,alembic ,club ,repr9ts--,no4 #a4       
,,exp]im5ts  ,,^u  ,,magnesia ,,alba1   
,,quicklime1  ,,& ,,"s ,,o!r  ,,alcal9e 
,,sub/ances4   ,,by ,,joseph ,,black1   
,m4,d41 ,pr(essor ( ,*emi/ry 9 !        
,univ]sity ( ,ed9burgh1 #agff-agig4     
7#agee47   ,ed9burgh3 ,,publi%$ ,,by ,,!
 ,,alembic ,,club4  ,ed9burgh ,ag5t3    
,,william ,f4 ,,clay1 #ah ,,teviot      
,,place4  ,london ,ag5ts3 ,,simpk91     
,,m>%all1 ,,hamilton1 ,,k5t1  ,,co4     
,,ltd4  #ahih4  ,illu/ration3 ,insignia 
,,preface4   ,black's ,pap] entitl$     
,exp]im5ts ^u ,magnesia ,alba1          
,quicklime1 & "s o!r ,alcal9e ,sub/ances
 0 read 9 ,june #agee1 & 0 fir/ publi%$ 
9 ,essays & ,obs]vations1 ,physical &   
,lit]>y4 ,read be=e a ,society 9        
,ed9burgh1 & ,publi%$ by !m1 ,volume    
,,ii41 ,ed9burgh1 #agef2 pp4 #aeg-bbe4  
,x 0 subsequ5tly repr9t$ sev]al times   
dur+ ! life ( ! au?or1 n only 9 lat]    
editions ( ^! ,essays1 b also 9 a       
sep>ate =m4 ,copies ( ! orig9al ,pap]   
are n[ v difficult to obta91 & ! lat]   

repr9ts h also become sc>ce4  ,! pres5t 
repr9t is a fai?ful copy ( ! ,pap] z x  
fir/ appe>$ 9 #agef1 ! spell+1 c41 ( !  
orig9al hav+ be5 c>efully reproduc$4  ,!
 ,pap] con/itutes a highly important /ep
 9 ! lay+ ( ! f\ndations ( *emi/ry z an 
exact sci5ce1 & furni%es a model (      
c>efully plann$ exp]im5tal inve/igation1
 & ( cle> reason+ ^u ! results (        
exp]im5t4 ,x is nei!r s widely read by !
 y\ng] *emi/s nor is x s readily        
accessible z x ought to be1 & ! object (
 ! ,alembic ,club 9 issu+ x z ! fir/    
volume ( a s]ies ( ,repr9ts (           
hi/orically important contributions to  
,*emi/ry1 is to place x )9 easy rea* ( e
 /ud5t ( ,*emi/ry & ( ! ,hi/ory (       
,*emi/ry4  ,! /ud5t's att5tion may be   
p>ticul>ly call$ to ,black's tacit      
adoption ( ! quantitative me?od 9 a l>ge
 numb] ( 8 exp]im5ts1 & to ! way 9 :i*  
he bases _m ( 8 conclusions ^u ! results
 obta9$ 9 ^! exp]im5ts4 ,ev5 yet x is v 
frequ5tly /at$ t ! introduction ( !     
quantitative me?od into ,*emi/ry 7:i*   

did n by any means orig9ate ) ,black7   
took place at a consid]ably lat] date4  
,l4 ,d4     ,,exp]im5ts  ,,^u           
,,magnesia ,,alba1 ,,quicklime1  ,,&    
,,"s ,,o!r  ,,alcal9e ,,sub/ances2  ,,by
 ,,joseph ,,black1 ,m4,d4#a  ,,"p ,i4   
,h(fman1 9 "o ( 8 obs]vations1 gives !  
hi/ory ( a p[d] call$ magnesia alba1 :i*
 _h long be5 us$ & e/eem$ z a mild &    
ta/eless purgative2 b ! me?od ( prep>+ x
 0 n g5]ally kn[n be=e he made x        
public4#b  ,x 0 orig9ally obta9$ f a    
liquor call$ ! "m ( nitre1 :i* is       
produc$ 9 ! foll[+ mann]3  ,salt-petre  
is sep>at$ f ! br9e :i* fir/ af=ds x1 or
 f ! wat] ) :i* x is wa%$ out ( nitr\s  
e>?s1 by ! process commonly us$ 9       
cry/alliz+ salts4 ,9 ?is process ! br9e 
is gradually dim9i%$1 & at l5g? r$uc$ to
 a small quantity ( an unctu\s bitt]    
sal9e liquor1 af=d+ no m salt-petre by  
evaporation2 b1 if urg$ ) a brisk fire1 
dry+ up into a confus$ mass :i* attracts
 wat] /rongly1 & becomes fluid aga9 :5  
expos$ to ! op5 air4  ,to ?is liquor !  

workm5 h giv5 ! "n ( ! "m ( nitre2 &    
,h(fman1 f9d+ x compos$ ( ! magnesia    
unit$ to an acid1 obta9$ a sep>ation (  
^!1 ei!r by expos+ ! comp\nd to a /rong 
fire 9 :i* ! acid 0 dissipat$ & !       
magnesia rema9$ beh9d1 or by ! addition 
( an alkali :i* attract$ ! acid to      
itself3 & ?is la/ me?od he recomm5ds z !
 be/4 ,he likewise makes an inquiry into
 ! nature & virtues ( ! p[d] ?us prep>$2
 & obs]ves1 t x is an absorb5t e>? :i*  
jo9s readily ) all acids1 & mu/         
necess>ily de/roy any acidity x meets 9 
! /oma*2 b t its purgative p[] is       
unc]ta91 = sometimes x has n ! lea/     
effect ( t k9d4 ,z x is a m]e insipid   
e>?1 he rationally concludes x to be    
purgative only :5 conv]t$ into a sort ( 
neutral salt by an acid 9 ! /oma*1 & t  
its effect is !re=e proportional to !   
quantity ( ?is acid4  ,al?o' magnesia   
appe>s f ?is hi/ory ( x to be a v       
innoc5t m$ic9e1 yet hav+ obs]v$1 t "s   
hypo*ondriacs :o us$ x frequ5tly1 7     
subject to flatul5cies & spasms1 he     

seems to h suspect$ x ( "s noxi\s       
quality4 ,! circum/ances h[ev] :i* gave 
rise to 8 suspicion1 may v possibly h   
proce$$ f ! imprud5ce ( 8 pati5ts1 :o1  
tru/+ too mu* to magnesia1 7:i* is      
prop]ly a palliative 9 t disease17 &    
neglect+ ! assi/ance ( o!r rem$ies1     
all[$ _! disord] to increase ^u !m4 ,x  
may inde$ be all$g$1 t magnesia1 z a    
purgative1 is n ! mo/ eligible m$ic9e = 
su* con/itutions1 z !y agree be/ ) ^? t 
/r5g!n1 /imulate & w>m2 :i* ! sal9e     
purges commonly us$ are n obs]v$ to d4  
,b !re seems at lea/ to be no objection 
to its use :5 *ildr5 are tr\bl$ ) an    
acid 9 _! /oma*2 = g5tle purg+ 9 ?is    
case is v prop]1 & x is (t5 m conv5i5tly
 procur$ by means ( magnesia ?an ( any  
o!r m$ic9e1 on acc\nt ( its be+ intirely
 insipid4  ,! above-m5tion$ ,au?or      
obs]v+1 "s "t aft]1 t a bitt] sal9e     
liquor1 simil> to t obta9$ f ! br9e (   
salt-petre1 0 likewise produc$ by !     
evaporation ( ^? wat]s :i* conta9 common
 salt1 _h ! curiosity to try if ?is w\ld

 also yield a magnesia4 ,! exp]im5t     
succe$$3 & he ?us f\nd out ano!r process
 = obta9+ ?is p[d]1 & at ! same "t      
assur$ himself by exp]im5ts1 t ! product
 f bo? 0 exactly ! same4#c  ,my         
curiosity l$ me "s "t ago to inquire m  
p>ticul>ly into ! nature ( magnesia1 &  
especially to comp>e its prop]ties ) ^? 
( ! o!r absorb5t e>?s1 ( :i* !re pla9ly 
appe>$ to me to be v diff]5t k9ds1 al?o'
 commonly conf\nd$ toge!r "u "o "n4 ,i 0
 inde$ l$ to ?is exam9ation ( ! absorb5t
 e>?s1 p>tly by ! hope ( discov]+ a new 
sort ( lime & lime-wat]1 :i* might      
possibly be a m p[]ful solv5t ( ! /one  
?an t commonly us$2 b 0 disappo9t$ 9 my 
expectations4  ,i h _h no opportunity ( 
see+ ,h(fman's fir/ magnesia or ! liquor
 f :i* x is prep>$1 & h !re=e be5 oblig$
 to make my exp]im5ts ^u ! second4  ,9  
ord] to prep>e x1 ,i at fir/ employ$ !  
bitt] sal9e liquor call$ bitt]n1 :i*    
rema9s 9 ! pans aft] ! evaporation ( sea
 wat]4 ,b z t liquor is n always easily 
procur$1 ,i aft]w>ds made use ( a salt  

call$ epsom-salt1 :i* is sep>at$ f !    
bitt]n by cry/allization1 & is evid5tly 
compos$ ( magnesia & ! vitriolic acid4  
,!re is likewise a spuri\s k9d ( ,glaub]
 salt1 :i* yields pl5ty ( magnesia1 &   
seems to be no o!r ?an ! epsom salt (   
sea wat] r$uc$ to cry/als ( a l>g] size4
 ,& common salt also af=ds a small      
quantity ( ?is p[d]2 because be+ sep>at$
 f ! bitt]n by "o ha/y cry/allization   
only1 x necess>ily conta9s a portion ( t
 liquor4  ,^? :o w\ld prep>e a magnesia 
f epsom-salt1 may use ! foll[+ process4 
,dissolve equal quantities ( epsom-salt1
 & ( pe>l a%es sep>ately 9 a suffici5t  
quantity ( wat]2 purify ea* solution f  
its dregs1 & mix !m accurately toge!r by
 viol5t agitation3 !n make !m j to boil 
ov] a brisk fire4  ,add n[ to ! mixture 
?ree or f\r times its quantity ( hot    
wat]2 aft] a little agitation1 all[ !   
magnesia to settle to ! bottom1 & decant
 (f z mu* ( ! wat] z possible4 ,p\r on !
 same quantity ( cold wat]2 &1 aft]     
settl+1 decant x (f 9 ! same mann]4     

,repeat ?is wa%+ ) ! cold wat] t5 or    
twelve times3 or ev5 (tn]1 if ! magnesia
 be requir$ p]fectly pure = *emical     
exp]im5ts4  ,:5 x is suffici5tly wa%$1 !
 wat] may be /ra9$ & squeez$ f x 9 a l95
 clo?2 = v little ( ! magnesia passes   
?ro'4  ,! alkali 9 ! mixture unit+ ) !  
acid1 sep>ates x f ! magnesia2 :i* n be+
 ( itself soluble 9 wat]1 mu/           
consequ5tly appe> imm$iately "u a solid 
=m4 ,b ! p[d] :i* ?us appe>s is n       
intirely magnesia2 "p ( x is ! neutral  
salt1 =m$ f ! union ( ! acid & alkali4  
,?is neutral salt is f\nd1 ^u           
exam9ation1 to agree 9 all respects )   
vitriolat$ t>t>1 & requires a l>ge      
quantity ( hot wat] to dissolve x4 ,z   
mu* ( x is !re=e dissolv$ z ! wat] c    
take up2 ! re/ is disp]s$ ?ro' ! mixture
 9 ! =m ( a p[d]4 ,h5ce ! necessity (   
wa%+ ! magnesia ) s mu* tr\ble2 = ! fir/
 affusion ( hot wat] is int5d$ to       
dissolve ! :ole ( ! salt1 & ! subsequ5t 
additions ( cold wat] to wa% away ?is   
solution4  ,! caution giv5 ( boil+ !    

mixture is n unnecess>y2 if x be        
neglect$1 ! :ole ( ! magnesia is n      
accurately sep>at$ at once2 & by all[+ x
 to re/ = "s "t1 t p[d] concretes into  
m9ute gra9s1 :i*1 :5 view$ ) !          
microscope1 appe> to be assemblages (   
ne$les div]g+ f a po9t4 ,?is happ5s m   
especially :5 ! solutions ( ! epsom-salt
 & ( ! alkali are dilut$ ) too mu* wat] 
be=e !y are mix$ toge!r4 ,?us1 if a dram
 ( epsom-salt & ( salt ( t>t> be        
dissolv$ ea* 9 f\r ounces ( wat]1 & be  
mix$1 & !n all[$ to re/ ?ree or f\r     
days1 ! :ole ( ! magnesia w be =m$ into 
^! gra9s4 ,or if we filtrate ! mixture  
soon aft] x is made1 & heat ! cle>      
liquor :i* passes ?ro'2 x w become      
turbid1 & deposite a magnesia4  ,i _h ! 
curiosity to satisfy myself ( !         
purgative p[] ( magnesia1 & ( ,h(fman's 
op9ion conc]n+ x1 by ! foll[+ easy      
exp]im5t4 ,i made a neutral salt (      
magnesia & di/ill$ v9eg>2 *oos+ ?is acid
 z be+1 l t 9 weak /oma*s1 ! product (  
f]m5tation4 ,six drams ( ?is ,i dissolv$

 9 wat]1 & gave to a middle-ag$ man1    
desir+ him to take x by degrees4 ,aft]  
hav+ tak5 ab\t a ?ird1 he desi/$1 &     
purg$ f\r times 9 an easy & g5tle mann]4
 ,a woman ( a /rong con/itution got !   
rema9d] z a brisk purgative1 & x op]at$ 
t5 times )\t caus+ any uneas9ess4 ,!    
ta/e ( ?is salt is n disagreeable1 & x  
appe>s to be r ( ! cool+ ?an ( ! acrid  
k9d4  ,hav+ ?us giv5 a %ort sket* ( !   
hi/ory & m$ical virtues ( magnesia1 ,i  
n[ proce$ to an acc\nt ( its *emical    
prop]ties4 ,by my fir/ exp]im5ts1 ,i    
int5d$ to le>n :at sort ( neutral salts 
might be obta9$ by jo9+ x to ea* ( !    
vulg> acids2 & ! result 0 z foll[s4     
,magnesia is quickly dissolv$ ) viol5t  
eff]vesc5ce1 or explosion ( air1 by !   
acids ( vitriol1 nitre1 & ( common salt1
 & by di/ill$ v9eg>2 ! neutral sal9e    
liquors !nce produc$ hav+ ea* _! peculi>
 prop]ties4  ,t :i* is made ) !         
vitriolic acid1 may be cond5s$ into     
cry/als simil> 9 all respects to        
epsom-salt4  ,t :i* is made ) ! nitr\s  

is ( a yell[ col\r1 & yields sal9e      
cry/als1 :i* reta9 _! =m 9 a v dry air1 
b melt 9 a moi/ "o4  ,t :i* is produc$  
by means ( _s ( salt1 yields no cry/als2
 & if evaporat$ to dryness1 soon melts  
aga9 :5 expos$ to ! air4  ,t :i* is     
obta9$ f ! union ( di/ill$ v9eg> )      
magnesia1 af=ds no cry/als by           
evaporation1 b is cond5s$ into a sal9e  
mass1 :i*1 :ile w>m1 is extremely t\gh &
 viscid1 v mu* resembl+ a /rong glue bo?
 9 col\r & consi/5ce1 & becomes brittle 
:5 cold4  ,by ^! exp]im5ts magnesia     
appe>s to be a sub/ance v diff]5t f ^? (
 ! calc>i\s class2 "u :i* ,i w\ld be    
und]/ood to compreh5d all ^? t are      
conv]t$ into a p]fect quick-lime 9 a    
/rong fire1 su* z lime-/one1 m>ble1     
*alk1 ^? sp>s & m>les :i* eff]vesce )   
aqua =tis1 all animal %ells & ! bodies  
call$ li?ophyta4 ,all ( ^!1 by be+ jo9$ 
) acids1 yield a set ( comp\nds :i* are 
v diff]5t f ^? we h j n[ describ$4 ,?us1
 if a small quantity ( any calc>i\s     
matt] be r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] & ?r[n into

 _s ( vitriol1 x is attack$ by ?is acid 
) a brisk eff]vesc5ce2 b little or no   
dissolution ensues4 ,x absorbs ! acid1 &
 rema9s unit$ ) x 9 ! =m ( a :ite p[d]1 
at ! bottom ( ! vessel1 :ile ! liquor   
has h>dly any ta/e1 & %ews only a v     
light cl\d ^u ! addition ( alkali4#d  ,!
 same :ite p[d] is also =m$ :5 _s (     
vitriol is add$ to a calc>i\s e>?       
dissolv$ 9 any o!r acid2 ! vitriolic    
expell+ ! o!r acid1 & jo9+ itself to !  
e>? by a /rong] attraction2 & ^u ?is    
acc\nt ! magnesia ( sea-wat] seems to be
 diff]5t f ei!r ( ^? describ$ by        
,h(fman4 ,he says expressly1 t !        
solutions ( ea* ( 8 p[d]s1 or1 :at is   
equival5t1 t ! liquors f :i* !y are     
obta9$1 =m$ a coagulum1 & deposit$ a    
:ite p[d]1 :5 he add$ ! vitriolic       
acid2#e :i* exp]im5t ,i h (t5 tri$ ) !  
m>9e bitt]n1 b )\t success4 ,! coagulum 
?us =m$ 9 ! "m ( nitre may be ow+ to a  
quantity ( quick-lime conta9$ 9 x2 =    
quick-lime is us$ 9 extract+ !          
salt-petre f its matrix4 ,b x is m      

difficult to acc\nt = ! diff]5ce betwe5 
,h(fman's bitt]n & ours1 unless we w be 
satisfi$ to ref] x to ?is1 t he got 8 f 
! wat]s ( salt spr+s1 :i* may possibly  
be diff]5t f ^? ( ! sea4  ,magnesia is n
 less rem>kably di/+ui%$ f ! calc>i\s   
e>?s1 by jo9+ x to ! nitr\s & vegetable 
acids1 ?an to ! vitriolic4 ,^? e>?s1 :5 
comb9$ ) _s ( nitre1 _c be r$uc$ to a   
cry/all9e =m1 & if !y are dissolv$ 9    
di/ill$ v9eg>1 ! mixture spontane\sly   
dries up into a friable salt4  ,hav+ ?us
 f\nd magnesia to diff] f ! common      
alkal9e e>?s1 ! object ( my next inquiry
 0 its peculi> degree ( attraction =    
acids1 or :at 0 ! place due to x 9 ,mr4 
,ge(froy's table ( elective attractions4
  ,?ree drams ( magnesia 9 f9e p[d]1 an 
ounce ( salt ammoniac1 & six ounces (   
wat] 7 mix$ toge!r1 & dige/$ six days 9 
a retort jo9$ to a receiv]4  ,dur+ !    
:ole "t1 ! neck ( ! retort 0 po9t$ a    
little upw>ds1 & ! mo/ wat]y "p ( !     
vap\r1 :i* 0 cond5s$ !re1 fell back into
 its body4 ,9 ! beg9n+ ( ! exp]im5t1 a  

volatile salt 0 !re=e collect$ 9 a dry  
=m 9 ! receiv]1 & aft]w>ds dissolv$ into
 _s4  ,:5 all 0 cool1 ,i f\nd 9 ! retort
 a sal9e liquor1 "s undissolv$ magnesia1
 & "s salt ammoniac cry/alliz$4 ,! sal9e
 liquor 0 sep>at$ f ! o!r two1 & !n mix$
 ) ! alkal9e _s4 ,a coagulum 0          
imm$iately =m$1 & a magnesia precipitat$
 f ! mixture4  ,! magnesia :i* _h rema9$
 9 ! retort1 :5 well wa%$ & dri$1 weigh$
 two scruples & fifte5 gra9s4  ,we le>n 
by ! latt] "p ( ?is exp]im5t1 t !       
attraction ( ! volatile alkali = acids  
is /rong] ?an t ( magnesia1 s9ce x      
sep>at$ ?is p[d] f ! acid to :i* x 0    
jo9$4 ,b x also appe>s1 t a g5tle heat  
is capable ( ov]com+ ?is sup]iority (   
attraction1 & ( gradually elevat+ !     
alkali1 :ile x leaves ! less volatile   
acid ) ! magnesia4  ,dissolve a dram (  
any calc>i\s sub/ance 9 ! acid ( nitre  
or ( common salt1 tak+ c>e t ! solution 
be r5d]$ p]fectly neutral1 or t no      
sup]flu\s acid be add$4 ,mix ) ?is      
solution a dram ( magnesia 9 f9e p[d]1 &

 dige/ x 9 ! heat ( boil+ wat] ab\t     
tw5ty f\r h\rs2 !n dilute ! mixture )   
d\ble its quantity ( wat]1 & filtrate4  
,! greate/ "p ( ! e>? n[ left 9 ! filtre
 is calc>i\s1 & ! liquor :i* pass$ ?ro'1
 if mix$ ) a dissolv$ alkali1 yields a  
:ite p[d]1 ! l>ge/ portion ( :i* is a   
true magnesia4  ,f ?is exp]im5t x       
appe>s1 t an acid quits a calc>i\s e>?  
to jo9 itself to magnesia2 b ! ex*ange  
be+ p]=m$ sl[ly1 "s ( ! magnesia is /ill
 undissolv$1 & "p ( ! calc>i\s e>?      
rema9s yet jo9$ to ! acid4  ,:5 a small 
quantity ( magnesia is ?r[n into a      
solution ( ! corrosive sublimate (      
m]cury1 x soon sep>ates "p ( ! m]cury 9 
! =m ( a d>k r$ p[d]1 & is itself       
dissolv$4  ,imag9+ t ,i p]ceiv$ "s      
resemblance betwe5 ! prop]ties (        
magnesia & ^? ( alkalis1 ,i 0 l$ to try 
:at *ange ?is sub/ance w\ld suff] f !   
addition ( quick-lime1 :i* alt]s 9 su* a
 peculi> mann] ! alkal9e salts4  ,tw5ty 
sev5 gra9s ( magnesia 9 f9e p[d] 7 mix$ 
) eighte5 ounces ( lime-wat] 9 a flask1 

:i* 0 cork$ close & %ak5 frequ5tly = f\r
 days4 ,dur+ ?is "t1 ,i frequ5tly dipp'd
 into x little bits ( pap]1 :i* 7 col\r$
 ) ! juice ( violets2 & ^! became gre5 z
 soon z !y t\*$ ! wat]1 until ! f\r?    
day1 :5 _! col\r did n seem to be alt]$4
 ,! wat] be+ n[ p\r$ (f1 0 intirely     
insipid1 & agre$ 9 e *emical trial )    
pure wat]4 ,! p[d]1 aft] be+ p]fectly   
well dri$1 weigh$ ?irty sev5 gra9s4 ,x  
did n dissolve intirely 9 _s ( vitriol2 
b1 aft] a brisk eff]vesc5ce1 "p ( x     
subsid$ 9 ! same mann] z ! calc>i\s     
e>?s1 :5 mix$ ) ?is acid4  ,:5 ,i fir/  
tri$ ?is exp]im5t1 ,i 0 at ! tr\ble (   
dige/+ ! mixture 9 ! heat ( boil+ wat]1 
& did n !n "k t x w\ld succe$ 9 ! heat (
 ! air4 ,b ,dr4 ,al/on1 :o has oblig$ ! 
_w ) _m curi\s & useful discov]ies on ! 
subject ( quick-lime1 hav+ _h occasion  
to repeat x1 ,i le>n$ f him t heat is n 
necess>y2 & he has moreov] add$ an      
useful purpose to :i* ?is prop]ty (     
magnesia may be appli$2 ,i mean !       
sweet5+ ( wat] at sea1 ) :i* lime may h 

be5 mix$ to prev5t its putrefaction4  ,t
 "p ( ! dri$ p[d] :i* does n dissolve 9 
_s ( vitriol1 consi/s ( ! lime sep>at$ f
 ! wat]4  ,quick-lime itself is also    
r5d]$ mild by magnesia1 if ^! two are   
well rubb$ toge!r & infus$ ) a small    
quantity ( wat]4  ,by ! foll[+          
exp]im5ts1 ,i propos$ to "k :e!r ?is    
sub/ance c\ld be r$uc$ to a quick-lime4 
,an ounce ( magnesia 0 expos$ 9 a       
crucible = ab\t an h\r to su* a heat z  
is suffici5t to melt copp]4 ,:5 tak5    
out1 x weigh$ ?ree drams & "o scruple1  
or _h lo/ #g_/ab ( its =m] weight4  ,i  
repeat$1 ) ! magnesia prep>$ 9 ?is      
mann]1 mo/ ( ^? exp]im5ts ,i _h already 
made ^u x be=e calc9ation1 & ! result 0 
z foll[s4  ,x dissolves 9 all ! acids1 &
 ) ^! composes salts exactly simil> to  
^? describ$ 9 ! fir/ set ( exp]im5ts3 b 
:at is p>ticul>ly to be rem>k$1 x is    
dissolv$ )\t any ! lea/ degree (        
eff]vesc5ce4  ,x sl[ly precipitates !   
corrosive sublimate ( m]cury 9 ! =m ( a 
black p[d]4  ,x sep>ates ! volatile     

alkali 9 salt ammoniac f ! acid1 :5 x is
 mix$ ) a w>m solution ( t salt4 ,b x   
does n sep>ate an acid f a calc>i\s e>?1
 nor does x induce ! lea/ *ange ^u      
lime-wat]4  ,la/ly1 :5 a dram ( x is    
dige/$ ) an ounce ( wat] 9 a bottle = "s
 h\rs1 x does n make any ! lea/ *ange 9 
! wat]4 ,! magnesia1 :5 dri$1 is f\nd to
 h ga9$ t5 gra9s2 b x nei!r eff]vesces )
 acids1 nor does x s5sibly affect       
lime-wat]4  ,obs]v+ magnesia to lose su*
 a rem>kable proportion ( its weight 9 !
 fire1 my next attempts 7 direct$ to !  
inve/igation ( ?is volatile "p1 &1 among
 o!r exp]im5ts1 ! foll[+ seem$ to ?r[ "s
 light ^u x4  ,?ree ounces ( magnesia 7 
di/ill$ 9 a glass retort & receiv]1 !   
fire be+ gradually increas$ until !     
magnesia 0 obscurely r$ hot4 ,:5 all 0  
cool1 ,i f\nd only five drams ( a :iti% 
wat] 9 ! receiv]1 :i* _h a fa9t smell ( 
! _s ( h>t%orn1 gave a gre5 col\r to !  
juice ( violets1 & r5d]$ ! solutions (  
corrosive sublimate & ( silv] v slightly
 turbid4 ,b x did n s5sibly eff]vesce ) 

acids4  ,! magnesia1 :5 tak5 out ( !    
retort1 weigh$ an ounce1 ?ree drams1 &  
?irty gra9s1 or _h lo/ m ?an ! half (   
its weight4 ,x /ill eff]vesc$ pretty    
briskly ) acids1 ?o' n s /rongly z be=e 
?is op]ation4  ,! fire %\ld h be5 rais$ 
"h to ! degree requisite = ! p]fect     
calc9ation ( magnesia4 ,b ev5 f ?is     
imp]fect exp]im5t1 x is evid5t1 t ( !   
volatile p>ts conta9$ 9 t p[d]1 a small 
proportion only is wat]2 ! re/ _c1 x    
seems1 be reta9$ 9 vessels1 "u a visible
 =m4 ,*emi/s h (t5 obs]v$1 9 _!         
di/illations1 t "p ( a body has vani%$ f
 _! s5ses1 not)/&+ ! utmo/ c>e to reta9 
x2 & !y h always f\nd1 ^u fur!r inquiry1
 t subtile "p to be air1 :i* hav+ be5   
imprison$ 9 ! body1 "u a solid =m1 0 set
 free & r5d]$ fluid & ela/ic by ! fire4 
,we may !re=e safely conclude1 t !      
volatile matt]1 lo/ 9 ! calc9ation (    
magnesia1 is mo/ly air2 & h5ce ! calc9$ 
magnesia does n emit air1 or make an    
eff]vesc5ce1 :5 mix$ ) acids4  ,! wat]1 
f its prop]ties1 seems to conta9 a small

 portion ( volatile alkali1 :i* 0       
probably =m$ f ! e>?1 air1 & wat]1 or f 
"s ( ^! comb9$ toge!r2 & p]haps also f a
 small quantity ( inflammable matt] :i* 
adh]$ accid5tally to ! magnesia4 ,:5ev] 
,*emi/s meet ) ?is salt1 !y are incl9$  
to ascribe its orig9 to "s animal1 or   
putrid vegetable1 sub/ance2 & ?is !y h  
always done1 :5 !y obta9$ x f ! calc>i\s
 e>?s1 all ( :i* af=d a small quantity (
 x4 ,!re is1 h[ev]1 no d\bt t x c       
sometimes be produc$ indep5d5tly ( any  
su* mixture1 s9ce _m fre% vegetables &  
t>t> af=d a consid]able quantity ( x4 ,&
 h[ c x1 9 ! pres5t in/ance1 be suppos$1
 t any animal or vegetable matt] adh]$  
to ! magnesia1 :ile x 0 dissolv$ by an  
acid1 sep>at$ f ?is by an alkali1 & wa%$
 ) s mu* wat]8  ,two drams ( magnesia 7 
calc9$ 9 a crucible1 9 ! mann] describ$ 
above1 & ?us r$uc$ to two scruples &    
twelve gra9s4 ,?is calc9$ magnesia 0    
dissolv$ 9 a suffici5t quantity ( _s (  
vitriol1 & !n aga9 sep>at$ f ! acid by !
 addition ( an alkali1 ( :i* a l>ge     

quantity is necess>y = ?is purpose4 ,!  
magnesia be+ v well wa%$ & dry$1 weigh$ 
"o dram & fifty gra9s4 ,x eff]vesc$     
viol5tly1 or emitt$ a l>ge quantity (   
air1 :5 ?r[n into acids1 =m$ a r$ p[d]  
:5 mix$ ) a solution ( sublimate1       
sep>at$ ! calc>i\s e>?s f an acid1 &    
sweet5$ lime-wat]3 & _h ?us recov]$ all 
^? prop]ties :i* x _h b j n[ lo/ by     
calc9ation3 nor _h x only recov]$ its   
orig9al prop]ties1 b acquir$ besides an 
addition ( weight ne>ly equal to :at _h 
be5 lo/ 9 ! fire2 &1 z x is f\nd to     
eff]vesce ) acids1 "p ( ! addition mu/  
c]ta9ly be air4  ,?is air seems to h be5
 furni%$ by ! alkali f :i* x 0 sep>at$  
by ! acid2 = ,dr4 ,hales has cle>ly     
prov$1 t alkal9e salts conta9 a l>ge    
quantity ( fix$ air1 :i* !y emit 9 great
 abundance :5 jo9$ to a pure acid4 ,9 ! 
pres5t case1 ! alkali is really jo9$ to 
an acid1 b )\t any visible emission (   
air2 & yet ! air is n reta9$ 9 x3 = !   
neutral salt1 into :i* x is conv]t$1 is 
! same 9 quantity1 & 9 e o!r respect1 z 

if ! acid employ$ _h n be5 previ\sly    
saturat$ ) magnesia1 b (f]$ to ! alkali 
9 its pure /ate1 & _h driv5 ! air out ( 
x 9 _! conflict4 ,x seems !re=e evid5t1 
t ! air 0 =c$ f ! alkali by ! acid1 &   
lodg$ itself 9 ! magnesia4  ,^!         
consid]ations l$ me to try a few        
exp]im5ts1 :]eby ,i might "k :at        
quantity ( air is expell$ f an alkali1  
or f magnesia1 by acids4  ,two drams ( a
 pure fix$ alkal9e salt1 & an ounce (   
wat]1 7 put into a ,flor5t9e flask1 :i*1
 toge!r ) its cont5ts1 weigh$ two ounces
 & two drams4 ,"s oil ( vitriol dilut$ )
 wat] 0 dropt 91 until ! salt 0 exactly 
saturat$2 :i* x 0 f\nd to be1 :5 two    
drams1 two scruples1 & ?ree gra9s ( ?is 
acid _h be5 add$4 ,! vial ) its cont5ts 
n[ weigh$ two ounces1 f\r drams1 &      
fifte5 gra9s4 ,"o scruple1 !re=e1 &     
eight gra9s 7 lo/ dur+ ! ebullition1 (  
:i* a trifl+ portion may be wat]1 or    
some?+ ( ! same k9d4 ,! re/ is air4  ,! 
celebrat$ ,homb]g has attempt$ to       
e/imate ! quantity ( solid salt conta9$ 

9 a det]m9$ portion ( ! sev]al acids4   
,he saturat$ equal quantities ( an      
alkali ) ea* ( !m2 &1 obs]v+ ! weight   
:i* ! alkali _h ga9$1 aft] be+ p]fectly 
dry$1 took ?is = ! quantity ( solid salt
 conta9$ 9 t %>e ( ! acid :i* p]=m$ !   
saturation4 ,b we le>n f ! above        
exp]im5t1 t 8 e/imate 0 n accurate1     
because ! alkali loses weight z well z  
ga9s x4  ,two drams ( magnesia1 treat$  
exactly z ! alkali 9 ! la/ exp]im5t1 7 j
 dissolv$ by f\r drams1 "o scruple1 &   
sev5 gra9s ( ! same acid liquor1 & lo/  
"o scruple & sixte5 gra9s by !          
ebullition4  ,two drams ( magnesia 7    
r$uc$1 by ! action ( a viol5t fire1 to  
two scruples & twelve gra9s1 ) :i* !    
same process 0 repeat$1 z 9 ! two la/   
exp]im5ts2 f\r drams1 "o scruple1 & two 
gra9s ( ! same acid 7 requir$ to        
compleat ! solution1 & no weight 0 lo/ 9
 ! exp]im5t4  ,z 9 ! sep>ation ( !      
volatile f ! fix$ p>ts ( bodies1 by     
means ( heat1 a small quantity ( ! latt]
 is g5]ally rais$ ) ! =m]2 s ! air &    

wat]1 orig9ally conta9$ 9 ! magnesia1 & 
aft]w>ds dissipat$ by ! fire1 seem to h 
c>ri$ (f a small "p ( ! fix$ e>? ( ?is  
sub/ance4 ,?is is probably ! reason1 :y 
calc9$ magnesia is saturat$ ) a quantity
 ( acid1 some:at less ?an :at is requir$
 to dissolve x be=e calc9ation3 & ! same
 may be assign$ z "o cause :i* h9d]s u f
 re/or+ ! :ole ( its orig9al weight1 by 
solution & precipitation4  ,i took c>e  
to dilute ! vitriolic acid1 9 ord] to   
avoid ! heat & ebullition :i* x w\ld    
o!rwise h excit$ 9 ! wat]2 & ,i *ose a  
,flor5t9e flask1 on acc\nt ( its        
lightness1 capacity1 & %ape1 :i* is     
peculi>ly adapt$ to ! exp]im5t2 = !     
vap\rs rais$ by ! ebullition circulat$ =
 a %ort "t1 ?ro' ! wide cavity ( ! vial1
 b 7 soon collect$ ^u its sides1 l dew1 
& none ( !m seem$ to rea* ! neck1 :i*   
cont9u$ p]fectly dry to ! end ( !       
exp]im5t4  ,we n[ p]ceive ! reason1 :y  
crude & calc9$ magnesia1 :i* diff] 9 _m 
respects f "o ano!r1 agree h[ev] 9      
compos+ ! same k9d ( salt1 :5 dissolv$ 9

 any p>ticul> acid2 = ! crude magnesia  
seems to diff] f ! calc9$ *iefly by     
conta9+ a consid]able quantity ( air1   
:i* air is unavoidably dissipat$ & lo/  
dur+ ! dissolution4  ,f our exp]im5ts1 x
 seems probable1 t ! increase ( weight  
:i* "s metals acquire1 by be+ fir/      
dissolv$ 9 acids1 & !n sep>at$ f !m aga9
 by alkalis1 proce$s f air furni%$ by ! 
alkalis4 ,& t 9 ! aurum fulm9ans1 :i* is
 prep>$ by ! same means1 ?is air adh]es 
to ! gold 9 su* a peculi> mann]1 t1 9 a 
mod]ate degree ( heat1 ! :ole ( x       
recov]s its ela/icity 9 ! same in/ant ( 
"t2 & ?us1 by ! viol5t %ock :i* x gives 
to ! air ar\nd1 produces ! l\d crack or 
fulm9ation ( ?is p[d]4 ,^? :o w imag9e !
 explosion ( su* a m9ute portion ( fix$ 
air1 z c reside 9 ! aurum fulm9ans1 to  
be insuffici5t = ! excessive l\dness ( !
 noise1 w consid]1 t x is n a l>ge      
quantity ( motion communicat$ to ! air1 
b r a sm>t /roke :i* produces s\nd1 & t 
! explosion ( b a few p>ticles ( fix$   
air may be capable ( caus+ a l\d noise1 

provid$ !y all recov] _! spr+ sudd5ly1 &
 9 ! same in/ant4  ,! above exp]im5ts   
lead u also to conclude1 t volatile     
alkalis1 & ! common absorb5t e>?s1 :i*  
lose _! air by be+ jo9$ to acids1 b %ew 
evid5t signs ( _! hav+ recov]$ x1 :5    
sep>at$ f !m by alkalis1 receiv$ x f ^! 
alkalis :i* lo/ x 9 ! in/ant ( _! jo9+ )
 ! acid4  ,! foll[+ are a few exp]im5ts 
^u ?ree ( ! absorb5t e>?s1 made 9 ord]  
to comp>e !m ) "o ano!r1 & ) magnesia4  
,suspect+ t magnesia might possibly be  
no o!r ?an a common calc>i\s e>?1 :i* _h
 *ang$ its nature1 by hav+ be5 previ\sly
 comb9$ ) an acid1 ,i saturat$ a small  
quantity ( *alk ) ! muriatic acid1      
sep>at$ ! acid f x aga9 by means ( a    
fix$ alkali1 & c>efully wa%$ away ! :ole
 ( ! salt4  ,! *alk :5 dry$ 0 n f\nd to 
h suff]$ any alt]ation2 = x eff]vesc$ ) 
! vitriolic acid1 b did n dissolve 9 x2 
& :5 expos$ to a viol5t fire1 0 conv]t$ 
into a quick-lime1 9 all respects simil>
 to t obta9$ f common *alk4  ,9 ano!r   
exp]im5t ( ! same k9d1 ,i us$ !         

vitriolic acid ) ! same ev5t4  ,any     
calc>i\s matt] r$uc$ to a f9e p[d]1 &   
?r[n into a w>m solution ( alum1        
imm$iately raises a brisk eff]vesc5ce4  
,b ! p[d] is n dissolv$2 x is r increas$
 9 bulk3 & if ! addition be repeat$     
until x is no long] accompani$ )        
eff]vesc5ce1 ! liquor loses all ta/e ( !
 alum1 & yields only a v light cl\d ^u !
 admixture ( an alkali4  ,f ?is exp]im5t
 we le>n1 t acids attract ! calc>i\s    
e>?s m /rongly ?an !y d ! e>? ( alum2 & 
z ! acid 9 ?is salt is exactly ! same ) 
! vitriolic1 x composes ) ! calc>i\s e>?
 a neutral sub/ance1 :i* is v           
difficultly soluble 9 wat]1 & !re=e     
falls d[n to ! bottom ( ! vessel along )
 ! e>? ( alum :i* is depriv$ ( its acid4
 ,! light cl\d =m$ by ! alkali proce$s f
 ! m9ute portion ( ! calc>i\s comp\nd   
:i* saturates ! wat]4  ,! e>? ( animal  
bones1 :5 r$uc$ to a f9e p[d] & ?r[n    
into a dilut$ vitriolic acid1 gradually 
absorbs ! acid 9 ! same mann] z !       
calc>i\s e>?s1 b )\t any rem>kable      

eff]vesc5ce4 ,:5 x is add$ to ! nitr\s  
or to ! muriatic acid1 x is sl[ly       
dissolv$4 ,! comp\nd liquor !nce produc$
 is extremely acrid1 & /ill *anges !    
col\r ( ! juice ( violets to a r$1 ev5  
aft] x is fully saturat$ ) ! absorb5t4  
,di/ill$ v9eg> has little or no effect  
^u ?is e>?2 = aft] a long dige/ion x    
/ill reta9s its s\r ta/e1 & gives only a
 light cl\d ^u ! addition ( an alkali4  
,by dropp+ a dissolv$ fix$ alkali into a
 w>m solution ( alum1 ,i obta9$ ! e>? ( 
?is salt1 :i*1 aft] be+ well wa%$ &     
dri$1 0 f\nd to h ! foll[+ prop]ties4   
,x is dissolv$ 9 e acid b v sl[ly1      
unless assi/$ by heat4 ,! sev]al        
solutions1 :5 ?or\ghly saturat$1 are all
 a/r+5t ) a slight degree ( an acid     
ta/e1 & !y also agree ) a solution (    
alum 9 ?is1 t !y give a r$ col\r to !   
infusion ( turnsol4  ,nei!r ?is e>?1 nor
 t ( animal bones1 c be conv]t$ into    
quick-lime by ! /ronge/ fire1 nor d !y  
suff] any *ange wor? notice4 ,bo? ( !m  
seem to attract acids b weakly1 & to    

alt] _! prop]ties less :5 unit$ to !m   
?an ! o!r absorb5ts4     ,,"p ,,ii4   ,9
 reflect+ aft]w>ds ^u ^! exp]im5ts1 an  
explication ( ! nature ( lime (f]$      
itself1 :i* seem$ to acc\nt1 9 an easy  
mann]1 = mo/ ( ! prop]ties ( t sub/ance4
  ,x is suffici5tly cle>1 t ! calc>i\s  
e>?s 9 _! native /ate1 & t ! alkalis &  
magnesia 9 _! ord9>y condition1 conta9 a
 l>ge quantity ( fix$ air1 & ?is air    
c]ta9ly adh]es to !m ) consid]able =ce1 
s9ce a /rong fire is necess>y to sep>ate
 x f magnesia1 & ! /ronge/ is n         
suffici5t to expel x entirely f fix$    
alkalis1 or take away _! p[] ( eff]vesc+
 ) acid salts4  ,^! consid]ations l$ me 
to conclude1 t ! relations betwe5 fix$  
air & alkal9e sub/ances 0 some:at simil>
 to ! relation betwe5 ^! & acids2 t z ! 
calc>i\s e>?s & alkalis attract acids   
/rongly & c be saturat$ ) !m1 s !y also 
attract fix$ air1 & are 9 _! ord9>y /ate
 saturat$ ) x3 & :5 we mix an acid ) an 
alkali or ) an absorb5t e>?1 t ! air is 
!n set at lib]ty1 & breaks out )        

viol5ce2 because ! alkal9e body attracts
 x m weakly ?an x does ! acid1 & because
 ! acid & air _c bo? be jo9$ to ! same  
body at ! same "t4  ,i also imag9$1 t1  
:5 ! calc>i\s e>?s are expos$ to !      
action ( a viol5t fire1 & are !reby     
conv]t$ into quick-lime1 !y suff] no o!r
 *ange 9 _! composition ?an ! loss ( a  
small quantity ( wat] & ( _! fix$ air4  
,! rem>kable acrimony :i* we p]ceive 9  
!m aft] ?is process1 0 n suppos$ to     
proce$ f any additional matt] receiv$ 9 
! fire1 b seem$ to be an ess5tial       
prop]ty ( ! pure e>?1 dep5d+ on an      
attraction = ^? sev]al sub/ances :i* x  
!n became capable ( corrod+ or dissolv+1
 :i* attraction _h be5 ins5sible z long 
z ! air adh]$ to ! e>?1 b discov]$      
itself ^u ! sep>ation4  ,?is supposition
 0 f\nd$ ^u an obs]vation ( ! mo/       
frequ5t consequ5ces ( comb9+ bodies 9   
*emi/ry4 ,commonly :5 we jo9 two bodies 
toge!r1 _! acrimony or attraction = o!r 
sub/ances becomes imm$iately ei!r less  
p]ceivable or entirely ins5sible2 al?o' 

x 0 suffici5tly /rong & rem>kable be=e  
_! union1 & may be r5d]$ evid5t aga9 by 
disjo9+ !m4 ,a neutral salt1 :i* is     
compos$ ( an acid & alkali1 does n      
possess ! acrimony ( ei!r ( its         
con/itu5t p>ts4 ,x c easily be sep>at$ f
 wat]1 has little or no effect ^u       
metals1 is incapable ( be+ jo9$ to      
inflammable bodies1 & ( corrod+ &       
dissolv+ animals & vegetables2 s t !    
attraction bo? ( ! acid & alkali = ^!   
sev]al sub/ances seems to be susp5d$    
till !y are aga9 sep>at$ f "o ano!r4    
,crude lime 0 !re=e consid]$ z a peculi>
 acrid e>? r5d]$ mild by its union )    
fix$ air3 & quick-lime z ! same e>?1 9  
:i*1 by hav+ sep>at$ ! air1 we discov] t
 acrimony or attraction = wat]1 =       
animal1 vegetable1 & = inflammable      
sub/ances4  ,t ! calc>i\s e>?s really   
lose a l>ge quantity ( air :5 !y are    
burnt to quick-lime1 seems suffici5tly  
prov$ by an exp]im5t ( ,mr4 ,m>graaf1#f 
an exce$+ly accurate & judici\s ,*emi/4 
,he subject$ eight ounces ( o/eocolla to

 di/illation 9 an e>!n retort1 f9i%+ 8  
process ) ! mo/ viol5t fire ( a         
rev]b]atory1 & caught 9 ! receiv] only  
two drams ( wat]1 :i* by its smell &    
prop]ties %ew$ itself to be slightly    
alkal9e4 ,he does n tell u ! weight ( ! 
o/eocolla rema9+ 9 ! retort1 & only     
says1 t x 0 conv]t$ into quick-lime2 b z
 no calc>i\s e>? c be conv]t$ into      
quick-lime1 or be> ! heat :i* he appli$ 
)\t los+ above a ?ird ( its weight1 we  
may safely conclude1 t ! loss 9 8       
exp]im5t 0 proportional1 & proce$$      
*iefly f ! dissipation ( fix$ air4      
,accord+ to our !ory1 ! relation ( !    
calc>i\s e>? to air & wat] appe>$ to    
agree ) ! relation ( ! same e>? to !    
vitriolic & vegetable acids4 ,z *alk =  
in/ance has a /rong] attraction = !     
vitriolic ?an = ! vegetable acid1 & is  
dissolv$ ) m difficulty :5 comb9$ ) !   
fir/1 ?an :5 jo9$ to ! second3 s x also 
attracts air m /rongly ?an wat]1 & is   
dissolv$ ) m difficulty :5 saturat$ )   
air ?an :5 comp\nd$ ) wat] only4  ,a    

calc>i\s e>? depriv$ ( its air1 or 9 !  
/ate ( quick-lime1 gre$ily absorbs a    
consid]able quantity ( wat]1 becomes    
soluble 9 t fluid1 & is !n said to be   
slak$2 b z soon z x meets ) fix$ air1 x 
is suppos$ to quit ! wat] & jo9 itself  
to ! air1 = :i* x has a sup]ior         
attraction1 & is !re=e re/or$ to its    
fir/ /ate ( mildness & insolubility 9   
wat]4  ,:5 slak$ lime is mix$ ) wat]1 ! 
fix$ air 9 ! wat] is attract$ by ! lime1
 & saturates a small portion ( x1 :i* !n
 becomes aga9 incapable ( dissolution1 b
 "p ( ! rema9+ slak$ lime is dissolv$ & 
composes lime-wat]4  ,if ?is fluid be   
expos$ to ! op5 air1 ! p>ticles (       
quick-lime :i* are ne>e/ ! surface      
gradually attract ! p>ticles ( fix$ air 
:i* float 9 ! atmosph]e4 ,b at ! same "t
 t a p>ticle ( lime is ?us saturat$ )   
air1 x is also re/or$ to its native /ate
 ( mildness & insolubility2 & z ! :ole (
 ?is *ange mu/ happ5 at ! surface1 !    
:ole ( ! lime is successively collect$  
!re "u its orig9al =m ( an insipid      

calc>i\s e>?1 call$ ! cream or cru/s (  
lime-wat]4  ,:5 quick-lime itself is    
expos$ to ! op5 air1 x absorbs !        
p>ticles ( wat] & ( fix$ air :i* come )9
 its sph]e ( attraction1 z x meets ) !  
fir/ ( ^! 9 greate/ pl5ty1 ! greate/ "p 
( x assumes ! =m ( slak$ lime2 ! re/ is 
re/or$ to its orig9al /ate2 & if x be   
expos$ = a suffici5t l5g? ( "t1 ! :ole (
 x is gradually saturat$ ) air1 to :i* !
 wat] z gradually yields its place4  ,we
 h already %[n by exp]im5t1 t magnesia  
alba is a comp\nd ( a peculi> e>? & fix$
 air4 ,:5 ?is sub/ance is mix$ )        
lime-wat]1 ! lime %ews a /rong]         
attraction = fix$ air ?an t ( ! e>? (   
magnesia2 ! air leaves ?is p[d] to jo9  
itself to ! lime4 ,& z nei!r ! lime :5  
saturat$ ) air1 nor ! magnesia :5       
depriv$ ( x1 are soluble 9 wat]1 !      
lime-wat] becomes p]fectly pure &       
insipid1 ! lime :i* x conta9$ be+ mix$ )
 ! magnesia4 ,b if ! magnesia be depriv$
 ( air by calc9ation be=e x is mix$ ) ! 
lime-wat]1 ?is fluid suff]s no          

alt]ation4  ,if quick-lime be mix$ ) a  
dissolv$ alkali1 x likeways %ews an     
attraction = fix$ air sup]ior to t ( !  
alkali4 ,x robs ?is salt ( its air1 &   
!reby becomes mild itself1 :ile ! alkali
 is consequ5tly r5d]$ m corrosive1 or   
discov]s its natural degree ( acrimony  
or /rong attraction = wat]1 & = bodies (
 ! inflammable1 & ( ! animal & vegetable
 k9d2 :i* attraction 0 less p]ceivable z
 long z x 0 saturat$ ) air4 ,& !        
volatile alkali :5 depriv$ ( its air1   
besides ?is attraction = v>i\s bodies1  
discov]s likeways its natural degree (  
volatility1 :i* 0 =m]ly some:at repress$
 by ! air adh]+ to x1 9 ! same mann] z x
 is repress$ by ! addition ( an acid4   
,?is acc\nt ( lime & alkalis recomm5d$  
itself by its simplicity1 & by af=d+ an 
easy solution ( _m phnom5a1 b appe>$ ^u 
a ne>] view to be att5d$ ) consequ5ces t
 7 s v new & extraord9>y1 z to r5d]     
suspici\s ! pr9ciples f :i* !y 7 drawn4 
,i resolv$ h[ev] to exam9e1 9 a p>ticul>
 mann]1 su* ( ^! consequ5ces z 7 ! mo/  

unavoidable1 & f\nd ! greate/ numb] ( !m
 might be r$uc$ to ! foll[+             
propositions3       ,i4 ,if we only     
sep>ate a quantity ( air f lime &       
alkalis1      :5 we r5d] !m cau/ic !y w 
be f\nd to lose "p (      _! weight 9 ! 
op]ation1 b w saturate ! same quantity  
( acid z be=e1 & ! saturation w be p]=m$
 )\t      eff]vesc5ce4       ,,ii4 ,if  
quick-lime be no o!r ?an a calc>i\s e>? 
depriv$ (      its air1 & ^: attraction 
= fix$ air is /rong] ?an t      (       
alkalis1 x foll[s1 t1 by add+ to x a    
suffici5t quantity      ( alkali        
saturat$ ) air1 ! lime w recov] ! :ole (
      its air1 & be entirely re/or$ to  
its orig9al weight &      condition3 & x
 also foll[s1 t ! e>? sep>at$ f         
lime-wat] by an alkali1 is ! lime :i* 0 
dissolv$ 9 !      wat] n[ re/or$ to its 
orig9al mild & insoluble /ate4          
,,iii4 ,if x be suppos$ t slak$ lime    
does n conta9 any p>ts      :i* are m   
firey1 active or subtile ?an o!rs1 & by 
:i*      *iefly x communicates its      

virtues to wat]2 b t x is an      uni=m 
comp\nd ( lime & wat]3 x foll[s1 t1 z "p
 ( x      c be dissolv$ 9 wat]1 ! :ole (
 x is also capable ( be+      dissolv$4 
,,iv4 ,if ! acrimony ( ! cau/ic alkali  
does n dep5d on any      "p ( ! lime    
adh]+ to x1 a cau/ic or soap-ley w      
consequ5tly be f\nd to conta9 no lime1  
unless ! quantity (      lime employ$ 9 
mak+ x 7 great] ?an :at is j            
suffici5t to extract ! :ole air ( !     
alkali2 = !n z mu*      ( ! sup]flu\s   
quick-lime might possibly be dissolv$ by
 !      ley z w\ld be dissolv$ by pure  
wat]1 or ! ley w\ld conta9      z mu*   
lime z lime-wat] does4       ,v4 ,we h  
%ewn 9 ! =m] exp]im5ts1 t absorb5t e>?s 
lose _! air :5 !y are jo9$ to an acid2 b
 recov] x1 if      sep>at$ aga9 f t     
acid1 by means ( an ord9>y alkali3 !    
air pass+ f ! alkali to ! e>?1 at ! same
 "t t !      acid passes f ! e>? to !   
alkali4  ,if ! cau/ic alkali !re=e be   
de/itute ( air1 x w sep>ate magnesia f  
an acid "u ! =m ( a magnesia free ( air1

 or :i* w n eff]vesce ) acids2 & ! same 
cau/ic alkali w also sep>ate a calc>i\s 
e>? f acids "u ! =m ( a calc>i\s e>?    
de/itute ( air1 b saturat$ ) wat]1 or "u
 ! =m ( slak$ lime4  ,^! 7 all necess>y 
conclusions f ! above suppositions4 ,_m 
( !m appe>$ too improbable to des]ve any
 fur!r att5tion3 "s h[ev]1 ,i f\nd ^u   
reflection1 7 already second$ by        
exp]i5ce4 ,?us ,h(fman has obs]v$1 t    
quick-lime does n eff]vesce ) _s (      
vitriol2#g & x is well kn[n t ! cau/ic  
_s ( ur9e1 or ( salt ammoniac1 does n   
emit air1 :5 mix$ ) acids4 ,?is         
consid]ation excit$ my curiosity1 &     
det]m9$ me to inquire into ! tru? ( !m  
all by way ( exp]im5t4 ,i !re=e engag$  
myself 9 a set ( trials2 ! hi/ory ( :i* 
is "h subjo9$4 ,"s new facts are        
likeways occasionally m5tion$2 & "h x w 
be prop] to in=m ! read]1 t ,i h nev]   
m5tion$ any )\t satisfy+ myself ( _!    
tru? by exp]im5t1 ?o' ,i h sometimes    
tak5 ! lib]ty to neglect describ+ !     
exp]im5ts :5 !y seem$ suffici5tly       

obvi\s4  ,desir+ to "k h[ mu* ( an acid 
a calc>i\s e>? w absorb1 & :at quantity 
( air is expell$ dur+ ! dissolution1 ,i 
saturat$ two drams ( *alk ) dilut$ _s ( 
salt1 & us$ ! ,flor5t9e flask1 z relat$ 
9 a simil> exp]im5t ^u magnesia4 ,sev5  
drams & "o gra9 ( ! acid f9i%$ !        
dissolution1 & ! *alk lo/ two scruples &
 eight gra9s ( air4  ,?is exp]im5t 0    
necess>y be=e ! foll[+1 by :i* ,i       
propos$ to inquire into ! tru? ( ! fir/ 
proposition s f> z x relates to         
quick-lime4  ,two drams ( *alk 7 conv]t$
 into a p]fect quick-lime1 & lo/ two    
scruples & twelve gra9s 9 ! fire4 ,?is  
quick-lime 0 slak$ or r$uc$ to a milky  
liquor ) an ounce ( wat]1 & !n dissolv$ 
9 ! same mann]1 & ) ! same acid1 z ! two
 drams ( *alk 9 ! prec$+ exp]im5t4 ,six 
drams1 two scruples & f\rte5 gra9s ( !  
acid f9i%$ ! saturation )\t any s5sible 
eff]vesc5ce or loss ( weight4  ,x !re=e 
appe>s f ^! exp]im5ts1 t no air is      
sep>at$ f quick-lime by an acid1 & t    
*alk saturates ne>ly ! same quantity (  

acid aft] x is conv]t$ into quick-lime z
 be=e4  ,) respect to ! second          
proposition1 ,i tri$ ! foll[+ exp]im5ts4
  ,a piece ( p]fect quick-lime made f   
two drams ( *alk1 & :i* weigh$ "o dram &
 eight gra9s1 0 r$uc$ to a v f9e p[d]1 &
 ?r[n into a filtrat$ mixture ( an ounce
 ( a fix$ alkal9e salt & two ounces (   
wat]4 ,aft] a slight dige/ion1 ! p[d]   
be+ well wa%$ & dri$1 weigh$ "o dram &  
fifty eight gra9s4 ,x 0 simil> 9 e trial
 to a f9e p[d] ( ord9>y *alk1 & 0 !re=e 
saturat$ ) air :i* mu/ h be5 furni%$ by 
! alkali4  ,a dram ( pure salt ( t>t> 0 
dissolv$ 9 f\rte5 p\nds ( lime-wat]1 & !
 p[d] !reby precipitat$1 be+ c>efully   
collect$ & dri$1 weigh$ "o & fifty      
gra9s4 ,:5 expos$ to a viol5t fire1 x 0 
conv]t$ into a true quick-lime1 & _h e  
o!r quality ( a calc>i\s e>?4  ,?is     
exp]im5t 0 repeat$ ) ! volatile alkali1 
& also ) ! fossil or alkali ( sea-salt1 
& exactly ) ! same ev5t4  ,! ?ird       
proposition _h less appe>ance (         
probability ?an ! =ego+2 b1 z an        

accurate exp]im5t 0 ! only te/ ( its    
tru?1 ,i r$uc$ eight gra9s ( p]fect     
quick-lime made ( *alk1 to an exce$+ly  
subtile p[d]1 by slak+ x 9 two drams (  
di/ill$ wat] boil+ hot1 & imm$iately    
?rew ! mixture into eighte5 ounces (    
di/ill$ wat] 9 a flask4 ,aft] %ak+ x1 a 
light s$im5t1 :i* float$ ?ro' ! liquor1 
0 all[$ to subside & ?is1 :5 collect$ ) 
! greate/ c>e1 & dry$1 weigh$1 z ne>ly z
 ,i c\ld guess1 "o ?ird ( a gra94 ,!    
wat] ta/$ /rongly ( ! lime1 _h all !    
qualities ( lime-wat]1 & yield$ twelve  
gra9s ( precipitate1 ^u ! addition (    
salt ( t>t>4 ,9 repeat+ ?is exp]im5t1 ! 
quantity ( s$im5t 0 sometimes less ?an !
 above1 & sometimes am\nt$ to half a    
gra94 ,x consi/$ p>tly ( an e>? :i*     
eff]vesc$ viol5tly ) aqua =tis1 & p>tly 
( an o*ry p[d]1 :i* w\ld n dissolve 9 t 
acid4 ,! o*ry p[d]1 z x usually appe>s 9
 *alk to ! eye1 9 ! =m ( ve9s runn+ ?ro'
 its sub/ance1 mu/ be consid]$ only z an
 accid5tal or =eign admixture2 &1 )     
respect to ! m9ute portion ( alkal9e e>?

 :i* compos$ ! rema9d] ( ! s$im5t1 x _c 
be suppos$ to h be5 orig9ally diff]5t f 
! re/1 & incapable1 f its nature1 ( be+ 
conv]t$ into quick-lime1 or ( be+       
dissolv$ 9 wat]2 x seems r to h consi/$ 
( a small "p ( ! *alk 9 its mild /ate1  
or saturat$ ) air1 :i* _h ei!r rema9$1 =
 want ( a suffici5t fire to drive x out 
entirely1 or _h be5 furni%$ by ! di/ill$
 wat]4  ,i inde$ expect$ to see a mu*   
l>g] quantity ( s$im5t produc$ f ! lime1
 on acc\nt ( ! air :i* wat] con/antly   
conta9s1 & ) a view to "k :e!r wat]     
reta9s its air :5 fully saturat$ ) lime1
 a lime-wat] 0 made z /rong z possible2 
f\r ounces ( :i* 7 plac$ "u ! receiv] ( 
an air-pump1 toge!r ) f\r ounces (      
common wat] 9 a vial ( ! same size2 &1  
^u exhau/+ ! receiv]1 )\t heat+ ! vials1
 ! air arose f ea* 9 ne>ly ! same       
quantity3 f :5ce x is evid5t1 t ! air1  
:i* quick-lime attracts1 is ( a diff]5t 
k9d f t :i* is mix$ ) wat]4 ,& t x is   
also diff]5t f common ela/ic air1 is    
suffici5tly prov$ by daily exp]i5ce2 =  

lime-wat]1 :i* soon attracts air1 & =ms 
a cru/ :5 expos$ 9 op5 & %all[ vessels1 
may be pres]v$1 = any "t1 9 bottles :i* 
are b slightly cork$1 or clos$ 9 su* a  
mann] z w\ld all[ free access to ela/ic 
air1 7 a vacuum =m$ 9 ! bottle4         
,quick-lime !re=e does n attract air :5 
9 its mo/ ord9>y =m1 b is capable ( be+ 
jo9$ to "o p>ticul> species only1 :i* is
 disp]s$ ?ro' ! atmosph]e1 ei!r 9 ! %ape
 ( an exce$+ly subtile p[d]1 or m       
probably 9 t ( an ela/ic fluid4 ,to ?is 
,i h giv5 ! "n ( fix$ air1 & p]haps v   
improp]ly2 b ,i ?\ght x bett] to use a  
^w already famili> 9 philosophy1 ?an to 
inv5t a new "n1 be=e we be m fully      
acqua9t$ ) ! nature & prop]ties ( ?is   
sub/ance1 :i* w probably be ! subject ( 
my fur!r inquiry4  ,x is1 p]haps1       
ne$less to m5tion "h1 t ! calc>i\s      
sub/ances us$ 9 mak+ ! above exp]im5ts  
%\ld be ( ! pure/ k9d1 & burnt ) ! utmo/
 viol5ce ( heat1 if we w\ld be sure (   
conv]t+ !m into p]fect quick-lime4 ,i   
!re=e made use ( *alk burnt 9 a small   

cov]$ crucible ) ! fi]ce/ fire ( a      
,black-smi?'s =ge1 = half an h\r1 & f\nd
 x necess>y to employ1 = ?is purpose1 a 
crucible ( ! ,au/rian k9d1 :i* resemble 
black lead2 = if any calc>i\s sub/ance  
be heat$ to su* a degree 9 an ord9>y or 
,hessian crucible1 ! :ole ( x is melt$  
d[n1 toge!r ) "p ( ! vessel1 into glass4
  ,i n[ prep>$ to inquire into !        
prop]ties ( ! cau/ic alkali2 9 ord] to  
:i*1 ,i made a cau/ic or soap ley 9 !   
foll[+ mann]4  ,tw5ty six ounces ( v    
/rong quick-lime made ( *alk1 7 slak$ or
 r$uc$ to a sort ( fluid pa/e1 ) elev5  
p\nds ( boil+ wat]1 & !n mix$ 9 a glass 
vessel ) eighte5 ounces ( a pure fix$   
alkal9e salt1 :i* _h be5 fir/ dissolv$ 9
 two p\nds & a half ( wat]4 ,?is mixture
 0 %ak5 frequ5tly = two h\rs1 :5 !      
action ( ! lime ^u ! alkali 0 suppos$ to
 be ov]1 & no?+ rema9$ b to sep>ate !m  
aga9 f "o ano!r4 ,i !re=e add$ #ab p\nds
 ( wat]1 /irr$ up ! lime1 &1 aft] all[+ 
x to settle aga91 p\r$ (f z mu* ( ! cle>
 ley z possible4  ,! lime & alkali 7    

mix$ toge!r "u ! =m ( a v ?ick milky    
liquor or fluid pa/e2 because !y are ?us
 kept 9 p]petual contact & equal mixture
 until !y h act$ suffici5tly ^u "o      
ano!r3 :]eas 9 ! common way ( us+ a l>g]
 quantity ( wat]1 ! lime lies = ! mo/ "p
 at bottom1 &1 ?o' /irr$ up ev] s (t51  
_c ex]t its influ5ce s fully ^u !       
alkali1 :i* is uni=mly diffus$ ?ro' e "p
 ( ! liquor4  ,! above ley 0 f\nd ^u    
trial to be saturat$ by acids )\t ! lea/
 eff]vesc5ce or dim9ution ( weight4  ,x 
0 n[ prop] to exam9e :e!r ! alkali      
suff]$ any loss 9 becom+ cau/ic1 :i* ,i 
propos$ to attempt by asc]ta9+ ! /r5g? (
 ! ley1 or ! quantity ( salt :i* a giv5 
portion ( x conta9$2 f :i* by           
computation "s imp]fect k might be      
obta9$ ( ! quantity ( cau/ic produc$ f !
 eighte5 ounces ( mild salt4  ,i !re=e  
evaporat$ "s ( my ley1 b soon p]ceiv$ t 
no c]ta9 judgm5t c\ld be =m$ ( its /r5g?
 9 ?is way1 because x always absorb$ a  
consid]able quantity ( air dur+ !       
evaporation1 & ! dri$ salt made a pretty

 brisk eff]vesc5ce ) acids1 s t ! ley   
appe>$ /rong] ?an x really 02 & yet1 ^u 
proce$+ 9 ! e/imate f ?is rude & unfair 
trial1 x appe>$ t ! salt _h lo/ above a 
six? 9 becom+ cau/ic1 & ! quantity (    
acid saturat$ by two drams ( x 0 to !   
quantity ( acid saturat$ by two drams ( 
salt ( t>t>1 ne>ly z six to five4  ,^!  
exp]im5ts are !re=e agreeable to t "p ( 
! second proposition :i* relates to !   
cau/ic alkali4  ,^u f>!r exam9+ :at     
*anges ! alkali _h und]gone1 ,i f\nd t !
 ley gave only an exce$+ fa9t milky hue 
to lime-wat]2 because ! cau/ic alkali   
wants t air by :i* salt ( t>t>          
precipitates ! lime4 ,:5 a few ounces ( 
x 7 expos$ 9 an op5 %all[ vessel = f\r &
 tw5ty h\rs1 x imbib$ a small quantity (
 air1 & made a slight eff]vesc5ce )     
acids4 ,aft] a =tnight's exposure 9 !   
same mann]1 x became entirely mild1     
eff]vesc$ z viol5tly ) acids1 & _h !    
same effect ^u lime-wat] z a solution ( 
an ord9>y alkali4 ,x likeways agrees )  
lime-wat] 9 ?is respect1 t x may be kept

 9 close vessels1 or ev5 9 bottles :i*  
are b slightly cov]$1 = a consid]able   
"t1 )\t absorb+ a s5sible quantity (    
air4  ,9 ord] to "k h[ mu* lime x       
conta9$1 ,i evaporat$ t5 ounces 9 a     
small silv] di% ov] a lamp1 & melt$ !   
salt1 aft] hav+ dissipat$ ! wat]4#h  ,! 
cau/ic ?us produc$ 0 dissolv$ aga9 9 a  
small quantity ( wat]1 & deposit$ a     
trifl+ portion ( s$im5t1 :i* ,i imag9$  
at fir/ to be lime2 b f9d+ t x c\ld     
easily be dissolv$ 9 a little m wat]1   
conclud$ x to be a vitriolat$ t>t>1 :i* 
always accompanies ! fix$ alkali (      
vegetables4  ,i !n saturat$ ! solution (
 ! cau/ic salt ) _s ( vitriol1 expect+  
?us to detect ! lime2 because t acid    
precipitates a calc>i\s e>? f its ord9>y
 solutions4 ,dur+ ! saturation1 a l>ge  
quantity ( :ite p[d] 0 =m$2 b ?is       
likeways turn$ out to be a vitriolat$   
t>t>1 :i* _h appe>$ 9 ! =m ( a p[d]1    
because !re 0 n en\gh ( wat] 9 ! mixture
 to dissolve x4  ,la/ly1 ,i expos$ a few
 ounces ( ! ley 9 an op5 %all[ vessel s 

long1 t ! alkali lo/ ! :ole ( its       
cau/icity1 & seem$ entirely re/or$ to ! 
/ate ( an ord9>y fix$ alkali2 b x did n 
h[ev] deposite a s+le atom ( lime4 ,& to
 assure myself t my cau/ic ley 0 n ( a  
s+ul> k9d1 ,i repeat$ ! same exp]im5ts )
 an ord9>y soap-ley1 & ) "o made by mix+
 "o "p ( a pure fix$ alkal9e salt ) ?ree
 p>ts ( common /one lime fre% slak$ &   
sift$2 nor c\ld ,i discov] any lime 9   
ei!r4 ,! fir/ ( ^! conta9$ a small      
quantity ( brim/one1 & 0 f> f be+       
p]fectly cau/ic1 = x made a pretty brisk
 eff]vesc5ce ) acids2 b ! la/ 0 s       
entirely depriv$ ( its air1 t x did n   
dim9i% 9 ! lea/ ! transp>5cy (          
lime-wat]4  ,^! exp]im5ts seem !re=e to 
support ! f\r? proposition1 & to %ew t !
 cau/ic alkali does n conta9 any lime4  
,z x seems probable1 f ! quickness &    
ease :]e) ! alkali 0 r5d]$ cau/ic1 t m  
lime _h be5 employ$ ?an :at 0 j         
suffici5t to extract ! :ole ( its air1  
we are surpris$ to f9d t little or none 
( ! sup]flu\s quick-lime 0 dissolv$ by !

 wat]4 ,b ?is phnom5on w become less    
surpriz+1 by comp>+ x ) "s simil>       
in/ances 9 *emi/ry4 ,wat] may be made to
 deposite a salt1 by ! admixture ( a    
sub/ance :i* x attracts m /rongly ?an x 
does t salt2 su* z _s ( w9e2 &          
quick-lime itself may be sep>at$ f wat] 
^u ! same pr9ciple2 = if t _s is add$ to
 an equal quantity ( lime-wat]1 !       
mixture becomes turbid & deposites a    
s$im5t1 :i*1 :5 sep>at$ & dissolv$ aga9 
9 di/ill$ wat]1 composes lime-wat]4 ,we 
may !re=e ref] ! above phnom5on1 )      
respect to ! ley1 to ! same cause ) ^!1 
& say1 t ! wat] did n dissolve ! lime1  
because x already conta9$ a cau/ic      
alkali1 = :i* x has a sup]ior           
attraction4  ,i also r5d]$ ! volatile   
alkali cau/ic1 9 ord] to exam9e :at     
*ange x suff]$ 9 ! op]ation1 & obta9$ an
 exce$+ly volatile & acrid _s1 :i* nei!r
 eff]vesc$ ) acids1 nor alt]$ 9 ! lea/ !
 transp>5cy ( lime-wat]2 &1 al?o' v     
/rong1 0 light] ?an wat]1 & float$ ^u x 
l _s ( w9e4  ,i next inquir$ into ! tru?

 ( ! fif? proposition1 9 ! foll[+ mann]4
  ,two drams ( epsom-salt 7 dissolv$ 9 a
 small quantity ( wat]1 & ?r[n into two 
ounces ( ! cau/ic-ley2 ! mixture        
in/antly became ?ick1 l a decoction (   
/>* or b>ley1 by ! magnesia1 :i* 0      
precipitat$4 ,i !n add$ _s ( vitriol by 
degrees1 until ! mixture became p]fectly
 cle>1 or ! :ole ( ! magnesia 0 aga9    
dissolv$2 :i* happ5$ )\t any eff]vesc5ce
 or emission ( air4  ,half an ounce (   
*alk 0 dissolv$ 9 _s ( salt1 ! quantity 
( :i* 0 s adju/$1 t ! mixture 0 n acid 9
 ! lea/ degree2 & ! solution 0 ?r[n into
 twelve ounces ( ! cau/ic ley2 :i*      
quantity ,i f\nd1 by exp]im5t1 to be    
suffici5t = precipitat+ almo/ ! :ole ( !
 *alk4 ,i n[ filtrat$ ?is turbid liquor1
 & laid ! p[d] rema9+ 9 ! pap] ^u a     
*alk-/one1 9 ord] to draw z mu* ( ! wat]
 f x z possible1 & !reby r$uce x to ! =m
 ( a m d5se & heavy p[d]1 t x might     
subside ! m p]fectly 9 ! foll[+ "p ( !  
exp]im5t4 ,i !n mix$ x ) ab\t tw5ty     
ounces ( pure wat] 9 a flask1 &1 aft]   

all[+ ! p[d] to subside1 p\r$ (f ! wat]1
 :i* _h all ! qualities ( lime-wat]4 ,& 
,i successively conv]t$ eight wat]s m   
into lime-wat]1 sev5 ( ^! 9 ! same      
quantity1 & ) ! same managem5t1 z !     
fir/4 ,! eigh? 0 likeways 9 ! same      
quantity2 b ,i all[$ x to rema9 ) !     
*alk1 & %ook x frequ5tly1 = two days4   
,?is1 aft] be+ filtrat$1 =m$ a cream or 
cru/ ^u its surface :5 expos$ to ! air2 
*ang$ ! col\r ( ! juice ( violets into  
gre52 sep>at$ an orange-col\r$ p[d] f a 
solution ( corrosive sublimate2 became  
turbid ^u ! addition ( an alkali2 0     
entirely sweet5$ by magnesia2 & appe>$ s
 /rong to ! ta/e1 t ,i c\ld n h di/+ui%$
 x f ord9>y lime-wat]4 ,& :5 ,i ?rew "s 
salt ammoniac into ! lime :i* rema9$1 ! 
vap\r ( ! volatile alkali imm$iately    
arose f ! mixture4  ,9 ?is exp]im5t     
!re=e ! air is fir/ driv5 out ( ! *alk  
by an acid1 & !n1 9 ord] to sep>ate ?is 
acid f x1 we add an alkali :i* has be5  
previ\sly depriv$ ( its air2 by :i*     
means1 ! *alk itself is also obta9$ free

 ( air1 & 9 an acrid =m1 or 9 ! =m (    
slak$ lime4  ,we h also sev]al processes
 = obta9+ ! volatile alkali 9 a cau/ic  
=m1 :i* seem to be only s _m me?ods (   
obta9+ x 9 its pure /ate1 & free ( fix$ 
air4 ,! fir/ ( ^! is ! sep>ation ( !    
alkali f an acid1 m]ely by heat2 an     
in/ance ( :i* we h f ,mr4 ,m>graaf4#i   
,he prep>$ f ur9e an ammoniacal salt1 ! 
acid ( :i* is ! basis ( ! phosphorus1 & 
is ( su* a peculi> nature1 t x endures a
 r$ heat )\t be+ dissipat$4 ,sixte5     
ounces ( ! neutral salt 7 subject$ by   
him to di/illation4 ,! acid rema9$ 9 !  
retort1 & he f\nd 9 ! receiv] eight     
ounces ( an alkal9e _s1 :i*1 he tells u1
 0 extremely volatile1 v mu* resembl+ ! 
_s ( salt ammoniac di/ill$ ) quick-lime2
 & no cry/als 7 =m$ 9 x1 :5 expos$ to ! 
cold air4  ,a cau/ic volatile alkali may
 also be obta9$1 by mix+ salt ammoniac )
 half its weight ( a cau/ic fix$ alkali1
 or ( magnesia :i* has be5 previ\sly    
depriv$ ( its air by fire2 & !n submitt+
 ^! mixtures to di/illation3 ,or m]ely  

by add+ any ord9>y volatile alkali to a 
prop] quantity ( a cau/ic ley2 = 9 ?is  
case ! air passes f ! volatile to ! fix$
 alkali1 by a sup]ior attraction = !    
la/1 &1 by a g5tle heat1 ! comp\nd      
yields a _s simil> to t prep>$ f salt   
ammoniac & quick-lime4  ,x is !re=e     
probable1 t1 _h we also a me?od (       
sep>at+ ! fix$ alkali f an acid1 )\t1 at
 ! same "t1 saturat+ x ) air1 we %\ld !n
 obta9 x 9 a cau/ic =m2 b ,i am n       
acqua9t$ ) an in/ance ( ?is sep>ation 9 
*emi/ry4 ,!re are two inde$ :i*1 at fir/
 sight1 appe> to be ( ?is k9d2 ^! are ! 
sep>ation ( ! fix$ alkali f ! nitr\s    
acid by means ( inflam$ *>coal1 9 !     
process = mak+ nitrum fixatum1 & ( !    
same alkali1 f vegetable acids m]ely by 
heat2 b1 ^u exam9+ ! product ( ea*      
process1 we f9d ! alkali ei!r fully or  
ne>ly saturat$ ) air4 ,9 ! fir/1 ei!r ! 
*>coal or ! acid1 or bo? toge!r1 are    
almo/ :olly conv]t$ into air2 a "p ( :i*
 is probably jo9$ to ! alkali4 ,9 !     
second1 ! acid is n prop]ly sep>at$1 b r

 de/roy$ by ! fire3 a consid]able       
portion ( x is conv]t$ into an          
inflammable sub/ance & we le>n f ,dr4   
,hales1 t ! bodies ( ?is class conta9 a 
l>ge quantity ( fix$ air4  ,:5 we       
consid] t ! attraction ( alkalis = fix$ 
air is weak] ?an t ( ! calc>i\s e>?s1 & 
reflect ^u ! effects ( heat 9 *emi/ry1  
we are l$ to imag9e1 t alkalis might be 
entirely depriv$ ( _! air1 or r5d]$     
p]fectly cau/ic1 by a fire some:at weak]
 ?an t :i* is suffici5t to produce !    
same *ange ^u lime2 b ?is op9ion does n 
seem agreeable to exp]i5ce4  ,! alkalis 
d1 h[ev]1 acquire "s degree ( cau/icity 
9 a /rong fire1 z appe>s f _! be+ m     
easily unit$ ) _s ( w9e aft] hav+ be5   
kept 9 fusion = "s "t4 ,= t fluid1 :i*  
_c be t9ctur$ by a mild salt ( t>t>1 w  
soon take a v deep col\r f a few drops (
 a /rong cau/ic ley4 ,! circum/ances :i*
 h9d] u f r5d]+ ^! salts p]fectly cau/ic
 by heat1 are _! prop5sity to           
dissipation 9 ! utmo/ viol5ce ( ! fire1 
_! extreme acrimony1 & ! imp]fection (  

our common vessels4 ,= be=e ! heat      
becomes v int5se1 ! alkalis ei!r        
evaporate1 or dissolve a "p ( !         
crucibles 9 :i* !y are conta9$1 & (t5   
escape ?ro' _! pores2 :i* happ5s1       
especially z soon z !y h already acquir$
 "s degree ( additional acrimony1 by !  
loss ( "p ( _! air4  ,! fusion also1 :i*
 !y s readily und]go1 is well kn[n by   
,*emi/s1 z a /rong ob/acle to !         
sep>ation ( ! volatile f ! fix$ p>ts ( a
 comp\nd by fire2 accord+ly1 9 sev]al   
processes1 we are direct$ to add to !   
fusible comp\nd "s por\s sub/ance :i* is
 incapable ( fusion1 & w reta9 ! :ole 9 
a spongy =m1 !reby to facilitate !      
dissipation ( ! volatile p>ts4  ,9 ord] 
to "k :e!r an alkali w\ld lose a "p (   
its air1 & acquire a degree ( cau/icity1
 :5 expos$1 ) ?is precaution1 to !      
action ( a /rong fire1 ,i mix$ an ounce 
& a half ( salt ( t>t> ) ?ree ounces (  
black-lead1 a sub/ance ( any ! mo/      
un*angeable by *emical op]ations4 ,?is  
mixture ,i expos$1 = sev]al h\rs1 9 a   

cov]$ crucible1 to a fire some:at /rong]
 ?an :at is necess>y to keep salt ( t>t>
 9 fusion4 ,:5 all[$ to cool1 ,i f\nd x 
/ill 9 ! =m ( a loose p[d]2 & tak+ out  
"o half1 ,i dilut$ x ) wat]1 & by       
filtration obta9$ a ley1 :i*1 :5 p\r$   
into a solution ( :ite m>ble 9 aqua     
=tis1 precipitat$ ! m>ble "u ! =m ( a   
weak quick-lime3 = ! turbid mixture gave
 a gre5 col\r to ! juice ( violets1 &   
?rew up a cru/ l t ( lime-wat]2 & !     
precipitat$ p[d] collect$ & mix$ ) salt 
ammoniac imm$iately yield$ ! sc5t ( !   
volatile alkali4  ,le/ x %\ld "h be     
suspect$1 t ! alkal9e qualities ( ?is   
mixture1 & ( ! precipitat$ m>ble1 7 n   
ow+ to a lime into :i* ! m>ble 0        
conv]t$1 b to ! alkali itself :i* 0     
add$1 x is prop] to obs]ve1 t ,i mix$ s 
small a proportion ( ! ley ) ! solution 
( m>ble z made me sure1 f c]ta9         
exp]im5ts1 t ! :ole ( ! alkali 0 sp5t 9 
p]=m+ ! precipitation1 & 0 consequ5tly  
conv]t$ into a neutral salt by attract+ 
! acid4 ,! prop]ties !re=e ( ! mixture c

 only be ref]r$ to a lime1 z is inde$   
suffici5tly evid5t f ! cru/ :i* is      
peculi> to lime-wat]4  ,i 0 !re=e assur$
 by ?is exp]im5t1 t an alkali does      
really lose a "p ( its air1 & acquire a 
degree ( cau/icity1 by ! prop]          
application ( heat2 b f9d+ by sev]al    
trials1 t ! degree ( cau/icity :i* x _h 
?us acquir$ 0 b weak1 & t ! quick-lime  
produc$ 9 ?is exp]im5t 0 exhau/$ & r5d]$
 mild by a small quantity ( wat]1 ,i    
expos$ ! crucible toge!r ) t half ( !   
alkali :i* rema9$ 9 x to a /rong] fire1 
9 ord] to expel a l>g] quantity ( air1 &
 r5d] x m rem>kably cau/ic2 b ! :ole ( x
 0 dissipat$ by ! =ce ( ! heat1 & !     
black lead1 :i* /ill reta9$ ! =m ( a    
loose & subtile p[d]1 yield$ little or  
no?+ to wat]4  ,we le>n !n f ! above    
exp]im5t ! reason :y ! alkali newly     
obta9$ f ! a%es ( vegetables is g5]ally 
( ! m acrid k9ds ( t salt4 ,x nev]      
appe>s until ! subject be conv]t$ into  
a%es1 & is suppos$ to be =m$ by ! fire1 
& to be ! result ( a p>ticul> comb9ation

 ( "s ( ! pr9ciples ( ! vegetable2 "o ( 
:i* pr9ciples is air1 :i* is conta9$ 9  
l>ge quantity 9 all vegetable matt]s    
:atev]4 ,b z soon z ! smalle/ "p ( a    
vegetable is conv]t$ into a%es1 & an    
alkali is ?us =m$1 ?is salt necess>ily  
suff]s a calc9ation1 dur+ :i* x is kept 
9 a spongy =m by ! a%es1 & %ews a v     
consid]able degree ( acrimony if        
imm$iately appli$ to ! body ( an animal 
b if ! a%es are = any "t expos$ to !    
air1 or if we sep>ate ! alkali f !m by !
 addition ( a l>ge quantity ( wat] &    
subsequ5t evaporation1 ! salt imbibes   
fix$ air f ! atmosph]e1 & becomes ne>ly 
saturat$ ) x3 ?o' ev5 9 ?is condition x 
is g5]ally m acrid ?an salt ( t>t>1 :5  
?is is prep>$ ) a g5tle heat4  ,borax   
has sometimes be5 ref]r$ to ! class (   
alkalis1 on acc\nt ( "s resemblance x   
be>s to ^? salts3 b x has be5 demon/rat$
 by accurate exp]im5ts1 t we %\ld r     
consid] x z a neutral salt2 t x is      
compos$ ( an alkali & ( a p>ticul> sal9e
 sub/ance call$ ! s$ative salt1 :i*     

adh]es to ! alkali 9 ! same mann] z an  
acid1 b c be sep>at$ by ! addition ( any
 acid :atev]1 ! add$ acid jo9+ itself to
 ! alkali 9 ! place ( ! s$ative salt4 ,z
 ?is conjunction ( an acid ) ! alkali ( 
borax happ5s )\t ! lea/ eff]vesc5ce1 our
 pr9ciples lay u "u a necessity ( all[+ 
t alkali to be p]fectly free ( air1 :i* 
mu/ proce$ f its be+ incapable ( union )
 fix$ air & ) ! s$ative salt at ! same  
"t3 :5ce x foll[s1 t1 7 we to mix !     
s$ative salt ) an alkali saturat$ ) air1
 ! air w\ld imm$iately be expell$1 or ! 
two salts 9 jo9+ w\ld produce an        
eff]vesc5ce4 ,?is ,i f\nd to be really !
 case ^u mak+ ! trial1 by mix+ a small  
quantity ( ! s$ative salt ) an equal    
quantity ( ea* ( ! ?ree alkalis1 rubb+ !
 mixtures well 9 a mort>1 & add+ a      
little wat]4 ,x is h[ev] prop] 9 ?is    
place to obs]ve1 t1 if ! exp]im5ts be   
made 9 a diff]5t mann]1 !y are att5d$ ) 
a s+ul> circum/ance4 ,if a small        
quantity ( ! s$ative salt be ?r[n into a
 l>ge proportion ( a dissolv$ fix$      

alkali1 ! s$ative salt gradually        
disappe>s1 & is unit$ to ! alkali )\t   
any eff]vesc5ce2 b if ! addition be     
repeat$ sev]al times1 x w at la/ be     
accompani$ ) a brisk eff]vesc5ce1 :i* w 
become m & m rem>kable1 until ! alkali  
be entirely saturat$ ) ! s$ative salt4  
,?is phnom5on may be expla9$ by consid]+
 ! fix$ alkalis z n p]fectly saturat$ ) 
air3 & ! supposition w appe> v          
reasonable1 :5 we recollect1 t ^? salts 
are nev] produc$ )\t a consid]able      
degree ( heat1 :i* may easily be imag9$ 
to dissipate a small portion ( s        
volatile a body z air4 ,n[1 if a small  
quantity ( ! s$ative salt be ?r[n into  
an alkal9e liquor1 z x is v sl[ly       
dissolv$ by wat]1 its p>ticles are v    
gradually mix$ ) ! atoms ( ! alkali4 ,!y
 are mo/ /rongly attract$ by su* ( ^!   
atoms z are de/itute ( air1 & !re=e jo9 
) !m )\t produc+ an eff]vesc5ce2 or1 if 
!y expel a small quantity ( air f "s ( !
 salt1 ?is air is at ! same "t absorb$  
by su* ( ! contigu\s p>ticles z are     

de/itute ( x1 & no eff]vesc5ce appe>s   
until t "p ( ! alkali1 :i* 0 9 a cau/ic 
=m or de/itute ( air1 be ne>ly saturat$ 
) ! s$ative salt4 ,b if1 on ! o!r h&1 a 
l>ge proportion ( ! s$ative salt be     
p]fectly & sudd5ly mix$ ) ! alkali1 !   
:ole1 or a l>ge "p1 ( ! air is z sudd5ly
 expell$4  ,9 ! same mann] may we also  
expla9 a simil> phnom5on1 :i* (t5       
pres5ts itself 9 saturat+ an alkali ) ! 
diff]5t acids3 ! eff]vesc5ce is less    
consid]able 9 ! fir/ additions ( acid1 &
 becomes m viol5t z ! mixture approa*es 
! po9t ( saturation4 ,?is appe>s mo/    
evid5tly 9 mak+ ! sal diureticus or     
reg5]at$ t>t>3 ,! p>ticles ( ! vegetable
 acid "h employ$ be+ always diffus$ ?ro'
 a l>ge quantity ( wat]1 are m gradually
 appli$ to ^? ( ! alkali1 & dur+ ! fir/ 
additions are *iefly unit$ to ^? t are  
free/ ( air4#aj  ,t ! fix$ alkali1 9 its
 ord9>y /ate1 is seldom entirely        
saturat$ ) air1 seems to be confirm$ by 
! foll[+ exp]im5t4  ,i expos$ a small   
quantity ( a pure vegetable fix$ alkali 

to ! air1 9 a broad & %all[ vessel1 = ! 
space ( two mon?s2 aft] :i* ,i f\nd a   
numb] ( solid cry/als1 :i* resembl$ a   
neutral salt s mu* z to reta9 _! =m     
pretty well 9 ! air1 & to produce a     
consid]able degree ( cold :5 dissolv$ 9 
wat]4 ,_! ta/e 0 mu* mild] ?an t (      
ord9>y salt ( t>t>2 & yet !y seem$ to be
 compos$ only ( ! alkali1 & ( a l>g]    
quantity ( air ?an is usually conta9$ 9 
t salt1 & :i* _h be5 attract$ f !       
atmosph]e3 = !y /ill jo9$ v readily )   
any acid1 b ) a m viol5t eff]vesc5ce ?an
 ord9>y2 & !y c\ld n be mix$ ) ! smalle/
 portion ( v9eg>1 or ( ! s$ative salt1  
)\t emitt+ a s5sible quantity ( air4  ,z
 x n[ appe>$ t sev]al alkal9e sub/ances 
h an attraction = fix$ air1 ,i tri$ a   
few exp]im5ts to le>n ! relative /r5g? (
 _! sev]al attractions4  ,tw5ty f\r     
gra9s ( magnesia 9 f9e p[d] 7 mix$ )    
five ounces ( ! cau/ic ley 9 a small    
vial1 :i* 0 imm$iately cork$ & %ak5     
frequ5tly = f\r h\rs4 ,! ley 0 !n p\r$  
(f1 & ! magnesia wa%$ ) repeat$         

affusions ( wat]1 & dri$4 ,x _h lo/ ab\t
 ! half ( its weight1 & :5 r$uc$ to a   
f9e p[d] 0 readily dissolv$ by acids )  
an eff]vesc5ce :i* 0 h>dly p]ceivable3 !
 alkali _h !re=e extract$ its air4 ,i   
also ?rew "s fre% magnesia into ! ley   
:i* _h be5 p\r$ (f1 & !reby r5d]$ x     
p]fectly mild & simil> to a solution (  
salt ( t>t>2 s t x eff]vesc$ briskly )  
acids4  ,) an ounce ( ! mild _s ( salt  
ammoniac1 ,i mix$ a dram ( magnesia 9 v 
f9e p[d] :i* _h be5 previ\sly depriv$ ( 
its air by fire2 & obs]v+ t ! magnesia  
_h a t5d5cy to concrete into a solid    
mass1 ,i %ook ! vial v frequ5tly4 ,aft] 
"s days ! p[d] 0 increas$ to m ?an d\ble
 its =m] bulk2 & :5 ! vial 0 op5$1 !    
alkal9e _s emitt$ a mo/ intol]ably      
pung5t smell4 ,x likewise float$ ^u     
wat]1 b 0 n p]fectly cau/ic2 = x /ill   
yield$ "s air :5 mix$ ) acids1 & also   
r5d]$ lime-wat] turbid3 nei!r ( :i* w\ld
 probably h happ5$ if ,i _h us$ a great]
 quantity ( magnesia1 or _h all[$ !     
mixture to rema9 a long] "t 9 ! vial4 ,i

 n[ wa%$ out ! :ole ( ! mixture into a  
b[l1 & dry$ ! magnesia until x lo/ all  
smell ( ! alkali4 ,x weigh$ a dram &    
fifty eight gra9s1 eff]vesc$ viol5tly ) 
acids1 & !re=e conta9$ a l>ge quantity (
 air1 :i* _h be5 drawn f ! alkali by a  
/rong] attraction4  ,hav+ =m]ly %ewn1 t 
magnesia saturat$ ) air sep>ates an acid
 f a calc>i\s e>?1 :i* x is n able to d 
aft] be+ depriv$ ( its air by fire2 ,i  
n[ suspect$ t ! air 0 ! cause ( ?is     
sep>ation1 because ,i f\nd t x 0 jo9$ to
 ! calc>i\s e>? at ! same "t t ! acid 0 
jo9$ to ! e>? ( magnesia2 & imag9$ t a  
pure calc>i\s e>? might possibly h a    
/rong] attraction = acids ?an a e>? (   
magnesia4  ,i !re=e dissolv$ two drams (
 magnesia 9 ! m>9e acid1 & ?us obta9$ a 
comp\nd ( an acid & ( ! pure e>? ( ?is  
sub/ance2 = ! air :i* 0 at fir/ atta*$  
to x1 0 expell$ dur+ ! dissolution4 ,i  
!n add$ ?irty gra9s ( /rong quick-lime 9
 exce$+ f9e p[d]1 %ook ! mixture well1 &
 filtrat$ x4 ,! p[d] rema9+ 9 ! pap]1   
aft] be+ well wa%$1 0 f\nd to be a      

magnesia1 :i*1 z ,i expect$1 0 de/itute 
( air2 = x 0 dissolv$ by ! vitriolic    
acid )\t eff]vesc5ce4 ,& ! filtrat$     
liquor conta9$ ! lime unit$ to ! acid2 =
 ^u dropp+ _s ( vitriol into x1 a :ite  
p[d] 0 imm$iately =m$4  ,we mu/ !re=e   
ackn[l$ge a /rong] attraction betwe5 !  
calc>i\s e>?s & acids ?an betwe5 ^! &   
magnesia3 b h[ does x !n happ51 t1 if   
magnesia saturat$ ) air be mix$ ) a     
comp\nd ( acid & calc>i\s e>?1 ^! two   
la/1 :i* attract "o ano!r ! mo/ /rongly1
 d n rema9 unit$2 b ! acid is jo9$ to ! 
magnesia1 & ! calc>i\s e>? to ! air :i* 
x attracts mu* m weakly ?an x does !    
acid8 ,is x because ! sum ( ! =ces :i*  
t5d to jo9 ! magnesia to ! acid & !     
calc>i\s e>? to ! air1 is great] ?an !  
sum ( ! =ces :i* t5d to jo9 ! calc>i\s  
e>? to ! acid1 & ! magnesia to ! air3 & 
because !re is a repulsion betwe5 ! acid
 & air1 & betwe5 ! two e>?s2 or !y are  
someh[ kept asund] 9 su* a mann] z h9d]s
 any ?ree ( !m f be+ unit$ toge!r8  ,!  
fir/ "p ( ?is supposition is fav\r$ by  

our exp]im5ts1 :i* seem to %ew a great] 
diff]5ce betwe5 ! =ces :]e) ! calc>i\s  
e>? & magnesia attract fix$ air1 ?an    
betwe5 ^? :i* dispose !m to unite ) !   
acid4 ,! repulsions h[ev] h9t$ 9 !      
second are p]haps m d\btful1 ?o' !y are 
sugge/$ 9 _m o!r in/ances (             
decomposition2 b ! b\nds ( my pres5t    
purpose w n all[ me to ent] ^u ?is      
subject1 :i* is "o ( ! mo/ ext5sive 9   
*emi/ry4  ,we meet also ) a difficulty )
 respect to ! volatile alkali simil> to 
! above4 ,?us a calc>i\s e>? t is pure  
or free ( air has a mu* /rong]          
attraction = acids ?an a pure volatile  
alkali1 z is evid5t :5 we mix quick-lime
 ) salt ammoniac2 = ! alkali is !n      
imm$iately deta*$ f ! acid3 & agreeably 
to ?is ,i f\nd1 ^u trial1 t a pure or   
cau/ic volatile alkali does n sep>ate a 
calc>i\s e>? f an acid4 ,yet1 if we mix 
a mild volatile alkali1 :i* is a comp\nd
 ( alkali & air1 ) a comp\nd ( acid &   
calc>i\s e>?1 ^! two la/1 :i* attract "o
 ano!r mo/ /rongly1 d n rema9 unit$2 b !

 acid is jo9$ to ! alkali & ! e>? to !  
air1 z happ5s 9 ! precipitation ( a     
calc>i\s e>? f an acid1 by means ( !    
common or mild volatile alkali4  ,i     
rememb] likewise a p>allel in/ance )    
reg>d to quick-silv]4 ,?is metal has an 
attraction = ! vitriolic acid1 & :5 jo9$
 to x appe>s "u ! =m ( turbi? m9]al3 b  
?is attraction is weak] ?an t ( ! fix$  
alkali = ! same acid2 = if we mix a     
dissolv$ salt ( t>t> ) turbi? m9]al1 !  
turbi? is conv]t$ into a br[n p[d]1 & ! 
alkali into vitriolat$ t>t>2 :i* *ange  
happ5s ! soon]1 if ! pure or cau/ic     
alkali is us$4 ,yet1 if to a comp\nd (  
quick-silv] & ! nitr\s acid1 we add a   
comp\nd ( ! fix$ alkali & ! vitriolic   
acid1 or a vitriolat$ t>t>1 & dige/ !   
mixture ) a /rong heat1 ! vitriolic acid
 does n rema9 ) ! alkali1 b is jo9$ to !
 quick-silv] :i* x attracts m weakly1   
compos+ ) x a turbi? m9]al2 :ile !      
alkali is jo9$ to ! nitr\s acid :i* x   
likeways attracts m weakly ?an x does ! 
vitriolic1 & is conv]t$ into salt-petre4

  ,f "s ( ! above exp]im5ts1 x appe>s1 t
 a few alt]ations may be made 9 ! column
 ( acids 9 ,mr4 ,ge(froy's table (      
elective attractions1 & t a new column  
may be add$ to t table1 accord+ to !    
foll[+ s*eme1 :]e ! alkal9e sub/ances   
are all consid]$ z 9 _! pure /ate & free
 ( fix$ air4                   ,acids4  
,fix$ air4                              
------------------------------          
-----------------            ,fix$      
alkali1            ,calc>i\s e>?4       
,calc>i\s e>?1           ,fix$ alkali4  
,volatile alkali & magnesia4            
,magnesia4                              
,volatile alkali4                       
----------------------                  
---------------  ,at ! foot ( ! fir/    
column sev]al ( ! metals might foll[1 & 
aft] ^! ! e>? ( alum2 b z ,i don't "k   
:at numb] ( ! metals %\ld prec$e t e>?1 
,i h left x to be det]m9$ by fur!r      
exp]i5ce4  ,! volatile alkali & magnesia
 are plac$ 9 ! same l9e ( ?is column2   
because _! =ce ( attraction seems pretty

 equal4 ,:5 we commit a mixture (       
magnesia & salt ammoniac to di/illation1
 ! alkali arises & leaves ! acid ) !    
magnesia2 because ?is e>?1 by attract+ !
 acid1 represses its volatility1 & x    
seems also to dim9i% ! cohesion ( ! acid
 & alkali1 & to r5d] !m sep>able by a   
g5tle heat4 ,if ! magnesia be saturat$ )
 air1 ?is likewise1 on acc\nt ( its     
volatile nature & attraction = ! alkali1
 is driv5 up along ) x1 & makes x appe> 
"u a mild =m1 & 9 ! same mann] d !      
alkali & air arise f a mixture ( salt   
ammoniac & ( a crude calc>i\s e>?4      
,footnotes3  #a ,june #e4 #agee4  #b    
,h(f4 ,op4 ,t4 iv4 p4 #dgi4  #c ,h(f4   
,op4 ,t4 iv4 p4 #ejj4  #d ,mr4 ,m>graaf 
has lately demon/rat$1 by a set ( curi\s
 & accurate exp]im5ts1 t ?is p[d] is ( !
 nature1 & possesses ! prop]ties1 ( !   
gypse\s or sel5itic sub/ances4 ,t su*   
sub/ances c be resolv$ into vitriolic   
acid & calc>i\s e>?1 & c be aga9 compos$
 by jo9+ ^! two +r$i5ts toge!r4 ,mem4 de
 l',acad4 de ,b]l94 an4 #agej1 p4 #add4 

#e ,h(f4 ,op4 ,t4 iv4 p4 #dhj  #ejj4  #f
 ,mem4 de l',acad4 de ,b]l94 an4 #agdh1 
p4 #eg4  #g ,h(f4 ,op4 ,t4 iv4 p4 #dhj4 
#h ,?is evaporation 0 p]=m$ 9 a silv]   
di%1 on acc\nt ( ! acrimony ( ! salt2   
:i* is s v great1 t1 hav+ once evaporat$
 a "p ( ! same ley 9 a b[l ( ,engli%    
e>!n or /one w>e1 & melt$ ! cau/ic ) a  
g5tle heat1 x corrod$ & dissolv$ a "p ( 
! b[l1 & left ! inside ( x pitt$ ) small
 holes4  #i ,mem4 de l',acad4 de ,b]l94 
an4 #agdf1 p4 #hg4  #aj ,bo]h4 ,op]at4  
,*em4 process4 ,,lxxvi4   ,transcrib]s  
,notes3  #a4 ,au?or's spell+ has be5    
reta9$4  #b4 ,m9or punctuation issues h 
be5 correct$ )\t note4