99,! ,idea ( a ,univ]sity def9$ & ,illu/rat$99 99,9 ,n9e ,disc\rses ,deliv]$ to ! ,ca?olics ( ,dubl999 99by ,john ,h5ry ,newman99 ,,cont5ts ,preface4 ,univ]sity ,tea*+4 ,introductory4 ,!ology ,a ,bran* ,( ,k4 ,be>+ ,( ,!ology ,on ,o!r ,bran*es ,( ,k4 ,be>+ ,( ,o!r ,bran*es ,( ,k ,on ,!ology4 ,k ,its ,own ,end4 ,k ,view$ ,9 ,relation ,to ,le>n+4 ,k ,view$ ,9 ,relation ,to ,pr(essional ,skill4 ,k ,view$ ,9 ,relation ,to ,religion4 ,duties ,( ,! ,*ur* ,t[>ds ,k4 ,univ]sity ,subjects1 ,discuss$ 9 ,occasional ,lectures & ,essays4 ,introductory ,lett]4 ,adv]tisem5t4 ,*ri/ianity ,& ,lett]s4 ,a ,lecture 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s4 ,lit]ature4 ,a ,lecture 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s4 ,engli% ,ca?olic ,lit]ature4 ,elem5t>y ,/udies4 ,a ,=m ,( ,infidelity ,( ,! ,day4 ,univ]sity ,prea*+4 ,*ri/ianity & ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,a ,lecture 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e4 ,*ri/ianity ,& ,sci5tific ,inve/igation4 ,a ,lecture ,writt5 = ! ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce4 ,discipl9e ,( ,m9d4 ,an ,address ,to ,! ,ev5+ ,classes4 ,*ri/ianity ,& ,m$ical ,sci5ce4 ,an ,address to ! ,/ud5ts ,( ,m$ic9e4 ,note on ,page #dgh4 ,index4 ,footnotes ,hospes eram1 et collegi/is ,me4 ,,9 ,,grateful ,,nev]-,,dy+ ,,remembrance ,,( ,,8 ,,_m ,,fri5ds ,,& ,,b5efactors1 ,,liv+ ,,& ,,dead1 ,,at ,,home ,,& ,,abroad ,,9 ,,great ,,brita91 ,,irel&1 ,,france1 ,,9 ,,belgium1 ,,g]many1 ,,pol&1 ,,italy1 ,,& ,,malta1 ,,9 ,,nor? ,,am]ica1 ,,& ,,o!r ,,c\ntries1 ,,:o1 ,,by ,,_! ,,resolute ,,pray]s ,,& ,,p5ance1 ,,& ,,by ,,_! ,,g5]\s ,,/ubborn ,,ef=ts ,,& ,,by ,,_! ,,munific5t ,,alms1 ,,h ,,brok5 ,,= ,,him ,,! ,,/ress ,,( ,a ,,great ,,anxiety1 ,,^! ,,disc\rses1 ,,(f]$ ,,to ,,our ,,lady ,,& ,,/4 ,,philip ,,on ,,its ,,rise1 ,,compos$ ,,"u ,,its ,,pressure1 ,,f9i%$ ,,on ,,! ,,eve ,,( ,,its ,,t]m9ation1 ,,are ,,respectfully ,,& ,,affectionately ,,inscrib$ ,,by ,,! ,,au?or4 ,,9 ,,fe/4 ,,pr,,s5t4 ,b4 ,m4 ,v4 ,,nov4 #ba1 #aheb ,,preface4 ,! view tak5 ( a ,univ]sity 9 ^! ,disc\rses is ! foll[+3--,t x is a place ( tea*+ univ]sal k4 ,?is implies t its object is1 on ! "o h&1 intellectual1 n moral2 &1 on ! o!r1 t x is ! diffusion & ext5sion ( k r ?an ! advancem5t4 ,if its object 7 sci5tific & philosophical discov]y1 ,i d n see :y a ,univ]sity %\ld h /ud5ts2 if religi\s tra9+1 ,i d n see h[ x c be ! seat ( lit]ature & sci5ce4 ,su* is a ,univ]sity 9 its ess5ce1 & indep5d5tly ( its relation to ! ,*ur*4 ,b1 practically speak+1 x _c fulfil its object duly1 su* z ,i h describ$ x1 )\t ! ,*ur*'s assi/ance2 or1 to use ! !ological t]m1 ! ,*ur* is necess>y = its integrity4 ,n t its ma9 *>act]s are *ang$ by ?is incorporation3 x /ill has ! (fice ( intellectual education2 b ! ,*ur* /eadies x 9 ! p]=mance ( t (fice4 ,su* are ! ma9 pr9ciples ( ! ,disc\rses :i* foll[2 ?\gh x w\ld be unreasonable = me to expect t ,i h treat$ s l>ge & important a field ( ?\ght ) ! fulness & precision necess>y to secure me f incid5tal misconceptions ( my mean+ on ! "p ( ! read]4 ,x is true1 !re is no?+ novel or s+ul> 9 ! argum5t :i* ,i h be5 pursu+1 b ?is does n protect me f su* misconceptions2 = ! v circum/ance t ! views ,i h be5 del9eat+ are n orig9al ) me may lead to false notions z to my relations 9 op9ion t[>ds ^? f :om ,i happ5$ 9 ! fir/ in/ance to le>n !m1 & may cause me to be int]pret$ by ! objects or s5tim5ts ( s*ools to :i* ,i %\ld be simply oppos$4 ,= in/ance1 "s p]sons may be tempt$ to compla91 t ,i h s]vilely foll[$ ! ,engli% idea ( a ,univ]sity1 to ! disp>agem5t ( t ,k :i* ,i pr(ess to be s /r5u\sly uphold+2 & !y may anticipate t an academical sy/em1 =m$ ^u my model1 w result 9 no?+ bett] or high] ?an 9 ! production ( t antiquat$ v>iety ( human nature & remnant ( feudalism1 z !y consid] x1 call$ 8a g5tleman407#a7 ,n[1 ,i h anticipat$ ?is *>ge 9 v>i\s p>ts ( my discussion2 if1 h[ev]1 any ,ca?olic is f\nd to pref] x 7& to ,ca?olics ( c\rse ?is ,volume is prim>ily address$71 ,i w\ld h him fir/ ( all ask himself ! previ\s "q1 :at he conceives to be ! reason contemplat$ by ! ,holy ,see 9 recomm5d+ j n[ to ! ,iri% ,hi]>*y ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity8 ,has ! ,supreme ,pontiff recomm5d$ x = ! sake ( ! ,sci5ces1 :i* are to be ! matt]1 & n r ( ! ,/ud5ts1 :o are to be ! subjects1 ( its tea*+8 ,has he any obligation or duty at all t[>ds secul> k z su*8 ,w\ld x become 8 ,apo/olical ,m9i/ry1 & 8 desc5t f ! ,fi%]man1 to h a zeal = ! ,baconian or o!r philosophy ( man = its own sake8 ,is ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/ b\nd by (fice or by v[ to be ! prea*] ( ! !ory ( gravitation1 or a m>tyr = electro-magnetism8 ,w\ld he be acquitt+ himself ( ! disp5sation committ$ to him if he 7 smitt5 ) an ab/ract love ( ^! matt]s1 h[ev] true1 or beautiful1 or +5i\s1 or useful8 ,or r1 does he n contemplate su* a*ievem5ts ( ! intellect1 z f> z he contemplates !m1 solely & simply 9 _! relation to ! int]e/s ( ,reveal$ ,tru?8 ,surely1 :at he does he does = ! sake ( ,religion2 if he looks ) satisfaction on /rong temporal gov]nm5ts1 :i* promise p]petuity1 x is = ! sake ( ,religion2 & if he enc\rages & patronizes art & sci5ce1 x is = ! sake ( ,religion4 ,he rejoices 9 ! wide/ & mo/ philosophical sy/ems ( intellectual education1 f an intimate conviction t ,tru? is 8 real ally1 z x is 8 pr(ession2 & t ,k & ,reason are sure m9i/]s to ,fai?4 ,?is be+ und5iable1 x is pla9 t1 :5 he sugge/s to ! ,iri% ,hi]>*y ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,univ]sity1 8 fir/ & *ief & direct object is1 n sci5ce1 art1 pr(essional skill1 lit]ature1 ! discov]y ( k1 b "s b5efit or o!r1 to accrue1 by means ( lit]ature & sci5ce1 to 8 own *ildr52 n inde$ _! =mation on any n>r[ or fanta/ic type1 z1 = in/ance1 t ( an 8,engli% ,g5tleman0 may be call$1 b _! ex]cise & gr[? 9 c]ta9 habits1 moral or intellectual4 ,no?+ %ort ( ?is c be 8 aim1 if1 z becomes ! ,successor ( ! ,apo/les1 he is to be able to say ) ,/4 ,paul1 8,non judicavi me scire aliquid int] vos1 nisi ,jesum ,*ri/um1 et hunc crucifixum40 ,j z a comm&] wi%es to h tall & well-=m$ & vigor\s soldi]s1 n f any ab/ract devotion to ! milit>y /&>d ( height or age1 b = ! purposes ( w>1 & no "o ?9ks x any ?+ b natural & praisewor?y 9 him to be contemplat+1 n ab/ract qualities1 b 8 own liv+ & brea?+ m52 s1 9 l mann]1 :5 ! ,*ur* f\nds a ,univ]sity1 %e is n *]i%+ tal5t1 g5ius1 or k1 = _! own sake1 b = ! sake ( h] *ildr51 ) a view to _! spiritual welf>e & _! religi\s influ5ce & usefulness1 ) ! object ( tra9+ !m to fill _! respective po/s 9 life bett]1 & ( mak+ !m m intellig5t1 capable1 active memb]s ( society4 ,nor c x ju/ly be said t 9 ?us act+ %e sacrifices ,sci5ce1 &1 "u a pret5ce ( fulfill+ ! duties ( h] mission1 p]v]ts a ,univ]sity to ends n its own1 z soon z x is tak5 into acc\nt t !re are o!r in/itutions f> m suit$ to act z in/rum5ts ( /imulat+ philosophical inquiry1 & ext5d+ ! b\nd>ies ( our k1 ?an a ,univ]sity4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 are ! lit]>y & sci5tific 8,academies10 :i* are s celebrat$ 9 ,italy & ,france1 & :i* h frequ5tly be5 connect$ ) ,univ]sities1 z committees1 or1 z x 71 congregations or delegacies subord9ate to !m4 ,?us ! pres5t ,royal ,society orig9at$ 9 ,*>les ! ,second's "t1 9 ,ox=d2 su* j n[ are ! ,a%molean & ,ar*itectural ,societies 9 ! same seat ( le>n+1 :i* h ris5 9 our own "t4 ,su*1 too1 is ! ,briti% ,association1 a migratory body1 :i* at lea/ at times is f\nd 9 ! halls ( ! ,prote/ant ,univ]sities ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 & ! faults ( :i* lie1 n 9 its exclusive devotion to sci5ce1 b 9 grav] matt]s :i* x is irrelevant "h to ent] ^u4 ,su* aga9 is ! ,antiqu>ian ,society1 ! ,royal ,academy = ! ,f9e ,arts1 & o!rs :i* might be m5tion$4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! sort ( in/itution1 :i* prim>ily contemplates ,sci5ce itself1 & n /ud5ts2 &1 9 ?us speak+1 ,i am say+ no?+ ( my own1 be+ support$ by no less an au?ority ?an ,c>d9al ,g]dil4 8,ce n'e/ pas10 he says1 8qu'il y ait aucune vritable opposition entre l'esprit des ,acadmies et celui des ,univ]sits2 ce sont seulem5t des vues diff]5tes4 ,les ,univ]sits sont tablies p\r enseign] les sci5ces aux lves qui veul5t s'y =m]2 les ,acadmies se propos5t de n\velles re*]*es faire dans la c>rire des sci5ces4 ,les ,univ]sits d',italie ont f\rni des sujets qui ont fait honneur aux ,acadmies2 et celles-ci ont donn aux ,univ]sits des ,pr(esseurs1 qui ont rempli les *aires avec la plus gr&e di/9ction407#b7 ,! nature ( ! case & ! hi/ory ( philosophy comb9e to recomm5d to u ?is division ( intellectual lab\r betwe5 ,academies & ,univ]sities4 ,to discov] & to tea* are di/9ct functions2 !y are also di/9ct gifts1 & are n commonly f\nd unit$ 9 ! same p]son4 ,he1 too1 :o sp5ds 8 day 9 disp5s+ 8 exi/+ k to all com]s is unlikely to h ei!r leisure or en]gy to acquire new4 ,! common s5se ( mank9d has associat$ ! se>* aft] tru? ) seclusion & quiet4 ,! greate/ ?9k]s h be5 too int5t on _! subject to admit ( int]ruption2 !y h be5 m5 ( abs5t m9ds & idosyncratic habits1 & h1 m or less1 %unn$ ! lecture room & ! public s*ool4 ,py?agoras1 ! light ( ,magna ,grcia1 liv$ = a "t 9 a cave4 ,?ales1 ! light ( ,ionia1 liv$ unm>ri$ & 9 private1 & refus$ ! invitations ( pr9ces4 ,plato )drew f ,a!ns to ! groves ( ,academus4 ,ari/otle gave tw5ty ye>s to a /udi\s disciple%ip "u him4 ,fri> ,bacon liv$ 9 8 t[] ^u ! ,isis4 ,newton indulg$ 9 an int5se sev]ity ( m$itation :i* almo/ %ook 8 reason4 ,! great discov]ies 9 *emi/ry & electricity 7 n made 9 ,univ]sities4 ,obs]vatories are m frequ5tly out ( ,univ]sities ?an 9 !m1 & ev5 :5 )9 _! b\nds ne$ h no moral connexion ) !m4 ,porson _h no classes2 ,elmsley liv$ a good "p ( 8 life 9 ! c\ntry4 ,i d n say t !re are n great examples ! o!r way1 p]haps ,socrates1 c]ta9ly ,"l ,bacon2 /ill ,i ?9k x mu/ be all[$ on ! :ole t1 :ile tea*+ involves ext]nal engagem5ts1 ! natural home = exp]im5t & speculation is retirem5t4 ,return+1 !n1 to ! consid]ation ( ! "q1 f :i* ,i may seem to h digress$1 ?us mu* ,i ?9k ,i h made good1--t1 :e!r or no a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity %\ld put be=e x1 z its great object1 to make its /ud5ts 8g5tlem510 /ill to make !m some?+ or o!r is its great object1 & n simply to protect ! int]e/s & advance ! dom9ion ( ,sci5ce4 ,if1 !n1 ?is may be tak5 = grant$1 z ,i ?9k x may1 ! only po9t :i* rema9s to be settl$ is1 :e!r ,i h =m$ a probable conception ( ! sort ( b5efit :i* ! ,holy ,see has int5d$ to conf] on ,ca?olics :o speak ! ,engli% tongue by recomm5d+ to ! ,iri% ,hi]>*y ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,univ]sity2 & ?is ,i n[ proce$ to consid]4 ,"h1 !n1 x is natural to ask ^? :o are int]e/$ 9 ! "q1 :e!r any bett] int]pretation ( ! recomm5dation ( ! ,holy ,see c be giv5 ?an t :i* ,i h sugge/$ 9 ?is ,volume4 ,c]ta9ly x does n seem to me ra% to pron\nce t1 :]eas ,prote/ants h great advantages ( education 9 ! ,s*ools1 ,colleges1 & ,univ]sities ( ! ,unit$ ,k+dom1 our ecclesia/ical rul]s h x 9 purpose t ,ca?olics %\ld enjoy ! l advantages1 :atev] !y are1 to ! full4 ,i conceive !y view x z prejudicial to ! int]e/s ( ,religion t !re %\ld be any cultivation ( m9d be/[$ ^u ,prote/ants :i* is n giv5 to _! own y\? also4 ,z !y wi% _! s*ools = ! poor] & middle classes to be at lea/ on a p> ) ^? ( ,prote/ants1 !y contemplate ! same object also z reg>ds t high] education :i* is giv5 to comp>atively ! few4 ,prote/ant y\?s1 :o c sp>e ! "t1 cont9ue _! /udies till ! age ( tw5ty-"o or tw5ty-two2 ?us !y employ a "t ( life all-important & especially fav\rable to m5tal culture4 ,i conceive t our ,prelates are impress$ ) ! fact & its consequ5ces1 t a y\? :o ends 8 education at sev5te5 is no mat* 7ct]is p>ibus7 = "o :o ends x at tw5ty-two4 ,all classes inde$ ( ! community are impress$ ) a fact s obvi\s z ?is4 ,! consequ5ce is1 t ,ca?olics :o aspire to be on a level ) ,prote/ants 9 discipl9e & ref9em5t ( intellect h rec\rse to ,prote/ant ,univ]sities to obta9 :at !y _c f9d at home4 ,assum+ 7z ! ,rescripts f ,propag&a all[ me to d7 t ,prote/ant education is inexp$i5t = our y\?1--we see "h an additional reason :y ^? advantages1 :atev] !y are1 :i* ,prote/ant communities disp5se ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ,prote/antism %\ld be accessible to ,ca?olics 9 a ,ca?olic =m4 ,:at are ^! advantages8 ,i repeat1 !y are 9 "o ^w ! culture ( ! intellect4 ,robb$1 oppress$1 & ?ru/ aside1 ,ca?olics 9 ^! isl&s h n be5 9 a condition = c5turies to attempt ! sort ( education :i* is necess>y = ! man ( ! _w1 ! /atesman1 ! l&hold]1 or ! opul5t g5tleman4 ,_! legitimate /ations1 duties1 employm5ts1 h be5 tak5 f !m1 & ! qualifications )al1 social & intellectual1 :i* are necess>y bo? = rev]s+ ! =feiture & = avail+ !mselves ( ! rev]sal4 ,! "t is come :5 ?is moral disability mu/ be remov$4 ,our desid]atum is1 n ! mann]s & habits ( g5tlem52--^! c be1 & are1 acquir$ 9 v>i\s o!r ways1 by good society1 by =eign travel1 by ! innate grace & dignity ( ! ,ca?olic m9d2--b ! =ce1 ! /ead9ess1 ! compreh5siv5ess & ! v]satility ( intellect1 ! comm& ov] our own p[]s1 ! in/9ctive j e/imate ( ?+s z !y pass be=e u1 :i* sometimes inde$ is a natural gift1 b commonly is n ga9$ )\t mu* ef=t & ! ex]cise ( ye>s4 ,?is is real cultivation ( m9d2 & ,i d n d5y t ! *>act]i/ic excell5ces ( a g5tleman are includ$ 9 x4 ,nor ne$ we be a%am$ t !y %\ld be1 s9ce ! poet long ago wrote1 t 8,+5uas didicisse fidelit] artes ,emollit mores40 ,c]ta9ly a lib]al education does manife/ itself 9 a c\rtesy1 propriety1 & poli% ( ^w & action1 :i* is beautiful 9 itself1 & acceptable to o!rs2 b x does mu* m4 ,x br+s ! m9d into =m1--= ! m9d is l ! body4 ,boys outgr[ _! %ape & _! /r5g?2 _! limbs h to be knit toge!r1 & _! con/itution ne$s tone4 ,mi/ak+ animal spirits = vig\r1 & ov]-confid5t 9 _! heal?1 ignorant :at !y c be> & h[ to manage !mselves1 !y are immod]ate & extravagant2 & fall into %>p sicknesses4 ,?is is an emblem ( _! m9ds2 at fir/ !y h no pr9ciples laid d[n )9 !m z a f\ndation = ! intellect to build ^u3 !y h no discrim9at+ convictions1 & no grasp ( consequ5ces4 ,& !re=e !y talk at r&om1 if !y talk mu*1 & _c help be+ flippant1 or :at is emphatically call$ 8"y40 ,!y are m]ely dazzl$ by ph5om5a1 in/ead ( p]ceiv+ ?+s z !y are4 ,x 7 well if none rema9$ boys all _! lives2 b :at is m common ?an ! sight ( gr[n m51 talk+ on political or moral or religi\s subjects1 9 t (fh&1 idle way1 :i* we signify by ! ^w unreal8 8,t !y simply d n "k :at !y are talk+ ab\t0 is ! spontane\s sil5t rem>k ( any man ( s5se :o he>s !m4 ,h5ce su* p]sons h no difficulty 9 contradict+ !mselves 9 successive s5t5ces1 )\t be+ consci\s ( x4 ,h5ce o!rs1 ^: defect 9 intellectual tra9+ is m lat5t1 h _! mo/ un=tunate crot*ets1 z !y are call$1 or hobbies1 :i* deprive !m ( ! influ5ce :i* _! e/imable qualities w\ld o!rwise secure4 ,h5ce o!rs c nev] look /raight be=e !m1 nev] see ! po9t1 & h no difficulties 9 ! mo/ difficult subjects4 ,o!rs are hopelessly ob/9ate & prejudic$1 &1 aft] !y h be5 driv5 f _! op9ions1 return to !m ! next mom5t )\t ev5 an attempt to expla9 :y4 ,o!rs are s intemp]ate & intractable t !re is no great] calamity = a good cause ?an t !y %\ld get hold ( x4 ,x is v pla9 f ! v p>ticul>s ,i h m5tion$ t1 9 ?is del9eation ( intellectual infirmities1 ,i am draw+1 n f ,ca?olics1 b f ! _w at l>ge2 ,i am ref]r+ to an evil :i* is =c$ ^u u 9 e railway c>riage1 9 e c(fee-room or table-d'hte1 9 e mix$ company1 an evil1 h[ev]1 to :i* ,ca?olics are n less expos$ ?an ! re/ ( mank9d4 ,:5 ! intellect has once be5 prop]ly tra9$ & =m$ to h a connect$ view or grasp ( ?+s1 x w display its p[]s ) m or less effect accord+ to its p>ticul> quality & capacity 9 ! individual4 ,9 ! case ( mo/ m5 x makes itself felt 9 ! good s5se1 sobriety ( ?\ght1 reasonabl5ess1 c&\r1 self-comm&1 & /ead9ess ( view1 :i* *>act]ize x4 ,9 "s x w h develop$ habits ( bus9ess1 p[] ( influ5c+ o!rs1 & sagacity4 ,9 o!rs x w elicit ! tal5t ( philosophical speculation1 & lead ! m9d =w>d to em95ce 9 ?is or t intellectual dep>tm5t4 ,9 all x w be a faculty ( ent]+ ) comp>ative ease into any subject ( ?\ght1 & ( tak+ up ) aptitude any sci5ce or pr(ession4 ,all ?is x w be & w d 9 a measure1 ev5 :5 ! m5tal =mation be made aft] a model b p>tially true2 =1 z f> z effectiv5ess goes1 ev5 false views ( ?+s h m influ5ce & inspire m respect ?an no views at all4 ,m5 :o fancy !y see :at is n are m en]getic1 & make _! way bett]1 ?an ^? :o see no?+2 & s ! und\bt+ infidel1 ! fanatic1 ! h]esi>*1 are able to d mu*1 :ile ! m]e h]$it>y ,*ri/ian1 :o has nev] realiz$ ! tru?s :i* he holds1 is unable to d any ?+4 ,b1 if consi/5cy ( view c add s mu* /r5g? ev5 to error1 :at may x n be expect$ to furni% to ! dignity1 ! en]gy1 & ! influ5ce ( ,tru?6 ,"s "o1 h[ev]1 w p]haps object t ,i am b advocat+ t spuri\s philosophism1 :i* %[s itself 9 :at1 = want ( a ^w1 ,i may call 8view9ess10 :5 ,i speak s mu* ( ! =mation1 & consequ5t grasp1 ( ! intellect4 ,x may be said t ! !ory ( ,univ]sity ,education1 :i* ,i h be5 del9eat+1 if act$ ^u1 w\ld tea* y\?s no?+ s\ndly or ?or\ghly1 & w\ld dismiss !m ) no?+ bett] ?an brilliant g5]al views ab\t all ?+s :atev]4 ,?is inde$1 if well f\nd$1 w\ld be a mo/ s]i\s objection to :at ,i h advanc$ 9 ?is ,volume1 & w\ld dem& my imm$iate att5tion1 _h ,i any reason to ?9k t ,i c\ld n remove x at once1 by a simple explanation ( :at ,i consid] ! true mode ( educat+1 7 ?is ! place to d s4 ,b ^! ,disc\rses are direct$ simply to ! consid]ation ( ! aims & pr9ciples ( ,education4 ,suffice x1 !n1 to say "h1 t ,i hold v /rongly t ! fir/ /ep 9 intellectual tra9+ is to impress ^u a boy's m9d ! idea ( sci5ce1 me?od1 ord]1 pr9ciple1 & sy/em2 ( rule & exception1 ( ri*ness & h>mony4 ,?is is commonly & excell5tly done by mak+ him beg9 ) ,gramm>2 nor c too great accuracy1 or m9ut5ess & subtlety ( tea*+ be us$ t[>ds him1 z 8 faculties exp&1 ) ?is simple purpose4 ,h5ce x is t critical s*ol>%ip is s important a discipl9e = him :5 he is leav+ s*ool = ! ,univ]sity4 ,a second sci5ce is ! ,ma!matics3 ?is %\ld foll[ ,gramm>1 /ill ) ! same object1 viz41 to give him a conception ( developm5t & arrangem5t f & ar\nd a common c5tre4 ,h5ce x is t ,*ronology & ,geography are s necess>y = him1 :5 he reads ,hi/ory1 :i* is o!rwise little bett] ?an a /ory-book4 ,h5ce1 too1 ,metrical ,composition1 :5 he reads ,poetry2 9 ord] to /imulate 8 p[]s into action 9 e practicable way1 & to prev5t a m]ely passive reception ( images & ideas :i* 9 t case are likely to pass out ( ! m9d z soon z !y h ent]$ x4 ,let him once ga9 ?is habit ( me?od1 ( />t+ f fix$ po9ts1 ( mak+ 8 gr\nd good z he goes1 ( di/+ui%+ :at he kn[s f :at he does n "k1 & ,i conceive he w be gradually initiat$ into ! l>ge/ & true/ philosophical views1 & w feel no?+ b impati5ce & disgu/ at ! r&om !ories & impos+ sophi/ries & da%+ p>adoxes1 :i* c>ry away half-=m$ & sup]ficial intellects4 ,su* p>ti-col\r$ +5uities are inde$ "o ( ! *ief evils ( ! day1 & m5 ( real tal5t are n sl[ to m9i/] to !m4 ,an intellectual man1 z ! _w n[ conceives ( him1 is "o :o is full ( 8views0 on all subjects ( philosophy1 on all matt]s ( ! day4 ,x is almo/ ?\ght a disgrace n to h a view at a mom5t's notice on any "q f ! ,p]sonal ,adv5t to ! ,*ol]a or ,mesm]ism4 ,?is is ow+ 9 great measure to ! necessities ( p]iodical lit]ature1 n[ s mu* 9 reque/4 ,e qu>t] ( a ye>1 e mon?1 e day1 !re mu/ be a supply1 = ! gratification ( ! public1 ( new & lum9\s !ories on ! subjects ( religion1 =eign politics1 home politics1 civil economy1 f9ance1 trade1 agriculture1 emigration1 & ! colonies4 ,slav]y1 ! gold fields1 ,g]man philosophy1 ! ,fr5* ,empire1 ,well+ton1 ,peel1 ,irel&1 mu/ all be practis$ on1 day aft] day1 by :at are call$ orig9al ?9k]s4 ,z ! great man's gue/ mu/ produce 8 good /ories or songs at ! ev5+ banquet1 z ! plat=m orator exhibits 8 tell+ facts at mid-day1 s ! j\rnali/ lies "u ! /]n obligation ( extemporiz+ 8 lucid views1 lead+ ideas1 & nut%ell tru?s = ! breakfa/ table4 ,! v nature ( p]iodical lit]ature1 brok5 into small :oles1 & dem&$ punctually to an h\r1 involves ! habit ( ?is extempore philosophy4 8,almo/ all ! ,rambl]s10 says ,boswell ( ,johnson1 87 writt5 j z !y 7 want$ = ! press2 he s5t a c]ta9 portion ( ! copy ( an essay1 & wrote ! rema9d] :ile ! =m] "p ( x 0 pr9t+40 ,few m5 h ! gifts ( ,johnson1 :o to great vig\r & res\rce ( intellect1 :5 x 0 fairly r\s$1 unit$ a r>e common-s5se & a consci5ti\s reg>d = v]acity1 :i* pres]v$ him f flippancy or extravagance 9 writ+4 ,few m5 are ,johnsons2 yet h[ _m m5 at ?is day are assail$ by incessant dem&s on _! m5tal p[]s1 :i* only a productiv5ess l 8 c\ld suitably supply6 ,!re is a dem& = a reckless orig9ality ( ?\ght1 & a sp>kl+ plausibility ( argum5t1 :i* he w\ld h despis$1 ev5 if he c\ld h display$2 a dem& = crude !ory & uns\nd philosophy1 r ?an none at all4 ,x is a sort ( repetition ( ! 8,quid novi80 ( ! ,areopagus1 & x mu/ h an answ]4 ,m5 mu/ be f\nd :o c treat1 :]e x is necess>y1 l ! ,a!nian sophi/1 de omni scibili1 8,grammaticus1 ,rhetor1 ,geometres1 ,pictor1 ,aliptes1 ,augur1 ,s*nobates1 ,m$icus1 ,magus1 omnia novit40 ,i am speak+ ( su* writ]s ) a feel+ ( real sympa?y = m5 :o are "u ! rod ( a cruel slav]y4 ,i h nev] inde$ be5 9 su* circum/ances myself1 nor 9 ! temptations :i* !y involve2 b mo/ m5 :o h _h to d ) composition mu/ "k ! di/ress :i* at times x occasions !m to h to write--a di/ress sometimes s ke5 & s specific t x resembles no?+ else ?an bodily pa94 ,t pa9 is ! tok5 ( ! we> & te> ( m9d2 &1 if works done comp>atively at leisure involve su* m5tal fatigue & exhau/ion1 :at mu/ be ! toil ( ^? ^: intellects are to be flaunt$ daily be=e ! public 9 full dress1 & t dress ev] new & v>i$1 & spun1 l ! silkworm's1 out ( !mselves6 ,/ill :atev] true sympa?y we may feel = ! m9i/]s ( ?is de>ly pur*as$ luxury1 & :atev] s5se we may h ( ! great intellectual p[] :i* ! lit]ature 9 "q displays1 we _c hone/ly close our eyes to its direct evil4 ,"o o!r rem>k sugge/s itself1 :i* is ! la/ ,i %all ?9k x necess>y to make4 ,! au?ority1 :i* 9 =m] times 0 lodg$ 9 ,univ]sities1 n[ resides 9 v great measure 9 t lit]>y _w1 z x is call$1 to :i* ,i h be5 ref]r+4 ,?is is n satisfactory1 if1 z no "o c d5y1 its tea*+ be s (fh&1 s ambiti\s1 s *angeable4 ,x increases ! s]i\sness ( ! mis*ief1 t s v l>ge a portion ( its writ]s are anonym\s1 = irresponsible p[] nev] c be any ?+ b a great evil2 &1 moreov]1 t1 ev5 :5 !y are kn[n1 !y c give no bett] gu>antee = ! philosophical tru? ( _! pr9ciples ?an _! popul>ity at ! mom5t1 & _! happy con=mity 9 e?ical "* to ! age :i* admires !m4 ,prote/ants1 h[ev]1 may d z !y w3 x is a matt] = _! own consid]ation2 b at lea/ x conc]ns u t our own lit]>y tribunals & oracles ( moral duty %\ld be> a grav] "*4 ,at lea/ x is a matt] ( deep solicitude to ,ca?olic ,prelates t _! p %\ld be taught a wisdom1 safe f ! excesses & vag>ies ( individuals1 embodi$ 9 in/itutions :i* h /ood ! trial & receiv$ ! sanction ( ages1 & adm9i/]$ by m5 :o h no ne$ to be anonym\s1 z be+ support$ by _! consi/5cy ) _! pr$ecessors & ) ea* o!r4 ,novemb] #ba4 #aheb4 ,,univ]sity ,,tea*+4 ,disc\rse ,i4 ,introductory4 #a4 ,9 address+ myself1 ,g5tlem51 to ! consid]ation ( a "q :i* has excit$ s mu* int]e/1 & elicit$ s mu* discussion at ! pres5t day1 z t ( ,univ]sity ,education1 ,i feel "s explanation is due f me = suppos+1 aft] su* high ability & wide exp]i5ce h be5 br\ght to be> ^u x1 t any field rema9s = ! additional lab\rs ei!r ( a disputant or ( an inquir]4 ,if1 nev]!less1 ,i /ill v5ture to ask p]mission to cont9ue ! discussion1 already s protract$1 x is because ! subject ( ,lib]al ,education1 & ( ! pr9ciples on :i* x mu/ be conduct$1 has ev] _h a hold ^u my own m9d2 & because ,i h liv$ ! great] "p ( my life 9 a place :i* has all t "t be5 occupi$ 9 a s]ies ( controv]sies bo? dome/ic & ) /rang]s1 & ( measures1 exp]im5tal or def9itive1 be>+ ^u x4 ,ab\t fifty ye>s s9ce1 ! ,engli% ,univ]sity1 ( :i* ,i 0 s long a memb]1 aft] a c5tury ( inactivity1 at l5g? 0 r\s$1 at a "t :5 7z ,i may say7 x 0 giv+ no education at all to ! y\? committ$ to its keep+1 to a s5se ( ! responsibilities :i* its pr(ession & its /ation involv$1 & x pres5ts to u ! s+ul> example ( an het]og5e\s & an indep5d5t body ( m51 sett+ ab\t a "w ( self-re=mation1 n f any pressure ( public op9ion1 b because x 0 fitt+ & "r to und]take x4 ,its initial ef=ts1 begun & c>ri$ on amid _m ob/acles1 7 met f )\t1 z (t5 happ5s 9 su* cases1 by ung5]\s & jeal\s criticisms1 :i*1 at ! v mom5t t !y 7 urg$1 7 beg9n+ to be unju/4 ,controv]sy did b br+ out m cle>ly to its own appreh5sion ! views on :i* its re=mation 0 proce$+1 & ?r[ !m into a philosophical =m4 ,! c\rse ( b5eficial *ange made progress1 & :at 0 at fir/ b ! result ( individual en]gy & an act ( ! academical corporation1 gradually became popul>1 & 0 tak5 up & c>ri$ out by ! sep>ate collegiate bodies1 ( :i* ! ,univ]sity is compos$4 ,?is 0 ! fir/ /age ( ! controv]sy4 ,ye>s pass$ away1 & !n political adv]s>ies arose aga9/ x1 & ! sy/em ( education :i* x _h e/abli%$ 0 a second "t assail$2 b /ill1 s9ce t conte/ 0 conduct$ = ! mo/ "p ?r\gh ! m$ium1 n ( political acts1 b ( treatises & pamphlets1 x happ5$ z be=e t ! ?reat5$ dang]s1 9 ! c\rse ( _! repulse1 did b af=d full] developm5t & m exact del9eation to ! pr9ciples ( :i* ! ,univ]sity 0 ! repres5tative4 ,9 ! =m] ( ^! two controv]sies ! *>ge br\ght aga9/ its /udies 0 _! remot5ess f ! occupations & duties ( life1 to :i* !y are ! =mal introduction1 or1 9 o!r words1 _! inutility2 9 ! latt]1 x 0 _! connexion ) a p>ticul> =m ( belief1 or1 9 o!r words1 _! religi\s exclusiv5ess4 ,liv+ !n s long z a witness1 ?\gh h>dly z an actor1 9 ^! sc5es ( intellectual conflict1 ,i am able to be> witness to views ( ,univ]sity ,education1 )\t au?ority inde$ 9 !mselves1 b n )\t value to a ,ca?olic1 & less famili> to him1 z ,i conceive1 ?an !y des]ve to be4 ,&1 :ile an argum5t orig9at+ 9 ! controv]sies to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 may be s]viceable at ?is season to t great cause 9 :i* we are "h s especially int]e/$1 to me p]sonally x w af=d satisfaction ( a peculi> k9d2 =1 ?\gh x has be5 my lot = _m ye>s to take a prom95t1 sometimes a presumptu\s1 "p 9 !ological discussions1 yet ! natural turn ( my m9d c>ries me (f to tra9s ( ?\ght l ^? :i* ,i am n[ ab\t to op51 :i*1 important ?\gh !y be = ,ca?olic objects1 & admitt+ ( a ,ca?olic treatm5t1 are %elt]$ f ! extreme delicacy & p]il :i* atta* to disputations directly be>+ on ! subject-matt] ( ,div9e ,revelation4 #b4 ,!re are sev]al reasons :y ,i %\ld op5 ! discussion ) a ref]5ce to ! lessons ) :i* pa/ ye>s h suppli$ me4 ,"o reason is ?is3 ,x w\ld conc]n me1 ,g5tlem51 7 ,i suppos$ to h got up my op9ions = ! occasion4 ,?is1 inde$1 w\ld h be5 no reflection on me p]sonally1 suppos+ ,i 7 p]suad$ ( _! tru?1 :5 at l5g? address+ myself to ! inquiry2 b x w\ld h de/roy$1 ( c\rse1 ! =ce ( my te/imony1 & depriv$ su* argum5ts1 z ,i might adduce1 ( t moral p]suasiv5ess :i* att5ds on tri$ & su/a9$ conviction4 ,x w\ld h made me seem ! advocate1 r ?an ! cordial & delib]ate ma9ta9] & witness1 ( ! doctr9es :i* ,i 0 to support2 &1 ?\gh x might be said to evid5ce ! fai? ,i repos$ 9 ! practical judgm5t ( ! ,*ur*1 & ! intimate concurr5ce ( my own reason ) ! c\rse %e _h au?oritatively sanction$1 & ! devotion ) :i* ,i c\ld promptly put myself at h] disposal1 x w\ld h ca/ suspicion on ! validity ( reason+s & conclusions :i* re/$ on no indep5d5t inquiry1 & appeal$ to no pa/ exp]i5ce4 ,9 t case x might h be5 plausibly object$ by oppon5ts t ,i 0 ! s]viceable exp$i5t ( an em]g5cy1 & nev]1 aft] all1 c\ld be m ?an +5i\s & adroit 9 ! managem5t ( an argum5t :i* 0 n my own1 & :i* ,i 0 sure to =get aga9 z readily z ,i _h ma/]$ x4 ,b ?is is n s4 ,! views to :i* ,i h ref]r$ h gr[n into my :ole sy/em ( ?\ght1 & are1 z x 71 "p ( myself4 ,_m *anges has my m9d gone ?r\gh3 "h x has kn[n no v>iation or vacillation ( op9ion1 & ?\gh ?is by itself is no pro( ( ! tru? ( my pr9ciples1 x puts a seal ^u conviction1 & is a ju/ification ( e>ne/ness & zeal4 ,^? pr9ciples1 :i* ,i am n[ to set =? "u ! sanction ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 7 my pr(ession at t e>ly p]iod ( my life1 :5 religion 0 to me m a matt] ( feel+ & exp]i5ce ?an ( fai?4 ,!y did b take great] hold ^u me1 z ,i 0 introduc$ to ! records ( ,*ri/ian ,antiquity1 & approa*$ 9 s5tim5t & desire to ,ca?olicism2 & my s5se ( _! correctness has be5 increas$ ) ! ev5ts ( e ye> s9ce ,i h be5 br\ght )9 its pale4 ,& "h ,i am br\ght to a second & m important reason = ref]r+1 on ?is occasion1 to ! conclusions at :i* ,prote/ants h arriv$ on ! subject ( ,lib]al ,education2 & x is z foll[s3 ,let x be obs]v$1 !n1 t ! pr9ciples on :i* ,i w\ld conduct ! inquiry are atta9able1 z ,i h already impli$1 by ! m]e exp]i5ce ( life4 ,!y d n come simply ( !ology2 !y imply no sup]natural disc]nm5t2 !y h no special connexion ) ,revelation2 !y almo/ arise out ( ! nature ( ! case2 !y are dictat$ ev5 by human prud5ce & wisdom1 ?\gh a div9e illum9ation be abs5t1 & !y are recogniz$ by common s5se1 ev5 :]e self-int]e/ is n pres5t to quick5 x2 &1 !re=e1 ?\gh true1 & j1 & good 9 !mselves1 !y imply no?+ :atev] z to ! religi\s pr(ession ( ^? :o ma9ta9 !m4 ,!y may be held by ,prote/ants z well z by ,ca?olics2 nay1 !re is reason to anticipate t 9 c]ta9 times & places !y w be m ?or\ghly inve/igat$1 & bett] und]/ood1 & held m firmly by ,prote/ants ?an by ourselves4 ,x is natural to expect ?is f ! v circum/ance t ! philosophy ( ,education is f\nd$ on tru?s 9 ! natural ord]4 ,:]e ! sun %9es bright1 9 ! w>m climate ( ! s\?1 ! natives ( ! place "k little ( safegu>ds aga9/ cold & wet4 ,!y h1 inde$1 bleak & pi]c+ bla/s2 !y h *ill & p\r+ ra91 b only n[ & !n1 = a day or a week2 !y be> ! inconv5i5ce z !y be/ may1 b !y h n made x an art to repel x2 x is n wor? _! :ile2 ! sci5ce ( calefaction & v5tilation is res]v$ = ! nor?4 ,x is 9 ?is way t ,ca?olics /& relatively to ,prote/ants 9 ! sci5ce ( ,education2 ,prote/ants dep5d+ on human means ma9ly1 are l$ to make ! mo/ ( !m3 _! sole res\rce is to use :at !y h2 8,k is0 _! 8p[]0 & no?+ else2 !y are ! anxi\s cultivators ( a rugg$ soil4 ,x is o!rwise ) u2 8funes cecid]unt mihi 9 prcl>is40 ,we h a goodly inh]itance4 ,?is is apt to cause u 7,i d n mean to rely too mu* on pray]1 & ! ,div9e ,bless+1 = t is impossible2 b7 we sometimes =get t we %all please ,him be/1 & get mo/ f ,him1 :51 accord+ to ! ,fable1 we 8put our %\ld] to ! :eel10 :5 we use :at we h by nature to ! utmo/1 at ! same "t t we look out = :at is beyond nature 9 ! confid5ce ( fai? & hope4 ,h[ev]1 we are sometimes tempt$ to let ?+s take _! c\rse1 z if !y w\ld 9 "o way or ano!r turn up "r at la/ = c]ta92 & s we g on1 liv+ f h& to m\?1 gett+ into difficulties & gett+ out ( !m1 succe$+ c]ta9ly on ! :ole1 b ) failure 9 detail :i* might be avoid$1 & ) mu* ( imp]fection or inf]iority 9 our appo9tm5ts & plans1 & mu* disappo9tm5t1 disc\ragem5t1 & collision ( op9ion 9 consequ5ce4 ,if ?is be 9 any measure ! /ate ( ! case1 !re is c]ta9ly s f> a reason = avail+ ourselves ( ! inve/igations & exp]i5ce ( ^? :o are n ,ca?olics1 :5 we h to address ourselves to ! subject ( ,lib]al ,education4 ,nor is !re surely any ?+ d]ogatory to ! position ( a ,ca?olic 9 su* a proce$+4 ,! ,*ur* has ev] appeal$ & def]r$ to witnesses & au?orities ext]nal to h]self1 9 ^? matt]s 9 :i* %e ?\ght !y _h means ( =m+ a judgm5t3 & t on ! pr9ciple1 ,cuique 9 arte sua cr$5dum4 ,%e has ev5 us$ unbeliev]s & pagans 9 evid5ce ( h] tru?1 z f> z _! te/imony w5t4 ,%e avails h]self ( s*ol>s1 critics1 & antiqu>ians1 :o are n ( h] communion4 ,%e has word$ h] !ological tea*+ 9 ! phraseology ( ,ari/otle2 ,aquila1 ,symma*us1 ,!odotion1 ,orig51 ,eusebius1 & ,apoll9>is1 all m or less het]odox1 h suppli$ mat]ials = primitive exegetics4 ,/4 ,cyprian call$ ,t]tullian 8 ma/]2 ,/4 ,augu/9 ref]s to ,ticonius2 ,bossuet1 9 mod]n times1 complim5t$ ! lab\rs ( ! ,anglican ,bull2 ! ,b5$ict9e editors ( ! ,fa!rs are famili> ) ! lab\rs ( ,fell1 ,us%]1 ,pe>son1 & ,bev]idge4 ,pope ,b5$ict ,,xiv4 cites accord+ to ! occasion ! works ( ,prote/ants )\t res]ve1 & ! late ,fr5* collection ( ,*ri/ian ,apologi/s conta9s ! writ+s ( ,locke1 ,burnet1 ,tillotson1 & ,paley4 ,if1 !n1 ,i come =w>d 9 any degree z borr[+ ! views ( c]ta9 ,prote/ant s*ools on ! po9t :i* is to be discuss$1 ,i d s1 ,g5tlem51 z believ+1 fir/1 t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* has ev]1 9 ! pl5itude ( h] div9e illum9ation1 made use ( :atev] tru? or wisdom %e has f\nd 9 _! tea*+ or _! measures2 & next1 t 9 p>ticul> places or times h] *ildr5 are likely to pr(it f ext]nal sugge/ions or lessons1 :i* h n be5 provid$ = !m by h]self4 #c4 ,& "h ,i may m5tion a ?ird reason = appeal+ at ! outset to ! proce$+s ( ,prote/ant bodies 9 reg>d to ,lib]al ,education4 ,x w s]ve to intimate ! mode 9 :i* ,i propose to h&le my subject altoge!r4 ,obs]ve !n1 ,g5tlem51 ,i h no int5tion1 9 any ?+ ,i %all say1 ( br++ into ! argum5t ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur*1 or any au?ority at all2 b ,i %all consid] ! "q simply on ! gr\nds ( human reason & human wisdom4 ,i am inve/igat+ 9 ! ab/ract1 & am det]m9+ :at is 9 itself "r & true4 ,= ! mom5t ,i "k no?+1 s to say1 ( hi/ory4 ,i take ?+s z ,i f9d !m2 ,i h no conc]n ) ! pa/2 ,i f9d myself "h2 ,i set myself to ! duties ,i f9d "h2 ,i set myself to fur!r1 by e means 9 my p[]1 doctr9es & views1 true 9 !mselves1 recogniz$ by ,ca?olics z su*1 famili> to my own m9d2 & to d ?is q ap>t f ! consid]ation ( que/ions :i* h be5 det]m9$ )\t me & be=e me4 ,i am "h ! advocate & ! m9i/] ( a c]ta9 great pr9ciple2 yet n m]ely advocate & m9i/]1 else _h ,i n be5 "h at all4 ,x has be5 my previ\s ke5 s5se & he>ty reception ( t pr9ciple1 t has be5 at once ! reason1 z ,i mu/ suppose1 ( my be+ select$ = ?is (fice1 & is ! cause ( my accept+ x4 ,i am told on au?ority t a pr9ciple is exp$i5t1 :i* ,i h ev] felt to be true4 ,& ,i argue 9 its behalf on its own m]its1 ! au?ority1 :i* br+s me "h1 be+ my opportunity = argu+1 b n ! gr\nd ( my argum5t itself4 ,& a f\r? reason is "h sugge/$ = consult+ ! hi/ory ( ,prote/ant in/itutions1 :5 ,i am go+ to speak ( ! object & nature ( ,univ]sity ,education4 ,x w s]ve to rem9d y1 ,g5tlem51 t ,i am conc]n$ ) que/ions1 n simply ( immutable tru?1 b ( practice & exp$i5ce4 ,x w\ld ill h become me to und]take a subject1 on :i* po9ts ( dispute h aris5 among p]sons s f> above me 9 au?ority & "n1 9 relation to a /ate ( society1 ab\t :i* ,i h s mu* to le>n1 if x involv$ an appeal to sacr$ tru?s1 or ! det]m9ation ( "s imp]ative rule ( conduct4 ,x w\ld h be5 presumptu\s 9 me s to h act$1 nor am ,i s act+4 ,ev5 ! "q ( ! union ( ,!ology ) ! secul> ,sci5ces1 :i* is its religi\s side1 simple z x is ( solution 9 ! ab/ract1 has1 accord+ to diff]5ce ( circum/ances1 be5 at diff]5t times diff]5tly decid$4 ,necessity has no law1 & exp$i5ce is (t5 "o =m ( necessity4 ,x is no pr9ciple ) s5sible m51 ( :atev] ca/ ( op9ion1 to d always :at is ab/ract$ly be/4 ,:]e no direct duty =bids1 we may be oblig$ to d1 z be+ be/ "u circum/ances1 :at we murmur & rise aga9/1 :ile we d x4 ,we see t to attempt m is to effect less2 t we mu/ accept s mu*1 or ga9 no?+2 & s p]=ce we reconcile ourselves to :at we w\ld h f> o!rwise1 if we c\ld4 ,?us a sy/em ( :at is call$ secul> ,education1 9 :i* ,!ology & ! ,sci5ces are taught sep>ately1 may1 9 a p>ticul> place or "t1 be ! lea/ ( evils2 x may be ( long /&+2 x may be dang]\s to m$dle )2 x may be pr(ess$ly a tempor>y arrangem5t2 x may be "u a process ( improvem5t2 its disadvantages may be neutraliz$ by ! p]sons by :om1 or ! provisions "u :i*1 x is adm9i/]$4 ,h5ce x 01 t 9 ! e>ly ages ! ,*ur* all[$ h] *ildr5 to att5d ! hea!n s*ools = ! acquisition ( secul> accompli%m5ts1 :]e1 z no "o c d\bt1 evils exi/$1 at lea/ z great z c att5d on ,mix$ ,education n[4 ,! grave/ ,fa!rs recomm5d$ = ,*ri/ian y\? ! use ( ,pagan ma/]s2 ! mo/ sa9tly ,bi%ops & mo/ au?oritative ,doctors _h be5 s5t 9 _! adolesc5ce by ,*ri/ian p>5ts to ,pagan lecture halls47#c7 ,&1 n to take o!r in/ances1 at ?is v "t1 & 9 ?is v c\ntry1 z reg>ds at lea/ ! poor] classes ( ! community1 ^: secul> acquirem5ts ev] mu/ be limit$1 x has seem$ be/ to ! ,iri% ,bi%ops1 "u ! circum/ances1 to suff] ! introduction into ! c\ntry ( a sy/em ( ,mix$ ,education 9 ! s*ools call$ ,national4 ,su* a /ate ( ?+s1 h[ev]1 is pass+ away2 z reg>ds ,univ]sity education at lea/1 ! highe/ au?ority has n[ decid$ t ! plan1 :i* is ab/ract$ly be/1 is 9 ?is "t & c\ntry also mo/ exp$i5t4 #d4 ,& "h ,i h an opportunity ( recogniz+ once = all t high] view ( approa*+ ! subject ( ^! ,disc\rses1 :i*1 aft] ?is =mal recognition1 ,i mean to disp5se )4 ,ecclesia/ical au?ority1 n argum5t1 is ! supreme rule & ! appropriate guide = ,ca?olics 9 matt]s ( religion4 ,x has always ! "r to int]pose1 & sometimes1 9 ! conflict ( p>ties & op9ions1 x is call$ on to ex]cise t "r4 ,x has lately ex]cis$ x 9 our own in/ance3 x has int]pos$ 9 fav\r ( a pure ,univ]sity sy/em = ,ca?olic y\?1 =bidd+ compromise or accommodation ( any k9d4 ,( c\rse its decision mu/ be he>tily accept$ & obey$1 & t ! m1 because ! decision proce$s1 n simply f ! ,bi%ops ( ,irel&1 great z _! au?ority is1 b ! highe/ au?ority on e>?1 f ! ,*air ( ,/4 ,pet]4 ,moreov]1 su* a decision n only dem&s our submission1 b has a claim ^u our tru/4 ,x n only acts z a prohibition ( any measures1 b z an ipso facto confutation ( any reason+s1 inconsi/5t ) x4 ,x c>ries ) x an e>ne/ & an augury ( its own exp$i5cy4 ,= in/ance1 ,i c fancy1 ,g5tlem51 !re may be "s1 among ^? :o he> me1 dispos$ to say t !y are ready to acquit ! pr9ciples ( ,education1 :i* ,i am to advocate1 ( all fault :atev]1 except t ( be+ impracticable4 ,i c fancy !m grant+ to me1 t ^? pr9ciples are mo/ correct & mo/ obvi\s1 simply irresi/ible on pap]1 b ma9ta9+1 nev]!less1 t aft] all1 !y are no?+ m ?an ! dreams ( m5 :o live out ( ! _w1 & :o d n see ! difficulty ( keep+ ,ca?olicism anyh[ afloat on ! bosom ( ?is wond]ful n9ete5? c5tury4 ,prov$1 inde$1 ^? pr9ciples are1 to demon/ration1 b !y w n "w4 ,nay1 x 0 my own admission j n[1 t1 9 a p>ticul> in/ance1 x might easily happ51 t :at is only second be/ is be/ practically1 because :at is actually be/ is out ( ! "q4 ,?is1 ,i he> y say to y\rselves1 is ! /ate ( ?+s at pres5t4 ,y rec\nt 9 detail ! numb]less imp$im5ts1 great & small1 =midable or only vexati\s1 :i* at e /ep emb>rass ! attempt to c>ry out ev] s poorly a pr9ciple 9 itself s true & ecclesia/ical4 ,y appeal 9 y\r def5ce to wise & sagaci\s intellects1 :o are f> f enemies to ,ca?olicism1 or to ! ,iri% ,hi]>*y1 & y h no hope1 or r y absolutely disbelieve1 t ,education c possibly be conduct$1 "h & n[1 on a !ological pr9ciple1 or t y\?s ( diff]5t religions c1 "u ! circum/ances ( ! c\ntry1 be educat$ ap>t f ea* o!r4 ,! m y ?9k ov] ! /ate ( politics1 ! position ( p>ties1 ! feel+s ( classes1 & ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 ! m *im]ical does x seem to y to aim at a ,univ]sity1 ( :i* ,ca?olicity is ! fundam5tal pr9ciple4 ,nay1 ev5 if ! attempt c\ld accid5tally succe$1 w\ld n ! mis*ief exce$ ! b5efit ( x8 ,h[ great ! sacrifices1 9 h[ _m ways1 by :i* x w\ld be prec$$ & foll[$6 h[ _m w\nds1 op5 & secret1 w\ld x inflict ^u ! body politic6 ,&1 if x fails1 :i* is to be expect$1 !n a d\ble mis*ief w ensue f its recognition ( evils :i* x has be5 unable to rem$y4 ,^! are y\r deep misgiv+s2 &1 9 proportion to ! =ce ) :i* !y come to y1 is ! conc]n & anxiety :i* y feel1 t !re %\ld be ^? :om y love1 :om y rev]e1 :o f "o cause or o!r refuse to ent] into !m4 #e4 ,?is1 ,i repeat1 is :at "s good ,ca?olics w say to me1 & m ?an ?is4 ,!y w express !mselves bett] ?an ,i c speak = !m 9 _! behalf1--) m e>ne/ness & po9t1 ) m =ce ( argum5t & fulness ( detail2 & ,i w frankly & at once ackn[l$ge1 t ,i %all insi/ on ! high !ological view ( a ,univ]sity )\t attempt+ to give a direct answ] to _! argum5ts aga9/ its pres5t practicability4 ,i d n say an answ] _c be giv52 on ! contr>y1 ,i h a confid5t expectation t1 9 proportion z ^? objections are look$ 9 ! face1 !y w fade away4 ,b1 h[ev] ?is may be1 x w\ld n become me to argue ! matt] ) ^? :o und]/& ! circum/ances ( ! problem s mu* bett] ?an myself4 ,:at d ,i "k ( ! /ate ( ?+s 9 ,irel&1 t ,i %\ld presume to put ideas ( m9e1 :i* c\ld n be "r except by accid5t1 by ! side ( !irs1 :o speak 9 ! c\ntry ( _! bir? & _! home8 ,no1 ,g5tlem51 y are natural judges ( ! difficulties :i* beset u1 & !y are d\btless great] ?an ,i c ev5 fancy or =bode4 ,let me1 = ! sake ( argum5t1 admit all y say aga9/ our ent]prise1 & a great deal m4 ,y\r pro( ( its intr9sic impossibility %all be to me z cog5t z my own ( its !ological advisabl5ess4 ,:y1 !n1 %\ld ,i be s ra% & p]v]se z to involve myself 9 tr\ble n prop]ly m9e8 ,:y g out ( my own place8 ,:y s head/rong & reckless z to lay up = myself misc>riage & disappo9tm5t1 z ?\gh ,i 7 n sure to h en\gh ( p]sonal trial anyh[ )\t go+ ab\t to seek = x8 ,reflections su* z ^! w\ld be decisive ev5 ) ! bolde/ & mo/ capable m9ds1 b = "o consid]ation4 ,9 ! mid/ ( our difficulties ,i h "o gr\nd ( hope1 j "o /ay1 b1 z ,i ?9k1 a suffici5t "o1 :i* s]ves me 9 ! /ead ( all o!r argum5t :atev]1 :i* h>d5s me aga9/ criticism1 :i* supports me if ,i beg9 to despond1 & to :i* ,i ev] come r\nd1 :5 ! "q ( ! possible & ! exp$i5t is br\ght into discussion4 ,x is ! decision ( ! ,holy ,see2 ,/4 ,pet] has spok51 x is he :o has enjo9$ t :i* seems to u s unpromis+4 ,he has spok51 & has a claim on u to tru/ him4 ,he is no recluse1 no solit>y /ud5t1 no dream] ab\t ! pa/1 no dot] ^u ! dead & gone1 no projector ( ! vision>y4 ,he = eighte5 hundr$ ye>s has liv$ 9 ! _w2 he has se5 all =tunes1 he has enc\nt]$ all adv]s>ies1 he has %ap$ himself = all em]g5cies4 ,if ev] !re 0 a p[] on e>? :o _h an eye = ! times1 :o has conf9$ himself to ! practicable1 & has be5 happy 9 8 anticipations1 ^: words h be5 facts1 & ^: comm&s prophecies1 su* is he 9 ! hi/ory ( ages1 :o sits f g5]ation to g5]ation 9 ! ,*air ( ! ,apo/les1 z ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/1 & ! ,doctor ( ,8 ,*ur*4 #f4 ,^! are n ! words ( rhetoric1 ,g5tlem51 b ( hi/ory4 ,all :o take "p ) ! ,apo/le1 are on ! w9n+ side4 ,he has long s9ce giv5 w>rants = ! confid5ce :i* he claims4 ,f ! fir/ he has look$ ?r\gh ! wide _w1 ( :i* he has ! burd52 &1 accord+ to ! ne$ ( ! day1 & ! inspirations ( 8 ,"l1 he has set himself n[ to "o ?+1 n[ to ano!r2 b to all 9 season1 & to no?+ 9 va94 ,he came fir/ ^u an age ( ref9em5t & luxury l our own1 &1 9 spite ( ! p]secutor1 f]tile 9 ! res\rces ( 8 cruelty1 he soon ga!r$1 out ( all classes ( society1 ! slave1 ! soldi]1 ! high-born lady1 & ! sophi/1 mat]ials en\gh to =m a p to 8 ,ma/]'s hon\r4 ,! savage hordes come d[n 9 torr5ts f ! nor?1 & ,pet] w5t out to meet !m1 & by 8 v eye he sob]$ !m1 & back$ !m 9 _! full c>e]4 ,!y turn$ aside & flood$ ! :ole e>?1 b only to be m surely civiliz$ by him1 & to be made t5 times m 8 *ildr5 ev5 ?an ! old] populations :i* !y _h ov]:elm$4 ,lawless k+s arose1 sagaci\s z ! ,roman1 passionate z ! ,hun1 yet 9 him !y f\nd _! mat*1 & 7 %att]$1 & he liv$ on4 ,! gates ( ! e>? 7 op5$ to ! ea/ & we/1 & m5 p\r$ out to take possession2 b he w5t ) !m by 8 mission>ies1 to ,*9a1 to ,mexico1 c>ri$ along by zeal & *>ity1 z f> z ^? *ildr5 ( m5 7 l$ by ent]prise1 covet\sness1 or ambition4 ,has he fail$ 9 8 successes up to ?is h\r8 ,did he1 9 our fa!rs' day1 fail 9 8 /ruggle ) ,joseph ( ,g]many & 8 conf$]ates1 ) ,napoleon1 a great] "n1 & 8 dep5d5t k+s1 t1 ?\gh 9 ano!r k9d ( fight1 he %\ld fail 9 ours8 ,:at grey hairs are on ! head ( ,judah1 ^: y\? is r5ew$ l ! eagle's1 ^: feet are l ! feet ( h>ts1 & und]nea? ! ,ev]la/+ arms8 ,9 ! fir/ c5turies ( ! ,*ur* all ?is practical sagacity ( ,holy ,*ur* 0 m]e matt] ( fai?1 b e age1 z x has come1 has confirm$ fai? by actual sight2 & %ame on u1 if1 ) ! accumulat$ te/imony ( eighte5 c5turies1 our eyes are too gross to see ^? victories :i* ! ,sa9ts h ev] se5 by anticipation4 ,lea/ ( all c we1 ! ,ca?olics ( isl&s :i* h 9 ! cultivation & diffusion ( ,k h]et(ore be5 s s+ul>ly unit$ "u ! auspices ( ! ,apo/olic ,see1 lea/ ( all c we be ! m5 to di/ru/ its wisdom & to pr$ict its failure1 :5 x s5ds u on a simil> mission n[4 ,i _c =get t1 at a "t :5 ,celt & ,saxon 7 alike savage1 x 0 ! ,see ( ,pet] t gave bo? ( !m1 fir/ fai?1 !n civilization2 & !n aga9 b\nd !m toge!r 9 "o by ! seal ( a jo9t commission to conv]t & illum9ate 9 _! turn ! pagan cont95t4 ,i _c =get h[ x 0 f ,rome t ! glori\s ,/4 ,patrick 0 s5t to ,irel&1 & did a "w s great t he c\ld n h a successor 9 x1 ! sanctity & le>n+ & zeal & *>ity :i* foll[$ on 8 dea? be+ b ! result ( ! "o impulse :i* he gave4 ,i _c =get h[1 9 no long "t1 "u ! fo/]+ brea? ( ! ,vic> ( ,*ri/1 a c\ntry ( hea!n sup]/itions became ! v wond] & asylum ( all p1--! wond] by reason ( its k1 sacr$ & pr(ane1 & ! asylum ( religion1 lit]ature & sci5ce1 :5 *as$ away f ! cont95t by ! b>b>ian invad]s4 ,i recollect its hospitality1 freely accord$ to ! pilgrim2 its volumes munific5tly pres5t$ to ! =eign /ud5t2 & ! pray]s1 ! bless+s1 ! holy rites1 ! solemn *ants1 :i* sanctifi$ ! :ile bo? giv] & receiv]4 ,nor c ,i =get ei!r1 h[ my own ,engl& _h mean:ile become ! solicitude ( ! same unwe>i$ eye3 h[ ,augu/9e 0 s5t to u by ,gregory2 h[ he fa9t$ 9 ! way at ! tid+s ( our fi]c5ess1 &1 b = ! ,pope1 w\ld h %runk z f an impossible exp$ition2 h[ he 0 =c$ on 89 weakness & 9 fe> & 9 mu* trembl+10 until he _h a*iev$ ! conque/ ( ! isl& to ,*ri/4 ,nor1 aga91 h[ x came to pass t1 :5 ,augu/9e di$ & 8 "w slack5$1 ano!r ,pope1 unwe>i$ /ill1 s5t ?ree sa9ts f ,rome1 to ennoble & ref9e ! p ,augu/9e _h conv]t$4 ,?ree holy m5 set out = ,engl& toge!r1 ( diff]5t nations3 ,!odore1 an ,asiatic ,greek1 f ,t>sus2 ,adrian1 an ,african2 ,b5nett alone a ,saxon1 = ,pet] kn[s no di/9ction ( races 9 8 ecum5ical "w4 ,!y came ) !ology & sci5ce 9 _! tra92 ) relics1 ) pictures1 ) manuscripts ( ! ,holy ,fa!rs & ! ,greek classics2 & ,!odore & ,adrian f\nd$ s*ools1 secul> & mona/ic1 all ov] ,engl&1 :ile ,b5nett br\ght to ! nor? ! l>ge libr>y he _h collect$ 9 =eign p>ts1 &1 ) plans & ornam5tal "w f ,france1 erect$ a *ur* ( /one1 "u ! invocation ( ,/4 ,pet]1 aft] ! ,roman fa%ion1 8:i*10 says ! hi/orian17#d7 8he mo/ affect$40 ,i call to m9d h[ ,/4 ,wilfrid1 ,/4 ,john ( ,bev]ley1 ,/4 ,b$e1 & o!r sa9tly m51 c>ri$ on ! good "w 9 ! foll[+ g5]ations1 & h[ f t "t =? ! two isl&s1 ,engl& & ,irel&1 9 a d>k & dre>y age1 7 ! two lights ( ,*ri/5dom1 & _h no claims on ea* o!r1 & no ?\ght ( self1 save 9 ! int]*ange ( k9d (fices & ! rivalry ( love4 #g4 ,o memorable "t1 :5 ,/4 ,aidan & ! ,iri% monks w5t up to ,l9disf>ne & ,melrose1 & taught ! ,saxon y\?1 & :5 a ,/4 ,cu?b]t & a ,/4 ,eata repaid _! *>itable toil6 ,o bless$ days ( peace & confid5ce1 :5 ! ,celtic ,mailduf p5etrat$ to ,malmesbury 9 ! s\?1 :i* has inh]it$ 8 "n1 & f\nd$ !re ! fam\s s*ool :i* gave bir? to ! great ,/4 ,aldhelm6 ,o preci\s seal & te/imony ( ,gospel unity1 :51 z ,aldhelm 9 turn tells u1 ! ,engli% w5t to ,irel& 8num]\s z bees20 :5 ! ,saxon ,/4 ,egb]t & ,/4 ,willibrod1 prea*]s to ! hea!n ,frisons1 made ! voyage to ,irel& to prep>e !mselves = _! "w2 & :5 f ,irel& w5t =? to ,g]many ! two noble ,ewalds1 ,saxons also1 to e>n ! cr[n ( m>tyrdom6 ,su* a p]iod1 inde$1 s ri* 9 grace1 9 peace1 9 love1 & 9 good works1 c\ld only la/ = a season2 b1 ev5 :5 ! light 0 to pass away f !m1 ! si/] isl&s 7 de/9$1 n to =feit1 b to transmit x toge!r4 ,! "t came :5 ! neighb\r+ cont95tal c\ntry 0 9 turn to hold ! mission :i* !y _h ex]cis$ s long & well2 & :5 to x !y made ov] _! hon\rable (fice1 fai?ful to ! alliance ( two hundr$ ye>s1 !y made x a jo9t act4 ,alcu9 0 ! pupil bo? ( ! ,engli% & ( ! ,iri% s*ools2 & :5 ,*>lemagne w\ld revive sci5ce & lett]s 9 8 own ,france1 x 0 ,alcu91 ! repres5tative bo? ( ! ,saxon & ! ,celt1 :o 0 ! *ief ( ^? :o w5t =? to supply ! ne$ ( ! great ,emp]or4 ,su* 0 ! f\ndation ( ! ,s*ool ( ,p>is1 f :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( c5turies1 sprang ! fam\s ,univ]sity1 ! glory ( ! middle ages4 99 99 99 99 99 ,! pa/ nev] returns2 ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 old 9 its texture1 is ev] new 9 its col\r+ & fa%ion4 ,engl& & ,irel& are n :at !y once 71 b ,rome is :]e x 01 & ,/4 ,pet] is ! same3 8 zeal1 8 *>ity1 8 mission1 8 gifts are all ! same4 ,he ( old made ! two isl&s "o by giv+ !m jo9t "w ( tea*+2 & n[ surely he is giv+ u a l mission1 & we %all become "o aga91 :ile we zeal\sly & lov+ly fulfil x4 ,disc\rse ,,ii4 ,!ology ,a ,bran* ,( ,k4 ,!re 7 two que/ions1 to :i* ,i drew y\r att5tion1 ,g5tlem51 9 ! beg9n+ ( my fir/ ,disc\rse1 z be+ ( especial importance & int]e/ at ?is "t3 fir/1 :e!r x is consi/5t ) ! idea ( ,univ]sity tea*+ to exclude ,!ology f a place among ! sci5ces :i* x embraces2 next1 :e!r x is consi/5t ) t idea to make ! useful arts & sci5ces its direct & pr9cipal conc]n1 to ! neglect ( ^? lib]al /udies & ex]cises ( m9d1 9 :i* x has h]et(ore be5 consid]$ ma9ly to consi/4 ,^! are ! que/ions :i* w =m ! subject ( :at ,i h to lay be=e y1 & ,i %all n[ ent] ^u ! =m] ( ! two4 #a4 ,x is ! fa%ion j n[1 z y v well "k1 to erect s-call$ ,univ]sities1 )\t mak+ any provision 9 !m at all = ,!ological *airs4 ,in/itutions ( ?is k9d exi/ bo? "h & 9 ,engl&4 ,su* a proc$ure1 ?\gh def5d$ by writ]s ( ! g5]ation j pass$ ) mu* plausible argum5t & n a little wit1 seems to me an intellectual absurdity2 & my reason = say+ s runs1 ) :atev] abruptness1 into ! =m ( a syllogism3--,a ,univ]sity1 ,i %\ld lay d[n1 by its v "n pr(esses to tea* univ]sal k3 ,!ology is surely a bran* ( k3 h[ !n is x possible = x to pr(ess all bran*es ( k1 & yet to exclude f ! subjects ( its tea*+ "o :i*1 to say ! lea/1 is z important & z l>ge z any ( !m8 ,i d n see t ei!r premiss ( ?is argum5t is op5 to exception4 ,z to ! range ( ,univ]sity tea*+1 c]ta9ly ! v "n ( ,univ]sity is inconsi/5t ) re/rictions ( any k9d4 ,:atev] 0 ! orig9al reason ( ! adoption ( t t]m1 :i* is unkn[n17#e7 ,i am only putt+ on x its popul>1 its recogniz$ s5se1 :5 ,i say t a ,univ]sity %\ld tea* univ]sal k4 ,t !re is a real necessity = ?is univ]sal tea*+ 9 ! highe/ s*ools ( intellect1 ,i w %[ by-&-by2 "h x is suffici5t to say t su* univ]sality is consid]$ by writ]s on ! subject to be ! v *>act]i/ic ( a ,univ]sity1 z contra/$ ) o!r seats ( le>n+4 ,?us ,johnson1 9 8 ,diction>y1 def9es x to be 8a s*ool :]e all arts & faculties are taught20 & ,mo%eim1 writ+ z an hi/orian1 says t1 be=e ! rise ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is1--= in/ance1 at ,padua1 or ,salamanca1 or ,cologne1--8! :ole circle ( sci5ces !n kn[n 0 n taught20 b t ! s*ool ( ,p>is1 8:i* exce$$ all o!rs 9 v>i\s respects1 z well z 9 ! numb] ( tea*]s & /ud5ts1 0 ! fir/ to embrace all ! arts & sci5ces1 & !re=e fir/ became a ,univ]sity407#f7 ,if1 ) o!r au?ors1 we consid] ! ^w to be d]iv$ f ! invitation :i* is held out by a ,univ]sity to /ud5ts ( e k9d1 ! result is ! same2 =1 if c]ta9 bran*es ( k 7 exclud$1 ^? /ud5ts ( c\rse w\ld be exclud$ also1 :o desir$ to pursue !m4 ,is x1 !n1 logically consi/5t 9 a seat ( le>n+ to call itself a ,univ]sity1 & to exclude ,!ology f ! numb] ( its /udies8 ,& aga91 is x wond]ful t ,ca?olics1 ev5 9 ! view ( reason1 putt+ aside fai? or religi\s duty1 %\ld be dissatisfi$ ) exi/+ in/itutions1 :i* pr(ess to be ,univ]sities1 & refuse to tea* ,!ology2 & t !y %\ld 9 consequ5ce desire to possess seats ( le>n+1 :i* are1 n only m ,*ri/ian1 b m philosophical 9 _! con/ruction1 & l>g] & deep] 9 _! provisions8 ,b ?is1 ( c\rse1 is to assume t ,!ology is a sci5ce1 & an important "o3 s ,i w ?r[ my argum5t into a m exact =m4 ,i say1 !n1 t if a ,univ]sity be1 f ! nature ( ! case1 a place ( in/ruction1 :]e univ]sal k is pr(ess$1 & if 9 a c]ta9 ,univ]sity1 s call$1 ! subject ( ,religion is exclud$1 "o ( two conclusions is inevitable1--ei!r1 on ! "o h&1 t ! prov9ce ( ,religion is v b>r5 ( real k1 or1 on ! o!r h&1 t 9 su* ,univ]sity "o special & important bran* ( k is omitt$4 ,i say1 ! advocate ( su* an in/itution mu/ say ?is1 or he mu/ say t2 he mu/ own1 ei!r t little or no?+ is kn[n ab\t ! ,supreme ,be+1 or t 8 seat ( le>n+ calls itself :at x is n4 ,?is is ! !sis :i* ,i lay d[n1 & on :i* ,i %all insi/ z ! subject ( ?is ,disc\rse4 ,i repeat1 su* a compromise betwe5 religi\s p>ties1 z is involv$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( a ,univ]sity :i* makes no religi\s pr(ession1 implies t ^? p>ties sev]ally consid]1--n inde$ t _! own respective op9ions are trifles 9 a moral & practical po9t ( view--( c\rse n2 b c]ta9ly z mu* z ?is1 t !y are n k4 ,did !y 9 _! he>ts believe t _! private views ( religion1 :atev] !y are1 7 absolutely & objectively true1 x is inconceivable t !y w\ld s insult !m z to cons5t to _! omission 9 an ,in/itution :i* is b\nd1 f ! nature ( ! case--f its v idea & its "n--to make a pr(ession ( all sorts ( k :atev]4 #b4 ,i ?9k ?is w be f\nd to be no matt] ( words4 ,i all[ !n fully1 t1 :5 m5 comb9e toge!r = any common object1 !y are oblig$1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 9 ord] to secure ! advantages accru+ f unit$ action1 to sacrifice _m ( _! private op9ions & wi%es1 & to drop ! m9or diff]5ces1 z !y are commonly call$1 :i* exi/ betwe5 man & man4 ,no two p]sons p]haps are to be f\nd1 h[ev] intimate1 h[ev] cong5ial 9 ta/es & judgm5ts1 h[ev] eag] to h "o he>t & "o s\l1 b mu/ d5y !mselves1 = ! sake ( ea* o!r1 mu* :i* !y l or desire1 if !y are to live toge!r happily4 ,compromise1 9 a l>ge s5se ( ! ^w1 is ! fir/ pr9ciple ( comb9ation2 & any "o :o insi/s on enjoy+ 8 rights to ! full1 & 8 op9ions )\t tol]ation = 8 neighb\r's1 & 8 own way 9 all ?+s1 w soon h all ?+s altoge!r to himself1 & no "o to %>e !m ) him4 ,b mo/ true z ?is confess$ly is1 /ill !re is an obvi\s limit1 on ! o!r h&1 to ^! compromises1 h[ev] necess>y !y be2 & ?is is f\nd 9 ! proviso1 t ! diff]5ces surr5d]$ %\ld be b 8m9or10 or t !re %\ld be no sacrifice ( ! ma9 object ( ! comb9ation1 9 ! concessions :i* are mutually made4 ,any sacrifice :i* compromises t object is de/ructive ( ! pr9ciple ( ! comb9ation1 & no "o :o w\ld be consi/5t c be a p>ty to x4 ,?us1 = in/ance1 if m5 ( v>i\s religi\s d5om9ations jo9 toge!r = ! dissem9ation ( :at are call$ 8evangelical0 tracts1 x is "u ! belief1 t1 ! object ( _! unit+1 z recogniz$ on all h&s1 be+ ! spiritual b5efit ( _! neighb\rs1 no religi\s exhortations1 :atev] be _! "*1 c ess5tially int]f]e ) t b5efit1 :i* fai?fully insi/ ^u ! ,lu!ran doctr9e ( ,ju/ification4 ,if1 aga91 !y agree toge!r 9 pr9t+ & circulat+ ! ,prote/ant ,bible1 x is because !y1 "o & all1 hold to ! pr9ciple1 t1 h[ev] s]i\s be _! diff]5ces ( religi\s s5tim5t1 su* diff]5ces fade away be=e ! "o great pr9ciple1 :i* t circulation symbolizes--t ! ,bible1 ! :ole ,bible1 & no?+ b ! ,bible1 is ! religion ( ,prote/ants4 ,on ! contr>y1 if ! committee ( "s su* association ins]t$ tracts into ! copies ( ! said ,bible :i* !y sold1 & tracts 9 recomm5dation ( ! ,a?anasian ,cre$ or ! m]it ( good works1 ,i conceive any subscrib+ memb] w\ld h a j "r to compla9 ( a proce$+1 :i* compromis$ ! pr9ciple ( ,private ,judgm5t z ! "o true int]pret] ( ,scripture4 ,^! in/ances are suffici5t to illu/rate my g5]al position1 t coalitions & compreh5sions = an object1 h _! life 9 ! prosecution ( t object1 & cease to h any mean+ z soon z t object is compromis$ or disp>ag$4 ,:51 !n1 a numb] ( p]sons come =w>d1 n z politicians1 n z diplomati/s1 lawy]s1 trad]s1 or speculators1 b ) ! "o object ( advanc+ ,univ]sal ,k1 mu* we may all[ !m to sacrifice4--ambition1 reputation1 leisure1 com=t1 p>ty-int]e/s1 gold2 "o ?+ !y may n sacrifice1--,k itself4 ,k be+ _! object1 !y ne$ n ( c\rse insi/ on _! own private views ab\t anci5t or mod]n hi/ory1 or national prosp]ity1 or ! balance ( p[]2 !y ne$ n ( c\rse %r9k f ! co-op]ation ( ^? :o hold ! opposite views2 b /ipulate !y mu/ t ,k itself is n compromis$2--& z to ^? views1 ( :atev] k9d1 :i* !y d all[ to be dropp$1 x is pla9 !y consid] su* to be op9ions1 & no?+ m1 h[ev] de>1 h[ev] important to !mselves p]sonally2 op9ions +5i\s1 admirable1 pleasurable1 b5eficial1 exp$i5t1 b n wor?y ! "n ( ,k or ,sci5ce4 ,?us no "o w\ld insi/ on ! ,mal?usian tea*+ be+ a s9e qu non 9 a seat ( le>n+1 :o did n ?9k x simply ignorance n to be a ,mal?usian2 & no "o w\ld cons5t to drop ! ,newtonian !ory1 :o ?\ght x to h be5 prov$ true1 9 ! same s5se z ! exi/5ce ( ! sun & moon is true4 ,if1 !n1 9 an ,in/itution :i* pr(esses all k1 no?+ is pr(ess$1 no?+ is taught ab\t ! ,supreme ,be+1 x is fair to inf] t e individual 9 ! numb] ( ^? :o advocate t ,in/itution1 suppos+ him consi/5t1 di/9ctly holds t no?+ is kn[n = c]ta9 ab\t ! ,supreme ,be+2 no?+ su*1 z to h any claim to be reg>d$ z a mat]ial addition to ! /ock ( g5]al k exi/+ 9 ! _w4 ,if on ! o!r h& x turns out t some?+ consid]able is kn[n ab\t ! ,supreme ,be+1 :e!r f ,reason or ,revelation1 !n ! ,in/itution 9 "q pr(esses e sci5ce1 & yet leaves out ! =emo/ ( !m4 ,9 a ^w1 /rong z may appe> ! ass]tion1 ,i d n see h[ ,i c avoid mak+ x1 & be> ) me1 ,g5tlem51 :ile ,i d s1 viz41 su* an ,in/itution _c be :at x pr(esses1 if !re be a ,god4 ,i d n wi% to declaim2 b1 by ! v =ce ( ! t]ms1 x is v pla91 t a ,div9e ,be+ & a ,univ]sity s circum/anc$ _c co-exi/4 #c4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 ?is may seem to _m an abrupt conclusion1 & w n be acquiesc$ 93 :at answ]1 ,g5tlem51 w be made to x8 ,p]haps ?is3--,x w be said1 t !re are diff]5t k9ds or sph]es ( ,k1 human1 div9e1 s5sible1 intellectual1 & ! l2 & t a ,univ]sity c]ta9ly takes 9 all v>ieties ( ,k 9 its own l9e1 b /ill t x has a l9e ( its own4 ,x contemplates1 x occupies a c]ta9 ord]1 a c]ta9 plat=m1 ( ,k4 ,i und]/& ! rem>k2 b ,i own to y1 ,i d n und]/& h[ x c be made to apply to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,i _c s con/ruct my def9ition ( ! subject-matt] ( ,univ]sity ,k1 & s draw my b\nd>y l9es ar\nd x1 z to include !re9 ! o!r sci5ces commonly /udi$ at ,univ]sities1 & to exclude ! sci5ce ( ,religion4 ,= in/ance1 are we to limit our idea ( ,univ]sity ,k by ! evid5ce ( our s5ses8 !n we exclude e?ics2 by intuition8 we exclude hi/ory2 by te/imony8 we exclude metaphysics2 by ab/ract reason+8 we exclude physics4 ,is n ! be+ ( a ,god report$ to u by te/imony1 h&$ d[n by hi/ory1 inf]r$ by an inductive process1 br\ght home to u by metaphysical necessity1 urg$ on u by ! sugge/ions ( our consci5ce8 ,x is a tru? 9 ! natural ord]1 z well z 9 ! sup]natural4 ,s mu* = its orig92 &1 :5 obta9$1 :at is x wor?8 ,is x a great tru? or a small "o8 ,is x a compreh5sive tru?8 ,say t no o!r religi\s idea :atev] 7 giv5 b x1 & y h en\gh to fill ! m9d2 y h at once a :ole dogmatic sy/em4 ,! ^w 8,god0 is a ,!ology 9 itself1 indivisibly "o1 inexhau/ibly v>i\s1 f ! va/ness & ! simplicity ( its mean+4 ,admit a ,god1 & y introduce among ! subjects ( y\r k1 a fact encompass+1 clos+ 9 ^u1 absorb+1 e o!r fact conceivable4 ,h[ c we inve/igate any "p ( any ord] ( ,k1 & /op %ort ( t :i* ent]s into e ord]8 ,all true pr9ciples run ov] ) x1 all ph5om5a conv]ge to x2 x is truly ! ,fir/ & ! ,la/4 ,9 ^w inde$1 & 9 idea1 x is easy en\gh to divide ,k into human & div9e1 secul> & religi\s1 & to lay d[n t we w address ourselves to ! "o )\t int]f]+ ) ! o!r2 b x is impossible 9 fact4 ,grant+ t div9e tru? diff]s 9 k9d f human1 s d human tru?s diff] 9 k9d "o f ano!r4 ,if ! k ( ! ,creator is 9 a diff]5t ord] f k ( ! creature1 s1 9 l mann]1 metaphysical sci5ce is 9 a diff]5t ord] f physical1 physics f hi/ory1 hi/ory f e?ics4 ,y w soon break up into fragm5ts ! :ole circle ( secul> k1 if y beg9 ! mutilation ) div9e4 ,i h be5 speak+ simply ( ,natural ,!ology2 my argum5t ( c\rse is /rong] :5 ,i g on to ,revelation4 ,let ! doctr9e ( ! ,inc>nation be true3 is x n at once ( ! nature ( an hi/orical fact1 & ( a metaphysical8 ,let x be true t !re are ,angels3 h[ is n ?is a po9t ( k 9 ! same s5se z ! naturali/'s assev]ation1 t myriads ( liv+ ?+s might co-exi/ on ! po9t ( a ne$le8 ,t ! ,e>? is to be burn$ by fire1 is1 if true1 z l>ge a fact z t huge mon/]s once play$ amid its dep?s2 t ,anti*ri/ is to come1 is z categorical a head+ to a *apt] ( hi/ory1 z t ,n]o or ,julian 0 ,emp]or ( ,rome2 t a div9e influ5ce moves ! w1 is a subject ( ?\ght n m my/]i\s ?an ! result ( volition on our muscles1 :i* we admit z a fact 9 metaphysics4 ,i d n see h[ x is possible = a philosophical m9d1 fir/1 to believe ^! religi\s facts to be true2 next1 to cons5t to ignore !m2 & ?irdly1 9 spite ( ?is1 to g on to pr(ess to be tea*+ all ! :ile de omni scibili4 ,no2 if a man ?9ks 9 8 he>t t ^! religi\s facts are %ort ( tru?1 t !y are n true 9 ! s5se 9 :i* ! g5]al fact & ! law ( ! fall ( a /one to ! e>? is true1 ,i und]/& 8 exclud+ ,religion f 8 ,univ]sity1 ?\gh he pr(esses o!r reasons = its exclusion4 ,9 t case ! v>ieties ( religi\s op9ion "u :i* he %elt]s 8 conduct1 are n only 8 apology = publicly dis[n+ ,religion1 b a cause ( 8 privately disbeliev+ x4 ,he does n ?9k t any ?+ is kn[n or c be kn[n = c]ta91 ab\t ! orig9 ( ! _w or ! end ( man4 #d4 ,?is1 ,i fe>1 is ! conclusion to :i* intellects1 cle>1 logical1 & consi/5t1 h come1 or are com+1 f ! nature ( ! case2 &1 alas6 9 addition to ?is prim-facie suspicion1 !re are actual t5d5cies 9 ! same direction 9 ,prote/antism1 view$ :e!r 9 its orig9al idea1 or aga9 9 ! s-call$ ,evangelical movem5t 9 ^! isl&s dur+ ! la/ c5tury4 ,! religi\s _w1 z x is /yl$1 holds1 g5]ally speak+1 t ,religion consi/s1 n 9 k1 b 9 feel+ or s5tim5t4 ,! old ,ca?olic notion1 :i* /ill l+]s 9 ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur*1 01 t ,fai? 0 an intellectual act1 its object tru?1 & its result k4 ,?us if y look into ! ,anglican ,pray] ,book1 y w f9d def9ite cr$5da1 z well z def9ite ag5da2 b 9 proportion z ! ,lu!ran leav5 spread1 x became fa%ionable to say t ,fai? 01 n an acceptance ( reveal$ doctr9e1 n an act ( ! intellect1 b a feel+1 an emotion1 an affection1 an appet5cy2 &1 z ?is view ( ,fai? obta9$1 s 0 ! connexion ( ,fai? ) ,tru? & ,k m & m ei!r =gott5 or d5i$4 ,at l5g? ! id5tity ( ?is 7s-call$7 spirituality ( he>t & ! virtue ( ,fai? 0 ackn[l$g$ on all h&s4 ,"s m5 inde$ disapprov$ ! pietism 9 "q1 o!rs admir$ x2 b :e!r !y admir$ or disapprov$1 bo? ! "o p>ty & ! o!r f\nd !mselves 9 agreem5t on ! ma9 po9t1 viz4--9 consid]+ t ?is really 0 9 sub/ance ,religion1 & no?+ else2 t ,religion 0 bas$1 n on argum5t1 b on ta/e & s5tim5t1 t no?+ 0 objective1 e ?+ subjective1 9 doctr9e4 ,i say1 ev5 ^? :o saw ?r\gh ! affectation 9 :i* ! religi\s s*ool ( :i* ,i am speak+ clad itself1 /ill came to ?9k t ,religion1 z su*1 consi/$ 9 some?+ %ort ( intellectual ex]cises1 viz41 9 ! affections1 9 ! imag9ation1 9 inw>d p]suasions & consolations1 9 pleasurable s5sations1 sudd5 *anges1 & sublime fancies4 ,!y le>n$ to believe & to take x = grant$1 t ,religion 0 no?+ beyond a supply ( ! wants ( human nature1 n an ext]nal fact & a "w ( ,god4 ,!re 01 x appe>$1 a dem& = ,religion1 & !re=e !re 0 a supply2 human nature c\ld n d )\t ,religion1 any m ?an x c\ld d )\t bread2 a supply 0 absolutely necess>y1 good or bad1 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! articles ( daily su/5ance1 an article :i* 0 really inf]ior 0 bett] ?an none at all4 ,?us ,religion 0 useful1 v5]able1 beautiful1 ! sanction ( ord]1 ! /ay ( gov]nm5t1 ! curb ( self-w & self-indulg5ce1 :i* ! laws _c rea*3 b1 aft] all1 on :at 0 x bas$8 ,:y1 t 0 a "q delicate to ask1 & imprud5t to answ]2 b1 if ! tru? mu/ be spok51 h[ev] reluctantly1 ! long & ! %ort ( ! matt] 0 ?is1 t ,religion 0 bas$ on cu/om1 on prejudice1 on law1 on education1 on habit1 on loyalty1 on feudalism1 on enlight5$ exp$i5ce1 on _m1 _m ?+s1 b n at all on reason2 reason 0 nei!r its w>rant1 nor its in/rum5t1 & sci5ce _h z little connexion ) x z ) ! fa%ions ( ! season1 or ! /ate ( ! wea!r4 ,y see1 ,g5tlem51 h[ a !ory or philosophy1 :i* began ) ! religi\s *anges ( ! sixte5? c5tury1 has l$ to conclusions1 :i* ! au?ors ( ^? *anges w\ld be ! fir/ to d5\nce1 & has be5 tak5 up by t l>ge & influ5tial body :i* goes by ! "n ( ,lib]al or ,latitud9>ian2 & h[1 :]e x prevails1 x is z unreasonable ( c\rse to dem& = ,religion a *air 9 a ,univ]sity1 z to dem& "o = f9e feel+1 s5se ( hon\r1 patriotism1 gratitude1 mat]nal affection1 or good companion%ip1 proposals :i* w\ld be simply unmean+4 #e4 ,n[1 9 illu/ration ( :at ,i h be5 say+1 ,i w appeal1 9 ! fir/ place1 to a /atesman1 b n m]ely s1 to no m]e politician1 no trad] 9 places1 or 9 votes1 or 9 ! /ock m>ket1 b to a philosoph]1 to an orator1 to "o ^: pr(ession1 ^: aim1 has ev] be5 to cultivate ! fair1 ! noble1 & ! g5]\s4 ,i _c =get ! celebrat$ disc\rse ( ! celebrat$ man to :om ,i am ref]r+2 a man :o is fir/ 9 8 peculi> walk2 & :o1 moreov] 7:i* is mu* to my purpose71 has _h a %>e1 z mu* z any "o alive1 9 effect+ ! public recognition 9 ^! ,isl&s ( ! pr9ciple ( sep>at+ secul> & religi\s k4 ,?is brilliant ?9k]1 dur+ ! ye>s 9 :i* he 0 ex]t+ himself 9 behalf ( ?is pr9ciple1 made a spee* or disc\rse1 on occasion ( a public solemnity2 & 9 ref]5ce to ! be>+ ( g5]al k ^u religi\s belief1 he spoke z foll[s3 8,z m510 he said1 8w no long] suff] !mselves to be l$ bl9dfold 9 ignorance1 s w !y no m yield to ! vile pr9ciple ( judg+ & treat+ _! fell[-creatures1 n accord+ to ! intr9sic m]it ( _! actions1 b accord+ to ! accid5tal & involunt>y co9cid5ce ( _! op9ions4 ,! great tru? has f9ally gone =? to all ! ends ( ! e>?10 & he pr9ts x 9 capital lett]s1 8t man %all no m r5d] acc\nt to man = 8 belief1 ov] :i* he has himself no control4 ,h5ce=w>d1 no?+ %all prevail ^u u to praise or to blame any "o = t :i* he c no m *ange1 ?an he c ! hue ( 8 sk9 or ! height ( 8 /ature407#g7 ,y see1 ,g5tlem51 if ?is philosoph] is to decide ! matt]1 religi\s ideas are j z f> f be+ real1 or repres5t+ any?+ beyond !mselves1 are z truly peculi>ities1 idiosyncracies1 accid5ts ( ! individual1 z 8 hav+ ! /ature ( a ,patagonian1 or ! features ( a ,negro4 ,b p]haps ?is 0 ! rhetoric ( an excit$ mom5t4 ,f> f x1 ,g5tlem51 or ,i %\ld n h fa/5$ on ! words ( a f]tile m9d1 utt]$ s long ago4 ,:at ,mr4 ,br\gham laid d[n z a pr9ciple 9 #ahbe1 res\nds on all sides ( u1 ) ev]-gr[+ confid5ce & success1 9 #aheb4 ,i op5 ! ,m9utes ( ! ,committee ( ,c\ncil on ,education = ! ye>s #ahdh-ej1 pres5t$ to bo? ,h\ses ( ,p>liam5t by comm& ( ,h] ,maje/y1 & ,i f9d "o ( ,h] ,maje/y's ,inspectors ( ,s*ools1 at p4 #dfg ( ! second volume1 divid+ 8! topics usually embrac$ 9 ! bett] class ( prim>y s*ools0 into f\r3--! k ( signs1 z read+ & writ+2 ( facts1 z geography & a/ronomy2 ( relations & laws1 z ma!matics2 & la/ly s5tim5t1 su* z poetry & music4 ,n[1 on fir/ cat*+ sight ( ?is division1 x occurr$ to me to ask myself1 be=e asc]ta9+ ! writ]'s own resolution ( ! matt]1 "u :i* ( ^! f\r heads w\ld fall ,religion1 or :e!r x fell "u any ( !m4 ,did he put x aside z a ?+ too delicate & sacr$ to be enum]at$ ) e>?ly /udies8 or did he di/9ctly contemplate x :5 he made 8 division8 ,anyh[1 ,i c\ld really f9d a place = x "u ! fir/ head1 or ! second1 or ! ?ird2 = x has to d ) facts1 s9ce x tells ( ! ,self-subsi/+2 x has to d ) relations1 = x tells ( ! ,creator2 x has to d ) signs1 = x tells ( ! due mann] ( speak+ ( ,him4 ,!re 0 j "o head ( ! division to :i* ,i c\ld n ref] x1 viz41 to s5tim5t2 =1 ,i suppose1 music & poetry1 :i* are ! writ]'s own examples ( s5tim5t1 h n mu* to d ) ,tru?1 :i* is ! ma9 object ( ,religion4 ,judge !n my surprise1 ,g5tlem51 :5 ,i f\nd ! f\r? 0 ! v head select$ by ! writ] ( ! ,report 9 "q1 z ! special receptacle ( religi\s topics4 8,! inculcation ( s5tim5t10 he says1 8embraces read+ 9 its high] s5se1 poetry1 music1 toge!r ) moral & religi\s ,education40 ,i am f> f introduc+ ?is writ] = 8 own sake1 because ,i h no wi% to hurt ! feel+s ( a g5tleman1 :o is b ex]t+ himself zeal\sly 9 ! dis*>ge ( anxi\s duties2 b1 tak+ him z an illu/ration ( ! wide-spread+ s*ool ( ?\ght to :i* he belongs1 ,i ask :at c m cle>ly prove ?an a c&id av[al l ?is1 t1 9 ! view ( 8 s*ool1 ,religion is n k1 has no?+ :atev] to d ) k1 & is exclud$ f a ,univ]sity c\rse ( in/ruction1 n simply because ! exclusion _c be help$1 f political or social ob/acles1 b because x has no bus9ess !re at all1 because x is to be consid]$ a ta/e1 s5tim5t1 op9ion1 & no?+ m8 ,! writ] av[s ?is conclusion himself1 9 ! explanation into :i* he pres5tly ent]s1 9 :i* he says3 8,accord+ to ! classification propos$1 ! ess5tial idea ( all religi\s ,education w consi/ 9 ! direct cultivation ( ! feel+s40 ,:at we contemplate1 !n1 :at we aim at1 :5 we give a religi\s ,education1 is1 x seems1 n to imp>t any k :atev]1 b to satisfy anyh[ desires aft] ! ,unse5 :i* w arise 9 our m9ds 9 spite ( ourselves1 to provide ! m9d ) a means ( self-comm&1 to impress on x ! beautiful ideas :i* sa9ts & sages h /ruck out1 to embelli% x ) ! bright hues ( a cele/ial piety1 to tea* x ! poetry ( devotion1 ! music ( well-ord]$ affections1 & ! luxury ( do+ good4 ,z = ! intellect1 its ex]cise happ5s to be unavoidable1 :5ev] moral impressions are made1 f ! con/itution ( ! human m9d1 b x v>ies 9 ! results ( t ex]cise1 9 ! conclusions :i* x draws f our impressions1 accord+ to ! peculi>ities ( ! individual4 ,some?+ l ?is seems to be ! writ]'s mean+1 b we ne$ n pry into its f9] issues 9 ord] to ga9 a di/9ct view ( its g5]al be>+2 & tak+ x1 z ,i ?9k we fairly may take x1 z a specim5 ( ! philosophy ( ! day1 z adopt$ by ^? :o are n consci\s unbeliev]s1 or op5 sc(f]s1 ,i consid] x amply expla9s h[ x comes to pass t ?is day's philosophy sets up a sy/em ( univ]sal k1 & tea*es ( plants1 & e>?s1 & creep+ ?+s1 & bea/s1 & gases1 ab\t ! cru/ ( ! e>? & ! *anges ( ! atmosph]e1 ab\t sun1 moon1 & />s1 ab\t man & 8 do+s1 ab\t ! hi/ory ( ! _w1 ab\t s5sation1 memory1 & ! passions1 ab\t duty1 ab\t cause & effect1 ab\t all ?+s imag9able1 except "o--& t is1 ab\t ,him t made all ^! ?+s1 ab\t ,god4 ,i say ! reason is pla9 because !y consid] k1 z reg>ds ! creature1 is illimitable1 b impossible or hopeless z reg>ds ! be+ & attributes & works ( ! ,creator4 #f4 ,"h1 h[ev]1 x may be object$ to me t ?is repres5tation is c]ta9ly extreme1 = ! s*ool 9 "q does1 9 fact1 lay great /ress on ! evid5ce af=d$ by ! creation1 to ! ,be+ & ,attributes ( ! ,creator4 ,i may be ref]r$1 = in/ance1 to ! words ( "o ( ! speak]s on a memorable occasion4 ,at ! v "t ( lay+ ! fir/ /one ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,london1 ,i confess x1 a le>n$ p]son1 s9ce elevat$ to ! ,prote/ant ,see ( ,durham1 :i* he /ill fills1 op5$ ! proce$+s ) pray]4 ,he address$ ! ,deity1 z ! au?oritative ,report in=ms u1 8! :ole surr\nd+ assembly /&+ uncov]$ 9 solemn sil5ce40 8,?\10 he said1 9 ! "n ( all pres5t1 8?\ ha/ con/ruct$ ! va/ fabric ( ! univ]se 9 s wond]ful a mann]1 s arrang$ its motions1 & s =m$ its productions1 t ! contemplation & /udy ( ?y works ex]cise at once ! m9d 9 ! pursuit ( human sci5ce1 & lead x onw>ds to ,div9e ,tru?40 ,"h is app>5tly a di/9ct recognition t !re is su* a ?+ z ,tru? 9 ! prov9ce ( ,religion2 &1 did ! passage /& by itself1 & 7 x ! only means we possess$ ( asc]ta9+ ! s5tim5ts ( ! p[]ful body :om ?is di/+ui%$ p]son !re repres5t$1 x w\ld1 z f> z x goes1 be satisfactory4 ,i admit x2 & ,i admit also ! recognition ( ! ,be+ & c]ta9 ,attributes ( ! ,deity1 conta9$ 9 ! writ+s ( ! gift$ p]son :om ,i h already quot$1 ^: g5ius1 v]satile & multi=m z x is1 9 no?+ has be5 s con/ant1 z 9 its devotion to ! advancem5t ( k1 sci5tific & lit]>y4 ,he !n c]ta9ly1 9 8 8,disc\rse ( ! objects1 advantages1 & pleasures ( sci5ce10 aft] v>i\sly illu/rat+ :at he t]ms its 8gratify+ treats10 cr[ns ! catalogue ) m5tion ( 8! highe/ ( all our gratifications 9 ! contemplation ( sci5ce10 :i* he proce$s to expla9 ?us3 8,we are rais$ by !m10 says he1 8to an und]/&+ ( ! inf9ite wisdom & goodness :i* ! ,creator has display$ 9 all ,8 works4 ,n a /ep c be tak5 9 any direction10 he cont9ues1 8)\t p]ceiv+ ! mo/ extraord9>y traces ( design2 & ! skill1 e :]e conspicu\s1 is calculat$ 9 s va/ a proportion ( in/ances to promote ! happ9ess ( liv+ creatures1 & especially ( ourselves1 t we c feel no hesitation 9 conclud+1 t1 if we knew ! :ole s*eme ( ,provid5ce1 e "p w\ld be 9 h>mony ) a plan ( absolute b5evol5ce4 ,indep5d5t1 h[ev]1 ( ?is mo/ consol+ inf]5ce1 ! delight is inexpressible1 ( be+ able to foll[1 z x 71 ) our eyes1 ! m>vell\s works ( ! ,great ,ar*itect ( ,nature1 to trace ! unb\nd$ p[] & exquisite skill :i* are exhibit$ 9 ! mo/ m9ute1 z well z ! mightie/ p>ts ( ,8 sy/em4 ,! pleasure d]iv$ f ?is /udy is unceas+1 & s v>i\s1 t x nev] tires ! appetite4 ,b x is unlike ! l[ gratifications ( s5se 9 ano!r respect3 x elevates & ref9es our nature1 :ile ^? hurt ! heal?1 debase ! und]/&+1 & corrupt ! feel+s2 x tea*es u to look ^u all e>?ly objects z insignificant & bel[ our notice1 except ! pursuit ( k & ! cultivation ( virtue1 t is to say1 ! /rict p]=mance ( our duty 9 e relation ( society2 & x gives a dignity & importance to ! enjoym5t ( life1 :i* ! frivol\s & ! grovell+ _c ev5 compreh5d40 ,su* are ! words ( ?is prom95t *ampion ( ,mix$ ,education4 ,if logical inf]5ce be1 z x und\bt$ly is1 an in/rum5t ( tru?1 surely1 x may be answ]$ to me1 9 admitt+ ! possibility ( inf]r+ ! ,div9e ,be+ & ,attributes f ! ph5om5a ( nature1 he di/9ctly admits a basis ( tru? = ! doctr9es ( ,religion4 #g4 ,i wi%1 ,g5tlem51 to give ^! repres5tations _! full weight1 bo? f ! gravity ( ! "q1 & ! consid]ation due to ! p]sons :om ,i am arraign+2 b1 be=e ,i c feel sure ,i und]/& !m1 ,i mu/ ask an abrupt "q4 ,:5 ,i am told1 !n1 by ! p>tisans ( ,univ]sities )\t ,!ological tea*+1 t human sci5ce leads to belief 9 a ,supreme ,be+1 )\t d5y+ ! fact1 nay1 z a ,ca?olic1 ) full conviction ( x1 nev]!less ,i am oblig$ to ask :at ! /atem5t means 9 _! m\?s1 :at !y1 ! speak]s1 und]/& by ! ^w 8,god40 ,let me n be ?\ght (f5sive1 if ,i "q1 :e!r x means ! same ?+ on ! two sides ( ! controv]sy4 ,) u ,ca?olics1 z ) ! fir/ race ( ,prote/ants1 z ) ,mahometans1 & all ,!i/s1 ! ^w conta9s1 z ,i h already said1 a !ology 9 itself4 ,at ! risk ( anticipat+ :at ,i %all h occasion to insi/ ^u 9 my next ,disc\rse1 let me say t1 accord+ to ! tea*+ ( ,mono!ism1 ,god is an ,individual1 ,self-dep5d5t1 ,all-p]fect1 ,un*angeable ,be+2 intellig5t1 liv+1 p]sonal1 & pres5t2 almighty1 all-see+1 all-rememb]+2 betwe5 :om & ,8 creatures !re is an inf9ite gulf2 :o has no orig91 :o is all-suffici5t = ,himself2 :o creat$ & upholds ! univ]se2 :o w judge e "o ( u1 soon] or lat]1 accord+ to t ,law ( "r & wrong :i* ,he has writt5 on our he>ts4 ,he is ,"o :o is sov]eign ov]1 op]ative amid/1 indep5d5t (1 ! appo9tm5ts :i* ,he has made2 ,"o 9 ^: h&s are all ?+s1 :o has a purpose 9 e ev5t1 & a /&>d = e de$1 & ?us has relations ( ,8 own t[>ds ! subject-matt] ( ea* p>ticul> sci5ce :i* ! book ( k unfolds2 :o has ) an adorable1 nev]-ceas+ en]gy implicat$ ,himself 9 all ! hi/ory ( creation1 ! con/itution ( nature1 ! c\rse ( ! _w1 ! orig9 ( society1 ! =tunes ( nations1 ! action ( ! human m9d2 & :o !reby necess>ily becomes ! subject-matt] ( a sci5ce1 f> wid] & m noble ?an any ( ^? :i* are includ$ 9 ! circle ( secul> ,education4 ,?is is ! doctr9e :i* belief 9 a ,god implies 9 ! m9d ( a ,ca?olic3 if x means any ?+1 x means all ?is1 & _c keep f mean+ all ?is1 & a great deal m2 &1 ev5 ?\gh !re 7 no?+ 9 ! religi\s t5ets ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies to disp>age dogmatic tru?1 /ill1 ev5 !n1 ,i %\ld h difficulty 9 believ+ t a doctr9e s my/]i\s1 s p]emptory1 approv$ itself z a matt] ( c\rse to educat$ m5 ( ?is day1 :o gave _! m9ds att5tively to consid] x4 ,r1 9 a /ate ( society su* z ours1 9 :i* au?ority1 prescription1 tradition1 habit1 moral in/9ct1 & ! div9e influ5ces g = no?+1 9 :i* pati5ce ( ?\ght1 & dep? & consi/5cy ( view1 are scorn$ z subtle & s*ola/ic1 9 :i* free discussion & fallible judgm5t are priz$ z ! bir?right ( ea* individual1 ,i mu/ be excus$ if ,i ex]cise t[>ds ?is age1 z reg>ds its belief 9 ?is doctr9e1 "s portion ( t scepticism :i* x ex]cises itself t[>ds e receiv$ b unscrut9iz$ ass]tion :atev]4 ,i _c take x = grant$1 ,i mu/ h x br\ght home to me by tangible evid5ce1 t ! _s ( ! age means by ! ,supreme ,be+ :at ,ca?olics mean4 ,nay1 x w\ld be a relief to my m9d to ga9 "s gr\nd ( assurance1 t ! p>ties influ5c$ by t _s _h1 ,i w n say1 a true appreh5sion ( ,god1 b ev5 s mu* z ! idea ( :at a true appreh5sion is4 ,no?+ is easi] ?an to use ! ^w1 & mean no?+ by x4 ,! hea!ns us$ to say1 8,god wills10 :5 !y meant 8,fate20 8,god provides10 :5 !y meant 8,*ance20 8,god acts10 :5 !y meant 8,in/9ct0 or 8,s5se20 & 8,god is e :]e10 :5 !y meant 8! ,s\l ( ,nature40 ,! ,almighty is some?+ inf9itely diff]5t f a pr9ciple1 or a c5tre ( action1 or a quality1 or a g5]alization ( ph5om5a4 ,if1 !n1 by ! ^w1 y d b mean a ,be+ :o keeps ! _w 9 ord]1 :o acts 9 x1 b only 9 ! way ( g5]al ,provid5ce1 :o acts t[>ds u b only ?r\gh :at are call$ laws ( ,nature1 :o is m c]ta9 n to act at all ?an to act indep5d5t ( ^? laws1 :o is kn[n & approa*$ inde$1 b only ?r\gh ! m$ium ( ^? laws2 su* a ,god x is n difficult = any "o to conceive1 n difficult = any "o to endure4 ,if1 ,i say1 z y w\ld revolutionize society1 s y w\ld revolutionize heav51 if y h *ang$ ! div9e sov]eignty into a sort ( con/itutional mon>*y1 9 :i* ! ,?rone has hon\r & c]emonial en\gh1 b _c issue ! mo/ ord9>y comm& except ?r\gh legal =ms & prec$5ts1 & ) ! c\nt]-signature ( a m9i/]1 !n belief 9 a ,god is no m ?an an ackn[l$gm5t ( exi/+1 s5sible p[]s & ph5om5a1 :i* none b an idiot c d5y4 ,if ! ,supreme ,be+ is p[]ful or skilful1 j s f> =? z ! telescope %[s p[]1 & ! microscope %[s skill1 if ,8 moral law is to be asc]ta9$ simply by ! physical processes ( ! animal frame1 or ,8 w ga!r$ f ! imm$iate issues ( human affairs1 if ,8 ,ess5ce is j z high & deep & broad & long z ! univ]se1 & no m2 if ?is be ! fact1 !n w ,i confess t !re is no specific sci5ce ab\t ,god1 t !ology is b a "n1 & a prote/ 9 its behalf an hypocrisy4 ,!n is ,he b co9cid5t ) ! laws ( ! univ]se2 !n is ,he b a function1 or correlative1 or subjective reflection & m5tal impression1 ( ea* ph5om5on ( ! mat]ial or moral _w1 z x flits be=e u4 ,!n1 pi\s z x is to ?9k ( ,him1 :ile ! pageant ( exp]im5t or ab/ract reason+ passes by1 /ill1 su* piety is no?+ m ?an a poetry ( ?\ght or an ornam5t ( language1 & has n ev5 an inf9itesimal influ5ce ^u philosophy or sci5ce1 ( :i* x is r ! p>asitical production4 ,i und]/&1 9 t case1 :y ,!ology %\ld require no specific tea*+1 = !re is no?+ to mi/ake ab\t2 :y x is p[]less aga9/ sci5tific anticipations1 = x m]ely is "o ( !m2 :y x is simply absurd 9 its d5unciations ( h]esy1 = h]esy does n lie 9 ! region ( fact & exp]im5t4 ,i und]/&1 9 t case1 h[ x is t ! religi\s s5se is b a 8s5tim5t10 & its ex]cise a 8gratify+ treat10 = x is l ! s5se ( ! beautiful or ! sublime4 ,i und]/& h[ ! contemplation ( ! univ]se 8leads onw>ds to div9e tru?10 = div9e tru? is n some?+ sep>ate f ,nature1 b x is ,nature ) a div9e gl[ ^u x4 ,i und]/& ! zeal express$ = ,physical ,!ology1 = ?is /udy is b a mode ( look+ at ,physical ,nature1 a c]ta9 view tak5 ( ,nature1 private & p]sonal1 :i* "o man has1 & ano!r has n1 :i* gift$ m9ds /rike out1 :i* o!rs see to be admirable & +5i\s1 & :i* all w\ld be ! bett] = adopt+4 ,x is b ! !ology ( ,nature1 j z we talk ( ! philosophy or ! romance ( hi/ory1 or ! poetry ( *ildhood1 or ! picturesque1 or ! s5tim5tal1 or ! humor\s1 or any o!r ab/ract quality1 :i* ! g5ius or ! caprice ( ! individual1 or ! fa%ion ( ! day1 or ! cons5t ( ! _w1 recognizes 9 any set ( objects :i* are subject$ to its contemplation4 #h4 ,su* ideas ( religion seem to me %ort ( ,mono!ism2 ,i d n impute !m to ?is or t individual :o belongs to ! s*ool :i* gives !m curr5cy2 b :at ,i read ab\t ! 8gratification0 ( keep+ pace 9 our sci5tific rese>*es ) 8! ,ar*itect ( ,nature20 ab\t ! said gratification 8giv+ a dignity & importance to ! enjoym5t ( life10 & tea*+ u t k & our duties to society are ! only e>?ly objects wor? our notice1 all ?is1 ,i own x1 ,g5tlem51 fright5s me2 nor is ,dr4 ,maltby's address to ! ,deity suffici5t to reassure me4 ,i d n see mu* diff]5ce betwe5 av[+ t !re is no ,god1 & imply+ t no?+ def9ite c = c]ta9 be kn[n ab\t ,him2 & :5 ,i f9d ,religi\s ,education treat$ z ! cultivation ( s5tim5t1 & ,religi\s ,belief z ! accid5tal hue or po/ure ( ! m9d1 ,i am reluctantly b =cibly rem9d$ ( a v unpleasant page ( ,metaphysics1 viz41 ( ! relations betwe5 ,god & ,nature ins9uat$ by su* philosoph]s z ,hume4 ,?is acute1 ?\gh mo/ l[-m9d$ ( speculators1 9 8 inquiry conc]n+ ! ,human ,und]/&+1 introduces1 z is well kn[n1 ,epicurus1 t is1 a tea*] ( a!ism1 deliv]+ an h>angue to ! ,a!nian p1 n inde$ 9 def5ce1 b 9 ext5uation ( t op9ion4 ,8 object is to %[ t1 :]eas ! a!i/ic view is no?+ else ?an ! repudiation ( !ory1 & an accurate repres5tation ( ph5om5on & fact1 x _c be dang]\s1 unless ph5om5on & fact be dang]\s4 ,epicurus is made to say1 t ! p>alogism ( philosophy has ev] be5 t ( argu+ f ,nature 9 behalf ( some?+ beyond ,nature1 great] ?an ,nature2 :]eas1 ,god1 z he ma9ta9s1 be+ kn[n only ?r\gh ! visible _w1 our k ( ,him is absolutely comm5surate ) our k ( x1--is no?+ di/9ct f x1--is b a mode ( view+ x4 ,h5ce x foll[s t1 provid$ we admit1 z we _c help admitt+1 ! ph5om5a ( ,nature & ! _w1 x is only a "q ( words :e!r or n we g on to ! hypo!sis ( a second ,be+1 n visible b immat]ial1 p>allel & co9cid5t ) ,nature1 to :om we give ! "n ( ,god4 8,all[+10 he says1 8! gods to be ! au?ors ( ! exi/5ce or ord] ( ! univ]se1 x foll[s t !y possess t precise degree ( p[]1 intellig5ce1 & b5evol5ce1 :i* appe>s 9 _! workman%ip2 b no?+ f>!r c be prov$1 except we call 9 ! assi/ance ( exagg]ation & flatt]y to supply ! defects ( argum5t & reason+4 ,s f> z ! traces ( any attributes1 at pres5t1 appe>1 s f> may we conclude ^! attributes to exi/4 ,! supposition ( f>!r attributes is m]e hypo!sis2 mu* m ! supposition t1 9 di/ant p]iods ( place & "t1 !re has be51 or w be1 a m magnific5t display ( ^! attributes1 & a s*eme ( adm9i/ration m suitable to su* imag9>y virtues40 ,"h is a reason]1 :o w\ld n hesitate to d5y t !re is any di/9ct sci5ce or philosophy possible conc]n+ ! ,supreme ,be+2 s9ce e s+le ?+ we "k ( ,him is ?is or t or ! o!r ph5om5on1 mat]ial or moral1 :i* already falls "u ?is or t natural sci5ce4 ,9 him !n x w\ld be only consi/5t to drop ,!ology 9 a c\rse ( ,univ]sity ,education3 b h[ is x consi/5t 9 any "o :o %r9ks f 8 companion%ip8 ,i am glad to see t ! au?or1 sev]al times m5tion$1 is 9 opposition to ,hume1 9 "o s5t5ce ( ! quotation ,i h made f 8 ,disc\rse ^u ,sci5ce1 decid+1 z he does1 t ! ph5om5a ( ! mat]ial _w are insuffici5t = ! full exhibition ( ! ,div9e ,attributes1 & imply+ t !y require a supplem5tal process to complete & h>monize _! evid5ce4 ,b is n ?is supplem5tal process a sci5ce8 & if s1 :y n ackn[l$ge its exi/5ce8 ,if ,god is m ?an ,nature1 ,!ology claims a place among ! sci5ces3 b1 on ! o!r h&1 if y are n sure ( z mu* z ?is1 h[ d y diff] f ,hume or ,epicurus8 #i4 ,i end !n z ,i began3 religi\s doctr9e is k4 ,?is is ! important tru?1 little ent]$ into at ?is day1 :i* ,i wi% t all :o h hon\r$ me ) _! pres5ce "h w\ld all[ me to beg !m to take away ) !m4 ,i am n cat*+ at %>p argum5ts1 b lay+ d[n grave pr9ciples4 ,religi\s doctr9e is k1 9 z full a s5se z ,newton's doctr9e is k4 ,univ]sity ,tea*+ )\t ,!ology is simply unphilosophical4 ,!ology has at lea/ z good a "r to claim a place !re z ,a/ronomy4 ,9 my next ,disc\rse x w be my object to %[ t its omission f ! li/ ( recognis$ sci5ces is n only indef5sible 9 itself1 b prejudicial to all ! re/4 ,disc\rse ,,iii4 ,be>+ ,( ,!ology ,on ,o!r ,bran*es ,( ,k4 #a4 ,:5 m5 ( great intellect1 :o h long & int5tly & exclusively giv5 !mselves to ! /udy or inve/igation ( "s "o p>ticul> bran* ( secul> k1 ^: m5tal life is conc5trat$ & hidd5 9 _! *os5 pursuit1 & :o h nei!r eyes nor e>s = any ?+ :i* does n imm$iately be> ^u x1 :5 su* m5 are at l5g? made to realize t !re is a clam\r all ar\nd !m1 :i* mu/ be he>d1 = :at !y h be5 s little accu/om$ to place 9 ! category ( k z ,religion1 & t !y !mselves are accus$ ( disaffection to x1 !y are impati5t at ! int]ruption2 !y call ! dem& tyrannical1 & ! requisitioni/s bigots or fanatics4 ,!y are tempt$ to say1 t _! only wi% is to be let alone2 = !mselves1 !y are n dream+ ( (f5d+ any "o1 or int]f]+ ) any "o2 !y are pursu+ _! own p>ticul> l9e1 !y h nev] spok5 a ^w aga9/ any "o's religion1 :oev] he may be1 & nev] mean to d s4 ,x does n foll[ t !y d5y ! exi/5ce ( a ,god1 because !y are n f\nd talk+ ( x1 :5 ! topic w\ld be utt]ly irrelevant4 ,all !y say is1 t !re are o!r be+s 9 ! _w besides ! ,supreme ,be+2 _! bus9ess is ) !m4 ,aft] all1 ! creation is n ! ,creator1 nor ?+s secul> religi\s4 ,!ology & human sci5ce are two ?+s1 n "o1 & h _! respective prov9ces1 contigu\s x may be & cognate to ea* o!r1 b n id5tical4 ,:5 we are contemplat+ e>?1 we are n contemplat+ heav52 & :5 we are contemplat+ heav51 we are n contemplat+ e>?4 ,sep>ate subjects %\ld be treat$ sep>ately4 ,z division ( lab\r1 s division ( ?\ght is ! only means ( successful application4 8,let u g our own way10 !y say1 8& y g y\rs4 ,we d n pret5d to lecture on ,!ology1 & y h no claim to pron\nce ^u ,sci5ce40 ,) ?is feel+ !y attempt a sort ( compromise1 betwe5 _! oppon5ts :o claim = ,!ology a free introduction into ! ,s*ools ( ,sci5ce1 & !mselves :o w\ld exclude x altoge!r1 & x is ?is3 viz41 t x %\ld rema9 inde$ exclud$ f ! public s*ools1 b t x %\ld be p]mitt$ 9 private1 :]ev] a suffici5t numb] ( p]sons is f\nd to desire x4 ,su* p]sons1 !y seem to say1 may h x all _! own way1 :5 !y are by !mselves1 s t !y d n attempt to di/urb a compreh5sive sy/em ( in/ruction1 acceptable & useful to all1 by ! intrusion ( op9ions peculi> to _! own m9ds4 ,i am n[ go+ to attempt a philosophical answ] to ?is repres5tation1 t is1 to ! project ( tea*+ secul> k 9 ! ,univ]sity ,lecture ,room1 & rem&+ religi\s k to ! p>i% prie/1 ! cate*ism1 & ! p>l\r2 & 9 do+ s1 y mu/ p>don me1 ,g5tlem51 if my subject %\ld oblige me to pursue a l5g?y & c>eful c\rse ( ?\ght1 :i* may be we>isome to ! he>]3--,i beg9 !n ?us3-- #b4 ,tru? is ! object ( ,k ( :atev] k9d2 & :5 we inquire :at is meant by ,tru?1 ,i suppose x is "r to answ] t ,tru? means facts & _! relations1 :i* /& t[>ds ea* o!r pretty mu* z subjects & pr$icates 9 logic4 ,all t exi/s1 z contemplat$ by ! human m9d1 =ms "o l>ge sy/em or complex fact1 & ?is ( c\rse resolves itself into an indef9ite numb] ( p>ticul> facts1 :i*1 z be+ portions ( a :ole1 h c\ntless relations ( e k9d1 "o t[>ds ano!r4 ,k is ! appreh5sion ( ^! facts1 :e!r 9 !mselves1 or 9 _! mutual positions & be>+s4 ,&1 z all tak5 toge!r =m "o integral subject = contemplation1 s !re are no natural or real limits betwe5 "p & "p2 "o is ev] runn+ into ano!r2 all1 z view$ by ! m9d1 are comb9$ toge!r1 & possess a correlative "* "o ) ano!r1 f ! int]nal my/]ies ( ! ,div9e ,ess5ce d[n to our own s5sations & consci\sness1 f ! mo/ solemn appo9tm5ts ( ! ,"l ( all d[n to :at may be call$ ! accid5t ( ! h\r1 f ! mo/ glori\s s]aph d[n to ! vile/ & mo/ noxi\s ( reptiles4 ,n[1 x is n wond]ful t1 ) all its capabilities1 ! human m9d _c take 9 ?is :ole va/ fact at a s+le glance1 or ga9 possession ( x at once4 ,l a %ort-sight$ read]1 its eye pores closely1 & travels sl[ly1 ov] ! awful volume :i* lies op5 = its inspection4 ,or aga91 z we deal ) "s huge /ructure ( _m p>ts & sides1 ! m9d goes r\nd ab\t x1 not+ d[n1 fir/ "o ?+1 !n ano!r1 z x be/ may1 & view+ x "u diff]5t aspects1 by way ( mak+ progress t[>ds ma/]+ ! :ole4 ,s by degrees & by circuit\s advances does x rise al(t & subject to itself a k ( t univ]se into :i* x has be5 born4 ,^! v>i\s p>tial views or ab/ractions1 by means ( :i* ! m9d looks out ^u its object1 are call$ sci5ces1 & embrace respectively l>g] or small] portions ( ! field ( k2 sometimes ext5d+ f> & wide1 b sup]ficially1 sometimes ) exactness ov] p>ticul> dep>tm5ts1 sometimes occupi$ toge!r on "o & ! same portion1 sometimes hold+ "o "p 9 common1 & !n rang+ on ?is side or t 9 absolute div]g5ce "o f ! o!r4 ,?us ,optics has = its subject ! :ole visible creation1 s f> =? z x is simply visible2 ,m5tal ,philosophy has a n>r[] prov9ce1 b a ri*] "o4 ,a/ronomy1 plane & physical1 ea* has ! same subject-matt]1 b views x or treats x diff]5tly2 la/ly1 ,geology & ,comp>ative ,anatomy h subject-matt]s p>tly ! same1 p>tly di/9ct4 ,n[ ^! views or sci5ces1 z be+ ab/ractions1 h f> m to d ) ! relations ( ?+s ?an ) ?+s !mselves4 ,!y tell u :at ?+s are1 only or pr9cipally by tell+ u _! relations1 or assign+ pr$icates to subjects2 & !re=e !y nev] tell u all t c be said ab\t a ?+1 ev5 :5 !y tell some?+1 nor d !y br+ x be=e u1 z ! s5ses d4 ,!y arrange & classify facts2 !y r$uce sep>ate ph5om5a "u a common law2 !y trace effects to a cause4 ,?us !y s]ve to transf] our k f ! cu/ody ( memory to ! sur] & m abid+ protection ( philosophy1 !reby provid+ bo? = its spread & its advance3--=1 inasmu* z sci5ces are =ms ( k1 !y enable ! intellect to ma/] & increase x2 &1 inasmu* z !y are in/rum5ts1 to communicate x readily to o!rs4 ,/ill1 aft] all1 !y proce$ on ! pr9ciple ( a division ( lab\r1 ev5 ?\gh t division is an ab/raction1 n a lit]al sep>ation into p>ts2 &1 z ! mak] ( a bridle or an epaulet has n1 on t acc\nt1 any idea ( ! sci5ce ( tactics or /rategy1 s 9 a p>allel way1 x is n e sci5ce :i* equally1 nor any "o :i* fully1 enlight5s ! m9d 9 ! k ( ?+s1 z !y are1 or br+s home to x ! ext]nal object on :i* x wi%es to gaze4 ,?us !y diff] 9 importance2 & accord+ to _! importance w be _! influ5ce1 n only on ! mass ( k to :i* !y all conv]ge & contribute1 b on ea* o!r4 ,s9ce !n sci5ces are ! results ( m5tal processes ab\t "o & ! same subject-matt]1 view$ "u its v>i\s aspects1 & are true results1 z f> z !y g1 yet at ! same "t sep>ate & p>tial1 x foll[s t on ! "o h& !y ne$ ext]nal assi/ance1 "o by "o1 by reason ( _! incomplet5ess1 & on ! o!r t !y are able to af=d x to ea* o!r1 by reason1 fir/1 ( _! indep5d5ce 9 !mselves1 & !n ( _! connexion 9 _! subject-matt]4 ,view$ altoge!r1 !y approximate to a repres5tation or subjective reflection ( ! objective tru?1 z ne>ly z is possible to ! human m9d1 :i* advances t[>ds ! accurate appreh5sion ( t object1 9 proportion to ! numb] ( sci5ces :i* x has ma/]$2 & :i*1 :5 c]ta9 sci5ces are away1 9 su* a case has b a defective appreh5sion1 9 proportion to ! value ( ! sci5ces :i* are ?us want+1 & ! importance ( ! field on :i* !y are employ$4 #c4 ,let u take1 = in/ance1 man himself z our object ( contemplation2 !n at once we %all f9d we c view him 9 a v>iety ( relations2 & accord+ to ^? relations are ! sci5ces ( :i* he is ! subject-matt]1 & accord+ to our acqua9tance ) !m is our possession ( a true k ( him4 ,we may view him 9 relation to ! mat]ial elem5ts ( 8 body1 or to 8 m5tal con/itution1 or to 8 h\sehold & family1 or to ! community 9 :i* he lives1 or to ! ,be+ :o made him2 & 9 consequ5ce we treat ( him respectively z physiologi/s1 or z moral philosoph]s1 or z writ]s ( economics1 or ( politics1 or z !ologians4 ,:5 we ?9k ( him 9 all ^! relations toge!r1 or z ! subject at once ( all ! sci5ces ,i h nam$1 !n we may be said to rea* unto & re/ 9 ! idea ( man z an object or ext]nal fact1 simil> to t :i* ! eye takes ( 8 outw>d =m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 accord+ z we are only physiologi/s1 or only politicians1 or only morali/s1 s is our idea ( man m or less unreal2 we d n take 9 ! :ole ( him1 & ! defect is great] or less1 9 proportion z ! relation is1 or is n1 important1 :i* is omitt$1 :e!r 8 relation to ,god1 or to 8 k+1 or to 8 *ildr51 or to 8 own compon5t p>ts4 ,& if !re be "o relation1 ab\t :i* we "k no?+ at all except t x exi/s1 !n is our k ( him1 confess$ly & to our own consci\sness1 defici5t & p>tial1 & t1 ,i repeat1 9 proportion to ! importance ( ! relation4 ,t !re=e is true ( sci5ces 9 g5]al :i* we are apt to ?9k applies only to pure ma!matics1 ?\gh to pure ma!matics x applies especially1 viz41 t !y _c be consid]$ z simple repres5tations or in=mants ( ?+s z !y are4 ,we are accu/om$ to say1 & say truly1 t ! conclusions ( pure ma!matics are appli$1 correct$1 & adapt$1 by mix$2 b s too ! conclusions ( ,anatomy1 ,*emi/ry1 ,dynamics1 & o!r sci5ces1 are revis$ & complet$ by ea* o!r4 ,^? sev]al conclusions d n repres5t :ole & sub/antive ?+s1 b views1 true1 s f> z !y g2 & 9 ord] to asc]ta9 h[ f> !y d g1 t is1 h[ f> !y correspond to ! object to :i* !y belong1 we mu/ comp>e !m ) ! views tak5 out ( t object by o!r sci5ces4 ,did we proce$ ^u ! ab/ract !ory ( =ces1 we %\ld assign a mu* m ample range to a projectile ?an 9 fact ! resi/ance ( ! air all[s x to accompli%4 ,let1 h[ev]1 t resi/ance be made ! subject ( sci5tific analysis1 & !n we %all h a new sci5ce1 assi/+1 & to a c]ta9 po9t complet+1 = ! b5efit ( que/ions ( fact1 ! sci5ce ( projection4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ! sci5ce ( projection itself1 consid]$ z belong+ to ! =ces x contemplates1 is n m p]fect1 z su*1 by ?is supplem5t>y inve/igation4 ,& 9 l mann]1 z reg>ds ! :ole circle ( sci5ces1 "o corrects ano!r = purposes ( fact1 & "o )\t ! o!r _c dogmatize1 except hypo!tically & ^u its own ab/ract pr9ciples4 ,= in/ance1 ! ,newtonian philosophy requires ! admission ( c]ta9 metaphysical po/ulates1 if x is to be m ?an a !ory or an hypo!sis2 z1 = in/ance1 t :at happ5$ ye/]day w happ5 to-morr[2 t !re is su* a ?+ z matt]1 t our s5ses are tru/wor?y1 t !re is a logic ( induction1 & s on4 ,n[ to ,newton metaphysicians grant all t he asks2 b1 if s be1 !y may n prove equally accommodat+ to ano!r :o asks some?+ else1 & !n all 8 mo/ logical conclusions 9 ! sci5ce ( physics w\ld rema9 hopelessly on ! /ocks1 ?\gh f9i%$1 & nev] c\ld be laun*$ into ! sph]e ( fact4 ,aga91 did ,i "k no?+ ab\t ! movem5t ( bodies1 except :at ! !ory ( gravitation supplies1 7 ,i simply absorb$ 9 t !ory s z to make x measure all motion on e>? & 9 ! sky1 ,i %\ld inde$ come to _m "r conclusions1 ,i %\ld hit (f _m important facts1 asc]ta9 _m exi/+ relations1 & correct _m popul> errors3 ,i %\ld sc\t & ridicule ) great success ! old notion1 t light bodies flew up & heavy bodies fell d[n2 b ,i %\ld g on ) equal confid5ce to d5y ! ph5om5on ( capill>y attraction4 ,"h ,i %\ld be wrong1 b only because ,i c>ri$ out my sci5ce irrespectively ( o!r sci5ces4 ,9 l mann]1 did ,i simply give myself to ! inve/igation ( ! ext]nal action ( body ^u body1 ,i might sc(f at ! v idea ( *emical aff9ities & comb9ations1 & reject x z simply un9telligible4 ,7 ,i a m]e *emi/1 ,i %\ld d5y ! influ5ce ( m9d ^u bodily heal?2 & s on1 z reg>ds ! devotees ( any sci5ce1 or family ( sci5ces1 to ! exclusion ( o!rs2 !y necess>ily become bigots & quacks1 scorn+ all pr9ciples & report$ facts :i* d n belong to _! own pursuit1 & ?9k+ to effect ev]y?+ )\t aid f any o!r qu>t]4 ,?us1 be=e n[1 *emi/ry has be5 sub/itut$ = m$ic9e2 & aga91 political economy1 or intellectual enlight5m5t1 or ! read+ ( ! ,scriptures1 has be5 cri$ up z a panacea aga9/ vice1 malevol5ce1 & mis]y4 #d4 ,summ+ up1 ,g5tlem51 :at ,i h said1 ,i lay x d[n t all k =ms "o :ole1 because its subject-matt] is "o2 = ! univ]se 9 its l5g? & bread? is s intimately knit toge!r1 t we _c sep>ate (f portion f portion1 & op]ation f op]ation1 except by a m5tal ab/raction2 & !n aga91 z to its ,creator1 ?\gh ,he ( c\rse 9 ,8 own ,be+ is inf9itely sep>ate f x1 & ,!ology has its dep>tm5ts t[>ds :i* human k has no relations1 yet ,he has s implicat$ ,himself ) x1 & tak5 x into ,8 v bosom1 by ,8 pres5ce 9 x1 ,8 provid5ce ov] x1 ,8 impressions ^u x1 & ,8 influ5ces ?r\gh x1 t we _c truly or fully contemplate x )\t 9 "s ma9 aspects contemplat+ ,him4 ,next1 sci5ces are ! results ( t m5tal ab/raction1 :i* ,i h spok5 (1 be+ ! logical record ( ?is or t aspect ( ! :ole subject-matt] ( k4 ,z !y all belong to "o & ! same circle ( objects1 !y are "o & all connect$ toge!r2 z !y are b aspects ( ?+s1 !y are sev]ally incomplete 9 _! relation to ! ?+s !mselves1 ?\gh complete 9 _! own idea & = _! own respective purposes2 on bo? acc\nts !y at once ne$ & subs]ve ea* o!r4 ,& fur!r1 ! compreh5sion ( ! be>+s ( "o sci5ce on ano!r1 & ! use ( ea* to ea*1 & ! location & limitation & adju/m5t & due appreciation ( !m all1 "o ) ano!r1 ?is belongs1 ,i conceive1 to a sort ( sci5ce di/9ct f all ( !m1 & 9 "s s5se a sci5ce ( sci5ces1 :i* is my own conception ( :at is meant by ,philosophy1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w1 & ( a philosophical habit ( m9d1 & :i* 9 ^! ,disc\rses ,i %all call by t "n4 ,?is is :at ,i h to say ab\t k & philosophical k g5]ally2 & n[ ,i proce$ to apply x to ! p>ticul> sci5ce1 :i* has l$ me to draw x out4 ,i say1 !n1 t ! sy/ematic omission ( any "o sci5ce f ! catalogue prejudices ! accuracy & complet5ess ( our k altoge!r1 & t1 9 proportion to its importance4 ,n ev5 ,!ology itself1 ?\gh x comes f heav51 ?\gh its tru?s 7 giv5 once = all at ! fir/1 ?\gh !y are m c]ta9 on acc\nt ( ! ,giv] ?an ^? ( ma!matics1 n ev5 ,!ology1 s f> z x is relative to u1 or is ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 d ,i exclude f ! law to :i* e m5tal ex]cise is subject1 viz41 f t imp]fection1 :i* ev] mu/ att5d ! ab/ract1 :5 x w\ld det]m9e ! concrete4 ,nor d ,i speak only ( ,natural ,religion2 = ev5 ! tea*+ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 9 c]ta9 ( its aspects1 t is1 its religi\s tea*+1 is v>i\sly influ5c$ by ! o!r sci5ces4 ,n to insi/ on ! introduction ( ! ,ari/otelic philosophy into its phraseology1 its explanation ( dogmas is influ5c$ by ecclesia/ical acts or ev5ts2 its int]pretations ( prophecy are directly affect$ by ! issues ( hi/ory2 its comm5ts ^u ,scripture by ! conclusions ( ! a/ronom] & ! geologi/2 & its casui/ical decisions by ! v>i\s exp]i5ce1 political1 social1 & psy*ological1 ) :i* times & places are ev] supply+ x4 ,:at ,!ology gives1 x has a "r to take2 or r1 ! int]e/s ( ,tru? oblige x to take4 ,if we w\ld n be beguil$ by dreams1 if we w\ld asc]ta9 facts z !y are1 !n1 grant+ ,!ology is a real sci5ce1 we _c exclude x1 & /ill call ourselves philosoph]s4 ,i h ass]t$ no?+ z yet z to ! pre-em95t dignity ( ,religi\s ,tru?2 ,i only say1 if !re be ,religi\s ,tru? at all1 we _c %ut our eyes to x )\t prejudice to tru? ( e k9d1 physical1 metaphysical1 hi/orical1 & moral2 = x be>s ^u all tru?4 ,& ?us ,i answ] ! objection ) :i* ,i op5$ ?is ,disc\rse4 ,i suppos$ ! "q put to me by a philosoph] ( ! day1 8,:y _c y g y\r way1 & let u g ours80 ,i answ]1 9 ! "n ( ! ,sci5ce ( ,religion1 8,:5 ,newton c disp5se ) ! metaphysician1 !n may y disp5se ) u40 ,s mu* at fir/ sight2 n[ ,i am go+ on to claim a little m = ,!ology1 by class+ x ) bran*es ( k :i* may ) great] dec5cy be comp>$ to x4 #e4 ,let u see1 !n1 h[ ?is sup]cili\s treatm5t ( s mom5t\s a sci5ce1 = mom5t\s x mu/ be1 if !re be a ,god1 runs 9 a some:at p>allel case4 ,! great philosoph] ( antiquity1 :5 he w\ld enum]ate ! causes ( ! ?+s t take place 9 ! _w1 aft] mak+ m5tion ( ^? :i* he consid]$ to be physical & mat]ial1 adds1 8& ! m9d & ev]y?+ :i* is by means ( man407#h7 ,c]ta9ly2 x w\ld h be5 a prepo/]\s c\rse1 :5 he w\ld trace ! effects he saw ar\nd him to _! respective s\rces1 _h he direct$ 8 exclusive att5tion ^u "s "o class or ord] ( orig9at+ pr9ciples1 & ascrib$ to ^! ev]y?+ :i* happ5$ any:]e4 ,x w\ld inde$ h be5 unwor?y a g5ius s curi\s1 s p5etrat+1 s f]tile1 s analytical z ,ari/otle's1 to h laid x d[n t ev]y?+ on ! face ( ! e>? c\ld be acc\nt$ = by ! mat]ial sci5ces1 )\t ! hypo!sis ( moral ag5ts4 ,x is incr$ible t 9 ! inve/igation ( physical results he c\ld ignore s influ5tial a be+ z man1 or =get t1 n only brute =ce & elem5tal movem5t1 b k also is p[]4 ,& ?is s mu* ! m1 inasmu* z moral & spiritual ag5ts belong to ano!r1 n to say a high]1 ord] ?an physical2 s t ! omission suppos$ w\ld n h be5 m]ely an ov]sight 9 matt]s ( detail1 b a philosophical error1 & a fault 9 division4 ,h[ev]1 we live 9 an age ( ! _w :5 ! c>e] ( sci5ce & lit]ature is little affect$ by :at 0 done1 or w\ld h be5 done1 by ?is v5]able au?ority2 s1 we w suppose1 9 ,engl& or ,irel&1 9 ! middle ( ! n9ete5? c5tury1 a set ( p]sons ( "n & celebrity to meet toge!r1 9 spite ( ,ari/otle1 9 ord] to adopt a l9e ( proce$+ :i* !y conceive ! circum/ances ( ! "t r5d] imp]ative4 ,we w suppose t a difficulty j n[ besets ! enunciation & discussion ( all matt]s ( sci5ce1 9 consequ5ce ( ! extreme s5sitiv5ess ( l>ge classes ( ! community1 cl]gy & laym51 on ! subjects ( necessity1 responsibility1 ! /&>d ( morals1 & ! nature ( virtue4 ,p>ties run s high1 t ! only way ( avoid+ con/ant qu>rell+ 9 def5ce ( ?is or t side ( ! "q is1 9 ! judgm5t ( ! p]sons ,i am suppos+1 to %ut up ! subject ( an?ropology altoge!r4 ,?is is accord+ly done4 ,h5ce=? man is to be z if he 7 n1 9 ! g5]al c\rse ( ,education2 ! moral & m5tal sci5ces are to h no pr(essorial *airs1 & ! treatm5t ( !m is to be simply left z a matt] ( private judgm5t1 :i* ea* individual may c>ry out z he w4 ,i c j fancy su* a prohibition ab/ract$ly possible2 b "o ?+ ,i _c fancy possible1 viz41 t ! p>ties 9 "q1 aft] ?is sweep+ act ( exclusion1 %\ld =?) s5d out proposals on ! basis ( su* exclusion = publi%+ an ,encyclopdia1 or erect+ a ,national ,univ]sity4 ,x is necess>y1 h[ev]1 ,g5tlem51 = ! sake ( ! illu/ration :i* ,i am sett+ be=e y1 to imag9e :at _c be4 ,i say1 let u imag9e a project = organiz+ a sy/em ( sci5tific tea*+1 9 :i* ! ag5cy ( man 9 ! mat]ial _w _c all[ably be recogniz$1 & may all[ably be d5i$4 ,physical & me*anical causes are exclusively to be treat$ (2 volition is a =bidd5 subject4 ,a prospectus is put out1 ) a li/ ( sci5ces1 we w say1 ,a/ronomy1 ,optics1 ,hydro/atics1 ,galvanism1 ,pneumatics1 ,/atics1 ,dynamics1 ,pure ,ma!matics1 ,geology1 ,botany1 ,physiology1 ,anatomy1 & s =?2 b n a ^w ab\t ! m9d & its p[]s1 except :at is said 9 explanation ( ! omission4 ,t explanation is to ! effect t ! p>ties conc]n$ 9 ! und]tak+ h giv5 long & anxi\s ?\ght to ! subject1 & h be5 reluctantly driv5 to ! conclusion t x is simply impracticable to include 9 ! li/ ( ,univ]sity ,lectures ! ,philosophy ( ,m9d4 ,:at relieves1 h[ev]1 _! regret is ! reflection1 t dome/ic feel+s & poli%$ mann]s are be/ cultivat$ 9 ! family circle & 9 good society1 9 ! obs]vance ( ! sacr$ ties :i* unite fa!r1 "m1 & *ild1 9 ! correlative claims & duties ( citiz5%ip1 9 ! ex]cise ( dis9t]e/$ loyalty & enlight5$ patriotism4 ,) ?is apology1 su* z x is1 !y pass ov] ! consid]ation ( ! human m9d & its p[]s & works1 89 solemn sil5ce10 9 _! s*eme ( ,univ]sity ,education4 ,let a *>t] be obta9$ = x2 let pr(essors be appo9t$1 lectures giv51 exam9ations pass$1 degrees aw>d$3--:at sort ( exactness or tru/wor?9ess1 :at philosophical l>g5ess1 w atta* to views =m$ 9 an intellectual atmosph]e ?us depriv$ ( "s ( ! con/itu5t elem5ts ( daylight8 ,:at judgm5t w =eign c\ntries & future times pass on ! lab\rs ( ! mo/ acute & accompli%$ ( ! philosoph]s :o h be5 p>ties to s port5t\s an unreality8 ,"h are pr(essors gravely lectur+ on m$ic9e1 or hi/ory1 or political economy1 :o1 s f> f be+ b\nd to ackn[l$ge1 are free to sc(f at ! action ( m9d ^u matt]1 or ( m9d ^u m9d1 or ! claims ( mutual ju/ice & *>ity4 ,common s5se inde$ & public op9ion set b\nds at fir/ to s intol]able a lic5ce2 yet1 z "t goes on1 an omission :i* 0 orig9ally b a matt] ( exp$i5ce1 comm5ds itself to ! reason2 & at l5g? a pr(essor is f\nd1 m h>dy ?an 8 bre?r51 /ill h[ev]1 z he himself ma9ta9s1 ) s9c]e respect = dome/ic feel+s & good mann]s1 :o takes on him to d5y psy*ology 9 toto1 to pron\nce ! influ5ce ( m9d 9 ! visible _w a sup]/ition1 & to acc\nt = e effect :i* is f\nd 9 ! _w by ! op]ation ( physical causes4 ,hi!rto intellig5ce & volition 7 acc\nt$ real p[]s2 ! muscles act1 & _! action _c be repres5t$ by any sci5tific expression2 a /one flies out ( ! h& & ! propulsive =ce ( ! muscle resides 9 ! w2 b !re has be5 a revolution1 or at lea/ a new !ory 9 philosophy1 & our ,pr(essor1 ,i say1 aft] speak+ ) ! highe/ admiration ( ! human intellect1 limits its indep5d5t action to ! region ( speculation1 & d5ies t x c be a motive pr9ciple1 or c ex]cise a special int]f]5ce1 9 ! mat]ial _w4 ,he ascribes e "w1 e ext]nal act ( man1 to ! innate =ce or s\l ( ! physical univ]se4 ,he obs]ves t spiritual ag5ts are s my/]i\s & un9telligible1 s unc]ta9 9 _! laws1 s vague 9 _! op]ation1 s %elt]$ f exp]i5ce1 t a wise man w h no?+ to say to !m4 ,!y belong to a diff]5t ord] ( causes1 :i* he leaves to ^? ^: pr(ession x is to inve/igate !m1 & he conf9es himself to ! tangible & sure4 ,human exploits1 human devices1 human de$s1 human productions1 all t comes "u ! s*ola/ic t]ms ( 8g5ius0 & 8art10 & ! metaphysical ideas ( 8duty10 8"r10 & 8h]oism10 x is 8 (fice to contemplate all ^! m]ely 9 _! place 9 ! et]nal sy/em ( physical cause & effect4 ,at l5g? he und]takes to %[ h[ ! :ole fabric ( mat]ial civilization has aris5 f ! con/ructive p[]s ( physical elem5ts & physical laws4 ,he descants ^u palaces1 ca/les1 temples1 ex*anges1 bridges1 causeways1 & %[s t !y nev] c\ld h gr[n into ! impos+ dim5sions :i* !y pres5t to u1 b = ! laws ( gravitation & ! cohesion ( "p ) "p4 ,! pill> w\ld come d[n1 ! l(ti] ! m spe$ily1 did n ! c5tre ( gravity fall )9 its base2 & ! mo/ admir$ dome ( ,palladio or ( ,sir ,*ri/oph] w\ld give way1 7 x n = ! happy pr9ciple ( ! ar*4 ,he surveys ! complicat$ ma*9]y ( a s+le day's arrangem5ts 9 a private family2 our dress1 our furniture1 our hospitable bo>d2 :at w\ld become ( !m1 he asks1 b = ! laws ( physical nature8 ,^? laws are ! causes ( our c>pets1 our furniture1 our travell+1 & our social int]c\rse4 ,firm /it*es h a natural p[]1 9 proportion to ! t\ghness ( ! mat]ial adopt$1 to keep toge!r sep>ate portions ( clo?2 s(as & *airs c\ld n turn upside d[n1 ev5 if !y w\ld2 & x is a prop]ty ( caloric to relax ! fibres ( animal matt]1 act+ ?r\gh wat] 9 "o way1 ?r\gh oil 9 ano!r1 & ?is is ! :ole my/]y ( ! mo/ elaborate cuis9e3--b ,i %\ld be t$i\s if ,i cont9u$ ! illu/ration4 #f4 ,n[1 ,g5tlem51 pray und]/& h[ x is to be "h appli$4 ,i am n suppos+ t ! pr9ciples ( ,!ology & ,psy*ology are ! same1 or argu+ f ! works ( man to ! works ( ,god1 :i* ,paley has done1 :i* ,hume has prote/$ aga9/4 ,i am n busy+ myself to prove ! exi/5ce & attributes ( ,god1 by means ( ! ,argum5t f design4 ,i am n prov+ any?+ at all ab\t ! ,supreme ,be+4 ,on ! contr>y1 ,i am assum+ ,8 exi/5ce1 & ,i d b say ?is3--t1 man exi/+1 no ,univ]sity ,pr(essor1 :o _h suppress$ 9 physical lectures ! idea ( volition1 :o did n take volition = grant$1 c\ld escape a "o-sid$1 a radically false view ( ! ?+s :i* he discuss$2 n inde$ t 8 own def9itions1 pr9ciples1 & laws w\ld be wrong1 or 8 ab/ract /atem5ts1 b 8 consid]+ 8 own /udy to be ! key ( ev]y?+ t takes place on ! face ( ! e>?1 & 8 pass+ ov] an?ropology1 ?is w\ld be 8 error4 ,i say1 x w\ld n be 8 sci5ce :i* 0 untrue1 b 8 s-call$ k :i* 0 unreal4 ,he w\ld be decid+ on facts by means ( !ories4 ,! v>i\s busy _w1 spread out be=e our eyes1 is physical1 b x is m ?an physical2 &1 9 mak+ its actual sy/em id5tical ) 8 sci5tific analysis1 =m$ on a p>ticul> aspect1 su* a ,pr(essor z ,i h imag9$ 0 betray+ a want ( philosophical dep?1 & an ignorance ( :at an ,univ]sity ,tea*+ ought to be4 ,he 0 no long] a tea*] ( lib]al k1 b a n>r[-m9d$ bigot4 ,:ile 8 doctr9es pr(ess$ to be conclusions =m$ ^u an hypo!sis or p>tial tru?1 !y 7 und5iable2 n s if !y pr(ess$ to give results 9 facts :i* he c\ld grasp & take possession (4 ,grant+1 inde$1 t a man's arm is mov$ by a simple physical cause1 !n ( c\rse we may dispute ab\t ! v>i\s ext]nal influ5ces :i*1 :5 x *anges its position1 sway x to & fro1 l a sc>ecr[ 9 a g>d52 b to ass]t t ! motive cause is physical1 ?is is an assumption 9 a case1 :5 our "q is ab\t a matt] ( fact1 n ab\t ! logical consequ5ces ( an assum$ premiss4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 if a p prays1 & ! w9d *anges1 ! ra9 ceases1 ! sun %9es1 & ! h>ve/ is safely h\s$1 :5 no "o expect$ x1 our ,pr(essor may1 if he w1 consult ! b>omet]1 disc\rse ab\t ! atmosph]e1 & ?r[ :at has happ5$ into an equation1 +5i\s1 ev5 ?\gh x be n true2 b1 %\ld he proce$ to re/ ! ph5om5on1 9 matt] ( fact1 simply ^u a physical cause1 to ! exclusion ( a div9e1 & to say t ! giv5 case actually belongs to 8 sci5ce because o!r l cases d1 ,i mu/ tell him1 ,ne sutor ultra crepidam3 he is mak+ 8 p>ticul> craft usurp & occupy ! univ]se4 ,?is !n is ! drift ( my illu/ration4 ,if ! creature is ev] sett+ 9 motion an endless s]ies ( physical causes & effects1 mu* m is ! ,creator2 & z our exclud+ volition f our range ( ideas is a d5ial ( ! s\l1 s our ignor+ ,div9e ,ag5cy is a virtual d5ial ( ,god4 ,moreov]1 suppos+ man c w & act ( himself 9 spite ( physics1 to %ut up ?is great tru?1 ?\gh "o1 is to put our :ole encyclopdia ( k out ( jo9t2 & suppos+ ,god c w & act ( ,himself 9 ?is _w :i* ,he has made1 & we d5y or slur x ov]1 !n we are ?r[+ ! circle ( univ]sal sci5ce into a l1 or a f> worse confusion4 ,worse incomp>ably1 = ! idea ( ,god1 if !re be a ,god1 is inf9itely high] ?an ! idea ( man1 if !re be man4 ,if to plot out man's ag5cy is to deface ! book ( k1 on ! supposition ( t ag5cy exi/+1 :at mu/ x be1 suppos+ x exi/s1 to blot out ! ag5cy ( ,god8 ,i h hi!rto be5 engag$ 9 %[+ t all ! sci5ces come to u z "o1 t !y all relate to "o & ! same integral subject-matt]1 t ea* sep>ately is m or less an ab/raction1 :olly true z an hypo!sis1 b n :olly tru/wor?y 9 ! concrete1 conv]sant ) relations m ?an ) facts1 ) pr9ciples m ?an ) ag5ts1 ne$+ ! support & gu>antee ( its si/] sci5ces1 & giv+ 9 turn :ile x takes3--f :i* x foll[s1 t none c safely be omitt$1 if we w\ld obta9 ! exacte/ k possible ( ?+s z !y are1 & t ! omission is m or less important1 9 proportion to ! field :i* ea* cov]s1 & ! dep? to :i* x p5etrates1 & ! ord] to :i* x belongs2 = its loss is a positive privation ( an influ5ce :i* ex]ts itself 9 ! correction & completion ( ! re/4 ,?is is a g5]al /atem5t2 b n[ z to ,!ology 9 p>ticul>1 :at1 9 matt] ( fact1 are its pret5sions1 :at its importance1 :at its influ5ce ^u o!r bran*es ( k1 suppos+ !re be a ,god1 :i* x w\ld n become me to set ab\t prov+8 ,has x va/ dim5sions1 or does x lie 9 a nut%ell8 ,w its omission be imp]ceptible1 or w x de/roy ! equilibrium ( ! :ole sy/em ( ,k8 ,?is is ! inquiry to :i* ,i proce$4 #g4 ,n[ :at is ,!ology8 ,fir/1 ,i w tell y :at x is n4 ,& "h1 9 ! fir/ place 7?\gh ( c\rse ,i speak on ! subject z a ,ca?olic71 obs]ve t1 /rictly speak+1 ,i am n assum+ t ,ca?olicism is true1 :ile ,i make myself ! *ampion ( ,!ology4 ,ca?olicism has n =mally ent]$ into my argum5t hi!rto1 nor %all ,i j n[ assume any pr9ciple peculi> to x1 = reasons :i* w appe> 9 ! sequel1 ?\gh ( c\rse ,i %all use ,ca?olic language4 ,nei!r1 secondly1 w ,i fall into ! fa%ion ( ! day1 ( id5tify+ ,natural ,!ology ) ,physical ,!ology2 :i* said ,physical ,!ology is a mo/ jejune /udy1 consid]$ z a sci5ce1 & really is no sci5ce at all1 = x is ord9>ily no?+ m ?an a s]ies ( pi\s or polemical rem>ks ^u ! physical _w view$ religi\sly1 :]eas ! ^w 8,natural0 prop]ly compreh5ds man & society1 & all t is involv$ !re91 z ! great ,prote/ant writ]1 ,dr4 ,butl]1 %[s u4 ,nor1 9 ! ?ird place1 d ,i mean by ,!ology polemics ( any k9d2 = in/ance1 :at are call$ 8! ,evid5ces ( ,religion10 or 8! ,*ri/ian ,evid5ces20 =1 ?\gh ^! con/itute a sci5ce supplem5tal to ,!ology & are necess>y 9 _! place1 !y are n ,!ology itself1 unless an army is synonym\s ) ! body politic4 ,nor1 f\r?ly1 d ,i mean by ,!ology t vague ?+ call$ 8,*ri/ianity10 or 8our common ,*ri/ianity10 or 8,*ri/ianity ! law ( ! l&10 if !re is any man alive :o c tell :at x is4 ,i disc>d x1 = ! v reason t x _c ?r[ itself into a proposition4 ,la/ly1 ,i d n und]/& by ,!ology1 acqua9tance ) ! ,scriptures2 =1 ?\gh no p]son ( religi\s feel+s c read ,scripture b he w f9d ^? feel+s r\s$1 & ga9 mu* k ( hi/ory into ! b>ga91 yet hi/orical read+ & religi\s feel+ are n sci5ce4 ,i mean none ( ^! ?+s by ,!ology1 ,i simply mean ! ,sci5ce ( ,god1 or ! tru?s we "k ab\t ,god put into sy/em2 j z we h a sci5ce ( ! />s1 & call x a/ronomy1 or ( ! cru/ ( ! e>?1 & call x geology4 ,= in/ance1 ,i mean1 = ?is is ! ma9 po9t1 t1 z 9 ! human frame !re is a liv+ pr9ciple1 act+ ^u x & ?r\gh x by means ( volition1 s1 beh9d ! veil ( ! visible univ]se1 !re is an invisible1 intellig5t ,be+1 act+ on & ?r\gh x1 z & :5 ,he w4 ,fur!r1 ,i mean t ?is invisible ,ag5t is 9 no s5se a s\l ( ! _w1 aft] ! analogy ( human nature1 b1 on ! contr>y1 is absolutely di/9ct f ! _w1 z be+ its ,creator1 ,uphold]1 ,gov]nor1 & ,sov]eign ,"l4 ,"h we are at once br\ght into ! circle ( doctr9es :i* ! idea ( ,god embodies4 ,i mean !n by ! ,supreme ,be+1 "o :o is simply self-dep5d5t1 & ! only ,be+ :o is su*2 moreov]1 t ,he is )\t beg9n+ or ,et]nal1 & ! only ,et]nal2 t 9 consequ5ce ,he has liv$ a :ole et]nity by ,himself2 & h5ce t ,he is all-suffici5t1 suffici5t = ,8 own bless$ness1 & all-bless$1 & ev]-bless$4 ,fur!r1 ,i mean a ,be+1 :o1 hav+ ^! pr]ogatives1 has ! ,supreme ,good1 or r is ! ,supreme ,good1 or has all ! attributes ( ,good 9 inf9ite int5s5ess2 all wisdom1 all tru?1 all ju/ice1 all love1 all hol9ess1 all beautifulness2 :o is omnipot5t1 omnisci5t1 omnipres5t2 ineffably "o1 absolutely p]fect2 & su*1 t :at we d n "k & _c ev5 imag9e ( ,him1 is f> m wond]ful ?an :at we d & c4 ,i mean ,"o :o is sov]eign ov] ,8 own w & actions1 ?\gh always accord+ to ! et]nal ,rule ( "r & wrong1 :i* is ,himself4 ,i mean1 moreov]1 t ,he creat$ all ?+s out ( no?+1 & pres]ves !m e mom5t1 & c\ld de/roy !m z easily z ,he made !m2 & t1 9 consequ5ce1 ,he is sep>at$ f !m by an abyss1 & is incommunicable 9 all ,8 attributes4 ,& fur!r1 ,he has /amp$ ^u all ?+s1 9 ! h\r ( _! creation1 _! respective natures1 & has giv5 !m _! "w & mission & _! l5g? ( days1 great] or less1 9 _! appo9t$ place4 ,i mean1 too1 t ,he is ev] pres5t ) ,8 works1 "o by "o1 & confronts e ?+ ,he has made by ,8 p>ticul> & mo/ lov+ ,provid5ce1 & manife/s ,himself to ea* accord+ to its ne$s3 & has on rational be+s impr9t$ ! moral law1 & giv5 !m p[] to obey x1 impos+ on !m ! duty ( wor%ip & s]vice1 se>*+ & scann+ !m ?r\gh & ?r\gh ) ,8 omnisci5t eye1 & putt+ be=e !m a pres5t trial & a judgm5t to come4 ,su* is :at ,!ology tea*es ab\t ,god1 a doctr9e1 z ! v idea ( its subject-matt] presupposes1 s my/]i\s z 9 its fulness to lie beyond any sy/em1 & 9 p>ticul> aspects to be simply ext]nal to nature1 & to seem 9 p>ts ev5 to be irreconcileable ) itself1 ! imag9ation be+ unable to embrace :at ! reason det]m9es4 ,x tea*es ( a ,be+ inf9ite1 yet p]sonal2 all-bless$1 yet ev] op]ative2 absolutely sep>ate f ! creature1 yet 9 e "p ( ! creation at e mom5t2 above all ?+s1 yet "u e ?+4 ,x tea*es ( a ,be+ :o1 ?\gh ! highe/1 yet 9 ! "w ( creation1 cons]vation1 gov]nm5t1 retribution1 makes ,himself1 z x 71 ! m9i/] & s]vant ( all2 :o1 ?\gh inhabit+ et]nity1 all[s ,himself to take an int]e/1 & to h a sympa?y1 9 ! matt]s ( space & "t4 ,8 are all be+s1 visible & invisible1 ! noble/ & ! vile/ ( !m4 ,8 are ! sub/ance1 & ! op]ation1 & ! results ( t sy/em ( physical nature into :i* we are born4 ,8 too are ! p[]s & a*ievem5ts ( ! intellectual ess5ces1 on :i* ,he has be/[$ an indep5d5t action & ! gift ( orig9ation4 ,! laws ( ! univ]se1 ! pr9ciples ( tru?1 ! relation ( "o ?+ to ano!r1 _! qualities & virtues1 ! ord] & h>mony ( ! :ole1 all t exi/s1 is f ,him2 &1 if evil is n f ,him1 z assur$ly x is n1 ?is is because evil has no sub/ance ( its own1 b is only ! defect1 excess1 p]v]sion1 or corruption ( t :i* has sub/ance4 ,all we see1 he>1 & t\*1 ! remote sid]eal firmam5t1 z well z our own sea & l&1 & ! elem5ts :i* compose !m1 & ! ord9ances !y obey1 are ,84 ,! prim>y atoms ( matt]1 _! prop]ties1 _! mutual action1 _! disposition & collocation1 electricity1 magnetism1 gravitation1 light1 & :atev] o!r subtle pr9ciples or op]ations ! wit ( man is detect+ or %all detect1 are ! "w ( ,8 h&s4 ,f ,him has be5 e movem5t :i* has convuls$ & re-fa%ion$ ! surface ( ! e>?4 ,! mo/ insignificant or unsightly insect is f ,him1 & good 9 its k9d2 ! ev]-teem+1 inexhau/ible sw>ms ( animalcul1 ! myriads ( liv+ motes invisible to ! nak$ eye1 ! re/less ev]-spread+ vegetation :i* creeps l a g>m5t ov] ! :ole e>?1 ! l(ty c$>1 ! umbrage\s banana1 are ,84 ,8 are ! tribes & families ( birds & bea/s1 _! graceful =ms1 _! wild ge/ures1 & _! passionate cries4 ,& s 9 ! intellectual1 moral1 social1 & political _w4 ,man1 ) 8 motives & works1 8 languages1 8 propagation1 8 diffusion1 is f ,him4 ,agriculture1 m$ic9e1 & ! arts ( life1 are ,8 gifts4 ,society1 laws1 gov]nm5t1 ,he is _! sanction4 ,! pageant ( e>?ly royalty has ! semblance & ! b5$iction ( ! ,et]nal ,k+4 ,peace & civilization1 comm]ce & adv5ture1 w>s :5 j1 conque/ :5 humane & necess>y1 h ,8 co-op]ation1 & ,8 bless+ ^u !m4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts1 ! revolution ( empires1 ! rise & fall ( /ates1 ! p]iods & eras1 ! progresses & ! retrogressions ( ! _w's hi/ory1 n inde$ ! incid5tal s91 ov]-abundant z x is1 b ! great outl9es & ! results ( human affairs1 are f ,8 disposition4 ,! elem5ts & types & sem9al pr9ciples & con/ructive p[]s ( ! moral _w1 9 ru9s ?\gh x be1 are to be ref]r$ to ,him4 ,he 8enlight5e? e man t come? into ?is _w40 ,8 are ! dictates ( ! moral s5se1 & ! retributive reproa*es ( consci5ce4 ,to ,him mu/ be ascrib$ ! ri* end[m5ts ( ! intellect1 ! irradiation ( g5ius1 ! imag9ation ( ! poet1 ! sagacity ( ! politician1 ! wisdom 7z ,scripture calls x71 :i* n[ re>s & decorates ! ,temple1 n[ manife/s itself 9 prov]b or 9 p>able4 ,! old saws ( nations1 ! maje/ic precepts ( philosophy1 ! lum9\s maxims ( law1 ! oracles ( individual wisdom1 ! tradition>y rules ( tru?1 ju/ice1 & religion1 ev5 ?\gh imb$d$ 9 ! corruption1 or alloy$ ) ! pride1 ( ! _w1 betok5 ,8 orig9al ag5cy1 & ,8 long-suff]+ pres5ce4 ,ev5 :]e !re is habitual rebellion aga9/ ,him1 or pr(\nd f>-spread+ social depravity1 /ill ! und]curr5t1 or ! h]oic outbur/1 ( natural virtue1 z well z ! ye>n+s ( ! he>t aft] :at x has n1 & its pres5tim5t ( its true rem$ies1 are to be ascrib$ to ! ,au?or ( all good4 ,anticipations or rem9isc5ces ( ,8 glory haunt ! m9d ( ! self-suffici5t sage1 & ( ! pagan devotee2 ,8 writ+ is ^u ! wall1 :e!r ( ! ,indian fane1 or ( ! porticoes ( ,greece4 ,he introduces ,himself1 ,he all b concurs1 accord+ to ,8 good pleasure1 & 9 ,8 select$ season1 9 ! issues ( unbelief1 sup]/ition1 & false wor%ip1 & ,he *anges ! "* ( acts by ,8 ov]rul+ op]ation4 ,he condesc5ds1 ?\gh ,he gives no sanction1 to ! alt>s & %r9es ( impo/ure1 & ,he makes ,8 own fiat ! sub/itute = its sorc]ies4 ,he speaks amid ! incantations ( ,balaam1 raises ,samuel's _s 9 ! wit*'s cav]n1 prophesies ( ! ,messias by ! tongue ( ! ,sibyl1 =ces ,py?on to recognize ,8 m9i/]s1 & baptizes by ! h& ( ! misbeliev]4 ,he is ) ! hea!n dramati/ 9 8 d5unciations ( inju/ice & tyranny1 & 8 auguries ( div9e v5geance ^u crime4 ,ev5 on ! unseemly leg5ds ( a popul> my?ology ,he ca/s ,8 %ad[1 & is dimly disc]n$ 9 ! ode or ! epic1 z 9 tr\bl$ wat] or 9 fanta/ic dreams4 ,all t is good1 all t is true1 all t is beautiful1 all t is b5efic5t1 be x great or small1 be x p]fect or fragm5t>y1 natural z well z sup]natural1 moral z well z mat]ial1 comes f ,him4 #h4 ,if ?is be a sket*1 accurate 9 sub/ance & z f> z x goes1 ( ! doctr9es prop] to ,!ology1 & especially ( ! doctr9e ( a p>ticul> ,provid5ce1 :i* is ! portion ( x mo/ on a level ) human sci5ces1 ,i _c und]/& at all h[1 suppos+ x to be true1 x c fail1 consid]$ z k1 to ex]t a p[]ful influ5ce on philosophy1 lit]ature1 & e intellectual creation or discov]y :atev]4 ,i _c und]/& h[ x is possible1 z ! phrase goes1 to bl9k ! "q ( its tru? or falsehood4 ,x meets u ) a pr(ession & a pr(f] ( ! highe/ tru?s ( :i* ! human m9d is capable2 x embraces a range ( subjects ! mo/ div]sifi$ & di/ant f ea* o!r4 ,:at sci5ce w n f9d "o "p or o!r ( its prov9ce trav]s$ by its pa?8 ,:at results ( philosophic speculation are unque/ionable1 if !y h be5 ga9$ )\t inquiry z to :at ,!ology _h to say to !m8 ,does x ca/ no light ^u hi/ory8 has x no influ5ce ^u ! pr9ciples ( e?ics8 is x )\t any sort ( be>+ on physics1 metaphysics1 & political sci5ce8 ,c we drop x out ( ! circle ( k1 )\t all[+1 ei!r t t circle is !reby mutilat$1 or on ! o!r h&1 t ,!ology is really no sci5ce8 ,& ?is dilemma is ! m inevitable1 because ,!ology is s precise & consi/5t 9 its intellectual /ructure4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ,!ism or ,mono!ism1 ,i am n ?r[+ toge!r discordant doctr9es2 ,i am n m]g+ belief1 op9ion1 p]suasion1 ( :atev] k9d1 into a %apeless aggregate1 by ! help ( ambigu\s words1 & dignify+ ?is m$ley by ! "n ( ,!ology4 ,i speak ( "o idea unfold$ 9 its j proportions1 c>ri$ out ^u an intelligible me?od1 & issu+ 9 necess>y & immutable results2 und]/ood inde$ at "o "t & place bett] ?an at ano!r1 held "h & !re ) m or less ( inconsi/5cy1 b /ill1 aft] all1 9 all times & places1 :]e x is f\nd1 ! evolution1 n ( half-a-doz5 ideas1 b ( "o4 #i4 ,& "h ,i am l$ to ano!r & mo/ important po9t 9 ! argum5t 9 its behalf1--,i mean its wide reception4 ,!ology1 z ,i h describ$ x1 is no accid5t ( p>ticul> m9ds1 z are c]ta9 sy/ems1 = in/ance1 ( prophetical int]pretation4 ,x is n ! sudd5 bir? ( a crisis1 z ! ,lu!ran or ,wesleyan doctr9e4 ,x is n ! spl5did developm5t ( "s upris+ philosophy1 z ! ,c>tesian or ,platonic4 ,x is n ! fa%ion ( a season1 z c]ta9 m$ical treatm5ts may be consid]$4 ,x has _h a place1 if n possession1 9 ! intellectual _w f "t immemorial2 x has be5 receiv$ by m9ds ! mo/ v>i\s1 & 9 sy/ems ( religion ! mo/ ho/ile to ea* o!r4 ,x has prim facie claims ^u u1 s impos+1 t x c only be reject$ on ! gr\nd ( ^? claims be+ no?+ m ?an impos+1 t is1 be+ false4 ,z to our own c\ntries1 x occupies our language1 x meets u at e turn 9 our lit]ature1 x is ! secret assumption1 too axiomatic to be di/9ctly pr(ess$1 ( all our writ]s2 nor c we help assum+ x ourselves1 except by ! mo/ unnatural vigilance4 ,:oev] philosophizes1 />ts ) x1 & introduces x1 :5 he w1 )\t any apology4 ,bacon1 ,hook]1 ,taylor1 ,cudwor?1 ,locke1 ,newton1 ,cl>ke1 ,b]keley1 & ,butl]1 & x w\ld be z easy to f9d m1 z difficult to f9d great] names among ,engli% au?ors1 inculcate or comm5t ^u x4 ,m5 ! mo/ oppos$1 9 cre$ or ca/ ( m9d1 ,addison & ,johnson1 ,%akespe>e & ,milton1 ,"l ,h]b]t & ,baxt]1 h]ald x =?4 ,nor is x an ,engli% or a ,prote/ant notion only2 y track x across ! ,cont95t1 y pursue x into =m] ages4 ,:5 0 ! _w )\t x8 ,h ! sy/ems ( ,a!ism or ,pan!ism1 z sci5ces1 prevail$ 9 ! lit]ature ( nations1 or receiv$ a =mation or atta9$ a complet5ess su* z ,mono!ism8 ,we f9d x 9 old ,greece1 & ev5 9 ,rome1 z well z 9 ,judea & ! ,ea/4 ,we f9d x 9 popul> lit]ature1 9 philosophy1 9 poetry1 z a positive & settl$ tea*+1 diff]+ n at all 9 ! appe>ance x pres5ts1 :e!r 9 ,prote/ant ,engl&1 or 9 s*ismatical ,russia1 or 9 ! ,mahometan populations1 or 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,if ev] !re 0 a subject ( ?\ght1 :i* _h e>n$ by prescription to be receiv$ among ! /udies ( a ,univ]sity1 & :i* c\ld n be reject$ except on ! score ( convict$ impo/ure1 z a/rology or al*emy2 if !re be a sci5ce any:]e1 :i* at lea/ c\ld claim n to be ignor$1 b to be ent]ta9$1 & ei!r di/9ctly accept$ or di/9ctly reprobat$1 or r1 :i* _c be pass$ ov] 9 a s*eme ( univ]sal in/ruction1 )\t involv+ a positive d5ial ( its tru?1 x is ?is anci5t1 ?is f>-spread+ philosophy4 #aj4 ,& n[1 ,g5tlem51 ,i may br+ a some:at t$i\s discussion to a close4 ,x w n take _m words to sum up :at ,i h be5 urg+4 ,i say !n1 if ! v>i\s bran*es ( k1 :i* are ! matt] ( tea*+ 9 a ,univ]sity1 s hang toge!r1 t none c be neglect$ )\t prejudice to ! p]fection ( ! re/1 & if ,!ology be a bran* ( k1 ( wide reception1 ( philosophical /ructure1 ( unutt]able importance1 & ( supreme influ5ce1 to :at conclusion are we br\ght f ^! two premisses b ?is8 t to )draw ,!ology f ! public s*ools is to impair ! complet5ess & to invalidate ! tru/wor?9ess ( all t is actually taught 9 !m4 ,b ,i h be5 insi/+ simply on ,natural ,!ology1 & t1 because ,i wi%$ to c>ry along ) me ^? :o 7 n ,ca?olics1 &1 aga91 z be+ confid5t1 t no "o c really set himself to ma/] & to tea* ! doctr9e ( an intellig5t ,creator 9 its fulness1 )\t go+ on a great deal f>!r ?an he at pres5t dreams4 ,i say1 !n1 secondly3--if ?is ,sci5ce1 ev5 z human reason may atta9 to x1 has su* claims on ! reg>d1 & ent]s s v>i\sly into ! objects1 ( ! ,pr(essor ( ,univ]sal ,k1 h[ c any ,ca?olic imag9e t x is possible = him to cultivate ,philosophy & ,sci5ce ) due att5tion to _! ultimate end1 :i* is ,tru?1 suppos+ t sy/em ( reveal$ facts & pr9ciples1 :i* con/itutes ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 :i* goes s f> beyond nature1 & :i* he kn[s to be mo/ true1 be omitt$ f among ! subjects ( 8 tea*+8 ,9 a ^w1 ,religi\s ,tru? is n only a portion1 b a condition ( g5]al k4 ,to blot x out is no?+ %ort1 if ,i may s speak1 ( unravell+ ! web ( ,univ]sity ,tea*+4 ,x is1 accord+ to ! ,greek prov]b1 to take ! ,spr+ f out ( ! ye>2 x is to imitate ! prepo/]\s proce$+ ( ^? trag$ians :o repres5t$ a drama ) ! omission ( its pr9cipal "p4 ,disc\rse ,,iv4 ,be>+ ,( ,o!r ,bran*es ,( ,k ,on ,!ology4 #a4 ,no?+ is m common 9 ! _w at l>ge ?an to consid] ! resi/ance1 made on ! "p ( religi\s m51 especially ,ca?olics1 to ! sep>ation ( ,secul> ,education f ,religion1 z a pla9 tok5 t !re is "s real contr>iety betwe5 human sci5ce & ,revelation4 ,to ! multitude :o draw ?is inf]5ce1 x matt]s n :e!r ! prote/+ p>ties av[ _! belief 9 ?is contr>iety or n2 x is borne 9 ^u ! _m1 z if x 7 self-evid5t1 t religi\s m5 w\ld n ?us be jeal\s & al>m$ ab\t ,sci5ce1 did !y n feel in/9ctively1 ?\gh !y may n recognize x1 t k is _! born enemy1 & t its progress1 if x is n arre/$1 w be c]ta9 to de/roy all t !y hold v5]able & de>4 ,x looks to ! _w l a misgiv+ on our "p simil> to t :i* is imput$ to our refusal to educate by means ( ! ,bible only2 :y %\ld y dread ! sacr$ text1 m5 say1 if x be n aga9/ y8 ,& 9 l mann]1 :y %\ld y dread secul> education1 except t x is aga9/ y8 ,:y imp$e ! circulation ( books :i* take religi\s views opposite to y\r own8 ,:y =bid y\r *ildr5 & s*ol>s ! free p]usal ( poems or tales or essays or o!r light lit]ature :i* y fe> w\ld unsettle _! m9ds8 ,:y oblige !m to "k ^! p]sons & to %un ^?1 if y ?9k t y\r fri5ds h reason on _! side z fully z y\r oppon5ts8 ,tru? is bold & unsuspici\s2 want ( self-reliance is ! m>k ( falsehood4 ,n[1 z f> z ?is objection relates to any suppos$ opposition betwe5 secul> sci5ce & div9e1 :i* is ! subject on :i* ,i am at pres5t engag$1 ,i made a suffici5t answ] to x 9 my =ego+ ,disc\rse4 ,9 x ,i said1 t1 9 ord] to h possession ( tru? at all1 we mu/ h ! :ole tru?2 & no "o sci5ce1 no two sci5ces1 no "o family ( sci5ces1 nay1 n ev5 all secul> sci5ce1 is ! :ole tru?2 t reveal$ tru? ent]s to a v great ext5t into ! prov9ce ( sci5ce1 philosophy1 & lit]ature1 & t to put x on "o side1 9 complim5t to secul> sci5ce1 is simply1 "u col\r ( a complim5t1 to d sci5ce a great damage4 ,i d n say t e sci5ce w be equally affect$ by ! omission2 pure ma!matics w n suff] at all2 *emi/ry w suff] less ?an politics1 politics ?an hi/ory1 e?ics1 or metaphysics2 /ill1 t ! v>i\s bran*es ( sci5ce are intimately connect$ ) ea* o!r1 & =m "o :ole1 :i* :ole is impair$1 & to an ext5t :i* x is difficult to limit1 by any consid]able omission ( k1 ( :atev] k9d1 & t reveal$ k is v f> inde$ f an inconsid]able dep>tm5t ( k1 ?is ,i consid] und5iable4 ,z ! writt5 & unwritt5 ^w ( ,god make up ,revelation z a :ole1 & ! writt51 tak5 by itself1 is b a "p ( t :ole1 s 9 turn ,revelation itself may be view$ z "o ( ! con/itu5t p>ts ( human k1 consid]$ z a :ole1 & its omission is ! omission ( "o ( ^? con/itu5t p>ts4 ,reveal$ ,religion furni%es facts to ! o!r sci5ces1 :i* ^? sci5ces1 left to !mselves1 w\ld nev] rea*2 & x invalidates app>5t facts1 :i*1 left to !mselves1 !y w\ld imag9e4 ,?us1 9 ! sci5ce ( hi/ory1 ! pres]vation ( our race 9 ,noah's ark is an hi/orical fact1 :i* hi/ory nev] w\ld arrive at )\t ,revelation2 &1 9 ! prov9ce ( physiology & moral philosophy1 our race's progress & p]fectibility is a dream1 because ,revelation contradicts x1 :atev] may be plausibly argu$ 9 its behalf by sci5tific inquir]s4 ,x is n !n t ,ca?olics are afraid ( human k1 b t !y are pr\d ( div9e k1 & t !y ?9k ! omission ( any k9d ( k :atev]1 human or div9e1 to be1 z f> z x goes1 n k1 b ignorance4 #b4 ,?us ,i anticipat$ ! objection 9 "q la/ week3 n[ ,i am go+ to make x ! introduction to a fur!r view ( ! relation ( secul> k to div9e4 ,i obs]ve1 !n1 t1 if y drop any sci5ce out ( ! circle ( k1 y _c keep its place vacant = x2 t sci5ce is =gott52 ! o!r sci5ces close up1 or1 9 o!r words1 !y exce$ _! prop] b\nds1 & intrude :]e !y h no "r4 ,= in/ance1 ,i suppose1 if e?ics 7 s5t into bani%m5t1 its t]ritory w\ld soon disappe>1 "u a treaty ( p>tition1 z x may be call$1 betwe5 law1 political economy1 & physiology2 :at1 aga91 w\ld become ( ! prov9ce ( exp]im5tal sci5ce1 if made ov] to ! ,antiqu>ian ,society2 or ( hi/ory1 if surr5d]$ out & out to ,metaphysicians8 ,! case is ! same ) ! subject-matt] ( ,!ology2 x w\ld be ! prey ( a doz5 v>i\s sci5ces1 if ,!ology 7 put out ( possession2 & n only s1 b ^? sci5ces w\ld be pla9ly exce$+ _! rights & _! capacities 9 seiz+ ^u x4 ,!y w\ld be sure to tea* wrongly1 :]e !y _h no mission to tea* at all4 ,! enemies ( ,ca?olicism ought to be ! la/ to d5y ?is3--= !y h nev] be5 bl9d to a l usurpation1 z !y h call$ x1 on ! "p ( !ologians2 ^? :o accuse u ( wi%+1 9 accordance ) ,scripture language1 to make ! sun g r\nd ! e>?1 are n ! m5 to d5y t a sci5ce :i* exce$s its limits falls into error4 ,i nei!r !n am able nor c>e to d5y1 r ,i ass]t ! fact1 & to-day ,i am go+ on to acc\nt = x1 t any secul> sci5ce1 cultivat$ exclusively1 may become dang]\s to ,religion2 & ,i acc\nt = x on ?is broad pr9ciple1 t no sci5ce :atev]1 h[ev] compreh5sive x may be1 b w fall l>gely into error1 if x be con/itut$ ! sole expon5t ( all ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 & t1 = ! simple reason t x is encroa*+ on t]ritory n its own1 & und]tak+ problems :i* x has no in/rum5ts to solve4 ,& ,i set (f ?us3 #c4 ,"o ( ! fir/ acts ( ! human m9d is to take hold ( & appropriate :at meets ! s5ses1 & h]e9 lies a *ief di/9ction betwe5 man's & a brute's use ( !m4 ,brutes gaze on sights1 !y are arre/$ by s\nds2 & :at !y see & :at !y he> are ma9ly sights & s\nds only4 ,! intellect ( man1 on ! contr>y1 en]gizes z well z 8 eye or e>1 & p]ceives 9 sights & s\nds some?+ beyond !m4 ,x seizes & unites :at ! s5ses pres5t to x2 x grasps & =ms :at ne$ n h be5 se5 or he>d except 9 its con/itu5t p>ts4 ,x disc]ns 9 l9es & col\rs1 or 9 tones1 :at is beautiful & :at is n4 ,x gives !m a mean+1 & inve/s !m ) an idea4 ,x ga!rs up a succession ( notes into ! expression ( a :ole1 & calls x a melody2 x has a ke5 s5sibility t[>ds angles & curves1 lights & %ad[s1 t9ts & cont\rs4 ,x di/+ui%es betwe5 rule & exception1 betwe5 accid5t & design4 ,x assigns ph5om5a to a g5]al law1 qualities to a subject1 acts to a pr9ciple1 & effects to a cause4 ,9 a ^w1 x philosophizes2 = ,i suppose ,sci5ce & ,philosophy1 9 _! elem5t>y idea1 are no?+ else b ?is habit ( view+1 z x may be call$1 ! objects :i* s5se conveys to ! m9d1 ( ?r[+ !m into sy/em1 & unit+ & /amp+ !m ) "o =m4 ,?is me?od is s natural to u1 z ,i h said1 z to be almo/ spontane\s2 & we are impati5t :5 we _c ex]cise x1 & 9 consequ5ce we d n always wait to h ! means ( ex]cis+ x aright1 b we (t5 put up ) insuffici5t or absurd views or int]pretations ( :at we meet )1 r ?an h none at all4 ,we ref] ! v>i\s matt]s :i* are br\ght home to u1 mat]ial or moral1 to causes :i* we happ5 to "k (1 or to su* z are simply imag9>y1 soon] ?an ref] !m to no?+2 & accord+ to ! activity ( our intellect d we feel a pa9 & beg9 to fret1 if we are n able to d s4 ,"h we h an explanation ( ! multitude ( (f-h& say+s1 flippant judgm5ts1 & %all[ g5]alizations1 ) :i* ! _w ab\nds4 ,n f self-w only1 nor f malevol5ce1 b f ! irritation :i* susp5se occasions1 is ! m9d =c$ on to pron\nce1 )\t suffici5t data = pron\nc+4 ,:o does n =m "s view or o!r1 = in/ance1 ( any public man1 or any public ev5t1 nay1 ev5 s f> 9 "s cases z to rea* ! m5tal del9eation ( 8 appe>ance or ( its sc5e8 yet h[ few h a "r to =m any view4 ,h5ce ! misconceptions ( "*1 h5ce ! false impressions & reports ( words or de$s1 :i* are ! rule1 r ?an ! exception1 9 ! _w at l>ge2 h5ce ! extravagances ( undiscipl9$ tal5t1 & ! n>r[ness ( conceit$ ignorance2 because1 ?\gh x is no easy matt] to view ?+s correctly1 nev]!less ! busy m9d w ev] be view+4 ,we _c d )\t a view1 & we put up ) an illusion1 :5 we _c get a tru?4 #d4 ,n[1 obs]ve h[ ?is impati5ce acts 9 matt]s ( rese>* & speculation4 ,:at happ5s to ! ignorant & ho!ad$1 w take place 9 ! case ( e p]son ^: education or pursuits are contract$1 :e!r !y be m]ely pr(essional1 m]ely sci5tific1 or ( :atev] o!r peculi> complexion4 ,m51 ^: life lies 9 ! cultivation ( "o sci5ce1 or ! ex]cise ( "o me?od ( ?\ght1 h no m "r1 ?\gh !y h (t5 m ambition1 to g5]alize ^u ! basis ( _! own pursuit b beyond its range1 ?an ! s*oolboy or ! pl\ghman to judge ( a ,prime ,m9i/]4 ,b !y mu/ h some?+ to say on e subject2 habit1 fa%ion1 ! public require x ( !m3 &1 if s1 !y c only give s5t5ce accord+ to _! k4 ,y might ?9k ?is ought to make su* a p]son mode/ 9 8 enunciations2 n s3 too (t5 x happ5s t1 9 proportion to ! n>r[ness ( 8 k1 is1 n 8 di/ru/ ( x1 b ! deep hold x has ^u him1 8 absolute conviction ( 8 own conclusions1 & 8 positiv5ess 9 ma9ta9+ !m4 ,he has ! ob/9acy ( ! bigot1 :om he scorns1 )\t ! bigot's apology1 t he has be5 taught1 z he ?9ks1 8 doctr9e f heav54 ,?us he becomes1 :at is commonly call$1 a man ( "o idea2 :i* prop]ly means a man ( "o sci5ce1 & ( ! view1 p>tly true1 b subord9ate1 p>tly false1 :i* is all t c proce$ out ( any ?+ s p>tial4 ,h5ce x is t we h ! pr9ciples ( utility1 ( comb9ation1 ( progress1 ( philan?ropy1 or1 9 mat]ial sci5ces1 comp>ative anatomy1 phr5ology1 electricity1 exalt$ into lead+ ideas1 & keys1 if n ( all k1 at lea/ ( _m ?+s m ?an belong to !m1--pr9ciples1 all ( !m true to a c]ta9 po9t1 yet all deg5]at+ into error & quack]y1 because !y are c>ri$ to excess1 viz4 at ! po9t :]e !y require int]pretation & re/ra9t f o!r qu>t]s1 & because !y are employ$ to d :at is simply too mu* = !m1 inasmu* z a little sci5ce is n deep philosophy4 ,"l ,bacon has set d[n ! abuse1 ( :i* ,i am speak+1 among ! imp$im5ts to ! ,advancem5t ( ! ,sci5ces1 :5 he obs]ves t 8m5 h us$ to infect _! m$itations1 op9ions1 & doctr9es1 ) "s conceits :i* !y h mo/ admir$1 or "s ,sci5ces :i* !y h mo/ appli$2 & give all ?+s else a t9cture accord+ to !m utt]ly untrue & improp]4'''0 ,s h ! al*emi/s made a philosophy out ( a few exp]im5ts ( ! furnace2 & ,gilb]tus1 our c\ntryman1 ha? made a philosophy out ( ! obs]vations ( a lode/one4 ,s ,cic]o1 :51 recit+ ! sev]al op9ions ( ! nature ( ! s\l1 he f\nd a musician t held ! s\l 0 b a h>mony1 sai? pleasantly1 8hic ab arte su non recessit10 8he 0 true to 8 art40 ,b ( ^! conceits ,ari/otle speake? s]i\sly & wisely :5 he sai?1 8,qui respiciunt ad pauca1 de facili pronunciant10 8!y :o contemplate a few ?+s h no difficulty 9 decid+40 #e4 ,& n[ ,i h said en\gh to expla9 ! inconv5i5ce :i* ,i conceive necess>ily to result f a refusal to recognize !ological tru? 9 a c\rse ( ,univ]sal ,k2--x is n only ! loss ( ,!ology1 x is ! p]v]sion ( o!r sci5ces4 ,:at x unju/ly =feits1 o!rs unju/ly seize4 ,!y h _! own dep>tm5t1 &1 9 go+ out ( x1 attempt to d :at !y really _c d2 & t ! m mis*iev\sly1 because !y d tea* :at 9 its place is true1 ?\gh :5 out ( its place1 p]v]t$ or c>ri$ to excess1 x is n true4 ,&1 z e man has n ! capacity ( sep>at+ tru? f falsehood1 !y p]suade ! _w ( :at is false by urg+ ^u x :at is true4 ,nor is x op5 enemies alone :o enc\nt] u "h1 sometimes x is fri5ds1 sometimes p]sons :o1 if n fri5ds1 at lea/ h no wi% to oppose ,religion1 & are n consci\s !y are do+ s2 & x w c>ry out my mean+ m fully if ,i give "s illu/rations ( x4 ,z to fri5ds1 ,i may take z an in/ance ! cultivation ( ! ,f9e ,arts1 ,pa9t+1 ,sculpture1 ,ar*itecture1 to :i* ,i may add ,music4 ,^! high m9i/]s ( ! ,beautiful & ! ,noble are1 x is pla91 special att5dants & h&maids ( ,religion2 b x is equally pla9 t !y are apt to =get _! place1 &1 unless re/ra9$ ) a firm h&1 in/ead ( be+ s]vants1 w aim at becom+ pr9cipals4 ,"h lies ! advantage1 9 an ecclesia/ical po9t ( view1 ( _! m rudim5tal /ate1 ,i mean ( ! anci5t /yle ( ar*itecture1 ( ,go?ic sculpture & pa9t+1 & ( :at is call$ ,gregorian music1 t ^! in*oate sci5ces h s little innate vig\r & life 9 !m1 t !y are 9 no dang] ( go+ out ( _! place1 & giv+ ! law to ,religion4 ,b ! case is v diff]5t :5 g5ius has brea!d ^u _! natural elem5ts1 & has develop$ !m into :at ,i may call intellectual p[]s4 ,:5 ,pa9t+1 = example1 gr[s into ! fulness ( its function z a simply imitative art1 x at once ceases to be a dep5dant on ! ,*ur*4 ,x has an end ( its own1 & t ( e>?3 ,nature is its patt]n1 & ! object x pursues is ! beauty ( ,nature1 ev5 till x becomes an ideal beauty1 b a natural beauty /ill4 ,x _c imitate t beauty ( ,angels & ,sa9ts :i* x has nev] se54 ,at fir/1 inde$1 by outl9es & emblems x %ad[$ out ! ,invisible1 & its want ( skill became ! in/rum5t ( rev]5ce & mode/y2 b z "t w5t on & x atta9$ its full dim5sions z an art1 x r subject$ ,religion to its own ends ?an m9i/]$ to ! ends ( ,religion1 & 9 its long gall]ies & /ately *amb]s1 did b m+le adorable figures & sacr$ hi/ories ) a multitude ( e>?ly1 n to say unseemly =ms1 :i* ! ,art _h creat$1 borr[+ )al a col\r+ & a "* f t bad company4 ,n cont5t ) neutral gr\nd = its developm5t1 x 0 attract$ by ! sublimity ( div9e subjects to ambiti\s & haz>d\s essays4 ,)\t my say+ a ^w m1 y w cle>ly und]/&1 ,g5tlem51 t "u ^! circum/ances ,religion 0 b\nd to ex]t itself1 t ! _w might n ga9 an advantage ov] x4 ,put out ( sight ! sev]e tea*+ ( ,ca?olicism 9 ! s*ools ( ,pa9t+1 z m5 n[ w\ld put x aside 9 _! philosophical /udies1 & 9 no long "t y w\ld h ! hi]>*y ( ! ,*ur*1 ! ,an*orite & ,virg9-m>tyr1 ! ,confessor & ! ,doctor1 ! ,angelic ,ho/s1 ! ,"m ( ,god1 ! ,crucifix1 ! ,et]nal ,tr9ity1 supplant$ by a sort ( pagan my?ology 9 ! guise ( sacr$ names1 by a creation inde$ ( high g5ius1 ( int5se1 & dazzl+1 & s\l-absorb+ beauty1 9 :i*1 h[ev]1 !re 0 no?+ :i* subs]v$ ! cause ( ,religion1 no?+ on ! o!r h& :i* did n directly or indirectly m9i/] to corrupt nature & ! p[]s ( d>kness4 #f4 ,! art ( ,pa9t+1 h[ev]1 is peculi>3 ,music & ,ar*itecture are m ideal1 & _! respective ar*etypes1 ev5 if n sup]natural1 at lea/ are ab/ract & une>?ly2 & yet :at ,i h be5 obs]v+ ab\t ,pa9t+1 holds1 ,i ?9k1 analog\sly1 9 ! m>vell\s developm5t :i* ,musical ,sci5ce has und]gone 9 ! la/ c5tury4 ,d\btless "h too ! highe/ g5ius may be made subs]vi5t to ,religion2 "h too1 /ill m simply ?an 9 ! case ( ,pa9t+1 ! ,sci5ce has a field ( its own1 p]fectly innoc5t1 into :i* ,religion does n & ne$ n ent]2 on ! o!r h& "h also1 9 ! case ( ,music z ( ,pa9t+1 x is c]ta9 t ,religion mu/ be alive & on ! def5sive1 =1 if its s]vants sleep1 a pot5t en*antm5t w /eal ov] x4 ,music1 ,i suppose1 ?\gh ?is is n ! place to enl>ge ^u x1 has an object ( its own2 z ma!matical sci5ce also1 x is ! expression ( ideas great] & m pr(\nd ?an any 9 ! visible _w1 ideas1 :i* c5tre inde$ 9 ,him :om ,ca?olicism manife/s1 :o is ! seat ( all beauty1 ord]1 & p]fection :atev]1 /ill ideas aft] all :i* are n ^? on :i* ,revelation directly & pr9cipally fixes our gaze4 ,if !n a great ma/] 9 ?is my/]i\s sci5ce 7if ,i may speak ( matt]s :i* seem to lie out ( my own prov9ce7 ?r[s himself on 8 own gift1 tru/s its inspirations1 & absorbs himself 9 ^? ?\ghts :i*1 ?\gh !y come to him 9 ! way ( nature1 belong to ?+s above nature1 x is obvi\s he w neglect ev]y?+ else4 ,ris+ 9 8 /r5g?1 he w break ?r\gh ! trammels ( words1 he w scatt] human voices1 ev5 ! sweete/1 to ! w9ds2 he w be borne ^u no?+ less ?an ! fulle/ flood ( s\nds :i* art has enabl$ him to draw f me*anical contrivances2 he w g =? z a giant1 z f> z ev] 8 in/rum5ts c rea*1 />t+ f _! secret dep?s fre% & fre% elem5ts ( beauty & gr&eur z he goes1 & p\r+ !m toge!r into /ill m m>vell\s & raptur\s comb9ations2--& well inde$ & lawfully1 :ile he keeps to t l9e :i* is 8 own2 b1 %\ld he happ5 to be attract$1 z he well may1 by ! sublimity1 s cong5ial to him1 ( ! ,ca?olic doctr9e & ritual1 %\ld he engage 9 sacr$ !mes1 %\ld he resolve by means ( 8 art to d hon\r to ! ,mass1 or ! ,div9e ,(fice1--7he _c h a m pi\s1 a bett] purpose1 & ,religion w gracefully accept :at he gracefully (f]s2 b7--is x n c]ta91 f ! circum/ances ( ! case1 t he w be c>ri$ on r to use ,religion ?an to m9i/] to x1 unless ,religion is /rong on its own gr\nd1 & rem9ds him t1 if he w\ld d hon\r to ! highe/ ( subjects1 he mu/ make himself its s*ol>1 mu/ humbly foll[ ! ?\ghts giv5 him1 & mu/ aim at ! glory1 n ( 8 own gift1 b ( ! ,great ,giv]8 #g4 ,z to ,ar*itecture1 x is a rem>k1 if ,i recollect aright bo? ( ,fnlon & ,b]keley1 m5 s diff]5t1 t x c>ries m ) x ev5 ?an ! names ( ^? celebrat$ m51 t ! ,go?ic /yle is n z simple z befits ecclesia/ical /ructures4 ,i und]/& ?is to be a simil> judgm5t to t :i* ,i h be5 pass+ on ! cultivation ( ,pa9t+ & ,music4 ,= myself1 c]ta9ly ,i ?9k t t /yle :i*1 :atev] be its orig91 is call$ ,go?ic1 is end[$ ) a pr(\nd & a comm&+ beauty1 su* z no o!r /yle possesses ) :i* we are acqua9t$1 & :i* probably ! ,*ur* w n see surpass$ till x atta9 to ! ,cele/ial ,city4 ,no o!r ar*itecture1 n[ us$ = sacr$ purposes1 seems to be ! gr[? ( an idea1 :]eas ! ,go?ic /yle is z h>moni\s & z intellectual z x is graceful4 ,b ?is feel+ %\ld n bl9d u1 r x %\ld awak5 u1 to ! dang] le/ :at is really a div9e gift be incauti\sly us$ z an end r ?an z a means4 ,x is surely q )9 ! b\nds ( possibility1 t1 z ! r5aissance ?ree c5turies ago c>ri$ away its own day1 9 spite ( ! ,*ur*1 into excesses 9 lit]ature & art1 s t revival ( an almo/ =gott5 ar*itecture1 :i* is at pres5t tak+ place 9 our own c\ntries1 9 ,france1 & 9 ,g]many1 may 9 "s way or o!r run away ) u into ?is or t error1 unless we keep a wat* ov] its c\rse4 ,i am n speak+ ( ,irel&2 b to ,engli% ,ca?olics at lea/ x w\ld be a s]i\s evil1 if x came z ! emblem & advocate ( a pa/ c]emonial or an ext9ct nationalism4 ,we are n liv+ 9 an age ( weal? & loyalty1 ( pomp & /atel9ess1 ( "t-hon\r$ e/abli%m5ts1 ( pilgrimage & p5ance1 ( h]mitages & conv5ts 9 ! wild1 & ( f]v5t populations supply+ ! want ( education by love1 & appreh5d+ 9 =m & symbol :at !y _c read 9 books4 ,our rules & our rubrics h be5 alt]$ n[ to meet ! times1 & h5ce an obsolete discipl9e may be a pres5t h]esy4 #h4 ,i h be5 po9t+ out h[ ! ,f9e ,arts may prejudice ,religion1 by lay+ d[n ! law 9 cases :]e !y %\ld be subs]vi5t4 ,! illu/ration is analog\s r ?an /rictly prop] to my subject1 yet ,i ?9k x is to ! po9t4 ,if !n ! mo/ loyal & dutiful *ildr5 ( ! ,*ur* mu/ d5y !mselves1 & d d5y !mselves1 :5 !y w\ld sanctify to a heav5ly purpose sci5ces z sublime & z div9e z any :i* are cultivat$ by fall5 man1 x is n wond]ful1 :5 we turn to sci5ces ( a diff]5t "*1 ( :i* ! object is tangible & mat]ial1 & ! pr9ciples belong to ! ,reason1 n to ! ,imag9ation1 t we %\ld f9d _! disciples1 if dis9cl9$ to ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 act+ ! "p ( oppon5ts to x1 & t1 z may (t5 happ51 ev5 aga9/ _! w & int5tion4 ,_m m5 !re are1 :o1 devot$ to "o p>ticul> subject ( ?\ght1 & mak+ its pr9ciples ! measure ( all ?+s1 become enemies to ,reveal$ ,religion be=e !y "k x1 &1 only z "t proce$s1 are aw>e ( _! own /ate ( m9d4 ,^!1 if !y are writ]s or lectur]s1 :ile 9 ?is /ate ( unconsci\s or semi-consci\s unbelief1 scatt] infidel pr9ciples "u ! g>b & col\r ( ,*ri/ianity2 & ?is1 simply because !y h made _! own sci5ce1 :atev] x is1 ,political ,economy1 or ,geology1 or ,a/ronomy1 to ! neglect ( ,!ology1 ! c5tre ( all tru?1 & view e "p or ! *ief p>ts ( k z if develop$ f x1 & to be te/$ & det]m9$ by its pr9ciples4 ,o!rs1 ?\gh consci\s to !mselves ( _! anti-*ri/ian op9ions1 h too mu* good feel+ & good ta/e to obtrude !m ^u ! _w4 ,!y nei!r wi% to %ock p1 nor to e>n = !mselves a confessor%ip :i* br+s ) x no ga94 ,!y "k ! /r5g? ( prejudice1 & ! p5alty ( innovation2 !y wi% to g ?r\gh life quietly2 !y scorn polemics2 !y %r9k1 z f a real humiliation1 f be+ mix$ up 9 religi\s controv]sy2 !y are a%am$ ( ! v "n4 ,h[ev]1 !y h _h occasion at "s "t to publi% on "s lit]>y or sci5tific subject2 !y h wi%$ to give no (f5ce2 b aft] all1 to _! great annoyance1 !y f9d :5 !y lea/ expect x1 or :5 !y h tak5 consid]able pa9s to avoid x1 t !y h r\s$ by _! publication :at !y w\ld /yle ! bigot$ & bitt] ho/ility ( a p>ty4 ,?is mis=tune is easily conceivable1 & has befall5 _m a man4 ,be=e he kn[s :]e he is1 a cry is rais$ on all sides ( him2 & s little does he "k :at we may call ! lie ( ! l&1 t 8 attempts at apology p]haps only make matt]s worse4 ,9 o!r words1 an exclusive l9e ( /udy has l$ him1 :e!r he w or no1 to run c\nt] to ! pr9ciples ( ,religion2 :i* pr9ciples he has nev] made 8 l&m>ks1 & :i*1 :atev] might be _! effect ^u himself1 at lea/ w\ld h w>n$ him aga9/ practis+ ^u ! fai? ( o!rs1 _h !y be5 au?oritatively held up be=e him4 #i4 ,in/ances ( ?is k9d are f> f uncommon4 ,m5 :o are old en\gh1 w rememb] ! tr\ble :i* came ^u a p]son1 em95t z a pr(essional man 9 ,london ev5 at t di/ant day1 & /ill m em95t s9ce1 9 consequ5ce ( 8 publi%+ a book 9 :i* he s treat$ ! subject ( ,comp>ative ,anatomy z to seem to d5y ! immat]iality ( ! s\l4 ,i speak "h nei!r z excus+ nor reprobat+ s5tim5ts ab\t :i* ,i h n ! means ( =m+ a judgm5t2 all inde$ ,i h he>d ( him makes me m5tion him ) int]e/ & respect2 anyh[ ( ?is ,i am sure1 t if !re be a call+ :i* feels its position & its dignity to lie 9 ab/a9+ f controv]sy & 9 cultivat+ k9dly feel+s ) m5 ( all op9ions1 x is ! m$ical pr(ession1 & ,i _c believe t ! p]son 9 "q w\ld purposely h rais$ ! indignation & incurr$ ! c5sure ( ! religi\s public4 ,:at !n mu/ h be5 8 fault or mi/ake1 b t he unsuspici\sly ?rew himself ^u 8 own p>ticul> sci5ce1 :i* is ( a mat]ial "*1 & all[$ x to c>ry him =w>d into a subject-matt]1 :]e x _h no "r to give ! law1 viz41 t ( spiritual be+s1 :i* directly belongs to ! sci5ce ( ,!ology8 ,ano!r in/ance occurr$ at a lat] date4 ,a liv+ dignit>y ( ! ,e/abli%$ ,*ur* wrote a ,hi/ory ( ! ,jews2 9 :i*1 ) :at ,i consid] at lea/ bad judgm5t1 he took an ext]nal view ( x1 & h5ce 0 l$ to assimilate x z ne>ly z possible to secul> hi/ory4 ,a great s5sation 0 ! consequ5ce among ! memb]s ( 8 own communion1 f :i* he /ill suff]s4 ,argu+ f ! dislike & contempt ( polemical demon/rations :i* t accompli%$ writ] has ev] %[n1 ,i mu/ conclude t he 0 simply betray$ into a false /ep by ! trea*]\s fasc9ation ( :at is call$ ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 :i* is good 9 its place1 b c sc>cely be appli$ 9 cases :]e ! ,almighty has sup]s$$ ! natural laws ( society & hi/ory4 ,f ?is he w\ld h be5 sav$1 _h he be5 a ,ca?olic2 b 9 ! ,e/abli%m5t he knew ( no tea*+1 to :i* he 0 b\nd to def]1 :i* might rule t to be false :i* attract$ him by its speci\sness4 #aj4 ,i w n[ take an in/ance f ano!r sci5ce1 & w use m words ab\t x4 ,political ,economy is ! sci5ce1 ,i suppose1 ( weal?1--a sci5ce simply lawful & useful1 = x is no s9 to make money1 any m ?an x is a s9 to seek hon\r2 a sci5ce at ! same "t dang]\s & lead+ to occasions ( s91 z is ! pursuit ( hon\r too2 & 9 consequ5ce1 if /udi$ by itself1 & ap>t f ! control ( ,reveal$ ,tru?1 sure to conduct a speculator to un*ri/ian conclusions4 ,holy ,scripture tells u di/9ctly1 t 8covet\sness10 or m lit]ally ! love ( money1 8is ! root ( all evils20 & t 8!y t w\ld become ri* fall into temptation20 & t 8h>dly %all !y t h ri*es ent] into ! k+dom ( ,god20 & aft] draw+ ! picture ( a weal?y & fl\ri%+ p1 x adds1 8,!y h call$ ! p happy t ha? ^! ?+s2 b happy is t p ^: ,god is ! ,"l30--:ile on ! o!r h& x says ) equal di/9ctness1 8,if any w n "w1 nei!r let him eat20 &1 8,if any man h n c>e ( 8 own1 & especially ( ^? ( 8 h\se1 he ha? d5i$ ! fai?1 & is worse ?an an infidel40 ,^! opposite injunctions are summ$ up 9 ! wise man's pray]1 :o says1 8,give me nei!r begg>y nor ri*es1 give me only ! necess>ies ( life40 ,) ?is mo/ precise view ( a ,*ri/ian's duty1 viz41 to lab\r inde$1 b to lab\r = a compet5cy = himself & 81 & to be jeal\s ( weal?1 :e!r p]sonal or national1 ! holy ,fa!rs are1 z might be expect$1 9 simple accordance4 8,judas10 says ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 80 ) ,him :o knew n :]e to lay ,8 head1 yet c\ld n re/ra9 himself2 & h[ can/ ?\ hope to escape ! contagion )\t anxi\s ef=t80 8,x is ridicul\s10 says ,/4 ,j]ome1 8to call x idolatry to (f] to ! creature ! gra9s ( inc5se t are due to ,god1 & n to call x s1 to (f] ! :ole s]vice ( "o's life to ! creature40 8,!re is n a trace ( ju/ice 9 t he>t10 says ,/4 ,leo1 89 :i* ! love ( ga9 has made itself a dwell+40 ,! same ?+ is emphatically taught u by ! c\nsels ( p]fection1 & by e holy monk & nun any:]e1 :o has ev] embrac$ !m2 b x is ne$less to collect te/imonies1 :5 ,scripture is s cle>4 ,n[1 obs]ve1 ,g5tlem51 my drift 9 sett+ ,scripture & ! ,fa!rs ov] aga9/ ,political ,economy4 ,( c\rse if !re is a sci5ce ( weal?1 x mu/ give rules = ga9+ weal? & dispos+ ( weal?1 & c d no?+ m2 x _c itself decl>e t x is a subord9ate sci5ce1 t its end is n ! ultimate end ( all ?+s1 & t its conclusions are only hypo!tical1 dep5d+ on its premisses1 & liable to be ov]rul$ by a high] tea*+4 ,i d n !n blame ! ,political ,economi/ = any?+ :i* foll[s f ! v idea ( 8 sci5ce1 f ! v mom5t t x is recogniz$ z a sci5ce4 ,he mu/ ( c\rse direct 8 inquiries t[>ds 8 end2 b !n at ! same "t x mu/ be recollect$1 t s f> he is n practical1 b only pursues an ab/ract /udy1 & is busy himself 9 e/abli%+ logical conclusions f indisputable premisses4 ,giv5 t weal? is to be s\ght1 ?is & t is ! me?od ( ga9+ x4 ,?is is ! ext5t to :i* a ,political ,economi/ has a "r to g2 he has no "r to det]m9e t weal? is at any rate to be s\ght1 or t x is ! way to be virtu\s & ! price ( happ9ess2 ,i say1 ?is is to pass ! b\nds ( 8 sci5ce1 indep5d5t ( ! "q :e!r he be "r or wrong 9 s det]m9+1 = he is only conc]n$ ) an hypo!sis4 ,to take a p>allel case3--a physician may tell y1 t if y are to pres]ve y\r heal?1 y mu/ give up y\r employm5t & retire to ! c\ntry4 ,he di/9ctly says 8if20 t is all 9 :i* he is conc]n$1 he is no judge :e!r !re are objects de>] to y1 m urg5t ^u y1 ?an ! pres]vation ( y\r heal?2 he does n ent] into y\r circum/ances1 y\r duties1 y\r liabilities1 ! p]sons dep5d5t on y2 he kn[s no?+ ab\t :at is advisable or :at is n2 he only says1 8,i speak z a physician2 if y w\ld be well1 give up y\r pr(ession1 y\r trade1 y\r (fice1 :atev] x is40 ,h[ev] he may wi% x1 x w\ld be imp]t95t 9 him to say m1 unless inde$ he spoke1 n z a physician b z a fri5d2 & x w\ld be extravagant1 if he ass]t$ t bodily heal? 0 ! summum bonum1 & t no "o c\ld be virtu\s ^: animal sy/em 0 n 9 good ord]4 #aa4 ,b n[ let u turn to ! tea*+ ( ! actual ,political ,economi/1 9 8 pres5t fa%ionable %ape4 ,i w take a v fav\rable in/ance ( him3 he %all be repres5t$ by a g5tleman ( high "*1 ^: religi\s views are suffici5tly gu>ante$ to u by 8 be+ ! special *oice1 9 ?is dep>tm5t ( sci5ce1 ( a ,univ]sity remov$ m ?an any o!r ,prote/ant body ( ! day f sordid or un*ri/ian pr9ciples on ! subject ( money-mak+4 ,i say1 if !re be a place :]e ,political ,economy w\ld be kept 9 ord]1 & w\ld n be suff]$ to leave ! high road & ride across ! pa/ures & ! g>d5s d$icat$ to o!r /udies1 x is ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d4 ,& if a man c\ld any:]e be f\nd :o w\ld h too mu* good ta/e to (f5d ! religi\s feel+ ( ! place1 or to say any ?+ :i* he w\ld himself all[ to be inconsi/5t ) ,revelation1 ,i conceive x is ! p]son ^: temp]ate & well-consid]$ composition1 z x w\ld be g5]ally acc\nt$1 ,i am go+ to (f] to y\r notice4 ,nor did x occasion any excitem5t :atev] on ! "p ( ! academical or ! religi\s public1 z did ! in/ances :i* ,i h hi!rto be5 adduc+4 ,i am repres5t+ !n ! sci5ce ( ,political ,economy1 9 its indep5d5t or unbridl$ action1 to great advantage1 :5 ,i select1 z its specim51 ! ,inaugural ,lecture ^u x1 deliv]$ 9 ! ,univ]sity 9 "q1 by its fir/ ,pr(essor4 ,yet ) all ^! circum/ances 9 its fav\r1 y w soon see1 ,g5tlem51 into :at extravagance1 = s ,i mu/ call x1 a grave lawy] is l$ 9 praise ( 8 *os5 sci5ce1 m]ely f ! circum/ance t he has fix$ 8 m9d ^u x1 till he has =gott5 !re are subjects ( ?\ght high] & m heav5ly ?an x4 ,y w f9d beyond mi/ake1 t x is 8 object to recomm5d ! sci5ce ( weal?1 by claim+ = x an e?ical quality1 viz41 by extoll+ x z ! road to virtue & happ9ess1 :atev] ,scripture & holy m5 may say to ! contr>y4 ,he beg9s by pr$ict+ ( ,political ,economy1 t 9 ! c\rse ( a v few ye>s1 8x w rank 9 public e/imation among ! fir/ ( moral sci5ces 9 int]e/ & 9 utility40 ,!n he expla9s mo/ lucidly its objects & duties1 consid]$ z 8! sci5ce :i* tea*es 9 :at weal? consi/s1 by :at ag5ts x is produc$1 & accord+ to :at laws x is di/ribut$1 & :at are ! in/itutions & cu/oms by :i* production may be facilitat$ & di/ribution regulat$1 s z to give ! l>ge/ possible am\nt ( weal? to ea* individual40 ,& he dwells ^u ! int]e/ :i* atta*es to ! inquiry1 8:e!r ,engl& has run h] full c>e] ( weal? & improvem5t1 b /&s safe :]e %e is1 or :e!r to rema9 /ation>y is impossible40 ,aft] ?is he notices a c]ta9 objection1 :i* ,i %all set be=e y 9 8 own words1 z !y w furni% me ) ! illu/ration ,i propose4 ,?is objection1 he says1 is1 t1 8z ! pursuit ( weal? is "o ( ! humble/ ( human occupations1 f> inf]ior to ! pursuit ( virtue1 or ( k1 or ev5 ( reputation1 & z ! possession ( weal? is n necess>ily jo9$1--p]haps x w be said1 is n conducive1--to happ9ess1 a sci5ce1 ( :i* ! only subject is weal?1 _c claim to rank z ! fir/1 or ne>ly ! fir/1 ( moral sci5ces407#i7 ,c]ta9ly1 to an en?usia/ 9 behalf ( any sci5ce :atev]1 ! temptation is great to meet an objection urg$ aga9/ its dignity & wor?2 h[ev]1 f ! v =m ( x1 su* an objection _c receive a satisfactory answ] by means ( ! sci5ce itself4 ,x is an objection ext]nal to ! sci5ce1 & rem9ds u ( ! tru? ( ,"l ,bacon's rem>k1 8,no p]fect discov]y c be made ^u a flat or a level2 nei!r is x possible to discov] ! m remote & deep] p>ts ( any sci5ce1 if y /& ^u ! level ( ! sci5ce1 & asc5d n to a high] sci5ce407#aj7 ,! objection t ,political ,economy is inf]ior to ! sci5ce ( virtue1 or does n conduce to happ9ess1 is an e?ical or !ological objection2 ! "q ( its 8rank0 belongs to t ,ar*itectonic ,sci5ce or ,philosophy1 :atev] x be1 :i* is itself ! arbit] ( all tru?1 & :i* disposes ( ! claims & arranges ! places ( all ! dep>tm5ts ( k :i* man is able to ma/]4 ,i say1 :5 an oppon5t ( a p>ticul> sci5ce ass]ts t x does n conduce to happ9ess1 & mu* m :5 its *ampion cont5ds 9 reply t x c]ta9ly does conduce to virtue1 z ?is au?or proce$s to cont5d1 ! obvi\s "q :i* occurs to "o to ask is1 :at does ,religion1 :at does ,revelation1 say on ! po9t8 ,political ,economy mu/ n be all[$ to give judgm5t 9 its own fav\r1 b mu/ come be=e a high] tribunal4 ,! objection is an appeal to ! ,!ologian2 h[ev]1 ! ,pr(essor does n s view ! matt]2 he does n consid] x a "q = ,philosophy2 nor inde$ on ! o!r h& a "q = ,political ,economy2 n a "q = ,sci5ce at all2 b = ,private ,judgm5t1--s he answ]s x himself1 & z foll[s3 #ab4 8,my answ]10 he says1 8is1 fir/1 t ! pursuit ( weal?1 t is1 ! endeav\r to accumulate ! means ( future subsi/5ce & enjoym5t1 is1 to ! mass ( mank9d1 ! great s\rce ( moral improvem5t40 ,n[ obs]ve1 ,g5tlem51 h[ exactly ?is be>s out :at ,i h be5 say+4 ,x is j s f> true1 z to be able to in/il :at is false1 f> z ! au?or 0 f any su* design4 ,i grant1 !n1 t1 ord9>ily1 begg>y is n ! means ( moral improvem5t2 & t ! ord]ly habits :i* att5d ^u ! hot pursuit ( ga91 n only may effect an ext]nal dec5cy1 b may at lea/ %elt] ! s\l f ! temptations ( vice4 ,moreov]1 ^! habits ( good ord] gu>antee regul>ity 9 a family or h\sehold1 & ?us are accid5tally ! means ( good2 moreov]1 !y lead to ! education ( its y\ng] bran*es1 & !y ?us accid5tally provide ! ris+ g5]ation ) a virtue or a tru? :i* ! pres5t has n3 b )\t go+ into ^! consid]ations1 fur!r ?an to all[ !m g5]ally1 & "u circum/ances1 let u r contemplate :at ! au?or's direct ass]tion is4 ,he says1 8! endeav\r to accumulate10 ! words %\ld be weigh$1 & = :at8 8= enjoym5t20--8to accumulate ! means ( future subsi/5ce & enjoym5t1 is1 to ! mass ( mank9d1 ! great s\rce10 n m]ely a s\rce1 b ! great s\rce1 & ( :at8 ( social & political progress8--su* an answ] w\ld h be5 m )9 ! limits ( 8 art1--no1 b ( some?+ individual & p]sonal1 8( moral improvem5t40 ,! s\l1 9 ! case ( 8! mass ( mank9d10 improves 9 moral excell5ce f ?is m ?an any ?+ else1 viz41 f heap+ up ! means ( enjoy+ ?is _w 9 "t to come6 ,i really %\ld on e acc\nt be sorry1 ,g5tlem51 to exagg]ate1 b inde$ "o is tak5 by surprise1 "o is />tl$1 on meet+ ) s v categorical a contradiction ( our ,"l1 ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 ,/4 ,leo1 & all ,sa9ts4 8,no in/itution10 he cont9ues1 8c\ld be m b5eficial to ! morals ( ! l[] ord]s1 t is1 to at lea/ n9e-t5?s ( ! :ole body ( any p1 ?an "o :i* %\ld increase _! p[] & _! wi% to accumulate2 none m mis*iev\s ?an "o :i* %\ld dim9i% _! motives & means to save40 ,no in/itution m b5eficial ?an "o :i* %\ld increase ! wi% to accumulate6 !n ,*ri/ianity is n "o ( su* b5eficial in/itutions1 = x expressly says1 8,lay n up to y\rselves treasures on e>? ''' = :]e ?y treasure is1 !re is ?y he>t also20--no in/itution m mis*iev\s ?an "o :i* %\ld dim9i% ! motives to save6 !n ,*ri/ianity is "o ( su* mis*iefs1 = ! inspir$ text proce$s1 8,lay up to y\rselves treasures 9 heav51 :]e nei!r ! ru/ nor ! mo? do? consume1 & :]e ?ieves d n dig ?r\gh1 nor /eal40 ,b x is n en\gh t morals & happ9ess are made to dep5d on ga9 & accumulation2 ! practice ( ,religion is ascrib$ to ^! causes also1 & 9 ! foll[+ way4 ,weal? dep5ds ^u ! pursuit ( weal?2 education dep5ds ^u weal?2 k dep5ds on education2 & ,religion dep5ds on k2 !re=e ,religion dep5ds on ! pursuit ( weal?4 ,he says1 aft] speak+ ( a poor & savage p1 8,su* a population mu/ be grossly ignorant4 ,! desire ( k is "o ( ! la/ results ( ref9em5t2 x requires 9 g5]al to h be5 implant$ 9 ! m9d dur+ *ildhood2 & x is absurd to suppose t p]sons ?us situat$ w\ld h ! p[] or ! w to devote mu* to ! education ( _! *ildr54 ,a fur!r consequ5ce is ! abs5ce ( all real religion2 = ! religion ( ! grossly ignorant1 if !y h any1 sc>cely ev] am\nts to m ?an a debas+ sup]/ition407#aa7 ,! pursuit ( ga9 !n is ! basis ( virtue1 religion1 happ9ess2 ?\gh x is all ! :ile1 z a ,*ri/ian kn[s1 ! 8root ( all evils10 & ! 8poor on ! contr>y are bless$1 = !irs is ! k+dom ( ,god40 ,z to ! argum5t conta9$ 9 ! logical ,sorites :i* ,i h be5 draw+ out1 ,i anticipat$ j n[ :at ,i %\ld say to x 9 reply4 ,i repeat1 d\btless 8begg>y10 z ! wise man says1 is n desirable2 d\btless1 if m5 w n "w1 !y %\ld n eat2 !re is d\btless a s5se 9 :i* x may be said t m]e social or political virtue t5ds to moral & religi\s excell5ce2 b ! s5se ne$s to be def9$ & ! /atem5t to be kept )9 b\nds4 ,?is is ! v po9t on :i* ,i am all along insi/+4 ,i am n d5y+1 ,i am grant+1 ,i am assum+1 t !re is reason & tru? 9 ! 8lead+ ideas10 z !y are call$1 & 8l>ge views0 ( sci5tific m52 ,i only say t1 ?\gh !y speak tru?1 !y d n speak ! :ole tru?2 t !y speak a n>r[ tru?1 & ?9k x a broad tru?2 t _! d$uctions mu/ be comp>$ ) o!r tru?s1 :i* are ackn[l$g$ to be tru?s1 9 ord] to v]ify1 complete1 & correct !m4 ,!y say :at is true1 exceptis excipi5dis2 :at is true1 b requires gu>d+2 true1 b mu/ n be ridd5 too h>d1 or made :at is call$ a hobby2 true1 b n ! measure ( all ?+s2 true1 b if ?us inord9ately1 extravagantly1 ru9\sly c>ri$ out1 9 spite ( o!r sci5ces1 9 spite ( ,!ology1 sure to become b a great bubble1 & to bur/4 #ac4 ,i am gett+ to ! end ( ?is ,disc\rse1 be=e ,i h notic$ "o t5? "p ( ! in/ances ) :i* ,i might illu/rate ! subject ( x4 ,else ,i %\ld h wi%$ especially to h dwelt ^u ! n unfrequ5t p]v]sion :i* occurs ( antiqu>ian & hi/orical rese>*1 to ! prejudice ( ,!ology4 ,x is und5iable t ! records ( =m] ages are ( prim>y importance 9 det]m9+ ,ca?olic doctr9e2 x is und5iable also t !re is a sil5ce or a contr>iety ab/ract$ly conceivable 9 ^? records1 z to an alleg$ portion ( t doctr9e1 :i* w\ld be suffici5t to invalidate its claims on our acceptance2 b x is q z und5iable t ! exi/+ docum5t>y te/imony to ,ca?olicism & ,*ri/ianity may be s unduly valu$ z to be made ! absolute measure ( ,revelation1 z if no "p ( !ological tea*+ 7 true :i* _c br+ its express text1 z x is call$1 f ,scripture1 & au?orities f ! ,fa!rs or pr(ane writ]s1--:]eas !re are numb]less facts 9 pa/ times :i* we _c d5y1 = !y are indisputable1 ?\gh hi/ory is sil5t ab\t !m4 ,i suppose1 on ?is score1 we ought to d5y t ! r\nd t[]s ( ?is c\ntry _h any orig91 because hi/ory does n disclose x2 or t any individual came f ,adam :o _c produce ! table ( 8 ance/ry4 ,yet ,gibbon argues aga9/ ! d>kness at ! ,passion1 f ! accid5t t x is n m5tion$ by ,pagan hi/orians3--z well might he argue aga9/ ! exi/5ce ( ,*ri/ianity itself 9 ! fir/ c5tury1 because ,s5eca1 ,pl9y1 ,plut>*1 ! ,jewi% ,mi%na1 & o!r au?orities are sil5t ab\t x4 ,prote/ants argue 9 a p>allel way aga9/ ,transub/antiation1 & ,arians aga9/ our ,"l's ,div9ity1 viz41 on ! gr\nd t extant writ+s ( c]ta9 ,fa!rs d n witness ^? doctr9es to _! satisfaction3--z well might !y say t ,*ri/ianity 0 n spread by ! ,twelve ,apo/les1 because we "k s little ( _! lab\rs4 ,! evid5ce ( ,hi/ory1 ,i say1 is invaluable 9 its place2 b1 if x assumes to be ! sole means ( ga9+ ,religi\s ,tru?1 x goes beyond its place4 ,we are putt+ x to a l>g] (fice ?an x c und]take1 if we c\nt5ance ! usurpation2 & we are turn+ a true guide & bless+ into a s\rce ( inexplicable difficulty & int]m9able d\bt4 ,& s ( o!r sci5ces3 j z ,comp>ative ,anatomy1 ,political ,economy1 ! ,philosophy ( ,hi/ory1 & ! ,sci5ce ( ,antiquities may be & are turn$ aga9/ ,religion1 by be+ tak5 by !mselves1 z ,i h be5 %[+1 s a l mi/ake may befall any o!r4 ,gramm>1 = in/ance1 at fir/ sight does n appe> to admit ( a p]v]sion2 yet ,horne ,tooke made x ! vehicle ( 8 peculi> scepticism4 ,law w\ld seem to h en\gh to d ) its own cli5ts1 & _! affairs2 & yet ,mr4 ,b5?am made a treatise on ,judicial ,pro(s a cov]t attack ^u ! miracles ( ,revelation4 ,& 9 l mann] ,physiology may d5y moral evil & human responsibility2 ,geology may d5y ,moses2 & ,logic may d5y ! ,holy ,tr9ity27#ab7 & o!r sci5ces1 n[ ris+ into notice1 are or w be victims ( a simil> abuse4 #ad4 ,& n[ to sum up :at ,i h be5 say+ 9 a few words4 ,my object1 x is pla91 has be5--n to %[ t ,secul> ,sci5ce 9 its v>i\s dep>tm5ts may take up a position ho/ile to ,!ology2--?is is r ! basis ( ! objection ) :i* ,i op5$ ?is ,disc\rse2--b to po9t out ! cause ( an ho/ility to :i* all p>ties w be> witness4 ,i h be5 insi/+ !n on ?is1 t ! ho/ility 9 "q1 :5 x occurs1 is co9cid5t ) an evid5t deflection or exorbitance ( ,sci5ce f its prop] c\rse2 & t ?is exorbitance is sure to take place1 almo/ f ! necessity ( ! case1 if ,!ology be n pres5t to def5d its own b\nd>ies & to h9d] ! encroa*m5t4 ,! human m9d _c keep f speculat+ & sy/ematiz+2 & if ,!ology is n all[$ to occupy its own t]ritory1 adjac5t sci5ces1 nay1 sci5ces :i* are q =eign to ,!ology1 w take possession ( x4 ,& ?is occupation is prov$ to be a usurpation by ?is circum/ance1 t ^! =eign sci5ces w assume c]ta9 pr9ciples z true1 & act ^u !m1 :i* !y nei!r h au?ority to lay d[n !mselves1 nor appeal to any o!r high] sci5ce to lay d[n = !m4 ,= example1 x is a m]e unw>rant$ assumption if ! ,antiqu>ian says1 8,no?+ has ev] tak5 place b is to be f\nd 9 hi/orical docum5ts20 or if ! ,philosophic ,hi/orian says1 8,!re is no?+ 9 ,judaism diff]5t f o!r political in/itutions20 or if ! ,anatomi/1 8,!re is no s\l beyond ! bra920 or if ! ,political ,economi/1 8,easy circum/ances make m5 virtu\s40 ,^! are enunciations1 n ( ,sci5ce1 b ( ,private ,judgm5t2 & x is ,private ,judgm5t t infects e sci5ce :i* x t\*es ) a ho/ility to ,!ology1 a ho/ility :i* prop]ly atta*es to no sci5ce 9 itself :atev]4 ,if !n1 ,g5tlem51 ,i n[ resi/ su* a c\rse ( act+ z unphilosophical1 :at is ?is b to d z m5 ( ,sci5ce d :5 ! int]e/s ( _! own respective pursuits are at /ake8 ,if !y c]ta9ly w\ld resi/ ! div9e :o det]m9$ ! orbit ( ,jupit] by ! ,p5tateu*1 :y am ,i to be accus$ ( c[>dice or illib]ality1 because ,i w n tol]ate _! attempt 9 turn to !ologize by means ( a/ronomy8 ,& if exp]im5tali/s w\ld be sure to cry out1 did ,i attempt to in/all ! ,?omi/ philosophy 9 ! s*ools ( a/ronomy & m$ic9e1 :y may n ,i1 :5 ,div9e ,sci5ce is o/raciz$1 & ,la ,place1 or ,buffon1 or ,humboldt1 sits d[n 9 its *air1 :y may n ,i fairly prote/ aga9/ _! exclusiv5ess1 & dem& ! emancipation ( ,!ology8 #ae4 ,& n[ ,i consid] ,i h said en\gh 9 pro( ( ! fir/ po9t1 :i* ,i und]took to ma9ta91 viz41 ! claim ( ,!ology to be repres5t$ among ! ,*airs ( a ,univ]sity4 ,i h %[n1 ,i ?9k1 t exclusiv5ess really atta*es1 n to ^? :o support t claim1 b to ^? :o dispute x4 ,i h argu$ 9 its behalf1 fir/1 f ! consid]ation t1 :]eas x is ! v pr(ession ( a ,univ]sity to tea* all sci5ces1 on ?is acc\nt x _c exclude ,!ology )\t be+ untrue to its pr(ession4 ,next1 ,i h said t1 all sci5ces be+ connect$ toge!r1 & hav+ be>+s "o on ano!r1 x is impossible to tea* !m all ?or\ghly1 unless !y all are tak5 into acc\nt1 & ,!ology among !m4 ,moreov]1 ,i h insi/$ on ! important influ5ce1 :i* ,!ology 9 matt] ( fact does & mu/ ex]cise ov] a great v>iety ( sci5ces1 complet+ & correct+ !m2 s t1 grant+ x to be a real sci5ce occupi$ ^u tru?1 x _c be omitt$ )\t great prejudice to ! tea*+ ( ! re/4 ,& la/ly1 ,i h urg$ t1 suppos+ ,!ology be n taught1 its prov9ce w n simply be neglect$1 b w be actually usurp$ by o!r sci5ces1 :i* w tea*1 )\t w>rant1 conclusions ( _! own 9 a subject-matt] :i* ne$s its own prop] pr9ciples = its due =mation & disposition4 ,ab/ract /atem5ts are always unsatisfactory2 ^!1 z ,i h already obs]v$1 c\ld be illu/rat$ at f> great] l5g? ?an ! "t allott$ to me = ! purpose has all[$4 ,let me hope t ,i h said en\gh ^u ! subject to sugge/ ?\ghts1 :i* ^? :o take an int]e/ 9 x may pursue = !mselves4 ,disc\rse ,v4 ,k ,its ,own ,end4 ,a ,univ]sity may be consid]$ ) ref]5ce ei!r to its ,/ud5ts or to its ,/udies2 & ! pr9ciple1 t all ,k is a :ole & ! sep>ate ,sci5ces p>ts ( "o1 :i* ,i h hi!rto be5 us+ 9 behalf ( its /udies1 is equally important :5 we direct our att5tion to its /ud5ts4 ,n[ !n ,i turn to ! /ud5ts1 & %all consid] ! education :i*1 by virtue ( ?is pr9ciple1 a ,univ]sity w give !m2 & ?us ,i %all be introduc$1 ,g5tlem51 to ! second "q1 :i* ,i propos$ to discuss1 viz1 :e!r & 9 :at s5se its tea*+1 view$ relatively to ! taught1 c>ries ! attribute ( ,utility along ) x4 #a4 ,i h said t all bran*es ( k are connect$ toge!r1 because ! subject-matt] ( k is intimately unit$ 9 itself1 z be+ ! acts & ! "w ( ! ,creator4 ,h5ce x is t ! ,sci5ces1 into :i* our k may be said to be ca/1 h multipli$ be>+s "o on ano!r1 & an int]nal sympa?y1 & admit1 or r dem&1 comp>ison & adju/m5t4 ,!y complete1 correct1 balance ea* o!r4 ,?is consid]ation1 if well-f\nd$1 mu/ be tak5 into acc\nt1 n only z reg>ds ! atta9m5t ( tru?1 :i* is _! common end1 b z reg>ds ! influ5ce :i* !y ex]cise ^u ^? ^: education consi/s 9 ! /udy ( !m4 ,i h said already1 t to give undue prom95ce to "o is to be unju/ to ano!r2 to neglect or sup]s$e ^! is to div]t ^? f _! prop] object4 ,x is to unsettle ! b\nd>y l9es betwe5 sci5ce & sci5ce1 to di/urb _! action1 to de/roy ! h>mony :i* b9ds !m toge!r4 ,su* a proce$+ w h a correspond+ effect :5 introduc$ into a place ( education4 ,!re is no sci5ce b tells a diff]5t tale1 :5 view$ z a portion ( a :ole1 f :at x is likely to sugge/ :5 tak5 by itself1 )\t ! safegu>d1 z ,i may call x1 ( o!rs4 ,let me make use ( an illu/ration4 ,9 ! comb9ation ( col\rs1 v diff]5t effects are produc$ by a diff]5ce 9 _! selection & juxta-position2 r$1 gre51 & :ite1 *ange _! %ades1 accord+ to ! contra/ to :i* !y are submitt$4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ! drift & mean+ ( a bran* ( k v>ies ) ! company 9 :i* x is introduc$ to ! /ud5t4 ,if 8 read+ is conf9$ simply to "o subject1 h[ev] su* division ( lab\r may fav\r ! advancem5t ( a p>ticul> pursuit1 a po9t into :i* ,i d n "h ent]1 c]ta9ly x has a t5d5cy to contract 8 m9d4 ,if x is incorporat$ ) o!rs1 x dep5ds on ^? o!rs z to ! k9d ( influ5ce :i* x ex]ts ^u him4 ,?us ! ,classics1 :i* 9 ,engl& are ! means ( ref9+ ! ta/e1 h 9 ,france subs]v$ ! spread ( revolution>y & dei/ical doctr9es4 ,9 ,metaphysics1 aga91 ,butl]'s ,analogy ( ,religion1 :i* has _h s mu* to d ) ! conv]sion to ! ,ca?olic fai? ( memb]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d1 appe>$ to ,pitt & o!rs1 :o _h receiv$ a diff]5t tra9+1 to op]ate only 9 ! direction ( infidelity4 ,& s aga91 ,watson1 ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 z ,i ?9k he tells u 9 ! n>rative ( 8 life1 felt ! sci5ce ( ,ma!matics to indispose ! m9d to religi\s belief1 :ile o!rs see 9 its inve/igations ! be/ p>allel1 & !reby def5ce1 ( ! ,*ri/ian ,my/]ies4 ,9 l mann]1 ,i suppose1 ,arcesilas w\ld n h h&l$ logic z ,ari/otle1 nor ,ari/otle h criticiz$ poets z ,plato2 yet reason+ & poetry are subject to sci5tific rules4 ,x is a great po9t !n to enl>ge ! range ( /udies :i* a ,univ]sity pr(esses1 ev5 = ! sake ( ! /ud5ts2 &1 ?\gh !y _c pursue e subject :i* is op5 to !m1 !y w be ! ga9]s by liv+ among ^? & "u ^? :o repres5t ! :ole circle4 ,?is ,i conceive to be ! advantage ( a seat ( univ]sal le>n+1 consid]$ z a place ( education4 ,an assemblage ( le>n$ m51 zeal\s = _! own sci5ces1 & rivals ( ea* o!r1 are br\ght1 by famili> int]c\rse & = ! sake ( intellectual peace1 to adju/ toge!r ! claims & relations ( _! respective subjects ( inve/igation4 ,!y le>n to respect1 to consult1 to aid ea* o!r4 ,?us is creat$ a pure & cle> atmosph]e ( ?\ght1 :i* ! /ud5t also brea!s1 ?\gh 9 8 own case he only pursues a few sci5ces out ( ! multitude4 ,he pr(its by an intellectual tradition1 :i* is indep5d5t ( p>ticul> tea*]s1 :i* guides him 9 8 *oice ( subjects1 & duly int]prets = him ^? :i* he *ooses4 ,he appreh5ds ! great outl9es ( k1 ! pr9ciples on :i* x re/s1 ! scale ( its p>ts1 its lights & its %ades1 its great po9ts & its little1 z he o!rwise _c appreh5d !m4 ,h5ce x is t 8 education is call$ 8,lib]al40 ,a habit ( m9d is =m$ :i* la/s ?r\gh life1 ( :i* ! attributes are1 fre$om1 equitabl5ess1 calmness1 mod]ation1 & wisdom2 or :at 9 a =m] ,disc\rse ,i h v5tur$ to call a philosophical habit4 ,?is !n ,i w\ld assign z ! special fruit ( ! education furni%$ at a ,univ]sity1 z contra/$ ) o!r places ( tea*+ or modes ( tea*+4 ,?is is ! ma9 purpose ( a ,univ]sity 9 its treatm5t ( its /ud5ts4 ,& n[ ! "q is ask$ me1 ,:at is ! use ( x8 & my answ] w con/itute ! ma9 subject ( ! ,disc\rses :i* are to foll[4 #b4 ,cauti\s & practical ?9k]s1 ,i say1 w ask ( me1 :at1 aft] all1 is ! ga9 ( ?is ,philosophy1 ( :i* ,i make su* acc\nt1 & f :i* ,i promise s mu*4 ,ev5 suppos+ x to enable u to ex]cise ! degree ( tru/ exactly due to e sci5ce respectively1 & to e/imate precisely ! value ( e tru? :i* is any:]e to be f\nd1 h[ are we bett] = ?is ma/] view ( ?+s1 :i* ,i h be5 extoll+8 ,does x n rev]se ! pr9ciple ( ! division ( lab\r8 w practical objects be obta9$ bett] or worse by its cultivation8 to :at !n does x lead8 :]e does x end8 :at does x d8 h[ does x pr(it8 :at does x promise8 ,p>ticul> sci5ces are respectively ! basis ( def9ite arts1 :i* c>ry on to results tangible & b5eficial ! tru?s :i* are ! subjects ( ! k atta9$2 :at is ! ,art ( ?is sci5ce ( sci5ces8 :at is ! fruit ( su* a ,philosophy8 :at are we propos+ to effect1 :at inducem5ts d we hold out to ! ,ca?olic community1 :5 we set ab\t ! ent]prise ( f\nd+ a ,univ]sity8 ,i am ask$ :at is ! end ( ,univ]sity ,education1 & ( ! ,lib]al or ,philosophical ,k :i* ,i conceive x to imp>t3 ,i answ]1 t :at ,i h already said has be5 suffici5t to %[ t x has a v tangible1 real1 & suffici5t end1 ?\gh ! end _c be divid$ f t k itself4 ,k is capable ( be+ its own end4 ,su* is ! con/itution ( ! human m9d1 t any k9d ( k1 if x be really su*1 is its own rew>d4 ,& if ?is is true ( all k1 x is true also ( t special ,philosophy1 :i* ,i h made to consi/ 9 a compreh5sive view ( tru? 9 all its bran*es1 ( ! relations ( sci5ce to sci5ce1 ( _! mutual be>+s1 & _! respective values4 ,:at ! wor? ( su* an acquirem5t is1 comp>$ ) o!r objects :i* we seek1--weal? or p[] or hon\r or ! conv5i5ces & com=ts ( life1 ,i d n pr(ess "h to discuss2 b ,i w\ld ma9ta91 & mean to %[1 t x is an object1 9 its own nature s really & und5iably good1 z to be ! comp5sation ( a great deal ( ?\ght 9 ! compass+1 & a great deal ( tr\ble 9 ! atta9+4 ,n[1 :5 ,i say t ,k is1 n m]ely a means to some?+ beyond x1 or ! prelim9>y ( c]ta9 arts into :i* x naturally resolves1 b an end suffici5t to re/ 9 & to pursue = its own sake1 surely ,i am utt]+ no p>adox1 = ,i am /at+ :at is bo? intelligible 9 itself1 & has ev] be5 ! common judgm5t ( philosoph]s & ! ord9>y feel+ ( mank9d4 ,i am say+ :at at lea/ ! public op9ion ( ?is day ought to be sl[ to d5y1 consid]+ h[ mu* we h he>d ( late ye>s1 9 opposition to ,religion1 ( ent]ta9+1 curi\s1 & v>i\s k4 ,i am b say+ :at :ole volumes h be5 writt5 to illu/rate1 viz41 by a 8selection f ! records ( ,philosophy1 ,lit]ature1 & ,art1 9 all ages & c\ntries1 ( a body ( examples1 to %[ h[ ! mo/ unpropiti\s circum/ances h be5 unable to conqu] an ard5t desire = ! acquisition ( k407#ac7 ,t fur!r advantages accrue to u & r$\nd to o!rs by its possession1 ov] & above :at x is 9 itself1 ,i am v f> inde$ f d5y+2 b1 indep5d5t ( ^!1 we are satisfy+ a direct ne$ ( our nature 9 its v acquisition2 &1 :]eas our nature1 unlike t ( ! inf]ior creation1 does n at once rea* its p]fection1 b dep5ds1 9 ord] to x1 on a numb] ( ext]nal aids & appliances1 ,k1 z "o ( ! pr9cipal ( ^!1 is valuable = :at its v pres5ce 9 u does = u aft] ! mann] ( a habit1 ev5 ?\gh x be turn$ to no fur!r acc\nt1 nor subs]ve any direct end4 #c4 ,h5ce x is t ,cic]o1 9 enum]at+ ! v>i\s heads ( m5tal excell5ce1 lays d[n ! pursuit ( ,k = its own sake1 z ! fir/ ( !m4 8,?is p]ta9s mo/ ( all to human nature10 he says1 8= we are all ( u drawn to ! pursuit ( ,k2 9 :i* to excel we consid] excell5t1 :]eas to mi/ake1 to err1 to be ignorant1 to be deceiv$1 is bo? an evil & a disgrace407#ad7 ,& he consid]s ,k ! v fir/ object to :i* we are attract$1 aft] ! supply ( our physical wants4 ,aft] ! calls & duties ( our animal exi/5ce1 z !y may be t]m$1 z reg>ds ourselves1 our family1 & our neighb\rs1 foll[s1 he tells u1 8! se>* aft] tru?4 ,accord+ly1 z soon z we escape f ! pressure ( necess>y c>es1 =?) we desire to see1 to he>1 & to le>n2 & consid] ! k ( :at is hidd5 or is wond]ful a condition ( our happ9ess40 ,?is passage1 ?\gh x is b "o ( _m simil> passages 9 a multitude ( au?ors1 ,i take = ! v reason t x is s famili>ly kn[n to u2 & ,i wi% y to obs]ve1 ,g5tlem51 h[ di/9ctly x sep>ates ! pursuit ( ,k f ^? ult]ior objects to :i* c]ta9ly x c be made to conduce1 & :i* are1 ,i suppose1 solely contemplat$ by ! p]sons :o w\ld ask ( me ! use ( a ,univ]sity or ,lib]al ,education4 ,s f> f dream+ ( ! cultivation ( ,k directly & ma9ly 9 ord] to our physical com=t & enjoym5t1 = ! sake ( life & p]son1 ( heal?1 ( ! conjugal & family union1 ( ! social tie & civil security1 ! great ,orator implies1 t x is only aft] our physical & political ne$s are suppli$1 & :5 we are 8free f necess>y duties & c>es10 t we are 9 a condition = 8desir+ to see1 to he>1 & to le>n40 ,nor does he contemplate 9 ! lea/ degree ! reflex or subsequ5t action ( ,k1 :5 acquir$1 ^u ^? mat]ial goods :i* we set out by secur+ be=e we seek x2 on ! contr>y1 he expressly d5ies its be>+ ^u social life altoge!r1 /range z su* a proc$ure is to ^? :o live aft] ! rise ( ! ,baconian philosophy1 & he cautions u aga9/ su* a cultivation ( x z w int]f]e ) our duties to our fell[-creatures4 8,all ^! me?ods10 he says1 8are engag$ 9 ! inve/igation ( tru?2 by ! pursuit ( :i* to be c>ri$ (f f public occupations is a transgression ( duty4 ,= ! praise ( virtue lies altoge!r 9 action2 yet int]missions (t5 occur1 & !n we recur to su* pursuits2 n to say t ! incessant activity ( ! m9d is vigor\s en\gh to c>ry u on 9 ! pursuit ( k1 ev5 )\t any ex]tion ( our own40 ,! idea ( b5efit+ society by means ( 8! pursuit ( sci5ce & k0 did n ent] at all into ! motives :i* he w\ld assign = _! cultivation4 ,?is 0 ! gr\nd ( ! opposition :i* ! eld] ,cato made to ! introduction ( ,greek ,philosophy among 8 c\ntrym51 :5 ,c>neades & 8 companions1 on occasion ( _! embassy1 7 *>m+ ! ,roman y\? ) _! eloqu5t expositions ( x4 ,! fit repres5tative ( a practical p1 ,cato e/imat$ e ?+ by :at x produc$2 :]eas ! ,pursuit ( ,k promis$ no?+ beyond ,k itself4 ,he despis$ t ref9em5t or enl>gem5t ( m9d ( :i* he _h no exp]i5ce4 #d4 ,?+s1 :i* c be> to be cut (f f e ?+ else & yet p]si/ 9 liv+1 mu/ h life 9 !mselves2 pursuits1 :i* issue 9 no?+1 & /ill ma9ta9 _! gr\nd = ages1 :i* are reg>d$ z admirable1 ?\gh !y h n z yet prov$ !mselves to be useful1 mu/ h _! suffici5t end 9 !mselves1 :atev] x turn out to be4 ,& we are br\ght to ! same conclusion by consid]+ ! =ce ( ! epi!t1 by :i* ! k "u consid]ation is popul>ly designat$4 ,x is common to speak ( 8lib]al k10 ( ! 8lib]al arts & /udies10 & ( a 8lib]al education10 z ! especial *>act]i/ic or prop]ty ( a ,univ]sity & ( a g5tleman2 :at is really meant by ! ^w8 ,n[1 fir/1 9 its grammatical s5se x is oppos$ to s]vile2 & by 8s]vile "w0 is und]/ood1 z our cate*isms in=m u1 bodily lab\r1 me*anical employm5t1 & ! l1 9 :i* ! m9d has little or no "p4 ,p>allel to su* s]vile works are ^? arts1 if !y des]ve ! "n1 ( :i* ! poet speaks17#ae7 :i* owe _! orig9 & _! me?od to haz>d1 n to skill2 z1 = in/ance1 ! practice & op]ations ( an empiric4 ,z f> z ?is contra/ may be consid]$ z a guide into ! mean+ ( ! ^w1 lib]al education & lib]al pursuits are ex]cises ( m9d1 ( reason1 ( reflection4 ,b we want some?+ m = its explanation1 = !re are bodily ex]cises :i* are lib]al1 & m5tal ex]cises :i* are n s4 ,= in/ance1 9 anci5t times ! practition]s 9 m$ic9e 7 commonly slaves2 yet x 0 an art z intellectual 9 its nature1 9 spite ( ! pret5ce1 fraud1 & quack]y ) :i* x might !n1 z n[1 be debas$1 z x 0 heav5ly 9 its aim4 ,& s 9 l mann]1 we contra/ a lib]al education ) a comm]cial education or a pr(essional2 yet no "o c d5y t comm]ce & ! pr(essions af=d scope = ! highe/ & mo/ div]sifi$ p[]s ( m9d4 ,!re is !n a great v>iety ( intellectual ex]cises1 :i* are n te*nically call$ 8lib]al20 on ! o!r h&1 ,i say1 !re are ex]cises ( ! body :i* d receive t appellation4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 0 ! pal/ra1 9 anci5t times2 su* ! ,olympic games1 9 :i* /r5g? & dext]ity ( body z well z ( m9d ga9$ ! prize4 ,9 ,x5ophon we read ( ! "y ,p]sian nobility be+ taught to ride on horseback & to speak ! tru?2 bo? be+ among ! accompli%m5ts ( a g5tleman4 ,w>1 too1 h[ev] r\gh a pr(ession1 has ev] be5 acc\nt$ lib]al1 unless 9 cases :5 x becomes h]oic1 :i* w\ld introduce u to ano!r subject4 ,n[ comp>+ ^! in/ances toge!r1 we %all h no difficulty 9 det]m9+ ! pr9ciple ( ?is app>5t v>iation 9 ! application ( ! t]m :i* ,i am exam9+4 ,manly games1 or games ( skill1 or milit>y pr[ess1 ?\gh bodily1 are1 x seems1 acc\nt$ lib]al2 on ! o!r h&1 :at is m]ely pr(essional1 ?\gh highly intellectual1 nay1 ?\gh lib]al 9 comp>ison ( trade & manual lab\r1 is n simply call$ lib]al1 & m]cantile occupations are n lib]al at all4 ,:y ?is di/9ction8 because t alone is lib]al k1 :i* /&s on its own pret5sions1 :i* is indep5d5t ( sequel1 expects no complem5t1 refuses to be in=m$ 7z x is call$7 by any end1 or absorb$ into any art1 9 ord] duly to pres5t itself to our contemplation4 ,! mo/ ord9>y pursuits h ?is specific "*1 if !y are self-suffici5t & complete2 ! highe/ lose x1 :5 !y m9i/] to some?+ beyond !m4 ,x is absurd to balance1 9 po9t ( wor? & importance1 a treatise on r$uc+ fractures ) a game ( cricket or a fox-*ase2 yet ( ! two ! bodily ex]cise has t quality :i* we call 8lib]al10 & ! intellectual has x n4 ,& s ( ! le>n$ pr(essions altoge!r1 consid]$ m]ely z pr(essions2 al?\gh "o ( !m be ! mo/ popul>ly b5eficial1 & ano!r ! mo/ politically important1 & ! ?ird ! mo/ intimately div9e ( all human pursuits1 yet ! v greatness ( _! end1 ! heal? ( ! body1 or ( ! commonweal?1 or ( ! s\l1 dim9i%es1 n increases1 _! claim to ! appellation 8lib]al10 & t /ill m1 if !y are cut d[n to ! /rict exig5cies ( t end4 ,if1 = in/ance1 ,!ology1 in/ead ( be+ cultivat$ z a contemplation1 be limit$ to ! purposes ( ! pulpit or be repres5t$ by ! cate*ism1 x loses1--n its usefulness1 n its div9e "*1 n its m]itori\sness 7r x ga9s a claim ^u ^! titles by su* *>itable condesc5sion71--b x does lose ! p>ticul> attribute :i* ,i am illu/rat+2 j z a face worn by te>s & fa/+ loses its beauty1 or a lab\r]'s h& loses its delicat5ess2--= ,!ology ?us ex]cis$ is n simple k1 b r is an art or a bus9ess mak+ use ( ,!ology4 ,& ?us x appe>s t ev5 :at is sup]natural ne$ n be lib]al1 nor ne$ a h]o be a g5tleman1 = ! pla9 reason t "o idea is n ano!r idea4 ,& 9 l mann] ! ,baconian ,philosophy1 by us+ its physical sci5ces 9 ! s]vice ( man1 does !reby transf] !m f ! ord] ( ,lib]al ,pursuits to1 ,i d n say ! inf]ior1 b ! di/9ct class ( ! ,useful4 ,&1 to take a diff]5t in/ance1 h5ce aga91 z is evid5t1 :5ev] p]sonal ga9 is ! motive1 /ill m di/9ctive an effect has x ^u ! "* ( a giv5 pursuit2 ?us rac+1 :i* 0 a lib]al ex]cise 9 ,greece1 =feits its rank 9 times l ^!1 s f> z x is made ! occasion ( gambl+4 ,all t ,i h be5 n[ say+ is summ$ up 9 a few *>act]i/ic words ( ! great ,philosoph]4 8,( possessions10 he says1 8^? r are useful1 :i* be> fruit2 ^? lib]al1 :i* t5d to enjoym5t4 ,by fruitful1 ,i mean1 :i* yield rev5ue2 by enjoyable1 :]e no?+ accrues ( consequ5ce beyond ! us+407#af7 #e4 ,d n suppose1 t 9 ?us appeal+ to ! anci5ts1 ,i am ?r[+ back ! _w two ?\s& ye>s1 & fett]+ ,philosophy ) ! reason+s ( paganism4 ,:ile ! _w la/s1 w ,ari/otle's doctr9e on ^! matt]s la/1 = he is ! oracle ( nature & ( tru?4 ,:ile we are m51 we _c help1 to a great ext5t1 be+ ,ari/otelians1 = ! great ,ma/] does b analyze ! ?\ghts1 feel+s1 views1 & op9ions ( human k9d4 ,he has told u ! mean+ ( our own words & ideas1 be=e we 7 born4 ,9 _m subject-matt]s1 to ?9k correctly1 is to ?9k l ,ari/otle1 & we are 8 disciples :e!r we w or no1 ?\gh we may n "k x4 ,n[1 z to ! p>ticul> in/ance be=e u1 ! ^w 8lib]al0 z appli$ to ,k & ,education1 expresses a specific idea1 :i* ev] has be51 & ev] w be1 :ile ! nature ( man is ! same1 j z ! idea ( ! ,beautiful is specific1 or ( ! ,sublime1 or ( ! ,ridicul\s1 or ( ! ,sordid4 ,x is 9 ! _w n[1 x 0 9 ! _w !n2 &1 z 9 ! case ( ! dogmas ( fai?1 x is illu/rat$ by a cont9u\s hi/orical tradition1 & nev] 0 out ( ! _w1 f ! "t x came into x4 ,!re h inde$ be5 diff]5ces ( op9ion f "t to "t1 z to :at pursuits & :at arts came "u t idea1 b su* diff]5ces are b an additional evid5ce ( its reality4 ,t idea mu/ h a sub/ance 9 x1 :i* has ma9ta9$ its gr\nd amid ^! conflicts & *anges1 :i* has ev] s]v$ z a /&>d to measure ?+s )al1 :i* has pass$ f m9d to m9d un*ang$1 :5 !re 0 s mu* to col\r1 s mu* to influ5ce any notion or ?\ght :atev]1 :i* 0 n f\nd$ 9 our v nature4 ,7 x a m]e g5]alization1 x w\ld h v>i$ ) ! subjects f :i* x 0 g5]aliz$2 b ?\gh its subjects v>y ) ! age1 x v>ies n itself4 ,! pal/ra may seem a lib]al ex]cise to ,lycurgus1 & illib]al to ,s5eca2 coa*-driv+ & prize-fight+ may be recogniz$ 9 ,elis1 & be condemn$ 9 ,engl&2 music may be despicable 9 ! eyes ( c]ta9 mod]ns1 & be 9 ! highe/ place ) ,ari/otle & ,plato1--7& ! case is ! same 9 ! p>ticul> application ( ! idea ( ,beauty1 or ( ,goodness1 or ( ,moral ,virtue1 !re is a diff]5ce ( ta/es1 a diff]5ce ( judgm5ts7--/ill ^! v>iations imply1 in/ead ( discr$it+1 ! ar*etypal idea1 :i* is b a previ\s hypo!sis or condition1 by means ( :i* issue is jo9$ betwe5 cont5d+ op9ions1 & )\t :i* !re w\ld be no?+ to dispute ab\t4 ,i consid]1 !n1 t ,i am *>geable ) no p>adox1 :5 ,i speak ( a ,k :i* is its own end1 :5 ,i call x lib]al k1 or a g5tleman's k1 :5 ,i educate = x1 & make x ! scope ( a ,univ]sity4 ,& /ill less am ,i incurr+ su* a *>ge1 :5 ,i make ?is acquisition consi/1 n 9 ,k 9 a vague & ord9>y s5se1 b 9 t ,k :i* ,i h especially call$ ,philosophy or1 9 an ext5d$ s5se ( ! ^w1 ,sci5ce2 = :atev] claims ,k has to be consid]$ z a good1 ^! x has 9 a high] degree :5 x is view$ n vaguely1 n popul>ly1 b precisely & transc5d5tly z ,philosophy4 ,k1 ,i say1 is !n especially lib]al1 or suffici5t = itself1 ap>t f e ext]nal & ult]ior object1 :5 & s f> z x is philosophical1 & ?is ,i proce$ to %[4 #f4 ,n[ be> ) me1 ,g5tlem51 if :at ,i am ab\t to say1 has at fir/ sight a fanciful appe>ance4 ,philosophy1 !n1 or ,sci5ce1 is relat$ to ,k 9 ?is way3--,k is call$ by ! "n ( ,sci5ce or ,philosophy1 :5 x is act$ ^u1 in=m$1 or if ,i may use a /rong figure1 impregnat$ by ,reason4 ,reason is ! pr9ciple ( t intr9sic fecundity ( ,k1 :i*1 to ^? :o possess x1 is its especial value1 & :i* disp5ses ) ! necessity ( _! look+ abroad = any end to re/ ^u ext]nal to itself4 ,k1 inde$1 :5 ?us exalt$ into a sci5tific =m1 is also p[]2 n only is x excell5t 9 itself1 b :atev] su* excell5ce may be1 x is some?+ m1 x has a result beyond itself4 ,d\btless2 b t is a fur!r consid]ation1 ) :i* ,i am n conc]n$4 ,i only say t1 prior to its be+ a p[]1 x is a good2 t x is1 n only an in/rum5t1 b an end4 ,i "k well x may resolve itself into an art1 & t]m9ate 9 a me*anical process1 & 9 tangible fruit2 b x also may fall back ^u t ,reason :i* in=ms x1 & resolve itself into ,philosophy4 ,9 "o case x is call$ ,useful ,k1 9 ! o!r ,lib]al4 ,! same p]son may cultivate x 9 bo? ways at once2 b ?is aga9 is a matt] =eign to my subject2 "h ,i d b say t !re are two ways ( us+ ,k1 & 9 matt] ( fact ^? :o use x 9 "o way are n likely to use x 9 ! o!r1 or at lea/ 9 a v limit$ measure4 ,y see1 !n1 "h are two me?ods ( ,education2 ! end ( ! "o is to be philosophical1 ( ! o!r to be me*anical2 ! "o rises t[>ds g5]al ideas1 ! o!r is exhau/$ ^u :at is p>ticul> & ext]nal4 ,let me n be ?\ght to d5y ! necessity1 or to decry ! b5efit1 ( su* att5tion to :at is p>ticul> & practical1 z belongs to ! useful or me*anical arts2 life c\ld n g on )\t !m2 we owe our daily welf>e to !m2 _! ex]cise is ! duty ( ! _m1 & we owe to ! _m a debt ( gratitude = fulfill+ t duty4 ,i only say t ,k1 9 proportion z x t5ds m & m to be p>ticul>1 ceases to be ,k4 ,x is a "q :e!r ,k c 9 any prop] s5se be pr$icat$ ( ! brute creation2 )\t pret5d+ to metaphysical exactness ( phraseology1 :i* w\ld be unsuitable to an occasion l ?is1 ,i say1 x seems to me improp] to call t passive s5sation1 or p]ception ( ?+s1 :i* brutes seem to possess1 by ! "n ( ,k4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ,k1 ,i mean some?+ intellectual1 some?+ :i* grasps :at x p]ceives ?r\gh ! s5ses2 some?+ :i* takes a view ( ?+s2 :i* sees m ?an ! s5ses convey2 :i* reasons ^u :at x sees1 & :ile x sees2 :i* inve/s x ) an idea4 ,x expresses itself1 n 9 a m]e enunciation1 b by an en?ymeme3 x is ( ! nature ( sci5ce f ! fir/1 & 9 ?is consi/s its dignity4 ,! pr9ciple ( real dignity 9 ,k1 its wor?1 its desirabl5ess1 consid]$ irrespectively ( its results1 is ?is g]m )9 x ( a sci5tific or a philosophical process4 ,?is is h[ x comes to be an end 9 itself2 ?is is :y x admits ( be+ call$ ,lib]al4 ,n to "k ! relative disposition ( ?+s is ! /ate ( slaves or *ildr52 to h mapp$ out ! ,univ]se is ! boa/1 or at lea/ ! ambition1 ( ,philosophy4 ,moreov]1 su* k is n a m]e extr9sic or accid5tal advantage1 :i* is ours to-day & ano!r's to-morr[1 :i* may be got up f a book1 & easily =gott5 aga91 :i* we c comm& or communicate at our pleasure1 :i* we c borr[ = ! occasion1 c>ry ab\t 9 our h&1 & take into ! m>ket2 x is an acquir$ illum9ation1 x is a habit1 a p]sonal possession1 & an inw>d end[m5t4 ,& ?is is ! reason1 :y x is m correct1 z well z m usual1 to speak ( a ,univ]sity z a place ( education1 ?an ( in/ruction1 ?\gh1 :5 k is conc]n$1 in/ruction w\ld at fir/ sight h seem$ ! m appropriate ^w4 ,we are in/ruct$1 = in/ance1 9 manual ex]cises1 9 ! f9e & useful arts1 9 trades1 & 9 ways ( bus9ess2 = ^! are me?ods1 :i* h little or no effect ^u ! m9d itself1 are conta9$ 9 rules committ$ to memory1 to tradition1 or to use1 & be> ^u an end ext]nal to !mselves4 ,b education is a high] ^w2 x implies an action ^u our m5tal nature1 & ! =mation ( a "*2 x is some?+ individual & p]man5t1 & is commonly spok5 ( 9 connexion ) religion & virtue4 ,:51 !n1 we speak ( ! communication ( ,k z be+ ,education1 we !reby really imply t t ,k is a /ate or condition ( m9d2 & s9ce cultivation ( m9d is surely wor? seek+ = its own sake1 we are ?us br\ght once m to ! conclusion1 :i* ! ^w 8,lib]al0 & ! ^w 8,philosophy0 h already sugge/$1 t !re is a ,k1 :i* is desirable1 ?\gh no?+ come ( x1 z be+ ( itself a treasure1 & a suffici5t remun]ation ( ye>s ( lab\r4 #g4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! answ] :i* ,i am prep>$ to give to ! "q ) :i* ,i op5$ ?is ,disc\rse4 ,be=e go+ on to speak ( ! object ( ! ,*ur* 9 tak+ up ,philosophy1 & ! uses to :i* %e puts x1 ,i am prep>$ to ma9ta9 t ,philosophy is its own end1 &1 z ,i conceive1 ,i h n[ begun ! pro( ( x4 ,i am prep>$ to ma9ta9 t !re is a k wor? possess+ = :at x is1 & n m]ely = :at x does2 & :at m9utes rema9 to me to-day ,i %all devote to ! removal ( "s portion ( ! indi/9ctness & confusion ) :i* ! subject may 9 "s m9ds be surr\nd$4 ,x may be object$ !n1 t1 :5 we pr(ess to seek ,k = "s end or o!r beyond itself1 :atev] x be1 we speak intelligibly2 b t1 :atev] m5 may h said1 h[ev] ob/9ately ! idea may h kept its gr\nd f age to age1 /ill x is simply unmean+ to say t we seek ,k = its own sake1 & = no?+ else2 = t x ev] leads to some?+ beyond itself1 :i* !re=e is its end1 & ! cause :y x is desirable2--moreov]1 t ?is end is tw(old1 ei!r ( ?is _w or ( ! next2 t all k is cultivat$ ei!r = secul> objects or = et]nal2 t if x is direct$ to secul> objects1 x is call$ ,useful ,k1 if to et]nal1 ,religi\s or ,*ri/ian ,k2--9 consequ5ce1 t if1 z ,i h all[$1 ?is ,lib]al ,k does n b5efit ! body or e/ate1 x ought to b5efit ! s\l2 b if ! fact be really s1 t x is nei!r a physical or a secul> good on ! "o h&1 nor a moral good on ! o!r1 x _c be a good at all1 & is n wor? ! tr\ble :i* is necess>y = its acquisition4 ,& !n ,i may be rem9d$ t ! pr(essors ( ?is ,lib]al or ,philosophical ,k h !mselves1 9 e age1 recogniz$ ?is exposition ( ! matt]1 & h submitt$ to ! issue 9 :i* x t]m9ates2 = !y h ev] be5 attempt+ to make m5 virtu\s2 or1 if n1 at lea/ h assum$ t ref9em5t ( m9d 0 virtue1 & t !y !mselves 7 ! virtu\s portion ( mank9d4 ,?is !y h pr(ess$ on ! "o h&2 & on ! o!r1 !y h utt]ly fail$ 9 _! pr(essions1 s z ev] to make !mselves a prov]b among m51 & a laugh+-/ock bo? to ! grave & ! dissipat$ portion ( mank9d1 9 consequ5ce ( !m4 ,?us !y h furni%$ aga9/ !mselves bo? ! gr\nd & ! means ( _! own exposure1 )\t any tr\ble at all to any "o else4 ,9 a ^w1 f ! "t t ,a!ns 0 ! ,univ]sity ( ! _w1 :at has ,philosophy taught m51 b to promise )\t practis+1 & to aspire )\t atta9+8 ,:at has ! deep & l(ty ?\ght ( its disciples end$ 9 b eloqu5t words8 ,nay1 :at has its tea*+ ev] m$itat$1 :5 x 0 bolde/ 9 its rem$ies = human ill1 beyond *>m+ u to sleep by its lessons1 t we might feel no?+ at all8 l "s melodi\s air1 or r l ^? /rong & transport+ p]fumes1 :i* at fir/ spread _! sweetness ov] e ?+ !y t\*1 b 9 a little :ile d b (f5d 9 proportion z !y once pleas$ u4 ,did ,philosophy support ,cic]o "u ! disfav\r ( ! fickle populace1 or n]ve ,s5eca to oppose an imp]ial tyrant8 ,x ab&on$ ,brutus1 z he sorr[fully confess$1 9 8 greate/ ne$1 & x =c$ ,cato1 z 8 panegyri/ /rangely boa/s1 into ! false position ( defy+ heav54 ,h[ few c be c\nt$ among its pr(essors1 :o1 l ,polemo1 7 !reby conv]t$ f a pr(ligate c\rse1 or l ,anaxagoras1 ?\ght ! _w well lo/ 9 ex*ange = its possession8 ,! philosoph] 9 ,rasselas taught a sup]human doctr9e1 & !n succumb$ )\t an ef=t to a trial ( human affection4 8,he disc\rs$10 we are told1 8) great en]gy on ! gov]nm5t ( ! passions4 ,8 look 0 v5]able1 8 action graceful1 8 pronunciation cle>1 & 8 diction elegant4 ,he %[$1 ) great /r5g? ( s5tim5t & v>iety ( illu/ration1 t human nature is degrad$ & debas$1 :5 ! l[] faculties pr$om9ate ov] ! high]4 ,he communicat$ ! v>i\s precepts giv51 f "t to "t1 = ! conque/ ( passion1 & display$ ! happ9ess ( ^? :o _h obta9$ ! important victory1 aft] :i* man is no long] ! slave ( fe>1 nor ! fool ( hope4''' ,he enum]at$ _m examples ( h]oes immoveable by pa9 or pleasure1 :o look$ ) indiff]5ce on ^? modes or accid5ts to :i* ! vulg> give ! names ( good & evil40 ,rasselas 9 a few days f\nd ! philosoph] 9 a room half d>k5$1 ) 8 eyes mi/y1 & 8 face pale4 8,sir10 said he1 8y h come at a "t :5 all human fri5d%ip is useless2 :at ,i suff] _c be rem$i$1 :at ,i h lo/ _c be suppli$4 ,my daught]1 my only daught]1 f ^: t5d]ness ,i expect$ all ! com=ts ( my age1 di$ la/ night ( a fev]40 8,sir10 said ! pr9ce1 8mortality is an ev5t by :i* a wise man c nev] be surpris$2 we "k t dea? is always ne>1 & x %\ld !re=e always be expect$40 8,"y man10 answ]$ ! philosoph]1 8y speak l "o :o has nev] felt ! pangs ( sep>ation40 8,h y1 !n1 =got ! precept10 said ,rasselas1 8:i* y s p[]fully en=c$8''' consid] t ext]nal ?+s are naturally v>iable1 b tru? & reason are always ! same40 8,:at com=t10 said ! m\rn]1 8c tru? & reason af=d me8 ,( :at effect are !y n[1 b to tell me t my daught] w n be re/or$80 #h4 ,bett]1 f> bett]1 to make no pr(essions1 y w say1 ?an to *eat o!rs ) :at we are n1 & to sc&alize !m ) :at we are4 ,! s5suali/1 or ! man ( ! _w1 at any rate is n ! victim ( f9e words1 b pursues a reality & ga9s x4 ,! ,philosophy ( ,utility1 y w say1 ,g5tlem51 has at lea/ done its "w2 & ,i grant x1--x aim$ l[1 b x has fulfill$ its aim4 ,if t man ( great intellect :o has be5 its ,prophet 9 ! conduct ( life play$ false to 8 own pr(essions1 he 0 n b\nd by 8 philosophy to be true to 8 fri5d or fai?ful 9 8 tru/4 ,moral virtue 0 n ! l9e 9 :i* he und]took to in/ruct m52 & ?\gh1 z ! poet calls him1 he 7 ! 8meane/0 ( mank9d1 he 0 s 9 :at may be call$ 8 private capacity & )\t any prejudice to ! !ory ( induction4 ,he _h a "r to be s1 if he *ose1 = any ?+ t ! ,idols ( ! d5 or ! !atre _h to say to ! contr>y4 ,8 mission 0 ! increase ( physical enjoym5t & social com=t27#ag7 & mo/ wond]fully1 mo/ awfully has he fulfill$ 8 conception & 8 design4 ,almo/ day by day h we fre% & fre% %oots1 & buds1 & blossoms1 :i* are to rip5 into fruit1 on t magical tree ( ,k :i* he plant$1 & to :i* none ( u p]haps1 except ! v poor1 b owes1 if n 8 pres5t life1 at lea/ 8 daily food1 8 heal?1 & g5]al well-be+4 ,he 0 ! div9ely provid$ m9i/] ( temporal b5efits to all ( u s great1 t1 :atev] ,i am =c$ to ?9k ( him z a man1 ,i h n ! he>t1 f m]e gratitude1 to speak ( him sev]ely4 ,&1 9 spite ( ! t5d5cies ( 8 philosophy1 :i* are1 z we see at ?is day1 to depreciate1 or to trample on ,!ology1 he has himself1 9 8 writ+s1 gone out ( 8 way1 z if ) a prophetic misgiv+ ( ^? t5d5cies1 to insi/ on x z ! in/rum5t ( t b5efic5t ,fa!r17#ah7 :o1 :5 ,he came on e>? 9 visible =m1 took on ,him fir/ & mo/ prom95tly ! (fice ( assuag+ ! bodily w\nds ( human nature4 ,& truly1 l ! old m$ic9] 9 ! tale1 8he sat dilig5tly at 8 "w1 & humm$1 ) *e]ful c\nt5ance1 a pi\s song20 & !n 9 turn 8w5t out s++ into ! mead[s s gaily1 t ^? :o _h se5 him f af> might well h ?\ght x 0 a y\? ga!r+ fl[]s = 8 belov$1 in/ead ( an old physician ga!r+ heal+ h]bs 9 ! morn+ dew407#ai7 ,alas1 t m51 9 ! action ( life or 9 _! he>t ( he>ts1 are n :at !y seem to be 9 _! mom5ts ( excitem5t1 or 9 _! trances or intoxications ( g5ius1--s good1 s noble1 s s]5e6 ,alas1 t ,bacon too 9 8 own way %\ld aft] all be b ! fell[ ( ^? hea!n philosoph]s :o 9 _! disadvantages _h "s excuse = _! inconsi/5cy1 & :o surprise u r 9 :at !y did say ?an 9 :at !y did n d6 ,alas1 t he too1 l ,socrates or ,s5eca1 mu/ be /ripp$ ( 8 holy-day coat1 :i* looks s fair1 & %\ld be b a mock]y amid 8 mo/ maje/ic gravity ( phrase2 &1 = all 8 va/ abilities1 %\ld1 9 ! littl5ess ( 8 own moral be+1 b typify ! intellectual n>r[ness ( 8 s*ool6 ,h[ev]1 grant+ all ?is1 h]oism aft] all 0 n 8 philosophy3--,i _c d5y he has abundantly a*iev$ :at he propos$4 ,8 is simply a ,me?od :]eby bodily discom=ts & temporal wants are to be mo/ effectually remov$ f ! greate/ numb]2 & already1 be=e x has %[n any signs ( exhau/ion1 ! gifts ( nature1 9 _! mo/ artificial %apes & luxuri\s pr(usion & div]sity1 f all qu>t]s ( ! e>?1 are1 x is und5iable1 by its means br\ght ev5 to our doors1 & we rejoice 9 !m4 #i4 ,useful ,k !n1 ,i grant1 has done its "w2 & ,lib]al ,k z c]ta9ly has n done its "w1--t is1 suppos+1 z ! objectors assume1 its direct end1 l ,religi\s ,k1 is to make m5 bett]2 b ?is ,i w n = an in/ant all[1 &1 unless ,i all[ x1 ^? objectors h said no?+ to ! purpose4 ,i admit1 r ,i ma9ta91 :at !y h be5 urg+1 = ,i consid] ,k to h its end 9 itself4 ,= all its fri5ds1 or its enemies1 may say1 ,i insi/ ^u x1 t x is z real a mi/ake to burd5 x ) virtue or religion z ) ! me*anical arts4 ,its direct bus9ess is n to /eel ! s\l aga9/ temptation or to console x 9 affliction1 any m ?an to set ! loom 9 motion1 or to direct ! /eam c>riage2 be x ev] s mu* ! means or ! condition ( bo? mat]ial & moral advancem5t1 /ill1 tak5 by & 9 itself1 x z little m5ds our he>ts z x improves our temporal circum/ances4 ,& if its eulogi/s claim = x su* a p[]1 !y commit ! v same k9d ( encroa*m5t on a prov9ce n _! own z ! political economi/ :o %\ld ma9ta9 t 8 sci5ce educat$ him = casui/ry or diplomacy4 ,k is "o ?+1 virtue is ano!r2 good s5se is n consci5ce1 ref9em5t is n humility1 nor is l>g5ess & ju/ness ( view fai?4 ,philosophy1 h[ev] enlight5$1 h[ev] pr(\nd1 gives no comm& ov] ! passions1 no influ5tial motives1 no vivify+ pr9ciples4 ,lib]al ,education makes n ! ,*ri/ian1 n ! ,ca?olic1 b ! g5tleman4 ,x is well to be a g5tlem51 x is well to h a cultivat$ intellect1 a delicate ta/e1 a c&id1 equitable1 dispassionate m9d1 a noble & c\rte\s be>+ 9 ! conduct ( life2--^! are ! connatural qualities ( a l>ge k2 !y are ! objects ( a ,univ]sity2 ,i am advocat+1 ,i %all illu/rate & insi/ ^u !m2 b /ill1 ,i repeat1 !y are no gu>antee = sanctity or ev5 = consci5ti\sness1 !y may atta* to ! man ( ! _w1 to ! pr(ligate1 to ! he>tless1--pleasant1 alas1 & attractive z he %[s :5 deck$ out 9 !m4 ,tak5 by !mselves1 !y d b seem to be :at !y are n2 !y look l virtue at a di/ance1 b !y are detect$ by close obs]v]s1 & on ! long run2 & h5ce x is t !y are popul>ly accus$ ( pret5ce & hypocrisy1 n1 ,i repeat1 f _! own fault1 b because _! pr(essors & _! admir]s p]si/ 9 tak+ !m = :at !y are n1 & are (fici\s 9 arrogat+ = !m a praise to :i* !y h no claim4 ,qu>ry ! granite rock ) razors1 or moor ! vessel ) a ?read ( silk2 !n may y hope ) su* ke5 & delicate in/rum5ts z human k & human reason to cont5d aga9/ ^? giants1 ! passion & ! pride ( man4 ,surely we are n driv5 to !ories ( ?is k9d1 9 ord] to v9dicate ! value & dignity ( ,lib]al ,k4 ,surely ! real gr\nds on :i* its pret5sions re/ are n s v subtle or ab/ruse1 s v /range or improbable4 ,surely x is v intelligible to say1 & t is :at ,i say "h1 t ,lib]al ,education1 view$ 9 itself1 is simply ! cultivation ( ! intellect1 z su*1 & its object is no?+ m or less ?an intellectual excell5ce4 ,e ?+ has its own p]fection1 be x high] or l[] 9 ! scale ( ?+s2 & ! p]fection ( "o is n ! p]fection ( ano!r4 ,?+s animate1 inanimate1 visible1 invisible1 all are good 9 _! k9d1 & h a be/ ( !mselves1 :i* is an object ( pursuit4 ,:y d y take su* pa9s ) y\r g>d5 or y\r p>k8 ,y see to y\r walks & turf & %rubb]ies2 to y\r trees & drives2 n z if y meant to make an or*>d ( ! "o1 or corn or pa/ure l& ( ! o!r1 b because !re is a special beauty 9 all t is goodly 9 wood1 wat]1 pla91 & slope1 br\ght all toge!r by art into "o %ape1 & gr\p$ into "o :ole4 ,y\r cities are beautiful1 y\r palaces1 y\r public build+s1 y\r t]ritorial mansions1 y\r *ur*es2 & _! beauty leads to no?+ beyond itself4 ,!re is a physical beauty & a moral3 !re is a beauty ( p]son1 !re is a beauty ( our moral be+1 :i* is natural virtue2 & 9 l mann] !re is a beauty1 !re is a p]fection1 ( ! intellect4 ,!re is an ideal p]fection 9 ^! v>i\s subject-matt]s1 t[>ds :i* individual in/ances are se5 to rise1 & :i* are ! /&>ds = all in/ances :atev]4 ,! ,greek div9ities & demigods1 z ! /atu>y has m\ld$ !m1 ) _! symmetry ( figure1 & _! high =ehead & _! regul> features1 are ! p]fection ( physical beauty4 ,! h]oes1 ( :om hi/ory tells1 ,alex&]1 or ,cs>1 or ,scipio1 or ,salad91 are ! repres5tatives ( t magnanimity or self-ma/]y :i* is ! greatness ( human nature4 ,*ri/ianity too has its h]oes1 & 9 ! sup]natural ord]1 & we call !m ,sa9ts4 ,! arti/ puts be=e him beauty ( feature & =m2 ! poet1 beauty ( m9d2 ! prea*]1 ! beauty ( grace3 !n intellect too1 ,i repeat1 has its beauty1 & x has ^? :o aim at x4 ,to op5 ! m9d1 to correct x1 to ref9e x1 to enable x to "k1 & to dige/1 ma/]1 rule1 & use its k1 to give x p[] ov] its own faculties1 application1 flexibility1 me?od1 critical exactness1 sagacity1 res\rce1 address1 eloqu5t expression1 is an object z intelligible 7= "h we are inquir+1 n :at ! object ( a ,lib]al ,education is wor?1 nor :at use ! ,*ur* makes ( x1 b :at x is 9 itself71 ,i say1 an object z intelligible z ! cultivation ( virtue1 :ile1 at ! same "t1 x is absolutely di/9ct f x4 #aj4 ,?is inde$ is b a temporal object1 & a transitory possession2 b s are o!r ?+s 9 !mselves :i* we make mu* ( & pursue4 ,! morali/ w tell u t man1 9 all 8 functions1 is b a fl[] :i* blossoms & fades1 except s f> z a high] pr9ciple brea!s ^u him1 & makes him & :at he is immortal4 ,body & m9d are c>ri$ on into an et]nal /ate ( be+ by ! gifts ( ,div9e ,munific5ce2 b at fir/ !y d b fail 9 a fail+ _w2 & if ! p[]s ( intellect decay1 ! p[]s ( ! body h decay$ be=e !m1 &1 z an ,hospital or an ,alm%\se1 ?\gh its end be ephem]al1 may be sanctifi$ to ! s]vice ( religion1 s surely may a ,univ]sity1 ev5 7 x no?+ m ?an ,i h z yet describ$ x4 ,we atta9 to heav5 by us+ ?is _w well1 ?\gh x is to pass away2 we p]fect our nature1 n by undo+ x1 b by add+ to x :at is m ?an nature1 & direct+ x t[>ds aims high] ?an its own4 ,disc\rse ,,vi4 ,k ,view$ ,9 ,relation ,to ,le>n+4 #a4 ,x 7 well if ! ,engli%1 l ! ,greek language1 possess$ "s def9ite ^w to express1 simply & g5]ally1 intellectual pr(ici5cy or p]fection1 su* z 8heal?10 z us$ ) ref]5ce to ! animal frame1 & 8virtue10 ) ref]5ce to our moral nature4 ,i am n able to f9d su* a t]m2--tal5t1 ability1 g5ius1 belong di/9ctly to ! raw mat]ial1 :i* is ! subject-matt]1 n to t excell5ce :i* is ! result ( ex]cise & tra9+4 ,:5 we turn1 inde$1 to ! p>ticul> k9ds ( intellectual p]fection1 words are =?com+ = our purpose1 z1 = in/ance1 judgm5t1 ta/e1 & skill2 yet ev5 ^! belong1 = ! mo/ "p1 to p[]s or habits be>+ ^u practice or ^u art1 & n to any p]fect condition ( ! intellect1 consid]$ 9 itself4 ,wisdom1 aga91 is c]ta9ly a m compreh5sive ^w ?an any o!r1 b x has a direct relation to conduct1 & to human life4 ,k1 inde$1 & ,sci5ce express purely intellectual ideas1 b /ill n a /ate or quality ( ! intellect2 = k1 9 its ord9>y s5se1 is b "o ( its circum/ances1 d5ot+ a possession or a habit2 & sci5ce has be5 appropriat$ to ! subject-matt] ( ! intellect1 in/ead ( belong+ 9 ,engli%1 z x ought to d1 to ! intellect itself4 ,! consequ5ce is t1 on an occasion l ?is1 _m words are necess>y1 9 ord]1 fir/1 to br+ out & convey :at surely is no difficult idea 9 itself1--t ( ! cultivation ( ! intellect z an end2 next1 9 ord] to recomm5d :at surely is no unreasonable object2 & la/ly1 to describe & make ! m9d realize ! p>ticul> p]fection 9 :i* t object consi/s4 ,e "o kn[s practically :at are ! con/itu5ts ( heal? or ( virtue2 & e "o recognizes heal? & virtue z ends to be pursu$2 x is o!rwise ) intellectual excell5ce1 & ?is mu/ be my excuse1 if ,i seem to any "o to be be/[+ a good deal ( lab\r on a prelim9>y matt]4 ,9 default ( a recogniz$ t]m1 ,i h call$ ! p]fection or virtue ( ! intellect by ! "n ( philosophy1 philosophical k1 enl>gem5t ( m9d1 or illum9ation2 t]ms :i* are n uncommonly giv5 to x by writ]s ( ?is day3 b1 :atev] "n we be/[ on x1 x is1 ,i believe1 z a matt] ( hi/ory1 ! bus9ess ( a ,univ]sity to make ?is intellectual culture its direct scope1 or to employ itself 9 ! education ( ! intellect1--j z ! "w ( a ,hospital lies 9 heal+ ! sick or w\nd$1 ( a ,rid+ or ,f5c+ ,s*ool1 or ( a ,gymnasium1 9 ex]cis+ ! limbs1 ( an ,alm%\se1 9 aid+ & solac+ ! old1 ( an ,orphanage1 9 protect+ innoc5ce1 ( a ,p5it5ti>y1 9 re/or+ ! guilty4 ,i say1 a ,univ]sity1 tak5 9 its b>e idea1 & be=e we view x z an in/rum5t ( ! ,*ur*1 has ?is object & ?is mission2 x contemplates nei!r moral impression nor me*anical production2 x pr(esses to ex]cise ! m9d nei!r 9 art nor 9 duty2 its function is intellectual culture2 "h x may leave its s*ol>s1 & x has done its "w :5 x has done z mu* z ?is4 ,x educates ! intellect to reason well 9 all matt]s1 to rea* out t[>ds tru?1 & to grasp x4 #b4 ,?is1 ,i said 9 my =ego+ ,disc\rse1 0 ! object ( a ,univ]sity1 view$ 9 itself1 & ap>t f ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 or f ! ,/ate1 or f any o!r p[] :i* may use x2 & ,i illu/rat$ ?is 9 v>i\s ways4 ,i said t ! intellect mu/ h an excell5ce ( its own1 = !re 0 no?+ :i* _h n its specific good2 t ! ^w 8educate0 w\ld n be us$ ( intellectual culture1 z x is us$1 _h n ! intellect _h an end ( its own2 t1 _h x n su* an end1 !re w\ld be no mean+ 9 call+ c]ta9 intellectual ex]cises 8lib]al10 9 contra/ ) 8useful10 z is commonly done2 t ! v notion ( a philosophical temp] impli$ x1 = x ?rew u back ^u rese>* & sy/em z ends 9 !mselves1 di/9ct f effects & works ( any k9d2 t a philosophical s*eme ( k1 or sy/em ( sci5ces1 c\ld n1 f ! nature ( ! case1 issue 9 any "o def9ite art or pursuit1 z its end2 & t1 on ! o!r h&1 ! discov]y & contemplation ( tru?1 to :i* rese>* & sy/ematiz+ l$1 7 surely suffici5t ends1 ?\gh no?+ beyond !m 7 add$1 & t !y _h ev] be5 acc\nt$ suffici5t by mank9d4 ,"h !n ,i take up ! subject2 &1 hav+ det]m9$ t ! cultivation ( ! intellect is an end di/9ct & suffici5t 9 itself1 & t1 s f> z words g x is an enl>gem5t or illum9ation1 ,i proce$ to inquire :at ?is m5tal bread?1 or p[]1 or light1 or philosophy consi/s 94 ,a ,hospital heals a brok5 limb or cures a fev]3 :at does an ,in/itution effect1 :i* pr(esses ! heal?1 n ( ! body1 n ( ! s\l1 b ( ! intellect8 ,:at is ?is good1 :i* 9 =m] times1 z well z our own1 has be5 f\nd wor? ! notice1 ! appropriation1 ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*8 ,i h !n to inve/igate1 9 ! ,disc\rses :i* foll[1 ^? qualities & *>act]i/ics ( ! intellect 9 :i* its cultivation issues or r consi/s2 &1 ) a view ( assi/+ myself 9 ?is und]tak+1 ,i %all recur to c]ta9 que/ions :i* h already be5 t\*$ ^u4 ,^! que/ions are ?ree3 viz4 ! relation ( intellectual culture1 fir/1 to m]e k2 secondly1 to pr(essional k2 & ?irdly1 to religi\s k4 ,9 o!r words1 are acquirem5ts & atta9m5ts ! scope ( a ,univ]sity ,education8 or exp]tness 9 p>ticul> arts & pursuits8 or moral & religi\s pr(ici5cy8 or some?+ besides ^! ?ree8 ,^! que/ions ,i %all exam9e 9 succession1 ) ! purpose ,i h m5tion$2 & ,i hope to be excus$1 if1 9 ?is anxi\s und]tak+1 ,i am l$ to repeat :at1 ei!r 9 ^! ,disc\rses or else:]e1 ,i h already put ^u pap]4 ,& fir/1 ( ,m]e ,k1 or ,le>n+1 & its connexion ) intellectual illum9ation or ,philosophy4 #c4 ,i suppose ! prim-facie view :i* ! public at l>ge w\ld take ( a ,univ]sity1 consid]+ x z a place ( ,education1 is no?+ m or less ?an a place = acquir+ a great deal ( k on a great _m subjects4 ,memory is "o ( ! fir/ develop$ ( ! m5tal faculties2 a boy's bus9ess :5 he goes to s*ool is to le>n1 t is1 to /ore up ?+s 9 8 memory4 ,= "s ye>s 8 intellect is little m ?an an in/rum5t = tak+ 9 facts1 or a receptacle = /or+ !m3 he welcomes !m z fa/ z !y come to him2 he lives on :at is )\t2 he has 8 eyes ev] ab\t him2 he has a lively susceptibility ( impressions2 he imbibes in=mation ( e k9d2 & little does he make 8 own 9 a true s5se ( ! ^w1 liv+ r ^u 8 neighb\rs all ar\nd him4 ,he has op9ions1 religi\s1 political1 & lit]>y1 &1 = a boy1 is v positive 9 !m & sure ab\t !m2 b he gets !m f 8 s*oolfell[s1 or 8 ma/]s1 or 8 p>5ts1 z ! case may be4 ,su* z he is 9 8 o!r relations1 su* also is he 9 8 s*ool ex]cises2 8 m9d is obs]vant1 %>p1 ready1 ret5tive2 he is almo/ passive 9 ! acquisition ( k4 ,i say ?is 9 no disp>agem5t ( ! idea ( a clev] boy4 ,geography1 *ronology1 hi/ory1 language1 natural hi/ory1 he heaps up ! matt] ( ^! /udies z treasures = a future day4 ,x is ! sev5 ye>s ( pl5ty ) him3 he ga!rs 9 by h&fuls1 l ! ,egyptians1 )\t c\nt+2 & ?\gh1 z "t goes on1 !re is ex]cise = 8 argum5tative p[]s 9 ! ,elem5ts ( ,ma!matics1 & = 8 ta/e 9 ! ,poets & ,orators1 /ill1 :ile at s*ool1 or at lea/1 till q ! la/ ye>s ( 8 "t1 he acquires1 & little m2 & :5 he is leav+ = ! ,univ]sity1 he is ma9ly ! creature ( =eign influ5ces & circum/ances1 & made up ( accid5ts1 homog5e\s or n1 z ! case may be4 ,moreov]1 ! moral habits1 :i* are a boy's praise1 enc\rage & assi/ ?is result2 t is1 dilig5ce1 assiduity1 regul>ity1 despat*1 p]sev]+ application2 = ^! are ! direct conditions ( acquisition1 & naturally lead to x4 ,acquirem5ts1 aga91 are emphatically producible1 & at a mom5t2 !y are a some?+ to %[1 bo? = ma/] & s*ol>2 an audi5ce1 ev5 ?\gh ignorant !mselves ( ! subjects ( an exam9ation1 c compreh5d :5 que/ions are answ]$ & :5 !y are n4 ,"h aga9 is a reason :y m5tal culture is 9 ! m9ds ( m5 id5tifi$ ) ! acquisition ( k4 ,! same notion possesses ! public m9d1 :5 x passes on f ! ?\ght ( a s*ool to t ( a ,univ]sity3 & ) ! be/ ( reasons s f> z ?is1 t !re is no true culture )\t acquirem5ts1 & t philosophy presupposes k4 ,x requires a great deal ( read+1 or a wide range ( in=mation1 to w>rant u 9 putt+ =? our op9ions on any s]i\s subject2 & )\t su* le>n+ ! mo/ orig9al m9d may be able inde$ to dazzle1 to amuse1 to refute1 to p]plex1 b n to come to any useful result or any tru/wor?y conclusion4 ,!re are inde$ p]sons :o pr(ess a diff]5t view ( ! matt]1 & ev5 act ^u x4 ,e n[ & !n y w f9d a p]son ( vigor\s or f]tile m9d1 :o relies ^u 8 own res\rces1 despises all =m] au?ors1 & gives ! _w1 ) ! utmo/ fe>lessness1 8 views ^u religion1 or hi/ory1 or any o!r popul> subject4 ,& 8 works may sell = a :ile2 he may get a "n 9 8 day2 b ?is w be all4 ,8 read]s are sure to f9d on ! long run t 8 doctr9es are m]e !ories1 & n ! expression ( facts1 t !y are *aff in/ead ( bread1 & !n 8 popul>ity drops z sudd5ly z x rose4 ,k !n is ! indisp5sable condition ( expansion ( m9d1 & ! in/rum5t ( atta9+ to x2 ?is _c be d5i$1 x is ev] to be insi/$ on2 ,i beg9 ) x z a fir/ pr9ciple2 h[ev]1 ! v tru? ( x c>ries m5 too f>1 & confirms to !m ! notion t x is ! :ole ( ! matt]4 ,a n>r[ m9d is ?\ght to be t :i* conta9s little k2 & an enl>g$ m9d1 t :i* holds a great deal2 & :at seems to put ! matt] beyond dispute is1 ! fact ( ! great numb] ( /udies :i* are pursu$ 9 a ,univ]sity1 by its v pr(ession4 ,lectures are giv5 on e k9d ( subject2 exam9ations are held2 prizes aw>d$4 ,!re are moral1 metaphysical1 physical ,pr(essors2 ,pr(essors ( languages1 ( hi/ory1 ( ma!matics1 ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,li/s ( que/ions are publi%$1 wond]ful = _! range & dep?1 v>iety & difficulty2 treatises are writt51 :i* c>ry ^u _! v face ! evid5ce ( ext5sive read+ or multif>i\s in=mation2 :at !n is want+ = m5tal culture to a p]son ( l>ge read+ & sci5tific atta9m5ts8 :at is grasp ( m9d b acquirem5t8 :]e %all philosophical repose be f\nd1 b 9 ! consci\sness & enjoym5t ( l>ge intellectual possessions8 ,& yet ?is notion is1 ,i conceive1 a mi/ake1 & my pres5t bus9ess is to %[ t x is "o1 & t ! end ( a ,lib]al ,education is n m]e k1 or k consid]$ 9 its matt]2 & ,i %all be/ atta9 my object1 by actually sett+ d[n "s cases1 :i* w be g5]ally grant$ to be in/ances ( ! process ( enlight5m5t or enl>gem5t ( m9d1 & o!rs :i* are n1 & ?us1 by ! comp>ison1 y w be able to judge = y\rselves1 ,g5tlem51 :e!r ,k1 t is1 acquirem5t1 is aft] all ! real pr9ciple ( ! enl>gem5t1 or :e!r t pr9ciple is n r some?+ beyond x4 #d4 ,= in/ance17#bj7 let a p]son1 ^: exp]i5ce has hi!rto be5 conf9$ to ! m calm & unpret5d+ sc5]y ( ^! isl&s1 :e!r "h or 9 ,engl&1 g = ! fir/ "t into p>ts :]e physical nature puts on h] wild] & m awful =ms1 :e!r at home or abroad1 z into m\nta9\s di/ricts2 or let "o1 :o has ev] liv$ 9 a quiet village1 g = ! fir/ "t to a great metropolis1--!n ,i suppose he w h a s5sation :i* p]haps he nev] _h be=e4 ,he has a feel+ n 9 addition or increase ( =m] feel+s1 b ( some?+ diff]5t 9 its nature4 ,he w p]haps be borne =w>d1 & f9d = a "t t he has lo/ 8 be>+s4 ,he has made a c]ta9 progress1 & he has a consci\sness ( m5tal enl>gem5t2 he does n /& :]e he did1 he has a new c5tre1 & a range ( ?\ghts to :i* he 0 be=e a /rang]4 ,aga91 ! view ( ! heav5s :i* ! telescope op5s ^u u1 if all[$ to fill & possess ! m9d1 may almo/ :irl x r\nd & make x dizzy4 ,x br+s 9 a flood ( ideas1 & is rightly call$ an intellectual enl>gem5t1 :atev] is meant by ! t]m4 ,& s aga91 ! sight ( bea/s ( prey & o!r =eign animals1 _! /rang5ess1 ! orig9ality 7if ,i may use ! t]m7 ( _! =ms & ge/ures & habits & _! v>iety & indep5d5ce ( ea* o!r1 ?r[ u out ( ourselves into ano!r creation1 & z if "u ano!r ,creator1 if ,i may s express ! temptation :i* may come on ! m9d4 ,we seem to h new faculties1 or a new ex]cise = our faculties1 by ?is addition to our k2 l a prison]1 :o1 hav+ be5 accu/om$ to we> manacles or fett]s1 sudd5ly f9ds 8 arms & legs free4 ,h5ce ,physical ,sci5ce g5]ally1 9 all its dep>tm5ts1 z br++ be=e u ! exub]ant ri*es & res\rces1 yet ! ord]ly c\rse1 ( ! ,univ]se1 elevates & excites ! /ud5t1 & at fir/1 ,i may say1 almo/ takes away 8 brea?1 :ile 9 "t x ex]cises a tranquiliz+ influ5ce ^u him4 ,aga91 ! /udy ( hi/ory is said to enl>ge & enlight5 ! m9d1 & :y8 because1 z ,i conceive1 x gives x a p[] ( judg+ ( pass+ ev5ts1 & ( all ev5ts1 & a consci\s sup]iority ov] !m1 :i* be=e x did n possess4 ,& 9 l mann]1 :at is call$ see+ ! _w1 ent]+ into active life1 go+ into society1 travell+1 ga9+ acqua9tance ) ! v>i\s classes ( ! community1 com+ into contact ) ! pr9ciples & modes ( ?\ght ( v>i\s p>ties1 int]e/s1 & races1 _! views1 aims1 habits & mann]s1 _! religi\s cre$s & =ms ( wor%ip1--ga9+ exp]i5ce h[ v>i\s yet h[ alike m5 are1 h[ l[-m9d$1 h[ bad1 h[ oppos$1 yet h[ confid5t 9 _! op9ions2 all ?is ex]ts a p]ceptible influ5ce ^u ! m9d1 :i* x is impossible to mi/ake1 be x good or be x bad1 & is popul>ly call$ its enl>gem5t4 ,& !n aga91 ! fir/ "t ! m9d comes across ! argum5ts & speculations ( unbeliev]s1 & feels :at a novel light !y ca/ ^u :at he has hi!rto acc\nt$ sacr$2 & /ill m1 if x gives 9 to !m & embraces !m1 & ?r[s (f z s mu* prejudice :at x has hi!rto held1 &1 z if wak+ f a dream1 beg9s to realize to its imag9ation t !re is n[ no su* ?+ z law & ! transgression ( law1 t s9 is a phantom1 & puni%m5t a bugbe>1 t x is free to s91 free to enjoy ! _w & ! fle%2 & /ill fur!r1 :5 x does enjoy !m1 & reflects t x may ?9k & hold j :at x w1 t 8! _w is all be=e x :]e to *oose10 & :at sy/em to build up z its own private p]suasion2 :5 ?is torr5t ( wilful ?\ghts ru%es ov] & inundates x1 :o w d5y t ! fruit ( ! tree ( k1 or :at ! m9d takes = k1 has made x "o ( ! gods1 ) a s5se ( expansion & elevation1--an intoxication 9 reality1 /ill1 s f> z ! subjective /ate ( ! m9d goes1 an illum9ation8 ,h5ce ! fanaticism ( individuals or nations1 :o sudd5ly ca/ (f _! ,mak]4 ,_! eyes are op5$2 &1 l ! judgm5t-/rick5 k+ 9 ! ,trag$y1 !y see two suns1 & a magic univ]se1 out ( :i* !y look back ^u _! =m] /ate ( fai? & innoc5ce ) a sort ( contempt & indignation1 z if !y 7 !n b fools1 & ! dupes ( impo/ure4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,religion has its own enl>gem5t1 & an enl>gem5t1 n ( tumult1 b ( peace4 ,x is (t5 rem>k$ ( un$ucat$ p]sons1 :o h hi!rto ?\ght little ( ! unse5 _w1 t1 on _! turn+ to ,god1 look+ into !mselves1 regulat+ _! he>ts1 re=m+ _! conduct1 & m$itat+ on dea? & judgm5t1 heav5 & hell1 !y seem to become1 9 po9t ( intellect1 diff]5t be+s f :at !y 74 ,be=e1 !y took ?+s z !y came1 & ?\ght no m ( "o ?+ ?an ano!r4 ,b n[ e ev5t has a mean+2 !y h _! own e/imate ( :atev] happ5s to !m2 !y are m9dful ( times & seasons1 & comp>e ! pres5t ) ! pa/2 & ! _w1 no long] dull1 monoton\s1 unpr(itable1 & hopeless1 is a v>i\s & complicat$ drama1 ) p>ts & an object1 & an awful moral4 #e4 ,n[ f ^! in/ances1 to :i* _m m might be add$1 x is pla91 fir/1 t ! communication ( k c]ta9ly is ei!r a condition or ! means ( t s5se ( enl>gem5t or enlight5m5t1 ( :i* at ?is day we he> s mu* 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s3 ?is _c be d5i$2 b next1 x is equally pla91 t su* communication is n ! :ole ( ! process4 ,! enl>gem5t consi/s1 n m]ely 9 ! passive reception into ! m9d ( a numb] ( ideas hi!rto unkn[n to x1 b 9 ! m9d's en]getic & simultane\s action ^u & t[>ds & among ^? new ideas1 :i* are ru%+ 9 ^u x4 ,x is ! action ( a =mative p[]1 r$uc+ to ord] & mean+ ! matt] ( our acquirem5ts2 x is a mak+ ! objects ( our k subjectively our own1 or1 to use a famili> ^w1 x is a dige/ion ( :at we receive1 into ! sub/ance ( our previ\s /ate ( ?\ght2 & )\t ?is no enl>gem5t is said to foll[4 ,!re is no enl>gem5t1 unless !re be a comp>ison ( ideas "o ) ano!r1 z !y come be=e ! m9d1 & a sy/ematiz+ ( !m4 ,we feel our m9ds to be gr[+ & exp&+ !n1 :5 we n only le>n1 b ref] :at we le>n to :at we "k already4 ,x is n ! m]e addition to our k t is ! illum9ation2 b ! locomotion1 ! movem5t onw>ds1 ( t m5tal c5tre1 to :i* bo? :at we "k1 & :at we are le>n+1 ! accumulat+ mass ( our acquirem5ts1 gravitates4 ,& !re=e a truly great intellect1 & recogniz$ to be su* by ! common op9ion ( mank9d1 su* z ! intellect ( ,ari/otle1 or ( ,/4 ,?omas1 or ( ,newton1 or ( ,goe!1 7,i purposely take in/ances )9 & )\t ! ,ca?olic pale1 :5 ,i w\ld speak ( ! intellect z su*17 is "o :i* takes a connect$ view ( old & new1 pa/ & pres5t1 f> & ne>1 & :i* has an insight into ! influ5ce ( all ^! "o on ano!r2 )\t :i* !re is no :ole1 & no c5tre4 ,x possesses ! k1 n only ( ?+s1 b also ( _! mutual & true relations2 k1 n m]ely consid]$ z acquirem5t1 b z philosophy4 ,accord+ly1 :5 ?is analytical1 di/ributive1 h>moniz+ process is away1 ! m9d exp]i5ces no enl>gem5t1 & is n reckon$ z enlight5$ or compreh5sive1 :atev] x may add to its k4 ,= in/ance1 a great memory1 z ,i h already said1 does n make a philosoph]1 any m ?an a diction>y c be call$ a gramm>4 ,!re are m5 :o embrace 9 _! m9ds a va/ multitude ( ideas1 b ) little s5sibility ab\t _! real relations t[>ds ea* o!r4 ,^! may be antiqu>ians1 annali/s1 naturali/s2 !y may be le>n$ 9 ! law2 !y may be v]s$ 9 /ati/ics2 !y are mo/ useful 9 _! own place2 ,i %\ld %r9k f speak+ disrespectfully ( !m2 /ill1 !re is no?+ 9 su* atta9m5ts to gu>antee ! abs5ce ( n>r[ness ( m9d4 ,if !y are no?+ m ?an well-read m51 or m5 ( in=mation1 !y h n :at specially des]ves ! "n ( culture ( m9d1 or fulfils ! type ( ,lib]al ,education4 ,9 l mann]1 we sometimes fall 9 ) p]sons :o h se5 mu* ( ! _w1 & ( ! m5 :o1 9 _! day1 h play$ a conspicu\s "p 9 x1 b :o g5]alize no?+1 & h no obs]vation1 9 ! true s5se ( ! ^w4 ,!y ab\nd 9 in=mation 9 detail1 curi\s & ent]ta9+1 ab\t m5 & ?+s2 &1 hav+ liv$ "u ! influ5ce ( no v cle> or settl$ pr9ciples1 religi\s or political1 !y speak ( e "o & e ?+1 only z s _m ph5om5a1 :i* are complete 9 !mselves1 & lead to no?+1 n discuss+ !m1 or tea*+ any tru?1 or in/ruct+ ! he>]1 b simply talk+4 ,no "o w\ld say t ^! p]sons1 well in=m$ z !y are1 _h atta9$ to any great culture ( intellect or to philosophy4 ,! case is ! same /ill m /rik+ly :]e ! p]sons 9 "q are beyond dispute m5 ( inf]ior p[]s & defici5t education4 ,p]haps !y h be5 mu* 9 =eign c\ntries1 & !y receive1 9 a passive1 otiose1 unfruitful way1 ! v>i\s facts :i* are =c$ ^u !m !re4 ,seaf>+ m51 = example1 range f "o end ( ! e>? to ! o!r2 b ! multiplicity ( ext]nal objects1 :i* !y h enc\nt]$1 =ms no symmetrical & consi/5t picture ^u _! imag9ation2 !y see ! tape/ry ( human life1 z x 7 on ! wrong side1 & x tells no /ory4 ,!y sleep1 & !y rise up1 & !y f9d !mselves1 n[ 9 ,europe1 n[ 9 ,asia2 !y see visions ( great cities & wild regions2 !y are 9 ! m>ts ( comm]ce1 or amid ! isl&s ( ! ,s\?2 !y gaze on ,pompey's ,pill>1 or on ! ,&es2 & no?+ :i* meets !m c>ries !m =w>d or backw>d1 to any idea beyond itself4 ,no?+ has a drift or relation2 no?+ has a hi/ory or a promise4 ,e ?+ /&s by itself1 & comes & goes 9 its turn1 l ! %ift+ sc5es ( a %[1 :i* leave ! spectator :]e he 04 ,p]haps y are ne> su* a man on a p>ticul> occasion1 & expect him to be %ock$ or p]plex$ at some?+ :i* occurs2 b "o ?+ is mu* ! same to him z ano!r1 or1 if he is p]plex$1 x is z n kn[+ :at to say1 :e!r x is "r to admire1 or to ridicule1 or to disapprove1 :ile consci\s t "s expression ( op9ion is expect$ f him2 = 9 fact he has no /&>d ( judgm5t at all1 & no l&m>ks to guide him to a conclusion4 ,su* is m]e acquisition1 &1 ,i repeat1 no "o w\ld dream ( call+ x philosophy4 #f4 ,in/ances1 su* z ^!1 confirm1 by ! contra/1 ! conclusion ,i h already drawn f ^? :i* prec$$ !m4 ,t only is true enl>gem5t ( m9d :i* is ! p[] ( view+ _m ?+s at once z "o :ole1 ( ref]r+ !m sev]ally to _! true place 9 ! univ]sal sy/em1 ( und]/&+ _! respective values1 & det]m9+ _! mutual dep5d5ce4 ,?us is t =m ( ,univ]sal ,k1 ( :i* ,i h on a =m] occasion spok51 set up 9 ! individual intellect1 & con/itutes its p]fection4 ,possess$ ( ?is real illum9ation1 ! m9d nev] views any "p ( ! ext5d$ subject-matt] ( ,k )\t recollect+ t x is b a "p1 or )\t ! associations :i* spr+ f ?is recollection4 ,x makes e ?+ 9 "s sort lead to e ?+ else2 x w\ld communicate ! image ( ! :ole to e sep>ate portion1 till t :ole becomes 9 imag9ation l a _s1 e :]e p]vad+ & p5etrat+ its compon5t p>ts1 & giv+ !m "o def9ite mean+4 ,j z our bodily organs1 :5 m5tion$1 recall _! function 9 ! body1 z ! ^w 8creation0 sugge/s ! ,creator1 & 8subjects0 a sov]eign1 s1 9 ! m9d ( ! ,philosoph]1 z we are ab/ract$ly conceiv+ ( him1 ! elem5ts ( ! physical & moral _w1 sci5ces1 arts1 pursuits1 ranks1 (fices1 ev5ts1 op9ions1 individualities1 are all view$ z "o1 ) correlative functions1 & z gradually by successive comb9ations conv]g+1 "o & all1 to ! true c5tre4 ,to h ev5 a portion ( ?is illum9ative reason & true philosophy is ! highe/ /ate to :i* nature c aspire1 9 ! way ( intellect2 x puts ! m9d above ! influ5ces ( *ance & necessity1 above anxiety1 susp5se1 unsettlem5t1 & sup]/ition1 :i* is ! lot ( ! _m4 ,m51 ^: m9ds are possess$ ) "s "o object1 take exagg]at$ views ( its importance1 are fev]i% 9 ! pursuit ( x1 make x ! measure ( ?+s :i* are utt]ly =eign to x1 & are />tl$ & despond if x happ5s to fail !m4 ,!y are ev] 9 al>m or 9 transport4 ,^? on ! o!r h& :o h no object or pr9ciple :atev] to hold by1 lose _! way1 e /ep !y take4 ,!y are ?r[n out1 & d n "k :at to ?9k or say1 at e fre% juncture2 !y h no view ( p]sons1 or occurr5ces1 or facts1 :i* come sudd5ly ^u !m1 & !y hang ^u ! op9ion ( o!rs1 = want ( int]nal res\rces4 ,b ! intellect1 :i* has be5 discipl9$ to ! p]fection ( its p[]s1 :i* kn[s1 & ?9ks :ile x kn[s1 :i* has le>n$ to leav5 ! d5se mass ( facts & ev5ts ) ! ela/ic =ce ( reason1 su* an intellect _c be p>tial1 _c be exclusive1 _c be impetu\s1 _c be at a loss1 _c b be pati5t1 collect$1 & maje/ically calm1 because x disc]ns ! end 9 e beg9n+1 ! orig9 9 e end1 ! law 9 e int]ruption1 ! limit 9 ea* delay2 because x ev] kn[s :]e x /&s1 & h[ its pa? lies f "o po9t to ano!r4 ,x is ! ( ! ,p]ipatetic1 & has ! 8nil admir>i0 ( ! ,/oic1-- ,felix qui potuit r]um cognosc]e causas1 ,atque metus omnes1 et inexorabile fatum ,subjecit p$ibus1 /repitumque ,a*]ontis av>i4 ,!re are m5 :o1 :5 9 difficulties1 orig9ate at ! mom5t va/ ideas or dazzl+ projects2 :o1 "u ! influ5ce ( excitem5t1 are able to ca/ a light1 almo/ z if f inspiration1 on a subject or c\rse ( action :i* comes be=e !m2 :o h a sudd5 pres5ce ( m9d equal to any em]g5cy1 ris+ ) ! occasion1 & an undaunt$ magnanim\s be>+1 & an en]gy & ke5ness :i* is b made int5se by opposition4 ,?is is g5ius1 ?is is h]oism2 x is ! exhibition ( a natural gift1 :i* no culture c tea*1 at :i* no ,in/itution c aim2 "h1 on ! contr>y1 we are conc]n$1 n ) m]e nature1 b ) tra9+ & tea*+4 ,t p]fection ( ! ,intellect1 :i* is ! result ( ,education1 & its beau ideal1 to be imp>t$ to individuals 9 _! respective measures1 is ! cle>1 calm1 accurate vision & compreh5sion ( all ?+s1 z f> z ! f9ite m9d c embrace !m1 ea* 9 its place1 & ) its own *>act]i/ics ^u x4 ,x is almo/ prophetic f its k ( hi/ory2 x is almo/ he>t-se>*+ f its k ( human nature2 x has almo/ sup]natural *>ity f its fre$om f littl5ess & prejudice2 x has almo/ ! repose ( fai?1 because no?+ c />tle x2 x has almo/ ! beauty & h>mony ( heav5ly contemplation1 s intimate is x ) ! et]nal ord] ( ?+s & ! music ( ! sph]es4 #g4 ,& n[1 if ,i may take = grant$ t ! true & adequate end ( intellectual tra9+ & ( a ,univ]sity is n ,le>n+ or ,acquirem5t1 b r1 is ,?\ght or ,reason ex]cis$ ^u ,k1 or :at may be call$ ,philosophy1 ,i %all be 9 a position to expla9 ! v>i\s mi/akes :i* at ! pres5t day beset ! subject ( ,univ]sity ,education4 ,i say !n1 if we w\ld improve ! intellect1 fir/ ( all1 we mu/ asc5d2 we _c ga9 real k on a level2 we mu/ g5]alize1 we mu/ r$uce to me?od1 we mu/ h a grasp ( pr9ciples1 & gr\p & %ape our acquisitions by means ( !m4 ,x matt]s n :e!r our field ( op]ation be wide or limit$2 9 e case1 to comm& x1 is to m\nt above x4 ,:o has n felt ! irritation ( m9d & impati5ce creat$ by a deep1 ri* c\ntry1 visit$ = ! fir/ "t1 ) w9d+ lanes1 & high h$ges1 & gre5 /eeps1 & tangl$ woods1 & e ?+ smil+ inde$1 b 9 a maze8 ,! same feel+ comes ^u u 9 a /range city1 :5 we h no map ( its /reets4 ,h5ce y he> ( practis$ travell]s1 :5 !y fir/ come into a place1 m\nt+ "s high hill or *ur* t[]1 by way ( reconnoitr+ its neighb\rhood4 ,9 l mann]1 y mu/ be above y\r k1 n "u x1 or x w oppress y2 & ! m y h ( x1 ! great] w be ! load4 ,! le>n+ ( a ,salmasius or a ,burman1 unless y are its ma/]1 w be y\r tyrant4 8,imp]at aut s]vit20 if y c wield x ) a /rong arm1 x is a great weapon2 o!rwise1 ,vis consili exp]s ,mole ruit su4 ,y w be ov]:elm$1 l ,t>peia1 by ! heavy weal? :i* y h exact$ f tribut>y g5]ations4 ,in/ances ab\nd2 !re are au?ors :o are z po9tless z !y are inexhau/ible 9 _! lit]>y res\rces4 ,!y measure k by bulk1 z x lies 9 ! rude block1 )\t symmetry1 )\t design4 ,h[ _m comm5tators are !re on ! ,classics1 h[ _m on ,holy ,scripture1 f :om we rise up1 wond]+ at ! le>n+ :i* has pass$ be=e u1 & wond]+ :y x pass$6 ,h[ _m writ]s are !re ( ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 su* z ,mo%eim or ,du ,p91 :o1 break+ up _! subject into details1 de/roy its life1 & defraud u ( ! :ole by _! anxiety ab\t ! p>ts6 ,! ,s]mons1 aga91 ( ! ,engli% ,div9es 9 ! sev5te5? c5tury1 h[ (t5 are !y m]e rep]tories ( miscellane\s & (fici\s le>n+6 ,( c\rse ,ca?olics also may read )\t ?9k+2 & 9 _! case1 equally z ) ,prote/ants1 x holds good1 t su* k is unwor?y ( ! "n1 k :i* !y h n ?\ght ?r\gh1 & ?\ght out4 ,su* read]s are only possess$ by _! k1 n possess$ ( x2 nay1 9 matt] ( fact !y are (t5 ev5 c>ri$ away by x1 )\t any volition ( _! own4 ,recollect1 ! ,memory c tyrannize1 z well z ! ,imag9ation4 ,d]angem5t1 ,i believe1 has be5 consid]$ z a loss ( control ov] ! sequ5ce ( ideas4 ,! m9d1 once set 9 motion1 is h5ce=? depriv$ ( ! p[] ( initiation1 & becomes ! victim ( a tra9 ( associations1 "o ?\ght sugge/+ ano!r1 9 ! way ( cause & effect1 z if by a me*anical process1 or "s physical necessity4 ,no "o1 :o has _h exp]i5ce ( m5 ( /udi\s habits1 b mu/ recognize ! exi/5ce ( a p>allel ph5om5on 9 ! case ( ^? :o h ov]-/imulat$ ! ,memory4 ,9 su* p]sons ,reason acts almo/ z feebly & z impot5tly z 9 ! madman2 once fairly />t$ on any subject :atev]1 !y h no p[] ( self-control2 !y passively endure ! succession ( impulses :i* are evolv$ out ( ! orig9al excit+ cause2 !y are pass$ on f "o idea to ano!r & g /eadily =w>d1 plodd+ along "o l9e ( ?\ght 9 spite ( ! ample/ concessions ( ! he>]1 or w&]+ f x 9 endless digression 9 spite ( 8 remon/rances4 ,n[1 if1 z is v c]ta91 no "o w\ld envy ! madman ! gl[ & orig9ality ( 8 conceptions1 :y mu/ we extol ! cultivation ( t intellect1 :i* is ! prey1 n inde$ ( b>r5 fancies b ( b>r5 facts1 ( r&om intrusions f )\t1 ?\gh n ( morbid imag9ations f )98 ,& 9 ?us speak+1 ,i am n d5y+ t a /rong & ready memory is 9 itself a real treasure2 ,i am n disp>ag+ a well-/or$ m9d1 ?\gh x be no?+ besides1 provid$ x be sob]1 any m ?an ,i w\ld despise a booksell]'s %op3--x is ( great value to o!rs1 ev5 :5 n s to ! own]4 ,nor am ,i bani%+1 f> f x1 ! possessors ( deep & multif>i\s le>n+ f my ideal ,univ]sity2 !y adorn x 9 ! eyes ( m52 ,i d b say t !y con/itute no type ( ! results at :i* x aims2 t x is no great ga9 to ! intellect to h enl>g$ ! memory at ! exp5se ( faculties :i* are indisputably high]4 #h4 ,nor inde$ am ,i suppos+ t !re is any great dang]1 at lea/ 9 ?is day1 ( ov]-education2 ! dang] is on ! o!r side4 ,i w tell y1 ,g5tlem51 :at has be5 ! practical error ( ! la/ tw5ty ye>s1--n to load ! memory ( ! /ud5t ) a mass ( undige/$ k1 b to =ce ^u him s mu* t he has reject$ all4 ,x has be5 ! error ( di/ract+ & enfeebl+ ! m9d by an unmean+ pr(usion ( subjects2 ( imply+ t a smatt]+ 9 a doz5 bran*es ( /udy is n %all[ness1 :i* x really is1 b enl>gem5t1 :i* x is n2 ( consid]+ an acqua9tance ) ! le>n$ names ( ?+s & p]sons1 & ! possession ( clev] duodecimos1 & att5dance on eloqu5t lectur]s1 & memb]%ip ) sci5tific in/itutions1 & ! sight ( ! exp]im5ts ( a plat=m & ! specim5s ( a museum1 t all ?is 0 n dissipation ( m9d1 b progress4 ,all ?+s n[ are to be le>n$ at once1 n fir/ "o ?+1 !n ano!r1 n "o well1 b _m badly4 ,le>n+ is to be )\t ex]tion1 )\t att5tion1 )\t toil2 )\t gr\nd+1 )\t advance1 )\t f9i%+4 ,!re is to be no?+ individual 9 x2 & ?is1 =soo?1 is ! wond] ( ! age4 ,:at ! /eam eng9e does ) matt]1 ! pr9t+ press is to d ) m9d2 x is to act me*anically1 & ! population is to be passively1 almo/ unconsci\sly enlight5$1 by ! m]e multiplication & dissem9ation ( volumes4 ,:e!r x be ! s*ool boy1 or ! s*ool girl1 or ! y\? at college1 or ! me*anic 9 ! t[n1 or ! politician 9 ! s5ate1 all h be5 ! victims 9 "o way or o!r ( ?is mo/ prepo/]\s & p]nici\s ( delusions4 ,wise m5 h lift$ up _! voices 9 va92 & at l5g?1 le/ _! own in/itutions %\ld be out%one & %\ld disappe> 9 ! folly ( ! h\r1 !y h be5 oblig$1 z f> z !y c\ld ) a good consci5ce1 to hum\r a _s :i* !y c\ld n )/&1 & make temporiz+ concessions at :i* !y c\ld n b inw>dly smile4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t1 because ,i s speak1 !re=e ,i h "s sort ( fe> ( ! education ( ! p3 on ! contr>y1 ! m education !y h1 ! bett]1 s t x is really education4 ,nor am ,i an enemy to ! *eap publication ( sci5tific & lit]>y works1 :i* is n[ 9 vogue3 on ! contr>y1 ,i consid] x a great advantage1 conv5i5ce1 & ga92 t is1 to ^? to :om education has giv5 a capacity = us+ !m4 ,fur!r1 ,i consid] su* innoc5t recreations z sci5ce & lit]ature are able to furni% w be a v fit occupation ( ! ?\ghts & ! leisure ( "y p]sons1 & may be made ! means ( keep+ !m f bad employm5ts & bad companions4 ,moreov]1 z to t sup]ficial acqua9tance ) *emi/ry1 & geology1 & a/ronomy1 & political economy1 & mod]n hi/ory1 & biography1 & o!r bran*es ( k1 :i* p]iodical lit]ature & occasional lectures & sci5tific in/itutions diffuse ?r\gh ! community1 ,i ?9k x a graceful accompli%m5t1 & a suitable1 nay1 9 ?is day a necess>y accompli%m5t1 9 ! case ( educat$ m54 ,nor1 la/ly1 am ,i disp>ag+ or disc\rag+ ! ?or\gh acquisition ( any "o ( ^! /udies1 or d5y+ t1 z f> z x goes1 su* ?or\gh acquisition is a real education ( ! m9d4 ,all ,i say is1 call ?+s by _! "r names1 & d n confuse toge!r ideas :i* are ess5tially diff]5t4 ,a ?or\gh k ( "o sci5ce & a sup]ficial acqua9tance ) _m1 are n ! same ?+2 a smatt]+ ( a hundr$ ?+s or a memory = detail1 is n a philosophical or compreh5sive view4 ,recreations are n education2 accompli%m5ts are n education4 ,d n say1 ! p mu/ be educat$1 :51 aft] all1 y only mean1 amus$1 refre%$1 soo!d1 put into good spirits & good hum\r1 or kept f vici\s excesses4 ,i d n say t su* amusem5ts1 su* occupations ( m9d1 are n a great ga92 b !y are n education4 ,y may z well call draw+ & f5c+ education1 z a g5]al k ( botany or con*ology4 ,/uff+ birds or play+ /r+$ in/rum5ts is an elegant pa/ime1 & a res\rce to ! idle1 b x is n education2 x does n =m or cultivate ! intellect4 ,education is a high ^w2 x is ! prep>ation = k1 & x is ! imp>t+ ( k 9 proportion to t prep>ation4 ,we require intellectual eyes to "k )al1 z bodily eyes = sight4 ,we ne$ bo? objects & organs intellectual2 we _c ga9 !m )\t sett+ ab\t x2 we _c ga9 !m 9 our sleep1 or by hap-haz>d4 ,! be/ telescope does n disp5se ) eyes2 ! pr9t+ press or ! lecture room w assi/ u greatly1 b we mu/ be true to ourselves1 we mu/ be p>ties 9 ! "w4 ,a ,univ]sity is1 accord+ to ! usual designation1 an ,alma ,mat]1 kn[+ h] *ildr5 "o by "o1 n a f\ndry1 or a m9t1 or a treadmill4 #i4 ,i prote/ to y1 ,g5tlem51 t if ,i _h to *oose betwe5 a s-call$ ,univ]sity1 :i* disp5s$ ) resid5ce & tutorial sup]9t5d5ce1 & gave its degrees to any p]son :o pass$ an exam9ation 9 a wide range ( subjects1 & a ,univ]sity :i* _h no pr(essors or exam9ations at all1 b m]ely br\ght a numb] ( "y m5 toge!r = ?ree or f\r ye>s1 & !n s5t !m away z ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d is said to h done "s sixty ye>s s9ce1 if ,i 7 ask$ :i* ( ^! two me?ods 0 ! bett] discipl9e ( ! intellect1--m9d1 ,i d n say :i* is morally ! bett]1 = x is pla9 t compulsory /udy mu/ be a good & idl5ess an intol]able mis*ief1--b if ,i mu/ det]m9e :i* ( ! two c\rses 0 ! m successful 9 tra9+1 m\ld+1 enl>g+ ! m9d1 :i* s5t out m5 ! m fitt$ = _! secul> duties1 :i* produc$ bett] public m51 m5 ( ! _w1 m5 ^: names w\ld desc5d to po/]ity1 ,i h no hesitation 9 giv+ ! pref]5ce to t ,univ]sity :i* did no?+1 ov] t :i* exact$ ( its memb]s an acqua9tance ) e sci5ce "u ! sun4 ,&1 p>adox z ?is may seem1 /ill if results be ! te/ ( sy/ems1 ! influ5ce ( ! public s*ools & colleges ( ,engl&1 9 ! c\rse ( ! la/ c5tury1 at lea/ w be> out "o side ( ! contra/ z ,i h drawn x4 ,:at w\ld come1 on ! o!r h&1 ( ! ideal sy/ems ( education :i* h fasc9at$ ! imag9ation ( ?is age1 c\ld !y ev] take effect1 & :e!r !y w\ld n produce a g5]ation frivol\s1 n>r[-m9d$1 & res\rceless1 intellectually consid]$1 is a fair subject = debate2 b s f> is c]ta91 t ! ,univ]sities & s*ola/ic e/abli%m5ts1 to :i* ,i ref]1 & :i* did little m ?an br+ toge!r fir/ boys & !n y\?s 9 l>ge numb]s1 ^! in/itutions1 ) mis]able de=mities on ! side ( morals1 ) a holl[ pr(ession ( ,*ri/ianity1 & a hea!n code ( e?ics1--,i say1 at lea/ !y c boa/ ( a succession ( h]oes & /atesm51 ( lit]>y m5 & philosoph]s1 ( m5 conspicu\s = great natural virtues1 = habits ( bus9ess1 = k ( life1 = practical judgm5t1 = cultivat$ ta/es1 = accompli%m5ts1 :o h made ,engl& :at x is1--able to subdue ! e>?1 able to dom9e] ov] ,ca?olics4 ,h[ is ?is to be expla9$8 ,i suppose z foll[s3 ,:5 a multitude ( "y m51 ke51 op5-he>t$1 sympa!tic1 & obs]vant1 z "y m5 are1 come toge!r & freely mix ) ea* o!r1 !y are sure to le>n "o f ano!r1 ev5 if !re be no "o to tea* !m2 ! conv]sation ( all is a s]ies ( lectures to ea*1 & !y ga9 = !mselves new ideas & views1 fre% matt] ( ?\ght1 & di/9ct pr9ciples = judg+ & act+1 day by day4 ,an infant has to le>n ! mean+ ( ! in=mation :i* its s5ses convey to x1 & ?is seems to be its employm5t4 ,x fancies all t ! eye pres5ts to x to be close to x1 till x actually le>ns ! contr>y1 & ?us by practice does x asc]ta9 ! relations & uses ( ^? fir/ elem5ts ( k :i* are necess>y = its animal exi/5ce4 ,a p>allel tea*+ is necess>y = our social be+1 & x is secur$ by a l>ge s*ool or a college2 & ?is effect may be fairly call$ 9 its own dep>tm5t an enl>gem5t ( m9d4 ,x is see+ ! _w on a small field ) little tr\ble2 = ! pupils or /ud5ts come f v diff]5t places1 & ) widely diff]5t notions1 & !re is mu* to g5]alize1 mu* to adju/1 mu* to elim9ate1 !re are int]-relations to be def9$1 & conv5tional rules to be e/abli%$1 9 ! process1 by :i* ! :ole assemblage is m\ld$ toge!r1 & ga9s "o tone & "o "*4 ,let x be cle>ly und]/ood1 ,i repeat x1 t ,i am n tak+ into acc\nt moral or religi\s consid]ations2 ,i am b say+ t t y\?ful community w con/itute a :ole1 x w embody a specific idea1 x w repres5t a doctr9e1 x w adm9i/] a code ( conduct1 & x w furni% pr9ciples ( ?\ght & action4 ,x w give bir? to a liv+ tea*+1 :i* 9 c\rse ( "t w take ! %ape ( a self-p]petuat+ tradition1 or a g5ius loci1 z x is sometimes call$2 :i* haunts ! home :]e x has be5 born1 & :i* imbues & =ms1 m or less1 & "o by "o1 e individual :o is successively br\ght "u its %ad[4 ,?us x is t1 indep5d5t ( direct in/ruction on ! "p ( ,sup]iors1 !re is a sort ( self-education 9 ! academic in/itutions ( ,prote/ant ,engl&2 a *>act]i/ic tone ( ?\ght1 a recogniz$ /&>d ( judgm5t is f\nd 9 !m1 :i*1 z develop$ 9 ! individual :o is submitt$ to x1 becomes a tw(old s\rce ( /r5g? to him1 bo? f ! di/9ct /amp x impresses on 8 m9d1 & f ! bond ( union :i* x creates betwe5 him & o!rs1--effects :i* are %>$ by ! au?orities ( ! place1 = !y !mselves h be5 educat$ 9 x1 & at all times are expos$ to ! influ5ce ( its e?ical atmosph]e4 ,"h !n is a real tea*+1 :atev] be its /&>ds & pr9ciples1 true or false2 & x at lea/ t5ds t[>ds cultivation ( ! intellect2 x at lea/ recognizes t k is some?+ m ?an a sort ( passive reception ( scraps & details2 x is a some?+1 & x does a some?+1 :i* nev] w issue f ! mo/ /r5u\s ef=ts ( a set ( tea*]s1 ) no mutual sympa?ies & no int]communion1 ( a set ( exam9]s ) no op9ions :i* !y d>e pr(ess1 & ) no common pr9ciples1 :o are tea*+ or que/ion+ a set ( y\?s :o d n "k !m1 & d n "k ea* o!r1 on a l>ge numb] ( subjects1 diff]5t 9 k9d1 & connect$ by no wide philosophy1 ?ree times a week1 or ?ree times a ye>1 or once 9 ?ree ye>s1 9 *ill lecture-rooms or on a pomp\s anniv]s>y4 #aj4 ,nay1 self-education 9 any %ape1 9 ! mo/ re/rict$ s5se1 is pref]able to a sy/em ( tea*+ :i*1 pr(ess+ s mu*1 really does s little = ! m9d4 ,%ut y\r ,college gates aga9/ ! vot>y ( k1 ?r[ him back ^u ! se>*+s & ! ef=ts ( 8 own m9d2 he w ga9 by be+ sp>$ an entrance into y\r ,babel4 ,few inde$ !re are :o c disp5se ) ! /imulus & support ( in/ructors1 or w d any ?+ at all1 if left to !mselves4 ,& few] /ill 7?\gh su* great m9ds are to be f\nd71 :o w n1 f su* unassi/$ attempts1 contract a self-reliance & a self-e/eem1 :i* are n only moral evils1 b s]i\s h9drances to ! atta9m5t ( tru?4 ,& next to none1 p]haps1 or none1 :o w n be rem9d$ f "t to "t ( ! disadvantage "u :i* !y lie1 by _! imp]fect gr\nd+1 by ! breaks1 defici5cies1 & irregul>ities ( _! k1 by ! ecc5tricity ( op9ion & ! confusion ( pr9ciple :i* !y exhibit4 ,!y w be too (t5 ignorant ( :at e "o kn[s & takes = grant$1 ( t multitude ( small tru?s :i* fall ^u ! m9d l du/1 impalpable & ev] accumulat+2 !y may be unable to conv]se1 !y may argue p]v]sely1 !y may pride !mselves on _! wor/ p>adoxes or _! grosse/ truisms1 !y may be full ( _! own mode ( view+ ?+s1 unwill+ to be put out ( _! way1 sl[ to ent] into ! m9ds ( o!rs2--b1 ) ^! & :atev] o!r liabilities ^u _! heads1 !y are likely to h m ?\ght1 m m9d1 m philosophy1 m true enl>gem5t1 ?an ^? e>ne/ b ill-us$ p]sons1 :o are =c$ to load _! m9ds ) a score ( subjects aga9/ an exam9ation1 :o h too mu* on _! h&s to indulge !mselves 9 ?9k+ or inve/igation1 :o dev\r premiss & conclusion toge!r ) indiscrim9ate gre$9ess1 :o hold :ole sci5ces on fai?1 & commit demon/rations to memory1 & :o too (t51 z might be expect$1 :5 _! p]iod ( education is pass$1 ?r[ up all !y h le>n$ 9 disgu/1 hav+ ga9$ no?+ really by _! anxi\s lab\rs1 except p]haps ! habit ( application4 ,yet su* is ! bett] specim5 ( ! fruit ( t ambiti\s sy/em :i* has ( late ye>s be5 mak+ way among u3 = its result on ord9>y m9ds1 & on ! common run ( /ud5ts1 is less satisfactory /ill2 !y leave _! place ( education simply dissipat$ & relax$ by ! multiplicity ( subjects1 :i* !y h nev] really ma/]$1 & s %all[ z n ev5 to "k _! %all[ness4 ,h[ mu* bett]1 ,i say1 is x = ! active & ?\ghtful intellect1 :]e su* is to be f\nd1 to es*ew ! ,college & ! ,univ]sity altoge!r1 ?an to submit to a drudg]y s ignoble1 a mock]y s contumeli\s6 ,h[ mu* m pr(itable = ! indep5d5t m9d1 aft] ! m]e rudim5ts ( education1 to range ?r\gh a libr>y at r&om1 tak+ d[n books z !y meet him1 & pursu+ ! tra9s ( ?\ght :i* 8 "m wit sugge/s6 ,h[ mu* heal?i] to w&] into ! fields1 & !re ) ! exil$ ,pr9ce to f9d 8tongues 9 ! trees1 books 9 ! runn+ brooks60 ,h[ mu* m g5u9e an education is t ( ! poor boy 9 ! ,poem7#ba7--;a ,poem1 :e!r 9 conception or 9 execution1 "o ( ! mo/ t\*+ 9 our language--:o1 n 9 ! wide _w1 b rang+ day by day ar\nd 8 wid[$ "m's home1 8a dext]\s glean]0 9 a n>r[ field1 & ) only su* sl5d] outfit 8z ! village s*ool & books a few ,suppli$10 contriv$ f ! bea*1 & ! quay1 & ! fi%]'s boat1 & ! inn's fireside1 & ! tradesman's %op1 & ! %eph]d's walk1 & ! smuggl]'s hut1 & ! mossy moor1 & ! scream+ gulls1 & ! re/less waves1 to fa%ion = himself a philosophy & a poetry ( 8 own6 99 99 99 99 99 ,b 9 a l>ge subject1 ,i am exce$+ my necess>y limits4 ,g5tlem51 ,i mu/ conclude abruptly2 & po/pone any summ+ up ( my argum5t1 %\ld t be necess>y1 to ano!r day4 ,disc\rse ,,vii4 ,k ,view$ ,9 ,relation ,to ,pr(essional ,skill4 #a4 ,i h be5 insi/+1 9 my two prec$+ ,disc\rses1 fir/1 on ! cultivation ( ! intellect1 z an end :i* may reasonably be pursu$ = its own sake2 & next1 on ! nature ( t cultivation1 or :at t cultivation consi/s 94 ,tru? ( :atev] k9d is ! prop] object ( ! intellect2 its cultivation !n lies 9 fitt+ x to appreh5d & contemplate tru?4 ,n[ ! intellect 9 its pres5t /ate1 ) exceptions :i* ne$ n "h be specifi$1 does n disc]n tru? intuitively1 or z a :ole4 ,we "k1 n by a direct & simple vision1 n at a glance1 b1 z x 71 by piecemeal & accumulation1 by a m5tal process1 by go+ r\nd an object1 by ! comp>ison1 ! comb9ation1 ! mutual correction1 ! cont9ual adaptation1 ( _m p>tial notions1 by ! employm5t1 conc5tration1 & jo9t action ( _m faculties & ex]cises ( m9d4 ,su* a union & conc]t ( ! intellectual p[]s1 su* an enl>gem5t & developm5t1 su* a compreh5siv5ess1 is necess>ily a matt] ( tra9+4 ,& aga91 su* a tra9+ is a matt] ( rule2 x is n m]e application1 h[ev] exempl>y1 :i* introduces ! m9d to tru?1 nor ! read+ _m books1 nor ! gett+ up _m subjects1 nor ! witness+ _m exp]im5ts1 nor ! att5d+ _m lectures4 ,all ?is is %ort ( en\gh2 a man may h done x all1 yet be l+]+ 9 ! ve/ibule ( k3--he may n realize :at 8 m\? utt]s2 he may n see ) 8 m5tal eye :at confronts him2 he may h no grasp ( ?+s z !y are2 or at lea/ he may h no p[] at all ( advanc+ "o /ep =w>d ( himself1 9 consequ5ce ( :at he has already acquir$1 no p[] ( discrim9at+ betwe5 tru? & falsehood1 ( sift+ out ! gra9s ( tru? f ! mass1 ( arrang+ ?+s accord+ to _! real value1 &1 if ,i may use ! phrase1 ( build+ up ideas4 ,su* a p[] is ! result ( a sci5tific =mation ( m9d2 x is an acquir$ faculty ( judgm5t1 ( cle>-sight$ness1 ( sagacity1 ( wisdom1 ( philosophical rea* ( m9d1 & ( intellectual self-possession & repose1--qualities :i* d n come ( m]e acquirem5t4 ,! bodily eye1 ! organ = appreh5d+ mat]ial objects1 is provid$ by nature2 ! eye ( ! m9d1 ( :i* ! object is tru?1 is ! "w ( discipl9e & habit4 ,?is process ( tra9+1 by :i* ! intellect1 in/ead ( be+ =m$ or sacrific$ to "s p>ticul> or accid5tal purpose1 "s specific trade or pr(ession1 or /udy or sci5ce1 is discipl9$ = its own sake1 = ! p]ception ( its own prop] object1 & = its own highe/ culture1 is call$ ,lib]al ,education2 & ?\gh !re is no "o 9 :om x is c>ri$ z f> z is conceivable1 or ^: intellect w\ld be a patt]n ( :at intellects %\ld be made1 yet !re is sc>cely any "o b may ga9 an idea ( :at real tra9+ is1 & at lea/ look t[>ds x1 & make its true scope & result1 n some?+ else1 8 /&>d ( excell5ce2 & numb]s !re are :o may submit !mselves to x1 & secure x to !mselves 9 good measure4 ,& to set =? ! "r /&>d1 & to tra9 accord+ to x1 & to help =w>d all /ud5ts t[>ds x accord+ to _! v>i\s capacities1 ?is ,i conceive to be ! bus9ess ( a ,univ]sity4 #b4 ,n[ ?is is :at "s great m5 are v sl[ to all[2 !y insi/ t ,education %\ld be conf9$ to "s p>ticul> & n>r[ end1 & %\ld issue 9 "s def9ite "w1 :i* c be weigh$ & measur$4 ,!y argue z if e ?+1 z well z e p]son1 _h its price2 & t :]e !re has be5 a great outlay1 !y h a "r to expect a return 9 k9d4 ,?is !y call mak+ ,education & ,in/ruction 8useful10 & 8,utility0 becomes _! wat*word4 ,) a fundam5tal pr9ciple ( ?is nature1 !y v naturally g on to ask1 :at !re is to %[ = ! exp5se ( a ,univ]sity2 :at is ! real wor? 9 ! m>ket ( ! article call$ 8a ,lib]al ,education10 on ! supposition t x does n tea* u def9itely h[ to advance our manufactures1 or to improve our l&s1 or to bett] our civil economy2 or aga91 if x does n at once make ?is man a lawy]1 t an eng9e]1 & t a surgeon2 or at lea/ if x does n lead to discov]ies 9 *emi/ry1 a/ronomy1 geology1 magnetism1 & sci5ce ( e k9d4 ,?is "q1 z might h be5 expect$1 has be5 ke5ly debat$ 9 ! pres5t age1 & =m$ "o ma9 subject ( ! controv]sy1 to :i* ,i ref]r$ 9 ! ,introduction to ! pres5t ,disc\rses1 z hav+ be5 su/a9$ 9 ! fir/ decade ( ?is c5tury by a celebrat$ ,nor!rn ,review on ! "o h&1 & def5d]s ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,ox=d on ! o!r4 ,h>dly _h ! au?orities ( t anci5t seat ( le>n+1 wak+ f _! long neglect1 set on foot a plan = ! education ( ! y\? committ$ to !m1 ?an ! repres5tatives ( sci5ce & lit]ature 9 ! city1 :i* has sometimes be5 call$ ! ,nor!rn ,a!ns1 remon/rat$1 ) _! grave/ argum5ts & _! mo/ brilliant satire1 aga9/ ! direction & %ape :i* ! re=m 0 tak+4 ,no?+ w\ld cont5t !m1 b t ! ,univ]sity %\ld be set to rights on ! basis ( ! philosophy ( ,utility2 a philosophy1 z !y seem to h ?\ght1 :i* ne$$ b to be proclaim$ 9 ord] to be embrac$4 ,9 tru?1 !y 7 little aw>e ( ! dep? & =ce ( ! pr9ciples on :i* ! academical au?orities 7 proce$+1 &1 ?is be+ s1 x 0 n to be expect$ t !y w\ld be all[$ to walk at leisure ov] ! field ( controv]sy :i* !y _h select$4 ,accord+ly !y 7 enc\nt]$ 9 behalf ( ! ,univ]sity by two m5 ( great "n & influ5ce 9 _! day1 ( v diff]5t m9ds1 b unit$1 z by ,collegiate ties1 s 9 ! cle>-sight$ & l>ge view :i* !y took ( ! :ole subject ( ,lib]al ,education2 & ! def5ce ?us provid$ = ! ,ox=d /udies has kept its gr\nd to ?is day4 #c4 ,let me be all[$ to devote a few words to ! memory ( di/+ui%$ p]sons1 "u ! %ad[ ( ^: "n ,i once liv$1 & by ^: doctr9e ,i am n[ pr(it+4 ,9 ! he>t ( ,ox=d !re is a small plot ( gr\nd1 hemm$ 9 by public ?or\ghf>es1 :i* has be5 ! possession & ! home ( "o ,society = above five hundr$ ye>s4 ,9 ! old "t ( ,boniface ! ,eigh? & ,john ! ,tw5ty-second1 9 ! age ( ,scotus & ,occam & ,dante1 be=e ,wiclif or ,huss _h k9dl$ ^? mis]able fires :i* are /ill rag+ to ! ru9 ( ! highe/ int]e/s ( man1 an un=tunate k+ ( ,engl&1 ,edw>d ! ,second1 fly+ f ! field ( ,bannockburn1 is said to h made a v[ to ! ,bless$ ,virg9 to f\nd a religi\s h\se 9 h] hon\r1 if he got back 9 safety4 ,prompt$ & aid$ by 8 ,almon]1 he decid$ on plac+ ?is h\se 9 ! city ( ,alfr$2 & ! ,image ( our ,lady1 :i* is opposite its entrance-gate1 is to ?is day ! tok5 ( ! v[ & its fulfilm5t4 ,k+ & ,almon] h long be5 9 ! du/1 & /rang]s h ent]$ into _! inh]itance1 & _! cre$ has be5 =gott51 & _! holy rites dis[n$2 b day by day a mem5to is /ill made 9 ! holy ,sacrifice by at lea/ "o ,ca?olic ,prie/1 once a memb] ( t ,college1 = ! s\ls ( ^? ,ca?olic b5efactors :o f$ him !re = s _m ye>s4 ,! visitor1 ^: curiosity has be5 excit$ by its pres5t fame1 gazes p]haps ) some?+ ( disappo9tm5t on a collection ( build+s :i* h ) !m s few ( ! circum/ances ( dignity or weal?4 ,broad quadrangles1 high halls & *amb]s1 ornam5t$ cloi/]s1 /ately walks1 or umbrage\s g>d5s1 a ?rong ( /ud5ts1 ample rev5ues1 or a glori\s hi/ory1 none ( ^! ?+s 7 ! portion ( t old ,ca?olic f\ndation2 no?+ 9 %ort :i* to ! common eye sixty ye>s ago w\ld h giv5 tok5s ( :at x 0 to be4 ,b x _h at t "t a _s work+ )9 x1 :i* enabl$ its inmates to d1 amid its seem+ insignificance1 :at no o!r body 9 ! place c\ld equal2 n a v ab/ruse gift or extraord9>y boa/1 b a r>e "o1 ! hone/ purpose to adm9i/] ! tru/ committ$ to !m 9 su* a way z _! consci5ce po9t$ out z be/4 ,s1 :]eas ! ,colleges ( ,ox=d are self-elect+ bodies1 ! fell[s 9 ea* p]petually fill+ up = !mselves ! vacancies :i* occur 9 _! numb]1 ! memb]s ( ?is f\ndation det]m9$1 at a "t :51 ei!r f evil cu/om or f anci5t /atute1 su* a ?+ 0 n kn[n else:]e1 to ?r[ op5 _! fell[%ips to ! competition ( all com]s1 &1 9 ! *oice ( associates h5ce=?1 to ca/ to ! w9ds e p]sonal motive & feel+1 family connexion1 & fri5d%ip1 & patronage1 & political int]e/1 & local claim1 & prejudice1 & p>ty jeal\sy1 & to elect solely on public & patriotic gr\nds4 ,nay1 ) a rem>kable indep5d5ce ( m9d1 !y resolv$ t ev5 ! table ( hon\rs1 aw>d$ to lit]>y m]it by ! ,univ]sity 9 its new sy/em ( exam9ation = degrees1 %\ld n fett] _! judgm5t z electors2 b t at all risks1 & :atev] criticism x might cause1 & :atev] odium !y might incur1 !y w\ld select ! m51 :oev] !y 71 to be *ildr5 ( _! ,f\nd]1 :om !y ?\ght 9 _! consci5ces to be mo/ likely f _! intellectual & moral qualities to please him1 if 7z !y express$ x7 he 7 /ill ^u e>?1 mo/ likely to d hon\r to 8 ,college1 mo/ likely to promote ! objects :i* !y believ$ he _h at he>t4 ,su* p]sons did n promise to be ! disciples ( a l[ ,utilit>ianism2 & consequ5tly1 z _! collegiate re=m syn*roniz$ ) t re=m ( ! ,academical body1 9 :i* !y bore a pr9cipal "p1 x 0 n unnatural t1 :5 ! /orm broke ^u ! ,univ]sity f ! ,nor?1 _! ,alma ,mat]1 :om !y lov$1 %\ld h f\nd h] fir/ def5d]s )9 ! walls ( t small ,college1 :i* _h fir/ put itself into a condition to be h] *ampion4 ,^! def5d]s1 ,i h said1 7 two1 ( :om ! m di/+ui%$ 0 ! late ,dr4 ,cople/on1 !n a ,fell[ ( ! ,college1 successively its ,provo/1 & ,prote/ant ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff4 ,9 t ,society1 :i* owes s mu* to him1 8 "n lives1 & ev] w live1 = ! di/9ction :i* 8 tal5ts be/[$ on x1 = ! academical importance to :i* he rais$ x1 = ! g5]osity ( _s1 ! lib]ality ( s5tim5t1 & ! k9dness ( he>t1 ) :i* he adorn$ x1 & :i* ev5 ^? :o _h lea/ sympa?y ) "s aspects ( 8 m9d & "* c\ld n b admire & love4 ,m5 come to _! m]idian at v>i\s p]iods ( _! lives2 ! la/ ye>s ( ! em95t p]son ,i am speak+ ( 7 giv5 to duties :i*1 ,i am told1 h be5 ! means ( ende>+ him to numb]s1 b :i* af=d$ no scope = t peculi> vig\r & ke5ness ( m9d :i* enabl$ him1 :5 a "y man1 s+le-h&$1 ) easy gallantry1 to enc\nt] & ov]?r[ ! *>ge ( ?ree giants ( ! ,nor? comb9$ aga9/ him4 ,i believe ,i am "r 9 say+ t1 9 ! progress ( ! controv]sy1 ! mo/ sci5tific1 ! mo/ critical1 & ! mo/ witty1 ( t lit]>y company1 all ( !m n[1 z he himself1 remov$ f ?is visible sc5e1 ,pr(essor ,playfair1 ,"l ,jeffrey1 & ! ,rev4 ,sydney ,smi?1 ?rew toge!r _! sev]al ef=ts into "o article ( _! ,review1 9 ord] to cru% & p\nd to du/ ! audaci\s controv]ti/ :o _h come out aga9/ !m 9 def5ce ( 8 own ,in/itutions4 ,to h ev5 cont5d$ ) su* m5 0 a suffici5t v\*] = 8 ability1 ev5 be=e we op5 8 pamphlets1 & h actual evid5ce ( ! good s5se1 ! _s1 ! s*ol>-l ta/e1 & ! purity ( /yle1 by :i* !y are di/+ui%$4 ,he 0 support$ 9 ! controv]sy1 on ! same g5]al pr9ciples1 b ) m ( me?od & di/9ctness1 &1 ,i w add1 ) great] =ce & beauty & p]fection1 bo? ( ?\ght & ( language1 by ! o!r di/+ui%$ writ]1 to :om ,i h already ref]r$1 ,mr4 ,davison2 :o1 ?\gh n s well kn[n to ! _w 9 8 day1 has left m beh9d him ?an ! ,provo/ ( ,oriel1 to make 8 "n rememb]$ by po/]ity4 ,?is ?\ghtful man1 :o 0 ! admir$ & intimate fri5d ( a v rem>kable p]son1 :om1 :e!r he wi% x or n1 numb]s rev]e & love z ! fir/ au?or ( ! subsequ5t movem5t 9 ! ,prote/ant ,*ur* t[>ds ,ca?olicism17#bb7 ?is grave & philosophical writ]1 ^: works ,i c nev] look into )\t sigh+ t su* a man 0 lo/ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 z ,dr4 ,butl] be=e him1 by "s e>ly bias or "s fault ( self-education--he1 9 a review ( a "w by ,mr4 ,edgewor? on ,pr(essional ,education1 :i* attract$ a good deal ( att5tion 9 its day1 goes leisurely ov] ! same gr\nd1 :i* _h already be5 rapidly trav]s$ by ,dr4 ,cople/on1 &1 ?\gh pr(ess$ly employ$ ^u ,mr4 ,edgewor?1 is really reply+ to ! nor!rn critic :o _h br\ght t writ]'s "w into notice1 & to a f> great] au?or ?an ei!r ( !m1 :o 9 a pa/ age _h argu$ on ! same side4 #d4 ,! au?or to :om ,i allude is no o!r ?an ,locke4 ,t celebrat$ philosoph] has prec$$ ! ,ed9burgh ,review]s 9 condemn+ ! ord9>y subjects 9 :i* boys are in/ruct$ at s*ool1 on ! gr\nd t !y are n ne$$ by !m 9 aft] life2 & be=e quot+ :at 8 disciples h said 9 ! pres5t c5tury1 ,i w ref] to a few passages ( ! ma/]4 8',tis matt] ( a/oni%m5t10 he says 9 8 "w on ,education1 8t m5 ( quality & p>ts %\ld suff] !mselves to be s f> misl$ by cu/om & implicit fai?4 ,reason1 if consult$ )1 w\ld advise1 t _! *ildr5's "t %\ld be sp5t 9 acquir+ :at might be useful to !m1 :5 !y come to be m51 r ?an t _! heads %\ld be /uff$ ) a deal ( tra%1 a great "p :]e( !y usually nev] d 7'tis c]ta9 !y nev] ne$ to7 ?9k on aga9 z long z !y live2 & s mu* ( x z does /ick by !m !y are only ! worse =40 ,& s aga91 speak+ ( v]se-mak+1 he says1 8,i "k n :at reason a fa!r c h to wi% 8 son a poet1 :o does n desire him to bid defiance to all o!r call+s & bus9ess2 :i* is n yet ! wor/ ( ! case2 =1 if he proves a successful rhym]1 & gets once ! reputation ( a wit1 ,i desire x to be consid]$1 :at company & places he is likely to sp5d 8 "t 91 nay1 & e/ate too2 = x is v seldom se5 t any "o discov]s m9es ( gold or silv] 9 ,p>nassus4 ',tis a pleasant air1 b a b>r5 soil40 ,9 ano!r passage he di/9ctly limits utility 9 education to its be>+ on ! future pr(ession or trade ( ! pupil1 t is1 he scorns ! idea ( any education ( ! intellect1 simply z su*4 8,c !re be any ?+ m ridicul\s10 he asks1 8?an t a fa!r %\ld wa/e 8 own money1 & 8 son's "t1 9 sett+ him to le>n ! ,roman language1 :5 at ! same "t he designs him = a trade1 :]e9 he1 hav+ no use ( ,lat91 fails n to =get t little :i* he br\ght f s*ool1 & :i* 'tis t5 to "o he abhors = ! ill-usage x procur$ him8 ,c\ld x be believ$1 unless we h e :]e among/ u examples ( x1 t a *ild %\ld be =c$ to le>n ! rudim5ts ( a language1 :i* he is nev] to use 9 ! c\rse ( life t he is design$ to1 & neglect all ! :ile ! writ+ a good h&1 & ca/+ acc\nts1 :i* are ( great advantage 9 all conditions ( life1 & to mo/ trades indisp5sably necess>y80 ,no?+ ( c\rse c be m absurd ?an to neglect 9 education ^? matt]s :i* are necess>y = a boy's future call+2 b ! tone ( ,locke's rem>ks evid5tly implies m ?an ?is1 & is condemnatory ( any tea*+ :i* t5ds to ! g5]al cultivation ( ! m9d4 ,n[ to turn to 8 mod]n disciples4 ,! /udy ( ! ,classics _h be5 made ! basis ( ! ,ox=d education1 9 ! re=ms :i* ,i h spok5 (1 & ! ,ed9burgh ,review]s prote/$1 aft] ! mann] ( ,locke1 t no good c\ld come ( a sy/em :i* 0 n bas$ ^u ! pr9ciple ( ,utility4 8,classical ,lit]ature10 !y said1 8is ! great object at ,ox=d4 ,_m m9ds1 s employ$1 h produc$ _m works & mu* fame 9 t dep>tm5t2 b if all lib]al arts & sci5ces1 useful to human life1 _h be5 taught !re1 if "s _h d$icat$ !mselves to *emi/ry1 "s to ma!matics1 "s to exp]im5tal philosophy1 & if e atta9m5t _h be5 hon\r$ 9 ! mixt ratio ( its difficulty & utility1 ! sy/em ( su* a ,univ]sity w\ld h be5 mu* m valuable1 b ! spl5d\r ( its "n some?+ less40 ,utility may be made ! end ( education1 9 two respects3 ei!r z reg>ds ! individual educat$1 or ! community at l>ge4 ,9 :i* light d ^! writ]s reg>d x8 9 ! latt]4 ,s f> !y diff] f ,locke1 = !y consid] ! advancem5t ( sci5ce z ! supreme & real end ( a ,univ]sity4 ,?is is br\ght into view 9 ! s5t5ces :i* foll[4 8,:5 a ,univ]sity has be5 do+ useless ?+s = a long "t1 x appe>s at fir/ degrad+ to !m to be useful4 ,a set ( ,lectures on ,political ,economy w\ld be disc\rag$ 9 ,ox=d1 probably despis$1 probably n p]mitt$4 ,to discuss ! inclosure ( commons1 & to dwell ^u imports & exports1 to come s ne> to common life1 w\ld seem to be undignifi$ & contemptible4 ,9 ! same mann]1 ! ,p>r or ! ,b5tley ( ! day w\ld be sc&aliz$1 9 a ,univ]sity1 to be put on a level ) ! discov]] ( a neutral salt2 & yet1 :at o!r measure is !re ( dignity 9 intellectual lab\r b usefulness8 ,& :at ought ! t]m ,univ]sity to mean1 b a place :]e e sci5ce is taught :i* is lib]al1 & at ! same "t useful to mank9d8 ,no?+ w\ld s mu* t5d to br+ classical lit]ature )9 prop] b\nds z a /eady & inv>iable appeal to utility 9 our appreciation ( all human k4''' ,look+ always to real utility z our guide1 we %\ld see1 ) equal pleasure1 a /udi\s & inquisitive m9d arrang+ ! productions ( nature1 inve/igat+ ! qualities ( bodies1 or ma/]+ ! difficulties ( ! le>n$ languages4 ,we %\ld n c>e :e!r he 0 *emi/1 naturali/1 or s*ol>1 because we "k x to be z necess>y t matt] %\ld be /udi$ & subdu$ to ! use ( man1 z t ta/e %\ld be gratifi$1 & imag9ation inflam$40 ,su* !n is ! enunciation1 z f> z words g1 ( ! !ory ( ,utility 9 ,education2 & bo? on its own acc\nt1 & = ! sake ( ! able m5 :o h advocat$ x1 x has a claim on ! att5tion ( ^? ^: pr9ciples ,i am "h repres5t+4 ,c]ta9ly x is speci\s to cont5d t no?+ is wor? pursu+ b :at is useful2 & t life is n long en\gh to exp5d ^u int]e/+1 or curi\s1 or brilliant trifles4 ,nay1 9 "o s5se1 ,i w grant x is m ?an speci\s1 x is true2 b1 if s1 h[ d ,i propose directly to meet ! objection8 ,:y1 ,g5tlem51 ,i h really met x already1 viz41 9 lay+ d[n1 t intellectual culture is its own end2 = :at has its end 9 itself1 has its use 9 itself also4 ,i say1 if a ,lib]al ,education consi/s 9 ! culture ( ! intellect1 & if t culture be 9 itself a good1 "h1 )\t go+ fur!r1 is an answ] to ,locke's "q2 = if a heal?y body is a good 9 itself1 :y is n a heal?y intellect8 & if a ,college ( ,physicians is a useful in/itution1 because x contemplates bodily heal?1 :y is n an ,academical ,body1 ?\gh x 7 simply & solely engag$ 9 imp>t+ vig\r & beauty & grasp to ! intellectual portion ( our nature8 ,& ! ,review]s ,i am quot+ seem to all[ ?is 9 _! bett] mom5ts1 9 a passage :i*1 putt+ aside ! "q ( its ju/ice 9 fact1 is s\nd & true 9 ! pr9ciples to :i* x appeals3-- 8,! pres5t /ate ( classical education10 !y say1 8cultivates ! imag9ation a great deal too mu*1 & o!r habits ( m9d a great deal too little1 & tra9s up _m "y m5 9 a /yle ( elegant imbecility1 utt]ly unwor?y ( ! tal5ts ) :i* nature has end[$ !m4''' ,! matt] ( fact is1 t a classical s*ol> ( tw5ty-?ree or tw5ty-f\r is a man pr9cipally conv]sant ) works ( imag9ation4 ,8 feel+s are quick1 8 fancy lively1 & 8 ta/e good4 ,tal5ts = speculation & orig9al inquiry he has none1 nor has he =m$ ! invaluable habit ( pu%+ ?+s up to _! fir/ pr9ciples1 or ( collect+ dry & unamus+ facts z ! mat]ials = reason+4 ,all ! solid & mascul9e p>ts ( 8 und]/&+ are left :olly )\t cultivation2 he hates ! pa9 ( ?9k+1 & suspects e man ^: boldness & orig9ality call ^u him to def5d 8 op9ions & prove 8 ass]tions40 #e4 ,n[1 ,i am n at pres5t conc]n$ ) ! specific "q ( classical education2 else1 ,i might reasonably "q ! ju/ice ( call+ an intellectual discipl9e1 :i* embraces ! /udy ( ,ari/otle1 ,?ucydides1 & ,tacitus1 :i* involves ,s*ol>%ip & ,antiquities1 imag9ative2 /ill s f> ,i readily grant1 t ! cultivation ( ! 8und]/&+10 ( a 8tal5t = speculation & orig9al inquiry10 & ( 8! habit ( pu%+ ?+s up to _! fir/ pr9ciples10 is a pr9cipal portion ( a good or lib]al education4 ,if !n ! ,review]s consid] su* cultivation ! *>act]i/ic ( a useful education1 z !y seem to d 9 ! =ego+ passage1 x foll[s1 t :at !y mean by 8useful0 is j :at ,i mean by 8good0 or 8lib]al30 & ,locke's "q becomes a v]bal "o4 ,:e!r y\?s are to be taught ,lat9 or v]se-mak+ w dep5d on ! fact1 :e!r ^! /udies t5d to m5tal culture2 b1 h[ev] ?is is det]m9$1 s f> is cle>1 t 9 t m5tal culture consi/s :at ,i h call$ a lib]al or non-pr(essional1 & :at ! ,review]s call a useful education4 ,?is is ! obvi\s answ] :i* may be made to ^? :o urge ^u u ! claims ( ,utility 9 our plans ( ,education2 b ,i am n go+ to leave ! subject "h3 ,i mean to take a wid] view ( x4 ,let u take 8useful10 z ,locke takes x1 9 its prop] & popul> s5se1 & !n we ent] ^u a l>ge field ( ?\ght1 to :i* ,i _c d ju/ice 9 "o ,disc\rse1 ?\gh to-day's is all ! space t ,i c give to x4 ,i say1 let u take 8useful0 to mean1 n :at is simply good1 b :at t5ds to good1 or is ! in/rum5t ( good2 & 9 ?is s5se also1 ,g5tlem51 ,i w %[ y h[ a lib]al education is truly & fully a useful1 ?\gh x be n a pr(essional1 education4 8,good0 inde$ means "o ?+1 & 8useful0 means ano!r2 b ,i lay x d[n z a pr9ciple1 :i* w save u a great deal ( anxiety1 t1 ?\gh ! useful is n always good1 ! good is always useful4 ,good is n only good1 b reproductive ( good2 ?is is "o ( its attributes2 no?+ is excell5t1 beautiful1 p]fect1 desirable = its own sake1 b x ov]fl[s1 & spreads ! lik5ess ( itself all ar\nd x4 ,good is prolific2 x is n only good to ! eye1 b to ! ta/e2 x n only attracts u1 b x communicates itself2 x excites fir/ our admiration & love1 !n our desire & our gratitude1 & t1 9 proportion to its int5s5ess & fulness 9 p>ticul> in/ances4 ,a great good w imp>t great good4 ,if !n ! intellect is s excell5t a portion ( u1 & its cultivation s excell5t1 x is n only beautiful1 p]fect1 admirable1 & noble 9 itself1 b 9 a true & high s5se x mu/ be useful to ! possessor & to all ar\nd him2 n useful 9 any l[1 me*anical1 m]cantile s5se1 b z diffus+ good1 or z a bless+1 or a gift1 or p[]1 or a treasure1 fir/ to ! own]1 !n ?r\gh him to ! _w4 ,i say !n1 if a lib]al education be good1 x mu/ necess>ily be useful too4 #f4 ,y w see :at ,i mean by ! p>allel ( bodily heal?4 ,heal? is a good 9 itself1 ?\gh no?+ came ( x1 & is especially wor? seek+ & *]i%+2 yet1 aft] all1 ! bless+s :i* att5d its pres5ce are s great1 :ile !y are s close to x & s r$\nd back ^u x & encircle x1 t we nev] ?9k ( x except z useful z well z good1 & praise & prize x = :at x does1 z well z = :at x is1 ?\gh at ! same "t we _c po9t out any def9ite & di/9ct "w or production :i* x c be said to effect4 ,& s z reg>ds intellectual culture1 ,i am f> f d5y+ utility 9 ?is l>ge s5se z ! end ( ,education1 :5 ,i lay x d[n1 t ! culture ( ! intellect is a good 9 itself & its own end2 ,i d n exclude f ! idea ( intellectual culture :at x _c b be1 f ! v nature ( ?+s2 ,i only d5y t we mu/ be able to po9t out1 be=e we h any "r to call x useful1 "s art1 or bus9ess1 or pr(ession1 or trade1 or "w1 z result+ f x1 & z its real & complete end4 ,! p>allel is exact3--,z ! body may be sacrific$ to "s manual or o!r toil1 :e!r mod]ate or oppressive1 s may ! intellect be devot$ to "s specific pr(ession2 & ,i d n call ?is ! culture ( ! intellect4 ,aga91 z "s memb] or organ ( ! body may be inord9ately us$ & develop$1 s may memory1 or imag9ation1 or ! reason+ faculty2 & ?is aga9 is n intellectual culture4 ,on ! o!r h&1 z ! body may be t5d$1 *]i%$1 & ex]cis$ ) a simple view to its g5]al heal?1 s may ! intellect also be g5]ally ex]cis$ 9 ord] to its p]fect /ate2 & ?is is its cultivation4 ,aga91 z heal? ought to prec$e lab\r ( ! body1 & z a man 9 heal? c d :at an unheal?y man _c d1 & z ( ?is heal? ! prop]ties are /r5g?1 en]gy1 agility1 graceful c>riage & action1 manual dext]ity1 & endurance ( fatigue1 s 9 l mann] g5]al culture ( m9d is ! be/ aid to pr(essional & sci5tific /udy1 & educat$ m5 c d :at illit]ate _c2 & ! man :o has le>n$ to ?9k & to reason & to comp>e & to discrim9ate & to analyze1 :o has ref9$ 8 ta/e1 & =m$ 8 judgm5t1 & %>p5$ 8 m5tal vision1 w n inde$ at once be a lawy]1 or a plead]1 or an orator1 or a /atesman1 or a physician1 or a good l&lord1 or a man ( bus9ess1 or a soldi]1 or an eng9e]1 or a *emi/1 or a geologi/1 or an antiqu>ian1 b he w be plac$ 9 t /ate ( intellect 9 :i* he c take up any "o ( ! sci5ces or call+s ,i h ref]r$ to1 or any o!r = :i* he has a ta/e or special tal5t1 ) an ease1 a grace1 a v]satility1 & a success1 to :i* ano!r is a /rang]4 ,9 ?is s5se !n1 & z yet ,i h said b a v few words on a l>ge subject1 m5tal culture is emphatically useful4 ,if !n ,i am argu+1 & %all argue1 aga9/ ,pr(essional or ,sci5tific k z ! suffici5t end ( a ,univ]sity ,education1 let me n be suppos$1 ,g5tlem51 to be disrespectful t[>ds p>ticul> /udies1 or arts1 or vocations1 & ^? :o are engag$ 9 !m4 ,9 say+ t ,law or ,m$ic9e is n ! end ( a ,univ]sity c\rse1 ,i d n mean to imply t ! ,univ]sity does n tea* ,law or ,m$ic9e4 ,:at inde$ c x tea* at all1 if x does n tea* some?+ p>ticul>8 ,x tea*es all k by tea*+ all bran*es ( k1 & 9 no o!r way4 ,i d b say t !re w be ?is di/9ction z reg>ds a ,pr(essor ( ,law1 or ( ,m$ic9e1 or ( ,geology1 or ( ,political ,economy1 9 a ,univ]sity & out ( x1 t out ( a ,univ]sity he is 9 dang] ( be+ absorb$ & n>r[$ by 8 pursuit1 & ( giv+ ,lectures :i* are ! ,lectures ( no?+ m ?an a lawy]1 physician1 geologi/1 or political economi/2 :]eas 9 a ,univ]sity he w j "k :]e he & 8 sci5ce /&1 he has come to x1 z x 71 f a height1 he has tak5 a survey ( all k1 he is kept f extravagance by ! v rivalry ( o!r /udies1 he has ga9$ f !m a special illum9ation & l>g5ess ( m9d & fre$om & self-possession1 & he treats 8 own 9 consequ5ce ) a philosophy & a res\rce1 :i* belongs n to ! /udy itself1 b to 8 lib]al education4 ,?is !n is h[ ,i %\ld solve ! fallacy1 = s ,i mu/ call x1 by :i* ,locke & 8 disciples w\ld fright5 u f cultivat+ ! intellect1 "u ! notion t no education is useful :i* does n tea* u "s temporal call+1 or "s me*anical art1 or "s physical secret4 ,i say t a cultivat$ intellect1 because x is a good 9 itself1 br+s ) x a p[] & a grace to e "w & occupation :i* x und]takes1 & enables u to be m useful1 & to a great] numb]4 ,!re is a duty we owe to human society z su*1 to ! /ate to :i* we belong1 to ! sph]e 9 :i* we move1 to ! individuals t[>ds :om we are v>i\sly relat$1 & :om we successively enc\nt] 9 life2 & t philosophical or lib]al education1 z ,i h call$ x1 :i* is ! prop] function ( a ,univ]sity1 if x refuses ! =emo/ place to pr(essional int]e/s1 does b po/pone !m to ! =mation ( ! citiz51 &1 :ile x subs]ves ! l>g] int]e/s ( philan?ropy1 prep>es also = ! successful prosecution ( ^? m]ely p]sonal objects1 :i* at fir/ sight x seems to disp>age4 #g4 ,& n[1 ,g5tlem51 ,i wi% to be all[$ to en=ce 9 detail :at ,i h be5 say+1 by "s extracts f ! writ+s to :i* ,i h already allud$1 & to :i* ,i am s greatly indebt$4 8,x is an undisput$ maxim 9 ,political ,economy10 says ,dr4 ,cople/on1 8t ! sep>ation ( pr(essions & ! division ( lab\r t5d to ! p]fection ( e art1 to ! weal? ( nations1 to ! g5]al com=t & well-be+ ( ! community4 ,?is pr9ciple ( division is 9 "s in/ances pursu$ s f> z to excite ! wond] ( p to ^: notice x is = ! fir/ "t po9t$ out4 ,!re is no say+ to :at ext5t x may n be c>ri$2 & ! m ! p[]s ( ea* individual are conc5trat$ 9 "o employm5t1 ! great] skill & quickness w he naturally display 9 p]=m+ x4 ,b1 :ile he ?us contributes m effectually to ! accumulation ( national weal?1 he becomes himself m & m degrad$ z a rational be+4 ,9 proportion z 8 sph]e ( action is n>r[$ 8 m5tal p[]s & habits become contract$2 & he resembles a subord9ate "p ( "s p[]ful ma*9]y1 useful 9 its place1 b insignificant & wor?less out ( x4 ,if x be necess>y1 z x is beyond all "q necess>y1 t society %\ld be split into divisions & subdivisions1 9 ord] t its sev]al duties may be well p]=m$1 yet we mu/ be c>eful n to yield up ourselves :olly & exclusively to ! guidance ( ?is sy/em2 we mu/ obs]ve :at its evils are1 & we %\ld modify & re/ra9 x1 by br++ into action o!r pr9ciples1 :i* may s]ve z a *eck & c\nt]poise to ! ma9 =ce4 8,!re c be no d\bt t e art is improv$ by conf9+ ! pr(essor ( x to t s+le /udy4 ,b1 al?\gh ! art itself is advanc$ by ?is conc5tration ( m9d 9 its s]vice1 ! individual :o is conf9$ to x goes back4 ,! advantage ( ! community is ne>ly 9 an inv]se ratio ) 8 own4 8,society itself requires "s o!r contribution f ea* individual1 besides ! p>ticul> duties ( 8 pr(ession4 ,&1 if no su* lib]al int]c\rse be e/abli%$1 x is ! common fail+ ( human nature1 to be engross$ ) petty views & int]e/s1 to und]rate ! importance ( all 9 :i* we are n conc]n$1 & to c>ry our p>tial notions into cases :]e !y are inapplicable1 to act1 9 %ort1 z s _m unconnect$ units1 displac+ & repell+ "o ano!r4 8,9 ! cultivation ( lit]ature is f\nd t common l9k1 :i*1 among ! high] & middl+ dep>tm5ts ( life1 unites ! j>r+ sects & subdivisions into "o int]e/1 :i* supplies common topics1 & k9dles common feel+s1 unmix$ ) ^? n>r[ prejudices ) :i* all pr(essions are m or less infect$4 ,! k1 too1 :i* is ?us acquir$1 exp&s & enl>ges ! m9d1 excites its faculties1 & calls ^? limbs & muscles into fre] ex]cise :i*1 by too con/ant use 9 "o direction1 n only acquire an illib]al air1 b are apt also to lose some:at ( _! native play & en]gy4 ,& ?us1 )\t directly qualify+ a man = any ( ! employm5ts ( life1 x enri*es & ennobles all4 ,)\t tea*+ him ! peculi> bus9ess ( any "o (fice or call+1 x enables him to act 8 "p 9 ea* ( !m ) bett] grace & m elevat$ c>riage2 &1 if happily plann$ & conduct$1 is a ma9 +r$i5t 9 t complete & g5]\s education :i* fits a man #8to p]=m ju/ly1 skilfully1 & magnanim\sly1 all ! (fices1 bo? private & public1 ( peace & w>4' 07#bc7 #h4 ,! view ( ,lib]al ,education1 advocat$ 9 ^! extracts1 is exp&$ by ,mr4 ,davison 9 ! ,essay to :i* ,i h already ref]r$4 ,he lays m /ress on ! 8usefulness0 ( ,lib]al ,education 9 ! l>g] s5se ( ! ^w ?an 8 pr$ecessor 9 ! controv]sy4 ,in/ead ( argu+ t ! ,utility ( k to ! individual v>ies inv]sely ) its ,utility to ! public1 he *iefly employs himself on ! sugge/ions conta9$ 9 ,dr4 ,cople/on's la/ s5t5ces4 ,he %[s1 fir/1 t a ,lib]al ,education is some?+ f> high]1 ev5 9 ! scale ( ,utility1 ?an :at is commonly call$ a ,useful ,education1 & next1 t x is necess>y or useful = ! purposes ev5 ( t ,pr(essional ,education :i* commonly engrosses ! title ( ,useful4 ,! =m] ( ^! two !ses he recomm5ds to u 9 an argum5t f :i* ! foll[+ passages are select$3-- 8,x is to take a v contract$ view ( life10 he says1 8to ?9k ) great anxiety h[ p]sons may be educat$ to sup]ior skill 9 _! dep>tm5t1 comp>atively neglect+ or exclud+ ! m lib]al & enl>g$ cultivation4 ,9 8 7,mr4 ,edgewor?'s7 sy/em1 ! value ( e atta9m5t is to be measur$ by its subs]vi5cy to a call+4 ,! specific duties ( t call+ are exalt$ at ! co/ ( ^? free & indep5d5t ta/es & virtues :i* come 9 to su/a9 ! common relations ( society1 & raise ! individual 9 !m4 ,9 %ort1 a man is to be usurp$ by 8 pr(ession4 ,he is to be clo!d 9 its g>b f head to foot4 ,8 virtues1 8 sci5ce1 & 8 ideas are all to be put into a g[n or uni=m1 & ! :ole man to be %ap$1 press$1 & /iff5$1 9 ! exact m\ld ( 8 te*nical "*4 ,any int]lop+ accompli%m5ts1 or a faculty :i* _c be tak5 into public pay1 if !y are to be indulg$ 9 him at all1 mu/ creep along "u ! cloak ( 8 m s]viceable privileg$ m]its4 ,su* is ! /ate ( p]fection to :i* ! _s & g5]al t5d5cy ( ?is sy/em w\ld lead u4 8,b ! pr(essional "* is n ! only "o :i* a p]son engag$ 9 a pr(ession has to support4 ,he is n always ^u duty4 ,!re are s]vices he owes1 :i* are nei!r p>o*ial1 nor =5sic1 nor milit>y1 nor to be describ$ by any su* epi!t ( civil regulation1 & yet are 9 no wise inf]ior to ^? t be> ^! au?oritative titles2 inf]ior nei!r 9 _! intr9sic value1 nor _! moral import1 nor _! impression ^u society4 ,z a fri5d1 z a companion1 z a citiz5 at l>ge2 9 ! connections ( dome/ic life2 9 ! improvem5t & embelli%m5t ( 8 leisure1 he has a sph]e ( action1 revolv+1 if y please1 )9 ! sph]e ( 8 pr(ession1 b n cla%+ ) x2 9 :i* if he c %[ none ( ! advantages ( an improv$ und]/&+1 :atev] may be 8 skill or pr(ici5cy 9 ! o!r1 he is no m ?an an ill-educat$ man4 8,!re is a c]ta9 faculty 9 :i* all nations ( any ref9em5t are great practition]s4 ,x is n taught at s*ool or college z a di/9ct sci5ce2 ?\gh x des]ves t :at is taught !re %\ld be made to h "s ref]5ce to x2 nor is x end[$ at all by ! public2 ev]ybody be+ oblig$ to ex]cise x = himself 9 p]son1 :i* he does to ! be/ ( 8 skill4 ,b 9 no?+ is !re a great] diff]5ce ?an 9 ! mann] ( do+ x4 ,! advocates ( pr(essional le>n+ w smile :5 we tell !m t ?is same faculty :i* we w\ld h enc\rag$1 is simply t ( speak+ good s5se 9 ,engli%1 )\t fee or rew>d1 9 common conv]sation4 ,!y w smile :5 we lay "s /ress ^u x2 b 9 reality x is no su* trifle z !y imag9e4 ,look into ! huts ( savages1 & see1 = !re is no?+ to li/5 to1 ! dismal blank ( _! /upid h\rs ( sil5ce2 _! pr(essional avocations ( w> & hunt+ are ov]2 &1 hav+ no?+ to d1 !y h no?+ to say4 ,turn to improv$ life1 & y f9d conv]sation 9 all its =ms ! m$ium ( some?+ m ?an an idle pleasure2 inde$1 a v active ag5t 9 circulat+ & =m+ ! op9ions1 ta/es1 & feel+s ( a :ole p4 ,x makes ( itself a consid]able affair4 ,its topics are ! mo/ promiscu\s--all ^? :i* d n belong to any p>ticul> prov9ce4 ,z = its p[] & influ5ce1 we may fairly say t x is ( j ! same consequ5ce to a man's imm$iate society1 h[ he talks1 z h[ he acts4 ,n[ ( all ^? :o furni% _! %>e to rational conv]sation1 a m]e adept 9 8 own art is univ]sally admitt$ to be ! wor/4 ,! /]ility & un9/ructiv5ess ( su* a p]son's social h\rs are q prov]bial4 ,or if he escape be+ dull1 x is only by laun*+ into ill-tim$1 le>n$ loquacity4 ,we d n desire ( him lectures or spee*es2 & he has no?+ else to give4 ,among b5*es he may be p[]ful2 b seat$ on a *air he is q ano!r p]son4 ,on ! o!r h&1 we may affirm1 t "o ( ! be/ companions is a man :o1 to ! accuracy & rese>* ( a pr(ession1 has jo9$ a free excursive acqua9tance ) v>i\s le>n+1 & caught f x ! _s ( g5]al obs]vation40 #i4 ,hav+ ?us %[n t a lib]al education is a real b5efit to ! subjects ( x1 z memb]s ( society1 9 ! v>i\s duties & circum/ances & accid5ts ( life1 he goes on1 9 ! next place1 to %[ t1 ov] & above ^? direct s]vices :i* might fairly be expect$ ( x1 x actually subs]ves ! dis*>ge ( ^? p>ticul> functions1 & ! pursuit ( ^? p>ticul> advantages1 :i* are connect$ ) pr(essional ex]tion1 & to :i* ,pr(essional ,education is direct$4 8,we admit10 he obs]ves1 8t :5 a p]son makes a bus9ess ( "o pursuit1 he is 9 ! "r way to em95ce 9 x2 & t divid$ att5tion w r>ely give excell5ce 9 _m4 ,b our ass5t w g no fur!r4 ,=1 to ?9k t ! way to prep>e a p]son = excell+ 9 any "o pursuit 7& t is ! only po9t 9 h&71 is to fett] 8 e>ly /udies1 & cramp ! fir/ developm5t ( 8 m9d1 by a ref]5ce to ! exig5cies ( t pursuit b>ely1 is a v diff]5t notion1 & "o :i*1 we appreh5d1 des]ves to be explod$ r ?an receiv$4 ,possibly a few ( ! ab/ract1 insulat$ k9ds ( le>n+ might be approa*$ 9 t way4 ,! exceptions to be made are v few1 & ne$ n be recit$4 ,b = ! acquisition ( pr(essional & practical ability su* maxims are dea? to x4 ,! ma9 +r$i5ts ( t ability are requisite k & cultivat$ faculties2 b1 ( ! two1 ! latt] is by f> ! *ief4 ,a man ( well improv$ faculties has ! comm& ( ano!r's k4 ,a man )\t !m1 has n ! comm& ( 8 own4 8,( ! intellectual p[]s1 ! judgm5t is t :i* takes ! =emo/ lead 9 life4 ,h[ to =m x to ! two habits x ought to possess1 ( exactness & vig\r1 is ! problem4 ,x w\ld be ignorant presumption s mu* z to h9t at any r\t9e ( me?od by :i* ^! qualities may ) c]ta9ty be imp>t$ to e or any und]/&+4 ,/ill1 h[ev]1 we may safely lay x d[n t !y are n to be got #8by a ga!r] ( simples1' b are ! comb9$ ess5ce & extracts ( _m diff]5t ?+s1 drawn f mu* v>i$ read+ & discipl9e1 fir/1 & obs]vation aft]w>ds4 ,= if !re be a s+le intelligible po9t on ?is head1 x is t a man :o has be5 tra9$ to ?9k ^u "o subject or = "o subject only1 w nev] be a good judge ev5 9 t "o3 :]eas ! enl>gem5t ( 8 circle gives him increas$ k & p[] 9 a rapidly increas+ ratio4 ,s mu* d ideas act1 n z solit>y units1 b by gr\p+ & comb9ation2 & s cle>ly d all ! ?+s t fall )9 ! prop] prov9ce ( ! same faculty ( ! m9d1 int]tw9e ) & support ea* o!r4 ,judgm5t lives z x 7 by comp>ison & discrim9ation4 ,c x be d\bt$1 !n1 :e!r ! range & ext5t ( t assemblage ( ?+s ^u :i* x is practis$ 9 its fir/ essays are ( use to its p[]8 8,to op5 our way a little fur!r on ?is matt]1 we w def9e :at we mean by ! p[] ( judgm5t2 & !n try to asc]ta9 among :at k9d ( /udies ! improvem5t ( x may be expect$ at all4 8,judgm5t does n /& "h = a c]ta9 homely1 useful quality ( intellect1 t gu>ds a p]son f committ+ mi/akes to ! injury ( 8 =tunes or common reputation2 b = t ma/]-pr9ciple ( bus9ess1 lit]ature1 & tal5t1 :i* gives him /r5g? 9 any subject he *ooses to grapple )1 & enables him to seize ! /rong po9t 9 x4 ,:e!r ?is def9ition be metaphysically correct or n1 x comes home to ! sub/ance ( our inquiry4 ,x describes ! p[] t e "o desires to possess :5 he comes to act 9 a pr(ession1 or else:]e2 & corresponds ) our be/ idea ( a cultivat$ m9d4 8,next1 x w n be d5i$1 t 9 ord] to d any good to ! judgm5t1 ! m9d mu/ be employ$ ^u su* subjects z come )9 ! cognizance ( t faculty1 & give "s real ex]cise to its p]ceptions4 ,"h we h a rule ( selection by :i* ! diff]5t p>ts ( le>n+ may be class$ = our purpose4 ,^? :i* belong to ! prov9ce ( ! judgm5t are religion 79 its evid5ces & int]pretation71 e?ics1 hi/ory1 eloqu5ce1 poetry1 !ories ( g5]al speculation1 ! f9e arts1 & works ( wit4 ,great z ! v>iety ( ^! l>ge divisions ( le>n+ may appe>1 !y are all held 9 union by two capital pr9ciples ( connexion4 ,fir/1 !y are all qu>ri$ out ( "o & ! same great subject ( man's moral1 social1 & feel+ nature4 ,& secondly1 !y are all "u ! control 7m or less /rict7 ( ! same p[] ( moral reason40 8,if ^! /udies10 he cont9ues1 8be su* z give a direct play & ex]cise to ! faculty ( ! judgm5t1 !n !y are ! true basis ( education = ! active & inv5tive p[]s1 :e!r de/9$ = a pr(ession or any o!r use4 ,miscellane\s z ! assemblage may appe>1 ( hi/ory1 eloqu5ce1 poetry1 e?ics1 etc41 bl5d$ toge!r1 !y w all conspire 9 an union ( effect4 ,!y are necess>y mutually to expla9 & int]pret ea* o!r4 ,! k d]iv$ f !m all w amalgamate1 & ! habits ( a m9d v]s$ & practis$ 9 !m by turns w jo9 to produce a ri*] ve9 ( ?\ght & ( m g5]al & practical application ?an c\ld be obta9$ ( any s+le "o1 z ! fusion ( ! metals into ,cor9?ian brass gave ! arti/ 8 mo/ ductile & p]fect mat]ial4 ,might we v5ture to imitate an au?or 7:om inde$ x is mu* saf] to take z an au?ority ?an to attempt to copy71 ,"l ,bacon1 9 "s ( 8 concise illu/rations ( ! comp>ative utility ( ! diff]5t /udies1 we %\ld say t hi/ory w\ld give fulness1 moral philosophy /r5g?1 & poetry elevation to ! und]/&+4 ,su* 9 reality is ! natural =ce & t5d5cy ( ! /udies2 b !re are few m9ds susceptible en\gh to d]ive f !m any sort ( virtue adequate to ^? high expressions4 ,we mu/ be cont5t$ !re=e to l[] our panegyric to ?is1 t a p]son _c avoid receiv+ "s infusion & t9cture1 at lea/1 ( ^? sev]al qualities1 f t c\rse ( div]sifi$ read+4 ,"o ?+ is unque/ionable1 t ! elem5ts ( g5]al reason are n to be f\nd fully & truly express$ 9 any "o k9d ( /udy2 & t he :o w\ld wi% to "k h] idiom1 mu/ read x 9 _m books4 8,if diff]5t /udies are useful = aid+1 !y are /ill m useful = correct+ ea* o!r2 = z !y h _! p>ticul> m]its sev]ally1 s !y h _! defects1 & ! mo/ ext5sive acqua9tance ) "o c produce only an intellect ei!r too fla%y or too jejune1 or infect$ ) "s o!r fault ( conf9$ read+4 ,hi/ory1 = example1 %[s ?+s z !y are1 t is1 ! morals & int]e/s ( m5 disfigur$ & p]v]t$ by all _! imp]fections ( passion1 folly1 & ambition2 philosophy /rips ! picture too mu*2 poetry adorns x too mu*2 ! conc5trat$ lights ( ! ?ree correct ! false peculi> col\r+ ( ea*1 & %[ u ! tru?4 ,! "r mode ( ?9k+ ^u x is to be _h f !m tak5 all toge!r1 z e "o mu/ "k :o has se5 _! unit$ contributions ( ?\ght & feel+ express$ 9 ! mascul9e s5tim5t ( our immortal /atesman1 ,mr4 ,burke1 ^: eloqu5ce is inf]ior only to 8 m admirable wisdom4 ,if any m9d improv$ l 81 is to be our in/ructor1 we mu/ g to ! f\nta9 head ( ?+s z he did1 & /udy n 8 works b 8 me?od2 by ! "o we may become feeble imitators1 by ! o!r arrive at "s ability ( our own4 ,b1 z all biography assures u1 he1 & e o!r able ?9k]1 has be5 =m$1 n by a p>simoni\s admeasurem5t ( /udies to "s def9ite future object 7:i* is ,mr4 ,edgewor?'s maxim71 b by tak+ a wide & lib]al compass1 & ?9k+ a great deal on _m subjects ) no bett] end 9 view ?an because ! ex]cise 0 "o :i* made !m m rational & intellig5t be+s40 #aj4 ,b ,i mu/ br+ ^! extracts to an end4 ,to-day ,i h conf9$ myself to say+ t t tra9+ ( ! intellect1 :i* is be/ = ! individual himself1 be/ enables him to dis*>ge 8 duties to society4 ,! ,philosoph]1 inde$1 & ! man ( ! _w diff] 9 _! v notion1 b ! me?ods1 by :i* !y are respectively =m$1 are pretty mu* ! same4 ,! ,philosoph] has ! same comm& ( matt]s ( ?\ght1 :i* ! true citiz5 & g5tleman has ( matt]s ( bus9ess & conduct4 ,if !n a practical end mu/ be assign$ to a ,univ]sity c\rse1 ,i say x is t ( tra9+ good memb]s ( society4 ,its art is ! art ( social life1 & its end is fitness = ! _w4 ,x nei!r conf9es its views to p>ticul> pr(essions on ! "o h&1 nor creates h]oes or inspires g5ius on ! o!r4 ,works inde$ ( g5ius fall "u no art2 h]oic m9ds come "u no rule2 a ,univ]sity is n a bir?place ( poets or ( immortal au?ors1 ( f\nd]s ( s*ools1 lead]s ( colonies1 or conqu]ors ( nations4 ,x does n promise a g5]ation ( ,ari/otles or ,newtons1 ( ,napoleons or ,wa%+tons1 ( ,raphaels or ,%akespe>es1 ?\gh su* miracles ( nature x has be=e n[ conta9$ )9 its prec9cts4 ,nor is x cont5t on ! o!r h& ) =m+ ! critic or ! exp]im5tali/1 ! economi/ or ! eng9e]1 ?\gh su* too x includes )9 its scope4 ,b a ,univ]sity tra9+ is ! great ord9>y means to a great b ord9>y end2 x aims at rais+ ! intellectual tone ( society1 at cultivat+ ! public m9d1 at purify+ ! national ta/e1 at supply+ true pr9ciples to popul> en?usiasm & fix$ aims to popul> aspiration1 at giv+ enl>gem5t & sobriety to ! ideas ( ! age1 at facilitat+ ! ex]cise ( political p[]1 & ref9+ ! int]c\rse ( private life4 ,x is ! education :i* gives a man a cle> consci\s view ( 8 own op9ions & judgm5ts1 a tru? 9 develop+ !m1 an eloqu5ce 9 express+ !m1 & a =ce 9 urg+ !m4 ,x tea*es him to see ?+s z !y are1 to g "r to ! po9t1 to dis5tangle a ske9 ( ?\ght1 to detect :at is sophi/ical1 & to disc>d :at is irrelevant4 ,x prep>es him to fill any po/ ) cr$it1 & to ma/] any subject ) facility4 ,x %[s him h[ to accommodate himself to o!rs1 h[ to ?r[ himself into _! /ate ( m9d1 h[ to br+ be=e !m 8 own1 h[ to influ5ce !m1 h[ to come to an und]/&+ ) !m1 h[ to be> ) !m4 ,he is at home 9 any society1 he has common gr\nd ) e class2 he kn[s :5 to speak & :5 to be sil5t2 he is able to conv]se1 he is able to li/52 he c ask a "q p]t95tly1 & ga9 a lesson seasonably1 :5 he has no?+ to imp>t himself2 he is ev] ready1 yet nev] 9 ! way2 he is a pleasant companion1 & a comrade y c dep5d ^u2 he kn[s :5 to be s]i\s & :5 to trifle1 & he has a sure tact :i* enables him to trifle ) gracefulness & to be s]i\s ) effect4 ,he has ! repose ( a m9d :i* lives 9 itself1 :ile x lives 9 ! _w1 & :i* has res\rces = its happ9ess at home :5 x _c g abroad4 ,he has a gift :i* s]ves him 9 public1 & supports him 9 retirem5t1 )\t :i* good =tune is b vulg>1 & ) :i* failure & disappo9tm5t h a *>m4 ,! art :i* t5ds to make a man all ?is1 is 9 ! object :i* x pursues z useful z ! art ( weal? or ! art ( heal?1 ?\gh x is less susceptible ( me?od1 & less tangible1 less c]ta91 less complete 9 its result4 ,disc\rse ,,viii4 ,k ,view$ ,9 ,relation ,to ,religion4 #a4 ,we %all be br\ght1 ,g5tlem51 to-day1 to ! t]m9ation ( ! inve/igation :i* ,i comm5c$ ?ree ,disc\rses back1 & :i*1 ,i 0 well aw>e1 f its l5g?1 if = no o!r reason1 w\ld make dem&s ^u ! pati5ce ev5 ( indulg5t he>]s4 ,fir/ ,i employ$ myself 9 e/abli%+ ! pr9ciple t ,k is its own rew>d2 & ,i %[$ t1 :5 consid]$ 9 ?is light1 x is call$ ,lib]al ,k1 & is ! scope ( ,academical ,in/itutions4 ,next1 ,i exam9$ :at is meant by ,k1 :5 x is said to be pursu$ = its own sake2 & ,i %[$ t1 9 ord] satisfactorily to fulfil ?is idea1 ,philosophy mu/ be its =m2 or1 9 o!r words1 t its matt] mu/ n be admitt$ into ! m9d passively1 z s mu* acquirem5t1 b mu/ be ma/]$ & appropriat$ z a sy/em consi/+ ( p>ts1 relat$ "o to ! o!r1 & int]pretative ( "o ano!r 9 ! unity ( a :ole4 ,fur!r1 ,i %[$ t su* a philosophical contemplation ( ! field ( ,k z a :ole1 lead+1 z x did1 to an und]/&+ ( its sep>ate dep>tm5ts1 & an appreciation ( !m respectively1 might 9 consequ5ce be rightly call$ an illum9ation2 also1 x 0 rightly call$ an enl>gem5t ( m9d1 because x 0 a di/9ct location ( ?+s "o ) ano!r1 z if 9 space2 :ile x 0 moreov] its prop] cultivation & its be/ condition1 bo? because x secur$ to ! intellect ! sight ( ?+s z !y are1 or ( tru?1 9 opposition to fancy1 op9ion1 & !ory2 & aga91 because x presuppos$ & involv$ ! p]fection ( its v>i\s p[]s4 ,su*1 ,i said1 0 t ,k1 :i* des]ves to be s\ght = its own sake1 ev5 ?\gh x promis$ no ult]ior advantage4 ,b1 :5 ,i _h got z f> z ?is1 ,i w5t f>!r1 & obs]v$ t1 f ! nature ( ! case1 :at 0 s good 9 itself c\ld n b h a numb] ( ext]nal uses1 ?\gh x did n promise !m1 simply because x 0 good2 & t x 0 necess>ily ! s\rce ( b5efits to society1 great & div]sifi$ 9 proportion to its own intr9sic excell5ce4 ,j z 9 morals1 hone/y is ! be/ policy1 z be+ pr(itable 9 a secul> aspect1 ?\gh su* pr(it is n ! measure ( its wor?1 s too z reg>ds :at may be call$ ! virtues ( ! ,intellect1 _! v possession inde$ is a sub/antial good1 & is en\gh1 yet /ill t sub/ance has a %ad[1 insep>able f x1 viz41 its social & political usefulness4 ,& ?is 0 ! subject to :i* ,i devot$ ! prec$+ ,disc\rse4 ,"o portion ( ! subject rema9s3--?is intellectual culture1 :i* is s exalt$ 9 itself1 n only has a be>+ ^u social & active duties1 b ^u ,religion also4 ,! educat$ m9d may be said to be 9 a c]ta9 s5se religi\s2 t is1 x has :at may be consid]$ a religion ( its own1 indep5d5t ( ,ca?olicism1 p>tly co-op]at+ ) x1 p>tly ?w>t+ x2 at once a def5ce yet a di/urbance to ! ,*ur* 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1--& 9 c\ntries beyond h] pale1 at "o "t 9 op5 w>f>e ) h]1 at ano!r 9 def5sive alliance4 ,! hi/ory ( ,s*ools & ,academies1 & ( ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce g5]ally1 w1 ,i ?9k1 ju/ify me 9 ?us speak+4 ,s9ce1 !n1 my aim 9 ^! ,disc\rses is to asc]ta9 ! function & ! action ( a ,univ]sity1 view$ 9 itself1 & its relations to ! v>i\s in/rum5ts ( tea*+ & tra9+ :i* are r\nd ab\t x1 my survey ( x w\ld n be complete unless ,i attempt$1 z ,i n[ propose to d1 to exhibit its g5]al be>+s ^u ,religion4 #b4 ,"r ,reason1 t is1 ,reason rightly ex]cis$1 leads ! m9d to ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 & plants x !re1 & tea*es x 9 all its religi\s speculations to act "u its guidance4 ,b ,reason1 consid]$ z a real ag5t 9 ! _w1 & z an op]ative pr9ciple 9 man's nature1 ) an hi/orical c\rse & ) def9ite results1 is f> f tak+ s /raight & satisfactory a direction4 ,x consid]s itself f fir/ to la/ indep5d5t & supreme2 x requires no ext]nal au?ority2 x makes a religion = itself4 ,ev5 ?\gh x accepts ,ca?olicism1 x does n g to sleep2 x has an action & developm5t ( its own1 z ! passions h1 or ! moral s5tim5ts1 or ! pr9ciple ( self-int]e/4 ,div9e grace1 to use ! language ( ,!ology1 does n by its pres5ce sup]s$e nature2 nor is nature at once br\ght into simple concurr5ce & coalition ) grace4 ,nature pursues its c\rse1 n[ co9cid5t ) t ( grace1 n[ p>allel to x1 n[ across1 n[ div]g5t1 n[ c\nt]1 9 proportion to its own imp]fection & to ! attraction & influ5ce :i* grace ex]ts ov] x4 ,& :at takes place z reg>ds o!r pr9ciples ( our nature & _! developm5ts is f\nd also z reg>ds ! ,reason4 ,!re is1 we "k1 a ,religion ( en?usiasm1 ( sup]/iti\s ignorance ( /atecraft2 & ea* has t 9 x :i* resembles ,ca?olicism1 & t aga9 :i* contradicts ,ca?olicism4 ,!re is ! ,religion ( a w>like p1 & ( a pa/oral p2 !re is a ,religion ( rude times1 & 9 l mann] !re is a ,religion ( civiliz$ times1 ( ! cultivat$ intellect1 ( ! philosoph]1 s*ol>1 & g5tleman4 ,?is is t ,religion ( ,reason1 ( :i* ,i speak4 ,view$ 9 itself1 h[ev] ne> x comes to ,ca?olicism1 x is ( c\rse simply di/9ct f x2 = ,ca?olicism is "o :ole1 & admits ( no compromise or modification4 ,yet ?is is to view x 9 ! ab/ract2 9 matt] ( fact1 & 9 ref]5ce to individuals1 we c h no difficulty 9 conceiv+ ?is philosophical ,religion pres5t 9 a ,ca?olic c\ntry1 z a _s influ5c+ m5 to a c]ta9 ext5t1 = good or = bad or = bo?1--a _s ( ! age1 :i* aga9 may be f\nd1 z among ,ca?olics1 s ) /ill great] sway & success 9 a c\ntry n ,ca?olic1 yet specifically ! same 9 su* a c\ntry z x exi/s 9 a ,ca?olic community4 ,! problem !n be=e u to-day1 is to set d[n "s portions ( ! outl9e1 if we c asc]ta9 !m1 ( ! ,religion ( ,civilization1 & to det]m9e h[ !y lie relatively to ^? pr9ciples1 doctr9es1 & rules1 :i* ,heav5 has giv5 u 9 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,& "h aga91 :5 ,i speak ( ,reveal$ ,tru?1 x is sc>cely necess>y to say t ,i am n ref]r+ to ! ma9 articles & prom95t po9ts ( fai?1 z conta9$ 9 ! ,cre$4 ,_h ,i und]tak5 to del9eate a philosophy1 :i* directly int]f]$ ) ! ,cre$1 ,i c\ld n h spok5 ( x z compatible ) ! pr(ession ( ,ca?olicism4 ,! philosophy ,i speak (1 :e!r x be view$ )9 or outside ! ,*ur*1 does n necess>ily take cognizance ( ! ,cre$4 ,:]e ! c\ntry is ,ca?olic1 ! educat$ m9d takes its articles = grant$1 by a sort ( implicit fai?2 :]e x is n1 x simply ignores !m & ! :ole subject-matt] to :i* !y relate1 z n affect+ social & political int]e/s4 ,tru?s ab\t ,god's ,nature1 ab\t ,8 deal+s t[>ds ! human race1 ab\t ! ,economy ( ,r$emption1--9 ! "o case x humbly accepts !m1 & passes on2 9 ! o!r x passes !m ov]1 z matt]s ( simple op9ion1 :i* nev] c be decid$1 & :i* c h no p[] ov] u to make u morally bett] or worse4 ,i am n speak+ !n ( belief 9 ! great objects ( fai?1 :5 ,i speak ( ,ca?olicism1 b ,i am contemplat+ ,ca?olicism *iefly z a sy/em ( pa/oral in/ruction & moral duty2 & ,i h to d ) its doctr9es ma9ly z !y are subs]vi5t to its direction ( ! consci5ce & ! conduct4 ,i speak ( x1 = in/ance1 z tea*+ ! ru9$ /ate ( man2 8 utt] inability to ga9 ,heav5 by any ?+ he c d himself2 ! moral c]ta9ty ( 8 los+ 8 s\l if left to himself2 ! simple abs5ce ( all rights & claims on ! "p ( ! creature 9 ! pres5ce ( ! ,creator2 ! illimitable claims ( ! ,creator on ! s]vice ( ! creature2 ! imp]ative & obligatory =ce ( ! voice ( consci5ce2 & ! inconceivable evil ( s5suality4 ,i speak ( x z tea*+1 t no "o ga9s ,heav5 except by ! free grace ( ,god1 or )\t a reg5]ation ( nature2 t no "o c please ,him )\t fai?2 t ! he>t is ! seat bo? ( s9 & ( ob$i5ce2 t *>ity is ! fulfill+ ( ! ,law2 & t incorporation into ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is ! ord9>y in/rum5t ( salvation4 ,^! are ! lessons :i* di/+ui% ,ca?olicism z a popul> religion1 & ^! are ! subjects to :i* ! cultivat$ intellect w practically be turn$2--,i h to comp>e & contra/1 n ! doctr9al1 b ! moral & social tea*+ ( ,philosophy on ! "o h&1 & ,ca?olicism on ! o!r4 #c4 ,n[1 on op5+ ! subject1 we see at once a mom5t\s b5efit :i* ! philosoph] is likely to conf] on ! pa/ors ( ! ,*ur*4 ,x is obvi\s t ! fir/ /ep :i* !y h to effect 9 ! conv]sion ( man & ! r5ovation ( 8 nature1 is 8 rescue f t fe>ful subjection to s5se :i* is 8 ord9>y /ate4 ,to be able to break ?r\gh ! me%es ( t ?raldom1 & to dis5tangle & to dis5gage its t5 ?\s& holds ^u ! he>t1 is to br+ x1 ,i might almo/ say1 half way to ,heav54 ,"h1 ev5 div9e grace1 to speak ( ?+s accord+ to _! appe>ances1 is ord9>ily baffl$1 & retires1 )\t exp$i5t or res\rce1 be=e ?is giant fasc9ation4 ,religion seems too high & une>?ly to be able to ex]t a cont9u$ influ5ce ^u u3 its ef=t to r\se ! s\l1 & ! s\l's ef=t to co-op]ate1 are too viol5t to la/4 ,x is l hold+ out ! arm at full l5g?1 or support+ "s great weight1 :i* we manage to d = a "t1 b soon are exhau/$ & succumb4 ,no?+ c act beyond its own nature2 :5 !n we are call$ to :at is sup]natural1 ?\gh ^? extraord9>y aids f ,heav5 are giv5 u1 ) :i* ob$i5ce becomes possible1 yet ev5 ) !m x is ( transc5d5t difficulty4 ,we are drawn d[n to e>? e mom5t ) ! ease & c]ta9ty ( a natural gravitation1 & x is only by sudd5 impulses &1 z x 71 =cible plunges t we attempt to m\nt upw>ds4 ,religion inde$ enlight5s1 t]rifies1 subdues2 x gives fai?1 x inflicts remorse1 x inspires resolutions1 x draws te>s1 x inflames devotion1 b only = ! occasion4 ,i repeat1 x imp>ts an inw>d p[] :i* ought to effect m ?an ?is2 ,i am n =gett+ ei!r ! real suffici5cy ( its aids1 nor ! responsibility ( ^? 9 :om !y fail4 ,i am n discuss+ !ological que/ions at all1 ,i am look+ at ph5om5a z !y lie be=e me1 & ,i say t1 9 matt] ( fact1 ! s9ful _s rep5ts1 & prote/s x w nev] s9 aga91 & = a :ile is protect$ by disgu/ & abhorr5ce f ! malice ( its foe4 ,b t foe kn[s too well t su* seasons ( rep5tance are wont to h _! end3 he pati5tly waits1 till nature fa9ts ) ! ef=t ( resi/ance1 & lies passive & hopeless "u ! next access ( temptation4 ,:at we ne$ !n is "s exp$i5t or in/rum5t1 :i* at lea/ w ob/ruct & /ave (f ! approa* ( our spiritual enemy1 & :i* is suffici5tly cong5ial & level ) our nature to ma9ta9 z firm a hold ^u u z ! inducem5ts ( s5sual gratification4 ,x w be our wisdom to employ nature aga9/ itself4 ,?us sorr[1 sickness1 & c>e are provid5tial antagoni/s to our inw>d disord]s2 !y come ^u u z ye>s pass on1 & g5]ally produce _! natural effects on u1 9 proportion z we are subject$ to _! influ5ce4 ,^!1 h[ev]1 are ,god's in/rum5ts1 n ours2 we ne$ a simil> rem$y1 :i* we c make our own1 ! object ( "s legitimate faculty1 or ! aim ( "s natural affection1 :i* is capable ( re/+ on ! m9d1 & tak+ up its famili> lodg+ ) x1 & engross+ x1 & :i* ?us becomes a mat* = ! besett+ p[] ( s5suality1 & a sort ( homopa?ic m$ic9e = ! disease4 ,"h !n ,i ?9k is ! important aid :i* intellectual cultivation furni%es to u 9 rescu+ ! victims ( passion & self-w4 ,x does n supply religi\s motives2 x is n ! cause or prop] antec$5t ( any ?+ sup]natural2 x is n m]itori\s ( heav5ly aid or rew>d2 b x does a "w1 at lea/ mat]ially good 7z !ologians speak71 :atev] be its real & =mal "*4 ,x expels ! excitem5ts ( s5se by ! introduction ( ^? ( ! intellect4 ,?is !n is ! prim facie advantage ( ! pursuit ( ,k2 x is ! draw+ ! m9d (f f ?+s :i* w h>m x to subjects :i* are wor?y a rational be+2 &1 ?\gh x does n raise x above nature1 nor has any t5d5cy to make u pleas+ to our ,mak]1 yet is x no?+ to sub/itute :at is 9 itself h>mless = :at is1 to say ! lea/1 inexpressibly dang]\s8 is x a little ?+ to ex*ange a circle ( ideas :i* are c]ta9ly s9ful1 = o!rs :i* are c]ta9ly n s8 ,y w say1 p]haps1 9 ! words ( ! ,apo/le1 8,k puffe? up30 & d\btless ?is m5tal cultivation1 ev5 :5 x is successful = ! purpose = :i* ,i am apply+ x1 may be f ! fir/ no?+ m ?an ! sub/itution ( pride = s5suality4 ,i grant x1 ,i ?9k ,i %all h some?+ to say on ?is po9t pres5tly2 b ?is is n a necess>y result1 x is b an incid5tal evil1 a dang] :i* may be realiz$ or may be av]t$1 :]eas we may 9 mo/ cases pr$icate guilt1 & guilt ( a he9\s k9d1 :]e ! m9d is suff]$ to run wild & indulge its ?\ghts )\t tra9+ or law ( any k9d2 & surely to turn away a s\l f mortal s9 is a good & a ga9 s f>1 :atev] comes ( x4 ,& !re=e1 if a fri5d 9 ne$ is twice a fri5d1 ,i conceive t intellectual employm5ts1 ?\gh !y d no m ?an occupy ! m9d ) objects naturally noble or innoc5t1 h a special claim ^u our consid]ation & gratitude4 #d4 ,nor is ?is all3 ,k1 ! discipl9e by :i* x is ga9$1 & ! ta/es :i* x =ms1 h a natural t5d5cy to ref9e ! m9d1 & to give x an indisposition1 simply natural1 yet real1 nay1 m ?an ?is1 a disgu/ & abhorr5ce1 t[>ds excesses & enormities ( evil1 :i* are (t5 or ord9>ily rea*$ at l5g? by ^? :o are n c>eful f ! fir/ to set !mselves aga9/ :at is vici\s & crim9al4 ,x g5]ates )9 ! m9d a fa/idi\sness1 analog\s to ! delicacy or da9t9ess :i* good nurture or a sickly habit induces 9 respect ( food2 & ?is fa/idi\sness1 ?\gh argu+ no high pr9ciple1 ?\gh no protection 9 ! case ( viol5t temptation1 nor sure 9 its op]ation1 yet w (t5 or g5]ally be lively en\gh to create an absolute loa?+ ( c]ta9 (f5ces1 or a dete/ation & scorn ( !m z ung5tlemanlike1 to :i* rud] natures1 nay1 su* z h f> m ( real religion 9 !m1 are tempt$1 or ev5 betray$4 ,sc>cely c we exagg]ate ! value1 9 its place1 ( a safegu>d su* z ?is1 z reg>ds ^? multitudes :o are ?r[n ^u ! op5 field ( ! _w1 or are )drawn f its eye & f ! re/ra9t ( public op9ion4 ,9 _m cases1 :]e x exi/s1 s9s1 famili> to ^? :o are o!rwise circum/anc$1 w n ev5 occur to ! m9d3 9 o!rs1 ! s5se ( %ame & ! quick5$ appreh5sion ( detection w act z a suffici5t ob/acle to !m1 :5 !y d pres5t !mselves be=e x4 ,!n1 aga91 ! fa/idi\sness ,i am speak+ ( w create a simple hatr$ ( t mis]able tone ( conv]sation :i*1 obta9+ z x does 9 ! _w1 is a con/ant fuel ( evil1 heap$ up r\nd ab\t ! s\l3 moreov]1 x w create an irresolution & indecision 9 do+ wrong1 :i* w act z a remora till ! dang] is pa/ away4 ,& ?\gh x has no t5d5cy1 ,i repeat1 to m5d ! he>t1 or to secure x f ! dom9ion 9 o!r %apes ( ^? v evils :i* x repels 9 ! p>ticul> modes ( approa* by :i* !y prevail ov] o!rs1 yet cases may occur :5 x gives bir?1 aft] s9s h be5 committ$1 to s ke5 a remorse & s int5se a self-hatr$1 z are ev5 suffici5t to cure ! p>ticul> moral disord]1 & to prev5t its accesses ev] aft]w>ds2--z ! sp5d?rift 9 ! /ory1 :o1 aft] gaz+ on 8 lo/ acres f ! summit ( an em95ce1 came d[n a mis]1 & rema9$ a mis] to ! end ( 8 days4 ,& all ?is holds good 9 a special way1 9 an age su* z ours1 :51 al?\gh pa9 ( body & m9d may be rife z h]et(ore1 yet o!r c\nt]actions ( evil1 ( a p5al "*1 :i* are pres5t at o!r times1 are away4 ,9 rude & semi-b>b>\s p]iods1 at lea/ 9 a climate su* z our own1 x is ! daily1 nay1 ! pr9cipal bus9ess ( ! s5ses1 to convey feel+s ( discom=t to ! m9d1 z f> z !y convey feel+s at all4 ,exposure to ! elem5ts1 social disord] & lawlessness1 ! tyranny ( ! p[]ful1 & ! inroads ( enemies1 are a /]n discipl9e1 all[+ brief int]vals1 or aw>d+ a %>p p5ance1 to slo? & s5suality4 ,! rude food1 ! scanty clo?+1 ! viol5t ex]cise1 ! vagrant life1 ! milit>y con/ra9t1 ! imp]fect ph>macy1 :i* n[ are ! trials ( only p>ticul> classes ( ! community1 7 once ! lot m or less ( all4 ,9 ! deep woods or ! wild solitudes ( ! m$ieval era1 feel+s ( religion or sup]/ition 7 naturally pres5t to ! population1 :i* 9 v>i\s ways co-op]at$ ) ! mission>y or pa/or1 9 reta9+ x 9 a noble simplicity ( mann]s4 ,b1 :5 9 ! advancem5t ( society m5 congregate 9 t[ns1 & multiply 9 contract$ spaces1 & law gives !m security1 & art gives !m com=ts1 & good gov]nm5t robs !m ( c\rage & manl9ess1 & monotony ( life ?r[s !m back ^u !mselves1 :o does n see t div]sion or protection f evil !y h none1 t vice is ! m]e reaction ( unheal?y toil1 & s5sual excess ! holyday ( res\rceless ignorance8 ,?is is s well und]/ood by ! practical b5evol5ce ( ! day1 t x has especially busi$ itself 9 plans = supply+ ! masses ( our t[n population ) intellectual & hon\rable recreations4 ,*eap lit]ature1 libr>ies ( useful & ent]ta9+ k1 sci5tific lecture%ips1 museums1 zoological collections1 build+s & g>d5s to please ! eye & to give repose to ! feel+s1 ext]nal objects ( :atev] k9d1 :i* may take ! m9d (f itself1 & exp& & elevate x 9 lib]al contemplations1 ^! are ! human means1 wisely sugge/$1 & good z f> z !y g1 = at lea/ p>ry+ ! assaults ( moral evil1 & keep+ at bay ! enemies1 n only ( ! individual s\l1 b ( society at l>ge4 ,su* are ! in/rum5ts by :i* an age ( advanc$ civilization combats ^? moral disord]s1 :i* ,reason z well z ,revelation d5\nces2 & ,i h n be5 backw>d to express my s5se ( _! s]viceabl5ess to ,religion4 ,moreov]1 !y are b ! =emo/ ( a s]ies ( influ5ces1 :i* intellectual culture ex]ts ^u our moral nature1 & all ^u ! type ( ,*ri/ianity1 manife/+ !mselves 9 v]acity1 probity1 equity1 fairness1 g5tl5ess1 b5evol5ce1 & amiabl5ess2 s mu* s1 t a "* m noble to look at1 m beautiful1 m w9n+1 9 ! v>i\s relations ( life & 9 p]sonal duties1 is h>dly conceivable1 ?an may1 or might be1 its result1 :5 t culture is be/[$ ^u a soil naturally adapt$ to virtue4 ,if y w\ld obta9 a picture = contemplation :i* may seem to fulfil ! ideal1 :i* ! ,apo/le has del9eat$ "u ! "n ( *>ity1 9 its sweetness & h>mony1 its g5]osity1 its c\rtesy to o!rs1 & its depreciation ( self1 y c\ld n h rec\rse to a bett] furni%$ /udio ?an to t ( ,philosophy1 ) ! specim5s ( x1 :i* ) great] or less exactness are scatt]$ ?r\gh society 9 a civiliz$ age4 ,x is en\gh to ref] y1 ,g5tlem51 to ! v>i\s ,biographies & ,rema9s ( contempor>ies & o!rs1 :i* f "t to "t issue f ! press1 to see h[ /rik+ is ! action ( our intellectual ^u our moral nature1 :]e ! moral mat]ial is ri*1 & ! intellectual ca/ is p]fect4 ,individuals w occur to all ( u1 :o des]v$ly attract our love & admiration1 & :om ! _w almo/ wor%ips z ! "w ( its own h&s4 ,religi\s pr9ciple1 inde$1--t is1 fai?1--is1 to all appe>ance1 simply away2 ! "w is z c]ta9ly n sup]natural z x is c]ta9ly noble & beautiful4 ,?is mu/ be insi/$ on1 t ! ,intellect may h its due2 b x also mu/ be insi/$ on = ! sake ( conclusions to :i* ,i wi% to conduct our inve/igation4 ,! radical diff]5ce inde$ ( ?is m5tal ref9em5t f g5u9e religion1 9 spite ( its seem+ relation%ip1 is ! v c>d9al po9t on :i* my pres5t discussion turns2 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 su* ref9em5t may readily be assign$ to a ,*ri/ian orig9 by ha/y or di/ant obs]v]s1 or by ^? :o view x 9 a p>ticul> light4 ,& z ?is is ! case1 ,i ?9k x advisable1 be=e proce$+ ) ! del9eation ( its *>act]i/ic features1 to po9t out to y di/9ctly ! elem5t>y pr9ciples on :i* its morality is bas$4 #e4 ,y w be> 9 m9d !n1 ,g5tlem51 t ,i spoke j n[ ( ! scorn & hatr$ :i* a cultivat$ m9d feels = "s k9ds ( vice1 & ! utt] disgu/ & pr(\nd humiliation :i* may come ov] x1 if x %\ld happ5 9 any degree to be betray$ into !m4 ,n[ ?is feel+ may h its root 9 fai? & love1 b x may n2 !re is no?+ really religi\s 9 x1 consid]$ by itself4 ,consci5ce inde$ is implant$ 9 ! brea/ by nature1 b x inflicts ^u u fe> z well z %ame2 :5 ! m9d is simply angry ) itself & no?+ m1 surely ! true import ( ! voice ( nature & ! dep? ( its intimations h be5 =gott51 & a false philosophy has mis9t]pret$ emotions :i* ought to lead to ,god4 ,fe> implies ! transgression ( a law1 & a law implies a lawgiv] & judge2 b ! t5d5cy ( intellectual culture is to swall[ up ! fe> 9 ! self-reproa*1 & self-reproa* is direct$ & limit$ to our m]e s5se ( :at is fitt+ & becom+4 ,fe> c>ries u out ( ourselves1 :]eas %ame may act ^u u only )9 ! r\nd ( our own ?\ghts4 ,su*1 ,i say1 is ! dang] :i* awaits a civiliz$ age2 su* is its besett+ s9 7n inevitable1 ,god =bid6 or we mu/ ab&on ! use ( ,god's own gifts71 b /ill ! ord9>y s9 ( ! ,intellect2 consci5ce t5ds to become :at is call$ a moral s5se2 ! comm& ( duty is a sort ( ta/e2 s9 is n an (f5ce aga9/ ,god1 b aga9/ human nature4 ,! less amiable specim5s ( ?is spuri\s religion are ^? :i* we meet n unfrequ5tly 9 my own c\ntry4 ,i c use ) all my he>t ! poet's words1 8,engl&1 ) all ?y faults1 ,i love !e /ill20 b to ^? faults no ,ca?olic c be bl9d4 ,we f9d !re m5 possess$ ( _m virtues1 b pr\d1 ba%ful1 fa/idi\s1 & res]v$4 ,:y is ?is8 x is because !y ?9k & act z if !re 7 really no?+ objective 9 _! religion2 x is because consci5ce to !m is n ! ^w ( a lawgiv]1 z x ought to be1 b ! dictate ( _! own m9ds & no?+ m2 x is because !y d n look out ( !mselves1 because !y d n look ?r\gh & beyond _! own m9ds to _! ,mak]1 b are engross$ 9 notions ( :at is due to !mselves1 to _! own dignity & _! own consi/5cy4 ,_! consci5ce has become a m]e self-respect4 ,in/ead ( do+ "o ?+ & !n ano!r1 z ea* is call$ =1 9 fai? & ob$i5ce1 c>eless ( :at may be call$ ! keep+ ( de$ ) de$1 & leav+ ,him :o gives ! comm& to bl5d ! portions ( _! conduct into a :ole1 _! "o object1 h[ev] unconsci\s to !mselves1 is to pa9t a smoo? & p]fect surface1 & to be able to say to !mselves t !y h done _! duty4 ,:5 !y d wrong1 !y feel1 n contrition1 ( :i* ,god is ! object1 b remorse1 & a s5se ( degradation4 ,!y call !mselves fools1 n s9n]s2 !y are angry & impati5t1 n humble4 ,!y %ut !mselves up 9 !mselves2 x is mis]y to !m to ?9k or to speak ( _! own feel+s2 x is mis]y to suppose t o!rs see !m1 & _! %yness & s5sitiv5ess (t5 become morbid4 ,z to confession1 :i* is s natural to ! ,ca?olic1 to !m x is impossible2 unless inde$1 9 cases :]e !y h be5 guilty1 an apology is due to _! own "*1 is expect$ ( !m1 & w be satisfactory to look back ^u4 ,!y are victims ( an int5se self-contemplation4 ,!re are1 h[ev]1 f> m pleas+ & int]e/+ =ms ( ?is moral malady ?an t :i* ,i h be5 depict+3 ,i h spok5 ( ! effect ( intellectual culture on pr\d natures2 b x w %[ to great] advantage1 yet ) z little approximation to religi\s fai?1 9 amiable & unaffect$ m9ds4 ,obs]ve1 ,g5tlem51 ! h]esy1 z x may be call$1 ( :i* ,i speak1 is ! sub/itution ( a moral s5se or ta/e = consci5ce 9 ! true mean+ ( ! ^w2 n[ ?is error may be ! f\ndation ( a "* ( f> m ela/icity & grace ?an ev] adorn$ ! p]sons :om ,i h be5 describ+4 ,x is especially cong5ial to m5 ( an imag9ative & poetical ca/ ( m9d1 :o w readily accept ! notion t virtue is no?+ m ?an ! graceful 9 conduct4 ,su* p]sons1 f> f tol]at+ fe>1 z a pr9ciple1 9 _! appreh5sion ( religi\s & moral tru?1 w n be sl[ to call x simply gloom & sup]/ition4 ,r a philosoph]'s1 a g5tleman's religion1 is ( a lib]al & g5]\s "*2 x is bas$ ^u hon\r2 vice is evil1 because x is unwor?y1 despicable1 & odi\s4 ,?is 0 ! qu>rel ( ! anci5t hea!n ) ,*ri/ianity1 t1 in/ead ( simply fix+ ! m9d on ! fair & ! pleasant1 x int]m+l$ o!r ideas ) !m ( a sad & pa9ful nature2 t x spoke ( te>s be=e joy1 a cross be=e a cr[n2 t x laid ! f\ndation ( h]oism 9 p5ance2 t x made ! s\l tremble ) ! news ( ,purgatory & ,hell2 t x insi/$ on views & a wor%ip ( ! ,deity1 :i* to _! m9ds 0 no?+ else ?an mean1 s]vile1 & c[>dly4 ,! notion ( an ,all-p]fect1 ,ev]-pres5t ,god1 9 ^: sight we are less ?an atoms1 & :o1 :ile ,he deigns to visit u1 c puni% z well z bless1 0 abhorr5t to !m2 !y made _! own m9ds _! sanctu>y1 _! own ideas _! oracle1 & consci5ce 9 morals 0 b p>allel to g5ius 9 art1 & wisdom 9 philosophy4 #f4 ,_h ,i room = all t might be said ^u ! subject1 ,i might illu/rate ?is intellectual religion f ! hi/ory ( ! ,emp]or ,julian1 ! apo/ate f ,*ri/ian ,tru?1 ! foe ( ,*ri/ian education4 ,he1 9 :om e ,ca?olic sees ! %ad[ ( ! future ,anti-,*ri/1 0 all b ! patt]n-man ( philosophical virtue4 ,weak po9ts 9 8 "* he _h1 x is true1 ev5 9 a m]ely poetical /&>d2 b1 take him all 9 all1 & ,i _c b recognize 9 him a speci\s beauty & nobl5ess ( moral deportm5t1 :i* comb9es 9 x ! rude greatness ( ,fabricius or ,regulus ) ! accompli%m5ts ( ,pl9y or ,anton9us4 ,8 simplicity ( mann]s1 8 frugality1 8 au/]ity ( life1 8 s+ul> disda9 ( s5sual pleasure1 8 milit>y h]oism1 8 application to bus9ess1 8 lit]>y dilig5ce1 8 mode/y1 8 clem5cy1 8 accompli%m5ts1 z ,i view !m1 g to make him "o ( ! mo/ em95t specim5s ( pagan virtue :i* ! _w has ev] se547#bd7 ,yet h[ %all[1 h[ meagre1 nay1 h[ unamiable is t virtue aft] all1 :5 br\ght ^u its critical trial by 8 sudd5 summons into ! pres5ce ( 8 ,judge6 ,8 la/ h\rs =m a unique passage 9 hi/ory1 bo? z illu/rat+ ! helplessness ( philosophy "u ! /]n realities ( our be+1 & z be+ report$ to u on ! evid5ce ( an eye-witness4 8,fri5ds & fell[-soldi]s10 he said1 to use ! words ( a writ]1 well fitt$1 bo? f 8 lit]>y ta/es & f 8 hatr$ ( ,*ri/ianity1 to be 8 panegyri/1 8! seasonable p]iod ( my dep>ture is n[ arriv$1 & ,i dis*>ge1 ) ! *e]fulness ( a ready debtor1 ! dem&s ( nature4''' ,i die )\t remorse1 z ,i h liv$ )\t guilt4 ,i am pleas$ to reflect on ! innoc5ce ( my private life2 & ,i c affirm ) confid5ce t ! supreme au?ority1 t emanation ( ! div9e ,p[]1 has be5 pres]v$ 9 my h&s pure & immaculate4''' ,i n[ (f] my tribute ( gratitude to ! ,et]nal ,be+1 :o has n suff]$ me to p]i% by ! cruelty ( a tyrant1 by ! secret dagg] ( conspiracy1 or by ! sl[ tortures ( l+]+ disease4 ,he has giv5 me1 9 ! mid/ ( an hon\rable c>e]1 a spl5did & glori\s dep>ture f ?is _w1 & ,i hold x equally absurd1 equally base1 to solicit1 or to decl9e1 ! /roke ( fate4''' 8,he reprov$ ! immod]ate grief ( ! spectators1 & conjur$ !m n to disgrace1 by unmanly te>s1 ! fate ( a pr9ce :o 9 a few mom5ts w\ld be unit$ ) ,heav5 & ) ! />s4 ,! spectators 7 sil5t2 & ,julian ent]$ into a metaphysical argum5t ) ! philosoph]s ,priscus & ,maximus on ! nature ( ! s\l4 ,! ef=ts :i* he made1 ( m9d z well z body1 mo/ probably ha/5$ 8 dea?4 ,8 w\nd began to ble$ ) great viol5ce2 8 respiration 0 emb>rass$ by ! swell+ ( ! ve9s2 he call$ = a draught ( cold wat]1 & z soon z he _h drank x expir$ )\t pa91 ab\t ! h\r ( midnight407#be7 ,su*1 ,g5tlem51 is ! f9al exhibition ( ! ,religion ( ,reason3 9 ! ins5sibility ( consci5ce1 9 ! ignorance ( ! v idea ( s91 9 ! contemplation ( 8 own moral consi/5cy1 9 ! simple abs5ce ( fe>1 9 ! cl\dless self-confid5ce1 9 ! s]5e self-possession1 9 ! cold self-satisfaction1 we recognize ! m]e ,philosoph]4 #g4 ,gibbon pa9ts ) pleasure :at1 con=mably ) ! s5tim5ts ( a godless intellectualism1 0 an hi/orical fulfilm5t ( 8 own idea ( moral p]fection2 ,"l ,%aftesbury _h already drawn out t idea 9 a !oretical =m1 9 8 celebrat$ collection ( ,treatises :i* he has call$ 8,*>act]i/ics ( m51 mann]s1 op9ions1 views20 & x w be a fur!r illu/ration ( ! subject be=e u1 if y w all[ me1 ,g5tlem51 to make "s extracts f ?is "w4 ,"o ( 8 fir/ attacks is direct$ aga9/ ! doctr9e ( rew>d & puni%m5t1 z if x introduc$ a notion into religion inconsi/5t ) ! true appreh5sion ( ! beauty ( virtue1 & ) ! lib]ality & nobl5ess ( _s 9 :i* x %\ld be pursu$4 8,m5 h n be5 cont5t10 he says1 8to %[ ! natural advantages ( hone/y & virtue4 ,!y h r less5$ ^!1 ! bett]1 z !y ?\ght1 to advance ano!r f\ndation4 ,!y h made virtue s m]c5>y a ?+1 & h talk$ s mu* ( its rew>ds1 t "o c h>dly tell :at !re is 9 x1 aft] all1 :i* c be wor? rew>d+4 ,= to be brib$ only or t]rifi$ into an hone/ practice1 bespeaks little ( real hone/y or wor?40 8,if10 he says else:]e1 ins9uat+ :at he d>e n speak out1 8if ?r\gh hope m]ely ( rew>d1 or fe> ( puni%m5t1 ! creature be incl9$ to d ! good he hates1 or re/ra9$ f do+ ! ill to :i* he is n o!rwise 9 ! lea/ degree av]se !re is 9 ?is case no virtue or goodness :atev]4 ,!re is no m ( rectitude1 piety1 or sanctity1 9 a creature ?us re=m$1 ?an !re is meekness or g5tl5ess 9 a tig] /rongly *a9$1 or innoc5ce & sobriety 9 a monkey "u ! discipl9e ( ! :ip4''' ,:ile ! w is nei!r ga9$1 nor ! incl9ation wr\ght ^u1 b awe alone prevails & =ces ob$i5ce1 ! ob$i5ce is s]vile1 & all :i* is done ?r\gh x m]ely s]vile40 ,t is1 he says t ,*ri/ianity is ! enemy ( moral virtue1 z influ5c+ ! m9d by fe> ( ,god1 n by love ( good4 ,! motives !n ( hope & fe> be+1 to say ! lea/1 put f> into ! backgr\nd1 & no?+ be+ morally good b :at spr+s simply or ma9ly f a love ( virtue = its own sake1 ?is love-inspir+ quality 9 virtue is its beauty1 :ile a bad consci5ce is n mu* m ?an ! sort ( feel+ :i* makes u %r9k f an in/rum5t out ( tune4 8,"s by m]e nature10 he says1 8o!rs by art & practice1 are ma/]s ( an e> 9 music1 an eye 9 pa9t+1 a fancy 9 ! ord9>y ?+s ( ornam5t & grace1 a judgm5t 9 proportions ( all k9ds1 & a g5]al good ta/e 9 mo/ ( ^? subjects :i* make ! amusem5t & delight ( ! +5i\s p ( ! _w4 ,let su* g5tlem5 z ^! be z extravagant z !y please1 or z irregul> 9 _! morals1 !y mu/ at ! same "t discov] _! inconsi/5cy1 live at v>iance ) !mselves1 & 9 contradiction to t pr9ciple on :i* !y gr\nd _! highe/ pleasure & ent]ta9m5t4 ,( all o!r beauties :i* virtuosos pursue1 poets celebrate1 musicians s+1 & ar*itects or arti/s ( :atev] k9d describe or =m1 ! mo/ delightful1 ! mo/ engag+ & pa!tic1 is t :i* is drawn f real life & f ! passions4 ,no?+ affects ! he>t l t :i* is purely f itself1 & ( its own nature3 su* z ! beauty ( s5tim5ts1 ! grace ( actions1 ! turn ( *>act]s1 & ! proportions & features ( a human m9d4 ,?is lesson ( philosophy1 ev5 a romance1 a poem1 or a play may tea* u4''' ,let poets or ! m5 ( h>mony d5y1 if !y c1 ?is =ce ( nature1 or )/& ?is moral magic4''' ,e "o is a virtuoso ( a high] or l[] degree2 e "o pursues a grace ''' ( "o k9d or o!r4 ,! v5u/um1 ! hone/um1 ! decorum ( ?+s w =ce its way4''' ,! mo/ natural beauty 9 ! _w is hone/y & moral tru?2 = all beauty is tru?40 ,accord+ly1 virtue be+ only "o k9d ( beauty1 ! pr9ciple :i* det]m9es :at is virtu\s is1 n consci5ce1 b ta/e4 8,c\ld we once conv9ce ourselves10 he says1 8( :at is 9 itself s evid5t1 viz41 t 9 ! v nature ( ?+s !re mu/ ( necessity be ! f\ndation ( a "r & wrong ta/e1 z well 9 respect ( inw>d "* ( features z ( outw>d p]son1 behavi\r1 & action1 we %\ld be f> m a%am$ ( ignorance & wrong judgm5t 9 ! =m] ?an 9 ! latt] ( ^! subjects4''' ,"o :o aspires to ! "* ( a man ( bre$+ & polit5ess is c>eful to =m 8 judgm5t ( arts & sci5ces ^u "r models ( p]fection4''' ,he takes p>ticul> c>e to turn 8 eye f e ?+ :i* is gaudy1 lusci\s1 & ( false ta/e4 ,nor is he less c>eful to turn 8 e> f e sort ( music1 besides t :i* is ( ! be/ mann] & true/ h>mony4 ',tw]e to be wi%$ we _h ! same reg>d to a "r ta/e 9 life & mann]s4''' ,if civility & humanity be a ta/e2 if brutality1 insol5ce1 riot1 be 9 ! same mann] a ta/e1 ''' :o w\ld n endeav\r to =ce nature z well 9 ?is respect z 9 :at relates to a ta/e or judgm5t 9 o!r arts & sci5ces80 ,sometimes he di/9ctly contra/s ?is ta/e ) pr9ciple & consci5ce1 & gives x ! pref]5ce ov] !m4 8,aft] all10 he says1 8'tis n m]ely :at we call pr9ciple1 b a ta/e1 :i* gov]ns m54 ,!y may ?9k = c]ta91 #8,?is is "r1' or #8t wrong2' !y may believe #8?is is a virtue1' or #8t a s92' #8?is is puni%able by man1' or #8t by ,god2' yet if ! sav\r ( ?+s lies cross to hone/y1 if ! fancy be florid1 & ! appetite high t[>ds ! subalt]n beauties & l[] ord]s ( worldly symmetries & proportions1 ! conduct w infallibly turn ?is latt] way40 ,?us1 some:at l a ,jans5i/1 he makes ! sup]ior pleasure infallibly conqu]1 & implies t1 neglect+ pr9ciple1 we h b to tra9 ! ta/e to a k9d ( beauty high] ?an s5sual4 ,he adds3 8,ev5 consci5ce1 ,i fe>1 su* z is ow+ to religi\s discipl9e1 w make b a slight figure1 :5 ?is ta/e is set amiss40 ,& h5ce ! well-kn[n doctr9e ( ?is au?or1 t ridicule is ! te/ ( tru?2 = tru? & virtue be+ beauty1 & falsehood & vice de=mity1 & ! feel+ inspir$ by de=mity be+ t ( d]ision1 z t inspir$ by beauty is admiration1 x foll[s t vice is n a ?+ to weep ab\t1 b to laugh at4 8,no?+ is ridicul\s10 he says1 8b :at is de=m$2 nor is any ?+ pro( aga9/ raill]y b :at is h&some & j4 ,& !re=e 'tis ! h>de/ ?+ 9 ! _w to d5y fair hone/y ! use ( ?is weapon1 :i* c nev] be> an edge aga9/ h]self1 & be>s aga9/ e ?+ contr>y40 ,& h5ce aga91 consci5ce1 :i* intimates a ,law-giv]1 be+ sup]s$$ by a moral ta/e or s5tim5t1 :i* has no sanction beyond ! con/itution ( our nature1 x foll[s t our great rule is to contemplate ourselves1 if we w\ld ga9 a /&>d ( life & morals4 ,?us he has entitl$ "o ( 8 ,treatises a 8,soliloquy10 ) ! motto1 8,nec te qusiv]is extra20 & he obs]ves1 8,! *ief int]e/ ( ambition1 av>ice1 corruption1 & e sly ins9uat+ vice1 is to prev5t ?is int]view & famili>ity ( disc\rse1 :i* is consequ5t ^u close retirem5t & inw>d recess4 ',tis ! gr& artifice ( villa9y & lewdness1 z well z ( sup]/ition & bigotry1 to put u ^u t]ms ( great] di/ance & =mality ) ourselves1 & evade our prov+ me?od ( soliloquy4''' ,a passionate lov]1 :atev] solitude he may affect1 c nev] be truly by himself4''' ',tis ! same reason :i* keeps ! imag9>y sa9t or my/ic f be+ capable ( ?is ent]ta9m5t4 ,in/ead ( look+ n>r[ly into 8 own nature & m9d1 t he may be no long] a my/]y to himself1 he is tak5 up ) ! contemplation ( o!r my/]i\s natures1 :i* he nev] c expla9 or compreh5d40 #h4 ,tak+ ^! passages z specim5s ( :at ,i call ! ,religion ( ,philosophy1 x is obvi\s to obs]ve t !re is no doctr9e conta9$ 9 !m :i* is n 9 a c]ta9 s5se true2 yet1 on ! o!r h&1 t almo/ e /atem5t is p]v]t$ & made false1 because x is n ! :ole tru?4 ,!y are exhibitions ( tru? "u "o aspect1 & !re=e insuffici5t2 consci5ce is mo/ c]ta9ly a moral s5se1 b x is m2 vice aga91 is a de=mity1 b x is worse4 ,"l ,%aftesbury may insi/1 if he w1 t simple & solit>y fe> _c effect a moral conv]sion1 & we are n conc]n$ to answ] him2 b he w h a difficulty 9 prov+ t any real conv]sion foll[s f a doctr9e :i* makes virtue a m]e po9t ( good ta/e1 & vice vulg> & ung5tlemanlike4 ,su* a doctr9e is ess5tially sup]ficial1 & su* w be its effects4 ,x has no bett] measure ( "r & wrong ?an t ( visible beauty & tangible fitness4 ,consci5ce inde$ inflicts an acute pang1 b t pang1 =soo?1 is irrational1 & to rev]5ce x is an illib]al sup]/ition4 ,b1 if we w make light ( :at is deepe/ )9 u1 no?+ is left b to pay homage to :at is m ^u ! surface4 ,to seem becomes to be2 :at looks fair w be good1 :at causes (f5ce w be evil2 virtue w be :at pleases1 vice :at pa9s4 ,z well may we measure virtue by utility z by su* a rule4 ,nor is ?is an imag9>y appreh5sion2 we all mu/ recollect ! celebrat$ s5tim5t into :i* a great & wise man 0 betray$1 9 ! gl[+ eloqu5ce ( 8 val$iction to ! _s ( *ivalry4 8,x is gone10 cries ,mr4 ,burke2 8t s5sibility ( pr9ciple1 t *a/ity ( hon\r1 :i* felt a /a9 l a w\nd2 :i* inspir$ c\rage1 :ile x mitigat$ f]ocity2 :i* ennobl$ :atev] x t\*$1 & "u :i* vice lo/ half its evil by los+ all its grossness40 ,9 ! la/ clause ( ?is beautiful s5t5ce we h too apt an illu/ration ( ! e?ical temp]am5t ( a civiliz$ age4 ,x is detection1 n ! s91 :i* is ! crime2 private life is sacr$1 & inquiry into x is intol]able2 & dec5cy is virtue4 ,sc&als1 vulg>ities1 :atev] %ocks1 :atev] disgu/s1 are (f5ces ( ! fir/ ord]4 ,dr9k+ & swe>+1 squalid pov]ty1 improvid5ce1 laz9ess1 slov5ly disord]1 make up ! idea ( pr(ligacy3 poets may say any ?+1 h[ev] wick$1 ) impunity2 works ( g5ius may be read )\t dang] or %ame1 :atev] _! pr9ciples2 fa%ion1 celebrity1 ! beautiful1 ! h]oic1 w suffice to =ce any evil ^u ! community4 ,! spl5d\rs ( a c\rt1 & ! *>ms ( good society1 wit1 imag9ation1 ta/e1 & high bre$+1 ! pre/ige ( rank1 & ! res\rces ( weal?1 are a scre51 an in/rum5t1 & an apology = vice & irreligion4 ,& ?us at l5g? we f9d1 surpris+ z ! *ange may be1 t t v ref9em5t ( ,intellectualism1 :i* began by repell+ s5suality1 ends by excus+ x4 ,"u ! %ad[ inde$ ( ! ,*ur*1 & 9 its due developm5t1 ,philosophy does s]vice to ! cause ( morality2 b1 :5 x is /rong en\gh to h a w ( its own1 & is lift$ up ) an idea ( its own importance1 & attempts to =m a !ory1 & to lay d[n a pr9ciple1 & to c>ry out a sy/em ( e?ics1 & und]takes ! moral education ( ! man1 !n x does b abet evils to :i* at fir/ x seem$ in/9ctively oppos$4 ,true ,religion is sl[ 9 gr[?1 &1 :5 once plant$1 is difficult ( dislodgem5t2 b its intellectual c\nt]feit has no root 9 itself3 x spr+s up sudd5ly1 x sudd5ly )]s4 ,x appeals to :at is 9 nature1 & x falls "u ! dom9ion ( ! old ,adam4 ,!n1 l de?ron$ pr9ces1 x keeps up a /ate & maje/y1 :5 x has lo/ ! real p[]4 ,de=mity is its abhorr5ce2 accord+ly1 s9ce x _c dissuade m5 f vice1 !re=e 9 ord] to escape ! sight ( its de=mity1 x embelli%es x4 ,x 8sk9s & films ! ulc]\s place10 :i* x _c probe or heal1 8,:iles rank corruption1 m9+ all )91 ,infects unse540 ,& f ?is %all[ness ( philosophical ,religion x comes to pass t its disciples seem able to fulfil c]ta9 precepts ( ,*ri/ianity m readily & exactly ?an ,*ri/ians !mselves4 ,/4 ,paul1 z ,i h said1 gives u a patt]n ( evangelical p]fection2 he draws ! ,*ri/ian "* 9 its mo/ graceful =m1 & its mo/ beautiful hues4 ,he disc\rses ( t *>ity :i* is pati5t & meek1 humble & s+le-m9d$1 dis9t]e/$1 cont5t$1 & p]sev]+4 ,he tells u to pref] ea* ! o!r be=e himself1 to give way to ea* o!r1 to ab/a9 f rude words & evil spee*1 to avoid self-conceit1 to be calm & grave1 to be *e]ful & happy1 to obs]ve peace ) all m51 tru? & ju/ice1 c\rtesy & g5tl5ess1 all t is mode/1 amiable1 virtu\s1 & ( good repute4 ,su* is ,/4 ,paul's exempl> ( ! ,*ri/ian 9 8 ext]nal relations2 &1 ,i repeat1 ! s*ool ( ! _w seems to s5d out liv+ copies ( ?is typical excell5ce ) great] success ?an ! ,*ur*4 ,at ?is day ! 8g5tleman0 is ! creation1 n ( ,*ri/ianity1 b ( civilization4 ,b ! reason is obvi\s4 ,! _w is cont5t ) sett+ "r ! surface ( ?+s2 ! ,*ur* aims at reg5]at+ ! v dep?s ( ! he>t4 ,%e ev] beg9s ) ! beg9n+2 &1 z reg>ds ! multitude ( h] *ildr51 is nev] able to get beyond ! beg9n+1 b is cont9ually employ$ 9 lay+ ! f\ndation4 ,%e is engag$ ) :at is ess5tial1 z previ\s & z introductory to ! ornam5tal & ! attractive4 ,%e is cur+ m5 & keep+ !m cle> ( mortal s92 %e is 8treat+ ( ju/ice & *a/ity1 & ! judgm5t to come30 %e is insi/+ on fai? & hope1 & devotion1 & hone/y1 & ! elem5ts ( *>ity2 & has s mu* to d ) precept1 t %e almo/ leaves x to inspirations f ,heav5 to sugge/ :at is ( c\nsel & p]fection4 ,%e aims at :at is necess>y r ?an at :at is desirable4 ,%e is = ! _m z well z = ! few4 ,%e is putt+ s\ls 9 ! way ( salvation1 t !y may !n be 9 a condition1 if !y %all be call$ ^u1 to aspire to ! h]oic1 & to atta9 ! full proportions1 z well z ! rudim5ts1 ( ! beautiful4 #i4 ,su* is ! me?od1 or ! policy 7s to call x71 ( ! ,*ur*2 b ,philosophy looks at ! matt] f a v diff]5t po9t ( view3 :at h ,philosoph]s to d ) ! t]ror ( judgm5t or ! sav+ ( ! s\l8 ,"l ,%aftesbury calls ! =m] a sort ( 8panic fe>40 ,( ! latt] he sc(f+ly compla9s t 8! sav+ ( s\ls is n[ ! h]oic passion ( exalt$ spirits40 ,( c\rse he is at lib]ty1 on 8 pr9ciples1 to pick & *oose out ( ,*ri/ianity :at he w2 he disc>ds ! !ological1 ! my/]i\s1 ! spiritual2 he makes selection ( ! morally or e/hetically beautiful4 ,to him x matt]s n at all t he beg9s 8 tea*+ :]e he %\ld end x2 x matt]s n t1 in/ead ( plant+ ! tree1 he m]ely crops its fl[]s = 8 banquet2 he only aims at ! pres5t life1 8 philosophy dies ) him2 if 8 fl[]s d b la/ to ! end ( 8 revel1 he has no?+ m to seek4 ,:5 night comes1 ! )]$ leaves may be m+l$ ) 8 own a%es2 he & !y w h done _! "w1 he & !y w be no m4 ,c]ta9ly1 x co/s little to make m5 virtu\s on conditions su* z ^!2 x is l tea*+ !m a language or an accompli%m5t1 to write ,lat9 or to play on an in/rum5t1--! pr(ession ( an arti/1 n ! commission ( an ,apo/le4 ,?is embelli%m5t ( ! ext]ior is almo/ ! beg9n+ & ! end ( philosophical morality4 ,?is is :y x aims at be+ mode/ r ?an humble2 ?is is h[ x c be pr\d at ! v "t t x is unassum+4 ,to humility inde$ x does n ev5 aspire2 humility is "o ( ! mo/ difficult ( virtues bo? to atta9 & to asc]ta94 ,x lies close ^u ! he>t itself1 & its te/s are exce$+ly delicate & subtle4 ,its c\nt]feits ab\nd2 h[ev]1 we are little conc]n$ ) !m "h1 =1 ,i repeat1 x is h>dly pr(ess$ ev5 by "n 9 ! code ( e?ics :i* we are review+4 ,z has be5 (t5 obs]v$1 anci5t civilization _h n ! idea1 & _h no ^w to express x3 or r1 x _h ! idea1 & consid]$ x a defect ( m9d1 n a virtue1 s t ! ^w :i* d5ot$ x convey$ a reproa*4 ,z to ! mod]n _w1 y may ga!r its ignorance ( x by its p]v]sion ( ! some:at p>allel t]m 8condesc5sion40 ,humility or condesc5sion1 view$ z a virtue ( conduct1 may be said to consi/1 z 9 o!r ?+s1 s 9 our plac+ ourselves 9 our ?\ghts on a level ) our inf]iors2 x is n only a volunt>y rel9qui%m5t ( ! privileges ( our own /ation1 b an actual p>ticipation or assumption ( ! condition ( ^? to :om we /oop4 ,?is is true humility1 to feel & to behave z if we 7 l[2 n1 to *]i% a notion ( our importance1 :ile we affect a l[ position4 ,su* 0 ,/4 ,paul's humility1 :5 he call$ himself 8! lea/ ( ! sa9ts20 su* ! humility ( ^? _m holy m5 :o h consid]$ !mselves ! greate/ ( s9n]s4 ,x is an abdication1 z f> z _! own ?\ghts are conc]n$1 ( ^? pr]ogatives or privileges to :i* o!rs deem !m entitl$4 ,n[ x is n a little in/ructive to contra/ ) ?is idea1 ,g5tlem51--) ?is !ological mean+ ( ! ^w 8condesc5sion10--its prop] ,engli% s5se2 put !m 9 juxta-position1 & y w at once see ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! _w's humility & ! humility ( ! ,gospel4 ,z ! _w uses ! ^w1 8condesc5sion0 is a /oop+ inde$ ( ! p]son1 b a b5d+ =w>d1 unatt5d$ ) any ! slighte/ ef=t to leave by a s+le in* ! seat 9 :i* x is s firmly e/abli%$4 ,x is ! act ( a sup]ior1 :o prote/s to himself1 :ile he commits x1 t he is sup]ior /ill1 & t he is do+ no?+ else b an act ( grace t[>ds ^? on ^: level1 9 !ory1 he is plac+ himself4 ,& ?is is ! ne>e/ idea :i* ! philosoph] c =m ( ! virtue ( self-abasem5t2 to d m ?an ?is is to 8 m9d a meanness or an hypocrisy1 & at once excites 8 suspicion & disgu/4 ,:at ! _w is1 su* x has ev] be52 we "k ! contempt :i* ! educat$ pagans _h = ! m>tyrs & confessors ( ! ,*ur*2 & x is %>$ by ! anti-,ca?olic bodies ( ?is day4 ,su* are ! e?ics ( ,philosophy1 :5 fai?fully repres5t$2 b an age l ?is1 n pagan1 b pr(ess$ly ,*ri/ian1 _c v5ture to reprobate humility 9 set t]ms1 or to make a boa/ ( pride4 ,accord+ly1 x looks out = "s exp$i5t by :i* x may bl9d itself to ! real /ate ( ! case4 ,humility1 ) its grave & self-d5y+ attributes1 x _c love2 b :at is m beautiful1 :at m w9n+1 ?an mode/y8 :at virtue1 at fir/ sight1 simulates humility s well8 ?\gh :at 9 fact is m radically di/9ct f x8 ,9 tru?1 great z is its *>m1 mode/y is n ! deepe/ or ! mo/ religi\s ( virtues4 ,r x is ! advanc$ gu>d or s5t9el ( ! s\l militant1 & wat*es cont9ually ov] its nasc5t int]c\rse ) ! _w ab\t x4 ,x goes ! r\nd ( ! s5ses2 x m\nts up into ! c\nt5ance2 x protects ! eye & e>2 x reigns 9 ! voice & ge/ure4 ,its prov9ce is ! outw>d deportm5t1 z o!r virtues h relation to matt]s !ological1 o!rs to society1 & o!rs to ! m9d itself4 ,& be+ m sup]ficial ?an o!r virtues1 x is m easily disjo9$ f _! company2 x admits ( be+ associat$ ) pr9ciples or qualities naturally =eign to x1 & is (t5 made ! cloak ( feel+s or ends = :i* x 0 nev] giv5 to u4 ,s little is x ! necess>y index ( humility1 t x is ev5 compatible ) pride4 ,! bett] = ! purpose ( ,philosophy2 humble x _c be1 s =?) mode/y becomes its humility4 ,pride1 "u su* tra9+1 in/ead ( runn+ to wa/e 9 ! education ( ! m9d1 is turn$ to acc\nt2 x gets a new "n2 x is call$ self-respect2 & ceases to be ! disagreeable1 uncompanionable quality :i* x is 9 itself4 ,?\gh x be ! motive pr9ciple ( ! s\l1 x seldom comes to view2 & :5 x %[s itself1 !n delicacy & g5tl5ess are its attire1 & good s5se & s5se ( hon\r direct its motions4 ,x is no long] a re/less ag5t1 )\t def9ite aim2 x has a l>ge field ( ex]tion assign$ to x1 & x subs]ves ^? social int]e/s :i* x w\ld naturally tr\ble4 ,x is direct$ into ! *annel ( indu/ry1 frugality1 hone/y1 & ob$i5ce2 & x becomes ! v /aple ( ! religion & morality held 9 hon\r 9 a day l our own4 ,x becomes ! safegu>d ( *a/ity1 ! gu>antee ( v]acity1 9 high & l[2 x is ! v h\sehold god ( society1 z at pres5t con/itut$1 inspir+ neatness & dec5cy 9 ! s]vant girl1 propriety ( c>riage & ref9$ mann]s 9 h] mi/ress1 uprightness1 manl9ess1 & g5]osity 9 ! head ( ! family4 ,x diffuses a light ov] t[n & c\ntry2 x cov]s ! soil ) h&some edifices & smil+ g>d5s2 x tills ! field1 x /ocks & embelli%es ! %op4 ,x is ! /imulat+ pr9ciple ( provid5ce on ! "o h&1 & ( free exp5diture on ! o!r2 ( an hon\rable ambition1 & ( elegant enjoym5t4 ,x brea!s ^u ! face ( ! community1 & ! holl[ sepul*re is =?) beautiful to look ^u4 ,ref9$ by ! civilization :i* has br\ght x into activity1 ?is self-respect infuses into ! m9d an int5se horror ( exposure1 & a ke5 s5sitiv5ess ( notoriety & ridicule4 ,x becomes ! enemy ( extravagances ( any k9d2 x %r9ks f :at are call$ sc5es2 x has no m]cy on ! mock-h]oic1 on pret5ce or egotism1 on v]bosity 9 language1 or :at is call$ pros9ess 9 conv]sation4 ,x dete/s gross adulation2 n t x t5ds at all to ! eradication ( ! appetite to :i* ! flatt]] m9i/]s1 b x sees ! absurdity ( indulg+ x1 x und]/&s ! annoyance !reby giv5 to o!rs1 & if a tribute mu/ be paid to ! weal?y or ! p[]ful1 x dem&s great] subtlety & art 9 ! prep>ation4 ,?us vanity is *ang$ into a m dang]\s self-conceit1 z be+ *eck$ 9 its natural eruption4 ,x tea*es m5 to suppress _! feel+s1 & to control _! temp]s1 & to mitigate bo? ! sev]ity & ! tone ( _! judgm5ts4 ,z ,"l ,%aftesbury w\ld desire1 x pref]s playful wit & satire 9 putt+ d[n :at is objectionable1 z a m ref9$ & good-natur$1 z well z a m effectual me?od1 ?an ! exp$i5t :i* is natural to un$ucat$ m9ds4 ,x is f ?is impati5ce ( ! tragic & ! bomba/ic t x is n[ quietly b en]getically oppos+ itself to ! un*ri/ian practice ( duell+1 :i* x br&s z simply out ( ta/e1 & z ! remnant ( a b>b>\s age2 & c]ta9ly x seems likely to effect :at ,religion has aim$ at aboli%+ 9 va94 #aj4 ,h5ce x is t x is almo/ a def9ition ( a g5tleman to say he is "o :o nev] inflicts pa94 ,?is description is bo? ref9$ &1 z f> z x goes1 accurate4 ,he is ma9ly occupi$ 9 m]ely remov+ ! ob/acles :i* h9d] ! free & unemb>rass$ action ( ^? ab\t him2 & he concurs ) _! movem5ts r ?an takes ! initiative himself4 ,8 b5efits may be consid]$ z p>allel to :at are call$ com=ts or conv5i5ces 9 arrangem5ts ( a p]sonal nature3 l an easy *air or a good fire1 :i* d _! "p 9 dispell+ cold & fatigue1 ?\gh nature provides bo? means ( re/ & animal heat )\t !m4 ,! true g5tleman 9 l mann] c>efully avoids :atev] may cause a j> or a jolt 9 ! m9ds ( ^? ) :om he is ca/2--all cla%+ ( op9ion1 or collision ( feel+1 all re/ra9t1 or suspicion1 or gloom1 or res5tm5t2 8 great conc]n be+ to make e "o at _! ease & at home4 ,he has 8 eyes on all 8 company2 he is t5d] t[>ds ! ba%ful1 g5tle t[>ds ! di/ant1 & m]ciful t[>ds ! absurd2 he c recollect to :om he is speak+2 he gu>ds aga9/ unseasonable allusions1 or topics :i* may irritate2 he is seldom prom95t 9 conv]sation1 & nev] we>isome4 ,he makes light ( fav\rs :ile he does !m1 & seems to be receiv+ :5 he is conf]r+4 ,he nev] speaks ( himself except :5 compell$1 nev] def5ds himself by a m]e retort1 he has no e>s = sl&] or gossip1 is scrupul\s 9 imput+ motives to ^? :o int]f]e ) him1 & int]prets e ?+ = ! be/4 ,he is nev] mean or little 9 8 disputes1 nev] takes unfair advantage1 nev] mi/akes p]sonalities or %>p say+s = argum5ts1 or ins9uates evil :i* he d>e n say out4 ,f a long-sight$ prud5ce1 he obs]ves ! maxim ( ! anci5t sage1 t we %\ld ev] conduct ourselves t[>ds our enemy z if he 7 "o day to be our fri5d4 ,he has too mu* good s5se to be affront$ at insults1 he is too well employ$ to rememb] injuries1 & too indol5t to be> malice4 ,he is pati5t1 =be>+1 & resign$1 on philosophical pr9ciples2 he submits to pa91 because x is inevitable1 to b]eavem5t1 because x is irrep>able1 & to dea?1 because x is 8 de/9y4 ,if he engages 9 controv]sy ( any k9d1 8 discipl9$ intellect pres]ves him f ! blund]+ disc\rtesy ( bett]1 p]haps1 b less educat$ m9ds2 :o1 l blunt weapons1 te> & hack in/ead ( cutt+ clean1 :o mi/ake ! po9t 9 argum5t1 wa/e _! /r5g? on trifles1 misconceive _! adv]s>y1 & leave ! "q m involv$ ?an !y f9d x4 ,he may be "r or wrong 9 8 op9ion1 b he is too cle>-head$ to be unju/2 he is z simple z he is =cible1 & z brief z he is decisive4 ,n[h]e %all we f9d great] c&\r1 consid]ation1 indulg5ce3 he ?r[s himself into ! m9ds ( 8 oppon5ts1 he acc\nts = _! mi/akes4 ,he kn[s ! weakness ( human reason z well z its /r5g?1 its prov9ce & its limits4 ,if he be an unbeliev]1 he w be too pr(\nd & l>ge-m9d$ to ridicule religion or to act aga9/ x2 he is too wise to be a dogmati/ or fanatic 9 8 infidelity4 ,he respects piety & devotion2 he ev5 supports in/itutions z v5]able1 beautiful1 or useful1 to :i* he does n ass5t2 he hon\rs ! m9i/]s ( religion1 & x cont5ts him to decl9e its my/]ies )\t assail+ or d5\nc+ !m4 ,he is a fri5d ( religi\s tol]ation1 & t1 n only because 8 philosophy has taught him to look on all =ms ( fai? ) an imp>tial eye1 b also f ! g5tl5ess & effem9acy ( feel+1 :i* is ! att5dant on civilization4 ,n t he may n hold a religion too1 9 8 own way1 ev5 :5 he is n a ,*ri/ian4 ,9 t case 8 religion is "o ( imag9ation & s5tim5t2 x is ! embodim5t ( ^? ideas ( ! sublime1 maje/ic1 & beautiful1 )\t :i* !re c be no l>ge philosophy4 ,sometimes he ackn[l$ges ! be+ ( ,god1 sometimes he inve/s an unkn[n pr9ciple or quality ) ! attributes ( p]fection4 ,& ?is d$uction ( 8 reason1 or creation ( 8 fancy1 he makes ! occasion ( su* excell5t ?\ghts1 & ! />t+-po9t ( s v>i$ & sy/ematic a tea*+1 t he ev5 seems l a disciple ( ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,f ! v accuracy & /ead9ess ( 8 logical p[]s1 he is able to see :at s5tim5ts are consi/5t 9 ^? :o hold any religi\s doctr9e at all1 & he appe>s to o!rs to feel & to hold a :ole circle ( !ological tru?s1 :i* exi/ 9 8 m9d no o!rwise ?an z a numb] ( d$uctions4 99 99 99 99 99 ,su* are "s ( ! l9eam5ts ( ! e?ical "*1 :i* ! cultivat$ intellect w =m1 ap>t f religi\s pr9ciple4 ,!y are se5 )9 ! pale ( ! ,*ur* & )\t x1 9 holy m51 & 9 pr(ligate2 !y =m ! beau-ideal ( ! _w2 !y p>tly assi/ & p>tly di/ort ! developm5t ( ! ,ca?olic4 ,!y may subs]ve ! education ( a ,/4 ,francis de ,sales or a ,c>d9al ,pole2 !y may be ! limits ( ! contemplation ( a ,%aftesbury or a ,gibbon4 ,basil & ,julian 7 fell[-/ud5ts at ! s*ools ( ,a!ns2 & "o became ! ,sa9t & ,doctor ( ! ,*ur*1 ! o!r h] sc(f+ & rel5tless foe4 ,disc\rse ,,ix4 ,duties ,( ,! ,*ur* ,t[>ds ,k4 #a4 ,i h to congratulate myself1 ,g5tlem51 t at l5g? ,i h accompli%$1 ) :atev] success1 ! difficult & anxi\s und]tak+ to :i* ,i h be5 imm$iately address+ myself4 ,difficult & anxi\s x has be5 9 tru?1 ?\gh ! ma9 subject ( ,univ]sity ,tea*+ has be5 s (t5 & s ably discuss$ already2 = ,i h attempt$ to foll[ out a l9e ( ?\ght m famili> to ,prote/ants j n[ ?an to ,ca?olics1 ^u ,ca?olic gr\nds4 ,i decl>$ my int5tion1 :5 ,i op5$ ! subject1 ( treat+ x z a philosophical & practical1 r ?an z a !ological "q1 ) an appeal to common s5se1 n to ecclesia/ical rules2 & = ?is v reason1 :ile my argum5t has be5 less ambiti\s1 x has be5 depriv$ ( ! lights & supports :i* ano!r mode ( h&l+ x w\ld h secur$4 ,no anxiety1 no ef=t ( m9d is m sev]e ?an 81 :o 9 a difficult matt] has x s]i\sly at he>t to inve/igate )\t error & to in/ruct )\t obscurity2 z to myself1 if ! pa/ discussion has at any "t tri$ ! pati5ce ( ! k9d p]sons :o h giv5 x _! att5tion1 ,i c assure !m t on no "o c x h inflict$ s great lab\r & fatigue z on myself4 ,happy !y :o are engag$ 9 prov9ces ( ?\ght1 s famili>ly trav]s$ & s ?or\ghly explor$1 t !y see e :]e ! footpr9ts1 ! pa?s1 ! l&m>ks1 & ! rema9s ( =m] travell]s1 & c nev] /ep wrong2 b = myself1 ,g5tlem51 ,i h felt l a navigator on a /range sea1 :o is out ( sight ( l&1 is surpris$ by night1 & has to tru/ ma9ly to ! rules & in/rum5ts ( 8 sci5ce = rea*+ ! port4 ,! ev]la/+ m\nta9s1 ! high maje/ic cliffs1 ( ! opposite coa/1 radiant 9 ! sunlight1 :i* are our ord9>y guides1 fail u 9 an excursion su* z ?is2 ! lessons ( antiquity1 ! det]m9ations ( au?ority1 are "h r ! ne$le1 *>t1 & plummet1 ?an great objects1 ) di/9ct & cont9u\s outl9es & complet$ details1 :i* /& up & confront & occupy our gaze1 & relieve u f ! t5sion & susp5se ( our p]sonal obs]vation4 ,& ?us1 9 spite ( ! pa9s we may take to consult o!rs & avoid mi/akes1 x is n till ! morn+ comes & ! %ore greets u1 & we see our vessel mak+ /raight = h>b\r1 t we relax our jeal\s wat*1 & consid] anxiety irrational4 ,su* 9 a measure has be5 my feel+ 9 ! =ego+ inquiry2 9 :i* inde$ ,i h be5 9 want nei!r ( au?oritative pr9ciples nor di/9ct prec$5ts1 b ( treatises 9 ext5so on ! subject on :i* ,i h writt51--! f9i%$ "w ( writ]s1 :o1 by _! ackn[l$g$ judgm5t & erudition1 might furni% me = my private guidance ) a runn+ in/ruction on ea* po9t :i* successively came "u review4 ,i h spok5 ( ! ardu\sness ( my 8imm$iate0 und]tak+1 because :at ,i h be5 attempt+ has be5 ( a prelim9>y nature1 n contemplat+ ! duties ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds a ,univ]sity1 nor ! *>act]i/ics ( a ,univ]sity :i* is ,ca?olic1 b inquir+ :at a ,univ]sity is1 :at is its aim1 :at its nature1 :at its be>+s4 ,i h accord+ly laid d[n fir/1 t all bran*es ( k are1 at lea/ implicitly1 ! subject-matt] ( its tea*+2 t ^! bran*es are n isolat$ & indep5d5t "o ( ano!r1 b =m toge!r a :ole or sy/em2 t !y run into ea* o!r1 & complete ea* o!r1 & t1 9 proportion to our view ( !m z a :ole1 is ! exactness & tru/wor?9ess ( ! k :i* !y sep>ately convey2 t ! process ( imp>t+ k to ! intellect 9 ?is philosophical way is its true culture2 t su* culture is a good 9 itself2 t ! k :i* is bo? its in/rum5t & result is call$ ,lib]al ,k2 t su* culture1 toge!r ) ! k :i* effects x1 may fitly be s\ght = its own sake2 t x is1 h[ev]1 9 addition1 ( great secul> utility1 z con/itut+ ! be/ & highe/ =mation ( ! intellect = social & political life2 & la/ly1 t1 consid]$ 9 a religi\s aspect1 x concurs ) ,*ri/ianity a c]ta9 way1 & !n div]ges f x2 & consequ5tly proves 9 ! ev5t1 sometimes its s]viceable ally1 sometimes1 f its v resemblance to x1 an insidi\s & dang]\s foe4 ,?\gh1 h[ev]1 ^! ,disc\rses h only pr(ess$ to be prelim9>y1 be+ direct$ to ! inve/igation ( ! object & nature ( ! ,education :i* a ,univ]sity pr(esses to imp>t1 at ! same "t ,i d n l to conclude )\t mak+ "s rem>ks ^u ! duties ( ! ,*ur* t[>ds x1 or r on ! gr\nd ( ^? duties4 ,if ! ,ca?olic ,fai? is true1 a ,univ]sity _c exi/ ext]nally to ! ,ca?olic pale1 = x _c tea* ,univ]sal ,k if x does n tea* ,ca?olic !ology4 ,?is is c]ta92 b /ill1 ?\gh x _h ev] s _m !ological ,*airs1 t w\ld n suffice to make x a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity2 = !ology w\ld be includ$ 9 its tea*+ only z a bran* ( k1 only z "o out ( _m con/itu5t portions1 h[ev] important a "o1 ( :at ,i h call$ ,philosophy4 ,h5ce a direct & active jurisdiction ( ! ,*ur* ov] x & 9 x is necess>y1 le/ x %\ld become ! rival ( ! ,*ur* ) ! community at l>ge 9 ^? !ological matt]s :i* to ! ,*ur* are exclusively committ$1--act+ z ! repres5tative ( ! intellect1 z ! ,*ur* is ! repres5tative ( ! religi\s pr9ciple4 ,! illu/ration ( ?is proposition %all be ! subject ( my conclud+ ,disc\rse4 #b4 ,i say !n1 t1 ev5 ?\gh ! case c\ld be s t ! :ole sy/em ( ,ca?olicism 0 recogniz$ & pr(ess$1 )\t ! direct pres5ce ( ! ,*ur*1 /ill ?is w\ld n at once make su* a ,univ]sity a ,ca?olic ,in/itution1 nor be suffici5t to secure ! due weight ( religi\s consid]ations 9 its philosophical /udies4 ,= x may easily happ5 t a p>ticul> bias or drift may *>act]ize an ,in/itution1 :i* no rules c rea*1 nor (fic]s rem$y1 nor pr(essions or promises c\nt]act4 ,we h an in/ance ( su* a case 9 ! ,spani% ,inquisition2--"h 0 a purely ,ca?olic e/abli%m5t1 devot$ to ! ma9t5ance1 or r ! asc5dancy ( ,ca?olicism1 ke5ly zeal\s = !ological tru?1 ! /]n foe ( e anti-,ca?olic idea1 & adm9i/]$ by ,ca?olic !ologians2 yet x 9 no prop] s5se belong$ to ! ,*ur*4 ,x 0 simply & entirely a ,/ate in/itution1 x 0 an expression ( t v ,*ur*-&-,k+ _s :i* has prevail$ 9 ^! isl&s2 nay1 x 0 an in/rum5t ( ! ,/ate1 accord+ to ! confession ( ! acute/ ,prote/ant hi/orians1 9 its w>f>e aga9/ ! ,holy ,see4 ,consid]$ 8mat]ially10 x 0 no?+ b ,ca?olic2 b its _s & =m 7 e>?ly & secul>1 9 spite ( :atev] fai? & zeal & sanctity & *>ity 7 to be f\nd 9 ! individuals :o f "t to "t _h a %>e 9 its adm9i/ration4 ,& 9 l mann]1 x is no suffici5t security = ! ,ca?olicity ( a ,univ]sity1 ev5 t ! :ole ( ,ca?olic !ology %\ld be pr(ess$ 9 x1 unless ! ,*ur* brea!s h] own pure & une>?ly _s into x1 & fa%ions & m\lds its organization1 & wat*es ov] its tea*+1 & knits toge!r its pupils1 & sup]9t5ds its action4 ,! ,spani% ,inquisition came into collision ) ! supreme ,ca?olic au?ority1 & t1 f ! fact t its imm$iate end 0 ( a secul> "*2 & = ! same reason1 :]eas ,academical ,in/itutions 7z ,i h be5 s long engag$ 9 %[+7 are 9 _! v nature direct$ to social1 national1 temporal objects 9 ! fir/ in/ance1 & s9ce !y are liv+ & en]giz+ bodies1 if !y des]ve ! "n ( ,univ]sity at all1 & ( necessity h "s "o =mal & def9ite e?ical "*1 good or bad1 & d ( a c]ta9ty impr9t t "* on ! individuals :o direct & :o frequ5t !m1 x _c b be t1 if left to !mselves1 !y w1 9 spite ( _! pr(ession ( ,ca?olic ,tru?1 "w out results m or less prejudicial to its int]e/s4 ,nor is ?is all3 su* ,in/itutions may become ho/ile to ,reveal$ ,tru?1 9 consequ5ce ( ! circum/ances ( _! tea*+ z well z ( _! end4 ,!y are employ$ 9 ! pursuit ( ,lib]al ,k1 & ,lib]al ,k has a special t5d5cy1 n necess>y or rightful1 b a t5d5cy 9 fact1 :5 cultivat$ by be+s su* z we are1 to impress u ) a m]e philosophical !ory ( life & conduct1 9 ! place ( ,revelation4 ,i h said mu* on ?is subject already4 ,tru? has two attributes--beauty & p[]2 & :ile ,useful ,k is ! possession ( tru? z p[]ful1 ,lib]al ,k is ! appreh5sion ( x z beautiful4 ,pursue x1 ei!r z beauty or z p[]1 to its fur!/ ext5t & its true limit1 & y are l$ by ei!r road to ! ,et]nal & ,inf9ite1 to ! intimations ( consci5ce & ! ann\ncem5ts ( ! ,*ur*4 ,satisfy y\rself ) :at is only visibly or intelligibly excell5t1 z y are likely to d1 & y w make pres5t utility & natural beauty ! practical te/ ( tru?1 & ! suffici5t object ( ! intellect4 ,x is n t y w at once reject ,ca?olicism1 b y w measure & proportion x by an e>?ly /&>d4 ,y w ?r[ its highe/ & mo/ mom5t\s disclosures into ! backgr\nd1 y w d5y its pr9ciples1 expla9 away its doctr9es1 re-arrange its precepts1 & make light ( its practices1 ev5 :ile y pr(ess x4 ,k1 view$ z ,k1 ex]ts a subtle influ5ce 9 ?r[+ u back on ourselves1 & mak+ u our own c5tre1 & our m9ds ! measure ( all ?+s4 ,?is !n is ! t5d5cy ( t ,lib]al ,education1 ( :i* a ,univ]sity is ! s*ool1 viz41 to view ,reveal$ ,religion f an aspect ( its own1--to fuse & reca/ x1--to tune x1 z x 71 to a diff]5t key1 & to reset its h>monies1--to circumscribe x by a circle :i* unw>rantably amputates "h1 & unduly develops !re2 & all "u ! notion1 consci\s or unconsci\s1 t ! human intellect1 self-educat$ & self-support$1 is m true & p]fect 9 its ideas & judgm5ts ?an t ( ,prophets & ,apo/les1 to :om ! sights & s\nds ( ,heav5 7 imm$iately convey$4 ,a s5se ( propriety1 ord]1 consi/5cy1 & complet5ess gives bir? to a rebelli\s /irr+ aga9/ miracle & my/]y1 aga9/ ! sev]e & ! t]rible4 ,?is ,intellectualism fir/ & *iefly comes into collision ) precept1 !n ) doctr9e1 !n ) ! v pr9ciple ( dogmatism2--a p]ception ( ! ,beautiful becomes ! sub/itute = fai?4 ,9 a c\ntry :i* does n pr(ess ! fai?1 x at once runs1 if all[$1 into scepticism or infidelity2 b ev5 )9 ! pale ( ! ,*ur*1 & ) ! mo/ unqualifi$ pr(ession ( h] ,cre$1 x acts1 if left to itself1 z an elem5t ( corruption & debility4 ,ca?olicism1 z x has come d[n to u f ! fir/1 seems to be mean & illib]al2 x is a m]e popul> religion2 x is ! religion ( illit]ate ages or s]vile populations or b>b>ian w>riors2 x mu/ be treat$ ) discrim9ation & delicacy1 correct$1 s(t5$1 improv$1 if x is to satisfy an enlight5$ g5]ation4 ,x mu/ be /]eotyp$ z ! patron ( arts1 or ! pupil ( speculation1 or ! protg ( sci5ce2 x mu/ play ! lit]>y academician1 or ! empirical philan?ropi/1 or ! political p>tisan2 x mu/ keep up ) ! age2 "s or o!r exp$i5t x mu/ devise1 9 ord] to expla9 away1 or to hide1 t5ets "u :i* ! intellect lab\rs & ( :i* x is a%am$--its doctr9e1 = in/ance1 ( grace1 its my/]y ( ! ,godhead1 its prea*+ ( ! ,cross1 its devotion to ! ,que5 ( ,sa9ts1 or its loyalty to ! ,apo/olic ,see4 ,let ?is _s be freely evolv$ out ( t philosophical condition ( m9d1 :i* 9 =m] ,disc\rses ,i h s highly1 s ju/ly extoll$1 & x is impossible b1 fir/ indiff]5ce1 !n laxity ( belief1 !n ev5 h]esy w be ! successive results4 ,"h !n are two injuries :i* ,revelation is likely to su/a9 at ! h&s ( ! ,ma/]s ( human reason unless ! ,*ur*1 z 9 duty b\nd1 protects ! sacr$ treasure :i* is 9 jeop>dy4 ,! fir/ is a simple ignor+ ( ,!ological ,tru? altoge!r1 "u ! pret5ce ( n recognis+ diff]5ces ( religi\s op9ion2--:i* w only take place 9 c\ntries or "u gov]nm5ts :i* h abjur$ ,ca?olicism4 ,! second1 :i* is ( a m subtle "*1 is a recognition inde$ ( ,ca?olicism1 b 7z if 9 pret5d$ m]cy to x7 an adult]ation ( its _s4 ,i w n[ proce$ to describe ! dang]s ,i speak ( m di/9ctly1 by a ref]5ce to ! g5]al subject-matt] ( in/ruction :i* a ,univ]sity und]takes4 ,!re are ?ree great subjects on :i* ,human ,reason employs itself3--,god1 ,nature1 & ,man3 & !ology be+ put aside 9 ! pres5t argum5t1 ! physical & social worlds rema94 ,^!1 :5 respectively subject$ to ,human ,reason1 =m two books3 ! book ( nature is call$ ,sci5ce1 ! book ( man is call$ ,lit]ature4 ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce1 ?us consid]$1 ne>ly con/itute ! subject-matt] ( ,lib]al ,education2 &1 :ile ,sci5ce is made to subs]ve ! =m] ( ! two injuries1 :i* ,reveal$ ,tru? su/a9s1--its exclusion1 ,lit]ature subs]ves ! latt]1--its corruption4 ,let u consid] ! influ5ce ( ea* ^u ,religion sep>ately4 #c4 ,i4 ,z to ,physical ,sci5ce1 ( c\rse !re c be no real collision betwe5 x & ,ca?olicism4 ,nature & ,grace1 ,reason & ,revelation1 come f ! same ,div9e ,au?or1 ^: works _c contradict ea* o!r4 ,nev]!less1 x _c be d5i$ t1 9 matt] ( fact1 !re always has be5 a sort ( jeal\sy & ho/ility betwe5 ,religion & physical philosoph]s4 ,! "n ( ,galileo rem9ds u ( x at once4 ,n cont5t ) inve/igat+ & reason+ 9 8 own prov9ce1 x is said1 he w5t out ( 8 way directly to insult ! receiv$ int]pretation ( ,scripture2 !ologians repell$ an attack :i* 0 wanton & arrogant2 & ,sci5ce1 affront$ 9 h] m9i/]1 has tak5 its full rev5ge ^u ,!ology s9ce4 ,a va/ multitude ( its tea*]s1 ,i fe> x mu/ be said1 h be5 ei!r unbeliev]s or sceptics1 or at lea/ h d5i$ to ,*ri/ianity any tea*+1 di/9ctive or special1 ov] ! ,religion ( ,nature4 ,!re h inde$ be5 mo/ illu/ri\s exceptions2 "s m5 protect$ by _! greatness ( m9d1 "s by _! religi\s pr(ession1 "s by ! fe> ( public op9ion2 b ,i suppose ! run ( exp]im5tali/s1 ext]nal to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 h m or less inh]it$ ! positive or negative unbelief ( ,laplace1 ,buffon1 ,frankl91 ,prie/ley1 ,cuvi]1 & ,humboldt4 ,i d n ( c\rse mean to say t !re ne$ be 9 e case a res5tful & virul5t opposition made to ,religion on ! "p ( sci5tific m52 b _! emphatic sil5ce or phlegmatic inadv]t5ce z to its claims h impli$1 m eloqu5tly ?an any words1 t 9 _! op9ion x _h no voice at all 9 ! subject-matt]1 :i* !y _h appropriat$ to !mselves4 ,! same antagonism %[s itself 9 ! middle ages4 ,fri> ,bacon 0 popul>ly reg>d$ ) suspicion z a deal] 9 unlawful arts2 ,pope ,sylve/] ! ,second has be5 accus$ ( magic = 8 k ( natural secrets2 & ! geographical ideas ( ,/4 ,virgil1 ,bi%op ( ,saltzburg1 7 reg>d$ ) anxiety by ! great ,/4 ,boniface1 ! glory ( ,engl&1 ! ,m>tyr-,apo/le ( ,g]many4 ,i suppose1 9 matt] ( fact1 magical sup]/ition & physical k did commonly g toge!r 9 ^? ages3 h[ev]1 ! ho/ility betwe5 exp]im5tal sci5ce & !ology is f> old] ?an ,*ri/ianity4 ,"l ,bacon traces x to an era prior to ,socrates2 he tells u t1 among ! ,greeks1 ! a!i/ic 0 ! philosophy mo/ fav\rable to physical discov]ies1 & he does n hesitate to imply t ! rise ( ! religi\s s*ools 0 ! ru9 ( sci5ce47#bf7 ,n[1 if we w\ld inve/igate ! reason ( ?is opposition betwe5 ,!ology & ,physics1 ,i suppose we mu/ fir/ take into acc\nt ,"l ,bacon's own explanation ( x4 ,x is common 9 judicial inquiries to caution ! p>ties on :om ! v]dict dep5ds to put out ( _! m9ds :atev] !y h he>d out ( c\rt on ! subject to :i* _! att5tion is to be direct$4 ,!y are to judge by ! evid5ce2 & ?is is a rule :i* holds 9 o!r inve/igations z f> z ?is1 t no?+ ( an adv5titi\s nature ought to be introduc$ into ! process4 ,9 l mann]1 f religi\s inve/igations1 z su*1 physics mu/ be exclud$1 & f physical1 z su*1 religion2 & if we mix !m1 we %all spoil bo?4 ,! !ologian1 speak+ ( ,div9e ,omnipot5ce1 = ! "t simply ignores ! laws ( nature z exi/+ re/ra9ts ^u its ex]cise2 & ! physical philosoph]1 on ! o!r h&1 9 8 exp]im5ts ^u natural ph5om5a1 is simply asc]ta9+ ^? laws1 putt+ aside ! "q ( t ,omnipot5ce4 ,if ! !ologian1 9 trac+ ! ways ( ,provid5ce1 7 /opp$ ) objections gr\nd$ on ! impossibility ( physical miracles1 he w\ld ju/ly prote/ aga9/ ! int]ruption2 & 7 ! philosoph]1 :o 0 det]m9+ ! motion ( ! heav5ly bodies1 to be que/ion$ ab\t _! ,f9al or _! ,fir/ ,cause1 he too w\ld suff] an illogical int]ruption4 ,! latt] asks ! cause ( volcanoes1 & is impati5t at be+ told x is 8! div9e v5geance20 ! =m] asks ! cause ( ! ov]?r[ ( ! guilty cities1 & is prepo/]\sly ref]r$ to ! volcanic action /ill visible 9 _! neighb\rhood4 ,! inquiry into f9al causes = ! mom5t passes ov] ! exi/5ce ( e/abli%$ laws2 ! inquiry into physical1 passes ov] = ! mom5t ! exi/5ce ( ,god4 ,9 o!r words1 physical sci5ce is 9 a c]ta9 s5se a!i/ic1 = ! v reason x is n !ology4 ,?is is ,"l ,bacon's ju/ification1 & an intelligible "o1 = consid]+ t ! fall ( a!i/ic philosophy 9 anci5t times 0 a blight ^u ! hopes ( physical sci5ce4 8,ari/otle10 he says1 8,gal51 & o!rs frequ5tly introduce su* causes z ^!3--! hairs ( ! eyelids are = a f5ce to ! sight2 ! bones = pill>s :5ce to build ! bodies ( animals2 ! leaves ( trees are to def5d ! fruit f ! sun & w9d2 ! cl\ds are design$ = wat]+ ! e>?4 ,all :i* are prop]ly alleg$ 9 metaphysics2 b 9 physics1 are imp]t95t1 & z remoras to ! %ip1 t h9d] ! sci5ces f hold+ on _! c\rse ( improvem5t1 & z introduc+ a neglect ( se>*+ aft] physical causes407#bg7 ,"h !n is "o reason = ! prejudice ( physical philosoph]s aga9/ ,!ology3--on ! "o h&1 _! deep satisfaction 9 ! laws ( nature indisposes !m t[>ds ! ?\ght ( a ,moral ,gov]nor1 & makes !m sceptical ( ,8 int]position2 on ! o!r h&1 ! occasional int]f]5ce ( religi\s criticism 9 a prov9ce n religi\s1 has made !m sore1 suspici\s1 & res5tful4 #d4 ,ano!r reason ( a k9dr$ nature is to be f\nd 9 ! diff]5ce ( me?od by :i* tru?s are ga9$ 9 !ology & 9 physical sci5ce4 ,induction is ! in/rum5t ( ,physics1 & d$uction only is ! in/rum5t ( ,!ology4 ,!re ! simple "q is1 ,:at is reveal$8 all doctr9al k fl[s f "o f\nta9 head4 ,if we are able to enl>ge our view & multiply our propositions1 x mu/ be m]ely by ! comp>ison & adju/m5t ( ! orig9al tru?s2 if we w\ld solve new que/ions1 x mu/ be by consult+ old answ]s4 ,! notion ( doctr9al k absolutely novel1 & ( simple addition f )\t1 is intol]able to ,ca?olic e>s1 & nev] 0 ent]ta9$ by any "o :o 0 ev5 approa*+ to an und]/&+ ( our cre$4 ,revelation is all 9 all 9 doctr9e2 ! ,apo/les its sole depository1 ! inf]5tial me?od its sole in/rum5t1 & ecclesia/ical au?ority its sole sanction4 ,! ,div9e ,voice has spok5 once = all1 & ! only "q is ab\t its mean+4 ,n[ ?is process1 z f> z x 0 reason+1 0 ! v mode ( reason+ :i*1 z reg>ds physical k1 ! s*ool ( ,bacon has sup]s$$ by ! inductive me?od3--no wond]1 !n1 t t s*ool %\ld be irritat$ & indignant to f9d t a subject-matt] rema9s /ill1 9 :i* _! fav\rite in/rum5t has no (fice2 no wond] t !y rise up aga9/ ?is memorial ( an antiquat$ sy/em1 z an eyesore & an insult2 & no wond] t ! v =ce & dazzl+ success ( _! own me?od 9 its own dep>tm5ts %\ld sway or bias unduly ! religi\s s5tim5ts ( any p]sons :o come "u its influ5ce4 ,!y ass]t t no new tru? c be ga9$ by d$uction2 ,ca?olics ass5t1 b add t1 z reg>ds religi\s tru?1 !y h n to seek at all1 = !y h x already4 ,*ri/ian ,tru? is purely ( revelation2 t revelation we c b expla91 we _c increase1 except relatively to our own appreh5sions2 )\t x we %\ld h kn[n no?+ ( its cont5ts1 ) x we "k j z mu* z its cont5ts1 & no?+ m4 ,&1 z x 0 giv5 by a div9e act indep5d5t ( man1 s w x rema9 9 spite ( man4 ,niebuhr may revolutionize hi/ory1 ,lavoisi] *emi/ry1 ,newton a/ronomy2 b ,god ,himself is ! au?or z well z ! subject ( !ology4 ,:5 ,tru? c *ange1 its ,revelation c *ange2 :5 human reason c outreason ! ,omnisci5t1 !n may x sup]s$e ,8 "w4 ,av[als su* z ^! fall /range ^u ! e> ( m5 ^: fir/ pr9ciple is ! se>* aft] tru?1 & ^: />t+-po9ts ( se>* are ?+s mat]ial & s5sible4 ,!y scorn any process ( inquiry n f\nd$ on exp]im5t2 ! ,ma!matics inde$ !y endure1 because t sci5ce deals ) ideas1 n ) facts1 & leads to conclusions hypo!tical r ?an real2 8,metaphysics0 !y ev5 use z a by-^w ( reproa*2 & ,e?ics !y admit only on condition t x gives up consci5ce z its sci5tific gr\nd1 & bases itself on tangible utility3 b z to ,!ology1 !y _c deal ) x1 !y _c ma/] x1 & s !y simply outlaw x & ignore x4 ,ca?olicism1 =soo?1 8conf9es ! intellect10 because x holds t ,god's intellect is great] ?an !irs1 & t :at ,he has done1 man _c improve4 ,& :at 9 "s sort ju/ifies !m to !mselves 9 ?is extravagance is ! circum/ance t !re is a religion close at _! doors :i*1 disc>d+ s sev]e a tone1 has actually adopt$ _! own pr9ciple ( inquiry4 ,prote/antism treats ,scripture j z !y deal ) ,nature2 x takes ! sacr$ text z a l>ge collection ( ph5om5a1 f :i*1 by an inductive process1 ea* individual ,*ri/ian may arrive at j ^? religi\s conclusions :i* approve !mselves to 8 own judgm5t4 ,x consid]s fai? a m]e modification ( reason1 z be+ an acquiesc5ce 9 c]ta9 probable conclusions till bett] are f\nd4 ,sympa?y1 !n1 if no o!r reason1 ?r[s exp]im5tal philosoph]s into alliance ) ! enemies ( ,ca?olicism4 #e4 ,i h ano!r consid]ation to add1 n less important ?an any ,i h hi!rto adduc$4 ,! physical sci5ces1 ,a/ronomy1 ,*emi/ry1 & ! re/1 are d\btless engag$ ^u div9e works1 & _c issue 9 untrue religi\s conclusions4 ,b at ! same "t x mu/ be recollect$ t ,revelation has ref]5ce to circum/ances :i* did n arise till aft] ! heav5s & ! e>? 7 made4 ,!y 7 made be=e ! introduction ( moral evil into ! _w3 :]eas ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* is ! in/rum5t ( a rem$ial disp5sation to meet t introduction4 ,no wond] !n t h] tea*+ is simply di/9ct1 ?\gh n div]g5t1 f ! !ology :i* ,physical ,sci5ce sugge/s to its foll[]s4 ,%e sets be=e u a numb] ( attributes & acts on ! "p ( ! ,div9e ,be+1 = :i* ! mat]ial & animal creation gives no scope2 p[]1 wisdom1 goodness are ! burd5 ( ! physical _w1 b x does n & c\ld n speak ( m]cy1 long-suff]+1 & ! economy ( human r$emption1 & b p>tially ( ! moral law & moral goodness4 8,sacr$ ,!ology10 says ,"l ,bacon1 8mu/ be drawn f ! words & ! oracles ( ,god3 n f ! light ( nature or ! dictates ( reason4 ,x is writt51 t #8! ,heav5s decl>e ! glory ( ,god2' b we n[h]e f9d x t ! ,heav5s decl>e ! w ( ,god2 :i* is pron\nc$ a law & a te/imony1 t m5 %\ld d accord+ to x4 ,nor does ?is hold only 9 ! great my/]ies ( ! ,godhead1 ( ! creation1 ( ! r$emption4''' ,we _c d\bt t a l>ge "p ( ! moral law is too sublime to be atta9$ by ! light ( nature2 ?\gh x is /ill c]ta9 t m51 ev5 ) ! light & law ( nature1 h "s notions ( virtue1 vice1 ju/ice1 wrong1 good1 & evil407#bh7 ,t ! new & fur!r manife/ations ( ! ,almighty1 made by ,revelation1 are 9 p]fect h>mony ) ! tea*+ ( ! natural _w1 =ms inde$ "o subject ( ! pr(\nd "w ( ! ,anglican ,bi%op ,butl]2 b !y _c 9 any s5se be ga!r$ f nature1 & ! sil5ce ( nature conc]n+ !m may easily s$uce ! imag9ation1 ?\gh x has no =ce to p]suade ! reason1 to revolt f doctr9es :i* h n be5 au!nticat$ by facts1 b are en=c$ by au?ority4 ,9 a sci5tific age1 !n1 !re w naturally be a p>ade ( :at is call$ ,natural ,!ology1 a wide-spread pr(ession ( ! ,unit>ian cre$1 an impati5ce ( my/]y1 & a scepticism ab\t miracles4 ,& to all ?is mu/ be add$ ! ample opportunity :i* physical sci5ce gives to ! indulg5ce ( ^? s5tim5ts ( beauty1 ord]1 & congruity1 ( :i* ,i h said s mu* z ! ensigns & col\rs 7z !y may be call$7 ( a civiliz$ age 9 its w>f>e aga9/ ,ca?olicism4 ,x be+ consid]$1 !n1 t ,ca?olicism diff]s f physical sci5ce1 9 drift1 9 me?od ( pro(1 & 9 subject-matt]1 h[ c x fail to meet ) unfair usage f ! philosoph]s ( any ,in/itution 9 :i* !re is no "o to take its "p8 ,t ,physical ,sci5ce itself w be ultimately ! los] by su* ill treatm5t ( ,!ology1 ,i h insi/$ on at great l5g? 9 "s prec$+ ,disc\rses2 = to depress unduly1 to encroa* ^u any sci5ce1 & mu* m on an important "o1 is to d an injury to all4 ,h[ev]1 ?is is n ! conc]n ( ! ,*ur*2 ! ,*ur* has no call to wat* ov] & protect ,sci5ce3 b t[>ds ,!ology %e has a di/9ct duty3 x is "o ( ! special tru/s committ$ to h] keep+4 ,:]e ,!ology is1 !re %e mu/ be2 & if a ,univ]sity _c fulfil its "n & (fice )\t ! recognition ( ,reveal$ ,tru?1 %e mu/ be !re to see t x is a bon fide recognition1 s9c]ely made & consi/5tly act$ on4 #f4 ,,ii4 ,& if ! int]position ( ! ,*ur* is necess>y 9 ! ,s*ools ( ,sci5ce1 /ill m imp]atively is x dem&$ 9 ! o!r ma9 con/itu5t portion ( ! subject-matt] ( ,lib]al ,education1--,lit]ature4 ,lit]ature /&s relat$ to ,man z ,sci5ce /&s to ,nature2 x is 8 hi/ory4 ,man is compos$ ( body & s\l2 he ?9ks & he acts2 he has appetites1 passions1 affections1 motives1 designs2 he has )9 him ! lifelong /ruggle ( duty ) incl9ation2 he has an intellect f]tile & capaci\s2 he is =m$ = society1 & society multiplies & div]sifies 9 endless comb9ations 8 p]sonal *>act]i/ics1 moral & intellectual4 ,all ?is con/itutes 8 life2 ( all ?is ,lit]ature is ! expression2 s t ,lit]ature is to man 9 "s sort :at autobiography is to ! individual2 x is 8 ,life & ,rema9s4 ,moreov]1 he is ?is s5ti5t1 intellig5t1 creative1 & op]ative be+1 q indep5d5t ( any extraord9>y aid f ,heav51 or any def9ite religi\s belief2 & z su*1 z he is 9 himself1 does ,lit]ature repres5t him2 x is ! ,life & ,rema9s ( ! natural man1 innoc5t or guilty4 ,i d n mean to say t x is impossible 9 its v notion t ,lit]ature %\ld be t9ctur$ by a religi\s _s2 ,hebrew ,lit]ature1 z f> z x c be call$ ,lit]ature1 c]ta9ly is simply !ological1 & has a "* impr9t$ on x :i* is above nature2 b ,i am speak+ ( :at is to be expect$ )\t any extraord9>y disp5sation2 & ,i say t1 9 matt] ( fact1 z ,sci5ce is ! reflection ( ,nature1 s is ,lit]ature also--! "o1 ( ,nature physical1 ! o!r1 ( ,nature moral & social4 ,circum/ances1 su* z locality1 p]iod1 language1 seem to make little or no diff]5ce 9 ! "* ( ,lit]ature1 z su*2 on ! :ole1 all ,lit]atures are "o2 !y are ! voices ( ! natural man4 ,i wi% ?is 7 all t _h to be said to ! disadvantage ( ,lit]ature2 b :ile ,nature physical rema9s fix$ 9 its laws1 ,nature moral & social has a w ( its own1 is self-gov]n$1 & nev] rema9s any long :ile 9 t /ate f :i* x />t$ into action4 ,man w nev] cont9ue 9 a m]e /ate ( innoc5ce2 he is sure to s91 & 8 lit]ature w be ! expression ( 8 s91 & ?is :e!r he be hea!n or ,*ri/ian4 ,*ri/ianity has ?r[n gleams ( light on him & 8 lit]ature2 b z x has n conv]t$ him1 b only c]ta9 *oice specim5s ( him1 s x has n *ang$ ! *>act]s ( 8 m9d or ( 8 hi/ory2 8 lit]ature is ei!r :at x 01 or worse ?an :at x 01 9 proportion z !re has be5 an abuse ( k grant$ & a rejection ( tru?4 ,on ! :ole1 !n1 ,i ?9k x w be f\nd1 & ev] f\nd1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 t ,lit]ature1 z su*1 no matt] ( :at nation1 is ! sci5ce or hi/ory1 p>tly & at be/ ( ! natural man1 p>tly ( man 9 rebellion4 #g4 ,"h !n1 ,i say1 y are involv$ 9 a difficulty great] ?an t :i* besets ! cultivation ( ,sci5ce2 =1 if ,physical ,sci5ce be dang]\s1 z ,i h said1 x is dang]\s1 because x necess>ily ignores ! idea ( moral evil2 b ,lit]ature is op5 to ! m griev\s imputation ( recogniz+ & und]/&+ x too well4 ,"s "o w say to me p]haps3 8,our y\? %all n be corrupt$4 ,we w disp5se ) all g5]al or national ,lit]ature :atev]1 if x be s exceptionable2 we w h a ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature ( our own1 z pure1 z true1 z ! ,jewi%40 ,y _c h x3--,i d n say y _c =m a select lit]ature = ! "y1 nay1 ev5 = ! middle or l[] classes2 ?is is ano!r matt] altoge!r3 ,i am speak+ ( ,univ]sity ,education1 :i* implies an ext5d$ range ( read+1 :i* has to deal ) /&>d works ( g5ius1 or :at are call$ ! classics ( a language3 & ,i say1 f ! nature ( ! case1 if ,lit]ature is to be made a /udy ( human nature1 y _c h a ,*ri/ian ,lit]ature4 ,x is a contradiction 9 t]ms to attempt a s9less ,lit]ature ( s9ful man4 ,y may ga!r toge!r some?+ v great & high1 some?+ high] ?an any ,lit]ature ev] 02 & :5 y h done s1 y w f9d t x is n ,lit]ature at all4 ,y w h simply left ! del9eation ( man1 z su*1 & h sub/itut$ = x1 z f> z y h _h any ?+ to sub/itute1 t ( man1 z he is or might be1 "u c]ta9 special advantages4 ,give up ! /udy ( man1 z su*1 if s x mu/ be2 b say y d s4 ,d n say y are /udy+ him1 8 hi/ory1 8 m9d & 8 he>t1 :5 y are /udy+ some?+ else4 ,man is a be+ ( g5ius1 passion1 intellect1 consci5ce1 p[]4 ,he ex]cises ^! v>i\s gifts 9 v>i\s ways1 9 great de$s1 9 great ?\ghts1 9 h]oic acts1 9 hateful crimes4 ,he f\nds /ates1 he fights battles1 he builds cities1 he pl\ghs ! =e/1 he subdues ! elem5ts1 he rules 8 k9d4 ,he creates va/ ideas1 & influ5ces _m g5]ations4 ,he takes a ?\s& %apes1 & und]goes a ?\s& =tunes4 ,lit]ature records !m all to ! life1 ,quicquid agunt hom9es1 votum1 timor1 ira1 voluptas1 ,gaudia1 discursus4 ,he p\rs out 8 f]vid s\l 9 poetry2 he sways to & fro1 he so>s1 he dives1 9 8 re/less speculations2 8 lips drop eloqu5ce2 he t\*es ! canvas1 & x gl[s ) beauty2 he sweeps ! /r+s1 & !y ?rill ) an ec/atic mean+4 ,he looks back into himself1 & he reads 8 own ?\ghts1 & notes !m d[n2 he looks out into ! univ]se1 & tells ov] & celebrates ! elem5ts & pr9ciples ( :i* x is ! product4 ,su* is man3 put him aside1 keep him be=e y2 b1 :atev] y d1 d n take him = :at he is n1 = some?+ m div9e & sacr$1 = man reg5]ate4 ,nay1 bew>e ( %[+ ,god's grace & its "w at su* disadvantage z to make ! few :om x has ?or\ghly influ5c$ compete 9 intellect ) ! va/ multitude :o ei!r h x n1 or use x ill4 ,! elect are few to *oose out (1 & ! _w is inexhau/ible4 ,f ! fir/1 ,jabel & ,tubalca91 ,nimrod 8! /\t hunt]10 ! le>n+ ( ! ,ph>aohs1 & ! wisdom ( ! ,ea/ c\ntry1 are ( ! _w4 ,e n[ & !n !y are rivall$ by a ,solomon or a ,beseleel1 b ! habitat ( natural gifts is ! natural man4 ,! ,*ur* may use !m1 %e _c at h] w orig9ate !m4 ,n till ! :ole human race is made new w its lit]ature be pure & true4 ,possible ( c\rse x is 9 idea1 = nature1 inspir$ by heav5ly grace1 to exhibit itself on a l>ge scale1 9 an orig9ality ( ?\ght or action1 ev5 f> beyond :at ! _w's lit]ature has record$ or exemplifi$2 b1 if y w\ld 9 fact h a lit]ature ( sa9ts1 fir/ ( all h a nation ( !m4 ,:at is a cle>] pro( ( ! tru? ( all ?is ?an ! /ructure ( ! ,inspir$ ,^w itself8 ,x is und5iably n ! reflection or picture ( ! _m1 b ( ! few2 x is no picture ( life1 b an anticipation ( dea? & judgm5t4 ,human lit]ature is ab\t all ?+s1 grave or gay1 pa9ful or pleasant2 b ! ,inspir$ ,^w views !m only 9 "o aspect1 & z !y t5d to "o scope4 ,x gives u little insight into ! f]tile developm5ts ( m9d2 x has no t]ms 9 its vocabul>y to express ) exactness ! intellect & its sep>ate faculties3 x kn[s no?+ ( g5ius1 fancy1 wit1 inv5tion1 pres5ce ( m9d1 res\rce4 ,x does n disc\rse ( empire1 comm]ce1 ent]prise1 le>n+1 philosophy1 or ! f9e arts4 ,slightly too does x t\* on ! m simple & innoc5t c\rses ( nature & _! rew>d4 ,little does x say7#bi7 ( ^? temporal bless+s :i* re/ ^u our worldly occupations1 & make !m easy1 ( ! bless+s :i* we d]ive f ! sun%9e day & ! s]5e night1 f ! succession ( ! seasons1 & ! produce ( ! e>?4 ,little ab\t our recreations & our daily dome/ic com=ts2 little ab\t ! ord9>y occasions ( fe/ivity & mir?1 :i* sweet5 human life2 & no?+ at all ab\t v>i\s pursuits or amusem5ts1 :i* x w\ld be go+ too mu* into detail to m5tion4 ,we read inde$ ( ! fea/ :5 ,isaac 0 wean$1 & ( ,jacob's c\rt%ip1 & ( ! religi\s m]ry-mak+s ( holy ,job2 b exceptions1 su* z ^!1 d b rem9d u :at might be 9 ,scripture1 & is n4 ,if !n by ,lit]ature is meant ! manife/ation ( human nature 9 human language1 y w seek = x 9 va9 except 9 ! _w4 ,put up ) x1 z x is1 or d n pret5d to cultivate x2 take ?+s z !y are1 n z y c\ld wi% !m4 #h4 ,nay1 ,i am oblig$ to g fur!r /ill2 ev5 if we c\ld1 /ill we %\ld be %r9k+ f our pla9 duty1 ,g5tlem51 did we leave out ,lit]ature f ,education4 ,= :y d we educate1 except to prep>e = ! _w8 ,:y d we cultivate ! intellect ( ! _m beyond ! fir/ elem5ts ( k1 except = ?is _w8 ,w x be mu* matt] 9 ! _w to come :e!r our bodily heal? or :e!r our intellectual /r5g? 0 m or less1 except ( c\rse z ?is _w is 9 all its circum/ances a trial = ! next8 ,if !n a ,univ]sity is a direct prep>ation = ?is _w1 let x be :at x pr(esses4 ,x is n a ,conv5t1 x is n a ,sem9>y2 x is a place to fit m5 ( ! _w = ! _w4 ,we _c possibly keep !m f plung+ into ! _w1 ) all its ways & pr9ciples & maxims1 :5 _! "t comes2 b we c prep>e !m aga9/ :at is inevitable2 & x is n ! way to le>n to swim 9 tr\bl$ wat]s1 nev] to h gone into !m4 ,proscribe 7,i d n m]ely say p>ticul> au?ors1 p>ticul> works1 p>ticul> passages7 b ,secul> ,lit]ature z su*2 cut out f y\r class books all broad manife/ations ( ! natural man2 & ^? manife/ations are wait+ = y\r pupil's b5efit at ! v doors ( y\r lecture room 9 liv+ & brea?+ sub/ance4 ,!y w meet him !re 9 all ! *>m ( novelty1 & all ! fasc9ation ( g5ius or ( amiabl5ess4 ,to-day a pupil1 to-morr[ a memb] ( ! great _w3 to-day conf9$ to ! ,lives ( ! ,sa9ts1 to-morr[ ?r[n ^u ,babel2--?r[n on ,babel1 )\t ! hone/ indulg5ce ( wit & hum\r & imag9ation hav+ ev] be5 p]mitt$ to him1 )\t any fa/idi\sness ( ta/e wr\ght into him1 )\t any rule giv5 him = discrim9at+ 8! preci\s f ! vile10 beauty f s91 ! tru? f ! sophi/ry ( nature1 :at is innoc5t f :at is poison4 ,y h refus$ him ! ma/]s ( human ?\ght1 :o w\ld 9 "s s5se h educat$ him1 because ( _! incid5tal corruption3 y h %ut up f him ^? ^: ?\ghts /rike home to our he>ts1 ^: words are prov]bs1 ^: names are indig5\s to all ! _w1 :o are ! /&>d ( _! "m tongue1 & ! pride & boa/ ( _! c\ntrym51 ,hom]1 ,ario/o1 ,c]vantes1 ,%akespe>e1 because ! old ,adam smelt rank 9 !m2 & = :at h y res]v$ him8 ,y h giv5 him 8a lib]ty unto0 ! multitud9\s blasphemy ( 8 day2 y h made him free ( its newspap]s1 its reviews1 its magaz9es1 its novels1 its controv]sial pamphlets1 ( its ,p>liam5t>y debates1 its law proce$+s1 its plat=m spee*es1 its songs1 its drama1 its !atre1 ( its envelop+1 /ifl+ atmosph]e ( dea?4 ,y h succe$$ b 9 ?is1--9 mak+ ! _w 8 ,univ]sity4 ,difficult !n z ! "q may be1 & mu* z x may try ! judgm5ts & ev5 divide ! op9ions ( zeal\s & religi\s ,ca?olics1 ,i _c feel any d\bt myself1 ,g5tlem51 t ! ,*ur*'s true policy is n to aim at ! exclusion ( ,lit]ature f ,secul> ,s*ools1 b at h] own admission into !m4 ,let h] d = ,lit]ature 9 "o way :at %e does = ,sci5ce 9 ano!r2 ea* has its imp]fection1 & %e has h] rem$y = ea*4 ,%e fe>s no k1 b %e purifies all2 %e represses no elem5t ( our nature1 b cultivates ! :ole4 ,sci5ce is grave1 me?odical1 logical2 ) ,sci5ce !n %e argues1 & opposes reason to reason4 ,lit]ature does n argue1 b declaims & ins9uates2 x is multi=m & v]satile3 x p]suades in/ead ( conv9c+1 x s$uces1 x c>ries captive2 x appeals to ! s5se ( hon\r1 or to ! imag9ation1 or to ! /imulus ( curiosity2 x makes its way by means ( gaiety1 satire1 romance1 ! beautiful1 ! pleasurable4 ,is x wond]ful t ) an ag5t l ?is ! ,*ur* %\ld claim to deal ) a vig\r correspond+ to its re/lessness1 to int]f]e 9 its proce$+s ) a high] h&1 & to wield an au?ority 9 ! *oice ( its /udies & ( its books :i* w\ld be tyrannical1 if reason & fact 7 ! only in/rum5ts ( its conclusions8 ,b1 any h[1 h] pr9ciple is "o & ! same ?r\gh\t3 n to prohibit tru? ( any k9d1 b to see t no doctr9es pass "u ! "n ( ,tru? b ^? :i* claim x rightfully4 #i4 ,su* at lea/ is ! lesson :i* ,i am taught by all ! ?\ght :i* ,i h be5 able to be/[ ^u ! subject2 su* is ! lesson :i* ,i h ga9$ f ! hi/ory ( my own special ,fa!r & ,patron1 ,/4 ,philip ,n]i4 ,he liv$ 9 an age z traitor\s to ! int]e/s ( ,ca?olicism z any t prec$$ x1 or c foll[ x4 ,he liv$ at a "t :5 pride m\nt$ high1 & ! s5ses held rule2 a "t :5 k+s & nobles nev] _h m ( /ate & homage1 & nev] less ( p]sonal responsibility & p]il2 :5 m$ieval w9t] 0 rec$+1 & ! summ] sun ( civilization 0 br++ into leaf & fl[] a ?\s& =ms ( luxuri\s enjoym5t2 :5 a new _w ( ?\ght & beauty _h op5$ ^u ! human m9d1 9 ! discov]y ( ! treasures ( classic lit]ature & art4 ,he saw ! great & ! gift$1 dazzl$ by ! ,en*antress1 & dr9k+ 9 ! magic ( h] song2 he saw ! high & ! wise1 ! /ud5t & ! arti/1 pa9t+1 & poetry & sculpture1 & music1 & ar*itecture1 drawn )9 h] range1 & circl+ r\nd ! abyss3 he saw hea!n =ms m\nt+ !nce1 & =m+ 9 ! ?ick air3--all ?is he saw1 & he p]ceiv$ t ! mis*ief 0 to be met1 n ) argum5t1 n ) sci5ce1 n ) prote/s & w>n+s1 n by ! recluse or ! prea*]1 b by means ( ! great c\nt]-fasc9ation ( purity & tru?4 ,he 0 rais$ up to d a "w almo/ peculi> 9 ! ,*ur*1--n to be a ,j]ome ,savon>ola1 ?\gh ,philip _h a true devotion t[>ds him & a t5d] memory ( 8 ,flor5t9e h\se2 n to be a ,/4 ,*>les1 ?\gh 9 8 beam+ c\nt5ance ,philip _h recogniz$ ! aureol ( a sa9t2 n to be a ,/4 ,ignatius1 wre/l+ ) ! foe1 ?\gh ,philip 0 t]m$ ! ,society's bell ( call1 s _m subjects did he s5d to x2 n to be a ,/4 ,francis ,xavi]1 ?\gh ,philip _h long$ to %$ 8 blood = ,*ri/ 9 ,india ) him2 n to be a ,/4 ,caietan1 or hunt] ( s\ls1 = ,philip pref]r$1 z he express$ x1 tranquilly to ca/ 9 8 net to ga9 !m2 he pref]r$ to yield to ! /ream1 & direct ! curr5t1 :i* he c\ld n /op1 ( sci5ce1 lit]ature1 art1 & fa%ion1 & to sweet5 & to sanctify :at ,god _h made v good & man _h spoilt4 ,& s he contemplat$ z ! idea ( 8 mission1 n ! propagation ( ! fai?1 nor ! exposition ( doctr9e1 nor ! cate*etical s*ools2 :atev] 0 exact & sy/ematic pleas$ him n2 he put f him mona/ic rule & au?oritative spee*1 z ,david refus$ ! arm\r ( 8 k+4 ,no2 he w\ld be b an ord9>y individual prie/ z o!rs3 & 8 weapons %\ld be b unaffect$ humility & unpret5d+ love4 ,all he did 0 to be done by ! light1 & f]v\r1 & conv9c+ eloqu5ce ( 8 p]sonal "* & 8 easy conv]sation4 ,he came to ! ,et]nal ,city & he sat himself d[n !re1 & 8 home & 8 family gradually grew up ar\nd him1 by ! spontane\s accession ( mat]ials f )\t4 ,he did n s mu* seek 8 own z draw !m to him4 ,he sat 9 8 small room1 & !y 9 _! gay worldly dresses1 ! ri* & ! wellborn1 z well z ! simple & ! illit]ate1 cr[d$ into x4 ,9 ! mid-heats ( summ]1 9 ! fro/s ( w9t]1 /ill 0 he 9 t l[ & n>r[ cell at ,san ,girolamo1 read+ ! he>ts ( ^? :o came to him1 & cur+ _! s\ls' maladies by ! v t\* ( 8 h&4 ,x 0 a vision ( ! ,magi wor%ipp+ ! infant ,savi\r1 s pure & innoc5t1 s sweet & beautiful 0 he2 & s loyal & s de> to ! graci\s ,virg9 ,"m4 ,& !y :o came rema9$ gaz+ & li/5+1 till at l5g?1 fir/ "o & !n ano!r ?rew (f _! brav]y1 & took 8 poor cassock & girdle in/ead3 or1 if !y kept x1 x 0 to put hairclo? "u x1 or to take on !m a rule ( life1 :ile to ! _w !y look$ z be=e4 ,9 ! words ( 8 biograph]1 8he 0 all ?+s to all m54 ,he suit$ himself to noble & ignoble1 "y & old1 subjects & prelates1 le>n$ & ignorant2 & receiv$ ^? :o 7 /rang]s to him ) s+ul> b5ignity1 & embrac$ !m ) z mu* love & *>ity z if he _h be5 a long :ile expect+ !m4 ,:5 he 0 call$ ^u to be m]ry he 0 s2 if !re 0 a dem& ^u 8 sympa?y he 0 equally ready4 ,he gave ! same welcome to all3 c>ess+ ! poor equally ) ! ri*1 & we>y+ himself to assi/ all to ! utmo/ limits ( 8 p[]4 ,9 consequ5ce ( 8 be+ s accessible & will+ to receive all com]s1 _m w5t to him e day1 & "s cont9u$ = ! space ( ?irty1 nay =ty ye>s1 to visit him v (t5 bo? morn+ & ev5+1 s t 8 room w5t by ! agreeable nickname ( ! ,home ( ,*ri/ian mir?4 ,nay1 p came to him1 n only f all p>ts ( ,italy1 b f ,france1 ,spa91 ,g]many1 & all ,*ri/5dom2 & ev5 ! infidels & ,jews1 :o _h ev] any communication ) him1 rev]$ him z a holy man407#cj7 ,! fir/ families ( ,rome1 ! ,massimi1 ! ,aldobr&9i1 ! ,colonnas1 ! ,alti]i1 ! ,vitelles*i1 7 8 fri5ds & 8 p5it5ts4 ,nobles ( ,pol&1 ,gr&ees ( ,spa91 ,knights ( ,malta1 c\ld n leave ,rome )\t com+ to him4 ,c>d9als1 ,ar*bi%ops1 & ,bi%ops 7 8 intimates2 ,f$]igo ,borromeo haunt$ 8 room & got ! "n ( 8,fa!r ,philip's s\l40 ,! ,c>d9al-,ar*bi%ops ( ,v]ona & ,bologna wrote books 9 8 hon\r4 ,pope ,pius ! ,f\r? di$ 9 8 arms4 ,lawy]s1 pa9t]s1 musicians1 physicians1 x 0 ! same too ) !m4 ,b>onius1 ,zazz>a1 & ,ricci1 left ! law at 8 bidd+1 & jo9$ 8 congregation1 to d its "w1 to write ! annals ( ! ,*ur*1 & to die 9 ! od\r ( sanctity4 ,pale/r9a _h ,fa!r ,philip's m9i/rations 9 8 la/ mom5ts4 ,animuccia hung ab\t him dur+ life1 s5t him a message aft] dea?1 & 0 conduct$ by him ?r\gh ,purgatory to ,heav54 ,& :o 0 he1 ,i say1 all ! :ile1 b an humble prie/1 a /rang] 9 ,rome1 ) no di/9ction ( family or lett]s1 no claim ( /ation or ( (fice1 great simply 9 ! attraction ) :i* a ,div9e ,p[] _h gift$ him8 & yet ?us humble1 ?us un5nobl$1 ?us empty-h&$1 he has a*iev$ ! glori\s title ( ,apo/le ( ,rome4 #aj4 ,well 7 x = 8 cli5ts & *ildr51 ,g5tlem51 if !y c\ld promise !mselves ! v %ad[ ( 8 special p[]1 or c\ld hope to d a mis]able fraction ( ! sort ( "w 9 :i* he 0 pre-em95tly skill$4 ,b s f> at lea/ !y may attempt1--to take 8 position1 & to use 8 me?od1 & to cultivate ! arts ( :i* he 0 s bright a patt]n4 ,= me1 if x be ,god's bless$ w t 9 ! ye>s n[ com+ ,i am to h a %>e 9 ! great und]tak+1 :i* has be5 ! occasion & ! subject ( ^! ,disc\rses1 s f> ,i c say = c]ta9 t1 :e!r or n ,i c d any ?+ at all 9 ,/4 ,philip's way1 at lea/ ,i c d no?+ 9 any o!r4 ,nei!r by my habits ( life1 nor by vig\r ( age1 am ,i fitt$ = ! task ( au?ority1 or ( rule1 or ( initiation4 ,i d b aspire1 if /r5g? is giv5 me1 to be y\r m9i/] 9 a "w :i* mu/ employ y\ng] m9ds & /rong] lives ?an m9e4 ,i am b fit to be> my witness1 to pr(f] my sugge/ions1 to express my s5tim5ts1 z has 9 fact be5 my occupation 9 ^! discussions2 to ?r[ su* light ^u g5]al que/ions1 ^u ! *oice ( objects1 ^u ! import ( pr9ciples1 ^u ! t5d5cy ( measures1 z pa/ reflection & exp]i5ce enable me to contribute4 ,i %all h to make appeals to y\r consid]ation1 y\r fri5dl9ess1 y\r confid5ce1 ( :i* ,i h _h s _m in/ances1 on :i* ,i s tranquilly repose2 & aft] all1 nei!r y nor ,i mu/ ev] be surpris$1 %\ld x s happ5 t ! ,h& ( ,him1 ) :om are ! spr+s ( life & dea?1 weighs heavy on me1 & makes me unequal to anticipations 9 :i* y h be5 too k9d1 & to hopes 9 :i* ,i may h be5 too sangu9e4 ,,univ]sity ,,subjects1 ,,discuss$ ,,9 ,,occasional ,,lectures ,,& ,,essays4 ,introductory ,lett]4 ,to ,! ,"r ,hon\rable ,,william ,,monsell1 ,m4,p41 ,,etc41 ,,etc47#ca7 ,,my ,,de> ,,monsell1 ,i seem to h "s claim = ask+ leave ( y to prefix y\r "n to ! foll[+ small ,volume1 s9ce x is a memorial ( "w done 9 a c\ntry :i* y s de>ly love1 & 9 behalf ( an und]tak+ 9 :i* y feel s deep an int]e/4 ,nor d ,i v5ture on ! /ep )\t "s hope t x is wor?y ( y\r acceptance1 at lea/ on acc\nt ( ^? portions ( x :i* h already receiv$ ! approbation ( ! le>n$ m5 to :om !y 7 address$1 & :i* h be5 pr9t$ at _! desire4 ,b1 ev5 ?\gh !re 7 no?+ to recomm5d x except t x came f me1 ,i "k well t y w\ld k9dly welcome x z a tok5 ( ! tru? & con/ancy ) :i* ,i am1 ,,my ,,de> ,,monsell1 ,y\rs v affectionately1 ,novemb] #aheh4 ,,john ,h4 ,,newman4 ,adv]tisem5t4 ,x has be5 ! =tune ( ! au?or ?r\gh life1 t ! ,volumes :i* he has publi%$ h gr[n = ! mo/ "p out ( ! duties :i* lay ^u him1 or out ( ! circum/ances ( ! mom5t4 ,r>ely has he be5 ma/] ( 8 own /udies4 ,! pres5t collection ( ,lectures & ,essays1 writt5 by him :ile ,rector ( ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity ( ,irel&1 is c]ta9ly n an exception to ?is rem>k4 ,r1 x requires ! above consid]ation to be kept 9 view1 z an apology = ! want ( keep+ :i* is app>5t betwe5 its sep>ate portions1 "s ( !m be+ writt5 = public deliv]y1 o!rs ) ! privileg$ fre$om ( anonym\s compositions4 ,h[ev]1 :atev] be ! inconv5i5ce :i* su* v>ieties 9 tone & "* may involve1 ! au?or _c affect any compunction = hav+ pursu$ ! illu/ration ( "o & ! same important subject-matt]1 ) :i* he _h be5 put 9 *>ge1 by su* me?ods1 grav] or light]1 s t !y 7 lawful1 z successively came to 8 h&4 ,novemb]1 #aheh4 ,lecture ,i4 ,*ri/ianity ,& ,lett]s4 ,a ,lecture 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s4 #a4 ,x seems b natural1 ,g5tlem51 n[ t we are op5+ ! ,s*ool ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s1 or1 z x 0 =m]ly call$1 ( ,arts1 9 ?is new ,univ]sity1 t we %\ld direct our att5tion to ! "q1 :at are ! subjects g5]ally includ$ "u t "n1 & :at place !y hold1 & h[ !y come to hold t place1 9 a ,univ]sity1 & 9 ! education :i* a ,univ]sity provides4 ,?is w\ld be natural on su* an occasion1 ev5 ?\gh ! ,faculty ( ,arts held b a second>y place 9 ! academical sy/em2 b x seems to be ev5 imp]ative on u1 consid]+ t ! /udies :i* t ,faculty embraces are almo/ ! direct subject-matt] & ! /aple ( ! m5tal ex]cises prop] to a ,univ]sity4 ,x is inde$ n a little rem>kable t1 9 spite ( ! special hi/orical connexion ( ,univ]sity ,in/itutions ) ! ,sci5ces ( ,!ology1 ,law1 & ,m$ic9e1 a ,univ]sity1 aft] all1 %\ld be =mally bas$ 7z x really is71 & %\ld emphatically live 91 ! ,faculty ( ,arts2 b su* is ! delib]ate decision ( ^? :o h mo/ deeply & imp>tially consid]$ ! subject47#cb7 ,arts exi/$ be=e o!r ,faculties2 ! ,ma/]s ( ,arts 7 ! rul+ & direct+ body2 ! success & popul>ity ( ! ,faculties ( ,law & ,m$ic9e 7 consid]$ to be 9 no slight measure an encroa*m5t & a usurpation1 & 7 met ) jeal\sy & resi/ance4 ,:5 ,colleges arose & became ! m$ium & in/rum5t ( ,univ]sity action1 !y did b confirm ! asc5d5cy ( ! ,faculty ( ,arts2 & ?us1 ev5 d[n to ?is day1 9 ^? academical corporations :i* h m ?an o!rs reta9$ ! traces ( _! m$ieval orig91--,i mean ! ,univ]sities ( ,ox=d & ,cambridge1--we he> little ( ,!ology1 ,m$ic9e1 or ,law1 & almo/ exclusively ( ,arts4 ,n[1 consid]+ ! reasonable association1 to :i* ,i h already ref]r$1 :i* exi/s 9 our m9ds betwe5 ,univ]sities & ! ?ree le>n$ pr(essions1 "h is a ph5om5on :i* has to be contemplat$ = its own sake & acc\nt$ =1 z well z a circum/ance enhanc+ ! significance & importance ( ! act 9 :i* we h be5 = "s weeks engag$2 & ,i consid] t ,i %all n be employ+ our "t unpr(itably1 if ,i am able to make a sugge/ion1 :i*1 :ile x illu/rates ! fact1 is able to expla9 ! difficulty4 #b4 ,"h ,i mu/ g back1 ,g5tlem51 a v great way1 & ask y to review ! c\rse ( ,civilization s9ce ! beg9n+ ( hi/ory4 ,:5 we survey ! /ream ( human affairs = ! la/ ?ree ?\s& ye>s1 we f9d x to run ?us3--,at fir/ sight !re is s mu* fluctuation1 agitation1 ebb+ & fl[+1 t we may despair to disc]n any law 9 its movem5ts1 tak+ ! e>? z its b$1 & mank9d z its cont5ts2 b1 on look+ m closely & att5tively1 we %all disc]n1 9 spite ( ! het]og5e\s mat]ials & ! v>i\s hi/ories & =tunes :i* are f\nd 9 ! race ( man dur+ ! long p]iod ,i h m5tion$1 a c]ta9 =mation amid ! *aos1--"o & "o only1--& ext5d+1 ?\gh n ov] ! :ole e>?1 yet ?r\gh a v consid]able portion ( x4 ,man is a social be+ & c h>dly exi/ )\t society1 & 9 matt] ( fact societies h ev] exi/$ all ov] ! habitable e>?4 ,! great] "p ( ^! associations h be5 political or religi\s1 & h be5 comp>atively limit$ 9 ext5t1 & tempor>y4 ,!y h be5 =m$ & dissolv$ by ! =ce ( accid5ts or by inevitable circum/ances2 &1 :5 we h enum]at$ !m "o by "o1 we h made ( !m all t c be made4 ,b !re is "o rem>kable association :i* attracts ! att5tion ( ! philosoph]1 n political nor religi\s1 or at lea/ only p>tially & n ess5tially su*1 :i* began 9 ! e>lie/ times & grew ) ea* succe$+ age1 till x rea*$ its complete developm5t1 & !n cont9u$ on1 vigor\s & unwe>i$1 & :i* /ill rema9s z def9ite & z firm z ev] x 04 ,its bond is a common civilization2 &1 ?\gh !re are o!r civilizations 9 ! _w1 z !re are o!r societies1 yet ?is civilization1 toge!r ) ! society :i* is its creation & its home1 is s di/9ctive & lum9\s 9 its "*1 s imp]ial 9 its ext5t1 s impos+ 9 its duration1 & s utt]ly )\t rival ^u ! face ( ! e>?1 t ! association may fitly assume to itself ! title ( 8,human ,society10 & its civilization ! ab/ract t]m 8,civilization40 ,!re are inde$ great outly+ portions ( mank9d :i* are n1 p]haps nev] h be51 includ$ 9 ?is ,human ,society2 /ill !y are outly+ portions & no?+ else1 fragm5t>y1 unsociable1 solit>y1 & unmean+1 prote/+ & revolt+ aga9/ ! gr& c5tral =mation ( :i* ,i am speak+1 b n unit+ ) ea* o!r into a second :ole4 ,i am n d5y+ ( c\rse ! civilization ( ! ,*9ese1 = in/ance1 ?\gh x be n our civilization2 b x is a huge1 /ation>y1 unattractive1 morose civilization4 ,nor d ,i d5y a civilization to ! ,h9doos1 nor to ! anci5t ,mexicans1 nor to ! ,s>ac5s1 nor 79 a c]ta9 s5se7 to ! ,turks2 b ea* ( ^! races has its own civilization1 z sep>ate f "o ano!r z f ours4 ,i d n see h[ !y c be all br\ght "u "o idea4 ,ea* /&s by itself1 z if ! o!r 7 n2 ea* is local2 _m ( !m are tempor>y2 none ( !m w be> a comp>ison ) ! ,society & ! ,civilization :i* ,i h describ$ z alone hav+ a claim to ^? names1 & on :i* ,i am go+ to dwell4 ,g5tlem51 let me "h obs]ve t ,i am n ent]+ ^u ! "q ( races1 or ^u _! hi/ory4 ,i h no?+ to d ) e?nology4 ,i take ?+s z ,i f9d !m on ! surface ( hi/ory1 & am b class+ ph5om5a4 ,look+1 !n1 at ! c\ntries :i* surr\nd ! ,m$it]ranean ,sea z a :ole1 ,i see !m to be1 f "t immemorial1 ! seat ( an association ( intellect & m9d1 su* z to des]ve to be call$ ! ,intellect & ! ,m9d ( ! ,human ,k9d4 ,/>t+ z x does & advanc+ f c]ta9 c5tres1 till _! respective influ5ces int]sect & conflict1 & !n at l5g? int]m+le & comb9e1 a common ,?\ght has be5 g5]at$1 & a common ,civilization def9$ & e/abli%$4 ,egypt is "o su* />t+ po9t1 ,syria ano!r1 ,greece a ?ird1 ,italy a f\r?1 & ,nor? ,africa a fif?1--aft]w>ds ,france & ,spa94 ,z "t goes on1 & z colonization & conque/ "w _! *anges1 we see a great association ( nations =m$1 ( :i* ! ,roman empire is ! maturity & ! mo/ intelligible expression2 an association1 h[ev]1 n political1 b m5tal1 bas$ on ! same intellectual ideas1 & advanc+ by common intellectual me?ods4 ,& ?is association or social commonweal?1 ) :atev] rev]ses1 *anges1 & mom5t>y dissolutions1 cont9ues d[n to ?is day2 n1 inde$1 precisely on ! same t]ritory1 b ) su* only p>tial & local di/urbances1 & on ! o!r h&1 ) s comb9$ & h>moni\s a movem5t1 & su* a visible cont9uity1 t x w\ld be utt]ly unreasonable to d5y t x is ?r\gh\t all t int]val b "o & ! same4 ,9 its e>lie/ age x includ$ f> m ( ! ea/]n _w ?an x has s9ce2 9 ^! lat] times x has tak5 into its compass a new hemisph]e2 9 ! middle ages x lo/ ,africa1 ,egypt1 & ,syria1 & ext5d$ itself to ,g]many1 ,sc&9avia1 & ! ,briti% ,isles4 ,at "o "t its t]ritory 0 flood$ by /range & b>b>\s races1 b ! exi/+ civilization 0 vigor\s en\gh to vivify :at ?reat5$ to /ifle x1 & to assimilate to ! old social =ms :at came to expel !m2 & ?us ! civilization ( mod]n times rema9s :at x 0 ( old1 n ,*9ese1 or ,h9doo1 or ,mexican1 or ,s>ac5ic1 or ( any new description hi!rto unkn[n1 b ! l9eal desc5dant1 or r ! cont9uation1 mutatis mut&is1 ( ! civilization :i* began 9 ,pale/9e & ,greece4 ,consid]+1 !n1 ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is great civiliz$ ,society1 :i* ,i h already insi/$ on1 ,i ?9k x has a claim to be consid]$ z ! repres5tative ,society & ,civilization ( ! human race1 z its p]fect result & limit1 9 fact2--^? portions ( ! race :i* d n coalesce ) x be+ left to /& by !mselves z anomalies1 unacc\ntable inde$1 b = t v reason n int]f]+ ) :at on ! contr>y has be5 turn$ to acc\nt & has gr[n into a :ole4 ,i call !n ?is commonweal? pre-em95tly & emphatically ,human ,society1 & its intellect ! ,human ,m9d1 & its decisions ! s5se ( mank9d1 & its discipl9$ & cultivat$ /ate ,civilization 9 ! ab/ract1 & ! t]ritory on :i* x lies ! orbis t]r>um1 or ! ,_w4 ,=1 unless ! illu/ration be fanciful1 ! object :i* ,i am contemplat+ is l ! impression ( a seal ^u ! wax2 :i* r\nds (f & gives =m to ! great] portion ( ! s(t mat]ial1 & pres5ts some?+ def9ite to ! eye1 & preoccupies ! space aga9/ any second figure1 s t we ov]look & leave out ( our ?\ghts ! jagg$ outl9e or unmean+ lumps outside ( x1 int5t ^u ! h>moni\s circle :i* fills ! imag9ation )9 x4 #c4 ,n[1 be=e go+ on to speak ( ! education1 & ! /&>ds ( education1 :i* ! ,civiliz$ ,_w1 z ,i may n[ call x1 has enjo9$ & requires1 ,i wi% to draw y\r att5tion1 ,g5tlem51 to ! circum/ance t ?is same orbis t]r>um1 :i* has be5 ! seat ( ,civilization1 w be f\nd1 on ! :ole1 to be ! seat also ( t sup]natural society & sy/em :i* our ,mak] has giv5 u directly f ,himself1 ! ,*ri/ian ,polity4 ,! natural & div9e associations are n inde$ exactly co9cid5t1 nor ev] h be54 ,z ! t]ritory ( ,civilization has v>i$ ) itself 9 diff]5t ages1 :ile on ! :ole x has be5 ! same1 s1 9 l mann]1 ,*ri/ianity has fall5 p>tly outside ,civilization1 & ,civilization p>tly outside ,*ri/ianity2 b1 on ! :ole1 ! two h occupi$ "o & ! same orbis t]r>um4 ,(t5 inde$ !y h ev5 mov$ p>i passu1 & at all times !re has be5 f\nd ! mo/ intimate connexion betwe5 !m4 ,*ri/ianity wait$ till ! orbis t]r>um atta9$ its mo/ p]fect =m be=e x appe>$2 & x soon coalesc$1 & has ev] s9ce co-op]at$1 & (t5 seem$ id5tical1 ) ! ,civilization :i* is its companion4 ,!re are c]ta9 analogies1 too1 :i* hold betwe5 ,civilization & ,*ri/ianity4 ,z ,civilization does n cov] ! :ole e>?1 nei!r does ,*ri/ianity2 b !re is no?+ else l ! "o1 & no?+ else l ! o!r4 ,ea* is ! only ?+ ( its k9d4 ,aga91 !re are1 z ,i h already said1 l>ge outly+ portions ( ! _w 9 a c]ta9 s5se cultivat$ & educat$1 :i*1 if !y c\ld exi/ toge!r 9 "o1 w\ld g f> to con/itute a second orbis t]r>um1 ! home ( a second di/9ct civilization2 b e "o ( ^! is civiliz$ on its own pr9ciple & idea1 or at lea/ !y are sep>at$ f ea* o!r1 & h n run toge!r1 :ile ! ,civilization & ,society :i* ,i h be5 describ+ is "o organiz$ :ole4 ,&1 9 l mann]1 ,*ri/ianity coalesces into "o va/ body1 bas$ ^u common ideas2 yet !re are l>ge outly+ organizations ( religion indep5d5t ( ea* o!r & ( x4 ,moreov]1 ,*ri/ianity1 z is ! case 9 ! p>allel in/ance ( ,civilization1 cont9ues on 9 ! _w )\t int]ruption f ! date ( its rise1 :ile o!r religi\s bodies1 huge1 local1 & isolat$1 are ris+ & fall+1 or are helplessly /ation>y1 f age to age1 on all sides ( x4 ,!re is ano!r rem>kable analogy betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & ,civilization1 & ! m5tion ( x w introduce my prop] subject1 to :i* :at ,i h hi!rto said is m]ely a prep>ation4 ,we "k t ,*ri/ianity is built ^u def9ite ideas1 pr9ciples1 doctr9es1 & writ+s1 :i* 7 giv5 at ! "t ( its fir/ introduction1 & h nev] be5 sup]s$$1 & admit ( no addition4 ,i am n go+ to p>allel any ?+ :i* is ! "w ( man1 & 9 ! natural ord]1 ) :at is f heav51 & 9 consequ5ce infallible1 & irrev]sible1 & obligatory2 b1 aft] mak+ ?is res]ve1 le/ ,i %\ld possibly be misund]/ood1 /ill ,i w\ld rem>k t1 9 matt] ( fact1 look+ at ! /ate ( ! case hi/orically1 ,civilization too has its common pr9ciples1 & views1 & tea*+1 & especially its books1 :i* h m or less be5 giv5 f ! e>lie/ times1 & are1 9 fact1 9 equal e/eem & respect1 9 equal use n[1 z !y 7 :5 !y 7 receiv$ 9 ! beg9n+4 ,9 a ^w1 ! ,classics1 & ! subjects ( ?\ght & ! /udies to :i* !y give rise1 or1 to use ! t]m mo/ to our pres5t purpose1 ! ,arts1 h ev]1 on ! :ole1 be5 ! in/rum5ts ( education :i* ! civiliz$ orbis t]r>um has adopt$2 j z inspir$ works1 & ! lives ( sa9ts1 & ! articles ( fai?1 & ! cate*ism1 h ev] be5 ! in/rum5t ( education 9 ! case ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,& ?is consid]ation1 y see1 ,g5tlem5 7to drop d[n at once ^u ! subject prop] to ! occasion :i* has br\ght u toge!r71 inve/s ! op5+ ( ! ,s*ool 9 ,arts ) a solemnity & mom5t ( a peculi> k9d1 = we are b reit]at+ an old tradition1 & c>ry+ on ^? augu/ me?ods ( enl>g+ ! m9d1 & cultivat+ ! intellect1 & ref9+ ! feel+s1 9 :i* ! process ( ,civilization has ev] consi/$4 #d4 ,9 ! c\ntry :i* has be5 ! f\nta9 head ( intellectual gifts1 9 ! age :i* prec$$ or introduc$ ! fir/ =mations ( ,human ,society1 9 an era sc>cely hi/orical1 we may dimly disc]n an almo/ my?ical p]sonage1 :o1 putt+ out ( consid]ation ! actors 9 ,old ,te/am5t hi/ory1 may be call$ ! fir/ ,apo/le ( ,civilization4 ,l an ,apo/le 9 a high] ord] ( ?+s1 he 0 poor & a w&]]1 & feeble 9 ! fle%1 ?\gh he 0 to d su* great ?+s1 & to live 9 ! m\?s ( a hundr$ g5]ations & a ?\s& tribes4 ,a bl9d old man2 ^: w&]+s 7 su* t1 :5 he became fam\s1 8 bir?-place c\ld n be asc]ta9$1 s t x 0 said1-- 8,sev5 fam\s t[ns cont5d = ,hom] dead1 ,?r\gh :i* ! liv+ ,hom] begg$ 8 bread40 ,yet he _h a "n 9 8 day2 &1 little guess+ 9 :at va/ measures 8 wi% w\ld be answ]$1 he supplicat$1 ) a t5d] human s5tim5t1 z he w&]$ ov] ! isl&s ( ! gean & ! ,asian coa/s1 t ^? :o _h kn[n & lov$ him w\ld *]i% 8 memory :5 he 0 away4 ,unlike ! pr\d boa/ ( ! ,roman poet1 if he spoke x 9 e>ne/1 8,exegi monum5tum re p]5nius10 he did b indulge ! hope t "o1 ^: com+ _h be5 expect$ ) pleasure1 might excite regret :5 he _h dep>t$1 & be rew>d$ by ! sympa?y & praise ( 8 fri5ds ev5 9 ! pres5ce ( o!r m9/rels4 ,a set ( v]ses rema9s1 :i* is ascrib$ to him1 9 :i* he addresses ! ,delian wom5 9 ! tone ( feel+ :i* ,i h describ$4 8,f>ewell to y all10 he says1 8& rememb] me 9 "t to come1 & :5 any "o ( m5 on e>?1 a /rang] f f>1 %all inquire ( y1 ,o maid5s1 :o is ! sweete/ ( m9/rels "h ab\t1 & 9 :om d y mo/ delight8 !n make answ] mode/ly1 ,x is a bl9d man1 & he lives 9 /eep ,*ios40 ,! great poet rema9$ unkn[n = "s c5turies1--t is1 unkn[n to :at we call fame4 ,8 v]ses 7 *]i%$ by 8 c\ntrym51 !y might be ! secret delight ( ?\s&s1 b !y 7 n collect$ into a volume1 nor view$ z a :ole1 nor made a subject ( criticism4 ,at l5g? an ,a!nian ,pr9ce took ^u him ! task ( ga!r+ toge!r ! scatt]$ fragm5ts ( a g5ius :i* _h n aspir$ to immortality1 ( r$uc+ !m to writ+1 & ( fitt+ !m to be ! text-book ( anci5t education4 ,h5ce=? ! vagrant ballad-s+]1 z he might be ?\ght1 0 submitt$1 to 8 surprise1 to a sort ( lit]>y canonization1 & 0 inve/$ ) ! (fice ( =m+ ! "y m9d ( ,greece to noble ?\ghts & bold de$s4 ,to be read 9 ,hom] soon became ! education ( a g5tleman2 & a rule1 recogniz$ 9 h] free age1 rema9$ z a tradition ev5 9 ! times ( h] degradation4 ,x5ophon introduces to u a y\? :o knew bo? ,iliad & ,odyssey by he>t2 ,dio witnesses t !y 7 "s ( ! fir/ books put into ! h&s ( boys2 & ,horace decid$ t !y taught ! sci5ce ( life bett] ?an ,/oic or ,academic4 ,alex&] ! ,great n\ri%$ 8 imag9ation by ! sc5es ( ! ,iliad4 ,z "t w5t on1 o!r poets 7 associat$ ) ,hom] 9 ! "w ( education1 su* z ,hesiod & ! ,trag$ians4 ,! maje/ic lessons conc]n+ duty & religion1 ju/ice & provid5ce1 :i* occur 9 s*ylus & ,sophocles1 belong to a high] s*ool ?an t ( ,hom]2 & ! v]ses ( ,euripides1 ev5 9 8 lifetime1 7 s famili> to ,a!nian lips & s de> to =eign e>s1 t1 z is report$1 ! captives ( ,syracuse ga9$ _! fre$om at ! price ( recit+ !m to _! conqu]ors4 ,su* poetry may be consid]$ oratory also1 s9ce x has s great a p[] ( p]suasion2 & ! alliance betwe5 ^! two gifts _h exi/$ f ! "t t ! v]ses ( ,orpheus _h1 accord+ to ! fable1 made woods & /reams & wild animals to foll[ him ab\t4 ,soon1 h[ev]1 ,oratory became ! subject ( a sep>ate art1 :i* 0 call$ ,rhetoric1 & ( :i* ! ,sophi/s 7 ! *ief ma/]s4 ,moreov]1 z ,rhetoric 0 especially political 9 its nature1 x presuppos$ or introduc$ ! cultivation ( ,hi/ory2 & ?us ! pages ( ,?ucydides became "o ( ! special /udies by :i* ,demo/h5es rose to be ! fir/ orator ( ,greece4 ,b x is ne$less to trace out fur!r ! =mation ( ! c\rse ( lib]al education2 x is suffici5t to h giv5 "s specim5s 9 illu/ration ( x4 ,! /udies1 :i* x 0 f\nd to involve1 7 f\r pr9cipal ones1 ,gramm>1 ,rhetoric1 ,logic1 & ,ma!matics2 & ! sci5ce ( ,ma!matics1 aga91 0 divid$ into f\r1 ,geometry1 ,ari?metic1 ,a/ronomy1 & ,music2 mak+ 9 all sev51 :i* are kn[n by ! "n ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts4 ,& ?us a def9ite s*ool ( intellect 0 =m$1 f\nd$ on ideas & me?ods ( a di/9ctive "*1 & 7z we may say7 ( ! highe/ & true/ "*1 z f> z !y w5t1 & :i* gradually associat$ 9 "o1 & assimilat$1 & took possession (1 t multitude ( nations :i* ,i h consid]$ to repres5t mank9d1 & to possess ! orbis t]r>um4 ,:5 we pass f ,greece to ,rome1 we are met ) ! common rem>k1 t ,rome produc$ little t 0 orig9al1 b borr[$ f ,greece4 ,x is true2 ,t]5ce copi$ f ,m5&]1 ,virgil f ,hom]1 ,hesiod1 & ,!ocritus2 & ,cic]o pr(ess$ m]ely to reproduce ! philosophy ( ,greece4 ,b1 grant+ its tru? ev] s f>1 ,i d b take x z a pro( ( ! sort ( in/9ct :i* has guid$ ! c\rse ( ,civilization4 ,! _w 0 to h c]ta9 intellectual tea*]s1 & no o!rs2 ,hom] & ,ari/otle1 ) ! poets & philosoph]s :o circle r\nd !m1 7 to be ! s*oolma/]s ( all g5]ations1 & !re=e ! ,lat9s1 fall+ into ! law on :i* ! _w's education 0 to be c>ri$ on1 s add$ to ! classical libr>y z n to rev]se or int]f]e ) :at _h already be5 det]m9$4 ,& !re 0 ! m mean+ 9 ?is arrangem5t1 :5 x is consid]$ t ,greek 0 to be =gott5 dur+ _m c5turies1 & ! tradition ( intellectual tra9+ to be convey$ ?r\gh ,lat92 = ?us ! _w 0 secur$ aga9/ ! consequ5ces ( a loss :i* w\ld h *ang$ ! "* ( its civilization4 ,i ?9k x v rem>kable1 too1 h[ soon ! ,lat9 writ]s became text-books 9 ! boys' s*ools4 ,ev5 to ?is day ,%akespe>e & ,milton are n /udi$ 9 our c\rse ( education2 b ! poems ( ,virgil & ,horace1 z ^? ( ,hom] & ! ,greek au?ors 9 an e>li] age1 7 9 s*oolboys' sat*els n mu* m ?an a hundr$ ye>s aft] !y 7 writt54 ,i ne$ n g on to %[ at l5g? t !y h pres]v$ _! place 9 ! sy/em ( education 9 ! orbis t]r>um1 & ! ,greek writ]s ) !m or ?r\gh !m1 d[n to ?is day4 ,! induction ( c5turies has (t5 be5 made4 ,ev5 9 ! l[e/ /ate ( le>n+ ! tradition 0 kept up4 ,/4 ,gregory ! ,great1 ^: era1 n to say ^: influ5ce1 is (t5 consid]$ especially unfav\rable to ! old lit]ature1 0 himself well v]s$ 9 x1 enc\rag$ purity ( ,lat9ity 9 8 c\rt1 & is said figuratively by ! contempor>y hi/orian ( 8 life to h support$ ! hall ( ! ,apo/olic ,see ^u ! columns ( ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts4 ,9 ! n9? c5tury1 :5 ! d>k age 0 close at h&1 we /ill he> ( ! cultivation1 ) :atev] success 7accord+ ( c\rse to ! opportunities ( ! times1 b ,i am speak+ ( ! nature ( ! /udies1 n ( ! pr(ici5cy ( ! /ud5ts71 ! cultivation ( ,music1 ,dialectics1 ,rhetoric1 ,gramm>1 ,ma!matics1 ,a/ronomy1 ,physics1 & ,geometry2 ( ! supremacy ( ,horace 9 ! s*ools1 8& ! great ,virgil1 ,sallu/1 & ,/atius40 ,9 ! ?irte5? or foll[+ c5turies1 ( 8,virgil1 ,lucian1 ,/atius1 ,ovid1 ,livy1 ,sallu/1 ,cic]o1 & ,qu9tilian20 & aft] ! revival ( lit]ature 9 ! comm5cem5t ( ! mod]n era1 we f9d ,/4 ,c>lo ,borromeo enjo9+ ! use ( works ( ,cic]o1 ,ovid1 ,virgil1 & ,horace47#cc7 #e4 ,i pass ?us cursorily ov] ! s]ies ( in=mations :i* hi/ory gives u on ! subject1 m]ely ) a view ( recall+ to y\r memory1 ,g5tlem51 & impress+ ^u y ! fact1 t ! lit]ature ( ,greece1 cont9u$ into1 & enri*$ by1 ! lit]ature ( ,rome1 toge!r ) ! /udies :i* x involves1 has be5 ! in/rum5t ( education1 & ! food ( civilization1 f ! fir/ times ( ! _w d[n to ?is day2--& n[ we are 9 a condition to answ] ! "q :i* !reupon arises1 :5 we turn to consid]1 by way ( contra/1 ! tea*+ :i* is *>act]i/ic ( ,univ]sities4 ,h[ has x come to pass t1 al?\gh ! g5ius ( ,univ]sities is s diff]5t f t ( ! s*ools :i* prec$$ !m1 nev]!less ! c\rse ( /udy pursu$ 9 ^? s*ools 0 n sup]s$$ 9 ! middle ages by ^? m brilliant sci5ces :i* ,univ]sities introduc$8 ,x might h seem$ z if ,s*ola/ic ,!ology1 ,law1 & ,m$ic9e w\ld h ?r[n ! ,sev5 ,lib]al ,arts into ! %ade1 b 9 ! ev5t !y fail$ to d s4 ,i consid] ! reason to be1 t ! au?ority & function ( ! mona/ic & secul> s*ools1 z supply+ to ! "y ! means ( education1 lay deep] ?an 9 any appo9tm5t ( ,*>lemagne1 :o 0 _! nom9al f\nd]1 & 7 bas$ 9 ! special "* ( t civilization :i* is s intimately associat$ ) ,*ri/ianity1 t x may ev5 be call$ ! soil out ( :i* ,*ri/ianity grew4 ,! m$ieval sci5ces1 great z is _! dignity & utility1 7 nev] int5d$ to sup]s$e t m real & prop] cultivation ( ! m9d :i* is effect$ by ! /udy ( ! lib]al ,arts2 &1 :5 c]ta9 ( ^! sci5ces did 9 fact g out ( _! prov9ce & did attempt to prejudice ! traditional c\rse ( education1 ! encroa*m5t 0 9 matt] ( fact resi/$4 ,!re 7 ^? 9 ! middle age1 z ,john ( ,salisbury1 :o vigor\sly prote/$ aga9/ ! extravagances & usurpations :i* ev] att5d ! introduction ( any great good :atev]1 & :i* att5d$ ! rise ( ! peculi> sci5ces ( :i* ,univ]sities 7 ! seat2 &1 ?\gh !re 7 times :5 ! old traditions seem$ to be on ! po9t ( fail+1 someh[ x has happ5$ t !y h nev] fail$2 = ! in/9ct ( ,civilization & ! common s5se ( ,society prevail$1 & ! dang] pass$ away1 & ! /udies :i* seem$ to be go+ out ga9$ _! anci5t place1 & 7 ackn[l$g$1 z be=e1 to be ! be/ in/rum5ts ( m5tal cultivation1 & ! be/ gu>antees = intellectual progress4 ,& ?is exp]i5ce ( ! pa/ we may apply to ! circum/ances 9 :i* we f9d ourselves at pres5t2 =1 z !re 0 a movem5t aga9/ ! ,classics 9 ! middle age1 s has !re be5 n[4 ,! tru? ( ! ,baconian me?od = ! purposes = :i* x 0 creat$1 & its ine/imable s]vices & inexhau/ible applications 9 ! int]e/s ( our mat]ial well-be+1 h dazzl$ ! imag9ations ( m51 some:at 9 ! same way z c]ta9 new sci5ces c>ri$ !m away 9 ! age ( ,abel>d2 & s9ce t me?od does su* wond]s 9 its own prov9ce1 x is n unfrequ5tly suppos$ t x c d z mu* 9 any o!r prov9ce also4 ,n[1 ,bacon himself nev] w\ld h s argu$2 he w\ld n h ne$$ to be rem9d$ t to advance ! useful arts is "o ?+1 & to cultivate ! m9d ano!r4 ,! simple "q to be consid]$ is1 h[ be/ to /r5g!n1 ref9e1 & enri* ! intellectual p[]s2 ! p]usal ( ! poets1 hi/orians1 & philosoph]s ( ,greece & ,rome w accompli% ?is purpose1 z long exp]i5ce has %[n2 b t ! /udy ( ! exp]im5tal sci5ces w d ! l1 is prov$ to u z yet by no exp]i5ce :atev]4 ,f> inde$ am ,i f d5y+ ! extreme attractiv5ess1 z well z ! practical b5efit to ! _w at l>ge1 ( ! sci5ces ( ,*emi/ry1 ,electricity1 & ,geology2 b ! "q is n :at dep>tm5t ( /udy conta9s ! m wond]ful facts1 or promises ! m brilliant discov]ies1 & :i* is 9 ! high] & :i* 9 an inf]ior rank2 b simply :i* out ( all provides ! mo/ robu/ & invigorat+ discipl9e = ! un=m$ m9d4 ,& ,i conceive x is z little disrespectful to ,"l ,bacon to pref] ! ,classics 9 ?is po9t ( view to ! sci5ces :i* h gr[n out ( 8 philosophy z x w\ld be disrespectful to ,/4 ,?omas 9 ! middle ages to h h9d]$ ! /udy ( ! ,summa f do+ prejudice to ! ,faculty ( ,arts4 ,accord+ly1 ,i anticipate t1 z 9 ! middle ages bo? ! tea*+ & ! gov]nm5t ( ! ,univ]sity rema9$ 9 ! ,faculty ( ,arts1 9 spite ( ! g5ius :i* creat$ or illu/rat$ ,!ology & ,law1 s n[ too1 :atev] be ! spl5d\r ( ! mod]n philosophy1 ! m>vell\sness ( its disclosures1 ! utility ( its acquisitions1 & ! tal5t ( its ma/]s1 /ill x w n avail 9 ! ev5t1 to detrude classical lit]ature & ! /udies connect$ ) x f ! place :i* !y h held 9 all ages 9 education4 ,su*1 !n1 is ! c\rse ( reflection obvi\sly sugge/$ by ! act 9 :i* we h be5 lately engag$1 & :i* we are n[ celebrat+4 ,9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 9 a c\ntry :i* looks out ^u a new _w1 & anticipates a com+ age1 we h be5 engag$ 9 op5+ ! ,s*ools d$icat$ to ! /udies ( polite lit]ature & lib]al sci5ce1 or :at are call$ ! ,arts1 z a fir/ /ep t[>ds ! e/abli%m5t on ,ca?olic gr\nd ( a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity4 ,& :ile we ?us recur to ,greece & ,a!ns ) pleasure & affection1 & recognize 9 t fam\s l& ! s\rce & ! s*ool ( intellectual culture1 x w\ld be /range inde$ if we =got to look fur!r s\? also1 & !re to b[ be=e a m glori\s lum9>y1 & a m sacr$ oracle ( tru?1 & ! s\rce ( ano!r sort ( k1 high & sup]natural1 :i* is seat$ 9 ,pale/9e4 ,j]usalem is ! f\nta9-head ( religi\s k1 z ,a!ns is ( secul>4 ,9 ! anci5t _w we see two c5tres ( illum9ation1 act+ indep5d5tly ( ea* o!r1 ea* ) its own movem5t1 & at fir/ app>5tly )\t any promise ( conv]g5ce4 ,greek civilization spreads ov] ! ,ea/1 conqu]+ 9 ! conque/s ( ,alex&]1 &1 :5 c>ri$ captive into ! ,we/1 subdues ! conqu]ors :o br\ght x ?i!r4 ,religion1 on ! o!r h&1 is driv5 f its own aborig9al home to ! ,nor? & ,we/ by reason ( ! s9s ( ! p :o 7 9 *>ge ( x1 9 a long c\rse ( judgm5ts & plagues & p]secutions4 ,ea* by itself pursues its c>e] & fulfils its mission2 nei!r ( !m recognizes1 nor is recogniz$ by ! o!r4 ,at l5g? ! ,temple ( ,j]usalem is root$ up by ! armies ( ,titus1 & ! effete s*ools ( ,a!ns are /ifl$ by ! edict ( ,ju/9ian4 ,s pass away ! anci5t ,voices ( religion & le>n+2 b !y are sil5c$ only to revive m glori\sly & p]fectly else:]e4 ,hi!rto !y came f sep>ate s\rces1 & p]=m$ sep>ate works4 ,ea* leaves an heir & successor 9 ! ,we/1 & t heir & successor is "o & ! same4 ,! grace /or$ 9 ,j]usalem1 & ! gifts :i* radiate f ,a!ns1 are made ov] & conc5trat$ 9 ,rome4 ,?is is true z a matt] ( hi/ory4 ,rome has inh]it$ bo? sacr$ & pr(ane le>n+2 %e has p]petuat$ & disp5s$ ! traditions ( ,moses & ,david 9 ! sup]natural ord]1 & ( ,hom] & ,ari/otle 9 ! natural4 ,to sep>ate ^? di/9ct tea*+s1 human & div9e1 :i* meet 9 ,rome1 is to retrograde2 x is to rebuild ! ,jewi% ,temple & to plant anew ! groves ( ,academus4 #f4 ,on ?is l>ge subject1 h[ev]1 on :i* ,i might say mu*1 "t does n all[ me to ent]4 ,to %[ h[ sacr$ le>n+ & pr(ane are dep5d5t on ea* o!r1 correlative & mutually complem5t>y1 h[ fai? op]ates by means ( reason1 & reason is direct$ & correct$ by fai?1 is really ! subject ( a di/9ct lecture4 ,i w\ld conclude1 !n1 ) m]ely congratulat+ y1 ,g5tlem51 on ! great und]tak+ :i* we h s auspici\sly comm5c$4 ,:atev] be its =tunes1 :atev] its difficulties1 :atev] its delays1 ,i _c d\bt at all t ! enc\ragem5t :i* x has already receiv$1 & ! measure ( success :i* x has be5 allott$1 are b a presage & an anticipation ( a gradual advance t[>ds its completion1 9 su* times & su* mann] z ,provid5ce %all appo9t4 ,= myself1 ,i h nev] _h any misgiv+ ab\t x1 because ,i _h nev] kn[n any?+ ( x be=e ! "t :5 ! ,holy ,see _h def9itely decid$ ^u its prosecution4 ,x is my happ9ess to h no cognizance ( ! anxieties & p]plexities ( v5]able & holy prelates1 or ! discussions ( exp]i5c$ & prud5t m51 :i* prec$$ its def9itive recognition on ! "p ( ! highe/ ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,x is my happ9ess to h no exp]i5ce ( ! "t :5 good ,ca?olics despair$ ( its success1 di/ru/$ its exp$i5cy1 or ev5 felt an obligation to oppose x4 ,x has be5 my happ9ess t ,i h nev] be5 9 controv]sy ) p]sons 9 ?is c\ntry ext]nal to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 nor h be5 =c$ into any direct collision ) in/itutions or measures :i* re/ on a f\ndation ho/ile to ,ca?olicism4 ,no "o c accuse me ( any disrespect t[>ds ^? ^: pr9ciples or ^: policy ,i disapprove2 nor am ,i consci\s ( any o!r aim ?an t ( work+ 9 my own place1 )\t go+ out ( my way to (f5d o!rs4 ,if ,i h tak5 "p 9 ! und]tak+ :i* has n[ br\ght u toge!r1 x has be5 because ,i believ$ x 0 a great "w1 great 9 its conception1 great 9 its promise1 & great 9 ! au?ority f :i* x proce$s4 ,i felt x to be s great t ,i did n d>e to incur ! responsibility ( refus+ to take "p 9 x4 ,h[ f> inde$1 & h[ long1 ,i am to be connect$ ) x1 is ano!r matt] altoge!r4 ,x is en\gh = "o man to lay only "o /one ( s noble & gr& an edifice2 x is en\gh1 m ?an en\gh = me1 if ,i d s mu* z m]ely beg91 :at o!rs may m hopefully cont9ue4 ,"o only among ! sons ( m5 has c>ri$ out a p]fect "w1 & satisfi$ & exhau/$ ! mission on :i* ,he came4 ,"o alone has ) ,8 la/ brea? said 8,consummatum e/40 ,b all :o set ab\t _! duties 9 fai? & hope & love1 ) a resolute he>t & a devot$ w1 are able1 weak ?\gh !y be1 to d :at1 ?\gh incomplete1 is imp]i%able4 ,ev5 _! failures become successes1 z be+ necess>y /eps 9 a c\rse1 & z t]ms 7s to say7 9 a long s]ies1 :i* w at l5g? fulfil ! object :i* !y propose4 ,& !y w unite !mselves 9 _s1 9 _! humble degree1 ) ^? real h]oes ( ,holy ,writ & ecclesia/ical hi/ory1 ,moses1 ,elias1 & ,david1 ,basil1 ,a?anasius1 & ,*ryso/om1 ,gregory ! ,sev5?1 ,/4 ,?omas ( ,cant]bury1 & _m o!rs1 :o did mo/ :5 !y fanci$ !mselves lea/ prosp]\s1 & di$ )\t be+ p]mitt$ to see ! fruit ( _! lab\rs4 ,lecture ,,ii4 ,lit]ature4 ,a ,lecture 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s4 #a4 ,wi%+ to address y1 ,g5tlem51 at ! comm5cem5t ( a new ,session1 ,i tri$ to f9d a subject = discussion1 :i* might be at once suitable to ! occasion1 yet nei!r too l>ge = y\r "t1 nor too m9ute or ab/ruse = y\r att5tion4 ,i ?9k ,i see "o = my purpose 9 ! v title ( y\r ,faculty4 ,x is ! ,faculty ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s4 ,n[ ! "q may arise z to :at is meant by 8,philosophy10 & :at is meant by 8,lett]s40 ,z to ! o!r ,faculties1 ! subject-matt] :i* !y pr(ess is intelligible1 z soon z nam$1 & beyond all dispute4 ,we "k :at ,sci5ce is1 :at ,m$ic9e1 :at ,law1 & :at ,!ology2 b we h n s mu* ease 9 det]m9+ :at is meant by ,philosophy & ,lett]s4 ,ea* dep>tm5t ( t tw(old prov9ce ne$s explanation3 x w be suffici5t1 on an occasion l ?is1 to inve/igate "o ( !m4 ,accord+ly ,i %all select = rem>k ! latt] ( ! two1 & attempt to det]m9e :at we are to und]/& by ,lett]s or ,lit]ature1 9 :at ,lit]ature consi/s1 & h[ x /&s relatively to ,sci5ce4 ,we speak1 = in/ance1 ( anci5t & mod]n lit]ature1 ! lit]ature ( ! day1 sacr$ lit]ature1 light lit]ature2 & our lectures 9 ?is place are devot$ to classical lit]ature & ,engli% lit]ature4 ,are ,lett]s1 !n1 synonym\s ) books8 ,?is _c be1 or !y w\ld include 9 _! range ,philosophy1 ,law1 &1 9 %ort1 ! tea*+ ( all ! o!r ,faculties4 ,f> f confus+ ^! v>i\s /udies1 we view ! works ( ,plato or ,cic]o sometimes z philosophy1 sometimes z lit]ature2 on ! o!r h&1 no "o w\ld ev] be tempt$ to speak ( ,euclid z lit]ature1 or ( ,mat?i's ,greek ,gramm>4 ,is1 !n1 lit]ature synonym\s ) composition8 ) books writt5 ) an att5tion to /yle8 is lit]ature f9e writ+8 aga91 is x /udi$ & artificial writ+8 ,!re are excell5t p]sons :o seem to adopt ?is la/ acc\nt ( ,lit]ature z _! own idea ( x4 ,!y depreciate x1 z if x 7 ! result ( a m]e art or trick ( words4 ,pr(ess$ly inde$1 !y are aim+ at ! ,greek & ,roman classics1 b _! criticisms h q z great =ce aga9/ all lit]ature z aga9/ any4 ,i ?9k ,i %all be be/ able to br+ out :at ,i h to say on ! subject by exam9+ ! /atem5ts :i* !y make 9 def5ce ( _! own view ( x4 ,!y cont5d !n1 #a4 t f9e writ+1 z exemplifi$ 9 ! ,classics1 is ma9ly a matt] ( conceits1 fancies1 & prett9esses1 deck$ out 9 *oice words2 #b4 t ?is is ! pro( ( x1 t ! classics w n be> translat+2--7& ?is is :y ,i h said t ! real attack is ^u lit]ature altoge!r1 n ! classical only2 =1 to speak g5]ally1 all lit]ature1 mod]n z well z anci5t1 lies "u ?is disadvantage4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 !y w n all[2 = !y ma9ta917 #c4 t ,holy ,scripture pres5ts a rem>kable contra/ to secul> writ+s on ?is v po9t1 viz41 9 t ,scripture does easily admit ( translation1 ?\gh x is ! mo/ sublime & beautiful ( all writ+s4 #b4 ,n[ ,i w beg9 by /at+ ^! ?ree positions 9 ! words ( a writ]1 :o is cit$ by ! e/imable ,ca?olics 9 "q z a witness1 or r z an advocate1 9 _! behalf1 ?\gh he is f> f be+ able 9 8 own p]son to *all5ge ! respect :i* is inspir$ by !mselves4 8,!re are two sorts ( eloqu5ce10 says ?is writ]1 8! "o inde$ sc>ce des]ves ! "n ( x1 :i* consi/s *iefly 9 lab\r$ & poli%$ p]iods1 an ov]-curi\s & artificial arrangem5t ( figures1 t9sell$ ov] ) a gaudy embelli%m5t ( words1 :i* glitt]1 b convey little or no light to ! und]/&+4 ,?is k9d ( writ+ is = ! mo/ "p mu* affect$ & admir$ by ! p ( weak judgm5t & vici\s ta/e2 b x is a piece ( affectation & =mality ! sacr$ writ]s are utt] /rang]s to4 ,x is a va9 & boyi% eloqu5ce2 &1 z x has always be5 e/eem$ bel[ ! great g5iuses ( all ages1 s mu* m s ) respect to ^? writ]s :o 7 actuat$ by ! _s ( ,inf9ite ,wisdom1 & !re=e wrote ) t =ce & maje/y ) :i* nev] man writ4 ,! o!r sort ( eloqu5ce is q ! rev]se to ?is1 & :i* may be said to be ! true *>act]i/ic ( ! ,holy ,scriptures2 :]e ! excell5ce does n arise f a lab\r$ & f>-fet*$ elocution1 b f a surpris+ mixture ( simplicity & maje/y1 :i* is a d\ble "*1 s difficult to be unit$ t x is seldom to be met ) 9 compositions m]ely human4 ,we see no?+ 9 ,holy ,writ ( affectation & sup]flu\s ornam5t4''' ,n[1 x is obs]vable t ! mo/ excell5t pr(ane au?ors1 :e!r ,greek or ,lat91 lose mo/ ( _! graces :5ev] we f9d !m lit]ally translat$4 ,hom]'s fam$ repres5tation ( ,jupit]--8 cri$-up description ( a tempe/1 8 relation ( ,neptune's %ak+ ! e>? & op5+ x to its c5tre1 8 description ( ,pallas's horses1 ) numb]s ( o!r long-s9ce admir$ passages1 flag1 & almo/ vani% away1 9 ! vulg> ,lat9 translation4 8,let any "o b take ! pa9s to read ! common ,lat9 int]pretations ( ,virgil1 ,!ocritus1 or ev5 ( ,p9d>1 & "o may v5ture to affirm he w be able to trace out b few rema9s ( ! graces :i* *>m$ him s mu* 9 ! orig9al4 ,! natural conclusion f h5ce is1 t 9 ! classical au?ors1 ! expression1 ! sweetness ( ! numb]s1 occasion$ by a musical plac+ ( words1 con/itute a great "p ( _! beauties2 :]eas1 9 ! sacr$ writ+s1 !y consi/ m 9 ! greatness ( ! ?+s !mselves ?an 9 ! words & expressions4 ,! ideas & conceptions are s great & l(ty 9 _! own nature t !y necess>ily appe> magnific5t 9 ! mo/ artless dress4 ,look b into ! ,bible1 & we see !m %9e ?r\gh ! mo/ simple & lit]al translations4 ,t glori\s description :i* ,moses gives ( ! creation ( ! heav5s & ! e>?1 :i* ,long9us ''' 0 s greatly tak5 )1 has n lo/ ! lea/ :it ( its intr9sic wor?1 & ?\gh x has und]gone s _m translations1 yet triumphs ov] all1 & breaks =? ) z mu* =ce & vehem5ce z 9 ! orig9al4''' ,9 ! hi/ory ( ,joseph1 :]e ,joseph makes himself kn[n1 & weeps al\d ^u ! neck ( 8 de> bro!r ,b5jam91 t all ! h\se ( ,ph>aoh he>d him1 at t in/ant none ( 8 bre?r5 are introduc$ z utt]+ aught1 ei!r to express _! pres5t joy or palliate _! =m] injuries to him4 ,on all sides !re imm$iately ensues a deep & solemn sil5ce2 a sil5ce inf9itely m eloqu5t & expressive ?an any?+ else t c\ld h be5 sub/itut$ 9 its place4 ,_h ,?ucydides1 ,h]odotus1 ,livy1 or any ( ! celebrat$ classical hi/orians1 be5 employ$ 9 writ+ ?is hi/ory1 :5 !y came to ?is po9t !y w\ld d\btless h exhau/$ all _! fund ( eloqu5ce 9 furni%+ ,joseph's bre?r5 ) lab\r$ & /udi$ h>angues1 :i*1 h[ev] f9e !y might h be5 9 !mselves1 w\ld nev]!less h be5 unnatural1 & altoge!r improp] on ! occasion407#cd7 ,?is is eloqu5tly writt51 b x conta9s1 ,i consid]1 a mixture ( tru? & falsehood1 :i* x w be my bus9ess to discrim9ate f ea* o!r4 ,f> be x f me to d5y ! unapproa*able gr&eur & simplicity ( ,holy ,scripture2 b ,i %all ma9ta9 t ! classics are1 z human compositions1 simple & maje/ic & natural too4 ,i grant t ,scripture is conc]n$ ) ?+s1 b ,i w n grant t classical lit]ature is simply conc]n$ ) words4 ,i grant t human lit]ature is (t5 elaborate1 b ,i w ma9ta9 t elaborate composition is n unkn[n to ! writ]s ( ,scripture4 ,i grant t human lit]ature _c easily be translat$ out ( ! p>ticul> language to :i* x belongs2 b x is n at all ! rule t ,scripture c easily be translat$ ei!r2--& n[ ,i address myself to my task3-- #c4 ,"h1 !n1 9 ! fir/ place1 ,i obs]ve1 ,g5tlem51 t ,lit]ature1 f ! d]ivation ( ! ^w1 implies writ+1 n speak+2 ?is1 h[ev]1 arises f ! circum/ance ( ! copi\sness1 v>iety1 & public circulation ( ! matt]s ( :i* x consi/s4 ,:at is spok5 _c outrun ! range ( ! speak]'s voice1 & p]i%es 9 ! utt]+4 ,:5 words are 9 dem& to express a long c\rse ( ?\ght1 :5 !y h to be convey$ to ! ends ( ! e>?1 or p]petuat$ = ! b5efit ( po/]ity1 !y mu/ be writt5 d[n1 t is1 r$uc$ to ! %ape ( lit]ature2 /ill1 prop]ly speak+1 ! t]ms1 by :i* we d5ote ?is *>act]i/ic gift ( man1 belong to its exhibition by means ( ! voice1 n ( h&writ+4 ,x addresses itself1 9 its prim>y idea1 to ! e>1 n to ! eye4 ,we call x ! p[] ( spee*1 we call x language1 t is1 ! use ( ! tongue2 &1 ev5 :5 we write1 we /ill keep 9 m9d :at 0 its orig9al in/rum5t1 = we use freely su* t]ms 9 our books z 8say+10 8speak+10 8tell+10 8talk+10 8call+20 we use ! t]ms 8phraseology0 & 8diction20 z if we 7 /ill address+ ourselves to ! e>4 ,n[ ,i insi/ on ?is1 because x %[s t spee*1 & !re=e lit]ature1 :i* is its p]man5t record1 is ess5tially a p]sonal "w4 ,x is n "s production or result1 atta9$ by ! p>tn]%ip ( sev]al p]sons1 or by ma*9]y1 or by any natural process1 b 9 its v idea x proce$s1 & mu/ proce$1 f "s "o giv5 individual4 ,two p]sons _c be ! au?ors ( ! s\nds :i* /rike our e>2 &1 z !y _c be speak+ "o & ! same spee*1 nei!r c !y be writ+ "o & ! same lecture or disc\rse1--:i* mu/ c]ta9ly belong to "s "o p]son or o!r1 & is ! expression ( t "o p]son's ideas & feel+s1--ideas & feel+s p]sonal to himself1 ?\gh o!rs may h p>allel & simil> ones1--prop] to himself1 9 ! same s5se z 8 voice1 8 air1 8 c\nt5ance1 8 c>riage1 & 8 action1 are p]sonal4 ,9 o!r words1 ,lit]ature expresses1 n objective tru?1 z x is call$1 b subjective2 n ?+s1 b ?\ghts4 ,n[ ?is doctr9e w become cle>] by consid]+ ano!r use ( words1 :i* does relate to objective tru?1 or to ?+s2 :i* relates to matt]s1 n p]sonal1 n subjective to ! individual1 b :i*1 ev5 7 !re no individual man 9 ! :ole _w to "k !m or to talk ab\t !m1 w\ld exi/ /ill4 ,su* objects become ! matt] ( ,sci5ce1 & words inde$ are us$ to express !m1 b su* words are r symbols ?an language1 & h[ev] _m we use1 & h[ev] we may p]petuate !m by writ+1 we nev] c\ld make any k9d ( lit]ature out ( !m1 or call !m by t "n4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 w\ld be ,euclid's ,elem5ts2 !y relate to tru?s univ]sal & et]nal2 !y are n m]e ?\ghts1 b ?+s3 !y exi/ 9 !mselves1 n by virtue ( our und]/&+ !m1 n 9 dep5d5ce ^u our w1 b 9 :at is call$ ! nature ( ?+s1 or at lea/ on conditions ext]nal to u4 ,! words1 !n1 9 :i* !y are set =? are n language1 spee*1 lit]ature1 b r1 z ,i h said1 symbols4 ,&1 z a pro( ( x1 y w recollect t x is possible1 nay usual1 to set =? ! propositions ( ,euclid 9 algebraical notation1 :i*1 z all w\ld admit1 has no?+ to d ) lit]ature4 ,:at is true ( ma!matics is true also ( e /udy1 s f> =? z x is sci5tific2 x makes use ( words z ! m]e vehicle ( ?+s1 & is !reby )drawn f ! prov9ce ( lit]ature4 ,?us metaphysics1 e?ics1 law1 political economy1 *emi/ry1 !ology1 cease to be lit]ature 9 ! same degree z !y are capable ( a sev]e sci5tific treatm5t4 ,& h5ce x is t ,ari/otle's works on ! "o h&1 ?\gh at fir/ sight lit]ature1 approa* 9 "*1 at lea/ a great numb] ( !m1 to m]e sci5ce2 = ev5 ?\gh ! ?+s :i* he treats ( & exhibits may n always be real & true1 yet he treats !m z if !y 71 n z if !y 7 ! ?\ghts ( 8 own m9d2 t is1 he treats !m sci5tifically4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,law or ,natural ,hi/ory has be=e n[ be5 treat$ by an au?or ) s mu* ( col\r+ d]iv$ f 8 own m9d z to become a sort ( lit]ature2 ?is is especially se5 9 ! in/ance ( ,!ology1 :5 x takes ! %ape ( ,pulpit ,eloqu5ce4 ,x is se5 too 9 hi/orical composition1 :i* becomes a m]e specim5 ( *ronology1 or a *ronicle1 :5 dive/$ ( ! philosophy1 ! skill1 or ! p>ty & p]sonal feel+s ( ! p>ticul> writ]4 ,sci5ce1 !n1 has to d ) ?+s1 lit]ature ) ?\ghts2 sci5ce is univ]sal1 lit]ature is p]sonal2 sci5ce uses words m]ely z symbols1 b lit]ature uses language 9 its full compass1 z includ+ phraseology1 idiom1 /yle1 composition1 rhy?m1 eloqu5ce1 & :atev] o!r prop]ties are includ$ 9 x4 ,let u !n put aside ! sci5tific use ( words1 :5 we are to speak ( language & lit]ature4 ,lit]ature is ! p]sonal use or ex]cise ( language4 ,t ?is is s is fur!r prov$ f ! fact t "o au?or uses x s diff]5tly f ano!r4 ,language itself 9 its v orig9ation w\ld seem to be traceable to individuals4 ,_! peculi>ities h giv5 x its "*4 ,we are (t5 able 9 fact to trace p>ticul> phrases or idioms to individuals2 we "k ! hi/ory ( _! rise4 ,slang surely1 z x is call$1 comes (1 & brea!s ( ! p]sonal4 ,! connection betwe5 ! =ce ( words 9 p>ticul> languages & ! habits & s5tim5ts ( ! nations speak+ !m has (t5 be5 po9t$ out4 ,&1 :ile ! _m use language z !y f9d x1 ! man ( g5ius uses x inde$1 b subjects x )al to 8 own purposes1 & m\lds x accord+ to 8 own peculi>ities4 ,! ?rong & succession ( ideas1 ?\ghts1 feel+s1 imag9ations1 aspirations1 :i* pass )9 him1 ! ab/ractions1 ! juxtapositions1 ! comp>isons1 ! discrim9ations1 ! conceptions1 :i* are s orig9al 9 him1 8 views ( ext]nal ?+s1 8 judgm5ts ^u life1 mann]s1 & hi/ory1 ! ex]cises ( 8 wit1 ( 8 hum\r1 ( 8 dep?1 ( 8 sagacity1 all ^! innum]able & incessant creations1 ! v pulsation & ?robb+ ( 8 intellect1 does he image =?1 to all does he give utt]ance1 9 a correspond+ language1 :i* is z multi=m z ?is inw>d m5tal action itself & analog\s to x1 ! fai?ful expression ( 8 int5se p]sonality1 att5d+ on 8 own inw>d _w ( ?\ght z its v %ad[3 s t we might z well say t "o man's %ad[ is ano!r's z t ! /yle ( a really gift$ m9d c belong to any b himself4 ,x foll[s him ab\t z a %ad[4 ,8 ?\ght & feel+ are p]sonal1 & s 8 language is p]sonal4 #d4 ,?\ght & spee* are insep>able f ea* o!r4 ,matt] & expression are p>ts ( "o3 /yle is a ?9k+ out into language4 ,?is is :at ,i h be5 lay+ d[n1 & ?is is lit]ature2 n ?+s1 n ! v]bal symbols ( ?+s2 n on ! o!r h& m]e words2 b ?\ghts express$ 9 language4 ,call to m9d1 ,g5tlem51 ! mean+ ( ! ,greek ^w :i* expresses ?is special pr]ogative ( man ov] ! feeble intellig5ce ( ! inf]ior animals4 ,x is call$ ,logos3 :at does ,logos mean8 x /&s bo? = reason & = spee*1 & x is difficult to say :i* x means m prop]ly4 ,x means bo? at once3 :y8 because really !y _c be divid$1--because !y are 9 a true s5se "o4 ,:5 we c sep>ate light & illum9ation1 life & motion1 ! convex & ! concave ( a curve1 !n w x be possible = ?\ght to tread spee* "u foot1 & to hope to d )\t x--!n w x be conceivable t ! vigor\s & f]tile intellect %\ld r5\nce its own d\ble1 its in/rum5t ( expression1 & ! *annel ( its speculations & emotions4 ,critics %\ld consid] ?is view ( ! subject be=e !y lay d[n su* canons ( ta/e z ! writ] ^: pages ,i h quot$4 ,su* m5 z he is consid] f9e writ+ to be an addition f )\t to ! matt] treat$ (1--a sort ( ornam5t sup]9duc$1 or a luxury indulg$ 91 by ^? :o h "t & incl9ation = su* vanities4 ,!y speak z if "o man c\ld d ! ?\ght1 & ano!r ! /yle4 ,we read 9 ,p]sian travels ( ! way 9 :i* "y g5tlem5 g to "w 9 ! ,ea/1 :5 !y w\ld engage 9 correspond5ce ) ^? :o inspire !m ) hope or fe>4 ,!y _c write "o s5t5ce !mselves2 s !y betake !mselves to ! pr(essional lett]-writ]4 ,!y confide to him ! object !y h 9 view4 ,!y h a po9t to ga9 f a sup]ior1 a fav\r to ask1 an evil to deprecate2 !y h to approa* a man 9 p[]1 or to make c\rt to "s beautiful lady4 ,! pr(essional man manufactures words = !m1 z !y are want$1 z a /ation] sells !m pap]1 or a s*oolma/] might cut _! p5s4 ,?\ght & ^w are1 9 _! conception1 two ?+s1 & ?us !re is a division ( lab\r4 ,! man ( ?\ght comes to ! man ( words2 & ! man ( words1 duly in/ruct$ 9 ! ?\ght1 dips ! p5 ( desire into ! ink ( devot$ness1 & proce$s to spread x ov] ! page ( desolation4 ,!n ! night+ale ( affection is he>d to w>ble to ! rose ( lovel9ess1 :ile ! breeze ( anxiety plays ar\nd ! br[ ( expectation4 ,?is is :at ! ,ea/]ns are said to consid] f9e writ+2 & x seems pretty mu* ! idea ( ! s*ool ( critics to :om ,i h be5 ref]r+4 ,we h an in/ance 9 lit]>y hi/ory ( ?is v proce$+ ne>] home1 9 a great ,univ]sity1 9 ! latt] ye>s ( ! la/ c5tury4 ,i h ref]r$ to x be=e n[ 9 a public lecture else:]e27#ce7 b x is too mu* 9 po9t "h to be omitt$4 ,a le>n$ ,arabic s*ol> _h to deliv] a set ( lectures be=e its doctors & pr(essors on an hi/orical subject 9 :i* 8 read+ _h la94 ,a l+ui/ is conv]sant ) sci5ce r ?an ) lit]ature2 b ?is g5tleman felt t 8 lectures mu/ n be )\t a /yle4 ,be+ ( ! op9ion ( ! ,ori5tals1 ) ^: writ+s he 0 famili>1 he det]m9$ to buy a /yle4 ,he took ! /ep ( engag+ a p]son1 at a price1 to turn ! matt] :i* he _h got toge!r into ornam5tal ,engli%4 ,obs]ve1 he did n wi% = m]e grammatical ,engli%1 b = an elaborate1 pret5ti\s /yle4 ,an arti/ 0 f\nd 9 ! p]son ( a c\ntry curate1 & ! job 0 c>ri$ out4 ,8 lectures rema9 to ?is day1 9 _! own place 9 ! protract$ s]ies ( annual ,disc\rses to :i* !y belong1 di/+ui%$ amid a numb] ( heavyi% compositions by ! rhetorical & ambiti\s diction = :i* he w5t into ! m>ket4 ,?is le>n$ div9e1 inde$1 & ! au?or ,i h quot$1 diff] f ea* o!r 9 ! e/imate !y respectively =m ( lit]>y composition2 b !y agree toge!r 9 ?is1--9 consid]+ su* composition a trick & a trade2 !y put x on a p> ) ! gold plate & ! fl[]s & ! music ( a banquet1 :i* d n make ! vi&s bett]1 b ! ent]ta9m5t m pleasurable2 z if language 7 ! hir$ s]vant1 ! m]e mi/ress ( ! reason1 & n ! lawful wife 9 h] own h\se4 ,b c !y really ?9k t ,hom]1 or ,p9d>1 or ,%akespe>e1 or ,dryd51 or ,walt] ,scott1 7 accu/om$ to aim at diction = its own sake1 in/ead ( be+ inspir$ ) _! subject1 & p\r+ =? beautiful words because !y _h beautiful ?\ghts8 ?is is surely too great a p>adox to be borne4 ,r1 x is ! fire )9 ! au?or's brea/ :i* ov]fl[s 9 ! torr5t ( 8 burn+1 irresi/ible eloqu5ce2 x is ! poetry ( 8 inn] s\l1 :i* relieves itself 9 ! ,ode or ! ,elegy2 & 8 m5tal attitude & be>+1 ! beauty ( 8 moral c\nt5ance1 ! =ce & ke5ness ( 8 logic1 are imag$ 9 ! t5d]ness1 or en]gy1 or ri*ness ( 8 language4 ,nay1 accord+ to ! well-kn[n l9e1 8facit indignatio v]sus20 n ! words alone1 b ev5 ! rhy?m1 ! metre1 ! v]se1 w be ! contemporane\s (fspr+ ( ! emotion or imag9ation :i* possesses him4 8,poeta nascitur1 non fit10 says ! prov]b2 & ?is is 9 num]\s in/ances true ( 8 poems1 z well z ( himself4 ,!y are born1 n fram$2 !y are a /ra9 r ?an a composition2 & _! p]fection is ! monum5t1 n s mu* ( 8 skill z ( 8 p[]4 ,& ?is is true ( prose z well z ( v]se 9 its degree3 :o w n recognize 9 ! vision ( ,mirza a delicacy & beauty ( /yle :i* is v difficult to describe1 b :i* is felt to be 9 exact correspond5ce to ! ideas ( :i* x is ! expression8 #e4 ,&1 s9ce ! ?\ghts & reason+s ( an au?or h1 z ,i h said1 a p]sonal "*1 no wond] t 8 /yle is n only ! image ( 8 subject1 b ( 8 m9d4 ,t pomp ( language1 t full & tuneful diction1 t felicit\sness 9 ! *oice & exquisit5ess 9 ! collocation ( words1 :i* to prosaic writ]s seem artificial1 is no?+ else b ! m]e habit & way ( a l(ty intellect4 ,ari/otle1 9 8 sket* ( ! magnanim\s man1 tells u t 8 voice is deep1 8 motions sl[1 & 8 /ature comm&+4 ,9 l mann]1 ! elocution ( a great intellect is great4 ,8 language expresses1 n only 8 great ?\ghts1 b 8 great self4 ,c]ta9ly he might use few] words ?an he uses2 b he f]tilizes 8 simple/ ideas1 & g]m9ates into a multitude ( details1 & prolongs ! m>* ( 8 s5t5ces1 & sweeps r\nd to ! full diapason ( 8 h>mony1 z if 1 rejoic+ 9 8 own vig\r & ri*ness ( res\rce4 ,i say1 a n>r[ critic w call x v]biage1 :5 really x is a sort ( fulness ( he>t1 p>allel to t :i* makes ! m]ry boy :i/le z he walks1 or ! /rong man1 l ! smi? 9 ! novel1 fl\ri% 8 club :5 !re is no "o to fight )4 ,%akespe>e furni%es u ) frequ5t in/ances ( ?is peculi>ity1 & all s beautiful1 t x is difficult to select = quotation4 ,= in/ance1 9 ,macbe?3-- 8,can/ ?\ n m9i/] to a m9d diseas$1 ,pluck f ! memory a root$ sorr[1 ,raze out ! writt5 tr\bles ( ! bra91 ,&1 ) "s sweet oblivi\s antidote1 ,cleanse ! f\l bosom ( t p]il\s /uff1 ,:i* weighs ^u ! he>t80 ,"h a simple idea1 by a process :i* belongs to ! orator r ?an to ! poet1 b /ill comes f ! native vig\r ( g5ius1 is exp&$ into a _m-memb]$ p]iod4 ,! foll[+ f ,hamlet is ( ! same k9d3-- 8',tis n alone my inky cloak1 good "m1 ,nor cu/om>y suits ( solemn black1 ,nor w9dy suspiration ( =c$ brea?1 ,no1 nor ! fruitful riv] 9 ! eye1 ,nor ! deject$ havi\r ( ! visage1 ,toge!r ) all =ms1 modes1 %[s ( grief1 ,t c d5ote me truly40 ,n[1 if su* declamation1 = declamation x is1 h[ev] noble1 be all[able 9 a poet1 ^: g5ius is s f> remov$ f pomp\sness or pret5ce1 mu* m is x all[able 9 an orator1 ^: v prov9ce x is to put =? words to ! be/ advantage he c4 ,cic]o has no?+ m r$undant 9 any "p ( 8 writ+s ?an ^! passages f ,%akespe>e4 ,no lov] !n at lea/ ( ,%akespe>e may fairly accuse ,cic]o ( gorge\sness ( phraseology or diffus5ess ( /yle4 ,nor w any s\nd critic be tempt$ to d s4 ,z a c]ta9 unaffect$ neatness & propriety & grace ( diction may be requir$ ( any au?or :o lays claim to be a classic1 = ! same reason t a c]ta9 att5tion to dress is expect$ ( e g5tleman1 s to ,cic]o may be all[$ ! privilege ( ! 8os magna sonaturum10 ( :i* ! anci5t critic speaks4 ,8 copi\s1 maje/ic1 musical fl[ ( language1 ev5 if sometimes beyond :at ! subject-matt] dem&s1 is nev] out ( keep+ ) ! occasion or ) ! speak]4 ,x is ! expression ( l(ty s5tim5ts 9 l(ty s5t5ces1 ! 8m5s magna 9 corpore magno40 ,x is ! developm5t ( ! inn] man4 ,cic]o vividly realis$ ! /atus ( a ,roman s5ator & /atesman1 & ! 8pride ( place0 ( ,rome1 9 all ! grace & gr&eur :i* atta*$ to h]2 & he imbib$1 & became1 :at he admir$4 ,z ! exploits ( ,scipio or ,pompey are ! expression ( ?is greatness 9 de$1 s ! language ( ,cic]o is ! expression ( x 9 ^w4 ,&1 z ! acts ( ! ,roman rul] or soldi] repres5t to u1 9 a mann] special to !mselves1 ! *>act]i/ic magnanimity ( ! lords ( ! e>?1 s d ! spee*es or treatises ( h] accompli%$ orator br+ x home to our imag9ations z no o!r writ+ c\ld d4 ,nei!r ,livy1 nor ,tacitus1 nor ,t]5ce1 nor ,s5eca1 nor ,pl9y1 nor ,qu9tilian1 is an adequate spokesman = ! ,imp]ial ,city4 ,!y write ,lat92 ,cic]o writes ,roman4 #f4 ,y w say t ,cic]o's language is und5iably /udi$1 b t ,%akespe>e's is z und5iably natural & spontane\s2 & t ?is is :at is meant1 :5 ! ,classics are accus$ ( be+ m]e arti/s ( words4 ,"h we are introduc$ to a fur!r l>ge "q1 :i* gives me ! opportunity ( anticipat+ a misappreh5sion ( my mean+4 ,i obs]ve1 !n1 t1 n only is t lavi% ri*ness ( /yle1 :i* ,i h notic$ 9 ,%akespe>e1 ju/ifiable on ! pr9ciples :i* ,i h be5 lay+ d[n1 b1 :at is less easy to receive1 ev5 elaborat5ess 9 composition is no m>k ( trick or artifice 9 an au?or4 ,und\bt$ly ! works ( ! ,classics1 p>ticul>ly ! ,lat91 are elaborate2 !y h co/ a great deal ( "t1 c>e1 & tr\ble4 ,!y h _h _m r\gh copies2 ,i grant x4 ,i grant also t !re are writ]s ( "n1 anci5t & mod]n1 :o really are guilty ( ! absurdity ( mak+ s5t5ces1 z ! v end ( _! lit]>y lab\r4 ,su* 0 ,isocrates2 su* 7 "s ( ! sophi/s2 !y 7 set on words1 to ! neglect ( ?\ghts or ?+s2 ,i _c def5d !m4 ,if ,i mu/ give an ,engli% in/ance ( ?is fault1 mu* z ,i love & rev]e ! p]sonal "* & intellectual vig\r ( ,dr4 ,johnson1 ,i _c d5y t 8 /yle (t5 outruns ! s5se & ! occasion1 & is want+ 9 t simplicity :i* is ! attribute ( g5ius4 ,/ill1 grant+ all ?is1 ,i _c grant1 not)/&+1 t g5ius nev] ne$ take pa9s1--t g5ius may n improve by practice1--t x nev] incurs failures1 & succe$s ! second "t1--t x nev] f9i%es (f at leisure :at x has ?r[n (f 9 ! outl9e at a /roke4 ,take ! in/ance ( ! pa9t] or ! sculptor2 he has a conception 9 8 m9d :i* he wi%es to repres5t 9 ! m$ium ( 8 art2--! ,madonna & ,*ild1 or ,innoc5ce1 or ,=titude1 or "s hi/orical "* or ev5t4 ,d y mean to say he does n /udy 8 subject8 does he n make sket*es8 does he n ev5 call !m 8/udies08 does he n call 8 workroom a /udio8 is he n ev] design+1 reject+1 adopt+1 correct+1 p]fect+8 ,are n ! fir/ attempts ( ,mi*ael ,angelo & ,raffaelle extant1 9 ! case ( "s ( _! mo/ celebrat$ compositions8 ,w any "o say t ! ,apollo ,belvid]e is n a conception pati5tly elaborat$ into its prop] p]fection8 ,^! dep>tm5ts ( ta/e are1 accord+ to ! receiv$ notions ( ! _w1 ! v prov9ce ( g5ius1 & yet we call !m arts2 !y are ! 8,f9e ,arts40 ,:y may n t be true ( lit]>y composition :i* is true ( pa9t+1 sculpture1 ar*itecture1 & music8 ,:y may n language be wr\ght z well z ! clay ( ! modell]8 :y may n words be work$ up z well z col\rs8 :y %\ld n skill 9 diction be simply subs]vi5t & in/rum5tal to ! great prototypal ideas :i* are ! contemplation ( a ,plato or a ,virgil8 ,our greate/ poet tells u1 8,! poet's eye1 9 a f9e fr5zy roll+1 ,do? glance f heav5 to e>?1 f e>? to heav51 ,&1 z imag9ation bodies =? ,! =ms ( ?+s unkn[n1 ! poet's p5 ,turns !m to %apes1 & gives to airy no?+ ,a local habitation & a "n40 ,n[1 is x wond]ful t t p5 ( 8 %\ld sometimes be at fault = a :ile1--t x %\ld pause1 write1 erase1 re-write1 am5d1 complete1 be=e he satisfies himself t 8 language has done ju/ice to ! conceptions :i* 8 m9d's eye contemplat$8 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 d\btless1 _m or mo/ writ]s are elaborate2 & ^? c]ta9ly n ! lea/ ^: /yle is fur!/ remov$ f ornam5t1 be+ simple & natural1 or vehem5t1 or sev]ely bus9ess-l & practical4 ,:o s en]getic & manly z ,demo/h5es8 ,yet he is said to h transcrib$ ,?ucydides _m times ov] 9 ! =mation ( 8 /yle4 ,:o s gracefully natural z ,h]odotus8 yet 8 v dialect is n 8 own1 b *os5 = ! sake ( ! p]fection ( 8 n>rative4 ,:o exhibits su* happy neglig5ce z our own ,addison8 yet arti/ic fa/idi\sness 0 s notori\s 9 8 in/ance t ! report has got abroad1 truly or n1 t he 0 too late 9 8 issue ( an important /ate-pap]1 f 8 habit ( revision & recomposition4 ,su* great au?ors 7 work+ by a model :i* 0 be=e ! eyes ( _! intellect1 & !y 7 lab\r+ to say :at !y _h to say1 9 su* a way z w\ld mo/ exactly & suitably express x4 ,x is n wond]ful t o!r au?ors1 ^: /yle is n simple1 %\ld be in/ances ( a simil> lit]>y dilig5ce4 ,virgil wi%$ 8 neid to be burn$1 elaborate z is its composition1 because he felt x ne$$ m lab\r /ill1 9 ord] to make x p]fect4 ,! hi/orian ,gibbon 9 ! la/ c5tury is ano!r in/ance 9 po9t4 ,y mu/ n suppose ,i am go+ to recomm5d 8 /yle = imitation1 any m ?an 8 pr9ciples2 b ,i ref] to him z ! example ( a writ] feel+ ! task :i* lay be=e him1 feel+ t he _h to br+ out into words = ! compreh5sion ( 8 read]s a great & complicat$ sc5e1 & wi%+ t ^? words %\ld be adequate to 8 und]tak+4 ,i ?9k he wrote ! fir/ *apt] ( 8 ,hi/ory ?ree times ov]2 x 0 n t he correct$ or improv$ ! fir/ copy2 b he put 8 fir/ essay1 & !n 8 second1 aside--he reca/ 8 matt]1 till he _h hit ! precise exhibition ( x :i* he ?\ght dem&$ by 8 subject4 ,n[ 9 all ^! in/ances1 ,i wi% y to obs]ve1 t :at ,i h admitt$ ab\t lit]>y workman%ip diff]s f ! doctr9e :i* ,i am oppos+ 9 ?is1--t ! m]e deal] 9 words c>es little or no?+ = ! subject :i* he is embelli%+1 b c pa9t & gild any?+ :atev] to ord]2 :]eas ! arti/1 :om ,i am ackn[l$g+1 has 8 great or ri* visions be=e him1 & 8 only aim is to br+ out :at he ?9ks or :at he feels 9 a way adequate to ! ?+ spok5 (1 & appropriate to ! speak]4 #g4 ,! illu/ration :i* ,i h be5 borr[+ f ! ,f9e ,arts w enable me to g a /ep fur!r4 ,i h be5 %[+ ! connection ( ! ?\ght ) ! language 9 lit]>y composition2 & 9 do+ s ,i h expos$ ! unphilosophical notion1 t ! language 0 an extra :i* c\ld be disp5s$ )1 & provid$ to ord] accord+ to ! dem&4 ,b ,i h n yet br\ght out1 :at imm$iately foll[s f ?is1 & :i* 0 ! second po9t :i* ,i _h to %[1 viz41 t to be capable ( easy translation is no te/ ( ! excell5ce ( a composition4 ,if ,i mu/ say :at ,i ?9k1 ,i %\ld lay d[n1 ) little hesitation1 t ! tru? 0 almo/ ! rev]se ( ?is doctr9e4 ,nor are _m words requir$ to %[ x4 ,su* a doctr9e1 z is conta9$ 9 ! passage ( ! au?or :om ,i quot$ :5 ,i began1 goes ^u ! assumption t "o language is j l ano!r language1--t e language has all ! ideas1 turns ( ?\ght1 delicacies ( expression1 figures1 associations1 ab/ractions1 po9ts ( view1 :i* e o!r language has4 ,n[1 z f> z reg>ds ,sci5ce1 x is true t all languages are pretty mu* alike = ! purposes ( ,sci5ce2 b ev5 9 ?is respect "s are m suitable ?an o!rs1 :i* h to co9 words1 or to borr[ !m1 9 ord] to express sci5tific ideas4 ,b if languages are n all equally adapt$ ev5 to furni% symbols = ^? univ]sal & et]nal tru?s 9 :i* ,sci5ce consi/s1 h[ c !y reasonably be expect$ to be all equally ri*1 equally =cible1 equally musical1 equally exact1 equally happy 9 express+ ! idiosyncratic peculi>ities ( ?\ght ( "s orig9al & f]tile m9d1 :o has avail$ himself ( "o ( !m8 ,a great au?or takes 8 native language1 ma/]s x1 p>tly ?r[s himself into x1 p>tly m\lds & adapts x1 & p\rs out 8 multitude ( ideas ?r\gh ! v>i\sly ramifi$ & delicately m9ute *annels ( expression :i* he has f\nd or fram$3--does x foll[ t ?is 8 p]sonal pres5ce 7z x may be call$7 c =?) be transf]r$ to e o!r language "u ! sun8 ,!n may we reasonably ma9ta9 t ,bee?ov5's piano music is n really beautiful1 because x _c be play$ on ! hurdy-gurdy4 ,7 n ?is a/oni%+ doctr9e ma9ta9$ by p]sons f> sup]ior to ! writ] :om ,i h select$ = animadv]sion1 ,i %\ld f9d x difficult to be pati5t "u a gratuit\s extravagance4 ,x seems t a really great au?or mu/ admit ( translation1 & t we h a te/ ( 8 excell5ce :5 he reads to advantage 9 a =eign language z well z 9 8 own4 ,!n ,%akespe>e is a g5ius because he c be translat$ into ,g]man1 & n a g5ius because he _c be translat$ into ,fr5*4 ,!n ! multiplication-table is ! mo/ gift$ ( all conceivable compositions1 because x loses no?+ by translation1 & c h>dly be said to belong to any "o language :atev]4 ,:]eas ,i %\ld r h conceiv$ t1 9 proportion z ideas are novel & recondite1 !y w\ld be difficult to put into words1 & t ! v fact ( _! hav+ ins9uat$ !mselves into "o language w\ld dim9i% ! *ance ( t happy accid5t be+ repeat$ 9 ano!r4 ,9 ! language ( savages y c h>dly express any idea or act ( ! intellect at all3 is ! tongue ( ! ,hott5tot or ,esquimaux to be made ! measure ( ! g5ius ( ,plato1 ,p9d>1 ,tacitus1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ,dante1 or ,c]vantes8 ,let u recur1 ,i say1 to ! illu/ration ( ! ,f9e ,arts4 ,i suppose y c express ideas 9 pa9t+ :i* y _c express 9 sculpture2 & ! m an arti/ is ( a pa9t]1 ! less he is likely to be ( a sculptor4 ,! m he commits 8 g5ius to ! me?ods & conditions ( 8 own art1 ! less he w be able to ?r[ himself into ! circum/ances ( ano!r4 ,is ! g5ius ( ,fra ,angelico1 ( ,francia1 or ( ,raffaelle disp>ag$ by ! fact t he 0 able to d t 9 col\rs :i* no man t ev] liv$1 :i* no ,angel1 c\ld a*ieve 9 wood8 ,ea* ( ! ,f9e ,arts has its own subject-matt]2 f ! nature ( ! case y c d 9 "o :at y _c d 9 ano!r2 y c d 9 pa9t+ :at y _c d 9 c>v+2 y c d 9 oils :at y _c d 9 fresco2 y c d 9 m>ble :at y _c d 9 ivory2 y c d 9 wax :at y _c d 9 bronze4 ,!n1 ,i repeat1 apply+ ?is to ! case ( languages1 :y %\ld n g5ius be able to d 9 ,greek :at x _c d 9 ,lat98 & :y are its ,greek & ,lat9 works defective because !y w n turn into ,engli%8 ,t g5ius1 ( :i* we are speak+1 did n make ,engli%2 x did n make all languages1 pres5t1 pa/1 & future2 x did n make ! laws ( any language3 :y is x to be judg$ ( by t 9 :i* x _h no "p1 ov] :i* x has no control8 #h4 ,& n[ we are naturally br\ght on to our ?ird po9t1 :i* is on ! *>act]i/ics ( ,holy ,scripture z comp>$ ) pr(ane lit]ature4 ,hi!rto we h be5 conc]n$ ) ! doctr9e ( ^! writ]s1 viz41 t /yle is an extra1 t x is a m]e artifice1 & t h5ce x _c be translat$2 n[ we come to _! fact1 viz41 t ,scripture has no su* artificial /yle1 & t ,scripture c easily be translat$4 ,surely _! fact is z unt5able z _! doctr9e4 ,scripture easy ( translation6 !n :y h !re be5 s few good translators8 :y is x t !re has be5 su* great difficulty 9 comb9+ ! two necess>y qualities1 fidelity to ! orig9al & purity 9 ! adopt$ v]nacul>8 :y is x t ! au?oriz$ v]sions ( ! ,*ur* are (t5 s inf]ior to ! orig9al z compositions1 except t ! ,*ur* is b\nd above all ?+s to see t ! v]sion is doctr9ally correct1 & 9 a difficult problem is oblig$ to put up ) defects 9 :at is ( second>y importance1 provid$ %e secure :at is ( fir/8 ,if x 7 s easy to transf] ! beauty ( ! orig9al to ! copy1 %e w\ld n h be5 cont5t ) h] receiv$ v]sion 9 v>i\s languages :i* c\ld be nam$4 ,& !n 9 ! next place1 ,scripture n elaborate6 ,scripture n ornam5t$ 9 diction1 & musical 9 cad5ce6 ,:y1 consid] ! ,epi/le to ! ,hebrews--:]e is !re 9 ! classics any composition m c>efully1 m artificially writt58 ,consid] ! book ( ,job--is x n a sacr$ drama1 z arti/ic1 z p]fect1 z any ,greek trag$y ( ,sophocles or ,euripides8 ,consid] ! ,psalt]--are !re no ornam5ts1 no rhy?m1 no /udi$ cad5ces1 no responsive memb]s1 9 t div9ely beautiful book8 ,& is x n h>d to und]/&8 are n ! ,prophets h>d to und]/&8 is n ,/4 ,paul h>d to und]/&8 ,:o c say t ^! are popul> compositions8 :o c say t !y are level at fir/ read+ ) ! und]/&+s ( ! multitude8 ,t !re are portions inde$ ( ! inspir$ volume m simple bo? 9 /yle & 9 mean+1 & t ^! are ! m sacr$ & sublime passages1 z1 = in/ance1 p>ts ( ! ,gospels1 ,i grant at once2 b ?is does n militate aga9/ ! doctr9e ,i h be5 lay+ d[n4 ,recollect1 ,g5tlem51 my di/9ction :5 ,i began4 ,i h said ,lit]ature is "o ?+1 & t ,sci5ce is ano!r2 t ,lit]ature has to d ) ideas1 & ,sci5ce ) realities2 t ,lit]ature is ( a p]sonal "*1 t ,sci5ce treats ( :at is univ]sal & et]nal4 ,9 proportion1 !n1 z ,scripture excludes ! p]sonal col\r+ ( its writ]s1 & rises into ! region ( pure & m]e inspiration1 :5 x ceases 9 any s5se to be ! writ+ ( man1 ( ,/4 ,paul or ,/4 ,john1 ( ,moses or ,isaias1 !n x comes to belong to ,sci5ce1 n ,lit]ature4 ,!n x conveys ! ?+s ( heav51 unse5 v]ities1 div9e manife/ations1 & !m alone--n ! ideas1 ! feel+s1 ! aspirations1 ( its human in/rum5ts1 :o1 = all t !y 7 inspir$ & infallible1 did n cease to be m54 ,/4 ,paul's epi/les1 !n1 ,i consid] to be lit]ature 9 a real & true s5se1 z p]sonal1 z ri* 9 reflection & emotion1 z ,demo/h5es or ,euripides2 &1 )\t ceas+ to be revelations ( objective tru?1 !y are expressions ( ! subjective not)/&+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 portions ( ! ,gospels1 ( ! book ( ,g5esis1 & o!r passages ( ! ,sacr$ ,volume1 are ( ! nature ( ,sci5ce4 ,su* is ! beg9n+ ( ,/4 ,john's ,gospel1 :i* we read at ! end ( ,mass4 ,su* is ! ,cre$4 ,i mean1 passages su* z ^! are ! m]e enunciation ( et]nal ?+s1 )\t 7s to say7 ! m$ium ( any human m9d transmitt+ !m to u4 ,! words us$ h ! gr&eur1 ! maje/y1 ! calm1 unimpassion$ beauty ( ,sci5ce2 !y are 9 no s5se ,lit]ature1 !y are 9 no s5se p]sonal2 & !re=e !y are easy to appreh5d1 & easy to translate4 ,did "t admit ,i c\ld %[ y p>allel in/ances ( :at ,i am speak+ ( 9 ! ,classics1 inf]ior to ! inspir$ ^w 9 proportion z ! subject-matt] ( ! classical au?ors is imm5sely inf]ior to ! subjects treat$ ( 9 ,scripture--b p>allel1 inasmu* z ! classical au?or or speak] ceases = ! mom5t to h to d ) ,lit]ature1 z speak+ ( ?+s objectively1 & rises to ! s]5e sublimity ( ,sci5ce4 ,b ,i %\ld be c>ri$ too f> if ,i began4 #i4 ,i %all !n m]ely sum up :at ,i h said1 & come to a conclusion4 ,rev]t+1 !n1 to my orig9al "q1 :at is ! mean+ ( ,lett]s1 z conta9$1 ,g5tlem51 9 ! designation ( y\r ,faculty1 ,i h answ]$1 t by ,lett]s or ,lit]ature is meant ! expression ( ?\ght 9 language1 :]e by 8?\ght0 ,i mean ! ideas1 feel+s1 views1 reason+s1 & o!r op]ations ( ! human m9d4 ,& ! ,art ( ,lett]s is ! me?od by :i* a speak] or writ] br+s out 9 words1 wor?y ( 8 subject1 & suffici5t = 8 audi5ce or read]s1 ! ?\ghts :i* impress him4 ,lit]ature1 !n1 is ( a p]sonal "*2 x consi/s 9 ! enunciations & tea*+s ( ^? :o h a "r to speak z repres5tatives ( _! k9d1 & 9 ^: words _! bre?r5 f9d an int]pretation ( _! own s5tim5ts1 a record ( _! own exp]i5ce1 & a sugge/ion = _! own judgm5ts4 ,a great au?or1 ,g5tlem51 is n "o :o m]ely has a copia v]borum1 :e!r 9 prose or v]se1 & c1 z x 71 turn on at 8 w any numb] ( spl5did phrases & swell+ s5t5ces2 b he is "o :o has some?+ to say & kn[s h[ to say x4 ,i d n claim = him1 z su*1 any great dep? ( ?\ght1 or bread? ( view1 or philosophy1 or sagacity1 or k ( human nature1 or exp]i5ce ( human life1 ?\gh ^! additional gifts he may h1 & ! m he has ( !m ! great] he is2 b ,i ascribe to him1 z 8 *>act]i/ic gift1 9 a l>ge s5se ! faculty ( ,expression4 ,he is ma/] ( ! two-fold ,logos1 ! ?\ght & ! ^w1 di/9ct1 b insep>able f ea* o!r4 ,he may1 if s be1 elaborate 8 compositions1 or he may p\r out 8 improvisations1 b 9 ei!r case he has b "o aim1 :i* he keeps /eadily be=e him1 & is consci5ti\s & s+le-m9d$ 9 fulfill+4 ,t aim is to give =? :at he has )9 him2 & f 8 v e>ne/ness x comes to pass t1 :atev] be ! spl5d\r ( 8 diction or ! h>mony ( 8 p]iods1 he has ) him ! *>m ( an incommunicable simplicity4 ,:atev] be 8 subject1 high or l[1 he treats x suitably & = its own sake4 ,if he is a poet1 8nil molitur inept40 ,if he is an orator1 !n too he speaks1 n only 8di/9ct0 & 8spl5did10 b also 8apt40 ,8 page is ! lucid mirror ( 8 m9d & life-- 8,quo fit1 ut omnis ,votiv pateat veluti descripta tabell ,vita s5is40 ,he writes passionately1 because he feels ke5ly2 =cibly1 because he conceives vividly2 he sees too cle>ly to be vague2 he is too s]i\s to be otiose2 he c analyze 8 subject1 & !re=e he is ri*2 he embraces x z a :ole & 9 its p>ts1 & !re=e he is consi/5t2 he has a firm hold ( x1 & !re=e he is lum9\s4 ,:5 8 imag9ation wells up1 x ov]fl[s 9 ornam5t2 :5 8 he>t is t\*$1 x ?rills along 8 v]se4 ,he always has ! "r ^w = ! "r idea1 & nev] a ^w too mu*4 ,if he is brief1 x is because few words suffice2 :5 he is lavi% ( !m1 /ill ea* ^w has its m>k1 & aids1 n emb>rasses1 ! vigor\s m>* ( 8 elocution4 ,he expresses :at all feel1 b all _c say2 & 8 say+s pass into prov]bs among 8 p1 & 8 phrases become h\sehold words & idioms ( _! daily spee*1 :i* is tesselat$ ) ! ri* fragm5ts ( 8 language1 z we see 9 =eign l&s ! m>bles ( ,roman gr&eur work$ into ! walls & pavem5ts ( mod]n palaces4 ,su* pre-em95tly is ,%akespe>e among ourselves2 su* pre-em95tly ,virgil among ! ,lat9s2 su* 9 _! degree are all ^? writ]s :o 9 e nation g by ! "n ( ,classics4 ,to p>ticul> nations !y are necess>ily atta*$ f ! circum/ance ( ! v>iety ( tongues1 & ! peculi>ities ( ea*2 b s f> !y h a ca?olic & ecum5ical "*1 t :at !y express is common to ! :ole race ( man1 & !y alone are able to express x4 #aj4 ,if !n ! p[] ( spee* is a gift z great z any t c be nam$1--if ! orig9 ( language is by _m philosoph]s ev5 consid]$ to be no?+ %ort ( div9e1--if by means ( words ! secrets ( ! he>t are br\ght to light1 pa9 ( s\l is reliev$1 hidd5 grief is c>ri$ (f1 sympa?y convey$1 c\nsel imp>t$1 exp]i5ce record$1 & wisdom p]petuat$1--if by great au?ors ! _m are drawn up into unity1 national "* is fix$1 a p speaks1 ! pa/ & ! future1 ! ,ea/ & ! ,we/ are br\ght into communication ) ea* o!r1--if su* m5 are1 9 a ^w1 ! spokesm5 & prophets ( ! human family1--x w n answ] to make light ( ,lit]ature or to neglect its /udy2 r we may be sure t1 9 proportion z we ma/] x 9 :atev] language1 & imbibe its _s1 we %all ourselves become 9 our own measure ! m9i/]s ( l b5efits to o!rs1 be !y _m or few1 be !y 9 ! obscur] or ! m di/+ui%$ walks ( life1--:o are unit$ to u by social ties1 & are )9 ! sph]e ( our p]sonal influ5ce4 ,lecture ,,iii4 ,engli% ,ca?olic ,lit]ature4 ,"o ( ! special objects :i* a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity w\ld promote is t ( ! =mation ( a ,ca?olic ,lit]ature 9 ! ,engli% language4 ,x is an object1 h[ev]1 :i* mu/ be und]/ood be=e x c be suitably prosecut$2 & :i* w n be und]/ood )\t "s discussion & inve/igation4 ,fir/ ideas on ! subject mu/ almo/ necess>ily be crude4 ,! real /ate ( ! case1 :at is desirable1 :at is possible1 has to be asc]ta9$2 & !n :at has to be done1 & :at is to be expect$4 ,we h se5 9 public matt]s1 = half a ye> pa/17#cf7 to :at mi/akes1 & to :at disappo9tm5ts1 ! c\ntry has be5 expos$1 f n hav+ be5 able di/9ctly to put be=e x :at 0 to be aim$ at by its fleets & armies1 :at 0 practicable1 :at 0 probable1 9 op]ations ( w>3 & s1 too1 9 ! field ( lit]ature1 we are sure ( fall+ into a p>allel p]plexity & dissatisfaction1 if we />t ) a vague notion ( do+ some?+ or o!r important by means ( a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity1 )\t hav+ ! caution to exam9e :at is feasible1 & :at is unnecess>y or hopeless4 ,accord+ly1 x is natural ,i %\ld wi% to direct att5tion to ?is subject1 ev5 ?\gh x be too difficult to h&le 9 any exact or complete way1 & ?\gh my attempt mu/ be left = o!rs to br+ into a m p]fect %ape1 :o are m fitt$ = ! task4 ,"h ,i %all *iefly employ myself 9 inve/igat+ :at ! object is n4 #a4 ,9 its relation to ,religi\s ,lit]ature4 ,:5 a 8,ca?olic ,lit]ature 9 ! ,engli% tongue0 is spok5 ( z a desid]atum1 no reasonable p]son w mean by 8,ca?olic works0 mu* m ?an ! 8works ( ,ca?olics40 ,! phrase does n mean a religi\s lit]ature4 8,religi\s ,lit]ature0 inde$ w\ld mean mu* m ?an 8! ,lit]ature ( religi\s m520 x means ov] & above ?is1 t ! subject-matt] ( ! ,lit]ature is religi\s2 b by 8,ca?olic ,lit]ature0 is n to be und]/ood a lit]ature :i* treats exclusively or prim>ily ( ,ca?olic matt]s1 ( ,ca?olic doctr9e1 controv]sy1 hi/ory1 p]sons1 or politics2 b x includes all subjects ( lit]ature :atev]1 treat$ z a ,ca?olic w\ld treat !m1 & z he only c treat !m4 ,:y x is important to h !m treat$ by ,ca?olics h>dly ne$ be expla9$ "h1 ?\gh some?+ w be incid5tally said on ! po9t z we proce$3 mean:ile ,i am draw+ att5tion to ! di/9ction betwe5 ! two phrases 9 ord] to avoid a s]i\s misappreh5sion4 ,= x is evid5t t1 if by a ,ca?olic ,lit]ature 7 meant no?+ m or less ?an a religi\s lit]ature1 its writ]s w\ld be ma9ly ecclesia/ics2 j z writ]s on ,law are ma9ly lawy]s1 & writ]s on ,m$ic9e are ma9ly physicians or surgeons4 ,& if ?is be s1 a ,ca?olic ,lit]ature is no object special to a ,univ]sity1 unless a ,univ]sity is to be consid]$ id5tical ) a ,sem9>y or a ,!ological ,s*ool4 ,i am n d5y+ t a ,univ]sity might prove ( ! greate/ b5efit ev5 to our religi\s lit]ature2 d\btless x w\ld1 & 9 v>i\s ways2 /ill x is conc]n$ ) ,!ology only z "o great subject ( ?\ght1 z ! greate/ inde$ :i* c occupy ! human m9d1 yet n z ! adequate or direct scope ( its in/itution4 ,yet ,i suppose x is n impossible = a lit]>y layman to w9ce at ! idea1 & to %r9k f ! proposal1 ( tak+ "p 9 a s*eme = ! =mation ( a ,ca?olic ,lit]ature1 "u ! appreh5sion t 9 "s way or ano!r he w be entangl+ himself 9 a semi-cl]ical occupation4 ,x is n uncommon1 on express+ an anticipation t ! ,pr(essors ( a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity w promote a ,ca?olic ,lit]ature1 to h to enc\nt] a vague notion t a lectur] or writ] s employ$ mu/ h some?+ polemical ab\t him1 mu/ moralize or prea*1 mu/ 79 ,prote/ant language7 improve ! occasion1 ?\gh 8 subject is n at all a religi\s "o2 9 %ort1 t he mu/ d some?+ else besides fairly & boldly g "r on1 & be a ,ca?olic speak+ z a ,ca?olic spontane\sly w speak1 on ! ,classics1 or ,f9e ,arts1 or ,poetry1 or :atev] he has tak5 9 h&4 ,m5 ?9k t he _c give a lecture on ,comp>ative ,anatomy )\t be+ b\nd to digress into ! ,argum5t f ,f9al ,causes2 t he _c rec\nt ! pres5t geological !ories )\t =c+ !m into an int]pretation s]iatim ( ! fir/ two *apt]s ( ,g5esis4 ,_m1 inde$1 seem to g fur!r /ill1 & actually pron\nce t1 s9ce our own ,univ]sity has be5 recomm5d$ by ! ,holy ,see1 & is e/abli%$ by ! ,hi]>*y1 x _c b be engag$ 9 tea*+ religion & no?+ else1 & mu/ & w h ! discipl9e ( a ,sem9>y2 :i* is ab\t z s5sible & logical a view ( ! matt] z x w\ld be to ma9ta9 t ! ,prime ,m9i/] ipso facto holds an ecclesia/ical (fice1 s9ce he is always a ,prote/ant2 or t ! memb]s ( ! ,h\se ( ,commons mu/ necess>ily h be5 occupi$ 9 cl]ical duties1 z long z !y took an oa? ab\t ,transub/antiation4 ,ca?olic ,lit]ature is n synonym\s ) ,!ology1 nor does x sup]s$e or int]f]e ) ! "w ( cate*i/s1 div9es1 prea*]s1 or s*oolm54 #b4 ,9 its relation to ,sci5ce4 #a4 ,& next1 x mu/ be borne 9 m9d1 t :5 we aim at provid+ a ,ca?olic ,lit]ature = ,ca?olics1 9 place ( an exi/+ lit]ature :i* is ( a m>k$ ,prote/ant "*1 we d n1 /rictly speak+1 include ! pure sci5ces 9 our desid]atum4 ,n t we %\ld n feel pleas$ & pr\d to f9d ,ca?olics di/+ui% !mselves 9 publications on ab/ract or exp]im5tal philosophy1 on acc\nt ( ! hon\r x does to our religion 9 ! eyes ( ! _w2--n t we are ins5sible to ! congruity & respectability ( dep5d+ 9 ^! matt]s on ourselves1 & n on o!rs1 at lea/ z reg>ds our text-books2--n t we d n confid5tly anticipate t ,ca?olics ( ^! c\ntries w 9 "t to come be able to po9t to au?orities & discov]]s 9 sci5ce ( _! own1 equal to ^? ( ,prote/ant ,engl&1 ,g]many1 or ,sw$52--b because1 z reg>ds ma!matics1 *emi/ry1 a/ronomy1 & simil> subjects1 "o man w n1 on ! score ( 8 religion1 treat ( !m bett] ?an ano!r1 & because ! works ( ev5 an unbeliev] or idolator1 :ile he kept )9 ! /rict range ( su* /udies1 might be safely admitt$ into ,ca?olic lecture-rooms1 & put )\t scruple into ! h&s ( ,ca?olic y\?s4 ,!re is no cry+ dem&1 no imp]ative necessity1 = our acquisition ( a ,ca?olic ,euclid or a ,ca?olic ,newton4 ,! object ( all sci5ce is tru?2--! pure sci5ces proce$ to _! enunciations f pr9ciples :i* ! intellect disc]ns by a natural light1 & by a process recogniz$ by natural reason2 & ! exp]im5tal sci5ces inve/igate facts by me?ods ( analysis or by +5i\s exp$i5ts1 ultimately resolvable into in/rum5ts ( ?\ght equally native to ! human m9d4 ,if !n we may assume t !re is an objective tru?1 & t ! con/itution ( ! human m9d is 9 correspond5ce ) x1 & acts truly :5 x acts accord+ to its own laws2 if we may assume t ,god made u1 & t :at ,he made is good1 & t no action f & accord+ to nature c 9 itself be evil2 x w foll[ t1 s long z x is man :o is ! geometrician1 or natural philosoph]1 or me*anic1 or critic1 no matt] :at man he be1 ,h9doo1 ,mahometan1 or infidel1 8 conclusions )9 8 own sci5ce1 accord+ to ! laws ( t sci5ce1 are unque/ionable1 & n to be suspect$ by ,ca?olics1 unless ,ca?olics may legitimately be jeal\s ( fact & tru?1 ( div9e pr9ciples & div9e creations4 ,i h be5 speak+ ( ! sci5tific treatises or inve/igations ( ^? :o are n ,ca?olics1 to :i* ! subject ( ,lit]ature leads me2 b ,i might ev5 g on to speak ( !m 9 _! p]sons z well z 9 _! books4 ,7 x n = ! sc&al :i* !y w\ld create2 7 x n = ! example !y w\ld set2 7 x n = ! c]ta9 t5d5cy ( ! human m9d involunt>ily to outleap ! /rict b\nd>ies ( an ab/ract sci5ce1 & to tea* x ^u extrane\s pr9ciples1 to embody x 9 concrete examples1 & to c>ry x on to practical conclusions2 above all1 7 x n = ! indirect influ5ce1 & liv+ en]getic pres5ce1 & collat]al duties1 :i* accompany a ,pr(essor 9 a great s*ool ( le>n+1 ,i d n see 7ab/ract+ f him1 ,i repeat1 9 hypo!sis1 :at nev] c\ld possibly be ab/ract$ f him 9 fact71 :y ! *air ( ,a/ronomy 9 a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity %\ld n be fill$ by a ,la ,place1 or t ( ,physics by a ,humboldt4 ,:atev] !y might wi% to say1 /ill1 :ile !y kept to _! own sci5ce1 !y w\ld be unable1 l ! hea!n ,prophet 9 ,scripture1 to 8g beyond ! ^w ( ! ,"l1 to utt] any ?+ ( _! own head40 #b4 ,s f> ! argum5ts hold good ( c]ta9 celebrat$ writ]s 9 a ,nor!rn ,review1 :o1 9 _! ho/ility to ! pr9ciple ( dogmatic tea*+1 seem oblig$ to ma9ta91 because subject-matt]s are di/9ct1 t liv+ op9ions are di/9ct too1 & t m5 are ab/ractions z well z _! respective sci5ces4 8,on ! morn+ ( ! ?irte5? ( ,augu/1 9 ! ye> #agjd10 says a ju/ly celebrat$ au?or1 9 illu/ration & def5ce ( ! anti-dogmatic pr9ciple 9 political & social matt]s1 8two great capta9s1 equal 9 au?ority1 unit$ by close private & public ties1 b ( diff]5t cre$s1 prep>$ = battle1 on ! ev5t ( :i* 7 /ak$ ! lib]ties ( ,europe4''' ,m>lbor\gh gave ord]s = public pray]s2 ! ,engli% *apla9s read ! s]vice at ! head ( ! ,engli% regim5ts2 ! ,calv9i/ic *apla9s ( ! ,dut* army1 ) heads on :i* h& ( ,bi%op _h nev] be5 laid1 p\r$ =? _! supplications 9 front ( _! c\ntrym54 ,9 ! meantime ! ,danes might li/5 to ! ,lu!ran m9i/]s2 & ,capu*9s might enc\rage ! ,au/rian squadrons1 & pray to ! ,virg9 = a bless+ on ! arms ( ! holy ,roman ,empire4 ,! battle comm5ces2 ^! m5 ( v>i\s religions all act l memb]s ( "o body3 ! ,ca?olic & ! ,prote/ant g5]als ex]t !mselves to assi/ & to surpass ea* o!r2 be=e sunset ! ,empire is sav$2 ,france has lo/ 9 a day ! fruits ( eight ye>s ( intrigue & ( victory2 & ! allies1 aft] conqu]+ toge!r1 return ?anks to ,god sep>ately1 ea* aft] 8 own =m ( wor%ip407#cg7 ,! writ] ( ?is lively passage w\ld be d\btless unwill+ himself to c>ry out ! pr9ciple :i* x ins9uates to ^? extreme conclusions to :i* x is (t5 pu%$ by o!rs1 9 matt]s ( education4 ,view$ 9 itself1 view$ 9 ! ab/ract1 t pr9ciple is simply1 und5iably true2 & is only sophi/ical :5 x is c>ri$ out 9 practical matt]s at all4 ,a religi\s op9ion1 ?\gh n =mally recogniz$1 _c fail ( influ5c+ 9 fact ! s*ool1 or society1 or polity 9 :i* x is f\nd2 ?\gh 9 ! ab/ract t op9ion is "o ?+1 & ! s*ool1 society1 or polity1 ano!r4 ,"h 7 ,episcopalians1 ,lu!rans1 ,calv9i/s1 & ,ca?olics f\nd all fight+ on "o side1 x is true1 )\t any prejudice to _! respective religi\s t5ets3 &1 c]ta9ly1 ,i nev] he>d t 9 a battle soldi]s did d any ?+ else b fight4 ,i did n "k !y _h "t = go+ beyond ! matt] 9 h&2 yet1 ev5 z reg>ds ?is v illu/ration :i* he has *os51 if we 7 b\nd to decide by x ! controv]sy1 x does s happ5 t t dang] ( int]f]5ce & collision betwe5 opposite religioni/s actually does occur ^u a campaign1 :i* c\ld n be incurr$ 9 a battle3 & at ?is v "t "s jeal\sy or disgu/ has be5 %[n 9 ,engli% popul> publications1 :5 !y h _h to record t our ally1 ! ,emp]or ( ! ,fr5*1 has s5t 8 troops1 :o are s]v+ ) ! ,briti% aga9/ ! ,russians1 to att5d ,high ,mass1 or has pres5t$ 8 sailors ) a picture ( ! ,madonna4 ,if1 !n1 we c\ld h ,pr(essors :o 7 m]e ab/ractions & phantoms1 m>r[less 9 _! bones1 & )\t speculation 9 _! eyes2 or if !y c\ld only op5 _! m\?s on _! own special subject1 & 9 _! sci5tific p$antry 7 dead to ! _w2 if !y resembl$ ! well kn[n "* 9 ! ,romance1 :o 0 s imprison$ or fossiliz$ 9 8 erudition1 t1 ?\gh 8he /irr$ ! fire ) "s address10 nev]!less1 on attempt+ to snuff ! c&les1 he 80 unsuccessful1 & rel9qui%$ t ambiti\s po/ ( c\rtesy1 aft] hav+ twice r$uc$ ! p>l\r to total d>kness10 !n inde$ ,voltaire himself might be admitt$1 n )\t sc&al1 b )\t risk1 to lecture on a/ronomy or galvanism 9 ,ca?olic1 or ,prote/ant1 or ,presbyt]ian ,colleges1 or 9 all ( !m at once2 & we %\ld h no practical controv]sy ) philosoph]s :o1 aft] ! fa%ion ( ! au?or ,i h be5 quot+1 are s sm>t 9 prov+ t we1 :o diff] f !m1 mu/ ne$s be s bigott$ & puzzle-head$4 ,& 9 /rict con=mity ) ^! obvi\s di/9ctions1 x w be f\nd t1 s f> z we are able to r$uce sci5tific m5 ( anti-,ca?olic op9ions to ! type ( ! imag9>y bookworm to :om ,i h be5 allud+1 we d actually use !m 9 our s*ools4 ,we all[ our ,ca?olic /ud5t to use !m1 s f> z he c surprise !m 7if ,i may use ! expression71 9 _! =mal treatises1 & c keep !m close prison]s !re4 ,vix defessa s5em passus compon]e membra1 ,cum clamore ruit magno1 manicisque jac5tem ,occupat4 ,! fi%]man1 9 ! ,arabian tale1 took no h>m f ! g5ius1 till he let him out f ! brass bottle 9 :i* he 0 conf9$4 8,he exam9$ ! vessel & %ook x1 to see if :at 0 )9 made any noise1 b he he>d no?+40 ,all 0 safe till he _h succe$$ 9 op5+ x1 & 8!n came out a v ?ick smoke1 :i*1 asc5d+ to ! cl\ds & ext5d+ itself along ! sea %ore 9 a ?ick mi/1 a/oni%$ him v mu*4 ,aft] a "t ! smoke collect$1 & 0 conv]t$ into a g5ius ( enorm\s height4 ,at ! sight ( ?is mon/]1 ^: head appe>$ to rea* ! cl\ds1 ! fi%]man trembl$ ) fe>40 ,su* is ! diff]5ce betwe5 an unbeliev+ or h]etical philosoph] 9 p]son1 & 9 ! m]e disquisitions prop] to 8 sci5ce4 ,porson 0 no edify+ companion = "y m5 ( eighte51 nor are 8 lett]s on ! text ( ! ,?ree ,heav5ly ,witnesses to be recomm5d$2 b t does n h9d] 8 be+ admitt$ into ,ca?olic s*ools1 :ile he is conf9$ )9 ! limits ( 8 ,preface to ! ,hecuba4 ,frankl9 c]ta9ly w\ld h be5 intol]able 9 p]son1 if he began to talk freely1 & ?r[ out1 z ,i ?9k he did 9 private1 t ea* sol> sy/em _h its own god2 b su* extravagances ( s able a man d n int]f]e ) ! hon\r we ju/ly pay 8 "n 9 ! hi/ory ( exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,nay1 ! great ,newton himself w\ld h be5 sil5c$ 9 a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity1 :5 he got ^u ! ,apocalypse2 yet is t any reason :y we %\ld n /udy 8 ,pr9cipia1 or avail ourselves ( ! wond]ful analysis :i* he1 ,prote/ant z he 01 orig9at$1 & :i* ,fr5* infidels h develop$8 ,we are glad1 = _! own sakes1 t anti-,ca?olic writ]s %\ld1 9 _! po/hum\s influ5ce1 d z mu* real s]vice to ! human race z ev] !y c1 & we h no wi% to int]f]e ) x4 #c4 ,return+1 !n1 to ! po9t f :i* we set out1 ,i obs]ve t1 ?is be+ ! /ate ( ! case z reg>ds ab/ract sci5ce1 viz41 t we h no qu>rel ) its anti-,ca?olic comm5tators1 till !y ?ru/ _! p]sons into our ,*airs1 or _! popul> writ+s into our read+-rooms1 x foll[s t1 :5 we contemplate ! =mation ( a ,ca?olic ,lit]ature1 we d n consid] sci5tific works z among our mo/ prom95t desid]ata4 ,!y are to be look$ =1 n s mu* = _! own sake1 z because !y are indications t we h able sci5tific m5 9 our communion2 = if we h su*1 !y w be c]ta9 to write1 & 9 proportion z !y increase 9 numb] w !re be ! *ance ( really pr(\nd1 orig9al1 & /&>d books issu+ f our ,lecture-rooms & ,libr>ies4 ,b1 aft] all1 !re is no reason :y ^! %\ld be bett] ?an ^? :i* we h already receiv$ f ,prote/ants2 ?\gh x is at once m becom+ & m agreeable to our feel+s to use books ( our own1 in/ead ( be+ indebt$ to ! books ( o!rs4 ,lit]ature1 !n1 is n synonym\s ) ,sci5ce2 nor does ,ca?olic education imply ! exclusion ( works ( ab/ract reason+1 or ( physical exp]im5t1 or ! l1 ?\gh writt5 by p]sons ( ano!r or ( no communion4 ,!re is ano!r consid]ation 9 po9t "h1 or r prior to :at ,i h be5 say+2 & t is1 t1 consid]+ c]ta9 sci5tific works1 ^? on ,criticism1 = in/ance1 are s (t5 writt5 9 a te*nical phraseology1 & s9ce o!rs1 z ma!matical1 deal s l>gely 9 signs1 symbols1 & figures1 :i* belong to all languages1 ^! ab/ract /udies _c prop]ly be said to fall "u ,engli% ,lit]ature at all2--= by ,lit]ature ,i und]/& ,?\ght1 convey$ "u ! =ms ( "s p>ticul> language4 ,& ?is br+s me to speak ( ,lit]ature 9 its highe/ & mo/ g5u9e s5se1 viz41 z an hi/orical & national fact2 & ,i fe>1 9 ?is s5se ( ! ^w also1 x is altoge!r beside or beyond any object :i* a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity c reasonably contemplate1 at lea/ 9 any mod]ate t]m ( ye>s2 b s l>ge a subject "h op5s ^u u t ,i mu/ po/pone x to ano!r ,section4 #c4 ,9 its relation to ,classical ,lit]ature4 #a4 ,i h be5 direct+ ! read]'s att5tion1 fir/ to :at we d n1 & next to :at we ne$ n contemplate1 :5 we turn our ?\ghts to ! =mation ( an ,engli% ,ca?olic ,lit]ature4 ,i said t our object 0 nei!r a libr>y ( !ological nor ( sci5tific k1 ?\gh !ology 9 its lit]>y aspect1 & ab/ract sci5ce z an ex]cise ( intellect1 h bo? ( c\rse a place 9 ! ,ca?olic encyclopdia4 ,"o und]tak+1 h[ev]1 !re is1 :i* n m]ely does n1 & ne$ n1 b unhappily _c1 come into ! reasonable contemplation ( any set ( p]sons1 :e!r memb]s ( a ,univ]sity or n1 :o are desir\s ( ,ca?oliciz+ ! ,engli% language1 z is v evid5t2 & t is simply ! creation ( an ,engli% ,classical ,lit]ature1 = t has be5 done long ago1 & w\ld be a "w beyond ! p[]s ( any body ( m51 ev5 if x _h /ill to be done4 ,if ,i insi/ on ?is po9t "h1 no "o mu/ suppose ,i d n consid] x to be self-evid5t2 = ,i %all n be aim+ at prov+ x1 s mu* z at br++ x home di/9ctly to ! m9d1 t we may1 "o & all1 h a cle>] p]ception ( ! /ate ( ?+s ) :i* we h to deal4 ,!re is _m an und5iable tru? :i* is n practically felt & appreciat$2 &1 unless we ma/] our position 9 ! matt] be=e u1 we may be l$ (f into v>i\s wild imag9ations or impossible s*emes1 :i* w1 z a matt] ( c\rse1 end 9 disappo9tm5t4 ,7 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* ackn[l$g$ f ?is mom5t ?r\gh ! l5g? & bread? ( ^! isl&s1 & ! ,engli% tongue h5ce=? baptiz$ into ! ,ca?olic fai?1 & seal$ & consecrat$ to ,ca?olic objects1 & 7 ! pres5t intellectual activity ( ! nation to cont9ue1 z ( c\rse x w\ld cont9ue1 we %\ld at once h an abundance ( ,ca?olic works1 :i* w\ld be ,engli%1 & purely ,engli%1 lit]ature & high lit]ature2 b /ill all ^! w\ld n con/itute 8,engli% ,lit]ature10 z ! words are commonly und]/ood1 nor ev5 !n c\ld we say t ! 8,engli% ,lit]ature0 0 ,ca?olic4 ,mu* less c we ev] aspire to affirm x1 :ile we are b a portion ( ! va/ ,engli%-speak+ _w-wide race1 & are b /riv+ to create a curr5t 9 ! direction ( ,ca?olic tru?1 :5 ! wat]s are rapidly fl[+ ! o!r way4 ,9 no case c we1 /rictly speak+1 =m an ,engli% ,lit]ature2 = by ! ,lit]ature ( a ,nation is meant its ,classics1 & its ,classics h be5 giv5 to ,engl&1 & h be5 recogniz$ z su*1 long s9ce4 #b4 ,a ,lit]ature1 :5 x is =m$1 is a national & hi/orical fact2 x is a matt] ( ! pa/ & ! pres5t1 & c be z little ignor$ z ! pres5t1 z little undone z ! pa/4 ,we c d5y1 sup]s$e1 or *ange x1 !n only1 :5 we c d ! same t[>ds ! race or language :i* x repres5ts4 ,e great p has a "* ( its own1 :i* x manife/s & p]petuates 9 a v>iety ( ways4 ,x developes into a mon>*y or republic2--by means ( comm]ce or 9 w>1 9 agriculture or 9 manufactures1 or 9 all ( ^! at once2 9 its cities1 its public edifices & works1 bridges1 canals1 & h>b\rs2 9 its laws1 traditions1 cu/oms1 & mann]s2 9 its songs & its prov]bs2 9 its religion2 9 its l9e ( policy1 its be>+1 its action t[>ds =eign nations2 9 its alliances1 =tunes1 & ! :ole c\rse ( its hi/ory4 ,all ^! are peculi>1 & p>ts ( a :ole1 & betok5 ! national "*1 & sav\r ( ea* o!r2 & ! case is ! same ) ! national language & lit]ature4 ,!y are :at !y are1 & _c be any ?+ else1 :e!r !y be good or bad or ( a mix$ nature2 be=e !y are =m$1 we _c prescribe !m1 & aft]w>ds1 we _c rev]se !m4 ,we may feel great repugnance to ,milton or ,gibbon z m52 we may mo/ s]i\sly prote/ aga9/ ! _s :i* ev] lives1 & ! t5d5cy :i* ev] op]ates1 9 e page ( _! writ+s2 b !re !y are1 an integral portion ( ,engli% ,lit]ature2 we _c ext+ui% !m2 we _c d5y _! p[]2 we _c write a new ,milton or a new ,gibbon2 we _c expurgate :at ne$s to be exorcis$4 ,!y are great ,engli% au?ors1 ea* brea?+ hatr$ to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* 9 8 own way1 ea* a pr\d & rebelli\s creature ( ,god1 ea* gift$ ) incomp>able gifts4 ,we mu/ take ?+s z !y are1 if we take !m at all4 ,we may refuse to say a ^w to ,engli% lit]ature1 if we w2 we may h rec\rse to ,fr5* or to ,italian in/ead1 if we ?9k ei!r ( ^! less exceptionable ?an our own2 we may fall back ^u ! ,classics ( ,greece & ,rome2 we may h no?+ :atev] to d ) lit]ature1 z su*1 ( any k9d1 & conf9e ourselves to purely amorph\s or mon/r\s specim5s ( language2 b if we d once pr(ess 9 our ,univ]sities ! ,engli% language & lit]ature1 if we ?9k x all[able to "k ! /ate ( ?+s we live 91 & t national "* :i* we %>e1 if we ?9k x desirable to h a *ance ( writ+ :at may be read aft] our day1 & praisewor?y to aim at provid+ = ,ca?olics :o speak ,engli% a ,ca?olic ,lit]ature !n--,i d n say t we mu/ at once ?r[ op5 e sort ( book to ! "y1 ! weak1 or ! untra9$1--,i d n say t we may disp5se ) our ecclesia/ical indexes & em5dations1 b--we mu/ n fancy ourselves creat+ :at is already creat$ 9 spite ( u1 & :i* nev] c\ld at a mom5t be creat$ by means ( u1 & we mu/ recognize t hi/orical lit]ature1 :i* is 9 occupation ( ! language1 bo? z a fact1 nay1 & z a /&>d = ourselves4 ,!re is surely no?+ ei!r 8tem]>i\s0 or p>adoxical 9 a /atem5t l ?is4 ,! gr[? ( a nation is l t ( an individual2 its tone ( voice & subjects = spee* v>y ) its age4 ,ea* age has its own propriety & *>m2 z a boy's beauty is n a man's1 & ! sweetness ( a treble diff]s f ! ri*ness ( a bass1 s x is ) a :ole p4 ,! same p]iod does n produce its mo/ popul> poet1 its mo/ effective orator1 & its mo/ philosophic hi/orian4 ,language *anges ) ! progress ( ?\ght & ! ev5ts ( hi/ory1 & /yle *anges ) x2 & :ile 9 successive g5]ations x passes ?r\gh a s]ies ( sep>ate excell5ces1 ! respective defici5cies ( all are suppli$ alt]nately by ea*4 ,?us language & lit]ature may be consid]$ z dep5d5t on a process ( nature1 & admitt+ ( subjection to h] laws4 ,fa!r ,h>d\9 inde$1 :o ma9ta9$ t1 ) ! exception ( ,pl9y1 ,cic]o1 ,virgil's ,georgics1 & ,horace's ,satires & ,epi/les1 ,lat9 lit]ature 0 ! "w ( ! m$ieval monks1 _h ! conception ( a lit]ature nei!r national nor hi/orical2 b ! re/ ( ! _w w be apt to consid] "t & place z necess>y conditions 9 its =mation1 & w be unable to conceive ( classical au?ors1 except z ei!r ! elaboration ( c5turies1 or ! r>e & fitful accid5t ( g5ius4 ,fir/-rate excell5ce 9 lit]ature1 z 9 o!r matt]s1 is ei!r an accid5t or ! outcome ( a process2 & 9 ei!r case dem&s a c\rse ( ye>s to secure4 ,we _c reckon on a ,plato1 we _c =ce an ,ari/otle1 any m ?an we c comm& a f9e h>ve/1 or create a coal field4 ,if a lit]ature be1 z ,i h said1 ! voice ( a p>ticul> nation1 x requires a t]ritory & a p]iod1 z l>ge z t nation's ext5t & hi/ory1 to mature 94 ,x is broad] & deep] ?an ! capacity ( any body ( m51 h[ev] gift$1 or any sy/em ( tea*+1 h[ev] true4 ,x is ! expon5t1 n ( tru?1 b ( nature1 :i* is true only 9 its elem5ts4 ,x is ! result ( ! mutual action ( a hundr$ simultane\s influ5ces & op]ations1 & ! issue ( a hundr$ /range accid5ts 9 indep5d5t places & times2 x is ! scanty comp5sat+ produce ( ! wild discipl9e ( ! _w & ( life1 s fruitful 9 failures2 & x is ! conc5tration ( ^? r>e manife/ations ( intellectual p[]1 :i* no "o c acc\nt =4 ,x is made up1 9 ! p>ticul> language "h "u consid]ation1 ( human be+s z het]og5e\s z ,burns & ,bunyan1 ,de ,foe & ,johnson1 ,goldsmi? & ,c[p]1 ,law & ,field+1 ,scott & ,byron4 ,! rem>k has be5 made t ! hi/ory ( an au?or is ! hi/ory ( 8 works2 x is f> m exact to say t1 at lea/ 9 ! case ( great writ]s1 ! hi/ory ( _! works is ! hi/ory ( _! =tunes or _! times4 ,ea* is1 9 8 turn1 ! man ( 8 age1 ! type ( a g5]ation1 or ! int]pret] ( a crisis4 ,he is made = 8 day1 & 8 day = him4 ,hook] w\ld n h be51 b = ! exi/5ce ( ,ca?olics & ,puritans1 ! defeat ( ! =m] & ! rise ( ! latt]2 ,cl>5don w\ld n h be5 )\t ! ,great ,rebellion2 ,hobbes is ! prophet ( ! reaction to sc(f+ infidelity2 & ,addison is ! *ild ( ! ,revolution & its att5dant *anges4 ,if !re be any ( our classical au?ors1 :o might at fir/ sight h be5 pron\nc$ a ,univ]sity man1 ) ! exception ( ,johnson1 ,addison is he2 yet ev5 ,addison1 ! son & bro!r ( cl]gym51 ! fell[ ( an ,ox=d ,society1 ! resid5t ( a ,college :i* /ill po9ts to ! walk :i* he plant$1 mu/ be some?+ m1 9 ord] to take 8 place among ! ,classics ( ! language1 & ow$ ! v>iety ( 8 matt] to 8 exp]i5ce ( life1 & to ! call made on 8 res\rces by ! exig5cies ( 8 day4 ,! _w he liv$ 9 made him & us$ him4 ,:ile 8 writ+s educat$ 8 own g5]ation1 !y h del9eat$ x = all po/]ity aft] him4 #c4 ,i h be5 speak+ ( ! au?ors ( a lit]ature1 9 _! relation to ! p & c\rse ( ev5ts to :i* !y belong2 b a prior consid]ation1 at :i* ,i h already glanc$1 is _! connection ) ! language itself1 :i* has be5 _! organ4 ,if !y are 9 great measure ! creatures ( _! times1 !y are on ! o!r h& 9 a f> high] s5se ! creators ( _! language4 ,x is inde$ commonly call$ _! "m tongue1 b virtually x did n exi/ till !y gave x life & =m4 ,all great] matt]s are c>ri$ on & p]fect$ by a succession ( individual m9ds2 :at is true 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght & ( action is true ( language also4 ,c]ta9 ma/]s ( composition1 z ,%akespe>e1 ,milton1 & ,pope1 ! writ]s ( ! ,prote/ant ,bible & ,pray] ,book1 ,hook] & ,addison1 ,swift1 ,hume1 & ,goldsmi?1 h be5 ! mak+ ( ! ,engli% language2 & z t language is a fact1 s is ! lit]ature a fact1 by :i* x is =m$1 & 9 :i* x lives4 ,m5 ( great ability h tak5 x 9 h&1 ea* 9 8 own day1 & h done = x :at ! ma/] ( a gymnasium does = ! bodily frame4 ,!y h =m$ its limbs1 & develop$ its /r5g?2 !y h end[$ x ) vig\r1 ex]cis$ x 9 suppl5ess & dext]ity1 & taught x grace4 ,!y h made x ri*1 h>moni\s1 v>i\s1 & precise4 ,!y h furni%$ x ) a v>iety ( /yles1 :i* f _! individuality may almo/ be call$ dialects1 & are monum5ts bo? ( ! p[]s ( ! language & ! g5ius ( its cultivators4 ,h[ real a creation1 h[ sui g5]is1 is ! /yle ( ,%akespe>e1 or ( ! ,prote/ant ,bible & ,pray] ,book1 or ( ,swift1 or ( ,pope1 or ( ,gibbon1 or ( ,johnson6 ,ev5 7 ! subject-matt] )\t mean+1 ?\gh 9 tru? ! /yle _c really be ab/ract$ f ! s5se1 /ill ! /yle w\ld1 on t supposition1 rema9 z p]fect & orig9al a "w z ,euclid's elem5ts or a symphony ( ,bee?ov54 ,&1 l music1 x has seiz$ ^u ! public m9d2 & ! lit]ature ( ,engl& is no long] a m]e lett]1 pr9t$ 9 books1 & %ut up 9 libr>ies1 b x is a liv+ voice1 :i* has gone =? 9 its expressions & its s5tim5ts into ! _w ( m51 :i* daily ?rills ^u our e>s & syllables our ?\ghts1 :i* speaks to u ?r\gh our correspond5ts1 & dictates :5 we put p5 to pap]4 ,:e!r we w or no1 ! phraseology & diction ( ,%akespe>e1 ( ! ,prote/ant =mul>ies1 ( ,milton1 ( ,pope1 ( ,johnson's ,tabletalk1 & ( ,walt] ,scott1 h become a portion ( ! v]nacul> tongue1 ! h\sehold words1 ( :i* p]haps we little guess ! orig91 & ! v idioms ( our famili> conv]sation4 ,! man 9 ! com$y spoke prose )\t kn[+ x2 & we ,ca?olics1 )\t consci\sness & )\t (f5ce1 are ev] repeat+ ! half s5t5ces ( dissolute playwrights & h]etical p>tizans & prea*]s4 ,s tyrann\s is ! lit]ature ( a nation2 x is too mu* = u4 ,we _c de/roy or rev]se x2 we may confront & enc\nt] x1 b we _c make x ov] aga94 ,x is a great "w ( man1 :5 x is no "w ( ,god's4 ,i repeat1 !n1 :atev] we be able or unable to effect 9 ! great problem :i* lies be=e u1 any h[ we _c undo ! pa/4 ,engli% ,lit]ature w ev] h be5 ,prote/ant4 ,swift & ,addison1 ! mo/ native & natural ( our writ]s1 ,hook] & ,milton1 ! mo/ elaborate1 nev] c become our co-religioni/s2 &1 ?\gh ?is is b ! enunciation ( a truism1 x is n on t acc\nt an unpr(itable enunciation4 #d4 ,i tru/ we are n ! m5 to give up an und]tak+ because x is p]plex$ or ardu\s2 & to d no?+ because we _c d ev]y?+4 ,mu* may be attempt$1 mu* atta9$1 ev5 grant+ ,engli% ,lit]ature is n ,ca?olic4 ,some?+ inde$ may be said ev5 9 alleviation ( ! mis=tune itself1 on :i* ,i h be5 insi/+2 & ) two rem>ks be>+ ^u ?is latt] po9t ,i w br+ ?is ,section to an end4 #a4 ,fir/1 !n1 x is to be consid]$ t1 :e!r we look to c\ntries ,*ri/ian or hea!n1 we f9d ! /ate ( lit]ature !re z little satisfactory z x is 9 ^! isl&s2 s t1 :atev] are our difficulties "h1 !y are n worse ?an ^? ( ,ca?olics all ov] ! _w4 ,i w\ld n inde$ say a ^w to ext5uate ! calamity1 "u :i* we lie1 ( hav+ a lit]ature =m$ 9 ,prote/antism2 /ill1 o!r lit]atures h disadvantages ( _! own2 &1 ?\gh 9 su* matt]s comp>isons are impossible1 ,i d\bt :e!r we %\ld be bett] pleas$ if our ,engli% ,classics 7 ta9t$ ) lic5ti\sness1 or defac$ by infidelity or scepticism4 ,i conceive we %\ld n mu* m5d matt]s if we 7 to ex*ange lit]atures ) ! ,fr5*1 ,italians1 or ,g]mans4 ,ab\t ,g]many1 h[ev]1 ,i w n speak2 z to ,france1 x has great & religi\s au?ors2 its classical drama1 ev5 9 com$y1 comp>$ ) t ( o!r lit]atures1 is s+ul>ly unexceptionable2 b :o is !re t holds a place among its writ]s s hi/orical & important1 :o is s copi\s1 s v]satile1 s brilliant1 z t ,voltaire :o is an op5 sc(f] at e ?+ sacr$1 v5]able1 or high-m9d$8 ,nor c ,r\sseau1 ?\gh he has n ! pret5sions ( ,voltaire1 be exclud$ f ! classical writ]s ( ,france4 ,aga91 ! gift$ ,pascal1 9 ! "w on :i* 8 lit]>y fame is ma9ly f\nd$1 does n approve himself to a ,ca?olic judgm5t2 & ,desc>tes1 ! fir/ ( ,fr5* philosoph]s1 0 too indep5d5t 9 8 inquiries to be always correct 9 8 conclusions4 ,! witty ,rabelais is said1 by a rec5t critic17#ch7 to %[ cov]tly 9 8 =m] publications1 & op5ly 9 8 latt]1 8 8dislike to ! ,*ur* ( ,rome40 ,la ,fonta9e 0 ) difficulty br\ght1 on 8 dea?-b$1 to make public satisfaction = ! sc&al :i* he _h done to religion by 8 immoral ,contes1 ?\gh at l5g? he ?rew into ! fire a piece :i* he _h j f9i%$ = ! /age4 ,montaigne1 ^: ,essays 8make an epo* 9 lit]ature10 by 8_! influ5ce ^u ! ta/es & op9ions ( ,europe20 ^: 8s*ool embraces a l>ge proportion ( ,fr5* & ,engli% lit]ature20 & ( ^: 8brightness & felicity ( g5ius !re c be b "o op9ion10 is disgrac$1 z ! same writ] tells u1 by 8a sceptical bias & great indiff]5ce ( temp]am5t20 & 8has l$ ! way0 z an habitual (f5d]1 8to ! indec5cy too *>act]i/ic ( ,fr5* lit]ature40 ,nor does ,italy pres5t a m enc\rag+ picture4 ,ario/o1 "o ( ! few names1 anci5t or mod]n1 :o is all[$ on all h&s to occupy ! fir/ rank ( ,lit]ature1 is1 ,i suppose1 rightly arraign$ by ! au?or ,i h above quot$1 ( 8co>se s5suality40 ,pulci1 8by 8 sceptical ins9uations1 seems cle>ly to display an int5tion ( expos+ religion to contempt40 ,boccaccio1 ! fir/ ( ,italian prose-writ]s1 _h 9 8 old age t\*+ly to lam5t ! corrupt+ t5d5cy ( 8 popul> compositions2 & ,bell>m9e has to v9dicate him1 ,dante1 & ,petr>*1 f ! *>ge ( virul5t abuse ( ! ,holy ,see4 ,dante c]ta9ly does n scruple to place 9 8 ,inf]no a ,pope1 :om ! ,*ur* has s9ce canoniz$1 & 8 "w on ,mon>*ia is on ! ,index4 ,ano!r great ,flor5t9e1 ,mac*iavel1 is on ! ,index also2 & ,giannone1 z great 9 political hi/ory at ,naples z ,mac*iavel at ,flor5ce1 is notori\s = 8 disaffection to ! int]e/s ( ! ,roman ,pontiff4 ,^! are b specim5s ( ! g5]al "* ( secul> lit]ature1 :atev] be ! p to :om x belongs4 ,"o lit]ature may be bett] ?an ano!r1 b bad w be ! be/1 :5 weigh$ 9 ! balance ( tru? & morality4 ,x _c be o!rwise2 human nature is 9 all ages & all c\ntries ! same2 & its lit]ature1 !re=e1 w ev] & ev]y:]e be "o & ! same also4 ,man's "w w sav\r ( man2 9 8 elem5ts & p[]s excell5t & admirable1 b prone to disord] & excess1 to error & to s94 ,su* too w be 8 lit]ature2 x w h ! beauty & ! fi]c5ess1 ! sweetness & ! rankness1 ( ! natural man1 &1 ) all its ri*ness & greatness1 w necess>ily (f5d ! s5ses ( ^? :o1 9 ! ,apo/le's words1 are really 8ex]cis$ to disc]n betwe5 good & evil40 8,x is said ( ! holy ,/urme10 says an ,ox=d writ]1 8t1 9 pass+ a horde ( unconv]t$ ,g]mans1 z !y 7 ba?+ & gamboll+ 9 ! /ream1 he 0 s ov]p[]$ by ! intol]able sc5t :i* arose f !m t he ne>ly fa9t$ away40 ,national ,lit]ature is1 9 a p>allel way1 ! untutor$ movem5ts ( ! reason1 imag9ation1 passions1 & affections ( ! natural man1 ! leap+s & ! frisk+s1 ! plung+s & ! snort+s1 ! sport+s & ! buffoon+s1 ! clumsy play & ! aimless toil1 ( ! noble1 lawless savage ( ,god's intellectual creation4 ,x is well t we %\ld cle>ly appreh5d a tru? s simple & elem5t>y z ?is1 & n expect f ! nature ( man1 or ! lit]ature ( ! _w1 :at !y nev] held out to u4 ,c]ta9ly1 ,i did n "k t ! _w 0 to be reg>d$ z fav\rable to ,*ri/ian fai? or practice1 or t x w\ld be break+ any engagem5t ) u1 if x took a l9e div]g5t f our own4 ,i h nev] fanci$ t we %\ld h reasonable gr\nd = surprise or compla9t1 ?\gh man's intellect puris naturalibus did pref]1 ( ! two1 lib]ty to tru?1 or ?\gh 8 he>t *]i%$ a lean+ t[>ds lic5ce ( ?\ght & spee* 9 comp>ison ) re/ra9t4 #e4 #b4 ,if we d b resign ourselves to facts1 we %all soon be l$ on to ! second reflection :i* ,i h promis$--viz41 t1 n only are ?+s n bett] abroad1 b !y might be worse at home4 ,we h1 x is true1 a ,prote/ant lit]ature2 b !n x is nei!r a!i/ical nor immoral2 &1 9 ! case ( at lea/ half a doz5 ( its highe/ & mo/ influ5tial dep>tm5ts1 & ( ! mo/ popul> ( its au?ors1 x comes to u ) v consid]able alleviations4 ,= in/ance1 !re surely is a call on u = ?ankfulness t ! mo/ illu/ri\s among/ ,engli% writ]s has s little ( a ,prote/ant ab\t him t ,ca?olics h be5 able1 )\t extravagance1 to claim him z _! own1 & t enemies to our cre$ h all[$ t he is only n a ,ca?olic1 because1 & z f> z1 8 times =bade x4 ,x is an additional satisfaction to be able to boa/ t he (f5ds 9 nei!r ( ^? two respects1 :i* reflect s s]i\sly ^u ! reputation ( great au?ors abroad4 ,:atev] passages may be glean$ f 8 dramas disrespectful to ecclesia/ical au?ority1 /ill ^! are b passages2 on ! o!r h&1 !re is 9 ,%akespe>e nei!r contempt ( religion nor scepticism1 & he upholds ! broad laws ( moral & div9e tru? ) ! consi/5cy & sev]ity ( an s*ylus1 ,sophocles1 or ,p9d>4 ,!re is no mi/ak+ 9 8 works on :i* side lies ! "r2 ,satan is n made a h]o1 nor ,ca9 a victim1 b pride is pride1 & vice is vice1 &1 :atev] indulg5ce he may all[ himself 9 light ?\ghts or unseemly words1 yet 8 admiration is res]v$ = sanctity & tru?4 ,f ! second *ief fault ( ,lit]ature1 z inde$ my la/ words imply1 he is n s free2 b1 (t5 z he may (f5d aga9/ mode/y1 he is cle> ( a worse *>ge1 s5suality1 & h>dly a passage c be in/anc$ 9 all t he has writt5 to s$uce ! imag9ation or to excite ! passions4 ,a rival to ,%akespe>e1 if n 9 g5ius1 at lea/ 9 copi\sness & v>iety1 is f\nd 9 ,pope2 & he 0 actually a ,ca?olic1 ?\gh p]sonally an unsatisfactory "o4 ,8 fre$om inde$ f ,prote/antism is b a poor comp5sation = a false !ory ( religion 9 "o ( 8 poems2 b1 tak+ 8 works z a :ole1 we may surely acquit !m ( be+ dang]\s to ! read]1 :e!r on ! score ( morals or ( fai?4 ,aga91 ! special title ( morali/ 9 ,engli% ,lit]ature is accord$ by ! public voice to ,johnson1 ^: bias t[>ds ,ca?olicity is well kn[n4 ,if we 7 to ask = a report ( our philosoph]s1 ! inve/igation w\ld n be s agreeable2 = we h ?ree ( evil1 & "o ( unsatisfactory repute4 ,locke is sc>cely an hon\r to u 9 ! /&>d ( tru?1 grave & manly z he is2 & ,hobbes1 ,hume1 & ,b5?am1 9 spite ( _! abilities1 are simply a disgrace4 ,yet1 ev5 9 ?is dep>tm5t1 we f9d "s comp5sation 9 ! names ( ,cl>ke1 ,b]keley1 ,butl]1 & ,reid1 & 9 a "n m fam\s ?an !m all4 ,bacon 0 too intellectually great to hate or to contemn ! ,ca?olic fai?2 & he des]ves by 8 writ+s to be call$ ! mo/ or?odox ( ,prote/ant philosoph]s4 #d4 ,9 its relation to ! ,lit]ature ( ! ,day4 #a4 ,! pa/ _c be undone4 ,t our ,engli% ,classical ,lit]ature is n ,ca?olic is a pla9 fact :i* we _c d5y1 to :i* we mu/ reconcile ourselves1 z be/ we may1 & :i*1 z ,i h %[n above1 has aft] all its comp5sations4 ,:51 !n1 ,i speak ( ! desirabl5ess ( =m+ a ,ca?olic ,lit]ature1 ,i am contemplat+ no su* va9 ent]prise z t ( rev]s+ hi/ory2 no1 nor ( r$eem+ ! pa/ by ! future4 ,i h no dream ( ,ca?olic ,classics z /ill res]v$ = ! ,engli% language4 ,9 tru?1 classical au?ors n only are national1 b belong to a p>ticul> age ( a nation's life2 & ,i %\ld n wond] if1 z reg>ds ourselves1 t age is pass+ away4 ,moreov]1 !y p]=m a p>ticul> (fice t[>ds its language1 :i* is n likely to be call$ = beyond a def9ite "t4 ,& fur!r1 ?\gh analogies or p>allels _c be tak5 to decide a "q ( ?is nature1 su* is ! fact1 t ! s]ies ( our classical writ]s has already ext5d$ ?r\gh a long] p]iod ?an 0 grant$ to ! ,classical ,lit]ature ei!r ( ,greece or ( ,rome2 & ?us ! ,engli% language also may h a long c\rse ( lit]ature /ill to come ?r\gh _m c5turies1 )\t t ,lit]ature be+ classical4 ,lat91 = in/ance1 0 a liv+ language = _m hundr$ ye>s aft] ! date ( ! writ]s :o br\ght x to its p]fection2 & !n x cont9u$ = a second long p]iod to be ! m$ium ( ,european correspond5ce4 ,greek 0 a liv+ language to a date n v f> %ort ( t ( ! tak+ ( ,con/ant9ople1 t5 c5turies aft] ! date ( ,/4 ,basil1 & sev5te5 hundr$ ye>s aft] ! p]iod commonly call$ classical4 ,& ?us1 z ! ye> has its spr+ & summ]1 s ev5 = ^? celebrat$ languages !re 0 b a season ( spl5d\r1 &1 comp>$ ) ! :ole c\rse ( _! duration1 b a brief season4 ,s9ce1 !n1 ,engli% has _h its great writ]s = a t]m ( ab\t ?ree hundr$ ye>s1--z long1 t is1 z ! p]iod f ,sappho to ,demo/h5es1 or f ,pisi/ratus to ,arcesilas1 or f s*ylus & ,p9d> to ,c>neades1 or f ,ennius to ,pl9y1--we %\ld h no "r to be disappo9t$ if ! classical p]iod be close ^u its t]m9ation4 ,by ! ,classics ( a national ,lit]ature ,i mean ^? au?ors :o h ! =emo/ place 9 exemplify+ ! p[]s & conduct+ ! developm5t ( its language4 ,! language ( a nation is at fir/ rude & clumsy2 & x dem&s a succession ( skilful arti/s to make x malleable & ductile1 & to "w x up to its prop] p]fection4 ,x improves by use1 b x is n e "o :o c use x :ile z yet x is un=m$4 ,to d ?is is an ef=t ( g5ius2 & s m5 ( a peculi> tal5t arise1 "o aft] ano!r1 accord+ to ! circum/ances ( ! times1 & accompli% x4 ,"o gives x flexibility1 t is1 %[s h[ x c be us$ )\t difficulty to express adequately a v>iety ( ?\ghts & feel+s 9 _! nicety or intricacy2 ano!r makes x p]spicu\s or =cible2 a ?ird adds to its vocabul>y2 & a f\r? gives x grace & h>mony4 ,! /yle ( ea* ( su* em95t ma/]s becomes h5ce=? 9 "s sort a prop]ty ( ! language itself2 words1 phrases1 collocations1 & /ructure1 :i* hi!rto did n exi/1 gradually pass+ into ! conv]sation & ! composition ( ! educat$ classes4 #b4 ,n[ ,i w attempt to %[ h[ ?is process ( improvem5t is effect$1 & :at is its limit4 ,i conceive !n t ^! gift$ writ]s act ^u ! spok5 & writt5 language by means ( ! p>ticul> s*ools :i* =m ab\t !m respectively4 ,_! /yle1 us+ ! ^w 9 a l>ge s5se1 =cibly arre/s ! read]1 & draws him on to imitate x1 by virtue ( :at is excell5t 9 x1 9 spite ( su* defects z1 9 common ) all human works1 x may conta94 ,i suppose all ( u w recognize ?is fasc9ation4 ,= myself :5 ,i 0 f\rte5 or fifte51 ,i imitat$ ,addison2 :5 ,i 0 sev5te51 ,i wrote 9 ! /yle ( ,johnson2 ab\t ! same "t ,i fell 9 ) ! twelf? volume ( ,gibbon1 & my e>s rang ) ! cad5ce ( 8 s5t5ces1 & ,i dream$ ( x = a night or two4 ,!n ,i began to make an analysis ( ,?ucydides 9 ,gibbon's /yle4 ,9 l mann]1 mo/ ,ox=d und]graduates1 =ty ye>s ago1 :5 !y w\ld write poetry1 adopt$ ! v]sification ( ,pope ,d>w91 & ! ,pleasures ( ,hope1 :i* _h be5 made popul> by ,heb] & ,milman4 ,! lit]>y s*ools1 inde$1 :i* ,i am speak+ (1 z result+ f ! attractions ( "s orig9al1 or at lea/ novel arti/1 consi/ = ! mo/ "p ( mann]i/s1 none ( :om rise mu* above m$iocrity2 b !y are n ! less s]viceable z *annels1 by means ( :i* ! a*ievem5ts ( g5ius may be incorporat$ into ! language itself1 or become ! common prop]ty ( ! nation4 ,h5ce=?1 ! mo/ ord9>y compos]1 ! v /ud5t 9 ! lecture-room1 is able to write ) a precision1 a grace1 or a copi\sness1 z ! case may be unkn[n be=e ! date ( ! au?ors :om he imitates1 & he wond]s at1 if he does n r pride himself on1 8 novas frondes1 et non sua poma4 ,if !re is any "o :o illu/rates ?is rem>k1 x is ,gibbon2 ,i seem to trace 8 vigor\s cond5sation & peculi> rhy?m at e turn 9 ! lit]ature ( ! pres5t day4 ,pope1 aga91 is said to h tun$ our v]sification4 ,s9ce 8 "t1 any "o1 :o has an e> & turn = poetry1 c ) little pa9s ?r[ (f a copy ( v]ses equal or sup]ior to ! poet's own1 & ) f> less ( /udy & pati5t correction ?an w\ld h be5 dem&$ ( ! poet himself = _! production4 ,comp>e ! *oruses ( ! ,samson ,agoni/es ) any /anza tak5 at r&om 9 ,?alaba3 h[ mu* _h ! language ga9$ 9 ! int]val betwe5 !m6 ,)\t d5y+ ! high m]its ( ,s\!y's beautiful romance1 we surely %all n be wrong 9 say+1 t 9 its unemb>rass$ eloqu5t fl[1 x is ! language ( ! n9ete5? c5tury t speaks1 z mu* z ! au?or himself4 ,i w give an in/ance ( :at ,i mean3 let u take ! beg9n+ ( ! fir/ *orus 9 ! ,samson3-- ,j are ! ways ( ,god4 ,& ju/ifiable to m52 ,unless !re be :o ?9k n ,god at all2 ,if any be1 !y walk obscure1 ,= ( su* doctr9e nev] 0 !re s*ool1 ,b ! he>t ( ! fool1 ,& no man !re9 doctor b himself4 ,b m5 !re be1 :o d\bt ,8 ways n j1 ,z to ,8 own edicts f\nd contradict+1 ,!n give ! re9s to w&]+ ?\ght1 ,reg>dless ( ,8 glory's dim9ution2 ,till1 by _! own p]plexities involv$1 ,!y ravel m1 /ill less resolv$1 ,b nev] f9d self-satisfy+ solution4 ,& n[ take ! op5+ /anza ( ,?alaba3-- ,h[ beautiful is night ,a dewy fre%ness fills ! sil5t air2 ,no mi/ obscures1 nor cl\d1 nor speck1 nor /a91 ,breaks ! s]5e ( heav54 ,9 full-orb'd glory yond] ,moon div9e ,rolls ?r\gh ! d>k blue dep?s4 ,b5ea? h] /eady ray ,! des]t circle spreads1 ,l ! r\nd ocean girdl$ ) ! sky4 ,h[ beautiful is night6 ,does n ,s\!y %[ to advantage "h8 yet ! voice ( ! _w proclaims ,milton pre-em95tly a poet2 & no "o c affect a d\bt ( ! delicacy & exactness ( 8 e>4 ,yet1 mu* z he did = ! language 9 v]se & 9 prose1 he left mu* = o!r arti/s to d aft] him1 :i* !y h successfully accompli%$4 ,we see ! fruit ( ! lit]>y lab\rs ( ,pope1 ,?omson1 ,gray1 ,goldsmi?1 & o!r poets ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 9 ! musical eloqu5ce ( ,s\!y4 #c4 ,s mu* = ! process2 n[ = its t]m9ation4 ,i ?9k x is br\ght ab\t 9 "s su* way z ! foll[+3-- ,! influ5ce ( a great classic ^u ! nation :i* he repres5ts is tw(old2 on ! "o h& he advances 8 native language t[>ds its p]fection2 b on ! o!r h& he disc\rages 9 "s measure any advance beyond 8 own4 ,?us1 9 ! p>allel case ( sci5ce1 x is commonly said on ! cont95t1 t ! v m>vell\sness ( ,newton's p[]s 0 ! bane ( ,engli% ma!matics3 inasmu* z ^? :o succe$$ him 7 cont5t ) 8 discov]ies1 bigot$ to 8 me?ods ( inve/igation1 & av]se to ^? new in/rum5ts :i* h c>ri$ on ! ,fr5* to su* brilliant & successful results4 ,9 ,lit]ature1 also1 !re is some?+ oppressive 9 ! au?ority ( a great writ]1 & some?+ ( tyranny 9 ! use to :i* 8 admir]s put 8 "n4 ,! s*ool :i* he =ms w\ld fa9 monopolize ! language1 draws up canons ( criticism f 8 writ+s1 & is intol]ant ( innovation4 ,^? :o come "u its influ5ce are dissuad$ or det]r$ f /rik+ out a pa? ( _! own4 ,?us ,virgil's transc5d5t excell5ce fix$ ! "* ( ! hexamet] 9 subsequ5t poetry1 & took away ! *ances1 if n ( improvem5t1 at lea/ ( v>iety4 ,ev5 ,juv5al has mu* ( ,virgil 9 ! /ructure ( 8 v]se4 ,i h kn[n ^? :o pref] ! rhy?m ( ,catullus4 ,h[ev]1 s summ>y a result is n ( necess>y occurr5ce4 ,! spl5d\r ( an au?or may excite a g5]\s emulation1 or ! tyrann\s =malism ( 8 foll[]s a re-action2 & ?us o!r au?ors & o!r s*ools arise4 ,we read ( ,?ucydides1 on he>+ ,h]odotus read 8 hi/ory at ,olympia1 be+ incit$ to attempt a simil> "w1 ?\gh ( an entirely diff]5t & ( an orig9al /ructure4 ,gibbon1 9 l mann]1 writ+ ( ,hume & ,rob]tson1 says3 8,! p]fect composition1 ! n]v\s language1 ! well-turn$ p]iods ( ,dr4 ,rob]tson1 inflam$ me to ! ambiti\s hope t ,i might "o day tread 9 8 foot/eps2 ! calm philosophy1 ! c>eless inimitable beauties ( 8 fri5d & rival1 (t5 =c$ me to close ! volume ) a mix$ s5sation ( delight & despair407#ci7 ,z to re-actions1 ,i suppose !re has be5 some?+ ( ! k9d aga9/ ! supremacy ( ,pope1 s9ce ! "t t 8 successors1 ,campbell especially1 h develop$ 8 peculi>ities & ev5 defects into extravagance4 ,crabbe1 = in/ance1 turn$ back to a v]sification hav+ mu* m ( ,dryd5 9 x2 & ,byron1 9 spite ( 8 high op9ion ( ,pope1 ?rew into 8 l9es ! rhy?m ( blank v]se4 ,/ill1 on ! :ole1 ! influ5ce ( a ,classic acts 9 ! way ( disc\rag+ any ?+ new1 r ?an 9 t ( excit+ rivalry or provok+ re-action4 ,& ano!r consid]ation is to be tak5 into acc\nt4 ,:5 a language has be5 cultivat$ 9 any p>ticul> dep>tm5t ( ?\ght1 & s f> z x has be5 g5]ally p]fect$1 an exi/+ want has be5 suppli$1 & !re is no ne$ = fur!r workm54 ,9 its e>li] times1 :ile x is yet un=m$1 to write 9 x at all is almo/ a "w ( g5ius4 ,x is l cross+ a c\ntry be=e roads are made communicat+ betwe5 place & place4 ,! au?ors ( t age des]ve to be ,classics1 bo? because ( :at !y d & because !y c d x4 ,x requires ! c\rage or ! =ce ( great tal5t to compose 9 ! language at all2 & ! composition1 :5 effect$1 makes a p]man5t impression on x4 ,9 ^? e>ly times1 too1 ! lic5ce ( spee* unfett]$ by prec$5ts1 ! novelty ( ! "w1 ! /ate ( society1 & ! abs5ce ( criticism1 enable an au?or to write ) _s & fre%ness4 ,b1 z c5turies pass on1 ?is /imulus is tak5 away2 ! language by ?is "t has become manageable = its v>i\s purposes1 & is ready at comm&4 ,ideas h f\nd _! correspond+ expressions2 & "o ^w w (t5 convey :at once requir$ half a doz54 ,roots h be5 exp&$1 d]ivations multipli$1 t]ms inv5t$ or adopt$4 ,a v>iety ( phrases has be5 provid$1 :i* =m a sort ( comp\nd words4 ,sep>ate pr(essions1 pursuits1 & prov9ces ( lit]ature h ga9$ _! conv5tional t]m9ology4 ,!re is an hi/orical1 political1 social1 comm]cial /yle4 ,! e> ( ! nation has become accu/om$ to useful expressions or comb9ations ( words1 :i* o!rwise w\ld s\nd h>%4 ,/range metaphors h be5 naturaliz$ 9 ! ord9>y prose1 yet _c be tak5 z prec$5ts = a simil> lib]ty4 ,criticism has become an art1 & ex]cises a cont9ual & jeal\s wat* ov] ! free g5ius ( new writ]s4 ,x is difficult = !m to be orig9al 9 ! use ( _! "m tongue )\t be+ s+ul>4 ,?us ! language has become 9 a great measure /]eotype2 z 9 ! case ( ! human frame1 x has exp&$ to ! loss ( its ela/icity1 & c exp& no m4 ,!n ! g5]al /yle ( educat$ m51 =m$ by ! accumulat$ improvem5ts ( c5turies1 is f> sup]ior p]haps 9 p]fectness to t ( any "o ( ^? national ,classics1 :o h taught _! c\ntrym5 to write m cle>ly1 or m elegantly1 or m =cibly ?an !mselves4 ,& lit]>y m5 submit !mselves to :at !y f9d s well provid$ = !m2 or1 if impati5t ( conv5tionalities1 & resolv$ to %ake (f a yoke :i* tames !m d[n to ! loss ( individuality1 !y adopt no half measures1 b indulge 9 novelties :i* (f5d aga9/ ! g5ius ( ! language1 & ! true canons ( ta/e4 ,political causes may co-op]ate 9 a revolt ( ?is k9d2 &1 z a nation decl9es 9 patriotism1 s does its language 9 purity4 ,x seems to me z if ! s5t5ti\s1 epigrammatic /yle ( writ+1 :i* set 9 ) ,s5eca1 & is se5 at lea/ z late z 9 ! writ+s ( ,/4 ,ambrose1 is an attempt to escape f ! simplicity ( ,cs> & ! maje/ic elocution ( ,cic]o2 :ile ,t]tullian1 ) m ( g5ius ?an good s5se1 relieves himself 9 ! h>% orig9ality ( 8 prov9cial ,lat94 ,!re is ano!r imp$im5t1 z "t goes on1 to ! rise ( fre% classics 9 any nation2 & t is ! effect :i* =eign]s1 or =eign lit]ature1 w ex]t ^u x4 ,x may happ5 t a c]ta9 language1 l ,greek1 is adopt$ & us$ famili>ly by educat$ m5 9 o!r c\ntries2 or aga91 t educat$ m51 to :om x is native1 may ab&on x = "s o!r language1 z ! ,romans ( ! second & ?ird c5turies wrote 9 ,greek in/ead ( ,lat94 ,! consequ5ce w be1 t ! language 9 "q w t5d to lose its nationality--t is1 its di/9ctive "*2 x w cease to be idiomatic 9 ! s5se 9 :i* x once 0 s2 & :atev] grace or propriety x may reta91 x w be comp>atively tame & spiritless2 or1 on ! o!r h&1 x w be corrupt$ by ! admixture ( =eign elem5ts4 #d4 ,su*1 z ,i consid]1 be+ ! =tunes ( ,classical ,lit]ature1 view$ g5]ally1 ,i %\ld nev] be surpris$ to f9d t1 z reg>ds ?is hemisph]e1 = ,i c prophesy no?+ ( ,am]ica1 we h well nigh se5 ! end ( ,engli% ,classics4 ,c]ta9ly1 x is 9 no expectation ( ,ca?olics cont9u+ ! s]ies "h t ,i speak ( ! duty & necessity ( _! cultivat+ ,engli% lit]ature4 ,:5 ,i speak ( ! =mation ( a ,ca?olic s*ool ( writ]s1 ,i h respect pr9cipally to ! matt] ( :at is writt51 & to composition only s f> =? z /yle is necess>y to convey & to recomm5d ! matt]4 ,i mean a lit]ature :i* resembles ! lit]ature ( ! day4 ,?is is n a day = great writ]s1 b = good writ+1 & a great deal ( x4 ,!re nev] 0 a "t :5 m5 wrote s mu* & s well1 & t1 )\t be+ ( any great acc\nt !mselves4 ,:ile our lit]ature 9 ?is day1 especially ! p]iodical1 is ri* & v>i\s1 its language is elaborat$ to a p]fection f> beyond t ( our ,classics1 by ! jeal\s rivalry1 ! incessant practice1 ! mutual influ5ce1 ( its _m writ]s4 ,9 po9t ( m]e /yle1 ,i suppose1 _m an article 9 ! ,times newspap]1 or ,ed9burgh ,review1 is sup]ior to a preface ( ,dryd5's1 or a ,spectator1 or a pamphlet ( ,swift's1 or "o ( ,s\?'s s]mons4 ,our writ]s write s well t !re is little to *oose betwe5 !m4 ,:at !y lack is t individuality1 t e>ne/ness1 mo/ p]sonal yet mo/ unconsci\s ( self1 :i* is ! greate/ *>m ( an au?or4 ,! v =m ( ! compositions ( ! day sugge/s to u _! ma9 defici5cy4 ,!y are anonym\s4 ,s 0 x n 9 ! lit]ature ( ^? nations :i* we consid] ! special /&>d ( classical writ+2 s is x n ) our own ,classics4 ,! ,epic 0 sung by ! voice ( ! liv+1 pres5t poet4 ,! drama1 9 its v idea1 is poetry 9 p]sons4 ,hi/orians beg91 8,h]odotus1 ( ,halic>nassus1 publi%es 8 rese>*es20 or1 8,?ucydides1 ! ,a!nian1 has compos$ an acc\nt ( ! w>40 ,p9d> is all ?r\gh 8 odes a speak]4 ,plato1 ,x5ophon1 & ,cic]o1 ?r[ _! philosophical diss]tations into ! =m ( a dialogue4 ,orators & prea*]s are by _! v pr(ession kn[n p]sons1 & ! p]sonal is laid d[n by ! ,philosoph] ( antiquity z ! s\rce ( _! greate/ p]suasiv5ess4 ,virgil & ,horace are ev] br++ into _! poetry _! own *>act]s & ta/es4 ,dante's poems furni% a s]ies ( ev5ts = ! *ronology ( 8 times4 ,milton is frequ5t 9 allusions to 8 own hi/ory & circum/ances4 ,ev5 :5 ,addison writes anonym\sly1 he writes "u a pr(ess$ "*1 & t 9 a great measure 8 own2 he writes 9 ! fir/ p]son4 ,! 8,i0 ( ! ,spectator1 & ! 8we0 ( ! mod]n ,review or ,newspap]1 are ! respective symbols ( ! two ages 9 our lit]ature4 ,ca?olics mu/ d z _! neighb\rs2 !y mu/ be cont5t to s]ve _! g5]ation1 to promote ! int]e/s ( religion1 to recomm5d tru?1 & to edify _! bre?r5 to-day1 ?\gh _! names are to h little weight1 & _! works are n to la/ mu* beyond !mselves4 #e4 ,& n[ hav+ %[n :at x is t a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity does n ?9k ( do+1 :at x ne$ n d1 & :at x _c d1 ,i might g on to trace out 9 detail :at x is t x really might & w enc\rage & create4 ,b1 z su* an inve/igation w\ld nei!r be difficult to pursue1 nor easy to t]m9ate1 ,i pref] to leave ! subject at ! prelim9>y po9t to :i* ,i h br\ght x4 ,lecture ,,iv4 ,elem5t>y ,/udies4 ,x has (t5 be5 obs]v$ t1 :5 ! eyes ( ! infant fir/ op5 ^u ! _w1 ! reflect$ rays ( light :i* /rike !m f ! myriad ( surr\nd+ objects pres5t to him no image1 b a m$ley ( col\rs & %ad[s4 ,!y d n =m into a :ole2 !y d n rise into =egr\nds & melt into di/ances2 !y d n divide into gr\ps2 !y d n coalesce into unities2 !y d n comb9e into p]sons2 b ea* p>ticul> hue & t9t /&s by itself1 w$g$ 9 amid a ?\s& o!rs ^u ! va/ & flat mosaic1 hav+ no intellig5ce1 & convey+ no /ory1 any m ?an ! wrong side ( "s ri* tape/ry4 ,! little babe /ret*es out 8 arms & f+]s1 z if to grasp or to fa?om ! _m-col\r$ vision2 & ?us he gradually le>ns ! connexion ( "p ) "p1 sep>ates :at moves f :at is /ation>y1 wat*es ! com+ & go+ ( figures1 ma/]s ! idea ( %ape & ( p]spective1 calls 9 ! in=mation convey$ ?r\gh ! o!r s5ses to assi/ him 9 8 m5tal process1 & ?us gradually conv]ts a calidoscope into a picture4 ,! fir/ view 0 ! m spl5did1 ! second ! m real2 ! =m] m poetical1 ! latt] m philosophical4 ,alas6 :at are we do+ all ?r\gh life1 bo? z a necessity & z a duty1 b unle>n+ ! _w's poetry1 & atta9+ to its prose6 ,?is is our education1 z boys & z m51 9 ! action ( life1 & 9 ! closet or libr>y2 9 our affections1 9 our aims1 9 our hopes1 & 9 our memories4 ,& 9 l mann] x is ! education ( our intellect2 ,i say1 t "o ma9 portion ( intellectual education1 ( ! lab\rs ( bo? s*ool & univ]sity1 is to remove ! orig9al dimness ( ! m9d's eye2 to /r5g!n & p]fect its vision2 to enable x to look out into ! _w "r =w>d1 /eadily & truly2 to give ! m9d cle>ness1 accuracy1 precision2 to enable x to use words aright1 to und]/& :at x says1 to conceive ju/ly :at x ?9ks ab\t1 to ab/ract1 comp>e1 analyze1 divide1 def9e1 & reason1 correctly4 ,!re is a p>ticul> sci5ce :i* takes ^! matt]s 9 h&1 & x is call$ logic2 b x is n by logic1 c]ta9ly n by logic alone1 t ! faculty ,i speak ( is acquir$4 ,! infant does n le>n to spell & read ! hues ^u 8 ret9a by any sci5tific rule2 nor does ! /ud5t le>n accuracy ( ?\ght by any manual or treatise4 ,! in/ruction giv5 him1 ( :atev] k9d1 if x be really in/ruction1 is ma9ly1 or at lea/ pre-em95tly1 ?is1--a discipl9e 9 accuracy ( m9d4 ,boys are always m or less inaccurate1 & too _m1 or r ! majority1 rema9 boys all _! lives4 ,:51 = in/ance1 ,i he> speak]s at public meet+s declaim+ ab\t 8l>ge & enlight5$ views10 or ab\t 8fre$om ( consci5ce10 or ab\t 8! ,gospel10 or any o!r popul> subject ( ! day1 ,i am f> f d5y+ t "s among !m "k :at !y are talk+ ab\t2 b x w\ld be satisfactory1 9 a p>ticul> case1 to be sure ( ! fact2 = x seems to me t ^? h\sehold words may /& 9 a man's m9d = a some?+ or o!r1 v glori\s inde$1 b v mi/y1 pretty mu* l ! idea ( 8civilization0 :i* floats be=e ! m5tal vision ( a ,turk1--t is1 if1 :5 he int]rupts 8 smok+ to utt] ! ^w1 he condesc5ds to reflect :e!r x has any mean+ at all4 ,aga91 a critic 9 a p]iodical da%es (f1 p]haps1 8 praises ( a new "w1 z 8tal5t$1 orig9al1 replete ) int5se int]e/1 irresi/ible 9 argum5t1 &1 9 ! be/ s5se ( ! ^w1 a v readable book20--c we really believe t he c>es to atta* any def9ite s5se to ! words ( :i* he is s lavi%8 nay1 t1 if he _h a habit ( atta*+ s5se to !m1 he c\ld ev] br+ himself to s prodigal & :olesale an exp5diture ( !m8 ,to a %ort-sight$ p]son1 col\rs run toge!r & int]mix1 outl9es disappe>1 blues & r$s & yell[s become russets or br[ns1 ! lamps or c&les ( an illum9ation spread into an unmean+ gl>e1 or dissolve into a milky way4 ,he takes up an eye-glass1 & ! mi/ cle>s up2 e image /&s out di/9ct1 & ! rays ( light fall back ^u _! c5tres4 ,x is ?is haz9ess ( intellectual vision :i* is ! malady ( all classes ( m5 by nature1 ( ^? :o read & write & compose1 q z well z ( ^? :o _c1--( all :o h n _h a really good education4 ,^? :o _c ei!r read or write may1 nev]!less1 be 9 ! numb] ( ^? :o h rem$i$ & got rid ( x2 ^? :o c1 are too (t5 /ill "u its p[]4 ,x is an acquisition q sep>ate f miscellane\s in=mation1 or k ( books4 ,?is is a l>ge subject1 :i* might be pursu$ at great l5g?1 & ( :i* "h ,i %all b attempt "o or two illu/rations4 #a4 ,gramm>4 #a4 ,"o ( ! subjects especially int]e/+ to all p]sons :o1 f any po9t ( view1 z (ficials or z /ud5ts1 are reg>d+ a ,univ]sity c\rse1 is t ( ! ,entrance ,exam9ation4 ,n[ a pr9cipal subject introduc$ into ?is exam9ation w be 8! elem5ts ( ,lat9 & ,greek ,gramm>40 8,gramm>0 9 ! middle ages 0 (t5 us$ z almo/ synonym\s ) 8lit]ature10 & a ,gramm>ian 0 a 8,pr(essor lit]>um40 ,?is is ! s5se ( ! ^w 9 :i* a y\? ( an inaccurate m9d delights4 ,he rejoices to pr(ess all ! classics1 & to le>n none ( !m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 by 8,gramm>0 is n[ m commonly meant1 z ,johnson def9es x1 8! art ( us+ words prop]ly10 & x 8comprises f\r p>ts--,or?ography1 ,etymology1 ,syntax1 & ,prosody40 ,gramm>1 9 ?is s5se1 is ! sci5tific analysis ( language1 & to be conv]sant ) x1 z reg>ds a p>ticul> language1 is to be able to und]/& ! mean+ & =ce ( t language :5 ?r[n into s5t5ces & p>agraphs4 ,?us ! ^w is us$ :5 ! 8elem5ts ( ,lat9 & ,greek ,gramm>0 are spok5 ( z subjects ( our ,entrance ,exam9ation2 n1 t is1 ! elem5ts ( ,lat9 & ,greek lit]ature1 z if a y\? 7 int5d$ to h a smatt]+ ( ! classical writ]s 9 g5]al1 & 7 to be able to give an op9ion ab\t ! eloqu5ce ( ,demo/h5es & ,cic]o1 ! value ( ,livy1 or ! exi/5ce ( ,hom]2 or ne$ h read half a doz5 ,greek & ,lat9 au?ors1 & portions ( a doz5 o!rs3--?\gh ( c\rse x w\ld be mu* to 8 cr$it if he _h done s2 only1 su* pr(ici5cy is n to be expect$1 & _c be requir$1 ( him3--b we mean ! /ructure & *>act]i/ics ( ! ,lat9 & ,greek languages1 or an exam9ation ( 8 s*ol>%ip4 ,t is1 an exam9ation 9 ord] to asc]ta9 :e!r he kn[s ,etymology & ,syntax1 ! two pr9cipal dep>tm5ts ( ! sci5ce ( language1--:e!r he und]/&s h[ ! sep>ate portions ( a s5t5ce hang toge!r1 h[ !y =m a :ole1 h[ ea* has its own place 9 ! gov]nm5t ( x1 :at are ! peculi>ities ( con/ruction or ! idiomatic expressions 9 x prop] to ! language 9 :i* x is writt51 :at is ! precise mean+ ( its t]ms1 & :at ! hi/ory ( _! =mation4 ,all ?is w be be/ arriv$ at by try+ h[ f> he c frame a possible1 or analyze a giv5 s5t5ce4 ,to translate an ,engli% s5t5ce into ,lat9 is to frame a s5t5ce1 & is ! be/ te/ :e!r or n a /ud5t kn[s ! diff]5ce ( ,lat9 f ,engli% con/ruction2 to con/rue & p>se is to analyze a s5t5ce1 & is an evid5ce ( ! easi] atta9m5t ( kn[+ :at ,lat9 con/ruction is 9 itself4 ,& ?is is ! s5se ( ! ^w 8,gramm>0 :i* our inaccurate /ud5t dete/s1 & ?is is ! s5se ( ! ^w :i* e s5sible tutor w ma9ta94 ,8 maxim is1 8a little1 b well20 t is1 really "k :at y say y "k3 "k :at y "k & :at y d n "k2 get "o ?+ well be=e y g on to a second2 try to asc]ta9 :at y\r words mean2 :5 y read a s5t5ce1 picture x be=e y\r m9d z a :ole1 take 9 ! tru? or in=mation conta9$ 9 x1 express x 9 y\r own words1 &1 if x be important1 commit x to ! fai?ful memory4 ,aga91 comp>e "o idea ) ano!r2 adju/ tru?s & facts2 =m !m into "o :ole1 or notice ! ob/acles :i* occur 9 do+ s4 ,?is is ! way to make progress2 ?is is ! way to arrive at results2 n to swall[ k1 b 7accord+ to ! figure sometimes us$7 to ma/icate & dige/ x4 #b4 ,to illu/rate :at ,i mean1 ,i proce$ to take an in/ance4 ,i w draw ! sket* ( a c&idate = entrance1 defici5t to a great ext5t4 ,i %all put him bel[ p>1 & n su* z x is likely t a respectable s*ool w\ld turn out1 ) a view ( cle>ly br++ be=e ! read]1 by ! contra/1 :at a /ud5t ought n to be1 or :at is meant by inaccuracy4 ,&1 9 ord] to simplify ! case to ! utmo/1 ,i %all take1 z he w p]ceive z ,i proce$1 "o s+le ^w z a sort ( text1 & %[ h[ t "o ^w1 ev5 by itself1 af=ds matt] = a suffici5t exam9ation ( a y\? 9 gramm>1 hi/ory1 & geography4 ,i set (f ?us3-- ,tutor4 ,mr4 ,br[n1 ,i believe8 sit d[n4 ,c&idate4 ,yes4 ,t4 ,:at are ! ,lat9 & ,greek books y propose to be exam9$ 98 ,c4 ,hom]1 ,lucian1 ,demo/h5es1 ,x5ophon1 ,virgil1 ,horace1 ,/atius1 ,juv5al1 ,cic]o1 ,analecta1 & ,mat?i4 ,t4 ,no2 ,i mean :at are ! books ,i am to exam9e y 98 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,! two books1 "o ,lat9 & "o ,greek3 don't flurry y\rself4 ,c4 ,oh1 ''' ,x5ophon & ,virgil4 ,t4 ,x5ophon & ,virgil4 ,v well2 :at "p ( ,x5ophon8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,:at "w ( ,x5ophon8 ,c4 ,x5ophon4 ,t4 ,x5ophon wrote _m works4 ,d y "k ! names ( any ( !m8 ,c4 ,i ''' ,x5ophon ''' ,x5ophon4 ,t4 ,is x ! ,anabasis y take up8 ,c4 7) surprise7 ,o yes2 ! ,anabasis4 ,t4 ,well1 ,x5ophon's ,anabasis2 n[ :at is ! mean+ ( ! ^w anabasis8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,y "k v well2 take y\r "t1 & don't be al>m$4 ,anabasis means ''' ,c4 ,an asc5t4 ,t4 ,v "r2 x means an asc5t4 ,n[ h[ comes x to mean an asc5t8 ,:at is x d]iv$ f8 ,c4 ,x comes f ''' 7a pause74 ,anabasis ''' x is ! nom9ative4 ,t4 ,q "r3 b :at "p ( spee* is x8 ,c4 ,a n\n1--a n\n sub/antive4 ,t4 ,v well2 a n\n sub/antive1 n[ :at is ! v]b t anabasis is d]iv$ f8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,f ! v]b 1 isn't x8 f 4 ,c4 ,yes4 ,t4 ,j s4 ,n[1 :at does mean8 ,c4 ,to g up1 to asc5d4 ,t4 ,v well2 & :i* "p ( ! ^w means to g1 & :i* "p up8 ,c4 is up1 & g4 ,t4 to g1 yes2 n[1 8 ,:at does mean8 ,c4 ,a go+4 ,t4 ,t is "r2 & -8 ,c4 ,a go+ up4 ,t4 ,n[ :at is a go+ d[n8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,:at is d[n8 ''' ''' don't y recollect8 4 ,c4 4 ,t4 ,well1 !n1 :at is a go+ d[n8 ,cat 44 cat ''' ,c4 ,cat4''' ,t4 ,cata ''' ,c4 ,cata4''' ,t4 ,catabasis4 ,c4 ,oh1 ( c\rse1 catabasis4 ,t4 ,n[ tell me :at is ! future ( 8 ,c4 7?9ks7 4 ,t4 ,no1 no2 ?9k aga92 y "k bett] ?an t4 ,c4 7objects7 1 8 ,t4 ,c]ta9ly1 is ! future ( 2 b is1 y "k1 an irregul> v]b4 ,c4 ,oh1 ,i recollect1 4 ,t4 ,well1 t is mu* bett]2 b y are n q "r yet2 4 ,c4 ,oh1 ( c\rse14 ,t4 4 ,n[ d y mean to say t comes f 8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,= in/ance3 comes f by a *ange ( lett]s2 does 9 any simil> way come f 8 ,c4 ,x is an irregul> v]b4 ,t4 ,:at d y mean by an irregul> v]b8 does x =m t5ses anyh[ & by caprice8 ,c4 ,x does n g accord+ to ! p>adigm4 ,t4 ,yes1 b h[ d y acc\nt = ?is8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,are its t5ses =m$ f sev]al roots8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 is sil5t2 !n he *anges ! subject4 ,t4 ,well1 n[ y say ,anabasis means an asc5t4 ,:o asc5d$8 ,c4 ,! ,greeks1 ,x5ophon4 ,t4 ,v well3 ,x5ophon & ! ,greeks2 ! ,greeks asc5d$4 ,to :at did !y asc5d8 ,c4 ,aga9/ ! ,p]sian k+3 !y asc5d$ to fight ! ,p]sian k+4 ,t4 ,t is "r ''' an asc5t2 b ,i ?\ght we call$ x a desc5t :5 a =eign army c>ri$ w> into a c\ntry8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,don't we talk ( a desc5t ( b>b>ians8 ,c4 ,yes4 ,t4 ,:y !n are ! ,greeks said to g up8 ,c4 ,!y w5t up to fight ! ,p]sian k+4 ,t4 ,yes2 b :y up ''' :y n d[n8 ,c4 ,!y came d[n aft]w>ds1 :5 !y retreat$ back to ,greece4 ,t4 ,p]fectly "r2 !y did ''' b c\ld y give no reason :y !y are said to g up to ,p]sia1 n d[n8 ,c4 ,!y w5t up to ,p]sia4 ,t4 ,:y d y n say !y w5t d[n8 ,c4 pauses1 !n ''' ,!y w5t d[n to ,p]sia4 ,t4 ,y h misund]/ood me4 ,a sil5ce4 ,t4 ,:y d y n say d[n8 ,c4 ,i d ''' d[n4 ,t4 ,y h got confus$2 y "k v well4 ,c4 ,i und]/ood y to ask :y ,i did n say 8!y w5t d[n40 ,a sil5ce on bo? sides4 ,t4 ,h y come up to ,dubl9 or d[n8 ,c4,i came up4 ,t4 ,:y d y call x com+ up8 ,c4 ?9ks1 !n smiles1 !n ''' ,we always call x com+ up to ,dubl94 ,t4 ,well1 b y always h a reason = :at y d ''' :at is y\r reason "h8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,come1 come1 ,mr4 ,br[n1 ,i won't believe y don't "k2 ,i am sure y h a v good reason = say+ y g up to ,dubl91 n d[n4 ,c4 ?9ks1 !n ''' ,x is ! capital4 ,t4 ,v well2 n[ 0 ,p]sia ! capital8 ,c4 ,yes4 ,t4 ,well ''' no ''' n exactly ''' expla9 y\rself2 0 ,p]sia a city8 ,c4 ,a c\ntry4 ,t4 ,t is "r2 well1 b did y ev] he> ( ,susa8 ,n[1 :y did !y speak ( go+ up to ,p]sia8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,because x 0 ! seat ( gov]nm5t2 t 0 "o reason4 ,p]sia 0 ! seat ( gov]nm5t2 !y w5t up because x 0 ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,c4 ,because x 0 ! seat ( gov]nm5t4 ,t4 ,n[ :]e did !y g up f8 ,c4 ,f ,greece4 ,t4 ,b :]e did ?is army assemble8 :5ce did x set out8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,x is m5tion$ 9 ! fir/ book2 :]e did ! troops r5dezv\s8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,op5 y\r book2 n[ turn to ,book ,i41 *apt] ii42 n[ tell me4 ,c4 ,oh1 at ,s>dis4 ,t4 ,v "r3 at ,s>dis2 n[ :]e 0 ,s>dis8 ,c4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or8''' no ''' x's an isl& ''' a pause1 !n ''' ,s>d9ia4 ,t4 ,9 ,asia ,m9or2 ! army set out f ,asia ,m9or1 & w5t on t[>ds ,p]sia2 & !re=e x is said to g up--because ''' ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,because ''' ,p]sia ''' ,c4 ,because ,p]sia ''' ,t4 ,( c\rse2 because ,p]sia held a sov]eignty ov] ,asia ,m9or4 ,c4 ,yes4 ,t4 ,n[ d y "k h[ & :5 ,p]sia came to conqu] & ga9 possession ( ,asia ,m9or8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,0 ,p]sia 9 possession ( _m c\ntries8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,0 ,p]sia at ! head ( an empire8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,:o 0 ,x]xes8 ,c4 ,oh1 ,x]xes ''' yes ''' ,x]xes2 he invad$ ,greece2 he flogg$ ! sea4 ,t4 ,"r2 he flogg$ ! sea3 :at sea8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,h y read any hi/ory ( ,p]sia8''' :at hi/ory8 ,c4 ,grote1 & ,mit=d4 ,t4 ,well1 n[1 ,mr4 ,br[n1 y c "n "s o!r reason :y ! ,greeks spoke ( go+ up to ,p]sia8 ,d we talk ( go+ up or d[n f ! sea-coa/8 ,c4 ,up4 ,t4 ,t is "r2 well1 go+ f ,asia ,m9or1 w\ld y g f ! sea1 or t[>ds x8 ,c4 ,f4 ,t4 ,:at c\ntries w\ld y pass1 go+ f ! coa/ ( ,asia ,m9or to ,p]sia8 ''' m5tion any ( !m4 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,:at d y mean by ,asia ,m9or8''' :y call$ ,m9or8''' h[ does x lie8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,etc41 etc4 #c4 ,i h drawn out ?is specim5 at ! risk ( we>y+ ! read]2 b ,i h wi%$ to br+ out cle>ly :at x really is :i* an ,entrance ,exam9ation %\ld aim at & require 9 its /ud5ts4 ,?is "y man _h read ! ,anabasis1 & _h "s g5]al idea :at ! ^w meant2 b he _h no accurate k h[ ! ^w came to h its mean+1 or ( ! hi/ory & geography impli$ 9 x4 ,?is be+ ! case1 x 0 useless1 or r hurtful1 = a boy l him to amuse himself ) runn+ ?r\gh ,grote's _m volumes1 or to ca/ 8 eye ov] ,mat?i's m9ute criticisms4 ,inde$1 ?is seems to h be5 ,mr4 ,br[n's /umbl+-block2 he began by say+ t he _h read ,demo/h5es1 ,virgil1 ,juv5al1 & ,i d n "k h[ _m o!r au?ors4 ,no?+ is m common 9 an age l ?is1 :5 books ab\nd1 ?an to fancy t ! gratification ( a love ( read+ is real /udy4 ,( c\rse !re are y\?s :o %r9k ev5 f /ory books1 & _c be coax$ into gett+ ?r\gh a tale ( romance4 ,su* ,mr4 ,br[n 0 n2 b !re are o!rs1 & ,i suppose he 0 9 _! numb]1 :o c]ta9ly h a ta/e = read+1 b 9 :om x is little m ?an ! result ( m5tal re/lessness & curiosity4 ,su* m9ds _c fix _! gaze on "o object = two seconds toge!r2 ! v impulse :i* leads !m to read at all1 leads !m to read on1 & nev] to /ay or hang ov] any "o idea4 ,! pleasurable excitem5t ( read+ :at is new is _! motive pr9ciple2 & ! imag9ation t !y are do+ some?+1 & ! boyi% vanity :i* accompanies x1 are _! rew>d4 ,su* y\?s (t5 pr(ess to l poetry1 or to l hi/ory or biography2 !y are fond ( lectures on c]ta9 ( ! physical sci5ces2 or !y may possibly h a real & true ta/e = natural hi/ory or o!r cognate subjects2--& s f> !y may be reg>d$ ) satisfaction2 b on ! o!r h& !y pr(ess t !y d n l logic1 !y d n l algebra1 !y h no ta/e = ma!matics2 :i* only means t !y d n l application1 !y d n l att5tion1 !y %r9k f ! ef=t & lab\r ( ?9k+1 & ! process ( true intellectual gymna/ics4 ,! consequ5ce w be t1 :5 !y gr[ up1 !y may1 if x s happ51 be agreeable 9 conv]sation1 !y may be well in=m$ 9 ?is or t dep>tm5t ( k1 !y may be :at is call$ lit]>y2 b !y w h no consi/5cy1 /ead9ess1 or p]sev]ance2 !y w n be able to make a tell+ spee*1 or to write a good lett]1 or to fl+ 9 debate a sm>t antagoni/1 unless s f> z1 n[ & !n1 "m-wit supplies a sudd5 capacity1 :i* _c be ord9>ily c\nt$ on4 ,!y _c /ate an argum5t or a "q1 or take a cle> survey ( a :ole transaction1 or give s5sible & appropriate advice "u difficulties1 or d any ( ^? ?+s :i* inspire confid5ce & ga9 influ5ce1 :i* raise a man 9 life1 & make him useful to 8 religion or 8 c\ntry4 99 99 99 99 99 ,& n[1 hav+ in/anc$ :at ,i mean by ! want ( accuracy1 & /at$ ! results 9 :i* ,i ?9k x issues1 ,i proce$ to sket*1 by way ( contra/1 an exam9ation :i* displays a /ud5t1 :o1 :atev] may be 8 pr(ici5cy1 at lea/ kn[s :at he is ab\t1 & has tri$ to ma/] :at he has read4 ,i am f> f say+ t e c&idate = admission mu/ come up to its /&>d3-- ,t4 ,i ?9k y h nam$ ,cic]o's ,lett]s ad ,famili>es1 ,mr4 ,black8 ,op51 if y please1 at ,book xi41 ,epi/le #bi1 & beg9 read+4 ,c4 reads4 ,cic]o ,appio salutem4 ,dubitanti mihi 7quod scit ,atticus no/]71 de hoc toto consilio pr(ectionis1 quod 9 utramque p>tem 9 m5tem multa v5iebant1 magnum pondus accessit ad toll5dam dubitationem1 judicium et consilium tuum4 ,nam et scripsi/i ap]te1 quid tibi vid]etur2 et ,atticus ad me s]monem tuum p]tulit4 ,semp] judicavi1 9 te1 et 9 capi5do consilio prud5tiam summam esse1 et 9 d&o fidem2 maximeque sum exp]tus1 cm1 initio civilis belli1 p] lit]as te consuluissem quid mihi faci5dum esse c5s]es2 eundumne ad ,pompeium an man5dum 9 ,itali4 ,t4 ,v well1 /op !re2 ,n[ con/rue4 ,c4 ,cic]o ,appio salutem4''' ,cic]o greets ,appius4 ,t4 8,greets ,appius40 ,true2 b x s\nds /iff 9 ,engli%1 doesn't x8 ,:at is ! real ,engli% ( x8 ,c4 8,my de> ,appius80''' ,t4 ,t w d2 g on4 ,c4 ,dubitanti mihi1 quod scit ,atticus no/]1 ,:ile ,i 0 hesitat+1 z our fri5d ,atticus kn[s4''' ,t4 ,t is "r4 ,c4 ,de hoc toto consilio pr(ectionis1 ab\t ! :ole plan ''' entire project ''' de hoc toto consilio pr(ectionis ''' on ! subject ( my propos$ j\rney ''' on my propos$ j\rney altoge!r4 ,t4 ,nev] m9d2 g on2 any ( !m w d4 ,c4 ,quod 9 utramque p>tem 9 m5tem multa v5iebant1 inasmu* z _m consid]ations bo? = & aga9/ x came into my m9d1 magnum pondus accessit ad toll5dam dubitationem1 x came ) great =ce to remove my hesitation4 ,t4 ,:at d y mean by 8accessit08 ,c4 ,x means x contribut$ to turn ! scale2 accessit1 x 0 an addition to "o side4 ,t4 ,well1 x may mean s1 b ! words run1 ad toll5dam dubitationem4 ,c4 ,x 0 a great ''' x 0 a p[]ful help t[>ds remov+ my hesitation ''' no ''' ?is 0 a p[]ful help1 viz41 y\r judgm5t & advice4 ,t4 ,well1 :at is ! con/ruction ( 8pondus0 & 8judicium08 ,c4 ,y\r advice came z a great weight4 ,t4 ,v well1 g on4 ,c4 ,nam et scripsi/i ap]te quid tibi vid]etur2 = y di/9ctly wrote y\r op9ion4 ,t4 ,n[1 :at is ! =ce ( 8nam08 ,c4 pauses2 !n1 ,x ref]s to 8accessit0 ''' x is an explanation ( ! fact1 t ,appius's op9ion 0 a help4 ,t4 8,et02 y omitt$ 8et0 ''' 8et scripsi/i40 ,c4 ,x is "o ( two 8ets02 et scripsi/i1 et ,atticus4 ,t4 ,well1 b :y don't y con/rue x8 ,c4 ,et scripsi/i1 y bo? di/9ctly4''' ,t4 ,no2 tell me1 :y did y leave x out8 _h y a reason8 ,c4 ,i ?\ght x 0 only ! ,lat9 /yle1 to dress ! s5t5ce1 to make x anti!tical2 & 0 n ,engli%4 ,t4 ,v good1 /ill1 y c express x2 try4 ,c4 ,also1 ) ! second clause8 ,t4 ,t is "r1 g on4 ,c4 ,nam et1 = y di/9ctly /at$ 9 writ+ y\r op9ion1 et ,atticus ad me s]monem tuum p]tulit1 & ,aticus too s5t me ^w ( :at y said1''' ( :at y said to him 9 conv]sation4 ,t4 8,p]tulit40 ,c4 ,x means t ,atticus convey$ on to ,cic]o ! conv]sation he _h ) ,appius4 ,t4 ,:o 0 ,atticus8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,:o 0 ,atticus8 ,c4 ,i didn't ?9k x came into ! exam9ation4''' ,t4 ,well1 ,i didn't say x did3 b /ill y c tell me :o ,atticus 04 ,c4 ,a great fri5d ( ,cic]o's4 ,t4 ,did he take mu* "p 9 politics8 ,c4 ,no4 ,t4 ,:at 7 8 op9ions8 ,c4 ,he 0 an ,epicurean4 ,t4 ,:at 0 an ,epicurean8 ,c4 is sil5t1 !n1 ,epicureans liv$ = !mselves4 ,t4 ,y are answ]+ v well1 sir2 proce$4 ,c4 ,semp] judicavi1 ,i h ev] consid]$1 9 te1 et 9 capi5do consilio prud5tiam summam esse1 et 9 d&o fidem2 t y\r wisdom 0 ( ! highe/ ord] ''' t y _h ! greate/ wisdom ''' t no?+ c\ld exce$ ! wisdom ( y\r resolves1 or ! hone/y ( y\r advice4 ,t4 8,fidem40 ,c4 ,x means fai?fulness to ! p]son ask+ ''' maximeque sum exp]tus1 & ,i _h a great pro( ( x4''' ,t4 ,great2 :y don't y say greate/8 8maxime0 is sup]lative4 ,c4 ,! ,lat9s use ! sup]lative1 :5 !y only mean ! positive4 ,t4 ,y mean1 :5 ,engli% uses ! positive2 c y give me an in/ance ( :at y mean8 ,c4 ,cic]o always speaks ( o!rs z amplissimi1 optimi1 doctissimi1 cl>issimi4 ,t4 ,d !y ev] use ! comp>ative = ! positive8 ,c4 ?9ks1 !n1 ,c]tior factus sum4 ,t4 ,well1 p]haps2 h[ev]1 "h1 8maxime0 may mean special1 may x n8 ,c4 ,& ,i _h a special pro( ( x1 cm1 initio civilis belli1 p] lit]as te consuluissem1 :51 on ! comm5cem5t ( ! civil w>1 ,i _h writt5 to ask y\r advice1 quid mihi faci5dum esse c5s]es1 :at y ?\ght ,i ought to d1 eundumne ad ,pompeium1 an man5dum 9 ,itali1 to g to ,pompey1 or to rema9 9 ,italy4 ,t4 ,v well1 n[ /op4 ,dubitanti m9i1 quod scit ,atticus no/]4 ,y con/ru$ quod1 z4 ,c4 ,i meant ! relative z4 ,t4 ,is z a relative8 ,c4 ,z is us$ 9 ,engli% = ! relative1 z :5 we say su* z = ^? :o4 ,t4 ,well1 b :y d y use x "h8 ,:at is ! antec$5t to 8quod08 ,c4 ,! s5t5ce ,dubitanti mihi1 etc4 ,t4 ,/ill1 con/rue 8quod0 lit]ally4 ,c4 ,a ?+ :i*4 ,t4 ,:]e is a ?+8 ,c4 ,x is und]/ood4 ,t4 ,well1 b put x 94 ,c4 ,illud quod4 ,t4 ,is t "r8 :at is ! common phrase8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,did y ev] see 8illud quod0 9 t position8 is x ! phrase8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,x is commonly 8id quod10 isn't x8 id quod4 ,c4 ,oh1 ,i recollect1 id quod4 ,t4 ,well1 :i* is m common1 8quod10 or 8id quod10 :5 ! s5t5ce is ! antec$5t8 ,c4 ,i ?9k 8id quod40 ,t4 ,at lea/ x is f> m di/9ct2 yes1 ,i ?9k x is m common4 ,:at c\ld y put in/ead ( x8 ,c4 ,quod quidem4 ,t4 ,n[1 dubitanti mihi2 :at is 8mihi0 gov]n$ by8 ,c4 ,accessit4 ,t4 ,no2 h>dly4 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,does 8accessit0 gov]n ! dative8 ,c4 ,i ?\ght x did4 ,t4 ,well1 x may2 b w\ld ,cic]o use ! dative aft] x8 :at is ! m common practice ) words ( motion8 ,d y say1 ,v5it mihi1 he came to me8 ,c4 ,no1 ,v5it ad me2--,i recollect4 ,t4 ,t is "r2 v5it ad me4 ,n[1 = in/ance1 8incumbo30 :at case does 8incumbo0 gov]n8 ,c4 ,incumbite remis8 ,t4 ,:]e is t8 9 ,cic]o8 ,c4 ,no1 9 ,virgil4 ,cic]o uses 8902 ,i recollect1 incumb]e 9 opus ''' ad opus4 ,t4 ,well1 !n1 is ?is 8mihi0 gov]n$ by 8accessit08 :at comes aft] accessit8 ,c4 ,i see2 x is1 accessit ad toll5dam dubitationem4 ,t4 ,t is "r2 b !n1 :at aft] all d y d ) 8mihi08 h[ is x gov]n$8 ,c4 is sil5t4 ,t4 ,h[ is 8mihi0 gov]n$1 if x does n come aft] 8accessit08 ,c4 pauses1 !n1 8,mihi0 ''' 8mihi0 is (t5 us$ s2 & 8tibi0 & 8sibi03 ,i mean 8suo sibi gladio hunc jugulo02 ''' 8v5it mihi 9 m5tem02 t is1 x came into my m9d2 & s1 8accessit mihi ad toll5dam10 etc4 ,t4 ,t is v "r4 ,c4 ,i recollect some:]e 9 ,horace1 vellunt tibi b>bam4 ,etc41 etc4 #d4 ,& n[1 my pati5t read]1 ,i suspect y h _h en\gh ( me on ?is subject2 & ! be/ ,i c expect f y is1 t y w say3 8,8 fir/ pages _h "s amusem5t 9 !m1 b he is dulli% t[>ds ! end40 ,p]haps s2 b !n y mu/ k9dly be> 9 m9d t ! latt] "p is ab\t a /eady c>eful y\?1 & ! e>li] "p is n2 & t goodness1 exactness1 & dilig5ce1 & ! correct & ! unexceptionable1 ?\gh va/ly m desirable ?an _! contr>ies 9 fact1 are n ne> s ent]ta9+ 9 fiction4 #b4 ,composition4 #a4 ,i am able to pres5t ! read] by anticipation ) ! correspond5ce :i* w pass betwe5 ,mr4 ,br[n's fa!r & ,mr4 ,:ite1 ! tutor1 on ! subject ( ,mr4 ,br[n's exam9ation = entrance at ! ,univ]sity4 ,&1 9 do+ s1 let me /ate ! reason :y ,i dwell on :at _m w ?9k an extreme case1 or ev5 a c>icature4 ,i d s1 because :at may be call$ exagg]ation is (t5 ! be/ means ( br++ out c]ta9 faults ( ! m9d :i* d inde$ exi/ commonly1 if n 9 t degree4 ,if a ma/] 9 c>riage & deportm5t wi%es to c>ry home to "o ( 8 boys t he sl\*es1 he w c>icature ! boy himself1 by way ( impress+ on ! boy's intellect a sort ( ab/ract & typical repres5tation ( ! ungraceful habit :i* he wi%es correct$4 ,:5 we once h ! simple & p]fect ideas ( ?+s 9 our m9ds1 we ref] ! p>ticul> & p>tial manife/ations ( !m to ^! types2 we recognize :at !y are1 good or bad1 z we nev] did be=e1 & we h a guide set up )9 u to direct our c\rse by4 ,s x is ) pr9ciples ( ta/e1 good bre$+1 or ( conv5tional fa%ion2 s x is 9 ! f9e arts1 9 pa9t+1 or 9 music4 ,we _c ev5 und]/& ! criticism pass$ on ^! subjects until we h set up = ourselves ! ideal /&>d ( :at is admirable & :at is absurd4 ,s is x ) ! cultivation & discipl9e ( ! m9d1 x a h&som] place ?an ,i ?\ght =--really a respectable t[n4 ,b x is sadly beh9d ! _w 9 _m ?+s4 ,?9k ( its hav+ no ,social ,sci5ce1 n ev5 a ,national ,gall]y or ,briti% ,museum6 nor h !y any high art "h3 "s good public build+s1 b v pagan4 ,! bay is a f9e ?+4 8,i call$ ) y\r lett] on ,mr4 ,black1 :o introduc$ me to ! pr(essors1 "s ( :om1 judg+ by _! skulls1 are clev] m54 8,!re is a lot "h = exam9ation1 & an ,exhibition is to be giv5 to ! be/4 ,i %\ld l to get x4 ,"y ,black1--y saw him once1--is "o ( !m2 ,i knew him at s*ool2 he is a l>ge fell[ n[1 ?\gh y\ng] ?an ,i am4 ,if he be ! be/ ( !m1 ,i %all n be mu* afraid4 8,well--9 ,i w5t ye/]day1 & 0 exam9$4 ,x 0 su* a que] conc]n4 ,"o ( ! junior ,tutors _h me up1 & he mu/ be a new h&1 he 0 s uneasy4 ,he gave me ! sl[e/ exam9ation6 ,i don't "k to ?is m9ute :at he 0 at4 ,he fir/ said a ^w or two1 & !n 0 sil5t4 ,he !n ask$ me :y we came up to ,dubl91 & did n g d[n2 & put "s absurd little que/ions ab\t 4 ,i 0 tol]ably satisfi$ ) myself1 b he gave me no opportunity to %[ (f4 ,he ask$ me lit]ally no?+2 he did n ev5 give me a passage to con/rue = a long "t1 & !n gave me no?+ m ?an two or ?ree easy s5t5ces4 ,& he kept play+ ) 8 pap] knife1 & say+3 #8,h[ are y n[1 ,mr4 ,br[n8 don't be al>m$1 ,mr4 ,br[n2 take y\r "t1 ,mr4 ,br[n2 y "k v well1 ,mr4 ,br[n2' s t ,i c\ld h>dly help laugh+4 ,i nev] 0 less afraid 9 my life4 ,x w\ld be wond]ful if su* an exam9ation c\ld put me out ( c\nt5ance4 8,!re's a lot ( ?+s :i* ,i "k v well1 :i* ! ,exam9] said n a ^w ab\t4 ,inde$1 ,i ?9k ,i h be5 gett+ up a great _m ?+s = no?+2--provok+ en\gh4 ,i _h read a good deal ( ,grote2 b ?\gh ,i told him s1 he did n ask me "o "q 9 x2 & !re's ,:ewell1 ,macaulay1 & ,s*legel1 all ?r[n away4 8,he has n said a ^w yet :]e ,i am to be lodg$4 ,he look$ q confus$ :5 ,i ask$ him4 ,he is1 ,i suspect1 a "*4 8,y\r dutiful son1 etc41 8,,rob]t40 ,mr4 ,:ite to ,mr4 ,br[n1 s54 8,,my ,,de> ,,sir1 8,i h to ackn[l$ge ! k9d lett] y s5t me by y\r son1 & ,i am mu* pleas$ to f9d ! confid5ce y express 9 u4 ,y\r son seems an amiable "y man1 ( /udi\s habits1 & !re is e hope1 :5 he jo9s u1 ( 8 pass+ 8 academical c>e] ) respectability1 & 8 exam9ation ) cr$it4 ,?is is :at ,i %\ld h expect$ f 8 tell+ me t he _h be5 educat$ at home "u y\r own pat]nal eye2 inde$1 if ,i d n mi/ake1 y h und]tak5 ! int]e/+ (fice ( in/ructor y\rself4 8,i h>dly "k :at be/ to recomm5d to him at ! mom5t3 8 read+ has be5 desultory2 he kn[s some?+ ab\t a great _m ?+s1 ( :i* y\?s ( 8 age commonly "k no?+4 ,( c\rse we c\ld take him into resid5ce n[1 if y urge x2 b my advice is t he %\ld fir/ direct 8 ef=ts to di/9ct prep>ation = our exam9ation1 & to /udy its p>ticul> "*4 ,our rule is to recomm5d y\?s to d a little well1 in/ead ( ?r[+ !mselves ^u a l>ge field ( /udy4 ,i conceive x to be y\r son's fault ( m9d n to see exactly ! po9t ( ?+s1 nor to be s well gr\nd$ z he might be4 ,"y m5 are inde$ always want+ 9 accuracy2 ?is k9d ( defici5cy is n peculi> to him1 & he w d\btless soon ov]come x :5 he sets ab\t x4 8,on ! :ole1 !n1 if y w k9dly s5d him up six mon?s h5ce he w be m able to pr(it by our lectures4 ,i w tell him :at to read 9 ! mean:ile4 ,did x dep5d on me1 ,i %\ld s5d him = t "t to a good s*ool or college1 or ,i c\ld f9d y a private ,tutor = him4 8,i am1 etc40 ,mr4 ,br[n1 s541 to ,mr4 ,:ite4 8,,sir1 8,y\r lett]1 :i* ,i h receiv$ by ?is morn+'s po/1 is gratify+ to a p>5t's feel+s1 s f> z x be>s witness to ! impression :i* my son's amiabl5ess & /ead9ess h made on y4 ,he is inde$ a mo/ exempl>y lad3 fa!rs are p>tial1 & _! ^w ab\t _! *ildr5 is commonly n to be tak52 b ,i flatt] myself t ! pres5t case is an exception to ! rule2 =1 if ev] !re 0 a well-conduct$ y\?1 x is my de> son4 ,he is c]ta9ly v clev]2 & a clos] /ud5t1 &1 = 8 age1 ( m ext5sive read+ & s\nd] judgm5t1 does n exi/4 8,) ?is conviction1 y w excuse me if ,i say t !re 7 portions ( y\r lett] :i* ,i c\ld n reconcile ) t "p ( x to :i* ,i h be5 allud+4 ,y say he is #8a "y man ( /udi\s habits1' hav+ #8e hope ( pass+ 8 academical c>e] ) respectability1 & 8 exam9ation ) cr$it2' y all[ t #8he kn[s some?+ ab\t a great _m ?+s1 ( :i* y\?s ( 8 age commonly "k no?+3' no common comm5dation1 ,i consid]2 yet1 9 spite ( ?is1 y recomm5d1 ?\gh y d n exact1 z a complete dis>rangem5t ( my plans 7= ,i d n "k h[ long my duties w keep me 9 ,irel&71 a po/ponem5t ( 8 com+ into resid5ce = six mon?s4 8,w y all[ me to sugge/ an explanation ( ?is inconsi/5cy8 ,x is f\nd 9 y\r confession t ! exam9ation is ( a #8p>ticul> "*4' ,( c\rse x is v "r 9 ! gov]nors ( a great ,in/itution to be #8p>ticul>1' & x is n = me to argue ) !m4 ,nev]!less1 ,i _c help say+1 t at ?is day no?+ is s mu* want$ 9 education z g5]al k4 ,?is alone w fit a y\? = ! _w4 ,9 a less /irr+ "t1 x may be well en\gh to delay 9 p>ticul>ities1 & to trifle ov] m9uti2 b ! _w w n /& /ill = u1 &1 unless we are up to its requisitions1 we %all f9d ourselves ?r[n out ( ! conte/4 ,a man mu/ h some?+ 9 him n[1 to make 8 way2 & ! soon] we und]/& ?is1 ! bett]4 8,x mortifi$ me1 ,i confess1 to he> f my son1 t y did n try him 9 a great] numb] ( subjects1 9 h&l+ :i* he w\ld probably h *ang$ y\r op9ion ( him4 ,he has a good memory1 & a great tal5t = hi/ory1 anci5t & mod]n1 especially con/itutional & p>liam5t>y2 ano!r fav\rite /udy ) him is ! philosophy ( hi/ory4 ,he has read ,prit*>d's ,physical ,hi/ory1 ,c>d9al ,wiseman's ,lectures on ,sci5ce1 ,bacon's ,advancem5t ( ,le>n+1 ,macaulay1 & ,hallam3 ,i nev] met ) a fa/] read]4 ,i h let him att5d1 9 ,engl&1 "s ( ! mo/ tal5t$ lectur]s 9 *emi/ry1 geology1 & comp>ative anatomy1 & he sees ! ,qu>t]ly ,reviews & ! be/ ,magaz9es1 z a matt] ( c\rse4 ,yet on ^! matt]s n a ^w ( exam9ation6 8,i h =gott5 to m5tion1 he has a v pretty idea ( poetical composition3 ,i enclose a fragm5t :i* ,i h f\nd on 8 table1 z well z "o ( 8 prose ,essays4 8,all[ me1 z a w>m fri5d ( y\r und]tak+1 to sugge/1 t ! sub/ance ( k is f> m valuable ?an its te*nicalities2 & t ! vig\r ( ! y\?ful m9d is b wa/$ on b>r5 le>n+1 & its ard\r is qu5*$ 9 dry disquisition4 8,i h ! hon\r to be1 etc40 ,on ! receipt ( ?is lett]1 ,mr4 ,:ite w f9d1 to 8 dissatisfaction1 t he has n advanc$ "o hair's bread? 9 br++ home to ,mr4 ,br[n's fa!r ! real /ate ( ! case1 & has done no m ?an pres5t himself z a m>k = c]ta9 commonplaces1 v true1 b v inappropriate to ! matt] 9 h&4 ,fill$ ) ?is disappo9t+ ?\ght1 = a :ile he w n inspect ! enclosures ( ,mr4 ,br[n's lett]1 be+ 8 son's attempts at composition4 ,at l5g? he op5s !m1 & reads z foll[s3 ,mr4 ,br[n's poetry4 ,,! ,,tak+ ,,( ,,seba/opol47#dj7 ,oh1 might ,i flee to ,araby ! ble/1 ,! _w =gett+1 b its gifts possess$1 ,:]e fair-ey$ peace holds sway f %ore to %ore1 ,& w>'s %rill cl>ion frights ! air no m4 ,he>d ye ! cl\d-compell+ bla/7#da7 awake ,! slumb]s ( ! inhospitable lake87#db7 ,saw ye ! bann] 9 its pride unfold ,! blu% ( crimson & ! blaze ( gold8 ,raglan & ,/4 ,arnaud1 9 high comm&1 ,h /eam$ f old ,byzantium's ho>y /r&2 ,! fam$ ,cyanean rocks presag$ _! fight1 ,tw9 giants1 ) ! a/oni%$ ,muscovite4 ,s ! lov$ maid1 9 ,syria's balmy noon1 ,=ebodes ! com+ ( ! hot simoon1 ,& sighs4''' ,& longs4''' ,& dimly traces4''' 99 99 99 99 99 ,mr4 ,br[n's prose4 8,,=tes ,,=tuna ,,adjuvat40 8,( all ! unc]ta9 & caprici\s p[]s :i* rule our e>?ly de/9y1 =tune is ! *ief4 ,:o has n he>d ( ! poor be+ rais$ up1 & ! ri* be+ laid l[8 ,alex&] ! ,great said he envi$ ,diog5es 9 8 tub1 because ,diog5es c\ld h no?+ less4 ,we ne$ n g f> = an in/ance ( =tune4 ,:o 0 s great z ,ni*olas1 ! ,cz> ( all ! ,russias1 a ye> ago1 & n[ he is #8fall51 fall5 f 8 high e/ate1 )\t a fri5d to grace 8 obsequies4'7#dc7 ,! ,turks are ! f9e/ specim5 ( ! human race1 yet !y1 too1 h exp]i5c$ ! vicissitudes ( =tune4 ,horace says t we %\ld wrap ourselves 9 our virtue1 :5 =tune *anges4 ,napoleon1 too1 %[s u h[ little we c rely on =tune2 b 8 faults1 great z !y 71 are be+ r$eem$ by 8 nephew1 ,l\is ,napoleon1 :o has %[n himself v diff]5t f :at we expect$1 ?\gh he has nev] expla9$ h[ he came to swe> to ! ,con/itution1 & !n m\nt$ ! imp]ial ?rone4 8,f all ?is x appe>s1 t we %\ld rely on =tune only :ile x rema9s1--recollect+ ! words ( ! !sis1 #8,=tes =tuna adjuvat2' & t1 above all1 we %\ld ev] cultivate ^? virtues :i* w nev] fail u1 & :i* are a sure basis ( respectability1 & w pr(it u "h & h]eaft]40 99 99 99 99 99 ,on read+ ^! compositions ov]1 ,mr4 ,:ite w take to mus+2 !n he w reflect t he may z well sp>e himself ! tr\ble ( argu+ ) a correspond5t1 ^: pr9ciple & /&>d ( judgm5t is s diff]5t f 8 own2 & s he w write a civil lett] back to ,mr4 ,br[n1 enclos+ ! two pap]s4 #c4 ,mr4 ,br[n1 h[ev]1 has n ! resignation ( ,mr4 ,:ite2 &1 on 8 ,dubl9 fri5d1 ,mr4 ,black1 pay+ him a visit1 he w op5 8 m9d to him2 & ,i am go+ to tell ! read] all t w pass betwe5 ! two4 ,mr4 ,black is a man ( education & ( judgm5t4 ,he kn[s ! diff]5ce betwe5 %[ & sub/ance2 he is p5etrat$ ) ! conviction t ,rome 0 n built 9 a day1 t build+s w n /& )\t f\ndations1 & t1 if boys are to be taught well1 !y mu/ be taught sl[ly1 & /ep by /ep4 ,moreov]1 he ?9ks 9 8 secret he>t t 8 own son ,h>ry1 ^: acqua9tance we h already =m$1 is wor? a doz5 "y ,br[ns4 ,to him1 !n1 n q an imp>tial judge1 ,mr4 ,br[n unbosoms 8 dissatisfaction1 pres5t+ to him 8 son's ,!me z an exp]im5tum crucis betwe5 him & ,mr4 ,:ite4 ,mr4 ,black reads x ?r\gh once1 & !n a second "t2 & !n he obs]ves-- 8,well1 x is only ! sort ( ?+ :i* any boy w\ld write1 nei!r bett] nor worse4 ,i speak c&idly40 ,on ,mr4 ,br[n express+ disappo9tm5t1 inasmu* z ! said ,!me is n ! sort ( ?+ :i* any boy c\ld write1 ,mr4 ,black cont9ues-- 8,!re's n "o ^w ( x ^u ! !sis2 b all boys write 9 ?is way40 ,mr4 ,br[n directs 8 fri5d's att5tion to ! k ( anci5t hi/ory :i* ! composition displays1 ( ,alex&] & ,diog5es2 ( ! hi/ory ( ,napoleon2 to ! evid5t int]e/ :i* ! "y au?or takes 9 contempor>y hi/ory1 & 8 prompt application ( pass+ ev5ts to 8 purpose2 moreov]1 to ! apposite quotation f ,dryd51 & ! ref]5ce to ,horace2--all pro(s ( a %>p wit & a lit]>y m9d4 ,b ,mr4 ,black is m rel5tlessly critical ?an ! occasion ne$s1 & m p]t9aci\s ?an any fa!r c com=tably be>4 ,he proce$s to break ! butt]fly on ! :eel 9 ! foll[+ oration3-- 8,n[ look "h10 he says1 8! subject is #8,=tes =tuna adjuvat'2 n[ ?is is a proposition2 x /ates a c]ta9 g5]al pr9ciple1 & ?is is j :at an ord9>y boy w\ld be sure to miss1 & ,rob]t does miss x4 ,he goes (f at once on ! ^w #8=tuna4' #8,=tuna' 0 n 8 subject2 ! !sis 0 int5d$ to guide him1 = 8 own good2 he refuses to be put into lead+-/r+s2 he breaks loose1 & runs (f 9 8 own fa%ion on ! broad field & 9 wild *ase ( #8=tune1' in/ead ( clos+ ) a subject1 :i*1 z be+ def9ite1 w\ld h support$ him4 8,x w\ld h be5 v cruel to h told a boy to write on #8=tune'2 x w\ld h be5 l ask+ him 8 op9ion #8( ?+s 9 g5]al4' ,=tune is #8good1' #8bad1' #8caprici\s1' #8unexpect$1' t5 ?\s& ?+s all at once 7y see !m all 9 ! ,gradus71 & "o ( !m z mu* z ! o!r4 ,t5 ?\s& ?+s may be said ( x3 give me "o ( !m1 & ,i w write ^u x2 ,i _c write on m ?an "o2 ,rob]t pref]s to write ^u all4 8 #8,=tune fav\rs ! bold2' "h is a v def9ite subject3 take hold ( x1 & x w /eady & lead y on3 y w "k 9 :at direction to look4 ,n "o boy 9 a hundr$ does avail himself ( ?is assi/ance2 y\r boy is n solit>y 9 8 inaccuracy2 all boys are m or less inaccurate1 because !y are boys2 boyi%ness ( m9d means inaccuracy4 ,boys _c deliv] a message1 or execute an ord]1 or relate an occurr5ce1 )\t a blund]4 ,!y d n r\se up _! att5tion & reflect3 !y d n l ! tr\ble ( x3 !y _c look at any?+ /eadily2 &1 :5 !y attempt to write1 (f !y g 9 a rigm>ole ( words1 :i* does !m no good1 & nev] w\ld1 ?\gh !y scribbl$ !mes till !y wrote _! f+]s (f4 8,a really clev] y\?1 especially z 8 m9d op5s1 is impati5t ( ?is defect ( m9d1 ev5 ?\gh1 z be+ a y\?1 he be p>tially "u its influ5ce4 ,he %r9ks f a vague subject1 z spontane\sly z a slov5ly m9d takes to x2 & he w (t5 %[ at disadvantage1 & seem ignorant & /upid1 f see+ m & kn[+ m1 & hav+ a cle>] p]ception ( ?+s ?an ano!r has4 ,i recollect once he>+ su* a "y man1 9 ! c\rse ( an exam9ation1 ask$ v absurdly :at #88 op9ion' 0 ( ,"l ,*a?am4 ,well1 ?is 0 l ask+ him 8 view ( #8?+s 9 g5]al4' ,! poor y\? /uck1 & look$ l a fool1 ?\gh x 0 n he4 ,! exam9]1 bl9d to 8 own absurdity1 w5t on to ask him #8:at 7 ! *>act]i/ics ( ,engli% hi/ory4' ,ano!r sil5ce1 & ! poor fell[ seem$ to look]s-on to be done =1 :5 8 only fault 0 t he _h bett] s5se ?an 8 int]rogator4 8,:5 ,i he> su* que/ions put1 ,i admire ! tact ( ! wor?y ,milnwood 9 ,old ,mortality1 :5 9 a simil> pr$icam5t4 ,s]geant ,bo?well broke into 8 h\se & d9+-room 9 ! k+'s "n1 & ask$ him :at he ?\ght ( ! murd] ( ! ,ar*bi%op ( ,/4 ,&rew's2 ! old man 0 f> too prud5t to haz>d any op9ion ( 8 own1 ev5 on a precept ( ! ,decalogue1 :5 a troop] call$ = x2 s he glanc$ 8 eye d[n ! ,royal ,proclamation 9 ! ,s]geant's h&1 & appropriat$ its s5tim5ts z an answ] to ! "q be=e him4 ,!reby he 0 enabl$ to pron\nce ! said assass9ation to be #8savage1' #8trea*]\s1' #8diabolical1' & #8contr>y to ! k+'s peace & ! security ( ! subject2' to ! edification ( all pres5t1 & ! satisfaction ( ! milit>y inquisitor4 ,x 0 9 "s su* way my "y fri5d got (f4 ,8 gu>dian angel rem9d$ him 9 a :isp] t ,mr4 ,grey1 8 exam9]1 _h himself writt5 a book on ,"l ,*a?am & 8 times4 ,?is set him up at once2 he drew boldly on 8 k ( 8 man = ! political views advanc$ 9 x2 0 at no loss = def9ite propositions to suit 8 purpose2 recov]$ 8 gr\nd1 & came (f triumphantly40 ,"h ,mr4 ,black /ops2 & ,mr4 ,br[n takes advantage ( ! pause to ins9uate t ,mr4 ,black is n himself a disciple ( 8 own philosophy1 hav+ travell$ "s way f 8 subject2--8 fri5d /&s correct$1 & retraces 8 /eps4 8,! !sis10 he beg9s aga91 8is #8,=tune fav\rs ! brave2' ,rob]t has gone (f ) ! nom9ative )\t wait+ = v]b & accusative4 ,he might z easily h gone (f ^u #8brave1' or ^u #8fav\r1' except t #8=tune' comes fir/4 ,he does n m]ely ramble f 8 subject1 b he />ts f a false po9t4 ,no?+ c\ld g "r aft] ?is beg9n+1 = hav+ nev] gone (f 8 subject 7z ,i did (f m9e71 he nev] c\ld come back to x4 ,h[ev]1 at lea/ he might h kept to "s subject or o!r2 he might h %[n "s exactness or consecutiv5ess 9 detail2 b j ! contr>y2--obs]ve4 ,he beg9s by call+ =tune #8a p[]'2 let t pass4 ,next1 x is "o ( ! p[]s #8:i* rule our e>?ly de/9y1' t is1 =tune rules de/9y4 ,:y1 :]e !re is =tune1 !re is no de/9y2 :]e !re is de/9y1 !re is no =tune4 ,next1 aft] /at+ g5]ally t =tune raises or depresses1 he proce$s to exemplify3 !re's ,alex&]1 = in/ance1 & ,diog5es1--in/ances1 t is1 ( :at =tune did n d1 = !y di$1 z !y liv$1 9 _! respective /ates ( life4 ,!n comes ! ,emp]or ,ni*olas hic et nunc2 ) ! ,turks on ! o!r h&1 place & "t & case n /at$4 ,!n examples are dropp$1 & we are turn$ ov] to poetry1 & :at we ought to d1 accord+ to ,horace1 :5 =tune *anges4 ,next1 we are br\ght back to our examples1 9 ord] to comm5ce a s]ies ( rambles1 beg9n+ ) ,napoleon ! ,fir/4 ,apropos ( ,napoleon ! ,fir/ comes 9 ,napoleon ! ,?ird2 ?is leads u to obs]ve t ! latt] has act$ #8v diff]5tly f :at we expect$2' & ?is aga9 to ! fur!r rem>k1 t no explanation has yet be5 giv5 ( 8 gett+ rid ( ! ,con/itution4 ,he !n ends by boldly quot+ ! !sis1 9 pro( t we may rely on =tune1 :5 we _c help x2 & by giv+ u advice1 s\nd1 b unexpect$1 to cultivate virtue40 8,o6 ,black1 x is q ludicr\s0 ''' breaks 9 ,mr4 ,br[n2--?is ,mr4 ,br[n mu/ be a v good-temp]$ man1 or he w\ld n be> s mu*3--?is is my rem>k1 n ,mr4 ,black's1 :o w n be int]rupt$1 b only raises 8 voice3 8,n[1 ,i "k h[ ?is ,!me 0 writt510 he says1 8fir/ "o s5t5ce1 & !n y\r boy sat ?9k+1 & dev\r+ ! end ( 8 p52 pres5tly d[n w5t ! second1 & s on4 ,! rule is1 fir/ ?9k1 & !n write3 don't write :5 y h no?+ to say2 or1 if y d1 y w make a mess ( x4 ,a ?\ghtful y\? may deliv] himself clumsily1 he may set d[n little2 b dep5d ^u x1 8 half s5t5ces w be wor? m ?an ! folio %eet ( ano!r boy1 & an exp]i5c$ exam9] w see x4 8,n[1 ,i w prophesy "o ?+ ( ,rob]t1 unless ?is fault is knock$ out ( him10 cont9ues m]ciless ,mr4 ,black4 8,:5 he gr[s up1 & has to make a spee*1 or write a lett] = ! pap]s1 he w look out = fl[]s1 full-bl[n fl[]s1 figures1 sm>t expressions1 trite quotations1 hackney$ beg9n+s & end+s1 pomp\s circumlocutions1 & s on3 b ! mean+1 ! s5se1 ! solid s5se1 ! f\ndation1 y may hunt ! slipp] long en\gh be=e y cat* x40 8,well10 says ,mr4 ,br[n1 a little *af$1 8y are a great deal worse ?an ,mr4 ,:ite2 y h miss$ y\r vocation3 y ought to h be5 a s*oolma/]40 ,yet he goes home some:at /ruck by :at 8 fri5d has said1 & turns x 9 8 m9d = "s "t to come1 :5 he gets !re4 ,he is a s5sible man at bottom1 z well z good-temp]$1 ?is ,mr4 ,br[n4 #c4 ,lat9 ,writ+4 #a4 ,mr4 ,:ite1 ! ,tutor1 is m & m pleas$ ) "y ,mr4 ,black2 &1 :5 ! latt] asks him = "s h9ts = writ+ ,lat91 ,mr4 ,:ite takes him into 8 confid5ce & l5ds him a numb] ( 8 own pap]s4 ,among o!rs he puts ! foll[+ into ,mr4 ,black's h&s4 ,mr4 ,:ite's view ( ,lat9 translation4 8,!re are f\r requisites ( good ,composition1--correctness ( vocabul>y1 or diction1 syntax1 idiom1 & elegance4 ,( ^!1 ! two fir/ ne$ no explanation1 & are likely to be display$ by e c&idate4 ,! la/ is desirable inde$1 b n ess5tial4 ,! po9t :i* requires especial att5tion is idiomatic propriety4 8,by idiom is meant t use ( words :i* is peculi> to a p>ticul> language4 ,two nations may h correspond+ words = ! same ideas1 yet diff] altoge!r 9 _! mode ( us+ ^? words4 ,= in/ance1 #8et' means #8&1' yet x does n always admit ( be+ us$ 9 ,lat91 :]e #8&' is us$ 9 ,engli%4 #8,faire' may be ,fr5* = #8d'2 yet 9 a p>ticul> phrase1 = #8,h[ d y d8' #8faire' is n us$1 b #8se port]1' viz41 #8,comm5t v\s portez-v\s8' ,an ,engli%man or a ,fr5*man w\ld be almo/ un9telligible & altoge!r ridicul\s to ea* o!r1 :o us$ ! ,fr5* or ,engli% words1 ) ! idioms or peculi> uses ( 8 own language4 ,h5ce1 ! mo/ complete & exact acqua9tance ) diction>y & gramm> w utt]ly fail to tea* a /ud5t to write or compose4 ,some?+ m is want$1 viz41 ! k ( ! use ( words & con/ructions1 or ! k ( idiom4 8,take ! foll[+ ,engli% ( a mod]n writ]3 8 #8,?is is a s]i\s consid]ation3--,among m51 z among wild bea/s1 ! ta/e ( blood creates ! appetite = x1 & ! appetite = x is /r5g!n$ by indulg5ce4' 8,translate x ^w = ^w lit]ally into ,lat91 ?us3-- 8 #8,hc e/ s]ia consid]atio4 ,int] hom9es1 ut int] f]as1 gu/us sangu9is creat ejus appetitum1 et ejus appetitus indulg5ti roboratur4' 8,pur] ,lat91 z f> z diction is conc]n$1 m correct1 z f> z syntax1 _c be desir$4 ,e ^w is classical1 e con/ruction grammatical3 yet ,lat9ity x simply has none4 ,f beg9n+ to end x foll[s ! ,engli% mode ( speak+1 or ,engli% idiom1 n ! ,lat94 8,9 proportion1 !n1 z a c&idate advances f ?is ,anglicism into ,lat9ity1 s f> does he write good ,lat94 8,we might make ! foll[+ rem>ks ^u ! above lit]al v]sion4 8#a4 #8,consid]atio' is n #8a consid]ation2' ! ,lat9s1 hav+ no article1 are driv5 to exp$i5ts to supply its place1 e4g41 quidam is sometimes us$ = a4 8#b4 #8,consid]atio' is n #8a consid]ation1' i4e41 a ?+ consid]$1 or a subject2 b ! act ( consid]+4 8#c4 ,x mu/ nev] be =gott51 t su* words z #8consid]atio' are g5]ally metaphorical1 & !re=e _c be us$ simply1 & )\t limitation or explanation1 9 ! ,engli% s5se1 accord+ to :i* ! m5tal act is prim>ily convey$ by ! ^w4 #8,consid]atio1' x is true1 c be us$ absolutely1 ) great] propriety ?an mo/ words ( ! k9d2 b if we take a p>allel case1 = in/ance1 #8agitatio1' we c\ld n use x at once 9 ! m5tal s5se = #8agitation1' b we %\ld be oblig$ to say #8agitatio m5tis1 animi1' etc41 ?\gh ev5 !n x w\ld n answ] to #8agitation4' 8#d4 #8,int] hom9es1 gu/us1' etc4 ,"h ! ,engli%1 z is n uncommon1 ?r[s two ideas toge!r4 ,x means1 fir/1 t some?+ occurs among m51 & occurs among wild bea/s1 & t x is ! same ?+ :i* occurs among bo?2 & secondly t ?is some?+ is1 t ! ta/e ( blood has a c]ta9 p>ticul> effect4 ,9 o!r words1 x means1 7#a7 #8?is occurs among bea/s & m51' 7#b7 viz41 t ! #8ta/e ( blood1' etc4 ,!re=e1 #8int] hom9es1 etc41 gu/us creat1 etc41' does n express ! ,engli% mean+1 x only translates its expression4 8#e4 #8,int] hom9es' is n ! ,lat9 phrase = #8among4' #8,int]' g5]ally involves "s s5se ( division1 viz41 int]ruption1 contra/1 rivalry1 etc4 ,?us1 ) a s+ul> n\n1 #8int] cnam hoc accidit1' i4e41 ?is int]rupt$ ! supp]4 ,& s ) two n\ns1 #8int] me et ,brundusium ,cs> e/4' ,& s ) a plural n\n1 #8hoc int] hom9es ambigitur1' i4e41 man ) man4 #8,micat int] omnes ,julium sidus1' i4e41 9 ! rivalry ( /> aga9/ />4 #8,int] tot annos unus 7vir7 inv5tus e/1' i4e41 ?\gh all ^? ye>s1 "o by "o1 put 9 _! claim1 yet only "o ( !m c produce a man1 etc4 #8,int] se diligunt1' !y love ea* o!r4 ,on ! contr>y1 ! ,lat9 ^w = #8among1' simply und]/ood1 is #894' 8#f4 ,z a g5]al rule1 indicatives active foll[$ by accusatives1 are =eign to ! ma9 /ructure ( a ,lat9 s5t5ce4 8#g4 #8,et2' "h two clauses are connect$1 hav+ diff]5t subjects or nom9atives2 9 ! =m] #8appetitus' is 9 ! nom9ative1 & 9 ! latt] 9 ! accusative4 ,x is usual 9 ,lat9 to c>ry on ! same subject1 9 connect$ clauses4 8#h4 #8,et' "h connects two di/9ct clauses4 #8,autem' is m common4 8,^! be+ "s ( ! faults ( ! lit]al v]sion1 ,i transcribe ! translations s5t 9 to me by six ( my pupils respectively1 :o1 h[ev] defici5t 9 elegance ( composition1 & ?\gh m or less defici5t 9 hitt+ ! ,lat9 idiom1 yet evid5tly "k :at idiom is4 8,! fir/ wrote3--,videte rem graviorem2 quod f]is1 id hom9ibus quoque accidit1--sangu9is sitim semel gu/antibus intus concipi1 pl5 potantibus matur>i4 8,! second wrote3--,res s]ia agitur2 nam quod 9 f]is1 illud 9 hom9ibus quoque c]nitur1 sangu9is appetitionem et suscit>i lamb5do et epul&o inflamm>i4 8,! ?ird3--,ecce res summ consid]atione digna2 et 9 f]is et 9 hom9ibus1 sangu9is semel delibati sitis e/1 spius hau/i libido4 8,! f\r?3--,sollicit animadv]t5dum e/1 cum 9 f]is tum 9 hom9ibus fi]i1 ut gutt p>iant appetitum sangu9is1 frequ5tiores potus +luviem4 8,& ! fif?3--,p]p5de s$ulo1 gu/um sangu9is tam 9 hom9ibus quam 9 f]is prim appetitionem sui t&em cupid9em inf]re4 8,& ! six?3--,hoc grave e/1 quod hom9ibus cum f]is videmus commune1 gu/asse e/ appet]e sangu9em1 hausisse 9 deliciis hab]e40 ,mr4 ,black1 junr41 /udies ?is pap]1 & consid]s t he has ga9$ some?+ f x4 ,accord+ly1 :5 he sees 8 fa!r1 he m5tions to him ,mr4 ,:ite1 8 k9dness1 8 pap]s1 & especially ! above1 ( :i* he has tak5 a copy4 ,8 fa!r begs to see x2 &1 be+ a bit ( a critic1 =?) deliv]s 8 judgm5t on x1 & condesc5ds to praise x2 b he says t x fails 9 ?is1 viz41 9 ov]look+ ! subject ( /ructure4 ,he ma9ta9s t ! turn+-po9t ( good or bad ,lat9ity is1 n idiom1 z ,mr4 ,:ite says1 b /ructure4 ,!n ,mr4 ,black1 ! fa!r1 is l$ on to speak ( himself1 & ( 8 y\?ful /udies2 & he ends by giv+ ,h>ry a hi/ory ( 8 own se>* aft] ! knack ( writ+ ,lat94 ,i d n see q h[ ?is is to ! po9t ( ,mr4 ,:ite's pap]1 :i* _c be said to contradict ,mr4 ,black's n>rative2 b = ?is v reason1 ,i may consi/5tly quote x1 = f a diff]5t po9t ( view x may ?r[ light on ! subject treat$ 9 common by bo? ^! lit]>y au?orities4 #b4 ,old ,mr4 ,black's ,confession ( 8 se>* aft] a ,lat9 /yle4 8,! attempts & ! failures & ! successes ( ^? :o h gone be=e1 my de> son1 are ! direction-po/s ( ^? :o come aft]2 &1 z ,i am only speak+ to y1 x /rikes me t ,i may1 )\t egotism or o/5tation1 sugge/ views or cautions1 :i* might inde$ be useful to ! ,univ]sity ,/ud5t g5]ally1 by a relation ( "s ( my own endeav\rs to improve my own m9d1 & to increase my own k 9 my e>ly life4 ,i am no great admir] ( self-taught g5iuses2 to be self-taught is a mis=tune1 except 9 ! case ( ^? extraord9>y m9ds1 to :om ! title ( g5ius ju/ly belongs2 = 9 mo/ cases1 to be self-taught is to be badly gr\nd$1 to be slov5ly f9i%$1 & to be prepo/]\sly conceit$4 ,nor1 aga91 0 t mis=tune ,i speak ( really m9e2 b ,i h be5 left at times j s mu* to myself1 z to make x possible = "y /ud5ts to ga9 h9ts f ! hi/ory ( my m9d1 :i* w be useful to !mselves4 ,& n[ = my subject4 8,at s*ool ,i 0 reckon$ a %>p boy2 ,i ran ?r\gh its classes rapidly2 & by ! "t ,i 0 fifte51 my ma/]s _h no?+ m to tea* me1 & did n "k :at to d ) me4 ,i might h gone to a public s*ool1 or to a private tutor = ?ree or f\r ye>s2 b !re 7 reasons aga9/ ei!r plan1 & at ! unusual age ,i speak (1 ) "s inexact acqua9tance ) ,hom]1 ,sophocles1 ,h]odotus1 & ,x5ophon1 ,horace1 ,virgil1 & ,cic]o1 ,i 0 matriculat$ at ! ,univ]sity4 ,i _h f a *ild be5 v fond ( composition1 v]se & prose1 ,engli% & ,lat91 & took especial int]e/ 9 ! subject ( /yle2 & "o ( ! wi%es ne>e/ my he>t 0 to write ,lat9 well4 ,i _h "s idea ( ! /yle ( ,addison1 ,hume1 & ,johnson1 9 ,engli%2 b ,i _h no idea :at 0 meant by good ,lat9 /yle4 ,i _h read ,cic]o )\t le>n+ :at x 02 ! books said1 #8,?is is neat ,cic]onian language1' #8?is is pure & elegant ,lat9ity1' b !y did n tell me :y4 ,"s p]sons told me to g by my e>2 to get ,cic]o by he>t2 & !n ,i %\ld "k h[ to turn my ?\ghts & m>%al my words1 nay1 m1 :]e to put subjunctive moods & :]e to put indicative4 ,9 consequ5ce ,i _h a vague1 unsatisfi$ feel+ on ! subject1 & kept grasp+ %ad[s1 & _h ^u me some?+ ( ! unpleasant s5sation ( a bad dream4 8,:5 ,i 0 sixte51 ,i fell ^u an article 9 ! ,qu>t]ly1 :i* review$ a ,lat9 hi/ory ( 7,i ?9k7 ! ,rebellion ( #agae2 p]haps by ,dr4 ,:itak]4 ,ye>s aft]w>ds ,i le>n$ t ! critique 0 ! writ+ ( a celebrat$ ,ox=d s*ol>2 b at ! "t1 x 0 ! subject itself1 n ! writ]1 t took hold ( me4 ,i read x c>efully1 & made extracts :i*1 ,i believe1 ,i h to ?is day4 ,_h ,i kn[n m ( ,lat9 writ+1 x w\ld h be5 ( real use to me2 b z x 0 conc]n$ ( necessity 9 v]bal criticisms1 x did b lead me deep] into ! mi/ake to :i* ,i _h already be5 introduc$1--t ,lat9ity consi/$ 9 us+ good phrases4 ,accord+ly ,i began not+ d[n1 & us+ 9 my ex]cises1 idiomatic or peculi> expressions3 su* z #8oleum p]didi1' #8haud scio an non1' #8cogitanti mihi1' #8v]um enimv]o1' #8equidem1' #8dix]im1' & ! l2 & ,i made a great po9t ( putt+ ! v]b at ! end ( ! s5t5ce4 ,:at took me 9 ! same direction 0 ,dumesnil's ,synonymes1 a good book1 b "o :i* does n ev5 pr(ess to tea* ,lat9 writ+4 ,i 0 aim+ to be an ar*itect by le>n+ to make bricks4 8,!n ,i fell 9 ) ! ,g]mania & ,agricola ( ,tacitus1 & 0 v mu* tak5 by 8 /yle4 ,its peculi>ities 7 mu* easi] to und]/&1 & to copy1 ?an ,cic]o's3 #8decipit exempl> vitiis imitabile2' & ?us1 )\t any advance :atev] 9 und]/&+ ! g5ius ( ! language1 or ! con/ruction ( a ,lat9 s5t5ce1 ,i add$ to my f9e words & cut-&-dri$ idioms1 phrases smack+ ( ,tacitus4 ,! ,dialogues ( ,erasmus1 :i* ,i /udi$1 c>ri$ me 9 ! same direction2 = dialogues1 f ! nature ( ! case1 consi/ ( words & clauses1 & sm>t1 pregnant1 or colloquial expressions1 r ?an ( s5t5ces ) an adequate /ructure40 ,mr4 ,black takes brea?1 & !n cont9ues3 8,! lab\r1 !n1 ( ye>s came to no?+1 & :5 ,i 0 tw5ty ,i knew no m ( ,lat9 composition ?an ,i _h kn[n at fifte54 ,x 0 !n t circum/ances turn$ my att5tion to a volume ( ,lat9 ,lectures1 :i* _h be5 publi%$ by ! accompli%$ s*ol> ( ^: critique 9 ! ,qu>t]ly ,review ,i h already spok54 ,! ,lectures 9 "q _h be5 deliv]$ t]m9ally :ile he held ! ,pr(essor%ip ( ,poetry1 & 7 aft]w>ds collect$ into a volume2 & v>i\s circum/ances comb9$ to give !m a peculi> "*4 ,deliv]$ "o by "o at int]vals1 to a l>ge1 cultivat$1 & critical audi5ce1 !y bo? dem&$ & admitt$ ( special elaboration ( ! /yle4 ,z com+ f a p]son ( 8 high reputation = ,lat9ity1 !y 7 displays ( art2 &1 z address$ to p]sons :o _h to foll[ ex tempore ! c\rse ( a discussion deliv]$ 9 a =eign tongue1 !y ne$$ a /yle z neat1 po9t$1 lucid1 & p]spicu\s z x 0 ornam5tal4 ,moreov]1 z express+ mod]n ideas 9 an anci5t language1 !y involv$ a new developm5t & application ( its p[]s4 ,! result ( ^! unit$ conditions 0 a /yle less simple1 less natural & fre%1 ?an ,cic]o's2 m /udi$1 m ambiti\s1 m sp>kl+2 heap+ toge!r 9 a page ! fl[]s :i* ,cic]o scatt]s ov] a treatise2 b /ill on t v acc\nt m fitt$ = ! purpose ( inflict+ ^u ! inquir+ /ud5t :at ,lat9ity 04 ,any h[1 su* 0 its effect ^u me2 x 0 l ! #8,op5 ,sesame' ( ! tale2 & ,i quickly f\nd t ,i _h a new s5se1 z reg>ds composition1 t ,i und]/ood beyond mi/ake :at a ,lat9 s5t5ce %\ld be1 & saw h[ an ,engli% s5t5ce mu/ be fus$ & rem\ld$ 9 ord] to make x ,lat94 ,h5ce=? ,cic]o1 z an arti/1 _h a mean+1 :5 ,i read him1 :i* he nev] _h _h to me be=e2 ! bad dream ( seek+ & nev] f9d+ 0 ov]2 &1 :e!r ,i ev] wrote ,lat9 or n1 at lea/ ,i knew :at good ,lat9 04 8,i _h n[ le>n$ t good ,lat9ity lies 9 /ructure2 t e ^w ( a s5t5ce may be ,lat91 yet ! :ole s5t5ce rema9 ,engli%2 & t diction>ies d n tea* composition4 ,exult+ 9 my discov]y1 ,i next proce$$ to analyze & to ?r[ into ! %ape ( sci5ce t idea ( ,lat9ity to :i* ,i _h atta9$4 ,rules & rem>ks1 su* z are conta9$ 9 works on composition1 _h n l$ me to ma/] ! idea2 & n[ t ,i really _h ga9$ x1 x l$ me to =m f x rules & rem>ks = myself4 ,i c\ld n[ turn ,cic]o to acc\nt1 & ,i proce$$ to make 8 writ+s ! mat]ials ( an induction1 f :i* ,i drew out & ?rew into =m :at ,i h call$ a sci5ce ( ,lat9ity1--) its pr9ciples & peculi>ities1 _! connection & _! consequ5ces1--or at lea/ consid]able specim5s ( su* a sci5ce1 ! l ( :i* ,i h n happ5$ to see 9 pr9t4 ,consid]+1 h[ev]1 h[ mu* has be5 done = s*ol>%ip s9ce ! "t ,i speak (1 & especially h[ _m ,g]man books h be5 translat$1 ,i d\bt n ,i %\ld n[ f9d my own poor inve/igations & discov]ies anticipat$ & sup]s$$ by works :i* are 9 ! h&s ( e s*ool-boy4 ,at ! same "t1 ,i am q sure t ,i ga9$ a v great deal 9 ! way ( precision ( ?\ght1 delicacy ( judgm5t1 & ref9em5t ( ta/e1 by ! processes ( induction to :i* ,i am ref]r+4 ,i kept blank books1 9 :i* e peculi>ity 9 e s5t5ce ( ,cic]o 0 m9utely not$ d[n1 z ,i w5t on read+4 ,! =ce ( words1 _! comb9ation into phrases1 _! collocation--! c>ry+ on ( "o subject or nom9ative ?r\gh a s5t5ce1 ! break+ up ( a s5t5ce into clauses1 ! evasion ( its categorical =m1 ! resolution ( ab/ract n\ns into v]bs & p>ticiples2--:at is possible 9 ,lat9 composition & :at is n1 h[ to comp5sate = want ( brevity by elegance1 & to secure p]spicuity by ! use ( figures1 ^!1 & a hundr$ simil> po9ts ( art1 ,i illu/rat$ ) a dilig5ce :i* ev5 bord]$ on subtlety4 ,cic]o became a m]e magaz9e ( in/ances1 & ! ma9 use ( ! riv] 0 to fe$ ! canal4 ,i am unable to say :e!r ^! elaborate inductions w\ld pr(it any "o else1 b ,i h a vivid recollection ( ! great utility !y 7 at t "t to my own m9d4 8,! g5]al subject ( ,lat9 composition1 my de> son1 has ev] int]e/$ me mu*1 & y see only "o po9t 9 x has made me speak = a qu>t] ( an h\r2 b n[ t ,i h _h my say ab\t x1 :at is its up%ot8 ,! great moral ,i w\ld impress ^u y is ?is1 t 9 le>n+ to write ,lat91 z 9 all le>n+1 y mu/ n tru/ to books1 b only make use ( !m2 n hang l a dead weight ^u y\r tea*]1 b cat* "s ( 8 life2 h&le :at is giv5 y1 n z a =mula1 b z a patt]n to copy & z a capital to improve2 ?r[ y\r he>t & m9d into :at y are ab\t1 & ?us unite ! sep>ate advantages ( be+ tutor$ & ( be+ self-taught1--self-taught1 yet )\t oddities1 & tutoriz$1 yet )\t conv5tionalities40 8,:y1 my de> fa!r10 says "y ,mr4 ,black1 8y speak l a book4 ,y mu/ let me ask y to write d[n = me :at y h be5 giv+ out 9 conv]sation40 ,i h _h ! advantage ( ! writt5 copy4 #d4 ,g5]al ,religi\s ,k4 #a4 ,x has be5 ! cu/om 9 ! ,engli% ,univ]sities to introduce religi\s in/ruction into ! ,s*ool ( ,arts2 & a v "r cu/om x is1 :i* e ,univ]sity may well imitate4 ,i h c]ta9ly felt x ought to h a place 9 t ,s*ool2 yet ! subject is n )\t its difficulty1 & ,i int5d to say a few words ^u x "h4 ,t place1 if x has "o1 %\ld ( c\rse be det]m9$ on "s intelligible pr9ciple1 :i*1 :ile x ju/ifies ! introduction ( ,religion into a secul> ,faculty1 w pres]ve x f becom+ an intrusion1 by fix+ ! conditions "u :i* x is to be admitt$4 ,!re are _m :o w\ld make ov] ! subject ( ,religion to ! !ologian exclusively2 !re are o!rs :o all[ x almo/ unlimit$ ext5sion 9 ! prov9ce ( ,lett]s4 ,! latt] ( ^! two classes1 if n l>ge1 at lea/ is s]i\s & e>ne/2 x seems to consid] t ! ,classics %\ld be sup]s$$ by ! ,scriptures & ! ,fa!rs1 & t ,!ology prop] %\ld be taught to ! y\?ful aspirant = ,univ]sity hon\rs4 ,i am n "h conc]n$ ) op9ions ( ?is "*1 :i* ,i respect1 b _c foll[4 ,nor am ,i conc]n$ ) t l>ge class1 on ! o!r h&1 :o1 9 _! exclusion ( ,religion f ! lecture-rooms ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s 7or ( ,arts1 z x us$ to be call$71 are actuat$ by scepticism or indiff]5ce2 b !re are o!r p]sons1 mu* to be consult$1 :o arrive at ! same practical conclusion z ! sceptic & unbeliev]1 f real rev]5ce & pure zeal = ! int]e/s ( ,!ology1 :i* !y consid] sure to suff] f ! sup]ficial treatm5t ( lay-pr(essors1 & ! sup]ficial reception ( "y m9ds1 z soon z1 & 9 :atev] degree1 x is associat$ ) classical1 philosophical1 & hi/orical /udies2--& z v _m p]sons ( great consid]ation seem to be ( ?is op9ion1 ,i w set d[n ! reasons :y ,i foll[ ! ,engli% tradition in/ead1 & 9 :at s5se ,i foll[ x4 ,i might appeal1 ,i conceive1 to au?ority 9 my fav\r1 b ,i pass x ov]1 because m]e au?ority1 h[ev] suffici5t = my own guidance1 is n suffici5t = ! def9ite direction ( ^? :o h to c>ry out ! matt] ( x 9 practice4 #b4 ,9 ! fir/ place1 !n1 x is congru\s c]ta9ly t y\?s :o are prep>$ 9 a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity = ! g5]al duties ( a secul> life1 or = ! secul> pr(essions1 %\ld n leave x )\t "s k ( _! religion2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 x does1 9 matt] ( fact1 act to ! disadvantage ( a ,*ri/ian place ( education1 9 ! _w & 9 ! judgm5t ( m5 ( ! _w1 & is a reproa* to its conductors1 & ev5 a sc&al1 if x s5ds out its pupils accompli%$ 9 all k except ,*ri/ian k2 & h5ce1 ev5 ?\gh x 7 impossible to re/ ! introduction ( religi\s tea*+ into ! secul> lecture-room ^u any logical pr9ciple1 ! imp]ative necessity ( its introduction w\ld rema91 & ! only "q w\ld be1 :at matt] 0 to be introduc$1 & h[ mu*4 ,& next1 consid]+ t1 z ! m9d is enl>g$ & cultivat$ g5]ally1 x is capable1 or r is desir\s & has ne$1 ( full] religi\s in=mation1 x is difficult to ma9ta9 t t k ( ,*ri/ianity :i* is suffici5t = entrance at ! ,univ]sity is all t is incumb5t on /ud5ts :o h be5 submitt$ to ! academical c\rse4 ,s t we are unavoidably l$ on to ! fur!r "q1 viz41 %all we %>p5 & ref9e ! y\?ful intellect1 & !n leave x to ex]cise its new p[]s ^u ! mo/ sacr$ ( subjects1 z x w1 & ) ! *ance ( its ex]cis+ !m wrongly2 or %all we proce$ to fe$ x ) div9e tru?1 z x ga9s an appetite = k8 ,religi\s tea*+1 !n1 is urg$ ^u u 9 ! case ( ,univ]sity /ud5ts1 fir/1 by its evid5t propriety2 secondly1 by ! =ce ( public op9ion2 ?irdly1 f ! great inconv5i5ces ( neglect+ x4 ,&1 if ! subject ( ,religion is to h a real place 9 _! c\rse ( /udy1 x mu/ ent] into ! exam9ations 9 :i* t c\rse results2 = no?+ w be f\nd to impress & occupy _! m9ds b su* matt]s z !y h to pres5t to _! ,exam9]s4 ,su*1 !n1 are ! consid]ations :i* actually oblige u to introduce ! subject ( ,religion into our secul> s*ools1 :e!r x be logical or n to d s2 b next1 ,i ?9k t we c d s )\t any sacrifice ( pr9ciple or ( consi/5cy2 & ?is1 ,i tru/1 w appe>1 if ,i proce$ to expla9 ! mode :i* ,i %\ld propose to adopt = ! purpose3-- ,i w\ld treat ! subject ( ,religion 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s simply z a bran* ( k4 ,if ! ,univ]sity /ud5t is b\nd to h a k ( ,hi/ory g5]ally1 he is b\nd to h inclusively a k ( sacr$ hi/ory z well z pr(ane2 if he ought to be well in/ruct$ 9 ,anci5t ,lit]ature1 ,biblical ,lit]ature comes "u t g5]al description z well z ,classical2 if he kn[s ! ,philosophy ( m51 he w n be extravagat+ f 8 g5]al subject1 if he cultivate also t ,philosophy :i* is div9e4 ,& z a /ud5t is n necess>ily sup]ficial1 ?\gh he has n /udi$ all ! classical poets1 or all ,ari/otle's philosophy1 s he ne$ n be dang]\sly sup]ficial1 if he has b a p>allel k ( ,religion4 #c4 ,h[ev]1 x may be said t ! risk ( !ological error is s s]i\s1 & ! effects ( !ological conceit are s mis*iev\s1 t x is bett] = a y\? to "k no?+ ( ! sacr$ subject1 ?an to h a sl5d] k :i* he c use freely & recklessly1 = ! v reason t x is sl5d]4 ,& "h we h ! maxim 9 corroboration3 8,a little le>n+ is a dang]\s ?+40 ,?is objection is ( too anxi\s a "* to be disreg>d$4 ,i %\ld answ] x ?us3--,9 ! fir/ place x is obvi\s to rem>k1 t "o great portion ( ! k "h advocat$ is1 z ,i h j said1 hi/orical k1 :i* has little or no?+ to d ) doctr9e4 ,if a ,ca?olic y\? mixes ) educat$ ,prote/ants ( 8 own age1 he w f9d !m conv]sant ) ! outl9es & ! *>act]i/ics ( sacr$ & ecclesia/ical hi/ory z well z pr(ane3 x is desirable t he %\ld be on a p> ) !m1 & able to keep up a conv]sation ) !m4 ,x is desirable1 if he has left our ,univ]sity ) hon\rs or prizes1 t he %\ld "k z well z !y ab\t ! great primitive divisions ( ,*ri/ianity1 its polity1 its lum9>ies1 its acts1 & its =tunes2 its great eras1 & its c\rse d[n to ?is day4 ,he %\ld h "s idea ( its propagation1 & ( ! ord] 9 :i* ! nations1 :i* h submitt$ to x1 ent]$ its pale2 & ( ! li/ ( its ,fa!rs1 & ( its writ]s g5]ally1 & ( ! subjects ( _! works4 ,he %\ld "k :o ,/4 ,ju/9 ,m>tyr 01 & :5 he liv$2 :at language ,/4 ,ephraim wrote 92 on :at ,/4 ,*ryso/om's lit]>y fame is f\nd$2 :o 0 ,celsus1 or ,ammonius1 or ,porphyry1 or ,ulphilas1 or ,symma*us1 or ,!odoric4 ,:o 7 ! ,ne/orians2 :at 0 ! religion ( ! b>b>ian nations :o took possession ( ! ,roman ,empire3 :o 0 ,euty*es1 or ,b]5g>ius1 :o ! ,albig5ses4 ,he %\ld "k some?+ ab\t ! ,b5$ict9es1 ,dom9icans1 or ,franciscans1 ab\t ! ,crusades1 & ! *ief mov]s 9 !m4 ,he %\ld be able to say :at ! ,holy ,see has done = le>n+ & sci5ce2 ! place :i* ^! isl&s hold 9 ! lit]>y hi/ory ( ! d>k age2 :at "p ! ,*ur* _h1 & h[ h] highe/ int]e/s f>$1 9 ! revival ( lett]s2 :o ,bess>ion 01 or ,xim5es1 or ,william ( ,wykeham1 or ,c>d9al ,all54 ,i d n say t we c insure all ?is k 9 e accompli%$ /ud5t :o goes f u1 b at lea/ we c admit su* k1 we c enc\rage x1 9 our lecture-rooms & exam9ation-halls4 ,& s 9 l mann]1 z reg>ds ,biblical k1 x is desirable t1 :ile our /ud5ts are enc\rag$ to pursue ! hi/ory ( classical lit]ature1 !y %\ld also be invit$ to acqua9t !mselves ) "s g5]al facts ab\t ! canon ( ,holy ,scripture1 its hi/ory1 ! ,jewi% canon1 ,/4 ,j]ome1 ! ,prote/ant ,bible2 aga91 ab\t ! languages ( ,scripture1 ! cont5ts ( its sep>ate books1 _! au?ors1 & _! v]sions4 ,9 all su* k ,i conceive no great h>m c lie 9 be+ sup]ficial4 ,b n[ z to ,!ology itself4 ,to meet ! appreh5d$ dang]1 ,i w\ld exclude ! tea*+ 9 ext5se ( pure dogma f ! secul> s*ools1 & cont5t myself ) en=c+ su* a broad k ( doctr9al subjects z is conta9$ 9 ! cate*isms ( ! ,*ur*1 or ! actual writ+s ( h] laity4 ,i w\ld h /ud5ts apply _! m9ds to su* religi\s topics z laym5 actually d treat1 & are ?\ght praisewor?y 9 treat+4 ,c]ta9ly ,i admit t1 :5 a lawy] or physician1 or /atesman1 or m]*ant1 or soldi] sets ab\t discuss+ !ological po9ts1 he is likely to succe$ z ill z an ecclesia/ic :o m$dles ) law1 or m$ic9e1 or ! ex*ange4 ,b ,i am pr(ess+ to contemplate ,*ri/ian k 9 :at may be call$ its secul> aspect1 z x is practically useful 9 ! int]c\rse ( life & 9 g5]al conv]sation2 & ,i w\ld enc\rage x s f> z x be>s ^u ! hi/ory1 ! lit]ature1 & ! philosophy ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,x is to be consid]$ t our /ud5ts are to g out into ! _w1 & a _w n ( pr(ess$ ,ca?olics1 b ( invet]ate1 (t5 bitt]1 commonly contemptu\s1 ,prote/ants2 nay1 ( ,prote/ants :o1 s f> z !y come f ,prote/ant ,univ]sities & public s*ools1 d "k _! own sy/em1 d "k1 9 proportion to _! g5]al atta9m5ts1 ! doctr9es & argum5ts ( ,prote/antism4 ,i %\ld desire1 !n1 to enc\rage 9 our /ud5ts an intellig5t appreh5sion ( ! relations1 z ,i may call !m1 betwe5 ! ,*ur* & ,society at l>ge2 = in/ance1 ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! ,*ur* & a religi\s sect2 ! respective pr]ogatives ( ! ,*ur* & ! civil p[]2 :at ! ,*ur* claims ( necessity1 :at x _c disp5se )1 :at x c2 :at x c grant1 :at x _c4 ,a ,ca?olic he>s ! celibacy ( ! cl]gy discuss$ 9 g5]al society2 is t usage a matt] ( fai?1 or is x n ( fai?8 ,he he>s ! ,pope accus$ ( int]f]+ ) ! pr]ogatives ( h] ,maje/y1 because he appo9ts an hi]>*y4 ,:at is he to answ]8 ,:at pr9ciple is to guide him 9 ! rem>ks :i* he _c escape f ! necessity ( mak+8 ,he fills a /ation ( importance1 & he is address$ by "s fri5d :o has political reasons = wi%+ to "k :at is ! diff]5ce betwe5 ,canon & ,civil ,law1 :e!r ! ,c\ncil ( ,tr5t has be5 receiv$ 9 ,france1 :e!r a ,prie/ _c 9 c]ta9 cases absolve prospectively1 :at is meant by 8 int5tion1 :at by ! opus op]atum2 :e!r1 & 9 :at s5se1 we consid] ,prote/ants to be h]etics2 :e!r any "o c be sav$ )\t sacram5tal confession2 :e!r we d5y ! reality ( natural virtue1 or :at wor? we assign to x8 ,que/ions may be multipli$ )\t limit1 :i* occur 9 conv]sation betwe5 fri5ds1 9 social int]c\rse1 or 9 ! bus9ess ( life1 :5 no argum5t is ne$$1 no subtle & delicate disquisition1 b a few direct words /at+ ! fact1 & :5 p]haps a few words may ev5 h9d] mo/ s]i\s inconv5i5ces to ! ,ca?olic body4 ,half ! controv]sies :i* g on 9 ! _w arise f ignorance ( ! facts ( ! case2 half ! prejudices aga9/ ,ca?olicity lie 9 ! mis9=mation ( ! prejudic$ p>ties4 ,c&id p]sons are set "r1 & enemies sil5c$1 by ! m]e /atem5t ( :at x is t we believe4 ,x w n answ] ! purpose = a ,ca?olic to say1 8,i leave x to !ologians10 8,i w ask my prie/20 b x w commonly give him a triumph1 z easy z x is complete1 if he c !n & !re lay d[n ! law4 ,i say 8lay d[n ! law20 = rem>kable x is t ev5 ^? :o speak aga9/ ,ca?olicism l to he> ab\t x1 & w excuse its advocate f alleg+ argum5ts if he c gratify _! curiosity by giv+ !m in=mation4 ,g5]ally speak+1 h[ev]1 z ,i h said1 :at is giv5 z in=mation w really be an argum5t z well z in=mation4 ,i recollect1 "s tw5ty-five ye>s ago1 ?ree fri5ds ( my own1 z !y !n 71 cl]gym5 ( ! ,e/abli%m5t1 mak+ a t\r ?r\gh ,irel&4 ,9 ! ,we/ or ,s\? !y _h occasion to become p$e/rians = ! day2 & !y took a boy ( ?irte5 to be _! guide4 ,!y amus$ !mselves ) putt+ que/ions to him on ! subject ( 8 religion2 & "o ( !m confess$ to me on 8 return t t poor *ild put !m all to sil5ce4 ,h[8 ,n1 ( c\rse1 by any tra9 ( argum5ts1 or ref9$ !ological disquisition1 b m]ely by kn[+ & und]/&+ ! answ]s 9 8 cate*ism4 #d4 ,nor w argum5t itself be out ( place 9 ! h&s ( laym5 mix+ ) ! _w4 ,z secul> p[]1 influ5ce1 or res\rces are nev] m suitably plac$ ?an :5 !y are 9 ! h&s ( ,ca?olics1 s secul> k & secul> gifts are !n be/ employ$ :5 !y m9i/] to ,div9e ,revelation4 ,!ologians inculcate ! matt]1 & det]m9e ! details ( t ,revelation2 !y view x f )92 philosoph]s view x f )\t1 & ?is ext]nal view may be call$ ! ,philosophy ( ,religion1 & ! (fice ( del9eat+ x ext]nally is mo/ gracefully p]=m$ by laym54 ,9 ! fir/ age laym5 7 mo/ commonly ! ,apologi/s4 ,su* 7 ,ju/91 ,tatian1 ,a!nagoras1 ,ari/ides1 ,h]mias1 ,m9ucius ,felix1 ,arnobius1 & ,lactantius4 ,9 l mann] 9 ?is age "s ( ! mo/ prom95t def5ces ( ! ,*ur* are f laym53 z ,de ,mai/re1 ,*ateaubri&1 ,nicolas1 ,montalemb]t1 & o!rs4 ,if laym5 may write1 lay /ud5ts may read2 !y surely may read :at _! fa!rs may h writt54 ,!y might surely /udy o!r works too1 anci5t & mod]n1 writt5 :e!r by ecclesia/ics or laym51 :i*1 al?\gh !y d conta9 !ology1 nev]!less1 9 _! /ructure & drift1 are polemical4 ,su* is ,orig5's great "w aga9/ ,celsus2 & ,t]tullian's ,apology2 su* "s ( ! controv]sial treatises ( ,eusebius & ,!odoret2 or ,/4 ,augu/9e's ,city ( ,god2 or ! tract ( ,v9c5tius ,lir95sis4 ,& ,i confess t ,i %\ld n ev5 object to portions ( ,bell>m9e's ,controv]sies1 or to ! "w ( ,su>ez on laws1 or to ,mel*ior ,canus's treatises on ! ,loci ,!ologici4 ,on ^! que/ions 9 detail1 h[ev]1--:i* are1 ,i readily ackn[l$ge1 v delicate1--op9ions may diff]1 ev5 :]e ! g5]al pr9ciple is admitt$2 b1 ev5 if we conf9e ourselves /rictly to ! ,philosophy1 t is1 ! ext]nal contemplation1 ( ,religion1 we %all h a range ( read+ suffici5tly wide1 & z valuable 9 its practical application z x is lib]al 9 its "*4 ,9 x w be includ$ :at are commonly call$ ! ,evid5ces2 & :at is a subject ( special int]e/ at ?is day1 ! ,notes ( ! ,*ur*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ,i h said en\gh 9 g5]al illu/ration ( ! rule :i* ,i am recomm5d+4 ,"o m rem>k ,i make1 ?\gh x is impli$ 9 :at ,i h be5 say+3--,:atev] /ud5ts read 9 ! prov9ce ( ,religion1 !y read1 & w\ld read f ! v nature ( ! case1 "u ! sup]9t5d5ce1 & ) ! explanations1 ( ^? :o are old] & m exp]i5c$ ?an !mselves4 ,lecture ,v4 ,a ,=m ,( ,infidelity ,( ,! ,day4 #a4 ,its ,s5tim5ts4 #a4 ,?\gh x _c be d5i$ t at ! pres5t day1 9 consequ5ce ( ! close juxtaposition & int]c\rse ( m5 ( all religions1 !re is a consid]able dang] ( ! subtle1 sil5t1 unconsci\s p]v]sion & corruption ( ,ca?olic intellects1 :o z yet pr(ess1 & s9c]ely pr(ess1 _! submission to ! au?ority ( ,revelation1 /ill t dang] is f> inf]ior to :at x 0 9 "o portion ( ! middle ages4 ,nay1 contra/+ ! two p]iods toge!r1 we may ev5 say1 t 9 ?is v po9t !y diff]1 t1 9 ! m$ieval1 s9ce ,ca?olicism 0 !n ! sole religion recogniz$ 9 ,*ri/5dom1 unbelief necess>ily made its advances "u ! language & ! guise ( fai?2 :]eas 9 ! pres5t1 :5 univ]sal tol]ation prevails1 & x is op5 to assail reveal$ tru? 7:e!r ,scripture or ,tradition1 ! ,fa!rs or ! 8,s5se ( ! fai?ful071 unbelief 9 consequ5ce ?r[s (f ! mask1 & takes up a position ov] aga9/ u 9 citadels ( its own1 & confronts u 9 ! broad light & ) a direct assault4 ,& ,i h no hesitation 9 say+ 7ap>t ( c\rse f moral & ecclesia/ical consid]ations1 & "u correction ( ! comm& & policy ( ! ,*ur*71 t ,i pref] to live 9 an age :5 ! fight is 9 ! day1 n 9 ! twilight2 & ?9k x a ga9 to be spe>$ by a foe1 r ?an to be /abb$ by a fri5d4 ,i d n1 !n1 rep9e at all at ! op5 developm5t ( unbelief 9 ,g]many1 suppos+ unbelief is to be1 or at its gr[+ audacity 9 ,engl&2 n z if ,i 7 satisfi$ ) ! /ate ( ?+s1 consid]$ positively1 b because1 9 ! unavoidable alt]native ( av[$ unbelief & secret1 my own p]sonal lean+ is 9 fav\r ( ! =m]4 ,i hold t unbelief is 9 "s %ape unavoidable 9 an age ( intellect & 9 a _w l ?is1 consid]+ t fai? requires an act ( ! w1 & presupposes ! due ex]cise ( religi\s advantages4 ,y may p]si/ 9 call+ ,europe ,ca?olic1 ?\gh x is n2 y may en=ce an outw>d acceptance ( ,ca?olic dogma1 & an outw>d ob$i5ce to ,ca?olic precept2 & y\r enactm5ts may be1 s f>1 n only pi\s 9 !mselves1 b ev5 m]ciful t[>ds ! tea*]s ( false doctr9e1 z well z j t[>ds _! victims2 b ?is is all t y c d2 y _c bespeak conclusions :i*1 9 spite ( y\rselves1 y are leav+ free to ! human w4 ,!re w be1 ,i say1 9 spite ( y1 unbelief & immorality to ! end ( ! _w1 & y mu/ be prep>$ = immorality m odi\s1 & unbelief m a/ute1 m subtle1 m bitt]1 & m res5tful1 9 proportion z x is oblig$ to dissemble4 ,x is "o great advantage ( an age 9 :i* unbelief speaks out1 t ,fai? c speak out too2 t1 if falsehood assails ,tru?1 ,tru? c assail falsehood4 ,9 su* an age x is possible to f\nd a ,univ]sity m emphatically ,ca?olic ?an c\ld be set up 9 ! middle age1 because ,tru? c entr5* itself c>efully1 & def9e its own pr(ession sev]ely1 & display its col\rs unequivocally1 by occasion ( t v unbelief :i* s %amelessly vaunts itself4 ,& a k9dr$ advantage to ?is is ! confid5ce :i*1 9 su* an age1 we c place 9 all :o are ar\nd u1 s t we ne$ look = no foes b ^? :o are 9 ! enemy's camp4 #b4 ,! m$ieval s*ools 7 ! ar5a ( z critical a /ruggle betwe5 tru? & error z ,*ri/ianity has ev] endur$2 & ! philosophy :i* be>s _! "n c>ri$ its supremacy by means ( a succession ( victories 9 ! cause ( ! ,*ur*4 ,sc>cely _h ,univ]sities ris5 into popul>ity1 :5 !y 7 f\nd to be infect$ ) ! mo/ subtle & fatal =ms ( unbelief2 & ! h]esies ( ! ,ea/ g]m9at$ 9 ! ,we/ ( ,europe & 9 ,ca?olic lecture-rooms1 ) a my/]i\s vig\r ^u :i* hi/ory ?r[s little light4 ,! que/ions agitat$ 7 z deep z any 9 !ology2 ! be+ & ess5ce ( ! ,almighty 7 ! ma9 subjects ( ! disputation1 & ,ari/otle 0 introduc$ to ! ecclesia/ical y\? z a tea*] ( ,pan!ism4 ,s>ac5ic expositions ( ! great philosoph] 7 9 vogue2 &1 :5 a fre% treatise 0 import$ f ,con/ant9ople1 ! curi\s & impati5t /ud5t ?rew himself ^u x1 reg>dless ( ! ,*ur*'s w>n+s1 & reckless ( ! effect ^u 8 own m9d4 ,! acute/ intellects became sceptics & misbeliev]s2 & ! head ( ! ,holy ,roman ,empire1 ! ,cs> ,fr$]ick ! ,second1 to say no?+ ( our mis]able k+ ,john1 _h ! reputation ( m$itat+ a pr(ession ( ,mahometanism4 ,x is said t1 9 ! community at l>ge1 m5 _h a vague suspicion & mi/ru/ ( ea* o!r's belief 9 ,revelation4 ,a secret society 0 discov]$ 9 ! ,univ]sities ( ,lomb>dy1 ,tuscany1 & ,france1 organiz$ = ! propagation ( infidel op9ions2 x 0 b\nd toge!r by oa?s1 & s5t its mission>ies among ! p 9 ! disguise ( p$l>s & vagrants4 ,! success ( su* ef=ts 0 atte/$ 9 ! s\? ( ,france by ! great ext5sion ( ! ,albig5ses1 & ! preval5ce ( ,mani*ean doctr9e4 ,! ,univ]sity ( ,p>is 0 oblig$ to limit ! numb] ( its doctors 9 !ology to z few z eight1 f misgiv+s ab\t ! or?odoxy ( its div9es g5]ally4 ,! n>rative ( ,simon ( ,t\rnay1 /ruck dead = cry+ out aft] lecture1 8,ah6 good ,jesus1 ,i c\ld disprove ,!e1 did ,i please1 z easily z ,i h prov$10 :atev] be its au!nticity1 at lea/ may be tak5 z a repres5tation ( ! frightful p]il to :i* ,*ri/ianity 0 expos$4 ,amaury ( ,*>tres 0 ! au?or ( a s*ool ( ,pan!ism1 & has giv5 8 "n to a sect2 ,abel>d1 ,roscel91 ,gilb]t1 & ,david de ,d9ant1 ,tanquel91 & ,eon1 & o!rs :o might be nam$1 %[ ! extraord9>y influ5ce ( anti-,ca?olic doctr9es on high & l[4 ,t5 ecclesia/ics & sev]al ( ! populace ( ,p>is 7 condemn$ = ma9ta9+ t our ,"l's reign 0 pa/1 t ! ,holy ,gho/ 0 to be inc>nate1 or = p>allel h]esies4 ,fr$]ick ! ,second e/abli%$ a ,univ]sity at ,naples ) a view to ! propagation ( ! infidelity :i* 0 s de> to him4 ,x gave bir? to ! great ,/4 ,?omas1 ! *ampion ( reveal$ tru?4 ,s intimate 0 ! int]mixture1 s close ! grapple1 betwe5 fai? & unbelief4 ,x 0 ! conspiracy ( traitors1 x 0 a civil /rife1 ( :i* ! m$ieval seats ( le>n+ 7 ! sc5e4 ,9 ?is day1 on ! contr>y1 ,tru? & ,error lie ov] aga9/ ea* o!r ) a valley betwe5 !m1 & ,david goes =w>d 9 ! sight ( all m51 & f 8 own camp1 to engage ) ! ,phili/9e4 ,su* is ! provid5tial ov]rul+ ( t pr9ciple ( tol]ation1 :i* 0 conceiv$ 9 ! _s ( unbelief1 9 ord] to ! de/ruction ( ,ca?olicity4 ,! sway ( ! ,*ur* is contract$2 b %e ga9s 9 int5sity :at %e loses 9 ext5t4 ,%e has n[ a direct comm& & a reliable influ5ce ov] h] own in/itutions1 :i* 0 want+ 9 ! middle ages4 ,a ,univ]sity is h] possession 9 ^! times1 z well z h] creation3 nor has %e ! ne$1 :i* once 0 s urg5t1 to expel h]esies f h] pale1 :i* h n[ _! own c5tres ( attraction else:]e1 & spontane\sly take _! dep>ture4 ,secul> advantages no long] pres5t an inducem5t to hypocrisy1 & h] memb]s 9 consequ5ce h ! consolation ( be+ able to be sure ( ea* o!r4 ,h[ mu* bett] is x1 = u at lea/1 :atev] x may be = !mselves 7to take a case be=e our eyes 9 ,irel&71 t ^? p]sons1 :o h left ! ,*ur* to become m9i/]s 9 ! ,prote/ant ,e/abli%m5t1 %\ld be 9 _! prop] place1 z !y are1 ?an t !y %\ld h p]=ce cont9u$ 9 h] communion6 ,i repeat x1 ,i w\ld r fight ) unbelief z we f9d x 9 ! n9ete5? c5tury1 ?an z x exi/$ 9 ! twelf? & ?irte5?4 #c4 ,i look out1 !n1 into ! enemy's camp1 & ,i try to trace ! outl9es ( ! ho/ile movem5ts & ! prep>ations = assault :i* are !re 9 agitation aga9/ u4 ,! arm+ & ! manuvr+1 ! e>?-works & ! m9es1 g on incessantly2 & "o _c ( c\rse tell1 )\t ! gift ( prophecy1 :i* ( 8 projects w be c>ri$ into effect & atta9 its purpose1 & :i* w ev5tually fail or be ab&on$4 ,?reat5+ demon/rations may come to no?+2 & ^? :o are to be our mo/ =midable foes1 may be=e ! attack elude our obs]vation4 ,all ^! unc]ta9ties1 we "k1 are ! lot ( ! soldi] 9 ! field3 & !y are p>allel to ^? :i* befall ! w>riors ( ! ,temple4 ,fully feel+ ! =ce ( su* consid]ations1 & "u _! correction1 nev]!less ,i make my anticipations accord+ to ! signs ( ! times2 & su* mu/ be my proviso1 :5 ,i proce$ to describe "s *>act]i/ics ( "o p>ticul> =m ( infidelity1 :i* is com+ into exi/5ce & activity ov] aga9/ u1 9 ! intellectual citadels ( ,engl&4 ,x mu/ n be suppos$ t ,i attribute1 :at ,i am go+ to speak ( z a =m ( infidelity ( ! day1 to any giv5 individual or individuals2 nor is x necess>y to my purpose to suppose t any "o man z yet consci\sly holds1 or sees ! drift1 ( t portion ( ! !ory to :i* he has giv5 ass5t4 ,i am to describe a set ( op9ions :i* may be consid]$ z ! true explanation ( _m float+ views1 & ! conv]g+ po9t ( a multitude ( sep>ate & indep5d5t m9ds2 &1 z ( old ,arius or ,ne/orius n only 0 spok5 ( 9 8 own p]son1 b 0 view$ z ! ab/ract & typical tea*] ( ! h]esy :i* he introduc$1 & ?us 8 "n d5ot$ a h]etic m complete & explicit1 ev5 ?\gh n m =mal1 ?an ! h]esi>* himself1 s "h too1 9 l mann]1 ,i may be describ+ a s*ool ( ?\ght 9 its fully develop$ proportions1 :i* at pres5t e "o1 to :om memb]%ip ) x is imput$1 w at once beg9 to dis[n1 & ,i may be po9t+ to tea*]s :om no "o w be able to descry4 ,/ill1 x is n less true t ,i may be speak+ ( t5d5cies & elem5ts :i* exi/1 & he may come 9 p]son at la/1 :o comes at fir/ to u m]ely 9 8 _s & 9 8 p[]4 ,! tea*]1 !n1 :om ,i speak (1 w disc\rse ?us 9 8 secret he>t3--,he w beg91 z _m s f> h done be=e him1 by lay+ x d[n z if a position :i* approves itself to ! reason1 imm$iately t x is fairly exam9$1--:i* is ( s axiomatic a "* z to h a claim to be treat$ z a fir/ pr9ciple1 & is firm & /eady en\gh to be> a l>ge sup]/ructure ^u x1--t ,religion is n ! subject-matt] ( a sci5ce4 8,y may h op9ions 9 religion1 y may h !ories1 y may h argum5ts1 y may h probabilities2 y may h any?+ b demon/ration1 & !re=e y _c h sci5ce4 ,9 me*anics y advance f sure premisses to sure conclusions2 9 optics y =m y\r und5iable facts into sy/em1 arrive at g5]al pr9ciples1 & !n aga9 infallibly apply !m3 "h y h ,sci5ce4 ,on ! o!r h&1 !re is at pres5t no real sci5ce ( ! wea!r1 because y _c get hold ( facts & tru?s on :i* x dep5ds2 !re is no sci5ce ( ! com+ & go+ ( epidemics2 no sci5ce ( ! break+ out & ! cessation ( w>s2 no sci5ce ( popul> lik+s & dislik+s1 or ( ! fa%ions4 ,x is n t ^! subject-matt]s are !mselves incapable ( sci5ce1 b t1 "u exi/+ circum/ances1 we are incapable ( subject+ !m to x4 ,& s1 9 l mann]10 says ! philosoph] 9 "q1 8)\t d5y+ t 9 ! matt] ( religion "s ?+s are true & "s ?+s false1 /ill we c]ta9ly are n 9 a position to det]m9e ! "o or ! o!r4 ,&1 z x w\ld be absurd to dogmatize ab\t ! wea!r1 & say t #ahfj w be a wet season or a dry season1 a "t ( peace or w>1 s x is absurd = m5 9 our pres5t /ate to tea* any?+ positively ab\t ! next _w1 t !re is a heav51 or a hell1 or a la/ judgm5t1 or t ! s\l is immortal1 or t !re is a ,god4 ,x is n t y h n a "r to y\r own op9ion1 z y h a "r to place implicit tru/ 9 y\r own bank]1 or 9 y\r own physician2 b und5iably su* p]suasions are n k1 !y are n sci5tific1 !y _c become public prop]ty1 !y are consi/5t ) y\r all[+ y\r fri5d to ent]ta9 ! opposite op9ion2 &1 if y are tempt$ to be viol5t 9 ! def5ce ( y\r own view ( ! case 9 ?is matt] ( religion1 !n x is well to lay s]i\sly to he>t :e!r s5sitiv5ess on ! subject ( y\r bank] or y\r doctor1 :5 he is h&l$ sceptically by ano!r1 w\ld n be tak5 to argue a secret misgiv+ 9 y\r m9d ab\t him1 9 spite ( y\r confid5t pr(ession1 an abs5ce ( cle>1 unruffl$ c]ta9ty 9 8 hone/y or 9 8 skill40 ,su* is our philosoph]'s prim>y position4 ,he does n prove x2 he does b di/9ctly /ate x2 b he ?9ks x self-evid5t :5 x is di/9ctly /at$4 ,& !re he leaves x4 #d4 ,tak+ 8 prim>y position h5ce=? = grant$1 he w proce$ z foll[s3--8,well1 !n1 if ,religion is j "o ( ^? subjects ab\t :i* we c "k no?+1 :at c be s absurd z to sp5d "t ^u x8 :at s absurd z to qu>rel ) o!rs ab\t x8 ,let u all keep to our own religi\s op9ions respectively1 & be cont5t2 b s f> f x1 ^u no subject :atev] has ! intellect ( man be5 fa/5$ s int5sely z ^u ,religion4 ,& ! mis]y is1 t1 if once we all[ x to engage our att5tion1 we are 9 a circle f :i* we nev] %all be able to extricate ourselves4 ,our mi/ake reproduces & corroborates itself4 ,a small insect1 a wasp or a fly1 is unable to make 8 way ?r\gh ! pane ( glass2 & 8 v failure is ! occasion ( great] viol5ce 9 8 /ruggle ?an be=e4 ,he is z h]oically ob/9ate 9 8 resolution to succe$ z ! assailant or def5d] ( "s critical battle-field2 he is unflagg+ & fi]ce 9 an ef=t :i* _c lead to any?+ beyond itself4 ,:51 !n1 9 l mann]1 y h once resolv$ t c]ta9 religi\s doctr9es %all be indisputably true1 & t all m5 ought to p]ceive _! tru?1 y h engag$ 9 an und]tak+ :i*1 ?\gh cont9u$ on to et]nity1 w nev] rea* its aim2 &1 s9ce y are conv9c$ x ought to d s1 ! m y h fail$ hi!rto1 ! m viol5t & p]t9aci\s w be y\r attempt 9 "t to come4 ,& fur!r /ill1 s9ce y are n ! only man 9 ! _w :o is 9 ?is error1 b "o ( t5 ?\s&1 all hold+ ! g5]al pr9ciple t ,religion is sci5tific1 & yet all diff]+ z to ! tru?s & facts & conclusions ( ?is sci5ce1 x foll[s t ! mis]y ( social disputation & disunion is add$ to ! mis]y ( a hopeless inve/igation1 & life is n only wa/$ 9 fruitless speculation1 b embitt]$ by bigott$ sect>ianism4 8,su* is ! /ate 9 :i* ! _w has laid10 x w be said1 8ev] s9ce ! introduction ( ,*ri/ianity4 ,*ri/ianity has be5 ! bane ( true k1 = x has turn$ ! intellect away f :at x c "k1 & occupi$ x 9 :at x _c4 ,diff]5ces ( op9ion crop up & multiply !mselves1 9 proportion to ! difficulty ( decid+ !m2 & ! unfruitfulness ( ,!ology has be51 9 matt] ( fact1 ! v reason1 n = seek+ bett] food1 b = fe$+ on no?+ else4 ,tru? has be5 s\ght 9 ! wrong direction1 & ! atta9able has be5 put aside = ! vision>y40 ,n[1 !re is no call on me "h to refute ^! argum5ts1 b m]ely to /ate !m4 ,i ne$ n refute :at has n yet be5 prov$4 ,x is suffici5t = me to repeat :at ,i h already said1 t !y are f\nd$ ^u a m]e assumption4 ,suppos+1 inde$1 religi\s tru? _c be asc]ta9$1 !n1 ( c\rse1 x is n only idle1 b mis*iev\s1 to attempt to d s2 !n1 ( c\rse1 argum5t does b increase ! mi/ake ( attempt+ x4 ,b surely bo? ,ca?olics & ,prote/ants h writt5 solid def5ces ( ,revelation1 ( ,*ri/ianity1 & ( dogma1 z su*1 & ^! are n simply to be put aside )\t say+ :y4 ,x has n yet be5 %[n by our philosoph]s to be self-evid5t t religi\s tru? is really incapable ( atta9m5t2 on ! o!r h&1 x has at lea/ be5 p[]fully argu$ by a numb] ( pr(\nd m9ds t x c be atta9$2 & ! onus prob&i pla9ly lies ) ^? :o are introduc+ into ! _w :at ! :ole _w feels to be a p>adox4 #e4 ,h[ev]1 :]e m5 really are p]suad$ ( all ?is1 h[ev] unreasonable1 :at w foll[8 ,a feel+1 n m]ely ( contempt1 b ( absolute hatr$1 t[>ds ! ,ca?olic !ologian & ! dogmatic tea*]4 ,! patriot abhors & loa!s ! p>tizans :o h degrad$ & injur$ 8 c\ntry2 & ! citiz5 ( ! _w1 ! advocate ( ! human race1 feels bitt] indignation at ^? :om he holds to h be5 its mislead]s & tyrants = two ?\s& ye>s4 8,! _w has lo/ two ?\s& ye>s4 ,x is pretty mu* :]e x 0 9 ! days ( ,augu/us4 ,?is is :at has come ( prie/s40 ,!re are ^? :o are actuat$ by a b5evol5t lib]alism1 & condesc5d to say t ,ca?olics are n worse ?an o!r ma9ta9]s ( dogmatic !ology4 ,!re are ^?1 aga91 :o are good en\gh to grant t ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* fo/]$ k & sci5ce up to ! days ( ,galileo1 & t %e has only retrograd$ = ! la/ sev]al c5turies4 ,b ! new tea*]1 :om ,i am contemplat+ 9 ! light ( t nebula out ( :i* he w be conc5trat$1 e*oes ! words ( ! e>ly p]secutor ( ,*ri/ians1 t !y are ! 8enemies ( ! human race40 8,b = ,a?anasius1 b = ,augu/9e1 b = ,aqu9as1 ! _w w\ld h _h its ,bacons & its ,newtons1 its ,lavoisi]s1 its ,cuvi]s1 its ,watts1 & its ,adam ,smi?s1 c5turies ^u c5turies ago4 ,& n[1 :5 at l5g? ! true philosophy has /ruggl$ into exi/5ce1 & is mak+ its way1 :at is left = its *ampion b to make an eag] desp]ate attack ^u ,*ri/ian !ology1 ! scabb>d flung away1 & no qu>t] giv58 & :at w be ! issue b ! triumph ( ! /rong]1--! ov]?r[ ( an old error & an odi\s tyranny1 & a reign ( ! beautiful ,tru?80 ,?us he ?9ks1 & he sits dream+ ov] ! inspir+ ?\ght1 & longs = t approa*+1 t inevitable day4 ,!re let u leave him = ! pres5t1 dream+ & long+ 9 8 impot5t hatr$ ( a ,p[] :i* ,julian & ,fr$]ic1 ,%aftesbury & ,voltaire1 & a ?\s& o!r great sov]eigns & subtle ?9k]s1 h assail$ 9 va94 #b4 ,its ,policy4 #a4 ,x is a mis]able "t :5 a man's ,ca?olic pr(ession is no v\*] = 8 or?odoxy1 & :5 a tea*] ( religion may be )9 ! ,*ur*'s pale1 yet ext]nal to h] fai?4 ,su* has be5 = a season ! trial ( h] *ildr5 at v>i\s eras ( h] hi/ory4 ,x 0 ! /ate ( ?+s dur+ ! dreadful ,arian asc5dancy1 :5 ! flock _h to keep alo( f ! %eph]d1 & ! unsuspici\s ,fa!rs ( ! ,we/]n ,c\ncils tru/$ & foll[$ "s consecrat$ sophi/ f ,greece or ,syria4 ,x 0 ! case 9 ^? passages ( m$ieval hi/ory :5 simony resi/$ ! ,supreme ,pontiff1 or :5 h]esy lurk$ 9 ,univ]sities4 ,x 0 a long] & m t$i\s trial1 :ile ! controv]sies la/$ ) ! ,monophysites ( old1 & ) ! ,jans5i/s 9 mod]n times4 ,a great sc&al x is & a p]plexity to ! little ones ( ,*ri/1 to h to *oose betwe5 rival claimants ^u _! allegiance1 or to f9d a condemnation at l5g? pron\nc$ ^u "o :om 9 _! simplicity !y h admir$4 ,we1 too1 9 ?is age h our sc&als1 = sc&als mu/ be2 b !y are n :at !y 7 once2 & if x be ! j compla9t ( pi\s m5 n[1 t nev] 0 infidelity s rampant1 x is _! boa/ & consolation1 on ! o!r h&1 t nev] 0 ! ,*ur* less tr\bl$ ) false tea*]s1 nev] m unit$4 ,false tea*]s d n rema9 )9 h] pale n[1 because !y c easily leave x1 & because !re are seats ( error ext]nal to h] to :i* !y are attract$4 8,!y w5t out f u10 says ! ,apo/le1 8b !y 7 n ( u2 = if !y _h be5 ( u1 !y w\ld no d\bt h cont9u$ ) u3 b t !y might be made manife/ t !y are n all ( u40 ,x is a great ga9 :5 error becomes manife/1 = x !n ceases to deceive ! simple4 ,) ^! ?\ghts ,i began to describe by anticipation ! =mation ( a s*ool ( unbelief ext]nal to ! ,*ur*1 :i* p]haps z yet only exi/s1 z ,i !n express$ x1 9 a nebula4 ,9 ! middle ages x might h manag$1 by means ( subt]fuges1 to ma9ta9 itself = a :ile )9 ! sacr$ limits1--n[ ( c\rse x is outside ( x2 yet /ill1 f ! int]mixture ( ,ca?olics ) ! _w1 & ! pres5t immature condition ( ! false doctr9e1 x may at fir/ ex]t an influ5ce ev5 ^u ^? :o w\ld %r9k f x if !y recogniz$ x z x really is & z x w ultimately %[ itself4 ,moreov]1 x is natural1 & n unpr(itable1 = p]sons "u our circum/ances to speculate on ! =ms ( error ) :i* a ,univ]sity ( ?is age w h to cont5d1 z ! m$ieval ,univ]sities _h _! own special antagoni/s4 ,& = bo? reasons ,i am haz>d+ "s rem>ks on a set ( op9ions & a l9e ( action :i* seems to be at pres5t1 at lea/ 9 its rudim5ts1 9 ! seats ( ,engli% intellect1 :e!r ! dang] dies away ( itself or n4 ,i h already said t its fundam5tal dogma is1 t no?+ c be kn[n = c]ta9 ab\t ! unse5 _w4 ,?is be+ tak5 = grant$ z a self-evid5t po9t1 und5iable z soon z /at$1 x goes on1 or w g on1 to argue t1 9 consequ5ce1 ! imm5se outlay :i* has be5 made ( "t1 anxiety1 & toil1 ( heal?1 bodily & m5tal1 ^u !ological rese>*es1 has be5 simply ?r[n away2 nay1 has be51 n useless m]ely1 b ev5 mis*iev\s1 inasmu* z x has indirectly ?w>t$ ! cultivation ( /udies ( f> great] promise & ( an evid5t utility4 ,?is is ! ma9 position ( ! ,s*ool ,i am contemplat+2 & ! result1 9 ! m9ds ( its memb]s1 is a deep hatr$ & a bitt] res5tm5t aga9/ ! ,p[] :i* has manag$1 z !y consid]1 to /unt ! _w's k & ! intellect ( man = s _m hundr$ ye>s4 ,?us mu* ,i h already said1 & n[ ,i am go+ to /ate ! l9e ( policy :i* ^! p w adopt1 & ! c\rse ( ?\ght :i* t policy ( !irs w make necess>y to !m or natural4 #b4 ,suppos+1 !n1 x is ! ma9 t5et ( ! ,s*ool 9 "q1 t ! /udy ( ,religion z a sci5ce has be5 ! bane ( philosophy & k1 :at rem$y w its ma/]s apply = ! evils !y deplore8 ,%\ld !y pr(ess !mselves ! antagoni/s ( !ology1 & engage 9 argum5tative ex]cises ) !ologians8 ,?is evid5tly w\ld be to increase1 to p]petuate ! calamity4 ,no?+1 !y w say to !mselves1 d religi\s m5 desire s ard5tly1 no?+ w\ld s surely advance ! cause ( ,religion1 z ,controv]sy4 ,! v policy ( religi\s m51 !y w argue1 is to get ! _w to fix its att5tion /eadily ^u ! subject ( ,religion1 & ,controv]sy is ! mo/ effectual means ( do+ ?is4 ,& _! own game1 !y w consid]1 is1 on ! contr>y1 to be elaborately sil5t ab\t x4 ,%\ld !y n !n g on to %ut up ! !ological s*ools1 & exclude ,religion f ! subjects sci5tifically treat$ 9 philosophical education8 ,?is inde$ has be51 & is1 a fav\rite mode ( proce$+ ) v _m ( ! enemies ( ,!ology2 b /ill x _c be said to h be5 ju/ifi$ by any great] success ?an ! policy ( ,controv]sy4 ,! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,london ,univ]sity only gave imm$iate occasion to ! e/abli%m5t ( ,k+'s ,college1 f\nd$ on ! dogmatic pr9ciple2 & ! lib]alism ( ! ,dut* gov]nm5t l$ to ! re/oration ( ! ,univ]sity ( ,l\va94 ,x is a well-kn[n /ory h[ ! v abs5ce ( ! /atues ( ,brutus & ,cassius br\ght !m m vividly into ! recollection ( ! ,roman p4 ,:51 !n1 9 a compreh5sive s*eme ( education1 ,religion alone is exclud$1 t exclusion pleads 9 its behalf4 ,:atev] be ! real value ( ,religion1 say ^! philosoph]s to !mselves1 x has a "n 9 ! _w1 & mu/ n be ill-treat$1 le/ m5 %\ld rally r\nd x f a feel+ ( g5]osity4 ,!y w decide1 9 consequ5ce1 t ! exclusive me?od1 ?\gh x has met ) fav\r 9 ?is g5]ation1 is q z mu* a mi/ake z ! controv]sial4 ,turn+1 !n1 to ! ,univ]sities ( ,engl&1 !y w pron\nce t ! true policy to be obs]v$ !re w\ld be simply to let ! s*ools ( ,!ology alone4 ,mo/ un=tunate x is t !y h be5 r\s$ f ! /ate ( decad5ce & torpor 9 :i* !y lay "s tw5ty or ?irty ye>s ago4 ,up to t "t1 a r\t9e lecture1 deliv]$ once to successive bat*es ( "y m5 de/9$ = ! ,prote/ant ,m9i/ry1 n dur+ _! resid5ce1 b :5 !y 7 leav+ or _h already left ! ,univ]sity1--& n ab\t dogmatics1 hi/ory1 ecclesia/ical law1 or casui/ry1 b ab\t ! li/ ( au?ors to be select$ & works to be read by ^? :o _h nei!r curiosity to read !m nor money to pur*ase2--& aga9 a p]iodical adv]tisem5t ( a lecture on ! ,?irty-n9e ,articles1 :i* 0 nev] deliv]$ because x 0 nev] att5d$1--^! two demon/rations1 "o und]tak5 by "o !ological ,pr(essor1 ! o!r by ano!r1 compris$ ! !ological tea*+ ( a seat ( le>n+ :i* _h be5 ! home ( ,duns ,scotus & ,alex&] ,hales4 ,:at envi\s mis*ance put an end to ^? halcyon days1 & reviv$ ! odium !ologicum 9 ! ye>s :i* foll[$8 ,let u d ju/ice to ! au?oritative rul]s ( ! ,univ]sity2 !y h _! fail+s2 b n to !m is ! revolution to be ascrib$4 ,x 0 nobody's fault among all ! gu>dians ( education & tru/ees ( ! intellect 9 t celebrat$ place4 ,h[ev]1 ! mis*ief has be5 done2 & n[ ! wise/ c\rse = ! int]e/s ( infidelity is to leave x to itself1 & let ! fev] gradually subside2 treatm5t w\ld b irritate x4 ,n to int]f]e ) ,!ology1 n to raise a little f+] aga9/ x1 is ! only means ( sup]s$+ x4 ,! m bitt] is ! hatr$ :i* su* m5 be> x1 ! less !y mu/ %[ x4 #c4 ,:at1 !n1 is ! l9e ( action :i* !y mu/ pursue8 ,!y ?9k1 & rightly ?9k1 t1 9 all conte/s1 ! wise/ & l>ge/ policy is to conduct a positive1 n a negative opposition1 n to prev5t b to anticipate1 to ob/ruct by con/ruct+1 & to ext]m9ate by supplant+4 ,to ca/ any slight ^u ,!ology1 :e!r 9 its ,prote/ant or its ,ca?olic s*ools1 w\ld be to elicit an inexhau/ible /ream ( polemics1 & a phalanx ( dogmatic doctors & confessors4 8,let alone ,cam>9a1 = 'tis be/ let alone40 ,! prop] proc$ure1 !n1 is1 n to oppose ,!ology1 b to rival x4 ,leave its tea*]s to !mselves2 m]ely aim at ! introduction ( o!r /udies1 :i*1 :ile !y h ! accid5tal *>m ( novelty1 possess a surpass+ int]e/1 ri*ness1 & practical value ( _! own4 ,get possession ( ^! /udies1 & appropriate !m1 & monopolize ! use ( !m1 to ! exclusion ( ! vot>ies ( ,religion4 ,take x = grant$1 & prote/1 = ! future1 t ,religion has no?+ to d ) ! /udies to :i* ,i am allud+1 nor ^? /udies ) ,religion4 ,exclaim & cry out1 if ! ,ca?olic ,*ur* presumes h]self to h&le :at y mean to use z a weapon aga9/ h]4 ,! range ( ! ,exp]im5tal ,sci5ces1 viz41 psy*ology1 & politics1 & political economy1 & ! _m dep>tm5ts ( physics1 v>i\s bo? 9 _! subject-matt] & _! me?od ( rese>*2 ! great ,sci5ces :i* are ! *>act]i/ics ( ?is era1 & :i* become ! m m>vell\s1 ! m ?or\ghly !y are und]/ood1--a/ronomy1 magnetism1 *emi/ry1 geology1 comp>ative anatomy1 natural hi/ory1 e?nology1 languages1 political geography1 antiquities1--^! be y\r indirect b effectual means ( ov]turn+ ,religion6 ,!y d b ne$ to be se5 9 ord] to be pursu$2 y w put an end1 9 ! ,s*ools ( le>n+1 to ! long reign ( ! unse5 %ad[y _w1 by ! m]e exhibition ( ! visible4 ,?is 0 impossible h]et(ore1 = ! visible _w 0 s little kn[n itself2 b n[1 ?anks to ! ,new ,philosophy1 sight is able to conte/ ! field ) fai?4 ,! m$ieval philosoph] _h no weapon aga9/ ,revelation b ,metaphysics2 ,physical ,sci5ce has a bett] temp]1 if n a ke5] edge1 = ! purpose4 ,n[ "h ,i int]rupt ! c\rse ( ?\ght ,i am trac+1 to introduce a caveat1 le/ ,i %\ld be ?\ght to *]i% any secret disrespect t[>ds ! sci5ces ,i h enum]at$1 or appreh5sion ( _! legitimate t5d5cies2 :]eas my v object is to prote/ aga9/ a monopoly ( !m by o!rs4 ,& x is n surely a heavy imputation on !m to say t !y1 z o!r div9e gifts1 may be us$ to wrong purposes1 ) :i* !y h no natural connection1 & = :i* !y 7 nev] int5d$2 & t1 z 9 ,greece ! elem5t ( beauty1 ) :i* ! univ]se is flood$1 & ! poetical faculty1 :i* is its true/ int]pret]1 7 made to m9i/] to s5suality2 z1 9 ! middle ages1 ab/ract speculation1 ano!r great in/rum5t ( tru?1 0 (t5 fritt]$ away 9 sophi/ical ex]cises2 s n[1 too1 ! dep>tm5t ( fact1 & ! me?od ( rese>* & exp]im5t :i* is prop] to x1 may = ! mom5t eclipse ! light ( fai? 9 ! imag9ation ( ! /ud5t1 & be degrad$ into ! accid5tal tool1 hic et nunc1 ( infidelity4 ,i am z little ho/ile to physical sci5ce z ,i am to poetry or metaphysics2 b ,i wi% = /udies ( e k9d a legitimate application3 nor d ,i grudge !m to anti-,ca?olics1 s t anti-,ca?olics w n claim to monopolize !m1 cry out :5 we pr(ess !m1 or direct !m aga9/ ,revelation4 ,i wi%1 inde$1 ,i c\ld ?9k t ^! /udies 7 n int5d$ by a c]ta9 s*ool ( philosoph]s to be> directly aga9/ its au?ority4 ,!re are ^? :o hope1 !re are ^? :o are sure1 t 9 ! incessant inve/igation ( facts1 physical1 political1 & moral1 some?+ or o!r1 or _m ?+s1 w soon] or lat] turn up1 & /ubborn facts too1 simply contradictory ( reveal$ decl>ations4 ,a vision comes be=e !m ( "s physical or hi/orical pro( t mank9d is n desc5d$ f a common orig91 or t ! hopes ( ! _w 7 nev] consign$ to a wood5 ark float+ on ! wat]s1 or t ! manife/ations on ,m\nt ,s9ai 7 ! "w ( man or nature1 or t ! ,hebrew patri>*s or ! judges ( ,israel are my?ical p]sonages1 or t ,/4 ,pet] _h no connection ) ,rome1 or t ! doctr9e ( ! ,holy ,tr9ity or ( ! ,real ,pres5ce 0 =eign to primitive belief4 ,an anticipation possesses !m t ! ultimate tru?s embodi$ 9 mesm]ism w c]ta9ly solve all ! ,gospel miracles2 or t to ,niebuhrize ! ,gospels or ! ,fa!rs is a simple exp$i5t = /ultify+ ! :ole ,ca?olic sy/em4 ,!y imag9e t ! et]nal1 immutable ^w ( ,god is to quail & come to n\ght be=e ! p5etrat+ intellect ( man4 ,&1 :]e ?is feel+ exi/s1 !re w be a /ill /rong] motive = lett+ ,!ology alone4 ,t p>ty1 ) :om success is b a matt] ( "t1 c af=d to wait pati5tly2 & if an inevitable tra9 is laid = bl[+ up ! =tress1 :y ne$ we be anxi\s t ! cata/rophe %\ld take place to-day1 r ?an to-morr[8 #d4 ,b1 )\t mak+ too mu* ( _! own anticipations on ?is po9t1 :i* may or may n be 9 "p fulfill$1 ^! m5 h secure gr\nds = kn[+ t ! sci5ces1 z !y w\ld pursue !m1 w at lea/ be prejudicial to ! religi\s s5tim5t4 ,any "o /udy1 ( :atev] k9d1 exclusively pursu$1 dead5s 9 ! m9d ! int]e/1 nay1 ! p]ception ( any o!r4 ,?us ,cic]o says t ,plato & ,demo/h5es1 ,ari/otle & ,isocrates1 might h respectively excell$ 9 ea* o!r's prov9ce1 b t ea* 0 absorb$ 9 8 own2 8 words are emphatic2 8quorum ut]que1 suo /udio delectatus1 contemsit alt]um40 ,specim5s ( ?is peculi>ity occur e day4 ,y c h>dly p]suade "s m5 to talk ab\t any ?+ b _! own pursuit2 !y ref] ! :ole _w to _! own c5tre1 & measure all matt]s by _! own rule1 l ! fi%]man 9 ! drama1 ^: eulogy on 8 deceas$ "l 01 t 8he 0 s fond ( fi%40 ,! sa9ts illu/rate ?is on ! o!r h&2 ,/4 ,b]n>d _h no eye = ar*itecture2 ,/4 ,basil _h no nose = fl[]s2 ,/4 ,aloysius _h no palate = meat & dr9k2 ,/4 ,paula or ,/4 ,jane ,frances c\ld spurn or c\ld /ep ov] h] own *ild2--n t natural faculties 7 want+ to ^? great s]vants ( ,god1 b t a high] gift out%one & obscur$ e l[] attribute ( man1 z human features may rema9 9 heav51 yet ! beauty ( !m be kill$ by ! surpass+ light ( glory4 ,& 9 l mann] x is cle> t ! t5d5cy ( sci5ce is to make m5 indiff]5ti/s or sceptics1 m]ely by be+ exclusively pursu$4 ,! p>ty1 !n1 ( :om ,i speak1 und]/&+ ?is well1 w\ld suff] disputations 9 ! !ological s*ools e day 9 ! ye>1 provid$ !y c manage to keep ! /ud5ts ( sci5ce at a di/ance f !m4 ,nor is ?is all2 !y tru/ to ! influ5ce ( ! mod]n sci5ces on :at may be call$ ! ,imag9ation4 ,:5 any ?+1 :i* comes be=e u1 is v unlike :at we commonly exp]i5ce1 we consid] x on t acc\nt untrue2 n because x really %ocks our reason z improbable1 b because x />tles our imag9ation z /range4 ,n[1 ,revelation pres5ts to u a p]fectly diff]5t aspect ( ! univ]se f t pres5t$ by ! ,sci5ces4 ,! two in=mations are l ! di/9ct subjects repres5t$ by ! l9es ( ! same draw+1 :i*1 accord+ly z !y are read on _! concave or convex side1 exhibit to u n[ a gr\p ( trees ) bran*es & leaves1 & n[ human faces hid amid ! leaves1 or "s maje/ic figures /&+ out f ! bran*es4 ,?us is fai? oppos$ to sight3 x is p>allel to ! contra/ af=d$ by plane a/ronomy & physical2 plane1 9 accordance ) our s5ses1 disc\rses ( ! sun's ris+ & sett+1 :ile physical1 9 accordance ) our reason1 ass]ts1 on ! contr>y1 t ! sun is all b /ation>y1 & t x is ! e>? t moves4 ,?is is :at is meant by say+ t tru? lies 9 a well2 ph5om5a are no measure ( fact2 prim facie repres5tations1 :i* we receive f )\t1 d n rea* to ! real /ate ( ?+s1 or put !m be=e u simply z !y are4 ,:ile1 !n1 ,reason & ,revelation are consi/5t 9 fact1 !y (t5 are inconsi/5t 9 appe>ance2 & ?is seem+ discordance acts mo/ ke5ly & al>m+ly on ! ,imag9ation1 & may sudd5ly expose a man to ! temptation1 & ev5 hurry him on to ! commission1 ( def9ite acts ( unbelief1 9 :i* reason itself really does n come into ex]cise at all4 ,i mean1 let a p]son devote himself to ! /udies ( ! day2 let him be taught by ! a/ronom] t our sun is b "o ( a million c5tral lum9>ies1 & our e>? b "o ( t5 million globes mov+ 9 space2 let him le>n f ! geologi/ t on t globe ( ours enorm\s revolutions h be5 9 progress ?r\gh innum]able ages2 let him be told by ! comp>ative anatomi/ ( ! m9utely arrang$ sy/em ( organiz$ nature2 by ! *emi/ & physici/1 ( ! p]emptory yet intricate laws to :i* nature1 organiz$ & inorganic1 is subject$2 by ! e?nologi/1 ( ! orig9als1 & ramifications1 & v>ieties1 & =tunes ( nations2 by ! antiqu>ian1 ( old cities dis9t]r$1 & primitive c\ntries laid b>e1 ) ! specific =ms ( human society once exi/+2 by ! l+ui/1 ( ! sl[ =mation & developm5t ( languages2 by ! psy*ologi/1 ! physiologi/1 & ! economi/1 ( ! subtle1 complicat$ /ructure ( ! brea?+1 en]getic1 re/less _w ( m52 ,i say1 let him take 9 & ma/] ! va/ness ( ! view ?us af=d$ him ( ,nature1 its inf9ite complexity1 its awful compreh5siv5ess1 & its div]sifi$ yet h>moni\s col\r+2 & !n1 :5 he has = ye>s drank 9 & f$ ^u ?is vision1 let him turn r\nd to p]use ! inspir$ records1 or li/5 to ! au?oritative tea*+ ( ,revelation1 ! book ( ,g5esis1 or ! w>n+s & prophecies ( ! ,gospels1 or ! ,symbolum ,quicumque1 or ! ,life ( ,/4 ,antony or ,/4 ,hil>ion1 & he may c]ta9ly exp]i5ce a mo/ di/ress+ revulsion ( feel+17#dd7--n t 8 reason really d$uces any ?+ f 8 mu* lov$ /udies contr>y to ! fai?1 b t 8 imag9ation is bewild]$1 & swims ) ! s5se ( ! ineffable di/ance ( t fai? f ! view ( ?+s :i* is famili> to him1 ) its /rang5ess1 & !n aga9 its rude simplicity1 z he consid]s x1 & its app>5t pov]ty contra/$ ) ! exub]ant life & reality ( 8 own _w4 ,all ?is1 ! s*ool ,i am speak+ ( und]/&s well2 x compreh5ds t1 if x c b exclude ! pr(essors ( ,religion f ! lecture-halls ( sci5ce1 x may safely all[ !m full play 9 _! own2 = x w be able to re> up infidels1 )\t speak+ a ^w1 m]ely by ! t]rible influ5ce ( t faculty aga9/ :i* bo? ,bacon & ,butl] s solemnly w>n u4 ,i say1 x leaves ! !ologian ! full & free possession ( 8 own s*ools1 = x ?9ks he w h no *ance ( arre/+ ! opposite tea*+ or ( rivall+ ! fasc9ation ( mod]n sci5ce4 ,kn[+ little1 & c>+ less = ! dep? & l>g5ess ( t heav5ly ,wisdom1 on :i* ! ,apo/le delights to expatiate1 or ! v>iety ( ^? sci5ces1 dogmatic or e?ical1 my/ical or hagiological1 hi/orical or exegetical1 :i* ,revelation has creat$1 ^! philosoph]s "k p]fectly well t1 9 matt] ( fact1 to be+s1 con/itut$ z we are1 sci5ces :i* conc]n ?is _w & ?is /ate ( exi/5ce are wor? f> m1 are m arre/+ & attractive1 ?an ^? :i* relate to a sy/em ( ?+s :i* !y d n see & _c ma/] by _! natural p[]s4 ,sci5ces :i* deal ) tangible facts1 practical results1 ev]gr[+ discov]ies1 & p]petual novelties1 :i* fe$ curiosity1 su/a9 att5tion1 & /imulate expectation1 require1 !y consid]1 b a fair /age & no fav\r to di/ance t ,anci5t ,tru?1 :i* nev] *anges & b cauti\sly advances1 9 ! race = popul>ity & p[]4 ,& !re=e !y look out = ! day :5 !y %all h put d[n ,religion1 n by %utt+ its s*ools1 b by empty+ !m2 n by disput+ its t5ets1 b by ! sup]ior wor? & p]suasiv5ess ( _! own4 #e4 ,su* is ! tactic :i* a new s*ool ( philosoph]s adopt aga9/ ,*ri/ian ,!ology4 ,!y h ?is *>act]i/ic1 comp>$ ) =m] s*ools ( infidelity1 viz41 ! union ( int5se hatr$ ) a l>ge tol]ation ( ,!ology4 ,!y are pr(ess$ly civil to x1 & run a race ) x4 ,!y rely1 n on any logical dispro( ( x1 b on ?ree consid]ations2 fir/1 on ! effects ( /udies ( :atev] k9d to indispose ! m9d t[>ds o!r /udies2 next1 on ! special effect ( mod]n sci5ces ^u ! imag9ation1 prejudicial to reveal$ tru?2 & la/ly1 on ! absorb+ int]e/ atta*$ to ^? sci5ces f _! m>vell\s results4 ,?is l9e ( action w be =c$ ^u ^! p]sons by ! peculi> "* & position ( ,religion 9 ,engl&4 ,& "h ,i h arriv$ at ! limits ( my pap] be=e ,i h f9i%$ ! discussion ^u :i* ,i h ent]$2 & ,i mu/ be cont5t ) hav+ made "s sugge/ions :i*1 if wor? any?+1 o!rs may use4 ,lecture ,,vi4 ,univ]sity ,prea*+4 #a4 ,:5 ,i obta9$ f v>i\s di/+ui%$ p]sons ! acceptable promise t !y w\ld give me ! advantage ( _! c\nt5ance & assi/ance by appe>+ f "t to "t 9 ! pulpit ( our new ,univ]sity1 "s ( !m accompani$ t promise ) ! natural reque/ t ,i1 :o _h ask$ = x1 %\ld (f] !m my own views ( ! mode & =m 9 :i* ! duty w\ld be mo/ satisfactorily accompli%$4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x 0 q z natural t ,i on my "p %\ld be dis9cl9$ to take on myself an (fice :i* belongs to a high] /ation & au?ority 9 ! ,*ur* ?an my own2 & ! m s1 because1 on ! def9ite subject ab\t :i* ! inquiry is made1 ,i %\ld h f> less direct aid f ! writ+s ( holy m5 & great div9es ?an ,i c\ld desire4 ,7 x inde$ my sole bus9ess to put into %ape ! scatt]$ precepts :i* sa9ts & doctors h deliv]$ ^u x1 ,i might h v5tur$ on su* a task ) comp>atively little misgiv+4 ,"u ! %ad[ ( ! great tea*]s ( ! pa/oral (fice ,i might h be5 cont5t to speak1 )\t look+ out = any liv+ au?ority to prompt me4 ,b ?is un=tunately is n ! case2 su* v5]able guidance does n ext5d beyond ! g5]al pr9ciples & rules ( prea*+1 & ^! require bo? expansion & adaptation :5 !y are to be made to be> on compositions address$ 9 ! "n ( a ,univ]sity to ,univ]sity m54 ,!y def9e ! ess5ce ( ,*ri/ian prea*+1 :i* is "o & ! same 9 all cases2 b n ! subject-matt] or ! me?od1 :i* v>y accord+ to circum/ances4 ,/ill1 aft] all1 ! po9ts to :i* !y d rea* are m1 & m important1 ?an ^? :i* !y fall %ort (4 ,i !re=e1 ?\gh ) a good deal ( anxiety1 h attempt$ to p]=m a task :i* seem$ naturally to fall to me2 & ,i am ?ankful to say t1 ?\gh ,i mu/ 9 "s measure g beyond ! range ( ! simple direction to :i* ,i h ref]r$1 ! great] "p ( my rem>ks w lie )9 x4 #b4 ,s f> is cle> at once1 t ! prea*]'s object is ! spiritual good ( 8 he>]s4 8,f9is prdicanti sit10 says ,/4 ,francis de ,sales2 8ut vitam 7ju/iti7 habeant hom9es1 et abundantius habeant40 ,& ,/4 ,*>les3 8,consid]&um1 ad ,dei omnipot5tis gloriam1 ad anim>umque salutem1 ref]ri omnem concion&i vim ac rationem40 ,moreov]1 8,prdicatorem esse m9i/rum ,dei1 p] quem v]bum ,dei _ss fonte ducitur ad fidelium animas irrig&as40 ,z a m>ksman aims at ! t>get & its bull's-eye1 & at no?+ else1 s ! prea*] mu/ h a def9ite po9t be=e him1 :i* he has to hit4 ,s mu* is conta9$ = 8 direction 9 ?is simple maxim1 t duly to ent] into x & use x is half ! battle2 & if he ma/]$ no?+ else1 /ill if he really ma/]$ z mu* z ?is1 he w\ld "k all t 0 imp]ative = ! due dis*>ge ( 8 (fice4 #a4 ,= :at is ! conduct ( m5 :o h "o object def9itely be=e !m1 & "o only8 ,:y1 t1 :atev] be _! skill1 :atev] _! res\rces1 great] or less1 to its atta9m5t all _! ef=ts are simply1 spontane\sly1 visibly1 direct$4 ,?is cuts (f a numb] ( que/ions sometimes ask$ ab\t prea*+1 & ext+ui%es a numb] ( anxieties4 8,sollicita es1 et turb>is10 says our ,"l to ,/4 ,m>?a2 8erga plurima2 porro unum e/ necess>ium40 ,we ask que/ions p]haps ab\t diction1 elocution1 rhetorical p[]2 b does ! comm&] ( a besieg+ =ce dream ( holiday displays1 reviews1 mock engagem5ts1 feats ( /r5g?1 or trials ( skill1 su* z w\ld be graceful & suitable on a p>ade gr\nd :5 a =eign] ( rank 0 to be receiv$ & ft$2 or does he aim at "o & "o ?+ only1 viz41 to take ! /rong place8 ,display dissipates ! en]gy1 :i* = ! object 9 view ne$s to be conc5trat$ & cond5s$4 ,we h no reason to suppose t ! ,div9e bless+ foll[s ! lead ( human accompli%m5ts4 ,inde$1 ,/4 ,paul1 writ+ to ! ,cor9?ians1 :o made mu* ( su* advantages ( nature1 contra/s ! p]suasive words ( human wisdom 8) ! %[+ ( ! ,_s10 & tells u t 8! k+dom ( ,god is n 9 spee*1 b 9 p[]40 ,b1 n to g to ! consid]ation ( div9e influ5ces1 :i* is beyond my subject1 ! v pres5ce ( simple e>ne/ness is ev5 9 itself a p[]ful natural in/rum5t to effect t t[>d :i* x is direct$4 ,e>ne/ness creates e>ne/ness 9 o!rs by sympa?y2 & ! m a prea*] loses & is lo/ to himself1 ! m does he ga9 8 bre?r54 ,nor is x )\t "s logical =ce also2 = :at is p[]ful en\gh to absorb & possess a prea*] has at lea/ a prim facie claim ( att5tion on ! "p ( 8 he>]s4 ,on ! o!r h&1 any ?+ :i* int]f]es ) ?is e>ne/ness1 or :i* argues its abs5ce1 is /ill m c]ta9 to blunt ! =ce ( ! mo/ cog5t argum5t convey$ 9 ! mo/ eloqu5t language4 ,h5ce x is t ! great philosoph] ( antiquity1 9 speak+1 9 8 ,treatise on ,rhetoric1 ( ! v>i\s k9ds ( p]suasives1 :i* are available 9 ! ,art1 consid]s ! mo/ au?oritative ( ^! to be t :i* is drawn f p]sonal traits ( an e?ical nature evid5t 9 ! orator2 = su* matt]s are cognizable by all m51 & ! common s5se ( ! _w decides t x is saf]1 :]e x is possible1 to commit oneself to ! judgm5t ( m5 ( "* ?an to any consid]ations address$ m]ely to ! feel+s or to ! reason4 ,on ^! gr\nds ,i w\ld g on to lay d[n a precept1 :i* ,i tru/ is n extravagant1 :5 all[ance is made = ! precis5ess & ! po9t :i* are unavoidable 9 all categorical /atem5ts ^u matt]s ( conduct4 ,x is1 t prea*]s %\ld neglect ev]y?+ :atev] besides devotion to _! "o object1 & e>ne/ness 9 pursu+ x1 till !y 9 "s good 9 measure atta9 to ^! requisites4 ,tal5t1 logic1 le>n+1 words1 mann]1 voice1 action1 all are requir$ = ! p]fection ( a prea*]2 b 8"o ?+ is necess>y10--an int5se p]ception & appreciation ( ! end = :i* he prea*es1 & t is1 to be ! m9i/] ( "s def9ite spiritual good to ^? :o he> him4 ,:o c\ld wi% to be m eloqu5t1 m p[]ful1 m successful ?an ! ,tea*] ( ! ,nations8 yet :o m e>ne/1 :o m natural1 :o m un/udi$1 :o m self-=gett+ ?an he8 #c4 7#a47 ,& "h1 9 ord] to prev5t misconception1 two rem>ks mu/ be made1 :i* w lead u fur!r into ! subject we are engag$ ^u4 ,! fir/ is1 t1 9 :at ,i h be5 say+1 ,i d n mean t a prea*] mu/ aim at e>ne/ness1 b t he mu/ aim at 8 object1 :i* is to d "s spiritual good to 8 he>]s1 & :i* w at once make him e>ne/4 ,x is said t1 :5 a man has to cross an abyss by a n>r[ plank ?r[n ov] x1 x is 8 wisdom1 n to look at ! plank1 along :i* lies 8 pa?1 b to fix 8 eyes /eadily on ! po9t 9 ! opposite precipice at :i* ! plank ends4 ,x is by gaz+ at ! object :i* he mu/ rea*1 & rul+ himself by x1 t he secures to himself ! p[] ( walk+ to x /raight & /eadily4 ,! case is ! same 9 moral matt]s2 no "o w become really e>ne/ by aim+ directly at e>ne/ness2 any "o may become e>ne/ by m$itat+ on ! motives1 & by dr9k+ at ! s\rces1 ( e>ne/ness4 ,we may ( c\rse "w ourselves up into a pret5ce1 nay1 into a p>oxysm1 ( e>ne/ness2 z we may *afe our cold h&s till !y are w>m4 ,b :5 we cease *af+1 we lose ! w>m? aga92 on ! contr>y1 let ! sun come out & /rike u ) 8 beams1 & we ne$ no artificial *af+ to be w>m4 ,! hot words1 !n1 & en]getic ge/ures ( a prea*]1 tak5 by !mselves1 are j z mu* signs ( e>ne/ness z rubb+ ! h&s or flapp+ ! arms toge!r are signs ( w>m?2 ?\gh !y are natural :]e e>ne/ness already exi/s1 & pleas+ z be+ its spontane\s concomitants4 ,to sit d[n to compose = ! pulpit ) a resolution to be eloqu5t is "o imp$im5t to p]suasion2 b to be det]m9$ to be e>ne/ is absolutely fatal to x4 ,he :o has be=e 8 m5tal eye ! ,f\r ,la/ ,?+s w h ! true e>ne/ness1 ! horror or ! rapture1 ( "o :o witnesses a conflagration1 or disc]ns "s ri* & sublime prospect ( natural sc5]y4 ,8 c\nt5ance1 8 mann]1 8 voice1 speak = him1 9 proportion z 8 view has be5 vivid & m9ute4 ,! great ,engli% poet has describ$ ?is sort ( eloqu5ce :5 a calamity _h befall53-- ,yea1 ?is man's br[1 l to a title page1 ,=etells ! nature ( a tragic volume4 ,?\ tremble/1 & ! :it5ess 9 ?y *eek ,is apt] ?an ?y tongue to tell ?y err&4 ,x is ?is e>ne/ness1 9 ! sup]natural ord]1 :i* is ! eloqu5ce ( sa9ts2 & n ( sa9ts only1 b ( all ,*ri/ian prea*]s1 accord+ to ! measure ( _! fai? & love4 ,z ! case w\ld be ) "o :o has actually se5 :at he relates1 ! h]ald ( tid+s ( ! invisible _w also w be1 f ! nature ( ! case1 :e!r vehem5t or calm1 sad or exult+1 always simple1 grave1 emphatic1 & p]emptory2 & all ?is1 n because he has propos$ to himself to be s1 b because c]ta9 intellectual convictions involve c]ta9 ext]nal manife/ations4 ,/4 ,francis de ,sales is full & cle> ^u ?is po9t4 ,x is necess>y1 he says1 8ut ipsemet p5itus haus]is1 ut p]suasissimam tibi habeas1 doctr9am quam aliis p]suasam cupis4 ,artificium summum erit1 nullum hab]e artificium4 ,inflammata s9t v]ba1 non clamoribus ge/iculationibusve immodicis1 s$ int]iore affectione4 ,de corde plus qum de ore pr(iciscantur4 ,quantumvis ore dix]imus1 san cor cordi loquitur1 l+ua non nisi aures pulsat40 ,/4 ,augu/9e _h said to ! same purpose long be=e3 8,sonus v]borum no/rorum aures p]cutit2 magi/] intus e/40 7#b47 ,my second rem>k is1 t x is ! prea*]'s duty to aim at imp>t+ to o!rs1 n any =tuit\s1 unprem$itat$ b5efit1 b "s def9ite spiritual good4 ,x is "h t design & /udy f9d _! place2 ! m exact & precise is ! subject :i* he treats1 ! m impressive & practical w he be2 :]eas no "o w c>ry (f mu* f a disc\rse :i* is on ! g5]al subject ( virtue1 or vaguely & feebly ent]ta9s ! "q ( ! desirabl5ess ( atta9+ ,heav51 or ! ra%ness ( incurr+ et]nal ru94 ,z a di/9ct image be=e ! m9d makes ! prea*] e>ne/1 s x w give him some?+ :i* x is wor? :ile to communicate to o!rs4 ,m]e sympa?y1 x is true1 is able1 z ,i h said1 to transf] an emotion or s5tim5t f m9d to m9d1 b x is n able to fix x !re4 ,he mu/ aim at impr9t+ on ! he>t :at w nev] leave x1 & ?is he _c d unless he employ himself on "s def9ite subject1 :i* he has to h&le & weigh1 & !n1 z x 71 to h& ov] f himself to o!rs4 ,h5ce x is t ! ,sa9ts insi/ s expressly on ! necessity ( 8 address+ himself to ! intellect ( m51 & ( conv9c+ z well z p]suad+4 8,necesse e/ ut doceat et moveat10 says ,/4 ,francis2 & ,/4 ,anton9us /ill m di/9ctly3 8,debet prdicator cl>e loqui1 ut in/ruat intellectum auditoris1 et doceat40 ,h5ce1 moreov]1 9 ,/4 ,ignatius's ,ex]cises1 ! act ( ! intellect prec$es t ( ! affections4 ,fa!r ,lohn] seems to me to be giv+ an in/ance 9 po9t :5 he tells u ( a c\rt-prea*]1 :o deliv]$ :at w\ld be commonly consid]$ eloqu5t s]mons1 & attract$ no "o2 & next took to simple explanations ( ! ,mass & simil> subjects1 & !n f\nd ! *ur* ?rong$4 ,s necess>y is x to h some?+ to say1 if we desire any "o to li/54 ,nay1 ,i w\ld g ! l5g? ( recomm5d+ a prea*] to place a di/9ct categorical proposition be=e him1 su* z he c write d[n 9 a =m ( words1 & to guide & limit 8 prep>ation by x1 & to aim 9 all he says to br+ x out1 & no?+ else4 ,?is seems to be impli$ or sugge/$ 9 ,/4 ,*>les's direction3 8,id omn9o /udebit1 ut quod 9 concione dicturus e/ antea b5e cognitum habeat40 ,nay1 is x n expressly convey$ 9 ! ,scripture phrase ( 8prea*+ ! ^w08 = :at is meant by 8! ^w0 b a proposition address$ to ! intellect8 nor w a prea*]'s e>ne/ness %[ itself 9 any?+ m unequivocally ?an 9 8 reject+1 :atev] be ! temptation to admit x1 e rem>k1 h[ev] orig9al1 e p]iod1 h[ev] eloqu5t1 :i* does n 9 "s way or o!r t5d to br+ out ?is "o di/9ct proposition :i* he has *os54 ,no?+ is s fatal to ! effect ( a s]mon z ! habit ( prea*+ on ?ree or f\r subjects at once4 ,i ackn[l$ge ,i am advanc+ a /ep beyond ! practice ( great ,ca?olic prea*]s :5 ,i add t1 ev5 ?\gh we prea* on only "o at a "t1 f9i%+ & dismiss+ ! fir/ be=e we g to ! second1 & ! second be=e we g to ! ?ird1 /ill1 aft] all1 a practice l ?is1 ?\gh n op5 to ! inconv5i5ce :i* ! confus+ ( "o subject ) ano!r involves1 is 9 matt] ( fact no?+ %ort ( ! deliv]y ( ?ree s]mons 9 succession )\t break betwe5 !m4 ,summ+ up1 !n1 :at ,i h be5 say+1 ,i obs]ve t1 if ,i h und]/ood ! doctr9e ( ,/4 ,*>les1 ,/4 ,francis1 & o!r sa9ts aright1 def9it5ess ( object is 9 v>i\s ways ! "o virtue ( ! prea*]2--& ?is means t he %\ld set out ) ! int5tion ( convey+ to o!rs "s spiritual b5efit2 t1 ) a view to ?is1 & z ! only ord9>y way to x1 he %\ld select "s di/9ct fact or sc5e1 "s passage 9 hi/ory1 "s tru?1 simple or pr(\nd1 "s doctr9e1 "s pr9ciple1 or "s s5tim5t1 & %\ld /udy x well & ?or\ghly1 & fir/ make x 8 own1 or else h already dwelt on x & ma/]$ x1 s z to be able to use x = ! occasion f an habitual und]/&+ ( x2 & t !n he %\ld employ himself1 z ! "o bus9ess ( 8 disc\rse1 to br+ home to o!rs1 & to leave deep )9 !m1 :at he has1 be=e he began to speak to !m1 br\ght home to himself4 ,:at he feels himself1 & feels deeply1 he has to make o!rs feel deeply2 & 9 proportion z he compreh5ds ?is1 he w rise above ! temptation ( introduc+ collat]al matt]s1 & w h no ta/e1 no he>t1 = go+ aside aft] fl[]s ( oratory1 f9e figures1 tuneful p]iods1 :i* are wor? no?+1 unless !y come to him spontane\sly1 & are spok5 8out ( ! abundance ( ! he>t40 ,our ,"l said on "o occasion 8,i am come to s5d fire on ! e>?1 & :at w ,i b t x be k9dl$80 ,he _h "o "w1 & ,he accompli%$ x4 8,! words10 ,he says1 8:i* ,?\ gave/ ,me1 ,i h giv5 to !m1 & !y h receiv$ !m1''' & n[ ,i come to ,!e40 ,& ! ,apo/les1 aga91 z !y _h receiv$1 s 7 !y to give4 8,t :i* we h se5 & h he>d10 says "o ( !m1 8we decl>e unto y1 t y may h fell[%ip ) u40 ,if1 !n1 a prea*]'s subject only be "s portion ( ! ,div9e message1 h[ev] elem5t>y x may be1 h[ev] trite1 x w h a dignity su* z to possess him1 & a virtue to k9dle him1 & an influ5ce to subdue & conv]t ^? to :om x goes =? f him1 accord+ to ! words ( ! promise1 8,my ^w1 :i* %all g =? f ,my m\?1 %all n return to ,me void1 b x %all d :atsoev] ,i please1 & %all prosp] 9 ! ?+s = :i* ,i s5t x40 #d4 #b4 ,& n[ hav+ got z f> z ?is1 we %all see )\t difficulty :at a ,univ]sity ,s]mon ought to be j s f> z x is di/9ct f o!r s]mons2 =1 if all prea*+ is direct$ t[>ds a he>]1 su* z is ! he>] w be ! prea*+1 &1 z a ,univ]sity auditory diff]s f o!r auditories1 s w a s]mon address$ to x diff] f o!r s]mons4 ,?is1 inde$1 is a broad maxim :i* holy m5 lay d[n on ! subject ( prea*+4 ,?us1 ,/4 ,gregory ,!ologus1 z quot$ by ! ,pope 8 namesake1 says3 8,! self-same exhortation is n suitable = all he>]s2 = all h n ! same disposition ( m9d1 & :at pr(its ^! is hurtful to ^?40 ,! holy ,pope himself ?r[s ! maxim into ano!r =m1 /ill m precise3 8,debet prdicator10 he says1 8p]spic]e1 ne plus prdicet1 qum ab audi5te capi possit40 ,& ,/4 ,*>les exp\nds x1 ref]r+ to ,pope ,/4 ,gregory3 8,pro audi5tium g5]e locos doctr9>um1 ex quibus concionem conficiat1 non modo di/9ctos1 s$ optim explicatos habebit4 ,atque 9 hoc quidem multiplici g5]e concionator videbit1 ne qucumque1 ut ,s4 ,gregorius scit monet1 leg]it1 aut sci5ti compreh5d]it1 omnia enunciet atque effundat2 s$ delectum habebit1 ita ut docum5ta alia exponat1 alia tacit rel9quat1 pr\t locus1 ordo1 conditioque auditorum deposcat40 ,&1 by way ( obviat+ ! *ance ( su* a rule be+ consid]$ a human artifice inconsi/5t ) ! simplicity ( ! ,gospel1 he _h said %ortly be=e3 8,ad ,dei gloriam1 ad cle/is regni propagationem1 et ad anim>um salutem1 plurimum int]e/1 non solum quales s9t prdicatores1 s$ qu vi1 qu ratione prdic5t40 ,x is true1 ?is is also "o ( ! elem5t>y pr9ciples ( ! ,art ( ,rhetoric2 b x is no sc&al t a sa9tly ,bi%op %\ld 9 ?is matt] borr[ a maxim f secul>1 nay1 f pagan s*ools4 ,= div9e grace does n ov]p[] nor sup]s$e ! action ( ! human m9d accord+ to its prop] nature2 & if hea!n writ]s h analyz$ t nature well1 s f> let !m be us$ to ! great] glory ( ! ,au?or & ,s\rce ( all ,tru?4 ,ari/otle1 !n1 9 8 celebrat$ treatise on ,rhetoric1 makes ! v ess5ce ( ! ,art lie 9 ! precise recognition ( a he>]4 ,x is a relative art1 & 9 t respect diff]s f ,logic1 :i* simply tea*es ! "r use ( reason1 :]eas ,rhetoric is ! art ( p]suasion1 :i* implies a p]son :o is to be p]suad$4 ,z1 !n1 ! ,*ri/ian ,prea*] aims at ! ,div9e ,glory1 n 9 any vague & g5]al way1 b def9itely by ! enunciation ( "s article or passage ( ! ,reveal$ ,^w1 s fur!r1 he enunciates x1 n = ! in/ruction ( ! :ole _w1 b directly = ! sake ( ^? v p]sons :o are be=e him4 ,he is1 :5 9 ! pulpit1 in/ruct+1 enlight5+1 in=m+1 advanc+1 sanctify+1 n all nations1 nor all classes1 nor all call+s1 b ^? p>ticul> ranks1 pr(essions1 /ates1 ages1 *>act]s1 :i* h ga!r$ ar\nd him4 ,pro( inde$ is ! same all ov] ! e>?2 b he has n only to prove1 b to p]suade2--,:om8 ,a he>]1 !n1 is includ$ 9 ! v idea ( prea*+2 & we _c det]m9e h[ 9 detail we ought to prea*1 till we "k :om we are to address4 ,9 all ! mo/ important respects1 inde$1 all he>]s are ! same1 & :at is suitable = "o audi5ce is suitable = ano!r4 ,all he>]s are *ildr5 ( ,adam1 all1 too1 are *ildr5 ( ! ,*ri/ian adoption & ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,! great topics :i* suit ! multitude1 :i* attract ! poor1 :i* sway ! unle>n$1 :i* w>n1 arre/1 recall1 ! wayw>d & w&]+1 are 9 place )9 ! prec9cts ( a ,univ]sity z else:]e4 ,a ,/udium ,g5]ale is n a cloi/]1 or noviciate1 or sem9>y1 or bo>d+-s*ool2 x is an assemblage ( ! "y1 ! inexp]i5c$1 ! lay & ! secul>2 & n ev5 ! simple/ ( religi\s tru?s1 or ! mo/ elem5t>y article ( ! ,*ri/ian fai?1 c be unseasonable f its pulpit4 ,a s]mon on ! ,div9e ,omnipres5ce1 on ! future judgm5t1 on ! satisfaction ( ,*ri/1 on ! int]cession ( sa9ts1 w be n less1 p]haps m1 suitable !re ?an if x 7 address$ to a p>i% congregation4 ,let no "o suppose t any ?+ recondite is ess5tial to ! idea ( a ,univ]sity s]mon4 ,! mo/ obvi\s tru?s are (t5 ! mo/ pr(itable4 ,seldom does an opportunity occur = a subject !re :i* might n "u circum/ances be treat$ be=e any o!r auditory :atev]4 ,nay1 fur!r2 an academical auditory might be well cont5t if x nev] he>d any subject treat$ at all b :at w\ld be suitable to any g5]al congregation4 ,h[ev]1 aft] all1 a ,univ]sity has a "* ( its own2 x has "s traits ( human nature m prom95tly develop$ ?an o!rs1 & its memb]s are br\ght toge!r "u circum/ances :i* imp>t to ! auditory a peculi> col\r & expression1 ev5 :]e x does n sub/antially diff] f ano!r4 ,x is compos$ ( m51 n wom52 ( ! "y r ?an ! old2 & ( p]sons ei!r highly educat$ or "u education4 ,^! are ! po9ts :i* ! prea*] w be> 9 m9d1 & :i* w direct him bo? 9 8 *oice ( subject1 & 9 8 mode ( treat+ x4 #e4 7#a47 ,& fir/ z to 8 matt] or subject4 ,"h ,i w\ld rem>k ^u ! circum/ance1 t c\rses ( s]mons ^u !ological po9ts1 polemical discussions1 treatises 9 ext5so1 & ! l1 are (t5 includ$ 9 ! idea ( a ,univ]sity ,s]mon1 & are consid]$ to be legitimately entitl$ to occupy ! att5tion ( a ,univ]sity audi5ce2 ! object ( su* compositions be+1 n directly & ma9ly ! edification ( ! he>]s1 b ! def5ce or advantage ( ,ca?olicism at l>ge1 & ! gradual =mation ( a volume suitable = publication4 ,)\t absolutely disc\nt5anc+ su* important works1 x is n necess>y to say m ( !m ?an t !y r belong to ! div9ity s*ool1 & fall "u ! idea ( ,lectures1 ?an h a claim to be view$ z ,univ]sity ,s]mons4 ,anyh[1 ,i d n feel call$ ^u to speak ( su* disc\rses "h4 ,& ,i say ! same ( panegyrical orations1 disc\rses on special occasions1 fun]al s]mons1 & ! l4 ,putt+ su* exceptional compositions aside1 ,i w conf9e myself to ! consid]ation ( :at may be call$ ,s]mons prop]4 ,& "h1 ,i repeat1 any g5]al subject w be seasonable 9 ! ,univ]sity pulpit :i* w\ld be seasonable else:]e2 b1 if we look = subjects especially suitable1 !y w be ( two k9ds4 ,! temptations :i* ord9>ily assail ! "y & ! intellectual are two3 ^? :i* are direct$ aga9/ _! virtue1 & ^? :i* are direct$ aga9/ _! fai?4 ,all div9e gifts are expos$ to misuse & p]v]sion2 y\? & intellect are bo? ( !m goods1 & involve 9 !m c]ta9 duties respectively1 & c be us$ to ! glory ( ! ,giv]2 b1 z y\? becomes ! occasion ( excess & s5suality1 s does intellect give accid5tal opportunity to religi\s error1 ra% speculation1 d\bt1 & infidelity4 ,t ^! are 9 fact ! peculi> evils to :i* l>ge ,academical ,bodies are liable is %[n f ! hi/ory ( ,univ]sities2 & if a prea*] w\ld h a subject :i* has especial significancy 9 su* a place1 he mu/ select "o :i* be>s ^u "o or o!r ( ^! two classes ( s94 ,i mean1 he w\ld be treat+ on "s su* subject ) ! same sort ( apposit5ess z he w\ld disc\rse ^u almsgiv+ :5 address+ ! ri*1 or on pati5ce1 resignation1 & indu/ry1 :5 he 0 address+ ! poor1 or on =giv5ess ( injuries :5 he 0 address+ ! oppress$ or p]secut$4 ,to ?is sugge/ion ,i app5d two cautions4 ,fir/1 ,i ne$ h>dly say1 t a prea*] %\ld be q sure t he und]/&s ! p]sons he is address+ be=e he v5tures to aim at :at he consid]s to be _! e?ical condition2 =1 if he mi/akes1 he w probably be do+ h>m r ?an good4 ,i h kn[n consequ5ces to occur v f> f edify+1 :5 /rang]s h fanci$ !y knew an auditory :5 !y did n1 & h by implication imput$ to !m habits or motives :i* 7 n !irs4 ,bett] f> w\ld x be = a prea*] to select "o ( ^? m g5]al subjects :i* are safe ?an risk :at is evid5tly ambiti\s1 if x is n successful4 ,my o!r caution is ?is3--t1 ev5 :5 he addresses himself to "s special dang] or probable defici5cy or ne$ ( 8 he>]s1 he %\ld d s cov]tly1 n %[+ on ! surface ( 8 disc\rse :at he is aim+ at4 ,i see no advantage 9 a prea*] pr(ess+ to treat ( infidelity1 or?odoxy1 or virtue1 or ! pride ( reason1 or riot1 or s5sual indulg5ce4 ,to say no?+ else1 common-places are b blunt weapons2 :]eas x is p>ticul> topics t p5etrate & rea* _! m>k4 ,su* subjects r are1 = in/ance1 ! improvem5t ( "t1 avoid+ ! occasions ( s91 frequ5t+ ! ,sacram5ts1 div9e w>n+s1 ! inspirations ( grace1 ! my/]ies ( ! ,ros>y1 natural virtue1 beauty ( ! rites ( ! ,*ur*1 consi/5cy ( ! ,ca?olic fai?1 relation ( ,scripture to ! ,*ur*1 ! philosophy ( tradition1 & any o!rs1 :i* may t\* ! he>t & consci5ce1 or may sugge/ tra9s ( ?\ght to ! intellect1 )\t proclaim+ ! ma9 reason :y !y h be5 *os54 7#b47 ,next1 z to ! mode ( treat+ its subject1 :i* a ,univ]sity disc\rse requires4 ,x is ?is respect1 aft] all1 ,i ?9k1 9 :i* x especially diff]s f o!r k9ds ( prea*+4 ,z translations diff] f ea* o!r1 z express+ ! same ideas 9 diff]5t languages1 s 9 ! case ( s]mons1 ea* may und]take ! same subject1 yet treat x 9 its own way1 z contemplat+ its own he>]s4 ,?is is well exemplifi$ 9 ! spee*es ( ,/4 ,paul1 z record$ 9 ! book ( ,acts4 ,to ! ,jews he quotes ! ,old ,te/am5t2 on ! ,areopagus1 address+ ! philosoph]s ( ,a!ns1 he insi/s1--n inde$ ^u any recondite doctr9e1 contr>iwise1 ^u ! mo/ elem5t>y1 ! be+ & unity ( ,god2--b he treats x ) a le>n+ & dep? ( ?\ght1 :i* ! pres5ce ( t celebrat$ city naturally sugge/$4 ,& 9 l mann]1 :ile ! mo/ simple subjects are apposite 9 a ,univ]sity pulpit1 !y c]ta9ly w\ld !re require a treatm5t m exact ?an is necess>y 9 m]ely popul> exhortations4 ,x is n ask+ mu* to dem& = academical disc\rses a m c>eful /udy be=eh&1 a m accurate conception ( ! idea :i* !y are to en=ce1 a m cauti\s use ( words1 a m anxi\s consultation ( writ]s ( au?ority1 & some:at m ( philosophical & !ological k4 ,b "h aga91 z be=e1 ,i w\ld insi/ on ! necessity ( su* compositions be+ unpret5d+4 ,x is n necess>y = a prea*] to quote ! ,holy ,fa!rs1 or to %[ erudition1 or to con/ruct an orig9al argum5t1 or to be ambiti\s 9 /yle & pr(use ( ornam5t1 on ! gr\nd t ! audi5ce is a ,univ]sity3 x is only necess>y s to keep ! "* & necessities ( 8 he>]s be=e him z to avoid :at may (f5d !m1 or mislead1 or disappo9t1 or fail to pr(it4 #f4 #c4 ,b "h a di/9ct "q op5s ^u u1 on :i* ,i mu/ say a few words 9 conclusion1 viz41 :e!r or n ! prea*] %\ld prea* )\t book4 ,?is is a delicate "q to ent] ^u1 consid]+ t ! ,iri% practice ( prea*+ )\t book1 :i* is 9 accordance ) t ( =eign c\ntries1 &1 z x w\ld appe>1 ) ! tradition ( ! ,*ur* f ! fir/1 is n univ]sally adopt$ 9 ,engl&1 nor1 z ,i believe1 9 ,scotl&2 & x might seem unreasonable or presumptu\s to abridge a lib]ty at pres5t grant$ to ! prea*]4 ,i w simply set d[n :at occurs to me to say on ea* side ( ! "q4 ,fir/ ( all1 look+ at ! matt] on ! side ( usage1 ,i h always und]/ood t x 0 ! rule 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 z ,i h j said1 bo? 9 ?is & 9 =m] times1 to prea* )\t book2 &1 if ! rule be really s1 x c>ries extreme weight ) x4 ,i d n speak z if ,i _h consult$ a libr>y1 & made my gr\nd sure2 b at fir/ sight x w\ld appe> impossible1 ev5 f ! numb] ( homilies & comm5t>ies :i* are assign$ to c]ta9 ,fa!rs1 z to ,/4 ,augu/9e or to ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 t !y c\ld h deliv]$ !m f =mally-writt5 compositions4 ,on ! o!r h&1 ,/4 ,leo's s]mons c]ta9ly are1 9 ! /rict s5se ( ! ^w1 compositions2 nay1 passages ( !m are c>efully dogmatic2 nay1 fur!r /ill1 !y h sometimes ! "* ( a symbol1 &1 9 consequ5ce1 are f\nd repeat$ 9 o!r p>ts ( 8 works2 & aga91 ?\gh ,i d n pr(ess to be well read 9 ! works ( ,/4 ,*ryso/om1 !re is g5]ally 9 su* portions ( !m z are kn[n to ^? ( u :o are 9 ,holy ,ord]s1 a peculi>ity1 an id5tity ( /yle1 :i* enables "o to recognize ! au?or at a glance1 ev5 9 ! lat9 v]sion ( ! ,brevi>y1 & :i* w\ld seem to be q beyond ! m]e fidelity ( report]s4 ,x w\ld seem1 !n1 he mu/ aft] all h writt5 !m2 & if he did write at all1 x is m likely t he wrote ) ! /imulus ( prea*+ be=e him1 ?an t he _h "t & inducem5t to correct & enl>ge !m aft]w>ds f notes1 = :at is n[ call$ 8publication10 :i* at t "t c\ld h>dly be said to exi/ at all4 ,to ?is consid]ation we mu/ add ! rem>kable fact 7:i*1 ?\gh 9 classical hi/ory1 ?r[s light ^u our inquiry7 t1 n to produce o!r in/ances1 ! great] "p ( ,cic]o's p[]ful & brilliant orations aga9/ ,v]res 7 nev] deliv]$ at all4 ,nor mu/ x be =gott5 t ,cic]o specifies memory 9 8 enum]ation ( ! di/9ct tal5ts necess>y = a great orator4 ,& !n we h 9 corroboration ! ,fr5* practice ( writ+ s]mons & le>n+ !m by he>t4 ,^! rem>ks1 z f> z !y g1 lead u to lay great /ress on ! prep>ation ( a s]mon1 z am\nt+ 9 fact to composition1 ev5 9 writ+1 & 9 ext5so4 ,n[ consid] ,/4 ,c>lo's direction1 z quot$ above3 8,id omn9o /udebit1 ut quod 9 concione dicturus e/1 antea b5e cognitum habeat40 ,n[ a p>i% prie/ has nei!r "t nor occasion = any b elem5t>y & ord9>y topics2 & any su* subject he has habitually made 8 own1 8cognitum habet10 already2 b :5 ! matt] is ( a m select & occasional "*1 z 9 ! case ( a ,univ]sity ,s]mon1 !n ! prea*] has to /udy x well & ?or\ghly1 & ma/] x be=eh&4 ,/udy & m$itation be+ imp]ative1 c x be d5i$ t "o ( ! mo/ effectual means by :i* we are able to asc]ta9 our und]/&+ ( a subject1 to br+ out our ?\ghts ^u x1 to cle> our mean+1 to enl>ge our views ( its relations to o!r subjects1 & to develop x g5]ally1 is to write d[n c>efully all we h to say ab\t x8 ,p inde$ diff] 9 matt]s ( ?is k9d1 b ,i ?9k t writ+ is a /imulus to ! m5tal faculties1 to ! logical tal5t1 to orig9ality1 to ! p[] ( illu/ration1 to ! arrangem5t ( topics1 second to none4 ,till a man beg9s to put d[n 8 ?\ghts ab\t a subject on pap] he w n asc]ta9 :at he kn[s & :at he does n "k2 & /ill less w he be able to express :at he does "k4 ,su* a =mal prep>ation ( c\rse _c be requir$ ( a p>i% prie/1 burd5$1 z he may be1 ) o!r duties1 & prea*+ on elem5t>y subjects1 & support$ by ! sy/ematic ord] & ! sugge/ions ( ! ,cate*ism2 b 9 occasional s]mons ! case is o!rwise4 ,9 ^! x is bo? possible & g5]ally necess>y2 & ! full] ! sket*1 & ! m cle> & cont9u\s ! ?read ( ! disc\rse1 ! m ! prea*] w f9d himself at home :5 ! "t ( deliv]y arrives4 ,i h said 8g5]ally necess>y10 = ( c\rse !re w be exceptional cases1 9 :i* su* a mode ( prep>ation does n answ]1 :e!r f "s mi/ake 9 c>ry+ x out1 or f "s special gift sup]s$+ x4 ,to _m prea*]s !re w be ano!r advantage besides2--su* a practice w secure !m aga9/ v5tur+ ^u really extempore matt]4 ,! m ard5t a man is1 & ! great] p[] he has ( affect+ 8 he>]s1 s mu* ! m w he ne$ self-control & su/a9$ recollection1 & feel ! advantage ( committ+ himself1 z x 71 to ! cu/ody ( 8 previ\s int5tions1 in/ead ( yield+ to any *ance curr5t ( ?\ght :i* ru%es ^u him 9 ! mid/ ( 8 prea*+4 ,8 v gifts may ne$ ! c\nt]poise ( m ord9>y & homely accessories1 su* z ! drudg]y ( composition4 ,x mu/ be borne 9 m9d too1 t1 s9ce a ,univ]sity ,s]mon w commonly h m pa9s ?an ord9>y be/[$ on x1 x w be consid]$ 9 ! numb] ( ^? :i* ! au?or w\ld especially wi% to pres]ve4 ,"s record ( x !n w be natural1 or ev5 is involv$ 9 its composition2 &1 :ile ! lea/ elaborate w be z mu* z a sket* or ab/ract1 ev5 ! mo/ m9ute1 exact1 & copi\s assemblage ( notes w n be f\nd too long h]eaft]1 suppos+1 z "t goes on1 any reason occurs = wi%+ to commit x to ! press4 ,"h are v>i\s reasons1 :i* are likely to lead1 or to oblige1 a prea*] to h rec\rse to 8 p5 9 prep>ation = 8 special (fice4 ,a fur!r reason might be sugge/$1 :i* w\ld be m intimate ?an any we h giv51 go+ inde$ s f> z to ju/ify ! introduction ( a manuscript into ! pulpit itself1 if ! case suppos$ fell = c]ta9 "u ! idea ( a ,univ]sity ,s]mon4 ,x may be urg$ ) great cog5cy t a process ( argum5t1 or a logical analysis & inve/igation1 _c at all be conduct$ ) suitable accuracy ( word+1 complet5ess ( /atem5t1 or succession ( ideas1 if ! composition is to be prompt$ at ! mom5t1 & brea!d out1 z x 71 f ! intellect toge!r ) ! v words :i* are its vehicle4 ,!re are inde$ a few p]sons 9 a g5]ation1 su* z ,pitt1 :o are able to conv]se l a book1 & to speak a pamphlet2 b o!rs mu/ be cont5t to write & to read _! writ+4 ,?is is true2 b ,i h already f\nd reason to "q :e!r su* delicate & complicat$ organizations ( ?\ght h a "r to ! "n ( ,s]mons at all4 ,9 tru?1 a disc\rse1 :i*1 f its f95ess & precision ( ideas1 is too difficult = a prea*] to deliv] )\t su* extrane\s assi/ance1 is too difficult = a he>] to foll[2 &1 if a book be imp]ative = tea*+1 x is imp]ative = le>n+4 ,bo? p>ties ought to read1 if !y are to be on equal t]ms2--& ?is rem>k furni%es me ) a pr9ciple :i* has an application wid] ?an ! p>ticul> case :i* has sugge/$ x4 ,:ile1 !n1 a prea*] w f9d x becom+ & advisable to put into writ+ any important disc\rse be=eh&1 he w f9d x equally a po9t ( propriety & exp$i5ce n to read x 9 ! pulpit4 ,i am n ( c\rse d5y+ 8 "r to use a manuscript1 if he wi%es2 b he w d well to conceal x1 z f> z he c1 unless1 :i* is ! mo/ effectual concealm5t1 :atev] be its c\nt]balanc+ disadvantages1 he pref]s1 ma9ly n v]bally1 to get x by he>t4 ,to conceal x1 inde$1 9 "o way or o!r1 w be 8 natural impulse2 & ?is v circum/ance seems to %[ u t to read a s]mon ne$s an apology4 ,=1 :y %\ld he commit x to memory1 or conceal 8 use ( x1 unless he felt t x 0 m natural1 m decor\s1 to d )\t x8 ,& s aga91 if he employs a manuscript1 ! m he appe>s to disp5se ) x1 ! m he looks (f f x1 & directly addresses 8 audi5ce1 ! m w he be consid]$ to prea*2 &1 on ! o!r h&1 ! m w he be judg$ to come %ort ( prea*+ ! m s$ul\s he is 9 foll[+ 8 manuscript l9e aft] l9e1 & by ! tone ( 8 voice makes x cle> t he has got x safely be=e him4 ,:at is ?is b a popul> te/imony to ! fact t prea*+ is n read+1 & read+ is n prea*+8 ,!re is1 z ,i h said1 a pr9ciple involv$ 9 ?is decision4 ,x is a common answ] made by ! ,prote/ant poor to _! cl]gy or o!r sup]iors1 :5 ask$ :y !y d n g to *ur*1 t 8!y c read _! book at home q z well40 ,x is q true1 !y c read _! book at home1 & x is difficult :at to rejo91 & x is a problem1 :i* has employ$ be=e n[ ! m ?\ghtful ( _! communion1 to make out :at is got by go+ to public s]vice4 ,! pray]s are f a pr9t$ book1 ! s]mon is f a manuscript4 ,! pr9t$ pray]s !y h already2 &1 z to ! manuscript s]mon1 :y %\ld x be 9 any respects bett] ?an ! volume ( s]mons :i* !y h at home8 ,:y %\ld n an approv$ au?or be z good z "o :o has n yet submitt$ himself to criticism8 ,& aga91 if x is to be read 9 ! *ur*1 :y may n "o p]son read x q z well z ano!r8 ,good advice is good advice1 all ! _w ov]4 ,!re is some?+ m1 !n1 ?an composition 9 a s]mon2 !re is some?+ p]sonal 9 prea*+2 p are drawn & mov$1 n simply by :at is said1 b by h[ x is said1 & :o says x4 ,! same ?+s said by "o man are n ! same z :5 said by ano!r4 ,! same ?+s :5 read are n ! same z :5 !y are prea*$4 #g4 ,9 ?is respect ! prea*] diff]s f ! m9i/] ( ! sacram5ts1 t he comes to 8 he>]s1 9 "s s5se or o!r1 ) antec$5ts4 ,clad 9 8 sac]dotal ve/m5ts1 he s9ks :at is individual 9 himself altoge!r1 & is b ! repres5tative ( ,him f :om he d]ives 8 commission4 ,8 words1 8 tones1 8 actions1 8 pres5ce1 lose _! p]sonality2 "o bi%op1 "o prie/1 is l ano!r2 !y all *ant ! same notes1 & obs]ve ! same g5uflexions1 z !y give "o peace & "o bless+1 z !y (f] "o & ! same sacrifice4 ,! ,mass mu/ n be said )\t a ,missal "u ! prie/'s eye2 nor 9 any language b t 9 :i* x has come d[n to u f ! e>ly hi]>*s ( ! ,we/]n ,*ur*4 ,b1 :5 x is ov]1 & ! celebrant has resign$ ! ve/m5ts prop] to x1 !n he resumes himself1 & comes to u 9 ! gifts & associations :i* atta* to 8 p]son4 ,he kn[s 8 %eep1 & !y "k him2 & x is ?is direct be>+ ( ! tea*] on ! taught1 ( 8 m9d ^u _! m9ds1 & ! mutual sympa?y :i* exi/s betwe5 !m1 :i* is 8 /r5g? & influ5ce :5 he addresses !m4 ,!y hang ^u 8 lips z !y _c hang ^u ! pages ( 8 book4 ,def9it5ess is ! life ( prea*+4 ,a def9ite he>]1 n ! :ole _w2 a def9ite topic1 n ! :ole evangelical tradition2 &1 9 l mann]1 a def9ite speak]4 ,no?+ t is anonym\s w prea*2 no?+ t is dead & gone2 no?+ ev5 :i* is ( ye/]day1 h[ev] religi\s 9 itself & useful4 ,?\ght & ^w are "o 9 ! ,et]nal ,logos1 & mu/ n be sep>ate 9 ^? :o are ,8 %ad[s on e>?4 ,!y mu/ issue fre% & fre%1 z f ! prea*]'s m\?1 s f 8 brea/1 if !y are to be 8_s & life0 to ! he>ts ( 8 he>]s4 ,& :at is true ( a p>i% prie/ applies1 mutatis mut&is1 to a ,univ]sity prea*]2 :o1 ev5 m1 p]haps1 ?an ! ord9>y p>o*us1 comes to 8 audi5ce ) a "n & a hi/ory1 & excites a p]sonal int]e/1 & p]suades by :at he is1 z well z by :at he deliv]s4 ,i am f> f =gett+ t e "o has 8 own tal5t1 & t "o has n :at ano!r has4 ,eloqu5ce is a div9e gift1 :i* to a c]ta9 po9t sup]s$es rules1 & is to be us$1 l o!r gifts1 to ! glory ( ! ,giv]1 & !n only to be disc\nt5anc$ :5 x =gets its place1 :5 x ?r[s into ! %ade & emb>rasses ! ess5tial functions ( ! ,*ri/ian prea*]1 & claims to be cultivat$ = its own sake in/ead ( be+ made subord9ate & subs]vi5t to a high] "w & to sacr$ objects4 ,& h[ to make eloqu5ce subs]vi5t to ! evangelical (fice is n m difficult ?an h[ to use le>n+ or intellect = a sup]natural end2 b x does n come into consid]ation "h4 ,9 ! case ( p>ticul> prea*]s1 circum/ances may con/antly arise :i* r5d] ! use ( a manuscript ! m advisable c\rse2 b ,i h be5 consid]+ h[ ! case /&s 9 itself1 & attempt+ to set d[n :at is to be aim$ at z be/4 ,if religi\s m5 once asc]ta9 :at is ab/ract$ly desirable1 & acquiesce 9 x ) _! he>ts1 !y w be 9 ! way to get ov] _m difficulties :i* o!rwise w be insurm\ntable4 ,= myself1 ,i ?9k x no extravagance to say t a v inf]ior s]mon1 deliv]$ )\t book1 answ]s ! purposes = :i* all s]mons are deliv]$ m p]fectly ?an "o ( great m]it1 if x be writt5 & read4 ,( c\rse1 all m5 w n speak )\t book equally well1 j z _! voices are n equally cle> & l\d1 or _! mann] equally impressive4 ,eloqu5ce1 ,i repeat1 is a gift2 b mo/ m51 unless !y h pass$ ! age = le>n+1 may ) practice atta9 su* flu5cy 9 express+ _! ?\ghts z w enable !m to convey & manife/ to _! audi5ce t e>ne/ness & devotion to _! object1 :i* is ! life ( prea*+1--:i* bo? cov]s1 9 ! prea*]'s own consci\sness1 ! s5se ( 8 own defici5cies1 & makes up = !m ov] & ov] aga9 9 ! judgm5t ( 8 he>]s4 ,lecture ,,vii4 ,*ri/ianity & ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,a ,lecture 9 ! ,s*ool ( ,m$ic9e4 #a4 ,n[ t we h j comm5c$ our second ,academical ,ye>1 x is natural1 ,g5tlem51 t1 z 9 ,novemb] la/1 :5 we 7 ent]+ ^u our great und]tak+1 ,i (f]$ to y "s rem>ks sugge/$ by ! occasion1 s n[ aga9 ,i %\ld n suff] ! fir/ weeks ( ! ,session to pass away )\t address+ to y a few words on "o ( ^? subjects :i* are at ! mom5t especially int]e/+ to u4 ,& :5 ,i apply myself to ?9k :at topic ,i %all 9 consequ5ce submit to y\r consid]ation1 ,i seem to be direct$ :at to select by ! pr9ciple ( selection :i* ,i foll[$ on t =m] occasion to :i* ,i h be5 ref]r+4 ,!n7#de7 we 7 op5+ ! ,s*ools ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s1 z n[ we are op5+ ^? ( ,m$ic9e2 &1 z ,i !n attempt$ "s brief inve/igation ( ! mutual be>+s ( ,revelation & ,lit]ature1 s at ! pres5t "t ,i %all n1 ,i tru/1 be unpr(itably engag+ y\r att5tion1 if ,i make "o or two p>allel reflections on ! relations exi/+ betwe5 ,revelation & ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,?is subject1 inde$1 view$ 9 its j dim5sions1 is f> too l>ge = an occasion su* z ?is2 /ill ,i may be able to select "s "o po9t out ( ! _m :i* x (f]s = discussion1 &1 :ile elucidat+ x1 to ?r[ light ev5 on o!rs :i* at ! mom5t ,i d n =mally und]take4 ,i propose1 !n1 to discuss ! antagonism :i* is popul>ly suppos$ to exi/ betwe5 ,physics & ,!ology2 & to %[1 fir/1 t su* antagonism does n really exi/1 &1 next1 to acc\nt = ! circum/ance t s gr\ndless an imag9ation %\ld h got abroad4 ,i ?9k ,i am n mi/ak5 9 ! fact t !re exi/s1 bo? 9 ! educat$ & half-educat$ portions ( ! community1 some?+ ( a surmise or misgiv+1 t !re really is at bottom a c]ta9 contr>iety betwe5 ! decl>ations ( religion & ! results ( physical inquiry2 a suspicion su*1 t1 :ile x enc\rages ^? p]sons :o are n ov]-religi\s to anticipate a com+ day1 :5 at l5g? ! diff]5ce w break out into op5 conflict1 to ! disadvantage ( ,revelation1 x leads religi\s m9ds1 on ! o!r h&1 :o h n _h ! opportunity ( consid]+ accurately ! /ate ( ! case1 to be jeal\s ( ! rese>*es1 & prejudic$ aga9/ ! discov]ies1 ( ,sci5ce4 ,! consequ5ce is1 on ! "o side1 a c]ta9 contempt ( ,!ology2 on ! o!r1 a disposition to und]value1 to d5y1 to ridicule1 to disc\rage1 & almo/ to d5\nce1 ! lab\rs ( ! physiological1 a/ronomical1 or geological inve/igator4 ,i d n suppose t any ( ^? g5tlem5 :o are n[ hon\r+ me ) _! pres5ce are expos$ to ! temptation ei!r ( ! religi\s or ( ! sci5tific prejudice2 b t is no reason :y "s notice ( x may n h its use ev5 9 ?is place4 ,x may lead u to consid] ! subject itself m c>efully & exactly2 x may assi/ u 9 atta9+ cle>] ideas ?an be=e h[ ,physics & ,!ology /& relatively to ea* o!r4 #b4 ,let u beg9 ) a fir/ approximation to ! real /ate ( ! case1 or a broad view1 :i*1 ?\gh x may require corrections1 w s]ve at once to illu/rate & to />t ! subject4 ,we may divide k1 !n1 into natural & sup]natural4 ,"s k1 ( c\rse1 is bo? at once2 = ! mom5t let u put ?is circum/ance aside1 & view ^! two fields ( k 9 !mselves1 & z di/9ct f ea* o!r 9 idea4 ,by nature is meant1 ,i suppose1 t va/ sy/em ( ?+s1 tak5 z a :ole1 ( :i* we are cognizant by means ( our natural p[]s4 ,by ! sup]natural _w is meant t /ill m m>vell\s & awful univ]se1 ( :i* ! ,creator ,himself is ! fulness1 & :i* becomes kn[n to u1 n ?r\gh our natural faculties1 b by sup]add$ & direct communication f ,him4 ,^! two great circles ( k1 z ,i h said1 int]sect2 fir/1 z f> z sup]natural k includes tru?s & facts ( ! natural _w1 & secondly1 z f> z tru?s & facts ( ! natural _w are on ! o!r h& data = inf]5ces ab\t ! sup]natural4 ,/ill1 all[+ ?is int]f]5ce to ! full1 x w be f\nd1 on ! :ole1 t ! two worlds & ! two k9ds ( k respectively are sep>at$ (f f ea* o!r2 & t1 !re=e1 z be+ sep>ate1 !y _c on ! :ole contradict ea* o!r4 ,t is1 9 o!r words1 a p]son :o has ! fulle/ k ( "o ( ^! worlds1 may be nev]!less1 on ! :ole1 z ignorant z ! re/ ( mank9d1 z unequal to =m a judgm5t1 ( ! facts & tru?s ( ! o!r4 ,he :o kn[s all t c possibly be kn[n ab\t physics1 ab\t politics1 ab\t geography1 e?nology1 & e?ics1 w h made no approximation :atev] to decide ! "q :e!r or n !re are angels1 & h[ _m are _! ord]s2 & on ! o!r h&1 ! mo/ le>n$ ( dogmatic & my/ical div9es1--,/4 ,augu/9e1 ,/4 ,?omas1--w n on t score "k m ?an a peasant ab\t ! laws ( motion1 or ! weal? ( nations4 ,i d n mean t !re may n be speculations & guesses on ?is side & t1 b ,i speak ( any conclusion :i* m]its to be call$1 ,i w n say k1 b ev5 op9ion4 ,if1 !n1 ,!ology be ! philosophy ( ! sup]natural _w1 & ,sci5ce ! philosophy ( ! natural1 ,!ology & ,sci5ce1 :e!r 9 _! respective ideas1 or aga9 9 _! own actual fields1 on ! :ole1 are incommunicable1 incapable ( collision1 & ne$+1 at mo/ to be connect$1 nev] to be reconcil$4 ,n[ ?is broad g5]al view ( our subject is f\nd to be s f> true 9 fact1 9 spite ( su* d$uctions f x t h to be made 9 detail1 t ! rec5t ,fr5* editors ( "o ( ! works ( ,/4 ,?omas are able to give x z "o ( _! reasons :y t great !ologian made an alliance1 n ) ,plato1 b ) ,ari/otle1 because ,ari/otle 7!y say71 unlike ,plato1 conf9$ himself to human sci5ce1 & !re=e 0 secur$ f com+ into collision ) div9e4 8,n )\t reason10 !y say1 8did ,/4 ,?omas ackn[l$ge ,ari/otle z if ! ,ma/] ( human philosophy2 =1 inasmu* z ,ari/otle 0 n a ,!ologian1 he _h only treat$ ( logical1 physical1 psy*ological1 & metaphysical !ses1 to ! exclusion ( ^? :i* are conc]n$ ab\t ! sup]natural relations ( man to ,god1 t is1 religion2 :i*1 on ! o!r h&1 _h be5 ! s\rce ( ! wor/ errors ( o!r philosoph]s1 & especially ( ,plato40 #c4 ,b if !re be s sub/antial a tru? ev5 9 ?is v broad /atem5t conc]n+ ! indep5d5ce ( ! fields ( ,!ology & g5]al ,sci5ce sev]ally1 & ! consequ5t impossibility ( collision betwe5 !m1 h[ mu* m true is t /atem5t1 f ! v nature ( ! case1 :5 we contra/ ,!ology1 n ) ,sci5ce g5]ally1 b def9itely ) ,physics6 ,9 ,physics is compris$ t family ( sci5ces :i* is conc]n$ ) ! s5sible _w1 ) ! ph5om5a :i* we see1 he>1 & h&le1 or1 9 o!r words1 ) matt]4 ,x is ! philosophy ( matt]4 ,its basis ( op]ations1 :at x />ts f1 :at x falls back ^u1 is ! ph5om5a :i* meet ! s5ses4 ,^? ph5om5a x asc]ta9s1 catalogues1 comp>es1 comb9es1 arranges1 & !n uses = det]m9+ some?+ beyond !mselves1 viz41 ! ord] to :i* !y are subs]vi5t1 or :at we commonly call ! laws ( nature4 ,x nev] travels beyond ! exam9ation ( cause & effect4 ,its object is to resolve ! complexity ( ph5om5a into simple elem5ts & pr9ciples2 b :5 x has rea*$ ^? fir/ elem5ts1 pr9ciples1 & laws1 its mission is at an end2 x keeps )9 t mat]ial sy/em ) :i* x began1 & nev] v5tures beyond ! 8flammantia mnia mundi40 ,x may1 inde$1 if x *ooses1 feel a d\bt ( ! complet5ess ( its analysis hi!rto1 & = t reason endeav\r to arrive at m simple laws & few] pr9ciples4 ,x may be dissatisfi$ ) its own comb9ations1 hypo!ses1 sy/ems2 & leave ,ptolemy = ,newton1 ! al*emi/s = ,lavoisi] & ,davy2--t is1 x may decide t x has n yet t\*$ ! bottom ( its own subject2 b /ill its aim w be to get to ! bottom1 & no?+ m4 ,) matt] x began1 ) matt] x w end2 x w nev] trespass into ! prov9ce ( m9d4 ,! ,h9doo notion is said to be t ! e>? /&s ^u a tortoise2 b ! physici/1 z su*1 w nev] ask himself by :at influ5ce1 ext]nal to ! univ]se1 ! univ]se is su/a9$2 simply because he is a physici/4 ,if inde$ he be a religi\s man1 he w ( c\rse h a v def9ite view ( ! subject2 b t view ( 8 is private1 n pr(essional1--! view1 n ( a physici/1 b ( a religi\s man2 & ?is1 n because physical sci5ce says any ?+ diff]5t1 b simply because x says no?+ at all on ! subject1 nor c d s by ! v und]tak+ ) :i* x set out4 ,! "q is simply extra artem4 ,! physical philosoph] has no?+ :atev] to d ) f9al causes1 & w get into inextricable confusion1 if he introduces !m into 8 inve/igations4 ,he has to look 9 "o def9ite direction1 n 9 any o!r4 ,x is said t 9 "s c\ntries1 :5 a /rang] asks 8 way1 he is at once que/ion$ 9 turn :at place he came f3 some?+ l ?is w\ld be ! unseasonabl5ess ( a physici/1 :o inquir$ h[ ! ph5om5a & laws ( ! mat]ial _w prim>ily came to be1 :5 8 simple task is t ( asc]ta9+ :at !y are4 ,)9 ! limits ( ^? ph5om5a he may speculate & prove2 he may trace ! op]ation ( ! laws ( matt] ?r\gh p]iods ( "t2 he may p5etrate into ! pa/1 & anticipate ! future2 he may rec\nt ! *anges :i* !y h effect$ ^u matt]1 & ! rise1 gr[?1 & decay ( ph5om5a2 & s 9 a c]ta9 s5se he may write ! hi/ory ( ! mat]ial _w1 z f> z he c2 /ill he w always advance f ph5om5a1 & conclude ^u ! int]nal evid5ce :i* !y supply4 ,he w n come ne> ! que/ions1 :at t ultimate elem5t is1 :i* we call matt]1 h[ x came to be1 :e!r x c cease to be1 :e!r x ev] 0 n1 :e!r x w ev] come to n\ght1 9 :at its laws really consi/1 :e!r !y c cease to be1 :e!r !y c be susp5d$1 :at causation is1 :at "t is1 :at ! relations ( "t to cause & effect1 & a hundr$ o!r que/ions ( a simil> "*4 ,su* is ,physical ,sci5ce1 & ,!ology1 z is obvi\s1 is j :at su* ,sci5ce is n4 ,!ology beg9s1 z its "n d5otes1 n ) any s5sible facts1 ph5om5a1 or results1 n ) nature at all1 b ) ! ,au?or ( nature1--) ! "o invisible1 unapproa*able ,cause & ,s\rce ( all ?+s4 ,x beg9s at ! o!r end ( k1 & is occupi$1 n ) ! f9ite1 b ! ,inf9ite4 ,x unfolds & sy/ematizes :at ,he ,himself has told u ( ,himself2 ( ,8 nature1 ,8 attributes1 ,8 w1 & ,8 acts4 ,z f> z x approa*es t[>ds ,physics1 x takes j ! c\nt]p>t ( ! que/ions :i* occupy ! ,physical ,philosoph]4 ,he contemplates facts be=e him2 ! ,!ologian gives ! reasons ( ^? facts4 ,! ,physici/ treats ( effici5t causes2 ! ,!ologian ( f9al4 ,! ,physici/ tells u ( laws2 ! ,!ologian ( ! ,au?or1 ,ma9ta9]1 & ,controll] ( !m2 ( _! scope1 ( _! susp5sion1 if s be2 ( _! beg9n+ & _! end4 ,?is is h[ ! two s*ools /& relat$ to ea* o!r1 at t po9t :]e !y approa* ! ne>e/2 b = ! mo/ "p !y are absolutely div]g5t4 ,:at ,physical ,sci5ce is engag$ 9 ,i h already said2 z to ,!ology1 x contemplates ! _w1 n ( matt]1 b ( m9d2 ! ,supreme ,intellig5ce2 s\ls & _! de/9y2 consci5ce & duty2 ! pa/1 pres5t1 & future deal+s ( ! ,creator ) ! creature4 #d4 ,s f>1 !n1 z ^! rem>ks h gone1 ,!ology & ,physics _c t\* ea* o!r1 h no int]communion1 h no gr\nd ( diff]5ce or agreem5t1 ( jeal\sy or ( sympa?y4 ,z well may musical tru?s be said to int]f]e ) ! doctr9es ( ar*itectural sci5ce2 z well may !re be a collision betwe5 ! me*ani/ & ! geologi/1 ! eng9e] & ! gramm>ian2 z well might ! ,briti% ,p>liam5t or ! ,fr5* nation be jeal\s ( "s possible bellig]5t p[] ^u ! surface ( ! moon1 z ,physics pick a qu>rel ) ,!ology4 ,& x may be well1--be=e ,i proce$ to fill up 9 detail ?is outl9e1 & to expla9 :at has to be expla9$ 9 ?is /atem5t1--to corroborate x1 z x /&s1 by ! rem>kable words ^u ! subject ( a writ] ( ! day37#df7-- 8,we (t5 he> x said10 he obs]ves1 writ+ z a ,prote/ant 7& "h let me assure y1 ,g5tlem51 t ?\gh 8 words h a controv]sial tone ) !m1 ,i d n quote !m 9 t aspect1 or z wi%+ "h to urge any ?+ aga9/ ,prote/ants1 b m]ely 9 pursuance ( my own po9t1 t ,revelation & ,physical ,sci5ce _c really come into collision71 8we (t5 he> x said t ! _w is con/antly becom+ m & m enlight5$1 & t ?is enlight5m5t mu/ be fav\rable to ,prote/antism1 & unfav\rable to ,ca?olicism4 ,we wi% t we c\ld ?9k s4 ,b we see great reason to d\bt :e!r ?is is a well-f\nd$ expectation4 ,we see t dur+ ! la/ two hundr$ & fifty ye>s ! human m9d has be5 9 ! highe/ degree active2 t x has made great advances 9 e bran* ( natural philosophy2 t x has produc$ innum]able inv5tions t5d+ to promote ! conv5i5ce ( life2 t m$ic9e1 surg]y1 *emi/ry1 eng9e]+1 h be5 v greatly improv$1 t gov]nm5t1 police1 & law h be5 improv$1 ?\gh n to s great an ext5t z ! physical sci5ces4 ,yet we see t1 dur+ ^! two hundr$ & fifty ye>s1 ,prote/antism has made no conque/s wor? speak+ (4 ,nay1 we believe t1 z f> z !re has be5 *ange1 t *ange has1 on ! :ole1 be5 9 fav\r ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome4 ,we _c1 !re=e1 feel confid5t t ! progress ( k w necess>ily be fatal to a sy/em :i* has1 to say ! lea/1 /ood its gr\nd 9 spite ( ! imm5se progress made by ! human race 9 k s9ce ! days ( ,que5 ,elizabe?4 8,inde$1 ! argum5t :i* we are consid]+ seems to u to be f\nd$ on an entire mi/ake4 ,!re are bran*es ( k ) respect to :i* ! law ( ! human m9d is progress4 ,9 ma!matics1 :5 once a proposition has be5 demon/rat$1 x is nev] aft]w>ds conte/$4 ,e fre% /ory is z solid a basis = a new sup]/ructure z ! orig9al f\ndation 04 ,"h1 !re=e1 !re is a con/ant addition to ! /ock ( tru?4 ,9 ! inductive sci5ces1 aga91 ! law is progress4''' 8,b ) !ology ! case is v diff]5t4 ,z respects natural religion 7,revelation be+ = ! pres5t altoge!r left out ( ! "q71 x is n easy to see t a philosoph] ( ! pres5t day is m fav\rably situat$ ?an ,?ales or ,simonides4 ,he has be=e him j ! same evid5ces ( design 9 ! /ructure ( ! univ]se :i* ! e>ly ,greeks _h4''' ,z to ! o!r great "q1 ! "q :at becomes ( man aft] dea?1 we d n see t a highly educat$ ,european1 left to 8 unassi/$ reason1 is m likely to be 9 ! "r ?an a ,blackfoot ,indian4 ,n a s+le "o ( ! _m sci5ces1 9 :i* we surpass ! ,blackfoot ,indians1 ?r[s ! smalle/ light on ! /ate ( ! s\l aft] ! animal life is ext9ct4''' 8,natural ,!ology1 !n1 is n a progressive sci5ce4 ,t k ( our orig9 & ( our de/9y :i* we d]ive f ,revelation is inde$ ( v diff]5t cle>ness1 & ( v diff]5t importance4 ,b nei!r is ,reveal$ ,religion ( ! nature ( a progressive sci5ce4''' ,9 div9ity !re _c be a progress analog\s to t :i* is con/antly tak+ place 9 ph>macy1 geology1 & navigation4 ,a ,*ri/ian ( ! fif? c5tury ) a ,bible is nei!r bett] nor worse situat$ ?an a ,*ri/ian ( ! n9ete5? c5tury ) a ,bible1 c&\r & natural acut5ess be+ ( c\rse suppos$ equal4 ,x matt]s n at all t ! compass1 pr9t+1 gunp[d]1 /eam1 gas1 vacc9ation1 & a ?\s& o!r discov]ies & inv5tions1 :i* 7 unkn[n 9 ! fif? c5tury1 are famili> to ! n9ete5?4 ,none ( ^! discov]ies & inv5tions has ! smalle/ be>+ on ! "q :e!r man is ju/ifi$ by fai? alone1 or :e!r ! invocation ( sa9ts is an or?odox practice4''' ,we are confid5t t ! _w w nev] g back to ! sol> sy/em ( ,ptolemy2 nor is our confid5ce 9 ! lea/ %ak5 by ! circum/ance t s great a man z ,bacon reject$ ! !ory ( ,galileo ) scorn2 = ,bacon _h n all ! means ( arriv+ at a s\nd conclusion4''' ,b :5 we reflect t ,sir ,?omas ,m 0 ready to die = ! doctr9e ( ,transub/antiation1 we _c b feel "s d\bt :e!r ! doctr9e ( ,transub/antiation may n triumph ov] all opposition4 ,m 0 a man ( em95t tal5ts4 ,he _h all ! in=mation on ! subject t we h1 or t1 :ile ! _w la/s1 any human be+ w h4''' ,no progress t sci5ce has made1 or w make1 c add to :at seems to u ! ov]:elm+ =ce ( ! argum5t aga9/ ! ,real ,pres5ce4 ,we are !re=e unable to und]/& :y :at ,sir ,?omas ,m believ$ respect+ ,transub/antiation may n be believ$ to ! end ( "t by m5 equal 9 abilities & hone/y to ,sir ,?omas ,m4 ,b ,sir ,?omas ,m is "o ( ! *oice specim5s ( human wisdom & virtue2 & ! doctr9e ( ,transub/antiation is a k9d ( pro( *>ge4 ,! fai? :i* /&s t te/ w /& any te/4''' 8,! hi/ory ( ,ca?olicism /rik+ly illu/rates ^! obs]vations4 ,dur+ ! la/ sev5 c5turies ! public m9d ( ,europe has made con/ant progress 9 e dep>tm5t ( secul> k2 b 9 religion we c trace no con/ant progress4''' ,f\r times s9ce ! au?ority ( ! ,*ur* ( ,rome 0 e/abli%$ 9 ,we/]n ,*ri/5dom has ! human intellect ris5 up aga9/ h] yoke4 ,twice t ,*ur* rema9$ completely victori\s4 ,twice %e came =? f ! conflict be>+ ! m>ks ( cruel w\nds1 b ) ! pr9ciple ( life /ill /rong )9 h]4 ,:5 we reflect on ! trem5d\s assaults %e has surviv$1 we f9d x difficult to conceive 9 :at way %e is to p]i%40 ,y see1 ,g5tlem51 if y tru/ ! judgm5t ( a sagaci\s m9d1 deeply read 9 hi/ory1 ,ca?olic ,!ology has no?+ to fe> f ! progress ( ,physical ,sci5ce1 ev5 indep5d5tly ( ! div9ity ( its doctr9es4 ,x speaks ( ?+s sup]natural2 & ^!1 by ! v =ce ( ! words1 rese>* into nature _c t\*4 #e4 ,x is true t ! au?or 9 "q1 :ile say+ all ?is1 & mu* m to ! same purpose1 also makes m5tion ( "o exception to 8 g5]al /atem5t1 ?\gh he m5tions x 9 ord] to put x aside4 ,i1 too1 h to notice ! same exception "h2 & y w see at once1 ,g5tlem51 z soon z x is nam$1 h[ little x int]f]es really ) ! broad view :i* ,i h be5 draw+ out4 ,x is true1 !n1 t ,revelation has 9 "o or two in/ances advanc$ beyond its *os5 t]ritory1 :i* is ! invisible _w1 9 ord] to ?r[ light ^u ! hi/ory ( ! mat]ial univ]se4 ,holy ,scripture1 x is p]fectly true1 does decl>e a few mom5t\s facts1 s few t !y may be c\nt$1 ( a physical "*4 ,x speaks ( a process ( =mation out ( *aos :i* occupi$ six days2 x speaks ( ! firmam5t2 ( ! sun & moon be+ creat$ = ! sake ( ! e>?2 ( ! e>? be+ immovable2 ( a great deluge2 & ( sev]al o!r simil> facts & ev5ts4 ,x is true2 nor is !re any reason :y we %\ld anticipate any difficulty 9 accept+ ^! /atem5ts z !y /&1 :5ev] _! mean+ & drift are au?oritatively det]m9$2 =1 x mu/ be recollect$1 _! mean+ has n yet engag$ ! =mal att5tion ( ! ,*ur*1 or receiv$ any int]pretation :i*1 z ,ca?olics1 we are b\nd to accept1 & 9 ! abs5ce ( su* def9ite int]pretation1 !re is p]haps "s presumption 9 say+ t x means ?is1 & does n mean t4 ,& ?is be+ ! case1 x is n at all probable t any discov]ies ev] %\ld be made by physical inquiries incompatible at ! same "t ) "o & all ( ^? s5ses :i* ! lett] admits1 & :i* are /ill op54 ,z to c]ta9 popul> int]pretations ( ! texts 9 "q1 ,i %all h some?+ to say ( !m pres5tly2 "h ,i am only conc]n$ ) ! lett] ( ! ,holy ,scriptures itself1 z f> z x be>s ^u ! hi/ory ( ! heav5s & ! e>?2 & ,i say t we may wait 9 peace & tranquillity till !re is "s real collision betwe5 ,scripture au?oritatively int]pret$1 & results ( sci5ce cle>ly asc]ta9$1 be=e we consid] h[ we are to deal ) a difficulty :i* we h reasonable gr\nds = ?9k+ w nev] really occur4 ,&1 aft] notic+ ?is exception1 ,i really h made ! utmo/ admission t has to be made ab\t ! exi/5ce ( any common gr\nd ^u :i* ,!ology & ,physical ,sci5ce may fight a battle4 ,on ! :ole1 ! two /udies d mo/ surely occupy di/9ct fields1 9 :i* ea* may tea* )\t expect+ any int]position f ! o!r4 ,x might inde$ h pleas$ ! ,almighty to h sup]s$$ physical inquiry by reveal+ ! tru?s :i* are its object1 ?\gh ,he has n done s3 b :e!r x _h pleas$ ,him to d s or n1 anyh[ ,!ology & ,physics w\ld be di/9ct sci5ces2 & no?+ :i* ! "o says ( ! mat]ial _w ev] c contradict :at ! o!r says ( ! immat]ial4 ,"h1 !n1 is ! end ( ! "q2 & "h ,i might come to an end also1 7 x n incumb5t on me to expla9 h[ x is t1 ?\gh ,!ology & ,physics _c qu>rel1 nev]!less1 ,physical ,philosoph]s & ,!ologians h qu>rell$ 9 fact1 & qu>rel /ill4 ,to ! solution ( ?is difficulty ,i %all devote ! rema9d] ( my ,lecture4 #f4 ,i obs]ve1 !n1 t ! elem5t>y me?ods ( reason+ & inquir+ us$ 9 ,!ology & ,physics are contr>y ! "o to ! o!r2 ea* ( !m has a me?od ( its own2 & 9 ?is1 ,i ?9k1 has la9 ! po9t ( controv]sy betwe5 ! two s*ools1 viz41 t nei!r ( !m has be5 q cont5t to rema9 on its own home/ead1 b t1 :]eas ea* has its own me?od1 :i* is ! be/ = its own sci5ce1 ea* has consid]$ x ! be/ = all purposes :atev]1 & has at diff]5t times ?\ght to impose x ^u ! o!r sci5ce1 to ! disp>agem5t or rejection ( t opposite me?od :i* legitimately belongs to x4 ,! argum5tative me?od ( ,!ology is t ( a /rict sci5ce1 su* z ,geometry1 or d$uctive2 ! me?od ( ,physics1 at lea/ on />t+1 is t ( an empirical pursuit1 or inductive4 ,?is peculi>ity on ei!r side arises f ! nature ( ! case4 ,9 ,physics a va/ & omnig5\s mass ( in=mation lies be=e ! inquir]1 all 9 a confus$ litt]1 & ne$+ arrangem5t & analysis4 ,9 ,!ology su* v>i$ ph5om5a are want+1 & ,revelation pres5ts itself in/ead4 ,:at is kn[n 9 ,*ri/ianity is j t :i* is reveal$1 & no?+ m2 c]ta9 tru?s1 communicat$ directly f above1 are committ$ to ! keep+ ( ! fai?ful1 & to ! v la/ no?+ c really be add$ to ^? tru?s4 ,f ! "t ( ! ,apo/les to ! end ( ! _w no /rictly new tru? c be add$ to ! !ological in=mation :i* ! ,apo/les 7 inspir$ to deliv]4 ,x is possible ( c\rse to make numb]less d$uctions f ! orig9al doctr9es2 b1 z ! conclusion is ev] 9 its premisses1 su* d$uctions are n1 /rictly speak+1 an addition2 &1 ?\gh exp]i5ce may v>i\sly guide & modify ^? d$uctions1 /ill1 on ! :ole1 ,!ology reta9s ! sev]e "* ( a sci5ce1 advanc+ syllogi/ically f premisses to conclusion4 ,! me?od ( ,physics is j ! rev]se ( ?is3 x has h>dly any pr9ciples or tru?s to />t )1 ext]nally deliv]$ & already asc]ta9$4 ,x has to comm5ce 99m5ce ) sight & t\*2 x has to h&le1 weigh1 & measure its own exub]ant sylva ( ph5om5a1 & f ^! to advance to new tru?s1--tru?s1 t is1 :i* are beyond & di/9ct f ! ph5om5a f :i* !y orig9ate4 ,?us ,physical ,sci5ce is exp]im5tal1 ,!ology traditional2 ,physical ,sci5ce is ! ri*]1 ,!ology ! m exact2 ,physics ! bold]1 ,!ology ! sur]2 ,physics progressive1 ,!ology1 9 comp>ison1 /ation>y2 ,!ology is loyal to ! pa/1 ,physics has visions ( ! future4 ,su* !y are1 ,i repeat1 & su* _! respective me?ods ( inquiry1 f ! nature ( ! case4 ,b m9ds habituat$ to ei!r ( ^! two me?ods c h>dly help ext5d+ x beyond its due limits1 unless !y are put ^u _! gu>d1 & h great comm& ( !mselves4 ,x _c be d5i$ t div9es h f "t to "t be5 mu* incl9$ to give a traditional1 logical %ape to sci5ces :i* d n admit ( any su* treatm5t4 ,nor c x be d5i$1 on ! o!r h&1 t m5 ( sci5ce (t5 %[ a special irritation at !ologians = go+ by antiquity1 prec$5t1 au?ority1 & logic1 & = decl9+ to introduce ,bacon or ,niebuhr into _! own s*ool1 or to apply "s new exp]im5tal & critical process = ! improvem5t ( t :i* has be5 giv5 once = all f above4 ,h5ce ! mutual jeal\sy ( ! two p>ties2 & ,i %all n[ attempt to give in/ances ( x4 #g4 ,fir/1 !n1 let me ref] to ^? int]pretations ( ,scripture1 popul> & ( long /&+1 ?\gh n au?oritative1 to :i* ,i h already _h occasion to allude4 ,scripture1 we "k1 is to be int]pret$ accord+ to ! unanim\s cons5t ( ! ,fa!rs2 b1 besides ?is cons5t1 :i* is ( au?ority1 c>ry+ ) x ! evid5ce ( its tru?1 !re h ev] be5 9 ,*ri/5dom a numb] ( float+ op9ions1 m or less app5d$ to ! div9e tradition2 op9ions :i* h a c]ta9 probability ( be+ m ?an human1 or ( hav+ a basis or admixture ( tru?1 b :i* admit ( no te/1 :5ce !y came1 or h[ f> !y are true1 besides ! c\rse ( ev5ts1 & :i* mean:ile are to be receiv$ at lea/ ) att5tion & def]5ce4 ,sometimes !y are comm5ts on ,scripture prophecy1 sometimes on o!r obscurities or my/]ies4 ,x 0 once an op9ion1 = in/ance1 drawn f ! sacr$ text1 t ! ,*ri/ian ,disp5sation 0 to la/ a ?\s& ye>s1 & no m2 ! ev5t disprov$ x4 ,a /ill m exact & plausible tradition1 d]iv$ f ,scripture1 0 t :i* ass]t$ t1 :5 ! ,roman ,empire %\ld fall to pieces1 ,anti*ri/ %\ld appe>1 :o %\ld be foll[$ at once by ! ,second ,com+4 ,v>i\s ,fa!rs ?us int]pret ,/4 ,paul1 & ,bell>m9e receives ! int]pretation z late z ! sixte5? c5tury4 ,! ev5t alone c decide if1 "u any aspect ( ,*ri/ian hi/ory1 x is true2 b at pres5t we are at lea/ able to say t x is n true 9 t broad pla9 s5se 9 :i* x 0 once receiv$4 ,pass+ f comm5ts on prophetical passages ( ,scripture to ^? on cosmological1 x 01 ,i suppose1 ! common belief ( ages1 su/a9$ by receiv$ int]pretations ( ! sacr$ text1 t ! e>? 0 immovable4 ,h5ce1 ,i suppose1 x 0 t ! ,iri% ,bi%op :o ass]t$ ! exi/5ce ( ! ,antipodes al>m$ 8 contempor>ies2 ?\gh x is well to obs]ve t1 ev5 9 ! d>k age 9 :i* he liv$1 ! ,holy ,see1 to :i* ref]5ce 0 made1 did n commit itself to any condemnation ( ! unusual op9ion4 ,! same al>m aga9 occupi$ ! public m9d :5 ! ,cop]nican ,sy/em 0 fir/ advocat$3 nor 7 ! receiv$ traditions1 :i* 7 ! gr\nd ( t al>m1 ha/ily to be reject$2 yet reject$ !y ultimately h be54 ,if 9 any qu>t] ^! human traditions 7 en=c$1 &1 z x 71 enact$1 to ! prejudice & detrim5t ( sci5tific inve/igations 7& ?is 0 nev] done by ! ,*ur* h]self71 ?is 0 a case ( undue int]f]5ce on ! "p ( ! ,!ological s*ools 9 ! prov9ce ( ,physics4 ,s mu* may be said z reg>ds int]pretations ( ,scripture2 b x is easy to see t o!r receiv$ op9ions1 n re/+ on ! sacr$ volume1 might ) less claim & great] inconv5i5ce be put =w>d to h>ass ! physical inquir]1 to *all5ge 8 submission1 & to preclude t process ( exam9ation :i* is prop] to 8 own peculi> pursuit4 ,su* are ! dictatorial =mul aga9/ :i* ,bacon inveighs1 & ! effect ( :i* 0 to *ange ,physics into a d$uctive sci5ce1 & to oblige ! /ud5t to assume implicitly1 z fir/ pr9ciples1 enunciations & maxims1 :i* 7 v5]able1 only because no "o c\ld tell :5ce !y came1 & au?oritative1 only because no "o c\ld say :at argum5ts !re 7 9 _! fav\r4 ,9 proportion z ^! encroa*m5ts 7 made ^u 8 own field ( inquiry w\ld be ! indignation ( ! physical philosoph]2 & he w\ld ex]cise a scepticism :i* reliev$ 8 feel+s1 :ile x approv$ itself to 8 reason1 if he 0 call$ on ev] to keep 9 m9d t light bodies w5t up1 & heavy bodies fell d[n1 & o!r simil> maxims1 :i* _h no pret5sions to a div9e orig91 or to be consid]$ self-evid5t pr9ciples1 or intuitive tru?s4 ,& 9 l mann]1 if a philosoph] ) a true g5ius = physical rese>* f\nd ! ,physical ,s*ools ( 8 day occupi$ ) ! discussion ( f9al causes1 & solv+ difficulties 9 mat]ial nature by means ( !m2 if he f\nd x decid$1 = in/ance1 t ! roots ( trees make = ! riv]1 because !y ne$ moi/ure1 or t ! axis ( ! e>? lies at a c]ta9 angle to ! plane ( its motion by reason ( c]ta9 advantages !nce accru+ to its inhabitants1 ,i %\ld n wond] at 8 ex]t+ himself = a great re=m 9 ! process ( inquiry1 prea*+ ! me?od ( ,induction1 &1 if he fanci$ t !ologians 7 indirectly or 9 any respect ! occasion ( ! blund]1 gett+ provok$ = a "t1 h[ev] unreasonably1 ) ,!ology itself4 ,i wi% ! exp]im5tal s*ool ( ,philosoph]s _h gone no fur!r 9 its opposition to ,!ology ?an indulg+ 9 "s indignation at x = ! fault ( its disciples2 b x mu/ be confess$ t x has run into excesses on its own side = :i* ! s*ool ( high ,d$uctive ,sci5ce has af=d$ no prec$5t2 & t1 if x once = a "t suff]$ f ! tyranny ( ! logical me?od ( inquiry1 x has enc\rag$1 by way ( reprisals1 encroa*m5ts & usurpations on ! prov9ce ( ,!ology f> m s]i\s ?an t un9t5tional & long obsolete int]f]5ce ) its own prov9ce1 on ! "p ( ,!ologians1 :i* has be5 its excuse4 ,& to ^! unju/ifiable & mis*iev\s intrusions made by ! ,exp]im5tali/s into ! dep>tm5t ( ,!ology ,i h n[1 ,g5tlem51 to call y\r att5tion4 #h4 ,y w let me repeat1 !n1 :at ,i h already said1 t1 tak+ ?+s z !y are1 ! v idea ( ,revelation is t ( a direct int]f]5ce f above1 = ! introduction ( tru?s o!rwise unkn[n2 moreov]1 z su* a communication implies recipi5ts1 an au?oritative deposit>y ( ! ?+s reveal$ w be f\nd practically to be involv$ 9 t idea4 ,k1 !n1 ( ^! reveal$ tru?s1 is ga9$1 n by any rese>* into facts1 b simply by appeal+ to ! au?oritative keep]s ( !m1 z e ,ca?olic kn[s1 by le>n+ :at is a matt] ( tea*+1 & by dwell+ ^u1 & draw+ out into detail1 ! doctr9es :i* are deliv]$2 accord+ to ! text1 8,fai? come? by he>+40 ,i d n prove :at1 aft] all1 does n ne$ pro(1 because ,i speak to ,ca?olics2 ,i am /at+ :at we ,ca?olics "k1 & ev] w ma9ta9 to be ! me?od prop] to ,!ology1 z x has ev] be5 recogniz$4 ,su*1 ,i say1 is ! !ological me?od1 d$uctive2 h[ev]1 ! hi/ory ( ! la/ ?ree c5turies is only "o long c\rse ( attempts1 on ! "p ( ! p>tisans ( ! ,baconian ,philosophy1 to get rid ( ! me?od prop] to ,!ology & to make x an exp]im5tal sci5ce4 ,b1 ,i say1 = an exp]im5tal sci5ce1 we mu/ h a l>ge collection ( ph5om5a or facts3 :]e1 !n1 are ^? :i* are to be adopt$ z a basis = an inductive !ology8 ,?ree pr9cipal /ores h be5 us$1 ,g5tlem53 ! fir/1 ! text ( ,holy ,scripture2 ! second1 ! ev5ts & transactions ( ecclesia/ical hi/ory2 ! ?ird1 ! ph5om5a ( ! visible _w4 ,?is triple subject-matt]1--,scripture1 ,antiquity1 ,nature1--has be5 tak5 z a f\ndation1 on :i* ! inductive me?od may be ex]cis$ = ! inve/igation & asc]ta9m5t ( t !ological tru?1 :i* to a ,ca?olic is a matt] ( tea*+1 transmission1 & d$uction4 ,n[ let u pause = a mom5t & make a reflection be=e go+ into any detail4 ,tru? _c be contr>y to tru?2 if ^! ?ree subject-matt]s 7 able1 "u ! pressure ( ! inductive me?od1 to yield respectively !ological conclusions 9 unison & 9 concord ) ea* o!r1 & also contr>y to ! doctr9es ( ,!ology z a d$uctive sci5ce1 !n t ,!ology w\ld n inde$ at once be ov]?r[n 7= /ill ! "q w\ld rema9 = discussion1 :i* ( ! two doctr9al sy/ems 0 ! tru?1 & :i* ! app>5t tru?71 b c]ta9ly ! receiv$ d$uctive !ological sci5ce w\ld be 9 an anxi\s position1 & w\ld be on its trial4 ,aga91 tru? _c be contr>y to tru?2--if1 !n1 on ! o!r h&1 ^! ?ree subject-matt]s1--,scripture1 ,antiquity1 & ,nature1--work$ ?r\gh ?ree c5turies by m5 ( great abilities1 ) ! me?od or in/rum5t ( ,bacon 9 _! h&s1 h respectively issu$ 9 conclusions contradictory ( ea* o!r1 nay1 h ev5 issu$1 ?is or t tak5 by itself1 ,scripture or ,antiquity1 9 v>i\s sy/ems ( doctr9e1 s t on ! :ole1 in/ead ( all ?ree result+ 9 "o set ( conclusions1 !y h yield$ a good score ( !m2 !n & 9 t case--x does n at once foll[ t no "o ( ?is score ( conclusions may happ5 to be ! true "o1 & all ! re/ false2 b at lea/ su* a cata/rophe w ?r[ a v grave %ade ( d\bt ^u !m all1 & be>s out ! antec$5t decl>ation1 or r prophecy1 ( !ologians1 be=e ^! exp]im5tali/s />t$1 t x 0 no?+ m ?an a huge mi/ake to introduce ! me?od ( rese>* & ( induction into ! /udy ( ,!ology at all4 ,n[ ,i ?9k y w all[ me to say1 ,g5tlem51 z a matt] ( hi/orical fact1 t ! latt] supposition has be5 actually fulfill$1 & t ! =m] has n4 ,i mean t1 s f> f a sci5tific pro( ( "s "o sy/em ( doctr9e1 & t antagoni/ic to ! old ,!ology1 hav+ be5 con/ruct$ by ! exp]im5tal p>ty1 by a triple conv]g5ce1 f ! sev]al bases ( ,scripture1 ,antiquity1 & ,nature1 on ! contr>y1 t empirical me?od1 :i* has done su* wond]ful ?+s 9 physics & o!r human sci5ces1 has su/a9$ a mo/ emphatic & eloqu5t rev]se 9 its usurp$ t]ritory1--has come to no "o conclusion1--has illum9at$ no def9ite view1--has br\ght its glasses to no focus1--has %[n n ev5 a t5d5cy t[>ds prospective success2 nay1 fur!r /ill1 has already confess$ its own absolute failure1 & has clos$ ! inquiry itself1 n inde$ by giv+ place to ! legitimate me?od :i* x dispossess$1 b by ann\nc+ t no?+ c be kn[n on ! subject at all1--t religion is n a sci5ce1 & t 9 religion scepticism is ! only true philosophy2 or aga91 by a /ill m rem>kable av[al1 t ! decision lies betwe5 ! old ,!ology & none at all1 & t1 c]ta9 ?\gh x be t religi\s tru? is n[h]e1 yet t1 if any:]e x is1 x und\bt$ly is n 9 ! new empirical s*ools1 b 9 t old tea*+1 f\nd$ on ! d$uctive me?od1 :i* 0 9 hon\r & 9 possession at ! "t :5 ,exp]im5t & ,induction comm5c$ _! brilliant c>e]4 ,:at a s+ul> break-d[n ( a noble in/rum5t1 :5 us$ = ! arrogant & tyrannical invasion ( a sacr$ t]ritory6 ,:at c be m sacr$ ?an ,!ology8 ,:at c be m noble ?an ! ,baconian me?od8 ,b ! two d n correspond2 !y are mismat*$4 ,! age has mi/ak5 lock & key4 ,x has brok5 ! key 9 a lock :i* does n belong to x2 x has ru9$ ! w>ds by a key :i* nev] w fit into !m4 ,let u hope t its pres5t disgu/ & despair at ! result are ! prelim9>ies ( a g5]\s & great rep5tance4 ,i h ?\ght1 ,g5tlem51 t y w\ld all[ me to draw ?is moral 9 ! fir/ place2 & n[ ,i w say a few words on "o specim5 ( ?is error 9 detail4 #i4 ,x seems1 !n1 t in/ead ( hav+ rec\rse to ! tradition & tea*+ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 x has be5 ! philosophy ( ! mod]n s*ool to attempt to det]m9e ! doctr9es ( ,!ology by means ( ,holy ,scripture1 or ( ecclesia/ical antiquity1 or ( physical ph5om5a4 ,& ! "q may arise1 :y1 aft] all1 %\ld n su* in=mations1 scriptural1 hi/orical1 or physical1 be us$8 & if us$1 :y %\ld !y n lead to true results8 ,v>i\s answ]s may be giv5 to ?is "q3 ,i %all conf9e myself to "o2 & aga91 = ! sake ( brevity1 ,i %all apply x ma9ly to "o out ( ! ?ree exp$i5ts1 to :i* ! oppon5ts to ,!ology h _h rec\rse4 ,pass+ ov]1 !n1 :at might be said respect+ :at is call$ ,scriptural ,religion1 & ,hi/orical ,religion1 ,i propose to direct y\r att5tion1 9 conclusion1 to ! real "* ( ,physical ,religion1 or ,natural ,!ology1 z be+ m closely connect$ ) ! ma9 subject ( ?is ,lecture4 ,! s*ool ( ,physics1 f its v drift & me?od ( reason+1 has1 z ,i h said1 no?+ to d ) ,religion4 ,h[ev]1 !re is a sci5ce :i* avails itself ( ! ph5om5a & laws ( ! mat]ial univ]se1 z exhibit$ by t s*ool1 z a means ( e/abli%+ ! exi/5ce ( ,design 9 _! con/ruction1 & !reby ! fact ( a ,creator & ,pres]v]4 ,?is sci5ce has1 9 ^! mod]n times1 at lea/ 9 ,engl&1 tak5 ! "n ( ,natural ,!ology27#dg7 &1 ?\gh absolutely di/9ct f ,physics1 yet ,physical ,philosoph]s1 hav+ furni%$ its mo/ curi\s & int]e/+ data1 are apt to claim x z _! own1 & to pride !mselves ^u x accord+ly4 ,i h no wi% to speak lightly ( ! m]its ( ?is s-call$ ,natural or1 m prop]ly1 ,physical ,!ology4 ,!re are a great _m m9ds s con/itut$ t1 :5 !y turn _! ?\ghts to ! "q ( ! exi/5ce ( a ,supreme ,be+1 !y feel a com=t 9 re/+ ! pro( ma9ly or solely on ! ,argum5t ( ,design :i* ! ,univ]se furni%es4 ,to !m ?is sci5ce ( ,physical ,!ology is ( high importance4 ,aga91 ?is sci5ce exhibits1 9 great prom95ce & di/9ctness1 ?ree ( ! m elem5t>y notions :i* ! human reason atta*es to ! idea ( a ,supreme ,be+1 t is1 ?ree ( ,8 simple/ attributes1 ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 & ,goodness4 ,^! are great s]vices r5d]$ to fai? by ,physical ,!ology1 & ,i ackn[l$ge !m z su*4 ,:e!r1 h[ev]1 ,fai? on t acc\nt owes any great deal to ,physics or ,physici/s1 is ano!r matt]4 ,! ,argum5t f ,design is really 9 no s5se due to ! philosophy ( ,bacon4 ,! au?or ,i quot$ j n[ has a /rik+ passage on ?is po9t1 ( :i* ,i h already read to y a "p4 8,z respects ,natural ,religion10 he says1 8x is n easy to see t ! philosoph] ( ! pres5t day is m fav\rably situat$ ?an ,?ales or ,simonides4 ,he has be=e him j ! same evid5ces ( design 9 ! /ructure ( ! univ]se :i* ! e>ly ,greeks _h4 ,we say1 j ! same2 = ! discov]ies ( mod]n a/ronom]s & anatomi/s h really add$ no?+ to ! =ce ( t argum5t :i* a reflect+ m9d f9ds 9 e bea/1 bird1 insect1 fi%1 leaf1 fl[]1 & %ell4 ,! reason+ by :i* ,socrates1 9 ,x5ophon's he>+1 confut$ ! little a!i/1 ,ari/odemus1 is exactly ! reason+ ( ,paley's ,natural ,!ology4 ,socrates makes precisely ! same use ( ! /atues ( ,polycletus & ! pictures ( ,zeuxis1 :i* ,paley makes ( ! wat*40 ,physical ,!ology1 !n1 is pretty mu* :at x 0 two ?\s& ye>s ago1 & has n receiv$ mu* help f mod]n sci5ce3 b n[1 on ! contr>y1 ,i ?9k x has receiv$ f x a positive disadvantage1--,i mean1 x has be5 tak5 out ( its place1 has be5 put too prom95tly =w>d1 & !reby has almo/ be5 us$ z an in/rum5t aga9/ ,*ri/ianity1--z ,i w attempt 9 a few words to expla94 #aj4 ,i obs]ve1 !n1 t !re are _m inve/igations 9 e subject-matt] :i* only lead u a c]ta9 way t[>ds tru?1 & n ! :ole way3 ei!r lead+ u1 = in/ance1 to a /rong probability1 n to a c]ta9ty1 or aga91 prov+ only "s ?+s out ( ! :ole numb] :i* are true4 ,& x is pla9 t if su* inve/igations z ^! are tak5 z ! measure ( ! :ole tru?1 & are erect$ into sub/antive sci5ces1 in/ead ( be+ und]/ood to be1 :at !y really are1 in*oate & subord9ate processes1 !y w1 accid5tally inde$1 b s]i\sly1 mislead u4 #a4 ,let u recur = a mom5t1 9 illu/ration1 to ! in/ances :i* ,i h put aside4 ,consid] :at is call$ ,scriptural ,religion1 or ! ,religion ( ! ,bible4 ,! fault :i* ! !ologian1 ov] & above ! "q ( private judgm5t1 w f9d ) a religion logically drawn f ,scripture only1 is1 n t x is n true1 z f> z x goes1 b t x is n ! :ole tru?2 t x consi/s ( only "s out ( ! :ole circle ( !ological doctr9es1 & t1 ev5 9 ! case ( ^? :i* x includes1 x does n always inve/ !m ) c]ta9ty1 b only ) probability4 ,if1 inde$1 ! ,religion ( ! ,bible is made subs]vi5t to ,!ology1 x is b a specim5 ( useful induction2 b if x is set up1 z some?+ complete 9 itself1 aga9/ ,!ology1 x is turn$ into a mis*iev\s p>alogism4 ,& if su* a p>alogism has tak5 place1 & t 9 consequ5ce ( ! influ5ce ( ! ,baconian philosophy1 x %[s u :at comes ( ! intrusion ( t philosophy into a prov9ce ) :i* x _h no conc]n4 #b4 ,& s1 aga91 z to ,hi/orical ,religion1 or :at is (t5 call$ ,antiquity4 ,a rese>* into ! records ( ! e>ly ,*ur* no ,ca?olic c view ) jeal\sy3 tru? _c be contr>y to tru?2 we are confid5t t :at is !re f\nd w1 :5 maturely weigh$1 be no?+ else ?an an illu/ration & confirmation ( our own ,!ology4 ,b x is ano!r ?+ altoge!r :e!r ! results w g to ! full l5g?s ( our ,!ology2 !y w inde$ concur ) x1 b only z f> z !y g4 ,!re is no reason :y ! data = inve/igation suppli$ by ! extant docum5ts ( ,antiquity %\ld be suffici5t = all t 0 includ$ 9 ! ,div9e ,revelation deliv]$ by ! ,apo/les2 & to expect t !y w is l expect+ t "o witness 9 a trial is to prove ! :ole case1 & t 8 te/imony actually contradicts x1 unless x does4 ,:ile1 !n1 ?is rese>* into ecclesia/ical hi/ory & ! writ+s ( ! ,fa!rs keeps its prop] place1 z subord9ate to ! magi/]ial sov]eignty ( ! ,!ological ,tradition & ! voice ( ! ,*ur*1 x des]ves ! ackn[l$gm5ts ( !ologians2 b :5 x 7s to say7 sets up = itself1 :5 x pr(esses to fulfil an (fice = :i* x 0 nev] int5d$1 :5 x claims to issue 9 a true & full tea*+1 d]iv$ by a sci5tific process ( induction1 !n x is b ano!r in/ance ( ! encroa*m5t ( ! ,baconian empirical me?od 9 a dep>tm5t n its own4 #c4 ,& n[ we come to ! case ( ,physical ,!ology1 :i* is directly be=e u4 ,i confess1 9 spite ( :atev] may be said 9 its fav\r1 ,i h ev] view$ x ) ! greate/ suspicion4 ,z "o class ( ?9k]s has sub/itut$ :at is call$ a ,scriptural ,religion1 & ano!r a ,patri/ical or ,primitive ,religion1 = ! !ological tea*+ ( ,ca?olicism1 s a ,physical ,religion or ,!ology is ! v gospel ( _m p]sons ( ! ,physical ,s*ool1 & !re=e1 true z x may be 9 itself1 /ill "u ! circum/ances is a false gospel4 ,half ( ! tru? is a falsehood3--consid]1 ,g5tlem51 :at ?is s-call$ ,!ology tea*es1 & !n say :e!r :at ,i h ass]t$ is extravagant4 ,any "o div9e attribute ( c\rse virtually includes all2 /ill if a prea*] always insi/$ on ! ,div9e ,ju/ice1 he w\ld practically be obscur+ ! ,div9e ,m]cy1 & if he insi/$ only on ! incommunicabl5ess & di/ance f ! creature ( ! ,uncreat$ ,ess5ce1 he w\ld t5d to ?r[ into ! %ade ! doctr9e ( a ,p>ticul> ,provid5ce4 ,obs]ve1 !n1 ,g5tlem51 t ,physical ,!ology tea*es ?ree ,div9e ,attributes1 ,i may say1 exclusively2 & ( ^!1 mo/ ( ,p[]1 & lea/ ( ,goodness4 ,& 9 ! next place1 :at1 on ! contr>y1 are ^? special ,attributes1 :i* are ! imm$iate correlatives ( religi\s s5tim5t8 ,sanctity1 omnisci5ce1 ju/ice1 m]cy1 fai?fulness4 ,:at does ,physical ,!ology1 :at does ! ,argum5t f ,design1 :at d f9e disquisitions ab\t f9al causes1 tea* u1 except v indirectly1 fa9tly1 enigmatically1 ( ^! transc5d5tly important1 ^! ess5tial portions ( ! idea ( ,religion8 ,religion is m ?an ,!ology2 x is some?+ relative to u2 & x includes our relation t[>ds ! ,object ( x4 ,:at does ,physical ,!ology tell u ( duty & consci5ce8 ( a p>ticul> provid5ce8 &1 com+ at l5g? to ,*ri/ianity1 :at does x tea* u ev5 ( ! f\r la/ ?+s1 dea?1 judgm5t1 heav51 & hell1 ! m]e elem5ts ( ,*ri/ianity8 ,x _c tell u any?+ ( ,*ri/ianity at all4 ,g5tlem51 let me press ?is po9t ^u y\r e>ne/ att5tion4 ,i say ,physical ,!ology _c1 f ! nature ( ! case1 tell u "o ^w ab\t ,*ri/ianity prop]2 x _c be ,*ri/ian1 9 any true s5se1 at all--& f ?is pla9 reason1 because x is d]iv$ f in=mations :i* exi/$ j z !y are n[1 be=e man 0 creat$1 & ,adam fell4 ,h[ c t be a real sub/antive ,!ology1 ?\gh x takes ! "n1 :i* is b an ab/raction1 a p>ticul> aspect ( ! :ole tru?1 & is dumb almo/ z reg>ds ! moral attributes ( ! ,creator1 & utt]ly s z reg>ds ! evangelical8 ,nay1 m ?an ?is2 ,i d n hesitate to say t1 tak+ m5 z !y are1 ?is s-call$ sci5ce t5ds1 if x occupies ! m9d1 to dispose x aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 ,& = ?is pla9 reason1 because x speaks only ( laws2 & _c contemplate _! susp5sion1 t is1 miracles1 :i* are ( ! ess5ce ( ! idea ( a ,revelation4 ,?us1 ! ,god ( ,physical ,!ology may v easily become a m]e idol2 = ,he comes to ! inductive m9d 9 ! m$ium ( fix$ appo9tm5ts1 s excell5t1 s skilful1 s b5efic5t1 t1 :5 x has = a long "t gaz$ ^u !m1 x w ?9k !m too beautiful to be brok51 & w at l5g? s contract its notion ( ,him z to conclude t ,he nev] c\ld h ! he>t 7if ,i may d>e use su* a t]m7 to undo or m> ,8 own "w2 & ?is conclusion w be ! fir/ /ep t[>ds its degrad+ its idea ( ,god a second "t1 & id5tify+ ,him ) ,8 works4 ,inde$1 a ,be+ ( ,p[]1 ,wisdom1 & ,goodness1 & no?+ else1 is n v diff]5t f ! ,god ( ! ,pan!i/4 ,9 ?us speak+ ( ! ,!ology ( ! mod]n ,physical ,s*ool1 ,i h said b a few words on a l>ge subject2 yet1 ?\gh few words1 ,i tru/ !y are cle> en\gh n to haz>d ! risk ( be+ tak5 9 a s5se :i* ,i d n int5d4 ,graft ! sci5ce1 if x is s to be call$1 on ,!ology prop]1 & x w be 9 its "r place1 & w be a religi\s sci5ce4 ,!n x w illu/rate ! awful1 incompreh5sible1 adorable ,f]tility ( ! ,div9e ,omnipot5ce2 x w s]ve to prove ! real miracul\sness ( ! ,revelation 9 its v>i\s p>ts1 by impress+ on ! m9d vividly :at are ! laws ( nature1 & h[ immutable !y are 9 _! own ord]2 & x w 9 o!r ways subs]ve !ological tru?4 ,sep>ate x f ! sup]natural tea*+1 & make x /& on its own base1 & 7?\gh ( c\rse x is bett] = ! individual philosoph] himself71 yet1 z reg>ds 8 influ5ce on ! _w & ! int]e/s ( ,religion1 ,i really d\bt :e!r ,i %\ld n pref] t he %\ld be an ,a!i/ at once ?an su* a naturali/ic1 pan!i/ic religioni/4 ,8 pr(ession ( ,!ology deceives o!rs1 p]haps deceives himself4 ,d n = an in/ant suppose1 ,g5tlem51 t ,i w\ld id5tify ! great m9d ( ,bacon ) s s]i\s a delusion3 he has expressly w>n$ u aga9/ x2 b ,i _c d5y t _m ( 8 s*ool h f "t to "t 9 ?is way turn$ physical rese>* aga9/ ,*ri/ianity4 99 99 99 99 99 ,b ,i h deta9$ y f> long] ?an ,i _h int5d$2 & n[ ,i c only ?ank y = ! pati5ce :i* has enabl$ y to su/a9 a discussion :i* _c be complete1 ^u a subject :i*1 h[ev] mom5t\s1 _c be popul>4 ,lecture ,,viii4 ,*ri/ianity ,& ,sci5tific ,inve/igation4 ,a ,lecture ,writt5 = ! ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce4 #a4 ,?is is a "t1 ,g5tlem51 :5 n only ! ,classics1 b mu* m ! ,sci5ces1 9 ! l>ge/ s5se ( ! ^w1 are look$ ^u ) anxiety1 n altoge!r ungr\nd$1 by religi\s m52 &1 :]eas a ,univ]sity su* z ours pr(esses to embrace all dep>tm5ts & ex]cises ( ! intellect1 & s9ce ,i = my "p wi% to /& on good t]ms ) all k9ds ( k1 & h no int5tion ( qu>rell+ ) any1 & w\ld op5 my he>t1 if n my intellect 7= t is beyond me71 to ! :ole circle ( tru?1 & w\ld t5d] at lea/ a recognition & hospitality ev5 to ^? /udies :i* are /rang]s to me1 & w\ld spe$ !m on _! way1--!re=e1 z ,i h already be5 mak+ ov]tures ( reconciliation1 fir/ betwe5 ,polite ,lit]ature & ,religion1 & next betwe5 ,physics & ,!ology1 s ,i w\ld n[ say a ^w by way ( deprecat+ & prote/+ aga9/ ! ne$less antagonism1 :i* sometimes exi/s 9 fact1 betwe5 div9es & ! cultivators ( ! ,sci5ces g5]ally4 #b4 ,"h ,i am l$ at once to expatiate on ! gr&eur ( an ,in/itution :i* is compreh5sive en\gh to admit ! discussion ( a subject su* z ?is4 ,among ! objects ( human ent]prise1--,i may say x surely )\t extravagance1 ,g5tlem51--none high] or nobl] c be nam$ ?an t :i* is contemplat$ 9 ! erection ( a ,univ]sity4 ,to set on foot & to ma9ta9 9 life & vig\r a real ,univ]sity1 is confess$ly1 z soon z ! ^w 8,univ]sity0 is und]/ood1 "o ( ^? greate/ works1 great 9 _! difficulty & _! importance1 on :i* are des]v$ly exp5d$ ! r>e/ intellects & ! mo/ v>i$ end[m5ts4 ,=1 fir/ ( all1 x pr(esses to tea* :atev] has to be taught 9 any :atev] dep>tm5t ( human k1 & x embraces 9 its scope ! l(tie/ subjects ( human ?\ght1 & ! ri*e/ fields ( human inquiry4 ,no?+ is too va/1 no?+ too subtle1 no?+ too di/ant1 no?+ too m9ute1 no?+ too discursive1 no?+ too exact1 to engage its att5tion4 ,?is1 h[ev]1 is n ! reason :y ,i claim = x s sov]eign a position2 =1 to br+ s*ools ( all k "u "o "n1 & call !m a ,univ]sity1 may be fairly said to be a m]e g5]alization2 & to proclaim t ! prosecution ( all k9ds ( k to _! utmo/ limits dem&s ! fulle/ rea* & range ( our intellectual faculties is b a truism4 ,my reason = speak+ ( a ,univ]sity 9 ! t]ms on :i* ,i h v5tur$ is1 n t x occupies ! :ole t]ritory ( k m]ely1 b t x is ! v realm2 t x pr(esses mu* m ?an to take 9 & to lodge z 9 a c>avans]ai all art & sci5ce1 all hi/ory & philosophy4 ,9 tru?1 x pr(esses to assign to ea* /udy1 :i* x receives1 its own prop] place & its j b\nd>ies2 to def9e ! rights1 to e/abli% ! mutual relations1 & to effect ! int]communion ( "o & all2 to keep 9 *eck ! ambiti\s & encroa*+1 & to succ\r & ma9ta9 ^? :i* f "t to "t are succumb+ "u ! m popul> or ! m =tunately circum/anc$2 to keep ! peace betwe5 !m all1 & to conv]t _! mutual diff]5ces & contr>ieties into ! common good4 ,?is1 ,g5tlem51 is :y ,i say t to erect a ,univ]sity is at once s ardu\s & b5eficial an und]tak+1 viz41 because x is pl$g$ to admit1 )\t fe>1 )\t prejudice1 )\t compromise1 all com]s1 if !y come 9 ! "n ( ,tru?2 to adju/ views1 & exp]i5ces1 & habits ( m9d ! mo/ indep5d5t & dissimil>2 & to give full play to ?\ght & erudition 9 _! mo/ orig9al =ms1 & _! mo/ int5se expressions1 & 9 _! mo/ ample circuit4 ,?us to draw _m ?+s into "o1 is its special function2 & x le>ns to d x1 n by rules r$ucible to writ+1 b by sagacity1 wisdom1 & =be>ance1 act+ ^u a pr(\nd insight into ! subject-matt] ( k1 & by a vigilant repression ( aggression or bigotry 9 any qu>t]4 ,we c\nt x a great ?+1 & ju/ly s1 to plan & c>ry out a wide political organization4 ,to br+ "u "o yoke1 aft] ! mann] ( old ,rome1 a hundr$ discordant peoples2 to ma9ta9 ea* ( !m 9 its own privileges )9 its legitimate range ( action2 to all[ !m sev]ally ! indulg5ce ( national feel+s1 & ! /imulus ( rival int]e/s2 & yet )al to bl5d !m into "o great social e/abli%m5t1 & to pl$ge !m to ! p]petuity ( ! "o imp]ial p[]2--?is is an a*ievem5t :i* c>ries ) x ! unequivocal tok5 ( g5ius 9 ! race :i* effects x4 8,tu reg]e imp]io populos1 ,romane1 mem5to40 ,?is 0 ! special boa/1 z ! poet consid]$ x1 ( ! ,roman2 a boa/ z high 9 its own l9e z t o!r boa/1 prop] to ! ,greek nation1 ( lit]>y pre-em95ce1 ( exub]ance ( ?\ght1 & ( skill & ref9em5t 9 express+ x4 ,:at an empire is 9 political hi/ory1 su* is a ,univ]sity 9 ! sph]e ( philosophy & rese>*4 ,x is1 z ,i h said1 ! high protect+ p[] ( all k & sci5ce1 ( fact & pr9ciple1 ( inquiry & discov]y1 ( exp]im5t & speculation2 x maps out ! t]ritory ( ! intellect1 & sees t ! b\nd>ies ( ea* prov9ce are religi\sly respect$1 & t !re is nei!r encroa*m5t nor surr5d] on any side4 ,x acts z umpire betwe5 tru? & tru?1 &1 tak+ into acc\nt ! nature & importance ( ea*1 assigns to all _! due ord] ( prec$5ce4 ,x ma9ta9s no "o dep>tm5t ( ?\ght exclusively1 h[ev] ample & noble2 & x sacrifices none4 ,x is def]5tial & loyal1 accord+ to _! respective weight1 to ! claims ( lit]ature1 ( physical rese>*1 ( hi/ory1 ( metaphysics1 ( !ological sci5ce4 ,x is imp>tial t[>ds !m all1 & promotes ea* 9 its own place & = its own object4 ,x is ancill>y c]ta9ly1 & ( necessity1 to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*2 b 9 ! same way t "o ( ! ,que5's judges is an (fic] ( ! ,que5's1 & nev]!less det]m9es c]ta9 legal proce$+s betwe5 ! ,que5 & h] subjects4 ,x is m9i/rative to ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 fir/1 because tru? ( any k9d c b m9i/] to tru?2 & next1 /ill m1 because ,nature ev] w pay homage to ,grace1 & ,reason _c b illu/rate & def5d ,revelation2 & ?irdly1 because ! ,*ur* has a sov]eign au?ority1 &1 :5 %e speaks ex ca!dra1 mu/ be obey$4 ,b ?is is ! remote end ( a ,univ]sity2 its imm$iate end 7) :i* alone we h "h to d7 is to secure ! due disposition1 accord+ to "o sov]eign ord]1 & ! cultivation 9 t ord]1 ( all ! prov9ces & me?ods ( ?\ght :i* ! human intellect has creat$4 ,9 ?is po9t ( view1 its sev]al pr(essors are l ! m9i/]s ( v>i\s political p[]s at "o c\rt or conf]5ce4 ,!y repres5t _! respective sci5ces1 & att5d to ! private int]e/s ( ^? sci5ces respectively2 &1 %\ld dispute arise betwe5 ^? sci5ces1 !y are ! p]sons to talk ov] & arrange x1 )\t risk ( extravagant pret5sions on any side1 ( angry collision1 or ( popul> commotion4 ,a lib]al philosophy becomes ! habit ( m9ds ?us ex]cis$2 a bread? & spaci\sness ( ?\ght1 9 :i* l9es1 seem+ly p>allel1 may conv]ge at leisure1 & pr9ciples1 recogniz$ z incomm5surable1 may be safely antagoni/ic4 #c4 ,& "h1 ,g5tlem51 we recognize ! special "* ( ! ,philosophy ,i am speak+ (1 if ,philosophy x is to be call$1 9 contra/ ) ! me?od ( a /rict sci5ce or sy/em4 ,its tea*+ is n f\nd$ on "o idea1 or r$ucible to c]ta9 =mul4 ,newton might discov] ! great law ( motion 9 ! physical _w1 & ! key to t5 ?\s& ph5om5a2 & a simil> resolution ( complex facts into simple pr9ciples may be possible 9 o!r dep>tm5ts ( nature2 b ! great ,univ]se itself1 moral & mat]ial1 s5sible & sup]natural1 _c be gaug$ & met$ by ev5 ! greate/ ( human intellects1 & its con/itu5t p>ts admit inde$ ( comp>ison & adju/m5t1 b n ( fusion4 ,?is is ! po9t :i* be>s directly on ! subject :i* ,i set be=e me :5 ,i began1 & t[>ds :i* ,i am mov+ 9 all ,i h said or %all be say+4 ,i obs]ve1 !n1 & ask y1 ,g5tlem51 to be> 9 m9d1 t ! philosophy ( an imp]ial intellect1 = su* ,i am consid]+ a ,univ]sity to be1 is bas$1 n s mu* on simplification z on discrim9ation4 ,its true repres5tative def9es1 r ?an analyzes4 ,he aims at no complete catalogue1 or int]pretation ( ! subjects ( k1 b a foll[+ out1 z f> z man c1 :at 9 its fulness is my/]i\s & unfa?omable4 ,tak+ into 8 *>ge all sci5ces1 me?ods1 collections ( facts1 pr9ciples1 doctr9es1 tru?s1 :i* are ! reflexions ( ! univ]se ^u ! human intellect1 he admits !m all1 he disreg>ds none1 &1 z disreg>d+ none1 he all[s none to exce$ or encroa*4 ,8 wat*word is1 ,live & let live4 ,he takes ?+s z !y are2 he submits to !m all1 z f> z !y g2 he recognizes ! insup]able l9es ( dem>cation :i* run betwe5 subject & subject2 he obs]ves h[ sep>ate tru?s lie relatively to ea* o!r1 :]e !y concur1 :]e !y "p company1 & :]e1 be+ c>ri$ too f>1 !y cease to be tru?s at all4 ,x is 8 (fice to det]m9e h[ mu* c be kn[n 9 ea* prov9ce ( ?\ght2 :5 we mu/ be cont5t$ n to "k2 9 :at direction inquiry is hopeless1 or on ! o!r h& full ( promise2 :]e x ga!rs into coils insoluble by reason1 :]e x is absorb$ 9 my/]ies1 or runs into ! abyss4 ,x w be 8 c>e to be famili> ) ! signs ( real & app>5t difficulties1 ) ! me?ods prop] to p>ticul> subject-matt]s1 :at 9 ea* p>ticul> case are ! limits ( a rational scepticism1 & :at ! claims ( a p]emptory fai?4 ,if he has "o c>d9al maxim 9 8 philosophy1 x is1 t tru? _c be contr>y to tru?2 if he has a second1 x is1 t tru? (t5 seems contr>y to tru?2 &1 if a ?ird1 x is ! practical conclusion1 t we mu/ be pati5t ) su* appe>ances1 & n be ha/y to pron\nce !m to be really ( a m =midable "*4 ,x is ! v imm5sity ( ! sy/em ( ?+s1 ! human record ( :i* he has 9 *>ge1 :i* is ! reason ( ?is pati5ce & caution2 = t imm5sity sugge/s to him t ! contr>ieties & my/]ies1 :i* meet him 9 ! v>i\s sci5ces1 may be simply ! consequ5ces ( our necess>ily defective compreh5sion4 ,!re is b "o ?\ght great] ?an t ( ! univ]se1 & t is ! ?\ght ( its ,mak]4 ,if1 ,g5tlem51 = "o s+le in/ant1 leav+ my prop] tra9 ( ?\ght1 ,i allude to our k ( ! ,supreme ,be+1 x is 9 ord] to d$uce f x an illu/ration be>+ ^u my subject4 ,he1 ?\gh ,"o1 is a sort ( _w ( worlds 9 ,himself1 giv+ bir? 9 our m9ds to an indef9ite numb] ( di/9ct tru?s1 ea* ineffably m my/]i\s ?an any ?+ t is f\nd 9 ?is univ]se ( space & "t4 ,any "o ( ,8 attributes1 consid]$ by itself1 is ! object ( an inexhau/ible sci5ce3 & ! attempt to reconcile any two or ?ree ( !m toge!r1--love1 p[]1 ju/ice1 sanctity1 tru?1 wisdom1--af=ds matt] = an ev]la/+ controv]sy4 ,we are able to appreh5d & receive ea* div9e attribute 9 its elem5t>y =m1 b /ill we are n able to accept !m 9 _! inf9ity1 ei!r 9 !mselves or 9 union ) ea* o!r4 ,yet we d n d5y ! fir/ because x _c be p]fectly reconcil$ ) ! second1 nor ! second because x is 9 app>5t contr>iety ) ! fir/ & ! ?ird4 ,! case is ! same 9 its degree ) ,8 creation mat]ial & moral4 ,x is ! highe/ wisdom to accept tru? ( :atev] k9d1 :]ev] x is cle>ly asc]ta9$ to be su*1 ?\gh !re be difficulty 9 adju/+ x ) o!r kn[n tru?4 ,in/ances are easily producible ( t extreme contr>iety ( ideas1 "o ) ano!r1 :i* ! contemplation ( ! ,univ]se =ces ^u our acceptance1 mak+ x cle> to u t !re is no?+ irrational 9 submitt+ to und5iable incompatibilities1 :i* we call app>5t1 only because1 if !y 7 n app>5t b real1 !y c\ld n co-exi/4 ,su*1 = in/ance1 is ! contemplation ( ,space2 ! exi/5ce ( :i* we _c d5y1 ?\gh its idea is capable1 9 no sort ( po/ure1 ( seat+ itself 7if ,i may s speak7 9 our m9ds2--= we f9d x impossible to say t x comes to a limit any:]e2 & x is incompreh5sible to say t x runs out inf9itely2 & x seems to be unmean+ if we say t x does n exi/ till bodies come into x1 & ?us is enl>g$ accord+ to an accid5t4 ,& s aga9 9 ! in/ance ( ,"t4 ,we _c place a beg9n+ to x )\t ask+ ourselves :at 0 be=e t beg9n+2 yet t !re %\ld be no beg9n+ at all1 put x z f> back z we w1 is simply incompreh5sible4 ,"h aga91 z 9 ! case ( ,space1 we nev] dream ( d5y+ ! exi/5ce ( :at we h no means ( und]/&+4 ,&1 pass+ f ?is high region ( ?\ght 7:i*1 high z x may be1 is ! subject ev5 ( a *ild's contemplations71 :5 we come to consid] ! mutual action ( s\l & body1 we are specially p]plex$ by incompatibilities :i* we c nei!r reject nor expla94 ,h[ x is t ! w c act on ! muscles1 is a "q ( :i* ev5 a *ild may feel ! =ce1 b :i* no exp]im5tali/ c answ]4 ,fur!r1 :5 we contra/ ! physical ) ! social laws "u :i* man f9ds himself "h bel[1 we mu/ grant t ,physiology & ,social ,sci5ce are 9 collision4 ,man is bo? a physical & a social be+2 yet he _c at once pursue to ! full 8 physical end & 8 social end1 8 physical duties 7if ,i may s speak7 & 8 social duties1 b is =c$ to sacrifice 9 "p "o or ! o!r4 ,if we 7 wild en\gh to fancy t !re 7 two creators1 "o ( :om 0 ! au?or ( our animal frames1 ! o!r ( society1 !n inde$ we might und]/& h[ x comes to pass t lab\r ( m9d & body1 ! useful arts1 ! duties ( a /atesman1 gov]nm5t1 & ! l1 :i* are requir$ by ! social sy/em1 are s de/ructive ( heal?1 enjoym5t1 & life4 ,t is1 9 o!r words1 we _c adequately acc\nt = exi/+ & und5iable tru?s except on ! hypo!sis ( :at we feel to be an absurdity4 ,& s 9 ,ma!matical ,sci5ce1 z has be5 (t5 insi/$ on1 ! philosoph] has pati5tly to endure ! pres5ce ( tru?s1 :i* are n ! less true = be+ irreconcileable ) ea* o!r4 ,he is told ( ! exi/5ce ( an inf9ite numb] ( curves1 :i* are able to divide a space1 into :i* no /raight l9e1 ?\gh x be l5g? )\t bread?1 c ev5 ent]4 ,he is told1 too1 ( c]ta9 l9es1 :i* approa* to ea* o!r cont9ually1 ) a f9ite di/ance betwe5 !m1 yet nev] meet2 & ^! app>5t contr>ieties he mu/ be> z he be/ c1 )\t attempt+ to d5y ! exi/5ce ( ! tru?s :i* con/itute !m 9 ! ,sci5ce 9 "q4 #d4 ,n[1 let me call y\r att5tion1 ,g5tlem51 to :at ,i w\ld inf] f ^! famili> facts4 ,x is1 to urge y ) an argum5t =tiori3 viz41 t1 z y ex]cise s mu* exempl>y pati5ce 9 ! case ( ! inexplicable tru?s :i* surr\nd s _m dep>tm5ts ( k1 human & div9e1 view$ 9 !mselves2 z y are n at once indignant1 c5sori\s1 suspici\s1 difficult ( belief1 on f9d+ t 9 ! secul> sci5ces "o tru? is incompatible 7accord+ to our human intellect7 ) ano!r or inconsi/5t ) itself2 s y %\ld n ?9k x v h>d to be told t !re exi/s1 "h & !re1 n an inextricable difficulty1 n an a/\nd+ contr>iety1 n 7mu* less7 a contradiction z to cle> facts1 betwe5 ,revelation & ,nature2 b a hit*1 an obscurity1 a div]g5ce ( t5d5cy1 a tempor>y antagonism1 a diff]5ce ( tone1 betwe5 ! two1--t is1 betwe5 ,ca?olic op9ion on ! "o h&1 & a/ronomy1 or geology1 or physiology1 or e?nology1 or political economy1 or hi/ory1 or antiquities1 on ! o!r4 ,i say t1 z we admit1 because we are ,ca?olics1 t ! ,div9e ,unity conta9s 9 x attributes1 :i*1 to our f9ite m9ds1 appe> 9 p>tial contr>iety ) ea* o!r2 z we admit t1 9 ,8 reveal$ ,nature are ?+s1 :i*1 ?\gh n oppos$ to ,reason1 are inf9itely /range to ! ,imag9ation2 z 9 ,8 works we c nei!r reject nor admit ! ideas ( space1 & ( "t1 & ! necess>y prop]ties ( l9es1 )\t intellectual di/ress1 or ev5 torture2 really1 ,g5tlem51 ,i am mak+ no outrage\s reque/1 :51 9 ! "n ( a ,univ]sity1 ,i ask religi\s writ]s1 juri/s1 economi/s1 physiologi/s1 *emi/s1 geologi/s1 & hi/orians1 to g on quietly1 & 9 a neighb\rly way1 9 _! own respective l9es ( speculation1 rese>*1 & exp]im5t1 ) full fai? 9 ! consi/5cy ( t multi=m tru?1 :i* !y %>e betwe5 !m1 9 a g5]\s confid5ce t !y w be ultimately consi/5t1 "o & all1 9 _! comb9$ results1 ?\gh !re may be mom5t>y collisions1 awkw>d appe>ances1 & _m =ebod+s & prophecies ( contr>iety1 & at all times ?+s h>d to ! ,imag9ation1 ?\gh n1 ,i repeat1 to ! ,reason4 ,x surely is n ask+ !m a great deal to beg ( !m1--s9ce !y are =c$ to admit my/]ies 9 ! tru?s ( ,revelation1 tak5 by !mselves1 & 9 ! tru?s ( ,reason1 tak5 by !mselves--to beg ( !m1 ,i say1 to keep ! peace1 to live 9 good w1 & to ex]cise equanimity1 if1 :5 ,nature & ,revelation are comp>$ ) ea* o!r1 !re be1 z ,i h said1 discrepancies1--n 9 ! issue1 b 9 ! reason+s1 ! circum/ances1 ! associations1 ! anticipations1 ! accid5ts1 prop] to _! respective tea*+s4 ,x is mo/ necess>y to insi/ s]i\sly & en]getically on ?is po9t1 = ! sake ( ,prote/ants1 = !y h v /range notions ab\t u4 ,9 spite ( ! te/imony ( hi/ory ! o!r way1 !y ?9k t ! ,*ur* has no o!r me?od ( putt+ d[n error ?an ! arm ( =ce1 or ! prohibition ( inquiry4 ,!y defy u to set up & c>ry on a ,s*ool ( ,sci5ce4 ,= _! sake1 !n1 ,i am l$ to enl>ge ^u ! subject "h4 ,i say1 !n1 he :o believes ,revelation ) t absolute fai? :i* is ! pr]ogative ( a ,ca?olic1 is n ! n]v\s creature :o />tles at e sudd5 s\nd1 & is flutt]$ by e /range or novel appe>ance :i* meets 8 eyes4 ,he has no sort ( appreh5sion1 he laughs at ! idea1 t any ?+ c be discov]$ by any o!r sci5tific me?od1 :i* c contradict any "o ( ! dogmas ( 8 religion4 ,he kn[s full well !re is no sci5ce :atev]1 b1 9 ! c\rse ( its ext5sion1 runs ! risk ( infr++1 )\t any mean+ ( (f5ce on its own "p1 ! pa? ( o!r sci5ces & he kn[s also t1 if !re be any "o sci5ce :i*1 f its sov]eign & unassailable position c calmly be> su* un9t5tional collisions on ! "p ( ! *ildr5 ( e>?1 x is ,!ology4 ,he is sure1 & no?+ %all make him d\bt1 t1 if any?+ seems to be prov$ by a/ronom]1 or geologi/1 or *ronologi/1 or antiqu>ian1 or e?nologi/1 9 contradiction to ! dogmas ( fai?1 t po9t w ev5tually turn out1 fir/1 n to be prov$1 or1 secondly1 n contradictory1 or ?irdly1 n contradictory to any ?+ really reveal$1 b to some?+ :i* has be5 confus$ ) revelation4 ,& if1 at ! mom5t1 x appe>s to be contradictory1 !n he is cont5t to wait1 kn[+ t error is l o!r del9qu5ts2 give x rope en\gh1 & x w be f\nd to h a /rong suicidal prop5sity4 ,i d n mean to say he w n take 8 "p 9 enc\rag+1 9 help+ =w>d ! prospective suicide2 he w n only give ! error rope en\gh1 b %[ x h[ to h&le & adju/ ! rope2--he w commit ! matt] to reason1 reflection1 sob] judgm5t1 common s5se2 to ,"t1 ! great int]pret] ( s _m secrets4 ,in/ead ( be+ irritat$ at ! mom5t>y triumph ( ! foes ( ,revelation1 if su* a feel+ ( triumph !re be1 & ( hurry+ on a =cible solution ( ! difficulty1 :i* may 9 ! ev5t only r$uce ! inquiry to an inextricable tangle1 he w recollect t1 9 ! ord] ( ,provid5ce1 our seem+ dang]s are (t5 our greate/ ga9s2 t 9 ! words ( ! ,prote/ant poet1 ,! cl\ds y s mu* dread ,are big ) m]cy1 & %all break ,9 bless+s on y\r head4 #e4 ,to "o notori\s in/ance inde$ x is obvi\s to allude "h4 ,:5 ! ,cop]nican sy/em fir/ made progress1 :at religi\s man w\ld n h be5 tempt$ to uneas9ess1 or at lea/ fe> ( sc&al1 f ! seem+ contradiction :i* x involv$ to "s au?oritative tradition ( ! ,*ur* & ! decl>ation ( ,scripture8 ,x 0 g5]ally receiv$1 z if ! ,apo/les _h expressly deliv]$ x bo? orally & 9 writ+1 z a tru? ( ,revelation1 t ! e>? 0 /ation>y1 & t ! sun1 fix$ 9 a solid firmam5t1 :irl$ r\nd ! e>?4 ,aft] a little "t1 h[ev]1 & on full consid]ation1 x 0 f\nd t ! ,*ur* _h decid$ next to no?+ on que/ions su* z ^!1 & t ,physical ,sci5ce might range 9 ?is sph]e ( ?\ght almo/ at w1 )\t fe> ( enc\nt]+ ! decisions ( ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,n[1 besides ! relief :i* x af=d$ to ,ca?olics to f9d t !y 7 to be sp>$ ?is addition1 on ! side ( ,cosmology1 to _! _m controv]sies already exi/+1 !re is some?+ ( an argum5t 9 ?is v circum/ance 9 behalf ( ! div9ity ( _! ,religion4 ,= x surely is a v rem>kable fact1 consid]+ h[ widely & h[ long "o c]ta9 int]pretation ( ^! physical /atem5ts 9 ,scripture _h be5 receiv$ by ,ca?olics1 t ! ,*ur* %\ld n h =mally ackn[l$g$ x4 ,look+ at ! matt] 9 a human po9t ( view1 x 0 inevitable t %e %\ld h made t op9ion h] own4 ,b n[ we f9d1 on asc]ta9+ :]e we /&1 9 ! face ( ! new sci5ces ( ^! latt] times1 t 9 spite ( ! b\ntiful comm5ts :i* f ! fir/ %e has ev] be5 mak+ on ! sacr$ text1 z x is h] duty & h] "r to d1 nev]!less1 %e has nev] be5 l$ =mally to expla9 ! texts 9 "q1 or to give !m an au?oritative s5se :i* mod]n sci5ce may "q4 ,nor 0 ?is escape a m]e accid5t1 b r ! result ( a provid5tial sup]9t5d5ce2 z w\ld appe> f a passage ( hi/ory 9 ! d>k age itself4 ,:5 ! glori\s ,/4 ,boniface1 ,apo/le ( ,g]many1 great 9 sanctity1 ?\gh n 9 secul> k1 compla9$ to ! ,holy ,see t ,/4 ,virgilius taught ! exi/5ce ( ! ,antipodes1 ! ,holy ,see 0 guid$ :at to d2 x did n inde$ side ) ! ,iri% philosoph]1 :i* w\ld h be5 go+ out ( its place1 b x pass$ ov]1 9 a matt] n reveal$1 a philosophical op9ion4 ,"t w5t on2 a new /ate ( ?+s1 intellectual & social1 came 92 ! ,*ur* 0 girt ) temporal p[]2 ! prea*]s ( ,/4 ,dom9ic 7 9 ! asc5dant3 n[ at l5g? we may ask ) curi\s int]e/1 did ! ,*ur* alt] h] anci5t rule ( action1 & proscribe intellectual activity8 ,j ! contr>y2 ?is is ! v age ( ,univ]sities2 x is ! classical p]iod ( ! s*oolm52 x is ! spl5did & palm>y in/ance ( ! wise policy & l>ge lib]ality ( ! ,*ur*1 z reg>ds philosophical inquiry4 ,if !re ev] 0 a "t :5 ! intellect w5t wild1 & _h a lic5ti\s revel1 x 0 at ! date ,i speak (4 ,:5 0 !re ev] a m curi\s1 m m$dl+1 bold]1 ke5]1 m p5etrat+1 m rationali/ic ex]cise ( ! reason ?an at t "t8 ,:at class ( que/ions did t subtle1 metaphysical _s n scrut9ize8 ,:at premiss 0 all[$ )\t exam9ation8 ,:at pr9ciple 0 n trac$ to its fir/ orig91 & exhibit$ 9 its mo/ nak$ %ape8 ,:at :ole 0 n analyz$8 ,:at complex idea 0 n elaborately trac$ out1 &1 z x 71 f9ely pa9t$ = ! contemplation ( ! m9d1 till x 0 spread out 9 all its m9ute/ portions z p]fectly & delicately z a frog's foot %[s "u ! int5se scrut9y ( ! microscope8 ,well1 ,i repeat1 "h 0 some?+ :i* came some:at ne>] to ,!ology ?an physical rese>* comes2 ,ari/otle 0 a some:at m s]i\s foe !n1 beyond all mi/ake1 ?an ,bacon has be5 s9ce4 ,did ! ,*ur* take a high h& ) philosophy !n8 ,no1 n ?\gh t philosophy 0 metaphysical4 ,x 0 a "t :5 %e _h temporal p[]1 & c\ld h ext]m9at$ ! _s ( inquiry ) fire & sword2 b %e det]m9$ to put x d[n by argum5t1 %e said3 8,two c play at t1 & my argum5t is ! bett]40 ,%e s5t h] controv]siali/s into ! philosophical ar5a4 ,x 0 ! ,dom9ican & ,franciscan doctors1 ! greate/ ( !m be+ ,/4 ,?omas1 :o 9 ^? m$ieval ,univ]sities f\ght ! battle ( ,revelation ) ! weapons ( hea!nism4 ,x 0 no matt] ^: ! weapon 02 tru? 0 tru? all ! _w ov]4 ,) ! jawbone ( an ass1 ) ! skeleton philosophy ( pagan ,greece1 did ! ,samson ( ! s*ools put to flight 8 ?\s& ,phili/9es4 ,"h1 ,g5tlem51 obs]ve ! contra/ exhibit$ betwe5 ! ,*ur* h]self1 :o has ! gift ( wisdom1 & ev5 ! able/1 or wise/1 or holie/ ( h] *ildr54 ,z ,/4 ,boniface _h be5 jeal\s ( physical speculations1 s _h ! e>ly ,fa!rs %[n an extreme av]sion to ! great hea!n philosoph] :om ,i j n[ nam$1 ,ari/otle4 ,i d n "k :o ( !m c\ld endure him2 & :5 !re arose ^? 9 ! middle age :o w\ld take 8 "p1 especially s9ce _! int5tions 7 ( a suspici\s "*1 a /r5u\s ef=t 0 made to bani% him out ( ,*ri/5dom4 ,! ,*ur* ! :ile _h kept sil5ce2 %e _h z little d5\nc$ hea!n philosophy 9 ! mass z %e _h pron\nc$ ^u ! mean+ ( c]ta9 texts ( ,scripture ( a cosmological "*4 ,f ,t]tullian & ,caius to ! two ,gregories ( ,cappadocia1 f !m to ,ana/asius ,s9aita1 f him to ! s*ool ( ,p>is1 ,ari/otle 0 a ^w ( (f5ce2 at l5g? ,/4 ,?omas made him a hew] ( wood & draw] ( wat] to ! ,*ur*4 ,a /rong slave he is2 & ! ,*ur* h]self has giv5 h] sanction to ! use 9 ,!ology ( ! ideas & t]ms ( 8 philosophy4 #f4 ,n[1 :ile ?is free discussion is1 to say ! lea/1 s safe = ,religion1 or r s exp$i5t1 x is on ! o!r h& simply necess>y = progress 9 ,sci5ce2 & ,i %all n[ g on to insi/ on ?is side ( ! subject4 ,i say1 !n1 t x is a matt] ( prim>y importance 9 ! cultivation ( ^? sci5ces1 9 :i* tru? is discov]able by ! human intellect1 t ! inve/igator %\ld be free1 indep5d5t1 un%ackl$ 9 8 movem5ts2 t he %\ld be all[$ & enabl$1 )\t imp$im5t1 to fix 8 m9d int5tly1 nay1 exclusively1 on 8 special object1 )\t ! risk ( be+ di/ract$ e o!r m9ute 9 ! process & progress ( 8 inquiry1 by *>ges ( tem]>i\sness1 or by w>n+s aga9/ extravagance or sc&al4 ,b 9 ?us speak+1 ,i mu/ premise sev]al explanations1 le/ ,i be misund]/ood4 ,fir/1 !n1 ,g5tlem51 z to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( religion & morals1 & aga9 z to ! fundam5tal pr9ciples ( ,*ri/ianity1 or :at are call$ ! dogmas ( fai?1--z to ?is d\ble cre$1 natural & reveal$1--we1 none ( u1 %\ld say t x is any %ackle at all ^u ! intellect to ma9ta9 ^! inviolate4 ,inde$1 a ,ca?olic _c put (f 8 ?\ght ( !m2 & !y z little imp$e ! movem5ts ( 8 intellect z ! laws ( physics imp$e 8 bodily movem5ts4 ,! habitual appreh5sion ( !m has become a second nature ) him1 z ! laws ( optics1 hydro/atics1 dynamics1 are lat5t conditions :i* he takes = grant$ 9 ! use ( 8 corporeal organs4 ,i am n suppos+ any collision ) dogma1 ,i am b speak+ ( op9ions ( div9es1 or ( ! multitude1 p>allel to ^? 9 =m] times ( ! sun go+ r\nd ! e>?1 or ( ! la/ day be+ close at h&1 or ( ,/4 ,dionysius ! ,areopagite be+ ! au?or ( ! works :i* be> 8 "n4 ,nor1 secondly1 ev5 z reg>ds su* op9ions1 am ,i suppos+ any direct intrusion into ! prov9ce ( religion1 or ( a tea*] ( ,sci5ce actually lay+ d[n ! law 9 a matt] ( ,religion2 b ( su* un9t5tional collisions z are incid5tal to a discussion pursu$ on "s subject ( 8 own4 ,x w\ld be a great mi/ake 9 su* a "o to propose 8 philosophical or hi/orical conclusions z ! =mal int]pretation ( ! sacr$ text1 z ,galileo is said to h done1 in/ead ( be+ cont5t to hold 8 doctr9e ( ! motion ( ! e>? z a sci5tific conclusion1 & leav+ x to ^? :om x really conc]n$ to comp>e x ) ,scripture4 ,&1 x mu/ be confess$1 ,g5tlem51 n a few in/ances occur ( ?is mi/ake at ! pres5t day1 on ! "p1 n inde$ ( m5 ( sci5ce1 b ( religi\s m51 :o1 f a n]v\s impati5ce le/ ,scripture %\ld = "o mom5t seem inconsi/5t ) ! results ( "s speculation ( ! h\r1 are ev] propos+ geological or e?nological comm5ts ^u x1 :i* !y h to alt] or oblit]ate be=e ! ink is well dry1 f *anges 9 ! progressive sci5ce1 :i* !y h s (fici\sly br\ght to its aid4 ,& ?irdly1 ,i obs]ve t1 :5 ,i advocate ! indep5d5ce ( philosophical ?\ght1 ,i am n speak+ ( any =mal tea*+ at all1 b ( inve/igations1 speculations1 & discussions4 ,i am f> inde$ f all[+1 9 any matt] :i* ev5 bord]s on ,religion1 :at an em95t ,prote/ant div9e has advocat$ on ! mo/ sacr$ subjects1--,i mean 8! lib]ty ( ,prophesy+40 ,i h no wi% to degrade ! pr(essors ( ,sci5ce1 :o ought to be ,prophets ( ! ,tru?1 into m]e adv]tis]s ( crude fancies or notori\s absurdities4 ,i am n plead+ t !y %\ld at r&om %[] d[n ^u _! he>]s +5uities & novelties2 or t !y %\ld tea* ev5 :at has a basis ( tru? 9 x1 9 a brilliant1 (f-h& way1 to a collection ( y\?s1 :o may n p]haps he> !m = six consecutive lectures1 & :o w c>ry away ) !m into ! c\ntry a mi/y idea ( ! half-creat$ !ories ( "s ambiti\s intellect4 ,once m1 z ! la/ s5t5ce sugge/s1 !re mu/ be great c>e tak5 to avoid sc&al1 or %ock+ ! popul> m9d1 or unsettl+ ! weak2 ! association betwe5 tru? & error be+ s /rong 9 p>ticul> m9ds t x is impossible to we$ !m ( ! error )\t root+ up ! :eat ) x4 ,if1 !n1 !re is ! *ance ( any curr5t religi\s op9ion be+ 9 any way compromis$ 9 ! c\rse ( a sci5tific inve/igation1 ?is w\ld be a reason = conduct+ x1 n 9 light ephem]al publications1 :i* come into ! h&s ( ! c>eless or ignorant1 b 9 works ( a grave & bus9ess-l "*1 answ]+ to ! m$ieval s*ools ( philosophical disputation1 :i*1 remov$ z !y 7 f ! region ( popul> ?\ght & feel+1 h1 by _! vigor\s re/lessness ( inquiry1 9 spite ( _! extravagances1 done s mu* = !ological precision4 #g4 ,i am n1 !n1 suppos+ ! sci5tific inve/igator 7#a7 to be com+ into collision ) dogma2 nor 7#b7 v5tur+1 by means ( 8 inve/igations1 ^u any int]pretation ( ,scripture1 or ^u o!r conclusion 9 ! matt] ( religion2 nor 7#c7 ( 8 tea*+1 ev5 9 8 own sci5ce1 religi\s p>odoxes1 :5 he %\ld be inve/igat+ & propos+2 nor 7#d7 ( 8 recklessly sc&aliz+ ! weak2 b1 ^! explanations be+ made1 ,i /ill say t a sci5tific speculator or inquir] is n b\nd1 9 conduct+ 8 rese>*es1 to be e mom5t adju/+ 8 c\rse by ! maxims ( ! s*ools or by popul> traditions1 or by ^? ( any o!r sci5ce di/9ct f 8 own1 or to be ev] n>r[ly wat*+ :at ^? ext]nal sci5ces h to say to him1 or to be det]m9$ to be edify+1 or to be ev] answ]+ h]etics & unbeliev]s2 be+ confid5t1 f ! impulse ( a g5]\s fai?1 t1 h[ev] 8 l9e ( inve/igation may sw]ve n[ & !n1 & v>y to & fro 9 its c\rse1 or ?reat5 mom5t>y collision or emb>rassm5t ) any o!r dep>tm5t ( k1 !ological or n1 yet1 if he lets x alone1 x w be sure to come home1 because tru? nev] c really be contr>y to tru?1 & because (t5 :at at fir/ sight is an 8exceptio10 9 ! ev5t mo/ emphatically 8probat regulam40 ,?is is a po9t ( s]i\s importance to him4 ,unless he is at lib]ty to inve/igate on ! basis1 & accord+ to ! peculi>ities1 ( 8 sci5ce1 he _c inve/igate at all4 ,x is ! v law ( ! human m9d 9 its inquiry aft] & acquisition ( tru? to make its advances by a process :i* consi/s ( _m /ages1 & is circuit\s4 ,!re are no %ort cuts to k2 nor does ! road to x always lie 9 ! direction 9 :i* x t]m9ates1 nor are we able to see ! end on />t+4 ,x may (t5 seem to be div]g+ f a goal into :i* x w soon run )\t ef=t1 if we are b pati5t & resolute 9 foll[+ x out2 &1 z we are told 9 ,e?ics to ga9 ! mean m]ely by rec$+ f bo? extremes1 s 9 sci5tific rese>*es error may be said1 )\t a p>adox1 to be 9 "s in/ances ! way to tru?1 & ! only way4 ,moreov]1 x is n (t5 ! =tune ( any "o man to live ?r\gh an inve/igation2 ! process is "o ( n only _m /ages1 b ( _m m9ds4 ,:at "o beg9s ano!r f9i%es2 & a true conclusion is at l5g? work$ out by ! co-op]ation ( indep5d5t s*ools & ! p]sev]ance ( successive g5]ations4 ,?is be+ ! case1 we are oblig$1 "u circum/ances1 to be> = a :ile ) :at we feel to be error1 9 consid]ation ( ! tru? 9 :i* x is ev5tually to issue4 ,! analogy ( locomotion is mo/ p]t95t "h4 ,no "o c g /raight up a m\nta92 no sail+ vessel makes = its port )\t tack+4 ,& s1 apply+ ! illu/ration1 we c inde$1 if we w1 refuse to all[ ( inve/igation or rese>* altoge!r2 b1 if we invite reason to take its place 9 our s*ools1 we mu/ let reason h fair & full play4 ,if we reason1 we mu/ submit to ! conditions ( reason4 ,we _c use x by halves2 we mu/ use x z proce$+ f ,him :o has also giv5 u ,revelation2 & to be ev] int]rupt+ its processes1 & div]t+ its att5tion by objections br\ght f a high] k1 is p>allel to a l&sman's dismay at ! *anges 9 ! c\rse ( a vessel on :i* he has delib]ately emb>k$1 & argues surely "s di/ru/ ei!r 9 ! p[]s ( ,reason on ! "o h&1 or ! c]ta9ty ( ,reveal$ ,tru? on ! o!r4 ,! pass5g] %\ld n h emb>k$ at all1 if he did n reckon on ! *ance ( a r\gh sea1 ( curr5ts1 ( w9d & tide1 ( rocks & %oals2 & we %\ld act m wisely 9 disc\nt5anc+ altoge!r ! ex]cise ( ,reason ?an 9 be+ al>m$ & impati5t "u ! susp5se1 delay1 & anxiety :i*1 f ! nature ( ! case1 may be f\nd to atta* to x4 ,let u es*ew secul> hi/ory1 & sci5ce1 & philosophy = good & all1 if we are n all[$ to be sure t ,revelation is s true t ! alt]cations & p]plexities ( human op9ion _c really or ev5tually injure its au?ority4 ,t is no intellectual triumph ( any tru? ( ,religion1 :i* has n be5 prec$$ by a full /atem5t ( :at c be said aga9/ x2 x is b ! ego vapul&o1 ille v]b]&o1 ( ! ,com$y4 ,great m9ds ne$ elb[-room1 n inde$ 9 ! doma9 ( fai?1 b ( ?\ght4 ,& s inde$ d less] m9ds1 & all m9ds4 ,!re are _m p]sons 9 ! _w :o are call$1 & ) a great deal ( tru?1 g5iuses4 ,!y _h be5 gift$ by nature ) "s p>ticul> faculty or capacity2 &1 :ile vehem5tly excit$ & imp]i\sly rul$ by x1 !y are bl9d to ev]y?+ else4 ,!y are en?usia/s 9 _! own l9e1 & are simply dead to ! beauty ( any l9e except _! own4 ,accord+ly1 !y ?9k _! own l9e ! only l9e 9 ! :ole _w wor? pursu+1 & !y feel a sort ( contempt = su* /udies z move ^u any o!r l9e4 ,n[1 ^! m5 may be1 & (t5 are1 v good ,ca?olics1 & h n a dream ( any ?+ b affection & def]5ce t[>ds ,ca?olicity1 nay1 p]haps are zeal\s 9 its int]e/s4 ,yet1 if y insi/ t 9 _! speculations1 rese>*es1 or conclusions 9 _! p>ticul> sci5ce1 x is n en\gh t !y %\ld submit to ! ,*ur* g5]ally1 & ackn[l$ge its dogmas1 b t !y mu/ get up all t div9es h said or ! multitude believ$ ^u religi\s matt]s1 y simply cru% & /amp out ! flame )9 !m1 & !y c d no?+ at all4 ,?is is ! case ( m5 ( g5ius3 n[ "o ^w on ! contr>y 9 behalf ( ma/] m9ds1 gift$ ) a broad philosophical view ( ?+s1 & a creative p[]1 & a v]satility capable ( accommodat+ itself to v>i\s prov9ces ( ?\ght4 ,^! p]sons p]haps1 l ^? ,i h already spok5 (1 take up "s idea & are int5t ^u x2--"s deep1 prolific1 ev5tful idea1 :i* gr[s ^u !m1 till !y develop x into a great sy/em4 ,n[1 if any su* ?9k] />ts f radically uns\nd pr9ciples1 or aims at directly false conclusions1 if he be a ,hobbes1 or a ,%aftesbury1 or a ,hume1 or a ,b5?am1 !n1 ( c\rse1 !re is an end ( ! :ole matt]4 ,he is an oppon5t ( ,reveal$ ,tru?1 & he means to be s2--no?+ m ne$ be said4 ,b p]haps x is n s2 p]haps 8 errors are ^? :i* are insep>able accid5ts ( 8 sy/em or ( 8 m9d1 & are spontane\sly evolv$1 n p]t9aci\sly def5d$4 ,e human sy/em1 e human writ]1 is op5 to j criticism4 ,make him %ut up 8 portfolio2 good6 & !n p]haps y lose :at1 on ! :ole & 9 spite ( incid5tal mi/akes1 w\ld h be5 "o ( ! able/ def5ces ( ,reveal$ ,tru? 7directly or indirectly1 accord+ to 8 subject7 ev] giv5 to ! _w4 ,?is is h[ ,i %\ld acc\nt = a circum/ance1 :i* has sometimes caus$ surprise1 t s _m great ,ca?olic ?9k]s h 9 "s po9ts or o!r incurr$ ! criticism or animadv]sion ( !ologians or ( ecclesia/ical au?ority4 ,x mu/ be s 9 ! nature ( ?+s2 !re is inde$ an animadv]sion :i* implies a condemnation ( ! au?or2 b !re is ano!r :i* means n mu* m ?an ! pi leg5dum writt5 aga9/ passages 9 ! ,fa!rs4 ,! au?or may n be to blame2 yet ! ecclesia/ical au?ority w\ld be to blame1 if x did n give notice ( 8 imp]fections4 ,i d n "k :at ,ca?olic w\ld n hold ! "n ( ,malebran*e 9 v5]ation27#dh7 b he may h accid5tally come into collision ) !ologians1 or made tem]>i\s ass]tions1 not)/&+4 ,! practical "q is1 :e!r he _h n mu* bett] h writt5 z he has writt51 ?an n h writt5 at all4 ,& s fully is ! ,holy ,see accu/om$ to ent] into ?is view ( ! matt]1 t x has all[$ ( its application1 n only to philosophical1 b ev5 to !ological & ecclesia/ical au?ors1 :o d n come )9 ! range ( ^! rem>ks4 ,i believe ,i am "r 9 say+ t1 9 ! case ( ?ree great names1 9 v>i\s dep>tm5ts ( le>n+1 ,c>d9al ,noris1 ,bossuet1 & ,muratori17#di7 :ile n conceal+ its s5se ( _! hav+ prop\nd$ ea* :at might h be5 said bett]1 nev]!less x has consid]$1 t _! s]vices to ,religion 7 on ! :ole f> too important to all[ ( _! be+ mole/$ by critical obs]vation 9 detail4 #h4 ,& n[1 ,g5tlem51 ,i br+ ^! rem>ks to a conclusion4 ,:at ,i w\ld urge ^u e "o1 :atev] may be 8 p>ticul> l9e ( rese>*1--:at ,i w\ld urge ^u m5 ( ,sci5ce 9 _! ?\ghts ( ,!ology1--:at ,i w\ld v5ture to recomm5d to !ologians1 :5 _! att5tion is drawn to ! subject ( sci5tific inve/igations1--is a great & firm belief 9 ! sov]eignty ( ,tru?4 ,error may fl\ri% = a "t1 b ,tru? w prevail 9 ! end4 ,! only effect ( error ultimately is to promote ,tru?4 ,!ories1 speculations1 hypo!ses1 are />t$2 p]haps !y are to die1 /ill n be=e !y h sugge/$ ideas bett] ?an !mselves4 ,^! bett] ideas are tak5 up 9 turn by o!r m51 &1 if !y d n yet lead to tru?1 nev]!less !y lead to :at is /ill ne>] to tru? ?an !mselves2 & ?us k on ! :ole makes progress4 ,! errors ( "s m9ds 9 sci5tific inve/igation are m fruitful ?an ! tru?s ( o!rs4 ,a ,sci5ce seems mak+ no progress1 b to ab\nd 9 failures1 yet imp]ceptibly all ! "t x is advanc+1 & x is ( c\rse a ga9 to tru? ev5 to h le>n$ :at is n true1 if no?+ m4 ,on ! o!r h&1 x mu/ be ( c\rse rememb]$1 ,g5tlem51 t ,i am suppos+ all along good fai?1 hone/ int5tions1 a loyal ,ca?olic _s1 & a deep s5se ( responsibility4 ,i am suppos+1 9 ! sci5tific inquir]1 a due fe> ( giv+ sc&al1 ( seem+ to c\nt5ance views :i* he does n really c\nt5ance1 & ( sid+ ) p>ties f :om he he>tily diff]s4 ,i am suppos+ t he is fully alive to ! exi/5ce & ! p[] ( ! infidelity ( ! age2 t he keeps 9 m9d ! moral weakness & ! intellectual confusion ( ! majority ( m52 & t he has no wi% at all t any "o s\l %\ld get h>m f c]ta9 speculations to-day1 ?\gh he may h ! satisfaction ( be+ sure t ^? speculations w1 z f> z !y are errone\s or misund]/ood1 be correct$ 9 ! c\rse ( ! next half-c5tury4 ,lecture ,,ix4 ,discipl9e ,( ,m9d4 ,an ,address ,to ,! ,ev5+ ,classes4 #a4 ,:5 ,i f\nd t x 0 9 my p[] to be pres5t "h at ! comm5cem5t ( ! new ,session1 "o ( ! fir/ ?\ghts1 ,g5tlem51 :i* !reupon occurr$ to me1 0 ?is1 t ,i %\ld 9 consequ5ce h ! great satisfaction ( meet+ y1 ( :om ,i _h ?\ght & he>d s mu*1 & ! opportunity ( address+ y1 z ,rector ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,i c truly say t ,i ?\ght ( y be=e y ?\ght ( ! ,univ]sity2 p]haps ,i may say1 long be=e2--= x 0 previ\sly to our comm5c+ t great "w1 :i* is n[ s fully be=e ! public1 x 0 :5 ,i fir/ came ov] "h to make prep>ations = x1 t ,i _h to enc\nt] ! s]i\s objection ( wise & good m51 :o said to me1 8,!re is no class ( p]sons 9 ,irel& :o ne$ a ,univ]sity20 & aga91 8,:om w y get to belong to x8 :o w fill its lecture-rooms80 ,?is 0 said to me1 & !n1 )\t d5y+ _! k ( ! /ate ( ,irel&1 or _! sagacity1 ,i made answ]1 8,we w give lectures 9 ! ev5+1 we w fill our classes ) ! "y m5 ( ,dubl940 ,& "s p]sons "h may recollect t ! v fir/ ?+ ,i did1 :5 we op5$ ! ,s*ool ( ,philosophy & ,lett]s1 ?is "t f\r ye>s1 0 to in/itute a sy/em ( ,ev5+ ,lectures1 :i* 7 susp5d$ aft] a :ile1 only because ! s+ul>ly inclem5t season :i* ensu$1 & ! want ( publicity & int]e/ incid5t to a new und]tak+1 made !m premature4 ,& x is a satisfaction to me to reflect t ! ,/atute1 "u :i* y w be able to pass exam9ations & take degrees1 is "o to :i* ,i specially obta9$ ! cons5t ( ! ,academical ,s5ate1 ne>ly two ye>s ago1 9 addition to our orig9al ,regulations1 & t y w be ! fir/ p]sons to avail y\rselves ( x4 ,hav+ ?us prep>$1 z x 71 ! ,univ]sity = y1 x 0 ) great pleasure t ,i receiv$ f a numb] ( y1 ,g5tlem51 la/ ,may ye>1 a spontane\s reque/ :i* %[$ t my orig9al anticipations 7 n vision>y4 ,y sugge/$ !n :at we h s9ce act$ ^u1--act$ ^u1 n s quickly z bo? y might hope & we might wi%1 because all important comm5cem5ts h to be maturely consid]$--/ill act$ on at l5g? accord+ to ^? anticipations ( m9e1 to :i* ,i h ref]r$2 &1 :ile ,i recur to !m z an introduction to :at ,i h to say1 ,i might also dwell ^u !m z a sure presage t o!r & broad] anticipations1 too bold z !y may seem n[1 w1 if we are b pati5t1 h _! fulfilm5t 9 _! season4 #b4 ,= ,i %\ld n be hone/1 ,g5tlem51 if ,i did n confess t1 mu* z ,i desire t ?is ,univ]sity %\ld be ( s]vice to ! "y m5 ( ,dubl91 ,i d n desire ?is b5efit to y1 simply = y\r own sakes4 ,= y\r own sakes c]ta9ly ,i wi% x1 b n on y\r acc\nt only4 ,man is n born = himself alone1 z ! classical morali/ tells u4 ,y are born = ,irel&2 &1 9 y\r advancem5t1 ,irel& is advanc$2--9 y\r advancem5t 9 :at is good & :at is true1 9 k1 9 le>n+1 9 cultivation ( m9d1 9 enlight5$ atta*m5t to y\r religion1 9 good "n & respectability & social influ5ce1 ,i am contemplat+ ! hon\r & r5[n1 ! lit]>y & sci5tific aggr&isem5t1 ! increase ( political p[]1 ( ! ,isl& ( ! ,sa9ts4 ,i g fur!r /ill4 ,if ,i d homage to ! _m virtues & gifts ( ! ,iri% p1 & am zeal\s = _! full developm5t1 x is n simply = ! sake ( !mselves1 b because ! "n ( ,irel& ev] has be51 &1 ,i believe1 ev] w be1 associat$ ) ! ,ca?olic ,fai?1 & because1 9 do+ any s]vice1 h[ev] poor x may be1 to ,irel&1 a man is m9i/]+1 9 8 own place & measure1 to ! cause ( ! ,holy ,roman ,apo/olic ,*ur*4 ,g5tlem51 ,i %\ld consid] x an imp]t95ce 9 me ?us to be speak+ to y ( myself1 7 x n t1 9 rec\nt+ to y ! feel+s ) :i* ,i h witness$ ! e/abli%m5t ( ^! ,ev5+ ,classes1 ,i am 9 fact address+ to y at ! same "t words ( enc\ragem5t & advice1 su* words z x becomes a ,rector to use 9 speak+ to ^? :o are submitt$ to 8 c>e4 ,i say1 !n1 t1 _h ,i be5 y\ng] ?an ,i 0 :5 ! high (fice :i* ,i at pres5t hold 0 fir/ (f]$ to me1 _h ,i n _h prior duties ^u me ( affection & devotion to ! ,oratory ( ,/4 ,philip1 & to my own de> c\ntry1 no position :atev]1 9 ! :ole range ( adm9i/rations :i* are op5 to ! ambition ( ^? :o wi% to s]ve ,god 9 _! g5]ation1 & to d "s great "w be=e !y die1 w\ld h _h m attractions = me ?an t ( be+ at ! head ( a ,univ]sity l ?is4 ,:5 ,i became a ,ca?olic1 "o ( my fir/ que/ions 01 8,:y h n our ,ca?olics a ,univ]sity80 & ,irel&1 & ! metropolis ( ,irel&1 0 obvi\sly ! prop] seat ( su* an in/itution4 ,irel& is ! prop] seat ( a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity1 on acc\nt ( its anci5t h]$it>y ,ca?olicity1 & aga9 ( ! future :i* is 9 /ore = x4 ,x is impossible1 ,g5tlem51 to d\bt t a future is 9 /ore = ,irel&1 = m reasons ?an c "h be enum]at$4 ,fir/1 !re is ! circum/ance1 s highly sugge/ive1 ev5 if !re 0 no?+ else to be said1 viz41 t ! ,iri% h be5 s mis]ably ill-treat$ & misus$ hi!rto2 =1 9 ! times n[ op5+ ^u u1 nationalities are wak+ into life1 & ! remote/ p c make !mselves he>d into all ! qu>t]s ( ! e>?4 ,! lately inv5t$ me?ods ( travel & ( intellig5ce h de/roy$ geographical ob/acles2 & ! wrongs ( ! oppress$1 9 spite ( oceans or ( m\nta9s1 are br\ght "u ! public op9ion ( ,europe1--n be=e k+s & gov]nm5ts alone1 b be=e ! tribunal ( ! ,european populations1 :o are becom+ ev] m p[]ful 9 ! det]m9ation ( political que/ions4 ,& ?us retribution is dem&$ & exact$ = pa/ crimes 9 proportion to _! he9\sness & _! duration4 ,& 9 ! next place1 x is pla9 t1 accord+ z int]communion gr[s betwe5 ,europe & ,am]ica1 x is ,irel& t mu/ gr[ ) x 9 social & political importance4 ,= ,irel& is ! high road by :i* t int]c\rse is c>ri$ on2 & ! traffic betwe5 hemisph]es mu/ be to h] a s\rce ( mat]ial z well z social b5efit1--z ( old "t1 ?\gh on ! m9ute geographical scale ( ,greece1 ,cor9?1 z be+ ! ?or\ghf>e ( comm]ce by sea & l&1 became & 0 call$ 8! ri*40 ,& !n1 aga91 we mu/ consid] ! mat]ial res\rces ( ,irel&1 s insuffici5tly explor$1 s poorly develop$1--( :i* x belongs to !m r to speak1 :o by pr(ession & atta9m5ts are ma/]s ( ! subject4 ,t ?is mom5t\s future1 ?us =e%ad[$1 w be z glori\s = ,ca?olicity z = ,irel& we _c d\bt f ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/2 b1 z ,provid5ce works by means ( human ag5cies1 t natural anticipation has no t5d5cy to dim9i% ! anxiety & e>ne/ness ( all zeal\s ,ca?olics to d _! "p 9 secur+ its fulfilm5t4 ,& ! wise & dilig5t cultivation ( ! intellect is "o pr9cipal means1 "u ! ,div9e bless+1 ( ! desir$ result4 #c4 ,g5tlem51 ! seat ( ?is intellectual progress mu/ necess>ily be ! great t[ns ( ,irel&2 & ^? great t[ns h a rem>kable & happy *>act]i/ic1 z contra/$ ) ! cities ( ,ca?olic ,europe4 ,abroad1 ev5 9 ,ca?olic c\ntries1 if !re be 9 any "p ( _! t]ritory scepticism & insubord9ation 9 religion1 cities are ! seat ( ! mis*ief4 ,ev5 ,rome itself has its insubord9ate population1 & its conceal$ free-?9k]s2 ev5 ,belgium1 t nobly ,ca?olic c\ntry1 _c boa/ ( ! religi\s loyalty ( its great t[ns4 ,su* a calamity is unkn[n to ! ,ca?olicism ( ,dubl91 ,cork1 ,belfa/1 & ! o!r cities ( ,irel&2 =1 to say no?+ ( high] & m religi\s causes ( ! diff]5ce1 ! v pres5ce ( a rival religion is a p]petual inc5tive to fai? & devotion 9 m5 :o1 f ! circum/ances ( ! case1 w\ld be 9 dang] ( becom+ worse ?an lax ,ca?olics1 unless !y resolv$ on be+ zeal\s ones4 ,"h1 !n1 is "o rem>kable gr\nd ( promise 9 ! future ( ,irel&1 t t l>ge & important class1 memb]s ( :i* ,i am n[ address+1--t ! middle classes 9 its cities1 :i* w be ! deposit>ies ( its increas+ political p[]1 & :i* else:]e are oppos$ 9 _! he>ts to ! ,ca?olicism :i* !y pr(ess1--are "h s s\nd 9 fai?1 & s exempl>y 9 devotional ex]cises1 & 9 works ( piety4 ,& next ,i w\ld obs]ve1 t1 :ile ?us di/+ui%$ = religi\s e>ne/ness1 ! ,ca?olic population is 9 no respect deg5]ate f ! anci5t fame ( ,irel& z reg>ds its intellectual end[m5ts4 ,x too (t5 happ5s t ! religi\sly dispos$ are 9 ! same degree intellectually defici5t2 b ! ,iri% ev] h be51 z _! wor/ enemies mu/ grant1 n only a ,ca?olic p1 b a p ( great natural abilities1 ke5-witt$1 orig9al1 & subtle4 ,?is has be5 ! *>act]i/ic ( ! nation f ! v e>ly times1 & 0 especially prom95t 9 ! middle ages4 ,z ,rome 0 ! c5tre ( au?ority1 s1 ,i may say1 ,irel& 0 ! native home ( speculation4 ,9 ?is respect !y 7 z rem>kably contra/$ to ! ,engli% z !y are n[1 ?\gh1 9 ^? ages1 ,engl& 0 z devot$ to ! ,holy ,see z x is n[ ho/ile4 ,! ,engli%man 0 h>d-work+1 plodd+1 bold1 det]m9$1 p]sev]+1 practical1 ob$i5t to law & prec$5t1 &1 if he cultivat$ 8 m9d1 he 0 lit]>y & classical r ?an sci5tific1 = ,lit]ature involves 9 x ! idea ( au?ority & prescription4 ,on ! o!r h&1 9 ,irel&1 ! intellect seems r to h tak5 ! l9e ( ,sci5ce1 & we h v>i\s in/ances to %[ h[ fully ?is 0 recogniz$ 9 ^? times1 & ) :at success x 0 c>ri$ out4 8,philosoph]10 is 9 ^? times almo/ ! "n = an ,iri% monk4 ,bo? 9 ,p>is & ,ox=d1 ! two great s*ools ( m$ieval ?\ght1 we f9d ! bolde/ & mo/ subtle ( _! disputants an ,iri%man1--! monk ,john ,scotus ,erig5a1 at ,p>is1 & ,duns ,scotus1 ! ,franciscan fri>1 at ,ox=d4 ,n[1 x is my belief1 ,g5tlem51 t ?is "* ( m9d rema9s 9 y /ill4 ,i ?9k ,i rightly recognize 9 ! ,iri%man n[1 z =m]ly1 ! curi\s1 inquisitive obs]v]1 ! acute reason]1 ! subtle speculator4 ,i recognize 9 y tal5ts :i* are fe>fully mis*iev\s1 :5 us$ on ! side ( error1 b :i*1 :5 wield$ by ,ca?olic devotion1 su* z ,i am sure w ev] be ! *>act]i/ic ( ! ,iri% disputant1 are ( ! highe/ importance to ,ca?olic int]e/s1 & especially at ?is day1 :5 a subtle logic is us$ aga9/ ! ,*ur*1 & dem&s a logic /ill m subtle on ! "p ( h] def5d]s to expose x4 ,g5tlem51 ,i d n expect ^? :o1 l y1 are employ$ 9 y\r secul> call+s1 :o are n monks or fri>s1 n prie/s1 n !ologians1 n philosoph]s1 to come =w>d z *ampions ( ! fai?2 b ,i ?9k t incalculable b5efit may ensue to ! ,ca?olic cause1 great] almo/ ?an t :i* ev5 s+ul>ly gift$ !ologians or controv]siali/s c\ld effect1 if a body ( m5 9 y\r /ation ( life %all be f\nd 9 ! great t[ns ( ,irel&1 n disputati\s1 cont5ti\s1 loquaci\s1 presumptu\s 7( c\rse ,i am n advocat+ inquiry = m]e argum5t's sake71 b gravely & solidly educat$ 9 ,ca?olic k1 intellig5t1 acute1 v]s$ 9 _! religion1 s5sitive ( its beauty & maje/y1 alive to ! argum5ts 9 its behalf1 & aw>e bo? ( its difficulties & ( ! mode ( treat+ !m4 ,& ! fir/ /ep 9 atta9+ ?is desirable end is t y %\ld submit y\rselves to a curriculum ( /udies1 su* z t :i* br+s y ) su* praisewor?y dilig5ce )9 ^! walls ev5+ aft] ev5+2 &1 ?\gh y may n be giv+ att5tion to !m ) ?is view1 b f ! laudable love ( k1 or = ! advantages :i* w accrue to y p]sonally f its pursuit1 yet my own reason = rejoic+ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( y\r classes is ! same z t :i* l$ me to take "p 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( ! ,univ]sity itself1 viz41 ! wi%1 by increas+ ! intellectual =ce ( ,irel&1 to /r5g!n ! def5ces1 9 a day ( great dang]1 ( ! ,*ri/ian religion4 #d4 ,g5tlem51 )9 ! la/ ?irty ye>s1 !re has be51 z y "k1 a great movem5t 9 behalf ( ! ext5sion ( k among ^? classes 9 society :om y repres5t4 ,?is movem5t has issu$ 9 ! e/abli%m5t ( :at h be5 call$ ,me*anics' ,in/itutes ?r\gh ! ,unit$ ,k+dom2 & a new species ( lit]ature has be5 br\ght into exi/5ce1 ) a view1 among its objects1 ( furni%+ ! memb]s ( ^! in/itutions ) int]e/+ & in/ructive read+4 ,i nev] w d5y to t lit]ature its due praise4 ,x has be5 ! production ( m5 ( ! highe/ ability & ! mo/ di/+ui%$ /ation1 :o h n grudg$1 moreov]1 ! tr\ble1 &1 ,i may say 9 a c]ta9 s5se1 ! condesc5sion1 ( pres5t+ !mselves be=e ! classes = ^: intellectual advancem5t !y 7 %[+ s laudable a zeal2 :o h n grudg$1 9 ! cause ( ,lit]ature1 ,hi/ory1 or ,sci5ce1 to make a display1 9 ! lecture room or ! public hall1 ( t eloqu5ce1 :i* 01 /rictly speak+1 ! prop]ty1 z ,i may call x1 ( ,p>liam5t1 or ( ! augu/ tribunals ( ! ,law4 ,nor w ,i d5y to ! speak+ & writ+1 to :i* ,i am ref]r+1 ! m]it ( success1 z well z t ( tal5t & good int5tion1 s f> z ?is1--t x has provid$ a fund ( innoc5t amusem5t & in=mation = ! leisure h\rs ( ^? :o might o!rwise h be5 expos$ to ! temptation ( corrupt read+ or bad company4 ,s mu* may be grant$1--& mu/ be grant$ 9 c&\r3 b1 :5 ,i g on to ask myself ! "q1 :at p]man5t advantage ! m9d gets by su* desultory read+ & he>+1 z ?is lit]>y movem5t enc\rages1 !n ,i f9d myself altoge!r 9 a new field ( ?\ght1 & am oblig$ to return an answ] less fav\rable ?an ,i c\ld wi% to ^? :o are ! advocates ( x4 ,we mu/ c>efully di/+ui%1 ,g5tlem51 betwe5 ! m]e div]sion ( ! m9d & its real education4 ,suppos+1 = in/ance1 ,i am tempt$ to g into "s society :i* w d me h>m1 & suppos+1 in/ead1 ,i fall asleep 9 my *air1 & s let ! "t pass by1 9 t case c]ta9ly ,i escape ! dang]1 b x is z if by accid5t1 & my go+ to sleep has n _h any real effect ^u me1 or made me m able to resi/ ! temptation on "s future occasion4 ,i wake1 & ,i am :at ,i 0 be=e4 ,! opportune sleep has b remov$ ! temptation = ?is once4 ,x has n made me bett]2 = ,i h n be5 %ield$ f temptation by any act ( my own1 b ,i 0 passive "u an accid5t1 = su* ,i may call sleep4 ,& s 9 l mann]1 if ,i he> a lecture indol5tly & passively1 ,i _c inde$ be else:]e :ile ,i am "h he>+ x1--b x produces no positive effect on my m9d1--x does n t5d to create any p[] 9 my brea/ capable ( resi/+ temptation by its own vig\r1 %\ld temptation come a second "t4 ,n[ ?is is no fault1 ,g5tlem51 ( ! books or ! lectures ( ! ,me*anics' ,in/itute4 ,!y c\ld n d m ?an !y d1 f _! v nature4 ,!y d _! "p1 b _! "p is n en\gh4 ,a man may he> a ?\s& lectures1 & read a ?\s& volumes1 & be at ! end ( ! process v mu* :]e he 01 z reg>ds k4 ,some?+ m ?an m]ely admitt+ x 9 a negative way into ! m9d is necess>y1 if x is to rema9 !re4 ,x mu/ n be passively receiv$1 b actually & actively ent]$ into1 embrac$1 ma/]$4 ,! m9d mu/ g half-way to meet :at comes to x f )\t4 ,?is1 !n1 is ! po9t 9 :i* ! in/itutions ,i am speak+ ( fail2 "h1 on ! contr>y1 is ! advantage ( su* lectures z y are att5d+1 ,g5tlem51 9 our ,univ]sity4 ,y h come1 n m]ely to be taught1 b to le>n4 ,y h come to ex]t y\r m9ds4 ,y h come to make :at y he> y\r own1 by putt+ out y\r h&1 z x 71 to grasp x & appropriate x4 ,y d n come m]ely to he> a lecture1 or to read a book1 b y come = t cate*etical in/ruction1 :i* consi/s 9 a sort ( conv]sation betwe5 y\r lectur] & y4 ,he tells y a ?+1 & he asks y to repeat x aft] him4 ,he que/ions y1 he exam9es y1 he w n let y g till he has pro(1 n only t y h he>d1 b t y "k4 #e4 ,g5tlem51 ,i am induc$ to quote "h "s rem>ks ( my own1 :i* ,i put into pr9t on occasion ( ^? ,ev5+ ,lectures1 already ref]r$ to1 ) :i* we introduc$ ! fir/ t]ms ( ! ,univ]sity4 ,! att5dance ^u !m 0 n l>ge1 & 9 consequ5ce we discont9u$ !m = a "t1 b ,i attempt$ to expla9 9 pr9t :at ! object ( !m _h be52 & :ile :at ,i !n said is p]t95t to ! subject ,i am n[ pursu+1 x w be an evid5ce too1 9 addition to my op5+ rem>ks1 ( ! hold :i* ! idea ( ^! ,ev5+ ,lectures has _h ^u me4 8,i w v5ture to give y my ?\ghts10 ,i !n said1 writ+ to a fri5d17#ej7 8on ! object ( ! ,ev5+ ,public ,lectures lately deliv]$ 9 ! ,univ]sity ,h\se1 :i*1 ,i ?9k1 has be5 misund]/ood4 8,i c be> witness1 n only to _! rem>kable m]it z lectures1 b also to ! fact t !y 7 v satisfactorily att5d$4 ,_m1 h[ev]1 atta* a vague or unreasonable idea to ! ^w #8satisfactory1' & ma9ta9 t no lectures c be call$ satisfactory :i* d n make a great deal ( noise 9 ! place1 & !y are disappo9t$ o!rwise4 ,?is is :at ,i mean by misconceiv+ _! object2 = su* an expectation1 & consequ5t regret1 arise f confus+ ! ord9>y ) ! extraord9>y object ( a lecture1--^u :i* po9t we ought to h cle> & def9ite ideas4 8,! ord9>y object ( lectures is to tea*2 b !re is an object1 sometimes dem&+ att5tion1 & n incongru\s1 :i*1 nev]!less1 _c be said prop]ly to belong to !m1 or to be m ?an occasional4 ,z !re are k9ds ( eloqu5ce :i* d n aim at any ?+ beyond _! own exhibition1 & are cont5t ) be+ eloqu5t1 & ) ! s5sation :i* eloqu5ce creates2 s 9 ,s*ools & ,univ]sities !re are seasons1 fe/ive or solemn1 anyh[ extraord9>y1 :5 academical acts are n direct$ t[>ds _! prop] ends1 s mu* z int5d$ to amuse1 to a/oni%1 & to attract1 & ?us to h an effect ^u public op9ion4 ,su* are ! exhibition days ( ,colleges2 su* ! annual ,commemoration ( ,b5efactors at "o ( ! ,engli% ,univ]sities1 :5 ,doctors put on _! gaye/ g[ns1 & ,public ,orators make ,lat9 ,spee*es4 ,su*1 too1 are ! ,t]m9al ,lectures1 at :i* div9es ( ! greate/ reputation = intellect & le>n+ h be=e n[ p\r$ =? s5t5ces ( burn+ eloqu5ce into ! e>s ( an audi5ce br\ght toge!r = ! v sake ( ! display4 ,! object ( all su* ,lectures & ,orations is to excite or to keep up an int]e/ & rev]5ce 9 ! public m9d = ! ,in/itutions f :i* ! exhibition proce$s30--,i might h add$1 su* are ! lectures deliv]$ by celebrat$ p]sons 9 ,me*anics' ,in/itutes4 ,i cont9ue3 8,su* we h suitably _h 9 ! new ,univ]sity2--su* 7 ! ,inaugural ,lectures4 ,displays ( /r5g? & skill ( ?is k9d1 9 ord] to succe$1 %\ld attract att5tion1 & if !y d n attract att5tion1 !y h fail$4 ,!y d n invite an audi5ce1 b an att5dance2 & p]haps x is h>dly too mu* to say t !y are int5d$ = see+ r ?an = he>+4 8,su* celebrations1 h[ev]1 f ! nature ( ! case1 mu/ be r>e4 ,x is ! novelty :i* br+s1 x is ! excitem5t :i* recomp5ses1 ! assemblage4 ,! academical body :i* attempts to make su* extraord9>y acts ! normal condition ( its proce$+s1 is putt+ itself & its ,pr(essors 9 a false position4 8,x is1 !n1 a simple misconception to suppose t ^? to :om ! gov]nm5t ( our ,univ]sity is confid$ h aim$ at an object1 :i* c\ld n be contemplat$ at all )\t a confusion or inadv]t5ce1 su* z no consid]ate p]son w impute to !m4 ,public lectures1 deliv]$ ) su* an object1 c\ld n be successful2 &1 9 consequ5ce1 our late lectures h1 ,i _c d\bt 7= x c\ld n be o!rwise71 end$ unsatisfactorily 9 ! judgm5t ( any zeal\s p]son :o has assum$ = !m an (fice ) :i* _! projectors nev] inve/$ !m4 8,:at _! object really 0 ! v mean+ ( academical in/itutions sugge/s to u4 ,x is1 z ,i said :5 ,i began1 to tea*4 ,lectures are1 prop]ly speak+1 n exhibitions or ex]cises ( art1 b matt]s ( bus9ess2 !y pr(ess to imp>t some?+ def9ite to ^? :o att5d !m1 & ^? :o att5d !m pr(ess on _! "p to receive :at ! lectur] has to (f]4 ,x is a case ( contract3--#8,i w speak1 if y w li/54'--#8,i w come "h to le>n1 if y h any ?+ wor? tea*+ me4' ,9 an oratorical display1 all ! ef=t is on "o side2 9 a lecture1 x is %>$ betwe5 two p>ties1 :o co-op]ate t[>ds a common end4 8,!re %\ld be ev] some?+1 on ! face ( ! arrangem5ts1 to act z a mem5to t ^? :o come1 come to ga9 some?+1 & n f m]e curiosity4 ,& 9 matt]s ( fact1 su* 7 ! p]sons :o did att5d1 9 ! c\rse ( la/ t]m1 & su* z ^?1 & no o!rs1 w att5d4 ,^? came :o wi%$ to ga9 in=mation on a subject new to !m1 f in=mants :om !y held 9 consid]ation1 & reg>d$ z au?orities4 ,x 0 impossible to survey ! audi5ce :i* occupi$ ! lecture-room )\t see+ t !y came on :at may be call$ bus9ess4 ,& ?is is :y ,i said1 :5 ,i began1 t ! att5dance 0 satisfactory4 ,t att5dance is satisfactory1--n :i* is num]\s1 b--:i* is /eady & p]sev]+4 ,b x is pla91 t to a m]e by-/&]1 :o came m]ely f g5]al int]e/ or good w to see h[ ?+s 7 go+ on1 & :o did n cat* ! object ( adv]tis+ ! ,lectures1 x w\ld n occur to look into ! faces ( ! audi5ce2 he w\ld ?9k x en\gh to be c\nt+ _! heads2 he w\ld d little m ?an obs]ve :e!r ! /aircase & l&+ 7 full ( l\ng]s1 & :e!r !re 0 su* a noise & bu/le t x 0 impossible to he> a ^w2 & if he c\ld get 9 & out ( ! room )\t an ef=t1 if he c\ld sit at 8 ease1 & actually he> ! lectur]1 he w\ld ?9k he _h suffici5t gr\nds = consid]+ ! att5dance unsatisfactory4 8,! /imulat+ sy/em may easily be ov]done1 & does n answ] on ! long run4 ,a blaze among ! /ubble1 & !n all is d>k4 ,i h se5 9 my "t v>i\s in/ances ( ! way 9 :i* ,lectures really ga9 ^u ! public2 & ,i mu/ express my op9ion t1 ev5 7 x ! sole object ( our great und]tak+ to make a g5]al impression ^u public op9ion1 in/ead ( t ( do+ def9ite good to def9ite p]sons1 ,i %\ld reject t me?od1 :i* ! ,univ]sity inde$ itself has n tak51 b :i* "y & ard5t m9ds may h ?\ght ! m promis+4 ,ev5 did ,i wi% m]ely to get ! intellect ( all ,dubl9 into our rooms1 ,i %\ld n dream ( do+ x all at once1 b at l5g?4 ,i %\ld n rely on sudd51 />tl+ effects1 b on ! sl[1 sil5t1 p5etrat+1 ov]p[]+ effects ( pati5ce1 /ead9ess1 r\t9e1 & p]sev]ance4 ,i h kn[n individuals set !mselves d[n 9 a neighb\rhood :]e !y _h no advantages1 & 9 a place :i* _h no pret5sions1 & ^u a "w :i* _h little or no?+ ( au?oritative sanction2 & !y h gone on /eadily lectur+ week aft] week1 ) little enc\ragem5t1 b mu* resolution4 ,= mon?s !y 7 ill att5d$1 & ov]look$ 9 ! bu/le ( ! _w ar\nd !m4 ,b !re 0 a secret1 gradual movem5t go+ on1 & a specific =ce ( attraction1 & a drift+ & accumulation ( he>]s1 :i* at l5g? made itself felt1 & c\ld n be mi/ak54 ,9 ?is /age ( ?+s1 a fri5d said 9 conv]sation to me1 :5 at ! mom5t ,i knew no?+ ( ! p>ties3 #8,by-!-bye1 if y are int]e/$ 9 su* & su* a subject1 g by all means1 & he> su* a "o4 ,s & s does1 & says !re is no "o l him4 ,i look$ 9 myself ! o!r night1 & 0 v mu* /ruck4 ,d g1 y c't mi/ake2 he lectures e ,tuesday night1 or ,w$nesday1 or ,?ursday1' z x might be4 ,an influ5ce ?us gradually acquir$ endures2 sudd5 popul>ity dies away z sudd5ly40 ,z reg>ds ourselves1 ! "t is pass$ n[1 ,g5tlem51 = su* mode/y ( expectation1 & su* caution 9 enc\ragem5t1 z ^! la/ s5t5ces exhibit4 ,! few1 b dilig5t1 att5dants ^u ! ,pr(essors' lectures1 ) :om we began1 h gr[n into ! dilig5t & zeal\s _m2 & ! spe$y fulfilm5t ( anticipations1 :i* !n seem$ to be haz>d\s1 surely is a call on u to *]i% bold] hopes & to =m m ext5d$ plans = ! ye>s :i* are to foll[4 #f4 ,y w ask me1 p]haps1 aft] ^! g5]al rem>ks1 to sugge/ to y ! p>ticul> intellectual b5efit :i* ,i conceive /ud5ts h a "r to require ( u1 & :i* we engage by means ( our ev5+ classes to provide = !m4 ,&1 9 ord] to ?is1 y mu/ all[ me to make use ( an illu/ration1 :i* ,i h h]et(ore employ$17#ea7 & :i* ,i repeat "h1 because x is ! be/ t ,i c f9d to convey :at ,i wi% to impress ^u y4 ,x is an illu/ration :i* includes 9 its application all ( u1 tea*]s z well z taught1 ?\gh x applies ( c\rse to "s m ?an to o!rs1 & to ^? especially :o come = in/ruction4 ,i consid]1 !n1 t ! position ( our m9ds1 z f> z !y are uncultivat$1 t[>ds intellectual objects1--,i mean ( our m9ds1 be=e !y h be5 discipl9$ & =m$ by ! action ( our reason ^u !m1--is analog\s to t ( a bl9d man t[>ds ! objects ( vision1 at ! mom5t :5 eyes are = ! fir/ "t giv5 to him by ! skill ( ! op]ator4 ,!n ! multitude ( ?+s1 :i* pres5t !mselves to ! sight "u a multiplicity ( %apes & hues1 p\r 9 ^u him f ! ext]nal _w all at once1 & are at fir/ no?+ else b l9es & col\rs1 )\t mutual connection1 dep5d5ce1 or contra/1 )\t ord] or pr9ciple1 )\t drift or mean+1 & l ! wrong side ( a piece ( tape/ry or c>pet4 ,by degrees1 by ! s5se ( t\*1 by rea*+ out ! h&s1 by walk+ into ?is maze ( col\rs1 by turn+ r\nd 9 x1 by accept+ ! pr9ciple ( p]spective1 by ! v>i\s sl[ tea*+ ( exp]i5ce1 ! fir/ in=mation ( ! sight is correct$1 & :at 0 an un9telligible wild]ness becomes a l&scape or a sc5e1 & is und]/ood to consi/ ( space1 & ( bodies v>i\sly locat$ 9 space1 ) su* consequ5ces z !nce necess>ily foll[4 ,! k is at l5g? ga9$ ( ?+s or objects1 & ( _! relation to ea* o!r2 & x is a k9d ( k1 z is pla91 :i* is =c$ ^u u all f infancy1 z to ! bl9d on _! fir/ see+1 by ! te/imony ( our o!r s5ses1 & by ! v necessity ( support+ life2 s t ev5 ! brute animals h be5 gift$ ) ! faculty ( acquir+ x4 ,su* is ! case z reg>ds mat]ial objects2 & x is mu* ! same z reg>ds intellectual4 ,i mean t !re is a va/ ho/ ( matt]s ( all k9ds1 :i* address !mselves1 n to ! eye1 b to our m5tal s5se2 viz41 all ^? matt]s ( ?\ght :i*1 9 ! c\rse ( life & ! int]c\rse ( society1 are br\ght be=e u1 :i* we he> ( 9 conv]sation1 :i* we read ( 9 books2 matt]s political1 social1 ecclesia/ical1 lit]>y1 dome/ic2 p]sons1 & _! do+s or _! writ+s2 ev5ts1 & works1 & und]tak+s1 & laws1 & in/itutions4 ,^! make up a mu* m subtle & intricate _w ?an t visible univ]se ( :i* ,i 0 j n[ speak+4 ,x is mu* m difficult 9 ?is _w ?an 9 ! mat]ial to sep>ate ?+s (f f ea* o!r1 & to f9d out h[ !y /& relat$ to ea* o!r1 & to le>n h[ to class !m1 & :]e to locate !m respectively4 ,/ill1 x is n less true t1 z ! v>i\s figures & =ms 9 a l&scape h ea* its own place1 & /& 9 ?is or t direction t[>ds ea* o!r1 s all ! v>i\s objects :i* address ! intellect h sev]ally a sub/ance ( _! own1 & h fix$ relations ea* ( !m ) ev]y?+ else1--relations :i* our m9ds h no p[] ( creat+1 b :i* we are oblig$ to asc]ta9 be=e we h a "r to boa/ t we really "k any ?+ ab\t !m4 ,yet1 :5 ! m9d looks out = ! fir/ "t into ?is manifold spiritual _w1 x is j z mu* confus$ & dazzl$ & di/ract$ z are ! eyes ( ! bl9d :5 !y fir/ beg9 to see2 & x is by a long process1 & ) mu* ef=t & anxiety1 t we beg9 h>dly & p>tially to appreh5d its v>i\s cont5ts & to put ea* 9 its prop] place4 ,we gr[ up f boyhood2 our m9ds op52 we g into ! _w2 we he> :at m5 say1 or read :at !y put 9 pr9t2 & ?us a pr(usion ( matt]s ( all k9ds is dis*>g$ ^u u4 ,"s sort ( an idea we h ( mo/ ( !m1 f he>+ :at o!rs say2 b x is a v vague idea1 probably a v mi/ak5 idea4 ,"y p1 especially1 because !y are "y1 col\r ! assemblage ( p]sons & ?+s :i* !y enc\nt] ) ! fre%ness & grace ( _! own spr+tide1 look = all good f ! reflection ( _! own hopefulness1 & wor%ip :at !y h creat$4 ,m5 ( ambition1 aga91 look ^u ! _w z a !atre = fame & glory1 & make x t magnific5t sc5e ( high ent]prise & augu/ recomp5ce :i* ,p9d> or ,cic]o has del9eat$4 ,poets1 too1 aft] _! wont1 put _! ideal int]pretation ^u all ?+s1 mat]ial z well z moral1 & sub/itute ! noble = ! true4 ,"h are v>i\s obvi\s in/ances1 sugge/ive ( ! discipl9e :i* is imp]ative1 if ! m9d is to grasp ?+s z !y are1 & to discrim9ate sub/ances f %ad[s4 ,= ,i am n conc]n$ m]ely ) y\?1 ambition1 or poetry1 b ) our m5tal condition g5]ally4 ,x is ! fault ( all ( u1 till we h duly practis$ our m9ds1 to be unreal 9 our s5tim5ts & crude 9 our judgm5ts1 & to be c>ri$ (f by fancies1 in/ead ( be+ at ! tr\ble ( acquir+ s\nd k4 ,9 consequ5ce1 :5 we he> op9ions put =? on any new subject1 we h no pr9ciple to guide u 9 balanc+ !m2 we d n "k :at to make ( !m2 we turn !m to & fro1 & ov]1 & back aga91 z if to pron\nce ^u !m1 if we c\ld1 b ) no means ( pron\nc+4 ,x is ! same :5 we attempt to speak ^u !m3 we make "s r&om v5ture2 or we take up ! op9ion ( "s "o else1 :i* /rikes our fancy2 or p]haps1 ) ! vague/ enunciation possible ( any op9ion at all1 we are satisfi$ ) ourselves if we are m]ely able to ?r[ (f "s r\nd$ s5t5ces1 to make "s po9t$ rem>ks on "s o!r subject1 or to introduce "s figure ( spee*1 or fl[]s ( rhetoric1 :i*1 in/ead ( be+ ! vehicle1 are ! m]e sub/itute ( mean+4 ,we wi% to take a "p 9 politics1 & !n no?+ is op5 to u b to foll[ "s p]son1 or "s p>ty1 & to le>n ! commonplaces & ! wat*words :i* belong to x4 ,we he> ab\t l&$ int]e/s1 & m]cantile int]e/s1 & trade1 & high] & l[] classes1 & _! rights1 duties1 & pr]ogatives2 & we attempt to transmit :at we h receiv$2 & soon our m9ds become load$ & p]plex$ by ! incumbrance ( ideas :i* we h n ma/]$ & _c use4 ,we h "s vague idea1 = in/ance1 t con/itutional gov]nm5t & slav]y are inconsi/5t ) ea* o!r2 t !re is a connection betwe5 private judgm5t & democracy1 betwe5 ,*ri/ianity & civilization2 we attempt to f9d argum5ts 9 pro(1 & our argum5ts are ! mo/ pla9 demon/ration t we simply d n und]/& ! ?+s !mselves ( :i* we are pr(ess$ly treat+4 #g4 ,reflect1 ,g5tlem51 h[ _m disputes y mu/ h li/5$ to1 :i* 7 int]m9able1 because nei!r p>ty und]/ood ei!r 8 oppon5t or himself4 ,consid] ! =tunes ( an argum5t 9 a debat+ society1 & ! ne$ !re s frequ5tly is1 n simply ( "s cle> ?9k] to dis5tangle ! p]plexities ( ?\ght1 b ( capacity 9 ! combatants to d ju/ice to ! cle>e/ explanations :i* are set be=e !m1--s mu* s1 t ! lum9\s arbitration only gives rise1 p]haps1 to m hopeless alt]cation4 8,is a con/itutional gov]nm5t bett] = a population ?an an absolute rule80 ,:at a numb] ( po9ts h to be cle>ly appreh5d$ be=e we are 9 a position to say "o ^w on su* a "q6 ,:at is meant by 8con/itution08 by 8con/itutional gov]nm5t08 by 8bett]08 by 8a population08 & by 8absolutism08 ,! ideas repres5t$ by ^! v>i\s words ought1 ,i d n say1 to be z p]fectly def9$ & locat$ 9 ! m9ds ( ! speak]s z objects ( sight 9 a l&scape1 b to be suffici5tly1 ev5 ?\gh incompletely1 appreh5d$1 be=e !y h a "r to speak4 8,h[ is x t democracy c admit ( slav]y1 z 9 anci5t ,greece80 8,h[ c ,ca?olicism fl\ri% 9 a republic80 ,n[1 a p]son :o kn[s 8 ignorance w say1 8,^! que/ions are beyond me20 & he tries to ga9 a cle> notion & a firm hold ( !m2 &1 if he speaks1 x is z inve/igat+1 n z decid+4 ,on ! o!r h&1 let him nev] h tri$ to ?r[ ?+s toge!r1 or to discrim9ate betwe5 !m1 or to d5ote _! peculi>ities1 9 t case he has no hesitation 9 und]tak+ any subject1 & p]haps has mo/ to say ^u ^? que/ions :i* are mo/ new to him4 ,?is is :y s _m m5 are "o-sid$1 n>r[-m9d$1 prejudic$1 crot*ety4 ,?is is :y able m5 h to *ange _! m9ds & _! l9e ( action 9 middle age1 & to beg9 life aga91 because !y h foll[$ _! p>ty1 in/ead ( hav+ secur$ t faculty ( true p]ception z reg>ds intellectual objects :i* has accru$ to !m1 )\t _! kn[+ h[1 z reg>ds ! objects ( sight4 ,b ?is defect w nev] be correct$1--on ! contr>y1 x w be aggravat$1--by ^? popul> in/itutions to :i* ,i ref]r$ j n[4 ,! displays ( eloqu5ce1 or ! int]e/+ matt] conta9$ 9 _! lectures1 ! v>iety ( useful or ent]ta9+ k conta9$ 9 _! libr>ies1 ?\gh admirable 9 !mselves1 & advantage\s to ! /ud5t at a lat] /age ( 8 c\rse1 nev] c s]ve z a sub/itute = me?odical & labori\s tea*+4 ,a "y man ( %>p & active intellect1 :o has _h no o!r tra9+1 has little to %[ = x besides a litt] ( ideas heap$ up into 8 m9d anyh[4 ,he c utt] a numb] ( tru?s or sophisms1 z ! case may be1 & "o is z good to him z ano!r4 ,he is up ) a numb] ( doctr9es & a numb] ( facts1 b !y are all loose & /raggl+1 = he has no pr9ciples set up 9 8 m9d r\nd :i* to aggregate & locate !m4 ,he c say a ^w or two on half a doz5 sci5ces1 b n a doz5 words on any "o4 ,he says "o ?+ n[1 & ano!r ?+ pres5tly2 & :5 he attempts to write d[n di/9ctly :at he holds ^u a po9t 9 dispute1 or :at he und]/&s by its t]ms1 he breaks d[n1 & is surpris$ at 8 failure4 ,he sees objections m cle>ly ?an tru?s1 & c ask a ?\s& que/ions :i* ! wise/ ( m5 _c answ]2 & )al1 he has a v good op9ion ( himself1 & is well satisfi$ ) 8 atta9m5ts1 & he decl>es aga9/ o!rs1 z oppos$ to ! spread ( k altoge!r1 :o d n happ5 to adopt 8 ways ( fur!r+ x1 or ! op9ions 9 :i* he consid]s x to result4 ,?is is t b>r5 mock]y ( k :i* comes ( att5d+ on great ,lectur]s1 or ( m]e acqua9tance ) reviews1 magaz9es1 newspap]s1 & o!r lit]ature ( ! day1 :i*1 h[ev] able & valuable 9 itself1 is n ! in/rum5t ( intellectual education4 ,if ?is is all ! tra9+ a man has1 ! *ance is t1 :5 a few ye>s h pass$ ov] 8 head1 & he has talk$ to ! full1 he we>ies ( talk+1 & ( ! subjects on :i* he talk$4 ,he gives up ! pursuit ( k1 & =gets :at he knew1 :atev] x 02 &1 tak+ ?+s at _! be/1 8 m9d is 9 no v diff]5t condition f :at x 0 :5 he fir/ began to improve x1 z he hop$1 ?\gh p]haps he nev] ?\ght ( m ?an ( amus+ himself4 ,i say1 8at ! be/10 = p]haps he w suff] f exhau/ion & a di/a/e ( ! subjects :i* once pleas$ him2 or p]haps he has suff]$ "s real intellectual mis*ief2 p]haps he has contract$ "s s]i\s disord]1 he has admitt$ "s ta9t ( scepticism1 :i* he w nev] get rid (4 ,& "h we see :at is meant by ! poet's maxim1 8,a little le>n+ is a dang]\s ?+40 ,n t k1 little or mu*1 if x be real k1 is dang]\s2 b t _m a man consid]s a m]e hazy view ( _m ?+s to be real k1 :]eas x does b mislead1 j z a %ort-sight$ man sees only s f> z to be l$ by 8 unc]ta9 sight ov] ! precipice4 ,su*1 !n1 be+ true cultivation ( m9d1 & su* ! lit]>y in/itutions :i* d n t5d to x1 ,i might proce$ to %[ y1 ,g5tlem51 did "t admit1 h[1 on ! o!r h&1 t k9d ( in/ruction ( :i* our ,ev5+ ,classes are a specim51 is especially suit$ to effect :at !y propose4 ,consid]1 = in/ance1 :at a discipl9e 9 accuracy ( ?\ght x is to h to con/rue a =eign language into y\r own2 :at a /ill sev]] & m improv+ ex]cise x is to translate f y\r own into a =eign language4 ,consid]1 aga91 :at a lesson 9 memory & discrim9ation x is to get up1 z x is call$1 any "o *apt] ( hi/ory4 ,consid] :at a trial ( acut5ess1 caution1 & exactness1 x is to ma/]1 & /ill m to prove1 a numb] ( def9itions4 ,aga91 :at an ex]cise 9 logic is classification1 :at an ex]cise 9 logical precision x is to und]/& & enunciate ! pro( ( any ( ! m difficult propositions ( ,euclid1 or to ma/] any "o ( ! great argum5ts = ,*ri/ianity s ?or\ghly z to be> exam9ation ^u x2 or1 aga91 to analyze suffici5tly1 yet 9 z few words z possible1 a spee*1 or to draw up a critique ^u a poem4 ,& s ( any o!r sci5ce1--*emi/ry1 or comp>ative anatomy1 or natural hi/ory2 x does n matt] :at x is1 if x be really /udi$ & ma/]$1 z f> z x is tak5 up4 ,! result is a =mation ( m9d1--t is1 a habit ( ord] & sy/em1 a habit ( ref]r+ e accession ( k to :at we already "k1 & ( adju/+ ! "o ) ! o!r2 &1 moreov]1 z su* a habit implies1 ! actual acceptance & use ( c]ta9 pr9ciples z c5tres ( ?\ght1 ar\nd :i* our k gr[s & is locat$4 ,:]e ?is critical faculty exi/s1 hi/ory is no long] a m]e /ory-book1 or biography a romance2 orators & publications ( ! day are no long] infallible au?orities2 eloqu5t diction is no long] a sub/itute = matt]1 nor bold /atem5ts1 or lively descriptions1 a sub/itute = pro(4 ,?is is t faculty ( p]ception 9 intellectual matt]s1 :i*1 z ,i h said s (t51 is analog\s to ! capacity we all h ( ma/]+ ! multitude ( l9es & col\rs :i* p\r 9 ^u our eyes1 & ( decid+ :at e "o ( !m is wor?4 #h4 ,b ,i %\ld be transgress+ ! limits assign$ to an address ( ?is nature 7 ,i to proce$4 ,i h n said any ?+1 ,g5tlem51 on ! religi\s duties :i* become ! memb]s ( a ,ca?olic ,univ]sity1 because we are directly conc]n$ "h ) y\r /udies only4 ,x is my consolation to "k t s _m ( y belong to a ,society or ,association1 :i* ! zeal ( "s excell5t prie/s1 "o especially1 has be5 s in/rum5tal 9 e/abli%+ 9 y\r great t[ns4 ,y d n come to u to h ! f\ndation laid 9 y\r brea/s ( t k :i* is highe/ ( all3 x has be5 laid already4 ,y h begun y\r m5tal tra9+ ) fai? & devotion2 & !n y come to u to add ! education ( ! intellect to ! education ( ! he>t4 ,g on z y h begun1 & y w be "o ( ! pr\de/ a*ievem5ts ( our great und]tak+4 ,we %all be able to po9t to y 9 pro( t zeal = k may ?rive ev5 "u ! pressure ( secul> call+s2 t "m-wit does n necess>ily make a man idle1 nor inquisitiv5ess ( m9d irrev]5t2 t %rewdness & clev]ness are n incompatible ) firm fai? 9 ! my/]ies ( ,revelation2 t atta9m5t 9 ,lit]ature & ,sci5ce ne$ n make m5 conceit$1 nor above _! /ation1 nor re/less1 nor self-will$4 ,we %all be able to po9t to y 9 pro( ( ! p[] ( ,ca?olicism to make out ( ! /aple ( great t[ns exempl>y & enlight5$ ,*ri/ians1 ( ^? classes :i*1 ext]nal to ,irel&1 are ! problem & p]plexity ( patriotic /atesm51 & ! natural oppon5ts ( ! tea*]s ( e k9d ( religion4 99 99 99 99 99 ,z to myself1 ,i wi% ,i c\ld by actual s]vice & h>d "w ( my own respond to y\r zeal1 z s _m ( my de> & excell5t fri5ds1 ! ,pr(essors ( ! ,univ]sity1 h done & d4 ,!y h a m]it1 !y h a claim on y1 ,g5tlem51 9 :i* ,i h no "p4 ,if ,i admire ! en]gy & brav]y ) :i* y h und]tak5 ! "w ( self-improvem5t1 be sure ,i d n =get _! public _s & noble free devotion to ! ,univ]sity any m ?an y d4 ,i "k ,i %\ld n satisfy y ) any praise ( ?is supplem5t ( our academical arrangem5ts :i* did n include ^? :o give to x its life4 ,x is a v pleasant & enc\rag+ sight to see bo? p>ties1 ! tea*]s & ! taught1 co-op]at+ ) a pure esprit-de-corps ?us volunt>ily1--!y z fully z y c d--= a great object2 & ,i (f] up my e>ne/ pray]s to ! ,au?or ( all good1 t ,he w ev] be/[ on y all1 on ,pr(essors & on ,/ud5ts1 z ,i feel sure ,he w be/[1 ,rul]s & ,sup]iors1 :o1 by _! zeal & dilig5ce 9 _! own place1 %all prove !mselves wor?y bo? ( y\r cause & ( y\rselves4 ,lecture ,x4 ,*ri/ianity ,& ,m$ical ,sci5ce4 ,an ,address to ! ,/ud5ts ,( ,m$ic9e4 #a4 ,i h _h s few opportunities1 ,g5tlem51 ( address+ y1 & our pres5t meet+ is ( s int]e/+ & pleas+ a "*1 by reason ( ! object :i* occasions x1 t ,i am enc\rag$ to speak freely to y1 ?\gh ,i d n "k y p]sonally1 on a subject :i*1 z y may conceive1 is (t5 be=e my own m9d3 ,i mean1 ! exact relation 9 :i* y\r noble pr(ession /&s t[>ds ! ,ca?olic ,univ]sity itself & t[>ds ,ca?olicism g5]ally4 ,consid]+ my own mo/ responsible (fice z ,rector1 my vocation z an ecclesia/ic1 & !n aga9 my ye>s1 :i* increase my pres5t claim1 & dim9i% my future *ances1 ( speak+ to y1 ,i ne$ make no apology1 ,i am sure1 = a /ep1 :i* w be recomm5d$ to y by my good int5tions1 ev5 ?\gh x des]ves no consid]ation on ! score ( ! reflections & sugge/ions !mselves :i* ,i %all br+ be=e y4 ,if inde$ ?is ,univ]sity1 & its ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e inclusively1 7 set up = ! promotion ( any m]ely secul> object1--9 ! _s ( religi\s rivalry1 z a measure ( p>ty politics1 or z a comm]cial speculation1--!n inde$ ,i %\ld be out ( place1 n only 9 address+ y 9 ! tone ( advice1 b 9 be+ "h at all2 = :at reason c\ld ,i 9 t case h _h = hav+ n[ giv5 "s ( ! mo/ valuable ye>s ( my life to ?is ,univ]sity1 = hav+ plac$ x =emo/ 9 my ?\ghts & anxieties1--7,i _h well nigh said7 to ! prejudice ( prior1 de>]1 & m sacr$ ties1--except t ,i felt t ! highe/ & mo/ special religi\s int]e/s 7 b\nd up 9 its e/abli%m5t & 9 its success8 ,suff] me1 !n1 ,g5tlem51 if ) ^! views & feel+s ,i con=m my obs]vations to ! sacr$ build+ 9 :i* we f9d ourselves1 & if ,i speak to y = a few m9utes z if ,i 7 r address+ y au?oritatively f ! pulpit ?an 9 ! ,rector's *air4 ,n[ ,i am go+ to set be=e y1 9 z few words z ,i c1 :at ,i conceive to be ! pr9cipal duty ( ! ,m$ical ,pr(ession t[>ds ,religion1 & "s ( ! difficulties :i* are f\nd 9 ! obs]vance ( t duty3 & 9 speak+ on ! subject ,i am consci\s h[ little qualifi$ ,i am to h&le x 9 su* a way z w come home to y\r m9ds1 f t want ( acqua9tance ) y p]sonally1 to :i* ,i h allud$1 & f my necess>y ignorance ( ! influ5ces ( :atev] k9d :i* actually surr\nd y1 & ! po9ts ( detail :i* are likely to be y\r religi\s emb>rassm5ts4 ,i c b lay d[n pr9ciples & maxims1 :i* y mu/ apply = y\rselves1 & :i* 9 "s respects or cases y may feel h no true application at all4 #b4 ,all pr(essions h _! dang]s1 all g5]al tru?s h _! fallacies1 all sph]es ( action h _! limits1 & are liable to improp] ext5sion or alt]ation4 ,e pr(essional man has rightly a zeal = 8 pr(ession1 & he w\ld n d 8 duty t[>ds x )\t t zeal4 ,& t zeal soon becomes exclusive1 or r necess>ily involves a sort ( exclusiv5ess4 ,a zeal\s pr(essional man soon comes to ?9k t 8 pr(ession is all 9 all1 & t ! _w w\ld n g on )\t x4 ,we h he>d1 = in/ance1 a great deal lately 9 reg>d to ! w> 9 ,india1 ( political views sugge/+ "o plan ( campaign1 & milit>y views sugge/+ ano!r4 ,h[ h>d x mu/ be = ! milit>y man to =ego 8 own /rategical dispositions1 n on ! gr\nd t !y are n ! be/1--n t !y are n ackn[l$g$ by ^? :o nev]!less put !m aside to be ! be/ = ! object ( milit>y success1--b because milit>y success is n ! highe/ ( objects1 & ! end ( ends1--because x is n ! sov]eign sci5ce1 b mu/ ev] be subord9ate to political consid]ations or maxims ( gov]nm5t1 :i* is a high] sci5ce ) high] objects1--& t !re=e 8 sure success on ! field mu/ be rel9qui%$ because ! int]e/s ( ! c\ncil & ! cab9et require ! sacrifice1 t ! w> mu/ yield to ! /atesman's craft1 ! comm&]-9-*ief to ! gov]nor-g5]al4 ,yet :at ! soldi] feels is natural1 & :at ! /atesman does is j4 ,?is collision1 ?is desire on ! "p ( e pr(ession to be supreme1--?is necess>y1 ?\gh reluctant1 subord9ation ( ! "o to ! o!r1--is a process ev] go+ on1 ev] act$ out be=e our eyes4 ,! civilian is 9 rivalry ) ! soldi]1 ! soldi] ) ! civilian4 ,! diplomati/1 ! lawy]1 ! political economi/1 ! m]*ant1 ea* wi%es to usurp ! p[]s ( ! /ate1 & to m\ld society ^u ! pr9ciples ( 8 own pursuit4 ,nor d !y conf9e !mselves to ! m]e prov9ce ( secul> matt]s4 ,!y intrude into ! prov9ce ( ,religion4 ,9 ,engl&1 9 ! reign ( ,que5 ,elizabe?1 lawy]s got hold ( religion1 & nev] h let x g4 ,abroad1 bureaucracy keeps hold ( ,religion ) a m or less firm grasp4 ,! circles ( lit]ature & sci5ce h 9 l mann] be=e n[ made ,religion a m]e prov9ce ( _! univ]sal empire4 ,i rem>k1 moreov]1 t ^! v>i\s usurpations are frequ5tly made 9 p]fectly good fai?4 ,!re is no int5tion ( encroa*m5t on ! "p ( ! encroa*]s4 ,! comm&] recomm5ds :at ) all 8 he>t & s\l he ?9ks be/ = 8 c\ntry :5 he presses on ,gov]nm5t a c]ta9 plan ( campaign4 ,! political economi/ has ! mo/ hone/ int5tions ( improv+ ! ,*ri/ian sy/em ( social duty by 8 re=ms4 ,! /atesman may h ! be/ & mo/ loyal dispositions t[>ds ! ,holy ,see1 at ! "t t he is urg+ *anges 9 ecclesia/ical discipl9e :i* w\ld be s]i\sly detrim5tal to ! ,*ur*4 ,& n[ ,i w say h[ ?is applies to ! ,m$ical ,pr(ession1 & :at is its special dang]1 view$ 9 relation to ,ca?olicity4 #c4 ,its prov9ce is ! physical nature ( man1 & its object is ! pres]vation ( t physical nature 9 its prop] /ate1 & its re/oration :5 x has lo/ x4 ,x limits itself1 by its v pr(ession1 to ! heal? ( ! body2 x asc]ta9s ! conditions ( t heal?2 x analyzes ! causes ( its int]ruption or failure2 x seeks ab\t = ! means ( cure4 ,b1 aft] all1 bodily heal? is n ! only end ( man1 & ! m$ical sci5ce is n ! highe/ sci5ce ( :i* he is ! subject4 ,man has a moral & a religi\s nature1 z well z a physical4 ,he has a m9d & a s\l2 & ! m9d & s\l h a legitimate sov]eignty ov] ! body1 & ! sci5ces relat+ to !m h 9 consequ5ce ! prec$5ce ( ^? sci5ces :i* relate to ! body4 ,& z ! soldi] mu/ yield to ! /atesman1 :5 !y come into collision ) ea* o!r1 s mu/ ! m$ical man to ! prie/2 n t ! m$ical man may n be enunciat+ :at is absolutely c]ta91 9 a m$ical po9t ( view1 z ! comm&] may be p]fectly "r 9 :at he enunciates /rategically1 b t 8 action is susp5d$ 9 ! giv5 case by ! int]e/s & duty ( a sup]ior sci5ce1 & he retires n confut$ b sup]s$$4 ,n[ ?is g5]al pr9ciple ?us /at$1 all w admit3 :o w d5y t heal? mu/ give way to duty8 ,s f> !re is no p]plexity3 suppos+ a fev] to break out 9 a c]ta9 place1 & ! m$ical practition] said to a ,si/] ( ,*>ity :o 0 visit+ ! sick !re1 8,y w die to a c]ta9ty if y rema9 !re10 & h] ecclesia/ical sup]iors on ! contr>y said1 8,y h devot$ y\r life to su* s]vices1 & !re y mu/ /ay20 & suppos+ %e /ay$ & 0 tak5 (f2 ! m$ical advis] w\ld be "r1 b :o w\ld say t ! ,religi\s ,si/] 0 wrong8 ,%e did n d\bt 8 ^w1 b %e d5i$ ! importance ( t ^w1 comp>$ ) ! ^w ( h] religi\s sup]iors4 ,! m$ical man 0 "r1 yet he c\ld n ga9 8 po9t4 ,he 0 "r 9 :at he said1 he said :at 0 true1 yet he _h to give way4 ,"h we are approa*+ :at ,i conceive to be ! especial temptation & dang] to :i* ! m$ical pr(ession is expos$3 x is a c]ta9 sophism ( ! intellect1 f\nd$ on ?is maxim1 impli$1 b n spok5 or ev5 recogniz$--8,:at is true is lawful40 ,n s4 ,obs]ve1 "h is ! fallacy1--,:at is true 9 "o sci5ce is dictat$ to u inde$ accord+ to t sci5ce1 b n accord+ to ano!r sci5ce1 or 9 ano!r dep>tm5t4 ,:at is c]ta9 9 ! milit>y art has =ce 9 ! milit>y art1 b n 9 /atesman%ip2 & if /atesman%ip be a high] dep>tm5t ( action ?an w>1 & enjo9s ! contr>y1 x has no claim on our reception & ob$i5ce at all4 ,& s :at is true 9 m$ical sci5ce might 9 all cases be c>ri$ out1 7 man a m]e animal or brute )\t a s\l2 b s9ce he is a rational1 responsible be+1 a ?+ may be ev] s true 9 m$ic9e1 yet may be unlawful 9 fact1 9 consequ5ce ( ! high] law ( morals & religion hav+ come to "s diff]5t conclusion4 ,n[ ,i mu/ be all[$ "s few words to express1 or r to sugge/1 m fully :at ,i mean4 ,! :ole univ]se comes f ! good ,god4 ,x is ,8 creation2 x is good2 x is all good1 z be+ ! "w ( ! ,good1 ?\gh good only 9 its degree1 & n aft] ,8 ,inf9ite ,p]fection4 ,! physical nature ( man is good2 nor c !re be any ?+ s9ful 9 itself 9 act+ accord+ to t nature4 ,e natural appetite or function is lawful1 speak+ ab/ract$ly4 ,no natural feel+ or act is 9 itself s9ful4 ,!re c be no d\bt ( all ?is2 & !re c be no d\bt t sci5ce c det]m9e :at is natural1 :at t5ds to ! pres]vation ( a heal?y /ate ( nature1 & :at on ! contr>y is injuri\s to nature4 ,?us ! m$ical /ud5t has a va/ field ( k spread out be=e him1 true1 because k1 & innoc5t1 because true4 ,s mu* 9 ! ab/ract--b :5 we come to fact1 x may easily happ5 t :at is 9 itself innoc5t may n be innoc5t to ?is or t p]son1 or 9 ?is or t mode or degree4 ,aga91 x may easily happ5 t ! impressions made on a man's m9d by 8 own sci5ce may be indef9itely m vivid & op]ative ?an ! enunciations ( tru?s belong+ to "s o!r bran* ( k1 :i* /rike inde$ 8 e>1 b d n come home to him1 are n fix$ 9 8 memory1 are n impr9t$ on 8 imag9ation4 ,& 9 ! pr(ession be=e u1 a m$ical /ud5t may realize f> m p[]fully & habitually t c]ta9 acts are advisable 9 !mselves accord+ to ! law ( physical nature1 ?an ! fact t !y are =bidd5 accord+ to ! law ( "s high] sci5ce1 z !ology2 or aga91 t !y are accid5tally wrong1 z be+1 ?\gh lawful 9 !mselves1 wrong 9 ?is or t individual1 or "u ! circum/ances ( ! case4 ,n[ to recur to ! in/ance ,i h already giv53 x is supposable t t ,si/] ( ,*>ity1 :o1 = ! sake ( h] s\l1 w\ld n obey ! law ( self-pres]vation z reg>ds h] body1 might cause h] m$ical advis] great irritation & disgu/4 ,8 own p>ticul> pr(ession might h s engross$ 8 m9d1 & ! tru? ( its maxims h s p5etrat$ x1 t he c\ld n und]/& or admit any o!r or any high] sy/em4 ,he might 9 process ( "t h become simply dead to all religi\s tru?s1 because su* tru?s 7 n pres5t to him1 & ^? ( 8 own sci5ce 7 ev] pres5t4 ,& obs]ve1 8 fault w\ld be1 n t ( tak+ error = tru?1 = :at he reli$ on 0 tru?--b 9 n und]/&+ t !re 7 o!r tru?s1 & ^? high] ?an 8 own4 ,take ano!r case1 9 :i* !re w (t5 9 p>ticul> circum/ances be consid]able diff]5ces ( op9ion among really religi\s m51 b :i* does n cease on t acc\nt to illu/rate ! po9t ,i am insi/+ on4 ,a pati5t is dy+3 ! prie/ wi%es to be introduc$1 le/ he %\ld die )\t due prep>ation3 ! m$ical man says t ! ?\ght ( religion w di/urb 8 m9d & imp]il 8 recov]y4 ,n[ 9 ! p>ticul> case1 ! "o p>ty or ! o!r may be "r 9 urg+ 8 own view ( :at ought to be done4 ,i am m]ely direct+ att5tion to ! pr9ciple involv$ 9 x4 ,"h are ! repres5tatives ( two great sci5ces1 ,religion & ,m$ic9e4 ,ea* says :at is true 9 8 own sci5ce1 ea* w ?9k he has a "r to insi/ on see+ t ! tru? :i* he himself is ma9ta9+ is c>ri$ out 9 action2 :]eas1 "o ( ! two sci5ces is above ! o!r1 & ! end ( ,religion is indef9itely high] ?an ! end ( ,m$ic9e4 ,&1 h[ev] ! decision ought to g1 9 ! p>ticul> case1 z to introduc+ ! subject ( religion or n1 ,i ?9k ! prie/ ought to h t decision2 j z a ,gov]nor-,g5]al1 n a ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 w\ld h ! ultimate decision1 7 politics & /rategics to come into collision4 ,y w easily und]/&1 ,g5tlem51 t ,i d>e n pursue my subject into ^? details1 :i* are ( ! great] importance = ! v reason t !y _c be spok5 (4 ,a m$ical philosoph]1 :o has s simply fix$ 8 intellect on 8 own sci5ce z to h =gott5 ! exi/5ce ( any o!r1 w view man1 :o is ! subject ( 8 contemplation1 z a be+ :o has little m to d ?an to be born1 to gr[1 to eat1 to dr9k1 to walk1 to reproduce 8 k9d1 & to die4 ,he sees him born z o!r animals are born2 he sees life leave him1 ) all ^? ph5om5a ( annihilation :i* accompany ! dea? ( a brute4 ,he comp>es 8 /ructure1 8 organs1 8 functions1 ) ^? ( o!r animals1 & 8 own range ( sci5ce leads to ! discov]y ( no facts :i* are suffici5t to conv9ce him t !re is any diff]5ce 9 k9d betwe5 ! human animal & !m4 ,8 practice1 !n1 is accord+ to 8 facts & 8 !ory4 ,su* a p]son w ?9k himself free to give advice1 & to insi/ ^u rules1 :i* are q insuff]able to any religi\s m9d1 & simply antagoni/ic to fai? & morals4 ,x is n1 ,i repeat1 t he says :at is untrue1 suppos+ t man 7 an animal & no?+ else3 b he ?9ks t :atev] is true 9 8 own sci5ce is at once lawful 9 practice--z if !re 7 n a numb] ( rival sci5ces 9 ! great circle ( philosophy1 z if !re 7 n a numb] ( conflict+ views & objects 9 human nature to be tak5 into acc\nt & reconcil$1 or z if x 7 8 duty to =get all b 8 own2 :]eas ,!re are m ?+s 9 heav5 & e>?1 ,horatio1 ,?an are dreamt ( 9 y\r philosophy4 ,i h kn[n 9 ,engl& ! mo/ dete/able advice giv5 to "y p]sons by em95t physicians1 9 consequ5ce ( ?is contract$ view ( man & 8 de/9ies4 ,god =bid t ,i %\ld measure ! pr(essional habits ( ,ca?olics by ! rules ( practice ( ^? :o 7 n6 b x is pla9 t :at is actually c>ri$ out :]e religion is n kn[n1 exi/s z a temptation & a dang] 9 ! ,sci5ce ( ,m$ic9e itself1 :]e religion is kn[n ev] s well4 #d4 ,& n[1 hav+ sugge/$1 z f> z ,i d>e1 :at ,i consid] ! consequ5ces ( t radical sophism to :i* ! m$ical pr(ession is expos$1 let me g on to say 9 :at way x is correct$ by ! action ( ,ca?olicism ^u x4 ,y w obs]ve1 !n1 ,g5tlem51 t ^? high] sci5ces ( :i* ,i h spok51 ,morals & ,religion1 are n repres5t$ to ! intellig5ce ( ! _w by intimations & notices /rong & obvi\s1 su* z ^? :i* are ! f\ndation ( ,physical ,sci5ce4 ,! physical nature lies be=e u1 pat5t to ! sight1 ready to ! t\*1 appeal+ to ! s5ses 9 s unequivocal a way t ! sci5ce :i* is f\nd$ ^u x is z real to u z ! fact ( our p]sonal exi/5ce4 ,b ! ph5om5a1 :i* are ! basis ( morals & ,religion1 h no?+ ( ?is lum9\s evid5ce4 ,in/ead ( be+ obtrud$ ^u our notice1 s t we _c possibly ov]look !m1 !y are ! dictates ei!r ( ,consci5ce or ( ,fai?4 ,!y are fa9t %ad[s & trac+s1 c]ta9 inde$1 b delicate1 fragile1 & almo/ evanesc5t1 :i* ! m9d recognizes at "o "t1 n at ano!r1--disc]ns :5 x is calm1 loses :5 x is 9 agitation4 ,! reflection ( sky & m\nta9s 9 ! lake is a pro( t sky & m\nta9s are ar\nd x1 b ! twilight1 or ! mi/1 or ! sudd5 /orm hurries away ! beautiful image1 :i* leaves beh9d x no memorial ( :at x 04 ,some?+ l ?is are ! ,moral ,law & ! in=mations ( ,fai?1 z !y pres5t !mselves to individual m9ds4 ,:o c d5y ! exi/5ce ( ,consci5ce8 :o does n feel ! =ce ( its injunctions8 b h[ dim is ! illum9ation 9 :i* x is inve/$1 & h[ feeble its influ5ce1 comp>$ ) t evid5ce ( sight & t\* :i* is ! f\ndation ( ,physical ,sci5ce6 ,h[ easily c we be talk$ out ( our cle>e/ views ( duty6 h[ does ?is or t moral precept crumble into no?+ :5 we rudely h&le x6 h[ does ! fe> ( s9 pass (f f u1 z quickly z ! gl[ ( mode/y dies away f ! c\nt5ance6 & !n we say1 8,x is all sup]/ition40 ,h[ev]1 aft] a "t we look r\nd1 & !n to our surprise we see1 z be=e1 ! same law ( duty1 ! same moral precepts1 ! same prote/s aga9/ s91 appe>+ ov] aga9/ u1 9 _! old places1 z if !y nev] _h be5 bru%$ away1 l ! div9e h&writ+ ^u ! wall at ! banquet4 ,!n p]haps we approa* !m rudely1 & inspect !m irrev]5tly1 & acco/ !m sceptically1 & away !y g aga91 l s _m spectres1--%9+ 9 _! cold beauty1 b n pres5t+ !mselves bodily to u1 = our inspection1 s to say1 ( _! h&s & _! feet4 ,& ?us ^! awful1 sup]natural1 bright1 maje/ic1 delicate app>itions1 mu* z we may 9 our he>ts ackn[l$ge _! sov]eignty1 are no mat* z a f\ndation ( ,sci5ce = ! h>d1 palpable1 mat]ial facts :i* make up ! prov9ce ( ,physics4 ,recurr+ to my orig9al illu/ration1 x is z if ! ,india ,comm&]-9-,*ief1 in/ead ( be+ "u ! control ( a local seat ( gov]nm5t at ,calcutta1 7 gov]n$ simply f ,london1 or f ! moon4 ,9 t case1 he w\ld be "u a /rong temptation to neglect ! home gov]nm5t1 :i* nev]!less 9 !ory he ackn[l$g$4 ,su*1 ,i say1 is ! natural condition ( mank9d3--we dep5d ^u a seat ( gov]nm5t :i* is 9 ano!r _w2 we are direct$ & gov]n$ by intimations f above2 we ne$ a local gov]nm5t on e>?4 ,t great in/itution1 !n1 ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*1 has be5 set up by ,div9e ,m]cy1 z a pres5t1 visible antagoni/1 & ! only possible antagoni/1 to sight & s5se4 ,consci5ce1 reason1 good feel+1 ! in/9cts ( our moral nature1 ! traditions ( ,fai?1 ! conclusions & d$uctions ( philosophical ,religion1 are no mat* at all = ! /ubborn facts 7= !y are facts1 ?\gh !re are o!r facts besides !m71 = ! facts1 :i* are ! f\ndation ( physical1 & 9 p>ticul> ( m$ical1 sci5ce4 ,g5tlem51 if y feel1 z y mu/ feel1 ! :isp] ( a law ( moral tru? )9 y1 & ! impulse to believe1 be sure !re is no?+ :atev] on e>? :i* c be ! suffici5t *ampion ( ^! sov]eign au?orities ( y\r s\l1 :i* c v9dicate & pres]ve !m to y1 & make y loyal to !m1 b ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,y fe> !y w g1 y see ) dismay t !y are go+1 "u ! cont9ual impression creat$ on y\r m9d by ! details ( ! mat]ial sci5ce to :i* y h devot$ y\r lives4 ,x is s--,i d n d5y x2 except "u r>e & happy circum/ances1 g !y w1 unless y h ,ca?olicism to back y up 9 keep+ fai?ful to !m4 ,! _w is a r\gh antagoni/ ( spiritual tru?3 sometimes ) mail$ h&1 sometimes ) p]t9aci\s logic1 sometimes ) a /orm ( irresi/ible facts1 x presses on aga9/ y4 ,:at x says is true p]haps z f> z x goes1 b x is n ! :ole tru?1 or ! mo/ important tru?4 ,^! m important tru?s1 :i* ! natural he>t admits 9 _! sub/ance1 ?\gh x _c ma9ta91--! be+ ( a ,god1 ! c]ta9ty ( future retribution1 ! claims ( ! moral law1 ! reality ( s91 ! hope ( sup]natural help1--( ^! ! ,*ur* is 9 matt] ( fact ! undaunt$ & ! only def5d]4 ,ev5 ^? :o d n look on h] z div9e mu/ grant z mu* z ?is4 ,i d n ask y = m "h ?an to contemplate & recognize h] z a fact1--z o!r ?+s are facts4 ,%e has be5 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s 9 ! _w1 & all t "t %e has be5 do+ battle 9 ! bolde/1 mo/ ob/9ate way 9 ! cause ( ! human race1 9 ma9t5ance ( ! und5iable b comp>atively obscure tru?s ( ,religion4 ,%e is always alive1 always on ! al]t1 :5 any enemy :atev] attacks !m4 ,%e has br\ght !m ?r\gh a ?\s& p]ils4 ,sometimes prea*+1 sometimes plead+1 sometimes argu+1--sometimes expos+ h] m9i/]s to dea?1 & sometimes1 ?\gh r>ely1 inflict+ bl[s h]self1--by p]emptory de$s1 by pati5t concessions1--%e has f\ght on & fulfill$ h] tru/4 ,no wond] s _m speak aga9/ h]1 = %e des]ves x2 %e has e>n$ ! hatr$ & obloquy ( h] oppon5ts by h] success 9 oppos+ !m4 ,^? ev5 :o speak aga9/ h] 9 ?is day1 own t %e 0 ( use 9 a =m] day4 ,! hi/orians 9 fa%ion ) u j n[1 mu* z !y may dis[n h] 9 _! own c\ntry1 :]e %e is an actual1 pres5t1 unpleasant1 inconv5i5t monitor1 ackn[l$ge t1 9 ! middle ages :i* are gone1 9 h] 7 lodg$1 by h] 7 sav$1 ! =tunes & ! hopes ( ! human race4 ,! v *>act]i/ics ( h] discipl9e1 ! v maxims ( h] policy1 :i* !y reprobate n[1 !y p]ceive to h be5 ( s]vice !n4 ,!y und]/&1 & c&idly av[1 t once %e 0 ! patron ( ! arts1 ! home & sanctu>y ( lett]s1 ! basis ( law1 ! pr9ciple ( ord] & gov]nm5t1 & ! savi\r ( ,*ri/ianity itself4 ,!y judge cle>ly en\gh 9 ! case ( o!rs1 ?\gh !y are sl[ to see ! fact 9 _! own age & c\ntry2 &1 :ile !y d n l to be regulat$ by h]1 & kept 9 ord] by h]1 !mselves1 !y are v well satisfi$ t ! populations ( ^? =m] c5turies %\ld h be5 s rul$1 & tam$1 & taught by h] resolute & wise tea*+4 ,& be sure ( ?is1 t z ! g5]ation n[ alive admits ^! b5efits to h aris5 f h] pres5ce 9 a /ate ( society n[ gone by1 s 9 turn1 :5 ! int]e/s & passions ( ?is day are pass$ away1 w future g5]ations ascribe to h] a l special b5eficial action ^u ?is n9ete5? c5tury 9 :i* we live4 ,= %e is ev] ! same1--ev] "y & vigor\s1 & ev] ov]com+ new errors ) ! old weapons4 #e4 ,& n[ ,i h expla9$1 ,g5tlem51 :y x has be5 s highly exp$i5t & desirable 9 a c\ntry l ?is to br+ ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e "u ! %ad[ ( ! ,ca?olic ,*ur*4 ,i say 89 a c\ntry l ?is20 =1 if !re be any c\ntry :i* des]ves t ,sci5ce %\ld n run wild1 l a planet brok5 loose f its cele/ial sy/em1 x is a c\ntry :i* c boa/ ( su* h]$it>y fai?1 ( su* a p]sev]+ confessor%ip1 ( su* an accumulation ( good works1 ( su* a glori\s "n1 z ,irel&4 ,f> be x f ?is c\ntry1 f> be x f ! c\nsels ( ,div9e ,m]cy1 t x %\ld gr[ 9 k & n gr[ 9 religion6 & ,ca?olicism is ! /r5g? ( ,religion1 z ,sci5ce & ,sy/em are ! /r5g? ( ,k4 ,aspirations su* z ^! are met1 ,g5tlem51 ,i am well aw>e1 by a responsive feel+ 9 y\r own he>ts2 b by my putt+ !m into words1 ?\ghts :i* already exi/ )9 y are br\ght into liveli] ex]cise1 & s5tim5ts :i* exi/ 9 _m brea/s hold int]communion ) ea* o!r4 ,g5tlem51 x w be y\r high (fice to be ! l9ks 9 y\r g5]ation betwe5 ,religion & ,sci5ce4 ,return ?anks to ! ,au?or ( all good t ,he has *os5 y = ?is "w4 ,tru/ ! ,*ur* ( ,god implicitly1 ev5 :5 y\r natural judgm5t w\ld take a diff]5t c\rse f h]s1 & w\ld induce y to "q h] prud5ce or h] correctness4 ,recollect :at a h>d task %e has2 h[ %e is sure to be criticiz$ & spok5 aga9/1 :atev] %e does2--recollect h[ mu* %e ne$s y\r loyal & t5d] devotion4 ,recollect1 too1 h[ long is ! exp]i5ce ga9$ 9 eighte5 hundr$ ye>s1 & :at a "r %e has to claim y\r ass5t to pr9ciples :i* h _h s ext5d$ & s triumphant a trial4 ,?ank h] t %e has kept ! fai? safe = s _m g5]ations1 & d y\r "p 9 help+ h] to transmit x to g5]ations aft] y4 ,= me1 if x has be5 giv5 me to h any %>e 9 s great a "w1 ,i %all rejoice ) a joy1 n su* inde$ z ,i %\ld feel 7 ,i myself a native ( ?is g5]\s l&1 b ) a joy ( my own1 n ! less pure1 because ,i h ex]t$ myself = t :i* conc]ns o!rs m ne>ly ?an myself4 ,i h _h no o!r motive1 z f> z ,i "k myself1 ?an to attempt1 accord+ to my /r5g?1 "s s]vice to ! cause ( ,religion1 & to be ! s]vant ( ^? to :om z a nation ! :ole ( ,*ri/5dom is s deeply indebt$2 & ?\gh ?is ,univ]sity1 & ! ,faculty ( ,m$ic9e :i* belongs to x1 are z yet only 9 ! comm5cem5t ( _! long c>e] ( usefulness1 yet :ile ,i live1 & 7,i tru/7 aft] life1 x w ev] be a !me ( ?ankfulness = my he>t & my lips1 t ,i h be5 all[$ to d ev5 a little1 & to witness s mu*1 ( ! ardu\s1 pleasant1 & hopeful toil :i* has att5d$ on _! e/abli%m5t4 ,,note ,,on ,,page #dgh4 ,i ?9k x wor?:ile1 9 illu/ration ( :at ,i h said above at ! page specifi$1 to app5d ! foll[+ passage f ,gr&orgu's catalogue ( ,muratori's works4 8,sanctissimus ,d4,n4 ,b5$ictus xiv4 ,pont4 ,max4 ,epi/olam sapi5ti ac roboris pl5am d$]at ''' ad ,episcopum ,t]ul5sem ,hispani ,inquisitionis ,majorem ,inquisitorem1 qu illum hortabatur1 ut #8,hi/oriam ,pelagianam et diss]tationem1 etc41' editas cl> memori ,h5rico ,c>d9ali ,norisio1 9 ,indicem ,expurgatorium ,hispanum nup] +e/as1 p]9de ac si aliquid ,baianismi aut ,jans5ismi r$ol]5t1 pr\t auctor #8,biblio!c ,jans5i/ic' imm]ito autumavit1 quamprimum expung5das cur>et4 ,eoque nom9e ,sapi5tissimus ,pontifex plura 9 m$ium attulit prud5tis conomi exempla1 qua semp] usum1 supremum ,s4 ,r4 ,congr4 ,indicis ,tribunal1 proscrib5dis virorum doctissimorum op]ibus aliqu&o temp]avit4 8,quum autem summus ,pontifex1 ea int] nom9a illu/ria ,tillemontii1 ,boll&i/>um1 ,bos\eti ,ep4 ,meld41 et illud rec5su]it ,l4 ,a4 ,muratorii1 8 ad ,auctorem no/rum delatis1 quam maxim indoluit1 v]itus ne 9 tant op]um copi ab se editorum1 aliquid ,fidei aut ,religioni m9s consonum sibi excidisset4''' 8,v]m clem5tissimus ,pontifex ne animum despond]et doctus et humilis filius1 p]numanit] ad ipsum rescripsit ''' eumque pat]n consolatus1 int] alia hc habet3 #8,quanto si era detto nella no/ra ,lett]a all' ,inquisitore di ,spagna 9 ord9e alle di ,lei ,op]e1 non aveva *e f>e con la mat]ia delle ,fe/e1 n con v]un dogma o discipl9a4 ,il cont5uto delle ,op]e *i qui non piaciuto 7n *e ,ella poteva mai lus+>si *e fosse p] piac]e71 rigu>da la ,giurisdizione ,temporale del ,romano ,pontifice n suoi /ati1' 0 etc4 7pp4 lx41 lxi74 ,,index4 ,,abel>d1 #if1 age (1 #bfc ,accompli%m5ts n education1 #add ,addison1 8 ,vision ( ,mirza1 #bgi2 8 c>e 9 writ+1 #bhd2 ! *ild ( ! ,revolution1 #cab1 #cbi s*ylus1 #beh ,alcu91 #ag ,aldhelm1 ,/41 #ag ,alex&] ! ,great1 8 delight 9 ,hom]1 #beh2 conque/s (1 #bfd ,anaxagoras1 #aaf ,&es1 !1 #acf ,animuccia & ,/4 ,philip ,n]i1 #bcg ,apollo ,belvid]e1 !1 #bhc ,aqu9as1 ,/4 ,?omas1 #acd1 #bfc1 #chd ,arcesilas1 #aja ,ar*itecture1 #ha ,arian argum5t aga9/ our ,"l's ,div9ity1 #ie ,ario/o1 #caf ,ari/otelic philosophy1 !1 #eb ,ari/otle1 xii41 #f1 #ec2 quot$1 #gh1 #aja1 #ajf1 #aji1 #acd1 #bbb1 #bge2 8 sket* ( ! magnanim\s man1 #bhj1 #chc1 #dca1 #dfi ,a!ns1 ! f\nta9 ( secul> k1 #bfd ,augu/9e1 ,/41 ( ,cant]bury1 mission (1 #af ,augu/9e1 ,/41 ( ,hippo1 quot$1 #daj ,,bacci',s ,life ( ,/4 ,philip ,n]i1 quot$1 #bcf ,bacon1 ,fri>1 xiii41 #bbj ,baconian philosophy1 !1 #aji ,bacon1 ,"l1 quot$1 #gg1 #ij1 #aag-aai1 #age1 #bba1 #bbe1 #bfc1 #cai1 #dcg ,balaam1 #ff ,bee?ov51 #bhf1 #cac ,b5?am's ,preuves ,judiciaires1 #if ,b]keley1 ,bi%op1 on ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 #ha ,boccaccio1 #caf ,boniface1 ,/41 #bbj ,borromeo1 ,/4 ,c>lo1 enjo9s ! use ( "s ( ! ,lat9 classics1 #bfa2 on prea*+1 #djf1 #dab1 #dad1 #dba ,bossuet & ,bi%op ,bull1 #g ,br\gham1 ,"l1 8 ,disc\rse at ,glasg[1 quot$1 #cj1 #cd-ce ,brutus1 ab&on$ by philosophy1 #aaf ,burke1 ,edmund1 #agf2 8 val$iction to ! _s ( *ivalry1 #bja ,burman1 #adj ,butl]1 ,bi%op1 8 ,analogy1 #fa1 #ajj1 #aeh1 #bbf ,byron1 ,"l1 8 v]sification1 #cbf ,,caietan1 ,/41 #bce ,campbell1 ,?omas1 #cbb1 #cbf ,c>neades1 #ajf ,cato ! eld]1 8 opposition to ! ,greek philosophy1 #ajf ,catullus1 #cbe ,*9ese civilization1 #beb ,*ri/ianity & ,lett]s1 #bdi ,*ryso/om1 ,/41 on ,judas1 #hf ,cic]o1 quot$1 #gg2 on ! pursuit ( k1 #ajd1 #aaf1 #bfj2 /yle (1 #bha1 #bhb1 #cbg2 quot$1 #cii2 8 orations aga9/ ,v]res1 #dba ,civilization & ,*ri/ianity1 #bee ,cl>5don1 ,"l1 #caa ,col\rs1 comb9ation (1 #ajj 8,condesc5sion10 two s5ses (1 #bje ,cople/on1 ,dr41 ,bi%op ( ,ll&aff1 #aeg2 quot$1 #afg-afi ,cor9?ian brass1 #age ,c[p]1 quot$1 #aia1 #dfg ,crabbe1 8 ,tales ( ! ,hall1 #aej2 8 v]sification1 #cbf ,craik1 ,dr4 ,g4 ,l41 8 ,pursuit ( ,k "u ,difficulties1 quot$1 #ajc1 #ajd ,,dante1 #caf1 #cbi ,davison1 ,john1 #aeh2 on ,lib]al ,education1 #afi-agg ,def9it5ess1 ! life ( prea*+1 #dbf ,demo/h5es1 #bei1 #bhd ,desc>tes1 #cae ,dumesnil's ,synonymes1 #cfh ,du ,p9's ,ecclesia/ical ,hi/ory1 #adj ,,edgewor?1 ,mr41 on ,pr(essional ,education1 #aeh1 #agj1 #agf ,ed9burgh1 #aed ,ed9burgh ,review1 !1 #aec1 #aeg1 #afj1 #cja1 #cbi ,edw>d ,,ii41 ,k+ ( ,engl&1 v[ at 8 flight f ,bannockburn1 #aee ,elmsley1 xiv4 ,epicurus1 #dj ,euclid's ,elem5ts1 #bgd1 #cac1 #eja ,euripides1 #beh ,,f5elon1 on ! ,go?ic /yle ( ,ar*itecture1 #hb ,fonta9e1 ,la1 8 immoral ,contes1 #cae ,f\qu1 ,lamotte1 8 tale ( ! ,unkn[n ,pati5t1 #aai ,fra ,angelico1 #bhg ,frankl91 #cjd ,fr$]ick ,,ii41 #chc1 #chd ,,gal51 #bbb ,g5tleman1 ! true1 def9$1 #bjh ,g]dil1 ,c>d9al1 quot$1 xiii41 on ! ,emp]or ,julian1 #aid2 on ,malebran*e1 #dgg ,giannone1 #caf ,gibbon1 on ! d>kness at ! ,passion1 #ie2 8 hatr$ ( ,*ri/ianity1 #aie1 #aif2 8 c>e 9 writ+1 #bhe2 influ5ce ( 8 /yle on ! lit]ature ( ! pres5t day1 #cbc2 8 tribute to ,hume & ,rob]tson1 #cbe ,goe!1 #acd ,go?ic ,ar*itecture1 #hb ,gramm>1 #if1 #ccd ,gregory ! 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