of the almond growers4 ,this is a view in the plains region near ,valencia showing both the hard shelled almonds and the soft shelled ones4 ,the soft shelled are those which are easily cracked with the fingers while the hard shelled have to be broken with a hammer or an instrument4 ,it is these hard shelled almonds that we have been interested in getting4 ,i have not kept in touch with this almond situation as ,i would have if ,i had been a specialist on almonds instead of spreading my energies out over the whole field and it is time someone really got into the almond business4 ,i once traveled fifty miles from ,bobadilla1 ,spain to the next railway station between solid walls of seedling almonds in bloom4 ,no ,american has ever been to these seedling orchards to see what they are4 ,it should be possible to find in those rows that are now #be years old late flowering varieties which would be adapted to the conditions in ,california or early flowering varieties which would cross pollinate the ,jordan almond4 ,but we have not had the extra man with which to do this and carry out the other things we have been obliged to do4 ,the interesting thing about this ,jordan almond is that it behaves differently in our country than it does over in ,spain4 ,you notice how smooth each one of these almonds is4 ,there is no sharp keel on the ,spanish grown ,jordan almond at all4 ,it is smooth all around4 ,here are the almonds grown in ,california from the scions which ,i brought in4 ,you see how these keels are developed and the nut has also become more pointed4 ,we have not had an opportunity to investigate this thing thoroughly1 but ,i am convinced that this is an environmental effect4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,a4 ,taylor has suggested that the fact that the ,jordan flowers before any other variety comes out may mean that the ,california nuts are the result of self fertilization and this self fertilization may be the cause of their different shape and texture4 ,either that or the bud wood which ,i brought over from ,spain was not representative of the ,jordan variety although ,i picked it from trees that were bearing these nuts and ,i saw the nuts and they were typical4 ,of course it is possible that on the bud stocks which ,i brought over there was this hereditary tendency to produce these keels4 ,however1 we have made importations of the ,jordan almond since then with the same result4 ,one of these was grown in ,california in the desert region and one in ,niles where ,john ,rock1 the great pioneer horticulturist of ,california1 had his orchards4 ,both of them behaved in the same way4 ,i sent some of the best kernels from these imported ,jordan almonds to ,mr4 ,lowney1 the candy manufacturer who imports large quantities of ,jordan almonds from ,spain1 and he reported that he could not use them for his candy manufacture because they were too hard and the skin too tough4 ,one of the most interesting experiences of my life was in #aijc when ,i visited a ,french barber in a little town called ,nevada ,city1 ,california1 in the foothills of the ,sierras4 ,he had come over to this country without a penny and had set up a barber shop in this little mining village of ,nevada ,city4 ,he had saved from his fees for cutting people's hair and shaving them1 #c1jjj4 ,he had bought a piece of barren hillside which everybody laughed at him for buying2 and he sent an order for #b1ejj worth of nut trees and fruit trees to a nursery firm in his old home in ,france4 ,he did this without even having an irrigating system with which to irrigate those plants when they arrived4 ,he told me with tears in his eyes how he had worked night and day1 carrying buckets of water to save this collection of plants when it arrived from ,france4 ,when ,i visited ,felix ,gillett in his plantation there1 which he called the ,barren ,hill ,nursery1 ,i felt that ,i had never seen a more delightful spot in my life4 ,it was a kind of a paradise which he had built up by his love for plants and his wonderful knowledge of the varieties which he handled4 ,he certainly was one of the great experts of this country in the nut and fruit industry1 particularly the nut industry4 ,it is his collection of hazelnuts which ,mr4 ,reed spoke of as having found its way into ,mr4 ,quarnburg's hands4 ,in fact ,i was at ,mr4 ,quarnburg's place a year ago last summer and learned that he got his first start from this little ,french barber in the mountains of ,nevada4 ,this is ,felix ,gillett standing beside the first ,jordan almond tree in ,america4 ,the difficulty with the ,jordan tree in this section was that it flowered too early and too few crops were produced4 ,we have tried a good many sections for the almond and one of the problems1 in my opinion1 is the development of stocks for it4 ,here is the ,,ixl on one of ,meyer's ,chinese stocks 7,amygdalus davidiana74 ,it does very well on this stock in the region of ,san ,antonio1 ,texas4 ,but the future of this almond business ought to have been told you by ,meyer after he came back from his trip in ,western ,china4 ,these bushes are of the ,tangutian almond1 a little bush almond2 growing occasionally #ae or #ah or #bj feet in height and hardy4 ,it was ,meyer's plan1 had he lived1 to find some place in ,southwest ,colorado in which to breed hardy almonds that would cover those hillsides with a food producing plant4 ,i believe had he lived he would have done that for we have gotten together already for the breeders a number of forms of great promise4 ,mr4 ,wight of the ,office of ,pomological ,investigations is now in ,california doing breeding work1 and ,i hope his life will be spared so that he can produce a practical bush almond4 ,my object in throwing this photograph on the screen is to show you a hillside covered with a food producing plant which has never yet received the attention of human beings1 and yet if studied might lead to the production of an entirely new type of almond which will probably grow as far north as the ,dakotas4 ,jumping from the ,dakotas to ,florida ,i want to introduce to you the ,candle ,nut or ,kukui nut of the ,hawaiian ,islands which is growing in the sandy regions of the tropical belt of ,florida4 ,if you will read the literature you will find that it is referred to as a cathartic1 resembling in this respect the castor bean4 ,the problem is whether the candle nut as grown in ,florida is poisonous or not4 ,prof4 ,simpson is growing in his yard in ,florida a tree of this ,kukui nut and has eaten these nuts for years1 and he just sent me a couple quarts of them from his tree and ,i have tried them on my friends with no injurious results whatever4 ,the thing to look out for is this fetish1 this superstition of poison4 ,this is a very hard-shelled nut1 very oily and resembles somewhat the ,brazil nut4 ,if a market can be made for it1 and there does not seem to be any reason why there cannot1 there is no reason that they cannot be grown and they will be grown in southern ,florida4 ,that country which in #ahih was a wilderness is now developing very rapidly as a region of homes and what they want is plants that they can grow down there that they can live upon4 ,on the left is one of these trees which has a good many nuts on it4 ,it is in ,miami1 ,florida4 ,this is a branch of one of these ,kukui nuts in ,miami4 ,this is probably the least known of any of the nuts4 ,it is the ,yeheb nut4 ,it belongs to the order of ,leguminosae and they tell us it is so sweet1 having between #ba and #bb per cent of sugar1 that the native ,arab will desert his dates and rich diet1 which is the ordinary diet of that region1 and take to the ,yeheb whenever it comes into fruit4 ,this ,yeheb shrub grows in the deserts of ,italian ,somaliland and ought to succeed in our southwestern country4 ,during the war there was attached to the ,italian ,embassy the ,italian ,explorer ,captain ,vanutelli1 who had the distinction of having been captured by a savage chief in ,abyssinia and bound for over two months to a black ,abyssinian slave4 ,when ,i spoke to him about this ,yeheb nut he said1 ,yes1 ,i have eaten it4 ,it is a wonderful nut4 ,some day ,i will get you some of it4 ,when the shipment came there were two tons of nuts and ,i was a little surprised to say the least4 ,they were brought on camel back over the deserts4 ,during the war they took eight or nine months to get to ,washington and when they arrived they were all dead4 ,notwithstanding many attempts this nut is not grown in the ,united ,states but we will have it4 ,it is very thin-shelled1 the kernels come out whole and have a very sweet1 delicate flavor4 ,you have just come from ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's chestnuts4 ,you know that this is the ,chinese chestnut 7,castanea mollissima7 which ,meyer found in ,china4 ,dr4 ,van ,fleet would probably tell you this is not the way to prune them if you want to increase the chances of these ,chinese chestnuts withstanding the bark disease4 ,you are probably familiar with the fact that ,meyer discovered over in ,china on this species the original chestnut bark disease which has destroyed our chestnuts in this country4 ,he found that this variety was highly resistant but not entirely immune to the disease4 ,dr4 ,galloway1 who is handling the propagation and distribution of these ,chinese chestnuts1 for our office1 wishes to have it understood that in the distribution of these which we will make in the spring we desire to have them sent out in blocks2 we would rather not distribute these ,chinese chestnuts in single specimens but would be very glad to consider offers from people who have a quarter or a half of an acre that they want to plant4 ,we want to get some idea of the behavior of this species as an orchard crop4 ,this illustrates the way1 as ,i understand it1 that ,dr4 ,van ,fleet thinks the trees should be treated1 on the left2 the way they should not be treated on the right4 ,they seem to be much more susceptible to the disease when pruned up in this neat orchard fashion4 ,one of ,meyer's photographs taken at ,fanshan1 northeast of ,pekin1 where he found the chestnut bark disease4 ,this is the way the trees appeared4 ,this gives you some idea of the size of ,chinese chestnuts which he got4 ,those back on the hills are all ,chinese chestnuts on rather poor soil as he explains in his description of the photographs4 ,this is an orchard of ,chinese chestnuts as planted by the ,chinese on the richer soils of the low lands which show larger trees4 ,even when full sized they do not compare with our ,american chestnut but are old enough to show you that they have not been killed by this bark disease4 ,these trees show signs of the disease but that they have a high degree of resistance is apparently beyond dispute4 ,this shows the black scar near the top which ,meyer diagnoses as the remains of the chestnut bark disease4 ,the scar there in the crotch of this chestnut tree indicates the degree of resistance of this species4 ,just how it is going to behave here in ,america no one can tell but that it would be possible to grow orchards of these ,chinese chestnuts with the care which you exercise in growing pears or even peaches ,i think is a pretty safe guess4 ,meyer remarks that this tree is probably a century old and with signs of this disease on it4 ,here is one that he marks as between two and three centuries old4 ,this1 gentlemen1 is the newest arrival in this country coming from ,east ,africa near ,zanzibar4 ,in ,curtis's magazine there is published an account of this nut after ,mr4 ,playfair a ,british subject who had lived on the island of ,zanzibar4 ,this is one of the most curious and most interesting nuts that has been brought to our attention4 ,it is borne by a climbing vine the stem of which sometimes reaches six or seven inches in diameter4 ,the fruit is between two and one-half and three feet long and eight inches in diameter1 and bears between #bej and #bfd of these large seeds about the size of chestnuts and with a delicate flavored4 ,in #ahhd this ,mr4 ,playfair sent some of these nuts to ,england1 but we have just discovered them so to speak4 ,they will probably grow in our tropical possessions and we must not overlook the fact that after all there is a distinct drift in our agriculture towards the development of that part of the globe which has been so overlooked by horticulturists in the past4 ,it is not at all impossible that some of you who are here in this audience today will buy that ,playfairia on the markets4 ,i thank you very much indeed for your attention4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,the hour is late4 ,what ,dr4 ,kellogg may have to say ,i know will interest you all greatly but it might better be said tomorrow when we are fresh and the attendance will probably be larger than it is this evening4 ,if there is nothing further to come before the meeting tonight we will take a recess until #i3cj in the morning4 ,the convention adjourned until #i3cj a4 m4 ,friday1 ,october #h4 ,,morning ,,session ,,friday ,,october #h1 #aibj ,the session was called to order by ,president ,linton at #aj o'clock4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i wish first to beg the pardon of the membership of the ,association for the little time that ,i have been able to give to the preparation of this particular paper4 ,to illustrate how limited that time has been1 starting from ,michigan prior to our meeting yesterday ,i had less than twenty-four hours to get to ,washington4 ,it was necessary that ,i should call a meeting together at a little town in ,michigan where the regular train did not stop4 ,in order to get that train it was necessary to send a man to buy a ticket to that particular point and as he climbed off that train ,i climbed on4 ,the conductor thought we should be held up for a conspiracy for stopping a train of that character4 ,on reaching ,detroit there were a few minutes between trains4 ,after landing in ,buffalo ,i found that there were fifteen minutes to make connections1 and after getting on that train ,i found our good ,brother ,pomeroy aboard and he had some fine drinks and other things from his home farm so that it was really the midnight hour before ,i could commence on this document4 ,,president',s ,,address ,,honorable ,,william ,s4 ,,linton1 ,,saginaw1 ,,michigan ,,ladies ,,and ,,gentlemen3 ,i well realize that it is an extreme honor that has come to me in having been named as your ,president1 conferring the privilege also of presiding at this important meeting1 your ,tenth ,annual ,session4 ,it has been my lot for almost three score years to mingle largely in civic affairs through organized efforts1 for man's betterment along many lines4 ,but with all this experience ,i do not recall any single group1 or undertaking of greater possible and probable value to the people of this country and especially the next and all future generations than the purpose for which we gather today4 ,it is of such vast importance that earnestly and enthusiastically we find foremost in the work1 the best equipped1 most intelligent1 progressive and successful ,agricultural ,department of any government on earth4 ,we are signally honored by the co-operation of one of the most important members of the ,president's ,cabinet1 the ,secretary of ,agriculture1 assisting in our program by the presence of leading officials of his staff1 all endeavoring in every possible way to supply excellent sustaining foods to mankind1 and to add from many choice products of field or of forest1 to the joy and comforts of living4 ,the particular line of effort in which this organization is enlisted is worthy of at least some time and thought upon the part of all persons interested in promoting the welfare of the community1 state or county in which they live4 ,those who will do their share1 and there are thousands of them if the subject can be properly presented1 can add largely to the food supply of the nation1 and provide real delicacies for every table in the homes of the poor as well as in the mansions of the rich4 ,it would be but a few years before we would have in size1 and quality the aristocrats of the nut family1 in walnuts1 hickory nuts1 butternuts1 even beech nuts1 the same as in fruits we have the ,bartlett pear1 the ,northern ,spy apple1 the ,naval orange1 the ,crawford peach1 or the ,brighton grape4 ,work of inestimable value is being done by our membership in propagating improved varieties that will be rich and lasting in results4 ,we cannot1 however1 afford to halt for this development of species as our own time is too short1 but we can cause to be planted millions of seedlings out of which will come many choice varieties of the future4 ,we would have had them now had our forefathers realized what could be accomplished along this line and the necessity for doing it4 ,therefore ,i would urge with all earnestness that the work be not further postponed1 but that we bend every energy to bring about an awakening in this matter that will cause general activity throughout the entire ,united ,states4 ,there are several ways of doing this1 any one of which should bring results4 ,the only question about any of them being1 who can spare the time necessary for this work4 ,my pleasant acquaintance with the members of this ,association proves you all to be one hundred per cent ,americans1 standing well up in your business and professions1 and leaders in the civic life of your communities4 ,these excellent points to your credit1 really deter each and all from giving time throughout the year to the ,association's work and permit only the annual gathering and the events connected therewith that are largely spasmodic only in action and effort4 ,the ,association should be made large enough and strong enough financially to provide a ,secretary with proper clerical assistance and fair compensation for work well done4 ,from fifty to two hundred members can be easily secured in every state in which the ,northern nuts grow4 ,officials of government1 ,states1 counties and cities are ready to join in the movement4 ,road builders1 owners of cut-over and other lands only need to have their attention called to what can be accomplished and the great majority will unite with us4 ,the work of the ,american ,forestry ,association has promoted our cause also1 and the establishing1 and naming of historic trees throughout the land can well be made a feature of our plans4 ,only a day or two ago a ,michigan paper carried the following item3 ,,mount ,,vernon ,,walnut ,,ts ,,thriving ,,in ,,ingham ,mason4 ,sept4 #bf4--,summit ,r4 ,king1 a pioneer of ,mason1 who was present when the ,republican party was born under the oaks in ,jackson county1 has evolved a plan for raising historic trees in ,ingham county4 ,in #aijf he visited the tomb of ,washington at ,mount ,vernon and while there gathered some black walnuts from a tree on the grounds4 ,he planted those and his trees are now in bearing4 ,he has placed a quantity of the nuts in the hands of the county school commissioner1 ,miss ,daisy ,call1 to be given to the rural schools that the grounds may be beautified with trees planted in memory of ,george ,washington4 ,why not have ,mount ,vernon walnuts thus distributed throughout the ,union4 ,every school boy and girl in the land would be delighted to get them for planting4 ,the supply would not equal one hundredth part of one per cent of the demand for them4 ,then select throughout the country other special or historic trees of various kinds or varieties of nuts and still ,i am sure the supply would not begin to equal the demand4 ,long ago ,i began to arrange for nut crops from some of these historic trees1 planted by ,washington at his beautiful ,mount ,vernon home1 now the ,mecca for prince or pauper and all those millions who love the freedom of glorious ,america4 ,those nuts will be planted in the parks and on the grounds of the people of my home city this very year by the children of our schools who are now in their moulding being taught to revere the name of the father of our country4 ,this very act of patriotism will cause thousands of boys and girls to have fixed in their minds for youth or age the value of planting the useful trees that will in later years produce food of the very best character for the human race4 ,carry this message into every city1 village and school district and the good work will be duplicated thousands of times and then the movement in which we have so earnestly engaged will have brought forth fruit in great abundance so that even the great majority of those living today1 and certainly the generations to come must give this organization and its founders great credit for real and lasting benefits that will prevail for centuries to come4 ,we all desire at this very important period in our existence as an ,association1 to strengthen our forces and enlarge the scope of our work4 ,to do it at once let me suggest the early choosing and naming of live vice-presidents in every state that may be united with us in membership2 also a general committee on legislation4 ,this committee can do much the coming year when legislatures throughout the country will be in their regular session1 to cause the adoption of laws similar to the ,michigan ,statute known as the ,penney ,act1 which provides for the planting of nut and other food bearing trees along the public highways4 ,it is one of the most progressive enactments in recent years and its good features should be adopted by every ,state1 and the ,federal ,government as well1 by applying its provisions to ,national highways also4 ,in conclusion ,i wish to thank each and every officer and member for uniform courtesies and favors extended to me throughout the year4 ,my only regret being that official duties1 extended traveling1 and other unforeseen demands upon my time have prevented me from giving the close personal attention to every detail of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association business that it otherwise would have been my great pleasure to have done4 ,my gratitude is cordially extended to each and every member4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,b4 ,g4 ,,foster3 ,mr4 ,president and ,fellow ,members3 ,i realize that children should be seen and not heard and ,i am merely a child in this organization4 ,at the same time ,i believe under modern conditions children are being more and more heard and the older people are being put more and more in the background4 ,so ,i am going to take the liberty of making a few remarks particularly with reference to the president's address4 ,this is my first attendance at a meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association and ,i have profited very greatly by it4 ,i have become very much interested in nut culture4 ,in a small way ,i am stumbling along and learning something of the work and the development of this industry4 ,at present it is merely a fad with me but ,i do not know but what it may become something more as ,i get into it4 ,i have been particularly impressed this morning with the address of the president4 ,there were one or two suggestions that he makes that ,i wish to refer to4 ,i think it is an excellent suggestion to get the children interested in nut culture through historical nut trees if nuts can be secured from such trees and delivered to different school authorities4 ,another is the question of having a representative from every state4 ,i would like to inquire from the secretary if some such provision has been adopted4 ,,the ,,acting ,,secretary3 ,we have always had a list of state vice-presidents which you will find in each one of the reports4 ,those state vice-presidents have been selected because of their being the most active members in each particular state but they have never been especially active more than to turn in some communication about their work4 ,i have never been able to get any of them to make any special campaign for new members4 ,,mr4 ,,foster3 ,then1 as ,i understand it1 the president's idea is to urge these vice-presidents to take a more active interest in the affairs of the association4 ,,the ,,president3 ,that is the point ,i desire to make4 ,,mr4 ,,morris3 ,when the constitution of the ,united ,states was drawn up it was said to be insanely ideal4 ,we do not have to stretch our imaginations this morning to the point of a question of our sanity when our president's compositions are put before us4 ,his paper seems sanely ideal4 ,there is only one thing that interests a child more than history1 7unless it is ,sunday school71 and that is a dollar bill4 ,now if we are going to approach the children let us introduce the pragmatic side of giving the child an object lesson showing where the planting of a nut tree will bring a return in dollar bills that will ripen along with the leaves every autumn instead of just leaves alone4 ,we should have in connection with various educational institutions a few object lesson trees4 ,it seems to me that this is a responsibility of the state4 ,a number of responsibilities have been put upon the state in the past and a number of responsibilities have been put upon the educational department in every state4 ,so many of them1 in fact1 that hardly any legislature will stand without hitching when there is a question of diversion of pork barrel funds away from river and harbor appropriations toward education4 ,we can show that very much larger river and harbor requirements will follow if our children raise so much of this great new feed supply that we have more things to transport4 ,the question may be taken almost seriously from that point4 ,in fact if you give further consideration to the matter it seems to me that this statement of mine1 made somewhat in the spirit of levity1 is like many other statements made in the spirit of levity4 ,it has a basis in real fact4 ,the development of that basis ,i will leave to your imagination4 ,,mr4 ,,mcglennon3 ,in regard to ,dr4 ,morris' remarks relative to the financial consideration1 that appeals to me with peculiar force and ,i think we can very materially provide for it in an enlarged membership4 ,for some time ,i have been giving very serious thought to the subject of enlarging the membership of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,i think quite a substantial gain was made last year and ,i believe that a very large gain can be made this year4 ,i think we ought to have a membership in the neighborhood of a thousand anyway4 ,i believe we can increase it this year to at least #ejj4 ,probably ,i am particularly fortunate in having a source of supply of membership that perhaps the rest of the members have not1 through the ,l4 ,w4 ,hall ,company4 ,this company is handling our improved filberts and is getting a large number of orders and the people who have received plants during the past couple of years seem to be very much pleased with them4 ,in many instances they have already borne fruit4 ,the ,hall company has received splendid letters in regard to them4 ,in the fall and in the spring the ,hall company sends out a large number of catalogues4 ,this fall they will send something like a thousand1 in the spring from five to seven thousand and in each of these catalogues the literature of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association can be included4 ,we experimented a little last year along this line and ,i believe ,mr4 ,bixby will bear me out in saying that there was quite a tangible response4 ,i got a few members in and about ,rochester through friends but ,i believe that ,i can almost guarantee at least a hundred members myself this year and probably more1 particularly through the medium of the ,hall agency4 ,but1 as ,dr4 ,morris says1 or practically said1 there is nothing in this world that talks louder than a dollar so ,i thought ,i would come here prepared to back up my position and to guarantee at least #be members for this year4 ,there is another matter to which ,i think we ought to give serious consideration and that is the matter of the ,american ,nut ,journal4 ,it is the only nut journal1 as ,i understand1 in the country and ,i believe there is an inestimable future for it if we seize our opportunity or enable ,mr4 ,olcott to seize his4 ,at this time1 ,i believe1 he is not getting the support that he ought to have from this ,association and the other nut associations of the country4 ,he is a very able man1 at one time the editor of the ,post ,express in ,rochester1 the classiest paper in ,rochester1 and we have some classy ones there1 he is an educated man of large experience and very versatile and it seems to me he ought to have substantial support4 ,so ,i came here with a certified check for #be memberships to the association and #be subscriptions to the ,american ,nut ,journal as a guarantee of good faith4 ,i believe ,i can add #ge more4 ,there are some other things that ,i think we ought to give consideration to and that is the work that is being done by ,dr4 ,deming and ,mr4 ,bixby4 ,i think these men should have special and substantial support1 real support1 money support1 so that they can do things as they ought to be done at the time they ought to be done4 ,i think we are selfish in asking these men to give so much of their time and attention and money to the affairs of this association without giving them better support4 ,if we have more members we will have more money and more members will bring more members4 ,this propaganda will be spread far and wide4 ,the interest in nut culture is growing by leaps and bounds4 ,i think this is the time to strike as a scientific organization4 ,i think the ,northern ,nut ,growers' ,association is the most scientific of all of the nut growing associations4 ,that is something of a guess1 of course1 but if they were put to the test ,i believe it would come out on top4 ,anyway put me down for the very best efforts that ,i can render to the end of building up membership and financial support of this association4 ,it seems to me that with men like ,deming1 ,bixby1 ,morris1 ,littlepage1 and others whom ,i could mention1 the scientific and practical ends of this association are being pretty well taken care of4 ,we meet here in association and it is very lovely1 something of a mutual admiration society2 we go away and are likely to forget until it is about time to get busy with another meeting4 ,now it seems to me we ought to be busy all the year doing something so that when we come to the meeting like this we have something to report in the way of membership and money4 ,that will make possible these plans that ,dr4 ,morris suggested4 ,i was unable to hear the president's address but it seems to me that more attention should be given to the matter of finances of this association and the membership4 ,i just want to add a remark or two in regard to ,mr4 ,vollertsen who is going to read a paper on the filbert4 ,we have found1 and we certainly believe1 he and ,i1--and he knows more than ,i do because he is on the ground all the time--,i look after the sales end of it1--we have found that several of our smaller varieties of nuts are1 in our estimation1 decidedly superior to some of the larger varieties4 ,while we believe that the consumer is going to give first thought to size he will be making a mistake if he passes by some of our smaller varieties which are splendidly filled1 filled to capacity1 very rich1 and thin-shelled4 ,i do not want the smaller varieties passed by4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i think the nurseries would be glad to co-operate in the getting of new members and it has occurred to me that they might like to donate trees to new members or plants or something that would attract them4 ,that might be worked up with the secretary if it would be any great attraction for getting new members4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i think that is a very good suggestion4 ,,the ,,secretary-,,treasurer3 ,mr4 ,mc,glennon spoke of the amount of time that the secretary had to give to the work4 ,i can speak from experience and ,i can speak frankly because the secretary and the treasurer are different persons1 although the office of the secretary treasurer has not yet been officially divided4 ,the treasurer is supposed to have not much to do and the secretary to get the bulk of the work4 ,while the finances of the association at the present time are not such that we can recommend the paying of a salary to the secretary1 yet there should be a salary paid to the secretary sufficient so that he could employ someone to relieve him of a good portion of the detail which comes on him4 ,i know by experience what that is4 ,i would like to ask the association to authorize the treasurer to pay the secretary a salary not exceeding #ejj a year4 ,that is what it ought to be or whatever portion of that the finances will permit for this purpose4 ,in offering that ,i do not want the secretary to think that he must begin to spend the money right away1 because it is not in the treasury1 but ,i have a lot of faith that we will get more money and will be enabled to pay that4 ,so ,i want to ask your authority to do it4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i would like to second that motion and also to endorse what ,mr4 ,mc,glennon said1 and ,mr4 ,jones1 in regard to new members4 ,i think that is one of the things we need as much as anything right now and that we can get them if we go after them4 ,i know that our secretaries1 both ,mr4 ,bixby and ,dr4 ,deming1 have done a great deal of work and that it takes a great deal of work to get new members4 ,there are a good many other things on the schedule for the treasurer and secretary to do besides that4 ,we have a system of vice-presidents for each state and one of my recent ideas has been that he might form the center for an increase of membership in his particular state through co-operation with the secretary of this association4 ,if we do not keep after this matter after we adjourn we shall be just about where we are now a year from now4 ,it is activity that counts4 ,i am sure that if we provide for a salary for the secretary we will get busy and provide for that salary1 so ,i make the motion that the treasurer be authorised to pay #ejj1 or any portion of that amount that the association can afford1 to the secretary4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i second the motion4 ,the motion was carried unanimously4 ,,the ,,acting ,,secretary3 ,you will notice that1 in the question box1 question number #ab is in relation to roadside planting of nut trees4 ,more people1 it seems to me1 are interested in the roadside planting of nut trees than in any other one phase of nut planting4 ,i get many questions about what is desirable to plant on the roadsides and many suggestions that the ,association particularly interest itself in encouraging roadside nut planting4 ,therefore it seems to me that it would be advisable that this association should appoint a committee which should consider all the factors concerned in roadside planting of nut trees1 and should draw up a bulletin which can be sent out to officials and people who make inquiry and to all people who are interested1 giving them exact and specific information on the subject of road planting in each state1 considering each state separately and suggesting what nut trees had best be planted in that particular state4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i think ,dr4 ,deming's suggestion is a good one but ,i do not like the idea of waiting another year4 ,i think we ought to do that right now4 ,there is a big opportunity for producing new varieties4 ,for instance1 get each state to take up planting of the very best nuts they can get and then plant the seedlings on the roadside and we will get new varieties that will be better than anything we have now4 ,if you plant common nuts you will get common nuts but if you plant fine nuts while you will still get a large number of ordinary nuts you will get some that will be fine and some that will be better than anything you plant1 if you plant enough of them4 ,i think that is the greatest opportunity we have in roadside planting4 ,,the ,,acting ,,secretary3 ,i think this is the proper course to follow1 that the committee appointed should have power to issue a bulletin without waiting for the next convention4 ,i would like to see our president at the head of the committee4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i would like to see them get the nuts this year4 ,there is a good crop of nuts this year1 black walnuts1 hickory and other nuts4 ,,the ,,acting ,,secretary3 ,i move that a committee be appointed by the president1 the number to be determined by the president1 and our president1 ,mr4 ,linton1 to be the chairman of the committee1 to consider the compilation and issue of a bulletin on roadside planting of nut trees4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,i second the motion4 ,the motion was carried unanimously4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,you will find this argument probably will be used by some that the trees will be destroyed by automobile parties and children hammering the nuts off with sticks and stones4 ,i have a few nut trees planted along the roadside now that are in bearing4 ,they have been in bearing1 some of them1 six or eight years and they are within forty feet of a school house with a large attendance of children4 ,i have had no trouble at all with the children gathering the nuts or tampering with the trees4 ,of course they take a few--,i would take them if ,i were in their place1--but none of any consequence4 ,automobile parties passing along there seldom bother them--although they are worse than the children to tell the truth4 ,you will hear that argument1 that a food producing tree along the roadside will be injured by travelers4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,mr4 ,pomeroy's remark relates either to one of two things1 to bad nuts or good children4 ,we will not have that feature throughout the country at large4 ,it is an important point1 however1 but if this is to be committee work it seems to me that perhaps ,mr4 ,pomeroy and others might offer their testimony at the time there is a committee meeting for bulletin purposes and we ought not to go on with this discussion at this time4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the next thing on the program is an address by ,dr4 ,william ,a4 ,taylor1 ,chief of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry1 on ,the ,place of ,nut ,trees in our ,northern ,horticulture4 ,,the ,,place ,,of ,,nut ,,trees ,,in ,,our ,,northern ,,horticulture ,,wm4 ,a4 ,,taylor1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,we are somewhat inclined in ,america to consider none but the big things worth while4 ,we like to do the big things and the quick ones4 ,to organize billion dollar corporations2 grow billion bushel wheat crops2 to have the swiftest motor boat or auto2 to receive the largest income per man1 per year1 or per acre4 ,concentrating our attention on cap sheaves and superlatives rather generally we very easily lose sight of features less conspicuous though highly important4 ,such an one is the rational development of nut culture in our ,northern ,states4 ,since the scouring of our chestnut forests by the ,asiatic chestnut blight has practically eliminated that nut from consideration for orchard planting in the infected territory until resistant varieties yielding good crops of nuts of acceptable quality are obtained or developed1 we can hardly say with assurance that we have any nut of proved adaptability in sight which is worthy of planting on an extensive scale for its crop alone1 on productive agricultural land in the ,northern ,states4 ,along the southern fringe of the ,north as in ,delaware1 ,maryland1 southern ,ohio1 ,indiana1 ,illinois1 and ,missouri exception in favor of the hardy varieties of pecans should probably be noted but in the light of present knowledge orchard planting of the commercially important almond1 ,persian walnut1 and pecan must be left to the ,pacific ,coast and in the ,south4 ,this fact has been so generally recognized that we have been inclined to give up all thought of attempting nut production in the ,north merely because large scale operation is not attractive4 ,there is much ground for belief that this view is erroneous and that there is need for localized planting4 ,if the world war taught any economic lesson to civilized men which they should remember and act on1 it is that low cost food reserves should be provided against possible exigencies4 ,they are not needed every year but when needed their value can hardly be estimated4 ,only to a limited extent can such reserves be accumulated out of the production of our ordinary cereals and commonly cultivated crops4 ,potential reserves in the form of fruitful nut trees can be established at relative light initial investment or of continuing care and labor on almost every farm and by many a roadside in much of our farming territory4 ,black walnut1 butternut1 shag bark1 shell bark1 beech and other hardy1 long-lived native trees can be established at low cost in large numbers for beauty1 shade1 and food production4 ,nor should the possibilities of ,persian walnut1 ,japanese walnut1 and native hazel be disregarded in favored sections4 ,while none of these are entirely free from plant diseases or insect pests1 they are1 when once established1 capable of maintaining themselves fairly clean and sound with little expenditure for spraying or other attention during the growing season when the peak load activities of the farm are on4 ,why should not their planting receive more attention and encouragement from our horticultural and other rural societies8 ,for rough land and roadside planting they are decidedly more practical in most sections than any of our fruit trees1 substantially all of which require spraying and tillage to maintain productiveness1 or in fact to avoid becoming nuisances by harboring pests to contaminate the commercial orchards of the neighborhoods4 ,while much has been said in ,america in commendation of the roadside planting of fruit trees so common in portions of ,europe1 and while there are possibilities of useful development along this line1 most ,american efforts in this direction have proved disappointing because of the impracticability of giving the trees the care and attention they require4 ,while often promising at the start they have quickly become infested with ,san ,jose and other scales1 borers1 blights and rots which can only be prevented or controlled by systematic and thorough remedial measures1 rarely possible on rough lands1 in fence rows and on roadsides4 ,if this type of nut culture is sufficiently promising to be worth while1 do we not need to attack its problems from a somewhat different angle than has become our custom with the trees which are to be grown under intensive cultural conditions at high maintenance cost1 such as more and more characterizes our orcharding8 ,it has seemed to me for some time that in this field we need to return in our study of varieties and strains of nut trees to the standards and ideals of the earlier and ruder period of ,american ,pomology when rusticity of tree1 including storm endurance1 freedom from troublesome diseases and insect pests1 as well as productiveness and dessert quality were the primary consideration next after satisfactory productiveness and quality of crop4 ,this and other like societies might well devote much effort to the securing of performance records of promising individual nut trees1 whether wild or grown by man1 with a view to locating those which1 whether bearing nuts of the largest size and finest quality or not1 possess the inherent ability to bear regular crops of fair quality under the rough and humble conditions of the average fence row or roadside of the region to which they are adapted4 ,can a more alluring and fascinating field for search throughout the growing season be suggested or one more likely to interest the growing army of nature lovers1 whether dwellers in country or town8 ,once located and proved worth while through a sufficient period of cropping such trees1 especially of black walnut1 could be made available through nursery propagation for rapid dissemination for experimental planting throughout the areas of their probable adaptability4 ,do not understand me as in any sense discouraging the continuance of painstaking experimentation with a view to finding or developing varieties suited to orchard planting in those scattered1 favored spots where conditions make success reasonably probable4 ,my point is rather that in our northern states by far the largest potential production of nuts is through waste land utilization and dual or triple purpose planting1 such as nuts and shade and in some cases ultimate yield of highly valuable timber4 ,in short1 widespread recognition of the importance of nut-tree planting as a side line4 ,this deserves attention during the next few years because of the practical certainty that as our nationwide development of permanent highways proceeds1 roadside trees planting on a large scale is sure to follow4 ,when undertaken it should be on a solid foundation of experience especially with regard to the climatic adaptation1 soil and drainage requirements1 varietal characteristics1 such as habit1 vigor1 pest resistance1 and productiveness1 all of which are fundamentally important where the use of the land for a century or more is involved4 ,what has been said with regard to highway planting is still more important with regard to the planting of the farmstead where ill-suited trees become a source of grief rather than of satisfaction4 ,side-line planting of nut trees in our northern states is practically sure to develop on a large scale during the next twenty-five years4 ,how can the essentials to its rational development be most promptly and accurately determined and most effectively disseminated among the people8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,apropos of side line planting1 ,mr4 ,jones some three or four years ago gave me a very handy little orchard saw4 ,he said that when ,i went around the orchard on ,sunday morning before church time if ,i had this saw with me ,i would find something to do4 ,well when ,i have this saw in my hand before church ,i find so much to do that ,i cannot go to church4 ,now if we take up tree planting as a side line it is going to be the little cap that will fire off the big gun4 ,i think we may safely urge side line planting of nut trees believing that men who take up the side line will be drawn into putting them out on the very best land they have4 ,,the ,,secretary ,,treasurer3 ,dr4 ,taylor said if the trees were suited to the climatic conditions4 ,i would like to ask him about that4 ,i get many requests from people from various parts of the country as to what trees would succeed in their sections4 ,as a matter of assistance in the future ,i would like to ask ,dr4 ,taylor how he would go about finding that out4 ,,dr4 ,,taylor3 ,mr4 ,president1 my first step ,i think would be to put that question to my neighbor who had been there longer than ,i1 who had had his eyes open and who had had opportunity to observe4 ,there is great risk in undertaking to project into investment propositions theoretical considerations with respect to particular varieties of trees4 ,our guide1 our only guide1 must be actual1 observed behavior of the trees that we have under consideration4 ,of course we can draw some broadly general lines4 ,we do well in a matter of this character to draw those lines rather conservatively and make clear that he who passes beyond the line does so at his own risk4 ,he does it deliberately experimentally rather than upon what you might call an investment basis4 ,the important thing1 it seems to me at this stage is to observe and record the facts with respect to the trees now growing4 ,that1 of course1 is particularly true with regard to the native trees which1 without doubt1 must take the lead in side line planting throughout the northern states4 ,that is to my mind the important thing4 ,trees exist in large numbers4 ,they need to be located and studied not merely observed on one bright sunny afternoon when everything tends towards satisfaction and optimism1 but through the eyes in a way that will make available not only to the observer but to the rest of us the facts in regard to those trees4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the next number on our program is ,tree ,planting for ,definite ,purposes1 by ,charles ,lathrop ,pack1 ,president of the ,american ,forestry ,association4 ,mr4 ,pack has notified us that he is unable to be present1 but has forwarded his paper4 ,,greatest ,,power ,,producing ,,engine ,,is ,,the ,,nut ,,tree--,,make ,,nut ,,trees ,,your ,,middle ,,man ,,in ,,fighting ,,food ,,cost ,,charles ,,lathrop ,,pack1 ,,president1 ,,the ,,american ,,forestry ,,association ,on every hand we hear the call for power and more power4 ,every scientific genius in the world directs his attention to increasing power units in the struggle for world trade on which we are entering following a ,world ,war4 ,business calls for quicker transportation and the motor world answers with master motors2 railroads are being or have been electrified2 water power developments are being pushed in many parts of the country4 ,the business world calls for more power and the aeroplanes answer with the delivery of mail and soon we are told it will enter the strictly commercial field4 ,but what of man8 ,what is being done to make him stand up under this terrific strain2 this keener competition8 ,what of the food that must keep him going8 ,what of products that must be put before him with the middle man standing between8 ,a nut bearing tree is the most powerful engine in the world if its fruits be properly used4 ,if the people of the ,united ,states could have nut bearing trees for their middlemen in the fight to bring down the ,high ,cost of ,living it would come down quickly4 ,nuts are the most important of all tree crops because they are the richest natural food substance known4 ,a nut is ,nature's supreme effort to pack as much nourishment as she can into the smallest possible space for the nourishment of the future young plant4 ,that some people are aware of these food values is evidenced in the nationwide tree balloting now being conducted by the ,american ,forestry ,association for the selection of a national tree4 ,in this voting nut bearing trees are in the lead4 ,many nuts contain as much musclebuilding food as rich cheese1 a third more than beef steak1 twice as much fat as cheese1 five times as much as eggs4 ,chestnuts contain #gj per cent of starch1 nearly as much as the best wheat flour and four times as much as potatoes4 ,peanuts and hickory nuts are three times as nourishing as beefsteak4 ,when you think of it that way it hardly seems to be the thing to casually munch triple extract of beefsteak from a street nut stand or after a hearty dinner4 ,say a fifty-pound bushel of black walnuts costs two dollars4 ,it yields #ab-a_/b pounds of meats whose fuel1 or food value is #cg1ejj calories4 ,the same number of calories in beefsteak at fifty cents a pound would cost more than fifteen dollars4 ,a bushel of hickory nuts at three dollars yields as many calories as sixteen dollars' worth of round steak4 ,out in ,kansas the other day a single walnut tree stump1 grubbed out on the banks of a creek in ,geary ,county brought the farmer #bej4 ,when the call of war came we found we had to hunt for black walnut to make gun stocks and aeroplane propellers4 ,in some towns in ,ohio1 citizens cut the walnut from their streets so high was the price offered for this wood4 ,so let us make trees1 particularly nut bearing trees1 the memorials or the proper setting for memorials to the men who offered their lives to their country in the ,world ,war4 ,let us line our highways with trees and make them ,roads of ,remembrance4 ,in this way the trees will impress their value upon millions of our people4 ,put these trees where they can spread the message of production and beautification combined4 ,take their seeds and pass them on to other places where the message will be spread still further4 ,michigan is planting apple trees along a ,victory ,highway4 ,tourists will pick those apples some day4 ,that is just what ,michigan wants them to do4 ,michigan wants the tourists to carry the fame of ,michigan's apples to the southern tip of ,florida and to the northern tip of ,montana4 ,why do not your members of this ,association of nut growers follow the example of ,michigan by planting nut trees along the highways of the state they represent4 ,the ,american ,forestry ,association is glad to co-operate with anyone who wants to spread the message of the tree4 ,the people of this country have a responsive ear to campaigns of education4 ,the ,american ,forestry ,association's call for memorial tree planting has demonstrated this4 ,trees are being planted by the ,american ,legion1 the ,service ,star ,legion1 schools1 church congregations1 all sorts of organizations and individuals throughout the country4 ,the tree is the one thing with its ever renewing life symbol that meets the requirements of a memorial4 ,the tree is the memorial the individual can erect1 care for and protect4 ,then just consider what the tree gives the planter in return--an affection that only comes from the bosom of the earth1 to which the loved one for whom the tree was planted1 has returned4 ,you gentlemen are missing a great opportunity if you do not get squarely behind the ,american ,forestry ,association and help it spread the message of the tree1 ,nature's masterpiece and greatest gift to man1 and in doing so urge the value of planting trees that produce food wherever such trees can give better service than those which do not produce food4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,the next number on our program is ,a ,nursery of ,improved ,filberts1 by ,conrad ,vollertsen1 of ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,a ,,nursery ,,of ,,improved ,,filberts ,,conrad ,,vollertsen1 ,,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,again ,i have prepared a paper on the growing of ,improved ,european hazelnuts1 but through practical experience perhaps a little more positive in my statements4 ,it is well known1 a well established fact1 that our common native ,american hazelnuts both ,corylus rostrata the beaked hazel1 and ,corylus ,americana the ,american hazel in their present state of appearance are for various reasons not very well adapted nor desirable for cultivation1 particularly ,corylus rostrata1 a very slow growing variety with unusual small and hard shelled nuts1 so small and hard that even the rodents of field and forest refuse to gather and eat them4 ,the only value ,i can see in this variety is that it may prove to be a good pollenizer4 ,corylus ,americana is a better grower with nuts a little longer than the preceding variety1 but a short life plant and therefore not even fit to use for stock to graft on and should never be used for that purpose4 ,there is in fact by both varieties lots of room for improvement1 which only could be gained through scientific hybridization and which we hope will be realized to a certain extent at least in a comparative few years4 ,it is true a few better varieties of the ,american type like the ,rush hazel and one or two others have been discovered or produced1 but even they do not favorably compare with the better ,european varieties and the consequences are3 ,if we want to grow hazel-nuts1 we are at the present time and until such time has arrived1 when through scientific hybridization substantial improvements over the present state and condition of our native hazel-nuts has been gained1 actually compelled to rely on some of the ,european varieties1 compelled to grow and cultivate a large assortment1 from which to select the proper varieties for the different sections of our country4 ,i therefore have chosen as a title to my paper ,the ,growing of ,improved ,european ,hazel-nuts in ,nursery and ,orchards in the ,state of ,new ,york and other ,eastern and ,northeastern ,states4 ,i have chosen this title1 because it indicates that a nursery of ,european hazel-plants is in existence and that orchards are planted1 which is really equivalent with growing of ,european hazel-nuts for commercial purposes1 otherwise there would be no need of such nurseries and no need of hazel-orchards4 ,i have alluded to this very subject in an earlier paper1 but was at that time not as convinced of the final success as ,i am today4 ,we have since not only experienced a very severe and constant winter but a winter in a great many ways rather peculiar and unusual with early and heavy snowfall1 which prevented in some sections of the eastern states the freezing of the ground in spite of the bitter cold4 ,we have since seen another season of buds and blossoms and balmy breezes passing away never to return and a season of harvesting our fruit is rapidly approaching its end1 but1 ladies and gentlemen1 during this now vanishing and for some sections of our country rather peculiar season1 great opportunities were offered the close observer to study and investigate the different problems concerning the growing of ,european hazel-nuts in the northeastern states of our country4 ,let us hope that not all of these opportunities and chances offered us have passed unobserved1 but that some of those perplexed questions of filbert or hazel-nut growing in the east have been solved4 ,to me this past season1 though somewhat unusual1 was very interesting and above all very instructive to growers of hazel-nuts4 ,it is my opinion that the peculiarity of this season has wonderfully aided to solve many of those unanswered questions about the growing of ,european hazel-nuts for commercial purposes in the ,eastern ,states4 ,through practical experience and close observation throughout the whole season it certainly has convinced me beyond the slightest doubt in my mind that some varieties of ,european improved hazel-nuts properly selected for the different states or parts of the ,eastern ,states can be profitably grown for commercial purposes4 ,it will of course require time and work to find out the right and proper varieties for the different sections of our country4 ,for ,western ,new ,york ,i could select eight or ten varieties from my nursery that would prove ,a ,no4 #a for that part of the state of ,new ,york1 probably a number of the same varieties would do equally as well in parts of adjacent states1 but of that we are not sure until actual planting has been done and thoroughly tried out4 ,the question now is how and where can we obtain the necessary varieties of hazel-plants1 as the importation of most kinds of nursery stock1 including all nutbearing trees from foreign countries is at the present time very much restricted1 practically prohibited4 ,to my judgment there is but one way out of this1 if we want to grow hazel-nuts of foreign origin4 ,we are under the existing circumstances1 as stated before1 simply compelled to grow our own plants4 ,and this is being done4 ,and to prove that it can be successfully done ,i will try to describe and demonstrate the method ,i am using or employing in my nursery for propagating the hazel- or filbert-plants4 ,i still adhere to layering as the best method of propagating the hazel1 large numbers can be produced in a comparative short time1 if sufficient stock-plants are at hand2 and plants on their own roots have many advantages over grafted or budded stock1 as there is no wild growth to combat with1 so deceiving and aggravating to the people who plant hazel-nuts and liable to choke or kill the growth or bud1 that eventually nothing but the wild stock will remain4 ,the general assertion or claim1 that grafted or budded hazel-plants are more productive1 more prolific1 than plants on their own roots does not hold good to all varieties1 as ,i have both grafted plants1 as well as plants on their own roots of bearing age and have so far not been able to see any difference in bearing1 now in the size of the fruit or nuts1 but would like to have it strictly understood that this opinion of mine1 gained through experience and observation in my nursery only should not be taken as final1 as ,i only have a few grafted varieties to watch and to compare4 ,in fact ,i have every reason to believe that grafted hazel-plants of some varieties1 will be more prolific and bear more regular1 but have had so far no proof of it1 but will do more grafting of other varieties to establish the fact more positive and report the result later4 ,for the buying public at the present time1 plants raised from layers on their own roots should be preferable and layering as a method of propagating the hazel-plants resorted to until the general public gets more and better acquainted and familiar with the growing of hazel-plants4 ,the layering of hazel-plants in my nursery is done from imported stock or parent-plants planted on ordinary farm land thoroughly worked and well manured #ab feet apart each way4 ,two year old plants are selected for such planting1 they are allowed to grow about two seasons before we layer them1 which would be about in the autumn of the second year1 at that time there should be besides the ordinary growth of the original plant1 some fine young shoots growing from the root1 which could be1 if go desired1 layered together with other branches of the plant1 but is not always advisable1 neither is it necessary1 as the plants selected for parent stock should be well branched and well able to furnish wood enough for the first layering without those one year old shoots4 ,i will now try to show to you1 as an illustration and at the same time try to explain the reason why they should not be layered1 simply because they are there4 ,it is all well and good to layer them1 if the scarcity of wood of a choice variety demands every branch obtainable and they will grow all right1 but will never produce as nice a root as layers from a two year growth4 ,these are the young so-called one-year-old shoots ,i have referred to1 really just this season's growth1 perfectly straight without any laterals4 ,now in layering them a little opening long enough for the branch and about #c to #d inches deep1 the same as for layering other branches should be made in the ground and the young shoot or branch carefully bent and placed in the opening and well anchored or fastened before the ground is filled in again1 otherwise our changeable winters may heave and loosen them1 we will then at the best of it eventually grow but one plant from each of such shoots and generally poorly rooted at that1 that is a root rather long and crooked not very easy to plant and still harder to dig1 very much like this specimen a layered one year old shoot1 just taken from a parent plant4 ,we cannot improve much on this awkward root as it is impossible to shorten the bend in layering them1 but we can improve on them1 if we allow the one year shoot or growth another season to grow1 we will then at the end of the second season have an altogether different branch before us1 a branch in appearance about like the one ,i have here4 ,you will notice the terminal bud of the last year's growth has made a growth of about #ab to #ae inches during this second season1 besides that1 you will see from #d to #g fine laterals all of them including the growth from the terminal bud fit for layering and all of them will bend easily and can be placed almost perfectly straight in the ground1 which will invariably insure finer and better rooted plants and more of them1 than a one year growth can produce1 as is shown in this specimen from a-two-year-old branch ,i have brought with me1 this demonstration plainly shows that there is nothing lost in waiting two years with the layering of young branches1 as our reward will be more and better plants possibly a little smaller1 but better growing plants than the longer layers from a one-year growth1 besides that1 a branch with #d to #g laterals can be layered about as quick1 as a one-year growth1 as the same opening in the ground made for one layer is fully sufficient for #f or #g on a two-year old branch4 ,all layered branches or little shoots should be cut back to about #c-d eyes above the ground and remain in the ground about one year1 the earth around the parent plants and between the layers must be well worked throughout the whole season and if necessary mulched with half rotten manure4 ,after the layers are well rooted1 they should be taken up1 cut apart and properly trimmed and planted in the nursery row1 where they remain until large enough for market or orchard planting4 ,there is but very little pruning of the young hazel-plants necessary until they are planted in the orchard4 ,i will therefore not dwell on the subject of pruning just now1 but will leave the propagating and growing of the hazel or filbert-plants in the nursery and try to make a few remarks about the hazel or filbert orchard4 ,i should perhaps have mentioned the growing of seedlings for stock to graft or bud upon before ,i begin my talk on the hazel-orchard1 but as there is but very little to be said about it1 ,i may as well refer to it right now4 ,it is very difficult at the present time to import the ordinary wild hazel 7,corylus avellana7 from ,europe for grafting purposes4 ,we therefore are obliged to raise our own stock4 ,this can well be done by sowing the seed or nuts or by layering of ,european varieties1 we are in possession of4 ,i have among my imported varieties several of which the fruit or nuts are too small and not at all satisfactory for commercial purposes1 those varieties ,i am layering with that point in view to use them for stock to graft upon only4 ,such stock can also easily be grown from seed or nuts4 ,it has for me so far not been necessary to grow seedlings1 as ,i had stock enough from layers to graft upon1 but have found any number of seedlings on my ground from nuts dropped from the plants and not gathered or destroyed by mice or squirrels so ,i know the seed or nuts will readily grow4 ,nuts can be sown in the fall quite successfully providing they are safe from mice1 otherwise they should be stratified and kept from freezing during the winter4 ,i will leave this subject now and call attention to the hazel or filbert orchard4 ,if the planting of such an orchard is planned1 the soil and location should be well considered4 ,ordinary farm land well worked and fairly well manured and not too wet will answer the purpose1 providing it is an open piece of land well exposed to sun and air1 as the hazel-nut requires both and a good deal of it in order to perfectly mature its' fruit4 ,in planting the orchard1 three or four varieties should be used on account of better pollenization and plants about three to four years old planted4 ,varieties that naturally grow more conical or pyramidal shaped could be planted about #ab feet apart each way1 but the more spreading varieties like the ,lamberts and others ,i would advise to plant #ae feet apart each way1 as part of the land between the rows can well be utilized for low growing crops for several years to come and thereby prevent the waste of land4 ,it is not necessary to plant an equal number of each kind1 if three or four varieties are chosen for the orchard1 we may select say two very prolific kinds and add a few plants of other varieties to mix in for pollenization1 which will fully answer the purpose4 ,before going any further with my talk on hazel or filbert orchards1 ,i should emphatically recommend the thoroughly working and preparing of the ground1 as it is a very essential part of the operation and a necessity to the final success4 ,it is a mistaken idea that a hazel orchard will take care of itself1 the ground should be well cultivated and kept free of grass and weeds4 ,barnyard manure or other fertilizers should be resorted to whenever the ground shows a necessity thereof1 neither trees or fruit can be grown successfully on poor and exhausted soil4 ,all filberts or hazel plants are naturally inclined to produce a number of suckers or young shoots grown from the root1 they should be removed as soon as they appear1 it will stop when the plants grow older4 ,standard trees with a short stem say #aj to #ae inches should be planted in the orchard1 if such plants could be had4 ,it should be our aim to try to grow and prune them with that point in view to raise such plants1 as they are then easily taken care of4 ,this actually brings us to the operation of pruning our hazel plants1 which is in every way quite an important part of the growing of hazel nuts4 ,at the time of planting all plants should be cut back1 the same as is done to any shrub or tree when newly planted1 but after that the hazel being more a shrub than a tree should be pruned every year with the center well kept open all the time1 all weak and unnecessary wood or branches in the middle of the plant should not be cut back but entirely removed1 also the young growth of most of the branches should be removed to just below the terminal bud of the previous years growth1 as ,i will show you on a branch ,i have brought with me4 ,if we will treat the plants in our hazel orchards as herein described we should not experience any difficulty in raising a fairly good crop of nuts1 if the proper varieties are selected4 ,insects have so far not troubled in the least1 a few tent caterpillars appeared in its season1 but were soon destroyed by birds4 ,we should not allow our hazel plants to grow too tall1 #ab to #ae feet should be the maximum height1 after that the tall growing branches should be greatly reduced1 or gradually removed1 as there is generally young growth enough to take their places4 ,during the severe winter of #aiai and '#bj most all catkins or staminate blossoms above the snowline in our nursery were frozen1 also part of the wood of a few varieties were more or less frozen1 of which due notice has been taken4 ,they will be closely observed during the coming winter4 ,only a few of the staminate blossoms that were well covered under snow developed perfectly and the result was a very small crop of nuts on most of the varieties1 but all the varieties had some1 even those more or less frozen plants4 ,it plainly shows that but a very few catkins are necessary for pollenization1 even over a wide area4 ,there will be failures caused by climatic or atmospheric disturbances in our hazel orchards as well as in all other orchards which we cannot control nor prevent1 but that should not discourage us as long as the prospects of fair crops are otherwise all right1 the selecting of varieties1 the proper pruning of our plants1 the control of insects and the location of our hazel orchard is all in our power and should1 if properly exercised1 almost guarantee a fair crop and insure a fair profit from each acre so planted1 providing the proper varieties are selected4 ,before coming to a close with my paper it seems to me justice is not quite done to the hazel proposition if ,i would not mention the beauty and pleasure thereof1 the beautiful appearance of an hazel orchard and the pleasure and enjoyment it affords us1 not from a financial point of view only in gathering the nuts1 etc41 but from other sources as well4 ,no other orchard will in a comparatively short time appear more like a natural grove than the hazel on account of its characteristic compact growth and dense foliage1 so attractive and inviting to our song and other insectivorous birds for hatching and rearing their young1 the constant warbling of the different birds from early spring until late in summer1 the building of their nests1 the feeding of the young1 all affords endless pleasure and enjoyment to the close observer4 ,now ,october is here1 quietness reigns in field and forest1 also in the hazel orchards birds are silent1 a number of them departed for warmer climates1 others ready to leave us1 butterflies and other insects have disappeared1 nuts have been gathered1 and the leaves are falling1 death1 decaying and destruction seems to be dominating all around us1 but our hazel orchard1 though remarkably changed1 still retains a certain part of its former beauty as the little catkins the staminate blossoms now become more conspicuous1 an ornament to any catkin bearing tree throughout the winter1 and a pleasure to look upon4 ,there is no reason for discouragement1 nature is not dead1 only at rest1 where we see death and destruction1 nature in reality celebrates a new beginning4 ,the close examination of our hazel orchard at this time will fully convince us that vegetation is still alive and active4 ,examine the leafless limbs1 notice the beautiful staminate blossoms1 notice back of the falling leaves the life1 the thrifty little bud1 a sure and positive promise of a coming spring with the early pistillate hazel blossoms1 a great consolation and a great source of pleasure and enjoyment to all4 ,why not combine profit1 beauty and pleasure8 ,why not plant a hazel or filbert orchard8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,vollertsen if he has tried layering the two years growth and rooting the one year branches thereon instead of layering the one year growth4 ,the one year shoots would no doubt make larger plants at one year but you get a larger number of plants by layering the two years growth and rooting the branches4 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,i have found that these smaller plants will be better plants4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,what ,about rooting these and then transplanting4 ,don't you suppose you gain by rooting those and transplanting in a year4 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,if these were all apart each and every one would make a good plant4 ,i know from experience that they will grow faster a great deal faster than these long roots4 ,there is a plant that has been planted one year from a layer4 ,it is a one year growth4 ,this is a two-year4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,vollertsen if the soil makes a difference in the way in which they grow4 ,that is if a sandy soil or a clay soil is better adapted4 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,well ,i must say if we had sandy loam the plant would grow better and it is more easily worked4 ,too heavy a soil is not so good4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,vollertsen what method of grafting he prefers and just when he would like to do it2 if he has any choice of time and also the method of budding and the method of treating the bud4 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,we really should have the common ,european variety to graft on4 ,though these are a little small we do graft on them and they do grow well4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,do you whip graft or cleft graft8 ,,mr4 ,,vollertsen3 ,either way they grow easily4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i would like to make one remark4 ,i have grafted hazels using the paraffine method from ,april until ,september1 every month between ,april and ,september and have had them grow4 ,the ones ,i grafted in ,september were winter killed but up to the sixth of ,september we have had them pull through the winter4 ,,the ,,president3 ,i do not desire to be placed in the bragging class but as a ,michigander several things have been brought to my notice very recently that cause me to take pride in ,michigan4 ,as ,i landed in the fine central station in ,washington it occurred to me that a senator from ,michigan1 ,james ,mc,millan1 had caused the old railroad stations in the ,district of ,columbia to be cleaned out and the fine new depot established in place of them4 ,for his good work one of ,washington's parks bears his name4 ,the plans for the new ,union ,station were prepared by ,mr4 ,spencer1 an engineer from ,michigan4 ,passing the ,senate ,office building ,i realized that another ,michigan ,senator1 ,senator ,charles ,e4 ,townsend1 was at the head of the national road movement in the ,united ,states1 being chairman of the ,committee on ,post ,offices and ,post ,roads1 fully in accord with the tree planting plan that we have mapped out to be carried on on the public highways throughout the ,united ,states4 ,picking up the program showing what our work might be at this convention1 ,i find five ,michiganders noted thereon1 a fair proportion of the program4 ,picking up the morning paper1 if you please1 you will find that ,michigan has been advanced in population beyond the other states4 ,you will find that our city of ,detroit has passed a number of other great cities1 going from tenth place to fourth1 becoming one of the four cities of the ,united ,states with a million inhabitants4 ,so you see we have a prosperous state4 ,and we have good men in ,michigan that have helped to make it so4 ,going into a railroad station in a ,western city within the past two or three weeks this occurred4 ,the morning paper had stated that the candidate of a great political party to the presidency of the ,united ,states was on a train that had been ditched1 that the engineer had been severely injured and a number of others on the train2 that the distinguished candidate himself had been badly jarred and might possibly have been injured4 ,an hour or two after this first report came from this accident the news boys were calling on the streets3 ,extra1 extra4 ,naturally we thought it would be a continuation of news relative to this railroad accident and immediately ,i purchased a paper4 ,what do you suppose its heading was8 ,in great type three inches high3 ,henry ,ford has reduced the price of automobiles4 ,henry ,ford perhaps is the best known ,michigan citizen today and when we get the river and harbor appropriation that my good friend ,dr4 ,morris referred to not long ago you will see the ,washington steamers going up the ,st4 ,lawrence ,river and loading at the seaport of ,detroit1 carrying out the products of ,michigan1 we will hope the cargoes of nuts to which he referred4 ,but next to ,henry ,ford ,i am sure that the best-known citizen of ,michigan today is the next speaker upon the program4 ,he needs no introduction to you4 ,he is one of the pioneers of this movement and in my opinion has done more than any other man in this day and age to promote health1 to promote good morals and to benefit the race in many ways along the lines that he has chosen4 ,i take great pleasure in presenting ,dr4 ,kellogg of ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan4 7,applause74 ,,dr4 ,,kellogg3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,ladies and gentlemen1 ,i fear ,i cannot qualify in all of the good things which your chairman has said about me4 ,i am glad to be from ,michigan4 ,i assure you ,i am greatly interested in the work of this association4 ,i admire immensely the perseverance of the members of this association4 ,i am not to any extent a nut grower although ,i have nuts planted in my garden and hope that my heirs will reap the fruit of my trees4 ,i went into the business rather too late4 ,i have been so busy all my life that ,i did not have time to do some things4 ,but ,i am very greatly interested in increasing the consumption of nuts4 ,i have been popularizing the idea of nut consumption and making it a staple article of food for almost fifty years1 and ,i have been continually faced with this objection that if we get all the people eating nuts there would not be enough nuts for them to eat4 ,that is really the situation4 ,there is not much use to increase the demand for a thing unless we can supply the demand4 ,so ,i am very much interested in the production of nuts4 ,,nuts ,,needed ,,as ,,supplementary ,,foods ,,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,,kellogg1 ,,battle ,,creek1 ,,michigan ,the nut is the oldest and best of ,nature's products intended as food for man4 ,the paleontologists tell us that early man was a nut eater as are the gorilla1 the orang-ou-tang1 and the chimpanzee1 his modern prototypes4 ,elliot1 an eminent ,english anthropologist1 tells us in his interesting volume1 ,prehistoric ,man1 that there was not1 so far as we are aware1 any carnivorous creature in the ,eocene period4 ,elliot also tells us that walnuts1 almonds and palm nuts were produced in great quantities in the forests of the ancient world contemporaneously with the lemur-monkey man1 who had then made his appearance in what is now northeastern ,north ,america1 the first land to rise out of the ancient ocean4 ,from the facts set forth by ,elliot showing that all the higher mammals were originally vegetable feeders1 as well as from his biological affinities with the anthropoids with which man forms the family of primates1 it is evident that man is so constituted that he may if he chooses1 select his entire bill of fare from the vegetable kingdom4 ,that this may be done successfully1 that is1 that a man may live on a diet1 no part of which is drawn from the animal kingdom1 has been abundantly proven4 ,the experience of many millions of human beings in ,india and other ,oriental countries who abstain from the use of flesh on religious grounds1 and to whom cow's milk is almost a novelty1 is a practical demonstration of the fact that the vegetable kingdom is able to supply to human beings everything required for complete nutrition4 ,it is true that some years ago ,slonaker1 of ,leland ,stanford ,university1 in an animal feeding experiment in which one group of rats was fed a mixed diet and the other exclusively on food stuffs of vegetable origin1 found that his vegetable feeding rats1 although for a few weeks showing themselves superior to the mixed feeders later developed unmistakable evidence of malnutrition and physical inferiority4 ,some years later1 however1 ,mc,collum of ,johns ,hopkins1 then of ,wisconsin ,university1 demonstrated conclusively that by making a proper selection of vegetable foodstuffs1 rats may live and thrive indefinitely on a diet wholly derived from the vegetable kingdom4 ,in connection with this and other similar experiments1 ,mc,collum made the interesting discovery that when an animal's bill of fare is to be wholly drawn from the products of plant life it is necessary1 in order that the animal shall be fully nourished1 that all parts of the plant should be eaten4 ,his experiments demonstrated that if animals are fed upon seeds1 alone they undergo physical depreciation1 do not obtain full growth1 are unable to reproduce or nourish their kind1 and ultimately perish4 ,in like manner1 roots are found to be incapable of bringing an animal to full development and sustaining its life indefinitely4 ,it was found that to be well nourished the animal must eat in suitable proportions1 variable within considerable limits1 seeds or fruits and leaves4 ,the great importance of the green leaf as a complement of other foods has been clearly shown4 ,experiments by ,mc,collum1 as well as those of ,osborne1 ,mendel1 and numerous other investigators in the same line of research1 have made clear several new and highly important facts in the physiology of feeding4 ,they find that foods contain certain subtle elements known as vitamines which are absolutely essential to the full development and prolonged life of an animal4 ,these elements are not found equally distributed in the parts of plants and animals4 ,in seeds they are found chiefly in the outer layers or envelope which is commonly rejected as bran4 ,a certain vitamine especially concerned with growth and development1 the fat soluble ,b1 is found in the green leaf along with lime and iron1 all of which are deficient in seeds4 ,roots especially supply an abundance of alkaline salts which are highly necessary to balance up an excess of mineral acids found in seeds4 ,ignorance respecting these highly important facts has been responsible for a great number of failures in attempts to adopt a non-flesh dietary4 ,a diet consisting of cereals and fruits1 as for example a bread and fruit diet1 while apparently satisfactory for a brief period1 must inevitably result in failure because of lack of lime1 iron and special vitamines found in the green leaf4 ,the same deficiency exists in flesh foods4 ,the soft parts of an animal1 fat and lean meat1 are almost wholly lacking in lime and vitamines4 ,they contain a great excess of mineral acids4 ,even a carnivorous animal fed on such a diet soon shows evidence of failure4 ,the lime in the animal body is found almost wholly in the bones1 and the vitamines are concentrated in the liver and other glands1 so that in the case of flesh foods1 as well as vegetable foods1 for complete nutrition it is necessary that the whole animal or its essential parts should be eaten4 ,wild carnivorous animals do this as do also wild men who live largely upon flesh foods4 ,the cave men crushed and ate the bones of the animals upon which they fed1 and the ,indian tribes of ,texas and the ,northwest have long practiced the grinding up of the bones of fishes to eat with their food4 ,dr4 ,treves1 one of ,london's most eminent surgeons was called upon by the head keeper of the animals of the ,london ,zoological garden for advice respecting the condition of the lions4 ,it was noted that the cubs bred in captivity were club-footed and variously deformed1 and in many cases were either born dead or survived but a few weeks4 ,his investigation showed that the fault was wholly in the diet4 ,the lions received only the soft parts1 lean and fat1 of animals4 ,when given bones and bone meal the difficulty speedily disappeared4 ,stefansson reports that1 when living upon an ,eskimo diet it is necessary to take the whole bill of fare1 including the raw frozen liver of the seal1 otherwise serious illness intervenes4 ,hindhede1 by arranging a dietary based upon these principles1 has demonstrated that a man may be perfectly sustained on a diet which contains no animal product of any sort4 ,in a letter received by the writer from this able ,danish physiologist1 the statement is made that a strong laboring man was maintained for #bc months in perfect health and vigor on a diet into which no animal products entered4 ,another important fact developed by ,rubner1 ,mendel1 ,mc,collum and other investigators which is of fundamental importance in animal nutrition1 is that proteins differ in their value as tissue builders4 ,proteins differ from the starches and fats in the great complexity of their composition4 ,instead of being simple compounds or mixtures of a few simple compounds1 proteins1 as found in nature1 consist of several sorts of highly complex molecules which vary greatly in their composition4 ,the protein molecule is made up of a number of organic units known as amino acids4 ,there are #cj or #dj different kinds of amino acids of which less than #bj enter into the formation of the proteins of the human body4 ,these #ah or #bj different amino acids are absolutely essential for the formation of body proteins1 and are produced by plants1 hence if they are not found in the food the body cannot produce them and the material necessary for tissue building or repair will be lacking4 ,proteins which contain all the amino acids essential for tissue building are known as complete proteins4 ,other proteins1 lacking in certain essential constituents1 are designated as incomplete3 ,flesh foods necessarily furnish complete proteins4 ,the proteins of milk and eggs are also complete proteins4 ,the proteins met in the vegetable world are exceedingly varied in character4 ,each species of plant produces its own kind of proteins4 ,vegetable proteins differ greatly among themselves4 ,complete proteins are comparatively rare4 ,the proteins of cereals1 for example1 have been shown to be deficient in some of the essential amino acids4 ,the deficiency is still greater in the proteins of beans4 ,in fact1 the proteins of vegetable foods in general may be said to be deficient4 ,the necessity for providing the body with complete proteins was doubtless the original cause which led men under circumstances of privation and emergency to resort to the use of animal flesh for food4 ,the cows of ,nantucket1 the ponies of ,alaska1 and ,i have recently been informed by ,mr4 ,goddard1 curator of anthropology in the ,american ,museum of ,natural ,history1 the rabbits of northern ,canada1 in times of great scarcity of food1 also resort to the eating of flesh4 ,the necessity for complete protein to maintain physical fitness is so great that animals by nature the farthest removed from the carnivorous class resort to flesh eating when this is the only source of the needed element4 ,but what bearing has all this upon the dietetic use of nuts8 ,the relation is very direct and very important4 ,the situation developed as a result of the ,world ,war made very clear to everybody how close the world has arrived to the point where the careful economizing of our food resources will be absolutely necessary4 ,the rapid increase of the world's population which has occurred1 especially within the last two centuries1 is a hew world experience4 ,two hundred years ago the average length of human life was less than #bj years1 as it still is in ,mexico and some other parts of the world where the life-saving influence of modern sanitation and health conservation have not had an opportunity to exercise their influence4 ,in former times great epidemics devastated whole continents so frequently that the world's population barely held its own from century to century4 ,in many instances whole tribes were wiped out4 ,such catastrophes are now almost unknown1 although we still have with us the plagues of influenza1 tuberculosis1 syphilis1 and pneumonia4 ,even these1 however1 are being conquered1 so that their destructive influence is being stayed4 ,at the present rate at which the population of the world is increasing1 the time is certainly not far distant when it will be necessary to utilize in the most economical manner possible every acre of soil capable of producing food4 ,during the war the attention of agriculturists was very forcibly called to the enormous waste involved in our so-called animal industry4 ,the first measure of food economy adopted in ,germany at the beginning of the war was the slaughter of a large part of livestock4 ,the same measure was adopted in ,scandinavian countries and in all parts of central ,europe4 ,this was absolutely necessary1 as ,lusk and numerous other authorities have shown1 for the reason that to produce one pound of water-free food in the form of beef or mutton requires the consumption more than #cj pounds of digestible food material4 ,the cow is a much more economical means of food transformation1 requiring the consumption of only a little more than #e pounds of food for each pound produced1 so that the waste of food in the production of milk is less than one-fifth as much as in the production of meat4 ,this has led the food economists to recommend the reduced use of meat and the increased use of milk as a source of the complete protein required for sound nutrition4 ,mc,collum and other authorities1 including representatives of the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 have within the last four years persistently urged upon the public the importance of using more milk and less meat1 and not simply as a matter of economy but as a matter of health as well1 for it has been shown that the protein of milk is even superior to that of meat4 ,it was found1 indeed1 that by the use of a few ounces of milk daily1 a pint and a half1 in connection with a dietary otherwise consisting wholly of foods derived from the vegetable kingdom1 the body will be amply supplied with complete proteins1 the milk not only furnishing protein of a superior character but serving also to supplement the proteins of the cereals1 roots and other vegetable foods1 supplying the amino-acids which they lack so as to render them also available for tissue growth and reconstruction4 ,this discovery respecting the important place which milk is capable of filling in the solution of the great and pressing problem of human nutrition is a highly important one1 and its value has led to very active efforts on the part of the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture to enlarge the dairy interests and increase the milk production of the country as one of the best means of food economy which could be adopted4 ,but even this is not a complete solution of the difficulty1 for the keeping of milch cattle involves still a very large waste of food material1 five pounds being consumed by the cow for each pound produced4 ,the evident reason for this is the fact that the cow requires the large part of the foods she eats for her own use in maintaining heat production1 supplying energy for exercise1 supporting the work of the heart1 lungs1 digestive organs1 etc4 ,the food value of the milk produced represents simply what is left over after the cow has made use of what she needs for herself4 ,there can be no doubt that as meat production diminishes1 as it is certain to do1 milk production will likewise decrease4 ,there is even at the present time a notable shortage of dairy products1 and the average per capita production will undoubtedly continue to decrease for the same causes which inevitably lead to a lessened meat production4 ,some other source for the complete proteins needed to supplement the incomplete proteins of cereals and roots must be provided4 ,fortunately1 ,nature has supplied us with this all-essential foodstuff in that choicest of all our products1 the nut4 ,this is a vitally important fact which sometime will save the race from protein starvation4 ,a study of the relative protein content of nuts1 milk1 and meat shows that1 pound for pound1 the almond1 beech nut and walnut contain on an average as much protein as does meat and five times as much as is found in milk1 and protein which from rat feeding experiments appears to be of equal value4 ,the chestnut1 the chinquapin1 the filbert1 the hickory1 pecan and pine nut contain on an average as much protein as is found in fish1 while the butternut1 the peanut and the pignolia contain twice as much or #ej per cent more than is found in the best of meat4 ,the following table shows the number of pints of milk equaled by one pound each of the several nuts mentioned1 together with the calory value of the nuts per pound and of the amount of milk containing an equivalent amount of protein and the amount of each kind of nuts needed to supply supplementary proteins for one day3 ,pints of ,milk containing as ,calories ,calories ,amt4 needed much protein ,milk ,nuts for one day as one pound ,acorn #b4d #ghj #bfbj #h4c ,almond #f4a #bjhj #cjcj #c4b ,beech nut #f4f #bade #cjge #c4j ,butternut #h4e #bgfb #cafe #b4d ,chestnut #c4b #ajdj #ahgf #f4d ,chinquapin #c4h #ajgb #ahjj #f4d ,filbert or ,hazelnut #e4j #afbe #cbij #d4j ,hickory nut #d4f #adie #ccde #d4h ,pecan #c4f #aagj #cdee #e4f ,peanut #i4b #bjij #bfjj #b4b ,pinon #d4d #adcj #cbje #d4h ,english walnut #e4d #aeee #ccjj #c4g ,black walnut #h4e #bgfb #caje #b4d ,from animal feeding experiments it has been determined that about #bj oz4 of milk will furnish sufficient complete protein to supplement a vegetable diet otherwise deficient in complete proteins4 ,this amount of milk will supply one-third to one-half the total daily protein requirement for the average person4 ,nuts are so rich in these precious proteins1 practically identical with those of milk1 that the protein found in #bj ounces of milk may be furnished by #b ounces of peanuts1 #b-a_/b ounces of butternuts1 #c ounces of almonds or beechnuts1 #d ounces of ,english walnuts1 or filberts1 #e ounces of pinenuts 7pinons7 or hickory nuts1 #e-a_/b ounces of pecans1 #f-a_/b ounces of chestnuts or chinquapins1 or half a pound of acorns4 ,the nut is one of the most important and interesting of all foodstuffs for the reason that it presents in concentrated form the most valuable and easily digestible of proteins4 ,it is for this reason that the farmers of ,northern ,italy are able to thrive on a diet of which the chestnut is the staple4 ,for the same reason #cjj1jjj ,pacific ,coast ,indians prospered for centuries on a diet consisting chiefly of acorns and pinenuts4 ,in recent times1 one of these ,indians was known to be living at the age of nearly #adj years1 and the farmers of the ,west and ,south before they had destroyed with axe and fire the splendid oak forests of pioneer days1 depended chiefly on mast to fatten their hogs4 ,the acorn was their chief source of protein1 which is as necessary for a hog as for a college professor4 ,from the standpoint of cost1 nuts1 even at the present extraordinary prices1 compare favorably with milk as a source of protein1 because of the small quantity required to furnish the needed supplement of complete proteins4 ,for example1 shelled almonds1 at a cost of #a4jj a pound 7retail7 supply for #ai4b cents the same amount of supplementary protein furnished by milk at a cost of #bd cents4 ,black walnuts supply the same amount for #ae cents1 pine nuts 7pinons7 for #bj cents1 hickory nuts #ae cents1 and peanuts #d cents4 ,the late ,dr4 ,austin ,flint more than fifty years ago prepared from almonds a milk for use by certain classes of patients4 ,the writer1 about thirty years ago1 prepared from the peanut and other nuts a preparation known as malted nuts which much resembles malted milk in appearance and flavor1 and which has been successfully used in place of milk by persons sensitized to cow's milk in hundreds of cases4 ,the preparation of milk substitutes from vegetable sources is not a new idea4 ,when in ,russia a few years ago1 ,i found on sale in delicatessen shops a paste prepared from honey and almonds which with the addition of water made a very palatable emulsion much resembling milk in appearance as well as in flavor4 ,i have been informed that the natives of the ,philippines prepare from the litchi nut a vegetable milk for feeding infants deprived of their natural nourishment4 ,these natural products have the advantage over the infant foods of commerce most of which are better fitted to destroy than to preserve life4 ,they are complete foods1 supplying the essential vitamines as well as other necessary elements4 ,the nut is not only the most concentrated form of nourishment known1 but1 contrary to the general view1 is one of the most easily digestible4 ,the supposed indigestibility of the nut is due to two things1 eating when already satiated with food2 that is1 taking the nut as a surplus food1 and second1 neglecting to masticate the nuts thoroughly4 ,watch a monkey eating nuts and see how thoroughly he masticates each particle4 ,any particle not well crushed and emulsified is passed through the intestinal canal undigested and of course unabsorbed4 ,but when crushed and converted into a smooth cream1 the nut is one of the most easily digestible of all foods4 ,most nuts consist almost exclusively of two food principles1 proteins and fats4 ,the protein is one of the finest sort and more easily digestible in the raw state than is cooked protein of any kind4 ,the fat is finely emulsified1 and thus prepared for prompt digestion and absorption4 ,experiments on human subjects conducted at the ,battle ,creek ,sanitarius by an expert from the laboratory of ,yale ,university1 showed that the proteins of nuts are as easily digested and as fully utilized as the proteins of other foodstuffs4 ,the peanut produces an average crop of at least #dj bushels1 or #ijj pounds of shelled nuts to the acre1 equivalent to #h1bhj pounds of cow's milk1 to produce which would require #d4f acres4 ,a grove of black walnuts1 #dj trees to the acre1 producing one hundred pounds of nuts to the tree1 or one thousand to the acre1 would afford as much protein as #h1ejj pounds of milk1 to produce which would require #e4c acres4 ,it is to be noted1 also1 that one pound of peanuts has a nutritive value nearly one-third greater than that of the #i4b pints of milk containing an equivalent amount of protein1 while the calory content of the one pound of nuts is more than ten per cent greater than that of the milk furnishing the same amount of protein4 ,in the case of many nuts the disproportion is greater4 ,for example1 one pound of filberts has a food value double that of an amount of milk containing the same amount of protein4 ,the nut is evidently superior to milk as a source of protein4 ,like milk1 nuts are rich in lime1 doubtless due to the high protein content with which the lime is associated in vegetable products4 ,nuts1 like milk1 are deficient in iron1 although in this respect they are considerably superior to milk4 ,hence when nuts are freely used as a source of protein care should be taken to supplement them by a liberal quantity of greens1 which are rich in iron and lime as well as in the fat soluble vitamine which is also found in abundance in milk but in which nuts are rather deficient4 ,it thus appears that nuts1 because of the superior quality of their protein1 may not only take the place of meat in the dietary1 but when properly combined with other vegetable foods1 may to a large extent1 at least1 take the place of milk4 ,in this respect they constitute a unique class of foodstuffs4 ,the soy bean1 which like the peanut is a legume rather than a true nut1 resembles the peanut in composition and like it affords a protein of a quality so closely resembling that of milk that a very excellent milk has been prepared from it4 ,its protein is also complete in character and may replace the protein of meat4 ,the soy bean has1 in fact1 for many thousands of years been the chief source of complete proteins for the ,chinese and the ,japanese4 ,aside from the soy bean and the peanut1 nuts have no rivals in the vegetable kingdom4 ,they are real plant aristocrats1 the value of which will be more and more appreciated as scientific research and practical dietetic experience make clear their numerous points of superiority4 ,the meat industry and the milk supply are so closely related that both are influenced by the same causes4 ,both meat and milk are certain to become scarcer and more costly4 ,and while it is most desirable that milk should continue to constitute a part of the human bill of fare and that its use should be encouraged and if possible increased1 it is certain vegetable substitutes for both meat and milk will be increasingly in demand as pasture lands shrink in area and the world's population and consequent demand for food cereals increase4 ,it is certainly greatly to be desired that such efforts should be put forward to convince members of congress and of state legislatures of the importance of nut culture as will induce them to institute efficient measures for encouraging the wide spread culture of nut trees and thus make provision in time for the pressing need of the superfine material afforded by them which coming years will certainly develop1 for it cannot be doubted that as the earth's population increases and as the science of nutrition is perfected1 we shall return more and more to the dietary of primitive man1 in which nuts were the chief staple1 with fruits1 succulent roots and tender shoots as supplementary foods for bulk1 vitamines and food salts4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,secretary-,,treasurer3 ,i have been asked to prepare a paper on the ,propagated ,hickories4 ,i have passed around a printed slip giving the results of tests of some hickory nuts which will be useful in connection with the paper4 ,,propagated ,,hickories ,,willard ,g4 ,,bixby1 ,,baldwin1 ,,nassau ,,co41 ,n1 ,y4 ,the title of this paper is a little misleading4 ,in the nut contests the word propagated is restricted to those nuts which any nurseryman lists in his catalog and of which he is prepared to furnish grafted1 budded or otherwise asexually multiplied trees4 ,there are few hickories which are propagated in this sense and perhaps a better title would be ,what ,we ,know ,about the ,hickories ,that ,are ,propagated ,experimentally4 ,in a paper which ,dr4 ,morris is to deliver he will tell us about top working hickory trees4 ,this is a matter of great interest for top working existing trees is the method which at the present time promises to be the means of getting our first orchards of fine hickories in bearing condition4 ,the earliest instance of which we know anything of grafted hickories is that of the ,elliot hickory owned by the late ,whitney ,eliot1 of ,north ,haven1 ,conn4 ,this was awarded a prize offered by the late ,a4 ,j4 ,coe of4 ,meriden ,conn41 for the best hickory nut exhibited at the ,december meeting of the ,connecticut ,agricultural ,society in #ahib4 ,according to the ,bulletin of the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture on ,nut ,culture in the ,u4 ,s41 #ahif1 this was the product of a grafted tree4 ,i have never seen a specimen of the nut although ,i understand that the tree is still standing4 ,i have been unable to get any definite information as to when the grafting was done1 methods used1 etc4 ,the next instance of successful hickory grafting and the one which is best known is the work of the late ,henry ,hales of ,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j4 ,when he purchased his place some fifty years ago1 he found on it a fine shagbark hickory tree4 ,this had been standing longer than the oldest inhabitant could remember and it is supposed to have been one of the original forest trees of that section and spared on account of the excellent nuts it bore4 ,it came to the attention of the late ,andrew ,s4 ,fuller1 author of the ,nut ,culturist published in #ahif1 and was described by him in #ahgj in the ,rural ,new ,yorker4 ,shortly after this description1 ,mr4 ,hales received many requests for scions to which he generously responded and any propagator who thought he could propagate this hickory was given a chance to try1 the conditions being that one-half of the successfully grafted trees should belong to ,mr4 ,hales in payment for the scions sent4 ,during the next ten years orders for scions were so numerous that the old tree was kept pretty well pruned4 ,mr4 ,hales received during the period only about two dozen trees from the thousands of scions which he sent out4 ,according to ,fuller's ,nut ,culturist these were largely grafted by ,mr4 ,j4 ,r4 ,trumpey of ,flushing1 ,n4 ,y41 now a part of ,new ,york ,city4 ,information which ,i received at the ,hales place was that the trees growing there were grafted by ,jackson ,dawson of the ,arnold ,arboretum about #ahia4 ,inasmuch as there appear to be trees of two different ages there it is probable that some trees were from one propagator and some from the other4 ,the trees grafted by ,jackson ,dawson we know were on bitternut root and it seems likely that the others were also for one tree is not like the others and ,i was informed that that was a grafted tree1 but the graft died and a shoot came out at the base of the graft which was thought to be from the graft but1 after the tree had grown it became evident that it was not4 ,the buds of this tree show evidence of the bitternut4 ,the nuts1 however are not pure bitternut and the tree is seemingly a bitternut x shagbark hybrid4 ,all of the trees grafted by ,jackson ,dawson were bench grafted in the greenhouse on especially grown stocks4 ,i have two trees on my place from ,thomas ,meehan ,sons1 ,germantown1 ,pa41 propagated in the same way and1 when received1 the long tap roots were coiled up like springs showing that the trees had been grown in pots4 ,these trees1 however1 have grown well since ,i planted them out though they were very small and feeble when set out4 ,these grafted ,hales trees at the ,hales place bore nuts in eighteen to twenty years after grafting4 ,they bore for about five years and then ceased bearing4 ,i went to see them for the reason that ,i was informed by ,miss ,hales that the trees were not looking satisfactorily and she was afraid there was some disease on them4 ,i requested the ,u4 ,s4 ,dept4 of ,agriculture to allow ,mr4 ,s4 ,m4 ,mc,murran1 who has made a study of pecan rosette1 to come and look at the trees for it seemed to me that they were similarly affected4 ,he took specimens of the leaves and reported that he could find no evidence of insect or fungus trouble4 ,he also made a careful examination of the soil1 and the farm was gone over carefully looking at the pecan and hickory trees growing there of which there are a large number4 ,most of these did not seem to be in good condition although a few did4 ,tests made of the soil seemed to show that it was not the kind of soil in which hickories and pecans do their best4 ,it was also ascertained that while ,mr4 ,hales senior was living the trees had received an application of manure every year4 ,since his death they have not4 ,this1 in connection with the poorness of the soil for hickories1 seems possible may be the reason for the cessation of bearing4 ,it also seems likely that bitternut root is not a good stock for the shagbark4 ,i have on my place two grafted ,cedarapids trees1 each of which when received was four years from the graft and four feet in height above the graft4 ,one was on bitternut stock and one on shagbark4 ,the one on shagbark stock had made about six inches the first year1 a foot the second year1 a foot and a half the third and two feet the fourth while in the case of the one on bitternut root the growths were reversed1 two feet the first1 a foot and a half the second year1 a foot the third year and six inches the fourth year4 ,mr4 ,jones has also had the experience of grafting the ,vest hickory on the bitternut1 had it bear in two years1 and then die4 ,while the evidence we have on this subject is not conclusive as there may have been other factors which might have caused the trouble outside of the stock1 it shows that the stock on which the different hickories are to be grafted is a matter of importance4 ,mr4 ,henry ,hicks of ,westbury1 ,l4 ,i41 who a number of years ago became enthusiastic on the ,hales hickory1 has four grafted trees or those which he purchased for grafted on his place4 ,one he has had twenty-seven years and it has not borne4 ,it has been twice transplanted4 ,he has two or three others which have not yet borne4 ,inasmuch as the buds of these trees are not all alike1 it is very evident that they cannot all nave been grafted from the original ,hales tree4 ,the finest looking ,hales hickory of which ,i know is on the place of ,frederick ,e4 ,willets1 ,glen ,cove1 ,l4 ,i4 ,mr4 ,willets could not tell me how many years it had been set out but it was quite a good many4 ,it bears a few nuts but the tree has been disappointing in its performance4 ,i examined it during the past summer and the nuts1 of which there were not many on the tree1 were dropping off4 ,it was evident that some insect was attacking the husks which may account for the rather unsatisfactory bearing record4 ,in distinction from this rather unsatisfactory record of ,hales trees we have great promise of something worth while in the only other bearing grafted transplanted hickory of which ,i can give information1 ,mr4 ,rush's ,weiker tree4 ,this was produced by4 ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones when he was living in ,monticello1 ,fla4 ,a southern pecan nut was planted in #aijb4 ,it was root-grafted below the surface of the ground in #aijc1 sent to ,mr4 ,rush in the spring of #aijd and planted out at that time4 ,mr4 ,jones says that the tree was not over eight inches high when sent4 ,it bore its first nuts in #aiag and has borne a few every year since4 ,this year the tree set full and had a good crop when ,i saw it last4 ,the nuts borne by this tree are considerably larger than those of the parent ,weiker tree4 ,inasmuch as the original ,weiker tree has given us our best hickory bearing record1 it seems not unlikely that this grafted ,weiker tree may also be an unusually good bearer4 ,against this slow record of grafted transplanted hickory trees1 we have some remarkably quick results with top worked hickory trees4 ,mr4 ,jones has a bitternut tree now about five inches in diameter which was top worked in the ,spring of #aiaf to ,fairbanks variety1 ten grafts being put in1 two of which blew out that summer or fall and were replaced the next spring4 ,in #aiai all the grafts1 the two year ones as well as the three year ones bore nuts1 about #abj maturing4 ,the tree set full of nuts in #aibj1 but caterpillers got on it1 unnoted1 and practically the entire crop dropped off4 ,mr4 ,jones also has a smaller bitternut tree top worked at the same time to ,siers4 ,it bore two nuts in #aiai4 ,he also has a mockernut tree top worked at the same time with ,kirtland and which set some nuts in #aiai but which dropped off before maturity4 ,it set quite a number in #aibj4 ,mr4 ,d4 ,c4 ,snyder1 ,center ,point1 ,iowa1 has a shagbark hickory some twenty-five or thirty years old which was top worked shortly after it had begun to bear4 ,in #aiac the four top limbs were top worked to ,fairbanks hickory1 the rest of the tree being undisturbed4 ,in #aiae these grafts bore nuts and have borne every year since4 ,in #aiai they bore two quarts4 ,inasmuch as this was a year when the hickory crop in that section was a failure it was thought to speak well for the bearing of the ,fairbanks hickory4 ,in #aiaf four grafts of ,dennis hickory were put in and three of ,cedar ,rapids4 ,the ,dennis grafts bore four nuts in #aiah and over a dozen in #aiai4 ,the ,cedarapids bore one dozen in #aiai besides a number more which a squirrel got before ,mr4 ,snyder did4 ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,baker of ,wolcott1 ,n4 ,y41 top worked a bitternut tree to ,fairbanks in #aiag and the tree bore ten nuts in #aiai4 ,mr4 ,harvey ,losee1 ,upper ,red ,hook1 ,n4 ,y41 grafted the young shoots of cut back hickories and out of three shoots so grafted had them bear in three1 four and five years respectively4 ,dr4 ,morris has grafted a ,taylor hickory on a small tree which bore five years after grafting4 ,dr4 ,deming on his place at ,georgetown1 ,conn41 has probably a greater collection of top worked hickories of various varieties than anybody else4 ,these trees are growing finely and give promise of bearing early4 ,a ,taylor hickory on stock #a-a_/d diameter grafted1 ,april #bf1 #aiah had ten nuts on it on ,june #bg1 #aibj4 ,a ,griffin hickory grafted in #aiae which is now #b-a_/b in diameter had #ha nuts on it on the same date4 ,there seems to be no question but that anyone who has land with hickory trees one to four inches in diameter can easily and quickly change them into orchards of hickories bearing fine nuts by top working4 ,we next come to the relative merit of the various hickories of which we know4 ,i was fortunate in securing for the #aiai contest enough specimens of the greater portion of those hickories which have been propagated experimentally to a considerable extent so that some information on this point can be given4 ,the printed slip which ,i will pass around gives the results of these tests and will give a better idea of the different nuts than can be done in any way except by passing around samples4 ,it will be noted from the slip that the nuts run very close indeed and it is very probable that another year these nuts would not show exactly the same results for it has been clearly shown that nuts vary greatly from year to year4 ,there are other characteristics of hickory nuts which are of great importance which are not shown in the annual contests4 ,these are the bearing records of the tree1 its ability to stand various diseases and most of all how it will work out when grown in orchard form4 ,this can only be told by experience4 ,from the fact that1 in the #aiai contest1 of the ten varieties of the experimentally propagated hickories there was only a difference of five points between the highest and the lowest1 it shows that the merit of each nut is sufficient so that all of these should be tested out in orchard form4 ,in other words we should not for example select the ,vest and ,manahan as the best that we have and propagate them to the exclusion of the others4 ,it is probable that there will be great differences in the orchard behavior of these various hickories shown as this is done and that then we shall be able to select the most desirable varieties4 ,some tests made recently on nine standard southern pecans the ,schley1 ,burkett1 ,moore1 ,alley1 ,delmas1 ,moneymaker1 ,pabst1 ,stuart and ,vandeman show a great difference between the highest and lowest in the number of points awarded1 this difference being #aj points as against #e in the cast of the hickories4 ,the ,hatch bitternut and ,stanley shellbark noted on this slip are here not because it is believed that1 as market nuts1 they will compare with the first ten mentioned but because they are the best nuts we now have which are not shagbarks or of which the shagbark is not one parent4 ,it is believed that those nuts will be valuable for hybridizing purposes4 ,there is one matter suggested by the slip on which ,i will touch although it is not properly within the scope of the subject set for this paper and that is the possibilities of hickory breeding4 ,of the ten hickories noted on the slip as receiving #gj to #ge points1 four1 it is agreed1 are hybrids4 ,the examination which ,i have made of the others leads me to believe that more of them are1 but four out of ten with the possibility of more is sufficient to cause us to take notice4 ,there are some nine hickory species native in the north eastern ,united ,states and they hybridize to a considerable extent4 ,some of these species show most remarkable differences in characteristics4 ,the shagbark is unexcelled for quality of kernel4 ,the shellbark bears nuts as large as the largest black walnut4 ,the bitternut bears nuts with a thinner shell than any of the finest southern pecans and with a larger proportion of kernel4 ,what we know about practical plant hybridization leads us to believe that we can combine the good qualities of these various species of hickories4 ,think of what it would mean to have hickories equal in quality of kernel to the best shagbark1 of the size of the largest black walnut with a shell thinner than the thinnest shelled pecan we have even seen1 and with a larger proportion of kernel4 ,while the hickory is the nut which has given as the most trouble in propagation and gives us the most trouble in transplanting and grows the slowest1 it is certainly difficult to find one which gives more promise either in growing the fine hickories we now have or in breeding up better ones4 ,i am convinced that as soon as we can furnish the fine hickories we now have in commercial quantities they will command prices equal to those paid for the finest pecans4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,i will call upon ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 of ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania1 who has the subject of ,selecting and ,handling ,scions4 ,,selecting ,,and ,,handling ,,scions ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,,nut ,,specialist1 ,,lancaster1 ,,pennsylvania ,in the selection of scions of nut trees for grafting the propagator should keep in mind the fact that the wood selected must be full of vitality and must be of solid1 well matured growth1 that will stand the maximum amount of exposure and hardship after being grafted1 as the grafts and stocks of nut trees callous or heal very slowly in comparison to fruit trees1 and the scions must be of solid1 well matured growth if good results are to be obtained4 ,these requirements usually go together however and if we select scions of solid1 well matured growth1 we usually get scions in which the tree has stored the maximum amount of starch or vitality4 ,,how ,,to ,,judge ,,scions ,the experienced propagator of nut trees can quickly distinguish between good and poor scions for grafting1 but the beginner1 not knowing the ear marks of good scions1 often fails to select the best scions for grafting4 ,the common mistake made by the beginner in the selection of scions of nut trees1 is in selecting the smaller growth4 ,the smaller growth is usually more pithy and lacking in vitality and gives poor results in grafting4 ,poor scions are usually characterized by pithy wood and a light colored1 thin bark4 ,the buds are usually farther apart than they are on good scion wood1 though this is not always true1 as good scions sometimes have the buds set well apart1 except near the terminals4 ,the distinguishing marks of good scions are solid1 well matured growth1 and a thick1 dark colored bark4 ,the buds are also larger and usually set closer together4 ,,when ,,to ,,cut ,,scions ,scions must be cut while the tree is still dormant and1 in the case of trees that the wounds bleed when the tree is cut1 as do the ,english and ,japan walnuts1 under certain conditions1 we must guard against cutting scions soon after severe freezing weather and before the tree has fully recuperated4 ,this semi-sappy condition of the trees following low temperatures that freeze the wood1 seems to be a provision of nature to restore the moisture or sap lost from evaporation1 and although more noticeable in some species of trees1 notably the ,english walnut1 this condition undoubtedly exists in other species of trees to a greater or less extent and we always try to avoid cutting scions of any kind soon after hard1 freezing weather4 ,i have found scions of the ,english and ,japan walnuts1 cut from trees in this condition1 to be practically worthless for propagation1 although the scions may have been cut in late winter1 long before the sap gets up in the tree1 naturally4 ,,handling ,,and ,,keeping ,,scions ,scions of nut trees for grafting should be handled carefully to avoid rubbing off the buds1 although this is not so important with nut trees as with fruit trees1 for the reason that the more important nut trees such as the various walnuts1 pecan and hickories have compound buds and if the larger buds should be destroyed the secondary buds may be counted upon to grow4 ,the scions should be tied in bunches of a convenient size to handle and1 after being well tied and carefully labeled1 should be packed in paper lined boxes that will prevent evaporation of moisture in the parking material4 ,any material that will absorb and hold moisture and that will not heat when bulked1 will answer the purpose for packing scions1 but we have found sphagnum moss to be the best material for this purpose4 ,this material can be obtained from the local florists or dealers in cut flowers usually4 ,sphagnum will absorb a good deal of moisture without actually becoming wet and will also hold this moisture and give it off more slowly than any other packing material with which ,i am familiar4 ,this is especially important in keeping scions of nut trees in good condition for grafting1 because1 if packed too damp1 the scions are soon spoiled for grafting1 even if kept at a low temperature4 ,as a precaution against fungi1 we usually use bordeaux mixture1 two thirds standard strength1 to dampen moss for packing scions1 especially if they are to remain in storage several months4 ,our rule is to use moss only slightly damp to the touch and if used in sufficient quantity1 say two or three times as much bulk as we have of scions1 we find no trouble in keeping scions in perfect condition for months4 ,in fact1 as an experiment1 we have carried pecan scions in cold storage and without re-packing for fifteen months and then get a fair stand of grafts to grow4 ,we usually advise putting scions in cold storage where convenient1 especially if they are for use in late ,may or ,june1 but this is not at all necessary if the scions are packed in moss only slightly damp4 ,in fact scions kept in an ordinary cellar at a temperature around #ej degrees have given us better results on the average the past two years than have those from cold storage4 99 99 99 99 99 ,the association adjourned until #b p4 m4 ,,afternoon ,,session1 ,,friday1 ,,october #h1 #aibj1 #b ,p4 ,m4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we very fortunately have with us a gentleman from the ,bureau of ,entomology1 ,mr4 ,f4 ,e4 ,brooks1 who will talk to us about nut insects for a time and we will be very glad to listen to him4 ,,mr4 ,,brooks3 ,i believe your program is full for this afternoon and ,i shall keep you but a few minutes4 ,a little more than a year ago the problem of insects affecting the nut crop of ,northern ,united ,states was assigned to me by the ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,i wish to say the work has been very delightful to me from several standpoints4 ,in the first place1 it has brought me into association with a delightful group of workers4 ,i want to express to you the pleasure ,i have had in meeting the various nut growers of the northern part of this country and noting the hearty way in which they are ready to co-operate in solving the nut insect problems4 ,the field of work is interesting because there appear to be in sight no insect pests that promise to embarrass or overwhelm the nut grower4 ,we have a few quite serious insect problems1 perhaps none more serious than that occasioned by our old acquaintance1 the chestnut worm4 ,that problem1 however1 is being solved rapidly in many localities by the chestnut blight4 ,thus far in the work1 ,i have devoted most of my time to a study of the species attacking the fruit of nut trees1 and ,i may mention three groups that have been given special consideration4 ,first1 the group to which the chestnut worm1 or chestnut weevil1 belongs4 ,there are two very similar species of these weevils which attack chestnuts1 one which attacks hickory nuts and pecans1 one which attacks hazel nuts and numerous species which attack acorns4 ,the adults of these weevils are medium-sized beetles1 yellow1 brown or gray in color1 and all have enormously long snouts4 ,the mouth is located at the point of the snout and the beetles use these snouts to bore through the covering of the nuts after the kernel is partially or fully formed4 ,when the puncture into the nut is completed one or more eggs are inserted by means of an extensile1 thread-like tube1 or ovipositor1 of the same length as the snout4 ,the eggs hatch into the familiar worms found in ripe chestnuts1 hickory-nuts and hazel nuts4 ,the large hole in the shell of the nut is made by the full grown worm as it escapes to enter the ground1 where it completes its transformation into a beetle4 ,an interesting thing in connection with these weevils is that each species confine its attacks to one particular kind of nut4 ,even those species that attack acorns show a decided tendency to distinguish between oak species and confine themselves as groups very largely to particular species or botanical groups of oaks4 ,there is1 therefore1 no danger that any of these weevils will multiply1 for example in an oak forest1 and then migrate into nearby plantations of chestnut1 hickory or hazel4 ,hazels might be used for interplanting among chestnut or hickory trees with no danger that the hazel nuts would become infested by the weevils that develop in the chestnuts or hickory nuts4 ,this habit of the weevils is greatly to the advantage of the person who would plant a particular kind of nut outside its natural range1 or at a considerable distance from any other trees of its kind4 ,he could do so with reasonable assurance that the weevil attacking his species of nut would not occur upon his trees until brought into the locality by artificial means4 ,there is another group of weevils1 nearly related to the common plum curculio1 the species of which attack immature nuts4 ,in this group the snout is much shorter than in the group just described1 and the insects are considerably smaller4 ,there is one species1 ,conotrachelus juglandis1 that confines its attacks to the young fruits and shoots of walnuts of the butternut group1 another1 ,conotrachelus retentus1 that seems to attack exclusively the black walnut fruits from the time they set until they are half grown1 still another1 ,conotrachelus affinis1 that appears to attack only half-grown hickory nuts4 ,another species1 ,conotrachelus aratus1 feeds abundantly in some localities within the leaf petioles of hickory4 ,at least two other species of the group commonly attack acorns4 ,those injuring walnuts lay their eggs on the concave side of crescent-shaped punctures which they eat in the husks of the young nuts4 ,the larvae developing from the eggs cause the nuts to drop within a few weeks and the larvae enter the ground to complete their transformation4 ,there is a divided tendency with some of these species to attack the young wood and leaf stems of the introduced species of walnut4 ,dr4 ,morris states that he has had young ,japanese walnut trees killed by ,c4 juglandis feeding in the grub stage within the branches4 ,he has1 however1 found that the pest succumbs to an arsenate of lead spray4 ,species of this group are apt to have alternating periods of increase and decrease and a year of great abundance may be followed by a year of comparative scarcity4 ,this variation is due1 at least in part1 to the fact that the larvae1 as they feed within the tissues of their host plants1 often become rather heavily parasitized by certain two-winged and four-winged flies1 the parasitized larvae dying before they reach the adult stage4 ,nature in this way does considerable toward holding the pests in check1 but artificial means of control will often need to be considered4 ,the third group referred to is represented by a two-winged fly1 about the size of the common house fly1 known technically as ,rhagoletis suavis1 and commonly as the walnut husk-maggot4 ,the fly is light brown in color1 with broad1 irregular1 dark brown bands on the wings4 ,it appears when walnuts are nearly grown and deposits clusters of small1 white eggs within punctures in the husks4 ,maggots hatch from the eggs and at the time the walnuts drop these maggots are often found converting the inner parts of the husk into a blackened1 pulpy mass4 ,infested nuts are disagreeable to handle and the husk does not part readily from the shell4 ,i have found the fly attacking black walnuts1 butternuts1 ,persian walnuts and ,japanese walnuts1 within the states of ,west ,virginia1 ,maryland1 ,pennsylvania1 ,ohio1 ,new ,york1 ,connecticut and ,massachusetts4 ,it probably occurs over the natural range of the black walnut and butternut4 ,it is proving to be a rather serious pest1 especially of the ,persian walnut4 ,some of the infested walnuts appear to drop prematurely and others adhere to the branches beyond the regular harvest time4 ,the shell of infested ,persian walnuts parts poorly from the husk and the nut is discolored1 soiled and unmarketable4 ,the fly has rather interesting habits4 ,i found that by pricking a nearly mature black walnut with a pin1 the wounds would almost invariably be used in a little while by the female flies for depositing their eggs4 ,in one such wound1 #ahj eggs were laid within #bd hours4 ,when the husk was pricked a slight flow of juice would take place and the male flies would soon find the spot1 and1 recognizing1 ,i suppose1 a suitable place for the females to come to oviposit1 they would stand guard at the puncture awaiting the coming of the female4 ,on one occasion ,i made minute punctures in the husk of eight black walnuts and in a little while a male fly was located at each puncture4 ,pairing took place usually as soon as the female came and began to lay eggs4 ,sometimes a male would be found at a puncture in the early morning and would hold its position against all coming males throughout the entire day4 ,when another male would come to the nut the two flies would rear up facing each other and engage in a brief sparring bout with their front legs4 ,usually1 the original occupant of the nut would be the victor4 ,in some experimental spraying of ,persian walnut trees in ,maryland and ,pennsylvania the past season with a sweetened arsenate of lead spray apparently good results were obtained4 ,in one case it seemed that the spraying was about #ge per cent efficient in controlling the pest4 ,in in another case1 whereas last year #ge nuts in #ajj were infested1 this year1 after spraying only four nuts in #ajj contained the maggots at harvest time4 ,i desire to state to the nut growers that ,i am interested in any nut insect problems that you may encounter and shall always be glad to receive reports and specimens4 ,your co-operation in this work is greatly appreciated and ,i hope we may continue to work together and that before long we may have more definite knowledge of the means of preventing1 to some extent at least1 the various forms of injury by insects to the nut crop4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,i cannot help but express a word of gratitude and appreciation to my friend ,mr4 ,brooks in helping me out of a serious difficulty that ,i had in connection with walnut culture at ,lancaster4 ,a year ago ,i was ready to throw up the sponge4 ,in fact ,i might say that my whole crop last year was destroyed by this husk-maggot4 ,this year ,i have a very fine crop4 ,last year it was practically worthless4 ,this year ,i have very few walnuts that were affected by the maggots1 largely owing to the successful spraying that he gave the trees at the proper time4 ,i think the future has a bright prospect for making walnut culture more profitable4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we are certainly under obligations for the very interesting talk and glad that ,mr4 ,brooks could be with us4 ,the first thing on the program for the afternoon session1 according to the published program1 ,i know will be of a most interesting character1 ,top-,working ,hickories1 by ,robert ,t4 ,morris4 ,,top ,,working ,,hickories ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,new ,,york ,at the present time when our views on the subject of top working trees are based upon incomplete knowledge and experience perhaps it is unwise to present a paper upon the subject which might be taken as authoritative4 ,on the other hand my experience to date is worth recording for its face value1 subject to change of view subsequently4 ,different species of hickory act differently when subjected to top working methods4 ,the bitternut may be cut back severely without giving evidence of any great degree of shock4 ,the shagbark on the contrary makes slow recovery and many years are required for a cut-back shagbark hickory to regain normal equilibrium between top and root4 ,the pignut and mockernut apparently stand midway between the bitternut and the shagbark in respect to the trimming of the top4 ,my experience with shagbark includes the top working of trees ranging from a few inches in diameter up to fifteen or twenty inches in diameter1 and the cutting back has included all stages from actual felling of the tree to cutting off half of the top or less than half of the top4 ,the idea of felling trees completely was to graft stump sprouts or to insert the slot bark graft into the stump near the ground4 ,when this has been done the larger hickories do not send up stump sprouts at all and the root dies excepting in cases in which a slot bark graft has been introduced4 ,the graft grows slowly without a great degree of vigor and requires so many years for balancing the root that the method has not been practical up to the present time4 ,the same statement is true of the shagbark hickory which has been trimmed back very severely leaving nothing but the stubs of large branches to be grafted immediately or for the purpose of grafting sprouts in the following year4 ,the bark of the shagbark hickory is so hard that new shoots are choked severely and many years are required before they have a secure hold upon the stock4 ,my final conclusion is that we may cut shagbark limbs having a diameter of three inches or less for the purpose of leaving grafting stubs4 ,if a large number of grafts are inserted in such a topworked tree or in stock sprouts which start and are grafted in the following year the work is successful4 ,in order to avoid the labor of topworking a large shagbark tree in its entirety we may graft only one or two limbs and allow stock sprouts to grow on other limbs until both stock sprouts and graft sprouts have become well branched4 ,branches carrying stock sprouts may then be removed a few at a time year after year1 leaving the graft sprouts in charge finally4 ,by means of the bark slot method of grafting grafts may be inserted in any part of a hickory tree4 ,the bark slot method consists in using a chisel and mallet for cutting parallel lines the width of the scion in the bark of the stock4 ,the tongue of bark between the parallel lines is pried outward with the point of the chisel until the scion has been inserted next the wood and the tongue of bark is then allowed to return to place1 leaving the scion interposed between the tongue of bark and the wood4 ,rules which apply to the shagbark may be applied to all of the hickories with which ,i have experimented4 ,when cutting back the limbs in preparation for topworking it is well to leave as many as possible of stubs or branches of small diameter4 ,branches of small diameter may be grafted by ordinary cleft grafting methods but branches of larger diameter should be treated by the bark slot method4 ,at the present time and in the locality of my country place at ,stamford1 ,connecticut1 melted paraffin suffices in place of grafting wax and melted paraffin is brushed over the entire scion1 buds and all1 as well as over the wound in the stock4 ,the time for cutting back hickories in preparation for topworking is probably important and in my experience to date1 autumn cutting is preferable4 ,the reason is that a good deal of activity is going on in the tree before it enters into a state of winter rest and wounds are pretty well repaired4 ,in winter cutting there is some danger of incomplete repair and in the springtime the free flow of sap invites the entrance of various enemies1 bacterial and fungous4 ,summer cutting according to the laws of plant physiology would cause more shock to the tree than cutting at any other time1 although practically ,i have done this successfully4 ,without regard to season for cutting in preparation for topworking it is very important to trim cut ends very smoothly with a sharp knife in order to remove ragged tissue left by the saw4 ,it is difficult to persuade employees to do this and it will not be done as a rule unless the owner looks after the matter personally4 ,the smoothly trimmed end of the cut branch should immediately be protected with white paint1 melted paraffin1 or some other protective covering4 ,what are the disadvantages of the slot bark method of topworking hickories8 ,the scion does not have such a secure hold upon the stock as it does in cleft grafting and it will blow out in a high wind unless it is protected by braces4 ,i have found it not harmful to a tree to fasten laths to the stock for holding the growing scion1 driving galvanized iron nails through the lath directly into the stock4 ,unless growing grafts are well braced by some method the entire season's work may be lost in two minutes of a gale preceding a thunderstorm in summer4 ,by the slot bark method1 in other words1 we may catch more grafts and lose more grafts than by any other method with which ,i am familiar1 but the loss may be avoided by proper attention4 ,the best time for grafting varies with the locality4 ,at ,stamford ,i have grafted hickories from ,february until ,september4 ,very early grafting is largely a failure because of incomplete repair of the wound in the stock and scion4 ,late summer grafting is not practical because the scions which make a start do not lignify their new shoots sufficiently to withstand the winter cold4 ,in late ,april or early ,may when the sap is running very freely we also have a considerable loss of scions because an excess of water causes the scion shoots to grow too rapidly before wound repair has taken place to the point necessary for conducting nutrition for the growing shoots4 ,grafting after the leaves are pretty well out on the tree has given me best success4 ,grafting from then up to the last week in ,july has been found to be practical4 ,scions for topworking hickories have been employed for what ,i call mediate and immediate grafting4 ,by mediate grafting is meant the employment of scions which have been cut while they were dormant and which have been stored in any appropriate way4 ,immediate grafting means the transference of scions cut from one tree and used upon another in the same hour or day4 ,mediate grafting is the sort which belongs to all history of the subject and immediate grafting relates more particularly to my recent experimental work4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,bechtel3 ,what kind of wax did you use if any besides paraffin8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i have given up everything but that4 ,the paraffin has a number of special advantages4 ,in the first place1 it seals any wound against infection from bacteria or fungi4 ,it prevents moisture from rain carrying bacteria into the wound4 ,it prevents evaporation from the cut surfaces4 ,,mr4 ,,bechtel3 ,doesn't it melt too much in the sun8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,it might with you and you might need to use a harder paraffin4 ,there are a great many kinds of paraffin4 ,the paraffin series is a large one in chemistry4 ,the one ,i find best for our locality is the common parowax that you can find in any grocery store4 ,i use just the pure straight thing but in your country you are further south and may need a different one4 ,it does melt some in the middle of a hot day and will be nearly fluid sometimes but it hardens up when the sun goes down4 ,,mr4 ,,foster3 ,were the grafts kept in cold storage8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i have used two ways of keeping grafts for top working4 ,some have been kept in cold storage1 others have been kept in the ice house4 ,i have been in the habit of kicking up the sawdust and dropping scions in the hole not very far above the ice4 ,last year ,i could not get any ice and two years ago ,i could not get any but the scions kept just as well in the sawdust near the ground4 ,then ,i have kept them packed in leaves with two feet of leaves on top of the scions4 ,i have also kept some as ,mr4 ,jones has but the difficulty is in keeping them at the right degree of moisture4 ,the enzymes go to work the minute the cells of the scion have a full charge of water despite low temperature unless it is actually below freezing4 ,scions of another kind are the ones that ,i cut off from one tree and put on the next tree the same hour or day4 ,that has only been possible by this method that ,i now employ4 ,almost any time in the summer we can do that without keeping the scions in storage at all4 ,i gave some of them a resting period experimentally for a day or two but to no advantage4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,don't you have to be pretty careful with the melted paraffin so as not to injure the tissue8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,yes we need special apparatus4 ,i took a lantern1 cut out the top and sunk a spun cup down in the lantern4 ,on a cold day ,i turn the alcohol flame higher than in a warm day4 ,i have been trying to have this lantern made so that it could be got on the market4 ,there is nothing else to my knowledge that will allow the grafter to regulate the temperature of melted wax according to the weather4 ,i am going to get it manufactured so you can each have one4 ,,mr4 ,,bixby3 ,there is a series of paraffines pure paraffines which are known only in chemical laboratories and also a number which can be obtained without much difficulty4 ,the common parowax ,i think is the grade that is known in the trade as #abj4 ,that is it melts at #abj degrees ,f4 but paraffin can be obtained without much difficulty that melts at #abe1 #abh and #acj1 so if the parowax is too soft for ,mr4 ,bechtel's district ,i am sure he can get something that will be all right4 ,he might have to send to ,new ,york to get it but it is readily obtained there4 ,,mr4 ,,bechtel3 ,i have used bees wax and find that that melts at a higher temperature4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i want complete transparency4 ,,mr4 ,,foster3 ,would it be out of order for a beginner to ask what type of grafting ,dr4 ,morris uses in his work on these trees4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i think that somebody who was not a beginner might ask that quite as well4 ,i have tried almost all the methods employed by the experts and have gotten down to very simple principles4 ,if ,i am going to get fifty1 sixty1 eighty or ninety per cent of catches in hickory as we sometimes do ,i have to use methods that are very simple4 ,for limbs that are small not larger than one's finger the plain cleft graft is good enough and ,i like as far as possible to choose a branch that is about the diameter of the scion4 ,if the limb is larger in diameter than the scion ,i make my cleft to one side so that the cambium line of stock and scion will correspond4 ,it is important to have cambium layers together4 ,by all means the best feature of all in my grafting work is what ,i call the bark slot4 ,this bark slot consists in making two parallel lines in the stock bark the width of the scion4 ,i turn down that tongue of bark and stick in the scion4 ,i turn back the bark again and bind all with raffia4 ,that is the bark slot graft4 ,the bark slot is by all means the most successful method that ,i have ever employed4 ,what are the objections to it8 ,not so firm a hold on the stock as you will get in a cleft4 ,what are you going to do about it8 ,put on good strong braces for the growing stock4 ,i find it does not do much harm to drive galvanized nails right into the tree to hold the brace1 three or four nails right into the limb1 and then tie the rapidly growing shoot to the brace4 ,if ,i do not do that the new shoot blows out very readily when ,i use the bark slot4 ,in other words you will catch more by this method and lose more unless you give the grafts a good deal of attention4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,how do you trim the scion8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i trim it mostly with one good long cut on one side and sometimes turn it over and make a little nick on the other1 but one good long cut is usually all that it needs4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,supposing the bark does not peel8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,if it does not ,i think the chances are against its catching your graft4 ,i have done all my grafting until this year at times when the bark peeled but this year ,i carried it up into ,september after the bark had set and ,i am trying to see if ,i can get a catch then4 ,in that case ,i take a chisel and chisel off the bark where it is hide-bound4 ,the experiment may be a failure but ,i have had so many failures that they are sort of a pleasant experience4 ,,mr4 ,,foster3 ,in the cutting back ,i understand that you prefer to do so when the tree is dormant4 ,then in the spring when you start your grafting do you leave that cut just as it is or do you cut it off again8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,these are very important questions that are coming out4 ,when you have sawed off the limb trim the end neatly with a sharp knife4 ,an employee will almost always leave the cut end ragged but if you do it yourself and have smooth ends and cover them with paraffin you can graft right squarely on that end4 ,turn down your bark for a slot and stick in the scion at any time4 ,if the cut end was made by someone who was not careful make a cut down through any living bark with a chisel or a knife until you get down to the wood1 then make parallel lines from that point and turn down the tongue of bark4 ,i have put in scions where ,i had to use a heavy chisel and mallet to turn down the tongue4 ,it was not necessary to put on any binding there where the tongue of bark was so thick4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,i understand you to say that if the end has become dried you go down below the dried part8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,when ,i find the end of the stub dry ,i go below that point to get live bark for grafting purposes4 ,after my scion is well under way a year or so then ,i saw off any projecting stub beyond the graft and put paraffin over the cut end4 ,that form of graft works very well except that it makes more work4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i have been very much interested in what ,dr4 ,morris said4 ,i found it no trouble whatever to get a hickory from four to six or eight inches to grow a great big graft1 but ,i have never seen one live three years4 ,i have my woods full of dead ones4 ,i have one in front of my house now which ,i slip-bark grafted about the diameter of two inches and it is still growing but ,i expect an invitation to its funeral next spring4 ,i have never seen a hickory tree successfully grafted over five inches in diameter4 ,i found in my woods that the trees would sometimes die down to the ground4 ,if they lived they would drag along for two or three years4 ,if those of you who were out there yesterday had had a little more time ,i could have shown you those dead hickories4 ,i would like to know what your experience is in grafting hickories over an inch in diameter4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,that is an important point and it relates to the matter of cutting back to such an extent that it causes too much shock to the tree4 ,in very large hickories ,i have cut them hack to short stubs and have had a number of them die4 ,on the other hand where ,i have cut back so that the largest limbs cut were not more than three inches in diameter those trees would do very well4 ,i have living shag bark grafts now on trees that are from five inches to more than fifteen inches in diameter4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,do you cut these back in the winter or spring8 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i do not remember about all4 ,some1 were cut back in both seasons4 ,winter is probably better4 ,autumn better yet4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i cut mine in the spring4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,that has a lot to do with it if the trees bleed too much4 ,,mr4 ,,foster3 ,are your pignuts native8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i think most of them are worse than that4 ,,mr4 ,,foster3 ,they are familiarly known in my state as pig nuts4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,you could top-work them4 ,,the ,,president3 ,we will proceed with the next number4 ,we are honored in having with us the ,president of the ,national ,nut ,growers ,association who has come to us all the way from the southland to tell us about selection and propagation for the improvement of the pecan4 ,i now have the honor of presenting to you ,mr4 ,theodore ,bechtel1 ,president of the ,national ,association4 ,,mr4 ,,bechtel3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen3 ,after having listened to so many good papers and addresses it seems to me that as far as imparting any knowledge to this audience my trip may have been in vain4 ,however ,i assure you as this is my first visit to ,washington it lacks a whole lot of being in vain from what ,i have already seen and enjoyed4 ,i may be able to add a few points to what has already been said4 ,,selection ,,and ,,propagation ,,for ,,improvement ,,of ,,pecans ,,theodore ,,bechtel1 ,,ocean ,,springs1 ,,mississippi ,mr4 ,president1 ,ladies and ,gentlemen3 ,it is indeed a great pleasure to meet you all here in the interest of ,horticulture1 one of the greatest1 and1 by the way1 the oldest industries of which we have any record1 since ,adam and ,eve were engaged in it1 and in the interest of one of the greatest branches of that industry1 ,nut ,culture1 and this in the greatest city on ,earth1 because it is the seat of ,government of the greatest nation on ,earth4 ,we are all here1 primarily1 in the interest of ,nut ,culture and ,i venture to say that these meetings will not be in vain1 as a congregation of such intelligence1 interest and determination as ,i see displayed here is certain to accomplish much in the course of time4 ,the very fact that there are many problems in ,nut ,culture to be worked out makes the industry the more interesting for those who are not looking for an easy get-rich-quick scheme4 ,we have accomplished some things in the line of propagation of pecans which were said to be impossible only a few years ago1 and they now seem easy4 ,the problems you will have to work out in the ,northern pecan section1 as it appears to me1 are selection and development of suitable varieties for your climate4 ,this will no doubt be done by using the best hardy varieties you already have1 some of which are showing good results1 and crossing these just as is being done in the ,south now by our ,government officials and by several private individuals4 ,this great ,government of ours has an ,agricultural ,department which is capable of performing tasks in the way of experimental work in this line on an extensive scale1 which would be too great an undertaking for an individual1 and we should use every effort to induce this work to be extended to the ,northern sections1 if it has not already been begun4 ,the results obtained by ,mr4 ,c4 ,forkert1 of ,ocean ,springs1 ,mississippi1 who was one of the first to take up the work1 are highly interesting and give satisfactory evidence of what can be done by way of combining the good qualities of two varieties by a systematic scientific method of cross pollenizing and the work of ,dr4 ,van ,fleet1 whose place we visited yesterday certainly was convincing of the great possibilities along this line of work4 ,the fact that you have not the best now does not indicate that you will not in time surpass in results some of the sections where pecans now abound4 ,jackson ,county1 ,mississippi1 had no native pecan forest to start with and yet we now have some of the best and most profitable orchards in the world1 and it is the place where most of the standard high class varieties have originated4 ,in the selection of varieties upon which to build up your pecan industry be careful to choose varieties showing as many of the following qualities as possible3 ,productiveness1 hardiness1 early maturity1 plumpness of kernel1 good flavor and cracking qualities4 ,the varieties selected for cross pollenization should combine as many of the desirable qualities as possible4 ,by grafting from the young hybrids into the top of old bearing trees you may have samples of nuts in a very few years4 ,the propagation of pecans in the ,northern nurseries seems to be well under way and will no doubt be stimulated as orchard planting increases4 ,i might add as a suggestion that seedlings to graft upon be raised from seed obtained as near by and as nearly in the same latitude as possible as these will usually be found best adapted to local conditions of that section4 ,whether grafting or budding is the best method of propagation will likely depend upon local conditions4 ,we find in the far ,south that budding succeeds best in some localities while grafting is best in others4 ,ultimate results of the two methods in the orchards are equal4 ,in sections where there are native pecans growing in suitable places these should be top worked to the best hardy varieties possible for quick results4 ,the best method to do this work will also depend upon local conditions and seasons4 ,the slip mark method of grafting as early in the spring as the bark will slip1 will no doubt be one of the most expeditious1 as it is quickly done1 and in many sections is very successful1 providing the scions are kept perfectly dormant and the waxing and tying are carefully done4 ,as commercial orcharding is still in the experimental stage in the ,northern section of our country it will be well to sound a note of warning to prospective planters that they may avoid some of the mistakes that we in the ,southern pecan belt made at one time4 ,next to the neglect1 which some of the planters allowed their orchards to undergo1 probably the selection of the wrong kind of land has been the cause of more disappointment than any other one source4 ,a fertile soil deep1 mellow1 well drained sandy or gravelly clay subsoil should be ideal for pecans anywhere in the latitude in which they are hardy4 ,however1 many other types of soil are producing pecans1 and if your home happens to be located where the soil is not ideal1 you can still grow them by furnishing the elements which nature has failed to provide1 if your soil is well drained and free from hard pan4 ,the planting and cultivation1 to be sure1 must be carefully and thoroughly done to insure success anywhere4 ,i will say in conclusion that ,i believe there are wonderful possibilities in ,nut ,culture in this country of ours4 ,we know it is an established fact that nuts are entered into the dietary of our upwards of one hundred and ten million inhabitants of the ,united ,states of ,america more and more from day to day4 ,we have evidence of this in our importations of nuts1 which have increased from year to year until they have nearly reached the enormous value of #eg1jjj1jjj for the year #aiai as stated by the ,american ,nut ,journal4 ,then1 too1 there certainly can be no more fascinating branch of horticulture combined at the same time with financial reward4 ,now1 let me thank you for your attention and say that ,i only wish that every one of you might join us in our big meeting of the ,national ,association at ,austin1 ,texas1 next week4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,foster3 ,a thought occurs to me in connection with ,dr4 ,morris' idea of paraffin for use in warm climates4 ,i happen to know as a patent attorney that in the manufacture of candles in order to give paraffin heat resisting qualities they introduce stearic acid4 ,i have no doubt that it would be just as successfully employed in paraffin for the purpose of grafting4 ,i think in candle making they add something like ten or fifteen per cent to the ordinary paraffin4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i think we are very fortunate to have with us ,mr4 ,bechtel and ,mr4 ,perry from down ,south who are really in the nut business4 ,the problem before us is varieties4 ,if you want to plant black walnuts what walnut do you want to plant8 ,just because ,i happen to say that ,stabler is a first-class walnut does not make it so4 ,if you want to plant ,english walnuts what variety8 ,i said to ,dr4 ,van ,dazce a few years ago1 ,i wish ,i knew more about that variety4 ,he said3 ,don't bother about that4 ,you will be top working them all in a few years4 7,applause47 ,i have found a bigger pecan down in ,indiana than the ,major4 ,it is a big type and ,i wish we knew more about it4 ,i wish the ,department of ,agriculture would make an investigation and find out4 ,what nuts to plant and what soil to plant them on and what varieties to plant it seems to me ought to be the trend of our talk here at these meetings1 and ,i am glad that ,mr4 ,bechtel has taken up that question4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,i think the members of the association would be interested in hearing a brief account from ,mr4 ,bixby of the only commercial nut planting proposition in the ,north at present1--a very successful one4 ,he has visited it within a week and ,i think he could tell us what varieties they have planted4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,about a week ago ,i was at ,alton1 ,illinois1 at the place of ,mr4 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl4 ,he has been a pioneer in many things1 in fruit culture and what interests us more today in nut culture4 ,he is outside the native chestnut belt and many years ago he planted some native ,american chestnuts4 ,when the ,rochester chestnut came out he planted it and he obtained from the late ,j4 ,r4 ,parry of ,parry1 ,n4 ,j41 his best ,japan chestnuts including the ,reliance4 ,he also obtained ,boone trees from the originator the late ,geo4 ,w4 ,endicott1 ,villa ,ridge1 ,ill4 ,he has raised many seedling trees from the above varieties and planted a small hillside to them4 ,out of those he has selected the best and is propagating from them4 ,he has chestnuts there that ,i wish ,i might show here1 some that are fifty per cent larger than ,paragon and with a better flavor4 ,furthermore they will drop out of the husks so that it is not necessary to pick up an unopened burr and heat it or pound it to get the nuts out4 ,he has now between one and two thousand chestnut trees4 ,most of his chestnut trees however are seedling trees which do not bear nearly as well as his best trees4 ,the greater part of his trees are in land that has never been cultivated4 ,many of his trees are not yet in bearing4 ,some of his trees however are now #be to #bh feet spread and bearing heavily4 ,he is certain that the yield of his orchard could be greatly increased by top working the poor bearers and that he is doing4 ,still he told me be obtained not less than #ce per pound for any of the crop and for some as high as #dj and #ej wholesale4 ,in #aibj he produced over #djjj pounds4 ,in this connection a short history of the ,boone tree will be of interest4 ,in the spring of #ahie ,mr4 ,endicott fertilized blossoms of ,parry's ,japan ,giant chestnut with pollen of a native ,american chestnut and planted the nuts4 ,this cross was made with difficulty for the ,american and ,japan chestnuts do not bloom at the same time and it was several years after he had made up his mind to make the cross before he was able to do it4 ,in the fall of #ahig one of the trees produced six burrs filled with nuts and was named the ,boone4 ,since then it has borne as follows3 #ahih1 #a lb42 #ahii1 #c lbs42 #aijj1 #e lbs42 #aija1 #f lbs42 #aijb1 #h lbs42 #aijc1 #ab lbs42 #aijd1 #ag lbs42 #aije1 #be lbs42 #aijf1 #ca lbs42 #aijg1 #dc lbs42 #aijh1 #ej lbs42 #aiji1 #ef lbs42 #aiaj1 #e lbs4 7small crop due to hard freeze in ,april72 #aiaa1 #hj lbs42 #aiab1 #gf lbs42 #aiac1 #adj lbs42 #aibj1 #aec lbs4 ,i am not informed as to the crops in #aiad to #aiai inclusive4 ,two other trees of the same parentage planted at the same time bore #abh lbs4 and #afh lbs4 respectively in #aibj4 ,if we consider that chestnut trees are set #dj feet apart each way1 which means #bg trees to the acre1 and estimated the crop at a fraction of that borne by the ,boone tree we shall still have figures sufficient to show the wonderful possibilities of the chestnut in those sections outside of the native chestnut area of the country where it will succeed4 ,mr4 ,riehl also has black ,walnuts4 ,he procured a ,thomas black walnut from ,joseph ,w4 ,thomas ,son1 ,king of ,prussia1 ,pa41 fifteen or sixteen years ago4 ,from that original ,thomas tree he has top worked a lot of seedling black walnut trees and he has ,i should think between one and two hundred in bearing at the present time many of them bearing heavy crops4 ,it is very evident that ,mr4 ,riehl has in his chestnuts and in his black walnuts gotten northern nut culture down to the point where it pays4 ,i wanted to get ,mr4 ,olcott to go there on his trip and get some facts from ,mr4 ,riehl to present at this meeting4 ,when ,i was there ,i had another mission in mind and ,i spent the time in getting what ,i went for4 ,consequently ,i did not get all the practical details and results in dollars and cents which we ought to have to demonstrate that it has been a commercial success4 ,but ,i am satisfied that it is because he is constantly increasing his plantings4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,two years ago he favored black walnuts4 ,,mr4 ,,bechtel3 ,what has he done with pecans8 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,the pecan is native with him but he is probably pretty near its northern limit even though ,i have found it bearing good crops further north4 ,the pecans ,i have seen at ,alton do not seem to be bearing much4 ,he has one or two northern varieties top worked on native pecans one eight years old and another one five neither one of which is bearing4 ,,mr4 ,,bechtel3 ,he had a very small choice nut that he prized very highly and sent me some scions to propagate for him ,i think about #ab or #ad years ago4 ,i grew them on our native stock shipped them to him4 ,i never followed it up to see what results he had4 ,i think probably those roots may have frozen out if he had severe winters4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,what he showed me were two of the standard northern varieties1 ,i think ,busseron and ,indiana1 which he had grafted on young trees4 ,in southern ,indiana they are doing much better4 ,grafted varieties are bearing but with ,mr4 ,riehl it is the black walnut and the chestnut with which he is making a success4 ,,the ,,president3 ,the next speaker has for his subject the southern pecan and how its commercial development came about4 ,he comes from the one state in the ,union of which ,i may be somewhat jealous4 ,it is the only state east of the ,mississippi ,river with a larger area than ,michigan4 7,applause74 ,i take pleasure in presenting ,mr4 ,a4 ,s4 ,perry1 of ,cuthbert1 ,georgia1 ,secretary of the ,national ,nut ,growers' ,association4 ,,georgia',s ,,pecan ,,industry ,a4 ,s4 ,,perry1 ,,cuthbert1 ,,georgia ,my heart thrills with pride and pleasure as ,i stand in the ,capital ,city of our great nation and bring greetings to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association from the fertile fields of the far ,south4 ,i am a southerner to the manner born4 ,for six generations my people sleep in ,georgia soil and for an hundred years my family have lived in the ,albany district the queenliest section of the far south that rests resplendant as a jewel upon the snowy bosom of her royal mother ,georgia and as beautiful as a cluster of fragrant flowers that nestles in the girdle of a lovely woman4 ,my imperial mother ,georgia is a land of surpassing loveliness and thus has for ages been the inspiration of poets and painters too4 ,the southerners dream of beauty is the magnolia and who can tint her roses or paint the morning glory that points its purple bugle towards the sky as though to sound the revelie for a waking world4 ,no prima donna has ever yet entertained the crowned heads of ,europe with such music as that divine melody with which the mocking bird greets the coming dawn4 ,ours is a land where skies bend blue and all nature seems to smile2 where mosses veil the infirmities of decrepit oaks and vines spring unbidden from the ground to hide the scars of grey old walls2 where the grape-vine staggers from tree to tree as though drunk with the purple juice of its own luscious fruit2 where flowers lie at your plate on a winter's day and the humblest laborer carries in his dusky hand flowers fit to grace a ,may queen's crown4 ,as proud as ,i am of the beauties of ,georgia ,i am prouder still of her material and natural resources4 ,we have a vast undeveloped empire within whose borders there awaits the prospector such potential treasure as would make the fabled wealth of ,lydia's ancient king seem but a beggar's trifle1 and the consuming ambition of my life is to see these resources developed to the fullest degree and then shall my imperial mother ,georgia shine as the brightest star that gleams in ,columbia's diadem4 ,but of all the natural resources of ,georgia there are none to be compared to the possibilities in the development of our ,,national ,,nut the ,paper ,shell ,pecan4 ,the history of the paper shell pecan is but another example that a prophet is not without honor save in his own country1 for native ,georgians failed to avail themselves of the opportunity at their door and the credit for the development of ,georgia's pecan industry belongs to the far sighted men and women of the ,north4 ,then why should ,i not feel grateful to such men and women as you believing as ,i do that the paper shell pecan industry is destined to lead ,dixie out of her industrial bondage and restore her to her rightful place among the sisterhood of states4 ,history repeats itself says the soldier and there is pictured in his mind vision of other ,shenandoah ,valleys swept by the fiery broom of war and other ,atlantas and ,savannahs given to the flames on some other ,sherman's ,march to the ,sea4 ,but history has repeated itself2 the ,north has again invaded the ,south but not with drum and fife and armed hosts and has been met not with shot and shell but with a genuine southern welcome and from this commingling of northern capital and energy with southern soil and sunshine has sprung a new industry of such roseate promise as to almost make the story of ,aladdin's ,wonderful ,lamp fade into insignificance and ,dixie's imperial product1 the cultivated paper shell pecan makes her bow to the world4 ,french explorers as early as #agdj left authentic records of pecans in the ,mississippi ,valley and the many giant pecan trees scattered from ,maryland to ,texas which the scientists tell us are hundreds of years old seem to indicate that the pecan is a native of ,america whose origin is lost in prehistoric times4 ,the earliest financial transaction in pecans that has come to my notice was in #aggb when ,william ,prince of ,flushing1 ,new ,york1 sold in ,england eight pecan trees for ten guineas each4 ,these trees were grown from seed planted by himself4 ,prior to #ahij there had been little if any attempt to plant pecans in orchards but about this time a few scattering seedling orchards began to appear4 ,in ,october #aijb about thirty owners of small pecan orchards met in ,macon1 ,georgia1 and organized the ,national ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,of those pioneer growers only three remain today as active members of the ,association1 ,theo4 ,bechtel1 ,h4 ,c4 ,white1 and ,o4 ,p4 ,mears4 ,by this time the art of budding and grafting having become reasonably well known several pecan nurseries came into bearing and orchards of budded trees began to appear and the foundations of a real industry were laid4 ,about this time the nursery crook began to appear and sold thousands of worthless trees but despite this handicap pecan culture continued to spread and shortly thereafter attracted the attention of ,prof4 ,john ,craig of ,cornell who after investigation pronounced it safe sane and profitable4 ,he also made a study of the various sections and decided that the ,albany district was the ideal section for profitable pecan culture4 ,this announcement by ,prof4 ,craig was sufficient to induce northern capitalists to begin developing the ,albany district on a commercial scale and several companies entered the field planting many thousand acres to be sold in units4 ,as an evidence of the lack of faith on the part of local land owners let me say that a few weeks ago ,i read the original contract between one of the pioneer development companies and the gentleman from whom they bought their land4 ,this contract was dated early in #aijh and provided for the sale on time payments of several thousand acres of land closing with the limitation that unless as much us #ajj acres of this land were planted in pecans and sold in #aibj the contract was to be null and void4 ,as a matter of fact this company developed and sold about #dejj acres in less than five years4 ,they have long since retired as developers and give their entire time to the care of their immense orchards and the sale of their nuts which annually run around two hundred thousand pounds4 ,more than one of these pioneer development companies found themselves in financial difficulties due to the fact that they had sold their orchards too cheaply4 ,pecan growing is expensive1 much more so than the average man thinks and the pecan orchards in the ,albany district today that do not meet the expectations of their owners are mostly those that suffered for lack of money4 ,those companies with financial resources and intelligent horticulturists have developed orchards that are a source of perennial pleasure and profit to their owners4 ,the cultivated paper shell pecan is as superior to the wild seedling as is ,american gold to ,mexico's money4 ,these wild seedlings are small in size artificially colored a bright red and have a sharp1 astringent taste and have a commercial value only because they are used to lower the price of mixed nuts4 ,when the average man hears the word pecan be instantly thinks of the bitter red little nut which is ever present in the supply of ,christmas goodies but which is religiously culled and fed to the glowing grate4 ,mr4 ,average ,man never even heard of the southern paper shell pecan4 ,in fact1 up to the present time1 the demand has far exceeded the supply and but little if any effort has been made to develop new markets4 ,i think it a conservative estimate that not ten per cent of our population have ever tasted a paper shell pecan4 ,the paper shell pecan is our national nut and its only competition in the markets of the world is the ignorance of the public4 ,acquaint the public with its merits and there will be a demand for a million times our present supply4 ,away with the thought of overproduction4 ,the avalanch of nuts is an old wife's fable4 ,do not talk to us about overproduction1 when the food problem is giving the gravest concern to the master minds of the world4 ,with population increasing and food supply diminishing the gaunt specter of famine is creeping closer and closer to the homes of men even in our own favored land4 ,hunger knows no armistice4 ,it conquers amid the snowdrifts of the ,north1 where the grand army of ,napoleon found its winding sheet4 ,it conquers amid the burning sands of the south where the phalanx of ,alexander halted in mutiny4 ,away with such nonsense as overproduction in discussing this the choicest food product ever given by a gracious ,god to a hungry world4 ,the ideas of yesterday do not fit the ideals of today4 ,when conditions shift opinions must be adjusted accordingly and the pioneer growers are about to realize their golden dreams and reap their reward1 for their orchards are coming into bearing and yielding tons of beautiful brown nuts for which they find a ready sale at prices ranging from #ej cents to #ge cents per pound and at even higher prices for extra fancy stock4 ,no doubt many extravagant statements have been made about the pecan industry but why exaggerate when the plain truth staggers the reason8 ,why draw on the imagination when reputable growers in the ,albany ,district certify to returns to non-resident owners of #cjj per acre in a single season4 ,this is one infant industry that will not cry for a protective tariff4 ,never will ,capitol ,hill resound with the eloquent plea of some statesman urging that the southern paper shell pecan industry be protected by a tariff wall4 ,the paper shell pecan is the horticultural triumph of the ages the gift of a gracious ,god who no doubt could but never did produce a finer nut and who in his inscrutable wisdom gave a natural monopoly in its culture to the lower cotton belt for no where else on the habitable globe does it reach the perfection attained there4 ,the ,mississippi ,valley has been called the cradle of the pecan industry and ,georgia its nursery4 ,almost all the standard varieties of pecans have come from the lower ,mississippi ,valley1 ,jackson county1 ,miss41 perhaps leading the procession as she is the mother of no less than twelve of the standard varieties now fruiting in thousands of orchards making heavy the pockets and light the hearts of as many owners4 ,southwest ,georgia has monopolized the pecan nursery business4 ,given ,albany1 ,georgia as a center and scribe a circle with a sixty mile radius and you have inclosed the area from which #ij of all pecan nursery stock has come4 ,this circle includes ,monticello1 ,florida1 which probably is entitled to the honor of having grown a greater amount of pecan nursery stock than any other one community4 ,texas produces the bulk of the pecan crop well informed men stating that nine-tenths of the pecans come from the ,lone ,star ,state4 ,this may be correct but practically all ,texas pecans are seedlings and while some are of real merit the bulk of the ,texas crop goes to the crackeries4 ,the pecan belt roughly speaking is the lower cotton belt and includes in a general way the southern part of ,south ,carolina1 ,georgia1 north ,florida1 ,alabama1 ,mississippi1 ,louisiana and parts of ,texas and ,oklahoma4 ,the paper shell pecan grows to perfection in this limited area and nowhere else but all varieties do not thrive alike in the different sections and the growers have long since learned this and have eliminated the cumberers of the ground and replanted with those varieties adapted to that territory4 ,to successfully develop a pecan orchard requires money1 brains and everlasting bull-dog determination for the lean years with all going out and nothing coming in try the patience and test the nerve of the stoutest man4 ,in pecan growing even as in love-making faint heart ne'er won fair lady4 ,while the kingdom of the pecan stretches from ,charleston to the ,rio ,grande1 the seat of government the capital city is ,albany1 ,georgia1 for in the charmed circle known as the ,albany district is to be found a greater number of cultivated paper shell pecan trees than in all the world besides4 ,here it is that abundant northern capital applied to southern soil and sunshine has made the desert to blossom like the rose4 ,here it is that abandoned farms scarred with gullies and over grown with briar have been touched as with a magic wand and transformed into a veritable fairyland of flower gardens and fertile fields dotted with hundreds of thousands of beautiful pecan trees that lift their majestic heads towards the sky as though proud of their royal lineage4 ,here it is that the ,mexican boll weevil before whose blighting breath our snowy fields of cotton melted over night brought no terror for ,king ,cotton no longer reigns supreme4 ,the king is dead but the people rejoice as the scepter falls from his nerveless hand and a new monarch ascends the throne4 ,millions of royal banners flutter in the breeze glistening green with promise for the future and hope is high1 and the hearts of the people light as they gather to pay homage to the new monarch1 ,her ,imperial ,majesty the ,paper ,shell ,pecan4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,president3 ,we now have arrived at the time when we should go ahead with some of our business work and probably the first thing we should take up is the report of the committee on nominations4 ,,mr4 ,,olcott3 ,your nominating committee regards it as especially fortunate that the association has a board of officers so well equipped as is the one under which the organization has just completed another year4 ,for that reason and also because in a single year officers can scarcely put into effect plans they may have in view1 the president especially being of necessity engaged largely in becoming acquainted with the field and the membership2 your committee recommends the re-election of the present officers3 ,president1 ,wm4 ,s4 ,linton1 ,michigan2 ,vice-,president1 ,james ,s4 ,mc,glennon1 ,new ,york2 ,treasurer1 ,willard ,g4 ,bixby1 ,n4 ,y42 ,secretary1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,connecticut1 and the executive committee as at present composed4 ,the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association has reached the stage of advocating strongly the planting of nut trees of the kinds the ,association has investigated4 ,roadside planting appears to offer an immediate field for activity and ,president ,linton's leadership by reason of his special interest and activity in this field is particularly needed during the coming year when through the urging of this and other societies it is expected many states will follow ,michigan in the matter of roadside tree planting4 ,we believe it would be a matter of particular satisfaction to any nominating committee of this association 7as it is of this committee7 to recommend continuation in office of ,treasurer ,bixby and ,secretary ,deming4 7,signed7 ,,ralph ,t4 ,,olcott ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed ,c4 ,p4 ,,close ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i move the adoption of the report and that the secretary be instructed to cast the entire vote of the association in support of the report of the committee4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i second the motion4 ,the motion was carried4 ,,the ,,president3 ,ladies and gentlemen4 ,when ,i started for ,washington it was with the determination that another should succeed me as president of the association the one reason being that my time had been so occupied during the past year that it seemed impossible for me to go ahead with the work as it should be done as president of this organization4 ,now ,i am going to accept the election which you have so kindly conferred and ,i am doing it for two reasons4 ,i like the association and the membership of this organization4 ,i feel for the other reason that my work has not been completed and ,i desire to finish it4 ,now then you should have your membership doubled4 ,every last member of the organization should put forth efforts this year towards that end4 ,here is one plan that ,i have under way4 ,i asked the faculty of our agricultural college at ,lansing if they would undertake to supply me with the names of those who have nut trees in ,michigan not the ordinary kind but those producing good nuts and in plenty4 ,i have the names of from fifty to one hundred of those men owning perhaps a thousand good nut trees4 ,i do not believe that there is one of those men but would become a member of this association if the matter were properly presented to him4 ,we have in ,michigan #a1ejj townships or more4 ,now we have a way of reaching the supervisors of those townships through some of our departments and we can practically take a census of the nut bearing trees in ,michigan so that instead of having from fifty to one hundred names here we should have several hundred4 ,really #ge per cent of those men should be members of this association4 ,now what we hope to do this year in ,michigan ,i feel can be done in every other state that is interested in our particular work4 ,i want to ask your co-operation you who live in other states to assist in doing it4 ,then when we meet a year hence ,i hope it may be somewhere in the central ,west4 ,you honored our state last year with the annual meeting4 ,of course we would like to have you there again4 ,you are welcome4 ,we would be glad to receive you but ,michigan has been thus honored and ,i imagine that it would add to our force in other sections to hold the meeting elsewhere1 in ,illinois or ,iowa or perhaps even a little further west4 ,some associations are now meeting in ,yellowstone ,park and if we should go there we would have the states of ,idaho1 ,montana1 ,utah and ,wyoming4 ,we should get membership in all of those states4 ,the place of the next meeting ,i think is very important4 ,now ,i think ,i have plainly stated my position in the matter and ,i am going to try to serve you another year4 ,i hope that at the end of that year we will have our membership at least doubled4 ,let us try and treble it4 ,i thank you4 7,applause74 ,the next subject under discussion then will be the place of meeting4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,the by-laws say that the place for the next meeting shall be selected by the convention assembled or in the event of failure in that by the executive committee4 ,sometimes we have done it one way and sometimes the other4 ,the proper thing to do ,i think is for the advocates of the different localities to now present their attractions4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,our vice-president when he left asked me to suggest ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,while at ,rochester ,niagara county is only a short automobile or trolley ride away4 ,in ,niagara county are quite a good many walnut trees in bearing4 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i invite this association to convene next year in ,lancaster ,city1 ,lancaster ,county1 ,pennsylvania4 ,we can show you a very prosperous nut nursery and some young bearing walnut trees and ,harrisburg and other places of interest4 ,i am satisfied that you can not meet at a more convenient place than ,lancaster ,city4 ,therefore ,i extend the association a hearty invitation4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i would like to hear from ,mr4 ,reed as to the attractions of the eastern shore of ,maryland4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,there are several places1 ,mr4 ,president1 where ,i wish you might go next year4 ,one of those places is the eastern shore of ,maryland4 ,as ,i told you last year ,i regard the eastern shore of ,maryland as one of the promising places of the whole ,east for the development of nut orcharding and ,i find there a great deal of latent interest and a great deal to see4 ,i am a little disappointed that we have not some representatives here at this meeting from the eastern shore4 ,i am sure that if we should decide to go there we would be received with enthusiasm and we would be shown something that would be quite a surprise to most of us4 ,then another place that ,i would like to have considered for some meeting in the near future is the middle ,west4 ,the ,professor of ,horticulture in ,missouri is a warm personal friend of mine a classmate of mine in college1 and he is very enthusiastic about the possibilities of nut culture in that state4 ,he is waiting to be told or shown how to go ahead1 and if we were to go out there ,i am sure he would follow the lead if we set the pace4 ,he would take hold and push the nut industry in that section4 ,in that same neighborhood is the orchard that ,mr4 ,bixby told us about the chestnut orchard of ,mr4 ,riehl of one or two thousand chestnut trees planted on hillsides that have never been plowed and which are giving ,mr4 ,riehl a very lucrative income4 ,mr4 ,riehl is #hc years old and is not going to live always4 ,we certainly ought to see that place while he is there4 ,we have no invitation out there and none from the eastern shore and ,i am always in favor of going where we have an invitation4 ,it would be my feeling in view of the present situation that we accept one of the invitations that have already been given to us4 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,we met once in ,lancaster about eight years ago but at that time we had little to show4 ,we had no nut nursery of any consequence at all and no bearing walnut trees at that time4 ,now we have them in their prime4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i would like very much to go to both places1 the ones described by ,mr4 ,pomeroy and by ,mr4 ,rush4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i would like to say that we were at ,rochester three years after ,lancaster and ,i think ,lancaster is entitled to it if you take time into consideration4 ,i think ,lancaster is entitled to the meeting now4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i move that we accept the invitation of ,mr4 ,rush and ,mr4 ,jones to meet in ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania next year4 ,i am going to couple with that another motion which you can consider if you desire and that is that we fix the time of meeting4 ,i think that rather important4 ,i think there are many reasons for it4 ,these meetings are attended by many people who must know as far in advance as possible4 ,quite a good many people take touring trips over the ,united ,states and if they know when these meetings are going to be held they would be very glad to time themselves to be at that point at that particular time4 ,for example a few years ago when we had a meeting here ,mr4 ,groner toured here from ,oregon and timed his trip to be here4 ,later he timed his trip to be at the national meeting at ,mobile1 ,alabama4 ,it is very important because we all take vacations and we have to make our vacation arrangements in advance4 ,it seems to me that the time would be fixed now instead of letting it lie over and finally select the wrong time4 ,i therefore move that we accept the invitation of the gentlemen from ,lancaster and then that we fix the time4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,i second the motion4 ,the motion was unanimously carried4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,mr4 ,president1 ,i would like to make a suggestion in regard to the date4 ,there are two purposes that we have in mind4 ,one to see things growing and another to see the product4 ,we can hardly do both the same year4 ,this year we have seen things growing4 ,we have had almost a summer meeting and it seems to me that unless the local folks who have invited us to ,lancaster should disagree we might well afford to have our next meeting a ,december meeting4 ,then we can see nuts4 ,we can discuss nuts themselves4 ,i would make that motion that our meeting be the second week in ,december the ,wednesday and ,thursday of the second week in ,december1 #aiba4 ,,the ,,treasurer3 ,would not the prime object in going to ,lancaster be to see things grow8 ,wouldn't it be difficult if not impossible to really accomplish that by a ,december meeting8 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,i think a winter meeting might just us well be held in ,new ,york or ,baltimore or ,washington4 ,i do not agree with ,mr4 ,reed4 ,if ,i go to ,lancaster ,i would go to see things4 ,i went up there one ,december and nearly froze4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,we could split the difference between the two4 ,i think ,mr4 ,jones and ,mr4 ,rush should be consulted in the matter4 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,i think it would be important to have it the same week as the ,york ,fair as they have the reputation of never having any rain and this is a very good time of the year to have an exhibition4 ,you see the fine crops and everything which is agricultural and horticultural4 ,and another thing in connection with this we can see the hazels on the bushes at this time of the year4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i move that we meet about this time next year4 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,i think this week in #aiba4 ,,mr4 ,,littlepage3 ,in order to get the matter before the meeting ,i move that the convention next year meet at ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania on the ,thursday and ,friday of the first week in ,october4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i second the motion4 ,the motion was unanimously carried4 ,,president ,,linton3 ,before closing ,i want to call to your recognition a kindly act that ,i know will please you all4 ,yesterday while we were having our pictured taken ,i lost this package of papers4 ,today it has been returned to me by two boy scouts4 ,from what ,i know of that organization ,i do not believe that there is anything doing the boy any more good than their training4 ,i am interested in a forty-acre piece of land on ,lawton ,lake1 ,michigan1 on which this year we permitted the boy scouts to camp4 ,i followed their training somewhat to ascertain what it was4 ,i was in camp with them two or three days and learned that it is a training that is doing the boys of the country a lot of good4 ,their motto as ,i understand it is to do good or to be of service to others4 ,these two lads that brought this package to me refused to receive any compensation whatever4 ,they are the two who have tramped from ,new ,york ,city to ,san ,francisco and are now on their way back4 ,if these boys or their organization ever get interested in our movement in the planting of nuts throughout the country we will be glad to help them4 ,,prof4 ,,close3 ,there is one committee whose report has not been called for and for the sake of the record ,i presume it might better be offered4 ,that is the auditing committee4 ,the committee was composed of ,messrs4 ,reed and ,close and we desire to say that the report of the treasurer has been scrutinized very carefully and we are not able to detect any mistakes4 ,the balance in the treasury is #ge4bf2 total receipts including the amount on hand at the beginning of the year #fff4dh2 total expenditures #eia4bb1 leaving a balance in the treasury of #ge4bf4 ,,the ,,treasurer3 ,i want to offer a resolution that ,article ,,iii of the by-laws on ,membership which now reads1 ,all annual memberships shall begin with the first day of the calendar quarter following the date of the association be amended to read1 ,that all annual memberships shall begin with the first day of such calendar month as shall be agreed upon4 ,now ,i will tell you why ,i ask that4 ,most of the memberships are combined with the subscription to the ,american ,nut ,journal4 ,in many instances the new members have requested that their subscription to the journal be dated back one or two months for the sake of getting one or twp numbers of the journal4 ,in some instances they are already subscribers to the journal and they want to change it to make it come the same time4 ,i offer that amendment to the by-laws4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,i move that the change be made4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i second the motion4 ,the motion was carried4 ,,the ,,treasurer3 ,here is another thing ,i think is a matter of a good deal of importance4 ,there has been spoken of two or three times during the day the great progress which is likely to be made in systematic hybridization of nuts4 ,it has come to my knowledge recently that the ,arnold ,arboretum is seeking to establish a regular plant breeding department4 ,they have growing on their grounds the greatest collection of trees and shrubs that will grow in that section that can be found anywhere in the country4 ,i want to offer a resolution as follows3 ,,whereas it is the firm belief of the ,association that one of the most hopeful sources of obtaining nuts better than we now have is by carefully planned and executed work of hybridization1 and ,,whereas such work1 particularly in the case of the slower developing nuts1 such for example as the hickories1 will require the uninterrupted carrying out of carefully planned work for a long series of years1 and ,,whereas the ,arnold ,arboretum1 of ,jamaica ,plain1 ,mass41 has on its grounds a greater collection of the trees and shrubs from all parts of the world that will grow in that location than can be found anywhere else in the country1 including a large number of hickories of various species in bearing1 and ,,whereas the ,arnold ,arboretum is now assembling on its grounds the various propagated nut trees1 and has expressed its intention of continuing this work and of including all varieties that it may be able to obtain of those hickory trees notable for any one quality and which may promise to be valuable for hybridizing purposes1 and ,,whereas the ,arnold ,arboretum is desirous of establishing a regular plant breeding department where nut trees1 particularly hickories1 as well as trees valuable for timber purposes1 flowers1 etc41 may be bred1 and1 in order to provide for the uninterrupted carrying out of this work is seeking to raise an endowment1 be it hereby ,,resolved3 ,that the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association assembled in the ,city of ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 this #hth day of ,october in the year #aibj heartily endorses this purpose of the ,arnold ,arboretum as one likely to promote the acquisition of finer nuts than we now have1 and urges all persons able to do so to aid in any way possible4 ,,dr4 ,,morris3 ,i move that we adopt that resolution4 ,,mr4 ,,reed3 ,i second the motion4 ,the motion was carried unanimously4 ,,the ,,president3 ,if there is nothing before the body at this time ,i will declare the eleventh annual session closed4 ,,appendix ,from ,c4 ,k4 ,sober1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa43 ,my bearing chestnut trees1 most of them1 have gone out but in the #dj acres of chestnut nursery stock ,i find there are thousands of trees that seem to be immune from the blight up to this time4 ,while they stand right beside trees in the nursery that have died from blight yet there is not a spot on them4 ,from ,w4 ,o4 ,potter1 ,marion1 ,illinois3 ,i am putting forth every effort to develop a nut orchard here in southern ,illinois the like of which will not be excelled in this state4 ,my pecans are doing nicely4 ,i have five acres already set to budded trees and fifteen acres planted to seedlings which ,i hope to bud next year4 ,i have budded chestnuts1 black walnuts and almost all varieties of nuts that will grow here in the ,north4 ,i am using filberts for fillers among my pecans4 ,i have just harvested my first crop of filberts from my experimental garden here in town and my bushes at ,halcyon ,frunut ,gardens 7this is the name of my nut farm7 are growing nicely and some have catkins for next year's crop4 ,the filberts that ,i have just harvested were borne from three ,cosford bushes of the ,french strain4 ,i have some ,german strain that ,i received from ,mr4 ,mc,glennon that are full of catkins for next year4 ,i had some pecans to bloom last spring1 but they failed to set any nuts4 ,i have about a peck from two budded ,thomas black walnut trees that are four and five years old4 ,i have one ,stabler that has two nuts on it now only three years from transplant4 ,my ,rush seedling chinquapin that bore last year has only about six nuts on it this year but they have not yet matured4 ,i hope some day to have a nut orchard that will be the show place of southern ,illinois and then ,i will invite the association to have an annual meeting here and at my farm4 ,from ,g4 ,h4 ,corsan1 ,toronto1 ,canada3 ,this time ,i can say that my trees never looked so well4 ,all passed through last winter and the terrible winter of three years ago4 ,my list consists of the following3 ,constantinople hazelnuts1 ,kent filberts1 ,manchurian juglans regia1 ,jap heart nuts1 ,pomeroy juglans regia1 ,canadian seed juglans regia1 common native chestnuts1 ,col4 ,sober's paragon chestnuts1 castanea crenata4 ,the chestnuts grow a foot more from all terminal branches1 not a twig winter-killed4 ,constantinople hazelnuts grew two feet from all terminal branches and not a bud winter-killed4 ,kent filberts killed back some branches1 others did not1 grew well this summer from #a-a_/b feet to a yard4 ,there is a huge crop of ,pomeroy paragon chestnuts on my trees this year4 ,no blight near me1 as thank heaven the farmers around me are too stupid to plant chestnut trees and in fact no farmer ever planted a nut tree with two exceptions within #bj miles of me4 ,but one farmer by name of ,anderson planted a mile of black walnuts along the roadside #ge years ago4 ,these trees are loaded with nuts and boys just now and they reach away up higher than the tallest phone wire 7that is the lowest branches do74 ,all juglans regias grew a yard from each terminal bud4 ,my ,pomeroys after killing back for several years have at last got a real good start and are going to live and bear4 ,when ,i see a bluish tinge to the leaf of juglans regia1 together with a smooth glossy leaf1 not too long--having #g and not #ag leaves to the stalk--and having a very white grey bark1 then ,i know that the nut will be ,,extra good1 and though that type of tree is a bit tender and requires water in the early and mid-dry summer1 as well as hard wood ashes1 lime and chicken manure in the late fall1 this is the tree that on the north aide of ,lake ,ontario where ,i am now some day will bear and ripen real nuts4 ,my grapes and peaches ripen well this fall1 though we as all others had a late spring and my ,indiana and ,iowa pecans actually grew #b feet from terminal buds4 ,were ,i an old man of #hj ,i would plant nut trees to the exclusion of every other work4 ,first1 ,i would be growing a crop of food #aej years after my death4 ,second1 ,i believe that every man who has vitality to live over #hj has been a bad man in his youth and he owes it to the world4 ,third1 it is a healthy occupation1 stooping down and digging and takes the rust and poisons out of the system4 ,fourth1 there is a joy seeing the leaves and branches grow the next summer and in old age one must feed and take joy from the eye and ear more and more and less and less from the mouth and stomach4 ,fifth1 it is not at all an unreasonable supposition that as a boy again ,i may be climbing the same trees that ,i planted4 ,and if ,i know for certain that ,i would not be then some other boy will take my place4 ,the salvation of the future is more and more food from trees and less and less from animal sources4 ,the day is fast passing when the farm consists of a tobacco barn1 a pig pen1 a cow stable and a hennery4 ,from living upon a badly selected type of food we fear the flu and other diseases4 ,no disease will ever come out of a nut tree4 ,but we are a lot of fools and blame the absolutely innocent cucumber for what a vile mixture of salt and vinegar does to us and thus these same asses will say1 that nuts are unhealthy and we pay a billion dollars out every three months to have the dentists fix our teeth that never receive any nut grinding exercise6 ,from ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa43 ,i expect as you do that there will be no need of much room for the convention4 ,the fact is that without any commercial nut planting in the territory covered by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association it is remarkable that there has been as much interest as there is4 ,i happen to know that the southern pecan 7,national7 ,association was kept going by the nurseries down there for a good many years1 or largely by them1 and without the commercial planting of the pecan there ,i do not think the ,association would have kept going very long even if it had been founded4 ,i believe eventually there will be some interest in commercial planting north but it will go pretty slow and be after our time ,i judge4 ,in commercial planting ,i mean plantings of not less than ten acres4 ,i occasionally sell orders of #ej and even #ajj trees1 but they are usually scattered as to kinds and varieties of nuts and evidently designed to test out on a fair scale the merits of the different nuts4 ,a man was here a few days ago and gave me an order for nearly a hundred black walnut trees4 ,he has been planting for several years1 starting with a half dozen trees three or four years ago and reports the trees doing fine4 ,i presume you could call his planting this year a small commercial planting as that is what he has in mind4 ,the boom in planting fruit trees has taken some interest away from nut planting and this will continue as long as fruit is selling well4 ,from ,t4 ,c4 ,tucker1 ,sail ,francisco1 ,ca43 ,your program for the approaching meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 which has just reached me1 is a most interesting one4 ,it is with regret that ,i find ,i shall not be able to be with you4 ,this is shipping season for the ,california ,almond ,industry and my presence here at this time is imperative4 ,while through the ,california ,almond ,growers ,exchange ,i have for some time been a member of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,i have not as yet had the pleasure of meeting with you1 but ,i want to extend you a cordial invitation to visit ,california and ,i hope that at some future date a convention of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association will be held in this state4 ,here1 as nut growers1 you will find much of interest4 ,this is the only state in the ,union producing almonds commercially4 ,our #aiai crop was worth approximately #d1jjj1jjj4jj and represented #gjjj tons of nuts4 ,here in this state we also produce the ,california ,walnuts which in #aiai brought a return of approximately #bj1jjj1jjj4jj4 ,both of these industries are in their infancy1 particularly is this true of the almond4 ,it is estimated that there are #ajj1jjj acres in ,california planted to almonds1 the major portion of which is non-bearing4 ,we are now preparing for the future through an energetic sales campaign and by making plans for manufacturing by using almonds in new and attractive preparations4 ,in #aiai1 the ,california ,almond ,growers ,exchange1 a non-profit association of #chjj farmers1 spent approximately #bjh1jjj4jj for ,national ,advertising and the expenditure in #aiaj will exceed a quarter of a million dollars4 ,this is done not only to sell the crops of #aiai and #aibj advantageously1 but to educate the consumer up to the high food value of the almond and incidentally to lay a substantial foundation for future business4 ,we believe that the outlook for the ,california ,almond is promising1 but it is only as promising as the growers co-operate to that end4 ,we believe that by a strong association of growers1 quality and grades can be improved1 distribution widened and the public made acquainted with the value of our product through the medium of our advertising4 ,we are also taking up at this time the cultural question endeavoring to eliminate the undesirable varieties and improve those which are commercially profitable4 ,we have some eighty odd varieties of almonds in this state1 many of which are not known commercially4 ,you will thus see that we have quite a problem in cultural lines4 ,the principal object of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,i believe1 is the diffusion of knowledge on cultural questions1 but a word of co-operative marketing may not be amiss4 ,our investigations have shown that for twenty-five years before the war ,nonpareil ,almonds 7our highest priced variety7 retailed at about #cj;c per pound4 ,the grower received from #g;c to #aj;c per pound1 the average being close to #h;c4 ,this was before the association was formed4 ,after the association was organized1 the grower received1 through co-operative marketing and by the elimination of speculation and waste in distribution1 a range of from #ad;c to #bj;c for ,nonpareils with an average of approximately #af;c while the price to the consumer remained about #ce;c4 ,during the past two years1 the price to the consumer has of course advanced to meet the increase in cost of transportation1 cost of doing business and of production4 ,as a matter of fact1 the increase in price to the consumer has not kept pace with the big increase in the cost of production4 ,the point ,i wish to make1 however1 is that co-operative marketing has on the average1 by the elimination of speculation and1 as before said1 by minimizing waste in distribution1 secured for the almond grower a living price4 ,we do not believe that the marketing problems of the farmer will ever be satisfactorily solved until he takes them up through co-operative methods and solves them himself4 ,my work for the past eleven years has been in connection with the sale of almonds and ,i am happy to say that while our country is going through a period of trying re-adjustment at the present time1 the association has meant to the almond growers of ,california a wonderful insurance against loss4 ,the consumer1 too1 has been benefited as this association has been able to lay down almonds in the markets of the ,united ,states at a lower distribution cost than would otherwise have been possible4 ,however1 assuming that this convention is interested mostly in cultural questions1 ,i shall refrain from further discussing the marketing problem4 ,let us not however1 lose sight of the fact that it matters not what may be the quality of our product if we cannot dispose of it at a profit4 ,a satisfactory margin of profit means improved varieties1 better culture1 increased yields and better satisfied producers4 ,scientific yields and better satisfied producers4 ,scientific cultural effort1 to achieve its highest possibilities must inevitably be linked with commercial success4 ,,attendance ,dr4 ,j4 ,e4 ,cannaday1 ,charleston1 ,w4 ,va4 ,conrad ,vollertsen1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,j4 ,p4 ,beck1 ,saginaw1 ,michigan ,prof4 ,c4 ,p4 ,close1 ,maryland ,b4 ,c4 ,foster1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,j4 ,w4 ,ritchit1 ,yonkers1 ,n4 ,y4 ,dr4 ,g4 ,j4 ,buist1 ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed ,william ,s4 ,linton1 ,saginaw1 ,michigan ,w4 ,c4 ,bixby1 ,baldwin1 ,n4 ,y4 ,mrs4 ,bixby ,a4 ,s4 ,perry1 ,cuthbert1 ,ga4 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,wilton1 ,conn4 ,r4 ,t4 ,olcott1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,w4 ,r4 ,fickes1 ,wooster1 ,ohio ,a4 ,c4 ,pomeroy1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,elam ,g4 ,hess1 ,mannheim1 ,pa4 ,f4 ,e4 ,brooks1 ,french ,creek1 ,w4 ,va4 ,w4 ,n4 ,roper1 ,petersburg1 ,va4 ,mrs4 ,roper ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg1 ,battle ,creek1 ,michigan ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,miss ,jones ,dr4 ,j4 ,b4 ,curtis1 ,orange ,heights1 ,fla4 ,mrs4 ,curtis ,dr4 ,john ,f4 ,keenen1 ,brentwood1 ,maryland4 ,j4 ,s4 ,mc,glennon1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,h4 ,c4 ,best1 ,bridgeport1 ,conn4 ,j4 ,e4 ,brown1 ,elmer1 ,n4 ,j4 ,e4 ,e4 ,reynolds1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 ,west ,willow1 ,pa4 ,d4 ,f4 ,clark1 ,harrisburg1 ,pa4 ,theodore ,bechtel1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,miss4 ,mrs4 ,bechtel ,miss ,w4 ,m4 ,daish1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,exhibits ,morris hybrid chinquapin ,no4 #a--;,from graft set spring #aiaj on bush chinquapin stock4 ,a scientific cross or hybrid made by ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris ,new ,york ,city4 ,very resistant to blight is not blight proof4 ,has the fruiting habit of the chestnut and bears on very small bushes or trees4 ,grown by ,j4 ,p4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,morris hybrid chinquapin ,no4 #b--;,from grafts set on stocks of the bush chinquapin spring #aiai4 ,similar to ,no4 #a4 ,chinese pine nuts1 ,pinus armandi1 from the mountains of ,north ,china4 ,the ,chinese pine nuts1 ,p4 armandi and ,p4 bungeana1 although not equal to some of our own pine nuts from the southeastern states1 are considered the best and most reliable for eastern and northern planting in this country4 ,sent in by ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,bush chinquapin ,castanea pumila1 grown by ,j4 ,f4 ,jones4 ,branches of ordinary wild nuts4 #bd plates hazels or filberts grown by ,carl ,vollertsen1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,nine varieties ,j4 regia1 peanuts1 hazels and ,weicker shellbarks1 grown by ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 ,west ,willow1 ,pa4 #bc plates and varieties of the southern pecan1 sent by ,a4 ,s4 ,perry1 ,cuthbert1 ,ga4 ,also collection of photographs4 ,specimens of the ,beam1 ,beaver1 ,clark1 ,manahan1 ,stanley1 ,swaim and ,weicker hickories by ,w4 ,g4 ,bixby1 ,new ,york4 ,miscellaneous nuts by ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,wilton1 ,conn4 ,large table map of the ,united ,states with the different nuts grown therein so placed as to show their native habitats4 ,by ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,nut ,culturist1 ,dept1 of ,agriculture4 ,specimens of ,corylus avellana1 ,montebello ,bysance and other nuts by ,dr4 ,david ,fairchild1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,by ,prof4 ,c4 ,p4 ,close1 ,college ,park1 ,md41 plates of seedling ,j4 regia from ,j4 ,w4 ,smith1 ,centerville1 ,md4 ,five seedling ,j4 regia probably ,mayette from ,s4 ,h4 ,derby1 ,woodside1 ,del4 ,japanese seedling chestnut from ,j4 ,w4 ,killen1 ,felton1 ,del4 ,the tree on which they grew has never blighted4 ,j4 ,sieboldiana from tree set by ,prof4 ,close in #aiaj1 first crop #aibj4 ,native chinquapins and two varieties of ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's hybrid chinquapins4 ,major pecans borne in #aiai on three year graft set by ,prof4 ,close at ,college ,park4 ,a hazel seedling from ,new ,jersey grown on four year old graft4 ,large and good4 ,by ,dr4 ,r4 ,t4 ,morris of ,new ,york1 plate of pistache nuts1 #f varieties of hazels1 #a of black walnuts and one of butternuts4 ,nut cracker for pecans of different sizes4 99 99 99 99 99 ,illustration 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pecans4 ,,english ,,walnuts ,,and ,,chestnut ,,trees ,all varieties of budded or grafted1 hardy nut trees for planting in northern localities4 ,in the southern ,united states1 on the ,pacific ,coast and in ,europe orchards of nut trees give the land a greater value than when used for any other crop4 ,nut trees in many sections are the moat profitable crop that can be raised4 ,plant now1 before everyone is doing it and reap the success the pioneer nut planters in other sections have done4 ,largest hardy nut nurseries in ,america4 ,send for catalog4 ,mc,c,o,y ,,nut ,,nurseries #gda ,old ,state ,bank ,bldg41 ,,evansville1 ,indiana 99 99 99 99 99 ,,budded ,,and ,,grafted ,,chestnuts of best varieties4 ,no ,blight4 ,also ,,thomas ,,walnut ,e4 ,a4 ,,riehl1 ,,godfrey1 ,,ill4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,arrowfield ,,nurseries ,,petersburg1 ,,virginia ,pecan trees of the hardy northern varieties4 ,unquestionably will flourish and bear over a much larger area of the ,united ,states than where they are now native in ,indiana1 ,illinois1 ,ohio1 ,iowa and other states4 ,send for price list4 ,illustration