,,hi/ory ,,( ,,! ,,conf$]ate ,,p[d]     
,,works  ,by ,,col4 7,,g5]al7 ,,geo4 ,w4
 ,,ra9s4  ,late ( ! ,conf$]ate ,army4   
,an ,address ,deliv]$ by ,invitation    
,be=e ! ,conf$]ate ,survivors'          
,association1 at its ,f\r? ,annual      
,meet+1 on ,memorial ,day1 ,april #bf?1 
#ahhb4   ,,! ,,newburgh ,,daily ,,news  
,,pr9t1 ,,newburgh1 ,n4 ,y4             
,,address4   ,fell[ ,conf$]ate          
,survivors3  ,9 accept+ y\r invitation  
to address y on ! g5]al hi/ory ( !      
,conf$]ate ,p[d] ,works1 ,i d s ) "s    
hesitation1 on acc\nt ( my close p]sonal
 connection ) a subject :i* absorb$ my  
?\ght1 "t & en]gies4  ,9 ! hi/ory ( a w>
 we f9d1 g5]ally1 b little ref]5ce to ! 
manufactories engag$ 9 ! prep>ation (   
mat]ial2 !y _h be5 previ\sly e/abli%$1 &
 7 9 active op]ation be=e its           
comm5cem5t1 _! products be+ imm$iately  
available = active op]ations4 ,an       
in/ance c sc>cely be f\nd 9 mod]n w>f>e 
:]e previ\s prep>ations _h n be5 made1 &
 :]e ! necess>y manufactur+ works did n 

already exi/4  ,! late w> 0 ent]$ ^u    
unexpect$ly4 ,?r\gh\t ! ,s\!rn c\ntry x 
0 suppos$ t ! ,nor? w\ld n s]i\sly      
oppose a secession ( ! ,/ates f ! ,f$]al
 compact1 h5ce no previ\s provision _h  
be5 made = su* cont+5cy1 & no mat]ial ( 
w> ga!r$4  ,manufactories exi/$ on a v  
limit$ scale1 & none = w> purposes1 h5ce
 _! spe$y erection 0 ( extreme          
importance1 & _h to be accompli%$ "u !  
mo/ unfavorable conditions4  ,! entire  
supply ( gunp[d] 9 ! ,conf$]acy at !    
beg9n+ ( ! conflict1 0 sc>cely suffici5t
 = "o mon? ( active op]ations1 & n a    
p\nd 0 be+ made ?r\gh\t its limits4 ,to 
ent] ^u a great w> )\t a supply ( ?is   
ess5tial mat]ial1 & )\t effective means 
( procur+ x f abroad1 or ( manufactur+ x
 at home1 0 appall+4  ,no "o 0 s well   
aw>e ( ?is condition ( ?+s z ! ,presid5t
 ( ! ,conf$]ate ,/ates1 :o1 be+ an      
educat$ soldi]1 0 fully alive to !      
requirem5ts ( w>1 & at once took active 
measures = ! creation ( w> mat]ial4     
,among ^!1 0 ! erection ( a great       

gunp[d] manufactory4  ,x is ! cu/om ( ! 
diff]5t nations1 9 addition to ! private
 factories ( gunp[d]1 to h erect$ at    
diff]5t po9ts national works to supply !
 dem& = w>4 ,! v limit$ res\rces ( !    
,conf$]acy n admitt+ ( division1 _h to  
be accumulat$ at "o po9t4 ,mr4 ,davis 0 
necess>ily acqua9t$ ) mo/ ( ! (fic]s ( !
 old army1 z he 0 graduat$ at ,we/      
,po9t1 s]v$ ) great di/9ction 9 ! w> )  
,mexico1 & _h be5 ,secret>y ( ,w> "u !  
,f$]al ,gov]nm5t2 he 0 ?us enabl$ to    
select 8 ag5ts = ! diff]5t s]vices      
requir$4 ,?us t v compet5t (fic]1 ,g5]al
 ,gorgas1 0 plac$ at ! head ( !         
,ordnance ,dep>tm5t2 ,i _h ! honor ( be+
 appo9t$ to take *>ge ( ! manufactory ( 
gunp[d]1 a c>te blan*e be+ giv54 ,!     
necess>y works 7 to be erect$ z ne>ly   
c5tral z practical2 to be p]man5t       
/ructures1 & ( suffici5t magnitude to   
supply ! armies 9 ! field & ! artill]y (
 ! =ts & def5ces4  ,on ! #aj? ,july1    
#ahfa1 ,i left ,ri*mond to ent] ^u ?is  
duty4 ,mak+ a rapid t\r ?r\gh ! ,s\? to 

f9d a suitable site1 ,augu/a 0 select$1 
= sev]al reasons3 = its c5tral position2
 = its canal transportation & wat]-p[]2 
= its railroad facilities2 & = its      
security f attack--s9ce ! loss ( ! works
 w\ld h be5 foll[$ by disa/r\s          
consequ5ces4  ,! small am\nt1           
comp>atively1 ( gunp[d] captur$ ) !     
,navy ,y>d at ,norfolk1 ) t on h& f o!r 
s\rces1 _h be5 di/ribut$ to ! army ga!r+
 on ! ,potomac1 to ,ri*mond1 ,yorkt[n1  
,p5sacola1 ,mobile1 ,new ,orleans1 & o!r
 places2 sc>cely any be+ left = ! =ce   
assembl+ "u ! comm& ( ,g5]al ,alb]t     
,sidney ,johnson1 9 ,k5tucky4 ,! ,f$]al 
=ces1 hav+ ! requisite advantages =     
equipm5t & transportation1 7 assembl+ 9 
l>ge bodies1 & ! utmo/ en]gy 0 requir$  
to prev5t ! loss ( a battle by failure 9
 ammunition4 ,g5]al ,johnson's comm& 0 !
 mo/ urg5t 9 its wants1 h5ce requir$ !  
fir/ att5tion4  ,! ,/ate ( ,t5nessee1   
?r\gh ! en]gy ( ,gov]nor ,h>ris1 & its  
,milit>y ,committee consi/+ ( ,g5]al    
,h>d+ & ,colonel ,bailey1 _h at ! e>lie/

 mom5t tak5 measures to supply 8 army by
 mak+ contracts = saltpetre1 to be      
suppli$ f ! lime/one caves1 & ) !       
,sycamore ,p[d] ,mill1 n f> f ,na%ville1
 :i* 0 to be enl>g$ & put into imm$iate 
op]ation4 ,^! contracts 7 turn$ ov] to !
 ,conf$]ate ,gov]nm5t on my arrival 9 t 
city1 & e assi/ance possible giv5 by !  
,/ate au?orities4 ,mr4 ,s4 ,d4 ,morgan1 
a private citiz5 ( ,na%ville1 b a       
g5tleman ( great en]gy & influ5ce1 r5d]$
 ess5tial s]vice to ! (fic]s ( !        
,conf$]acy4 ,! ,sycamore ,/amp+ ,mill 0 
soon put into op]ation1 b its limit$    
arrangem5ts1 p>ticul>ly = prep>+ !      
saltpetre1 caus$ ! product to be small4 
,not)/&+ ! rapid con/ruction ( new      
/amp]s1 & o!r p>ts1 x 0 only 9 ! latt]  
"p ( ,septemb] t five hundr$ p\nds (    
p[d] daily 7 produc$4  ,x 0 soon p]ceiv$
 t to increase ! supply1 a special      
ref9]y = saltpetre w\ld h to be erect$2 
works accord+ly 7 project$1 comm5c$1 &  
ma9ly complet$1 at ,na%ville1 by ! #i?  
,octob]1 on :i* day #a1ejj lbs4 7 ref9$1

 & ?is am\nt 0 gradually increas$ to    
#c1jjj lbs4 daily4 ,exp]ts 7 n to be    
f\nd1 & = "s days e "p ( ! op]ations 7  
c>ri$ on "u my p]sonal in/ruction4      
,gunp[d] conta9s ?ree-f\r?s ( its weight
 ( saltpetre1 & to h its prop] & endur+ 
/r5g?1 ?is con/itu5t mu/ be ref9$ to    
almo/ *emical purity4 ,?us ! obta9+ (   
?is mat]ial & its prep>ation1 became    
matt]s ( ! highe/ consid]ation4  ,!     
,gov]nor ( ,georgia1 at ! sugge/ion (   
,lieut5ant ,boggs1 late ( ! ,ordnance   
,dep>tm5t ( ! old army1 _h pur*as$ a    
small c>go ( saltpetre & sulphur 9      
,philadelphia1 :i* =tunately arriv$     
safely at ,savannah j be=e t port 0     
blockad$4 ,?is /ore ( mat]ial1 al?\gh   
comp>atively small1 0 ( extraord9>y     
value1 z f x ma9ly ! gunp[d] = ,g5]al   
,a4 ,s4 ,johnson's army 0 suppli$1 z    
well z ! ,batt]ies at ,=t ,pill[1 ,isl& 
,numb] #aj1 & ,memphis1 on !            
,mississippi riv]4  ,! e>? ( ! lime/one 
caves ( ,t5nessee1 ,alabama1 ,georgia1  
,arkansas1 & o!r ,/ates1 0 ri* 9 nitrate

 ( lime1 & ?is salt 0 conv]tible into   
saltpetre by lixiviation & saturat+ ) ! 
lye ( wood a%es4 ,"s ( ^! caves 7       
p]sonally visit$1 & great ef=ts made to 
h !m work$ to full capacity4 ,ag5ts 7   
s5t out to inve/igate _! capabilities ) 
au?ority to make contracts1 & supply !  
necess>y in=mation = _! work+2 ! la/ 0  
accompli%$ by means ( a pamphlet :i* ,i 
publi%$ 9 ,na%ville giv+ detail$        
in/ructions1 & :i* 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t !
 c\ntry2 x 0 republi%$ 9 ,ri*mond1 ,new 
,orleans & o!r places4 ,z rapidly z !   
crude saltpetre 0 receiv$ f ! caves x 0 
ref9$ & s5t to ! p[d] mills1 & !        
products mo/ly s5t to ,g5]al ,a4 ,s4    
,johnson's comm&4 ,ab\t #ajj1jjj p\nds (
 gunp[d] 7 ?us suppli$ be=e ! fall (    
,na%ville1 besides a consid]able am\nt  
s5t to ,new ,orleans & o!r places4  ,!  
caves ( ,arkansas 7 ri* 9 nitr\s e>?1 & 
^? ( ,texas /ill m s1 & ^! suppli$ !    
armies we/ ( ! ,mississippi riv] )      
mat]ial = gunp[d]4 ,z e>ly z practicable
 ,i s5t out in/ruct$ p[d]-mak]s to bo?  

^? ,/ates1 :o "u ! directions ( !       
milit>y au?orities1 assi/$ to put up !  
necess>y p[d] mills = !                 
,trans-,mississippi dep>tm5t1 :i* aft] !
 fall ( ,na%ville 0 left necess>ily to  
its own res\rces4  ,9 ! e>ly "p (       
,novemb] my "t _h become s mu* occupi$ t
 x 0 no long] practicable to att5d to ! 
production ( saltpetre1 & ,mr4 ,f4 ,h4  
,smi? 0 s5t f ,ri*mond by ! ,*ief (     
,ordnance to relieve me f its duties4   
,at a lat] day a sep>ate dep>tm5t 0     
e/abli%$1 call$ ! ,nitre & ,m9+ ,bureau1
 :i* !n _h ! entire *>ge ( its          
production4  ,9 ! latt] "p ( ,novemb]1  
by ! desire ( ,g5]al ,lovell--! able    
(fic] 9 comm& at ,new ,orleans--,i      
proce$$ to t city & exam9$ ! tempor>y   
arrangem5ts = mak+ gunp[d]1 & also      
conf]r$ ) him relative to procur+ a     
supply ( saltpetre f abroad4 ,he sugge/$
 ! *>t]+ ( ! /eam%ip ,t5nessee1 !n ly+  
idle 9 ! riv] ne> ! city1 to proce$ at  
once to ,liv]pool & take 9 a c>go (     
saltpetre & return to ,new ,orleans1 or1

 9 case ( necessity1 to put 9 at        
,*>le/on or ,wilm+ton4 ,! sugge/ion met 
my views1 & 0 approv$ by ,mr4 ,b5jam91  
!n ,secret>y ( ,w>1 b 0 n c>ri$ out on  
acc\nt ( ! effective blockade ( ! m\? ( 
! ,mississippi4  ,! ,conf$]ate          
,gov]nm5t1 h[ev]1 by its ag5ts 9        
,europe1 pur*as$ saltpetre :i* 0 %ipp$  
on swift blockade runn]s :i* arriv$ f "t
 to "t at ,*>le/on & ,wilm+ton4 ,?is    
prov$ to be adequate to our wants1 &    
ab\t two millions1 sev5 hundr$ ?\s&     
p\nds 7 ?us receiv$ dur+ ! w> & s5t to !
 ,conf$]ate ,p[d] ,works4 ,! am\nt      
obta9$ f ! caves am\nt$ to ab\t ?ree    
hundr$ ?\s& p\nds = ! same p]iod4 ,?us !
 total am\nt receiv$ at ! works am\nt$  
to ab\t #a1ejj tons4  ,! ,gov]nor &     
,milit>y ,committee ( ,t5nessee1 9 mak+ 
! contracts = w> mat]ial1 _h engag$ ,mr4
 ,:iteman1 ( ,na%ville1 an en]getic     
citiz51 to con/ruct a ,p[d] ,mill at    
,man*e/]1 :o at my sugge/ion adopt$ !   
incorporat+ process ( heavy roll]s on an
 iron circul> b$1 su* z ,i _h propos$ to

 employ at ! ,conf$]ate ,p[d] ,works    
erect$ at ,augu/a4 ,! con/ruction ( ?is 
mill 0 urg$ on s successfully1 t by !   
middle ( ,octob] "o set ( roll]s 0 9    
op]ation1 & a second set 9 c\rse (      
erection2 a mon? lat]1 by supply+       
saltpetre & *>coal f ! ref9]y at        
,na%ville1 #a1ejj p\nds ( gunp[d] 7     
daily produc$4  ,i _h propos$ at an e>ly
 p]iod to make ?is ,p[d] ,mill a s*ool (
 in/ruction = a few select$ m51 s z to h
 !m ready = s]vice at ! ,augu/a ,p[d]   
,works :5 !y %\ld comm5ce               
op]ations--simil>ly to :at _h be5 done  
at ! ,ref9]y at ,na%ville1 :]e m5 7 be+ 
taught to ref9e saltpetre & di/ill      
*>coal4 ,be=e ! occupation ( ,na%ville  
by ! ,f$]al =ces1 ^! m51 toge!r ) !     
ma*9]y & articles ( ! ,ref9]y 9 t city1 
7 remov$ to ! ,augu/a ,works2 ?us !y 7  
suppli$ at ! comm5cem5t ) ! necess>y    
means ( op]ation1 :i* c\ld n h be5      
o!rwise accompli%$4 ,b "o               
man--,wright--c\ld be f\nd 9 ! ,s\!rn   
,/ates :o _h se5 gunp[d] made by !      

incorporat+ mill--! only k9d t c make x 
( ! fir/ quality2 he _h be5 a workman at
 ! ,wal?am ,abbey ,gov]nm5t ,gunp[d]    
,works1 9 ,engl&4 ,he 0 made available 9
 ! op]ation ( ! ,man*e/] ,mill1 &       
aft]w>ds = a %ort "t at ! ,augu/a       
,conf$]ate ,works1 & al?\gh sadly       
defective 9 a c]ta9 way1 ,i 0 mu*       
indebt$ to 8 k & exp]i5ce4  ,a s+ul>    
good =tune happ5$ at ! comm5cem5t ( my  
labors4 ,i came into possession ( an    
invaluable pamphlet by ,major ,bradley1 
! ,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,wal?am ,abbey ,works2
 9 ?is ! entire process & ma*9]y employ$
 at t ,factory--! be/ exi/+ 9 any       
c\ntry--0 succ9ctly /at$2 draw+s1 or    
work+ plans1 or details ( ! build+s1 or 
app>atus1 h[ev]1 7 n giv54  ,n[h]e c\ld 
be f\nd a publication 9 :i* ?is 0 done (
 any p[d] factory1 h5ce 9 ! projection (
 ! ,conf$]ate ,p[d] ,works1 ,i 0 ?r[n ^u
 my own res\rces to supply ^!           
defici5cies4  ,dur+ ! _m h\rs sp5t 9    
railroad c>s1 ^! matt]s 7 ?\ght ov] &   
plann$ sep>ately z necessity requir$4 ,a

 r\gh sket* 0 made1 dim5sions giv51 &   
location designat$2 ?is data 0 plac$ 9 !
 h&s ( capable m5 to c>ry out4 ,9 my "y 
,ar*itect & ,civil ,eng9e]1 ,c4 ,%al]   
,smi?1 recomm5d$ by ! proprietors ( !   
,ri*mond ,tr$eg> ,iron ,works1 ,i at    
once recognis$ g5ius ( a high ord]1 &   
plac$ 9 8 h&s my r\gh sket*es ( build+s 
to elaborate & give ar*itectural f9i%4  
,all "k ) :at result1 ! f9e ta/e        
exhibit$ 9 ! massive & beautiful        
/ructures :i* ornam5t$ ! banks ( !      
,augu/a ,canal1 = two miles1 bore       
witness ( 8 success4  ,good =tune also  
br\ght to my notice1 by a casual enc\nt]
 ) ,g5]al ,p5dleton1 ,*ief ( ,artill]y  
at ,ri*mond1 a skill$ ma*9i/1 :o _h s]v$
 8 "t at ! ,tr$eg> ,works1 & 0 !n a     
,s]geant 9 ! ,conf$]ate army4 ,he1      
,william ,p5dleton1 0 appli$ =1 & 9 8   
acquisition1 0 ga9$ a man ( capability &
 integrity1 into ^: h&s c\ld be         
confid5tly plac$ ! erection ( all !     
ext5sive ma*9]y !n 9 process (          
con/ruction4 ,! responsible duties (    

,sup]9t5d5t ( ! ,works 7 also committ$  
to 8 *>ge4  ,! ,tr$eg> ,iron & ,ma*9e   
,works1 at ,ri*mond1 7 ! only ones      
?r\gh\t ! ,s\?1 hav+ adequate           
capabilities = ! con/ruction ( ! heavy &
 ext5sive ma*9]y requir$ 9 ! project$   
,conf$]ate ,p[d] ,works4 ,!y 7 only     
p>tially available = ! purpose1 h[ev]1 z
 ! dem&s made ^u !m = heavy artill]y1 & 
= all k9ds ( urg5t "w requir$ by !      
,gov]nm5t1 absorb$ _! res\rces1         
nev]!less1 ,i 0 compell$ to call ^u !m =
 mo/ ( ! twelve circul> iron b$s1 &     
tw5ty-f\r pond]\s five ton iron roll]s1 
) o!r "w requir$ = ! incorporat+ ,mills1
 :i*1 toge!r1 weigh$ #bdj tons2 two ( ! 
roll]s 7 made 9 ,macon & two 9          
,*attanooga4  ,! imm5se iron %aft1 ne>ly
 ?ree hundr$ feet long1 v>y+ f twelve   
in*es 9 diamet] at ! c5tral portions1 to
 t5 in*es & eight in*es1 t[>d !         
extremities1 0 ca/ & complet$ 9         
sections1 ma9ly1 at ! ,web/] ,f\ndry &  
,ma*9e ,works at ! latt] city2 "h1 also1
 7 made ! twelve heavy spur :eels1 &    

twelve p[]ful friction arrangem5ts to   
/>t & /op gradually ea* set ( roll]s    
sep>ately1 z ! ma9 %aft1 work+ 9 !      
ext5sive subt]ranean ar*way1 :i* ext5d$ 
bel[ ! l9e ( mills1 cont9u$ its         
incessant revolutions4  ,! great        
ge>-:eel1 sixte5 feet 9 diamet]1 atta*$ 
to ! c5tre ( ?is %aft1 giv+ x motion1 ) 
its correspond+ massive p9ion on ! eng9e
 %aft1 7 ca/ & accurately f9i%$ at      
,atlanta4  ,! f9e /eam eng9e (          
#acj-;horse p[]1 hav+ two cyl9d]s & a   
fly :eel ( f\rte5 tons weight1 & five   
boil]s 0 made at ! ,nor? j be=e ! w>1 & 
br\ght to t city to be us$ 9 a fl\r+    
mill4 ,?is 0 pur*as$ z be+ exactly !    
motive p[] requir$4  ,x 0 design$ to    
make use ( ! wat] p[] ( ! canal = all   
purposes1 b its available capacities at 
t "t w\ld n p]mit ?is1 = ! l>ge am\nt   
requir$ by ! incorporat+ mills2 x 0     
employ$ at ! o!r & m dang]\s build+s1   
:i* requir$ a small] am\nt ( p[]4 ,two  
small] /eam eng9es--"o procur$ at ,macon
 & ! o!r at ,selma--7 employ$ 9 ! ,ref9+

 build+4 ,two ,hydraulic ,presses 7     
procur$ at ,ri*mond2 ! twelve iron      
evaporat+ pans1 ea* hold+ five hundr$   
gallons1 7 ca/ at ! l>ge ,iron ,works on
 ! ,cumb]l& ,riv]1 9 ,t5nessee4 ,!      
ext5sive copp] dry+ pans = ! p[d]$      
saltpetre1 be+ toge!r =ty feet long by  
n9e feet broad1 7 made at ,na%ville2 !  
f\r ca/ iron ,retorts1 f\r feet long by 
?ree feet 9 diamet]1 ) eight ca/ iron   
cool]s1 & twelve %eet iron slip cyl9d]s 
( ne>ly ! same dim5sions1 7 made at !   
,augu/a ,conf$]ate ,f\ndry & ,ma*9e     
,works1 :]e also all ! small] ma*9]y    
requir$ 0 con/ruct$4 ,copp] boil]s 7    
procur$ f ,wilm+ton1 ,n4 ,c41 be+ made (
 l>ge turp5t9e /ills2 pumps1 pipe &     
cem5t f ,*>le/on2 %eet copp] f ,savannah
 & ,na%ville2 t9 & z9c = ro(+ f ,mobile2
 ! l>g] /eam pipes f ,hight's ,f\ndry1 9
 ,augu/a1 & ! small] f ,new ,orleans2   
iron & coal = ca/+s 7 _h f ,nor?        
,georgia & ,alabama1 & copp] f ,duckt[n1
 9 ,t5nessee4  ,?us mat]ial 0 ga!r$ f   
all ! ,s\!rn ,/ates to unite ) !        

res\rces ( ! ,city ( ,augu/a1 to        
con/ruct ! l>ge/ & f9e/ ,gunp[d]        
,factory to be f\nd 9 any c\ntry4  ,on !
 #bj? ( ,july1 #ahfa1 ,i exam9$ !       
,augu/a ,canal & res\rces ( ! city1 &   
lat] select$ ! location ( ! ,p[d]       
,works1 beg9n+ at ! site ( ! ,unit$     
,/ates old ,magaz9e1 half a mile f !    
we/]n city limit4 ,l& adjac5t 0 pur*as$1
 & also t betwe5 ! canal & ! riv] = a   
di/ance ( two miles1 s t ! diff]5t      
build+s requir$1 might be sep>at$ by    
int]vals ( at lea/ "o ?\s& feet = safety
 9 case any "o ( !m %\ld h an explosion4
  ,x 0 rem>kable t ! mo/ favorable      
conditions requir$ 9 ! erection ( an    
ext5sive ,p[d] manufactory1 7 all met at
 ?is location1 & n[h]e else atta9able4  
,^! are3  #a4 ,a c5tral po9t ( ! c\ntry1
 = obvi\s reasons4  #b4 ,on a ma9 l9e ( 
railroad communication1 to di/ribute !  
products to all p>ts ( ! c\ntry4  #c4   
,on a canal or riv]1 :i* c\ld af=d a    
safe & economical means ( transportation
 ( ! pulv]iz$ mat]ials 9 process (      

manufacture1 at ! same "t af=d+ !       
necess>y wat]-p[] to ! diff]5t build+s4 
#d4 ,9 ! neighborhood ( a t[n or city1 f
 :i* me*anics & employees1 z well z     
necess>y articles1 c\ld be obta9$4  #e4 
,a location ne> :i* ! be/ build+        
mat]ials c\ld be procur$ = p]man5t      
/ructures4  #f4 ,a temp]ate climate1 :]e
 op]ations c\ld be cont9u$ ?r\gh\t ! ye>
 )\t ob/ructions f ice1 & to avoid !    
haz>d & exp5se ( w>m+ ! build+4  #g4 ,a 
di/rict ( c\ntry free f lime & e>?y     
salts1 s t ! l>ge am\nt ( wat] requir$ 9
 ! op]ations ( ! ,saltpetre ,ref9]y %\ld
 be z ne>ly pure z possible4  #h4 ,a    
location :i* w\ld insure an abundant &  
*eap supply ( ! prop] k9d ( wood requir$
 9 ! mak+ ( gunp[d]4  #i4 ,a situation  
:i*1 :il/ suffici5tly ne> a t[n to      
procure readily supplies & workm51 %\ld1
 at ! same "t1 be remov$ s f> (f t !    
dang]\s /ructures1 %\ld an explosion    
occur1 w\ld cause no damage to ! ne>e/  
inhabitant4  #aj4 ,h5ce1 also1 ! canal  
or /ream on :i* ! works exi/1 %\ld h b  

little traffic or comm]ce1 &1 9 !       
vic9ity ( ! works1 %\ld pass ?r\gh a    
sp>sely inhabit$ di/rict4  ,! ,augu/a   
,canal1 hav+ be5 select$ = ! site ( !   
,conf$]ate ,p[d] ,works1 contracts 7    
imm$iately ent]$ into = ! brick1 /one & 
c>p5t]'s "w1 on v favorable t]ms4  ,at !
 beg9n+ ( ! w>1 bus9ess 0 m or less     
p>alyz$1 s t ! manufactur]s & build]s 71
 to a consid]able ext5t1 ?r[n out (     
employm5t1 :i* enabl$ contracts to be   
made advantage\sly at ! usual prices4   
,?us1 ! total co/ ( ! entire works did n
 exce$ ?ree hundr$ & eighty-five ?\s&   
doll>s4  ,! erection ( ^! works on !    
gr\nd ( economy alone1 0 ( great s]vice 
to ! ,conf$]ate ,gov]nm5t4 ,! extreme   
haz>d ( import+ gunp[d] ?r\gh !         
blockade1 rais$ its av]age price1 ! fir/
 ye> ( ! w>1 to ?ree doll>s p] p\nd4    
,!re 7 made "o million p\nds at ! works 
9 t p]iod1 at a total co/1 includ+ !    
mat]ials1 ( "o million & eighty ?\s&    
doll>s2 ?us sav+ to ! ,gov]nm5t 9 "o    
ye>1 "o million1 n9e hundr$ & tw5ty ?\s&

 doll>s4  ,! requisite l& hav+ be5      
pur*as$1 & contracts made = build+      
mat]ials1 ! site ( ! ma9 build+s 7      
locat$ by myself1 & con/ruction comm5c$ 
on ! #ac? ( ,septemb]1 #ahfa1 "u !      
imm$iate sup]vision ( ,mr4 ---- ,grant1 
a "y civil eng9e] f ,savannah4 ,^!      
build+s 7 erect$ ( ! excell5t bricks    
suppli$ by ! ,augu/a & ,hamburg y>ds1   
:i* 7 work$ to _! full capacity1 & above
 five millions 7 suppli$4 ,! h&some     
granite ( ,/one ,m\nta91 on ! ,georgia  
,railroad1 0 employ$ = ! sills1 l9tels1 
cop+s1 & f\ndation /ones4 ,! :ole ( !   
build+s 7 erect$ by ,messrs4 ,d5n+ &    
,b[e1 ( ,augu/a1 ! =m] hav+ imm$iate    
*>ge1 & c\ld n be surpass$ = excell5ce (
 workman%ip4  ,! fir/ /ructure--or ! "o 
ne>e/ ! city--0 call$ ! ,ref9]y build+1 
because ! c5tral portion 0 us$ = su*    
purposes1 b x includ$ a saltpetre &     
sulphur w>eh\se1 ( a capacity ( fifte5  
hundr$ tons1 on ! ea/ end1 & a *>coal   
dep>tm5t & ma*9e %op ) a /eam eng9e on !
 we/ end4 ,rifle & balli/ic p5dulums on 

! nor!a/1 & ! /eam boil] h\se on !      
nor?we/ portions4 ,!re 7 f\r squ>e t[]s 
at ! corn]s1 us$ z (fices2 ! entire     
/ructure =m+ ?ree sides ( a squ>e1      
front+ two hundr$ & fifty feet along !  
canal1 & ext5d+ back two hundr$ &       
sev5ty-five feet4 ,! nor? side 0 mo/ly a
 brick enclosure ) high walls1 b hav+ no
 ro(1 & tempor>ily us$ = /or+ wood--its 
ultimate de/9ation 0 = work%ops4  ,)9 ! 
squ>e 7 locat$ ! kilns = dry+ ! wood to 
be di/ill$ 9 ! *>coal retorts2 ! copp]  
boil]s & o!r app>atus = ! extraction ( !
 saltpetre f damag$ p[d]2 z also !      
arrangem5t = ! f9al extraction ( !      
saltpetre f ! refuse ( ! ,ref9]y2 la/ly1
 ! great *imney1 into :i* all ! smoke   
flues ( ! entire /ructure t]m9at$4  ,9 !
 projection ( ?is "p ( ! ,p[d] ,works1  
,i conceiv$ ! design ( mak+ ! c5tral    
portion pres5t ! appe>ance ( a gr&      
monum5tal /ructure4 ,= ?is purpose !    
*imney 0 plac$ c5trally1 & its ext]ior  
dim5sions consid]ably enl>g$2 9 fact1 x 
is compos$ ( two di/9ct p>ts1 ! *imney &

 outside obelisk2 ! =m] be+ enclos$ at  
its base by a squ>e t[]1 n9ete5 by      
?irty-five feet 9 height1 ^: battlem5ts 
arose to view above ! front walls4 ,f ! 
top ( ?is t[] ! envelop+ obelisk        
comm5c$1 & asc5d$ "o hundr$ & fifte5    
feet1 mak+ ! complete /ructure "o hundr$
 & fifty feet f ! gr\nd to ! cop+4 ,!   
int]ior *imney flue is five feet squ>e f
 bottom to top4 ,! corn] /one1 or r !   
box1 conta9+ ! usual docum5ts1 01 by a  
fancy ( ! ar*itect1 plac$ 9 "o ( !      
corn]s ( ! top cop+ ( ! obelisk4  ,!    
saltpetre ref9]y occupi$ ! "r c5tral    
portion ( ! front1 be+ sixty-five feet  
long1 fifty-five feet broad & ?irty feet
 high1 op5 f ! floor to ! v5tilat$ ro(4 
,at ! ea/ end 7 f\r ( ! l>ge evaporat+  
iron pans1 plac$ side by side1 & elevat$
 ?ree feet above ! floor by ! brick "w  
:i* surr\nd$ !m2 five simil> pans 7 9 a 
correspond+ position at ! we/ end1 & !  
l>ge copp] dry+ pans occupi$ =ty feet   
along ! nor? side at ! same height4 ,ea*
 evaporat+ pan _h a sep>ate furnace1 & !

 heat$ air f ! :ole pass$ b5ea?1 & 9    
contact ) ! bottoms ( ! dry+ pans on its
 way to ! great *imney2 ! furnaces op5$ 
into side rooms communicat+ ) ! outside 
op5 space 9 ! re> ( ! build+4 ,?us !    
ref9+ room 0 entirely free f a%es1 du/ &
 smoke4  ,! c5tre space ( ! floor1 ab\t 
?irty-six feet squ>e1 0 sunk f\r feet to
 all[ wat] f ! canal to pass ar\nd !    
bottoms ( two ( ! l>ge evaporat+ pans1  
:i* 7 plac$ !re9 ne> ! c5tre ( ?is area1
 & n9e feet ap>t2 ^! 7 us$ = a special  
purpose4  ,! be/ quality ( gunp[d] c    
only be made f ! pure/ saltpetre2 !     
impurities ( ! crude mat]ial are ma9ly  
deliquesc5t salts1 :i* rapidly          
det]iorate ! /r5g? ( ! p[d] by ! moi/ure
 absorb$4 ,to ref9e m or less ! r\gh    
saltpetre ( comm]ce is !n a necessity   
ev5 9 produc+ an inf]ior article4  ,to  
c>ry ! ref9+ process to ! ext5t ( ne>ly 
absolute purity1 requir$ sev]al         
successive cry/allizations & wa%+s1     
involv+ a l>ge am\nt ( manual labor 9 ! 
manipulation1 & consum+ mu* "t4 ,?is 0  

p>ticul>ly ! case 9 ! v l>ge am\nt (    
saltpetre1 eight to t5 ?\s& p\nds p]    
day1 us$ by ! ,works1 ! ref9+ ( :i* w\ld
 dem& ext5d$ build+s & app>atus1 z well 
z requir+ a l>ge numb] ( op]atives4     
,h5ce1 x became desirable to devise     
me?ods by :i* h& labor c\ld be sup]s$$  
by motive p[] & ma*9]y2 9 ?is ,i 0      
entirely successful4 ,?us1 9 ! op]ations
 ( fill+ ! v>i\s boil+ pans ) wat] or   
"m-liquor2 ! transf]5ce ( ! boil+       
solution ( saltpetre to ! dra9+ tr\gh1 &
 !nce to ! cry/alliz+ ma*9es2 ! cool+   
d[n ( ! solutions1 & _! con/ant         
agitation to break up ! =m+ cry/als into
 f9e p>ticles1 & transf]r+ ( ^! to an   
adjo9+ tank2 ! wa%+ ( ! cry/alliz$ mass1
 & ! subsequ5t removal ( ! "m-liquor &  
wa%-wat]s1 7 all accompli%$ by ma*9]y1 )
 ! assi/ance ( two or ?ree workm5 only4 
,! sav+ ( "t & labor 0 ?us manife/1 & ! 
rapidity ) :i* ^! op]ations 7 p]=m$1    
p]mitt$ a d\ble & triple process 9 a    
s+le day2 ?us all[+ a degree ( purity 9 
! product ( ref9$ saltpetre n atta9$ 9  

any o!r ref9]y4 ,its purity 0 su*       
g5]ally1 t !re 0 n ! "o-hundr$-?\s&? "p 
( *lorides left 9 ! salt4  ,( ! ma*9]y  
us$1 ! mo/ important 0 a bronze revolv+ 
:eel ) buckets atta*$ to ! p]iph]y1 :i* 
work$ into an iron pan or kettle1 ^:    
section 0 an arc ( a circle2 ! buckets  
graz$ ! surface ( ! bottom & sides ( ?is
 kettle1 ! bottom ( ! latt] be+ imm]s$ 9
 a curr5t ( cold wat]4 ,! hot filt]$    
solution ( ! crude saltpetre 0 receiv$  
into ?is kettle1 & ?us kept into a /ate 
( rapid agitation1 ! effect be+ to      
produce a wet mass ( m9ute cry/als1 :i*1
 z fa/ z =m$1 7 tak5 up by ! %>p edg$   
buckets1 & lift$ suffici5tly high to p\r
 into a receiv+ vat2 ?is p]mitt$ !      
liquid "p to fl[ back into ! kettle4 ,by
 ?is means 9 a %ort "t ! entire mass (  
f9e deposit$ cry/als f ! rapidly cool$  
liquid1 7 remov$ to ! vat4 ,:5 !        
op]ation 0 complet$ ! rema9+ liquid 9 ! 
kettle 0 by ! revolutions ( ! bronze    
:eel1 dis*>g$ into "o ( ! eight capaci\s
 ci/]ns bel[ ! floor2 !re 7 two ( ^!    

ma*9es employ$4  ,! facility = "w :i*   
?is app>atus1 ) ! o!r me*anical         
appliances af=d$1 enabl$ ! ref9]y to    
c>ry ! purification ( ! saltpetre beyond
 t ( ! mo/ celebrat$ p[d] factories4    
,adjo9+ ?is "p ( ! ,works 0 ! ,sulphur  
,ref9]y1 :]e ?is mat]ial 0 prep>$ f !   
crude /ock1 & made ready = ! incorporat+
 process4 ,ab\t "o hundr$ & ?irty tons (
 v impure sulphur _h be5 receiv$ f      
,l\isiana1 = ! use ( ! ,p[d] ,works2 x  
_h be5 pur*as$ be=e ! w> by ! plant]s = 
use 9 ! mak+ ( sug>1 & 0 b\ght up by !  
,conf$]ate (fic]s4 ,! be/ quality (     
gunp[d] has its sulphur *emically pure1 
:i* c\ld be demon/rat$ by %[+ no trace (
 acid :5 p[d]$ & boil$ 9 wat]1 & %\ld   
entirely evaporate on a piece ( glass :5
 heat$1 leav+ no /a94 ,?is c only be    
accompli%$ practically by di/illation4  
,! crude article 0 melt$ & p\r$ into    
upright1 ?ick wood5 boxes five feet high
 & t5 in*es squ>e at ! bottom1 tap]+    
upw>ds2 :5 cold ! e>?y matt]s w\ld be   
f\nd 9 ! l[] portion by subsid5ce1 leav+

 ab\t ?ree feet app>5tly pure4 ,?is 0   
brok5 (f & plac$ into two kettles (     
suitable =m & dim5sions1 hav+ furnaces2 
! tops ( ^! kettles 7 connect$ by a b5t 
iron pipe to an enl>g$ portion1 :i* 0   
surr\nd$ ) wat]4 ,on ! application (    
heat ! sulphur vaporiz$1 & pass+ ov]    
?r\gh ! pipe 0 cond5s$ 9 ! cool$        
portion1 :5ce x trickl$ 9 a ?ick /ream  
into a receiv+ vessel bel[2 ! fir/      
portions be+ reject$1 ! rema9d] 0 ( a   
beautiful citron yell[ :5 cold1 &       
entirely pure4  ,unlike ! ref9$         
saltpetre1 ! purifi$ sulphur _h to be   
pulv]iz$ & bolt$ l fl\r be=e be+ us$4 ,!
 =m] 0 done by two iron :eels ( twelve  
in*es face & five feet diamet]1 weigh+  
six hundr$ p\nds ea*1 revolv+ on a b$   
circle ( iron l ! incorporat+ roll]s2 ! 
lat] 0 accompli%$ by bolt]s1 b :5 ^! 7  
worn out & c\ld n be replac$1 = want ( !
 silk clo?1 :i* 0 n to be f\nd 9 ! ,s\?1
 necessity compell$ me to devise a      
diff]5t1 & z x prov$1 a sup]ior me?od4  
,! pulv]iz$ sulphur 0 plac$ 9 b>rels or 

cyl9d]s1 ) holl[ axles1 :i* 7 made to   
revolve sl[ly by ma*9]y2 !re 7 l$ges on 
! int]ior :i* caus$ ! sulphur to be     
lift$ & p\r$ ov] z ! cyl9d]s revolv$2 a 
light curr5t ( air 0 bl[n ?r\gh ea*1    
ent]+ ! holl[ axle at "o end1 & pass+   
out ?r\gh ! axle at ! o!r end1 :i* l$   
into an adjo9+ room2 !re ! impalpable   
sulphur du/ 0 deposit$1 mu* f9] ?an by !
 usual bolt+ process4  ,adjo9+ ?is      
,ref9]y 0 ! dep>tm5t 9 :i* *>coal 0 made
 & pulv]iz$4 ,*>coal = gunp[d] has to be
 made ( a por\s f9e-gra9$ wood1 hav+ v  
little a%es :5 burn$2 will[ is g5]ally  
pref]r$1 & 0 us$ at fir/ 9 ! ,p[d]      
,works1 b ! exig5cies ( ! w> tak+ away  
^? :o w\ld ord9>ily h suppli$ x1 r5d]$ x
 impracticable to procure a suffici5t   
quantity4 ,rec\rse 0 _h to ! cotton     
wood1 :i* 0 abundant2 on trial its      
*>coal 0 f\nd fully equal to t ( ! will[
 = ! purpose1 & 01 !reaft] always us$4  
,*>coal = gunp[d] mu/ be made by :at is 
t]m$ ! di/ill+ process2 t is1 ! wood mu/
 be heat$ 9 iron retorts to ! prop]     

degree1 to h x ( ! be/ quality & free f 
s& or grit4 ,= ?is purpose ca/ iron     
cyl9d]s1 or retorts1 six feet long & f\r
 feet 9 diamet] 7 us$1 plac$ ov]        
furnaces1 ea* hav+ "o end solid & ! o!r 
) a movable cov]2 into ^! 7 run ! slip  
cyl9d]s1 :i* conta9$ ! kiln dri$ cotton 
wood1 split up into /icks ab\t "o & a   
half in*es 9 diamet]1 & entirely fill+  
x4  ,! slip cyl9d]s 7 *>g$ ) ! wood 9 an
 outside ap>tm5t1 _! cov]s put on1 !n   
readily mov$ by cranes to ! retorts1    
into :i* !y 7 pu%$2 ! cov]s ( :i* 7 !n  
lut$ ) clay & closely appli$4 ,! bottoms
 ( ! retorts be+ p]=at$1 p]mitt$ !      
escape ( ! vapors & gases into !        
furnaces b5ea?1 :]e inflam+1 !y suppli$ 
ma9ly ! heat requir$ 9 ! op]ation4 ,9   
ab\t two h\rs ! slip cyl9d]s 7 )drawn f 
! retorts & mov$ by ! cranes ov]1 & l[]$
 into ! ca/ iron cool]s b5ea? ! floor2  
^! _h wat] f ! canal circulat+ ar\nd !m2
 ! cov]s be+ !n put on to exclude ! air1
 ! mass ( *>coal 0 rapidly cool$4 ,z    
soon z a slip cyl9d] 0 remov$ f a retort

 a fre%ly *>g$ "o w\ld take its place1 &
 ?us ! process 0 cont9u$4 ,! slip       
cyl9d]s 7 tak5 out ( ! cool]s 9         
succession by ! cranes1 & swung ov] a   
long & broad table ^u :i* _! cont5ts 7  
dropp$2 "h ! /icks ( *>coal 7 sep>ately 
exam9$ & ! imp]fect reject$4 ,! *>coal 0
 !n plac$ 9 pulv]iz+ b>rels ) bronze    
balls1 :i* revolv+ by ma*9]y1 soon r$uc$
 x m or less to a f9e p[d]2 x 0 !n      
bolt$1 & ) ! sulphur & saltpetre tak5 to
 ! weigh+ h\se4 ,"h ! ?ree mat]ials 7   
arrang$ into sixty p\nds *>ges1 by m+l+ 
=ty-five p\nds ( saltpetre1 n9e p\nds ( 
*>coal & six p\nds ( sulphur1 :i* 0 !n  
moi/5$ & ready = incorporation4         
,reflect+ ov] ! processes = mak+        
gunp[d]1 x sugge/$ itself t ! *emical   
reactions w\ld necess>ily h ! mo/       
favorable conditions1 :5 !re %\ld be !  
mo/ intimate approximation ( ! compon5t 
molecules4 ,t1 z ! *>coal by its        
combu/ion ) ! oxyg5 ( ! saltpetre1      
suppli$ ! exp&$ gases :i* produc$ !     
explosive =ce1 x 0 ( ! fir/ consid]ation

 t !re %\ld be ! mo/ p]fect mixture     
practicable betwe5 ^! two +r$i5ts4 ,"u !
 microscope a f9e p>ticle ( *>coal 0 se5
 to be a mass ( c>bon p5etrat$ by num]\s
 pores1 h5ce x became necess>y to       
completely fill ^! m9ute pores ) !      
saltpetre to h ! be/ condition4 ,?is    
might be accompli%$ by ! usual          
processes1 z ! *>ge is kept moi/5$ :5   
/amp$ or roll$1 b z x w n answ] to h !  
mass wet dur+ ! incorporat+ op]ation1   
only moi/ or damp1 ! completion ( !     
process 0 necess>ily delay$4 ,if ?is    
mass ( mat]ial c\ld be made into a      
semi-liquid condition by ! action (     
/eam1 ! hot solution ( saltpetre w\ld   
spe$ily p5etrate ! m9ute pores ( !      
*>coal1 & ?us ! desir$ end w\ld be      
rapidly atta9$4  ,accord+ly1 ! foll[+   
process 0 devis$3 ,! moi/5$ sixty p\nds 
*>ges1 r\ghly mix$ & moi/5$ ) wat]1 7   
introduc$ into horizontal cyl9d]s ( %eet
 copp] ?irty in*es long by eighte5 in*es
 9 diamet]4 ,^! cyl9d]s revolv$ sl[ly on
 a common axis1 consi/+ ( a heavy brass 

tube ?ree in*es 9 diamet]1 p]=at$ )     
holes4 ,high pressure /eam 0 introduc$  
?r\gh ! tube rais+ ! temp]ature to !    
boil+ po9t :ile ! wat] produc$ by       
cond5sation1 add$ to t orig9ally us$ to 
moi/5 ! mat]ials1 r$uc$ !m to a         
semi-liquid slu%1 :i* 0 run out ( !     
cyl9d]s aft] ab\t eight m9utes rotation4
 ,on cool+1 ?is mud became a damp solid 
cake1 ! saltpetre :i* 9 ! /ate ( boil+  
hot saturat$ solution _h ent]$ ! m9ute/ 
pores ( ! *>coal1 n[ cry/alliz+4 ,! cake
 z produc$ 0 transf]r$ to ! incorporat+ 
mills1 & "u ! five ton roll]s 0 9 an h\r
 br\ght to ! condition ( f9i%$ mill     
cake1 ready to be cool$ & granulat$1    
:ile )\t ! /eam+ process1 f\r h\rs      
incorporation 9 ! mills _h previ\sly be5
 necess>y to produce p[d] ( ! same      
fir/-class "*4 ,! capacity ( ! "w ( !   
mills 0 ?us practically quadrupl$1 !    
?or\gh saturation ( ! *>coal ) saltpetre
 be+ accompli%$ by ! /eam+1 :ile x      
rema9$ = ! roll]s m]ely to complete !   
incorporation ( ! :ole mass & give !    

requir$ d5sity to ! mill cake4  ,!      
,incorporat+ ,mills1 twelve 9 numb]1    
ext5d$ along ! canal beyond ! ,ref9]y   
build+ & fur!r back f its bank1 hav+ !  
,laboratory betwe5 ! two2 !y 7 two      
hundr$ & n9ety-six feet long4 ,?is      
sep>ation 0 = safety1 z !y work$        
explosive mat]ial4 ,! walls 7 massive1  
be+ f\r to t5 feet ?ick1 ! horizontal   
section ( ea* be+ t ( a huge mort> (    
sev5te5 feet wide by tw5ty-f\r feet     
long2 ! height ( ! walls 0 tw5ty-eight  
feet2 !y fac$ alt]nately 9 opposite     
directions1 s t an explosion ( "o w\ld n
 be communicat$ to ^? adjo9+4  ,! fronts
 7 con/ruct$ ( light wood & glass1 & !  
ro(s ( %eet z9c1 s t b slight resi/ance 
w\ld be (f]$1 upw>ds & outw>ds1 to !    
explosive =ce4 ,a w+ wall1 ne>ly z high 
z ! ma9 walls1 & ?ree feet ?ick1 ext5d$ 
outw>ds f ! c5tre ( ! ext]ior back wall 
( ea* mill tw5ty feet1 to gu>d /ill     
fur!r aga9/ ! effects ( an explosion4   
,beh9d ^! ! p[d]-mak]s /ood1 = safety1  
:ile />t+ or /opp+ ! motion ( ! pond]\s 

roll]s4 ,?is 0 done by means ( a long   
lev]1 :i* ?rew 9 or out ( ge> ! friction
 arrangem5t1 :i* work$ ea* set b5ea? !  
floor1 9 ! ?ick ar*way :i* ext5d$ f end 
to end b5ea? ! mills4 ,x has already be5
 /at$ t ?is ar*way conta9$ ! great iron 
%aft :i* imp>t$ motion to all ! mills1 &
 :i* d]iv$ its own f ! l>ge /eam eng9e1 
:i* 0 locat$ above1 9 ! c5tre ap>tm5ts  
sep>at+ ! mills into two divisions4  ,9 
addition to ! above precautions to      
prev5t ! explosion ( a mill f ext5d+ to 
! o!rs1 above ea* set ( roll]s 0 balanc$
 a vessel conta9+ ab\t ?irty gallons (  
wat]4 ,?is 0 connect$ by means ( a small
 iron %aft ) a simil> vessel to ea* mill
 ( ! division4 ,?us1 on an explosion 9  
"o mill1 its b$-plate 0 in/antly dr5*$ )
 wat]1 & ?is caus$ ! same to take place 
at ! same mom5t ) all ! o!rs4  ,^!      
precautions 7 r5d]$ ! m necess>y by !   
c>elessness ( ! p[d]-mak]s1 :o might n  
remove ! broke up p[d] cake f ! mill    
enclosure be=e plac+ a new *>ge "u !    
roll]s1 ?us hav+ "o hundr$ & tw5ty p\nds

 ( mat]ial to take fire at ! same "t--z 
once happ5$--produc+ a p[]ful explosion4
 ,!re occurr$ only ?ree explosions at ^!
 mills--all be=e ! /eam+ process 0      
adopt$--& 9 ! fir/ only 0 any "o injur$4
 ,9 t "o no mat]ial h>m 0 done1 z ! two 
p[d]-mak]s--expos$ by _! own            
c>elessness--7 at "w aga9 9 a few days4 
,?is explosion completely de/roy$ !     
slight ro(1 z well z ! wood & glass     
front1 b did sc>cely any o!r damage to !
 mill1 & _h no action on ! o!r mills    
fur!r ?an dr5*+ _! b$s ) wat]4 ,! o!r   
two explosions 7 insignificant4  ,^!    
incorporat+ mills consi/$1 ea*1 ( an    
iron circul> flat b$ ( sev5 feet        
diamet]1 fix$ 9 a mass ( masonry built  
up above ! brick ar*way1 ?r\gh ! c5t] ( 
! floor1 to a conv5i5t height4 ,on ?is  
b$ two massive iron roll]s1 six feet 9  
diamet] & fifte5 in*es face1 revolv$4   
,ea* weigh$ five tons4 ,!y _h a common  
axle ( wr\ght iron1 ( five in*es        
diamet]1 & a v]tical %aft ( ca/ iron    
pass+ ?r\gh ! c5tre ( ! b$1 hav+ a      

rectangul> cross-head ?r\gh :i* ! axle  
work$4 ,?is %aft connect$ bel[ ) !      
ma*9]y :i* gave x motion f ! ma9 %aft4  
,^! roll]s 7 n equi-di/ant f ! c5tre (  
revolution1 by :i* arrangem5t e "p ( !  
*>ge ( mat]ials on ! b$ 0 subject$ to _!
 action--:i* 0 cru%+1 gr9d+1 mix+ &     
compress+2 gr9d+ & mix+ f ! twi/+ motion
 :i* foll[$ f s l>ge a diamet] revolv+ 9
 s small a circle1 & cru%+ & compress+ f
 ! weight ( ! roll]s4  ,to keep ! p[d]  
on ! b$1 a wood5 curb1 funnel-%ap$1 two 
feet high 0 plac$ ar\nd ! circumf]5ce1  
fitt+ closely1 ext5d+ outw>ds at an     
angle ( =ty-five degrees4 ,9 ! c5tre ( !
 b$ 0 a %ort cyl9d] ( metal1 two feet 9 
diamet] & six in*es high1 ?r\gh ! top ( 
:i* ! v]tical %aft pass$4 ,?is prev5t$ !
 p[d] work+ inw>ds4 ,x also act$ z a    
/eam-*amb] to keep ! b$-plate w>m2 b ?is
 0 n us$ = ! purpose1 s9ce ! /eam+      
process r5d]$ x unnecess>y4 ,a scrap]1  
or pl[1 foll[$ ea* roll]1 :i* cont9ually
 broke up ! p[d]-cake1 mix$ its         
fragm5ts1 & kept !m 9 ! pa? ( ! roll]s4 

,at ! comm5cem5t ( ! op]ation ! *>ge (  
sixty p\nds ( /eam$ mat]ials 0 uni=mly  
di/ribut$ ov] ! b$2 ! roll]s 7 !n set   
into motion1 revolv+ ab\t t5 times ea*  
m9ute1 :i* cont9u$ = an h\r2 ! brok5 up 
p[d]1 or mill cake1 :i* 0 ab\t          
five-eigh?s ( an in* ?ick1 0 !n remov$ f
 ! b$1 hav+ a blacki% grey color & tak5 
to ! cool+ magaz9es4 ,^! 7 excavat$ 9 ! 
clay & rock on ! o!r side ( ! canal1    
ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds di/ant2 7 f\r 9     
numb] & sep>at$ f ea* o!r2 "h ! mill    
cake became cold & h>d1 & 0 ready = !   
next op]ation1 t ( granulation4  ,!     
p]man5t build+ 9 :i* ?is 0 done 0 ab\t  
fifte5 hundr$ feet di/ant f ! ,p[d]     
,mills1 on ! same side1 fur!r up !      
canal2 ?is1 z well z ea* ( ! o!r p]man5t
 /ructures1 0 made ( brick1 hav+ ?9     
walls & light ro(s4 ,wood 9 ! damp      
atmosph]e ( ! canal spe$ily decay$4  ,a 
natural gr[? ( trees & bru%-wood int]v5$
 betwe5 ! build+s along ! canal1 :i* 7  
g5]ally situat$ ab\t "o ?\s& feet ap>t2 
?us ! explosion ( any "o ( !m w\ld be   

h>mless to ! rema9d]4 ,!re 0 a tempor>y 
/ructure ( wood us$ at fir/ =           
granulation1 ab\t "o hundr$ y>ds di/ant 
f ! p]man5t build+1 on ! opposite side (
 ! canal2 ?is1 aft] a use ( "s mon?s1   
explod$ ) ab\t ?ree tons ( gunp[d]4  ,! 
explosion 0 heavy1 %ak+ ! e>? = "s      
di/ance1 & ?r[+ up a convolv+ column (  
flame & :ite smoke five hundr$ feet 9   
height4 ,x 0 compos$ ( a s]ies ( confus$
 masses ( smoke & heat$ air revolv+ 9   
v]tical planes ) extraord9>y velocity1  
?r\gh :i* ! flames fla%$ outw>ds 9 all  
directions2 ?is 0 foll[$ by ! ?und]+    
s\nd ( ! explosion1 :i* vibrat$ ! air = 
a mile ar\nd1 & 0 he>d )9 ! limits ( !  
city4  ,!re 7 sev5 m5 )9 ! /ructure1 a  
s5t9el outside1 & a boy ) a mule 9 a %$ 
adjo9+4 ,! bodies ( ! sev5 m5 & ! boy1 )
 ! debris1 7 c>ri$ up ) ! asc5d+ column1
 & by its revolv+ action1 r$uc$ ma9ly to
 small fragm5ts & disp]s$2 ! s5t9el 0   
kill$ by ! %ock1 b 8 body 0 n o!rwise   
di/urb$4 ,a gr[? ( small p9es surr\nd$ !
 place1 :i* effectually int]cept$ !     

lat]al fly+ fragm5ts2 9 fact ! =ce ( !  
explosion did n ext5d outside a diamet] 
( "o hundr$ feet1 b )9 t area ! trees 7 
de/roy$ & ! space :]e ! /ructure /ood 0 
pl\gh$ up & no?+ rema9$4 ,at ! "t !re 0 
no "w be+ done1 z ! workm5 7 await+ !   
arrival ( ! boat ) ! mill cake4 ,!      
c>eful =eman1 ,gibson1 _h be5 call$     
away1 & probably ! accid5t happ5$ f     
mat*es fall+ on ! floor1 z x _h be5 f\nd
 impossible to prev5t _! use by !       
workm51 = smok+1 :5 (f duty4 ,?is 0 !   
only explosion at ! ,works dur+ ! w>1   
except ! ?ree at ! ,mills1 already      
m5tion$4 ,x demon/rat$ ! safety ( !     
arrangem5ts1 s9ce !re 0 no damage to any
 portion ( ! ,works except ! de/ruction 
( ! glass sa%es1 & a slight movem5t ( ! 
ro( ( ! p]man5t granulat+ build+1 ab\t  
"o hundr$ y>ds di/ant4 ,?is 0 ab\t to be
 occupi$1 hav+ be5 complet$4  ,9 !      
granulat+ build+ ! cold mill cake 0     
brok5 up into fragm5ts by bronze too!d  
cyl9d]s ( small diamet]1 & !n by smoo?  
ones2 ^! work$ 9 pairs1 & successively1 

9 connection ) vibratory scre5s & siev+1
 all 9 "o ma*9e4 ,by ! action ( ?is     
arrangem5t ! p[d] cake 0 brok5 into     
fragm5ts1 sep>at$ into diff]5t sizes (  
gra91 & ea* deliv]$ into its prop]      
receptacle4 ,a v l>ge gra9$ p[d]1 ea*   
gra9 be+ a cube ( "o in* 9 dim5sions1 & 
weigh+ ab\t "o ounce1 0 made by a       
sep>ate manipulation ( ! p[d] cake1 &   
us$ = ! v l>ge/ guns only4  ,f !        
granulat+ build+ ! p[d] 0 tak5 to !     
dry+1 du/+ & glaz+ dep>tm5t1 #bejj feet 
fur!r up ! canal4 ,!re 0 an int]m$iate  
build+ design$ & us$ = sev]al mon?s1 z !
 du/+ & glaz+ dep>tm5t1 ! dry+ alone be+
 done 9 ! "o above m5tion$2 aft]w>ds !  
?ree processes 7 c>ri$ on toge!r 9 "o   
/ructure4 ,x 0 soon p]ceiv$ t ! dry+    
process1 :i* 0 done by simil>           
arrangem5ts to ^? us$ at ! gov]nm5t     
works at ,wal?am ,abbey1 ,engl&1 t is1  
by plac+ ! p[d] 9 small quantities 9    
%all[ trays 9 a frame "w1 ov] /eam heat$
 pipes1 requir$ consid]able manual labor
 & occupi$ mu* "t4 ,x occurr$ to me t ! 

same c\ld be accompli%$ m spe$ily & ) f>
 less labor1 by a s+le op]ation1 :i*    
w\ld likewise p]=m ! glaz+ & du/+4  ,to 
accompli% ?is ! p[d] f ! granulat+ h\se 
0 plac$ 9 revolv+ cyl9d]s hav+ holl[    
axles1 & a curr5t ( air w>m$ by pass+   
?r\gh an arrangem5t ( /eam pipes 0 bl[n 
?r\gh1 c>ry+ ! du/ into its receptacle1 
leav+ ! gra9s cle>4 ,?is also dri$ &    
glaz$ !m at ! same "t4 ,?us by "o       
op]ation1 by ma*9]y1 all ?ree processes 
7 accompli%$1 result+ 9 a l>ge sav+ (   
labor & "t4 ,9 addition1 a beautiful jet
 black glaz+ 0 giv5 by admitt+ a small  
quantity ( /eam at ! prop] "t to !      
curr5t ( air1 :ile ! b>rels revolv$4    
,?is 0 n g5]ally done1 h[ev]1 z x 0     
reg>d$ ( b slight1 if any1 practical    
value1 ! usual glaz+ answ]+ all requir$ 
purposes4  ,two hundr$ y>ds f ?is       
dep>tm5t 0 ! boil] h\se supply+ ! /eam  
requir$ = ! pipes us$ 9 ! dry+ process4 
,its *imney 0 "o hundr$ y>ds /ill fur!r 
remov$1 communicat+ ) ! furnace by a    
subt]ranean ar*$ flue2 ?us sp>ks w\ld h 

_h to drift ov] ?ree hundr$ y>ds to rea*
 ! clean metal ro( ( ! dry+ build+4  ,! 
f9i%$ gunp[d] 0 tak5 to ! next build+1  
"o ?\s& five hundr$ feet beyond1 up !   
canal1 :]e x 0 weigh$ out & put into    
/rong wood boxes ab\t two & a half feet 
long1 by "o foot squ>e1 hav+ ! ends let 
into grooves2 "o ( ! ends _h a /rong    
wood screw1 two in*es diamet]1 ) an     
octagonal head4 ,exp]i5ce prov$ t ^!    
p[d] boxes1 a devise ( my own f         
necessity1 7 sup]ior to b>rels1 be+     
/rong]1 occupy+ less room1 /&+          
transportation bett]1 & saf] 9 use4 ,no 
explosion ev] occurr$ 9 _!              
transportation1 not)/&+ ! occasional    
,railroad accid5ts1 & ! _m ?\s&s t 7 s5t
 f ! ,p[d] ,works dur+ ! w>4  ,! p[d]   
boxes be+ fill$1 7 !n transport$ to !   
magaz9e1 ?ree qu>t]s ( a mile /ill fur!r
 up ! canal4 ,?is wood /ructure 0 on a  
ris+ gr\nd "o hundr$ y>ds f ! canal1    
enclos$ by a high f5ce4 ,its capacity 0 
ab\t "o hundr$ tons ( gunp[d]4  ,at ?is1
 & e o!r sep>ate build+ ( ! ,p[d]       

,works1 a s5t9el 0 /ation$ day & night1 
& ! utmo/ vigilance us$4 ,also1 ea* ( ! 
sep>ate build+s along ! canal1 except ! 
magaz9e1 conta9+ l>ge am\nts ( gunp[d]1 
7 enclos$ ) high brick walls1 hav+ a    
s+le entrance4  ,at ! ,wal?am ,abbey    
,works1 9 ,engl&1 ! gunp[d] cake aft]   
be+ cru%$1 is subject$ to compression by
 ! hydraulic press to give x suffici5t  
d5sity4 ,i f\nd t by us+ five ton       
roll]s1 ! prop] compression c\ld be giv5
 9 ! p[d] mills dur+ ! incorporation1   
?us sav+ mu* labor & "t4 ,! hydraulic   
press1 consequ5tly 0 only us$ to        
compress ! p[d] du/ into ?9 cakes1 :i* 7
 s5t to ! granulat+ dep>tm5t to be us$ =
 f9e gra9 p[d] only4  ,! press h\se 0   
locat$ betwe5 ! ,cool+ ,magaz9es & !    
granulat+ build+ on ! same side ( !     
canal z ! =m]4 ,x 0 a l>ge brick        
/ructure provid$ ) two hydraulic        
presses1 cranes1 & o!r appliances1 ) a  
turb9e wat] :eel to supply ! requir$    
motive p[]4 ,aft] ! discov]y t ! prop]  
d5sity c\ld be bett] giv5 to ! p[d]     

cake1 by us+ suffici5tly heavy roll]s   
dur+ ! incorporation1 ?is dep>tm5t 0 us$
 only = ! purpose above /at$4  ,!       
int]val ( n9ety feet betwe5 ! ,ref9]y   
build+ & ! ,incorporat+ ,mills1 0 ma9ly 
occupi$ by a f9e build+ call$ !         
,laboratory4 ,x _h a project+ t[] 9 !   
front c5tre1 tw5ty-five feet squ>e at ! 
l[] /ories1 :i* toge!r 7 =ty-five feet 9
 elevation4 ,f ?is ! upp] portion fifte5
 feet squ>e asc5d$ to ! height ( ?irty  
feet1 mak+ sev5ty-five feet 9 all4 ,!   
upp] "p ( ?is con/itut$ ! clock t[] )   
its f\r l>ge circul> op5+s = dials4 ,^! 
c\ld be se5 = a long di/ance4  ,?is     
build+ :i* 0 v /rik+ 9 its appe>ance1 0 
nev] complet$ 9 its int]ior1 z ! diff]5t
 "w to be "h p]=m$ 0 be+ done at !      
,ars5al suffici5tly well1 9 tempor>y    
/ructures4 ,await+ ! completion ( !     
clock1 ! "t 0 /ruck by h&1 e half h\r on
 ! l>ge bell susp5d$ tempor>ily1 9 ! op5
 build+ 9 re> ( ! ,ref9]y4  ,! cont9ual 
te/+ ( ! p[d]1 z x 0 be+ manufactur$ to 
insure its equality 9 /r5g?1 & to       

asc]ta9 its exact propell+ =ce1 0 done =
 ! f9e grad$ p[d]s1 by excell5t musket &
 balli/ic p5dulums con/ruct$ at !       
,conf$]ate ,ma*9e ,works 9 ,augu/a "u my
 direction4 ,= ! cannon or l>ge gra9    
p[d]s1 by ! initial velocities giv5 to !
 prop] projectiles 9 an eight in*       
,columbiad4 ,to det]m9e ^! velocities an
 accurately made electro-balli/ic ma*9e1
 su* z 0 employ$ at ! ,we/ ,po9t        
,milit>y ,academy1 0 con/ruct$ at ! same
 works4 ,also ,rodman's app>atus =      
det]m9+ ! absolute pressure on ea* squ>e
 in* ( ! bore ( ! gun1 ex]t$ by ! *>ge4 
,9 addition to ^! in/rum5ts1 complete   
arrangem5ts = det]m9+ ! gravimetric     
d5sities & hygrometric prop]ties (      
diff]5t samples ( gunp[d] 7 made4  ,!   
=ego+ appliances enabl$ accurate        
comp>isons to be made at all po9ts      
betwe5 diff]5t gunp[d]s1 & to det]m9e ! 
v>i\s matt]s requir$ 9 ! manufacture ( !
 fir/ quality = ! v>i\s arms ( s]vice4  
,t ?is 0 successfully done 0 c]tifi$ to 
by ,bo>ds ( ,artill]y & ,infantry       

,(fic]s2 aft] ! w> ! captur$ p[d] ( ^!  
works 0 us$ 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,artill]y      
practice at ,=t ,monroe1 on acc\nt ( its
 sup]iority4  ,mr4 ,davis1 :il/         
,presid5t ( ! ,conf$]acy1 visit$ !      
works1 !n 9 active op]ation1 & 9 8 rec5t
 valuable book1 speaks 9 m ?an "o place 
9 flatt]+ t]ms ( _! products4 ,articles 
publi%$ 9 ! ,london ,times 7 highly     
comm5datory ( ! ,works & _! results1 :i*
 7 copi$ 9 ,cont95tal pap]s4 ,!y 7      
visit$ by _m di/+ui%$ civil & milit>y   
g5tlem51 bo? native & =eign4  ,! great  
ext5t ( ! ,p[d] ,works & _! imm5se      
capabilities1 7 ! admiration ( all      
visitors4 ,?is 0 ma9ly due to ! =esight 
( ! ,presid5t ( ! ,conf$]acy1 :o1       
compreh5d+ ! requirem5ts ( a great w>1  
!n sc>cely comm5c$1 /rongly drew my     
att5tion to ! probable necessity ( v    
l>ge supplies ( gunp[d] to meet ! s]vice
 ( artill]y ( great calibre1 :i* w\ld   
probably be employ$1 z well z ! l>gely  
increas$ quantities necess>y to meet !  
rapid fir+ ( ! improv$ small arms1 ) :i*

 infantry & cavalry 7 n[ suppli$4  ,!   
daily product ( ! ,works v>i$ ) ! dem& =
 gunp[d]1 & ) ! am\nt ( saltpetre on h&4
 ,at no "t aft] _! completion 7 !y work$
 to _! full capacity2 inde$1 7 only     
work$ dur+ daylight4 ,ev5 :5 supply+ !  
urg5t call ( ,g5]al ,ripley at ,*>le/on 
= cannon p[d]1 to replace ! tw5ty-two   
?\s& p\nds consum$ dur+ ! action ) !    
iron-clad fleet2 two days' "w ne>ly     
suppli$ t am\nt4  ,not)/&+ ! admirable  
s]v+ ( ! heavy artill]y at ,=t ,sumt]   
dur+ t engagem5t1 x w\ld h fall5 &      
,*>le/on captur$1 _h any b ! /ronge/    
gunp[d] be5 us$4 ,! armor ( !           
iron-clads1 ?\gh con/ruct$ expressly to 
)/& ! heavie/ *>ges & projectiles1 gave 
way be=e its propell+ =ce4 ,mr4 ,davis  
makes ! /atem5t t ! engagem5t betwe5 !  
,alabama & ,ke>s>ge w\ld h result$ 9 a  
victory = ! =m]1 _h ,admiral ,semmes be5
 suppli$ ) ! p[d] f ^! works4 ,any      
failure 9 _! con/ruction & products w\ld
 h re/$ ) myself4 ,a c>te blan*e _h be5 
giv51 & !re 0 no "o to %>e ! appall+    

responsibility4  ,!re 7 made at !       
,conf$]ate ,p[d] ,works at ,augu/a1     
comm5c+ ,april #aj1 #ahfb1 & t]m9at+    
,april #ah1 #ahfe1 #b1gej1jjj p\nds1 or 
"o ?\s&1 ?ree hundr$ & sev5ty-five tons 
( gunp[d]4 ,?is 0 di/ribut$ ?r\gh\t !   
,conf$]acy1 mo/ly ea/ ( ! ,mississippi  
riv]4 ,!re rema9$ on h&1 at ! ,magaz9e1 
at ! end ( op]ations1 ab\t sev5ty ?\s&  
p\nds1 besides consid]able am\nts (     
saltpetre & o!r mat]ial4  ,! ,navy      
,dep>tm5t dur+ ! w> e/abli%$ a          
manufactory ( gunp[d] at ,pet]sburg1    
,virg9ia1 :i* 0 aft]w>ds remov$ to      
,*>lotte1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 & !n to        
,columbia1 ,s\? ,c>ol9a4 ,a p[d] mill 0 
put into op]ation at ,ri*mond1 ,virg9ia1
 also1 at ,raleigh1 ,nor? ,c>ol9a1 b !  
ext5t ( _! op]ations is unkn[n4 ,two    
small /amp+ mills 9 ! nor?we/]n portion 
( ,s\? ,c>ol9a1 ne> ! m\nta9s1 :i* 7    
erect$ to make bla/+ p[d] = ! neighbor+ 
tunnel1 7 visit$1 b ,i f\nd t !y c\ld be
 made available only to a v limit$      
ext5t4  ,! ,conf$]ate ,p[d] ,works 7 s  

con/ruct$ t ! r\gh mat]ials 7 receiv$ at
 ! build+ ne>e/ ! city2 !nce            
successively pass$ up ! canal f build+  
to build+ 9 ! progressive /ages (       
manufacture1 until x arriv$ f9i%$ &     
ready = %ipp+ at ! ,magaz9e4  ,to       
facilitate ! transportation1 a %ort     
bran* ( railroad 0 con/ruct$ connect+ ! 
canal bas9 ) ! ,georgia ,railroad4 ,!   
safe1 economical1 & ready means (       
transportation by ! canal 7 invaluable2 
no accid5t ev] happ5$1 not)/&+ ! imm5se 
am\nt ( combu/ible mat]ial--ov] two ?\s&
 five hundr$ tons--:i* _h pass$ to & fro
 ov] x dur+ ! ?ree ye>s ( op]ations4 ,f 
! canal bank to ! entrance ( ea* build+1
 ! walks 7 cov]$ ) compress$ sawdu/1 &  
rubb] %oes 7 worn by all op]atives 9 !  
dep>tm5ts conta9+ gunp[d]4  ,x is an    
int]e/+ fact t ,augu/a 0 ! only city (  
note 9 ! ,s\?1 :i* 0 n occupi$ at "s "t 
by ! ,f$]al =ces dur+ ! w>2 "h ! flag ( 
! ,conf$]acy float$ undi/urb$ to ! end4 
,! ext5sive ,sibley ,cotton ,factory has
 be5 erect$ on a portion ( ! site ( !   

,ref9]y1 ,laboratory & ,incorporat+     
,mills1 & s arrang$ t ! ,conf$]ate      
obelisk /&s conspicu\sly 9 front ( !    
c5tre2 ! battlem5t$ & ornam5tal         
ar*itecture ( ! ,p[d] ,works 0 adopt$ 9 
! con/ruction ( ! ,factory build+s1 :i* 
give !m a f9e & noble appe>ance4  ,"h 0 
once he>d ! noise ( ! clank+ :eels &    
muffl$ s\nds ( ! pond]\s roll]s ( w>1 z 
!y sl[ly conc5trat$ into black masses ! 
enorm\s en]gies :i* 7 to %ake ! e>? &   
air1 ) ! ro> & deaf5+ explosions ( !    
battle field4 ,n[ ! air is aga9 fill$ ) 
! s\nds ( mov+ ma*9]y1 b x is ! busy hum
 ( peaceful occupations :i* assi/ to    
clo! ! _w f ! :ite cotton fields (      
,georgia4 ,! black mat]ial ( w> has giv5
 away to ! :ite /aple ( peace4  ,( !    
ext5sive ,conf$]ate ,p[d] ,works no?+   
rema9s except ! obelisk enclos+ ! great 
,*imney4 ,its battlem5t$ t[] & l(ty     
%aft1 l>ge proportions & beautiful      
workman%ip1 w be> evid5ce ( ! magnitude 
& /yle ( _! con/ruction to future       
g5]ations4     ,,app5dix4   ,to !       

special duties ( ! manufacture ( gunp[d]
 7 add$ ! comm& ( ! ,augu/a ,ars5al1 on 
! #g? ,april1 #ahfb1 & at a lat] p]iod t
 ( ! ,milit>y ,di/rict ( ,augu/a4 ,9 !  
e>ly "p ( ,febru>y1 #ahfc1 9 connection 
) ,capta9 ,fairfax1 ( ! ,conf$]ate      
,navy1 ! duties ( gett+ into effective  
op]ation ! ext5sive & unf9i%$ ,f\ndry   
,works con/ruct$ at ,selma1 ,alabama1 "u
 contract ) ! ,w> & ,navy ,dep>tm5ts1 7 
sup]add$4 ,:5 ! communication ) ,ri*mond
 0 endang]$1 9 ! latt] "p ( ! w>1 all ! 
,ars5als s\? ( ,virg9ia1 7 committ$ to  
my *>ge4  ,x _h be5 ! design at an e>ly 
p]iod1 ( ! ,*ief ( ,ordnance1 to conv]t 
! ,ars5al at ,augu/a into "o (          
con/ruction1 & ,capt4 ,gill 0 plac$ 9   
*>ge ) t object 9 view4 ,on tak+ comm&1 
,i f\nd !re 7 no exi/+ facilities = l>ge
 con/ructive works2 ?us ! int5tion _h to
 be = ! "t1 ab&on$1 b x 0 f\nd          
available1 by ! erection ( sev]al wood  
/ructures1 = light] "w1 su* z !         
prep>ation ( c>tridges1 fix$ ammunition1
 signal rockets1 fuses1 prim]s1 gr5ades1

 nitric acid1 fulm9ates & p]cussion     
caps1 etc4  ,x 0 necess>y = works (     
con/ruction to make available ! wat] p[]
 ( ! canal )9 ! city2 accord+ly1 a      
,ma*9e & ,f\ndry e/abli%m5t1 !n ly+     
idle1 0 pur*as$4 ,air & cupola furnaces1
 etc41 7 add$ to ! ,f\ndry1 & la!s1     
plan]s1 drills1 etc41 7 pur*as$ f ,holly
 ,spr+s1 ,mississippi1 & ,columbus1     
,georgia1 & f ,selma1 ,alabama1 & o!r   
places1 & add$ to ^? already pres5t 9 ! 
,ma*9e ,works4 ,also an ext5sive &      
complete gun-c>riage dep>tm5t 0 erect$1 
& a p[d]-box manufactory e/abli%$1      
toge!r ) sev]al h\ses = ! prep>ation (  
small arm c>tridges1 & o!r purposes4 ,^!
 /ructures 7 rapidly erect$1 & ma*9i/s1 
f\nd]s1 blacksmi?s1 t9n]s1 h>ness mak]s1
 armor]s1 etc41 & ! v>i\s mat]ial       
requir$1 7 ga!r$ f all available s\rces4
 ,! l>ge brick build+ erect$ by ,capta9 
,gill at ! ,ars5al 0 conv]t$ into a     
h>ness & equipm5t dep>tm5t = field      
artill]y2 also us$ = t9 & blacksmi?     
%ops1 hospital & w>eh\se4  ,i 0 =tunate 

9 obta9+ skill$ m5 = ! heads ( ! sev]al 
dep>tm5ts2 among ^! 71 at ! ,ars5al1    
,pr(essor ,wilson1 ,*emi/2 ,ma/] ,armor]
 ,oliv] & ,f4 ,smy?2 ! la/ _h *>ge ( !  
,t9n]s' dep>tm5t1 & also 0 ,capta9 ( !  
,op]atives' ,milit>y company4  ,at !    
,city ,works 7 ,f\ndry ,sup]9t5d5t ,van 
,bur51 ( ,cl>ksville2 ,sup]9t5d5t       
,m>key1 ( ! ,gun ,c>riage ,dep>tm5t2    
,sup]9t5d5t ,walk]1 ( ! ,ma*9e ,works4  
,mr4 ,wyman _h *>ge ( ! ,h>ness &       
,saddle & ,equipm5t ,dep>tm5t1 b !      
artill]y h>ness 0 mo/ly manufactur$ 9 ! 
city1 v satisfactorily1 by ,messrs4     
,jessup1 ,hat* & ,day4 ,!re 7 sev]al    
valuable =em5 9 ! diff]5t %ops1 among !m
 7 ,jaillet1 ,%>ky1 ,%ehan1 ,b>r1 &     
o!rs1 ^: names are n recall$4  ,i 0 also
 mat]ially assi/$ by ,milit>y           
,/ore-,keep] ,gir>dey & sev]al "y       
(fic]s--,capta9 ,f9ney1 & ,lieut5ants   
,wall]1 ,colli]1 ,sp>r[1 ,hallam1 &     
,cadet ,lewis1 & t[>ds ! close (        
op]ations by ,capta9 ,w>r54  ,at !      
sev]al works "u my *>ge at ,augu/a1 a   

l>ge am\nt ( w> mat]ial 0 manufactur$1 9
 #ahfc1 #ahfd & "p ( #ahfe4 ,! record ( 
! la/ ye> has be5 lo/4 ,among ! v>i\s   
articles ( ! two above ye>s 7 ! foll[+1 
copi$ f my (ficial reports to ! ,*ief ( 
,ordnance3  #aaj ,field ,guns1 mo/ly    
bronze1 #ab-p\nd] ,napoleons4 ,^! guns 7
 ca/1 turn$1 bor$ & f9i%$ complete at   
all po9ts4 ,f\r ( !m n[ ornam5t !       
pr9cipal entrance to ,wa%+ton's         
,headqu>t]s1 at ,newburgh1 ,new ,york4  
#agd ,gun ,c>riages4     #aae ,caissons4
     #cdc ,limb]s to ,field ,artill]y4  
#ba ,batt]y ,wagons4     #ca ,travel+   
,=ges4     #aj1ece ,p[d] ,boxes4        
#aa1haa boxes = ,small ,arm ,ammunition4
     #gc1eba ,horse ,%oes4     #ab1fcj  
,nitric ,acid1 p\nds (4     #b1bbg      
ounces ( ,fulm9ate ( ,m]cury4     #b1dee
 ,saddles1 complete4     #b1ece         
,artill]y ,h>ness1 s+le sets (4         
#b1dgg ,signal ,rockets4     #he1hjj    
r\nds ( ,fix$ ,ammunition4     #acf1fdb 
,artill]y ,c>tridge ,bags4     #bjj1aac 
,"t ,fuses4     #dgf1bjg p\nds (        

,artill]y ,projectiles4     #d1ehj1jjj  
,buck%ot4     #d1fbf1jjj ,lead ,balls4  
#a1jjj1jjj ,p]cussion ,caps4            
#aj1gfj1jjj ,c>tridges = ,small ,arms4  
,toge!r ) an imm5se am\nt ( ,infantry1  
,artill]y & ,calv>y equipm5ts4  ,"o     
hundr$ ( ! #ab-p\nd] ,napoleon guns 7   
=m$ into complete ,batt]ies1 & s5t to ! 
,army ( ,t5nessee & ,nor? ,georgia2 !   
metal be+ receiv$ f ,duckt[n1 ,t5nessee1
 & o!r places :]ev] x c\ld be procur$1  
includ+ ,*ur* & o!r bells1 & captur$    
#f-p\nd] bronze cannon4 ,! improv$      
,h&-,gr5ades ) ,g5]al ,g4 ,j4 ,ra9es'   
s5sitive tubes 7 "h manufactur$1 & _m   
?\s& s5t to ! ,conf$]ate armies4  ,!    
,army ( ,t5nessee1 be=e ! fall (        
,atlanta1 be+ at "o p]iod ab\t to run   
%ort ( small arm ammunition1 & f9d+ x   
impracticable to procure suffici5t      
additional labor 9 "t1 a call 0 made on 
! ladies ( ,summ]ville & ,augu/a1 to    
assi/ 9 mak+ c>tridges4 ,?is call 0     
answ]$ ) all ! promptness :i* _!        
devotion to ! cause inspir$1 & by _!    

invaluable aid ! dang] 0 tid$ ov] by !  
production ( #ge1jjj c>tridges p] day4  
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,transcrib]'s notes3                    
,obvi\s spell+_/typographical &         
punctuation errors h be5      correct$  
aft] c>eful comp>ison ) o!r occurr5ces  
)9     ! text & consultation ( ext]nal  
s\rces4 ,9 p>ticul>1        ! ^w        
ordnance 0 consi/5tly misspell$ ord9ance
 9       ! orig9al1 & has be5 correct$4 
,! second l9e ( ! f\r? p>agraph on page 
#bc 7!n 9         active op]ation1 & 9 8
 rec5t valuable book1 speaks 97       0 
orig9ally transpos$ to ! end ( ! ?ird   
p>agraph4         ,?is has be5 correct$ 
to re/ore ! s5se ( ! text4              
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