---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,disclaimer ,the articles published in the ,annual ,reports of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association are the findings and thoughts solely of the authors and are not to be construed as an endorsement by the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 its board of directors1 or its members4 ,no endorsement is intended for products mentioned1 nor is criticism meant for products not mentioned4 ,the laws and recommendations for pesticide application may have changed since the articles were written4 ,it is always the pesticide applicator's responsibility1 by law1 to read and follow all current label directions for the specific pesticide being used4 ,the discussion of specific nut tree cultivars and of specific techniques to grow nut trees that might have been successful in one area and at a particular time is not a guarantee that similar results will occur elsewhere4 ---------------------------------------- -------------------------------- ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,fourth ,,annual ,,meeting ,illustration ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,november #ah ,,and #ai #aiac ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,proceedings ,,at ,,the ,,fourth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,november #ah ,,and #ai1 #aiac ,,concord1 ,n4 ,h4 ,,the ,,rumford ,,press #aiad ,,table ,,of ,,contents ,,page ,officers and ,committees of the ,association #d ,members of the ,association #e ,constitution and ,rules of the ,association #aj ,proceedings of the ,meeting held at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 ,november #ah and #ai1 #aiac #aa ,experiences and ,experiments with the ,persian ,walnut1 ,a4 ,c4 ,pomeroy1 ,new ,york #aa ,forage ,nuts and the ,chestnut and ,walnut in ,europe1 ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,virginia #bj ,present ,state of the ,chestnut ,blight1 ,j4 ,franklin ,collins1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #be ,top-,working ,seedling ,pecan ,trees1 ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt1 ,north ,carolina #cb ,unusual ,methods of ,propagating ,nut ,trees1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york ,city #dc ,the ,possibilities of ,nut ,culture in ,utah1 ,leon ,d4 ,batchelor1 ,utah #dh ,the ,diseases of ,nut ,trees1 ,m4 ,b4 ,waite1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #ej ,insects ,injurious to ,nut ,trees1 ,a4 ,l4 ,quaintance1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 #fb ,demonstrations of ,methods of ,propagating ,nut ,trees #fd ,appendix3 ,report of the ,secretary-,treasurer #fi ,resolution ,concerning ,nurserymen ,adopted at the ,annual ,meeting of the ,association1 ,november #ah and #ai1 #aiac #ga ,present at the ,fourth ,annual ,meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association #gb ,exhibits #gc ,george ,w4 ,endicott--,the ,boone ,chestnut1 ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl1 ,alton1 ,ill4 #gd ,letters from ,members #ge ,the ,late ,henry ,hales as a ,nut ,culturist1 ,h4 ,w4 ,hales1 ,new ,jersey #gg ,the ,filbert ,blight4 ,abstract of ,paper by ,humphrey #gh ,the ,truth about ,tree ,planting with ,dynamite #gi ,correspondents and ,others ,interested in ,nut ,culture #ha ,authorities and ,special ,correspondents #hi ,the ,chestnut ,blight and ,immune ,hybrids4 ,recent ,publications #ib ,,officers ,,of ,,the ,,association ,president ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage ,indiana ,vice-,president ,w4 ,n4 ,,roper ,virginia ,secretary and ,treasurer ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,georgetown1 ,conn4 ,,committees ,executive ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed ,,and ,,the ,,officers ,membership ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan ,w4 ,n4 ,,roper ,promising ,seedlings ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage ,c4 ,a4 ,,reed ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,nomenclature ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,hybrids ,r4 ,t4 ,,morris ,j4 ,r4 ,,smith ,c4 ,p4 ,,close ,press and ,publication ,w4 ,n4 ,,roper ,t4 ,p4 ,,littlepage ,w4 ,c4 ,,deming ,,state ,,vice-,,presidents ,canada ,dr4 ,d4 ,s4 ,sager ,brantford ,colorado ,lloyd ,h4 ,decker ,greeley1 ,r4 #e ,box #aa ,connecticut ,charles ,h4 ,plump ,west ,redding ,delaware ,h4 ,p4 ,layton ,georgetown ,florida ,h4 ,harold ,hume ,glen ,saint ,mary ,georgia ,i4 ,b4 ,wight ,cairo ,illinois ,norman ,w4 ,casper ,new ,burnside ,indiana ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy ,lake ,iowa ,alson ,secor ,des ,moines ,ireland ,dr4 ,augustine ,henry #e ,sanford ,terrace1 ,ranelagh1 ,dublin ,kansas ,l4 ,l4 ,powers ,dodge ,city ,kentucky ,a4 ,l4 ,moseley ,calhoun ,maryland ,c4 ,p4 ,close ,pomologist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,massachusetts ,bernard ,hoffman ,stockbridge ,michigan ,miss ,maud ,m4 ,jessup ,grand ,rapids ,minnesota ,c4 ,a4 ,van ,duzee ,minneapolis ,missouri ,c4 ,c4 ,cummings #cag ,joplin ,st41 ,joplin ,new ,hampshire ,henry ,n4 ,gowing ,dublin ,new ,jersey ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgway ,lumberton ,new ,york ,a4 ,c4 ,pomeroy ,lockport ,north ,carolina ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt ,raleigh ,state ,horticulturist ,ohio ,j4 ,h4 ,dayton ,painesville ,oregon ,g4 ,m4 ,magruder ,medical ,building1 ,portland ,pennsylvania ,j4 ,g4 ,rush ,west ,willow ,utah ,leon ,d4 ,batchelor ,logan ,horticulturist1 ,state ,agricultural ,college ,virginia ,j4 ,russell ,smith ,roundhill ,west ,virginia ,b4 ,f4 ,hartzell ,shepherdstown ,wisconsin ,alfred ,e4 ,johnson ,iola ,,members ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,canada ,arnott1 ,dr4 ,h4 ,g41 #bf ,emerald ,st4 ,south1 ,hamilton ,corsan1 ,g4 ,h41 ,university of ,toronto ,gymnasium1 ,toronto ,dufresne1 ,dr4 ,a4 ,a41 #bag ,st4 ,christopher ,st41 ,montreal ,fisk1 ,dr4 ,george1 #aja ,union ,ave41 ,montreal ,sager1 ,dr4 ,d4 ,s41 ,brantford1 ,ontario ,saunders1 ,w4 ,e41 #ceb ,clarence ,st41 ,london1 ,ontario ,stuart1 ,henderson1 ,victoria1 ,british ,columbia1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #gg ,,colorado ,decker1 ,loyd ,h41 ,greeley1 ,r4 #e1 ,box #aa ,,connecticut ,barnes1 ,john ,r41 ,yalesville ,browne1 ,louis ,l41 ,bodsbeck ,farm1 ,new ,canaan ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c1 ,georgetown ,deming1 ,imogen ,hawthorne1 ,georgetown ,fisher1 ,prof4 ,irving1 #dfj ,prospect ,st41 ,new ,haven ,hale1 ,mrs4 ,george ,h41 ,glastonbury ,hungerford1 ,newman1 #de ,prospect ,st41 ,hartford ,ives1 ,ernest ,m41 ,sterling ,orchards1 ,meriden ,miller1 ,mrs4 ,charles1 #cb ,hillside ,ave41 ,waterbury ,morris1 ,dr4 ,robert ,t41 ,stamford ,nichols1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,gillette1 ,e4 ,haddam ,plump1 ,charles ,h41 ,west ,redding ,,delaware ,layton1 ,h4 ,p41 ,georgetown ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,close1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,p41 ,pomologist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,lake1 ,prof4 ,e4 ,r4 ,assistant ,pomologist1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,in ,charge of ,nut ,culture ,investigations1 ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington ,stabler1 ,albert1 #fac ,bond ,building1 ,washington ,van ,deman1 ,prof4 ,h4 ,e41 ,washington ,,florida ,hume1 ,h4 ,harold1 ,glen ,saint ,mary ,prange1 ,mrs4 ,n4 ,m4 ,g41 ,jacksonville ,,georgia ,crocker1 ,dr4 ,f4 ,s41 ,albany ,white1 ,h4 ,c41 ,de,witt ,wight1 ,j4 ,b41 ,cairo ,,illinois ,casper1 ,norman ,w41 ,fairlawn1 ,new ,burnside ,heely1 ,dr4 ,o4 ,j41 ,st4 ,libory ,potter1 ,hon4 ,w4 ,o41 ,marion ,riehl1 ,e4 ,a41 ,alton ,spencer1 ,henry ,d41 ,room #a1 ,opera ,house ,block1 ,decatur ,,indiana ,beardsley1 ,a4 ,h41 ,elkhart ,burton1 ,joe ,a41 ,mitchell ,littlepage1 ,t4 ,p41 ,boonville ,mc,coy1 ,r4 ,l41 ,lake ,niblack1 ,mason ,j41 ,vincennes ,reed1 ,w4 ,c41 of ,vincennes ,nurseries1 ,vincennes ,wilkinson1 ,j4 ,f41 ,rockport ,,iowa ,secor1 ,alson1 ,editor ,successful ,farming1 ,des ,moines ,,ireland ,henry1 ,dr4 ,augustine1 #e ,sanford ,terrace1 ,ranelagh1 ,dublin ,,kansas ,powers1 ,l4 ,l41 ,dodge ,city ,,kentucky ,mathews1 ,prof4 ,c4 ,w41 ,horticulturist1 ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,lexington ,moseley1 ,a4 ,l41 ,bank of ,calhoun1 ,calhoun ,,maryland ,harrison1 ,j4 ,g41 representing ,harrison's ,nurseries1 ,berlin ,holmes1 ,f4 ,s41 ,m4 ,s41 ,agricultural ,exp4 ,sta41 ,college ,park ,,massachusetts ,bowditch1 ,james ,h41 #ijc ,tremont ,building1 ,boston ,hoffmann1 ,bernhard1 ,overbrook ,orchard1 ,stockbridge ,keely1 ,royal ,r41 ,walpole1 ,box #dhe ,markham1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,w41 ,lee ,rich1 ,william ,p41 ,secretary ,state ,horticultural ,society1 ,horticultural ,hall1 #cjj ,massachusetts ,ave41 ,boston ,vaughan1 ,horace ,a41 ,peacehaven1 ,assonet ,white1 ,warren1 ,holliston ,,michigan ,jessup1 ,miss ,maud ,m41 #ddj ,thomas ,st41 ,grand ,rapids ,murphy1 ,p4 ,j41 ,wayne and ,congress ,sts41 ,detroit ,,minnesota ,smith1 ,e4 ,k41 #bac ,phoenix ,building1 ,minneapolis ,van ,duzee1 ,col4 ,c4 ,a41 ,st4 ,paul ,wyman1 ,willis ,l41 ,park ,rapids ,,missouri ,cummings1 ,dr4 ,c4 ,c41 #cag ,joplin ,st41 ,joplin ,mosher1 ,h4 ,g41 ,schell ,city ,,new ,,hampshire ,durgin1 ,alfred ,c41 ,newmarket ,gowing1 ,henry ,n41 ,dublin ,,new ,,jersey ,coleman1 ,h4 ,h41 ,federal ,guarantee ,company1 ,newark ,dietrick1 ,thomas ,s41 #ab ,west ,washington ,ave41 ,washington ,foster1 ,samuel ,f41 ,secretary ,north ,jersey ,society for the ,promotion of ,agriculture1 #ajj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,jaques1 ,lee ,w41 #gd ,waverly ,st41 ,jersey ,city ,heights ,marston1 ,edwin ,s41 ,florham ,park1 ,box #gb ,mergler1 ,c4 ,w41 ,hackensack ,road and ,mount ,vernon ,st41 ,ridgefield ,park ,putnam1 ,g4 ,h41 ,vineland ,ridgway1 ,c4 ,s41 ,floralia1 ,lumberton ,roberts1 ,horace1 ,moorestown ,walter1 ,dr4 ,harry1 ,hotel ,chalfonte1 ,atlantic ,city ,,new ,,york ,abbott1 ,frederick ,b41 #dai ,ninth ,st41 ,brooklyn ,armstrong1 ,a4 ,h41 ,general ,electric ,company1 ,schenectady ,brown1 ,ronald ,k41 #cbj ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,clendenin1 ,rev4 ,f4 ,m41 ,westchester1 ,new ,york ,city ,ellison1 ,elmer ,t41 #abgb ,jefferson ,ave41 ,brooklyn ,ellwanger1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,d41 #eaj ,east ,ave41 ,rochester ,fullerton1 ,h4 ,b41 ,director ,long ,island ,railroad ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,medford ,glover1 ,j4 ,wheeler1 ,great ,kills ,hans1 ,amedee1 ,superintendent ,hodenpyl ,estate1 ,locust ,valley1 ,l4 ,i4 ,haywood1 ,albert1 ,flushing ,hickox1 ,ralph1 #chcb ,white ,plains ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,hicks1 ,henry1 ,westbury ,station1 ,l4 ,i4 ,holden1 ,e4 ,b41 ,hilton ,huntington1 ,a4 ,m41 #ae ,w4 #hast ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,james1 ,dr4 ,walter ,b41 #ag ,w4 #edth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,koch1 ,alphonse1 #eaj ,e4 #ggth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,loomis1 ,charles ,b41 ,east ,greenbush1 ,r4 ,d4 #a ,miller1 ,mrs4 ,seaman1 care of ,mr4 ,seaman ,miller1 #b ,rector ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,mc,koon1 ,morgan ,l41 ,long ,eddy ,pomeroy1 ,a4 ,c1 ,lockport ,pomeroy1 ,e4 ,c1 ,bayside ,reynolds1 ,h4 ,l41 #begi ,main ,st41 ,buffalo ,rice1 ,mrs4 ,lilian ,mc,kee1 ,barnes ,cottage1 ,carmel ,storrs1 ,a4 ,p41 #aag ,front ,st41 ,oswego ,teele1 ,a4 ,w41 #cj ,broad ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,teter1 ,walter ,c1 #aj ,wall ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,tuckerman1 ,bayard1 #aah ,e4 #cgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,turner1 ,k4 ,m41 #abfe ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,ulman1 ,dr4 ,ira41 #bac ,w4 #adgth ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,wile1 ,th4 ,e41 #ajab ,park ,ave41 ,rochester ,williams1 ,dr4 ,charles ,mallory1 #dh ,e4 #dith ,st41 ,new ,york ,city ,wissmann1 ,mrs4 ,f4 ,de,r41 #gjg ,fifth ,ave41 ,new ,york ,city ,,north ,,carolina ,barret1 ,harvey ,p41 #aijb ,e4 #gth ,st41 ,charlotte ,hutt1 ,prof4 ,w4 ,n41 ,state ,horticulturist1 ,raleigh ,van ,lindley1 ,j41 ,j4 ,van ,lindley ,nursery ,company1 ,pomona ,,ohio ,dayton1 ,j4 ,h41 representing ,storrs and ,harrison ,company1 ,painesville ,fickes1 ,w4 ,r41 ,wooster1 ,r4 #f ,ferd1 ,horatio1 ,south ,euclid1 ,cuyahoga ,county ,johnson1 ,i4 ,b41 ,cincinnati1 ,station ,k ,miller1 ,h4 ,a41 ,gypsum ,rector1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,m41 ,columbus ,weber1 ,harry ,r41 #fja-d ,gerke ,building1 #abc ,e4 #fth ,st41 ,cincinnati ,yunck1 ,e4 ,g41 #gaj ,central ,ave41 ,sandusky ,,oregon ,magruder1 ,g4 ,m41 ,medical ,building1 ,portland ,,pennsylvania ,butler1 ,henry ,l41 ,gwynedd ,valley ,chalmers1 ,w4 ,j41 ,vanport ,doan1 ,j4 ,l41 ,school of ,horticulture1 ,ambler ,druekemiller1 ,w4 ,c1 ,sunbury ,fagan1 ,prof4 ,f4 ,n41 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,state ,college ,hall1 ,l4 ,c41 ,avonia ,hildebrand1 ,f4 ,b41 ,duquesne ,hoopes1 ,wilmer ,w41 of ,hoopes ,brothers and ,thomas ,company1 ,westchester ,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,lancaster ,kinsell1 ,miss ,ida ,j41 ,locust ,spring ,farm1 ,rochester ,mills1 ,indiana ,county1 ,route #b ,knipe1 ,irwin ,p41 ,norristown ,leas1 ,f4 ,c1 ,bala ,lovett1 ,mrs4 ,joseph ,l41 ,emilie1 ,bucks ,county ,meehan1 ,s4 ,mendelson1 of ,thomas ,meehan ,sons1 ,germantown ,mc,sparren1 ,w4 ,f41 ,furnice ,moss1 ,james1 ,johnsville1 ,bucks ,county ,preslar1 ,c4 ,f41 #ebd ,grandview ,ave41 ,pittsburgh ,rush1 ,j4 ,g41 ,west ,willow ,shoemaker1 ,seth ,w41 ,agricultural ,editor1 ,international ,correspondence ,schools1 ,scranton ,smitten1 ,h4 ,w41 ,borough ,hall1 ,avalon ,twaddell1 ,e4 ,w41 ,evergreen ,nurseries1 ,westtown ,,utah ,batchelor1 ,leon ,d41 ,horticulturist1 ,utah ,agricultural ,college1 ,logan ,pendleton1 ,m4 ,a41 #c ,mozart ,apartments1 ,salt ,lake ,city ,,virginia ,crockett1 ,e4 ,b41 ,lynchburg ,parrish1 ,john ,s41 ,eastham1 ,albemarle ,county ,roper1 ,w4 ,n41 of ,arrowfield ,nurseries1 ,petersburg ,shackford1 ,theodore ,b41 ,lynehburg1 care of ,adams ,brothers ,paynes ,company ,smith1 ,prof4 ,j4 ,russell1 ,roundhill ,von ,ammon1 ,s41 ,fontella ,,west ,,virginia ,hartzell1 ,b4 ,f41 ,shepherdstown ,,wisconsin ,johnson1 ,alfred ,e41 ,iola ,footnote 3 ,life member4 ,footnote 3 ,life member4 ,,constitution ,,and ,,rules ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,name4 ,the society shall be known as the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association4 ,object4 ,the promotion of interest in nut-producing plants1 their products and their culture4 ,membership4 ,membership in the society shall be open to all persons who desire to further nut culture1 without reference to place of residence or nationality1 subject to the approval of the committee on membership4 ,officers4 ,there shall be a president1 a vice-president1 and a secretary-treasurer2 an executive committee of five persons1 of which the president1 vice-president and secretary shall be members2 and a state vice-president from each state represented in the membership of the association4 ,election of ,officers4 ,a committee of five members shall be elected at the annual meeting for the purpose of nominating officers for the subsequent year4 ,meetings4 ,the place and time of the annual meeting shall be selected by the membership in session or1 in the event of no selection being made at this time1 the executive committee shall choose the place and time for the holding of the annual convention4 ,such other meetings as may seem desirable may be called by the president and executive committee4 ,fees4 ,the fees shall be of two kinds1 annual and life4 ,the former shall be two dollars1 the latter twenty dollars4 ,discipline4 ,the committee on membership may make recommendations to the association as to the discipline or expulsion of any member4 ,committees4 ,the association shall appoint standing committees of three members each to consider and report on the following topics at each annual meeting3 first1 on promising seedlings2 second1 on nomenclature2 third1 on hybrids2 fourth1 on membership2 fifth1 on press and publication4 ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,,fourth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,november #ah ,,and #ai1 #aiac ,,at ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the fourth annual meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association was held1 in conjunction with the meetings of the ,american ,pomological ,society1 the ,society for ,horticultural ,science1 and the ,eastern ,fruit ,growers ,association1 in the new ,national ,museum building at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c1 during ,fruit ,week1 ,november #ag to #bb1 #aiac1 the meeting of the ,association being on the #ahth and #aith4 ,the first session was called to order at #aa ,a4 ,m4 in ,room #c4 ,in the absence of the ,president the chair was occupied by ,professor ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt of ,north ,carolina4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,ladies and ,gentlemen3 ,if you will come to order1 we will begin the meeting of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,it is unfortunate that our president is called away on important business4 ,he has asked me to take his place and we will do the best we can4 ,i will ask the secretary to read a communication4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i have this telegram from ,mr4 ,littlepage1 our president3 ,please express to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association my profound regrets that ,i cannot be with them4 ,no organization has ever been formed that contained finer and more sincere men than ours4 ,i invite the ,association to come to ,indiana next year4 ,i will take you along the banks of the ,wabash1 the ,ohio and ,green ,river1 where the pecan trees grow so big that the sun has to go around4 ,i send best wishes for a successful meeting4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,mr4 ,pomeroy has kindly consented to give us a talk on walnuts4 ,,experiences ,,and ,,experiments ,,with ,,the ,,persian ,,walnut ,a4 ,c4 ,,pomeroy1 ,,new ,,york ,when our secretary asked me to prepare a paper on this subject1 ,i thought it would be very simple1 but after making a beginning ,i found that about all ,i knew on nut culture was my own experiences--successes and failures--covering a period of about twenty-five years4 ,during the past year better data have been kept of the behavior of the ,persian walnut trees under my observation1 than in former years4 ,hereafter it is my intention to keep a more detailed record of the time of the appearance of the nutlet blossoms of each tree1 which is of the utmost importance to those interested in the growing of the ,persian walnut in the ,north and ,east4 ,in order to keep a better record of each tree ,i have numbered the old original trees1 planted by my father1 from #a to #g4 ,nuts from each tree are here in jars numbered to correspond with the trees from which they were gathered and may be compared for variation in size1 shape1 thinness of shell and flavor4 ,it would be impossible to keep an exact record in pounds of the yield of any one tree per year4 ,one thing against any such record1 is that many visitors come to our farm every year to see the walnut trees and the pockets of some of them look suspiciously bulky on leaving4 7,an ordinary coat pocket will hold a quart1 an overcoat pocket more than that and there are only thirty-two quarts in a bushel47 ,the new orchard is just coming into bearing4 ,at one end of it there is an old black walnut tree1 and the young ,persians that were planted near this tree began to bear first4 ,near the center of this eight-acre orchard we planted a butternut tree4 ,this will1 ,i think1 help to fertilize the pistillate or nutlet blossoms on many of the trees4 ,of the original trees five stand where they can have care and good cultivation4 ,the other two were put in the lawn very close to some old shade trees where they can not be cultivated and are kept pretty well in the shade4 ,the five cultivated trees produced this fall over twenty-three bushels4 ,the nuts were measured on ,november #aj when there were twenty and a half bushels4 ,the snow was so deep the other few bushels could not be gathered4 ,besides the walnut trees mentioned there are perhaps twenty-five more planted in small plots about the farm4 ,nuts from some of these young trees are here and comparisons may be made with the nuts from the old trees4 ,to get an idea of how the ,english walnut has done in some parts of western ,new ,york the following replies to enquiries are quoted4 ,wilson1 one tree thirteen years old1 one and one half bushels4 ,sybrandt1 has twenty-five or more trees thirteen years old1 some trees a bushel1 others over a bushel and a half4 ,eighme1 one tree fifteen or sixteen years old1 one bushel4 ,trippency1 one tree fifteen or sixteen years old1 two bushels4 ,nuts from some of the old and young trees were weighed4 ,the results were somewhat surprising to me4 ,tree ,no4 #a ,s4 ,r4 ,long1 well-filled nut1 #dh to the pound4 ,tree ,no4 #a ,n4 ,r4 ,nut slightly pointed1 well filled1 #dj to the pound4 ,tree ,no4 #b ,n4 ,r4 ,nut nearly round1 well filled1 #cg to the pound4 ,tree ,no4 #e4 ,annual bearer1 #fd to the pound4 ,the weighing was done on a druggist's scales about two weeks after gathering4 ,those of you who have not seen a ,persian walnut tree in full foliage1 have something to live for4 ,imagine a tree1 that was a nut in the spring of #ahgg1 its branches now spreading full fifty feet1 its topmost bough fully that far from the ground1 its trunk measuring seventy-six inches around1 well above the earth4 ,imagine such a tree in its foliage of dense1 dark glossy green1 its branches loaded with fruit1 sometimes actually touching the ground4 ,the question is sometimes asked what is such a tree worth for cabinet use8 ,i don't know1 and ,i don't care4 ,what ,i do know is that those five trees produced well upward of forty dollars each this year4 ,our markets in western ,new ,york are good4 ,the folks that use nuts as a daily food have increased greatly in the past few years4 ,niagara ,county has three cities1 ,erie ,county1 adjoining1 also has three cities4 ,the population of ,buffalo is about #dej1jjj2 improved highways and gasolene trucks have put us within an hour and a half of all these six cities4 ,while there are hundreds of young ,persian walnut trees1 just coming into bearing1 in some of the counties of western ,new ,york1 the supply of home-grown nuts will probably never fill the demand4 ,professor ,lake paid the farm a short visit this past summer and told of his grafting4 ,i think he said he had a loss of #ij per cent4 ,we beat that a little as our loss was #ajj per cent4 ,the failure in grafting was due1 ,i think1 to the scions not being cut early enough4 ,budding in ,august was done by budders expert with fruit trees4 ,a ,jones budding tool was used4 ,nearly all the buds took4 ,we do not have much trouble with disease or insects4 ,we have had no trouble to speak of with worms4 ,about ten years ago a few nests of the tent caterpillar were cut off and burned4 ,some #ah or #bj years ago all1 or nearly all1 of the nuts dropped in ,june4 ,i do not know what was the matter4 ,in #aijf the ends of some of the branches on the older trees turned brown and died back a few inches4 ,these were cut off and burned4 ,we had but few nuts that year4 ,in fertilizing have used barnyard manure4 ,when it was used it was at times applied too freely1 perhaps1 as some of the young trees put forth a growth of six feet in one season4 ,i do not think it well to force them too much4 ,the fertilizing should be done in the winter or early spring4 ,trimming may be done at any time a branch appears that needs removing4 ,there is one pretty good sized tree on the farm with black walnut stem and ,persian walnut top4 ,some horticulturists seem to think that this kind of a tree is hardier4 ,my observations are that there is not a bit of difference4 ,this tree and another on a near-by farm are the only two ,i know of with a black walnut stem and a ,persian top1 in my section4 ,the ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture has issued a bulletin ,soil ,survey of ,niagara ,county1 ,n4 ,y4 ,by referring to this1 ,i find that the soils that have produced thrifty1 and prolific ,persian walnut trees are1 ,dunkirk loam1 ,dunkirk sandy loam1 ,dunkirk silt loam1 ,clyde sandy loam and clay loam4 ,the winters of western ,new ,york are frequently quite severe4 ,the winter of #aiaa-ab was a very severe one1 zero weather prevailing most of the time and frequently it was way below zero for days4 ,no injury was done to the ,persian walnut trees and a good crop of nuts was harvested in the fall of #aiab4 ,in ,may1 #aiac1 on the nights of the #aath and #abth it was so cold that ice formed an eighth of an inch1 or more1 in thickness4 ,the staminate catkins on the ,persian walnut trees were fairly well developed and it was thought the nuts were gone for this year surely1 but the last of ,may the pistillate blossoms came out1 the staminates matured and the results have already been told you4 ,i think that ,persian walnut trees pay better than apples1 and that there is no danger of an oversupply4 ,the cost for labor in caring for the trees and in harvesting the crop is very much less than for any other fruit crop4 ,no spraying and no picking are necessary4 ,the cost of production is slight1 yet the demand and prices for this nut have been steadily increasing for several years4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,i would like to have a good discussion of this paper1 because it seems to me that in all the activities of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association the ,persian walnut offers the highest possibilities4 ,the ,pacific coast people and southern people have always thought that only the hickory or black walnut could be raised in the northern parts of the country1 and now we find that the ,persian walnut also does well there4 ,the ,secretary has sent out a letter recently asking for information about the ,persian walnut trees in the vicinity of each person addressed4 ,this letter was gotten out for the reason that in the culture of the ,persian walnut the ,pacific coast people have distanced us1 and it is probable that we have not learned the possibilities of these splendid nuts in the ,east4 ,we have a few very fine varieties of these eastern nuts1 and it looks as if1 by use of these varieties1 the eastern part of this country can produce these nuts in as large quantities as the western4 ,mr4 ,pomeroy originated the walnut bearing his name1 and we have another nut that offers very good promise1 and ,i believe the originator is here this morning4 ,mr4 ,rush we would like to hear from you4 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,i am satisfied that ,persian walnut culture can be made just as profitable on the ,atlantic coast as on the ,pacific and in ,france4 ,we have varieties that have stood a temperature of twenty-three degrees below zero4 ,i have discovered another variety in ,lancaster4 ,this tree was brought in from ,germany about thirty-five years ago and it has turned out to be an extremely valuable variety4 ,i have seen these nuts selling in the open market at fifty cents a pound4 ,as regards propagation of the ,persian walnut1 of course the black walnut is the most common variety on which to propagate4 ,another stock is the ,japan walnut1 in a sense better than the black for grafting4 ,it has a better lateral root system and is not so fierce in going down to the center of the earth4 ,its root system is magnificent4 ,several trees budded on this stock a year ago last ,august and transplanted in ,november the same year1 had a growth this summer of over six feet from the bud1 showing that there must certainly be remarkable vitality in the ,japanese roots4 ,i have a young tree thirteen years old budded on black walnut that produced twenty-one nuts this summer4 ,i have a seedling about ten years old which didn't have one catkin bloom4 ,but a tree of the ,rush variety1 so named for me by ,mr4 ,jones1 the first propagator1 stood about forty feet away from the first1 and at the end of the season this seedling tree produced sixty finely developed nuts4 ,this seedling tree1 however1 had a great many pistillate blossoms1 which received pollen from the neighboring variety that was prolific in staminate bloom4 ,it would seem to be an advantage for a seedling ,persian walnut to have a good pollenizer in its company4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,i was struck by ,mr4 ,pomeroy's statement that after apparent killing of the staminate bloom by frost the pistillate blossoms appeared and he had a crop4 ,evidently he got fertilization from some outside source4 ,the ,persian walnut in the eastern part of the ,united ,states is like many other trees in that its trouble does not arise from susceptibility to winter cold1 for when it is dormant it appears to stand great cold4 ,the trouble with the ,persian walnut is its tendency to start growing at the first approach of warm weather and if the cold comes later it may kill the tree4 ,mr4 ,pomeroy's farm there near the shores of the lake has an immunity from sudden changes of temperature and therefore his trees are not likely to make growth which will be caught by late fall or early spring frosts4 ,unquestionably he can grow ,persian walnuts better there than can be done five hundred to a thousand miles further south4 ,it is also a well-known fact that one of the best of peach and apple regions is along this lake shore4 ,there are many other ,persian walnut trees growing in different localities east of the ,mississippi1 but nobody seems to think them worth propagating because they winter kill at times4 ,yet seedlings of the hardiest trees often do it4 ,a new variety of the tree has been discovered which is wonderful in that1 whereas the ordinary ,persian walnut tree comes into leaf rather early1 this tree comes into leaf in ,june when cherries are ripe4 ,i have seen similar trees in ,france4 ,i have no doubt there are ten or fifteen different varieties of this tree growing unappreciated in this part of the country4 ,these particular trees we do know about happen to belong to gentlemen who are propagating them for our benefit and we owe them our thanks2 but ,i have no doubt there are many other trees equally as valuable growing in the ,eastern ,states4 ,i have no doubt that the experience of ,mr4 ,rush could be duplicated1 in discovering right near him in his own town something better than he had ever known before4 ,we need reports on all these trees4 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,in connection with ,mr4 ,smith's remarks as to late vegetating varieties1 it may be that this feature is not altogether desirable4 ,i have been in correspondence with a gentleman in ,colfax1 ,washington1 who has some late vegetating varieties and he tells me that he lost his whole crop4 ,they were caught by a frost at the end of the season before they had fully matured4 ,,mr4 ,,davis3 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,sober has1 on his farm in central ,pennsylvania1 about five hundred ,persian walnut trees and has had them for ten years4 ,he has not been able to get a nut4 ,every year they freeze back4 ,the trees live but they freeze back4 ,i don't know whether this is because they start too early or not4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,i do not know that there is any better nut than these which we are now propagating1 but ,i think the chances are ninety-nine to one against our having found the best walnut trees for this region4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,i think ,professor ,smith's point is well taken4 ,we are just starting in this business4 ,i want to get the experiences of men from different parts of the country4 ,is ,mr4 ,stabler here8 ,,mr4 ,,stabler3 ,thirty years ago three trees1 probably seedlings were planted in our neighborhood4 ,one is on my father's farm1 one is on my uncle's farm1 and one is on our farm4 ,the one on our farm1 ,i think1 has never borne a nut4 ,my uncle's has borne many times1 although an apple tree and a cedar tree are very near it4 ,this walnut tree comes out so very late in the spring that no spring frost catches it4 ,it is in ,montgomery ,county and we often have late spring frosts there4 ,the nuts are all ripe in the fall too before the frost comes4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,mr4 ,stabler told me that this is the fifteenth successive crop from this tree4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,this is certainly a very important point--the maturity of these trees4 ,it is the general impression that the ,persian walnut will not mature in certain sections of the country1 but as a fact there are certain varieties that will mature anywhere in the country4 ,we have similar evidence in the experience of the pecan growers4 ,the ,indiana pecan is dormant later than the southern varieties4 ,this is true of the hardy peach also which comes out later in the spring and is ripe sooner in the fall than the southern varieties4 ,these seem to have accommodated themselves to the climate4 ,,professor ,,mchatton3 ,in ,georgia we are prone to be hurt by the late spring frosts--that is our great trouble4 ,the other day there was sent into the office a number of specimens of the ,persian walnut1 said to be from a seedling grown at ,sharp1 ,georgia1 in the apple country just below ,chattanooga1 at an elevation of eight hundred to a thousand feet1 and it gets cold up there--they have heavy freezing every winter4 ,this tree began bearing at seven or eight years1 the owner said1 and has borne a crop every year for the past seven or eight years1 and he had several losses of fruit crops from late spring frosts during that period4 ,the nut was very well filled and of fair size4 ,if any one is interested sufficiently and will write to me as soon as ,i get back to the college ,i will send the name of the grower4 ,i do not recommend it as ,i have never seen more than a dozen of the nuts4 ,this was of interest to me1 because ,i have not been recommending the ,persian walnut there on account of the late spring frosts1 but now it looks as if there was a chance of our getting into the walnut game ourselves4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,a prominent expert who came to the farm once said to me that the ,persian or ,english walnut came to this country through two routes3 one through ,greece1 ,italy and ,spain1 and taken by the ,spaniards to ,mexico and southern ,california1 and the other route through ,germany and ,england into the ,united ,states from the north4 ,he said he would rather have his walnut trees come from the northern route trees than the southern4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,any one who has a good tree ought to write to our secretary4 ,i hope everybody will report these trees4 ,the information will be published in bulletin form and sent out to every member of the ,association4 ,i fully believe that this information gathered and disseminated will greatly assist in developing the walnut industry in the eastern part of the ,united ,states4 ,,mr4 ,,frost3 ,mr4 ,pomeroy said that the pruning might be done at any time of the year4 ,i pruned a walnut tree one spring and it very nearly bled to death4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,it seems to me that ,i have always pruned at any time4 ,it might be that when the sap is just nicely started--just before the tree starts and the buds swell--it might not be wise to do that4 ,i suppose that the nut trees might bleed then the same as grape vines and certain other plants and trees4 ,i thought it never did any harm4 ,,mr4 ,,frost3 ,it very nearly killed mine4 ,they were big trees1 too4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,i had just such an experience as that with grape vines4 ,we found that if grapes are pruned at a certain time in the spring they will bleed profusely1 and sometimes actually bleed to death4 ,i never had any experience with walnuts1 but with vines we prune in the fall just as soon as they are dormant4 ,at that time the energies of the plant are at a minimum and you can prune more safely than at any other time4 ,as we go on toward spring the moisture becomes greater and the sap starts1 so if you prune late in the spring there is great danger of injury to all plants4 ,if you prune in the fall you have no trouble4 ,,mr4 ,,wile3 ,i would like to know if any one has had experience with ,california varieties here in the ,east4 ,,professor ,,van ,,deman3 ,professor ,close has had more than any one else4 ,i have also heard of some in ,florida4 ,,professor ,,lake3 ,we have had three years' experience2 we have had also the experience of others who have had them a longer time than that4 ,some three years ago we grafted a number of ,california varieties on the eastern black4 ,in view of the eastern conditions1 these are all making splendid growth--some of them made a three-foot growth last year1 some a five and one-half foot growth this year4 ,they went through last winter splendidly2 they are holding back finely in the spring and we had no trouble with spring frosts on the grafted portions1 even though many of the seedlings were injured4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,will the ,persian walnut fertilize itself under eastern conditions8 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,i think we will have to trust to outside fertilization by the black walnut or butternut4 ,they all bloom at the same time4 ,one fertilizing tree will do1 but it is better to have more than one because sometimes it might turn out that the staminate catkins came a few days too early or too late to fertilize the nut4 ,the more trees you have1 the better the chances2 the more trees in a group the better4 ,the reason a five or six-year-old ,persian walnut tree does not bear many walnuts is that there are no staminate catkins4 ,it takes old wood to produce them4 ,there is not enough old wood4 ,,mr4 ,,stabler3 ,the ,stabler walnut which ,i have just mentioned1 bloomed from the tenth to the twenty-fifth of ,june4 ,the black walnuts of that neighborhood all came out from a month to six weeks earlier than that1 and not a single black walnut tree had blossoms on in that neighborhood1 nor a single ,persian walnut at the time the ,stabler tree blossomed4 ,i believe ,i am fairly well acquainted there and there was not a single other tree had catkins on at that time1 and yet that tree bore a good crop of catkins and a large number of pistillate blossoms and later a good crop of nuts which is fairly good evidence that it must have fertilized itself4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,we would like to continue this discussion1 but we have another paper that bears on the subject1 and ,i think it will bring out some points in connection with it4 ,,forage ,,nuts ,,and ,,the ,,chestnut ,,and ,,walnut ,,in ,,europe ,j4 ,,russell ,,smith1 ,,virginia ,the great task of ,american agriculture is to feed our beasts4 ,approximately nine tenths of the proceeds of ,american agriculture goes to nourish the quadruped1 and man eats the remaining one tenth2 therefore1 if we want to get clear of the possibility of a crop being overproduced1 let us grow something the beast can eat4 ,to say that we will never overproduce food crops for man is ridiculous4 ,it is quite possible1 for instance1 that we may produce too many ,persian walnuts for man's food1 but the tree that will produce nuts to feed the beasts is on a firm basis4 ,pigs are going up and they are going to stay up4 ,if we can get something that will suit ,brother ,pig we are on a perfectly safe basis1 and that is the basis of the chestnut industry in ,europe4 ,in large sections of ,france1 from ,switzerland to the ,atlantic1 there are thousands of acres of chestnut trees--a great forage crop4 ,in a few districts is9999typo looks like a forested country1 on account of the heavy chestnut tree groves4 ,the tenant who takes a farm has certain restrictions placed upon him in the removal and use of the crop4 ,he is not allowed to remove the chestnuts in ,france4 ,the tenant who takes the farm1 signs a contract that he will not sell the chestnuts but will feed them to the pigs so the soil may not be exhausted4 ,they gather them carefully and use them in a number of ways4 ,they make the main bread supply of the people4 ,i have eaten chestnut cake4 ,it is not bad4 ,they treat it exactly as we do corn cake4 ,when they can afford something better1 they do so4 ,at harvest time the chestnuts are put in drying houses1 a fire is built under them and after they are thoroughly dried they will keep indefinitely4 ,we find them on the market as dried chestnuts2 and ,i have seen people eating them raw in ,june of the year after4 ,chestnut meal is a standard article of consumption and the price is regulated by the price of cornmeal4 ,i have seen considerable areas planted out regularly in rows of young trees1 and alongside of that older ones4 ,they plant on perfectly fine1 level ground hundreds of acres of chestnut groves and we find these groves anywhere from twenty-five to one hundred years old4 ,they are very valuable property for the reason that when old there are many cords of wood to the acre1 and chestnut wood is valuable4 ,they have a disease over there called inky root consequently new plantings have largely ceased1 though there are some going on4 ,a great reason for planting is that timber means an increase in the value of land4 ,a man who has an old chestnut orchard has land that is worth two hundred dollars an acre for wood alone and the temptation is very strong to sell off the timber and get the money1 which process is going on faster than the setting of new orchards4 ,these orchards are on high class agricultural land4 ,it is quite different in ,corsica2 the country there is very broken and rough4 ,some of the hills range up to #f1jjj feet1 and for a belt of #b1jjj feet the chestnut forests are continuous and villages numerous4 ,this island supports a dense population4 ,the principal industry consists of gathering the chestnuts1 and for a few weeks the people are very busy putting them away for the year's supply and sending them to market4 ,i stopped at the home of the mayor of a little town and he went back in the barn where he had a bin full of dried chestnuts4 ,he fed some of them to my horse4 ,it is their one crop4 ,many people have nothing but twenty or thirty or forty acres of chestnuts and a little garden--a little garden made by retaining walls making a terrace that must be tilled by hand4 ,that is the whole sustenance of the people4 ,the value of the land is usually estimated on a tree basis1 and very seldom put on a land basis4 ,the value of land covered with trees is from two hundred to three hundred dollars an acre1 and land along side of this without trees may be worth but ten dollars4 ,the value of the chestnut trees for wood forms a large part of the sale value4 ,there is some good pasture under these trees4 ,the renewing of these groves is perfectly systematic4 ,the old trees1 having attained their full size1 meet overhead and right alongside of them are planted new trees1 which under such circumstances make a very poor growth4 ,the young tree may get as high as this room in ten or fifteen years1 and the old tree being worth ten or fifteen dollars1 is then cut down 7in that country if you want money cut down a chestnut tree74 ,the young tree takes the place very soon1 and once established a chestnut orchard lasts indefinitely4 ,sometimes they plant the young tree beside the old one1 ten or fifteen years before the old tree is to be cut down4 ,the contrast between the populous villages of ,corsica and like portions of the ,appalachian hillsides is striking4 ,the inhabitants of the latter cut down everything1 plant corn and in two or three seasons the rain simply carries the earth away and the farm has to be abandoned4 ,in contrast to that the orchards of ,corsica have been there for many centuries4 ,i asked one man how long this thing had been going on4 ,he said two hundred1 three hundred1 five hundred1 one thousand years1 always4 ,nobody knows when they began to grow chestnuts4 ,how the land continues to grow them is more than ,i can understand4 ,as an example of permanent agriculture1 that has everything ,i have ever heard of beaten out4 ,those people had not fertilized the trees1 as it would be a physical impossibility to carry anything up those slopes2 everything comes down4 ,they have been taking off wood and nuts always1 nothing has gone back4 ,i have not been present at harvest time but ,i have consulted with the representatives of the ,department of ,agriculture in ,france and they tell me this land produces a ton to three thousand pounds to the acre1 with the big years doubling that and the little years halving it4 ,this without taking anything away from the land apparently4 ,the land is as good as when they began1 and is supporting a dense population and has for centuries4 ,another forage nut which struck me as even more important than the chestnut1 because of its much wider possibility in ,america1 is the acorn4 ,i have been through considerable areas in ,portugal where they didn't care whether they had a cork tree or an oak4 ,land with such trees is worth from one hundred to one hundred and fifty dollars per acre4 ,they assured me that the acorn oak forest was as valuable as the cork forest4 ,some of this land is wheat land4 ,they will let an oak tree stand right in the middle of a field where the cultivation of the ground improves the tree4 ,after the wheat harvest the hogs fatten on the acorns4 ,the evergreen oak of southern ,europe is highly prized for its acorns4 ,i have seen large areas of bearing trees4 ,i have been told time and again that they bear at a comparatively early age4 ,the oak is capable of grafting1 about as easily as the chestnut4 ,i have seen them grafted1 all the way from those of this spring up to three hundred years old4 ,the number of trees grafted is small1 but that in no way affects the possibilities4 ,certain varieties are prized as much as chestnuts1 or even more1 and the price of acorns is set by the price of chestnuts1 just as the price of cornmeal sets the price for chestnut meal4 ,i never got crop records for a solid acre of oak trees1 but the performance of individual trees gives rise to the belief that the acorn crop in ,europe and ,america is worthy of careful study4 ,i saw a tree--a single tree--that ,i was assured bore more than twelve hundred quarts in a single year1 thirty-seven bushels4 ,it is hard to get the yield in a large forest1 but this tree was alone4 ,its sweep was seventeen yards1 its yearly production seemed to average over twenty bushels1 which was worth as much as an acre of corn in any of our states4 ,wherever ,i found an isolated tree1 ,i found its production to be surprisingly large1 and ,i got my information from a variety of sources4 ,it seemed to be one of the most important forage trees4 ,as to the ,persian walnut1 it is reported to be a small nut of almost no value in its wild state4 ,it grows around the world between the belt of the orange and the belt of the white pine4 ,it is unknown as a crop in large areas in ,europe1 where it might be grown successfully4 ,in ,italy there is only an occasional tree1 and it is not grown much in ,portugal or ,spain4 ,it has centers in ,europe as crops have in the ,united ,states and for the same reason--someone started the industry4 ,the activities of ,mr4 ,pomeroy have stimulated its growth in his immediate locality4 ,when any one succeeds in a certain line1 we find people about him taking up the same line and they conclude that this product can only be produced in that particular locality4 ,this is usually not so at all4 ,the thing that happened was that some one showed them that this soil would produce this thing4 ,near ,naples there is a walnut boom4 ,the value of the walnut as a crop is shown by the fact that market gardens producing three crops a year under irrigation are being planted to ,english walnuts4 ,i have been told time and again that this is a very profitable crop4 ,in this walnut district they have planted whole hillsides to olives and walnuts alternately1 sometimes mixed up1 sometimes twenty acres solid4 ,in some places they can only be cultivated with the hoe1 a very distinctly un-,american job1 and yet the ,english walnut seems to pay the people under those conditions of labor4 ,it is spreading over that peninsula and you find it spreading in the lowlands4 ,they trim the tree up to twenty-five feet1 so that teams can drive below4 ,there are two important walnut areas in ,france2 at one place an old crank named ,mayette about two hundred years ago found a good walnut and he grafted some and planted out an acre or two1 and his neighbors planted some1 especially when his acre or two began to grow1 with the result that the territory around that old man's planting is the center of the production of the ,grenoble walnut4 ,a little strip1 on the foothills of the ,alps and along the ,isre river is sprinkled with walnut trees4 ,they are now planting these trees in the midst of the best vineyards4 ,in a field of wheat often-times you will find rows of little walnut trees4 ,there are some orchards of ,persian walnuts in this locality but ,i think no orchard has over five acres4 ,they have come to grief along a line that is common to most people1 that of overcrowding4 ,it takes a great deal of nerve to plant a nut tree sixty or seventy feet from the next--it looks as if it were wasting the land--and they have planted them so close that the tops of the trees and the foliage form a flat level green surface1 and the sun shines on a very small part of each tree instead of all round and over it as it should4 ,the other walnut district is one more suggestive to me4 ,i doubt if even those who have trees to sell are justified in advising the farmers to plant solid fields of walnuts1 but we can recommend a row of them around fence rows and round the barn4 ,i traveled a good many miles through the western part of ,france1 from ,lyons to ,bordeaux1 and ,i have seen thousands of trees1 but ,i have not seen any orchards4 ,they put one tree by itself and they raise wheat close up to it4 ,the fertilization and cultivation help the walnut and make it produce a better crop4 ,those well-fed trees with plenty of sun1 air and plant food are distinctly superior to the other trees4 ,a good walnut tree rents for as much as an acre of ground4 ,it is the product that is received without labor that appeals to me1 and as the trees produce well1 there is sometimes seven or eight dollars worth of profit to each tree1 and the landlord is in the position to command most of the seven or eight dollars because he furnishes the trees4 ,if a #ej-;acre farm with fifty nut trees stood on one side of the road and one of equal area without any trees on the other side1 the one with the trees would rent for twice as much4 ,a good tree will occasionally produce three or four hundred pounds of nuts1 especially a fine tree out by itself4 ,once in a while we find a grove of them but more often there are six1 seven1 eight or more trees scattered round the house4 ,the combined result of that industry produces millions of dollars worth of nuts4 ,if there are any questions1 ,i shall be glad to answer4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,evans3 ,can the pecan be used as a forage crop for pigs8 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,i don't think we are willing to let him have them4 ,,mr4 ,,evans3 ,would a pig eat them8 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,observations show that the pig will eat them if you give him a chance2 he will eat with great gusto the hickory nuts and a grown hog will also crack black walnuts2 the pecan he simply grinds up4 ,i suggested the pig as a way out of the problem of overproduction2 the pig wants the products when we don't4 ,,mr4 ,,storrs3 ,i come from a country where we grow the pig on corn1 and it is hard for me to believe that he will get fat on acorns and chestnuts4 ,,mr4 ,,lee3 ,i also would like to ask whether a hog will get fat on acorns4 ,i had an experience this fall2 a man on my farm had some pigs and he kept them in a pen and fed them corn4 ,i was going to begin to feed my hogs1 but ,i had a woods and ,i said let them eat the acorns4 ,at the end of a month they had eaten the acorns but they were not as fat as they had been at the beginning4 ,they had worked so hard to get the acorns that they had worked off all the fat4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,there are two hundred thousand hogs on the job in the federal forests today4 ,the ,portugese pig in the spring is a lamentable looking object4 ,the method is to keep him alive until acorns get ripe and they count on a pig multiplying himself one hundred to two hundred per cent in the short season from the beginning of ,september to the first of the year4 ,they keep him ordinarily eighteen months2 they carry the spring or fall pigs through one winter1 and at the beginning of the fattening season a pig that weighs fifty or sixty pounds is counted on1 in the short time when acorns can be picked up1 to jump up to one hundred and fifty or two hundred pounds4 ,there is much evidence on both sides of the ,atlantic to the effect that acorns fatten hogs if the supply is good4 ,,present ,,state ,,of ,,the ,,chestnut ,,blight ,j4 ,,franklin ,,collins1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,i presume that all of you who have any interest at all in the chestnut know considerable about the blight which has been killing these trees in the northeastern part of the country1 so ,i will say nothing whatever about the general features of the disease but confine my talk to those points which have assumed1 within a year1 some special importance from the point of view of fighting the blight1 or related topics4 ,perhaps the first thing that ,i can allude to is the discovery of a certain disease in ,china which1 at the time1 was supposed to be identical with the chestnut disease in the northeastern part of this country4 ,i say supposed because we had no positive knowledge at the time that it was the disease4 ,specimens were sent to this country by the agricultural expert1 ,mr4 ,meyer of the ,department of ,agriculture1 for examination4 ,cultures and inoculations were made by the pathologists in the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry and all of the tests that could be applied showed it to be identical with our ,american disease4 ,mr4 ,meyer's report upon this disease1 as he found it in ,china1 has some points which may be of interest to you4 ,he said the disease apparently had been there for many years1 as the lesions of the disease showed if they were examined carefully4 ,the fact that it has been there for many years is1 ,i think1 questioned by no one at the present time4 ,its growth in ,china seems to be somewhat different1 in fact in many cases quite different1 from the growth on the ,american and the ,european chestnut trees4 ,it is rather of the type that we are familiar with on the resistant ,japanese trees4 ,more-over1 it appears on some of the trees as shown in the photographs which ,i will pass around4 ,the appearance of the disease more closely resembles1 in some ways1 what we are familiar with in the ,european apple canker as it appears on the apple trees4 ,i think those who are familiar with the apple canker will notice the resemblance1 in at least one or two of these photographs4 ,now1 ,i don't mean by that that it is the same as the apple canker1 but ,i do want to call your attention to its appearance in these photographs1 and at the same time1 to tell you something that ,mr4 ,meyer wrote about this disease as it appeared in ,china4 ,he said he found no trees that were absolutely killed by the disease4 ,this may mean1 and probably does1 that the ,chinese tree is resistant1 to a certain extent1 to this disease2 that is1 it shows a certain amount of resistance1 much in the same way that the ,japanese chestnut tree does to the disease in this country4 ,for some years 7as some of you will remember1 ,i think7 there have been two different views as to the origin of this disease4 ,one is that it is a native fungus which1 for some reason1 has assumed a parasitic form2 the other that it is an imported disease4 ,the principal reasons for the latter view are that it spreads in this country on the ,american chestnut in much the same manner that other imported diseases have spread on other plants4 ,the fact is that this disease 7so far as we can find absolutely identical with the ,american form7 has been found in ,china2 about this point there is no doubt at all1 and ,i think we can safely say1 although we cannot absolutely prove it at this time1 that the disease in this country was imported from the ,orient4 ,what bearing this will have on the question of control of the disease in this country remains to be seen4 ,have we any chestnuts which show immunity to this disease8 ,the ,american chestnut is subject to it in its most virulent form4 ,there are of course a number of varieties of the ,american chestnut which have been cultivated4 ,of these the two which ,i have seen most of are the ,hathaway and the ,spineless4 ,both of these are subject to the disease in the ordinary form4 ,the ,american varieties which have been originated within a few years1 the ,boone and the ,rochester1 ,i am not prepared to say anything about at the present time4 ,the resistance or immunity of these varieties has not been determined so far as my own work is concerned4 ,of the ,european varieties we have a great many and they produce1 as a rule1 the large chestnuts of the market and are known under various names4 ,some are scions of named varieties and ,i will mention some of the more prominent4 ,the first and best known1 perhaps1 is the ,paragon chestnut4 ,this is susceptible to the disease and takes it in almost as violent a form as does the ,american1 and so it is with the ,ridgely1 a nut which originated near ,dover1 ,delaware4 ,the ,dager and the ,scott also take the disease1 and so do many of the so-called ,french varieties--the ,marron1 the ,marron ,combale1 the ,early ,marron and others--so far as ,i have been able to ascertain4 ,i have not seen very many ,numbo trees1 but of those which ,i have seen1 some have been diseased4 ,two varieties1 which ,i have seen have not had any disease upon them4 ,one of these ,i saw only once or twice and was unable to make a thorough examination4 ,this is the ,darlington chestnut which grows near ,west ,chester1 ,pa4 ,i have no reason to think this is immune in any way to the disease2 all ,i can say is that ,i have not yet seen the disease on this variety4 ,another variety which ,i have heard a great deal about from the point of view of resisting the disease is the ,hannum4 ,i don't know anything about this4 ,i have been unable to locate any trees which ,i could examine4 ,now these are all the varieties of the ,european or ,american sorts that ,i care to speak about1 and we can say that they are all1 so far as we know1 with the possible exception of the one or two last mentioned1 subject to the disease4 ,now let me turn for a moment to two other types of chestnut4 ,first the chinquapin1 a small dwarf chestnut which grows in the southern ,atlantic states but reaches as far north as ,new ,jersey and perhaps farther for all ,i know4 ,the chinquapin in the past has been regarded as a rather resistant species and my own observations seem to bear out this supposition4 ,i have seen very few chinquapins which had the disease4 ,it may be due partly to the fact that they are not so subject to the attacks of insects and injuries through which the blight might gain entrance1 or it may be due to the resistance in the species--,i cannot say about that4 ,i had an opportunity this fall to see the ,rush chinquapin4 ,i examined these trees--there are two of them--and ,i think there is no question but that they are hybrids between the chinquapin and the ,american chestnut4 ,one of these trees was diseased1 the other had no disease upon it4 ,the ,japanese chestnuts have been known for a long time to be highly resistant to the inroads of this disease4 ,some may be immune1 if we use the word immune in a very loose sense4 ,it has been regarded as of rather coarse quality and some varieties as entirely unfit for human food4 ,this is true of many of the ,japanese chestnuts1 but ,i have recently seen some which1 so far as ,i could tell1 were nearly as sweet as the ,american chestnut and ,paragon chestnut which ,i tested at the same time and which were growing side by side4 ,i could detect very little difference between them4 ,the ,japanese nuts were very large1 considerably larger than the ,paragon4 ,whether these will retain their sweetness in drying ,i cannot say4 ,these ,japanese chestnuts are seedlings1 and are known as the ,delaware1 the ,felton1 the ,kent and the ,henlopen4 ,like all of the ,japanese chestnuts they are highly resistant to the blight4 ,i wish to call your attention to a few of the standard ,japanese varieties upon which ,i have made observations4 ,these were all grafted trees1 that is the ,japanese variety was grafted on ,american stock4 ,the ,mc,farland is a rather well-known variety4 ,of five trees which ,i have had under observation1 all of them became diseased below the graft but none above the graft1 showing the resistance of the ,japanese scion on ,american stock4 ,i think this is given out as a ,burbank variety4 ,the ,hale is another one which has the same record exactly4 ,on the ,coe ,i have seen two cases of the disease on the ,japanese part and several cases where the trees are diseased below the graft4 ,the ,alpha1 one of the ,parry varieties holds about the same record as the ,coe--two cases of disease on the ,japanese part and several below the graft4 ,the ,parry ,giant has been considered one of the largest nuts2 in four trees observed there was one case of the disease on the ,japanese part and two below the graft4 ,the ,superb had the disease below the graft but not above2 the ,reliance just the same way4 ,then along with these plots were one variety of ,european1 the ,scott1 which was quite as susceptible to the disease as any other ,european1 and another variety1 the origin of which ,i do not know4 ,this last appears to be something of a hybrid with some chinquapin blood in it--whether this is so or not ,i cannot definitely say--,i can say this1 however1 that it takes the disease not as readily as the ,european but more readily than the ,japanese4 ,just a few words now in regard to the present distribution of the chestnut disease1 or at least its extended distribution4 ,the disease is now known to occur in ,maine1 ,new ,hampshire1 ,vermont1 ,new ,york east of the ,catskills and as far north as ,lake ,george1 and generally as far south as northern ,virginia4 ,farther south there are some scattered infections1 one nursery having been found in ,north ,carolina which had the disease4 ,the western distribution of the disease1 if you take isolated cases1 is now carried to the ,pacific coast4 ,we know of an orchard in ,agassiz1 ,british ,columbia1 in which the disease has been found4 ,nobody knows how this was transmitted1 but the chestnut trees upon which the disease occurs were supposed to have been sent to the owner from the ,orient4 ,they apparently are not of the usual ,japanese type1 however2 that is all ,i can say about them now4 ,the chestnut blight has been found on all parts of the branches1 twigs1 trunk and the exposed roots4 ,last year we found the disease on the nuts themselves and on their burs and we were able to isolate the disease from the shell of the nut and we were also able to produce the disease on the bark of a chestnut tree through inoculation from the nut itself4 ,so that the disease can occur on almost any part of the chestnut tree4 99 99 99 99 99 ,a ,,member3 ,i saw quite recently that there were two cases of fatal poisoning in ,connecticut from the result of using nuts said to have been blighted4 ,i would like to know if that has been verified4 ,,mr4 ,,collins3 ,there have been1 so far as ,i know1 about fifteen cases of supposed chestnut poisoning in the vicinity of ,hartford with five deaths4 ,we have reports of disease and possible death in other portions of the country1 particularly in the northeast4 ,these reports come in such a way that it is impossible to say definitely that chestnuts caused the trouble1 but this much can be said3 our office here in ,washington has a physician working upon this very point4 ,at the present time all that ,i can say is that there is no doubt about the cases of illness and it is impossible to dissociate the eating of chestnuts from the possibilities4 ,at the same time it is not possible to show that chestnuts were the cause of the trouble rather than something else which was taken at the same time4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i wrote to the physician near ,hartford whose wife is reported to have died1 but ,i have had no answer4 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,after following those cases up and finding that chestnuts could not be excluded as a possible cause1 we have started experiments with various animals1 also some chemical1 to determine if there is any possibility of any definite toxic substance in the nuts2 so far results are negligible4 ,we are not prepared to say whether there is anything in chestnut poisoning or whether there is not4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i think there are three points in relation to the chestnut blight of very great importance to the practical nut grower1 and ,i would like ,professor ,collins to answer these questions4 ,in the first place1 how far are we justified in recommending planting of non-immune varieties within the blighted area1 in limited quantities1 with the understanding that there is a fair show of keeping them tolerably free from the blight by watchful care and cutting out8 ,mr4 ,roberts of ,new ,jersey has a large chestnut orchard and he says he is not afraid of the blight4 ,he has had a large crop of chestnuts this year1 and he says that1 while he has cut out1 ,i believe1 one orchard of small trees his large bearing trees are not seriously affected by the blight4 ,this is the same testimony that we had from ,colonel ,sober last year4 ,the second question is1 how far are we justified in recommending the planting of chestnuts outside of the present blighted area8 ,it seems to me this is a very important point4 ,can we go so far outside the present blight area1 perhaps beyond the present range of the chestnut tree1 that we can hope to plant them without their being exposed to danger1 or much danger1 of contagion from the blight8 ,can we recommend their being planted in places where the chestnut does not grow now perhaps within several hundred miles8 ,and the third question is in regard to immune varieties4 ,how far has the immune quality of any varieties been demonstrated8 ,,professor ,,collins3 ,with regard to the first question1--planting of non-immune varieties within the chestnut disease area1--,i don't feel like recommending it except on an experimental basis4 ,perhaps ,i am recommending something that ,i might feel like changing my mind about a little later1 but1 in the present state of our knowledge ,i would hesitate to recommend planting within the disease infested area4 ,so far as the second question is concerned1 the planting of non-immune varieties outside the chestnut growing area1 ,i think there are some pretty good prospects in sight1 provided the stock which is obtained is carefully inspected to see that it is free from the blight to begin with1 and is watched carefully for at least the first year4 ,the third question1 in regard to immune varieties1--if there are any the immunity of which has been demonstrated sufficiently to warrant their being planted1--the ,japanese1 which are highly resistant1 and what some people might consider immune1 are the only possibilities so far in sight4 ,the great trouble with the ,japanese trees which have been grown in the orchards in parts of the country that have come under my observation1 is that they have been grafted on stock which is very susceptible to the disease1 and ,i think it is safe to say that #hj per cent at least1 possibly #ij per cent1 of the trees that have been killed under these conditions have been killed by the disease girdling below the graft on the susceptible ,american stock4 ,if we can grow ,japanese seedlings under the same conditions1 perhaps1 that ,colonel ,sober is raising his ,paragons--two years from the seed and then grafting--,i don't see why we can't have a tree that is going to be reasonably resistant to the disease2 now if we can find some ,japanese nuts which are really palatable1 really good and sweet1 as these three or four that ,i have mentioned appear to be1 ,i don't see why we cannot have a tree which will be reasonably immune to the disease and at the same time producing an edible nut4 ,the ,japanese stock seems to be able to fight off the disease to a certain extent in much the same way that the apple tree can fight off the apple canker1 each year the lesion increases a little but each year the growth of the tree overcomes it to a certain extent1 and there is a fight between the disease and the tree all the time4 ,very likely the disease once on the tree will remain on the tree1 as far as we can tell at present1 for quite a time1 but perhaps not kill the tree outright4 ,,professor ,,van ,,deman3 ,dr4 ,van ,fleet of the ,department of ,agriculture is working on what seems to be a very fine prospect for raising chestnuts that will be immune and that will have good quality4 ,japanese chestnuts are the poorest of all in quality but he has taken the chinquapin1 which is of high quality but the very smallest of the whole chestnut family1 quite common in many of the central and southern states and as far west as ,arkansas1 has crossed the ,japanese chestnut and the chinquapin1 and has obtained seedlings that bear very young--when they are not more than four or five feet high sometimes4 ,they are loaded with nuts1 and nuts of large size1 larger than our ordinary wild chestnut1 usually one in a bur just as the chinquapin is and having the high quality of the chinquapin1 and he has grown many of those in ,new ,jersey right in the very worst of the disease area and has found some that are exempt4 ,perhaps some of you have noticed what was published in regard to this in the ,rural ,new-,yorker sometime in the past few months4 ,i have seen the nuts from some of these trees1 and while ,i have never eaten any1 ,i have ,dr4 ,van ,fleet's word for it that they are of excellent quality4 ,now that is something that we might feel quite hopeful about4 ,,professor ,,collins3 ,dr4 ,van ,fleet is doing a fine work4 ,i have seen some of it and gone over the work with him4 ,,professor ,,van ,,deman3 ,he is one of the government people and he is carrying on his experiments here at the ,arlington plantation1 right across the river4 ,,dr4 ,,metcalf3 ,speaking of breeding material1 we have six sorts for breeding purposes in the shape of seeds of this very species of ,chinese chestnut on which the disease occurs in ,china4 ,the nut of that tree is of very high quality and good size1 and1 so far as ,i can tell1 quite as sweet as the ,american chestnut4 ,if there is no more disease on the trees in this climate than there is in ,china it would be a very practical tree to grow1 as far as we know4 ,,top-,,working ,,seedling ,,pecan ,,trees ,w4 ,n4 ,,hutt1 ,,north ,,carolina ,according to a census we have just completed there are in ,north ,carolina upwards of #ej1jjj seedling pecan trees4 ,these trees range in age from one to thirty years4 ,seventy-five per cent of them are of bearing age1 but there is probably not one per cent of that number that are profitable bearing trees4 ,in all parts of the pecan country experience has shown that seedling pecans are notably slow in coming into bearing and some trees never bear at all4 ,those that do bear have nuts that are almost invariably1 small1 thick-shelled and of indifferent quality4 ,in this respect1 however1 the pecan tree differs in no way from any of our other classes of fruits4 ,no one would today be so foolish as to try to get a good peach or apple orchard by planting the seeds of these fruits2 but this is just what a great many people have been trying to do with pecans4 ,this attempt to produce pecan orchards from seed has been the origin of the #ej1jjj trees noted in the census above4 ,now that we have these seedling pecan trees1 are they of any value at all8 ,can we make anything out of them whatever or must we cut them down and charge up the expenses to the account of experience1 and start over again with standard varieties of budded and grafted trees8 ,years of time and quantities of money have been spent in producing these beautiful but comparatively valueless seedling trees4 ,however1 they are far from being a total loss1 for in those deep roots and stalwart trunks and spreading branches1 there are latent possibilities in abundance4 ,if by some magic power like that of ,aladdin's wonderful lamp told of in the ,tales of the ,arabian ,nights1 we could transform these seedling trees in a single night to standard varieties1 we would enrich every owner of pecan trees by hundreds of dollars and the aggregate wealth of the state would be increased by millions4 ,for several years ,i have been in search of ,aladdin's wonderful lamp to enlighten me how to effect this felicitous transformation4 ,like ,aladdin's quest of old the search has been long and wearisome and has led me a tedious road through many vexatious disappointments1 but at last ,i have found the lamp6 ,i have in my power the magic by which a worthless seedling pecan tree can be transformed into a productive standard variety4 ,this magic talisman is simply ,patch-,budding4 ,every kind of budding is magical4 ,is it not wonderful to make a crab apple tree produce ,stayman or ,grimes ,golden apples or a quince bush produce luscious ,duchess pears8 ,is it not strange that the sap from the same root can produce red apples on one branch1 yellow ones on another1 and russets on a third8 ,how does it come that one twig can be made to produce sour apples and the next ,paradise ,sweets8 ,strange6 ,wonderful66 but ,true666 ,it is all owing to the fact that the sap of a tree is a homogeneous substance and that it is the bud through which it passes that stamps the individuality upon it whether it shall be a crab or a ,grimes ,golden4 ,if we make all the buds of the tree of the ,grimes character1 the apples will all be ,grimes ,goldens4 ,in the same way if we make all the buds on a pecan tree ,stuarts or ,schleys there will be nuts to be gathered from that tree and they will not be the worthless scrub seedlings4 ,when ,i began my experiments in the top-working of seedling pecan trees ,i soon found that there were many things one could not do with pecan trees4 ,i counted myself a successful propagator of apples1 peaches1 plums1 grapes and various other kinds of plants1 but apple1 peach and general propagation methods failed to give success in the budding and grafting of pecans4 ,i concluded the method must be all right but that ,i should be more exact about my mechanical manipulations4 ,i started out with the ordinary cleft graft commonly used for top-working most sorts of trees4 ,i experimented in several different orchards and put in hundreds of cleft grafts4 ,i took great pains to make my work as mechanically perfect as possible4 ,all conditions of stock1 scions1 weather1 etc41 seemed to promise the highest degree of success4 ,the result of that season's work was a world of disappointment1 a lot of experience1 and two living grafts4 ,one of these latter1 the result of my skill1 was so effectively pruned that fall by the pecan girdler that my work for the season was a minus quantity in all but experience4 ,the other living graft1 which was put in by an assistant1 is now a bearing ,curtis tree1 our only monument to the success of cleft grafting the pecan4 ,other propagators are said to be able to secure fair results with cleft grafting of pecans in certain localities1 but from my experience1 ,i am willing to aver that it cannot be done in this latitude4 ,next followed a series of trials with shield budding which is so uniformly successful with peach1 but peach methods failed entirely with pecans4 ,then followed a succession of trials with whip grafting1 veneer grafting1 bark grafting1 and chip budding1 all with a varyingly large percentage of failure and a uniformly small percentage of success4 ,some propagators in the ,south report fairly successful results in the chip budding of pecans1 but my results with this method were largely of a negative character4 ,after persistent trials of all the known methods of budding and grafting1 through the varying conditions of four successive seasons1 ,i have narrowed the propagation of the pecan in ,north ,carolina to one single method1 namely1 patch-budding4 ,this method has year after year given us the highest percentage of successful unions4 ,the operation illustrated by figures #a to #ab1 is as follows3 #a4 ,heading ,back4 ,during the dormant period which is1 roughly speaking1 from ,november #ast to ,march #ast1 the seedling trees are cut back to stubs1 the ends of which may be from one to three inches in diameter4 ,wounds larger than this size take years to heal and endanger the life of the tree4 ,large trees can be operated on as well as small seedlings1 only one has to go higher up so as not to cut too large limbs4 ,figure #a shows a seedling pecan tree #ah inches in diameter1 which was stubbed back in the winter of #aiaa-aiab and successfully budded the following summer4 ,the result of this drastic heading-back is a numerous growth of vigorous1 rapidly growing shoots near the ends of the stubs1 by which ,nature endeavors to heal over the wounds4 ,the cambium in these vigorous1 sappy shoots is in the most active condition possible2 just the condition most suitable for the union of stock and scion4 ,this optimum condition cannot be secured except by the forced growth as the result of the heading back4 ,our experiments1 year after year1 have shown that on the ordinary new shoots1 even on active young seedling trees1 the percentage of living buds was much less than on the forced shoots of the headed-back trees4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #a4 ,seedling pecan tree1 #ah inches in diameter1 cut back in winter1 showing summer's growth of vigorous shoots ready for budding4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #b4 ,first operation4 ,making parallel cuts on stock4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #c4 ,second operation4 ,making vertical cut between parallel cuts on stock4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #d4 ,third operation4 ,loosening bark on stock4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #e4 ,fourth operation4 ,making parallel cuts on bud stick4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #f4 ,fifth operation4 ,making vertical cut between parallel cuts on bud stick4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #g4 ,sixth operation4 ,taking bud from bud stick4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #h4 ,seventh operation4 ,fitting bud to stick4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #i4 ,eighth operation4 ,beginning the tie4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aj4 ,ninth operation4 ,finishing the tie4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #aa4 ,the tie complete4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ab4 ,bud united4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ac4 ,bud stick of present season's growth4 ,the three lower1 or basal1 buds are best4 ,illustration3 ,fig4 #ad4 ,bud sticks of previous season's growth4 ,the different steps in the operation of patch budding are briefly as follows3 #ast operation4 ,making parallel cuts on stock4 ,see ,figure #b4 #b;d operation4 ,making vertical cut to remove bark from stock4 ,see ,figure #c4 #c;d operation4 ,loosening patch on stock4 ,see ,figure #d4 #dth operation4 ,making parallel cuts on bud stick4 ,see ,figure #e4 #eth operation4 ,making vertical cut to remove bud patch from bud stick4 ,see ,figure #f4 #fth operation4 ,taking bud off bud stick4 ,see ,figure #g4 #gth operation4 ,inserting bud on stock4 ,see ,figure #h4 #hth operation4 ,beginning the tie4 ,see ,figure #i4 #ith operation4 ,wrapping the bud4 ,see ,figure #aj4 #ajth operation4 ,the completed operation4 ,see ,figure #aa4 ,figure #ab4 ,bud united4 ,these illustrations should make the method self-explanatory4 ,knives for ,patch-budding4 ,two sorts of knives are used for patch-budding1 the double one for making the parallel cuts and the ordinary budding knife for removing the patch4 ,cambium4 ,professor ,bailey1 in his ,encyclopedia of ,horticulture1 says1 ,the ways and fashions of grafting are legion4 ,there are as many ways as there are ways of whittling4 ,the operator may fashion the union of stock and scion to suit himself if only he apply cambium to cambium1 make a close joint and properly protect the work4 ,the fundamental basis of the whole science of grafting is cambium4 ,what then is this important substance by means of which one plant may be made to live and grow and produce on the roots of another8 ,if we strip off the bark of any actively growing1 woody plant we will find just beneath a soft1 colorless substance2 this substance is cambium4 ,it feels slimy to the touch and if scraped with the finger nail a little doughy mass can be raised4 ,as we examine it it will be seen to quickly darken to cream color1 then to yellow and finally to dark brown4 ,a change has taken place in it in a few seconds1 right under our eyes4 ,when we first exposed it1 it was living1 active and capable of building the most complicated of plant structures2 now it is dead1 inert and impotent4 ,if we examine the smallest portion of this doughy mass under a compound microscope we will find it not merely slime but a highly organized tissue made up of countless minute cells1 each with a delicate wall about it and containing a thickish liquid 7protoplasm74 ,the cambium cells are brick-shaped1 and are placed end to end1 with layer overlapping layer1 like bricks in the wall of a building4 ,the microscopic structure of cambium tissue gives us a clearer conception of its extreme delicacy4 ,it is one of the most sensitive and delicate substances in all nature4 ,exposure to the air will kill it and completely destroy its functions in a few seconds4 ,it is easily crushed by slight pressure and quickly killed by exposure to drying1 frost1 moisture and sunlight4 ,nature shows her extreme care of it for in making bark she has formed for the delicate cambium a perfect protective covering4 ,like the cambium the bark is composed of cells1 as in fact are all animal and vegetable structures4 ,but the cells of the bark have thick walls of a tough1 corky substance1 and each cell contains air instead of protoplasm4 ,the corkiness of the bark makes it an impervious1 waterproof covering that does not allow the cambium to be dried out or to be washed by external moisture4 ,the air in the bark cells being in a still condition is a non-conductor of heat1 and layer of bark overlapping layer1 the cambium is completely covered with a dead-air blanket4 ,this keeps it from being frozen in winter and from being overheated in summer1 just as a dead-air space in the walls of a building protects from extremes of heat and cold4 ,from this it is plain that nature takes great pains to cover and protect the delicate cambium from all external influences4 ,this stands in striking contrast to the careless manner in which many propagators and planters handle the delicate parts of trees4 ,it also explains why some budders get such a small percentage of living buds and some planters so few living trees4 ,cambium is the building material of plants and without it growth is impossible4 ,it covers every portion of the tree from the topmost terminal bud to the deepest root tip like a living blanket4 ,during the growing season the cambium cells divide lengthwise forming new cells4 ,these divide again and grow1 and new cells are formed1 until by fall a complete mantle of bark covers the outer surface of the cambium1 while within it has built up a solid layer of the woody structure of the tree4 ,a few rows of cambium cells are left in an embryonic condition to carry on growth the following year4 ,the cambium is thus the only tissue of the tree that retains from year to year the power of active growth4 ,the layers of wood and bark1 after performing their functions for a few seasons1 gradually die and are overlapped by new layers1 but the cambium remains living throughout the entire life of the tree even if it be1 as in the giant ,redwoods1 thousands of years4 ,besides forming the regular wood of the tree the cambium also grows out over cut places and builds in woody tissues that heal over the wounds4 ,it is owing to this fact alone that budding and grafting are possible4 ,the callus on cuttings and root grafts is another evidence of the same phenomenon1 for the cambium of the roots of a tree is continuous and identical with that of the branches4 ,the ,stock4 ,the whole practice of successful grafting and budding is the proper handling of active cambium4 ,the cambium is the cementing material that unites stock and scion and unless there is active cambium there will be no union4 ,it must be said here that no matter how great the future growth of the union1 the scion never becomes truly united or fused with the stock4 ,the cambium grows all over and around the cut parts and cements them together1 but if the graft union be split open fifty years later1 the dead wood of the original scion may be found of the original size and in the original position4 ,since1 then1 successful grafting depends on the union of the cambium of the stock with that of the scion1 theoretically the best time for grafting and budding would be when the cambium is most active4 ,actual nursery practice shows that this is practically correct1 at least as regards the stock4 ,the ideal stock for propagation purposes is the young seedling of one or two years growth4 ,in such a stock all the tissues are new and fresh and working to their maximum capacity and the cambium is in its most active condition4 ,in top-working old trees it will be found that though the branches may appear vigorous1 they are a long way from having anything like the active circulation found in small seedlings4 ,buds put in these branches would give a very small live1 while the same care on nursery seedlings could be counted on giving a high percentage of living buds4 ,in top-working1 therefore1 it is found necessary in order to get the cambium sufficiently active1 to stub back the branches to mere pollards4 ,this cutting back should be done in the winter or dormant season4 ,the following growing season will see a dense growth of very vigorous shoots trying to repair the injury4 ,see ,figure #a4 ,these shoots are ideal stocks for1 on account of their having all the sap from the greater root of the mature tree1 the cambium will be even more active than in the nursery seedling4 ,often when nursery seedlings are in partially dormant condition1 owing to unfavorable weather or other conditions1 they may be forced into budding condition by slashing off part of the growth above where the buds are to be inserted4 ,in our top-working experiments this fact was further emphasized by a windstorm which broke off many of the sappy shoots just above where the bud was put on4 ,every single one of these buds took1 though some others1 just as carefully put on1 failed4 ,the success of all the buds on the wind-broken shoots was undoubtedly due to the forcing of the cambium growth just at the point where the bud was inserted4 ,the ,scion4 ,although it is desirable to have the cambium of the stock in an active growing condition1 it is quite the reverse with the scion4 ,the reason of this is evident1 for if the scion were active1 it would soon exhaust its small supply of food and die before the union could be formed and it could get its permanent supply of nourishment from the root4 ,it is desirable to have scions fresh and firm but in a quiescent condition until pushed into activity by the growth of the stock4 ,if1 on the other hand1 the scions or buds become too dry the sap will not be able to revive them and no union will be made4 ,for patch-budding1 the buds may be cut from scions or bud sticks of the present or the past season's growth4 ,figure #ac shows a bud stick of the present season's growth from which the leaves have been cut4 ,such a bud stick cannot be obtained until ,july1 for before that time the bark is so tender that it is impossible to get the bud patch off the stick without crushing it or peeling off the cuticle of the bark4 ,the basal buds of the present season's growth1 ,figure #ac1 make the best buds because they are more mature and dormant than the buds above them and as they have shed the leaf stalk they can be tied in more easily and snugly than those with the thick1 fleshy base of the leaf stalk attached4 ,some budders make a practice of cutting off the leaves ten days or two weeks before they commence budding and leaving the scions on the trees to ripen the buds and shed off the bases of the petioles4 ,there is in this way no danger of the thick fleshy leaf base decaying under the wrap and souring and killing the buds4 ,figure #ad shows budwood of the previous season's growth4 ,this budwood can be cut during the winter and kept over in fresh dormant condition by being packed in damp sawdust and carried over in ordinary cold storage or in a refrigerator4 ,it will be ready for use in the spring as soon as the bark will slip on the stocks4 ,by this method the budding season may be greatly extended and propagation started at least two months before any of the present season's buds will be sufficiently mature for use4 ,the ,kinds of ,buds to ,select4 ,as to the buds themselves the most desirable are those at the base of the season's growth4 ,see ,figure #ac4 ,these1 though not large1 are plump and fully mature4 ,the bark is smoother and firmer about them than higher up the stem and there is no leaf stalk to interfere with cutting them accurately and making a close fit and tie4 ,these buds are dormant and there is little danger of their pushing into growth in the fall and being cold hurt the following winter4 ,for best success in patch budding it is not desirable to select very large1 overdeveloped buds1 or those that have grown so rapidly as to stand out on a little pedicel or basal stalk4 ,in removing such a bud from the stick1 the central column of the pedicel will often pull out and remain on the stick4 ,such a bud will almost invariably die4 ,an observation of pecan buds in general will show that they are normally triple in form1 the largest above and two smaller ones beneath it4 ,the largest bud will grow first but if anything happens to it1 the next one will take its place4 ,tying in the ,buds4 ,a good deal of the success in patch-budding depends on the tying in of the buds4 ,the cambium must be thoroughly protected if a union is to result4 ,it is necessary to have some kind of tie that will retain the sap as well as exclude external moisture4 ,after experimenting with different materials and methods ,i have finally abandoned all except the waxed strip tie4 ,this is made by dipping sheet cotton in pure1 liquid beeswax and pressing out all extra wax4 ,the cloth after dipping is formed into convenient sized rolls4 ,from these rolls the cloth is torn at budding time into strips a quarter of an inch wide and from six to eight inches long4 ,in tying in a bud hold it firmly so that it will not slip and begin at the top and bind it in very tightly with the waxed strip4 ,reverse the tie at the rear of the bud like a surgeon's bandage and cover the patch completely1 leaving only the tip of the bud sticking out4 ,the wax in the cloth will cause the tie to adhere sufficiently to the wood so that no other ligature is required4 ,in budding in the spring1 when the flow of sap is very copious1 it is well to tie in a small splinter about the size of a match just below the bud to drain off the excess sap4 ,this will save many buds from being killed by souring of the sap4 ,in two to three weeks time the tie should be loosened so that the rapid growth of the stock will not cause the tie to cut into the bark4 ,the ,mechanics of ,patch-budding4 ,after all has been said about cambium and stocks and scions and their relation to each other1 there is still volumes to be written on the mechanics of pecan propagation4 ,i do not want to scare anyone off from trying1 but if there is any plant more difficult to propagate than the pecan1 ,i have not yet found it4 ,even experienced propagators of general nursery stock have given up pecan budding as a bad job4 ,on the other hand1 a novice or pecan crank who is handy with tools and has the patience to study out the causes of his failures1 may acquire the skill to obtain almost a perfect live of buds4 ,this all goes to show that extreme precision is the password in the mechanics of patch-budding4 ,in the first place1 the knives should be of the finest quality so that they will hold a clean1 fine edge4 ,all cuts should be made with accuracy and precision1 so that there are no rough edges and bias corners4 ,the number of living buds will1 under ordinary circumstances1 be in exact proportion to the accuracy with which the bud patch fits the place made for it on the stock4 ,the experienced pecan budder as he takes the bud off the stick can tell whether or not they will grow4 ,if he tears the bark in cutting the patch1 he drops that bud and cuts another2 if the bud patch splits1 he discards it2 if his fingers touch the cambium or the bud patch falls to the ground1 he wastes no time with it1 but cuts another and another until he gets the conditions perfect4 ,there is little use in tying in any bud that does not fit perfectly4 ,for this reason it is desirable to have the bud stick of the same diameter as the stock4 ,the bud patches from thin or small scions have to be stretched to fit and generally give a poor live2 likewise1 the buds from the more or less ridged portion at the top of the bud stick4 ,the transfer of the bud patch should also be made quickly so that the cambium will have the shortest possible exposure to the air4 ,after ,treatment4 ,the process of patch-budding is not complete even after a good live of buds is secured4 ,it still requires some judicious after-treatment to get them into good normal growth4 ,on account of the drastic heading back the tree has received1 practically every dormant bud will be forced into active growth4 ,these will push out so vigorously in spring that if not held in check1 they may completely overgrow and crowd out the buds put in4 ,attention should be given during the early growing period to see that the buds put in have sufficient room for proper development4 ,if all or too many of the seedling buds are rubbed off1 the inserted buds will not be able to carry all of the heavy flow of sap and so may be drowned and killed4 ,on the other hand1 the inserted buds may not start unless forced by the extra sap obtained by rubbing off a portion of the seedling buds4 ,a good deal of horticultural judgment is required to adjust the proper balance between the seedling and the inserted buds so as to get the best development of the latter4 ,when the inserted buds are able to carry all the sap of the tree1 all seedling shoots should be cut out and attention directed towards forming the new growth into a strong symmetrical top4 ,if conditions are favorable1 there will generally be some nuts the second season4 ,by the third year the transformation from the seedling to the named variety should be complete1 and a good crop of high class nuts should be expected4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,would it not be an advantage if two persons worked at the budding8 ,after the cuts are made1 one could be taking the part from the stock and the other taking the bud from the budding stick4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,that is a very good plan4 ,one man could put in the buds and another man could tie--a boy handy with his fingers in making ties4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,why the superiority of beeswax to grafting wax8 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,a good many budders object to grafting wax1 on account of the oil therein contained being injurious to the trees4 ,a great many people have dead trees as a result4 ,trees don't like oil1 and for that reason we use beeswax and only the purest kind of beeswax4 ,in fact1 these pecan cranks who want to do things as they should be1 like to examine the wax to see if there is pollen or bee bread or anything foreign in it4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,is there any particular time that is best for grafting8 ,,president ,,hutt3 ,yes2 in the early part of the season there is a very vigorous flow of sap and we find we lose more buds then than in the later grafting4 ,in early grafting we put in drainage1 just like the physicians1 little tubes or something to drain out the moisture4 ,we put in a little chip and tie over it very carefully so if there is any drainage it may escape4 ,in the fall and late summer drainage is not necessary at all1 and we really get better unions then when the trees are slowing down than we do in the spring when they are full of sap4 ,,mr4 ,,storrs3 ,in selecting your buds1 do you take them from trees that have borne1 or from young trees1 or indiscriminately8 ,,president ,,hutt3 ,we take them either from bearing or young trees4 ,it is not important which1 just so you get the right kind4 ,the important thing is to select good fresh active stuff1 and particularly good sized scions and not small ones4 ,in budding we fit one side perfectly1 and on the other side we leave a space of one sixteenth of an inch like a door4 ,we didn't do that at first and we lost a good many buds because the active growth began on both sides4 ,we had to leave a place there at the side1 an expansion joint1 to take care of that4 ,,mr4 ,,storrs3 ,then you fit them at the top and bottom and at one side8 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,yes1 that's it4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,this is one of the most important papers ever read before this ,association1 and that is because the success of nut growing anywhere is absolutely conditioned on our knowledge of propagation4 ,if the propagation of nut trees were as easy as the propagation of apple and peach trees1 we would probably now have in the north as many orchards of good nut trees as of apple and peach trees4 ,any one who has tried this budding of nut trees will1 ,i am sure1 appreciate the difficulties that ,professor ,hutt has described and the pains he has taken in telling us about them4 ,this is the beginning of the demonstrations in propagating4 ,they will be continued tomorrow2 we will have then three or four of the most expert grafters and budders in the country1 perhaps1 who will give further demonstrations4 ,i would like to ask ,professor ,hutt a question4 ,i noticed that in putting in some ,persian walnut buds this summer1 all died except a couple where the tops accidentally broke off4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,that is explained by the illustration ,i gave of the wind blowing off all the shoots4 ,every one that was blown off lived even though some were badly torn4 ,it was simply forcing the cambium at that point where it was needed4 ,mr4 ,roper had an experience of that kind4 ,illustration3 ,w4 ,n4 ,,roper ,vice-,president ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,,mr4 ,,roper3 ,we put buds on stock that was not very active1 so the trees were cut back to six inches above the bud1 forcing all the growth into the bud1 and ,i suppose #ie per cent of those buds lived2 on the trees not cut back the buds did not live4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,you have spoken about soaking the scions in cold water2 does not that injure the buds8 ,we have been told heretofore that keeping the scions in water started the cells into activity and rendered them less likely to grow2 but perhaps that referred particularly to scions for grafting rather than budding4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,i would like to ask ,mr4 ,wiggins that question1 he is a specialist4 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,one of the dangers in keeping bud wood is that of keeping it in too much moisture4 ,it does not require much to keep the bud plump4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i understand the reason for soaking is simply to allow the bud to be taken off4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,yes4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,in our experience the soaking of wood does not injure it for budding1 but it does for grafting4 ,you can soak the wood for budding all you want to1 we have soaked it until the top bud came out4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i am interested in knowing about this special wax cloth4 ,can it be used also in grafting8 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,the other is much cheaper for that purpose4 ,to just cover the thing up and exclude the air is all that is necessary in grafting4 ,liquid wax--four of rosin1 four of tallow and two of beeswax--gives excellent results1 but for budding purposes it is absolutely essential to have good clean wax1 and for our purposes we have never found anything but pure beeswax would answer4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,there is a substance called white wax which pharmacists use in making toilet preparations--purified beeswax4 ,it is pure white4 ,is that any advantage8 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,i would not use it4 ,it contains some paraffine4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,it should consist of purified and bleached beeswax only4 ,it is more expensive than the ordinary beeswax4 ,read by title4 ,,unusual ,,methods ,,of ,,propagating ,,nut ,,trees ,,dr4 ,,robert ,t4 ,,morris1 ,,new ,,york ,,city ,with the exception of the chestnut and the almond1 much difficulty has been experienced in propagating most of the nut trees of temperate latitudes by budding or by grafting4 ,this appears to be largely due to the slow formation of callus which is to make new cell connection between the cambium layers of host and of guest4 ,in southern regions of the ,united ,states the union occurs much more readily than in the north4 ,my experiments have been made chiefly with reference to developing methods of propagating nut trees in the north4 ,all of the usual methods common among nurserymen have been practically failures1 but certain unusual methods seem to promise success4 ,one unusual method which was suggested at last year's meeting by our member ,mr4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 has given a good proportion of catches4 ,this consists in using wood which is more than one year old for scions4 ,some of the scions of shagbark hickory from wood four1 five1 and even six years of age have caught4 ,the chief difficulty has consisted in starting the buds of this old wood 7latent buds7 before vigorous sprouts from the stock diverted all the sap4 ,it has been necessary to give much attention to the removal of these vigorous stock sprouts4 ,i seem to have made the observation that if a small side branch from old wood carries a large terminal bud1 this bud will start promptly when old wood constitutes the rest of the scion4 ,a method which ,i employed for the first time this year1 which appears to have resulted in securing union between stock and scion1 has been employed between different species of hickory trees4 ,it belongs among the inarching methods in classification4 ,it seemed probable that if a scion were to be supplied with sufficient water to prevent drying out1 in advance of granulation-cell connection1 we might meet with success4 ,the first line of experimentation with this idea in mind was conducted last year4 ,the scion when grafted upon the stock was deprived of its top bud1 and a small test tube filled with water and fitted with a rubber cap was adjusted over the site previously occupied by the top bud4 ,this in practical working really did keep the cells of the scion alive and in good condition for a long time1 but there was always a tendency for the water to become impure because of the growth of various algae and other microbes4 ,evidently the water when used in this way helped to furnish a balance between the negative and the positive sap pressures which occur under changing conditions of barometer and temperature1 and which are influential in the matter of cellular repair4 ,the introduction of germicides into the water of the test tube prevented the development of adventitious organic life1 but at the same time seemed to interfere with normal cell activity at the junction of stock and scion4 ,illustration3 ,dr4 ,morris's march method of grafting with balanced aquarium4 #a4 ,point of union to be covered with grafting wax after binding with raffia4 #b4 ,loose plug of moss to lessen evaporation4 #c4 ,a living water plant4 ,the aquarium is made out of an ordinary large test tube4 ,any small bottle would do as well4 ,this method served a purpose in advancing our knowledge of the subject1 but not enough grafts caught to encourage me greatly4 ,following out the same line of thought1 ,i began this year by making union between stock and scion according to inarch principles4 ,the scion instead of remaining attached to its parent plant1 according to former inarching method1 had been transferred to the stock1 leaving two or three inches of scion free below the point of grafting1 as illustrated in the drawing4 ,the proximal part of the scion was then inserted into a test tube containing water4 ,in this case1 as with placing the test tube at the top of the scion1 difficulty was found in preventing the growth of microrganisms in the water4 ,the addition of benzoate of soda1 borax1 boracic acid1 and sulphate of copper1 while preventing the development of microrganisms1 seemed also to be objectionable to the physiologic processes of the plant4 ,it occurred to me that the principle of the balanced aquarium might be applied1 and acting upon this idea specimens of a pond weed 7,utricularia7 were introduced into the test tubes4 ,this seemed to settle the water question completely1 but it was well along in the summer before ,i made grafts and applied this principle4 ,from one to four leaves1 or parts of leaves1 were left upon grafts which were applied to stocks according to this new inarching method4 ,all of these leaves remained green until autumn1 and fell with other autumn leaves of the stock4 ,two specimens which ,i have cut away for examination seemed to show a very good union between stock and scion4 ,i am presenting a description of the new inarching method promptly1 before obtaining more extensive statistics1 in order that members of this society may apply it experimentally next spring4 ,should it succeed according to present promise1 it will allow nurserymen at least two months of grafting season1 and they will not have to rush their work4 ,in addition it will perhaps open up a method of grafting which may be employed freely with nut trees in the northern states4 ,another unusual method for propagating nut trees consists in facilitating the development of adventitious buds from the roots of some particularly desirable tree4 ,i do not know at the present time how many species of nut trees will develop adventitious root buds1 as my experiments have been confined to roots of the shagbark hickory1 beech1 and hazel4 ,segments of roots of these three species when placed in sand1 allowing an inch or so to protrude1 will develop adventitious buds if they are kept warm and moist4 ,various lengths of root segments have been employed1 ranging from two or three inches up to two or three feet4 ,the beech and hazel will apparently start adventitious buds from almost any sort of root segment2 but in the shagbark hickory1 adventitious buds started best upon root segments which were more than six inches in length and more than half an inch in diameter4 ,hazels may be propagated in an unusual way from the cuttings of branches1 very much like roses1 if these cuttings are placed in sand and kept warm and moist1 although they do not strike nearly so readily as rose cuttings4 ,i have not given much attention to this experiment in its practical bearing1 but have simply observed that hazel cuttings will strike roots if they are particularly well cared for4 ,experiments with hickories and with walnuts from branch cuttings were a failure1 but they remained alive so well and formed such good callus1 that ,i believe someone with steam-heated hot-house beds at his disposal may by experimentation succeed in propagating some of these trees by cuttings1 particularly from herbaceous growth of the year1 in ,august4 ,as an amateur plant physiologist ,i foresee what the more scientific plant physiologists may do for this subject4 ,one unusual method for propagating nut trees may perhaps be described more correctly as a method for propagating unusual nut trees1 and it opens a vista of distant horizon in horticulture4 ,the discovery was due to an accident1 and ,i claim no credit beyond recognizing the significance of an odd phenomenon4 ,three years ago some pistillate chinkapin flowers which had been covered with paper bags1 were left unpollenized because ,i did not have pollen enough to go round4 ,the bags were left in place because ,i was busy with other things4 ,when these bags were removed at the end of about three weeks1 it was found that the flowers had set a full complement of nuts without having received pollen4 ,these nuts continued to develop and were fertile4 ,some of them presented a peculiarity in growth of the cotyledons and germ1 both of which grew and protruded beyond the involuere before the nuts were ripe1 indicating that the germ had not come to a state of rest during its usual period in the nut4 ,this freak appeared in only eight of the nuts1 a larger number having normally resting germs4 ,in all of these nuts it seemed to me we were probably dealing with parthenogenesis4 ,in order to make sure that no pollen had been carried in by any sort of insect1 ,i made check experiments last year1 covering pistillate flowers so carefully that there could be no question about their having received no pollen4 ,it was found that the chinkapin would develop nuts freely in this way1 and that the bitternut hickory1 shagbark hickory1 and pignut 7,hicoria glabra7 would develop nuts sparingly in this way4 ,i speak of the matter as parthenogenesis in advance of microscopic examination of the ovules1--which will be made next year2 but parthenogenesis seems to be the most likely explanation4 ,if this is the case1 the embryo has not been formed by the conjugation of two gametes1 as generally occurs in the algae and higher plants4 ,it is possible that the embryo in the unpollenized chinkapins does not originate from the female gamete at all1 but that it originates from a formative budding of other cells in the ovule4 ,we can speak of parthenogenesis only when the embryo originates from a female gamete alone1 i4 e41 without fusing of protoplasmic mass of the female gamete with protoplasmic mass of the male gamete4 ,some of the nuts which ,i am calling parthenogens have developed plants this year4 ,the chief peculiarity to be observed is great disparity in size between plants of the same age from the same parent tree4 ,some of them grow very much more rapidly than the average plant of the species1 and others less rapidly when subjected to similar conditions of soil1 temperature and moisture4 ,we assume in biology that one of nature's objects in having two sexes is to prevent early senescence of the allotment of protoplasm for a species1 and to avoid undue intensification of characteristics of one parent4 ,this is apparently nature's device for maintaining a mean type4 ,for man's purposes we may now make artificial selection of individual plants which represent intensification of desirable characteristics of one parent4 ,the growing of trees from unfertilized ovules will apparently open an entirely new field in horticulture1 and no one can prophesy the result of selection of trees which present intensification of desirable characteristics of a single parent through several successive generations4 ,,the ,,possibilities ,,of ,,nut ,,culture ,,in ,,utah ,,leon ,d4 ,,batchelor1 ,,utah ,i suppose the majority of you have very little or no idea of agricultural conditions in ,utah4 ,perhaps some think it is a desert4 ,when ,i went to ,utah1 three or four years ago1 the first thing that struck my mind forcibly in traveling around through the state was the absolute lack of any nuts4 ,being born and brought up in ,massachusetts1 ,i naturally noticed this1 as one of the pleasures of my boyhood days consisted in gathering chestnuts1 hickory nuts1 hazelnuts and beechnuts4 ,we found them all around the fence corners and pastures and in the woods1 and ,i missed this in ,utah1 and it occurred to me immediately to look up the cause of the lack of nuts in the state and ,i found no good reason except that nature has not seen fit to plant nuts there4 ,there is no reason in climatic or soil conditions which will make it impossible to grow many of the hardier nuts1 and even1 in the southern part of the state1 to grow almonds and the tenderest walnuts4 ,climatic conditions are not unlike some of the best fruit sections in ,new ,york4 ,peaches and apples are grown successfully and as soon as you get down to the central and southern part of the state1 many of the hardier ,european grapes are grown4 ,in the extreme southern part you can grow any of the ,european grapes grown in ,california1 so nothing in the way of climatic conditions exists which would prevent the development of nut growing in this state4 ,the soil conditions vary widely1 all the way from the sandy loams to the deep soils and gravels1 and it is possible to find thousands of acres of deep1 rich loam soil4 ,some of it is five to twenty-five feet deep4 ,of course the rainfall in that semi-arid region is insufficient for nuts but that can be supplemented by irrigation water1 so that is practically no disadvantage4 ,since ,i have been there ,i have tried to interest some of the fruit growers in the planting of a few different varieties of the hardier nuts1 and ,i have distributed among them some of the walnuts and this year ,i am bringing in some of the old shagbark hickory nuts from ,massachusetts1 and ,i am going to distribute them among my friends and acquaintances there to be used to raise shade trees--trees around the home and pastures--and ,i find there is considerable interest manifested in the last few years in nut planting4 ,the nut industry has a little mite of a start there in a way--that is1 there are a few seedling trees distributed from ,logan on the north to ,arizona on the south4 ,seedling ,persian walnuts fruit from ,brigham ,city on through ,salt ,lake and ,provo1 and practically all of the nuts that are produced there in the state are of seedling origin4 ,it is reasonable to expect that some of the best grafted varieties will be very much better4 ,it seems to me that the state has every natural condition for success in the production of nuts4 ,if not in a commercial way we can do a great deal to our advantage in planting nut trees as shade trees4 ,i simply want to let you know that there is a man out there in the mountain section who is interested in nuts and going to help the cause along4 ,,the ,,diseases ,,of ,,nut ,,trees ,m4 ,b4 ,,waite1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,in taking up the question of nut diseases it is hardly proper1 perhaps1 to take too narrow a view of it and ,i will1 therefore1 mention some of the other work being done here in ,washington that is of interest to the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association4 ,you all know of the pomological work being done on nuts1 and ,i hardly need mention the work now being carried on by ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 a member of this association4 ,it might be well to remind you that the work was started by ,mr4 ,van ,deman some twenty-five years ago1 and continued by ,mr4 ,corsa1 and a report was issued some fifteen years ago4 ,it was taken up later by ,mr4 ,william ,a4 ,taylor4 ,the plant introduction work of ,mr4 ,d4 ,g4 ,fairchild should be mentioned4 ,he is scouring the world for new nuts of all kinds for the northern and southern1 eastern and western ,united ,states1 and introducing them into this country4 ,the diseases of those nuts are studied by ,mr4 ,orton in the ,cotton ,truck ,division of our department4 ,outside of the ,bureau of ,plant ,industry also there is some work being done on nut trees4 ,the insects attacking cultivated nuts are studied by ,professor ,a4 ,l4 ,quaintance1 of the ,bureau of ,entomology1 along with the deciduous fruit insects4 ,the insects attacking forest nut trees are studied by ,dr4 ,hopkins of the same ,bureau in the laboratory that studies the forest insects4 ,of course the nut trees1 as forest trees1 are studied in the ,forest ,service about which you all know4 ,one thing more that ,i would like to say1 in way of explanation or apology1 is in regard to criticism of the ,department for not more thoroughly attacking the filbert blight4 ,only forty-five thousand dollars are appropriated by ,congress for the investigation of the entire fruit disease problem of the ,united ,states4 ,that includes the great citrus industry2 everything1 in fact1 from cranberries on ,cape ,cod and the mouth of the ,columbia ,river to grape fruit in ,florida or apples in ,new ,york4 ,it includes the subject of all the nut diseases1 and that means the problem of the diseases of the pecan1 of walnut bacteriosis--that is a big problem--in southern ,california1 and more or less in other parts of ,california1 our great apple industry1 the peach yellows1 the pear blight1 etc4 ,when it comes to parceling that out it only leaves about three thousand dollars for nut diseases1 and thirty-five hundred dollars for studying diseases of citrus fruits1 so you must not be surprised that we cannot put a group of men on this problem and study it as it should be studied4 ,it is a question of men and means4 ,perhaps now some general information might be of interest and set you to thinking4 ,in the first place in every disease problem1 conspicuously so with our fruit and nut diseases1 there are two main classes of plants to be considered1 our native plants and the foreign plants4 ,the pathologist is always looking to the native origin of a plant in studying its adaptation to the environment in which it is attempted to be grown4 ,a foreign plant may not necessarily be unadapted to another locality4 ,the vinifera grape is thoroughly adapted to ,california and to much of the ,pacific slope beyond the ,rocky ,mountains1 but you know the vinifera grape has a hard struggle in other parts of the ,united ,states4 ,this is not only a pathological problem but a physiological one4 ,it cannot stand a soaking rain for two weeks at a time2 it cannot stand so much water and humidity but it wants dry1 hot sunshine continuously from the time it puts out its leaves in the spring4 ,another phase still more interesting is the question of foreign parasites4 ,many of the worst diseases with which we have to contend are either native diseases attacking introduced plants1 or foreign diseases attacking native plants4 ,i will take that up in detail4 ,nature has fought the battle all out with the native parasites against the native host plants1 so we don't have to do it4 ,it's a case of the survival of the fittest4 ,they have won1 so when we are dealing with native plants against our native diseases1 we have a condition that has been fought out in nature for nobody knows how many thousand years4 ,the result is that unless we disturb the balance too much by cultivating great orchards of a thing that has been grown as scattered individuals1 or overforcing it or selecting and breeding towards larger fruit without any regard to foliage and other characters we can go ahead with our breeding and selection and cultivation and trust nature to keep the balance to some extent4 ,we have this natural balance in our favor in dealing with the problem of cultivating native plants4 ,as an example take the pear and apple blight4 ,the pear blight problem is one in which a native parasite on wild crab apples1 which occasionally kills a few twigs here and there1 attacks the juicy1 tender1 susceptible1 introduced ,european pear and makes a very serious disease4 ,it is a fight indeed to grow it in so much of the country that pear culture has been very largely suppressed over the eastern half of the ,united ,states and part of the ,pacific coast4 ,all this trouble has been caused by one little native microbe4 ,apple culture also1 with certain varieties1 has been seriously interfered with in some sections4 ,the apple cedar rust is probably the most striking example of a native parasite attacking a foreign host that we know of1 and particularly so as the remarkable evolution in which the parasite has adjusted itself to the new host is taking place right now every year4 ,the apple cedar rust is becoming a more difficult problem clear across the eastern ,united ,states to ,nebraska4 ,it has occurred as a serious disease since #aije to #aijg4 ,as a botanical curiosity we have known it a long time1 but as a serious disease1 it is very recent1 and nobody knows yet how serious it is going to be4 ,we have a very striking example of this introduction of a foreign plant and the plant being attacked by a native parasite1 in the case of the filbert blight1 and ,i am going to take that up later4 ,the trouble is that we have brought into the ,united ,states a ,european filbert and it has been attacked by a parasite of our wild hazelnuts4 ,the disease is very rare and is seldom seen on the wild hazelnut1--so rare that it was hardly known by scientific botanists1 and yet it interferes with filbert culture in the eastern ,united ,states and is the one thing more than anything else to make filbert culture unprofitable4 ,we have practically the same proposition in the walnut bacteriosis1 not only in the northeastern ,united ,states1 but in the best walnut districts of ,california4 ,this bacterial disease which is undoubtedly a disease of our native walnuts--probably the native black walnut--occurs rather rarely1 and so feebly developed as to be difficult to find at all on its native host yet it becomes the great serious disease of the ,old ,world cultivated walnut4 ,now1 there again1 it is not so much a lack of physiological adaptability1 because the walnut is thoroughly adapted to our ,pacific coast4 ,i suppose most of you know that east of the ,rocky ,mountains1 east of the ,great ,plains1 we have a humid climate and winters more or less cold which corresponds1 not with western ,europe1 not with ,germany1 ,england1 ,spain1 ,france and ,italy1 but with ,china and ,japan1 with ,asia1 in its climatic conditions4 ,the result is the ,chinese and ,japanese trees brought to the eastern ,united ,states grow well but may grow indifferently in ,california4 ,on the other hand1 the plants of the ,mediterranean1 ,france1 ,germany1 ,italy and ,spain do not1 as a rule1 thrive when introduced into the eastern ,united ,states4 ,there are a few exceptions1 like the apple and perhaps the peach4 ,these are not really natives of western ,europe1 but have been brought from the interior4 ,they are more like the ,japanese and ,chinese plants which came in by way of ,persia and which have been slowly adjusted to the conditions of western ,europe4 ,that adjustment has gone so far that the ,persian type of peach does better on the ,pacific coast than in the ,east4 ,we are breeding a race of these fruits from ,china1 the ,chinese cling group1 which does well in the eastern part of the ,united ,states1 and we have from there a peach that is better for the country east of the ,rocky ,mountains than the ones that have been modified in ,europe4 ,now take the other side of this question1 the foreign parasite--that is very unfortunate thing--over which we do not always have the control that we do with the foreign host4 ,an equal disturbance of nature takes place when we introduce a foreign parasite1 whether it is from a similar climatic region or one not so similar4 ,the chestnut blight is a tremendous example of that sort of thing4 ,this has come into prominence within a decade and it is one of the greatest problems in the pathology of the chestnut4 ,that has turned out to be a ,chinese parasite4 ,it was found last summer by the agricultural explorer1 ,mr4 ,myers1 but the fungus was studied out by ,dr4 ,shear4 ,the three great ,american parasites of our native grapes are the black rot1 the downy mildew and the ,phylloxera1 an insect pest1 and they caused a great amount of study and work and investigation and great expense when they were introduced into ,france and ,south ,germany and ,italian vineyards1 and were fought out only by what might be considered a magnificent effort on the part of the ,european governments1 especially ,france4 ,on our native wild grapes those diseases are almost trivial1 and the wild seedlings in the woods are practically immune1 but when we cultivate them and select the tenderer varieties1 the black rot is pretty bad1 especially on the ,concord1 and particularly when that is hybridized with grapes of ,european blood4 ,nevertheless1 we have cultivated them in order to get the large juicy fruits4 ,there are many more examples of this sort4 ,now about the cultivated nuts4 ,i wish ,i could tell you how much ,i think of the native nuts4 ,i grew up in ,northern ,illinois and could go out on a day like this and gather two or three bushels of hickory nuts4 ,how ,i enjoyed the black walnut1 especially when it was just shriveled so it would leave the shell--it got rather too rich when it was dried and stale in the winter time--but how delicious it was when just wilted6 ,also there was the butternut and the wild hazelnut4 ,i used to take a one-horse wagon into the woods on a ,saturday and gather enough hazelnuts in the shucks to fill it2 then we had hazelnuts all winter4 ,so ,i am in full sympathy with the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association and ,i would like to see those nuts grown1 if not wild in the woods1 at least in cultivation4 ,there might be a few things of interest to you about the wild hickory nut4 ,according to ,farlow's ,index of ,north ,american fungi of twenty-five years ago1 there have been thirty-seven species of fungi collected on that tree4 ,probably there are twice that number as a matter of fact1 but mycologists have collected1 described and named thirty-seven species on the ,hickoria ovata1 the plain shagbark1 and the other hickories have similar numbers4 ,the pecan has only three named species in ,farlow's ,index1 but ,mr4 ,rand has got together three times as many ,i think--,i am not sure of the number4 ,of the pecan diseases1 the pecan scab is probably the most conspicuous fungus trouble4 ,the pecan scab is the most typical fungus parasite of the pecan4 ,it attacks the leaves1 fruit1 etc4 ,it attacks the vessels or veins of the leaves and frequently enters by means of aphis punctures which break the skin so that there is no doubt but that this particular disease is favored by an aphis4 ,we have investigated this disease quite carefully and carried on a series of spraying experiments for some three years and there is no doubt about our ability to control it4 ,it can be prevented by spraying with ,bordeaux mixture4 ,you never can tell how many sprayings will be required4 ,it may take three to ten sprayings to protect the nuts4 ,the leaves are grown mostly within a month--the leaves are pushed out within thirty days and you can spray those leaves and protect them4 ,the weak point in the treatment is that the nut of the pecan grows steadily from the time it starts to way into ,september4 ,this makes a hard problem in spraying as the nut keeps expanding and forming a new and unprotected surface for an unreasonably long season and they are susceptible to scab attacks all the time1 so you have the problem of spraying the nuts all summer4 ,the spray does not stick very well on the nuts4 ,the result is that we advise dodging that parasite by planting the non-susceptible kinds2 it is much better and cheaper4 ,it is certainly an encouraging thing that you can plant good varieties1 that do not scab badly1 and which at the very most require but two or three sprayings to protect them entirely1 and in a great majority of cases1 no spraying at all4 ,those already are the great nuts in cultivation1 like the ,stuart1 the ,schley and the ,frotscher4 ,most of those good varieties will be occasionally attacked by scab because of a wet season1 just as a variety of apple which is very resistant to apple scab is occasionally attacked by that disease4 ,the pecan has quite a number of leaf-spot fungi and most of those we have tested by spraying4 ,these experiments have been made in the nursery where it is more convenient to spray and where the necessity is1 perhaps1 a little more pronounced1 and there it is1 undoubtedly1 a proper practice to spray and fight out the pecan leaf diseases4 ,bordeaux mixture is the thing to be used on all occasions4 ,the pecan resists copper poisoning almost as well as the grape and can be sprayed with safety4 ,if a pecan tree has crown gall don't plant it4 ,all nursery trees should be rejected in planting if they show signs of this disease4 ,the pecan has fungus root-rot and various wood rot fungi besides the leaf diseases4 ,it also has several other troubles more or less serious4 ,occasionally in the pecan groves you will find these remarkably white mildewed nuts4 ,that gives way to spraying4 ,another disease is an internal spot on the kernel which ,mr4 ,rand has been working on and which seems to be due to a fungus4 ,we don't know how to prevent that yet4 ,the pecan has a fungus attacking it that is very similar to the bitter rot of the apple4 ,the pecan anthracnose looks like the bitter rot1 has the same pink spore masses and you will be able to recognize it4 ,that may be prevented by spraying1 but it is1 fortunately1 not a serious disease4 ,the northern nut grower will not have so much trouble with that1 as it is a southern disease4 ,here is a physiological trouble that causes blackening of the young nuts on the inside4 ,it appears to me to be due mainly to wet weather1 but ,i don't know its exact nature4 ,it came primarily on a pecan raised in the semi-arid section of ,texas and brought into ,south ,carolina1 and by the way you can get as much trouble in adapting trees from the western to the eastern ,united ,states as in bringing in trees from other countries4 ,in parts of semi-arid ,texas the trees are supplied with moisture by sub-irrigation and when we move those pecans to the humid ,east we get almost as much non-adjustment as when we bring in foreign things4 ,i would suggest that these pecans from western ,texas are the very ones to take to ,utah and ,california rather than those from the eastern part of the ,united ,states4 ,they are adjusted to dry seasons with moisture at their roots and you will get the best results from them when grown under irrigation4 ,i will now take up the walnut1 ,juglans nigra1 the common black walnut4 ,there are twenty species of fungi which are known to attack it4 ,quite a good many of these attack the twigs and cause them to die1 and probably half are leaf diseases4 ,one1 commonly called white rust1 a disease of the leaves1 attracts mycologists in collecting1 but it has never been of serious economic importance4 ,now1 as to the butternut1 ,juglans cinerea4 ,it has about nineteen species of fungi known to attack it1 but probably many more will be found when the nut is thoroughly studied4 ,juglans regia1 the cultivated ,persian walnut1 has only about twelve species of fungi recorded from it in this country4 ,there are1 undoubtedly1 more to be found4 ,of these fungi the walnut bacteriosis1 caused by a bacterial germ is more important than all the rest of the parasites put together we can easily say4 ,the ,california walnut bacteriosis has turned up at various points in the ,east4 ,the twig blight form of this disease is also prevalent in various states4 ,the walnut blight or bacteriosis is therefore to be figured with in planting the ,persian walnut in the ,east4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,is it worse or better here than in ,california8 ,,professor ,,waite3 ,there have not been enough walnuts grown here in groves to allow the disease to accumulate--to have a fair test for that1 ,professor ,smith4 ,i don't believe we know2 but it is1 undoubtedly1 a parasite of our native black walnuts4 ,it occurs in ,texas and ,louisiana1 and ,i think we have it in or near ,buffalo1 ,n4 ,y41 and in ,new ,jersey1 so if ,i were planting extensively ,i should expect that disease to be serious4 ,that would be my forecast of the matter4 ,the humidity and the cloudy weather in the ,east ought to be more favorable to the disease than the climate of ,california4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,for that reason ,i should think the disease would work fast in the ,gulf ,coast4 ,,professor ,,waite3 ,yes1 those specimens of yours seem to show a very serious condition4 ,we must not pass over the chestnut without noting that there are thirty species of fungi attacking it1 and that does not include the new one1 the bad one1 the chestnut bark disease4 ,the filbert blight belongs with the diseases of the ,european grape and sweet cherry4 ,the filbert is an example of a ,european plant introduced into the eastern ,united ,states attacked by a native parasite which almost drives it out of cultivation4 ,in fact1 there are so few filberts in cultivation even now that if we were trying to plan a spraying experiment on them we would not know where to find a plantation suitable for carrying on the experiment4 ,if any of you know of any such plantations ,i would like you to let me know about them4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,we will have some in two or three years4 ,,professor ,,waite3 ,here is a sample of the filbert fungus taken from our pathological collection4 ,it shows the mature fruiting bodies of the fungus and it also shows that the twigs are killed4 ,this fungus is known as ,cryptosporella anomala4 ,it was described as ,diatrype anomala by ,peck of ,albany1 ,n4 ,y41 but was afterwards found to belong to another genus4 ,there have been two or three articles published on it1 the best one probably by ,humphrey in ,massachusetts4 ,i have an abstract of that which can be copied in the proceedings1 if you wish4 7,see ,appendix47 ,the fact that this ,cryptosporella is related to the black knot of the plum is an interesting feature2 and that it attacks the growing canes during the growing season and fruit during the fall and winter4 ,he suggests the treatment of removing all the infected branches during the fall and winter4 ,i would add to that1 complete eradication of all diseased branches of the host1 and they are rather easily seen1 in the fall as soon as the leaves are off--then a thorough spraying with strong ,bordeaux mixture1 at least #e-e-ej1 preferably stronger than that1 of course burning all the material that you cut out4 ,one is at a disadvantage if there are wild hazelnuts in the neighborhood4 ,how to handle that problem ,i am hardly prepared to state2 perhaps1 by eradication of the wild hazelnut in the vicinity4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i think that would be impossible in most regions4 ,,professor ,,waite3 ,mr4 ,kerr had his growing on the eastern shore on an island where there are no wild hazelnuts and they were not attacked by the fungus4 ,a ,,member3 ,they are all dead now4 ,,professor ,,waite3 ,the number of sprayings during a season is an undetermined question4 ,it will be necessary1 probably1 to spray two or three times4 ,you can certainly protect the two-year wood in that way by making a fall spraying and a spring spraying4 ,this will keep them thoroughly covered with ,bordeaux mixture but whether or not three or four sprayings are necessary remains to be tested4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,are any varieties of ,european hazels immune8 ,,professor ,,waite3 ,i have not studied them enough to answer that question4 ,i don't know4 ,they all seem to go down4 ,perhaps ,dr4 ,deming can answer4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i don't know4 ,,professor ,,waite3 ,i think that is all ,i want to say1 except one thing1 and that is about the physiological aspect of these1 diseases4 ,i touched upon that phase in discussing the matter of environment in the introduction of foreigners to places where they are not adapted4 ,in some particular seasons and circumstances even the native trees suffer4 ,one type of injury which has caused great trouble with the ,english walnuts and pecans1 and also with apple trees and has also caused trouble with our native red oaks1 is freezing when the trees are in a non-resistant condition4 ,there is an example of this within three minutes' walk of this building4 ,here are the climatic and temperature conditions that bring about disaster1 particularly if preceded by a dry season4 ,let us start with a dry season4 ,the season of #aiaa was conspicuously dry in this locality and the adjacent states of ,virginia1 ,west ,virginia and ,maryland1 but about the first of ,september the rains came4 ,up to that time even the native forest trees such as oaks and chestnuts showed the stress of lack of moisture very seriously and were somewhat yellow and pale looking1 mainly from water and nitrogen starvation4 ,when the rains came the wilted trees all greened up1 every tree in the parks brightened up1 and we had fine growing conditions until ,october and no cold weather up to ,new ,year's4 ,it was warm that fall and even on ,new ,year's day the warmth was noticeable4 ,on the #abth of ,january we had the record cold temperature for this locality in the history of the weather bureau1 except one year4 ,we had fifteen or seventeen below zero and it was as low as thirty-eight in low spots in the ,potomac ,valley in ,west ,virginia4 ,those trees had never been fully shocked into winter conditions4 ,the cambium growth and sap flow had not been stopped and the physiological changes needed to get the trees ready for cold weather had never occurred4 ,they were not ready1 not only as to the bark1 but in the trunk and wood4 ,the result was that the trees were seriously injured1 the less matured twigs died back1 and the trees were frozen on the trunks down to the ground line4 ,in the freeze of #aijd in ,new ,york ,i was surprised to find that the peach trees were not all killed4 ,they were frozen through and through and yet the trees did not die4 ,the question of winter injury hinges not alone on low temperature1 but it also depends on the condition which the tree has reached when the cold strikes it4 ,now1 to tell you still further about what that cold wave did1 ,i will ask you to look at that row of red oaks near the ,smithsonian which ,i just alluded to and see the big ribs of dead bark where the cambium layer has been shocked1 and checked in other places4 ,you will find these trees ribbed and ridged to about half way down the row4 ,those trees are subject to special disadvantages2 they lack subsoil drainage and they have an excess of manure draining down through the paving stones4 ,they have an excess of nitrogen and lack of drainage4 ,the subsoil is a heavy clay4 ,that brings up another thing that ,i want you to notice in regard to winter injury4 ,plant not only hardy varieties1 but select localities with good subsoil drainage4 ,the walnuts and hickories1 belonging to the two great families of juglans1 and the oaks and chestnuts1 want good subsoil drainage4 ,where the underlying rocks are vertical the conditions are ideal4 ,they do not like a heavy clay subsoil1 but do best where water and excess nitrogen can get away4 ,the general summary ,i want to make is this3 ,nut trees have a large number of fungus parasites4 ,in a few cases the native fungus parasites attack ,european or ,old ,world species and varieties to such an extent as to make very serious problems1 so much so that they can not be regarded as solved1 the walnut bacteriorosis and filbert blight being examples of these4 ,on the other hand1 most of the native fungus parasites of our native trees are not to be feared as enemies of these trees1 not only in the northeastern ,united ,states where this body is endeavoring to further a good cause1 but over the whole eastern ,united ,states4 ,these parasites in some cases may be serious enough to justify spraying and other lines of treatment1 especially in the nursery4 ,on the other hand1 considering the nature of nut trees and considering the results of work on the pecan scab1 the object of the nut grower should be to breed and select as far as possible resistant sorts1 to work on and select native species and hybrids particularly where the native trees will give the necessary hardiness1 immunity and resistance4 ,the outlook1 therefore1 is promising for the cultivated varieties of hickory nuts and walnuts that ,i know you are all working for4 ,foreign parasites are always dangerous4 ,this chestnut blight fungus comes into any such scheme as that like a bombshell4 ,when it comes to an introduced parasite like that we can not tell what will happen4 ,i thank you for your attention4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,i think everybody here will agree with me1 when you come to look over this list of amounts appropriated for work in nut culture investigation1 that there will be no further criticism of the ,department of ,agriculture from any member of the association for not doing more in the interests of the nut grower4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,we are all indebted to ,professor ,waite for his clear way of stating facts1 for resisting the temptation to give a technical talk and for enunciating principles of wide applicability4 ,this question of the blight on the hazel is a most important one for the northern nut growers4 ,mr4 ,reed was telling me yesterday about a man from ,california who went out near some city there and bought #aj acres of land at six hundred dollars an acre1 planted almonds and in a few years had the place paid for and was making a good income1 two or three thousand dollars a year from his ten acres of almonds4 ,we can do almost that in the ,east1 ,i believe1 if we can cultivate the ,european hazel4 ,if it were not for this blight1 we could have splendid crops of the hazel4 ,if the government would grant larger appropriations for nut culture investigations it might enable us to find a way to control this disease4 ,dr4 ,morris is breeding hazels1 however1 and hopes to get one which will be immune4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,it is a great pleasure to listen to a man who knows what he is talking about4 ,i figured out some years ago that ,i was going to be a teacher and ,i decided that ,i would like to have a chestnut farm also4 ,i got along very nicely1 planted my trees and then the chestnut blight came along1 and ,i regard the business1 at least as to profits1 as in abeyance4 ,we are in a period of particular danger from the importation of foreign plants2 we are bringing in perfectly innocent-looking things from other countries which are causing us great damage4 ,i want to suggest to any one here who wants to plant an orchard1 to plant two kinds of trees4 ,if my nut orchard had been planted with something besides chestnuts1 ,i would now have that something else4 ,i would suggest the possibility of having two things on the same ground--say chestnuts and ,english walnuts--so if the planter finds he cannot raise one he can still have the other4 ,then he will not be in the same place ,i am with my chestnuts4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,i understand we have ,mr4 ,fullerton of ,long ,island here1 and we would be pleased to have him give us some of his experiences4 ,illustration3 ,,dr4 ,,william ,,champion ,,deming ,secretary-,treasurer of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association ,,mr4 ,,fullerton3 ,i just came in to see what you folks are doing and ,i don't think ,i can pose as a nut expert4 ,i live on an island that has a great many varieties of nuts on it that have become native4 ,we have quite a plantation of hazelnuts2 nobody knows who planted them4 ,they are used by nurserymen to fill orders4 ,also quite a plantation of magnolias which came from the ,south a couple of hundred years ago4 ,they are thoroughly acclimated4 ,we have also some of the very largest--and ,i am going to catch it here because ,i have never used a tape line--we have some of the very largest and oldest of the ,persian walnuts in the ,united ,states1 which produce annually a big crop of the so-called ,english walnuts4 ,the trees produce the largest walnut ,i have ever seen1 with the thinnest shell4 ,they have been there about one hundred and fifty1 two hundred and fifty or three hundred years4 ,they are very large1 larger than the black walnuts4 ,whether they were planted or not ,i don't know4 ,their history is probably this3 ,long ,island was a sea-faring community a few hundred years ago4 ,these sailors who went out from the island1 some of them1 loved nuts and they would bring back from other countries nuts or other plants1 and now we have a most remarkable mess of trees4 ,we have planted the ,japanese walnut1 ,i don't pretend to know which variety1 and it began yielding the third year and has yielded every year since1 bearing nuts in bunches like grapes4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,is it a heart-shaped nut8 ,,mr4 ,,fullerton3 ,yes4 ,we have some pecans and some almonds4 ,against the advice of everybody we planted some almond trees2 they started to bear in their third year4 ,the trees are one solid mass of glorious big red blossoms every spring4 ,they bear very heavily and have for three distinct seasons4 ,hard winter or easy winter1 nothing has affected their bloom and they have never had a particle of ,san ,jos scale until this year4 ,the almond grows all over the island4 ,also the pecan4 ,i planted five varieties of pecans and they are still living and growing very slowly4 ,they have been moved three or four times4 ,last year we planted seven varieties including the ,van ,deman and the ,stuart and one ,indiana variety4 ,one of these trees died and the others were killed back1 but they have sent up big shoots4 ,two years ago an old fellow came up from the middle of the island to see if our pecan trees were the same kind as his4 ,his story was very remarkable4 ,he didn't know anything about trees4 ,he went into town one day and got interested in pecans and bought all the different kinds he could find1 all the different shapes4 ,he didn't care what they were--didn't care whether they came from ,canada or ,mexico--he was the kind of a man who would plant bananas1--and he planted all those pecans and he told me that every one of them grew4 ,he said they all produced nuts4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,the first ,persian walnut nursery ever established in the ,united ,states was at ,flushing1 ,long ,island4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,i should like to ask how old and how big are the pecan trees that are bearing8 ,,mr4 ,,fullerton3 ,i think he said seven or eight years4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,the insect question is one of great interest4 ,professor ,quaintance can give us a good insight into the insects that attack pecan and other nut trees4 ,,insects ,,injurious ,,to ,,nut ,,trees ,a4 ,l4 ,,quaintance1 ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,i have not very much to say because we have not yet accumulated much information on the subject of nut insects4 ,i am glad to appear before you1 however1 and to assure you that attention is being given to the insect enemies of nuts by the ,department4 ,we are not nearly so far advanced in the subject1 however1 as ,professor ,waite1 since our specific study of nut insects began only1 this last spring4 ,at that time we established a laboratory in the ,south1 especially to study pecan insects1 as the demand for information concerning these pests has been very strong4 ,the ,bureau of ,entomology1 however1 for a number of years1 has published more or less on nut insects1 as opportunity offered1 and ,i think ,i should call your attention to a few of the papers treating of nut insects1 and which ,i recommend that you obtain1 if possible3 ,the ,nut ,feeding ,habits of the ,codling ,moth1 ,bulletin #hj1 ,part #e1 ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,the ,fall ,webworm1 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the ,white-,marked ,tussock ,moth1 ,farmers' ,bulletin #ii1 ,u4 ,s4 ,department of ,agriculture4 ,the ,bag ,worm1 ,circular #ig1 ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,the ,apple-,tree ,tent ,caterpillar1 ,circular #ih1 ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,nut ,weevils1 ,circular #ii1 ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,the ,red ,spider1 ,circular #ajd1 ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,the ,leopard ,moth1 ,circular #aji1 ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,the ,walnut ,borer1 ,fifth ,report1 ,u4 ,s4 ,entomological ,commission1 page #cbi4 ,the ,oak ,pruner1 ,circular #acj1 ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,insects ,injurious to ,pecans1 ,bulletin #hf1 ,mississippi ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,insects of the ,pecan1 ,bulletin #gi1 ,florida ,agricultural ,experiment ,station4 ,the ,walnut ,weevil or ,curculio1 ,twelfth ,report1 ,state ,entomologist of ,connecticut1 page #bdj4 ,the ,walnut ,bud-,moth1 ,twelfth ,report1 ,state ,entomologist of ,connecticut1 page #bec4 ,the above list will furnish information on most of the important nut insects thus far known4 ,inasmuch1 however1 as the walnut1 pecan1 etc41 are native trees1 it is probable that when these nuts are cultivated they will be attacked by many of the insects which prey upon them in nature4 ,this we have found to be true to a considerable extent in the case of the pecan4 ,many of the pests of hickory1 for instance1 are becoming important enemies of the pecan4 ,we have few requests for information as to the insect enemies of the hazelnut or filbert1 practically none as to the almond4 ,i surmise that there is comparatively little injury to the two former crops in the ,united ,states1 and that in the case of the almond it is largely free from insect pests4 ,the secretary has suggested that ,i make reference particularly to the insect enemies of the walnut4 ,we have had complaints of severe injury to walnuts in ,california from the codling moth and walnut aphids4 ,in this state and in the arid sections where walnuts are commercially grown1 the codling moth1 the well-known apple pest1 has turned its attention to the walnut1 and under some conditions does serious injury4 ,if walnuts are growing adjacent to pears1 the marketing of the crop1 which occurs about the time the second brood of larv is at its height1 deprives these insects of further food and they turn their attention to the walnut4 ,the walnut plant lice in ,california have just been investigated by an agent of the ,bureau of ,entomology and we now have a paper in press on these insects4 ,we think it probable that spraying will be a satisfactory remedy where the trees are not too large4 ,in the ,east injury is confined largely to certain caterpillars infesting the foliage1 as the white-marked tussock moth1 the fall webworm1 a species of ,datana1 and occasionally reports of severe injury from red spider are received4 ,rather recently a good deal of interest has been aroused in the so-called walnut curculio by reason of its attacking the shoots and leaf petioles of the ,japanese walnut4 ,it attacks also other species of walnut1 including the ,english walnut and the butternut4 ,this pest has been well treated by ,doctor ,britton in his report as ,state ,entomologist of ,connecticut for #aiab4 ,while pecans are perhaps not of particular interest to growers of nuts in the ,northern ,states1 yet brief reference will be made to some of the insect enemies of the pecan4 ,there are two excellent publications on this subject1 as indicated in the list of titles above4 ,i should urge all interested in nut culture to obtain these papers1 since some of the insects treated are quite general feeders and may be expected to occur on most all varieties of nuts4 ,the secretary also has asked that reference be made to the hickory bark beetle4 ,this is essentially a forest insect and has been treated by ,doctor ,hopkins in ,circular #add of the ,bureau of ,entomology4 ,attention should be called to an insect rather recently introduced into the ,new ,england ,states1 which will probably attack nut crops1 namely1 the so-called leopard moth1 already indicated in the list of titles on nut insects4 ,this pest will prove a difficult one to control1 as it infests the trunk and larger limbs4 ,the whole question of the control of nut insects is complicated by the often enormous size of the trees1 so that operations1 effective in the control of insects1 say affecting the apple1 are not entirely practical4 ,it is a point to be determined whether it will be profitable to spray large nut trees1 such as the pecan4 ,in some instances we believe that it will be1 and the ,bureau of ,entomology now has in ,florida one of the large power spraying outfits1 formerly in use in the gipsy moth spraying1 to determine the cost and benefits of such work4 ,in concluding these brief remarks ,i wish again to reiterate my pleasure in having the opportunity of appearing before you1 and to assure you of the interest of the ,department in the insect problems confronting nut growers4 ,nut culture is bound to increase enormously and insect injuries will probably correspondingly increase4 ,i believe1 however1 that these injuries will be found controllable1 as has been determined to be true in the case of practically all important native or introduced crops4 99 99 99 99 99 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,we are glad that ,professor ,quaintance has told us about the different bulletins4 ,the secretary will have a list of these4 ,i am now going to call for ,mr4 ,rhodes1 who is an expert propagator of ,persian walnuts1 and he is going to give a demonstration on methods of propagating the walnut4 ,,mr4 ,,rhodes3 ,i am employed over at ,arlington and ,i have been helping ,professor ,lake in his work there at the farm4 ,last year about the #aeth of ,july we put in about seventy-five grafts using the cleft graft1 and the side graft1 and at the same time we put in some chip buds4 ,professor ,lake has a little instrument which is known as a chip budder4 ,we used an ordinary bandage1 such as surgeons have1 which we dipped in a mixture of about two parts wax1 one part tallow and one part rosin4 ,we put the bandage in when the solution was at a boil--that made it sticky enough to hold to the bud1 and then we cut a hole large enough for the bud to come out4 ,we found budding at that season1 in ,august1 more successful than grafting4 ,the stocks were about two inches in diameter2 we put in grafts anywhere from two to three feet above the ground1 sometimes as many as three grafts4 ,in a great many cases we lost all1 and in some cases we lost two4 ,i tried also bench or root grafting1 and put in about fifty along about ,december1 and when ,i took them out in the spring1 the scion had covered up nicely1 but we had a very dry spell1 and through lack of attention1 as much as anything else1 we didn't get a graft to pull through4 ,i am going to try the same thing this year4 ,along in ,july ,i took several cuttings and put in1 and out of ten ,i got one to live4 ,one proved successful in the soft wood and this coming year ,i hope to get some of the hard wood kinds to pull through4 ,in grafting ,i always try to get the cuts as smooth as possible and to make them in one cut1 because if you make a second cut you are bound to make some unevenness in it4 ,these cambium layers have to fit right up flush with the edge of the bark4 ,then we usually wrap them in raffia4 ,we used also what ,professor ,lake called a bark graft4 ,we got about #aj per cent of those to live4 ,we had better success with the cleft graft and the side graft4 ,in cutting the scion for this side graft ,i usually cut one side a little longer than ,i do the other which makes the scion lie closer to the stock4 ,we leave the top on4 ,you can put several on each of those stocks4 ,we were pretty successful with that sort of a graft4 ,for my own personal use1 ,i like this graft for walnuts1 and ,i think we will eventually have better success with that than with any other type4 ,we put the majority of the grafts in ,i think about the latter part of ,june or ,july4 ,i have been afraid to cut the top off before the scion has started to grow4 ,there is too great a flow of sap for the small scion to take up and as a consequence it drowns out the scion4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,how far toward the center did you make the cut8 ,,mr4 ,,rhodes3 ,about two-thirds of the way through4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,you go past the middle8 ,,mr4 ,,rhodes3 ,yes4 ,the only thing you have to be careful of is not to cut too far1 as then there is danger of breaking off4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,do you have any particular length for the cut on the scion8 ,,mr4 ,,rhodes3 ,no4 ,a great deal depends on the cut you make into the stock4 ,i don't like to cut the scion any further up than the depth we go into the stock wood4 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,any other rule8 ,,mr4 ,,rhodes3 ,no1 it all depends on the size of the stock4 ,if you get a large stock you can cut it larger4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,we thank you for these explanations4 ,mr4 ,rush is an experienced propagator of walnuts and pecans and ,i want to give him some time to show his methods4 ,i will ask ,mr4 ,rush to give his demonstration4 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,i am very glad to show you some of my methods4 ,the only difference between mine and ,mr4 ,hutt's is that he is right-handed and ,i am left-handed4 ,the propagation of the ,persian walnut may be divided into three divisions1 the preparative1 the operative and the nursery1 and one is as important as the other4 ,good wood1 good weather conditions1 good technique and after this you must nurse them4 7,mr4 ,rush gives demonstration of budding47 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,this is the method ,i outlined yesterday1 but ,i think ,mr4 ,rush has it better in his hands than ,i have in my head4 ,,mr4 ,,rush3 ,it is practically the same4 ,i have a good knife with two parallel blades that can be taken off1 and put on the grindstone1 and got as sharp as a razor4 ,for some things ,i use a surgeon's knife4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,we have with us another very expert propagator from a little farther south4 ,i am going to ask ,mr4 ,wiggins to give us the benefit of his observations along this line4 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,i have not had experience in propagating walnuts1 except in an experimental way4 ,i have had some experience in the propagation of pecans4 ,much depends on the condition of the stocks4 ,if they are in a good healthy1 vigorous1 growing condition1 you will do better4 7,gives demonstration on grafting47 ,the best time in ,south ,carolina is in ,august and early ,september4 ,i use but one method of budding and grafting4 ,it is the only one ,i am successful with4 ,what you call chip budding1 ,i call bud grafting4 ,i get #ie per cent of chip buds to take in the spring4 ,i get the wood when it is dormant4 ,i can find dormant wood even in ,may and ,june4 ,i usually get it earlier than this1 but this year it was in ,may4 ,part of these trees were in the shade in the orchard and ,i got the wood from them4 ,ninety-nine out of one hundred were dormant1 and about that many lived4 ,the wood was thoroughly dormant and plump4 ,i cut it right out of the orchard in ,may or ,june and got them to live4 ,of course if you cut scions from the ends of branches1 you haven't a chance at all4 ,one thing to remember in the chip graft is not to cut your chip too thin4 ,if you do you will lose a good many4 ,i go right into it4 ,if you do it right it will hurt your finger so you can only work for two or three hours at a time4 ,it won't dry out so quickly if you cut it thick and will stand a better chance to live4 ,i try to get the scion to fit the first time4 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,what do you tie it with after you put on the waxed cloth8 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,i use a strip of common cloth out of the store4 ,your fingers will be waxed enough in working so that the strip does not need to be waxed4 ,you tie it after wrapping it4 ,a ,,member3 ,would you protect that with a paper bag8 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,no4 ,a ,,member3 ,do you place it on the north or south8 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,the point that decides the exact place on the stock is the smoothness and greenness and health of it4 ,i pick out the cleanest and best places4 ,the whole top of the tree is above the graft4 ,a ,,member3 ,when do you cut off the tree8 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,according to the weather4 ,it takes two or three or four weeks for proper healing4 ,i open up a few and if they are all right1 ,i open all of them4 ,just as soon as it heals1 ,i cut the top off4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,what is your ordinary practice in cutting scions8 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,last year ,i was sick and got behind with my work so ,i cut them each day as ,i needed them4 ,i usually cut them earlier and bury them in a shady place to keep the wood dormant4 ,i can get #ajj per cent by chip grafting and in no other way4 ,i don't use the cleft graft at all4 ,the better fit you get in this method of propagating the higher the percentage will run4 ,if you make a fit that is not quite a fit1 you will be astonished to lose about #ie per cent4 ,if you are just a little more careful1 you might get #ajj per cent to grow4 ,i can tell by the way it feels when it is right4 ,i use a crude method but succeed with it4 ,i do four hundred in a half day4 ,what is the use of going to another method when ,i get good results with this8 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,you say a half-inch scion on a four-inch stock8 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,yes1 on a four-inch stock you get a cut an inch or one and a half inch wide4 ,you have a large space that is not covered at all4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,they live8 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,yes1 of course4 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,only touch in spots8 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,on top and bottom and on one side4 ,i get cambium together at top--,i am careful about that--and then ,i get on the left side an exact fit but not on the other sides4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,have you had much experience with walnuts8 ,,mr4 ,,wiggins3 ,no4 ,i should think the best results with walnut as well as with pecans would be by cutting the scion wood the year before4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,this is certainly a very interesting discussion1 but ,i have another grafter here yet4 ,a demonstration by ,mr4 ,jones will close this morning's session4 7,mr4 ,jones gave a demonstration of cleft grafting stating that he used that method practically altogether47 ,,appendix ,,report ,,of ,,the ,,secretary-,,treasurer ,receipts3 ,dues #bjj4jj ,gift #bjj4jj ,sale of report #aj4jj ,advertisement #ae4jj ,miscellaneous #g4ae #dcb4ae ,expenses3 ,deficit #ag4ed ,reporting convention #dg4ac ,printing #cee4gd ,postage #ff4cd ,typewriting #ai4ad ,advertising #f4gi ,expense of secretary to ,albany #aj4je ,expense of secretary to ,new ,york #b4ge ,miscellaneous #aa4gb #ecg4bj ,deficit #aje4je ,through the generosity of one of our members the secretary was enabled to issue the annual report1 to have other printing done1 and to represent the ,association at ,albany at the conference on the hickory bark borer called by the ,commissioner of ,agriculture of the ,state of ,new ,york4 ,it is not likely that this gift will be repeated and it will be a great misfortune if the means for publishing the annual report are not found1 as well as for taking up the present deficit of over a hundred dollars4 ,of course our membership is increasing rapidly and1 in the years to come1 we should have members enough to pay our annual expenses1 including the publishing of the report4 ,the secretary would like also to have enough to issue reprints or bulletins from time to time4 ,the secretary asks for instructions in the face of this difficulty and would suggest the appointment of a finance committee1 not to include the secretary1 and to be composed of persons who will work4 ,there might be a similar hard-working committee on programme4 ,the secretary is willing to be the clearing house for the ,association1 but would like to have something to clear besides the cloudy results of his own labors4 ,the secretary has a list of over six hundred names of persons interested in nut culture1 which he thinks should be circularized from time to time with reprints1 or bulletins1 setting forth the importance of1 and the advances in1 the art of nut culture4 ,the secretary would be pleased if each member would send in a new member during the year1 would send an advertisement of his own1 or some other person's1 business for the annual report1 and would pay his own dues promptly on the first intimation from the secretary4 ,members whose dues for the year are not paid will not receive the annual report and1 after a decent interval1 their names will automatically drop from the roll of membership and not appear in the next annual report4 ,except from a financial standpoint the ,association may fairly consider that it has had a prosperous year4 ,our present membership is #acd1 an increase of #dh over the number reported at the last meeting4 7,at date of going to press the membership is #adc47 ,three members have resigned and we have lost two by death1 ,mr4 ,george ,w4 ,gachwind of ,brooklyn1 ,n4 ,y41 and ,mr4 ,w4 ,d4 ,ellwanger of ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 7,news came during the meeting of the death of ,henry ,hales of ,ridgewood1 ,n4 ,j41 the first honorary member of the ,association4 ,an account of ,mr4 ,hale's work with nuts appears elsewhere in this report47 ,thirty-one members have failed to pay their dues and have not been sent copies of the report4 ,the secretary asks permission to drop the names of these members from the rolls and that a rule be formulated to guide his action in the future4 ,that interest in nut growing is increasing is shown by the issuance this year of three catalogues devoted entirely to nuts for northern1 or northern and middle1 planting4 ,one nurseryman grows nothing else4 ,all are members of this ,association and the nuts propagated have all been shown at our meetings4 ,the work of the secretary during the year1 besides the preparation and issuing of the annual report1 has been given to answering a large and increasing correspondence1 by personal letters and our various bulletins and circulars4 ,the resolutions introduced by the ,committee on ,resolutions at the last meeting1 and ordered by the ,association to be printed and distributed as directed in the resolutions1 were sent out by the secretary4 ,a number of very complimentary letters in reply to this were received4 ,arrangements and announcements were made that all members were to receive a subscription for one year to the ,american ,fruit and ,nut ,journal as a part of their membership1 and that new members would receive in addition copies of both the reports that we have issued4 ,this proved very attractive1 but unexpected complications have arisen that have kept the secretary busy explaining why he has been unable to fulfil both of these promises4 ,at the suggestion of ,professor ,hutt a circular was issued to gather information about the ,persian walnut tree in the ,north4 ,replies are still coming in and the information obtained has not yet been collated4 ,it shows already1 however1 that there is a great number of trees in the ,north2 that there are two large centers so far shown1 one about ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y41 and the other in ,ontario1 ,canada1 on the strip of land between4 ,lakes ,erie and ,ontario1 known as the ,niagara ,peninsula4 ,in both localities reporters speak of hundreds of trees4 ,one grower near ,rochester has #bbe seedling trees about #bg years old from which he is marketing nuts4 ,the original trees in these locations are often spoken of as grown from seed brought from ,philadelphia at the time of the ,centennial ,exposition4 ,another center seems to be about ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,there it appears that the original trees were brought in by the ,germans4 ,perhaps the ,philadelphia trees above referred to had the same origin4 ,this would be a good subject for investigation by some of our ,pennsylvania members4 ,there is a tree1 said to bear good crops of good nuts1 at ,newburyport in the extreme northeastern corner of ,massachusetts4 7,specimens were shown at the meeting47 ,if not already undertaken by the ,government agents1 ,i would suggest the making of a map on which all known bearing trees of the ,persian walnut in the ,east should be located4 ,if not in the ,government plan the secretary would under-take to make such a map4 ,in any case he is very anxious to learn as much as possible about these trees and he urges the members to furnish him any knowledge about them that they may have4 ,circulars to be filled out will be sent on application4 ,a member has offered to give #be as a prize to be offered by the ,association for the best shagbark hickory nut sent in4 ,this offer came too late to make suitable announcement this year1 but it is too valuable not to be accepted and encouraged1 and ,i would suggest that either a special committee be appointed to devise means of offering prizes1 with the above mentioned sum of #be as a foundation1 or that the matter be referred to the committee on promising seedlings4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,i think we should take some action on the secretary's report4 ,it is before the association4 ,what shall we do about it8 ,,professor ,,smith3 ,i move that the situation of the finances be referred to the executive committee4 ,a ,,member3 ,i second the motion4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,it is moved and seconded that the matter of the financial standing of the association be placed in the hands of the executive committee4 7,motion was carried47 ,,the ,,secretary3 ,the next is the election of the ,nominating ,committee4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,are there any nominations for ,nominating ,committee8 ,,mr4 ,,jones3 ,i place in nomination ,professor ,smith1 ,mr4 ,c4 ,a4 ,reed1 ,mr4 ,rush1 ,mr4 ,ridgway and ,mr4 ,albert ,stabler4 ,,mr4 ,,pomeroy3 ,i second that nomination4 ,,the ,,chairman3 ,it has been moved and seconded that these gentlemen be appointed as a nominating committee to nominate the officers for the ensuing year4 7,the motion was carried47 ,,resolution ,,adopted ,,at ,,the ,,annual ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,association ,,november #ah ,,and #ai1 #aiac ,resolved1 ,that the ,secretary of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association be instructed to keep an accredited list of northern nut nurserymen1 such list to be made up by the ,executive ,committee of this ,association of such nurserymen as the ,executive ,committee may feel satisfied make no misrepresentations as to whether the trees they sell are budded and grafted varieties or as to the specific varieties which they sell1 or any other statement calculated to mislead the purchaser to his detriment4 ,the said ,executive ,committee is to have full authority to make any necessary inquiries into the reputation or practices of any nurseryman1 and shall take steps as soon as practicable to make up such an accredited list1 and such list shall consist not only of nurserymen who belong to this ,association1 but of any nurserymen engaged in the sale of northern nut trees4 ,such accredited list of nurserymen shall be furnished anyone upon inquiry4 ,the ,executive ,committee shall have full power in making up this list of accredited nurserymen and shall add to the list from time to time such names as in their judgment shall be entitled to be entered on this list and shall drop from such list any names of such persons as in their judgment at any time violate the standard required for admission to such accredited list4 ,any nurseryman whose name is to be dropped shall first be notified and permitted to appear before the ,executive ,committee and be heard and shall1 if he chooses1 have the right to appeal from the action of said ,committee to the ,association at any annual meeting1 and the majority vote of said ,association shall be binding4 ,,present ,,at ,,the ,,fourth ,,annual ,,meeting ,,of ,,the ,,northern ,,nut ,,growers ,,association ,,at ,,washington1 ,d4 ,c1 ,,november #ah ,,and #ai1 #aiac ,members3 ,batchelor1 ,leon ,d41 ,logan1 ,utah ,close1 ,c4 ,p41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,coleman1 ,h4 ,h41 ,newark1 ,n4 ,j4 ,crockett1 ,e4 ,b41 ,lynchburg1 ,va4 ,deming1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,c1 ,georgetown1 ,ct4 ,druckemiller1 ,w4 ,c1 ,sunbury1 ,pa4 ,fullerton1 ,h4 ,b41 ,medford1 ,l4 ,i4 ,hume1 ,h4 ,h41 ,glen ,st4 ,mary1 ,fla4 ,hutt1 ,w4 ,h41 ,raleigh1 ,n4 ,c4 ,jones1 ,j4 ,f41 ,willow ,st41 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,kinsell1 ,mrs4 ,ida ,j41 ,rock ,mills1 ,pa4 ,lake1 ,e4 ,r41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mayo1 ,e4 ,s41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pomeroy1 ,a4 ,c1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,prange1 ,mrs4 ,n4 ,m4 ,g41 ,jacksonville1 ,fla4 ,reed1 ,c4 ,a41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,ridgeway1 ,c4 ,s41 ,lumberton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,roper1 ,w4 ,n41 ,petersburg1 ,va4 ,rush1 ,j4 ,g41 ,west ,willow1 ,pa4 ,smith1 ,j4 ,r41 ,roundhill1 ,va4 ,stabler1 ,albert1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,storrs1 ,a4 ,p41 ,oswego1 ,n4 ,y4 ,wile1 ,th4 ,e41 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,van ,deman1 ,h4 ,e41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,others3 ,editor ,life and ,health1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mc,hatton1 ,prof41 ,georgia ,frost1 ,mr41 ,boston1 ,mass4 ,stabler1 ,mr41 ,jr41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,g4 ,evans1 ,mr4 ,lee1 ,mr4 ,collins1 ,j4 ,f41 ,washington ,wiggins1 ,j4 ,b41 ,s4 ,carolina ,waite1 ,m4 ,b41 ,washington ,quaintance1 ,a4 ,l41 ,washington ,sober1 ,c4 ,k41 ,pennsylvania ,davis1 ,mr4 ,rhodes1 ,mr41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,mittlepage1 ,mrs4 ,t4 ,p41 and friends ,pomeroy1 ,mrs4 ,a4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a4 ,metcalf1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,b41 ,washington ,roberts1 ,horace1 ,moorestown1 ,n4 ,j4 ,,exhibits ,by ,george ,w4 ,endicott1 ,villa ,ridge1 ,ill4 ,the ,boone chestnut and unnamed ,boone seedlings1 ,nos4 #d1 #f1 #g1 #h1 #bb and #bd4 ,staminate parent of ,boone4 ,chinquapin x ,boone2 ,boone x ,rochester2 ,boone x ,ridgeley2 ,boone x ,mc,farland4 ,blair1 ,burrill1 best native1 ,champ ,clark1 ,mc,farland1 ,president1 ,ridgeley1 ,reliance1 ,rochester1 ,william ,p4 ,stark4 ,c4 ,k4 ,sober1 ,lewisburg1 ,pa4 ,paragon chestnuts4 ,mrs4 ,annie ,e4 ,k4 ,bidwell1 ,rancho ,chico1 ,chico1 ,cal4 ,american sweet chestnut1 ,italian chestnut1 butternuts1 black walnuts1 ,i4 ,x4 ,l4 almonds1 seedling filbert1 ,bidwell pecan4 ,d4 ,h4 ,hulseman1 ,lakeside1 ,wash4 ,chelan and ,hulseman walnuts4 ,fancher ,creek ,nurseries1 ,fresno1 ,cal4 ,eureka1 ,placentia ,perfection1 ,neff's ,prolific walnuts4 ,a4 ,c4 ,pomeroy1 ,lockport1 ,n4 ,y4 ,pomeroy walnuts4 ,c4 ,s4 ,ridgeway1 ,lumberton1 ,n4 ,j4 ,ridgeway walnut4 ,e4 ,s4 ,mayo1 ,rochester1 ,n4 ,y4 ,thompson-,avon walnut4 ,unnamed seedling4 ,w4 ,s4 ,devoe1 ,san ,luis ,obispo1 ,cal4 ,santa ,barbara walnut4 ,frank ,p4 ,andrus1 ,almont1 ,mich4 ,unnamed seedling walnut4 ,butternut4 ,e4 ,r4 ,lake1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,gingko nut4 ,pili nuts4 ,arlington ,farm4 ,juglans sieboldiana4 ,juglans australis1 probably from ,south ,america4 ,twenty-three exhibits of almonds from different ,california growers4 ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 ,west ,willow1 ,pa4 ,lancaster1 ,nebo1 ,hall1 ,rush and ,kaghazi walnuts1 ,barcelona filberts1 ,weiker and ,la ,fevre shellbark hickories4 ,prof4 ,v4 ,r4 ,gardner1 ,experiment ,station1 ,corvallis1 ,oregon4 ,eleven varieties of filberts4 ,w4 ,c4 ,reed ,son1 ,vincennes1 ,ind4 ,beard1 ,indiana1 ,kentucky1 ,letcher1 ,luce1 ,major1 ,niblack1 ,posey1 and ,warrick pecans4 ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,boonville1 ,ind4 ,kentucky pecans4 ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,lancaster and ,holden walnuts1 ,weiker shellbark and ,kirtland shagbark hickories1 ,barcelona filberts and photographs of the ,lancaster tree4 ,ninety-six exhibits of southern grown pecans by various exhibitors4 ,,wilder ,,medal ,,for ,,exhibition ,,of ,,nuts ,the ,american ,pomological ,society awarded the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association a bronze ,wilder ,medal for the exhibition of nuts at the fourth annual meeting of the ,association at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c1 ,november #ah and #ai1 #aiac4 ,,george ,w4 ,,endicott--,,the ,,boone ,,chestnut ,e4 ,a4 ,,riehl1 ,,alton1 ,,illinois ,george ,w4 ,endicott was born in ,belmont ,county1 ,ohio1 ,july #be1 #ahcg4 ,he joined the ,forty-eighth ,illinois ,infantry in #ahfa1 serving nearly three years1 when he was discharged owing to wounds received4 ,then he went to farming in ,wayne ,county4 ,in #ahfg he settled at ,villa ,ridge1 ,ill41 devoting himself to fruit and vegetable growing1 in which he was eminently successful4 ,mr4 ,endicott was a man of strong character and a leader in his community4 ,energetic and up to date in all his operations1 he procured and tested all kinds of new fruits as fast as introduced4 ,he died at his home ,november #ad1 #aiac4 ,of the greatest interest to the nut growers of this country was his work of creating the ,boone chestnut4 ,about #ahhh ,mr4 ,endicott conceived the idea of producing a cross between the ,american and ,japan chestnuts and getting one combining the sweetness of the native with the large size1 early ripening and young bearing habits of the ,japan4 ,he encountered an obstacle in the fact that the ,japan blossomed before the native and it was not until seven years later that he found a native blossoming early enough to make the cross4 ,in the spring of #ahie he carefully hand pollinated some ,japan ,giant with the pollen of this early flowering native1 sacking the same to prevent other pollen reaching them4 ,the seed so produced was planted in the spring of #ahif in rich soil that had been used as a vegetable garden4 ,one of the seeds so planted bore six burs in #ahig1 eighteen months after planting the seed and has produced crops every year since as follows3 #ahih1 #a pound of nuts2 #ahii1 #c pounds of nuts2 #aijj1 #e pounds of nuts2 #aija1 #f pounds of nuts2 #aijb1 #h pounds of nuts2 #aijc1 #ab pounds of nuts2 #aijd1 #ag pounds of nuts2 #aije1 #be pounds of nuts2 #aijf1 #ca pounds of nuts2 #aijg1 #dc pounds of nuts2 #aijh1 #ej pounds of nuts2 #aiji1 #ef pounds of nuts2 #aiaj1 #e pounds of nuts 7early bloom killed by late freeze72 #aiaa1 #hj pounds of nuts2 #aiab1 #gf pounds of nuts2 #aiac1 #adj pounds of nuts--a grand total of #efh pounds from the time of planting the seed seventeen years ago4 ,this nut is of very good quality1 has large size1 ripens early and comes into bearing very early4 ,has been well tested and proven to be one of the best chestnuts we have4 ,it has but one fault1 it is very hard to propagate by either budding or grafting4 ,mr4 ,endicott and others have grown many seedlings of ,boone1 but none are in all respects as good as the parent4 ,mr4 ,endicott did a good work in producing the ,boone chestnut and deserves the thanks of the nut growers of this country4 ,,letter ,,from ,g4 ,h4 ,,corsan1 ,,toronto1 ,,canada ,my place of #ae-a_/b acres just west of ,toronto1 is in a small valley containing sandy1 gravelly and clay soils1 while the creek bottom land is rich black humus4 ,my efforts are purely experimental and the losses do not worry me as ,i simply wish to know what will succeed in this district4 ,peaches and grapes grow on my place4 ,last winter ,i bought twelve ,paragon chestnut trees from ,colonel ,sober4 ,all twelve are alive and looking well and this fourth day of ,november are just turning color and dropping their leaves4 ,you will probably remember that of the three samples that ,colonel ,sober displayed at the convention last year ,i took the walking stick4 ,i had to go to ,columbia and other ,south ,carolina points for three weeks afterwards1 so that it was well into ,january before ,i finally got the walking stick planted4 ,well1 it is also alive and has that well-known ,paragon form1 five fan-shaped shoots above the graft4 ,i planted seeds from all over the world1 in rows1 and of ten bushels of black walnuts only five nuts sprouted4 ,on the other hand1 every pecan came up4 ,hickories and ,english cob nuts behaved a little better than the black walnuts4 ,i slip a little collar of tar paper over each little tree to protect it against field mice1 rabbits and ground hogs4 ,red squirrels trouble me the least of all the pests as ,i cannot keep them out of my double section wire rat trap1 and the pet stock men give my boys #cj cents apiece for them4 ,i also bought a dozen ,pomeroy walnuts last winter for experiment4 ,they are all alive but the extraordinary late and early frosts were hard on them and nipped them down three inches from the top where they again sprouted out4 ,this occurred to all but one tree which positively refused to take any notice of either the late or the early frost4 ,i consider this one tree worth many times the money ,i paid for the dozen4 ,my experiments are only two years old but ,i will mention that my ,english filberts or ,kentish cob nuts are doing well1 also my ,battle ,creek persimmon seedlings that ,i planted in an exposed position two years ago4 ,seeds from those ,battle ,creek persimmon trees can be procured from ,dr4 ,j4 ,h4 ,kellogg by writing him4 ,they are the two most northern persimmon trees which ,i have discovered so far4 ,the fruit is good to the taste and the trees have lived through terribly cold winters4 ,i mention this as many of you are fruit growers also and want to get persimmon stock in order to graft the ,japanese persimmon on4 ,the female tree every second year is loaded to the point of breakage and should do well for stock4 ,speaking about procuring seeds from dealers1 ,i can get here and there for one cent as much as ,i have to pay the dealer a dollar for4 ,for instance1 while passing through ,phoebus1 ,va41 ,i asked a lady what she wanted for ,juglans sieboldiana and she said #e cents a quart or #ce cents a peck4 ,she only got #af bushels from a #bj year-old tree6 ,they were bigger and better specimens than ,i got from ,japan at about five nuts for one dollar1 postage extra4 ,then ,i wrote to a gentleman who had a small tree of ,juglans cordiformis in ,ontario and he said that he only had a bushel which he was expressing to me and to send him a dollar6 ,think1 and the ,japs sent me three nuts for one dollar66 ,a lady at ,niagara ,falls1 ,ontario1 told me that she had a little tree of ,j4 sieboldiana so ,i asked her the price and she sent me half a bushel and said to pay the express charges which were a quarter6 ,and it is the same way with these forest seed merchants1 they send me for dollars the seeds of pinus edulis and pinus ,koriensis that it would take a powerful microscope to discern1 and ,i afterwards bought of a fruit merchant in ,milwaukee a big glassful for a nickel6 ,roadside planting is a failure1 for1 besides rodents little and big1 there are all kinds of animals from sheep to horses to destroy them1 so that ,i have to plant all my trees at least four feet within my fence line4 ,juglans ,mandshurica seed ,i find impossible to procure so far4 ,there are two magnificent trees in ,toronto planted by an old man who is dead now4 ,these trees show no sign of ever having been winter killed and are #ac and #ai feet high but have not fruited yet4 ,the leaves are very long and the trees resemble the stag horn sumach1 except that they are distinctly ,juglans in appearance2 but the growth of the year's shoots is thick and long like a coppice growth4 ,,letter ,,from ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,,vincennes1 ,,indiana ,the ,indiana pecan tree bore a splendid crop of about #c-a_/b bushels4 ,the ,busseron also had a good crop on all the old wood and some on the new wood4 ,the ,busseron is just recovering from a severe cutting back by the owner and should be in shape to give a good crop next year4 ,other pecans in the vicinity bore a very light crop4 ,the ,niblack bore only a few nuts this year4 ,butterick had a very good crop for an off year1 some five bushels as reported to me1 and they were well filled4 ,this tree is very large1 #d-a_/b feet in diameter1 #ij foot spread1 located near ,grayville1 ,ill4 ,the writer and my son1 ,m4 ,p4 ,reed1 have top worked quite a number of large black walnuts1 ranging from #c to #i inches in diameter4 ,they were cut back last spring and budded in the new growth this summer1 setting from #bj to #dj buds in some of the trees4 ,buds of the ,hall1 ,pomeroy and ,rush have taken well and look very promising4 ,of other varieties only a limited number have taken4 ,we will top work several large trees this coming summer and should get results soon from these4 ,pecans in the nursery have made a very satisfactory growth4 ,the stand of buds was only fair1 in some cases poor4 ,we still have a limited number of ,indiana and ,busseron trees but the supply of other kinds is exhausted for this year4 ,we have planted #fjj pounds of pecans and #ej bushels of walnuts and with the seedlings we have on hand in nursery hope to have plenty of stock to work in the future4 ,we had a splendid stand of grafts of the ,major pecan the past spring and some of these made #d feet of growth and calipered #c_/d-;inch1 for grafts set ,may #ast4 ,,the ,,late ,,henry ,,hales ,,as ,a ,,nut ,,culturist ,h4 ,w4 ,,hales1 ,,new ,,jersey ,about #ahgf he and the celebrated writer and agriculturist1 ,andrew ,s4 ,puller1 made extensive experiments with the large ,english filbert1--mostly of the ,kentish cob varieties4 ,these proved unadapted to the climate as the trees seemed to run all to growth and bore very few nuts4 ,about this time1 also1 very extensive plans were laid to propagate by grafting the ,hales ,paper ,shell ,hickory4 ,there is probably no more difficult tree in existence to graft than the hickory as1 owing to the extreme hardness and close grain of the wood there is always an uncertainty about their uniting permanently1 consequently the percentage of perfect trees was always small4 ,mr4 ,hales tried all kinds and methods of grafting1 some were done on stocks that stood naturally in the fields1 others were grafted in greenhouses1 then again1 others were tried in frames or sashes1 and large numbers were grown in pots1 and success was only attained after years of time and thousands of dollars were spent4 ,mr4 ,hales was also an enthusiastic grower of the ,english or ,european walnut and one tree which grew on his farm at ,ridgewood was grown from seed given him by ex-,mayor ,daniel ,f4 ,tieman of ,new ,york ,city many years ago4 ,japanese walnuts were also grown on the farm at ,ridgewood and some of these are now bearing4 ,a large number of ,japanese chestnuts were planted some years ago1 and while these bore heavily for a short time they nearly all succumbed to the chestnut blight4 ,there is some difference of opinion among nut growers on the subject1 but ,mr4 ,hales was always of the opinion that the chestnut blight was introduced into this country with the ,japanese trees1 and that when the ,japanese trees were gone the disease then spread to the native trees4 ,the ,hales ,paper ,shell ,hickory1 it may be remarked1 still holds the palm as being the largest and thinnest shell nut1 and it was only by the most persistent and painstaking efforts that ,mr4 ,hales succeeded in propagating them at all4 ,a large number of chestnuts were grown by ,mr4 ,hales1 such as the ,numbo and other varieties4 ,some of these were said to be purely ,american varieties and others hybrids1 or crosses4 ,all of the hybrid varieties seemed to lack the hardy constitution of the ,american and although some of the nuts were very large he did not succeed with them in the long run as well as with the native varieties4 ,pecans of all kinds were tried by him and choice specimens were obtained from all parts of the country4 ,like the hickories these were grown and grafted in different ways and the percentage of good results was always much larger than the hickories4 ,grafting the hickory on the pecan was of course tried1 and this proved one of the best ways of propagating the hickory4 ,everything that he could possibly think of or do was brought to bear in his efforts at nut culture and it is some satisfaction to know that many nut lovers will have the benefit of his work and efforts1 long years after he has passed away1 the hickory especially being a very slow growing and long lived tree4 ,,abstract ,,of ,,paper ,,by ,,humphrey ,filbert4 ,black knot1 ,cryptosporella anomala ,,humphrey1 ,,james ,,ellis4 ,mass4 ,agr4 ,exp4 ,sta41 #ajth an4 rept41 #ahib1 p4 #bdb-bdc4 ,the author describes this fungus as killing the canes of the ,european hazel1 ,corylus avellana1 at ,palmer1 ,mass4 ,the fungus appears in the form of protuberances with elliptical bases that burst the bark and rise rather thickly from the affected portions of the branch4 ,the diseased portion is sunk below the surface of the healthy part4 ,the interior of the protuberance1 which is the fruiting part of the fungus1 contains numerous black1 flask-like structures whose tips reached the surface4 ,within the cavities of these flasks are formed the very numerous spindle-shaped spore cells1 each containing1 when ripe1 eight colorless elliptical spores4 ,the author noticed that the inner bark on the part of the branch occupied by the fungus is reduced to a narrow black line between the wood and the outer bark4 ,this reduction in the thickness of the inner bark explains why the surface of the affected parts is sunken4 ,if the entire circumference of a cane becomes involved1 the result is that it is girdled1 and the part beyond necessarily dies4 ,the attacks of this fungus on the host-plant are essentially similar in their results to those of the black knot of the plum1 though the immediate effect on the inner bark is here one of atrophy1 while in the latter case it is one of hypertrophy4 ,the fungus is also related to the black-knot fungus on the plum1 but its life-history is not yet known4 ,there may be other spore forms in its life cycle1 and therefore it is impossible to give any more definite suggestions for avoiding it than to recommend that infected branches be cut away well below the point of infection and burned as soon as they are seen to be infected4 ,,the ,,truth ,,about ,,tree ,,planting ,,with ,,dynamite4 ,note by the ,secretary4--,as planting with dynamite has been especially recommended for nut trees1 on account of their long tap roots which have the habit of growing down until they reach permanent water2 as there has been some difference of opinion among horticulturists as to the merits of tree planting1 in general1 with dynamite2 and in order that nut growers may know how to use this method as advised by the dynamite makers1 in case they may wish to try it in setting their trees1 the following description of the method advised1 from the pen of ,mr4 ,george ,frank ,lord of the ,e4 ,i4 du ,pont de ,nemours ,powder ,company1 is here printed4 ,during the past two years there has been considerable discussion in the agricultural press on the merits of dynamite in tree planting4 ,the majority of orchardists who have tried the new method are enthusiastic over the results1 but now and then we hear someone condemning the practice1 and stating that they have tried it with poor results4 ,it would appear from investigation that the theory of the use of dynamite in tree planting is a good one1 but that the practice is sometimes incorrect1 and hence fails to produce the desired results4 ,purpose of ,dynamiting for ,tree ,planting3 ,in the first place1 to secure successful results it is necessary to understand clearly what the dynamiting is to accomplish4 ,some orchardists and farmers have the idea that the purpose of the dynamite is to excavate the hole for the tree and save them the trouble of shoveling out the soil4 ,this is a wrong theory4 ,the object of dynamiting for tree planting is to break up the subsoil at a depth of from three to five feet so as to create a soil sponge or water-absorbing area twelve or twenty feet in diameter around and underneath the spot where the tree is to stand1 so that the heavy rainfalls and melting snow of spring may be conserved in the subsoil to take care of the tree during the long dry summer4 ,if the force of the dynamite is used merely to blow out the soil and make digging unnecessary1 it is unreasonable to expect the dynamite to do this underground work4 ,on the other hand1 when the charge is properly placed at a depth of about three feet and tamped in just enough to confine most of the force of the explosion in the subsoil1 the blast will not only crack and pulverize the subsoil1 but will also break up the ground around the bore hole clear to the surface1 and throw it into the air1 possibly a foot4 ,it is then a very easy matter to excavate the hole for planting4 ,necessary ,soil ,conditions3 ,there is no economy nor advantage in using dynamite in a soil that is loose and sandy to a depth of three or four feet4 ,the weakness of this soil is that it allows water to percolate through it too rapidly1 hence dynamite would be harmful rather than helpful under such conditions1 but no matter how loose the top soil or plowed soil may be1 if it is underlaid by more or less impervious clay1 or even a heavy loam1 dynamiting under proper conditions will certainly increase its water-storing capacity1 and also make it easier for the roots to grow downward and deep4 ,the proper conditions referred to are that the blasting must be done when the subsoil is relatively dry1 otherwise it will not crack or pulverize4 ,every farmer knows the disadvantage of plowing wet top soil4 ,it is equally disadvantageous to blast a wet subsoil4 ,of course1 some subsoils are always in a more or less damp condition and never get thoroughly dried out1 but they may be safely and advantageously blasted when they are in their dryest condition4 ,water-logged soil should never be blasted except for the purpose of ditching it or tiling it so as to get it into a proper condition for blasting4 ,the ditching may be done economically and quickly with dynamite1 and in many cases this will answer just as well as the more expensive tiling4 ,when the ditching or tiling has drained this subsoil1 it may then be safely blasted4 ,filling the ,pot-,holes3 ,in any heavy soil the explosion of the dynamite tends to form a cavity in the immediate vicinity of the cartridge1 varying from one to two feet in diameter4 ,the heavier or the wetter the subsoil1 the larger this cavity is likely to be4 ,after the blast the top soil should be shoveled out and laid to one side2 next shovel out the subsoil and lay it on the other side of the hole2 continue this excavation until the pot-hole is reached1 then be careful to fill this hole reasonably tight with subsoil1 the object being to prevent the possibility of soil falling away from the roots of a tree after planting1 and leaving it suspended in the air4 ,this is the cause of the death of trees planted in dynamited holes which some unsuccessful experimenters report4 ,it takes a little time to fill this pot-hole1 but the many advantages of planting trees properly in dynamited holes more than offset this extra time and trouble required to properly prepare the hole4 ,planting the ,trees3 ,after the pot-hole has been filled1 continue to shovel in subsoil until the proper height is reached for planting the tree1 then throw in half the top soil and spread the roots on that in their natural positions1 then throw in the remainder of the top soil1 next get in the hole and walk around the tree several times1 tramping the top soil down tight around the roots so as to remove all large air spaces that surround the roots1 then fill the hole to the surface with subsoil4 ,planting a tree in this way costs a few cents more per tree than the old way1 but since the tree can only be planted once and the comparative records as to loss of trees the first year after planting1 show an average advantage of #cj per cent4 in favor of dynamited trees1 namely1 the loss is cut down from three to five trees per hundred1 a dynamited tree grows so much more vigorously and produces fruit from one to two years earlier1 therefore it pays to take the extra trouble and do the job right4 ,the editor of ,successful ,farming was at one time skeptical as to the use of dynamite in tree planting1 but has been convinced from personal observation of its use in large commercial orchards1 and from letters from various subscribers1 that it is an important and valuable innovation in horticulture1 provided it is used with proper care and discretion4 ,,correspondents ,,and ,,others ,,interested ,,in ,,nut ,,culture ,,alabama ,carver1 ,george ,w41 ,director ,department ,research1 ,tuskegee ,institute ,,arizona ,karns1 ,h4 ,g41 ,karns ,bros41 ,inc41 ,nogales ,,arkansas ,shadle1 ,e4 ,a41 ,england ,watkins1 ,j4 ,a41 ,warren ,hamilton1 ,ed41 ,wynne ,meek1 ,w4 ,h41 ,hot ,springs ,jones1 ,herbert ,a41 ,plumerville ,st4 ,john ,m41 ,wrightsville ,,california ,payne1 ,george ,c41 ,campbell ,fitzgerald1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,w41 ,stockton ,thornberry1 ,lordsburg ,fuller1 ,l4 ,e41 #afdc ,sunset ,blvd41 ,san ,diego ,tribble ,brothers ,nursery ,co41 ,elk ,grove ,,canada ,griffith1 ,h4 ,k41 ,grimsby ,berge1 ,miss ,alice1 #bea ,queenston ,street1 ,st4 ,catherines ,neller1 ,louisa1 ,grimbsy ,book1 ,beverly1 ,grimsby ,east ,fee1 ,j4 ,j41 ,niagara ,street1 ,st4 ,catherines ,solvyne1 ,f4 ,d41 ,carlton ,street1 ,st4 ,catherines ,titherington1 ,james1 ,carlton ,street1 ,st4 ,catherines ,,colorado ,coryell1 ,p4 ,c41 ,newcastle ,,connecticut ,moore1 ,r4 ,d41 ,colchester ,osborn1 ,george ,s41 ,bristol ,white1 ,t4 ,p41 ,wilton ,clingan1 ,una ,a41 ,robertsville ,rockwell1 ,f4 ,p41 ,rockfall ,bradley1 ,john ,t41 #ahj ,prospect ,street1 ,bristol ,bradley1 ,capt4 ,ralph1 #dei ,w4 ,main ,street1 ,meriden ,martin1 ,william1 ,hull ,street1 ,bristol ,brown1 ,ronald ,k41 ,colchester ,hull1 ,george ,w41 ,bristol ,sage1 ,hollister1 ,waterbury ,,delaware ,rumford1 ,dr41 ,wilmington ,reed1 ,e4 ,b4 ,j4 ,m41 ,frederica ,tisdale1 ,j4 ,b41 ,magnolia ,ellis1 ,g4 ,l41 ,millsboro ,marks1 ,walter ,l41 ,smyrna ,matthews1 ,w4 ,c1 ,room #efc1 du,pont ,bldg41 ,wilmington ,,district ,,of ,,columbia ,burkholder1 #ahbj ,m ,street ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,fales1 ,dr4 ,w4 ,d41 #gh ,t ,street ,n4 ,w41 ,washington ,,florida ,cuzner1 ,a4 ,t41 ,gilmore ,,georgia ,fows1 ,j4 ,william1 ,adjutant ,professor of ,horticultural1 ,state ,college of ,agriculture1 ,athens ,hardman1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,g41 ,commerce ,,idaho ,gehman1 ,s4 ,a41 ,boise ,coventry1 ,neil ,s41 ,box #ie1 ,coeur d',alene ,temple1 ,c4 ,e41 ,agricultural ,experimental ,station1 ,moscow ,cattermole1 ,dr4 ,p4 ,f41 ,lewiston ,de,haven1 ,james1 ,probate ,judge1 ,grangeville ,reed1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ehg1 ,weiser ,konrad1 ,henry1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #acf1 ,boise ,,illinois ,burg1 ,f4 ,w41 ,dallas ,city ,king1 ,thomas ,h41 #aac ,north ,hazel ,street1 ,danville ,krause1 ,john ,o41 #acda ,milwaukee ,avenue1 ,chicago ,mc,cready1 ,james1 #aecc ,portland ,avenue1 ,chicago ,heights ,ricks1 ,r4 ,l41 ,staunton ,roth1 ,c4 ,l41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c1 ,chenoa ,newell1 ,jesse ,w41 ,country ,life ,club1 ,drawer #dah1 ,girard ,knapp1 ,william1 #hed ,no4 ,paulina ,street1 ,chicago ,hoffman1 ,frank ,h41 #gab ,federal ,street1 ,chicago ,voight1 ,h4 ,r41 ,bonfield ,wells1 ,oscar1 ,farina ,bunker1 ,gerald ,l41 #djh ,so4 ,spring ,avenue1 ,la ,grange ,ernest1 ,otto ,m41 #dbch ,randolph ,street1 ,chicago ,reeves1 ,c4 ,h41 ,jr41 #fdec ,iowa ,street1 ,oak ,park ,dupont1 #biaa ,w4 #cith ,street1 ,chicago ,fletcher1 ,joe1 ,zion ,city ,lunak1 ,dr4 ,karel1 #affb ,blue ,island ,avenue1 ,chicago ,miller1 ,c4 ,lester1 ,monmouth ,yost1 ,z4 ,f41 #aji-a_/b ,w4 ,madison ,street1 ,pontiac ,poll1 ,carl ,j41 #ajji ,maple ,street1 ,danville ,warren1 ,ezra ,t41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 ,i1 ,atlanta ,holmes1 ,t4 ,h41 #bhaf ,logan ,bldg41 ,chicago ,,indiana ,payatte1 ,charles1 ,columbus ,pershing1 ,henry ,a41 ,south ,bend ,fife1 ,earl ,h41 ,franklin ,fisher1 ,j4 ,t41 ,franklin ,stevens1 ,s41 ,new ,ross ,officer1 ,william1 ,madison ,sage1 ,thomas ,v41 ,greencastle ,bone1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,w41 #adj ,no4 ,grant ,street1 ,w4 ,lafayette ,mathers1 ,frank ,c1 ,indiana ,university1 ,bloomington ,comstock1 ,c4 ,h41 #afje ,talbott ,avenue1 ,indianapolis 7,interior ,hardwood ,co47 ,mc,namee1 ,h4 ,h41 ,honeywell ,heating ,specialty ,co41 ,wabash ,waltermire1 ,guy1 ,whisler ,block1 ,marion ,cherry1 ,william1 ,jr41 ,clinton1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c1 ,box #c1 ,clinton ,shilts1 ,j4 ,h41 ,columbia ,city ,mc,gregor1 ,d4 ,r41 ,marion ,summers1 ,w4 ,r41 ,georgetown ,,iowa ,wilhelm1 ,roy ,e41 ,osage ,haas1 ,alfred ,l41 ,suite #cjf1 ,utica ,bldg41 ,des ,moines ,garrett1 ,charles ,o41 ,willow ,hill ,farm1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #a1 ,mitchellville ,rose1 ,morton ,l41 ,box #fcc1 ,colfax ,stoddard1 ,dr4 ,charles1 ,boone ,,kentucky ,ragland1 ,colby ,b41 ,frankford ,pyrne1 ,p4 ,p41 #ecj ,center ,street1 ,henderson ,aspinwall1 ,f4 ,e41 ,cedar ,springs ,farm1 ,la ,grange ,,maine ,wentworth1 ,herbert1 ,skowhegan ,paine1 ,g4 ,s41 ,winslow ,,maryland ,onion1 ,j4 ,l41 ,sharon ,beall1 ,olin1 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ai1 ,frostburg ,landwehr1 ,f4 ,w41 ,gambrills ,strickland1 ,c4 ,w41 ,berlin ,myer1 ,e4 ,h41 ,keedysville ,wooden1 ,ernest ,e41 #ajbi ,calvert ,bldg41 ,baltimore ,cox1 ,mrs4 ,annie ,d41 ,glen ,morris ,lankford1 ,mrs4 ,ida ,m41 ,princess ,anne ,bowman1 ,w4 ,e41 ,snow ,hill ,hudson1 ,p4 ,o41 ,harold ,franklin ,davis ,nurseries1 ,baltimore ,evans1 ,h4 ,cecil1 #abf ,w4 #beth ,street1 ,baltimore ,kerr1 ,dr4 ,eugene1 ,monkton ,,massachusetts ,chase1 ,j4 ,s41 ,maiden ,pressey1 ,c4 ,park1 #h ,beacon ,street1 ,boston ,bridges1 ,herbert ,c41 ,box #bdf1 ,north ,cohasset ,marlborough1 ,james1 ,topsfield1 care of ,t4 ,e4 ,proctor ,estate ,stevens1 ,abel ,t41 ,wellesley ,smith1 ,fred ,a41 ,director ,independent ,agricultural ,school1 ,hathorne ,wallis1 ,fred ,h41 #bg ,conant ,street1 ,beverly ,schultz1 ,mrs4 ,fritz1 #cce ,cornell ,street1 ,roslindale ,knight1 ,c4 ,f41 ,rowley ,jenks1 ,albert ,r41 ,hampden ,county ,improvement ,league1 ,springfield ,thrasher1 ,miss ,mertia ,p41 ,sharon ,crowell1 ,elkanah1 ,hyannis ,mason1 ,h4 ,r41 ,falmouth ,kimball1 ,g4 ,n41 #aj ,whitlowe ,road1 ,west ,newton ,graves1 ,louise ,b41 #h ,chestnut ,street1 ,boston ,jones1 ,dr4 ,l4 ,a41 ,falmouth ,bingham1 ,dr4 ,russell1 ,fitchburg ,robbins1 ,a4 ,n41 ,puritan ,fruit ,co41 #ac ,faneuil ,hall1 ,boston ,,michigan ,carter1 ,bert1 ,middleville ,rhodes1 ,w4 ,e41 ,maple ,street1 ,albion ,wiegand1 ,frank ,j41 #igj ,e4 ,canfield ,avenue1 ,detroit ,foote1 ,mrs4 ,w4 ,k41 ,milford ,miller1 ,orville ,i41 ,augusta ,veith1 ,alfred ,c1 #ef ,haynes ,avenue1 ,detroit ,,minnesota ,savage1 ,l4 ,h41 ,red ,wing ,guinotte1 #fec ,lincoln ,avenue1 ,st4 ,paul ,ramer1 ,w4 ,a41 #aedb ,hillside ,avenue1 ,no4 ,minneapolis ,,missouri ,cloden1 ,charles ,j41 ,kansas ,city ,james1 ,william ,h41 ,lock ,box #agd1 ,mountain ,grove ,van ,realte1 ,c41 ,general ,delivery1 ,sedalia ,black1 ,j4 ,w41 ,silica ,kirkpatrick1 ,j4 ,h41 ,richmond ,mc,kinney1 ,j4 ,f41 ,bolivar ,herter1 ,o4 ,f41 #bgeg ,russell ,avenue1 ,st4 ,louis ,rust1 ,r4 ,s41 ,hardin ,mc,crary1 ,byron ,b41 ,el ,dorado ,springs ,stevenson1 ,marion1 #bgaj ,pine ,street1 ,st4 ,louis ,bennington1 ,w4 ,m41 #aah ,wabash ,avenue1 ,kansas ,city ,,nebraska ,bessey1 ,charles ,e41 ,department of ,botany1 ,university of ,nebraska1 ,lincoln ,kerr1 ,leslie1 #hcj ,s4 #bast ,street1 ,omaha ,stewart1 ,l4 ,l4 ,e41 ,brown ,block1 ,omaha ,bicknell1 ,miss ,lula1 ,randolph ,,nevada ,van ,derwerker1 ,jerome ,l41 ,washoe ,county1 ,bank ,bldg41 ,reno ,,new ,,hampshire ,colby1 ,forest1 ,enfield ,,new ,,jersey ,hervey1 ,orlanda1 ,verona ,hale1 ,h4 ,e41 ,preston ,clark1 ,herbert ,h41 ,crystal ,lake ,morris1 ,b4 ,l41 #agi ,orving ,avenue1 ,bridgeton ,anderson1 ,s41 #fab ,mt4 ,prospect ,avenue1 ,newark ,hampton1 ,george1 ,bridgeton ,pettengill1 ,george ,t41 #be ,essex ,avenue1 ,orange ,stevens1 ,c4 ,w41 ,jr41 #ac ,kirkpatrick ,street1 ,new ,brunswick ,goodwin1 ,a4 ,t41 ,greenwick1 ,cumberland ,county ,brarens1 ,j4 ,e41 ,martinsville ,sked1 ,n4 ,s41 ,pennington ,,new ,,york ,mulligan1 ,f4 ,i4 ,l41 ,earlville ,pickering ,brothers1 ,fairport ,warren1 ,g4 ,w41 ,ilion ,hospital1 ,ilion ,baker1 ,a4 ,a41 ,hoosick ,falls ,towner1 ,a4 ,b41 ,fillmore ,kinney1 ,h4 ,c1 ,mc,graw ,benton1 ,f4 ,m41 ,northville ,nichols1 ,s4 ,s41 ,brockport ,bailey1 ,a4 ,l41 ,the ,birkett ,mills1 ,penn ,yan ,robbins1 ,mrs4 ,howard ,c1 #bji ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city ,wells1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,harrae1 #aje ,sound ,avenue1 ,riverhead1 ,l4 ,i4 ,whitmore1 ,b4 ,f41 #ebj ,park ,avenue1 ,rochester ,moore1 ,william ,c4 ,co41 ,newark ,seeley1 ,col4 ,charles1 ,suite #fah1 #adgb ,broadway1 ,new ,york ,city ,siddons1 ,h4 ,e41 #bad ,glenwood ,avenue1 ,rochester ,sleight1 ,david ,b41 ,arlington ,klamroth1 ,wilfred1 #aa-a_/b ,w4 #cgth ,street1 ,new ,york ,city ,bear1 ,c4 ,e41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #aib1 ,madison ,square ,station1 ,new ,york ,city ,champlin1 ,c4 ,a41 ,hammondsport ,bingle1 ,c4 ,w41 #bad ,marion ,street1 ,brooklyn ,fiske1 ,haley1 #a ,madison ,avenue1 ,new ,york ,city ,king1 ,john ,h41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #ah1 ,middletown ,curtis1 ,h4 ,d41 ,manlius ,ireland1 ,j4 ,j41 ,clarkson ,tack1 ,e4 ,c1 ,newark ,hyde1 ,fred ,w41 #bja ,main ,street1 ,jamestown ,,north ,,carolina4 ,williamson1 ,i4 ,w41 ,carthage ,boyce1 ,john ,p41 ,morven ,morrison1 ,g4 ,w41 ,taylorsville ,hanes1 ,f4 ,francis1 ,greensboro ,howard1 ,p4 ,joe1 ,pomona ,breece1 ,j4 ,s41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #f1 ,fayetteville ,hollingsworth1 ,w4 ,f41 ,glade ,valley1 ,north ,carolina ,school ,harbeck1 ,dr4 ,e4 ,v41 ,weaverville ,mc,cleod1 ,john ,a41 ,carthage ,pearson1 ,p4 ,m41 ,charlotte ,,ohio ,wilson1 ,w4 ,h41 ,north ,oak ,street1 ,marion ,day1 ,william ,h41 ,hedge ,hill ,farm1 ,north ,lima ,smith1 ,fred1 ,lima ,bancroft1 ,allen1 ,garrettsville ,smith1 ,albert ,m41 ,flushing ,cox1 ,u4 ,t41 ,proctorville ,leonard1 ,levi1 ,middletown ,kelch1 ,l4 ,r41 ,nelsonville ,witte1 ,o4 ,m41 ,amherst ,sowers1 ,w4 ,l41 ,cuyahoga ,falls ,kircher1 ,fred1 #bba ,so4 ,mc,donough ,street1 ,dayton ,cruickshank1 ,r4 ,b41 ,state ,university1 ,columbus ,mann1 ,george1 ,new ,burlington1 ,clinton ,county ,mc,endree1 ,a4 ,a41 ,superintendent ,public ,schools1 ,canal ,winchester ,frye1 ,r4 ,w41 ,farmdale ,paulin1 ,w4 ,h41 ,poland ,meyers1 ,a4 ,e41 #ad ,no4 ,forge ,street1 ,akron ,carson1 ,r4 ,b41 ,fruit ,cliff ,farm1 ,middleport ,woodmansee1 ,dr4 ,r4 ,d41 #ea ,e4 ,state ,street1 ,columbus ,blackford1 ,l41 ,akron1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #be1 ,akron ,hill1 ,george ,f41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #e1 ,columbus ,compton1 ,william ,v41 ,loveland ,denny1 ,mark ,e41 ,middletown ,cromer1 ,f4 ,gillum1 #acad ,no4 ,main ,street1 ,dayton ,stevens1 ,c4 ,e41 ,p4 ,o4 ,box #fj1 ,cleveland ,,oklahoma ,howell1 ,mrs4 ,o4 ,e41 ,oktaha ,,oregon ,lewis1 ,c4 ,i41 ,chief ,division of ,horticulture1 ,agricultural ,college and ,experiment ,station1 ,corvallis ,prince1 ,thomas1 ,dundee ,bond1 ,t4 ,j4 ,,pennsylvania ,falkenstein1 ,g4 ,n41 ,elizabethtown ,sellier1 ,w4 ,h41 ,pequea1 ,lancaster ,county ,williams1 ,j4 ,s41 ,smithton ,herr1 ,martin1 ,lancaster ,smith1 ,l4 ,m41 ,carbondale ,deisher1 ,h4 ,k41 ,kutztown ,lutes1 ,c4 ,c41 ,noxen ,scott ,hill1 ,erie ,gray1 ,will ,h41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #c1 ,amity ,mc,burney1 ,canonsburg1 ,pa4 ,kocher1 ,dr4 ,j4 ,f41 ,walberts ,homer1 #f-a_/b ,south ,street1 ,warren ,spangenberg1 ,edward1 #ccg ,w4 #aath ,street1 ,erie ,degelman1 ,william ,c1 #dce ,sixth ,avenue1 ,pittsburgh ,scarborough1 ,henry ,w41 #ebb ,walnut ,street1 ,philadelphia ,heim1 ,h4 ,g41 #ejh ,pine ,street1 ,williamsport ,zeller1 ,edwin ,j4 ,p41 #abbh ,buttonwood ,street1 ,philadelphia ,burket1 ,mrs4 ,john ,w41 ,tyrone1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d41 ,blair ,county ,kleffman1 ,f4 ,t41 #aaad ,twelfth ,street1 ,altoona ,brinton1 ,william1 ,glen ,rose1 ,chester ,county ,johnston1 ,john ,h41 ,new ,wilmington ,dollison1 ,h4 ,c1 #baj ,spring ,street1 ,meadville ,corbett1 ,s4 ,w41 ,department ,international ,revenue1 ,pittsburgh1 ,box #ea ,kraft1 ,h41 #geh ,e4 #ajth ,street1 ,erie ,treat1 ,frederick ,h41 ,jr41 ,wayne ,hazel1 ,boyd ,e41 ,madisonburg ,ballou1 ,c4 ,f41 ,halifax ,barnes1 ,r4 ,g41 #acab ,cherry ,street1 ,philadelphia ,lawson1 ,j4 ,h41 ,kittanning ,smith1 ,adam1 ,columbia1 ,lancaster ,county1 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #a ,,rhode ,,island ,warren1 ,r4 ,w41 #fi ,glenham ,street1 ,providence ,,south ,,carolina ,wiggin1 ,j4 ,b41 ,holly ,hill ,,tennessee ,walker1 ,robert ,s41 ,chattanooga ,miller1 ,i4 ,f41 ,morristown ,millard1 ,sam ,t41 ,johnson ,city ,rodcheaver1 ,c4 ,a41 ,newport ,smith1 ,a4 ,i41 ,knoxville ,rose1 ,c4 ,e41 ,nashville ,glasgow1 ,c4 ,m41 ,gleason ,davis1 ,r4 ,a41 ,springfield ,,utah ,mabee1 ,c4 ,r41 ,chief ,chemist1 ,ogden ,portland ,cement ,company1 ,brigham ,city ,,vermont ,lewis1 ,mrs4 ,c4 ,a41 ,grafton ,ingraham1 ,mrs4 ,j4 ,p41 ,windsor ,dutton1 ,ira ,jay1 ,hilltop ,farm1 ,wardsboro ,,virginia ,barr1 ,j4 ,w41 ,norfolk ,flanagan1 ,william ,h41 ,waddington1 ,elma ,grove ,bailey ,orchard ,company1 ,fishersville ,weiss1 ,h4 ,w41 ,emporia ,shands1 ,william1 ,courtland ,smith1 ,john ,m41 ,middleburg ,hood1 ,w4 ,t41 ,richmond ,bechtel1 ,j4 ,a41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #b1 ,williamsburg ,jones1 ,j4 ,b41 ,sec'y1 ,the ,peanut ,growers ,assistant of ,virginia1 ,elberon ,caroer1 ,w4 ,n41 ,cismont ,nourse1 ,h4 ,o41 ,lyndehurst ,duke1 ,w4 ,r41 ,charlottesville ,long1 ,a4 ,r41 ,krise ,bldg41 ,lynchburg ,fletcher1 ,dr4 ,s4 ,w41 ,director ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,blacksburg ,clevenger1 ,c4 ,c41 ,stephenson ,purdy1 ,mrs4 ,r4 ,s41 #bah ,willard ,avenue1 ,phoebus ,meschendorf1 ,h4 ,h41 ,piedmont ,villa1 ,forest ,depot ,laing1 ,sam ,l41 ,shores ,,washington ,kiesling1 ,f4 ,w41 #dji ,waverly ,place1 ,spokane ,quarnberg1 ,a4 ,a41 ,district ,horticultural ,inspector1 ,vancouver ,reynolds1 ,f4 ,eliot1 ,irondale ,beebe1 ,charles ,s41 ,jr41 ,beebe ,corkery1 ,dr4 ,john ,r41 ,co4 ,health ,officer1 #bae ,hutton ,bldg41 ,spokane ,bailey1 ,dr4 ,edward1 ,mansfield1 ,douglas ,county ,coupe1 ,mrs4 ,nora ,d41 ,coupeville ,,west ,,virginia ,smoot1 ,john ,thurman1 ,smoot ,stricklin1 ,l41 ,cameron ,dennison1 ,william1 ,bristol ,bacon1 ,nathaniel1 ,talcott ,gary1 ,j4 ,r41 ,cairo ,,wisconsin ,richter1 ,w4 ,a41 ,r4 ,f4 ,d4 #i1 ,box #ii1 ,n4 ,milwaukee ,shipman1 ,dr4 ,k4 ,w41 #djb ,jackman ,block1 ,janesville ,,authorities ,,and ,,special ,,correspondents ,the following list is made up of the names of authorities or correspondents whose special knowledge of local conditions enables them to give information or advice of special value4 ,with some of them arrangements have been made to take charge of inquiries and other local nut matters4 ,some of them are connected with state or government experiment or educational institutions and will answer any inquiries4 ,the ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture at ,washington1 ,d4 ,c41 will always respond to requests for information1 referring them to the best authority available1 many of whom are to be found in the various bureaus4 ,the secretary of this ,association is always glad to do his best when no better authority is to be found4 ,he intends in the future to refer many inquiries to those who have a better knowledge of local conditions4 ,,alabama ,theodore ,bechtel1 ,ocean ,springs1 ,mississippi ,,arizona ,leon ,d4 ,batchelor1 ,horticulturist ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,logan1 ,utah ,c4 ,r4 ,biederman1 ,garces1 ,cochise ,county ,robert ,a4 ,rogers1 ,forest ,service1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,canille ,,arkansas ,s4 ,h4 ,james1 ,mound1 ,louisiana ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pennsylvania ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,california ,ralph ,e4 ,smith1 ,superintendent of ,experiment ,station1 ,berkeley ,george ,c4 ,payne1 ,campbell ,frank ,leib1 ,san ,jos ,dr4 ,w4 ,w4 ,fitzgerald1 ,stockton ,harry ,p4 ,stabler1 ,yuba ,city ,c4 ,w4 ,beers1 ,santa ,barbara ,j4 ,b4 ,neff1 ,anaheim ,,canada ,enquire of the ,secretary of the ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,georgetown1 ,connecticut ,,colorado ,leon ,d4 ,batchelor1 ,horticulturist ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,logan1 ,utah4 ,for west of the ,rocky ,mountains4 ,,connecticut ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,stamford ,dr4 ,w4 ,c4 ,deming1 ,secretary ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,georgetown ,,delaware ,j4 ,w4 ,killen1 ,felton ,c4 ,a4 ,mc,cue1 ,professor of ,horticulture1 ,newark ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,florida ,h4 ,harold ,hume1 ,glen ,saint ,mary ,w4 ,w4 ,carroll1 ,monticello ,,georgia ,col4 ,c4 ,a4 ,van ,duzee1 ,president ,national ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,cairo ,j4 ,b4 ,wight1 ,secretary ,national ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,cairo ,j4 ,w4 ,firor1 ,assistant ,professor of ,horticulture1 ,athens ,h4 ,w4 ,smithwick1 ,americus ,,idaho ,c4 ,c4 ,vincent14 ,professor of ,horticulture1 ,college of ,agriculture1 ,moscow ,leon ,d4 ,batchelor1 ,horticulturist1 ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,logan1 ,utah4 for southern part of ,idaho4 ,,illinois ,e4 ,a4 ,riehl4 ,alton ,norman ,w4 ,casper1 ,new ,burnside ,,indiana ,t4 ,p4 ,littlepage1 ,president ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,boonville ,c4 ,g4 ,woodbury1 ,chief in ,horticulture1 ,purdue ,university1 ,lafayette ,w4 ,c4 ,reed1 ,vincennes ,mason ,j4 ,niblack1 ,vincennes ,r4 ,l4 ,mc,coy1 ,lake ,,iowa ,dr4 ,a4 ,b4 ,dennis1 ,cedar ,rapids ,,kansas ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,kentucky ,c4 ,w4 ,matthews1 ,horticulturist1 ,state ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,lexington ,,louisiana ,h4 ,e4 ,van ,deman1 ,ferriday ,s4 ,h4 ,james1 ,mound ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster1 ,pa4 ,,maine ,d4 ,h4 ,knowlton1 ,farmington ,,maryland ,f4 ,s4 ,holmes1 ,m4 ,s41 ,agricultural ,experiment ,station1 ,college ,park ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,massachusetts ,secretary ,northern ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,georgetown1 ,ct4 ,,michigan ,f4 ,a4 ,wilken1 ,associate ,editor ,michigan ,farmer1 ,detroit ,,minnesota ,col4 ,c4 ,a4 ,van ,duzee1 ,president ,national ,nut ,growers ,association1 ,commercial ,club1 ,st4 ,paul ,a4 ,w4 ,latham1 ,secretary ,state ,horticultural ,society1 #bjg ,kasota ,building1 ,minneapolis ,,mississippi ,charles ,e4 ,pabst1 ,ocean ,springs ,theodore ,bechtel1 ,ocean ,springs ,,missouri ,w4 ,l4 ,howard1 ,assistant ,horticulturist1 ,columbia ,,montana ,m4 ,l4 ,dean1 ,horticulturist1 ,missoula ,,nebraska ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,nevada ,leon ,d4 ,batchelor1 ,horticulturist ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,logan1 ,utah ,,new ,,hampshire ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,new ,,jersey ,j4 ,t4 ,lovett1 ,little ,silver ,,new ,,mexico ,leon ,d4 ,batchelor1 ,horticulturist ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,logan1 ,utah ,,new ,,york ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 #faf ,madison ,ave4 ,new ,york ,city ,for ,long ,island ,henry ,hicks1 ,westbury ,station ,h4 ,b4 ,fullerton1 ,director ,long ,island ,railroad ,agricultural ,station1 ,medford ,,north ,,carolina ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt1 ,state ,horticulturist1 ,raleigh ,,north ,,dakota ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,ohio ,see ,indiana ,,oklahoma ,n4 ,o4 ,booth1 ,horticulturist1 ,stillwell ,,oregon ,c4 ,i4 ,lewis1 ,agricultural ,college ,experiment ,station1 ,corvallis ,v4 ,r4 ,gardner1 ,associate ,professor of ,horticulture1 ,corvallis ,j4 ,c4 ,cooper1 ,chief ,yamhill ,walnut ,experiment ,station1 ,mc,minnville ,,pennsylvania ,j4 ,g4 ,rush1 ,west ,willow ,j4 ,f4 ,jones1 ,lancaster ,f4 ,n4 ,fagan1 ,department of ,horticulture1 ,state ,college ,,rhode ,,island ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,south ,,carolina ,w4 ,n4 ,hutt1 ,state ,horticulturist1 ,raleigh1 ,north ,carolina ,,south ,,dakota ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,tennessee ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,texas ,a4 ,caswell ,ellis1 ,state ,university1 ,austin ,e4 ,j4 ,kyle1 ,professor of ,horticulture1 ,college ,station ,charles ,l4 ,edwards1 ,dallas1 ,station ,a ,f4 ,t4 ,ramsey1 ,austin ,e4 ,w4 ,kirkpatrick1 ,mc,kinney ,r4 ,e4 ,blair1 ,united ,states ,experiment ,farm1 ,san ,antonio ,j4 ,w4 ,canada1 ,houston ,,utah ,leon ,d4 ,batchelor1 ,horticulturist ,state ,agricultural ,college1 ,logan ,,vermont ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,virginia ,w4 ,n4 ,roper1 ,petersburg ,j4 ,russell ,smith1 ,roundhill ,,washington ,a4 ,a4 ,quarnberg1 ,district ,horticultural ,inspector1 ,vancouver ,,west ,,virginia ,e4 ,d4 ,sanderson1 ,director ,state ,experiment ,station1 ,morgantown ,,wisconsin ,james ,g4 ,moore1 ,horticulturist1 ,madison ,,wyoming ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,,the ,,chestnut ,,blight ,,and ,,immune ,,hybrids4 ,to persons who are interested in growing chestnuts1 the following papers are of importance4 ,they are published in the ,journal of ,heredity for ,january1 #aiad1 ,paul ,b4 ,popenoe1 ,editor1 #eaa ,eleventh ,st41 ,n4 ,w41 ,washington1 ,d4 ,c4 ,the ,chestnut ,bark ,disease1 by ,haven ,metcalf1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,chestnut ,breeding ,experience1 by ,walter ,van ,fleet1 ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture4 ,chestnut ,blight ,resistance1 by ,dr4 ,robert ,t4 ,morris1 ,new ,york ,city4 ,the following important publications are not listed in ,circular ,no4 #c3 ,walnut ,culture in ,california4 ,walnut ,blight4 ,bulletin #bca1 ,agricultural ,experiment ,station ,berkeley1 ,california1 ,august1 #aiab4 ,the ,persian ,walnut ,industry in the ,united ,states4 ,by ,e4 ,r4 ,lake4 ,bulletin #bed1 ,bureau ,plant ,industry ,united ,states ,department of ,agriculture1 ,february1 #aiac4 ,bulletin ,no4 #a4 ,yamhill ,walnut ,experiment ,station1 ,mc,minnville1 ,oregon1 ,january #b1 #aiad4 ,,advertisements ,,chester ,,valley ,,nurseries ,,established #ahec ,choice ,fruit and ,ornamental ,trees1 ,cherry ,trees on ,mazzard ,roots1 ,hardy1 ,evergreens1 ,flowering ,shrubs1 ,hedge ,plants1 etc4 ,originators of the ,thomas ,black ,walnut ,jos4,w4,thomas ,sons1 ,king of ,prussia ,p4,o41 ,montgomery ,co41 ,pa4 ,,hardy ,,nut ,,trees ,northern varieties1 ,northern grown for ,northern planting4 ,get our booklet ,nut ,trees4 ,,arrowfield ,,nurseries1 ,petersburg1 ,va4 ,hardy ,nut ,trees ,my ,pennsylvania grown hardy trees of known hardy and productive varieties will succeed with you4 ,why experiment with doubtful trees or doubtful varieties4 ,let me mail you a copy of my new catalogue4 ,you will find it interesting4 ,a postal will bring it4 ,if you are interested in the propagation of ,nut ,trees you will want my ,patch ,budder1 which is the best thing of its kind on the market4 ,others say so and you will too1 after you have tried it4 ,we guarantee satisfaction or refund your money4 ,address ,j4 ,f4 ,,jones1 ,the ,nut ,tree ,specialist ,,lancaster 33 33 ,,pennsylvania ,california ,almond ,growers' ,exchange ,,distributors ,,of ,,over ,,seventy ,,per ,,cent4 ,,of ,,california',s ,,annual ,,almond ,,production ,,almonds ,,on ,,sale ,,at ,,all ,,of ,,the ,,best ,,nut ,,and ,,fruit ,,stands ,,throughout ,,the ,,united ,,states ,,main ,,office ,,sacramento1 ,,california ,j4 ,g4 ,,rush ,propagator of ,the ,persian ,walnut ,by ,grafting and ,budding2 on ,black ,walnut ,stock such ,varieties as the ,,nebo1 ,,hall1 ,,holden1 ,,lancaster1 ,,franquette1 ,,mayette1 ,,cut ,,leaf1 ,etc4 ,originator of ,,rush ,,persian ,,walnut ,,west ,,willow1 ,,pa4 7,lancaster ,county7 ,,vincennes ,,nurseries ,w4 ,c4 ,,reed1 ,prop4 ,,vincennes1 ,,ind4 ,propagator of ,hardy ,northern ,budded ,pecan ,trees4 ,persian or ,english ,walnuts ,budded on ,native ,black ,walnut ,stocks4 ,also ,budded or ,grafted ,chestnuts4 ,if ,interested1 ask for ,nut ,catalogue4 ,,trees ,,for ,,summer ,,shade ,,evergreens that add a tone of warmth and verdure1 and impart a charm to landscape1--,,hardy ,,flowering ,,shrubs that add beautiful bits of color to the garden work1--,,nut ,,trees in variety1--,,california ,,privet1 the ideal hedge plant1 are some of my specialties1 and ,,grown ,,in ,,new ,,jersey under soil and climate advantages1 are ready to start growth again anywhere as soon as planted4 ,beautiful ,illustrated catalogue1 mailed free4 ,t4 ,e4 ,,steele1 ,pomona ,nurseries1 ,palmyra4 ,n4 ,j4 ,established #ahej #a1bjj ,acres ,,trees ,we are wholesale growers of ,first-class ,nursery ,stock of all kinds--,fruit1 ,shade1 ,ornamental ,trees1 ,shrubbery1 ,hedges1 ,small ,fruits1 etc4 ,asparagus1 ,strawberries and ,california ,privet in large quantities4 ,the ,,best is the ,,cheapest4 ,ours is the ,,cheapest because it is the ,,best4 ,handling dealers' orders a specialty4 ,catalogue ,free4 ,,franklin-,,davis ,,nursery ,,company ,,baltimore ,,maryland ,,send ,,for ,,this ,,book ,,it',s ,,free6 ,,the ,,farmers' ,,handbook ,,how ,,to ,,use 99 ,,red ,,cross 99 ,,dynamite ,,your ,,address ,,on ,a ,,postal ,,gets ,,it ,illustration ,,write ,,today ,,ask ,,for ,,farmers' ,,handbook #ah-;,f ,,this book tells how to use ,,red ,,cross ,,dynamite for ,,tree ,,planting1 ,,stumping1 ,,boulder ,,blasting1 ,,ditching1 ,,sub-,,soiling and other farm work which can be done easier1 cheaper and quicker than by other ways ,,professional ,,blasters ,,available ,,in ,,nearly ,,every ,,locality ,,we ,,can ,,recommend ,,to ,,those ,,not ,,caring ,,to ,,do ,,the ,,blasting4 ,,competent ,,professional ,,blasters4 ,address on request ,do not plant ,trees in ,spaded ,holes1--set them in soil dynamited with ,,red ,,cross ,,dynamite4 ,get the ,,farmers' ,,handbook4 ,read it and learn how ,,du ,,pont ,,powder ,,company ,,wilmington1 ,,del4