,note3 ,greek words_/phrases 9 ! text are not$ z ,greek text4 ,,oe_/oe ligatures h n be5 reta9$ 9 ?is v]sion4 ,,critical ,,miscellanies ,,by ,,john ,,morley ,,vol4 ,,ii4 ,essay #c3 ,condorcet ,london ,,macmillan ,,& ,,co41 ,limit$ ,new ,york3 ,! ,mac,millan ,company #aije ,,condorcet4 ,condorcet's peculi> position & *>act]i/ics #afc ,bir?1 in/ruction1 & e>ly s5sibility #aff ,fri5d%ip ) ,voltaire & ) ,turgot #agj1 #aga ,comp>$ ) ^! two great m5 #agb ,curr5ts ( ,fr5* op9ion & circum/ance 9 #aggd #agg ,condorcet's pr9ciples drawn f two s\rces #ahj ,8 view ( ! two ,engli% ,revolutions #aha ,8 life up to ! convocation ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al #ahc ,en]getic int]e/ 9 ! elections #ahi ,want ( prevision #aia ,8 p>ticipation 9 political activity d[n to ! end ( #agib #aic ,*os5 "o ( ! secret>ies ( ! ,legislative ,assembly #aih ,elect$ to ! ,conv5tion #bjj ,resi/ance to ! ,jacob9s1 proscription1 & dea? #bja ,condorcet's t5aci\s int]e/ 9 human welf>e #baj ,two curr5ts ( ?\ght 9 ,france at ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury #bae ,quesnay & ! ,physiocrats #baf ,montesquieu #bai ,turgot complet$ ,montesquieu's hi/orical conception #bbb ,kant's idea ( a ,univ]sal or ,cosmo-,political ,hi/ory #bbf ,condorcet fuses ! conceptions ( ! two previ\s sets ( ?9k]s #bbi ,acc\nt ( 8 ,tableau des ,progrs #bcj ,omits to consid] hi/ory ( moral improvem5t #bcc ,& mis9t]prets ! religi\s elem5t #bcd ,8 view ( ,mahometanism #bch ,( ,prote/antism #bdj ,& ( philosophic propag&ism #bda ,v>i\s acute rem>ks 9 8 sket* #bdc ,8 b\ndless hopes = ! future #bdd ,?ree directions :i* our anticipations may take3-- 7#a7 ,int]national equality #bdf 7#b7 ,int]nal equality #bdg 7#c7 ,sub/antial p]fect+ ( nature & society #bdh ,natural view ( ! =mation ( "* #beb ,c5tral idea ( all 8 aspirations #bec ,,condorcet4 ,( ! illu/ri\s ?9k]s & writ]s :o = two g5]ations _h be5 actively scatt]+ ! se$ ( revolution 9 ,france1 only ,condorcet surviv$ to behold ! fir/ bitt] +a!r+ ( ! h>ve/4 ,^? :o _h s[n ! w9d 7 no m2 he only 0 left to see ! reap+ ( ! :irlw9d1 & to be swiftly & cruelly swept away by x4 ,voltaire & ,did]ot1 ,r\sseau & ,helvtius1 _h vani%$1 b ,condorcet bo? assi/$ at ! ,encyclopdia & sat 9 ! ,conv5tion2 ! "o em95t man ( ^? :o _h t5d$ ! tree1 :o also came 9 due season to p>take ( its fruit2 at once a precursor1 & a %>] 9 ! fulfilm5t4 ,9 nei!r "* has he attract$ ! goodwill ( any ( ^? consid]able sections & s*ools into :i* criticism ( ! ,revolution has be5 ma9ly divid$4 ,z a ?9k] he is r\ghly class$ z an ,economi/1 & z a practical politician he figur$ fir/ 9 ! ,legislative ,assembly1 & !n 9 ! ,conv5tion4 ,n[1 z a rule1 ! political p>ties t h mo/ admir$ ! ,conv5tion h _h lea/ sympa?y ) ! ,economi/s1 & ! hi/orians :o are mo/ fav\rable to ,turgot & 8 foll[]s1 are usually mo/ ho/ile to ! actions & associations ( ! great revolution>y *amb] successively sway$ by a ,v]gniaud1 a ,danton1 a ,robespi]re4 ,betwe5 ! two1 ,condorcet's "n has be5 all[$ to lie hidd5 = ! mo/ "p 9 a c]ta9 obscurity1 or else has be5 cov]$ ) ^? taunts & innu5does1 :i* p>tisans are wont to lavi% on m5 ( :om !y d n "k exactly :e!r !y are ) or aga9/ !m4 ,g5]ally ! m5 ( ! ,revolution are criticis$ 9 blocks & sections1 & ,condorcet _c be accurately plac$ "u any ( ^! receiv$ s*ools4 ,he 0 an ,economi/1 b he 0 some?+ m2 = ! mo/ *>act]i/ic article 9 8 cre$ 0 a passionate belief 9 ! inf9ite p]fectibility ( human nature4 ,he 0 m ( a ,girond9 ?an a ,jacob91 yet he did n always act1 any m ?an he always ?\ght1 ) ! ,girond9s1 & he did n fall :5 !y fell1 b 0 proscrib$ by a decree specially levell$ at himself4 ,isolation ( ?is k9d is assur$ly no m]it 9 political action1 b x expla9s ! coldness ) :i* ,condorcet's memory has be5 treat$2 x fl[$ f "s m>k$ s+ul>ities bo? ( "* & op9ion :i* are ( ! highe/ int]e/1 if we consid] ! position ( ! man & ! lu/re ( t ev]-memorable "t4 ',condorcet1' said ,d',alemb]t1 'is a volcano cov]$ ) sn[4' ,said ano!r1 less picturesquely3 ',he is a %eep 9 a passion4' ',y may say ( ! intellig5ce ( ,condorcet 9 relation to 8 p]son1' wrote ,madame ,rol&1 't x is a subtle ess5ce soak$ 9 cotton4' ,! curi\s mixture disclos$ by say+s l ^!1 ( w>m impulse & f9e purpose ) immovable res]ve1 only %[s t he ( :om !y 7 spok5 belong$ to ! class ( natures :i* may be call$ non-conduct+4 ,!y are n effective1 because )\t ?is efflu5ce ( p[] & feel+ f )91 ! he>] or onlook] is /irr$ by no sympa!tic ?rill4 ,!y _c be ! happie/1 because consci\sness ( ! inequality betwe5 expression & mean+1 betwe5 ! influ5ce int5d$ & ! impression convey$1 mu/ be z torm5t+ z to "o :o dreams is ! va9 ef=t to /rike a bl[4 ,if to be ( ?is non-conduct+ temp]am5t is impossible 9 ! really greate/ *>act]s1 l ,/4 ,paul1 ,/4 ,b]n>d1 or ,lu!r1 at lea/ x is no prop] object ( blame1 = x is con/antly ! companion ( l(ty & g5]\s aspiration4 ,x 0 p]haps un=tunate t ,condorcet %\ld h p]mitt$ himself to be drawn into a position :]e 8 want ( t magical quality by :i* ev5 ,m>at c\ld ga9 ! sympa?ies ( m51 %\ld be s conspicu\sly made visible4 ,! "* ( ,condorcet1 unlike s _m ( 8 contempor>ies1 (f]s no?+ to ! !atrical in/9ct4 ,none ! less on ?is acc\nt %\ld we be will+ to weigh ! contributions :i* he made to ! /ock ( sci5ce & social speculation1 & recognise ! f9e elevation ( 8 s5tim5ts1 8 noble solicitude = human wellbe+1 8 eag] & resolute belief 9 its indef9ite expansion1 & ! devotion :i* seal$ 8 fai? by a de/9y t 0 z tragical z any 9 ^? bloody & mo/ tragical days4 ,i4 ,until ! outbreak ( ! ,revolution1 ! circum/ances ( ,condorcet's life 7 z little ext]nally di/urb$ or specially rem>kable z ^? ( any o!r geomet] & ?9k] ( ! "t4 ,he 0 born at a small t[n 9 ,pic>dy1 9 ! ye> #agdc4 ,8 fa!r 0 a cavalry (fic]1 b z he di$ :5 8 son 0 only ?ree ye>s old1 he c\ld h ex]t$ no influ5ce ^u ! future philosoph]1 save su* z comes ( transmission ?r\gh blood & tissue4 ,condillac 0 8 uncle1 b !re is no record ( any int]c\rse betwe5 !m4 ,8 "m 0 a dev\t & trembl+ s\l1 :o d$icat$ h] *ild to ! ,holy ,virg91 & = eight ye>s or m made him we> ! dress ( a little girl1 by way ( %elt]+ him aga9/ ! temptations & unbelief ( a vile _w4 ,s long z wom5 are held by op9ion & usage 9 a /ate ( educational & political subjection1 :i* prev5ts ! gr[? ( a l>ge intellig5ce made heal?y & en]getic by k & by activity1 we may expect pi\s extravagances ( ?is k9d4 ,condorcet 0 weak5$ physically by mu* conf9em5t & ! con/ra9t ( cumbr\s clo?+2 & n ev5 8 d$ication to ! ,holy ,virg9 prev5t$ him f gr[+ up ! mo/ ard5t ( ! admir]s ( ,voltaire4 ,8 e>lie/ in/ructors1 z happ5$ to mo/ ( ! sceptical philosoph]s1 7 ! ,jesuits1 !n )9 a few ye>s ( _! fall4 ,t ^! adroit m51 arm$ ) all ! arts & traditions :i* _! ord] _h acquir$ 9 ?ree c5turies1 & ) ! tra9+ ( ! nation almo/ exclusively 9 _! h&s1 %\ld /ill h be5 unable to %ield _! p]sons f proscription & _! cre$ f hatr$1 is a rem>kable in/ance h[ little x avails ecclesia/ical bodies to h a monopoly ( (ficial education1 if ! _s ( _! tea*+ be out ( h>mony ) ^? mo/ pot5t ag5cies :i* we sum up z ! _s ( ! "t4 ,! ,jesuits 7 ! great (ficial in/ructors ( ,france = ! fir/ half ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,9 #agfd ! ord] 0 ?ru/ =? f ! c\ntry1 & !y left beh9d !m an army ( ! bitt]e/ enemies t ,*ri/ianity has ev] _h4 ,to d !m ju/ice1 !y 7 de/roy$ by weapons :i* !y _h !mselves suppli$4 ,! intellig5ce :i* !y _h develop$ & %>p5$1 turn$ inevitably aga9/ ! incurable faults 9 _! own sy/em4 ,!y 7 admirable tea*]s ( ma!matics4 ,condorcet1 in/ruct$ by ! ,jesuits at ,rheims1 0 able :5 he 0 only fifte5 ye>s old to g ?r\gh su* p]=mances 9 analysis z to w9 especial applause f illu/ri\s judges l ,d',alemb]t & ,clairaut4 ,x 0 impossible1 h[ev]1 = ,jesuits1 z x has ev] be5 = all enemies ( movem5t1 to con/ra9 )9 prescrib$ limits ! activity :i* has once be5 effectively /irr$4 ,ma!matics has always be5 9 ! eyes ( ! ,*ur* a h>mless bran* ( k1 b ! m5tal en]gy t ma!matics fir/ t\*$ is sure to turn itself by & by to m complex & dang]\s subjects 9 ! sci5tific hi]>*y4 ,at any rate1 ,condorcet's curiosity 0 v spe$ily drawn to problems beyond ^? :i* geometry & algebra pret5d to solve4 ',= ?irty ye>s1' he wrote 9 #agij1 ',i h h>dly ev] pass$ a s+le day )\t m$itat+ on ! political sci5ces4'#a ,?us1 :5 only sev5te51 :5 ! ard\r ( ev5 ! *oice/ spirits is usually mo/ purely intellectual1 moral & social feel+ 0 ris+ 9 ,condorcet to t supremacy :i* x aft]w>ds atta9$ 9 him to s admirable a degree4 ,he wrote essays on integral calculus1 b he 0 already beg9n+ to reflect ^u ! laws ( human societies & ! conditions ( moral obligation4 ,at ! root ( ,condorcet's nature 0 a pr(\nd s5sibility ( con/itution4 ,"o ( 8 biograph]s expla9s 8 e>ly en?usiasm = virtue & human welf>e z ! conclusion ( a k9d ( syllogism4 ,x is possible t ! syllogism 0 only ! lat] %ape into :i* an in/9ctive impulse ?rew itself by way ( rational entr5*m5t4 ,8 s5sibility caus$ ,condorcet to ab&on ! b>b>\s pleasures ( ! *ase1 :i* _h at fir/ p[]fully attract$ him4#b ,to d]ive delight f :at inflicts pa9 on any s5ti5t creature revolt$ 8 consci5ce & (f5d$ 8 reason1 because he p]ceiv$ t ! "* :i* does n %r9k f associat+ its own joy ) ! angui% ( ano!r1 is ei!r f\nd or left mortally blunt$ to ! f9e/ impressions ( humanity4 ,x is ?us assur$ t f ! beg9n+ ,condorcet 0 unable to satisfy himself ) ! m]e k ( ! speciali/1 b felt ! necessity ( plac+ social aims at ! head & front ( 8 life1 & ( subord9at+ to !m all o!r pursuits4 ,t he values k only z a means to social action1 is "o ( ! highe/ titles to our e/eem t any philosoph] c h4 ,su* a temp] ( m9d has p5etrat$ no man m fully ?an ,condorcet1 ?\gh !re are o!r ?9k]s to :om "t & *ance h be5 m fav\rable 9 mak+ t temp] p]man5tly productive4 ,!re is a f9e significance 9 8 words1 aft] ! dismissal ( ! great & virtu\s ,turgot f (fice3 ',we h _h a delightful dream1 b x 0 too brief4 ,n[ ,i mean to apply myself to geometry4 ,x is t]ribly cold to be = ! future lab\r+ only = ! gloriole1 aft] flatt]+ oneself = a :ile t "o 0 work+ = ! public weal4' ,x is true t a geomet]1 too1 works = ! public weal2 b ! process is t>di]1 & we may well p>don an impati5ce t sprung ( reason$ zeal = ! happ9ess ( mank9d4 ,!re is some?+ mu* m attractive ab\t ,condorcet's undisguis$ disappo9tm5t at hav+ to ex*ange active public lab\r = geometrical problems1 ?an 9 ! affect$ satisfaction conv5tionally pr(ess$ by /atesm5 :5 driv5 f place to _! books4 ,8 correspond5ce %[s t1 ev5 :5 8 m9d seem$ to be mo/ conc5trat$ ^u 8 special /udies1 he 0 incessantly on ! al]t = e new idea1 book1 transaction1 t 0 likely to /imulate ! love ( virtue 9 individuals1 or to increase ! /r5g? ( ju/ice 9 society4 ,x w\ld h be5 9 "o s5se m =tunate = him to h c>$ less = high social int]e/s1 if we rememb] ! cont5tion ( 8 latt] days & ! cata/rophe :i* br\ght !m to a frightful close4 ,b ,condorcet 0 n "o ( ^? natures :o c ?9k x happ9ess to look passively out f ! tranquil lit]>y wat*-t[] ^u ! mortal /ruggles ( a society 9 revolution4 ,9 measur+ o!r m5 ( sci5ce--z 8 two volumes ( loges abundantly %[--"o _c help be+ /ruck by ! eag]ness ) :i* he seizes on any trait ( zeal = social improvem5t1 any signal ( anxiety t ! lives & *>act]s ( our fell[s %\ld be bett] wor? hav+4 ,he 0 himself too absolutely possess$ by ?is social _s to h fl9*$ f 8 c>e]1 ev5 if he _h =ese5 ! m>tyrdom :i* 0 to consummate x4 ',y are v happy1' he once wrote to ,turgot1 '9 y\r passion = ! public good & y\r p[] to satisfy x2 x is a great consolation1 & ( an ord] v sup]ior to t ( /udy4'#c ,9 #agfi1 at ! age ( six-&-tw5ty1 ,condorcet became connect$ ) ! ,academy1 to ! mortification ( 8 relations1 :o h>dly p>don$ him = n be+ a capta9 ( horse z 8 fa!r _h be5 be=e him4 ,ab\t ! same "t1 or a little lat]1 he p]=m$ a pilgrimage ( a k9d t c\ld h>dly help mak+ a m>k ^u a "* s deeply impressible4 ,9 company ) ,d',alemb]t he w5t to ,f]ney & saw ,voltaire4#d ,to ! position ( ,voltaire 9 ,europe 9 #aggj !re has nev] be5 any o!r man's position 9 any age :olly comp>able4 ,x is true t !re _h be5 "o or two ( ! great popes1 & a great ecclesia/ic l ,/4 ,b]n>d1 :o _h ex]cis$ a spiritual au?ority1 pretty univ]sally submitt$ to1 or ev5 spontane\sly invok$1 ?r\gh\t we/]n ,europe4 ,b ^! 7 ! repres5tatives ( a p[]ful organisation & an accept$ sy/em4 ,voltaire fill$ a place be=e m5's eyes 9 ! eighte5? c5tury z conspicu\s & z au?oritative z t ( ,/4 ,b]n>d 9 ! twelf?4 ,! diff]5ce 0 t ,voltaire's place 0 absolutely un(ficial 9 its orig91 & indebt$ to no sy/em nor organisation = its ma9t5ance4 ,aga91 !re h be5 o!rs1 l ,bacon or ,desc>tes1 de/9$ to make a f> m p]man5t contribution to ! ideas :i* h ext5d$ ! p[]s & elevat$ ! happ9ess ( m52 b ^! great spirits = ! mo/ "p lab\r$ = ! g5]ation t foll[$ !m1 & won comp>atively slight recognition f _! own age4 ,voltaire dur+ 8 life enjoy$ to ! full n only ! admiration t belongs to ! poet1 b some?+ ( ! v5]ation t is paid to ! ?9k]1 & ev5 some?+ ( ! glory usually res]v$ = capta9s & conqu]ors ( r5[n4 ,no o!r man be=e or s9ce ev] hit s exactly ! m>k ( 8 "t on e side1 s precisely met ! conditions ( fame = ! mom5t1 nor s ?or\ghly dazzl$ & reign$ ov] ! =emo/ m5 & wom5 :o 7 8 contempor>ies4 ,:]ev] else intellectual fame has approa*$ ! fame ( ,voltaire1 x has be5 po/hum\s4 ,) him x 0 imm$iate & spl5did4 ,into ! secret ( ?is extraord9>y circum/ance we ne$ n "h p>ticul>ly inquire4 ,he 0 an unsurpass$ ma/] ( ! art ( lit]>y expression 9 a c\ntry :]e t art is m highly priz$ ?an any:]e else2 he 0 ! mo/ brilliant ( wits among a p ^: reli% = wit is a supreme passion2 he won ! admiration ( ! light] s\ls by 8 plays1 ( ! le>n$ by 8 int]e/ 9 sci5ce1 ( ! m5 ( lett]s by 8 nev]-ceas+ fl[ ( essays1 criticisms1 & articles1 n "o ( :i* lacks vig\r & fre%ness & sp>kle2 he 0 ! mo/ active1 bitt]1 & tell+ foe ( :at 0 !n ! mo/ ju/ly abhorr$ ( all in/itutions--! ,*ur*4 ,add to ^! rem>kable titles to hon\r & popul>ity t he 0 no m]e declaim] aga9/ oppression & inju/ice 9 ! ab/ract1 b ! /r5u\s1 p]sev]+1 & absolutely indefatigable *ampion ( e victim ( oppression or inju/ice ^: case 0 once br\ght "u 8 eye4 ,x is n difficult to p]ceive ! fasc9ation :i* ,voltaire1 ) ?is "* & ?is unrivall$ spl5d\r ( public position1 w\ld h = a man l ,condorcet4 ,he conceiv$ ! w>me/ atta*m5t to ,voltaire1 & ,voltaire 9 turn ! highe/ respect = him4 ,_! correspond5ce 7#aggj-aggh7 is p]haps z int]e/+ z any lett]s ( t p]iod t we possess3 ,voltaire is always bright1 playful1 & affectionate2 ,condorcet m declamatory & less graceful1 b full ( rev]5ce & loyalty = 8 'de> & illu/ri\s' ma/]1 & ( 8 own peculi> eag]ness = good causes & animosity aga9/ ! def5d]s ( evil ones4 ,condorcet 0 y\ng] ?an ! patri>* ( ,f]ney by ne>ly half a c5tury1 b ?is did n prev5t him f loyal remon/rances on m ?an "o occasion aga9/ conduct on ,voltaire's "p 9 ?is matt] or t1 :i* he held to be unwor?y ( 8 "* & reputation4 ,he w5t s f> z actually to decl9e to pr9t 9 ! ,m]cure a lett] 9 :i* ! writ] 9 "s fit ( sple5 plac$ ,montesquieu bel[ ,d',aguesseau4 ',my atta*m5t1' he says1 'bids me say :at w be be/ = y1 & n :at might please y mo/4 ,if ,i lov$ y less1 ,i %\ld n h ! c\rage to ?w>t y4 ,i am aw>e ( y\r grievances aga9/ ,montesquieu2 x is wor?y ( y to =get !m4' ,!re 0 p]haps z mu* moral c\rage 9 do+ ?is z 9 defy+ ! ,m5 ( ! ,m\nta9 9 ! days ( ! ,t]ror4 ,x dispels "s false impressions ( ,voltaire's suppos$ intol]ance ( criticism1 to f9d him ?ank+ ,condorcet = "o ( ^! fri5dly prote/s4 ,he %[$ himself wor?y ( su* c\rage\s conduct4 ',"o sees ?+s ill1' he writes1 ':5 "o sees !m f too f> (f4 ,aft] all1 we ought nev] to blu% to g to s*ool if we are z old z ,me?uselah4 ,i repeat my ackn[l$gm5ts to y4'#e ,condorcet did n conceive t ei!r to be bl9d to a man's errors or to compromise !m is to prove y\rself 8 fri5d4 ,!re is an integrity ( fri5d%ip z 9 public conc]ns1 & he adh]$ to x z manfully 9 "o z 9 ! o!r4 ,?r\gh\t 8 int]c\rse ) intimate fri5ds !re is t happy & frank play ( direct p]sonal allusion1 :i* is z di/9ct f flatt]y :5 x is ab\t ano!r1 z x is f egoism :5 x ref]s to ! writ] himself4 ,p]haps we see him mo/ *>act]i/ically 9 8 correspond5ce ) ,turgot4 ,:at ,turgot lov$ 9 ,condorcet 0 8 'simplicity ( "*4'#f ,turgot 0 almo/ z mu* less vivaci\s ?an ,condorcet1 z ,condorcet 0 less vivaci\s ?an ,voltaire4 ,!y belong$ to q di/9ct types ( "*1 b ?is may be a condition ( ! mo/ p]fect =ms ( sympa?y4 ,ea* gives support :]e ! o!r is mo/ consci\s ( ne$+ x4 ,turgot 0 "o ( ^? s]5e1 capaci\s1 & sure intellig5ces ^: aspirations d n become l[ nor n>r[ by be+ wat*fully held "u ! control ( reason2 ^: ideas are no less vigor\s or exub]ant because !y move 9 a /eady & ord]$ tra92 & :o1 9 _! mo/ f]v5t reactions aga9/ abuses or crimes1 resi/ t vehem5t temptation to excess :i* is ! besett+ infirmity ( g5]\s natures4 ,condorcet 0 v diff]5t f ?is4 ,:atev] he wi%$ he wi%$ unre/ra9$ly4 ,z ) mo/ m5 ( ! epo*1 ! habit ( mak+ all[ances 0 n 84 ,we obs]ve some?+ !ological 9 8 hatr$ ( !ologians4 ,ev5 9 8 lett]s ! di/ant gr\nd-swell ( repress$ passion s\nds 9 ! e>1 & at e m5tion ( false op9ion or evil-do+ a sombre & angry %ad[ seems to fall ^u ! page4 ,bo? he & ,turgot clung to ! doctr9e ( ! inf9ite p]fectibility ( human nature1 & ! correspond+ly inf9ite augm5tation ( human happ9ess2 b ,condorcet's ev]-sm\ld]+ impetuosity w\ld be cont5t ) no?+ less ?an ! arrival ( at lea/ a consid]able in/alm5t ( ?is inf9ite quantity n[ & in/antly4 ,he w5t s f> z to insi/ t by & by m5 w\ld acquire ! art ( prolong+ _! lives = sev]al g5]ations1 in/ead ( be+ conf9$ )9 ! fatal span ( ?reescore ye>s & t54 ,he 0 impati5t ( any fritt]+ away ( life 9 scruple1 tremors1 & hesitations4 ',= ! mo/ "p1' he once wrote to ,turgot1 'p ab\nd+ 9 scruple are n fit = great ?+s3 a ,*ri/ian w ?r[ away 9 subdu+ ! d>ts ( ! fle% ! "t :i* he might h employ$ on ?+s ( use to mank9d2 or he w lack c\rage to rise aga9/ a tyrant = fe> ( 8 judgm5t be+ too ha/ily =m$4'#g ,turgot's reply may illu/rate ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! two m53 ',no virtue1 9 :atev] s5se y take ! ^w1 disp5ses ) ju/ice2 & ,i ?9k no m ( ! p :o d great ?+s--z y say--at ! exp5se ( ju/ice1 ?an ( poets :o fancy !y produce great beauties ( imag9ation )\t regul>ity4 ,i "k t excessive exactitude t5ds slightly to dead5 ! fire alike ( composition & ( action2 b !re is a mean 9 ev]y?+4 ,x has nev] be5 a "q 9 our controv]sy ( a capu*9 :o ?r[s away 8 "t 9 qu5*+ ! d>ts ( ! fle% 7?\gh by ! way1 9 ! total ( "t ?r[n away ! t]m t expresses ! "t lo/ 9 satisfy+ ^! lu/s is mo/ likely f> great]72 no m is x a "q ( a fool :o is afraid ( ris+ aga9/ tyrants = fe> ( =m+ a ra% judgm5t4'#h ,?is ability to conceive a mean case betwe5 two extremes 0 n among ,condorcet's gifts4 ,8 m9d dwelt too mu* 9 ! region ( excess1 alike :5 he measur$ ! possibilities ( ! good1 & col\r$ ! motives & ! situation ( ^? :om he c\nt$ ! bad4 ,a ,*ri/ian 0 "o :o wa/$ 8 days 9 m]ely resi/+ ! fle%2 anybody :o decl9$ to rise aga9/ a tyrant 0 ! victim ( a slavi% scrupulosity4 ,he r sympa?ises ) a sci5tific travell]1 to :om ! especial *>m ( natural hi/ory resides 9 ! buffets :i*1 at ea* /ep t x takes1 x inflicts ^u ,moses4#i ,well1 ?is temp] is n ! ri*e/ nor ! highe/1 b x (t5 exi/s 9 alliance ) ri* & high qualities4 ,x 0 s ) ,condorcet4 ,& we are p>ticul>ly b\nd to rememb] t ) him a h>% & impati5t hum\r 0 n1 z is s (t5 ! case1 ! veil = an indol5t reluctance to =m pa9/ak+ judgm5ts4 ,few work]s h be5 s consci5ti\s z he 01 9 ! lab\r t he be/[$ ^u subjects :i* he held to be wor?y ( delib]ate scrut9y & consid]ation4 ,8 defect 0 9 f9d+ too few ( su* subjects1 & 9 hav+ too _m =egone conclusions4 ,turgot & ,montesquieu are p]haps ! only two em95t m5 9 ,france dur+ ?is "p ( ! c5tury1 ( :om ! same defect might n be alleg$4 ,aga91 ,condorcet's impati5ce ( und]ly+ temp]am5t did n prev5t him f fill+ 8 compositions ) solid1 sob]1 & pr(\nd reflections1 ! products ( grave & su/a9$ m$itation ^u an exp]i5ce1 mu* ( :i* mu/ h be5 sev]ely try+ & repugnant to a man ( 8 con/itution4 ,:ile recognis+ ?is trait1 !n1 let u n ov]/ate ei!r x or its consequ5ces4 ,! ma9 curr5ts ( op9ion & circum/ance 9 ,france1 :5 ,condorcet came to take 8 place among h] work]s1 are n[ well und]/ood4 ,! ?ird qu>t] ( ! c5tury 0 j clos+4 ,lewis ,,xv4 di$ 9 #aggd2 & ?\gh 8 dea? 0 ( little intr9sic consequ5ce1 except z ! removal ( e corrupt he>t is ( consequ5ce1 x is ju/ly tak5 to m>k ! date ( ! beg9n+ ( ! ,fr5* ,revolution4 ,x 0 ! accid5tal %ift+ ( position :i* s]v$ to disclose t ! exi/+ sy/em 0 smitt5 ) a mortal p>alysis4 ,x is (t5 said t :at de/roy$ ! ,fr5* k+dom 0 despotism4 ,a s\nd] explanation discov]s ! causes less 9 despotism ?an 9 an>*y--an>*y 9 e dep>tm5t :]e x c\ld be mo/ ru9\s4 ,no sub/antial recon/ruction 0 possible1 because all ! evils came f ! s9i/] int]e/s ( ! nobles1 ! cl]gy1 or ! f9anci]s2 & ^! classes1 in=mally b\nd toge!r aga9/ ! common weal1 7 too /rong = ei!r ! sov]eign or ! able/ m9i/] to ?ru/ !m aside4 ,! mat]ial condition ( ,france 0 "o ( supreme emb>rassm5t & disord]1 only curable by rem$ies :i* ! political & social condition ( ! c\ntry made x impossible to employ4 ,?is w\ld expla9 :y a *ange ( "s sort 0 inevitable4 ,b :y 0 ! *ange :i* actually took place 9 t direction r ?an ano!r8 ,:y did n ,france s9k "u h] economical disord]s1 z great] empires ?an ,france _h done8 ,:y1 in/ead ( s9k+ & fall+ asund]1 did ! ,fr5* p advance ) a s+l5ess ( impulse unkn[n be=e 9 _! hi/ory to _! own deliv]ance8 ,h[ 0 x t !y ov]?rew ! sy/em t 0 cru%+ !m1 & purg$ !mselves ) fire & sword ( ^? :o adm9i/]$ & ma9ta9$ x1 defy+ ! hopes ( ! nation2 & !n successfully enc\nt]$ ! giant's task ( beat+ back reaction>y ,europe ) "o arm1 & recon/ruct+ ! fabric ( _! own society ) ! o!r8 ,! answ] to ?is "q is f\nd 9 ! moral & spiritual condition ( ,france4 ,a g5]ation ar\s$ by ! great social ideas ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 look+ r\nd to survey its own social /ate1 f\nd itself 9 ! mid/ ( ! ru9 & disord] ( ! dis9tegrat$ sy/em ( ! twelf? c5tury4 ,! life 0 gone out ( ! anci5t organisation ( ,ca?olicism & ,feudalism1 & x seem$ z if no?+ b corruption rema9$4 ,:at enabl$ ! lead]s ( ! nation to disc]n ! horror & despair ( ?is an>*ic dissolution ( ! worn-out old1 & :at inspir$ !m ) hope & en]gy :5 !y ?\ght ( ! possible new1 0 ! spiritual prep>ation t _h be5 9 swift progress s9ce ! ?ird decade ( ! c5tury4 ,! =ms & me?ods ( ?is prep>ation 7 v>i\s1 z ! temp]am5ts t came b5ea? its influ5ce4 ,b ! s*ool ( ,voltaire1 ! s*ool ( ,r\sseau1 & ! s*ools ( ,quesnay & ,montesquieu1 diff]5t z !y 7 at ! roots1 all alike en]getically famili>is$ ! public m9d ) a firm belief 9 human reason1 & ! idea ( ! natural rights ( man4 ,!y impregnat$ x ) a gr[+ en?usiasm = social ju/ice4 ,x is true t we f9d ,voltaire compla9+ t[>ds ! close ( 8 days1 ( ! c5tury be+ satiat$ & we>y1 un sicle dg\t1 n kn[+ well :at x want$4 ',! public1' he said1 'has be5 eighty ye>s at table1 & n[ x dr9ks a little bad cognac at ! end ( its meal4'#aj ,9 lit]ature & art ?is 0 true2 go+ deep] ?an ^!1 ! public 0 eag] & s5sitive ) a fre%ness f> m vital & m fruitful ?an x _h kn[n eighty ye>s back4 ,sitt+ d[n ) a ke5 appetite = ta/e1 erudition1 & lit]>y k1 m5 _h n[ ris5 up f a dazzl+ & pall+ bo>d1 ) a new hung] & ?ir/ aft] social righte\sness4 ,?is 0 ! noble fai? t sav$ ,france1 by ?is sign %e 0 victori\s4 ,a p once saturat$ ) a passionate conception ( ju/ice is n likely to fall into a ,byzant9e /age4 ,t de/9y only awaits nations :]e ! spiritual p[] is rigor\sly conf9$ 9 ! h&s ( ca/es & (ficial *ur*es1 :i* sy/ematically & ( _! v con/itution bury ju/ice "u ! /]ile accumulations ( a fix$ sup]/ition4 ,condorcet's pr9ciples 7 deeply col\r$ by ideas drawn f two s\rces4 ,he 0 a ,voltairean 9 ! int5sity ( 8 antipa?ies to ! ,*ur*1 & 9 ! dep? & en]gy ( 8 humanity4 ,b :ile ,voltaire fl\ri%$1 ! de/ructive movem5t only rea*$ !ology1 & ,voltaire1 ?\gh he _h m to d ?an anybody else ) ! orig9al impulse1 jo9$ 9 no attack ^u ! ,/ate4 ,x 0 f ! economical writ]s & f ,montesquieu t ,condorcet le>n$ to look ^u societies ) a sci5tific eye1 to p]ceive ! influ5ce ( in/itutions ^u m51 & t !re are laws1 susceptible ( modification 9 practice1 :i* regulate _! gr[?4 ,x 0 natural1 !re=e1 t he %\ld jo9 ) eag]ness 9 ! re=m+ movem5t :i* set 9 ) su* irre/ra9able velocity aft] ! dea? ( ,lewis ,,xv4 ,he 0 bitt] & de/ructive ) ! bitt]ness ( ,voltaire2 he 0 hopeful = ! future ) ! fai? ( ,turgot2 & he 0 urg5t1 heat$1 impetu\s1 ) a heavy vehem5ce all 8 own4 ,9 a ^w1 he 0 ! inc>nation ( ! revolution>y _s1 z ! revolution>y _s exi/$ 9 geomet]s & ,encyclopdi/s2 at once too reasonable & too little reasonable2 too precise & sci5tific & too vague2 too rigor\sly logical on ! "o h& & too abundantly passionate on ! o!r4 ,p]haps !re is no m fatal comb9ation 9 politics ?an ! d$uctive me?od work$ by passion4 ,:5 appli$ to ! delicate & complex affairs ( society1 su* ma*9]y ) su* motive =ce is ( ru9\s pot5cy4 ,condorcet's peculi>ities ( political antipa?y & pref]5ce c h>dly be bett] illu/rat$ ?an by 8 view ( ! two great revolutions 9 ,engli% hi/ory4 ,! fir/ 0 religi\s1 & !re=e he hat$ x2 ! second 0 accompani$ by mu* argum5t1 & _h no religion ab\t x1 & !re=e he extoll$ x4 ,x is sci5tific k1 he said1 :i* expla9s :y ef=ts aft] lib]ty 9 un5light5$ c5turies are s fleet+1 & s deeply /a9$ by blood%$4 ',comp>e ^! ) ! happy ef=ts ( ,am]ica & ,france2 obs]ve ev5 9 ! same c5tury1 b at diff]5t epo*s1 ! two revolutions ( ,engl& fanatical & ,engl& enlight5$4 ,we see on ! "o side contempor>ies ( ,prynne & ,knox1 :ile cry+ out t !y are fight+ = heav5 & lib]ty1 cov] _! unhappy c\ntry ) blood 9 ord] to cem5t ! tyranny ( ! hypocrite ,cromwell2 on ! o!r1 ! contempor>ies ( ,boyle & ,newton e/abli% ) pacific wisdom ! free/ con/itution 9 ! _w4'#aa ,x is n wond]ful t 8 own revolution 0 misund]/ood by "o :o ?us lov$ ,engli% ,:igs1 b hat$ ,engli% ,republicans2 :o c\ld =give an ari/ocratic faction grasp+ p[] = _! ord]1 b :o c\ld n sympa?ise ) a nation ris+ & smit+ its oppressor1 :]e !y smote 9 ! "n ( ! ,"l & ( ,gideon1 nor ) a rul] :o us$ 8 p[] ) noble simplicity 9 ! int]e/s ( 8 p1 & e/abli%$ 9 ! he>t ( ! nation a respect = itself su* z %e has nev] kn[n s9ce1 simply because ?is rul] knew no?+ ab\t pr9cipes or ! ,rights ( ,man4 ,h[ev]1 ,nemesis comes4 ,by & by ,condorcet f\nd himself writ+ a piece to %[ t our ,revolution ( #afhh 0 v inf]ior 9 lawfulness to ! ,fr5* ,revolution ( ! ,t5? ( ,augu/4#ab ,,footnotes3 #a ,oeuv4 de ,condorcet 7#ab vols4 #ahdg-di71 ix4 #dhi4 #b ,ib4 i4 #bbj4 #c ,oeuv4 i4 #bja4 ,see ,turgot's wise reply1 p4 #bjb4 #d ,sept4 #aggj4 ,voltaire's ,corr4 vol4 lxxi4 p4 #adg4 #e ,oeuv4 i4 #da4 #f ,oeuv4 de ,turgot1 ii4 #hag4 #g ,oeuv4 i4 #bbh4 #h ,ib4 i4 #bcb4 #i ,oeuv4 i4 #bi4 #aj ,lett]s to ,condorcet 7#aggd74 ,oeuv4 i4 #ce4 #aa loge de ,frankl91 iii4 #dbb4 #ab ,rflexions sur la ,rv4 de #afhh1 et sur celle du #aj ,aot1 xii4 #aig4 ,,ii4 ,! c\rse ( ev5ts aft] #aggd is 9 its l>g] features well kn[n to e read]4 ,turgot1 aft] a mon? ( (fice at ! ,admiralty1 0 9 ,augu/ made ,controll]-,g5]al ( ,f9ance4 ,) 8 accession to p[]1 ! re=m+ ideas ( ! c5tury became practical4 ,he nom9at$ ,condorcet to be ,inspector ( ,co9age1 an (f] :i* ,condorcet deprecat$ 9 ^! words3 ',x is said ( y 9 c]ta9 qu>t]s t money co/s y no?+ :5 !re is any "q ( oblig+ y\r fri5ds4 ,i %\ld be bitt]ly a%am$ ( giv+ any semblance ( f\ndation to ^! absurd spee*es4 ,i pray y1 d no?+ = me j n[4 ,?\gh n ri*1 ,i am n press$ = money4 ,entru/ to me "s important task--! r$uction ( measures = in/ance2 !n wait till my lab\rs h really e>n$ "s rew>d4'#ac ,9 ?is patriotic _s he und]took1 along ) two o!r em95t m5 ( sci5ce1 ! task ( exam9+ c]ta9 projects = canals :i* engag$ ! att5tion ( ! m9i/]4 ',p w tell y1' he wrote1 't ,i h got an (fice wor? two hundr$ & =ty p\nds4 ,utt]ly untrue4 ,we und]took x out ( fri5d%ip = ,m4 ,turgot2 b we refus$ ! paym5t t 0 (f]$4'#ad ,we may pr(itably contra/ ?is devotion to ! public int]e/ ) ! rapacity ( ! cl]gy & nobles1 :o drove ,turgot f (fice because he talk$ ( tax+ !m l _! neighb\rs1 & decl9$ to glut _! insatiable crav+ = place & plund]4 ,turgot 0 dismiss$ 7,may #aggf71 & pres5tly ,neck] 0 in/all$ 9 8 place4 ,condorcet _h def5d$ ) mu* vig\r & "s asp]ity ! policy ( free int]nal trade 9 corn aga9/ ,neck]1 :o 0 = ! ma9t5ance ( ! re/rictions on comm]cial int]c\rse betwe5 ! diff]5t prov9ces ( ! k+dom4 ,consequ5tly1 :5 ! new m9i/] came into (fice1 ,condorcet wrote to ,maurepas resign+ 8 po/4 ',i h1' he said1 'decl>$ too decid$ly :at ,i ?9k ab\t bo? ,m4 ,neck] & 8 works1 to be able to keep any place t dep5ds ^u him4'#ae ,?is 0 n ! fir/ ta/e t ,maurepas _h _h ( ,condorcet's resolute self-respect4 ,! ,duke de la ,vrillire1 "o ( ! mo/ sc&al\s p]sons ( ! c5tury1 0 an honor>y memb] ( ! ,academy1 & he 0 ! bro!r-9-law ( ,maurepas4 ,x 0 expect$ f ! p]petual secret>y t he %\ld compose a eulogy ^u ! occasion ( 8 dea?1 & ,condorcet 0 w>n$ by fri5ds1 :o seldom reflect t a man above ! common quality owes some?+ m to himself ?an m]e prud5ce1 n to irritate ! p[]ful m9i/] by a slight ^u 8 relation4 ,he 0 inflexible4 ',w\ld y r h me p]secut$1' he ask$1 '= a wrong ?an = some?+ j & moral8 ,?9k1 too1 t !y w p>don my sil5ce mu* m readily ?an !y w\ld p>don my words1 = my m9d is fix$ n to betray ! tru?4'#af ,9 #aghb ,condorcet 0 elect$ into ! ,academy4 ,8 competitor 0 ,bailly1 ov] :om he _h a majority ( "o4 ,! true conte/ lay less betwe5 ! two c&idates ?an betwe5 ,d',alemb]t & ,buffon1 :o on ?is occasion are said to h f\ght "o ( ! greate/ battles 9 ! n peaceful hi/ory ( ! ,academy1 = mighty ang] burns ev5 9 cele/ial m9ds4 ,d',alemb]t is said to h exclaim$1 we may hope ) "s exagg]ation1 t he 0 bett] pleas$ at w9n+ t victory ?an he w\ld h be5 to f9d out ! squ>+ ( ! circle4#ag ,de/9y1 :i* _h s pitiful a doom 9 /ore = ! two c&idates ( t day1 soon clos$ ,d',alemb]t's %>e 9 ^! /ruggles ( ! le>n$ & 9 all o!rs4 ,he di$ 9 ! foll[+ ye>1 & by 8 la/ act te/ifi$ to 8 tru/ 9 ! g5]\s "* ( ,condorcet4 ,hav+ by ! b5evol5ce ( a lifetime left himself on 8 dea?b$ )\t res\rces1 he confid$ to 8 fri5d's c>e two old & fai?ful s]vants1 = :om he 0 unable to make provision4 ,?is *>ge ! philosoph] accept$ *e]fully1 & fulfill$ to ! end ) pi\s scrupulosity4 ,! affection betwe5 ,condorcet & ,d',alemb]t _h be5 w>m & close z t ( "s fam\s pairs ( antiquity2 a natural attraction ( "* _h clo!d community ( pursuit & int]e/ ) ! grace ( ! highe/ k9d ( fri5d%ip4 ,ev5 ,condorcet's too declamatory mann] only adds a c]ta9 dignity to ! pa!tic passage ) :i* he closes ! noble loge on 8 lo/ fri5d4#ah ,voltaire _h be5 dead ^! five ye>s1 & ,turgot1 too1 0 gone4 ,society (f]$ ! survivor no recomp5se4 ,he f\nd ! great _w tiresome & frivol\s1 & he describ$ its pursuits 9 phrases t are /ill too fai?ful to ! fact1 z 'dissipation )\t pleasure1 vanity )\t mean+1 & idl5ess )\t repose4' ,x 0 p]haps to s(t5 ! oppression ( ^! cruel & t5d] regrets t 9 #aghf ,condorcet m>ri$4#ai ,ev5ts 7 n[ v close at h&1 9 comp>ison ) :i* ev5 ! mo/ critical private transactions ( ,condorcet's life 7 pale & insignificant4 ,9 ! tranquil seasons ( hi/ory1 :5 ! /eady curr5ts ( circum/ance be> m5 along noiseless1 ! importance ( ! relations :i* we contract seems sup]lative2 9 times ( /orm & social wreck ^! petty =tunes & private *ances are engulf$ & lo/ to sight4 ,! f]m5t 0 n[ rapidly ris+ to its int5se/ height1 & ,condorcet 0 ! la/ man 9 ,france to rema9 cold to ! burn+ agitations ( ! "t4 ,we h already se5 h[ decid$ly t5 ye>s ago he express$ 8 pref]5ce = political activity ov] ! m$itative lab\rs ( ! /ud5t4 ,he n[ ?rew himself into ! ,revolution ) all ! =ce ( an ard5t "* imbu$ ) fix$ & unalt]able convictions4 ,we may well imag9e him deplor+ t ! great ones :om he _h kn[n1 ! immortal ,voltaire1 ! l(ty-s\l$ ,turgot1 _h be5 c>ri$ away by ! unk9d gods1 be=e _! eyes _h se5 ! re/oration ( _! natural rights to m51 & ! reign ( ju/ice on ! e>?4 ,! gods aft] all 7 k9d] ?an he knew1 = !y veil$ f ! sight ( ! en?usia/ ( '#hi ! spectres ( '#ic4 ,hi/ory might possibly miss mo/ ( its /rik+ episodes1 if e actor c\ld "k ! "w to :i* he 0 putt+ 8 h&2 & ev5 ,condorcet's fai? might h wav]$ if he _h kn[n t betwe5 him & ! fulfilm5t ( 8 desires !re 0 to intrude a long & deplorable p]iod ( despotism & corruption4 ,/ill1 ! vision :i* !n pres5t$ itself to ! eyes ( good m5 0 sublime2 & j z1 :5 "s noble & devot$ "* has be5 tak5 away f u1 x is a consolation to rememb] t we _h ! happ9ess ( 8 fri5d%ip1 s too :5 a g5]ation awakes f "o ( ^! inspir+ social dreams1 ! wreck ( ! aspiration is n total nor unrecomp5s$4 ,! next be/ ?+ to ! a*ievem5t ( high & g5]\s aims is to h s\ght !m4 ,dur+ ! w9t] ( '#hh & '#hi1 :ile all ,france 0 a/ir ) elections & prep>ation = elections = t meet+ ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 :i* 0 look$ to z ! ne>+ dawn aft] a long night ( blackness & mis]y1 ,condorcet ?\ght he c\ld be/ s]ve ! movem5t by call+ ! m9ds ( ! electors to c]ta9 sides ( _! duty :i* !y might be 9 "s dang] ( ov]look+4 ,"o ( ! subjects1 = example1 on :i* he felt mo/ /rongly1 b on :i* 8 c\ntrym5 h n %[n any p>ticul> s5sibility1 0 slav]y & ! slave trade4#bj ,) a t]s5ess & =ce n always *>act]i/ic ( 8 writ+s1 he appeal$ to ! electors1 :ile !y 7 reclaim+ _! own rights 9 ! "n ( ju/ice1 n to =get ! half-million blacks1 ^: rights _h be5 /ill m %amefully torn away f !m1 & ^: ne$ ( ju/ice 0 m urg5t ?an _! own4 ,9 ! same _s he publi%$ a vehem5t & +5i\s prote/ aga9/ ! admission ( repres5tatives f ! ,/4 ,dom+o plantations to ! ,national ,assembly1 %[+ h[ grossly inconsi/5t x 0 ) e idea ( a free & popul> *amb] t m5 %\ld sit z repres5tatives ( o!rs :o _h nev] *os5 !m1 & t !y %\ld invoke natural rights 9 _! own fav\r1 :5 at ! same in/ant !y 7 violat+ ! mo/ elem5t>y & undisput$ natural rights ( mank9d 9 _! own c\ntry4#ba ,( g5]al precepts he nev] tir$2 "o s]ies ( !m foll[$ ano!r4 ,to u _m ( !m may seem commonplace2 b we %\ld reflect t ! election ( repres5tatives 0 an amaz+ novelty 9 ,france1 & ,condorcet knew m5 well en\gh to be aw>e ( ! haz>ds ( political inexp]i5ce4 ,bew>e ( *oos+ a clev] knave1 he said1 because he w foll[ 8 own int]e/ & n y\rs2 b at ! same "t bew>e ( *oos+ a man = no bett] reason ?an t he is hone/1 because y ne$ ability q z mu* z y ne$ probity4 ,d n *oose a man :o has ev] tak5 sides aga9/ ! lib]ty ( any portion ( mank9d2 nor "o ^: pr9ciples 7 nev] kn[n until he f\nd out t he want$ y\r votes4 ,be c>eful n to mi/ake heat ( head = heat ( s\l2 because :at y want is n heat b =ce1 n viol5ce b /eadfa/ness4 ,be c>eful1 too1 to sep>ate a man's actions f ! accid5ts ( 8 life2 = "o may be ! enemy or ! victim ( a tyrant )\t be+ ! fri5d ( lib]ty4 ,d n be c>ri$ away by a c&idate's solicitations2 b at ! same "t1 make all[ance = ! exi/+ eff]vesc5ce ( spirits4 ,pref] ^? :o h decid$ op9ions to ^? :o are always inv5t+ plans ( conciliation2 ^? :o are zeal\s = ! rights ( man to ^? :o only pr(ess pity = ! mis=tunes ( ! p2 ^? :o speak ( ju/ice & reason1 to ^? :o speak ( political int]e/s & ( ! prosp]ity ( comm]ce4 ,di/ru/ ^? :o appeal to s5tim5t 9 matt]s t c be decid$ by reason2 pref] light to eloqu5ce2 & pass ov] ^? :o decl>e !mselves ready to die = lib]ty1 9 fav\r ( ^? :o "k 9 :at lib]ty consi/s4#bb ,9 ano!r piece he drew up a li/ ( ! rights :i* ! nation _h a claim to h recognis$1 su* z ! "r to make laws1 to exact responsibility f ! m9i/]s ( ! cr[n1 to ! protection ( p]sonal lib]ty1 & to ! legal adm9i/ration ( ju/ice by regul> judges4 ,^! rights he decl>$ x to be ! fir/ duty ( ! ,assembly to draw up 9 a *>t t %\ld be ! *ief corn]-/one ( ! new con/itution4 ,!n he proce$$ to def9e ! v>i\s tasks to :i* he conceiv$ t ! legislative body %\ld =?) apply itself2 & among !m1 be x said1 is no m5tion ( any ( ^? projects ( confiscation :i* circum/ances s spe$ily =c$ ^u ! ,assembly :5 x met4#bc ,?\gh _m ( ^! precepts design$ to guide ! electors 9 _! *oice ( m5 are sagaci\s & admirable1 !y smack /rongly ( t absolute & ab/ract _s :i* c nev] become p[]ful 9 politics )\t dang]4 ,x is c]ta9 t 9 ! spr+ ( '#hi1 ,condorcet held h]$it>y mon>*y to be mo/ suitable to '! weal?1 ! population1 ! ext5t ( ,france1 & to ! political sy/em ( ,europe4'#bd ,yet ! reasons :i* he gives = ?9k+ ?is are n v cog5t1 & he c h>dly h felt !m to be s4 ,x is significant1 h[ev]1 ( ! little di/ance :i* all ! mo/ uncompromis+ & mo/ ?\ghtful revolutioni/s saw 9 front ( !m1 t ev5 ,condorcet %\ld1 s late z ! eve ( ! assembly ( ! ,/ates-,g5]al1 h talk$ ab\t atta*m5t to ! =ms ( mon>*y & respect = ! royal p]son & pr]ogative2 & %\ld h repres5t$ ! notion ( ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* und]go+ any confiscation1 z an inv5tion ( ! enemies ( fre$om4#be ,be=e ! ye> 0 out1 ! prop]ty ( ! ,*ur* _h und]gone confiscation2 be=e two ye>s _h gone he 0 an ard5t ,republican2 & 9 less ?an twelve mon?s aft] t he _h vot$ ! guilt ( ! k+4 ,x is wor? :ile to cite "h a /ill m po9t$ example ( ! want ( prevision1 s common & s intelligible at t "t4 ,writ+ 9 ,july #agia1 he confutes ^? :o ass]t$ t an e/abli%$ & limit$ mon>*y 0 a safegu>d aga9/ a usurp]1 ^: p[] is only limit$ by 8 own audacity & address1 by po9t+ out t ! ext5t ( ,france1 its divisions into dep>tm5ts1 ! sep>ation betwe5 ! v>i\s bran*es ( ! adm9i/ration1 ! fre$om ( ! press1 ! multitude ( ! public pr9ts1 7 all s _m insurm\ntable b>ri]s aga9/ a ,fr5* ,cromwell4 ',to anybody :o has read ) att5tion ! hi/ory ( ! usurpation ( ,cromwell1 x is cle> t a s+le newspap] w\ld h be5 en\gh to /op 8 success4 ,x is cle> t if ! p ( ,engl& _h kn[n h[ to read o!r books beside _! ,bible1 ! hypocritical tyrant1 unmask$ f 8 fir/ /ep1 w\ld soon h ceas$ to be dang]\s4' ,aga91 is ! nation to be cajol$ by "s ambiti\s g5]al1 gratify+ its desire to be an empire-race8 ',is ?is :at is ask$ by true fri5ds ( lib]ty1 ^? :o only seek t reason & "r %\ld h empire ov] m58 ,:at prov9ces1 conqu]$ by a ,fr5* g5]al1 w he despoil to buy our suffrages8 ,w he promise our soldi]s1 z ! consuls promis$ ! citiz5s ( ,rome1 ! pillage ( ,spa9 or ( ,syria8 ,no1 assur$ly2 x is because we _c be an empire-nation t we %all rema9 a free nation4'#bf ,h[ few ye>s1 alas1 betwe5 ?is conclusive reason+1 & ! pillage ( ,italy1 ! campaign 9 ,syria1 ! seizure ( ,spa96 ,condorcet 0 n a memb] ( ! ,assembly 9 ^: =mation & composition he _h tak5 s vivid & practical an int]e/4 ,! fir/ political functions :i* he 0 invit$ to und]take 7 ^? ( a memb] ( ! municipality ( ,p>is4 ,9 ! trem5d\s drama ( :i* ! sc5es 7 n[ op5+1 ! ,t[n-hall ( ,p>is 0 to prove itself f> m truly ! c5tre ( movem5t & action ?an ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly4 ,! ef=ts ( ! ,con/itu5t ,assembly to build up 7 t>dy & ineffectual4 ,! activity ( ! municipality ( ,p>is 9 pull+ d[n 0 aft] a "t ceaseless1 & x 0 ?or\ghly successful4 ,! fir/ mayor 0 ! a/ronom] ,bailly1 ,condorcet's defeat$ competitor at ! ,academy4 ,) ! fall ( ! ,ba/ille1 summ>y hang+s at ! ne>e/ lant]n-po/1 ,octob] insurrection ( wom51 & triumphant & bloody compulsion ( k+1 que51 & ,assembly to ,p>is f ,v]sailles1 ! two rivals1 n[ colleagues1 mu/ h felt t ! conte/s = !m 7 inde$ no long] academic4 ,! a/ronomy ( ! "o & ! geometry ( ! o!r 7 = ev] done )2 & ,condorcet's long+ = active political life 9 pref]5ce to m]e /udy 0 gratifi$ to ! v full4 ,unhappily or n1 ! movem5t 0 beyond ! control ( anybody :o1 l ,condorcet1 _h no o!r =ce ?an t ( discipl9$ reason & pr9ciple4 ,! ,ba/ille no soon] fell1 ?an ! ,revolution set 9 ) oceanic viol5ce1 9 ! face ( :i* patriotic int5tion & irrefragable argum5ts1 ev5 :5 bo? int5tion & argum5ts 7 loyally revolution>y1 7 p[]less to save ! ,/ate4 ,9 crises ( ?is ov]:elm+ k9d1 p[] ( reason+ does n tell & m]e goodwill does n tell4 ,exaltation rea*es a pit* at :i* ! physical s5sibilities are s quick5$ z to be supreme ov] ! re/ ( ! nature2 & 9 ^! moods x is ! man gift$ ) ! physical quality1 z my/]i\s & indescribable z x is resi/less1 ( a ,m>at1 to take a bad example1 or a ,danton1 to take a good "o1 :o c 'ride ! :irlw9d & direct ! /orm4' ,( ?is quality ,condorcet _h no?+4 ,8 p]sonal pres5ce inspir$ a dec5t respect1 b no /rong emotion ei!r ( fe> or admiration or physical sympa?y4 ,8 voice 0 feeble1 8 utt]ance indi/9ct2 & he nev] got ov] t n]v\s appreh5sion :i* ! spectacle ( l>ge & turbul5t cr[ds naturally r\ses 9 ! /ud5t4 ,9 a revolution aft] ! mann] ( ,"l ,som]s he w\ld h be5 invaluable4 ,he ?or\ghly und]/ood 8 own pr9ciples1 & he 0 a ma/] ( ! art1 s useful 9 its place & "t & s respectable 9 all places & times1 ( consid]+ political projects po9t by po9t ) ref]5ce to a def9ite framework ( rational ideas4 ,b ?is 0 no "t = su* an art2 ?is 0 n a revolution to be guid$ by reason1 n ev5 reason l ,condorcet's1 /reak$ ) jacob9ical fibre4 ,! national ideas 9 :i* x _h aris5 _h trans=m$ !mselves into tumultu\s passion1 & f ?is into fr5zi$ action4 ,e politician ( real em95ce z a re=m] possesses "o ( ?ree elem5ts4 ,"o class ( m5 is inspir$ by an intellectual atta*m5t to c]ta9 ideas ( ju/ice & "r reason3 ano!r is mov$ by a deep pity = ! h>d lot ( ! mass ( e society3 :ile ! ?ird1 su* m5 z ,ri*elieu = example1 h an in/9ctive appreciation & passion = wise & ord]ly gov]nm5t4 ,! great & typical rul] is mov$ 9 v>y+ degrees by all ?ree 9 mod]n times1 :5 ! claims ( ! poor1 ! rank & file ( ! social army1 h be5 rais$ to ! p]man5t place t belongs to !m4 ,ea* ( ! ?ree types has its own peculi> conditions ( success1 & !re are circum/ances 9 :i* "s "o ( ! ?ree is m able to grapple ) ! ob/acles to ord] ?an ei!r ( ! o!r two4 ,x soon became v cle> t ! intellectual quality 0 n ! elem5t likely to quell ! tempe/ t _h aris5 n[4 ,let x be said1 h[ev]1 t ,condorcet %[$ himself no p$antic nor fa/idi\s trifl] ) ! trem5d\s movem5t :i* he _h contribut$ to set afoot4 ,! same practical _s :i* drove him into ! /rife1 guid$ him 9 ! mid/ ( x4 ,he nev] wrung 8 h&s1 nor wept1 nor bewail$ ! unreason ( ! multitudes to :om 9 va9 he prea*$ reason4 ,unlike ! typical man ( lett]s--= he 0 )\t vanity--he did n ab&on ! cause ( ! ,revolution because 8 sugge/ions 7 (t5 repuls$4 ',x w\ld be bett]1' he said to ! ,girond9s1 'if y c>$ less = p]sonal matt]s & att5d$ only to public int]e/s4' ,ye>s ago1 9 8 loge on ,l',hpital1 he _h prais$ ! fam\s ,*ancellor = incurr+ ! ho/ility ( bo? ( ! two env5om$ factions1 ! ,league & ! ,hugu5ots1 & = disreg>d+ ! approbation or disapprobation ( ! p4 ',:at op]ation1' he ask$1 'capable ( produc+ any durable good1 c be und]/ood by ! p8 ,h[ %\ld !y "k to :at ext5t good is possible8 ,h[ judge ( ! means ( produc+ x8 ,x mu/ ev] be easi] = a *>latan to mislead ! p1 ?an = a man ( g5ius to save x4'#bg ,rememb]+ ?is law1 he nev] lo/ pati5ce4 ,he 0 cool & intrepid1 if 8 intrepidity 0 ( ! logical sort r ?an physical2 & he 0 /eadfa/ to "o or two simple aims1 if he 0 on "s occasions too rapid 9 *ang+ 8 attitude z to special measures4 ,he 0 nev] afraid ( ! spectre1 z ! incompet5t revolutioni/ is4 ,on ! contr>y1 he und]/ood its :ole int]nal hi/ory2 he knew :at _h rais$ x1 :at passion & :at weakness gave to x sub/ance1 & he knew t pres5tly reason w\ld bani% x & re/ore m5 to a "r m9d4 ,! sci5tific _s implant$ 9 su* a "* z ,condorcet's1 & made robu/ by social m$itation1 builds up an impregnable =titude 9 ! face ( incessant rebuffs & disc\ragem5ts4 ,let u !n picture ,condorcet z survey+ ! t]rific welt] f ! summ] ( #aghi to ! summ] ( #agic1 f ! tak+ ( ! ,ba/ille to ! fall ( ! ,girond9s1 ) some?+ ( ! firmness & self-possession ( a ,roman ,cato4 ,aft] ! flight ( ! k+ 9 ,june1 & 8 return 9 :at 0 virtually captivity to ,p>is1 ,condorcet 0 "o ( ! p>ty1 v small 9 numb]s & entirely disc\nt5anc$ by public op9ion1 !n pass+ ?r\gh ! mon>*ical & con/itutional /age1 :o boldly gave up ! idea ( a mon>*y & proclaim$ ! idea ( a republic4 ,9 ,july 7#agia7 he publi%$ a piece /rongly argu+ = a negative answ] to ! "q :e!r a k+ is necess>y = ! pres]vation ( lib]ty4#bh ,9 "o s5se1 ?is composition is fav\rable to ,condorcet's =esight2 x 0 n e "o :o saw ) him t ! de/ruction ( ! mon>*y 0 inevitable aft] ! royal flight4 ,?is want ( prep>ation 9 ! public m9d = e great *ange z x came1 is "o ( ! mo/ /rik+ circum/ances ( ! ,revolution1 & x expla9s ! viol5t1 confus$1 & inadequate mann] 9 :i* ne>ly e "o ( ^! *anges 0 made4 ,x 0 propos$ at t "t to appo9t ,condorcet to be gov]nor to ! "y dauph94 ,b ,condorcet 9 ?is piece took su* pa9s to make 8 s5tim5ts ^u royalty kn[n1 t 9 ! con/itutional frame ( m9d 9 :i* ! ,assembly !n 01 ! idea _h to be ab&on$4 ,x 0 h>dly likely t a man %\ld be *os5 = su* an (fice1 :o _h j decl>$ ! public w to be 't ! uselessness ( a k+1 ! ne$fulness ( seek+ means ( displac+ a p[] f\nd$ on illusions1 %\ld be "o ( ! fir/ tru?s (f]$ to 8 reason2 ! obligation ( concurr+ 9 ?is himself1 "o ( ! fir/ ( 8 moral duties2 & ! desire n to be fre$ f ! yoke ( law by an insult+ inviolability1 ! fir/ s5tim5t ( 8 he>t4 ,p are well aw>e t at ?is mom5t ! object is mu* less h[ to m\ld a k+1 ?an to tea* him n to wi% to be "o4'#bi ,z all ,france 0 !n b5t on ! new con/itution1 a k+ includ$1 ,condorcet's republican assurance 0 h>dly w>rant$1 & x 0 by no means well receiv$4 ,,footnotes3 #ac ,oeuv4 i4 #ga4 #ad ,ib4 i4 #gc1 #gd4 #ae ,oeuv4 i4 #bif4 #af ,ib4 i4 #gh4 #ag ,oeuv4 i4 #hi4 ,condorcet _h #af votes1 & ,bailly #ae4 ',jamais aucune lection1' says ,la ,h>pe1 :o 0 all = ,buffon1 'n'avait (f]t ni ce nombre ni ce p>tage4'--,philos4 du #ah;ime ,sicle1 i4 #gg4 ,a full acc\nt ( ! election1 & ( ,condorcet's reception1 9 ,grimm's ,corr4 ,lit4 xi4 #ej-ef4 #ah ,oeuv4 iii4 #aji1 #aaj4 #ai ,8 wife1 said to be "o ( ! mo/ beautiful wom5 ( h] "t1 0 tw5ty-?ree ye>s y\ng] ?an himself1 & surviv$ until #ahbb4 ,cabanis m>ri$ ano!r si/]1 & ,m>%al ,gr\*y 0 h] bro!r4 ,madame ,condorcet wrote no?+ ( h] own1 except "s notes to a translation :i* %e made ( ,adam ,smi?'s ,!ory ( ,moral ,s5tim5ts4 #bj ,montesquieu1 ,raynal1 & "o or two o!r writ]s1 _h attack$ slav]y long be=e1 & ,condorcet publi%$ a v effective piece aga9/ x 9 #agha 7,rflexions sur l',esclavage des ,ngres2 ,oeuv4 vii4 #fc71 ) an epi/le d$icat$ to ! enslav$ blacks4 ,ab\t ! same "t an ,abolition ,society 0 =m$ 9 ,france1 foll[+ ! example set 9 ,engl&4 #ba ,au ,corps ,electoral1 contre l',esclavage des ,noirs4 #c ,fv4 #aghi4 ,sur l',admission des ,dputs des ,planteurs de ,sa9t ,dom+ue4 #aghi4 ix4 #dfi-dhe4 #bb ,lettres d'un ,g5tilhomme aux ,messieurs du ,ti]s ,etat1 ix4 #bee-bei4 #bc ,rflexions sur les ,p\voirs et ,in/ructions donn] p> les ,prov9ces leurs ,dputs aux ,etats-,gnraux1 ix4 #bfc1 #bhc4 #bd ,ib4 ix4 #bff4 #be ,rflexions sur les ,p\voirs et ,in/ructions donn] p> les ,prov9ces leurs ,dputs aux ,etats-,gnraux1 ix4 #bfd4 #bf ,rflexions sur les ,p\voirs et ,in/ructions donn] p> les ,prov9ces leurs ,dputs aux ,etats-,gnraux1 xii4 #bbh1 #bbi1 #bcd4 #bg ,oeuv4 iii4 #ecc4 ,z ?is 0 writt5 9 #aggg1 ,condorcet 0 p]haps ?9k+ ( ,turgot & ,neck]4 ,( ! latt]1 8 daught] tells u repeat$ly1 )\t any consci\sness t %e is record+ a mo/ ignom9i\s trait1 t public approbation 0 ! v brea? ( 8 no/rils1 ! ?+ = :i* he liv$1 ! ?+ )\t :i* he 0 wret*$4--,see vol4 i4 ( ,madame de ,/al's ,consid]ations4 #bh ,oeuv4 iii4 #bbg4 ,x 0 foll[$ by a lett]1 nom9ally by a "y me*anic1 (f]+ to con/ruct an automaton sov]eign1 l ,kempel's *ess-play]1 :o w\ld answ] all con/itutional purposes p]fectly4--,ib4 #bci-bda4 #bi ,oeuv4 xii4 #bcf4 ,,iii4 ,:5 ! ,con/itution 0 accept$ & ! ,legislative ,assembly came to be *os51 ,condorcet prov$ to h made s good an impression z a municipal (fic]1 t ! ,p>isians return$ him = "o ( _! deputies4 ,! ,decl>ation ( ,pilnitz 9 ,augu/ #agia _h mitigat$ ! loyalty t _h ev5 )/ood ! trial ( ! k+'s flight4 ,:5 ! ,legislative ,assembly met1 x 0 f\nd to conta9 an unmi/akable elem5t ( republicanism ( m>k$ /r5g?4 ,condorcet 0 *os5 "o ( ! secret>ies1 & he compos$ mo/ ( ^? multitud9\s addresses 9 :i* ?is mo/ un=tunate & lea/ hon\r$ ( all p>liam5t>y *amb]s tri$ to prove to ! ,fr5* p t x 0 actually 9 exi/5ce & at "w4 ,condorcet 0 (ficially to ! ,legislative :at ,b>re aft]w>ds 0 to ! ,conv5tion4 ,b 8 addresses are turgid1 lab\r+1 & n effective = _! purpose4 ,!y h nei!r ! h>d =ce ( ,napoleon's proclamations1 nor ! fl[]y eloqu5ce ( ! ,anacreon ( ! ,guillot9e4 ,to compose su* pieces well "u su* circum/ances z ^? ( ! ,assembly1 a man mu/ h mu* imag9ation & p]haps a slightly ela/ic consci5ce4 ,condorcet _h nei!r "o nor ! o!r1 b only reason--a h>d anvil1 out ( :i* he labori\sly /ruck fla%es & s+le s\nds4 ,p]haps1 aft] all1 nobody else c\ld h done bett]4 ,! situation ( ! ,assembly1 betwe5 a ho/ile c\rt & a suspici\s & di/ru/ful nation1 & unable by its v nature to break ! bonds1 0 f ! beg9n+ desp]ate4 ,9 ,decemb] #agia ! ,legislative ?r\gh its secret>y in=ms ,france ( ! frankness & loyalty ( ! k+'s measures 9 ! face ( ! m5aces ( =eign w>4#cj ,)9 eight mon?s1 :5 ! k+'s p]son 0 9 captivity & 8 p[] susp5d$1 ! same secret>y has to av[ t f ! v beg9n+ ! k+ _h treat$ ! ,assembly ) dissimulation1 & _h be5 9 virtual league ) ! national enemies4 ,! docum5ts issu$ by ! ,assembly aft] ! viol5t ev5ts ( ! ,t5? ( ,augu/ #agib are n edify+1 & imply 9 ,condorcet1 :o compos$ !m1 a c]ta9 want ( eye = revolution>y me?ods4 ,!y m>k ! beg9n+ ( t %ort b mo/ mom5t\s p]iod 9 ! hi/ory ( ! ,revolution1 :5 =mulas1 z ,mr4 ,c>lyle says1 _h to be /ret*$ out until !y crack$--a process truly call$1 'especially 9 times ( swift *ange1 "o ( ! sorr[fulle/ tasks poor humanity has4' ,y might read ! ,exposition ( ! ,motives f :i* ! ,national ,assembly h proclaim$ ! ,conv5tion1 & susp5d$ ! ,executive ,p[] ( ! ,k+1#ca )\t dream+ t x is an acc\nt ( a revolution :i* arose out ( di/ru/ or contempt = ! ,assembly1 :i* _h driv5 ! k+ away f 8 palace & f p[]1 & :i* _h f9ally annihilat$ ! v *amb] t 0 ?us pr(ess+ to exp\nd its motives = do+ :at ! viol5ce ( ,p>is _h really done 9 defiance ( x4 ,! p[]1 9 fact1 0 all outside ! *amb]1 9 ,danton & ! ,commune4 ,"u su* circum/ance x is ( no int]e/ to m5 to le>n t '9 ! mid/ ( ^! disa/]s ! ,national ,assembly1 afflict$ b calm1 took its oa? to ma9ta9 equality & lib]ty1 or to die at its po/2 took ! oa? to save ,france1 & look$ ab\t = means4'#cb ,/ill m impot5t & holl[1 because /ill m pomp\s1 is ! address ( six days lat]4#cc ,a few days aft] ?is1 occurr$ ! massacres ( prison]s 9 ,septemb]--sc5es v ne>ly1 if n q1 z bloody & iniquit\s z ^? :i* att5d$ ! suppression ( ! rebellion 9 ,irel& six ye>s aft]w>ds by ,engli% troops4 ,:5 ! ,conv5tion 0 *os51 ! electors ( ,p>is reject$ ,condorcet4 ,he 0 elect$1 h[ev] 7,sept4 #f71 = ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,aisne1 hav+ among 8 colleagues 9 ! deputation ,tom ,pa9e1 &--a mu* m important p]sonage--! y\?ful ,sa9t-,j1 :o 0 s soon to /upefy ! ,conv5tion by exclaim+1 ) mell[ voice & face set immovable z bronze3 ',an individual has no "r to be ei!r virtu\s or celebrat$ 9 y\r eyes4 ,a free p & a national assembly are n made to admire anybody4' ,! electors ( ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,aisne _h unconsci\sly s5t two typical revolutioni/s3 ! man ( intellectual ideas1 & ! man ( passion heat$ z 9 ! pit4 ,9 _! p]sons ! ,encyclopdia & ! ,guillot9e met4 ,condorcet1 :o _h be5 extreme 9 ! ,legislative1 b f\nd himself a mod]ate 9 ! ,conv5tion1 gave wise c\nsel z to ! true policy t[>ds ! new memb]s3 ',bett] try to mod]ate !m ?an qu>rel4' ,b 9 ?is case1 n ev5 9 _! ru91 7 fire & wat] reconcil$4 ,on ! fir/ great "q t ! ,conv5tion _h to decide--! fate ( ! k+--,condorcet vot$ on ! two ma9 issues v mu* z a wise man w\ld h vot$1 kn[+ ! ev5t z we "k x4 ,he vot$ t ! k+ 0 guilty ( conspir+ aga9/ lib]ty1 & he vot$ = ! puni%m5t ( exile 9 pref]5ce to t ( dea?4 ,on ! int]m$iate issue1 :e!r ! decision ( ! ,conv5tion %\ld be f9al1 or %\ld be submitt$ to ! p = ratification1 he vot$ z a wise man %\ld n h done1 9 fav\r ( an appeal to ! p4 ,su* an appeal mu/ inevitably h l$ to viol5t & bloody local /ruggles1 & laid ,france op5 to ! enemy4 ,x is a /rik+ circum/ance t1 ?\gh ,condorcet ?us vot$ t ! k+ 0 guilty1 he _h previ\sly laid be=e ! ,conv5tion a mo/ c>eful argum5t to %[ t !y 7 nei!r morally nor legally compet5t to try ! k+ at all4 ,h[1 he ask$1 )\t violat+ e pr9ciple ( jurisprud5ce1 c y act at ! same "t z legislators con/itut+ ! crime1 z accus]s1 & z judges8 ,8 proposal 0 t ,lewis ,,xvi4 %\ld be tri$ by a tribunal ^: jury & judges %\ld be nam$ by ! electoral body ( ! dep>tm5ts4#cd ,) true respect = ,condorcet's hon\rable anxiety t ! conditions ( ju/ice %\ld be rigor\sly obs]v$--=1 z he well said1 '!re is no lib]ty 9 a c\ntry :]e positive law is n ! s+le rule ( judicial proce$+s'--x is difficult to see :y ! ,conv5tion1 com+ z x did fre% f ! electoral bodies1 :o mu/ h _h ! "q :at 0 to be done ) ! imprison$ k+ =emo/ 9 _! m9ds1 :y ! memb]s ( ! ,conv5tion %\ld n =m z legitimate a tribunal z any body ^: composition & au?ority !y _h !mselves def9$ & creat$1 & :i* w\ld be *os5 by ! v same p]sons :o less ?an a mon? be=e _h inve/$ !m ) _! own (fices4 ,read+ ?is mo/ scrupul\s & juri/ic composition1 we might believe ! writ] to h =gott5 t ,france lay mad & fr5zi$ outside ! hall :]e he /ood1 & t 9 political action ! "q :at is possible is at lea/ z important z :at is compatible ) ! maxims ( sci5tific jurisprud5ce4 ,x 0 to ,condorcet's hon\r z a jurisconsult t he %\ld h _h s _m scruples2 x is z mu* to 8 cr$it z a politician t he laid !m aside & tri$ ! k+ aft] all4 ,x is highly *>act]i/ic ( ,condorcet's t5acity ( 8 own view ( ! ,revolution & ( its me?ods1 t on ! ,saturday 7,janu>y #ai1 #agic7 :5 ! k+'s fate 0 decid$ aga9/ ,condorcet's conviction & aga9/ 8 vote--! execution tak+ place on ! ,monday morn+--he %\ld h appeal$ to ! ,conv5tion1 at all ev5ts to d _! be/ to neutralise ! effect ( _! v]dict ^u ,europe1 by in/antly initiat+ a s]ies ( humane re=ms 9 ! law among !m1 includ+ ! abolition ( ! puni%m5t ( dea?4 ',! ,engli% m9i/]s1' he cri$1 'are n[ seek+ to excite t nation aga9/ u4 ,d y suppose t !y w v5ture to cont9ue _! calumni\s declamations1 :5 y c say to !m3 ,we h aboli%$ ! p5alty ( dea?1 :ile y /ill pres]ve x = ! !ft ( a few %ill+s8 ,y h& ov] debtors to ! gre$ or spite ( _! cr$itors2 our laws1 wis] & m humane1 "k h[ to respect pov]ty & mis=tune4 ,judge betwe5 u & y1 & see to :i* ( ! two peoples ! reproa* ( inhumanity may be address$ ) mo/ ju/ice4'#ce ,?is 0 ! eve ( ! ,t]ror4 ,well may ,comte di/+ui% ,condorcet z ! "o philosoph] :o pursu$ 9 ! mid/ ( ! tempe/ 8 reg5]at+ m$itations4 ,b let u bani% ! notion t ! hi/ory ( ! ,conv5tion is only ! hi/ory ( ! guillot9e4 ,no *amb] 9 ! :ole annals ( gov]n+ assemblies ev] display$ s mu* al]tness1 en]gy1 & capacity1 9 ! face ( difficulties t might well h cru%$ !m4 ,besides _! ef=ts1 ju/ly held incomp>able1 to hurl back ! enemy f ! fronti]s1 !y at once 9 ! _s ( ,condorcet's spee*1 made at s /range a season1 set vigor\sly ab\t ! n less noble task ( legal re=ms & political reorganisation4 ,! unrivall$ +5uity & f]tility ( ! ,fr5* "* 9 all ! arts ( compact & geometric con/ruction nev] %[$ itself s supreme4 ,! civil code 0 drawn up 9 a mon?4#cf ,con/itutions ab\nd$4 ,cynical hi/orians laugh at ! eag]ness ( ! nation1 dur+ ! mon?s t foll[$ ! deposition ( ! k+1 to h a con/itution2 &1 s f> z !y believ$ or hop$ t a con/itution w\ld rem$y all ills1 _! fai? 0 assur$ly n accord+ to k4 ,x %[s1 h[ev]1 ! fundam5tal & seem+ly in]adicable respect = au?ority :i* _! hi/ory has eng5d]$ 9 ! ,fr5*1 t ev5 9 ?is1 _! mo/ *aotic h\r1 !y crav$ ord] & its symbols4 ,condorcet1 along ) ,tom ,pa9e1 ,siyes1 & o!rs1 0 a memb] ( ! fir/ committee = fram+ a con/itution4 ,!y lab\r$ assidu\sly f ,septemb] to ,febru>y #agic1 :5 ! project 0 laid ^u ! table1 prefac$ by an elaborate diss]tation ( ,condorcet's composition4#cg ,! "t 0 inauspici\s4 ,! animosities betwe5 ! ,girond9s & ! ,m\nta9 7 becom+ e day m furi\s & deadly4 ,9 ! mid/ ( ?is appall+ /orm ( rage & hate & t]ror1 ,condorcet--at "o mom5t w\nd+ ! ,girond9s by reproa*es aga9/ _! egotism & p]sonalities1 at ano!r exasp]at+ ! ,m\nta9 by decl>+ ( ,robespi]re t he _h nei!r an idea 9 8 head nor a feel+ 9 8 he>t--/ill p]t9aci\sly kept cry+ out = ! acceptance ( 8 con/itution4 ,x 0 ( no avail4 ,! revolution ( ! second ( ,june came1 & swept ! ,girond9s out ( ! ,*amb]4 ,condorcet 0 n among !m1 b 8 political days 7 numb]$4 ',:at did y d all t "t8' somebody once ask$ ( a memb] ( ! ,conv5tion1 dur+ ! p]iod :i* 0 n[ beg9n+ & :i* la/$ until ,!rmidor 9 #agid4 ',i liv$1' 0 ! reply4 ,condorcet 0 ( ano!r temp]4 ,he c>$ z little = 8 life z ,danton or ,sa9t-,j c>$ = !irs4 ,in/ead ( c[]+ d[n among ! m5 ( ! ,pla9 or ! frogs ( ! ,m>%1 he )/ood ! ,m\nta9 to ! face4 ,hrault de ,s*elles1 at ! head ( ano!r committee1 br\ght 9 a new con/itution :i* 0 f9ally adopt$ & decre$ 7,june #bd1 #agic74 ,( ?is1 ,siyes said privately1 t x 0 'a bad table ( cont5ts4' ,condorcet d5\nc$ x publicly1 &1 ) a c\rage h>dly excell$1 he decl>$ 9 s _m words t ! arre/ ( ! ,girond9s _h de/roy$ ! integrity ( ! national repres5tation4 ,! ,bill he h&l$ ) a sev]ity t inflict$ ! ke5e/ sm>ts on ! self-love ( its design]s4 ,a few days lat]1 ! ,capuc9 ,*abot1 "o ( ^? weak & excitable natures t 9 ord9>y times div]t m5 by ! int5sity1 multiplicity1 & brevity ( _! en?usiasms1 b to :om ! fi]c] air ( su* an ev5t z ! ,revolution is a real poison1 rose & 9 ! "n ( ! ,committee ( ,g5]al ,security call$ ! att5tion ( ! ,*amb] to :at he /yl$ a sequel ( ! ,girondi/ ,brissot4 ,?is 0 no m nor less ?an ,condorcet's docum5t criticis+ ! new con/itution4 ',?is man1' said ,*abot1 'has s\ght to raise ! dep>tm5t ( ! ,aisne aga9/ y1 imag9+ t1 because he has happ5$ to sit by ! side ( a h&ful ( savants ( ! ,academy1 x is 8 duty to give laws to ! ,fr5* ,republic4'#ch ,s a decree 0 pass$ putt+ ,condorcet "u arre/4 ,8 "n 0 includ$ 9 ! li/ ( ^? :o 7 tri$ be=e ! ,revolution>y ,tribunal on ! ,?ird ( ,octob] = conspir+ aga9/ ! unity & indivisibility ( ! ,republic4 ,he 0 condemn$ 9 8 abs5ce1 & decl>$ to be hors la loi4 ,?is1 !n1 0 ! calamit\s close ( 8 aspirations f boyhood upw>ds to be p]mitt$ to p>take 9 do+ some?+ = ! common weal4 ,he _h /ill ! "w to p]=m by :i* po/]ity w be/ rememb] 8 "n1 ?\gh only a few mon?s int]v5$ betwe5 8 flight & 8 mo/ cruel end4 ,:5 ! decree aga9/ him 0 enact$ he fl$4 ,fri5ds f\nd a refuge = him 9 ! h\se ( a ,madame ,v]net1 a wid[ 9 mod]ate circum/ances1 :o let lodg+s to /ud5ts1 & "o ( ^? b5efic5t *>act]s t %[ u h[ high humanity c rea*4 ',is he an hone/ & virtu\s man8' %e ask$2 '9 t case let him come1 & lose n a mom5t4 ,ev5 :ile we talk he may be seiz$4' ,! same night ,condorcet intru/$ 8 life to h] keep+1 & = n9e mon?s he rema9$ 9 hid+ "u h] ro(4 ,:5 he he>d ( ! execution ( ! ,girond9s condemn$ on ! same day ) himself1 he p]ceiv$ ! risk to :i* he 0 subject+ 8 protectress1 & made up 8 m9d to flee4 ',i am an outlaw1' he said1 '& if ,i am discov]$ y w be dragg$ to ! same dea?4' ',! ,conv5tion1' ,madame ,v]net answ]$1 ) some?+ ( ! h]oism ( m notable wom5 ( t "t1 'may put y out ( ! law2 x has n ! p[] to put y out ( humanity4 ,y /ay4' ,?is 0 no spee* ( ! !atre4 ,! :ole h\sehold kept ! mo/ vigor\s wat* ov] ! prison] ?us g5]\sly deta9$1 & = _m mon?s ,madame ,v]net's humane firmness 0 successful 9 prev5t+ 8 escape4 ,?is "t--8 s\l griev\sly burd5$ by anxiety z to ! fate ( 8 wife & *ild1 & by a re/less eag]ness n to compromise 8 b5efactress1 a bloody dea? />+ him e mom5t 9 ! face--,condorcet sp5t 9 ! composition1 )\t ! aid ( a s+le book1 ( 8 memorable "w on ! progress ( ! human m9d4 ,among ! _m wond]s ( an epo* ( port5ts1 ?is feat ( intellectual ab/raction is n ! lea/ amaz+4 ,:5 8 task 0 accompli%$1 ,condorcet felt ) m ke5ness ?an ev] ! deadly p]il 9 :i* 8 pres5ce plac$ ,madame ,v]net4 ,he 0 aw>e t to leave h] h\se 0 to seek dea?1 b he did n fe>4 ,he drew up a pap] ( directions to be giv5 "o day to 8 little daught]1 :5 %e %\ld be ( ye>s to und]/& & foll[ !m4 ,!y are writt5 ) m9ute c>e1 & ?\gh t5d] & solicit\s1 !y %[ p]fect composure4 ,8 daught] is above all ?+s to bani% f h] m9d e rev5geful s5tim5t aga9/ h] fa!r's enemies2 to di/ru/ h] filial s5sibility1 & to make ?is sacrifice = h] fa!r's own sake4 ,?is done1 he m>*$ d[n/airs1 & hav+ by an artful /ratagem ?r[n ,madame ,v]net (f h] gu>d1 he w5t out at t5 o'clock 9 ! morn+ imp]fectly disguis$ into ! /reet4 ,?is 0 ! fif? ( ,april #agid4 ,by ?ree 9 ! aft]noon1 exhau/$ by fatigue :i* 8 /rict conf9em5t = n9e mon?s made excessive1 he rea*$ ! h\se ( a fri5d 9 ! c\ntry1 & pray$ = a night's %elt]4 ,8 pres5ce excit$ less pity ?an al>m4 ,! p gave him refre%m5t1 & he borr[$ a little pocket copy ( ,horace1 ) :i* he w5t =? into ! lonel9ess ( ! night4 ,he promis$ himself %elt] amid ! /one qu>ries ( ,clam>t4 ,:at he suff]$ dur+ ?is night1 ! :ole day ( ! six? ( ,april1 ! night1 & aga9 ! next day1 !re is no "o to tell4 ,! door ( ! h\se 9 ! ,rue ,s]v&oni 0 left on ! lat* night & day = a :ole week4 ,b ,madame ,v]net's g5]\s hope 0 9 va92 :ile %e /ill hop$ & wat*$1 ! end _h come4 ,on ! ev5+ ( ! sev5?1 ,condorcet1 ) "o ( 8 legs torn or brok51 8 g>m5ts 9 rags1 ) visage gaunt & hung]-/rick51 ent]$ an inn 9 ! hamlet ( ,clam>t1 & call$ = an omelette4 ,ask$ h[ _m eggs he w\ld h 9 x1 ! fami%+ man answ]$ a doz54 ,c>p5t]s1 = su* he _h giv5 himself to be1 d n h a doz5 eggs 9 _! omelettes4 ,suspicion 0 ar\s$1 8 h&s 7 n ! h&s ( a workman1 & he _h no pap]s to %[1 b only ! pocket ,horace4 ,! villag]s seiz$ him & ha/5$ to drag him1 b\nd h& & foot1 to ,b\rg-la-,re9e1 !n call$ = a season ,b\rg-l'galit4 ,on ! road he fa9t$1 & !y set him on a horse (f]$ by a pity+ wayf>]4 ,:5 !y rea*$ ! prison1 ,condorcet1 />v+1 ble$+1 way-worn1 0 flung into 8 cell4 ,on ! morr[1 :5 ! gaol]s came to seek him1 !y f\nd him /ret*$ ^u ! gr\nd1 dead & />k4 ,s he p]i%$--( hung] & we>9ess1 say "s2 ( poison ev] c>ri$ by him 9 a r+1 say o!rs4#ci ,s1 to ! la/ revolv+ supreme c>es1 ?is high _s 0 ov]tak5 by annihilation4 ,8 memory is left to u1 ! fruit ( 8 ideas1 & ! impression ( 8 "*4 99 99 99 99 99 ,an em95t man1 :o escap$ by "o accid5t f ! hat*ets ( ! ,septembriseurs1 & by ano!r f ! guillot9e ( ! ,t]ror1 :ile 9 hid+ & 9 mom5t>y expectation ( capture & dea?1 wrote ?us 9 condemnation ( suicide1 '! "o crime :i* leaves no possibility ( return to virtue4' ',ev5 at ?is incompreh5sible mom5t'--! spr+ ( #agic--':5 morality1 enlight5m5t1 en]getic love ( c\ntry1 only r5d] dea? at ! prison-wicket or on ! scaffold m inevitable2 :5 x might be all[able to *oose among ! ways ( leav+ a life t c no long] be pres]v$1 & to rob tig]s 9 human =m ( ! accurs$ pleasure ( dragg+ y =? & dr9k+ y\r blood2 yes1 on ! fatal tumbril itself1 ) no?+ free b voice1 ,i c\ld /ill cry1 ,take c>e1 to a *ild t %\ld come too ne> ! :eel3 p]haps he may owe 8 life to me1 p]haps ! c\ntry %all "o day owe its salvation to him4'#dj ,m ?an "o c>e] 9 ^? days1 fam\s or obscure1 0 m>k$ by ?is noble t5acity to l(ty public ideas ev5 9 ! f9al mom5ts ( exi/5ce4 ,its g5]al acceptance z a b9d+ duty1 exorcis+ ! m\rnful & insignificant egotisms t haunt & we>ily fret & make wa/e ! remnants ( s _m lives1 w produce ! pr(\nde/ ( all possible improvem5ts 9 m5's k ( ! sublime art ( ! happ9ess ( _! k9d4 ,! clos+ words ( ,condorcet's la/ composition %[ ! solace :i* p]sev]ance 9 tak+ ?\ght = mank9d br\ght to him 9 ! dep?s ( p]sonal calamity4 ,he _h conclud$ 8 survey ( ! pa/ hi/ory ( ! race1 & _h drawn :at seem$ 9 8 eyes a mod]ate & reasonable picture ( its future4 ',h[ ?is picture1' he exclaims1 ) ! knell ( 8 own doom s\nd+ full 9 ! e> :ile he wrote1 '?is picture ( ! human race fre$ f all its fett]s1 )drawn f ! empire ( *ance1 z f t ( ! enemies ( progress1 & walk+ ) firm & assur$ /ep 9 ! way ( tru?1 ( virtue1 & happ9ess1 pres5ts to ! philosoph] a sight t consoles him = ! errors1 ! crimes1 ! inju/ice1 ) :i* ! e>? is yet /a9$1 & ( :i* he is n seldom ! victim6 ,x is 9 ! contemplation ( ?is picture t he receives ! rew>d ( 8 ef=ts = ! progress ( reason1 = ! def5ce ( lib]ty4 ,he v5tures to l9k !m ) ! et]nal *a9 ( ! de/9ies ( man3 x is !re t he f9ds ! true recomp5se ( virtue1 ! pleasure ( hav+ done a la/+ good4 ,fate c no long] undo x by any disa/r\s comp5sation t %all re/ore prejudice & bondage4 ,?is contemplation is = him a refuge1 into :i* ! recollection ( 8 p]secutors c nev] foll[ him2 9 :i*1 liv+ 9 ?\ght ) man re9/at$ 9 ! rights & ! dignity ( 8 nature1 he =gets man torm5t$ & corrupt$ by gre$1 by base fe>1 by envy2 x is "h t he truly abides ) 8 fell[s1 9 an elysium t 8 reason has kn[n h[ to create = itself1 & t 8 love = humanity adorns ) all pure/ delights4'#da ,x has long be5 ! fa%ion among ! foll[]s ( t reaction :i* ,col]idge l$ & ,c>lyle has spread & popul>is$1 to dwell exclusively on ! coldness & h>dness1 ! excess ( scepticism & ! defect ( en?usiasm1 t are suppos$ to h *>act]is$ ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,because ! (ficial religion ( ! c5tury bo? 9 ,engl& & ,france 0 lifeless & me*anical1 x has be5 tak5 = grant$ t ! level ( ?\ght & feel+ 0 a l[ "o univ]sally2 z if ! highe/ moods ( e era necess>ily clo!d !mselves 9 religi\s =ms4 ,! tru? is t1 work+ 9 su* natures z ,condorcet's1 ! pr9ciples ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 its homage to reason & rational me?ods1 its exaltation ( ! happ9ess ( m51 n exclud+ _! mat]ial wellbe+1 into ! highe/ place1 its passion = ju/ice & law1 its l>ge illum9ation1 all eng5d]$ a f]v\r z truly religi\s z t ( ,ca?olicism or ( ,calv9ism at _! be/1 :ile its s5tim5t 0 inf9itely less int]e/$ & p]sonal4 ,! passage j quot$ is z little me*anical1 z little mat]ial1 z ! mo/ raptur\s ejaculations ( ! ,*ri/ian sa9ts & confessors4 ,read 9 connection ) ! circum/ances ( its composition1 x may %[ t ! eighte5? c5tury 0 able at any rate to inspire its sons ) a fai? t c\ld rob dea? ( its /+ & ! grave ( its victory1 z effectually z if x _h re/$ on a my/]y in/ead ( on reason1 & be5 support$ by ! sanctions ( et]nal pa9 & et]nal bliss1 in/ead ( mov+ f a confid5t devotion to humanity4 ,,footnotes3 #cj ,dcl>ation de l',assemble ,nationale1 #bi ,dc4 #agia4 ,oeuv4 xii4 #be4 #ca #ac? ,augu/ #agib4 ,oeuv4 x4 #edg4 #cb ,ib4 x4 #efj4 #cc #ai? ,augu/4 ,ib4 x4 #efe4 #cd ,op9ion sur le ,jugem5t de ,l\is ,,xvi4 ,nov4 #agib ,oeuv4 xii4 #bfg-cjc4 #ce #ai? ,jan4 #agic4 ,oeuv4 xii4 #caa4 #cf ,see ,m4 ,edg> ,qu9et's rem>ks on ?is a*ievem5t4 ,la ,rvolution1 ii4 #aaj4 #cg ,oeuv4 xii4 #ccc1 #dag4 ,m4 ,l\is ,blanc has contra/$ ! pr9ciples laid d[n z ! basis ( ?is project ) ,robespi]re's rival ,decl>ation ( ! ,rights ( ,man1 pr9t+ ! two side by side 9 p>allel columns4 ',les voil donc face face1 aprs leur commune victoire sur le pr9cipe d'autorit1 ces deux pr9cipes d'individualisme et de frat]nit1 entre lesquels1 auj\rd'hui mme1 le monde balance1 inv9ciblem5t mu6 ,d'un ct la philosophie du rationalisme pur1 qui divise2 d'un autre ct la philosophie du s5tim5t1 qui rappro*e et runit4 ,ici ,voltaire et ,condorcet1 l ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau et ,robespi]re4' ,hi/4 de la ,rvol4 ,fran4 bk4 ix4 *4 v4 #ch ,extrait du ,moniteur4 ,oeuv4 xii4 #fgg4 #ci ,! ,abb ,morellet1 9 8 n>rative ( ! dea? ( ,condorcet 7,mmoires1 c4 xxiv471 says t he di$ ( poison1 a mixture ( /ramonium & opium4 ,he adds t ! surgeon describ$ dea? z due to apoplexy4 ,see ,musset-,pa?ay's ,j4 ,j4 ,r\sseau1 ii4 #db4 #dj ,dupont de ,nem\rs4 ,les ,physiocrates1 i4 #cbf4 #da ,progrs de l',esprit ,huma94 ,oeuv4 vi4 #bgf4 ,,iv4 ,! %ape ( ,condorcet's ideas ^u hi/ory arose f ! tw(old necessity :i* 8 "* impos$ ^u him1 at once ( appeas+ 8 aspirations on behalf ( mank9d1 & ( satisfy+ a discipl9$ & sci5tific intellig5ce4 ,he 0 ( too robu/ an und]/&+ to f9d adequate gratification 9 ! artificial con/ruction ( hypo!tical utopias4 ,conviction 0 z indisp5sable z hope2 & di/9ct gr\nds = ! fai? t 0 9 him1 z ess5tial z ! fai? itself4 ,! result ( ?is fact ( m5tal con/itution1 ! intellectual conditions ( ! "t be+ :at !y 71 0 ! rise 9 8 m9d ( ! great & c5tral conception ( !re be+ a law 9 ! succession ( social /ates1 to be asc]ta9$ by an exam9ation ( ! collective ph5om5a ( pa/ hi/ory4 ,! m]it ( ?is admirable ef=t1 & ( ! "w 9 :i* x f\nd expression1 is v easily und]rat$1 because ! ef=t 0 insuffici5t & m]ely prep>atory1 :ile mod]n ?\ght has already c>ri$ u f> beyond x1 & at lea/ into sight ( ! m complete tru?s to :i* ?is ef=t only po9t$ ! way4 ,let u rememb]1 h[ev]1 t x did po9t ! way di/9ctly & unmi/akably4 ,a v brief survey ( ! /ate ( hi/ory z a subject ( sy/ematic /udy enables u to appreciate ) precision :at s]vice x 0 t ,condorcet r5d]$2 = x c>ries u back f ! pres5t comp>atively advanc$ condition ( ! sci5ce ( society to a "t be=e 8 memorable attempt1 :5 conceptions n[ become s famili> 7 n 9 exi/5ce1 & :5 ev5 ! mo/ in/ruct$ /ud5ts ( human affairs no m felt ! ne$ ( a sci5tific !ory ( ! mann] 9 :i* social effects foll[ social causes1 ?an ! lea/ in/ruct$ portion ( ! lit]>y public feels su* a ne$ 9 our own "t4 ,x is difficult aft] a subject has be5 sep>at$ f ! nebul\s mass ( unclassifi$ k1 aft] x has tak5 indep5d5t %ape1 & begun to move 9 l9es ( its own1 to realise ! process by :i* all ?is 0 effect$1 or ! way 9 :i* be=e all ?is ! facts conc]n$ pres5t$ !mselves to ! ?9k]'s m9d4 ,t we %\ld ov]come ! difficulty is "o ( ! conditions ( our be+ able to d ju/ice to ! great army ( ! precursors4 ,two movem5ts ( ?\ght w5t on 9 ,france dur+ ! middle ( ! eighte5? c5tury1 :i* h be5 comp>atively little dwelt ^u by hi/orians2 _! ma9 anxiety has be5 to ju/ify ! =egone conclusion1 s gratify+ alike to ! p>tisans ( ! social reaction & to ! disciples ( mod]n transc5d5talism 9 its _m disguises1 t ! eighte5? c5tury 0 almo/ exclusively negative1 critical1 & de/ructive4 ,ea* ( ^! two curr5ts 0 positive 9 ! highe/ degree1 & _! influ5ce und5iably con/ructive1 if we consid] t x 0 f _! union into a common *annel1 a "w fully accompli%$ fir/ 9 ! m9d ( ,condorcet1 t ! notion ( ! sci5tific treatm5t ( hi/ory & society took its e>lie/ />t4 ,! fir/ ( ! two movem5ts1 & t :i* has be5 mo/ unacc\ntably neglect$1 consi/$ 9 ! rem>kable attempts ( ,quesnay & 8 imm$iate foll[]s to )draw ! organisation ( society f ! sph]e ( empiricism1 & to sub/itute = ! vulg> conception ( arbitr>y & artificial in/itutions z ! sole f\ndation ( ?is organisation1 ! idea t !re is a c]ta9 ,natural ,ord]1 con=mity to :i* 9 all social arrangem5ts is ! ess5tial condition ( _! be+ advantage\s to ! memb]s ( ! social union4 ,natural ,ord] 9 ! m9ds ( ?is s*ool 0 no metaphysical figm5t evolv$ f un9/ruct$ consci\sness1 b a set ( circum/ances to be discov]$ by cont9u\s & me?odical obs]vation4 ,x consi/$ ( physical law & moral law4 ,physical law is ! regulat$ c\rse ( e physical circum/ance 9 ! ord] evid5tly mo/ advantage\s to ! human race4 ,moral law is ! rule ( e human action 9 ! moral ord]1 con=m$ to ! physical ord] evid5tly mo/ advantage\s to ! human race4 ,?is ord] is ! base ( ! mo/ p]fect gov]nm5t1 & ! fundam5tal rule ( all positive laws2 = positive laws are only su* laws z are requir$ to keep up & ma9ta9 ! natural ord] t is evid5tly mo/ advantage\s to ! race4#db ,t[>ds ! close ( ! reign ( ,lewis ,,xiv4 ! frightful impov]i%m5t ( ! realm attract$ ! att5tion ( "o or two enlight5$ obs]v]s1 & among !m ( ,boisguilleb]t & ,vauban4 ,!y _h expos$1 ! =m] ( !m ) especial =ce & amplitude1 ! absurdity ( ! g5]al sy/em ( adm9i/ration1 :i* seem$ to h be5 devis$ = ! express purpose ( p>alys+ bo? agriculture & comm]ce1 & exhau/+ all ! s\rces ( ! national weal?4#dc ,b ^! speculations _h be5 ma9ly ( a fiscal k9d1 & po9t$ n mu* fur!r ?an to a readju/m5t ( taxation & an improvem5t 9 ! modes ( its collection4 ,! disciples ( ! ,new ,sci5ce1 z x 0 call$1 ! ,physiocrats1 or believ]s 9 ! supremacy ( ,natural ,ord]1 w5t mu* beyond ?is1 & 9 !ory s\ght to lay op5 ! :ole gr\nd ( ! fabric ( society4 ,practically !y dealt ) sc>cely any b ! economic circum/ances ( societies1 ?\gh "s ( !m mix up ) _! reason+s ^u comm]ce & agriculture crude & incomplete h9ts ^u =ms ( gov]nm5t & o!r que/ions t belong n to ! economical b to ! political side ( social sci5ce4#dd ,quesnay's fam\s ,maxims op5 ) a decl>ation 9 fav\r ( ! unity ( ! sov]eign au?ority1 & aga9/ ! sy/em ( c\nt]balanc+ =ces 9 gov]nm5t4 ,almo/ imm$iately he passes on to ! gr\nd ( political economy1 & elaborates ! conditions ( mat]ial prosp]ity 9 an agricultural realm4 ,) ! correctness ( ! def9itions & pr9ciples ( economic sci5ce z laid d[n by ^! writ]s1 we h "h no?+ to d4 ,_! peculi> di/9ction 9 ! pres5t connection is ! grasp :i* !y _h ( ! pr9ciple ( !re be+ a natural1 & !re=e a sci5tific1 ord] 9 ! conditions ( a society2 t ord] be+ natural 9 ! s5se t !y atta*$ to ! t]m1 :i* f ! circum/ances ( ! case is mo/ b5eficial to ! race4 ,f ?is po9t ( view !y approa* "s ( ! problems ( :at is n[ classifi$ z social /atics2 & !y assume1 )\t any consci\sness ( ano!r aspect be+ possible1 t ! society :i* !y are discuss+ is 9 a /ate ( equilibrium4 ,x is evid5t t ) ?is re/riction ( ! speculative horizon1 !y 7 & mu/ rema9 :olly unable to em]ge into ! full light ( ! completely con/itut$ sci5ce ( society1 ) laws ( movem5t z well z laws ( equilibrium1 ) def9ite me?ods ( int]pret+ pa/ & pr$ict+ future /ates4 ,!y c\ld acc\nt = & describe ! g5esis ( ! social union1 z ,plato & ,ari/otle _h 9 diff]5t ways be5 able to d _m c5turies be=e2 & !y c\ld prescribe "s ( ! conditions ( its be+ ma9ta9$ 9 vig\r & compactness4 ,"s ( !m c\ld ev5 see 9 a vague way ! int]dep5d5ce ( peoples & ! community ( ! real int]e/s ( diff]5t nations1 ea* nation1 z ,de la ,rivire express$ x1 be+ only a prov9ce ( ! va/ k+dom ( nature1 a bran* f ! same trunk z ! re/4#de ,:at !y c\ld n see 0 ! great fact ( social evolution2 & "h too1 9 ! succession ( social /ates1 !re has be5 a natural & obs]vable ord]4 ,9 a ^w1 !y tri$ to und]/& society )\t ! aid ( hi/ory4 ,consequ5tly !y laid d[n ! tru?s :i* !y discov]$ z absolute & fix$1 :5 !y 7 no m ?an conditional & relative4 ,=tunately inquir]s 9 ano!r field _h set a movem5t afoot1 :i* 0 de/9$ to furni% ! supplem5t ( _! own speculation4 ,?is 0 ! rem>kable developm5t ( ! conception ( hi/ory1 :i* ,montesquieu's two memorable books fir/ made conspicu\s4 ,bossuet's well-kn[n disc\rse on univ]sal hi/ory1 teem+ z x does ) religi\s prejudice1 j z ,condorcet's sket* teems ) prejudice aga9/ religion1 & egregi\sly imp]fect 9 execution z x mu/ be pron\nc$ :5 judg$ f ev5 ! meane/ hi/orical /&>d1 _h p]haps p>tially introduc$ ! _s ( ,univ]sality1 z ,comte says1 into ! /udy ( hi/ory4 ,b x 0 impossible f ! nature ( ! case = any !ologian to "k fully :at ?is _s means2 & x 0 n until ! v middle ( ! foll[+ c5tury t any effective approa* 0 made to t univ]sality :i* ,bossuet did little m ?an talk ab\t4 ,!n x came n f !ology1 b f ! mu* m hopeful s\rces ( a rational philosophy4 ,be=e ,montesquieu no s+le /one ( ! f\ndation ( sci5tific hi/ory c be said to h be5 laid4 ,( c\rse1 f> e>li] writ]s _h s\ght aft] ! circum/ances :i* br\ght ab\t a giv5 transaction4 ,?ucydides1 = example1 _h attribut$ ! cause ( ! ,peloponnesian w> to ! al>m ( ! ,lac$monians at ! greatness ( ! p[] ( ,a!ns4#df ,x is ?is s5se ( ! ne$ ( explanation1 h[ev] rudim5t>y x may be1 :i* di/+ui%es ! great hi/orian f ! *ronicl]1 ev5 f a v sup]ior *ronicl] l ,livy1 :o 9 8 acc\nt ( ev5 s great an ev5t z ! ,second ,punic ,w> plunges /raightway into n>rative ( :at happ5$1 )\t conc]n+ himself :y x happ5$4 ,tacitus _h begun 8 ,hi/ories ) rem>ks ^u ! condition ( ,rome1 ! feel+ ( ! v>i\s armies1 ! attitude ( ! prov9ces1 s t1 z he says1 'non modo casus ev5tusque r]um1 qui pl]umque =tuiti sunt1 s$ ratio etiam causque noscantur4'#dg ,b ^! & ! l in/ances 9 hi/orical lit]ature 7 only political explanations1 m or less adequate1 ( p>ticul> transactions2 !y 7 no m ?an ! sagaci\s rem>ks ( m5 ) /atesmanlike m9ds1 ^u ! orig9 ( "s s+le set ( circum/ances4 ,! rise f ?is to ! high degree ( g5]ality :i* m>ks ! speculations ( ,montesquieu1 empirical z !y are1 0 z great z ! rise f ! m]e maxims ( worldly wisdom to ! wide/ pr9ciples ( e?ical philosophy4 ,polybius1 inde$1 9 ! rem>kable *apt]s ) :i* 8 ,hi/ories op51 uses expressions t are s mod]n z almo/ to />tle u4 ',p :o /udy hi/ory1' he says1 '9 sep>ate & deta*$ portions1 )\t ref]5ce to "o ano!r1 & suppose t f !m !y acquire a k ( ! :ole1 are l a man :o 9 look+ on ! sev]$ memb]s ( :at _h once be5 an animat$ & comely creature1 %\ld ?9k t ?is 0 en\gh to give him an idea ( its beauty & =ce :5 alive4 ,! empire ( ,rome 0 :at by its ext5t 9 ,italy1 ,africa1 ,asia1 ,greece1 br\ght hi/ory into ! condition ( be+ organic 7smatoeids74' ,8 object 0 to exam9e ! g5]al & collective ord]+ ( ev5ts2 :5 x came into exi/5ce2 :5ce x _h its s\rce2 h[ x _h ?is special completion & fulfilm5t--! univ]sal empire ( ,rome4#dh ,/rik+ z ?is is1 & admirable z x is1 !re is n 9 x any real trace ( ! ab/ract conception ( social hi/ory4 ,polybius recognises ! unity ( hi/ory1 s f> z t c\ld be und]/ood 9 ! second c5tury be=e ,*ri/1 b he treats 8 subject 9 ! concrete1 describ+ ! *a9 ( ev5ts1 b n attempt+ to seek _! law4 ,x 0 ,montesquieu :o fir/ appli$ ! comp>ative me?od to social in/itutions2 :o fir/ consid]$ physical conditions 9 connection ) ! laws ( a c\ntry2 :o fir/ p]ceiv$ & illu/rat$ h[ t natural ord] :i* ! ,physiocrats only consid]$ 9 relation to ! ph5om5a ( weal? & its production1 really ext5d$ ov] its political ph5om5a z well2 :o fir/ set ! example ( view+ a great numb] ( social facts all ov] ! _w 9 gr\ps & classes2 & :o fir/ def9itely & sy/ematically inquir$ into ! causes ( a set ( complex hi/orical ev5ts & in/itutions1 z be+ bo? discov]able & intelligible4 ,?is 0 a v m>k$ advance ^u bo? ( ! ideas1 by "o or o!r ( :i* m5 _h previ\sly be5 cont5t to expla9 to !mselves ! c\rse ( circum/ances 9 ! _w2 ei!r ! inscrutable decrees ( an inhuman provid5ce1 or ! =tuit\s vag>ies ( an eyeless de/9y4 ,x 0 ,turgot1 h[ev]1 :o complet$ ! hi/orical conception ( ,montesquieu1 9 a piece writt5 9 #agej1 two ye>s aft] ! appe>ance ( ! ,esprit des ,lois1 & 9 "o or two o!r fragm5t>y compositions ( ab\t ! same "t1 :i* are n ! less rem>kable because ! writ] 0 only tw5ty-?ree ye>s old :5 ^! advanc$ ideas pres5t$ !mselves to 8 intellig5ce4 ,vico 9 ,italy _h insi/$ on ! doctr9e t ! c\rse ( human affairs is 9 a cycle1 & t !y move 9 a con/ant & self-repeat+ orbit4#di ,turgot1 on ! contr>y1 ) m wisdom1 at ! op5+ ( 8 subject is c>eful to di/+ui% ! ev]-v>y+ spectacle ( ! succession ( m5 f g5]ation to g5]ation1 f ! circle ( id5tical revolutions 9 :i* ! ph5om5a ( nature are enclos$4 ,9 ! "o case "t only re/ores at ea* in/ant ! image ( :at x has j caus$ to disappe>2 9 ! o!r1 ! reason & ! passions are ev] incessantly produc+ new ev5ts4 ',all ! ages are l9k$ toge!r by a succession ( causes & effects :i* b9d ! /ate ( ! _w to all ! /ates t h gone be=e4 ,! multipli$ signs ( spee* & writ+1 9 supply+ m5 ) ! means ( an assur$ possession ( _! ?\ghts & ( communicat+ !m to "o ano!r1 h =m$ a common treasure t "o g5]ation transmits to ano!r1 z an inh]itance con/antly augm5t$ by ! discov]ies ( ea* g5]ation2 & ! human race1 look$ at f its orig91 appe>s 9 ! eyes ( ! philosoph] "o imm5se :ole1 :i*1 j z 9 ! case ( ea* individual1 has its infancy & its gr[?4'#ej ,pascal & o!rs 9 anci5t & mod]n times#ea _h comp>$ 9 casual & unfruitful rem>ks ! hi/ory ( ! race to ! hi/ory ( ! individual1 b ,turgot 0 able 9 "s sort to see ! full mean+ & ext5t ( ! analogy1 z well z ! limitations prop] to x1 & to draw f x "s ( ! l>g] pr9ciples :i* ! idea involv$4 ,! fir/ proposition 9 ! passage j quot$1 t a *a9 ( causes & effects unites ea* age ) e o!r age t has gone be=e1 is "o ( ! mo/ memorable s5t5ces 9 ! hi/ory ( ?\ght4 ,& ,turgot n only saw t !re is a relation ( cause & effect betwe5 successive /ates ( society2 he _h glimpses into "s ( ! conditions ( t relation4 ,to a g5]ation t /&s on l(ti] heights 8 attempts seem rudim5t>y & /rangely simple1 b x 0 ^! attempts :i* cut ! /eps = our asc5t4 ,h[ is x1 he ask$1 = in/ance1 t ! succession ( social /ates is n uni=m8 t !y foll[ ) unequal /ep along ! track m>k$ out = !m8 ,he f\nd ! answ] 9 ! inequality ( natural advantages1 & he 0 able to disc]n ! necessity ( includ+ 9 ^! advantages ! pres5ce1 app>5tly accid5tal1 9 "s communities & n 9 o!rs ( m5 ( especial g5ius or capacity 9 "s important direction4#eb ,aga91 he saw t j z 9 "o way natural advantages accel]ate ! progress ( a society1 9 ano!r natural ob/acles also accel]ate x1 by /imulat+ m5 to ! ef=ts necess>y to ov]come !m3 le beso9 p]fectionne l'in/rum5t4#ec ,! importance ( foll[+ ! m>* ( ! human m9d ov] all ! grooves along :i* x travels to fur!r k1 0 fully pres5t to him1 & he dwells repeat$ly on ! con/ant play go+ on betwe5 discov]ies 9 "o sci5ce & ^? 9 ano!r4 ,9 no writ] is !re a full] & m di/9ct s5se ( ! ess5tial unity & integrity ( ! hi/ory ( mank9d1 nor ( ! multitude ( ! mansions into :i* ?is va/ h\se is divid$1 & ! _m keys :i* he mu/ possess t w\ld op5 & ent] 94 ,ev5 9 empirical explanations ,turgot %[s a bread? & accuracy ( vision truly surpris+1 consid]+ 8 own y\? & :at we may v5ture to call ! y\? ( 8 subject4 ,! read] w be able to appreciate ?is1 & to disc]n at ! same "t ! arbitr>y nature ( ,montesquieu's me?od1 if he w contra/1 = example1 ! rem>ks ( ?is writ] ^u polygamy ) ! f> wid] & m sagaci\s explanation ( ! circum/ances ( su* an in/itution giv5 by ,turgot4#ed ,un=tunately1 he has left u only %ort & fragm5t>y pieces1 b !y sugge/ m ?an _m l>ge & complete works4 ,t !y _h a v p[]ful & direct influ5ce ^u ,condorcet !re is no d\bt1 z well f ! simil>ity ( g5]al conception betwe5 him & ,turgot1 z f ! ne>ly p]fect id5tity ( lead+ passages 9 _! writ+s4 ,let u add t 9 ,turgot's fragm5ts we h :at is unhappily n a *>act]i/ic ( ,condorcet1 ! peculi> satisfaction & delight 9 sci5tific hi/ory ( a /yle :i* /ates a fact 9 su* phrases z s]ve also to reveal its orig91 be>+s1 significance1 9 :i* e successive piece ( description is s word$ z to be self-evid5tly a l9k 9 ! *a9 ( explanation1 an ord]$ t]m 9 a s]ies ( social conditions4 ,be=e return+ to ,condorcet we ought to glance at ! rem>kable piece1 writt5 9 #aghd1 9 :i* ,kant prop\nd$ 8 idea ( a univ]sal or cosmo-political hi/ory1 :i* contemplat+ ! ag5cy ( ! human w ^u a l>ge scale %\ld unfold to our view a regul> /ream ( t5d5cy 9 ! great succession ( ev5ts4#ee ,! w metaphysically consid]$1 ,kant said1 is free1 b its manife/ations1 t is to say1 human actions1 'are z mu* "u ! control ( univ]sal laws ( nature z any o!r physical ph5om5a4' ,! v same c\rse ( incid5ts1 :i* tak5 sep>ately & individually w\ld h seem$ p]plex$ & incoh]5t1 'yet view$ 9 _! connection & z ! action ( ! human species & n ( indep5d5t be+s1 nev] fail to obs]ve a /eady & cont9u\s1 ?\gh sl[1 developm5t ( c]ta9 great pr$ispositions 9 our nature4' ,z x is impossible to presume 9 ! human race any rational purpose ( its own1 we mu/ seek to obs]ve "s natural purpose 9 ! curr5t ( human actions4 ,?us a hi/ory ( creatures ) no plan ( _! own1 may yet admit a sy/ematic =m z a hi/ory ( creatures bl9dly pursu+ a plan ( nature4 ,n[ we "k t all pr$ispositions are de/9$ to develop !mselves accord+ to _! f9al purpose4 ,man's rational pr$ispositions are de/9$ to develop !mselves 9 ! species & n 9 ! individual4 ,hi/ory !n is ! progress ( ! developm5t ( all ! t5d5cies laid 9 man by nature4 ,! me?od ( developm5t is ! antagonism ( ^! t5d5cies 9 ! social /ate1 & its s\rce ! unsocial sociality ( man--a t5d5cy to ent] ! social /ate1 comb9$ ) a p]petual resi/ance to t t5d5cy1 :i* is ev] ?reat5+ to dissolve x4 ,! play ( ^! two t5d5cies unfolds tal5ts ( e k9d1 & by gradual increase ( light a prep>ation is made = su* a mode ( ?9k+ z is capable ( 'exalt+ a social conc]t t _h be5 pa?ologically extort$ f ! m]e necessities ( situation1 into a moral union f\nd$ on ! reasonable *oice4' ,h5ce ! highe/ problem = man is ! e/abli%m5t ( a univ]sal civil society1 f\nd$ on ! empire ( political ju/ice2 & '! hi/ory ( ! human species z a :ole may be reg>d$ z ! unravell+ ( a hidd5 plan ( nature = accompli%+ a p]fect /ate ( civil con/itution = society 9 its int]nal relations 7&1 z ! condition ( t1 9 its ext]nal relations also71 z ! sole /ate ( society 9 :i* ! t5d5cies ( human nature c be all & fully develop$4' ,nor is ?is all4 ,we %all n only be able to unravel ! intricate web ( pa/ affairs1 b %all also f9d a clue = ! guidance ( future /atesm5 9 ! art ( political pr$iction4 ,nay m1 ?is clue 'w op5 a consolatory prospect into futurity1 9 :i* at a remote di/ance we %all obs]ve ! human species seat$ ^u an em95ce won by inf9ite toil1 :]e all ! g]ms are unfold$ :i* nature has implant$ )9 x1 & its de/9ation on ?is e>? accompli%$4' ,t ?is conception involves an assumption ab\t t5d5cies & f9al purposes :i* rev]ses ! true me?od ( hi/ory1 & moreov] r$uces :at ought to be a sci5tific inquiry to be a =egone ju/ification ( nature or provid5ce1 %\ld n prev5t u f appreciat+ its signal m]its 9 insi/+ on a sy/ematic pres5tation ( ! collective activity ( ! race1 & 9 po9t+ out1 h[ev] cursorily1 ! use ( su* an elucidation ( ! pa/ 9 furni%+ ! gr\nds ( practical guidance 9 deal+ ) ! future & 9 prep>+ x4 ,consid]+ ! brevity ( ?is little tract1 its pregnancy & sugge/iv5ess h n (t5 be5 equall$4 ,we h se5 en\gh ( x "h to enable u to realise ! diff]5ces betwe5 ?is & ! ,fr5* s*ool4 ,we miss ! :olesome objectivity1 result+ f ! /age :i* _h be5 rea*$ 9 ,france by ! physical sci5ces4 ,condorcet's s]ies ( loges %[s unmi/akably h[ deep an impression ! hi/ory ( physical discov]y _h made ^u him1 & h[ cle>ly he und]/ood ! value ( its me?ods4 ,! peculi> /udy :i* _! composition _h occasion$ him is ( itself almo/ en\gh to acc\nt = ! fact t a conception :i* _h long be5 prep>+ 9 ! sup]ior m9ds ( ! "t1 %\ld fully develop itself 9 him r ?an 9 anybody else4 ,,footnotes3 #db ,quesnay2 ,droit ,naturel1 *4 v4 ,les ,physiocrates1 i4 #eb4 #dc ,economi/es ,f9anci]s du #ah;ime ,sicle4 ,vauban's ,projet d'une ,dime ,royale 7p4 #cc71 & ,boisguilleb]t's ,factum de la ,france1 etc4 7p4 #bdh et seq47 #dd ,de la ,rivire1 = in/ance1 v notably4 ,cf4 8 ,ordre ,naturel des ,socits ,politiques4 ,physiocrates1 ii4 #dfi1 #fcf1 etc4 ,see also ,baudeau on ! sup]iority ( ! ,economic ,mon>*y ,ib4 pp4 #ghc-gia4 #de ,ordre ,nat4 des ,soc4 ,pol4 p4 #ebf4 #df ,bk4 i4 #bc4 #dg ,hi/4 i4 #d4 #dh ,polyb4 ,hi/4 ,i4 iii4 #d2 iv4 #c1 #g4 #di ,! well-kn[n words ( ,?ucydides may conta9 ! g]m ( ! same idea1 :5 he speaks ( ! future z be+ likely to repres5t aga91 aft] ! fa%ion ( human ?+s1 'if n ! v image1 yet ! ne> resemblance ( ! pa/4' ,bk4 i4 #bb1 #d4 #ej ,disc\rs en ,sorbonne4 ,oeuv4 de ,turgot1 ii4 #eig4 7,ed4 ( #ahdd74 #ea ,cf4 ,sir ,g4 ,c4 ,lewis's ,me?ods ( ,obs]vation 9 ,politics1 ii4 #dci1 note4 #eb ,oeuv4 de ,turgot1 ii4 #eii1 #fde1 etc4 #ec ,ib4 ii4 #fja4 #ed ,esprit des ,lois1 xvi4 cc4 #b-d4 ,& ,disc\rs sur l',hi/oire ,univ]selle1 9 ,turgot's ,works1 ii4 #fdj1 #fda4 ,= a fur!r acc\nt ( ,turgot's speculations1 see article ,turgot 9 ! pres5t volume4 #ee ,idea ( a ,univ]sal ,hi/ory on a ,cosmo-,political ,plan4 ,x 0 translat$ by ,de ,qu9cey1 & is to be f\nd 9 vol4 xiii4 ( 8 collect$ works1 pp4 #acc-aeb4 ,v4 ,! ,physiocrats1 z we h se51 _h introduc$ ! idea ( !re be+ a natural ord] 9 social circum/ances1 t ord] be+ natural :i* is mo/ advantage\s to mank9d4 ,turgot _h decl>$ t "o age is b\nd to ano!r by a *a9 ( causation4 ,condorcet fus$ ^! two conceptions4 ,he view$ ! hi/ory ( ! ages z a :ole1 & f\nd 9 _! succession a natural ord]2 an ord] :i*1 :5 un9t]rupt$ & undi/urb$1 t5d$ to accumulate untold advantages ^u ! human race1 :i* 0 e day becom+ m pla9 to ! vision ( m51 & !re=e e day m & m assur$ f di/urbance by ignorant prejudice & s9i/] int]e/s4 ,!re is an ord] at once among ! circum/ances ( a giv5 g5]ation1 & among ! successive sets ( circum/ances ( successive g5]ations4 ',if we consid] ! developm5t ( human faculties 9 its results1 s f> z !y relate to ! individuals :o exi/ at ! same "t on a giv5 space1 & if we foll[ t developm5t f g5]ation to g5]ation1 !n we h be=e u ! picture ( ! progress ( ! human m9d4 ,?is progress is subject to ! same g5]al laws t are to be obs]v$ 9 ! developm5t ( ! faculties ( individuals1 = x is ! result ( t developm5t1 consid]$ at ! same "t 9 a great numb] ( individuals unit$ 9 society4 ,b ! result t pres5ts itself at any "o in/ant dep5ds ^u t :i* 0 (f]$ by ! in/ants prec$+2 9 turn x influ5ces ! result 9 times /ill to foll[4' ,?is picture w be ( a hi/orical "*1 inasmu* z be+ subject to p]petual v>iations x is =m$ by ! obs]vation 9 due ord] ( diff]5t human societies 9 diff]5t epo*s ?r\gh :i* !y h pass$4 ,x w expose ! ord] ( ! v>i\s *anges1 ! influ5ce ex]cis$ by ea* p]iod ov] ! next1 & ?us w %[ 9 ! modifications impress$ ^u ! race1 ev] r5ew+ itself 9 ! imm5sity ( ! ages1 ! track t x has foll[$1 & ! exact /eps t x has tak5 t[>ds tru? & happ9ess4 ,su* obs]vation ( :at man has be5 & ( :at he is1 w !n lead u to means prop] = assur+ & accel]at+ ! fre% progress t 8 nature all[s u to anticipate /ill fur!r4#ef ',if a man is able to pr$ict ) ne>ly p]fect confid5ce1 ph5om5a ) ^: laws he is acqua9t$2 if1 ev5 :5 !y are unkn[n to him1 he is able1 9 accordance ) ! exp]i5ce ( ! pa/1 to =esee ) a l>ge degree ( probability ! ev5ts ( ! future1 :y %\ld we treat x z a *im]ical ent]prise1 to trace ) "s v]isimilitude ! picture ( ! future de/9ies ( ! human race 9 accordance ) ! results ( its hi/ory8 ,! only f\ndation ( belief 9 ! natural sci5ces is ?is idea1 t ! g5]al laws1 kn[n or unkn[n1 :i* regulate ! ph5om5a ( ! univ]se are necess>y & con/ant2 & :y %\ld ?is pr9ciple be less true = ! developm5t ( ! moral & intellectual faculties ( man ?an = o!r natural op]ations8 ,9 %ort1 op9ions gr\nd$ on pa/ exp]i5ce 9 objects ( ! same ord] be+ ! s+le rule ( conduct = ev5 ! wise/ m51 :y %\ld ! philosoph] be =bidd5 to re/ 8 conjectures on ! same base1 provid$ t he nev] attributes to !m a degree ( c]ta9ty beyond :at is w>rant$ by ! numb]1 ! con/ancy1 & ! accuracy ( 8 obs]vations8'#eg ,?us ,condorcet's purpose 0 n to ju/ify nature1 z x _h be5 ) ,kant1 b to se>* 9 ! pa/ = rational gr\nds ( a belief 9 ! unb\nd$ spl5d\r ( m5's future de/9ies4 ,8 view ( ! "* ( ! relations among ! circum/ances ( ! social union1 ei!r at a giv5 mom5t or 9 a succession ( p]iods1 0 bo? accurate & f>-sight$4 ,:5 he came actually to execute 8 own great idea1 & to specify ! mann] 9 :i* ^? relations arose & op]at$1 he in/antly div]g$ f ! "r pa?4 ,progress 9 8 m9d is exclusively produc$ by improvem5t 9 intellig5ce4 ,x is ! necess>y result ( man's activity 9 ! face ( t disproportion ev] exi/+ betwe5 :at he kn[s & :at he desires & feels ! necessity to "k4#eh ,h5ce ! mo/ fatal ( ! errors ( ,condorcet's sket*4 ,he measures only ! contributions made by nations & eras to :at we "k2 leav+ out ( sight _! failures & successes 9 ! elevation ( moral /&>ds & ideals1 & 9 ! purification ( human passions4 ,n[ ev5 if we hold ! intellectual pr9ciple only to be progressive1 & ! moral elem5ts to be fix$1 be+ col\r$ & %ap$ & quick5$ by ! surr\nd+ intellectual conditions1 /ill1 inasmu* z ! mann] ( ?is %ap+ & col\r+ is cont9ually *ang+ & lead+ to ! mo/ important trans=mations ( human activity & s5tim5t1 x mu/ obvi\sly be a radical defici5cy 9 any picture ( social progress to leave out ! developm5t ( e?ics1 :e!r x be a d]ivative or an indep5d5t & spontane\s developm5t4 ,"o seeks 9 va9 9 ,condorcet's sket* = any acc\nt ( ! natural hi/ory ( we/]n morals1 or = any sign ( consci\sness on 8 "p t ! diff]5ce 9 e?ical discipl9e & feel+ betwe5 ! mo/ f]oci\s ( primitive tribes & ! mo/ enlight5$ eighte5?-c5tury ,fr5*m51 0 a result ( evolution t ne$$ hi/orical explanation1 q z mu* z ! diff]5ce betwe5 ! a/rolatry ( "o age & ! a/ronomy ( ano!r4 ,we f9d no recognition ( ! propriety ( rec\nt+ ! v>i\s /eps ( t long process by :i*1 to use ,kant's pregnant phrase1 ! relations born ( pa?ological necessity 7 metamorphos$ into ^? ( moral union4 ,! grave & l(ty feel+1 = example1 :i* inspir$ ! la/ words ( ! ,tableau--:5ce came x8 ,( :at long-drawn *a9 ( causes 9 ! pa/ 0 x ! la/ effect8 ,x is n en\gh to ref] u g5]ally to previ\s advances 9 k & intellectual emancipation1 because ev5 suppos+ ! successive modifications ( our moral s5sibilities to be fundam5tally due to ! progress ( intellectual enlight5m5t1 we /ill want to "k 9 ! fir/ place some?+ ab\t ! influ5ces :i* h>ness "o process to ! o!r1 & 9 ! second place1 some?+ ab\t ! p>ticul> directions :i* ^! modifications ( moral con/itution h tak54 ,if ?is is "o v radical omission 9 ,condorcet's s*eme1 8 angry & vehem5t av]sion = ! v>i\s religions ( ! _w 7) p]haps "o exception7 is a s9 ( commission /ill m damag+ to its complet5ess4 ,t he %\ld dete/ ! corrupt & oppressive =ms ( religion ( 8 own c5tury 0 nei!r surpris+ nor blamable4 ,an unfav\rable view ( ! influ5ces ^u human developm5t ( ! ,*ri/ian belief1 ev5 9 its lea/ corrupt =ms1 0 n by any means unt5able4 ,nay1 he 0 at lib]ty to g fur!r ?an ?is1 & to depict religion z a natural infirmity ( ! human m9d 9 its immature /ages1 j z !re are specific disord]s incid5t 9 *ildhood to ! human body4 ,ev5 on ?is !ory1 he 0 b\nd to h&le x ) ! same calmness :i* he w\ld h expect$ to f9d 9 a pa?ological treatise by a physician4 ,:o w\ld write ( ! sweat+ sickness ) indignation1 or describe zymotic diseases ) res5tm5t8 ,condorcet's p]t9aci\s ang] aga9/ !ology is j z irrational z ?is w\ld be1 f ! sci5tific po9t ( view :i* he pret5ds to h assum$4 ,!ology1 9 fact1 0 p>tly av5g$ ( h] assailants1 = %e _h 9 ! /ruggle contriv$ to infect !m ) ! bitt] contagion ( h] own traditional _s4 ,f ! e>lie/ times to ! late/ x is all "o /ory accord+ to ,condorcet4 ,he c speak ) respect ( philosophies ev5 :51 z 9 ! case ( ! ,scot* s*ool ( ! la/ c5tury1 he dislikes & condemns !m4#ei ,( religion 8 contempt & hatr$ only v>y slightly 9 degree4 ,b>b>\s tribes h sorc]]s1 trad+ on ! gross sup]/itions ( _! dupes3 s 9 o!r guise & ) diff]5t names h civilis$ nations to-day4 ,z o!r arts progress$1 sup]/ition1 too1 became less rude2 prie/ly families kept all k 9 _! own h&s1 & ?us pres]v$ _! hypocritical & tyrannical assumptions f detection4 ,!y disclos$ no?+ to ! p )\t "s sup]natural admixture1 ! bett] to ma9ta9 _! p]sonal pret5sions4 ,!y _h two doctr9es1 "o = !mselves1 & ! o!r = ! p4 ,sometimes1 z !y 7 divid$ into sev]al ord]s1 ea* ( !m res]v$ to itself c]ta9 my/]ies4 ,?us all ! inf]ior ord]s 7 at once rogues & dupes1 & ! great sy/em ( hypocrisy 0 only kn[n 9 all its complet5ess to a few adepts4 ,*ri/ianity belong$ to ! same class4 ,its prie/s1 we mu/ admit1 '9 spite ( _! knav]ies & _! vices1 7 en?usia/s ready to p]i% = _! doctr9es4' ,9 va9 did ,julian endeav\r to deliv] ! empire f ! sc\rge4 ,its triumph 0 ! signal = ! incurable decay ( all art & k4 ,! ,*ur* may seem to h done "s good 9 ?+s :]e h] int]e/s did n happ5 to cla% ) ! int]e/s ( ,europe1 z 9 help+ to aboli% slav]y1 = in/ance2 b aft] all 'circum/ances & mann]s' w\ld h produc$ ! result necess>ily & ( !mselves4 ,morality1 :i* 0 taught by ! prie/s only1 conta9$ ^? univ]sal pr9ciples t h be5 unkn[n to no sect2 b x creat$ a ho/ ( purely religi\s duties1 & ( imag9>y s9s4 ,^! duties 7 m rigor\sly enjo9$ ?an ^? ( nature1 & actions t 7 indiff]5t1 legitimate1 or ev5 virtu\s1 7 m sev]ely rebuk$ & puni%$ ?an real crimes4 ,yet1 on ! o!r h&1 a mom5t ( rep5tance1 consecrat$ by ! absolution ( a prie/1 op5$ ! gates ( heav5 to ! wor/ miscreants4#fj ,9 ! op5+ ( ! la/ ( ^! rem>ks !re is mu* ju/ice4 ,s !re is 9 ! /rik+ sugge/ion made 9 ano!r place1 t we %\ld n bless errone\s sy/ems = _! utility1 simply because !y help to repair "s small "p ( ! mis*ief ( :i* !y h !mselves be5 ! pr9cipal cause4#fa ,b on ! :ole x is obvi\s t ,condorcet 0 unfitt$ by 8 temp]1 & t ( ! s*ool to :i* he mo/ belong$1 f accept+ religion z a fact 9 ! hi/ory ( ! human m9d t mu/ h "s positive explanation4 ,to look at x 9 ?is way z ! creation ( a h&ful ( selfi% impo/ors 9 ea* community1 0 to %[ a radical incompet5ce to c>ry out ! s*eme :i* _h be5 s sci5tifically project$4 ,! picture is ru9$ by ! angry c>icature ( :at ought to h be5 "o ( ! mo/ important figures 9 x4 ,to ?is place ! ,*ri/ian ,*ur* is und5iably entitl$1 h[ev] we may be dispos$ to /rike ! balance betwe5 ! und\bt$ injuries & ! und\bt$ advantages :i* x has be5 ! means ( deal+ to ! civilisation ( ! we/4 ,nev] p]haps 0 !re s ?or\gh an inv]sion ( ! true view ( ! comp>ative elevation ( diff]5t p>ts ( human "*1 z is impli$ 9 ,condorcet's /range h9t t ,cromwell's satellites w\ld h be5 mu* bett] m5 if !y _h c>ri$ in/ead ( ! ,bible at _! saddle-b[s "s m]ry book ( ! /amp ( ,voltaire's ,pucelle4#fb ,ap>t f ! misread+ ( hi/ory 9 expla9+ religion by ! folly ( ! _m & ! frauds ( a few1 ,condorcet's int]pretation involv$ ! pr(\nde/ infidelity to 8 own doctr9e ( ! intr9sic purity & exaltation ( human nature4 ,?is doctr9e ought 9 all reason to h l$ him to look = ! secret ( ! popul> acceptance ( beliefs t to him seem$ mo/ outrage\s1 9 "s possibly f9] side :i* !y might possess = o!rs1 appeal+ n to ! l[] b to ! high] qualities ( a nature ) in/9cts ( p]fection4 ,take 8 acc\nt ( ,purgatory1 = in/ance4 ,! prie/s1 he says1 drew up s m9ute & compreh5sive a table ( s9s t nobody c\ld hope to escape f c5sure4 ,"h y come ^u "o ( ! mo/ lucrative bran*es ( ! sac]dotal traffick+2 p 7 taught to imag9e a hell ( limit$ duration1 :i* ! prie/s only _h ! p[] to abridge2 & ?is grace !y sold1 fir/ to ! liv+1 !n to ! k9sm5 & fri5ds ( ! dead4#fc ,n[ x 0 surely m wor?y ( a belief 9 ! natural depravity ?an 9 ! natural p]fectibility ( ! sons ( ,adam1 ?us to assume )\t p>ley or proviso a base m]c5>9ess on ! "o h&1 & grovell+ t]ror on ! o!r1 z ! orig9 ( a doctr9e :i* 0 obvi\sly susceptible ( a k9d] explanation4 ,w\ld x n h be5 m consi/5t ) belief 9 human goodness to ref] ! doctr9e to a m]ciful & affectionate & truly humanis+ anxiety to assuage ! horrors ( :at is p]haps ! mo/ frightful idea t has ev] corrod$ human "*1 ! idea ( et]nal puni%m5t8 ,we c\ld 9 "p h p>don$ ,condorcet if he _h /riv5 to inv5t ev] s fanciful orig9s = op9ions & belief 9 8 solicitude = ! cr$it ( humanity4 ,z x is1 he di/orts ! hi/ory ( religion only to humanity's discr$it4 ,h[1 if ! p 7 always pr$ispos$ to virtue1 7 prie/s1 sprung ( ! same p & br$ 9 ! same traditions1 s inv>iably & incurably devot$ to bas5ess & hypocrisy8 ,0 ! nature ( a prie/ absolutely devoid ( :at physicians call recup]ative =ce1 re/or+ him to a s\nd m9d1 9 spite ( pr(essional p]v]sion8 ,9 f9e1 if man _h be5 s grossly enslav$ 9 moral nature f ! beg9n+ ( ! _w d[n to ! ye> #aghi or !reab\ts1 h[ 0 x possible t not)/&+ ! admitt$ sl[ness ( civilis+ processes1 he %\ld sudd5ly spr+ =? ! v p]fectible & ne>ly p]fect$ be+ t ,condorcet passionately imag9$ him to be8#fd ,x has already be5 h9t$ t !re 0 "o p>tial exception to ,condorcet's o!rwise all-embrac+ animosity aga9/ religion4 ,?is 0 ,mahometanism4 ,t[>ds ?is 8 attitude is fully appreciative1 ?\gh ( c\rse he deplores ! sup]/itions :i* mix$ !mselves up ) ! ,arabian prophet's ef=ts = ! purification ( ! m5 ( 8 nation4 ,aft] ! sev5 vials ( fi]y wra? h be5 p\r$ out ^u ! cre$ ( ,pale/9e1 x is refre%+ to f9d ! cre$ ( ,arabia almo/ patronis$ & prais$4 ,! writ] :o c\ld n h f\nd 9 8 he>t to ?9k ,gregory ! ,great or ,hildebr& o!r ?an a m]c5>y impo/or1 nor ,cromwell o!r ?an an ambiti\s hypocrite1 admits ) exquisite bl&ness ( ,mahomet t he _h ! art ( employ+ all ! means ( subjugat+ m5 avec adresse1 mais avec gr&eur4#fe ,ano!r reason1 no d\bt1 besides 8 hatr$ ( ! ,*ur*1 lay at ! bottom ( ,condorcet's tol]ance or m t[>ds ,mahometanism4 ,! ,arabian sup]/ition 0 n fatal to k1 ,arabian activity 9 algebra1 *emi/ry1 optics1 & a/ronomy1 aton$ 9 ,condorcet's eyes = ! ,koran4 ,x is fair to add fur!r1 t ,condorcet %[$ a m j appreciation ( ! effects ( ,prote/antism ^u we/]n developm5t ?an has be5 common among ,fr5* ?9k]s4 ,he recognises t m5 :o _h le>nt1 h[ev] imp]fectly1 to submit _! religi\s prejudices to rational exam9ation1 w\ld naturally be likely to ext5d ! process to political prejudices also4 ,moreov]1 if ! re=m$ *ur*es refus$ to r5d] to reason all its rights1 /ill !y agre$ t its prison %\ld be less n>r[2 ! *a9 0 n brok51 b x ceas$ to be ei!r s heavy or s %ort z x _h be54 ,& 9 c\ntries :]e :at 0 by ! dom9ant sect insol5tly /yl$ tol]ance succe$$ 9 e/abli%+ itself1 x 0 possible to ma9ta9 ! tol]at$ doctr9es ) a m or less complete fre$om4 ,s !re arose 9 ,europe a sort ( fre$om ( ?\ght1 n = m51 b = ,*ri/ians2 &1 'if we except ,france1 x is only = ,*ri/ians t x exi/s any:]e else at ! pres5t day1' a limitation :i* has n[ =tunately ceas$ to be altoge!r exact4#ff ,if we h smil$ at ! ease ) :i* :at is rank craft9ess 9 a ,*ri/ian is ton$ d[n into address 9 a ,mahometan1 we may be amus$ too at ! l5i5cy t describes "s ( ! propag&i/ me?ods ( ! eighte5? c5tury4 ,condorcet becomes raptur\s z he tells 9 a p>agraph ( f9e su/5tion ) :at admixture ( ! wisdom ( ! s]p5t ! humane philosoph]s ( 8 c5tury 'cov]$ ! tru? ) a veil t prev5t$ x f hurt+ too weak sight1 & left ! pleasure ( conjectur+ x2 c>ess+ prejudices ) address1 to deal !m ! m c]ta9 bl[s2 sc>cely ev] ?reat5+ !m1 nor ev] m ?an "o at once1 nor ev5 "o 9 its integrity2 sometimes consol+ ! enemies ( reason by pret5d+ to desire no m ?an a half-tol]ance 9 religion & half-lib]ty 9 politics2 conciliat+ despotism :ile !y combat$ ! absurdities ( religion1 & religion :5 !y rose aga9/ despotism2 attack+ ^! two sc\rges 9 _! pr9ciple1 ev5 :5 !y seem$ only to be> ill-w to revolt+ or ridicul\s abuses1 & /rik+ ^! poison\s trees 9 _! v roots1 :ile !y appe>$ to be do+ no m ?an prun+ crook$ bran*es4'#fg ,imag9e ! holy rage ) :i* su* acts w\ld h be5 attack$1 if ,condorcet _h happ5$ to be writ+ ab\t ! ,jesuits4 ,alas6 ! /]n & s]5e composure ( ! hi/orical consci5ce 0 z unkn[n to him z x is always to or?odox apologi/s4 ,x is to be said1 moreov]1 t he _h less excuse = be+ )\t x1 = he re/$ on ! goodness ( m51 & n1 z !ologians re/1 on _! vil5ess4 ,x is a mo/ int]e/+ ?+1 we may notice 9 pass+1 to consid] :at 0 ! effect ^u ! ,revolution ( ?is artfulness or prud5ce ) :i* its !oretic precursors s[$ ! se$4 ,0 x z truly wise z ,condorcet suppos$8 ,or did x weak51 almo/ corrupt1 ! v roots8 ,0 x ! secret ( ! ?or\ghness ) :i* ! "w ( demolition 0 done8 ,0 x1 too1 ! secret ( ! _m & disa/r\s failures 9 ! task ( recon/ruction8#fh ,!re are "o or two deta*$ rem>ks sugge/$ by ,condorcet's picture1 :i* x may be wor? :ile to make4 ,he is fully alive1 = example1 to ! importance to mank9d ( ! appe>ance among !m ( "o ( ^? m5 ( creative g5ius1 l ,ar*im$es or l ,newton1 ^: lives con/itute an epo* 9 human hi/ory4 ,_! v exi/5ce he saw to be among ! greate/ b5efits conf]r$ on ! race by ,nature4 ,he h>dly seems to h be5 /ruck1 on ! o!r h&1 ) ! appall+ & incessant wa/e ( ^! b5efits t goes on2 ) ! numb] ( m5 ( ,newtonian capacity :o are und\bt$ly born into ! _w only to *ronicle small be]2 ) ! ho/s ( high & wor?y s\ls :o lab\r & flit away l %ad[s1 p]i%+ 9 ! accompli%m5t ( m9or & subord9ate ends4 ,we may suspect t ! notion ( all ?is immeasurable pr(usion ( priceless treasures1 its position z "o ( ! laws ( ! condition ( man on ! globe1 w\ld be unspeakably h>d ( endurance to "o hold+ ,condorcet's peculi> =m ( optimism4 ,aga91 if we _h space1 x w\ld be wor? :ile to exam9e "s ( ! acute & +5i\s h9ts :i* ,condorcet ?r[s out by ! way4 ,x w\ld be int]e/+ to consid]1 z he sugge/s1 ! influ5ce ^u ! progress ( ! human m9d ( ! *ange f writ+ on su* subjects z sci5ce1 philosophy1 & jurisprud5ce 9 ,lat91 to ! usual language ( ea* c\ntry4 ,t *ange r5d]$ ! sci5ces m popul>1 b x increas$ ! tr\ble ( ! sci5tific m5 9 foll[+ ! g5]al m>* ( k4 ,x caus$ a book to be read 9 "o c\ntry by m m5 ( inf]ior compet5ce1 b less read ?r\gh\t ,europe by m5 ( sup]ior light4 ,& ?\gh x relieves m5 :o h no leisure = ext5sive /udy f ! tr\ble ( le>n+ ,lat91 x imposes ^u pr(\nd] p]sons ! necessity ( le>n+ a v>iety ( mod]n languages4#fi ,aga91 gr\nd is brok5 = ! mo/ important reflection1 9 ! rem>k t m5 pres]ve ! prejudices ( _! *ildhood1 _! c\ntry1 & _! age1 long aft] !y h recognis$ all ! tru?s necess>y to de/roy !m4#gj ,p]haps mo/ in/ructive & mo/ tranquillis+ ( all is ?is1 t ! progress ( physical k is con/antly de/roy+ 9 sil5ce errone\s op9ions :i* _h nev] seem$ to be attack$4#ga ,& 9 read+ hi/ory1 h[ mu* ignorance & mis9t]pretation w\ld h be5 avoid$1 if ! /ud5t _h b be5 c>eful to rememb] t '! law z writt5 & ! law z adm9i/]$2 ! pr9ciples ( ^? 9 p[]1 & ! modification ( _! action by ! s5tim5ts ( ! gov]n$2 an in/itution z x emanates f ^? :o =m x1 & ! same in/itution realis$2 ! religion ( books1 & t ( ! p2 ! app>5t univ]sality ( a prejudice1 & ! sub/antial adhesion t x receives2 ^! may all diff] 9 su* a way t ! effects absolutely cease to answ] to ! public & recognis$ causes4'#gb ,,footnotes3 #ef ,tableau des ,progrs de l',esprit ,huma94 ,oeuv4 vi4 #ab1 #ac4 #eg ,oeuv4 vi4 #bcf4 #eh ,ib4 vi4 #ba4 #ei ,oeuv4 vi4 #ahf4 #fj ,oeuv4 vi4 pp4 #ce1 #ee1 #aja1 #ajb1 #aaa1 #aag1 #aah1 etc4 #fa ,diss]tation sur cette "q3 ,s'il e/ utile aux hommes d'tre tromps8--"o ( ! be/ ( ,condorcet's writ+s4 ,oeuv4 v4 #cfj4 #fb ,see ,condorcet's v9dication ( ! ,pucelle 9 8 ,life ( ,voltaire4 ,oeuv4 iv4 #hh1 #hi4 ,see also ,comte's ,phil4 ,pos4 v4 #dej4 #fc ,oeuv4 vi4 #aah4 #fd ,z ,m4 ,comte says 9 8 rem>ks on ,condorcet 7,phil4 ,pos4 iv4 #ahe-aic73 ',le progrs total f9alem5t accompli ne peut tre sans d\te que le rsultat gnral de l'accumulation spontane des div]s progrs p>tiels successivem5t raliss depuis l'orig9e de la civilisation1 en v]tu de la m>*e successivem5t l5te et graduelle de la nature huma9e2' s t ,condorcet's picture pres5ts a /&+ miracle1 'o l'on s'e/ mme int]dit d'abord la ress\rce vulgaire de la ,provid5ce4' ,comte's criticism1 h[ev]1 seems to leave out ( sight :at full ju/ice ,condorcet did to ! v>i\s p>tial advances 9 ! intellectual ord]4 #fe ,oeuv4 vi4 #abj-abc4 #ff ,oeuv4 vi4 #adi1 #aec4 #fg ,ib4 #ahg-ahi4 #fh ,x is wor? :ile to quote on ?is subject a passage f ,condorcet z hi/orically in/ructive z x is morally dang]\s4 ',la ncessit de m5tir p\r dsav\] un ouvrage e/ une extrmit qui rpugne galem5t la consci5ce et la noblesse du c>actre2 mais le crime e/ p\r les hommes inju/es qui r5d5t ce dsaveu ncessaire la sret de celui qu'ils y =c5t4 ,si v\s avez rig en crime ce qui n'en e/ pas un1 si v\s avez port atte9te1 p> des lois absurdes ou p> des lois arbitraires1 au droit naturel qu'ont t\s les hommes1 non seulem5t d'avoir une op9ion1 mais de la r5dre publique1 alors v\s mritez de p]dre celui qu'a *aque homme d'ent5dre la vrit de la b\*e d'un autre1 droit qui fonde seul l'obligation rig\reuse de ne pas m5tir4 ,s'il n'e/ pas p]mis de tromp]1 c'e/ p>ceque tromp] quelqu'un1 c'e/ lui faire un tort1 ou s'expos] lui en faire un2 mais le tort suppose un droit1 et p]sonne n'a celui de *]*e1 s'assur] les moy5s de commettre une inju/ice4' ,vie de ,voltaire2 ,oeuv4 iv4 #cc1 #cd4 ,condorcet might h f\nd "s c\nt5ance = 8 sophisms 9 ,plato 7,republ4 ii4 #chc72 b ev5 ,plato re/rict$ ! privilege ( ly+ to /atesm5 7iii4 #chi74 ,he 0 9 a wis] mood :5 he decl>$ 7,oeuv4 v4 #chd7 t x is bett] to be imprud5t ?an a hypocrite1--?\gh = t matt] ^! are h>dly ! only alt]natives4 #fi ,oeuv4 vi4 #afc4 #gj ,ib4 vi4 #bb4 #ga ,ib4 p4 #bbj4 #gb ,oeuv4 p4 #bcd4 ,,vi4 ,we h n[ se5 some?+ ( ,condorcet's ideas ( ! pa/1 & ( 8 conception ( :at he 0 p]haps ! fir/ to call ! ,sci5ce ( ,man4 ,let u turn to 8 hopes = ! future1 & "o or two ( ! details to :i* 8 /udy ( ! sci5ce ( man conduct$ him4 ,x is well to p]ceive at ! outset t ,condorcet's views ( ! ,t5? ,epo*1 z he c\nts ! p]iod ext5d+ f ! ,fr5* ,revolution to ! era ( ! indef9ite p]fection ( man1 7 9 tru? n ! result ( any sci5tific processes :atev]1 prop]ly s call$4 ,he saw1 & ?is is 8 m]it1 t su* processes 7 applicable to ! affairs ( society2 & t1 z he put x1 all political & moral errors re/ ^u error 9 philosophy1 :i* 9 turn is b\nd up ) errone\s me?ods 9 physical sci5ce4#gc ,b 9 ! execution ( 8 plan he does n succe$ 9 %[+ ! nature ( ! relations ( ^! connect$ =ces2 /ill less does he practise ! sci5tific duty1 = illu/rat+ :i* he gives su* well-des]v$ glory to ,newton1#gd ( n only acc\nt+ = ph5om5a1 b also ( measur+ ! quantity ( =ces4 ,8 conception1 !re=e1 ( future progress1 h[ev] ne> conjecture may possibly h br\ght him to ! tru?1 is yet no m ?an conjecture4 ,! root ( x is f\nd 9 no?+ m precise1 def9ite1 or quantifi$ ?an a g5]al notion ga!r$ f hi/ory1 t "s portions ( ! race _h made p]ceptible advances 9 fre$om & enlight5m5t1 & t we might !re=e confid5tly expect /ill fur!r advances to be made 9 ! same direction ) an accel]at$ rapidity1 & ) c]ta9 advantage\s effects ^u ! happ9ess ( ! :ole mass ( ! human race4 ,9 %ort1 ! end ( ! speculation is a confirm$ & height5$ conviction ( ! indef9ite p]fectibility ( ! species1 ) c]ta9 =e%ad[+s ( ! direction :i* ?is p]fectibility w\ld ultimately foll[4 ,! same rebellion aga9/ ! disord] & mis]y ( ! c5tury1 :i* drove "s ?9k]s & politicians into fi]ce ye>n+s = an imag9>y /ate ( nature1 & o!rs into an extravagant admiration = ! anci5t republics1 caus$ a ?ird s*ool1 & ,condorcet among !m1 to turn _! eyes ) equally b\ndless confid5ce & ye>n+ t[>ds an imag9>y future4 ,x 0 at all ev5ts ! lea/ desp]ate error ( ! ?ree4 ,our expectations = ! future1 ,condorcet held1 may be r$uc$ to ^! ?ree po9ts3 ! de/ruction ( inequality among nations2 ! progress ( equality among ! p ( any giv5 nation2 &1 f9ally ! sub/antial p]fect+ 7p]fectionnem5t rel7 ( man4 ,i4 ,) ref]5ce to ! fir/ ( ^! great aspirations1 x w be br\ght ab\t by ! ab&onm5t by ,european peoples ( _! comm]cial monopolies1 _! trea*]\s practices1 _! mis*iev\s & extravagant proselytis+1 & _! sangu9>y contempt = ^? ( ano!r col\r or ano!r cre$4 ,va/ c\ntries1 n[ a prey to b>b>ism & viol5ce1 w pres5t 9 "o region num]\s populations only wait+ to receive ! means & in/rum5ts ( civilisation f u1 & z soon z !y f9d bro!rs 9 ! ,europeans1 w joyfully become _! fri5ds & pupils2 & 9 ano!r region1 nations enslav$ "u ! yoke ( despots or conqu]ors1 cry+ al\d = s _m ages = lib]ators4 ,9 yet o!r regions1 x is true1 !re are tribes almo/ savage1 cut (f by ! h>%ness ( _! climate f a p]fect$ civilisation1 or else conqu]+ hordes1 ignorant ( e law b viol5ce & e trade b brig&age4 ,! progress ( ^! la/ two descriptions ( p w naturally be m t>dy1 & att5d$ by m /orm & convulsion4 ,x is possible ev51 t r$uc$ 9 numb]1 9 proportion z !y see !mselves repuls$ by civilis$ nations1 !y w end by ins5sibly disappe>+4#ge ,x is p]haps a little h>d to expect ,esquimaux or ! b>b>ic m>aud]s ( ! s&y expanses ( ,c5tral ,asia ins5sibly to disappe>1 le/ by _! *e]less pres5ce !y %\ld de/roy ! unity & h>mony ( ! trans=mation sc5e 9 ! great drama ( ,p]fectibility4 ,,ii4 ,! pr9cipal causes ( ! inequality t un=tunately exi/s among ! p ( ! same community are ?ree 9 numb]3--inequality 9 weal?2 inequality ( condition betwe5 ! man ^: means ( subsi/5ce are bo? assur$ & transmissible1 & him = :om ^! means dep5d ^u ! duration ( 8 work+ life2 ?irdly1 inequality ( in/ruction4 ,h[ are we to e/abli% a cont9ual t5d5cy 9 ^! ?ree s\rces ( inequality to dim9i% 9 activity & p[]8 ,to less51 ?\gh n to demoli%1 inequalities 9 weal?1 x w be necess>y = all artificial re/rictions & exclusive advantages to be remov$ f fiscal or o!r legal arrangem5ts1 by :i* prop]ty is ei!r acquir$ or accumulat$3 & among social *anges t5d+ 9 ?is direction w be ! bani%m5t by public op9ion ( an av>ici\s or m]c5>y _s f m>riage4 ,aga91 inequality betwe5 p]man5t & prec>i\s incomes w be radically modifi$ by ! developm5t ( ! application ( ! calculation ( probabilities to life4 ,! ext5sion ( annuities & insurance w n only b5efit _m individuals1 b w b5efit society at l>ge by putt+ an end to t p]iodical ru9 ( a l>ge numb] ( families1 :i* is su* an ev]-r5ew+ s\rce ( mis]y & degradation4 ,ano!r means to ! same end w be f\nd 9 discov]+1 by ! same doctr9e ( probabilities1 "s o!r equally solid base = cr$it in/ead ( a l>ge capital1 & = r5d]+ ! progress ( indu/ry & ! activity ( comm]ce m indep5d5t ( ! exi/5ce ( great capitali/s4 ,some?+ approa*+ to equality ( in/ruction1 ev5 = ^? :o c only sp>e a few ( _! e>ly ye>s = /udy1 & 9 aft] times only a few h\rs ( leisure1 w become m atta9able by improv$ selection ( subjects1 & improv$ me?ods ( tea*+ !m4 ,! dwell]s 9 "o c\ntry w cease to be di/+ui%$ by ! use ( a rude or ( a ref9$ dialect2 & ?is1 x may be said 9 pass+1 has actually be5 ! result ( ! s*ool sy/em 9 ! ,unit$ ,/ates4 ,"o portion ( !m w no long] be dep5d5t ^u any o!r = guidance 9 ! smalle/ affairs4 ,we _c oblit]ate nor ignore natural diff]5ces ( capacity1 b aft] public in/ruction has be5 prop]ly develop$1 '! diff]5ce w be betwe5 m5 ( sup]ior enlight5m5t1 & m5 ( an upright "* :o feel ! value ( light )\t be+ dazzl$ by x2 betwe5 tal5t or g5ius1 & t good s5se :i* kn[s h[ to appreciate & to enjoy bo?4 ,ev5 if ?is diff]5ce 7 great] ?an has be5 said1 if we comp>e ! =ce & ext5t ( faculty1 x w\ld become none ! less ins5sible1 if we comp>e _! respective effects ^u ! relations ( m5 among !mselves1 ^u all t affects _! indep5d5ce & _! happ9ess4'#gf ,,iii4 ,:at are ! *anges t we may expect f ! sub/antial p]fect+ ( human nature & society8 ,if1 be=e mak+ ?is =eca/1 we reflect ) :at feeble means ! race has arriv$ at its pres5t k ( useful & important tru?s1 we %all n fe> ! reproa* ( tem]ity 9 our anticipations = a "t :5 ! =ce ( all ^! means %all h be5 indef9itely increas$4 ,! progress ( agricultural sci5ce w make ! same l& m productive1 & ! same lab\r m effici5t4 ,nay1 :o %all pr$ict :at ! art ( conv]t+ elem5t>y sub/ances into food = our use may "o day become8 ,! con/ant t5d5cy ( population to advance to ! limits ( ! means ( subsi/5ce ?us amplifi$1 w be *eck$ by a ris+ consci\sness 9 m51 t if !y h obligations 9 respect ( creatures /ill unborn1 ^! obligations consi/ 9 giv+ !m1 n exi/5ce b happ9ess1 9 add+ to ! wellbe+ ( ! family1 & n cumb]+ ! e>? ) useless & un=tunate be+s4 ,?is *ang$ view ^u population w p>tly foll[ f ! sub/itution ( rational ideas = ^? prejudices :i* h p5etrat$ morals ) an au/]ity t is corrupt+ & degrad+4#gg ,! movem5t w be fur!r aid$ by "o ( ! mo/ important /eps 9 human progress--! de/ruction1 namely1 ( ! prejudices t h e/abli%$ inequality ( rights betwe5 ! two sexes1 & :i* are s mis*iev\s ev5 to ! sex t seems to be mo/ fav\r$4#gh ,we seek 9 va9 = any ju/ification ( su* an inequality 9 diff]5ce ( physical organisation1 9 =ce ( intellig5ce1 or 9 moral s5sibility4 ,x has no o!r orig9 ?an abuse ( /r5g?1 & x is to no purpose t attempts are made to excuse x by sophisms4 ,! de/ruction ( ! usages spr++ f ?is cu/om w r5d] common ^? dome/ic virtues :i* are ! f\ndation ( all o!rs1 & w enc\rage education z well z make x m g5]al1 bo? because in/ruction w\ld be imp>t$ to bo? sexes ) m equality1 & because x _c become g5]al ev5 = males )\t ! aid ( ! "m ( ! family4#gi ,among o!r improvem5ts "u our ?ird head w be ! atta9m5t ( great] p]fection 9 language1 lead+ at once to increas$ accuracy & increas$ concision4 ,laws & in/itutions1 foll[+ ! progress ( k1 w be con/antly und]go+ modifications t5d+ to id5tify individual ) collective int]e/s4 ,w>s w gr[ less frequ5t ) ! ext9ction ( ^? ideas ( h]$it>y & dyna/ic rights1 t h occasion$ s _m bloody conte/s4 ,! art ( le>n+ w be facilitat$ by ! in/itution ( a ,univ]sal ,language2 & ! art ( tea*+ by resort to ,te*nical ,me?ods1 or sy/ems :i* unite 9 ord]ly arrangem5t a great numb] ( diff]5t objects1 s t _! relations are p]ceiv$ at a s+le glance4#hj ,f9ally1 progress 9 m$ic9e1 ! use ( m :olesome food & heal?y h\ses1 ! dim9ution ( ! two mo/ active causes ( det]ioration1 namely1 mis]y & excessive weal?1 mu/ prolong ! av]age duration ( life1 z well z raise ! tone ( heal? :ile x la/s4 ,! =ce ( transmissable diseases w be gradually weak5$1 until _! quality ( transmission vani%es4 ,may we !n n hope = ! arrival ( a "t :5 dea? w cease to be any?+ b ! effect ei!r ( extraord9>y accid5ts1 or ( ! de/ruction1 ev] sl[] & sl[]1 ( ! vital =ces8 ,may we n believe t ! duration ( ! middle int]val betwe5 bir? & ?is de/ruction has no assignable t]m8 ,man w nev] become immortal1 b is x a m]e *im]a to hold t ! t]m fix$ to 8 ye>s is sl[ly & p]petually rec$+ fur!r & fur!r f ! mom5t at :i* 8 exi/5ce beg9s8#ha 99 99 99 99 99 ,! rapidity & ! necess>y incomplet5ess ) :i* ,condorcet ?rew out 9 isolat$ h9ts 8 ideas ( ! future /ate ( society1 imp>t to 8 conception a c]ta9 me*anical aspect1 :i* conveys an incorrect impression ( 8 notion ( ! s\rces :5ce social *ange mu/ fl[4 ,8 admirable & mo/ c>eful rem>ks ^u ! moral tra9+ ( *ildr5 prove him to h be5 z f> remov$ z possible f any ( ^? !ories ( ! =mation ( "* :i* m]ely prescribe ! imposition ( m\lds & ca/s f )\t1 in/ead ( c>efully t5d+ ! _m spontane\s & s5sitive processes ( gr[? )94#hb ,nobody has %[n a f9] appreciation ( ! delicacy ( ! mat]ial out ( :i* "* is to be made1 & ( ! susceptibility ( its elem5t>y /ructure2 nor ( ! fact t education consi/s 9 su* a discipl9e ( ! primitive impulses z %all lead m5 to d "r1 n by ! con/ra9t ( me*anical ext]nal sanctions1 b by an in/ant1 spontane\s1 & almo/ in>ticulate repugnance to c[>dice1 cruelty1 apa?y1 self-indulg5ce1 & ! o!r great roots & c5tres ( wrong-do+4 ,x 0 to a society compos$ ( m5 & wom5 ^: *>act]s _h be5 %ap$ on ?is pr9ciple1 t ,condorcet look$ = ! realisation ( 8 exalt$ hopes = humanity4#hc ,) ma*9]y & organisation1 9 tru?1 ,condorcet did n greatly conc]n himself2 probably too little r ?an too mu*4 ,! c5tral idea ( all 8 aspirations 0 to procure ! emancipation ( reason1 free & ample room = its ex]cise1 & improv$ compet5ce among m5 9 ! use ( x4 ,! subjugation ( ! mod]n intellig5ce b5ea? ! disembodi$ fancies ( ! grotesque & sombre imag9ation ( ! ,middle ,ages1 did n (f5d him m ?an ! idea ( any fix$ organisation ( ! spiritual p[]1 or any f9al & settl$ & univ]sally accept$ solution ( belief & ord] w\ld h done4 ,) ,de ,mai/re & ,comte ! problem 0 ! organis$ & sy/ematic recon/ruction ( an an>*ic society4 ,) ,condorcet x 0 h[ to p]suade m5 to ex]t ! individual reason me?odically & indep5d5tly1 n )\t co-op]ation1 b )\t any?+ l (ficial or o!r subord9ation4 ,8 c>d9al belief & precept 01 z ) ,socrates1 t ! bios anexeta/os is n to be liv$ by man4 ,z we h se51 ! fre$om ( ! reason 0 s de> to him1 t he c\nt$ x an abuse = a p>5t to in/il 8 own convictions into ! def5celess m9ds ( 8 "y *ildr54 ,?is 0 ! natural outcome ( ,condorcet's mode ( view+ hi/ory z ! record ( intellectual emancipation1 :ile to ,comte its deepe/ int]e/ 0 z a record ( moral & emotional cultivation4 ,if we value 9 "o type ( ?9k] ! intellectual consci5ti\sness1 :i* refra9s f p]plex+ m5 by prop\nd+ problems unless ! solution c be set =? also1 p]haps we owe no less hon\r 9 ! ?9k] ( ano!r type to t intellectual self-d5ial :i* makes him v c>eful le/ ! too rigid projection ( 8 own specific conclusions %\ld by any means ob/ruct ! access ( a s+le ray ( f]tilis+ light4 ,?is religi\s scrupulosity1 :i* made him abhor all int]f]5ce ) ! fre$om & op5ness ( ! und]/&+ z ! wor/ k9d ( sacrilege1 0 ,condorcet's em95t di/9ction4 ,if1 z "s ?9k1 ! _w w gradually trans=m its fe> or love ( unkn[able gods into a dev\t rev]5ce = ^? :o h /irr$ 9 m5 a s5se ( ! dignity ( _! own nature & ( its l>ge & multitud9\s possibilities1 !n w 8 "n n fail ( deep & p]petual recollection4 ,,footnotes3 #gc ,ib4 p4 #bbc4 #gd ,ib4 p4 #bjf4 #ge ,oeuv4 pp4 #bci-bdd4 #gf ,oeuv4 pp4 #bdd-bea4 #gg ,oeuv4 pp4 #beg1 #beh4 #gh ,condorcet _h already assail$ ! prejudices t keep wom5 9 subjection 9 an excell5t tract1 publi%$ 9 #agij2 ,sur l',admission des ,femmes au ,droit de ,cit4 ,oeuv4 x4 #aba-acj4 #gi ,oeuv4 p4 #bfd4 ,! re/ ( ! passage is n p]fectly intelligible to me1 s ,i give x z x /&s4 ',cet hommage trop t>dif1 r5du enf9 l'quit et au bon s5s1 ne t>irait-il pas une s\rce trop fconde d'inju/ices1 de cruauts et de crimes1 en faisant disp>atre une opposition si dang]euse entre le p5*ant naturel le plus vif1 le plus difficile rprim]1 et les devoirs de l'homme ou les intrts de la socit8 ,ne produirait-il pas1 enf91 des moeurs nationales d\ces et pures1 =mes non de privations orgueilleuses1 d'app>5ces hypocrites1 de rs]ves imposes p> la cra9te de la honte ou les t]reurs religieuses1 mais d'habitudes librem5t contractes1 inspires p> la nature1 av\es p> la raison8' ,c ^! habitudes be ! habitudes ( ,free ,love1 or :at are !y8 ,condorcet1 we "k1 ?\ght ! indissolubility ( m>riage a mon/r\sly bad ?+1 b ! gr\nds :i* he gives = 8 ?9k+ s w\ld c]ta9ly lead to ! inf9ite dissolubility ( society4 ,see a truly a/\nd+ passage 9 ! ,fragm5t on ! ,t5? ,epo*1 vi4 #ebc-ebf4 ,see also "s curi\s words 9 a lett] to ,turgot1 i4 #bba1 #bbb4 #hj ,oeuv4 pp4 #bfi-bgb4 #ha ,oeuv4 pp4 #bgb-bge4 ,also p4 #fah4 #hb ,see ,fragm5t de l',hi/oire de la ,xe ,epoque4 ',il ne faut pas leur dire1 mais les acc\tum] croire1 tr\v] au d$ans a'eux-mmes1 que la bont et la ju/ice sont ncessaires au bonheur1 comme une respiration facile et libre l'e/ la sant4' ,( books = ! "y3 ',il faut qu'ils n'excd5t jamais l't5due ou la dlicatesse de la s5sibilit4' ',il faut r5onc] l'ide de p>l] aux enfans de ce que ni leur esprit ni leur me ne peuv5t encore compr5dre2 ne pas leur faire admir] une con/itution et rcit] p> coeur les droits politiques de l'homme qu& ils ont pe9e une ide nette de leurs relations avec leur famille et leurs cam>ades4' ,/ill m objectionable1 we may be sure1 w\ld he h f\nd ! practice ( drill+ little *ildr5 by ! he>? or at ! s*ool-desk 9 cre$s1 cate*isms1 & ! l repositories ( my/]ies baleful to ! gr[+ intellig5ce4 ',aidons le dveloppem5t des facults huma9es p5dant la faiblesse de l'enfance1' he said admirably1 'mais n'abusons pas de cette faiblesse p\r les m\l] au gr de nos op9ions de nos intrts1 ou de notre orgueil4'--,oeuv4 vi4 #edc-eed4 ,cf4 also v4 #cfc-cfe1 :]e !re are "s des]v$ /rictures on ! malpractice ( tea*+ *ildr5 z tru? :at ! p>5ts !mselves believe to be sup]/ition or ev5 falsehood4 ,! read] may rememb] ! spee* ( ! ,patri>*1 9 ,less+'s play1 aga9/ ! ,jew3 ,d] mit ,gewalt e9 armes ,*ri/5k9d ,dem ,bunde se9] ,tauf' entreis/6 ,d5n i/ ,ni*t alles1 0 man ,k9d]n ?ut1 ,gewalt8 ,zu sag53 ausg5omm51 0 die ,kir*'1 ,an ,k9d]n ?ut4 #hc ,8 ,mmoires sur l',in/ruction ,publique1 writt5 9 #agia-agib1 & pr9t$ 9 ! sev5? volume ( ! works1 are /ill v well wor? turn+ to4 ,transcrib]s' ,notes3 ,m9or pr9t] errors 7omitt$ or incorrect punctuation7 h be5 am5d$ )\t note4 ,o!r errors h be5 am5d$ & are li/$ bel[4 ,li/ ( ,am5dm5ts3 ,page #bja3 colleages am5d$ to colleagues2 444 among 8 colleagues 9 ! deputation 444 ,page #bdj3 add$ miss+ footnote an*or #ff to p>agraph end+ 444 ceas$ to be altoge!r exact4