---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaim] ,! articles publi%$ 9 ! ,annual ,reports ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association are ! f9d+s & ?\ghts solely ( ! au?ors & are n to be con/ru$ z an endorsem5t by ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association1 its bo>d ( directors1 or its memb]s4 ,no endorsem5t is int5d$ = products m5tion$1 nor is criticism meant = products n m5tion$4 ,! laws & recomm5dations = pe/icide application may h *ang$ s9ce ! articles 7 writt54 ,x is always ! pe/icide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read & foll[ all curr5t label directions = ! specific pe/icide be+ us$4 ,! discussion ( specific nut tree cultiv>s & ( specific te*niques to gr[ nut trees t might h be5 successful 9 "o area & at a p>ticul> "t is n a gu>antee t simil> results w occur else:]e4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,proce$+s ,,at ,,! ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,meet+ ,illu/ration ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,novemb] #ah ,,& #ai #aiac ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,proce$+s ,,at ,,! ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,meet+ ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,novemb] #ah ,,& #ai1 #aiac ,,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 ,,! ,,rum=d ,,press #aiad ,,table ,,( ,,cont5ts ,,page ,(fic]s & ,committees ( ! ,association #d ,memb]s ( ! ,association #e ,con/itution & ,rules ( ! ,association #aj ,proce$+s ( ! ,meet+ held at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c41 ,novemb] #ah & #ai1 #aiac #aa ,exp]i5ces & ,exp]im5ts ) ! ,p]sian ,walnut1 ,a4 ,c4 ,pom]oy1 ,new ,york #aa ,=age ,nuts & ! ,*e/nut & ,walnut 9 ,europe1 ,j4 ,russell ,smi?1 ,virg9ia #bj ,pres5t ,/ate ( ! ,*e/nut ,blight1 ,j4 ,frankl9 ,coll9s1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #be ,top-,work+ ,se$l+ ,pecan ,trees1 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a #cb ,unusual ,me?ods ( ,propagat+ ,nut ,trees1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york ,city #dc ,! ,possibilities ( ,nut ,culture 9 ,utah1 ,leon ,d4 ,bat*elor1 ,utah #dh ,! ,diseases ( ,nut ,trees1 ,m4 ,b4 ,waite1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #ej ,insects ,injuri\s to ,nut ,trees1 ,a4 ,l4 ,qua9tance1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 #fb ,demon/rations ( ,me?ods ( ,propagat+ ,nut ,trees #fd ,app5dix3 ,report ( ! ,secret>y-,treasur] #fi ,resolution ,conc]n+ ,nurs]ym5 ,adopt$ at ! ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,association1 ,novemb] #ah & #ai1 #aiac #ga ,pres5t at ! ,f\r? ,annual ,meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association #gb ,exhibits #gc ,george ,w4 ,endicott--,! ,boone ,*e/nut1 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 ,alton1 ,ill4 #gd ,lett]s f ,memb]s #ge ,! ,late ,h5ry ,hales z a ,nut ,culturi/1 ,h4 ,w4 ,hales1 ,new ,j]sey #gg ,! ,filb]t ,blight4 ,ab/ract ( ,pap] by ,humphrey #gh ,! ,tru? ab\t ,tree ,plant+ ) ,dynamite #gi ,correspond5ts & ,o!rs ,int]e/$ 9 ,nut ,culture #ha ,au?orities & ,special ,correspond5ts #hi ,! ,*e/nut ,blight & ,immune ,hybrids4 ,rec5t ,publications #ib ,,(fic]s ,,( ,,! ,,association ,presid5t ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage ,indiana ,vice-,presid5t ,w4 ,n4 ,,rop] ,virg9ia ,secret>y & ,treasur] ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+ ,georget[n1 ,conn4 ,,committees ,executive ,,rob]t ,t4 ,,morris ,c4 ,a4 ,,re$ ,,& ,,! ,,(fic]s ,memb]%ip ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+ ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan ,w4 ,n4 ,,rop] ,promis+ ,se$l+s ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage ,c4 ,a4 ,,re$ ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+ ,nom5clature ,w4 ,c4 ,,re$ ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+ ,hybrids ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris ,j4 ,r4 ,,smi? ,c4 ,p4 ,,close ,press & ,publication ,w4 ,n4 ,,rop] ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage ,w4 ,c4 ,,dem+ ,,/ate ,,vice-,,presid5ts ,canada ,dr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,sag] ,brant=d ,colorado ,lloyd ,h4 ,deck] ,greeley1 ,r4 #e ,box #aa ,connecticut ,*>les ,h4 ,plump ,we/ ,r$d+ ,delaw>e ,h4 ,p4 ,layton ,georget[n ,florida ,h4 ,h>old ,hume ,gl5 ,sa9t ,m>y ,georgia ,i4 ,b4 ,wight ,cairo ,ill9ois ,norman ,w4 ,casp] ,new ,burnside ,indiana ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy ,lake ,i[a ,alson ,secor ,des ,mo9es ,irel& ,dr4 ,augu/9e ,h5ry #e ,san=d ,t]race1 ,ranelagh1 ,dubl9 ,kansas ,l4 ,l4 ,p[]s ,dodge ,city ,k5tucky ,a4 ,l4 ,moseley ,calh\n ,m>yl& ,c4 ,p4 ,close ,pomologi/1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,massa*usetts ,b]n>d ,h(fman ,/ockbridge ,mi*igan ,miss ,maud ,m4 ,jessup ,gr& ,rapids ,m9nesota ,c4 ,a4 ,van ,duzee ,m9neapolis ,miss\ri ,c4 ,c4 ,cumm+s #cag ,jopl9 ,/41 ,jopl9 ,new ,hamp%ire ,h5ry ,n4 ,g[+ ,dubl9 ,new ,j]sey ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway ,lumb]ton ,new ,york ,a4 ,c4 ,pom]oy ,lockport ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt ,raleigh ,/ate ,horticulturi/ ,ohio ,j4 ,h4 ,dayton ,pa9esville ,oregon ,g4 ,m4 ,magrud] ,m$ical ,build+1 ,portl& ,p5nsylvania ,j4 ,g4 ,ru% ,we/ ,will[ ,utah ,leon ,d4 ,bat*elor ,logan ,horticulturi/1 ,/ate ,agricultural ,college ,virg9ia ,j4 ,russell ,smi? ,r\ndhill ,we/ ,virg9ia ,b4 ,f4 ,h>tzell ,%eph]d/[n ,wiscons9 ,alfr$ ,e4 ,johnson ,iola ,,memb]s ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association ,,canada ,arnott1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,g41 #bf ,em]ald ,/4 ,s\?1 ,hamilton ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h41 ,univ]sity ( ,toronto ,gymnasium1 ,toronto ,dufresne1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a41 #bag ,/4 ,*ri/oph] ,/41 ,montreal ,fisk1 ,dr4 ,george1 #aja ,union ,ave41 ,montreal ,sag]1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,s41 ,brant=d1 ,ont>io ,saund]s1 ,w4 ,e41 #ceb ,cl>5ce ,/41 ,london1 ,ont>io ,/u>t1 ,h5d]son1 ,victoria1 ,briti% ,columbia1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gg ,,colorado ,deck]1 ,loyd ,h41 ,greeley1 ,r4 #e1 ,box #aa ,,connecticut ,b>nes1 ,john ,r41 ,yalesville ,br[ne1 ,l\is ,l41 ,bodsbeck ,f>m1 ,new ,canaan ,dem+1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c1 ,georget[n ,dem+1 ,imog5 ,haw?orne1 ,georget[n ,fi%]1 ,pr(4 ,irv+1 #dfj ,prospect ,/41 ,new ,hav5 ,hale1 ,mrs4 ,george ,h41 ,gla/onbury ,hung]=d1 ,newman1 #de ,prospect ,/41 ,h>t=d ,ives1 ,erne/ ,m41 ,/]l+ ,or*>ds1 ,m]id5 ,mill]1 ,mrs4 ,*>les1 #cb ,hillside ,ave41 ,wat]bury ,morris1 ,dr4 ,rob]t ,t41 ,/am=d ,ni*ols1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,gillette1 ,e4 ,haddam ,plump1 ,*>les ,h41 ,we/ ,r$d+ ,,delaw>e ,layton1 ,h4 ,p41 ,georget[n ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia ,close1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,p41 ,pomologi/1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton ,lake1 ,pr(4 ,e4 ,r4 ,assi/ant ,pomologi/1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton ,re$1 ,c4 ,a41 ,9 ,*>ge ( ,nut ,culture ,inve/igations1 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 ,wa%+ton ,/abl]1 ,alb]t1 #fac ,bond ,build+1 ,wa%+ton ,van ,deman1 ,pr(4 ,h4 ,e41 ,wa%+ton ,,florida ,hume1 ,h4 ,h>old1 ,gl5 ,sa9t ,m>y ,prange1 ,mrs4 ,n4 ,m4 ,g41 ,jacksonville ,,georgia ,crock]1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,s41 ,albany ,:ite1 ,h4 ,c41 ,de,witt ,wight1 ,j4 ,b41 ,cairo ,,ill9ois ,casp]1 ,norman ,w41 ,fairlawn1 ,new ,burnside ,heely1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,j41 ,/4 ,libory ,pott]1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,o41 ,m>ion ,riehl1 ,e4 ,a41 ,alton ,sp5c]1 ,h5ry ,d41 ,room #a1 ,op]a ,h\se ,block1 ,decatur ,,indiana ,be>dsley1 ,a4 ,h41 ,elkh>t ,burton1 ,joe ,a41 ,mit*ell ,littlepage1 ,t4 ,p41 ,boonville ,mc,coy1 ,r4 ,l41 ,lake ,niblack1 ,mason ,j41 ,v9c5nes ,re$1 ,w4 ,c41 ( ,v9c5nes ,nurs]ies1 ,v9c5nes ,wilk9son1 ,j4 ,f41 ,rockport ,,i[a ,secor1 ,alson1 ,editor ,successful ,f>m+1 ,des ,mo9es ,,irel& ,h5ry1 ,dr4 ,augu/9e1 #e ,san=d ,t]race1 ,ranelagh1 ,dubl9 ,,kansas ,p[]s1 ,l4 ,l41 ,dodge ,city ,,k5tucky ,ma!ws1 ,pr(4 ,c4 ,w41 ,horticulturi/1 ,/ate ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,lex+ton ,moseley1 ,a4 ,l41 ,bank ( ,calh\n1 ,calh\n ,,m>yl& ,h>rison1 ,j4 ,g41 repres5t+ ,h>rison's ,nurs]ies1 ,b]l9 ,holmes1 ,f4 ,s41 ,m4 ,s41 ,agricultural ,exp4 ,/a41 ,college ,p>k ,,massa*usetts ,b[dit*1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,build+1 ,bo/on ,h(fmann1 ,b]nh>d1 ,ov]brook ,or*>d1 ,/ockbridge ,keely1 ,royal ,r41 ,walpole1 ,box #dhe ,m>kham1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,w41 ,lee ,ri*1 ,william ,p41 ,secret>y ,/ate ,horticultural ,society1 ,horticultural ,hall1 #cjj ,massa*usetts ,ave41 ,bo/on ,vaughan1 ,horace ,a41 ,peacehav51 ,assonet ,:ite1 ,w>r51 ,holli/on ,,mi*igan ,jessup1 ,miss ,maud ,m41 #ddj ,?omas ,/41 ,gr& ,rapids ,murphy1 ,p4 ,j41 ,wayne & ,congress ,/s41 ,detroit ,,m9nesota ,smi?1 ,e4 ,k41 #bac ,pho5ix ,build+1 ,m9neapolis ,van ,duzee1 ,col4 ,c4 ,a41 ,/4 ,paul ,wyman1 ,willis ,l41 ,p>k ,rapids ,,miss\ri ,cumm+s1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,c41 #cag ,jopl9 ,/41 ,jopl9 ,mo%]1 ,h4 ,g41 ,s*ell ,city ,,new ,,hamp%ire ,durg91 ,alfr$ ,c41 ,newm>ket ,g[+1 ,h5ry ,n41 ,dubl9 ,,new ,,j]sey ,coleman1 ,h4 ,h41 ,f$]al ,gu>antee ,company1 ,new>k ,dietrick1 ,?omas ,s41 #ab ,we/ ,wa%+ton ,ave41 ,wa%+ton ,fo/]1 ,samuel ,f41 ,secret>y ,nor? ,j]sey ,society = ! ,promotion ( ,agriculture1 #ajj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,wav]ly ,/41 ,j]sey ,city ,heights ,m>/on1 ,edw9 ,s41 ,florham ,p>k1 ,box #gb ,m]gl]1 ,c4 ,w41 ,hack5sack ,road & ,m\nt ,v]non ,/41 ,ridgefield ,p>k ,putnam1 ,g4 ,h41 ,v9el& ,ridgway1 ,c4 ,s41 ,floralia1 ,lumb]ton ,rob]ts1 ,horace1 ,moore/[n ,walt]1 ,dr4 ,h>ry1 ,hotel ,*alfonte1 ,atlantic ,city ,,new ,,york ,abbott1 ,fr$]ick ,b41 #dai ,n9? ,/41 ,brooklyn ,arm/rong1 ,a4 ,h41 ,g5]al ,electric ,company1 ,s*5ectady ,br[n1 ,ronald ,k41 #cbj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,cl5d591 ,rev4 ,f4 ,m41 ,we/*e/]1 ,new ,york ,city ,ellison1 ,elm] ,t41 #abgb ,jeff]son ,ave41 ,brooklyn ,ellwang]1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,ea/ ,ave41 ,ro*e/] ,full]ton1 ,h4 ,b41 ,director ,long ,isl& ,railroad ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,m$=d ,glov]1 ,j4 ,:eel]1 ,great ,kills ,hans1 ,am$ee1 ,sup]9t5d5t ,hod5pyl ,e/ate1 ,locu/ ,valley1 ,l4 ,i4 ,haywood1 ,alb]t1 ,flu%+ ,hickox1 ,ralph1 #chcb ,:ite ,pla9s ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,hicks1 ,h5ry1 ,we/bury ,/ation1 ,l4 ,i4 ,hold51 ,e4 ,b41 ,hilton ,hunt+ton1 ,a4 ,m41 #ae ,w4 #ha/ ,/41 ,new ,york ,city ,james1 ,dr4 ,walt] ,b41 #ag ,w4 #ed? ,/41 ,new ,york ,city ,ko*1 ,alphonse1 #eaj ,e4 #gg? ,/41 ,new ,york ,city ,loomis1 ,*>les ,b41 ,ea/ ,gre5bu%1 ,r4 ,d4 #a ,mill]1 ,mrs4 ,seaman1 c>e ( ,mr4 ,seaman ,mill]1 #b ,rector ,/41 ,new ,york ,city ,mc,koon1 ,morgan ,l41 ,long ,eddy ,pom]oy1 ,a4 ,c1 ,lockport ,pom]oy1 ,e4 ,c1 ,bayside ,reynolds1 ,h4 ,l41 #begi ,ma9 ,/41 ,buffalo ,rice1 ,mrs4 ,lilian ,mc,kee1 ,b>nes ,cottage1 ,c>mel ,/orrs1 ,a4 ,p41 #aag ,front ,/41 ,oswego ,teele1 ,a4 ,w41 #cj ,broad ,/41 ,new ,york ,city ,tet]1 ,walt] ,c1 #aj ,wall ,/41 ,new ,york ,city ,tuck]man1 ,bay>d1 #aah ,e4 #cg? ,/41 ,new ,york ,city ,turn]1 ,k4 ,m41 #abfe ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,ulman1 ,dr4 ,ira41 #bac ,w4 #adg? ,/41 ,new ,york ,city ,wile1 ,?4 ,e41 #ajab ,p>k ,ave41 ,ro*e/] ,williams1 ,dr4 ,*>les ,mallory1 #dh ,e4 #di? ,/41 ,new ,york ,city ,wissmann1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,de,r41 #gjg ,fif? ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,b>ret1 ,h>vey ,p41 #aijb ,e4 #g? ,/41 ,*>lotte ,hutt1 ,pr(4 ,w4 ,n41 ,/ate ,horticulturi/1 ,raleigh ,van ,l9dley1 ,j41 ,j4 ,van ,l9dley ,nurs]y ,company1 ,pomona ,,ohio ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 repres5t+ ,/orrs & ,h>rison ,company1 ,pa9esville ,fickes1 ,w4 ,r41 ,woo/]1 ,r4 #f ,f]d1 ,horatio1 ,s\? ,euclid1 ,cuyahoga ,c\nty ,johnson1 ,i4 ,b41 ,c9c9nati1 ,/ation ,k ,mill]1 ,h4 ,a41 ,gypsum ,rector1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m41 ,columbus ,web]1 ,h>ry ,r41 #fja-d ,g]ke ,build+1 #abc ,e4 #f? ,/41 ,c9c9nati ,yunck1 ,e4 ,g41 #gaj ,c5tral ,ave41 ,s&usky ,,oregon ,magrud]1 ,g4 ,m41 ,m$ical ,build+1 ,portl& ,,p5nsylvania ,butl]1 ,h5ry ,l41 ,gwyn$d ,valley ,*alm]s1 ,w4 ,j41 ,vanport ,doan1 ,j4 ,l41 ,s*ool ( ,horticulture1 ,ambl] ,druekemill]1 ,w4 ,c1 ,sunbury ,fagan1 ,pr(4 ,f4 ,n41 ,dep>tm5t ( ,horticulture1 ,/ate ,college ,hall1 ,l4 ,c41 ,avonia ,hildebr&1 ,f4 ,b41 ,duquesne ,hoopes1 ,wilm] ,w41 ( ,hoopes ,bro!rs & ,?omas ,company1 ,we/*e/] ,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,lanca/] ,k9sell1 ,miss ,ida ,j41 ,locu/ ,spr+ ,f>m1 ,ro*e/] ,mills1 ,indiana ,c\nty1 ,r\te #b ,knipe1 ,irw9 ,p41 ,norri/[n ,leas1 ,f4 ,c1 ,bala ,lovett1 ,mrs4 ,joseph ,l41 ,emilie1 ,bucks ,c\nty ,meehan1 ,s4 ,m5delson1 ( ,?omas ,meehan ,sons1 ,g]mant[n ,mc,sparren1 ,w4 ,f41 ,furnice ,moss1 ,james1 ,johnsville1 ,bucks ,c\nty ,presl>1 ,c4 ,f41 #ebd ,gr&view ,ave41 ,pittsburgh ,ru%1 ,j4 ,g41 ,we/ ,will[ ,%oemak]1 ,se? ,w41 ,agricultural ,editor1 ,int]national ,correspond5ce ,s*ools1 ,scranton ,smitt51 ,h4 ,w41 ,bor\gh ,hall1 ,avalon ,twaddell1 ,e4 ,w41 ,ev]gre5 ,nurs]ies1 ,we/t[n ,,utah ,bat*elor1 ,leon ,d41 ,horticulturi/1 ,utah ,agricultural ,college1 ,logan ,p5dleton1 ,m4 ,a41 #c ,moz>t ,ap>tm5ts1 ,salt ,lake ,city ,,virg9ia ,crockett1 ,e4 ,b41 ,lyn*burg ,p>ri%1 ,john ,s41 ,ea/ham1 ,albem>le ,c\nty ,rop]1 ,w4 ,n41 ( ,arr[field ,nurs]ies1 ,pet]sburg ,%ack=d1 ,!odore ,b41 ,lynehburg1 c>e ( ,adams ,bro!rs ,paynes ,company ,smi?1 ,pr(4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,r\ndhill ,von ,ammon1 ,s41 ,fontella ,,we/ ,,virg9ia ,h>tzell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,%eph]d/[n ,,wiscons9 ,johnson1 ,alfr$ ,e41 ,iola ,footnote 3 ,life memb]4 ,footnote 3 ,life memb]4 ,,con/itution ,,& ,,rules ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association ,"n4 ,! society %all be kn[n z ! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association4 ,object4 ,! promotion ( int]e/ 9 nut-produc+ plants1 _! products & _! culture4 ,memb]%ip4 ,memb]%ip 9 ! society %all be op5 to all p]sons :o desire to fur!r nut culture1 )\t ref]5ce to place ( resid5ce or nationality1 subject to ! approval ( ! committee on memb]%ip4 ,(fic]s4 ,!re %all be a presid5t1 a vice-presid5t1 & a secret>y-treasur]2 an executive committee ( five p]sons1 ( :i* ! presid5t1 vice-presid5t & secret>y %all be memb]s2 & a /ate vice-presid5t f ea* /ate repres5t$ 9 ! memb]%ip ( ! association4 ,election ( ,(fic]s4 ,a committee ( five memb]s %all be elect$ at ! annual meet+ = ! purpose ( nom9at+ (fic]s = ! subsequ5t ye>4 ,meet+s4 ,! place & "t ( ! annual meet+ %all be select$ by ! memb]%ip 9 session or1 9 ! ev5t ( no selection be+ made at ?is "t1 ! executive committee %all *oose ! place & "t = ! hold+ ( ! annual conv5tion4 ,su* o!r meet+s z may seem desirable may be call$ by ! presid5t & executive committee4 ,fees4 ,! fees %all be ( two k9ds1 annual & life4 ,! =m] %all be two doll>s1 ! latt] tw5ty doll>s4 ,discipl9e4 ,! committee on memb]%ip may make recomm5dations to ! association z to ! discipl9e or expulsion ( any memb]4 ,committees4 ,! association %all appo9t /&+ committees ( ?ree memb]s ea* to consid] & report on ! foll[+ topics at ea* annual meet+3 fir/1 on promis+ se$l+s2 second1 on nom5clature2 ?ird1 on hybrids2 f\r?1 on memb]%ip2 fif?1 on press & publication4 ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,meet+ ,,novemb] #ah ,,& #ai1 #aiac ,,at ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,! f\r? annual meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association 0 held1 9 conjunction ) ! meet+s ( ! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society1 ! ,society = ,horticultural ,sci5ce1 & ! ,ea/]n ,fruit ,gr[]s ,association1 9 ! new ,national ,museum build+ at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 dur+ ,fruit ,week1 ,novemb] #ag to #bb1 #aiac1 ! meet+ ( ! ,association be+ on ! #ah? & #ai?4 ,! fir/ session 0 call$ to ord] at #aa ,a4 ,m4 9 ,room #c4 ,9 ! abs5ce ( ! ,presid5t ! *air 0 occupi$ by ,pr(essor ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt ( ,nor? ,c>ol9a4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,ladies & ,g5tlem53 ,if y w come to ord]1 we w beg9 ! meet+ ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,x is un=tunate t our presid5t is call$ away on important bus9ess4 ,he has ask$ me to take 8 place & we w d ! be/ we c4 ,i w ask ! secret>y to read a communication4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i h ?is telegram f ,mr4 ,littlepage1 our presid5t3 ,please express to ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association my pr(\nd regrets t ,i _c be ) !m4 ,no organization has ev] be5 =m$ t conta9$ f9] & m s9c]e m5 ?an ours4 ,i invite ! ,association to come to ,indiana next ye>4 ,i w take y along ! banks ( ! ,waba%1 ! ,ohio & ,gre5 ,riv]1 :]e ! pecan trees gr[ s big t ! sun has to g ar\nd4 ,i s5d be/ wi%es = a successful meet+4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,mr4 ,pom]oy has k9dly cons5t$ to give u a talk on walnuts4 ,,exp]i5ces ,,& ,,exp]im5ts ,,) ,,! ,,p]sian ,,walnut ,a4 ,c4 ,,pom]oy1 ,,new ,,york ,:5 our secret>y ask$ me to prep>e a pap] on ?is subject1 ,i ?\ght x w\ld be v simple1 b aft] mak+ a beg9n+ ,i f\nd t ab\t all ,i knew on nut culture 0 my own exp]i5ces--successes & failures--cov]+ a p]iod ( ab\t tw5ty-five ye>s4 ,dur+ ! pa/ ye> bett] data h be5 kept ( ! behavior ( ! ,p]sian walnut trees "u my obs]vation1 ?an 9 =m] ye>s4 ,h]eaft] x is my int5tion to keep a m detail$ record ( ! "t ( ! appe>ance ( ! nutlet blossoms ( ea* tree1 :i* is ( ! utmo/ importance to ^? int]e/$ 9 ! gr[+ ( ! ,p]sian walnut 9 ! ,nor? & ,ea/4 ,9 ord] to keep a bett] record ( ea* tree ,i h numb]$ ! old orig9al trees1 plant$ by my fa!r1 f #a to #g4 ,nuts f ea* tree are "h 9 j>s numb]$ to correspond ) ! trees f :i* !y 7 ga!r$ & may be comp>$ = v>iation 9 size1 %ape1 ?9ness ( %ell & flavor4 ,x w\ld be impossible to keep an exact record 9 p\nds ( ! yield ( any "o tree p] ye>4 ,"o ?+ aga9/ any su* record1 is t _m visitors come to our f>m e ye> to see ! walnut trees & ! pockets ( "s ( !m look suspici\sly bulky on leav+4 7,an ord9>y coat pocket w hold a qu>t1 an ov]coat pocket m ?an t & !re are only ?irty-two qu>ts 9 a bu%el47 ,! new or*>d is j com+ into be>+4 ,at "o end ( x !re is an old black walnut tree1 & ! "y ,p]sians t 7 plant$ ne> ?is tree began to be> fir/4 ,ne> ! c5t] ( ?is eight-acre or*>d we plant$ a butt]nut tree4 ,?is w1 ,i ?9k1 help to f]tilize ! pi/illate or nutlet blossoms on _m ( ! trees4 ,( ! orig9al trees five /& :]e !y c h c>e & good cultivation4 ,! o!r two 7 put 9 ! lawn v close to "s old %ade trees :]e !y c n be cultivat$ & are kept pretty well 9 ! %ade4 ,! five cultivat$ trees produc$ ?is fall ov] tw5ty-?ree bu%els4 ,! nuts 7 measur$ on ,novemb] #aj :5 !re 7 tw5ty & a half bu%els4 ,! sn[ 0 s deep ! o!r few bu%els c\ld n be ga!r$4 ,besides ! walnut trees m5tion$ !re are p]haps tw5ty-five m plant$ 9 small plots ab\t ! f>m4 ,nuts f "s ( ^! "y trees are "h & comp>isons may be made ) ! nuts f ! old trees4 ,to get an idea ( h[ ! ,engli% walnut has done 9 "s p>ts ( we/]n ,new ,york ! foll[+ replies to enquiries are quot$4 ,wilson1 "o tree ?irte5 ye>s old1 "o & "o half bu%els4 ,sybr&t1 has tw5ty-five or m trees ?irte5 ye>s old1 "s trees a bu%el1 o!rs ov] a bu%el & a half4 ,eighme1 "o tree fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s old1 "o bu%el4 ,tripp5cy1 "o tree fifte5 or sixte5 ye>s old1 two bu%els4 ,nuts f "s ( ! old & "y trees 7 weigh$4 ,! results 7 some:at surpris+ to me4 ,tree ,no4 #a ,s4 ,r4 ,long1 well-fill$ nut1 #dh to ! p\nd4 ,tree ,no4 #a ,n4 ,r4 ,nut slightly po9t$1 well fill$1 #dj to ! p\nd4 ,tree ,no4 #b ,n4 ,r4 ,nut ne>ly r\nd1 well fill$1 #cg to ! p\nd4 ,tree ,no4 #e4 ,annual be>]1 #fd to ! p\nd4 ,! weigh+ 0 done on a druggi/'s scales ab\t two weeks aft] ga!r+4 ,^? ( y :o h n se5 a ,p]sian walnut tree 9 full foliage1 h some?+ to live =4 ,imag9e a tree1 t 0 a nut 9 ! spr+ ( #ahgg1 its bran*es n[ spread+ full fifty feet1 its topmo/ b\gh fully t f> f ! gr\nd1 its trunk measur+ sev5ty-six in*es ar\nd1 well above ! e>?4 ,imag9e su* a tree 9 its foliage ( d5se1 d>k glossy gre51 its bran*es load$ ) fruit1 sometimes actually t\*+ ! gr\nd4 ,! "q is sometimes ask$ :at is su* a tree wor? = cab9et use8 ,i don't "k1 & ,i don't c>e4 ,:at ,i d "k is t ^? five trees produc$ well upw>d ( =ty doll>s ea* ?is ye>4 ,our m>kets 9 we/]n ,new ,york are good4 ,! folks t use nuts z a daily food h increas$ greatly 9 ! pa/ few ye>s4 ,niag>a ,c\nty has ?ree cities1 ,erie ,c\nty1 adjo9+1 also has ?ree cities4 ,! population ( ,buffalo is ab\t #dej1jjj2 improv$ highways & gasol5e trucks h put u )9 an h\r & a half ( all ^! six cities4 ,:ile !re are hundr$s ( "y ,p]sian walnut trees1 j com+ into be>+1 9 "s ( ! c\nties ( we/]n ,new ,york1 ! supply ( home-gr[n nuts w probably nev] fill ! dem&4 ,pr(essor ,lake paid ! f>m a %ort visit ?is pa/ summ] & told ( 8 graft+4 ,i ?9k he said he _h a loss ( #ij p] c5t4 ,we beat t a little z our loss 0 #ajj p] c5t4 ,! failure 9 graft+ 0 due1 ,i ?9k1 to ! scions n be+ cut e>ly en\gh4 ,budd+ 9 ,augu/ 0 done by budd]s exp]t ) fruit trees4 ,a ,jones budd+ tool 0 us$4 ,ne>ly all ! buds took4 ,we d n h mu* tr\ble ) disease or insects4 ,we h _h no tr\ble to speak ( ) worms4 ,ab\t t5 ye>s ago a few ne/s ( ! t5t cat]pill> 7 cut (f & burn$4 ,"s #ah or #bj ye>s ago all1 or ne>ly all1 ( ! nuts dropp$ 9 ,june4 ,i d n "k :at 0 ! matt]4 ,9 #aijf ! ends ( "s ( ! bran*es on ! old] trees turn$ br[n & di$ back a few in*es4 ,^! 7 cut (f & burn$4 ,we _h b few nuts t ye>4 ,9 f]tiliz+ h us$ b>ny>d manure4 ,:5 x 0 us$ x 0 at times appli$ too freely1 p]haps1 z "s ( ! "y trees put =? a gr[? ( six feet 9 "o season4 ,i d n ?9k x well to =ce !m too mu*4 ,! f]tiliz+ %\ld be done 9 ! w9t] or e>ly spr+4 ,trimm+ may be done at any "t a bran* appe>s t ne$s remov+4 ,!re is "o pretty good siz$ tree on ! f>m ) black walnut /em & ,p]sian walnut top4 ,"s horticulturi/s seem to ?9k t ?is k9d ( a tree is h>di]4 ,my obs]vations are t !re is n a bit ( diff]5ce4 ,?is tree & ano!r on a ne>-by f>m are ! only two ,i "k ( ) a black walnut /em & a ,p]sian top1 9 my section4 ,! ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture has issu$ a bullet9 ,soil ,survey ( ,niag>a ,c\nty1 ,n4 ,y4 ,by ref]r+ to ?is1 ,i f9d t ! soils t h produc$ ?rifty1 & prolific ,p]sian walnut trees are1 ,dunkirk loam1 ,dunkirk s&y loam1 ,dunkirk silt loam1 ,clyde s&y loam & clay loam4 ,! w9t]s ( we/]n ,new ,york are frequ5tly q sev]e4 ,! w9t] ( #aiaa-ab 0 a v sev]e "o1 z]o wea!r prevail+ mo/ ( ! "t & frequ5tly x 0 way bel[ z]o = days4 ,no injury 0 done to ! ,p]sian walnut trees & a good crop ( nuts 0 h>ve/$ 9 ! fall ( #aiab4 ,9 ,may1 #aiac1 on ! nights ( ! #aa? & #ab? x 0 s cold t ice =m$ an eigh? ( an in*1 or m1 9 ?ickness4 ,! /am9ate catk9s on ! ,p]sian walnut trees 7 fairly well develop$ & x 0 ?\ght ! nuts 7 gone = ?is ye> surely1 b ! la/ ( ,may ! pi/illate blossoms came out1 ! /am9ates matur$ & ! results h already be5 told y4 ,i ?9k t ,p]sian walnut trees pay bett] ?an apples1 & t !re is no dang] ( an ov]supply4 ,! co/ = labor 9 c>+ = ! trees & 9 h>ve/+ ! crop is v mu* less ?an = any o!r fruit crop4 ,no spray+ & no pick+ are necess>y4 ,! co/ ( production is slight1 yet ! dem& & prices = ?is nut h be5 /eadily increas+ = sev]al ye>s4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,i w\ld l to h a good discussion ( ?is pap]1 because x seems to me t 9 all ! activities ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ! ,p]sian walnut (f]s ! highe/ possibilities4 ,! ,pacific coa/ p & s\!rn p h always ?\ght t only ! hickory or black walnut c\ld be rais$ 9 ! nor!rn p>ts ( ! c\ntry1 & n[ we f9d t ! ,p]sian walnut also does well !re4 ,! ,secret>y has s5t out a lett] rec5tly ask+ = in=mation ab\t ! ,p]sian walnut trees 9 ! vic9ity ( ea* p]son address$4 ,?is lett] 0 gott5 out = ! reason t 9 ! culture ( ! ,p]sian walnut ! ,pacific coa/ p h di/anc$ u1 & x is probable t we h n le>n$ ! possibilities ( ^! spl5did nuts 9 ! ,ea/4 ,we h a few v f9e v>ieties ( ^! ea/]n nuts1 & x looks z if1 by use ( ^! v>ieties1 ! ea/]n "p ( ?is c\ntry c produce ^! nuts 9 z l>ge quantities z ! we/]n4 ,mr4 ,pom]oy orig9at$ ! walnut be>+ 8 "n1 & we h ano!r nut t (f]s v good promise1 & ,i believe ! orig9ator is "h ?is morn+4 ,mr4 ,ru% we w\ld l to he> f y4 ,,mr4 ,,ru%3 ,i am satisfi$ t ,p]sian walnut culture c be made j z pr(itable on ! ,atlantic coa/ z on ! ,pacific & 9 ,france4 ,we h v>ieties t h /ood a temp]ature ( tw5ty-?ree degrees bel[ z]o4 ,i h discov]$ ano!r v>iety 9 ,lanca/]4 ,?is tree 0 br\ght 9 f ,g]many ab\t ?irty-five ye>s ago & x has turn$ out to be an extremely valuable v>iety4 ,i h se5 ^! nuts sell+ 9 ! op5 m>ket at fifty c5ts a p\nd4 ,z reg>ds propagation ( ! ,p]sian walnut1 ( c\rse ! black walnut is ! mo/ common v>iety on :i* to propagate4 ,ano!r /ock is ! ,japan walnut1 9 a s5se bett] ?an ! black = graft+4 ,x has a bett] lat]al root sy/em & is n s fi]ce 9 go+ d[n to ! c5t] ( ! e>?4 ,its root sy/em is magnific5t4 ,sev]al trees budd$ on ?is /ock a ye> ago la/ ,augu/ & transplant$ 9 ,novemb] ! same ye>1 _h a gr[? ?is summ] ( ov] six feet f ! bud1 %[+ t !re mu/ c]ta9ly be rem>kable vitality 9 ! ,japanese roots4 ,i h a "y tree ?irte5 ye>s old budd$ on black walnut t produc$ tw5ty-"o nuts ?is summ]4 ,i h a se$l+ ab\t t5 ye>s old :i* didn't h "o catk9 bloom4 ,b a tree ( ! ,ru% v>iety1 s nam$ = me by ,mr4 ,jones1 ! fir/ propagator1 /ood ab\t =ty feet away f ! fir/1 & at ! end ( ! season ?is se$l+ tree produc$ sixty f9ely develop$ nuts4 ,?is se$l+ tree1 h[ev]1 _h a great _m pi/illate blossoms1 :i* receiv$ poll5 f ! neighbor+ v>iety t 0 prolific 9 /am9ate bloom4 ,x w\ld seem to be an advantage = a se$l+ ,p]sian walnut to h a good poll5iz] 9 its company4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,i 0 /ruck by ,mr4 ,pom]oy's /atem5t t aft] app>5t kill+ ( ! /am9ate bloom by fro/ ! pi/illate blossoms appe>$ & he _h a crop4 ,evid5tly he got f]tilization f "s outside s\rce4 ,! ,p]sian walnut 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates is l _m o!r trees 9 t its tr\ble does n arise f susceptibility to w9t] cold1 = :5 x is dormant x appe>s to /& great cold4 ,! tr\ble ) ! ,p]sian walnut is its t5d5cy to />t gr[+ at ! fir/ approa* ( w>m wea!r & if ! cold comes lat] x may kill ! tree4 ,mr4 ,pom]oy's f>m !re ne> ! %ores ( ! lake has an immunity f sudd5 *anges ( temp]ature & !re=e 8 trees are n likely to make gr[? :i* w be caught by late fall or e>ly spr+ fro/s4 ,unque/ionably he c gr[ ,p]sian walnuts bett] !re ?an c be done five hundr$ to a ?\s& miles fur!r s\?4 ,x is also a well-kn[n fact t "o ( ! be/ ( pea* & apple regions is along ?is lake %ore4 ,!re are _m o!r ,p]sian walnut trees gr[+ 9 diff]5t localities ea/ ( ! ,mississippi1 b nobody seems to ?9k !m wor? propagat+ because !y w9t] kill at times4 ,yet se$l+s ( ! h>die/ trees (t5 d x4 ,a new v>iety ( ! tree has be5 discov]$ :i* is wond]ful 9 t1 :]eas ! ord9>y ,p]sian walnut tree comes into leaf r e>ly1 ?is tree comes into leaf 9 ,june :5 *]ries are ripe4 ,i h se5 simil> trees 9 ,france4 ,i h no d\bt !re are t5 or fifte5 diff]5t v>ieties ( ?is tree gr[+ unappreciat$ 9 ?is "p ( ! c\ntry4 ,^! p>ticul> trees we d "k ab\t happ5 to belong to g5tlem5 :o are propagat+ !m = our b5efit & we owe !m our ?anks2 b ,i h no d\bt !re are _m o!r trees equally z valuable gr[+ 9 ! ,ea/]n ,/ates4 ,i h no d\bt t ! exp]i5ce ( ,mr4 ,ru% c\ld be duplicat$1 9 discov]+ "r ne> him 9 8 own t[n some?+ bett] ?an he _h ev] kn[n be=e4 ,we ne$ reports on all ^! trees4 ,,mr4 ,,ru%3 ,9 connection ) ,mr4 ,smi?'s rem>ks z to late vegetat+ v>ieties1 x may be t ?is feature is n altoge!r desirable4 ,i h be5 9 correspond5ce ) a g5tleman 9 ,colfax1 ,wa%+ton1 :o has "s late vegetat+ v>ieties & he tells me t he lo/ 8 :ole crop4 ,!y 7 caught by a fro/ at ! end ( ! season be=e !y _h fully matur$4 ,,mr4 ,,davis3 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,sob] has1 on 8 f>m 9 c5tral ,p5nsylvania1 ab\t five hundr$ ,p]sian walnut trees & has _h !m = t5 ye>s4 ,he has n be5 able to get a nut4 ,e ye> !y freeze back4 ,! trees live b !y freeze back4 ,i don't "k :e!r ?is is because !y />t too e>ly or n4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,i d n "k t !re is any bett] nut ?an ^! :i* we are n[ propagat+1 b ,i ?9k ! *ances are n9ety-n9e to "o aga9/ our hav+ f\nd ! be/ walnut trees = ?is region4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,i ?9k ,pr(essor ,smi?'s po9t is well tak54 ,we are j />t+ 9 ?is bus9ess4 ,i want to get ! exp]i5ces ( m5 f diff]5t p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,is ,mr4 ,/abl] "h8 ,,mr4 ,,/abl]3 ,?irty ye>s ago ?ree trees1 probably se$l+s 7 plant$ 9 our neighborhood4 ,"o is on my fa!r's f>m1 "o is on my uncle's f>m1 & "o is on our f>m4 ,! "o on our f>m1 ,i ?9k1 has nev] borne a nut4 ,my uncle's has borne _m times1 al?\gh an apple tree & a c$> tree are v ne> x4 ,?is walnut tree comes out s v late 9 ! spr+ t no spr+ fro/ cat*es x4 ,x is 9 ,montgom]y ,c\nty & we (t5 h late spr+ fro/s !re4 ,! nuts are all ripe 9 ! fall too be=e ! fro/ comes4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,mr4 ,/abl] told me t ?is is ! fifte5? successive crop f ?is tree4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,?is is c]ta9ly a v important po9t--! maturity ( ^! trees4 ,x is ! g5]al impression t ! ,p]sian walnut w n mature 9 c]ta9 sections ( ! c\ntry1 b z a fact !re are c]ta9 v>ieties t w mature any:]e 9 ! c\ntry4 ,we h simil> evid5ce 9 ! exp]i5ce ( ! pecan gr[]s4 ,! ,indiana pecan is dormant lat] ?an ! s\!rn v>ieties4 ,?is is true ( ! h>dy pea* also :i* comes out lat] 9 ! spr+ & is ripe soon] 9 ! fall ?an ! s\!rn v>ieties4 ,^! seem to h accommodat$ !mselves to ! climate4 ,,pr(essor ,,m*atton3 ,9 ,georgia we are prone to be hurt by ! late spr+ fro/s--t is our great tr\ble4 ,! o!r day !re 0 s5t into ! (fice a numb] ( specim5s ( ! ,p]sian walnut1 said to be f a se$l+ gr[n at ,%>p1 ,georgia1 9 ! apple c\ntry j bel[ ,*attanooga1 at an elevation ( eight hundr$ to a ?\s& feet1 & x gets cold up !re--!y h heavy freez+ e w9t]4 ,?is tree began be>+ at sev5 or eight ye>s1 ! own] said1 & has borne a crop e ye> = ! pa/ sev5 or eight ye>s1 & he _h sev]al losses ( fruit crops f late spr+ fro/s dur+ t p]iod4 ,! nut 0 v well fill$ & ( fair size4 ,if any "o is int]e/$ suffici5tly & w write to me z soon z ,i get back to ! college ,i w s5d ! "n ( ! gr[]4 ,i d n recomm5d x z ,i h nev] se5 m ?an a doz5 ( ! nuts4 ,?is 0 ( int]e/ to me1 because ,i h n be5 recomm5d+ ! ,p]sian walnut !re on acc\nt ( ! late spr+ fro/s1 b n[ x looks z if !re 0 a *ance ( our gett+ into ! walnut game ourselves4 ,,mr4 ,,pom]oy3 ,a prom95t exp]t :o came to ! f>m once said to me t ! ,p]sian or ,engli% walnut came to ?is c\ntry ?r\gh two r\tes3 "o ?r\gh ,greece1 ,italy & ,spa91 & tak5 by ! ,spani>ds to ,mexico & s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & ! o!r r\te ?r\gh ,g]many & ,engl& into ! ,unit$ ,/ates f ! nor?4 ,he said he w\ld r h 8 walnut trees come f ! nor!rn r\te trees ?an ! s\!rn4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,any "o :o has a good tree ought to write to our secret>y4 ,i hope ev]ybody w report ^! trees4 ,! in=mation w be publi%$ 9 bullet9 =m & s5t out to e memb] ( ! ,association4 ,i fully believe t ?is in=mation ga!r$ & dissem9at$ w greatly assi/ 9 develop+ ! walnut indu/ry 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,,mr4 ,,fro/3 ,mr4 ,pom]oy said t ! prun+ might be done at any "t ( ! ye>4 ,i prun$ a walnut tree "o spr+ & x v ne>ly bl$ to dea?4 ,,mr4 ,,pom]oy3 ,x seems to me t ,i h always prun$ at any "t4 ,x might be t :5 ! sap is j nicely />t$--j be=e ! tree />ts & ! buds swell--x might n be wise to d t4 ,i suppose t ! nut trees might ble$ !n ! same z grape v9es & c]ta9 o!r plants & trees4 ,i ?\ght x nev] did any h>m4 ,,mr4 ,,fro/3 ,x v ne>ly kill$ m9e4 ,!y 7 big trees1 too4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,i _h j su* an exp]i5ce z t ) grape v9es4 ,we f\nd t if grapes are prun$ at a c]ta9 "t 9 ! spr+ !y w ble$ pr(usely1 & sometimes actually ble$ to dea?4 ,i nev] _h any exp]i5ce ) walnuts1 b ) v9es we prune 9 ! fall j z soon z !y are dormant4 ,at t "t ! en]gies ( ! plant are at a m9imum & y c prune m safely ?an at any o!r "t4 ,z we g on t[>d spr+ ! moi/ure becomes great] & ! sap />ts1 s if y prune late 9 ! spr+ !re is great dang] ( injury to all plants4 ,if y prune 9 ! fall y h no tr\ble4 ,,mr4 ,,wile3 ,i w\ld l to "k if any "o has _h exp]i5ce ) ,cali=nia v>ieties "h 9 ! ,ea/4 ,,pr(essor ,,van ,,deman3 ,pr(essor ,close has _h m ?an any "o else4 ,i h also he>d ( "s 9 ,florida4 ,,pr(essor ,,lake3 ,we h _h ?ree ye>s' exp]i5ce2 we h _h also ! exp]i5ce ( o!rs :o h _h !m a long] "t ?an t4 ,"s ?ree ye>s ago we graft$ a numb] ( ,cali=nia v>ieties on ! ea/]n black4 ,9 view ( ! ea/]n conditions1 ^! are all mak+ spl5did gr[?--"s ( !m made a ?ree-foot gr[? la/ ye>1 "s a five & "o-half foot gr[? ?is ye>4 ,!y w5t ?r\gh la/ w9t] spl5didly2 !y are hold+ back f9ely 9 ! spr+ & we _h no tr\ble ) spr+ fro/s on ! graft$ portions1 ev5 ?\gh _m ( ! se$l+s 7 injur$4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,w ! ,p]sian walnut f]tilize itself "u ea/]n conditions8 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,i ?9k we w h to tru/ to outside f]tilization by ! black walnut or butt]nut4 ,!y all bloom at ! same "t4 ,"o f]tiliz+ tree w d1 b x is bett] to h m ?an "o because sometimes x might turn out t ! /am9ate catk9s came a few days too e>ly or too late to f]tilize ! nut4 ,! m trees y h1 ! bett] ! *ances2 ! m trees 9 a gr\p ! bett]4 ,! reason a five or six-ye>-old ,p]sian walnut tree does n be> _m walnuts is t !re are no /am9ate catk9s4 ,x takes old wood to produce !m4 ,!re is n en\gh old wood4 ,,mr4 ,,/abl]3 ,! ,/abl] walnut :i* ,i h j m5tion$1 bloom$ f ! t5? to ! tw5ty-fif? ( ,june4 ,! black walnuts ( t neighborhood all came out f a mon? to six weeks e>li] ?an t1 & n a s+le black walnut tree _h blossoms on 9 t neighborhood1 nor a s+le ,p]sian walnut at ! "t ! ,/abl] tree blossom$4 ,i believe ,i am fairly well acqua9t$ !re & !re 0 n a s+le o!r tree _h catk9s on at t "t1 & yet t tree bore a good crop ( catk9s & a l>ge numb] ( pi/illate blossoms & lat] a good crop ( nuts :i* is fairly good evid5ce t x mu/ h f]tiliz$ itself4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,we w\ld l to cont9ue ?is discussion1 b we h ano!r pap] t be>s on ! subject1 & ,i ?9k x w br+ out "s po9ts 9 connection ) x4 ,,=age ,,nuts ,,& ,,! ,,*e/nut ,,& ,,walnut ,,9 ,,europe ,j4 ,,russell ,,smi?1 ,,virg9ia ,! great task ( ,am]ican agriculture is to fe$ our bea/s4 ,approximately n9e t5?s ( ! proce$s ( ,am]ican agriculture goes to n\ri% ! quadrup$1 & man eats ! rema9+ "o t5?2 !re=e1 if we want to get cle> ( ! possibility ( a crop be+ ov]produc$1 let u gr[ some?+ ! bea/ c eat4 ,to say t we w nev] ov]produce food crops = man is ridicul\s4 ,x is q possible1 = in/ance1 t we may produce too _m ,p]sian walnuts = man's food1 b ! tree t w produce nuts to fe$ ! bea/s is on a firm basis4 ,pigs are go+ up & !y are go+ to /ay up4 ,if we c get some?+ t w suit ,bro!r ,pig we are on a p]fectly safe basis1 & t is ! basis ( ! *e/nut indu/ry 9 ,europe4 ,9 l>ge sections ( ,france1 f ,switz]l& to ! ,atlantic1 !re are ?\s&s ( acres ( *e/nut trees--a great =age crop4 ,9 a few di/ricts is9999typo looks l a =e/$ c\ntry1 on acc\nt ( ! heavy *e/nut tree groves4 ,! t5ant :o takes a f>m has c]ta9 re/rictions plac$ ^u him 9 ! removal & use ( ! crop4 ,he is n all[$ to remove ! *e/nuts 9 ,france4 ,! t5ant :o takes ! f>m1 signs a contract t he w n sell ! *e/nuts b w fe$ !m to ! pigs s ! soil may n be exhau/$4 ,!y ga!r !m c>efully & use !m 9 a numb] ( ways4 ,!y make ! ma9 bread supply ( ! p4 ,i h eat5 *e/nut cake4 ,x is n bad4 ,!y treat x exactly z we d corn cake4 ,:5 !y c af=d some?+ bett]1 !y d s4 ,at h>ve/ "t ! *e/nuts are put 9 dry+ h\ses1 a fire is built "u !m & aft] !y are ?or\ghly dri$ !y w keep indef9itely4 ,we f9d !m on ! m>ket z dri$ *e/nuts2 & ,i h se5 p eat+ !m raw 9 ,june ( ! ye> aft]4 ,*e/nut meal is a /&>d article ( consumption & ! price is regulat$ by ! price ( cornmeal4 ,i h se5 consid]able areas plant$ out regul>ly 9 r[s ( "y trees1 & alongside ( t old] ones4 ,!y plant on p]fectly f9e1 level gr\nd hundr$s ( acres ( *e/nut groves & we f9d ^! groves any:]e f tw5ty-five to "o hundr$ ye>s old4 ,!y are v valuable prop]ty = ! reason t :5 old !re are _m cords ( wood to ! acre1 & *e/nut wood is valuable4 ,!y h a disease ov] !re call$ inky root consequ5tly new plant+s h l>gely ceas$1 ?\gh !re are "s go+ on4 ,a great reason = plant+ is t timb] means an increase 9 ! value ( l&4 ,a man :o has an old *e/nut or*>d has l& t is wor? two hundr$ doll>s an acre = wood alone & ! temptation is v /rong to sell (f ! timb] & get ! money1 :i* process is go+ on fa/] ?an ! sett+ ( new or*>ds4 ,^! or*>ds are on high class agricultural l&4 ,x is q diff]5t 9 ,corsica2 ! c\ntry !re is v brok5 & r\gh4 ,"s ( ! hills range up to #f1jjj feet1 & = a belt ( #b1jjj feet ! *e/nut =e/s are cont9u\s & villages num]\s4 ,?is isl& supports a d5se population4 ,! pr9cipal indu/ry consi/s ( ga!r+ ! *e/nuts1 & = a few weeks ! p are v busy putt+ !m away = ! ye>'s supply & s5d+ !m to m>ket4 ,i /opp$ at ! home ( ! mayor ( a little t[n & he w5t back 9 ! b>n :]e he _h a b9 full ( dri$ *e/nuts4 ,he f$ "s ( !m to my horse4 ,x is _! "o crop4 ,_m p h no?+ b tw5ty or ?irty or =ty acres ( *e/nuts & a little g>d5--a little g>d5 made by reta9+ walls mak+ a t]race t mu/ be till$ by h&4 ,t is ! :ole su/5ance ( ! p4 ,! value ( ! l& is usually e/imat$ on a tree basis1 & v seldom put on a l& basis4 ,! value ( l& cov]$ ) trees is f two hundr$ to ?ree hundr$ doll>s an acre1 & l& along side ( ?is )\t trees may be wor? b t5 doll>s4 ,! value ( ! *e/nut trees = wood =ms a l>ge "p ( ! sale value4 ,!re is "s good pa/ure "u ^! trees4 ,! r5ew+ ( ^! groves is p]fectly sy/ematic4 ,! old trees1 hav+ atta9$ _! full size1 meet ov]head & "r alongside ( !m are plant$ new trees1 :i* "u su* circum/ances make a v poor gr[?4 ,! "y tree may get z high z ?is room 9 t5 or fifte5 ye>s1 & ! old tree be+ wor? t5 or fifte5 doll>s1 is !n cut d[n 79 t c\ntry if y want money cut d[n a *e/nut tree74 ,! "y tree takes ! place v soon1 & once e/abli%$ a *e/nut or*>d la/s indef9itely4 ,sometimes !y plant ! "y tree beside ! old "o1 t5 or fifte5 ye>s be=e ! old tree is to be cut d[n4 ,! contra/ betwe5 ! popul\s villages ( ,corsica & l portions ( ! ,appala*ian hillsides is /rik+4 ,! inhabitants ( ! latt] cut d[n ev]y?+1 plant corn & 9 two or ?ree seasons ! ra9 simply c>ries ! e>? away & ! f>m has to be ab&on$4 ,9 contra/ to t ! or*>ds ( ,corsica h be5 !re = _m c5turies4 ,i ask$ "o man h[ long ?is ?+ _h be5 go+ on4 ,he said two hundr$1 ?ree hundr$1 five hundr$1 "o ?\s& ye>s1 always4 ,nobody kn[s :5 !y began to gr[ *e/nuts4 ,h[ ! l& cont9ues to gr[ !m is m ?an ,i c und]/&4 ,z an example ( p]man5t agriculture1 t has ev]y?+ ,i h ev] he>d ( beat5 out4 ,^? p _h n f]tiliz$ ! trees1 z x w\ld be a physical impossibility to c>ry any?+ up ^? slopes2 ev]y?+ comes d[n4 ,!y h be5 tak+ (f wood & nuts always1 no?+ has gone back4 ,i h n be5 pres5t at h>ve/ "t b ,i h consult$ ) ! repres5tatives ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture 9 ,france & !y tell me ?is l& produces a ton to ?ree ?\s& p\nds to ! acre1 ) ! big ye>s d\bl+ t & ! little ye>s halv+ x4 ,?is )\t tak+ any?+ away f ! l& app>5tly4 ,! l& is z good z :5 !y began1 & is support+ a d5se population & has = c5turies4 ,ano!r =age nut :i* /ruck me z ev5 m important ?an ! *e/nut1 because ( its mu* wid] possibility 9 ,am]ica1 is ! acorn4 ,i h be5 ?r\gh consid]able areas 9 ,portugal :]e !y didn't c>e :e!r !y _h a cork tree or an oak4 ,l& ) su* trees is wor? f "o hundr$ to "o hundr$ & fifty doll>s p] acre4 ,!y assur$ me t ! acorn oak =e/ 0 z valuable z ! cork =e/4 ,"s ( ?is l& is :eat l&4 ,!y w let an oak tree /& "r 9 ! middle ( a field :]e ! cultivation ( ! gr\nd improves ! tree4 ,aft] ! :eat h>ve/ ! hogs fatt5 on ! acorns4 ,! ev]gre5 oak ( s\!rn ,europe is highly priz$ = its acorns4 ,i h se5 l>ge areas ( be>+ trees4 ,i h be5 told "t & aga9 t !y be> at a comp>atively e>ly age4 ,! oak is capable ( graft+1 ab\t z easily z ! *e/nut4 ,i h se5 !m graft$1 all ! way f ^? ( ?is spr+ up to ?ree hundr$ ye>s old4 ,! numb] ( trees graft$ is small1 b t 9 no way affects ! possibilities4 ,c]ta9 v>ieties are priz$ z mu* z *e/nuts1 or ev5 m1 & ! price ( acorns is set by ! price ( *e/nuts1 j z ! price ( cornmeal sets ! price = *e/nut meal4 ,i nev] got crop records = a solid acre ( oak trees1 b ! p]=mance ( individual trees gives rise to ! belief t ! acorn crop 9 ,europe & ,am]ica is wor?y ( c>eful /udy4 ,i saw a tree--a s+le tree--t ,i 0 assur$ bore m ?an twelve hundr$ qu>ts 9 a s+le ye>1 ?irty-sev5 bu%els4 ,x is h>d to get ! yield 9 a l>ge =e/1 b ?is tree 0 alone4 ,its sweep 0 sev5te5 y>ds1 its ye>ly production seem$ to av]age ov] tw5ty bu%els1 :i* 0 wor? z mu* z an acre ( corn 9 any ( our /ates4 ,:]ev] ,i f\nd an isolat$ tree1 ,i f\nd its production to be surpris+ly l>ge1 & ,i got my in=mation f a v>iety ( s\rces4 ,x seem$ to be "o ( ! mo/ important =age trees4 ,z to ! ,p]sian walnut1 x is report$ to be a small nut ( almo/ no value 9 its wild /ate4 ,x gr[s ar\nd ! _w betwe5 ! belt ( ! orange & ! belt ( ! :ite p9e4 ,x is unkn[n z a crop 9 l>ge areas 9 ,europe1 :]e x might be gr[n successfully4 ,9 ,italy !re is only an occasional tree1 & x is n gr[n mu* 9 ,portugal or ,spa94 ,x has c5t]s 9 ,europe z crops h 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates & = ! same reason--someone />t$ ! indu/ry4 ,! activities ( ,mr4 ,pom]oy h /imulat$ its gr[? 9 8 imm$iate locality4 ,:5 any "o succe$s 9 a c]ta9 l9e1 we f9d p ab\t him tak+ up ! same l9e & !y conclude t ?is product c only be produc$ 9 t p>ticul> locality4 ,?is is usually n s at all4 ,! ?+ t happ5$ 0 t "s "o %[$ !m t ?is soil w\ld produce ?is ?+4 ,ne> ,naples !re is a walnut boom4 ,! value ( ! walnut z a crop is %[n by ! fact t m>ket g>d5s produc+ ?ree crops a ye> "u irrigation are be+ plant$ to ,engli% walnuts4 ,i h be5 told "t & aga9 t ?is is a v pr(itable crop4 ,9 ?is walnut di/rict !y h plant$ :ole hillsides to olives & walnuts alt]nately1 sometimes mix$ up1 sometimes tw5ty acres solid4 ,9 "s places !y c only be cultivat$ ) ! hoe1 a v di/9ctly un-,am]ican job1 & yet ! ,engli% walnut seems to pay ! p "u ^? conditions ( labor4 ,x is spread+ ov] t p59sula & y f9d x spread+ 9 ! l[l&s4 ,!y trim ! tree up to tw5ty-five feet1 s t teams c drive bel[4 ,!re are two important walnut areas 9 ,france2 at "o place an old crank nam$ ,mayette ab\t two hundr$ ye>s ago f\nd a good walnut & he graft$ "s & plant$ out an acre or two1 & 8 neighbors plant$ "s1 especially :5 8 acre or two began to gr[1 ) ! result t ! t]ritory ar\nd t old man's plant+ is ! c5t] ( ! production ( ! ,gr5oble walnut4 ,a little /rip1 on ! foo?ills ( ! ,alps & along ! ,isre riv] is spr9kl$ ) walnut trees4 ,!y are n[ plant+ ^! trees 9 ! mid/ ( ! be/ v9ey>ds4 ,9 a field ( :eat (t5-times y w f9d r[s ( little walnut trees4 ,!re are "s or*>ds ( ,p]sian walnuts 9 ?is locality b ,i ?9k no or*>d has ov] five acres4 ,!y h come to grief along a l9e t is common to mo/ p1 t ( ov]cr[d+4 ,x takes a great deal ( n]ve to plant a nut tree sixty or sev5ty feet f ! next--x looks z if x 7 wa/+ ! l&--& !y h plant$ !m s close t ! tops ( ! trees & ! foliage =m a flat level gre5 surface1 & ! sun %9es on a v small "p ( ea* tree in/ead ( all r\nd & ov] x z x %\ld4 ,! o!r walnut di/rict is "o m sugge/ive to me4 ,i d\bt if ev5 ^? :o h trees to sell are ju/ifi$ 9 advis+ ! f>m]s to plant solid fields ( walnuts1 b we c recomm5d a r[ ( !m ar\nd f5ce r[s & r\nd ! b>n4 ,i travel$ a good _m miles ?r\gh ! we/]n "p ( ,france1 f ,lyons to ,bordeaux1 & ,i h se5 ?\s&s ( trees1 b ,i h n se5 any or*>ds4 ,!y put "o tree by itself & !y raise :eat close up to x4 ,! f]tilization & cultivation help ! walnut & make x produce a bett] crop4 ,^? well-f$ trees ) pl5ty ( sun1 air & plant food are di/9ctly sup]ior to ! o!r trees4 ,a good walnut tree r5ts = z mu* z an acre ( gr\nd4 ,x is ! product t is receiv$ )\t labor t appeals to me1 & z ! trees produce well1 !re is sometimes sev5 or eight doll>s wor? ( pr(it to ea* tree1 & ! l&lord is 9 ! position to comm& mo/ ( ! sev5 or eight doll>s because he furni%es ! trees4 ,if a #ej-;acre f>m ) fifty nut trees /ood on "o side ( ! road & "o ( equal area )\t any trees on ! o!r side1 ! "o ) ! trees w\ld r5t = twice z mu*4 ,a good tree w occasionally produce ?ree or f\r hundr$ p\nds ( nuts1 especially a f9e tree out by itself4 ,once 9 a :ile we f9d a grove ( !m b m (t5 !re are six1 sev51 eight or m trees scatt]$ r\nd ! h\se4 ,! comb9$ result ( t indu/ry produces millions ( doll>s wor? ( nuts4 ,if !re are any que/ions1 ,i %all be glad to answ]4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,evans3 ,c ! pecan be us$ z a =age crop = pigs8 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,i don't ?9k we are will+ to let him h !m4 ,,mr4 ,,evans3 ,w\ld a pig eat !m8 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,obs]vations %[ t ! pig w eat !m if y give him a *ance2 he w eat ) great gu/o ! hickory nuts & a gr[n hog w also crack black walnuts2 ! pecan he simply gr9ds up4 ,i sugge/$ ! pig z a way out ( ! problem ( ov]production2 ! pig wants ! products :5 we don't4 ,,mr4 ,,/orrs3 ,i come f a c\ntry :]e we gr[ ! pig on corn1 & x is h>d = me to believe t he w get fat on acorns & *e/nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,lee3 ,i also w\ld l to ask :e!r a hog w get fat on acorns4 ,i _h an exp]i5ce ?is fall2 a man on my f>m _h "s pigs & he kept !m 9 a p5 & f$ !m corn4 ,i 0 go+ to beg9 to fe$ my hogs1 b ,i _h a woods & ,i said let !m eat ! acorns4 ,at ! end ( a mon? !y _h eat5 ! acorns b !y 7 n z fat z !y _h be5 at ! beg9n+4 ,!y _h work$ s h>d to get ! acorns t !y _h work$ (f all ! fat4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,!re are two hundr$ ?\s& hogs on ! job 9 ! f$]al =e/s today4 ,! ,portugese pig 9 ! spr+ is a lam5table look+ object4 ,! me?od is to keep him alive until acorns get ripe & !y c\nt on a pig multiply+ himself "o hundr$ to two hundr$ p] c5t 9 ! %ort season f ! beg9n+ ( ,septemb] to ! fir/ ( ! ye>4 ,!y keep him ord9>ily eighte5 mon?s2 !y c>ry ! spr+ or fall pigs ?r\gh "o w9t]1 & at ! beg9n+ ( ! fatt5+ season a pig t weighs fifty or sixty p\nds is c\nt$ on1 9 ! %ort "t :5 acorns c be pick$ up1 to jump up to "o hundr$ & fifty or two hundr$ p\nds4 ,!re is mu* evid5ce on bo? sides ( ! ,atlantic to ! effect t acorns fatt5 hogs if ! supply is good4 ,,pres5t ,,/ate ,,( ,,! ,,*e/nut ,,blight ,j4 ,,frankl9 ,,coll9s1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,i presume t all ( y :o h any int]e/ at all 9 ! *e/nut "k consid]able ab\t ! blight :i* has be5 kill+ ^! trees 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ! c\ntry1 s ,i w say no?+ :atev] ab\t ! g5]al features ( ! disease b conf9e my talk to ^? po9ts :i* h assum$1 )9 a ye>1 "s special importance f ! po9t ( view ( fight+ ! blight1 or relat$ topics4 ,p]haps ! fir/ ?+ t ,i c allude to is ! discov]y ( a c]ta9 disease 9 ,*9a :i*1 at ! "t1 0 suppos$ to be id5tical ) ! *e/nut disease 9 ! nor!a/]n "p ( ?is c\ntry4 ,i say suppos$ because we _h no positive k at ! "t t x 0 ! disease4 ,specim5s 7 s5t to ?is c\ntry by ! agricultural exp]t1 ,mr4 ,mey] ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture1 = exam9ation4 ,cultures & inoculations 7 made by ! pa?ologi/s 9 ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry & all ( ! te/s t c\ld be appli$ %[$ x to be id5tical ) our ,am]ican disease4 ,mr4 ,mey]'s report ^u ?is disease1 z he f\nd x 9 ,*9a1 has "s po9ts :i* may be ( int]e/ to y4 ,he said ! disease app>5tly _h be5 !re = _m ye>s1 z ! lesions ( ! disease %[$ if !y 7 exam9$ c>efully4 ,! fact t x has be5 !re = _m ye>s is1 ,i ?9k1 que/ion$ by no "o at ! pres5t "t4 ,its gr[? 9 ,*9a seems to be some:at diff]5t1 9 fact 9 _m cases q diff]5t1 f ! gr[? on ! ,am]ican & ! ,european *e/nut trees4 ,x is r ( ! type t we are famili> ) on ! resi/ant ,japanese trees4 ,m-ov]1 x appe>s on "s ( ! trees z %[n 9 ! photographs :i* ,i w pass ar\nd4 ,! appe>ance ( ! disease m closely resembles1 9 "s ways1 :at we are famili> ) 9 ! ,european apple cank] z x appe>s on ! apple trees4 ,i ?9k ^? :o are famili> ) ! apple cank] w notice ! resemblance1 9 at lea/ "o or two ( ^! photographs4 ,n[1 ,i don't mean by t t x is ! same z ! apple cank]1 b ,i d want to call y\r att5tion to its appe>ance 9 ^! photographs1 & at ! same "t1 to tell y some?+ t ,mr4 ,mey] wrote ab\t ?is disease z x appe>$ 9 ,*9a4 ,he said he f\nd no trees t 7 absolutely kill$ by ! disease4 ,?is may mean1 & probably does1 t ! ,*9ese tree is resi/ant1 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 to ?is disease2 t is1 x %[s a c]ta9 am\nt ( resi/ance1 mu* 9 ! same way t ! ,japanese *e/nut tree does to ! disease 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,= "s ye>s 7z "s ( y w rememb]1 ,i ?9k7 !re h be5 two diff]5t views z to ! orig9 ( ?is disease4 ,"o is t x is a native fungus :i*1 = "s reason1 has assum$ a p>asitic =m2 ! o!r t x is an import$ disease4 ,! pr9cipal reasons = ! latt] view are t x spreads 9 ?is c\ntry on ! ,am]ican *e/nut 9 mu* ! same mann] t o!r import$ diseases h spread on o!r plants4 ,! fact is t ?is disease 7s f> z we c f9d absolutely id5tical ) ! ,am]ican =m7 has be5 f\nd 9 ,*9a2 ab\t ?is po9t !re is no d\bt at all1 & ,i ?9k we c safely say1 al?\gh we _c absolutely prove x at ?is "t1 t ! disease 9 ?is c\ntry 0 import$ f ! ,ori5t4 ,:at be>+ ?is w h on ! "q ( control ( ! disease 9 ?is c\ntry rema9s to be se54 ,h we any *e/nuts :i* %[ immunity to ?is disease8 ,! ,am]ican *e/nut is subject to x 9 its mo/ virul5t =m4 ,!re are ( c\rse a numb] ( v>ieties ( ! ,am]ican *e/nut :i* h be5 cultivat$4 ,( ^! ! two :i* ,i h se5 mo/ ( are ! ,ha?away & ! ,sp9eless4 ,bo? ( ^! are subject to ! disease 9 ! ord9>y =m4 ,! ,am]ican v>ieties :i* h be5 orig9at$ )9 a few ye>s1 ! ,boone & ! ,ro*e/]1 ,i am n prep>$ to say any?+ ab\t at ! pres5t "t4 ,! resi/ance or immunity ( ^! v>ieties has n be5 det]m9$ s f> z my own "w is conc]n$4 ,( ! ,european v>ieties we h a great _m & !y produce1 z a rule1 ! l>ge *e/nuts ( ! m>ket & are kn[n "u v>i\s names4 ,"s are scions ( nam$ v>ieties & ,i w m5tion "s ( ! m prom95t4 ,! fir/ & be/ kn[n1 p]haps1 is ! ,p>agon *e/nut4 ,?is is susceptible to ! disease & takes x 9 almo/ z viol5t a =m z does ! ,am]ican1 & s x is ) ! ,ridgely1 a nut :i* orig9at$ ne> ,dov]1 ,delaw>e4 ,! ,dag] & ! ,scott also take ! disease1 & s d _m ( ! s-call$ ,fr5* v>ieties--! ,m>ron1 ! ,m>ron ,combale1 ! ,e>ly ,m>ron & o!rs--s f> z ,i h be5 able to asc]ta94 ,i h n se5 v _m ,numbo trees1 b ( ^? :i* ,i h se51 "s h be5 diseas$4 ,two v>ieties1 :i* ,i h se5 h n _h any disease ^u !m4 ,"o ( ^! ,i saw only once or twice & 0 unable to make a ?or\gh exam9ation4 ,?is is ! ,d>l+ton *e/nut :i* gr[s ne> ,we/ ,*e/]1 ,pa4 ,i h no reason to ?9k ?is is immune 9 any way to ! disease2 all ,i c say is t ,i h n yet se5 ! disease on ?is v>iety4 ,ano!r v>iety :i* ,i h he>d a great deal ab\t f ! po9t ( view ( resi/+ ! disease is ! ,hannum4 ,i don't "k any?+ ab\t ?is4 ,i h be5 unable to locate any trees :i* ,i c\ld exam9e4 ,n[ ^! are all ! v>ieties ( ! ,european or ,am]ican sorts t ,i c>e to speak ab\t1 & we c say t !y are all1 s f> z we "k1 ) ! possible exception ( ! "o or two la/ m5tion$1 subject to ! disease4 ,n[ let me turn = a mom5t to two o!r types ( *e/nut4 ,fir/ ! *9quap91 a small dw>f *e/nut :i* gr[s 9 ! s\!rn ,atlantic /ates b rea*es z f> nor? z ,new ,j]sey & p]haps f>!r = all ,i "k4 ,! *9quap9 9 ! pa/ has be5 reg>d$ z a r resi/ant species & my own obs]vations seem to be> out ?is supposition4 ,i h se5 v few *9quap9s :i* _h ! disease4 ,x may be due p>tly to ! fact t !y are n s subject to ! attacks ( insects & injuries ?r\gh :i* ! blight might ga9 entrance1 or x may be due to ! resi/ance 9 ! species--,i _c say ab\t t4 ,i _h an opportunity ?is fall to see ! ,ru% *9quap94 ,i exam9$ ^! trees--!re are two ( !m--& ,i ?9k !re is no "q b t !y are hybrids betwe5 ! *9quap9 & ! ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,"o ( ^! trees 0 diseas$1 ! o!r _h no disease ^u x4 ,! ,japanese *e/nuts h be5 kn[n = a long "t to be highly resi/ant to ! inroads ( ?is disease4 ,"s may be immune1 if we use ! ^w immune 9 a v loose s5se4 ,x has be5 reg>d$ z ( r co>se quality & "s v>ieties z entirely unfit = human food4 ,?is is true ( _m ( ! ,japanese *e/nuts1 b ,i h rec5tly se5 "s :i*1 s f> z ,i c\ld tell1 7 ne>ly z sweet z ! ,am]ican *e/nut & ,p>agon *e/nut :i* ,i te/$ at ! same "t & :i* 7 gr[+ side by side4 ,i c\ld detect v little diff]5ce betwe5 !m4 ,! ,japanese nuts 7 v l>ge1 consid]ably l>g] ?an ! ,p>agon4 ,:e!r ^! w reta9 _! sweetness 9 dry+ ,i _c say4 ,^! ,japanese *e/nuts are se$l+s1 & are kn[n z ! ,delaw>e1 ! ,felton1 ! ,k5t & ! ,h5lop54 ,l all ( ! ,japanese *e/nuts !y are highly resi/ant to ! blight4 ,i wi% to call y\r att5tion to a few ( ! /&>d ,japanese v>ieties ^u :i* ,i h made obs]vations4 ,^! 7 all graft$ trees1 t is ! ,japanese v>iety 0 graft$ on ,am]ican /ock4 ,! ,mc,farland is a r well-kn[n v>iety4 ,( five trees :i* ,i h _h "u obs]vation1 all ( !m became diseas$ bel[ ! graft b none above ! graft1 %[+ ! resi/ance ( ! ,japanese scion on ,am]ican /ock4 ,i ?9k ?is is giv5 out z a ,burbank v>iety4 ,! ,hale is ano!r "o :i* has ! same record exactly4 ,on ! ,coe ,i h se5 two cases ( ! disease on ! ,japanese "p & sev]al cases :]e ! trees are diseas$ bel[ ! graft4 ,! ,alpha1 "o ( ! ,p>ry v>ieties holds ab\t ! same record z ! ,coe--two cases ( disease on ! ,japanese "p & sev]al bel[ ! graft4 ,! ,p>ry ,giant has be5 consid]$ "o ( ! l>ge/ nuts2 9 f\r trees obs]v$ !re 0 "o case ( ! disease on ! ,japanese "p & two bel[ ! graft4 ,! ,sup]b _h ! disease bel[ ! graft b n above2 ! ,reliance j ! same way4 ,!n along ) ^! plots 7 "o v>iety ( ,european1 ! ,scott1 :i* 0 q z susceptible to ! disease z any o!r ,european1 & ano!r v>iety1 ! orig9 ( :i* ,i d n "k4 ,?is la/ appe>s to be some?+ ( a hybrid ) "s *9quap9 blood 9 x--:e!r ?is is s or n ,i _c def9itely say--,i c say ?is1 h[ev]1 t x takes ! disease n z readily z ! ,european b m readily ?an ! ,japanese4 ,j a few words n[ 9 reg>d to ! pres5t di/ribution ( ! *e/nut disease1 or at lea/ its ext5d$ di/ribution4 ,! disease is n[ kn[n to occur 9 ,ma9e1 ,new ,hamp%ire1 ,v]mont1 ,new ,york ea/ ( ! ,catskills & z f> nor? z ,lake ,george1 & g5]ally z f> s\? z nor!rn ,virg9ia4 ,f>!r s\? !re are "s scatt]$ infections1 "o nurs]y hav+ be5 f\nd 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a :i* _h ! disease4 ,! we/]n di/ribution ( ! disease1 if y take isolat$ cases1 is n[ c>ri$ to ! ,pacific coa/4 ,we "k ( an or*>d 9 ,agassiz1 ,briti% ,columbia1 9 :i* ! disease has be5 f\nd4 ,nobody kn[s h[ ?is 0 transmitt$1 b ! *e/nut trees ^u :i* ! disease occurs 7 suppos$ to h be5 s5t to ! own] f ! ,ori5t4 ,!y app>5tly are n ( ! usual ,japanese type1 h[ev]2 t is all ,i c say ab\t !m n[4 ,! *e/nut blight has be5 f\nd on all p>ts ( ! bran*es1 twigs1 trunk & ! expos$ roots4 ,la/ ye> we f\nd ! disease on ! nuts !mselves & on _! burs & we 7 able to isolate ! disease f ! %ell ( ! nut & we 7 also able to produce ! disease on ! b>k ( a *e/nut tree ?r\gh inoculation f ! nut itself4 ,s t ! disease c occur on almo/ any "p ( ! *e/nut tree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,memb]3 ,i saw q rec5tly t !re 7 two cases ( fatal poison+ 9 ,connecticut f ! result ( us+ nuts said to h be5 blight$4 ,i w\ld l to "k if t has be5 v]ifi$4 ,,mr4 ,,coll9s3 ,!re h be51 s f> z ,i "k1 ab\t fifte5 cases ( suppos$ *e/nut poison+ 9 ! vic9ity ( ,h>t=d ) five dea?s4 ,we h reports ( disease & possible dea? 9 o!r portions ( ! c\ntry1 p>ticul>ly 9 ! nor!a/4 ,^! reports come 9 su* a way t x is impossible to say def9itely t *e/nuts caus$ ! tr\ble1 b ?is mu* c be said3 our (fice "h 9 ,wa%+ton has a physician work+ ^u ?is v po9t4 ,at ! pres5t "t all t ,i c say is t !re is no d\bt ab\t ! cases ( illness & x is impossible to dissociate ! eat+ ( *e/nuts f ! possibilities4 ,at ! same "t x is n possible to %[ t *e/nuts 7 ! cause ( ! tr\ble r ?an some?+ else :i* 0 tak5 at ! same "t4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i wrote to ! physician ne> ,h>t=d ^: wife is report$ to h di$1 b ,i h _h no answ]4 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,aft] foll[+ ^? cases up & f9d+ t *e/nuts c\ld n be exclud$ z a possible cause1 we h />t$ exp]im5ts ) v>i\s animals1 also "s *emical1 to det]m9e if !re is any possibility ( any def9ite toxic sub/ance 9 ! nuts2 s f> results are negligible4 ,we are n prep>$ to say :e!r !re is any?+ 9 *e/nut poison+ or :e!r !re is n4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i ?9k !re are ?ree po9ts 9 relation to ! *e/nut blight ( v great importance to ! practical nut gr[]1 & ,i w\ld l ,pr(essor ,coll9s to answ] ^! que/ions4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 h[ f> are we ju/ifi$ 9 recomm5d+ plant+ ( non-immune v>ieties )9 ! blight$ area1 9 limit$ quantities1 ) ! und]/&+ t !re is a fair %[ ( keep+ !m tol]ably free f ! blight by wat*ful c>e & cutt+ out8 ,mr4 ,rob]ts ( ,new ,j]sey has a l>ge *e/nut or*>d & he says he is n afraid ( ! blight4 ,he has _h a l>ge crop ( *e/nuts ?is ye>1 & he says t1 :ile he has cut out1 ,i believe1 "o or*>d ( small trees 8 l>ge be>+ trees are n s]i\sly affect$ by ! blight4 ,?is is ! same te/imony t we _h f ,colonel ,sob] la/ ye>4 ,! second "q is1 h[ f> are we ju/ifi$ 9 recomm5d+ ! plant+ ( *e/nuts outside ( ! pres5t blight$ area8 ,x seems to me ?is is a v important po9t4 ,c we g s f> outside ! pres5t blight area1 p]haps beyond ! pres5t range ( ! *e/nut tree1 t we c hope to plant !m )\t _! be+ expos$ to dang]1 or mu* dang]1 ( contagion f ! blight8 ,c we recomm5d _! be+ plant$ 9 places :]e ! *e/nut does n gr[ n[ p]haps )9 sev]al hundr$ miles8 ,& ! ?ird "q is 9 reg>d to immune v>ieties4 ,h[ f> has ! immune quality ( any v>ieties be5 demon/rat$8 ,,pr(essor ,,coll9s3 ,) reg>d to ! fir/ "q1--plant+ ( non-immune v>ieties )9 ! *e/nut disease area1--,i don't feel l recomm5d+ x except on an exp]im5tal basis4 ,p]haps ,i am recomm5d+ some?+ t ,i might feel l *ang+ my m9d ab\t a little lat]1 b1 9 ! pres5t /ate ( our k ,i w\ld hesitate to recomm5d plant+ )9 ! disease infe/$ area4 ,s f> z ! second "q is conc]n$1 ! plant+ ( non-immune v>ieties outside ! *e/nut gr[+ area1 ,i ?9k !re are "s pretty good prospects 9 sight1 provid$ ! /ock :i* is obta9$ is c>efully inspect$ to see t x is free f ! blight to beg9 )1 & is wat*$ c>efully = at lea/ ! fir/ ye>4 ,! ?ird "q1 9 reg>d to immune v>ieties1--if !re are any ! immunity ( :i* has be5 demon/rat$ suffici5tly to w>rant _! be+ plant$1--! ,japanese1 :i* are highly resi/ant1 & :at "s p might consid] immune1 are ! only possibilities s f> 9 sight4 ,! great tr\ble ) ! ,japanese trees :i* h be5 gr[n 9 ! or*>ds 9 p>ts ( ! c\ntry t h come "u my obs]vation1 is t !y h be5 graft$ on /ock :i* is v susceptible to ! disease1 & ,i ?9k x is safe to say t #hj p] c5t at lea/1 possibly #ij p] c5t1 ( ! trees t h be5 kill$ "u ^! conditions h be5 kill$ by ! disease girdl+ bel[ ! graft on ! susceptible ,am]ican /ock4 ,if we c gr[ ,japanese se$l+s "u ! same conditions1 p]haps1 t ,colonel ,sob] is rais+ 8 ,p>agons--two ye>s f ! se$ & !n graft+--,i don't see :y we c't h a tree t is go+ to be reasonably resi/ant to ! disease2 n[ if we c f9d "s ,japanese nuts :i* are really palatable1 really good & sweet1 z ^! ?ree or f\r t ,i h m5tion$ appe> to be1 ,i don't see :y we _c h a tree :i* w be reasonably immune to ! disease & at ! same "t produc+ an edible nut4 ,! ,japanese /ock seems to be able to fight (f ! disease to a c]ta9 ext5t 9 mu* ! same way t ! apple tree c fight (f ! apple cank]1 ea* ye> ! lesion increases a little b ea* ye> ! gr[? ( ! tree ov]comes x to a c]ta9 ext5t1 & !re is a fight betwe5 ! disease & ! tree all ! "t4 ,v likely ! disease once on ! tree w rema9 on ! tree1 z f> z we c tell at pres5t1 = q a "t1 b p]haps n kill ! tree outright4 ,,pr(essor ,,van ,,deman3 ,dr4 ,van ,fleet ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture is work+ on :at seems to be a v f9e prospect = rais+ *e/nuts t w be immune & t w h good quality4 ,japanese *e/nuts are ! poore/ ( all 9 quality b he has tak5 ! *9quap91 :i* is ( high quality b ! v smalle/ ( ! :ole *e/nut family1 q common 9 _m ( ! c5tral & s\!rn /ates & z f> we/ z ,arkansas1 has cross$ ! ,japanese *e/nut & ! *9quap91 & has obta9$ se$l+s t be> v "y--:5 !y are n m ?an f\r or five feet high sometimes4 ,!y are load$ ) nuts1 & nuts ( l>ge size1 l>g] ?an our ord9>y wild *e/nut1 usually "o 9 a bur j z ! *9quap9 is & hav+ ! high quality ( ! *9quap91 & he has gr[n _m ( ^? 9 ,new ,j]sey "r 9 ! v wor/ ( ! disease area & has f\nd "s t are exempt4 ,p]haps "s ( y h notic$ :at 0 publi%$ 9 reg>d to ?is 9 ! ,rural ,new-,york] sometime 9 ! pa/ few mon?s4 ,i h se5 ! nuts f "s ( ^! trees1 & :ile ,i h nev] eat5 any1 ,i h ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's ^w = x t !y are ( excell5t quality4 ,n[ t is some?+ t we might feel q hopeful ab\t4 ,,pr(essor ,,coll9s3 ,dr4 ,van ,fleet is do+ a f9e "w4 ,i h se5 "s ( x & gone ov] ! "w ) him4 ,,pr(essor ,,van ,,deman3 ,he is "o ( ! gov]nm5t p & he is c>ry+ on 8 exp]im5ts "h at ! ,arl+ton plantation1 "r across ! riv]4 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,speak+ ( bre$+ mat]ial1 we h six sorts = bre$+ purposes 9 ! %ape ( se$s ( ?is v species ( ,*9ese *e/nut on :i* ! disease occurs 9 ,*9a4 ,! nut ( t tree is ( v high quality & good size1 &1 s f> z ,i c tell1 q z sweet z ! ,am]ican *e/nut4 ,if !re is no m disease on ! trees 9 ?is climate ?an !re is 9 ,*9a x w\ld be a v practical tree to gr[1 z f> z we "k4 ,,top-,,work+ ,,se$l+ ,,pecan ,,trees ,w4 ,n4 ,,hutt1 ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a ,accord+ to a c5sus we h j complet$ !re are 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a upw>ds ( #ej1jjj se$l+ pecan trees4 ,^! trees range 9 age f "o to ?irty ye>s4 ,sev5ty-five p] c5t ( !m are ( be>+ age1 b !re is probably n "o p] c5t ( t numb] t are pr(itable be>+ trees4 ,9 all p>ts ( ! pecan c\ntry exp]i5ce has %[n t se$l+ pecans are notably sl[ 9 com+ into be>+ & "s trees nev] be> at all4 ,^? t d be> h nuts t are almo/ inv>iably1 small1 ?ick-%ell$ & ( indiff]5t quality4 ,9 ?is respect1 h[ev]1 ! pecan tree diff]s 9 no way f any ( our o!r classes ( fruits4 ,no "o w\ld today be s fooli% z to try to get a good pea* or apple or*>d by plant+ ! se$s ( ^! fruits2 b ?is is j :at a great _m p h be5 try+ to d ) pecans4 ,?is attempt to produce pecan or*>ds f se$ has be5 ! orig9 ( ! #ej1jjj trees not$ 9 ! c5sus above4 ,n[ t we h ^! se$l+ pecan trees1 are !y ( any value at all8 ,c we make any?+ out ( !m :atev] or mu/ we cut !m d[n & *>ge up ! exp5ses to ! acc\nt ( exp]i5ce1 & />t ov] aga9 ) /&>d v>ieties ( budd$ & graft$ trees8 ,ye>s ( "t & quantities ( money h be5 sp5t 9 produc+ ^! beautiful b comp>atively valueless se$l+ trees4 ,h[ev]1 !y are f> f be+ a total loss1 = 9 ^? deep roots & /alw>t trunks & spread+ bran*es1 !re are lat5t possibilities 9 abundance4 ,if by "s magic p[] l t ( ,aladd9's wond]ful lamp told ( 9 ! ,tales ( ! ,arabian ,nights1 we c\ld trans=m ^! se$l+ trees 9 a s+le night to /&>d v>ieties1 we w\ld enri* e own] ( pecan trees by hundr$s ( doll>s & ! aggregate weal? ( ! /ate w\ld be increas$ by millions4 ,= sev]al ye>s ,i h be5 9 se>* ( ,aladd9's wond]ful lamp to enlight5 me h[ to effect ?is felicit\s trans=mation4 ,l ,aladd9's que/ ( old ! se>* has be5 long & we>isome & has l$ me a t$i\s road ?r\gh _m vexati\s disappo9tm5ts1 b at la/ ,i h f\nd ! lamp6 ,i h 9 my p[] ! magic by :i* a wor?less se$l+ pecan tree c be trans=m$ into a productive /&>d v>iety4 ,?is magic talisman is simply ,pat*-,budd+4 ,e k9d ( budd+ is magical4 ,is x n wond]ful to make a crab apple tree produce ,/ayman or ,grimes ,gold5 apples or a qu9ce bu% produce lusci\s ,du*ess pe>s8 ,is x n /range t ! sap f ! same root c produce r$ apples on "o bran*1 yell[ ones on ano!r1 & russets on a ?ird8 ,h[ does x come t "o twig c be made to produce s\r apples & ! next ,p>adise ,sweets8 ,/range6 ,wond]ful66 b ,true666 ,x is all ow+ to ! fact t ! sap ( a tree is a homog5e\s sub/ance & t x is ! bud ?r\gh :i* x passes t /amps ! individuality ^u x :e!r x %all be a crab or a ,grimes ,gold54 ,if we make all ! buds ( ! tree ( ! ,grimes "*1 ! apples w all be ,grimes ,gold5s4 ,9 ! same way if we make all ! buds on a pecan tree ,/u>ts or ,s*leys !re w be nuts to be ga!r$ f t tree & !y w n be ! wor?less scrub se$l+s4 ,:5 ,i began my exp]im5ts 9 ! top-work+ ( se$l+ pecan trees ,i soon f\nd t !re 7 _m ?+s "o c\ld n d ) pecan trees4 ,i c\nt$ myself a successful propagator ( apples1 pea*es1 plums1 grapes & v>i\s o!r k9ds ( plants1 b apple1 pea* & g5]al propagation me?ods fail$ to give success 9 ! budd+ & graft+ ( pecans4 ,i conclud$ ! me?od mu/ be all "r b t ,i %\ld be m exact ab\t my me*anical manipulations4 ,i />t$ out ) ! ord9>y cleft graft commonly us$ = top-work+ mo/ sorts ( trees4 ,i exp]im5t$ 9 sev]al diff]5t or*>ds & put 9 hundr$s ( cleft grafts4 ,i took great pa9s to make my "w z me*anically p]fect z possible4 ,all conditions ( /ock1 scions1 wea!r1 etc41 seem$ to promise ! highe/ degree ( success4 ,! result ( t season's "w 0 a _w ( disappo9tm5t1 a lot ( exp]i5ce1 & two liv+ grafts4 ,"o ( ^! latt]1 ! result ( my skill1 0 s effectively prun$ t fall by ! pecan girdl] t my "w = ! season 0 a m9us quantity 9 all b exp]i5ce4 ,! o!r liv+ graft1 :i* 0 put 9 by an assi/ant1 is n[ a be>+ ,curtis tree1 our only monum5t to ! success ( cleft graft+ ! pecan4 ,o!r propagators are said to be able to secure fair results ) cleft graft+ ( pecans 9 c]ta9 localities1 b f my exp]i5ce1 ,i am will+ to av] t x _c be done 9 ?is latitude4 ,next foll[$ a s]ies ( trials ) %ield budd+ :i* is s uni=mly successful ) pea*1 b pea* me?ods fail$ entirely ) pecans4 ,!n foll[$ a succession ( trials ) :ip graft+1 v5e] graft+1 b>k graft+1 & *ip budd+1 all ) a v>y+ly l>ge p]c5tage ( failure & a uni=mly small p]c5tage ( success4 ,"s propagators 9 ! ,s\? report fairly successful results 9 ! *ip budd+ ( pecans1 b my results ) ?is me?od 7 l>gely ( a negative "*4 ,aft] p]si/5t trials ( all ! kn[n me?ods ( budd+ & graft+1 ?r\gh ! v>y+ conditions ( f\r successive seasons1 ,i h n>r[$ ! propagation ( ! pecan 9 ,nor? ,c>ol9a to "o s+le me?od1 namely1 pat*-budd+4 ,?is me?od has ye> aft] ye> giv5 u ! highe/ p]c5tage ( successful unions4 ,! op]ation illu/rat$ by figures #a to #ab1 is z foll[s3 #a4 ,head+ ,back4 ,dur+ ! dormant p]iod :i* is1 r\ghly speak+1 f ,novemb] #a/ to ,m>* #a/1 ! se$l+ trees are cut back to /ubs1 ! ends ( :i* may be f "o to ?ree in*es 9 diamet]4 ,w\nds l>g] ?an ?is size take ye>s to heal & endang] ! life ( ! tree4 ,l>ge trees c be op]at$ on z well z small se$l+s1 only "o has to g high] up s z n to cut too l>ge limbs4 ,figure #a %[s a se$l+ pecan tree #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 :i* 0 /ubb$ back 9 ! w9t] ( #aiaa-aiab & successfully budd$ ! foll[+ summ]4 ,! result ( ?is dra/ic head+-back is a num]\s gr[? ( vigor\s1 rapidly gr[+ %oots ne> ! ends ( ! /ubs1 by :i* ,nature endeavors to heal ov] ! w\nds4 ,! cambium 9 ^! vigor\s1 sappy %oots is 9 ! mo/ active condition possible2 j ! condition mo/ suitable = ! union ( /ock & scion4 ,?is optimum condition _c be secur$ except by ! =c$ gr[? z ! result ( ! head+ back4 ,our exp]im5ts1 ye> aft] ye>1 h %[n t on ! ord9>y new %oots1 ev5 on active "y se$l+ trees1 ! p]c5tage ( liv+ buds 0 mu* less ?an on ! =c$ %oots ( ! head$-back trees4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,se$l+ pecan tree1 #ah in*es 9 diamet]1 cut back 9 w9t]1 %[+ summ]'s gr[? ( vigor\s %oots ready = budd+4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,fir/ op]ation4 ,mak+ p>allel cuts on /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,second op]ation4 ,mak+ v]tical cut betwe5 p>allel cuts on /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,?ird op]ation4 ,loos5+ b>k on /ock4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,f\r? op]ation4 ,mak+ p>allel cuts on bud /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,fif? op]ation4 ,mak+ v]tical cut betwe5 p>allel cuts on bud /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,six? op]ation4 ,tak+ bud f bud /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,sev5? op]ation4 ,fitt+ bud to /ick4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,eigh? op]ation4 ,beg9n+ ! tie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,n9? op]ation4 ,f9i%+ ! tie4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,! tie complete4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,bud unit$4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,bud /ick ( pres5t season's gr[?4 ,! ?ree l[]1 or basal1 buds are be/4 ,illu/ration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,bud /icks ( previ\s season's gr[?4 ,! diff]5t /eps 9 ! op]ation ( pat* budd+ are briefly z foll[s3 #a/ op]ation4 ,mak+ p>allel cuts on /ock4 ,see ,figure #b4 #b;d op]ation4 ,mak+ v]tical cut to remove b>k f /ock4 ,see ,figure #c4 #c;d op]ation4 ,loos5+ pat* on /ock4 ,see ,figure #d4 #d? op]ation4 ,mak+ p>allel cuts on bud /ick4 ,see ,figure #e4 #e? op]ation4 ,mak+ v]tical cut to remove bud pat* f bud /ick4 ,see ,figure #f4 #f? op]ation4 ,tak+ bud (f bud /ick4 ,see ,figure #g4 #g? op]ation4 ,ins]t+ bud on /ock4 ,see ,figure #h4 #h? op]ation4 ,beg9n+ ! tie4 ,see ,figure #i4 #i? op]ation4 ,wrapp+ ! bud4 ,see ,figure #aj4 #aj? op]ation4 ,! complet$ op]ation4 ,see ,figure #aa4 ,figure #ab4 ,bud unit$4 ,^! illu/rations %\ld make ! me?od self-explanatory4 ,knives = ,pat*-budd+4 ,two sorts ( knives are us$ = pat*-budd+1 ! d\ble "o = mak+ ! p>allel cuts & ! ord9>y budd+ knife = remov+ ! pat*4 ,cambium4 ,pr(essor ,bailey1 9 8 ,encyclop$ia ( ,horticulture1 says1 ,! ways & fa%ions ( graft+ are legion4 ,!re are z _m ways z !re are ways ( :ittl+4 ,! op]ator may fa%ion ! union ( /ock & scion to suit himself if only he apply cambium to cambium1 make a close jo9t & prop]ly protect ! "w4 ,! fundam5tal basis ( ! :ole sci5ce ( graft+ is cambium4 ,:at !n is ?is important sub/ance by means ( :i* "o plant may be made to live & gr[ & produce on ! roots ( ano!r8 ,if we /rip (f ! b>k ( any actively gr[+1 woody plant we w f9d j b5ea? a s(t1 colorless sub/ance2 ?is sub/ance is cambium4 ,x feels slimy to ! t\* & if scrap$ ) ! f+] nail a little d\ghy mass c be rais$4 ,z we exam9e x x w be se5 to quickly d>k5 to cream color1 !n to yell[ & f9ally to d>k br[n4 ,a *ange has tak5 place 9 x 9 a few seconds1 "r "u our eyes4 ,:5 we fir/ expos$ x1 x 0 liv+1 active & capable ( build+ ! mo/ complicat$ ( plant /ructures2 n[ x is dead1 in]t & impot5t4 ,if we exam9e ! smalle/ portion ( ?is d\ghy mass "u a comp\nd microscope we w f9d x n m]ely slime b a highly organiz$ tissue made up ( c\ntless m9ute cells1 ea* ) a delicate wall ab\t x & conta9+ a ?icki% liquid 7protoplasm74 ,! cambium cells are brick-%ap$1 & are plac$ end to end1 ) lay] ov]lapp+ lay]1 l bricks 9 ! wall ( a build+4 ,! microscopic /ructure ( cambium tissue gives u a cle>] conception ( its extreme delicacy4 ,x is "o ( ! mo/ s5sitive & delicate sub/ances 9 all nature4 ,exposure to ! air w kill x & completely de/roy its functions 9 a few seconds4 ,x is easily cru%$ by slight pressure & quickly kill$ by exposure to dry+1 fro/1 moi/ure & sunlight4 ,nature %[s h] extreme c>e ( x = 9 mak+ b>k %e has =m$ = ! delicate cambium a p]fect protective cov]+4 ,l ! cambium ! b>k is compos$ ( cells1 z 9 fact are all animal & vegetable /ructures4 ,b ! cells ( ! b>k h ?ick walls ( a t\gh1 corky sub/ance1 & ea* cell conta9s air in/ead ( protoplasm4 ,! cork9ess ( ! b>k makes x an imp]vi\s1 wat]pro( cov]+ t does n all[ ! cambium to be dri$ out or to be wa%$ by ext]nal moi/ure4 ,! air 9 ! b>k cells be+ 9 a /ill condition is a non-conductor ( heat1 & lay] ( b>k ov]lapp+ lay]1 ! cambium is completely cov]$ ) a dead-air blanket4 ,?is keeps x f be+ froz5 9 w9t] & f be+ ov]heat$ 9 summ]1 j z a dead-air space 9 ! walls ( a build+ protects f extremes ( heat & cold4 ,f ?is x is pla9 t nature takes great pa9s to cov] & protect ! delicate cambium f all ext]nal influ5ces4 ,?is /&s 9 /rik+ contra/ to ! c>eless mann] 9 :i* _m propagators & plant]s h&le ! delicate p>ts ( trees4 ,x also expla9s :y "s budd]s get su* a small p]c5tage ( liv+ buds & "s plant]s s few liv+ trees4 ,cambium is ! build+ mat]ial ( plants & )\t x gr[? is impossible4 ,x cov]s e portion ( ! tree f ! topmo/ t]m9al bud to ! deepe/ root tip l a liv+ blanket4 ,dur+ ! gr[+ season ! cambium cells divide l5g?wise =m+ new cells4 ,^! divide aga9 & gr[1 & new cells are =m$1 until by fall a complete mantle ( b>k cov]s ! out] surface ( ! cambium1 :ile )9 x has built up a solid lay] ( ! woody /ructure ( ! tree4 ,a few r[s ( cambium cells are left 9 an embryonic condition to c>ry on gr[? ! foll[+ ye>4 ,! cambium is ?us ! only tissue ( ! tree t reta9s f ye> to ye> ! p[] ( active gr[?4 ,! lay]s ( wood & b>k1 aft] p]=m+ _! functions = a few seasons1 gradually die & are ov]lapp$ by new lay]s1 b ! cambium rema9s liv+ ?r\gh\t ! entire life ( ! tree ev5 if x be1 z 9 ! giant ,r$woods1 ?\s&s ( ye>s4 ,besides =m+ ! regul> wood ( ! tree ! cambium also gr[s out ov] cut places & builds 9 woody tissues t heal ov] ! w\nds4 ,x is ow+ to ?is fact alone t budd+ & graft+ are possible4 ,! callus on cutt+s & root grafts is ano!r evid5ce ( ! same ph5om5on1 = ! cambium ( ! roots ( a tree is cont9u\s & id5tical ) t ( ! bran*es4 ,! ,/ock4 ,! :ole practice ( successful graft+ & budd+ is ! prop] h&l+ ( active cambium4 ,! cambium is ! cem5t+ mat]ial t unites /ock & scion & unless !re is active cambium !re w be no union4 ,x mu/ be said "h t no matt] h[ great ! future gr[? ( ! union1 ! scion nev] becomes truly unit$ or fus$ ) ! /ock4 ,! cambium gr[s all ov] & ar\nd ! cut p>ts & cem5ts !m toge!r1 b if ! graft union be split op5 fifty ye>s lat]1 ! dead wood ( ! orig9al scion may be f\nd ( ! orig9al size & 9 ! orig9al position4 ,s9ce1 !n1 successful graft+ dep5ds on ! union ( ! cambium ( ! /ock ) t ( ! scion1 !oretically ! be/ "t = graft+ & budd+ w\ld be :5 ! cambium is mo/ active4 ,actual nurs]y practice %[s t ?is is practically correct1 at lea/ z reg>ds ! /ock4 ,! ideal /ock = propagation purposes is ! "y se$l+ ( "o or two ye>s gr[?4 ,9 su* a /ock all ! tissues are new & fre% & work+ to _! maximum capacity & ! cambium is 9 its mo/ active condition4 ,9 top-work+ old trees x w be f\nd t ?\gh ! bran*es may appe> vigor\s1 !y are a long way f hav+ any?+ l ! active circulation f\nd 9 small se$l+s4 ,buds put 9 ^! bran*es w\ld give a v small live1 :ile ! same c>e on nurs]y se$l+s c\ld be c\nt$ on giv+ a high p]c5tage ( liv+ buds4 ,9 top-work+1 !re=e1 x is f\nd necess>y 9 ord] to get ! cambium suffici5tly active1 to /ub back ! bran*es to m]e poll>ds4 ,?is cutt+ back %\ld be done 9 ! w9t] or dormant season4 ,! foll[+ gr[+ season w see a d5se gr[? ( v vigor\s %oots try+ to repair ! injury4 ,see ,figure #a4 ,^! %oots are ideal /ocks =1 on acc\nt ( _! hav+ all ! sap f ! great] root ( ! mature tree1 ! cambium w be ev5 m active ?an 9 ! nurs]y se$l+4 ,(t5 :5 nurs]y se$l+s are 9 p>tially dormant condition1 ow+ to unfavorable wea!r or o!r conditions1 !y may be =c$ into budd+ condition by sla%+ (f "p ( ! gr[? above :]e ! buds are to be ins]t$4 ,9 our top-work+ exp]im5ts ?is fact 0 fur!r emphasiz$ by a w9d/orm :i* broke (f _m ( ! sappy %oots j above :]e ! bud 0 put on4 ,e s+le "o ( ^! buds took1 ?\gh "s o!rs1 j z c>efully put on1 fail$4 ,! success ( all ! buds on ! w9d-brok5 %oots 0 und\bt$ly due to ! =c+ ( ! cambium gr[? j at ! po9t :]e ! bud 0 ins]t$4 ,! ,scion4 ,al?\gh x is desirable to h ! cambium ( ! /ock 9 an active gr[+ condition1 x is q ! rev]se ) ! scion4 ,! reason ( ?is is evid5t1 = if ! scion 7 active1 x w\ld soon exhau/ its small supply ( food & die be=e ! union c\ld be =m$ & x c\ld get its p]man5t supply ( n\ri%m5t f ! root4 ,x is desirable to h scions fre% & firm b 9 a quiesc5t condition until pu%$ into activity by ! gr[? ( ! /ock4 ,if1 on ! o!r h&1 ! scions or buds become too dry ! sap w n be able to revive !m & no union w be made4 ,= pat*-budd+1 ! buds may be cut f scions or bud /icks ( ! pres5t or ! pa/ season's gr[?4 ,figure #ac %[s a bud /ick ( ! pres5t season's gr[? f :i* ! leaves h be5 cut4 ,su* a bud /ick _c be obta9$ until ,july1 = be=e t "t ! b>k is s t5d] t x is impossible to get ! bud pat* (f ! /ick )\t cru%+ x or peel+ (f ! cuticle ( ! b>k4 ,! basal buds ( ! pres5t season's gr[?1 ,figure #ac1 make ! be/ buds because !y are m mature & dormant ?an ! buds above !m & z !y h %$ ! leaf /alk !y c be ti$ 9 m easily & snugly ?an ^? ) ! ?ick1 fle%y base ( ! leaf /alk atta*$4 ,"s budd]s make a practice ( cutt+ (f ! leaves t5 days or two weeks be=e !y comm5ce budd+ & leav+ ! scions on ! trees to rip5 ! buds & %$ (f ! bases ( ! petioles4 ,!re is 9 ?is way no dang] ( ! ?ick fle%y leaf base decay+ "u ! wrap & s\r+ & kill+ ! buds4 ,figure #ad %[s budwood ( ! previ\s season's gr[?4 ,?is budwood c be cut dur+ ! w9t] & kept ov] 9 fre% dormant condition by be+ pack$ 9 damp sawdu/ & c>ri$ ov] 9 ord9>y cold /orage or 9 a refrig]ator4 ,x w be ready = use 9 ! spr+ z soon z ! b>k w slip on ! /ocks4 ,by ?is me?od ! budd+ season may be greatly ext5d$ & propagation />t$ at lea/ two mon?s be=e any ( ! pres5t season's buds w be suffici5tly mature = use4 ,! ,k9ds ( ,buds to ,select4 ,z to ! buds !mselves ! mo/ desirable are ^? at ! base ( ! season's gr[?4 ,see ,figure #ac4 ,^!1 ?\gh n l>ge1 are plump & fully mature4 ,! b>k is smoo!r & firm] ab\t !m ?an high] up ! /em & !re is no leaf /alk to int]f]e ) cutt+ !m accurately & mak+ a close fit & tie4 ,^! buds are dormant & !re is little dang] ( _! pu%+ into gr[? 9 ! fall & be+ cold hurt ! foll[+ w9t]4 ,= be/ success 9 pat* budd+ x is n desirable to select v l>ge1 ov]develop$ buds1 or ^? t h gr[n s rapidly z to /& out on a little p$icel or basal /alk4 ,9 remov+ su* a bud f ! /ick1 ! c5tral column ( ! p$icel w (t5 pull out & rema9 on ! /ick4 ,su* a bud w almo/ inv>iably die4 ,an obs]vation ( pecan buds 9 g5]al w %[ t !y are normally triple 9 =m1 ! l>ge/ above & two small] ones b5ea? x4 ,! l>ge/ bud w gr[ fir/ b if any?+ happ5s to x1 ! next "o w take its place4 ,ty+ 9 ! ,buds4 ,a good deal ( ! success 9 pat*-budd+ dep5ds on ! ty+ 9 ( ! buds4 ,! cambium mu/ be ?or\ghly protect$ if a union is to result4 ,x is necess>y to h "s k9d ( tie t w reta9 ! sap z well z exclude ext]nal moi/ure4 ,aft] exp]im5t+ ) diff]5t mat]ials & me?ods ,i h f9ally ab&on$ all except ! wax$ /rip tie4 ,?is is made by dipp+ %eet cotton 9 pure1 liquid beeswax & press+ out all extra wax4 ,! clo? aft] dipp+ is =m$ into conv5i5t siz$ rolls4 ,f ^! rolls ! clo? is torn at budd+ "t into /rips a qu>t] ( an in* wide & f six to eight in*es long4 ,9 ty+ 9 a bud hold x firmly s t x w n slip & beg9 at ! top & b9d x 9 v tightly ) ! wax$ /rip4 ,rev]se ! tie at ! re> ( ! bud l a surgeon's b&age & cov] ! pat* completely1 leav+ only ! tip ( ! bud /ick+ out4 ,! wax 9 ! clo? w cause ! tie to adh]e suffici5tly to ! wood s t no o!r ligature is requir$4 ,9 budd+ 9 ! spr+1 :5 ! fl[ ( sap is v copi\s1 x is well to tie 9 a small spl9t] ab\t ! size ( a mat* j bel[ ! bud to dra9 (f ! excess sap4 ,?is w save _m buds f be+ kill$ by s\r+ ( ! sap4 ,9 two to ?ree weeks "t ! tie %\ld be loos5$ s t ! rapid gr[? ( ! /ock w n cause ! tie to cut into ! b>k4 ,! ,me*anics ( ,pat*-budd+4 ,aft] all has be5 said ab\t cambium & /ocks & scions & _! relation to ea* o!r1 !re is /ill volumes to be writt5 on ! me*anics ( pecan propagation4 ,i d n want to sc>e anyone (f f try+1 b if !re is any plant m difficult to propagate ?an ! pecan1 ,i h n yet f\nd x4 ,ev5 exp]i5c$ propagators ( g5]al nurs]y /ock h giv5 up pecan budd+ z a bad job4 ,on ! o!r h&1 a novice or pecan crank :o is h&y ) tools & has ! pati5ce to /udy out ! causes ( 8 failures1 may acquire ! skill to obta9 almo/ a p]fect live ( buds4 ,?is all goes to %[ t extreme precision is ! password 9 ! me*anics ( pat*-budd+4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 ! knives %\ld be ( ! f9e/ quality s t !y w hold a clean1 f9e edge4 ,all cuts %\ld be made ) accuracy & precision1 s t !re are no r\gh edges & bias corn]s4 ,! numb] ( liv+ buds w1 "u ord9>y circum/ances1 be 9 exact proportion to ! accuracy ) :i* ! bud pat* fits ! place made = x on ! /ock4 ,! exp]i5c$ pecan budd] z he takes ! bud (f ! /ick c tell :e!r or n !y w gr[4 ,if he te>s ! b>k 9 cutt+ ! pat*1 he drops t bud & cuts ano!r2 if ! bud pat* splits1 he disc>ds x2 if 8 f+]s t\* ! cambium or ! bud pat* falls to ! gr\nd1 he wa/es no "t ) x1 b cuts ano!r & ano!r until he gets ! conditions p]fect4 ,!re is little use 9 ty+ 9 any bud t does n fit p]fectly4 ,= ?is reason x is desirable to h ! bud /ick ( ! same diamet] z ! /ock4 ,! bud pat*es f ?9 or small scions h to be /ret*$ to fit & g5]ally give a poor live2 likewise1 ! buds f ! m or less ridg$ portion at ! top ( ! bud /ick4 ,! transf] ( ! bud pat* %\ld also be made quickly s t ! cambium w h ! %orte/ possible exposure to ! air4 ,aft] ,treatm5t4 ,! process ( pat*-budd+ is n complete ev5 aft] a good live ( buds is secur$4 ,x /ill requires "s judici\s aft]-treatm5t to get !m into good normal gr[?4 ,on acc\nt ( ! dra/ic head+ back ! tree has receiv$1 practically e dormant bud w be =c$ into active gr[?4 ,^! w pu% out s vigor\sly 9 spr+ t if n held 9 *eck1 !y may completely ov]gr[ & cr[d out ! buds put 94 ,att5tion %\ld be giv5 dur+ ! e>ly gr[+ p]iod to see t ! buds put 9 h suffici5t room = prop] developm5t4 ,if all or too _m ( ! se$l+ buds are rubb$ (f1 ! ins]t$ buds w n be able to c>ry all ( ! heavy fl[ ( sap & s may be dr[n$ & kill$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! ins]t$ buds may n />t unless =c$ by ! extra sap obta9$ by rubb+ (f a portion ( ! se$l+ buds4 ,a good deal ( horticultural judgm5t is requir$ to adju/ ! prop] balance betwe5 ! se$l+ & ! ins]t$ buds s z to get ! be/ developm5t ( ! latt]4 ,:5 ! ins]t$ buds are able to c>ry all ! sap ( ! tree1 all se$l+ %oots %\ld be cut out & att5tion direct$ t[>ds =m+ ! new gr[? into a /rong symmetrical top4 ,if conditions are favorable1 !re w g5]ally be "s nuts ! second season4 ,by ! ?ird ye> ! trans=mation f ! se$l+ to ! nam$ v>iety %\ld be complete1 & a good crop ( high class nuts %\ld be expect$4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,pom]oy3 ,w\ld x n be an advantage if two p]sons work$ at ! budd+8 ,aft] ! cuts are made1 "o c\ld be tak+ ! "p f ! /ock & ! o!r tak+ ! bud f ! budd+ /ick4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,t is a v good plan4 ,"o man c\ld put 9 ! buds & ano!r man c\ld tie--a boy h&y ) 8 f+]s 9 mak+ ties4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,:y ! sup]iority ( beeswax to graft+ wax8 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,a good _m budd]s object to graft+ wax1 on acc\nt ( ! oil !re9 conta9$ be+ injuri\s to ! trees4 ,a great _m p h dead trees z a result4 ,trees don't l oil1 & = t reason we use beeswax & only ! pure/ k9d ( beeswax4 ,9 fact1 ^! pecan cranks :o want to d ?+s z !y %\ld be1 l to exam9e ! wax to see if !re is poll5 or bee bread or any?+ =eign 9 x4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,is !re any p>ticul> "t t is be/ = graft+8 ,,presid5t ,,hutt3 ,yes2 9 ! e>ly "p ( ! season !re is a v vigor\s fl[ ( sap & we f9d we lose m buds !n ?an 9 ! lat] graft+4 ,9 e>ly graft+ we put 9 dra9age1 j l ! physicians1 little tubes or some?+ to dra9 out ! moi/ure4 ,we put 9 a little *ip & tie ov] x v c>efully s if !re is any dra9age x may escape4 ,9 ! fall & late summ] dra9age is n necess>y at all1 & we really get bett] unions !n :5 ! trees are sl[+ d[n ?an we d 9 ! spr+ :5 !y are full ( sap4 ,,mr4 ,,/orrs3 ,9 select+ y\r buds1 d y take !m f trees t h borne1 or f "y trees1 or indiscrim9ately8 ,,presid5t ,,hutt3 ,we take !m ei!r f be>+ or "y trees4 ,x is n important :i*1 j s y get ! "r k9d4 ,! important ?+ is to select good fre% active /uff1 & p>ticul>ly good siz$ scions & n small ones4 ,9 budd+ we fit "o side p]fectly1 & on ! o!r side we leave a space ( "o sixte5? ( an in* l a door4 ,we didn't d t at fir/ & we lo/ a good _m buds because ! active gr[? began on bo? sides4 ,we _h to leave a place !re at ! side1 an expansion jo9t1 to take c>e ( t4 ,,mr4 ,,/orrs3 ,!n y fit !m at ! top & bottom & at "o side8 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,yes1 t's x4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,?is is "o ( ! mo/ important pap]s ev] read be=e ?is ,association1 & t is because ! success ( nut gr[+ any:]e is absolutely condition$ on our k ( propagation4 ,if ! propagation ( nut trees 7 z easy z ! propagation ( apple & pea* trees1 we w\ld probably n[ h 9 ! nor? z _m or*>ds ( good nut trees z ( apple & pea* trees4 ,any "o :o has tri$ ?is budd+ ( nut trees w1 ,i am sure1 appreciate ! difficulties t ,pr(essor ,hutt has describ$ & ! pa9s he has tak5 9 tell+ u ab\t !m4 ,?is is ! beg9n+ ( ! demon/rations 9 propagat+4 ,!y w be cont9u$ tomorr[2 we w h !n ?ree or f\r ( ! mo/ exp]t graft]s & budd]s 9 ! c\ntry1 p]haps1 :o w give fur!r demon/rations4 ,i w\ld l to ask ,pr(essor ,hutt a "q4 ,i notic$ t 9 putt+ 9 "s ,p]sian walnut buds ?is summ]1 all di$ except a c\ple :]e ! tops accid5tally broke (f4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,t is expla9$ by ! illu/ration ,i gave ( ! w9d bl[+ (f all ! %oots4 ,e "o t 0 bl[n (f liv$ ev5 ?\gh "s 7 badly torn4 ,x 0 simply =c+ ! cambium at t po9t :]e x 0 ne$$4 ,mr4 ,rop] _h an exp]i5ce ( t k9d4 ,illu/ration3 ,w4 ,n4 ,,rop] ,vice-,presid5t ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,,mr4 ,,rop]3 ,we put buds on /ock t 0 n v active1 s ! trees 7 cut back to six in*es above ! bud1 =c+ all ! gr[? into ! bud1 & ,i suppose #ie p] c5t ( ^? buds liv$2 on ! trees n cut back ! buds did n live4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,y h spok5 ab\t soak+ ! scions 9 cold wat]2 does n t injure ! buds8 ,we h be5 told h]et(ore t keep+ ! scions 9 wat] />t$ ! cells into activity & r5d]$ !m less likely to gr[2 b p]haps t ref]r$ p>ticul>ly to scions = graft+ r ?an budd+4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,i w\ld l to ask ,mr4 ,wigg9s t "q1 he is a speciali/4 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,"o ( ! dang]s 9 keep+ bud wood is t ( keep+ x 9 too mu* moi/ure4 ,x does n require mu* to keep ! bud plump4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i und]/& ! reason = soak+ is simply to all[ ! bud to be tak5 (f4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,yes4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,9 our exp]i5ce ! soak+ ( wood does n injure x = budd+1 b x does = graft+4 ,y c soak ! wood = budd+ all y want to1 we h soak$ x until ! top bud came out4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i am int]e/$ 9 kn[+ ab\t ?is special wax clo?4 ,c x be us$ also 9 graft+8 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,! o!r is mu* *eap] = t purpose4 ,to j cov] ! ?+ up & exclude ! air is all t is necess>y 9 graft+4 ,liquid wax--f\r ( ros91 f\r ( tall[ & two ( beeswax--gives excell5t results1 b = budd+ purposes x is absolutely ess5tial to h good clean wax1 & = our purposes we h nev] f\nd any?+ b pure beeswax w\ld answ]4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,!re is a sub/ance call$ :ite wax :i* ph>maci/s use 9 mak+ toilet prep>ations--purifi$ beeswax4 ,x is pure :ite4 ,is t any advantage8 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,i w\ld n use x4 ,x conta9s "s p>aff9e4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,x %\ld consi/ ( purifi$ & blea*$ beeswax only4 ,x is m exp5sive ?an ! ord9>y beeswax4 ,read by title4 ,,unusual ,,me?ods ,,( ,,propagat+ ,,nut ,,trees ,,dr4 ,,rob]t ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,) ! exception ( ! *e/nut & ! almond1 mu* difficulty has be5 exp]i5c$ 9 propagat+ mo/ ( ! nut trees ( temp]ate latitudes by budd+ or by graft+4 ,?is appe>s to be l>gely due to ! sl[ =mation ( callus :i* is to make new cell connection betwe5 ! cambium lay]s ( ho/ & ( gue/4 ,9 s\!rn regions ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates ! union occurs mu* m readily ?an 9 ! nor?4 ,my exp]im5ts h be5 made *iefly ) ref]5ce to develop+ me?ods ( propagat+ nut trees 9 ! nor?4 ,all ( ! usual me?ods common among nurs]ym5 h be5 practically failures1 b c]ta9 unusual me?ods seem to promise success4 ,"o unusual me?od :i* 0 sugge/$ at la/ ye>'s meet+ by our memb] ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 has giv5 a good proportion ( cat*es4 ,?is consi/s 9 us+ wood :i* is m ?an "o ye> old = scions4 ,"s ( ! scions ( %agb>k hickory f wood f\r1 five1 & ev5 six ye>s ( age h caught4 ,! *ief difficulty has consi/$ 9 />t+ ! buds ( ?is old wood 7lat5t buds7 be=e vigor\s spr\ts f ! /ock div]t$ all ! sap4 ,x has be5 necess>y to give mu* att5tion to ! removal ( ^! vigor\s /ock spr\ts4 ,i seem to h made ! obs]vation t if a small side bran* f old wood c>ries a l>ge t]m9al bud1 ?is bud w />t promptly :5 old wood con/itutes ! re/ ( ! scion4 ,a me?od :i* ,i employ$ = ! fir/ "t ?is ye>1 :i* appe>s to h result$ 9 secur+ union betwe5 /ock & scion1 has be5 employ$ betwe5 diff]5t species ( hickory trees4 ,x belongs among ! in>*+ me?ods 9 classification4 ,x seem$ probable t if a scion 7 to be suppli$ ) suffici5t wat] to prev5t dry+ out1 9 advance ( granulation-cell connection1 we might meet ) success4 ,! fir/ l9e ( exp]im5tation ) ?is idea 9 m9d 0 conduct$ la/ ye>4 ,! scion :5 graft$ ^u ! /ock 0 depriv$ ( its top bud1 & a small te/ tube fill$ ) wat] & fitt$ ) a rubb] cap 0 adju/$ ov] ! site previ\sly occupi$ by ! top bud4 ,?is 9 practical work+ really did keep ! cells ( ! scion alive & 9 good condition = a long "t1 b !re 0 always a t5d5cy = ! wat] to become impure because ( ! gr[? ( v>i\s algae & o!r microbes4 ,evid5tly ! wat] :5 us$ 9 ?is way help$ to furni% a balance betwe5 ! negative & ! positive sap pressures :i* occur "u *ang+ conditions ( b>omet] & temp]ature1 & :i* are influ5tial 9 ! matt] ( cellul> repair4 ,! introduction ( g]micides into ! wat] ( ! te/ tube prev5t$ ! developm5t ( adv5titi\s organic life1 b at ! same "t seem$ to int]f]e ) normal cell activity at ! junction ( /ock & scion4 ,illu/ration3 ,dr4 ,morris's m>* me?od ( graft+ ) balanc$ aqu>ium4 #a4 ,po9t ( union to be cov]$ ) graft+ wax aft] b9d+ ) raffia4 #b4 ,loose plug ( moss to less5 evaporation4 #c4 ,a liv+ wat] plant4 ,! aqu>ium is made out ( an ord9>y l>ge te/ tube4 ,any small bottle w\ld d z well4 ,?is me?od s]v$ a purpose 9 advanc+ our k ( ! subject1 b n en\gh grafts caught to enc\rage me greatly4 ,foll[+ out ! same l9e ( ?\ght1 ,i began ?is ye> by mak+ union betwe5 /ock & scion accord+ to in>* pr9ciples4 ,! scion in/ead ( rema9+ atta*$ to its p>5t plant1 accord+ to =m] in>*+ me?od1 _h be5 transf]r$ to ! /ock1 leav+ two or ?ree in*es ( scion free bel[ ! po9t ( graft+1 z illu/rat$ 9 ! draw+4 ,! proximal "p ( ! scion 0 !n ins]t$ into a te/ tube conta9+ wat]4 ,9 ?is case1 z ) plac+ ! te/ tube at ! top ( ! scion1 difficulty 0 f\nd 9 prev5t+ ! gr[? ( microrganisms 9 ! wat]4 ,! addition ( b5zoate ( soda1 borax1 boracic acid1 & sulphate ( copp]1 :ile prev5t+ ! developm5t ( microrganisms1 seem$ also to be objectionable to ! physiologic processes ( ! plant4 ,x occurr$ to me t ! pr9ciple ( ! balanc$ aqu>ium might be appli$1 & act+ ^u ?is idea specim5s ( a pond we$ 7,utricul>ia7 7 introduc$ into ! te/ tubes4 ,?is seem$ to settle ! wat] "q completely1 b x 0 well along 9 ! summ] be=e ,i made grafts & appli$ ?is pr9ciple4 ,f "o to f\r leaves1 or p>ts ( leaves1 7 left ^u grafts :i* 7 appli$ to /ocks accord+ to ?is new in>*+ me?od4 ,all ( ^! leaves rema9$ gre5 until autumn1 & fell ) o!r autumn leaves ( ! /ock4 ,two specim5s :i* ,i h cut away = exam9ation seem$ to %[ a v good union betwe5 /ock & scion4 ,i am pres5t+ a description ( ! new in>*+ me?od promptly1 be=e obta9+ m ext5sive /ati/ics1 9 ord] t memb]s ( ?is society may apply x exp]im5tally next spr+4 ,%\ld x succe$ accord+ to pres5t promise1 x w all[ nurs]ym5 at lea/ two mon?s ( graft+ season1 & !y w n h to ru% _! "w4 ,9 addition x w p]haps op5 up a me?od ( graft+ :i* may be employ$ freely ) nut trees 9 ! nor!rn /ates4 ,ano!r unusual me?od = propagat+ nut trees consi/s 9 facilitat+ ! developm5t ( adv5titi\s buds f ! roots ( "s p>ticul>ly desirable tree4 ,i d n "k at ! pres5t "t h[ _m species ( nut trees w develop adv5titi\s root buds1 z my exp]im5ts h be5 conf9$ to roots ( ! %agb>k hickory1 bee*1 & hazel4 ,segm5ts ( roots ( ^! ?ree species :5 plac$ 9 s&1 all[+ an in* or s to protrude1 w develop adv5titi\s buds if !y are kept w>m & moi/4 ,v>i\s l5g?s ( root segm5ts h be5 employ$1 rang+ f two or ?ree in*es up to two or ?ree feet4 ,! bee* & hazel w app>5tly />t adv5titi\s buds f almo/ any sort ( root segm5t2 b 9 ! %agb>k hickory1 adv5titi\s buds />t$ be/ ^u root segm5ts :i* 7 m ?an six in*es 9 l5g? & m ?an half an in* 9 diamet]4 ,hazels may be propagat$ 9 an unusual way f ! cutt+s ( bran*es1 v mu* l roses1 if ^! cutt+s are plac$ 9 s& & kept w>m & moi/1 al?\gh !y d n /rike ne>ly s readily z rose cutt+s4 ,i h n giv5 mu* att5tion to ?is exp]im5t 9 its practical be>+1 b h simply obs]v$ t hazel cutt+s w /rike roots if !y are p>ticul>ly well c>$ =4 ,exp]im5ts ) hickories & ) walnuts f bran* cutt+s 7 a failure1 b !y rema9$ alive s well & =m$ su* good callus1 t ,i believe someone ) /eam-heat$ hot-h\se b$s at 8 disposal may by exp]im5tation succe$ 9 propagat+ "s ( ^! trees by cutt+s1 p>ticul>ly f h]bace\s gr[? ( ! ye>1 9 ,augu/4 ,z an amateur plant physiologi/ ,i =esee :at ! m sci5tific plant physiologi/s may d = ?is subject4 ,"o unusual me?od = propagat+ nut trees may p]haps be describ$ m correctly z a me?od = propagat+ unusual nut trees1 & x op5s a vi/a ( di/ant horizon 9 horticulture4 ,! discov]y 0 due to an accid5t1 & ,i claim no cr$it beyond recogniz+ ! significance ( an odd ph5om5on4 ,?ree ye>s ago "s pi/illate *9kap9 fl[]s :i* _h be5 cov]$ ) pap] bags1 7 left unpoll5iz$ because ,i did n h poll5 en\gh to g r\nd4 ,! bags 7 left 9 place because ,i 0 busy ) o!r ?+s4 ,:5 ^! bags 7 remov$ at ! end ( ab\t ?ree weeks1 x 0 f\nd t ! fl[]s _h set a full complem5t ( nuts )\t hav+ receiv$ poll54 ,^! nuts cont9u$ to develop & 7 f]tile4 ,"s ( !m pres5t$ a peculi>ity 9 gr[? ( ! cotyl$ons & g]m1 bo? ( :i* grew & protrud$ beyond ! involu]e be=e ! nuts 7 ripe1 indicat+ t ! g]m _h n come to a /ate ( re/ dur+ its usual p]iod 9 ! nut4 ,?is freak appe>$ 9 only eight ( ! nuts1 a l>g] numb] hav+ normally re/+ g]ms4 ,9 all ( ^! nuts x seem$ to me we 7 probably deal+ ) p>!nog5esis4 ,9 ord] to make sure t no poll5 _h be5 c>ri$ 9 by any sort ( insect1 ,i made *eck exp]im5ts la/ ye>1 cov]+ pi/illate fl[]s s c>efully t !re c\ld be no "q ab\t _! hav+ receiv$ no poll54 ,x 0 f\nd t ! *9kap9 w\ld develop nuts freely 9 ?is way1 & t ! bitt]nut hickory1 %agb>k hickory1 & pignut 7,hicoria glabra7 w\ld develop nuts sp>+ly 9 ?is way4 ,i speak ( ! matt] z p>!nog5esis 9 advance ( microscopic exam9ation ( ! ovules1--:i* w be made next ye>2 b p>!nog5esis seems to be ! mo/ likely explanation4 ,if ?is is ! case1 ! embryo has n be5 =m$ by ! conjugation ( two gametes1 z g5]ally occurs 9 ! algae & high] plants4 ,x is possible t ! embryo 9 ! unpoll5iz$ *9kap9s does n orig9ate f ! female gamete at all1 b t x orig9ates f a =mative budd+ ( o!r cells 9 ! ovule4 ,we c speak ( p>!nog5esis only :5 ! embryo orig9ates f a female gamete alone1 i4 e41 )\t fus+ ( protoplasmic mass ( ! female gamete ) protoplasmic mass ( ! male gamete4 ,"s ( ! nuts :i* ,i am call+ p>!nog5s h develop$ plants ?is ye>4 ,! *ief peculi>ity to be obs]v$ is great disp>ity 9 size betwe5 plants ( ! same age f ! same p>5t tree4 ,"s ( !m gr[ v mu* m rapidly ?an ! av]age plant ( ! species1 & o!rs less rapidly :5 subject$ to simil> conditions ( soil1 temp]ature & moi/ure4 ,we assume 9 biology t "o ( nature's objects 9 hav+ two sexes is to prev5t e>ly s5esc5ce ( ! allotm5t ( protoplasm = a species1 & to avoid undue int5sification ( *>act]i/ics ( "o p>5t4 ,?is is app>5tly nature's device = ma9ta9+ a mean type4 ,= man's purposes we may n[ make artificial selection ( individual plants :i* repres5t int5sification ( desirable *>act]i/ics ( "o p>5t4 ,! gr[+ ( trees f unf]tiliz$ ovules w app>5tly op5 an entirely new field 9 horticulture1 & no "o c prophesy ! result ( selection ( trees :i* pres5t int5sification ( desirable *>act]i/ics ( a s+le p>5t ?r\gh sev]al successive g5]ations4 ,,! ,,possibilities ,,( ,,nut ,,culture ,,9 ,,utah ,,leon ,d4 ,,bat*elor1 ,,utah ,i suppose ! majority ( y h v little or no idea ( agricultural conditions 9 ,utah4 ,p]haps "s ?9k x is a des]t4 ,:5 ,i w5t to ,utah1 ?ree or f\r ye>s ago1 ! fir/ ?+ t /ruck my m9d =cibly 9 travel+ ar\nd ?r\gh ! /ate 0 ! absolute lack ( any nuts4 ,be+ born & br\ght up 9 ,massa*usetts1 ,i naturally notic$ ?is1 z "o ( ! pleasures ( my boyhood days consi/$ 9 ga!r+ *e/nuts1 hickory nuts1 hazelnuts & bee*nuts4 ,we f\nd !m all ar\nd ! f5ce corn]s & pa/ures & 9 ! woods1 & ,i miss$ ?is 9 ,utah1 & x occurr$ to me imm$iately to look up ! cause ( ! lack ( nuts 9 ! /ate & ,i f\nd no good reason except t nature has n se5 fit to plant nuts !re4 ,!re is no reason 9 climatic or soil conditions :i* w make x impossible to gr[ _m ( ! h>di] nuts1 & ev51 9 ! s\!rn "p ( ! /ate1 to gr[ almonds & ! t5d]e/ walnuts4 ,climatic conditions are n unlike "s ( ! be/ fruit sections 9 ,new ,york4 ,pea*es & apples are gr[n successfully & z soon z y get d[n to ! c5tral & s\!rn "p ( ! /ate1 _m ( ! h>di] ,european grapes are gr[n4 ,9 ! extreme s\!rn "p y c gr[ any ( ! ,european grapes gr[n 9 ,cali=nia1 s no?+ 9 ! way ( climatic conditions exi/s :i* w\ld prev5t ! developm5t ( nut gr[+ 9 ?is /ate4 ,! soil conditions v>y widely1 all ! way f ! s&y loams to ! deep soils & gravels1 & x is possible to f9d ?\s&s ( acres ( deep1 ri* loam soil4 ,"s ( x is five to tw5ty-five feet deep4 ,( c\rse ! ra9fall 9 t semi-arid region is insuffici5t = nuts b t c be supplem5t$ by irrigation wat]1 s t is practically no disadvantage4 ,s9ce ,i h be5 !re ,i h tri$ to int]e/ "s ( ! fruit gr[]s 9 ! plant+ ( a few diff]5t v>ieties ( ! h>di] nuts1 & ,i h di/ribut$ among !m "s ( ! walnuts & ?is ye> ,i am br++ 9 "s ( ! old %agb>k hickory nuts f ,massa*usetts1 & ,i am go+ to di/ribute !m among my fri5ds & acqua9tances !re to be us$ to raise %ade trees--trees ar\nd ! home & pa/ures--& ,i f9d !re is consid]able int]e/ manife/$ 9 ! la/ few ye>s 9 nut plant+4 ,! nut indu/ry has a little mite ( a />t !re 9 a way--t is1 !re are a few se$l+ trees di/ribut$ f ,logan on ! nor? to ,arizona on ! s\?4 ,se$l+ ,p]sian walnuts fruit f ,brigham ,city on ?r\gh ,salt ,lake & ,provo1 & practically all ( ! nuts t are produc$ !re 9 ! /ate are ( se$l+ orig94 ,x is reasonable to expect t "s ( ! be/ graft$ v>ieties w be v mu* bett]4 ,x seems to me t ! /ate has e natural condition = success 9 ! production ( nuts4 ,if n 9 a comm]cial way we c d a great deal to our advantage 9 plant+ nut trees z %ade trees4 ,i simply want to let y "k t !re is a man out !re 9 ! m\nta9 section :o is int]e/$ 9 nuts & go+ to help ! cause along4 ,,! ,,diseases ,,( ,,nut ,,trees ,m4 ,b4 ,,waite1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,9 tak+ up ! "q ( nut diseases x is h>dly prop]1 p]haps1 to take too n>r[ a view ( x & ,i w1 !re=e1 m5tion "s ( ! o!r "w be+ done "h 9 ,wa%+ton t is ( int]e/ to ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association4 ,y all "k ( ! pomological "w be+ done on nuts1 & ,i h>dly ne$ m5tion ! "w n[ be+ c>ri$ on by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 a memb] ( ?is association4 ,x might be well to rem9d y t ! "w 0 />t$ by ,mr4 ,van ,deman "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 & cont9u$ by ,mr4 ,corsa1 & a report 0 issu$ "s fifte5 ye>s ago4 ,x 0 tak5 up lat] by ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,taylor4 ,! plant introduction "w ( ,mr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,fair*ild %\ld be m5tion$4 ,he is sc\r+ ! _w = new nuts ( all k9ds = ! nor!rn & s\!rn1 ea/]n & we/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 & introduc+ !m into ?is c\ntry4 ,! diseases ( ^? nuts are /udi$ by ,mr4 ,orton 9 ! ,cotton ,truck ,division ( our dep>tm5t4 ,outside ( ! ,bureau ( ,plant ,indu/ry also !re is "s "w be+ done on nut trees4 ,! insects attack+ cultivat$ nuts are /udi$ by ,pr(essor ,a4 ,l4 ,qua9tance1 ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology1 along ) ! decidu\s fruit insects4 ,! insects attack+ =e/ nut trees are /udi$ by ,dr4 ,hopk9s ( ! same ,bureau 9 ! laboratory t /udies ! =e/ insects4 ,( c\rse ! nut trees1 z =e/ trees1 are /udi$ 9 ! ,=e/ ,s]vice ab\t :i* y all "k4 ,"o ?+ m t ,i w\ld l to say1 9 way ( explanation or apology1 is 9 reg>d to criticism ( ! ,dep>tm5t = n m ?or\ghly attack+ ! filb]t blight4 ,only =ty-five ?\s& doll>s are appropriat$ by ,congress = ! inve/igation ( ! entire fruit disease problem ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,t includes ! great citrus indu/ry2 ev]y?+1 9 fact1 f cranb]ries on ,cape ,cod & ! m\? ( ! ,columbia ,riv] to grape fruit 9 ,florida or apples 9 ,new ,york4 ,x includes ! subject ( all ! nut diseases1 & t means ! problem ( ! diseases ( ! pecan1 ( walnut bact]iosis--t is a big problem--9 s\!rn ,cali=nia1 & m or less 9 o!r p>ts ( ,cali=nia1 our great apple indu/ry1 ! pea* yell[s1 ! pe> blight1 etc4 ,:5 x comes to p>cel+ t out x only leaves ab\t ?ree ?\s& doll>s = nut diseases1 & ?irty-five hundr$ doll>s = /udy+ diseases ( citrus fruits1 s y mu/ n be surpris$ t we _c put a gr\p ( m5 on ?is problem & /udy x z x %\ld be /udi$4 ,x is a "q ( m5 & means4 ,p]haps n[ "s g5]al in=mation might be ( int]e/ & set y to ?9k+4 ,9 ! fir/ place 9 e disease problem1 conspicu\sly s ) our fruit & nut diseases1 !re are two ma9 classes ( plants to be consid]$1 our native plants & ! =eign plants4 ,! pa?ologi/ is always look+ to ! native orig9 ( a plant 9 /udy+ its adaptation to ! environm5t 9 :i* x is attempt$ to be gr[n4 ,a =eign plant may n necess>ily be unadapt$ to ano!r locality4 ,! v9if]a grape is ?or\ghly adapt$ to ,cali=nia & to mu* ( ! ,pacific slope beyond ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 b y "k ! v9if]a grape has a h>d /ruggle 9 o!r p>ts ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,?is is n only a pa?ological problem b a physiological "o4 ,x _c /& a soak+ ra9 = two weeks at a "t2 x _c /& s mu* wat] & humidity b x wants dry1 hot sun%9e cont9u\sly f ! "t x puts out its leaves 9 ! spr+4 ,ano!r phase /ill m int]e/+ is ! "q ( =eign p>asites4 ,_m ( ! wor/ diseases ) :i* we h to cont5d are ei!r native diseases attack+ introduc$ plants1 or =eign diseases attack+ native plants4 ,i w take t up 9 detail4 ,nature has f\ght ! battle all out ) ! native p>asites aga9/ ! native ho/ plants1 s we don't h to d x4 ,x's a case ( ! survival ( ! fitte/4 ,!y h won1 s :5 we are deal+ ) native plants aga9/ our native diseases1 we h a condition t has be5 f\ght out 9 nature = nobody kn[s h[ _m ?\s& ye>s4 ,! result is t unless we di/urb ! balance too mu* by cultivat+ great or*>ds ( a ?+ t has be5 gr[n z scatt]$ individuals1 or ov]=c+ x or select+ & bre$+ t[>ds l>g] fruit )\t any reg>d to foliage & o!r *>act]s we c g ahead ) our bre$+ & selection & cultivation & tru/ nature to keep ! balance to "s ext5t4 ,we h ?is natural balance 9 our favor 9 deal+ ) ! problem ( cultivat+ native plants4 ,z an example take ! pe> & apple blight4 ,! pe> blight problem is "o 9 :i* a native p>asite on wild crab apples1 :i* occasionally kills a few twigs "h & !re1 attacks ! juicy1 t5d]1 susceptible1 introduc$ ,european pe> & makes a v s]i\s disease4 ,x is a fight inde$ to gr[ x 9 s mu* ( ! c\ntry t pe> culture has be5 v l>gely suppress$ ov] ! ea/]n half ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates & "p ( ! ,pacific coa/4 ,all ?is tr\ble has be5 caus$ by "o little native microbe4 ,apple culture also1 ) c]ta9 v>ieties1 has be5 s]i\sly int]f]$ ) 9 "s sections4 ,! apple c$> ru/ is probably ! mo/ /rik+ example ( a native p>asite attack+ a =eign ho/ t we "k (1 & p>ticul>ly s z ! rem>kable evolution 9 :i* ! p>asite has adju/$ itself to ! new ho/ is tak+ place "r n[ e ye>4 ,! apple c$> ru/ is becom+ a m difficult problem cle> across ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates to ,nebraska4 ,x has occurr$ z a s]i\s disease s9ce #aije to #aijg4 ,z a botanical curiosity we h kn[n x a long "t1 b z a s]i\s disease1 x is v rec5t1 & nobody kn[s yet h[ s]i\s x is go+ to be4 ,we h a v /rik+ example ( ?is introduction ( a =eign plant & ! plant be+ attack$ by a native p>asite1 9 ! case ( ! filb]t blight1 & ,i am go+ to take t up lat]4 ,! tr\ble is t we h br\ght into ! ,unit$ ,/ates a ,european filb]t & x has be5 attack$ by a p>asite ( our wild hazelnuts4 ,! disease is v r>e & is seldom se5 on ! wild hazelnut1--s r>e t x 0 h>dly kn[n by sci5tific botani/s1 & yet x int]f]es ) filb]t culture 9 ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates & is ! "o ?+ m ?an any?+ else to make filb]t culture unpr(itable4 ,we h practically ! same proposition 9 ! walnut bact]iosis1 n only 9 ! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates1 b 9 ! be/ walnut di/ricts ( ,cali=nia4 ,?is bact]ial disease :i* is und\bt$ly a disease ( our native walnuts--probably ! native black walnut--occurs r r>ely1 & s feebly develop$ z to be difficult to f9d at all on its native ho/ yet x becomes ! great s]i\s disease ( ! ,old ,_w cultivat$ walnut4 ,n[1 !re aga91 x is n s mu* a lack ( physiological adaptability1 because ! walnut is ?or\ghly adapt$ to our ,pacific coa/4 ,i suppose mo/ ( y "k t ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s1 ea/ ( ! ,great ,pla9s1 we h a humid climate & w9t]s m or less cold :i* corresponds1 n ) we/]n ,europe1 n ) ,g]many1 ,engl&1 ,spa91 ,france & ,italy1 b ) ,*9a & ,japan1 ) ,asia1 9 its climatic conditions4 ,! result is ! ,*9ese & ,japanese trees br\ght to ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates gr[ well b may gr[ indiff]5tly 9 ,cali=nia4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! plants ( ! ,m$it]ranean1 ,france1 ,g]many1 ,italy & ,spa9 d n1 z a rule1 ?rive :5 introduc$ into ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!re are a few exceptions1 l ! apple & p]haps ! pea*4 ,^! are n really natives ( we/]n ,europe1 b h be5 br\ght f ! int]ior4 ,!y are m l ! ,japanese & ,*9ese plants :i* came 9 by way ( ,p]sia & :i* h be5 sl[ly adju/$ to ! conditions ( we/]n ,europe4 ,t adju/m5t has gone s f> t ! ,p]sian type ( pea* does bett] on ! ,pacific coa/ ?an 9 ! ,ea/4 ,we are bre$+ a race ( ^! fruits f ,*9a1 ! ,*9ese cl+ gr\p1 :i* does well 9 ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & we h f !re a pea* t is bett] = ! c\ntry ea/ ( ! ,rocky ,m\nta9s ?an ! ones t h be5 modifi$ 9 ,europe4 ,n[ take ! o!r side ( ?is "q1 ! =eign p>asite--t is v un=tunate ?+--ov] :i* we d n always h ! control t we d ) ! =eign ho/4 ,an equal di/urbance ( nature takes place :5 we introduce a =eign p>asite1 :e!r x is f a simil> climatic region or "o n s simil>4 ,! *e/nut blight is a trem5d\s example ( t sort ( ?+4 ,?is has come into prom95ce )9 a decade & x is "o ( ! greate/ problems 9 ! pa?ology ( ! *e/nut4 ,t has turn$ out to be a ,*9ese p>asite4 ,x 0 f\nd la/ summ] by ! agricultural explor]1 ,mr4 ,my]s1 b ! fungus 0 /udi$ out by ,dr4 ,%e>4 ,! ?ree great ,am]ican p>asites ( our native grapes are ! black rot1 ! d[ny mildew & ! ,phyllox]a1 an insect pe/1 & !y caus$ a great am\nt ( /udy & "w & inve/igation & great exp5se :5 !y 7 introduc$ into ,france & ,s\? ,g]many & ,italian v9ey>ds1 & 7 f\ght out only by :at might be consid]$ a magnific5t ef=t on ! "p ( ! ,european gov]nm5ts1 especially ,france4 ,on our native wild grapes ^? diseases are almo/ trivial1 & ! wild se$l+s 9 ! woods are practically immune1 b :5 we cultivate !m & select ! t5d]] v>ieties1 ! black rot is pretty bad1 especially on ! ,concord1 & p>ticul>ly :5 t is hybridiz$ ) grapes ( ,european blood4 ,nev]!less1 we h cultivat$ !m 9 ord] to get ! l>ge juicy fruits4 ,!re are _m m examples ( ?is sort4 ,n[ ab\t ! cultivat$ nuts4 ,i wi% ,i c\ld tell y h[ mu* ,i ?9k ( ! native nuts4 ,i grew up 9 ,nor!rn ,ill9ois & c\ld g out on a day l ?is & ga!r two or ?ree bu%els ( hickory nuts4 ,h[ ,i enjoy$ ! black walnut1 especially :5 x 0 j %rivel$ s x w\ld leave ! %ell--x got r too ri* :5 x 0 dri$ & /ale 9 ! w9t] "t--b h[ delici\s x 0 :5 j wilt$6 ,also !re 0 ! butt]nut & ! wild hazelnut4 ,i us$ to take a "o-horse wagon into ! woods on a ,saturday & ga!r en\gh hazelnuts 9 ! %ucks to fill x2 !n we _h hazelnuts all w9t]4 ,s ,i am 9 full sympa?y ) ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association & ,i w\ld l to see ^? nuts gr[n1 if n wild 9 ! woods1 at lea/ 9 cultivation4 ,!re might be a few ?+s ( int]e/ to y ab\t ! wild hickory nut4 ,accord+ to ,f>l['s ,index ( ,nor? ,am]ican fungi ( tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 !re h be5 ?irty-sev5 species ( fungi collect$ on t tree4 ,probably !re are twice t numb] z a matt] ( fact1 b mycologi/s h collect$1 describ$ & nam$ ?irty-sev5 species on ! ,hickoria ovata1 ! pla9 %agb>k1 & ! o!r hickories h simil> numb]s4 ,! pecan has only ?ree nam$ species 9 ,f>l['s ,index1 b ,mr4 ,r& has got toge!r ?ree times z _m ,i ?9k--,i am n sure ( ! numb]4 ,( ! pecan diseases1 ! pecan scab is probably ! mo/ conspicu\s fungus tr\ble4 ,! pecan scab is ! mo/ typical fungus p>asite ( ! pecan4 ,x attacks ! leaves1 fruit1 etc4 ,x attacks ! vessels or ve9s ( ! leaves & frequ5tly ent]s by means ( aphis punctures :i* break ! sk9 s t !re is no d\bt b t ?is p>ticul> disease is favor$ by an aphis4 ,we h inve/igat$ ?is disease q c>efully & c>ri$ on a s]ies ( spray+ exp]im5ts = "s ?ree ye>s & !re is no d\bt ab\t our ability to control x4 ,x c be prev5t$ by spray+ ) ,bordeaux mixture4 ,y nev] c tell h[ _m spray+s w be requir$4 ,x may take ?ree to t5 spray+s to protect ! nuts4 ,! leaves are gr[n mo/ly )9 a mon?--! leaves are pu%$ out )9 ?irty days & y c spray ^? leaves & protect !m4 ,! weak po9t 9 ! treatm5t is t ! nut ( ! pecan gr[s /eadily f ! "t x />ts to way into ,septemb]4 ,?is makes a h>d problem 9 spray+ z ! nut keeps exp&+ & =m+ a new & unprotect$ surface = an unreasonably long season & !y are susceptible to scab attacks all ! "t1 s y h ! problem ( spray+ ! nuts all summ]4 ,! spray does n /ick v well on ! nuts4 ,! result is t we advise dodg+ t p>asite by plant+ ! non-susceptible k9ds2 x is mu* bett] & *eap]4 ,x is c]ta9ly an enc\rag+ ?+ t y c plant good v>ieties1 t d n scab badly1 & :i* at ! v mo/ require b two or ?ree spray+s to protect !m entirely1 & 9 a great majority ( cases1 no spray+ at all4 ,^? already are ! great nuts 9 cultivation1 l ! ,/u>t1 ! ,s*ley & ! ,frots*]4 ,mo/ ( ^? good v>ieties w be occasionally attack$ by scab because ( a wet season1 j z a v>iety ( apple :i* is v resi/ant to apple scab is occasionally attack$ by t disease4 ,! pecan has q a numb] ( leaf-spot fungi & mo/ ( ^? we h te/$ by spray+4 ,^! exp]im5ts h be5 made 9 ! nurs]y :]e x is m conv5i5t to spray & :]e ! necessity is1 p]haps1 a little m pron\nc$1 & !re x is1 und\bt$ly1 a prop] practice to spray & fight out ! pecan leaf diseases4 ,bordeaux mixture is ! ?+ to be us$ on all occasions4 ,! pecan resi/s copp] poison+ almo/ z well z ! grape & c be spray$ ) safety4 ,if a pecan tree has cr[n gall don't plant x4 ,all nurs]y trees %\ld be reject$ 9 plant+ if !y %[ signs ( ?is disease4 ,! pecan has fungus root-rot & v>i\s wood rot fungi besides ! leaf diseases4 ,x also has sev]al o!r tr\bles m or less s]i\s4 ,occasionally 9 ! pecan groves y w f9d ^! rem>kably :ite mildew$ nuts4 ,t gives way to spray+4 ,ano!r disease is an int]nal spot on ! k]nel :i* ,mr4 ,r& has be5 work+ on & :i* seems to be due to a fungus4 ,we don't "k h[ to prev5t t yet4 ,! pecan has a fungus attack+ x t is v simil> to ! bitt] rot ( ! apple4 ,! pecan an?racnose looks l ! bitt] rot1 has ! same p9k spore masses & y w be able to recognize x4 ,t may be prev5t$ by spray+1 b x is1 =tunately1 n a s]i\s disease4 ,! nor!rn nut gr[] w n h s mu* tr\ble ) t1 z x is a s\!rn disease4 ,"h is a physiological tr\ble t causes black5+ ( ! "y nuts on ! inside4 ,x appe>s to me to be due ma9ly to wet wea!r1 b ,i don't "k its exact nature4 ,x came prim>ily on a pecan rais$ 9 ! semi-arid section ( ,texas & br\ght into ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 & by ! way y c get z mu* tr\ble 9 adapt+ trees f ! we/]n to ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates z 9 br++ 9 trees f o!r c\ntries4 ,9 p>ts ( semi-arid ,texas ! trees are suppli$ ) moi/ure by sub-irrigation & :5 we move ^? pecans to ! humid ,ea/ we get almo/ z mu* non-adju/m5t z :5 we br+ 9 =eign ?+s4 ,i w\ld sugge/ t ^! pecans f we/]n ,texas are ! v ones to take to ,utah & ,cali=nia r ?an ^? f ! ea/]n "p ( ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,!y are adju/$ to dry seasons ) moi/ure at _! roots & y w get ! be/ results f !m :5 gr[n "u irrigation4 ,i w n[ take up ! walnut1 ,juglans nigra1 ! common black walnut4 ,!re are tw5ty species ( fungi :i* are kn[n to attack x4 ,q a good _m ( ^! attack ! twigs & cause !m to die1 & probably half are leaf diseases4 ,"o1 commonly call$ :ite ru/1 a disease ( ! leaves1 attracts mycologi/s 9 collect+1 b x has nev] be5 ( s]i\s economic importance4 ,n[1 z to ! butt]nut1 ,juglans c9]ea4 ,x has ab\t n9ete5 species ( fungi kn[n to attack x1 b probably _m m w be f\nd :5 ! nut is ?or\ghly /udi$4 ,juglans regia1 ! cultivat$ ,p]sian walnut1 has only ab\t twelve species ( fungi record$ f x 9 ?is c\ntry4 ,!re are1 und\bt$ly1 m to be f\nd4 ,( ^! fungi ! walnut bact]iosis1 caus$ by a bact]ial g]m is m important ?an all ! re/ ( ! p>asites put toge!r we c easily say4 ,! ,cali=nia walnut bact]iosis has turn$ up at v>i\s po9ts 9 ! ,ea/4 ,! twig blight =m ( ?is disease is also preval5t 9 v>i\s /ates4 ,! walnut blight or bact]iosis is !re=e to be figur$ ) 9 plant+ ! ,p]sian walnut 9 ! ,ea/4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,is x worse or bett] "h ?an 9 ,cali=nia8 ,,pr(essor ,,waite3 ,!re h n be5 en\gh walnuts gr[n "h 9 groves to all[ ! disease to accumulate--to h a fair te/ = t1 ,pr(essor ,smi?4 ,i don't believe we "k2 b x is1 und\bt$ly1 a p>asite ( our native black walnuts4 ,x occurs 9 ,texas & ,l\isiana1 & ,i ?9k we h x 9 or ne> ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 & 9 ,new ,j]sey1 s if ,i 7 plant+ ext5sively ,i %\ld expect t disease to be s]i\s4 ,t w\ld be my =eca/ ( ! matt]4 ,! humidity & ! cl\dy wea!r 9 ! ,ea/ ought to be m favorable to ! disease ?an ! climate ( ,cali=nia4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,= t reason ,i %\ld ?9k ! disease w\ld "w fa/ 9 ! ,gulf ,coa/4 ,,pr(essor ,,waite3 ,yes1 ^? specim5s ( y\rs seem to %[ a v s]i\s condition4 ,we mu/ n pass ov] ! *e/nut )\t not+ t !re are ?irty species ( fungi attack+ x1 & t does n include ! new "o1 ! bad "o1 ! *e/nut b>k disease4 ,! filb]t blight belongs ) ! diseases ( ! ,european grape & sweet *]ry4 ,! filb]t is an example ( a ,european plant introduc$ into ! ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates attack$ by a native p>asite :i* almo/ drives x out ( cultivation4 ,9 fact1 !re are s few filb]ts 9 cultivation ev5 n[ t if we 7 try+ to plan a spray+ exp]im5t on !m we w\ld n "k :]e to f9d a plantation suitable = c>ry+ on ! exp]im5t4 ,if any ( y "k ( any su* plantations ,i w\ld l y to let me "k ab\t !m4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,we w h "s 9 two or ?ree ye>s4 ,,pr(essor ,,waite3 ,"h is a sample ( ! filb]t fungus tak5 f our pa?ological collection4 ,x %[s ! mature fruit+ bodies ( ! fungus & x also %[s t ! twigs are kill$4 ,?is fungus is kn[n z ,cryptosporella anomala4 ,x 0 describ$ z ,diatrype anomala by ,peck ( ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 b 0 aft]w>ds f\nd to belong to ano!r g5us4 ,!re h be5 two or ?ree articles publi%$ on x1 ! be/ "o probably by ,humphrey 9 ,massa*usetts4 ,i h an ab/ract ( t :i* c be copi$ 9 ! proce$+s1 if y wi%4 7,see ,app5dix47 ,! fact t ?is ,cryptosporella is relat$ to ! black knot ( ! plum is an int]e/+ feature2 & t x attacks ! gr[+ canes dur+ ! gr[+ season & fruit dur+ ! fall & w9t]4 ,he sugge/s ! treatm5t ( remov+ all ! infect$ bran*es dur+ ! fall & w9t]4 ,i w\ld add to t1 complete eradication ( all diseas$ bran*es ( ! ho/1 & !y are r easily se51 9 ! fall z soon z ! leaves are (f--!n a ?or\gh spray+ ) /rong ,bordeaux mixture1 at lea/ #e-e-ej1 pref]ably /rong] ?an t1 ( c\rse burn+ all ! mat]ial t y cut out4 ,"o is at a disadvantage if !re are wild hazelnuts 9 ! neighborhood4 ,h[ to h&le t problem ,i am h>dly prep>$ to /ate2 p]haps1 by eradication ( ! wild hazelnut 9 ! vic9ity4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i ?9k t w\ld be impossible 9 mo/ regions4 ,,pr(essor ,,waite3 ,mr4 ,k]r _h 8 gr[+ on ! ea/]n %ore on an isl& :]e !re are no wild hazelnuts & !y 7 n attack$ by ! fungus4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,!y are all dead n[4 ,,pr(essor ,,waite3 ,! numb] ( spray+s dur+ a season is an undet]m9$ "q4 ,x w be necess>y1 probably1 to spray two or ?ree times4 ,y c c]ta9ly protect ! two-ye> wood 9 t way by mak+ a fall spray+ & a spr+ spray+4 ,?is w keep !m ?or\ghly cov]$ ) ,bordeaux mixture b :e!r or n ?ree or f\r spray+s are necess>y rema9s to be te/$4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,are any v>ieties ( ,european hazels immune8 ,,pr(essor ,,waite3 ,i h n /udi$ !m en\gh to answ] t "q4 ,i don't "k4 ,!y all seem to g d[n4 ,p]haps ,dr4 ,dem+ c answ]4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i don't "k4 ,,pr(essor ,,waite3 ,i ?9k t is all ,i want to say1 except "o ?+1 & t is ab\t ! physiological aspect ( ^!1 diseases4 ,i t\*$ ^u t phase 9 discuss+ ! matt] ( environm5t 9 ! introduction ( =eign]s to places :]e !y are n adapt$4 ,9 "s p>ticul> seasons & circum/ances ev5 ! native trees suff]4 ,"o type ( injury :i* has caus$ great tr\ble ) ! ,engli% walnuts & pecans1 & also ) apple trees & has also caus$ tr\ble ) our native r$ oaks1 is freez+ :5 ! trees are 9 a non-resi/ant condition4 ,!re is an example ( ?is )9 ?ree m9utes' walk ( ?is build+4 ,"h are ! climatic & temp]ature conditions t br+ ab\t disa/]1 p>ticul>ly if prec$$ by a dry season4 ,let u />t ) a dry season4 ,! season ( #aiaa 0 conspicu\sly dry 9 ?is locality & ! adjac5t /ates ( ,virg9ia1 ,we/ ,virg9ia & ,m>yl&1 b ab\t ! fir/ ( ,septemb] ! ra9s came4 ,up to t "t ev5 ! native =e/ trees su* z oaks & *e/nuts %[$ ! /ress ( lack ( moi/ure v s]i\sly & 7 some:at yell[ & pale look+1 ma9ly f wat] & nitrog5 />vation4 ,:5 ! ra9s came ! wilt$ trees all gre5$ up1 e tree 9 ! p>ks bright5$ up1 & we _h f9e gr[+ conditions until ,octob] & no cold wea!r up to ,new ,ye>'s4 ,x 0 w>m t fall & ev5 on ,new ,ye>'s day ! w>m? 0 noticeable4 ,on ! #ab? ( ,janu>y we _h ! record cold temp]ature = ?is locality 9 ! hi/ory ( ! wea!r bureau1 except "o ye>4 ,we _h fifte5 or sev5te5 bel[ z]o & x 0 z l[ z ?irty-eight 9 l[ spots 9 ! ,potomac ,valley 9 ,we/ ,virg9ia4 ,^? trees _h nev] be5 fully %ock$ into w9t] conditions4 ,! cambium gr[? & sap fl[ _h n be5 /opp$ & ! physiological *anges ne$$ to get ! trees ready = cold wea!r _h nev] occurr$4 ,!y 7 n ready1 n only z to ! b>k1 b 9 ! trunk & wood4 ,! result 0 t ! trees 7 s]i\sly injur$1 ! less matur$ twigs di$ back1 & ! trees 7 froz5 on ! trunks d[n to ! gr\nd l9e4 ,9 ! freeze ( #aijd 9 ,new ,york ,i 0 surpris$ to f9d t ! pea* trees 7 n all kill$4 ,!y 7 froz5 ?r\gh & ?r\gh & yet ! trees did n die4 ,! "q ( w9t] injury h+es n alone on l[ temp]ature1 b x also dep5ds on ! condition :i* ! tree has rea*$ :5 ! cold /rikes x4 ,n[1 to tell y /ill fur!r ab\t :at t cold wave did1 ,i w ask y to look at t r[ ( r$ oaks ne> ! ,smi?sonian :i* ,i j allud$ to & see ! big ribs ( dead b>k :]e ! cambium lay] has be5 %ock$1 & *eck$ 9 o!r places4 ,y w f9d ^! trees ribb$ & ridg$ to ab\t half way d[n ! r[4 ,^? trees are subject to special disadvantages2 !y lack subsoil dra9age & !y h an excess ( manure dra9+ d[n ?r\gh ! pav+ /ones4 ,!y h an excess ( nitrog5 & lack ( dra9age4 ,! subsoil is a heavy clay4 ,t br+s up ano!r ?+ t ,i want y to notice 9 reg>d to w9t] injury4 ,plant n only h>dy v>ieties1 b select localities ) good subsoil dra9age4 ,! walnuts & hickories1 belong+ to ! two great families ( juglans1 & ! oaks & *e/nuts1 want good subsoil dra9age4 ,:]e ! und]ly+ rocks are v]tical ! conditions are ideal4 ,!y d n l a heavy clay subsoil1 b d be/ :]e wat] & excess nitrog5 c get away4 ,! g5]al summ>y ,i want to make is ?is3 ,nut trees h a l>ge numb] ( fungus p>asites4 ,9 a few cases ! native fungus p>asites attack ,european or ,old ,_w species & v>ieties to su* an ext5t z to make v s]i\s problems1 s mu* s t !y c n be reg>d$ z solv$1 ! walnut bact]iorosis & filb]t blight be+ examples ( ^!4 ,on ! o!r h&1 mo/ ( ! native fungus p>asites ( our native trees are n to be fe>$ z enemies ( ^! trees1 n only 9 ! nor!a/]n ,unit$ ,/ates :]e ?is body is endeavor+ to fur!r a good cause1 b ov] ! :ole ea/]n ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,^! p>asites 9 "s cases may be s]i\s en\gh to ju/ify spray+ & o!r l9es ( treatm5t1 especially 9 ! nurs]y4 ,on ! o!r h&1 consid]+ ! nature ( nut trees & consid]+ ! results ( "w on ! pecan scab1 ! object ( ! nut gr[] %\ld be to bre$ & select z f> z possible resi/ant sorts1 to "w on & select native species & hybrids p>ticul>ly :]e ! native trees w give ! necess>y h>d9ess1 immunity & resi/ance4 ,! outlook1 !re=e1 is promis+ = ! cultivat$ v>ieties ( hickory nuts & walnuts t ,i "k y are all work+ =4 ,=eign p>asites are always dang]\s4 ,?is *e/nut blight fungus comes into any su* s*eme z t l a bomb%ell4 ,:5 x comes to an introduc$ p>asite l t we c n tell :at w happ54 ,i ?ank y = y\r att5tion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,i ?9k ev]ybody "h w agree ) me1 :5 y come to look ov] ?is li/ ( am\nts appropriat$ = "w 9 nut culture inve/igation1 t !re w be no fur!r criticism ( ! ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture f any memb] ( ! association = n do+ m 9 ! int]e/s ( ! nut gr[]4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,we are all indebt$ to ,pr(essor ,waite = 8 cle> way ( /at+ facts1 = resi/+ ! temptation to give a te*nical talk & = enunciat+ pr9ciples ( wide applicability4 ,?is "q ( ! blight on ! hazel is a mo/ important "o = ! nor!rn nut gr[]s4 ,mr4 ,re$ 0 tell+ me ye/]day ab\t a man f ,cali=nia :o w5t out ne> "s city !re & b\ght #aj acres ( l& at six hundr$ doll>s an acre1 plant$ almonds & 9 a few ye>s _h ! place paid = & 0 mak+ a good income1 two or ?ree ?\s& doll>s a ye> f 8 t5 acres ( almonds4 ,we c d almo/ t 9 ! ,ea/1 ,i believe1 if we c cultivate ! ,european hazel4 ,if x 7 n = ?is blight1 we c\ld h spl5did crops ( ! hazel4 ,if ! gov]nm5t w\ld grant l>g] appropriations = nut culture inve/igations x might enable u to f9d a way to control ?is disease4 ,dr4 ,morris is bre$+ hazels1 h[ev]1 & hopes to get "o :i* w be immune4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,x is a great pleasure to li/5 to a man :o kn[s :at he is talk+ ab\t4 ,i figur$ out "s ye>s ago t ,i 0 go+ to be a tea*] & ,i decid$ t ,i w\ld l to h a *e/nut f>m also4 ,i got along v nicely1 plant$ my trees & !n ! *e/nut blight came along1 & ,i reg>d ! bus9ess1 at lea/ z to pr(its1 z 9 abeyance4 ,we are 9 a p]iod ( p>ticul> dang] f ! importation ( =eign plants2 we are br++ 9 p]fectly innoc5t-look+ ?+s f o!r c\ntries :i* are caus+ u great damage4 ,i want to sugge/ to any "o "h :o wants to plant an or*>d1 to plant two k9ds ( trees4 ,if my nut or*>d _h be5 plant$ ) some?+ besides *e/nuts1 ,i w\ld n[ h t some?+ else4 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! possibility ( hav+ two ?+s on ! same gr\nd--say *e/nuts & ,engli% walnuts--s if ! plant] f9ds he _c raise "o he c /ill h ! o!r4 ,!n he w n be 9 ! same place ,i am ) my *e/nuts4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,i und]/& we h ,mr4 ,full]ton ( ,long ,isl& "h1 & we w\ld be pleas$ to h him give u "s ( 8 exp]i5ces4 ,illu/ration3 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,*ampion ,,dem+ ,secret>y-,treasur] ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association ,,mr4 ,,full]ton3 ,i j came 9 to see :at y folks are do+ & ,i don't ?9k ,i c pose z a nut exp]t4 ,i live on an isl& t has a great _m v>ieties ( nuts on x t h become native4 ,we h q a plantation ( hazelnuts2 nobody kn[s :o plant$ !m4 ,!y are us$ by nurs]ym5 to fill ord]s4 ,also q a plantation ( magnolias :i* came f ! ,s\? a c\ple ( hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,!y are ?or\ghly acclimat$4 ,we h also "s ( ! v l>ge/--& ,i am go+ to cat* x "h because ,i h nev] us$ a tape l9e--we h "s ( ! v l>ge/ & olde/ ( ! ,p]sian walnuts 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 :i* produce annually a big crop ( ! s-call$ ,engli% walnuts4 ,! trees produce ! l>ge/ walnut ,i h ev] se51 ) ! ?9ne/ %ell4 ,!y h be5 !re ab\t "o hundr$ & fifty1 two hundr$ & fifty or ?ree hundr$ ye>s4 ,!y are v l>ge1 l>g] ?an ! black walnuts4 ,:e!r !y 7 plant$ or n ,i don't "k4 ,_! hi/ory is probably ?is3 ,long ,isl& 0 a sea-f>+ community a few hundr$ ye>s ago4 ,^! sailors :o w5t out f ! isl&1 "s ( !m1 lov$ nuts & !y w\ld br+ back f o!r c\ntries nuts or o!r plants1 & n[ we h a mo/ rem>kable mess ( trees4 ,we h plant$ ! ,japanese walnut1 ,i don't pret5d to "k :i* v>iety1 & x began yield+ ! ?ird ye> & has yield$ e ye> s9ce1 be>+ nuts 9 bun*es l grapes4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,is x a he>t-%ap$ nut8 ,,mr4 ,,full]ton3 ,yes4 ,we h "s pecans & "s almonds4 ,aga9/ ! advice ( ev]ybody we plant$ "s almond trees2 !y />t$ to be> 9 _! ?ird ye>4 ,! trees are "o solid mass ( glori\s big r$ blossoms e spr+4 ,!y be> v heavily & h = ?ree di/9ct seasons4 ,h>d w9t] or easy w9t]1 no?+ has affect$ _! bloom & !y h nev] _h a p>ticle ( ,san ,jos scale until ?is ye>4 ,! almond gr[s all ov] ! isl&4 ,also ! pecan4 ,i plant$ five v>ieties ( pecans & !y are /ill liv+ & gr[+ v sl[ly4 ,!y h be5 mov$ ?ree or f\r times4 ,la/ ye> we plant$ sev5 v>ieties includ+ ! ,van ,deman & ! ,/u>t & "o ,indiana v>iety4 ,"o ( ^! trees di$ & ! o!rs 7 kill$ back1 b !y h s5t up big %oots4 ,two ye>s ago an old fell[ came up f ! middle ( ! isl& to see if our pecan trees 7 ! same k9d z 84 ,8 /ory 0 v rem>kable4 ,he didn't "k any?+ ab\t trees4 ,he w5t into t[n "o day & got int]e/$ 9 pecans & b\ght all ! diff]5t k9ds he c\ld f9d1 all ! diff]5t %apes4 ,he didn't c>e :at !y 7--didn't c>e :e!r !y came f ,canada or ,mexico--he 0 ! k9d ( a man :o w\ld plant bananas1--& he plant$ all ^? pecans & he told me t e "o ( !m grew4 ,he said !y all produc$ nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,pom]oy3 ,! fir/ ,p]sian walnut nurs]y ev] e/abli%$ 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates 0 at ,flu%+1 ,long ,isl&4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,i %\ld l to ask h[ old & h[ big are ! pecan trees t are be>+8 ,,mr4 ,,full]ton3 ,i ?9k he said sev5 or eight ye>s4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,! insect "q is "o ( great int]e/4 ,pr(essor ,qua9tance c give u a good insight into ! insects t attack pecan & o!r nut trees4 ,,insects ,,injuri\s ,,to ,,nut ,,trees ,a4 ,l4 ,,qua9tance1 ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,i h n v mu* to say because we h n yet accumulat$ mu* in=mation on ! subject ( nut insects4 ,i am glad to appe> be=e y1 h[ev]1 & to assure y t att5tion is be+ giv5 to ! insect enemies ( nuts by ! ,dep>tm5t4 ,we are n ne>ly s f> advanc$ 9 ! subject1 h[ev]1 z ,pr(essor ,waite1 s9ce our specific /udy ( nut insects began only1 ?is la/ spr+4 ,at t "t we e/abli%$ a laboratory 9 ! ,s\?1 especially to /udy pecan insects1 z ! dem& = in=mation conc]n+ ^! pe/s has be5 v /rong4 ,! ,bureau ( ,entomology1 h[ev]1 = a numb] ( ye>s1 has publi%$ m or less on nut insects1 z opportunity (f]$1 & ,i ?9k ,i %\ld call y\r att5tion to a few ( ! pap]s treat+ ( nut insects1 & :i* ,i recomm5d t y obta91 if possible3 ,! ,nut ,fe$+ ,habits ( ! ,codl+ ,mo?1 ,bullet9 #hj1 ,"p #e1 ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,! ,fall ,webworm1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,! ,:ite-,m>k$ ,tussock ,mo?1 ,f>m]s' ,bullet9 #ii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,dep>tm5t ( ,agriculture4 ,! ,bag ,worm1 ,circul> #ig1 ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,! ,apple-,tree ,t5t ,cat]pill>1 ,circul> #ih1 ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,nut ,weevils1 ,circul> #ii1 ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,! ,r$ ,spid]1 ,circul> #ajd1 ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,! ,leop>d ,mo?1 ,circul> #aji1 ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,! ,walnut ,bor]1 ,fif? ,report1 ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission1 page #cbi4 ,! ,oak ,prun]1 ,circul> #acj1 ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,insects ,injuri\s to ,pecans1 ,bullet9 #hf1 ,mississippi ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,insects ( ! ,pecan1 ,bullet9 #gi1 ,florida ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation4 ,! ,walnut ,weevil or ,curculio1 ,twelf? ,report1 ,/ate ,entomologi/ ( ,connecticut1 page #bdj4 ,! ,walnut ,bud-,mo?1 ,twelf? ,report1 ,/ate ,entomologi/ ( ,connecticut1 page #bec4 ,! above li/ w furni% in=mation on mo/ ( ! important nut insects ?us f> kn[n4 ,inasmu*1 h[ev]1 z ! walnut1 pecan1 etc41 are native trees1 x is probable t :5 ^! nuts are cultivat$ !y w be attack$ by _m ( ! insects :i* prey ^u !m 9 nature4 ,?is we h f\nd to be true to a consid]able ext5t 9 ! case ( ! pecan4 ,_m ( ! pe/s ( hickory1 = in/ance1 are becom+ important enemies ( ! pecan4 ,we h few reque/s = in=mation z to ! insect enemies ( ! hazelnut or filb]t1 practically none z to ! almond4 ,i surmise t !re is comp>atively little injury to ! two =m] crops 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates1 & t 9 ! case ( ! almond x is l>gely free f insect pe/s4 ,! secret>y has sugge/$ t ,i make ref]5ce p>ticul>ly to ! insect enemies ( ! walnut4 ,we h _h compla9ts ( sev]e injury to walnuts 9 ,cali=nia f ! codl+ mo? & walnut aphids4 ,9 ?is /ate & 9 ! arid sections :]e walnuts are comm]cially gr[n1 ! codl+ mo?1 ! well-kn[n apple pe/1 has turn$ its att5tion to ! walnut1 & "u "s conditions does s]i\s injury4 ,if walnuts are gr[+ adjac5t to pe>s1 ! m>ket+ ( ! crop1 :i* occurs ab\t ! "t ! second brood ( l>v is at its height1 deprives ^! insects ( fur!r food & !y turn _! att5tion to ! walnut4 ,! walnut plant lice 9 ,cali=nia h j be5 inve/igat$ by an ag5t ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology & we n[ h a pap] 9 press on ^! insects4 ,we ?9k x probable t spray+ w be a satisfactory rem$y :]e ! trees are n too l>ge4 ,9 ! ,ea/ injury is conf9$ l>gely to c]ta9 cat]pill>s infe/+ ! foliage1 z ! :ite-m>k$ tussock mo?1 ! fall webworm1 a species ( ,datana1 & occasionally reports ( sev]e injury f r$ spid] are receiv$4 ,r rec5tly a good deal ( int]e/ has be5 ar\s$ 9 ! s-call$ walnut curculio by reason ( its attack+ ! %oots & leaf petioles ( ! ,japanese walnut4 ,x attacks also o!r species ( walnut1 includ+ ! ,engli% walnut & ! butt]nut4 ,?is pe/ has be5 well treat$ by ,doctor ,britton 9 8 report z ,/ate ,entomologi/ ( ,connecticut = #aiab4 ,:ile pecans are p]haps n ( p>ticul> int]e/ to gr[]s ( nuts 9 ! ,nor!rn ,/ates1 yet brief ref]5ce w be made to "s ( ! insect enemies ( ! pecan4 ,!re are two excell5t publications on ?is subject1 z indicat$ 9 ! li/ ( titles above4 ,i %\ld urge all int]e/$ 9 nut culture to obta9 ^! pap]s1 s9ce "s ( ! insects treat$ are q g5]al fe$]s & may be expect$ to occur on mo/ all v>ieties ( nuts4 ,! secret>y also has ask$ t ref]5ce be made to ! hickory b>k beetle4 ,?is is ess5tially a =e/ insect & has be5 treat$ by ,doctor ,hopk9s 9 ,circul> #add ( ! ,bureau ( ,entomology4 ,att5tion %\ld be call$ to an insect r rec5tly introduc$ into ! ,new ,engl& ,/ates1 :i* w probably attack nut crops1 namely1 ! s-call$ leop>d mo?1 already indicat$ 9 ! li/ ( titles on nut insects4 ,?is pe/ w prove a difficult "o to control1 z x infe/s ! trunk & l>g] limbs4 ,! :ole "q ( ! control ( nut insects is complicat$ by ! (t5 enorm\s size ( ! trees1 s t op]ations1 effective 9 ! control ( insects1 say affect+ ! apple1 are n entirely practical4 ,x is a po9t to be det]m9$ :e!r x w be pr(itable to spray l>ge nut trees1 su* z ! pecan4 ,9 "s in/ances we believe t x w be1 & ! ,bureau ( ,entomology n[ has 9 ,florida "o ( ! l>ge p[] spray+ outfits1 =m]ly 9 use 9 ! gipsy mo? spray+1 to det]m9e ! co/ & b5efits ( su* "w4 ,9 conclud+ ^! brief rem>ks ,i wi% aga9 to reit]ate my pleasure 9 hav+ ! opportunity ( appe>+ be=e y1 & to assure y ( ! int]e/ ( ! ,dep>tm5t 9 ! insect problems confront+ nut gr[]s4 ,nut culture is b\nd to increase enorm\sly & insect injuries w probably correspond+ly increase4 ,i believe1 h[ev]1 t ^! injuries w be f\nd controllable1 z has be5 det]m9$ to be true 9 ! case ( practically all important native or introduc$ crops4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,we are glad t ,pr(essor ,qua9tance has told u ab\t ! diff]5t bullet9s4 ,! secret>y w h a li/ ( ^!4 ,i am n[ go+ to call = ,mr4 ,rhodes1 :o is an exp]t propagator ( ,p]sian walnuts1 & he is go+ to give a demon/ration on me?ods ( propagat+ ! walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,rhodes3 ,i am employ$ ov] at ,arl+ton & ,i h be5 help+ ,pr(essor ,lake 9 8 "w !re at ! f>m4 ,la/ ye> ab\t ! #ae? ( ,july we put 9 ab\t sev5ty-five grafts us+ ! cleft graft1 & ! side graft1 & at ! same "t we put 9 "s *ip buds4 ,pr(essor ,lake has a little in/rum5t :i* is kn[n z a *ip budd]4 ,we us$ an ord9>y b&age1 su* z surgeons h1 :i* we dipp$ 9 a mixture ( ab\t two p>ts wax1 "o "p tall[ & "o "p ros94 ,we put ! b&age 9 :5 ! solution 0 at a boil--t made x /icky en\gh to hold to ! bud1 & !n we cut a hole l>ge en\gh = ! bud to come out4 ,we f\nd budd+ at t season1 9 ,augu/1 m successful ?an graft+4 ,! /ocks 7 ab\t two in*es 9 diamet]2 we put 9 grafts any:]e f two to ?ree feet above ! gr\nd1 sometimes z _m z ?ree grafts4 ,9 a great _m cases we lo/ all1 & 9 "s cases we lo/ two4 ,i tri$ also b5* or root graft+1 & put 9 ab\t fifty along ab\t ,decemb]1 & :5 ,i took !m out 9 ! spr+1 ! scion _h cov]$ up nicely1 b we _h a v dry spell1 & ?r\gh lack ( att5tion1 z mu* z any?+ else1 we didn't get a graft to pull ?r\gh4 ,i am go+ to try ! same ?+ ?is ye>4 ,along 9 ,july ,i took sev]al cutt+s & put 91 & out ( t5 ,i got "o to live4 ,"o prov$ successful 9 ! s(t wood & ?is com+ ye> ,i hope to get "s ( ! h>d wood k9ds to pull ?r\gh4 ,9 graft+ ,i always try to get ! cuts z smoo? z possible & to make !m 9 "o cut1 because if y make a second cut y are b\nd to make "s unev5ness 9 x4 ,^! cambium lay]s h to fit "r up flu% ) ! edge ( ! b>k4 ,!n we usually wrap !m 9 raffia4 ,we us$ also :at ,pr(essor ,lake call$ a b>k graft4 ,we got ab\t #aj p] c5t ( ^? to live4 ,we _h bett] success ) ! cleft graft & ! side graft4 ,9 cutt+ ! scion = ?is side graft ,i usually cut "o side a little long] ?an ,i d ! o!r :i* makes ! scion lie clos] to ! /ock4 ,we leave ! top on4 ,y c put sev]al on ea* ( ^? /ocks4 ,we 7 pretty successful ) t sort ( a graft4 ,= my own p]sonal use1 ,i l ?is graft = walnuts1 & ,i ?9k we w ev5tually h bett] success ) t ?an ) any o!r type4 ,we put ! majority ( ! grafts 9 ,i ?9k ab\t ! latt] "p ( ,june or ,july4 ,i h be5 afraid to cut ! top (f be=e ! scion has />t$ to gr[4 ,!re is too great a fl[ ( sap = ! small scion to take up & z a consequ5ce x dr[ns out ! scion4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,h[ f> t[>d ! c5t] did y make ! cut8 ,,mr4 ,,rhodes3 ,ab\t two-?irds ( ! way ?r\gh4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,y g pa/ ! middle8 ,,mr4 ,,rhodes3 ,yes4 ,! only ?+ y h to be c>eful ( is n to cut too f>1 z !n !re is dang] ( break+ (f4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,d y h any p>ticul> l5g? = ! cut on ! scion8 ,,mr4 ,,rhodes3 ,no4 ,a great deal dep5ds on ! cut y make into ! /ock4 ,i don't l to cut ! scion any fur!r up ?an ! dep? we g into ! /ock wood4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,any o!r rule8 ,,mr4 ,,rhodes3 ,no1 x all dep5ds on ! size ( ! /ock4 ,if y get a l>ge /ock y c cut x l>g]4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,we ?ank y = ^! explanations4 ,mr4 ,ru% is an exp]i5c$ propagator ( walnuts & pecans & ,i want to give him "s "t to %[ 8 me?ods4 ,i w ask ,mr4 ,ru% to give 8 demon/ration4 ,,mr4 ,,ru%3 ,i am v glad to %[ y "s ( my me?ods4 ,! only diff]5ce betwe5 m9e & ,mr4 ,hutt's is t he is "r-h&$ & ,i am left-h&$4 ,! propagation ( ! ,p]sian walnut may be divid$ into ?ree divisions1 ! prep>ative1 ! op]ative & ! nurs]y1 & "o is z important z ! o!r4 ,good wood1 good wea!r conditions1 good te*nique & aft] ?is y mu/ nurse !m4 7,mr4 ,ru% gives demon/ration ( budd+47 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,?is is ! me?od ,i outl9$ ye/]day1 b ,i ?9k ,mr4 ,ru% has x bett] 9 8 h&s ?an ,i h 9 my head4 ,,mr4 ,,ru%3 ,x is practically ! same4 ,i h a good knife ) two p>allel blades t c be tak5 (f1 & put on ! gr9d/one1 & got z %>p z a razor4 ,= "s ?+s ,i use a surgeon's knife4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,we h ) u ano!r v exp]t propagator f a little f>!r s\?4 ,i am go+ to ask ,mr4 ,wigg9s to give u ! b5efit ( 8 obs]vations along ?is l9e4 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,i h n _h exp]i5ce 9 propagat+ walnuts1 except 9 an exp]im5tal way4 ,i h _h "s exp]i5ce 9 ! propagation ( pecans4 ,mu* dep5ds on ! condition ( ! /ocks4 ,if !y are 9 a good heal?y1 vigor\s1 gr[+ condition1 y w d bett]4 7,gives demon/ration on graft+47 ,! be/ "t 9 ,s\? ,c>ol9a is 9 ,augu/ & e>ly ,septemb]4 ,i use b "o me?od ( budd+ & graft+4 ,x is ! only "o ,i am successful )4 ,:at y call *ip budd+1 ,i call bud graft+4 ,i get #ie p] c5t ( *ip buds to take 9 ! spr+4 ,i get ! wood :5 x is dormant4 ,i c f9d dormant wood ev5 9 ,may & ,june4 ,i usually get x e>li] ?an ?is1 b ?is ye> x 0 9 ,may4 ,"p ( ^! trees 7 9 ! %ade 9 ! or*>d & ,i got ! wood f !m4 ,n9ety-n9e out ( "o hundr$ 7 dormant1 & ab\t t _m liv$4 ,! wood 0 ?or\ghly dormant & plump4 ,i cut x "r out ( ! or*>d 9 ,may or ,june & got !m to live4 ,( c\rse if y cut scions f ! ends ( bran*es1 y hav5't a *ance at all4 ,"o ?+ to rememb] 9 ! *ip graft is n to cut y\r *ip too ?94 ,if y d y w lose a good _m4 ,i g "r into x4 ,if y d x "r x w hurt y\r f+] s y c only "w = two or ?ree h\rs at a "t4 ,x won't dry out s quickly if y cut x ?ick & w /& a bett] *ance to live4 ,i try to get ! scion to fit ! fir/ "t4 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,:at d y tie x ) aft] y put on ! wax$ clo?8 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,i use a /rip ( common clo? out ( ! /ore4 ,y\r f+]s w be wax$ en\gh 9 work+ s t ! /rip does n ne$ to be wax$4 ,y tie x aft] wrapp+ x4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,w\ld y protect t ) a pap] bag8 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,no4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,d y place x on ! nor? or s\?8 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,! po9t t decides ! exact place on ! /ock is ! smoo?ness & gre5ness & heal? ( x4 ,i pick out ! cleane/ & be/ places4 ,! :ole top ( ! tree is above ! graft4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,:5 d y cut (f ! tree8 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,accord+ to ! wea!r4 ,x takes two or ?ree or f\r weeks = prop] heal+4 ,i op5 up a few & if !y are all "r1 ,i op5 all ( !m4 ,j z soon z x heals1 ,i cut ! top (f4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,:at is y\r ord9>y practice 9 cutt+ scions8 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,la/ ye> ,i 0 sick & got beh9d ) my "w s ,i cut !m ea* day z ,i ne$$ !m4 ,i usually cut !m e>li] & bury !m 9 a %ady place to keep ! wood dormant4 ,i c get #ajj p] c5t by *ip graft+ & 9 no o!r way4 ,i don't use ! cleft graft at all4 ,! bett] fit y get 9 ?is me?od ( propagat+ ! high] ! p]c5tage w run4 ,if y make a fit t is n q a fit1 y w be a/oni%$ to lose ab\t #ie p] c5t4 ,if y are j a little m c>eful1 y might get #ajj p] c5t to gr[4 ,i c tell by ! way x feels :5 x is "r4 ,i use a crude me?od b succe$ ) x4 ,i d f\r hundr$ 9 a half day4 ,:at is ! use ( go+ to ano!r me?od :5 ,i get good results ) ?is8 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,y say a half-in* scion on a f\r-in* /ock8 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,yes1 on a f\r-in* /ock y get a cut an in* or "o & a half in* wide4 ,y h a l>ge space t is n cov]$ at all4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,!y live8 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,yes1 ( c\rse4 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,only t\* 9 spots8 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,on top & bottom & on "o side4 ,i get cambium toge!r at top--,i am c>eful ab\t t--& !n ,i get on ! left side an exact fit b n on ! o!r sides4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,h y _h mu* exp]i5ce ) walnuts8 ,,mr4 ,,wigg9s3 ,no4 ,i %\ld ?9k ! be/ results ) walnut z well z ) pecans w\ld be by cutt+ ! scion wood ! ye> be=e4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,?is is c]ta9ly a v int]e/+ discussion1 b ,i h ano!r graft] "h yet4 ,a demon/ration by ,mr4 ,jones w close ?is morn+'s session4 7,mr4 ,jones gave a demon/ration ( cleft graft+ /at+ t he us$ t me?od practically altoge!r47 ,,app5dix ,,report ,,( ,,! ,,secret>y-,,treasur] ,receipts3 ,dues #bjj4jj ,gift #bjj4jj ,sale ( report #aj4jj ,adv]tisem5t #ae4jj ,miscellane\s #g4ae #dcb4ae ,exp5ses3 ,deficit #ag4ed ,report+ conv5tion #dg4ac ,pr9t+ #cee4gd ,po/age #ff4cd ,typewrit+ #ai4ad ,adv]tis+ #f4gi ,exp5se ( secret>y to ,albany #aj4je ,exp5se ( secret>y to ,new ,york #b4ge ,miscellane\s #aa4gb #ecg4bj ,deficit #aje4je ,?r\gh ! g5]osity ( "o ( our memb]s ! secret>y 0 enabl$ to issue ! annual report1 to h o!r pr9t+ done1 & to repres5t ! ,association at ,albany at ! conf]5ce on ! hickory b>k bor] call$ by ! ,commission] ( ,agriculture ( ! ,/ate ( ,new ,york4 ,x is n likely t ?is gift w be repeat$ & x w be a great mis=tune if ! means = publi%+ ! annual report are n f\nd1 z well z = tak+ up ! pres5t deficit ( ov] a hundr$ doll>s4 ,( c\rse our memb]%ip is increas+ rapidly &1 9 ! ye>s to come1 we %\ld h memb]s en\gh to pay our annual exp5ses1 includ+ ! publi%+ ( ! report4 ,! secret>y w\ld l also to h en\gh to issue repr9ts or bullet9s f "t to "t4 ,! secret>y asks = in/ructions 9 ! face ( ?is difficulty & w\ld sugge/ ! appo9tm5t ( a f9ance committee1 n to include ! secret>y1 & to be compos$ ( p]sons :o w "w4 ,!re might be a simil> h>d-work+ committee on programme4 ,! secret>y is will+ to be ! cle>+ h\se = ! ,association1 b w\ld l to h some?+ to cle> besides ! cl\dy results ( 8 own labors4 ,! secret>y has a li/ ( ov] six hundr$ names ( p]sons int]e/$ 9 nut culture1 :i* he ?9ks %\ld be circul>iz$ f "t to "t ) repr9ts1 or bullet9s1 sett+ =? ! importance (1 & ! advances 91 ! art ( nut culture4 ,! secret>y w\ld be pleas$ if ea* memb] w\ld s5d 9 a new memb] dur+ ! ye>1 w\ld s5d an adv]tisem5t ( 8 own1 or "s o!r p]son's1 bus9ess = ! annual report1 & w\ld pay 8 own dues promptly on ! fir/ intimation f ! secret>y4 ,memb]s ^: dues = ! ye> are n paid w n receive ! annual report &1 aft] a dec5t int]val1 _! names w automatically drop f ! roll ( memb]%ip & n appe> 9 ! next annual report4 ,except f a f9ancial /&po9t ! ,association may fairly consid] t x has _h a prosp]\s ye>4 ,our pres5t memb]%ip is #acd1 an increase ( #dh ov] ! numb] report$ at ! la/ meet+4 7,at date ( go+ to press ! memb]%ip is #adc47 ,?ree memb]s h resign$ & we h lo/ two by dea?1 ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,ga*w9d ( ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 & ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ellwang] ( ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 7,news came dur+ ! meet+ ( ! dea? ( ,h5ry ,hales ( ,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j41 ! fir/ honor>y memb] ( ! ,association4 ,an acc\nt ( ,mr4 ,hale's "w ) nuts appe>s else:]e 9 ?is report47 ,?irty-"o memb]s h fail$ to pay _! dues & h n be5 s5t copies ( ! report4 ,! secret>y asks p]mission to drop ! names ( ^! memb]s f ! rolls & t a rule be =mulat$ to guide 8 action 9 ! future4 ,t int]e/ 9 nut gr[+ is increas+ is %[n by ! issuance ?is ye> ( ?ree catalogues devot$ entirely to nuts = nor!rn1 or nor!rn & middle1 plant+4 ,"o nurs]yman gr[s no?+ else4 ,all are memb]s ( ?is ,association & ! nuts propagat$ h all be5 %[n at our meet+s4 ,! "w ( ! secret>y dur+ ! ye>1 besides ! prep>ation & issu+ ( ! annual report1 has be5 giv5 to answ]+ a l>ge & increas+ correspond5ce1 by p]sonal lett]s & our v>i\s bullet9s & circul>s4 ,! resolutions introduc$ by ! ,committee on ,resolutions at ! la/ meet+1 & ord]$ by ! ,association to be pr9t$ & di/ribut$ z direct$ 9 ! resolutions1 7 s5t out by ! secret>y4 ,a numb] ( v complim5t>y lett]s 9 reply to ?is 7 receiv$4 ,arrangem5ts & ann\ncem5ts 7 made t all memb]s 7 to receive a subscription = "o ye> to ! ,am]ican ,fruit & ,nut ,j\rnal z a "p ( _! memb]%ip1 & t new memb]s w\ld receive 9 addition copies ( bo? ! reports t we h issu$4 ,?is prov$ v attractive1 b unexpect$ complications h aris5 t h kept ! secret>y busy expla9+ :y he has be5 unable to fulfil bo? ( ^! promises4 ,at ! sugge/ion ( ,pr(essor ,hutt a circul> 0 issu$ to ga!r in=mation ab\t ! ,p]sian walnut tree 9 ! ,nor?4 ,replies are /ill com+ 9 & ! in=mation obta9$ has n yet be5 collat$4 ,x %[s already1 h[ev]1 t !re is a great numb] ( trees 9 ! ,nor?2 t !re are two l>ge c5t]s s f> %[n1 "o ab\t ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y41 & ! o!r 9 ,ont>io1 ,canada1 on ! /rip ( l& betwe54 ,lakes ,erie & ,ont>io1 kn[n z ! ,niag>a ,p59sula4 ,9 bo? localities report]s speak ( hundr$s ( trees4 ,"o gr[] ne> ,ro*e/] has #bbe se$l+ trees ab\t #bg ye>s old f :i* he is m>ket+ nuts4 ,! orig9al trees 9 ^! locations are (t5 spok5 ( z gr[n f se$ br\ght f ,philadelphia at ! "t ( ! ,c5t5nial ,exposition4 ,ano!r c5t] seems to be ab\t ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,!re x appe>s t ! orig9al trees 7 br\ght 9 by ! ,g]mans4 ,p]haps ! ,philadelphia trees above ref]r$ to _h ! same orig94 ,?is w\ld be a good subject = inve/igation by "s ( our ,p5nsylvania memb]s4 ,!re is a tree1 said to be> good crops ( good nuts1 at ,newburyport 9 ! extreme nor!a/]n corn] ( ,massa*usetts4 7,specim5s 7 %[n at ! meet+47 ,if n already und]tak5 by ! ,gov]nm5t ag5ts1 ,i w\ld sugge/ ! mak+ ( a map on :i* all kn[n be>+ trees ( ! ,p]sian walnut 9 ! ,ea/ %\ld be locat$4 ,if n 9 ! ,gov]nm5t plan ! secret>y w\ld "u-take to make su* a map4 ,9 any case he is v anxi\s to le>n z mu* z possible ab\t ^! trees & he urges ! memb]s to furni% him any k ab\t !m t !y may h4 ,circul>s to be fill$ out w be s5t on application4 ,a memb] has (f]$ to give #be z a prize to be (f]$ by ! ,association = ! be/ %agb>k hickory nut s5t 94 ,?is (f] came too late to make suitable ann\ncem5t ?is ye>1 b x is too valuable n to be accept$ & enc\rag$1 & ,i w\ld sugge/ t ei!r a special committee be appo9t$ to devise means ( (f]+ prizes1 ) ! above m5tion$ sum ( #be z a f\ndation1 or t ! matt] be ref]r$ to ! committee on promis+ se$l+s4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,i ?9k we %\ld take "s action on ! secret>y's report4 ,x is be=e ! association4 ,:at %all we d ab\t x8 ,,pr(essor ,,smi?3 ,i move t ! situation ( ! f9ances be ref]r$ to ! executive committee4 ,a ,,memb]3 ,i second ! motion4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,x is mov$ & second$ t ! matt] ( ! f9ancial /&+ ( ! association be plac$ 9 ! h&s ( ! executive committee4 7,motion 0 c>ri$47 ,,! ,,secret>y3 ,! next is ! election ( ! ,nom9at+ ,committee4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,are !re any nom9ations = ,nom9at+ ,committee8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i place 9 nom9ation ,pr(essor ,smi?1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,re$1 ,mr4 ,ru%1 ,mr4 ,ridgway & ,mr4 ,alb]t ,/abl]4 ,,mr4 ,,pom]oy3 ,i second t nom9ation4 ,,! ,,*airman3 ,x has be5 mov$ & second$ t ^! g5tlem5 be appo9t$ z a nom9at+ committee to nom9ate ! (fic]s = ! ensu+ ye>4 7,! motion 0 c>ri$47 ,,resolution ,,adopt$ ,,at ,,! ,,annual ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,association ,,novemb] #ah ,,& #ai1 #aiac ,resolv$1 ,t ! ,secret>y ( ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association be in/ruct$ to keep an accr$it$ li/ ( nor!rn nut nurs]ym51 su* li/ to be made up by ! ,executive ,committee ( ?is ,association ( su* nurs]ym5 z ! ,executive ,committee may feel satisfi$ make no misrepres5tations z to :e!r ! trees !y sell are budd$ & graft$ v>ieties or z to ! specific v>ieties :i* !y sell1 or any o!r /atem5t calculat$ to mislead ! pur*as] to 8 detrim5t4 ,! said ,executive ,committee is to h full au?ority to make any necess>y inquiries into ! reputation or practices ( any nurs]yman1 & %all take /eps z soon z practicable to make up su* an accr$it$ li/1 & su* li/ %all consi/ n only ( nurs]ym5 :o belong to ?is ,association1 b ( any nurs]ym5 engag$ 9 ! sale ( nor!rn nut trees4 ,su* accr$it$ li/ ( nurs]ym5 %all be furni%$ anyone ^u inquiry4 ,! ,executive ,committee %all h full p[] 9 mak+ up ?is li/ ( accr$it$ nurs]ym5 & %all add to ! li/ f "t to "t su* names z 9 _! judgm5t %all be entitl$ to be ent]$ on ?is li/ & %all drop f su* li/ any names ( su* p]sons z 9 _! judgm5t at any "t violate ! /&>d requir$ = admission to su* accr$it$ li/4 ,any nurs]yman ^: "n is to be dropp$ %all fir/ be notifi$ & p]mitt$ to appe> be=e ! ,executive ,committee & be he>d & %all1 if he *ooses1 h ! "r to appeal f ! action ( said ,committee to ! ,association at any annual meet+1 & ! majority vote ( said ,association %all be b9d+4 ,,pres5t ,,at ,,! ,,f\r? ,,annual ,,meet+ ,,( ,,! ,,nor!rn ,,nut ,,gr[]s ,,association ,,at ,,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 ,,novemb] #ah ,,& #ai1 #aiac ,memb]s3 ,bat*elor1 ,leon ,d41 ,logan1 ,utah ,close1 ,c4 ,p41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,coleman1 ,h4 ,h41 ,new>k1 ,n4 ,j4 ,crockett1 ,e4 ,b41 ,lyn*burg1 ,va4 ,dem+1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c1 ,georget[n1 ,ct4 ,druckemill]1 ,w4 ,c1 ,sunbury1 ,pa4 ,full]ton1 ,h4 ,b41 ,m$=d1 ,l4 ,i4 ,hume1 ,h4 ,h41 ,gl5 ,/4 ,m>y1 ,fla4 ,hutt1 ,w4 ,h41 ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,will[ ,/41 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,k9sell1 ,mrs4 ,ida ,j41 ,rock ,mills1 ,pa4 ,lake1 ,e4 ,r41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mayo1 ,e4 ,s41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pom]oy1 ,a4 ,c1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prange1 ,mrs4 ,n4 ,m4 ,g41 ,jacksonville1 ,fla4 ,re$1 ,c4 ,a41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,ridgeway1 ,c4 ,s41 ,lumb]ton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,rop]1 ,w4 ,n41 ,pet]sburg1 ,va4 ,ru%1 ,j4 ,g41 ,we/ ,will[1 ,pa4 ,smi?1 ,j4 ,r41 ,r\ndhill1 ,va4 ,/abl]1 ,alb]t1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,/orrs1 ,a4 ,p41 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wile1 ,?4 ,e41 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,van ,deman1 ,h4 ,e41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,o!rs3 ,editor ,life & ,heal?1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mc,hatton1 ,pr(41 ,georgia ,fro/1 ,mr41 ,bo/on1 ,mass4 ,/abl]1 ,mr41 ,jr41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,g4 ,evans1 ,mr4 ,lee1 ,mr4 ,coll9s1 ,j4 ,f41 ,wa%+ton ,wigg9s1 ,j4 ,b41 ,s4 ,c>ol9a ,waite1 ,m4 ,b41 ,wa%+ton ,qua9tance1 ,a4 ,l41 ,wa%+ton ,sob]1 ,c4 ,k41 ,p5nsylvania ,davis1 ,mr4 ,rhodes1 ,mr41 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mittlepage1 ,mrs4 ,t4 ,p41 & fri5ds ,pom]oy1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,re$1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,metcalf1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b41 ,wa%+ton ,rob]ts1 ,horace1 ,moore/[n1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,exhibits ,by ,george ,w4 ,endicott1 ,villa ,ridge1 ,ill4 ,! ,boone *e/nut & unnam$ ,boone se$l+s1 ,nos4 #d1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #bb & #bd4 ,/am9ate p>5t ( ,boone4 ,*9quap9 x ,boone2 ,boone x ,ro*e/]2 ,boone x ,ridgeley2 ,boone x ,mc,farland4 ,blair1 ,burrill1 be/ native1 ,*amp ,cl>k1 ,mc,farland1 ,presid5t1 ,ridgeley1 ,reliance1 ,ro*e/]1 ,william ,p4 ,/>k4 ,c4 ,k4 ,sob]1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa4 ,p>agon *e/nuts4 ,mrs4 ,annie ,e4 ,k4 ,bidwell1 ,ran*o ,*ico1 ,*ico1 ,cal4 ,am]ican sweet *e/nut1 ,italian *e/nut1 butt]nuts1 black walnuts1 ,i4 ,x4 ,l4 almonds1 se$l+ filb]t1 ,bidwell pecan4 ,d4 ,h4 ,hulseman1 ,lakeside1 ,wa%4 ,*elan & ,hulseman walnuts4 ,fan*] ,creek ,nurs]ies1 ,fresno1 ,cal4 ,eureka1 ,plac5tia ,p]fection1 ,neff's ,prolific walnuts4 ,a4 ,c4 ,pom]oy1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pom]oy walnuts4 ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgeway1 ,lumb]ton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,ridgeway walnut4 ,e4 ,s4 ,mayo1 ,ro*e/]1 ,n4 ,y4 ,?ompson-,avon walnut4 ,unnam$ se$l+4 ,w4 ,s4 ,devoe1 ,san ,luis ,obispo1 ,cal4 ,santa ,b>b>a walnut4 ,frank ,p4 ,&rus1 ,almont1 ,mi*4 ,unnam$ se$l+ walnut4 ,butt]nut4 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake1 ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c4 ,g+ko nut4 ,pili nuts4 ,arl+ton ,f>m4 ,juglans sieboldiana4 ,juglans au/ralis1 probably f ,s\? ,am]ica4 ,tw5ty-?ree exhibits ( almonds f diff]5t ,cali=nia gr[]s4 ,j4 ,g4 ,ru%1 ,we/ ,will[1 ,pa4 ,lanca/]1 ,nebo1 ,hall1 ,ru% & ,kaghazi walnuts1 ,b>celona filb]ts1 ,weik] & ,la ,fevre %ellb>k hickories4 ,pr(4 ,v4 ,r4 ,g>dn]1 ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,corvallis1 ,oregon4 ,elev5 v>ieties ( filb]ts4 ,w4 ,c4 ,re$ ,son1 ,v9c5nes1 ,ind4 ,be>d1 ,indiana1 ,k5tucky1 ,let*]1 ,luce1 ,major1 ,niblack1 ,posey1 & ,w>rick pecans4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,boonville1 ,ind4 ,k5tucky pecans4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lanca/]1 ,pa4 ,lanca/] & ,hold5 walnuts1 ,weik] %ellb>k & ,kirtl& %agb>k hickories1 ,b>celona filb]ts & photographs ( ! ,lanca/] tree4 ,n9ety-six exhibits ( s\!rn gr[n pecans by v>i\s exhibitors4 ,,wild] ,,m$al ,,= ,,exhibition ,,( ,,nuts ,! ,am]ican ,pomological ,society aw>d$ ! ,nor!rn ,nut ,gr[]s ,association a bronze ,wild] ,m$al = ! exhibition ( nuts at ! f\r? annual meet+ ( ! ,association at ,wa%+ton1 ,d4 ,c1 ,novemb] #ah & #ai1 #aiac4 ,,george ,w4 ,,endicott--,,! ,,boone ,,*e/nut ,e4 ,a4 ,,riehl1 ,,alton1 ,,ill9ois ,george ,w4 ,endicott 0 born 9 ,belmont ,c\nty1 ,ohio1 ,july #be1 #ahcg4 ,he jo9$ ! ,=ty-eigh? ,ill9ois ,infantry 9 #ahfa1 s]v+ ne>ly ?ree ye>s1 :5 he 0 dis*>g$ ow+ to w\nds receiv$4 ,!n he w5t to f>m+ 9 ,wayne ,c\nty4 ,9 #ahfg he settl$ at ,villa ,ridge1 ,ill41 devot+ himself to fruit & vegetable gr[+1 9 :i* he 0 em95tly successful4 ,mr4 ,endicott 0 a man ( /rong "* & a lead] 9 8 community4 ,en]getic & up to date 9 all 8 op]ations1 he procur$ & te/$ all k9ds ( new fruits z fa/ z introduc$4 ,he di$ at 8 home ,novemb] #ad1 #aiac4 ,( ! greate/ int]e/ to ! nut gr[]s ( ?is c\ntry 0 8 "w ( creat+ ! ,boone *e/nut4 ,ab\t #ahhh ,mr4 ,endicott conceiv$ ! idea ( produc+ a cross betwe5 ! ,am]ican & ,japan *e/nuts & gett+ "o comb9+ ! sweetness ( ! native ) ! l>ge size1 e>ly rip5+ & "y be>+ habits ( ! ,japan4 ,he enc\nt]$ an ob/acle 9 ! fact t ! ,japan blossom$ be=e ! native & x 0 n until sev5 ye>s lat] t he f\nd a native blossom+ e>ly en\gh to make ! cross4 ,9 ! spr+ ( #ahie he c>efully h& poll9at$ "s ,japan ,giant ) ! poll5 ( ?is e>ly fl[]+ native1 sack+ ! same to prev5t o!r poll5 rea*+ !m4 ,! se$ s produc$ 0 plant$ 9 ! spr+ ( #ahif 9 ri* soil t _h be5 us$ z a vegetable g>d54 ,"o ( ! se$s s plant$ bore six burs 9 #ahig1 eighte5 mon?s aft] plant+ ! se$ & has produc$ crops e ye> s9ce z foll[s3 #ahih1 #a p\nd ( nuts2 #ahii1 #c p\nds ( nuts2 #aijj1 #e p\nds ( nuts2 #aija1 #f p\nds ( nuts2 #aijb1 #h p\nds ( nuts2 #aijc1 #ab p\nds ( nuts2 #aijd1 #ag p\nds ( nuts2 #aije1 #be p\nds ( nuts2 #aijf1 #ca p\nds ( nuts2 #aijg1 #dc p\nds ( nuts2 #aijh1 #ej p\nds ( nuts2 #aiji1 #ef p\nds ( nuts2 #aiaj1 #e p\nds ( nuts 7e>ly bloom kill$ by late freeze72 #aiaa1 #hj p\nds ( nuts2 #aiab1 #gf p\nds ( nuts2 #aiac1 #adj p\nds ( nuts--a gr& total ( #efh p\nds f ! "t ( plant+ ! se$ sev5te5 ye>s ago4 ,?is nut is ( v good quality1 has l>ge size1 rip5s e>ly & comes into be>+ v e>ly4 ,has be5 well te/$ & prov5 to be "o ( ! be/ *e/nuts we h4 ,x has b "o fault1 x is v h>d to propagate by ei!r budd+ or graft+4 ,mr4 ,endicott & o!rs h gr[n _m se$l+s ( ,boone1 b none are 9 all respects z good z ! p>5t4 ,mr4 ,endicott did a good "w 9 produc+ ! ,boone *e/nut & des]ves ! ?anks ( ! nut gr[]s ( ?is c\ntry4 ,,lett] ,,f ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan1 ,,toronto1 ,,canada ,my place ( #ae-a_/b acres j we/ ( ,toronto1 is 9 a small valley conta9+ s&y1 gravelly & clay soils1 :ile ! creek bottom l& is ri* black humus4 ,my ef=ts are purely exp]im5tal & ! losses d n worry me z ,i simply wi% to "k :at w succe$ 9 ?is di/rict4 ,pea*es & grapes gr[ on my place4 ,la/ w9t] ,i b\ght twelve ,p>agon *e/nut trees f ,colonel ,sob]4 ,all twelve are alive & look+ well & ?is f\r? day ( ,novemb] are j turn+ color & dropp+ _! leaves4 ,y w probably rememb] t ( ! ?ree samples t ,colonel ,sob] display$ at ! conv5tion la/ ye> ,i took ! walk+ /ick4 ,i _h to g to ,columbia & o!r ,s\? ,c>ol9a po9ts = ?ree weeks aft]w>ds1 s t x 0 well into ,janu>y be=e ,i f9ally got ! walk+ /ick plant$4 ,well1 x is also alive & has t well-kn[n ,p>agon =m1 five fan-%ap$ %oots above ! graft4 ,i plant$ se$s f all ov] ! _w1 9 r[s1 & ( t5 bu%els ( black walnuts only five nuts spr\t$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 e pecan came up4 ,hickories & ,engli% cob nuts behav$ a little bett] ?an ! black walnuts4 ,i slip a little coll> ( t> pap] ov] ea* little tree to protect x aga9/ field mice1 rabbits & gr\nd hogs4 ,r$ squirrels tr\ble me ! lea/ ( all ! pe/s z ,i _c keep !m out ( my d\ble section wire rat trap1 & ! pet /ock m5 give my boys #cj c5ts apiece = !m4 ,i also b\ght a doz5 ,pom]oy walnuts la/ w9t] = exp]im5t4 ,!y are all alive b ! extraord9>y late & e>ly fro/s 7 h>d on !m & nipp$ !m d[n ?ree in*es f ! top :]e !y aga9 spr\t$ out4 ,?is occurr$ to all b "o tree :i* positively refus$ to take any notice ( ei!r ! late or ! e>ly fro/4 ,i consid] ?is "o tree wor? _m times ! money ,i paid = ! doz54 ,my exp]im5ts are only two ye>s old b ,i w m5tion t my ,engli% filb]ts or ,k5ti% cob nuts are do+ well1 also my ,battle ,creek p]simmon se$l+s t ,i plant$ 9 an expos$ position two ye>s ago4 ,se$s f ^? ,battle ,creek p]simmon trees c be procur$ f ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg by writ+ him4 ,!y are ! two mo/ nor!rn p]simmon trees :i* ,i h discov]$ s f>4 ,! fruit is good to ! ta/e & ! trees h liv$ ?r\gh t]ribly cold w9t]s4 ,i m5tion ?is z _m ( y are fruit gr[]s also & want to get p]simmon /ock 9 ord] to graft ! ,japanese p]simmon on4 ,! female tree e second ye> is load$ to ! po9t ( breakage & %\ld d well = /ock4 ,speak+ ab\t procur+ se$s f deal]s1 ,i c get "h & !re = "o c5t z mu* z ,i h to pay ! deal] a doll> =4 ,= in/ance1 :ile pass+ ?r\gh ,phoebus1 ,va41 ,i ask$ a lady :at %e want$ = ,juglans sieboldiana & %e said #e c5ts a qu>t or #ce c5ts a peck4 ,%e only got #af bu%els f a #bj ye>-old tree6 ,!y 7 bigg] & bett] specim5s ?an ,i got f ,japan at ab\t five nuts = "o doll>1 po/age extra4 ,!n ,i wrote to a g5tleman :o _h a small tree ( ,juglans cordi=mis 9 ,ont>io & he said t he only _h a bu%el :i* he 0 express+ to me & to s5d him a doll>6 ,?9k1 & ! ,japs s5t me ?ree nuts = "o doll>66 ,a lady at ,niag>a ,falls1 ,ont>io1 told me t %e _h a little tree ( ,j4 sieboldiana s ,i ask$ h] ! price & %e s5t me half a bu%el & said to pay ! express *>ges :i* 7 a qu>t]6 ,& x is ! same way ) ^! =e/ se$ m]*ants1 !y s5d me = doll>s ! se$s ( p9us edulis & p9us ,kori5sis t x w\ld take a p[]ful microscope to disc]n1 & ,i aft]w>ds b\ght ( a fruit m]*ant 9 ,milwaukee a big glassful = a nickel6 ,roadside plant+ is a failure1 =1 besides rod5ts little & big1 !re are all k9ds ( animals f %eep to horses to de/roy !m1 s t ,i h to plant all my trees at lea/ f\r feet )9 my f5ce l9e4 ,juglans ,m&%urica se$ ,i f9d impossible to procure s f>4 ,!re are two magnific5t trees 9 ,toronto plant$ by an old man :o is dead n[4 ,^! trees %[ no sign ( ev] hav+ be5 w9t] kill$ & are #ac & #ai feet high b h n fruit$ yet4 ,! leaves are v long & ! trees resemble ! /ag horn suma*1 except t !y are di/9ctly ,juglans 9 appe>ance2 b ! gr[? ( ! ye>'s %oots is ?ick & long l a coppice gr[?4 ,,lett] ,,f ,w4 ,c4 ,,re$1 ,,v9c5nes1 ,,indiana ,! ,indiana pecan tree bore a spl5did crop ( ab\t #c-a_/b bu%els4 ,! ,buss]on also _h a good crop on all ! old wood & "s on ! new wood4 ,! ,buss]on is j recov]+ f a sev]e cutt+ back by ! own] & %\ld be 9 %ape to give a good crop next ye>4 ,o!r pecans 9 ! vic9ity bore a v light crop4 ,! ,niblack bore only a few nuts ?is ye>4 ,butt]ick _h a v good crop = an (f ye>1 "s five bu%els z report$ to me1 & !y 7 well fill$4 ,?is tree is v l>ge1 #d-a_/b feet 9 diamet]1 #ij foot spread1 locat$ ne> ,grayville1 ,ill4 ,! writ] & my son1 ,m4 ,p4 ,re$1 h top work$ q a numb] ( l>ge black walnuts1 rang+ f #c to #i in*es 9 diamet]4 ,!y 7 cut back la/ spr+ & budd$ 9 ! new gr[? ?is summ]1 sett+ f #bj to #dj buds 9 "s ( ! trees4 ,buds ( ! ,hall1 ,pom]oy & ,ru% h tak5 well & look v promis+4 ,( o!r v>ieties only a limit$ numb] h tak54 ,we w top "w sev]al l>ge trees ?is com+ summ] & %\ld get results soon f ^!4 ,pecans 9 ! nurs]y h made a v satisfactory gr[?4 ,! /& ( buds 0 only fair1 9 "s cases poor4 ,we /ill h a limit$ numb] ( ,indiana & ,buss]on trees b ! supply ( o!r k9ds is exhau/$ = ?is ye>4 ,we h plant$ #fjj p\nds ( pecans & #ej bu%els ( walnuts & ) ! se$l+s we h on h& 9 nurs]y hope to h pl5ty ( /ock to "w 9 ! future4 ,we _h a spl5did /& ( grafts ( ! ,major pecan ! pa/ spr+ & "s ( ^! made #d feet ( gr[? & calip]$ #c_/d-;in*1 = grafts set ,may #a/4 ,,! ,,late ,,h5ry ,,hales ,,z ,a ,,nut ,,culturi/ ,h4 ,w4 ,,hales1 ,,new ,,j]sey ,ab\t #ahgf he & ! celebrat$ writ] & agriculturi/1 ,&rew ,s4 ,pull]1 made ext5sive exp]im5ts ) ! l>ge ,engli% filb]t1--mo/ly ( ! ,k5ti% cob v>ieties4 ,^! prov$ unadapt$ to ! climate z ! trees seem$ to run all to gr[? & bore v few nuts4 ,ab\t ?is "t1 also1 v ext5sive plans 7 laid to propagate by graft+ ! ,hales ,pap] ,%ell ,hickory4 ,!re is probably no m difficult tree 9 exi/5ce to graft ?an ! hickory z1 ow+ to ! extreme h>dness & close gra9 ( ! wood !re is always an unc]ta9ty ab\t _! unit+ p]man5tly1 consequ5tly ! p]c5tage ( p]fect trees 0 always small4 ,mr4 ,hales tri$ all k9ds & me?ods ( graft+1 "s 7 done on /ocks t /ood naturally 9 ! fields1 o!rs 7 graft$ 9 gre5h\ses1 !n aga91 o!rs 7 tri$ 9 frames or sa%es1 & l>ge numb]s 7 gr[n 9 pots1 & success 0 only atta9$ aft] ye>s ( "t & ?\s&s ( doll>s 7 sp5t4 ,mr4 ,hales 0 also an en?usia/ic gr[] ( ! ,engli% or ,european walnut & "o tree :i* grew on 8 f>m at ,ridgewood 0 gr[n f se$ giv5 him by ex-,mayor ,daniel ,f4 ,tieman ( ,new ,york ,city _m ye>s ago4 ,japanese walnuts 7 also gr[n on ! f>m at ,ridgewood & "s ( ^! are n[ be>+4 ,a l>ge numb] ( ,japanese *e/nuts 7 plant$ "s ye>s ago1 & :ile ^! bore heavily = a %ort "t !y ne>ly all succumb$ to ! *e/nut blight4 ,!re is "s diff]5ce ( op9ion among nut gr[]s on ! subject1 b ,mr4 ,hales 0 always ( ! op9ion t ! *e/nut blight 0 introduc$ into ?is c\ntry ) ! ,japanese trees1 & t :5 ! ,japanese trees 7 gone ! disease !n spread to ! native trees4 ,! ,hales ,pap] ,%ell ,hickory1 x may be rem>k$1 /ill holds ! palm z be+ ! l>ge/ & ?9ne/ %ell nut1 & x 0 only by ! mo/ p]si/5t & pa9/ak+ ef=ts t ,mr4 ,hales succe$$ 9 propagat+ !m at all4 ,a l>ge numb] ( *e/nuts 7 gr[n by ,mr4 ,hales1 su* z ! ,numbo & o!r v>ieties4 ,"s ( ^! 7 said to be purely ,am]ican v>ieties & o!rs hybrids1 or crosses4 ,all ( ! hybrid v>ieties seem$ to lack ! h>dy con/itution ( ! ,am]ican & al?\gh "s ( ! nuts 7 v l>ge he did n succe$ ) !m 9 ! long run z well z ) ! native v>ieties4 ,pecans ( all k9ds 7 tri$ by him & *oice specim5s 7 obta9$ f all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4 ,l ! hickories ^! 7 gr[n & graft$ 9 diff]5t ways & ! p]c5tage ( good results 0 always mu* l>g] ?an ! hickories4 ,graft+ ! hickory on ! pecan 0 ( c\rse tri$1 & ?is prov$ "o ( ! be/ ways ( propagat+ ! hickory4 ,ev]y?+ t he c\ld possibly ?9k ( or d 0 br\ght to be> 9 8 ef=ts at nut culture & x is "s satisfaction to "k t _m nut lov]s w h ! b5efit ( 8 "w & ef=ts1 long ye>s aft] he has pass$ away1 ! hickory especially be+ a v sl[ gr[+ & long liv$ tree4 ,,ab/ract ,,( ,,pap] ,,by ,,humphrey ,filb]t4 ,black knot1 ,cryptosporella anomala ,,humphrey1 ,,james ,,ellis4 ,mass4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,/a41 #aj? an4 rept41 #ahib1 p4 #bdb-bdc4 ,! au?or describes ?is fungus z kill+ ! canes ( ! ,european hazel1 ,corylus avellana1 at ,palm]1 ,mass4 ,! fungus appe>s 9 ! =m ( protub]ances ) elliptical bases t bur/ ! b>k & rise r ?ickly f ! affect$ portions ( ! bran*4 ,! diseas$ portion is sunk bel[ ! surface ( ! heal?y "p4 ,! int]ior ( ! protub]ance1 :i* is ! fruit+ "p ( ! fungus1 conta9s num]\s black1 flask-l /ructures ^: tips rea*$ ! surface4 ,)9 ! cavities ( ^! flasks are =m$ ! v num]\s sp9dle-%ap$ spore cells1 ea* conta9+1 :5 ripe1 eight colorless elliptical spores4 ,! au?or notic$ t ! inn] b>k on ! "p ( ! bran* occupi$ by ! fungus is r$uc$ to a n>r[ black l9e betwe5 ! wood & ! out] b>k4 ,?is r$uction 9 ! ?ickness ( ! inn] b>k expla9s :y ! surface ( ! affect$ p>ts is sunk54 ,if ! entire circumf]5ce ( a cane becomes involv$1 ! result is t x is girdl$1 & ! "p beyond necess>ily dies4 ,! attacks ( ?is fungus on ! ho/-plant are ess5tially simil> 9 _! results to ^? ( ! black knot ( ! plum1 ?\gh ! imm$iate effect on ! inn] b>k is "h "o ( atrophy1 :ile 9 ! latt] case x is "o ( hyp]trophy4 ,! fungus is also relat$ to ! black-knot fungus on ! plum1 b its life-hi/ory is n yet kn[n4 ,!re may be o!r spore =ms 9 its life cycle1 & !re=e x is impossible to give any m def9ite sugge/ions = avoid+ x ?an to recomm5d t infect$ bran*es be cut away well bel[ ! po9t ( infection & burn$ z soon z !y are se5 to be infect$4 ,,! ,,tru? ,,ab\t ,,tree ,,plant+ ,,) ,,dynamite4 ,note by ! ,secret>y4--,z plant+ ) dynamite has be5 especially recomm5d$ = nut trees1 on acc\nt ( _! long tap roots :i* h ! habit ( gr[+ d[n until !y rea* p]man5t wat]2 z !re has be5 "s diff]5ce ( op9ion among horticulturi/s z to ! m]its ( tree plant+1 9 g5]al1 ) dynamite2 & 9 ord] t nut gr[]s may "k h[ to use ?is me?od z advis$ by ! dynamite mak]s1 9 case !y may wi% to try x 9 sett+ _! trees1 ! foll[+ description ( ! me?od advis$1 f ! p5 ( ,mr4 ,george ,frank ,"l ( ! ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nem\rs ,p[d] ,company1 is "h pr9t$4 ,dur+ ! pa/ two ye>s !re has be5 consid]able discussion 9 ! agricultural press on ! m]its ( dynamite 9 tree plant+4 ,! majority ( or*>di/s :o h tri$ ! new me?od are en?usia/ic ov] ! results1 b n[ & !n we he> someone condemn+ ! practice1 & /at+ t !y h tri$ x ) poor results4 ,x w\ld appe> f inve/igation t ! !ory ( ! use ( dynamite 9 tree plant+ is a good "o1 b t ! practice is sometimes incorrect1 & h5ce fails to produce ! desir$ results4 ,purpose ( ,dynamit+ = ,tree ,plant+3 ,9 ! fir/ place1 to secure successful results x is necess>y to und]/& cle>ly :at ! dynamit+ is to accompli%4 ,"s or*>di/s & f>m]s h ! idea t ! purpose ( ! dynamite is to excavate ! hole = ! tree & save !m ! tr\ble ( %ovel+ out ! soil4 ,?is is a wrong !ory4 ,! object ( dynamit+ = tree plant+ is to break up ! subsoil at a dep? ( f ?ree to five feet s z to create a soil sponge or wat]-absorb+ area twelve or tw5ty feet 9 diamet] ar\nd & und]nea? ! spot :]e ! tree is to /&1 s t ! heavy ra9falls & melt+ sn[ ( spr+ may be cons]v$ 9 ! subsoil to take c>e ( ! tree dur+ ! long dry summ]4 ,if ! =ce ( ! dynamite is us$ m]ely to bl[ out ! soil & make digg+ unnecess>y1 x is unreasonable to expect ! dynamite to d ?is und]gr\nd "w4 ,on ! o!r h&1 :5 ! *>ge is prop]ly plac$ at a dep? ( ab\t ?ree feet & tamp$ 9 j en\gh to conf9e mo/ ( ! =ce ( ! explosion 9 ! subsoil1 ! bla/ w n only crack & pulv]ize ! subsoil1 b w also break up ! gr\nd ar\nd ! bore hole cle> to ! surface1 & ?r[ x into ! air1 possibly a foot4 ,x is !n a v easy matt] to excavate ! hole = plant+4 ,necess>y ,soil ,conditions3 ,!re is no economy nor advantage 9 us+ dynamite 9 a soil t is loose & s&y to a dep? ( ?ree or f\r feet4 ,! weakness ( ?is soil is t x all[s wat] to p]colate ?r\gh x too rapidly1 h5ce dynamite w\ld be h>mful r ?an helpful "u su* conditions1 b no matt] h[ loose ! top soil or pl[$ soil may be1 if x is und]laid by m or less imp]vi\s clay1 or ev5 a heavy loam1 dynamit+ "u prop] conditions w c]ta9ly increase its wat]-/or+ capacity1 & also make x easi] = ! roots to gr[ d[nw>d & deep4 ,! prop] conditions ref]r$ to are t ! bla/+ mu/ be done :5 ! subsoil is relatively dry1 o!rwise x w n crack or pulv]ize4 ,e f>m] kn[s ! disadvantage ( pl[+ wet top soil4 ,x is equally disadvantage\s to bla/ a wet subsoil4 ,( c\rse1 "s subsoils are always 9 a m or less damp condition & nev] get ?or\ghly dri$ out1 b !y may be safely & advantage\sly bla/$ :5 !y are 9 _! drye/ condition4 ,wat]-logg$ soil %\ld nev] be bla/$ except = ! purpose ( dit*+ x or til+ x s z to get x into a prop] condition = bla/+4 ,! dit*+ may be done economically & quickly ) dynamite1 & 9 _m cases ?is w answ] j z well z ! m exp5sive til+4 ,:5 ! dit*+ or til+ has dra9$ ?is subsoil1 x may !n be safely bla/$4 ,fill+ ! ,pot-,holes3 ,9 any heavy soil ! explosion ( ! dynamite t5ds to =m a cavity 9 ! imm$iate vic9ity ( ! c>tridge1 v>y+ f "o to two feet 9 diamet]4 ,! heavi] or ! wett] ! subsoil1 ! l>g] ?is cavity is likely to be4 ,aft] ! bla/ ! top soil %\ld be %ovel$ out & laid to "o side2 next %ovel out ! subsoil & lay x on ! o!r side ( ! hole2 cont9ue ?is excavation until ! pot-hole is rea*$1 !n be c>eful to fill ?is hole reasonably tight ) subsoil1 ! object be+ to prev5t ! possibility ( soil fall+ away f ! roots ( a tree aft] plant+1 & leav+ x susp5d$ 9 ! air4 ,?is is ! cause ( ! dea? ( trees plant$ 9 dynamit$ holes :i* "s unsuccessful exp]im5t]s report4 ,x takes a little "t to fill ?is pot-hole1 b ! _m advantages ( plant+ trees prop]ly 9 dynamit$ holes m ?an (fset ?is extra "t & tr\ble requir$ to prop]ly prep>e ! hole4 ,plant+ ! ,trees3 ,aft] ! pot-hole has be5 fill$1 cont9ue to %ovel 9 subsoil until ! prop] height is rea*$ = plant+ ! tree1 !n ?r[ 9 half ! top soil & spread ! roots on t 9 _! natural positions1 !n ?r[ 9 ! rema9d] ( ! top soil1 next get 9 ! hole & walk ar\nd ! tree sev]al times1 tramp+ ! top soil d[n tight ar\nd ! roots s z to remove all l>ge air spaces t surr\nd ! roots1 !n fill ! hole to ! surface ) subsoil4 ,plant+ a tree 9 ?is way co/s a few c5ts m p] tree ?an ! old way1 b s9ce ! tree c only be plant$ once & ! comp>ative records z to loss ( trees ! fir/ ye> aft] plant+1 %[ an av]age advantage ( #cj p] c5t4 9 favor ( dynamit$ trees1 namely1 ! loss is cut d[n f ?ree to five trees p] hundr$1 a dynamit$ tree gr[s s mu* m vigor\sly & produces fruit f "o to two ye>s e>li]1 !re=e x pays to take ! extra tr\ble & d ! job "r4 ,! editor ( ,successful ,f>m+ 0 at "o "t skeptical z to ! use ( dynamite 9 tree plant+1 b has be5 conv9c$ f p]sonal obs]vation ( its use 9 l>ge comm]cial or*>ds1 & f lett]s f v>i\s subscrib]s1 t x is an important & valuable innovation 9 horticulture1 provid$ x is us$ ) prop] c>e & discretion4 ,,correspond5ts ,,& ,,o!rs ,,int]e/$ ,,9 ,,nut ,,culture ,,alabama ,c>v]1 ,george ,w41 ,director ,dep>tm5t ,rese>*1 ,tuskegee ,in/itute ,,arizona ,k>ns1 ,h4 ,g41 ,k>ns ,bros41 ,inc41 ,nogales ,,arkansas ,%adle1 ,e4 ,a41 ,engl& ,watk9s1 ,j4 ,a41 ,w>r5 ,hamilton1 ,ed41 ,wynne ,meek1 ,w4 ,h41 ,hot ,spr+s ,jones1 ,h]b]t ,a41 ,plum]ville ,/4 ,john ,m41 ,wrightsville ,,cali=nia ,payne1 ,george ,c41 ,campbell ,fitzg]ald1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,w41 ,/ockton ,?ornb]ry1 ,lordsburg ,full]1 ,l4 ,e41 #afdc ,sunset ,blvd41 ,san ,diego ,tribble ,bro!rs ,nurs]y ,co41 ,elk ,grove ,,canada ,griffi?1 ,h4 ,k41 ,grimsby ,b]ge1 ,miss ,alice1 #bea ,que5/on ,/reet1 ,/4 ,ca!r9es ,nell]1 ,l\isa1 ,grimbsy ,book1 ,bev]ly1 ,grimsby ,ea/ ,fee1 ,j4 ,j41 ,niag>a ,/reet1 ,/4 ,ca!r9es ,solvyne1 ,f4 ,d41 ,c>lton ,/reet1 ,/4 ,ca!r9es ,ti!r+ton1 ,james1 ,c>lton ,/reet1 ,/4 ,ca!r9es ,,colorado ,coryell1 ,p4 ,c41 ,newca/le ,,connecticut ,moore1 ,r4 ,d41 ,col*e/] ,osborn1 ,george ,s41 ,bri/ol ,:ite1 ,t4 ,p41 ,wilton ,cl+an1 ,una ,a41 ,rob]tsville ,rockwell1 ,f4 ,p41 ,rockfall ,bradley1 ,john ,t41 #ahj ,prospect ,/reet1 ,bri/ol ,bradley1 ,capt4 ,ralph1 #dei ,w4 ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,m]id5 ,m>t91 ,william1 ,hull ,/reet1 ,bri/ol ,br[n1 ,ronald ,k41 ,col*e/] ,hull1 ,george ,w41 ,bri/ol ,sage1 ,holli/]1 ,wat]bury ,,delaw>e ,rum=d1 ,dr41 ,wilm+ton ,re$1 ,e4 ,b4 ,j4 ,m41 ,fr$]ica ,tisdale1 ,j4 ,b41 ,magnolia ,ellis1 ,g4 ,l41 ,millsboro ,m>ks1 ,walt] ,l41 ,smyrna ,mat!ws1 ,w4 ,c1 ,room #efc1 du,pont ,bldg41 ,wilm+ton ,,di/rict ,,( ,,columbia ,burkhold]1 #ahbj ,m ,/reet ,n4 ,w41 ,wa%+ton ,fales1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,d41 #gh ,t ,/reet ,n4 ,w41 ,wa%+ton ,,florida ,cuzn]1 ,a4 ,t41 ,gilmore ,,georgia ,f[s1 ,j4 ,william1 ,adjutant ,pr(essor ( ,horticultural1 ,/ate ,college ( ,agriculture1 ,a!ns ,h>dman1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,g41 ,comm]ce ,,idaho ,gehman1 ,s4 ,a41 ,boise ,cov5try1 ,neil ,s41 ,box #ie1 ,coeur d',al5e ,temple1 ,c4 ,e41 ,agricultural ,exp]im5tal ,/ation1 ,mosc[ ,catt]mole1 ,dr4 ,p4 ,f41 ,lewi/on ,de,haven1 ,james1 ,probate ,judge1 ,grangeville ,re$1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ehg1 ,weis] ,konrad1 ,h5ry1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #acf1 ,boise ,,ill9ois ,burg1 ,f4 ,w41 ,dallas ,city ,k+1 ,?omas ,h41 #aac ,nor? 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,/reet1 ,new ,york ,city ,be>1 ,c4 ,e41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aib1 ,madison ,squ>e ,/ation1 ,new ,york ,city ,*ampl91 ,c4 ,a41 ,hammondsport ,b+le1 ,c4 ,w41 #bad ,m>ion ,/reet1 ,brooklyn ,fiske1 ,haley1 #a ,madison ,av5ue1 ,new ,york ,city ,k+1 ,john ,h41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ah1 ,middlet[n ,curtis1 ,h4 ,d41 ,manlius ,irel&1 ,j4 ,j41 ,cl>kson ,tack1 ,e4 ,c1 ,new>k ,hyde1 ,fr$ ,w41 #bja ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,jame/[n ,,nor? ,,c>ol9a4 ,williamson1 ,i4 ,w41 ,c>?age ,boyce1 ,john ,p41 ,morv5 ,morrison1 ,g4 ,w41 ,taylorsville ,hanes1 ,f4 ,francis1 ,gre5sboro ,h[>d1 ,p4 ,joe1 ,pomona ,breece1 ,j4 ,s41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #f1 ,fayetteville ,holl+swor?1 ,w4 ,f41 ,glade ,valley1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a ,s*ool ,h>beck1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,v41 ,weav]ville ,mc,cleod1 ,john ,a41 ,c>?age ,pe>son1 ,p4 ,m41 ,*>lotte ,,ohio ,wilson1 ,w4 ,h41 ,nor? ,oak ,/reet1 ,m>ion ,day1 ,william ,h41 ,h$ge ,hill ,f>m1 ,nor? ,lima ,smi?1 ,fr$1 ,lima ,bancr(t1 ,all51 ,g>rettsville ,smi?1 ,alb]t ,m41 ,flu%+ ,cox1 ,u4 ,t41 ,proctorville ,leon>d1 ,levi1 ,middlet[n ,kel*1 ,l4 ,r41 ,nelsonville ,witte1 ,o4 ,m41 ,amh]/ ,s[]s1 ,w4 ,l41 ,cuyahoga ,falls ,kir*]1 ,fr$1 #bba ,s4 ,mc,donough ,/reet1 ,dayton ,cruick%ank1 ,r4 ,b41 ,/ate ,univ]sity1 ,columbus ,mann1 ,george1 ,new ,burl+ton1 ,cl9ton ,c\nty ,mc,endree1 ,a4 ,a41 ,sup]9t5d5t ,public ,s*ools1 ,canal ,w9*e/] ,frye1 ,r4 ,w41 ,f>mdale ,paul91 ,w4 ,h41 ,pol& ,mey]s1 ,a4 ,e41 #ad ,no4 ,=ge ,/reet1 ,akron ,c>son1 ,r4 ,b41 ,fruit ,cliff ,f>m1 ,middleport ,woodmansee1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,d41 #ea ,e4 ,/ate ,/reet1 ,columbus ,black=d1 ,l41 ,akron1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #be1 ,akron ,hill1 ,george ,f41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #e1 ,columbus ,compton1 ,william ,v41 ,lovel& ,d5ny1 ,m>k ,e41 ,middlet[n ,crom]1 ,f4 ,gillum1 #acad ,no4 ,ma9 ,/reet1 ,dayton ,/ev5s1 ,c4 ,e41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #fj1 ,clevel& ,,oklahoma ,h[ell1 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,e41 ,oktaha ,,oregon ,lewis1 ,c4 ,i41 ,*ief ,division ( ,horticulture1 ,agricultural ,college & ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,corvallis ,pr9ce1 ,?omas1 ,dundee ,bond1 ,t4 ,j4 ,,p5nsylvania ,falk5/e91 ,g4 ,n41 ,elizabe?t[n ,selli]1 ,w4 ,h41 ,pequea1 ,lanca/] ,c\nty ,williams1 ,j4 ,s41 ,smi?ton ,h]r1 ,m>t91 ,lanca/] ,smi?1 ,l4 ,m41 ,c>bondale ,dei%]1 ,h4 ,k41 ,kutzt[n ,lutes1 ,c4 ,c41 ,nox5 ,scott ,hill1 ,erie ,gray1 ,w ,h41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c1 ,amity ,mc,burney1 ,canonsburg1 ,pa4 ,ko*]1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,f41 ,walb]ts ,hom]1 #f-a_/b ,s\? ,/reet1 ,w>r5 ,spang5b]g1 ,edw>d1 #ccg ,w4 #aa? ,/reet1 ,erie ,degelman1 ,william ,c1 #dce ,six? ,av5ue1 ,pittsburgh ,sc>bor\gh1 ,h5ry ,w41 #ebb ,walnut ,/reet1 ,philadelphia ,heim1 ,h4 ,g41 #ejh ,p9e ,/reet1 ,williamsport ,zell]1 ,edw9 ,j4 ,p41 #abbh ,buttonwood ,/reet1 ,philadelphia ,burket1 ,mrs4 ,john ,w41 ,tyrone1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,blair ,c\nty ,kleffman1 ,f4 ,t41 #aaad ,twelf? ,/reet1 ,altoona ,br9ton1 ,william1 ,gl5 ,rose1 ,*e/] ,c\nty ,john/on1 ,john ,h41 ,new ,wilm+ton ,dollison1 ,h4 ,c1 #baj ,spr+ ,/reet1 ,meadville ,corbett1 ,s4 ,w41 ,dep>tm5t ,int]national ,rev5ue1 ,pittsburgh1 ,box #ea ,kraft1 ,h41 #geh ,e4 #aj? ,/reet1 ,erie ,treat1 ,fr$]ick ,h41 ,jr41 ,wayne ,hazel1 ,boyd ,e41 ,madisonburg ,ball\1 ,c4 ,f41 ,halifax ,b>nes1 ,r4 ,g41 #acab ,*]ry ,/reet1 ,philadelphia ,lawson1 ,j4 ,h41 ,kittann+ ,smi?1 ,adam1 ,columbia1 ,lanca/] ,c\nty1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #a ,,rhode ,,isl& ,w>r51 ,r4 ,w41 #fi ,gl5ham ,/reet1 ,provid5ce ,,s\? ,,c>ol9a ,wigg91 ,j4 ,b41 ,holly ,hill ,,t5nessee ,walk]1 ,rob]t ,s41 ,*attanooga ,mill]1 ,i4 ,f41 ,morri/[n ,mill>d1 ,sam ,t41 ,johnson ,city ,rod*eav]1 ,c4 ,a41 ,newport ,smi?1 ,a4 ,i41 ,knoxville ,rose1 ,c4 ,e41 ,na%ville ,glasg[1 ,c4 ,m41 ,gleason ,davis1 ,r4 ,a41 ,spr+field ,,utah ,mabee1 ,c4 ,r41 ,*ief ,*emi/1 ,ogd5 ,portl& ,cem5t ,company1 ,brigham ,city ,,v]mont ,lewis1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a41 ,grafton ,+raham1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,p41 ,w9dsor ,dutton1 ,ira ,jay1 ,hilltop ,f>m1 ,w>dsboro ,,virg9ia ,b>r1 ,j4 ,w41 ,norfolk ,flanagan1 ,william ,h41 ,wadd+ton1 ,elma ,grove ,bailey ,or*>d ,company1 ,fi%]sville ,weiss1 ,h4 ,w41 ,emporia ,%&s1 ,william1 ,c\rtl& ,smi?1 ,john ,m41 ,middleburg ,hood1 ,w4 ,t41 ,ri*mond ,be*tel1 ,j4 ,a41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,williamsburg ,jones1 ,j4 ,b41 ,sec'y1 ,! ,peanut ,gr[]s ,assi/ant ( ,virg9ia1 ,elb]on ,c>o]1 ,w4 ,n41 ,cismont ,n\rse1 ,h4 ,o41 ,lyndehur/ ,duke1 ,w4 ,r41 ,*>lottesville ,long1 ,a4 ,r41 ,krise ,bldg41 ,lyn*burg ,flet*]1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,w41 ,director ,agricultural ,exp]im5t ,/ation1 ,blacksburg ,clev5g]1 ,c4 ,c41 ,/eph5son ,purdy1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,s41 #bah ,will>d ,av5ue1 ,phoebus ,mes*5dorf1 ,h4 ,h41 ,pi$mont ,villa1 ,=e/ ,depot ,la+1 ,sam ,l41 ,%ores ,,wa%+ton ,kiesl+1 ,f4 ,w41 #dji ,wav]ly ,place1 ,spokane ,qu>nb]g1 ,a4 ,a41 ,di/rict ,horticultural ,inspector1 ,vanc\v] ,reynolds1 ,f4 ,eliot1 ,irondale ,beebe1 ,*>les ,s41 ,jr41 ,beebe ,cork]y1 ,dr4 ,john ,r41 ,co4 ,heal? 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